bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ionothermal Synthesis of Carbon/TiO2 Nanocomposite for Supercapacitors
Authors: Tao Runming , Wang Tao , Fan Juntian , Meyer Harry M. , Borisevich Albina Y. , Do‐Thanh Chi‐Linh , Dai Sheng
Published: February 2022

A facile in‐situ ionothermal strategy is designed to synthesize carbon/oxide composites with nanoporous structure. Ionic liquids play key roles in this ionothermal method as the solvents, porous structure directing templates and carbon sources. The interaction between ionic liquids and oxides greatly improves the carbon yield of ionic liquids from nearly 0 to 18 wt.%. With the synergistic effects of the high electrical conductivity of the nitrogen‐rich carbon species and the Ti3+ self‐doping enhanced electrical conductivity of TiO2, C/TiO2‐4 composite exhibits better electrochemical performance than C/SiO2 and C/Nb2O5 do as a supercapacitor electrode material, delivering a high specific capacitance of 152.4 F g−1 at 5 mV s−1 with good capacitance retentions of 84.7%, 72.2% and 46.0% at 30, 100 and 500 mV s−1, respectively.
Creating Ion Channel Kinetic Models Using Cloud Computing
Authors: Mangold Kathryn E. , Zhou Zhuodong , Schoening Max , Moreno Jonathan D. , Silva Jonathan R.
Published: February 2022

Computational modeling of ion channels provides key insight into experimental electrophysiology results and can be used to connect channel dynamics to emergent phenomena observed at the tissue and organ levels. However, creation of these models requires substantial mathematical and computational background. This tutorial seeks to lower the barrier to creating these models by providing an automated pipeline for creating Markov models of an ion channel kinetics dataset. We start by detailing how to encode sample voltage‐clamp protocols and experimental data into the program and its implementation in a cloud computing environment. We guide the reader on how to build a containerized instance, push the machine image, and finally run the routine on cluster nodes. While providing open‐source code has become more standard in computational studies, this tutorial provides unprecedented detail on the use of the program and the creation of channel models, starting from inputting the raw experimental data. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol: Creation of ion channel kinetic models with a cloud computing environment

Alternate Protocol: Instructions for use in a standard high‐performance compute cluster
Application of information communication network security management and control based on big data technology
Authors: Du Meiyan
Published: February 2022

With the continuous development of communication technology and computer network technology and the continuous progress of social economy, information technology has penetrated into all aspects of people's lives. The basic task of communication network is to ensure the reliability and security of information transmission. Based on the above background, the purpose of this study is to study the application of information communication network security management and control based on big data technology. Based on the concept and management and control structure of information communication network, combined with the data collection and preprocessing in big data technology, this study analyzes the feasibility of big data technology applied in communication network management and control and expounds the specific application of big data technology from the four aspects of troubleshooting, security protection, business management, and resource allocation. At last, the test environment of information communication network security management and control platform based on big data technology is built in the laboratory to test the network management performance and routing transmission performance of the system. The experimental results show that the communication success rate of the information communication network security management and control platform based on big data technology remains to 91.78%. It can be seen from the test results that the information communication network security management and control platform based on big data technology can not only accurately collect sensor data but also have the function of real‐time monitoring network status and reconfiguration of nodes.
Research on the method of network space security countermeasure drill
Authors: Wang Shaoqiang
Published: February 2022

With the increasingly severe form of cyberspace confrontation, cyberspace security has been paid more and more attention by all countries in the world and presents the development trend from feature‐based “identity recognition” to identity‐based “identity recognition.” Through the research of cyberspace security development, machine learning, and cyberspace security confrontation drill method, the feasibility of dual role multilevel confrontation method is demonstrated. In this paper, a preliminary scheme of applying machine learning to cyberspace security is proposed, and the concrete implementation of dual role multilevel confrontation method for cyberspace security and the specific application of machine learning in cyberspace security are given. It improves the security and credibility of cyberspace itself and improves the ability of cyberspace to resist attacks.
High‐Entropy Alloys to Activate the Sulfur Cathode for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Wang Zhenyu , Ge Hailun , Liu Sheng , Li Guoran , Gao Xueping
Published: February 2022

