bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Synthesis of Poly‐Substituted Fluorine‐Containing Pyridines and Dihydropyrimidines via Cascade C—F Bond Cleavage Protocol.
Authors: Chen Zixian , Zhu Jiangtao , Xie Haibo , Li Shan , Wu Yongming , Gong Yuefa
Published: December 2011

Anionic activation of fluoroalkyl groups in alkynes (I) leads to pyridines, e.g. (III), or pyrimidines such as (V) depending on the conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Chlorodeboronation of Organotrifluoroborates.
Authors: Molander Gary A. , Cavalcanti Livia N.
Published: December 2011

Treatment of various substrates with trichloroisocyanuric acid allows mild and convenient access to the corresponding chlorides.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfated Zirconia: An Efficient Catalyst for Solvent‐Free Synthesis of Silyl Ethers under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Thirupathi Boningari , Prasad Avvari N. , Srinivas Rapelli , Reddy Benjaram M.
Published: December 2011

Sulfated zirconia is successfully used as solid superacid catalyst for the O‐silylation of primary and secondary alcohols, phenols, and oximes.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Enantioselective Amination of α‐Ketoesters Catalyzed by an Axially Chiral Guanidine Base.
Authors: Terada Masahiro , Amagai Kei , Ando Kenichi , Kwon Eunsang , Ube Hitoshi
Published: December 2011

The reaction produces enantioenriched multifunctionalized ketoesters which can be readily derivatized to β‐amino‐α‐hydroxy esters with an aliphatic substituent at the β‐position.
ChemInform Abstract: Reverse the Diastereoselectivity of the Rh(I)‐Catalyzed Pauson—Khand Cycloaddition.
Authors: Turlington Mark , Pu Lin
Published: December 2011

The stereoselective outcome is dependent on the nature of the educts and the conditions used.
ChemInform Abstract: Deoxyfluorination of Phenols.
Authors: Tang Pingping , Wang Weike , Ritter Robias
Published: December 2011

A new imidazolium based deoxyfluorination reagent is presented for the ipso‐fluorination of a wide range of phenols (I) and hetaryl alcohols (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Chemoselective N‐TBS Protection of Anilines under Exceptional Mild Conditions in the eco‐Friendly Solvent 2‐Methyltetrahydrofuran.
Authors: Pace Vittorio , Alcantara Andres R. , Holzer Wolfgang
Published: December 2011

Compounds (III) and (V) are easily deprotected by means of silica gel in ethanol/water.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Synthesis of Phenols by Copper‐Catalyzed Hydroxylation of Aryl Iodides, Bromides, and Chlorides.
Authors: Yang Kai , Li Zheng , Wang Zhaoyang , Yao Zhiyi , Jiang Sheng
Published: December 2011

Using this method one‐pot formation of aryl alkyl ethers is possible.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Asymmetric Aldol Reactions in Water with a β‐Aminosulfonamide Organocatalyst.
Authors: Miura Tsuyoshi , Ina Mariko , Imai Kie , Nakashima Kosuke , Yasaku Yumi , Koyata Naka , Murakami Yasuoki , Imai Nobuyuki , Tada Norihiro , Itoh Akichika
Published: December 2011

Best results are achieved performing the reaction in the presence of water instead of brine to afford the corresponding aldol products with anti‐selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Oxidative ortho‐Acylation of Benzamides with Aldehydes: Direct Functionalization of the sp2 C—H Bond.
Authors: Park Jihye , Park Eonjeong , Kim Aejin , Lee Youngil , Chi Ki‐Whan , Kwak Jong Hwan , Jung Young Hoon , Kim In Su
Published: December 2011

The reaction allows an efficient access to a wide range of diaryl ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Tandem Oxidative Ring‐Opening/C—C Bond Cleavage Reactions of Vinylidenecyclopropanes with Secondary Amines under an Oxygen Atmosphere.
Authors: Lu Bei‐Li , Shi Min
Published: December 2011

The title reaction offers an alternative approach for the construction of acryl amides, that in the case of fully substituted acrylamides are difficult prepare according to previous methods.
ChemInform Abstract: Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Aryl Chlorides Using [Cl2Pd(COD)]/piperazine Derivative under Microwave Conditions.
Authors: Zhou Zhong‐Gao , Shi Ji‐Cheng , Hu Qiao‐Sheng , Xie Yong‐Rong , Du Zi‐Yi , Zhang Shi‐Yong
Published: December 2011

Aryl halides react with phenylboronic acid affording biphenyl compounds (III) in excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: A Class of Benzene Backbone‐Based Olefin—Sulfoxide Ligands for Rh‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Enones.
Authors: Xue Feng , Li Xincheng , Wan Boshun
Published: December 2011

The chiral sulfoxide (SSO) efficiently promotes the addition of aryl boronic acids as well as trifluoroborates to cyclic enones and enoates.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodonium Salts Are Key Intermediates in Pd‐Catalyzed Acetoxylation of Pyrroles.
Authors: Lubriks Dmitrijs , Sokolovs Igors , Suna Edgars
Published: December 2011

The reaction of pyrroles and indoles with Ph‐I(O‐Ac)2 proceeds via initial regioselective formation of iodonium acetate intermediates which are converted into acetoxy derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Transformation of 2‐Alkynyl Arylazides: Efficient Access to the Valuable Pseudoindoxyl and Indolyl Frameworks.
Authors: Wetzel Alexander , Gagosz Fabien
Published: December 2011

The reaction affords 2,2‐disubstituted indolin‐3‐ones or 3‐substituted indoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Approach Towards 2‐Substituted Aminobenzimidazoles on Imidazolium Ion Tag under Focused Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Chanda Kaushik , Maiti Barnali , Chung Wen‐Sheng , Sun Chung‐Ming
Published: December 2011

