bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Amazonian peatlands: an ignored C sink and potential source
Authors: LÄHTEENOJA OUTI , RUOKOLAINEN KALLE , SCHULMAN LEIF , OINONEN MARKKU
Published: March 2009

In tropical lowlands, peatlands are commonly reported from Southeast Asia, and especially Indonesian tropical peatlands are known as considerable C sinks and sources. In contrast, Amazonia has been clearly understudied in this context. In this study, based on field observations from 17 wetland sites in Peruvian lowland Amazonia, we report 0–5.9 m thick peat deposits from 16 sites. Only one of the studied sites did not contain any kind of peat deposit (considering pure peat and clayey peat). Historic yearly peat and C accumulation rates, based on radiocarbon dating of peat samples from five sites, varied from 0.94 ± 0.99 to 4.88 ± 1.65 mm, and from 26 ± 3 to 195 ± 70 g C m−2, respectively. The long‐term apparent peat and C accumulation rates varied from 1.69 ± 0.03 to 2.56 ± 0.12 mm yr−1, and from 39 ± 10 to 85 ± 30 g C m−2 yr−1, respectively. These accumulation rates are comparable to those determined in the Indonesian tropical peatlands. Under altered conditions, Indonesian peatlands can release globally relevant amounts of C to the atmosphere. Considering the estimated total area of Amazonian peatlands (150 000 km2) close to that of the Indonesian ones (200 728 km2) as well as several factors threatening the Amazonian peatlands, we suggest that the total C stocks and fluxes associated with Amazonian peatlands may be of global significance.
Chronic hypothyroidism only marginally affects adult‐type Leydig cell regeneration after EDS administration
Authors: Rijntjes Eddy , van Kesteren‐Buiting Anita , Keijer Jaap , Teerds Katja J.
Published: March 2009

Chronic prenatally induced dietary hypothyroidism delays adult‐type Leydig cell development, but does not block this process. Using a chemical model to induce hypothyroidism, it was suggested that development of a new population of Leydig cells was completely inhibited following the addition of the cytotoxic compound ethane‐1,2‐dimethyl sulphonate (EDS). In this study, we used a dietary approach to induce hypothyroidism and reinvestigated the regeneration of the Leydig cell population following EDS administration. Eighty‐four day old euthyroid and chronically hypothyroid rats received an injection of EDS and were killed directly before or at regular intervals up to 77 days after EDS. In some control and hypothyroid animals, the first progenitor‐type Leydig cells were observed at day 12 after EDS. At day 16, Leydig cell progenitors were present in all rats. The percentage of proliferating Leydig cells peaked in the euthyroid animals at day 21 after EDS. In the hypothyroid testis such a peak was not observed, although the percentage of proliferating regenerating Leydig cells was significantly higher from days 35 to 56 compared with the controls. This suggested that the wave of Leydig cell proliferation was delayed in the hypothyroid animals as compared with the euthyroid controls. On the day of EDS injection, the Leydig/Sertoli cell ratio was 37% lower in the hypothyroid rats compared with the controls. The Leydig/Sertoli cell ratio remained lower in the EDS‐treated hypothyroid animals compared with the controls at all time points investigated. At day 77 after EDS, the Leydig cell population had returned to its pre‐treatment size in both groups. Plasma testosterone production was reduced to below detectable levels immediately after EDS injection, and started to increase again on day 16, reaching pre‐treatment values on day 21 in both groups. Taken together, severely reduced thyroid hormone levels did not block the regeneration of the adult‐type Leydig cell population following EDS, as has been suggested previously.
Secondary bacterial infection in plasma endotoxin levels and the acute‐phase response of mice infected withTrypanosoma brucei brucei
Authors: NGURE R. , BURKE J. , ECKERSALL P. D. , JENNINGS F. W. , MBAI F. N. , MURRAY M.
Published: March 2009

MurineTrypanosoma brucei bruceiinfection leads to elevated plasma endotoxin‐like activity levels not related to parasitaemia levels accompanied by the development of acute‐phase response and increased plasma levels of serum amyloid P (SAP) and haptoglobin (Hp). To determine the source of the endotoxin‐like activity and role of secondary bacterial infection in the pathogenesis of trypanosomosis, infected mice were treated with the antibiotic ciprofloxacin. Plasma endotoxin‐like activity levels, irrespective of treatment, were elevated three‐ to fourfold, beginning 7 days after infection. Plasma protein concentrations increased markedly following infection from 7 days after infection (DAI). Peak Hp and SAP concentrations in ciprofloxacin‐treated and ‐untreated infected mice were attained 7 and 14 DAI, respectively. Thereafter, both protein levels gradually declined until the end of the experiment, but Hp levels for non‐treated mice declined up to 21 DAI and thereafter significantly increased on 28 and 35 DAI. Whole‐trypanosome lysate and the membrane‐enriched fraction demonstrated endotoxin‐like activity, with the former having higher levels. The results suggest that the endotoxin‐like activity in trypanosome fractions and plasma of infected mice is due to the trypanosome. Further elevation of haptoglobin during the late stages of infection in non‐treated mice suggests the involvement of secondary bacterial infection.
Molecular phylogeny of Iberian Fordini (Aphididae: Eriosomatinae): implications for the taxonomy of genera Forda and Paracletus
Authors: ORTIZ‐RIVAS BENJAMÍN , MARTÍNEZ‐TORRES DAVID , PÉREZ HIDALGO NICOLÁS
Published: March 2009

