bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Facile synthesis of a cardanol‐based levelling agent as a biodegradable alternative to tristyrylphenol ethoxylates for the dyeing of polyester fabric
Authors: Chen Kun , He Jiefang , Tawiah Benjamin , Zhou Xiangdong , Zhou Yuyang
Published: November 2021

To reduce the overdependence on petroleum‐based surfactants for the dyeing of polyester fabrics, a series of biodegradable cardanol‐based polyethoxylate oligomers (CPm, m = 5, 7 and 9) were synthesised by ethoxylation of cardanol with ethylene oxide. The synthesised compounds were characterised and confirmed by Fourier Transform–infrared spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In addition, the physical, biodegradable and dyeing‐assisting properties of CPm were evaluated through comparison with tristyrylphenol ethoxylates (A typical commercial surfactant). Results revealed that CPm showed a higher hydroxyl value, better dispersing capability and a higher migration percentage than tristyrylphenol ethoxylates. Specifically, CP5 (0.5 g/L) improved the migration percentage by 12.03% compared with tristyrylphenol ethoxylates. The migration performance of the surfactants followed a descending order of CP5 > CP7 > CP9 > tristyrylphenol ethoxylates. Importantly, CP5 displays a higher degradation propensity than tristyrylphenol ethoxylates, demonstrating its biodegradable merit. In summary, the cardanol‐based polyethoxylates synthesised through this research are promising biodegradable and effective alternatives to conventional levelling agents for disperse dyeing, which contributes a new strategy to the sustainable development of the textile industry.
Adiponectin receptor agonist AdipoRon blocks skin inflamm‐ageing by regulating mitochondrial dynamics
Authors: Sun Jiachen , Liu Xinzhu , Shen Chuan’an , Zhang Wen , Niu Yuezeng
Published: November 2021

Introduction

Skin is susceptible to senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and inflamm‐ageing partly owing to the degeneration of mitochondria. AdipoRon (AR) has protective effects on mitochondria in metabolic diseases such as diabetes. We explored the role of AR on mitochondria damage induced by skin inflamm‐ageing and its underlying mechanism.

Methods

Western blot, immunofluorescence and TUNEL staining were used to detect inflammatory factors and apoptosis during skin ageing. Transmission electron microscopy, ATP determination kit, CellLight Mitochondria GFP (Mito‐GFP), mitochondrial stress test, MitoSOX and JC‐1 staining were used to detect mitochondrial changes. Western blot was applied to explore the underlying mechanism. Flow cytometry, scratch test, Sulforhodamine B assay and wound healing test were used to detect the effects of AR on cell apoptosis, migration and proliferation.

Results

AR attenuated inflammatory factors and apoptosis that increased in aged skin, and improved mitochondrial morphology and function. This process at least partly depended on the suppression of dynamin‐related protein 1 (Drp1)‐mediated excessive mitochondrial division. More specifically, AR up‐regulated the phosphorylation of Drp1 at Serine 637 by activating AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), thereby inhibiting the mitochondrial translocation of Drp1. Moreover, AR reduced mitochondrial fragmentation and the production of superoxide, preserved the membrane potential and permeability of mitochondria and accelerated wound healing in aged skin.

Conclusion

AR rescues the mitochondria in aged skin by suppressing its excessive division mediated by Drp1.
Are we adequately assessing the demographic impacts of harvesting for wild‐sourced conservation translocations?
Authors: Mitchell William F. , Boulton Rebecca L. , Sunnucks Paul , Clarke Rohan H.
Published: November 2021

Translocation, the human‐mediated movement of organisms from one area to another, is a popular tool in conservation management. Wild‐caught individuals are more likely to persist following release than those sourced from captive breeding. However, this benefit of obtaining individuals from wild populations must be carefully weighed against the potential harm to the viability of source populations. In this structured review, we assess the peer‐reviewed primary literature that addresses wild‐sourced translocation programs. We aim to determine what proportion of studies make a priori estimates of the impact of harvesting on source populations, what proportion provide quantitative evidence of demographic trends in source populations following harvest, and which methods are being used to assess impacts of harvesting on source populations. Of 292 articles reviewed, we identified just 32 instances (11%) where impact on the source population was estimated. The proportion of studies that assess impacts on source populations in a given year has not increased over time. However, studies that make explicit a priori comparisons of alternative harvesting strategies are becoming more frequent. We propose a standardized framework for reporting on management of translocation source populations. Published summaries of wild‐sourced translocations should include clear conservation goals, a description of the methods used to assess potential impact, an a priori justification based on evidence for the chosen harvesting strategy, an estimated timeline for recovery and a summary of postremoval population trends to assess the efficacy of a priori impact assessment. Routinely reporting impacts of harvesting on source populations will inform management when source sustainability is uncertain, improve transparency and increase the likelihood of successful conservation for many threatened species.
Efficacy of canagliflozin versus metformin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized, open‐label, noninferiority trial
Authors: Cai Meili , Shao Xiaowen , Xing Feng , Zhang Yuqin , Gao Xinyu , Zeng Qiongjing , Dilimulati Diliqingna , Qu Shen , Zhang Manna
Published: November 2021

Objectives

To determine the safety and efficacy of canagliflozin in comparison to metformin in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients with insulin resistance (IR).

