bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genome editing to model and reverse a prevalent mutation associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms
Authors: Baik Ron , Wyman Stacia K. , Kabir Shaheen , Corn Jacob E.
Published: November 2019

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) cause the over-production of blood cells such as erythrocytes (polycythemia vera) or platelets (essential thrombocytosis). JAK2 V617F is the most prevalent somatic mutation in many MPNs, but previous modeling of this mutation in mice relied on transgenic overexpression and resulted in diverse phenotypes that were in some cases attributed to expression level. CRISPR-Cas9 engineering offers new possibilities to model and potentially cure genetically encoded disorders via precise modification of the endogenous locus in primary cells. Here we develop “scarless” Cas9-based reagents to create and reverse the JAK2 V617F mutation in an immortalized human erythroid progenitor cell line (HUDEP-2), CD34+ adult human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), and immunophenotypic long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs). We find no overt in vitro increase in proliferation associated with an endogenous JAK2 V617F allele, but co-culture with wild type cells unmasks a competitive growth advantage provided by the mutation. Acquisition of the V617F allele also promotes terminal differentiation of erythroid progenitors, even in the absence of hematopoietic cytokine signaling. Taken together, these data are consistent with the gradually progressive manifestation of MPNs and reveals that endogenously acquired JAK2 V617F mutations may yield more subtle phenotypes as compared to transgenic overexpression models.
The metastable brain associated with autistic-like traits of typically developing individuals
Authors: Sase Takumi , Kitajo Keiichi
Published: November 2019

Metastability in the brain is thought to be a mechanism involved in dynamic organization of cognitive and behavioral functions across multiple spatiotemporal scales. However, it is not clear how such organization is realized in underlying neural oscillations in a high-dimensional state space. It was shown that macroscopic oscillations often form phase-phase coupling (PPC) and phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) which result in synchronization and amplitude modulation, respectively, even without external stimuli. These oscillations can also make spontaneous transitions across synchronous states at rest. Using resting-state electroencephalographic signals and the autism-spectrum quotient scores acquired from healthy humans, we show experimental evidence that the PAC combined with PPC allows amplitude modulation to be transient, and that the metastable dynamics with this transient modulation is associated with autistic-like traits. In individuals with a longer attention span, such dynamics tended to show fewer transitions between states by forming delta-alpha PAC. We identified these states as two-dimensional metastable states that could share consistent patterns across individuals. Our findings suggest that the human brain dynamically organizes inter-individual differences in a hierarchy of macroscopic oscillations with multiple timescales by utilizing metastability.

Author Summary

The human brain organizes cognitive and behavioral functions dynamically. For decades, the dynamic organization of underlying neural oscillations has been a fundamental topic in neuroscience research. Even without external stimuli, macroscopic oscillations often form phase-phase coupling and phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) that result in synchronization and amplitude modulation, respectively, and can make spontaneous transitions across synchronous states at rest. Using resting-state electroencephalography signals acquired from healthy humans, we show evidence that these two neural couplings enable amplitude modulation to be transient, and that this transient modulation can be viewed as the transition among oscillatory states with different PAC strengths. We also demonstrate that such transition dynamics are associated with the ability to maintain attention to detail and to switch attention, as measured by autism-spectrum quotient scores. These individual dynamics were visualized as a trajectory among states with attracting tendencies, and involved consistent brain states across individuals. Our findings have significant implications for unraveling variability in the individual brains showing typical and atypical development.
Sustained modulation of emotion-related fibers after 8 weeks of mindfulness-based stress reduction training
Authors: Chen Chang-Le , Shih Yao-Chia , Hsu Yung-Chin , Wen Tzung-Kuen , Fang Shih-Chin , Tang Da-Lun , Lee Si-Chen , Tseng Wen-Yih Isaac
Published: November 2019

An 8-week mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program enables novices to learn and practice mindfulness meditation. A longitudinal study design has been used in prior research to investigate the effect of short-term mindfulness meditation training on brain structures. Many studies have demonstrated microstructural changes in the white matter by comparing baseline measurements with measurements obtained immediately after short-term meditation training. However, these studies did not clarify the evolution of the modulated microstructures several months after mindfulness meditation practice is discontinued. Therefore, in this study, we recruited 13 novice practitioners and administered an 8-week MBSR training program. We extended the span of the longitudinal study by adding a third measurement taken approximately 6 months after the second time point. Diffusion indices derived from diffusion spectrum imaging were used to quantify the temporal changes in modulation across three time points. The analysis identified four tract bundles that were significantly modulated after the 8-week MBSR training program, namely the callosal fibers connecting the bilateral amygdalae and bilateral hippocampi, right thalamic radiation of the auditory nerve, and right uncinate fasciculus. At the third time point, at which the participants had discontinued practice for approximately 6 months, the diffusion indices of the four tract bundles still presented a significant difference compared with the baseline. Our results indicate that the modulation of microstructural properties of the white matter tract induced by the 8-week MBSR program was sustained after completion of the program and support that neuroplasticity in brain connection persists after the discontinuation of meditation training.
Funders and stakeholders matter: a case study analysis
Authors: Murray Clare
Published: November 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to understand how funders and stakeholders influence the performance of Spain’s most autonomous cultural institutions. As the first of its kind to focus on Spain’s independent cultural spaces, the paper is exploratory in nature. It seeks to contribute to the field of research on best practices in cultural management and marketing through its study of the performance of all seven independent cultural spaces that belong to the Red TransIbérica de Espacios Culturales Independientes.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper employs a mixed-methods case study analysis. Relying on in-person observations and interviews, online surveying, online review analyses and cultural engagement data synthesis, it supports quantitative data with qualitative data, and uses methodological triangulation techniques to validate findings.

