bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Anyway, you are an outsider’: Temporary migrants in urban China
Authors: Du Huimin , Li Si-ming , Hao Pu
Published: February 2017

In this paper, we extend recent discussions on the relationship with the host place of ‘temporary’ or non- hukou migrants in major Chinese cities through the lens of three psychological processes: familiarity, attachment and identity. The empirical analysis is based on fieldwork conducted in selected villages-in-the-city in Guangzhou. A mixed methods approach is employed. The findings highlight the emotional distance between temporary migrants and their urban milieu: while some become familiar with the city through their prolonged stay, very few establish attachment and identity. The analysis shows that the dominance of indigenous villagers is a major obstacle for migrants to develop attachment to the given village-in-the-city; moreover, perceived institutional discriminations negatively affect migrants’ attachment to the city. The findings also corroborate a social constructionist perception of place identity: when place identity is legitimated and reproduced by the hukou system, it is difficult for migrants to challenge the hegemonic constructions of place and identity and to create their own narratives of identities.
Dealing with Dangerous Spaces
Authors: Sotomayor Luisa
Published: February 2017

In Latin America, cities with security challenges are increasingly invoking urban planning policy to rebuild governance in neighborhoods perceived as unruly. While the state’s “arrival” in marginalized areas is long overdue, it is also embedded in complex histories of violence and socio-spatial marginalization. Medellín’s Comuna 13 has historically been materially and discursively constructed as a space of relegation. Interview and focus group data show how policy cycles for Comuna 13 evolved from discretionary programs (1978–2002) to securitization and (para)militarization (2000–2003) and then social urbanism, a program of participatory urban upgrading (2004–2011). The latter, a reformist approach, aims to provide better services, foster participation, and reduce socio-spatial segregation. Underlying these positive aims, however, two contradictions remain concealed: deep-seated inequality resulting from decades of normalized exclusion and the perpetuation of a regime of hypersecuritization and (para)policing that recreates itself under new governance and spatial arrangements.

Cada vez más, las ciudades con problemas de seguridad en América Latina están apelando a las políticas de planificación urbana para restablecer la gobernanza en aquellos vecindarios considerados como ingobernables y revoltosos. Aunque ya era hora de que se sintiera la presencia del estado en las áreas marginadas, esta presencia está también insertada en unas historias complejas de violencia y marginación socio-espacial. Históricamente, la Comuna 13 de Medellín ha sido construida material y discursivamente como un espacio de relegación. Los datos obtenidos por medio de entrevistas y grupos de discusión demuestran cómo los ciclos en la Comuna 13 han evolucionado desde los programas discrecionales (1978–2002) a la seguridización y (para)militarización (2000–2003) y luego hasta el urbanismo social, un programa participativo de mejora urbana (2004–2011). Este último es un programa con un enfoque reformista que aspira a proveer mejores servicios, fomentar la participación y reducir la segregación socio-espacial. Pero en la base de estos objetivos, sin embargo, hay dos contradicciones que permanecen ocultas: una desigualdad profundamente arraigada que es el resultado de décadas de una exclusión normalizada y la perpetuación de un régimen de hiperseguridización y vigilancia que se recrea bajo la nueva gobernanza y los arreglos espaciales.
Urban Mobility and Politics in Mexico City
Authors: López Oscar Sosa
Published: February 2017

Study of the struggle of a social movement, the Frente Amplio contra la Supervía, to stop the construction of an urban toll road in the southwestern end of Mexico City reveals that investments in transportation assumed to benefit the larger public are in fact creating new landscapes of infrastructural and democratic exclusion. Examination of the forms of citizen mobilization, alliances among diverse actors, and the role of accountability institutions as spaces for democratic experimentation suggests that struggles against large infrastructure projects allow citizens and the state to redraw the limits of authoritarianism and the meaning of sustainability and democracy in the city.

El movimiento social Frente Amplio contra la Supervía se organizó para detener la construcción de una autopista de peaje urbana en el extremo suroeste de la Ciudad de México. El análisis de las luchas del Frente revela que las inversiones en la transportación que se suponía que beneficiarían a un público amplio en realidad están creando nuevos espacios de exclusión infraestructural y democrática. El análisis de las formas de movilización ciudadana, de las alianzas entre diferentes actores y del rol de las instituciones de rendición de cuentas como espacios de experimentación democrática sugiere que las luchas contra los grandes proyectos de infraestructura les permiten a los ciudadanos y al estado volver a trazar los límites del autoritarismo y el significado de la sostenibilidad y la democracia en la ciudad.
Failed Markets
Authors: Aguilera Alfonso Valenzuela
Published: February 2017

A confluence between the state, the housing market, and the rationale of financial capital has led to excessive growth of social housing in Mexico in the past two decades. This growth has been one way of channeling excess capital into global financial markets rather than the result of a public policy to address the housing needs of the low-income population.

