bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Book Reviews
Authors: Marzocchi Carlo , Dróth Júlia , Heltai Pál , Hutterer Michael
Published: June 2006

Jesus Baigorri Jalón: De Paris à Nuremberg: Naissance de
l'interprétation de conférence;                 
Dorothy Kelly: A Handbook for
Translator Trainers;                 
Lukasz Bogucki: A Relevance Framework for Constraints of Cinema
Subtitling;                 Heidrun
Gerzymisch-Arbogast et al.(eds.):
Textologie und Translation
A Multidimensional Approach to Marketing Performance Evaluation
Authors: Sajtos László
Published: June 2006

Companies usually like to claim that they are market-oriented; however, many studies reveal that businesses typically rely on short-term financial indicators, only a small percentage of firms consider time spent on consumers as important, and marketing is considered as a cost rather than an investment. Companies, however, need to understand their own and their environment's operations in order to set the right objectives, manage their tangible and intangible resources, and achieve the best possible performance. This paper focuses on performance measurement and its relation to market orientation, marketing activity, objectives and marketing resources. This research reveals that though marketing's role in the organisation seems to be significant managers' commitment to marketing often remains at an attitudinal level, and they tend to overestimate their marketing efforts. Furthermore, customer-based measures seem to be good indicators of market-orientation, still managers consider financial and market performance measures to be more important. This paper supports the finding that market orientation and business success are strongly related to one another.
Longitudinal Associations Between Submissive/Nonassertive Social Behavior and Different Types of Peer Victimization
Authors: Fox Claire L. , Boulton Michael J.
Published: June 2006

Previous research, primarily in North America, has found that submissive and nonassertive behaviors are associated with peer victimization during childhood. A limitation of this work has been the failure to examine the relationships between such behaviors and different types of peer victimization. To overcome this weakness, we developed an inventory to assess the bidirectional longitudinal associations between three different types of victimization and submissive/nonassertive social behavior. The inventory was completed by 449 children aged 9 to 11 years at two time points over the course of an academic year. The inventory generated self-report scores and peer nominations. A robust finding was that submissive/nonassertive social behavior predicted an increase in social exclusion only. In examining the other direction of the relationship, we found that only social exclusion predicted changes in submissive/nonassertive social behavior over time. The findings advance our understanding of the social skills deficits that put children at risk for peer victimization, and of the implications of victimization for the development of submissive/nonassertive social skills problems.
Physically Based Capillary Pressure Correlation for Mixed-Wet Reservoirs From a Bundle-of-Tubes Model
Authors: Helland J. O. , Skjæveland S. M.
Published: June 2006

It is shown that the main characteristics of mixed-wet capillary pressure curves with hysteretic scanning loops can be reproduced by a bundle-of-triangular-tubes model. Accurate expressions for the entry pressures are employed, truly accounting for the mixed wettability and the diverse fluid configurations that arise from contact-angle hysteresis and pore shape. The simulated curves are compared with published correlations that have been suggested by inspection of laboratory data from core plug experiments.
A Laboratory Investigation of Temperature-Induced Sand Consolidation
Authors: Ross C. M. , Rangel-German E. R. , Castanier L. M. , Hara P. S. , Kovscek A. R.
Published: June 2006

Current gravel-packed, slotted-liner completion techniques for wells in unconsolidated and weakly consolidated sandstone are relatively expensive and result in greatly reduced operational flexibility. On the other hand, empirical field evidence (Wilmington, California) demonstrates that sand grains surrounding the wellbore are cemented and consolidated following injection of high-pressure (1,600-psi) steam. Effective sand control results without adverse changes to formation permeability and producibility. Here, sand consolidation mechanisms are exposed by duplicating, in the laboratory, the governing geochemical processes. Sandpacks contain typical per-volume concentrations of concrete resulting from perforating a cased and cemented well. The evolution of sandpack pore and grain struture is determined using scanning electron microscope imaging and compositional analyses. Results show that hot alkaline water injected at rates comparable to field rates indeed results in grain-cementing precipitates. Casing cement plays a crucial role in that it is the source of calcium silicates appearing in various pore-lining precipitates. Conditions for effective sand consolidation are not necessarily formation-specific, and the process can be altered to improve cost-effectiveness, flexibility, and longevity of the completion technique.
Sundt and Jewell's Family of Discrete Distributions
Authors: Willmot Gordon
Published: June 2006

A class of claim frequency distributions discussed by Sundt and Jewell (1981) is completely enumerated. Computational techniques for the associated compound total claims distribution in the presence of policy modifications are then derived.
Three Methods to Calculate the Probability of Ruin
Authors: Dufresne François , Gerber Hans U.
Published: June 2006

The first method, essentially due to GOOVAERTS and DE VYLDER, uses the connection between the probability of ruin and the maximal aggregate loss random variable, and the fact that the latter has a compound geometric distribution. For the second method, the claim amount distribution is supposed to be a combination of exponential or translated exponential distributions. Then the probability of ruin can be calculated in a transparent fashion; the main problem is to determine the nontrivial roots of the equation that defines the adjustment coefficient. For the third method one observes that the probability, of ruin is related to the stationary distribution of a certain associated process. Thus it can be determined by a single simulation of the latter. For the second and third methods the assumption of only proper (positive) claims is not needed.
Use of Spline Functions for Premium Rating by Geographic Area
Authors: Taylor G. C.
Published: June 2006

The paper gives details of a case study in the premium rating of a Householders Contents insurance portfolio. The rating is performed by the fitting of bivariate spline functions to a version of operating ratio described in Section 3.

