bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le vice et la virtuelle : les relations entre technologie et pornographie sur Internet
Authors: Frau-Meigs Divina
Published: October 2015

This paper examines the socio-semiotic relations between pornography and technology in cyberspace. It analyzes how the computer affects the construction of sexual exchanges, and how the electronic interface modifies the borders between permission and transgression. This new construction, it is argued, finds its nodal and ideological origins in « fin de siècle » California, where the main values of the 'sixties' are being reframed into the techno-industrial paradigm.
Sexual Re(X)pression in the USA: Somewhere between Pornutopia and the Land of Puritans
Authors: O’Brien David
Published: October 2015

Où en est-on aujourd'hui, trente ans après la « révolution sexuelle » ? Dans une grande confusion, due en partie à l'alliance « objective » entre la droite chrétienne et les féministes « néo-libérales » appelées par leur critiques les « néo-victoriennes ». S'opposent à elles les féministes « libertaires », y compris les plus radicales, qui vont jusqu' à défendre la pornographie et la prostitution. Le récent rapport Sex in America n'a fait qu' ajouter à la confusion. Et les nouvelles technologies telles que Internet ont complètement changé la donne. Les décisions de la Cour suprême reflètent ces changements d'attitude. L Amérique est-elle en train de devenir une « pornotopie », un « Etat pornographique » ? Par ailleurs, est-ce aussi nouveau qu' on semble le croire ?
Armistead Maupin, mémorialiste
Authors: Brousse Françoise
Published: October 2015

This paper proposes a multi-layered reading of the Tales series from a literary perspective. It focuses on the devices used by Armistead Maupin to depict the coming of age of a "gay everyman " in a world of role-playing. It intends to show how this ground-breaking work, an intriguing insider's guide to gay America, confronts the myths about gay life and attempts to correct the misrepresented images of gays in everyday life.
Torts for Wrongful Birth/Life & Prenatal Abuse. Natalité et procréation : le rôle fondamental du judiciaire américain
Authors: Merchant Jennifer
Published: October 2015

In 1994, French Parliamentary representatives voted a «bio-ethics» law largely based on the advice and consent of a national bioethics committee inaugurated by President Mitterrand. In the United States, the lack of similar centralized policymaking has created a situation wherein on the one hand market forces in the realm of biogenetics and medically-assisted procreation benefit from almost total freedom of activity, while on the other hand conflicts resulting from the social consequences of these new scientific fields are left almost solely in the hands of the judiciary. This article examines the often uncomfortable, and sometimes inappropriate role played by the judiciary branch, especially in the realm of new tort law concepts, and attempts to demonstrate how the latter might be contributing, albeit indirectly, to a future "fetal rights" juridical framework.
Les figures de l’espace chez Willa Cather et Ellen Glasgow
Authors: Palleau-Papin Françoise
Published: October 2015

This comparative study of Willa Cather and Ellen Glasgow's fictions focuses on the way these writers structure space in language through their use of figures of speech, images and narrative strategy. Three definitions of space are considered : referential space, "figurai" space or that of the sentence, with its syntactic structure, and representational space, conveyed through the descriptive images. All three combine to allow a creative drive to expand and to create a space of one's own in language.
Edith Wharton ou l’éloge de la mobilité
Authors: Collomb-Boureau Colette
Published: October 2015

The themes of Edith Wharton' s short stories confirm what can be detected through her biography : the need for an out-of-step and unsettled position, the necessity of critical, if periodic, distance from a socially ensconced conformity. As a writer it was through her transatlantic wanderings that she could best assert her liberty and Americanness. This is how one could consider Wharton' s work as sociological fiction in which the ideal aloofness of individuality and the inescapable constraints of socialization are made to come to terms.
Kate Chopin et Willa Cather : la filiation problématique dans The Awakening et O Pioneers!
Authors: Perrin-Chenour Marie-Claude
Published: October 2015

This paper compares two novels of the turn of the century - The Awakening and O Pioneers ! - which both stage a woman engaged in a creative activity. Through an analysis of their perception of nature, it explores the modifications in perspectives implied by these women's new position as subject and the way they relate to the object of creation, wavering between the "reproduction" and "transformation" of their various heritages (whether personal, social or literary).
Aïeule et tradition sacrée dans le théâtre afro-américain
Authors: Mills Alice
Published: October 2015

This article attempts to unearth those elements which bind the character of the Old Woman, more than that of any other figure in African-American theater, to the half-human, half-divine mythical Trickster. The essay examines the Old Woman's flair, her ambivalent personality, her mastery of language, exageration and humour and, above all, her eagerness to lead others into situations of conflict. It is based on plays by Georgia D. Johnson, Marita Bonner, Louis Feterson, Abram Hill, Theodore ward, Loften Mitchell, Lorraine Hansberry, Ted Shine, Gayl Jones, Dianne Houston, Leslie Lee, Robert Alexander, Elizabeth Brown Guillory and August Wilson.
Conspiration and « Lone Nuts »: Inevitable Adjuncts to Bloodshed in American Politics?
Authors: Laroche Jacques M. , Moore Alexander
Published: October 2015

Malgré leur tradition démocratique et leur droit de récuser les élus indésirables, les Américains vivent dans un climat de violence politique, habituellement commise par des maniaques. On se penchera sur leur longue prédilection pour les rumeurs de complots. Rumeurs et violence ne s'engendrent-elles pas mutuellement ? Les milices, actuellement à la une, en sont la preuve.
Déviance sous le maccarthysme : de l’« un-American » au « male impersonator »
Authors: Caraglio Martine
Published: October 2015

This article examines the phenomena of division and codification into masculin and féminin roles between lesbians during the 50ies in the USA and highlights the part of the given political and social environment in the construction of identity.

