bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proliferation of peroxisomes in pea root nodules - an influence of NaCI- or Hg2+- stress conditions
Authors: Borucki Wojciech
Published: April 2013

Morphometric procedures were used to examine peroxisome number and di-stribution in pea (Pisum sativum L.) root nodules under NaCl (50 mM) or HgCl2 (7.3 µM) treatment. Peroxisomes were visualized cytochemically in meristem, invasion zone and prefixing zone of pea root nodules by catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) activity. The observations using light and electron microscopy revealed that the peroxisomes were predominantly spherical in shape and showed catalase activity. In nitrogen fixation zone, catalase active peroxisomes were observed occasionally. Bacteroids of nitrogen fixing zone showed enhanced cata-lase activity probably as a response to higher level of oxidative stress. Fluorescence microscopy investigations revealed enhanced level of (homo)glutathione in prefixing and nitrogen-fixing zone of NaCl- and Hg2+treated nodules, which served as an indicator of antioxidative response. Morphometric measurements revealed that during differentiation of meristematic cells into central tissue (bacteroidal tissue) cells an increase in peroxisome number was observed in unstressed nodules. Peroxisomes located in meristem, invasion zone and prefixing zone of NaCl- and Hg2+-treated nodules outnumbered that in control nodules. A substantial enlargement of peroxisome profiles was detected in NaCl- and Hg2+treated nodules. Peroxisome divisions observed in meristematic and infection thread penetration zone were responsible for an increase in peroxisome number.
Low level of genetic variation within Melica transsilvanica populations from the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland and the Pieniny Mts revealed by AFLPs analysis
Authors: Szczepaniak Magdalena , Cieślak Elżbieta
Published: April 2013

Fragmented distribution, the breeding system and effects of genetic drift in small-size populations occurring at edge of the species range play an important role in shaping genetic diversity of such a species. Melica transsilvanica is a plant rare in the flora of Poland, where it reaches the northern limit of its continuous range. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) DNA profiling method was applied to measure genetic diversity among and within populations of M. transsilvanica. Additionally, genetic relationships between M. transsilvanica and Melica ciliata, two closely related species, were explored. A total of 68 plants from 7 populations of M. transsilvanica and 24 plants from 2 populations of M. ciliata, collected in Poland and outside it, were analyzed. Using 294 AFLP fragments from 3 primer combinations, accessions were grouped into two major clusters associating with M. ciliata and M. transsilvanica, respectively. Further, two subclusters, corresponding to the samples collected from the Pieniny Mts and from the Kraków - Częstochowa Upland were clearly distinguished within the M. transsilvanica group. The hierarchical AMOVA exhibited significant genetic distinction between these geographic regions (60.89%, p < 0.001). The obtained results showed that the most genetic diversity resided between the populations of M. transsilvanica (86.03%) while considerably lower genetic variation was found within the populations (13.97%), which is consistent with the results reported for self-plants. The low level of AFLP genetic variation of M. transsilvanica can be caused by the geographic isolation of populations, which preserves the dominant self-mating breeding system of the species. Individual populations of M. transsilvanica are characterized by isolated gene pools differing by a small number of loci.
Changes in plant species composition in abandoned and restored limestone grassiands - the effects of tree and shrub cutting
Authors: Dzwonko Zbigniew , Loster Stefania
Published: April 2013

Abandoned semi-natural limestone grasslands are often overgrown by shrubs and trees. Little is know if and to what extant xerothermic limestone grasslands can be restored by tree cutting. This was tested in a 12-year experiment after the clearing of a 35-year-old secondary pine wood developed on unmanaged grassland in the close proximity of not overgrown old grassland. After 12 years, there were no significant differences in the number of field layer species on the plots in the old and restored grasslands. But over this period the number of meadow species increased in all sites, while the number of xerothermic calcareous species increased significantly only in the old grassland plots. The developing shrub layer negatively influenced the number of nitrophilous and ruderal species in grasslands restored in the former close and open woods, and the number of all species, including the number of non-tufted perennials and perennials with vegetative spread, in the former open wood. The number of meadow species increased in years with higher precipitation in late spring and early summer. The obtained results suggest that in overgrowing grasslands shrubs and trees should be cut every few years, before their covers increase to about 30%. However, this treatment alone will not stop the changes to communities with dominance of tall and vegetatively spreading grasses and forbs. Cutting trees and shrubs in sites where most grassland species have already vanished, without additional managements supporting their dispersal, seedling recruitment and development, is not sufficient to restore limestone grasslands rich in xerothermic species.
Arbuscular mycorrhiza of endemic and endangered plants from the Tatra Mts
Authors: Zubek Szymon , Turnau Katarzyna , Błaszkowski Janusz
Published: April 2013