Sulfur element possesses an ultrahigh theoretical specific capacity, while the utilization of sulfur in the whole cathode is lower obviously owing to the sluggish kinetics of sulfur and discharged products, limiting the enhancement on energy density of lithium–sulfur batteries. Herein, for the first time, Fe0.24Co0.26Ni0.10Cu0.15Mn0.25 high‐entropy alloy is introduced as the core catalytic host to activate the electrochemical performance of the sulfur cathode for lithium–sulfur batteries. It is manifested that Fe0.24Co0.26Ni0.10Cu0.15Mn0.25 high‐entropy alloy nanocrystallites distributed on nitrogen‐doped carbon exhibit high electrocatalytic activity toward the conversion of solid sulfur to solid discharged products across soluble intermediate lithium polysulfides. In particular, benefiting from the accelerated kinetics by high‐entropy alloy nanocrystallites and synergistic adsorption by nitrogen‐doped carbon, the cathode exhibits high reversible capacity of 1079.5 mAh g‐cathode−1 (high utilization of 89.4%) with the whole cathode as active material, instead of sulfur element. Moreover, under both lean electrolyte (3 μL mg−1) and ultrahigh sulfur loading (27.0 mg cm−2) condition, the high discharge capacity of 868.2 mAh g‐cathode−1 can be still achieved for the sulfur cathode. This strategy opens up a new path to explore catalytic host materials for enhancing the utilization of sulfur in the whole cathode for lithium–sulfur batteries.
Partner Support and Goal Outcomes: A Multilevel Meta‐Analysis and a Methodological Critique
Authors: Vowels Laura M. , Carnelley Katherine B.
Published: February 2022

In the meta‐analysis, we combined evidence across studies from different theoretical perspectives addressing the association between partner support (responsive, practical and negative support) and goal outcomes (self‐efficacy, commitment and progress). The sample included 195 effect sizes from 36 samples with 10,130 participants in romantic relationships. The results were analysed using a random‐effects multilevel model and the overall effect size was r = .25. This effect size is comparable to strong individual predictors of goal outcomes (e.g. high intention to achieve a goal) highlighting the importance of close relationships in goal pursuit. In line with the theory of thriving through relationships, the findings suggested that both responsiveness (r = .27) and practical (r = .22) support are helpful for goal outcomes whereas negative (r = −.14) support can hinder goal pursuit. Existing studies have strong methods but lack validated measures. Results have implications for areas including changing health behaviours and improving occupational, educational and therapy outcomes.
Electrochemical Properties of Layered NaxNix/2Mn1−x/2O2 (0.5 ≤ x ≤ 1.1) with P3 Structure as Cathode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yang Liangtao , Sun Yanan , Adelhelm Philipp
Published: February 2022

The Na properties of Ni and Mn containing layered oxides of the type Na
x
Ni
x/2Mn1−x/2O2 are explored between Na contents of 0.5≤x≤1.1. Charge balance is maintained by adjusting the Ni/Mn ratio. X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy are used to characterize the structure and morphology. The primary phase for all as‐synthesized materials is P3, especially at Na contents below x ≤ 0.8. Samples with a Na content of x ≥ 0.9 lead to the formation of Na and Ni secondary phases. The Na storage properties are studied in half cells with two different voltage windows between 1.5–4.0 V and 2.2–4.5 V (vs Na+/Na). Ni and Mn redox are active between 1.5 and 4.0 V accompanying three voltage plateaus at 3.7, 3.0, and 2.1 V, respectively. An additional high‐voltage plateau (>4.0 V) is observed when increasing the cutoff voltage to 4.5 V. The initial Na content has a strong influence on the discharge capacity which ranges from 90 mAh g−1 (x = 1.1) to 210 mAh g−1 (x = 0.6). C‐rate tests up to 2C and cycle life over 150 cycles are discussed. Overall, the composition Na0.6Ni0.3Mn0.7O2 shows the most favorable properties with respect to capacity retention, rate capability, and initial Coulomb efficiency.
Design and Simulation of Single‐Electrode Mode Triboelectric Nanogenerator‐Based Pulse Sensor for Healthcare Applications Using COMSOL Multiphysics
Authors: Mathew Ammu Anna , Vivekanandan Shanmugasundaram
Published: February 2022

