bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
H2S interference on CO2 isotopic measurements using a Picarro G1101-i cavity ring-down spectrometer
Authors: Malowany K. , Stix J. , Van Pelt A. , Lucic G.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Cavity ring-down spectrometers (CRDSs) have the capacity to make isotopic measurements of CO2 where concentrations range from atmospheric (~ 400 ppm) to 6000 ppm. Following field trials, it has come to light that the spectrographic lines used for CO2 have an interference with elevated (higher than ambient) amounts of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which causes significant depletions in the δ13C measurement by the CRDSs. In order to deploy this instrument in environments with elevated H2S concentrations (i.e., active volcanoes), we require a robust method for eliminating this interference. Controlled experiments using a Picarro G1101-i optical spectrometer were done to characterize the H2S interference at varying CO2 and H2S concentrations. The addition of H2S to a CO2 standard gas reveals an increase in the 12CO2 concentration and a more significant decrease in the 13CO2 concentration, resulting in a depleted δ13C value. Reacting gas samples containing H2S with copper prior to analysis can eliminate this effect. Models post-dating the G1101-i carbon isotope analyzer have maintained the same spectral lines for CO2 and are likely to have a similar H2S response at elevated H2S concentrations. It is important for future work with CRDS, particularly in volcanic regions where H2S is abundant, to be aware of the H2S interference on the CO2 spectroscopic lines and to remove all H2S prior to analysis. We suggest employing a scrub composed of copper to remove H2S from all gas samples that have concentrations in excess of 1 ppb.
Calibration methods for rotating shadowband irradiometers and evaluation of calibration duration
Authors: Jessen W. , Wilbert S. , Nouri B. , Geuder N. , Fritz H.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Resource assessment for Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) needs accurate Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) measurements. An option for such measurement campaigns are Rotating Shadowband Irradiometers (RSIs) with a thorough calibration. Calibration of RSIs and Si-sensors in general is complex because of the inhomogeneous spectral response of such sensors and incorporates the use of several correction functions. A calibration for a given atmospheric condition and air mass might not work well for a different condition. This paper covers procedures and requirements for two calibration methods for the calibration of Rotating Shadowband Irradiometers. The necessary duration of acquisition of test measurements is examined in regard to the site specific conditions at Plataforma Solar de Almeria (PSA) in Spain. Data sets of several long-term calibration periods from PSA are used to evaluate the deviation of results from calibrations with varying duration from the long-term result. The findings show that seasonal changes of environmental conditions are causing small but noticeable fluctuation of calibration results. Certain periods (i.e. November to January and April to May) show a higher likelihood of particularly adverse calibration results. These effects can partially be compensated by increasing the inclusions of measurements from outside these periods. Consequently, the duration of calibrations at PSA can now be selected depending on the time of the year in which measurements are commenced.
Water mass characteristics and their temporal changes in a biological hotspot in the southern Chukchi Sea
Authors: Nishino S. , Kikuchi T. , Fujiwara A. , Hirawake T. , Aoyama M.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. We analysed mooring and ship-based hydrographic and biogeochemical data obtained from a Hope Valley biological hotspot in the southern Chukchi Sea. The moorings were deployed from 16 July 2012 to 19 July 2014, and data were captured during spring and fall blooms with high chlorophyll a concentrations. Turbidity increased and dissolved oxygen decreased in the bottom water at the mooring site before the fall bloom, suggesting an accumulation of particulate organic matter and its decomposition (nutrient regeneration) at the bottom. This event may have been a trigger for the fall bloom at this site. The bloom was maintained for 1 month in 2012 and for 2 months in 2013. The maintenance mechanism for the fall bloom was also studied by hydrographic and biogeochemical surveys in late summer to fall 2012 and 2013. Nutrient-rich water from the Bering Sea supplied nutrients to Hope Valley, although a reduction in nutrients may have occurred in 2012 by mixing of lower-nutrient water that would have remained on the Chukchi Sea shelf during the spring and fall blooms. In addition, nutrient regeneration at the bottom of Hope Valley could have increased nutrient concentrations and explained 60 % of its nutrient content in fall 2012. The high nutrient content with the dome-like structure of the bottom water may have maintained the high primary productivity at this site during the fall bloom. Primary productivity was 0.3 in September 2012 and 1.6 g C m−2 d−1 in September 2013. The lower productivity in 2012 was related to strong stratification caused by the high fraction of surface sea ice meltwater.
The periglacial engine of mountain erosion – Part 1: Rates of frost cracking and frost creep
Authors: Andersen J. L. , Egholm D. L. , Knudsen M. F. , Jansen J. D. , Nielsen S. B.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. With accelerating climate cooling in the late Cenozoic, glacial and periglacial erosion became more widespread on the surface of the Earth. The resultant shift in erosion patterns significantly changed the large-scale morphology of many mountain ranges worldwide. Whereas the glacial fingerprint is easily distinguished by its characteristic fjords and U-shaped valleys, the periglacial fingerprint is more subtle but potentially prevails in some mid- to high-latitude landscapes. Previous models have advocated a frost-driven control on debris production at steep headwalls and glacial valley sides. Here we investigate the important role that periglacial processes also play in less steep parts of mountain landscapes. Understanding the influences of frost-driven processes in low-relief areas requires a focus on the consequences of an accreting soil mantle, which characterises such surfaces. We present a new model that quantifies two key physical processes: frost cracking and frost creep, as a function of both temperature and sediment thickness. Our results yield new insights into how climate and sediment transport properties combine to scale the intensity of periglacial processes. The thickness of the soil mantle strongly modulates the relation between climate and the intensity of mechanical weathering and sediment flux. Our results also point to an offset between the conditions that promote frost cracking and those that promote frost creep, indicating that a stable climate can provide optimal conditions for only one of those processes at a time. Finally, quantifying these relations also opens up the possibility of including periglacial processes in large-scale, long-term landscape evolution models, as demonstrated in a companion paper.
Assessment of valley cold pools and clouds in a very high-resolution numerical weather prediction model
Authors: Hughes J. K. , Ross A. N. , Vosper S. B. , Lock A. P. , Jemmett-Smith B. C.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. The formation of cold air pools in valleys under stable conditions represents an important challenge for numerical weather prediction (NWP). The challenge is increased when the valleys that dominate cold pool formation are on scales unresolved by NWP models, which can lead to substantial local errors in temperature forecasts. In this study a 2-month simulation is presented using a nested model configuration with a finest horizontal grid spacing of 100 m. The simulation is compared with observations from the recent COLd air Pooling Experiment (COLPEX) project and the model's ability to represent cold pool formation, and the surface energy balance is assessed. The results reveal a bias in the model long-wave radiation that results from the assumptions made about the sub-grid variability in humidity in the cloud parametrization scheme. The cloud scheme assumes relative humidity thresholds below 100 % to diagnose partial cloudiness, an approach common to schemes used in many other models. The biases in radiation, and resulting biases in screen temperature and cold pool properties are shown to be sensitive to the choice of critical relative humidity, suggesting that this is a key area that should be improved for very high-resolution modeling.
Increasing vertical mixing to reduce Southern Ocean deep convection in NEMO3.4
Authors: Heuzé C. , Ridley J. K. , Calvert D. , Stevens D. P. , Heywood K. J.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Most CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) models unrealistically form Antarctic Bottom Water by open ocean deep convection in the Weddell and Ross seas. To identify the mechanisms triggering Southern Ocean deep convection in models, we perform sensitivity experiments on the ocean model NEMO3.4 forced by prescribed atmospheric fluxes. We vary the vertical velocity scale of the Langmuir turbulence, the fraction of turbulent kinetic energy transferred below the mixed layer, and the background diffusivity and run short simulations from 1980. All experiments exhibit deep convection in the Riiser-Larsen Sea in 1987; the origin is a positive sea ice anomaly in 1985, causing a shallow anomaly in mixed layer depth, hence anomalously warm surface waters and subsequent polynya opening. Modifying the vertical mixing impacts both the climatological state and the associated surface anomalies. The experiments with enhanced mixing exhibit colder surface waters and reduced deep convection. The experiments with decreased mixing give warmer surface waters, open larger polynyas causing more saline surface waters and have deep convection across the Weddell Sea until the simulations end. Extended experiments reveal an increase in the Drake Passage transport of 4 Sv each year deep convection occurs, leading to an unrealistically large transport at the end of the simulation. North Atlantic deep convection is not significantly affected by the changes in mixing parameters. As new climate model overflow parameterisations are developed to form Antarctic Bottom Water more realistically, we argue that models would benefit from stopping Southern Ocean deep convection, for example by increasing their vertical mixing.
