bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thrombospondin-1 and Cutaneous Melanoma
Authors: Trotter M. J. , Colwell R. , Tron V. A.
Published: July 2017

Background:

Thrombospondins (TSPs) are recognized as important glycoproteins that regulate a wide variety of cell functions and interactions. TSPs in malignant tumors can both enhance and inhibit tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis, depending on cell type, stromal interactions, and microenvironment. These proteins are potential targets for anticancer therapy.

Objective:

The aim of our article is to review the role of thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) in cutaneous melanoma.

Conclusions:

TSP1 expression is variable in melanoma cell lines and tumors. Similar to findings in other human cancers, expression of TSP1 by melanoma cells usually inhibits tumor progression via the antiangiogenic effect of TSP1. Conversely, stromal TSP1 overexpression in melanoma is a poor prognostic factor associated with decreased survival. Understanding the interactions of TSP1 with other melanoma- and matrix-associated proteins should provide new prognostic indices and possible therapeutic targets for melanoma treatment.
The Importance of Skin Disease as Assessed by “Willingness-To-Pay”
Authors: Parks Lauren , Balkrishnan Rajesh , Hamel-Gariépy Line , Feldman Steven R.
Published: July 2017

Background:

To achieve optimal resource allocation in health care, it is necessary to value competing resource uses according to the benefit derived from those uses. Skin disease makes as great an impact as other serious medical conditions when assessed by effects on health-related quality of life.

Objective:

To confirm the high impact of skin disease by comparing patients' willingness to pay (WTP) to be cured or relieved from symptoms of skin and nonskin conditions.

Methods:

We searched the published literature on WTP to compare the impact of dermatologic conditions with the impact of other medical conditions. A total of 46 articles were identified of which 10 included information on willingness to pay for cure reported on a monthly basis.

Results:

WTP for skin diseases fell in the range of $125–260/month and was comparable or higher than all but one of the other identified conditions.

Conclusion:

Willingness to pay for relief from skin diseases is comparable to that for relief of other serious medical conditions. Skin diseases are associated with a significant adverse impact on patients' lives.
Valacyclovir in the Treatment of Herpes Simplex, Herpes Zoster, and other Viral Infections
Authors: Wu Jashin J. , Brentjens Mathijs H. , Torres Gisela , Yeung–Yue Kimberly , Lee Patricia , Tyring Stephen K.
Published: July 2017

Background:

Genital herpes and herpes labialis are prevalent, physically and pychologically painful, and often disabling. Herpes zoster is often very painful and may result in months or years of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). Over the past two decades, the treatment of these conditions has been transformed by guanosine nucleoside antivirals such as valacyclovir (Valtrex®), a highly bioavailable prodrug of acyclovir (Zovirax®), and famciclovir (Famvir®), a highly bioavailable prodrug of penciclovir (Denavir®).

Objective:

We describe the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical efficacy of valacyclovir for the treatment of herpes simplex, herpes zoster, and other viral infections. Valacyclovir is also compared with acyclovir and famciclovir.

Methods:

All published literature containing the word “valacyclovir” was reviewed and summarized.

Results:

Valacyclovir is the only oral antiviral agent approved for therapy of herpes labialis, the only antiviral drug approved for a 3-day course in the episodic treatment of recurrent genital herpes, as well as the only antiviral drug approved for once daily dosing for suppressive therapy. In herpes zoster, valacyclovir is more effective than acyclovir and equally effective as famciclovir at hastening the healing of zoster-associated pain and PHN.

Conclusion:

Valacyclovir is safe and effective in the therapy of patients with herpes simplex and herpes zoster and may be useful in other viral infections.
Generalized Cutis Laxa Associated with Heavy Chain Deposition Disease
Authors: Tan Stephen , Pon Kucy , Bargman Joanne , Ghazarian Danny
Published: July 2017

Background:

Cutis laxa is a heterogeneous group of inherited and acquired disorders characterized clinically by loose skin and histologically by altered elastic tissue. Heavy chain deposition disease is a very rare monoclonal immunoglobulin disorder, distinct from multiple myeloma, in which there is production and deposition of defective immunoglobulin heavy chains without light chain deposition.

Objective:

We describe a case of acquired cutis laxa associated with heavy chain deposition disease.

Results:

A 50-year-old male presented with acute renal failure, IgG4 heavy chain deposition in the kidneys, and no evidence of multiple myeloma. Four years later, he developed generalized acquired cutis laxa, emphysema, and a peripheral polyneuropathy. On pathology, there was destruction of elastic fibers within the dermis.

Conclusion:

This case describes a previously unreported association between acquired cutis laxa and heavy chain deposition disease.

Antécédents:

Cutis laxa est un groupe hétérogène de troubles héréditaires et acquis qui se caractérise cliniquement par un relâchement de la peau et histologiquement par l'altération du tissu élastique. La maladie des chaînes lourdes est un trouble très rare de l'immunoglobuline monoclonale, différent du myélome multiple où il y a production et dépôt de chaînes lourdes, sans chaînes légères, de l'immunoglobuline déficiente.