The author dissociates from the prevailing conception of these phenomena as a reproduction as a heterosexual society and accounts for the masculinity of « hutches » as a straight response to a repressive regime.
« L’Ile de la Fée » : une lecture deleuzienne
Authors: Meseguer Isabelle
Published: October 2015

Poe 's tale, "The Island of the Fay, " is so complex that even multifarious analyses of the text -whether romantic or metafictional, to mention only a few- seem unable to shed light on some of its aspects. A study of the tale in a Deleuzian perspective might prove worthwhile and open up new vistas. The Deleuzian concept of the "other as structure " seems to enable us to probe deeply into the semiotics of the text. Some of the philosophical tools that have been sharpened by Deleuze in Logique du sens prove relevant to focus on the type of narrators Poe often resorts to to forward his literary message and help us tackle the serious question of whether the quest for meaning is jeopardized by Poe's choice to reduce his narrator to a mere metafictional tool.
Anatomizing America: Science and the Rhetoric of Literary Nationalism in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Niemeyer Mark , Jaworski Philippe , Marçais Dominique
Published: October 2015

Cet article se propose d'analyser les liens établis entre la science et la rhétorique nationaliste littéraire pendant la première moitié du XIXe siècle. La fusion de ces deux domaines encouragea de nombreux écrivains à « anatomiser » leur nouveau pays. Cette tendance, qui eut pour effet de produire des écrits plus "statiques" que des romans de type classique, a également été exploitée à des fins philosophiques par des écrivains de la Renaissance américaine comme Melville, Thoreau et Whitman.
L’imagination des savoirs dans l’Eurêka de Poe
Authors: Justin Henri , Jaworski Philippe , Marçais Dominique
Published: October 2015

In Eureka, Poe hits on some of the fundamental features of our present view of the universe. In this essay, I investigate the way in which he appropriates the scientific knowledge of his day to elaborate a vision of the cosmos pulsating from and back into "God" or, to our limited reason, "Nothingness." Poe evinces a mixture of expertise, disingenuousness, discernment and rhetoric, but my overall contention is that he was guided by a deep, imaginative sense of man 's paradoxical position as an explorer of his own universe.
Le spleen du maître d’école : Ismaël et le savoir dans Moby-Dick
Authors: Wicke Anne , Jaworski Philippe , Marçais Dominique
Published: October 2015

This paper focuses on the highly ambivalent relation that Ishmael-as the narrator of the hunt -maintains with knowledge. This relation seems to be structured around two specific functions : knowledge as an implement of power and as a means of protection or resistance. It will eventually be seen how Ishmael's school-teacher's strategy proves powerless in front of his own Ahabian facet and the fascination for the white whale it entails.
L’exil impossible : à propos de « Envy; or, Yiddish in America » de Cynthia Ozick
Authors: Antoine Josée , Jaworski Philippe , Marçais Dominique
Published: October 2015

Is translation the necessary compromise and displacement in order to postpone the death of Yiddish, the language spoken by a minority in America ? While posing translation as a form of exile the Yiddish poet cannot elude today, Cynthia Ozick gives evidence that the Jewish writer must acknowledge his position in between and accept the eclipse of his mother tongue, the only way for him to live through his origins and culture.
Charles Reznikoff : « le déchiffrage même de la vie au miroir du texte »
Authors: Cohen-Cheminet Geneviève
Published: October 2015

This paper suggests Charles Reznikoff 's poetry should be assessed in its relation to the Jewish hermeneutical tradition. Philosopher Paul Ricœur's quotation in the title, "the very deciphering of life in the mirror of the text, " sums up Reznikoff 's poetical strategy. He decontextualizes his writing by displacing it towards its hypotextual origin, Jewish and non-Jewish. Reading destabilizes the reader who embraces the poetical text in the mirror of its hypotexts. This move metaphorically takes reading and writing away from their familiar American grounds and paves the way for an ethics of perambulation.
Le Pop Art aux Etats-Unis : entre subversion et conformisme
Authors: Elmaleh Eliane
Published: October 2015

This paper analyzes Pop Art's oscillation between subversion and conformism. In fact, to some, it was an exaltation of the American way of life as it mirrored the general well-being that people living in an affluent society experienced. Conveyed by Pop Art, the media image of the American world seemed to celebrate, by fetishizing it, American society's self-image. However, the deliberate use of impersonal brand-new objects could also be interpreted by others as a denunciation of a consumer society gone wild. The aim of this presentation is to show the potential of subversion of artists who, by choosing refusing to clearly take sides, by to present themselves as dehumanized as the subjects they presented, implicitly denounced the vision people had of the American world through the media.
The Promises and Perils of American Hegemony
Authors: McCormick Thomas
Published: October 2015