Durante las últimas dos décadas la confluencia entre el estado, el mercado de la vivienda y la lógica del capital financiero ha llevado a un crecimiento excesivo de la vivienda social en México. Este crecimiento ha sido una manera de canalizar el excedente de capital hacia los mercados financieros internacionales en vez del resultado de una política pública para resolver las necesidades de vivienda de la población de bajos ingresos.
Adherence to a Nurse‐Driven Feeding Protocol in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Cunningham Carmen A. , Gervais Lindsay B. , Mazurak Vera C. , Anand Vijay , Garros Daniel , Crick Katelynn , Larsen Bodil M. K.
Published: February 2017

Background: Patients admitted to pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) often experience prolonged periods without nutrition support, which may result in hospital‐induced malnutrition and longer length of stay. Nurse‐driven feeding protocols have been developed to prevent unnecessary interruptions or delays to nutrition support. The primary objective of this study was to identify compliance and reasons for noncompliance to a feeding protocol at a tertiary care hospital PICU in Canada. The secondary aim was to determine the mean time (hours) spent without any form of nutrition and to identify reasons for time spent without nutrition. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cohort audit, consisting of 150 consecutive PICU admissions (January–February 2016). Exclusion criteria consisted of patient mortality within 48 hours (n = 1) and patients who were still admitted at the end of the data collection timeframe (n = 7). The remaining cohort consisted of 142 consecutive admissions. Data collection took place in real time and included patient demographics, diagnostic categories, time spent without nutrition, reasons for interruptions to nutrition support, and reasons for noncompliance to the protocol. Observations were obtained through paper and computer charts and conversing with clinicians. Results: There was a 95% compliance rate to the protocol and an average of 25.6 hours spent without nutrition per patient. The most prevalent reason for noncompliance was an avoidable delay to restart feeds before/after procedures or after surgery. Conclusions: A nurse‐driven feeding protocol may reduce time spent without nutrition. Future research is required to examine the relationship between adherence to feeding protocols and clinical outcomes.
Thermal Variations of Operative Microscopes in Otology
Authors: Imbery T. Edward , Tampio Alex J. , Nicholas Brian D.
Published: February 2017

Objectives

(1) Measure temperature variations achieved by common otomicroscopes. (2) Raise awareness about possible thermal injury during otologic procedures with the advent of newer, high‐powered otomicroscopes. (3) Describe optical technology that aims to reduce the potential for thermal injury.

Methods

A variety of otomicroscopes, with different light sources (ranging from 100W halogen to 300W xenon), were studied. Temperatures were recorded from human auricular skin with a noncontact infrared thermometer at various microscope light intensities and with use of irrigation. Multiple recordings were done at 5‐minute intervals, and a working distance of 225 mm was maintained.

Results

Maximum skin temperatures were found to plateau relatively quickly, with higher‐wattage xenon light sources reaching greater temperatures. One‐way analysis of variance revealed significant differences in temperatures with decreased light intensities. High‐wattage xenon light sources reached significantly higher temperatures when compared with halogen models.

Discussion

There is substantial variation in maximal skin temperatures reached by otomicroscopes. Temperatures can be decreased to safe levels by reducing light intensity and with use of irrigation. The maximum temperature obtained in our study was 41.4°C. Second‐degree skin burns have been described with prolonged exposures to temperatures >44°C.

Implications for Practice

Given the described potential for burns, surgeons performing procedures on the ear and temporal bone should take precautions to diminish temperature in the operative field.
Sleep Surgery in the Elderly: Lessons from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program
Authors: Gouveia Christopher J. , Cramer John D. , Liu Stanley Yung‐Chuan , Capasso Robson
Published: February 2017

Objective

Assess the frequency and nature of postoperative complications following sleep surgery. Examine these issues specifically in elderly patients to provide guidance for their perioperative care.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program.

Methods

We identified patients with obstructive sleep apnea undergoing sleep surgery procedures from 2006 to 2013 in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program, a multi‐institutional outcomes program designed to improve surgical quality. We analyzed patients by comparing age groups: <65 and ≥65 years. Summary data were analyzed, and multivariate regression was used to adjust for patient characteristics, comorbidities, and surgical procedure.

Results

We identified 2230 patients who had sleep surgery, which included 2123 patients <65 years old and 107 patients ≥65 years old. Elderly patients were significantly more likely to have hypertension requiring medication (P <. 001) and higher American Society of Anesthesiologists scores (P <. 001). There were no significant differences in the rates of nasal (P =. 87), palate (P =. 59), tongue base (P =. 73), and multilevel (P =. 95) surgery being performed on both groups of patients. Elderly patients had higher rates of wound complications and urinary tract infections as compared with younger patients. On multivariate analysis, age ≥65 was significantly associated with complications from sleep surgery (odds ratio, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.04‐5.35).

