bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Orthodontic treatment strategy in patients with dental arch asymmetry in the diagonal direction taking into account craniofacial morphology
Authors: Kochkonyan T. S. , Shkarin V. V. , Domenyuk D. A. , Dmitrienko D. S. , Potryasova A. M. , Rozhkova M. G. , Dmitrienko T. D.
Published: March 2021

Based on the results of morphological studies of the craniofacial complex, biometrics of plaster models of the jaws of 76 young people (18-25 years old) with asymmetry of dental arches, an algorithm was developed for modeling the predicted sizes of dental arches with their asymmetry in the diagonal direction. The methodological approach is based on the use of individual cephalometric indicators (diagonal and transverse face size), morphometric parameters of dental arches (incisor-molar diagonal, transverse intermolar arch size, dental arch depth) and stable correction factors for assessing the conformity (inconsistency) of real and predicted biometric data. Further stages of modeling the predicted sizes of dental arches with their asymmetry in the diagonal direction include the construction of incisor-molar and incisor-canine triangles, taking into account the anthropometric parameters of the maxillofacial region. The use of a diagnostically significant method in the clinic of orthodontics makes it possible to establish the topography of key teeth (canines, second molars) in the dental arch, taking into account the individual characteristics of the patient’s craniofacial complex. The implementation of the obtained results in clinical dentistry in patients with asymmetry of dental arches in the diagonal direction is advisable to substantiate the methods (extraction, without extraction) of complex treatment in order to achieve a functional balance of occlusal relationships, as well as optimal balance of morphological, functional and aesthetic characteristics.
Features of dental care for children with juvenile scleroderma
Authors: Skakodub A. A. , Mamedov Ad. A. , Admakin O. I. , Geppe N. A.
Published: March 2021

This article reflects clinical trials, follow-up and the results of dental care for more than 20 years to children with juvenile scleroderma (JSD). We developed an algorithm for providing dental care to children with JSD, which consisted of successive stages: elimination of acute inflammatory phenomena in the maxillofacial area; elimination of chronic odontogenous pockets; oral sanitization; local anti-fibrin, anti-sclerotic therapy and preventive measures. The principles developed and used by us dental care for children with JSD according to our observations significantly reduced the risk of exacerbation of the underlying disease and the joining of secondary infection.
Methods of application of ozone therapy for the treatment of peri-implantation mucositis
Authors: Iordanishvili A. K. , Soldatova L. N. , Soldatov V. S. , Shvetsov M. M.
Published: March 2021

The effectiveness of using «Asepta plus remineralization» special toothpaste, combination of the same toothpaste and «Asepta parodontal fresh» rinse or «Asepta remineralizing gel» (Vertex CJSC, St. Petersburg, Russia) using analysis technique of the structure and severity of the interior disease sight based on psychosensorial-anatomy-functional desadaptation syndrome. It was established that patients who used «Asepta plus remineralization» toothpaste and «Asepta remineralizing gel» on day 3 showed adaptation to the conditions of their existence. Among the patients using «Asepta plus remineralization» toothpaste and «Asepta parodontal fresh» rinse, despite the positive clinical effect of their use on day 3, there was a violation of adaptability to living conditions. In case of the isolated using of «Asepta plus remineralization» toothpaste for oral hygiene, adaptation to their conditions of existence occurred by 7 days of patient observation. The obtained information is important for planning secondary prevention events for dental hyperesthesia, which allows recommending oral care products to patients taking into account the peculiarities of the clinical course of this pathology.
Clinical case of aggressive malignant neoplasm of the upper jaw
Authors: Podolsky V. V. , Khimich I. V. , Kirpichnikov M. V. , Yarygina E. N. , Serbin A. S. , Maksutin I. A. , Dronov S. V. , Poletaev A. L. , Aleshanov K. A.
Published: March 2021

The article discusses the issues of diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumors of the maxillofacial region on the example of a rare clinical case of aggressive malignant neoplasm of the upper jaw.
THE IMPROVEMENT OF CIVIL CONSCIOUSNESS OF LAW FOR THE ENDORSEMENT OF LAW AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA
Authors: Yunita Ani
Published: March 2021

Efforts to increase public awareness of the law are not only carried out on legal development but also on economic development, given the condition of Indonesia's economy leading to complex social problems. Referring to the above issue, the understanding towards the Indonesian people is necessary  to carry out economic development in accordance with the objectives of Indonesia's economic development to increase the welfare of the community. The article aimed to investigate the efforts to increase public legal awareness in supporting legal development and economic development in order to realize welfare. The method in this research was normative juridical by using descriptive qualitative analysis. In relation, secondary data were obtained from primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. The results proved that increasing public legal awareness in legal and economic development should be conducted by the government and all parties involved. Hence the government and law enforcement officers can proceed through counseling, legal information, assistance and guidance so that people understand the importance of legal and economic development in order to realize order, certainty, justice and community welfare.
THE ROLE OF “KERAPATAN ADAT NAGARI (KAN)” IN SOLVING THE DISPUTE OF COMMUNAL LAND
Authors: Bukhari Faisal
Published: March 2021

