bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Retrospective Study of Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes Following Conventional and Water Birth in Ecuador
Authors: Rosales Sharon , Ortiz-Prado Esteban , Alarcón Diego , Rosales Dayana , Iturralde Ana Lucia
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVES: Demonstrate maternal and neonatal complications reported in women giving birth in water birth compared to those conventional land births.

METHODS: An observational retrospective analysis of the incidence of maternal and neonatal outcomes among 358 women who deliver their newborns throughout conventional vaginal delivery and 308 women giving birth in water during 2013 in Quito, Ecuador. Maternal Age, Educational attainment, Neonatal weight, height, APGAR scores, vaginal tearing and the need to resuscitate a newborn were the variables matched for both groups.

RESULTS: Among 308 women who were scheduled to deliver their newborns in water, 73% successfully culminate in water vaginal births while 26 % required a C-section. Among the conventional birth group, only 47% ended their pregnancy vaginally as planned and 53% required a C-section.

The use of oxytocin (RR: 12.9 CI 7.9 to 20.9 p<0.0001) and intentional episiotomy (RR: 13.9 CI 5.1 to 37.9 p<0.0001) are much higher among conventional birth, however, the risk to have a vaginal tearing during water labor is 3 times higher than conventional birth (RR: 2.9 CI 2.12 to 4.2 p<0.0001). In the conventional delivery cohort 3 neonatal deaths were reported while water birth no deaths reported, however, no causality of these deaths was explored due to the absence of information.

CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that water birth is an effective method to deliver children as long as there is an adequate understanding of the risk and benefits of this procedure. Planning a water delivery seems to reduce the risk of using prophylactic uterotonic medication, prophylactic episiotomies and to perform unplanned C-sections. Due to higher incidence of vaginal tears, strict perianal protection during the third stage of labor is recommended.
Prevalence of Burnout among Resident Physicians in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Authors: Sheikhmoonesi Fatemeh , Khani Fatemeh , Khademloo Mohammad , Bahari Saravi Seyyedeh Fatemeh
Published: August 2016

INTRODUCTION: Burnout is a state of mental and physical exhaustion which is developed under high levels of work-related stress. Burnout during residency training has gained significant attention since it leaves negative impacts on job performance and patient care. This study aimed at investigating the rate of burnout among residents in different medical fields.METHOD: A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out in 170 medical residents in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 2012. Data was collected using a demographic questionnaire and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI).RESULTS: Overall 52% of residents met burnout criteria ranging from 33% to 73% in different fields. There was a significant difference between specialties regarding emotional exhaustion subscale. (p=0.022). There was also a significant relationship between age and emotional exhaustion, in fact younger residents reported higher emotional exhaustion. (p=0.004)CONCLUSIONS: There was a considerable degree of burnout among residents and we found a relationship between educational field and emotional exhaustion. The highest degree of burnout was observed in Gynecology residents, and highest degree of emotional exhaustion was reported between younger residents.
Evaluation of Simultaneous Effect of Lovastatin Plus Fluoxetine on Depression Using Linear Mixed Model with LASSO Penalty
Authors: Faghih Marjan , Shahraki Hadi Raeisi , Ghanizadeh Ahmad , Ayatollahi Seyyed Mohhamad Taghi
Published: August 2016

The effect of lovastatin plus fluoxetine on depression has been investigated in many studies, but ignoring other effective factors has decreased the accuracy of the results. The aim of this study was to assess the simultaneous effect of lovastatin plus fluoxetine on depression while controlling a large number of potential covariates using penalized linear mixed model in a longitudinal study. 60 patients with major depressive disorder according to DSM-IV diagnostic criteria were enrolled. The sample was randomly allocated into fluoxetine (up to 40 mg/day) plus lovastatin (30 mg/day) group and fluoxetine (up to 40 mg/day) plus placebo group. Hamilton depression rating scale was used to measure the depression score at baseline, week 2, and week 6. We used linear mixed model (LMM) with least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) penalty. Among 60 patients, 39 (65%) were female with a mean age of 31.93 (9.8) years; 51.7% of the patients were married, a majority (73%) lived in village, and 45% of them had high school education. Both groups showed a significant decrease in depression score using Hamilton Depression scale. However, depression score in the treatment group decreased more than the placebo group (Mean=12.8(SD=6.3) vs. Mean=8.2(SD=4.0), t=3.4, P<.001).The proposed model revealed that in the presence of the other covariates, lovastatin plus fluoxetine could play a key role in the reduction of depression. It was also shown that all of the covariates except blood pressure had a significant effect on depression. Linear mixed model with LASSO penalty revealed that sex, age, education, physical illness had the most significant effect on depression.
results demonstrated that the masters’ students were possessed of less spiritual growth, indicating the need for more accurate planning towards improving students’ health-promoting lifestyles. So, it was recommended that more attention be paid to the improvement of health-promoting lifestyles, especially in terms of spiritual growth.
 