L'hégémonie américaine au XXe siècle connut son âge d'or dans le quart de siècle qui suivit la Seconde Guerre mondiale, favorisée par l'impact de deux conflits mondiaux et d'une dépression qui détruisit presque le capitalisme international. L'histoire de cette hégémonie reflète le triomphalisme inquiet d'aujourd'hui, dans un après-guerre froide certes enivrant, mais qui paraît dissimuler d'autres périls que le communisme défunt. Le coût de la superpuissance, depuis 1970 notamment, a non seulement grevé le budget des États-Unis, mais a aussi déséquilibré, sinon déstabilisé, leur économie. Certains, comme Ethan B. Kapstein ou Stephen S. Roach, ont amorcé une réflexion sur l'assainissement possible d'un système générateur de criantes inégalités sociales. Encore minoritaire, leur point de vue préfigure peut-être un réexamen des choix hégémoniques de l'Amérique.
La New Social History américaine et la guerre de Sécession
Authors: Bergamasco-Lenarda Lucia
Published: October 2015

In the past fifteen years the New Social History has rediscovered the American Civil War, a subject traditionally left to military historians, and one that haunts the popular imagination. New approaches and new questions concerning the war and home fronts, have revolutionized the study of the war period. Today the categories of gender, class and race throw new light on old and new documentary material with often striking results.
L’oeil et le regard, ou la crise du témoignage dans Blood Meridian de Cormac McCarthy
Authors: Trotignon Béatrice
Published: October 2015

In McCarthy's Blood Meridian the reader is constantly made to hesitate between opposed and fluctuating modes of reading. The act of witnessing (certainly a crux of the novel as is implied by its opening words "See the child") and that of interpreting undergo a severe crisis, not only through the deviation of such conventions as the use of an epilogue and chapter headings, but more forcibly through the shifts in focalization. These shifts occur in such ways as to deepen the rift between the characters' external and impersonal perception, and a more mythical vision which remains however just as distanced and inadequate for the reader. Sight, blindness and the ultimate disappearance of various pieces of evidence, tracks or symbols in the novel bear out this overall crisis stating a break in the dialectic of fact and meaning.
L’image ironique : figures de la répétition dans Mao II de Don DeLillo
Authors: Happe François
Published: October 2015

As repeatedly asserted (by Deleuze and Genette, among others), there is no repetition without variation, and the resulting gap is-almost invariably-filled with comment, as if it were in the nature of repetition to gloss on its own occurrence. Distance and comment being also inherent in ironic discourse, this essay focuses on the way DeLillo 's writing exploits the affinities between repetition and irony.
Politics, Pedagogy, and Pluralism — Multicultural Education in American Public Schools in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Schwartz Seller Maxime
Published: October 2015

Cet article fait l'historique du multiculturalisme dans les établissements scolaires primaires et secondaires américains. Les différentes formes qu'il a prises selon les périodes y sont étudiées, en soulignant l'influence du contexte politique et idéologique. Trois questions sont posées : quelles furent les instances à l'origine de l'enseignement multiculturel (autorités scolaires, représentants des minorités ou responsables politiques) ? À qui s'est-il adressé (à l'ensemble des enfants ou seulement à ceux des minorités) ? Quels objectifs politiques, sociaux et pédagogiques a-t-il poursuivis ? La thèse défendue ici est que les décisions prises concernant l'enseignement multiculturel aux États-Unis ont été dans la plupart des cas motivées par des raisons politiques plutôt que pédagogiques et que, par conséquent, elles ont reflété les grands changements politiques et idéologiques survenus au sein de la société américaine.
Education et Santé : quelle place pour les services de santé scolaire ?
Authors: Thevenard Eveline
Published: October 2015

The relationship between education and health, which was first established by 19th century social reformers and sanitarians, has received renewed attention in recent years. School health services are no longer focused on communicable disease control but aim to address diverse health problems which prevent a growing number of students from learning. Innovative projects such as school-based health centers show the importance of the cooperation between education and health professionals, but the full potential of school health services has yet to be realized.
Norms for a Misuse of Authority : the Alien and Sedition Acts
Authors: Hugues Gérard
Published: October 2015

Rarement la liberté d'expression garantie par le Ier amendement a été aussi malmenée qu 'à l'occasion du vote de lois connues comme «Alien and Sedition Acts» en 1798. Le passage de ces lois liberticides pose des questions essentielles touchant, par exemple, à la liberté de la presse comme droit naturel. Le présent article ne s'attache pas particulièrement aux problèmes théoriques, mais davantage au climat de l'époque, à son discours, à ses excès. Le but non avoué de ces lois n'était autre que d'abattre le clan républicain, adversaire du gouvernement Adams, en jetant le discrédit sur les alliés supposés ou réels des Jeffersoniens. La distorsion des faits, une propagande éhontée et des erreurs tactiques majeures ont finalement servi les intérêts du Parti républicain et consommé la défaite des Fédéralistes. Au lieu de réduire les partisans de Jefferson, elles propulsent le Virginien à la magistrature suprême et rayent pour longtemps de la carte politique le Parti fédéraliste au pouvoir. Francophobie, règlements de comptes sont les constantes de la période et le seul résultat positif de cette magistrale maladresse sera de renforcer durablement la liberté de la presse et la liberté de pensée aux États-Unis.
Enjeux et formes de la naturalisation dans l’Amérique des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles
Authors: Van Ruymbeke Bertrand
Published: October 2015