Upscaling methane emission hotspots in boreal peatlands
Authors: Cresto Aleina F. , Runkle B. R. K. , Brücher T. , Kleinen T. , Brovkin V.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Upscaling the properties and the effects of small-scale surface heterogeneities to larger scales is a challenging issue in land surface modeling. We developed a novel approach to upscale local methane emissions in a boreal peatland from the micro-topographic scale to the landscape-scale. We based this new parameterization on the analysis of the water table pattern generated by the Hummock–Hollow model, a micro-topography resolving model for peatland hydrology. We introduce this parameterization of methane hotspots in a global model-like version of the Hummock–Hollow model, that underestimates methane emissions. We tested the robustness of the parameterization by simulating methane emissions for the next century forcing the model with three different RCP scenarios. The Hotspot parameterization, despite being calibrated for the 1976–2005 climatology, mimics the output of the micro-topography resolving model for all the simulated scenarios. The new approach bridges the scale gap of methane emissions between this version of the model and the configuration explicitly resolving micro-topography.
The effect of empirical-statistical correction of intensity-dependent model errors on the temperature climate change signal
Authors: Gobiet A. , Suklitsch M. , Heinrich G.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. This study discusses the effect of empirical-statistical bias correction methods like quantile mapping (QM) on the temperature change signals of climate simulations. We show that QM regionally alters the mean temperature climate change signal (CCS) derived from the ENSEMBLES multi-model data set by up to 15 %. Such modification is currently strongly discussed and is often regarded as deficiency of bias correction methods. However, an analytical analysis reveals that this modification corresponds to the effect of intensity-dependent model errors on the CCS. Such errors cause, if uncorrected, biases in the CCS. QM removes these intensity-dependent errors and can therefore potentially lead to an improved CCS. A similar analysis as for the multi-model mean CCS has been conducted for the variance of CCSs in the multi-model ensemble. It shows that this indicator for model uncertainty is artificially inflated by intensity-dependent model errors. Therefore, QM also has the potential to serve as an empirical constraint on model uncertainty in climate projections. However, any improvement of simulated CCSs by empirical-statistical bias correction methods can only be realized if the model error characteristics are sufficiently time-invariant.
Long-term and high-frequency non-destructive monitoring of water stable isotope profiles in an evaporating soil column
Authors: Rothfuss Y. , Merz S. , Vanderborght J. , Hermes N. , Weuthen A. , Pohlmeier A. , Vereecken H. , Brüggemann N.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. The stable isotope compositions of soil water (δ2H and δ18O) carry important information about the prevailing soil hydrological conditions and for constraining ecosystem water budgets. However, they are highly dynamic, especially during and after precipitation events. In this study, we present an application of a method based on gas-permeable tubing and isotope-specific infrared laser absorption spectroscopy for in situ determination of soil water δ2H and δ18O. We conducted a laboratory experiment where a sand column was initially saturated, exposed to evaporation for a period of 290 days, and finally rewatered. Soil water vapor δ2H and δ18O were measured daily at each of eight available depths. Soil liquid water δ2H and δ18O were inferred from those of the vapor considering thermodynamic equilibrium between liquid and vapor phases in the soil. The experimental setup allowed for following the evolution of soil water δ2H and δ18O profiles with a daily temporal resolution. As the soil dried, we could also show for the first time the increasing influence of the isotopically depleted ambient water vapor on the isotopically enriched liquid water close to the soil surface (i.e., atmospheric invasion). Rewatering at the end of the experiment led to instantaneous resetting of the stable isotope profiles, which could be closely followed with the new method. From simple soil δ2H and δ18O gradients calculations, we showed that the gathered data allowed one to determinate the depth of the evaporation front (EF) and how it receded into the soil over time. It was inferred that after 290 days under the prevailing experimental conditions, the EF had moved down to an approximate depth of −0.06 m. Finally, data were used to calculate the slopes of the evaporation lines and test the formulation for kinetic isotope effects. A very good agreement was found between measured and simulated values (Nash and Sutcliffe efficiency, NSE = 0.92) during the first half of the experiment, i.e., until the EF reached a depth of −0.04 m. From this point, calculated kinetic effects associated with the transport of isotopologues in the soil surface air layer above the EF provided slopes lower than observed. Finally, values of kinetic isotope effects that provided the best model-to-data fit (NSE > 0.9) were obtained from inverse modeling, highlighting uncertainties associated with the determinations of isotope kinetic fractionation and soil relative humidity at the EF.
Sea level budget over 2005–2013: missing contributions and data errors
Authors: Dieng H. B. , Cazenave A. , von Schuckmann K. , Ablain M. , Meyssignac B.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Based on the sea level budget closure approach, this study investigates the residuals between observed global mean sea level (GMSL) and the sum of components (steric sea level and ocean mass) for the period January 2005 to December 2013. The objective is to identify the impact of errors in one or several components of the sea level budget on the residual time series. This is a key issue if we want to constrain missing contributions such as the contribution to sea level rise from the deep ocean (depths not covered by observations). For that purpose, we use several data sets as processed by different groups: six altimetry products for the GMSL, four Argo products plus the ORAS4 ocean reanalysis for the steric sea level and three GRACE-based ocean mass products. We find that over the study time span, the observed differences in trend of the residuals of the sea level budget equation can be as large as ~ 0.55 mm yr−1 (i.e., ~ 17 % of the observed GMSL rate of rise). These trend differences essentially result from differences in trends of the GMSL time series. Using the ORAS4 reanalysis (providing complete geographical coverage of the steric sea level component), we also show that lack of Argo data in the Indonesian region leads to an overestimate of the absolute value of the residual trend by about 0.25 mm yr−1. Accounting for this regional contribution leads to closure of the sea level budget, at least for some GMSL products. At short timescales (from sub-seasonal to interannual), residual anomalies are significantly correlated with ocean mass and steric sea level anomalies (depending on the time span), suggesting that the residual anomalies are related to errors in both GRACE-based ocean mass and Argo-based steric data. Efforts are needed to reduce these various sources of errors before using the sea level budget approach to estimate missing contributions such as the deep ocean heat content.
X-ray microtomography analysis of soil structure deformation caused by centrifugation
Authors: Schlüter S. , Leuther F. , Vogler S. , Vogel H.-J.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Centrifugation provides a fast method to measure soil water retention curves over a wide moisture range. However, deformation of soil structure may occur at high rotation speed in the centrifuge. These changes in soil structure were analyzed with X-ray microtomography. A detailed analysis of the pore space reveals an interplay between shrinkage due to drying and soil compaction due to compression. While volume changes due to swelling clay minerals are immanent to any drying process, the compaction of soil is a specific drawback of the centrifugation method. A new protocol for digital volume correlation was developed to analyze the spatial heterogeneity of deformation. The displacement of soil constituents is highest in the top part of the sample and exhibits high lateral variability explained by the spatial distribution of macropores in the sample. Centrifugation should therefore only be applied after the completion all other hydraulic or thermal experiments, or any other analysis that depends on the integrity of soil structure.
Company financial performance: Does board size matter? Case of the EUROSTOXX50 index
Authors:   1  Departamento Economía y Administración de Empresas, Facultad de Estudios Sociales y del Trabajo, Ampliación Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga (Spain). mmrodriguez@uma.es, Rodríguez-Fernández Mercedes
Published: October 2015

