bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Promotion of beekeeping: Insights from an empirical analysis of three honey value chains inBenin
Authors: Dossou Smith A. R. , Adanguidi Jean , Aoudji Augustin K. N. , Gbedomon Rodrigue C.
Published: September 2021

Beekeeping is increasingly promoted in developing countries as a promising option for income diversification in rural areas while contributing to poverty alleviation. Unfortunately, the development of the value chains of its most known and marketed product (honey) is still in its beginning stages. Little is known about the honey value chain environment and entry points for its development. Through interviews with 406 informants, this study investigated three honey value chains – “honey harvested in wild,” “honey from traditional beekeeping” and “honey from semi‐modern beekeeping.” Data was collected on their operation, profitability, and long‐term perspectives. The following agents were involved in the value chains: input suppliers, honey producers, middlemen, transporters, and consumers. Farmer's associations, government, non‐governmental organizations, quality control organizations, and financial organizations were also involved in the operation of the value chain of honey from semi‐modern beekeeping. In the case of the value chains of honey harvested in the wild and honey from traditional beekeeping, only a government department and financial organizations were involved in its operation. Networks were the main coordination mechanism in the value chain of honey from semi‐modern beekeeping. There was a low representativeness of market coordination in the three value chains. The value chain of honey from semi‐modern beekeeping had the highest value‐added. All of the value chains were financially profitable, but various weaknesses prevented the efficiency of the value chains. Relevant policy options are discussed to address these issues.
COP26, Climate Change and the Agri‐food Sector – The EuroChoices Evidence
Authors: Davis John
Published: September 2021

This Editorial links to the COP26, Climate Change and the Agri‐Food Sector Virtual Issue
Effects of cannabidiol in cannabis flower: Implications for harm reduction
Authors: Gibson Laurel P. , Karoly Hollis C. , Ellingson Jarrod M. , Klawitter Jost , Sempio Cristina , Squeri Julia E. , Bryan Angela D. , Bidwell L. Cinnamon , Hutchison Kent E.
Published: September 2021

Using a federally compatible, naturalistic at‐home administration procedure, the present study examined the acute effects of three cannabis flower chemovars with different tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to cannabidiol (CBD) ratios, in order to test whether chemovars with a higher CBD content produce different effects. Participants were randomly assigned to ad libitum administration of one of three chemovars (THC‐dominant: 24% THC, 1% CBD; THC+CBD: 9% THC, 10% CBD; CBD‐dominant: 1% THC, 23% CBD); 159 regular cannabis users (male = 94, female = 65) were assessed in a mobile pharmacology lab before, immediately after, and 1 h after ad libitum administration of their assigned chemovar. Plasma cannabinoids as well as positive (e.g., high, elation) and negative (e.g., paranoia and anxiety) subjective effects were assessed at each time points. Participants who used the CBD‐dominant and THC + CBD chemovars had significantly less THC and more CBD in plasma samples compared to participants who used the THC‐dominant chemovar. Further, the THC + CBD chemovar was associated with similar levels of positive subjective effects, but significantly less paranoia and anxiety, as compared to the THC‐dominant chemovar. This is one of the first studies to examine the differential effects of various THC to CBD ratios using chemovars that are widely available in state‐regulated markets. Individuals using a THC + CBD chemovar had significantly lower plasma THC concentrations and reported less paranoia and anxiety while also reporting similar positive mood effects as compared to individuals using THC only, which is intriguing from a harm reduction perspective. Further research is needed to clarify the harm reduction potential of CBD in cannabis products.
Examining the generality and specificity of gender moderation in obsessive compulsive beliefs: Stacked prediction by correspondence analysis
Authors: Kim Se‐Kang , McKay Dean , Tolin David F.
Published: September 2021

Objectives

In this study, we examined the degree of generality and specificity of OC beliefs are moderated by gender among individuals with OC disorders.

Methods

The diagnostic groups consisted of: (1) individuals with obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD; N = 398); (2) individuals with other anxiety disorders (N = 104); and (3) undergraduate students (N = 285). To evaluate the gender moderating effect, we employed stacked prediction by correspondence analysis (CA). To conduct the analysis, we generated a two‐way contingency table with rows of gender nested within the diagnostic groups and columns of OC beliefs stacked to OC symptom severity. To conduct prediction by CA of this stacked table, we considered OC beliefs as predictors and OC symptoms as outcomes.

Results

We confirmed with the CA results that OC belief generality, but not specificity because the OCD group members did show higher endorsement of OC beliefs compared to individuals with other anxiety disorders. Gender moderated the OC related beliefs of overestimation of threat, inflated responsibility, and intolerance of uncertainty, but not perfectionism in predicting OC symptoms. The correlational results obtained from the stacked prediction by CA further showed that as depression and anxiety increased, endorsement of OC beliefs was stronger for males than females.

Discussion

Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.

Practitioner points

OC belief generality was evident in the study but not specificity.

Gender moderation was demonstrated in overestimation of threat, inflated responsibility, and intolerance of uncertainty.

