bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maintaining Confidence in Police Use of Force in Western Liberal Democracies
Authors: Basu Neil
Published: July 2022

In a liberal democracy, the police cannot have the power to use force without accountability and transparency. Operational independence to make hard policing decisions should be matched by operational responsibility and willingness to account for that decision. Political and societal pressure can result in over- or under-reaction in the use of hard police tactics. We are not making decisions based on rigorous evidence and research, so we cannot explain why we use certain tactics and whether they are disproportionate. The evidence concerning our need for more self-protection and greater force is poor and may affect our judgement. Public confidence requires both better evidence and better communication of that evidence to communities in which police use force with greatest consequence.
Deep Learning Based a New Approach for Power Quality Disturbances Classification in Power Transmission System
Authors: Topaloglu Ismail
Published: July 2022

Power quality is one of the most important research eras for the energy sector. Suddenly dropped voltages or suddenly rising voltages and harmonics in energy should be identified. All of these distortions are called power quality disturbances (PQDs). Deep learning based convolutional artificial neural networks with an attention model approach has been carried out. The main idea is to develop a new approach to convolutional neural network (CNN) based which classifies a particular power signal into its respective power quality condition. The attention model approach is based on the idea that the best solution will be taken from the newly produced data pool obtained by rescaling the available data according to the total number of pixels before the average data pool is created and then deep CNN processes will continue. In the attention model approach, all data is multiplied by the number of elements by the number of epoch time sixty-six tensors. The dataset used here contains signals which belong to one of the 9 classes. This means that each signal is characterized by 622 data points and 5600 data parameters. All signals provided are in time domain. Power quality (PQ) is directly depending on power disturbances’ absence or scarcity. The accuracy and error values of the developed model were obtained according to both the number of epochs and the number of iterations.
Indian Business Groups: Strategy and Performance
Authors: Kakani Ram Kumar , Sangem Santosh , Sethi Madhvi
Published: July 2022

The uniqueness of the Indian context lies in the fact that during the post-liberalization period of the 1990s, most business groups encountered severe financial difficulties, to the extent of struggle for survival, and ultimately lost their former dominant presence. The 2000s have been a witness to the revival of some of these business groups whereas many others are still in search of the suitable strategic response to the new economic and institutional environment. The book explores the forces of product diversification strategy of Indian business groups through a conglomeration of empirical analysis and case studies. The authors cover a period exceeding 25 years of business group activity in the Indian context, and attempt to relate the performance of Indian business groups to their diversification strategy, juxtaposed against the context of institutional change in the Indian economy.
Site-seeing Humanness in Organizations
Authors: Haarjärvi Tuure , Laari-Salmela Sari
Published: July 2022

In this study, we theorize humanness in organizations as a property of practice. We apply practice theory to examine how humanness becomes enacted in a business organization as people prioritize organizational and individual ends in their work activities. Our empirical case study examines the everyday interactions of development team members in an R&D organization of a large Nordic cooperative. Challenging the dominant individualist and structuralist approaches in humanness and human dignity studies, we identify and locate four different aspects of humanness in organizational practices. As a result, we show how the emergence of humanness is an ongoing process that transpires through two mechanisms: site shifting and reconciliation; that is, people shift between different sites of the social, consisting of different sets of practices with underlying disparate assumptions of humanness, which requires reconciliation. These findings provide a basis for an alternative theorizing of humanness in organizations.
Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on food habits, appetite and body weight in Tunisian adults
Authors: Turki Saoussen , Bouzekri Khaoula , Trabelsi Tarek , El Ati Jalila
Published: July 2022

Tunisia recorded the highest rate of COVID-19 positive cases and deaths in Africa but no studies assessed the impact of the pandemic on eating patterns as in the case of several countries. The objective of the present study was to investigate the perception of changes in food habits, appetite and body weight in Tunisian adults of both genders aged 20–74 years old. A cross-sectional study has been carried out with a non-probabilistic sampling method based on an online self-administered survey. Of overall 1082 adults included in the study, 57⋅8 % reported a change in their eating habits: 21⋅2 % an increase in their consumption of fresh fruits, vegetables, pulses, pasta and bread, while 36⋅6 % an increase of homemade cakes and biscuits, sweets, processed meat, sugary drinks and alcoholic drinks. In addition, tea, coffee and herbal tea have been reported as excessively consumed during the lockdown period. More than half experienced appetite variations (34⋅6 % increased appetite and 23⋅0 % appetite loss). Inequality detrimental to women was reported regarding eating habit changes (women consumed more unhealthier foods than men). Elderly subjects (over 60 years) were less likely to negatively change food habits in comparison with young adults (20–25 years), while ungraduated respondents were more prone to negatively change their food habits. Almost half reported weight gain. As the negative influence of the lockdown period on eating habits with the increase of obesity risk has been detected, health policy may be advised to focus on using mass media campaigns to promote healthy eating habits, in particular for illiterate and young people.
American Judaism between Religion and Race: Reflections on Mordecai Kaplan and Jewish Whiteness
Authors: Isseroff Judah
Published: July 2022