In seventeenth-century England, immigrants could shed their alien status either by being naturalized by Parliament or denizened by the Crown. The former involved an expensive and complex procedure but guaranteed its beneficiary full citizenship whereas the latter, inexpensive and easy to obtain, only conveyed explicitly limited rights. These legal and procedural distinctions were never transplanted to British North America as, except in New England, colonial proprietors, governors and assemblies adopted liberal naturalization policies in response to the need for colonists. Naturalized settlers were thus granted extensive economic and political rights, albeit limited to the colony where they resided. In 1740, Parliament established a naturalization procedure common to all colonies which superseded local legislation.
L’épreuve/les preuves de la loyauté : la presse italo-américaine face à la citoyenneté (1910-1935)
Authors: Deschamps Bénédicte
Published: October 2015

Approaching the Italian-American press less as a source of information than as a political instructor and mediator for the «Little Italies» of the United States, this essay focuses on the articles published in the Italian-American commercial newspapers from 1910 to 1935, and analyzes the way the latter dealt with the issue of American citizenship. At a time when the Americanization movements tried to control the immigrant press, events such as WWI and the rise of fascism influenced Italian-American journalists, challenging their loyalty to the United States. This paper shows how the Italian-American press was forced to take sides, points out the conflicts generated by its dual position, and brings to light the ways in which a period of international crisis led to the difficult shaping of different concepts of Italian-American identity.
De l’immigrant au citoyen : les dilemmes de la naturalisation pour les Mexicains et les Asiatiques depuis 1965
Authors: Daniel Dominique
Published: October 2015

Today Asian immigrants regardless of their national origins have the highest naturalization rates in the United States and Mexicans the lowest, although the latter have been naturalized in increasingly greater numbers in the 1990s. Such difference can be partly accounted for by the higher socio-economic status of Asian entrants since the immigration reform of 1965, and by the Mexicans' tradition of cyclical migration. Other factors are the citizens' right of family reunification and the recent measures restricting public aid to both illegal and legal immigrants. Political motivations have to be relativized since Asians are among the least politicized groups in the U.S. Yet, as the result of a complex interaction of these factors, naturalization tends to become a strategy of defense that gives it a new political connotation in the context of a redefinition of American citizenship.
Les guerres culturelles américaines : un psychodrame médiatique
Authors: Guerlain Pierre
Published: October 2015

This aim of this paper is to analyze the recent political and ideological conflicts, known as « culture wars », that have wracked but also entertained the United States. A short semantic analysis of the metaphor of war which has invaded public discourse is followed by a presentation of the various groups involved in these «wars». This piece deals with some of the major issues pitting the two camps against each other such as the fight over the canon, elitism the role of media and the debate over family values. The heterogeneity of the liberal as well as of the conservative camp and the ambiguity of some alliances and political stands are taken into account. The apparent ideological victory of the right is then questioned and a critique of identity politics and of the ideological volte-face of the left is offered. Finally the idea that the United States is facing fragmentation is challenged. The last section of the paper studies the emergence of a new ideological paradigm based on market values and anti-racism which gives the U. S a strong sense of unity in spite of all the so-called «culture wars».
Virtual culture and the logic of American technology
Authors: Orvell Miles
Published: October 2015

Cet article analyse l'expérience culturelle américaine à travers la médiation technologique, de ses origines à l'ère virtuelle. La thèse développée consiste à soutenir que la réalité virtuelle contemporaine se place sur un continuum, non pas une rupture, avec des formes culturelles prévalentes aux États-Unis depuis le XIXe siècle au moins. L'article explore l'articulation de ces formes à travers la poésie et l'imaginaire romantique tout autant qu 'à travers les artefacts produits par la culture populaire américaine. Il nous plonge ainsi au confluent de la réalité et de la virtualité, là où utopies et dystopies se disputent le terrain de la représentation.
Frémont et le daguerréotype : la photographie au service du mythe
Authors: Brunet François
Published: October 2015

One of few nineteenth-century explorers to achieve popularity in the U.S., John C. Fremont promoted innovative scientific methods. This paper focuses on his use of the daguerreotype, especially in 1853, and the unusual attention he paid to his daguerreotypist Solomon Carvalho 's work. This seems to have reflected Fremont's political aims. From his attitude, as well as from Carvalho's narrative, it appears that the daguerreotype, while providing a "scientific" guarantee, served a promotional goal, and contributed to a mythological image of the West.
Bruits et paradoxes dans White Noise de Don De Lillo
Authors: Cordesse Gérard
Published: October 2015

