bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aqueous Dispersions of Polyurethane Ionomers
Authors: Tharanikkarasu Kannan , Kim Byung Kyu
Published: October 2024

Studies carried out in the field of aqueous polyurethane dispersions are reviewed. After a brief introduction about polyurethanes and their chemistry, the chemistry of aqueous dispersions are discussed. Manufacturing processes of aqueous polyurethane dispersions such as the acetone process, the prepolymer mixing process, the melt dispersion process, the ketimine and ketazine processes are briefly discussed. The properties of dispersions as well as films derived from dispersions are also discussed. Studies of chemical modifications on polyurethane dispersions through crosslinking, graft and block copolymerization are also reviewed along with applications of aqueous polyurethane dispersions.
Plastic Waste Management: a Designer's Perspective
Authors: Linten D.T. , Smith J.S.
Published: October 2024

This is the second paper reviewing the designers’ role in plastic waste management. This paper continues the argument presented in the first paper(1) by dealing with a number of key issues and design methods associated with the recycling of plastic waste. It is split up into four main sections which present and discuss techniques such as the ‘cascade’ approach, design for disassembly, component consolidation and material compatibility. Examples are used to illustrate how these techniques are currently being used in commercial products.
The Thermal Conductivity of Isocyanate-Based Rigid Cellular Plastics: A Technique for Predicting the 25 Year Values*This paper was first published in Cellular Polymers, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1997
Authors: Ball G.W. , Simpson A. , Fleming H.
Published: October 2024

This paper reviews the factors determining the thermal conductivity of isocyanate- based rigid cellular plastics. It provides research data obtained from a programme conducted at Salford University, to establish the basis of a method based on an accelerated procedure for the determination of the thermal conductivity of these products which can be assumed to apply, without taking into account production variation, to a product over its 50 year life. The latter is used to correspond to the term “reasonable economic life" used in the EU Construction Products Directive. The data is limited to products principally expanded with HCFC 141b and n-pentane blowing agents but the authors believe, although proof will be necessary, that the method has a good chance to be acceptable for all future products which are expanded principally with a gas which is shown to remain, for the most part, in the cells over its reasonable economic life and for which the gaseous composition of the cell gas is changed only by dilution, to varying degrees, by the ingress of air. In essence the ingress of air is accelerated by ageing the test specimen in air at 70°C for 25 weeks. The paper also discusses the merits of various other procedures claiming to produce "realistic aged thermal conductivity values". Finally it provides evidence that the products made with these new blowing agents have similar thermal conductivities and similar thermal conductivity ageing characteristics to their CFC blown counterparts.
Application of Contact Angle Measurement to Wettability, Surface Energy and Adhesion Properties of Polymers
Authors: Sutherland I. , Heath R.J.
Published: October 2024

A good understanding of the physical and chemical properties of the surfaces of materials is required, to ensure that the correct combination of materials are joined, to form a strong and long term adhesive bond. For the purposes of both research and in-process quality control techniques, the surface free energy of a polymer can be determined from the contact angle measurement of a pure liquid drop on that polymer, and so in turn, understand the adhesion potential of that solid surface.

The thermodynamic principles are discussed in this review, and used to develop some mathematical descriptions of contact angle. Outlines of important experimental techniques, along with methods for interpreting data are given. One of the objectives of this paper is to give a clear understanding of the theory and practice of these methods, to demonstrate that they can be used readily as both research and quality control tools, and so can be employed more commonly by the polymer industry.

A number of case studies are described, in which the contact angle method has been used to investigate surfaces and effects of surface treatments. This includes studies of surface treated polyolefins to be printed or painted, and oxidised carbon fibres to enhance their reinforcing properties. This data is shown to have a good correlation with surface chemical analysis methods.
Psychological and physiological benefits of horticultural therapy for Chinese older adults
Authors: Xiaoyi Li , Hassan Ahmad , Tao Jiang , Deshun Zhang
Published: October 2024

Background

Gardening as a leisure activity has been shown to be potentially beneficial for older adults, this study aimed to assess the physiological and psychological impacts of a specific horticultural activity, watering indoor plants, compared with playing a computer game - the Klondike Solitaire Card Game.

Methods

This crossover study included 100 older adults recruited from a nursing care facility for older people in Shanghai, China. They were allocated to either engage in watering indoor plants (horticultural group) or playing a computer game (control group). For the inclusion criteria, screening for cognitive function was conducted to exclude those with severe cognitive impairments, thereby focusing on those capable of participating fully in the study activities. Brainwave activities, blood pressure, and psychological states were measured through pre- and post-test questionnaires to evaluate the physiological and psychological effects.