Identification of Medical Students’ Learning Styles in Terms of Gender
Authors: Pour Mahnaz Shahrki , Ghoreishinia Gholamreza , Zare Sadegh , Arbabisarjou Azizollah
Published: August 2016

INTRODUCTION: Every amazing human development in the modern world is resulted from learning; therefore, teaching and learning improvement are the bases of all activities. There is a wide-range of factors affecting learning and the identification of these factors is very important in fixing problems and deficiencies in educational systems. Among the factors contributing to academic achievement are the consideration of students’ differences and identification of their learning styles. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to identify medical students’ learning styles in terms of gender.

METHODOLOGY: This is a descriptive-analytical study that it conducted in 2015 on 360 students of Medical Sciences. The data collected through a two-part questionnaire consisting of questions about students’ demographic characteristics and the validated VARK questionnaire to categorize their learning styles. Using the SPSS-19 software, the collected data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, Chi-square test and ANOVA.

RESULTS: The results showed that the mostly preferred learning style among medical students was the Read/Write style (48.3% of students at school of nursing, 56.7% of students at school of dentistry, 40% of students at school of medicine, 36.7% of students at school of paramedics, 53.3% of students at school of public health and 43.3% of students at school of rehabilitation). The results also showed no significant relationship between learning style and age (p=0.60), school (p=0.106) and gender (p=0.41).

CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that there is no significant relationship between gender and learning style of medical students. Furthermore, the mostly preferred learning style of students at Zahedan University of Medical Sciences is the Read/Write style.
Case Studies in Clinical Psychology: Are We Giving up a Publication Type and Methodology in Research on and Teaching of Psychopathology and Psychotherapy?
Authors: Krampen Dorothea , Krampen Günter
Published: August 2016

Scientometric results on publication trends in clinical psychology, which refer to publication type and methodology of case studies/reports, are presented. Absolute and relative frequencies of clinical case studies are identified for the segment “mental and behavioral disorders” in MEDLINE (ICD-10 Chapter V [F]) as well as for clinical psychology publications documented in PsycINFO and PSYNDEX in 40 publication years (1975-2014). Results show an increase of the absolute number of published case studies documented in MEDLINE and PsycINFO (but not in PSYNDEX), which is highly correlated with the total increase of clinical psychology publications in both databases. Relative frequencies show another picture, namely a drop of the percentage of case studies on mental and behavioral disorders in MEDLINE, and a sharp drop in PSYNDEX since the 1980s. The trend for the relative frequency of case studies within all publications on clinical psychology documented in PsycINFO is V-shaped with 6% in the 1970s, 3% in the early 1990s, and 4-5% after the millennium. Pros and cons of case studies in clinical psychology research and education are discussed. Qualitative and quantitative case study methodologies are distinguished with respect to the phases of clinical trials and observational studies in evidence-based and empirically supported psychotherapy. Subsequently, methodological constraints are balanced with specific values in clinical training, applied research, and innovative research on the symptomatology, etiology, and classification of mental disorders as well as on combined and/or integrative treatment techniques and methods.

 
The Effects of Memory Recovery Techniques on Jurors’ Perceptions of Recovered Memories
Authors: Krackow Elisa , Long Alyssa
Published: August 2016

The current study examined the impact of memory recovery techniques (guided imagery and dream interpretation) on mock jurors’ perceptions of recovered memories. Participants (N = 181) were randomly assigned to read one of four vignettes representing a therapist who uncovered memories of child sexual abuse in an adult female client using guided imagery, dream interpretation, technique concealed, or memories were continuous as opposed to recovered. Participants then responded to a series of questions regarding plaintiff credibility, defendant guilt, and external influences. Lower ratings of plaintiff credibility and defendant guilt emerged, along with higher ratings of external influence when guided imagery or dream interpretation was used by the therapist compared to when the technique was concealed. The same pattern of findings held when the dependent variables of interest reflected credible vs. not credible and guilty vs. not guilty decisions. The current study highlights the necessity of informing jurors as to the processes by which memories are recovered.
The obligatory activation of practiced complex multiplication facts and what it tells us about models of arithmetic processing
Authors: Tronsky Loel Nicholas
Published: August 2016

Three experiments were conducted in which adults practiced complex multiplication problems (e.g., 4 x 17). In Experiments 1 and 2, after practice participants completed a number-matching task in which two digits (cues) were followed by a single digit (probe) and had to determine whether the probe matched either of the cues. In simple arithmetic (e.g., 4 x 3), when the probe is the product of the cues (12), participants are slower/more error prone when determining whether there is a match. Results of Experiment 1 extended this effect to complex multiplication. In Experiment 2, participants practiced problems with the larger operand first (e.g., 17 x 4) or with the smaller operand first (e.g., 4 x 17). The number-matching interference effect from Experiment 1 was replicated, and was equal across the two groups whether cues were presented in their practiced or non-practiced order. Experiment 3 was conducted to determine if two additional simple multiplication effects, consistency and relatedness, could be documented for complex multiplication. After practice, in a verification task (4 x 13 = 56?) it was found that when presented answers shared a digit with the decade digit of the correct answer (consistency) or were a correct answer to another practiced problem (relatedness), participants rejected answers more slowly and/or less accurately. Together, findings from the three experiments support arithmetic models that posit that commuted pairs are not represented in long-term memory independently and that posit representations of two-digit multiplication answers are decomposed into decades and units during arithmetic processing.
Coupling between the DEAD-box RNA helicases Ded1p and eIF4A
Authors: Gao Zhaofeng , Putnam Andrea A , Bowers Heath A , Guenther Ulf-Peter , Ye Xuan , Kindsfather Audrey , Hilliker Angela K , Jankowsky Eckhard
Published: August 2016