As depression and anxiety increased, endorsement of OC beliefs was stronger for males than females.
The Heligoland Glacitectonic Complex in the southeastern North Sea: indicators of a pre‐ or early‐Elsterian ice margin
Authors: Lohrberg Arne , Krastel Sebastian , Unverricht Daniel , Schwarzer Klaus
Published: September 2021

Glacial landforms are abundant in the North Sea basin and are often used to reconstruct the impact and dynamics of ice sheets during the Pleistocene. Geophysical methods have allowed the mapping and structural analysis of glacial landforms at the surface and in the subsurface to estimate the position of former ice margins in the North Sea. However, the glacial history of the southeastern North Sea remains underexplored. In this study, we present a structural analysis of Late Pliocene to Late Pleistocene sediments based on a dense grid of 2D high‐resolution multi‐channel reflection seismic data from the German sector of the southeastern North Sea. We show that the Heligoland Glacitectonic Complex (HGC) is larger than previously assumed (700 km2, 32×22 km) and characterized by three distinct zones of thrusting and deformation on two décollements. The kinematic restoration of seismic cross‐sections and dip measurements of thrust faults demonstrate that the HGC was formed by an ice lobe advancing from the southeast. To explain the origin of the HGC, we provide alternative models for its formation during a single ice advance or two ice advances in the study area. Furthermore, we validate the early or pre‐Elsterian age of the HGC based on nearby Elsterian tunnel valleys, and conclude that salt structures in the subsurface may have influenced its location.
Clinical and radiological outcomes of novel digital workflow and dynamic navigation for single‐implant immediate loading in aesthetic zone: 1‐year prospective case series
Authors: Pozzi Alessandro , Arcuri Lorenzo , Carosi Paolo , Nardi Alessandra , Kan Joseph
Published: September 2021

Objectives

To evaluate clinical, radiological performance of novel digital workflow integrating dynamic navigation to streamline in one‐visit single‐implant immediate loading in aesthetic zone.

Material and methods

Consecutive patients requiring one single‐implant in aesthetic zone of both jaws were treated between May and September 2017. Primary outcomes were implant and prosthetic success rates, surgical and prosthetic complications, marginal bone loss (MBL), final pink aesthetic score (PES‐f), and implant stability quotient (ISQ‐f). Secondary outcomes were ISQ‐0 and PES‐0 at implant positioning and PES‐p at definitive prosthesis placement. Potential effect of jaw (maxilla vs mandible), biotype (thin vs thick), type of incision (flap vs flapless), and implant site (healed vs. post‐extractive) on the primary outcomes (MBL, PES‐f, and ISQ‐f) was evaluated through a multivariable analysis.

Results

Fifty‐two implants were placed (follow‐up 18.6, 15–20 months). One post‐extractive implant failed. No other surgical, biological complications occurred, accounting for 98.10% cumulative success rate (CSR). No definitive prostheses failed. Mean MBL was −0.63 ± 0.25 mm (−1.69 to −0.06). PES‐f was 12.34 ± 1.41 (9–14). ISQ‐f was 78.1 ± 3.2 (70–84). Age had significantly negative effect on MBL and PES‐f (p = .0058 and p = .0052). No other variables significantly affected primary outcomes.

Conclusions

Within study limitations, investigated digital workflow integrating dynamic navigation was reliable for single‐implant immediate loading in aesthetic zone in one visit. No statistically significant difference was found for MBL, PES‐f, and ISQ‐f, considering type of incision (flap vs. flapless), implant site (healed vs post‐extractive), jaw (maxilla vs. mandible), and biotype (thick vs. thin). Live‐tracked dynamic navigation may have contributed to improve operator clinical performance regardless of implant site characteristics. Further investigations are needed to confirm positive outcomes.
State‐of‐the‐art cytology of pleural fluid, focusing on the diagnosis of mesothelioma
Authors: Monaco Sara E. , Brcic Luka , Dacic Sanja
Published: September 2021

Mesothelioma has always been a challenging diagnosis to render in body cavity cytology samples. This review is a timely update on pleural fluid cytology and ancillary studies that should be considered in the diagnosis of mesothelial proliferations, specifically mesotheliomas. Information about new diagnostic approaches and ancillary studies in mesothelioma was obtained from the peer‐reviewed literature and the authors' experiences. Although the morphological diagnosis of mesothelioma is fraught with numerous challenges given the overlap with other diagnostic entities, there are a variety of immunohistochemical and fluorescence in situ hybridization studies available to help in determining mesothelial origin and in distinguishing malignant proliferations from the more common benign or reactive mesothelial proliferations. Although ancillary studies can be helpful, there are important pitfalls to be aware of when interpreting these cases, and this review highlights some of the challenges that require caution.
Automated detection and screening of depression using continuous wavelet transform with electroencephalogram signals
Authors: Raghavendra U. , Gudigar Anjan , Chakole Yashas , Kasula Praneet , Subha D. P. , Kadri Nahrizul Adib , Ciaccio Edward J. , Acharya U. Rajendra
Published: September 2021