According to miankabaunese’s traditional law, when a dispute or disagreement occurs in a community, it is resolved by consensus among members of the clan or clan leaders which ends in the fellowship of local custom assosiation called with “Kerapatan Adat Nagari (KAN)”. The problem formulation of this research is; what is the role of Kerapatan Adat Nagari (KAN) in resolving communal land (tanah Ulayat) disputes in one of local villager called Kenagarian Bukik Sikumpa, Lima Puluh Kota Regency? and how the efforts of Kerapatan Adat Nagari (KAN) to overcome obstacles in resolving communal land disputes in Kenagarian Bukik Sikumpa, Lima Puluh Kota Regency. The method of the research is an empirical juridical approach. The conclusion of research is that the role of Kerapatan Adat Nagari (KAN) of Bukik Sikumpa of Lima Puluh Kota district is as the mediator any disputes where the provisions of Perda No. 7 of 2018 as the legal basis. This provision declares that every local villagers have to prioritie in conducting local wisdom deliberation as solving problem among the family, community, and tribal levels. Kerapatan Adat Nagari (KAN) acts as an intermediary in resolving disputes if these three domains of local deliberation have been taken by the disputing families. Due to local religious philosophy "Adat basandi syarak, syarak basandi Kitabullah", every customari chiefs whether they are members of the Kerapatan Adat Nagari (KAN) or who are not, should increase the sense of justice and be wiser for people's trust restoration.
Recommended Articles and Books
Authors: Editors Sensorium
Published: March 2021

Gilbert Simondon has inspired many thinkers. We have gathered some books and articles on Simondon and Simondon-inspired thought in philosophy and critical theory that have caught our interest during the editing of this volume.
Aerobic Oxidations in Asymmetric Synthesis: Catalytic Strategies and Recent Developments
Authors: Kananovich Dzmitry , Elek Gábor Zoltán , Lopp Margus , Borovkov Victor
Published: March 2021

Despite the remarkable advances in the area of asymmetric catalytic oxidations over the past decades, the development of sustainable and environmentally benign enantioselective oxidation techniques, especially with the efficiency level similar to natural enzymes, still represents a challenge. The growing demand for enantiopure compounds and high interest to industry-relevant green technological advances continue to encourage the research pursuits in this field. Among various oxidants, molecular oxygen is ubiquitous, being available at low cost, environmentally benign and easy-to-handle material. This review highlights recent achievements in catalytic enantioselective oxidations utilizing molecular oxygen as the sole oxidant, with focus on the mechanisms of dioxygen activation and chirogenesis in these transformations.
Sacraoxides A–G, Bioactive Cembranoids from Gum Resin of Boswellia sacra
Authors: Zhang Bingyang , Liu Di , Ji Wenyue , Otsuki Kouharu , Higai Koji , Zhao Feng , Li Wei , Koike Kazuo , Qiu Feng
Published: March 2021

Seven undescribed cembranoids, sacraoxides A–G (1, 3–8) were isolated from the gum resin of Boswellia sacra. Their structures were elucidated by extensive physicochemical and spectroscopic analysis, as well as ECD calculation, modified Mosher’s method and X-ray diffraction crystallography. Compounds 6 and 7 exhibited inhibitory activities on nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide in RAW264.7 cells with IC50 values of 24.9 ± 1.7 and 36.4 ± 2.9 μM.
Radiation-Induced Vascular Disease—A State-of-the-Art Review
Authors: Yang Eric H. , Marmagkiolis Konstantinos , Balanescu Dinu V. , Hakeem Abdul , Donisan Teodora , Finch William , Virmani Renu , Herrman Joerg , Cilingiroglu Mehmet , Grines Cindy L. , Toutouzas Konstantinos , Iliescu Cezar
Published: March 2021

Since the 1990s, there has been a steady increase in the number of cancer survivors to an estimated 17 million in 2019 in the US alone. Radiation therapy today is applied to a variety of malignancies and over 50% of cancer patients. The effects of ionizing radiation on cardiac structure and function, so-called radiation-induced heart disease (RIHD), have been extensively studied. We review the available published data on the mechanisms and manifestations of RIHD, with a focus on vascular disease, as well as proposed strategies for its prevention, screening, diagnosis, and management.
Meteorological Controls on Water Table Dynamics in Fen Peatlands Depend on Management Regimes
Authors: Ahmad Sate , Liu Haojie , Alam Shajratul , Günther Anke , Jurasinski Gerald , Lennartz Bernd
Published: March 2021