Mordecai Kaplan's Judaism as a Civilization (1934) is most often read as Kaplan's effort at a rapprochement between Judaism and America. In contrast to conventional readings of that work, this article highlights Kaplan's suspicion of America, and liberal modernity more generally, by engaging with his analysis of the categories of religion and race. Kaplan, I argue, is haunted by the prospect that in adopting either of these categories, American Judaism will surrender its particularity and collectivity to the liberal, ultimately Christian, state. Indeed, in his own context, Kaplan considered Reform Judaism to be proof of the perils of Jewish accommodation of either category. The article attends to Kaplan's analysis of religion and race as an unlikely resource for thinking through a number of contemporary issues with respect to religion, race, and Jewishness in American life. I argue that Kaplan's anxieties about Christianity and modern liberalism demonstrate a striking prescience about the denaturing of American Judaism in its being annexed to whiteness. The article puts Kaplan into conversation with James Baldwin, who clearly saw Jewish whiteness as yet another casualty of conquest by that “old, rugged Roman cross.” Finally, Kaplan's comments in Civilization about anti-Black racism are few. Read together with his diary, however, they evince sensitivity to the religious constraints put on Black life in America. This article thus concludes by putting Kaplan in conversation with Sylvester Johnson's work on “Black ethnics” and Judith Weisenfeld's research on “religio-racial movements.” This engagement suggests that Kaplan's analysis is not specific to Judaism only, but is more broadly related to the issue of how the modern logics of religion and race continue to discipline expressions of otherness that do not abide by the boundaries of these categories. Kaplan thus contributes an important Jewish vantage on the continued over-determination of American religious life by white Christianity.
TIGHT UNIVERSAL SUMS OF m-GONAL NUMBERS
Authors: JU JANGWON , KIM MINGYU
Published: July 2022

For a positive integer n, let
$\mathcal T(n)$
denote the set of all integers greater than or equal to n. A sum of generalised m-gonal numbers g is called tight
$\mathcal T(n)$
-universal if the set of all nonzero integers represented by g is equal to
$\mathcal T(n)$
. We prove the existence of a minimal tight
$\mathcal T(n)$
-universality criterion set for a sum of generalised m-gonal numbers for any pair
$(m,n)$
. To achieve this, we introduce an algorithm giving all candidates for tight
$\mathcal T(n)$
-universal sums of generalised m-gonal numbers. Furthermore, we provide some experimental results on the classification of tight
$\mathcal T(n)$
-universal sums of generalised m-gonal numbers.
Fertiliser use efficiency, production risks and profitability of maize on smallholder farms in East Africa
Authors: Kiwia Abednego , Kimani David , Harawa Rebbie , Jama Bashir , Sileshi Gudeta W.
Published: July 2022

The use of fertilisers in maize production has been the focus for many years of agronomic studies on research stations in East Africa. However, information on production risks and profitability of fertiliser use on smallholder farms is generally lacking because most of the early studies have focused on mean yields and yield components on research stations. This study applied rigorous analyses to determine conditions under which (1) production risks are low; (2) the recommended nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertiliser rates achieve a yield target of ≥3 t ha−1 believed to be a necessary condition to kick start a smallholder-led ‘green revolution’ in Africa and (3) N and P fertiliser use is profitable on smallholder farms in East Africa. Analysis of data from 464 on-farm trials in Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda revealed significant variations in production risks and nutrient use efficiency with season and soil type. On most sites, except in Uganda, production risks were lower with the recommended N and P fertilisers than the control during both the short and long rains. Production risks were three to four times higher with N and P fertiliser relative to the control on Lixisols and Ferralsols, but such risks were much lower on Nitisols, Leptosols, Vertisols, Plinthosols and Cambisols. The probability of exceeding grain yields of 3 t ha−1 with the recommended N and P rates was over 0.60 on Nitisols and Leptosols, but less than 0.20 on Lixisols and Plinthosols. The agronomic use efficiencies of N (AEN), P (AEP) and value cost ratios (VCR) were highest on Cambisols and lowest on Plinthosols. The VCR increased linearly with increase in AEN (R2 = 0.92) and AEP (R2 = 0.87) and less so with increase in grain yields (R2 = 0.47–0.60). Net present values indicated profitably of N and P fertiliser over the long term in only 30% of the site by season combinations in Uganda compared with 69% in Kenya, 81% in Rwanda and 84% in Tanzania. Patterns of N use efficiencies were different from P use efficiencies across soil types. Therefore, we recommend that N and P fertilisers should be appropriately targeted to soils where applied nutrients are used efficiently by maize crops.
Fractures in the Niagara Escarpment in Ontario, Canada: distribution, connectivity, and geohazard implications
Authors: Formenti Serena , Peace Alexander , Eyles Carolyn , Lee Rebecca , Waldron John WF
Published: July 2022

