bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implications for Policy and Practice
Authors: Gaskins Suzanne , Beeghly Marjorie , Bard Kim A. , Gernhardt Ariane , Liu Cindy H. , Teti Douglas M. , Thompson Ross A. , Weisner Thomas S. , Yovsi Relindis D.
Published: May 2018

Ideas and claims about children’s development (e.g., concerning attachment relationships) that have found broad acceptance in the academic community have impacted the development of policy in governmental and international organizations. These accepted ideas and claims, in turn, have been incorporated into practice and services provided to families in various forms (e.g., social work, child care). The reconceptualization of attachment systems proposed in this volume—in particular, the explicit evaluation of the influence of multiple attachment figures on children that is normative in many societies—should have profound effects on both policy and practice. This chapter addresses issues that need to be considered if society is to integrate current understanding of the cultural nature of attachment into policy and practice.
Language in Our Brain
Authors: Friederici Angela D. , Chomsky Noam
Published: May 2018

The language faculty is grounded in the human brain and allows any infant to learn any language. In her book, Angela D. Friederici offers a neurobiological theory of human language by integrating data from adult language processing, language development and brain evolution across primates. Describing the brain basis of language in its functional and structural neuroanatomy as well as its neurodynamics, she argues that differences in the brain that are species-specific may be at the root of human language.
The Authority Trap
Authors: Stroup Sarah S. , Wong Wendy H.
Published: May 2018

Despite public favorability towards international non-governmental organizations (INGOs), most of these groups toil in total obscurity. A very few INGOs, active in human rights promotion, humanitarian relief, and environmental protection, do secure widespread authority in the form of deference from multiple audiences engaged in global politics. Having achieved this status as a “leading INGO,” however, they are trapped. To maintain their status and placate their many audiences, these leading INGOs advance incrementalist proposals and achieve “vanilla victories” - palatable to a wide array of audiences, but also unremarkable. Meanwhile, other INGOs’ strategies are similarly shaped by their status: they are free to issue harsh condemnations and advance radical proposals, but these generally get ignored. Stroup and Wong offer the first exploration of the vast differences among INGOs in their authority, and then explore how status shapes INGO strategies as they seek to influence states, corporations, and one another.
The Authority Trap
Authors: Stroup Sarah S. , Wong Wendy H.
Published: May 2018

A few INGOs have achieved widespread authority in global politics before multiple audiences, but most have not. Scholars and practitioners have demonstrated the importance of INGOs in global politics, but have paid too little attention to differences in INGO authority and tend to only examine INGOs within particular sectors, or silos. This book shows that, across a range of issue areas, status differences among INGOs determine whether INGOs choose to compete, collaborate, or condemn their targets. Power may be an uncomfortable subject among INGO practitioners and analyses, but, the fact is that authority is concentrated in the hands of a few INGOs.
Authority and Audiences
Authors: Stroup Sarah S. , Wong Wendy H.
Published: May 2018

This is the theoretical chapter of the book. It outlines a theory of INGO authority, highlighting the importance of audiences and explaining the authority trap. Unlike states, INGOs are an authority, rather than in authority, where authority is defined as deference from a particular audience. Authority exists in the context of particular social relationships, in particular from the most important audiences for INGOs: states, corporations, and other INGOs. Very few INGOs successfully secure deference from multiple audiences; those that do are referred to as leading INGOs. Having received widespread deference, leading INGOs are constrained by the need to satisfy the varied values and preferences of their supporters, and thus find themselves in the authority trap, incentivized to make moderate choices.
Introduction
Authors: Goodier Susan , Pastorello Karen
Published: May 2018

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the woman suffrage movement in New York. Across the seven decades between 1846, when a few Jefferson County women publicly claimed the right to vote, and the passage of the New York State referendum in 1917, thousands of women—and some resolute men—engaged in the irrepressible fight for woman suffrage. The movement crossed class, race, ethnic, gender, and religious boundaries during periods of great upheaval in the United States. At the same time, the movement itself caused social and political turmoil. Three generations of New York State women fought a complicated, sometimes frustrating, but ultimately rewarding battle to obtain the right to vote. In the process, women opened for themselves new opportunities in the social and political spheres.
Persuading the “Male Preserve”
Authors: Goodier Susan , Pastorello Karen
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on men, the only empowered contingent of the suffrage movement. While some men had always voiced support for woman suffrage, no sustained men's organization existed in the state until 1908. That year, Anna Howard Shaw, president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, encouraged the founding of the Men's League for Woman Suffrage, which then served as an affiliate of the New York State Woman Suffrage Association. These elite white men, often raised or living in suffrage households, risked embarrassment and censure by publicly displaying their support for woman suffrage. As their participation became routine, the novelty of it wore off. These privileged male champions of woman suffrage inspired men of other classes—including urban immigrants and rural, upstate men—to reconsider their suffrage stance. This unique aspect of the suffrage coalition thereby played a lesser but crucial role in winning the vote for women.
Greening New York City
Authors: Campbell Lindsay K.
Published: May 2018