Fens belong to the most threatened ecosystems in Europe. Maintaining a high water table through rewetting is an effective measure to rehabilitate many of their ecosystem functions. However, the impact of meteorological conditions such as vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and precipitation on water tables is still unclear for rewetted fens. Here, we compare the impact of meteorological factors on water table dynamics in a drained and a rewetted fen, using multiple regression with data from continuous high-resolution (temporal) water level monitoring and weather stations. We find that an increase in the daily mean VPD causes a higher drop in the water table at the drained and degraded fen compared to the rewetted fen. Precipitation contributes to recharge, causing the water table to rise higher at the drained site than at the rewetted site. We attribute the differential influence of meteorological conditions on water table dynamics to different soil specific yield values (i.e., water storage capacity) largely driven by lower water table position at the drained site. Our study underlines the importance of understanding how and why water tables in peatlands vary in response to meteorological factors for management decisions (e.g., rewetting). Continuous monitoring of water table and vegetation development in rewetted fen peatlands is advisable to ensure long-term success especially under climate change conditions and associated drought events.
Sex Disparities in Cardiovascular Risk Factor Assessment and Screening for Diabetes-Related Complications in Individuals With Diabetes: A Systematic Review
Authors: de Jong Marit , Peters Sanne A. E. , de Ritter Rianneke , van der Kallen Carla J. H. , Sep Simone J. S. , Woodward Mark , Stehouwer Coen D. A. , Bots Michiel L. , Vos Rimke C.
Published: March 2021

Background

Insight in sex disparities in the detection of cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes-related complications may improve diabetes care. The aim of this systematic review is to study whether sex disparities exist in the assessment of cardiovascular risk factors and screening for diabetes-related complications.

Methods

PubMed was systematically searched up to April 2020, followed by manual reference screening and citations checks (snowballing) using Google Scholar. Observational studies were included if they reported on the assessment of cardiovascular risk factors (HbA1c, lipids, blood pressure, smoking status, or BMI) and/or screening for nephropathy, retinopathy, or performance of feet examinations, in men and women with diabetes separately. Studies adjusting their analyses for at least age, or when age was considered as a covariable but left out from the final analyses for various reasons (i.e. backward selection), were included for qualitative analyses. No meta-analyses were planned because substantial heterogeneity between studies was expected. A modified Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale for cohort studies was used to assess risk of bias.

Results

Overall, 81 studies were included. The majority of the included studies were from Europe or North America (84%).The number of individuals per study ranged from 200 to 3,135,019 and data were extracted from various data sources in a variety of settings. Screening rates varied considerably across studies. For example, screening rates for retinopathy ranged from 13% to 90%, with half the studies reporting screening rates less than 50%. Mixed findings were found regarding the presence, magnitude, and direction of sex disparities with regard to the assessment of cardiovascular risk factors and screening for diabetes-related complications, with some evidence suggesting that women, compared with men, may be more likely to receive retinopathy screening and less likely to receive foot exams.

Conclusion

Overall, no consistent pattern favoring men or women was found with regard to the assessment of cardiovascular risk factors and screening for diabetes-related complications, and screening rates can be improved for both sexes.
Platelet Protein-Related Abnormalities in Response to Acute Hypoglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Moin Abu Saleh Md , Al-Qaissi Ahmed , Sathyapalan Thozhukat , Atkin Stephen L. , Butler Alexandra E.
Published: March 2021

Introduction

Patients with severe COVID-19 infections have coagulation abnormalities indicative of a hypercoagulable state, with thromboembolic complications and increased mortality. Platelets are recognized as mediators of inflammation, releasing proinflammatory and prothrombotic factors, and are hyperactivated in COVID-19 infected patients. Activated platelets have also been reported in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients, putting these patients at higher risk for thromboembolic complications of COVID-19 infection.

Methods

A case-control study of T2D (n=33) and control subjects (n=30) who underwent a hyperinsulinemic clamp to induce normoglycemia in T2D subjects: T2D: baseline glucose 7.5 ± 0.3mmol/l (135.1 ± 5.4mg/dl), reduced to 4.5 ± 0.07mmol/l (81 ± 1.2mg/dl) with 1-hour clamp; Controls: maintained at 5.1 ± 0.1mmol/l (91.9 ± 1.8mg/dl). Slow Off-rate Modified Aptamer (SOMA)-scan plasma protein measurement was used to determine a panel of platelet proteins.

Results

Prothrombotic platelet proteins were elevated in T2D versus controls: platelet factor 4 (PF4, p<0.05); platelet glycoprotein VI (PGVI p<0.05); P-selectin (p<0.01) and plasminogen activator inhibitor I (PAI-1, p<0.01). In addition, the antithrombotic platelet-related proteins, plasmin (p<0.05) and heparin cofactor II (HCFII, p<0.05), were increased in T2D. Normalization of glucose in the T2D cohort had no effect on platelet protein levels.

Conclusion

T2D patients have platelet hyperactivation, placing them at higher risk for thromboembolic events. When infected with COVID-19, this risk may be compounded, and their propensity for a more severe COVID-19 disease course increased.

