bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Knowledge Based Systems Approach to General System Design
Authors: Hale Chris R.
Published: January 2012

A method of decomposing and representing systems in a way that allows designers to test the implications of design concepts is currently under development. This method is based on object oriented programming. It incorporates the concept of nearly decomposable systems (Simon, 1969) and uses the taxonomy of Rasmussen (1979) as a general organizing construct for the clasification of objects. Several general principles of human performance (Card, Moran, and Newell, 1983) are currently being defined implemented as top level objects representing the human component of a system.
A Human Engineering Guide for Tabletop Printer Design
Authors: Hand Mary-Ellen
Published: January 2012

Designers frequently ask how they can make a tabletop printer simple to use by operators. Since some designers do not have easy access to human factors professionals for questions, a handy designer's guide was developed to answer those frequently asked human factors questions. This guide provides practical advice on how to incorporate usability into tabletop printer design. Ultimately, the printer design will meet human factors usability testing criteria during development of the printer and user satisfaction throughout the life of the printer.

Each section of the designer's guide begins with a summary of main points within the section. Following the summary is a more detailed description of each point. Hopefully, tabletop printer designers will find this guide easy to use as well as helpful in obtaining user satisfaction with their product.
Human Factors Considerations in Aviation Maintenance
Authors: Strauch Barry , Sandler Curtis E.
Published: January 2012

The role of the airframe and powerplant (A&P) mechanic or aviation maintenance technician (AMT) in the safe operation of the aviation system has evolved into an essential component of the system. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulates the certification of the AMT but the certification procedures and curricular requirements for its approved mechanic schools have not changed in years. The Human Factors community has not paid much attention to the AMT either, devoting most of its aviation research activities to improving pilot performance. Despite this, the decision making and performance responsibilities of the AMT have been increasing as economic pressures force all aircraft operators to reduce costs and as newer and more complex technology is introduced. The importance of the individual AMT in system safety could be seen in the recent incident near Miami when a Lockheed L1011 lost all three engines due to the failure to install sane of the “O” ring seals in the engines. The error resulted from an oversight that produced near catastrophic consequences. Human factors considerations need to be applied to all aspects of the AMT's role and responsibilities. This ranges from selecting applicants, training students, certificating graduates and training practicing mechanics to designing aircraft systems to meet human factors analyses of job performance. In addition, certification procedures which more realistically reflect the skills the mechanic requires to master all aspects of the job, should be developed. Finally, the Human Factors community in general needs to devote more effort to improving AMT performance to meet the AMT's enhanced role in aviation safety.
Errors in Looping and Assignment by Novice Assembly Language Programmers
Authors: Melkus Lovie A. , Swigger Kathleen
Published: January 2012

This paper describes a study of the choice of correct looping structures and errors in assignment by novice assembly language programmers and shows the relationship of these two factors to writing a correct program, to gender, and to mathematical, verbal, and scholastic aptitude. Although there was significant correlation between writing a correct program and selecting the correct looping structure, there seems to be no relationship between using the appropriate looping structure and gender or math/verbal aptitude.
Simulator Design Features for Helicopter Landing on Small Ships
Authors: Westra Daniel P. , Lintern Gavan
Published: January 2012

The Visual Technology Research Simulator (VTRS) at the Naval Training Equipment Center was used to study the effects of six simulator features on performance for helicopter landings on small ships. The purpose of the experiment was to obtain information relevant to the design of simulators used for skill maintenance and transition training, and to obtain information for making decisions about future transfer-of-training studies. The six simulator equipment factors were ship detail (high-detail deck and hangar markings versus no deck and hangar markings), field of view (VTRS-wide versus reduced SH-60B operational flight trainer field of view), system visual lag (217 msec versus 117 msec), g-seat rate cuing (off versus on), g-seat vibration cuing (off versus on), and collective sound cuing (off versus on). These factors were tested across two levels of seastate and pilot expedience. Pilots who participated in the experiment were experienced Navy H-3 rotary wing pilots. Results indicated large effects of ship detail, moderate effects for visual lag, small effects for field of view, and no meaningful effects for the g-seat factors and collective sound.
Adult and Infantile, Human Factors Safety — Beyond Building Codes and Ordinances
Authors: Smith Leighton L.
Published: January 2012

What is legal and not in violation of any building code or ordinance is not sufficient to guarantee safety of the humans involved in many cases of public use. The objects and places that people encounter and use in everyday life (e.g., stairways, elevators, and shopping carts) need to be consistently designed and manufactured. Consistency in this vein will allow for a positive transfer of training and thereby allow for the human filtering function to process the stimuli received from the objects and places. An annotated discussion of several examples is provided.
Effects of Stimulus Complexity on Double Stimulation Tasks
Authors: Aykin Nuray , Czaja Sara J.
Published: January 2012