Results

The activity of watering indoor plants was associated with significant reductions in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, in contrast to the computer game activity. Additionally, participants in the horticultural group showed increased brainwave mean values, indicating heightened relaxation and focus, while decreases were observed in the control group. The experimental group reported reduced anxiety scores, along with increased feelings of comfort and relaxation, and also exhibited significantly higher meditation levels, which indicates a profound mental relaxation effect.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that engaging in indoor horticultural activities, such as watering houseplants for 10 minutes, can reduce mental and physical stress levels in older adults.
A comparison of Fulltrack AI application as an alternative to radar gun measured cricket ball delivery speed
Authors: Shorter Kathleen A , Tissera Kevin , Huynh Minh , Benson Amanda C
Published: October 2024

This study investigated the inter-rater reliability and validity of the Fulltrack AI application, to measure ball speed under a range of cricket training conditions in comparison to a radar gun. Ball speed (km/hr) of 1081 deliveries (pace = 783; spin = 298) from a range of training sessions and conditions were recorded simultaneously using a radar gun (Stalker Pro IIs) and iOS device running Fulltrack AI (v1.13.1). Statistical analyses were conducted in R Statistical Software. Reliability was assessed with standard error of measurement (SEM), coefficient of variation (CV) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Agreement was assessed using Bland Altman's 95% limits of agreement (LOA). Validity was assessed using generalised additive models (GAMs). Pace deliveries were associated with good agreement (ICC: 0.87–0.90, CV: 2.56–3.13%), whilst spin deliveries demonstrated lower agreement (ICC: 0.72–0.76, CV: 3.08–4.33%). LOA established poor to fair levels of agreement, exceeding maximal allowable differences (>3%). GAMs identified Fulltrack AI overestimated ball speed (pace: estimate 0.72–0.77 m/s, SE = 0.34–0.34; spin: estimate 1.09–1.18 m/s, SE = 0.23–0.25) when compared to the radar gun. Fulltrack AI is an ecologically valid and reliable field-based method for measuring ball speed. However, caution is warranted given the significant overestimation of ball speed in contrast with a radar gun, even after controlling for different training conditions, suggesting software could benefit from refinement.
Diagnostic classification systems in psychiatry
Authors: Ozuzu Reagan , O’Leary Caitlin , Bennett Shona , Bennett Daniel M
Published: October 2024

For the last 30 years the 10th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) has aided clinicians in the UK in diagnosing mental disorders. Classification systems are important in ensuring a consistent approach to accurate diagnoses and a common language for communicating them. Such an approach to classification has further advantages in terms of influencing clinical decision making, research, and public policy. In 2022, the ICD-11 was published, including changes to the classification systems and diagnostic requirements for some disorders. Although the ICD has codes for many diseases, we aim to explain the changes in diagnostic criteria for psychiatric disorders in the new ICD-11 in a concise and primary care focused way.
Microvascular Reconstructions in Elderly Patients With Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma - Too Old for Surgical Treatment?
Authors: Radermacher Anne , Horn Dominik , Fehrenz Michael , Semmelmayer Karl , Ristow Oliver , Engel Michael , Hoffmann Jürgen , Freier Kolja , Moratin Julius
Published: October 2024

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Objective

A major risk factor for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is advanced age. Ablative surgery combined with microvascular reconstruction has become routine for OSCC. Nevertheless, there is an interdisciplinary debate about the appropriateness of surgery combined with prolonged general anesthesia in the elderly. In the present study, the ablative and microvascular strategies in OSCC were evaluated in terms of oncologic safety and surgical morbidity in relation to age.

Methods

A total of 345 patients with primary OSCC who underwent ablative tumor surgery and neck dissection according to the German national guideline for OSCC together with microvascular reconstruction from September 2010 to October 2017 were examined. General clinical data was analyzed descriptively with a special focus on perioperative morbidity of an elderly (≥70y) subgroup of 56 patients. Oncological outcome was estimated using Log Rank testing and Kaplan Meier plotting.

Results

Estimated 5 year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) was 69.6% (≥70y) vs. 76.7% (<70y) and 62.9% (≥70y) vs. 78.2% (<70y) respectively with no significant difference between the 2 age groups. In multivariate cox regression, only initial stage of disease revealed significant impact on OS. Analysis of perioperative death/complications, flap loss, operation time, dependence on tracheostomy and hospitalization revealed no significant differences between the 2 groups.

Conclusions

Tumor surgery including neck dissection in combination with primary microvascular reconstruction is a safe therapy in patients of advanced age. This results in excellent oncological outcome with no significant disadvantages in terms of perioperative morbidity, hospitalization or flap failure.
eConsent administered by Community Health Workers in a study using the Trials within Cohorts (TwiCs) design—Experiences from the Community-Based chronic Care Lesotho (ComBaCaL) project
Authors: Gerber Felix , Tahirsylaj Thesar , Lejone Thabo Ishmael , Lee Tristan , Sanchez-Samaniego Giuliana , Raeber Fabian , Masike Sesale , Gupta Ravi , Molulela Manthabiseng , Khomolishoele Makhebe , Mota Mota , Bane Matumaole , Sematle Mamoronts’ane Pauline , Makabateng Retselisitsoe , Browne Jason Immanuel , Wittwer Jonas , Basler Dave Brian , Kindler Kevin , Labhardt Niklaus Daniel , Amstutz Alain
Published: October 2024