The use of bivariate splines requires a small amount of mathematical equipment, which is developed in Section 4. The fitting of splines, using regression is carried out in Sections 5 and 6, where the numerical results are given, including some assessment of goodness-of-fit.

Contour maps of the spline surfaces are also given, and used for the selection of geographic areas used for premium rating purposes. These are compared with the areas, past and present, actually used by the insurer concerned.
Effective supervision for occupational therapists: The development and implementation of an information package
Authors: Fone Susan
Published: June 2006

Supervision is acknowledged as an essential component of professional practice. Supervision is a two‐way relationship, driven more by the needs of the supervisee than the supervisor. It is a chance for the supervisee to reflect on personal and professional needs in order to improve performance and to receive support. A revision of the supervision practices in our department led to a comprehensive review of the literature and discussions with professional bodies. An information package was developed to assist staff to participate in purposeful and rewarding supervision. Four concepts were considered important: guided reflective thinking, adult learning, emotional intelligence and shifting skills. The process of this development, and a description of the package, is presented in this paper.
Primary malignant melanoma of the adrenal gland
Authors: BASTIDE CYRILLE , ARROUA FREDERIC , CARCENAC AURELIEN , ANFOSSI ERIC , RAGNI EVELYNE , ROSSI DOMINIQUE
Published: June 2006

Abstract  Primary malignant melanoma of the adrenal gland is an established entity. Fewer than 20 cases have been reported in the published literature. Because of the high frequency of adrenal gland metastases from malignant melanoma and pigmented pheochromocytoma, several rigid diagnostic criteria have been established for accepting an adrenal melanoma as primary. A new case is reported in this article. This observation is an opportunity update the literature on the diagnostic difficulties in this rare pathology.
Female urethral strictures: successful management with long‐term clean intermittent catheterization after urethral dilatation
Authors: SMITH ARIANA L. , FERLISE VICTOR J. , ROVNER ERIC S.
Published: June 2006

OBJECTIVE

To report our experience in the diagnosis and treatment of urethral stricture in women.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A retrospective review of records and video‐urodynamics identified women treated for urethral stricture between 1999 and 2004 at one institution by one surgeon. Urethral stricture was defined as a fixed anatomical narrowing between the bladder neck and distal urethra of <14 F preventing catheterization, and the diagnosis was confirmed by cysto‐urethroscopy, and/or video‐urodynamics. Women with a history of external beam radiotherapy to the pelvis, or of gynaecological, urethral or bladder malignancy, were excluded, and the women had a urethral biopsy to exclude a malignant cause of the stricture. Initial treatment consisted of urethral dilatation to ≥ 30 F. After a period of indwelling catheterization, the women were placed on clean intermittent self‐catheterization (CISC) at least once daily, and monitored every 3–6 months. At each follow‐up, the urethra was catheterized to exclude recurrence. American Urological Association (AUA) symptom scores were obtained at presentation and at the initial 3 month follow‐up.

RESULTS

Seven women met the criteria for urethral stricture, and were followed for a mean (range) of 21 (6–34) months. All were initially maintained on daily CISC, and some were gradually reduced to weekly CISC for the duration of follow‐up. No patient had a recurrent stricture while on CISC, and none has had a urethral reconstruction to manage their condition. AUA symptom scores improved in all of the women by a mean of 10.7 points. No complications related to catheterization were noted.

CONCLUSION

Urethral stricture is rare in women. Long‐term CISC in these women is safe and effective, and can avoid the need for major reconstructive surgery.
Ergotamine use in severe diabetic autonomic neuropathy
Authors: Toh V. , Duncan E. , Lewis N. , Fichter L. , Matthews D. R.
Published: June 2006

Background  Symptomatic postural hypotension in diabetes is uncommon. When it does occur, it can prove debilitating and difficult to treat. We report here the therapeutic challenges encountered in managing a patient with severe postural hypotension secondary to diabetes‐related autonomic neuropathy.

Case report  A 69‐year‐old gentleman with a 23‐year history of Type 1 diabetes mellitus and multiple microvascular complications was admitted with symptoms of severe postural hypotension. Cardiovascular autonomic testing confirmed the presence of severe autonomic neuropathy. He failed to respond to non‐pharmacological measures, fludrocortisone, midodrine, octreotide, erythropoietin and increased caffeine intake. Eventually he was commenced on half a Cafergot suppository (giving him a dose of ergotamine 1 mg and caffeine 50 mg) which resulted in dramatic clinical improvement.

