bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microsatellite based genetic diversity of the widespread epiphytic lichen Usnea subfloridana (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) in Estonia: comparison of populations from the mainland and an island
Authors: Degtjarenko Polina , Jüriado Inga , Mandel Tiina , Tõrra Tiiu , Saag Andres , Scheidegger Christoph , Randlane Tiina
Published: August 2019

Understanding the distribution of genetic patterns and structure is an essential target in population genetics and, thereby, important for conservation genetics. The main aim of our study was to investigate the population genetics of Usnea subfloridana, a widespread lichenised fungus, focusing on a comparison of genetic variation of its populations amongst three geographically remote and disconnected regions, in order to determine relationships amongst environmental data, variation in lichen secondary chemistry and microsatellite data in genotyped populations. In all, 928 Usnea thalli from 17 populations were genotyped using seven specific fungal microsatellite markers. Different measures of genetic diversity (allelic richness, private allelic richness, Nei’s unbiased genetic diversity and clonal diversity) were calculated and compared between lichen populations. Our results revealed a low genetic differentiation of U. subfloridana populations amongst three distant areas in Estonia and also a high level of gene flow. The results support suggestion of the long-range vegetative dispersal of subpendulous U. subfloridana via symbiotic propagules (soralia, isidia or fragments of thalli). Our study has also provided evidence that environmental variables, including mean annual temperature and geographical longitude, shape the genetic structure of U. subfloridana populations in Estonia. Additionally, a weak but statistically significant correlation between lichen chemotypes and microsatellite allele distribution was found in genotyped specimens.
X-Ray Diffraction and Microstructure Analysis of EN47 Spring Steel at Various Soaking Period of Time
Authors: Kumar S. Ramesh , Kumaran S. Senthil , Ramesh G. , Sree Arravind M. , Venkateswarlu D.
Published: August 2019

The study presents the results of the investigation on the effect of soaking time on the, Crystalline structure and morphological properties of annealed EN-47 Spring Steel. The EN-47 Spring Steel samples were heated at 860 °C for soaking times of 60, 120, 240, 480 minutes. SEM analysis and XRD analysis were carried out to determine the morphology and crystalline phase of the material with increasing soaking time. Interatomic Distances also decreased with increased in soaking time. The sample with the Soaking time of 480 minutes exhibits a higher Interatomic Distance because of Formation of bigger grains. Through X-ray Diffraction transformation of the crystalline structure were analyzed, in that it is observed that Iron did not undergo any crystalline structure transformation with respect to soaking time whereas other elements changed their structure. Keywords: EN-47, Annealing, XRD, Crystalline Structure, SEM.
Bending Analysis of Piezoelectric Functionally Graded Material Plates Using HSDT
Authors: Reddy Ch. Naveen , Bhargav M. , Revanth T.
Published: August 2019

This work investigates the complete analytical solution for functionally graded material (FGM) plates incorporated with smart material. The odjective of the present work is to determine bending characteristics of piezoelectric FGM plates with different geometrical parameters, voltages and boundary conditions for electro-mechanical loading. In this work an analytical formulation based on higher order shear deformation theory (HSDT) is presented for the piezoelectric FGM plates. The solutions are obtained in closed from using Navier’s technique for piezoelectric FGM plates a specific type of simply supported boundary conditions and pc code have been developed to find out the deflections and stresses for various parameters. All the solutions are plotted against aspect proportion, side to thickness proportion as a function of material variety parameter (n) and thickness coordinate for different voltages. The significant trends from the results are obtained.
Investigation on Effect of Fibre Volume and Fiber Orientation on Erosive Wear Behavior of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy (CFRP) Composites
Authors: Reddy Mylarapu Kameswara , Babu V. Suresh , Srinadh K.V. Sai
Published: August 2019

This paper investigates erosive wear properties of carbon-epoxy polymer composites. Hand layup technique was employed to fabricate the composite specimens. Sand erosion properties of carbon/epoxy polymer composites were examined by changing testing parameters such as varying angle of impact (300,450,600 and 900), velocity of impact of sand particles (48m/s and 70m/s) and Stand-Off distance (5mm and10mm); and also by changing composite processing parameters such as fiber volume (20%, 25%, and 30%) and fiber orientation (300,600 and 900). Irrespective of fiber volume and fiber orientation, rate of erosion shows increasing tendency, with increase of impact velocity. It was observed that with increase in fiber volume, erosion rate increases and where fiber orientation is concerned, increase of fiber orientation leads to increase in erosion rate. Irrespective of fiber orientation and fiber volume, Increase of Stand-Off distance leads to decrease in erosion rate. Finally the eroded surface morphology was observed by using SEM.
Anodic Polarization Behavior of Cold-Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel: A Newer Approach
Authors: Srinivasan Narayanan , Kumaran S. Senthil , Venkateswarlu D.
Published: August 2019

The anodic potentiodynamic polarization behavior of various grades of cold-worked (rolling and machining) austenitic stainless steels were studied. Deformed specimens were characterized by Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)-imaging. The FTIR-imaging was used to quantify chromium oxide (Cr2O3) spectra. It was observed, average area under Cr2O3 spectra was decreased with increase in cold -working. The certain regions in deformed microstructure showed higher value of area under Cr2O3 spectra, indicated stability of passivation film that needs to be explored. There was no microstructurally different between machined specimens.
Study of Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRPs)
Authors: Maniselvam N. , Santhosh M.S. , Sasikumar R. , Murugesan P. , Manivannan Chandru
Published: August 2019