The advancement in triboelectric nanogenerator technology leads to numerous advantages in various fields, especially in biomedical and healthcare applications. Theoretical modeling and simulation of sensors is the initial step for an optimized cost‐effective real‐time sensor fabrication which reduces the wastage of materials and rapid prototyping, giving an expected sensor performance. Herein, a theoretical model of single‐electrode triboelectric nanogenerator is presented which finds its application in healthcare monitoring as a wearable flexible pulse sensor to measure the wrist pulse for disease diagnosis. The device optimization in terms of structure, material and output performance is done based on the said application. A brief study of the operating principle of the sensor along with the factors affecting the output is discussed in this work. The design is conceptually investigated considering the electrostatic shield effect from the contact electrode. The output performance variation concerning the plain and micro‐structured triboelectric surface is also determined in terms of open‐circuit voltage of ≈16.95 and ≈21.63 V, respectively, and also a short‐circuit charge of ≈181.81 and ≈196.57 pC, respectively. The superior output performance even for smaller wrist pulse displacement range can serve as a significant assistance for the rational plan of the device structure.
Enhancement of chromium contaminated soil remediation by ferrous sulfate with the addition of biogas residue
Authors: Gao Ying , Zhao Fengbin , Zhao Yuhao , Sun Yingjie , Zhang Dalei , Yuan Liqun , Fang Xin
Published: February 2022

In this study, a cost‐effective and eco‐friendly method was developed to remediate soil contaminated by hexavalent chromium (Cr[VI]) using ferrous sulfate and biogas residue (BR). The results show that the addition of BR at mole ratio of Fe(II)/Cr(VI) = 3:1 and mass ratio of BR (dry mass)/Cr(VI) = 70:1 significantly improved the reduction of Cr(VI) and reduced its mobility. Moreover, the reduction efficiency of Cr(VI) was higher than 85% at day 1 and reached a maximum of 96.7% at day 7. The X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and microbial diversity analyses indicated that the microbial mechanism created by the BR addition was crucial for the long‐term and stable reduction of Cr(VI). The enriched Cr(VI)‐reducing bacteria genera in the BR directly reduced Cr(VI), whereas the reducing bacteria in the BR indirectly reduced Cr(VI) to Cr(III) through the electron transport system in the reaction system. The addition of BR can lead to a high reduction efficiency and long‐term stabilization of Cr(VI)‐contaminated soils. This study provides reference values for the combined remediation technology for Cr(VI)‐contaminated soils.
Teilströme als geothermisches Potential bei tiefliegenden Tunneln
Authors: Burger Ulrich , Geisler Thomas , Lehner Florian , Cordes Tobias , Marcher Thomas
Published: February 2022

Deep tunnels are long tunnel systems which cross different hydrogeological environments as a drainage. Thus, their water inflows have very different characteristics. The tunnel water discharges formed from these water inflows, which drain individual sections of the tunnel system, also have different properties. These discharges from individual tunnel sections – so‐called sectional discharges – are important for determining the geothermal potential of deep tunnels. Knowledge of the origins of sectional discharges and their properties allows optimising the usage of the geothermal potential of the water by provision of adequate tunnel water management. By monitoring sectional discharges, the most effective ”mixing scenarios“ can be calculated and thus an optimization of the geothermal output can be achieved. The concept of sectional discharges for the geothermal evaluation of deep tunnels is presented based on data from the Brenner Base Tunnel (BBT).
Formation and evolution of Th–REE mineralizing fluids at the Kiruna‐type Choghart iron oxide–apatite deposit, Central Iran: Insights from fluid inclusions and H‐C‐O isotopes
Authors: Khoshnoodi Khalegh , Yazdi Mohammad , Ghannadi‐Maragheh Mohammad , Ziapour Samaneh , Deymar Saleh , Behzadi Mehrdad
Published: February 2022

