bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CONCEPTS AND PRACTICES OF SOCIAL CITIZENSHIP IN EUROPE: THE CASE OF POVERTY AND INCOME SUPPORT FOR THE POOR
Authors: Saraceno Chiara
Published: February 2010

The “European Social Model” (ESM) is similar to the concept of social citizenship developed by T. H. Marshall (1950). Marshall's concept embodied a vision of active as opposed to passive social citizenship. The concept also proposed a view of social justice whereby inequality would not disappear, but at the same time would not seriously undermine the life chances of the less privileged. In the Lisbon Agenda, the EU and each individual country stressed the role of the state — and of the supranational EU state — in developing the ESM within the context of the changing world environment and global competition. This chapter first examines whether, midway through the period set for the Lisbon agenda, substantial improvements regarding the incidence of poverty and social exclusion have been made within the EU. Second, through an analysis of national minimum income support measures, it assesses whether there is a common understanding across the EU regarding the right to a minimum of resources. Third, it analyzes the degree to which EU-level policies and interventions serve to promote the development of a common approach in this area.
EGALITARIANISM VERSUS ECONOMIC DYNAMICS? AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE FRIEDMAN CONJECTURE
Authors: Gangl Markus
Published: February 2010

This chapter presents a cross-national comparison of income inequality and economic mobility in the United States and eleven (Western) European Union (EU) member states. Using panel data on income dynamics among prime-age workers in the mid-1990s, it demonstrates that standard inequality indices show surprisingly little cross-country variation in the degree to which income mobility, the market, does erode inequality over time. That is, the neoclassical assertion about the redistributive element inherent in market competition is clearly correct insofar as markets generate mobility over time as economic opportunity gets reshuffled across individuals. Applied to the specific sample of advanced Western economies, however, the assertion that more generous welfare states would stifle economic dynamics seems largely unsupported by the data. By implication then, the redistributive effort exerted by European welfare states seems relatively well-directed in genuinely addressing market failures and ameliorating permanent economic inequality without evidence of major distortions of economic dynamics.
2 The Sound Barrier
Authors: Barrios Richard
Published: February 2010

1928 was the year when sound film was genuinely established. As the early part-talking films were produced, the studios scramble to mount the sound-film bandwagon while audiences were compelled to readjust their viewing habits. Lights of New York, an inept melodrama, triumphed as the first all-talking film. Al Jolson's second feature film, The Singing Fool, was a far greater success than The Jazz Singer, and its success was integral to the sound-film juggernaut (although it is today an unwatchable relic). Other companies began producing their own sound films, sometimes with music, as with Universal's forgotten The Melody of Love. Audiences, while enthusiastic, also still enjoyed the more tenable artistry of silent film, despite such audible works as Fannie Brice in My Man.
9 “With All Its Original Stage Enchantment”
Authors: Barrios Richard
Published: February 2010

Broadway musicals were a ready source for the early musicals, and RKO's smash Rio Rita led the way. Some of the adaptations were close, while others strayed wildly from the originals. Among the Broadway stars repeating their stage roles were Irene Bordoni in Paris, and Ziegfeld diva Marilyn Miller in Sally. Such films as No, No Nanette bore less resemblance to the stage success than it did to the thriving backstage genre. Composers DeSylva, Brown and Henderson found their works transferred more successfully than did Rodgers and Hart or Cole Porter. By the time of the most lavish Broadway adaptation, Whoopee!, musicals were in decline, yet with Eddie Cantor, Busby Berkeley, and Technicolor it scored a notable success.
8 How to Maximize Implementation Intention Effects
Authors: Gollwitzer Peter M. , Wieber Frank , Myers Andrea L. , McCrea Sean M.
Published: February 2010

In this chapter, the authors focus on one of the more cognitive mediators of behavior, dealing with the extent to which implementation intentions lead to successful execution of an intended behavior. From this viewpoint, automatic processes such as those discussed in the preceding chapters (particularly Chapters 5 and 6) are sometimes an unwanted source of interference that must be dealt with for a desired behavior to transpire. The chapter is framed as a lesson on how to overcome such interferences by creating the most efficacious forms of intentions, though a by-product of such efforts is a better understanding of the “miraculous” translation of intentions into actions. Among the phenomena discussed is the greater effectiveness of intentions that have more specific antecedent conditions (the “if” in intentions couched in “if-then” form).
15 Behavior, the Brain, and the Social Psychology of Close Relationships
Authors: Aron Arthur
Published: February 2010