Eukaryotic translation initiation involves two conserved DEAD-box RNA helicases, eIF4A and Ded1p. Here we show that S. cerevisiae eIF4A and Ded1p directly interact with each other and simultaneously with the scaffolding protein eIF4G. We delineate a comprehensive thermodynamic framework for the interactions between Ded1p, eIF4A, eIF4G, RNA and ATP, which indicates that eIF4A, with and without eIF4G, acts as a modulator for activity and substrate preferences of Ded1p, which is the RNA remodeling unit in all complexes. Our results reveal and characterize an unexpected interdependence between the two RNA helicases and eIF4G, and suggest that Ded1p is an integral part of eIF4F, the complex comprising eIF4G, eIF4A, and eIF4E.
Stenosis in Middle Cerebral Artery Duplication
Authors: Gómez-Choco Manuel , Nedelmann Max , Valdueza José M.
Published: August 2016

Duplication of the middle cerebral artery is an unusual anatomic variant. Stenosis of one of its branches can be an exceptional cause of stroke and is very difficult to diagnose with transcranial duplex sonography. We report 2 patients with duplication of the middle cerebral artery in whom stenosis of one of its branches led to ischemic stroke and describe the sonographic findings in comparison to other neuroimaging modalities. These cases highlight the utility of adding a coronal insonation plane on top of the traditional axial plane to avoid identification pitfalls in patients with anatomic variants.
Comparison of evolutionary algorithms for LPDA antenna optimization
Authors: Lazaridis Pavlos I. , Tziris Emmanouil N. , Zaharis Zaharias D. , Xenos Thomas D. , Cosmas John P. , Gallion Philippe B. , Holmes Violeta , Glover Ian A.
Published: August 2016

A novel approach to broadband log‐periodic antenna design is presented, where some of the most powerful evolutionary algorithms are applied and compared for the optimal design of wire log‐periodic dipole arrays (LPDA) using Numerical Electromagnetics Code. The target is to achieve an optimal antenna design with respect to maximum gain, gain flatness, front‐to‐rear ratio (F/R) and standing wave ratio. The parameters of the LPDA optimized are the dipole lengths, the spacing between the dipoles, and the dipole wire diameters. The evolutionary algorithms compared are the Differential Evolution (DE), Particle Swarm (PSO), Taguchi, Invasive Weed (IWO), and Adaptive Invasive Weed Optimization (ADIWO). Superior performance is achieved by the IWO (best results) and PSO (fast convergence) algorithms.
The role of cloud radiative heating within the atmosphere on the high cloud amount and top‐of‐atmosphere cloud radiative effect
Authors: Harrop Bryce E. , Hartmann Dennis L.
Published: August 2016

The effect of cloud‐radiation interactions on cloud properties is examined in the context of a limited‐domain cloud‐resolving model. The atmospheric cloud radiative effect (ACRE) influences the areal extent of tropical high clouds in two distinct ways. The first is through direct radiative destabilization of the elevated cloud layers, mostly as a result of longwave radiation heating the cloud bottom and cooling the cloud top. The second effect is radiative stabilization, whereby cloud radiative heating of the atmospheric column stabilizes the atmosphere to deep convection. In limited area domain simulations, the stabilizing (or indirect) effect is the dominant role of the cloud radiative heating, thus reducing the cloud cover in simulations where ACRE is included compared to those where it is removed. Direct cloud radiative heating increases high cloud fraction, decreases mean cloud optical depth, and increases cloud top temperature. The indirect cloud radiative heating decreases high cloud fraction, but also decreases mean cloud optical depth and increases cloud top temperature. The combination of these effects increases the top‐of‐atmosphere cloud radiative effect. In mock‐Walker circulation experiments, the decrease in high cloud amount owing to radiative stabilization tends to cancel out the increase in high cloud amount owing to the destabilization within the cloud layer. The changes in cloud optical depth and cloud top pressure, however, are similar to those produced in the limited area domain simulations.
A multiscale multilayer vertically integrated model with vertical dynamics for CO2 sequestration in layered geological formations
Authors: Guo Bo , Bandilla Karl W. , Nordbotten Jan M. , Celia Michael A. , Keilegavlen Eirik , Doster Florian
Published: August 2016