Objectif:

Description d'un cas non conventionnel de cutis laxa acquise associée à une maladie des chaînes légères.

Méthodes:

Description du cas et aperçu de cutis laxa.

Observation:

Un homme de 50 ans présente une insuffisance rénale, des dépêts dans les reins de chaînes lourdes IgG4 et aucune preuve de myélome multiple. Quatre ans plus tard, il développe une cutis laxa généralisée acquise, un emphysème et une Polyneuropathie périphérique. La pathologie a montré une destruction des fibres élastiques du derme.

Conclusion:

Ce cas décrit une association jamais établie auparavant entre cutis laxa et une maladie des chaînes lourdes.
Antiangiogenic Properties of a Novel Shark Cartilage Extract: Potential Role in the Treatment of Psoriasis
Authors: Dupont Éric , Savard Pierre E. , Jourdain Camille , Juneau Christina , Thibodeau Alain , Ross Neil , Marenus Kenneth , Maes Daniel H. , Pelletier Georges , Sauder Daniel N.
Published: July 2017

Background:

A number of inflammatory and immune diseases are associated with vascular changes. Psoriasis, as an example, is a common inflammatory skin disease with dilation of capillaries as an early histological change. In more developed psoriatic lesions there is proliferation of blood vessels and neovascularization. The use of agents that target these vascular changes represents a novel therapeutic strategy in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Since cartilage is an avascular tissue, it has been hypothesized that there may be factors found in cartilage that inhibit blood vessel formation.

Objective:

The objectives of this study were 1) to determine whether extracts of cartilage could inhibit angiogenesis, and 2) since altered angiogenesis is associated with certain diseases, including psoriasis, to examine whether inhibition of angiogenesis could potentially contribute to the treatment of psoriasis.

Methods:

Extracts of shark cartilage were prepared by homogenization and ultrafiltration to derive the active agent termed Æ-941. This agent was tested for antiangiogenesis activity using the embryonic vascularization test, which is a modification of the ex vivo chick embryo culture (CAM). Since one of the first steps in angiogenesis is degradation by metalloproteinases of the basement membrane of capillaries, Æ-941 was tested for collagenase activity using a fluorogenic peptide substrate. Anti-inflammatory properties were tested using a cutaneous irritation model in humans.

Results:

A dose dependent inhibition in embryonic neovascularization as well as in collagenase activity by Æ-941 was demonstrated. When test compounds were applied on the forearms of test subjects, Æ-941 was shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. Anecdotal data suggested that topical Æ-941 had a beneficial effect in psoriasis.

Conclusion:

Our results show that Æ-941 has anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. Antiangiogenesis agents such as Æ-941 provide an entirely new class of agents to treat cutaneous and systemic diseases associated with altered vascularity.
Xeroderma Pigmentosum: Spinal Cord Astrocytoma with 9-Year Survival after Radiation and Isotretinoin Therapy
Authors: DiGiovanna John J. , Patronas Nicholas , Katz David , Abangan Donita , Kraemer Kenneth H.
Published: July 2017

Background:

Patients with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) frequently develop sunlight-induced skin cancer. Infrequently, internal neoplasms may also occur. A 21-year-old patient with XP, who had many skin cancers, developed a rare internal tumour — a grade II diffuse fibrillary spinal cord astrocytoma — during a break in a therapeutic trial of isotretinoin for skin cancer prevention. Treatment of neoplasms in XP patients presents special difficulties because of their defect in DNA repair.

Objective:

The study objective was to raise awareness of the cancer surveillance process in XP patients and the concerns involved in choice of therapy.

Methods:

Since the spinal cord tumour was inoperable, the patient was treated with x-radiation, continued on isotretinoin treatment and was followed closely for tumour response.

Results:

Despite sensitivity to sunlight, the patient had a normal acute response to the x-ray treatment without excessive skin reaction. Serial examinations by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) starting 8 months after x-ray treatment was initiated, showed a marked gadolinium enhancement followed by regression. This clearing was first seen at 2 years after biopsy and persisted to at least 9 years after treatment.

Conclusion:

In contrast to the exaggerated sensitivity to UV radiation, XP patients may tolerate therapeutic doses of x-radiation. Isotretinoin treatment may have contributed to the good response of this spinal cord astrocytoma.
Geneticists Share the Family Jewels: How Inbreeding Has Contributed to Understanding Hereditary Skin Disease
Authors: Bale Sherri J.
Published: July 2017

Background:

Offspring resulting from consanguineous marriages have been important in advancing research in genodermatoses.

Objective:

The concepts of consanguinity and inbreeding are reviewed and their contributions to research in hereditary skin diseases explained.

Methods:

Examples are given in which inbred individuals with hereditary skin disease have increased our knowledge of skin disease genetics.

Results:

An enhanced understanding of the genetics of xeroderma pigmentosum, lamellar ichthyosis, and Werner's syndrome, among others, has arisen from the observation of populations and families in which inbreeding has occurred.

