bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Michel Foucault’s The Birth of Biopolitics and contemporary neo-liberalism debates
Authors: Flew Terry
Published: February 2012

Neo-liberalism has become one of the boom concepts of our time. From its original reference point as a descriptor of the economics of the ‘Chicago School’ or authors such as Friedrich von Hayek, neo-liberalism has become an all-purpose concept, explanatory device and basis for social critique. This presentation evaluates Michel Foucault’s 1978–79 lectures, published as The Birth of Biopolitics, to consider how he used the term neo-liberalism, and how this equates with its current uses in critical social and cultural theory. It will be argued that Foucault did not understand neo-liberalism as a dominant ideology in these lectures, but rather as marking a point of inflection in the historical evolution of liberal political philosophies of government. It will also be argued that his interpretation of neo-liberalism was more nuanced and more comparative than more recent contributions. The article points towards an attempt to theorize comparative historical models of liberal capitalism.
Corporate Renewal and Future Direction at Asia Petroleum Limited (APL)
Authors: Qureshi Zafar Iqbal , Mahmood Hassan
Published: February 2012

The case describes a series of steps taken by the Managing Director (MD) and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Asia Petroleum Limited (APL) to implement his corporate renewal plan with twofold objectives: to determine the future direction of the company, and second, to improve current operational performance with a view to satisfy different stakeholders, especially the investors. The option for the future was to convert the current oil transportation business into the power sector.

This case is the first part of two parts; case B may be obtained from the author.
National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE)
Authors: Omar Aziz , Chatha Kamran Ali
Published: February 2012

The case illustrates a crop variety development and registration process employed in Pakistan, and provides an account of the enablers and challenges faced by a public sector biotechnology-based R&D organization while developing and registering a state-of-the-art innovation, namely, Hvt cotton variety. It also provides a useful ground to discuss factors involved in mass production and commercialization of crop varieties, such as intellectual property rights, and the roles which multinational organizations can play in this regard. The discussion is taken further by explaining actions taken by the Government of Pakistan, such as passing bills to enforce IP laws in order to facilitate development and commercialization of new plant varieties, and the likely consequences it may bring about for multi-national organizations, farmers and public sector R&D organizations.
Avari Group
Authors: Afghan Nasir
Published: February 2012

In 2010, Avari Group was approaching the end of six decades of successful operations. While reflecting on Avari Group’s past successes, Byram D. Avari, the Chairman, was also thinking about the organization’s future. On the one hand, he was wondering how successful his sons—Dinshaw and Xerxes—would be in bringing up another generation of leading entrepreneurs. And on the other hand, he was thinking about the dilemma he was facing regarding the lifelong employment policy of Avari Group. Avari Group was established by his father, Dinshaw Byramji Avari, and he founded the organization on the core values of respect, honesty, lifelong employment (no retirement) and equal opportunities for people from all religions and backgrounds. In recent years, however, due to low business opportunities and low growth in Pakistan, most of the other five-star hotels were reducing headcounts in their organizations. However, Avari Group’s top leadership was reluctant to change its lifelong employment policy, yet they were thinking about different alternatives. Furthermore, if they decided to change it, what would the next steps be?
The Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP)
Authors: Blagov Pavel S. , Bi Wu , Shedler Jonathan , Westen Drew
Published: February 2012

The Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP) is a personality assessment instrument designed for use by expert clinical assessors. Critics have raised questions about its psychometrics, most notably its validity across observers and situations, the impact of its fixed score distribution on research findings, and its test-retest reliability. We review empirical data addressing its validity, emphasizing the multitrait-multimethod approach to evaluating test validity. To evaluate the hypothesis that the fixed, asymmetric score distribution artifactually inflates correlations between SWAP profiles, we conducted Monte Carlo simulations and also presented empirical data from a large patient sample. We observed a mean correlation of zero between simulated SWAP profiles, indicating that the score distribution does not impact the correlation coefficients. Empirical correlations between SWAP profiles of actual patients were small and similar to those obtained using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) personality disorder scales that had no fixed score distributions, suggesting that the correlations were not a methodological artifact of the SWAP. We report new test-retest reliability data (median coefficient > .85) for the SWAP’s trait and personality disorder dimensions. The SWAP appears to be reliable and valid. The data do not support its primary psychometric critiques.
Anchoring the Panic Disorder Severity Scale
Authors: Keough Meghan E. , Porter Eliora , Kredlow M. Alexandra , Worthington John J. , Hoge Elizabeth A. , Pollack Mark H. , Shear M. Katherine , Simon Naomi M.
Published: February 2012

The Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) is a clinician-administered measure of panic disorder symptom severity widely used in clinical research. This investigation sought to provide clinically meaningful anchor points for the PDSS both in terms of clinical severity as measured by the Clinical Global Impression–Severity Scale (CGI-S) and to extend its clinical meaningfulness by examining its association with quality of life. A total of 63 individuals with a primary diagnosis of panic disorder were assessed on completion of a 6- or 8-week psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy trial for the treatment of panic disorder. As expected, the PDSS was correlated with both the CGI-S and quality of life. These results provide further support for the validity and clinical utility of the PDSS and provide simple anchors to help guide the potential use of the PDSS scale to measure treatment progress in clinical practice.
The Effects of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics on Platelet Aggregation and Blood Coagulation
Authors: Chen Guoqiang , Fei Xianming , Ling Jie
Published: February 2012

Objective: To investigate the effects of different aminoglycoside antibiotics on platelet aggregation and blood coagulation, as well as the underlying mechanisms. Method: Blood samples were collected and prepared as platelet-rich plasma and platelet-poor plasma samples. Then assigned into different groups for the following antibiotics treatments: gentamicin, streptomycin, etimicin, amikacin, and kanamycin, as group 0 mg/L, group 30 mg/L, group 91mg/L, and group 910 mg/L for each drugs. The maximum platelet aggregation rate induced by adenosine diphosphate, expression levels of CD62p and FIB-R, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, and fibrinogen were measured. The sodium citrate and sodium heparin were used in whole blood tests for the whole blood coagulation time as well as the Ca2+ in blood plasma. Results: Amikacin and gentamicin could inhibit the aggregation of platelets, which contributed to the whole blood clotting disorder. Conclusion: Amikacin and gentamicin might inhibit the platelet aggregation by blocking the activation and release of FIB-R or probably the inhibition of endogenous clotting factor as well. This effect was not dependent on calcium ions.
Thrombopoietin and Mean Platelet Volume in Patients With Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Balcik Özlem Sahin , Bilen Sule , Ulusoy Ersin Kasim , Akdeniz Derya , Uysal Sema , Ikizek Mustafa , Ak Fikri , Kosar Ali
Published: February 2012

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate mean platelet volume (MPV), thrombopoietin (TPO), and platelet levels in patients with ischemic stroke and compare this with healthy controls. Methods: We prospectively studied 50 patients with ischemic stroke and compared them with 37 control participants who have evaluated in internal medicine polyclinic and had no history of cerebrovascular events. All patients were within 24 hours after stroke; MPV and TPO were measured on admission. Results: Both TPO and MPV values were significantly higher in patients with stroke ( P = .00; P = .001). Conclusion: Increased TPO levels may increase both platelet count and platelet size, resulting in more hemostatic tendency, which may contribute to the progression of ischemic stroke.
Factor VII Deficiency
Authors: Salcioglu Zafer , Akcay Arzu , Sen Hulya Sayilan , Aydogan Gonul , Akici Ferhan , Tugcu Deniz , Ayaz Nuray Aktay , Baslar Zafer
Published: February 2012

Congenital factor VII deficiency is the most common form of rare coagulation factor deficiencies. This article presents a retrospective evaluation of 73 factor VII deficiency cases that had been followed at our center. The study consisted of 48 males and 25 females (2 months-19 years). Thirty-one (42.5%) of them were asymptomatic. Out of symptomatic patients, 17 had severe clinical symptoms, whereas 8 presented with moderate and 17 with mild symptoms. The symptoms listed in order of frequency were as follows: epistaxis, petechia or ecchymose, easy bruising, and oral cavity bleeding. The genotype was determined in 8 patients. Recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) was used to treat 49 bleeding episodes in 8 patients after 2002. In 2 patients with repeated central nervous system bleeding prophylaxis with rFVIIa was administered. No allergic and thrombotic events were observed during both treatment and prophylaxis courses. Antibody occurrence was not detected in the patients during treatment.
Evaluation of the Hemostatic Effects of Ankaferd Blood Stopper During Dental Extractions in Patients on Antithrombotic Therapy
Authors: Çakarer Sirmahan , Eyüpoğlu Esra , Günes Çiğdem Özçamur , Küseoğlu Banu Gürkan , Berberoğlu Hülya Koçak , Keskin Cengizhan
Published: February 2012