Conclusion

Elderly patients undergoing sleep surgery have increased postoperative complication risk as compared with younger patients treated similarly. This information can help direct quality improvement efforts in the care of older patients.
Upper Airway Stimulation for Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Patient‐Reported Outcomes after 48 Months of Follow‐up
Authors: Gillespie M. Boyd , Soose Ryan J. , Woodson B. Tucker , Strohl Kingman P. , Maurer Joachim T. , de Vries Nico , Steward David L. , Baskin Jonathan Z. , Badr M. Safwan , Lin Ho‐sheng , Padhya Tapan A. , Mickelson Sam , Anderson W. McDowell , Vanderveken Olivier M. , Strollo Patrick J. ,   the STAR Trial Investigators
Published: February 2017

Objective

To assess patient‐based outcomes of participants in a large cohort study—the STAR trial (Stimulation Therapy for Apnea Reduction)—48 months after implantation with an upper airway stimulation system for moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea.

Study Design

A multicenter prospective cohort study.

Setting

Industry‐supported multicenter academic and clinical setting.

Subjects

Participants (n = 91) at 48 months from a cohort of 126 implanted participants.

Methods

A total of 126 participants received an implanted upper airway stimulation system in a prospective phase III trial. Patient‐reported outcomes at 48 months, including Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ), and snoring level, were compared with preimplantation baseline.

Results

A total of 91 subjects completed the 48‐month visit. Daytime sleepiness as measured by ESS was significantly reduced (P =. 01), and sleep‐related quality of life as measured by FOSQ significantly improved (P =. 01) when compared with baseline. Soft to no snoring was reported by 85% of bed partners. Two patients required additional surgery without complication for lead malfunction.

Conclusion

Upper airway stimulation maintained a sustained benefit on patient‐reported outcomes (ESS, FOSQ, snoring) at 48 months in select patients with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea.
Online Tonsillectomy Resources: Are Parents Getting Consistent and Readable Recommendations?
Authors: Wozney Lori , Chorney Jill , Huguet Anna , Song Jin Soo , Boss Emily F. , Hong Paul
Published: February 2017

Objective

Parents frequently refer to information on the Internet to confirm or broaden their understanding of surgical procedures and to research postoperative care practices. Our study evaluated the readability, comprehensiveness, and consistency around online recommendations directed at parents of children undergoing tonsillectomy.

Study Design

A cross‐sectional study design was employed.

Setting

Thirty English‐language Internet websites.

Subjects and Methods

Three validated measures of readability were applied and content analysis was employed to evaluate the comprehensiveness of information in domains of perioperative education. Frequency effect sizes and percentile ranks were calculated to measure dispersion of recommendations across sites.

Results

The mean readability level of all sites was above a grade 10 level with fewer than half of the sites (n = 14, 47%) scoring at or below the eight‐grade level. Provided information was often incomplete with a noted lack of psychosocial support and skills‐training recommendations. Content analysis showed 67 unique recommendations spanning the full perioperative period. Most recommendations had low consensus, being reported in 5 or fewer sites (frequency effect size <16%).

Conclusion

Many online parent‐focused resources do not meet readability recommendations, portray incomplete education about perioperative care and expectations, and provide recommendations with low levels of consensus. Up‐to‐date mapping of the research evidence around recommendations is needed as well as improved efforts to make online information easier to read.
Influence of the “wetting–drying” compaction on the adsorptive characteristics of nanosilica A-300
Authors: Krupskaya Tatiana V , Turov Volodymyr V , Barvinchenko Valentina M , Filatova Katerina O , Suvorova Lyudmila A , Iraci Gianluca , Kartel Mykola T
Published: February 2017

The methods of low-temperature 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy, densitometry, and adsorption from solutions are applied to study the influence of “wetting–drying” compaction on the adsorptive characteristics of the nanosilica A-300 in relation to water and gelatin. It was shown that if the bulk density changes from 0.05 to 0.25 g/ml, the protein adsorptive capacity of the nanosilica decreases no more than by 30%, which, apparently, is connected with the decrease of the part of the surface, available for the protein molecules. Interfacial energy in relation to water increases from 37 to 52 mJ/m2 if the bulk density increases and this is connected with the increase of the contribution from minor clusters (nanodrops) adsorbed on the surface water.
Performance evaluation of hydrophilic organic polymer sorbents for desiccant air-conditioning applications
Authors: Sultan Muhammad , Miyazaki Takahiko , Koyama Shigeru , Khan Zahid M
Published: February 2017

The present study provides performance evaluation of two kinds of crosslinked hydrophilic organic polymer sorbents (PS-I and PS-II) for desiccant air-conditioning applications. In this regard, optimum temperature and humidity zones are established for various air-conditioning applications which include (i) humans’ thermal comfort, (ii) animals’ thermal comfort, and (iii) postharvest storage of fruits/vegetables. Honeycomb-like desiccant blocks composed of PS-I/PS-II are assumed for numerical simulation analysis. The numerical simulation model is programmed into MATLAB which utilizes the scientific relationships of adsorption isotherms, adsorption kinetics, isosteric heat of adsorption, and thermophysical properties for each sorbent. A particular desiccant air-conditioning system design is proposed, and numerical simulation has been conducted for the performance evaluation of PS-I and PS-II. According to the results, PS-I enables higher dehumidification than PS-II at low regeneration temperature (50℃) and cycle time of 60:90 min. It is because the PS-I possesses better water vapor sorption kinetics as compared to PS-II. Although the PS-II enabled higher steady-state adsorption amount but it could not influence the overall system performance. On the other hand, the optimum performance by the PS-II is limited to relatively long cycle time and higher regeneration temperature (≥80℃). It has been concluded that the PS-I is relatively better choice for desiccant air-conditioning, and consequently can be considered for various air-conditioning applications. Furthermore, effects of mass flow rate, isosteric heat of adsorption, regeneration temperature, and cycle time on air humidity ratio and air temperature profiles have been discussed in order to highlight the performance variability of desiccant air-conditioning system.
New developments in clinical ischemic stroke prevention and treatment and their imaging implications
Authors: Heit Jeremy J , Wintermark Max
Published: February 2017