Conclusion:

Populations practicing inbreeding and consanguineous marriages in generally outbred populations have provided important observations for determining the inheritance pattern of several genodermatoses and for identifying the responsible genes.
History of the Atlantic Dermatological Conference: The First 75 Years
Authors: Norton Lawrence A.
Published: July 2017

On May 1, 1998, the 75th meeting of the Atlantic Dermatological Conference was held in New York City. The following presents the origin, development, and sustaining aspects of this treasured annual educational conference. The enthusiasm and participation of a record number of attendees is a testimony for the continued need for this type of postgraduate education with live patient presentation.
Kaposi's Sarcoma in Women: A Clinicopathologic Study
Authors: Smith Kathleen J. , Nelson Ann , Angritt Peter , Morz Al , Skelton Henry G.
Published: July 2017

Background:

Although all epidemiologic subsets of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) (i.e., sporadic, endemic, epidemic, and iatrogenic) have an association with human herpes virus 8 (HHV8), these subsets occur in patient populations with distinctive clinical features. To a variable degree men outnumber women in all subsets.

Objective:

A retrospective study of women with histologically proven cutaneous KS was undertaken to determine the clinical and histopathologic features, as well as any associations.

Methods:

Two hundred and fifty cases of cutaneous KS in women from 1975 to 1993 were reviewed.

Results:

Of the patients, 80% were more than 60 years of age, and of the patients less than 60 years old, 28 were from areas of the world with endemic KS. All HTV+ patients but one were from areas of endemic KS. Two patients were renal transplant patients. Sixty-four percent of the patients had single lesions and 21% recurrent lesions. Twelve patients had, or were known to develop, internal involvement, and in six patients the cause of death was KS. All but four cases histologically showed areas of solid proliferations of tumour cells consistent with plaque or tumour stage. An angiosarcoma-like histologic pattern appeared to be associated with more aggressive epidemiologic subsets. High mitotic rates were rarely seen and did not correlate with aggressive epidemiologic subsets.

Conclusion:

Kaposi's sarcoma in women is diagnosed almost exclusively in plaque or tumour stage. The majority of women within our study fit within the epidemiologic subset of sporadic KS.
In vitro C3 mRNA Expression in Pemphigus Vulgaris: Complement Activation is Increased by IL-1α and TNF-α
Authors: Feliciani Claudio , Toto Paola , Amerio Paolo , Amerio Pierluigi
Published: July 2017

Background:

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a potentially life-threatening disease, characterized immunohistologically by IgG deposits and complement activation on the surface of keratinocytes. Complement activation has been implicated in the pathogenesis with C3 deposits in about 90% of patients.

Objective:

In order to further elucidate the role of complement in PV and to define which cytokines play a role in C3 mRNA expression, we performed an in vitro study in human keratinocytes.

Methods:

Normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHuK) were incubated with PV serum and C3 mRNA was measured. We previously had shown that IL-1α and TNF-α are expressed in PV in vivo and in vitro. Since cytokines are able to modulate complement activation, mRNA expression was evaluated in a similar experiment after pretreatment using antibodies against IL-1α and TNF-α.

Results:

Incubation of NHuK with PV sera caused their detachment from the plates after 20–30 minutes with a complete acantholysis within 12 hours. An early C3 mRNA expression was seen after 30 minutes with a peak level after 1 hour. Blocking studies, using antibodies against human IL-1α and TNF-α in NHuK together with PV-IgG, showed reduction of in vitro induced acantholysis and inhibition of C3 mRNA expression.

Conclusions:

This study supports the hypothesis that complement C3 is important in PV acantholysis and that complement activation is increased by IL-1α and TNF-α.
Recent Advances in Gene Mapping of Skin Diseases: Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum: A Satisfying Sibling Study
Authors: Bale Sherri J.
Published: July 2017

Background:

A review of the recent progress made in mapping of the hereditary skin disease pseudoxanthoma elasticum is presented.

Methods:

Affected sib pair methods, parametric linkage analysis, and linkage heterogeneity tests are reviewed as applied to the effort to identify the location of the pseudoxanthoma elasticum gene.

Results:

Families segregating either autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive pseudoxanthoma elasticum mapped to chromosome 16p13.1.

Conclusion:

There is a gene for pseudoxanthoma elasticum on chromosome 16p. The underlying molecular defect remains to be elucidated.
Prognostic Models: Evidence-Based Approach to Predicting Disease Outcome
Authors: Kantor Jonathan , Margolis David J.
Published: July 2017

Background:

A thorough understanding of the techniques underlying prognostic modelling, the potential shortcomings of prognostic models, and their applicability to dermatology are important for both clinicians and researchers.

Objective:

This article distinguishes between prognostic and explanatory (causal) models, discusses some of the techniques used in developing a prognostic model, and addresses the importance of model generalizability.