Findings

The paper indicates that despite their autonomy, the type of funding and the number of stakeholders that independent cultural spaces boast appear related to their marketability.

Originality/value

Using all seven member organizations as the sample group, this research is able to build generalized conclusions for the country’s population of independent cultural spaces. By highlighting key themes for further research, the paper offers insight into an understudied section of the sector.
Mission-driven arts organisations and initiatives
Authors: Carnegie Elizabeth , Drencheva Andreana
Published: November 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine how mission-driven arts organisations respond to the complex set of economic and social conditions that the authors here term as a significant point of rupture. Drawing on the papers that form a part of the special section of this issue, the authors critically examine how the intersection of globalisation and neoliberalism creates multidimensional uncertainty that shapes the opportunities, responsibilities, work arrangements, and lived experiences of artists and artist-led initiatives and organisations.

Design/methodology/approach

In this introduction to the symposium on mission-driven arts organisations and initiatives, the authors explore how the included articles question and introduce key concerns that govern, limit and support mission-driven arts organisations.

Findings

Drawing on the papers in this set, the authors note that mission-driven arts organisations are diverse and employ numerous organising forms. However, at their core is the pursuit of social objectives, which also requires the management of often conflicting artistic, economic, cultural and social demands. The authors explicate how mission-driven arts organisations respond to local agendas and work best at the community level. As such, they may not play a key role in tourism or large-scale cultural regeneration of spaces, but rather seek to make creative use of sunken and redundant, often inner city spaces to address local needs. Yet, the uncertainty that these organisations face shapes temporary solutions that may enhance the precariaty and pressures for artists and creative producers with likely impact on wellbeing.

Originality/value

This paper brings together original insights into how mission-drive organisations seek to overcome and indeed flourish in a time of rupture. It moves beyond the notion of cultural regeneration as an instrument of tourism, and tourism as a focus of regeneration, to consider the value such organisations bring to localities evidenced in both creative practices and as local cultural engagement beyond economic impact. In doing so, mission-driven arts organisations play a vital role in a time of rapid change.
Determinants of foreign exchange risk management in Latin American firms
Authors: Giraldo-Prieto César Augusto , De Fuentes Cristina , Sogorb-Mira Francisco
Published: November 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify whether Latin American (LA) firms are adopting any hedging strategy when designing foreign exchange risk (FXR) measures. To that end, the authors explore the impact of several drivers of FXR management.

Design/methodology/approach

The sample consists of 342 non-financial listed firms established in a group of representative countries of the LA region and covers the period from 2008 to 2016. Hypothesis testing is performed through a Logit model that measures the likelihood to adopt hedging practices. In addition, a Tobit test offers further insights into the derivatives users.

Findings

The authors corroborate capital structure-related hypotheses such as tax goals, financial distress, liquidity and growth opportunities. In addition, both ownership concentration and income tax payable seem to be negative and significant determinants of FXR coverage.

Originality/value

Results reported in this study are relevant for the LA region with high tradition in raw materials and commodities exports. The results show that LA firms still make limited use of derivatives and there is still much room for improvement. Hence, additional efforts to promote FXR hedging should be desirable, to meet authorities’ recommendations (OECD et al., 2007). Further research exploring corporate governance relationships and differences between large and small firms might be helpful.
Achieving organisational resilience through inbound logistics effort
Authors: Costa Flávio Henrique De Oliveira , Da Silva Andrea Lago , Pereira Carla Roberta , Pereira Susana Carla Farias , Gómez Paredes Fernando José
Published: November 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify how the relationship between inbound logistics (IL) activities and elements of resilience (EoR) can contribute to organisational resilience.

Design/methodology/approach

Two in-depth case-based studies were conducted in the dairy industry. After identifying EoR and IL activities through a systematic literature review, relationships among them have been empirically discussed in six groups (emerged content analysis results): supplier and response capability; transportation; security; quick response to disruption; logistics management; trust and knowledge.