The mycorrhizal status of 24 plant species considered as endemic, endangered in Poland and included in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants is reported. Selected plants and rhizosphere soil samples were collected in the Tatra Mts (Western Carpathians). Individuals of seriously threatened taxa were obtained from seeds and inoculated with available AM fungal strains under laboratory conditions. AM colonisation was found in 16 plants; 9 species were of the Arum-type, 4 - Paris and 3 taxa revealed intermediate morphology. The mycelium of the fine endophyte (Glomus tenue) and dark septate fungi (DSE) were observed in the material collected in the field. 20 AMF species (Glomeromycota) found in the rhizosphere of the investigated plants were reported for the first time from the Tatra Mts. The results provide information that might be useful for conservation and restoration programmes of these species. Application of AMF in active plant protection projects is discussed.
Leaf architecture, lignification, and tensile strength during vegetative phase change in Zea mays
Authors: Balsamo Ronald A. , Orkwiszewski Joseph A.J.
Published: April 2013

Background and Aims: Leaf morphology, anatomy, degree of lignification, and tensile strength were studied during vegetative phase change in an inbred line of Zea mays (OH43 x W23) to determine factors that influence mechanical properties during development. Methods: Tensometer, light microscopy, histochemistry. Key results: Mature leaf length increased linearly with plant development, peaked at leaves 7 and 8 (corresponding to the onset of the adult phase) and then declined. Leaf width was stable for leaves 1 through 3, increased to leaf 7, remained stable to leaf 10, and then declined through leaf 13. Lamina thickness was highest for leaf 1 and decreased throughout development. Leaf failure load to width ratio and failure load to thickness ratio increased with development suggesting that changes in leaf morphology during development do not entirely account for increases in failure load. Histochemical analyses revealed that leaf tensile strength correlates with percent lignification and the onset of anatomical adult features at various developmental stages. Conclusions: These data demonstrate that in Zea mays lignification of the midrib parenchyma and epidermis may be directly correlated with increased tensile strength associated with phase change from juvenility to adulthood. Failure load and resultant tensile strength values are primarily determined by the percent tissue lignification and the appearance of leaf architectural characters that are associated with the transition from the juvenile to the adult phase. Increased mechanical stability that occurs during the phase transition from juvenility to adulthood may signify a fundamental change in strategy for an individual plant from rapid growth (survival) to reproduction.
Cephalanthera ericiflora Szlach. and Mytnik, sp. nov. (Orchidaceae, Neottioideae), a new species from Laos
Authors: Szlachetko Dariusz L. , Mytnik-Ejsmont Joanna , Margońska Hanna B.
Published: April 2013

A new orchid species, Cephalanthera ericiflora Szlach. and Mytnik, sp. nov. is described and illustrated. Its taxonomic position is briefly discussed
Hair types in Polish selected taxa of Potentilla subsect. Collinae (Rosaceae)
Authors: Kołodziejek Jeremi
Published: April 2013

Leaf hair types in Polish selected taxa from Potentilla subsect. Collinae Juz., i.e. P. collina Wibel s.str., P. silesiaca Uechtr. P. thyrsiflora Hillsen ex Zimmeter, P. wimanniana Gilnther and Schummel, P. leucopolitana P.J. Milller and P. leucopolitana P.J. Milller x P. incana P. Graebner were studied. A total of five unicellular hair types could be distinguished, based on the structure of the hair: straight, involuted, crispate, curved and stellate. The occurrence of involuted, curved and stellate hairs was observed for the first time for the majority of investigated taxa. There is a variation in density, position, as well as in the number of arms of stellate hairs. Although they are difficult to see without a stereo microscope, these differences seem to be systematically important. The study of hair types on surfaces of leaves supports the opinion that P. collina s.lato is a hybrid between P. argentea L. s.la-to, P. tabernaemontani Ascherson and P. incana P. Gaertner. Hairs form consistent characters which are highly suited for systematic purposes. The key to Polish taxa based on leaf hair types is given as well.
Micropropagation of Plantago camtschatica Link
Authors: Andrzejewska-Golec Emilia , Makowczyńska Joanna
Published: April 2013

The Far East medicinal plant - Plantago camtschatica was propagated in vitro from tips of shoots (obtained in vitro) and from different explants of 4-week-old seedlings: seedling tips, hypocotyls, cotyledons, roots, first leaves. To our knowledge there is no information in literature about in vitro culture of this plantain. MS basal medium, supplemented with 0.6 pM IAA in combination with various cytokinins (BA, KIN, ZEA), was used. After 6 weeks of culture, micropropagation rate (MR) - mean number of buds and shoots per explant - was calculated. Our study proved that P. camtschatica species was amenable to propagation in vitro from different kinds of explants. However, multiplication by adventitious shoot regeneration from hypocotyl explants was found to be the most suitable method for the propagation of this plant. Adventitious shoots could root without stimulation what allows to omit the stage of rooting. The plants obtained as a result of micropropagation were not phenotypically changed.
Nymphaeetum candidae Miljan 1933 in Poland
Authors: Spałek Krzysztof
Published: April 2013

This paper presents the distribution, floristic composition and ecological requirements of the water plant community Nymphaeetum candidae Miljan 1933, belonging to the Potametea class. Until present this community has been reported only from north-eastern Poland. During present studies it was stated also in the south-western part of the country. Nymphaeetum candidae is considered to be a rare and endangered plant community in several countries of Central Europe.
The new kenophyte in Poland - Lemna minuta Humb., Bonpl. and Kunth
Authors: Banaszek Anna , Musiał Krystyna
Published: April 2013

