bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Arg‐Gly Thiomethylene Dipeptide Surrogates: Synthesis and Incorporation into Arg‐Gly‐Asp Pseudotripeptides.
Authors: HARN N. K. , CRIPPS S. J. , RISHTON G. M.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: First Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure N‐Protected β‐Amino‐. alpha.‐Keto Esters from α‐Amino Acids and Dipeptides.
Authors: DARKINS P. , MCCARTHY N. , MCKERVEY M. A. , O'DONNELL K. , YE T. , WALKER B.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Approaches to the Asymmetric Synthesis of α‐ Methylphenylalanine.
Authors: CATIVIELA C. , DIAZ‐DE‐VILLEGAS M. D. , GALVEZ J. A.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Methyl 2,3,4,6‐Tetra‐O‐(4‐methoxybenzyl)‐1‐thio‐β‐D‐ glucopyranoside. A Novel Reagent for α‐Glycosylation Towards Nitrophenyl or Benzyl Glycosides.
Authors: JAIN R. K. , MATTA K. L.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereocontrolled Synthesis of the B‐Ring Moiety of Sesbanimide Alkaloids: Formal Chiral Synthesis of Sesbanimides A and B.
Authors: HONDA T. , YAMADA T. , HAYAKAWA T. , KANAI K.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: (E)‐5‐(3‐Oxopropen‐1‐yl)‐2′‐deoxyuridine and (E)‐5‐(3‐Oxopropen‐1‐yl)‐ 2′,3′‐dideoxyuridine; New Antiviral Agents: Syntheses and Biological Activity.
Authors: CHO Y.‐M. , JOHNSON F.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Chemical Synthesis and X‐Ray Structure of the Sulfone (IV) of 4′‐ Thiothymidine.
Authors: HANCOX E. L. , HAMOR T. A. , WALKER R. T.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Anti‐HIV Activity of N‐3 Amino Substituted Thymidine Nucleoside Analogs.
Authors: MAILLARD M. , FLORENT J.‐C. , LEMAITRE M. , BEGASSAT F. , BUGNICOURT A. , FERRIEUX C. , ROMBI C. , PACAUD E. , THIERRY D. , ZERIAL A. , MONNERET C. , GRIERSON D. S.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure Bicyclo(3.1.0)hexanes from D‐Ribose by Intramolecular Cyclopropanation.
Authors: GALLOS J. K. , KOFTIS T. V. , KOUMBIS A. E.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Pinoresinol (I) and Its Related Compound Using Potassium Persulfate (K2S2O8) Oxidation of Benzoylacetates.
Authors: MARUYAMA J. , KOBAYASHI M. , MIYASHITA M. , KOUNO I. , IRIE H.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐(Iodomethyl) Penems as Useful Substrates in the Wittig Olefination: Synthesis of 2‐Arylethenyl Penems.
Authors: ALTAMURA M. , PERROTTA E.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Kinamycins are Diazofluorenes and Not Cyanocarbazoles.
Authors: MITHANI S. , WEERATUNGA G. , TAYLOR N. J. , DMITRIENKO G. I.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Absolute Stereostructures of Altohyrtin A and Its Congeners, Potent Cytotoxic Macrolides from the Okinawan Marine Sponge Hyrtios altum.
Authors: KOBAYASHI M. , AOKI S. , KITAGAWA I.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Surugatoxin.
Authors: INOUE S. , OKADA K. , TANINO H. , HASHIZUME K. , KAKOI H.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Neosurugatoxin.
Authors: INOUE S. , OKADA K. , TANINO H. , KAKOI H.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoelectrochemical Deposition of Nickel Onto TiO2 Particles. Formation of Nickel Patterns Without Resists.
Authors: MORISHITA S. , SUZUKI K.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphate‐Based Molecular Sieves with Pores Comprised of Greater Than 12‐Rings
Authors: LI H.‐X. , DAVIS M. E.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Test Reactions for Probing the Pore Width of Large and Super‐ Large Pore Molecular Sieves
Authors: WEITKAMP J. , ERNST S.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Construction of Carbon Frameworks with the Help of Ruthenium Complexes: 1,5‐Cyclooctadiene as a Reagent in Transition Metal Catalyzed Reactions
Authors: BUTENSCHOEN H.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments in Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
Authors: NAKAMURA Y.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
An experimental and computational study on the epimeric contribution to the infrared spectrum of budesonide
Authors: Ali H. R. H. , Edwards H. G. M. , Kendrick J. , Munshi T. , Scowen I. J.
Published: September 2010

Budesonide is a mixture of 22R and 22S epimers. The epimeric content of budesonide was reported in both British and European pharmacopoeias to be within the range of 60–49/40–51 for R and S epimers, respectively. In this work, contribution of the two epimers to the overall infrared spectrum of budesonide has been investigated by quantum chemical calculations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Chiral Ionic Liquids Based on Enantiopure Sulfate and Sulfonate Anions for Chiral Recognition
Authors: Winkel Andreas , Wilhelm René
Published: September 2010