A general approach towards aminobenzimidazoles (V) is presented, using an ionic liquid support for more operational simplicity.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Synthetic Methodologies. Part 209. The First Multicomponent Synthesis of Propargyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles.
Authors: Das Biswanath , Bhunia Nisith , Lingaiah Maram , Reddy Parigi Raghavendar
Published: December 2011

The process is successful if aromatic aldehydes are used.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of (3E)‐3‐[Amino(aryl)methylidene]chromane‐2,4‐diones (= (3E)‐3[Amino(aryl)methylene]‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐2,4(3H)‐diones) via a Three‐Component Reaction.
Authors: Ghabraie Elmira , Bararjanian Morteza , Balalaie Saeed , Rominger Frank , Bijanzadeh Hamid Reza
Published: December 2011

Michael‐type addition of hydroxycoumarins (I) towards β‐nitrostyrenes (II) in the presence of ammonium acetate provides access to title amino(aryl)methylenechromanediones (III) in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Benzo[f]quinolin‐3‐ones and Benzo[a]phenanthridein‐5‐ones by the Photoannulation of 6‐Chloropyridin‐2‐ones and 3‐Chloroisoquinolin‐1‐ones to Phenylacetylene.
Authors: Wang Ren , Lu Shen‐Ci , Zhang Yi‐Ming , Shi Zong‐jun , Zhang Wei
Published: December 2011

The overall reaction proceeds actually through two photo reaction steps containing an chlorine atom transfer addition.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of ATP Analogues as Potential Glutamine Synthetase Inhibitors.
Authors: Salisu Sheriff , Kenyon Colin , Kaye Perry T.
Published: December 2011

A preliminary study toward the synthesis of both adenine and allopurinol derivatives as novel ATP analogues or scaffolds for the construction of such analogues is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Fused Multicyclic Compounds Containing Macrocycles by Dienyne Ring‐Closing Metathesis and Diels—Alder Reactions.
Authors: Park Hyeon , Choi Tae‐Lim
Published: December 2011

RCM and Diels—Alder reactions are combined in an one‐pot approach to give complex heterocyclic compounds, e.g. (XI).
ChemInform Abstract: DDQ‐Promoted Dehydrogenation from Natural Rigid Polycyclic Acids or Flexible Alkyl Acids to Generate Lactones by a Radical Ion Mechanism.
Authors: Ding Ye , Huang Zhangjian , Yin Jian , Lai Yisheng , Zhang Shibo , Zhang Zhiguo , Fang Lei , Peng Sixun , Zhang Yihua
Published: December 2011

The novel and facile presented title reaction proceeds only in the presence of a carbonyl group at C—12 and a H‐atom at C—13, and it needs a free carboxyl group at C—28 in the natural rigid reactant.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel 2‐Cyano‐7‐deaza‐8‐azapurine‐ and 2‐Cyano‐8‐azapurine Derived Nucleosides.
Authors: Wainwright Philip , et al. et al.
Published: December 2011

A novel approach to the synthesis of a variety of target compounds involves the reaction of intermediates (I) or (VII) with protected carbohydrates such as (II).
ChemInform Abstract: The Principles of Solid State Chemistry Hold the Key to the Successful Design of Heterogeneous Catalysts for Environmentally Responsible Processes
Authors: Thomas John Meurig
Published: December 2011

Review: 98 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cluster Formation in Quantum Critical Systems
Authors: Heitman T. , Gaddy J. , Lamsal J. , Montfrooij W.
Published: December 2011

Review: 8 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbonylation of Metal Carbene with Carbon Monoxide: Generation of Ketene
Authors: Zhang Zhenhua , Zhang Yan , Wang Jianbo
Published: December 2011

Review: 75 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Rise, Fall and Reinvention of Combinatorial Chemistry
Authors: Kodadek Thomas
Published: December 2011

Review: 38 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enzymatic Reductions for the Chemist
Authors: Hollmann Frank , Arends Isabel W. C. E. , Holtmann Dirk
Published: December 2011

Review: 432 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Sesquiterpenoids
Authors: Chen Zhong‐Liang
Published: December 2011

Review: 46 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biomimetic Electrocyclization Reactions Toward Polyketide‐Derived Natural Products
Authors: Burnley James , Ralph Michael , Sharma Pallavi , Moses John E.
Published: December 2011

Review: 104 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Other Natural Bioactive Compounds
Authors: Xu Ren‐Sheng
Published: December 2011

Review: 41 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogen‐Bonded Oligoamide Duplexes as Programmable Molecular Recognition Units: A Systematic Approach Towards Directed Self‐Assembly and Controlled Non‐Covalent Synthesis
Authors: Yuan Lihua , Zhang Penghui , Feng Wen , Gong Bing
Published: December 2011

Review: 131 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cinchona Alkaloids
Authors: Li Hongming , Chen Yonggang , Deng Li
Published: December 2011

Review: 155 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Isosteviol as a Starting Material in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Moons Nico , De Borggraeve Wim , Dehaen Wim
Published: December 2011

Review: 70 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Olefins with Chiral N, P and C,N Ligands
Authors: Woodmansee David H. , Pfaltz Andreas
Published: December 2011

Review: 97 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Spin Transport and Relaxation in Graphene
Authors: Han Wei , McCreary K. M. , Pi K. , Wang W. H. , Li Yan , Wen H. , Chen J. R. , Kawakami R. K.
Published: December 2011

Review: 120 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of the Immunomodulatory Macrolide Ascomycin and Related Analogues
Authors: Bulusu Murty A. R. C. , Baumann Karl , Stuetz Anton
Published: December 2011

Review: 156 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electron Beam Treatment as a Non‐conventional Preservation Method of Nutritional Supplements Based on Vegetal Materials
Authors: Nemtanu Monica R. , Brasoveanu Mirela
Published: December 2011

