Gut Microbiome-Host microRNA Interactions in Cancer Development and Immune Regulation: A Case of Colorectal and Breast Cancer
Authors:   M.Phil Health Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan, Nouman Muhammad , Humayun Faisal ,   Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan, khan Saad Ahmad ,   Department: Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan, khan Abdul Qadeer ,   Department of Allied Health Science, Iqra National University Peshawar, Pakistan, Zeb Hassan ,   Department of Allied Health Science, Iqra National University Peshawar, Pakistan, Jamal Deena ,   Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan, Ali Musawir ,   Department of Allied Health Science, Iqra National University Peshawar, Pakistan, Hussain Abrar ,   MPhil Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering from Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan, Pakistan, Shams Faiza ,   Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
Published: February 2025

Breast and colorectal cancers represent primary malignancies that researchers worldwide analyze for genetic along with environmental risk elements to build therapeutic methods for better cancer outcomes. The most prevalent cancer in women is breast cancer along with colorectal cancer ranking second and third respectively among females. Adults across the globe most often experience these cancer types yet the present scenario shows rising incidence rates among younger patients. These early-onset tumors often start in the advanced stages of their aggressive type and produce a poor clinical outlook for patients. Past research initially concentrated on identifying genes which might help explain cancer origins but this approach changed in recent years. Scientific research has demonstrated that genetics and epigenetics together with environmental elements strongly affect cancer predisposition. Due to recent paradigm shifts in scientific inquiry researchers performed diverse investigations to analyze host microRNA response patterns and validated microbiota-gut communication systems which significantly influenced disease occurrence and state. These factors directly affect the disease's final results. Immunosuppression stands as a major worrisome consequence among all identified unfavorable effects of this disease because at present such patients remain susceptible to numerous infections. Recent scientific research found microbiome along with microRNA to substantially affect immunosuppression. The review tracked host microRNA activity alongside gut microbiome changes during disease development to determine their influence on immunosuppression in patients. Understanding the microRNA and microbiome interaction mechanisms with disease presentation effects on immune function would enable future therapeutic development opportunities targeting host microRNA and patient gut microbiome functions. The combination of inhibitory-miRNA therapies with miRNA mimic-based therapeutics and immune checkpoint blockade therapies and bacteria-assisted tumor-targeted therapies helps manage cancer. This study simultaneously investigated noninvasive biomarkers that could help with both cancer diagnosis and treatment plans and prognostic assessment.