bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VIBRATIONS OF POWER LINES IN A STEADY WIND: I. THE ALTERNATING FORCES EXERTED BY THE WIND
Authors: Ruedy R.
Published: April 2011

The theory of the structure of eddies formed in a steady wind at the surface of a wire placed at a right-angle to the direction of the wind shows that the alternating force exerted upon the obstacle is proportional to the diameter d of the wire and to the square of the wind velocity U. The force is of the same order of magnitude as the drag in the direction of flow, but changes sign with the formation of each new eddy near the obstacle.When the expression for the force is introduced into the equation of motion of the vibrating string, and damping by the air is taken into account, the computed amplitudes, A, proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the damping coefficient and the frequency, agree with the small amplitudes observed in the field in moderate winds and known by experience to damage the cables near the support. The result may be expressed as [Formula: see text].
VIBRATIONS OF POWER LINES IN A STEADY WIND: II. SUPPRESSION OF VIBRATIONS BY TUNED DAMPERS
Authors: Ruedy R.
Published: April 2011

Vibration of power lines is prevented by attaching in each span, at a distance b from the end, one or two dampers which consist in principle of a heavy mass M fastened to the end of a spring (Holst damper), or to both ends of a thin cantilever suspended at its centre, or to a cable (Stockbridge damper). The mathematical study of the forces in a span provided with a damper and subjected to a tension T furnishes the constants necessary for the proper designing of dampers. For an incoming angular frequency p, the ratio, undamped to damped amplitude, is in practice equal to 1 − p2bMD/T, where D is the ratio of the force exerted by a spring upon a solid support to the force applied to its mass. Dampers suspended at the end of the first quarter of the loop length and tuned to the frequency at which the conductor vibrates, suppress, from a practical standpoint, the motion of the entire span when their damping factor amounts to a few units and their weight is equal to the weight of a loop length of conductor. By choosing different frequencies for the dampers used on a given span, and by taking advantage of the coupling existing between them, a fairly wide band of frequencies may be suppressed.
THE HYDROGENATION OF ALBERTA COALS: II. COMPARATIVE DATA ON THIRTEEN COALS OF VARIOUS RANKS AND TWO SUSPENSION MEDIA, TETRALIN AND LIQUID PETROLATUM
Authors: Boomer E. H. , Saddington A. W. , Edwards J.
Published: April 2011

Thirteen Alberta coals of graded rank have been hydrogenated in the presence of tetralin at 450 °C. and in the presence of liquid petrolatum at 425 °C. Tetralin is superior to liquid petrolatum owing, it is believed, to its efficiency as a hydrogen carrier and its solvent action on coal. The use of tetralin or materials of similar chemical constitution in a commercial process is considered possible, and the greater cost of the medium might be more than offset by its greater efficiency as compared with the ordinary heavy oils.A definite progression from old to young coals has been shown by increasing yields of volatile oil, gas and water, and decreasing yields of pitch and coke.Conversions of coal to oils, water and gas as high as 96.7% with tetralin and 81.6% with liquid petrolatum on the dry, ash-free basis have been reported.
STUDIES ON LIGNIN AND RELATED COMPOUNDS: XVI. PHENOL LIGNIN FROM SPRUCE WOOD, FROM FREUDENBERG SPRUCE LIGNIN AND WILLSTÄTTER SPRUCE LIGNIN
Authors: Buckland Irene Koerber , Brauns Fritz , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