Methods

A single‐centre, prospective, randomized open‐label (ratio 1:1) noninferiority trial was conducted at the Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, between July 2019 and April 2021. Women aged 18 to 45 years with PCOS and IR were enrolled and randomly assigned to either 100 mg (n = 33) canagliflozin daily or 1500 to 2000 mg metformin daily (n = 35) for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was changes in homeostatic model assessment (HOMA)‐IR after 12 weeks of treatment. The secondary outcomes included changes in anthropometric measurements, menstrual frequency, sex hormone levels, metabolic variables and body fat distribution.

Results

For lowering of HOMA‐IR after 12 weeks of treatment, canagliflozin was found to be noninferior to metformin (least‐squares mean difference −0.81% [95% confidence interval −2.13 to 0.51]). Both canagliflozin and metformin significantly improved menstrual pattern, reduced body weight and total fat mass, and decreased triglyceride levels. Compared with metformin, canagliflozin had significant advantages in reducing uric acid and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate levels. Pruritus vulvae (9.09%) and gastrointestinal reaction (55.55%) were the main adverse events in the metformin group and canagliflozin group, respectively.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that canagliflozin was not inferior to metformin in PCOS patients with IR, which suggests that sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors should be considered as effective drugs in the treatment of PCOS patients with IR.
Efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation in people with multiple sclerosis: a review
Authors: Hiew Shawn , Nguemeni Carine , Zeller Daniel
Published: November 2021

Background and purpose

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease causing a wide range of symptoms including motor and cognitive impairment, fatigue and pain. Over the last two decades, non‐invasive brain stimulation, especially transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), has increasingly been used to modulate brain function in various physiological and pathological conditions. However, its experimental applications for people with MS were noted only as recently as 2010 and have been growing since then. The efficacy for use in people with MS remains questionable with the results of existing studies being largely conflicting. Hence, the aim of this review is to paint a picture of the current state of tDCS in MS research grounded on studies applying tDCS that have been done to date.

Methods

A keyword search was performed to retrieve articles from the earliest article identified until 14 February 2021 using a combination of the groups (1) ‘multiple sclerosis’, ‘MS’ and ‘encephalomyelitis’ and (2) ‘tDCS’ and ‘transcranial direct current stimulation’.

Results

The analysis of the 30 articles included in this review underlined inconsistent effects of tDCS on the motor symptoms of MS based on small sample sizes. However, tDCS showed promising benefits in ameliorating fatigue, pain and cognitive symptoms.

Conclusion

Transcranial direct current stimulation is attractive as a non‐drug approach in ameliorating MS symptoms, where other treatment options remain limited. The development of protocols tailored to the individual's own neuroanatomy using high definition tDCS and the introduction of network mapping in the experimental designs might help to overcome the variability between studies.
The 5‐HT1A receptor agonist, 8‐OH‐DPAT, attenuates long‐lasting pain in imiquimod‐induced psoriasis in mice
Authors: Cervantes‐Durán Claudia , Avalos‐Viveros Miguel , Torner Luz , Sánchez‐Ceja Sandra‐Guadalupe , Rodríguez‐Orozco Alain‐Raimundo , Martínez‐Flores Héctor‐Eduardo , García‐Pérez Martha‐Estrella
Published: November 2021

Psoriasis pain is a common symptom underestimated and rarely evaluated in psoriasis clinical trials. This work aimed to investigate whether the development of secondary chronic allodynia and hyperalgesia in the imiquimod (IMQ)‐induced psoriasis mice model could be modulated by anti‐inflammatory agents and compound 48/80 (C48/80) and to determine whether the activation of 5‐HT1A receptor modulates these nociceptive behaviours. C57BL/6 male mice were treated with 5% IMQ for 7 days. The paw withdrawal responses to von Frey filaments (10 and 250 mN) were used to assess the allodynia and hyperalgesia. Nociceptive behaviours were also evaluated using ketorolac 15 mg/kg s.c., adalimumab 10 mg/kg s.c. and C48/80 10 mg/kg i.p. Then, the serum serotonin and the impact of 8‐OH‐DPAT (1 mg/kg s.c), a 5‐HT1A receptor agonist, on long‐lasting pain were examined. Mice receiving IMQ showed enhanced nociception, which decreased with all tested compounds. The serum serotonin in the IMQ group showed a significant decrease (947.042 ng/ml) regarding the control group (1143.68 ng/ml). The pretreatment with 8‐OH‐DPAT alleviated pain‐related behaviours. These results suggest that the long‐lasting pain resulting from psoriasis inflammation is also associated with the serotonergic system. The 5‐HT1A receptor should be further explored as a potential therapeutic target for psoriasis pain modulation.
Wilavidin* — a novel member of the avidin family that forms unique biotin‐binding hexamers
Authors: Avraham Orly , Bayer Edward A. , Livnah Oded
Published: November 2021