The governance of urban nature cannot be understood independent of the political economic context in which it is embedded. Thus, chapter one presents a brief overview of how the changing political economy since the 1970s fiscal crisis has affected the management of the urban environment in New York City by both state and non-state actors. In exploring the current environmental governance network in New York City, I present Social Network Analysis graphs of the urban forestry and urban agriculture organizational networks, which make visually apparent some of the key differences in the actors engaged across these issue areas.
Growing in the City
Authors: Campbell Lindsay K.
Published: May 2018

Chapter five traces the network of actors and storylines involved in creating, advocating for (or resisting), and maintaining urban agriculture in New York City. First, it describes a brief history of community gardening as a social movement in New York City since the 1970s. Then, it explores the vibrant material practices and varied narratives employed by a newer wave of civic practitioners engaging in urban agriculture from the 2000s to the present. The chapter parses this more recent trend into its various threads, which range from a focus on local food production, to commitments to food justice, to an interest in neighborhood stabilization and youth empowerment.
City of Farms
Authors: Campbell Lindsay K.
Published: May 2018

Chapter six reveals the ways in which civic and public actors working outside the boundaries of PlaNYC iteratively embedded urban agriculture and food policy into municipal planning efforts. A local/regional food system framework offered one way to bridge divisions within the movement and work towards comprehensive change to food production, processing, distribution, consumption, and post-consumption. Within the void created by city hall’s lack of engagement, other figures in the municipal government seized the opportunity to advance food policy agendas for New York City. At the same time, the complete absence of food, agriculture, and community gardens from PlaNYC was contested by civic groups and residents. As a result, the 2011 update to PlaNYC included a brief crosscutting section on food, although it lacked capital funding to fuel the achievement of its stated goals. Incorporation of food issues into PlaNYC was nonetheless seen by advocates as a symbolic and political achievement.
From Bloomberg to De Blasio and Beyond
Authors: Campbell Lindsay K.
Published: May 2018

The brief epilogue starts with a personal vignette and discusses how Hurricane Sandy triggered a shift toward resilience planning. It also raises questions about how sustainability planning will further evolve under the de Blasio administration, with its more explicit commitment to social justice.
Time Horizons and International Politics
Authors: Edelstein David M.
Published: May 2018

This chapter presents the theoretical argument of the book. In short, the argument accounts for unexpected levels of cooperation by focusing on the incentives of state leaders to capture short-term benefits of cooperation, especially when confronted with long-term uncertainty. The chapter also introduces and critiques two alternative arguments for cooperation with a rising great power: buckpassing and engagement. The chapter concludes with a presentation of the research design for the empirical chapters to follow.
“We are not a Mascot”
Authors: Heldman Caroline
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines all of the national consumer activism campaigns for racial/economic rights for people of color from 2004 – 2014. These 15 campaigns involved racial discrimination, damaging stereotypes, and efforts to secure better working conditions. Almost all of these campaigns were effective in achieving their stated goal. Most of these campaigns strengthened different aspects of democracy by amplifying the political voices of the disenfranchised, furthering protection of minority rights, and preventing encroachment on civil liberties.
Who Rules?
Authors: Heldman Caroline
Published: May 2018

This chapter applies participatory, deliberative, and economic models of democracy to consumer activism to determine whether it is an effective check on overbearing corporate power. This chapter begins with an analysis of when and how corporate power has grown in the U.S. It concludes that consumer activism strengthens participatory democracy by increasing rates of citizen participation and fostering self-governance; improves deliberative democracy by encouraging public discussion of policy issue; and strengthens economic democracy by democratizing the corporate sphere. Compared to traditional forms of participation, consumer activism is easier to engage, but limited by its episodic, reactive nature.
Changing Meanings of Bazaar Trade in Central Asia
Authors: Spector Regine A.
Published: May 2018

Market-based trade afforded opportunity and rendered dispossession in the post-Soviet context. Yet both of these perspectives overgeneralize the ways in which global processes interact with local actors such as traders, and presuppose their motivations based on prior theoretical frameworks. Instead, this chapter puts the spotlight on the voices and life trajectories of traders of different ethnicities in Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz, Uzbek and Russian) as key participants driving the rapid growth of this sector. The chapter reveals the changing understandings of the role of trade in society, and focuses not only on the profit-based motivations of traders, but also the ways in which they come to view their work as meaningful in relation to their families, other professional opportunities, and other types of traders.
Rethinking Policy, Politics, and Development
Authors: Spector Regine A.
Published: May 2018