Conclusion  Ergotamine may be considered in refractory cases of postural hypotension.
Thermal Expansion of SrY2O4
Authors: Fukuda Koichiro , Matsubara Hiroyuki
Published: June 2006

Crystals of SrY2O4 (space group Pnam) were examined by high‐temperature powder X‐ray diffractometry to determine the changes in unit‐cell dimensions with temperature. The individual cell dimensions linearly increased with increasing temperature up to 1473 K. The expansion coefficients (K−1) were 1.263(8) × 10−5 along the a‐axis, 7.46(6) × 10−6 along the b‐axis, and 9.93(10) × 10−6 along the c‐axis. The coefficient of mean linear expansion was 1.001(8) × 10−5 K−1.
A SIMPLE PROOF OF LOG-SOBOLEV INEQUALITIES ON A PATH SPACE WITH GIBBS MEASURES
Authors: KAWABI HIROSHI
Published: June 2006

In this paper, we give a simple proof of log-Sobolev inequalities on an infinite volume path space C (ℝ, ℝd) with Gibbs measures. We introduce a parabolic stochastic partial differential equation which is reversible with respect to the Gibbs measures. In the proof, the gradient estimate for the diffusion semigroup which is derived from the stochastic flow plays a central role.
The role of meaning and emotion in learning
Authors: Wolfe Pat
Published: June 2006

The brain, a patternfinding organ, seeks to create meaning through establishing or refining existing neural networks; this is learning. Emotion affects what is learned and what is retained.
Experience, consciousness, and learning: Implications for instruction
Authors: Sheckley Barry G. , Bell Sandy
Published: June 2006

This chapter highlights the central role of experience in learning and consciousness; it also outlines experience‐based instructional processes that adult educators can use.
Mixing immiscible blends in an intermeshing counter‐rotating twin screw extruder
Authors: Potluri Ramesh , Todd David , Gogos Costas
Published: June 2006

Domain size of 10% dispersed polystyrene in polyethylene was followed in a 34‐mm intermeshing counter‐rotating twin screw extruder. Variables studied included the effects of barrel temperature, screw speed, viscosity ratio of dispersed‐to‐continuous phase, and parallel melt versus preblended solids feeds. After steady state was achieved, die samples were quenched for later photomicrographing. The extruder was then stopped and quenched, with subsequent pulling of the screws. From 7 to 12 additional samples were taken along the 18/1 L/D extruder for determination of the mechanism of dispersion and dispersed phase domain size by optical microscopy. At low temperatures, the polystyrene tended to fracture with sharp edges. The fine particles formed in the initial breakup underwent no further size reduction. At higher temperatures, fractured segments had rounder edges, but the size of the small domains remained constant throughout the axial length. There was some evidence of flocculation and coalescence prior to exit through the die. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 25: 81–89, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20065
Hydrate formation using water spraying onto a cooled solid surface in a guest gas
Authors: Matsuda Sadatoshi , Tsuda Hidehiko , Mori Yasuhiko H.
Published: June 2006

An experimental study has been performed involving water spraying onto a cooled metal‐block surface exposed to a hydrate‐forming gas as a means of high‐rate hydrate formation for the purpose of, for example, natural‐gas storage. Special attention has been paid to the effectiveness of conductive cooling through the metal block for directly removing the heat released by the hydrate formation from its site, that is, the surface of the metal block, and, thereby, increasing the rate of hydrate formation. HFC‐32 (CH2F2) that forms a structure‐I hydrate at moderate pressures was used as a model gas to enable visual observations of the hydrate formation inside a large‐windowed spray chamber. The experiments revealed that the cooling by the metal block effectively increases the rate of hydrate formation while water is sprayed at a given volumetric rate and at a given degree of subcooling from the guest‐gas/water/hydrate equilibrium temperature. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Titelbild: Chiral Borromeates (Angew. Chem. 25/2006)
Authors: Pentecost Cari D. , Peters Andrea J. , Chichak Kelly S. , Cave Gareth W. V. , Cantrill Stuart J. , Stoddart J. Fraser
Published: June 2006

In den Enantiomeren eines optisch aktiven Borromeats findet ein Chiralitätstransfer von den zwölf stereogenen Zentren mit jeweils gleicher Konfiguration auf sechs Zink(II)‐Templationen statt. Mit dem grundlegenden Befund, dass die dreikomponentigen Borromäischen Verknüpfungen topologisch achiral sind, beschreiben J. F. Stoddart et al. in ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 4205 ff. die dynamische stereospezifische Synthese der all‐R‐ und all‐S‐Enantiomere des Borromeats und berichten über die Röntgenkristallstruktur des all‐R‐Enantiomers.
Mourning and progressive politics after 9/11
Authors: Moglen Seth
Published: June 2006

This article offers a fundamental revision and expansion of the Freudian model of object loss in order to develop conceptual tools for analyzing contemporary American militarism and its political alternatives. The Bush administration's so‐called “war on terror” rests on the disavowal of losses suffered by Americans after the 9/11 bombings and on the displacement of anger that accompanied those losses. In response, progressive anti‐war politics today should promote a process of social mourning. Such a process will require the cultivation of a culture in which more Americans can tolerate a realistic ambivalence towards a nation that is, in part, responsible for the violence it has suffered. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weapons of mass destruction found in Iraq
Authors: Davis Walter
Published: June 2006

This essay focuses on the US use of depleted uranium in Iraq as a war crime repressed by the media. The use of this weaponry is seen as continuous with the death drive that shapes American society. The essay argues that in order to understand this condition we must overcome all the ideological and metaphysical guarantees that blind us to the contingency of history. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding competing application usage with the theory of planned behavior
Authors: Lin Julian , Chan Hock Chuan , Wei Kwok Kee
Published: June 2006