Review: 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: High Pressure Processes in Biorefineries
Authors: Zetzl Carsten , Gairola Krishan , Kirsch Christian , Perez‐Cantu Lilia , Smirnova Irina
Published: December 2011

Review: 58 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Computational Framework for Magnetic Polyoxometalates and Molecular Spin Structures: CONDON 2.0
Authors: Speldrich Manfred , Schilder Helmut , Lueken Heiko , Koegerler Paul
Published: December 2011

Review: 78 refs.
Michail Vasil'evič Lomonosov
Authors: Boeck Gisela
Published: December 2011

Michail Vasil'evič Lomonosov, der erste russische Wissenschaftler, der international Bedeutung erlangte, war in Moskau, St. Petersburg, Marburg und Freiberg ausgebildet worden. Er wirkte an der Akademie in Petersburg auf chemischem, physikalischem, geologischem, mineralogischem, astronomischem, historischem und philologischem Gebiet. Er war künstlerisch tätig und versuchte sich an einer Glasfabrik. Er war ein humanistischer und volkstümlicher Denker und kannte die Probleme der Volksaufklärung. Am 6. September 1751 hatte Lomonosov in der öffentlichen Akademieversammlung eine Rede über den Nutzen der Chemie gehalten, die sich weniger theoretischen Darlegungen widmet. Lomonosov hatte herausgestellt, dass das Studium der Chemie zwei Ziele verfolge, nämlich die Naturwissenschaften zu vervollkommnen und die Güter des Lebens zu mehren, eine Formulierung, der wir auch heute, im Internationalen Jahr der Chemie, zustimmen können.
Luft‐ und Raumfahrt zum Mitmachen
Authors: Schumacher Elke
Published: December 2011

Das Thema Luft‐ und Raumfahrt übt auf Schülerinnen und Schülern eine große Faszination aus. Schade ist nur, dass es als komplex, geheimnisvoll und vor allem unnahbar empfunden wird. Dies zu ändern, hat sich das Deutsche Zentrum für Luft‐ und Raumfahrt (DLR) zum Ziel gesetzt und im Jahr 2000 in Göttingen sein erstes Schülerlabor zum Mitmachen eingerichtet. Die dort gewonnenen überaus positiven Erfahrungen haben dazu geführt, dass inzwischen zehn entsprechende Schülerlabore bundesweit von Hamburg über Berlin und Köln bis Oberpfaffenhofen an den Standorten des DLR oder befreundeter Hochschulen eingerichtet worden sind.
Cobalt + Nickel
Authors: Schwedt Georg
Published: December 2011

Das seit fast 200 Jahren bestehende Mineralogische Museum der Universität Bonn, das 1874 eine bedeutende Sammlung vom Gründer des heutigen Rheinischen Mineralien‐Kontors A. Krantz erhielt, zeigt unter anderem systematisch geordnet Minerale zu ausgewählten chemischen Elementen. Sie werden in dieser Serie zum Internationalen Jahr der Chemie 2011 näher vorgestellt.
Variations in SME Characteristics and the Use of Service Intermediaries for R&D
Authors: Castrogiovanni Gary J. , Domenech Josep , Mas‐Verdú Francisco
Published: December 2011

Large companies increasingly look externally for opportunities to enhance innovation, which has resulted in closer study of innovation systems. We examined the role of service intermediaries (universities, technology centers, and consultants) within these systems using a sample of predominately small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises located in Valencia, Spain. As with studies of large companies, absorptive capacity (e.g., research and development expenditures) was positively related to the likelihood that a firm would engage in service collaborations. However, the rate of collaboration was higher relative to studies dominated by larger companies. Also, there were differences in the pattern of firm characteristics associated with the use of specific services. For example, the level of SME export activity related positively to the use of technology centers, but negatively to university collaborations. Copyright © 2011 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fachkommission Bautechnik – ein Gremium der Bauministerkonferenz
Authors: Schmidt‐Staudinger Renate
Published: December 2011

Seit 1. Oktober 2011 ist Herr Ministerialrat Dr.‐Ing. Gerhard Scheuermann (Baden‐Württemberg) neuer Vorsitzender der Fachkommission Bautechnik. Er trat die Nachfolge von Herrn Ministerialrat Dr.‐Ing. Wolfgang Schubert (Bayern) an, der sieben Jahre erfolgreich an der Spitze des Gremiums stand und altersbedingt ausgeschieden ist. Aus diesem Anlass soll im Folgenden die Fachkommission Bautechnik kurz vorgestellt und über den jüngsten Wechsel im Vorsitz berichtet werden.
Alkyne Addition to a Metal‐Stabilized Thiyl Radical: Carbon–Sulfur Bond Formation between 1‐Octyne and [Ru(SP)3]+
Authors: Ouch Kagna , Mashuta Mark S. , Grapperhaus Craig A.
Published: December 2011

The metal‐stabilized thiyl radical complex [Ru(SP)3]+, [Ru‐1]+, {SP = 2‐(diphenylphosphanyl)benzenethiolate} adds 1‐octyne across the cis‐sulfur sites to yield the S‐alkylated dithiolene product [Ru‐1·octyne]+. The product complex exists as a pair of inseparable geometric isomers, which were characterized by X‐ray crystallography, 31P NMR spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. By using electrochemical methods, the rate constant for 1‐octyne addition was determined as 8.7 × 103 M–1 s–1.
Short Synthesis of Chiral 4‐Substituted (S)‐Imidazolinium Salts Bearing Sulfonates and Their Use in γ‐Selective Reactions of Allylic Halides with Grignard Reagents
Authors: Latham Christopher M. , Blake Alexander J. , Lewis William , Lawrence Matthew , Woodward Simon
Published: December 2011

