bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aggression and Harming Others
Authors: Miller Christian
Published: May 2013

Sections one and two focus on psychological research that examines aggressive behavior more on the reactive end of the continuum, whereas section three shifts to the proactive side. Section four continues the discussion of proactive aggression with a look at certain versions of the Milgram experiments as well as some other closely related experiments on obedience. No book on moral character, especially one that draws so heavily on psychological work as this one does, can avoid discussing Milgram’s research. Finally, the chapter ends by relating the previous sections to the view of Mixed Traits (section five), and by evaluating how virtuous and vicious most of us appear to be in this area (section six).
Strategies of Quantification in Hausa (Chadic)
Authors: Zimmermann Malte
Published: May 2013

This chapter discusses some interesting properties of the adnominal quantificational system in the Chadic language Hausa. Its main objective is to introduce new empirical data into the discussion of quantification from a cross‐linguistic semantic perspective. Special attention is paid to (i) differences in the structural realization of weak (= modifying) and strong (= inherent) quantifying expressions; and (ii) the formation of (universal) quantifiers from a wh‐element and a disjunction marker (wh‐DISJ‐quantifiers), and the semantic interpretation of these quantifiers. In this chapter, I show that weak and strong quantifying expressions differ in their syntactic distribution, pointing at a fundamental semantic difference between both kinds of expressions. Wh‐DISJ‐quantifiers in Hausa are interesting in two respects: First, they appear to receive different interpretations (universal, free choice, existential) in different syntactic contexts. These different interpretations are argued to follow from a basic universal reading. Second, the interpretation of wh‐DISJ‐quantifiers varies across languages. They are interpreted with universal force in Hausa, but with existential force in Japanese and Malayalam. A cross‐linguistically unified analysis of wh‐DISJ‐quantifiers is shown to be possible in principle. At the same time, the possibility that wh‐DISJ‐quantifiers are interpreted by different interpretative mechanisms in different languages is not altogether excluded.
Distributive Quantification by Reduplication in Dravidian
Authors: Balusu Rahul , Jayaseelan K. A.
Published: May 2013

In the Dravidian languages reduplication of numerals and pronouns gives rise to distributive meanings. For example, in Telugu, as in Kannada, Tamil, and Malayalam, the other major Dravidian languages, reduplication of numerals gives rise to distributive readings. We find that the reduplicated numeral construction always gives rise to distributive readings. There are no collective readings of a reduplicated numeral construction. Additionally we observe that it gives rise to two further distributive interpretations that are not present in the non‐reduplicated construction. The main focus of this chapter is to explain the cause of the obligatory distributivity that is associated with the reduplicated numeral construction and to account for the various additional distributive readings that are possible in such constructions. This work is embedded in a larger project which examines the cross‐linguistic morpho‐syntax and semantics of reduplication, not restricted to numerals only, and its relation to plurality.
At Least,Wenigstens, and Company
Authors: Gast Volker
Published: May 2013

This chapter pursues two main goals: first, it intends to establish a framework of classification for the language‐particular and cross‐linguistic analysis of elements like Engl. only, also, even, etc., i.e. a typology of elements expressing ‘quantification over domains of alternatives’, here called ‘focus quantifiers’. Second, it aims at extending the range of parameters of variation used for the classification of the elements under investigation in most comparative work so far (e.g. König 1991), in particular with respect to the type of quantification expressed. The focus is on English and German, but the typology is intended to have broad cross‐linguistic applicability. Given the restricted range of data considered, the programmatic nature of the study should be obvious, however. I propose a framework for the semantic classification of focus quantifiers based on three parameters: (i) the type of quantification expressed, (ii) the discourse pragmatics status of the material contained in the scope of a given operator, and (iii) the presence or absence of an ordering relation structuring the sets of alternatives. The theory is applied to Mandarin, English, and German.
Features, Concord, Quantification
Authors: Gil Kook‐Hee , Tsoulas George
Published: May 2013

The use of wh or indeterminate pronouns in the formation of quantificational expressions in a wide variety of the world's languages is well documented. The compositional derivation is a question that has been at the centre of much research in semantics and the syntax–semantics interface in the past decade. In this chapter we approach these elements from a different angle, namely the fact that consistently across languages certain combinations of indeterminate pronouns with operators result in polarity sensitive items. We focus on the derivation of this sensitivity and the licensing mechanisms involved.
The Promise and Politics of Electoral Reform
Authors: Bowler Shaun , Donovan Todd
Published: May 2013

This chapter surveys the politics of electoral reform, introduces the central arguments of the book, and describes the structure of the book. It emphasizes that any understanding of reform efforts must account for the role of the voter. In established democracies, elites require popular support for proposals to change rules governing elections. The chapter demonstrates just how frequently attempts are made to change electoral rules—and how frequently some actual changes are adopted. Changes to electoral institutions are made more regularly than might be expected if one were to focus only on changes in electoral systems. The chapter provides a discussion of how the effects of changes in electoral rules should be studied.
Responsibility and Mental Capacity
Authors: Morse Stephen J.
Published: May 2013

