bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SENSITIZED SHEEP RED CELLS AS A REACTANT FOR STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS PROTEIN A
Authors: Winblad Sten , Ericson Carl
Published: August 2010

Staphylococci with cell‐bound protein A reacted with sensitized sheep red cells in a simple slide reaction with agglutination. Extracellular protein A proved capable of preventing the sensitized sheep red cells from reacting with cultures of Staph, aureus strains containing protein A. This confirms the reactivity of protein A with free Fc‐fragments of IgG on the surface of the sensitized sheep red cells as the cause of haemagglutination. The choice of culture medium proved important for demonstrating protein A. Peptone‐free media proved clearly unsuitable. 341 routinely isolated strains of Staph. aureus were examined for agglutination of sensitized sheep red cells in the slide test and for tube‐agglutination of sensitized sheep red cells with broth culture filtrate. 88.3 per cent of the strains were positive if examined on slides, while 6.7 per cent of the strains contained no cell‐bound or free protein A demonstrable by either method. Among the methicillin resistant strains, 50 per cent showed no agglutination on slide. Antibiotic‐sensitive strains belonging to phage group II tended to have weaker protein A reactivity than other groups.
PASSIVE HEMAGGLUTINATION TEST, USING ERYTHROCYTES SENSITIZED WITH KLEBSIELLA TYPE SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDES
Authors: Eriksen Jorunn
Published: August 2010

A passive hemagglutination method has been used to determine antibodies against type specific capsular polysaccharide in the Klebsiella group. Erythrocytes were coated with acidic capsular polysaccharide. Chromium chloride was used as the coupling reagent. The method has been tested on eleven serotypes.
LOCALIZATION OF HORSE RADISH PEROXIDASE IN MOUSE AND GUINEA PIG PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES AFTER UPTAKE IN VIVO AND IN VITRO AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY
Authors: Rhodes Joan M. , Birch‐Andersen A. , Ravn Helene
Published: August 2010

Normal mouse and guinea pig macrophages, which had ingested horse radish peroxidase (HRP), were studied in the electron microscope. The majority of the HRP was situated in the phagolysosomes, 10, 30, 60 minutes and 24 hours after injection in vivo, or in vitro, at the shorter time intervals. The localization of 125I‐HRP in macrophages was also studied at the electron microscope level. Radioactivity was usually associated with the histochemical staining for peroxidase, which was chiefly situated in the phagolysosomes. Occasional grains were found on the surface of the cell. The significance of these findings is discussed, in the context of the role of macrophages in the induction of the immune response.
PHAGOCYTOSIS OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM 395 MR10 BY RABBIT POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES: FORMATION OF PHAGOLYSOSOMES DEMONSTRATED BY ZONAL SEPARATION
Authors: Tagesson Christer , Stendahl Olle
Published: August 2010

After allowing phagocytic uptake of bacteria, rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes were disintegrated and fractionated by zonal centrifugation. Two different subcellular particles were obtained containing high relative activities of lysosomal marker enzymes. One particle displayed the sedimenting characteristics of lysosomes, the other sedimented with radio‐actively labelled bacteria subjected to phagocytosis. The properties of the latter particles and the conditions concerning their formation were those expected of phagolysosomes. The phagolysosomes showed a peak at a density = 1.19, whereas both lysosomes and nonphagocytosed bacteria were recovered at a density = 1.25. The results are discussed in relation to the analysis of host‐parasite interaction at a subcellular level.
A GENETIC STUDY OF INDUCIBLE ERYTHROMYCIN RESISTANCE IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Dornbusch Kathrine , Dahlström Anna
Published: August 2010

The genes responsible for inducible erythromycin resistance in a set of DU 4916‐strains of Staphylococcus aureus were eliminated spontaneously or after exposure to ethidium bromide or heat. In transductions they were transferred into wildtype (rec+) and recombinationless (rec‐) strains at similar frequencies. If rec+ strains were used as recipients, the transfer frequencies of inducible erythromycin resistance would not be stimulated after increasing doses of ultraviolet irradiation of the phage lysate, whereas the transfer frequency of chromosomal cadmium resistance would be tenfold stimulated. These facts support the suggestion that the genes for inducible erythromycin resistance are carried on a plasmid. Treatments with acriflavine or ethidium bromide could not elucidate the connection with methicillin‐ and inducible erythromycin resistance.
THE FORMATION OF A CALCIUM‐DEPENDENT EXTRACELLULAR PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME FROM STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Arvidson S.
Published: August 2010

The role of calcium in the production of an extracellular proteolytic enzyme (protease III) from Staphylococcus aureus, strain V8 has been studied. No protease III was found in cultures grown in a casein hydrolysate medium containing EDTA at a concentration of 0.1 mM. Addition of Ca2+ during growth in this medium resulted in an accumulation of protease III in the culture. The appearance of protease was the result of de novo protein synthesis. No inactive protease III could be detected in cultures grown in the presence of EDTA by electrophoresis in antibody containing agarose gels. However, protease III specific antibodies could be absorbed or blocked by supernatant fluids from cultures grown in the presence of EDTA, indicating that degradation products of the enzyme possessing antigenic determinants were present. It was concluded that calcium was neither necessary for synthesis nor for excretion of protease III but was required for the stability of the enzyme.
DNA BASE COMPOSITION OF COAGULASE‐NEGATIVE STAPHYLOCOCCI ASSOCIATED WITH URINARY TRACT INFECTION
Authors: Møller Jens K. , Christiansen Claus , Mortensen Nikolaj
Published: August 2010