Efficient computational models are desirable for simulation of large‐scale geological CO2 sequestration. Vertically integrated models, which take advantage of dimension reduction, offer one type of computationally efficient model. The dimension reduction is usually achieved by vertical integration based on the vertical equilibrium (VE) assumption, which assumes that CO2 and brine segregate rapidly in the vertical due to strong buoyancy and quickly reach pressure equilibrium. However, the validity of the VE assumption requires small time scales of fluid segregation, which may not always be fulfilled, especially for heterogeneous geological formations with low vertical permeability. Recently, Guo et al. (2014a) developed a multiscale vertically integrated model, referred to as the dynamic reconstruction (DR) model, that relaxes the VE assumption by including the vertical two‐phase flow dynamics of CO2 and brine as fine‐scale one‐dimensional problems in the vertical direction. Although the VE assumption can be relaxed, that model was limited to homogeneous geological formations. Here we extend the dynamic reconstruction model for layered heterogeneous formations, which is of much more practical interest for saline aquifers in sedimentary basins. We develop a new coarse‐scale pressure equation to couple the different coarse‐scale (vertically integrated) layers, and use the fine‐scale dynamic reconstruction algorithm in Guo et al. (2014a) within each individual layer. Together, these form a multiscale multilayer dynamic reconstruction algorithm. Simulation results of the CO2 plume from the new model are in excellent agreement with full three‐dimensional models, with the new algorithm being much more computationally efficient than conventional full three‐dimensional models.
Bayesian Nonparametrics
Authors: Canale Antonio , Lijoi Antonio , Prünster Igor
Published: August 2016

The popularity of Bayesian nonparametric inference is rapidly growing within both the academic community and practitioners. Indeed, the Bayesian nonparametric viewpoint naturally allows for rich and flexible probabilistic modeling and, via conditional (or posterior) distributions, for accurate function estimation, most notably of probability distributions, regression functions, and hazard rates. After de Finetti's theoretical foundation of the Bayesian nonparametric paradigm in the 1930s, the first methodological breakthroughs date back to the 1970s, most notably with the introduction of the Dirichlet process by Ferguson in 1973. Recently, Bayesian nonparametric methods have undergone a dramatic development, thanks to the availability of algorithms that allow for their implementation in a wide variety of challenging applications. Here, one can find a concise overview of classes of discrete random probability measures, whose distributions act as priors in nonparametric problems and represent the main ingredients of complex models featuring a nonparametric component.
Covalent Bond Scission in the Mullins Effect of a Filled Elastomer: Real‐Time Visualization with Mechanoluminescence
Authors: Clough Jess M. , Creton Costantino , Craig Stephen L. , Sijbesma Rint P.
Published: August 2016

Strain‐induced light emission from mechanoluminescent cross‐linkers in silica‐filled poly(dimethylsiloxane) demonstrates that covalent bond scission contributes significantly to irreversible stress‐softening upon the initial extension, known as the Mullins effect. The cross‐linkers contain dioxetanes that emit light upon force‐induced bond scission. The filled elastomer emits light in cyclic uniaxial tension, but only on exceeding the previous maximum strain. The amount of light increases with hysteresis energy in a power law of exponent 2.0, demonstrating that covalent bond scission becomes increasingly important in the strain regime studied. Below 100%–120% strain, corresponding to energy absorption of (0.082 ± 0.012) J cm−3, mechanoluminescence is not detectable. Calibration of the light intensity indicates that by 190% strain, less than 0.1% of the dioxetane moieties break. Small but significant amounts of light are emitted upon unloading, suggesting a complex stress transfer to the dioxetanes mediated by the fillers. Pre‐strained material emits light on straining perpendicularly, but not parallel to the original tensile direction, demonstrating that covalent bond scission is highly anisotropic. These findings show that the scission of even a small number of covalent bonds plays a discernible role in the Mullins effect in filled silicone elastomers. Such mechanisms may be active in other types of filled elastomers.
Chiral N,N′‐Dioxide‐Zinc(II) Complex‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Aza‐Friedel–Crafts Reaction of Isatin‐Derived Ketimines with Indoles
Authors: Zhang Xiying , Zhang Jianlin , Lin Lili , Zheng Haifeng , Wu Wangbin , Liu Xiaohua , Feng Xiaoming
Published: August 2016

A highly efficient chiral N,N′‐dioxide‐zinc(II) complex catalytic system has been developed for the enantioselective aza‐Friedel–Crafts reaction of isatin‐derived ketimines with indoles. A series of enantiomerically enriched 3‐indolyl‐3‐aminooxindoles containing a tetrasubstituted stereocenter were obtained in up to 99% yield with up to 96% ee. Furthermore, control experiments provide a fundamental sight into the mechanism of the reaction.

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Synthesis of 18F‐Difluoromethylarenes from Aryl (Pseudo) Halides
Authors: Shi Hang , Braun Augustin , Wang Lu , Liang Steven H. , Vasdev Neil , Ritter Tobias
Published: August 2016

A general method for the synthesis of [18F]difluoromethylarenes from [18F]fluoride for radiopharmaceutical discovery is reported. The method is practical, operationally simple, tolerates a wide scope of functional groups, and enables the labeling of a variety of arenes and heteroarenes with radiochemical yields (RCYs, not decay‐corrected) from 10 to 60 %. The 18F‐fluorination precursors are readily prepared from aryl chlorides, bromides, iodides, and triflates. Seven 18F‐difluoromethylarene drug analogues and radiopharmaceuticals including Claritin, fluoxetine (Prozac), and [18F]DAA1106 were synthesized to show the potential of the method for applications in PET radiopharmaceutical design.
Effect of CaO in the thermal crosslinking of maltodextrin and citric acid: A cooperative action of condensation and ionic interactions
Authors: Castro‐Cabado M. , Casado A.L. , San Román J.
Published: August 2016