Nearly 264 million people around the globe currently suffer from clinical depression, according to the World Health Organization. Although there are diagnostic techniques and treatments presently used by professionals, they are not always helpful. Herein, we suggest the use of advanced technological methods to diagnose depressed patients correctly. A machine learning approach is presented, which uses the electroencephalogram for diagnostics. The model extracts multiple features by applying a continuous wavelet transform (CWT) for each recording. These recordings are employed to train and test the model, with data gathered from 15 depressed and 15 normal patients. After the features are extracted from these recordings, it is organized into matrix form. The features are dimensionally reduced using kernel‐principal component analysis and principal component analysis techniques, ranked using Student's t‐test, and then labelled as normal or depressed with various classifiers. Accuracies of 99.33% and 99.13% were achieved for the right and left hemispheres of the brain, respectively, and 99.26% for the combined hemispheres of the brain. As compared to the discrete and empirical wavelet transform feature extraction methods, the CWT attained the best results. A depression severity index was also developed, using two features for discriminating the classes: normal versus depressed.
Analyzing Contacts and Behavior from High Frequency Tracking Data Using the wildlifeDI R Package
Authors: Long Jed A. , Webb Stephen L. , Harju Seth M. , Gee Kenneth L.
Published: September 2021

Inter‐individual interactions are one of the key factors driving patterns of wildlife movement; however, methods for capturing and analyzing inter‐individual interactions from wildlife tracking data remain limited. Extracting contacts from wildlife tracking data is a challenge owing to the complex spatial and temporal patterns and the volume of tracking data sets. Knowledge of the time and location of contacts are crucial to understanding the spatiotemporal patterns of contacts and how they relate to the environment, individual behavior, and social structure. In this article we introduce a new suite of functions in the wildlifeDI R package for automating contact analysis, summaries, and outputs (e.g., visualizations) from studies tracking many individuals simultaneously, building upon the existing methods for studying interactive behavior between dyads already present within the package. The package has applications to study contact and interaction for the study of animal behavior, social networks, and disease transmission. We demonstrate two applications of contact analysis using the wildlifeDI package: female white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) contacts and contacts between hunters and male white‐tailed deer. The wildlifeDI package represents a new set of advanced, reproducible analyses to identify and study contacts and interactions in wildlife tracking studies. We designed the analyses and outputs to integrate into existing R analysis workflows to facilitate adoption of the package into a wide variety of wildlife tracking studies.
MWCNT/Ti‐doped ZnO nanocomposite as electrochemical sensor for detecting glutamate and ascorbic acid
Authors: Pitiphattharabun Siraprapa , Meesombad Kornkamon , Panomsuwan Gasidit , Jongprateep Oratai
Published: September 2021

Attributed to high stability and reproducibility, nonenzymatic electrochemical sensors have been extensively utilized in the detection of various chemical substances. In this study, multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/Ti‐doped ZnO composite was prepared for fabrication of working electrode used in the detection of glutamate and ascorbic acid. Ti‐doped ZnO particles with the average size of 44.47 ± 4.05 nm were synthesized by the solution combustion technique. Hydrothermal impregnation was employed in preparation of the MWCNT/Ti‐doped ZnO composite. Electrocatalytic activities of the MWCNT/Ti‐doped ZnO composite were examined using the cyclic voltammetry technique. The cyclic voltammograms revealed the reduction reaction of glutamate close to −.5 V, whereas the oxidation reaction of ascorbic acid close to .5 V. Fair electrocatalytic performance, with acceptable sensitivity, limit of detection, and selectivity suggested potential utilization of MWCNT/Ti‐doped ZnO nanocomposite in the detection of ascorbic acid and glutamate.
Troubleshooting of failed continence mechanisms in the ileocecal pouch: Operative technique and long‐term results of the intussuscepted ileal nipple valve
Authors: Kalogirou Charis , Schwinger Marcel , Kocot Arkadius , Riedmiller Hubertus
Published: September 2021

Objectives

To provide a detailed step‐by‐step operative technique, and to report on long‐term functional and metabolic outcomes in secondary continence mechanisms in the form of secondary intussuscepted ileal nipple valves in revisional surgery of ileocecal pouches.

Methods

From May 1997 to May 2015, 18 female and 10 male patients suffering from dysfunctional primary continence mechanisms of their ileocecal pouch underwent revisonal surgery to create a secondary ileal nipple valve at our tertiary referral center. The average follow‐up period was 65.4 months.

Results

After surgery, 24 patients were continent by day and night, and four patients showed minor incontinence with the use of a safety pad. The average frequency of clean intermittent catheterization decreased both during the day and at night. The diameter of the catheters used for clean intermittent catheterization increased significantly. No patient showed stomal stenosis, change of stool habits or metabolic situation in the follow‐up period. Furthermore, the creation of the secondary ileal nipple valves did not affect the capacity of the reservoir. In the long‐term follow up, two patients required the construction of a third continence mechanism, making for an overall success rate of 92% in the study group.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first study of long‐term results after the creation of secondary ileal nipple valves. We provide evidence that the creation of a secondary ileal nipple valve is a safe and reliable procedure for continence restoration in ileocecal pouches with excellent functional and metabolic long‐term outcomes.
Presence of decoy cells for 6 months on urine cytology efficiently predicts BK virus nephropathy in renal transplant recipients
Authors: Sekito Takanori , Araki Motoo , Yoshinaga Kasumi , Maruyama Yuki , Sadahira Takuya , Nishimura Shingo , Wada Koichiro , Watanabe Masami , Watanabe Toyohiko , Tanabe Katsuyuki , Takeuchi Hidemi , Morinaga Hiroshi , Kitagawa Masashi , Kitamura Shinji , Sugiyama Hitoshi , Wada Jun , Yanai Hiroyuki , Nasu Yasutomo
Published: September 2021

Objectives

To investigate the association between duration of consecutive presence of decoy cells on urine cytology and BK virus nephropathy after kidney transplantation.