Findings

A framework was developed describing the contribution of these six groups to organisational resilience by highlighting and discussing three aspects: rigidity of the hierarchy, type of relationship and geographical dispersion. These aspects emerged from the process of content analysis and are related to the companies’ characteristics.

Practical implications

The proposed framework can assist managers to decide which group of EoR and IL activities they should prioritise, depending on the company’s characteristics and needs.

Originality/value

Although some studies have discussed the IL contribution to generating resilience in companies, none of them have explored in detail the relationship between EoR and IL activities, and their contribution to organisational resilience. The proposed framework shows the contribution of the EoR to three different organisational aspects.
Burnout, eating behaviour traits and dietary patterns
Authors: Chui Helena , Bryant Eleanor , Sarabia Carmen , Maskeen Shames , Stewart-Knox Barbara
Published: November 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this research has been to investigate whether burnout and eating behaviour traits were associated with food intake.

Design/methodology/approach

Participants (n=109) 78 per cent female, mean age 39 years, were recruited from various occupations within a UK university to complete an on-line survey. Dietary habits were measured using Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), burnout using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and eating behaviour traits using the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) R18.

Findings

Principal component analyses of FFQ responses revealed four dietary patterns: fast/junk food (+chicken and low fruit/vegetables); meat/fish; dairy/grains; beans/nuts. Dietary patterns were examined using multiple regression analysis as outcome variables with age, gender, burnout and eating behaviour traits as explanatory variables. More frequent consumption of “junk/fast food” was associated with lower TFEQ-Cognitive Restraint, higher TFEQ-Uncontrolled Eating (UE), lower MBI-Emotional Exhaustion and higher MBI-Depersonalisation. More frequent consumption of beans/nuts was associated with higher TFEQ-UE and higher MBI-Emotional Exhaustion. Models for meat/fish and grains/dairy dietary patterns were not significant.

Research limitations/implications

Burnout may need to be considered to reduce junk food consumption in higher education employees. Causality between burnout, eating behaviour traits and food consumption requires further investigation on larger samples.

Originality/value

This appears to be the first study to have explored associations between burnout, eating behaviour traits and dietary patterns.
The role of consumer ethnocentrism, country image, and subjective knowledge in predicting intention to purchase imported functional foods
Authors: Xin Li , Seo Sunhee (Sunny)
Published: November 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of consumer ethnocentrism, country image, functional food image, subjective knowledge and health consciousness in predicting purchase intention of imported functional foods using the theory of planned behavior.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of 361 Chinese consumers from 20 to 60 year old who have purchased Korean functional foods participated in this study using an online survey. Structural equation modeling was performed to examine the hypotheses.

Findings

Consumer ethnocentrism had a negative effect on the intention to purchase Korean functional food, but the image of Korean functional foods, subjective knowledge and health consciousness positively affected intention to purchase Korean functional foods. Country image had a positive effect on the image of Korean functional foods. Attitude and perceived behavioral control had a positive effect on the intention to purchase Korean functional foods.

Originality/value

This study combined social and personal factors to explain Chinese consumer intention to purchase imported Korean functional foods.
A consumer-oriented segmentation study on edible insects in Switzerland and Thailand
Authors: Brunner Thomas A. , Nuttavuthisit Krittinee
Published: November 2019

Purpose

Edible insects might be the meat of the future. However, promoting insects as food, at least in western countries, is not an easy task. Segmenting consumers into various similarly behaving groups and targeting them separately is the first step to more successfully promoting insect cuisine. By taking a cross-cultural perspective on the topic of entomophagy and investigating the impact of different cultural settings, additional insights may be revealed that can be used to develop marketing strategies. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Design/methodology/approach

Using survey data from Switzerland (N=542) and Thailand (N=500), a hierarchical cluster analysis yielded four consumer segments in each country.

Findings

Interestingly, in both countries, the segments themselves can be named identically and accordingly to Roger’s diffusion of innovation theory: early adopters, early majority, late majority and laggards. However, the size of the segments and the people within these corresponding segments are quite different sociodemographically and in some of the investigated psychographic scales, such as food neophobia. The authors conclude that consumers in countries with an entomophagy tradition behave quite differently from those without one.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first cross-cultural consumer segmentation study on the topic of entomophagy. Based on these results, initial conclusions can be drawn on how to successfully target the specific segments.
High-order moments in stock pricing: evidence from the Chinese and US markets
Authors: Chen Yifan , Chen Zilin , Tang Huoqing
Published: November 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to introduce an augmented high-order capital asset pricing model (AH-CAPM) as a new risk-based model to price stocks.

Design/methodology/approach

The AH-CAPM is defined as a linear model with high-order marginal moments and co-moments from the joint distributions of the sorted stock portfolio returns and the market return.