The Niagara Escarpment is a geological feature located in southern Ontario, Canada, and the northeastern United States, comprising highly fractured sandstone, shale and carbonates deposited during the Ordovician and Silurian periods. Differential erosion of the strata has generated a steep cliff face which bisects the city of Hamilton, Ontario. Geological fractures are widespread in the escarpment and result in the formation of unstable blocks of rock subject to erosion through rockfall. This presents structural stability issues of concern due to the proximity of the escarpment to urban infrastructure. We quantify and analyse fracture networks in the escarpment using a combined field- and numerical-modelling-based approach. The location, orientation and aperture of fractures were documented from local outcrops using scanline and area survey methods. Clusters of poles describing the orientation of geological discontinuities were identified in spherical projections, defining three sets: (1) a sub-vertical stratabound set striking N–S, (2) a sub-vertical stratabound set striking E–W, and (3) a set parallel to horizontal sedimentary bedding planes which we infer controlled sub-vertical fracture geometry. Discrete fracture network modelling of fracture sets highlights their high degree of connectivity, and contribution to local geohazards, and quantifies their role in controlling fluid flow through escarpment strata, which is dependent on fracture aperture. Additionally, bedding planes have the potential to act as free surfaces, facilitating stress conditions in which approximately cuboid blocks are produced, and increasing the risk of rockfalls. We conclude that fractures present a first-order control on the fluid-flow properties and stability of the Niagara Escarpment.
The interaction of discourse markers and prosody in rhetorical questions in German
Authors: DEHÉ NICOLE , WOCHNER DANIELA , EINFELDT MARIEKE
Published: July 2022

Recent research has shown that rhetorical questions (RQs) have certain prosodic characteristics in terms of voice quality, tempo, and intonation, which distinguish them from genuine, information-seeking questions (ISQs). This paper focuses on the interaction between prosodic cues to rhetorical meaning on the one hand, and lexical and morpho-syntactic means, on the other, in German. The production experiment reported on here addresses three research questions, in short: (i) do speakers prefer a specific syntactic construction for an RQ, (ii) do they make use of specific lexical and morpho-syntactic means to signal rhetorical meaning, and (iii) what is the interaction between those means and prosodic cues. The answers are: (i) yes (wh-questions), (ii) yes (especially discourse markers (DiPs)), and (iii) we find an additive effect enforcing the rhetorical message. When lexical (or morpho-syntactic) cues to rhetorical meaning are used, we do not observe a reduction in or lack of prosodic means at the same time. For example, when a DiP is present, an RQ will still have a typical nuclear accent and edge tone, i.e., cues are used in an additive, rather than an exclusive way. There are, however, RQs that are marked only in the prosody, without any lexical or morpho-syntactic cues present.
Population genetic structure and morphological diversity ofCruzia tentaculata(Nematoda: Ascaridida), a parasite of marsupials (Didelphinae), along the Atlantic Forest on the eastern coast of South America
Authors: Souza Renata , Vilela Roberto do Val , Gentile Rosana , Lopes-Torres Eduardo José , Cordeiro-Estrela Pedro , Moratelli Ricardo , da Costa-Neto Sócrates Fraga , Cardoso Thiago dos Santos , Varella Karina , Maldonado Júnior Arnaldo
Published: July 2022

Cruzia tentaculatais a helminth parasite of marsupials and has a wide geographic distribution from Mexico to Argentina. The aim of this study was to analyse the genetic population structure of this nematode along the Atlantic Forest biome.Cruzia tentaculataspecimens were recovered fromDidelphis aurita,Didelphis albiventrisandPhilander quicain 9 localities. Morphological and morphometric data were investigated for phenotypic diversity among localities and hosts using multivariate discriminant analysis of principal components. Phylogenetic relationships ofC. tentaculatawere determined using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. The population structure was analysed by fixation indices, molecular variance analysis, Tajima'sDand Fu'sFs neutrality tests, Mantel tests and Bayesian clustering analysis. A higher significant morphometric difference for males was observed between localities. In the haplogroup networks, 2 groups were recovered, separating locations from the north and from the south/southeast. The morphometric variation inC.tentaculatabetween different localities was compatible with this north and southeast/south pattern, suggesting adaptation to different ecological conditions. Population genetic analyses suggested a pattern of evolutionary processes driven by Pleistocene glacial refugia in the northeast and southeast of the Atlantic Forest based on the distribution of genetic diversity.
The short-term development of performance and aerobic endurance following prolonged low-intensity ski trekking in Svalbard: A case study
Authors: Jarstad Even , Mamen Asgeir
Published: July 2022

The purpose of this case study was to examine the short-term development of performance and aerobic endurance following prolonged low-intensity ski trekking (LIST) in an Arctic region. Two male recreational athletes (aged 24 and 26 years) with high aerobic fitness performed LIST 7 ± 2 h·day−1for 23 consecutive days, while hauling sledges (∼80 kg initially) with supplies from the north to the south of Svalbard (∼640 km). Time to exhaustion, maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max), lactate threshold (LT) and work economy were evaluated at pre- and post-trek. The results showed that the absolute and relative exercise intensity during LIST were ∼3.9 km·h−1and ∼60% of maximal heart rate, respectively. Time to exhaustion during a ∼4–6 min ramp walking test, and a >45 min stepwise walking test, while pulling 12.5 kg weights (simulation of ski trekking with loaded sledge), increased by 11–17% and 3–9%, respectively, following LIST. Body mass and V̇O2maxrelative to body mass (ml·kg−1·min−1) decreased by 5–8% and increased by 3–8%, respectively. Furthermore, the workload associated with LT and LT percentage of V̇O2maxincreased by 39–69% and 12–13%, respectively. No notable change in work economy was observed. The mean pace during LIST (∼3.9 km·h−1) corresponded to the treadmill walking speed (4 km·h−1) with the lowest oxygen cost (mL·kg−1·m−1) in both participants. It can be concluded that short-term prolonged LIST can improve ski trek-simulated performance and fractional utilisation of V̇O2maxin recreational athletes with high aerobic fitness. Moreover, highly aerobically fit ski trekkers appear to instinctively choose the most energy-efficient pace during LIST.
Scaling of indirect defences in Central American swollen-thorn acacias
Authors: Amador-Vargas Sabrina , González Yorlenis , Guevara Maikol , Gijsman Finote
Published: July 2022