The effects of the complexity of stimuli on reaction times in double stimulation tasks were investigated within the concept of cognitive capacity allocation. The results showed that the complexity of the first stimulus (S1), and the complexity of the second stimulus (S2), and their interaction terms had significant effects on reaction time to S1 (RT1), and reaction time to S2 (RT2). An increase in RT2 (and RT1) was observed when the complexity of S1 and/or the complexity of S2 increased. However, the increase in RT2 due to the increase in the complexity of S1 was greater than the increase in RT1 due to the increase in the complexity of S2.
The Long-Range Light Pen as a Head-Based User-Computer Interface: Head-Mounted “Sights” versus Head Positioning for Computer Access by the Disabled
Authors: Beringer Dennis B. , Scott Julie
Published: January 2012

The long-range light pen was developed as a means for enhancing the human-computer communication abilities of individuals incapable of keyboard use. The technique was also seen as having application as an auxiliary means of communication for instances where a keyboard was the primary communication input channel. One drawback associated with the particular device is that it is limited to use with c.r.t. displays, suggesting that different technologies will be required for interface with other display types. This paper presents preliminary findings from the first of several phases of experimentation intended to determine appropriate design criteria both for display formatting and for control algorithms.
Data Acquisition Control Software
Authors: Rangarajulu Sudhakar L. , Marras William S. , Rockwell Thomas H.
Published: January 2012

This paper discusses the use and construction of a data acquisition control software developed for Biomechanical studies. The software is developed for an IBM PC micro-computer and enables the IBM PC system to interact with the ISAAC 2000 data acquisition system for collecting biomechanical data. The software utilizes the Isaac Command Language (ICL) residing in the EPROM of the data acquisition system. The use of this application software enables the experimenter to have greater control and selection during data collection and allows him to perform a quality control check over the collected data at a relatively faster rate.
Behavior Analysis: A Tool for Test and Evaluation
Authors: Charlton Samuel G.
Published: January 2012

The following paper describes an approach for measuring the behavioral consequences of a wide variety of factors in a field test environment. Behavior analysis provides a test and evaluation team with an indication of what behavior changes occur concomitant with high workload, stress, and fatigue. As such, this assessment technique is used in conjunction with other evaluation tools to enable evaluation of any divergence in the behavior of the personnel manning the system (i.e., deviations from either specified or previous behavioral performance).
Age-Dependent Changes in Information Processing Abilities between 20 and 60 Years
Authors: Braune Rolf , Wiekens Christopher D. , Strayer Dave , Stokes Alan F.
Published: January 2012

Information processing performance in single- and dual-task configurations was examined across 60 subjects between the ages of 20 and 60. The objective was to investigate the general slowing trend observed with increasing chronological age more closely. The results supported this general slowing trend which appears to be more pronounced for complex stimulus materials. However, age did not interact with dual-task loading. Examination of the evoked brain potential data under speed and accuracy instructions suggested that most of the slowing was attributed to response processes rather than those of perception and memory. Furthermore, older subjects were more conservative in placing their response criterion and suffered a smaller loss when placed under speed stress.
Legibility of Telephone Directories: Reductions Due to Compressed Print and Disproportionate Effects for the Aged
Authors: Morrison Robert E. , Rayner Keith
Published: January 2012

The relative legibility of a telephone directory that used horizontally compressed print was determined in comparison to one that did not use compression but was otherwise identical, by measuring the speed and accuracy with which present and absent targets could be searched by college students (20) and senior citizens (9). The compressed print significantly increased response times, more markedly for senior citizens. Error rates were not significantly different. The data also showed that compression decreased legibility for phone numbers more than for names, and this effect was more pronounced for the aged.
The Effect of Driving Factors on Spinal Loading
Authors: Corlett E.N. , Rose A.G.
Published: January 2012

A new method for evaluation of spinal load was used in a pilot study to investigate these loads as they arise during vehicle driving. It was found that the operation of the controls provided the greatest loading, whilst vibration appeared to have little effect. The seat shape chosen did not counteract the effects of control operation.
Hand Position and Motorcycle Front Brake Response Time
Authors: Thom D.R. , Arao H.G. , Hancock P.A.
Published: January 2012

The frequent involvement of motorcycles in traffic accidents is often related to ineffective use of the motorcycle's front brake. This experiment examines the difference in response time between two rider hand positions for front brake response. The proposed covered position shows a response time advantage of approximately one and one half over the more traditional uncovered brake control.
Decluttering Methods for High Density Computer-Generated Graphic Displays
Authors: Schultz E. Eugene , Nichols David A. , Curran Patrick S.
Published: January 2012