The synthesis of new chiral ionic liquids with chiral anions is described. Chiral sulfate anions were prepared from alcohols of the “chiral pool” in good yields. Subsequent ion metathesis resulted in new salts with tetrabutylphosphonium and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium (BMIM) cations. In addition, the synthesis of chiral sulfonate anions from (R)‐phenylethylamine and formaldehyde–sodium hydrogen sulfate, or sodium vinyl sulfonate is shown, giving new Brønsted basic chiral ionic liquids. The potential of the new ionic liquids as chiral shift reagents was explored. It was possible to use, in addition to Mosher's acid and the Brønsted basic ionic liquids, also 2,2,2‐trifluoro‐1‐phenylethanol with the chiral salts. The neutral alcohol was found to interact with the chiral anions by hydrogen bonding.
Prenatal and early life factors and risk of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Gardener Hannah , Gao Xiang , Chen Honglei , Schwarzschild Michael A. , Spiegelman Donna , Ascherio Alberto
Published: September 2010

Few studies have investigated the relation between early life factors and risk of Parkinson's disease (PD), although a potential role of exposures during pregnancy and childhood has been hypothesized. The study population comprised participants in two prospective cohorts: the Nurses' Health Study (121,701 female nurses followed up from 1976–2002) and the Health Professionals Follow‐up Study (51,529 male health professionals followed up from 1986–2002). PD risk was examined in relation to season of birth, birthweight, parental age at birth, preterm birth, multiple birth, ever having been breast‐fed, and handedness. We identified 659 incident PD cases. No significant relation with PD was observed for birthweight, paternal age, preterm birth, multiple birth, and having been breast‐fed. A modest nonsignificant association was suggested for season of birth (30% higher risk of PD associated with spring versus winter birth) and for older maternal age at birth (75% increased risk among those with mothers aged 30 years and older versus younger than 20 years). Left‐handedness was associated with a 62% increased risk of PD in women but not in men. Further investigation of the relation between prenatal, perinatal, or neonatal factors and PD in other study populations is suggested. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Enhancement of glutamatergic transmission in the cingulate cortex in response to mild noxious stimuli under a neuropathic pain‐like state
Authors: Niikura Keiichi , Furuya Masaharu , Narita Michiko , Torigoe Kazuhiro , Kobayashi Yasuhisa , Takemura Yoshinori , Yamazaki Mitsuaki , Horiuchi Hiroshi , Enomoto Tatsuya , Iseki Masako , Kinoshita Hiroyuki , Tomiyasu Shiro , Imai Satoshi , Kuzumaki Naoko , Suzuki Tsutomu , Narita Minoru
Published: September 2010

Pain is evoked by noxious body stimulation or through negative emotional events and memories. There are several caveats to the simple proposition that pain and emotion are linked in the cingulate cortex (CG). In this study, we investigated whether mild noxious heat stimuli could affect the neuronal activity in the CG of rats with sciatic nerve ligation. We produced a partial sciatic nerve injury by tying a tight ligature in rats. Seven days after sciatic nerve ligation, rats received mild noxious heat stimuli. Mild noxious heat stimuli produced flinching behaviors in sciatic nerve‐ligated rats, but not sham‐operated rats. In addition, the mild noxious heat stimuli caused a significant increase in the release of glutamate in the CG of nerve‐ligated rats compared with that of sham‐operated rats. Furthermore, phosphorylated‐NR1‐positive cells in this area significantly increased after mild noxious heat stimuli under a neuropathic pain. Under this condition, there were no significant changes in the levels of immediate‐early genes such as c‐fos, c‐jun, JunB, and Fra1 in the CG between nerve‐ligated and sham‐operated rats. However, mild noxious heat stimuli under a neuropathic pain‐like state produced a marked increase in the phosphorylated‐c‐jun (p‐c‐jun) immunoreactivity, which is commonly used to map neurons in the brain that can be activated afterN‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor activation. These findings raise the possibility that mild noxious heat stimuli under a peripheral nerve injury may increase the release of glutamate and promote its related postneuronal activity in the CG. Synapse, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of an earthquake on wildlife behavior: a case study of takin (Budorcas taxicolor) in Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve, China
Authors: Ge Bao‐Ming , Guan Tian‐Pei , Powell David , McShea William J. , Song Yan‐Ling
Published: September 2010