Myrmecophytes may adjust the investment on ant rewards, depending on tree size and ant defence level. In swollen-thorn acacias (Vachellia collinsii), we tested whether the level of protection provided by the resident ants (defending vs. non-defending) influenced the relation between tree size and ant rewards, or between types of ant rewards (housing and food). We quantified ant rewards in trees occupied by defending and by non-defending ants. We predicted: (1) a positive relation between plant diameter and ant reward investment, with a steeper slope for defending than for non-defending ant species; and (2) that if there is any tradeoff between ant rewards, it should be aggravated (steeper slope) when inhabited by non-defending ants. We found that most structures for ants grew according to plant diameter, but contrary to our first prediction it was independent of the level of ant defence. Most ant rewards did not show a tradeoff between them, besides a weak negative relation between spine length and number of pinnules, which contrary to the prediction occurred when occupied by defending ants. The evidence shows that the interacting ants had a weaker influence on the scaling of defence structures in myrmecophytes than the habitat (location).
Introduction to Special Issue on French Variation in Digital Media
Authors: Dalola Amanda
Published: July 2022

Digital discourse, often referred to as computer-mediated communication, has revolutionized communication practices since the advent of the personal computer (Crystal, 2011), with ever-growing effects, as smart devices proliferate in every aspect of twenty-first-century human existence. Linguists in the francophone world first took note of these new digital interactional practices in the 1980s with the onset of conversation via Minitel (Levy, 1993), a French-born service that consisted of a computer terminal that connected via telephone lines to remote services like chatrooms, interactive games, and purchasing platforms, years before most Americans had ever heard of the world wide web (Mailland, 2017). Minitel terminals remained functional some 30 years later; the service was ultimately decommissioned in 2012 on account of outdated modems, an inability to support advancements in graphics and the earlier mass migration (in France and beyond) to the present-day internet (Mailland, 2017). But the introduction of virtual interactional spaces – in the francophone world and beyond – had marked the beginning of a new linguistic trend in which users found themselves regularly engaged in the production of written language infused with vernacular tendencies.
COLLECTION FRAMES FOR DISTRIBUTIVE SUBSTRUCTURAL LOGICS
Authors: RESTALL GREG , STANDEFER SHAWN
Published: July 2022

We present a new frame semantics for positive relevant and substructural propositional logics. This frame semantics is both a generalisation of Routley–Meyer ternary frames and a simplification of them. The key innovation of this semantics is the use of a single accessibility relation to relate collections of points to points. Different logics are modeled by varying the kinds of collections used: they can be sets, multisets, lists or trees. We show that collection frames on trees are sound and complete for the basic positive distributive substructural logic
$\mathsf {B}^+$
, that collection frames on multisets are sound and complete for
$\mathsf {RW}^+$
(the relevant logic
$\mathsf {R}^+$
, without contraction, or equivalently, positive multiplicative and additive linear logic with distribution for the additive connectives), and that collection frames on sets are sound for the positive relevant logic
$\mathsf {R}^+$
. The completeness of set frames for
$\mathsf {R}^+$
is, currently, an open question.
Separatism and identity: a comparative analysis of the Basque and Catalan cases
Authors: Ansolabehere Stephen , Puy M. Socorro
Published: July 2022

This paper explores the potential of elections to change our emotions and modify the relevance that voters assign to self-interest and group-identity issues. We examine this question by analyzing the 1998–2016 period of the Catalan and Basque regional elections. The analysis exploits that Basques pushed to leave Spain in the early 2000s, and Catalans pursued independence about fifteen years later. When the separatist goal emerges, two issues gain relevance. First, there is a significant rise of identity politics, associated with the territory’s culture and language, to the detriment of other issues that traditionally explain vote choice, such as the left-right ideology, the degree of regional autonomy, or the economic discontent. Second, the territory becomes more divisive, big cities align against dominant separatist parties, and rural areas align with independentists. We conclude that material self-interests dilute and group-identity factors emerge to determine vote decisions in times of national dissolution.
Wohlbefinden und seelische Gesundheit
Authors: Nentwig-Gesemann Iris , Fröhlich-Gildhoff Klaus
Published: July 2022

Zusammenfassung. Die Ergebnisse der Kinderperspektivenstudien ( Nentwig-Gesemann, Walther & Thedinga, 2017 ; Nentwig-Gesemann et al., 2021 ), in deren Zentrum die Frage nach Kita-Qualität aus der Sicht 4- bis 6-jähriger Kinder stand, werden in diesem Beitrag in einem anderen theoretischen Kontext bzw. Rahmen (Reframe) betrachtet: dem des subjektiven Wohlbefindens und der seelischen Gesundheit. Dieses Reframing, das keine Umdeutung, sondern eine alternative Deutung vorliegender Forschungsergebnisse darstellt, mündet in ein neues Modell des subjektiven Wohlbefindens aus Kinderperspektive, in dem für den Kontext Kita vier Wohlbefindensdimensionen unterschieden werden: Selbsterleben; Erleben sozialer Beziehungen; Erleben von Raum, Dingen und Zeit; Erleben organisationaler und generationaler Rahmung.
A Constrained Approach by Curie Point Depth Estimation for the 3‐D Inversion of Regional Lithospheric Magnetic Anomaly Data in Spherical Coordinates and Its Application to the Northern Xinjiang, China
Authors: Sun Shida , Du Jinsong , Zhi Jianli , Chen Chao , Xu Hongrui
Published: July 2022