Nature's optimization of protein functions is a highly intricate evolutionary process. In addition to optimal tertiary folding, the intramolecular recognition among the monomers that generate higher‐order quaternary arrangements is driven by stabilizing interactions that have a pivotal role for ideal activity. Homotetrameric avidin and streptavidin are regularly utilized in many applications, whereby their ultra‐high affinity toward biotin is dependent on their quaternary arrangements. In recent years, a new subfamily of avidins was discovered that comprises homodimers rather than tetramers, in which the high affinity toward biotin is maintained. Intriguingly, several of the respective dimers have been shown to assemble into higher‐order cylindrical hexamers or octamers that dissociate into dimers upon biotin binding. Here, we present wilavidin, a newly discovered member of the dimeric subfamily, forming hexamers in the apo form, which are uniquely maintained upon biotin binding with six high‐affinity binding sites. Removal of the short C‐terminal segment of wilavidin resulted in the presence of the dimer only, thus emphasizing the role of this segment in stabilizing the hexamer. Utilization of a hexavalent biotin‐binding form of avidin would be beneficial for expanding the biotechnological toolbox. Additionally, this unique family of dimeric avidins and their propensity to oligomerize to hexamers or octamers can serve as a basis for protein oligomerization and intermonomeric recognition as well as cumulative interactions that determine molecular assemblies.
Creep damage behaviors of red sandstone subjected to uniaxial compression after high‐temperature heat treatment using acoustic emission technology
Authors: Pan Xiaokang , Berto Filippo , Zhou Xiaoping
Published: November 2021

This work discusses the results from tests conducted to investigate the uniaxial compression and creep behavior of red sandstone. An original untreated sample and an 800°C treated sample were selected to carry out the experiments. High temperature had an obvious influence on the mechanical properties of the red sandstone. The relationship between creep strain and instantaneous strain, as well as the instantaneous deformation modulus and creep viscosity coefficient, was analyzed. High temperature reduced the ability of the red sandstone to resist instantaneous deformation and creep deformation. Acoustic emission (AE) technology was also used in the loading process of uniaxial compression and creep tests, providing a powerful means for damage evolutionary analysis of the red sandstone.
Properties of ammonia‐oxidising bacteria and archaea in a hypereutrophic urban river network
Authors: Cai Xianlei , Yao Ling , Wang Siyu , Hu Yuanyuan , Dahlgren Randy A. , Wang Zhenfeng , Deng Huanhuan , Liu Lizhen
Published: November 2021

Ammonia oxidation by ammonia‐oxidising archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) is the first and rate‐limiting step of nitrification. By providing substrate to the nitrogen–removing denitrification processes, nitrification is an important process for attenuation of allochthonous nitrogen loads in urban rivers, thereby mitigating eutrophication of downstream ecosystems. However, the relative importance of AOA and AOB communities in ammonia oxidation, the distribution and varied patterns of these groups and the underlying mechanisms have received limited study in hypereutrophic urban river networks.

To investigate spatial and temporal patterns of particle‐attached and free‐living ammonia‐oxidising microbial communities, we conducted a 2‐year study of four different water quality/habitat conditions within a hypereutrophic urban river network of eastern China. The structure and dynamics of ammonia‐oxidising microbial communities were determined by high‐throughput sequencing based on the AOA and AOB amoA gene.

We found significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity of ammonia‐oxidising microbial communities, but no significant differences between particle‐attached and free‐living fractions. Analysis revealed that changes in the diversity and composition of ammonia‐oxidising microbial communities were mainly related to substrate availability (e.g., ammonia, nitrite, dissolved oxygen). AOB communities were more complex and had a higher species richness and diversity compared with AOA communities.

Our findings indicate that high anthropogenic nitrogen loadings appear to promote higher ammonia‐oxidising microbial richness and diversity, and AOB are more adaptable to the hypereutrophic conditions, thereby playing a more important role than AOA in nitrogen transformations in hypereutrophic urban river networks.

This study highlights the importance of ammonia‐oxidising microorganisms in nutrient‐rich river systems and provides valuable insights into ammonia transport and transformations in urban river networks.
The representation of the Algerian War in French high school history textbooks
Authors: Mechkarini Sara
Published: November 2021

Before the 1980s, France's colonial past, and in particular the Algerian Independence War, featured among the blind spots of the official curriculum forlycéens– or high school students. Yet, with the publication of Pierre Assouline's article ‘Faut‐il brûler les manuels d'histoire?’ in 1983, critical voices started to call for the integration of controversial subjects such as the Algerian War and the Vichy Regime in the national history curriculum. Based on bibliographical research undertaken at theBibliothèque nationale de France, this paper investigates the extent to which the Algerian War of Independence has been present in French high school history textbooks published in the period between 1983 and 2017. It analyses the presence or absence of this theme inlycéesprogrammes, particularly at the final‐year level (classe de terminale). It also engages with the strategies of representation of the Algerian War, considering the relative absence of details in descriptions of the conflict and formulating possible reasons for this lack of engagement.
Well‐differentiated lipomatous neoplasms with p53 alterations: a clinicopathological and molecular study of eight cases with features of atypical pleomorphic lipomatous tumour
Authors: Hammer Phoebe M , Kunder Christian A , Howitt Brooke E , Charville Gregory W
Published: November 2021

Aims

Well‐differentiated lipomatous neoplasms encompass a broad spectrum of benign and malignant tumours, many of which are characterised by recurrent genetic abnormalities. Although a key regulator of p53 signalling, MDM2, is characteristically amplified in well‐differentiated liposarcoma, recurrent abnormalities of p53 itself have not been reported in well‐differentiated adipocytic neoplasms. Here, we present a series of well‐differentiated lipomatous tumours characterised by p53 alterations and histological features in keeping with atypical pleomorphic lipomatous tumour (APLT).