Improving access to essential health services requires the development of innovative health service delivery models and their scientific assessment in often large-scale pragmatic trials. In many low- and middle-income countries, lay Community Health Workers (CHWs) play an important role in delivering essential health services. As trusted members of their communities with basic medical training, they may also contribute to health data collection. Digital clinical decision support applications may facilitate the involvement of CHWs in service delivery and data collection. Electronic consent (eConsent) can streamline the consent process that is required if the collected data is used for the scientific purposes. Here, we describe the experiences of using eConsent in the Community-Based chronic Care Lesotho (ComBaCaL) cohort study and multiple nested pragmatic cluster-randomized trials assessing CHW-led care delivery models for type 2 diabetes and arterial hypertension using the Trials within Cohorts (TwiCs) design. More than a hundred CHWs, acting both as service providers and data collectors in remote villages of Lesotho utilize an eConsent application that is linked to a tailored clinical decision support and data collection application. The eConsent application presents simplified consent information and generates personalized consent forms that are signed electronically on a tablet and then uploaded to the database of the clinical decision support application. This significantly streamlines the consent process and allows for quality consent documentation through timely central monitoring, facilitating the CHW-led management of a large-scale population-based cohort in a remote low-resource area with continuous enrollment—currently at more than 16,000 participants.
From the “Desk Set” to “Doraemon”: A comparative analysis on the sociotechnical imaginaries of artificial intelligence in news work
Authors: Pranteddu Laura , Porlezza Colin , Kuai Joanne , Komatsu Tomo
Published: October 2024

Artificial intelligence has become increasingly pervasive throughout the entire news cycle. In response to this trend, this paper explores journalists’ sociotechnical imaginaries concerning the integration of AI in news production, focusing on their perceptions of AI’s opportunities and ethical challenges. The study also examines the influence of diverse media and discourse cultures on these perceptions by conducting problem-centered interviews with journalists from China, Japan, Switzerland, and the UK. Through an inductive thematic analysis of the interviews, the results reveal that journalists across these four countries acknowledge the potential advantages of AI in journalism, such as enhanced efficiency and improved data analysis. However, their expectations regarding human-machine collaboration in news work vary according to cultural contexts. Furthermore, the findings highlight that the interviewed journalists advocate for the design and implementation of AI systems to adhere to ethical standards.
Does Family Matters? Exploring the Enablers of Sustainable Indian Women Micro Entrepreneurship
Authors: Vasumathi K , Prabha Tanaji Pavani , Alok Swati , Banerjee Sudatta , Srivastava Archana
Published: October 2024

The present article attempts to encapsulate the enablers of a women-led microentrepreneurship sustainable model. To fulfill this purpose, a widely used Indian microcredit women entrepreneurship financial assistance model, namely Self-Help Group (SHG)-linked micro women entrepreneurs (MWEs), who accessed a second loan from the bank individually for their business expansion, were interviewed. Responses of such 30 MWEs were content analyzed using NVIVO 12. The codes, themes, and project maps were generated to identify the enablers resulting in a microentrepreneurial sustainable development framework. The results suggest that business know-how competencies (customer excellence, networking) and personal competencies (confidence, optimism, perseverance) were identified as prominent enablers, with family support as the most critical factor. Findings further suggested that MWEs’ sustainable success depends on capabilities of balancing the support provided from family to business and vice versa (family-to-business support), as well as leveraging the skills and experiences learned in the family for managing the business or vice versa (family-to-business enrichment). Positive spillover of the family-to-business interface was key to their business growth, unlike previous studies where the family was considered to be the biggest challenge for women entrepreneurship. A change in societal mindset and a shift toward gender parity was observed.
Skin Necrosis Due to Misuse of a COVID-19 Antigen Home Test Kit: A Case Report
Authors: Choi Youngwoong , Ji Jeong Min , Kim Choong Hyeon
Published: October 2024

Background: Many people are still infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and the use of home test kits for diagnosis is becoming common. The misuse of the kits may cause unexpected patient harm. Purpose: The purpose of this case study was to report a rare case of facial skin necrosis caused by contact with a reagent in a COVID-19 Ag home test kit due to misuse of the kit. Case Study: A 50-year-old male patient with pain, redness, and swelling throughout the nose, right ocular area, and forehead visited the emergency room of the hospital. The symptoms were caused by using a COVID-19 Ag home test kit in the wrong way. Initially, partial skin color change and ulcerative skin lesions with pus-like discharge were observed throughout the wound. Finally, partial skin necrosis progressed and was treated using appropriate dressing treatment, antibiotics, and steroids. Conclusion: The use of COVID-19 Ag home test kits that can be easily used will gradually increase. As in this case, it should be kept in mind that problems due to incorrect use of COVID-19 Ag home test kits can occur, and initial treatment is important to prevent systemic infection or scar formation.
Time is nephron: Daratumumab plus CyBorD in newly-diagnosed multiple myeloma with cast nephropathy: A report of five cases
Authors: Fajnzylber Jesse , Khan Abdullah S , Dima Danai , Khouri Jack , Brooks Taylor R , Anwer Faiz
Published: October 2024

Background:

Renal failure is a common complication of multiple myeloma, often due to overproduction of light chains.