Three‐dimensional (3‐D) inversion of regional lithospheric magnetic anomaly data not only needs to be performed in the spherical coordinate system but also requires valid constraint information to suppress the nonuniqueness. We present a constrained inversion approach of regional magnetic data at near‐surface altitudes to recover a 3‐D susceptibility model in spherical coordinates. First, we use a synthetically forward modeling experiment to illustrate that a 3‐D model with susceptibility variations along the depth direction should be considered when the altitude of magnetic data is 5 km above the WGS84 ellipsoid. We then choose the least‐squares algorithm to recover the lithospheric susceptibility model. Meanwhile, a model objective function including sensitivity‐based weighting function and bottom depth constraint of the source (i.e., Curie point depth, CPD) is introduced to stabilize the inversion and guide an optimal solution. Both the synthetic test and the application to the real data over the Northern Xinjiang indicate that the constrained inversion approach is effective to obtain a geologically reasonable result above the CPD. The recovered 3‐D susceptibility distribution under the Northern Xinjiang corresponds well to the extension of the main tectonic frame. All the rigid and cold blocks are imaged as high‐susceptibility anomalies, whereas the pronounced low‐susceptibility anomalous body is observed beneath the Tianshan. In addition, the earthquakes are mostly (>95%) located in areas where the susceptibility is smaller than 0.03 SI and vertically integrated susceptibility is smaller than 0.8 SIkm.
Tectonic Evolution of the Nevado‐Filábride Complex (Sierra de Los Filábres, Southeastern Spain): Insights From New Structural and Geochronological Data
Authors: Porkoláb Kristóf , Matenco Liviu , Hupkes Jasper , Willingshofer Ernst , Wijbrans Jan , van Schrojenstein Lantman Hugo , van Hinsbergen Douwe J. J.
Published: July 2022

The high‐pressure metamorphic Nevado‐Filábride Complex (NFC) in the Betics mountain range of southeastern Spain exhibits continental and ocean‐derived tectonic units, which are key for understanding the geodynamic evolution of the Western Mediterranean. We address the current debate in the definition of tectonic units, the emplacement of (ultra)mafic rocks, and the timing of burial metamorphism by conducting a structural study combined with single grain fusion 40Ar/39Ar dating of white micas in structurally critical outcrops of the eastern Sierra de Los Filábres. One older 40Ar/39Ar age population (38–27 Ma) is found at distance from the main shear zones in the relics of an early foliation, while a younger 40Ar/39Ar population (22–12 Ma) is dominant in the vicinity of these shear zones, where the early foliation is obliterated. Both age groups are interpreted as the record of deformation or fluid‐induced recrystallization during distinct fabric‐forming events, while alternative scenarios are discussed. A key observation is the presence of an ophiolitic mélange, which—together with new and published geochronological data—allows for a new tectonic hypothesis. This considers Paleogene subduction beneath a Jurassic oceanic lithosphere, followed by the continued subduction of NFC and overlying ophiolites below the Alpujárride Complex. Exhumation during westward slab roll‐back led to the formation of an extensional detachment system that obliquely cut nappe contacts. Although the timing constraints for high pressure‐low temperature (HP‐LT) metamorphism in the NFC remain inconclusive, the new tectonic hypothesis provides a solution that can account for both Paleogene and Miocene ages of HP‐LT metamorphism.
Multivariate Analysis of Compound Flood Hazard Across Canada's Atlantic, Pacific and Great Lakes Coastal Areas
Authors: Jalili Pirani Farshad , Najafi Mohammad Reza
Published: July 2022

Compound flooding, caused by the simultaneous or successive occurrence of two or more flood mechanisms, is mainly associated with extreme precipitation, river overflows, and storm tides across coastal areas. The interdependencies between these components can increase the risks of flood impacts, threatening coastal communities and infrastructure systems. This study quantifies the corresponding multivariate hazard over Canada's coastal areas by characterizing the dependencies between multiple drivers of flooding based on the C‐vine copula statistical approach. The joint return periods of compound flooding considering the AND, OR, and Kendall scenarios are estimated and the corresponding failure probabilities are assessed. Further, the compound hazard ratio (CHR) index is applied to quantify possible under‐ or overestimations of the flood hazards when individual drivers are assessed independently. Analyses are performed at 41 locations across the Atlantic, Pacific, and the Great Lakes coasts, and the uncertainties are quantified based on the Bayes theorem. Results show that at approximately 50% of locations (mostly at the Great Lakes), the flood hazard associated with the AND scenario increases considerably when the dependencies are characterized compared to the (unrealistic) independence scenario, indicating the potential for compound flooding in these regions. Besides, at more than half of the studied locations, the CHR index exceeds one highlighting the interrelationships between drivers of flooding. The results of this study provide a deeper understanding of the flood mechanisms and their interdependencies across Canada's coasts, which support the development of resilient structures and improved coastal flood management.
Satellites Remotely Measure Ocean Waves and Sea Ice Interactions
Authors: Mulligan Ryan
Published: July 2022

