bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High density of CD8 T cell and immune imbalance of T lymphocytes subsets are associated with proliferative verrucous leukoplakia
Authors: Fernandes Darcy , Barbeiro Camila de Oliveira , Palaçon Mariana Paravani , Biancardi Mariel Ruivo , Ferrisse Túlio Morandin , Silveira Heitor Albergoni , Castilho Rogerio Moraes , de Almeida Luciana Yamamoto , Leon Jorge Esquiche , Bufalino Andreia
Published: August 2022

Oral leukoplakia (OL) and proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) are oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) that microscopically show no or varying degrees of dysplasia. Even sharing clinical and microscopic aspects, PVL shows a more aggressive clinical behaviour, with a malignant transformation rate greater than 40%. Inflammatory infiltrate associated with dysplastic lesions may favour malignant transformation of OPMDs. This study aimed to evaluate the density of T cells and cytokines in dysplastic lesions from OL and PVL patients. Additionally, we evaluated whether soluble products produced in vitro by dysplastic keratinocytes are capable of modulating apoptosis rates and Th phenotype (Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The density of CD3, CD4 and CD8 T cells was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Cytokines and chemokines profile from frozen tissue samples were analysed using the LUMINEX system. Apoptosis rates and Th phenotype modulation were evaluated by flow cytometry. Our results showed an increase in the number of CD8 T cell in the subepithelial region from PVL dysplastic lesions in relation to OL samples. PVL showed increased levels of IL‐5 and a decrease in IL‐1β and IFN‐γ levels compared to OL. Soluble products of PVL and oral carcinoma cell cultures were able to reduce apoptosis rate and promote an imbalance of Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg. The high‐subepithelial density of CD8 T cells and immune imbalance of T lymphocytes subsets probably play an important role in the pathogenesis of PVL and may explain its more aggressive behaviour in relation to OL.
Replication of a predictive model for youth ADHD in an independent sample from a developing country
Authors: Lorenzi Cezar H. , Teixeira Leffa Douglas , Bressan Rodrigo , Belangero Sintia , Gadelha Ary , Santoro Marcos L. , Salum Giovanni A. , Rohde Luis Augusto , Caye Arthur
Published: August 2022

Background

Very few predictive models in Psychiatry had their performance validated in independent external samples. A previously developed multivariable demographic model for attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) accurately predicted young adulthood ADHD using clinical and demographical information collected in childhood in three samples from developed countries, but failed to replicate its performance in a sample from a developing country. Furthermore, consolidated risk factors for ADHD were not included among its predictors.

Methods

Participants were 1905 children and adolescents from a community‐based sample and followed from ages 6 to 14 years at baseline to ages 14 to 23 years (mean age 18) at follow‐up. We applied the intercept and weights of the original model to the data, calculating the predicted probability of each participant according to the set of predictors collected in childhood, and compared the estimates with the actual outcome (ADHD) collected during adolescence and young adulthood. We explored the performance of the original model, and of models including novel predictors (prematurity, family history of ADHD, and polygenic risk score for ADHD).

Results

The observed area under the curve of the original model was .76 (95% Confidence Interval .70 to .82). The multivariable demographical model outperformed single variable models using only prematurity, family history, or the ADHD PRS. Adding either of these variables, or all at once, did not improve the performance of the original demographical model.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that the originally developed ADHD predictive model is suitable for use in different settings for clinical and research purposes.
The protective value of the colour and shape of the mountain katydid's antipredator defence
Authors: Riley Julia L. , Haff Tonya M. , Ryeland Julia , Drinkwater Eleanor , Umbers Kate D. L.
Published: August 2022

Deimatic behaviour is performed by prey when attacked by predators as part of an antipredator strategy. The behaviour is part of a sequence that consists of several defences, for example they can be preceded by camouflage and followed by a hidden putatively aposematic signal that is only revealed when the deimatic behaviour is performed. When displaying their hidden signal, mountain katydids (Acripeza reticulata) hold their wings vertically, exposing striking red and black stripes with blue spots and oozing an alkaloid-rich chemical defence derived from its Senecio diet. Understanding differences and interactions between deimatism and aposematism has proven problematic, so in this study we isolated the putative aposematic signal of the mountain katydid's antipredator strategy to measure its survival value in the absence of their deimatic behaviour. We manipulated two aspects of the mountain katydid's signal, colour pattern and whole body shape during display. We deployed five kinds of clay models, one negative control and four katydid-like treatments, in 15 grids across part of the mountain katydid's distribution to test the hypothesis that their hidden signal is aposematic. If this hypothesis holds true, we expected that the models, which most closely resembled real katydids would be attacked the least. Instead, we found that models that most closely resembled real katydids were the most likely to be attacked. We suggest several ideas to explain these results, including that the deimatic phase of the katydid's display, the change from a camouflaged state to exposing its hidden signal, may have important protective value.

Abstract

Deimatic behavior is part of a sequence that consists of several defenses. For example, mountain katydids display a hidden antipredator signal by opening their wings and holding them vertically. This exposes red and black stripes with blue spots on their abdomen. In this study, we isolated the colour and shape aspects of the katydid’s antipredator display to measure its survival value in the absence of deimatic behavior. We deployed five types of clay models across part of the katydid’s distribution and found that models resembling real katydids were the most likely to be attacked. This may indicate that the deimatic phase of their display may have important protective value.
Parental leave‐taking and perceptions of workers as good parents
Authors: Petts Richard J. , Kaufman Gayle , Mize Trenton D.
Published: August 2022

Objective

This study examines whether parental leave‐taking affects perceptions of workers as good parents, and whether this relationship varies between mothers and fathers.