Methods

In total, 121 kidney transplant recipients were retrospectively evaluated. The best duration of consecutive presence of decoy cells that could be used to predict BK virus nephropathy was analyzed using the area under the curve for each duration, and recipients were divided into two groups based on the best predictive performance. The effectiveness of SV40 immunostaining on urinary cytology was also analyzed.

Results

In total, 2534 urine specimens as well as SV40 immunostaining in 2241 urine specimens were analyzed. Six consecutive months of decoy cell positivity had the best predictive performance for BK virus nephropathy (area under the curve = 0.832). The incidence of BK virus nephropathy in recipients with positive decoy cells for 6 months or more consecutive months (5/44) was significantly higher than in those who had positive decoy cells for less than 6 months (0/77; P = 0.005). Decoy cell positivity had a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for BK virus nephropathy of 100%, 66%, 11%, and 100% respectively. SV40 immunostaining provided slightly better specificity (68%) and positive predictive value (12%).

Conclusions

The detection of decoy cells at 6 months or more on urine cytology had high predictive value for BK virus nephropathy in kidney transplant recipients. SV40 immunostaining on urine cytology added minimal diagnostic accuracy.
KPNA2 promotes renal cell carcinoma proliferation and metastasis via NPM
Authors: Zheng Song , Li Xiaofan , Deng Ting , Liu Rong , Bai Junjie , Zuo Teng , Guo Yinan , Chen Jianhui
Published: September 2021

Karyopherin α2 (KPNA2), involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport, has been reported to be up‐regulated in tumorigenesis. However, comprehensive studies of KPNA2 functions in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are still lacking. In this study, we aim to investigate the roles of KPNA2 in kidney tumour development. Our results showed that down‐regulation of KPNA2 inhibited the proliferation and invasion of kidney tumour cell cells in vitro, while the cell cycle arrest and cellular apoptosis were induced once KPNA2 was silenced. Repression of KPNA2 was proved to be efficient to repress tumorigenesis and development of kidney tumour in in nude mice. Furthermore, one related participator, NPM, was identified based on Co‐IP/MS and bioinformatics analyses. The up‐regulation of NPM attenuates the efficiency of knockdown KPNA2. These results indicated that KPNA2 may regulate NPM to play a crucial role for kidney tumour development.
Healthcare professionals' views on factors influencing shared decision‐making in primary health care centres in Saudi Arabia: A qualitative study
Authors: Alsulamy Nouf , Lee Andrew , Thokala Praveen
Published: September 2021

Objective

To describe the perspectives of healthcare professionals regarding the implementation of Shared decision‐making (SDM) in primary healthcare centres (PHCCs) in Saudi Arabia.

Methods

Qualitative semi‐structured interviews were conducted with a purposive and snowball sample of healthcare professionals in PHCCs. Interviews have been recorded, transcribed, translated and thematically analysed. Themes were mapped to the COM‐B model.

Results

Sixteen healthcare professionals were interviewed. The data analysis identified six themes and 14 sub‐themes. The six themes are patient related factors, health professional related factors, environmental context and resources, patient–physician communication, patient–physician preferences toward SDM and physicians' perceived value and benefits of SDM. Physicians are unlikely to practice SDM in the context of time pressures, shortage of physicians, lack of treatment options, and decision‐making aids. The findings also underscored the importance of building a trustworthy physician‐patient relationship through the use of effective conversation techniques.

Conclusions

There are multiple barriers to SDM in primary care. Unless these barriers are addressed, it is unlikely that physicians will effectively or fully engage in SDM with patients.
Retrospective analysis of response to rituximab in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy refractory to first‐line therapy
Authors: Fatehi Farzad , Okhovat Ali Asghar , Panahi Akram , Ziaaddini Bentolhoda , Rajabally Yusuf A. , Nafissi Shahriar
Published: September 2021

Few case reports/series describe the efficacy of rituximab in refractory chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), which is preferred in the presence of anti‐nodal/paranodal antibodies. We aimed at evaluating the clinical response to rituximab in a subset of patients with refractory CIDP for whom the anti‐nodal/paranodal antibodies status was unknown, as not available in Iran. We retrospectively analyzed the response to rituximab in 14 Iranian patients with refractory CIDP (3 children, 11 adults), in whom the anti‐nodal/paranodal antibodies status was unknown. The subjects were evaluated with the Medical Research Council (MRC) sum score (MRCSS), Inflammatory Neuropathy Cause and Treatment (INCAT) disability scores, and electrophysiology, before and after treatment. Mean age was 34.4 ± 20.7 years, disease duration pre‐rituximab treatment was 27.8 ± 18.8 (range: 6‐60) months, and mean follow‐up duration was 18.5 ± 11.0 (range: 4‐36) months. Considering the INCAT sum score, one worsened during post‐rituximab treatment, and three patients did not change. Considering MRCSS, notably, four patients achieved normalization of their MRCSS. Regarding the corticosteroid dose, two patients could discontinue prednisolone. As rated by a pre‐defined scoring system, nerve conduction parameters improved significantly post‐rituximab in the treated cohort (P = .006). All patients tolerated rituximab infusions without adverse effects. Rituximab may be effective in refractory CIDP, even though worsening may occur in some patients. Anti‐nodal/paranodal antibodies assay, when available, and other criteria may help drive therapeutic decision‐making on rituximab as second‐line treatment.
A comprehensive history of regression discontinuity designs: An empirical survey of the last 60 years
Authors: Villamizar‐Villegas Mauricio , Pinzon‐Puerto Freddy A. , Ruiz‐Sanchez Maria Alejandra
Published: September 2021