This paper is intended to find the corrosion behavior of carbon fiber reinforced Plastics (CFRPs). Some of the corrosion parameters such as 3.5% of NaCl, current density and voltage were taken into consideration. They were examined by potentiostatic polarization and scanning electron microscopy to find the corrosion rate of the CFRPs. The experiments were done by applying different voltages to the CFRPs and the corresponding current obtained will denote the corrosion rate. Based on the corrosion rates observed, the better combination can be selected in order to eliminate corrosion.
Investigation of Energy Absorption Behaviour of Square Aluminium Tubes with Cutouts under Axial Compression
Authors: Lal L. Prince Jeya , Yuvaraj G. , Ramesh S.
Published: August 2019

Energy absorbers in the form of hollow profiles are used in automobiles to mitigate energy transfer to passenger cabin during a crash event. A similar event is carried out in this research work to study the progressive compression behaviour of aluminium tubes with triggering mechanisms in the form of cut-outs. Various hollow profiles are used as energy absorbing elements. In this work, square aluminium tubes of 50x50 mm side and 150 mm length with wall thickness of 1.5 mm with cut-outs are tested under axial compression loading and the results are compared with tubes without any cutouts. Crash parameters like minimum compressive force required to fail the aluminium tube, energy absorption, peak load and progressive collapse behaviour are studied. Results reveal that tubes with slots exhibited better crash parameters than plain tubes and tubes with circular cutouts.
A Review of Contemporary Fatigue Analysis and Biomaterials Studies in Endodontics
Authors: Lokhande Pravin R. , Balaguru Sethuraman , Deenadayalan G.
Published: August 2019

The objective of this review article is to review literature on fatigue analysis and biomaterials studies in Endodontics. The nitinol and gutta-percha are widely used biomaterials in the Endodontic fields. The nitinol is used to manufacture the Endodontic files which are used for preparation of the root canal. The preparation of the root canal consist of removal of dead tissue, substrates and debris from the decayed root canal. During the preparation of root canal shaping of the root canal is done to develop the perfectly prepared cavity. The gutta-percha is used to fill the prepared cavity. The nitinol and gutta-percha are important contributing biomaterial for success of root canal treatment. This review article has been reviewed contemporary studies on nitinol and gutta-percha biomaterials. For the success of root canal treatment the fatigue of Endodontic file and three dimensional filling of root canal are two important aspect. The Endodontic files during the cleaning and shaping of the canal gets subjected to torsion fatigue failure or cyclic fatigue failure. The past studies lacks the exact knowledge about these failures as well as analysis approaches to be followed for correct diagnosis. This review article helps to overcome this difficulties. Moreover, the fatigue factors are discussed so that researcher can get little idea about failure point of the nitinol rotary files. The review consist of A contemporary review of nitinol alloy studies, A review of fatigue failure diagnosis, A contemporary review of gutta-percha quality assessment techniques studies, A novel approach for fatigue analysis of nitinol file and A novel approach for quality assessment of gutta-percha etc.
Microstructure Characterization of Superalloy 718 during Dissimilar Rotary Friction Welding
Authors: Cheepu Muralimohan , Venkateswarlu D. , Rao P. Nageswara , Muthupandi V. , Sivaprasad Katakam , Che Woo Seong
Published: August 2019

In the present study, dissimilar friction welding between super alloy 718 and carbon steel friction welded to evaluate the formation of microstructure in the weld interface and in superalloy 718. The temperature during friction welding at weld interface was recorded to determine the temperature effect on the microstructural changes on alloy 718 side. The finite element modeling of weld interface temperature, deformation and stresses were evaluated and validated with the experimental results. The microstructural observation along with the weld interface and adjacent regions are studied. The effect of friction welding on superalloy weld interface and microstructural formation were investigated under electron backscattered diffraction analysis to evaluate the grain size measurements. The effect of thermomechanical action on the microstructure was evaluated by texture analysis.
Correlating Tensile Properties with Microstructures of Various Regions in Gas Tungsten Arc Welded AA2014 Alloy
Authors: Shankar M.P. , Sokkalingam R. , Sivaprasad Katakam , Muthupandi V.
Published: August 2019

AA2014 is a heat treatable aluminium alloy found its application in light weight structures owing to its superior strength to weight ratio. The alloy was welded with automatic gas tungsten arc welding. The microstructure and mechanical properties of each zone such as parent metal (PM), heat affected zone (HAZ) and fusion zone (FZ) of the weldment were studied using optical microscopy, microhardness survey and micro-tensile testing. The PM with elongated grains with evenly distributed Al2Cu phases showed a tensile strength of 456 MPa and 24% elongation; the HAZ and FZ offered a reduction in strength and ductility. The grain coarsening with segregation of continuous string of Al2Cu along grain boundaries in HAZ and the formation of coarse dendritic grains with continuous network of brittle Al2Cu and a minor fraction of porosity at interdendrite in FZ were attribured to the observed strength reduction in these regions. Keywords: AA2014 alloy; gas tungsten arc welding; optical microscopy; microhardness; micro-tensile testing.
Effect of Geosynthetic Reinforcement on Strength Behaviour of Weak Subgrade Soil
Authors: Mittal Ayush , Shukla Shalinee
Published: August 2019