This study evaluated the early hemostatic effects of a novel hemostatic agent (Ankaferd blood stopper [ABS]) during dental extractions in patients on antithrombotic therapy, without interruption or diminution of the medication. In total, 25 patients, who are on antithrombotic therapy and in need of simple dental extractions, were randomized into 2 groups. In group I (control group), which consisted of 10 patients, local hemostasis was achieved with direct packing with gauze. In group II, which consisted of 15 patients, local hemostasis was achieved by the local application of ABS on the extraction sockets. The bleeding time was compared between 2 groups following the tooth extraction. The bleeding time in the dental sockets treated with ABS was statistically lower compared to the sockets of the control group ( p = 0.0001). It is concluded that the dental extractions could be performed without interruption of the medication in patients on antithrombotic therapy. The ABS appears to be sufficient as an alternative hemostatic agent.
Platelet Count and Mean Platelet Volume in Patients With In-Hospital Deep Venous Thrombosis
Authors: Çil Habib , Yavuz Celal , İslamoğlu Yahya , Tekbaş Ebru Öntürk , Demirtaş Sinan , Atılgan Zuhal Arıtürk , Gündüz Ercan , Benli Emre Demir , Tanrıverdi Halis
Published: February 2012

Aim: To investigate the relationship between mean platelet volume (MPV) and in-hospital deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Material and methods: 147 patients with the diagnosis of DVT and 149 control participants were included in the study. For all participants, clinical risk factors, smoking status, and other demographic data were recorded from hospital registries. The data of patients with DVT were compared with the control participants. Results: Mean MPV was significantly higher in patients with DVT than the control group (8.91 ± 1.86 vs 7.86 ± 0.9; P < .001). Body mass index, smoking frequency, hematocrit, and platelet count were significantly correlated with MPV. Independent predictors of in-hospital DVT were MPV (odds ratio [OR] = 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2-1.87; P ≤ .001), body mass index (OR = 1.17; 95% CI = 1.04-1.34; P = .012), and smoking (OR = 1.83; 95% CI = 1.09-3.08; P = .023). Conclusion: Mean platelet volume was significantly higher in patients with DVT, and it is an independent predictor of in-hospital DVT.
Comparative Pharmacodynamic Assessment of the Antiangiogenesis Activity of Heparin and Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin Fractions
Authors: Mousa Shaker A.
Published: February 2012

Effects of unfractionated heparin and low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) on human microvascular endothelial cell sprouting (tube formation assay) in vitro were determined. Antiangiogenesis efficacy of commercially available LMWHs tinzaparin and enoxaparin in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model of growth factor-induced angiogenesis was compared. The LMWH tinzaparin was fractionated into different molecular weight (MW) pools by size exclusion chromatography; they inhibited CAM angiogenesis depending on their MW distribution, with optimal inhibition at 8 to 12 kDa and no inhibition at <2 kDa. Tinzaparin demonstrated greater antiangiogenesis efficacy than enoxaparin ( P < .001); these CAM results correlated with the endothelial tube formation assay results ( P < .001, tinzaparin vs enoxaparin). These data point to the variable antiangiogenesis efficacy of different LMWHs as a function of MW and perhaps other structural differences. Our hypothesis confirmed a relationship between lower release of tissue factor pathway inhibitor by lower MW fractions of tinzaparin or enoxaparin leading to reduced antiangiogenesis efficacy.
Prohemostatic and Antithrombin Activities of Ankaferd Hemostat Are Linked to Fibrinogen Gamma Chain and Prothrombin by Functional Proteomic Analyses
Authors: Ozel-Demiralp Duygu , İğci Naşit , Ayhan Beycan , Eğin Yonca , Haznedaroglu Ibrahim C. , Akar Nejat
Published: February 2012

Ankaferd blood stopper (ABS) is a novel topical hemostatic agent of plant origin registered for the management of external hemorrhages, in Turkey. The ABS-induced formation of the protein network with vital erythroid aggregation covers the whole physiological hemostatic process. The aim of this study is to assess prohemostatic and antithrombin effects of ABS on the basis of functional proteomic analyses performed in ABS-treated plasma and serum samples based on the previous hypotheses about ABS action. For this purpose, serum and plasma proteins were separated by 2-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis, and proteins were identified using reference plasma gel on Swiss-2DPAGE database. Our results indicated that fibrinogen gamma chain and prothrombin levels just initially decreased first and thereafter enhanced following the ABS exposure. Dual effects of ABS on those critical hemostatic molecules seem to be associated with prohemostatic and antithrombin activities of the hemostatic agent.
Elevated Circulating Levels of Tissue Factor in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: González Frank , Kirwan John P. , Rote Neal S. , Minium Judi
Published: February 2012

Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have coagulation disturbances and inflammation, which increases the risk of atherothrombosis. We evaluated the status of circulating tissue factor (TF), the receptor for coagulation factor VII involved in atherothrombosis, in women with PCOS and weight-matched controls. Two-way analysis of variance models were fit to evaluate the effect of PCOS status and weight class on TF and other parameters. The TF levels were significantly higher in lean women with PCOS compared to lean controls. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) levels were significantly higher in obese participants compared to lean participants after controlling for PCOS status. The TF levels directly correlated with percentage of truncal fat and plasma levels of PAI-1, testosterone, androstendione, and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate; and inversely correlated with insulin sensitivity index–OGTT(ISOGTT). Circulating TF is elevated in PCOS independent of obesity, but both PCOS and obesity contribute to a prothrombotic state. In PCOS, abdominal adiposity and hyperandrogenism may exacerbate the risk of atherothrombosis.
The Environment Has No Standing in Environmental Governance
Authors: Wysocki Jay
Published: February 2012

For most of human history the natural environment stood separate from man: indifferent and alien, to be overcome, exploited, or managed. This article draws on the legal concept of standing and the nonlegal concept of voice to argue that nature no longer has standing as an “other” within the global environmental governance framework. Reviews of the transition toward “sustainable development” in environmentalism and also the post–Cold War global environmental governance framework are offered to support this point. Freed of the role that nature plays to ground humanity in space, sustainability now frames mankind only in temporal terms that are developmental but, without reference to context, irrational. The implications that nature has no standing are applied as alternative perspective on Blühdorn’s arguments for a “politics of unsustainability.”
Breaking A Communication Barrier
Authors: Madera Juan M. , Dawson Mary , Neal Jack A. , Busch Kristin
Published: February 2012

Given the diverse workforce of the hospitality industry, language difficulties continue to create communication barriers for both employers and immigrant workers. As a result, these barriers have negative effects on job performance and organizational attitudes. In an effort to provide solutions, this article examines the effect of using pictures on job performance, task satisfaction, and job commitment when communication barriers exist in a food industry operation context. The results of this experimental study demonstrated that the performance of workers who used pictures when producing a dish was evaluated higher on dimensions of time, quality, and accuracy than that of workers who did not use pictures. Additionally, the participants who were given pictures reported higher task satisfaction and commitment than those who were only provided an abstract recipe.
Investigating the Role of Trust and Gender in Online Tourism Shopping in South Korea
Authors: Kim Myung-Ja , Lee Choong-Ki , Chung Namho
Published: February 2012

This study identifies factors that affect trust in online tourism shopping, including transaction security, navigation functionality, and cost-effectiveness. It examines the effects of these factors on trust and the relationship between this trust and repurchasing intentions. Furthermore, this study investigates the moderating effect of gender in the context of the aforementioned constructs in a proposed research model. To this end, an online survey of Internet users who had shopped online for a tourism-related product or service within the past year was conducted. The results of this study indicate that transaction security, navigation functionality, and cost-effectiveness affect trust, which in turn influences repurchasing intentions. Gender was observed to have a significant moderating effect in that the thought processes of males strongly affected the influence of cost-effectiveness on trust and the impact of trust on repurchase intention in comparison with females. The thought processes of female online shoppers had a stronger impact on navigation functionality in comparison with those of the males. The results of this study may aid in the development of trust prediction methodologies and repurchasing intention of the tested constructs by directing the design of websites that effectively appeal to different genders.
Image Congruence and Relationship Quality in Predicting Switching Intention
Authors: Han Heesup , Hyun Sunghyup Sean
Published: February 2012

The present study (a) examined the effect of image congruence on dimensions of relationship quality (satisfaction and trust) and switching intention, (b) investigated the mediating effect of relationship quality components, and (c) tested the moderating impact of the conspicuousness of product use on the links among these variables. A survey was conducted at luxury restaurants in a metropolitan city. Overall fit of the proposed model and research hypotheses were tested through structural equation modeling and a series of modeling tests for metric invariance. The results showed that social and ideal social image congruencies had a critical role in explaining relationship quality and switching intention; relationship quality components significantly mediated the influence of image-congruence factors on intention; and conspicuousness of product use was found to affect the image-congruence components (satisfaction links), the social image congruence (trust link), and the trust (switching intention link). The findings emphasize the significance of study variables in decreasing restaurant customers’ intention to switch.
Examining the Role of Multidimensional Value in Convention Attendee Behavior
Authors: Lee Jin-Soo , Min Chung-ki
Published: February 2012