Abstract Mediterranean representatives of the galling aphid tribe Fordini (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Eriosomatinae) are usually grouped under the subtribe term Fordina. Aphids within Fordina display two‐year life cycles, alternating between Pistacia shrubs, where they induce conspicuous galls, and roots of Poaceae species. The high number of morphs present in a given species, the lack of knowledge of the complete cycle in some species, and the similarity between homologous morphs observed in different species pose many taxonomic problems in this group. We present results of a survey to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships among Fordini species present in the Iberian Peninsula and the Canary Islands. Sequences from the nuclear long‐wavelength opsin (LWO) and translation elongation factor 1α (EF‐1α) genes and from a region of the mitochondrial DNA containing the genes encoding the subunits six and eight of the F‐ATPase were used to infer relationships among 10 Fordina species, namely Smynthurodes betae, Aploneura lentisci, Baizongia pistaciae, two Geoica species (G. utricularia and G. setulosa), three species of Forda and two of Paracletus. Relationships between and within representatives of the genera Forda and Paracletus, both exemplifying taxonomic and ecological problems, were investigated in greater depth through extensive sampling and morphometric analysis. A total of eight, six and six samples from F. formicaria, F. marginata and F. riccobonii, respectively, were included in the survey, along with 40 and 4 samples classified initially as P. cimiciformis and P. donisthorpei, respectively. Our results are relevant to current studies on the evolution of host selection by aphids and on the evolution of gall morphology. Our phylogeny suggests that the group can be divided into two main clades. One clade is composed of aphids inducing small, low‐capacity galls on either P. atlantica or P. terebinthus (Smynthurodes betae and genera Forda and Paracletus). The second clade is composed of species inducing larger galls on P. lentiscus and P. terebinthus (Aploneura lentisci, Baizongia pistaciae and Geoica species). Our results suggest that revision of diagnostic characters used in the taxonomy of Paracletus is needed, and suggest Forda rotunda as a new synonym of Paracletus cimiciformissyn.n.
Dual functions of Nicotiana benthamiana Rae1 in interphase and mitosis
Authors: Lee Jae‐Yong , Lee Ho‐Seok , Wi Soo‐Jin , Park Ky Young , Schmit Anne‐Catherine , Pai Hyun‐Sook
Published: March 2009

Rae1 performs multiple functions in animal systems, acting in interphase as an mRNA export factor and during mitosis as a mitotic checkpoint and spindle assembly regulator. In this study we characterized multiple functions of Rae1 in plants. Virus‐induced gene silencing of Nicotiana benthamiana Rae1, NbRae1, which encodes a protein with four WD40 repeats, resulted in growth arrest and abnormal leaf development. NbRae1 was mainly associated with the nuclear envelope during interphase, and NbRae1 deficiency caused accumulation of poly(A) RNA in the nuclei of leaf cells, suggesting defective mRNA export. In the shoot apex, depletion of NbRae1 led to reduced mitotic activities, accompanied by reduced cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK) activity and decreased expression of cyclin B1, CDKB1‐1, and histones H3 and H4. The secondary growth of stem vasculature was also inhibited, indicating reduced cambial activities. Differentiated leaf cells of NbRae1‐silenced plants exhibited elevated ploidy levels. Immunolabeling in BY‐2 cells showed that NbRae1 protein localized to mitotic microtubules and the cell plate‐forming zone during mitosis, and recombinant NbRae1 directly bound to microtubules in vitro. Inhibition of NbRae1 expression in BY‐2 cells using a β‐estradiol‐inducible RNAi system resulted in severe defects in spindle organization and chromosome alignment and segregation, which correlated with delays in cell cycle progression. Together, these results suggest that NbRae1 plays a dual role in mRNA export in interphase and in spindle assembly in mitosis.
Mutation of the rice gene PAIR3 results in lack of bivalent formation in meiosis
Authors: Yuan Wenya , Li Xingwang , Chang Yuxiao , Wen Ruoyu , Chen Guoxing , Zhang Qifa , Wu Changyin
Published: March 2009

Meiosis is essential for eukaryotic sexual reproduction and important for genetic diversity among individuals. Although a number of genes regulating homologous chromosome pairing and synapsis have been identified in the plant kingdom, their molecular basis remains poorly understood. In this study, we identified a novel gene, PAIR3 (HOMOLOGOUS PAIRING ABERRATION IN RICE MEIOSIS 3), required for homologous chromosome pairing and synapsis in rice. Two independent alleles, designated pair3‐1 and pair3‐2, were identified in our T‐DNA insertional mutant library which could not form bivalents due to failure of homologous chromosome pairing and synapsis at diakinesis, resulting in sterility in both male and female gametes. Suppression of PAIR3 by RNAi produced similar results to the T‐DNA insertion lines. PAIR3 encodes a protein that contains putative coiled‐coil motifs, but does not have any close homologs in other organisms. PAIR3 is preferentially expressed in reproductive organs, especially in pollen mother cells and the ovule tissues during meiosis. Our results suggest that PAIR3 plays a crucial role in homologous chromosome pairing and synapsis in meiosis.
Effect of gelling agent on colony formation in solid cultivation of microbial community in lake sediment
Authors: Tamaki Hideyuki , Hanada Satoshi , Sekiguchi Yuji , Tanaka Yasuhiro , Kamagata Yoichi
Published: March 2009