For the first time in Poland two habitats of Lemna minuta were found in 2007. Both of them are located in the warmest south-western region of the country. L. minuta is a North-American kenophyte which has come to Poland probably from Germany. This species grows no bigger than 1-3 mm, which makes it the smallest representative of genus Lemna. The most characteristic features of L. minuta are the lack of purple pigmentation and the presence of only one hardly visible vein in the frond.
Phenolic compounds and properties of antioxidants in grapevine roots (Vitis vinifera L.) under drought stress followed by recovery
Authors: Weidner Stanisław , Karolak Monika , Karamać Magdalena , Amarowicz Ryszard
Published: April 2013

Grapevine seedlings Vitis vinifera were grown in a greenhouse under optimum conditions (soil moisture ca 70%) and under drought stress (soil moisture ca 35%). In addition, some of the plants subjected to drought underwent subsequent regeneration under optimum conditions. Drought stress caused accumulation of total phenolic compounds in grapevine roots, which may indicate that these compounds play an important role in the adaptation of roots to growth under stress conditions. Phenolic acids found in the roots occurred in the ester-bound form only. p-coumaric acid was present in the highest concentrations (6.2 to 10.5 µg/g fresh matter). The content of ferulic acid was lower, ranging from 2.4 to 4.6 µg/g fresh matter. The lowest concentration in grapevine roots was achieved by caffeic acid (2.4 to 2.9 µg/g fresh matter). The levels of p-coumaric and ferulic acids in roots rose significantly under the drought stress, while the concentration of caffeic acid increased during the post-drought recovery period. This may suggest that some of the phenolic acids protect plants under stress conditions. All the extracts from grapevine roots had antioxidative properties, but the antiradical activity of the extracts obtained from roots subjected to drought stress was inferior to the control. The same extracts were also characterised by depressed reducing power. The results imply that tolerance of grapevine to soil drought may be associated with the value of antioxidative potential in root tissues of these plants.
The effects of temperature on the dormancy and germination of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. seeds
Authors: Bochenek Anna , Gołaszewski Janusz , Piotrowicz-Cieślak Agnieszka I. , Górecki Ryszard J.
Published: April 2013

The ecophysiological regulation of seed dormancy in perennial species and those with a varied life cycle has not been studied in detail yet. That is why an attempt has been made to determine the Cirsium arvense seed water relations during stratification and afterripening at different temperatures and germination at constant or fluctuating temperatures on the basis of the hydrotime model. The obtained results showed that breaking of the primary dormancy of achenes took place only during the first stratification month at moderate temperatures, mainly due to an increase in the average water-stress tolerance in a seed population. The induction of secondary seed dormancy during after-ripening at all temperatures resulted mostly from a substantial loss of the seeds' ability to tolerate water stress. Fluctuating temperatures affected neither seed germination nor the hydrotime model parameters. The analysis of the variations of hydrotime model parameters allows a better understanding of the physiological basis of seed dormancy relief and induction.
Arbutin in Serratula quinquefolia M.B. (Asteraceae)
Authors: Nowak Gerard , Nawrot Joanna , Latowski Karol
Published: April 2013

Genus Serratula is known for the presence of steroid compounds which belong to the group of ecdysones. Former phytochemical works from the late sixties and early seventies indicate, in some Serratula species, the occurrence of a phenolic glycoside-arbutin. This has been confirmed in the present work through finding an α,β-arbutin anomer in Serratula quinquefolia M.B. New botanical data concerning the classification of genus Serratula suggest that the species in question should be regarded as belonging to genus Klasea (currently a section of genus Serratula). There has been an attempt to find a key to the chemical division within the taxons.
Advances in ecological modelling of soil properties by self-organizing feature maps of natural environment of Lower Silesia (Poland)
Authors: Stankiewicz Andrzej , Kosiba Piotr
Published: April 2013

The paper provides the use of self-organizing feature maps for determination of soil properties in its initial stage of development formed of massive rocks and how SOFM can be used for the study of environmental objects. The study area was Lower Silesia (Poland) overgrown with common, unique and protected vegetation of lichens, bryophytes and vascular plants. The parent rock of the studied soils consists of Miocene volcanites from the middle part of the Sudety Margin Fault. Soil samples were collected from 20 sites. The soil reaction (pH) and concentrations of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, S, Ti, Zn in surface soils were analyzed. Statistical analysis was carried out by one-way ANOVA. The SOFM was used to demonstrate the non-linear ordination and visualization of soil properties. The SOFM showed the influence of parent rock on soil chemical properties generated by it. SOFM appeared to be effective and proper/fit for phenomena and processes taking place in natural environment and is useful in ecology and ought to be taken into account as a possible tool of estimation of various plants and their biotopes. The model can be useful as alternative techniques in modelling the ecological complex data, and provide a novel framework for the discovery and forecasting of ecosystem structure and behaviours in response to environmental changes.
Unclear origin of the new locality of Chamaecytisus albus Rothm. (Hacq.) in Poland: a case of study
Authors: Przemyski Alojzy , Piwowarski Bartosz
Published: April 2013