The study of the effect of CaO in the thermal crosslinking of maltodextrin with citric acid demonstrates that the addition of small amount of this compound enhances the crosslinking of the cured system under processing conditions. This enhancement of the crosslinking leads to a noticeable improvement of the mechanical properties. The mechanism of the enhanced crosslinking reaction has been deeply analyzed by rheology, FT‐IR, and TGA. The rheological results show that CaO contributes to the crosslinking. This contribution would allow decreasing 10 °C the temperature of curing process. The enhancement of the crosslinking and consequent improvement of mechanical properties is explained by the contribution of the interactions between the Ca2+ and citric acid and the polycondensate network formed between maltodextrin and citric acid. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44203.
Environmental factors in the etiology of isolated and nonisolated esophageal atresia in a Chinese population: A case–control study
Authors: Feng Yu , Chen Runsen , Li Xiaonan , Mo Xuming
Published: August 2016

Background

Esophageal atresia (EA) is a common birth defect that occurs with tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), although etiological studies on EA/TEF have produced inconsistent results.

Methods

The aim of this study was to examine the association between environmental factors during pregnancy and the risk of EA/TEF in a Chinese population. Cases of isolated EA and nonisolated EA and unaffected controls were identified between July 2005 and November 2015, and face‐to‐face questionnaires concerning exposure to environmental factors were administered to the birth mothers of 130 cases and 400 controls. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to assess the association between environmental factors and the risk of EA/TEF.

Results

The results of this case–control study suggest that lower maternal education (p < 0.0001), maternal binge drinking (OR = 2.63; 95% CI, 1.05–6.6) and pickled food consumption (OR = 2.04; 95% CI, 1.31–3.71) during pregnancy increase the risk of EA in offspring, while maternal folic acid supplementation (OR = 0.45; 95% CI, 0.29–0.71) is significantly associated with a decreased risk of EA.

Conclusion

These results suggest a role for environmental exposures in the etiology of EA/TEF; however, further studies are needed to replicate the observed associations. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:840–846, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Study of a water‐soluble fluorescent sensor based on the Eu(III) pefloxacin complex
Authors: Wen Chaohao , Yang Jinglian , Zeng Zhi , Gao Jinwei , Zheng Yuhui
Published: August 2016

The antibiotic type organic structure pefloxacin binds well with europium (III) ions as a useful scaffold for assembling optical probes and allows energy transfer from ligand to metal ions through coordination linkages. This water‐soluble chemosensor demonstrated significant ‘off–on (red)’ changes from an alkaline to a neutral environment (pH 14–8). The emission changed from red to blue under acidic conditions (pH 7–2). The whole process was completely reversible and effective within the pH range 2 to 14. Moreover, this probe system exhibited distinct luminescence quenching upon the addition of Cu2+ or Fe3+. This general modular route will permit easy detection and the concept can be extended to a variety of quinolones for sensing purposes.
CellShape: A user‐friendly image analysis tool for quantitative visualization of bacterial cell factories inside
Authors: Goñi‐Moreno Ángel , Kim Juhyun , de Lorenzo Víctor
Published: August 2016

Visualization of the intracellular constituents of individual bacteria while performing as live biocatalysts is in principle doable through more or less sophisticated fluorescence microscopy. Unfortunately, rigorous quantitation of the wealth of data embodied in the resulting images requires bioinformatic tools that are not widely extended within the community‐let alone that they are often subject to licensing that impedes software reuse. In this context we have developed CellShape, a user‐friendly platform for image analysis with subpixel precision and double‐threshold segmentation system for quantification of fluorescent signals stemming from single‐cells. CellShape is entirely coded in Python, a free, open‐source programming language with widespread community support. For a developer, CellShape enhances extensibility (ease of software improvements) by acting as an interface to access and use existing Python modules; for an end‐user, CellShape presents standalone executable files ready to open without installation. We have adopted this platform to analyse with an unprecedented detail the tridimensional distribution of the constituents of the gene expression flow (DNA, RNA polymerase, mRNA and ribosomal proteins) in individual cells of the industrial platform strain Pseudomonas putida KT2440. While the CellShape first release version (v0.8) is readily operational, users and/or developers are enabled to expand the platform further.
Know how to shift gears to boost productivity, improve leadership
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: August 2016

DALLAS — Successful leadership doesn't depend on what or how much you know, or even your IQ.
Understand how to determine when ‘voluntary’ workouts qualify as truly voluntary
Authors: O'Brien Timothy
Published: August 2016

As concerns mount regarding the professionalization of collegiate sports and the treatment of student‐athletes, questions inevitably arise during the offseason about how and why sports became year‐round commitments. This development becomes all the more real when the possibility of a student‐athlete having a paid job or internship at home is replaced with the apparent need to remain at school and attend what many consider to be “organized” preseason workouts.
Perspective, communication, creativity become vital tools during times of change
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: August 2016

Bill Fusco has had plenty of experience leading his staff successfully through times of difficult change.
Biological Activities of Triterpenoids and Phenolic Compounds from Myrica cerifera Bark
Authors: Zhang Jie , Yamada Satoshi , Ogihara Eri , Kurita Masahiro , Banno Norihiro , Qu Wei , Feng Feng , Akihisa Toshihiro
Published: August 2016