The condensation of lignin with phenol by treatment of spruce wood meal with this solvent, using hydrogen chloride as catalyst, yields two chemically different phenol lignins, namely, an ether-insoluble and an ether-dioxane–soluble phenol lignin, in a ratio of approximately 3 to 1. Duplicate preparations gave the same yields of these two fractions, analyses of which gave concordant results, indicating homogeneity and constancy of composition.The analytical results of the ether-insoluble phenol lignin, and of its methylated and acetylated derivatives, can be interpreted on the basis of the Brauns–Hibbert formula for the "native" lignin unit. It is found, in this way, that the ether-insoluble phenol lignin contains three new free phenolic hydroxyl groups capable of methylation with diazomethane, while one phenol group has reacted with one hydroxyl group in the lignin unit with formation of a phenyl-oxygen ether linkage.The analytical results of the ether-dioxane–soluble phenol lignin indicate that a much larger quantity of phenol has condensed with the "native" lignin building unit than in the case of the ether-insoluble fraction. The exact number of phenol molecules reacting to form this condensation product has not been determined experimentally although calculations based on analytical data point to a number as large as 15 or 21.The phenol condensation products were obtained from Freudenberg and Willstätter lignins in nearly quantitative yield and found to differ from the directly extracted phenol lignin in that neither of them could be resolved into two fractions, thus indicating that some change had taken place in the native lignin during the isolation process. The Brauns-Hibbert formula can also be applied to interpret the experimental data in both cases. These lignins appear to contain the same fundamental building unit as the ether-insoluble phenol lignin fraction isolated directly from spruce wood, with the difference that the former probably have one additional hydroxyl group capable of acetylation and diazomethane-methylation.The correlation found to exist in the present investigation between the phenol condensation products from native spruce lignin, isolated Freudenberg lignin and Willstätter lignin is regarded as providing definite experimental evidence indicating the presence of a chemical unit common to various lignins. The phenol condensation products, it is considered, may serve as valuable reference compounds for proving the identity of lignins obtained from different sources and by use of different chemical reagents.
THE VARIATION OF THE VISCOSITY OF GASES WITH TEMPERATURE OVER A LARGE TEMPERATURE RANGE
Authors: Cleave A. B. Van , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The coefficients of viscosity of ammonia, propylene, ethylene and methyl ether, over the temperature range 23 to −80 °C., have been measured. A comparison is made between the present data and those of other authors for temperatures above 0 °C. It is estimated that the authors' results are correct to 0.2% and have a relative accuracy of 0.1%. It is claimed that they are the most accurate data for the viscosity of gases at low temperatures to date.The validity of a number of viscosity–temperature relations has been tested with the present data and those previously published (18, 20). In general, it is found that the equations of Sutherland and Jones hold at high temperatures but fail at low temperatures for substances such as carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ammonia, methyl ether and propylene, which have viscosity–temperature curves that are convex to the temperature axis below room temperature. An empirical equation is suggested which adequately represents the variation of viscosity with temperature for these five gases over the temperature range 23 to −80 °C. However, this relation fails at high temperatures for all gases, and even at low temperatures for substances such as hydrogen, air and ethylene.It is pointed out that the viscosity–temperature curves for carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ammonia, methyl ether and propylene each show a definite inversion or inflexion point. Below this inversion temperature the viscosity curves are convex to the temperature axis; above it they are concave to the temperature axis. In general, it seems that this inversion temperature bears a direct relation to the polarity of the molecule and to the critical temperature.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE PREHEATING OF WOOD IN WATER ON THE RATE OF DELIGNIFICATION BY SULPHITE LIQUOR
Authors: Corey A. J. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The rate of delignification of wood chips has been measured and found to conform to the monomolecular relation, provided that the standard method of penetration developed in this laboratory is used (3). Pretreatment of the wood chips by heating in liquid water at 130 °C. decreases the rate of delignification by subsequent cooking in sulphite liquor, and the rate no longer conforms to the monomolecular relation. Preheating of the wood to 130 °C. in the absence of water does not influence the rate of subsequent delignification. The results indicate the advantage of reducing the time of cooking, and a tentative explanation has been offered regarding the mechanism involved.
THE REACTION PRODUCTS OF INDOLS WITH DIAZOESTERS
Authors: Jackson Richard W. , Manske Richard H.
Published: April 2011

In conformity with findings of previous work on indols and in contradistinction to more recent work on pyrrols, the action of diazoesters on indol leads to 3-substituted as well as a small amount of 1:3-disubstituted derivatives. The formation of 2-substituted derivatives could not be demonstrated. The reaction discussed is a convenient one for the synthesis of a wide diversity of indol compounds.
STUDIES ON THE SYSTEM CALCIUM-OXIDE–SULPHUR-DIOXIDE–WATER: I. DETERMINATION OF VAPOR PRESSURES AND CONDUCTIVITIES
Authors: Gurd G. W. , Gishler P. E. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The system calcium-oxide–sulphur-dioxide–water is to be investigated in order to determine the nature of existing equilibria, and the way in which these vary with concentration and temperature. In this paper a technique is described by means of which vapor pressures and conductivities have been measured over the temperature range 25° to 130 °C. and over the concentration range 0 to 2.5% CaO and 0 to 6% SO2. The data obtained are systematized in tabular form.
STUDIES IN THE SYSTEM CALCIUM-OXIDE–SULPHUR-DIOXIDE–WATER: II. CALCULATION OF IONIC CONCENTRATIONS
Authors: Gishler P. E. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The conductivity and vapor pressure data of the system calcium-oxide–sulphur-dioxide–water presented in an earlier paper have been used to calculate ionic concentrations existing in this system, in the temperature and pressure range investigated. Two methods of calculation have been employed, one depending on the combination of vapor pressure and conductivity data, and the other, on conductivity data. For both, recourse was had to the data of Campbell and Maass on the system sulphur-dioxide–water. These methods gave results that are in good agreement with each other. The existence of a complex CaSO3.Ca(HSO3)2 was deduced.Hydrogen ion concentrations over the concentration and temperature range investigated have been calculated and extrapolations made to higher temperatures. These are presented in tabular form. Apart from the theoretical interest, it is pointed out that these results are of value in connection with studies of the delignification of wood by calcium-oxide–sulphur-dioxide–water solutions.
HYDROGENATIONS IN A TETRALIN MEDIUM: I. DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION OF BITUMEN AND PITCH
Authors: Boomer E. H. , Edwards J.
Published: April 2011

The importance of a suspension medium in processes of destructive hydrogenation is discussed, with particular reference to the efficiency of the medium as a hydrogen carrier. The value of tetralin as a medium, in that it is a good solvent, is stable to heat, and acts as a hydrogen carrier, has been determined in the hydrogenation of bitumen and stable pitch. Tetralin does not cause an increase in yield of oil but does improve the quality somewhat. It increases the rate of hydrogenation of bitumen but does not affect that of stable pitch.
THE VISCOSITIES OF DEUTERIUM-HYDROGEN MIXTURES
Authors: Cleave A. B. Van , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

