Methods of diagnostic anatomic and physiological features of children of different age groups
Authors: Davybida N. , Yakovlev V. 
Published: June 2024

Age periodization is a segment of a person's life that reaches a certain level of development and has characteristic, relatively stable quality features. Plato first drew attention to age periodization. He wrote that age periodization covers the life cycle of human development from birth to death. Which includes the upbringing and activities of a person at each of the age periods. The outstanding Czech pedagogue Ya. A. Komensky described the age periods and school system recognized for his time. It was he who revealed the four stages in the education system: childhood, adolescence, youth and maturity, each of which was calculated for six years. To date, the empirical classification associated with the development of preschool and school institutions has been established in school practice. In today's society, it is customary to consider school age as younger from 6 to 12 years old, middle or so-called adolescent from 12 to 15 years old, and older or youth from 15 to 18 years old. The boundaries of age periods are relatively unstable, because the acceleration and natural potential of children, as well as the educational influence on them, are different. Each age group has certain anatomical and physiological factors, mental and social characteristics, which can be called age characteristics. All children have unique and unique features and qualities, each child has individual properties of the nervous system, his own temperament, interests and abilities, peculiarities of thinking, imagination, memory, emotions, volitional actions, life experience, life activity, pace of work, speed of learning various skills and much more [9, 30, 36]. Therefore, each of the age groups has its own individual differences that depend on the natural endowments, living conditions and upbringing of the child.
The physical properties of children have their own specificity, which is determined by their anatomical, physiological and psychological characteristics, and even by the fact that, when attending an educational institution, children fall into new conditions to which they need to adapt. In educational institutions, already from the first grades, the amount of mental work increases significantly, and this has a significant impact on the motor activity of children and the opportunity to be in the fresh air and play their favorite games. In connection with the large amount of mental load and low mobility, there is a need for physical activity of children, therefore, physical education at school age is not only a necessary condition for the comprehensive harmonious development of the child's personality, but also an effective factor in increasing his mental capacity. From all of the above, it is known that each school period is the main factor in life, when there is a rapid development of the personality and the formation of all anatomical, morphological and functional structures that build the labor potential, reproduction and health of future generations in the following years, which is the most important indicator well-being of the country.
For many decades, various scientists have looked at the anatomical and physiological features of children of different school ages from different perspectives. However, with each decade, as a result of changes in nutrition, environment, acceleration, urbanization and other factors that affect the development of a young organism, the question of changes in anatomical and physiological development acquires new meaning and new studies and does not lose its relevance today.