The question of whether large‐scale disturbances, such as earthquakes, impact an animal's behavior significantly is an important question, but one that is difficult to answer due to the unpredictability of these types of events. Here, we collected 323 GPS locations of four takin (Budorcas taxicolor tibetana) in 13 days before and after a powerful (8.0 magnitude) earthquake on May 12, 2008 in Sichuan Province, China. The movement during this period was compared to that of three of the same animals during a corresponding period in 2009 (April 30 to May 25) and a slightly later 2009 period based on the start of migration (May 6 to May 31). We found that home ranges reduced in size during each study period, due to the migration process, but with no discernable differences due to the earthquake. The takin also showed the same pattern of elevation change and linear travel distance during 2008 and 2009, indicating no detectable effect of the earthquake on spatial behavior of takin. These findings add to our knowledge of how animals respond to catastrophic natural events in the wild.
Skeletal and chronological ages in American adolescents: Current findings in skeletal maturation
Authors: Calfee Ryan P. , Sutter Melanie , Steffen Jennifer A. , Goldfarb Charles A.
Published: September 2010

Purpose

This study was designed to assess the relationship between skeletal and chronological ages among current American adolescents using the Greulich and Pyle atlas for skeletal age determination.

Materials and methods

We used the Greulich and Pyle atlas to prospectively determine skeletal age in a group of 138 otherwise healthy American adolescents from 12 to 18 years of age. 62 males and 76 females were enrolled in this cohort. Paired Student t-tests were used to statistically compare the skeletal and chronological ages in this population. Subgroup analysis examined the effect of gender on differences between chronologic age and skeletal age.

Results

For the entire cohort, mean skeletal age was significantly greater than chronological age (mean 0.80 years, P < 0.01). In 29 cases (21%) the skeletal age was at least 2 years greater than the chronologic age. Among females, such cases with marked discrepancy occurred exclusively in those chronologically between 12 and 15 years of age ( P < 0.01). Males demonstrated a 2-year or greater discrepancy more commonly than females (26 vs. 17%). In males, 2-year discrepancies were equally likely across chronologic ages ( P = 0.82).

Conclusions

Current American adolescents are significantly more mature by skeletal age, as determined by the Greulich and Pyle method, than their chronological age would suggest. The skeletal ages of females are most likely to markedly exceed chronologic age between the ages of 12–15 years.
Dissociation of rewarding, anti‐aversive and anti‐nociceptive effects of different classes of anti‐nociceptives in the rat
Authors: Ruttenl Kris , De Vry Jean , Robens Angela , Tzschentke Thomas M. , van der Kam Elizabeth L.
Published: September 2010

It was previously shown that morphine more potently reduces the affective as compared to the sensory component of nociception, and this effect is independent of morphine's rewarding properties. Here we investigated whether this finding can be generalized to other classes of anti‐nociceptive drugs. The effect of oxycodone (0–10 mg/kg, i.p.), tramadol (0–10 mg/kg, i.p.), ibuprofen (0–300 mg/kg, i.p.) and pregabalin (0–31.6 mg/kg, i.p.) on negative affect and mechanical hypersensitivity accompanying carrageenan‐induced (0.5% intraplantar) inflammatory nociception was assessed using conditioned place aversion (CPA) and Randall Selitto paw pressure test, respectively. The rewarding effect of these drugs was assessed using conditioned place preference (CPP). All four anti‐nociceptive drugs dose‐dependently reduced carrageenan‐induced CPA and mechanical hypersensitivity. Furthermore all drugs induced CPP, except for ibuprofen. Similar to morphine, oxycodone and tramadol showed a large dissociation of anti‐aversive versus anti‐nociceptive potency, i.e. 10 times more potent against the affective versus the sensory component of nociception. Oxycodone and tramadol were 30 and 10 times more potent to produce CPP in animals under normal versus painful conditions. Ibuprofen and pregabalin also showed a dissociation of anti‐aversive and anti‐nociceptive potency, but less pronounced (i.e. three times more potent against the affective component). However, pregabalin showed no dissociation between rewarding potency under normal versus painful conditions. Taken together, these data suggest that the dissociation of rewarding potency in animals under normal versus painful conditions is limited to drugs with an opioid mechanism of action, while the dissociation of anti‐aversive and anti‐nociceptive potency applies to anti‐nociceptive drugs with different mechanisms of action.
Inverting character of family GH115 α‐glucuronidases
Authors: Kolenová Katarína , Ryabova Olena , Vršanská Mária , Biely Peter
Published: September 2010