Since Robert Koch and colleagues found agar to be an effective gelling agent over a century ago, the pure culture method using agar plates has long been a standard of microbiology. Agar is undoubtedly easy to handle and useful for culture of microorganisms, but recent discovery of the ubiquity of microorganisms that cannot be cultured on agar raises a question: is agar really the best agent? In this study, we investigated the effect of two gelling agents, agar and gellan gum, on colony formation of a diverse array of microorganisms (total 108 strains) newly isolated from freshwater sediments and a representative microorganism as a slow grower on agar medium, Gemmatimonas aurantiaca, to clarify (i) whether they can grow on both agar and gellan gum plates, and (ii) the difference in time required for colony formation between the two gelling agents. Interestingly, 22 of 108 isolates showed no ability to form any visible colonies on the agar medium but did so on the gellan gum medium, and showed low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to their closest species. The remaining 86 isolates grew on both agar and gellan gum, but 52 of them grew much faster on gellan gum than on agar. Moreover, gellan gum also significantly stimulated the colony formation of the representative slow‐growing microorganism G. aurantiaca. Our results demonstrate that the gelling agent is a crucial factor for the growth of bacteria on plate media, and that alternatives to agar will be very important for increasing the culturability of yet‐to‐be cultured microorganisms.
Investigation of quality of life and family burden issues during insulin pump therapy in children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus—a large‐scale multicentre pilot study1
Authors: Müller‐Godeffroy E. , Treichel S. , Wagner V. M. ,   on behalf of the German Working Group for Paediatric Pump Therapy
Published: March 2009

Aims  To investigate psychosocial aspects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy in children with Type 1 diabetes and to identify relevant and sensitive measures.

Methods  We performed a multi‐centre prospective pre‐/post‐study with children (53 girls, 64 boys, age 10.5 ± 3.7 years, mean ± sd) with Type 1 diabetes and their main carer from 18 German diabetic centres. Twenty‐five children aged 8–11 years and 63 adolescents aged 12–16 years and their parents, plus 29 parents of children aged 4–7 years completed standardized questionnaires on generic and diabetes‐specific quality of life (QOL), generic parenting stress, mealtime behaviour, fear of hypoglycaemia and family conflict immediately before and 6 months after transition to CSII.

Results  After transition to CSII, diabetes‐specific QOL of children increased significantly (P < 0.001) in all age groups, with moderate to large effect sizes (children aged 4–7 years: Cohen’s effect sized = 1.3; 8–11 years: d = 0.9, adolescents 12–16 years: d = 0.6). Parents reported reduced frequency (P < 0.01, d = 0.4–0.7) and difficulty (P < 0.01, d = 0.3–0.6) of overall parenting stress and decreased worries about hypoglycaemia (P < 0.01, d = 0.4–0.6). Parents of younger children (4–7 years) reported reduced problems with nutrition management (frequency: P < 0.001, d = 1.1; difficulty: P < 0.05, d = 0.7).

Conclusions  CSII may have substantial psychosocial benefits. Controlled studies are needed.
Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 4 selectively modulates both glutamate and GABA transmission in the striatum: implications for Parkinson’s disease treatment
Authors: Cuomo Dario , Martella Giuseppina , Barabino Emanuela , Platania Paola , Vita Daniela , Madeo Graziella , Selvam Chelliah , Goudet Cyril , Oueslati Nadia , Pin Jean‐Philippe , Acher Francine , Pisani Antonio , Beurrier Corinne , Melon Christophe , Kerkerian‐Le Goff Lydia , Gubellini Paolo
Published: March 2009

Alterations of striatal synaptic transmission have been associated with several motor disorders involving the basal ganglia, such as Parkinson’s disease. For this reason, we investigated the role of group‐III metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors in regulating synaptic transmission in the striatum by electrophysiological recordings and by using our novel orthosteric agonist (3S)‐3‐[(3‐amino‐3‐carboxypropyl(hydroxy)phosphinyl)‐hydroxymethyl]‐5‐nitrothiophene (LSP1‐3081) andl‐2‐amino‐4‐phosphonobutanoate (L‐AP4). Here, we show that both drugs dose‐dependently reduced glutamate‐ and GABA‐mediated post‐synaptic potentials, and increased the paired‐pulse ratio. Moreover, they decreased the frequency, but not the amplitude, of glutamate and GABA spontaneous and miniature post‐synaptic currents. Their inhibitory effect was abolished by (RS)‐α‐cyclopropyl‐4‐phosphonophenylglycine and was lost in slices from mGlu4 knock‐out mice. Furthermore, (S)‐3,4‐dicarboxyphenylglycine did not affect glutamate and GABA transmission. Finally, intrastriatal LSP1‐3081 or L‐AP4 injection improved akinesia measured by the cylinder test. These results demonstrate that mGlu4 receptor selectively modulates striatal glutamate and GABA synaptic transmission, suggesting that it could represent an interesting target for selective pharmacological intervention in movement disorders involving basal ganglia circuitry.
A role for TREM2 ligands in the phagocytosis of apoptotic neuronal cells by microglia
Authors: Hsieh Christine L. , Koike Maya , Spusta Steve C. , Niemi Erene C. , Yenari Midori , Nakamura Mary C. , Seaman William E.
Published: March 2009