This study analyzes the relationship between board size and economic-financial performance in a sample of European firms that constitute the EUROSTOXX50 Index. Based on previous literature, resource dependency and agency theories, and considering regulation developed by the OECD and European Union on the normative of corporate governance for each country in the sample, the authors propose the hypotheses of both positive linear and quadratic relationships between the researched parameters. Using ROA as a benchmark of financial performance and the number of members of the board as measurement of the board size, two OLS estimations are performed. To confirm the robustness of the results the empirical study is tested with two other similar financial ratios, ROE and Tobin’s Q. Due to the absence of significant results, an additional factor, firm size, is employed in order to check if it affects firm performance. Delving further into the nature of this relationship, it is revealed that there exists a strong and negative relation between firm size and financial performance. Consequently, it can be asseverated that the generic recommendation “one size fits all” cannot be applied in this case; which conforms to the Recommendations of the European Union that dissuade using generic models for all countries.
Brand image and lexicographic analysis: an application to shopping malls
Authors:   School of Marketing, Communications and Arts, Calle 57 # 3-00 Este. C.P. 110221, Bogota (Colombia). lortegon@poligran.edu.co, Ortegón Cortazar Leonardo , Royo Vela Marcelo ,   Department of Commercialization and Market Research, Faculty of Economics, Avda. de los Naranjos s/n. 46022 Valencia (Spain). Marcelo.Royo@uv.es
Published: October 2015

