bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultra high‐dimensional semiparametric longitudinal data analysis
Authors: Green Brittany , Lian Heng , Yu Yan , Zu Tianhai
Published: August 2020

As ultra high‐dimensional longitudinal data are becoming ever more apparent in fields such as public health and bioinformatics, developing flexible methods with a sparse model is of high interest. In this setting, the dimension of the covariates can potentially grow exponentially as with respect to the number of clusters n. We consider a flexible semiparametric approach, namely, partially linear single‐index models, for ultra high‐dimensional longitudinal data. Most importantly, we allow not only the partially linear covariates but also the single‐index covariates within the unknown flexible function estimated nonparametrically to be ultra high dimensional. Using penalized generalized estimating equations, this approach can capture correlation within subjects, can perform simultaneous variable selection and estimation with a smoothly clipped absolute deviation penalty, and can capture nonlinearity and potentially some interactions among predictors. We establish asymptotic theory for the estimators including the oracle property in ultra high dimension for both the partially linear and nonparametric components, and we present an efficient algorithm to handle the computational challenges. We show the effectiveness of our method and algorithm via a simulation study and a yeast cell cycle gene expression data.
A young child’s dialogic appropriation of programmable robots
Authors: Jung Sung Eun , Lee Kyunghwa
Published: August 2020

This qualitative case study explores a 6‐year‐old boy’s dialogic appropriation of programmable robots. The study was conducted in two robotics education programs for children aged four to seven. Drawing on Bakhtin’s (1981) notion of appropriation, we found that the focal child actively engaged with the programmable robots by (1) transforming the given features of the robots, (2) hybridizing the programming practice with the ordinary practices of his peer culture and (3) constructing his own perspective on the agency of robots and the meaning of programming. We argue that the ways in which the focal child engaged with the programmable robots went beyond mere adoption of the robots but rather took the form of dialog.
The clinical impact of intra‐ and extracellular miRNAs in ovarian cancer
Authors: Yoshida Kosuke , Yokoi Akira , Kato Tomoyasu , Ochiya Takahiro , Yamamoto Yusuke
Published: August 2020

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological cancer due to lack of early screening methods and acquired drug resistance. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are effective post‐transcriptional regulators that are transferred by extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes. Numerous studies have revealed that miRNAs are differentially expressed in epithelial ovarian cancer and act either as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Cancer cells secrete exosomes containing miRNAs, which exert various effects on the components of the tumor microenvironment, including cancer‐associated fibroblasts, macrophages, and adipocytes. Conversely, cancer cells also receive exosomes from these cells. As a result of cell‐to‐cell communication, epithelial ovarian cancer acquires a more aggressive phenotype and resistance to multiple drugs. In addition, some circulating miRNAs are protected from RNase degradation in the peripheral blood and can be potential non‐invasive biomarkers. In particular, the combination of several circulating miRNAs enhances the accuracy of cancer screening. Likewise, comprehensive analyses revealed specific miRNA signatures in non‐epithelial ovarian tumors and several miRNAs contributing to alterations of carcinogenic pathways. Overall, miRNAs play a crucial role in ovarian cancer progression. In this review, we discuss the emerging roles of intra‐ and extracellular miRNAs in ovarian cancers. In the near future, miRNAs will be practical biomarkers and computational deep learning will help in the clinical application of miRNAs. Moreover, miRNAs are potential therapeutic targets and agents, and there are ongoing clinical trials of miRNA replacement therapy. Therefore, accelerating research on miRNA might improve the prognosis of patients with ovarian cancer.
Poor parenting behaviours and dental caries experience in 6‐ To 7‐year‐old children
Authors: Matsuyama Yusuke , Isumi Aya , Doi Satomi , Fujiwara Takeo
Published: August 2020

Objectives

The association between poor parenting and dental caries in children remains unclear. We investigated the association of poor parenting with dental caries and oral health behaviour among children aged 6‐7 years in Japan.

Methods

Two waves of repeated cross‐sectional surveys on children and their caregivers in Adachi City, Tokyo, were analysed. Questionnaires on parenting behaviour and the child's oral health behaviour were distributed through schools and completed by 8499 caregivers (response rate = 80.8%). The number of decayed or filled primary teeth (dft) at school dental health check‐ups was linked to the survey data (N for complete case analysis = 6309). Factor analysis was performed to identify types of poor parenting: poor involvement, child abuse and lack of supervision of a child's health behaviours. The association between factor scores (z‐score), the number of dft and oral health behaviour (not brushing teeth twice a day, not controlling snack eating habits and drinking juice every day) was evaluated by Poisson's regressions adjusted for covariates, including caregiver's socioeconomic status.

Results

Poor involvement and lack of supervision of a child's health behaviours were positively associated with dft (mean ratio, MR [95% confidence interval, CI] =1.05 [1.03, 1.07] and 1.18 [1.16, 1.21], respectively) and unhealthy oral health behaviours. Child abuse was not associated with dft (MR = 0.99 [0.96, 1.01]) but was associated with all three unhealthy oral health behaviours (prevalence ratio, PR [95% CI] were 1.11 [1.06, 1.16], 1.11 [1.06, 1.16] and 1.06 [1.00, 1.11] for not brushing teeth, not controlling snack eating and drinking juice, respectively).