α‐Glucuronidases of glycoside hydrolase family 115 of the xylose‐fermenting yeast Pichia stipitis and wood‐destroying fungus Schizophyllum commune liberate 4‐O‐methyl‐d‐glucuronic acid residues from aldouronic acids and glucuronoxylan. The specific activities of both enzymes depended on polymerization degree of the acidic xylooligosaccharides and were inhibited by linear β‐1,4‐xylooligosaccharides. These results suggest interaction of the enzyme with several xylopyranosyl residues of the xylan main chain. Using 1H NMR spectroscopy and reduced aldopentaouronic acid (MeGlcA3Xyl4‐ol) as a substrate, it was found that both enzymes are inverting glycoside hydrolases releasing 4‐O‐methyl‐d‐glucuronic acid (MeGlcA) as its β‐anomer.
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR‐1 and L. reuteri RC‐14 to prevent or cure bacterial vaginosis among women with HIV
Authors: Hummelen Ruben , Changalucha John , Butamanya Nicodemus L. , Cook Adrian , Habbema J. Dik F. , Reid Gregor
Published: September 2010

Objective

To assess, among women with HIV, whether long‐term oral Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR‐1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC‐14 supplementation can prevent bacterial vaginosis (BV) and enhance the cure rate of metronidazole among those with BV.

Methods

A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial conducted among 65 HIV‐infected women with an aberrant microbiota (Nugent score 4–10) who were randomized to receive daily probiotics or placebo for 6 months. Those with BV (Nugent score 7–10) additionally received metronidazole for 10 days (400 mg twice daily).

Results

We did not find an enhanced cure rate of BV among women with HIV treated with adjuvant probiotics to metronidazole treatment. Among women with an intermediate vaginal flora, probiotics tended to increase the probability of a normal vaginal flora (odds ratio 2.4; P = 0.1) and significantly increased the probability of a beneficial vaginal pH (odds ratio 3.8; P = 0.02) at follow‐up.

Conclusion

Supplementation of probiotic L. rhamnosus GR‐1 and L. reuteri RC‐14 did not enhance the cure of BV among women living with HIV, but may prevent the condition among this population. Trial registration: NCT00536848.
Creating Modern Probability
Authors: Plato Jan von
Published: September 2010

This is the only book to chart the history and development of modern probability theory. It shows how in the first thirty years of this century probability theory became a mathematical science. The author also traces the development of probabilistic concepts and theories in statistical and quantum physics. There are chapters dealing with chance phenomena, as well as the main mathematical theories of today, together with their foundational and philosophical problems. Among the theorists whose work is treated at some length are Kolmogorov, von Mises and de Finetti. The principal audience for the book comprises philosophers and historians of science, mathematicians concerned with probability and statistics, and physicists. The book will also interest anyone fascinated by twentieth-century scientific developments because the birth of modern probability is closely tied to the change from a determinist to an indeterminist world-view.
A Short History of Greek Mathematics
Authors: Gow James
Published: September 2010

James Gow's A Short History of Greek Mathematics (1884) provided the first full account of the subject available in English, and it today remains a clear and thorough guide to early arithmetic and geometry. Beginning with the origins of the numerical system and proceeding through the theorems of Pythagoras, Euclid, Archimedes and many others, the Short History offers in-depth analysis and useful translations of individual texts as well as a broad historical overview of the development of mathematics. Parts I and II concern Greek arithmetic, including the origin of alphabetic numerals and the nomenclature for operations; Part III constitutes a complete history of Greek geometry, from its earliest precursors in Egypt and Babylon through to the innovations of the Ionic, Sophistic, and Academic schools and their followers. Particular attention is given to Pythagorus, Euclid, Archimedes, and Ptolemy, but a host of lesser-known thinkers receive deserved attention as well.
Archaeological Excavation
Authors: Droop J. P.
Published: September 2010

J. P. Droop (1882–1963) was a classical field archaeologist. After graduating from Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1904 he worked as a field archaeologist for the British School at Athens, and was appointed Chair of Classical Archaeology at Liverpool University in 1914. This volume was intended as a guide to practical archaeological excavation and was first published in 1915 as part of the Cambridge Archaeological and Ethnological series. At the time of publication, archaeology was starting to become a more scientific and academic discipline, as can be seen in Droop's arguments on the importance of archaeological context and knowledge of stratification on site. The development of excavation as a scientifically based practice is shown by the emphasis on planning of the site, in contrast to earlier guides to excavation. This volume provides insights into the development of the theory as well as the practice of archaeology.
β-Cryptoxanthin- and α-carotene-rich foods have greater apparent bioavailability than β-carotene-rich foods in Western diets
Authors: Burri Betty J. , Chang Jasmine S. T. , Neidlinger Terry R.
Published: September 2010