A more intensive investigation than that previously reported by the authors has been carried out on the viscosities of dueterium-hydrogen mixtures at 22 °C.Deuterium prepared from a 99.5% sample of deuterium oxide was used. The results show that, within experimental error, the diameters of the D2, HD and H2 molecules are identical. Variations of the viscosity of some of the mixtures with the temperature were measured at −78.5° and −183.4 °C. It was shown that Jeans' temperature-viscosity relation holds approximately for the mixtures. A comparison has been made of the various equations that have been suggested as expressing the relation between the viscosity of a gaseous mixture and the viscosities of its components.
THE MICRO-ORGANISMS IN PROFILES OF CERTAIN VIRGIN SOILS IN MANITOBA
Authors: Timonin M. I.
Published: April 2011

Twelve profiles of five different kinds of virgin soils of Manitoba were sampled, described and critically examined for soil organisms, hydrogen ion concentration and the moisture and organic matter present. Usually the A horizon showed the highest count of each group of micro-organisms and the C horizon the lowest although the greatest number of bacteria were present in the B horizon of boil 1 in the month of May. The proportion of anaerobic bacteria and fungi to total numbers increased with the depth of the horizon. Moisture content of the soil was not found to exert any consistent effect upon the numbers of micro-organisms present. Fungi were most abundant in the wooded and peat soils, bacteria more so in soils of the meadow-prairie phase. In the wooded soils the microbiological horizons appeared to coincide with the morphological horizons.
FUNGI ISOLATED FROM SOIL PROFILES IN MANITOBA
Authors: Bisby G. R. , Timonin M. I. , James N.
Published: April 2011

Representative samples of the fungi in the soil horizons of 12 profiles of five types of virgin soil in Manitoba were identified. The isolations were made by the standard technique; and in addition to the routine method of incubating dilution plates aerobically at 25 °C., other plates were incubated aerobically at 37 °C., others aerobically at about 6 °C., and others anaerobically at about 20 °C. Fifty-six fungi not previously known in Manitoba soil were obtained. The more important species of fungi found in soil are discussed.
QUALITY AND KEEPING PROPERTIES OF FLOUR FROM WHEAT GROWN ON THE BLACK AND GRAY SOILS OF ALBERTA
Authors: Aamodt O. S. , McCalla A. G.
Published: April 2011

Weight per bushel and milling yields of hard red spring wheats grown on the black soil at Edmonton were the same as for the same varieties grown on the gray soil at Fallis. Grade, protein content and baking quality of Edmonton grown samples were superior. The flour from most of the Edmonton grown samples retained its quality for at least two years after milling, but flour from most of the Fallis grown samples had deteriorated so much during 10 months storage that it was unfit for breadmaking. Flour from Reward showed less deterioration than that from any other standard variety grown at Fallis. It also had the best original baking quality, and is the only one of the recommended varieties considered satisfactory for the gray soil area.
A MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDY OF PODSOL SOIL PROFILES: II. LAURENTIAN SOILS
Authors: Gray P. H. H. , Taylor C. B.
Published: April 2011

Microbiological studies of samples from the separate horizons of two soils from the Laurentian uplands showed that, as in the case of the soils previously studied from the Appalachian uplands, biological activity was dependent upon the organic-matter relations of the horizons. A1 (organic-matter) horizons were the most active, as shown by the evolution of carbon dioxide, nitrification of the soil's own nitrogen, by numbers of micro-organisms (bacteria, actinomyces, and fungi) and by the production of ammonia from urea. Bacterial numbers in the illuvial horizons were, however, higher than in the eluvial (leached) horizons above, a condition that did not obtain with the Appalachian soils. The organic matter of a soil bearing a coniferous (spruce) flora was deficient in nitrifying power. The biological activity at different levels of a virgin clay soil was found to be in sharp contrast with that of the podsol soils.
ASSOCIATIONS OF SOMATIC CHROMOSOMES INDUCED BY HEAT AND CHLORAL HYDRATE TREATMENTS
Authors: Peto F. H.
Published: April 2011

Germination of Hordeum vulgare at 35–36 °C. induced, in the nuclei of the root tips, numerous fractures in one or both chromatids, particularly in the attachment region of the chromosome. The fractured ends appeared to possess an unsatisfied attraction for each other. Chiasmata were formed by the union at random of the fractured ends which happened to lie close together in the nucleus, giving rise to associations of one and one-half, two, and three chromosomes involving chromatid interchange or crossing-over between non-homologous as well as homologous chromosomes. The manner in which fragmentation, translocation, and elimination of chromosome parts can occur in somatic tissue is demonstrated. Somatic segregation and the incidence of new linkage relationships are discussed.The formation of tetraploid and octaploid nuclei was induced in root tips of Pisum sativum by treatment with chloral hydrate. The chromosomes of these polyploid nuclei were frequently closely associated in pairs which bore a superficial resemblance to the paired associations observed in barley. The chromosomes, however, were never united by chiasmata and retained their juxtaposition solely through their inability to separate normally at anaphase.
STUDIES OF TOTAL ERYTHROCYTE AND LEUCOCYTE COUNTS OF FOWLS: III. VARIATION IN NUMBER OF BLOOD CELLS OF NORMAL FOWL
Authors: Biely Jacob , Palmer E. I.
Published: April 2011