Findings

The performance of the AH-CAPM is tested in the Chinese and US stock markets. Empirical results show that the high-order marginal moments and co-moments from the joint distributions in AH-CAPM contain the risk and return information implied by the Fama–French factors, indicating it as a better risk measurement. Moreover, the AH-CAPM performs better than the Fama–French three-factor model and the Carhart four-factor model in both the Chinese and US stock markets.

Originality/value

Overall, this study introduces a new asset pricing model with better measurements to incorporate risk information in the stock market.
Critical determinants for electronic market adoption
Authors: Deng Hepu , Duan Sophia Xiaoxia , Luo Feng
Published: November 2019

Purpose

Understanding the critical determinants for the adoption of electronic markets (e-markets) is significant for the development of sustainable electronic business. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the critical determinants for the adoption of e-markets in Australian small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) for electronic business.

Design/methodology/approach

A comprehensive review of the related studies is conducted. That leads to the development of a conceptual model for exploring the critical determinants for the adoption of e-markets in Australian SMEs. Such a model is then tested and validated using structural equation modelling on the survey data collected, leading to the identification of the critical determinants for e-market adoption in Australian SMEs.

Findings

The study reveals that perceived direct benefit, perceived trust, top management support and external pressures are critical for the adoption of e-markets in Australian SMEs. Perceived indirect benefit and organization readiness are insignificant for the adoption of e-markets.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to existing electronic business research by enriching the understanding of the critical determinants for the adoption of e-markets in Australian SMEs. Such a study provides government departments, e-market operators and SMEs with practical guidelines for the better use of e-markets in electronic business.
Intention to adopt mobile payment in physical stores
Authors: Handarkho Yonathan Dri , Harjoseputro Yulius
Published: November 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop a theoretical model based on Push–Pull–Mooring (PPM) framework consisting of direct, indirect and moderating effects, derived from technology acceptance model, unified theory of acceptance and use of technology and other extended theory, to address the main factor influencing an individual in adopting mobile payment (MP) in physical stores. The research, therefore, utilized individual switching behavior as an underpinning to explain MP adoption in an offline context.

Design/methodology/approach

The theoretical model was tested by collecting data from 459 respondents in Indonesia through online self-administered questionnaires.

Findings

The finding indicated consumer innovativeness has the most influential direct effect on MP adoption, followed by deal proneness, perceived convenience and perceived herd behavior. Meanwhile, perceived enjoyment and subjective norms were found to have an indirect effect on the adaptation of MP through mediator convenience. Furthermore, age, gender, occupation and income did not have any moderating effect for all the direct influence of MP adoption.

Originality/value

Previous literature only focused on direct intention. However, this study observed the adoption of MP in a physical store by involving the switching behavior. It specifically puts concern and objective as the factors that influence user intention to switch from their old payment system to the MP system in bricks and mortar store using PPM framework.
How can NGOs prevent volunteers from quitting? The moderating role of the NGO type
Authors: Lorente-Ayala Jose Miguel , Vila-Lopez Natalia , Kuster-Boluda Ines
Published: November 2019

Purpose

The rise of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) during the last decades has made the volunteer a key element. Motivation and satisfaction have been indicated as predictive indices of their retention. The purpose of this paper is twofold. On the one hand, it seeks to better understand the motivations of the volunteers, addressing the effects of such motivations. On the other hand, it analyses whether the intensity of such antecedents and effects differs depending on the type of NGO with which they work: generalist vs specialist.

Design/methodology/approach

A study with 847 volunteers from different types of NGOs was done using structural modelling methodology and multi-sample analysis.

Findings

The type of NGO moderates the relationship between the satisfaction of the volunteer and the intention to recommend.

Practical implications

Given that in specialist NGOs the impact of satisfaction on the intention to recommend is significantly stronger than in generalist NGOs, making sure that volunteers are satisfied becomes a priority in this type of NGO. In this regard, satisfaction studies among volunteers could be conducted periodically to detect crisis situations and implement improvement actions to recover satisfaction in the occupied position.

Originality/value

First, to date, the motivations of the volunteer have been investigated from different disciplines, the self-determination theory (SDT) being an important motivational theory widely used in areas such as social, education and sports psychology. However, there is little research from a marketing approach to understand the background of the motivations of volunteers under this conceptual framework provided by the SDT. Second, there is also a scarcity of literature linking the motivations of a volunteer with the emotions they may feel, ultimately achieving consolidated lasting links with the NGO in which they are integrated. Third, most research on volunteering to date has focused on differentiating volunteers from non-volunteers and understanding the reasons for volunteering. However, the presence of studies on the differences in the motivation of the same according to the type of NGO with which they collaborate has been scarce.
External conditions drive optimal planting configurations for salt marsh restoration
Authors: Duggan‐Edwards Mollie F. , Pagès Jordi F. , Jenkins Stuart R. , Bouma Tjeerd J. , Skov Martin W.
Published: November 2019