Background

Contemporary parenthood norms promote intensive parenting, but pressures to engage in intensive parenting are more pronounced for mothers than fathers. Paid parental leave policies have the potential to improve gender equality, but only if such policies help to change gendered parenting norms. We assess whether leave‐taking further entrenches gendered parenting norms within workplaces or promotes greater perceptions of good parenting among fathers.

Method

We use combined data on 3333 respondents from two survey experiments in which parental leave‐taking and parental gender were randomly assigned. This enables us to assess the causal effects of parental leave‐taking on perceptions of mothers and fathers as good parents.

Results

Mothers and fathers in married, different‐sex partnerships are more likely to be viewed as good parents when they take longer periods of leave. Also, the positive effects of leave‐taking on perceptions of workers as good parents are stronger for fathers than for mothers—but only for short amounts of leave taken.

Conclusion

Greater access to, and use of, paid parental leave may enable more parents to be perceived as fulfilling contemporary parenting norms, and may especially increase the likelihood that fathers are viewed as good parents. As such, these policies may help to change gendered perceptions of parenting and promote greater gender equality.
Cophylogeny and specificity between cryptic coral species (Pocillopora spp.) at Mo′orea and their symbionts (Symbiodiniaceae)
Authors: Johnston Erika C. , Cunning Ross , Burgess Scott C.
Published: August 2022

The congruence between phylogenies of tightly associated groups of organisms (cophylogeny) reflects evolutionary links between ecologically important interactions. However, despite being a classic example of an obligate symbiosis, tests of cophylogeny between scleractinian corals and their photosynthetic algal symbionts have been hampered in the past because both corals and algae contain genetically unresolved and morphologically cryptic species. Here, we studied co‐occurring, cryptic Pocillopora species from Mo′orea, French Polynesia, that differ in their relative abundance across depth. We constructed new phylogenies of the host Pocillopora (using complete mitochondrial genomes, genomic loci, and thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms) and their Symbiodiniaceae symbionts (using ITS2 and psbAncr markers) and tested for cophylogeny. The analysis supported the presence of five Pocillopora species on the fore reef at Mo′orea that mostly hosted either Cladocopium latusorum or C. pacificum. Only Pocillopora species hosting C. latusorum also hosted taxa from Symbiodinium and Durusdinium. In general, the Cladocopium phylogeny mirrored the Pocillopora phylogeny. Within Cladocopium species, lineages also differed in their associations with Pocillopora haplotypes, except those showing evidence of nuclear introgression, and with depth in the two most common Pocillopora species. We also found evidence for a new Pocillopora species (haplotype 10), that has so far only been sampled from French Polynesia, that warrants formal identification. The linked phylogenies of these Pocillopora and Cladocopium species and lineages suggest that symbiont speciation is driven by niche diversification in the host, but there is still evidence for symbiont flexibility in some cases.
Subcellular localization of the enterobacterial common antigen GT‐E‐like glycosyltransferase, WecG
Authors: Maczuga Nicholas , Tran Elizabeth N. H. , Morona Renato
Published: August 2022

Enterobacterales have developed a specialized outer membrane polysaccharide (enterobacterial common antigen [ECA]). ECA biosynthesis begins on the cytoplasmic side of the inner membrane (IM) where glycosyltransferases sequentially add sugar moieties to form a complete repeat unit which is then translocated across the IM by WzxE before being polymerized into short linear chains by WzyE/WzzE. Research into WecG, the enzyme responsible for generating ECA lipid‐II, has not progressed beyond Barr et al. (1988) who described WecG as a membrane protein. Here we revise our understanding of WecG and re‐characterize it as a peripherally associated membrane protein. Through the use of Western immunoblotting we show that WecG in Shigella flexneri is maintained to the IM via its three C‐terminal helices and further identify key residues in helix II which are critical for this interaction which has allowed us to identify WecG as a GT‐E glycosyltransferase. We investigate the possibility of protein complexes and ultimately show that ECA lipid‐I maintains WecG to the membrane which is crucial for its function. This research is the first since Barr et al. (1988) to investigate the biochemistry of WecG and reveals possible novel drug targets to inhibit WecG and thus ECA function and cell viability.
Identification of two novel variants of BCS1L gene in a patient with classical GRACILE syndrome
Authors: Guo Wencong , Shao Yingfei , Lang Yanhua , Wang Hong , Lin Yi , Liu Xuyan , Zhang Ruixiao , Shao Leping
Published: August 2022