DNA base composition (per cent GC) of thirteen coagulase‐negative staphylococci has been determined. The strains originate from urinary tract infection and include members both of the genus Micrococcus and Staphylococcus in the sense laid down by the Subcommittee on Taxonomy of Staphylococci and Micrococci. All strains were found to have a per cent GC in the range typical of staphylococci (30–40). It is concluded that this observation supports the proposal by Baird‐Parker to place organisms of this type in the genus Staphylococcus.
A COMPARISON OF ANTIGENIC STRUCTURE AND PHAGE PATTERN WITH BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS STRAINS ISOLATED FROM HARES AND MINK
Authors: Oeding P. , Hájek V. , Maršálek E.
Published: August 2010

Strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the nares of hares and mink were tested with the basic sets of human and bovine phages and with factor sera prepared against human staphylococci. Of 21 hare strains the 17 which belonged biochemically to the D biotype agglutinated strongly in h2 factor serum and were lysed by group II phages. Four hare strains and all 108 mink strains, which belonged biochemically to the E (canine) biotype, were not lysed by the phages even at RTD X 1,000. Serologically the four hare strains (probably of canine origin) contained the a5 antigen whereas only 17 per cent of the mink strains were typable, exhibiting weak reactions and no definite pattern.
IDENTIFICATION OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF ANTIBIOTICS BY ELECTROPHORESIS AND BIO‐AUTOGRAPHY
Authors: Grynne Birthe
Published: August 2010

The use of agar gel electrophoresis and bio‐autography for the identification of small amounts of 12 different antibiotics, when present in a mixture, has been studied. The procedure for the electrophoretic separation of the components is given. The antibiotics are detected by means of various microorganisms of high sensitivity to each of the components. The limits of detection obtained for the various antibiotics were in the range from 0.25 to 50 μg/ml.
THE EFFECT OF ANTIBIOTICS ON THE GROWTH AND LONGEVITY OF HUMAN DIPLOID FIBROBLASTS IN VITRO
Authors: Litwin Jack
Published: August 2010

The influence of various mixtures of 18 antibiotics on the growth rate and longevity of human embryonic diploid lung fibroblasts was investigated. A basic mixture of 100 IU/ml penicillin, 100 ug/ml streptomycin, 10 IU/ml mycostatin and 1 μg/ml fungazone was established and other antibiotics were added to this, mostly at a concentration of 10 μg/ml. The antibiotics were incorporated in the medium and the cells were grown constantly in their presence. The following antibiotics added to the basic mixture increased longevity significantly and in some cases even increased the over‐all growth rate above the culture containing only penicillin and streptomycin: kanamycin; geramycin; aureomycin; lincocin; aureomycin + fugacillin; aureomycin + humycin; and aureomycin + erythromycin. Some antibiotics added to the basic mixture caused cell degeneration after 25 to 40 days in vitro: geramycin + humycin; geramycin + terramycin; aureomycin + achromycin; and aureomycin + geramycin + chloramphenicol. Some others produced lesser inhibitions: terramycin; geramycin + fugacillin; geramycin + erythromycin; and geramycin + kanamycin. Many mixtures gave diploid cell growth rates and longevities equal to or greater than the control. Such mixtures may be useful in controlling microbial contamination occurring in cell cultures.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF A MYCOPLASMA‐LIKE AVIAN CONJUNCTIVITIS AGENT
Authors: Bloch Buchardt , Velling Grethe
Published: August 2010

Based on electron‐microscopical studies of an avian conjunctivitis agent propagated in cell cultures and fixed in situ, the agent has been found to be a mycoplasma‐like organism, morphologically and ultrastructurally resembling Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Previously described caracteristica of the agent do not exclude that the agent taxonomically is placed in the mycoplasma group, but additional investigations are needed for a correct placing.
REGIONAL LYMPH NODE RESPONSE IN RATS TO INJECTION OF SEMI‐ALLOGENEIC LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: Meyer H. , Heron I.
Published: August 2010

Subsequent to injection of F1 hybrid lymphoid cells into the hind footpads of the parental strain rats the weight of the popliteal lymph nodes increase with a maximum gain 4 to 6 days after the injection. The enlarged lymph nodes obtain weights approximately 4–5 times greater than normal. When lymphocytes in doses between 2 × 106 and 20 × 106 per footpad are injected, the node weights increase with a slight dose dependency, but weights never reach the magnitude as in local lymph node G.V.H. assays. Cells from different lymphoid organs had varying antigenic effect, blood‐, lymph node‐, and spleen‐lymphocytes were the best stimulators, whereas bone marrow and thymus were less effective. The weights were found to vary depending on the rat strain used as responder. When closely related rat strains were employed as donor‐recipients the weight maximum was found on the same days and was of the same magnitude as in widely disparate strain combinations. F2 hybrid rats responding against major histocompatible injected F1 hybrid lymphocytes did not produce a weight increase at day 5, but the nodes were found enlarged one week later in the postinjection period.
IN VIVO REACTIONS OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL ANTIGENS
Authors: Heczko Piotr B. , Grov Arne , Oeding Per
Published: August 2010