Conclusions

Poor involvement and lack of supervision of a child's health behaviours were associated with dental caries, and any type of poor parenting was associated with poor oral health behaviour among children.
Clinical outcomes of a conservative approach in cervical lymph node metastases of thyroid cancer
Authors: Maciel Joana , Donato Sara , Simões Helder , Leite Valeriano
Published: August 2020

Context

Lymph node metastases (LNM) can be present in 35% of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), and the management of persistent/recurrent nodal disease has been controversial. Watchful waiting may be a reasonable approach in selected patients, but uncertainty about clinical outcomes remains a concern.

Objective

To investigate the outcomes of patients with DTC with recurrent/persistent confirmed LNM under surveillance.

Methods

Patients with LNM from DTC were selected from databases of needle washout thyroglobulin measurements and fine‐needle aspiration biopsies performed in our institution. Patients with confirmed metastases, in whom active surveillance was initially proposed, were selected. Main clinical outcomes were analysed.

Results

We found 89 patients with LNM under surveillance. Classic papillary was the most frequent variant (44%). During a median follow‐up of 3 (0.5‐17.2) years, different treatments were needed in 35 (39.3%) patients: radioactive iodine (RAI) in 23 (25.8%), surgery in 9 (10.1%) and radiotherapy (RT) in 3 (3.4%). From those submitted initially to RAI, progression of disease was observed in 8 patients, 4 requiring other treatment modalities: surgery (n = 2), RT (n = 1) and RAI (n = 1). The remaining 54 (60.7%) patients maintained surveillance. In this group, progression of disease was observed in 26 (48.1%), due to increase in the number and/or volume of metastases, but further treatments were not required.

Conclusion

In a group of patients with cervical LNM under active surveillance, only 16.9% (n = 15) required invasive intervention (surgery or RT).
Updating the model of eye care for Aboriginal populations in remote Central Australia
Authors: Mitchell William , Hassall Mark , Henderson Tim
Published: August 2020

Eye disease is the third‐highest contributor towards health inequality for Aboriginal Australians. Understanding how the Central Australian ophthalmology service addresses complexities of remote eye care is crucial in understanding how expansion can meet current and future needs. The present study analyses findings from the MEDLINE database and Governmental reports, and descriptive information from stakeholders in Central Australia and the Australian Department of Health. We describe the current Central Australian ophthalmology model at three levels; (a) the healthcare service level (specialized primary care, local/outreach optometry and ophthalmology services, and intensive extended surgical weeks), (b) the community level (local community staff, clinics and initiatives, and eye “champions” and mutual support), and (c) the healthcare system level (federal and state government, and private funding). We conclude that building full‐time specialist availability, and system‐wide approaches to increase patient utilisation, will facilitate overcoming barriers of remoteness, and create enduring improvements in Central Australian eye care and health‐inequality.
Socket shield technique vs conventional immediate implant placement with immediate temporization. Randomized clinical trial
Authors: Abd‐Elrahman Ahmed , Shaheen Mostafa , Askar Niveen , Atef Mohammed
Published: August 2020

Background

Alveolar bone resorption and labial bone plate reduction follow teeth extraction due to the deficiency of blood supply, derived from the loss of periodontal ligaments, and hence the socket shield technique was introduced to preserve the periodontal ligaments related perfusion.

Purpose

The study aimed to compare the vertical and horizontal changes of the buccal cortical bone plates, encountered after utilizing the socket shield technique with immediate temporization vs an immediate implant placement with immediate temporization, and analyzing the differences of the implant stability and pink esthetic score evaluation between both techniques.

Materials and Methods

A total of 40 dental implants were placed in the maxillary esthetic zone, 20 implants were placed using the socket shield technique with immediate temporization; the study group and 20 implants were placed immediately with immediate temporization; the control group. All patients received immediate and 6 months postoperative CBCT to assess the dimensional changes in the labial bone plates. Implant stability quotients (ISQs) and pink esthetic scores were measured at the time of implant placement and 6 months postoperatively.

Results

The horizontal bone loss; ranged from 0 to0.26 (0.15) mm and 0.03 to0.44 (0.32) mm for the study and control groups, respectively. The vertical bone loss; ranged from 0.11 to 0.55 (0.31) mm and 0.25 to 1.51 (0.7) mm for the study and control groups, respectively. The ISQ for the study group increased from 68.6 ± 3.81 to 76.7 ± 3.49, while in the control group it increased from 66.4 ± 5.64 to 75 ± 4.4. PES for the study group increased from 11 to 12, while in the control group it decreased from 13 to 9.

Conclusion

The socket shield technique with immediate temporization is a reliable method to reduce the labial bone loss following teeth extraction. However, further studies are required to investigate the effect of grafting the jumping gaps, to evaluate the graft contribution in further reduction of the bone loss.
Current understanding of febrile seizures and their long‐term outcomes
Authors: Mewasingh Leena D , Chin Richard F M , Scott Rod C
Published: August 2020

In this paper we reframe febrile seizures, which are viewed as a symptom of an underlying brain disorder. The general observation is that a small cohort of children will develop febrile seizures (2–5% in the West), while the greater majority will not. This suggests that the brain that generates a seizure, in an often‐mild febrile context, differs in some ways from the brain that does not. While the underlying brain disorder appears to have no significant adverse implication in the majority of children with febrile seizures, serious long‐term outcomes (cognitive and neuropsychiatric) have been recently reported, including sudden death. These adverse events likely reflect the underlying intrinsic brain pathology, as yet undefined, of which febrile seizures are purely a manifestation and not the primary cause. A complex interaction between brain–genetics–epigenetics–early environment is likely at play. In view of this emerging data, it is time to review whether febrile seizures are a single entity, with a new and multidimensional approach needed to help with predicting outcome.