Following the technique recommended by Shaw in which the erythrocytes and leucocytes are counted in the same chamber, the authors made total erythrocyte and leucocyte counts of 100 apparently healthy and vigorous single-comb White Leghorn hens. Following the counts, post-mortem examinations did not reveal any striking abnormalities. With few exceptions the birds were singularly free from intestinal parasites.The range of the erythrocyte counts was found to be 1,805,000 to 3,845,000, and of leucocyte counts 18,330 to 49,000. The data are analyzed statistically.In respect to the erythrocyte counts, the authors' data are in complete agreement with the recent studies by Cook and Dearstyne of 75 female birds. There is, however, a marked difference in the range (3,000–47,000) and the mean of the leucocyte counts, which may be due to the different technique employed by Cooke and Dearstyne.Total erythrocyte and leucocyte counts were also made of 47 one- to two-day-old chicks. The range of the erythrocyte counts was found to be 1,800,000 to 3,180,000 and of the leucocyte counts 15,000 to 28,330. A statistical analysis of the data is presented. In the case of the baby chicks, since the environmental conditions are relatively uniform, it would appear that factors other than environment affect the total erythrocyte and leucocyte counts of individual chicks.
STUDIES OF TOTAL ERYTHROCYTE AND LEUCOCYTE COUNTS OF FOWLS: IV. ERYTHROCYTE AND LEUCOCYTE COUNTS OF BIRDS RAISED IN CONFINEMENT
Authors: Palmer E. I. , Biely Jacob
Published: April 2011

Erythrocyte and leucocyte counts were made of 65 S.C White Leghorn females and 50 S.C. White Leghorn males which were raised in confinement from the age of one day until sexual maturity.The mean erythrocyte count of the males was significantly higher than the mean of the females. There was no significant difference between the mean leucocyte counts of the males and the females. The erythrocyte counts of the confined birds were significantly lower than those of normal birds kept under natural conditions and those of one- to two-day-old chicks, while the leucocyte counts were significantly higher.
STUDIES ON THE ENDOPARASITIC FAUNA OF TRINIDAD MAMMALS: I. SOME PARASITES OF TRINIDAD DEER
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M.
Published: April 2011

Four new species of nematodes, referred to three new and one known genera, are described from the deer, Mazama simplicicornis, from Trinidad, B.W.I.
THE CALIBRATION OF PLATINUM THERMOMETERS AT THE BOILING POINT OF SULPHUR
Authors: Niven C. D.
Published: April 2011

A description is given of the means by which certain difficulties in experimental technique can be overcome. The construction and starting up of the apparatus in such a way as to avoid breakage of the boiling tube is described, and also the making and suspension of the radiation shield, and the general operation of the apparatus. The calculation of the resistance at 444.6 °C. is discussed. Geometrical proofs are given for the relations from which the resistance at 100 and 444.6 °C. are calculated, and special emphasis is laid upon the difference between the two formulas. The effect of errors in readings on the evaluation of δ have been computed for a 10 ohm and a 32 ohm thermometer, and are shown diagrammatically. It is pointed out that errors in measurements of resistance at the steam point and the ice point are of far greater importance than errors in the measurements at the boiling point of sulphur. The conclusion is reached that with the present equipment one must not look for accuracy beyond the third decimal place in the value of δ.
MAGNETIC EFFECTS AND CURRENT SENSITIVITY OF SUPERCONDUCTING FILMS
Authors: Misener A. D.
Published: April 2011

The work described in this paper is a continuation of the investigation of the anomalous behavior of superconducting metals in the form of thin films (12.2–0.3 μ). The manner in which an external magnetic field will penetrate when applied to superconducting films of various thicknesses at a variety of temperatures below their transition points has been studied. It is found that there is a critical field that will penetrate the film, and that this field is less than the threshold field required to restore the resistance of the film at the same temperature. Even for fields much larger than the threshold field, the films act as partial magnetic shields and diminish the field strength by an almost constant amount.By measuring the current required to restore the resistance of films formed on cylindrical supports of different diameters, it is shown that their current sensitivity is due to a surface density of current. The critical magnetic field associated with this threshold current is less than either the threshold field (external) or the critical field for penetration. The similarity between these effects and those found for certain superconducting alloys is discussed.
THE SPECTRUM OF TREBLY IONIZED CERIUM
Authors: Lang R. J.
Published: April 2011

The discovery of two members of the F series made it possible to obtain a fuller analysis of this spectrum. The following terms are located: 6S, 7S, 8S, 6P, 5D, 6D, 7D, 4F, 5F, 5G and 6G. Some thirty lines are classified. The deepest term, 4F, has an absolute value of approximately 296197 cm.−1 based upon the three S terms and the use of a Ritz formula, giving an ionization potential of 36.5 volts.
A GAS-TIGHT FURNACE FOR THERMOCOUPLE STANDARDIZATION
Authors: Niven C. D.
Published: April 2011

not available
THE DECOMPOSITION OF NITROUS OXIDE ON THE SURFACE OF PLATINUM: II. THE EFFECT OF FOREIGN GASES
Authors: Steacie E. W. R. , McCubbin J. W.
Published: April 2011

Further experiments have been made on the kinetics of the decomposition of nitrous oxide on the surface of platinum. Observations on the effect of foreign gases confirm the previous conclusion that inert gases may exert a surprisingly large retarding effect by hindering the diffusion of the reactant to the more remote parts of a porous catalyst.Adsorption measurements have also been made, and their bearing on the mechanism of the reaction is discussed.
STUDIES ON LIGNIN AND RELATED COMPOUNDS: XXII. FRACTIONATION OF METHANOL LIGNIN
Authors: Compton Jack , Greig Margaret , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