Acute ischemic stroke results from blockage of a cerebral artery or impaired cerebral blood flow due to cervical or intracranial arterial stenosis. Ischemic stroke prevention seeks to minimize the risk of developing impaired cerebral perfusion by controlling vascular and cardiac disease risk factors. Similarly, ischemic stroke treatment aims to restore cerebral blood flow through recanalization of an occluded artery or dilation of a severely narrowed artery that supplies cerebral tissue. Stroke prevention and treatment are increasingly informed by imaging studies, and neurovascular and cerebral perfusion imaging has become essential in in guiding ischemic stroke prevention and treatment. Here we review the latest advances in ischemic stroke prevention and treatment with an emphasis on the neuroimaging principles emphasized in recent randomized trials. Future research directions that should be explored in ischemic stroke prevention and treatment are also discussed.
The Association of Peer Academic Reputations in Math and Science With Achievement Beliefs and Behaviors During Early Adolescence
Authors: North Elizabeth A. , Ryan Allison M.
Published: February 2017

This study examines the nature and implications of peer academic reputations in math and science classes for early adolescents’ achievement beliefs and behaviors. The sample was 840 students (51% girls; 36% African American, 47% European American, 7% Latino, 6% Asian American, and 3% Other). About half the sample (47%) was from 27 fifth-grade classrooms in elementary schools and about half the sample (53%) was from 28 sixth-grade classrooms in middle schools. Peer academic reputations and student adjustment were assessed in the fall and spring of the school year. Peer academic reputation in the fall was associated with students’ self-concept, worry, and engagement (but not intrinsic value) in the spring, controlling for fall levels. Peer academic reputation operated similarly across gender, ethnicity, and grade level. Thus, peers’ opinions and expectations about each other’s math and science achievement matter for the development of students’ achievement beliefs and behaviors in math and science.
Prioritizing Rare Diseases: Psychological Effects Influencing Medical Decision Making
Authors: Wiss Johanna , Levin Lars-Ake , Andersson David , Tinghög Gustav
Published: February 2017

Background. Measuring societal preferences for rarity has been proposed to determine whether paying premium prices for orphan drugs is acceptable. Objective. To investigate societal preferences for rarity and how psychological factors affect such preferences. Method. A postal survey containing resource allocation dilemmas involving patients with a rare disease and patients with a common disease, equal in severity, was sent out to a randomly selected sample of the population in Sweden (return rate 42.3%, n = 1270). Results. Overall, we found no evidence of a general preference for prioritizing treatment of patients with rare disease patients over those with common diseases. When treatment costs were equal, most respondents (42.7%) were indifferent between the choice options. Preferences for prioritizing patients with common diseases over those with rare diseases were more frequently displayed (33.3% v. 23.9%). This tendency was, as expected, amplified when the rare disease was costlier to treat. The share of respondents choosing to treat patients with rare diseases increased when presenting the patients in need of treatment in relative rather than absolute terms (proportion dominance). Surprisingly, identifiability did not increase preferences for rarity. Instead, identifying the patient with a rare disease made respondents more willing to prioritize the patients with common diseases. Respondents’ levels of education were significantly associated with choice—the lower the level of education, the more likely they were to choose the rare option. Conclusions. We find no support for the existence of a general preference for rarity when setting health care priorities. Psychological effects, especially proportion dominance, are likely to play an important role when preferences for rarity are expressed.
Retailing in Classical Athens: Gleanings from Contemporary Literature and Art
Authors: Dixon Donald F.
Published: February 2017

Knowledge of the Agora in classical Athens is available from architectural remains, artifacts (especially painted vases), and literary fragments. The types of retailers, goods and services sold, the attitudes of buyers and sellers, and buying influences are described.
Packaging waste prevention in the distribution of fruit and vegetables: An assessment based on the life cycle perspective
Authors: Tua Camilla , Nessi Simone , Rigamonti Lucia , Dolci Giovanni , Grosso Mario
Published: February 2017

