bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Just World and the Emotional Defense of Self
Authors: IJzerman Hans , van Prooijen Jan-Willem
Published: May 2008

This research examines how individuals with different affect regulation strategies cope with just-world threats. Our study demonstrated that individuals who poorly downregulate negative affect (a state-oriented style) more avidly attempt to defend a just world after this opportunity is offered via an authority figure when that belief of a just world was threatened than do individuals who successfully downregulate negative affect (an action-oriented style), after a filler task. Sizable differences thus exist in how individuals defend their just-world beliefs as a function of how people deal with their affective states.
Studying the effect of correlation and finite‐domain size on spatial continuity of permeable sediments
Authors: Guin Arijit , Ritzi Robert W.
Published: May 2008

The percolation of high‐permeability cells in geo‐reservoir models is affected by cluster correlation and by lattice size. These affects are studied using an analytical methodology, presented as a useful augmentation to Monte Carlo approaches. The analytical method compares Euclidean cluster size distributions between random and correlated lattices. It shows that correlation affects both high‐permeability (sand) and low‐permeability (clay) clusters equally, and thus correlation does not likely affect the percolation threshold for infinite lattices. On finite lattices, the analysis shows that the effect of correlation on lowering the percolation threshold can be understood through the truncation of clay cluster‐size distributions, without the need for Monte Carlo simulations.
The 15 August 2007 Peru tsunami runup observations and modeling
Authors: Fritz Hermann M. , Kalligeris Nikos , Borrero Jose C. , Broncano Pablo , Ortega Erick
Published: May 2008

On 15 August 2007 an earthquake with moment magnitude (Mw) of 8.0 centered off the coast of central Peru, generated a tsunami with locally focused runup heights of up to10 m. A reconnaissance team was deployed two weeks after the event and investigated the tsunami effects at 51 sites. Three tsunami fatalities were reported south of the Paracas Peninsula in a sparsely populated desert area where the largest tsunami runup heights were measured. Numerical modeling of the earthquake source and tsunami suggest that a region of high slip near the coastline was primarily responsible for the extreme runup heights. The town of Pisco was spared by the Paracas Peninsula, which blocked tsunami waves from propagating northward from the high slip region. The coast of Peru has experienced numerous deadly and destructive tsunamis throughout history, which highlights the importance of ongoing tsunami awareness and education efforts to ensure successful self‐evacuation.
Dynamics of turbid buoyant plumes and the feedbacks on near‐shore biogeochemistry and physics
Authors: Cahill Bronwyn , Schofield Oscar , Chant Robert , Wilkin John , Hunter Eli , Glenn Scott , Bissett Paul
Published: May 2008

The near‐shore waters of the New York/New Jersey Bight in April 2005 exhibited distinct regions of turbid water with clearly differing optical properties associated with the Hudson River plume. We examined the effect of variable light attenuation on the hydrodynamics and ecological response of the Hudson River plume and its environs using field observations and a 3‐dimensional bio‐physical model. Important feedback mechanisms between the attenuation of light and the resulting impact on the mixed layer depth were revealed from the modeling results. High concentrations of chlorophyll, detritus and colored dissolved organic matter in the upper water column as a result of enhanced stratification increase the attenuation of light and modify the buoyancy driven circulation. This further impacts the growth of phytoplankton in the model and subsequently modifies the vertical profile of the attenuation coefficient, which in turn feeds back into the overall heat budget.
Three‐dimensional mantle convection simulations with a low‐viscosity asthenosphere and the relationship between heat flow and the horizontal length scale of convection
Authors: Höink Tobias , Lenardic Adrian
Published: May 2008

Numerical mantle convection simulations show that depth‐dependent viscosity can increase the flow wavelength. A recent analysis demonstrates that flow channelization into a low‐viscosity region lowers lateral dissipation. This allows long wavelength flow to more efficiently cool the interior mantle. We present three‐dimensional, mixed heating mantle convection simulations with a thin low‐viscosity channel for a range of aspect ratios to test the implications of the theoretical analysis. For reasonable viscosity contrasts between lithosphere, asthenosphere and bulk mantle we find that very large aspect ratios can develop. Velocity profiles quantify the degree of channelization for variable aspect ratios. Internal temperatures are found to decrease with increasing aspect ratio and both surface heat flux and velocity are found to increase with aspect ratio. Our results are consistent with the idea that the asthenosphere channels lateral mantle flow which, in turn, stabilizes long wavelength convection cells and makes long wavelength flow energetically favorable.
Necrostatin-1 Reduces Histopathology and Improves Functional Outcome after Controlled Cortical Impact in Mice
Authors: You Zerong , Savitz Sean I , Yang Jinsheng , Degterev Alexei , Yuan Junying , Cuny Gregory D , Moskowitz Michael A , Whalen Michael J
Published: May 2008