The performance of flexible pavement depends mainly on the subgrade soil characteristics as it serves as a foundation for pavement. Roads constructed over poor subgrade soil fails frequently leading to heavy economic burden apart from high initial cost of construction. In order to overcome these problems soil reinforcement technique has to be adopted. The use of geosynthetic material is a new and emerging technique and is gaining importance due to cost and time saving apart from less environmental sensitive nature. In the present study an attempt has been made to make use of non-woven geotextile and biaxial geogrid in various combinations. The geogrid was placed above geotextile, both in layers from the top of mold and heavy compaction, soaked CBR and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were performed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images indicate significant bonding between soil particles and geogrid surface.
Cadmium Sulphide Nanocrystallites for Optoelectronic Devices
Authors: Sivanand R. , Chellammal S. , Manivannan S.
Published: August 2019

Cadmium sulphide nanocrystallites have been synthesized using precipitation method. The average sizes of the prepared samples is determined by XRD (x-ray diffraction) method. Morphological studies are carried out by SEM (scanning electron microscopy) measurement. Necesssary elements present in prepared samples, are confirmed by EDAX (energy dispersive analysis of x-ray spectroscopy) method. By Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy measurement, the value of absorption wavelength, band gap values are calculated in optical method. The electrical properties are analysed using impedance analyser measurement for the Nanocrystallites.
Fabrication of Solution Combustion Based Transparent Semiconducting Titanium and Zinc Co-Doped Indium Oxide (ITiZO) Films
Authors: Vardhan Robbi Vivek , Manjunath G. , Mandal Saumen
Published: August 2019

In this work, solution combustion processed titanium, zinc co-doped indium oxide high transparent semiconducting thin films were demonstrated at annealing temperatures of 300, 350 °C. In the process, low-temperature combustion at 123 °C was verified through thermogravimetric analysis; acetylacetone, 2-methoxyethanol served as fuel and solvent respectively in the redox reaction. Indium titanium zinc oxide (ITiZO) films were developed on glass substrates by spin coating followed by annealing at different temperatures. ITiZO films, powder exhibited high crystallinity exactly matching with indium oxide peaks without forming secondary phases. But, the presence of In, Ti, Zn, and O is clearly visible on film through energy dispersive spectroscopy. Films had transparency more than 85% in the visible range with optical band gap ranging 3.8-3.9 eV. These ITiZO films with smooth and low roughness ranging 0.46-0.5 nm, can have a potential application as an active layer in transparent thin film transistors and optoelectronic devices.
Tensile and Hardness Properties of Sheep Wool Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composite
Authors: Manivannan J , Rajesh S. , Mayandi K. , Sultan M.T.H.
Published: August 2019

Modern industries are looking for a replacement of existing materials with a lightweight polymer-based reinforced material. In general, the polymer materials are reinforced with natural fiber, animal fiber, and wood fiber. This work deals with the importance of animal fiber in making a composite. The most widely used polyester resin is used as matrix materials and uniform sized (10-20mm) sheep wool fiber is used as reinforcement materials for making sheep wool reinforced composite. The random orientation of fibers was adopted for three different weight percentage (wt%) as 20%, 30%, and 40%. All the different weight fraction of composites is developed by using a compression molding technique. The compression mold ejected material is sized as per the ASTM standards for various tests. The tensile properties and hardness of the composite is determined experimentally. Scanning Electron Microscope image is taken to analysis the interfacial properties, internal structure and cracks of the fabricated composite.
Reduction of AWJ Induced Delaminations by Impregnated Nanoclay GFRP Composites
Authors: Rao Venkata V. Subba , Kiran Kumar Godavarthi Yeswanth , Pentapalli Sansanka
Published: August 2019

Composite materials are extensively used in various applications like space, aircraft, and automobile sector because of superior physical and mechanical properties even though they are costly. In recent technological innovations, using Montmorillonite (Nanoclay) to reinforce polymer-based composites has raised attention to academic and industrial sectors since small addition could enhance Mechanical properties thereby decreasing failures like delaminations. In present research work, the effect of AWJ machining parameters on delaminations of glass fibre reinforced epoxy composite is investigated. The Main objective is determining delamination factor and reduce delaminations which is major failure in laminates. This paper investigates on effects of impregnated Nanoclay epoxy in Bi-directional GFRP where previous research has been made only in changing the parameters for reduction of delaminations. The samples were machined using AWJ, delamination factors are measured using image-J software and SEM analysis for comparing micrographs. Finally with increase in nano clay weight fraction, delaminations are checked.
Flexural Behaviour of GGBS-Dolomite Geopolymer Concrete Beams under Cyclic Loading
Authors: Saranya P. , Nagarajan Praveen , Shashikala A.P. , Salam Abdu P.
Published: August 2019