A one‐pot reaction of Boc‐protected amino alcohols and 2‐sulfobenzoic anhydride followed by the addition of a wide variety of primary amines has allowed rapid access to diverse libraries of amidosulfonates 1,2‐C6H4(SO3–)(COCHR1CH2NH2+R2) (R1 = Bn, iPr, Ph; R2 = aryl, CHMePh, 1‐adamantyl), of which two examples have been characterised by X‐ray crystallography. These reactions proceed by SN2 opening of unisolated oxazoline intermediates. The amidosulfonates have been converted to imidazolinium sulfonate zwitterions (N‐heterocyclic carbene precursors) in a two‐step process, which involved reduction with BH3·SMe2 and cyclisation with HC(OEt)3. Two examples (R1 = Bn, R2 = 2,6‐iPrC6H3 and R1 = iPr, R2 = 3,5‐Me2C6H3) have been crystallographically characterised, the latter as a PF6 salt. The imidazolinium sulfonate zwitterions (1 mol‐%) catalysed additions of RMgBr (R = alkyl) to (E)‐ArC(R)=CHCH2Br (R = H, Me). Additions to cinnamyl bromides showed high γ (SN2′) selectivity (up to 18.4:1) and provided significantly enantiomerically enriched products (up to 82 % ee).
Application of Flow Chemistry to the Selective Reduction of Esters to Aldehydes
Authors: de M. Muñoz Juan , Alcázar Jesús , de la Hoz Antonio , Díaz‐Ortiz Angel
Published: December 2011

The reduction of esters to aldehydes is an important transformation in organic chemistry and several reducing agents have been described. However, the use of this reaction in medicinal and natural product chemistry is limited due to the instability of the intermediates and the high reactivity of the reaction products. In the current article, the general and selective reduction of esters with diisobutyl‐tert‐butoxyaluminum hydride in flow is reported. This reagent allows esters to be reduced in the presence of different functional groups, including those considered to be of similar or higher reactivity.
Connexin 32 is involved in mitosis
Authors: Mones Saleh , Bordignon Benoit , Fontes Michel
Published: December 2011

The X‐linked form of Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disorder (CMTX) is the second most frequent type (15% of CMT forms). It involves the GJB1 gene coding for connexin 32, a protein involved in gap junction formation and function. There is no curative treatment for CMTX. We present data on transgenic lines that was accomplished by inserting a human BAC carrying the GJB1 gene, in which two different mutations in connexin 32 (Cx32) observed in patients were introduced. Investigation of these models implicated Cx32 in the control of mitotic stability. The model in which Gjb1 has been invalidated had the same phenotype. This new function for Cx32 was recently confirmed by results from the Mitocheck program. Locomotor impediment was seen in the behavior of these animals, the severity of which correlated with transgene copy number and RNA expression. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Localization of pain‐related brain activation: A meta‐analysis of neuroimaging data
Authors: Duerden Emma G. , Albanese Marie‐Claire
Published: December 2011

A meta‐analysis of 140 neuroimaging studies was performed using the activation‐likelihood‐estimate (ALE) method to explore the location and extent of activation in the brain in response to noxious stimuli in healthy volunteers. The first analysis involved the creation of a likelihood map illustrating brain activation common across studies using noxious stimuli. The left thalamus, right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), bilateral anterior insulae, and left dorsal posterior insula had the highest likelihood of being activated. The second analysis contrasted noxious cold with noxious heat stimulation and revealed higher likelihood of activation to noxious cold in the subgenual ACC and the amygdala. The third analysis assessed the implications of using either a warm stimulus or a resting baseline as the control condition to reveal activation attributed to noxious heat. Comparing noxious heat to warm stimulation led to peak ALE values that were restricted to cortical regions with known nociceptive input. The fourth analysis tested for a hemispheric dominance in pain processing and showed the importance of the right hemisphere, with the strongest ALE peaks and clusters found in the right insula and ACC. The fifth analysis compared noxious muscle with cutaneous stimuli and the former type was more likely to evoke activation in the posterior and anterior cingulate cortices, precuneus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and cerebellum. In general, results indicate that some brain regions such as the thalamus, insula and ACC have a significant likelihood of activation regardless of the type of noxious stimuli, while other brain regions show a stimulus‐specific likelihood of being activated. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress in obesity: Deeper insights into processes, but are they relevant to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis?
Authors: Leclercq Isabelle A. , Van Rooyen Derrick M. , Farrell Geoffrey C. , Kowdley Kris , McCaughan Geoffrey , Trautwein Christian
Published: December 2011

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the main site of protein and lipid synthesis, membrane biogenesis, xenobiotic detoxification and cellular calcium storage, and perturbation of ER homeostasis leads to stress and the activation of the unfolded protein response. Chronic activation of ER stress has been shown to have an important role in the development of insulin resistance and diabetes in obesity. However, the mechanisms that lead to chronic ER stress in a metabolic context in general, and in obesity in particular, are not understood. Here we comparatively examined the proteomic and lipidomic landscape of hepatic ER purified from lean and obese mice to explore the mechanisms of chronic ER stress in obesity. We found suppression of protein but stimulation of lipid synthesis in the obese ER without significant alterations in chaperone content. Alterations in ER fatty acid and lipid composition result in the inhibition of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) activity and ER stress. Correcting the obesity-induced alteration of ER phospholipid composition or hepatic

Serca

over-expression

in vivo

both reduced chronic ER stress and improved glucose homeostasis. Hence, we established that abnormal lipid and calcium metabolism are important contributors to hepatic ER stress in obesity. (Hepatology 2011
Phosphatidylcholines as regulators of glucose and lipid homeostasis: Promises and potential risks
Authors: Hohenester Simon , Beuers Ulrich , Kowdley Kris , McCaughan Geoffrey , Trautwein Christian
Published: December 2011