This concluding chapter provides implications of the analysis for policymakers and for students of comparative politics and development. The chapter first provides an overview of two international aid initiatives – one involving tax policy and the other parliamentary reform – as they relate to bazaars in Kyrgyzstan. The analysis demonstrates how reforms in these arenas bumped up against local institutions, power dynamics, and political battles that rendered the efforts unsuccessful. Finally, the chapter argues for an approach to the study of political economy and development that takes local understandings, desires and practices seriously, including those related to order.
The East Country
Authors: Pretty Jules
Published: May 2018

This book is a work of creative nonfiction in which the acclaimed author integrates memoir, natural history, cultural critique, and spiritual reflection into a single compelling narrative. The book is framed around Aldo Leopold and his classic A Sand County Almanac, bringing Leopold's ethic—that some could live without nature but most should not—into the twenty-first century. The author follows the seasons through seventy-four tales set in a variety of landscapes from valley to salty shore. The book convinces us that we should all develop long attachments to the local, observing that the land can change us for the better.
February
Authors: Pretty Jules
Published: May 2018

This chapter describes snow in the east country in February. In the beginning, static air from cold Arctic collided with a wet west front. Snowflakes fell heavily, resulting to eight inches of snow by morning. In the village, small children hauled sledges; others shoveled drives. Next morning, twice the car was ice-stranded; all puddles were frozen. Whole fields of winter wheat were yellowed by frost. Meanwhile, in Boxford high street, most shop fronts became private houses and people stayed inside. In the valley, there was a relentless wall of cold northwesterly wind. The chapter also recounts a gathering at Snape Maltings for Place: Taking the Waters, which was an exploration of the warp of water and the coast's liminal zones.
December
Authors: Pretty Jules
Published: May 2018

This chapter describes the east country in December. The solstice approached and soon days would lengthen, though only by a minute daily until the new year. Clear nights brought hard frost, dimmed daylight hours of rushing fronts, drizzle one day, wet snow another. The crescent moon waned, rising at one in the morning and setting at noon; the sun would be down at a quarter to four. Frost was hard and burned lungs, and puddles were solid with ice. Some days fog filled the valley, wrapping all the land. Some days the valley was underwater, the vale filled with wetland birds. There would be snow and frost, yet days were lengthening.
Crossing the New Year
Authors: Pretty Jules
Published: May 2018

Now here’s a story I heard tell. It was a dusk and dawn like any other. Just a date in the diary. It was the New Year.

Every human culture celebrates the end of one annual cycle, the beginning of the next. We sing, drink, tell stories, give presents. We offer money to bring good fortune; we make sacrifices. World cities splash light on midnight skies, a fortune burned on fireworks....
The Organization of Education
Authors: Orsini Alessandro
Published: May 2018

This introductory chapter provides important information regarding the world of Sacrifice, a neofascist organization. Sacrifice supports revolutionary Fascism, an initial stage in which paramilitary groups known as action squads carried out violent acts. Besides being a political movement, Sacrifice is also a cultural organization with the goal of teaching young people to love Fascism, demonstrated through absolute loyalty to the militia and submission to its leaders. Indeed, the first rule of Sacrifice is that the group is more important than the individual. Those who do not respect this rule can be expelled on the basis of a decision reached by a specified number of leaders. Sacrifice also asks its new recruits to read particular books; its leaders organize a weekly meeting to see if the young people have understood what they are reading. Ultimately, the Sacrifice militants are planning to combat bourgeois democracy from the inside, as Hitler and Mussolini did.
The Construction of the Parallel World
Authors: Orsini Alessandro
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines how, to escape from bourgeois society, the Sacrifice comrades are trying to build a social reality in which they can demonstrate that they are courageous and that they merit honor through sacrifice, loyalty to the group, and obedience to the leaders' orders. This symbolic and cultural mission, which can be called the construction of the parallel world, is achieved in three ways. The first is through sport. One way to build the parallel world is to organize a “war.” This is the purpose of the mixed martial arts contests organized by Sacrifice, in which athletes from all over Europe participate. The second way of building the parallel world consists of creating a climate of continual tension with far-left groups. The third way is through brawling.
Living with Contempt
Authors: Orsini Alessandro
Published: May 2018

This chapter deals with what the Sacrifice comrades think of what others think of them. The leader of a Sacrifice cell confirmed that the comrades were fully aware of the contempt in which people held them. The Sacrifice militants have to face contempt not only of strangers but also, in some cases, of their family. There are five categories of insults against the Sacrifice militants. The first category is prompted by the idea that the Sacrifice comrades are “social misfits” seeking a group of people like themselves. The second category is prompted by the idea that the militants are by nature violent people. The third category is based on the idea that the comrades are ignorant of the history of Fascism because they have a very low IQ. The fourth category is prompted by the idea that Sacrifice militants are people with serious psychological disturbances. The fifth category includes insults that do not express any anthropological concept.
Youth in the Stalin Revolution
Authors: Bernstein Seth
Published: May 2018