Clinical Trial Registration

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03102801, identifier NCT03102801.
The Outcome of Neutrophil-T Cell Contact Differs Depending on Activation Status of Both Cell Types
Authors: Minns Danielle , Smith Katie J. , Hardisty Gareth , Rossi Adriano G. , Gwyer Findlay Emily
Published: March 2021

Neutrophils and T cells exist in close proximity in lymph nodes and inflamed tissues during health and disease. They are able to form stable interactions, with profound effects on the phenotype and function of the T cells. However, the outcome of these effects are frequently contradictory; in some systems neutrophils suppress T cell proliferation, in others they are activatory or present antigen directly. Published protocols modelling these interactions in vitro do not reflect the full range of interactions found in vivo; they do not examine how activated and naïve T cells differentially respond to neutrophils, or whether de-granulating or resting neutrophils induce different outcomes. Here, we established a culture protocol to ask these questions with human T cells and autologous neutrophils. We find that resting neutrophils suppress T cell proliferation, activation and cytokine production but that de-granulating neutrophils do not, and neutrophil-released intracellular contents enhance proliferation. Strikingly, we also demonstrate that T cells early in the activation process are susceptible to suppression by neutrophils, while later-stage T cells are not, and naïve T cells do not respond at all. Our protocol therefore allows nuanced analysis of the outcome of interaction of these cells and may explain the contradictory results observed previously.
IL-10-Producing ILCs: Molecular Mechanisms and Disease Relevance
Authors: Sun Hui , Wu Yuzhang , Zhang Yi , Ni Bing
Published: March 2021

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are mainly composed of natural killer (NK) cells and helper-like lymphoid cells, which play a vital role in maintaining tissue homeostasis, enhancing adaptive immunity and regulating tissue inflammation. Alteration of the distribution and function of ILCs subgroups are closely related to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases and cancers. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a highly pleiotropic cytokine, and can be secreted by several cell types, among of which ILCs are recently verified to be a key source of IL-10. So far, the stable production of IL-10 can only be observed in certain NK subsets and ILC2s. Though the regulatory mechanisms for ILCs to produce IL-10 are pivotal for understanding ILCs and potential intervenes of diseases, which however is largely unknown yet. The published studies show that ILCs do not share exactly the same mechanisms for IL-10 production with helper T cells. In this review, the molecular mechanisms regulating IL-10 production in NK cells and ILC2s are discussed in details for the first time, and the role of IL-10-producing ILCs in diseases such as infections, allergies, and cancers are summarized.
Epigenetic Modifiers: Anti-Neoplastic Drugs With Immunomodulating Potential
Authors: Maes Ken , Mondino Anna , Lasarte Juan José , Agirre Xabier , Vanderkerken Karin , Prosper Felipe , Breckpot Karine
Published: March 2021

Cancer cells are under the surveillance of the host immune system. Nevertheless, a number of immunosuppressive mechanisms allow tumors to escape protective responses and impose immune tolerance. Epigenetic alterations are central to cancer cell biology and cancer immune evasion. Accordingly, epigenetic modulating agents (EMAs) are being exploited as anti-neoplastic and immunomodulatory agents to restore immunological fitness. By simultaneously acting on cancer cells, e.g. by changing expression of tumor antigens, immune checkpoints, chemokines or innate defense pathways, and on immune cells, e.g. by remodeling the tumor stroma or enhancing effector cell functionality, EMAs can indeed overcome peripheral tolerance to transformed cells. Therefore, combinations of EMAs with chemo- or immunotherapy have become interesting strategies to fight cancer. Here we review several examples of epigenetic changes critical for immune cell functions and tumor-immune evasion and of the use of EMAs in promoting anti-tumor immunity. Finally, we provide our perspective on how EMAs could represent a game changer for combinatorial therapies and the clinical management of cancer.
Engineered TCR-T Cell Immunotherapy in Anticancer Precision Medicine: Pros and Cons
Authors: Zhao Qijie , Jiang Yu , Xiang Shixin , Kaboli Parham Jabbarzadeh , Shen Jing , Zhao Yueshui , Wu Xu , Du Fukuan , Li Mingxing , Cho Chi Hin , Li Jing , Wen Qinglian , Liu Tao , Yi Tao , Xiao Zhangang
Published: March 2021

This review provides insight into the role of engineered T-cell receptors (TCRs) in immunotherapy. Novel approaches have been developed to boost anticancer immune system, including targeting new antigens, manufacturing new engineered or modified TCRs, and creating a safety switch for endo-suicide genes. In order to re-activate T cells against tumors, immune-mobilizing monoclonal TCRs against cancer (ImmTAC) have been developed as a novel class of manufactured molecules which are bispecific and recognize both cancer and T cells. The TCRs target special antigens such as NY-ESO-1, AHNAKS2580For ERBB2H473Yto boost the efficacy of anticancer immunotherapy. The safety of genetically modified T cells is very important. Therefore, this review discusses pros and cons of different approaches, such as ImmTAC, Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK), and inducible caspase-9 in cancer immunotherapy. Clinical trials related to TCR-T cell therapy and monoclonal antibodies designed for overcoming immunosuppression, and recent advances made in understanding how TCRs are additionally examined. New approaches that can better detect antigens and drive an effective T cell response are discussed as well.
β2 Integrin Regulation of Neutrophil Functional Plasticity and Fate in the Resolution of Inflammation
Authors: Sekheri Meriem , Othman Amira , Filep János G.
Published: March 2021