Case presentation:

Light chain cast nephropathy in newly-diagnosed multiple myeloma is associated with inferior outcomes. Proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs with therapeutic plasma exchange can rapidly reduce light chain levels and confer remission; however, optimal delivery of these agents is limited by decreased renal function, and plasma exchange is often limited to tertiary centers.

Conclusion:

These cases highlight the utility of daratumumab with cyclophosphamide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone for acute renal failure in newly-diagnosed multiple myeloma and a clinical diagnosis of cast nephropathy.
What amenities drive footfall in UK town centres? A machine learning approach using OpenStreetMap data
Authors: Taecharungroj Viriya , Ntounis Nikos
Published: October 2024

In the United Kingdom, town centres face significant economic and social challenges, with amenities playing a crucial role in their vitality. However, no existing study has thoroughly investigated the relationship between amenities and footfall, a key measure of place vitality. This research addresses this gap by examining which amenities drive footfall in UK town centres. The study employs the random forest modelling, to analyse data from OpenStreetMap (OSM) and footfall data from 960 counters across the United Kingdom. Our findings reveal that OSM data can effectively predict footfall, highlighting the importance of diverse amenities. Key amenities identified include hotels, pedestrian ways, and retail establishments. Furthermore, the study identifies critical inflection points where the presence of certain amenities significantly boosts urban vitality. These insights offer valuable guidance for urban planning and development, suggesting that a mix of diverse amenities at appropriate levels can enhance the attractiveness and vitality of town centres.
Lung imaging methods: indications, strengths and limitations
Authors: Tárnoki Dávid László , Karlinger Kinga , Ridge Carole A. , Kiss Fanni Júlia , Györke Tamás , Grabczak Elzbieta Magdalena , Tárnoki Ádám Domonkos
Published: October 2024

Imaging methods are fundamental tools to detect and diagnose lung diseases, monitor their treatment and detect possible complications. Each modality, starting from classical chest radiographs and computed tomography, as well as the ever more popular and easily available thoracic ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging and nuclear medicine methods, and new techniques such as photon counting computed tomography, radiomics and application of artificial intelligence, has its strong and weak points, which we should be familiar with to properly choose between the methods and interpret their results. In this review, we present the indications, strengths and main limitations of methods for chest imaging.
Comparison of surgical and conservative therapy in older patients with distal radius fracture: a prospective randomized clinic al trial
Authors: Haslhofer David J. , Froschauer Stefan M. , Gotterbarm Tobias , Schmidt Manfred , Kwasny Oskar , Holzbauer Matthias
Published: October 2024

Introduction

The distal radius fracture is considered the most common fracture in humans. For fractures classified as Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthese (AO) 23-C1 + C2, there is no consensus on treatment in older patients due to inconsistent study results. The aim of this study was to compare conservative and surgical treatment in relation to wrist function and satisfaction in patients older than 65 years.

Methods

In this prospective randomized clinical trial, patients aged older than 65 years who suffered an isolated AO-classified C1 or C2 distal radius fracture were randomized to surgical treatment using palmar plate osteosynthesis or conservative treatment. Patient-rated wrist evaluation (PRWE) score and disabilities of arm, shoulder, and hand (DASH) was assessed 3, 6 and 12 months post-interventionally. Satisfaction, range of motion (ROM) and pain scores were evaluated at 6 weeks and 3, 6 and 12 months post-interventionally.

Results

A total of 80 patients with a mean age of 77.3 years (± 6.1 years) in the conservative group and 72.5 years (± 5.3 years) in the surgery group were included. Both the PRWE score, and the DASH score showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups after 3 months, 6 months and 12 months (p < 0.001). Patients in the surgical cohort showed a statistically significant higher satisfaction at the 6-week, 6-month and 12-month follow-up (p < 0.001 6 weeks + 12 months; p = 0.004 6 months).

Conclusion

In this prospective randomized study, surgical treatment proved to be superior to conservative treatment in terms of the primary outcome variable PRWE score. Satisfaction was significantly better in the surgical group.
Endometrial regeneration cell-derived exosomes loaded with siSLAMF6 inhibit cardiac allograft rejection through the suppression of desialylation modification
Authors: Xu Yini , Ren Shaohua , Wang Hongda , Qin Yafei , Liu Tong , Sun Chenglu , Xiao Yiyi , Shao Bo , Zhang Jingyi , Chen Qiang , Zhao Pengyu , Yang Guangmei , Liu Xu , Wang Hao
Published: October 2024

Backgrounds

Acute transplant rejection is a major component of poor prognoses for organ transplantation. Owing to the multiple complex mechanisms involved, new treatments are still under exploration. Endometrial regenerative cells (ERCs) have been widely used in various refractory immune-related diseases, but the role of ERC-derived exosomes (ERC-Exos) in alleviating transplant rejection has not been extensively studied. Signaling lymphocyte activation molecule family 6 (SLAMF6) plays an important role in regulating immune responses. In this study, we explored the main mechanism by which ERC-Exos loaded with siSLAMF6 can alleviate allogeneic transplant rejection.