What this paper adds

A febrile seizure is due to a brain's aberrant response to high temperature.

Problems in a small group of children are now being identified later in life.

There is no clear correlation between duration or other characteristics of febrile seizures and subsequent mesial temporal sclerosis.
Diagnosing pulmonary arteriovenous malformations in the presence of atrial septal defect and anomalous pulmonary venous drainage—An imaging challenge
Authors: Sasikumar Deepa , Ayyappan Anoop , Valakkada Jineesh , Krishnamoorthy Kavasseri Mahadevan
Published: August 2020

Saline contrast echocardiography is a simple and effective method to diagnose the presence and type of right‐to‐left shunt in patients with unexplained cyanosis. It is considered a very sensitive test to diagnose pulmonary arteriovenous malformations. Our patient presented with unexplained cyanosis and transthoracic echocardiography showed an atrial septal defect and anomalous pulmonary venous drainage of the right and left upper pulmonary veins to the superior venacava. We describe how we used saline contrast echocardiography to demonstrate the presence of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations even in the presence of atrial septal defect and anomalous pulmonary venous drainage.
Predictors for adverse outcomes of patients with recanalized chronic total occlusion lesion
Authors: Tian Tao , Guan Changdong , Gao Lijian , Yuan Jianson , Cui Jingang , Hu Fenghuan , Tang Yida , Dou Kefei , Wu Yongjian , Yang Yuejin , Qiao Shubin , Xu Bo , Yang Weixian
Published: August 2020

Background

It is ill‐defined which factors affect the prognosis of patients with recanalized chronic total occlusion (CTO). This study sought to investigate predictors for adverse outcome in such a cohort with long‐time follow‐up.

Methods

From 2010 to 2013, patients with successfully recanalized CTO were included. The primary endpoint was a composite of all‐cause death, myocardial infarction or target vessel revascularization (TVR). The secondary endpoints were TVR and target lesion revascularization (TLR).

Results

A total of 1987 patients were enrolled and 1806 (90.6%) subjects completed 5‐year follow‐up. Multivariate Cox analysis revealed that age ≥ 75 years (HR,1.70; 95% CI, 1.09‐2.64; P = .02), left ventricular ejection fraction <40% (HR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.02‐3.69; P = .04) and residual SYNTAX score (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01‐1.04; P = .01) were predictors for the primary endpoint. Non‐LAD CTO (HR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.23‐2.70; P < .01), J‐CTO score (HR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.11‐1.54; P < .01) and residual SYNTAX score (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.00‐1.04; P = .04) were independently related to TVR. Non‐LAD CTO, high J‐CTO score and residual SYNTAX score was also correlated with TLR.

Conclusions

Advanced age, left ventricular dysfunction and residual SYNTAX score were predictors for composite cardiovascular events in patients with CTO after revascularization. Those with non‐LAD CTO, high J‐CTO and residual SYNTAX score had higher risk for revascularization.
Upstream Dispersion in Solute Transport Models: A Simple Evaluation and Reduction Methodology
Authors: Irvine D.J. , Werner A.D. , Ye Y. , Jazayeri A.
Published: August 2020

This article outlines analytical solutions to quantify the length scale associated with “upstream dispersion,” the artificial movement of solutes in the opposite direction to groundwater flow, in solute transport models. Upstream dispersion is an unwanted artifact in common applications of the advection‐dispersion equation (ADE) in problems involving groundwater flow in the direction of increasing solute concentrations. Simple formulae for estimating the one‐dimensional distance of upstream dispersion are provided. These show that under idealized conditions (i.e., steady‐state flow and transport, and a homogeneous aquifer), upstream dispersion may be a function of only longitudinal dispersivity. The scale of upstream dispersion in a selection of previously presented situations is approximated to highlight the utility of the presented formulae and the relevance of this ADE anomaly in common transport problems. Additionally, the analytical solution is applied in a hypothetical scenario to guide the modification of dispersion parameters to minimize upstream dispersion.
Impact of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms on Patient‐Reported Outcomes in Patients With Migraine: Results From the American Registry for Migraine Research (ARMR)
Authors: Pearl Talia A. , Dumkrieger Gina , Chong Catherine D. , Dodick David W. , Schwedt Todd J.
Published: August 2020

Background and Objectives

The association between migraine, depression, and anxiety has been established, but the impact of these psychiatric comorbidities on functional impairment in people with migraine has been under‐investigated. The purpose of this cross‐sectional observational study was to investigate the relationship between anxiety and depression symptoms on migraine‐related disability, pain interference, work interference, and career success in a cohort of patients with migraine.