This chapter serves as a useful reminder of the multiple roles served by behavior in social psychological research. All too often, behavior is considered important only as a key dependent variable. But behavior is also often used as a criterion variable for validating self-report measures. Moreover, at times behavior is used as a means of operationalizing a specific affective, cognitive, or motivational state, at the individual level, dyad level, or group level. Behavior also may be seen as playing a mediating role, providing the necessary middle step(s) in a process involving multiple steps (and, often, multiple actors). The author also reminds us of the classic role of behavior as an experimental manipulation. Finally, the author describes how neuroscience methods often serve the same function for social psychologist studying neural activity as traditional behavior measures do.
16 The Relationship Context of Social Behavior
Authors: Reis Harry T.
Published: February 2010

The author argues that the relationship context of behavior should be of central concern to social psychologist. He reviews findings from studies demonstrating how behavior varies as context varies. The author outlines the unique and integrative orientation of social psychology with respect to other disciplines in its approach to behavior. In its emphasis on situational factors underlying behavior, social psychology blends elements from various “macro” orientations (e.g., sociology). In its emphasis on person factors, social psychology blends elements from the realms of neuroscience and biochemistry. The author also provides a clear overview of aspects of interdependence theory that are particularly relevant to behavior: (a) the degree of one's outcome interdependence with an interaction partner, and (b) whether a situation is characterized as being one of exchange or of coordination. These aspects suggest the values of an interdependence analysis in helping understand how relationship context shapes individual and dyadic behavior.
1 God, Human Individuals, and Human Morality in theEthics
Authors: LeBuffe Michael
Published: February 2010

This chapter describes the metaphysical doctrines in the Ethics that are most important to Spinoza's moral theory, including substance monism, necessity, determinism, mind–body parallelism, the denial of teleology in nature, and naturalism. It is argued that Spinoza's metaphysical doctrines are generally connected to his moral theory in four different ways. They show that central notions of received morality, including the notions of a providential God and of free will, are based upon false beliefs. They constrain Spinoza's revisionary moral theory. They form a basis for some of the revisionary theory's central arguments. Finally, God, as characterized by the metaphysical doctrines of Part 1 of the Ethics, is that the knowledge of which is the highest good of the mind.
4 Imagination and Error
Authors: LeBuffe Michael
Published: February 2010

This chapter defends an interpretation of Spinoza's theory of error, on which the traditional identification of adequate ideas and true ideas in Spinoza is questioned. Although all ideas of imagination are confused, only those ideas of imagination that are themselves caused by other ideas of imagination may be false. This reading of Spinoza helps to explain his understanding of the mechanisms that underlie his prescriptive ethics; his relation to Descartes and Cartesian theories of error; and the importance of self-knowledge and intellectualism to his theory of human virtue. Any mind's ideas of imagination have two partial causes, external objects and the mind itself. Although these ideas will always remain confused to a degree, a better knowledge of the self can make them less confused, and less likely to lead to cognitive or practical error.
10 Spinoza's Normative Ethics
Authors: LeBuffe Michael
Published: February 2010

This chapter defends a classification, derived from an understanding of bondage, of the different kinds of normative claims in the Ethics and of how each contributes to freedom. The classification suggests that Spinoza offers, in the end, a modest and cautious theory about how an ordinary person should live. His normative ethics includes: very few explicit prescriptions that human minds should follow in order to control passion to the extent that we can; descriptions, in a variety of language, of goods that different people in different situations might find useful to perseverance; and descriptions of what the free man does, which help people to diagnose their own conditions and to know whether, in given situations, they act freely.
11 Spinoza's Summum Bonum
Authors: LeBuffe Michael
Published: February 2010

This chapter defends an interpretation of Spinoza's claim that the knowledge of God is mind's highest good. Spinoza understands his summum bonum in a traditional, Aristotelian sense: it is the best complete good. However, like Hobbes, Spinoza takes whatever is good to be instrumental, so it is unclear how he could take any good to be complete. It is argued that the usefulness of the knowledge of God for perseverance indicates but does not constitute its value. The chapter also attempts to reconcile Spinoza's intellectualism with the value that he places on biological life. Spinoza's association of the knowledge of God with self-knowledge suggests that it is the sort of knowledge that can give a mind the conscious desire to survive. The threat that suicidal and other harmful desires pose to those who are deeply in bondage to passion shows that this sort of knowledge does indeed have significant value as a means to biological survival.
12 Eternity and the Mind
Authors: LeBuffe Michael
Published: February 2010

This chapter defends an interpretation, informed by the results of earlier chapters, of Spinoza's puzzling claims about the mind's eternity in Part 5 of the Ethics. It is argued that Spinoza writes about the eternal part of the mind in temporal terms, as a thing that is immortal and that can change during life, because he takes people typically to understand eternity as sempiternity. Freedom, on Spinoza's account, is a more complete efficacy of a mind's adequate ideas during the course of a person's life. Because the eternal part of the mind does not change intrinsically in time, the degree of freedom that one can attain is a function of one's ability to overcome the influence of harmful passions.
7 Tracing the Tradition
Authors: Ker James
Published: February 2010