The thesis of this chapter is that criminal law is a thoroughly folk-psychological enterprise that is completely consistent with the truth of determinism or universal causation. It argues that if determinism or something quite like it is true, as I assume it is, then compatibilism, which is a defensible, plausible view in the metaphysical debate about determinism, free will and responsibility, provides the only secure basis for criminal responsibility. The chapter demonstrates that free will is neither a criminal law criterion nor foundational for responsibility because the distinctions the law draws are consistent with the truth of determinism and moral and political positions we have good reason to endorse. The chapter also addresses external challenges to responsibility and finds them wanting. It concludes that common law compatibilism is normatively desirable because it takes people seriously as moral agents worthy of respect.
Moral Responsibility and ConsciousnessTwo Challenges, One Solution
Authors: Levy Neil
Published: May 2013

Until recently, most philosophers seem implicitly to have assumed that consciousness is necessary for moral responsibility; this is, moreover, an assumption that seems built into the law. Under the pressure of scientific evidence and independent philosophical argument, some philosophers now reject that assumption. Against these philosophers, I argue that we need to be conscious of the facts that make our actions morally significant in order to be morally responsible for them. I present two separate defences of this claim. First, I argue that actions caused by unconscious attitudes do not express good or ill will toward others. Second, I argue that such actions do not express our evaluative agency. Finally, I turn to some alleged empirical evidence against the claim that we can be conscious of our volitions, and show how the defence offered is immune to this challenge.
Translating Scientific Evidence into the Language of the “Folk”
Authors: Sifferd Katrina L.
Published: May 2013

There are legitimate worries about gaps between scientific evidence of brain function and legal criteria for determining criminal culpability. Behavioral evidence (such as arranging a getaway car) appears easier for judges and juries to use for purposes of determining criminal liability because it triggers the application of commonsense psychological (CSP) concepts that guide responsibility assessments. In contrast, scientific evidence of neurological processes will not generally lead a judge or jury to make direct inferences regarding criminal culpability. In these cases, an expert witness will be required to indicate to the fact-finder what scientific evidence means with regard to mental capacity; and then another inference must be made from this possible lack of capacity to the legal criteria for guilt. In this chapter I argue that formulating the relevant mental capacities as executive functions within the brain can provide a reliable link between neuroscience and assessments of criminal culpability.
A re‐evaluation of a case–control model with contaminated controls for resource selection studies
Authors: Rota Christopher T. , Millspaugh Joshua J. , Kesler Dylan C. , Lehman Chad P. , Rumble Mark A. , Jachowski Catherine M. B.
Published: May 2013

A common sampling design in resource selection studies involves measuring resource attributes at sample units used by an animal and at sample units considered available for use. Few models can estimate the absolute probability of using a sample unit from such data, but such approaches are generally preferred over statistical methods that estimate a relative probability of use.

The case–control model that allows for contaminated controls, proposed by Lancaster & Imbens (1996) and Lele (2009), can estimate the absolute probability of using a sample unit from use‐availability data. However, numerous misconceptions have likely prevented the widespread application of this model to resource selection studies. We address common misconceptions regarding the case–control model with contaminated controls and demonstrate its ability to estimate the absolute probability of use, prevalence and parameters associated with categorical covariates from use‐availability data.

We fit the case–control model with contaminated controls to simulated data with varying prevalence (defined as the average probability of use across all sample units) and sample sizes (n1 = 500 used and na = 500 available samples; n1 = 1000 used and na = 1000 available samples). We then applied this model to estimate the probability Ozark hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi) would use a location within a stream as a function of covariates.

The case–control model with contaminated controls provided unbiased estimates of all parameters at N = 2000 sample size simulation scenarios, particularly at low prevalence. However, this model produced increasingly variable maximum likelihood estimates of parameters as prevalence increased, particularly at N = 1000 sample size scenarios. We thus recommend at least 500–1000 used samples when fitting the case–control model with contaminated controls to use‐availability data. Our application to hellbender data revealed selection for locations with coarse substrate that are close to potential sources of cover.

This study unites a disparate literature, addresses and clarifies many commonly held misconceptions and demonstrates that the case–control model with contaminated controls is a viable alternative for estimating the absolute probability of use from use‐availability data.
Multi‐trophic resource selection function enlightens the behavioural game between wolves and their prey
Authors: Courbin Nicolas , Fortin Daniel , Dussault Christian , Fargeot Viviane , Courtois Réhaume
Published: May 2013

Habitat selection strategies translate into movement tactics, which reckon with the predator–prey spatial game. Strategic habitat selection analysis can therefore illuminate behavioural games. Cover types at potential encounter sites (i.e. intersections between movement paths of predator and prey) can be compared with cover types available (i) within the area of home‐range‐overlap (HRO) between predator and prey; and (ii) along the path (MP) of each species. Unlike theHROscale, cover‐type availability atMPscale differs between interacting species due to species‐specific movement decisions. Scale differences in selection could therefore inform on divergences in fitness rewarding actions between predators and prey.

We used this framework to evaluate the spatial game betweenGPS‐collared wolves (Canis lupus) versus caribou (Rangifer tarandus), and wolf versus moose (Alces alces).