BCS1L pathogenic variants cause widely different clinical phenotypes. Disease phenotypes can be as mild as Björnstad syndrome, characterized by pili torti (abnormal flat twisted hair shafts) and sensorineural hearing loss, or as severe as GRACILE syndrome, characterized by growth restriction, aminoaciduria, cholestasis, iron overload, lactic acidosis and early death. BCS1L pathogenic variants are also linked to an undefined complex III deficiency, a heterogeneous condition generally involving renal and hepatic pathologies, hypotonia, and developmental delays. So far, all patients with GRACILE syndrome carry a homozygous p.Ser78Gly variant in BCS1L gene by reviewing articles. A 24‐day‐old boy presented with typical clinical phenotype of GRACILE syndrome. The Whole Exome Sequencing confirmed that the patient had a missense variant (c.245C > T, p.Ser82Leu) and a small deletion (c.231_232delCA, p. Ser78Cysfs*9) in BCS1L gene inherited from his father and mother separately, he died at 5 months of age. We reported a patient with GRACILE syndrome and identified two novel variants in BCS1L gene. Our study expands the mutational spectrum of BCS1L gene associated with GRACILE syndrome and will be beneficial for genetic diagnosis.
Down‐regulation of hsa‐circ‐0107593 promotes osteogenic differentiation of hADSCs via miR‐20a‐5p/SMAD6 signaling
Authors: Huang Wei , Wu Yongyao , Zhao Yifan , Gan Xinyan , Zhang Bo , Cen Xiao , Huang Xinqi , Zhao Zhihe
Published: August 2022

Objectives

Increasing evidence indicated circRNAs were involved in stem cells osteogenesis differentiation. Herein, we aimed to clarify the role of hsa‐circ‐0107593 during the osteogenesis process of human adipose‐derived stem cells (hADSCs) and the underlying mechanisms.

Methods

The ring structure of hsa‐circ‐0107593 was confirmed using RNase R treatment and Sanger sequencing. Nucleoplasmic separation and fluorescence in situ hybridization detected hsa‐circ‐0107593 distribution. Lentivirus and siRNA were used to modulate the expression of hsa‐circ‐0107593, and the binding relationship between hsa‐circ‐0107593 and miR‐20a‐5p was verified by luciferase assay and RNA immunoprecipitation. We detected the osteogenic activity of hADSCs through alkaline phosphatase staining, alizarin red S staining, real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), western blot, and cellular immunofluorescence experiment. In vivo, micro‐computed tomography was performed to analyze bone formation around skull defect.

Results

RT‐PCR results exhibited that hsa‐circ‐0107593 was downregulated while miR‐20a‐5p was upregulated during hADSCs osteogenesis. In vivo and in vitro experiments results indicated that knocking down hsa‐circ‐0107593 promoted the osteogenic differentiation of hADSCs, while overexpression of hsa‐circ‐0107593 showed an inhibitory effect on hADSCs osteogenic differentiation. In vitro experiment results showed hsa‐circ‐0107593 acted as a hADSCs osteogenic differentiation negative factor for it inhibited the suppressing effect of miR‐20a‐5p on SMAD6.

Conclusion

Knocking down hsa‐circ‐0107593 acts as a positive factor of the osteogenic differentiation of hADSCs via miR‐20a‐5p/SMAD6 signaling.
Elevated expression of transforming acidic coiled‐coil‐containing protein 3 (TACC3) reflects aggressiveness of primary central nervous system lymphomas
Authors: Matsuda Kotaro , Sugita Yasuo , Furuta Takuya , Moritsubo Mayuko , Ohshima Koichi , Morioka Motohiro , Takahashi Kenji , Higaki Koichi , Kakita Akiyoshi
Published: August 2022

Transforming acidic coiled‐coil‐containing protein 3 (TACC3) plays an important role in centrosome/microtubule dynamics. Deregulation of centrosomes/microtubules causes mitotic spindle defects, leading to tumorigenesis. However, the correlation between TACC3 and primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSLs) is unknown. The present study investigated the association between the immunohistochemical expression of TACC3, p53, and Ki‐67, and the clinical factors in 40 PCNSLs. We evaluated the staining of TACC3 based on the histoscore (H‐score) that contains a semiquantitative evaluation of both the intensity of staining, and the percentage of positive cells. Expression level of each component was classified as low or high according to the median H‐score value. Patients with PCNSLs were divided into groups depending on TACC3 expression levels (no expression and low expression, 18; high expression, 22). Disease‐free survival and overall survival of patients with high TACC3 expression were significantly shorter (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). These results suggest that elevated expression of TACC3 could reflects aggressiveness of primary central nervous system lymphomas.
Discrete‐item inventory control involving unknown censored demand and convex inventory costs
Authors: Yang Jian , Shi Jim (Junmin)
Published: August 2022

We study inventory control involving lost sales and hence censored demand. In a long‐run average framework, the demand distribution is largely unknown. As long as the stationary inventory costs are strictly convex to the extent that the second lost item costs strictly more than the first one, the regret would be [Formula: see text]. Our discrete‐item setting has rendered the presence or absence of strong censoring indicators or equivalently, being knowledgeable or ignorant of one more demand request after the depletion of the inventory, a critical issue and any gradient‐based method designed for the continuous‐item case ineffective. We propose a policy that deliberately orders up to very high levels in designated learning periods and in the remaining doing periods, uses base‐stock levels tailored to near‐empirical distributions formed over the learning periods. A matching [Formula: see text] upper bound can be achieved by this policy. The results can hold even when items are nonperishable. Numerical experiments further illustrate the relative competitiveness of our separate learning‐doing policy.
Identification of xylan arabinosyl 2‐O‐xylosyltransferases catalyzing the addition of 2‐O‐xylosyl residue onto arabinosyl side chains of xylan in grass species
Authors: Zhong Ruiqin , Lee Chanhui , Cui Dongtao , Phillips Dennis R. , Adams Earle R. , Jeong Ho‐Young , Jung Ki‐Hong , Ye Zheng‐Hua
Published: August 2022