A new method for using satellite observations from multiple sensors improves measurements of ocean waves as they propagate through and interact with sea ice.
High‐Resolution Poynting Flux Statistics From the Swarm Mission: How Much Is Being Underestimated at Larger Scales?
Authors: Billett D. D. , McWilliams K. A. , Pakhotin I. P. , Burchill J. K. , Knudsen D. J. , Martin C. J.
Published: July 2022

Underestimation of the transfer of energy between the magnetosphere and ionosphere, the Poynting flux, is a persistent issue in space weather studies and the high‐latitude ionospheric models. Thought to be due to the inability to resolve small‐scale fluctuations of the ionospheric electric field, this underestimation could lead to significant further underestimations in parameters such as the thermospheric mass density and consequential satellite drag. Utilizing 16 Hz ion velocity and magnetic field measurements from the Swarm satellite mission, we examine the observed Poynting flux due to electric field fluctuations on very small spatial scales (∼1 km), and then artificially smooth the data to increase the observed scale. We quantify the decrease of integrated Poynting flux, poleward of 60/‐60° geomagnetic latitude, with increasing spatial scale. The decrease can be underestimated by as much as 15% by increasing scale from 1 km to only 8.6 km, or 16–2 Hz equivalent, with upward Poynting flux decreasing significantly faster. Our results thus point to a significant Alfvén wave driven component of the Poynting flux on kilometer scales. Additionally, we observe a northern hemisphere preference for increased Poynting flux, of which we examine its dependence on scale size and interplanetary magnetic field.
Rising complexity of the OAM beam structure as a way to a higher data capacity
Authors: Pryamikov Andrey
Published: July 2022

Standard vortex beams carrying different OAM (optical angular momentum) modes can provide independent communication channels for information transmission. However, they are unable to reach the capacity limit of a communication channel due to a rapid divergence of the beams with high values of the OAM order. The solution can be found by using multi-vortex geometric beams.
Preconditioning in hypoxic-ischemic neonate mice triggers Na+-Ca2+ exchanger-dependent neurogenesis
Authors: Brancaccio P. , Anzilotti S. , Cuomo O. , Vinciguerra A. , Campanile M. , Herchuelz A. , Amoroso S. , Annunziato L. , Pignataro G.
Published: July 2022

To identify alternative interventions in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, researchers’ attention has been focused to the study of endogenous neuroprotective strategies. Based on the preconditioning concept that a subthreshold insult may protect from a subsequent harmful event, we aimed at identifying a new preconditioning protocol able to enhance Ca2+-dependent neurogenesis in a mouse model of neonatal hypoxia ischemia (HI). To this purpose, we also investigated the role of the preconditioning-linked protein controlling ionic homeostasis, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX). Hypoxic Preconditioning (HPC) was reproduced by exposing P7 mice to 20’ hypoxia. HI was induced by isolating and cutting the right common carotid artery. A significant reduction in ischemic damage was observed in mice subjected to 20’ hypoxia followed,3 days later, by 60’ HI, thus suggesting that 20’ hypoxia functions as preconditioning stimulus. HPC promoted neuroblasts proliferation in the dentate gyrus mirrored by an increase of NCX1 and NCX3-positive cells and an improvement of behavioral motor performances in HI mice. An attenuation of HPC neuroprotection as well as a reduction in the expression of neurogenesis markers, including p57 and NeuroD1, was observed in preconditioned mice lacking NCX1 or NCX3. In summary, PC in neonatal mice triggers a neurogenic process linked to ionic homeostasis maintenance, regulated by NCX1 and NCX3.
A deep-learning estimate of the decadal trends in the Southern Ocean carbon storage
Authors: Zemskova Varvara E. , He Tai-Long , Wan Zirui , Grisouard Nicolas
Published: July 2022

Uptake of atmospheric carbon by the ocean, especially at high latitudes, plays an important role in offsetting anthropogenic emissions. At the surface of the Southern Ocean south of 30∘S, the ocean carbon uptake, which had been weakening in 1990s, strengthened in the 2000s. However, sparseness of in-situ measurements in the ocean interior make it difficult to compute changes in carbon storage below the surface. Here we develop a machine-learning model, which can estimate concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the Southern Ocean up to 4 km depth only using data available at the ocean surface. Our model is fast and computationally inexpensive. We apply it to calculate trends in DIC concentrations over the past three decades and find that DIC decreased in the 1990s and 2000s, but has increased, in particular in the upper ocean since the 2010s. However, the particular circulation dynamics that drove these changes may have differed across zonal sectors of the Southern Ocean. While the near-surface decrease in DIC concentrations would enhance atmospheric CO2 uptake continuing the previously-found trends, weakened connectivity between surface and deep layers and build-up of DIC in deep waters could reduce the ocean’s carbon storage potential.
CD8 lymphocytes mitigate HIV-1 persistence in lymph node follicular helper T cells during hyperacute-treated infection
Authors: Baiyegunhi Omolara O. , Mann Jaclyn , Khaba Trevor , Nkosi Thandeka , Mbatha Anele , Ogunshola Funsho , Chasara Caroline , Ismail Nasreen , Ngubane Thandekile , Jajbhay Ismail , Pansegrouw Johan , Dong Krista L. , Walker Bruce D. , Ndung’u Thumbi , Ndhlovu Zaza M.
Published: July 2022