Changes in cover‐type availability betweenHROandMPrevealed differences in how each species fine‐tuned its movements to habitat features. In contrast to caribou, wolves increased their encounter rate with regenerating cuts along their paths (MP) relative to theHROlevel. As a consequence, wolves were less likely to cross caribou paths in areas with higher percentage of regenerating cuts than expected based on the availability along their paths, whereas caribou had a higher risk of intersecting wolf paths by crossing these areas, relative to random expectation along their paths. Unlike for caribou, availability of mixed and deciduous areas decreased fromHROtoMPlevel for wolves and moose. Overall, wolves displayed stronger similarities in movement decisions with moose than with caribou, thereby revealing the focus of wolves on moose.

Our study reveals how differences in fine‐scale movement tactics between species create asymmetric relative encounter probabilities between predators and prey, given their paths. Increase in relative risk of encounter for prey and decrease for predators associated with specific cover types emerging fromHROtoMPscale analysis can disclose potential weaknesses in current movement tactics involved the predator–prey game, such as caribou use of cutovers in summer–autumn. In turn, these weaknesses can inform on subsequent changes in habitat selection tactics that might arise due to evolutionary forces.
Effects of carrageenan and jackfruit puree on the texture of goat's milk Dadih using response surface methodology
Authors: Chye Su Jin , Ali Zalila , Abdul Aziz Noor Aziah , Ahmad Ruzita
Published: May 2013

Varying levels of carrageenan (0.1–0.7% w/v) and jackfruit puree (10–20% w/v) were incorporated into goat's milk Dadih (a traditional Malaysian dairy dessert), and texture attributes were obtained in the texture profile output. The desired texture was achieved by determining the optimum concentrations of carrageenan and jackfruit puree used, using response surface methodology. Hardness was significantly affected by both carrageenan and jackfruit puree concentration, while gumminess and elasticity were mainly affected by carrageenan. Graphical optimisation showed that Dadih with textural properties comparable with market could be obtained by incorporating 0.2% of carrageenan and 14.9% of jackfruit puree into the goat's milk Dadih.
Anti‐carbonic anhydrase III autoantibodies in vasculitis syndrome
Authors: Saito Rie , Watanabe Hiroshi , Asano Tomoyuki , Suzuki Eiji , Iwadate Haruyo , Kobayashi Hiroko , Ohira Hiromasa
Published: May 2013

Aim

To identify autoantibodies useful in the diagnosis of primary vasculitides.

Methods

The presence of antibodies against proteins in the lysate of mouse blood vessels was examined by two‐dimensional electrophoresis followed by Western blotting for the pooled serum sample from patients with various forms of vasculitis: polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) and Takayasu's arteritis (TA). Autoantigenicity in patients with vasculitides was examined by Western blotting and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Clinicopathological correlations between the positivity of the autoantibodies and clinical status of patients with the vasculitis were examined.

Results

The autoantigen detected in the lysate of pooled sera from patients with vasculitides was identified by mass spectrometry as carbonic anhydrase III (CAIII). ELISA showed significantly higher prevalence of anti‐CAIII antibodies in MPA patients (MPA, 11/23 [47.8%]; healthy controls, 2/32 [6.3%]; P < 0.001). Further, anti‐CAIII antibody‐positive MPA patients had higher vasculitis activity scores compared to anti‐CAIII antibody‐negative patients, and a weak and not significant negative correlation was observed between anti‐CAIII antibody levels and myeloperoxidase – anti‐nuclear cytoplasmic antibody (MPO‐ANCA) levels. No significant differences were found in anti‐CAIII autoantibody levels between MPA and the other primary vasculitides.

Conclusion

We found significantly high prevalence of anti‐CAIII antibody levels in sera from MPA patients. Although the number of samples available in this study is small and anti‐CAIII autoantibodies display weak specificity for MPA, anti‐CAIII antibodies may be useful for diagnosing MPA in patients who have no ANCA, as well as for assessing disease activity.
Esophagogastric reconstruction using remnant stomach with a single vessel pedicel: Technique and outcomes
Authors: You Bin , Hou Sheng‐cai , Li Hui , Hu Bin
Published: May 2013

Esophageal cancer with a history of distal gastrectomy is a clinical problem. To our knowledge there have been no reports of remnant stomach fed from the left gastroepiploic artery being used in esophageal reconstruction. We, herein, report four cases of esophagogastric reconstruction using remnant stomach with a single left gastroepiploic vascular pedicel. It is more functional to use the remnant stomach than other replacements. Meanwhile, the gastric conduit fed from the left gastroepiploic artery showed sufficient vascularity and stable gastroesophageal anastomosis. The technique and outcomes in follow‐up have proven feasible and save time.
Irrigation dynamics associated with positive pressure, apical negative pressure and passive ultrasonic irrigations: A computational fluid dynamics analysis
Authors: Chen José Enrique , Nurbakhsh Babak , Layton Gillian , Bussmann Markus , Kishen Anil
Published: May 2013

