bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
’A Direct Challenge of the Segregation Statutes’ Making the Record in Brown
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: November 2023

On Monday, April 23, 1951, Oliver Hill got a telephone call from R. R. Moton High School in Farmville, Virginia. His caller, never identified, told him students were striking to protest conditions there: expanding school enrollments led the school board to put up some leaky and badly heated ’temporary’ outbuildings made of wood and tarpaper. Barbara Johns, a sixteen-year-old at the school, organized the student strike, working with friends from the school’s student council. Johns, born in New York but raised in Farmville, was the niece of Vernon Johns, a fiery preacher whose sermons delivered throughout the South often focused on segrega-tion. Inspired by her uncle, Barbara Johns decided that something had to be done. The school’s principal was sympathetic to community efforts to improve the schools, and Johns did not want to implicate him in militant action. She lured him away by placing a call that two high school students were about to be arrested. When he left the school, Johns sent a note in his name to each classroom, calling an assembly. The students and teachers went to the school auditorium and Johns started speaking. When some teachers tried to stop her, she had them escorted out. Johns denounced the school board’s failure to provide decent facilities and ended by calling for a strike. The students walked out.1 Hill was trying to develop a desegregation case in nearby Pulaski County, and was scheduled to go to the area on Wednesday. After asking that the students write him describing their situation, Hill agreed to meet the students’ families on his way to Pulaski County, although he was unsure that Farmville was a good place to bring a lawsuit. Farmville was in Prince Edward County, a ’tense’ part of Vir-ginia’s Southside, and Hill believed that Richmond or Norfolk were better places for the first Virginia desegregation suit. According to Hill, he ’had a horror of talking to a group of these kids with no adults around.’ If the parents did not agree with the students, a lawsuit could not be sustained. And, although students routinely got the attention of recalcitrant school boards by striking, a lawsuit with such a dramatic beginning might be bad public relations; after all, the students were violating the state’s compulsory attendance laws.
’Boldness Is Essential But Wisdom Indispensable’ Inside the Supreme Court
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: November 2023

The justices discussed the segregation cases at their conference on December 13. The Court was divided. Douglas wrote a memorandum to his files on May 17, 1954, the day Brown was announced. He stated that ’in the original conference, there were only four who voted that segregation in the public schools was unconstitu-tional’: Black, Burton, Minton, and Douglas. According to Douglas, Vinson thought that ’the Plessy case was right,’ as did Reed, and Clark ’inclined that way.’ Both Frankfurter and Jackson ’expressed the view that segregation in the public schools was probably constitutional.’ He concluded, ’it seemed that if the cases were to be then decided the vote would be five to four in favor of the constitutionality of segregation in the public schools in the States with Frankfurter indicating he would join the four of us when it came to the District of Columbia case.’ Frankfurter thought that the vote would have been five to four to reverse Plessy, with Vinson, Reed, Jackson, and Clark dissenting. Burton and Jackson thought that there would be between two and four dissenters if Plessy were re-versed.1 These speculations written after the decision should be taken cautiously. At the suggestion of Vinson and Jackson, no formal vote was taken, 2 so the justices were inferring from a loosely structured discussion what the ultimate outcome would be. Further, expressions in such a discussion need not indicate firm posi-tions. In the university cases, Vinson said he inclined toward affirming, yet a week later he was confident enough about reversing to start writing the Court’s opinions; in the Jaybird primary case, an initial conference vote of five to four to uphold the primary quickly became a vote of eight to one to strike it down. The one sure conclusion is that, at the start, unanimity seemed unlikely. The justices’ political and intellectual circles were hostile to segregation. Most were Democrats friendly with President Harry Truman, who had won reelection in 1948 on a platform with a strong civil rights plank. Truman’s Committee on Civil Rights condemned segregation, and Truman ordered the desegregation of the armed forces. The administration urged the Court to overrule Plessy in the 1950 railroad case. Granted, the Truman administration’s commitments to racial equal-
’Qµietly Ignoring Facts’Examining History
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: November 2023

The order directing reargument did not encourage Marshall; it signalled division in the Court. From the outside, the question was, what sort of division. Although the justices thought it important to invalidate segregation unanimously, Marshall sim-ply wanted to win. Perhaps a majority wanted to bring a minority along, but the reargument order more likely indicated divisions among the justices inclined to-ward the NAACP. The questions about remedy were nothing special. Frankfurter’s questions at the oral argument indicated his interest in the issue, and Marshall’s team had a well-developed position that constitutional rights were personal and present. If some justices were unhappy with that, the lawyers could not accommodate them without giving up a strong position for no obvious gain; the justices could devise whatever compromises they felt comfortable with, but the LDF lawyers did not have to cheer them on.
The Three Stages of Network Evolution
Authors: Noam Elim
Published: November 2023