Following neuronal injury, microglia initiate repair by phagocytosing dead neurons without eliciting inflammation. Prior evidence indicates triggering receptor expressed by myeloid cells‐2 (TREM2) promotes phagocytosis and retards inflammation. However, evidence that microglia and neurons directly interact through TREM2 to orchestrate microglial function is lacking. We here demonstrate that TREM2 interacts with endogenous ligands on neurons. Staining with TREM2‐Fc identified TREM2 ligands (TREM2‐L) on Neuro2A cells and on cultured cortical and dopamine neurons. Apoptosis greatly increased the expression of TREM2‐L. Furthermore, apoptotic neurons stimulated TREM2 signaling, and an anti‐TREM2 mAb blocked stimulation. To examine the interaction between TREM2 and TREM2‐L in phagocytosis, we studied BV2 microglial cells and their engulfment of apoptotic Neuro2A. One of our anti‐TREM2 mAb, but not others, reduced engulfment, suggesting the presence of a functional site on TREM2 interacting with neurons. Further, Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with TREM2 conferred phagocytic activity of neuronal cells demonstrating that TREM2 is both required and sufficient for competent uptake of apoptotic neuronal cells. Finally, while TREM2‐L are expressed on neurons, TREM2 is not; in the brain, it is found on microglia. TREM2 and TREM2‐L form a receptor–ligand pair connecting microglia with apoptotic neurons, directing removal of damaged cells to allow repair.
Vascular calcification and secondary hyperparathyroidism of severe chronic kidney disease and its relation to serum phosphate and calcium levels
Authors: Terai K , Nara H , Takakura K , Mizukami K , Sanagi M , Fukushima S , Fujimori A , Itoh H , Okada M
Published: March 2009

Background and purpose:  Various complications consequent on disordered calcium and phosphate homeostasis occur frequently in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Particularly, vascular calcification has high morbidity and mortality rates. There is a clear need for a better CKD model to examine various aspects of this disordered homeostasis.

Experimental approach:  Oral dosing with adenine induced CKD in rats in only 10 days. Serum calcium, phosphate and parathyroid hormone were measured and calcification in aorta was assessed histologically. The effects of varying phosphorus content of diet or treatment with phosphate binders or active vitamin D3 on these parameters were examined.

Key results:  After adenine dosing, significant hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism (2HPT) were observed during the experimental period of 15 weeks. Aortic calcification was detected in only some of the animals even at 15 weeks (∼40%). Treatment with vitamin D3 for 18 days, even at a low dose (100 ng·kg−1, 3–4 times week−1, p.o), caused aortic calcification in all animals and increases in serum calcium levels up to the normal range. The vitamin D3‐induced calcification was significantly inhibited by phosphate binders which lowered serum phosphate levels and the calcium × phosphate product, although serum calcium levels were elevated.

Conclusions:  These data suggest that rats dosed orally with adenine provide a more useful model for analysing calcium/phosphate homeostasis in severe CKD. Controlling serum calcium/phosphate levels with phosphate binders may be better than vitamin D3 treatment in hyperphosphatemia and 2HPT, to avoid vascular calcification.
Docetaxel‐induced peripheral neuropathy: protective effects of dihydroprogesterone and progesterone in an experimental model
Authors: Roglio Ilaria , Bianchi Roberto , Camozzi Francesca , Carozzi Valentina , Cervellini Ilaria , Crippa Donatella , Lauria Giuseppe , Cavaletti Guido , Melcangi Roberto C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract  Peripheral neurotoxicity is a frequent complication limiting docetaxel chemotherapy in patients with cancer. We developed an experimental model that closely mimics the course of neuropathy in patients, aiming to investigate both the mechanisms of neurotoxicity at biochemical, functional and morphological levels and the potential neuroprotective role of neuroactive steroids. We demonstrated that treatment with dihydroprogesterone (DHP) or progesterone (P) counteracts docetaxel‐induced neuropathy, preventing nerve conduction and thermal threshold changes, and degeneration of skin nerves in the foodpad. Neuroactive steroids also counteract the changes in gene expression of several myelin proteins and calcitonin gene‐related peptide induced by docetaxel in sciatic nerve and lumbar spinal cord, respectively. Most nerve abnormalities observed during the treatment with docetaxel spontaneously recovered after drug withdrawal, similarly to what occurs in patients. However, results of midterm follow‐up experiments indicated that animals cotreated with DHP or P have a faster recovery of the neuropathy compared with docetaxel‐treated rats. Our study confirmed that neuroactive steroids exert a protective effect on peripheral nerves at different levels, suggesting that they might represent a new therapeutic frontier for patients with chemotherapy‐induced neuropathy.
Use of a Custom‐Designed Adapter to Manage ICD Lead Fracture
Authors: SCHLIAMSER JORGE E. , SALEEM MOEEN A. , GOLDBERGER JEFFREY J.
Published: March 2009