Nuclear hormone receptors regulate diverse metabolic pathways and the orphan nuclear receptor LRH-1 (also known as NR5A2) regulates bile acid biosynthesis. Structural studies have identified phospholipids as potential LRH-1 ligands, but their functional relevance is unclear. Here we show that an unusual phosphatidyl-choline species with two saturated 12 carbon fatty acid acyl side chains (dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine (DLPC)) is an LRH-1 agonist ligand in vitro. DLPC treatment induces bile acid biosynthetic enzymes in mouse liver, increases bile acid levels, and lowers hepatic triglycerides and serum glucose. DLPC treatment also decreases hepatic steatosis and improves glucose homeostasis in two mouse models of insulin resistance. Both the antidiabetic and lipotropic effects are lost in liver-specific Lrh-1 knockouts. These findings identify an LRH-1 dependent phosphatidylcholine signalling pathway that regulates bile acid metabolism and glucose homeostasis.
Treatment for chemotherapy‐induced alopecia in mice using parathyroid hormone agonists and antagonists linked to a collagen binding domain
Authors: Katikaneni Ranjitha , Ponnapakkam Tulasi , Suda Hirofumi , Miyata Shigeru , Sakon Joshua , Matsushita Osamu , Gensure Robert C.
Published: December 2011

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) agonists and antagonists have been shown to improve hair growth after chemotherapy; however, rapid clearance and systemic side‐effects complicate their usage. To facilitate delivery and retention to skin, we fused PTH agonists and antagonists to the collagen binding domain (CBD) of Clostridium histolyticum collagenase. in‐vitro studies showed that the agonist fusion protein, PTH‐CBD, bound collagen and activated the PTH/parathyroid hormone‐related peptide receptor in SaOS‐2 cells. The antagonist fusion proteins, PTH(7–33)‐CBD and PTH([‐1]‐33)‐CBD, also bound collagen and antagonized PTH(1–34) effect in SaOS‐2 cells; however, PTH(7–33)‐CBD had lower intrinsic activity. Distribution studies confirmed uptake of PTH‐CBD to the skin at 1 and 12 hr after subcutaneous injection. We assessed in vivo efficacy of PTH‐CBD and PTH(7–33)‐CBD in C57BL/6J mice. Animals were depilated to synchronize the hair follicles; treated on Day 7 with agonist, antagonist, or vehicle; treated on Day 9 with cyclophosphamide (150 mg/kg i.p.) or vehicle; and sacrificed on Day 39. Normal mice (no chemo and no treatment) showed rapid regrowth of hair and normal histology. Chemo + Vehicle mice showed reduced hair regrowth and decreased pigmentation; histology revealed reduced number and dystrophic anagen/catagen follicles. Chemo + Antagonist mice were grossly and histologically indistinguishable from Chemo + Vehicle mice. Chemo + Agonist mice showed more rapid regrowth and repigmentation of hair; histologically, there was a normal number of hair follicles, most of which were in the anagen phase. Overall, the agonist PTH‐CBD had prominent effects in reducing chemotherapy‐induced damage of hair follicles and may show promise as a therapy for chemotherapy‐induced alopecia.
Preclinical evaluation of Mab CC188 for ovarian cancer imaging
Authors: Xu M. , Rettig M.P. , Sudlow G. , Wang B. , Akers W.J. , Cao D. , Mutch D.G. , DiPersio J.F. , Achilefu S.
Published: December 2011

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been successfully isolated from solid tumors and are believed to be initiating cells of primary, metastatic and recurrent tumors. Imaging and therapeutic reagents targeted to CSCs have potential to detect subclinical tumors and completely eradicate the disease. Previously, we have demonstrated that Mab CC188 binds to colon cancer CD133‐ and CD133+ (CSCs) cells. In this study, we examined the reactivity of Mab CC188 to ovarian cancer cells including CD133+ cells and primary tumor tissues using immunofluorescence staining methods and tissue microarray technique. We also explored the feasibility of using NIR dye‐labeled Mab CC188 probe to image ovarian tumors in vivo. Mab CC188 stains both CD133‐ and CD133+ cells of ovarian cancer. Tissue microarray analysis reveals that 75% (92/123) of ovarian cancer cases are positively stained with Mab CC188. Weak positive (±), positive (+), strong positive (++) and very strong positive (+++) stains are 14.8, 3.7, 11 and 24.4%, respectively. In contrast, Mab CC188 staining is low in normal cells and tissues. In vivo study show that significant amounts of the probe accumulates in the excretion organs in the early period postinjection. At 24 hr, the imaging probes have largely accumulates in the tumor, while the intensity of the imaging probe decreases in the liver. The tumor uptake was still evident at 120‐hr postinjection. Our work suggests that Mab CC188‐based imaging and therapeutic reagents are capable of detecting early stage ovarian tumors and effectively treating the tumor.
Body mass index change in adulthood and lung and upper aerodigestive tract cancers
Authors: Tarleton Heather P. , Park Sungshim Lani , Zhu Wei‐Ming , Lee Yuan‐Chin Amy , Hashibe Mia , Morgenstern Hal , Tashkin Donald P. , Mao Jenny T. , Cozen Wendy , Mack Thomas M. , Zhang Zuo‐Feng
Published: December 2011