Grass xylan, the major hemicellulose in both primary and secondary cell walls, is heavily decorated with α‐1,3‐linked arabinofuranosyl (Araf) residues that may be further substituted at O‐2 with xylosyl (Xyl) or Araf residues. Although xylan 3‐O‐arabinosyltransferases (XATs) catalyzing 3‐O‐Araf addition onto xylan have been characterized, glycosyltransferases responsible for the transfer of 2‐O‐Xyl or 2‐O‐Araf onto 3‐O‐Araf residues of xylan to produce the Xyl‐Araf and Araf‐Araf disaccharide side chains remain to be identified. In this report, we showed that a rice GT61 member, named OsXAXT1 (xylan arabinosyl 2‐O‐xylosyltransferase 1) herein, was able to mediate the addition of Xyl‐Araf disaccharide side chains onto xylan when heterologously co‐expressed with OsXAT2 in the Arabidopsis gux1/2/3 (glucuronic acid substitution of xylan 1/2/3) triple mutant that lacks any glycosyl substitutions. Recombinant OsXAXT1 protein expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells exhibited a xylosyltransferase activity catalyzing the addition of Xyl from UDP‐Xyl onto arabinosylated xylooligomers. Consistent with its function as a xylan arabinosyl 2‐O‐xylosyltransferase, CRISPR‐Cas9‐mediated mutations of the OsXAXT1 gene in transgenic rice plants resulted in a reduction in the level of Xyl‐Araf disaccharide side chains in xylan. Furthermore, we revealed that XAXT1 close homologs from several other grass species, including switchgrass, maize, and Brachypodium, possessed the same functions as OsXAXT1, indicating functional conservation of XAXTs in grass species. Together, our findings establish that grass XAXTs are xylosyltransferases catalyzing Xyl transfer onto O‐2 of Araf residues of xylan to form the Xyl‐Araf disaccharide side chains, which furthers our understanding of genes involved in xylan biosynthesis.
Dedicated farnesyl diphosphate synthases circumvent isoprenoid‐derived growth‐defense tradeoffs in Zea mays
Authors: Tang Hoang V. , Berryman David L. , Mendoza Jorrel , Yactayo‐Chang Jessica P. , Li Qin‐Bao , Christensen Shawn A. , Hunter Charles T. , Best Norman , Soubeyrand Eric , Akhtar Tariq A. , Basset Gilles J. , Block Anna K.
Published: August 2022

Zea mays (maize) makes phytoalexins such as sesquiterpenoid zealexins, to combat invading pathogens. Zealexins are produced from farnesyl diphosphate in microgram per gram fresh weight quantities. As farnesyl diphosphate is also a precursor for many compounds essential for plant growth, the question arises as to how Z. mays produces high levels of zealexins without negatively affecting vital plant systems. To examine if specific pools of farnesyl diphosphate are made for zealexin synthesis we made CRISPR/Cas9 knockouts of each of the three farnesyl diphosphate synthases (FPS) in Z. mays and examined the resultant impacts on different farnesyl diphosphate‐derived metabolites. We found that FPS3 (GRMZM2G098569) produced most of the farnesyl diphosphate for zealexins, while FPS1 (GRMZM2G168681) made most of the farnesyl diphosphate for the vital respiratory co‐factor ubiquinone. Indeed, fps1 mutants had strong developmental phenotypes such as reduced stature and development of chlorosis. The replication and evolution of the fps gene family in Z. mays enabled it to produce dedicated FPSs for developmentally related ubiquinone production (FPS1) or defense‐related zealexin production (FPS3). This partitioning of farnesyl diphosphate production between growth and defense could contribute to the ability of Z. mays to produce high levels of phytoalexins without negatively impacting its growth.
New examples of non-Fourier–Mukai functors
Authors: Raedschelders Theo , Rizzardo Alice , Van den Bergh Michel
Published: August 2022

A celebrated result by Orlov states that any fully faithful exact functor between the bounded derived categories of coherent sheaves on smooth projective varieties is of geometric origin, i.e. it is a Fourier–Mukai functor. In this paper we prove that any smooth projective variety of dimension$\ge 3$equipped with a tilting bundle can serve as the source variety of a non-Fourier–Mukai functor between smooth projective schemes.
monumento al preso político desconocido de Max Bill como espacio de encuentro para una ciudad en transformación
Authors: Lozano González Rosario , Pemjean Muñoz Rodrigo , Martínez Arroyo Carmen
Published: August 2022