Neutrophils act as the first line of cellular defense against invading pathogens or tissue injury. Their rapid recruitment into inflamed tissues is critical for the elimination of invading microorganisms and tissue repair, but is also capable of inflicting damage to neighboring tissues. The β2 integrins and Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18, αMβ2 or complement receptor 3) in particular, are best known for mediating neutrophil adhesion and transmigration across the endothelium and phagocytosis of microbes. However, Mac-1 has a broad ligand recognition property that contributes to the functional versatility of the neutrophil population far beyond their antimicrobial function. Accumulating evidence over the past decade has demonstrated roles for Mac-1 ligands in regulating reverse neutrophil transmigration, lifespan, phagocytosis-induced cell death, release of neutrophil extracellular traps and efferocytosis, hence extending the traditional β2 integrin repertoire in shaping innate and adaptive immune responses. Understanding the functions of β2 integrins may partly explain neutrophil heterogeneity and may be instrumental to develop novel therapies specifically targeting Mac-1-mediated pro-resolution actions without compromising immunity. Thus, this review details novel insights on outside-in signaling through β2 integrins and neutrophil functional heterogeneity pertinent to the resolution of inflammation.
Repurposing Ivermectin for COVID-19: Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Possibilities
Authors: Wehbe Zena , Wehbe Maya , Iratni Rabah , Pintus Gianfranco , Zaraket Hassan , Yassine Hadi M. , Eid Ali H.
Published: March 2021

As of January 2021, SARS-CoV-2 has killed over 2 million individuals across the world. As such, there is an urgent need for vaccines and therapeutics to reduce the burden of COVID-19. Several vaccines, including mRNA, vector-based vaccines, and inactivated vaccines, have been approved for emergency use in various countries. However, the slow roll-out of vaccines and insufficient global supply remains a challenge to turn the tide of the pandemic. Moreover, vaccines are important tools for preventing the disease but therapeutic tools to treat patients are also needed. As such, since the beginning of the pandemic, repurposed FDA-approved drugs have been sought as potential therapeutic options for COVID-19 due to their known safety profiles and potential anti-viral effects. One of these drugs is ivermectin (IVM), an antiparasitic drug created in the 1970s. IVM later exerted antiviral activity against various viruses including SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we delineate the story of how this antiparasitic drug was eventually identified as a potential treatment option for COVID-19. We review SARS-CoV-2 lifecycle, the role of the nucleocapsid protein, the turning points in past research that provided initial ‘hints’ for IVM’s antiviral activity and its molecular mechanism of action- and finally, we culminate with the current clinical findings.
Effects of the Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease Outbreak on Coral Communities and the Benthic Composition of Cozumel Reefs
Authors: Estrada-Saldívar Nuria , Quiroga-García Blanca A. , Pérez-Cervantes Esmeralda , Rivera-Garibay Omar O. , Alvarez-Filip Lorenzo
Published: March 2021

In the Caribbean, disease outbreaks have emerged as significant drivers of coral mortality. Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease (SCTLD) is a novel white plague-type disease that was first reported off the Florida coast in 2014. This disease affects >20 coral species and is spreading rapidly throughout the Caribbean. In December 2018, SCTLD reached southwestern (SW) Cozumel, one of the healthiest reef systems in the Caribbean. In this study, we integrate data from multiple survey protocols conducted between July 2018 and April 2020 to track the progression of the outbreak in SW Cozumel and to quantify the impacts of SCTLD on coral communities and the benthic composition of reefs. Given that the SCTLD outbreak coincided with a period of prolonged thermal stress that concluded in widespread coral bleaching in autumn 2019, we also investigated whether this event further exacerbated coral mortality. Our findings show that SCTLD spread throughout SW Cozumel in only 2 months and reached a peak after only 5 months. By the summer of 2019, most of the afflicted corals were already dead. Species of the families Meandrinidae, Faviinae, and Montastraeidae showed 33–95% mortality. The widespread coral die-off caused an overall loss of 46% in coral cover followed by a rapid increase of algae cover across all surveyed reefs that persisted until at least April 2020. In November 2019, more than 15% of surveyed coral colonies were bleached. However, we did not find that bleaching further increased coral mortality at either the colony or the community level, which suggests that the coral communities were able to recover from this event despite still being affected by the disease. In conclusion, SCTLD is radically changing the ecology of coral reefs by decimating the populations of several key reef-builders and reconfiguring the benthic assemblages. The actions needed to restore coral populations have to be accompanied by stringent controls related to the effects of climate change, coastal development, and wastewater treatment to improve coral conditions and ecosystem resilience.
Internal Nutrient Loading Controls Macroalgal and Cyanobacterial Succession in a Coastal Lagoon Restored by Managed Realignment of Agricultural Land
Authors: Thorsen Sandra W. , Holmer Marianne , Quintana Cintia O. , Valdemarsen Thomas , Kristensen Erik
Published: March 2021