This chapter outlines the many receptions of Seneca's death in written and visual form, from late antiquity to the twenty-first century. It revisits the occasional allusions to the death in pagan and early Christian writings, the creative retellings in the literature and manuscript culture of the middle ages, the rediscovery (and reelaboration) of the Tacitean death description in the fourteenth century as well as the reshaping of Seneca's dying libation into a self-baptism, the clarifying and stylizing effects respectively of seventeenth-century philology and baroque aesthetics, the aversion to Seneca in the nineteenth century, and the renewed interest especially within the literature of postwar Germany. Although the focus is on the heterogeneous meanings of Seneca's death in distinct interpretive moments, attention is given to the process of “Senecanization,” as Seneca's death narrative is brought into ever new contact with other elements of Senecan discourse.
International Development Law
Authors: Sarkar Rumu
Published: February 2010

This legal text provides a theoretical and practical overview of the international legal architecture between developing countries and advanced nations. The text is divided into two parts, the first part providing a theoretical overview of the philosophical implications of international development law principles. Specifically, substantive legal principles with respect to the parties, institutions, and legal norms are discussed providing the reader with a concise and innovative framework in which to analyze development issues. A more practical, “projectized approach” to the development process is also examined based on official development assistance programs of the World Bank and other institutions. Finally, the “right to development” within the international human rights discourse is critically reviewed. The second part deals with the international financial architecture and provides a critical review of international borrowing practices leading to the debt overhang and related problems. Additionally, privatization and capital market growth are examined as critical elements of encouraging broad based economic development that may lead to sustainable development overall. In brief, this legal text offers a fresh, new, and balanced legal perspective on the development process. The text has been rigorously researched and has many practical facets based on professional experience within the development field.
Neurochemical modulation of orbitofrontal cortex function
Authors: Robbins Trevor W. , Clark Luke , Clarke Hannah , Roberts Angela C.
Published: February 2010

This chapter reviews evidence indicating a close association of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) with ascending modulatory neurotransmitter systems. It focuses on the neurochemical modulation of performance in such paradigms as reversal learning and risk taking (Cambridge Gamble Task), which have been linked to orbitofrontal functioning based on neuropsychological and neuroimaging analyses. These paradigms have been studied following pharmacological and neurotoxic manipulations of the serotoninergic, dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and cholinergic systems. Manipulations of the serotoninergic system modulate reversal learning and impulsive responding in rodents. In humans, tryptophan depletion has been associated with reversal learning deficits as well as alterations in risky decision-making. Data for orbitofrontal-specific effects of manipulations of the dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and cholinergic modulatory systems are much more limited, although disruption of cholinergic projections in rodents do produce behavioral deficits that are reminiscent of those seen following orbitofrontal lesions.
2 The Introduction toMetaphysicsTheta (Theta 1)
Authors: Beere Jonathan
Published: February 2010

This chapter considers how Metaphysics Theta presents its own project. Two topics are of special importance. First, it has been thought that Book Theta is to be read as a continuation or completion of Book Eta, which immediately precedes it. It is argued that this is a mistake. Second, Aristotle sketches a complex and indirect strategy for his discussion, a strategy that he does in fact pursue. This strategy needs to be clearly understood.
7 The Exercise of Powers (Theta 5)
Authors: Beere Jonathan
Published: February 2010

This chapter analyzes Theta 5, where Aristotle resumes the topic of rational powers that is so important in Theta 2. While Theta 2 had set out his fundamental conception of rational powers, Theta 5 goes on to make a substantial claim about them: in any exercise of a rational power, something else is in control of it. The picture of animate powers that emerges is this: if a power is not innate, and hence must be acquired, then it is acquired by engaging in the action that it is a power for. Sometimes, the resulting power is a habit. Sometimes, the resulting power is rational; that is, a power that consists in rational comprehension. Theta 2 has already argued that rational powers are of opposites. Theta 5 argues on this basis for a further claim about these powers: there is something else in control of them.
8 Actuality, Activity, Ambiguity: Preliminary Considerations onEnergeia
Authors: Beere Jonathan
Published: February 2010