Because several of the changes in international telecommunications policy originated in the United States, they are often viewed as the product of particularly U.S. business interests, wrapped in a Chicago economic ideology. Beginning in the mid-1980s, however, several other industrialized countries began adopting similar policies, or at least discussed previously unthinkable changes. The question then arose whether the changes reflected something more fundamental, beyond the governments in power. I posit that these policy changes are indeed part of a broad transition, one in which a multiplicity of centrifugal forces transforms the traditional network into a loosely interconnected federation of sub networks, a network of networks.
A Comparison of Deregulation Policies
Authors: Nambu Tsuruhiko
Published: November 2023

Many Pacific Basin countries will have to face issues related to deregulation or privatization even if their governments opt not to adopt such policies. Because technological configurations and demand for telecom services are as diverse as the levels of development found in various countries, it is impossible to draw general conclusions applicable to each specific situation. Rather, by stressing differences among the countries that have already embarked on the process, policy alternatives for countries in intermediate stages can be made clearer. Special emphasis is thus placed on the United States and Japan because of several contrasts between their policy orientations and regulatory schemes. Australia, Canada, and South Korea are also discussed.
China: Steps Toward Political and Financial Reform
Authors: Zita Ken
Published: November 2023

China is ready to embark on its next revolution: the Information Age. The nation’ s economic reforms and the emergence of a market economy demand an efficient real-time communications network. Archaic switching and transmission equipment needs to be replaced, and a reliable long-distance network established. The entire telecommunications industry-including component manufacturing and system engineering and design, as well as network management and finance-needs to be brought to life. The scale of the effort is staggering, but China has high hopes for its telecommunications expansion.
Malaysia and Indonesia: Telecommunications Restructuring
Authors: Lowe Vincent
Published: November 2023

The inability of their governments to provide sufficient capital to further the development of the telecommunications industry and meet public demand has provided most of the impetus for the restructuring that has taken place in Malaysia and Indonesia. This chapter looks at the development and implementation of structural changes, including an account of interest group reactions in Malaysia-public reaction in Indonesia has been limited. Privatization, first announced in 1983, is the center of changes in Malaysia. Under two laws adopted in 1985 the property, rights, and liabilities of the Telecommunications Department were transferred to a private corporation wholly owned by the government; part of the new corporation was subsequently sold to the public.
Malaysia
Authors: Onn Fong Chan
Published: November 2023

Rapid industrialization since 1970 has led to creation of a relatively advanced telecommunications system to address the complex needs of businesses for instantaneous information transmittal to and retrieval from points around the globe. The development of telecommunications in Malaysia is traced and analyzed in this chapter, including its contributions to accelerated economic development. Some background is offered on Malaysia followed by discussion of telecommunications development during three time periods: preindependence, 1957- 1970, and post 1970. Because privatization has become an important objective of the Malaysian government, this issue is analyzed at length, including the government’ s rationale and strategy for privatization.
The Philippines
Authors: Aquino Thomas G
Published: November 2023

The Philippines is one of the world’ s few major archipelagic nations. As such, the ability of a government to wield influence throughout the islands has depended to a large extent on its communications network. There were thriving commercial centers long before Ferdinand Magellan arrived in 1521, but precolonial political units were small. There are still some eighty-five indigenous languages and dialects. The Spanish brought macropolitical unification of the islands and Roman Catholicism-and stopped the spread of Islam, pushing it back to the southern islands. In 1898 the Philippines declared independence, but the United States assumed control from 1900, following the Spanish-American War, until 1942. A second republic was founded in 1946.
Thailand
Authors: Charmonman Srisakdi
Published: November 2023

Thailand, in the late twentieth century, is one of the third wave of Asian countries (after Japan and the “four dragons”) to engage in widespread industrialization. Even before this time, Bangkok had become an important world city, home to the regional offices of many international organizations. This has created tremendous demands on the country’ s infrastructure, including telecommunications. Unfortunately, Bangkok has an inadequate telephone system for a city of such size and importance. The situation is such that poor service nationwide has been considered a major impediment to investment-particularly by foreigners-and a major stumbling block in trying to encourage development outside the Bangkok area.
Singapore
Authors: Kuo Eddie C Y
Published: November 2023

Singapore is a compact city-state of not quite 3 million people and limited natural resources. The economy has long depended on the city’s natural harbor and location at the intersection of major trade routes, which helped it develop as a center of trade, shipping, and finance. Due to its small size, the economy is very internationally oriented; its external markets are larger than its domestic markets. (Good brief studies of Singapore are in Krause et al, 1987.)
South Korea: Telecommunications Policies into the 1990s
Authors: Sung Keuk Je
Published: November 2023