Managed realignment (MR) has been increasingly applied as an adaptation strategy to sea level rise in low-lying coastal areas, but the ecological consequences after flooding agricultural land with seawater are not well known. The restored Gyldensteen Coastal Lagoon represents one of the largest MR projects in Europe to date. The area served as agricultural land for about 150 years before being deliberately flooded with seawater in 2014. This study monitored for 5 years the succession of macroalgae and benthic cyanobacteria driven by changing internal nutrient (DIN = NH4+ + NO2– + NO3–, DON = dissolved organic nitrogen, and DIP = PO43–) loadings in the lagoon after flooding. A massive bloom of opportunistic green macroalgae (dominated by Cladophora spp.) occurred during the first year as response to a substantial loading of DIN and DIP from the newly flooded soils. The macroalgal cover was sparse the following years and the species richness increased with lower loading of particularly DIN. A cyanobacterial bloom controlled by declining DIN and steady DIP concentrations in the water dominated the lagoon and covered all solid surfaces 4 years after flooding. Highest macroalgal species richness with dominance of perennial Fucus vesiculosus and Agarophyton vermiculophylla was recorded 5 years after flooding following a temperature-induced stimulation of soil nitrogen transformation, leading to increased water column DON concentrations and DIN:DIP ratios. The lagoon remains therefore at an unstable tipping point where small and random changes in the DIN:DIP ratio control the balance between blooms of benthic cyanobacteria and high macroalgal species richness. Future MR projects involving agricultural land should prepare the soil to prevent algal blooms driven by sustained internal nutrient loading. Particularly P loading should be avoided to minimize the chances for recurrent blooms of benthic cyanobacteria.
Relationships of the Trace Elements Zinc and Magnesium With Diabetic Nephropathy-Associated Renal Functional Damage in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Feng Jianan , Wang Heyuan , Jing Zhe , Wang Yue , Wang Wanning , Jiang Yanfang , Sun Weixia
Published: March 2021

Zinc (Zn) and magnesium (Mg) are essential trace elements in humans. Their deficiency may be associated with inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN), but the mechanisms involved have not been fully characterized. We aimed to investigate the relationships between circulating concentrations of Zn and Mg and pro-inflammatory factors with DN-associated renal functional damage in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). To this end, we studied 20 healthy people, 24 patients with T2DM, and 59 patients with T2DM and T2DN. Serum and urine Zn and Mg concentrations were measured using the 2-(5-nitro-2-pyridylazo)-5-(N-propyl-N-sulfopropylamine) phenol (nitro-PAPS) chromogenic method and the xylidyl blue method, respectively, and the circulating concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)] were measured using flow cytometry. The serum concentrations of Zn and Mg were significantly lower in patients with T2DM and DN than in healthy controls. Serum Zn, urine Zn, and urine Mg concentrations decreased, while those of IL-6 and IL-8 increased with the progression of DN-associated renal functional damage. Furthermore, the serum and urine Zn concentrations negatively correlated with the serum IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations. Notably, the serum Zn concentration was found to independently protect against DN in patients with T2DM. Hypozincemia may be associated with the T2DN-associated renal functional damage because it exacerbates inflammation.
Withholding vs. Continuing Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors or Angiotensin Receptor Blockers Before Non-cardiac Surgery in Older Patients: Study Protocol for a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Yang Yu-fan , Zhu Ya-juan , Long Yu-qin , Liu Hua-yue , Shan Xi-sheng , Feng Xiao-mei , Peng Ke , Ji Fu-hai
Published: March 2021

Background:Older hypertensive adults are at increased risk for postoperative morbidity and mortality. As first line antihypertensive drug therapy, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have many beneficial effects. However, the use of ACEIs/ARBs in the perioperative period remains controversial. This study aims to determine the effects of withholding vs. continuing ACEIs/ARBs before non-cardiac surgery on perioperative hypotension and postoperative outcomes in older patients.

Methods:In this multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, a total of 2036 patients aged 60–80 years undergoing non-cardiac surgical procedures will be randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, to receive oral ACEIs/ARBs (the ACEIs/ARBs continued group) or inactive placebos (the ACEIs/ARBs withheld group) on the morning of surgery. For both groups, the ACEIs/ARBs will be continued from the first postoperative day. The primary outcome measure is the incidence of perioperative hypotensive events, defined as mean blood pressure (MBP) < 65 mmHg or ≥30% reduction in MBP from baseline during surgery and in a post-anesthesia care unit. The secondary outcomes include duration of perioperative hypotension, intraoperative use of fluids and vasopressors, hypotensive events within postoperative 3 days, and perioperative neurocognitive disorders, major adverse cardiocerebral events (a composite outcome of stroke, coma, myocardial infarction, heart block, and cardiac arrest), and mortality within 30 days after surgery.

Discussion:The results of this trial will offer an evidence-based perioperative ACEIs/ARBs therapy for older hypertensive adults undergoing non-cardiac surgery.