In this paper we detail the entire Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD) history, including its origins in the 1960s, and its two main waves of formalization in the 1970s and 2000s, both of which are rarely acknowledged in the literature. Also, we dissect the empirical work into fuzzy and sharp designs and provide some intuition as to why some rule‐based criteria produce imperfect compliance. Finally, we break the literature down by economic field, highlighting the main outcomes, treatments, and running variables. Overall, we see some topics in economics gaining importance through time, like the cases of health, finance, crime, environment, and political economy. In particular, we highlight applications in finance as the most novel. Nonetheless, we recognize that the field of education stands out as the uncontested RDD champion through time, with the greatest number of empirical applications.
Glioblastoma versus solitary brain metastasis: MRI differentiation using the edema perfusion gradient
Authors: Aparici‐Robles Fernando , Davidhi Andjoli , Carot‐Sierra José Miguel , Perez‐Girbes Alexandre , Carreres‐Polo Joan , Mazon Momparler Miguel , Juan ‐ Albarracín Javier , Fuster‐Garcia Elies , Garcia‐Gomez Juan Miguel
Published: September 2021

Background and Purpose

Differentiation between glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and solitary brain metastasis (SBM) remains a challenge in neuroradiology with up to 40% of the cases to be incorrectly classified using only conventional MRI. The inclusion of perfusion MRI parameters provides characteristic features that could support the distinction of these pathological entities. On these grounds, we aim to use a perfusion gradient in the peritumoral edema.

Methods

Twenty‐four patients with GBM or an SBM underwent conventional and perfusion MR imaging sequences before tumors’ surgical resection. After postprocessing of the images, quantification of dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) perfusion parameters was made. Three concentric areas around the tumor were defined in each case. The monocompartimental and pharmacokinetics parameters of perfusion MRI were analyzed in both series.

Results

DSC perfusion MRI models can provide useful information for the differentiation between GBM and SBM. It can be observed that most of the perfusion MR parameters (relative cerebral blood volume, relative cerebral blood flow, relative Ktrans, and relative volume fraction of the interstitial space) clearly show higher gradient for GBM than SBM. GBM also demonstrates higher heterogeneity in the peritumoral edema and most of the perfusion parameters demonstrate higher gradients in the area closest to the enhancing tumor.

Conclusion

Our results show that there is a difference in the perfusion parameters of the edema between GBM and SBM demonstrating a vascularization gradient. This could help not only for the diagnosis, but also for planning surgical or radiotherapy treatments delineating the real extension of the tumor.
Time trends in adrenaline auto‐injector dispensing patterns using Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme data
Authors: Wang Yichao , Koplin Jennifer J , Lei Shaoke , Horne Simon , Allen Katrina J , Hiscock Harriet , Peters Rachel L
Published: September 2021

Aim

Adrenaline auto‐injector (AAI) dispensing data, a community‐based proxy for number of individuals at risk of anaphylaxis, provides complementary information on time trends of anaphylaxis risk in addition to hospital admission data. We examined trends of AAI dispensing over a 10‐year period (from January 2005 to December 2014) in Australia.

Methods

Individuals with dispensed AAI were identified from a 10% random sample of Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) data. PBS is the Australian national drug subsidy programme covering all Australians. Cumulative incidence and incidence rates of individuals with AAI were calculated. We assessed difference by age, sex, state and time trends.

Results

The cumulative incidence of individuals with AAI in 2005–2014 was 75.43/100 000 (95%CI 75.07–75.80/100 000). Incidence rate of individuals with AAI increased from 2005 to 2014 (from 71.47 to 82.07 per 100 000 person‐years) although this varied by state. Over the time assessed, there was a shift to more prescriptions being provided by general practitioners (GP) rather than specialists. Children (0–19 years) were more likely to have been prescribed an AAI from a specialist and adults from a GP.

Conclusion

Overall, an increase in dispensed AAI mirrored other evidence for a rising prevalence of allergy. This increase could also reflect changes in prescribing practices or increased awareness and education of health‐care professionals on anaphylaxis and indications for prescribing AAI. The rising rate of AAI prescribed by GPs compared to decreasing rates by specialists suggests a changing response of the Australian health‐care system to the increased burden of anaphylaxis.
Simple sequence repeat markers reflect the biological phenotype differentiation and genetic diversity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides strains from Capsicum annuum L. in China
Authors: Chen Yue , Zeng Quan , Man Yilong , Liu Sizhen , Ouyang Chao , Li Chenggang , Wu Xiyang , Zhang Deyong , Liu Yong , Tan Xinqiu
Published: September 2021