Until the late 1970s the Korean telecom sector had problems typical of developing countries. A backlog of unfilled orders persisted and financial resources were allocated inefficiently. Entering the 1980s, however, the Korean government made major investments in telecommunications, financed mainly through price increases and foreign borrowing. By 1987 the waiting list for telephone installation had disappeared, and a nationwide subscriber dialing system had been implemented. As the investment in facilities stabilized, the Ministry of Communications (MOC) proposed a qualitative policy that included flat-rate calling for telephone service (i.e., distance-insensitive rates) and implementation of universal information services. In a sense, these are the ultimate form of universal service.
Canada
Authors: Janisch Hudson n. , Romaniuk bohdan s.
Published: November 2023

By almost any conventional measure, be it ownership, regulation, internal organization, or industry structure, the Canadian telecommunications industry must appear puzzling if not utterly enigmatic to the foreign observer. If it is any consolation, it is no less confusing to many a Canadian observer as well. What other country in the industrial, and perhaps the entire, world can “boast”-if that is the word-of as tangled and complex a patchwork of foreign and domestic, public, private, and mixed ownership of its telecommunications infrastructure? In how many other countries did the regulatory regime consist (until the 1990s) of three different levels of government acting for the most part entirely independently of each other, yet collectively still leaving large gaps and with no single level of authority responsible for the industry as a whole? Still, Canada’ s eclectic mix works and has produced one of the finest telecommunications systems in the world.
New Zealand: Testing the Limits of Nonregulation
Authors: Dordick Herbert S
Published: November 2023

The origins of reform in New Zealand are diverse. First, the monopoly services provider was perceived, in time, to be unsuitable and inappropriate for the domestic economy and international dynamics New Zealand has found itself dealing with in the last decades of the twentieth century. Second, these dynamics had become highly competitive. Third, strong challenges to the state monopoly were mounted by important interest groups and stakeholders-including the computer and information industries, innovative industrialists and financiers willing to break down the walls of protectionism and take competitive risks in world markets, and economists who believe a freewheeling competitive economy less burdened by social goals is best.
Japan: Creating the Domestic and International Network
Authors: Ito Youichi , Iwata Atsushi
Published: November 2023

Making a unified nation of islands that for over 200 years had intentionally restricted contact not only with the outside world but internally among its constituent parts was a daunting task confronting mid-nineteenth-century Japan. Communications has always been a key element of state building. It is thus not surprising that the telegraph was introduced into Japan in 1869, just a year after the Meiji Restoration, which is conventionally considered the beginning of the country’ s modern era. This chapter traces the development of the telecommunications industry in Japan from these beginnings, concluding with a discussion of factors affecting policy change, including changes and goals and the means available to achieve them. The next chapter will cover the domestic deregulation process that began in the late 1970s as well as the data processing services that were part of the technological impetus for deregulation.
The Framing and Ratification of the Power of the Purse in National Security Affairs
Authors: Banks William C , Raven-Hansen Peter
Published: November 2023

Nowhere does our focus on the power of the purse in national security affairs run a greater risk of rendering an incomplete picture than when we trace the framing and ratification of this power in the Constitution. Contemporary discussion of the power was sparse. Except insofar as it authorized creation of a standing army, the power appeared relatively uncontroversial, The war powers provisions of the Constitution add little to the picture, because these provisions also received relatively little discussion. What does emerge quite clearly from the constitutional history is the widely shared assumption that the people could risk vesting war powers and the command of a standing army in the president because Congress retained control of the means of war, an assumption consistent with a broad-scoped power of the purse.
The Early Practice: From 1789 to 1809
Authors: Banks William C , Raven-Hansen Peter
Published: November 2023

The framing of the Constitution was a great theoretical enterprise. But the first congresses and presidents still had to make a real government. Their practice, and the construction they placed on the constitution they had framed, is entitled to great weight in interpreting the Constitution.
The General Force and Effect of National Security Appropriations
Authors: Banks William C , Raven-Hansen Peter
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we examine first the general force and effect of “mere” appropriations. We then consider the effect of indeterminate legislative history on the proper statutory construction of appropriations. Finally, we examine the role of national security appropriations in the development of what we call customary national security law.
Restrictive Appropriations
Authors: Banks William C , Raven-Hansen Peter
Published: November 2023

The paradigm of what we call restrictive appropriations-appropriations which restrict national security activities by the executive-are the Boland amendments from 1982 to 1986. We have already described the legislative process by which they were enacted. In this chapter, we use them as examples to discuss the substantive scope of restrictive appropriations. We begin by applying the analysis set out in chapter 11 to determine their force and effect as law. We then consider the general objection that restrictive national security appropriations violate the separation of powers by impermissibly intruding on the inherent constitutional authority of the president. Finally, we consider this objection to the most restrictive Boland amendment and to restrictive appropriations during the Vietnam War.
Summing Up the Power of the Purse in National Security
Authors: Banks William C , Raven-Hansen Peter
Published: November 2023