β-Carotene (BC), β-cryptoxanthin (CX) and α-carotene (AC) are common carotenoids that form retinol. The amount of retinol (vitamin A) formed from carotenoid-rich foods should depend chiefly on the bioavailability (absorption and circulation time in the body) of carotenoids from their major food sources and the selectivity and reactivity of carotene cleavage enzymes towards them. The objective of the present study was to estimate the apparent bioavailability of the major sources of provitamin A (AC, BC and CX) from the diet by comparing the concentrations of these carotenoids in blood to their dietary intakes. Dietary intakes were estimated by FFQ (three studies in this laboratory,n86; apparent bioavailability calculated for six other studies,n5738) or by food record (two studies in our laboratory,n59; apparent bioavailability calculated for two other studies,n54). Carotenoid concentrations were measured by reversed-phase HPLC. Apparent bioavailability was calculated as the ratio of concentration in the blood to carotenoid intake. Then apparent bioavailabilities for AC and CX were compared to BC. Eating comparable amounts of AC-, CX- and BC-rich foods resulted in 53 % greater AC (99 % CI 23, 83) and 725 % greater CX (99 % CI 535, 915) concentrations in the blood. This suggests that the apparent bioavailability of CX from typical diets is greater than that of BC. Thus, CX-rich foods might be better sources of vitamin A than expected.
The approach of a sphere to a wall at finite Reynolds number
Authors: MONGRUEL A. , LAMRIBEN C. , YAHIAOUI S. , FEUILLEBOIS F.
Published: September 2010

The approach to a wall of a non-Brownian rigid spherical particle, settling in a viscous fluid with a Reynolds number of the order of unity, is studied experimentally. Far from the wall, the fluid motion around the particle is driven by inertia and viscosity forces. The particle Stokes number is also of the order of unity, so that the particle motion far from the wall is driven by inertia. In the close vicinity of the wall, however, the particle–wall hydrodynamic interaction decelerates the particle significantly. An interferometric device is used to measure the vertical displacement of a millimetric size spherical bead at distances from the wall smaller than 0.1 sphere radius, with a spatial resolution of 100 nm. For the range of impact Stokes number (St*, based on the limit velocity of the sphere in an unbounded fluid) explored here (up toSt* ≅ 5), the measurements reveal that a small region of negligible particle inertia still exists just prior to contact of the sphere with the wall. In this lubrication-like region, the particle velocity decreases linearly with decreasing particle–wall distance and vanishes at contact, ruling out the possibility of a rebound. The vertical extent of this region decreases with increasing Stokes number and is e.g. only 10 μm large at impact Stokes numberSt* ≅ 5.
Are white-beaked dolphinsLagenorhynchus albirostrisfood specialists? Their diet in the southern North Sea
Authors: Jansen Okka E. , Leopold Mardik F. , Meesters Erik H.W.G. , Smeenk Chris
Published: September 2010

The white-beaked dolphinLagenorhynchus albirostrisis the most numerous cetacean after the harbour porpoisePhocoena phocoenain the North Sea, including Dutch coastal waters. In this study, the diet of 45 white-beaked dolphins stranded on the Dutch coast between 1968 and 2005 was determined by analysis of stomach contents. Although 25 fish species were identified, the diet was dominated by Gadidae (98.0% by weight, 40.0% in numbers), found in all stomachs. All other prey species combined contributed little to the diet by weight (2.0%W). The two most important prey species were whitingMerlangius merlangus(91.1% frequency of occurrence (FO), 30.5%N, 37.6%W) and codGadus morhua(73.3%FO, 7.4%N, 55.9%W). In numbers, gobies were most common (54.6%N), but contributed little to the diet by weight (0.6%W). Three stomachs contained different prey compared to the others: one animal had taken 2250 gobies, accounting for 96.4% of all gobies found; one animal had fed on 29 small sepiolids; and one animal had solely taken haddockMelanogrammus aeglefinus.Squid and haddock were not found in any other stomach. The overall diet showed a lasting predominance of whiting and cod, without clear changes over time (35 years) or differences between sexes or size-classes of dolphins. This study adds to earlier published and unpublished data for Dutch coastal waters and agrees well with studies of white-beaked dolphins from other parts of the species’ range, in the North Sea and in Canadian waters, with Gadidae dominating the diet on both sides of the Atlantic.
The sarcoplasmic Ca2+-ATPase: design of a perfect chemi-osmotic pump
Authors: Møller Jesper V. , Olesen Claus , Winther Anne-Marie L. , Nissen Poul
Published: September 2010

The sarcoplasmic (SERCA 1a) Ca2+-ATPase is a membrane protein abundantly present in skeletal mucles where it functions as an indispensable component of the excitation–contraction coupling, being at the expense of ATP hydrolysis involved in Ca2+/H+exchange with a high thermodynamic efficiency across the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. The transporter serves as a prototype of a whole family of cation transporters, the P-type ATPases, which in addition to Ca2+transporting proteins count Na+, K+-ATPase and H+, K+-, proton- and heavy metal transporting ATPases as prominent members. The ability in recent years to produce and analyze at atomic (2·3–3 Å) resolution 3D-crystals of Ca2+-transport intermediates of SERCA 1a has meant a breakthrough in our understanding of the structural aspects of the transport mechanism. We describe here the detailed construction of the ATPase in terms of one membraneous and three cytosolic domains held together by a central core that mediates coupling between Ca2+-transport and ATP hydrolysis. During turnover, the pump is present in two different conformational states, E1 and E2, with a preference for the binding of Ca2+and H+, respectively. We discuss how phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms of these conformational states with cytosolic, occluded or luminally exposed cation-binding sites are able to convert the chemical energy derived from ATP hydrolysis into an electrochemical gradient of Ca2+across the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In conjunction with these basic reactions which serve as a structural framework for the transport function of other P-type ATPases as well, we also review the role of the lipid phase and the regulatory and thermodynamic aspects of the transport mechanism.
Genealogy as a research tool in International Relations
Authors: VUCETIC SRDJAN
Published: September 2010