Methods

C57BL/6 mouse recipients of BALB/c mouse kidney transplants were randomly divided into four groups and treated with exosomes. The graft pathology was evaluated by H&E staining. Splenic and transplanted heart immune cell populations were analyzed by flow cytometry. Recipient serum cytokine profiles were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The proliferation and differentiation capacity of CD4+ T cell populations were evaluated in vitro. The α-2,6-sialylation levels in the CD4+ T cells were determined by SNA blotting.

Results

In vivo, mice treated with ERC-siSLAMF6 Exo achieved significantly prolonged allograft survival. The serum cytokine profiles of the recipients were significantly altered in the ERC-siSLAMF6 Exo-treated recipients. In vitro, we found that ERC-siSLAMF6-Exo considerably downregulated α-2,6-sialyltransferase (ST6GAL1) expression in CD4+ T cells, and significantly reduced α-2,6-sialylation levels. Through desialylation, ERC-siSLAMF6 Exo therapy significantly decreased CD4+ T cell proliferation and inhibited CD4+ T cell differentiation into Th1 and Th17 cells while promoting regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation.

Conclusions

Our study indicated that ERC-Exos loaded with siSLAMF6 reduce the amount of sialic acid connected to α-2,6 at the end of the N-glycan chain on the CD4+ T cell surface, increase the number of therapeutic exosomes endocytosed into CD4+ T cells, and inhibit the activation of T cell receptor signaling pathways, which prolongs allograft survival. This study confirms the feasibility of using ERC-Exos as natural carriers combined with gene therapy, which could be used as a potential therapeutic strategy to alleviate allograft rejection.
Clinical and radiological characteristics of odontogenic orbital cellulitis
Authors: Tumuluri Vinay , Tong Jessica Y. , Tumuluri Krishna , Selva Dinesh
Published: October 2024

Purpose

To assess the radiological features and clinical outcomes of odontogenic orbital cellulitis.

Method

Multi-centre retrospective study of odontogenic orbital cellulitis. Primary outcomes assessed were causal organism(s), clinical signs, radiological findings, management and visual outcomes.

Results

Four patients with odontogenic orbital cellulitis were identified for inclusion. There was an equal proportion of men and women with a mean age of 43 years (range 25–56 years). All patients presented with an orbital compartment syndrome, with visual acuity of counting fingers (n = 1, 25%), hand movements (n = 1, 25%) and no perception of light (n = 2, 50%). The organisms implicated were Streptococcus milleri (n = 3, 75%) and Streptococcus constellatus (n = 1, 25%). MRI findings showed a subperiosteal abscess was present in all cases, which was characterised radiologically as a T1-hyperintense, T2 minimally hyperintense collection with restricted diffusion and a low apparent diffusion coefficient signal. Final visual acuity ranged from 6/6 to no light perception. One patient required an orbital exenteration due to extensive necrosis with sepsis and systemic deterioration.

Conclusions

Odontogenic orbital cellulitis carries a serious risk of vision loss with a propensity to present with an orbital compartment syndrome secondary to Streptococcus species. Outcomes were highly variable, with two cases progressing to blindness of which one required an orbital exenteration.
Tactile stimulation designs adapted to clinical settings result in reliable fMRI-based somatosensory digit maps
Authors: Steinbach Till , Eck Judith , Timmers Inge , Biggs Emma E. , Goebel Rainer , Schweizer Renate , Kaas Amanda L.
Published: October 2024

Movement constraints in stroke survivors are often accompanied by additional impairments in related somatosensory perception. A complex interplay between the primary somatosensory and motor cortices is essential for adequate and precise movements. This necessitates investigating the role of the primary somatosensory cortex in movement deficits of stroke survivors. The first step towards this goal could be a fast and reliable functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)-based mapping of the somatosensory cortex applicable for clinical settings. Here, we compare two 3 T fMRI-based somatosensory digit mapping techniques adapted for clinical usage in seven neurotypical volunteers and two sessions, to assess their validity and retest-reliability. Both, the traveling wave and the blocked design approach resulted in complete digit maps in both sessions of all participants, showing the expected layout. Similarly, no evidence for differences in the volume of activation, nor the activation overlap between neighboring activations could be detected, indicating the general feasibility of the clinical adaptation and their validity. Retest-reliability, indicated by the Dice coefficient, exhibited reasonable values for the spatial correspondence of single digit activations across sessions, but low values for the spatial correspondence of the area of overlap between neighboring digits across sessions. Parameters describing the location of the single digit activations exhibited very high correlations across sessions, while activation volume and overlap only exhibited medium to low correlations. The feasibility and high retest-reliabilities for the parameters describing the location of the single digit activations are promising concerning the implementation into a clinical context to supplement diagnosis and treatment stratification in upper limb stroke patients.
Maternal exposure to smoking and wheezing phenotypes in children: a cohort study of the Japan Environment and Children’s Study
Authors: Wada Takuya , Adachi Yuichi , Murakami Shokei , Ito Yasunori , Itazawa Toshiko , Tsuchida Akiko , Matsumura Kenta , Hamazaki Kei , Inadera Hidekuni ,   on behalf of the Japan Environment and Children’s Study Group
Published: October 2024

Background

Previous studies have shown that prenatal maternal smoking and maternal secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy were associated with an increased risk of wheezing and asthma development. However, few studies have examined the influence of different sources of tobacco exposure in different perinatal timeframes (preconception, prenatal, and postnatal) on wheezing phenotypes in children. Using national survey data from Japan, we investigated the effects of exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy on wheezing phenotypes in children before the age of 3 years.