Study Registration:This study is approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University (Approval No. 2020-077-1) and by the institutional ethics review board of each participating center. This protocol is registered at the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry (ChiCTR2000039376).
The Lichens’ Microbiota, Still a Mystery?
Authors: Grimm Maria , Grube Martin , Schiefelbein Ulf , Zühlke Daniela , Bernhardt Jörg , Riedel Katharina
Published: March 2021

Lichens represent self-supporting symbioses, which occur in a wide range of terrestrial habitats and which contribute significantly to mineral cycling and energy flow at a global scale. Lichens usually grow much slower than higher plants. Nevertheless, lichens can contribute substantially to biomass production. This review focuses on the lichen symbiosis in general and especially on the model speciesLobaria pulmonariaL. Hoffm., which is a large foliose lichen that occurs worldwide on tree trunks in undisturbed forests with long ecological continuity. In comparison to many other lichens,L.pulmonariais less tolerant to desiccation and highly sensitive to air pollution. The name-giving mycobiont (belonging to the Ascomycota), provides a protective layer covering a layer of the green-algal photobiont (Dictyochloropsis reticulata) and interspersed cyanobacterial cell clusters (Nostocspec.). Recently performed metaproteome analyses confirm the partition of functions in lichen partnerships. The ample functional diversity of the mycobiont contrasts the predominant function of the photobiont in production (and secretion) of energy-rich carbohydrates, and the cyanobiont’s contribution by nitrogen fixation. In addition, high throughput and state-of-the-art metagenomics and community fingerprinting, metatranscriptomics, and MS-based metaproteomics identify the bacterial community present onL. pulmonariaas a surprisingly abundant and structurally integrated element of the lichen symbiosis. Comparative metaproteome analyses of lichens from different sampling sites suggest the presence of a relatively stable core microbiome and a sampling site-specific portion of the microbiome. Moreover, these studies indicate how the microbiota may contribute to the symbiotic system, to improve its health, growth and fitness.
Biofeedback for Post-stroke Gait Retraining: A Review of Current Evidence and Future Research Directions in the Context of Emerging Technologies
Authors: Spencer Jacob , Wolf Steven L. , Kesar Trisha M.
Published: March 2021

Real-time gait biofeedback is a promising rehabilitation strategy for improving biomechanical deficits in walking patterns of post-stroke individuals. Because wearable sensor technologies are creating avenues for novel applications of gait biofeedback, including use in tele-health, there is a need to evaluate the state of the current evidence regarding the effectiveness of biofeedback for post-stroke gait training. The objectives of this review are to: (1) evaluate the current state of biofeedback literature pertaining to post-stroke gait training; and (2) determine future research directions related to gait biofeedback in context of evolving technologies. Our overall goal was to determine whether gait biofeedback is effective at improving stroke gait deficits while also probing why and for whom gait biofeedback may be an efficacious treatment modality. Our literature review showed that the effects of gait biofeedback on post-stroke walking dysfunction are promising but are inconsistent in methodology and therefore results. We summarize sources of methodological heterogeneity in previous literature, such as inconsistencies in feedback target, feedback mode, dosage, practice structure, feedback structure, and patient characteristics. There is a need for larger-sample studies that directly compare different feedback parameters, employ more uniform experimental designs, and evaluate characteristics of potential responders. However, as these uncertainties in existing literature are resolved, the application of gait biofeedback has potential to extend neurorehabilitation clinicians' cues to individuals with post-stroke gait deficits during ambulation in clinical, home, and community settings, thereby increasing the quantity and quality of skilled repetitions during task-oriented stepping training. In addition to identifying gaps in previous research, we posit that future research directions should comprise an amalgam of mechanism-focused and clinical research studies, to develop evidence-informed decision-making guidelines for gait biofeedback strategies that are tailored to individual-specific gait and sensorimotor impairments. Wearable sensor technologies have the potential to transform gait biofeedback and provide greater access and wider array of options for clinicians while lowering rehabilitation costs. Novel sensing technologies will be particularly valuable for telehealth and home-based stepping exercise programs. In summary, gait biofeedback is a promising intervention strategy that can enhance efficacy of post-stroke gait rehabilitation in both clinical and tele-rehabilitation settings and warrants more in-depth research.
The Role of Aspirin in the Management of Intracranial Aneurysms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses
Authors: Yang Shuwen , Liu Tianyu , Wu Yuehui , Xu Nina , Xia Liangtao , Yu Xinyu
Published: March 2021

Objective: To evaluate the association between aspirin use and the risks of unruptured intracranial aneurysm (UIA) growth and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH).

Methods: We searched PubMed and Scopus from inception to 1 September 2020. Studies evaluating the associations between aspirin prescription and the risk of UIA growth or the risk of aSAH were included. The study only included patients with intracranial aneurysms. We assessed the quality of included studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to pool the estimates of effect size quantitatively. Sensitivity analyses using the leave-one-out strategy were performed to identify any potential source of heterogeneity.

Results: After a review of 2,226 citations, five cohort studies, two case-control studies, and one nested case-control study involving 8,898 participants were included. Pooled analyses showed that aspirin use, regardless of frequency and duration, was associated with a statistically significantly lower risk of UIA growth (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.11–0.54; I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.604) and aSAH (OR, 0.37, 95% CI, 0.23–0.58; I2 = 79.3%, p = 0.001) in patients presented with intracranial aneurysms. The results did not significantly change in sensitivity analyses.