Methods and results

We reviewed the morphological, immunohistochemical and molecular genetic features of eight lipomatous tumours with p53 alterations. Four tumours arose in the thigh, and one case each arose in the shoulder, calf, upper back, and subclavicular regions; six tumours were deep/subfascial and two were subcutaneous. Relevant clinical history included two patients with Li–Fraumeni syndrome. Morphologically, all cases showed well‐differentiated adipocytes with prominent nuclear pleomorphism, limited mitotic activity, and no tumour cell necrosis. All cases were negative for MDM2 overexpression and amplification as determined with immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in‐situ hybridisation, respectively. Immunohistochemically, p16 was diffusely overexpressed in all cases; seven tumours (88%) showed abnormal loss of Rb and p53. TP53 mutation or deletion was identified in four of six tumours evaluated with exon‐targeted hybrid capture‐based massively parallel sequencing; RB1 mutation or deletion was present in five of six cases.

Conclusions

We present a series of eight well‐differentiated lipomatous neoplasms characterised by p53 alterations in addition to Rb loss and histological features of APLT. These findings suggest that impaired p53 signalling may contribute to the pathogenesis of APLT in a subset of cases.
Standardizing HIV post‐exposure prophylaxis in the emergency department following sexual assault
Authors: Silva‐Nash Jennifer , Bordelon Stacie , Searcy Sherrie A. , Dare Ryan K.
Published: November 2021

Objectives

A standardized non‐occupational post‐exposure prophylaxis (nPEP) programme was implemented to improve guideline compliance for treatment of post‐sexual assault patients within an emergency department (ED).

Methods

A single‐centre, retrospective, observational study of adult patients evaluated in the ED for sexual assault was performed following nPEP programme implementation. A comprehensive nPEP programme consisting of a standardized order set, real‐time multidisciplinary consultation, on‐site pharmacy and close post‐discharge follow‐up was implemented between July 2017 and June 2018. Laboratory, treatment, vaccination, prescription and follow‐up data during the pre‐ (July 2016 to June 2017) and post‐intervention (July 2018 to August 2019) periods were compared.

Results

Of the 147 post‐sexual assault patients included in this study (59 pre‐intervention, 88 post‐intervention), 133 (90.5%) were eligible for nPEP. Patient demographics and rate of those eligible for nPEP were similar in both cohorts. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) was offered (72.2% vs. 100%; p < 0.005) and ultimately prescribed (51.9% vs. 86.1%; p < 0.005) more frequently following nPEP programme implementation. Patients were more likely to have appropriate screening for renal function, liver function, pregnancy, syphilis, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV in the post‐intervention period (all p < 0.005). Hepatitis B vaccination was more commonly administered post‐intervention (8.5% vs. 22.7%; p < 0.024). In‐person 28‐day follow‐up was rare in both pre‐ (3.5%) and post‐intervention (11.3%) cohorts (p = 0.278).

Conclusions

Implementation of a comprehensive nPEP programme resulted in improved guideline compliance with more frequent and appropriate ART administration. Recommended screening laboratories and hepatitis B vaccinations were more commonly performed, but in‐person follow‐up remained low. The nPEP programmes should be implemented to standardize efforts that decrease the risk of HIV transmission.
The characteristics of men who have sex with men (MSM) using post‐exposure prophylaxis for sexual exposure (PEPSE) in the pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) era
Authors: Richardson Daniel , Nichols Kayleigh , Hughes Richard , Smith Hannah , Fitzpatrick Colin , Cresswell Fiona
Published: November 2021

Objectives

HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is now available in the UK. However, some men who have sex with men (MSM) continue to use HIV post‐exposure prophylaxis following sexual exposure (PEPSE) and are not using PrEP. It is important to characterize MSM having condomless anal sex who are not using PrEP.

Methods

In a cross‐sectional analysis, we compared the characteristics of MSM who used PEPSE in 2021 with MSM using PEPSE in 2017.

Results

Overall, 126 MSM used PEPSE in January to June 2017 and 28 MSM used PEPSE in January to June 2021, a 78% decline in PEPSE use. Those MSM using PEPSE in 2021 were significantly younger (27 vs. 35 years, p < 0.01), more likely to identify as black or from another minority ethnic group [29% (8/28) vs. 8% (10/126); p < 0.01], more likely to attend as a result of a group sex encounter [35% (10/28) vs. 16% (10/126); p = 0.03], more likely to attend following sex involving recreational drug use [32% (9/28) vs. 13% (16/126); p = 0.02], and more likely to initiate PEPSE in the emergency department [35% (10/28) vs. 19% (24/126); p = 0.04] compared with MSM attending in 2017. Those MSM using PEPSE in 2021 were significantly less likely to attend follow‐up appointments compared with the 2017 cohort [71% (20/28) vs. 87% (110/126); p < 0.05]. Ninety‐five per cent of MSM using PEPSE in 2021 were initiated on PrEP at follow‐up.