Conclusion:

Prognostic models may be useful to the clinician, but must be used with care. It is important to critically appraise prognostic models and to assure that they are relevant to the population of interest. The ability to critically appraise prognostic models is predicated on a thorough understanding of the techniques used in their development and evaluation.
Rapidly Growing Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Billingsley Elizabeth M. , Davis Nicole , Helm Klaus F.
Published: July 2017

Background:

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) may present with a history of rapid growth. Although multiple subtypes have been described regarding histologic characteristics and etiology, the subset of rapidly growing squamous cell carcinomas (RGSCC) has not been described.

Objective:

To evaluate and describe the clinical and histologic characteristics of squamous cell carcinomas that grow rapidly.

Methods:

Recorded clinical data and biopsies of 26 lesions with a history of rapid growth and histologically diagnosed as SCC were reviewed.

Results:

Rapidly growing SCC occurred most commonly on the head and neck, followed by hands and extremities, and had an average duration of 7 weeks before diagnosis. The average size of the lesions was 1.29 cm and nearly 20% occurred in immunosuppressed patients.

Conclusions:

Some SCCs may grow rapidly. The reason for the rapid growth is not clear and several hypotheses are discussed including immunosuppression and viral etiology. These lesions should be treated aggressively as their behaviour and prognosis are not yet well described.
Anti-Union Bias in the Media
Authors: Carroll Margaret
Published: July 2017

A phone survey in 1979 of 60 Brisbane unions shows that nearly 80% of all unions and nearly 90% of blue collar unions believe they do not get a fair deal from the media. The editorial process is seen as the main cause (53.7%) of bias. Sub-editors are especially criticized. There are some differences between blue and white collar unions. 55% of unions do not use the media. Suggestions for union action are made.
Film and Television Training in the Developing World: Bridging the Gap
Authors: Hammond Morrison
Published: July 2017

A review of Bridging the Gap: A Report on the Development of Film and Television Training for the Developing Countries by Henning Camre, Director of the Danish National Film School, for CILECT (Centre International de Liason des Ecoles de Cinema et de Television) Copenhagen, August 1982, 236pp.
The Herald and Weekly Times and the Australian Media Scene
Authors: Macpherson Keith
Published: July 2017

Reprinted below are extracts from Sir Keith MacPherson's speech at the Australian Association of National Advertisers' Conference, 24 October 1982. The main section of the speech, dealing with takeovers has been omitted.
Good for the Goose — Good for the Gander?
Authors: Chapman Simon , McKay Bernie
Published: July 2017

Complaints and judgements about smoking and anti-smoking advertisements under advertising self regulation.

The advertising self-regulatory system in Australia has recently dealt with two complaints concerning cigarette smoking. Two advertisements from a large-scale smoking control program were the subject of a complaint from the tobacco industry, resulting in one being effectively banned. Complaints were also sent to the same self-regulatory body by a consumer group about three cigarette advertisements. These were not upheld. Details of the complaints and their outcomes are given, with the critical conclusion being drawn that considerably greater latitude in what was judged to be acceptable was afforded the cigarette advertisers than was the smoking control program: Inherent limits on the impartiality of self-regulatory systems are discussed.
Self Regulation of Children's Television Advertising: Current Practices and Future Proposals
Authors: Malone James
Published: July 2017

Within the context of regulation of all television advertising, the regulation of children's television advertising as currently practised is discussed, and a description of the legal and self-regulative codes children's advertising must comply with is given. The commercial television industry has voluntarily extended the scope of statutory regulation of advertisements, by self regulation. The author argues that the present balance between participatory regulations by way of voluntary codes developed and administered by the television industry, and external regulations by statutory agencies should shift further towards the TV stations in the future.
All You Ever Wanted to Know about Effective Advertising — But Were Afraid to Ask
Authors: Gadir Simon
Published: July 2017

Advertising is primarily a selling tool. This paper focuses on its effectiveness, in newspapers. Academic researchers face the basic difficulties of results orientation and a creative element suspicious of hard-nosed research. Though they may seem over-simplistic, the views of sales experts and advertising professionals deserve much more attention and can be related to academic work on persuasion and attitude change. Some of the key rules are examined. Content and form are discussed in relation to headlines, body copy, and illustration. An Australian Advertising Effectiveness Award is proposed.
How People Use Advertising — And How to Understand it
Authors: Lannon Judie
Published: July 2017

The key question is what people do with advertising rather than the more traditional ‘what does advertising do to people’. Advertising transforms products into brands. What a brand is to people is culturally determined. It differs with cultures. Research which looks at how people use advertising must examine what they expect from a product field, what conventions they associate with it and what evaluative judgements they make.

Brands have functional messages. But they also communicate messages about the user, about the manufacturer, about the role of the brand. Today's consumers are more creative and sophisticated. They need more creative research techniques which will also best suit the needs of creative people.