User acceptance models such as the technology acceptance model, the theory of reasoned action, and the theory of planned behavior have been widely used to study a specific information system, a group of systems, or even computers in general. This study examines the usage of competitive information systems. It applies the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in a comparative frame of reference model (relative model) in which relative attitude, relative subjective norm, relative intention, and relative usage are examined. The study is set in the context of two instant messaging technologies. Based on a survey from 300 instant messaging users, the effects of attitude and subjective norm on intention in each model were different (i.e., when TPB is tested once for each application). This confirms that the behavioral model can show different effects for competitive products. In addition, correct competitive answers were given by the relative model; however, these may differ from the answers found from a single application model. The authors show the importance of studying the relative model for competitive products.
Der wassergefüllte Zielschacht – Ein Verfahren zur Beendigung von Schildvortrieben
Authors: Flath Thomas
Published: June 2006

Der maschinelle Tunnelbau mit Vortriebsschilden und mit aktiver Ortsbruststützung hat in den letzten Jahren weltweit rasant zugenommen. Dies gilt auch für Schildvortriebe mit sehr großen Durchmessern über 10 m.

Zur planmäßigen Beendigung eines Schildvortriebs mit aktiver Ortsbruststützung, d.h. sehr oft bei Vortrieben unterhalb des Grundwasserspiegels, sind besondere Verfahrensabläufe und Maßnahmen notwendig, um die Vortriebsanlage in Baugruben bergen zu können. Eine vorteilhafte Möglichkeit, die sich auch bei sehr großen Vortriebsdurchmessern bewährt hat, ist das Verfahren mit wassergefülltem Zielschacht (Druckausgleichsmethode, Ground water balance method). Hierbei wird ein vorab erstellter Zielschacht für das Vortriebsende planmäßig geflutet, um einen Ausgleich mit dem anstehenden Grundwasser zu erreichen und damit einen hydraulischen Gradienten zu verhindern.

Die bei der Schildeinfahrt in den Zielschacht verfahrensbedingt mögliche Wasserwegigkeit – entlang des Schildmantels – wird durch den Ausgleich der Wasserspiegel verhindert.
Dünnschichtiger Oberflächenabtrag von Beton in kerntechnischen Anlagen
Authors: Gentes Sascha
Published: June 2006

Der dünnschichtige Abtrag von Betonschichten oder auch Anstrichen stellt beim Rückbau von kerntechnischen Anlagen einen Arbeitsschwerpunkt dar, ebenso der kleinflächige Abtrag von sogenannten Hotspots. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein Grundträgergerät entwickelt, das autark an Wänden und Decken klettern und arbeiten kann. Dieses Trägersystem kann mit verschiedenen Werkzeugen bestückt werden.

Der große Vorteil dieses neuartigen Systems liegt in der kompakten Bausweise (Grundfläche etwa 1,4 m2) und der freien Bewegungsmöglichkeit, ohne eine aufwendige Tragkonstruktion. Die sonst übliche Rüstzeit kann komplett entfallen, das Gerät kann durch Türöffnungen transportiert und direkt eingesetzt werden.
Beitrag zur Qualitätssicherung im Erdbau
Authors: Rückert Horst
Published: June 2006

Zur Qualitätskontrolle im Erdbau wird üblicherweise der Verdichtungsgrad DPr benutzt. In dem Beitrag wird an einem schwachbindigen Boden gezeigt, daß neben dem Wassergehalt w nicht der Verdichtungsgrad, sondern die Verdichtungsarbeit W von maßgebendem Einfluß auf die Kennwerte der Scherfestigkeit, der Zusammendrückbarkeit und der Wasserdurchlässigkeit ist. Wie die bei der Bodenverdichtung in‐situ eingebrachte Verdichtungsarbeit zu bestimmen ist, wird angegeben. Mit den aufgestellten Formeln und Grafiken kann eine näherungsweise Ermittlung der in‐situ vorhandenen Bodenkennwerte vorgenommen werden, wozu die ermittelten Werte der Verdichtungsarbeit benötigt werden.
Beitrag zum Nachweis gegen Geländebruch
Authors: Gebhard Peter
Published: June 2006

Diskussionsbeitrag zu: El‐Mossallamy, Y., Löschner, J. : Beitrag zur Standsicherheit von Böschungen nach DIN 1054 – Januar 2005. Bautechnik 83 (2006), S. 288–289.
Irinotecan‐eluting stents inhibited neointimal proliferation in hypercholesterolemic rabbit aortas
Authors: Berrocal Daniel H. , González Germán E. , Morales Celina , Gelpi Ricardo J. , Grinfeld Liliana R.
Published: June 2006

Objective:

To assess the effect of irinotecan‐eluting stents (IS) on neointimal growth in the aortas of hypercholesterolemic rabbits and to determine other local histopathological effects such as necrosis, fibrin, and inflammatory reaction.

Methods:

Phosphorylcholine‐coated stents were deployed in the aortas of hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Group 1 (control; n = 8) received unloaded stents, group 2 (n = 7) and group 3 (n = 9) received IS with 0.046 mg and 1.29 mg of irinotecan, respectively. Eight weeks after implantation the rabbits were killed. Neointimal thickness (NT) was assessed by morphometry. Semiquantitative injury score (from 0 to 3+) was used to analyze inflammatory infiltrate, fibrin deposits, and necrosis in the stented segments.

