bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anti-Reductionism and Expected Trust
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C.
Published: August 2020

This chapter addresses the prospects of using anti-reductionism in the epistemology of testimony to establish that speakers are entitled to expect to be presumed trustworthy when they testify. If it exists, such a connection between the epistemology of testimony and the interpersonal normativity of (epistemic) trust would be of great interest. In addition, such a connection would suggest that the interpersonal and epistemic dimensions of conversational pressure are more intimately linked than the author has so far acknowledged. After proposing what he regards as the best attempt at arguing from the epistemological claim to the interpersonal claim, the author concludes that its prospects for success depend on an epistemological assumption that has not yet been discussed in this connection. The guess is that this will come as an unpleasant surprise to those who find themselves sympathetic to the idea of arguing from the one to the other.
Conversational Silence
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C.
Published: August 2020

This chapter argues for a distinctive kind of conversational pressure bearing distinctly on audiences to a mutually observed statement or assertion: the normative pressure to signal when one disagrees. The argument for this conclusion appeals to two main claims: first, that conversational participants are entitled to expect cooperation from other participants; and second, that silent rejection of a public statement is marked as uncooperative. The result is that conversational participants are (presumptively but defeasibly) entitled to expect no silent rejection of a mutually observed statement, and this expectation gives participants a (practical) reason to indicate any disagreement or doubts when they observe such a statement. This argument avoids objections levelled against Pettit’s account of the significance of conversational silence. The chapter concludes by addressing the variety of contexts in which the entitlement to expect no silent rejection is itself defeated (including but not limited to conditions of oppression or ‘silencing’).
Silence Misinterpreted
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C.
Published: August 2020

In conversations that take place under conditions of oppression, an audience’s silence typically reflects many things other than acceptance. This chapter argues that this point can be accommodated by an account that postulates a prima facie entitlement to regard another’s silence as indicating acceptance. What is more, the postulation of a prima facie entitlement (as part of our conversational practices) can be defended in two ways. First, the entitlement itself is part of the best explanation of the pervasiveness of the oppression, as well as of the nature of the wrongs of silencing that such oppression brings in its wake. Second, the entitlement is part of the solution to the problem of silencing itself: though the costs of silencing are disproportionately (and unfairly) borne by those who are silenced, these costs affect all of us; and the best way to address the problem involves seeing its source in (a misapplication of) the normative features of our conversational practices themselves.
Adjectives and Adverbs
Authors: Graham Florence Lydia
Published: August 2020

The fifth chapter focuses on adjectives and adverbs borrowed from Turkish into seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Bosnian and Bulgarian. These turkisms can be derived from Turkish nouns, adjectives, and/or adverbs, and have Slavonic and/or Turkish suffixes. Number and gender agreement are discussed, as are productive and unproductive suffixes and pleonasm.
Motivation, Semantics, and Integration of Turkisms
Authors: Graham Florence Lydia
Published: August 2020

This chapter looks at the semantics of turkisms in the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Bosnian and Bulgarian texts. It also discusses the motivation behind borrowings, namely social, cultural, and political factors. Particular attention is given to the role context plays in the distribution of core and cultural Turkish loans in the texts analysed, the use of Islamic terminology in Christian contexts, glossing, synonymic compounds, pejoration of BUcifut/BOčifut <
Tçıfıt, and intimate loans.
Great War Prostheses in American Literature and Culture
Authors: Shaheen Aaron
Published: August 2020

Drawing on rehabilitation publications, novels by both famous and lesser-known American writers, and even the prosthetic masks of a classically trained sculptor, Great War Prostheses in American Literature and Culture addresses the ways in which prosthetic devices were designed, promoted, and depicted in America in the years during and after the First World War. The war’s mechanized weaponry ushered in an entirely new relationship between organic bodies and the technology that could both cause and attempt to remedy hideous injuries. This relationship was evident in the realm of prosthetic development, which by the second decade of the twentieth century promoted the belief that a prosthesis should be a spiritual extension of the person who possessed it. This spiritualized vision of prostheses held a particular resonance in American postwar culture. Relying on some of the most recent developments in literary and disability studies, the book’s six chapters explain how a prosthesis’s spiritual promise was largely dependent on its ability to nullify an injury and help an amputee renew (or even improve upon) his prewar life. But if it proved too cumbersome, obtrusive, or painful, the device had the long-lasting power to efface or distort his “spirit” or personality.
History and Morality
Authors: Bloxham Donald
Published: August 2020