This study delves into what causes convention attendees to perceive low or high multidimensional value (MDV) by examining the psychographic and demographic profiles of different tiers of MDV convention attendees (low-, middle-, and high-MDV attendees in this study). This study adopts functional, emotional, and social values to represent MDV. Using cluster and discriminant analyses, findings show that whereas low-MDV attendees negatively perceive convention experiences according to dimensions of the MDV, convention quality, and behavioral intentions, high-MDV attendees favorably evaluate convention experiences along the same dimensions. The demographic profile of high-MDV attendees includes more doctoral degree holders and academic faculty. Positive word of mouth, professional education, and social networking play more powerful roles than site-specific dimensions in discriminating low-, middle-, and high-MDV attendees. An understanding of the different tiers of MDV attendees enables convention planners to better comprehend distinct evaluative perceptions and, thus, to cultivate and sustain high MDV, resulting in loyalty and profit.
A Cross-language Comparison of Preschool Children's Vocal Fundamental Frequency in Speech and Song Production
Authors: Mang Esther
Published: February 2012

Pitch is a psychoacoustic concept that has distinctive functions in speech and music across languages. The present investigation is based on a hypothesis that speakers of tonal and non-tonal languages may have distinctive vocal pitch behaviours. Ethnographic observations was conducted on the vocal development of a group of English and Chinese Canadian children over 42 months. Acoustic analyses were performed on recorded vocalizations to extract pitch. Comparisons of longitudinal vocal fundamental frequencies between the Chinese and English speaking children suggest possible language differences in the use of pitch to distinguish between speech and song production. Implications on strategies to provide more effective singing experience in a multicultural classroom are discussed.
Investigating the Assessment of Singers in a Music College Setting: The Students' Perspective
Authors: Coimbra Daniela , Davidson Jane , Kokotsaki Dimitra
Published: February 2012

This article examines the singing assessment context, first in relation to the assessors' evaluation procedures and, second, in relation to the students' anxiety levels, gender and developmental stage. The primary intention is to explore the psychological processes used by the performers themselves for the effective projection of their skills in a natural performance situation. The study was conducted at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London, where twenty-one second year and twenty-two third year vocal studies students were being assessed during their mid-year examinations. The analysis is based on the collection of qualitative data after the completion of openended questionnaires by the students. Findings show clear evidence of the singers' objective to make their presence attract the attention of the audience by meticulously planning and working on their physical, musical and mental states for the effective projection of their intentions and acquired skills. Inter-group comparisons on development and ability revealed traits of independence and self-sufficiency for the most able singing students and those that are higher in state of development.
Constructing a View of Children's Meaning-Making as Notators: A Case-Study of a Five-Year-Old's Descriptions and Explanations of Invented Notations
Authors: Barrett Margaret S.
Published: February 2012

Investigations of the processes and products of children's invented notational activity have generated a growing body of research that reflects some of the interests and concerns of the study of children's symbolic activity in general. However, whilst the emerging picture of children's use of invented notation in music has suggested some commonalities in the processes and products of children engaged in notational activity, a number of anomalies are also evident. This article provides a brief summary of research in children's invented notation in music in order to identify tensions that exist in the findings of such research. Through the description and analysis of a five-year-old boy's invented notations and his verbal accounts of such notations, it explores the ways in which our understanding of children's notational activity and musical understanding may be enhanced through attentive listening and substantive responding to children's meaning-making as composer/notators.
Investigating Social Processes in Group Musical Composition
Authors: Burland Karen , Davidson Jane W.
Published: February 2012

In recent years, the benefits of social interaction have been recognised in learning and working environments, the impact of social support on individual confidence and creativity being widely reported. In many domains including music, ability, personality, gender and friendship relationships have been identified as influencing the success or failure of group interactions. Despite the assumption in educational practice that group work can improve individuals' performance, however, social facilitation literature indicates the presence of others can sometimes be a hindrance (Hunt & Hillery, 1973). The main aim of the current paper is to investigate how various groupings of individuals (here, children) influenced creative musical tasks. In particular, friendship as opposed to random, single and both male and female sex groups were contrasted. It was hypothesised that quality of musical outcome would be influenced to some degree by the standard of social interaction and thus impact on individual sense of self within the task context. Fifty-nine children aged 11 participated in the study. All sessions were video-recorded. A researcher and class teachers observed the children's musical interactions using a check-list and a detailed structured questionnaire to guide observations whilst the children worked in groups of six participants in the following configurations: Randomly assigned, friendship based single and both sex, non-friendship based single and both sex. In each context, the children completed a compositional task, which was then assessed by independent, experienced assessors. The children were all individually questioned post-task about their experiences. The results suggested that social grouping did not influence the standard of the creative product, but it did affect the children's social interaction and thus their personal sense of achievement and enjoyment on task.
Issues in the Use of Verbal Data to Assess Children's Affective Responses to Music
Authors: Rodriguez Carlos Xavier
Published: February 2012