Deep Throat, the anonymous source who helped Washington Post reporters Woodward and Bernstein expose the Watergate scandal, reportedly advised them that the best way to uncover an inside-the-Beltway scandal is to “follow the money.” And so we have, generically, by tracing the early history, mechanics, procedural constitutional limits, and substantive scope of the power of the purse in national security. It remains to summarize what we have uncovered.
What Bioethics Can Learn from the Women’s Health Movement
Authors: Dresser Rebecca
Published: November 2023

After advising me on when to put in my diaphragm (“Dinner, dishes, diaphragm,” he said), my ob/gyn went on to speak about the fairly serious postpartum depression I was experiencing. “I like to tell my new mothers to get out to the library once in a while to keep their minds alive, but basically to find their happiness in the fact that they are taking care of their husbands and raising a new generation.”
Communicative Ethics in Medicine: The Physician–Patient Relationship
Authors: Smith Janet Farrell
Published: November 2023

What distinctive concepts from a communicative or discourse ethics could illuminate ethical issues in health and medicine? Such a viewpoint has much to contribute by taking speech or discourse as a kind of action and applying a philosophy of communicative action to the physician-patient relationship. A communicative ethics approach goes beyond the often-heard call for better communication, and more of it, between patients and physicians. It argues for a transformed view of medical interaction and the source of governing norms, drawing on insights from philosopher Jurgen Habermas, leader of the school of critical theory, and further shaped in key ways by feminist philosophers.
A Conceptual Framework For Interventions With Low Birthweight Premature Children And Their Families
Authors: Shearer Craig T Ramey Darlene L
Published: November 2023

For many years the immediate major challenges to care of preterm infants concerned resuscitation and survival. During the past decade as the number of surviving infants with lower gestational age has increased, the prevention of biomedical and psychological problems associated with increased prematurity has received growing research attention, including the provision of developmental interventions in the NICU and after discharge.
The Politics of Patriarchal Protection: Debates over Coeducation and Special Labor Legislation for Women
Authors: Newman Louise Michele
Published: November 2023

During the postbellum period, the woman ‘s movement fashioned a politics out of protection that eventually made it possible for white middle-class women to become political actors and agents of the state, despite dominant cultural assumptions about sexual differences that characterized women as unsuited for these roles. Yet protection-which encompassed white men offering white women financial support, supervision, polite courtesies, and a general solicitousness that was not extended to other groups of women-was conceived as a “privilege” to be granted only so far as (white) women lived in conformity with patriarchal norms of middle-class domesticity. White women sensed that these kinds of protections would be withdrawn if they did not conform to their primary roles as homemakers and childrearers. Freeing themselves from the category of the protected and becoming protectors themselves was a difficult maneuver, yet it became, as I shall show, one of the most effective ways that white, middle-class women began to assume political power without transgressing culturally prescribed notions of womanhood and civilized gender relations.
Putting the Pieces Together
Authors: Earley P Christopher , Erez Miriam
Published: November 2023

Armed with your new understanding of self-knowledge and cultural values, you are ready to investigate and determine the best way for you to manage others. Without question, the next step is to examine how self-knowledge and cultural values fit together and to determine the profiles of your subordinates so that a match (or mis match) can be identified. In addition, these profiles will help you understand whether or not a particular management technique (e.g., management by objectives, job redesign) will be consistent with the orientation of employees. If it is not, you must take steps to change the profile of the subordinates (perhaps through special job training) or choose a different management style.
Did You Understand What I Said?
Authors: Earley P Christopher , Erez Miriam
Published: November 2023

The last two decades witnessed for a telecommunication systems revolution. An increasing number of people rely on electronic mail, fax, cellular phones, and teleconference equipment to communicate inside and across corporate and national borders. Some of the most recent technological developments are the information superhigh way, wireless communication (including cellular phones), and digital cellular and personal communication networks (PCNs). This new technology is building “anytime, anywhere” communication, creating the wireless world, as illustrated in Figure 4.1.
Motivating Employees in Different Cultures
Authors: Earley P Christopher , Erez Miriam
Published: November 2023

Modern organizations attempt to select the most talented, capable, and knowledgeable people available. Organizations compete heavily for high-caliber employees. In exchange for offering an attractive employment package, they expect that these employees will work to the full extent of their abilities and exert all their effort and mental resources in their workplace. Very often this assumption is proven wrong, and employees fail to reach their potential. Although they may have the talent, they may lack motivation and drive. Motivated employees have three major characteristics: they have a sense of direction; they know where they want to go and what they want to accomplish. They have a willingness to try hard and to exert effort. Finally, they do not give up even when they face obstacles that thwart goal achievement. In contrast, those who are not motivated lack commitment to their work and don’t pay attention to what is required of them. As a result, they do not gain a sense of accomplishment, do not receive rewards and recognition, and become unsatisfied and withdrawn.
Leading in Different Cultures
Authors: Earley P Christopher , Erez Miriam
Published: November 2023