Results are presented to show that protein A from Staphylococcus aureus elicits delayed hypersensitivity reactions in sensitized animals as well as early reactions mediated by immunoglobulins in normal and sensitized animals. Delayed hypersensitivity to protein A can be induced in guinea pigs and rabbits by a single injection of 50 μg protein A in complete Freund's adjuvant and is detected after 10 days. It can also be transferred from sensitive to normal animals by lymphoid cells but not by immune sera.
EFFECT OF STANDARD BACTERIAL VACCINE ON INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION AND INTERFERON PRODUCTION IN GERMFREE MICE
Authors: Degré Miklos , Midtvedt Tore
Published: August 2010

A standard bacterial vaccine (SBV) induced interferon (IF) production and reduced the mortality due to influenza A2 virus infection in germfree mice. These effects were quantitatively comparable in conventional and germfree mice. The length of survival was somewhat shorter in conventional mice. It is concluded, that SBV exerts a direct effect on the viral infection probably partly mediated by IF induction. The role of resident bacterial flora is discussed.
INFECTION OF ARVICOLA TERRESTRIS (VOLE RAT) WITH M. TUBERCULOSIS AND M. BOVIS
Authors: Jespersen Andr.
Published: August 2010

Arvicola terrestris (vole rats), which belong to the vole family, have not been used previously for infection experiments with tubercle bacilli. In the present study the susceptibility of these animals to M. tuberculosis and M. bovis has been examined by intraperitoneal, subcutaneous and intravenous injection of varying doses of finely dispersed bacterial suspensions. Characteristic for the infection with M. bovis is a strong multiplication of the bacteria and the development of macroscopically visible caseous processes in liver, spleen and lungs, and in the enlarged lymph glands. The organs—in particular spleen, lungs and lymph glands—contain enormous numbers of tubercle bacilli. Doses as small as a few viable units are able to induce lethal infection. In contrast, the virulence of M. tuberculosis is slight. The bacteria multiply sparsely and cause insignificant macroscopical changes in the organs. The course is markedly chronic unless use is made of giant doses administered intravenously. The susceptibility of vole rats to the two bacterial species resembles that of rabbits, and thus these animals can be used for differentiation purposes.
IN VITRO INFLUENCE OF GLUCOCORTICOSTEROIDS ON OPSONIC AND BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITIES AGAINST ESHERICHIA COLI IN RAT SERUM
Authors: Baardsen A. , Trippestad A. , Midtvedt T.
Published: August 2010

The in vitro influence of methylprednisolone and hydrocortisone on rat humoral defence factors against E. coli was evaluated by means of radioisotope technique using 32P‐labelled E. coli. The opsonic activity of serum was studied by measuring uptake of bacteria by glass‐adherent polymorphonuclear neutrophils from rats. The drug influence on bacteria and phagocytes was also evaluated. Pre‐incubation of phagocytes with methylprednisolone did not reduce the cellular uptake, and pre‐incubation of bacteria with this drug did not affect the rate of release of label from bacteria. Concentrations of methylprednisolone higher than 1 mg per ml blocked the opsonic and bactericidal activities of serum, and this effect was independent of pre‐incubation.
PHYLOGENETIC ASPECTS OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL PROTEIN A‐REACTIVE SERUM GLOBULINS IN BIRDS AND MAMMALS
Authors: Kronval Göran , Seal Ulysses S. , Svensson Sören , Williams Ralph C.
Published: August 2010

Serum samples from 300 individual birds representing 72 species from 15 of 28 living orders were tested for protein A reactivity in gel diffusion experiments. Only two species, Rhea americana (Greater Rhea) and Pterocnemia pennata (Lesser Rhea), showed positive reactions, whereas serum samples from the remaining 70 species tested were negative. Protein A reactivity in the two Rheiformes species was identified in a slowly migrating serum globulin of unknown function with a molecular weight of 185 000. Absorption of serum from Rhea americana with staphylococci containing protein A almost completely eliminated the slow globulin. In Pterocnemia pennata similar absorption experiments reduced the amount of the corresponding globulin by 40–50 per cent. Two mammalian sera, the wooly opossum and the wallaby, not tested previously were also analyzed. Both species showed marked protein A reactivity. The only negative mammalian serum found earlier, the American opossum, was also reexamined. Concentrated globulin fractions showed a quantitatively small but definite reactivity in tests for protein A reactivity. Thus, all 65 mammalian species tested contain gamma globulins reactive with protein A presumably via similar Fc structures of immunoglobulin G with a common evolutionary origin.
125I‐LABELLING OF CANDIDA ALBICANS BY ELECTROLYSIS
Authors: Viken K. E.
Published: August 2010