Chamaecytisus albus (Hacq.) Rothm. is an extremely rare species, which is inserted in many European red lists and red books. Its continuous range covers the south-eastern part of Europe. That species grows in intensely insolated and calcareous habitats of xerothermic grasslands. Only one station of White Broom had been known in the valley of the Bug river, near Hrubieszów, but in 2007 a new one was discovered near Jędrzejów. That station is located the farthest in the north and the west in Europe and it is completely detached from the continuous range.
Distribution of Azolla filiculoides Lam. (Azollaceae) in Poland
Authors: Szczęśniak Ewa , Błachuta Jan , Krukowski Marek , Picińska-Fałtynowicz Joanna
Published: April 2013

Azolla filiculoides has been an ephemeral plant in Poland since the end of the 20th century. In the last 15 years this species appeared in 5 locations in south-west Poland. Habitat and plants of two populations became destroyed, three other still exist. A. filiculoides occurs in eutrophic or even polluted water where it forms dense mats, up to 10 cm thick. It stays sterile and propagates only in a vegetative manner. Frost resistance of Lower Silesia populations is higher than reported so far; fern may winter and rebuild the population after frost reaching 22oC. Size of the populations is changeable during the vegetation season. A. filiculoides occurs in water habitats and plant communities in which it substitutes Lemna minor.
The effect of cis-jasmone, jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate on accumulation of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins in seedlings of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)
Authors: Horbowicz Marcin , Mioduszewska Halina , Koczkodaj Danuta , Saniewski Marian
Published: April 2013

Effects of various jasmonates (methyl jasmonate, jasmonic acid, cis-jasmone) on anthocyanins and procyanidins content of, as well as on growth of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) seedlings were studied. The studied jasmonates were applied as solutions or vapors on four days seedlings, and the seedlings were grown during the next four days in day/night conditions (16/8 h). Afterwards anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins content, as well as elongation of primary roots and hypocotyls were measured. When applied as solutions cis-jasmone (JAS) stimulated the anthocyanins accumulation, but when used as vapors had tendency to decrease its accumulation in buckwheat hypocotyls. Jasmonic acid (JA) solutions slightly stimulated or had no effect on biosynthesis of anthocyanins in buckwheat hypocotyls, but used as vapors caused a decline of anthocyanins in buckwheat hypocotyls. Methyl jasmonate (MJ) clearly inhibited biosynthesis of anthocyanins in hypocotyls of buckwheat seedlings. The studied jasmonates had no influence on anthocyanins level in cotyledons of buckwheat seedlings, except cis-jasmone, which at the lowest solution concentration slightly enhanced biosynthesis of the pigments. Treatment of buckwheat seedlings with solutions of all jasmonates (10-8 M, 10-6 M and 10-4 M) had no influence on the growth of buckwheat hypocotyls. Contrary to that observation vapors of the growth regulators in concentrations 10-4 M, had a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of hypocotyls of buckwheat seedlings. Solutions of JA and MJ, as well as vapors of JA, MJ and JAS strongly inhibited the primary root growth of buckwheat seedlings, while JAS applied as solution had no such influence. MJ and JA caused much higher stimulation of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in buckwheat hypocotyls than JAS.
New locality of Orobanche coerulescens Stephan ex Willd. (Orobanchaceae) at the NW limit of its geographical range
Authors: Piwowarczyk Renata , Przemyski Alojzy
Published: April 2013

A new locality of Orobanche coerulescens Stephan ex Willd. in the Wyżyna Małopolska upland (Garb Pińczowski hummock) in central Poland is presented. Over 290 specimens were recorded in a xerothermic grassland of the class Festuco-Brometea comprising species of the class Koelerio glaucae-Corynephoretea canescentis on alkaline, sandy soil. O. coerulescens is extinct at the majority of its localities in Poland and only two localities are known at present.
Crossoliparis - a new genus of Malaxidinae (Orchidaceae, Malaxideae), from neotropic
Authors: Margońska Hanna B.
Published: April 2013

A new genus Crossoliparis of the subtribe Malaxidinae (Orchidaceae), from tropical area of Central America is proposed. The new genus type species is described and illustrated. Keys to species of genus Crossoliparis and its close related genera of subtribe Malaxidinae from Americas, is added.
Self-Organizing Feature Maps and selected conventional numerical methods for assessment of environmental quality
Authors: Kosiba Piotr
Published: April 2013

The investigations concerned sites of Acer platanoides L. infected or not by Rhytisma aceriniu (Pers.) Fr. The aim of the study was to check the occurrence of R. acerinium, and whether it reflects the environmental status. Furthermore, an analysis was carried out to find out whether the applied SOFM offers additional advantages to solve problems in relation to conventional methods. Concentrations of selected elements in soils and leaves, and leaf and "tar-spot" morphometric traits were also measured. A significant differentiation was found between sites in relation to the analyzed traits. It appeared, that sites showing lower concentrations of chemical elements and proper developmental habitat conditions massive infections take place. The study showed that R. acerinium is a good biological indicator for assessment of environmental status. The applied, conventional statistical methods, SOFM and image techniques showed similar, but not identical results for assessment of environmental quality using R. acerinium. SOFM appeared to be more useful for ordination of results and ought to be taken into account as a proper tool of estimation of various plants and their biotopes.
Dormancy breaking in Savin juniper (Juniperus sabina L.) seeds
Authors: Tylkowski Tadeusz
Published: April 2013