Several decluttering methods were compared with respect to the speed and accuracy of user performance which resulted. The presence of a map background was also manipulated. Partial removal of nonessential graphic features through symbol simplification was as effective a decluttering technique as was total removal of nonessential graphic features. The presence of a map background interacted with decluttering conditions when response time was the dependent measure. Results indicate that the effectiveness of decluttering methods depends upon the degree to which each method makes essential graphic information distinctive from nonessential information. Practical implications are discussed.
A Peripheral Integrated Status Display: Is it Really Giving the “Big Picture” or is It a Miniseries?
Authors: Beringer Dennis B.
Published: January 2012

Much effort has been directed towards the creation of effective integerated displays for vehicle or system control. These efforts have generally been aimed at “primary” instruments or indices of system performance and only comparatively recently have secondary indices received similar attention. Each group of indices, however, has generally been kept separate, resulting in systems having multiple nonintegrated integrated displays. A method is proposed whereby these may be combined within a single instrument or “integrated” integrated display. This method is based upon the use of spatial cues created by regular versus irregular polygons. A major question at issue is whether such a display constitutes a single integrated shape or merely an assembly of subshapes that are serially scanned.
Simulation of Ramp-Freeway Accident
Authors: Rockwell Thomas H. , Kieger Steven M. , Rangarajulu Sudhakar L.
Published: January 2012

This paper discusses the development of a simulation package for investigating ramp-freeway accidents. Ramp-freeway accidents often occur due to close car following, lack of time for ramp drivers to look for freeway gaps and/or inadequate acceleration lane length. Rear end collisions can occur on ramps because of close car following and differential gap acceptance criterion of ramp vehicle. This software enables the user to vary the characteristics of the ramp vehicles and permits him to conduct a simulation run on conditions which may lead to accidents in the ramp-freeway
An Experimental Approach to Validating a Theory of Human Error in Complex Systems
Authors: Morris Nancy M. , Rouse William B.
Published: January 2012

The problem of “human error” is pervasive in engineering systems in which the human is involved. In contrast to the common engineering approach of dealing with error probabilistically, the present research seeks to alleviate problems associated with error by gaining a greater understanding of causes and contributing factors from a human information processing perspective. The general approach involves identifying conditions which are hypothesized to contribute to errors, and experimentally creating the conditions in order to verify the hypotheses. The conceptual framework which serves as the basis for this research is discussed briefly, followed by a description of upcoming research. Finally, the potential relevance of this research to design, training, and aiding issues is discussed.
Communicational Climate and Communicational Effectiveness
Authors: Zakay Dan
Published: January 2012

Defensive reporting has been defined as “maximizing trivial success and minimizing failure”. It was hypothesized that level of defensive reporting is related to the nature of communicational climate in an organization. Communicational climate was proposed to be a contunuum and its extreme points defined as a “closed” and an “open” communicational climate. A survey conducted among 106 managers supported the hypothesis.
The Contribution of Training Effectiveness Analysis in the Army
Authors: Neal Gilbert L. , Paris Thomas L.
Published: January 2012

The US Army Training and Doctrine Command's (TRADOC) Training Effectiveness Analysis (TEA) System studies assume that measured soldier job performance is a function of the interaction of five factors: the soldier, the trainer, the training subsystem, the hardware subsystem, and the training environment. Examples of how this assumption guides TEA studies and contributes to the analysis of Army training effectiveness are provided.
The Saccadic Eye Movement Control System
Authors: Hendrickson Jeff
Published: January 2012

This paper reports the results of an effort to construct a computer model of the saccadic eye movement control system. The purpose of the system, the structure of the system, and measures of system performance were identified. A model of the system was constructed and a computer simulation of the model was developed and exercised. The performance of the computer model was then compared with the measured performance of the system and the validity of the model was determined.
Rocker Switch Tactile Coding and Direction of Motion Stereotypes
Authors: Jack Daniel D.
Published: January 2012

This paper presents the results of a series of direction of motion stereotype studies which were conducted to determine how tactile switch coding influenced drivers' choices of initial control movement direction. First encounters with automotive rocker switches which had been mounted in various locations and orientations throughout the passenger compartment were evaluated. Motion stereotypes for these bi-directional switches were found to vary from chance levels (50% of drivers preferring either direction of movement) to a 99%/l% preference depending upon tactile coding schemes, switch orientations, labeling and switch locations.
Driver, Eyellipses Produced by Minimum Deflection Seats and by U.S. Adult Population Changes
Authors: Arnold A. J. , Ferrara R. A. , Kuechenmeister T. J.
Published: January 2012