Geopolymer concrete (GPC) is the most advanced form of concrete amongst the various types of concrete developed so far. This paper aims at investigating the feasibility of using Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) as a base material for geopolymer concrete. Effect of dolomite, which is a by-product from rock crushing plant on GGBS based GPC, was studied. Maximum compressive strength was obtained when GGBS and dolomite were proportioned at 70:30. Steel fibres were added to geopolymer concrete (SFGPC) to improve the ductile behaviour and its brittleness index was compared with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete. Strength and behaviour of GGBS-Dolomite GPC and SFGPC flexural member subjected to cyclic loading are explained in this paper. Steel fibres are added at 0.25%, 0.5% and 0.75% volume fraction of concrete. Properties such as load deflection behaviour, ultimate load, crack width and ductility were compared with OPC concrete beams.
Evaluation of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Multi Axial Forged LM2 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Sajjan Sudheer S. , Kulkarni Mithun V. , Ramesh S. , Sharath P.C. , Sangamesh Rajole , Kumar Aravind , Rajesh Rangappa
Published: August 2019

Light metal Al alloys are presently used in aerospace and industrial applications. Hence, in the present study choice of material will be LM2 aluminum alloy and processed by multi-axial forging (MAF) technique at ambient temperature for different number of passes with an equivalent strain of 0.18, 0.36 and 0.54. Microstructural analysis was carried out on unprocessed and processed samples with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As the number of MAF pass increases the average grain size was reduced because of plastic deformation by plane strain condition. Mechanical properties like Vickers hardness (VHN), tensile and compression test were carried out. Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) was increased after each pass of MAF due to strain hardening effect. After 3 MAF passes the compression strength was reached to maximum of 495 MPa as compared to as received sample 315 MPa and hardness, increased to 81 VHN as compared to 55 VHN for the received samples. The fractography analysis was explained using SEM images. As the number of passes increases dimple size reduces as compared to as received samples and which will be revealing the ductile mode of fracture.
A Three Dimensional Fracture Analysis of an Edge Crack in FGM Using XFEM
Authors: Sonkar Vaibhav , Bhattacharya Somnath , Sharma Kamal
Published: August 2019

The investigation of static crack and its growth is essential issue as to confirm reliability and to avoid catastrophic consequences which leads to the loss of life in case of engines, reactors, aerospace other industrial applications since most of the failures start from the crack. In this study, an edge crack in 3D elastic functionally graded material (FGM) is solved by extended finite element method (XFEM). Linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) theory is used to determine the stresses near the crack front. Stress intensity factor (SIF) is calculated using interaction integral at the crack front.
Comparative Evaluation of Quasi-Static Indentation Behaviour of Glass Fiber Reinforced (GFRP) and Carbon Fiber Reinforced (CFRP) Laminates
Authors: Shetty Harshavardhan , Sethuram D.
Published: August 2019

A comparative study of Quasi Static Indentation (QSI) conduct of Glass Fiber Reinforced Laminates (GFRP) and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Laminates (CFRP) of different thicknesses is made in this work. QSI tests are performed as per ASTM Standard D 7766M using custom – built Digital Flexural test equipment with dedicated fixture which provides constraint from all the four sides. A hemispherical Indentor of 12.5 mm diameter made from hardened steel is used to indent the specimens at a speed of 25 mm/minute. The damage area at different stages of QSI are assessed using ultrasonic ‘A’ scan and macroscopic inspection. The influences of thickness and type of laminate on the QSI parameters such as peak load at fracture, energy absorbed till fracture and maximum deflections are determined. It is found that the initial stiffness and the energy required for complete fracture is significantly more in case of CFRP as compared to GFRP laminate.Key words: QSI, GFRP, CFRP, Energy, Peak load, Initial Stiffness.
Performance Comparison of a Low GWP Refrigerants as Alternatives to R134a in a Refrigerator with and without Liquid-Suction Heat Exchanger
Authors: Hasheer Shaik Mohammad , Srinivas Kolla
Published: August 2019

The usage of refrigerators and air conditioners are more prevalent in a domestic environment now-a-days. Improving the efficiency of these devices can be considered as an important step to reduce their energy consumption. Currently, in India, most refrigerators work with HFC-134a as a refrigerant. The GWP value of HFC-134a is around 1430.Therefore, there is a greater demand to replace HFCs with low GWP refrigerants. In this document, the comparison of the performance of a refrigerator without fluid intake heat exchanger (LSHX) with low GWP refrigerants and the results are compared with HFC-134a performed. The low GWP refrigerants used in the test are: hydrocarbon-propane (R290) and isobutane (R600a), the pure hydrocarbons are HFC-134a and HFC-152a and the refrigerants are hydrofluoroolefins 1234yf and 1234ze (E). All have been tested without making changes in the system. The entire examination was carried out in the same system under the same working conditions.
Optical Investigations of In2Se2.7Sb0.3 Thin Films Prepared by Thermal Evaporation Technique
Authors: PATEL PIYUSHKUMAR , Patel Vimal , Vyas Sandip , Patel Jaydev , Pavagadhi Himanshu
Published: August 2019

The III-VI compound semiconductors are important for the fabrication of ionizing radiation detectors, solid-state electrodes, and photosensitive heterostructures, solar cell as well as ionic batteries. In this paper, In2Se2.7Sb0.3 thin films have been grown by thermal evaporation technique onto a with chemically clean glass substrate. Amorphous nature of the films has been discovered by UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The analysis by absorption spectra within the spectral range 200nm -900 nm has been used for the optical characterization of thin films. From these data the optical constants (absorption coefficient (α), refractive index (η), extinction coefficient (k)) and optical band gap (Eg) are studied. The results were discussed, and reported in detail.
Polypyrrole/Alumina-Iron Oxide Nanocomposite for Removal of Copper Ions from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Lissy P.N. Mary , Madhu G. , Thomas Roy M.
Published: August 2019