We report the case of a 72‐year‐old patient with ischemic cardiomyopathy who was found to have a lead fracture in the RV coil DF‐1 connector of an integrated bipolar implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) lead system at the time of upgrade to a biventricular ICD. Due to the redundant connection of the RV coil to the DF‐1 connector and the ring on the IS‐1 connector, a custom‐designed adapter was used to exclude the site of fracture. This novel solution spared the patient the potential risks of lead extraction or abandoning the fractured ICD lead. In this way, pacing and defibrillating capabilities were fully restored, providing the patient 6 years of optimal device functioning.
THE EFFECT OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT ON STRESSED AND UNSTRESSED GRAPHITE/EPOXY COMPOSITES
Authors: MACANDER ALEKSANDER , SILVERGLEIT MAURICE
Published: March 2009

Three types of graphtte/epoxy composite materials were subjected to stressed (static and fatigue) and unstressed prolonged immersion in tap and synthetic seawater. One material consisted of a Iaminate comprising undirectlonally oriented high tensile strength graphite “prepreg” tape, the second material consisted of a combination high tensile strength and ultra high modulus “prepreg” tapes oriented In a [0/ ± 45] pattern, and the third comprised a high tensile strength “prepreg” woven fabric laminate. The data developed show the effects of a marine environment on the interlaminar shear and flexural properties of the composites.
TECHNICAL BASIS FOR ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS FOR WELD DISCONTINUITIES
Authors: WILL WILLIAM
Published: March 2009

A framework for developing a technical basis for formulating structural integrity acceptance standards for discontinuities in naval ship welded structures is presented. Major considerations in developing the required technical basis through analytical analyses and experimental testing are discussed. Additional pertinent information is included in the paper as introductory and background material.
THE UDALOY CLASS DESTROYER
Authors: KEHOE J.W. , BROWER KENNETH S. , MEIER HERBERT A.
Published: March 2009

This is the ninth report in the series that presents SHIP CHARACTERISTICS for the various type ships being introduced, now or in the future, into the Fleet of the Navies throughout the world. In this report, the Authors discuss the major design concepts and basic characteristics of the Soviet UDALOY Class Destroyer which along with the SOVREMENNY Class Destroyer, has been making frequent appearances on the Baltic Sea.
HOW TO CHOOSE CABLE SHIELDING FOR EMI REDUCTION
Authors: MARTIN ALBERT R.
Published: March 2009

The problem of choosing an adequate shield for a cable generally reduces to one of two cases: In the first case, a radiated field threat is specified and a conducted susceptibility level is known for the equipment under consideration. The problem is to determine what shield construction should be used, in order to insure that no malfuctions due to EMI will occur in the equipment. In the second case, a shielding effectiveness level for the cable shield is specified and the task is to meet this specification by proper shield design.

Cable shields are evaluated in terms of their surface transfer impedance Ztc. In this paper, we will define surface transfer impedance; show how it is related to shielding effectiveness; and explain why surface transfer impedance, rather than shielding effectiveness, should be used to specify shield construction. We will then introduce the concept of critical transfer impedance, Zt and show how to derive this quantity from known radiated field and conducted susceptibility levels. Finally, we explain how to use the critical transfer impedance for the system being considered in conjunction with a library of surface transfer impedance curves for various cable shield designs, to arrive at a shield construction which will adequately protect the system from the imposed EMI threat.
SURFACE PREPARATION BY FLASHBLASTING
Authors: BRANNON JAMES H.
Published: March 2009

The ability of high intensity radiation to clean and divest surface coatings has wide commercial and industrial importance. Using the experience of personnel who pioneered the role of lasers in material cleaning and art conservation, Maxwell Laboratories, Inc., has developed a new surface preparation technology that employs the radiative output of bright xenon gas filled lamps. Such broad band radiation effectively strips and removes select surface layers while maintaining the integrity of the base substrate. This paper presents a general account of the present methodology and applications of flash cleaning systems. After a brief introduction, the components and operation of such machines and the characteristics of the emitted radiation will be described. An overview of three applications of interest to the surface preparation community follow. These are, respectively, the select removal of paint coatings from metal substrates, the conversion of rust to magnetite as a surface stabilization procedure prior to painting, and the use of citric acid solutions in conjunction with flash treatments to remove rust and corrosion from steel leaving a bare metal surface. After enumeration of the many advantages offered by light cleaning, the future outlook of this growingly important technology concludes the paper.
THE STRUCTURAL SYNTHESIS DESIGN PROGRAM–ITS IMPACT ON THE FLEET
Authors: WIERNICKI CHRISTOPHER J. , GOODING THOMAS G. , NAPPI NATALE S.
Published: March 2009

The structural design of a ship's section is a complicated, repetitive and time consuming task. With the advent of new technology, high speed computers have enabled the ship designer to accomplish in a matter of seconds what would formerly take days to accomplish by hand. The Structural Synthesis Design Program (SSDP) is a Navy developed computer‐aided design tool which is used to design (or to analyze) the longitudinal scantlings for a variety of ship cross sections, consisting of any practical combinations of decks, platforms, bulkheads and materials, i.e., various steel and aluminum alloys. The final hull section design will have the lowest practical weight for the chosen geometric configuration, structural arrangements, and imposed loadings. The scantling developed by the program will satisfy all U.S. Navy ship structural design criteria. An explanation of the objective and design elements of Navy ship structures is included. The rationale behind the SSDP design philosophy is developed along with the significant program capabilities. In an attempt to highlight the influence of automated design procedures on the current naval ship design process, the effect of the SSDP on the DDG 51 destroyer structural development is addressed.
PRODUCTION LINE CONCEPT FOR OVERHAULING SUBMARINES: ITS TIME HAS COME
Authors: LANZILLO KENNETH F.
Published: March 2009