In the sixth chapter of Metaphysics Theta, Aristotle resumes direct engagement with the science of being, as such. The entire text up to this point has been preparatory. He now undertakes, first, to explain being-in-energeia (Theta 6) and then the contrasting notion of being-in-capacity (Theta 7). The distinction between them is not of interest only because of the ways in which it can be exploited to solve other problems. The distinction itself involves deep claims about the structure of being. Grasping the very concept of being-in-energeia requires insight. That insight is not easy to achieve. There are fairly complicated obstacles in the way of grasping the concept of energeia properly. Some of them derive from our historical situation (by contrast with that of Aristotle and his contemporaries), and some of them derive from the concept itself. Rather than turning directly to Theta 6, this chapter attempts to remove those obstacles and then to introduce a more helpful context for the explanation in Theta 6. It shows that the inaccessibility of the concept of being-in-energeia is one reason why Aristotle has pursued an indirect strategy in Metaphysics Theta, devoting so much attention to the notion of a power. One reason for this is that ‘energeia’ is not a Greek word in normal use, whereas ‘dunamis’ (‘power’) is.
9 Being‐in‐Energeia(Theta 6)
Authors: Beere Jonathan
Published: February 2010

This chapter analyzes the passage of greatest importance for any interpretation of the notion of energeia: Theta 6. It is there, and only there in the entire extant corpus, that Aristotle undertakes to say as fully and clearly as he can what energeia is. The text is divided into three parts: (1) the introductory lines; (2) a preliminary set of remarks about energeia, which contrast it with being-incapacity; and (3) a set of analogous cases of energeia. The chapter treats (3) in two stages. For in (3), Aristotle not only makes his best attempt to help us understand energeia, he also tells us that there is no explicit definition of energeia to be given. All we can do is to grasp energeia by considering the analogy among the various cases of energeia. In order to understand this claim about the semantics of ‘energeia’, analogy is discussed followed by the analogous cases.
Principles of systematic upscaling
Authors: Brandt Achi
Published: February 2010

Building on the complementary advantages of Renormalization Group (RG) and multigrid (MG) methods, Systematic Upscaling (SU) comprises rigorous procedures for deriving suitable variables and corresponding numerical equations (or statistical relations) that describe a given physical system at progressively larger scales, starting at some fine scale where the physical laws are known (in the form of a partial differential system, or a statistical-mechanics Hamiltonian, or Newton laws for moving particles, etc.). Unlike RG, the SU algorithms include repeated coarse-to-fine transitions, which are essential for (1) testing the adequacy of the set of coarse-level variables (thus providing a general tool for constructing that set); (2) accelerating the finer-level simulations; and, most importantly (3) confining those simulations to small representative subdomains. No substantial scale separation is assumed; as in MG, small scale ratio between successive levels is in fact important to ensure slowdown-free simulations at all scales. Detailed examples are given in terms of local-interaction systems at equilibrium, and extensions are briefly discussed to long-range interactions, dynamic systems, low temperatures, and more.
1 Words and meaning
Authors: Evans Vyvyan
Published: February 2010

This chapter argues that the received view of meaning in linguistics, referred to as literalism, is flawed in a number of respects. The distinction it posits between sentence meaning and speaker meaning makes a principled distinction between context-independent meaning (semantics) and context-dependent meaning (pragmatics). The consequence of this for word meaning is that word meanings are assumed to be stable and relatively delimited ‘atoms of meaning’, which are context-independent. In contrast, it is argued that word meaning is inherently variable in language use. This is a function of both encyclopaedic knowledge and context of use.
3 Cognitive linguistics
Authors: Evans Vyvyan
Published: February 2010

This chapter situates LCCM Theory in the larger cognitive linguistics enterprise of which it is a part. It begins by introducing cognitive linguistics, and by briefly reviewing its primary commitments and guiding assumptions. It argues that LCCM Theory represents a cognitive semantic theory, and also a cognitive theory of grammar. The chapter also considers the way in which LCCM Theory serves to build on antecedent theories in cognitive linguistics.
8 Polysemy
Authors: Evans Vyvyan
Published: February 2010

This chapter addresses the phenomenon of polysemy in the light of LCCM Theory. In LCCM Theory, polysemy relates not to the variation evident in the situated semantic contribution of a word. Rather, it is a consequence of a single phonological vehicle being associated with distinct lexical concepts which are semantically related. Semantic relatedness is a matter of degree and is determined by the bipartite structure of lexical concepts. Polysemy is examined by way of a detailed case study of the spatial and ‘state’ lexical concepts associated with the English prepositional vehicles in, on, and at.
16 LCCM Theory in context
Authors: Evans Vyvyan
Published: February 2010

This final chapter presents a summary of the key findings detailed in the book, as well as examines the implications of LCCM Theory for future research directions in cognitive science.
9 ‘Hesiod's races and your own’: Socrates' ‘Hesiodic’ project
Authors: Van Noorden Helen
Published: February 2010

This chapter looks for a deeper affinity between Plato and Hesiod in this study of the myth of the races of man in the Republic. The central idea is that Plato does not just ‘rework’ the Hesiodic narrative of the five races, but reads its contribution to the Works and Days as an antecedent to, and a model for, his own, self-critical practice of philosophy. In this sense, it can ask us to think of Hesiod's races as ‘our own’ too (546e): they set the pattern for our continued philosophical reflection.
15 On grey-haired babies: Plato, Hesiod, and visions of the past (and future)
Authors: Rowe Christopher
Published: February 2010