Coastal salt marshes are threatened by erosion from storminess and sea level rise, with resulting losses in flood protection, wildlife and recreational space. Although more than $1 billion has been spent to reconcile losses, restoration has had varying success because of poor survival of planted patches in challenging wave and current conditions. Marsh expansion after colonization or replanting is regulated by positive and negative feedbacks between vegetation density and sediment capture. Dense vegetation stimulates sediment capture and vertical patch growth, but negatively constrains patch expansion by concentrating hydrological energy into erosion gullies along patch edges. Conversely, low‐density vegetation may not simulate enough sediment capture, which increases plant dislodgement mortality. The strengths of positive and negative feedbacks will vary with wave exposure, but this has never been tested in natural conditions.

We observed density‐dependent sediment feedbacks, survival and lateral expansion bySporobolus anglicuspatches (0.8 × 0.8 m) planted at three levels of vegetation density, at each of three levels of wave forcing (three sites).

We found interactive effects of plant density and forcing on the strength of positive and negative feedbacks. Density‐dependent feedbacks only emerged in moderate and exposed conditions: classic marsh tussock patch shapes, which arise due to combined positive (vertical growth) and negative (gullies) feedbacks, were only associated with high density vegetation under exposed conditions. At high exposure, survival was enhanced by dense planting, which diverted energy away from the vegetation. In sheltered conditions, expansion was the greatest at medium density, while dense patches had high mortality and erosion.

Synthesis and applications. Success of wetland restoration clearly hinges on considering interactions between environmental stress and planting density. In challenging high‐exposure settings, dense planting in large patches should maximize success, as plant facilitation boosts sediment capture and negative edge effects (gullies) will represent a diminished proportion of larger patches. Yet, benefits of dense planting will switch from positive (facilitation) to negative (competition) with reduced environmental stress, when moderate‐density planting might be optimal. Switches along stress gradients between positive and negative feedbacks are common across ecosystems. We call for wider integration of facilitation and stress–gradient principles into restoration design to safeguard restoration successes.
Occupational therapy and decision‐making capacity assessment: A survey of practice in Ireland
Authors: Usher Ruth , Stapleton Tadhg
Published: November 2019

Introduction

The aim of the study was to explore occupational therapy practices regarding decision‐making capacity assessment and to examine factors that impact on engagement in this area.

Methods

Occupational therapists in Ireland were invited to participate in a cross‐sectional online questionnaire.

Results

One hundred and seventy‐two occupational therapists responded. 65.77% (n = 98) reported that occupational therapy plays an important role in capacity assessment in their workplace. Occupational therapists most frequently contributed to decision‐making capacity assessment for independent living (79.19%, n = 118), driving (45.89%, n = 67) and financial management (44.44%, n = 64). Many participants reported that this is more difficult than other aspects of practice and that they are not satisfied with decision‐making capacity assessment procedures in their workplace. A large majority (91.86%, n = 113) reported occupational therapists would benefit from additional training and practice guidelines in the area of decision‐making capacity assessment.

Conclusion

The study confirms that occupational therapists have a role to play in the multi‐disciplinary assessment of decision‐making capacity. The results of the survey suggest that decision‐making capacity assessment is complex and challenging. Factors such as confidence, education and training impact on engagement with this area of practice. There is a need to develop education resources and guidelines for occupational therapists.
Effect of different nitrogen fertilizer application rates on Dichrostachys cinerea and Acacia karroo sapling growth, foliar nutrient and antinutrient concentrations in a southern African savanna
Authors: Nyamukanza Casper C. , Sebata Allan
Published: November 2019

Nitrogen (N) fertilization influences woody plant growth, foliar nutrient and antinutrient concentrations. We conducted a nursery experiment to determine the effect of five N fertilization rates on Dichrostachys cinerea and Acacia karroo sapling height, basal diameter, growth of longest shoots and root length, crude protein (CP), acid and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), condensed tannins (CT) and total phenolic (TP) concentrations. Eight potted plants of each woody species were allocated to each of five N fertilization rates (0, 0.21, 0.42, 0.63 and 0.84 g N/kg of soil) in a completely randomized design. Different N fertilization rates did not result in varying plant growth in terms of height, stem diameter and root length in both D. cinerea and A. karroo. However, N fertilization rate of 0.63 g N per kg of soil resulted in an increase in length of the longest shoot in both D. cinerea and A. karroo. Foliar CP increased with an increase in N fertilization rate up to 0.63 g N per kg of soil, while acid and NDF, CT and TP were lowest at N fertilization rates of 0.63 g N per kg of soil in both D. cinerea and A. karroo. We conclude that N did not limit plant growth, and therefore N fertilization is unlikely to significantly improve sapling growth. However, N fertilization improved foliar CP and reduced CT and TP concentrations in both D. cinerea and A. karroo improving their nutritive value to browsers.
The work and relatedness of ties mediated online in supporting long‐term condition self‐management
Authors: Allen Chris , Vassilev Ivaylo , Kennedy Anne , Rogers Anne
Published: November 2019