The prepared Polypyrrole/Alumina-Iron oxide nanocomposite has showed 100% adsorption capacity in removing Copper ions from synthetic waste water. The nanocomposite was analyzed using SEM, TEM, FTIR, XRD and EDX. Batch mode adsorption studies were done to check the feasibility of prepared nanomaterial. Adsorption efficiency of the nanocomposite was measured using UV visible atomic absorption spectrophotometry and found 100 % at pH 8. Influence of inceptive Copper concentration, adsorbent dosage, time of contact, temperature, time with dosage, time and concentration were also tested to determine the optimum value in the uptake of Copper ions. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm studies were analysed to understand the process of heavy metals adsorption and found best fitted to Freundlich Isotherm.
Influence of Neodymium on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg-9Li-3Al Alloy
Authors: Dinesh P. , Kumaresh Babu S.P. , Natarajan S.
Published: August 2019

Mg-9Li-3Al magnesium alloys with varied level of Nd added (i.e., 0-2.0wt. %) alloys were prepared electric resistance stir casting furnace under controlled inert gas atmosphere. Impact of Nd addition on metallographical changes and mechanical characteristics of as-cast alloys were analyzed by using an OM, XRD, SEM with EDS. The metallography evaluation revealed that adding Nd refines the microstructures due to formation of Al2Nd and Al11Nd3 precipitates, these precipitates exists together with α-Mg, β-Li, AlLi, MgLi2Al phases in the alloy. Furthermore, adding Nd improves the mechanical strength and elongation. 1.5wt.% Nd added alloy displayed the better mechanical characteristics; UTS is 166MPa; Elongation 16.87%.
Determination on the Effect of Al2O3/B4C on the Mechanical Behaviour of Al-6.6Si-0.5Mg Alloy Cast in Permanent Mould
Authors: Senan Aravind V.R. , Akshay M.C. , Shankar Karthik V.
Published: August 2019

The present research includes the analysis of mechanical properties of A356/ hybrid metal matrix composite. The mechanical behaviour - hardness, ductility, tensile and yield strength were studied. Reinforcement of these composite specimens were with a weight percentage of (wt - %) 10%, 20% and 30%. The microstructure of these specimens at different wt - % of reinforcements were viewed under an optical metallurgical microscope. It was observed that at 30 wt - % of reinforcement addition, there was a finer distribution of reinforcement particles and as the wt - % decreased, much leaner distribution was observed. The hardness test was carried out using a Vickers Hardness Tester. From the experiment it was noted that with an increase in the amount wt - % of reinforcement, there is a subsequent increment in the mechanical properties except in the case of percentage elongation, which was observed to decrease with an increase in the reinforcement content.
Development of Bronze Metal Matrix Composite for Automobile and Marine Applications
Authors: Krishnan Rohit U. , Mohan Jithin , Alex George , Arjun J.P. , Darshan K.U. Dev , Shankar Karthik V. , Krishnan Aravind
Published: August 2019

Bronze, an industrially relevant material, is always at a constant need for improvement in its properties. It should possess superior hardness, wear resistance and high tensile properties. The microstructure of the composite was characterized by using an optical microscope. The mechanical and tribological tests were carried out on the developed composite samples as per ASTM standards. It was observed that the hardness of the developed bronze composite increases with an increase in the reinforcement addition. The tensile properties were found to improve with addition of reinforcement particles into bronze matrix but, there observed a decrease in the ductility of the composite as compared to the regular bronze alloy. The wear rate of the developed composite was found to be low as compared to that of the regular bronze alloy
Effect of Titanium Dioxide (Tio2) Nano-Fluid on Performance and Emission Features of a Diesel Engine Operated on Aphanizomenon Flos Biodiesel-Diesel Blend
Authors: Jayabalaji G. , Shanmughasundaram P.
Published: August 2019

In this present investigation titanium dioxide (TiO2) nano-fluid was blended with aphanizomenon flos (AF) biodiesel (20%)-diesel (80%) blend. Different percentages of TiO2 such as 5%, 10%, and 15%, was added with AF-D (aphanizomenon flos-diesel) blends. The blends are named as AFD-5TiO2, AFD-10TiO2, and AFD-15TiO2. The performance and emission parameters of a single cylinder CI engine fueled with AFD-TiO2 blends were experimentally investigated. The results reveal that, with the use of TiO2 nano particles, AFD-10TiO2 blend gave optimum results. BSFC decreased by about 5% and BTE increased by about 2% with the addition of TiO2 nano-particle as a catalyst. The tailpipe emissions such as CO, HC, smoke reduced drastically, but the NO emission increased, with the use of TiO2 nano-particles.
Characterization of MnS Thin Films Deposited by Chemical Bath Deposition
Authors: Sonavane Dattatraya K. , Jare S.K. , Shaikh M.A. , Kathare R.V. , Bulakhe R.N.
Published: August 2019