The aim of this investigation was to establish an easy method for radiolabelling of large quantities of heat‐killed Candida albicans. The yeast particles were to be used in studies of phagocytosis in human monocytes cultured in vitro. The results show that it is possible to label quantities of 3–4 × 109 Candida particles in one single run by electrolysis of a Na125I solution. The surface antigens of the Candida were found to be intact after the electrolytic iodination process.
FAILURE TO DEMONSTRATE IMMUNOGLOBULIN E IN GLOMERULI OF PATIENTS WITH VARIOUS NEPHROPATHIES
Authors: Bennich H. , Bergquist N. R. , Bergstrand A. , Bergström J. , Johansson S. G. O. , Wasserman J.
Published: August 2010

An immunofluorescence study of 119 kidney biopsies from a variety of renal affections, including transplants, is presented. The investigation was carried out with special reference to the possible presence of IgE, but simultaneously, other immunoglobulin classes (IgG, IgA, IgM) as well as complement (C 3) and fibronogen were sought for. Out of the 119 biopsies examined, 117 were negative if tested with a monospecific anti‐IgE conjugate. The only definitely positive finding of IgE came from two patients with amyloidosis.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY OF BACTERIAL WHOLE CELL METHANOLYSATES.
Authors: Jantzen Erik , Bryn Klaus , Bergan Tom , Bøvre Kjell
Published: August 2010

Strains of “true neisseriae” (Neisseria gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis, N. cinerea, N. flavescens and the rodshaped N. elongata), “false neisseriae” (N. catarrhalis, N. ovis, and N. caviae) and moraxellae (Moraxella nonliquefaciens, M. bovis, M. lacunata, M. osloensis, M. phenylpyrouvica, M. kingae, and the tentatively named M. urethralis) were analysed for contents of fatty acids. Thirteen fatty acids were identified. Differences in relative amounts of these and additional unidentified components allowed separation, by numerical analysis, of the strains in groups corresponding to genetic affinities. Thus, “true” and “false neisseriae” formed two distinct groups. The fatty acid composition of the rodshaped N. elongata was almost indistinguishable from that of N. flavescens, whereas moraxellae in this respect generally resembled “false neisseriae”. Exceptions were M. kingae and M. urethralis, which both differed considerably from the other organisms studied. The utility of fatty acid analysis in identification of clinical isolates of these bacteria is indicated.
Carrier Diagnosis of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Using Fluorescent CA Repeat Polymorphism
Authors: SHIROSHITA Yoshiko , KATAYAMA Susumu
Published: August 2010

The diagnostic efficacy was compared between the fluorescent CA repeat polymorphism analysis and polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) analysis for carrier diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nine females from seven pedigrees were examined. Polymorphic alleles were examined by the fluorescent labelling method in eight loci within the dystrophin gene. PCR‐RFLP analysis was performed in a total of six loci within the dystrophin gene. Carrier diagnosis could not be made in three females of two pedigrees due to an inability to detect polymorphic alleles by PCR‐RFLP. In contrast, CA repeat polymorphism analysis allowed successful carrier diagnosis in nine subjects. These findings suggest that the fluorescent CA repeat polymorphism analysis provides a simple, safe and effective alternative to PCR‐RFLP analysis for carrier diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Cell death in normal and abnormal development
Authors: Mirkes Philip E.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT  Research over the past 50 years has consistently documented that cell death is an integral part of both normal development and the etiology of birth defects; however, the significance of this cell death has been, until recently, unclear. Research published during the past 15 years has now shown that programmed cell death (PCD) and teratogen‐induced cell death are genetically controlled processes (apoptosis) that play important roles in both normal and abnormal development. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to highlight what is known about PCD and teratogen‐induced cell death and their relationships to the mechanisms of apoptosis and abnormal development.
Role of Thrombophilia in Vascular Access Thrombosis Among Chronic Hemodialysis Patients in Tunisia
Authors: Fekih‐Mrissa Najiba , Klai Sarra , Bafoun Anis , Nciri Brahim , Hmida Jalel , Gritli Nasredine
Published: August 2010

Vascular access thrombosis represents a serious and common problem in hemodialysis patients. Therefore, identification of relevant thrombotic risk factors could lead to an improved antithrombotic therapy. This case control study was performed to evaluate the relationship between some thrombophilias and vascular access thrombosis in hemodialysis patients. Seventy‐eight patients undergoing dialysis (between May 2007 and September 2009) were selected as subjects. This sample was divided into two groups; a case group of 28 patients who had sustained one or more thrombotic events that resulted in vascular access failure and a control group of 50 patients, who had never had a thrombotic occlusion of a functioning permanent dialysis access. Antithrombin, protein C and protein S levels were measured. Also, both groups were tested for the factor V Leiden mutation, the prothrombin G20210A mutation, the methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase C677T and A1298C mutations. Among genetic mutations of factor V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A and methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase genes, the C677T methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase mutation was the only significant genetic cause of vascular access thrombosis (P = 0.005). Our data demonstrated a significantly increased risk of vascular access thrombosis in carriers of the C677T methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase mutation.
THE NATURE OF TOXINS PRODUCED BY BACILLUS CEREUS BIS‐59
Authors: KAMAT A. S. , NENE S. P. , NERKAR D. P. , NADKARNI G. B.
Published: August 2010