Affective responses are at the core of musical thinking: they form the basis for meaning and value in music, and provide motivation for future musical experiences. Therefore, the development of musical affect in children is a primary concern for music education, as are the methods most effective and convenient for measuring this development. This article examines the history, use, and structure of verbal response methodologies to study children's affective reactions to music, describes the conceptual and philosophical framework underlying the use of verbal data to assess cognition in the arts, presents music education research that adopts this framework, and offers suggestions for future directions in music education research.
David Helfgott: A Psychologist's Perspective
Authors: Davidson Jane W.
Published: February 2012

The promotion of and public interest in the Australian pianist David Helfgott seems to have died away since the media hype of the blockbusting movie, Shine (1997)— a Hollywood version of David's biography - faded a couple of year ago. Yet, for me as a music psychologist, there are several major issues which persist and which I wish to share with others with similar interests. Firstly, I am intrigued by the conditions in which Helfgott acquired his musical skills. Secondly, I wish to explore his adult ability as a performer, and last, I am fascinated by how he has been perceived by audiences.
The Rise and Fall of Philosophies of Music Education: Looking backwards in order to see ahead
Authors: Walker Robert
Published: February 2012

This paper argues for a more profound contextual analysis of the music studied. It is argued that the impact of some newer ideas from the second half of the 20th century, often labelled post-modern, have not been sufficiently assimilated in music education philosophy. What is in reality a call for greater depth in contextual analysis has too often been trivialised into a superficial notion of a social context incorrectly focussed more on the contemporary than the historical. The shift to social constructivism should not demolish the concept of cultural truth or the historical usefulness of the idea of immanence or metaphysical presence, as some commentators would argue. Instead, the new heuristic methodologies, particularly those of such writers as Jacques Derrida, Paul-Michel Foucault and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, provide powerful tools for developing a truer understanding of the importance of the situatedness of all music. How this might be exposed is demonstrated from the traditions of western culture. The way forward for a philosophy of music education is to accept the blurring of genres (or disciplines) over the last few decades, and go further than simply accentuating the social situatedness of today's student. Indeed the idea of an education should enable the student to rise above her own social situation. Music works as a cultural system in itself, but one which refers to and reflects the larger culture in which it was situated and which gave it form and meaning within its own systems of thought and action. Musical understanding is explained as being derived from a study of performance practice within these important contextual factors.
What are the roles of philosophy in music education?
Authors: Jorgensen Estelle R.
Published: February 2012

In this philosophical essay, the purposes and limits of philosophy are clarified, and two metaphors for the philosopher's work in music education—the architect and building inspector—are described. The strengths and limitations of each metaphor are briefly sketched. A dialectical approach to negotiating these metaphors is also suggested. Seeing that the philosopher serves multiple and sometimes conflicting roles in music education, music educators need to cultivate a variety of philosophical perspectives and ensure an open forum for dialogue about the aims, purposes, and approaches of music education.
Modernity, Postmodernity and Music Education Philosophy
Authors: Elliott David J.
Published: February 2012

This discussion offers a broad perspective on past and present philosophising about music and music education. In building this discussion, I employ two orienting concepts: modernity and postmodernity. My aim is to unpack some relationships between these concepts and philosophies of music and music education. (Note: I shall follow many other writers in making a distinction, below, between postmodernity as an era and `postmodern-ism' as a movement).
Harry Broudy's aesthetics and music education
Authors: Bresler Liora
Published: February 2012

This paper centres on Harry Broudy, the scholar who was the first to argue, consistently and extensively, for aesthetics as a foundation for music education in American public schools. Broudy, considered by many as the major philosopher of education in the second part of the 20th century, was not a musician or music educator. His framing of the discipline of school music as aesthetic education evolved out of his philosophy of general education for citizenship, grounded within an ethical framework. In this paper, I examine Broudy's philosophy of music education within the larger context of his thinking, and its impact on music educators in the USA.
A View from Aesthetic Education
Authors: Smith Ralph A.
Published: February 2012

My esteemed late colleague Harry S. Broudy often expressed curiosity about invitations he received to address subjects and topics about which he had little specialized knowledge. But the reason was quite apparent; as a philosopher he had the skill to detect issues that helped others to think more wisely about their ramifications. I occasionally find myself in a similar position. Although I have only general knowledge about music and do not follow developments in the field of music education as closely as in my own area of special interest, I often receive invitations from music educators to join in their deliberations. It is not, I think, because of any special knack for detecting and clarifying issues but rather because of my philosophy of aesthetic education that might be of some interest to music educators. The following then are a few notes about my thinking insofar as it centres on the arts and not broader conceptions of aesthetic education.
Categorising the compositional thinking of tertiary-level students: a provisional taxonomy
Authors: Martin Jeffrey
Published: February 2012