The concept of image in its different aspects is very important in today’s society as well as in the business management field. Some authors reports that most of the studies that measure “image” do not take into account neither previous theoretical and conceptual models nor other possible empirical evidence alternatives. Given this need, a research regarding the concept of brand image applied to shopping malls was conducted based on the conceptual model of the consumer cognitive response in order to empirically explore and contrast it. For this reason, a survey was applied to 420 consumers in five shopping malls in Bogotá, achieving a database of 3.749 cases. The results show attribute-shopping mall associations expressed in unique, differentiated, and notorious vocabulary obtained applying lexicometric and multivariate analysis techniques. Attribute-shopping mall associations such as “spacious”, “good location”, “good variety of stores”, and the existence of “movie theaters”. Finally, this research aims to potentially improve the management of shopping malls and increase their attractiveness and customer loyalty by applying the development of service quality systems, integral communication, segmentation, and positioning.
The Kundum Festival in Ghana
Authors: Etikpah Samuel Edukubile
Published: October 2015

During the Kundum festival in Ghana, people ritually express their wishes for productive farming and fishing seasons, social progress, spiritual protection, and a healthy natural environment, bringing into play the nonhumans expected to uphold or oppose these objectives. This article contributes to an improved analysis of the perspectives of intersubjectivity, relationship, and community in African rituals by examining the interaction between nonhumans and humans in the Kundum festival. It analyzes some of the transitional rites that constitute Kundum. These rites are less the markers of life-cycle or seasonal transitions than the very cultural resources by which transitions are put into effect in creating hope for the fertility of farmlands and rivers. They are linked to the creation of a purified food production season, to healing, to the roles assigned to nonhumans in the initiation of the festival, and to a configuration of relationships in a shared world.
Heritage Collection of Traditional Pottery in Ayios Demetrios, Cyprus
Authors: London Gloria A. , Dometios Father
Published: October 2015

A collaborative effort to create a heritage collection of traditional Cypriot handmade pottery, and the tools used to make and decorate them in Ayios Demetrios (Marathassa), brings together 135 artifacts donated by villagers. They are descendants of the men and women who made and used the artifacts. The collection is part of the living memory of the donors who recall helping their parents by preparing clay and carrying out other chores related to production. Donors have supplied the information they know about pot makers, pot names, usage, and age. Preliminary analysis of 60 decorated pots, provides data relevant to archaeologists interested in learning how long styles and manufacturing practices can persist in a rural setting.
Assistência pré-natal: ações essenciais desenvolvidas pelos enfermeiros
Authors: Baptista Rosilene Santos , Dutra Michelinne Oliveira Machado , Coura Alexsandro Silva , Stélio de Sousa Francisco
Published: October 2015