El artículo analiza el Monumento al Preso Político Desconocido que el arquitecto Max Bill propuso como respuesta al concurso internacional de escultura convocado en 1952 por el Institute of Contemporary Arts de Londres.
En la ciudad actual, sometida a cambios constantes, parece pertinente volver nuestros ojos a aquellos proyectos que han propuesto espacios de encuentro. Se ha perdido mucho con la pandemia. Las redes han tratado de ponernos en contacto, pero ha sido un intento vano, pues la pantalla es una barrera infranqueable, y hemos redescubierto la importancia de la ciudad como lugar para relacionarnos con los demás. Creemos que es oportuno estudiar el Monumento al Preso Político Desconocido por razones poéticas, pero muy especialmente por su condición de ser un espacio para los ciudadanos, un modelo origen para las relaciones sociales. El texto aquí desarrollado se basa en la documentación original, la reelaboración de nuevos planos y una bibliografía exhaustiva. El artículo se estructura en cinco apartados. En el primero, se reflexiona sobre la utilización de las matemáticas y la geometría para generar el proyecto; en el segundo, se estudia la mirada a través del monumento; en el tercero, se analiza la construcción de un proyecto que nunca fue materializado; en el cuarto, se estudian las reglas del sistema y sus variaciones; finalmente, en el quinto apartado, se examina el programa y se desarrolla un concepto: que el Monumento al Preso Político Desconocido no es solo una escultura si no que se transforma, gracias a la labor de Max Bill, en un espacio comunitario de encuentro.
En la ciudad actual, sometida a cambios constantes, parece pertinente volver nuestros ojos a aquellos proyectos que han propuesto espacios de encuentro. Se ha perdido mucho con la pandemia. Y nos hemos dado cuenta de que nuestra necesidad prioritaria se ha centrado en relacionarnos con los demás. Creemos que es oportuno estudiar el Monumento al Preso Político Desconocido por una obvia razón idealista y poética pero muy especialmente por su condición de ser un espacio para la ciudad y las personas. El texto se desarrolla sobre la base de la documentación original, la reelaboración de nuevos planos y una bibliografía exhaustiva. El artículo se estructura en cinco apartados. En el primero, se reflexiona sobre la utilización de las matemáticas y la geometría para generar el proyecto; en el segundo, se estudia la mirada a través del monumento; en el tercero, se analiza la construcción de un proyecto que nunca fue materializado; en el cuarto, se estudian las reglas del sistema y las posibles variaciones del mismo; finalmente, en el quinto y último apartado, se examina el programa y se desarrolla un concepto: que el Monumento al Preso Político desconocido no es solo una escultura si no que se transforma, gracias a la labor de Max Bill, en un espacio comunitario de encuentro.
Proceso de Formación de Agenda de la Renta Básica Monetaria en Colombia: Tendencias, Vacíos e Insinuaciones
Authors: Santander Abril Jairo Enrique
Published: August 2022

La crisis social y económica ocasionada por la pandemia del Covid-19 abrió una ventana de oportunidad para que el tema de la renta básica monetaria entrara con fuerza a discusión en la esfera pública colombiana, al punto de que en el Congreso de la República se presentaron cuatro proyectos de ley para hacerla realidad. Este artículo analiza, a partir del marco analítico de flujos múltiples, la evolución de la discusión en Colombia, identificando sus principales tendencias, sus vacíos con relación a la teoría de renta básica y hace una propuesta para la ampliación de la discusión. Lo que se evidencia es que la renta básica tiene un amplio consenso social, pero que la ventana de oportunidad haya sido una situación crítica limitó de forma severa la discusión. Esta se dio, principalmente, alrededor del programa Ingreso Solidario del gobierno y se centró en sus alcances, montos y costos fiscales; dejando a un lado dimensiones del tema que son considerados relevantes en la teoría de renta básica como lo son sus implicaciones en la justicia social y en combatir la desigualdad.
Modeling and Cycle Parameter Matching of a High-Speed Variable Cycle Turbofan-Ramjet Engine
Authors: Yao Yao , Zhang Xiao-Bo , Zhang Mingyang , Wang Zhanxue
Published: August 2022

Variable cycle turbofan-ramjet (VCTR) engine is a promising propulsion system candidate for future Mach 4+ vehicles. Compared with conventional turbine engines, the VCTR engine has a higher thrust-to-weight ratio, a smaller diameter and a more compact structure. A component-based simulation model is developed to explore the operating characteristics of a high-speed VCTR concept. Modeling methods of variable-geometry components are characterized in this paper, and then, the way to build the VCTR model solver is described. The VCTR engine simulation model is validated by the numerical and experimental results of double bypass (DB) variable cycle engines from NASA technical reports. Performance and control law of the VCTR engine along the flight trajectory with flight Mach number varying from 0.5 to 4.0 are obtained to maximize net thrust and compared with that of a conventional two-spool afterburning mixed-flow turbofan (MFTF). Results show that the VCTR's performance is highly dependent on the fan characteristics and limited by various operating constraints, such as fan surge margin, turbine inlet temperature, and compressor discharge temperature. In addition, the thrust level of the MFTF with the variable-area low-pressure turbine is close to the VCTR engine.
Forced Response System Identification of Full Aero-Engine Rotordynamic Systems for Prognostics and Diagnostics
Authors: Hur I. , Spakovszky Z. S.
Published: August 2022