Methods

This analysis included 567 migraine patients who had been enrolled into the American Registry for Migraine Research (ARMR) between February 2016 and June 2019. Patients completed the Generalized Anxiety Disorder‐7 (GAD‐7) and Patient Health Questionnaire‐2 (PHQ‐2) to measure symptoms of anxiety and depression, respectively. Patients completed the Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS), Pain Interference (PROMIS pain short) questionnaire, and Work Productivity and Activity Interference (WPAI) questionnaire to measure levels of functional impairment at work and in daily activities. In addition, patients answered questions designed for ARMR regarding education and career interference. Models were created to describe the relationship between severity of psychiatric symptoms (anxiety and depression), and each outcome of interest (WPAI, MIDAS, pain interference, reporting that migraine had interfered with career success). Each model was controlled for age, sex, headache frequency, years with migraine, and average headache intensity.

Results

Among the 567 patients with migraine, mean (SD) age was 47.1 (13.7), 87.3% were female, and average headache frequency was 19.1 (9.3) days/month. PHQ‐2 scores were positively associated with scores on MIDAS (b = 0.06, SE = 0.01, P ≤ .001), pain interference (b = 1.4, SE = 0.2, P < .001), and WPAI including absenteeism (b = 0.16, SE = 0.04, P = .007), presenteeism (b = 2.7, SE = 1.1, P = .012), overall work productivity impairment (b = 3.7, SE = 1.2, P = .001), and activity impairment (b = 3.0, SE = 1.2, P = .009). PHQ‐2 scores were also associated with reporting that migraine interfered with career success (b = 0.34, SE = 0.08, P ≤ .001). GAD‐7 scores were not associated with MIDAS, pain interference, WPAI, or reduced career success.

Conclusions

Severity of depression symptoms in patients with migraine is associated with migraine‐related disability, work interference, pain interference, and reduced career success. Patients with more severe symptoms of depression are more likely to have greater functional impairment. A management approach that addresses depression in those with migraine may lead to improvements in patient functioning.
Comparison of two case difficulty assessment methods on cohorts of undergraduate dental students – a multi‐centre study
Authors: Shah P. K. , Duncan H. F. , Abdullah D. , Tomson P. L. , Murray G. , Friend T. M. , Thomas S. , Butcher S. , Chong B. S.
Published: August 2020

Aim

To compare the educational benefits and user friendliness of two anonymized endodontic case difficulty assessment (CDA) methods.

Methodology

A cohort (n = 206) of fourth‐year undergraduate dental students were recruited from four different Dental Schools and divided randomly into two groups (Group A and B). The participants assessed six test endodontic cases using anonymized versions of the American Association of Endodontists (AAE) case difficulty assessment form (AAE Endodontic Case Difficulty Assessment Form and Guidelines, 2006) and EndoApp, a web‐based CDA tool. Group A (n = 107) used the AAE form for assessment of the first three cases, followed by EndoApp for the latter. Group B (n = 99) used EndoApp for the initial three cases and switched to the AAE form for the remainder. Data were collected online and analysed to assess participants’ knowledge reinforcement and agreement with the recommendation generated. Statistical analysis was performed using the two‐way mixed model anova, Cohen’s Kappa (κ) and independent t‐tests, with the levels of significance set at P < 0.05. Additionally, participants’ feedback and preference for CDA was also gathered.

Results

There was a significant increase in knowledge reinforcement for the AAE form and EndoApp (P = 0.001) after assessment of the first three test cases. However, this increase was not significant (P = 0.842) between the CDA methods. Overall, the AAE form and EndoApp had slight (κ = 0.176, P < 0.001) and substantial (κ = 0.668, P < 0.001) levels of agreement, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Participants’ feedback on user friendliness favoured EndoApp for all parameters measured. EndoApp was preferred by 65% of the cohort, whereas only 11% chose the AAE form for CDA.

Conclusions

Both the AAE form and EndoApp were beneficial for dental education. EndoApp was reliable in helping with decisions to treat or refer, and combined with user friendliness, it was the preferred choice for CDA.
FORMAL SEARCH AND REFERRALS FROM A FIRM'S PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Rebien Martina , Stops Michael , Zaharieva Anna
Published: August 2020

We explore the relationship between firms' characteristics and recruitment strategies. We present a theoretical search model with two search channels: a costly formal channel and a costless informal channel (referrals). We empirically test the model predictions and find that: larger firms search more formally; firms search more formally for high‐skilled workers; the positive relationship between firm's size and formal search intensity also holds for firms not using referrals; firms using referrals invest less into formal search compared to firms not using referrals; larger firms hire less often by referrals than smaller firms; and larger search effort leads to more applicants.
Mesenchymal stem cells‐derived and siRNAs‐encapsulated exosomes inhibit osteonecrosis of the femoral head
Authors: Zhang Chi , Su Yan , Ding Hao , Yin Jimin , Zhu Zhenhong , Song Wenqi
Published: August 2020