Savin juniper (Juniperus sabina L.) is a relict shrub in Poland with only one natural stand in Pieniny Mts. Seeds require warm followed by cold stratification to overcome dormancy. Application of temperature regime at 20o/3oC layout, for 14 and 17 weeks respectively, is more effective than stratification at 15o/3oC. Interruption of warm stratification phase after 7 weeks and seeds drying at room temperature for 3-days with warm stratification follow-on resulted in increasing of germination capacity from 25% to approximately 45%. Germinated seeds pricked to substrate into containers gave seedlings 3 cm high when cultivated under plastic tunnel in the first vegetation season.
The distribution and habitat preferences of the declining species Orobanche arenaria Borkh at the northern limit of its geographical range
Authors: Piwowarczyk Renata , Przemyski Alojzy
Published: April 2013

Three new sites of Orobanche arenaria were discovered during floristic investigations in the Wyżyna Małopolska upland in central Poland. The new localities are concentrated in the Ponidzie area (Garb Pińczowski ridge and Niecka Połaniecka basin) and form the northern limit of the geographical range of O. arenaria. The paper presents information on the distribution of Orobanche arenaria in Poland, the abundance at the sites and habitats occupied by the species.
Is the hairy vaginula an diagnostic feature in the taxonomy of the genus Orthotrichum?
Authors: Plášek Vítìzslav , Sawicki Jakub
Published: April 2013

The location of stomata and the structural details of exostome teeth and endostome segments are among the most important taxonomic features used for identifying Orthotrichum species. Certain species pairs (e.g. O. stramineum vs. O. pallens; O. pumilum vs. O. stellatum) are distinguished based on the presence or absence of hair on the vaginula. The authors have shown that this feature is not always appropriate for species identification. Some specimens of O. affine, O. anomalum or O. speciosum were found to have a hairy vaginula, although this feature is not included in their description. The confusion with species determination was resolved in a subsequent DNA analysis of the specimens. The reliability of this character is briefly discussed in the paper.
Chemotaxonomic study on Thymus xtoletanus Ladero and its parental species
Authors: Salas José B. , Pérez-Alonso María J. , Téllez Trinidad R. , Vázquez Pardo Francisco M.
Published: April 2013

We analysed the essential oils of cultivated material of Thymus xtoletanus Ladero and its parents, Th. mastichina (L.) L. and Th. villosus subsp. lusitanicus (Boiss.) Coutinho, with seeds from the same locality in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. The essential oil of Th. xtoletanus, which had not been analyzed previously, presented 1,8-cineole as the major component (25.5%), as was also the case for Th. mastichina (76.1%). Other components with a major presence in Th. xtoletanus and Th. villosus subsp. lusitanicus were [(Z)-β-ocimene (8.1%); camphor (4.5%); sabinene (3.2%); α-pinene (2.8%)], and [(Z)-β-ocimene (4.1%), camphor (9.8%), sabinene (2.8%), α-pinene (7.1%)], respectively. However, in the hybrid the components β-phelandrene (14.5%), limonene (6.9%), (E)-γ-bisabolene (3.5%), and viridiflorol (3.3%) stood out, inter alia, whereas their presence in the parents was limited. The study confirms the hybrid origin of Th. xtoletanus as intermediate between Th. mastichina and Th. villosus subsp. lusitanicus.
Morphological variability of Helleborines. I. Diagnostic significance of morphological features in Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz, Epipactis atrorubens (Hoffm.) Besser and their hybrid, Epipactis ×schmalhausenii Richt. (Orchidaceae, Neottieae)
Authors: Jakubska-Busse Anna , Gola Edyta M.
Published: April 2013

The comparative analysis of leaf morphology was performed in E. helleborine (L.) Crantz, E.atrorubens (Hoffm.) Besser, and their interspecific hybrid, Epipactis ×schmalhausenii Richt. The aim of this research was to find out features that would be useful in the taxonomy of the genus Epipactis, and particulary their taxa of hybrid origin. In course of the studies special attention was paid to leaf morphology, mostly to their margins, presence of papillae, their shape and size, and to leaf structure. The thickness of the leaf blades manifested by number of spongy mesophyll cell layers, size of vascular bundles and the level of leaf sclerification were compared in the hybrid and both parental species. In E. helleborine and E. atrorubens the analyzed features were highly variable, especially in the former species, which is characterized by wide phenotypic plasticity. Morphological and anatomical features in E. ×schmalhausenii showed a transitional character to the parental species. Our results suggest that a single feature can not be of taxonomic value, but the combination of different traits has to be considered when distinguishing parental and hybrid taxa.
Potamogeton pusillus agg. in Tajikistan (Middle Asia)
Authors: Nobis Marcin , Nowak Arkadiusz , Zalewska-Gałosz Joanna
Published: April 2013