Against majority opinion within his profession, Donald Bloxham argues that it is legitimate, often unavoidable, and frequently important for historians to make value judgements about the past. History and Morality draws on a wide range of historical examples, and its author’s insights as a practising historian. Examining concepts like impartiality, neutrality, contextualization, and the use and abuse of the idea of the past as a foreign country, Bloxham’s book investigates how the discipline has got to the point where what is preached can be so inconsistent with what is practised. It illuminates how far tacit moral judgements infuse works of history, and how strange those histories would look if the judgements were removed. Bloxham argues that rather than trying to eradicate all judgemental elements from their work historians need to think more consistently about how, and with what justification, they make the judgements that they do. The importance of all this lies not just in the responsibilities that historians bear towards the past—responsibilities to take historical actors on those actors’ own terms and to portray the impact of those actors’ deeds—but also in the role of history as a source of identity, pride, and shame in the present. The account of moral thought in History and Morality has ramifications far beyond the activities of vocational historians.
Being True to Works of Music
Authors: Dodd Julian
Published: August 2020

This book argues that the so-called ‘authenticity debate’ about the performance of works of Western classical music has tended to focus on a side issue. While much has been written about the desirability (or otherwise) of historical authenticity—roughly, performing works as they would have been performed, under ideal conditions, in the era in which they were composed—the most fundamental norm governing our practice of work performance is, in fact, another kind of kind of authenticity altogether. This is interpretive authenticity: being faithful to the performed work by virtue of evincing a profound, far-reaching, or sophisticated understanding of it. While, in contrast to other performance values, both score compliance authenticity (being true to the work by obeying its score) and interpretive authenticity are valued for their own sake in performance, only the latter is a constitutive norm of the practice in the sense introduced by Christine Korsgaard. This has implications for cases in which the demands of these two kinds of authenticity conflict with each other. In cases of genuine such conflict, performers should sacrifice a little score compliance for the sake of making their performance more interpretively authentic.
Excuse without Exculpation
Authors: Sliwa Paulina
Published: August 2020

Can moral ignorance excuse? This chapter argues that philosophical debate of this question has been based on a mistaken assumption: namely that excuses are all-or-nothing affairs; to have an excuse is to be blameless. The chapter argues that we should reject this assumption. Excuses are not binary but gradable: they can be weaker or stronger, mitigating blame to greater or lesser extent. This chapter explores the notions of strength of excuses, blame mitigation and the relationship between excuses and moral responsibility. These ideas open up some principled middle-ground between the two positions staked out in the literature. Moral ignorance may well excuse but it does not exculpate.
Welfare and Rational Fit
Authors: Rosati Connie S.
Published: August 2020

We commonly talk about what is good for someone or something. But the expression “good for” seems to refer to differing relations depending on the context of use. This chapter focuses on the welfarist good-for relation and undertakes to defend a particular view about the structure and nature of this good-for value. After discussing the basic structure of welfarist good-for, the chapter considers and critically assesses alternative views, including Moore’s eliminativist view, the “private ownership” view Wayne Sumner attributes to Moore, and both Donald Regan’s and Guy Fletcher’s (more recent) “locative analyses.” According to the rational fit theory of welfare defended herein, the welfarist good-for relation is a reason-giving relation of fit between a welfare object and a welfare subject, where a welfare subject is a valuable being.
Hybrid models of dislocations
Authors: Sutton Adrian P.
Published: August 2020

In a Volterra dislocation the relative displacement by the Burgers vector appears abruptly in the dislocation core so that the core has no width. This leads to divergent stresses and strains, which are unrealistic. Hybrid models correct this failure by considering a balance of forces that results in a finite core width, and finite stresses and strains throughout. Interatomic forces tend to constrict the core and elastic forces tend to widen it. The Frenkel-Kontorova model comprises two interacting linear chains of atoms as a representation of an edge dislocation, with linear springs between adjacent atoms of each chain. The Peierls-Nabarro model assumes the core is confined to two parallel atomic planes sandwiched between elastic continua. This model enables the stress to move the dislocation to be calculated, and it leads to the concept of dislocation kinks. These models highlight the role of atomic interactions in affecting ductility.
Pick the Winner, So You Can Then Choose the Reasons
Authors: Kreiner Kristian
Published: August 2020

Studying architecture competitions from the perspective of valuation puts the formally designated valuators, i.e. the competition jury, into focus. The jury performs the dual task of evaluating the submitted design proposals and appointing the winner. Competitions are presumed to produce fair winners by first rating (evaluating) the design proposals and then ranking them (appointing the winner). Ethnographic studies of juries in action suggest that rating and ranking are performed, but in the reverse order. The winning design proposal sets the standards against which all proposals are understood and evaluated. This chapter develops the rationale for this counterintuitive, controversial practice. The nature of architectural design work and the jury’s task make the observed practice appear less a matter of choice than of necessity. Even when, occasionally, the practice becomes publicly known, picking the right winner seems more important than the legitimacy of the processes producing such winners.
Crowdsourcing Before the Smartphone
Authors: Payne Will
Published: August 2020