In recent years, alternative food supply chains based on short distance production and delivery have been promoted as being more environmentally friendly than those applied by the traditional retailing system. An example is the supply of seasonal and possibly locally grown fruit and vegetables directly to customers inside a returnable crate (the so-called ‘box scheme’). In addition to other claimed environmental and economic advantages, the box scheme is often listed among the packaging waste prevention measures. To check whether such a claim is soundly based, a life cycle assessment was carried out to verify the real environmental effectiveness of the box scheme in comparison to the Italian traditional distribution. The study focused on two reference products, carrots and apples, which are available in the crate all year round. An experience of a box scheme carried out in Italy was compared with some traditional scenarios where the product is distributed loose or packaged at the large-scale retail trade. The packaging waste generation, 13 impact indicators on environment and human health and energy consumptions were calculated. Results show that the analysed experience of the box scheme, as currently managed, cannot be considered a packaging waste prevention measure when compared with the traditional distribution of fruit and vegetables. The weaknesses of the alternative system were identified and some recommendations were given to improve its environmental performance.
Breastfeeding Mode and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Dose–Response Meta-Analysis
Authors: Unar-Munguía Mishel , Torres-Mejía Gabriela , Colchero M. Arantxa , González de Cosío Teresita
Published: February 2017

Background:

Breastfeeding reduces women’s risk of breast cancer. Since exclusive breastfeeding has a stronger hormonal effect, it could theoretically result in a greater reduction in breast cancer risk than any breastfeeding mode. No meta-analysis has examined breast cancer risk by breastfeeding mode.

Research aim:

The authors conducted a meta-analysis for breast cancer risk in parous women who breastfed exclusively or in any mode versus parous women who formula fed their infants, and they estimated the summary dose–response association by the accumulated duration of any breastfeeding mode.

Methods:

A systematic review of studies published between 2005 and 2015 analyzing breastfeeding and breast cancer risk in women was conducted in PubMed and EBSCOhost. A meta-analysis ( n = 65 studies) with fixed effects (or random effects, if heterogeneity existed) was carried out stratified by breastfeeding mode and menopausal and parity status. A summary dose–response association was estimated using the generalized least-squares method.

Results:

The summary relative risk (SRR) for breast cancer in parous women who breastfed exclusively was 0.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.58, 0.90], versus parous women who had never breastfed. For parous women who breastfed in any mode, the SRR was lower in both premenopausal women (0.86, 95% CI [0.80, 0.93]) and postmenopausal women (0.89, 95% CI [0.83, 0.95]). There was no heterogeneity or publication bias. There is weak evidence of a difference between exclusive and any breastfeeding mode ( p = .08). The summary dose–response curve was nonlinear ( p < .001).

Conclusion:

Exclusive breastfeeding among parous women reduces the risk of breast cancer compared with parous women who do not breastfeed exclusively.
Size effects on the springback of CuZn37 brass foils in tension and micro W-bending
Authors: Liu Xiaoyu , Zhao Shiping , Qin Yi , Wang Chunju , Wan-Nawang Wan-Adlan
Published: February 2017

With the ever-increasing demands on miniaturization, the requirement on good forming quality and high-dimensional accuracy of micro-parts is dramatically motivated. As a decisive factor affecting the accuracy of micro-bent parts, the springback is significantly influenced by size effects. In order to explore size-effect-associated springback behaviour and evaluate the forming quality of micro-bent parts, an experimentally based investigation on the influence of foil thickness, grain size and their interactive effect on the springback behaviour of CuZn37 brass foils with different thicknesses and grain sizes was carried out. The experimental results obtained via micro-tensile tests revealed that the yield strength, Young’s modulus and elongation had a close correlation with the thickness-to-average-grain-size ratio. A micro W-bending process was used to perform the bending tests. Both springback and negative springback phenomena were observed. It was found that how size effects may influence the amount of springback would depend on the springback behaviours, for example, positive springback or negative springback. In addition, scatter phenomenon of the springback behaviour was analysed quantitatively. An increased scatter was observed for the 50-µm-thick specimens when the thickness to average grain size decreased, whereas an inverse tendency of the decreased scatter of the negative springback was found for the 75- and 100-µm-thick specimens with the increase in the grain size. Finally, forming quality of the W-shaped micro-bent parts was assessed.
On the flow through plastically deformed surfaces under unloading: A spectral approach
Authors: Pérez-Ràfols Francesc , Larsson Roland , van Riet Egbert J , Almqvist Andreas
Published: February 2017

This study considers flow through the gap left between two surfaces during unloading, in other words, when an applied load is gradually reduced after loading to a state where plastic deformation occurs. In particular, the permeability of the gap is studied. It was found that a substantial reduction of the applied load is required before the permeability starts to increase significantly. The explanation for this phenomenon is given by the combination of components with different wavelengths present in the surface. Components with long wavelengths deform elastically and those with shorter wavelengths may also deform plastically. We found that plastic deformation acts to keep the permeability nearly constant at the beginning of the unloading and elastic spring-back is responsible for the rapid increase at lower loads. This principle constitutes a basis for the strategy that was developed in order to predict the load at which the rapid increase of permeability starts.
Passenger car active braking system: Pressure control design and experimental results (part II)
Authors: Tota Antonio , Galvagno Enrico , Velardocchia Mauro , Vigliani Alessandro
Published: February 2017