This chapter defends (partly against El Murr in this volume) a reading of the Politicus myth as describing three phases to the cosmos, from the world under Kronos, via a transitional second phase, to the present regime of Zeus. It suggests a reason why Plato might have chosen not to remove the ambiguities that underlie the controversy this myth has aroused: the myth springs a trap for Athenian readers eager to fall back on their own misguided sense of superiority.
Unitary Executive Power
Authors: Curtin Deirdre
Published: February 2010

This chapter argues that there is an ongoing constitutional narrative, quite irrespective of the adoption or otherwise of a formal democratic big ‘C’ EU Constitution. The lines of the visible and living constitution are clear — and becoming clearer — in, for example, recent case law of the Court of Justice where it emphasizes the primordial position of the rule of law within the Union legal order, building on existing case law and interpretations of the underlying constitutional values of the EU system. The lines of the invisible constitution are understandably more opaque, and often hidden somewhat, so may require more active rooting-out and reconstruction. This can involve issues such as the evolving case law of the Court giving shape to a principle of legal unity across the various ‘pillars’ (leading to further ‘depillarization’ in practice, in a manner not easily visible to an outsider. At the same time, other (political) actors may be involved in this process too as the manner in which the tool of inter-institutional agreements are used illustrates.
Accountable Executive Power
Authors: Curtin Deirdre
Published: February 2010

This chapter highlights the manner of the evolution of certain practices of public ‘accountability’ in the context of a diffuse and fragmented understanding of EU executive power in the Union political system. The invisible constitution of the EU can also include relatively subterranean processes and practices by non-executive institutions, such as the European Parliament for example, that gradually and incrementally is becoming an accountability forum of some significance with regard to various EU satellite actors.
Democratic Drift
Authors: Flinders Matthew
Published: February 2010

Although there is no doubt that the constitution has been significantly reformed since the election of New Labour in May 1997 the degree to which these reforms have altered the nature of democracy in the United Kingdom remains highly contested. A major problem within this debate is that it has become polarized around a binary distinction between power‐sharing and power‐hoarding models of democracy when the contemporary situation is actually far more complex. This book draws upon theories and methods from comparative political analysis in order to argue and then demonstrate three central and inter‐related arguments. Firstly, that the distinctive element of ‘New’ Labour's approach to constitutional engineering is not that it has shifted the nature of democracy in the United Kingdom from one model to another but has instead sought to apply different models at the periphery and core: bi‐constitutionality. Secondly, that contemporary evidence of both increasing levels of public disengagement from conventional politics and falling levels of public trust in politicians, political institutions and political processes originate from the ‘expectations gap’. This ‘gap’ is created by the process of political competition artificially increases public expectations; only for these expectations to be dashed as the elected party either seeks to renege upon certain pre‐election commitments or fails to achieve them. Finally, democracy in the United Kingdom is currently drifting. The old rules do not appear to suit the new game, and yet the government continues to insist that the old rules still apply. The critical challenge for any future government, of any political complexion, will be to articulate a new form of constitutional morality with the capacity to clarify exactly what its reforms in the sphere of constitutional reform and democratic renewal are seeking to achieve.
The Metaphysics of Truth
Authors: Devitt Michael
Published: February 2010

The difference between deflationary and correspondence truth remains unclear largely because of insufficient attention to the distinction between the metaphysics of truth and the linguistics of the truth term, and hence to what deflationary theories say, or should say, about that metaphysics. Emphasizing the similarity between deflationism and a sort of ‘nonfactualism’, this chapter argues that the metaphysics of deflationism should reject the need for and possibility of explaining the nature or causal role of truth. It is largely because of this metaphysics that deflationism rejects a standard semantics and a descriptive role for the truth term. Finally, the chapter argues that the case for correspondence truth over deflationism is strong provided we can explain reference. If we cannot then we should adopt deflationism. The heavy price for this would be eliminativism about meaning.
Naturalism and the A Priori
Authors: Devitt Michael
Published: February 2010

This chapter starts from the rejection of a priori knowledge on two grounds: first, confirmation holism removes any strong motivation for thinking that mathematics and logic are immune from empirical revision; second, the idea of a priori knowledge is deeply obscure, as the history of failed attempts to explain it show. The chapter defends this position from Rey's argument for a reliablist a priori and Field's for an a priori logic. It argues that Rey has not explained a way of knowing at all, hence not an a priori one: he has not shown how the beliefs reliably generated by his ‘logical sub-system’ are epistemically nonaccidental. The dominant idea of Field's argument is that logic must be seen as a priori because we need logic to get evidence for anything. The chapter gives a reason for thinking that this idea is ‘fishy’: an evidential system can undermine itself.
No Place for the A Priori
Authors: Devitt Michael
Published: February 2010