The reader of White Noise stumbles repeatedly against opaque units, spectacularly unrelated to the on-going narrative. Rather than brush these difficulties aside as unimportant quirks we propose to take them seriously and even to claim centrality for them, emboldened as we are by various "order from noise" theories (Bateson, Atlan, Hofstadter, Morin, Castoriadis). Analyzing representative examples of local obscurities (from oxymoron to paradox and tangled hierarchies) we try to show their role in the global economy of the novel.
Le cinéma américain et le parc jurassique : technologie mystique
Authors: Berthomieu Pierre
Published: October 2015

The American movie industry has undoubtedly lost a large part of its artistic creativity since the beginning of the blockbuster era in the seventies. No doubt Star Wars or Jaws were important movies, but they opened up for the industry an era in which the special effects, the overblown noisy soundtrack and the numerous (and often incoherent) action scenes have become a standard. The question is now to know if there is a way back for American cinema. But such a situation must not prevent an objective analysis of the technological fictions made in Hollywood, those films in which techonology becomes a subject (Jurassic Park) or a power (Mission : Impossible).

From Close Encounters of the Third Kind to Jurassic Park, Steven Spielberg has been exploring the connections between technology and the mystical contact with otherwordly forms, the sublime emotion in front of a revelation, revisiting a traditional form of the Hollywood biblical or religious melodrama. Moreover, Jurassic Park takes the dinosaur park as a metaphor for both the power of technology and the power of the image, the power to provoke a mystical revelation. Whether it succeeds in doing so or whether it resolves itself into an enigma, a sign to be decyphered, gives the film its dynamics.
Professionalism and Institutional Ethics: Salvaging the Future of American Medecine
Authors: Freidson Eliot
Published: October 2015

Au cours des trois dernières décennies le système de santé américain a subi de profonds bouleversements : la généralisation des systèmes d'assurance, l'apparition de technologies sophistiquées et la prolifération de structures médicales à but lucratif ont eu une influence considérable sur les conditions d'exercice de la médecine. La relation médecin-malade se trouve modifiée, le praticien n'est plus libre de ses décisions cliniques. Ces changements menacent le professionnalisme des médecins et risquent de les réduire à de simples techniciens. Le code de 1847, qui énonce les principes fondamentaux de l'éthique médicale, doit être adapté, afin de définir des normes régissant les rapports des médecins avec leur environnement économique dans le but de préserver l'intérêt du patient et de sauvegarder le caractère spécifique de la profession médicale.
Managed Care et Pharmacy Benefit Managers : une source d’inspiration pour la France ?
Authors: Lancry Pierre-Jean
Published: October 2015

This article provides a brief overview of a specific aspect of managed care : Pharmacy Benefit Managers (PBMs), which are used by an increasing number of health insurers interested in controlling prescription drug costs. The article highlights their role in managing costs and providing better coordination of health services. In spite of major differences between the two systems, recently proposed health care reforms in France also aim to control costs and coordinate services. Can managed care be the solution ?
Les effets pervers des réseaux de soin coordonnés
Authors: Chamorand Elisabeth
Published: October 2015

For-profit corporations have transformed the health care delivery system with the growth of prospective payment. This paper explores the consequences of this "managed care revolution " for patients, caregivers and the public at large.
Les entreprises américaines et l’assurance maladie des retraités : la norme comptable 106
Authors: Antoine Michel
Published: October 2015

The adoption in 1990 by the Financial Accounting Standards Board of a new standard (SFAS 106) on accounting for post-retirement benefits other than pensions triggered off significant cuts in the retiree health benefits granted by many U.S. corporations to their former employees. This paper investigates the circumstances in which this new standard was issued, and used by employers for terminating some of their earlier commitments.
Is There a North American History?
Authors: White Richard
Published: October 2015

En passant en revue l'historiographie américaine et canadienne, on s'efforce de cerner l'émergence et l'utilité du concept d'Amérique du Nord comme cadre d'analyse historique. Comme la notion de région, qui peut paraître plus naturelle, ou celle de nation, qui l'est moins, la notion de continent est une catégorie construite, mais dont l'histoire n'a guère été écrite. L'approche continentale n'a pas la même valeur pour tous les sujets envisagés. Elle est particulièrement féconde dans l 'étude historique de certains thèmes, tels les Améridindiens, les migrations de peuplement et de travail, les échanges et contacts, l'environnement, les systèmes régionaux. Cette optique trans- ou supranationale a suscité de nombreux travaux récents qui ont le mérite de resituer les États-Unis dans un contexte géographique, écologique, démographique ou même économique plus complexe que le seul cadre national.
La modernité américaine dans la poésie française : Jacques Roubaud et le « vers libre » américain
Authors: Eastman Andrew
Published: October 2015

This paper is a study of Jacques Roubaud's reading of American free verse practices, as expressed in his theoretical writings, translations, and in the poems Roubaud published in Dors (1981), which he claims are patterned after the «short measures » of William Carlos Williams and Louis Zukofsky. The article attempts to show how Roubaud uses a short line in Dors to develop specific prosodie and semantic effects in French, which paradoxically put into question the principle trait which Roubaud associates with «American free verse», the inseparability of the written and the spoken.
La Commémoration : traduction ou trahison ? (Saint-Gaudens, Ives, Lowell)
Authors: Feith Michel
Published: October 2015