Methods

Pregnant women who lived in the 15 regional centers in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study were recruited. We obtained information on prenatal and postnatal exposure to active and secondhand smoke (SHS) and wheeze development up to 3 years of age. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association between tobacco smoke exposure and wheezing phenotypes in children.

Results

We analyzed 73,057 singleton births and identified four longitudinal wheezing phenotypes: never wheezing; early transient wheezing (wheezing by age 1 year but not thereafter); late-onset wheezing (wheezing by age 2–3 years but not beforehand); and persistent wheezing. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was significantly associated with early transient and persistent wheezing in children compared with no maternal smoking [early transient wheezing: 1–10 cigarettes per day, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.23–1.66; ≥ 11 cigarettes per day, aOR 1.67, 95% CI 1.27–2.20; persistent wheezing: 1–10 cigarettes per day, aOR 1.64, 95% CI 1.37–1.97; ≥ 11 cigarettes per day, aOR 2.32, 95% CI 1.70–3.19]. Smoking cessation even before pregnancy was also significantly associated with increased risk of early transient wheezing, late-onset wheezing, and persistent wheezing in children. Moreover, maternal exposure to SHS during pregnancy was significantly associated with increased risk of early transient and persistent wheezing compared with no such exposure.

Conclusions

Maternal smoking before and throughout pregnancy was associated with wheeze development in children up to 3 years of age. It appears that smoking is detrimental compared to never smoking, regardless of whether individuals quit smoking before or after becoming aware of the pregnancy.
Solution-focused approaches for treating self-injurious thoughts and behaviours: a scoping review
Authors: Jerome Lauren , Masood Saba , Henden John , Bird Victoria , Ougrin Dennis
Published: October 2024

Background

Self-injurious thoughts and behaviours are a major global public health concern, not least because they are one of suicide’s strongest predictors. Solution-focused approaches are a psychotherapeutic approach currently being used to treat individuals with self-injurious thoughts and behaviours but there is little published evidence of their use. We conducted a scoping review to provide a comprehensive overview of how solution-focused approaches are being used to treat self-injurious thoughts and behaviours.

Methods

Publications describing a solution-focused approach being delivered to any individuals experiencing any form of self-injurious thought and/or behaviour were eligible for inclusion. Five databases were searched (EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Knowledge, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar) from inception to August 2024. Search terms contained keywords relating to both solution-focused and self-injurious thoughts and/or behaviours. Data were analysed using relevant steps from a narrative synthesis approach to summarise the participants, concepts, context and outcomes described in the included publications.

Results

Twenty-four publications were included in the review. Publications demonstrated a global reach although the majority were published in the UK and USA. Five publications formally assessed and reported outcomes; two randomised controlled trials, one experimental pilot study, one case study, and one single group study. Only the Beck Depression Inventory was collected in more than one study (n = 4), with a range of other psychopathology and wellbeing-related measures. Three studies reported qualitative data, finding positive perceptions of the approaches by patients and clinicians. Fifty-one unique components were identified within solution-focused approaches. Often specific adaptations were described, or components were introduced, that specifically addressed suicide or self-harm. For example, identifying and working on goals related to reducing or stopping self-harm, or scaling questions that assess how suicidal someone currently feels on a 0 to 10 scale.

Conclusions

This review demonstrates the application of solution-focused approaches for treating individuals with self-injurious thoughts and behaviours. The findings provide a comprehensive overview of how these approaches are delivered. The lack of outcome data and empirical studies highlights a need for more formalised evidence.
A quarantine paradox: understanding Gender-Based Violence (GBV) in post-COVID-19 era: insights from Golden Valley mining community, Zimbabwe
Authors: Magwegwe Everjoy
Published: October 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented challenges globally, with a notable surge in gender-based violence (GBV) incidents. This descriptive, exploratory study conducted in the Golden Valley mining community in Kadoma, Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe, delves into the challenges faced by GBV survivors during and after the pandemic, alongside community perceptions of GBV in the post-COVID-19 era. Guided by Bronfenbrenner's Social-Ecological Model which offers insights into the various levels of influence on GBV behavior and experiences,aiding in the development of contextually relevant prevention strategies. The study used qualitative methods such as interviews and focus group discussions, there were 24 study participant classified by random and convenient sampling techniques including traditional and community leaders, gbv surviours medical personnel and male and female, community members. The research followed the COREQ guidelines to transparently document the research process and findings. The research sheds light on the multifaceted nature of GBV exacerbated by societal norms and economic instability in a low-income, masculine-dominated work culture experience in the COVID-19 period. Findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive prevention programs, effective legislation, and community engagement to address GBV in post-pandemic communities. The research provides valuable lessons for enhancing GBV prevention efforts globally, emphasizing the significance of survivor voices and addressing root causes of GBV.
Genetics of hip dysplasia – a systematic literature review
Authors: Jacobsen Kaya Kvarme , Laborie Lene Bjerke , Kristiansen Hege , Schäfer Annette , Gundersen Trude , Zayats Tetyana , Rosendahl Karen
Published: October 2024