This paper deals with the design of a brake caliper pressure controller for a conventional anti-lock braking system/electronic stability control system and the experimental validation of its tracking performances. The analysis of the hydraulic plant, carried out in part I of this two-part study, is here utilized to develop the control algorithm. The control strategy is based on a feed-forward and a proportional integral controller through pulse width modulation with a constant frequency and variable duty cycle. The feed-forward contribution requires modeling of the nonlinear open-loop system behavior which has been experimentally identified and described through two-dimensional maps: the inputs are the duty cycle applied to the electrovalves and the pressure drop across their orifice, while the output is the pressure gradient in the brake caliper. These maps, obtained for inlet and outlet valves, are used to set the feed-forward term. Finally a proportional integral controller is designed to reject external disturbances and compensate for model uncertainties. A brake system test rig, described in part I, is used for building inverse maps and validating the proposed control logic. Different reference pressure profiles are used to experimentally verify the control tracking performances.
Design and analysis of a tendon-based computed tomography–compatible robot with remote center of motion for lung biopsy
Authors: Yang Yunpeng , Jiang Shan , Yang Zhiyong , Yuan Wei , Dou Huaisu , Wang Wei , Zhang Daguang , Bian Yuan
Published: February 2017

Nowadays, biopsy is a decisive method of lung cancer diagnosis, whereas lung biopsy is time-consuming, complex and inaccurate. So a computed tomography–compatible robot for rapid and precise lung biopsy is developed in this article. According to the actual operation process, the robot is divided into two modules: 4-degree-of-freedom position module for location of puncture point is appropriate for patient’s almost all positions and 3-degree-of-freedom tendon-based orientation module with remote center of motion is compact and computed tomography–compatible to orientate and insert needle automatically inside computed tomography bore. The workspace of the robot surrounds patient’s thorax, and the needle tip forms a cone under patient’s skin. A new error model of the robot based on screw theory is proposed in view of structure error and actuation error, which are regarded as screw motions. Simulation is carried out to verify the precision of the error model contrasted with compensation via inverse kinematics. The results of insertion experiment on specific phantom prove the feasibility of the robot with mean error of 1.373 mm in laboratory environment, which is accurate enough to replace manual operation.
‘I have faith in science and in God’: Common sense, cognitive polyphasia and attitudes to science in Nigeria
Authors: Falade Bankole A. , Bauer Martin W.
Published: February 2017

This study, of modern common sense in Nigeria, combines questionnaires and interviews to examine the compatibility and incompatibility of religion and science. Nigeria is a large country with a complex diversity of religious, ethnic and cultural practices that condition the reception and elaboration of science in everyday life. We find evaluative attitudes to science structured as ‘progress’, ‘fear’ and ‘mythical image’. Scientific knowledge and religiosity have a direct bearing on expectations of progress and feeling of fear and worry about science; mythical image is independent of this. Nigerians trust both scientific and religious authorities in contrast to other social actors. Many of the results are consistent with the hypothesis of cognitive polyphasia of scientific and religious knowing manifesting as a ‘hierarchy’, when one form is elevated over the other; ‘parallelity’, when both serve separate functions; and ‘empowerment’, where one enhances the other.
Incidence of interval cancers in faecal immunochemical test colorectal screening programmes in Italy
Authors: Giorgi Rossi Paolo , Carretta Elisa , Mangone Lucia , Baracco Susanna , Serraino Diego , Zorzi Manuel ,   the Colorectal Cancer Screening IMPATTO Working Group*
Published: February 2017

Objective

In Italy, colorectal screening programmes using the faecal immunochemical test from ages 50 to 69 every two years have been in place since 2005. We aimed to measure the incidence of interval cancers in the two years after a negative faecal immunochemical test, and compare this with the pre-screening incidence of colorectal cancer.

Methods

Using data on colorectal cancers diagnosed in Italy from 2000 to 2008 collected by cancer registries in areas with active screening programmes, we identified cases that occurred within 24 months of negative screening tests. We used the number of tests with a negative result as a denominator, grouped by age and sex. Proportional incidence was calculated for the first and second year after screening.

Results

Among 579,176 and 226,738 persons with negative test results followed up at 12 and 24 months, respectively, we identified 100 interval cancers in the first year and 70 in the second year. The proportional incidence was 13% (95% confidence interval 10–15) and 23% (95% confidence interval 18–25), respectively. The estimate for the two-year incidence is 18%, which was slightly higher in females (22%; 95% confidence interval 17–26), and for proximal colon (22%; 95% confidence interval 16–28).