Perhaps no topic within the field of management excites more than that of leadership. It is a subject that has long captured the imagination of theologians, historians, and philosophers. Much of history concerns vivid descriptions of great military figures such as Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, Joseph Stalin, and George Pat ton, as well as more modern corporate visionaries-Bill Gates, Lee Iacocca, and Jack Welch, Jr. We ask ourselves how these people built their empires and led their people.
Military Intelligence: Unmasking Those Fearsome Apparitions
Authors: Maslowski Peter
Published: November 2023

Frank Rowlett did not know what the word meant. A country boy from Rose Hill, Virginia, Rowlett had shown an aptitude for science and mathematics almost as soon as he began making the mile-and-a-half trek to the local one-room schoolhouse. After graduating from high school he attended a small college nearby, where he tutored students in algebra and geometry. By the time he was a junior, he was teaching a regular college math class, as well as serving as a laboratory assistant in physics and chemistry. Rowlett intended to do graduate work in math, but during his senior year he saw an announcement for a U.S. Civil Service examination for a mathematician. Shortly after taking the exam a telegram arrived offering Rowlett a job: $2000 a year as a “cryptanalyst.”
Some Thoughts and Evidence on Industrial Policy: Industrialization in South Korea and Mexico
Authors: Sokoloff Kenneth L
Published: November 2023

With the growing concern about the recent slow growth of the U.S. economy, it is perhaps no surprise that whether or not to have an “industrial policy” has become a hotly debated and familiar issue over the last decade. For better or worse, the American instinct has always been to take action when events are not to taste. Influenced by the economic successes of Japan and other countries, who have both undercut American dominance in previous industry strongholds like consumer electronics, automobiles, and steel and narrowed its lead in per capita income, many observers suspect that our economy is being placed in jeopardy by the aid targeted by the foreign governments to such industries-support of a level and nature that the United States has traditionally been reluctant to provide. So dramatic has the contrast in economic performance been, that the political coalition in favor of resisting government intrusions into the economy has developed cracks and threatened to crumble completely. Indeed, some academic economists, the most devout believers in free trade, have questioned the faith and flirted with the endorsement of various forms of industrial policy.
Quantified Structures: Polish and Other Puzzles
Authors: Franks Steven
Published: November 2023

NPs obligatorily raise to IP-specifier position in order to receive nominative case; QPs do not. These oppositions extend proposals due to Babby (1987) and Pesetsky (1982), thereby accounting for a range of differences between the two languages. The parametric approach thus provides support for their original analyses of Russian. The discussion in chapter 4 was fairly self-contained, however, and a variety of potentially problematic issues were ignored. For one thing, the important question of whether the parameterization in (1) can accommodate quantified phrases in the other Slavic languages remains unexplored. Strong support for the analysis of the differences between East Slavic Russian and South Slavic Serbo-Croatian might be drawn from these languages, provided they can be treated as variations on the above theme. In this chapter the analysis is extended to West Slavic, and several striking inconsistencies are resolved by invoking a third option that cuts across the parameters in (1). Next, I treat three residual types of constructions that are formally related to numeric quantification in Slavic and that raise a host of new problems.
Two Functional Heads in English DP
Authors: Lobeck Anne
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter, the phrase structure of DP in English was taken to be (1), in which [+Poss] or [+Plural] in DET were potential strong agreement features. An empty, non-arbitrary pronominal must be properly head-governed, and governed by an X-0 specified for strong agreement. This analysis accounts for certain ellipsis patterns in DP, but as I demonstrate in this chapter, it fails to explain why more than one determiner element can apparently precede a nominal projection, as we see in (3).
The Setting
Authors: Halpern Ben , Reinharz Jehuda
Published: November 2023

After an early period of conquest and expansion, the history of Ottoman rule in Palestine was one of protracted political disorganization and economic decline. Well into the nineteenth century, the territory was minimally populated by (in modern terms) a nonproductive, preindustrial society of some 200,000 to 300,000 inhabitants. However, there were sharp fluctuations in detail, some areas and some groups rising while others retreated in the scale of growth. The Jewish Yishuv and its major component sections experienced relatively large and rapid shifts in fortune.
The Hegemony of Labor
Authors: Halpern Ben , Reinharz Jehuda
Published: November 2023