A commemorative monument is the translation of a historical event into a work of art. Such is the Shaw Memorial on the Boston Common, a high-relief by Augustus Saint-Gaudens which celebrates the valor of the first African-American regiment in the Civil War. This monument later became the inspiration of a musical piece by Charles Ives, and a poem by Robert Lowell. Our aim is to analyse the latter as translations of the original into different artistic media. These tributes to the work of a former master are also attempts at renewing the expression of civic memory, and to judge the present in the light of a heroic past.
Going Native (États sauvages) de Stephen Wright : une traduction de l’Amérique en mal de réel
Authors: Palleau-Papin Françoise
Published: October 2015

Stephen Wright's latest novel, Going Native, explores the avatars of a hyper-metaphoric text often saturated with (visual) quotations from television series, movies and videos of all kinds. While the French reviewers praised his depiction of his contemporaries' addiction to cinematic artefacts, they generally failed to see the poetic dimension of his work, which is particularly present in moments of empathy devoid of irony, if not of humor, when his writing reaches an immediacy of vision unfiltered by his prolific use of metaphors.
Henry James ou la difficulté du partage
Authors: Durand-Bogaert Fabienne
Published: October 2015

Although translation as such never was a favorite activity with Henry James, the question of translation seems to have thoroughly informed the writing of Henry James's story of 1874 « The Last of the Valerii ». This article tackles such issues as influences from foreign sources, intertextuality and ethnocentrism, all of them relevant questions in the field of literary translation studies today
La psychologie des rêves dans « Martha Gardner » (1837) de William Austin.
Authors: Geoffroy Alain
Published: October 2015

In his last short story, «Martha Gardner ; or Moral Reaction,» William Austin (1778-1841) produced an insightful interpretation of his heroines dream which retrospectively seems to anticipate the psychoanalytical theory of the formation of oneiric fantasies. A Freudian analysis confirms that the Bostonian writer cleverly succeeded in mixing in his tale the requirements of basic Unitarian propaganda - much in fashion in early nineteenth Boston - with a subtle psychologically-oriented plot.
Discrimination positive : la controverse intellectuelle
Authors: Clary Françoise
Published: October 2015

The phrase "affirmative action " has been defined as a continuum of different responses to discrimination from measures designed to prevent discrimination against women and nonwhite individuals (protective affirmative action) to measures meant to increase the number of women and nonwhites in a work force by giving them preference. Because affirmative action has raised critical questions, it serves as the line that divides intellectuals who are engaged in a moral debate concerning fundamental notions of justice and equality with a significant overlap between the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment of the United States Constitution and philosophical conceptions of justice. Is affirmative action still necessary in the 1990s ? Several questions for consideration emerge among the principal philosophical arguments because they reflect the most critical moral conflicts in the Academy and within the Liberal culture. This article recalls the historical factors leading to affirmative action and, after delimiting the scope of the analysis, describes some of the most salient features of libertarian, conservative, contractarian, egalitarian and marxist conceptions while attempting to show an evolution of both liberals and conservatives with a claim for de-racialized, colorblind economic and social programs.
Adarand v. Peña et l’affirmative action : le processus judiciaire est-il soluble dans le politique ?
Authors: Michelot Vincent , Vinel Jean-Christian
Published: October 2015

When Adarand v. Pena was handed down in June of 1995, many were the observers who remarked that the Supreme Court had dealt a mortal blow to affirmative action by submitting even federal programs and not just state ones to «strict scrutiny». Three years later, affirmative action programs have not been systematically dismantled and paradoxically, to some degree, they have found their legitimacy reinforced by the strong challenge from the Court. The purpose of this article is to show how the power of resolution of the Supreme Court is limited on social questions such as affirmative action, and so how the action of the Court in this field is more the result of default by Congress and the executive than the consequence of conservative judicial fiat. In order to understand Adarand and its progeny, one indeed needs to reaffirm strongly that the decisions of the Supreme Court have to be interpreted as cues in a larger political dialogue between the three branches of the federal government, between the federal government and the state governments, and finally between government and the actors of the private sectors, who, in the case of affirmative action, see nothing positive coming out of a simple dismantling without concomitant redesigning of the tools necessary to handle the racial question.
Scepticisme et tragédie : Shakespeare, Emerson, Cavell
Authors: Laugier Sandra
Published: October 2015

The aim of the paper is to show how Stanley Cavell's reading of Shakespeare's King Lear, A Winter's Tale, Othello, and of Emerson's «Experience », reinvents the concept of tragedy, creating a specifically American concept of the tragic-as associated with a radical form of skepticism about other minds. This version of the tragic is turned around and reiterated, paradoxically, in what Cavell defines as the Hollywood comedy of remarriage, which provides a new answer to the very problems raised in Shakespearean tragedy.
Le Tour d’écrou ou l’illusion tragique
Authors: Derail-Imbert Agnès
Published: October 2015