Eight strains of Bacillus spp. were examined for production of toxin(s). Three strains of Bacillus cereus produced toxins lethal to mice. The culture filtrate of Bacillus cereus BIS‐59 contained two lethal toxins. One was a hemolysin and the other a nonhemolytic glycoprotein. The growth of cells in fresh beef infusion broth resulted in high toxin production, compared to growth in tryptone‐glucose‐yeast extract or nutrient broth. Separate identities for the two toxins from B. vcereus BIS‐59 were established on the basis of hemolytic activity, separation profiles on Sephadex gel filtration, responses to heat and radiation and kinetics of their production during the growth of the organism.
SURVIVAL OF VIBRIO VULNIFICUS AT REDUCED TEMPERATURES AND ELEVATED NUTRIENT
Authors: OLIVER JAMES D. , WANUCHA DONNA
Published: August 2010

Studies were conducted on the survival of the human bacterial pathogen, Vibrio vulnificus, in heart infusion broth held at 5, 10 and 15°C. Culturability was monitored by plate counts on heart infusion agar, and viability by examination of electron transport activity. Whereas V. vulnificus demonstrated growth at 15°C, a rapid loss of culturability for cells held at the lower temperatures was observed. At all temperatures, however, a significant portion of the population was found to remain viable over the 28 day study period. The ability of V. vulnificus cells to metabolize exogenously supplied nutrient at reduced temperatures was also examined as an indicator of viability. Cells were able to rapidly take up and respire mixed amino acids at 9 and 13°C, whereas cells incubated at 2°C showed relatively little metabolism of the labeled substrates. Like the growth and viability study, the radiotracer study indicates survival of V. vulnificus at reduced temperatures, although with reduced rates of activity. The possible implications of these findings for the transport and storage of shellfish is discussed.
COMBINED EFFECT OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE AND SONICATION ON THE REDUCTION OF SALMONELLA SPP. IN CONCENTRATED ORANGE JUICE
Authors: WONG E. , PÉREZ A.M. , VAILLANT F.
Published: August 2010

The effect of osmotic pressure alone or combined with the application of sonication on the reduction of Salmonella spp. in concentrated orange juice was evaluated. Frozen concentrated orange juice (12.6 MPa, pH = 3.2), a neutral sugar solution (9.2 MPa, pH = 6.6) and an acid sugar solution (8.8 MPa, pH = 3.2) were inoculated with Salmonella spp. (6–7 log cfu/mL). Reductions were measured after different storage times with or without previous sonication treatment of 1 h (42 KHz–330W). No significant osmotic shock was observed. Reductions appeared to increase over storage time in high osmotic environments. Reductions were also significantly higher for sonicated samples when compared with nonsonicated samples. The highest reduction (7.21 log cfu/mL) was found for concentrated orange juice sonicated during 60 min and stored for 168 h. Combination of sonication and osmotic evaporation (osmosonication) represents a promising new technology that could be designed to athermally produce safe, concentrated fruit juices.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The results derived from this research indicate that combining sonication with osmotic pressure during storage of concentrated orange juice provides a way of achieving a >5‐log reduction of Salmonella spp. A new promising technology that we call “osmosonication” could be developed, using sonication and osmotic evaporation combined, to athermally process fruit juices. Besides the nutritional and sensory benefits already known to be provided by athermal processes, final products would also be safe for the consumer.
UTILIZATION OF JAPANESE AROMATIC SUBSTANCES FOR MILK PRESERVATION AS ESTIMATED BY VAPOR CONTACT METHOD
Authors: KHUSNIATI T. , KIM W.‐S. , YANAGISAWA S. , KUMURA H. , SHIMAZAKI K.
Published: August 2010

In order to study the possibility of utilizing aromatic materials for the preservation of milk, the antibacterial effects of various aromatic materials against Pseudomonas fluorescens inoculated in milk were investigated. The effects of aromatic materials were generated using the “vapor contact method” and bacterial growth was measured by the menadione‐catalyzed luminol chemiluminescence method. Wasabi (Wasabi japonica) and mustard (Brassica nigra L.) were found to be more effective than garlic (Allium sativum L.), ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), sansho (Zanthoxylum piperitum) and peppermint (Mentha piperita). In addition to these materials, four types of commercially available food preservation sheets were tested for antibacterial activity. Sheets containing mustard extracts showed stronger antibacterial activities. Eucalyptus extract‐treated sheets showed a moderate effect.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The vapor contact method was advantageous when compared with the direct contact method, as the flavor of the milk was affected little by the aromatic substances. This study suggests that aromatic materials can be used to preserve milk in areas where milk quality is low or sanitary conditions are insufficient. Experimental results of food preservation sheets suggest that such technique can be applied for package of dairy foods, too.
SENSORY ANALYSIS COMPARISON OF EIGHT BISCUITS BY FRENCH AND PAKISTANI PANELS
Authors: PAGÈS JÉRÔME , BERTRAND CECILE , ALI RASHIDA , HUSSON FRANÇOIS , LÊ SÉBASTIEN
Published: August 2010

A set of eight biscuits from France and Pakistan have been evaluated in these two countries from a descriptive and a hedonic point of view. Two panels of assessors have provided sensory profiles, separately but working in a similar manner. Two sets of consumers have provided hedonic scores.