Necroptosis is a newly identified type of programmed necrosis initiated by the activation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)/Fas. Necrostatin-1 is a specific inhibitor of necroptosis that reduces ischemic tissue damage in experimental stroke models. We previously reported decreased tissue damage and improved functional outcome after controlled cortical impact (CCI) in mice deficient in TNFα and Fas. Hence, we hypothesized that necrostatin-1 would reduce histopathology and improve functional outcome after CCI in mice. Compared with vehicle-/inactive analog-treated controls, mice administered necrostatin-1 before CCI had decreased propidium iodide-positive cells in the injured cortex and dentate gyrus (6 h), decreased brain tissue damage (days 14, 35), improved motor (days 1 to 7), and Morris water maze performance (days 8 to 14) after CCI. Improved spatial memory was observed even when drug was administered 15 mins after CCI. Necrostatin-1 treatment did not reduce caspase-3-positive cells in the dentate gyrus or cortex, consistent with a known caspase-independent mechanism of necrostatin-1. However, necrostatin-1 reduced brain neutrophil influx and microglial activation at 48 h, suggesting a novel anti-inflammatory effect in traumatic brain injury (TBI). The data suggest that necroptosis plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of cell death and functional outcome after TBI and that necrostatin-1 may have therapeutic potential for patients with TBI.
Suppression of Stroke-Induced Progenitor Proliferation in Adult Subventricular Zone by Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 1
Authors: Iosif Robert E , Ahlenius Henrik , Ekdahl Christine T , Darsalia Vladimer , Thored Pär , Jovinge Stefan , Kokaia Zaal , Lindvall Olle
Published: May 2008

Stroke induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion leads to transiently increased progenitor proliferation in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and long-lasting striatal neurogenesis in adult rodents. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is upregulated in stroke-damaged brain. Whether TNF-α and its receptors influence SVZ progenitor proliferation after stroke is unclear. Here we show that the increased proliferation 1 week after stroke occurred concomitantly with elevated microglia numbers and TNF-α and TNF receptor-1 (TNF-R1) gene expression in the SVZ of wild-type mice. TNF receptor-1 was expressed on sorted SVZ progenitor cells from nestin-green fluorescent protein reporter mice. In animals lacking TNF-R1, stroke-induced SVZ cell proliferation and neuroblast formation were enhanced. In contrast, deletion of TNF-R1 did not alter basal or status epilepticus-stimulated cell proliferation in SVZ. Addition of TNF-α reduced the size and numbers of SVZ neurospheres through a TNF-R1-dependent mechanism without affecting cell survival. Our results provide the first evidence that TNF-R1 is a negative regulator of stroke-induced SVZ progenitor proliferation. Blockade of TNF-R1 signaling might be a novel strategy to promote the proliferative response in SVZ after stroke.
Cerebellar Autoregulation Dynamics in Humans
Authors: Reinhard Matthias , Waldkircher Zora , Timmer Jens , Weiller Cornelius , Hetzel Andreas
Published: May 2008

Knowledge on autoregulation of cerebellar blood flow in humans is scarce. This study investigated whether cerebellar autoregulation dynamics and CO2 reactivity differ from those of the supratentorial circulation. In 56 healthy young adults, transcranial Doppler (TCD) monitoring of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) and, simultaneously, of the contralateral middle cerebral artery (MCA) was performed. Autoregulation dynamics were assessed by the correlation coefficient method (indices Dx and Mx) from spontaneous blood pressure fluctuations and by transfer function analysis (phase and gain) from respiratory-induced 0.1 Hz blood pressure oscillations. CO2 reactivity was measured via inhalation of air mixed with 7% CO2. The autoregulatory indices Dx and Mx did not differ between the cerebellar (PICA) and cerebral (MCA) vasculature. Phase and gain, which describe faster aspects of autoregulation, showed slightly better values in the PICA compared with the MCA (higher phase, P = 0.005; lower gain, P = 0.007). Correlation between absolute autoregulation values in the PICA and the MCA was significant ( P < 0.001). The TCD CO2 reactivity was significantly lower in the PICA ( P < 0.001), which could be influenced by an assumed PICA dilation under hypercapnia. In conclusion, dynamic autoregulation in the human cerebellum is well operating and has slightly faster regulatory properties than the anterior cerebral circulation.
Modeling of bias anomaly in (Ga,Mn)As tunneling magnetoresistance structures
Authors: Sankowski P. , Kacman P. , Majewski J. A.
Published: May 2008

We develop a simplified, Slonczewski-type model for the spin-dependent tunneling in (Ga,Mn)As-based trilayers to study the features that influence the bias anomaly, i.e., the drop in tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) with the bias in these structures. By using the obtained closed formulas, we show that the value of TMR can be increased and the bias anomaly can be reduced by appropriate engineering of the barrier height and of the properties (magnetic ion content, hole concentration) of the dilute ferromagnetic semiconductor leads. Finally, we use the model to describe spin-dependent tunneling in one-dimensional TMR structures and show that in the limit of infinite barrier, our approach corresponds to the Jullière model.
Gibbs entropy and dynamics
Authors: Piftankin G. , Treschev D.
Published: May 2008

Let M be the phase space of a physical system. The dynamics is determined by the map T:M→M, preserving the measure μ. Let ν be another measure on M, dν=ρdμ. Gibbs introduced the quantity s(ρ)=−∫ρlogρdμ as an analog of the thermodynamical entropy. Attempts to reach a closer analogy between thermodynamical and Gibbs entropy lead to the idea to modify the last one and to replace it by the so-called coarse-grained entropy. The dynamics transforms ν in the following way: ν↦νn, dνn=ρ∘T−ndμ. Hence, we obtain the sequence of densities ρn=ρ∘T−n and the corresponding values of the Gibbs and the coarse-grained entropy. We discuss the following question: To what extent the Gibbs and coarse-grained entropy are physical? More precisely: (1) do they grow under the dynamics, generated by T? (2) What properties of the dynamics are responsible for this growth? (3) To what extent can this growth be independent of arbitrariness in the construction of the coarse-grained entropy?
On the large-scale structure and spectral dynamics of two-dimensional turbulence in a periodic channel
Authors: Kramer W. , Clercx H. J. H. , van Heijst G. J. F.
Published: May 2008