Complexities in root canal anatomy and surface adherent biofilm structures remain as challenges in endodontic disinfection. The ability of an irrigant to penetrate into the apical region of a canal, along with its interaction with the root canal walls, will aid in endodontic disinfection. The aim of this study was to qualitatively examine the irrigation dynamics of syringe irrigation with different needle tip designs (open‐ended and closed‐ended), apical negative pressure irrigation with the EndoVac® system, and passive ultrasonic‐assisted irrigation, using a computational fluid dynamics model. Syringe‐based irrigation with a side‐vented needle showed a higher wall shear stress than the open‐ended but was localised to a small region of the canal wall. The apical negative pressure mode of irrigation generated the lowest wall shear stress, while the passive‐ultrasonic irrigation group showed the highest wall shear stress along with the greatest magnitude of velocity.
Pharmacokinetic interactions and safety evaluations of coadministered tafenoquine and chloroquine in healthy subjects
Authors: Miller Ann K. , Harrell Emma , Ye Li , Baptiste‐Brown Sharon , Kleim Jőrg‐Peter , Ohrt Colin , Duparc Stephan , Möhrle Jörg J. , Webster Alison , Stinnett Sandra , Hughes Arlene , Griffith Sandy , Beelen Andrew P.
Published: May 2013

Aims

The long‐acting 8‐aminoquinoline tafenoquine (TQ) coadministered with chloroquine (CQ) may radically cure Plasmodium vivax malaria. Coadministration therapy was evaluated for a pharmacokinetic interaction and for pharmacodynamic, safety and tolerability characteristics.

Methods

Healthy subjects, 18–55 years old, without documented glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, received CQ alone (days 1–2, 600 mg; and day 3, 300 mg), TQ alone (days 2 and 3, 450 mg) or coadministration therapy (day 1, CQ 600 mg; day 2, CQ 600 mg + TQ 450 mg; and day 3, CQ 300 mg + TQ 450 mg) in a randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group study. Blood samples for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses and safety data, including electrocardiograms, were collected for 56 days.

Results

The coadministration of CQ + TQ had no effect on TQ AUC0–t, AUC0–∞, Tmax or t1/2. The 90% confidence intervals of CQ + TQ vs. TQ for AUC0–t, AUC0–∞ and t1/2 indicated no drug interaction. On day 2 of CQ + TQ coadministration, TQ Cmax and AUC0–24 increased by 38% (90% confidence interval 1.27, 1.64) and 24% (90% confidence interval 1.04, 1.46), respectively. The pharmacokinetics of CQ and its primary metabolite desethylchloroquine were not affected by TQ. Coadministration had no clinically significant effect on QT intervals and was well tolerated.

Conclusions

No clinically significant safety or pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic interactions were observed with coadministered CQ and TQ in healthy subjects.
Time to recurrence is a significant predictor of cancer‐specific survival after recurrence in patients with recurrent renal cell carcinoma – results from a comprehensive multi‐centre database (CORONA/SATURN‐Project)
Authors: Brookman‐May Sabine D. , May Matthias , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Novara Giacomo , Zigeuner Richard , Cindolo Luca , De Cobelli Ottavio , De Nunzio Cosimo , Pahernik Sascha , Wirth Manfred P. , Longo Nicola , Simonato Alchiede , Serni Sergio , Siracusano Salvatore , Volpe Alessandro , Morgia Giuseppe , Bertini Roberto , Dalpiaz Orietta , Stief Christian , Ficarra Vincenzo ,   Members of the CORONA‐Project, the SATURN‐Project, and the Young Academic Urologists Renal Cancer Group
Published: May 2013

Objectives

To assess the prognostic impact of time to recurrence (TTR) on cancer‐specific survival (CSS) after recurrence in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) undergoing radical nephrectomy or nephron‐sparing surgery.

To analyse differences in clinical and histopathological criteria between patients with early and late recurrence.

Patients and Methods

Of 13 107 patients with RCC from an international multicentre database, 1712 patients developed recurrence in the follow‐up (FU), at a median (interquartile range) of 50.1 (25–106) months.

In all, 1402 patients had recurrence at ≤5 years (Group A) and 310 patients beyond this time (Group B).

Differences in clinical and histopathological variables between patients with early and late recurrence were analysed.

The influence of TTR and further variables on CSS after recurrence was assessed by Cox regression analysis.

Results

Male gender, advanced age, tumour diameter and stage, Fuhrman grade 3–4, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and pN + stage were significantly more frequent in patients with early recurrence, who had a significantly reduced 3‐year CSS of 30% compared with patients in Group B (41%; P = 0.001).

Age, gender, tumour histology, pT stage, and continuous TTR (hazard ratio 0.99, P = 0.006; monthly interval) independently predicted CSS.

By inclusion of dichotomised TTR in the multivariable model, a significant influence of this variable on CSS was present until 48 months after surgery, but not beyond this time.

Conclusions

Advanced age, male gender, larger tumour diameters, LVI, Fuhrman grade 3–4, pN + stage, and advanced tumour stages are associated with early recurrence.

Up to 4 years from surgery, a shorter TTR independently predicts a reduced CSS after recurrence.
Outcomes after recto‐anastomosis fistula repair in patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer
Authors: Pfalzgraf Daniel , Isbarn Hendrik , Reiss Philip , Meyer‐Moldenhauer Wolf‐Hartmut , Fisch Margit , Dahlem Roland
Published: May 2013

Objectives

To assess fistula recurrence rate and health‐related quality of life (HRQL) after repair, as well as the impact on continence and erection in patients with recto‐anastomotic fistula after radical prostatectomy (RP).