Conclusions

Despite PrEP being readily available, some MSM continue using PEPSE and these MSM are significantly more likely to be younger, from black or minority ethnic groups, to engage in group sex involving recreational drugs and to attend the emergency department for PEPSE compared with MSM attending in 2017. Increasing the accessibility of PrEP for this group of MSM is important in order to optimize HIV prevention strategies.
Interchangeability of multiple Sysmex XN10 and XN20 modules for six types of leukocytes
Authors: Koch Sheila Perez Rovsing , Thomasen Isa Neimann , Nielsen Jesper Østrup , Philipsen Jens Peter , Smith Julie
Published: November 2021

Introduction

Differential counts of leukocytes are frequent, and often several automated blood cell counters are needed in contemporary laboratories. However, these modules are often individually quality assured. Our aim was therefore to validate the interchangeability of five hematology modules in a large modern laboratory and to compare them with our gold standard (GS) manual white blood cell differential count.

Methods

At Copenhagen University Hospital, we compared five Sysmex XN‐modules for neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and immature granulocytes (IG). We analyzed control samples in three levels to evaluate intra‐ and intermodular precision. Bias between modules was evaluated by analyzing 93 random patient samples within reference intervals. XN‐modules’ mean counts were compared with GS.

Results

We found acceptable intramodular CV% (0.92%–8.76%), only neutrophils and eosinophils exceeded state‐of‐the‐art imprecision or desirable specifications for medium control levels. Intermodular CV% showed significance difference for only monocytes (ANOVA, P < .0001). For patient samples, there were significant differences between XN‐modules regarding four WBC types (ANOVA); however, proportional bias ranged from 1.7% to 3.8%, being within desirable specifications except basophils and IG (bias = 13.3% and 24.9%, respectively). Comparisons with GS, XN‐modules exceeded desirable bias for basophils (lower than GS); monocytes and IG (higher than GS).

Conclusion

This multimodule comparison shows acceptable intermodular imprecision and bias for clinical purposes, which is important for patient safety. Similar multimodule study should be performed with samples out of reference range in large‐scale laboratories to confirm the interchangeability.
Services procurement: A systematic literature review of practices and challenges
Authors: Heinis Stella , Bamford David , Papalexi Marina , Vafadarnikjoo Amin
Published: November 2021

Organizations are paying greater attention to the potential advantages that can be achieved by adopting a more strategic approach to the procurement of services. Despite services being very different from physical items in many respects, and despite their outsourcing having achieved limited gains, the procurement of services remains under‐researched. To address this challenge and develop a strategic platform for new directions in future research in the area, this paper undertakes a systematic literature review of 51 articles published in 21 peer‐reviewed academic journals. It reviews the applicability of supply theories to services sourcing, and compares and demonstrates the distinctiveness of services purchasing through problematizing the literature reviewed. A descriptive and thematic analysis concluded that services procurement can be classified into seven research domains: ‘service production’, ‘governance’, ‘purchasing approach’, ‘supplier selection’, ‘performance management’, ‘the service triad’ and ‘specification of requirements’. We offer a comparative framework of the services procurement process and emphasize different supply practices. The provided research directions assist scholars in identifying avenues for integrating and expanding existing knowledge.
Isolation of multipotent progenitor cells from pleura and pericardium for tracheal tissue engineering purposes
Authors: de Wit Rayna , Siddiqi Sailay , Tiemessen Dorien , Snabel Rebecca , Veenstra Gert Jan , Oosterwijk Egbert , Verhagen Ad
Published: November 2021

Tissue engineering (TE) of long tracheal segments is conceptually appealing for patients with inoperable tracheal pathology. In tracheal TE, stem cells isolated from bone marrow or adipose tissue have been employed, but the ideal cell source has yet to be determined. When considering the origin of stem cells, cells isolated from a source embryonically related to the trachea may be more similar. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of isolating progenitor cells from pleura and pericard as an alternative cells source for tracheal tissue engineering. Porcine progenitor cells were isolated from pleura, pericard, trachea and adipose tissue and expanded in culture. Isolated cells were characterized by PCR, RNA sequencing, differentiation assays and cell survival assays and were compared to trachea and adipose‐derived progenitor cells. Progenitor‐like cells were successfully isolated and expanded from pericard and pleura as indicated by gene expression and functional analyses. Gene expression analysis and RNA sequencing showed a stem cell signature indicating multipotency, albeit that subtle differences between different cell sources were visible. Functional analysis revealed that these cells were able to differentiate towards chondrogenic, osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. Isolation of progenitor cells from pericard and pleura with stem cell features is feasible. Although functional differences with adipose‐derived stem cells were limited, based on their gene expression, pericard‐ and pleura‐derived stem cells may represent a superior autologous cell source for cell seeding in tracheal tissue engineering.
The Two Disjointed Faces of R&D and the Productivity Gap in Europe
Authors: Bruno Randolph Luca , Douarin Elodie , Korosteleva Julia , Radosevic Slavo
Published: November 2021