The locality of Potamogeton berchtoldii Fieber, the new species to the flora of Tajikistan (Middle Asia), together with its ecological conditions are presented. Additionally, the list of herbarium specimens of P. pusillus L. s. stricto gathered in Tajikistan and few specimens of P. berchtoldii collected from the area of adjacent countries are also provided. Taxonomical position of the species within the Potamogeton pusillus aggregation, the main morphological features of both taxa and possibility of finding other localities are discussed.
A new species in the Hieracium lycopifolium agg. (Asteraceae) from the Western Carpathians
Authors: Szeląg Zbigniew
Published: April 2013

Hieracium zajacii Szeląg is described from the Vel'ká Fatra Mts in Slovakia. It is the first representative of H. lycopifolium agg. to be found in the Carpathians. The new species is tetraploid (2n = 36) and reproduces apomictically. Its origin is briefly discussed.
Dynamics and occurence patterns of the Tatarian orache Atriplex tatarica L. (Chenopodiaceae) at the roadsides in Warsaw, Poland
Authors: Jarzyna Ingeborga , Małecka Katarzyna , Panufnik-Mędrzycka Dorota , Mędrzycki Piotr
Published: April 2013

Atriplex tatarica is an invasive annual plant from Central Asia. It is an early successional species of disturbed habitats, tolerant of a high content of NaCl. It grows also by the roadsides, on lawns by the streets and other places in cities sprayed with salt during snowfalls. The paper presents results of the analysis of abundance and patterns of occurrence of this invasive subhalophytic plant by the roadsides in the Warsaw city. We found that frequency and distribution of Atriplex tatarica increased significantly over the last few decades. The species grows chiefly along main streets which are de-iced. It forms monodominant patches of different length at the zone closest to the street verge. The NaCl concentration there is significantly higher than in the zones more distant from the street verge, although this parameter is very variable. The cover of other species increases with an increasing distance from the roadside verge.
Carex disperma Dewey versus Carex loliacea L. (Cyperaceae): distribution dynamics and conservation status in Poland.
Authors: Pawlikowski Paweł
Published: April 2013

Carex disperma Dewey reaches its south-eastern range limit in north-eastern Poland. It has often been confused with Carex loliacea L. In this paper the diagnostic features of both species are presented. A total of about 47 reliable localities of C. disperma were recorded within the present borders of Poland. Less than one-third of them have only been confirmed recently. They are aggregated in large forest complexes in north-eastern Poland (Romincka, Białowieża, Borki, Augustów and Knyszyn Forests). A list of localities of C. disperma based on herbarium records, credible literature data and the author's own data is provided, as well as maps of distribution of both C. disperma and C. loliacea in Poland. The existence of C. disperma × C. loliacea hybrid was not confirmed. Considering the number of localities, dynamics and population sizes of both species it is clear that C. disperma is a species with higher conservation value than C. loliacea. Unlike C. disperma, the latter species is not threatened with extinction in Poland. The resources of C. disperma are very limited and the species needs conservation measures such as creating sufficiently large nature reserves where appropriate hydrological conditions can be maintained.
Ecological indicator values of some lichen species noted in Poland
Authors: Fabiszewski Jerzy , Szczepańska Katarzyna
Published: April 2013

The paper presents the ecological indicator values for 360 lichen species noted in Poland. For the given species estimated were the climatic indicators (light, temperature, moisture) and the edaphic ones (trophicity, habitat acidity). The estimate is based mainly on field studies and Polish lichenological literature. Presented are also the dynamics tendencies, i.e expansion or dieback of the analyzed species. According to papers by Polish authors, concerning various groups of plants, used were five degrees' scales of the analysed indices.
The effect of methyl jasmonate vapors on content of phenolic compounds in seedlings of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)
Authors: Horbowicz Marcin , Chrzanowski Grzegorz , Koczkodaj Danuta , Mitrus Joanna
Published: April 2013

The effect of methyl jasmonate (MJ) vapors on content of phenolic compounds: free phenolic acids, total quercetin, and total phenolics in etiolated buckwheat seedlings were studied. The data presented show that low concentration of MJ (10-8 M) had no influence on trans-cinnamic acid (CA), but stimulated the accumulation of chlorogenic acid in hypocotyls and cotyledons of buckwheat seedlings. A moderate dose of MJ (10-6 M) did not change the level of chlorogenic acid in the hypocotyls and cotyledons, but CA synthesis was promoted in cotyledons, whereas in hypocotyls no significant effect was found. Highest concentration of MJ (10-4 M) caused small decline of CA in hypocotyls, but large stimulation of the acid production in cotyledons was noted. MJ had stimulatory effect on caffeic acid forming, but inhibited synthesis of vanillic acid in hypocotyls and cotyledons. Lowest concentration of MJ (10-8 M) elicited accumulation of quercetin glycosides in both studied tissues of buckwheat seedlings, however at higher doses (10-8 and 10-4 M) did not affect the flavonol level. The obtained results suggest that nonequivalent influence of methyl jasmonate on the phenolics composition can be a result of various mechanisms of MJ uptake, transforming and/or its translocation in buckwheat hypocotyls and cotyledons. Decline of anthocyanins level in buckwheat hypocotyls caused by MJ cannot be explained by enhanced accumulation of quercetin glycosides or free phenolic acids, but probably by synthesis of other unknown phenolic compounds.
Note on Cladonia species (lichenized Ascomycota) from Ardahan province (Turkey)
Authors: Osyczka Piotr , Yazici Kenan , Aslan Ali
Published: April 2013