Created by New York lawyers Tim and Nina Zagat in 1979, the Zagat Restaurant Survey brought computer-powered statistical methods and an avowedly egalitarian ideology to restaurant criticism. The Zagats synthesized numerical ratings and narrative reviews from amateur food lovers into paragraph-length listings, eventually selling millions of slim burgundy guidebooks annually for cities around the Global North. The Survey allowed a classed cohort of power users to shape urban environments with their collective judgments, meeting a widespread desire for more extensive information on upscale consumption spaces as the rhythms of professional and social life were changing drastically for highly educated workers. The Zagat Survey was both a class strategy by an emerging professional cohort to assert their dominance over the cultural and built environment in New York City, and a prototypical location-based service (LBS), pioneering many of the features assumed to be inherent to Web 2.0 networked applications.
What Are Digital Reputation Measures Worth?
Authors: Cardon Dominique
Published: August 2020

The notion of digital reputation was a salient feature of the rise of social media during the period from 2005 to 2012. Supported by a convergent set of discourses, interests, and devices, the ambition that fueled the development of the social web was to reflect the circulation of influence by considering that each node of the social network (i.e. the “digital identities” that appear on Facebook, Twitter, or LinkedIn pages) had a different reputation and that these differences could be measured. The aim of this chapter is to review this promise ten years later. Reputation metrics have appeared so contextual, relational, and manipulable that it has not been possible to provide interpretive conventions that are sufficiently stable to coordinate and redefine activities. E-reputation is thus local and defies any standardization. When faced with the multiple uncertainties encountered by fragile reputation measures, service designers tend increasingly to neglect this mode of valuation in favor of popularity and personalized prediction.
Merit, Morality, and Market
Authors: Bach Jonathan
Published: August 2020

China’s “Social Credit System” is an audacious national endeavor to collect, digitize, and share data on hundreds of millions of people to generate an automated system of rewards and punishment. Its spirit of social control and merit-based social organization shows how market-based systems of sorting, rewarding, and punishing consumers are being recombined with state-led attempts to organize society. This chapter asks what this experiment with social control tells us about the regimes of performance, valuation, and competition that this volume shows emerging in the West, and about China’s forty years of “Reform and Opening.” It examines how the Social Credit System emerged as a techno-utopian response to the interrelated challenges of productivity, trust, and population control, and how the state uses extensive policy experimentation to realize its goal of combining financial credit extension with social behavior modification in pursuit of the “right” balance between merit, morality, and the market.
Business Education and Anxiety in the Performance of Value
Authors: Muniesa Fabian
Published: August 2020

Business education epitomizes the cultural complex that situates performance (understood both as the intensification of valuation and as the spectacle of decision) at the center of social life. The experiential training technique known as the case method, famously recognizable as a Harvard Business School product, carries in particular a series of meanings that are central to the formation of the ideals of performance, adventure, effectiveness, and aplomb that distinguish business education today. It also conveys, however, elements of anxiety that are characteristic of the notion of the real that is actioned in such a setting. This hypothesis is explored here through an examination of early and contemporary aspects of the case method at the Harvard Business School, in particular in the financial valuation curriculum. It is suggested that the performative features of the case method, widely understood, concur with an exacerbation of the troubling aspects of the “performance complex.”
Organization of Genetic Variation
Authors: Hartl Daniel L.
Published: August 2020

Chapter 2 deals with the manner in which genetic variation is organized in random-mating populations, including such basics as the Hardy–Weinberg principle, multiple alleles and DNA typing, and X-linkage. These are basic, elementary concepts that set the stage for later chapters. It also includes detailed examination of two-locus linkage disequilibrium (LD), measures of LD, and the levels of LD observed in natural populations. The chi-square test for goodness of fit is discussed, together with its interpretation, along with the basics of hypothesis testing including type I error (false positive), type II error (false negative), power, and the need to correct for multiple comparisons. Also discussed are LD due to population admixture and Wahlund’s principle.
Philosophy as a Way of Life
Authors: Wynn Mark R.
Published: August 2020

This chapter introduces some of the guiding questions of the investigation, here drawing on Pierre Hadot’s text Philosophy as a Way of Life. These questions include: how should we understand the nature of spiritual goods? What is the relationship between a tradition’s world view and its conception of the well-lived human life? How should we conceive of the connection between the different vocabularies that can be used to describe progress in the spiritual life, for instance, those involving metaphysical and experiential categories? What epistemic conditions, if any, does a world view need to meet if it is to be capable of informing a spiritual ideal of life? And what is the contribution of tradition in shaping our understanding of the spiritual life? The key concept that runs through this volume is Thomas Aquinas’s notion of infused moral virtue, and this chapter also introduces this notion and considers its fruitfulness for addressing the second of these questions, concerning the relationship between world view and ideal of life. A contrast is drawn between Aquinas’s account of these matters, according to which some spiritual goods—the goods that are the object of the infused moral virtues—cannot be identified independently of reference to our theological or metaphysical context, and Hadot’s account, according to which ethical or spiritual ideals come first, and provide the basis for metaphysical commitments. We note some reasons for thinking that this distinction between the two authors should not be too sharply drawn.
Enacted Example in the Spiritual Life
Authors: Wynn Mark R.
Published: August 2020