Background

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a congenital condition affecting 2–3% of all newborns. DDH increases the risk of osteoarthritis and is the cause of 30% of all total hip arthroplasties in adults < 40 years of age. We aim to explore the genetic background of DDH in order to improve diagnosis and personalize treatment.

Methods

We conducted a structured literature review using PRISMA guidelines searching the Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases. We included 31 case control studies examining single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in non-syndromic DDH.

Results

A total of 73 papers were included for full text review, of which 31 were single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) case/control association studies. The literature review revealed that the majority of published papers on the genetics of DDH were mostly underpowered for detection of any significant association. One large genome wide association study has been published (N = 9,915), establishing GDF5 as a plausible risk factor.

Conclusions

DDH is known to be congenital and heritable, with family occurrence of DDH already included as a risk factor in most screening programs. Despite this, high quality genetic research is scarce and no genetic risk factors have been soundly established, prompting the need for more research.
Feasibility test of WORK-ON: a vocational rehabilitation intervention for people with chronic inflammatory arthritis
Authors: Madsen Christina Merete Tvede , Christensen Jeanette Reffstrup , Bremander Ann , Eggen Linda , Primdahl Jette
Published: October 2024

Background

People with chronic inflammatory arthritis (IA) often have a reduced work ability. Consequently, they are at high risk of losing their jobs and being permanently excluded from the labor market. Therefore, we developed a new context-specific vocational rehabilitation intervention for people with IA based on the Medical Research Council’s framework for complex interventions. This intervention is called “WORK-ON” and consists of: (1) Initial assessment and goal setting by an occupational therapist experienced in rheumatology rehabilitation; (2) coordinated support from the same occupational therapist, including assistance in navigating the primary and secondary healthcare and social care systems; (3) group sessions for peer support; and (4) individually tailored consultations with physiotherapists, nurses, and/or social workers. This study investigates the feasibility of WORK-ON.

Methods

A 6-month single-arm feasibility study with a pre-test post-test design was conducted to evaluate recruitment, intervention fidelity and delivery, data collection, and possible outcome measures. Work ability was the primary outcome, and sick leave, quality of life, fatigue, pain, physical activity, sleep, and well-being were the secondary outcomes evaluated.

Results

In total, 19 participants (17 women and 2 men) with a median age of 55 years (range, 34–64) participated and completed WORK-ON. Of these, 17 participants completed patient-reported outcomes at baseline and follow-up, and the results indicated a tendency to improvement in work ability, quality of life, level of physical activity, decrease in pain, and increase in days of sick leave during the 6-month intervention period. The rehabilitation clinicians spent an average of 15.3 h per participant, and the participants spent an average of 13.5 h in the intervention.

Conclusions

WORK-ON is considered feasible and has the potential to increase work ability among people with IA who are concerned about their future ability to keep working. Though, an adjustment of the intervention is needed before testing in a randomized controlled trial.
Radiomics parameters of epicardial adipose tissue predict mortality in acute pulmonary embolism
Authors: Surov Alexey , Zimmermann Silke , Hinnerichs Mattes , Meyer Hans-Jonas , Aghayev Anar , Borggrefe Jan
Published: October 2024

Background

Accurate prediction of short-term mortality in acute pulmonary embolism (APE) is very important. The aim of the present study was to analyze the prognostic role of radiomics values of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) in APE.

Methods

Overall, 508 patients were included into the study, 209 female (42.1%), mean age, 64.7 ± 14.8 years. 4.6%and 12.4% died (7- and 30-day mortality, respectively). For external validation, a cohort of 186 patients was further analysed. 20.2% and 27.7% died (7- and 30-day mortality, respectively). CTPA was performed at admission for every patient before any previous treatment on multi-slice CT scanners. A trained radiologist, blinded to patient outcomes, semiautomatically segmented the EAT on a dedicated workstation using ImageJ software. Extraction of radiomic features was applied using the pyradiomics library. After correction for correlation among features and feature cleansing by random forest and feature ranking, we implemented feature signatures using 247 features of each patient. In total, 26 feature combinations with different feature class combinations were identified. Patients were randomly assigned to a training and a validation cohort with a ratio of 7:3. We characterized two models (30-day and 7-day mortality). The models incorporate a combination of 13 features of seven different image feature classes.