Glass substrates are used to deposit thin films utilizing basic and value effective chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique. The films were prepared from the mixture as solutions of manganous acetate tetrahydrate [C4H6MnO44H2O] as a manganese source, thiourea [(H2 N) 2 CS] as a sulfur source and triethanolamine (TEA) [(HOC2H4)3N] as a complexing agent.In the present paper the deposition was successfully done at 60 °C temperature. The absorption properties and band gap energy were determined employing double beam spectrophotometer. The optical band gap value calculated from absorption spectra of MnS thin film is found to be about 3.1eV.The MnS thin film was structurally characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The MnS thin film was morphologically characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and elemental analysis was performed using EDS to confirm the formation of MnS.
Mechanical and Microstructure Study of the Self Healing Bacterial Concrete
Authors: tiwari sachin , Pal Shilpa , Puria Rekha , Nain Vikrant , Pathak Rajendra Prasad
Published: August 2019

Concrete largely used for construction material, degrades with the development of cracks that becomes easy passage for entry of chemicals and harmful compounds. Self healing capability is helpful to mitigate the deterioration of the concrete structures. This research work focuses on the self healing behaviour and mechanical properties of the bioconcrete supplemented with three different bacteria namely Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus cohnii and Bacillus megaterium. Concrete supplemented with Bacillus cohnii exhibited 35.31% increase in compressive strength compared to control mix after 28 days. Concrete supplemented with other bacteria Bacillus sphaericus and Bacillus megaterium also showed enhanced compressive strength. Interestingly, addition of bacteria aided in healing of artificially generated cracks by formation of CaCO3 minerals. Maximum amount of healing (bacterial precipitation) which could be quantified as calcite minerals present in the bacterial concrete was 11.44% with B. cohnii confirmed by the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS).
Experimental Study of High Velocity Oxygen Fuel Sprayed Cr3C2- Ni-Cr-B-Si Coatings on Inconel 718 Using Design of Experiments
Authors: Shankar R. , Balasubramanian K.R. , Sivapirakasam S.P.
Published: August 2019

In the present study, D-optimal based mixture design of experiments (DoE) is used to find the optimum powder mixture for High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) coating. Twenty five experimental trials are performed by varying the powder mixtures based on mixture design. Cr3C2, Ni, Cr, B, Si powder mixtures are deposited on Inconel 718 substrate by HVOF process.The responses porosity and hardness are determined by the cross-sectioning the specimens.The effect of powder mixtures on coated samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction, optical microscope, Vickers hardness tester and Scanning electron microscope.The optimal powder mixture is determined to obtain minimum porosity and maximum hardness and the confirmatory experiment confirms with the predicted results. From the analysis it is observed that Cr3C2, Ni and Cr are the major factor which influences the porosity and hardness followed by B and Si respectively.
Effect of Fiber Orientation on the Flexural Properties of Glass Fiber Reinforced, Epoxy- Matrix Composite
Authors: Shekar K.Chandra , Singaravel B. , Prasad S. Deva , Venkateshwarlu N.
Published: August 2019

Advanced continuous polymer matrix composite materials provide considerable increase in flexural property values as compared with their bulk and monolithic counter parts. In this research work the effect of fiber orientation on the flexural strength of epoxy matrix composite materials reinforced with glass fiber was studied. Filament winding technique was employed for fabrication of composite with various fiber orientations. The flexural strength value of the glass fiber reinforced composite was comprehensively studied by means of three point bending flexural test and analysed by scanning electron microscopy. Experiments were conducted as per ASTM standards and it was concluded that reinforcement with 0o orientation of glass fibers shown improved flexural strength as compared to 45o and 90o orientation of fibers.
Forming of AA2xxx and AA7xxx Sheet Alloys and their Studies on Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Cold and Cryo Rolled Aluminum Alloys
Authors: KUMAR J SURESH , Siva M. , Kumar N. Suneel , Murthy CH.V.V.S.S.R Krishna , Ravi Kumar V.V.
Published: August 2019

High strength aluminum alloys will enhancing mechanical properties always plays a major role in controlling microstructure of cast and processed alloy. The desire for more efficient aircraft materials has fueled research of aluminum AA-2xxx and AA7xxx alloys. In these alloys were rolled at cold rolling and at cryorolling to 80 % thickness reductions and an attempt was made to evaluate the optical-microstructural variation and the variation in tensile properties of these aluminum alloys. Cryorolled alloy also exhibited better hardness and strength compared to cold alloy due to suppressed thermal recovery. Coldrolled alloy showed more necking percentage compared to cryorolled for rolling reductions of 80% and more formability was observed.
Experimental Analysis of SA213 Tube to SA387 Tube Plate Welding by Using Close Fit Technique in Absence of Supporting Plate
Authors: Kumaran S. Senthil , Sree Arravind M. , Srinivasan Narayanan , Venkateswarlu D.
Published: August 2019