In order to compare these results, methods based on analysis of variance and multiple factor analysis have been defined. The comparison of the sensory profiles obtained in the two countries shows a convergence which argues in favor to say that it is not necessary to perform sensory profiling in every country where the products have to be sold. On the contrary, the comparison of hedonic scores showed not only the different trends in the two countries but also consumers from the two countries who like and dislike the same products.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This work reinforces the idea according to which it is possible to carry out descriptive sensory evaluations by tasters not belonging to the market targeted. It illustrates some inherent difficulties with the collection of sensory evaluations carried out in different countries as well as a methodology for analyzing such data; in particular, we proposed grids of analyses, models of variance analysis, tables of syntheses and factorial methods adapted to this type of data. On the level of hedonic judgments, the dangers not to collect data from the targeted market are illustrated; moreover, we propose a methodology for analyzing hedonic judgments obtained from two populations.
THE CHANGING NATURE OF PROGRESSIVE REFORM COALITIONS IN THE UNITED STATES: AN ANALYSIS OF THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH AMENDMENTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Authors: Sanders Francine
Published: August 2010

Scholarship attempting to explain the success of progressive reformism in the United States is divided into three approaches. “Great man” scholars regard it as the result of a genuine desire for good government; revisionists as an attempt by elites to eliminate immigrants from the power structure; and pragmatists as a means for urban political machines to increase their influence. The proposition made here is that it was the type of reform—electoral versus moral—that significantly determined the make‐up and motivations of the supporting coalitions. The hypothesis is supported through a roll call analysis of House votes on the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Amendments. While the electoral reform was backed by the groups who would reap the greatest tangible rewards, the coalition that formed around the moral reform reflected a regionally based ideological split.
THE EFFECTS OF CONGRESSIONAL HEARINGS AND INVESTIGATIONS ON PRESIDENTIAL POPULARITY
Authors: Baker William D.
Published: August 2010

Conventional wisdom suggests that high‐profile congressional hearings and investigations into executive branch corruption or mismanagement will have a negative effect on presidential popularity. This relationship is explored by measuring changes in public approval ratings for the Truman through the Bush presidencies in response to such congressional probes. Statistical and regression analyses found only the most minor and statistically insignificant popularity losses associated with such probes, although significant effects were found in certain narrowly defined subcategories of congressional investigations.
FOREIGN POLICY AND IDEOLOGICAL VOTING IN THE U.S. SENATE
Authors: Sulfaro Valerie A.
Published: August 2010

This article examines the dimensional structure of roll‐call voting in the Senate. Using an unfolding analysis based on interest group ratings, a single ideological dimension is found. The robustness of this dimension is explored by examining how well it explains a series of roll‐call votes on foreign policy issues. As anticipated, the ideological dimension predicts these votes better than do other baseline models. This provides strong support for unidimensional theories of congressional voting behavior. Additionally, it suggests that while foreign policy may be substantively different from domestic policy, it is evaluated on the basis of a common ideological dimension.
PRUDENT MEN OR INDUSTRIOUS KNAVES? A CLARIFICATION OF AN ASPECT OF THE “ADAM SMITH PROBLEM”
Authors: McNamara Peter
Published: August 2010

The prevailing interpretation of Smith suggests that there is an easy transition between “The Theory of Moral Sentiments” and “The Wealth of Nations.” The present study looks at Smith's accounts of economic self‐interest in the “Theory” and the “Wealth” with two questions in mind: first, what is the precise nature of Smith's reconciliation of self‐interest and morality? and second, is this reconciliation actualized in commercial society? It concludes that Smith's enterprise was more radical than the civic humanist and jurisprudential interpretations allow, especially insofar as they understate Smith's agreement with Hobbes and Mandeville.
THE YEAR OF THE ELEPHANT—1994: REALIGNMENT AND/OR PUNCTUATED CHANGE?
Authors: Rhodes Terrel L.
Published: August 2010

One of the most discussed and anticipated events in American politics is the occurrence of a national partisan realignment. Since the New Deal, analysts have predicted the imminent arrival of a realignment that would establish the Republican Party as the dominant party. The evidence suggests that a traditional realignment has occurred in the South, but that nationally Burnham's concept of “punctuated change” provides a more accurate framework for analyzing electoral behavior. Nationally, we are firmly in a Post‐Party, Post‐Industrial era of persistent divided government reflecting conflicting popular majorities on clusters of issues.
DEBT LIMITS AND BORROWING PATTERNS IN TWELVE SOUTHEASTERN STATES: WHERE THERE'S A WILL….
Authors: Kelly Janet M. , Massey S. Jane
Published: August 2010

Each year thousands of professional public administrators are taught the principles of capital budgeting and bond finance even as state legislatures move to restrict the ability of those administrators to practice what they have learned. The local borrowing decision is increasingly made at the ballot box, where cost‐benefit analysis is not as important as a good advertising campaign. Public administrators have long recognized that more democracy may mean less efficiency. This review of the way twelve southeastern states responded to borrowing restrictions, especially referenda requirements, suggests that the imposition of such restrictions may achieve results that are neither democratic nor efficient.
STATE DISPLAYS OF CONFEDERATE SYMBOLS: LEGAL CHALLENGES AND THE POLITICAL QUESTION DOCTRINE
Authors: Martinez J. Michael
Published: August 2010