Preparation of methanol lignin by the method of Brauns and Hibbert on a larger scale than that employed previously has disclosed the presence of a second fraction, soluble in ether-dioxane. The original methanol lignin and this new fraction are obtained in a pure state by fractionation with dioxane and benzene. The former has been shown to correspond to the methanol lignin from which the Brauns and Hibbert formula C42H32O6(OCH3)6(OH)4 was derived. The benzene-dioxane–soluble fraction has been methylated and acetylated, and shown to have a different composition, the ratio of methoxyl to hydroxyl groups being 5:3.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF BROMINE. I.
Authors: Neufeld A. H.
Published: April 2011

A number of recent methods for the estimation of bromine in plant and animal tissues have been tested. A combination of the methods of Francis and Harvey (34) and of Yates (98), with some modifications, has been proved capable of yielding controlled and accurate results for amounts of bromine not less than 3 micrograms, in amounts of material of not more than 1 gm.Using the method outlined, material from a large number of marine plants and animals and from typical land plants and animals has been examined for bromine content; in many cases iodine analyses were either already available or have been made on the same material. The results suggest the following conclusions:Bromine is an invariable constituent of marine algae, but no definite relation appears to exist between their bromine and iodine contents. Land plants contain considerably less bromine. Environmental conditions, and perhaps selective affinity by the species and cells in the different parts of the individual plant, probably determine the actual content of bromine.All the marine species of animals examined contain bromine; but in very variable quantity. Environment and selective cell affinity appear to be the controlling factors.The thyroid and blood of the mammals completely examined (rat, rabbit, and dog) contain amounts of bromine slightly higher than those present in other tissues. Ox, sheep and hog thyroids contain similar amounts. Pituitary tissue contains amounts scarcely, if at all, greater than most of the other tissues of the mammalian organism; this last finding is not in agreement with statements by certain other investigators.No relation has been found to exist between the distribution of bromine and iodine in mammalian tissues, and, so far, it is uncertain whether bromine is of functional significance, especially since it does not appear to be particularly associated with the thyroglobulin of the thyroid.
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS STARCHES ON THE STABILITY OF BAKING POWDERS
Authors: Gallay Wilfred , Bell Adam C.
Published: April 2011

A study has been made of the stabilizing effect of potato, corn, wheat and rice starches in phosphate, tartrate and combination baking powders under widely differing conditions of storage. The stabilizing effect was found to depend on the size of the starch granule, decreasing efficiency being obtained with increasing granular size in the following order: rice, wheat, corn, potato. Microscopic observations were made to determine the physical effect of the starch. Small wheat granules were found to be more efficient than large ones, and finely powdered wheat starch more efficient than coarse wheat starch. The stability is greater with increasing particle size of acid constituent, and the crystal form of the latter is also important. The difference in stability lent by the various starches is increasingly accentuated with increasing fineness of acid constituent. The stability decreases rapidly with rise in relative humidity. The moisture take-up of potato, corn and wheat starches at different humidities has been measured.
FATTY ACIDS AND THEIR ESTERS: II. MOLECULAR WEIGHTS OF POLYMERIZED ESTERS
Authors: Brocklesby H. N.
Published: April 2011

When a value of K that allows for the effect of the solute on the dissociation of the solvent is used, raw linseed oil shows normal values for the molecular weight when determined cryoscopically or ebullioscopically in a number of diverse solvents. Similarly, polymerized oils and esters show identical molecular weights in different solvents when determined either cryoscopically or ebullioscopically. The data indicate that polymerized esters of unsaturated fatty acids cannot be assumed to be associated.
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARIACEOUS PLANTS: XI. TWO NEW ALKALOIDS, CORLUMINE AND CORLUMIDINE, AND THEIR CONSTITUTIONS
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

A new alkaloid, corlumine, has been isolated from Corydalis scouleri, C. sibirica and Dicentra cucullaria. Chemical examination disclosed its isomerism with adlumine with which, furthermore, it is structurally identical. It differs from the latter only in the disposition of the substituents about the two asymmetric C-atoms, but it is not the optical antipode of adlumine. Corlumidine is O-desmethyl corlumine and has been found only in C. scouleri, and on methylation with diazomethane yields corlumine. The free hydroxy-group is probably present in the 7-position of the isoquinoline nucleus.
THE REACTION ALUMINIUM OXIDE–CARBON–CHLORINE
Authors: Stover Norman M. , Constantinescu Clinton
Published: April 2011

The reaction aluminium oxide–carbon–chlorine has been investigated and found to produce aluminium chloride, oxygen and carbon dioxide. This occurred when a mixture of aluminium oxide and carbon was heated either in a stream of chlorine or in a static atmosphere of chlorine. No carbon monoxide was obtained when a stream of chlorine was used, but small amounts were formed in a static atmosphere of chlorine. The temperature at which reaction started, as shown by the formation of a sublimate of aluminium chloride in the reaction tube, decreased as the proportion of carbon to aluminium oxide increased. In a number of experiments, less carbon was consumed than should have been for the amount of aluminium oxide that reacted, if it be assumed that carbon dioxide, rather than oxygen, was a primary product. From the results obtained, the writers believe that oxygen is a primary product of the reaction, while carbon dioxide is a secondary product, the carbon acting primarily as a catalyst.In experiments with tungstic oxide, also, oxygen was produced, but, contrary to the findings of other investigators, carbon dioxide was also formed.
A STUDY CONCERNING THE KINETICS OF THE SULPHITE PROCESS
Authors: Corey A. J. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