This chapter argues that all knowledge is empirical. It attempts to undermine the motivation for the a priori that comes from examples in mathematics, philosophy, and logic. In particular, it argues that logic can be seen as empirical if rule-circular arguments are allowed. And a priorists cannot disallow such arguments because any justification of a priori reasoning would have to be rule-circular. The chapter argues that the whole idea of the a priori is unexplained and deeply obscure. Traditional attempts at explanation that appeal to analyticity fail in two ways. They rest on an unexplained acceptance of logical truths and on the mistaken view that competence with a concept is sufficient for knowledge about it. A consideration of the contemporary views of Peacocke, Bealer, and BonJour helps to bring out the obscurity.
Letters of the Middling Sort
Authors: Whyman Susan E.
Published: February 2010

This chapter shows how middling-sort merchants, writing clerks, and dissenters used letters to work out problems regarding business, religion, gender and class. Letters of four generations of Tucker stone merchants reveal how an Anglican Weymouth family constructed social relationships, personal identities, and political aspirations through epistolary language. The Congregational Bateman and Wilson families of Manchester and London used letters to cope with anxieties about gender, business and, especially, personal salvation. Letters of the Quaker Follows family of East Anglia and Leicestershire were their primary link to a Quaker way of life, and reveal tense family relationships. The chapter shows how religious differences produced distinctive modes of letter writing. Epistolary literacy is proposed as a criterion for inclusion in the middling-sort. It was a unifying attribute and powerful weapon in their businesses, families, and spiritual lives.
6 Monument and Festival in Vergil
Authors: Lowrie Michèle
Published: February 2010

Vergil consistently brings together the monument and festival at significant points in the Eclogues, Georgics, and Aeneid. Representative passages from each oeuvre show that Vergil moves his reader through a simple dichotomy between writing and song to a more nuanced approach to the interrelation of these media. Ecphrasis of art works in the Aeneid in particular allows for the exploration of questions of fixity and perpetuity that other poets explore more directly through the language of writing. Although the ability to interpret the various media is an important aspect of imperial citizenship, Vergil does not offer a successful model for achieving this goal.
14 Literature and the Law: Horace, Sermones 2. 1
Authors: Lowrie Michèle
Published: February 2010

The book's last section examines the literary representation in Augustan Rome of the interrelation of literature and the law as competing discourses. Both have a complex mediality and despite our initial assumption that the law wields power by contrast with literature, the latter's control of representation compensates over time for deficiencies in its authors' political power. In Sermones 2. 1, Horace stages a dialogue between himself and a jurist, Trebatius Testa, in which the libel law and the law of the genre both put pressures on satire's generic identity. Horace may lack the freedom of speech satire should have theoretically, but he still manages to raise questions about the extent to which Augustus obeys the rule of law.
LOT Meets Frege's Problem (Among Others)
Authors: Fodor Jerry A.
Published: February 2010

There are two closely related issues that a theory of intentional mental states and processes might reasonably be expected to address: Frege's problem and the problem of publicity. This chapter shows that that a LOT version of representational theory of mind (RTM) has the resources to cope with both of them. It presents a survey of the relevant geography as viewed from a LOT/RTM perspective.
Technological change and health insurance
Authors: Zweifel Peter
Published: February 2010

This chapter argues that there is a dual causal link between technological change and insurance. On the one hand, technological change often presents new opportunities, but also challenges to insurers. However, what has been rarely recognized up to now is that insurance may also induce technological change, in the guise of both product innovation and process innovation. The first part of the chapter discusses the impact of innovation on insurance, followed by innovation in medicine and its impact on health insurance. The second half is devoted to the reverse causal relationship, starting with the feedback from insurance to innovation, in general, and ending with the feedback from health insurance to technological change in medicine.
Ageing and pharmaceutical innovation
Authors: Eisen Roland , Ilgin Yasemin
Published: February 2010

This chapter asks whether elderly people only spend more on pharmaceuticals to have an easier life, or whether the pharmaceutical industry reacts to this trend of ‘population greying’ by directing research and development (R&D) of new pharmaceuticals in this direction. It outlines a general way in which the process of innovation might be conceptualized, stressing the importance of ‘induced innovations’. It develops the hypothesis that as the proportion of elderly in a population rises, not only the share of pharmaceutical expenditure rises, but also the share of pharmaceutical R&D devoted to this part of the population. With the help of a simple econometric model, the chapter tests this hypothesis and present some results.
New approaches to health care innovation: information for the chronic patient
Authors: García-Goñi Manuel , Windrum Paul
Published: February 2010