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a progressive, obstinate and disabling disease. At present, the treatment of ONFH is still a global medical problem. We aim to explore the role of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)‐derived and siRNAs‐encapsulated exosomes (siRNAs‐encapsulated BMSCexos) in ONFH. We first isolated BMSCexos and screened siRNAs of 6 ONFH‐related genes for siRNAs‐encapsulated BMSCexo. The expression of these 6 ONFH‐related genes in dexamethasone (DXM)‐treated MC3T3‐E1 cell, cell model of ONFH, was detected by RT‐qPCR and Western blot analysis. And then, we performed CCK‐8 assay, angiogenesis assay and HE staining analysis to test the promotion role of the siRNAs‐encapsulated BMSCexo for angiogenesis during ONFH repair. The results suggest that the obtained particles were BMSCexos. The screened effective siRNAs could effectively knock down their expression in VECs. Moreover, siRNAs‐encapsulated BMSCexo could effectively knock down the expression of these genes in VECs. In addition, siRNAs‐encapsulated BMSCexo promote angiogenesis during ONFH repair. In conclusion, we found siRNAs‐encapsulated BMSCexos could promote ONFH repair by angiogenesis, and indicated exosome as the new siRNA carrier is of great significance to improve the efficiency of RNAi.
Quantitative proteomics identified 3 oxidative phosphorylation genes with clinical prognostic significance in gastric cancer
Authors: Su Fei , Zhou Fen‐fang , Zhang Tao , Wang Dan‐wen , Zhao Da , Hou Xiao‐ming , Feng Mao‐hui
Published: August 2020

The aim of the present study was to explore the underlying mechanisms involved in gastric cancer (GC) formation using data‐independent acquisition (DIA) quantitative proteomics analysis. We identified the differences in protein expression and related functions involved in biological metabolic processes in GC. Totally, 745 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were found in GC tissues vs. gastric normal tissues. Despite enormous complexity in the details of the underlying regulatory network, we find that clusters of proteins from the DEPs were mainly involved in 38 pathways. All of the identified DEPs involved in oxidative phosphorylation were down‐regulated. Moreover, GC possesses significantly altered biological metabolic processes, such as NADH dehydrogenase complex assembly and tricarboxylic acid cycle, which is mostly consistent with that in KEGG analysis. Furthermore the higher expression of UQCRQ, NDUFB7 and UQCRC2 were positively correlated with a better prognosis, implicating these proteins may as novel candidate diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.
Development of a clinical risk score for incident diabetes: A 10‐year prospective cohort study
Authors: Oh Tae Jung , Moon Jae Hoon , Choi Sung Hee , Cho Young Min , Park Kyong Soo , Cho Nam H , Jang Hak Chul
Published: August 2020

Aims/Introduction

We developed a self‐assessable Korean Diabetes Risk score using the data of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study.

Materials and Methods

A total of 8,740 participants without diabetes at baseline were followed up biannually over a period of 10 years. We included variables that were significantly different between participants who developed diabetes mellitus and those who did not in the development cohort at baseline. We assigned a maximum score of 100 to the selected variable in each gender group. Next, the 10‐year probability of incident diabetes was calculated and validated in the validation cohort. Finally, we compared the predictive power of Korean Diabetes Risk score with models including fasting plasma glucose or glycated hemoglobin and other cohort models of Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities and Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Results

During a median follow‐up period of 9.7 years, 22.7% of the participants progressed to diabetes. The Korean Diabetes Risk score included age, living location (urban or rural area), waist circumference, hypertension, family history of diabetes and smoking history. The developed risk score yielded acceptable discrimination for incident diabetes (area under the curve 0.657) and the predictive power was improved when the model included fasting plasma glucose (area under the curve 0.690) or glycated hemoglobin (area under the curve 0.746). In addition, our model predicted incident diabetes more accurately than previous Western or Korean models.

Conclusions

This newly developed self‐assessable diabetes risk score is easily applicable to predict the future risk of diabetes even without the necessity for laboratory tests. This score is useful for the Korean diabetes prevention program, because high‐risk individuals can be easily screened.
Effects of sweet alyssum flowers and their volatile compounds on Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) in the laboratory
Authors: Renkema Justin M. , Smith Darsy
Published: August 2020

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is a major global pest of soft fruit crops. Based on field observations, we tested in the laboratory whether sweet alyssum (Lobularia maritima (L.)) flower volatiles and their major constituent compounds, acetophenone and benzaldehyde, repelled D. suzukii flies. Volatiles from cut flowers and acetophenone reduced numbers of D. suzukii attracted to raspberries, and acetophenone reduced numbers of larvae in the raspberries. Testing of sweet alyssum plantings or dispensing acetophenone to repel D. suzukii in fields and lower fruit infestation should be conducted.
An endoscopic treatment strategy for superficial tumors in patients with ulcerative colitis
Authors: Nishio Masafumi , Hirasawa Kingo , Ozeki Yuichiro , Sawada Atsushi , Ikeda Ryosuke , Fukuchi Takehide , Kobayashi Ryosuke , Makazu Makomo , Sato Chiko , Kunisaki Reiko , Maeda Shin
Published: August 2020

Background and Aim

Endoscopic resection is feasible for superficial tumors in patients with ulcerative colitis; however, endoscopic resection options have not been evaluated comprehensively. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection and endoscopic mucosal resection, and decision making regarding endoscopic resection options for patients with ulcerative colitis.

Methods

Endoscopically treated tumors from patients with ulcerative colitis were analyzed retrospectively. We evaluated en bloc and R0 resection, adverse events, local tumor recurrence, and metachronous lesion occurrence rates.