Seven triterpenoids, 1 – 7, two diarylheptanoids, 8 and 9, four phenolic compounds, 10 – 13, and three other compounds, 14 – 16, were isolated from the hexane and MeOH extracts of the bark of Myrica cerifera L. (Myricaceae). Among these compounds, betulin (1), ursolic acid (3), and myricanol (8) exhibited cytotoxic activities against HL60 (leukemia), A549 (lung), and SK‐BR‐3 (breast) human cancer cell lines (IC50 3.1 – 24.2 μm). Compound 8 induced apoptotic cell death in HL60 cells (IC50 5.3 μm) upon evaluation of the apoptosis‐inducing activity by flow cytometric analysis and by Hoechst 33342 staining method. Western blot analysis on HL60 cells revealed that 8 activated caspases‐3, ‐8, and ‐9 suggesting that 8 induced apoptosis via both mitochondrial and death receptor pathways in HL60. Upon evaluation of the melanogenesis‐inhibitory activity in B16 melanoma cells induced with α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH), erythrodiol (7), 4‐hydroxy‐2‐methoxyphenyl β‐d‐glucopyranoside (13), and butyl quinate (15) exhibited inhibitory effects (65.4 – 86.0% melanin content) with no, or almost no, toxicity to the cells (85.9 – 107.4% cell viability) at 100 μm concentration. In addition, 8, myricanone (9), myricitrin (10), protocatechuic acid (11), and gallic acid (12) revealed potent DPPH radical‐scavenging activities (IC50 6.9 – 20.5 μm).
Ordered Mesoporous Materials as Supports for Stable Iron Catalysts in the Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis of Lower Olefins
Authors: Oschatz Martin , Lamme Wouter S. , Xie Jingxiu , Dugulan A. Iulian , de Jong Krijn P.
Published: August 2016

The Fe‐catalyzed Fischer–Tropsch to olefins (FTO) synthesis is a non‐oil‐based route for the production of C2–C4 olefins. The understanding of the interplay between the catalytically active species, promoters, and support materials has improved over the last years, but the nanostructures of the various supports used are often not comparable. Several ordered mesoporous materials with a comparable pore size and pore symmetry are used as model supports for Fe‐based FTO catalysts. Ammonium iron citrate is used as the Fe source for all supports, and Na and S are added as promoters. The formation of catalytically active iron carbide species is suppressed within the strongly interacting mesoporous silica support, but the weakly interacting carbon and silicon carbide supports yield highly active FTO catalysts. Carbon‐supported catalysts show a high selectivity towards lower olefins, low methane production, and stable operation for up to 140 h under industrially relevant FTO conditions.
Lewis Acids as Activators in CBS‐Catalysed Diels–Alder Reactions: Distortion Induced Lewis Acidity Enhancement of SnCl4
Authors: Nödling Alexander R. , Möckel Robert , Tonner Ralf , Hilt Gerhard
Published: August 2016

The effect of several Lewis acids on the CBS catalyst (named after Corey, Bakshi and Shibata) was investigated in this study. While 2H NMR spectroscopic measurements served as gauge for the activation capability of the Lewis acids, in situ FT‐IR spectroscopy was employed to assess the catalytic activity of the Lewis acid oxazaborolidine complexes. A correlation was found between the Δδ(2H) values and rate constants kDA, which indicates a direct translation of Lewis acidity into reactivity of the Lewis acid–CBS complexes. Unexpectedly, a significant deviation was found for SnCl4 as Lewis acid. The SnCl4–CBS adduct was much more reactive than the Δδ(2H) values predicted and gave similar reaction rates to those observed for the prominent AlBr3–CBS adduct. To rationalize these results, quantum mechanical calculations were performed. The frontier molecular orbital approach was applied and a good correlation between the LUMO energies of the Lewis acid–CBS–naphthoquinone adducts and kDA could be found. For the SnCl4–CBS–naphthoquinone adduct an unusual distortion was observed leading to an enhanced Lewis acidity. Energy decomposition analysis with natural orbitals for chemical valence (EDA‐NOCV) calculations revealed the relevant interactions and activation mode of SnCl4 as Lewis acid in Diels–Alder reactions.
CO2 Reduction to CO in Water: Carbon Nanotube–Gold Nanohybrid as a Selective and Efficient Electrocatalyst
Authors: Huan Tran Ngoc , Prakash Praveen , Simon Philippe , Rousse Gwenaëlle , Xu X. , Artero Vincent , Gravel Edmond , Doris Eric , Fontecave Marc
Published: August 2016

A gold‐based nanostructure has been demonstrated as promising materials for the selective electroreduction of CO2 to CO in aqueous conditions. In this work, we present a carbon nanotube–gold nanohybrid as a selective and efficient electrocatalyst for the reduction of CO2 in 0.5 m NaHCO3. The hybrid material exhibits remarkable activity with a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at −0.55 V versus standard hydrogen electrode with a stable CO production rate (0.52 μmol s−1) after 4 h electrolysis. Monodispersed gold nanoparticles anchored on carbon nanotubes through a layer‐by‐layer method allows very little Au loading and thus minimization of the cost of electrode fabrication with a mass activity up to 100 A g−1 at −0.55 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. It is 33 times higher than a previous report for monodisperse Au nanoparticles (3 A g−1) while ensuring selectivity (70 % faradaic yield of CO) at comparable reduction potential.
Both morph‐ and species‐dependent asymmetries affect reproductive barriers between heterostylous species
Authors: Keller Barbara , de Vos Jurriaan M. , Schmidt‐Lebuhn Alexander N. , Thomson James D. , Conti Elena
Published: August 2016