During the relatively moderate period of the New Economic Policy, a vocal minority of young radical activists attacked not only the politics of moderation but also the elders who supposedly supported these policies. Stalin’s revolution from above unleashed these activists, drawing upon them as a force to undertake the First Five Year Plan. Generational tensions sparked as Komsomol members were recruited for the front lines of industrialization and the collectivization campaign. At the end of collectivization, the youth league undertook a massive purge of alleged class enemies who had not fulfilled grain requisition norms, cementing the role of class identity and workplace production in youth activism. Although the revolution from above empowered youth activists, it also destroyed the comparative autonomy youth culture had enjoyed, bringing the Komsomol under the strict control of the regime.
Cultural Revolution from Above
Authors: Bernstein Seth
Published: May 2018

In 1934 Stalin declared that the USSR had achieved socialism and Soviet leaders sought stability in the new socialist state. A key aspect of creating stability was communist upbringing, the Komsomol’s new program for raising youth that shifted the main goal of youth activism from workplace norm fulfilment to character building in schools and sports. A rough proletarian ethos had before dominated in official youth culture but now youth leaders promoted traditional education and refined behavior. Increasingly, the league sought to militarize young men in paramilitary programs. Among young women, it now advocated conservative conceptions of female activists as young mothers.
The Rehabilitation of Young Communists
Authors: Bernstein Seth
Published: May 2018

The Great Terror created a poisonous political atmosphere that cast doubt upon the party. In 1938, party and Komsomol leaders attempted to moderate repression within political society to prevent supposed excesses of vigilance. The reversal of terror in the Komsomol allowed youth to enter the party as members and to re-join the Komsomol after expulsion. The youth league had become a place for political minors, where minor misdeeds were an opportunity for discipline rather than excision. Nonetheless, as the terror subsided, a final campaign of repression claimed the Komsomol’s long-time leader, Aleksandr Kosarev.
The Aftermath of War
Authors: Bernstein Seth
Published: May 2018

The conclusion follows Soviet youth into the postwar period. It argues that the victory in World War II cemented communist upbringing as the core of official youth culture in the USSR. Soviet practices of moral socialization for youth were exported to the socialist bloc countries of Eastern Europe. In the USSR, aspects of official youth culture that emerged in the 1930s such as social promotion and discipline would dominate the Komsomol into the 1980s. Although the Komsomol would encompass a large majority of eligible youth, it also lost its dynamism in the late Soviet period.
Planned Grab
Authors: Shatkin Gavin
Published: May 2018

Jakarta under the New Order—the period of the rule of President Suharto which ended in 1998—represents a case of an authoritarian regime that employed regulatory reforms and developmental discourses to enable a massive and highly regressive appropriation of land at Jakarta’s periurban fringe. The New Order regime specifically used land permitting, a process through which the state granted private developers exclusive rights to acquire and develop land held under customary tenure, to transfer land from smallholders to major developers. The chapter analyzes one project that was enabled through such a permit, Bumi Serpong Damai, or BSD City. One of the early experiments in urban real estate megaproject development, BSD City initially undertook meaningful efforts to create a socially and ecologically sustainable new town model. However, these measures broke down quickly in the face of developer interests in the maximization of profit.
Experiments in Power
Authors: Shatkin Gavin
Published: May 2018

India’s postliberalization urban politics is captured well by Solomon Benjamin’s concept of ‘occupancy urbanism’, a dynamic in which varied groups deploy their power of the vote and other forms of social power to solidify claims to urban space in contravention of state planning and corporate interest. This dynamic helps to explain why few large scale planned urban developments have come to fruition, despite ambitious plans. This chapter examines the very mixed record of urban real estate megaproject development in Kolkata, paying particular attention to the strategies that the Government of West Bengal has deployed to gain control of land and push through large developments in the face of grassroots political opposition. It documents a case study of Calcutta Riverside, a project that has made some progress due in large part to the developer’s effort to allay concerns of local communities by integrating social and ecological concerns into the design of the project.
Conclusion
Authors: Shatkin Gavin
Published: May 2018