Body mass index (BMI) has been inversely associated with lung and upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) cancers. However, only a few studies have assessed BMI change in adulthood in relation to cancer. To understand the relationship between BMI change and these cancers in both men and women, we analyzed data from a population‐based case–control study conducted in Los Angeles County. Adulthood BMI change was measured as the proportional change in BMI between age 21 and 1 year before interview or diagnosis. Five categories of BMI change were included, and individuals with no more than a 5% loss or gain were defined as having a stable BMI (reference group). Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using logistic regression models. Potential confounders included age, gender, ethnicity, education, tobacco smoking and energy intake. For UADT cancers, we also adjusted for alcohol drinking status and frequency. A BMI gain of 25% or higher in adulthood was inversely associated with lung cancer (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.33–0.84) and UADT cancers (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.27–0.71). In subgroup analyses, a BMI gain of ≥25% was inversely associated with lung and UADT cancers among current and former smokers, as well as among current and former alcohol drinkers. The inverse association persisted among moderate and heavy smokers (≥20 pack‐years). The observed inverse associations between adulthood BMI gain and lung and UADT cancers indicate a potential role for body weight‐related biological pathways in the development of lung and UADT cancers.
Embryotoxicity assessment of developmental neurotoxicants using a neuronal endpoint in the embryonic stem cell test
Authors: Baek Dae Hyun , Kim Tae Gyun , Lim Hwa Kyung , Kang Jin Wook , Seong Su Kyoung , Choi Seung Eun , Lim So Yun , Park Sung Hee , Nam Bong‐hyun , Kim Eun Hee , Kim Mun Sin , Park Kui Lea
Published: December 2011

The embryonic stem cell test (EST) is a validated in vitro embryotoxicity test; however, as the inhibition of cardiac differentiation alone is used as a differentiation endpoint in the EST, it may not be a useful test to screen embryotoxic chemicals that affect the differentiation of noncardiac tissues. Previously, methylmercury (MeHg), cadmium and arsenic compounds, which are heavy metals that induce developmental neurotoxicity in vivo, were misclassified as nonembryotoxic with the EST. The aim of this study was to improve the EST to correctly screen such developmental neurotoxicants. We developed a neuronal endpoint (Tuj‐1 ID50) using flow cytometry analysis of Tuj‐1‐positive cells to screen developmental neurotoxicants (MeHg, valproic acid, sodium arsenate and sodium arsenite) correctly using an adherent monoculture differentiation method. Using Tuj‐1 ID50 in the EST instead of cardiac ID50, all of the tested chemicals were classified as embryotoxic, while the negative controls were correctly classified as nonembryotoxic. To support the validity of Tuj‐1 ID50, we compared the results from two experimenters who independently tested MeHg using our modified EST. An additional neuronal endpoint (MAP2 ID50), obtained by analyzing the relative quantity of MAP2 mRNA, was used to classify the same chemicals. There were no significant differences in the three endpoint values of the two experimenters or in the classification results, except for isoniazid. In conclusion, our results indicate that Tuj‐1 ID50 can be used as a surrogate endpoint of the traditional EST to screen developmental neurotoxicants correctly and it can also be applied to other chemicals. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrastructural changes in the ovary cells of engorged Rhipicephalus sanguineus female ticks treated with esters of ricinoleic acid from castor oil (Ricinus communis)
Authors: Sampieri Bruno Rodrigues , Arnosti André , Nunes Pablo Henrique , Furquim Karim Christina Scopinho , Chierice Gilberto Orivaldo , Mathias Maria Izabel Camargo
Published: December 2011

Rhipicephalus sanguineus is a widely distributed tick species that has adapted to the urban environment, and the dog is its main host. This species is also known as a vector and reservoir of diseases caused by bacteria, protozoa, and viruses. Currently, acaricides of synthetic chemical origin have been widely and indiscriminately used, leading to the development of resistance to these products by ticks and causing damage to the environment. Thus, these issues have made it necessary to seek other forms of controlling these ectoparasites. R. sanguineus was artificially infested in host New Zealand White rabbits, which were divided into four treatment groups: control (CG1 and CG2) and treatment (TG1 and TG2) groups. TG1 and TG2 hosts were provided with feed supplemented with esters of ricinoleic acid from castor oil at a concentration of 5 g/kg of feed for 7 and 15 days. Afterward, the ovaries of the female ticks were removed for analysis by transmission electron microscopy. The results showed ultrastructural changes in the somatic and germ cells of ovaries from TG1 and TG2 females, particularly with respect to chorion deposition, a protective membrane of the oocyte, as well as in the transport process of vitellogenic materials via the hemolymph and pedicel cells. Moreover, the mitochondria were less electron‐dense and had cristae that were more disorganized than the mitochondria from CG1 and CG2 individuals. Thus, this study demonstrated the action of esters on the ovaries of R. sanguineus, signaling the prospect of a way to control this ectoparasite without affecting nontarget organisms or the environment. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recent trends of nitrogen flow of typical agro‐ecosystems in China—major problems and potential solutions
Authors: Liu Chen , Wang Qinxue , Yang Yonghui , Wang Kelin , Ouyang Zhu , Li Yan , Lei Alin , Yasunari Tetsuzo
Published: December 2011

BACKGROUND: To diagnose problems that threaten regional sustainability and to devise appropriate treatment measures in China's agro‐ecosystems, a study was carried out to quantify the nitrogen (N) flow in China's typical agro‐ecosystems and develop potential solutions to the increasing environmental N load.

RESULTS: The analysis showed that owing to human activity in the agro‐ecosystems of Changjiang River Basin the mean total input of anthropogenic reactive N (i.e. chemical fertiliser, atmospheric deposition and bio‐N fixation) increased from 4.41 × 109 kg‐N in 1980 to 7.61 × 109 kg‐N in 1990 and then to 1.43 × 1010 kg‐N in 2000, with chemical fertiliser N being the largest contributor to N load. Field investigation further showed that changes in human behaviour and rural urbanisation have caused rural communities to become more dependent on chemical fertilisers. In rural regions, around 4.17 kg‐N of per capita annual potential N load as excrement was returned to farmlands and 1.38 kg‐N directly discharged into river systems, while in urbanised regions, around 1.00 kg‐N of per capita annual potential N load as excrement was returned to farmlands and 5.62 kg‐N discharged into river systems in urban areas.