This paper reports on a numerical study of forced two-dimensional turbulence in a periodic channel with flat no-slip walls. Since corners or curved domain boundaries, which are met in the standard rectangular, square, or circular geometries, are absent in this geometry, the (statistical) analysis of the flow is substantially simplified. Moreover, the use of a standard Fourier–Chebyshev pseudospectral algorithm enables high integral-scale Reynolds number simulations. The paper focuses on (i) the influence of the aspect ratio of the channel and (ii) the integral-scale Reynolds number on the large-scale self-organization of the flow. It is shown that for small aspect ratios, a unidirectional flow spontaneously emerges, notably in the absence of a pressure gradient in the longitudinal direction. For larger aspect ratios, the flow tends to organize into an array of counter-rotating vortical structures. The computed energy and enstrophy spectra provide further evidence that the injection of small-scale vorticity at the no-slip walls modify the inertial-range scaling. Additionally, the quasistationary final state of decaying turbulence is interpreted in terms of the Stokes modes of a viscous channel flow. Finally, the transport of a passive tracer material is studied with emphasis on the role of the large-scale flow on the dispersion and the spectral properties of the tracer variance in the presence of no-slip boundaries.
Effects of strain and composition on the lattice parameters and applicability of Vegard’s rule in Al-rich Al1−xInxN films grown on sapphire
Authors: Darakchieva V. , Beckers M. , Xie M.-Y. , Hultman L. , Monemar B. , Carlin J.-F. , Feltin E. , Gonschorek M. , Grandjean N.
Published: May 2008

The lattice parameters and strain evolution in Al1−xInxN films with 0.07⩽x⩽0.22 grown on GaN-buffered sapphire substrates by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy have been studied by reciprocal space mapping. Decoupling of compositional effects on the strain determination was accomplished by measuring the In contents in the films both by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Differences between XRD and RBS In contents are discussed in terms of compositions and biaxial strain in the films. It is suggested that strain plays an important role for the observed deviation from Vegard’s rule in the case of pseudomorphic films. On the other hand, a good agreement between the In contents determined by XRD and RBS is found for Al1−xInxN films with low degree of strain or partially relaxed, suggesting applicability of Vegard’s rule in the narrow compositional range around the lattice matching to GaN.
Photonic crystals based on acousto-optic effects
Authors: Ma Hua , Qu Shaobo , Xu Zhuo
Published: May 2008

Tunable photonic crystals that are based on acousto-optic effects were proposed in this paper. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations were carried out for the tunable photonic crystals. According to the acousto-optic effect, acoustic waves propagating in elastic media induce periodic dielectric structures in the media, and thus the media can be used as photonic crystals. Such photonic crystals possess a prominent characteristic that the photonic band gaps can be changed real-timely by adjusting the acoustic intensity and frequency. The work done in this paper opens up a possibility to achieve tunable photonic crystals on the basis of acousto-optic effects.
Yellow luminescence in ZnO layers grown on sapphire
Authors: Reshchikov M. A. , Xie J. Q. , Hertog B. , Osinsky A.
Published: May 2008

We conducted a detailed study of the yellow luminescence (YL) band that has a maximum of 2.19eV at 10K in undoped and N-doped ZnO layers grown on sapphire substrates. Important characteristics of this band and the related defect are established. The YL band is attributed to a transition between a shallow donor and an acceptor with an energy level ∼0.4eV above the valence band. Quenching of the YL intensity with activation energies of 85meV and 0.4eV is observed at temperatures above 100 and 320K, respectively. The YL band is possibly due to a defect complex that may include a Zn vacancy.
Fabrication of graphene p-n-p junctions with contactless top gates
Authors: Liu Gang , Velasco Jairo , Bao Wenzhong , Lau Chun Ning
Published: May 2008

We developed a multilevel lithography process to fabricate graphene p-n-p junctions with contactless, suspended top gates. This fabrication procedure minimizes damage or doping to the single atomic layer, which is only exposed to conventional resists and developers. The process does not require special equipment for depositing gate dielectrics or releasing sacrificial layers, and is compatible with annealing procedures that improve device mobility. Using this technique, we fabricate graphene devices with suspended local top gates, where the creation of high quality graphene p-n-p junctions is confirmed by transport data at zero and high magnetic fields.
Focusing of surface phonon polaritons
Authors: Huber A. J. , Deutsch B. , Novotny L. , Hillenbrand R.
Published: May 2008

Surface phonon polaritons (SPs) on crystal substrates have applications in microscopy, biosensing, and photonics. Here, we demonstrate focusing of SPs on a silicon carbide (SiC) crystal. A simple metal-film element is fabricated on the SiC sample in order to focus the surface waves. Pseudoheterodyne scanning near-field infrared microscopy is used to obtain amplitude and phase maps of the local fields verifying the enhanced amplitude in the focus. Simulations of this system are presented, based on a modified Huygens’ principle, which show good agreement with the experimental results.
A molecular perspective on terpene variation in Australian Myrtaceae
Authors: Keszei Andras , Brubaker Curt L. , Foley William. J.
Published: May 2008