A first-of-its-kind forced-response system identification approach is introduced to measure rotordynamic damping of shaft modes in a full gas turbine aero-engine. The approach involves forced-response modal analysis in which the rotordynamic system is excited with an external shaker, and engine modal characteristics are extracted from rotor shaft response signals. A reduced-order modeling framework capturing full-engine dynamics and coupling between rotor shafts and support static structure was developed and implemented in a Pratt & Whitney Canada PW615 Turbofan engine. The framework was used to guide the design of forced-response system identification experiments. The design study shows that two orthogonal shakers are required to excite both forward- and backward-whirling shaft modes and that excessive forcing amplitudes that produce whirl over 0.4 of journal eccentricity ratio can yield up to 12% lower response magnitudes due to nonlinear bearing characteristics. A statistical analysis of virtual experiments under real engine operating conditions demonstrates feasibility and robustness of the approach, measuring rotordynamic damping for key shaft modes with an uncertainty of up to 15%. General applicability of the approach with similar error levels is suggested for multispool multiframe aero-engine architectures. Guidelines for experimental setup, data acquisition, and processing are established for full-engine forced-response system identification experiments. The new capability shows promise in supporting aero-engine diagnostics and prognostics to improve the life cycle operation of commercial and military engines.
H
2 Performance Analysis of Tractors Traveling on Rough Terrain
Authors: Izumi Shinsaku , Hayashida Riku , Xin Xin
Published: August 2022

This article considers tractors traveling on rough terrain and studies the effects of the road surfaces on their behavior. Clarifying these effects is useful for their stable traveling on rough terrain, which contributes to the automation of tractors. We select the H2 norm as a performance index to quantify the behavior of tractors and attempt to analyze the norm of a system corresponding to a tractor traveling on rough terrain. To improve the accuracy of the analysis, we modify the system by focusing on the relationship between the H2 norm, white noise, and the characteristics of the road surface. Subsequently, the H2 norm of the resulting system is derived as a function of the parameters, including the road roughness. Numerical examples demonstrate that the analysis result based on the modified system accurately captures the behavior of the tractor compared with the result based on the original system.
The complete mitochondrial genome of Pyemotes zhonghuajia (Acari: Pyemotidae)
Authors: Liu Jianfeng , Ye Shuai , Zhang Hai-Yan , Song Yan-Fei , Yang Mao-Fa , Li Li-Tao , Yu Li-Chen
Published: August 2022

Pyemotes zhonghuajia (Acari: Pyemotidae) has paralyzing and lethal effects on a variety of important agricultural and forestry pests in Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera pests. A single P. zhonghuajia mite can paralyze and kill a host 680,000 times its own weight within 3 hours. However, although it is an efficient and broad-spectrum natural enemy that is unique to China, its mitochondrial genome is still unknown. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of P. zhonghuajia was sequenced and annotated. It consists of two circular genomes. The complete mitogenome of P. zhonghuajia is 14,772 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and two control regions. The phylogenetic tree of 29 species suggests that P. zhonghuajia belongs to Eleutherengona.
Generalized proofs of the first law of entanglement entropy
Authors: Taylor Marika , Too Linus
Published: August 2022

In this paper, we develop generalized proofs of the holographic first law of entanglement entropy using holographic renormalization. These proofs establish the holographic first law for non-normalizable variations of the bulk metric; hence, relaxing the boundary conditions imposed on variations in earlier works. Boundary and counterterm contributions to conserved charges computed via covariant phase space analysis have been explored previously. Here, we discuss in detail how counterterm contributions are treated in the covariant phase approach to proving the first law. Our methodology would be applicable to generalizing other holographic information analyses to wider classes of gravitational backgrounds.
Neural network for multi-exponential sound energy decay analysis
Authors: Götz Georg , Falcón Pérez Ricardo , Schlecht Sebastian J. , Pulkki Ville
Published: August 2022

An established model for sound energy decay functions (EDFs) is the superposition of multiple exponentials and a noise term. This work proposes a neural-network-based approach for estimating the model parameters from EDFs. The network is trained on synthetic EDFs and evaluated on two large datasets of over 20 000 EDF measurements conducted in various acoustic environments. The evaluation shows that the proposed neural network architecture robustly estimates the model parameters from large datasets of measured EDFs while being lightweight and computationally efficient. An implementation of the proposed neural network is publicly available.
Experimental measurements of a prototype vibraphone bar with three-dimensional cutaway geometry
Authors: Beaton Douglas , Scavone Gary
Published: August 2022

This article discusses the fabrication and testing of two prototype vibraphone bars. Bar cutaway shapes vary along both the length and width of the bar, whereas previous examples in the literature vary only along the length. Bar shapes were designed using a method, previously published by the authors, that tunes both flexural and torsional modes. Fabrication issues prevented the first prototype from achieving its desired geometry. These issues were resolved in the second prototype, which accurately reflects its designed geometry and produces modal frequencies that agree well with design targets.
Environmental Protection in Nature-Based Sport Events: The Case of Olympus Marathon
Authors: Triantafyllidis Stavros , Kaplanidou Kyriaki
Published: August 2022

Mountain running events have increased, making efforts toward a more environmentally sustainable organized context. This case study examines the environmental orientation and the carbon offsetting behavioral intentions among participants of the Olympus Marathon, the annual mountain running event in Mount Olympus, Greece. The organizers of Olympus Marathon are interested in developing an environmentally friendlier approach to the event by implementing a new pro-environmental plan which targets the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions generated by their consumers’ (runners) travel behaviors. This case study provides students the opportunity to (a) analyze mountain runners’ environmental orientation to justify the implementation of pro-environmental practices in nature-based sport events, (b) investigate mountain runners’ voluntary carbon offsetting behavioral intentions, and (c) develop effective a voluntary carbon offsetting emission marketing plan to support pro-environmental actions in sport events.
Immediate Effects of Manipulating Footwear or Cadence on the Lower Limb Biomechanics of Female Masters Runners
Authors: Esculier Jean-Francois , Charlton Jesse M. , Krowchuk Natasha M. , De Pieri Julia , Hunt Michael A.
Published: August 2022