This chapter discusses another domain within which hybrid goods may be realized, again seeking to extend the range of such goods beyond what is envisaged in Aquinas’s account. This time, we examine the contribution of bodily demeanour to the spiritual life, distinguishing the phenomenon that is of interest for us from behaviour that is theologically appropriate because morally efficacious. We also explore the idea that the hybrid goods that arise in this context have an aesthetic character. We consider the novelty of this proposal by introducing two other accounts of the aesthetic significance of the body for the spiritual life, here drawing on the work of Jeremy Begbie and George Pattison. The approach developed in this volume occupies a middle ground, by affirming that there are distinctively theological aesthetic goods, while at the same time retaining, and extending, conventional measures of aesthetic excellence.
The Epistemic Significance of Tradition
Authors: Wynn Mark R.
Published: August 2020

This chapter discusses the contribution of tradition to the spiritual life. It begins by reviewing the implications of the work of Anselm and Aquinas for our understanding of these matters, before proposing that the notion of hybrid goods offers a further way of thinking about the role of tradition. Notably, traditioned patterns of thought may be important if a community is to be able to test hypotheses about the nature and extent of the relations of congruence that may hold between various theological narratives and our world-directed thought, experience, and behaviour. We contrast this vision of the role of tradition with the much thinner role that is implied in Hadot’s account of the spiritual life, noting how a difference of view about the nature of spiritual goods can drive a difference of view about the place of traditioned forms of enquiry in the spiritual life.
Introduction
Authors: Breaden Jeremy , Goodman Roger
Published: August 2020

This introduction provides an outline of the book and its key theoretical and methodological concerns. It explains the key puzzle which provides the starting point for the book’s investigation: the dramatic decline in university-age population in Japan since 1992 and fact that, contrary to the predictions of virtually all experts, the private university sector survived and indeed grew during this period. It outlines the ethnographic approach which the book takes to examining how private universities operated in this period of demographic change and highlights the book’s comparative scope and interest in what lessons can be learned from this story, not only about Japan and Japanese society but for the role of private universities more widely.
A University Under Fire
Authors: Breaden Jeremy , Goodman Roger
Published: August 2020

This is the first of two ethnographic chapters describing the situation at a private university (referred to using the pseudonym ‘MGU’) in the early 2000s as it was about to hit the bottom of a rapid decline in the number of applications and students. This account draws on kinship studies, anthropological theory, and ethnographic methods. It sets out the background history of MGU and the way it had positioned itself in the private higher education sector. It outlines the key features of its academic faculty, support staff, and students. It shows how well MGU was doing at the height of the 18-year-old population in 1992 and how badly by the mid-2000s. In particular, the account highlights two features. The first is that MGU was part of a conglomeration of family-run institutions. The second is the general level of dissatisfaction among staff towards management as the institution faced an increasingly insecure future combined with an equal level of frustration of management towards staff who would not change their practices to confront the problems the institution faced. These two features were perceived to be linked. Staff claimed that they had no information about the real state of affairs in the institution and hence felt powerless to do anything to change it. Management claimed to feel—reflecting the priorities of the classic kinship system in Japan—that it was their personal responsibility to sort out the problems; they felt a sense of duty towards those who had set MGU up, those currently running it and its linked institutions, and those who would take over in the future.
The Resilience of Japan’s Private Universities
Authors: Breaden Jeremy , Goodman Roger
Published: August 2020

This chapter returns to the dire predictions made in the early 2000s for the future of private higher education in Japan and finds that, while individual examples can be found on a micro level which support them, on a macro scale the evidence almost all points in the opposite direction. The number of private universities, students in private universities, the proportion of students going to private universities, full-time academic staff, revenue from student fees, and government subsidies are all greater and larger in 2018 than they were in 2004. The value of a university credential can be argued to have improved rather than to have been devalued. The development of alternative markets and modes of operation have been much more muted than predicted. Finally, predictions of the number of universities which would go bankrupt have proven spectacularly inaccurate. This chapter not only outlines these trends but also explains some of the reasons for them at the macro level. The final section of the chapter examines some of the key actions which have allowed private universities to survive the last fifteen years. It suggests that the power of various actors to contend with the macro forces in the early 2000s was greatly underestimated. It may well have been the dominant theoretical assumptions which commentators and academics brought to their analysis in the early 2000s which explains why their predictions for private higher education have not come to pass.
Killing Strangers
Authors: Wilson T. K.
Published: August 2020

A bewildering feature of so much contemporary political violence is its stunning impersonality. Every major city centre becomes a potential shooting gallery; and every metro system a potential bomb alley. Victims just happen, as the saying goes, to ‘be in the wrong place at the wrong time’. Killing Strangers tackles the question of how such violence became ‘unchained’ from inter-personal relationships. It traces the rise of such impersonal violence by examining violence in conjunction with changing social and political realities across Western Europe and North America since the late eighteenth century. In particular, it traces both ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors. On the one hand, the rise of the modern state with its titanic bureaucratic resources of monitoring and coercion forced the violence of opponents into niche forms. On the other hand, social and technological changes offered fresh opportunities to cause mayhem in startlingly new ways. Both forces are necessary for any understanding of why contemporary political violence takes the forms that it does.
Introduction
Authors: Coovadia Imraan
Published: August 2020