Results:

NT was reduced only in high‐doses IS (G1, 167.4 ± 20.8 μ; G2, 170.24 ± 21.2 μ; G3, 111.56 ± 12.7 μ; P < 0.05, G3 vs G1 and G2). Necrosis decreased significantly with IS [1.00 ± 0.10 in G1 to 0.33 ± 0.07 and 0.02 ± 0.01 in G2 and G3, respectively] only in the media layer. The inflammatory infiltrate was present in the three layers of aortas from G1, but only decreased significantly in the intimae layer of the high‐dose group [1.50 ± 0.15 in G1 vs 1.00 ± 0.18 in G3, P < 0.05].

Conclusion:

Stents loaded with high‐dose irinotecan inhibit NT in the aortas of hypercholesterolemic rabbits. This effect was accompanied by decreased inflammatory infiltrate and media necrosis. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of in‐stent stenosis in small children with congenital heart disease using multi‐detector computed tomography: A validation study
Authors: Eichhorn Joachim G. , Long Frederick R. , Hill Sharon L. , O'Donovan Julie , Chisolm Joanne L. , Fernandez Soledad A. , Cheatham John P.
Published: June 2006

Objectives: Our purpose was to investigate the diagnostic reliability of multi‐detector computed tomography (MDCT) in assessing in‐stent stenosis compared to digital angiography (DA) in small children. Background: Little is known about the feasibility of using MDCT to assess stents placed to treat children with congenital heart disease (CHD). Methods: Twenty‐two children (median age [range], 2¾ [½ to 12] years) with 42 transcatheter placed stents (median diameter: 7.2 [3.4–16.3] mm) in the pulmonary arteries (n = 36), aorta (2), PDA (1), and SVC (3) underwent both MDCT and DA due to suspected hemodynamic problems. Results: Independent “blinded” observers were able to measure stent and minimal luminal diameters in 115 out of 124 (93%) stent segments on MDCT and DA. The interobserver variability was low (mean difference: 0.5, SD 0.8 mm) with high correlation (r = 0.97; P < .0001). The percent stenosis by MDCT correlated well with DA (r = 0.89, P < .0001; mean error 2.7, SD 10.4%). For all grades of stenosis, the sensitivity and specificity for MDCT were 58% and 97%, respectively. At a threshold of ∼≥20% stenosis sensitivity became >98%. All stent associated complications [fracture (4), vascular narrowings (11)] were diagnosed by MDCT. As the stent diameter increased, there was significantly reduced variability between MDCT and DA for in‐stent stenosis (P < .0001). Conclusion: In small children, MDCT is a feasible and promising method for assessing stent associated complications in the treatment of CHD. Cardiac surgeons and interventional cardiologists might rely on this imaging modality to plan specific interventions more precisely and to assess the results upon follow up. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transcatheter polytetrafluoroethylene‐covered stent implantation in a giant coronary artery aneurysm of a child with Kawasaki disease—A potential novel treatment
Authors: Waki Kenji , Baba Kiyoshi
Published: June 2006

We report a case of an eight‐year‐old boy with Kawasaki disease (KD) who had a giant aneurysm with stenotic lesions located in the right coronary artery, and was treated by transcatheter implantation of a polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)‐covered stent. Follow‐up coronary angiography showed good coronary blood flow. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first child with KD who underwent covered‐stent implantation in a coronary aneurysm. Although close follow‐up is mandatory, because the long‐term outcome is unclear, implantation of a covered stent in a giant aneurysm appears to be a promising treatment option. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of continuous flow centrifugation on measurements of trace elements in river water: intrinsic contamination and particle fragmentation
Authors: Rossé Patrick , Vignati Davide , Dominik Janusz
Published: June 2006

Continuous flow centrifugation (CFC) is a well‐established technique used in natural surface water studies to collect large amounts of suspended solids, thus allowing a broad spectrum of measurements. However, a potential contamination or changes in the particle size distribution during the centrifugation may restrain the use of CFC effluents for element analysis in the colloidal and dissolved fractions. In this paper we evaluate the possibility of using the effluent of a Westfalia centrifuge (type KA2‐06‐075, 9700 rpm) for such analysis. This evaluation is based on two laboratory experiments with deionized and tap water and two field experiments in rivers. Elemental concentration changes across the CFC were assessed from the CFC influent and effluent after a filtration at 0·45 µm. Significant increases were found, mainly in the field experiments at a high suspended solids level and a slightly acid pH. A hypothesis was made on the origin of these increases as a superposition of a centrifuge intrinsic contamination and a particle fragmentation effect. A numerical model based on elemental concentration measurements (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) gave a particle fragmentation level of 0·55% (mass percentage of particles broken up into smaller fragments during centrifugation). In another experiment, a direct particle counting (single particle counter) shows an excess of particles smaller than 500 nm in the CFC effluent, corresponding to a fragmentation level of 0·11%. In consequence, the use of CFC effluent for element analysis is possible in low‐turbidity river or lake waters, but should be carefully considered in waters with high suspended matter contents. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of groundwater use by crop production simulated by DSSAT‐wheat and DSSAT‐maize models in the piedmont region of the North China Plain
Authors: Yang Yonghui , Watanabe Masataka , Zhang Xiying , Hao Xiaohua , Zhang Jiqun
Published: June 2006