The objective of this study was to compare the immediate effects of modifications to footwear or cadence on lower limb biomechanics of female Masters runners. After analyzing habitual treadmill running biomechanics in 20 female runners (52.4 [8.3] y), we assessed the effects of 5 conditions: (1) barefoot running, (2) Merrell Vapor Glove, (3) Merrell Bare Access, (4) Brooks Pure Flow, and (5) increasing cadence by 10%. In comparison with habitual biomechanics, greater vertical loading rates of the ground reaction force were observed during running barefoot or with a Merrell Vapor Glove or Bare Access. There was high variability among participants as to changes in foot kinematics during the conditions. Running barefoot (−26.0%) and with a Merrell Vapor Glove (−12.5%) reduced sagittal plane knee moments, but increased sagittal plane ankle moments (both 6.1%). Increasing cadence by 10% resulted in a more modest decrease in knee flexion moments (−7.7%) without increasing peak external ankle dorsiflexion moments. When asked if they would prefer minimalist shoes or increasing cadence, 11 participants (55%) chose cadence and 9 (45%) chose footwear. Minimalist footwear decreased sagittal knee moments, but increased vertical loading rate and sagittal ankle moments. Increasing cadence may be useful to lower sagittal knee moments without increasing ankle moments.
Association of Cycling Kinematics With Anterior Knee Pain in Mountain Bike Cyclists
Authors: Branco Guilherme R. , Resende Renan A. , Carpes Felipe P. , Mendonça Luciana D.
Published: August 2022

Context: Comfort and pain in cyclists are often discussed as a result of the posture on the bike, and bike fit, including motion analysis, is advocated as a strategy to minimize these conditions. The relationship between cycling kinematics, comfort, and pain is still debatable. Objectives: To investigate the association of ankle, knee, and trunk kinematics with the occurrence of anterior knee pain (AKP) in mountain bike cyclists. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Fifty cross-country mountain bike cyclists (26 with AKP and 24 without AKP) had their pedaling kinematics assessed. Linear and angular data from trunk, hip, knee, ankle, and foot from cyclists with and without AKP were recorded using Retül motion analysis system. Results: The binary logistic regression model showed that kinematic variables such as peak ankle plantar flexion, peak knee flexion, and forward trunk lean were significant predictors of AKP. Both larger peak plantar flexion and knee flexion decreased the probability of reporting AKP. On the other hand, larger forward trunk lean increased the probability of reporting AKP. Conclusions: Ankle, knee, and trunk sagittal kinematics may predict AKP in cross-country mountain bike cyclists, whereas hip, knee, and ankle alignment in the frontal plane showed no association with occurrence of AKP. In other words, cyclists with larger ankle plantar flexion and knee flexion are less likely to have AKP, whereas those with increased trunk forward lean are more likely to have AKP.
A molecularly defined D1 medium spiny neuron subtype negatively regulates cocaine addiction
Authors: Zhao Zheng-dong , Han Xiao , Chen Renchao , Liu Yiqiong , Bhattacherjee Aritra , Chen Wenqiang , Zhang Yi
Published: August 2022

The striatum plays a critical role in regulating addiction-related behaviors. The conventional dichotomy model suggests that striatal D1/D2 medium spiny neurons (MSNs) positively/negatively regulate addiction-related behaviors. However, this model does not account for the neuronal heterogeneity and functional diversity of the striatum, and whether MSN subtypes beyond the pan-D1/D2 populations play distinct roles in drug addiction remains unknown. We characterized the role of a
tachykinin 2
–expressing D1 MSN subtype (

Tac2
+

), present in both rodent and primate striatum, using cocaine addiction mouse models. We found that acute cocaine administration reduces
Tac2
neuronal activity, and cocaine conditioning alters neuronal response related to cocaine reward contextual associations. In addition, activation/inhibition of

Tac2
+

neurons attenuates/promotes cocaine-induced conditioned place preference and cocaine intravenous self-administration. Furthermore, stimulation of the NAc-to-lateral hypothalamic projection of

Tac2
+

neurons suppresses cocaine reward behavior. Our study reveals an unconventional negative regulatory function of D1 MSNs in drug addiction that operates in a subtype- and projection-specific manner.
Protein diffusion in
Escherichia coli
cytoplasm scales with the mass of the complexes and is location dependent
Authors: Śmigiel Wojciech M. , Mantovanelli Luca , Linnik Dmitrii S. , Punter Michiel , Silberberg Jakob , Xiang Limin , Xu Ke , Poolman Bert
Published: August 2022