Driver eyellipses for three “reduced deflection” bucket seats and one conventional bucket seat were developed photogrammetrically. Three driver groups drove four similar cars, each with a different driver's seat. The three groups represented standing height distributions for 1962, 1972 and estimated 1990 U.S. adult populations. In general, the four seats produced similar eyellipses in the front and side view. The eyellipses for the taller population groups were, in general, shifted upward and rearward for each seat. Side view eyellipses for the 1962 and 1990 population samples were statistically different in the fore-aft plane, but not different in the vertical.
Comparative Effects of 19 Stressors on Task Performance: Critical Literature Review (What we Appear to Know, Don't Know, and Should Know)
Authors: Mackie Robert R. , Wylie C Dennis , Smith Malcolm J.
Published: January 2012

The state of knowledge is reviewed concerning the likely impact on performance of 19 different stressors experienced in varying degrees by sonar operators at sea. The literature reflects major uncertainties concerning the effects on task performance of several stressors that the operators feel are particularly prevalent in the operating environment. Some of these stressors may be major determinants of system effectiveness; yet, the literature reflects few well established links between the stressors and task performance. Data on the effectiveness of countermeasures to the stressors reviewed are virtually non-existant.
The Rapid Development of User Interfaces: Experience with the Wizard of OZ Method
Authors: Green Paul , Wei-Haas Lisa
Published: January 2012

The Wizard of Oz technique is an efficient way to examine user interaction with computers and facilitate rapid iterative development of dialog wording and logic. The technique requires two machines linked together, one for the subject and one for the experimenter. In this implementation the experimenter (the “Wizard”), pretending to be a computer, types in complete replies to user queries or presses function keys to which common messages have been assigned (e.g., Fl=“Help is not available”). The software automatically records the dialog and its timing.

This paper provides a detailed description of the first implementation of the Oz paradigm for the IBM Personal Computer. It also includes application guidelines, information which is currently missing from the literature.
Human Factors Engineering Test and Evaluation in the US Military
Authors: O'Brien Thomas G.
Published: January 2012

The paper summarizes current test and evaluation methods employed by the US Army. The role of human factors in weapons systems acquisition is discussed along with the author's perspective on problems related to the test and evaluation process. Utilization of human performance operational test data to improve the human-materiel interface before type classification or transition into the next phase of development is of particular concern. The paper suggests an alternative to current methods which would combine engineering and operational testing to address both technical and operational system critical issues.
Repeatability of Dynamic Strength Tests
Authors: Menon Krishna K. , Freivalds Andris
Published: January 2012

The repeatability of dynamic strength tests was examined by calculating coefficients of variations (CV) for the forces exerted on lifting tests using the legs, torso and arms. Static strengths were also measured and compared to dynamic strengths. The CV for dynamic strengths, was in fact slightly lower than for static strengths, 9.79% vs. 10.6%. The correlations between the two types of strength measurements were large (r=.8l) and significant, indicating that along with good repeatability dynamic tests are an acceptable form of employee strength measurement.
Technological Change and Individual Adjustment
Authors: Endsley Mica Robertson
Published: January 2012

The technologies used by organizations to manufacture products have changed dramatically over the years. This transition has been met with varying reactions on the part of labor and management. In an effort to establish programs encouraging positive reactions, the adjustment of blue collar workers to a change in technology is examined and is related to their demographics, routinization, job attitudes, attitudes towards automation, prior job expectations, training, job content changes, and perceptions of the job changes. Recommendations for those studying technological change situations and for those instigating such changes are discussed.
A Workload Analysis for Strategic Conventional Standoff Capability Missions
Authors: Kuperman Gilbert G. , Armstrong Harry G. , Wilson Denise L.
Published: January 2012

This paper presents the methodology and supporting rationale for the investigation of operator workload in the context of an enhancement to an existing weapon system. The methodology is applicable early in the conceptual design process and forms the baseline data from which final design validation may be developed. The Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT), used projectively, forms the kernel of the methodology. A strategy for building part-task through full-mission simulations, at increasing levels of face and content validity, is presented in the context of the weapon system development process.
Using Cognitive Models to Create Menus
Authors: Snyder Kathleen M. , Happ Alan J. , Malcus Lawrence , Paap Kenneth R. , Lewis James R.
Published: January 2012

This experiment was conducted to generate menus for a command language based on the cognitive structures of expert and naive users. Expert and novice menus were generated from networks derived by applying a network analysis algorithm (Pathfinder) to similarity ratings of command functions. The results of a second experiment to test the effectiveness of the menus as training (transition) devices for using the functions in a command-driven style will be reported.
Methods of Disambiguating Command Term Abbreviations for Interactive Computer Systems
Authors: Somberg Benjamin L. , Dotson Kelly E.
Published: January 2012