The interaction between floral traits and reproductive isolation is crucial to explaining the extraordinary diversity of angiosperms. Heterostyly, a complex floral polymorphism that optimizes outcrossing, evolved repeatedly and has been shown to accelerate diversification in primroses, yet its potential influence on isolating mechanisms remains unexplored. Furthermore, the relative contribution of pre‐ versus postmating barriers to reproductive isolation is still debated. No experimental study has yet evaluated the possible effects of heterostyly on pre‐ and postmating reproductive mechanisms. We quantify multiple reproductive barriers between the heterostylousPrimula elatior(oxlip) andP. vulgaris(primrose), which readily hybridize when co‐occurring, and test whether traits of heterostyly contribute to reproductive barriers in unique ways. We find that premating isolation is key for both species, while postmating isolation is considerable only forP. vulgaris; ecogeographic isolation is crucial for both species, while phenological, seed developmental, and hybrid sterility barriers are also important inP. vulgaris, implicating sympatrically higher gene flow intoP. elatior. We document for the first time that, in addition to the aforementioned species‐dependent asymmetries, morph‐dependent asymmetries affect reproductive barriers between heterostylous species. Indeed, the interspecific decrease of reciprocity between high sexual organs of complementary floral morphs limits interspecific pollen transfer from anthers of short‐styled flowers to stigmas of long‐styled flowers, while higher reciprocity between low sexual organs favors introgression over isolation from anthers of long‐styled flowers to stigmas of short‐styled flowers. Finally, intramorph incompatibility persists across species boundaries, but is weakened in long‐styled flowers ofP. elatior, opening a possible backdoor to gene flow through intramorph pollen transfer between species. Therefore, patterns of gene flow across species boundaries are likely affected by floral morph composition of adjacent populations. To summarize, our study highlights the general importance of premating isolation and newly illustrates that both morph‐ and species‐dependent asymmetries shape boundaries between heterostylous species.
Factors influencing IUCN threat levels to orchids across Europe on the basis of national red lists
Authors: Kull Tiiu , Selgis Ulvi , Peciña Miguel Villoslada , Metsare Mirjam , Ilves Aigi , Tali Kadri , Sepp Kalev , Kull Kalevi , Shefferson Richard P.
Published: August 2016

The red list has become a ubiquitous tool in the conservation of species. We analyzed contemporary trends in the threat levels of European orchids, in total 166 species characterized in 27 national red lists, in relation to their reproductive biology and growth form, distribution area, and land cover where they occur. We found that species in central Europe are more threatened than those in the northern, southern, or Atlantic parts of Europe, while species were least threatened in southern Europe. Nectarless and tuberous species are significantly more threatened than nectariferous and rhizomatous taxa. Land cover (ratios of artificial land cover, area of pastures and grasslands, forests and inland wetlands) also significantly impacted the threat level. A bigger share of artificial land cover increases threat, and a bigger share of pasture and grassland lowers it. Unexpectedly, a bigger share of inland wetland area in a country increased threat level, which we believe may be due to the threatened nature of wetlands themselves relative to other natural land cover types. Finally, species occurring in multiple countries are on average less threatened. We believe that large‐scale analysis of current IUCN national red lists as based on their specific categories and criteria may particularly inform the development of coordinated regional or larger‐scale management strategies. In this case, we advocate for a coordinated EU protection and restoration strategy particularly aimed at central European orchids and those occurring in wetland area.
Large‐scale dark diversity estimates: new perspectives with combined methods
Authors: Ronk Argo , de Bello Francesco , Fibich Pavel , Pärtel Meelis
Published: August 2016

Large‐scale biodiversity studies can be more informative if observed diversity in a study site is accompanied by dark diversity, the set of absent although ecologically suitable species. Dark diversity methodology is still being developed and a comparison of different approaches is needed. We used plant data at two different scales (European and seven large regions) and compared dark diversity estimates from two mathematical methods: species co‐occurrence (SCO) and species distribution modeling (SDM). We used plant distribution data from the Atlas Florae Europaeae (50 × 50 km grid cells) and seven different European regions (10 × 10 km grid cells). Dark diversity was estimated by SCO and SDM for both datasets. We examined the relationship between the dark diversity sizes (type II regression) and the overlap in species composition (overlap coefficient). We tested the overlap probability according to the hypergeometric distribution. We combined the estimates of the two methods to determine consensus dark diversity and composite dark diversity. We tested whether dark diversity and completeness of site diversity (log ratio of observed and dark diversity) are related to various natural and anthropogenic factors differently than simple observed diversity. Both methods provided similar dark diversity sizes and distribution patterns; dark diversity is greater in southern Europe. The regression line, however, deviated from a 1:1 relationship. The species composition overlap of two methods was about 75%, which is much greater than expected by chance. Both consensus and composite dark diversity estimates showed similar distribution patterns. Both dark diversity and completeness measures exhibit relationships to natural and anthropogenic factors different than those exhibited by observed richness. In summary, dark diversity revealed new biodiversity patterns which were not evident when only observed diversity was examined. A new perspective in dark diversity studies can incorporate a combination of methods.
The Indignados as a Socio‐Environmental Movement: Framing the Crisis and Democracy
Authors: Asara Viviana
Published: August 2016