Official state displays of Confederate symbols, especially in state flags, have been challenged in court in recent years. In challenging such displays, plaintiffs often have relied upon various constitutional and statutory provisions, including, in order of preference, the Fourteenth, Thirteenth, and First Amendments, as well as various civil rights statutes and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. In most instances, however, courts have held that cases involving state displays of Confederate symbols are political questions that should be addressed in a legislative, not judicial, forum. Accordingly, absent the development of a new legal strategy, plaintiffs' time, money and energy probably would be better spent lobbying state legislatures for redress in lieu of continuing to rely upon a judicial forum.
THE WILSONIAN DILEMMA
Authors: Hall Mark David
Published: August 2010

This essay explores James Wilson's approach to the so‐called “Madisonian Dilemma.” I first explain how the tension between majority rule and minority rights was more extreme for Wilson than for most founders. I then show how his view of human nature and moral epistemology allowed him to resolve the dilemma. Although Wilson's solution may be less realistic than Madison's, it is still worthy of serious consideration because of its influence on the creation of America's constitutional system.
THE USE OF BASIC ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT: A SURVEY OF COUNTIES AND CITIES IN GEORGIA
Authors: Okafor Godwin O. , Jr. Raymond Landry
Published: August 2010

As the role of county and city managers expands, it becomes prudent for these decision makers to consider the variety of analytic tools available to them. While existence of these techniques is known, extent of use is often unknown. This study examines the use of these techniques among county and city governments throughout Georgia, trends of use between jurisdictions with large versus small population, and perceived value of these analytic tools. Our results found that analytic techniques such as lease or buy and annualizing costs of capital items were the most common techniques countywide, while cities additionally reported cost‐benefit analysis, identifying full costs of a program, and potential gains through timely invoicing as most common. Correlations showed evidence that larger populated counties tended to favor opportunity costs, present values, discounting techniques, demand analysis, and process flow charting. Finally, very few respondents indicated that any of these techniques were ineffective.
FORMAL EXECUTIVE POWER: THE CONTEMPORARY PRESIDENCY
Authors: Cookson Chris E.
Published: August 2010

This essay examines some of the challenges to the doctrine of separation of powers posed by two facets of presidential power: the executive order and the presidential signing statement. Unilateral presidential action through executive orders calls into question the distinction between legislative and executive functions as provided in the U.S. Constitution. The innovative use of the presidential signing statement as an opportunity for the executive to declare portions of legislation to be unconstitutional also blurs the distinction between these separate branches of government. Contemporary exercise of executive power poses challenges to the Madisonian model of government and to concomitant democratic norms.
Executive‐Legislative Relations: Governor George Allen's Virginia
Authors: Schack Lawrence L.
Published: August 2010

For the most part, contemporary governors are skillful practitioners of “communication, conciliation, compromise, and cooperation. They inform legislative leaders of their intentions, welcome their counsel on strategy, tactics, and substance, and exercise personal and political restraint.” During his first two years in office, Virginia Governor George Allen ran against this line of thought. This paper explores both the policy and political utility of these unconventional efforts. Specifically, it evaluates the relationship between the governor and the state legislature as a zero‐sum power game or one marked by interdependence and bargaining, thus necessitating cooperation and compromise if a heightened level of gubernatorial success is to be enjoyed.
RESTORING A CREDIBLE SECURITY FRAMEWORK TO EUROPE: GERMANY, EUROPE AND THE WESTERN EUROPEAN UNION
Authors: Loedel Peter
Published: August 2010

Only five years after the end of the Cold War, a new European security framework, which encompasses more than the old West European members ofNA TO and the Western European Union (WEU), has not emerged. The beginning of the transformation of the European security order has caused considerable problems, especially as the “transition” has not been free of conflict and military confrontation. At the center of the reevaluation of Europe's security needs have been the future role of NATO, the possible use of the WEU as a European security arm, and the special concerns of a reunified Germany. This essay, largely argumentative and interpretive, suggests that Europe s and Germany's security requirements can best be met through the institutions of the EU and its security and defense arm, the somewhat dormant WEU. Moreover, Germany s own security opinions suggest a reorientation toward European efforts at collective security.
RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES ON POLITICAL PARTICIPATION
Authors: Clark Adrian S.
Published: August 2010

The central objective of this paper is to determine whether internal religiosity, or devotionalism, and external religiosity, or church involvement, are associated with three modes of political participation: voting, campaigning, and communal activity. The data for the project are taken from the American National Election Study of 1992. There are several key findings A positive correlation exists between internal religiosity and campaigning for white and upper income respondents. An inverse relationship exists between internal religiosity and voting for the lower income group. External religiosity is positively linked with campaigning for black and lower income respondents, and with voting for whites. External religiosity is also associated with an increased likelihood of engaging in communal activity. This relationship applies consistently across racial and economic categories.
THE JURISPRUDENTIAL EVOLUTION OF JUSTICE DAVID SOUTER
Authors: Fliter John
Published: August 2010