The current problem concerning high costs and long durations of submarine overhauls and costly redundancy among shipyards dictates that the present methodology for overhauling submarines be improved. While this problem appears difficult, there is an unprecedented opportunity and a suggested solution, the adoption of what I will call a Production Line Concept (PLC). The unprecedented opportunity stems from the probable few but large classes of the submarine fleet in the 1990s and beyond. That composition coupled with the advancing state of the art of industrial engineering forms the evolution of a PLC. The PLC is based on constructing an integrated, automated facility designed to perform depot level life‐cycle maintenance work on a large class of submarines with speed, high quality and minimal manning. The adoption of a PLC will have a profound effect on submarine shipyards, overhaul planning and logistics support. The PLC will not only attract a sound, affordable submarine maintenance budget and effect timely overhauls but will provide a better work quality by using more uniform and disciplined techniques. The PLC will provide new orderliness to nearly all aspects of the administration, management and control of nuclear submarine overhauls. While adopting the PLC will require determination, conviction and courage, there is an outstanding opportunity to do it now.
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE MODULARITY FOR SHIPBOARD SYSTEMS
Authors: ABRAHAM DAVID
Published: March 2009

Multi‐hierarchical information processing and control systems offer high reliability and expandability when modularity of software and hardware are coincident. The multi‐hierarchical architecture permits autonomous major subsystem operation provided that Hardware/Software modules are restricted to designated subsystem functions. Developments in microprocessing have made the multi‐hierarchical approach not only feasible, but economically attractive. A combat system example is used for illustration.
THE “NO FRAME” CONCEPT —IT'S IMPACT ON SHIPYARD COST
Authors: NAPPI NATALE S. , WALZ RONALD W. , WIERNICKI CHRISTOPHER J.
Published: March 2009

A proposed cost effective alternative to current U.S. Navy structurally configured hulls is presented in this paper. This proposed design for producibility concept involves the elimination of structural stanchions and transverse web frames. The potential impact of this “no frame” concept on structural design, weight and construction and material costs for naval surface frigates and destroyers is reflected in 1) reduced costs for the installation of distributive systems and 2) a reduced number and complexity of structural details providing a more reliable and less costly structure.

This study was performed in three parts: 1) Determine the most feasible length between bulkheads without frames; 2) Using this length perform detail weight studies and construction and material costs analysis comparison on a 72‐foot long hull module, with and without frames, for a FFG‐7, and 3) Estimate the saving in man hours of labor on the installation of distributive systems and shipfitting for an FFG‐7.

For the feasible length studies on the “no frame” structural configuration, thirty‐seven strength, weight and vertical center of gravity studies were performed on two ship classes; twenty‐two on the FFG‐7 class and fifteen on the DD‐963 class. The detailed weight studies and construction and material cost analyses were conducted for FFG‐7 “no frame” and “as built” modules. Results indicating the “no frame” concept module was 6.8% heavier and 14.8% less costly than the “as built” module.

For the impact of an FFG‐7 “no frame” structurally configured hull on the cost of labor required for the installation of distributive systems and for other functional work such as ship fitting, welding, and electrical, this study indicated a reduction of 169,206 labor hours per ship, representing 7.12% of the total required man hours to fabricate an FFG‐7 class ship.

With the employment of the “no frame” concept, certain areas of significant concern and potential risk were addressed. These include: 1) the actual impact on structural weight and cost, 2) the actual impact on the installation of distributive systems and on other functional systems, 3) effects on a typical opening in a “no frame” structurally configured deck, 4) secondary (hydrostatic) load induced bending moments and shear forces at longitudinal beam and transverse bulkhead intersections, and 5) the vibrational response of a “no frame” structurally configured deck.
Equipment Age‐Reliability Analysis
Authors: PRICHARD JAMES W.
Published: March 2009

Age‐reliability analysis is the process of discovering the relationship between the age of an item in service and its tendency to fail. Age may be measured in calendar days or in terms of events such as “start‐ups” or “firings.” The most useful statistic in age‐reliability analysis is the conditional probability of failure — the probability that an item that has attained an age of X‐days will fail within the coming Y‐days.

In the past two years, the Naval Sea Systems Command has conducted age‐reliability analyses on twenty‐two equipments in the DDG‐2 and AFS‐1 class ships. These analyses indicate that overhaul is of no benefit or of only temporary benefit within the first five years of operation (after manufacture or overhaul) for eighty‐two percent of the equipment and that it is actually harmful for thirty‐two percent. Equipment in the FF‐1052 and DD‐963 class ships is now being studied.
A Fiber Optic System for Damage Assessment of FRP Composite Structures
Authors: CRANE ROGER M. , MACANDER ALEKSANDER B.
Published: March 2009

There are a limited number of nondestructive techniques available for field inspection of large composite structures and practically none for inservice inspection. An innovative damage assessment system is proposed which uses an optical fiber mesh implanted into the body of a fiber reinforced composite structure. This mesh would become an integral part of the structure on fabrication. The selection of the mesh fibers would be predicated on their strain to failure characteristics and strain compatibility with the base composite reinforcing fibers. This optical system will be capable of locating damage, assessing severity and monitoring damage growth. A successful implementation of the total damage assessment system would involve the interaction of the optical fiber mesh with an adequately designed interrogative electronic package. This paper focuses on the former aspect of the total system. It will address some recent experimental work showing the practicality of the concept for large, complex composite structure.
FIRE MAIN CONTROL
Authors: MALKOFF DONALD B. , MOY MELVYN C. , WILLIAMS HERMAN L.
Published: March 2009