This paper is the first report on Cladonia species from Ardahan, a north-eastern province of Turkey. A circumpolar boreal-low arctic species, Cladonia acuminata, rarely reported from Asia, and the recently described Cladonia monomorpha are reported as new for Turkey. Their detailed descriptions and taxonomical remarks are provided. Localities of other ascertained Cladonia species in the province supplement the knowledge of their distribution patterns in the country. In addition, the typically corticolous/lignicolous species Vulpicida pinastri is mentioned as also growing on primary squamules and podetia of C. pyxidata.
Effects of high concentrations of calcium salts in the substrate and its pH on the growth of selected rhododendron cultivars
Authors: Giel Piotr , Bojarczuk Krystyna
Published: April 2013

For proper growth and development, rhododendrons need acidic soils, whereas calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the substrate markedly limits their growth. In this study, we analysed the reactions of rhododendrons to high concentrations of calcium salts and pH in the substrate. We used 4-month-old seedlings of Rhododendron 'Cunningham's White' and 1.5-year-old seedlings and rooted cuttings of R. 'Cunningham's White' and R. 'Catawbiense Grandiflorum'. Their reactions depended mostly on calcium salt type added to the substrate (sulphate or carbonate). An increase in concentrations of phenolic compounds was detected mostly in roots of the plants grown in a substrate with a high calcium carbonate content. Addition of calcium salts to the substrate caused a significant rise in total nonstructural carbohydrates in leaves and roots of the studied plants. As compared to the control, an increase in substrate pH in the variant with calcium carbonate limited the activity of acid phosphatase, while lowering of substrate pH in the variant with calcium sulphate, significantly increased its activity. Along with the rise in substrate pH, a remarkable increase was observed in the activity of nonspecific dehydrogenase (DHA) in the substrate with CaCO3, as compared to the control. Unfavourable soil conditions (high calcium content and alkaline pH) caused a decrease in assimilation of minerals by the studied plants (mostly phosphorus and manganese). Our results show that the major factor limiting rhododendron growth is an increase in substrate pH, rather than an increase in the concentration of calcium ions.
Assessment of habitat conditions using Self-Organizing Feature Maps for reintroduction/introduction of Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. in Poland
Authors: Kosiba Piotr , Mróz Lucyna , Kamiński Ryszard
Published: April 2013

The study objects were Aldrovanda vesiculosa L., an endangered species and fifty five water sites in Poland. The aim of the present work was to test the Self-Organizing Feature Map in order to examine and predict water properties and type of trophicity for restoration of the rare plant. Descriptive statistical parameters have been calculated, analysis of variance and cluster analysis were carried out and SOFM model has been constructed for analysed sites. The results of SOFM model and cluster analysis were compared. The study revealed that the ordination of individuals and groups of neurons in topological map of sites are similar in relation to dendrogram of cluster analysis, but not identical. The constructed SOFM model is related with significantly different contents of chemical water properties and type of trophicity. It appeared that sites with A. vesiculosa are predominantly distrophic and eutrophic waters shifted to distrophicity. The elevated model showed the sites with chemical properties favourable for restoration the species. Determined was the range of ecological tolerance of the species in relation to habitat conditions as stenotopic or relatively stenotopic in respect of the earlier accepted eutrophic status. The SOFM appeared to be a useful technique for ordination of ecological data and provides a novel framework for the discovery and forecasting of ecosystem properties constituting a validation of the SOFM method in this type of studies.
Effects of α-aminooxyacetic acid on the level of polyamines, anthocyanins and photosynthetic pigments in seedlings of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)
Authors: Horbowicz Marcin , Kosson Ryszard , Koczkodaj Danuta , Lahuta Lesław B.
Published: April 2013

The present paper discusses the effects of α-aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) on contents of polyamines, anthocyanins, photosynthetic pigments and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in seedlings of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). AOA clearly decreased light-induced formation of anthocyanins and inhibited PAL activity in buckwheat hypocotyls, although a slight stimulatory effect on anthocyanins content in buckwheat cotyledons was observed. AOA declined the contents of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids in buckwheat cotyledons. The results show that AOA inhibits phenylpropanoids biosynthesis in buckwheat hypocotyls, and suppress photosynthesis in cotyledons. Moreover, the experiments show that AOA enhances the level of free putrescine in hypocotyls and the level of spermidine in buckwheat cotyledons. AOA also diminished the content of putrescine in cotyledons, but did not affect its level in buckwheat hypocotyls. AOA also substantially declined the level of cadaverine in buckwheat cotyledons, and did not affect its content in hypocotyls. Differences in effect of AOA on anthocyanins and polyamines accumulation indicate various physiological roles of the compounds in buckwheat hypocotyls and cotyledons.
Stabilized Feedback Control of Unicycle Mobile Robots
Authors: Amar Khoukhi , Mohamed Shahab
Published: April 2013