The use of a truncation rule for abbreviating command terms is susceptible to the problem that two or more terms may share the same abbreviation. In order to disambiguate such duplications, one of two possible strategies can be employed. One can insist that all abbreviations adhere to the truncation rule, and that ambiguities be resolved by requiring users to enter enough letters in a term so as to uniquely identify it within the set of all command terms (consistent rule/inconsistent length). An alternative approach is to require all abbreviations be of the same length and that a secondary rule for abbreviation formation be applied when truncation would result in duplications (inconsistent rule/consistent length). An experiment compared these two approaches by having subjects memorize a set of command term/abbreviation pairings that used each of the two above strategies. The subjects were then tested on their ability to encode the terms into abbreviations and decode the abbreviations back into terms. The consistent rule/inconsistent length resulted in significantly superior performance (faster and more accurate). Furthermore, an error analysis revealed that the types of errors made were generally less severe in the consistent rule/inconsistent length approach than in the inconsistent rule/consistent length approach.
Slope Safety Warnings for Riding-Type Lawn Mowers
Authors: Lerner Neil D.
Published: January 2012

Riding-type lawn mowers are involved in many serious accidents, including about 100 fatalities each year. Many of these accidents involve loss of control on a slope, resulting in the mower tipping or sliding, or the operator falling. This paper discusses a project which evaluated the potential of operator warning devices as a safety countermeasure. It discusses the nature of slope-related accidents, the associated human factors concerns, and recommended approaches.
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation of Traffic Signs
Authors: Tengs Tammy O. , Fisher Donald L.
Published: January 2012

Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) consists of the brief presentation of words, one at a time, at the same location in a display. Text presented in an RSVP format can often be read more quickly than static text. Recall for RSVP traffic signs is compared with recall for wide and narrow static signs. Two sign durations are tested, 600 and 1200 msec, and word length is varied. At the brief duration, recall for RSVP signs was best, but at the longer duration, words presented in static signs were recalled more often. Shorter words were also recalled more readily when presented in an RSVP format.
Nighttime Hazard Detection on Freeways under Alternative Reduced Lighting Conditions
Authors: Staplin L.K.
Published: January 2012

A three-part study is reported, including 1) An analytic evaluation of the relative importance of fixed lighting installations versus vehicle headlights in meeting a driver's visual information needs; 2) A controlled field experiment which measured the distance-to-target at which a simulated hazard could be detected under actual traffic conditions; 3) An observational study to validate the behavioral data obtained in the controlled experiment. Main effects of lighting condition on detection performance were demonstrated consistent with the outcome of the prior analysis, and the pattern of the observational data paralleled the detection results. Findings are discussed in relation to ANSI design guidelines, highway sight distance requirements, and existing serial/additive models of driver visual information processing.
Using Mathematical Models of the Learning Curve in Training System Design
Authors: Johnson Steven L.
Published: January 2012

This paper reviews and synthesizes some of the literature on the mathematical modeling of the learning curve that has been developed by many diverse technical disciplines. These disciplines include the behavioral sciences, manufacturing engineering, and accounting. The paper discusses the relationships among the models and the potential uses of the models in the design, development, and control of training systems.
Timebased Analysis of Significant Coordinated Operations (TASCO): A Cockpit Workload Analysis Technique
Authors: Ellison Michael G. , Roberts Brent B.
Published: January 2012

TASCO has been developed to provide a diagnostic tool to aid in avionics operation task structuring. The objective of the TASCO logic is to determine the optimum organization of cockpit activities considering task complexity and task execution time compared to estimated time available to perform the task set. The TASCO cockpit workload analysis technique measures and evaluates the relationships between pilot proficiency, experience, and weapon system complexity in order to reduce risk in task performance.
Effects of Character/Background Color Combinations on CRT Character Legibility
Authors: McTyre John H. , Frommer W. David
Published: January 2012

Color is frequently used to enhance computer displays. However, observations indicate that software designers may not always use color to advantage. This study indicates that legibility can be significantly reduced with inappropriate character/background color combination implementation. It also presents a technique for determining character legibility when color is used.
Glare Filter Preference: Influence of Subjective and Objective Indices of Glare, Sharpness, Brightness, Contrast and Color
Authors: Morse Robert S.
Published: January 2012