This article considers the status of genealogy among research methods currently taught, learned and used in International Relations (IR). The article makes two claims. The first is that genealogy is a unique research tool, but not radically different from the rest of the qualitative-interpretative arsenal more commonly found in the discipline. The second is that genealogy can be used in the pursuit of epistemologically varied truth-claims, including those regarding causal connections.
Why monarchies persist: balancing between internal and external vulnerability
Authors: FRISCH HILLEL
Published: September 2010

Why have absolutist monarchies in the past three decades survived when so many succumbed to coups and revolution in the past? The rulers' use of divide-and-rule and balancing strategies as Lust-Okar and Jamal noted recently, served as a partial solution. Overlooked in the literature on the persistance of monarchies was how these mechanisms, which reduce the leader's domestic vulnerability, mar his offensive capabilities to cope with centralising, more effective and threatening neighbours. To cope with this trade-off between internal and external vulnerabilities, monarchs and leaders of other Third World states have been involved in a two-level game of ‘omnibalancing’ – allying with strong outside powers when possible while continuing to employ divide-and-rule and balancing techniques domestically. Only resource-rich or strategically located monarchies can enjoy such protection which is why most of monarchies that have persisted are located in the Middle East.
Millennial‐scale iceberg surges after intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation
Authors: Hayashi Tatsuya , Ohno Masao , Acton Gary , Guyodo Yohan , Evans Helen F. , Kanamatsu Toshiya , Komatsu Fumiki , Murakami Fumi
Published: September 2010

Iceberg discharges from continental ice sheets are widely believed to have exerted a great influence on global climate, but an iceberg discharge regime in early glacial periods after intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation (NHG) remains largely unclear. Here we present high‐resolution rock magnetic records during the period from 2.1 to 2.75 Ma after intensification of NHG, reconstructed from the subpolar North Atlantic. Although the establishment of the middle Pliocene chronology of North Atlantic sediments is often a serious problem, we overcame it based on findings concerning the properties of magnetic susceptibility and natural gamma radiation. Reconstructed rock magnetic records indicate that millennial‐scale iceberg surges were dominant features in the early glacial periods. Additionally, the millennial‐scale iceberg surges occurred within glacial stages during intervals when ratios of global oxygen isotope stack from benthic foraminifera (LR04 δ18O stack) surpassed approximately 3.5‰. These are comparable to the climatic and environmental changes in Pleistocene glacial periods as represented by last glacial Dansgaard‐Oeschger cycles, suggesting that continental ice sheets have oscillated and calved icebergs in a similar manner since intensification of NHG.
The Use of Alternative Forms of Graphical Analysis to Balance Bias and Precision in PET Images
Authors: Logan Jean , Alexoff David , Fowler Joanna S
Published: September 2010

Graphical analysis (GA) is an efficient method for estimating total tissue distribution volume ( VT) from positron emission tomography (PET) uptake data. The original GA produces a negative bias in VT in the presence of noise. Estimates of VT using other GA forms have less bias but less precision. Here, we show how the bias terms are related between the GA methods and how using an instrumental variable (IV) can also reduce bias. Results are based on simulations of a two-compartment model with VT's ranging from 10.5 to 64 mL/cm3 and from PET image data with the tracer [11C]DASB ([11C]-3-amino-4-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-phenylsulfanyl) benzonitrile). Four estimates of VT (or distribution volume ratio (DVR) using a reference tissue) can be easily computed from different formulations of GA including the IV. As noise affects the estimates from all four differently, they generally do not provide the same estimates. By taking the median value of the four estimates, we can decrease the bias and reduce the effect of large values contributing to noisy images. The variance of the four estimates can serve as a guide to the reliability of the median estimate. This may provide a general method for the generation of parametric images with little bias and good precision.
Cumulative Input Function Method for Linear Compartmental Models and Spectral Analysis in PET
Authors: Simoncic Urban , Jeraj Robert
Published: September 2010