The Choghart iron oxide–apatite (IOA) deposit is one of the largest iron mines of the Bafq district in Central Iran. This deposit is hosted by the Early Cambrian rhyolites, and diabase dikes crosscut both host rocks and the ore bodies. The Choghart rhyolites erupted in a continental arc setting, while the Choghart diabase dikes formed in a back‐arc basin environment. Thorite, minor titanite, and REE‐oxide are the main hosts of Th and REEs. The mineralogy and geochemistry support that the Th–REE mineralization formed at relatively reduced conditions. The presence of calcite accompanied by thorite and titanite suggests that Th and REE probably migrated as carbonate complexes in the mineralizing hydrothermal fluids. Microthermometric data of calcite associated with thorite indicate that the salinity of the ore‐forming fluids varies from 20 to 30 wt% NaCl equivalent with temperature estimates between 300 and 370°C. The narrow range of homogenization temperature and low salinities of the fluid inclusions imply the presence of only one fluid phase in the Th–REE mineralization. The calcite δ13CPDB (−3.9 to −4.1‰) and δ18OSMOW (6.6–7.0‰) support a magmatic source for the ore‐forming fluids. Actinolite δD (5.55–6.72‰) and δ18O (−100.8 to −82.4‰) also suggest a magmatic source of the ore‐forming fluids. Microthermometric data imply that fluid–rock interaction and cooling were critical factors triggering the thorite precipitation at Choghart IOA deposit. Stable isotopic data indicate that post‐magmatic fluids derived from rhyolitic magmas played a significant role in the Th–REE mineralization.
Development of second primary malignancies after transoral surgery in human papilloma virus‐positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Stepan Katelyn , Craig Ethan , Skillington Scott Andrew , Deutsch Brian C. , Chen Stephanie , Wamkpah Nneoma S. , Bollig Craig A. , Kallogjeri Dorina , Thorstad Wade L. , Puram Sidharth V. , Pipkorn Patrik , Jackson Ryan S.
Published: February 2022

Background

Little data exists regarding the incidence of oropharyngeal and upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) second primary malignancies (SPM) among human papilloma virus (HPV)‐positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Here we evaluate SPM rates among patients with HPV‐related OPSCC.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of 412 patients with HPV‐related OPSCC who underwent transoral resection +/− adjuvant therapy at a single center between 1996 and 2018.

Results

Twenty patients (4.9%) developed SPM of the UADT, nine (2.2%) occurring in the oropharynx. Median time to diagnosis was 59.5 months (0–173 months). Risk of SPM was lower for patients receiving adjuvant radiation (aHR: 0.25, 95%CI: 0.08–0.78). There was no difference in overall or disease‐free survival between those with and without SPM.

Conclusion

The rate of SPM among patients with HPV‐positive OPSCC is lower than reported rates among HPV‐negative OPSCC. To date, this is the largest study evaluating SPM in patients with surgically treated HPV‐positive OPSCC.
Single‐atom catalysts supported on ordered porous materials: Synthetic strategies and applications
Authors: Xue Kaiwen , Mo Yan , Long Baojun , Wei Wen , Shan Changsheng , Guo Shaojun , Niu Li
Published: February 2022

Single‐atom catalysts (SACs) are attracting extensive attention due to their incredibly catalytic activity and selectivity, high utilization of metal atoms, and obvious cost reduction. The unique ordered porous materials (OPMs) are promising carriers for stabilizing single atoms due to their large surface areas and uniformly tunable pore sizes. Meantime, the geometric and electronic structures of single‐atom metals can be tuned by the interaction between the single‐atoms (SAs) and OPMs to enhance the catalytic activity of SACs. The SACs based on OPMs, such as zeolites, metal–organic frameworks, and ordered mesoporous materials, have been developing fast recently. Herein, we review recent advancements on structural feature, synthetic strategy, characterization technique, and catalytic applications of OPMs‐based SACs. The opportunities and challenges about SAs/OPMs are also provided to develop the novel catalysts with superior catalytic performances in the future.

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Should we still be doing ICT4D research?
Authors: Masiero Silvia
Published: February 2022

In over 30 years of history, the field of Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D) has asserted itself both within Information Systems (IS) and across disciplines. However, the core assumptions on which the field was built have been questioned over time, resulting in a situation in which such assumptions—on development, the role of ICTs towards it, and the meaningfulness of the term “developing countries”—have been problematized. As a result, this paper poses the question on whether it still makes sense to do ICT4D research: starting from older ICT4D landscape papers, it fleshes out three main assumptions made at the origins of the field. It then problematizes such assumptions through more recent works, noting that the old theoretical grounds of the field do not apply anymore today. Having said that, it states three reasons for renewed ICT4D research efforts: the reframing of “development” in terms of justice, the potential of multitheoretical research approaches, and the turn to indigenous understandings of ICTs. For all these reasons, it concludes that doing ICT4D research is especially important today, in virtue of a juncture of history that problematizes its older assumptions.
“Honestly, I Had a Very Strong Reaction to this Reading”: Social Studies Pre‐Service Teachers’ Application of Literacy Frameworks While Engaging with a Graphic Textbook
Authors: Mathews Sarah A. , McGill Craig M.
Published: February 2022