HIV persistence in tissue sites despite ART is a major barrier to HIV cure. Detailed studies of HIV-infected cells and immune responses in native lymph node tissue environment is critical for gaining insight into immune mechanisms impacting HIV persistence and clearance in tissue sanctuary sites. We compared HIV persistence and HIV-specific T cell responses in lymph node biopsies obtained from 14 individuals who initiated therapy in Fiebig stages I/II, 5 persons treated in Fiebig stages III-V and 17 late treated individuals who initiated ART in Fiebig VI and beyond. Using multicolor immunofluorescence staining and in situ hybridization, we detect HIV RNA and/or protein in 12 of 14 Fiebig I/II treated persons on suppressive therapy for 1 to 55 months, and in late treated persons with persistent antigens. CXCR3+ T follicular helper cells harbor the greatest amounts of gag mRNA transcripts. Notably, HIV-specific CD8+ T cells responses are associated with lower HIV antigen burden, suggesting that these responses may contribute to HIV suppression in lymph nodes during therapy. These results reveal HIV persistence despite the initiation of ART in hyperacute infection and highlight the contribution of virus-specific responses to HIV suppression in tissue sanctuaries during suppressive ART.
The intrinsically disordered protein TgIST from Toxoplasma gondii inhibits STAT1 signaling by blocking cofactor recruitment
Authors: Huang Zhou , Liu Hejun , Nix Jay , Xu Rui , Knoverek Catherine R. , Bowman Gregory R. , Amarasinghe Gaya K. , Sibley L. David
Published: July 2022

Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins communicate from cell-surface receptors to drive transcription of immune response genes. The parasiteToxoplasma gondiiblocks STAT1-mediated gene expression by secreting the intrinsically disordered protein TgIST that traffics to the host nucleus, binds phosphorylated STAT1 dimers, and occupies nascent transcription sites that unexpectedly remain silenced. Here we define a core region within internal repeats of TgIST that is necessary and sufficient to block STAT1-mediated gene expression. Cellular, biochemical, mutational, and structural data demonstrate that the repeat region of TgIST adopts a helical conformation upon binding to STAT1 dimers. The binding interface is defined by a groove formed from two loops in the STAT1 SH2 domains that reorient during dimerization. TgIST binding to this newly exposed site at the STAT1 dimer interface alters its conformation and prevents the recruitment of co-transcriptional activators, thus defining the mechanism of blocked transcription.
Selective expression of variant surface antigens enables Plasmodium falciparum to evade immune clearance in vivo
Authors: Chew Marvin , Ye Weijian , Omelianczyk Radoslaw Igor , Pasaje Charisse Flerida , Hoo Regina , Chen Qingfeng , Niles Jacquin C. , Chen Jianzhu , Preiser Peter
Published: July 2022

Plasmodium falciparum has developed extensive mechanisms to evade host immune clearance. Currently, most of our understanding is based on in vitro studies of individual parasite variant surface antigens and how this relates to the processes in vivo is not well-understood. Here, we have used a humanized mouse model to identify parasite factors important for in vivo growth. We show that upregulation of the specific PfEMP1, VAR2CSA, provides the parasite with protection from macrophage phagocytosis and clearance in the humanized mice. Furthermore, parasites adapted to thrive in the humanized mice show reduced NK cell-mediated killing through interaction with the immune inhibitory receptor, LILRB1. Taken together, these findings reveal new insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms that the parasite utilizes to coordinate immune escape in vivo. Identification and targeting of these specific parasite variant surface antigens crucial for immune evasion provides a unique approach for therapy.
Loop-extrusion and polymer phase-separation can co-exist at the single-molecule level to shape chromatin folding
Authors: Conte Mattia , Irani Ehsan , Chiariello Andrea M. , Abraham Alex , Bianco Simona , Esposito Andrea , Nicodemi Mario
Published: July 2022

Loop-extrusion and phase-separation have been proposed as mechanisms that shape chromosome spatial organization. It is unclear, however, how they perform relative to each other in explaining chromatin architecture data and whether they compete or co-exist at the single-molecule level. Here, we compare models of polymer physics based on loop-extrusion and phase-separation, as well as models where both mechanisms act simultaneously in a single molecule, against multiplexed FISH data available in human loci in IMR90 and HCT116 cells. We find that the different models recapitulate bulk Hi-C and average multiplexed microscopy data. Single-molecule chromatin conformations are also well captured, especially by phase-separation based models that better reflect the experimentally reported segregation in globules of the considered genomic loci and their cell-to-cell structural variability. Such a variability is consistent with two main concurrent causes: single-cell epigenetic heterogeneity and an intrinsic thermodynamic conformational degeneracy of folding. Overall, the model combining loop-extrusion and polymer phase-separation provides a very good description of the data, particularly higher-order contacts, showing that the two mechanisms can co-exist in shaping chromatin architecture in single cells.
GloSEM: High-resolution global estimates of present and future soil displacement in croplands by water erosion
Authors: Borrelli Pasquale , Ballabio Cristiano , Yang Jae E. , Robinson David A. , Panagos Panos
Published: July 2022