Pepper anthracnose, caused by fungi of the Colletotrichum complex, is one of the most important diseases in pepper production. Recent studies have revealed the rich genetic diversity of different Colletotrichum species originating from Capsicum annuum L. However, for Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the dominant species from Capsicum annuum L., the relationships between the genetic diversity and biological phenotype differentiation remain unclear. Here, we developed a highly specific simple sequence repeat (SSR)‐PCR system, which showed rich intraspecific genetic diversity in the tested Colletotrichum gloeosporioides strains. Moreover, we characterized the biological phenotypes of significantly differentiated strains, including their morphological and sporulation traits, and their pathogenicity. These results help us to elucidate the relationship between genetic diversity and biological phenotype differentiation in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides strains from Capsicum annuum L. Our findings will be useful for the prevention and control of pepper anthracnose and for pepper resistance breeding.
On cointegration for processes integrated at different frequencies
Authors: del Barrio Castro Tomás , Cubadda Gianluca , Osborn Denise R.
Published: September 2021

This article explores the possibility of cointegration existing between processes integrated at different frequencies. Using the demodulator operator, we show that such cointegration can exist and explore its form using both complex‐ and real‐valued representations. A straightforward approach to test for the presence of cointegration between processes integrated at different frequencies is proposed, with a Monte Carlo study and an application showing that the testing approach works well.
The spectral analysis of the Hodrick–Prescott filter
Authors: Sakarya Neslihan , de Jong Robert M.
Published: September 2021

The Hodrick–Prescott (HP) filter is a commonly used tool in macroeconomics to obtain the HP filter trend of a macroeconomic variable. In macroeconomics, the difference between the original series and this trend is called the ‘cyclical component’. In this article, we derive the autocovariance function and the spectrum of the cyclical component of a series that consists of a constant, a linear time trend, a unit root process, and a weakly stationary process. We show that the autocovariance function of the cyclical component of such a series depends on (i) the autocovariance of the innovations of the unit root process; (ii) the autocovariance of the weakly stationary process and; (iii) a component of the weights of the HP filter that is important in the middle of a large sample. The result for the spectrum of the cyclical component matches with earlier results in the literature that were obtained by using an approximate approach. Lastly, we derive the cross‐covariance function and the cross‐spectrum of the cyclical components of two cointegrated series.
Viral and bacterial factors of mother‐to‐child transmission of hepatitis B virus
Authors: Doumbia Moussa , Sevede Daouda , Kouakou Viviane , Kouakou Cyprien , Ahoke Frederic , Pineau Pascal , Dosso Mireille
Published: September 2021

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the tenth leading cause of death worldwide. Mother‐to‐child transmission of HBV occurring mainly at delivery remains one of the most common routes of infection in developing countries. One of the main challenges concerning HBV in Africa is to implement a prevention policy aiming at interrupting the cycle of pseudo‐vertical transmission of this infection. The aim of this study was to assess the implication of certain bacterial and viral factors in mother‐to‐child transmission of HBV. This prospective study was conducted on 165 pregnant women carriers of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and their 169 newborns who attended care at the Gynecology Department of the University Hospital of Cocody. Serological, molecular, and bacteriological analyses were performed on blood samples and vaginal secretions. Mean viral load (VL) was 4.5 ± 1.3 log10 IU/ml, while mean HBsAg titres were 3.5 ± 0.9 log10 IU/ml. HBV DNA was found in vaginal secretions in 13.3% of mothers and in the blood of 10.3% of the newborns. Six bacterial species were identified in the vaginal discharge of pregnant women during labour before delivery. Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis were the most frequent species found in 23.0% and 13.9% of cases. Mothers positive for vaginal HBV DNA displayed higher plasma HBV DNA loads than negative mothers (6.2 ± 1.6 log10 IU/ml vs. 4.3 ± 1.0 log10 IU/ml, p < .0001). In conclusion, our study showed that presence of HBV DNA in vaginal secretions and the presence of S. aureus could play a role in mother‐to‐child transmission of HBV. HBV DNA detection in vaginal discharge represents a promising biomarker to identify newborns at risk of perinatal persistent infection.
Plasma and urine pharmacokinetics of hydroxyzine and cetirizine following repeated oral administrations to exercised horses
Authors: Paine Stuart W. , Aldurdunji Mohammed , Garth‐Greeves Alix , Muir Tessa , Hincks Pamela R.
Published: September 2021

Hydroxyzine and cetirizine are first‐ and second‐generation oral antihistamine drugs, respectively, used to treat allergic reactions in horses. Cetirizine is also a metabolite of hydroxyzine, which may lead to complexities in regulating their use in equine sporting events. The aim of the research was to be able to provide detection times (DT) from pharmacokinetic studies in thoroughbred horses to better inform trainers, and their veterinary surgeons, prescribing these substances for treatment of Thoroughbred racehorses. Six and two horses were given 9 repeated administrations of hydroxyzine HCl (500 mg BID) or cetirizine HCl (190 mg BID), respectively. Plasma and urine hydroxyzine and cetirizine concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). A holistic non‐linear mixed effects PK model was developed that described both plasma and urine concentrations of hydroxyzine and cetirizine, either from administration of each individually or cetirizine as a metabolite of hydroxyzine. Using the parameters obtained from this PK model in conjunction with methodology developed by Toutain afforded possible screening limits (SL) that can regulate for a DT of 4 days in either plasma or urine. Hydroxyzine and cetirizine concentration prediction intervals for the 80th, 95th and 99th percentiles of a virtual horse population were performed in order to assess the statistical protection of the DT. However, it is down to the individual racing authorities to apply their own risk management.
Uncovering the Mechanisms of Real‐World Attentional Control Over the Course of Primary Education
Authors: Turoman Nora , Tivadar Ruxandra I. , Retsa Chrysa , Maillard Anne M. , Scerif Gaia , Matusz Pawel J.
Published: September 2021