Defining the precise rote of advertising helps link the brief with the evaluation.
Planning and Purchase of TV Airtime
Authors: Nettlefold Sue
Published: July 2017

The planning and negotiating procedure's employed by media buyers in advertising agencies when purchasing television advertising time is outlined. It is not a straightforward process but a complex juggling of clients' budgets discounts from TV stations, and television audiences. It is of great advantage to advertisers to plan and buy as far ahead as possible. Examples of TV air-time purchasing strategies are given.
Promoting Informed Peace Studies
Authors: Carter Barbara
Published: July 2017

The Victorian Association for Peace Studies is a group formed to foster serious public discussion on international issues and to encourage work and education in the area of peace studies. It is quite a small group with few monetary resources and its main base is in the academic area. Publicity is directed mainly to this area but attempts are also made to publicize issues and foster debate in the media. Other efforts are directed towards informing and influencing decision-makers in the areas of foreign policy and education.
The Cost of Video at Yuendumu
Authors: Michaels Eric , Granites Leonard Japanangra
Published: July 2017

Yuendumu is a settlement of 1,000 Warlpiri Aborigines, 300 desert kilometres northwest of Alice Springs. VCRs have arrived in this community. Who owns them? Who watches them? What is watched? What are the costs and what is the impact of this new technology? Will satellite television transmission serve this community better? Eric Michaels (Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies) and Leonard Japanangka Granites (Warlpiri Video) report.
Leaders and the Opinion Polls
Authors: Chaples E.
Published: July 2017

Survey research has become an important part of campaigning for public office in Australia in the 1980s. But sample surveys often are misused by politicians of the media. Understanding the utility and the limitations of survey research is vital to judging opinion poll data.
Discriminating between the Viewing Styles of the Commercial and ABC Child TV Viewer
Authors: Noble Grant , Freiberg Kate
Published: July 2017

In Australia discussion concerning the quality of children's television continues unabated. Over the years lobby groups have been successful in persuading the Australian Broadcasting Tribunal (ABT) to bring in Regulations requiring commercial TV stations to produce programs specifically for children and to broadcast them at certain times. While lobbyists have referred to a research base when it has suited their purposes, the points of view of the child audience have not always been consulted. The goal of this study is to attempt to redress the imbalance.
Journalists and Militancy: The Changing Character of the AJA
Authors: Bray Peter R
Published: July 2017

In recent years the Australian Journalists Association (AJA), like many other while collar organisations, has undergone a significant change in character. This has been manifest in disruptions to the industrial status quo in terms of the relationship between the AJA and the employers and between the AJA leadership and membership. Two significant periods of AJA history — 1972–73 and 1980–81 — are analysed to highlight the economic and industrial determinants of the change. These general and more decisive determinants of change provide the underlying context for evaluating the impact of technology and the 1980 national journalists’ strike.
RCTS: A Review of the Policy Process
Authors: Harrison Kate
Published: July 2017

The political problems surrounding the provision of a commercial television service to viewers in remote areas first surfaced publicly in the 1984 Australian Broadcasting Tribunal (ABT) Inquiry into Satellite Program Services (SPS). The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) had already worked out its Homestead and Community Broadcasting Satellite Service (HACBSS) scheme for bringing ABC TV to remote areas via the satellite, but there remained considerable uncertainty as to the provision of commercial television to remote areas. The Minister for Communications asked the Tribunal to examine this issue in the course of its Inquiry.
Minors and the Satellite
Authors: Chick John
Published: July 2017

The Australian Satellite Users Association (AUSSAT, later SATUsers)1 was formed in 1981 by a number of concerned individuals who believed that planning for a domestic satellite communications system was proceeding with scant regard for the interests of minor, non-profit, users. While much had been said about the potential benefits of the proposed system for the isolated and disadvantaged, there was every indication that its technical specifications, tariff schedules and operating conventions would be heavily influenced by the demands of television networks and by Telecom Australia's determination to protect existing terrestrial markets.
QSTV a New Service for Remote Queensland
Authors: Astley David
Published: July 2017

The concept of a commercial television service for the remote areas of Australia is something that has been under consideration since the Federal Government of the day first proposed that Australia establish its own domestic satellite system. From the time that the go-ahead for the satellite was given several years ago, remote area television has been one of the most hotly debated issues within the broadcasting industry. The reason for this was that there was a clear division within the industry as to how commercial television should be provided to the remote areas.
Aussat and the Macquarie Radio Network
Authors: Baczocha George
Published: July 2017

The radio operators with the most to gain from using the satellite are those that must cover large geographical areas in a point to multipoint distribution. In regions with developed terrestrial links this is achievable now, but costly.
The Future
Authors: Nowland Wayne
Published: July 2017

Satellite communications technology has undergone dramatic changes over the past 20 years. The future promises to be even more dramatic — perhaps bordering on the very realms of science fiction. Imagine, for instance, clusters of giant space platforms orbiting high above the earth, each powering tens and even hundreds of communications and scientific payloads. These platforms could be interconnected across space by a sophisticated communications network of high capacity laser links.
The Ravenous Half-Shut Eye Manufacturing Bad News from Nowhere?
Authors: Clements Ian
Published: July 2017