We analyze the structure of the cytoplasm by performing single-molecule displacement mapping on a diverse set of native cytoplasmic proteins in exponentially growing
Escherichia coli
. We evaluate the method for application in small compartments and find that confining effects of the cell membrane affect the diffusion maps. Our analysis reveals that protein diffusion at the poles is consistently slower than in the center of the cell, i.e., to an extent greater than the confining effect of the cell membrane. We also show that the diffusion coefficient scales with the mass of the used probes, taking into account the oligomeric state of the proteins, while parameters such as native protein abundance or the number of protein-protein interactions do not correlate with the mobility of the proteins. We argue that our data paint the prokaryotic cytoplasm as a compartment with subdomains in which the diffusion of macromolecules changes with the perceived viscosity.
The wound-activated ERF15 transcription factor drives
Marchantia polymorpha
regeneration by activating an oxylipin biosynthesis feedback loop
Authors: Liang Yuanke , Heyman Jefri , Xiang Yanli , Vandendriessche Wiske , Canher Balkan , Goeminne Geert , De Veylder Lieven
Published: August 2022

The regenerative potential in response to wounding varies widely among species. Within the plant lineage, the liverwort
Marchantia polymorpha
displays an extraordinary regeneration capacity. However, its molecular pathways controlling the initial regeneration response are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the Mp
ERF15
transcription factor gene is instantly activated after wounding and is essential for gemmaling regeneration following tissue incision. MpERF15 operates both upstream and downstream of the MpCOI1 oxylipin receptor by controlling the expression of oxylipin biosynthesis genes. The resulting rise in the oxylipin dinor-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (dn-OPDA) levels results in an increase in gemma cell number and apical notch organogenesis, generating highly disorganized and compact thalli. Our data pinpoint Mp
ERF15
as a key factor activating an oxylipin biosynthesis amplification loop after wounding, which eventually results in reactivation of cell division and regeneration. We suggest that the genetic networks controlling oxylipin biosynthesis in response to wounding might have been reshuffled over evolution.
Dynamic response of high-entropy alloys to ballistic impact
Authors: Tang Yunqing , Li D. Y.
Published: August 2022

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are promising to provide effective antiballistic capability because of their superior mechanical properties. However, the twinning-active Cantor alloy is found less ballistic resistant, compared with its Mn-free companion. It is unclear how the HEAs resist ballistic impact and why Mn does not benefit the ballistic resistance. Here, we used molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the ballistic resistances of CrMnFeCoNi and CrFeCoNi and elucidate underlying mechanisms. It is shown that the alloys’ ballistic resistances dominantly benefit from active dislocations generated at higher strain rates. Stronger atomic bonding and higher dislocation densities make the CrFeCoNi easier to be strain hardened with elevated toughness to resist high-speed deformation, while weaker atomic bonding and easier occurrence of dislocation tangling make CrMnFeCoNi less resistant to failure under ballistic impact. This work helps better understand the antiballistic behavior of HEAs and guide the design of armor and energy-absorption materials.
Immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, and increased risk of B cell malignancy in humans with
TRAF3
mutations
Authors: Rae William , Sowerby John M. , Verhoeven Dorit , Youssef Mariam , Kotagiri Prasanti , Savinykh Natalia , Coomber Eve L. , Boneparth Alexis , Chan Angela , Gong Chun , Jansen Machiel H. , du Long Romy , Santilli Giorgia , Simeoni Ilenia , Stephens Jonathan , Wu Kejia , Zinicola Marta , Allen Hana Lango , Baxendale Helen , Kumararatne Dinakantha , Gkrania-Klotsas Effrossyni , Scheffler Mendoza Selma C. , Yamazaki-Nakashimada Marco Antonio , Ruiz Laura Berrón , Rojas-Maruri Cesar Mauricio , Lugo Reyes Saul O. , Lyons Paul A. , Williams Anthony P. , Hodson Daniel J. , Bishop Gail A. , Thrasher Adrian J. , Thomas David C. , Murphy Michael P. , Vyse Timothy J. , Milner Joshua D. , Kuijpers Taco W. , Smith Kenneth G. C.
Published: August 2022

Tumor necrosis factor receptor–associated factor 3 (TRAF3) is a central regulator of immunity. TRAF3 is often somatically mutated in B cell malignancies, but its role in human immunity is not defined. Here, in five unrelated families, we describe an immune dysregulation syndrome of recurrent bacterial infections, autoimmunity, systemic inflammation, B cell lymphoproliferation, and hypergammaglobulinemia. Affected individuals each had monoallelic mutations in
TRAF3
that reduced TRAF3 expression. Immunophenotyping showed that patients’ B cells were dysregulated, exhibiting increased nuclear factor-κB 2 activation, elevated mitochondrial respiration, and heightened inflammatory responses. Patients had mild CD4
+
T cell lymphopenia, with a reduced proportion of naïve T cells but increased regulatory T cells and circulating T follicular helper cells. Guided by this clinical phenotype, targeted analyses demonstrated that common genetic variants, which also reduce
TRAF3
expression, are associated with an increased risk of B cell malignancies, systemic lupus erythematosus, higher immunoglobulin levels, and bacterial infections in the wider population. Reduced TRAF3 conveys disease risks by driving B cell hyperactivity via intrinsic activation of multiple intracellular proinflammatory pathways and increased mitochondrial respiration, with a likely contribution from dysregulated T cell help. Thus, we define monogenic
TRAF3
haploinsufficiency syndrome and demonstrate how common
TRAF3
variants affect a range of human diseases.