In recent publications, the numbers of cases of recto‐urinary fistulae after RP are relatively small. Success rates at fistula closure are good; however, data about functional outcomes and HRQL are more restricted.

Patients and Methods

A retrospective study of patients treated for recto‐urethral fistulae after RP between 1993 and 2008.

All 17 patients were assessed for fistula recurrence in 2007 and received a standardised non‐validated questionnaire to assess HRQL in 2011; furthermore, a patient's chart review was performed.

Surgical technique: fistula closure was abdominal in 10 patients, perineal in five and combined abdominal and perineal in two, some with tissue interposition.

Results

In 2007, follow‐up was available for 14 patients, one was deceased and two were lost to follow‐up. The mean follow‐up was 73.3 months and the mean patient age was 63 years.

In two of the 17 patients, rectal injury during the initial surgery was reported; another three had undergone adjuvant radiation therapy (18%).

In 2011, another two patients were deceased; the mean (range) follow‐up was 99.5 (44–184) months.

There was a great improvement in HRQL as compared with before surgery in seven of the 12 evaluable patients, a slight improvement in one and no change in three. In all, eight of the 12 patients were very satisfied with the surgery and four were satisfied.

Conclusion

Perineal or abdominal fistula repair yields excellent success rates and high patient satisfaction. However, urinary incontinence can be found in some patients postoperatively, requiring further treatment.
Laparoscopic and robot‐assisted continent urinary diversions (Mitrofanoff and Yang‐Monti conduits) in a consecutive series of 15 adult patients: the Saint Augustin technique
Authors: Rey Denis , Helou Elie , Oderda Marco , Robbiani Jacopo , Lopez Laurent , Piechaud Pierre‐Thierry
Published: May 2013

Objective

To present a series of 15 laparoscopic and robot‐assisted Mitrofanoff and Yang‐Monti vesicostomies in an adult population, and to assess the feasibility and safety of these minimally invasive approaches.

Patients and Methods

Between 2009 and 2012, 15 patients underwent laparoscopic (n = 11) or robot‐assisted (n = 4) construction of vesicostomy by a single surgeon (D.R.): Mitrofanoff appendicovesicostomy (n = 11) or double Yang‐Monti ileal conduit (n = 4). Fourteen patients underwent concomitant augmentation enterocystoplasty.

Indications for surgery included neurogenic bladder (n = 11) and urethral dysfunction (n = 4).

The patients were evaluated postoperatively using cystography. Quality of life (QoL) was evaluated using an internally developed questionnaire.

Results

All surgeries were successfully completed with no conversions. Operating time was always <5 h. The mean estimated blood loss was 150 mL and the mean follow‐up was 22 months.

Early postoperative complications included deep retrovesical abscess (n = 2) and upper urinary tract infections (n = 4), and one patient had peri‐operative cardiac failure.

Late postoperative complications included stomal stenosis (n = 2), persistent low‐pressure bladder incontinence (n = 1) and recurrent infections (n = 1). Surgical excision of the conduit was necessary in one patient.

Postoperatively, patients showed complete bladder emptying and no leak on follow‐up cystography. According to our QoL questionnaire, 13/15 patients did not regret the surgery.

Conclusions

While a longer follow‐up is needed to assess the durability of our results, this series shows that the laparoscopic and robot‐assisted approaches for the construction of continent urinary diversions are feasible and safe in an adult population.
Treaty federalism as a model of policy making: Comparing Canada and the European Union
Authors: Hueglin Thomas
Published: May 2013

Systematic analyses of Canada and the EU as comparable federal systems have been neglected for a variety of methodological reasons. Most importantly, neither body fits the mould of the dominant model of the American federal state. A revised conceptual framework can show, however, that Canada and the EU both provide a similar institutional and procedural environment for policy making: powers are shared rather than divided; policy directions are determined by executive negotiation rather than parliamentary deliberation; unanimity takes precedence over majority rule; and inter‐regional competition is moderated by a commitment to equalization.
Comparing accountability relationships between governments and non‐state actors in Canadian and European international development policy
Authors: Millar Heather
Published: May 2013

This article examines the alignment of different governance arrangements and alternative accountability mechanisms in international development policy making in Canada and the European Union (EU), with a particular focus on relationships between governments and non‐governmental organizations. The Canadian case illustrates an entrepreneurial mode of governance that aligns with fiscal auditing and performance management mechanisms, while the networked governance model of the EU relies more heavily on accountability instruments of public reporting and deliberation. The article concludes that the European accountability regime likely provides policy makers with more opportunities for social policy learning but would be difficult to implement in Canada given the underlying action logic of the federal government.
Comparing employment policy governance regimes in Canada and the European Union
Authors: Wood Donna E.
Published: May 2013

This article assesses the performance of Canada's employment policy governance regime post‐1996 by explicitly comparing Canadian approaches to those used in the European Union (EU) through the open method of coordination (OMC). It concludes that Canada has moved so far along the decentralization continuum — with 13 provincial systems as well as a federal‐only system in place — that coordination, coherence, mutual learning and information sharing on a pan‐Canadian basis have been lost. While EU OMC approaches hold promise, to be realized stakeholders would need to become more engaged in the policy domain and provinces, rather than the federal government, must take the initiative for enhanced coordination.
Walk it off: predictive power of appendicular characters toward inference of higher‐level relationships in Laniatores (Arachnida: Opiliones)
Authors: Gainett Guilherme , Sharma Prashant P. , Pinto‐da‐Rocha Ricardo , Giribet Gonzalo , Willemart Rodrigo H.
Published: May 2013