Everywhere broadcasting institutions are in question, and nowhere is their vulnerability more apparent than in television journalism, as the uproar over the ABC's National testifies. Studies of TV news have proliferated. Epstein, and Altheide on organisational imperatives; Gans on social class determinism; Tuchman's interpretative approach; McLuhan's ‘Happy Talk’; the polemics of the Glasgow Media Group; Windschuttle et al on news values; Nixon's ‘the evening news is a series of mini-dramas’ …
Half Life: A Film by Dennis O'Rourke
Authors: Wyndham Diana
Published: July 2017

Dennis O'Rourke afficionados who have seen Yumi Yet, Ileksen, Yap… How Did You Know We'd Like TV?, The Shark Callers of Kontu and ‘… Couldn't Be Fairer’ will need no encouragement to see his latest film, Half Life. This documentary examines the long term effects of atomic radiation on people, but does much more than this.
How Strange Doctor Love Maintains the Daze of Our Wives
Authors: Mayrhofer Deb
Published: July 2017

Everyone groans when you mention them; women are afraid to quit work in case they become addicts; the obnoxious boss in the film Nine to Five was chained to a bed and forced to watch Days of Our Lives by his insurgent female workers; yet every day millions of viewers across the nations turn on, tune in and daze out. So what is it about soap operas that makes them so popular? Critics of popular culture claim that it is a tool of capitalist domination (Connell, 1977; Miliband, 1973) or a new and improved opium of the people (Howe, 1957:497; McQueen, 1977; Slater, 1976). Apologists argue that popular culture can have an integrating effect by maintaining social consensus (Singer, 1976), or that since it is the reflection of the tastes of sections of our society it has an intrinsic value (Gans, 1974).
Ethnic Media and Ethnic Groups
Authors: Young Christabel
Published: July 2017

Reading the daily newspaper, or turning on the radio or television for the news or other information is such a commonplace and routine part of the life of most adult Australians that probably few of us ever wonder how new immigrants, or longer term residents from overseas obtain the news and information which is such a natural part of the day. For the overseas-born the media are also a means of retaining contact with the ethnic community in Australia, keeping up to date with events in the homeland, maintaining the cultural, historical and religious links within the ethnic group, and learning about the new country.
OZ Radio Now
Authors: Hill Barry
Published: July 2017

Radio is the most intimate of mediums. Its communicative resonance is such—it makes such a direct appeal — that it can be difficult to assume a critical stance towards it. The experience of listening is as deeply personal as that. How else do we account for the peculiar state of acceptance that overtakes us as we tune in while we travel about our vast continent?
Broadcasting and Day to Day Routine: Britain
Authors: Scannell Paddy
Published: July 2017

Imagine a world without broadcasting. What would we miss if, from tomorrow, say, there were no more radio and television? The nightly news, favourite soaps or comedy series, the ways in which listening and viewing help to pass the time, especially in the evenings or at weekends; the live coverage of big occasions (the Olympics or a royal wedding); the special programs on special days such as Christmas … these losses we might point to quite readily, hut they would not sufficiently account for the effects of the absence of broadcasting. The media are today, one taken for granted element in the day to day life of members of our societies. In this article I want to pay attention to the unobtrusive ways in which broadcasting sustains the lives and routines, from one day to the next, year in year out, of whole populations, and to reflect on some of the implications of these processes. I will try to account for the ways in which the times of radio and television are organised in relation to the social spaces of listening.
Do More — With Less: Some Challenges for the Public Service Broadcaster
Authors: Long Malcolm
Published: July 2017

The 1980s seems to be the decade in which public service broadcasting will have to answer for its existence as never before. Certainly in most countries, where public service broadcasting is part of the media scene, there has been the bubbling of controversy in the past: heated debates about funding; disagreements about program policies; revelations of management inefficiency and incompetence. These things are perhaps all part of the complex, somewhat neurotic love/hate relationship that audiences have with their national broadcaster. In recent years, however, the ‘debate’ about public service broadcasting has taken on a new tone. It is almost a frantic debate, conducted with a great deal of energy by government, broadcasters and audiences, and often with considerable bitterness. There is now a constant testing of the legitimacy of the public service broadcaster. Those of us who work within these organisations find that we are required regularly to make the argument for national broadcasting and to restate the philosophical assumptions that underpin its existence. Why is this so?
Public Radio: Where is it Headed and Will it Get There?
Authors: Law Michael
Published: July 2017

Public broadcasting is the third sector of Australian broadcasting, the non-government and non-profit sector. From small beginnings in 1974, some 60 radio stations are now on air and new licences are being issued at the rate of 10 to 12 a year. A few countries have similar kinds of broadcasting, but the acceptance by our Government of public broadcasting as an integral component of a three-sector Australian system is without parallel. How far public radio has achieved its objectives is a matter for debate. There were many objectives, not all agreed upon by all or even most of the pioneers. Its future is also unsure. That it will survive in some form is certain but whether in circumstances which will let it realise its aims fully is, at the time of writing, still uncertain.
Deregulation of Radio
Authors: Armstrong Mark
Published: July 2017