This chapter concludes by assessing the implications of the analysis in the preceding chapters for contemporary urban theory and urban planning and policy practice. The analysis focuses on four common themes that emerge across the case studies: the political challenges that states face in managing the land value increment; the contestations that emerge around state efforts to destabilize non-state and non-freehold claims to land; the state strategies that emerge to delegitimize the claims and complaints of those dispossessed through urban real estate megaproject development; and the dynamics of economic and social exclusion that emerge with urban real estate megaproject development.
Brazil: Against All Odds
Authors: Harris Joseph
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the historical rise of a movement of radical physicians in Brazil (the sanitaristas). After examining their struggle to expand access to healthcare and advance health equity under military dictatorship, it traces the state-based strategy that they used to institutionalize universal healthcare in the most improbable of moments following democratic transition in 1985. Specifically, it shows how they put the policy on the political agenda by embedding principles and mandates in the Brazilian constitution; by crafting legislation in the Ministry of Health; by developing an innovative implementation strategy; and creating accountability mechanisms aimed at involving citizens and ensuring that the program would live up to its promise.
South Africa: Embracing National Health Insurance—In Name Only
Authors: Harris Joseph
Published: May 2018

Although a constellation of factors would seem to have predisposed South Africa to make major new commitments to expand access to healthcare after the fall of apartheid, embrace of National Health Insurance has taken place in name only more than 20 years later. The chapter suggests that this sad tragedy owes its fate paradoxically to dynamics of political competition that left the African National Congress unrivalled and unchallenged, with a strong mandate to rule. Torn between a desire for radical reform – that would destroy the medical schemes that serve a privileged few – and a more incremental and measured response that would leave them in place, amid a lack of political competition, the ruling party has opted for the status quo. And the entreaties of a professional movement have gone unanswered.
Tracking a Craze
Authors: Swedlund Haley J.
Published: May 2018

Chapter 6 charts the rise and fall of budget support as a popular aid delivery mechanism. Because budget support promised to reduce donor commitment problems, it opened up the possibility for a new, more favourable bargaining compromise between donor agencies and recipient countries. However, ultimately neither donor agencies nor recipient governments were able to enforce the promises made by the other side. Consequently, the negotiated compromise that enabled the emergence of budget support was not sustainable past an initial period of enthusiasm.
Beating the Bully
Authors: Bank Muñoz Carolina
Published: May 2018

Chapter 1 introduces the context for understanding Walmart in Chile and explores the book’s principle question, how do we makes sense of worker success in Chile, the cradle of neoliberalism. The chapter argues that in order to understand worker success in Chile we must first understand social power and how workers and their institutions make effective use of the power they have. As such, the chapter explores the concepts of associational power, structural power, symbolic leverage and strategic capacity as a way of making sense of how Chilean workers in retail and logistics are building power. The chapter ends with an overview of the other chapters in the book.
Voices from the grassroots level
Authors: Balasubramaniam Dr. R , Venkatachaliah M N
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores grassroots perspectives on development. Partnership is the fulcrum of capability approach to development. Partnership that is driven by a sense of equity and belief in equality, where the agency and the people look at each other as equal partners with a lot to mutually exchange. One where there are distinguishing contexts, strengths, and roles in the process, but not distinctions that make one superior or inferior to the other. Partnership also goes beyond just a program or an event. It involves dialogue that encompasses not just multiplicity of views, but also criticism, disagreements, emotions, and other human sensibilities. The task for policy makers and policy advocates is to incorporate these voices in the development initiatives they conceive and implement.
Information indeed is power – people and their right to information
Authors: Balasubramaniam Dr. R , Venkatachaliah M N
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on the passing of the Right to Information (RTI) Act in 2005, an important milestone in the history of democratic India which conferred upon common people the right to request information from any ‘public authority’. This Act, comparable to the Freedom of Information Act (USA) has tremendous potential to tackle corruption and asymmetry of information in public, and it is therefore imperative that every citizen of the country knows about this act. The chapter then looks at how the Swami Vivekananda Youth Movement (SVYM) undertook a campaign-on-foot to create awareness about RTI among the people of some 120 villages in 2008. Covering five districts in South Karnataka, the campaigners interacted with thousands of people in about a month on not just people's right to information, but also on different issues related to democratic development including corruption, accountability, and citizen's responsibility.
Perspectives on policy
Authors: Balasubramaniam Dr. R , Venkatachaliah M N
Published: May 2018