This article derives from a study completed in Singapore involving tertiary-level music students beginning composition. The purpose of the study was to describe the cognitive procedures used by the students in the process of composing. Think-aloud protocols provided the primary source of data, although this was triangulated with other sources, such as classroom observation notes, scores/sketches, and subjects' retrospective accounts. Among the results was the development of a taxonomy to categorise various procedures and contextual issues in the composing process. It is offered here as a provisional starting-point for further research into student composing.
Toward integrating Music and other art forms into the language curriculum
Authors: Lowe Anne
Published: February 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine the contextual elements that contribute to a successful experience evidenced by both research and practice cultures as a result of the integration of music and other art forms into the language arts curriculum. In order to define the integrated experience as successful, it was also necessary to determine whether the interdisciplinary art/language learning strategies utilized reinforced both language and music learning, and if the integrated experience met the objectives of both research and practice communities. Three second grade classroom teachers from the midwest of the United States and their students chose to participate in this qualitative collaborative research where both the teachers and the researcher were reflective partners in the co-construction of knowledge pertaining to educational practice. Twelve 45 minutes integrated arts/language lessons were devised for each of the three classrooms over a period of one month (three sessions a week) and were taught by the researcher and a graduate student music educator. Data were collected from video tapes of all classroom interventions, informal and semi-structured interviews with the classroom teachers, students, research assistant, school principal and school music specialist, and from written materials and reflective journals. Results indicated that the children learned in both music and language and were able to make connections between all forms of communication, predictions and choices made in both music and language, and between form in music and form in language. Moreover, pedagogical strategies and styles used in the intervention, in addition with supportive, positive, respectful and flexible attitudes from all participants of both research and practice cultures at all levels of the research process, contributed to the success of this integrated study.
Examiner Perceptions of Using Criteria in Music Performance Assessment
Authors: Stanley Michael , Brooker Ron , Gilbert Ross
Published: February 2012

This article outlines an investigation of examiner perceptions of the effects of introducing criteria into music performance assessment procedures at a tertiary conservatorium of music. A qualitative analysis of transcripts of interviews with fifteen conservatorium staff identified key issues relating to the ways experienced examiners use criteria in music performance assessment. In discussing their music performance assessment strategies examiners described holistic and criteria-specific approaches. Some examiners felt using criteria helped them focus on important assessment issues and that criteria were useful for articulating desirable performance characteristics in feedback to students. Other examiners believed criteria-based assessment represented a narrow view which tended to interfere with their holistic assessments of music performance.
The Relationship between Musicians' Expectations and Their Perception of Expressive Features in an Aural Model
Authors: Woody Robert H.
Published: February 2012

The purpose of the study was to determine whether musicians' perception of expressive features in an aural model is related to pre-existing expectations for the piece of music. Twenty-four advanced musicians gave `normal musical performances' (or default performances) of two short musical excerpts, indicating their expressive expectations for the excerpts. Subjects then heard expressive performances of the excerpts that contained several expressive dynamic variations (i.e., crescendos, decrescendos, accents). Subjects' ultimate task was imitating these expressive models as exactly as possible, but before giving their imitative performances, the musicians verbally reported the expressive dynamic features they perceived in the models. Results indicated that subjects' default performances were significantly more similar to models' idiomatic features (reflecting expressive performance conventions) than nonidiomatic (musically inappropriate) features. More importantly, expressive features that went unidentified by subjects were significantly more similar to their default performances than identified features. When applied to a music classroom situation, the results suggest that student musicians' current performance (before modeling) can influence their perception of a teacher's model.
Teachers Reactions to Outcomes-Based Music Education in South African Primary Schools
Authors: Joseph Dawn
Published: February 2012

This article examines the reactions of specialist music teachers to the introduction of Outcomes-Based Education (OBE) in South Africa. OBE has been seen in post-apartheid South Africa as a way to transform education and address the imbalances of the past. The study reported here used questionnaires to explore attitudes of teachers at independent schools in Johannesburg in the first year of implementing OBE. Analysis of data revealed both positive and negative attitudes as well as the strong need for teachers professional development if OBE is to succeed.
Observations on a Case Study of Song Transmission and Preservation in Two Aboriginal Communities: Dilemmas of a 'Neo-Colonialist' in the Field
Authors: Marsh Kathryn
Published: February 2012

Within a western tradition of music education research there is an expectation that a research project will have focussed aims, regardless of the research paradigm from which it emanates. This paper discusses the dilemma of a researcher when confronted with a disparity between her carefully formulated research aims and the needs of the communities within which her research project was implemented. These issues are discussed in relation to the initial stages of a research project which is investigating the music, movement and language characteristics, cross-cultural transmission and effects of the media on the musical play of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children in two small towns in central Australia.
A Critical Discourse Analysis of World Music as the `Other' in Education
Authors: Thompson Kathy
Published: February 2012