CONCLUSION: The findings of the study suggest that human activities have significantly altered the N cycle in agro‐ecosystems of China. With high population density and scarce per capita water resources, non‐point source pollution from agro‐ecosystems continues to put pressure on aquatic ecosystems. Increasing the rate of organic matter recycling and fertiliser efficiency with limited reliance on chemical fertilisers might yield tremendous environmental benefits. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and applications of a novel supramolecular polymer network with multiple H‐bonded melamine pendants and uracil crosslinkers
Authors: Patra Dhananjaya , Ramesh Mohan , Sahu Duryodhan , Padhy Harihara , Chu Chih‐Wei , Wei Kung‐Hwa , Lin Hong‐Cheu
Published: December 2011

A conjugated main‐chain copolymer (PBT) consisting of bithiazole, dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]pyrroles (DTP), and pendent melamine units was synthesized by Stille polymerization, which can be hydrogen‐bonded (H‐bonded) with proper molar amounts of bi‐functional π‐conjugated crosslinker F (i.e., two uracil motifs covalently attached to a fluorene core through triple bonds symmetrically) to develop a novel supramolecular polymer network (PBT/F). The effects of multiple H‐bonds on light harvesting capabilities, HOMO levels, and photovoltaic properties of polymer PBT and H‐bonded polymer network PBT/F are investigated. The formation of supramolecular polymer network (PBT/F) between PBT and F was confirmed by FTIR and XRD measurements. Because of the stronger light absorption, lower HOMO level, and higher crystallinity of H‐bonded polymer network PBT/F, the solar cell device containing PBT/F showed better photovoltaic properties than that containing polymer PBT. The preliminary results show that the solar cell device containing 1:1 weight ratio of PBT/F and [6,6]‐phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) offers the best power conversion efficiency (PCE) value of 0.86% with a short‐circuit current density (Jsc) of 4.97 mA/cm2, an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.55 V, and a fill factor (FF) of 31.5%. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Limits to model amphoteric defect recombination via SRH statistics
Authors: Steingrube S. , Brendel R. , Altermatt P. P.
Published: December 2011

In semiconductor device modeling, it is common practice to approximate recombination via amphoteric defects by means of the Shockley–Read–Hall (SRH) theory. We show by means of a mathematically rigorous treatment that this approximation is only justified if: (i) the defect distribution of amphoteric defects is approximated by two equally‐shaped energy distributions of acceptor‐ and donor‐like defect states which are separated in energy by the effective correlation energy, (ii) the ratios of the capture cross‐sections (CCS) of free carriers for charged and neutral defect states are strongly asymmetric, (iii) the correlation energy is positive, and (iv) the defect density has its maximum between the quasi‐Fermi levels (QFLs) for the trapped carriers (TQFLs). In particular, we investigate this kind of SRH approximation for the case of injection‐dependent recombination at the interface between crystalline silicon (c‐Si) and amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H), a system that has recently been used to passivate the surface of Si solar cells. It is shown that care must be taken when applying this SRH approximation at low excess carrier densities Δn, e.g., at pn‐junctions between a‐Si:H and c‐Si or at low illumination levels, because the defect distributions may peak outside the TQFLs. We apply a self‐consistent model, which includes the band bending in c‐Si caused by both light‐induced, trapped charges in the a‐Si:H layer and at the a‐Si/c‐Si interface. We show that these trapped charges significantly influence the recombination rate and should be taken into account, as opposed to common practice.
Inability of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Hematopoietic Derivatives to Downregulate MicroRNAs In Vivo Reveals a Block in Xenograft Hematopoietic Regeneration
Authors: Risueño Ruth M. , Sachlos Eleftherios , Lee Jong-Hee , Lee Jung Bok , Hong Seok-Ho , Szabo Eva , Bhatia Mickie
Published: December 2011

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can regenerate the entire hematopoietic system in vivo, providing the most relevant criteria to measure candidate HSCs derived from human embryonic stem cell (hESC) or induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) sources. Here we show that, unlike primitive hematopoietic cells derived from hESCs, phenotypically identical cells derived from hiPSC are more permissive to graft the bone marrow of xenotransplantation recipients. Despite establishment of bone marrow graft, hiPSC-derived cells fail to demonstrate hematopoietic differentiation in vivo. However, once removed from recipient bone marrow, hiPSC-derived grafts were capable of in vitro multilineage hematopoietic differentiation, indicating that xenograft imparts a restriction to in vivo hematopoietic progression. This failure to regenerate multilineage hematopoiesis in vivo was attributed to the inability to downregulate key microRNAs involved in hematopoiesis. Based on these analyses, our study indicates that hiPSCs provide a beneficial source of pluripotent stem cell-derived hematopoietic cells for transplantation compared with hESCs. Since use of the human–mouse xenograft models prevents detection of putative hiPSC-derived HSCs, we suggest that new preclinical models should be explored to fully evaluate cells generated from hiPSC sources.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Axially homogeneous Rayleigh–Bénard convection in a cylindrical cell
Authors: Schmidt Laura E. , Calzavarini Enrico , Lohse Detlef , Toschi Federico , Verzicco Roberto
Published: December 2011