This chapter details the author's perspectives on public policies in a few themes that are critical to human development. These are perspectives that have evolved over a period of time based on the author's engagement with people at the grassroots and an understanding of policy making and its principles through experience and education. Though it may not always be explicitly articulated, the chapter attempts to echo a belief in incorporating grassroots perspectives and people's participation in policy making, its implementation, and feedback on a continuous basis so that the policies are rendered sound and relevant. Ultimately, it argues that the voice and perspectives of the people for whom the policies matter must find greater space in the entire policy discourse.
Making the Deaf Soviet
Authors: Shaw Claire L.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the transformation of the deaf community from the limited, grass-roots activity of the 1920s into the politics of mass participation that characterized the early Stalin era. Through their engagement in the industrial and political life of the country, Soviet deaf people strove to march alongside their hearing comrades toward the ultimate goal of a communist society, advertising their Soviet and deaf identities as equally valuable and worthy of celebration. Yet this chapter also considers those who could not, or would not, live up to the Soviet deaf ideal. By looking particularly at deaf involvement in Stalin’s purges, this chapter considers the tensions between the ideal Soviet transformation of the deaf and the complex reality of its implementation in practice.
War and Reconstruction
Authors: Shaw Claire L.
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers the impact of the Second World War and its aftermath on the deaf community. Deaf people sat at the nexus of a number of important postwar shifts, including a call for increased state welfare support for a populace that had endured extreme suffering, the rise of a new materiality in the face of postwar shortages, and the expression of new conflicts in the spheres of Soviet science and education. While VOG’s organizational structures were strengthened after the war, in part to respond to the needs of deafened veterans, the changing conception of the “normal” complicated the notion of deaf identity that had been developing in the 1920s and 1930s, opening spaces for new ways of seeing and treating deafness.
Pygmalion
Authors: Shaw Claire L.
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the discussions surrounding “Pygmalion”, a Soviet newspaper article from 1959 about the criminal behavior of a young deaf woman, in the context of widespread concerns over the perception of deaf people by hearing Soviet society. It argues that deaf people in the late Soviet period were objects of a hearing ‘gaze’ which framed them as exotic and other; a gaze which VOG activists internalized and used to police deaf behavior in public. This chapter focuses particularly on the figure of the deaf woman, whose framing in popular culture as doubly “other” shaped hearing responses to deafness. The view of the deaf community as a potential crucible of anti-sovietness, and of VOG as a source of discipline and control, radically recast the nature of Soviet deaf identity and the place of deaf people within the Soviet body politic.
Deaf-Soviet Identity in Decline
Authors: Shaw Claire L.
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the decline of Soviet deaf identity in the era of “developed socialism.” The technological and social advances of this period came close to realizing the utopian dreams of the early Soviet period, which had predicted that science and medicine would ultimately rid the world of deafness, and Soviet deaf people would rise to the heights of their professions. Yet these anticipated achievements had far reaching implications, destabilizing the social reality of the deaf community and chipping away at the institutional frameworks of VOG. Widespread anxiety over deaf people’s “path in life” (particularly among the young) revealed emerging new understandings of deafness: as a physical, rather than a social, reality; as a “tragedy” of fate; and as a barrier to integration that prevented them from feeling at home in either the deaf or the hearing worlds.
Haunting Encounters
Authors: Freed Joanne Lipson
Published: May 2018

Beginning with the basic conviction that acts of cross-cultural reading have ethical consequences, Haunting Encounters traces the narrative strategies through which certain works fiction forge connections with their readers—in particular, their white, Western readers—across boundaries of difference. Through the formal and aesthetic negotiations they carry out, which both draw readers in and set limits on their imaginative engagements, these works respond in concrete ways to the asymmetries of their circulation and consumption in our contemporary global age. By bringing the tools and methods of rhetorical narrative theory to bear on well-known works of ethnic and postcolonial literature, Haunting Encounters revises existing models of narrative ethics—both those based on empathy, and those grounded in alterity—to account for the particular complications and stakes of staging cross-cultural encounters in and through fiction. Illustrating that both sameness and difference are essential elements of our ethical encounters with fictional texts, Haunting Encounters ultimately advocates for a practice of global, comparative literary analysis that is energized, rather than confounded, by this fundamental tension.
Figures of Estrangement
Authors: Freed Joanne Lipson
Published: May 2018

Chapter 1 offers a foundational reading of two contemporary works in which literal, embodied ghosts or specters intrude into and transform the terrain of traditional literary realism: Toni Morrison’s Beloved and Mahasweta Devi’s novella, “Pterodactyl, Puran Sahay, and Pirtha.” By introducing embodied ghosts into otherwise realistically rendered fictional landscapes, these works intentionally disrupt the familiar narrative protocols that allow them to be made meaningful—both those which insist on the mimetic realness of the supernatural events they depict, and those which invite us to read those events metaphorically. But by staging exorcisms, which banish the supernatural and allow characters like Puran, Sethe, and Denver to re-join the communities from which they had estranged themselves, these works also acknowledge the necessity of compromise: although something is inevitably lost when Beloved and “Pterodactyl” are placed into interpretive circulation, something important is gained as well.
Telling the Traumas of History
Authors: Freed Joanne Lipson
Published: May 2018