Compartmental modeling and spectral analysis are often used for tracer kinetic modeling in positron emission tomography (PET). The concentrations in kinetic equations are usually considered to be instantaneous, whereas PET data are inherently integrated over time, which leads to uncertainties in the results. A new formalism for kinetic analysis that uses cumulative tracer concentrations and avoids approximating the image-derived input function and PET measurements with midframe instantanous values was developed. We assessed the improvements of the new formalism over the midframe approximation methods for three commonly used radiopharmaceuticals: [11C]raclopride, 2′-deoxy-2′-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose (FDG), and 3′-deoxy-3′-[18F]fluoro-thymidine (FLT). We found that improvements are case dependent and often not negligible. Improvements for determination of binding potential for [11C]raclopride ranged from 5% to 25%. Improvements in estimation accuracy of FDG and FLT microparameters ranged up to 25%. On the other hand, estimation of macroparameter Ki= K1k3/( k2+ k3) for FDG or FLT did not show significant benefit with the new method; only modest improvement up to 2% was observed. Assessment of the benefits of using new method is far from being exhaustive, but possibly significant improvement was demonstrated. Therefore, we consider the proposed algorithm a necessary component of any kinetic analysis software.
Vortex dynamics in a wire-disturbed cylinder wake
Authors: Yildirim I. , Rindt C. C. M. , Steenhoven A. A.
Published: September 2010

The effect of a thin control wire on the wake properties of the flow around a circular cylinder has been investigated numerically. The governing equations are solved using a spectral element method for a Reynolds number of ReD=100. The diameter ratio of the main cylinder and the wire equals D/d=50 so no vortex shedding is expected to occur for the wire. However, the vorticity introduced by the wire in the vicinity of the upper shear layer of the cylinder still affects the vortex dynamics in the wake of the main cylinder. The primary effect of the wire is the reduction of the velocity fluctuations in the vortex formation region of the main cylinder. The maximum decrement occurs at a wire position of yw/D=0.875. The secondary effect of the wire is observed in the kinematics of the vortices, leading to a modified vortex arrangement and strength difference between the upper and lower vortices. Due to these effects, for yw/D≤0.875, a downward wake deflection is observed, while for larger values of yw/D>0.875, an upward deflection is found. The maximum downward deflection occurs at wire position yw/D=0.75 where the maximum positive mean lift coefficient, minimum drag coefficient, and minimum fluctuating lift coefficient are seen. Based on the observations, it is concluded that the deflection of the wake is primarily caused by a modification of the vortex arrangement in the wake. This modified vortex arrangement is caused by different formation times of the upper and lower vortices, by different vortex strengths, or by both.
Transition from single-file to Fickian diffusion for binary mixtures in single-walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Chen Qu , Moore Joshua D. , Liu Ying-Chun , Roussel Thomas J. , Wang Qi , Wu Tao , Gubbins Keith E.
Published: September 2010

The transition from single-file diffusion to Fickian diffusion in narrow cylindrical pores is investigated for systems of rigid single-walled armchair carbon nanotubes, solvated with binary mixtures of Lennard-Jones fluids (Ar/Ne, Ar/Kr, and Ar/Xe). A range of effects is examined including the mixture concentration, the size ratio of the two components, and the nanotube diameter. The transition from single-file to Fickian diffusion in varying carbon nanotube diameters is analyzed in terms of the Fickian self-diffusivity and the single-file mobility of the mixture components. It is found that the single-file to Fickian carbon nanotube transition diameter is a unique property of the individual molecule’s diameter and remains unchanged regardless of the mixture composition. In applications of binary mixtures, each component may crossover from single-file to Fickian diffusion in a different carbon nanotube diameter, giving rise to bimodal diffusion in some nanotubes. This transition allows for one species to diffuse in single-file while the other diffuses by a Fickian mechanism, yielding orders of magnitude difference between the self-diffusional rates of the two molecules. This phenomenon might be further extended to alter the diffusional motion of molecules in nanoporous materials.
Magnonic spin-wave modes in CoFeB antidot lattices
Authors: Ulrichs Henning , Lenk Benjamin , Münzenberg Markus
Published: September 2010

In this paper time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect experiments on structured CoFeB films are presented. The geometries considered are two dimensional square lattices of micrometer-sized antidots, fabricated by a focused ion beam. The spin-wave spectra of these magnonic crystals show a precessional mode, which can be related to a Bloch state at the zone boundary. Additionally, another magnetic mode of different nature appears, whose frequency displays no dependence on the externally applied magnetic field. These findings are interpreted as delocalized and localized modes, respectively.
Raman scattering on intrinsic surface electron accumulation of InN nanowires
Authors: Jeganathan K. , Purushothaman V. , Debnath R. K. , Calarco R. , Luth H.
Published: September 2010