This paper explores the determinants of productivity gaps within the European Union in computing, chemicals, basic metals and food manufacturing – four sectors that vary in terms of the intensity of sectoral R&D. Our analysis reveals that the main causes of these productivity gaps are intensity of unembodied or disembodied R&D activity and R&D embodied in purchased equipment and machinery, and their interplay. While disembodied and embodied R&D are both associated positively to closing productivity gaps, the interaction between the two does not have the same effect. There is no complementarity between these technology acquisition modes, despite both disembodied and embodied technology are crucial for productivity catch up. In a policy context, this suggests possible lack of coordination between R&D policy and technology transfer (that is, foreign direct investment, trade and industrial policy). We show, also, that the productivity gap between ‘peripheral’ (southern and eastern) and ‘north’ EU countries is widening.
Growth and survivability of the black carpet beetle fed a whole feather diet
Authors: Keefe Madeleine , Lei Xin Gen
Published: November 2021

Keratin waste has become a significant side effect of meat production and processing that needs urgent addressing. In this study, we explore the potential of the black carpet beetle as one of the few species known to metabolize feather keratin. Rearing larvae on raw feathers revealed an increased mortality but no significant differences in the number of larval moults compared with the control diet, although growth was stunted. At the end of the study, up to 42% of the original feather mass was consumed by the larvae, with approximate digestibility varying between 68%–89%. Gut enzyme analysis confirmed keratinolytic activity in the larval digestive tract. Furthermore, protein content in larvae reared on a feather diet surpassed control‐fed larvae in overall protein content (0.790 mg/ml vs. 0.628 mg/ml per 1 mg of live larval weight). Our study demonstrated the black carpet beetle as a promising biological fermenter for sustainably converting feather protein into insect protein.
Hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.) bulk mass modeling based on engineering properties
Authors: Saini Praveen , Panghal Anil , Mittal Vipul , Gupta Ravi
Published: November 2021

Hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.) owing to its excellent nutritional and pharmaceutical potential has resurrected the industrial and scientific community to exploit their processing and utilize for new food products optimization. The design and development of storage, postharvest processing and quality analysis of seeds depend upon the correlation properties with their physical parameters. In this study, the mass of hempseed is predicted as a function of its linear dimensional property, projected area and bulk seed density using linear and nonlinear mathematical models. Various engineering properties of different hempseed grades were investigated at a moisture content of 6.49% (wet basis). The effect of size and density‐based grading was also studied on mass modeling and was compared with ungraded hempseed. Results revealed that the mass models developed using graded seeds had more appropriate results (higher R2) than the ungraded ones. Models based on minor dimension (R2 0.939) and third projected area (R2 0.914) within a 5% level of significance were recommended from an economic standpoint to predict hempseed mass with maximum accuracy. Therefore, bulk mass modeling of hempseed based on engineering properties is strongly recommended for the design and development of grading mechanisms.

Practical Application

The growing demands for plant‐based protein and bioactive phytochemicals have directed the agriculture‐based industries towards non‐traditional food sources like hempseed. However, its richer protein and a blend of sensitive bioactive components demand a critical storage and processing unit. Mass is one of the important physical aspects needed for the design of various storage and processing units. Determining the mass of small grains that are almost unique in size and structure is a challenging task. In recent years, mass modeling based on physical dimension has been increasingly used for various fruits like kinnow mandarin, pomegranate, and lime fruits; therefore, we decided to test the applicability and accuracy of the same technique, along with examining the effect of grading, for mass modeling of hempseed for the first time. Various hempseed processing operations including dehulling, require crucial information about the bulk seed behavior and their correlation with their engineering properties. The study results might be useful to formulate an automatic grading mechanism for hempseed grading based on the mutual effect of mass and size. In this study, in addition to the introduction of a mass modeling system for hempseed, some grade‐specific engineering properties of hempseed have been determined, which are important for the design of equipment for harvesting, transporting, storing, cleaning, packing and processing.
Expert consensus on the management of adverse events in patients receiving lenvatinib for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Kim Bo Hyun , Yu Su Jong , Kang Wonseok , Cho Sung Bum , Park Soo Young , Kim Seung Up , Kim Do Young
Published: November 2021

Lenvatinib is an oral multikinase inhibitor approved for use as first‐line treatment for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, like other agents in this drug class, lenvatinib is associated with clinically important adverse events (AEs) that could adversely affect patient outcomes. Hypertension, diarrhea, decreased appetite/weight, hand–foot skin reaction, and proteinuria are among the most common AEs associated with lenvatinib therapy. This article provides strategies for the effective management of lenvatinib‐associated AEs based on the expert opinion of authors and currently available literature. Due to the high risk of AEs in patients receiving lenvatinib, prophylactic measures and regular monitoring for AEs are recommended. Lenvatinib dose interruption, adjustment, or discontinuation of treatment may be required for patients who develop AEs. For grade 1 or 2 AEs, dose interruption is generally not required. For persistent or intolerable grade 2 or 3 AEs, lenvatinib treatment should be interrupted until symptoms improve/resolve to grade 0–1 or baseline levels. Thereafter, treatment should be resumed at the same or a lower dose. Disease progression may occur in patients who do not initially respond to treatment or receive a suboptimal lenvatinib dose following dose reduction, resulting in lack of efficacy. Therefore, to derive maximum treatment benefit and ensure long‐term disease control, lenvatinib should be maintained at the highest possible dose when managing AEs. To conclude, lenvatinib‐associated AEs can be managed with prophylactic measures, regular monitoring and symptomatic management, which can ensure continued treatment and maximum survival benefit in patients with advanced HCC receiving first‐line lenvatinib therapy.
Expression of glucose transporter‐2 in murine retina: Evidence for glucose transport from horizontal cells to photoreceptor synapses
Authors: Yang Ming , Chen Yiyi , Vagionitis Stavros , Körtvely Elöd , Ueffing Marius , Schmachtenberg Oliver , Hu Zhulin , Jiao Kangwei , Paquet‐Durand François
Published: November 2021