This study evaluated six anti-glare filters for video display terminals. Subjective evaluations were made of the brightness, sharpness, contrast, color, glare and preference for each filter, as well as objective measurements of luminance, MTFA, contrast and glare. Overall, participants preferred anti-reflection coated, circular polarizer and nylon mesh filters to an etched plastic filter and to no filter. Subjective ratings of color, glare, and sharpness were found to contribute most to ratings of preference. Subjective and objective ratings of brightness, contrast, glare and sharpness were found to be moderately correlated. The focus of this work was to understand the relationship between certain physical variables and subjective measures of the effects of anti-glare technologies.
Event-Related Brain Potentials and Intermodal Divided Attention
Authors: Parasuraman Raja
Published: January 2012

Attention allocation to visual and auditory channels under high-information load was examined by recording event-related brain potentials (ERPs). Ten subjects monitored an audiovisual display of intermittent 2-degree circles presented centrally and 1000-Hz tones presented binaurally. Subjects had to detect targets in both channels while dividing attention to ecah channel in varying proportions. Each subject had a minimum of 20 hours practice at the task. POC analysis indicated a tradeoff in processing resources between the visual and auditory channels. The N160 and P250 components of the visual ERP, and a slow negative shift potential associated with the auditory N100 component, varied in amplitude as processing resources were allocated to the visual or auditory channel. Both these sets of results were obtained only when stimuli were presented at a fast rate. The results suggest that intermodality divided attention influences both modality-specific and modality-nonspecific ERP components in practised subjects under high-information load conditions. The implications of the results for models of processing resources and the evaluation of mental workload are discussed.
Research on the Specification and Acquisition of Maintenance Training Simulators in the U.S. Air Force
Authors: Carroll Robert J. , Fitzpatrick Jean A.
Published: January 2012

This paper discusses and summarizes the findings and major products of a seven year project, sponsored by the Air Force Human Resources Laboratory, aimed at identifying and resolving some of the major difficulties inherent in the maintenance training simulator (MTS) requirements specification and acquisition process.
Developing User-Interface Software to Teach Human Factors Principles
Authors: Blake Tyler
Published: January 2012

The system development process for a series of software modules designed to teach principles of user interface design will be documented through videotapes, live demonstrations and hard-copy posters. A modified Macintosh computer equipped with an enlarged memory and several specialized input and output devices was used as the basis for a computer-aided instruction and prototyping facility. A number of major areas of human factors concerns were identified as logical candidates for computerbased tutorials. These included dialog design, database and program organization, screen layout and configuration, icon design, graphic coding dimensions, target conspicuity and font legibility, input device attributes and relationship of computer-generated displays to hard copy. The interactive session will review the principal phases of system development including the assessment of human factors training needs, the evaluation of hardware/software capabilities, conceptual program design, system implementation, beta testing and a projection of future system enhancements.
Target Detection as a Function of Color-Coding and Field Density
Authors: Aaranson Jamie , Sharits Ted , Sharp Earl , Ancona Don
Published: January 2012

The objective of this study was to determine baseline target detection performance as a function of bichromatic versus monochromatic color coding and field symbol density. Three dependent variables (errors, reaction times, and target count) were chosen to evaluate performance. The results suggest that as more information is displayed on a screen, the potential for a color code is increased.
How People Create Spreadsheets
Authors: Brown Polly S. , Gould John D.
Published: January 2012

Nine experienced users of electronic spreadsheets each created three spreadsheets. Although participants were quite confident that their spreadsheets were accurate, 44% of the spreadsheets contained user-generated errors.
Robotic Telepresence
Authors: Mohr George C.
Published: January 2012

The Air Force sees a need for a militarized robot, designed to perform flight line maintenance and repair operations during a chemical/biological/radiological attack, or to assist man in space operations such as constructing a space station or performing such tasks as satellite inspection, diagnosis, repair, modification or deactivation. Obviously, these tasks require more than the pre-programmed behavior of an industrial robot. To obtain the high degree of adaptability required, the robot needs either the closed-loop control of a human operator, or a high level “artificial intelligence” capable of emulating human cognitive functions. Robotic telepresence is a novel approach to closed-loop control. By coupling the human operator's visual, tactile, motor and cognitive functions with a remote robot's “head, eyes, and hands,” the human operator is placed effectively “in-the-scene.” With this approach, the natural synergism between the human visual system and hands is exploited to endow the robotic system with human-like capacities to inspect, evaluate, and manipulate. Through robotic telepresence technology, the essential human operator tasks can then be performed in a lethally hazardous environment without exposing the human operator directly.
Linguistic Processing: Physiological, Performance and Subjective Correlates
Authors: Wilson Glenn , Armstrong Harry G. , McCloskey Kathy , Davis Iris
Published: January 2012