Radio programs and advertisements have been greatly deregulated by the Australian Broadcasting Tribunal in the last five years, with very little public controversy. This reflects changes in public attitudes and government perceptions, but most of all the opening of many new stations since 1975. The radio audience is now fragmented, and there is a much greater diversity in radio than in television.
Urban Aboriginal Self Images and the Mass Media
Authors: Snow Muriel , Noble Grant
Published: July 2017

While Tatz (1980) has argued that ‘the only true and constant ally of the black people of Australia is the media, particularly ABC radio and television and the major daily newspapers’(14), Aborigines themselves have been less laudatory. Macumba & Batty (1980), Gilbert (1973) and Perkins (1975) have all stated that the exclusion of Aboriginals in the media was a glaringly obvious fact of daily life, and perceived the media as a force for the destruction of Aboriginal culture. Bobbi Sykes' evaluation of the Australian media as ‘completely white-controlled, information about what blacks in this country are suffering is completely suppressed’ (Gilbert, 1973:112–113) parallels minority perceptions of the media discerned by the Kerner Commission (1968). Charged to determine the effect of the mass media on the riots in a number of American cities, the Kerner Commission (1968:362–389) gave prominence in its findings to the fact that most Negroes perceived the media as instruments of the white power structure, that the news was presented from a white perspective, and criticised the media for their failure to report adequately on the causes and consequences of the civil disorders and the underlying problems of race relations.
Aboriginal Broadcasting in Remote Australia
Authors: Willmot Eric
Published: July 2017

A review of Eric Michaels' report Aboriginal Invention of Television: Central Australia 1982–1986, Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra, 1986, 159p, gratis; and policy considerations for Aboriginal broadcasting in remote Australia.
Response to Eric Willmot's Review ‘Aboriginal Broadcasting in Remote Australia’
Authors: Michaels Eric
Published: July 2017

To respond to Professor Willmot's review of my work, I find it necessary to speak in the first person, as I did in my report, from a reflexive, authorial persona. The reasons are not simply the personal nature of the review (beginning, significantly, with the first paragraph's identification of me as American) but are those I explain in the report's introduction (xiv-xv); not to inscribe myself here but in fact to achieve transparency and deconstruct a myth of objectivity.
Why Dallas was Able to Conquer Italy
Authors: Doyle Waddick
Published: July 2017

In some future cultural history of Italy, the early 1980s may appear as a seminal point in that tendency known as Americanisation. Its characteristic monuments will be seen as McDonalds in the Piazza di Spagna in Rome (1985), the Dandy-burger in Piazza Maggiore in Bologna (1984) or that entirely American chain of fast food known as Italy, Italy. This transformation of the architectural face of Italian cities would not have been possible, cultural historians will remark, without a transformation of the eating habits of at least some Italians and perhaps even their perception of the very nature of food itself. This Americanisation of Italian habits, it will be remarked, is even more evident in the interior of Italian homes — not so much in the appearance of increasing numbers of cornflakes on breakfast tables, but in types of television habits and television programs.
The Politics of Story-Telling
Authors: Weaver Rodney
Published: July 2017

Analysis of daily current affairs programs' content and production procedures shows that dramatic structuring plays a dominant role in determining the subject matter and the way it is portrayed. Rather than providing closer analysis, the programs offer a pre-interpreted political and social content that confirms for audiences their ‘remoteness’ from events and their ‘helplessness’ in affecting them. This is not the product of some broadcasting conspiracy but rather the result of programming responsively' to an audience that draws comfort from, and even demands, a nightly illustration of societal deviance and its attendant ‘control’.
Mechanisms of damage and repair in multiple sclerosis — a review
Authors: Zajicek J , Compston A
Published: July 2017

Pathological features of MS include perivascular inflammation and demyelination with oligodendrocyte loss; in addition, attempts at remyelination are of ten unsuccessful and may culminate in astrocytic scarring. One approach to investigating the biological principles underlying these processes is to use in vitro systems to analyse single-cell behaviour as well as cell-cell interactions. This paper reviews such data concerned with cell injury and repair which illuminate both demyelination and remyelination. In tissue culture oligodendrocytes are susceptible to injury via cell-mediated and humoral mechanisms. Substances including complement and tumour necrosis factor are capable of killing rat oligodendrocytes in vitro; surface complement activation also initiates a number of intracellular processes within oligodendrocytes as well as providing ligands for phagocytic interactions. The reasons for oligodendrocyte complement activation are discussed, but it appears that species differences exist when extrapolating these data to humans. Myelination and remyelination can also be studied both in vitro and in vivo using defined cell populations. Results from these studies may eventually help to explain some pathological features of MS, including astrocytosis and factors governing the limits of remyelination.
Recreation User Fees: An Australian Empirical Investigation
Authors: Knapman Bruce , Stoeckl Natalie
Published: July 2017