Objetivo: Investigar el perfil, el conocimiento y la práctica de las enfermeras que trabajan la atención prenatal de bajo riesgo.
Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, transversal realizado en las Unidades Básicas de Salud Familiar Campina Grande / Paraíba, Brasil. Se incluyeron quince UBSF’s del distrito sanitario I de Campina Grande, totalizando 15 enfermeros que respondieron a un cuestionario. La colecta de datos se llevó a cabo entre marzo y junio de 2013. El análisis de datos se realizó de forma manual, en mapa resumen, según la población estudiada y posteriormente se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva y organizados en gráficosy tablas de frecuencias absoluta y relativa.
Resultados: Se puede considerar satisfactoria la atención prenatal realizada por los enfermeros, ya que además de los procedimientos y las pruebas de rutina, se observó que también llevan a cabo los procedimientos y pruebas consideradas como complementaria, de acuerdo con el Ministerio de Salud
Conclusión: Es necesario proporcionar un mayor número de orientación con respecto al uso de métodos anticonceptivos tras el periodo gestacional. Se revela también la necesidad de estudios de evaluación de la calidad y el impacto de la atención prenatal realizados por enfermeros especializados en la reducción de la morbilidad y mortalidad materna y neonatal en el municipio, este enfoque sería de gran importancia para la consolidación de una práctica exitosa en Campina Grande.
Percepção de usuários e profissionais de saúde sobre a qualidade dos cuidados prestados a pacientes com AIDS
Authors: Silva Richardson Augusto Rosendo da , Torres Gilson De Vasconcelos , Silva Ilisdayne Thallita Soares da , Nelson Ana Raquel Cortês , Lucena Indira De Araújo , Costa Danyella Augusto Rosendo da Silva
Published: October 2015

Objetivo: Identificar la percepción de los usuarios y los profesionales de la salud acerca de la calidad de la atención para los pacientes con SIDA.

Material y métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, realizado en el ambulatorio de un hospital público en el noreste de Brasil. En la encuesta participaron 626 pacientes y 34 profesionales de la salud. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de un formulario estructurado entre agosto 2009 y julio 2010, y se analizaron de forma estadística descriptiva e inferencial. La investigación fue aprobada por el Comité de Ética en virtud del CAAE. n.º. 0063.0.051.000-07.

Resultados: Se identificó que la mayoría de los usuarios (85,6%) mostraron insatisfacción, mientras que la mayoría de los profesionales entrevistados (58,8%) están satisfechos con la atención recibida en el servicio buscado.

Conclusiones: Es preciso considerar la opinión tanto de los usuarios como de los profesionales sanitarios en la evaluación de los servicios de salud
Hygiene: basic care that promotes comfort in critically ill patients
Authors: Carvajal Carrascal Gloria , Montenegro Ramírez Juan David
Published: October 2015

Los pacientes hospitalizados en entornos críticos requieren la provisión de cuidados de enfermería para satisfacer sus necesidades básicas. Las intervenciones encaminadas a satisfacer las necesidades de higiene son cuidados de enfermería, inherentes al rol profesional y que actualmente se omiten o delegan por considerarlas de poco valor, sin tener en cuenta que constituyen  indicadores de resultado en los pacientes y  de la calidad de atención en las unidades de cuidado crítico.

Objetivo: Analizar  la importancia social, disciplinar y teórica  de la higiene como un cuidado básico de enfermería requerido por los pacientes críticos y su relación con la comodidad a la luz de la teoría propuesta por Kolcaba.

Método: Revisión de la literatura  y selección de artículos en las  bases de datos ISI -Web of Knowledge, Scopus, Science Direct, Proquest, Ebsco,  Medline, Ovid,  Scielo y de otras fuentes como documentos no publicados y páginas web.  La revisión incluyó 3 estudios cualitativos, 27 cuantitativos, 1 estudio mixto, 40 piezas documentales y 4 editoriales publicados por profesionales de enfermería y otras áreas de la salud.

Resultados: Los resultados se organizaron en 4 categorías así, cuidados básicos de enfermería en entornos críticos, higiene como cuidado básico para los pacientes críticos, higiene y comodidad y necesidades de investigación.
Importancia clínica: Es indispensable que el profesional de enfermería asegure la satisfacción de las necesidades de higiene de los pacientes, así se proporciona seguridad, comodidad y bienestar. Durante la provisión de los cuidados de enfermería se presenta una oportunidad para que el profesional de enfermería se comunique con el paciente, evalúe el estado físico y psicológico, identifique posibles ansiedades y temores, planifique los cuidados y brinde una atención individualizada
Poétique du paysage dans L’Anté-peuple et La Vie et demie de Sony Labou Tansi
Authors: Gahungu Céline
Published: October 2015

La forêt tropicale et le fleuve Congo ont façonné profondément la géographie mentale de Sony Labou Tansi. Fasciné par l’expérience des limites naturelles que constituent la furie des cataractes et les lacis de la végétation, il s’est désigné comme un « homme de la forêt » dont l’écriture tente de capter la puissance de ces sites naturels. Loin de donner lieu à d’amples tableaux descriptifs, La Vie et demie et L’Anté-peuple proposent des fragments paysagers élaborés sur un mode suggestif, où tous les sens entrent en jeu. Cette construction discursive dévoile les rouages d’une machine romanesque qui les utilise comme de véritables acteurs. Structurant la fiction, la géographie est modelée pour épouser l’imaginaire de l’auteur. Comment Sony Labou Tansi construit-il ces paysages ? En quoi ces modes de construction constituent-ils une voie de recherche pour appréhender les complexités de son écriture ?
Pourquoi si peu de paysages dans les littératures africaines ? Quelques propositions pour une approche comparatiste
Authors: Ranaivoson Dominique
Published: October 2015