Findings

We fitted the characterized models to a validation cohort (n = 169) in order to test accuracy of our models. We observed an AUC of 0.776 (CI 0.671–0.881) and an AUC of 0.724 (CI 0.628–0.820) for the prediction of 30-day mortality and 7-day mortality, respectively. The overall percentage of correct prediction in this regard was 88% and 79% in the validation cohorts. Lastly, the AUC in an independent external validation cohort was 0.721 (CI 0.633–0.808) and 0.750 (CI 0.657–0.842), respectively.

Interpretation

Radiomics parameters of EAT are strongly associated with mortality in patients with APE.

Clinical trial number

Not applicable.
Facilitators of and obstacles to practitioners’ adoption of harm reduction in cannabis use: a scoping review
Authors: Haddad Roula , Dagenais Christian , Fallu Jean-Sébastien , Huỳnh Christophe , D’Arcy Laurence , Hot Aurélie
Published: October 2024

Background

Cannabis use can generate potential avoidable harms, hence the need for effective preventive measures and treatment. Studies show the efficacy of harm reduction (HR) in minimizing undesirable consequences associated with this use. Despite its proven efficacy, HR in cannabis use remains poorly applied by many health and social services (HSS) practitioners, especially with young people. However, knowledge regarding the underlying reasons for this is limited. To fill this gap, we aimed to identify facilitators of and obstacles to HSS practitioners’ adoption of HR in cannabis use across OECD countries.

Methods

We conducted a scoping review, guided by Arksey and O’Malley’s model. The search strategy, executed on health databases and in the grey literature, captured 1804 studies, of which 35 were retained. Data from these studies were extracted in summary sheets for qualitative and numerical analysis.

Results

Facilitators and obstacles were grouped into four themes: stakeholders’ characteristics (e.g., education, practice experience); clients’ characteristics (e.g., personal, medical); factors related to HR (e.g., perceived efficacy, misconceptions); factors related to the workplace (e.g., type of workplace). Data were also extracted to describe the populations recruited in the selected studies: type of population, clientele, workplace.

Conclusion

Several factors might facilitate or hinder HSS practitioners’ adoption of HR in cannabis use. Taking these into consideration when translating knowledge about HR can improve its acceptability and applicability. Future research and action should focus on this when addressing practitioners’ adoption of HR.
Overdiagnosing giant bullous emphysema as metastatic adenocarcinoma: a case report
Authors: Lee Jiyun , Park Eunsu
Published: October 2024

Background

Giant bullous emphysema is characterized by large bullae occupying at least one-third of the hemithorax and leading to compression of the surrounding lung parenchyma. Overdiagnosis can occur because of the atypical appearance of hyperplastic type II pneumocytes, which may be mistaken for malignant cells.

Case presentation

A 48-year-old male with a history of smoking and occupational exposure presented with dyspnea and drowsiness. Initial chest X-ray revealed a tension pneumothorax, and subsequent chest CT revealed extensive bullous emphysema and lung cancer in the right middle lobe (RML). Pathologic examination initially indicated resected bullae to metastatic adenocarcinoma, but upon review, it was determined that the reactive alveolar cells were misdiagnosed as malignant.

Conclusions

This case emphasizes the need for thorough histopathological assessment and prudent interpretation of atypical cellular morphology.
Assessing the limitations of relief-based algorithms in detecting higher-order interactions
Authors: Freda Philip J. , Ye Suyu , Zhang Robert , Moore Jason H. , Urbanowicz Ryan J.
Published: October 2024

Background

Epistasis, the interaction between genetic loci where the effect of one locus is influenced by one or more other loci, plays a crucial role in the genetic architecture of complex traits. However, as the number of loci considered increases, the investigation of epistasis becomes exponentially more complex, making the selection of key features vital for effective downstream analyses. Relief-Based Algorithms (RBAs) are often employed for this purpose due to their reputation as “interaction-sensitive” algorithms and uniquely non-exhaustive approach. However, the limitations of RBAs in detecting interactions, particularly those involving multiple loci, have not been thoroughly defined. This study seeks to address this gap by evaluating the efficiency of RBAs in detecting higher-order epistatic interactions. Motivated by previous findings that suggest some RBAs may rank predictive features involved in higher-order epistasis negatively, we explore the potential of absolute value ranking of RBA feature weights as an alternative approach for capturing complex interactions. In this study, we assess the performance of ReliefF, MultiSURF, and MultiSURFstar on simulated genetic datasets that model various patterns of genotype-phenotype associations, including 2-way to 5-way genetic interactions, and compare their performance to two control methods: a random shuffle and mutual information.

Results

Our findings indicate that while RBAs effectively identify lower-order (2 to 3-way) interactions, their capability to detect higher-order interactions is significantly limited, primarily by large feature count but also by signal noise. Specifically, we observe that RBAs are successful in detecting fully penetrant 4-way XOR interactions using an absolute value ranking approach, but this is restricted to datasets with only 20 total features.

Conclusions

These results highlight the inherent limitations of current RBAs and underscore the need for the development of Relief-based approaches with enhanced detection capabilities for the investigation of epistasis, particularly in datasets with large feature counts and complex higher-order interactions.