Schooling may shape children's abilities to control their attention, but it is unclear if this impact extends from control over visual objects to encompass multisensory objects, which are more typical of everyday environments. We compared children across three primary school grades (Swiss first, third, and fifth grades) on their performance on a game‐like audiovisual attentional control task, while recording their electroencephalogram (EEG). Behavioral markers of visual attentional control were present from third grade (after 2 years of schooling), whereas multisensory attentional control was not detected in any group. However, multivariate whole‐brain EEG analyses (“electrical neuroimaging”) revealed stable patterns of brain activity that indexed both types of attentional control—visual control in all age groups, and multisensory attentional control from third grade onward. Multivariate EEG approaches can uncover otherwise undetectable mechanisms of attentional control over visual and multisensory objects, and characterize how these mechanisms differ across educational stages.
The continuity of inquiry and normative philosophy of science
Authors: Varga Somogy
Published: September 2021

This paper aims to contribute to debates about the nature of philosophical inquiry and its relation to science. The starting point is theDiscontinuity View(DV), which holds that philosophy is discontinuous with science. Upon critically engaging two lines of argument in favor of DV, the paper presents and defends theContinuity View(CV), according to which philosophy and science are continuous forms of inquiry. The critical engagement sheds light on continuities between philosophical and scientific inquiry while underlining special normative competences of philosophical work. The final part of the paper uses these insights to offer a brief outline of a normative approach to philosophy of science.
How Deification Was Rediscovered in Modern Orthodox Theology: The Contribution of Ivan Popov
Authors: Gavrilyuk Paul L.
Published: September 2021

In contemporary scholarship, deification is so universally assumed to have been an abiding feature of the Eastern Orthodox tradition that it strains historical imagination to conceive of a time when the idea of deification would have been largely forgotten. This article demonstrates that the rediscovery of deification as a structurally indispensable concept of patristic thought was made by the Russian patristic scholar Ivan Popov in a trilogy of essays published in 1903‐1909. The article considers different cultural registers within which the deification motif surfaced in the nineteenth century: the Greek Philokalia and its Slavonic and Russian editions, Dostoevsky’s prophecy about the self‐divinization of humanity in revolutionary socialism, the Spiritual Diary of St. John of Krondstadt, and Vladimir Solovyov’s concept of Godmanhood. While these sources held a great potential for the theoretical development of deification, the importance of deification for Orthodox theology was not appreciated in nineteenth‐century Orthodox academic theology. The situation changed dramatically after Popov (who briefly studied with Harnack in Germany) published his essays arguing for the centrality of deification in patristic thought, providing a detailed analysis of the concept in the fourth‐century patristic authors (dwelling at length on Athanasius and the Macarian Homilies), and offering a taxonomy of the two main types of deification: realistic and idealistic. This article discusses Popov’s influence on Pavel Florensky, Sergei Epifanovich, Lev Karsavin, Georges Florovsky, Myrrha Lot‐Borodine, and Vladimir Lossky.
Epidemiological analysis of nail aspergillosis and non‐dermatophyte moulds. Criteria for the involvement of Aspergillus in 102 cases of onychomycosis at Montpellier University Hospital, France (1991–2019)
Authors: Laroche Laëtitia , Bourgeois Nathalie , Lachaud Laurence , Rispail Philippe
Published: September 2021

Background

Moulds are often wrongly considered contaminants, not very sensitive to conventional antifungal treatments, but they may cause ungual hyphomycosis, particularly Aspergillus. Due to the lack of precise diagnostic criteria, their real impact is underestimated.

Objectives

Retrospective descriptive analysis of all ungual hyphomycosis cases diagnosed at Montpellier Hospital from 1991 to 2019 to: (i) determine the incidence of onychomycosis by pseudo‐dermatophytes and moulds; (ii) perform an epidemiological analysis of nail aspergillosis; and (iii) provide simple criteria for mould involvement in onychopathy.

Patients/Methods

Data concerning 4053 patients were collected: age, sex, onychomycosis location, direct examination results, species(s) identified and fungal co‐infections. Moreover, clinical data of patients with nail aspergillosis were analysed to identify potential contributing factors, and the classical criteria for mould involvement in onychopathy were critically reviewed.

Results

A pseudo‐dermatophyte or a mould was involved in nail colonisation in 17.25% of patients (men/women ratio: 0.70; mean age: 53.1 years). The identified hyphomycetes belonged mainly to the genera Fusarium (45.68%), Scopulariopsis (30.23%) and Aspergillus (16.94%). Analysis of the clinical reports of 102 patients with ungual aspergillosis (men/women ratio: 0.67; mean age: 56.3 years) identified cardiovascular (43.9%), endocrine (25.8%), cancer (19.7%) and skin (18.2%) diseases as contributing factors.