Results

We examined 102 tumors (mean size, 12 mm; non‐polypoid, 55 tumors) from 74 patients with ulcerative colitis, of whom, 39 and 63 underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection and endoscopic mucosal resection, respectively. The R0 resection rate was significantly higher for endoscopic submucosal dissection (97%) than for endoscopic mucosal resection (80%) (P = 0.0015). For 11–20‐mm tumors, the R0 resection rate was significantly higher for endoscopic submucosal dissection (94%) than for endoscopic mucosal resection (55%) (P = 0.0027); the endoscopic submucosal dissection and endoscopic mucosal resection R0 rates did not differ for ≤ 10‐mm tumors. The non‐polypoid tumor R0 resection rates were significantly higher for endoscopic submucosal dissection (100%) than for endoscopic mucosal resection (65%) (P < 0.001) and did not differ regarding the polypoid tumor R0 resection rates (75% vs 86%, P = 0.49). Four patients experienced intraoperative perforation during endoscopic submucosal dissection. No local recurrences occurred. Metachronous high‐grade dysplasia occurred in three patients during surveillance.

Conclusions

In patients with ulcerative colitis, endoscopic submucosal dissection is suitable for ≥ 11‐mm and non‐polypoid tumors, whereas endoscopic mucosal resection is acceptable for ≤ 10‐mm tumors.
Detergent‐insoluble inclusion constitutes the first pathology in PFN1 transgenic rats
Authors: Yuan Guixiu , Cui Shiquan , Chen Xuan , Song Haochang , Huang Cao , Tong Jianbin , Yuan Zhentin , Yu Lin , Xiong Xinrui , Zhao Jihe , Huang Bo , Wu Qinxue , Zhou Yibo , Chen Gong , Zhou Hongxia , Xia Xu‐Gang
Published: August 2020

Mutation of profilin 1 (PFN1) can cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). To assess how PFN1 mutation causes the disease, we created transgenic rats with human genomic DNA that harbors both the coding and the regulatory sequences of the human PFN1 gene. Selected transgenic lines expressed human PFN1 with or without the pathogenic mutation C71G at a moderate and a comparable level and in the similar pattern of spatial and temporal expression to rat endogenous PFN1. The artificial effects of arbitrary transgene expression commonly observed in cDNA transgenic animals were minimized in PFN1 transgenic rats. Expression of the mutant, but not the wild type, human PFN1 in rats recapitulated the cardinal features of ALS including the progressive loss of motor neurons and the subsequent denervation atrophy of skeletal muscles. Detergent‐insoluble PFN1 inclusions were detected as the first pathology in otherwise asymptomatic transgenic rats expressing mutant human PFN1. The findings suggest that protein aggregation is involved in the neurodegeneration of ALS associated with PFN1 mutation. The resulting rat model is useful to mechanistic study on the ALS.

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Octreotide and lanreotide decrease ovarian ischemia–reperfusion injury in rats by improving oxidative and nitrosative stress
Authors: Kalyoncu Senol , Yilmaz Bulent , Demir Mustafa , Tuncer Meltem , Bozdag Zehra , Ince Onur , Akif Bozdayi Mehmet , Ulusal Hasan , Taysi Seyithan
Published: August 2020

Aim

To investigate the protective effect of octreotide and lanreotide on ovarian damage in experimental ovarian ischemia–reperfusion injury.

Methods

Fifty‐six rats were separated into seven groups; group 1: sham group, group 2: surgical control group with 3‐h torsion and detorsion, group 3: 0.02 mg/kg s.c. octreotide 30 min before 3‐h torsion, group 4; octreotide just after detorsion for 7 days, group 5: octreotide 30 min before torsion and just after detorsion for 7 days, group 6: single time 20 mg/kg s.c. lanreotide before torsion, group 7: single time lanreotide just after detorsion.

Results

All histopathological scores except congestion were significantly lower in group 1 than other groups. In addition, hemorrhage (group 2 vs 4: P < 0.05), degeneration (group 2 vs 4: P < 0.05, group 2 vs 5: P < 0.01 and group 2 vs 6: P < 0.05) and total damage score (group 2 vs 4: P < 0.05, group 2 vs 5: P < 0.05, group 2 vs 6: P < 0.05 and group 2 vs 7: P < 0.05) were significantly lower than other groups. Moreover, ovarian tissue total oxidant status and oxidative stress index levels were significantly decreased in groups 5 (both P < 0.05) and 7 (both P < 0.05) when compared to group 2. Furthermore, tissue levels of peroxynitrite were significantly higher in group 2 than groups 1, 3 and 5 (all P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Octreotide and lanreotide have a protective role against ischemia–reperfusion damage in rat torsion detorsion model by improving histopathological and biochemical findings including tissue levels of total oxidant status, oxidative stress index and peroxynitrite.
Four‐dimensional oral health‐related quality of life impact in children: A systematic review
Authors: Omara Maisa , Stamm Tanja , Bekes Katrin
Published: August 2020

Oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) is an important dental patient‐reported outcome which is commonly based on 4 dimensions, namely Oral Function, Orofacial Pain, Orofacial Appearance and Psychosocial Impact. The Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) is the most used OHRQoL instrument designed for adults; nevertheless, it is used off‐label for children as well. Our aim was to describe the OHRQoL impact on children measured by OHIP and map the information to the 4‐dimensions framework of OHRQoL. A systematic literature review following the PRISMA statement was conducted to include studies assessing OHRQoL of children ≤ 18 years using OHIP. The OHIP seven‐domain information was converted to the OHRQoL 4‐dimension scores accompanied by their means and 95% confidence interval. Risk of bias was assessed using a six‐item modified version of quality assessment tool for prevalence studies. We identified 647 articles, after abstracts screening, 111 articles were reviewed in full text. Twelve articles were included, and their information was mapped to the 4‐dimensional OHRQoL. Most included studies had low risk of bias. OHRQoL highest impact was observed for Oral Function, Orofacial Pain, and Orofacial Appearance for children with: Decayed‐Missing‐Filled‐Surface (DMFS) of ≥10, anterior tooth extraction without replacement and untreated fractured anterior teeth, respectively. Across all oral health conditions, Psychosocial Impact was less affected than the other three dimensions. OHIP has been applied to a considerable number of children and adolescents within the literature. One instrument and a standardised set of 4‐OHRQoL dimensions across the entire lifespan seem to be a promising measurement approach in dental and oral medicine.
Transcriptional Response of Osmolyte Synthetic Pathways and Membrane Transporters in a Euryhaline Diatom During Long‐term Acclimation to a Salinity Gradient
Authors: Nakov Teofil , Judy Kathryn J. , Downey Kala M. , Ruck Elizabeth C. , Alverson Andrew J.
Published: August 2020

How diatoms respond to fluctuations in osmotic pressure is important from both ecological and applied perspectives. It is well known that osmotic stress affects photosynthesis and can result in the accumulation of compounds desirable in pharmaceutical and alternative fuel industries. Gene expression responses to osmotic stress have been studied in short‐term trials, but it is unclear whether the same mechanisms are recruited during long‐term acclimation. We used RNA‐seq to study the genome‐wide transcription patterns in the euryhaline diatom, Cyclotella cryptica, following long‐term acclimation to salinity that spanned the natural range of fresh to oceanic water. Long‐term acclimated C. cryptica exhibited induced synthesis or repressed degradation of the osmolytes glycine betaine, taurine and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). Although changes in proline concentration is one of the main responses in short‐term osmotic stress, we did not detect a transcriptional change in proline biosynthetic pathways in our long‐term experiment. Expression of membrane transporters showed a general tendency for increased import of potassium and export of sodium, consistent with the electrochemical gradients and dependence on co‐transported molecules. Our results show substantial between‐genotype differences in growth and gene expression reaction norms and suggest that the regulation of proline synthesis important in short‐term osmotic stress might not be maintained in long‐term acclimation. Further examination using time‐course gene expression experiments, metabolomics and genetic validation of gene functions would reinforce patterns inferred from RNA‐seq data.
Negative density‐dependent dispersal in tsetse (Glossina spp): red flag or red herring?
Authors: Hargrove J. W. , Vale G. A.
Published: August 2020

A deterministic model of the distribution of tsetse flies (Glossina spp) was used to assess the extent to which the efficacy of control operations would be affected by three different modes of density dependence in per capita adult dispersal: (i) density‐independent dispersal which has been commonly adopted in previous models, (ii) positive density‐dependent dispersal which has occasionally been discussed in the tsetse literature, (iii) negative density‐dependent dispersal (NDDD). The last has recently been suggested, from genetic studies, to change the dispersal rate of tsetse by up to 200‐fold, thereby posing a severe risk for the success of tsetse control operations. Modelling outputs showed that NDDD poses no such risk, provided the mean daily dispersal of tsetse is below about 1 km, which is greater than any rate actually recorded in the field or indicated by the genetic studies. NDDD can be problematic only if tsetse disperse at rates that appear highly unlikely, or even impossible, on energetic grounds. Under some circumstances these high rates would help rather than hinder the control officer. NDDD is not necessary to explain the results of control operations, and not sufficient to explain the results of successful control programmes.
Where and how alpha‐synuclein pathology spreads in Parkinson’s disease:
Authors: Wakabayashi Koichi
Published: August 2020

In Parkinson’s disease (PD), neuronal alpha‐synuclein aggregates are distributed throughout the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, sympathetic ganglia, submandibular gland, enteric nervous system, cardiac and pelvic plexuses, adrenal medulla, and skin. Thus, PD is a progressive multiorgan disease clinically associated with various motor and nonmotor symptoms. The earliest PD‐related lesions appear to develop in the olfactory bulb, dorsal vagal nucleus, and possibly also the peripheral autonomic nervous system. The brain is closely connected with the enteric nervous system via axons of the efferent fibers of the dorsal nucleus of vagal nerve. Anatomical connections also exist between the olfactory bulb and brainstem. Accumulating evidence from experimental studies indicates that transneuronal propagation of misfolded alpha‐synuclein is involved in the progression of PD. However, it cannot be ruled out that alpha‐synuclein pathology in PD is multicentric in origin. Based on pathological findings from studies on human materials, the present review will update the progression pattern of alpha‐synuclein pathology in PD.
Chemical plasticity in the fine root construct of Quercus spp. varies with root order and drought
Authors: Suseela Vidya , Tharayil Nishanth , Orr Galya , Hu Dehong
Published: August 2020

Fine roots of trees exhibit varying degree of plasticity to adapt to environmental stress. Although the morphological and physiological plasticity of roots has been well studied, less known are the accompanying changes in the chemical composite (chemical plasticity) of fine roots, which regulates both root function and soil carbon sequestration.