The retina has the highest relative energy consumption of any tissue, depending on a steady supply of glucose from the bloodstream. Glucose uptake is mediated by specific transporters whose regulation and expression are critical for the pathogenesis of many diseases, including diabetes and diabetic retinopathy. Here, we used immunofluorescence to show that glucose transporter‐2 (GLUT2) is expressed in horizontal cells of the mouse neuroretina in proximity to inner retinal capillaries. To study the function of GLUT2 in the murine retina, we used organotypic retinal explants, cultivated under entirely controlled, serum‐free conditions and exposed them to streptozotocin, a cytotoxic drug transported exclusively by GLUT2. Contrary to our expectations, streptozotocin did not measurably affect horizontal cell viability, while it ablated rod and cone photoreceptors in a concentration‐dependent manner. Staining for poly‐ADP‐ribose (PAR) indicated that the detrimental effect of streptozotocin on photoreceptors may be associated with DNA damage. The negative effect of streptozotocin on the viability of rod photoreceptors was counteracted by co‐administration of either the inhibitor of connexin‐formed hemi‐channels meclofenamic acid or the blocker of clathrin‐mediated endocytosis dynasore. Remarkably, cone photoreceptors were not protected from streptozotocin‐induced degeneration by neither of the two drugs. Overall, these data suggest the existence of a GLUT2‐dependent glucose transport shuttle, from horizontal cells into photoreceptor synapses. Moreover, our study points at different glucose uptake mechanisms in rod and cone photoreceptors.

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Neonatal medical trainee doctors' perceptions and parents' self‐reported needs and stressors in a surgical neonatal intensive care unit: An individualised approach
Authors: Govindaswamy Priya , Laing Sharon , Spence Kaye , Waters Donna , Walker Karen , Badawi Nadia
Published: November 2021

Aim

As more infants survive surgery in the newborn period for major congenital anomalies, the focus has shifted to the quality of care for parents as well as infants. In contemporary neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), doctors are encouraged to practice family‐centred care and partner with parents in their infant's care. This study explored doctors' perceptions and parents' self‐reported needs and stressors in a surgical NICU.

Methods

From January 2014 to September 2015, parents of infants admitted for general surgery for a major congenital anomaly who were present in the NICU between 48 and 72 h of admission and doctors caring for their infant at the time of data collection were invited to participate. Matched data were provided using the Neonatal Family Needs Inventory and the Parental Stressor Scale:NICU.

Results

Matched data for 12 doctor–parent dyads showed that doctors (neonatal medical trainees) consistently under‐rated the importance of parents' needs and identified fewer of mothers' than fathers' most important needs. Doctors also consistently under‐rated parents' stressors. They perceived few of fathers', but all of mothers', greatest stressors. Thematic analysis revealed four themes: infant pain management; parental autonomy; empathy; and communicating reassurance and education to parents.

Conclusion

The findings suggest incongruences between doctors' perceptions and parents' self‐reported needs and stressors. While there is hesitation in making recommendations with this sample size, the findings highlight issues that may inform further research and contribute to a dialogue regarding the role of doctors in family‐centred relationship‐based models of care in the NICU.
Optimal federal transfers during uncoordinated response to a pandemic
Authors: Rothert Jacek
Published: November 2021

An outbreak of a deadly disease pushes policymakers to depress economic activity due to externalities associated with individual behavior. Sometimes, these decisions are left to local authorities (e.g., states). This creates another externality, as the outbreak doesn't respect states' boundaries. A strategic Pigouvian subsidy that rewards states which depress their economies more than the average corrects that externality by creating a race‐to‐the‐bottom type of response. In a symmetric equilibrium nobody receives a subsidy, but the allocation is efficient. If states are concerned about unequal burden of the lockdown costs, but cannot easily issue new debt to finance transfer payments, then lock‐downs will be insufficient in some areas and excessive in others. When that's the case, federal stimulus checks can limit the extent of local outbreaks.
Prediction of corneal back surface power – Deep learning algorithm versus multivariate regression
Authors: Langenbucher Achim , Szentmáry Nóra , Cayless Alan , Weisensee Johannes , Wendelstein Jascha , Hoffmann Peter
Published: November 2021

Background

The corneal back surface is known to add some against the rule astigmatism, with implications in cataract surgery with toric lens implantation. This study aimed to set up and validate a deep learning algorithm to predict corneal back surface power from the corneal front surface power and biometric measures.

Methods

This study was based on a large dataset of IOLMaster 700 measurements from two clinical centres. N = 19,553 measurements of 19,553 eyes with valid corneal front (CFSPM) and back surface power (CBSPM) data and other biometric measures. After a vector decomposition of CFSPM and CBSPM into equivalent power and projections of astigmatism to the 0°/90° and 45°/135° axes, a multi‐output feedforward neural network was derived to predict vector components of CBSPM from CFSPM and other measurements. The predictions were compared with a multivariate linear regression model based on CFSPM components only.