The terpenoid-dominated essential oils in Australian Myrtaceae mediate many ecological interactions and are important industrially. Of all the significant essential oil-producing families, Myrtaceae is the only one for which there is no molecular information on terpene biosynthesis. Here we summarise available knowledge on terpene biosynthesis and its relevance to the Myrtaceae to provide a foundation for ecological and genetic studies of chemical diversity. There are several steps in the terpene biosynthesis pathway that have potential for influencing the oil yield, profile and composition of leaf oils in Myrtaceae. The biochemical steps that influence oil yield in Myrtaceae probably occur in the steps of the pathway leading up to the synthesis of the terpene backbone. Qualitative differences in oil profiles are more likely to be due to variation in terpene synthases and terpene-modifying enzymes. Most of the information on molecular variation in terpene biosynthesis is based on the analysis of artificially derived mutants but Australian Myrtaceae can provide examples of the same mechanisms in an ecological context.
Breeding barriers between Gossypium spp. and species of the Malvaceae family
Authors: Kantartzi Stella , Roupakias D. G.
Published: May 2008

Cotton breeders have long recognised the importance of alien germplasm from the Malvaceae family, especially the cultivated species, as sources of genes for cotton improvement. An understanding of the biological nature of the incompatibility systems that prevent hybridisation and/or seed development is necessary for the successful hybridisation and introgression between cotton and cultivated Malvaceae species (Hibiscus cannabinus and Abelmoschus esculentus). The objectives of the present study were to determine the reasons for reproductive isolation between Malvaceae species. The current study utilised two alien Malvaceae species and established that pollen–pistil incompatibilities are the primary reasons that hybrids with Gossypium hirsutum are not obtained. The alien pollen tubes showed major inhibition of growth in cotton pistils and seldom grew beyond the stigma. Only pollen tubes of A. esculentus grew into the ovary of cotton.
Syncarpia and Tristaniopsis (Myrtaceae) possess specialised fire-resistant epicormic structures
Authors: Burrows Geoffrey E.
Published: May 2008

On a worldwide basis epicormic resprouting after intense or crown fire is extremely rare, but is quite common in the eucalypts. Recent research has shown that the eucalypts have a highly modified epicormic structure that provides the bud-forming tissues with excellent protection from heat. A small number of non-eucalypts from the Myrtaceae have also been recorded as post-fire epicormic resprouters and it was considered of interest to determine whether this response was achieved through a similar or different structural adaptation. Leaf axils and epicormic structures of two species of Syncarpia and three species of Tristaniopsis were examined anatomically. Although the leaf axil anatomy of Syncarpia and Tristaniopsis was quite different (and different from that of the eucalypts), the epicormic structure was similar to that of the eucalypts, as the outer region of each epicormic strand possessed several strips of cells of meristematic appearance that were best developed in the innermost bark or even the outermost secondary xylem. As Syncarpia, Tristaniopsis and the eucalypts are only distantly related to each other within the Myrtaceae, it appears that this specialised fire-adapted epicormic structure may have developed multiple times within the family or originated from a common ancestor of the family.
Restoration demography and genetics of plants: when is a translocation successful?
Authors: Menges Eric S.
Published: May 2008

Restorations are complex, often involving restoring ecological processes, vegetation structure, and species’ populations. One component of restorations is translocation of key species. Translocations (introductions, reintroductions, augmentations) are often necessary to recover species diversity and install key species. In this review, I consider the ways translocations have been evaluated at various stages during the process of restoration. Vital rates (survival, growth, fecundity) of propagules (seeds, transplants) are commonly used to evaluate initial success. Transplants usually provide greater initial success than do sown seeds. Beyond initial rates, completion of the life cycle through flowering, fruiting, dispersal and subsequent seedling recruitment is a key benchmark. Modelling population viability of translocated populations is a logical next step and can bring in many powerful inferential tools. Of factors affecting the success of translocations, genetic issues are paramount, as restorationists need to consider inbreeding depression, reproductive viability, local adaptation, and evolutionary potential of translocated populations. The success of translocations is also clearly context-dependent, with herbivory, disturbance, competition and other ecological factors important. Future translocations need to make better use of comparisons with reference populations, a long-term perspective on success and an experimental framework that can provide both practical and basic knowledge. Demographic data collection and analysis in restorations has great potential to elucidate causes of translocation failure and improve the prognosis of future restorations.
Morphological diversity and abundance of biological soil crusts differ in relation to landscape setting and vegetation type
Authors: Briggs A. , Morgan J. W.
Published: May 2008

Biological soil crusts are common in many arid and semi-arid regions of the world, including Australia. Crusts alter soil factors including water availability, nutrient content and erosion susceptibility and are likely to both directly and indirectly affect vascular plants. Despite emerging recognition as important ecosystem components, these soil communities are understudied. We describe the morphological composition and distribution of lichens and bryophytes in soil crusts from the northern riverine plains, Victoria, in relation to landscape setting and vegetation type. Sampling was conducted across a geomorphological gradient in three different vegetation types (Callitris glaucophylla woodland, Eucalyptus woodland and red-soil native tussock grassland) with an annual rainfall of ~400 mm. Mean cover of biological soil crust for the study area was 18%, with mosses and crustose and foliose lichens the most conspicuous components. Total cover of biological soil crust increased as bare ground and vascular plant cover increased, and litter cover decreased. As a consequence, cover and morphological composition of biological soil crusts differed in the three vegetation types, with mosses responding differently from lichens and liverworts in relation to the cover of litter, bare ground and vascular plants. Hence, biological soil crusts were a conspicuous component in vegetation where they had not previously been described and may play an important role in regulating the structure and function of these plant communities.
The role of landscape in insect ecology and its implications for agriculture.
Authors: Hunter M. D.
Published: May 2008