Confronting The Turn of the Screw with its Preface, this study proposes to examine how James recasts the question of the tragic in modern fantastic fiction. In The Turn of the Screw, the tragic plot, enacted by the ghosts, and artificial harnessed to what otherwise would be a mere romantic fantasy, confers to the story the aura of a prestigious genre while safely securing for the governess her position as narrator. Retracing the genealogy of the tale, the Preface suggests how «pure romance» alone, forging the figures of the ghosts, can recapture as a piece of fiction the departed spirit of the tragic.
« Deeps in him » : Ezra Pound and the persistent attraction of Laforgue
Authors: Nicholls Peter
Published: October 2015

On connaît le rôle déterminant joué par la poésie de Laforgue - conjointement aux poèmes de jeunesse de T. S. Eliot — dans l'élaboration même de la voix moderniste d'Ezra Pound. Mais celui-ci revient de nouveau vers Laforgue dans le dernier Canto (complet), pour dire lui devoir la découverte de «profondeurs» insoupçonnées. Cet article s 'attache à analyser cette double influence (ou de Laforgue sur Pound. Un tel retour avec un tel écart permet de mesurer de manière originale l'évolution de la pensée et de la poésie poundienne : si en 1914 Laforgue est pour Pound l'un des moyens de se libérer partiellement du symbolisme, notamment par la révélation d'une distance ironique et de l'utilisation d'une langue plus courante, dans le dernier Canto c'est une nouvelle vision du verbalisme qui apparaît à Pound, le mot pour lui-même, la possibilité d'exalter la magie interne du langage, sans plus avoir recours à un ancrage matériel externe, et en se libérant pour une fois du continuum historique. L'analyse de cette oscillation entre deux pôles d'une même influence livre en outre un aperçu très aigu sur les liens ambigus entre la poésie dite décadente et le modernisme.
Les stratégies négatives ou les intrusions poétiques de Charles Reznikoff
Authors: McMahon Fiona
Published: October 2015

Within the context of the high modernist period, this paper proposes an analysis of the makings of an aesthetic in the early poems of Charles Reznikoff. Introductory remarks stress the need to relocate Reznikoff 's poetics outside the confines of an imagist perspective-a major defining moment of modernism— and of the later objectivist perspective of the 1930s. Receptive to reappraisal in recent French criticism of poetry previously labelled impersonal or objective, the author subsequently underscores the contiguity of poetic craft and emotion. The poet is seen to encroah upon the outside world through strategies which paradoxically heighten a semblance of contact. These strategies are construed as intrusions in so far as they bring the poet to breach poetic boundaries. Actively cutting away at the purported limits of his craft, Reznikoff redefines the poet's relationship to his materials. In conclusion, it is examined how by paring down the poetic image, Reznikoff 's intrusions take him a step closer to a world which holds him at bay.
Pour ne rien dire sur Marcel : John Cage au miroir de Duchamp
Authors: Rigaud Antonia
Published: October 2015

This paper proposes a reading of John Cage's artwork Not Wanting To Say Anything About Marcel. The work is emblematic of Cage's practice of art by virtue of the aleatory processes that are at the basis of its creation as well as of the desire to express silence through the act of creation. The work is a celebration of one of the most often proclaimed influences on Cage (Duchamp), but the composition becomes a celebration of creation and also a celebration of a community - that of the viewers and the artists — becoming an icon of influences working in infinite ways. The use of transparency creates an open field of reverberations from one field to the next, as from one layer of glass to the next. What remains is therefore only the trace of a meaning which cannot appear in a linear fashion, but only at the moment of its disappearance.
Topographical Strides of Thoreau: the Poet and Pioneer in Cormac McCarthy’s Blood Meridian
Authors: Dow William
Published: October 2015

L'ouvrage de Cormac McCarthy Blood Meridian abonde en métaphores et en descriptions de nature visuelle, et peut être situé de façon productive dans le contexte des systèmes et des modèles caractéristiques de Thoreau. McCarthy et Thoreau se rejoignent dans leur confiance à l'égard de la topographie, dont la fonction réside dans une redéfinition incessante des limites de la subjectivité et du langage. Comme Thoreau, McCarthy emploie les ressources du langage pour construire un récit consacré à la recherche des origines et fondé sur la topographie, mais à la différence de la topographie libératrice de Thoreau, celle de McCarthy produit non seulement des obstacles vis-à-vis de l'invariance de l'identité, et n'apporte qu'un apaisement temporaire aux menaces de l'isolement, du dépaysement ou de la mort.
Love, rain, etc. : écriture et lieu commun dans la poésie d’E. E. Cummings
Authors: Alfandary Isabelle
Published: October 2015

This essay suggests that the notion of commonplace could be a key to the interpretation of E. E. Cummings' poetic writing. Everyday incidents as well as traditional loci communi are disfigured, distorted and dismembered on the page of the poem : they constitute the matter of poetic experience. E. E. Cummings ' poetics tends to turn the commonplace into a poetic event.
L’aspirateur de Socrate : l’électroménager dans Carpenter’s Gothic de William Gaddis
Authors: Duplay Mathieu
Published: October 2015