We investigated the changes in quantity, composition and localization of phenolic compounds in fine root orders of Quercus alba and Quercus rubra subjected to drought stress.

In both species the total quantity of lignins varied only by root orders, where the distal (first and second) root orders had lower lignin compared to higher orders. Despite a lower lignin content, the distal root orders had higher content of guaiacyl lignin and bound phenolics that would provide a greater meshing of lignocellulosic matrix, and thus a higher tissue integrity. Unlike lignins, drought altered the quantity and composition of tannins. In Q. alba, the ellagitannins decreased in the distal root orders exposed to drought, while the fiber‐bound condensed tannnins increased. The lower content of ellagitannins with antimicrobial properties under drought reveals an adaptive response by fine roots to promote symbiotic association, as evidenced by the higher colonization of ectomycorrhizal fungi.

Our study revealed that, when exposed to drought, the composition of heteropolymers are strategically varied across fine root orders, so as to provide a greater root function without compromising the tissue protection.
What do the Australian public think of regulatory nutrition policies? A scoping review
Authors: Cullerton Katherine , Baker Phillip , Adsett Eloise , Lee Amanda
Published: August 2020

Effective government policies are crucial to creating healthy food environments. However, changing public policy is a slow and challenging process involving many competing factors. One cited factor is public opinion towards a proposed policy. This study aimed to systematically explore public opinion on regulatory nutrition policy issues in Australia from 2009 to 2019, to determine whether low levels of public opinion corresponded with the low levels of regulatory policy action in this country. We found that there was varying levels of public support in Australia for public health nutrition action. Regulatory‐ and legislative‐based policies generally had moderate to high levels of support except for food and drink taxes, which had low to moderate support. Despite high levels of public support for certain policy initiatives, national public health nutrition policy in Australia has not evolved consistently with the level of public support nor the evidence base over the past decade indicating other more important factors at play in policymaking.
Treatment outcome and long‐term stability of class II correction with forsus fatigue resistant device in non‐growing patients
Authors: Zitouni Mohammad , Acar Yasemin Bahar
Published: August 2020

Objectives

Forsus™ Fatigue Resistant Device (FRD) is one of the commonly used semirigid fixed functional devices. Purpose of the present study was to investigate effects and long‐term stability of Class II correction following use of Forsus FRD in a retrospective clinical study.

Setting and Sample Population

Records of 20 patients (mean age 18.3 ± 2.5 years) with Class II malocclusion, who had undergone fixed functional treatment protocol with Forsus FRD, were collected from our clinical archive.

Materials and Methods

Lateral cephalometric radiographs at pre‐treatment (T0), end of comprehensive treatment (T1) and post‐retention period (T2, mean duration: 19 ± 3 months) were analysed and superimposed to assess skeletal and dental changes on the long‐term. Repeated measurement one way ANOVA was used for the study of the significant differences among the mean values of cephalometric parameters at T0, T1, and T2. To analyse the nature of the bilateral significant differences between two different time points, Bonferroni test was used.

Results

Sagittal and vertical skeletal changes at T0‐T1 were statistically insignificant while all dentoalveolar parameters exhibited highly significant changes. At T1‐T2, all skeletal and dentoalveolar parameters were stable except the slight relapse in overjet (0.3 ± 0.5 mm; P < .05). At T0‐T2 interval, no significant skeletal changes were recorded while the dentoalveolar changes remained significantly improved.

Conclusion

Correction of Class II malocclusion achieved with Forsus FRD was dentoalveolar and treatment effects were stable in the 19 ± 3 months follow‐up period.
Recent advances in genomics‐assisted breeding of brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) resistance in rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: Kumar Kishor , Kaur Pavneet , Kishore Amit , Vikal Yogesh , Singh Kuldeep , Neelam Kumari
Published: August 2020

Brown planthopper (BPH),Nilaparvata lugens(Stål), is one of the most destructive insects that impair rice productivity per year. Till to date, 38 BPH resistance loci have been mapped from cultivated and wild species of rice. Of 38 resistance genes, eight genes (Bph14, Bph3, Bph26, bph29, Bph18, Bph6, Bph32andBph9) were positionally cloned. Four genes (Bph14, Bph26, Bph18andBph9) encode a typical CC‐NBS‐LRR domain‐containing protein. TheBph3encodes a cluster of three Lectin Receptor Kinase genes (OsLecRK1‐3) that confer broad‐spectrum resistance. Numerous other genes includingWRKY,MYB,DELLA,OsGID1,CYP71A1, mitogen‐activated protein kinase and micro RNAs have been functionally characterized that mediate resistance response to BPH. The comparative gene expression profiling, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics studies have also accelerated the resistance breeding programme. In this review, we comprehensively updated the advances made in the identification of the BPH resistance genes and their functional validation to understand the molecular basis of host–BPH interaction. We also discuss the potential utility of the cutting‐edge genomics tools for breeding BPH resistance cultivars.