Conclusions: Summarizing available evidence in the literature, our findings indicate that aspirin use, regardless of frequency and duration, was associated with a statistically significantly lower risk of UIA growth and aSAH in patients with UIA. Well-designed and large-scale clinical trials are needed to help define the role of aspirin as a protective pharmaceutical for UIAs.
An Immune-Related Gene Pairs Signature for Predicting Survival in Glioblastoma
Authors: Wang Sheng , Xu Xia
Published: March 2021

Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the frequently occurring and most aggressive form of brain tumors. In the study, we constructed an immune-related gene pairs (IRGPs) signature to predict overall survival (OS) in patients with GBM.

Methods: We established IRGPs with immune-related gene (IRG) matrix from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database (Training cohort). After screened by the univariate regression analysis and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis, IRGPs were subjected to the multivariable Cox regression to develop an IRGP signature. Then, the predicting accuracy of the signature was assessed with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and validated the result using the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) database (Validation cohorts 1 and 2).

Results: A 10-IRGP signature was established for predicting the OS of patients with GBM. The AUC for predicting 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS in Training cohort was 0.801, 0.901, and 0.964, respectively, in line with the AUC of Validation cohorts 1 and 2 [Validation cohort 1 (1 year: 0.763; 3 years: 0.786; and 5 years: 0.884); Validation cohort 2 (1 year: 0.745; 3 years: 0.989; and 5 years: 0.987)]. Moreover, survival analysis in three cohorts suggested that patients with low-risk GBM had better clinical outcomes than patients with high-risk GBM. The univariate and multivariable Cox regression demonstrated that the IRGPs signature was an independent prognostic factor.

Conclusions: We developed a novel IRGPs signature for predicting OS in patients with GBM.
MR-Guided Radiotherapy for Rectal Cancer: Current Perspective on Organ Preservation
Authors: Boldrini Luca , Intven Martijn , Bassetti Michael , Valentini Vincenzo , Gani Cihan
Published: March 2021

Online MRI-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) is one of the most recent technological advances in radiotherapy. MRgRT permits the visualization of tumorous and healthy tissue while the patient is on the treatment table and online daily plan adaptations following the observed anatomical changes. In the context of rectal cancer, online MRgRT is a very promising modality due to the pronounced geographical variability of tumor tissues and the surrounding healthy tissues. This current paper will discuss the possible applications of online MRgRT, in particular, in terms of radiotherapy dose escalation and response prediction in organ preservation approaches for rectal cancer.
Performance of Intraoperative Assessment of Resection Margins in Oral Cancer Surgery: A Review of Literature
Authors: Barroso Elisa M. , Aaboubout Yassine , van der Sar Lisette C. , Mast Hetty , Sewnaik Aniel , Hardillo Jose A. , ten Hove Ivo , Nunes Soares Maria R. , Ottevanger Lars , Bakker Schut Tom C. , Puppels Gerwin J. , Koljenović Senada
Published: March 2021

Introduction

Achieving adequate resection margins during oral cancer surgery is important to improve patient prognosis. Surgeons have the delicate task of achieving an adequate resection and safeguarding satisfactory remaining function and acceptable physical appearance, while relying on visual inspection, palpation, and preoperative imaging. Intraoperative assessment of resection margins (IOARM) is a multidisciplinary effort, which can guide towards adequate resections. Different forms of IOARM are currently used, but it is unknown how accurate these methods are in predicting margin status. Therefore, this review aims to investigate: 1) the IOARM methods currently used during oral cancer surgery, 2) their performance, and 3) their clinical relevance.

Methods

A literature search was performed in the following databases: Embase, Medline, Web of Science Core Collection, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar (from inception to January 23, 2020). IOARM performance was assessed in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in predicting margin status, and the reduction of inadequate margins. Clinical relevance (i.e., overall survival, local recurrence, regional recurrence, local recurrence-free survival, disease-specific survival, adjuvant therapy) was recorded if available.

Results

Eighteen studies were included in the review, of which 10 for soft tissue and 8 for bone. For soft tissue, defect-driven IOARM-studies showed the average accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 90.9%, 47.6%, and 84.4%, and specimen-driven IOARM-studies showed, 91.5%, 68.4%, and 96.7%, respectively. For bone, specimen-driven IOARM-studies performed better than defect-driven, with an average accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 96.6%, 81.8%, and 98%, respectively. For both, soft tissue and bone, IOARM positively impacts patient outcome.

Conclusion

IOARM improves margin-status, especially the specimen-driven IOARM has higher performance compared to defect-driven IOARM. However, this conclusion is limited by the low number of studies reporting performance results for defect-driven IOARM. The current methods suffer from inherent disadvantages, namely their subjective character and the fact that only a small part of the resection surface can be assessed in a short time span, causing sampling errors. Therefore, a solution should be sought in the field of objective techniques that can rapidly assess the whole resection surface.