The ship fire main has undergone considerable development throughout the past 2,000 years, resulting in a system that is critical both for normal ship function and for ship survivability in emergencies. Because of its complexity, the modern firemain system is highly vulnerable to malfunction and to damage during combat. Firemain fault detection and fault recovery are currently conducted manually by damage control teams. The advantages and disadvantages of this method are discussed, and alternative methods of fault detection and recovery are explored. An interactive computer program is introduced which uses central control over remotely situated valves to facilitate fault detection and recovery, significantly reducing recovery‐time and manpower requirements. These reductions may result in savings of lives, ship systems, and ships themselves. The computer program is based upon an algorithm which is, in effect, a prescription that can be followed manually by the operator or be completely automated. The color graphic display which is used for monitoring can also be utilized for the training of damage control operators or for the evaluation of other algorithms for firemain control. Alternative firemain hardware and configurations could lead to even more efficient methods of fault detection and recovery as well as improved firemain water supply management in general.
MODERNIZATION OF THE BARQUE EAGLE
Authors: TSAI N.T. , HACISKI E.C. , KUCINSKI LCDR. J.J.
Published: March 2009

The U.S. Coast Guard training barque Eagle (WIX‐327), former Horst Wessel, was built in 1936, by Blohm & Voss in Germany, for the German Navy and to the rules of Germanischer Lloyd. Since 1946 she has served continuously as the training vessel for the U.S. Coast Guard Academy. To improve safety and performance, an extensive phased modernization was undertaken from 1979 through 1983 at the Coast Guard Yard. Changes in the subdivision, ballast and tankages were made to satisfy the criteria for two‐compartment damage stability. Extensive renovation of machinery, structure, navigation components and habitability was also accomplished during the same period. Scheduled summer training cruises were maintainedeach year.
SHIPBOARD EXPLOSIVE SAFETY & SURVIVABILITY
Authors: CHENARD JOHN H. , MOORE GLEN R. , KORDICH MICHEAL M.
Published: March 2009

The Navy has recently completed development of a booster rocket motor, MK 70, for use with the new Standard missile. The new missile will be deployed on Terrier new threat upgrade (NTU) ships.

This paper describes the shipboard integration program directed by the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) to insure that ship safety and survivability would not be degraded upon deployment of SM‐2 missiles with the MK 70 booster.

At‐sea and land based tests were conducted to evaluate missile launcher and ship compatibility with the new missile system and to insure increased operational capabilities.

The results of these tests are described along with the ship, launcher, and missile modifications determined necessary for the safe integration of the SM‐2 into the Terrier ships.
A METHODOLOGY FOR TECHNOLOGY CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION FOR NAVAL SHIPS
Authors: GODDARD CHARLES H.
Published: March 2009

A rational method for evaluating hull, mechanical, and electrical technologies for future ship designs is presented. A format is proposed for the characterization of emerging technologies. The basic steps necessary to establish a technology assessment baseline ship are presented. In addition, a process is developed for conducting an impact evaluation when performance is held constant. A case study for a frigate is conducted to validate the proposed methodology. The methodology will assist ship designers and research and development managers in deciding which technologies should be funded so they may be incorporated in a future ship design.
MASTER ORDNANCE REPAIR APPLIED: STANDARD ITEM 009–67
Authors: STIMSON WILLIAM A. , MARSH MICHAEL T. , UTTICH RICHARD M.
Published: March 2009

The 600‐ship United States Navy offers private shipyards an unprecedented opportunity for overhaul of surface combatants with complex combat systems. Recognizing the new challenge associated with the overhaul of high technology combat systems in the private sector, the Navy in 1983 established the master ordnance repair (MOR) program. This program, a joint effort of the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) and the Shipbuilders Council of America (SCA), was designed to identify and qualify those companies and private shipyards technically capable of managing combat systems work and conducting combat system testing.

Standard Item 009–67 describes the role of the MOR company in combat system overhaul. It defines terms that are important to understanding the item itself, and imposes upon the prime contractor an obligation to utilize the MOR subcontractor in a managerial capacity. Specific tasks are assigned to the MOR company in planning, production, and testing. Finally, this standard item describes to the Navy planner how to estimate the size of the MOR team appropriate to the work package, a feature that will ensure that combat system bids are tailored to a specific availability.
ASSESSMENT OF REMAINING USEFUL LIFE OF SHIPS SERVICE TURBINE GENERATOR STEAM CHESTS
Authors: BYRON J.D. , PATERSON S.R. , PROCTOR R.R. , FEIEREISEN T.J.
Published: March 2009

During the recent overhaul of an aircraft carrier, cracks were found in many of the eight ship service turbine generators. These units have had a history of cracking in the steam chest and steam passages. In the past, the cracks were ground and the units returned to service. During this overhaul, an indepth analysis of the cracking problem was conducted which included: a detailed inspection of the units, a review of the startup procedure and comparison of it to industry practice, a test of thermocouples, a nonlinear stress and fracture mechanics analysis, and a recommendation for repair or revised operating procedures.