The introduction considers the relationship between Leo Tolstoy, Mohandas Gandhi, and Nelson Mandela. It explores Tolstoy’s rejection of violence from the side of the state, as well as the revolutionary. It considers the close connection Tolstoy proposes between changes in the individual self and a radical transformation of society, pointing to the degree to which Gandhi and Mandela pursued the same project of inward and outward transformation of society, pointing to the degree to which Gandhi and Mandela pursued the same project of inward and outward transformation, which involved manual labour and courtesy, the creation of new inward perspectives on death and human dignity, and a realistic understanding of the dynamics of political violence in the context of colony and empire.
Legacies of Nelson Mandela
Authors: Coovadia Imraan
Published: August 2020

The chapter is an account of Mandela’s character, political imagination, and development which looks at his appropriation of Gandhi, his use of the arts, his transformation on Robben Island, and the various attempts which have been made in recent years to define and dismantle his legacy. The chapter is centred on Mandela’s understanding of political violence and his attempt to see through the fantasy of violence to its real purposes and uses, a project in which he was assisted by a reading of Tolstoy’s War and Peace. It explores the connection between violence and non-violence as Mandela conceived it in connection with Gandhi and Tolstoy. The material covers the defiance campaigns of the 1950s, Mandela’s cultural life in prison, and the tenor of his presidential term.
Confabulated Explanations
Authors: Bortolotti Lisa
Published: August 2020

In this chapter, the author argues that the ill-grounded explanations agents sincerely offer for their choices have the potential for epistemic innocence. Such explanations are not based on evidence about the causes of the agents’ behaviour and typically turn out to be inaccurate. That is because agents tend to underestimate the role of priming effects, implicit biases, and basic emotional reactions in their decision making. However, offering explanations for their choices, even when the explanations are ill-grounded, enables them to share information about their choices with peers, facilitating peer feedback and self-reflection. Moreover, by providing plausible explanations for their behaviour—rather than acknowledging the influence of factors that cannot be easily controlled—agents preserve a sense of themselves as competent and largely coherent decision makers, which can improve their decision making.
Elaborated Delusional Beliefs
Authors: Bortolotti Lisa
Published: August 2020

In this chapter, the author argues that delusional beliefs that are elaborated—often emerging in people who attract a diagnosis of schizophrenia—have the potential for epistemic innocence. Delusional beliefs are strenuously resistant to counterevidence. However, when they are adopted to explain a puzzling experience that might compromise the agents’ capacity to interact with their environment, delusional beliefs contribute to restoring some aspects of cognitive performance by temporarily reducing anxiety. On the prediction-error theory of delusion formation, it is further believed that the adoption of a delusional explanation helps resume the processes of automated learning compromised by inaccurate prediction-error signalling. Depending on their content, some delusional beliefs may also support an attitude of curiosity and self-efficacy that is more conducive to the acquisition of new information than the previous state of uncertainty and self-doubt.
Introduction
Authors: Sharrock Alison , Möller Daniel , Malm Mats
Published: August 2020

At the end of the extended account of Phaethon’s disastrous celestial journey (Met. 1.750–2.400), the hapless charioteer’s family and friends give way to wildly expressive grief. Phaethon’s father, the Sun, refuses to shine (2.329–32); his mother, Clymene, wanders over the world looking for his scattered bones until she finds his tomb (made by some helpful nymphs, 2.325–8) at which to mourn ...
A Logic for Frege’s Theorem
Authors: Heck Richard Kimberly
Published: August 2020

It has been known for a few years that no more than Π11 ∆13 comprehension is needed for the proof of “Frege’s Theorem.” One can at least imagine a view that would regard Pi-1-1 comprehension axioms as logical truths but deny that status to any that are more complex—a view that would, in particular, deny that full second-order logic deserves the name. Such a view would serve the purposes of neo-logicists. It is, in fact, no part of my view that, say, Delta-3-1 comprehension axioms are not logical truths. What I suggest, however, is that there is a special case to be made on behalf of Pi-1-1 comprehension. Making the case involves investigating extensions of first-order logic that do not rely upon the presence of second-order quantifiers. A formal system for so-called “ancestral logic” is developed, and it is then extended to yield what I call “Arché logic.”
Logicism and Logical Consequence
Authors: Edwards Jim
Published: August 2020

According to Crispin Wright’s neo-logicist reconstruction of Frege’s philosophy of arithmetic, the truths of arithmetic are logical consequences, in the semantic sense, of second-order logic, augmented with an analytic axiom (Hume’s Principle). Neo-logicism thus views arithmetic truths as analytic, being the logical consequences of an analytic axiom. This chapter argues that the semantic relation of second-order logical consequence that is most naturally suited to the practice of arithmetic is proof-theoretically complete, and that given this, Gödel’s incompleteness result shows that there are arithmetical truths which are not derivable in Wright’s proof theory augmented by Hume’s Principle. The chapter thus challenges Wright’s programme of neo-Fregean logicism.
Vagueness and Intuitionistic Logic
Authors: Rumfitt Ian
Published: August 2020