How labor rose to dominance in the Yishuv (Palestine Jewish community), in the Zionist movement, and finally in Israel is a subject that has been thoroughly studied. The growth of the working population and the more effective political organization of labor compared with other parts of the Yishuv after World War I have been noted. But these were no more than relative advantages. The workers long remained a minority and, however well organized in comparison with others, they too were divided by numerous, bitterly factional differences.
Literacy in a Hunting-Gathering Society: The Case of the Diyari
Authors: Ferguson Charles A
Published: November 2023

In recent years, beginning with the often-cited article of Goody and Watt (1963), a renewed and growing interest has developed in the study of literacy as a phenomenon of human societies, and strong claims have been made about the cognitive effects of the shift from oral to literate culture (see, e.g., Goody 1977; Ong 1982; but cf. Frake 1983). Although many of the recent literacy studies are ethnographic in perspective (e.g., papers in Goody 1968; Schieffelin and Gilmore 1986), we still have very few descriptive studies of the introduction of literacy into particular nonliterate societies. One such study (Ransom 1945) appeared in the first volume of this journal. In it the anthropologist author attempted to reconstruct and interpret the sequence of events as vernacular literacy was introduced among the Alaskan Aleut by Russian Orthodox missionaries early in the nineteenth century; a valuable follow-up article appeared thirty years later (Black 1977). The present paper attempts a similar reconstruction of the nineteenth century introduction of vernacular literacy among an Australian Aboriginal group by German Lutheran missionaries. It is intended to be sufficiently detailed to suggest useful comparisons with other cases and thus to contribute to the formulation of a better theoretical framework for the study of this kind of cultural change and its implications.
The Structure and Use of Politeness Formulas
Authors: Ferguson Charles A
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this paper is to examine with some care the little snippets of ritual used in everyday encounters between people, expressions like good morning, or thank you, or God bless you said when someone sneezes, or bye-bye said to an infant by a departing guest. All human speech communities have such formulas, although their character and the incidence of their use may vary enormously from one society to another. Strangely enough this universal phenomenon has been very little studied by linguists or anthropologists or other students of human behaviour. These politeness formulas (as I call them) are, in the word of Erving Goffman, ‘among the most conventionalized and perfunctory doings we engage in and traditionally have been treated by students of modem society as part of the dust of social activity, empty and trivial’ (Goffman 1971: 90). Goffman, in his intentionally irritating way, seems to attribute our failure to study these interpersonal rituals to the general decline of religion in modem times. He says, ‘Only our secular view of society prevents us from appreciating the ubiquitousness and strategy of their location, and, in tum, their role in social organization’ (89). Without in any way accepting his explanation for the dearth of systematic study of politeness formulas, I join him in bewailing it, and find in his works some of the most insightful treatments of them.
The Sociolinguistic Variable (s) in Bengali: A Sound Change in Progress? ( with Afia Dil)
Authors: Ferguson Charles A
Published: November 2023

In recent years William Labov has identified phonological variables such as the variable (r), the degree of implementation of post-vocalic Ir/ in the English of New York City, and in a series of studies has shown their importance for understanding the social functioning of language and the mechanisms of linguistic change (Labov 1972). 1 The present paper identifies a phonological variable of this kind in Bengali: the variable (s), the phonetic range of sibilance, and shows the value of extensive study of the phenomenon.
Nineteenth-Century Jewish Historiography: The Second Track
Authors: Feiner Shmuel
Published: November 2023

In the turbulent encounter between tradition and modernity from which the modern Jew emerged, nineteenth-century Jewish historiography played a pivotal role. Modern and revolutionary, the new scholarly historiography has come to be seen as bearing crucial significance in the intellectual development of nineteenth-century Jewry.
The Dynamics of Social History
Authors: Hyman Paula E
Published: November 2023

From its beginnings, modern Jewish scholarship has been driven by the methodologies prevailing in the secular academy, even as its content has been dominated by issues of particular Jewish concern. Like their colleagues, Jewish historians in the nineteenth century were usually positivists, focusing on the great men who shaped political events and intellectual developments. Because Jews lacked a conventional political history while at the same time possessing a rich textual legacy, Jewish historians, perhaps even more than their gentile counterparts, devoted themselves to intellectual history, to classical texts and their interpreters. As Jews increasingly participated in secular Western culture, Jewish historians also studied their contributions to general culture and the development of modern Jewish thought. In the first half of the twentieth century, a handful of scholars in Europe, the United States and Palestine self-consciously expanded their research to include explicitly social concerns; the East European Jewish historiographical tradition, with its emphasis upon community and peoplehood, was particularly important in promoting interest in social institutions.
Componential Analysis: The English Kinterms Example
Authors: Kronenfeld David B
Published: November 2023