Conclusion

The incidence of interval cancers in the two years after a negative faecal immunochemical test in routine population-based colorectal cancer screening was less than one-fifth of the expected incidence. This is direct evidence that the faecal immunochemical test-based screening programme protocol has high sensitivity for cancers that will become symptomatic.
Getting Undone Technology Done: Global Techno-assemblage and the Value Chain of Invention
Authors: Williams Logan D.A.
Published: February 2017

The global techno-assemblage shapes the continued lagging of southern countries and firms behind those from the global north. The biotechnology industry is one form of this assemblage and operates according to inter-related logics (i.e., economic, hybrid and social) which are shaped by particular governmental policies and corporate decisions to minimise risk and philanthropic efforts. Within this form, a non-profit ophthalmic consumables manufacturing company, Aurolab, in southern India creates new innovations. According to the ‘technology follower’ conceptual framework by innovation studies and management scholars, biotechnology firms have two options to ‘move up’ the international value chain of invention: they must either ‘catch up’ at a very high rate, or ‘leap-frog’ up through research, design and development. Aurolab innovates to heal eye diseases. They focus on affordability issues through research and development as well as design and development. At Aurolab, they shift between these two strategies depending upon the drug or device they are working on. This article considers additional incentives to refocus firms on local needs-based technology according to a social logic. As Aurolab demonstrates, a new focus on technology to address structural inequality may be necessary to get ‘undone technology’ done.
The Importance of Authentic Assessments in Eligibility Determination for Infants and Toddlers
Authors: de Sam Lazaro Stephanie Lynn
Published: February 2017

Population changes, legislative changes, time and cost constraints, and practitioner and family perceptions each affect the delivery of early intervention services. This pilot project examined current evaluation practices used with the birth to 3 population. The role of norm-referenced and authentic assessment tools in the eligibility determination process was examined through a convenience sample of child–caregiver dyads and interdisciplinary practitioners. A majority of the children in the project were given a norm-referenced assessment along with authentic assessment measures. For more than half of those children, interpretation of the norm-referenced scores was questioned as standardized procedures could not be followed due to home language differences. Practitioners reported using authentic assessment information rather than norm-referenced data to derive developmental needs in nearly 80% of the children evaluated. The results of the pilot project provide a foundation for future study of evidence-based practices for norm-referenced and authentic assessment tool use with infants and toddlers.
Almitrine Bismesylate
Authors: Smith Phyllis D. , Gotz Vincent P. , Ryerson Gene G.
Published: February 2017

Almitrine bismesylate is a pharmacologically unique respiratory stimulant. It enhances respiration after both acute and chronic administration by acting as an agonist of peripheral chemoreceptors located on the carotid bodies. In comparison with traditional central-acting respiratory stimulants, almitrine has advantages of oral activity, prolonged duration of effect, and an improved adverse effect profile. Almitrine is generally well tolerated, with headache and minor gastrointestinal disturbances being the most frequently observed side effects. This investigational agent has been shown to increase arterial oxygen tension while decreasing arterial carbon dioxide tension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease both at rest and during exercise through increased ventilation and improved ventilation/perfusion matching. It may also prove useful in the treatment of nocturnal oxygen desaturation because of its ability to reduce the frequency and severity of nocturnal hypoxemia without impairing the quality of sleep. Additional research is needed to further define the role of almitrine in the relief of hypoxemia.
Ciprofloxacin
Authors: Terp Diane K. , Rybak Michael J.
Published: February 2017

Ciprofloxacin is a new fluorinated quinolone antibiotic with high activity against a wide spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clinical trials using the oral preparation of ciprofloxacin have demonstrated its effectiveness in a wide variety of infections. In addition, extensive clinical trials with the intravenous preparation are underway.

In vitro and in vivo studies with ciprofloxacin have reported the incidence of resistant organisms to be very low. In addition, the incidence of ciprofloxacin-related side effects throughout its clinical trials has been minimal. Most reports of side effects have been related to the gastrointestinal tract, such as nausea or vomiting. The incidence of adverse experiences in worldwide clinical trials has been reported to be approximately 6.4 percent.
Direct Determination of Tobramycin Clearance in Patients with Mild-to-Moderate Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Kildoo Carl W. , Harralson Arthur F. , Folli Hugo L. , Kelly P. Colin , Nussbaum Eliezer
Published: February 2017

Studies performed in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) have suggested altered pharmacokinetic parameters for aminoglycosides. Specifically, increased plasma clearance (CI) of aminoglycosides and increased apparent volume of distribution have been noted. In the present study, tobramycin CI is determined by both serum concentration data and direct renal clearance (Clren). Tobramycin Clren appeared to be directly correlated to the measured creatinine clearance (Clcr) (r = 0.93, p <0.01 ). The tobramycin Cl, by both methods of determination, was not elevated in comparison to the Clcr or expected values for patients without the disease. These results appear to corroborate a recent study in which the renal and plasma Cl of gentamicin was measured in patients with mild-to-moderate CF and were not noted to be elevated. It is suggested that standard doses of tobramycin be used initially in patients with mild-to-moderate CF with dosage adjustment based on serum concentration data to achieve the desired goals.
Intraocular Ependymoma With Blood-Filled Spaces: Neoplasm or a Reactive Process With Ependymal Differentiation—A Dilemma
Authors: Dewan Aditi , Saran Ravindra Kumar , Gupta Smriti Nagpal , Arya Deepanjali , Goel Ruchi
Published: February 2017