This chapter aims to obtain better knowledge of health innovations, their key drivers, and dynamics. It focuses on the interaction between two agents: health service providers and patients. It presents a case study that highlights the importance of modifying the quantity and quality of the health information provided to patients, and the way in which that information is provided. The case study consists of the substitution of one educational programme for diabetes patients for a new one. The study provides a number of important insights into the real impact of the interaction between health providers and patients on long-term health status.
The convergence of nano-, bio-, and information technologies in healthcare
Authors: Pangher Nicola
Published: February 2010

This chapter describes the nature of revolutionary new health technologies, and their potential application and innovation in health care delivery. It focuses on the challenges that these technologies pose for both business and the health care system. The chapter is especially interesting as its reveals that as soon as a new technology is available on the market, the ‘right’ to the best existing treatment, escaping in many cases all the evidence-based guidelines, acts as a push for technology inception.
The mean free path and collisions
Authors: Blundell Stephen J. , Blundell Katherine M.
Published: February 2010

At room temperature, the rms speed of O2 or N2 is about 500 ms-1. Processes such as the diffusion of one gas into another would therefore be almost instantaneous, were it not for the occurrence of collisions between molecules. Collisions are fundamentally quantum mechanical events, but in a dilute gas, molecules spend most of their time between collisions and so we can consider them as classical billiard balls and ignore the details of what actually happens during a collision. This chapter models the effect of collisions in a gas and develops the concepts of a mean collision time, the collision cross-section and the mean free path.
Exporting Pandora’s Box—Exploitation, Risk Communication, and Public Health Problems Associated with the Export of Hazard
Authors: Fischbacher-Smith Denis , Hudson Ray
Published: February 2010

This chapter highlights a set of key policy issues around the export of hazardous activities, and contextualizes them within the wider process of globalization. The export of hazardous activities remains a problem despite attempts at international regulation via the Basel convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Wastes and their disposal. Whilst public policy can serve to reduce risks to some people in some places, it typically does so by enhancing the risk to other people in other places, albeit unintentionally. Such exports therefore remain a key policy issue and bring with them a series of concerns for public health, the manner in which governments and corporations communicate risk, and the capacity of local populations to comprehend the nature of the risks involved.
Contrastive topics operate on speech acts
Authors: Tomioka Satoshi
Published: February 2010

Contrastive Topics are known to elicit a kind of pragmatic effect that is characterized as incompleteness, partiality, and/or uncertainty. Chapter 5 ‘Contrastive Topics Operate on Speech Acts’ by Satoshi Tomioka presents an analysis of this effect that makes appeal to contrasted speech acts. The majority of the empirical data discussed in the chapter come from Japanese, in which contrastive topics receive proto‐typical focus accents and the particle (‐wa) that signals a sentence topic must be employed. The proposed analysis derives the pragmatic effect of contrastive topics by making use of the contribution of focus accents, the function of the topic particle, and pragmatic inference based on the Gricean reasoning. A variety of consequences and implications of the analysis are also addressed.
The Unfinished Democratization of Europe
Authors: Eriksen Erik O.
Published: February 2010

The widening and deepening of the European Union have brought to the fore the question of democracy at the European level. The system of domination already in place at the European level requires and aspires to direct legitimation—from the citizens themselves and not merely indirectly, from the member nation-states. Such can only be achieved by making the EU into a democratic polity. But can democracy be disassociated from its putative nation-state foundation? This book develops a revised concept of democratic legitimacy based on discourse theory. It is argued that post-national democracy requires a constitution but not necessarily a state. The Union amounts to less than a state but more than an international organization and a system of transnational governance. In the political theory of the multi-level constellation that makes up the EU, it is conceived of as a regional subset of an emerging cosmopolitan order. The EU is a state-less government. As it is not premised on group identity, it is able to accommodate a high measure of variance with regard to territory and function. The book analyses the reforms undertaken to bring the EU ‘closer to the citizens’. It documents elements of democratization and the reduction of arbitrary power. However, democracy requires that the citizens can approve or reject the laws they are subjected to. Since the institutional and civic conditions under which a public justification process would be deemed legitimate are not in place, European post-national democracy remains an unaccomplished mission.
Chapter 4 Europe: On the Search for its Legitimacy
Authors: Eriksen Erik O.
Published: February 2010

This chapter addresses the legitimacy problems of the Union and how they can be alleviated. The EU, as every system of domination, is in need of justification, but this may take different forms and may refer to different institutional solutions. Three such are outlined, respectively depicting the EU as a problem‐solving entity, as a value‐based community, and as a rights‐based union. As it becomes clear that neither a scaling down of the EU to the form of an international organization, nor a value‐based conception, making the EU into a unified nation state, are viable options, we are left with the third option: the EU as a post‐national, rights‐based union. This chapter shows that this conception is reflected in the constitution‐making process.
2 Origins and Language
Authors: Butterfield Ardis
Published: February 2010