The behavioral data (reaction times) and subjective data (SWAT ratings) replicate earlier findings and provide further validation of the Linguistic Processing Task's difficulty levels. Cortical evoked potentials elicited by the task suggest that resource allocation of mental processes and time needed for comparison and decision processes increase as difficulty level increases. Peripheral physiological indices (ECG, EMG, and EOG) were insensitive overall to the difficulty levels.
On the Dimensionality of Subjective Workload
Authors: Acton William , Perez William , Reid Gary
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this research was to use Multidimensional Scaling techniques to help define the dimensions of subjective workload. Subjects rated the similarity of 16 task elements derived from the CTS performance battery (Shingledecker, 1984). The results of the scaling suggested that two categories of task features were used in making similarity judgements: (1) overall task difficulty and (2) the type of processing required (peripheral vs central). Limitations of the MDS procedure are noted.
Computerized Biomechanical Models in Manual Work Design
Authors: Chaffin Don B. , Evans Susan
Published: January 2012

This paper reviews the development and use. of various anthropometric and biomechanical models that have become available as programs operating in different computing environments. Some of the models to be presented are meant to assist in the design of a workstation when visual and physical reach requirements are high (e.g., COMBIMAN, SAMMIE and TEMPUS/BUBBLEPERSON). Other models are meant to analyze and assist in the design of tasks requiring significant physical effort (e.g., UM 2D and 3D Strength Models). Limitations and future needs will be discussed.
Instructional Strategies for Improving Training System Effectiveness
Authors: Ciavarelli Anthony P.
Published: January 2012

Advanced simulators and other training systems have been designed to replicate as realistically as possible various operational systems and environments. The rationale for this particular design goal is to attain sufficient fidelity for maximum training transfer to the real world. Yet, effective training may not only depend on attaining adequate fidelity, but also upon how a given training system is used to achieve specific learning outcomes. This paper identifies some of the salient problems with training system design and use, and discusses possible solutions for improving their training value based on incorporating instructional support capabilities and using prescriptive instructional methods.
Analysis of Expertise in a Dynamic Control Task
Authors: Roth E. M. , Woods D. D. , Gallagher J. M.
Published: January 2012

A study is reported examining the knowledge and skill that differentiates expert from novice operators on a complex control task – manual control of feedwater during nuclear power plant startup. The results indicate that fundamental to expert performance is a good internal model of process dynamics that is used to anticipate the course of system response. Layered over it is a set of explicit control strategies that operators have developed that allow them to manipulate process dynamics to their own advantage.
Seated Posture in the Dynamic Mode- Preliminary Results
Authors: Dainoff Marvin J. , Mark Leonard S. , Daley Raymond , Moritz Robert
Published: January 2012

Many advanced ergonomic chairs currently available allow operators to utilize a dynamic mode of operation in which supporting surfaces (seat pan and backrest) have some degree of motion in response to body movement. However, there is a lack of behavior data demonstrating the effectiveness of this option. The current study involves a postural analysis of VDT operators who alternated between copy-intensive and screen-intensive tasks while utilizing a chair which allowed dynamic movement between forward tilting and backwards leaning postures. Results indicated that subjects tended to utilize the extreme positions of the chair.
Attention and Visual Perception: The Availability of Features
Authors: Anderson Loy A.
Published: January 2012

Results from two experiments employing a location-cueing paradigm demonstrated that the features of a visual stimulus do not appear to be used for stimulus identification at a time prior to the localization of the stimulus by an attentional system. However, the experiments also revealed that a stimulus is processed (at least to some extent) prior to the arrival of attention at the stimulus. The results support the hypothesis that a visual stimulus must be located by an attentional system before results of initial processing of the stimulus can be used in identification. Implications for the design of visual display systems in which it is important for the user to identify stimuli both quickly and accurately are discussed.
Tests of a Theory of Human Image Understanding: Part I the Perception of Colored and Partial Objects
Authors: Ju Ginny , Biederman Irving
Published: January 2012

Object recognition can be conceptualized as a process in which the perceptual input is successfully matched with a stored representation of the object. A theory of pattern recognition, Recognition by Components(RBC) assumes that objects are represented as simple volumetric primatives (e.g., bricks, cylinders, etc.) in specifed relations to each other. According to RBC, speeded recognition should be possible from only a few components, as long as those components uniquely identify an object. Neither the full complement of an object's components, nor the object's surface characteristics (e.g., color and texture) need be present for rapid identification. The results from two experiments on the perception of briefly presented objects are offered for supporting the sufficiency of the theory. Line drawings are identified about as rapidly and as accurately as full color slides. Partial objects could be rapidly (though not optimally) identified. Complex objects are more readily identified than simple objects.
Tests of a Theory of Human Image Understanding: Part II. The Perception of Degraded Objects
Authors: Blickle Thomas W. , Biederman Irving
Published: January 2012