Because social studies educators are expected to incorporate literacy into their instruction, it is important to consider how prospective teachers interact with literacy frameworks as they engage with social studies content. This qualitative case study examines two pre‐service social studies teachers enrolled in a teacher preparation course at a Hispanic‐Serving Institution as they read and reacted to Zinn's (2008) graphic textbook,A People's History of the American Empire. The study examines how these pre‐service teachers employed three literacy frameworks—disciplinary, critical, and racial literacy—when reading social studies material. Data sources included student‐produced written responses, researcher’s field notes from whole‐class discussions, and semi‐structured interviews. Findings demonstrate how readers sometimes use parts of frameworks, entire frameworks in isolation, and multiple frameworks simultaneously. Neither participant addressed the socio‐emotional aspect of racial literacy. This study suggests how teacher educators can better prepare social studies teachers to incorporate literacy while using graphic texts.
An ethnographic study of an engineering community: Mentoring as a tacit rule and its implications for how people learn
Authors: Ayar Mehmet C. , Yalvac Bugrahan
Published: February 2022

Background

Laboratory studies explore the norms and characteristics of scientific practice and explain the constructive nature of knowledge production. However, how learning and research are sustained in engineering research laboratories at the graduate level requires further investigation.

Purpose

We explored the cultural characteristics of an interdisciplinary engineering research center and documented how its members interacted and sustained both research and learning activities.

Design/Method

We employed ethnographic data collection strategies to document the process of developing expertise (i.e., learning) and meaningfully contributing (i.e., research) at the center. Participant observations, field notes, and interviews were conducted.

Results

The center did not resemble the research laboratories described in prior ethnographic studies in terms of physical space; however, it is an organizational system that demonstrates various dimensions of human activity. We present our results in four subsections: (1) configurations of the research groups, (2) the roles and responsibilities of the engineering researchers, (3) characterization of the research center as a community of practice, and (4) authentic engineering practices. Mentoring as a tacit rule played a central role in sustaining engineering learning and research activities. It was dependent on the managerial preferences of lead engineering researchers as they developed different identities over time. Meetings, cultural transformation, shared repertoire, and tools characterized the center as a community of practice.

Conclusions

Our findings inform how people learn. Educational settings should foster similar characteristics (e.g., mentoring to sustain engineering research, learning, and building a community of practice) to better portray authentic engineering and science practices to students.
Poverty, wealth inequality and financial inclusion among castes in Hindu and Muslim communities in Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Tiwari Chhavi , Goli Srinivas , Siddiqui Mohammad Zahid , Salve Pradeep S.
Published: February 2022

This study estimates poverty, wealth inequality and financial inclusion, for the first time, at the sub‐caste level in both Hindus and Muslims using a unique survey data collected from 7124 households in Uttar Pradesh, India, during 2014–2015. The results confirm the existing hypothesis that Brahmins, Thakurs and other Hindu general castes have higher wealth accumulation, lower poverty and lesser exclusion from formal financial services than Dalits. Exclusion from formal financial services forces Dalits to depend primarily on informal financial sources for borrowing—which leads to financial misfortune and further dragging them into a vicious cycle of poverty.
A novel variant of fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase gene identified in an adult with newly diagnosed hepatitis C
Authors: Fawdry Helena , Gorrigan Rebecca , Ramachandran Radha , Drake William M.
Published: February 2022

Hepatic fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase (FBPase) deficiency commonly presents with acute crises during infancy when glycogen stores are depleted. In these patients, dependence on glycogenolysis means that the duration of normoglycaemia is related to liver glycogen stores. Clinical hallmarks of FBPase deficiency include hypoglycaemia and lactic acidosis with or without ketosis. Patients commonly present with hyperventilation, vomiting, tachycardia, reduced consciousness and glucagon‐resistant hypoglycaemia. Between crises, patients are usually well with normal growth and development; however significant ingestion of fructose, sucrose or glycerol during acute crises may be fatal, hence the importance of a prompt diagnosis. We present the case of a 30‐year‐old male who presented to our tertiary centre acutely unwell, shortly following a diagnosis of hepatitis C, which we speculate may have precipitated this severe presentation. He had similar, milder episodes throughout childhood. Furthermore, a pathological homozygous sequence variant in fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase (FBP1) gene, previously unreported, was identified. Diagnosis in adulthood is underreported in the literature, however, represents an important, albeit rare, cause of hypoglycaemia and lactic acidosis.
The importance of fecal nucleic acid detection in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID‐19): A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhou Jin‐Qiu , Liu Gong‐Xiang , Huang Xiao‐Li , Gan Hua‐Tian
Published: February 2022