Morphological characters are essential for establishing phylogenetic relationships, delimiting higher‐level taxa, and testing phylogenetic relationships inferred from molecular sequence data. In cases where relationships between large clades remain unresolved, it becomes imperative to establish which character systems are sound predictors of phylogenetic signal. In the case of Laniatores, the largest suborder of Opiliones, some superfamilial relationships remain unresolved or unsupported, and traditionally employed phenotypic characters are typically of utility only at the family level. Here we investigated a promising set of morphological characters that can be discretized and scored in all Opiliones: cuticular structures of the distal podomeres (metatarsi and tarsi). We intensively sampled members of all known families of Laniatores, and define here three new, discrete appendicular characters toward refinement of Laniatores superfamilial systematics: metatarsal paired slits (MPS; occurring in all Laniatores except Sandokanidae), proximal tarsomeric gland (PTG; in Icaleptidae, Fissiphalliidae, and Zalmoxidae), and tarsal aggregate pores (TAP; found in Gonyleptoidea, Epedanoidea, and Pyramidopidae). We conducted statistical tests on each character to characterize the strength of phylogenetic signal and assess character independence, based on alternative tree topologies of Laniatores. All three characters had high retention indices and bore significantly strong phylogenetic signal. Excepting one pairwise comparison, morphological characters did not evolve in a correlated manner, indicating that appendicular morphology does not constitute a single character system. Our results demonstrate the predictive power and utility of appendicular characters in Opiliones phylogeny, and proffer a promising source of diagnostic synapomorphies for delimiting superfamilies.
Effect of mineral oil on Potato virus Y acquisition by Rhopalosiphum padi
Authors: Boquel Sébastien , Giguère Marie‐Andrée , Clark Catherine , Nanayakkara Upeksha , Zhang Jianhua , Pelletier Yvan
Published: May 2013

Seed potato crops are currently sprayed weekly with mineral oil to prevent transmission of the Potato virus Y (PVY; Potyviridae: Potyvirus), one of the most prevalent and important non‐persistent viruses affecting potato production. In spite of its wide usage as inhibitor of virus transmission, the mode of action for mineral oil is poorly known. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of dosage and time from application of mineral oil on the inhibition of PVY acquisition. The bird cherry‐oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), known as vector of PVY, was used in all the experiments. The results indicated that mineral oil efficiently decreased PVY acquisition by 75 and 70% 1 day after application of 5 and 10 l ha−1, respectively. The inhibition effect decreased with time from application; mineral oil inhibits acquisition for less than 4 days at 5 l ha−1 and between 8 and 12 days at 10 l ha−1. As mineral oil was detected in the body of fewer aphids when they fed on plants 1 day after oil application, a change in the aphid probing behaviour on mineral oil‐treated plants was deduced. These results support the hypothesis that mineral oil physically inhibits the binding of the virus at the tip of the stylets.
A Case of Recurrent Facial Pain Associated With a Pourfour du Petit Syndrome: A New Entity?
Authors: Collongues Nicolas , Labouret Pascale , Speeg Claude , de Seze Jérôme
Published: May 2013

We report the case of a 38‐year‐old woman with a history of migraine who experienced an association of recurrent unilateral facial pain and Pourfour du Petit syndrome. The episodes occurred for between a few seconds and up to 3 minutes up to 6 times a day mimicking short‐lasting unilateral neuralgiform headaches with cranial autonomic symptoms. No lesional cause was found and the use of topiramate led to a nearly complete disappearance of the episodes. This new entity raises the question of a novel autonomic dysfunction in short‐lasting unilateral neuralgiform headaches with cranial autonomic symptoms or an unexpected presentation of migraine.
A skeleton‐less sponge ofCaribbean mangroves: invasive or undescribed?
Authors: Alvizu A. , Díaz M.C. , Bastidas C. , Rützler K. , Thacker R.W. , Márquez L.M.
Published: May 2013

Recent surveys of sponges occurring on Caribbean mangrove roots demonstrated the presence of a skeleton‐less sponge of the genusHalisarca,very similar in its morphology to the temperateH. dujardinii. This study evaluated the possibility that the mangrove sponge was actuallyH. dujardiniithat had been introduced into the Caribbean mangroves. Detailed histology revealed differences between the mangrove sponge andH. dujardiniiin cuticle thickness, and in characteristics of the choanocytes, spherulous, and granular cells. Also, phylogenetic reconstruction and genetic distance estimates based on cytochrome oxidase I gene sequences clearly differentiated the mangroveHalisarcasp. fromH. dujardinii. Therefore, we rejected the hypothesis of the invasion ofH. dujardinii, recognizing instead the mangroveHalisarcasp. as a new species and naming itH. restingaensissp. nov. Estimated levels of genetic variation in the ribosomal internal transcribed spacers indicated that populations ofH. restingaensissp. nov. are highly differentiated between Venezuela and Panama (Fst=0.71). This level of population differentiation is consistent with the short larval competence period that is common in members of the genusHalisarca.
Increased Preoperative Serum Apoptosis Marker Fas Ligand Correlates With Histopathology and New‐Onset of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients After Cardiac Surgery
Authors: MÜLLER PATRICK , DENEKE THOMAS , SCHIEDAT FABIAN , BÖSCHE LEIF , STRAUCH JUSTUS , DIETRICH JOHANNES WOLFGANG , VOGT MARKUS , TANNAPFEL ANDREA , STIEGLER HUGO , MÜGGE ANDREAS , EWERS AYDAN
Published: May 2013