Sustainable water use is in serious crisis in the piedmont region of the Taihang Mountains in the North China Plain, owing to rapid groundwater drawdown. Estimating the water requirement for agriculture, the biggest user of groundwater, will be helpful in understanding groundwater decline. Through the use of DSSAT‐3·5 wheat and maize models, we assessed water use in winter wheat and maize, two staple crops in the region, in 1987–2001. Trends between groundwater change and simulated agricultural water use were compared. The results showed that groundwater decline was sensitive to simulated crop water requirement and irrigation requirement. According to regression analysis, 100 mm of water requirement by cultivated land (mainly wheat and maize) resulted in about 0·64 m of groundwater decline. This relationship might be useful in understanding the regional water balance and to help decision‐makers control groundwater decline through controlling crop water use or through long‐distance water transfer. The study demonstrated the usefulness of using the DSSAT model for estimating crop water use and the effectiveness of clarifying the reason for groundwater decline using the simulation results of water use. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal, spatially distributed modelling of accumulation and melting of snow for computing runoff in a long‐term, large‐basin water balance model
Authors: Kling Harald , Fürst Josef , Nachtnebel Hans Peter
Published: June 2006

In mountainous regions of mid latitudes, the accumulation and melting of snow plays an important role for the seasonal water balance. These processes not only exhibit a strong seasonality, but also a high spatial variability, which has to be accounted for when establishing distributed water balances in alpine environments. A methodology was developed for seasonal, spatially distributed modelling of accumulation and melting of snow and was embedded in a water balance model that uses only monthly values of precipitation and air temperature as meteorological input data. Hence, this methodology can also be applied in regions with limited data availability. The model uses a conceptual approach with a spatial resolution of a 1 km × 1 km raster. Snow accumulation is computed from temperature and precipitation data. Snowmelt is computed with a temperature‐index approach. A direct application of these simple concepts using monthly inputs would not yield satisfying results. Therefore, precipitation is disaggregated into rainfall and snowfall by using a transition range considering temporal variations of temperature within a month and the mean deviation of temperature on days with and without precipitation. For modelling snowmelt, two different approaches were tested to incorporate variable temperatures within a month. The model was applied for the whole of Austria (84 000 km2) and simulated runoff was compared with observed runoff at 135 gauges for a 30 year period. The model performs best in high and medium mountainous catchments. Lower model performances are achieved in lowland catchments, where the contribution of snowmelt to river runoff decreases. It can be concluded that modelling accumulation and melting of snow in mountainous areas with monthly data yields good results if a temporal disaggregation of precipitation and temperature is applied. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient phenol removal of wastewater from phenolic resin plants using crosslinked cyclodextrin particles
Authors: Yamasaki Hirohito , Makihata Yousuke , Fukunaga Kimitoshi
Published: June 2006

Removal of phenolic compounds from a raw industrial wastewater from phenolic resin processing, of which the components are phenol (8.9 wt%), m‐ and p‐cresols (0.33 wt%), and xylenols (0.044 wt%), was carried out by using crosslinked cyclodextrin particles as a sorbent. A series of sorbents was prepared by varying the combination of cyclodextrin (CyD), β‐CyD, γ‐CyD, Mix‐CyD (α‐CyD:β‐CyD:γ‐CyD:dextrin = 30:10:10:50 wt/wt), the crosslinker, hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) or toluene‐2,6‐diisocyanate, and their molar ratio in the reaction batch. The removal of the phenolic compounds from raw industrial wastewater was an instantaneous process and was completed within about 5 min. The best removal efficiency was obtained by the crosslinked β‐CyD with HDI in a 1:8 molar ratio or the crosslinked Mix‐CyD with HDI, also in a 1:8 molar ratio. The prepared sorbents were efficiently regenerated by elution of the adsorbed phenols from the crosslinked polymers with methanol. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
In vivo31P MR spectral patterns and reproducibility in cancer patients studied in a multi‐institutional trial
Authors: Arias‐Mendoza F. , Payne G. S. , Zakian K. L. , Schwarz A. J. , Stubbs M. , Stoyanova R. , Ballon D. , Howe F. A. , Koutcher J. A. , Leach M. O. , Griffiths J. R. , Heerschap A. , Glickson J. D. , Nelson S. J. , Evelhoch J. L. , Charles H. C. , Brown T. R. ,   The Cooperative Group on MRS Applications in Cancer
Published: June 2006

The standardization and reproducibility of techniques required to acquire anatomically localized 31P MR spectra non‐invasively while studying tumors in cancer patients in a multi‐institutional group at 1.5 T are reported. This initial group of patients was studied from 1995 to 2000 to test the feasibility of acquiring in vivo localized 31P MRS in clinical MR spectrometers. The cancers tested were non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas, sarcomas of soft tissue and bone, breast carcinomas and head and neck carcinomas. The best accrual and spectral quality were achieved with the non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas. The initial analysis of the spectral values of the sum of phosphoethanolamine plus phosphocholine normalized by the content of nucleotide triphosphates in a homogeneous sample of 32 NHL patients studied by in vivo 31P MRS showed good reproducibility among different institutions. No statistical differences were found between the institution with the largest number of cases accrued and the rest of the multi‐institutional NHL data (2.28 ± 0.64, mean ± standard error; n = 17, vs 2.08 ± 0.14, n = 15). The preliminary data reported demonstrate that the institutions involved in this trial are obtaining reproducible 31P MR spectroscopic data non‐invasively from human tumors. This is a fundamental prerequisite for the international cooperative group to be able to demonstrate the clinical value of the normalized determination of phosphoethanolamine plus phosphocholine by 31P MRS as predictor for treatment response in cancer patients. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanocomposites of polypropylene impact copolymer and organoclays: role of compatibilizers
Authors: Deenadayalan E , Vidhate Shailesh , Lele Ashish
Published: June 2006