The results of this work showed that cracking would be confined and would not extend to a critical size prior to the next overhaul period, cracks need not be removed, and, in fact, removal of cracks would result in a degraded remaining service life. Results also showed that the life could be significantly enhanced with the use of a steam bypass to preheat the steam chest before startup.
SIMPLIFIED APPROACHES FOR EVALUATION OF MANEUVERABILITY OF SHIPS
Authors: ASINOVSKY VOLF
Published: March 2009

This paper is devoted to the consideration of simplified engineering methods for use in the practice of design and improvement of ship maneuverability.

The dependence of the characteristics of maneuverability on the position of the center of pressure along the length of the ship's hull is shown. A technique for the estimation of maneuverability during ahead and astern operations is given based on an analysis of the center of pressure position. The physical reasons for loss of steering during astern operation are examined and discussed. Methods based on the use of the diagram of steering are reviewed.

A simple engineering method is given for calculation of the diagram of steering.
THE U.S. NAVAL ACADEMY'S NEW YARD PATROL CRAFT: FROM CONCEPT TO DELIVERY
Authors: COMPTON ROGER H. , CHATTERTON HOWARD A. , HATCHELL GORDON , McGRATH FRANK K.
Published: March 2009

The design of the new 108‐ft yard patrol craft (YPs) for the U.S. Naval Academy is described from its beginnings as a senior midshipman design project, through its preliminary and contract design development at the U.S. Navy's small craft design team headquarters, Naval Sea Combat Systems Engineering Station, Norfolk, Virginia (NAVSEACOMBATSYSENGSTA‐Norfolk). During preliminary and contract design the Naval Academy Hydromechanics Laboratory (NAHL) provided experimental data to support NAVSEA‐COMBATSYSENGSTA‐Norfolk's design analyses in powering, seakeeping, and maneuvering. Several tradeoff studies of interest to patrol craft designers are presented. Major events in the detail design and construction of the first boat are described from both the designer's and the shipbuilder's points of view. The launching, builder's and sea trials of the first boat are described. A modification to provide an oceanographic research capability for the Academy's Oceanography Department is outlined. The model data acquired at NAHL and the full scale data acquired during sea trials provide an unusual opportunity for correlation analyses for small patrol craft.
AN ANALYSIS OF COMBAT SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Authors: FRANKLIN JEFFREY
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a comprehensive system development framework. In doing so, it critiques the current Navy development framework. This paper shows how combat system architecture, combat system engineering and combat system design relate. The paper discusses personnel assignments and specifically addresses the functions of the systems engineer.
THE EVOLUTION OF ROUND BILGE FAST ATTACK CRAFT HULL FORMS
Authors: TOBY A. STEVEN
Published: March 2009

THE AUTHOR2

When Yarrow mounted a torpedo tube on a steam launch in 1873 the fast attack craft (FAC) became a reality and a potent threat to warships of all sizes. Led by Great Britain, the major powers developed it into the destroyer, while minor powers continued the evolution of the torpedo boat. As early as 1915 the possibilities of the planing boat had been realized: the British Coastal Motor Boat (CMB), a 55‐foot stepped hydroplane, could exceed 40 knots. But as military requirements required larger vessels, the limitations of planing craft, particularly in seakeeping although also in speed‐power performance, led to a renaissance of the round bilge hull. Current round bilge designs trace their lineage back to the German “S‐boats” of World War II. They predominate in size greater than about 250 tons.

This paper discusses the historical evolution of the hull forms for high performance displacement warships. The paper covers innovations such as the transom stern and more subtle refinements such as changes in proportions and coefficients. For each change the historical background, the motivation for the change (both tactical and hydrodynamic), and operational experience with the new design contrasted with the old is presented. The focus will be on FACs, but material on early destroyers is included because of their important role in the evolution of the smaller craft.

Today's round bilge FAC is a refined technology which has evolved over a long time. Now that it is being challenged strongly by the V‐bottom form as well as by hydrofoils, air cushion vehicles, and surface effect ships, the designer must recognize how well a current round bilge design can perform. Accordingly, data is presented showing that today's round bilge hull form has improved dramatically in seakeeping, and is now competitive with the V‐bottom.
SURFACE SHIP COMBAT SYSTEM UPGRADE ENGINEERING
Authors: HOLDEN RICHARD A.
Published: March 2009

Construction of new ships is typically limited to a rate of two to five per year. The lead ship of a class requires several years for design and construction and follow‐on ships are completed at the typical production rate. The total time period to complete a class of multimission surface combatants is fifteen to twenty years. As ships are constructed the combat system gradually falls behind in warfighting capability and may be changed piecemeal in an attempt to keep pace with the advancing threat. Piecemeal changes are costly and create a proliferation of equipments and configurations. An acquisition strategy is described which avoids the annual capability upgrades but provides introduction of state‐of‐the‐art technology at preplanned points in the building program. This will insure maximum commonality and modernization. Defining preplanned combat system upgrades consists of engineering conceptual systems as a departure from real systems under development. For modern integrated combat systems such as Aegis this requires evaluating all changes in terms of total impact on the functional and physical characteristics of the system. This paper describes an approach which defines combat system configurations as baselines and periodically evaluates emerging technology to define new baseline configurations. The configurations defined in this manner insure maximum commonality among ships of the class and still maintains warfighting capability.