Increased Preoperative Serum Apoptosis

Background

We evaluated if preoperative serum apoptosis markers correlate with atrial histological remodeling and postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) after cardiac surgery.

Methods and Results

A total of 33 patients with sinus rhythm (SR) and without history of atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing cardiac surgery were prospectively enrolled. Serum concentrations of Fas (apoptosis‐stimulating fragment ligand) and TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand) were measured preoperatively. Right atrial appendage (RAA) tissue was obtained during surgery. Atrial apoptosis was assessed via TUNEL assay and degree of atrial fibrosis was categorized histologically by visual quantification. Continuous ECG‐Monitoring was used to screen for POAF throughout 10 days after cardiac surgery. POAF occurred in 15 patients (45%). Atrial apoptosis was higher in patients with POAF as compared to those without (35.9 ± 9.8% vs 14.5 ± 7.5%; P < 0.0001) and correlated with the degree of atrial fibrosis (r = 0.69; P < 0.0001). In contrast to TRAIL (87.0 ± 8.2 pg/mL vs 83.3 ± 9.4 pg/mL; P = 0.77), preoperative Fas serum concentration was significantly higher in patients with POAF compared to patients in stable SR (91.3 ± 7.2 pg/mL vs 66.7 ± 3.0 pg/mL; P < 0.01). Serum Fas concentration correlated with the degree of atrial apoptosis (r = 0.63; P < 0.001) and the degree of atrial fibrosis (r = 0.39; P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Preoperative evaluation of serum apoptosis marker Fas is useful to identify patients at risk for POAF undergoing cardiac surgery. Fas but not TRAIL correlates with the documented degree of atrial apoptosis and atrial fibrosis in RAA tissue. Further studies need to identify the prospective role of Fas in predicting POAF events.
Diagnosing Autism Spectrum Disorder: who will get a DSM‐5 diagnosis?
Authors: G. Kent Rachel , J. Carrington Sarah , Le Couteur Ann , Gould Judith , Wing Lorna , Maljaars Jarymke , Noens Ilse , van Berckelaer‐Onnes Ina , R. Leekam Susan
Published: May 2013

Background

Introduction of proposed criteria for DSM‐5 Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has raised concerns that some individuals currently meeting diagnostic criteria for Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD; DSM‐IV‐TR/ICD‐10) will not qualify for a diagnosis under the proposed changes. To date, reports of sensitivity and specificity of the new criteria have been inconsistent across studies. No study has yet considered how changes at the ‘sub domain’ level might affect overall sensitivity and specificity, and few have included individuals of different ages and ability levels.

Methods

A set of DSM‐5 ASD algorithms were developed using items from the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO). The number of items required for each DSM‐5 subdomain was defined either according to criteria specified by DSM‐5 (Initial Algorithm), a statistical approach (Youden J Algorithm), or to minimise the number of false positives while maximising sensitivity (Modified Algorithm). The algorithms were designed, tested and compared in two independent samples (Sample 1, N = 82; Sample 2, N = 115), while sensitivity was assessed across age and ability levels in an additional dataset of individuals with an ICD‐10 PDD diagnosis (Sample 3, N = 190).

Results

Sensitivity was highest in the Initial Algorithm, which had the poorest specificity. Although Youden J had excellent specificity, sensitivity was significantly lower than in the Modified Algorithm, which had both good sensitivity and specificity. Relaxing the domain A rules improved sensitivity of the Youden J Algorithm, but it remained less sensitive than the Modified Algorithm. Moreover, this was the only algorithm with variable sensitivity across age. All versions of the algorithm performed well across ability level.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that good levels of both sensitivity and specificity can be achieved for a diagnostic algorithm adhering to the DSM‐5 criteria that is suitable across age and ability level.
The role of personality in aggressive behaviour among individuals with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Chaïb L. S. , Crocker A. G.
Published: May 2013

Background

Aggressive behaviour is associated with certain personality traits in both the general population and among individuals with mental health problems, but little attention has been paid to the relationship between aggressive behaviour and personality among individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID). The aim of this study was to circumscribe personality profiles associated with aggressive behaviour among individuals withID.

Method

In this cross‐sectional study of 296 adults with mild or moderateID, information on mental health, personality and aggressive behaviour was gathered through structured interviews with theIDparticipants and their case manager, and a review of client files.

Results

The results of theReissProfile were submitted to hierarchical cluster analysis method. Subsequently, the distribution of aggressive behaviour, sociodemographic characteristics and clinical characteristics across personality profiles was analysed. The analyses yielded seven distinct personality profiles in relation to patterns of aggressive behaviour:Pacifists,Socials,Confidents,Altruists,Conformists,Emotionals andAsocials.