Delignification rates of spruce wood chips and wood-meal have been investigated under carefully controlled conditions at temperatures ranging from 100° to 140 °C. The rates are shown to be in only approximate agreement with the monomolecular law, but the change in the rate of delignification with temperature obeys the equation of Arrhenius.
STUDIES ON LIGNIN AND RELATED COMPOUNDS: XXVIII. THE BEHAVIOR OF LIGNIN TOWARDS ACTIVATED HYDROGEN
Authors: Moore R. G. D. , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

Methylated methanol lignin prepared from fully methylated spruce wood-meal was subjected, at relatively low temperatures and pressures, to the action of hydrogen in the presence of catalysts, and under conditions such that reduction of open-chain ethylenic linkages readily occurs. Entirely negative results were obtained. This pointed to the absence of ethylenic linkages in the lignin building unit.
FLAX STUDIES: II. AN IMPROVED REFRACTOMETRIC METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE OIL CONTENT OF FLAXSEED
Authors: Geddes W. F. , Lehberg F. H.
Published: April 2011

The method proposed by Coleman and Fellows, based upon the change in refractive index of halowax, an impure substituted monochlornaphthalene, on dilution with linseed oil extracted from the ground sample, is improved by drying the sample before extraction, grinding in a Hobart mill, filtration for 15 minutes, and the use of a special refractometer with illumination by a 40 watt light. The use of 4 cc. of solvent and extraction at 70 °C. was confirmed. The correlation between halowax extract scale reading and oil content as determined by ethyl ether extraction was 0.95; the standard error of prediction of oil content by the refractometric method was 0.59%. The refractometer readings were not appreciably affected by variations in the refractive index of linseed oil as determined on the ether extract. The correlation between the refractive index and the iodine value of the ether extract was 0.70 with a standard error of prediction of 3.1 units.Further improvement is obtained by the use of a solvent consisting of approximately 50% by volume of halowax and α-bromnaphthalene which gives a standard error of prediction of 0.39%. By slight changes in the proportions, the refractive index of this solvent may be adjusted to a constant value, permitting the use of a permanent conversion chart. Addition of anhydrous sodium sulphate during the extraction obviates the necessity of preliminary drying. With the modifications indicated, the method is suitable for routine determinations on large numbers of samples.
VARIABILITY IN EXPERIMENTAL BAKING: II. THE INFLUENCE OF MECHANICAL MOULDING IN REDUCING THE VARIABILITY IN LOAF VOLUME BETWEEN LABORATORIES
Authors: Geddes W. F. , Larmour R. K. , Malloch J. G.
Published: April 2011

The results of replicate bakings of five flours by the simple and bromate formulas in three laboratories, using both hand and machine moulding, showed that differences in the manual manipulation of doughs during moulding by experienced operators are relatively unimportant in causing variability between replicates. Mechanical moulding slightly reduced the variability between laboratories but the mean volumes for the three laboratories fell in the same order for hand and machine moulding, indicating that certain systematic factors were operating which affected the hand and machine results similarly. Machine moulding slightly reduced the differences in mean loaf volume obtained by three bakers of varying experience working in the same laboratory, while in the instance of three experienced bakers, hand moulding gave the lower variability between bakers.
RHIZOPHIDIUM GRAMINIS N. SP., A PARASITE OF WHEAT ROOTS
Authors: Ledingham G. A.
Published: April 2011

A Chytrideaceous parasite apparently not hitherto described has been found on the roots of wheat seedlings grown in soil from Ottawa, Ontario; and Boston, Massachusetts. The fungus is closely related to the uniporous Rhizophidiums but since it does not appear to be identical with any of these morphologically and exhibits a type of sexuality not previously described in this genus it is considered to be a new species. The name Rhizophidium graminis is proposed.
STUDIES ON DROUGHT RESISTANCE IN SPRING WHEAT
Authors: Aamodt O. S. , Johnston W. H.
Published: April 2011

The results of a number of preliminary investigations regarding the nature of drought resistance in wheat are presented.A study of the susceptibility of wheat plants to drought at different stages of development showed that the shooting and the soft-dough periods were the most critical, from the point of view of grain yield. Heavy foliage losses occurred when plants were exposed during the shooting period, and recovery was very slow. Exposure of plants during the stooling stage resulted generally in transient injury, as the capacity for recovery was particularly great at this time. Plants subjected to drought during the hard-dough stage sacrificed little in kernel plumpness.Hardening of wheat plants by soil drought, or by limited exposures to atmospheric drought, increased their resistance to exposures of severe atmospheric drought.The drought-resistant varieties Milturum and Caesium were found to possess a more highly branched primary root system than the non-resistant varieties Marquis and Reward. The durum varieties, Pentad and Pelissier, were found to excel in numbers of primary roots produced, having an average of five per plant. Milturum, Caesium and Baart had more than four primary roots per plant on the average; while Canus, Federation, Reward, Marquis, Garnet and Red Bobs No. 222 had from 3.2 to 3.6. Reliance wheat and wild oats had not more than three primary roots per plant.The addition of superphosphate to the soil resulted in a slight decrease in number of primary roots of Milturum, Caesium and Marquis, and a slight increase in the number of Reward.The kernels of the drought-resistant varieties, Milturum and Caesium, did not show any marked superiority to those of Marquis, Reward, Garnet and Red Bobs No. 222, in capacity to germinate in the more concentrated solutions of sodium chloride, potassium chloride and sucrose. A higher energy of germination was displayed by the kernels of Milturum, Caesium and Garnet than by those of the other three varieties tested.Milturum and Canus exhibited high resistance to injury from windburn when tested m the late stooling to early shooting growth stages. The durum varieties Pentad and Kubanka and the soft wheat, Baart, on the other hand, showed high susceptibility. The soft wheat, Federation, and the variety Red Bobs No. 222 were moderately susceptible.
THE BEHAVIOR OF PAIRED MONOSPOROUS MYCELIA OF LENZITES SAEPIARIA (WULF.) FR., L. TRABEA (PERS.) FR., L. THERMOPHILA FALCK, AND TRAMETES AMERICANA OVERH.
Authors: Mounce Irene , Macrae Ruth
Published: April 2011