In this study, Friction Welding of Tube to tube-Plate using an External Tool (FWTPET) is carried out by joining SA213 tube and SA387 tube plate alloying materials using an external tungsten tool by close fit methods in absence of backing plate without hole on the circumference of the tube for superior mechanical and metallurgical properties. The optimization techniques such as Taguchi L9 and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is used to endorse the capital joint strength. The output parameter (TS) and input factors (tool rotational speed, tube projections, depth of cut) are designated for the study. The heat that produces from tool pin, dissipates to the tube and the tube plate during FWTPET process. The grain size measurement, x-ray diffraction (XRD) phase analysis, radiography test is carried out after FWTPET process. In this research work, FWTPET process is carried without hole on the circumference of the tube, further FWTPET process is also compared by without employing supporting arrangement. Excellent joint strength of 762.2 MPa is achieved with the absence of supporting specimen which without hole on the circumference of tube for the tool rotational speed of 1300rpm. Keywords: Friction welding, FWTPET, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Optimization techniques, Tensile strength
Mechanical and Tribological Properties of A7050 Hybrid Composite Reinforced with Nano Al2O3/Micro ZrO2 Particles by Stir Casting Method
Authors: Sekar Kannan , Singh Rahul
Published: August 2019

The composite plays an important role in the new generation of engineering material with better tribological and mechanical properties. In this paper, the hybrid composites of A7050/Al2O3/ZrO2 with different wt. % of reinforcement materials (0.5, 1, 1.5wt. % ZrO2, and 1wt. % Al2O3 constant for all composites) were fabricated by stir casting method. From the results, it was observed that the good texture in microstructure without defect with an addition of constant 1wt% Al2O3 and varying 0.5, 1and 1.5 wt% ZrO2. The Hardness of hybrid composites is increased by 27% with addition of 1wt % of Al2O3 and 1.5 wt% ZrO2 compare to base alloy. Charpy impact strength decreased with the addition of Al2O3 and ZrO2 ceramic particle in all the composites. From the dry wear studies, the composite with 1wt% Al2O3 and 1wt% ZrO2 was observed with minimum wear loss and low coefficient of friction.
Bead Modelling and Deposition Path Planning in Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of Three Dimensional Parts
Authors: KUMAR ASHISH , MAJI KUNTAL
Published: August 2019

This paper presents investigations on the manufacturing of three-dimensional functional metallic parts through melting and deposition of stainless steel 430L wire material by a metal inert gas welding technique. Experiments were performed on wire arc additive manufacturing following face centered composite design of experiments considering voltage, current, electrode wire material feed rate and welding speed as inputs for modeling single bead geometry in terms of bead width, height, and cross-sectional area. Response surface models were built using the collected experimental data. Performance of the models in predicting the responses was found satisfactory. Models of single bead geometry were employed to calculate void and post-processing in fabricating three-dimensional parts following raster scanning deposition of multiple layers considering the different degree of overlapping and build directions. The theoretically estimated values of void and post-processing were verified through fabrications of two three-dimensional shapes. It was shown that the void and post-processing could be controlled by suitable selection of process parameters, the degree of overlapping between two beads and build direction.
Optimization of Process Parameters for Improved Corrosion Resistance and Microstructural Exploration in Friction Stir Welding of AA2024 - AA6061
Authors: Kumar R. Dinesh , Srija D. , Suresh P. , Muthukumaran S.
Published: August 2019

The aluminium alloys AA2024 and AA6061 are widely used for fabricating light weight structural member with better strength and corrosion resistance. Friction stir welding (FSW) parameters such as rotational speed, tool shoulder profile and traverse speed are used to identify the corrosion resistance and microstructural analysis in different weld region of AA2024-AA6061 dissimilar joints. In this work, Taguchi L9 orthogonal array with three variables and three stages has been used to reduce the number of experiments. Potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) testing results are optimized by ANOVA technique and obtain the corrosion rate as 5.72 mil/yr and resistance polarization as 835.28 ohm.cm2. The optimal parameter set is found to be 1000 rpm, flat shoulder and 45 mm/min. The microstructural analysis reveals localized pit dissolution in the nugget zoneThe aluminium alloys AA2024 and AA6061 are widely used for fabricating light weight structural member with better strength and corrosion resistance. Friction stir welding (FSW) parameters such as rotational speed, tool shoulder profile and traverse speed are used to identify the corrosion resistance and microstructural analysis in different weld region of AA2024-AA6061 dissimilar joints. In this work, Taguchi L9 orthogonal array with three variables and three stages has been used to reduce the number of experiments. Potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) testing results are optimized by ANOVA technique and obtain the corrosion rate as 5.72 mil/yr and resistance polarization as 835.28 ohm.cm2. The optimal parameter set is found to be 1000 rpm, flat shoulder and 45 mm/min. The microstructural analysis reveals localized pit dissolution in the nugget zone.
Surface Roughness Prediction Modelling for WEDM of AA6063 Using Support Vector Machine Technique
Authors: Singh Thakur , Kumar Pawan , Misra J.P.
Published: August 2019

This research work presents an incorporated approach to modelling of WEDM of AA6063 (armour applications) using support vector machine technique. The experimental investigation has been carried out with four input variables namely pulse-on-time (Pon), pulse-off-time (Poff), servo-voltage (VS) and peak-current (IP). Surface roughness is measured as response parameter. The experimental runs are designed according to 3k full factorial design (k is number of input variables). It is apparent from this study that values anticipated by developed model are found closer to experimental results. Thus, it ensures appropriateness of model for prediction purpose and smart manufacturing. Machined surfaces are also examined by SEM to critically evaluate the process.
Effect of Process Parameters and Heat Input on Weld Bead Geometry of Laser Welded Titanium Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
Authors: Cheepu Muralimohan , Venkateswarlu D. , Rao P. Nageswara , Kumaran S. Senthil , Srinivasan Narayanan
Published: August 2019