This chapter considers the question: should we employ intuitionistic logic, not classical logic, when reasoning with vague concepts? In his commentary on Michael Dummett’s “Wang’s Paradox,” Crispin Wright presents an apparently powerful argument in favour of an affirmative answer to this question. This chapter advocates a less conclusive answer than Wright’s. It is argued that intuitionistic logic may be the strongest logic we are entitled to use in reasoning with any vague predicate, but there may also be common and central families of vague term where we are entitled to use classical logic.
Wright and Revisionism
Authors: Shieh Sanford
Published: August 2020

Do considerations in the theory of meaning pose a challenge to classical logic, and in particular to the law of excluded middle? Michael Dummett suggested an affirmative answer to this question, and advocated a form of logical revisionism. In his 1981 study “Anti-Realism and Revisionism,” Crispin Wright developed a critique of Dummett’s case for logical revisionism, but in more recent work (e.g., his 1992 book Truth and Objectivity), Wright has advanced an argument in favour of logical revisionism. This chapter investigates the nature and limitations of anti-realist revisionism, and offers a critique of Wright’s arguments in favour of logical revisionism. It also develops an alternative proposal about how revisionism might proceed.
Replies to Part III Logical Revisionism
Authors: Wright Crispin
Published: August 2020

This chapter provides a reply to the chapters in Part III of this book. First it considers the arguments of Neil Tennant, who has been a staunch supporter of the harmonic argument throughout his career. The chapter asks: why care about harmony? It looks at other related issues with harmony. It then turns to the ideas and arguments of Sanford Shieh as expressed in Chapter 8. It attempts to undermine Shieh’s scepticism.
Tenting the Circus
Authors: P R Nisha
Published: August 2020

The itinerant character of the circus is best exemplified by tents. All life and work in the circus happens in and around various tents. The disasters related to circus also inevitably bring in the imagery of tents. In a sense, they have the twin facets of the carnivalesque as well as the dangerous. This chapter looks at the circus tent’s spatial economies and shifting technologies over the decades. Tents have been ubiquitous from the nineteenth century and were indispensable for a colonial state that was desperate to spread its tentacles.
Propose But Verify
Authors: Trueswell John C. , Medina Tamara Nicol , Hafri Alon , Gleitman Lila R.
Published: August 2020

We report three eyetracking experiments that examine the learning procedure used by adults as they pair novel words and visually presented referents over a sequence of referentially ambiguous trials. Successful learning under such conditions has been argued to be the product of a learning procedure in which participants provisionally pair each novel word with several possible referents and use a statistical associative learning mechanism to gradually converge on a single mapping across learning instances. We argue here that successful learning in this setting is instead the product of a one-trial procedure in which a single hypothesized word-referent pairing is retained across learning instances, abandoned only if the subsequent instance fails to confirm the pairing. We provide experimental evidence for this propose-but-verify learning procedure via three experiments in which adult participants attempted to learn the meanings of nonce words cross-situationally under varying degrees of referential uncertainty.
The Easy Words
Authors: Gleitman Lila R. , Trueswell John C.
Published: August 2020

This chapter summarizes a series of studies examining the role of extralinguistic context in word learning. Language learners distinguish between “hard” and “easy” words, with “hard” and “easy” pertaining to the facts about acquisition. The authors argue that successful word learning is the product of a one-trial procedure in which a single hypothesized word–referent pairing is retained across learning instances, one abandoned only if the subsequent instance fails to confirm the pairing. The authors discuss what features of the context are supportive of one-trial learning and how pooled data can give the appearance of gradual learning.
Quantum Ising chain with boundary dephasing
Authors: Shibata Naoyuki , Katsura Hosho
Published: August 2020

We study the quantum Ising chain with boundary dephasing. By doubling the Hilbert space, the model is mapped to the Su–Schrieffer–Heeger model with imaginary chemical potential at the edges. We show analytically and numerically that the Liouvillian gap, i.e. the inverse relaxation time of the model, scales with the system size $ N $ as $ N^{-3} $.
Cortical Oscillations in Cervical Dystonia and Dystonic Tremor
Authors: Hess Christopher W , Gatto Bryan , Chung Jae Woo , Ho Rachel L M , Wang Wei-en , Wagle Shukla Aparna , Vaillancourt David E
Published: August 2020