Alors que les paysages sont récurrents dans l’abondante littérature de voyage, dans la tradition coloniale, ils ne semblent jamais occuper la première place dans les textes d’auteurs africains. Ruraux ou urbains, les éléments paysagers restent à l’état de fragments à l’arrière-plan. Nous nous demanderons à quelles conditions l’approche culturelle européenne du paysage est pertinente pour les productions africaines contemporaines. Faute de trouver des paysages tels que les attend l’oeil européen, nous rencontrerons des effets de déformation et de chaos. Enfin, nous tenterons d’évaluer les effets de lecture de tels textes aussi bien sur les lecteurs étrangers au contexte de production que sur ceux qui connaissent les paysages peu ou pas décrits. Notre analyse cherche à donner une nouvelle définition de la pratique scripturaire du paysage, délivrée d’une tradition issue de la Renaissance européenne à laquelle les littératures africaines sont étrangères.
Memory and exile: The transatlantic and diasporic dimensions of the myth of Ashanti Princess Abla Pokou
Authors: Adou Kouamé
Published: October 2015

Transmis par la tradition orale à travers les contes, le mythe de la reine Pokou a traversé les âges pour être perçu de nos jours par certains critiques, sociologues et anthropologues comme le mythe fondateur de la nation ivoirienne. Selon le mythe originel, la confédération Ashanti créée en Afrique de l’ouest vers 1690 fut âprement déchirée par une guerre de succession après la mort d’Osei Tutu en 1718. Cette guerre intestine prit une ampleur significative au point que la princesse Abla Pokou dut fuir le royaume avec ses partisans. Mais, pour pouvoir échapper à leurs ennemis qui les poursuivaient, Pokou fut obligée de sacrifier son fils unique afin de rendre possible la traversée du fleuve Comoé. Le but de cet article est de montrer que ce mythe d’origine, longtemps confiné aux oeuvres littéraires des écrivains ivoiriens, a récemment pris une dimension littéraire transatlantique et diasporique grâce aux écrivains migrants et multiculturels tels que l’Ivoirienne Véronique Tadjo et le Britannique d’origine jamaïcaine Dean Atta.
Le laboratoire d’idées ad hoc et le développement de partenariats communautaires dans les services de santé
Authors: Parent Roger
Published: October 2015

Cet article fait état d’une recension des écrits effectuée pour le Consortium national de formation en santé (CNFS) autour du phénomène des laboratoires d’idées outhink tanks. Cette recension visait à identifier la forme de laboratoire d’idées en mesure de favoriser la prestation de soins de santé linguistiquement et culturellement appropriés dans les communautés d’expression française du Canada. Les écrits recensés font état de l’évolution duthink tankclassique vers des communautés de recherche axées sur un virage pragmatique qui redéfinit le savoir universitaire en fonction des besoins des usagers. Les pratiques transformatrices liées à cette démocratisation du savoir innovent en raison de leurs approches systémiques et organisationnelles envers la résolution de problèmes culturels.
La formation à l’offre de services en français dans les programmes de santé et de service social en milieu minoritaire francophone au Canada
Authors: Benoît Josée , Dubouloz Claire-Jehanne , Guitard Paulette , Brosseau Lucie , Kubina Lucy-Ann , Savard Jacinthe , Drolet Marie
Published: October 2015

Les professionnels des services sociaux et de santé disent être peu outillés pour travailler auprès des communautés francophones en situation minoritaire (CFSM). Une meilleure connaissance des pratiques d’enseignement professionnel utilisées dans ces domaines, et axées sur des approches pédagogiques congruentes et des contenus de formation significatifs sur les besoins particuliers des CFSM, aiderait à bonifier la formation des futurs professionnels. Une recension des écrits sur les approches pédagogiques utilisées dans divers contextes linguistiques minoritaires a inspiré l’élaboration d’un questionnaire adressé aux formateurs des programmes de langue française en santé et en service social au Canada. Les résultats indiquent que les formateurs eux-mêmes se sentent peu outillés pour bien former leurs étudiants à travailler en contexte francophone minoritaire.
Conception d’outils de mesure de l’offre active de services sociaux et de santé en français en contexte minoritaire
Authors: Savard Jacinthe , Casimiro Lynn , Bouchard Pier , Benoît Josée , Drolet Marie , Dubouloz Claire-Jehanne
Published: October 2015

Dans les communautés francophones en situation minoritaire, le besoin d’une offre active des services en français, plutôt que d’un service qui suit la demande, est de plus en plus reconnu. Les professionnels en santé et en service social doivent être formés à cette approche et les résultats devront être évalués. Cet article décrit le processus de création et de validation de contenu (recension d’écrits, consultations d’experts, sondage Delphi pancanadien) de deux questionnaires portant sur les comportements caractéristiques de l’offre active de services sociaux et de santé en français : le premier mesurant les comportements individuels d’offre active des intervenants et le deuxième mesurant la perception de ces derniers du soutien organisationnel à l’offre active.
Facteurs favorisant l’offre de services de santé en français : études de cas en milieu hospitalier anglophone
Authors: Bahi Boniface , Forgues Éric
Published: October 2015