Conclusion

The identification of distinct personality profiles sheds light on the risk factors for aggressive behaviour, and suggests new approaches to improving diagnostic and intervention strategies.
Emerging Understanding of Roles for Arterioles in Inflammation
Authors: Sumagin Ronen , Sarelius Ingrid H.
Published: May 2013

Arterioles, capillaries, and venules all actively change their cellular functions and phenotypes during inflammation in ways that are essential for maintenance of homeostasis and self‐defense, and are also associated with many inflammatory disorders. ECs, together with pericytes and ECM proteins, can regulate blood flow, the coagulation cascade, fluid and solute exchange, and leukocyte trafficking. While capillary and venular functions in inflammation are well characterized, the arteriolar contribution to inflammation has only recently come into focus. Arterioles differ from venules in structure, EC morphology, shear environment, expression, and distribution of surface ligands; hence, regulation and function of arteriolar wall cells during inflammation may also be distinct from venules. Recent work indicates that in response to proinflammatory stimuli, arterioles alter barrier function, and support leukocyte and platelet interactions through upregulation of adhesion molecules. This suggests that in addition to their role in blood flow regulation, arterioles may also participate in inflammatory responses. In this review, we will discuss mechanisms that characterize arteriolar responses to proinflammatory stimuli. We will detail how distinct arteriolar features contribute to regulation of barrier function and leukocyte–EC interactions in inflammation, and further highlight the potential priming effects of arteriolar responses on venular function and progression of inflammatory responses.
Multiple Realizability, Constraints, and Identity
Authors: Bauer Mark
Published: May 2013

Shapiro has suggested that the empirical plausibility of the multiple realizability of human‐like minds is dubious, because a contrary thesis, theMentalConstraintThesis, enjoys positive empirical evidence. TheMentalConstraintThesis states that, given the actual physical laws, there is only one way to realize a human‐like mind. I will suggest, however, that theMentalConstraintThesis is not a contrary to the empirical multiple realizability thesis relevant to psychological reduction or autonomy and, as a consequence, has no bearing on those classificatory issues.
Cross‐country transfer between two children's hospitals of a child using ambulatory extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for bridge to lung transplant
Authors: Hayes Don , Galantowicz Mark , Preston Thomas J. , Tellez David , McConnell Patrick I. , Yates Andrew R. , Dalton Heidi J.
Published: May 2013

With a limited number of pediatric lung transplant programs, the transfer of patients will be required for appropriate candidates. Pediatric patients have been successfully transferred using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) with no previous reports using ambulatory single‐site venovenous (VV) ECMO via a bicaval dual‐lumen (BCDL) catheter as a method for transport to a lung transplant center in order to bridge to lung transplantation. Therefore, we present the successful transfer of a 13‐yr‐old female on ambulatory VV ECMO between two free‐standing children's hospitals and then bridged to bilateral lung transplantation.
Temporal Uncertainty in a Small Area Open Geodemographic Classification
Authors: Gale Christopher G. , Longley Paul A.
Published: May 2013

The 2001 Output Area Classification (2001 OAC) is an open source geodemographic classification of the UK built exclusively from 2001 UK Census data. There has been considerable user interest in its applicability to subsequent time periods, particularly given the potential propensity of characteristics and attributes in some areas to change during inter‐censual periods. Users often purchase commercial geodemographic classification products in the belief that purely census‐based classifications such as the 2001 OAC are uniformly unreliable because there is no temporal updating of input data. Yet there is evidence to suggest that whilst some UK neighborhoods are prone to sudden changes, many others change very little over protracted time periods. Using measures that are available at the small area level, temporal uncertainty indicators can be constructed to identify those areas that are less stable. Using mid‐year population estimates and dwelling stock data, this article develops three temporal uncertainty indicators. These provide a reliable means of gauging the stability or otherwise of neighborhood conditions. The conclusion from this is that while a large number of small areas in the UK do experience change over time, this change is not uniform in either degree or distribution, or by geodemographic type.
Cognitive Biases, Linguistic Universals, and Constraint‐Based Grammar Learning
Authors: Culbertson Jennifer , Smolensky Paul , Wilson Colin
Published: May 2013

According to classical arguments, language learning is both facilitated and constrained by cognitive biases. These biases are reflected in linguistic typology—the distribution of linguistic patterns across the world's languages—and can be probed with artificial grammar experiments on child and adult learners. Beginning with a widely successful approach to typology (Optimality Theory), and adapting techniques from computational approaches to statistical learning, we develop a Bayesian model of cognitive biases and show that it accounts for the detailed pattern of results of artificial grammar experiments on noun‐phrase word order (Culbertson, Smolensky, & Legendre, 2012). Our proposal has several novel properties that distinguish it from prior work in the domains of linguistic theory, computational cognitive science, and machine learning. This study illustrates how ideas from these domains can be synthesized into a model of language learning in which biases range in strength from hard (absolute) to soft (statistical), and in which language‐specific and domain‐general biases combine to account for data from the macro‐level scale of typological distribution to the micro‐level scale of learning by individuals.