During his first five years on the Supreme Court, Justice David Souter has not followed a straight ideological path and he has turned out to be more liberal than officials in the Bush administration predicted. This article describes Souter's jurisprudence in several important areas of constitutional law and identifies some of the factors that have influenced his jurisprudential evolution. During his freshman term, Justice Souter struggled to adjust to the workload of the Court and did little to establish a distinct judicial philosophy. By his second term, he became acclimated to the decision making process and began articulating a pragmatic approach to constitutional interpretation that has set him apart from the legal formalists on the Court. Additionally, Souter has responded to new appointees by moving away from the conservative bloc and consistently voting with Democratic appointees Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen Breyer who, together with Justice John Paul Stevens, are said to constitute the Court's liberal bloc.
TELEVISED POLITICAL ADVERTISING IN THE 1992 AND 1996 ELECTIONS: USING TECHNOLOGY TO MANIPULATE VOTERS
Authors: Kaid Lynda Lee , Noggle Gary
Published: August 2010

Concerns about ethical abuses in televised political advertising have grown substantially as a result of developing video technology. This project was designed to analyze the way in which modern computer and audio/video technologies have been used to create ethically suspect political spots in political campaigns. After suggesting some guidelines that might be used to evaluate technological distortions, the paper reports the results of a content analysis that suggests that 1992 and 1996 presidential spots exhibited a dramatic increase in the use of such technological manipulations. Results indicate that such distortions are more likely to occur in negative ads than in positive ones. The paper also reports preliminary results from experimental studies showing that exposure to spots with technological manipulations does enhance sponsoring candidate image and voting, while diminishing that of the opponent.
Strategic Retirement In The U.S. House Of Representatives, 1897–1996: “You Can't Fire Me, I Quit”
Authors: Swain John W. , Borrelli Stephen A. , Reed Brian C.
Published: August 2010

The fact that retirements rather than election defeats are the primary source of turnover in the U.S. House of Representatives has led some to conclude that voters' preferences have little influence on the composition of the House. Jacobson and Kernell's theory of strategic retirement suggests that many members retire to avoid likely defeat, so that one would expect a party's retirement rate to increase during an election cycle expected to be unfavorable to it. The theory is tested by specifying and estimating a multivariate regression model of party retirement rate including variables representing strategic, nonstrategic, and mixed motivations for retirement; the database consists of both parties' retirement rates for the 55th through 104th Congresses. The results suggest that the president's party members are more likely to retire during a midterm year, but this effect depends on model specification. Other strategic variables show no significant effects on party retirement rate. Separating the data by political party, type of retirement and party alignment period yields little evidence of a strategic retirement pattern that might have been obscured in the overall analysis. Additional research on individual‐level forms of strategic retirement and alternative forms of strategic behavior is suggested.
The Underpopulated Interest Communities of the South: Partially Decomposing a Dummy Variable
Authors: Gray Virginia , Lowery David
Published: August 2010

To better understand interest community density in the American states, a regional perspective first pioneered by Hrebenar and Thomas is employed to assess the underpopulation of interest communities in southern states and how it has changed from 1980 to 1990. An attempt is then made to account for the differences in density that remain between southern and nonsouthern states using several substantive explanations, an effort that is only partially successful. Finally, there is speculation about the source of the remaining unexplained density deficit in southern state interest systems and its implications for understanding interest community density.
THE WOMEN OF THE TEXAS LEGISLATURE ‐ THROUGH THE EYES OF JOURNALISTS
Authors: Gilmour Terry
Published: August 2010

The Texas Almanac says it best: “Politics in Texas can be deadly serious or silly. The candidates can be statesmen or clowns. But one thing is for certain, politics in Texas are full of drama and they are rarely boring.” Today, we are interested in the role that women have played in the lawmaking process. The political integration of women into the political arena road has been long and arduous. However, important developments have taken place, and women are no longer considered an oddity in the Texas Legislature. There are several ways to study the accomplishments of women in elected office. Certainly, there are survey instruments or face‐to‐face interviews that provide valuable information. One can review the actual achievements of women in the legislative process by reviewing their records in office in terms of laws actually passed or submitted. However, this analysis reviews the progress of women as revealed by the press throughout their tenure in the Texas legislature. It begins by setting the stage for women in the political arena in Texas and reviews some of the historical information that has been gathered on the entry of women into politics. Then it analyzes reports by the major newspapers around the state of Texas as they have reported on women serving in the legislature.
FOXO transcription factors in ageing and cancer
Authors: Greer E. L. , Brunet A.
Published: August 2010

Ageing is associated with an increased onset of cancer. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie the age dependency of cancer will have important implications for preventing and treating this pathology. The signalling pathway connecting insulin and FOXO transcription factors provides the most compelling example for a conserved genetic pathway at the interface between ageing and cancer. FOXO transcription factors (FOXO) promote longevity and tumour suppression. FOXO transcription factors are directly phosphorylated in response to insulin/growth factor signalling by the protein kinase Akt, thereby causing their sequestration in the cytoplasm. In the absence of insulin/growth factors, FOXO factors translocate to the nucleus where they trigger a range of cellular responses, including resistance to oxidative stress, a phenotype highly coupled with lifespan extension. FOXO factors integrate stress stimuli via phosphorylation, acetylation and mono‐ubiquitination of a series of regulatory sites. Understanding how FOXO proteins integrate environmental conditions to control specific gene expression programmes will be pivotal in identifying ways to slow the onset of cancer in ageing individuals.