Par une approche à la fois qualitative et quantitative, la présente étude analyse les modalités de prise en compte de la langue dans l’organisation des services de santé au sein des établissements majoritairement anglophones, de même que les possibilités favorables à l’offre de services de santé en français en milieu minoritaire francophone. L’examen des facteurs favorisant l’offre de services de santé en français en milieu minoritaire francophone porte sur les dimensions organisationnelles (internales) et sur les dimensions environnementales (externales) du milieu hospitalier. Ces possibilités et ces facteurs favorables ont trait notamment à la volonté de l’administration et des professionnels de la santé des établissements hospitaliers, au renforcement et à la mise en valeur du bilinguisme dans la gestion des services, mais aussi à l’émergence aussi bien d’une demande active de services en français que d’une volonté politique, juridique et réglementaire des autorités gouvernementales.
Bilan de santé : une analyse descriptive de l’état de la recherche sur la santé et les communautés francophones en situation minoritaire
Authors: Vézina Sylvain
Published: October 2015

Ce texte présente un bilan des activités de recherche soutenues par le Consortium national de formation en santé (CNFS), selon l’orientation des connaissances produites et des pistes d’action qui en résultent. Nous y abordons la question de la participation du milieu à la planification de la recherche, sa réalisation et la mise en pratique des résultats. L’étude a été réalisée selon deux méthodes : une analyse du contenu des documents produits et une série d’entrevues avec des chercheurs et des représentants du milieu. L’objectif consiste à fournir quelques indications sur les atouts et les défis du rapprochement entre chercheurs et communautés dans la perspective de la recherche participative.
Odor-identity dependent motor programs underlie behavioral responses to odors
Authors: Jung Seung-Hye , Hueston Catherine , Bhandawat Vikas
Published: October 2015

All animals use olfactory information to perform tasks essential to their survival. Odors typically activate multiple olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) classes and are therefore represented by the patterns of active ORNs. How the patterns of active ORN classes are decoded to drive behavior is under intense investigation. In this study, using Drosophila as a model system, we investigate the logic by which odors modulate locomotion. We designed a novel behavioral arena in which we could examine a fly’s locomotion under precisely controlled stimulus condition. In this arena, in response to similarly attractive odors, flies modulate their locomotion differently implying that odors have a more diverse effect on locomotion than was anticipated. Three features underlie odor-guided locomotion: First, in response to odors, flies modulate a surprisingly large number of motor parameters. Second, similarly attractive odors elicit changes in different motor programs. Third, different ORN classes modulate different subset of motor parameters.
Isolation and characterization of 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci for the endangered Galapagos-endemic whitespotted sandbass (Paralabrax albomaculatus)
Authors: Bertolotti Alicia C. , Griffiths Sarah M. , Truelove Nathan K. , Box Stephen J. , Preziosi Richard F. , Salinas de Leon Pelayo
Published: October 2015

The white-spotted sandbass (Paralabrax albomaculatus)is a commercially important species in the Galapagos Marine Reserve, but is classified as endangered in the IUCN Red List. For this study, 10 microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized using Illumina paired-end sequencing. These loci can be used for genetic studies of population structure and connectivity to aid in the management of the white-spotted sandbass and other closely-related species. The 10 characterized loci were polymorphic, with 11–49 alleles per locus, and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.575 to 0.964. This set of markers is the first to be developed for this species.
A taste for exotic food: Neotropical land planarians feeding on an invasive flatworm
Authors: Boll Piter K. , Rossi Ilana , Amaral Silvana V. , Leal-Zanchet Ana
Published: October 2015

Invasive species establish successfully in new habitats especially due to their ability to include new species in their diet and due to the freedom from natural enemies. However, native species may also adapt to the use of new elements in their ecosystem. The planarianEndeavouria septemlineata, first recorded in Hawaii, was later found in Brazil. Recently, we found it in human-disturbed areas in southern Brazil and here we investigate its interactions with other invertebrates both in the field and in the laboratory. We observed the species in the field during collecting activities and hence maintained some specimens alive in small terraria in the laboratory, where we offered different invertebrate species as potential prey and also put them in contact with native land planarians in order to examine their interaction. Both in the field and in the laboratory,E. septemlineatashowed a gregarious behavior and was found feeding on woodlice, millipedes, earwigs and gastropods. In the laboratory, specimens often did not attack live prey, but immediately approached dead specimens, indicating a scavenging behavior. In an experiment using the slugDeroceras laeveand the woodlouseAtlantoscia floridana,there was a higher consumption of dead specimens of woodlice and slugs compared to live specimens, as well as a higher consumption of dead woodlice over dead slugs. Four native land planarians of the genusObamaand one of the genusParabaattacked and consumedE. septemlineata, which, after the beginning of the attack, tried to escape by tumbling or using autotomy. As a scavenger,E. septemlineatawould have no impact on the populations of species used as food, but could possibly exclude native scavengers by competition. On the other hand, its consumption by native land planarians may control its spread and thus reduce its impact on the ecosystem.
Autophagic flux inhibition and lysosomogenesis ensuing cellular capture and retention of the cationic drug quinacrine in murine models
Authors: Parks Alexandre , Charest-Morin Xavier , Boivin-Welch Michael , Bouthillier Johanne , Marceau Francois
Published: October 2015