It is widely acknowledged that increasing tourism and recreation usage of natural resources in Australia has placed heavy demands on those responsible for visitor management. The consequent need for more revenue has led local government and national park management to contemplate extended implementation of the ‘user pays' principle. However, user pays may be rejected on the grounds that it is not a first-best pricing policy, and/or on the grounds that public resources funded out of the public purse should be freely available. It has been suggested in the case of entry fees to national parks that they penalize the poor. This paper uses empirical estimates of demand curves for two World-Heritage-listed national parks — Kakadu and Hinchinbrook Island — to investigate the impact of entry fees on visitation and revenue, and the efficiency of fees as a revenue-raising device. An examination of visitors' socio-economic characteristics allows some comment on the equity issue. It is concluded that modest entry fees would have little impact on visitor numbers; that, provided the administrative costs of fee imposition are not prohibitive, entry fees are not only a good potential source of revenue, but also impose smaller efficiency costs than the income taxation system; and that fees may well constitute a progressive tax.
Incentive Guidelines for South African Tourism: Implications and Challenges in the Context of Developing Socio-Political Trends
Authors: Bloom Jonathan Z. , Mostert Frederik J.
Published: July 2017

The need for some form of support from governmental sources to advance the tourism industry by means of financial and fiscal incentives has become a significant issue. This article provides a comparison of incentives found internationally with those available in South Africa. Various shortcomings pertaining to the types of incentives provided are discussed. The main aim of the paper is to analyse three incentive options in the context of tourism policy together with a decision matrix which could be used by the government to make a choice between alternative options. A conceptual framework is provided which could form the basis for the government in its choice of incentives. The implications and challenges of providing incentives for the tourism industry are discussed in the context of developing socio-political trends within the South African environment
Tourism and Structural Adjustment Programmes in the African Economy
Authors: Dieke Peter U.C.
Published: July 2017

The article examines the significance of tourism in the African economy. The study pays particular attention to the past decade and the structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) era. Central themes are the prospects of promoting regional tourism within Africa and the implications of SAPs for the Economic Commission for Africa's (ECA's) advocacy of self-reliance and self sustainability.
On Determinants of Swedish Recreational Domestic and Outbound Travel, 1989–93
Authors: Hultkrantz Lars
Published: July 2017

This is a study of demand by Swedish residents for recreational travel (long-distance daytrip excursions and tourist travel involving overnight stay). We estimate the relationships determining total recreational travel expenditures and the number of trips for six specific purposes (outbound international travel; domestic trips for visiting friends and relatives; staying in a leisure-cottage; participating in activities; seeing an attraction or event; and trips for making experiences). These results are obtained by general-to-specific autoregressive distributed lag modelling using monthly time-series from national telephone-survey data from 1989:1 to 1993:10. Estimated dynamic equations are used for an assessment of the impact on tourism of the major reform of the Swedish tax system 1990–91.
Modelling Tourism Flows from Europe to Australia
Authors: Morris Alan , Wilson Ken , Bakalis Steve
Published: July 2017

The period since 1980 has seen unprecedented interest in Australia by Europeans, particularly from the UK, Germany and Italy. The importance of these nations, as well as of Europe as a whole, in terms of providing tourists to Australia, is the focus of this paper. More specifically, our aim is to generate demand models which seek to explain what determines tourism flows to Australia from Europe. To this end we build models of tourism demand which take into consideration the factors influencing tourism suggested by the literature. Our aim is to model total tourism flows from all European countries, as well as from the three largest providers of European visitors to Australia. Furthermore, we break down ‘total visits' into those visits for ‘holiday reasons' and ‘visiting relatives’; this gives us 12 different models to consider. Our analysis leads us to conclude that, in the case of all visits, whereas there is little difference between the all-Europe model and the UK model, there are important differences between these two models and the Germany and Italy models. A different pattern of results emerges when models of ‘holiday visits' and ‘visiting relatives' are regression tested for the all-Europe and country-specific models. The all-Europe models are then used for forecasting purposes and achieve mixed success.
Databank: Europe
Authors: Fletcher John , Latham John
Published: July 2017

Tourism activity and economic performance, particularly that of the major tourism generating and receiving countries, are closely linked. The purpose of this section is to provide those indicators which are regarded as being most relevant to international movements and spend. In one issue each year there will appear information relating to the global picture and by region, together with some detail on the most significant nations. The databank paper in Volume 1, Number 1 was the first in this category. Throughout the remainder of the year each issue will concentrate on a specific world region — in this case, economic indicators of tourism in Europe are provided and accompanied by a brief commentary. The main sources of data are those statistics published by the World Tourism Organisation (WTO), the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), Eurostat and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Formal definitions associated with the tables presented are often detailed and lengthy and so are not included here. The reader should consult the source material if necessary.
The Tourism Satellite Account: Perspectives of Canadian Tourism Associations and Organizations
Authors: Smith Stephen L.J.
Published: July 2017

Tourism satellite accounts (TSAs) have the potential for providing data on national tourism industries that are, for the first time, credible consistent, and coherent with statistics available for traditional industries. However, the development of a TSA requires a commitment of time and money by national governments to develop and analyse the data sources on which a TSA is based. Such commitment is most likely to be made only if tourism industry associations and businesses perceive that a TSA will offer them information of direct benefit. This paper describes the implications and applications of a TSA for Canadian tourism organizations.