The ‘care transition’ is characterised by reduced state involvement in chronic illness management in response to socio‐political movements aimed at meeting the challenges presented by an increased prevalence of chronic illness. Amongst these changes has been online communities’ rising importance in everyday interactions and attention is being increasingly paid towards the ways online contacts might contribute to self‐management. Whilst research has illuminated the relevance of personal networks in long‐term condition management, it is relevant to extend this work to consider the place of ties mediated online in this bricolage of support, including better understanding the work drawn from them and the strategies involved in eliciting it. This study examined the work and relatedness of 30 participants, who used online communities. Participants were asked about the role of on and offline ties and ego network mapping was used to frame conversations about the nature of this support. The context of engagement followed three main themes. Participants drew from online communities in response to deficits in offline support, they used online ties to leverage support or action from offline ties and they used online ties to substitute offline support, with less intimate online ties.
Missionaries and the Māori Language in Nineteenth‐Century New Zealand: A Mixed Inheritance
Authors: Moon Paul
Published: November 2019

The historiography dealing with New Zealand's colonial period (1814 – c.1900) underwent a substantial revision during the second half of the twentieth century. In particular, the role and activities of the missionaries in the country during the colonial era was subject renewed scrutiny, which served as a much‐needed antidote to the largely uncritical depiction of these proselytisers in earlier histories. However, this revisionism sometimes took a reductionist approach to the work of the missionaries, and in the process, overlooked some of their accomplishments in a colonial environment that was at best unsympathetic and often hostile towards the Māori culture and language. Since then, a more nuanced and considered historiography has emerged – one which also incorporates the histories of imperial missionary activity in the realms of literacy and indigenous languages in other parts of the world into New Zealand's experience. This work examines the seminal role that Protestant missionaries and their parent churches played in the colonial era in converting Māori into a written language, in spreading the use of literacy within Māori society, with consideration given to the role of Māori agency in this process, and the challenges in policy and practice that the Protestant missionaries had in this period.
Feeding behavior explains the different effects of cabbage on MEAM1 and MED cryptic species of Bemisia tabaci
Authors: Hu Jie , Yang Jin‐Jian , Liu Bai‐Ming , Cui Hong‐Ying , Zhang You‐Jun , Jiao Xiao‐Guo
Published: November 2019

MEAM1 (Middle East–Asia Minor 1, “B” biotype) and MED (Mediterranean, “Q” biotype) are the two most destructive cryptic species of the Bemisia tabaci complex on the planet. Our previous studies have shown that MEAM1 outcompetes MED on cabbage; the underlying mechanism is unknown. In the Brassicaceae family, the glucosinolate‐myrosinase defense system plays a crucial role in deterring feeding, inhibiting growth, and causing acute toxicity against a wide range of generalist herbivores. In the present study, we first compared the survival of MEAM1 and MED exposed to sinigrin (a glucosinolate) and myrosinase (an enzyme that degrades glucosinolates); we found that survival of both species was high in response to sinigrin alone but was near zero in response to sinigrin + myrosinase. We then used electropenetrography (electrical penetration graphs, EPG) to assess the feeding behaviors of MEAM1 and MED whiteflies on cabbage. The EPG results revealed that the mean duration of each potential drop (pd, indicating an intracellular puncture) was substantially longer for MED than MEAM1 on cabbage, indicating that the exposure to the toxic hydrolysates of glucosinolate and myrosinase is greater for MED than for MEAM1. We therefore conclude that differences in penetrating behaviors may help explain the different effects of cabbage on MEAM1 and MED whitefly species.
Methicillin‐ResistantStaphylococcus aureusin Seafood: Prevalence, Laboratory Detection, Clonal Nature, and Control in Seafood Chain
Authors: Vaiyapuri Murugadas , Joseph Toms Cheriyath , Rao Badireddy Madhusudana , Lalitha Kuttanapilly Velayudhan , Prasad Mothadaka Mukteswar
Published: November 2019

Methicillin‐resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA), a versatile pathogen bearing multiple virulence determinants, is increasingly being detected in various food‐producing animals, including fish. In addition, it is a potential food poisoning agent. MRSA is not an inherent microbiota of fish; its presence is attributed to pre‐ or postharvest contamination through fish handlers, water, ice, and processing equipment. Several reviews have been written on MRSA in clinical as well as the food animal‐producing sector, but information specific to MRSA in seafood is scant. This review puts forth insights on MRSA detection in seafood, antibiotic resistance, diversity of clones in seafood, and possible control measures in seafood production chain. Emphasis has been given on assessing the variations in the protocols employed for isolation and identification in different food matrices and lay the foundation for researchers to develop optimized procedure.
Study on Antioxidant Activity of Amino Acids at Frying Temperatures and Their Interaction with Rosemary Extract, Green Tea Extract, and Ascorbic Acid
Authors: Hwang Hong‐Sik , Winkler‐Moser Jill K. , Liu Sean X.
Published: November 2019