Landscape ecology is the study of spatial context and can greatly inform the management of insects within agricultural systems. During the last 5 years, considerable progress has been made in understanding the role of landscape structure in the population ecology of pests, the efficacy of natural enemies, the performance of pollinators and the biological diversity of agricultural communities. Processes are now commonly examined at multiple hierarchical spatial scales, and the behaviour of organisms is considered key to understanding species distributions. An increasing number of studies demonstrate that patch size and isolation are only two of the many interacting factors that determine the distribution of predators and prey on agricultural landscapes. The roles of contingency and system complexity are being considered in much more detail and are bringing increasing maturity to the field. Managing the quality of the matrix that lies between patches of habitat is receiving overdue attention, stemming from the recognition that habitat fragmentation is here to stay. Facilitating persistence within, and movement across, matrix habitat by a diversity of organisms is seen as key to agroecosystem health. Pollinator abundance and diversity remain causes for concern in many parts of the world. Habitat quality appears to be at least as important as patch size and isolation for many pollinators, and may be amenable to management within agricultural systems. Yet, there remain clear gaps in our understanding of the effects of landscape structure on insect abundance and diversity. The potential for evolutionary change in fragmented landscapes, the rates of recovery of arthropod communities after release from intensive land use and the contribution of landscape structure to disease dynamics are just a few of the areas that would benefit from significant research investment.
On a boundary analogue of the Carathéodory-Schur interpolation problem
Authors: Bolotnikov Vladimir
Published: May 2008

Characterization of Schur functions in terms of their Taylor coefficients is due to C. Carathéodory and I. Schur. We discuss the boundary analogue of this problem.
Critical values of set-valued maps with stratifiable graphs. Extensions of Sard and Smale-Sard theorems
Authors: Ioffe A.
Published: May 2008

We prove three theorems extending Sard’s theorem and its infinite dimensional extension due to Smale to set-valued mappings with stratifiable graphs. The very concept of a critical value comes from (nonsmooth) variational analysis and turns out to be perfectly compatible with the natural condition defining “good” stratifications (e.g., Whitney stratification in the finite dimensional case).
A note on the Jacobian conjecture
Authors: Byrnes Christopher , Lindquist Anders
Published: May 2008

In this paper we consider the Jacobian conjecture for a map

f
f

of complex affine spaces of dimension

n
n

. It is well known that if

f
f

is proper, then the conjecture will hold. Using topological arguments, specifically Smith theory, we show that the conjecture holds if and only if

f
f

is proper onto its image.
Parameter-free uniformisation
Authors: Friedman Sy-David
Published: May 2008

This article was motivated by two questions, one in the theory of infinite-time Turing machines and the other a fine-structural question posed by Wayne Richter. The answers to both turn on a question of parameter-free uniformisation, which I prove for all locally countable, limit initial segments of

L
L

.
The “fundamental theorem” for the algebraic 𝐾-theory of spaces. III. The nil-term
Authors: Klein John , Williams E.
Published: May 2008

In this paper we identify the “nil-terms” for Waldhausen’s algebraic

K
K

-theory of spaces functor as the reduced

K
K

-theory of a category of equivariant spaces equipped with a homotopically nilpotent endomorphism.
On patterns occurring in binary algebraic numbers
Authors: Adamczewski B. , Rampersad N.
Published: May 2008

We prove that every algebraic number contains infinitely many occurrences of

7

/

3

7/3

-powers in its binary expansion. Using the same approach, we also show that every algebraic number contains either infinitely many occurrences of squares or infinitely many occurrences of one of the blocks

010
010

or

02120
02120

in its ternary expansion.
Hermitian lattices without a basis of minimal vectors
Authors: Kim Byeong , Park Poo-Sung
Published: May 2008

It is shown that over infinitely many imaginary quadratic fields there exists a Hermitian lattice in all even ranks

n
≥
2

n \ge 2

which is generated by its

4
n

4n

minimal vectors but which is not generated by

2
n
−
1

2n-1

minimal vectors.
An elementary proof of the law of quadratic reciprocity over function fields
Authors: Ji Chun-Gang , Xue Yan
Published: May 2008

Let

P
P

and

Q
Q

be relatively prime monic irreducible polynomials in

F

q

[
T
]

\mathbb {F}_{q}[T]

 (

2
∤
q

2\nmid q

). In this paper, we give an elementary proof for the following law of quadratic reciprocity in

F

q

[
T
]

\mathbb {F}_{q}[T]

:
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-parenthesis StartFraction upper Q Over upper P EndFraction right-parenthesis left-parenthesis StartFraction upper P Over upper Q EndFraction right-parenthesis equals left-parenthesis negative 1 right-parenthesis Superscript StartFraction StartAbsoluteValue upper P EndAbsoluteValue minus 1 Over 2 EndFraction StartFraction StartAbsoluteValue upper Q EndAbsoluteValue minus 1 Over 2 EndFraction Baseline comma">

(

Q
P

)

(

P
Q

)

=
(
−
1

)

|

P

|

−
1

2

|

Q

|

−
1

2

,

\begin{equation*}\left (\frac {Q}{P}\right )\left (\frac {P}{Q}\right )=(-1)^{\frac {|P|-1}{2}\frac {|Q| -1}{2} },\end{equation*}

where

(

Q
P

)