If the novel is indeed a house, as Hawthorne and James suggest, then Carpenter's Gothic is about what happens when no one does any housework there, least of all Madame Socrate with her useless vacuum cleaner : Gaddis 's text no longer seeks to reflect a transcendent Truth, and the metaphysical pattern invented by Plato thus loses its relevance. This is the logical outcome of the process by which Western culture has tended to eliminate the sacred aura that once surrounded writing and art, as Walter Benjamin explains. However, Gaddis 's refusal to subscribe to a theology of writing can also be understood as a response to the Puritan distinction between religion and art, and thus as a paradoxical endorsement of Puritan theology : words and the Word inevitably overlap, despite all attempts at severing the connection between them.
J. Gordon Coogler, « Sweet Bard of the Congaree »
Authors: Chénetier Marc
Published: October 2015

Great poets are not necessarily ignored in their own time as the reputation and destiny of J. Gordon Coogler 's work amply demonstrate. An eminent representative of the Twilight Period, the "Sweet Bard of the Congaree " bobbed up to national fame largely thanks to H.L. Mencken 's brief mention in "The Sahara of the Bozart". He may well, by now, have regained the invisibility of true spirits in national literature, but his regional aura is bound to shine on.
Art et expérience esthétique dans la tradition pragmatique
Authors: Cometti Jean-Pierre
Published: October 2015

Pragmatist thought is in tune with modern artistic processes. This paper shows how and why pragmatism may connect art and its objects with the whole of a culture and its language games. Dewey 's concept of "experience " is examined as a useful way of overcoming the main difficulties that obscure most contemporary aesthetics and our individual or social relations to art. In American philosophy, pragmatist œsthetics seems to regain the prominence it lost in the 1940s.
Esthétique anglo-américaine et métaphysique
Authors: Pouivet Roger
Published: October 2015

Central points in the works of Beardsley, Goodman and Levinson show that contemporary American aesthetics maintains a privileged connection with metaphysics — which, in this case, is not a universal hermeneutics, or an attempt to penetrate a supernatural world, as in Continental philosophy. Anglo-American aestheticians understand aesthetics to be a branch of ontology and philosophy of mind and, contrary to Continental aesthetics, do not accept the so-called "thesis of the autonomy of aesthetics".
« If I were someone else... » Metaphors in Human Understanding
Authors: Cohen Ted
Published: October 2015

Pouvoir se penser comme un autre est une condition essentielle de la vie morale et de l'expérience esthétique. Il s'agira ici de décrire ces phénomènes d'identification sous la catégorie de la métaphore. Se penser dans un autre temps, comprendre la vie morale d'un autre, comprendre les personnages d'une fiction ou percevoir le sens d'un œuvre en se «mettant à la place» de l'artiste, sont autant d'identifications métaphoriques qui sont au cœur de toute expérience esthétique et de la compréhension d' autrui.
La civilisation nord-américaine, état des lieux : quelques réflexions d’une historienne
Authors: Foucrier Annick
Published: October 2015

At the AFEA conference in Toulouse (May 1998), I presented a paper for the Plenary session on "American studies ". My purpose was to bring into the debate some data and perspectives coming from my experience as a French historian of North-America, teaching in an English department. My point is that French historians of North-America produce knowledge and methods that answer some of the needs in the training of students. First, I analyze American studies programs for teaching and exams, as well as doctoral dissertations, and I point in these subjects what is particularly relevant to history as a discipline. Secondly, I discuss the practice and scientific interest of a pluralist approach to American studies.
Using RNA Sequencing and In Silico Subtraction to Identify Resistance Gene Analog Markers for Lr16 in Wheat
Authors: Harrison Nicole Rezac , Fritz Allan K. , Glasscock Jarret I. , Ahmed Sara , Messina David N. , Amand Paul St. , Fellers John P.
Published: October 2015

Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks., is one of the most widespread diseases of wheat and breeding for resistance is one of the most effective methods of control. Lr16 is a wheat leaf rust resistance gene (R‐gene) that provides resistance at both the seedling and adult stages. Simple‐sequence repeat (SSR) markers have been used to map Lr16 to the distal end of chromosome 2B. The objectives of this study were to use RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) and in silico subtraction to identify new R‐gene analogs (RGAs) and use them as Lr16 markers. RNA was isolated from the susceptible wheat cultivar Thatcher (Tc) and the resistant Tc isolines TcLr10, TcLr16, TcLr21, and sequenced using Illumina technology. Using in silico subtraction, sequences from the resistant Tc isolines were aligned to a Tc reference expressed sequence tag (EST) set. Sequences not aligning to the Tc reference were assembled into contigs and analyzed using BLASTx to determine putative gene functions. Primer pairs were designed for 181 RGA sequences, of which, 137 amplified in at least one of the parents. A mapping population was developed with 165 F2 lines from a cross between the rust‐susceptible cultivar Chinese Spring (CS) and TcLr16. Two RGA markers XTaLr16_RGA266585 and XTaLr16_RGA22128 were identified that mapped proximally 1.2 and 23.8 cM from Lr16, respectively. Three SSR markers Xwmc764, Xwmc661, and Xbarc35 mapped between these two RGA markers at distances of 5.0, 10.9, and 16.1 cM from Lr16, respectively. In silico subtraction is an effective technique for isolating RGAs linked to R‐genes of interest.