Dystonia involves sustained or repetitive muscle contractions, affects different skeletal muscles, and may be associated with tremor. Few studies have investigated if cortical pathophysiology is impaired even when dystonic muscles are not directly engaged and during the presence of dystonic tremor (DT). Here, we recorded high-density electroencephalography and time-locked behavioral data in 2 cohorts of patients and controls during the performance of head movements, upper limb movements, and grip force. Patients with cervical dystonia had reduced movement-related desynchronization in the alpha and beta bands in the bilateral sensorimotor cortex during head turning movements, produced by dystonic muscles. Reduced desynchronization in the upper beta band in the ipsilateral motor and bilateral sensorimotor cortex was found during upper limb planar movements, produced by non-dystonic muscles. In a precision grip task, patients with DT had reduced movement-related desynchronization in the alpha and beta bands in the bilateral sensorimotor cortex. We observed a general pattern of abnormal sensorimotor cortical desynchronization that was present across the head and upper limb motor tasks, in patients with and without DT when compared with controls. Our findings suggest that abnormal cortical desynchronization is a general feature of dystonia that should be a target of pharmacological and other therapeutic interventions.
Feel Safe and Money is Less Important! Hypnotic Suggestions of Safety Decrease Brain Responses to Monetary Rewards in a Risk Game
Authors: Schmidt Barbara , Hoffmann Elisa , Rasch Björn
Published: August 2020

When a stimulus is important, the corresponding brain responses increase, especially the P300 brain response. This is true for all kinds of important stimuli, also monetary rewards. In our study, we developed a hypnotic suggestion to reduce the subjective importance of monetary rewards. As successful suggestions do not contain negations, we suggested participants to feel safe during hypnosis instead of suggesting that money is not important anymore. We predicted lower P300 amplitudes when participants feel safe during hypnosis. We tested 24 highly suggestible participants playing a risk game in 2 conditions with monetary rewards while we measured their EEG brain responses. In the safety condition, we induced a hypnotic state and suggested that participants feel safe. In the control condition, participants played the risk game without hypnosis. Here we show that participants felt significantly safer in the safety condition and showed significantly lower P300 amplitudes to monetary rewards. Risk behavior did not differ significantly between conditions. Our results are important for substance use disorders, as decreased P300 responses to substance-related stimuli are associated with less craving and better abstinence. Therefore, we conclude that suggestions to feel safe during hypnosis might work as a treatment for individuals with substance use disorders.
Development of a Reverse Genetic System for Studying Rose Rosette Virus in Whole Plants
Authors: Verchot Jeanmarie , Herath Venura , Urrutia Cesar D. , Gayral Mathieu , Lyle Kelsey , Shires Madalyn K. , Ong Kevin , Byrne David
Published: August 2020

Rose rosette virus (RRV) is a negative-sense RNA virus with a seven-segmented genome that is enclosed by a double membrane. We constructed an unconventional minireplicon system encoding the antigenomic (ag)RNA1 (encoding the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase [RdRp]), agRNA3 (encoding the nucleocapsid protein [N]), and a modified agRNA5 containing the coding sequence for the iLOV protein in place of the P5 open reading frame (R5-iLOV). iLOV expression from the R5-iLOV template was amplified by activities of the RdRp and N proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. A mutation was introduced into the RdRp catalytic domain and iLOV expression was eliminated, indicating RNA1-encoded polymerase activity drives iLOV expression from the R5-iLOV template. Fluorescence from the replicon was highest at 3 days postinoculation (dpi) and declined at 7 and 13 dpi. Addition of the tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) P19 silencing-suppressor protein prolonged expression until 7 dpi. A full-length infectious clone system was constructed of seven binary plasmids encoding each of the seven genome segments. Agro-delivery of constructs encoding RRV RNAs 1 through 4 or RNAs 1 through 7 to N. benthamiana plants produced systemic infection. Finally, agro-delivery of the full-length RRV infectious clone including all segments produced systemic infection within 60 dpi. This advance opens new opportunities for studying RRV infection biology.
NADPH Oxidase ClNOX2 Regulates Melanin-Mediated Development and Virulence in Curvularia lunata
Authors: Wang Fen , Gao Weida , Sun Jiaying , Mao Xiuwen , Liu Kexin , Xu Jingru , Fu Dandan , Yuan Mingyue , Wang Hongchuan , Chen Nan , Xiao Shuqin , Xue Chunsheng
Published: August 2020

The role of NADPH oxidases (NOXs) in pathogenesis and development in the Curvularia leaf spot agent Curvularia lunata remains poorly understood. In this study, we identified C. lunata ClNOX2, which localized to the plasma membrane and was responsible for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Scavenging the ROS production inhibited the conidial germination and appressorial formation. The ClNOX2 and ClBRN1 deletion mutants were defective in 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin accumulation, appressorial formation, and cellulase synthesis and exhibited lower virulence. However, disruption of the ClNOX2 and ClBRN1 genes facilitated hyphal growth, enhanced stress adaptation to cell-wall-disrupting agents, and promoted developmental processes such as conidiation, conidial germination, and pseudothecium and ascus formation. Interestingly, loss of ClM1, the cell wall integrity (CWI) mitogen-activated protein kinase gene in C. lunata, led to morphology and pathogenicity phenotypes similar to ClNOX2 and ClBRN1 deletion mutants such as abnormal conidia, fewer appressoria, less melanin, increased hyphal growth, and enhanced tolerance to Congo red (CR). These results indicated that the ClNOX2 gene plays an important role in C. lunata development and virulence via regulating intracellular DHN melanin biosynthesis. Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR revealed that the ClNOX2-related ROS signaling pathway and ClM1-mediated CWI signaling pathway are cross-linked in regulating DHN melanin biosynthesis. Our findings provide new insights into how ClNOX2 participates in pathogenesis and development in hemibiotrophic plant fungal pathogens.