\left (\frac {Q}{P}\right )

is the Legendre symbol.
On strict inclusions in hierarchies of convex bodies
Authors: Yaskin Vladyslav
Published: May 2008

Let

I

k

\mathcal I_k

be the class of convex

k
k

-intersection bodies in

R

n

\mathbb {R}^n

(in the sense of Koldobsky) and

I

k
m

\mathcal I_k^m

be the class of convex origin-symmetric bodies all of whose

m
m

-dimensional central sections are

k
k

-intersection bodies. We show that 1)

I

k
m

⊄

I

k

m
+
1

\mathcal I_k^m\not \subset \mathcal I_k^{m+1}

,

k
+
3
≤
m
>
n

k+3\le m>n

, and 2)

I

l

⊄

I

k

\mathcal I_l \not \subset \mathcal I_k

,

1
≤
k
>
l
>
n
−
3

1\le k>l > n-3

.
Almost positive curvature on the Gromoll-Meyer sphere
Authors: Eschenburg J.-H. , Kerin M.
Published: May 2008

Gromoll and Meyer have represented a certain exotic 7-sphere

Σ
7

\Sigma ^7

as a biquotient of the Lie group

G
=
S
p
(
2
)

G = Sp(2)

. We show for a 2-parameter family of left invariant metrics on

G
G

that the induced metric on

Σ
7

\Sigma ^7

has strictly positive sectional curvature at all points outside four subvarieties of codimension

≥
1

\geq 1

which we describe explicitly.
On a problem of Bernard Chevreau concerning the 𝜌-contractions
Authors: Găvruţa P.
Published: May 2008

We prove new results for the operators of class

C

ρ

(
ρ
>
0
)

C_{\rho } (\rho >0)

on Hilbert spaces defined by B. Sz.-Nagy and C. Foiaş. The main result is an answer to a problem posed in 2006 by B. Chevreau: Let

p
≥
2

p\geq 2

be a natural number and

T
∈

L

(

H

)

T \in \mathrm {L}(\mathcal {H})

; if there exists

ρ

0

>
0

\rho _{0} >0

such that

T

p

∈

C

ρ
0

T^{p} \in C_{\rho _0}

, then necessarily is

T
∈

⋃

ρ
>
0

C

ρ

T \in \bigcup _{\rho >0}C_{\rho }

?
A sheaf of Hochschild complexes on quasi-compact opens
Authors: Lowen Wendy
Published: May 2008

For a scheme

X
X

, we construct a sheaf

C

\mathbf {C}

of complexes on

X
X

such that for every quasi-compact open

U
⊂
X

U \subset X

,

C

(
U
)

\mathbf {C}(U)

is quasi-isomorphic to the Hochschild complex of

U
U

(Lowen and Van den Bergh, 2005). Since

C

\mathbf {C}

is moreover acyclic for taking sections on quasi-compact opens, we obtain a local to global spectral sequence for Hochschild cohomology if

X
X

is quasi-compact.
Lie groups locally isomorphic to generalized Heisenberg groups
Authors: Tamaru Hiroshi , Yoshida Hisashi
Published: May 2008

We classify connected Lie groups which are locally isomorphic to generalized Heisenberg groups. For a given generalized Heisenberg group

N
N

, there is a one-to-one correspondence between the set of isomorphism classes of connected Lie groups which are locally isomorphic to

N
N

and a union of certain quotients of noncompact Riemannian symmetric spaces.
Dense-lineability in spaces of continuous functions
Authors: Bernal-González L.
Published: May 2008

In this paper we provide a general method to prove that certain nonlinear families of continuous functions contain dense linear manifolds. An application is furnished.
Correcting for vessel avoidance in acoustic-abundance estimates for herring
Authors: Hjellvik Vidar , Handegard Nils Olav , Ona Egil
Published: May 2008

Hjellvik, V., Handegard, N. O., and Ona, E. 2008. Correcting for vessel avoidance in acoustic-abundance estimates for herring. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1036–1045. When a research vessel passes over a school or layer of herring (Clupea harengus), the fish may avoid the vessel by swimming downwards and horizontally. If the orientation of the fish is changed in this process, the mean target strength may also be altered. Consequently, the echo abundance measured by the relatively narrow echosounder beam does not always reflect the true density of the school in the undisturbed situation. This avoidance behaviour has been quantified in several experiments where a stationary, submerged transducer has been used to measure the changes in echo abundance during the passage of a survey vessel. Two approaches for correcting the echo abundance for avoidance are presented. The first is to correct in each depth layer separately, but this does not account for diving during vessel passage. The second is to correct the total echo abundance based on the mean depth of the fish at passage. Generalized linear models are fitted to the experimental data in both approaches. The parameters are estimated with uncertainty, which is taken into account when the fitted models are used for correcting standard survey data. The models were fitted to data from various experiments conducted during the period 1996–2004. The avoidance response differed strongly between experiments, indicating that correction factors estimated from one specific experiment should not be used uncritically in a standard correction procedure.
The Last 48 Hours
Authors: Watson Max , Simon Chantal
Published: May 2008

It is notoriously difficult to predict when death will occur. Symptoms and signs of death approaching include: day-by-day deterioration, gaunt appearance and profound weakness—the patient needs assistance with all care, and may be bed-bound; difficulty swallowing medicines; reduced intake of food and fluids and drowsiness or reduced cognition. The patient is often no longer able to co-operate with carers. This article aims to give GPs in training a framework with which to manage the last 48 hours of life for patients dying at home.
Phytophthora Rot of Soybean
Authors: Schmitthenner A. F.
Published: May 2008

Phytophthora root and stem rot may cause plant stand losses and complete yield reductions in very susceptible soybean cultivars. The severity of losses depends on cultivar susceptibility, rainfall, soil type, tillage, and compaction. Soybean is the only important host of the causal fungus. Integrated control, which combines high tolerance, improved drainage, and tillage, is as effective as resistance or fungicides in most soil environments.