The proton pump vacuolar (V)-ATPase is the driving force that mediates the concentration of cationic drugs (weak bases) in the late endosome-lysosome continuum; secondary cell reactions include the protracted transformation of enlarged vacuoles into autophagosomes. We used the inherently fluorescent tertiary amine quinacrine in murine models to further assess the accumulation and signaling associated with cation trapping. Primary fibroblasts concentrate quinacrine ∼5,000-fold from their culture medium (KM9.8 µM; transport studies). The drug is present in perinuclear granules that are mostly positive for Rab7 and LAMP1 (microscopy). Both drug uptake and retention are extensively inhibited by treatments with the V-ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin A1. The H+ionophore monensin also prevented quinacrine concentration by fibroblasts. However, inhibition of plasma membrane transporters or of the autophagic process with spautin-1 did not alter quinacrine transport parameters. Ancillary experiments did not support that low micromolar concentrations of quinacrine are substrates for organic cation transporters-1 to -3 or P-glycoprotein. The secondary autophagy induced by quinacrine in cells may derive from the accumulation of incompetent autophagolysosomes, as judged from the accumulation of p62/SQSTM1 and LC3 II (immunoblots). Accordingly, protracted lysosomogenesis is evidenced by increased expression of LAMP1 and LAMP2 in quinacrine-treated fibroblasts (48 h, immunoblots), a response that follows the nuclear translocation of the lysosomal genesis transcription factor TFEB and upregulation of LAMP1 and −2 mRNAs (24 h). Quinacrine administration to live mice evidenced variable distribution to various organs and heterogeneous accumulation within the lung (stereo-microscopy, extraction). Dose-dependentin vivoautophagic and lysosomal accumulation was observed in the lung (immunoblots). No evidence has been found for transport or extrusion mechanisms modulating the cellular uptake of micromolar quinacrine at the plasma membrane level. As shownin vitroandin vivo, V-ATPase-mediated cation sequestration is associated, above a certain threshold, to autophagic flux inhibition and feed-back lysosomogenesis.
Assessing shoreline exposure and oyster habitat suitability maximizes potential success for sustainable shoreline protection using restored oyster reefs
Authors: La Peyre Megan K. , Serra Kayla , Joyner T. Andrew , Humphries Austin
Published: October 2015

Oyster reefs provide valuable ecosystem services that contribute to coastal resilience. Unfortunately, many reefs have been degraded or removed completely, and there are increased efforts to restore oysters in many coastal areas. In particular, much attention has recently been given to the restoration of shellfish reefs along eroding shorelines to reduce erosion. Such fringing reef approaches, however, often lack empirical data to identify locations where reefs are most effective in reducing marsh erosion, or fully take into account habitat suitability. Using monitoring data from 5 separate fringing reef projects across coastal Louisiana, we quantify shoreline exposure (fetch + wind direction + wind speed) and reef impacts on shoreline retreat. Our results indicate that fringing oyster reefs have a higher impact on shoreline retreat at higher exposure shorelines. At higher exposures, fringing reefs reduced marsh edge erosion an average of 1.0 m y−1. Using these data, we identify ranges of shoreline exposure values where oyster reefs are most effective at reducing marsh edge erosion and apply this knowledge to a case study within one Louisiana estuary. In Breton Sound estuary, we calculate shoreline exposure at 500 random points and then overlay a habitat suitability index for oysters. This method and the resulting visualization show areas most likely to support sustainable oyster populations as well as significantly reduce shoreline erosion. Our results demonstrate how site selection criteria, which include shoreline exposure and habitat suitability, are critical to ensuring greater positive impacts and longevity of oyster reef restoration projects.
Practical Integration‐Free Episomal Methods for Generating Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Kime Cody , Rand Tim A. , Ivey Kathryn N. , Srivastava Deepak , Yamanaka Shinya , Tomoda Kiichiro
Published: October 2015

The advent of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell technology has revolutionized biomedicine and basic research by yielding cells with embryonic stem (ES) cell‐like properties. The use of iPS‐derived cells for cell‐based therapies and modeling of human disease holds great potential. While the initial description of iPS cells involved overexpression of four transcription factors via viral vectors that integrated within genomic DNA, advances in recent years by our group and others have led to safer and higher quality iPS cells with greater efficiency. Here, we describe commonly practiced methods for non‐integrating induced pluripotent stem cell generation using nucleofection of episomal reprogramming plasmids. These methods are adapted from recent studies that demonstrate increased hiPS cell reprogramming efficacy with the application of three powerful episomal hiPS cell reprogramming factor vectors and the inclusion of an accessory vector expressing EBNA1. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.