Intraocular glial lesions are rare and include retinal gliosis, hamartomas, and astrocytomas and rarely ependymomas. Ependymomas are slow-growing glial tumors preferentially arising in the central nervous system (CNS), occasionally presenting at sites outside the CNS, with only 2 cases of primary retinal ependymoma reported till date. We report herein the third such case of a 20-year-old male who presented with a painful blind eye. The enucleated specimen showed presence of a glial tumor with cells arranged in sheets as well as few true rosettes and pseudo-rosettes and an immunohistochemical profile similar to a classical ependymoma at usual sites in the CNS. Additionally, the presence of blood-filled spaces and few proliferating blood vessels made it a diagnostic challenge. All retinal glial lesions are positive for GFAP and S100. Therefore, immunostaining for EMA as well as the MIB-1-labeling index maybe vital in differentiating ependymomas from other intraocular glial lesions.
Transient Osteoporosis of the Talus
Authors: Judd Daniel B. , Kim David H. , Hrutkay Jeffrey M.
Published: February 2017

Transient osteoporosis is a clinical syndrome of unknown etiology characterized by the acute onset of pain gradually worsening over several weeks to months. Radiographic changes occur, but laboratory studies are generally unremarkable. Transient osteoporosis of the talus appears to have a similar clinical appearance, radiographic findings, and successful response to conservative management as transient osteoporosis found elsewhere in the body and can be treated similarly. Awareness of this syndrome is important to avoid confusing it with a variety of other disorders of the talus that may have similar clinical presentations.
Isolated Medial Cuneiform Fracture: Review of the Literature and Report of Two Cases
Authors: Olson Robert C. , Mendicino Samuel S. , Rockett Matthew S.
Published: February 2017

The authors present two unusual cases of isolated medial cuneiform fracture. Both fractures were difficult to see on plain films and therefore diagnosed with ancillary tests (computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging). Treatment was nonweightbearing cast immobilization, in which both patients healed within twelve weeks of treatment without complication and returned to full work related activities.
The Weil Osteotomy of the Lesser Metatarsals: a Clinical and Pedobarographic Follow-up Study
Authors: Vandeputte Geoffroy , Dereymaeker Greta , Steenwerckx Annie , Peeraer Louis
Published: February 2017

The clinical results with pedobarographic analysis were assessed in 32 patients (59 metatarsals) who underwent a distal metatarsal shortening (Weil) osteotomy for either intractable plantar keratoses or chronically dislocated lesser metatarsal phalangeal joints. All patients had increased pressure under the involved metatarsal heads. Thirty three of the 59 metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints were chronically dislocated. At an average follow-up of 30 months, patients rated the result as excellent or good for 32 of the 37 feet (86%). The mean preoperative AOFAS score was 59 (maximum 100), which improved to 81 postoperatively. This difference is significant : p= 0,00001 (with t-test). Comparison of the pre and post-operative pedobarographic measurements showed a significant decreased load under the affected metatarsal heads (p = 0.05). A complete disappearance of the callus was noted under 44 operated metatarsals (75%) and partial disappearance under 12 metatarsals (20%). Two symptomatic transfer lesions occurred under an adjacent metatarsal head. Recurrent dislocations occurred in 5 joints (15%). While metatarsophalangeal joint range of motion was significantly diminished, toe strength was maintained. Average metatarsal shortening was 5.9 mm with no nonunions, delayed unions, or malunions. The Weil shortening osteotomy is a simple and reliable procedure which can effectively reduce the load under the lesser metatarsophalangeal joints and is helpful for the reduction of dorsally dislocated MTP joints.
The Sustentaculum Tali: Anatomic, Radiographic, and Surgical Considerations
Authors: Olexa Thomas A. , Ebraheim Nabil A. , Haman Steve P.
Published: February 2017

Three purposes of this study were to: 1) describe the sustentaculum tali in relation to surrounding structures, 2) identify its radiographic projection onto the lateral calcaneus, and 3) determine optimal angles for screw placement.

Twelve cadaver specimens were used. The length and width of the sustentaculum was measured. Its midpoint was measured from surrounding anatomic landmarks. A point on the lateral calcaneal wall “point A” was chosen. This marks the intersection of two lines bisecting the midpoint of the posterior facet and the lateral calcaneal height. The angles required to pass a pin from point A into the sustentaculum were determined. The sustentaculum projected as a triangular/elliptical structure on the lateral radiograph. It was superimposed on the anterior portion of the posterior facet.
Bizarre Parosteal Osteochondromatous Proliferation (Nora's Lesion) of the Sesamoid: a Case Report
Authors: Harty J.A. , Kelly P. , Niall D. , O'Keane J.C. , Stephens M.M.
Published: February 2017

We report the a case of Nora's lesion (Bizarre Parosteal Osteochondromatous Proliferation) of the sesamoid. A 32-year-old woman presented with a painless, enlarging mass of two years duration on the plantar aspect of the first metatarsophalangeal joint of the left foot. Radiographs, Computerized Tomographs and Magnetic Resonance images, initially suggested a parosteal osteosarcoma arising from the tibial sesamoid. The mass was excised, and a histological diagnosis of Bizarre Parosteal Osteochondromatous Proliferation of bone (Nora's lesion) was made. The aggressive growth of this lesion may suggest a neoplasm clinically. Histological features, however, are those of a reactive lesion.