Two experiments tested the predictions of a recent theory of object recognition (Recognition-By-Components or RBC). The first experiment supports RBC's predictions that recognition is accomplished by ascertaining the object's 3D components in their specified relations by utilizing certain nonaccidental 2D image properties. When object components were rendered nonrecoverable by deleting their nonaccidental properties recognition in an object naming task was interfered with more than when an equal amount of contour was deleted without erasing such properties. The second experiment supported RBC's assumption that vertices constitute one of these important nonaccidental properties. In a naming task objects were recognized more accurately when contour was deleted from midsegment than when an equal amount was deleted from the objects vertices.
Manned Space Flight
Authors: Woolford Barbara J.
Published: January 2012

An overview of manned space flight is given. This describes the key goals and achievements of the space programs of the United States and of the Soviet Union. The importance of the “Man” in manned space flight is emphasized. Human factors are shown to have played an ever increasing role in the design of manned space craft.
The Perceived Relations between Color, Direction, and Speed of Motion
Authors: Harwood Kelly , Wickens Christopher , Kramer Arthur
Published: January 2012

This study investigated the perceived relations between color, direction of motion, and speed of motion. According to formal definitions of integrality and separability (Garner & Fefoldy, 1970), direction and speed of motion are integral while color is separable. Ten individuals classified two levels of each dimension in a speeded classification task. Performance with redundant and orthogonal manipulations of all possible pair and triplet combinations was investigated. Results for classifying speed and direction showed that they are asymmetrically integral. That is, variations in direction affected the classification of speed far more than the converse. In addition, redundant color facilitated classification of speed and direction but orthogonal color did not interfere. Classification of color, however, is far from resistant to variations in direction. Both redundant and orthogonal manipulations of direction interfered with color classification. A second experiment demonstrated that the locus of interference for direction on color is at the perceptual level rather than the reponse stage of processing. Quite simply, it is more difficult to classify the color of a moving Stimulus than a stationary one. Taken together, the findings of this study have important implications for the use of color in dynamic flight displays.
Display Format and the Perception of Numerical Data
Authors: Goettl Barry P. , Kramer Arthur F. , Wickens Christopher D.
Published: January 2012

This paper presents two experiments which test the principle of compatibility of proximity. This principle states that when a task requires the integration of information, the display should present the data in close proximity. When, however, the information must be selectively attended or processed, the information should be displayed with low proximity. In the first experiment, subjects were shown two dimensional data for two hypothetical conditions and asked to extrapolate to a third condition. Performance on the task was more accurate when the data were displayed on a coordinate axis graph than when a bargraph display was used. The second experiment demonstrated that when cues in a multi-cue judgment task had to be selectively attended, performance was better with a bargraph display than with an integrated triangle display. No difference was observed when all the cues had to be attended. Discussion centers on display format and perception of relations between numerical data.
A Study of Self-Paced and Machine-Paced Inspection
Authors: Schlegel Betina , Beneke Margarita
Published: January 2012

A study was conducted to investigate the performance of inspectors under different conditions using computer generated visual test items. The purpose of the study was to compare performance for self-paced vs. machine-paced inspection tasks. The factors considered were searching for a single type of flaw vs. three types of flaws, the viewing time for machine-paced inspection, and the type of instruction for self-paced inspection. The results showed that performance was better when subjects searched for only one type of flaw. Performance improved with increased viewing time, but was not affected by the type of instruction. There was no difference between self-paced and machine-paced inspection provided the viewing time was sufficient. Overall, performance in self-paced inspection was better.
Are Research Results in Inspection Task Specific?
Authors: Drury Colin G. , Wang M.-J.
Published: January 2012

Evidence of generalizability of research findings across inspection tasks is reviewed. It is concluded that while performance models allow generalization across task factors, there is less strong evidence for individual difference factors. Analysis of an experiment using twelve subjects in four different inspection tasks confirmed that individual differences in inspection tend to be task-specific, at least for the search subtask of inspection. The decision sub-task showed more evidence of generalizability, both in this experiment and in the earlier literature.
Efficiency and Personal Rhythm in the Performance of Simple Motor Tasks
Authors: Chairopoulou Chryssoula
Published: January 2012

This study, examined the effect of personal working rate and deviations from it, to performance efficiency and mechanical power, during continuous reversal upper limb motor tasks. The movement energetics were computed using a kinetic analysis approach. Results suggest a medium range of speeds under which human motor performance is maximized in terms of total mechanical efficiency and efficiency at selected points along the force-time measurements. The findings have important theoretical implications to models of motor control.