Focusing on the novels Ceremony, by Leslie Marmon Silko, and The God of Small Things, by Arundhati Roy, Chapter 2 uses trauma theory to explore how histories of imperial domination refuse to be confined to the past. These two novels invite readers to identify to varying degrees with their traumatized protagonists, holding out the possibility of a resistant and revisionary “history from below.” Ultimately, however, a careful analysis of these two works reveals how literary trauma theorists, in their eagerness to give voice to the voiceless, are too readily taken in by the imaginative construct of the third-person narrator. While individual characters in these novels may suffer the cognitive distortions of trauma, the fragmentary, non-linear account that their readers receive is, in both cases, mediated by the presence of a narrator whose choices are conscious, volitional, and strategic.
Invisible Victims, Visible Absences
Authors: Freed Joanne Lipson
Published: May 2018

Chapter 3 explores the haunting traces that remain in the wake of political disappearance in the novel Anil’s Ghost, by Michael Ondaatje, and the American film Missing (1982), directed by Costa-Gavras. Although ostensibly dedicated to recovering the identities of individual victims, both works ultimately subordinate the mimetic particularity of these individuals to their larger thematic projects, insuring their enduring relevance long after the conflicts they depict have been consigned to history. While these thematic frameworks allow these works to become meaningful—and ethically consequential—beyond the particular contexts that inspire them, they also exclude entire categories of victims from the compass of their recuperative efforts.
Rural Radicals
Authors: Stock Catherine McNicol
Published: May 2018

This book originally appeared in the wake of the bombing of the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City on April 19, 1995. Written for a general audience, it asks where these “angry, white, rural men” came from and how their movements and grievances both stayed the same and changed over time. Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols acted in a long line of rural protesters on the left and the right—including the nineteenth century Populists--- who crusaded against big government, big business, and big banks. At the same time, and with little sense of contradiction, rural people also used violence to suppress the political voices of African Americans, Mormons, Chinese and many other marginalized people. In the new preface, Catherine McNicol Stock provides an update and overview of the increasingly conservative face of rural America. While populism in many historical eras meant hope and progress, for many today it means hate and a desire to turn back the clock on American history.
American Radicalism—Left, Right, and Rural
Authors: Stock Catherine McNicol
Published: May 2018

The bombing of the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City was a stunning and shocking tragedy. But it had long historical and political roots in the American countryside, where a unique cultural context bred class and race resentments in a frontier environment that promoted violence at all levels.
The Culture of Vigilantism
Authors: Stock Catherine McNicol
Published: May 2018

However progressive their notions of reform, rural Americans’ anger has long found expression through violence as well as conventional politics. Class, race, religious, and ethnic resentments played a part in nearly all rural movements. The Paxton Boys of Pennsylvania advocated the killing of native people. Populist ideology contained frequent anti-Semitic references. Southern Populists also joined the Ku Klux Klan. Violence uniquely marked the American countryside from the days of the frontier.
Identification of stem rust resistance genes in wheat cultivars in China using molecular markers
Authors: Xu Xiaofeng , Yuan Depeng , Li Dandan , Gao Yue , Wang Ziyuan , Liu Yang , Wang Siting , Xuan Yuanhu , Zhao Hui , Li Tianya , Wu Yuanhua
Published: May 2018

Wheat stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn. (Pgt), is a major disease that has been effectively controlled using resistance genes. The appearance and spread of Pgt races such as Ug99, TKTTF, and TTTTF, which are virulent to most stem rust-resistant genes currently deployed in wheat breeding programs, renewed the interest in breeding cultivars resistant to wheat stem rust. It is therefore important to investigate the levels of resistance or vulnerability of wheat cultivars to Pgt races. Resistance to Pgt races 21C3CTHQM, 34MKGQM, and 34C3RTGQM was evaluated in 136 Chinese wheat cultivars at the seedling stage. A total of 124 cultivars (91.2%) were resistant to the three races. Resistance genes Sr2, Sr24, Sr25, Sr26, Sr31, and Sr38 were analyzed using molecular markers closely linked to them, and 63 of the 136 wheat cultivars carried at least one of these genes: 21, 25, and 28 wheat cultivars likely carried Sr2, Sr31, and Sr38, respectively. Cultivars “Kehan 3” and “Jimai 22” likely carried Sr25. None of the cultivars carried Sr24 or Sr26. These cultivars with known stem rust resistance genes provide valuable genetic material for breeding resistant wheat cultivars.
Light harvesting control in plants
Authors: Ruban Alexander V.
Published: May 2018

In 1991, my colleagues and I published a hypothesis article that proposed a mechanism that controls light harvesting in plants and protects them against photodamage. The major light harvesting complex, LHCII, was suggested to undergo aggregation upon exposure of the plant to damaging levels of light. Aggregated LHCII was found to be much less efficient in light harvesting, as it promptly dissipated absorbed energy into heat, possessing a very low chlorophyll fluorescence yield. Nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) is a term coined to describe this reduction in chlorophyll fluorescence yield. This article is a story of how the hypothesis that LHCII aggregation is involved in NPQ is developed into a model that is now becoming broadly accepted by the research community.
A New Approach to Design Artificial 3D Microniches with Combined Chemical, Topographical, and Rheological Cues
Authors: Stoecklin Celine , Yue Zhang , Chen Wilhelm W. , de Mets Richard , Fong Eileen , Studer Vincent , Viasnoff Virgile
Published: May 2018