Nanocomposites of polypropylene impact copolymer and organoclays were prepared using different compatibilizers (polypropylene‐graft‐(maleic anhydride) (PPMA), polyethylene‐graft‐(maleic anhydride) (PEMA) and their mixture) and varying percentages of clay (3 and 6%) in an attempt to obtain balanced mechanical properties. The nanocomposites were prepared by melt compounding and test specimens were prepared by injection molding. Mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural and Izod impact strength are reported. The clay dispersion was investigated using wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction while the phase morphology was characterized using scanning electron microscopy. It is shown that the mechanical properties of the system with mixed PPMA and PEMA compatibilizers showed the best balance of mechanical properties among the nanocomposites explored. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Quantitative structure–activity relationships for the toxicity of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides to the Rainbow trout Onchorhyncus mykiss
Authors: Bermúdez‐Saldaña José M , Cronin Mark TD
Published: June 2006

This study has investigated the development of quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSARs) for the toxicity to rainbow trout Onchorhyncus mykiss Walbaum of 75 organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides. The toxicity data were obtained from an openly available toxicological database and were selected to be representative of a single endpoint. A large number of physicochemical and structural descriptors were calculated for the pesticides. QSAR models were developed using multiple linear regression and partial least‐squares analyses. Following the removal of a small number of outliers, predictive QSARs were developed on small numbers of mechanistically relevant descriptors. Applying mechanistic knowledge to the development of QSAR further improved predictivity. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
The Lisbon earthquake and the scientific turn in Kant's philosophy
Authors: LARSEN SVEND ERIK
Published: June 2006

In contrast to other previous and later disasters the Lisbon earthquake was more than a local disaster that changed the life of the Portuguese population and later became subject to the merciless oblivion of history. This cataclysm left lasting traces in European science, social life, religion and philosophy. The material effects were rapidly felt all over Europe, also affecting the economy and the whole conception of how humans should think and act in a world where such events occurred. This paper follows the change in Immanuel Kant's philosophy after the earthquake based on the thesis that this event contributed fundamentally to the formation of Kant's mature philosophy and its paradigmatic status in European thought until the present day.
Diagnosing the contribution of phytoplankton functional groups to the production and export of particulate organic carbon, CaCO3, and opal from global nutrient and alkalinity distributions
Authors: Jin X. , Gruber N. , Dunne J. P. , Sarmiento J. L. , Armstrong R. A.
Published: June 2006

We diagnose the contribution of four main phytoplankton functional groups to the production and export of particulate organic carbon (POC), CaCO3, and opal by combining in a restoring approach global oceanic observations of nitrate, silicic acid, and alkalinity with a simple size‐dependent ecological/biogeochemical model. In order to determine the robustness of our results, we employ three different variants of the ocean general circulation model (OGCM) required to transport and mix the nutrients and alkalinity into the upper ocean. In our standard model, the global export of CaCO3 is diagnosed as 1.1 PgC yr−1 (range of sensitivity cases 0.8 to 1.2 PgC yr−1) and that of opal as 180 Tmol Si yr−1 (range 160 to 180 Tmol Si yr−1). CaCO3 export is found to have three maxima at approximately 40°S, the equator, and around 40°N. In contrast, the opal export is dominated by the Southern Ocean with a single maximum at around 60°S. The molar export ratio of inorganic to organic carbon is diagnosed in our standard model to be about 0.09 (range 0.07 to 0.10) and found to be remarkably uniform spatially. The molar export ratio of opal to organic nitrogen varies substantially from values around 2 to 3 in the Southern Ocean south of 45°S to values below 0.5 throughout most of the rest of the ocean, except for the North Pacific. Irrespective of which OGCM is used, large phytoplankton dominate the export of POC, with diatoms alone accounting for 40% of this export, while the contribution of coccolithophorids is only about 10%. Small phytoplankton dominate net primary production (NPP) with a fraction of ∼70%. Diatoms and coccolithophorids account for about 15% and less than 2% of NPP, respectively. These diagnosed contributions of the main phytoplankton functional groups to NPP are also robust across all OGCMs investigated. Correlation and regression analyses reveal that the variations in the relative contributions of diatoms and coccolithophorids to NPP can be predicted reasonably well on the basis of a few key parameters.
New insights into magma dynamics during last two eruptions of Mount Etna as inferred by geochemical monitoring from 2002 to 2005
Authors: Rizzo A. , Caracausi A. , Favara R. , Martelli M. , Paonita A. , Paternoster M. , Nuccio P. M. , Rosciglione A.
Published: June 2006