Lenzites saepiaria, L. trabea, and Trametes americana are heterothallic and bipolar. In each species complete interfertility exists between haploid mycelia derived from different sources. T. americana is sometimes considered to be a pored form of L. saepiaria. The failure to obtain clamp connections in any pairing of a haploid mycelium of L. saepiaria with a haploid mycelium of T. americana seems significant and lends weight to the conclusion that these two forms are distinct. Haploid mycelia of L. thermophila are completely interfertile with those of L. trabea.
HEAT INDUCED TETRAPLOIDY IN BARLEY
Authors: Peto F. H.
Published: April 2011

A tetraploid sector on a barley spike was induced by germinating and growing barley for seven days at 35 °C. Tetraploid and diploid florets from the same spike were compared with respect to chromosome pairing and chiasma formation.
STUDIES ON THE ENDOPARASITIC FAUNA OF TRINIDAD MAMMALS: II. ADDITIONAL PARASITES FROM TRINIDAD DEER
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M.
Published: April 2011

Setaria bidentata (Molin) and Eucyathostomum longesubulatum Molin, are recorded from Mazama simplicicornis and are re-described together with a species of Oxyurid from the same host.
BUNODERINA EUCALIAE GEN. ET SP. NOV., A NEW PAPILLOSE ALLOCREADIIDAE FROM THE STICKLEBACK
Authors: Miller M. J.
Published: April 2011

A new species of trematode is described from the intestine of the stickleback (Eucalia inconstans), and referred to a new genus.
A GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR THE RAPID ESTIMATION OF THE STANDARD DEVIATION
Authors: Holcomb R. , Froman Darol K.
Published: April 2011

A graphical method, based upon Galton's "ogive" curve, that may be used for estimating the various criteria of variability including the standard deviation, is described. Curves of this type are more readily adaptable to tests for normality of distribution than are the customary frequency histograms, especially with a limited number of observational data.
STUDIES ON THE ENDOPARASITIC FAUNA OF TRINIDAD: III. SOME PARASITES OF TRINIDAD CARNIVORES
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M.
Published: April 2011

Two new species of cestodes, five of nematodes, two of Acanthocephala and one linguatid are recorded from carnivores in Trinidad, B.W.I.
THE BLACKFLIES OF EASTERN CANADA (SIMULIIDAE, DIPTERA). PART II.
Authors: Twinn C. R.
Published: April 2011

not available
STUDIES ON THE ENDOPARASITIC FAUNA OF TRINIDAD MAMMALS: IV. FURTHER PARASITES FROM TRINIDAD DEER
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M.
Published: April 2011

The trematode, Paramphistomum cotylophorum is recorded from Mazama simplicicornis, and the female of the nematode Eucyathostomum longesubulatum is described.
THERMAL STRESS IN LONG CYLINDRICAL SHELLS DUE TO TEMPERATURE VARIATION ROUND THE CIRCUMFERENCE, AND THROUGH THE WALL
Authors: Goodier J. N.
Published: April 2011

The thermal stress in thin-walled cylinders of any cross section has been investigated for internal and external temperatures each varying in any manner round the circumference but not in the axial direction. The thickness also may vary round the circumference.A method is given for calculating the stress from given temperature distributions, whatever the shape of the cross section. The stress is evaluated for uniform, but different, inside and outside temperatures.The circular cylinder is treated in detail and the stress found for the general case of circumferential variation. It is shown that the maximum stress will depend only on the temperature distributions and the material, and not on the thickness or diameter of the cylinder.
THE COEFFICIENT OF HEAT TRANSFER FOR VERTICAL SURFACES IN STILL AIR
Authors: Ruedy R.
Published: April 2011

For a vertical plane surface in still air the coefficient of heat transfer, valid within the range of temperatures occurring in buildings, depends on the temperature and the height of the surface. If black body conditions are assumed for the heat lost by radiation, the coefficient is equal to 1.39, 1.50, 1.62, and 1.73 B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ° F. at 32°, 50°, 68°, and 86° F. respectively, the height of the heated surfaces being 100 cm. Convection is responsible for about one-third, and radiation, mainly in the region of 10 microns, for about two-thirds of the heat loss. Convection currents depend on the temperature difference, while radiation depends on the average temperature. When attempts are made to stop convection currents by placing obstacles across the surface, the loss of heat due to natural convection varies inversely as the fourth root of the height, providing that the nature of the flow of air remains unchanged.
THE ATMOSPHERIC POTENTIAL GRADIENT AT OTTAWA, CANADA
Authors: Rose D. C.
Published: April 2011