Healthy soil is the foundation underpinning global agriculture and food security. Soil erosion is currently the most serious threat to soil health, leading to yield decline, ecosystem degradation and economic impacts. Here, we provide high-resolution (ca. 100 × 100 m) global estimates of soil displacement by water erosion obtained using the Revised-Universal-Soil-Loss-Equation-based Global Soil Erosion Modelling (GloSEM) platform under present (2019) and future (2070) climate scenarios (i.e. Shared Socioeconomic Pathway [SSP]1–Representative Concentration Pathway [RCP]2.6, SSP2–RCP4.5 and SSP5–RCP8.5). GloSEM is the first global modelling platform to take into account regional farming systems, the mitigation effects of conservation agriculture (CA), and climate change projections. We provide a set of data, maps and descriptive statistics to support researchers and decision-makers in exploring the extent and geography of soil erosion, identifying probable hotspots, and exploring (with stakeholders) appropriate actions for mitigating impacts. In this regard, we have also provided an Excel spreadsheet that can provide useful insights into the potential mitigating effects of present and future alternative CA scenarios at the country level.
Materials information extraction via automatically generated corpus
Authors: Yan Rongen , Jiang Xue , Wang Weiren , Dang Depeng , Su Yanjing
Published: July 2022

Information Extraction (IE) in Natural Language Processing (NLP) aims to extract structured information from unstructured text to assist a computer in understanding natural language. Machine learning-based IE methods bring more intelligence and possibilities but require an extensive and accurate labeled corpus. In the materials science domain, giving reliable labels is a laborious task that requires the efforts of many professionals. To reduce manual intervention and automatically generate materials corpus during IE, in this work, we propose a semi-supervised IE framework for materials via automatically generated corpus. Taking the superalloy data extraction in our previous work as an example, the proposed framework using Snorkel automatically labels the corpus containing property values. Then Ordered Neurons-Long Short-Term Memory (ON-LSTM) network is adopted to train an information extraction model on the generated corpus. The experimental results show that the F1-score of γ’ solvus temperature, density and solidus temperature of superalloys are 83.90%, 94.02%, 89.27%, respectively. Furthermore, we conduct similar experiments on other materials, the experimental results show that the proposed framework is universal in the field of materials.
Cytopathic SARS-CoV-2 screening on VERO-E6 cells in a large-scale repurposing effort
Authors: Zaliani Andrea , Vangeel Laura , Reinshagen Jeanette , Iaconis Daniela , Kuzikov Maria , Keminer Oliver , Wolf Markus , Ellinger Bernhard , Esposito Francesca , Corona Angela , Tramontano Enzo , Manelfi Candida , Herzog Katja , Jochmans Dirk , De Jonghe Steven , Chiu Winston , Francken Thibault , Schepers Joost , Collard Caroline , Abbasi Kayvan , Claussen Carsten , Summa Vincenzo , Beccari Andrea R. , Neyts Johan , Gribbon Philip , Leyssen Pieter
Published: July 2022

Worldwide, there are intensive efforts to identify repurposed drugs as potential therapies against SARS-CoV-2 infection and the associated COVID-19 disease. To date, the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone and (to a lesser extent) the RNA-polymerase inhibitor remdesivir have been shown to be effective in reducing mortality and patient time to recovery, respectively, in patients. Here, we report the results of a phenotypic screening campaign within an EU-funded project (H2020-EXSCALATE4COV) aimed at extending the repertoire of anti-COVID therapeutics through repurposing of available compounds and highlighting compounds with new mechanisms of action against viral infection. We screened 8702 molecules from different repurposing libraries, to reveal 110 compounds with an anti-cytopathic IC50 < 20 µM. From this group, 18 with a safety index greater than 2 are also marketed drugs, making them suitable for further study as potential therapies against COVID-19. Our result supports the idea that a systematic approach to repurposing is a valid strategy to accelerate the necessary drug discovery process.
Case study of the convergent evolution in the color patterns in the freshwater bivalves
Authors: Asato Kaito , Nakayama Kentaro , Imai Takuya
Published: July 2022

The class Bivalvia (phylum Mollusca) is one of the most successful at survival groups of animals with diverse color patterns on their shells, and they are occasionally preserved in the fossil record as residual color patterns. However, the fossil record of the residual color patterns in freshwater bivalves could be traced only to the Miocene, greatly limiting color pattern evolution knowledge. We present the color patterns of the Cretaceous freshwater bivalves belonging to three extinct families of the order Trigoniida (hereinafter the Kitadani Freshwater Bivalves) from Japan, which is the oldest and the second fossil record of freshwater molluscan color patterns. The Kitadani Freshwater Bivalves consists of two types of color patterns: stripes along the growth lines and radial rays tapered toward the umbo, which resemble that of the colored bands of extant freshwater bivalves. This resemblance of the color patterns between the Kitadani Freshwater Bivalves and the extant species indicates that the color patterns of the freshwater bivalves represent the convergent evolution between Trigoniida and Unionida. To explain this convergent evolution, we advocate three conceivable factors: the phylogenetic constraints, monotonous habitats typical of freshwater ecosystems, and the predation pressure by visual predators in freshwater sediments.