To illustrate the application of componential analysis to kinship terminological systems, and to explore some of the problems and issues that arose in that application, I would like now to turn to an extended discussion of two classic analyses of American English kinterms, those of Wallace and Atkins (1960) and Romney and D’Andrade (1964). I will first recapitulate the two analyses of the terminological paradigm as the respective authors presented them, and then follow with a summary of Romney and D’Andrade’s comparison of the analyses and with their adducing ofadditional data to resolve the question of which analysis was more “;psychologically real.” I will conclude with my own comparison of the two analyses, my own discussion of the implications of Romney and D’Andrade’s psychological data and of other data on this question published subsequently by Romney with various coauthors, and my own conclusions on the issue of psychological reality.
The Theory
Authors: Kronenfeld David B
Published: November 2023

A semantic theory that accounts only for the denotative meaning of terms and that offers no insight into the connotative or metaphoric useof those same terms is seriously lacking. A theory that has to treat “;chair” (what we sit on) as being totally unrelated to the “;chair” (the leader of our meeting) is obviously inadequate as a theory of our semantic competence. We do not necessarily have to settle for inadequate theories. The shape of a reasonable semantic theory is already beginning to emerge in work on extensionist semantics. I want now to lay out a version of what such a reasonable theory might look like. What follows is not proven and is not always spelled out well enough to be formally testable, but it does represent a set of empirical propositions that deal with the problems raised in our discussion of componential models and that accord well with a wide variety of formal and informal observations about our use of language.
The Values of Managers
Authors: Frederick William C
Published: November 2023

The prominence given to managers’ values is explained by the manager’s commanding position and decisional dominance within the corporation. Saying so is not meant to justify, defend, or otherwise rationalize this state of affairs but only to acknowledge one of the brute facts of business life. Hence, if one wants to understand the value system of the modern corporation, one turns attention to the kinds of values carried in the psyche and projected onto the corporate scene by the firm’s chief managers. The term “manager” is used here and throughout the book in a generic sense to denote one who holds a formal organizational position with managerial duties and responsibilities attached to it. “Managerial” means having the power and ability to direct or persuade others to undertake some work-related activity. In recent years, it has become fashionable to distinguish invidiously between “executives” (or sometimes “leaders”) and “managers,” with the idea of describing their work activities as involving distinct functions and operations, and with the further notion that the former are somehow more advanced and generally more important to the firm than the latter. These invidious distinctions reflect rank-order status gradations to a greater degree than actual operational differences in getting the firm’s work done. More is said about these matters, particularly concerning the nature of managerial work, further along in this chapter.
Introduction
Authors: Campbell Lyle
Published: November 2023

spoken from Siberia to Greenland and from the Arctic to Tierra del Fuego; they include the southernmost language of the world (Yagan [alias Yamana]) and some of the northernmost languages (Eskimoan). They number into the hundreds (or, better said, into the low thousands). Yet what do we really know about them and their history? Where did they come from? To what extent are they related to one another? What does their study reveal about the past of their speakers and about the American Indian languages themselves? These and related matters are the concerns of this book. In 1954 Morris Swadesh counseled: At times some scholars despair of solving the difficult problems of remote prehistory and confine themselves to details of historical phonology or to the compilation of descriptive materials.
The History of American Indian (Historica I) Linguistics
Authors: Campbell Lyle
Published: November 2023

In 1925 Edward Sapir Thought that “the real problems of American Indian linguistics have hardly been stated, let alone studied” (1925a:527). Vastly more information is available now, especially descriptive material on many of the languages, and much excellent historical linguistic work involving various Native American language groups has been completed, though many controversies still attend the historical study of these languages. Therefore, if Sapir could update his statement today, he might well rephrase it as: Many of the problems in American Indian linguistics have already been solved, but disagreements remain. My goal in this chapter is to present an overview of the history of the historical linguistic study of Native American languages.
Languages of North America
Authors: Campbell Lyle
Published: November 2023

The Study Of The Native Languages of North .America (north of Mexico) has dominated American Indian linguistics. As a consequence of it:, long and respectable history (see Chapter 2), the history of the individual families and isolates is reasonably well understood in most cases. Still, most of the proposals of more inclusive, higher-order groupings remain uncertain or controversial. Traditionally, treatments of North American Indian languages have stopped at tile border between the United States and Mexico, almost as though some sharp linguistic boundmy existed there. However, this geographical limit is not significant from a linguistic point of view, since several language families are represented on both sides of the border; some extend into Mexico and even into Central America.
Inferential Justification
Authors: Gaus Gerald F
Published: November 2023