[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Corn Yield Loss Estimates Due to Diseases in the United States and Ontario, Canada, from 2016 to 2019
Authors: Mueller Daren S. , Wise Kiersten A. , Sisson Adam J. , Allen Tom W. , Bergstrom Gary C. , Bissonnette Kaitlyn M. , Bradley Carl A. , Byamukama Emmanuel , Chilvers Martin I. , Collins Alyssa A. , Esker Paul D. , Faske Travis R. , Friskop Andrew J. , Hagan Austin K. , Heiniger Ron W. , Hollier Clayton A. , Isakeit Tom , Jackson-Ziems Tamra A. , Jardine Douglas J. , Kelly Heather M. , Kleczewski Nathan M. , Koehler Alyssa M. , Koenning Steve R. , Malvick Dean K. , Mehl Hillary L. , Meyer Ron F. , Paul Pierce A. , Peltier Angie J. , Price Paul P. , Robertson Alison E. , Roth Gregory W. , Sikora Edward J. , Smith Damon L. , Tande Connie A. , Telenko Darcy E. P. , Tenuta Albert U. , Thiessen Lindsey D. , Wiebold William J.
Published: August 2020

Annual reductions in corn (Zea mays L.) yield caused by diseases were estimated by university Extension-affiliated plant pathologists in 26 corn-producing states in the United States and in Ontario, Canada, from 2016 through 2019. Estimated loss from each disease varied greatly by state or province and year. Gray leaf spot (caused by Cercospora zeae-maydis Tehon & E.Y. Daniels) caused the greatest estimated yield loss in parts of the northern United States and Ontario in all years except 2019, and Fusarium stalk rot (caused by Fusarium spp.) also greatly reduced yield. Tar spot (caused by Phyllachora maydis Maubl.), a relatively new disease in the United States, was estimated to cause substantial yield loss in 2018 and 2019 in several northern states. Gray leaf spot and southern rust (caused by Puccinia polysora Underw.) caused the most estimated yield losses in the southern United States. Unfavorable wet and delayed harvest conditions in 2018 resulted in an estimated 2.5 billion bushels (63.5 million metric tons) of grain contaminated with mycotoxins. The estimated mean economic loss due to reduced yield caused by corn diseases in the United States and Ontario from 2016 to 2019 was US$55.90 per acre (US$138.13 per hectare). Results from this survey provide scientists, corn breeders, government agencies, and educators with data to help inform and prioritize research, policy, and educational efforts in corn pathology and disease management.
Patient management modifications in cataract surgery candidates following incorporation of routine preoperative macular optical coherence tomography
Authors: Weill Yishay , Hanhart Joel , Zadok David , Smadja David , Gelman Evgeny , Abulafia Adi
Published: August 2020

Purpose:

To assess the clinical relevance of routine preoperative spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) for identifying macular pathologies in patients scheduled for cataract surgery.

Setting:

Shaare-Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.

Design:

Retrospective case series.

Methods:

Consecutive patients, 50 years of age and older, scheduled for standard cataract extraction surgery were enrolled from November 2017 to January 2018. All study patients underwent routine SD-OCT scanning before cataract surgery. The scans were reviewed by a retinal specialist for macular pathology and compared with preoperative fundus biomicroscopic examination findings. The incidence of macular pathologies and changes in patient management as a result of the macular SD-OCT findings were assessed.

Results:

Four hundred fifty-three eyes of 453 patients were enrolled in the study; 42 eyes (9.2%) were excluded because of noninterpretable SD-OCT scans attributable to advanced cataract, leaving scans of 411 eyes of 411 patients for study inclusion. Macular pathologies were detected by SD-OCT in 167 eyes (40.6%), including age-related macular degeneration (50%), epiretinal membrane (28.3%), and cystoid macular edema (12.8%). Overall, the management of 107 patients (26.0%) was modified because of macular SD-OCT findings, which were either missed (22.8%) or underestimated (3.2%) by the fundus biomicroscopic examination. Changes in preoperative patient management included altering patient consultation regarding presbyopia correction solutions (73 eyes [17.8%]) and referral to a retinal specialist for consultation (34 eyes [8.3%]).

Conclusions:

Routine macular SD-OCT scans for cataract surgery candidates helped to identify macular pathologies that might be missed or underestimated by standard fundus biomicroscopic examination. The added information could improve patient management.