An intrinsic property of vertically aligned InN nanowire (NW) ensembles have been investigated by analysis of coupled longitudinal optical (LO) phonon mode using μ-Raman scattering. Spectra were recorded in backscattering geometries in parallel and perpendicular to the axis of the NWs. The width of surface accumulation layer is estimated from the LO phonon peak intensity ratios. The carrier concentration is extracted to be 6.7×1016 cm−3. The pronounced peak at 627.2 cm−1 is related to the interaction of phonons with surface electrons. The surface charge density, Nsc is calculated to be ∼2.55×1013 cm−2 which provides surface accumulation field strength of 5.5 Mv/cm.
Electron-beam generation in a wide-aperture open gas discharge: A comparative study for different inert gases
Authors: Bokhan P. A. , Zakrevsky Dm. E.
Published: September 2010

In the present study, electron-beam generation by open discharges was examined. The study was performed at gas pressures up to 20 Torr, and covered all inert gases. At voltages up to 8 kV, electron-beam currents up to 1600 A with current density ∼130 A/cm2 and a beam generation efficiency in excess of 93% were obtained. The production of electrons from cold cathode was concluded to be of photoemissive nature, enabling the production of high-intensity electron beams in any noble gas or in a mixture of a noble gas with molecular gases irrespective of cathode material.
Effects of gate electrode work function on electrical characteristics of pentacene-based field-effect devices
Authors: Park Jaehoon , Kim Hey Min , Kim Dong Wook , Choi Jong Sun
Published: September 2010

This paper presents the effects of the work function of an indium tin oxide (ITO) gate electrode on the electrical characteristics of two pentacene-based field-effect devices—metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) capacitors and field-effect transistors (FETs). The ITO work function was varied by employing base and acid treatments. Flat-band voltage shifts of the MIS capacitors were found to result from the shift in the work function. The current onset and threshold voltage of the FETs were also found to be influenced by the work function. These results demonstrate the correlation of the flat-band conditions of pentacene-based field-effect devices with the gate electrode work function.
The Second Viscosity Coefficient in Rheological Systems
Authors: Bosworth RCL
Published: September 2010

Viscosity in liquids may be regarded as
that property which corresponds to elasticity in solid systems, and the
coefficient of viscosity is expected to show as many independent components as
the modulus of elasticity. For isotropic systems two components are expected.
These two components are denoted by η and ξ. The Stokes relationship
between the two coefficients, viz.

ζ=-⅔η

is compared with the
Cauchy-Poisson relationship between the two moduli of elasticity of an
isotropic solid, and is claimed as of no more general application.

Indeed, experience in sound absorption
leads to the conclusion that

ζ�η

and many measurements on
the viscosity of plastic materials appear tacitly to assume that

ζ=∞.

ζ, however, has a
finite value for systems which undergo a progressive change in density at
constant pressure. For such systems it is shown that the coefficient of
viscosity, as determined by a tensile testing method, while always less than
that as determined by torsion testing methods is greater than two-thirds of the
latter value. The bulk

viscosity, measured by the
bulk stress required to produce a progressive density change, is shown to be
related to the difference between the shear (or torsional) and the tensile (or
flexural) viscosities.

Measurements of all three viscosities
carried out on a specimen of solid carbon dioxide gives a satisfactory
agreement with the theory of small deformations. The values recorded are :

Coefficient of viscous traction 10.5 x 101� poises,

Torsional viscosity 4.2 x lof0
poises,

Bulk viscosity 5.4 x 1010 poises (measured),

or 7.0 x 10lU poises (computed).

Both flexural and torsional
flow curves are of the Bingham type. Corrected yield points are

6.9 x 106 baryes
for tensile stress

and 4.8 x 106 baryes for shear stress.
Alkaloids of the Australian Rutaceae: Acronychia baueri. I. The Isolation of the Alkaloids
Authors: Lahey FN , Thomas WC
Published: September 2010

The bark of Acronychia Baueri Schott
yields four alkaloids, three of which, melicopine, melicopidine, and
acronycidine, occur in Melicope fareana(1). The fourth is a new alkaloid
acronycine, C20H19O3N. The leaves yield a
fifth alkaloid, melicopicine, also present in Melicope fareana.
The Iodination of Aromatic Compounds. III. Halogenation of Aromatic Ethers in the Presence of Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Jurd L
Published: September 2010

Aromatic ethers are rapidly iodinated when
treated in alcoholic solution with iodine and hydrogen peroxide in the presence
of a strong mineral acid. High yields of the mono-iodo-derivatives are obtained
with anisole and the 2-naphthyl ethers whilst both mono- and diiodination occur
readily with the dimethoxybenzenes. In the absence of a mineral acid the
reaction is very slow and only poor yield of the iodo-ethers result.

A convenient process is described for the
preparation of p-chloro- and p-bromo- anisole, and other chloro- and
bromo-ethers, the ether being treated with hydrochloric acid and with potassium
bromide and sulphuric acid respectively in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.