Laser beam welding is one of the most favorable welding technique and its importance in industry is demanding due to higher welding speeds and lower dimensions and distortions in the welds. Moreover, its high strength to weld geometries and minimal heat affected zones makes favorable for various industrial applications. In the present study, laser welding of titanium alloy was investigated to observe the effects of parameters on the bead geometry and metallurgical properties. The laser power and welding speeds were varied to identify their impact on the formation of weld geometry. The width and depth of the fusion zone is varied with welding conditions. The finer grains identified in weld zone and the width of heat affected zone was significantly changes with laser welding power. The mechanical properties of the weld joint are controlled by obtaining optimum weld bead geometry and width of the head affected zone in the welds.
Effect of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steel 1.6mm Butt Welded by Plasma Arc Welding
Authors: Kumar S. Ramesh , Kumaran S. Senthil , Sree Arravind M. , Venkateswarlu D.
Published: August 2019

Plasma Arc Welding (PAW) is more tolerant to joint misalignment than Laser Beam Welding (LBW) at a lower cost [1]. The present study deals with the assessment of mechanical and metallurgical properties of butt welded 1.6 mm thick austenitic stainless steel similar (SS304 and SS304) by using plasma arc welding technique. Similar butt-Welded joints were analyzed by using mechanical (Bend test, Erichsen cup test, tensile test) and metallurgical (Optical macroscopic and microscopic images) characterization methods. The bead width and depth of the butt welded 1.6mm thick butt joined SS304 was analyzed by macroscopic and microscopic images [2]. The Erichsen cup test was conducted on the weld specimens. The indentation was made on the weld specimens. In the similar metal joint the depth of indentation is high, which shows that the similar metal joint has better formability. This makes them appropriate for practicing in the aircraft industries (engine parts), automotive sector (engine-parts and assemblies) chemical processing, food processing, turbine buckets, pumps and valve parts [3]. Keywords: SS304, PAW, Butt weld, Erichsen Cup Test, Microstructure
Thermo-Mechanical Treated High Strength AA-7xxx Aluminium Alloy by Cold and Cryo-Rolling Study their Mechanical Properties Corrosion and Microstructure Correlation
Authors: Phaneendra Y. , Kumar I.N. Niranjan , Ravi Kumar V.V.
Published: August 2019

Thermo-mechanical treatment, in particular, cryo-rolling is a unique technique to produce super high strength AA-7xxx aluminium alloys with ultra-fine grained structure. In order to conduct the rolling at room temperature and cryo-temperature (liquid N2 (-190°C)), the AA-7xxx alloy ingot was rolled from 6mm to 1mm with 85% reduction in thickness. Optical microscopy, XRD, electron microscopy, hardness and tensile testing were conducted on the rolled alloy for understanding the phase changes and evaluating the mechanical properties. The alloy rolled at liquid nitrogen (LN2) exhibits very high strength with reasonable ductility. Corrosion behaviour of AA-7xxx series aluminium alloy various conditions in NaCl (3.5%) solution were investigated. Cold rolled and cryo rolled alloy exhibits better corrosion resistance than that of cast.
Parametric Optimization of Dissimilar TIG Welding of AISI 304L and 430 Steel Using Taguchi Analysis
Authors: Sivanantham A. , Manivannan S. , Babu S.P. Kumaresh
Published: August 2019

Dissimilar welding of 3mm thickness of AISI 304L austenitic stainless steel plate and AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel plates were performed by Tungsten Inert Gas welding without any filler material by using argon as shielding gas. Welding is carried out according to set of combinations of welding parameters such as welding current (levels of 135,140,145 Ampere), welding speed (levels of 105, 110, 115 mm/min) and shielding gas flow rate (of levels 5,10,15 Litre/min) obtained through Taguchi L9 orthogonal approach for maximizing the ultimate tensile strength by using MiniTab software . Radiography test was performed to know the soundness of the welds. Tensile specimens are fabricated as per ASTM E8 standard for tensile testing. Microstructural observations of the weld are performed. Correlations have been obtained to know the effect of welding speed, welding current and shielding gas flow rate on tensile strength and an optimum level of parameter is obtained at welding current of 145 Ampere, welding speed of 115 mm/min and shielding gas flow rate of 5 Litre/min.
Effect of Milling Time on Consolidation of Al5083 Nanocomposite by Equal Channel Angular Pressing
Authors: Chandra Sekhar K. , Rao Y. Umamaeshwar , Ravisankar Balasubramanian , Kumaran S.
Published: August 2019

The effect of milling time on consolidation of Al5083-5wt. % nanoyttrium oxide powders which are milled from 0-35 hours using planetary ball mill. nanocrystalline structure was observed after 10hours of milling. X-ray diffraction results reveals the formation of 57nm and 31nm for 20hr and 35hr of milling with increase in lattice strain. Circular and Elliptical morphology of milled powders were confirmed through SEM with decrease in particle size. The 90o die channel angle ECAP die was used to consolidate 20hr and 35hr milled powder aided with and without back pressure. The optical micrographs reveal the formation of fine grains. The35hr milled powder shows the maximum densification of 96% and 20hr milled powder shows maximum hardness of 82HRB was observed in 20hr milled powder. Both are consolidated for two passes in route-A and sintered at 430°C for one hour.