Two distinct eruptive events characterize the volcanic activity at Mount Etna during the 2002 to 2005 period. We identified signals of magma ascent preceding these eruptions by geochemical monitoring of both chemical composition and He‐isotope ratio of gas emissions from five locations in the peripheral area of the volcano. The geochemical signals are interpreted using the models proposed by Caracausi et al. (2003a, 2003b) and allow identification of episodes of magma ascent and estimation of the pressures of degassing magma. As observed for the 2001 eruption (Caracausi et al., 2003b), magma ascent probably triggered the onset of the 2002–2003 eruption, and minor events of magma ascent were observed between May and December 2003. In contrast to the previous two eruptions, the 2004–2005 eruption was not preceded by significant geochemical signals of volcanic unrest, suggesting that this eruption was mainly triggered by the failure of the upper portion of the volcanic edifice under the magmatic hydrostatic pressure in the conduits. High 3He/4He ratio revealed new volatile‐rich magma accumulation. The 2002–2003 eruption was preceded by a much shorter period of new magma accumulation from deep levels of the feeding system. Few minor signals of magma migration were detected at some of the sites during the months preceding the 2004–2005 eruption, suggesting that the degassed 3He‐depleted magma resident in the volcanic conduits was not replaced by new volatile‐rich magma. This is in agreement with the lack of explosive activity during the 2004–2005 eruption and with petrologic observations that the parent magma probably erupted in 2000 and 2001. New geochemical signals of magma ascent from the deep reservoir have been identified since June 2005, indicating that the volcanic activity of Mount Etna is evolving toward new pre‐eruptive conditions.
Annual cycle of global ocean heat content: Observed and simulated
Authors: Gleckler P. J. , Sperber K. R. , AchutaRao K.
Published: June 2006

This study focuses on the annual cycle of global ocean heat content and its variation with depth. Our primary objective is to evaluate a recent suite of coupled ocean‐atmosphere simulations of the twentieth century in the context of available observations. In support of this objective, we extend the analysis and interpretation of observational estimates. In many respects, the collection of models examined compare well with observations. The largest signal in the annual cycle of ocean heat content is in the midlatitudes, where all the models do a credible job of capturing the amplitude, phasing, and depth penetration. Judging the models' performance at high latitudes is more complex because of the sparseness of observations and complications owing to the presence of sea ice. The most obvious problems identified in this study are in the tropics, where many climate models continue to have troublesome biases.
Radar subsurface mapping of the polar layered deposits on Mars
Authors: Nunes Daniel Cahn , Phillips Roger J.
Published: June 2006

Determining the three‐dimensional (3‐D) structure of the Martian polar caps is fundamental to understanding their hydrologic history, dynamic behavior, past climatic changes, and the underlying lithosphere, and radar sounding is the most promising technique to do so. We model the dielectric profile of the Martian polar layered deposits (PLD), apply it to a 1‐D electromagnetic plane wave propagation model, and calculate the relative strength of radar reflections produced by layering within these deposits. Variations in dust fraction with depth derive from albedo profiles of a northern polar trough and a radiative transfer model. Detection of the fine‐scale layering present in the polar deposits with SHARAD is likely under a wide range of possible dielectric properties of the ice and silicate inclusions as long as minimum inclusion volumetric fractions are larger than 10−3. Our models indicate also that stratigraphic mapping of the PLD is feasible with a vertical resolution of ∼20 m under ideal conditions. Penetration depths depend greatly on the dielectric properties of silicate inclusions, reaching at least 250 m for ice rich in highly conductive altered basaltic dust to at least 2 km for weakly conducting silicate inclusions. Because of the wide parameter space and unconstrained composition, interpretation of polar radar data will be best accomplished in conjunction with updated thermal models and other data sets, such as the recently published results from orbital infrared remote sensing that impose limits on ice grain size and dust.
Simulation of boreal black spruce chronosequences: Comparison to field measurements and model evaluation
Authors: Bond‐Lamberty Ben , Gower Stith T. , Goulden Michael L. , McMillan Andrew
Published: June 2006

This study used the Biome Biogeochemical Cycles (Biome‐BGC) process model to simulate boreal forest dynamics, compared the results with a variety of measured carbon content and flux data from two boreal chronosequences in northern Manitoba, Canada, and examined how model output was affected by water and nitrogen limitations on simulated plant production and decomposition. Vascular and nonvascular plant growth were modeled over 151 years in well‐drained and poorly drained forests, using as many site‐specific model parameters as possible. Measured data included (1) leaf area and carbon content from site‐specific allometry data, (2) aboveground and belowground net primary production from allometry and root cores, and (3) flux data, including biometry‐based net ecosystem production and tower‐based net ecosystem exchange. The simulation used three vegetation types or functional groups (evergreen needleaf trees, deciduous broadleaf trees, and bryophytes). Model output matched some of the observed data well, with net primary production, biomass, and net ecosystem production (NEP) values usually (50–80% of data) within the errors of observed values. Leaf area was generally underpredicted. In the simulation, nitrogen limitation increased with stand age, while soil anoxia limited vascular plant growth in the poorly drained simulation. NEP was most sensitive to climate variability in the poorly drained stands. Simulation results are discussed with respect to conceptual issues in, and parameterization of, the Biome‐BGC model.