This paper employs poststructuralist concepts of the `canon' and the `other', in combination with the Critical Discourse Analysis tools of ideology, discourse and binary opposition to demonstrate how world music is constructed in music education. Data was obtained from a semi-structured interview with a Queensland government secondary school music teacher. The analysis reveals an ideology of difference underpinning a number of binary oppositions constructed between world music and European music in relation to their surrounding cultures, musical functions, pedagogies and placements in the curriculum. Some of these categories are contested when overlapped with discourses of `familiarity' and `accessibility'. Consequently, world music is shown to be marginalised in the curriculum as the `other' in relation to the dominant `canon' of European music. These findings highlight the potential of Critical Discourse Analysis for new insights into music education research.
Non-Western Ensembles: Crossing Boundaries and Creating Interstices in Cross-Cultural Educational Contexts
Authors: Biernoff Lara , Blom Diana
Published: February 2012

Two student members of non-Western music groups active in an Australian tertiary education music department, a Turkish ensemble and an Afro-Carribean steelpan ensemble, and the indigenous teachers of these ensembles were asked about their musical backgrounds, their musical, cultural and educational expectations, experiences and outcomes within these ensembles, and their responses to issues of appropriation and `cultural rights.' Drawing on Bhabha's (1994) idea of “interstices” within which “negotiation” can occur because of the different backgrounds of those within the ensembles, we note a diversity and sharing of teaching and learning approaches being undertaken by the participants. The teachers and students identified the needs for students to “extract personal meaning” through “deep learning” (Ramsden, 1992), a sense of “adding to the self” (Reimer, 1994), in order to negotiate boundaries. The teachers defined music which was shareable, and welcomed the blending of traditional music with other styles — providing that it is music which is able to be shared, and that it is understood correctly.
Torres Strait Islander Music and Dance in Informal and Formal Educational Contexts in Australia
Authors: Costigan Lyn , Neuenfeldt Karl
Published: February 2012

Torres Strait Islanders constitute a minority within an Indigenous minority in Australia. Less research has been conducted on Torres Strait Islander education compared to Aboriginal education. Cultural practices such as music and dance are a means to express Islander identity and to articulate Islander concerns within wider society. However, culture and its place in the curriculum is problematic. While culture and cultural identity are important to many Islanders, other issues that impact on educational outcomes must also be addressed if there are to be real and effective changes. Nevertheless, music and dance can be important to Islanders living on the mainland as well as in the Torres Strait. Music and dance are means for Islanders to retain a connectedness to their homeland and to celebrate their cultural identity.
Teaching About and Through Native American Musics: An Excursion into the Cultural Politics of Music Education
Authors: Burton Bryan , Dunbar-Hall Peter
Published: February 2012

Expectations that comprehensive music education includes all types of music have led to a situation in which musical diversity has become standard in music classrooms. Concomitant with these expectations is the requirement that the cultural contexts of music are also studied. These developments in music education have produced, however, a situation in which the ways music is taught may be at odds with the cultural contexts of the music in question. This disjuncture between expectation and practice is highlighted here in discussion of teaching through and about the musics of Native Americans. In that their musical characteristics and lyrical messages raise issues of post-colonialism, analysis of the position of these musics in music education acts as a form of post-colonial critique of music education, and is used to raise issues which relate to the teaching of music as a cultural artefact with political and social implications.
Going Over the Top: The Evolution of Indigenous Music Pedagogies and Educational Practices in Postcolonial Australasian Contexts
Authors: Smith Robert G.
Published: February 2012

In July 2003 the Northern Territory Chapter of the Australian Society for Music Education will host the society's fourteenth national conference in the territory capital, Darwin. This event is titled 'Over the Top', with due deference to Darwin's physical and geographical location at the 'top' of the continent. However, it is the subtitled focus of the conference, 'The impact of cultural learning in our own and neighbouring communities in the evolution of Australasian music education' which is of interest to this special focus issue of Research Studies in Music Education on music education in postcolonial and related contexts. A significant conference event will be the inauguration of an Australasian Centre for Collaborative Research in Indigenous Music Pedagogies and Practices . 'Indigenous' is applied here in the sense of Australian or New Zealand (and perhaps Asian) 'home-grown' pedagogies, not to indicate that this is necessarily exclusively related to the use of the word 'indigenous' in the sense of Aboriginal Australia or Mäori Aotearoa. This article introduces the notion of a research centre dedicated to such a focus in postcolonial Australasian contexts, and provides some background to the development of the concept. It raises questions critical to the evolution of appropriate Australasian music pedagogies and education practices to which the centre might provide responses.