Results

After pre‐conditioning, a network with two hidden layers each having 12 neurons was derived. The dataset was split into training (70%), validation (15%) and test (15%) subsets. The prediction error (predicted corneal back surface power CBSPP – CBSPM) of the network after training and crossvalidation showed no systematic offset, narrower distributions for CBSPP – CBSPM and no trend error of CBSPP – CBSPM vs. CBSPM for any of the vector components. The multivariate linear model also showed no systematic offset, but broader distributions of the prediction error components and a systematic trend of all vector components vs. CFSPM components.

Conclusion

The neural network approach based on CFSPM vector components and other biometric measures outperforms the multivariate linear model in predicting corneal back surface power vector components. Modern biometers can supply all parameters required for this algorithm, enabling reliable predictions for corneal back surface data where direct corneal back surface data are unavailable.
A questionnaire study of support for adult survivors of childhood cancer
Authors: Terada Kazuki , Kakuda Harumi , Iida Naomi , Nakajima Yayoi , Inoue Fumiko , Yoshino Mio , Okimoto Yuri , Maeda Miho
Published: November 2021

Background

Childhood cancer survivors (CCSs) entering adulthood experience different problems, including late therapy‐related complications. Long‐term follow up (LTFU) is important for early intervention and psychosocial support for CCSs with late complications but it is frequently discontinued. This study aimed (i) to identify clearly the factors responsible for LTFU discontinuation, and (ii) to define the support needs of CCSs.

Methods

From July, 2017 to March, 2019 we conducted a questionnaire survey of 121 CCSs aged ≥ 18 years at the time of the survey to investigate people who have experienced childhood cancer and identify their support needs. This was conducted in cooperation with patient associations throughout Japan. The LTFU levels were determined by CCSs themselves based on their treatment history. Long‐term follow‐up rates and LTFU discontinuation factors were assessed using the Kaplan–Meier method and the Cox proportional‐hazards model.

Results

Late complications were the most common problem encountered by CCSs (80%). The most common support need was “explanation of late complications by a physician,” reported by 86.9% of respondents. The rate of LTFU continuation decreased over time. The LTFU was discontinued both for physicians' reasons (35.6%) and patients' reasons (64.4%). Not knowing the extent or level of one's LTFU was reported to be an independent factor (P < 0.05) preventing LTFU continuation. As necessary support to continue LTFU, 67.9% of respondents stated the need for "explanation of LTFU by a doctor" and 60.7% stated "convenience of outpatient visit".

Conclusions

Childhood cancer survivors require support, especially for late complications. It is necessary to continue LTFU, raising LTFU awareness among physicians and CCSs.
Specific Activities of Hydromedusan Ca2+‐Regulated Photoproteins
Authors: Malikova Natalia P. , Eremeeva Elena V. , Gulnov Dmitry V. , Natashin Pavel V. , Nemtseva Elena V. , Vysotski Eugene S.
Published: November 2021

Nowadays the recombinant Ca2+‐regulated photoproteins originating from marine luminous organisms are widely applied to monitor calcium transients in living cells due to their ability to emit light on Ca2+ binding. Here we report the specific activities of the recombinant Ca2+‐regulated photoproteins—aequorin from Aequorea victoria, obelins from Obelia longissima and Obelia geniculata, clytin from Clytia gregaria and mitrocomin from Mitrocoma cellularia. We demonstrate that along with bioluminescence spectra, kinetics of light signals and sensitivities to calcium, these photoproteins also differ in specific activities and consequently in quantum yields of bioluminescent reactions. The highest specific activities were found for obelins and mitrocomin, whereas those of aequorin and clytin were shown to be lower. To determine the factors influencing the variations in specific activities the fluorescence quantum yields for Ca2+‐discharged photoproteins were measured and found to be quite different varying in the range of 0.16–0.36. We propose that distinctions in specific activities may result from different efficiencies of singlet excited state generation and different fluorescence quantum yields of coelenteramide bound within substrate‐binding cavity. This in turn may be conditioned by variations in the amino acid environment of the substrate‐binding cavities and hydrogen bond distances between key residues and atoms of 2‐hydroperoxycoelenterazine.
Income Inequality and Redistribution in Lithuania: The Role of Policy, Labor Market, Income, and Demographics
Authors: Černiauskas Nerijus , Sologon Denisa M. , O’Donoghue Cathal , Tarasonis Linas
Published: November 2021

We model the household disposable income distribution in Lithuania and explore the drivers of the increase in income inequality between 2007 and 2015. We quantify the contributions of four factors to changes in the disposable income distribution: (i) demographics; (ii) labor market structure; (iii) returns and prices; and (iv) tax–benefit system. Results show that the effects of the factors were substantial and reflected heterogeneous developments over two subperiods: changes in the tax and benefit system cushioned a rapid rise in market income inequality because of the global financial crisis during 2007–2011, but failed to do so during the subsequent years of economic expansion, when rising returns in the labor and capital markets significantly increased disposable income inequality. We also find that declining marriage rates contributed to the increase in income inequality in Lithuania.