The in vitro methods to recapitulate environmental cues around cells are usually optimized to test a specific property of the environment (biochemical nature or the stiffness of the extracellular matrix (ECM), or nanotopography) for its capability to induce defined cell behaviors (lineage commitment, migration). Approaches that combine different environmental cues in 3D to assess the biological response of cells to the spatial organization of different biophysical and biochemical cues are growingly being developed. It is demonstrated how the lamination of through‐hole polymeric biofunctionalized membranes can be implemented to create complex bona fide microniches with differential 3D environmental properties using photoactive materials. The approach enables to create microniches ranging in size from single cells to cell aggregates. They are biofunctionalized in 3D simultaneously with topographical featured, protein patterns and structured ECM surrogate with 1 µm resolution. It is demonstrated how these niches extend in 3D the ability to pattern cells. It is exemplified how they can be used to standardize cells' shapes in 3D and to trigger the apicobasal polarization of single epithelial cells.
Morphokinematics of the Hygroactuation of Feather Grass Awns
Authors: Yanez Alvaro , Desta Israel , Commins Patrick , Magzoub Mazin , Naumov Panče
Published: May 2018

Certain awns utilize actuating mechanisms that harness energy from variations in aerial humidity to self‐burrow their seeds into the soil. Here the morphokinematics of such hygroresponse from the awn of the feather grass Stipa epilosa is described. The elongated body of the awn is typically doubly bent, and has three segments with different functionalities: the long and stiff proximal segment twists reversibly to generate thrust for burrowing the seed, the plumose and flexible distal segment contributes to aerial dispersion, and the short and stiff middle segment provides a bent geometry for effective burial. Periodic variation in humidity results in expansion and twisting of individual cells, and the collective expansion generates a torque that drives reversible twisting of the proximal and middle segments.
A Rapid and Robust Diagnostic for Liver Fibrosis Using a Multichannel Polymer Sensor Array
Authors: Peveler William J. , Landis Ryan F. , Yazdani Mahdieh , Day James W. , Modi Raakesh , Carmalt Claire J. , Rosenberg William M. , Rotello Vincent M.
Published: May 2018

Liver disease is the fifth most common cause of premature death in the Western world, with the irreversible damage caused by fibrosis, and ultimately cirrhosis, a primary driver of mortality. Early detection of fibrosis would facilitate treatment of the underlying liver disease to limit progression. Unfortunately, most cases of liver disease are diagnosed late, with current strategies reliant on invasive biopsy or fragile lab‐based antibody technologies. A robust, fully synthetic fluorescent‐polymer sensor array is reported, which, rapidly (in 45 minutes), detects liver fibrosis from low‐volume serum samples with clinically relevant specificity and accuracy, using an easily readable diagnostic output. The simplicity, rapidity, and robustness of this method make it a promising platform for point‐of‐care diagnostics for detecting and monitoring liver disease.
Screening Small Metabolites from Cells as Multifunctional Coatings Simultaneously Improves Nanomaterial Biocompatibility and Functionality
Authors: Sun Anqi , Ban Zhan , Mu Li , Hu Xiangang
Published: May 2018

Currently, nanomaterials face a dilemma due to their advantageous properties and potential risks to human health. Here, a strategy to improve both nanomaterial biocompatibility and functionality is established by screening small metabolites from cells as nanomaterial coatings. A metabolomics analysis of cells exposed to nanosilver (nAg) integrates volcano plots (t‐tests and fold change analysis), partial least squares‐discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA), and significance analysis of microarrays (SAM) and identifies six metabolites (l‐aspartic acid, l‐malic acid, myoinositol, d‐sorbitol, citric acid, and l‐cysteine). The further analysis of cell viability, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis reveals that d‐sorbitol markedly reduces nAg cytotoxicity. Subsequently, small molecule loading, surface oxidation, and ionic release experiments support d‐sorbitol as the optimal coating for nAg. Importantly, d‐sorbitol loading improves the duration of the antibacterial activity of nAg against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The biocidal persistence of nAg‐sorbitol is extended beyond 9 h, and the biocidal effects at 12 h are significantly higher than those of naked nAg. This work proposes a new strategy to improve the biocompatibility and functionality of nAg simultaneously by screening small metabolites from cells as nanomaterial functional coatings, a method that can be applied to mitigate the side effects of other nanomaterials.