Posted 1 June 2000.
Races of Phytophthora sojae on Soybean in Illinois
Authors: Leitz R. A. , Hartman G. L. , Pedersen W. L. , Nickell C. D.
Published: May 2008

Phytophthora root rot of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), caused by Phytophthora sojae M. J. Kauffmann & J. W. Gerdemann, has been isolated throughout the soybean-producing regions of the United States.

Posted 3 June 2000.
Botrytis Blight of Flowering Potted Plants
Authors: Daughtrey Margery L. , Wick Robert L. , Peterson Joseph L.
Published: May 2008

Botrytis blight is very common in greenhouse crops. Control of B. cinerea is challenging because of its abilities to survive as a saprophyte, rapidly invade host tissues, and quickly produce abundant conidia. Sanitation alone is not sufficient for minimizing losses. A management program should focus on prevention and combine environmental management, cultural practices, and fungicides.

Posted 5 June 2000.
First Report of Gray Leaf Spot on Perennial Ryegrass in Indiana
Authors: Harmon P. , Rane K. , Ruhl G. , Latin R.
Published: May 2008

Pyricularia grisea, the causal agent of gray leaf spot on turfgrass, was isolated from symptomatic perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) leaves collected from a golf course in north-central Indiana in August 1999. Gray leaf spot is an emerging threat to stands of perennial ryegrass in the mid-Atlantic and Midwestern United States.

Posted 7 June 2000.
Bunts and Smuts Revisited: Has the Air Been Cleared?
Authors: Mathre Don E.
Published: May 2008

This review discusses the current situation regarding these pathogens of wheat: the smut fungi dwarf bunt and Karnal bunt.

Accepted for publication 30 May 2000. Published 22 June 2000.
Take-all Disease on Wheat, Barley, and Oats
Authors: Mathre D. E.
Published: May 2008

This diagnostic guide is on Take-all Disease on Wheat, Barley, and Oats, by: Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) causes disease in wheat and barley, G. graminis var. avena causes disease in oats, and G. graminis var. graminis causes disease in grasses.

Accepted for publication 30 May 2000. Published 23 June 2000.
New Growth Regulator Herbicide Provides Excellent Control of Yellow Starthistle
Authors: DiTomaso J. M. , Kyser G. B. , Orloff S. B. , Enloe S. F. , Nader G. A.
Published: May 2008

Yellow starthistle is the most widespread invasive weed in California. An exotic that invaded California in the Gold Rush days, starthistle was once a minor annoyance but is now out of control. One reason is that few herbicides are registered for use on California rangelands, pastures and wildlands. Of the registered herbicides, the majority are effective only when applied to the foliage of target plants; season-long control of yellow starthistle is not provided because seedlings that emerge after application of the herbicide escape injury. In a comparison of herbicides, the newly registered herbicide clopyralid provided excellent control at low use rates and worked equally well whether applied to leaves or to soil to control germinating seedlings. In soil, it showed residual activity throughout the season. Complete yellow starthistle control was achieved with applications made from December through April, but treatments in February maximized desirable forage production, particularly grasses. Late-season applications of glyphosate and clopyralid were effective for control of starthistle plants in late rosette and bolting stages.

Posted 26 June 2000.
Glassy-Winged Sharpshooters Expected to Increase Plant Disease
Authors: Purcell Alexander H. , Saunders Stuart R.
Published: May 2008

As it moves through California, the new pest known as glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS) may significantly increase the spread of plant diseases caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. The bacterium causes Pierce's disease of grapevines, almond leaf scorch and the newly recognized oleander leaf scorch disease. Currently, almond leaf scorch is a minor problem for California's almonds, but if GWSS becomes established in significant numbers in or near almond orchards, it might increase the incidence of almond leaf scorch. Our studies show that GWSS and two other sharpshooter species can transmit X. fastidiosa from diseased oleanders to healthy oleanders. GWSS also can transmit Pierce's disease strains of the bacterium from grapevine to grapevine and to almond trees. The oleander strain of the bacterium did not infect grapevines, but the ability of GWSS to transmit Pierce's disease strains may increase the spread of this lethal grapevine disease in vineyards bordering citrus orchards or other habitats where invading GWSS may establish permanent populations.

Posted 27 December 2000.
Aphanomyces Root Rot on Sugar Beet
Authors: Windels Carol E.
Published: May 2008

This diagositc guide is on Aphanomyces Root Rot on Sugar Beet, by Aphanomyces cochlioides Drechs.