Some amino acids have strong antioxidant activity in frying oil. This study aimed to obtain further information including antioxidant activity at different concentrations and interactions with rosemary extract, green tea extract, and ascorbic acid. Antioxidant activity of arginine, cysteine, lysine, methionine, and tryptophan was examined by increasing the concentration in soybean oil (SBO) at 180 °C within the concentration range of 0 to 15 mM. These amino acids showed increased activity with increasing concentration without showing prooxidant activity at the given concentration range. Addition of 15 mM methionine did not inhibit the prooxidant activity of α‐tocopherol at high concentrations in SBO while it significantly increased the activity at each concentration of α‐tocopherol. Methionine showed an additive effect with a commercial rosemary extract while lysine had an antagonistic interaction in SBO at the total concentration of 5.5 mM. Mixtures of green tea extract and methionine did not show better activity than methionine alone in SBO and stripped SBO. (‐)‐Epigallocatechin gallate, the major active component in green tea, showed a synergistic effect with methionine in stripped SBO but there was no significant interaction effect in SBO. Although ascorbic acid had a synergistic effect with methionine in stripped SBO, it showed a significant antagonistic effect in SBO. Methionine had strong antioxidant activity in six other vegetable oils showing a moderate correlation (R2 = 0.45 to 0.52) with the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids indicating the effectiveness may be related to the fatty acid composition of oil.

Practical Application

Some amino acid such as methionine and lysine showed stronger antioxidant activity than the leading commercial natural antioxidant, rosemary extract. These amino acids showed great potential as a natural antioxidant in frying. The price of food‐grade L‐methionine is generally lower than rosemary extract and green tea extract. This paper provides information on the concentration effect and interactions with currently used antioxidants such as tocopherols, rosemary extract, green tea extract, and ascorbic acid.
Improvement of alopecia areata with Dupilumab in a patient with severe atopic dermatitis and review the literature
Authors: Magdaleno‐Tapial Jorge , Valenzuela‐Oñate Cristian , García‐Legaz‐Martínez Marta , Martínez‐Domenech Álvaro , Pérez‐Ferriols Amparo
Published: November 2019

Dupilumab, a biologic drug approved for the treatment of moderate‐to‐severe atopic dermatitis, has been associated with resolution or improvement in pre‐existing alopecia areata. We report a case of significant improvement of AA after Dupilumab‐onset treatment for atopic dermatitis and review the literature.
A validated risk stratification tool for detecting high‐risk small bowel Crohn's disease
Authors: Shen Eddie X. , Lord Anton , Doecke James D. , Hanigan Katherine , Irwin James , Cheng Richard K.Y. , Radford‐Smith Graham
Published: November 2019

Background

Delays in Crohn's disease (CD) diagnosis are positively associated with ileal location and an increased risk of complications.

Aim

To develop a simple risk assessment tool to enable primary care physicians to recognise potential ileal CD earlier, shortening the delay to specialist investigation

Methods

Three cohorts were acquired for this study. Cohort 1 included 61 patients retrospectively identified with ileal CD between 2000 and 2010 and 78 matched controls drawn from a cohort referred for investigation of abdominal symptoms. Cohort 2 included 42 individuals diagnosed with ileal CD and 57 controls identified prospectively. Cohort 3 included an additional 84 individuals with ileal CD and 495 without CD referred for colonoscopy. Clinical symptoms and serological biomarkers were acquired and used to develop a risk prediction algorithm. The algorithm was trained independently on each of the three cohorts and tested on the latter two cohorts.

Results

Altered bowel habit with abdominal pain combined with derangements in white cell count (WCC), albumin and platelet counts were important features in predicting ileal CD (AUC = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.89‐0.92). This was validated in cohorts 2 (AUC = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.95‐0.98) and 3 (AUC = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.92‐0.96). C‐reactive protein was independently associated with ileal CD but non‐signficant in a multivariate model.

Conclusion

A web‐based risk stratification tool for ileal CD has been developed from objective and symptom‐based criteria. This tool enables primary care physicians to more confidently request urgent specialist assessment for patients identified as at high risk for ileal CD.
Masked bolus gluten challenge low in FODMAPs implicates nausea and vomiting as key symptoms associated with immune activation in treated coeliac disease
Authors: Daveson A. James M. , Tye‐Din Jason A. , Goel Gautam , Goldstein Kaela E. , Hand Holly L. , Neff Kristin M. , Williams Leslie J. , Truitt Kenneth E. , Anderson Robert P. ,   the RESET CeD Study Group
Published: November 2019

Background

In patients with coeliac disease, FODMAPs in gluten‐containing foods, and participant anticipation of a harmful (‘nocebo’) effect, may contribute to acute symptoms after gluten challenge.