Conclusions

The adoption of simple and reliable criteria (ie, characteristic filaments on direct microscopic examination after periodic acid‐Schiff staining, growth at seeding points in culture) allows determining the formal involvement of a mould in chronic onychopathies and avoiding possible side effects and costs of empirical or inappropriate and repetitive treatments.
A new species of Eranthemum L. (Acanthaceae) from Thailand and Laos
Authors: Kladwong Pornchai , Chantaranothai Pranom
Published: September 2021

During preparation of a revision of the genus Eranthemum (Acanthaceae), it became evident that nine specimens from eastern and south‐eastern floristic regions of Thailand and southern Laos represent a new species which is herein described, illustrated and given the name E. decumbens. The new species has affinities to E. strictum and E. roseum. A key to the species of Eranthemum occurring in Thailand is provided, together with ecological data, distribution map and conservation status.
Theorising worker–client relations in front‐line service work: Understanding the experience of non‐professionally affiliated workers in UK mental health services
Authors: Procter Stephen , Harrison Deborah , Pearson Pauline , Dickinson Claire
Published: September 2021

This paper contributes to a deeper understanding of front‐line service workers’ experience of the worker–client relationship. It is based on a series of in‐depth interviews with non‐professionally affiliated workers in new front‐line roles in UK mental health services. The findings cover three main areas: worker motivation and orientation; the nature of the worker–client relationship; and the role played in the relationship by the structure of work and relationships with colleagues. Evidence is found to support the use of the framework of Korczynski (Sociology, 43, 2009), but the research also suggests ways in which each of the framework's elements might be developed. It is argued that the idea of ‘caring’ is in need of refinement; that worker–client relations should not be seen solely in terms of client sovereignty and that a focus on the technical organisation of work can only go some way towards providing an understanding of the worker experience.
Circ‐E2F3 promotes cervical cancer progression by inhibiting microRNA‐296‐5p and increasing STAT3 nuclear translocation
Authors: Cao Xiangke , Ma Qinghua , Wang Bin , Qian Qingqiang , Xi Yinan
Published: September 2021

Circular RNA E2F transcription factor 3 (circ‐E2F3) has been demonstrated to be differentially expressed in some diseases and cancers. However, the role of circ‐E2F3 in cervical cancer (CC) progression remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate the mechanism of circ‐E2F3 regulation of CC progression. Circ‐E2F3 expression was determined in CC samples, and its correlation with the clinicopathological characteristics of CC patients and cell biological processes was examined. The interaction among circ‐E2F3, microRNA‐296‐5p (miR‐296‐5p), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was analyzed by dual luciferase reporter gene and fluorescence in situ hybridization assays. Circ‐E2F3–depleted CaSki cells were implanted into nude mice to verify the function of circ‐E2F3 in vivo. Circ‐E2F3 was upregulated in both CC tissues and cell lines, and this correlated with the clinicopathological features and poor prognosis of CC patients. Moreover, circ‐E2F3 promoted the proliferation, invasion, and migration of CC cells and tumor growth in vivo. It was also observed that circ‐E2F3 promoted the nuclear translocation of STAT3 through inhibition of miR‐296‐5p, thus affecting the expression of cyclin D1. Taken together, the key findings of our study demonstrate that circ‐E2F3 induces inhibition of miR‐296‐5p, which triggers activation and nuclear translocation of STAT3 that then upregulates cyclin D1 expression.
Review of traction alopecia in the pediatric patient: Diagnosis, prevention, and management
Authors: Afifi Ladan , Oparaugo Nicole C. , Hogeling Marcia
Published: September 2021

Hairstyles and practices that frequently apply tension to the hair follicle can result in traction alopecia (TA). Many of the hairstyles and hair practices associated with a higher risk of TA begin at a young age, making early intervention and education advantageous in the pediatric population. Recognizing TA at its reversible stage in the pediatric population is critical as early interventions, and counseling will prevent permanent scarring alopecia. While TA can affect any pediatric patient, this review highlights the reported literature on specific populations with a higher reported prevalence of TA.
Conflict heterogeneity in Africa
Authors: Chisadza Carolyn , Clance Matthew
Published: September 2021

The economic development literature widely concurs that conflicts have adverse economic consequences that contribute to poverty, disinvestment and lower human capital leading to widespread inequality and lower economic growth. As such, understanding the nature of conflict has been an important focus for political leaders, policymakers and researchers alike. However, the existing literature does not typically distinguish between the effects of conflict determinants on conflicts by type of actor or aggressor (i.e. state, group and civilian‐based). Using panel data analysis for 46 African countries from 1997 to 2017, and a comprehensive geo‐referenced Armed Conflict Location and Event Data (ACLED) conflict dataset, we find evidence of variation in the determinants' effects on conflicts by actor types. For the full sample of countries, we find that military expenditure decreases civilian‐based conflicts; globalisation increases both state‐ and civilian‐based conflicts while state fragility increases group‐based conflicts. On the other hand, income per capita increases all three types of conflicts. At regional level, we find variation in the effects of military expenditure and globalisation on state‐ and civilian‐based conflicts. However, we find little variation in the effects of the determinants on group‐based conflicts across the regions. The findings highlight the nuances in conflicts by actor types and their causes which need to be accounted for when formulating conflict resolution policies.