Previous numerical studies have shown that the ‘ultimate regime of thermal convection’ can be attained in a Rayleigh–Bénard cell when the kinetic and thermal boundary layers are eliminated by replacing both lateral and horizontal walls with periodic boundary conditions (homogeneous Rayleigh–Bénard convection). Then, the heat transfer scales like $\mathit{Nu}\ensuremath{\sim} {\mathit{Ra}}^{1/ 2} $ and turbulence intensity as $\mathit{Re}\ensuremath{\sim} {\mathit{Ra}}^{1/ 2} $, where the Rayleigh number $\mathit{Ra}$ indicates the strength of the driving force (for fixed values of $\mathit{Pr}$, which is the ratio between kinematic viscosity and thermal diffusivity). However, experiments never operate in unbounded domains and it is important to understand how confinement might alter the approach to this ultimate regime. Here we consider homogeneous Rayleigh–Bénard convection in a laterally confined geometry – a small-aspect-ratio vertical cylindrical cell – and show evidence of the ultimate regime as $\mathit{Ra}$ is increased: in spite of the lateral confinement and the resulting kinetic boundary layers, we still find $\mathit{Nu}\ensuremath{\sim} \mathit{Re}\ensuremath{\sim} {\mathit{Ra}}^{1/ 2} $ at $\mathit{Pr}= 1$. Further, it is shown that the system supports solutions composed of modes of exponentially growing vertical velocity and temperature fields, with $\mathit{Ra}$ as the critical parameter determining the properties of these modes. Counter-intuitively, in the low-$\mathit{Ra}$ regime, or for very narrow cylinders, the numerical simulations are susceptible to these solutions, which can dominate the dynamics and lead to very high and unsteady heat transfer. As $\mathit{Ra}$ is increased, interaction between modes stabilizes the system, evidenced by the increasing homogeneity and reduced fluctuations in the root-mean-square velocity and temperature fields. We also test that physical results become independent of the periodicity length of the cylinder, a purely numerical parameter, as the aspect ratio is increased.
Introduction and spread of non-native parasites withSilurus glanisL. (Teleostei: Siluridae) in UK fisheries
Authors: Reading A.J. , Britton J.R. , Davies G.D. , Shinn A.P. , Williams C.F.
Published: December 2011

Despite growing concern of the ecological risks posed by the European catfishSiluris glanisL. in freshwater fisheries, little information exists on the parasite fauna of this silurid catfish in Britain. Parasitological examinations of releasedS. glanisfrom four still-water fisheries in England revealed the presence ofThaparocleidus vistulensis(Siwak, 1932) andErgasilus sieboldi(Nordmann, 1832), both non-native parasites, the latter known to be an important fish pathogen. This represents the first record ofT. vistulensisfrom British freshwater fish. The human-assisted movement ofS. glanisbetween UK recreational still-water fisheries provides a clear avenue for the introduction and spread of non-native parasites.
Epidemiology of acanthocephalan infections in crabs from the Bahía Blanca Estuary, Argentina
Authors: La Sala L.F. , Perez A.M. , Martorelli S.R.
Published: December 2011

This study was conducted in two populations of crabs,Cyrtograpsus angulatusandNeohelice granulatafrom the Bahía Blanca Estuary, in Argentina, to identify risk factors for infection by the acanthocephalanProfilicollis chasmagnathiand to assess the association between infection and mortality of these hosts.Cyrtograpsus angulatusandN. granulatacrabs were sampled seasonally over the course of a year, and spring sampling included collection of dead crabs predated by Olrog's gulls in a nearby breeding colony. Potential risk factors for infection were assessed and the number of cystacanth larvae per crab was counted. InC. angulatus, the odds of infection increased by 7% for each millimetre increase in carapace length, and were nearly 17 times greater in crabs sampled from the Olrog's gull feeding area compared with those sampled from nests in the breeding colony. For every millimetre increase in carapace length inN. granulata, the odds of infection increased by 13% in crabs from the breeding colony, and by 32% in crabs from the feeding area. Mean intensity of infection inN. granulataincreased by 16.5% for each additional millimetre of carapace width. The level of parasite aggregation was lowest in the largestC. angulatusand highest inN. granulatapredated by Olrog's gull. The results show that host size is the most important factor influencing infection prevalence in both crab species and intensity of infection inN. granulata, and suggest the presence of parasite-induced mortality in the populations studied.
Social mobility and the Middle Ages
Authors: CAROCCI SANDRO
Published: December 2011

Notwithstanding its relevance, social mobility has not been at the forefront of the agenda for historians of the Middle Ages. The first part of this paper deals with the reasons for this lack of interest, highlighting the role of historical models such as the French ‘feudal revolution’, the neo-Malthusian interpretations, the English commercialisation model and the great narrative of Italian medieval merchants. The second part assesses the extent to which this lack of interest has been challenged by conceptions of social space and social mobility developed in recent decades by sociologists and anthropologists. Therefore, it is really important to indicate the gaps in our understanding, and to clarify research questions, technical problems and methods. The paper examines the constitutive elements of social identities, the plurality of social ladders, and the channels of social mobility. It touches upon the performative role of learned representations, and upon the constraints imposed upon human agency by family practices and genre. It underlines the importance of studying the mobility inside social groups, and argues that we must distinguish between two different types of medieval social mobility: autogenous social mobility, and endogenous or conflictual social mobility.
Non-Precluded Measures in Indian International Investment Agreements and India's Regulatory Power as a Host Nation
Authors: RANJAN Prabhash
Published: December 2011

This article provides the first-ever detailed analysis of Non-Precluded Measures (NPM) provisions in India's International Investment Agreements (IIAs) from the perspective of India's regulatory power as a host nation. It critically analyses NPM provisions in fifty-seven Indian IIAs by studying the divergence in their formulation and argues that the present formulation of NPM provisions in Indian IIAs is inadequate for the exercise of regulatory power by India for all its policy needs. Hence, in the light of the growing pros and cons of investor treaty arbitration (ITA), the article concludes that NPM provisions in Indian IIAs should be reformulated in a manner that balances investment protection with India's regulatory power to pursue non-investment-related policy objectives.