Aim

To establish acute gluten‐specific symptoms linked to immune activation in coeliac disease

Methods

We included 36 coeliac disease patients on a gluten‐free diet receiving placebo in the RESET CeD trial. Double‐blind, bolus vital wheat gluten (~6‐g gluten protein) and sham challenges low in FODMAPs were consumed 2 weeks apart. Assessments included daily Coeliac Disease Patient Reported Outcome (CeD PRO) symptom scores (0‐10), adverse events and serum interleukin‐2 (baseline and 4 hours).

Results

Median CeD PRO score for nausea increased most (sham: 0 vs gluten: 5.5; P < .001). Apart from tiredness (1 vs 4, P = .005) and headache (0 vs 2, P = .002), changes in other symptoms were small or absent. Only nausea increased significantly in occurrence with gluten (11% vs 69%, P < .001). Without nausea, only tiredness and flatulence were common after gluten. Nausea (6% vs 61%, P < .001; median onset: 1:34 hours) and vomiting (0% vs 44%, P < .001; 1:51 hours) were the only adverse events more common with gluten than sham. Interleukin‐2 was always below the level of quantitation (0.5 pg/mL) at baseline, and after sham. Interleukin‐2 was elevated after gluten in 97% of patients (median fold‐change: 20), and correlated with severity of nausea (rs = .49, P = .0025) and occurrence of vomiting (P = .0005).

Conclusions

Nausea and vomiting are relatively specific indicators of acute gluten ingestion, and correlate with immune activation. IBS‐like symptoms without nausea are unlikely to indicate recent gluten exposure.
Interpreting elements and isotopes in glass: A review
Authors: Degryse P. , Shortland A. J.
Published: November 2019

Substantial databases of elemental and isotopic analyses of ancient glass exist and are used to investigate raw material origin, trade, exchange, and processes such as mixing and recycling. However, the chemistry of archaeological glass may be challenging to the untrained. The paper provides structured information on the origin of chemical elements and their isotopes in ancient glass. It details some of the functions of individual elements in the glass and from which raw material(s) or process(es) they originate.
‘Belmopan. A New Capital for a New Nation’ State, Nation and Ethnicity at the Time of Independence
Authors: Cunin Elisabeth
Published: November 2019

In Belize, a project for building a new capital emerged in the early 1960s, just after the ravages of Hurricane Hattie, which had destroyed much of the colonial capital, Belize City. According to the common narrative, Belmopan was the answer to a natural threat. But this article will show that it was also a political strategy, intended to give the country a new, modern face, the symbol of a young nation on the road to independence (1981). One of the issues of this post‐colonial state is the definition of a national ‘us’ and the place of ethnic groups inherited from the British colonial administration's policy of ‘divide and rule’. The article shows that the politicisation of ethnicity entails neither its integration in the state nor its institutionalisation by the parties, but rather the emergence of ‘citizenship from below’.
Pathological changes in the cerebellum of patients with multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease—a stereological study
Authors: Rusholt Elisabeth H. L. , Salvesen Lisette , Brudek Tomasz , Tesfay Betel , Pakkenberg Bente , Olesen Mikkel V.
Published: November 2019

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are synucleinopathies characterized by aggregation of α‐synuclein in brain cells. Recent studies have shown that morphological changes in terms of cerebral nerve cell loss and increase in glia cell numbers, the degree of brain atrophy and molecular and epidemiological findings are more severe in MSA than PD. In the present study, we performed a stereological comparison of cerebellar volumes, granule and Purkinje cells in 13 patients diagnosed with MSA [8 MSA‐P (striatonigral subtype) and 5 MSA‐C (olivopontocerebellar subtype)], 12 PD patients, and 15 age‐matched control subjects. Only brains from MSA‐C patients showed a reduction in the total number of Purkinje cells (anterior lobe) whereas both MSA‐P and MSA‐C patients had reduced Purkinje cell volumes (perikaryons and nuclei volume). The cerebellum of both diseases showed a reduction in the white matter volume compared to controls. The number of granule cells was unaffected in both diseases. Analyses of cell type‐specific mRNA expression supported our structural data. This study of the cerebellum is in line with previous findings in the cerebrum and demonstrates that the degree of morphological changes is more pronounced in MSA‐C than MSA‐P and PD. Further, our results support an explicit involvement of cerebellar Purkinje cells and white matter connectivity in MSA‐C > MSA‐P and points to the potential importance of white matter alterations in PD pathology.