Before proceeding, it will be useful to sum up briefly what has been argued thus far, and to provide an idea of where we are heading. I began part I by considering just what is involved in justifying a belief by citing a reason. I argued that to justify a belief required more than merely having a good supporting reason in one’s belief and reason system; it requires holding the belief because of that reason. A causal interpretation of “the basing relation” was thus defended; in particular I stressed that a sustaining causal relation is basic to justified belief, though efficient causation seems a part of epistemic rationality. Chapter 3 then turned to the notion of a “good” reason that was implicit in the account of the basing relation. I argued that good reasons are relative to a system of reasons and beliefs, and thus rejected strongly externalist views of reasons. However, the idea of open justification does endorse a modest form of externalism, allowing others to take up an external perspective and consider what reasons a person really has. But because the point of reference is always the person’s system of beliefs and reasons, suitably modified to take account of new information and criticism, the possibility of a relativism of reasons emerged. However, chapter 4 tried to show that we have reason to believe the degree of actual relativism will be modest, and we certainly should not endorse anything so strong as normative cognitive pluralism.
What Is Public Justification?
Authors: Gaus Gerald F
Published: November 2023

Understanding the nature of justified belief and our commitment to reason publicly allows us to approach in a new light political liberalism’s most vexing issue: Just what does it mean to reason publicly? The wrong answer to this question distorts and confuses all that comes after, including the analysis of the liberal state and politics. And it is on this issue, more than any other, that political liberals have erred (chap. 1). Suppose that Alf, a moral agent, demands that Betty accept norm N. Because he is a moral agent he thus acknowledges a commitment to publicly justify his demand on Betty-he refuses simply to browbeat her into embracing N. As Rawls says, to have a sense of justice is to “expresses a willingness ... to act in relation to others on terms that they also can publicly endorse.” It is tempting to interpret this as meaning that Alf refuses to override Betty’s own judgment by imposing Non her. To impose a demand on Betty would be to insist that she conform to it whether or not she wants to or agrees to it. And that, in turn, seems to imply that to avoid imposing his view on her, Alf must obtain Betty’s assent to N.
Political Equality
Authors: Gaus Gerald F
Published: November 2023

It will be helpful to summarize the desiderata for law-making institutions, and to review briefly what sorts of procedures are excluded and what remains.

Nonrandomness. Ideal liberal contractors would not choose to resolve policy disputes through policy lotteries, no matter how fair or egalitarian such lotteries may appear. This desideratum does not exclude law-making by deliberative assemblies chosen by lot; it excludes only selecting policies directly by random devices.
Engendering Miscegenation
Authors: Pascoe Peggy
Published: November 2023

Alfred Foster never told anyone that Leah Foster was his wife. Perhaps he never believed it himself. Certainly he kept his family out of public view. The reason was simple: Alfred Foster was a “white” man and a slaveowner; Leah Foster was a “coloured” woman and his slave.
Sexualizing Miscegenation Law
Authors: Pascoe Peggy
Published: November 2023

Unlike Alfred Foster, Thomas Gibson never tried to keep his marriage a secret. On April 13, 1870, Gibson, a sixty-year-old laborer “having one eighth part of negro blood,” and Jennie Williams, a twenty-six-year-old “white” woman, went to the Reverend Green McFarland, the Black pastor of the Evansville Liberty Baptist Church, to be married. McFarland performed the ceremony, which was licensed by the county clerk, recorded by county officials, and listed alongside other marriages in the local newspaper, the Evansville Journal. Ten days later, the Evansville grand jury indicted Gibson for “unlawfully and feloniously” marrying Jennie Williams, “a white woman of the State of Indiana.”
Is Domesticity Dead?
Authors: Williams Joan
Published: November 2023

As a full-time mother and “home manager,” I greatly enjoyed Nina Barrett’s piece on motherhood [in the Yale Alumni Magazine]. Unfortunately, it took me quite a while to get through it-my14-month-old daughter pulled down the contents of a shelf onto her head, wanted to hear Hop on Pop for the 15th time that day, demanded a rice cake, requested assistance in dismantling the stereo, and otherwise made claims on my expensively educated intellect.
Two Stories, Two Games
Authors: Yamada Haru
Published: November 2023

One Sunday, I am sitting on the living room floor with my sister’s two daughters in San Francisco, watching cartoons on T.V. On the screen there appears a crowd of ants, busily transporting food back and forth under the hot sun, andnext to them in the fields are some grasshoppers happily chirping away. When the season starts to change, I recognize the story-it is none other than one of the famous Aesop’s Fables, The Grasshopper and the Ants.Funny, I think, in the story I remember the singers are cicadas rather than grasshoppers. Poor Aesop, the stories ascribed to him were only permanently recorded some two hundred years after the sixth century B.C., during which he purportedly lived as a slave on the Greek island of Samos. For the Japanese, another one thousand years would pass before the Jesuits brought the fables to their shores. As the story is handed down from generation to generation, it is not surprising that a grasshopper would become a cicada, or a cicada a grasshopper.