In this paper, a stabilized feedback control is designed for a class of unicycle non-holonomic mobile robots. The approach is based on kinematic polar coordinate transformations. The suggested control scheme allows the robot to achieve stabilized near-optimal trajectories, while satisfying the hard constraints of specified initial and final postures (positions and orientations). Simulation experiments showing the effectiveness of the proposed technique are provided and discussed.
Intelligent Navigation for a Solar Powered Unmanned Underwater Vehicle
Authors: García-Córdova Francisco , Guerrero-González Antonio
Published: April 2013

In this paper, an intelligent navigation system for an unmanned underwater vehicle powered by renewable energy and designed for shadow water inspection in missions of a long duration is proposed. The system is composed of an underwater vehicle, which tows a surface vehicle. The surface vehicle is a small boat with photovoltaic panels, a methanol fuel cell and communication equipment, which provides energy and communication to the underwater vehicle. The underwater vehicle has sensors to monitor the underwater environment such as sidescan sonar and a video camera in a flexible configuration and sensors to measure the physical and chemical parameters of water quality on predefined paths for long distances. The underwater vehicle implements a biologically inspired neural architecture for autonomous intelligent navigation. Navigation is carried out by integrating a kinematic adaptive neuro-controller for trajectory tracking and an obstacle avoidance adaptive neuro- controller. The autonomous underwater vehicle is capable of operating during long periods of observation and monitoring. This autonomous vehicle is a good tool for observing large areas of sea, since it operates for long periods of time due to the contribution of renewable energy. It correlates all sensor data for time and geodetic position. This vehicle has been used for monitoring the Mar Menor lagoon.
Damped Least-Square Method Based on Chaos Anti-Control for Solving Forward Displacement of General 6-6-Type Parallel Mechanism
Authors: Luo Youxin , Liu Qiyuan , Che Xiaoyi , Li Lingfang
Published: April 2013

Machine tools based on a Stewart platform are considered the machine tools of the 21st century. Difficult problems exist in the design philosophy, of which forward displacement analysis is the most fundamental. Its mathematical model is a kind of strongly nonlinear multivariable equation set with unique characteristics and a high level of difficulty. Different variable numbers and different solving speeds can be obtained through using different methods to establish the model of forward displacement analysis. The damped least-square method based on chaos anti-control for solving displacement analysis of the general 6-6-type parallel mechanism was built up through the rotation transformation matrix R, translation vector P and the constraint conditions of the rod length. The Euler equations describing the rotational dynamics of a rigid body with principle axes at the centre of mass were converted to a chaotic system by using chaos anti-control, and chaotic sequences were produced using the chaos system. Combining the characteristics of the chaotic sequence with the damped least-square method, all real solutions of forward displacement in nonlinear equations were found. A numerical example shows that the new method has some interesting features, such as fast convergence and the capability of acquiring all real solutions, and comparisons with other methods prove its effectiveness and validity.
To the Substantiation of the Joint Use of Vitamin D and the Rest of the 12 Vitamins Necessary for the Creation and Realization of the Vital Functions of its Hormone-Active Form (The Vitamin D + 12 Vitamins Approach)
Authors: Spirichev V.B.
Published: April 2013

The realization of the multiple vital functions of vitamin D in a human organism closely depends on the sufficient provision of the rest of the vitamins necessary for the creation of the hormone-active form of vitamin D, as well as on the normal realization of the vital biochemical and physiological processes it controls.
The above report substantiates the expediency of the combined application of vitamin D and a complex including the rest of the 12 vitamins both for the medical treatment and prevention of diseases (the D + 12 vitamins approach).
African Mango (Irvingia gabonensis) Extract for Weight Loss: A Systematic Review
Authors: McLendon Amber N , Spivey Justin , Woodis C. Brock
Published: April 2013

Objective: The objective of this review is to assess the effectiveness and safety of African mango (Irvingia gabonensis) extract on weight loss in humans.
Design: A systematic review of articles evaluating the effect of African mango, IGOB131, dikanut, bush mango or Irvingia gabonensis on weight and obesity was conducted.
Population: Three randomized, controlled trials were identified and met criteria for inclusion in the review with a total of 214 subjects receiving Irvingia gabonensis at various doses alone or in combination with other dietary supplements versus placebo over a period of four to ten weeks.
Results: All studies demonstrated a decrease in weight ranging from 4-12kg (p<0.05). Other measures of weight loss including body fat percentage (p<0.05) and waist circumference (p<0.01) were also significantly decreased by Irvingia gabonensis. Improvements were also seen in total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and fasting blood glucose. Few adverse events were reported but include insomnia, flatulence and headache.
Conclusions: Irvingia gabonensis demonstrates potential for significant weight loss of up to 12 kilograms in overweight and obese subjects over a period of 10 weeks with few reported adverse events. Larger studies including subjects from multiple countries for 6 to 12 months should be conducted to elucidate the long-term effects in various populations.