This revisits the symbolic importance attached to language and stories of national origin in some of the earliest examples of written ‘English’ and ‘French’ – the former, on Hengist and Horsa, actually written in French and the latter, the so‐called Strasbourg Oaths, in a hybrid mixture of Latin and vernacular. It then considers the linguistic mobility of French in England and on the continent in the thirteenth century. It argues, by means of recent linguistic research, that Anglo‐Norman is a misleading term, and should be replaced by the broader Anglo‐French: once we learn to look at French across both sides of the Channel, in England and in different areas of France, older, rigid models of dialect and linguistic change seem inadequate to describe the ways in which both ‘French’ and ‘Anglo‐French’ fragment under scrutiny into shifting, porous and, most importantly, shared instances of language variation.
3 A Common Language?
Authors: Butterfield Ardis
Published: February 2010

explores how certain writings represent people interacting across language differences. This involves trying to gain a sense of how people thought about their own language use, what they understood by linguistic barriers, and what significance they attached to them. When they heard one another speak, what did they hear? How did an English speaker of French hear continental French, and how did a continental French speaker hear Anglo‐French? Through close reading of several ‘Anglo‐French’ fabliaux and other textes en jargon franco‐anglais in which writers display a self‐conscious humour about the differences between kinds of French, the chapter argues, with reference to Derrida, that issues of identity are performed through differences in pronunciation. With subtle comedy, these writers show that sharing a language can be a rich source of social distinction, yet also an unreliable means of wielding power.
9 Mother Tongues: English and French in fifteenth‐century England
Authors: Butterfield Ardis
Published: February 2010

This chapter considers the role of women in the inheritance and propagation of vernacular languages. It reassesses the status of English through historical and linguistic evidence and such figures as Higden and Trevisa by setting it alongside the growing importance of French as a language required by the English in their renewed assertion of rule in France after Agincourt. Material considered includes a fifteenth‐century teaching document known as the Femina, and the dialogues or Manières de Langage. Contemporary writings about English in the shape of the rising genre of the vernacular prologue, with special attention to Usk and such charged words as ‘symple’ and ‘straunge’, are set in the context of a wider discourse about mother tongues. Finishing with Christine de Pizan, and her translator into English, William Caxton, the chapter argues that both English and French are caught up in a conflicted set of associations between the vernacular and the value of natural as against artificial languages.
10 Betrayal and Nation
Authors: Butterfield Ardis
Published: February 2010

The book concludes with the two most celebrated symbols of Anglo‐French nation‐building, Jeanne d'Arc and Shakespeare's Henry V. Jeanne's story occurs in the last stages of the Hundred Years War, in a period where early modern historians have conventionally sought to locate the birth of nationhood. Reclaimed repeatedly for different ideological ends, her case exemplifies the contortions and contradictions of nationalist assertion. Shakespeare acts with analogous power to articulate a drama of nation that has proved infinitely appropriable to modern histories of English and Englishness. Just as Chaucer has been used retrospectively to create an incipient Englishness well before its time, so Shakespeare's French Catherine has served as a type of subservient Frenchness to an inflated English patriotism. Yet in both writers we see a long history of creative linguistic friction that bears witness to the contrariness of the categories of ‘English’ and ‘French’ in the medieval period.
Balancing of Economic Law and Human Rights by the European Court of Justice
Authors: De Witte Bruno
Published: February 2010

This chapter explains the approach of the ECJ to the use of human rights principles in the application and interpretation of economic Community law. This question arises in three different constellations: when the Court is called to examine economic regulation by the European Union legislator in the light of fundamental rights; when the Court is called to examine economic regulation by the member states in the light of fundamental rights; and when the Court examines private interference with economic activities in the light of fundamental rights. The chapter examines these three constellations in turn, giving each time one or more examples of how the ECJ operates. The latter two situations are those that are most directly related to the core theme of the volume, namely human rights issues arising in investment disputes.
Economic and Non-Economic Values in the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: De Sena Pasquale
Published: February 2010

This chapter argues that the relationship between ECtHR case law relating to protection of property rights and the traditional principles of international law on foreign investments swings between a tendency to apply these principles, adapting them to the frame of reference of the Convention, and a tendency to overcome them. The first trend displays itself when the rights of property come to the fore viewed as purely economic rights. It concerns the notion of property itself, the ‘corporate veil’ principle, and the determination of the amount of compensation to be awarded in cases of expropriation. The second trend can be found when violations of other protected rights of considerable social (non-economic) interest come to the fore, together with interferences with the right of property. In such cases, the Court has tended both to extend the concept of property and to judge disproportionate these interferences in the light of the social relevance of the individual interests at stake.