The atmospheric potential gradient was observed continuously at the National Research Laboratories at Ottawa for a year ending December 1, 1935, and at a country station about nine miles northwest of Ottawa, for four months ending November 1, 1936. The country station was set up on a site as free as possible from man-made pollution of the atmosphere. The records were studied from two points of view, the diurnal variation and disturbances in the normal fine weather value of the potential gradient. The results indicate that the diurnal variation is similar to that of other similarly situated stations. The study of disturbances in the potential gradient shows that all disturbances can be correlated with local meteorological conditions. The disturbances were for the most part associated with the stormy conditions usual at the passage of a front. The effect of city pollution on potential gradient records is clearly shown.
FORCE MEASUREMENTS ON STOP-LOG MODELS
Authors: Tupper K. F.
Published: April 2011

A model of a stop-log emergency dam was built for the purpose of obtaining measurements of the hydrodynamic forces acting on the logs during placement. It is considered that the results are of interest to engineers faced with the design of similar structures. They are accordingly presented in non-dimensional form. The single restriction on the applicability of the results lies in the geometry of the structure where the vertical height of the log is exactly one-sixth the depth of the canal.Logs of three cross sectional shapes were tested, namely, circular, square, and 2:1 rectangular (2 horizontal, 1 vertical). The forces were measured on each of the first four logs to be placed in the stream.
THE SPECTRUM OF DOUBLY IONIZED MERCURY, Hg III
Authors: Johns Martin W.
Published: April 2011

The spectrum of mercury, excited in an electrodeless discharge, has been measured from 400 to 11,000 Å. From these data the analysis of Hg III has been extended to include 77 new terms of the configurations 5d86s2, 5d86s6p, 5d97s, 5d98s, 5d97p, 5d96d, 5d97d, 5d95f, and seven unidentified even terms Isotope shifts have been observed in 11 lines and confirm the classifications of these lines.
THE HEAT OF ADSORPTION OF OXYGEN ON CHARCOAL AT LOW SURFACE CONCENTRATIONS
Authors: Marshall Melville J. , MacInnes Alexander S.
Published: April 2011

The differential heat of adsorption of oxygen on activated cocoanut charcoal has been measured over the low concentration range to 14 micromoles per gram, by means of an improved ice calorimeter and a new charcoal bulb, in which oxygen is introduced into the middle of the charcoal mass. At zero concentration, a heat of adsorption of 129.0 kcal. per mole of oxygen was found, dropping to 72.0 kcal. at approximately 6.0 micromoles per gram. The initial heat of adsorption is much higher than the highest value that has been obtained previously. This indicates that the plain charcoal bulb previously used permitted loss of heat from the calorimeter; consequently, the values for the initial heats of adsorption were low. The theoretical significance of the high initial heat is discussed briefly.
THE BASE-EXCHANGING PROPERTIES OF SYNTHETIC ALUMINO-SILICATE MATERIALS. II.
Authors: Patton J. R. , Ferguson J. B.
Published: April 2011

The base-exchanges [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] have been studied with Doucil and various salt solutions. The calcium or barium content of the gel increased as the concentration of the solution decreased. With the more concentrated solutions, the calcium content of the gel increased with increasing temperature; at the same temperature, the calcium content was greater when calcium Doucil replaced sodium Doucil as the initial gel material. Solutions of calcium nitrate and of calcium acetate gave similar results, but these were higher than those obtained with calcium chloride solutions.The exchange reaction is chiefly determined by the relative cationic content of the gel and of the solution, but the actual amount of exchange taking place in a given case is greatly dependent upon the available capacity, which is in turn dependent upon those factors that affect the penetration of the gel. The effects of temperature, of concentration, of the kind of anion and of the kind of gel are thought to be more closely related to the penetration phenomena than to the exchange reaction proper. Although the direction of the effect of concentration is indicated by the equation of Rothmund and Kornfeld, the results are not in quantitative agreement with this equation. The equation [Formula: see text] is useful for the interpolation of curves obtained at constant anionic normality, especially if the solutions are dilute.
THE BROMINE-SENSITIZED DECOMPOSITION OF CHLORINE MONOXIDE IN GREEN LIGHT
Authors: Brown A. G. , Spinks J. W. T.
Published: April 2011

Chlorine monoxide undergoes a bromine-sensitized decomposition in light of wave-length 5460 A. The reaction involves short chains and is accompanied by an appreciable dark reaction. The quantum yield is 4.3 at 19 °C. A decrease in pressure occurring near the end of the reaction has been shown to be a photochemical effect, and it is due probably to the bromine-sensitized decomposition of chlorine dioxide formed during the combined light and dark reactions.A mechanism similar to that described by Finkelnburg, Schumacher and Stieger for the unsensitized reaction appears to account for most of the observations.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF BROMINE: II. THE BROMINE CONTENT OF HUMAN TISSUES
Authors: Neufeld A. H.
Published: April 2011

A study of the bromine content in human tissues was made by the method outlined in Part I of this series. In many cases, total halogen determinations were made on the same material. The results suggest the following conclusions:Bromine is a constituent of all human tissues. The amounts found in the same tissue show definite variations.No evidence could be found to support the view that bromine is concerned with pituitary function. The thyroid contains amounts of bromine slightly greater than the amounts found in blood. While functional significance cannot be excluded, it has not been ascertained.No definite relation was found to exist between the distribution of bromine and chlorine in human tissues.