Accepted for publication 18 July 2000. Published 20 July 2000.
Phytoplasma Casts a Magic Spell that Turns the Fair Poinsettia into a Christmas Showpiece
Authors: Lee Ing-Ming
Published: May 2008

The poinsettia, Euphorbia pulcherrima Wild, is a tropical plant indigenous to Mesoamerica and tropical Mexico. The subtle interactions between a phytoplasma and poinsettia result in dwarfing and moderate branching growth habits, which happen to be traits that poinsettia growers desire. Technically, free-branching is a disease symptom in poinsettias, but the poinsettia phytoplasma is beneficial to growers.

Accepted for publication 6 September 2000. Published 14 September 2000.
Beyond Jurassic Park: Real Science with Ancient DNA
Authors: McCluskey Kevin
Published: May 2008

A symposium (Beyond Jurassic Park: Accessing Genetic Information Hidden in Herbaria and Archival Plant, Microbe, and Insect Specimens) held at the 1998 American Phytopathological Society's annual meeting looked at how phytopathologists and entomologists are applying the techniques developed to investigate ancient DNA to questions relevant to these disciplines.

Accepted for publication 27 September 2000. Published 19 October 2000.
Mature Watermelon Vine Decline: A Disease of Unknown Etiology in Southwestern Indiana
Authors: Egel Daniel S. , Rane Karen , Martyn Ray D.
Published: May 2008

Mature watermelon vine decline (MWVD), a disease of unknown etiology, has occurred sporadically in southwestern Indiana since the mid 1980s. In 2000 the disease was especially severe, affecting more than 50% of the area planted to watermelon and resulting in yield losses of 20%.

Accepted for publication 20 December 2000. Published 27 December 2000.
Eutypa Dieback of Grapevine and Apricot
Authors: Munkvold Gary P.
Published: May 2008

Eutypa dieback, whose primary economic hosts are Vitis L. spp. (grapevine) and Prunus armeniaca L. (apricot), is caused by the following pathogen: Eutypa lata (Pers:Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul. (=Eutypa armeniacae Hansf. & Carter); its anamorph is Libertella blepharis A.L. Sm. (=Cytosporina Sacc. sp.). This article covers taxonomy, symptoms and signs on grapevine and apricot, host range, geographical distribution, isolation, identification, storage, and pathogenicity tests.

Accepted for publication 13 February 2001. Published 19 February 2001.
Development of Management Strategies for Hop Powdery Mildew in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Turechek William W. , Mahaffee Walter F. , Ocamb Cynthia M.
Published: May 2008

Hop powdery mildew, caused by Sphaerotheca macularis, was first discovered in the Yakima Valley of Washington in 1997 and has since become the most serious disease of hop (Humulus lupus) in the Pacific Northwest. Lack of understanding of the epidemiology of S. macularis has made it difficult to develop sound management practices. Results from our field and laboratory studies suggest that control measures applied early in the growing season are probably the most important in shaping the epidemic in a particular field and that late season control measures may not need to be applied at the same intensity as in early to mid-season.

Accepted for publication 9 March 2001. Published 13 March 2001.
The Economically Important Diseases of Asparagus in the United States
Authors: Elmer Wade H.
Published: May 2008

This paper presents a review of the major diseases of asparagus that routinely cause losses in the U.S. and reviews their management strategies.

Accepted for publication 10 May 2001. Published 21 May 2001.
A Survey of Viruses Infecting Alfalfa in Ohio
Authors: Nameth Stephen G. P. , Rhodes Landon H. , Luque-Williams Magally
Published: May 2008

This report describes a survey of the alfalfa-growing areas in Ohio in an effort to identify the viruses present in alfalfa and their frequency. Results indicate that approximately 75% of the alfalfa samples tested were infected with either AMV and/or RCVMV. This is the first report of these viruses in Ohio alfalfa.

Accepted for publication 25 May 2001. Published 5 June 2001.
The Impact of Plant Diseases on World Chocolate Production
Authors: Bowers John H. , Bailey Bryan A. , Hebbar Prakash K. , Sanogo Soumaila , Lumsden Robert D.
Published: May 2008

Many factors contribute to a decline in production of cocoa beans worldwide. Plant diseases such as black pod, witches' broom, and frosty pod rot are major components of the decline in production. Plant pathologists and microbiologists must discover and devise means to reduce disease losses and to save chocolate for the enthusiastic consumers of the world. This review discusses the major disease of cacao and their effect on world production.

Accepted for publication 14 June 2001. Published 9 July 2001.
Detection of Tobacco streak virus isolates in North American Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.)
Authors: Jones A. Teifion , McGavin Wendy J. , Dolan Alison
Published: May 2008

In tests on nine cranberry cultivars imported into Scotland from the USA, two cultivars, Pilgrim and AJ, were found infected with Tobacco streak virus (TSV). Three distinct isolates of this virus were detected in this infected material and were distinguished by their infection of, and reactions in, different herbaceous test plants. This is the first report of natural infection with TSV in Vaccinium species and the first characterised virus reported in cranberry. As TSV is seed and pollen transmitted in many hosts, care should be taken to test plants before propagation or when using as parents in plant breeding programs.

Accepted for publication 9 July 2001. Published 17 July 2001.
Can Risk Analysis “Colorize” the Black and White of Transgenic Crops?
Authors: Marvier Michelle
Published: May 2008

Scientifically-based risk analysis of transgenic crops might help this new technology to develop along paths most beneficial to society. After briefly reviewing the state of agricultural biotechnology, I focus on the ecological risks of genetically engineered crop plants. I suggest how better risk analysis could promote a more rational discussion regarding biotechnology.

Accepted for publication 27 August 2001. Published 31 August 2001.