This study analyses the framing processes of the Indignados movement in Barcelona, as an exemplar of the latest wave of protests, and argues that it expresses a new ecological–economic way out of the crisis. It finds that the movement was not just a reaction to the economic crisis and austerity policies, but that it put forward a metapolitical critique of the social imaginary and (neo)liberal representative democracy. The diagnostic frames of the movement denunciate the subjugation of politics and justice to economics, and reject the logic of economism. The prognostic frames of the movement advance a vision of socio‐ecological sustainability and of ‘real democracy’, each articulated differently by a ‘pragmatist’ and an ‘autonomist’ faction within the movement. It argues that frames are overarching outer boundaries that accommodate different ideologies. Ideologies can nevertheless also be put into question by antagonizing frames. Furthermore, through the lens of the Indignados critique, the distinction between materialist and post‐materialist values that characterizes the New Social Movement literature is criticized, as ‘real democracy’ is connected to social and environmental justice as well as to a critique of economism and the ‘imperial mode of living’. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
The Gold Rush: The popularity of theGoldTier in Leed Certification
Authors: Sandoval Pavel , Prakash Aseem
Published: August 2016

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification is the most prominent voluntary environmental program for built environments. It has four tiers:Platinum,Gold,SilverandCertified. As of 2015, in the United States, 14% of certified buildings are in theCertifiedtier, 33% in theSilvertier, 45% in theGoldtier and 8% in thePlatinumtier. Why is theGoldtier the most popular although it is neither the least expensive option nor the most environmentally friendly one? To investigate this subject, we conducted interviews with owners of 144 properties across 27 US states and Washington, DC. We find that program design, specifically requirements/points for certifying to a specific tier, influences benefits–costs for certifying to different tiers. Other factors driving tier choice include the region in which the property is located, prior experience of the builder/owner with a particular LEED tier, the availability of subcontractors and the norms for leasing time frames. Finally, the nomenclature of different LEED tiers also shapes the value perception. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Biodiversity Governance from a Cross‐Level and Cross‐Scale Perspective: The case of the Atlantic Forest biome in Brazil
Authors: de Oliveira Faria Claudia , Magrini Alessandra
Published: August 2016

Biodiversity has gained international relevance with the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). An important signatory of the agreement, Brazil is a megadiverse country with vast biomes. Internally, the Brazilian federative organization is characterized by discrepancies between the jurisdictional scale and natural boundaries. From a governance perspective, this article analyzes how political administrative bodies deal with biome subsets, using the Atlantic Forest biome as reference. The problem was researched through the dynamics between scales and levels, considering the action of governmental and non‐governmental actors in the process, in the context of an adaptive approach. To overcome the mismatches between the federative structure and the biome, we present the ‘governance of scales’ model, which proposes articulation between the spatial scale and jurisdictional scale, through the institutional and management scales. Previous experiences of the Brazilian government in harmonizing watersheds and the coastal region with federalism enhance the feasibility of our biome‐level proposal. The model is a useful contribution to biodiversity governance in favor of novel arrangements to improve the fit between social and ecological systems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Peierls‐Distorted Ru‐Chains and Boron Dumbbells in Nb2RuB2 and Ta2RuB2 from First‐Principles Calculations and Experiments
Authors: St. Touzani Rachid , Mbarki Mohammed , Chen Ximeng , Fokwa Boniface P. T.
Published: August 2016

Nb2RuB2 and Ta2RuB2 phases were recently predicted by GGA‐VASP structure optimization to crystallize in the Nb2OsB2‐type structure. Although the Fe‐based (Mo2FeB2 type) and Os‐based (Nb2OsB2 type, superstructure variant of Mo2FeB2 type) analogues have been synthesized and characterized successfully, the Ru‐based phases remained unknown. Crystal structure prediction of Nb2RuB2 and Ta2RuB2 phases, using an evolutionary algorithm, led to the AlMn2B2‐type structure in contrast to the aforementioned optimization; however, phonon calculations showed that the Nb2OsB2‐type phases are dynamically more stable than the AlMn2B2‐type phases. A slightly modified synthetic strategy finally led to the successful preparation of the predicted phases. The extremely quick arc‐melting procedure, under argon atmosphere, not only led to a quantitative amount of the phases but also to single crystals suitable for structure determination. Powder and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction as well as EDX analysis of the metal ratio have confirmed the GGA‐VASP structure optimization: Nb2RuB2 and Ta2RuB2 compounds indeed crystallize isotypically with Nb2OsB2 structure, a superstructure variant of Mo2FeB2 type, in which B‐dumbbells and Peierls‐distorted Ru‐chains are found. Susceptibility measurements on a Ta2RuB2 single crystal reveal no superconducting transition down to 2 K, even though some features in the band structures of both phases, similar to those reported in superconducting NbRuB, hinted at possible superconductivity.