Pooled data from 2352 hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients with viral RNA in feces across 46 studies were analyzed and the pooled prevalence of fecal RNA was 46.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.383–0.554). The pooled analysis showed that the occurrence of total gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms was 28.5% (95% CI: 0.125–0.44) in COVID‐19 patients with fecal RNA, that of both respiratory and GI symptoms was 21.9% (95% CI: 0.09–0.346), that of only GI symptoms was 19.8% (95% CI: 0.107–0.288), and that of only respiratory symptoms was 50.5%（95% CI: 0.267–0.744). The pooled data showed no significant difference in positive fecal RNA between severe and nonsevere cases (odds ratio = 2.009, p = 0.079, 95% CI: 0.922–4.378). During hospital admission, after samples from the respiratory system tested negative for viral RNA, 55.4% (95% CI: 0.418–0.669) of the patients with positive fecal RNA had persistent shedding of fecal RNA and pooled results from the other 4 studies including 848 discharged patients with nucleic acid‐negative stool samples indicated that the occurrence of repositive stool swabs was 18.1% (95% CI: 0.028–0.335), that of repositive respiratory swabs was 22.8% (95% CI: 0.003–0.452), that of both repositive stool and respiratory swabs was 19.1% (95% CI: 0.019–0.363), and that of only repositive stool swabs was 9.6% (95% CI: 0.010–0.203). The digestive tract may be an important organ involved in COVID‐19 infection and in the excretion of the virus. Because of the potential risk of fecal–oral transmission, giving emphasis on stool swab tests can help increase the detection rate of asymptomatic carriers and reduce missed diagnoses.
The SARS‐CoV‐2 Mu variant should not be left aside: It warrants attention for its immuno‐escaping ability
Authors: Pascarella Stefano , Bianchi Martina , Giovanetti Marta , Narzi Daniele , Cauda Roberto , Cassone Antonio , Ciccozzi Massimo
Published: February 2022

The COVID‐19 pandemic continues to have a threatening impact on a global scale, largely due to the emergence of newly SARS‐CoV‐2 variants. The Mu (PANGO lineage B.1.621), was first identified in Colombia in January 2021 and was classified as a variant of interest (VOI) in August 2021, due to a constellation of mutations that likely‐mediate an unexpectedly enhanced immune resistance to inactivated vaccine‐elicited antibodies. Despite recent studies suggesting that the Mu variant appears to have less infectivity than the Delta variant, here we examined the structural effect of the Mu spike protein mutations and predicted the potential impact on infectivity of the Mu variant compared with the Delta and Delta plus spike protein.
Identification of homogeneous regions based on rainfall in the Amazon River basin
Authors: Ferreira Filho David Figueiredo , Pessoa Francisco Carlos Lira
Published: February 2022

The identification of homogeneous rainfall regions facilitates the prioritization of watershed management measures. In the present study, it was applied the methodology of data clustering by the non‐hierarchical method of fuzzy C‐means, having as variables the geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) and average annual precipitation, provided by the Global Precipitation Climatology Center (GPCC). The group formations were validated by Silhouette, PBM, Dunn, Davies Bouldin, and Xie Beni. The total annual precipitation values found for the regions are consistent with the precipitation volume recorded in the analysed region and found in the literature. The results presented satisfactory data from the application of the methodology, from which six homogeneous regions of well‐defined precipitation were formed, each with its own particularity, demonstrating the spatial–temporal variability of annual precipitation totals in the region. When analysing the climatological normals in relation to previous studies, a change in rainfall behaviour was noted, with changes occurring in the months with higher and lower average rainfall records in the area, mainly in homogeneous regions (HRs) 3 and 6. HRs 1 and 6 showed a unique behaviour, with their climatological normals different from the others.
Using artificial intelligence methods for systematic review in health sciences: A systematic review
Authors: Blaizot Aymeric , Veettil Sajesh K. , Saidoung Pantakarn , Moreno‐Garcia Carlos Francisco , Wiratunga Nirmalie , Aceves‐Martins Magaly , Lai Nai Ming , Chaiyakunapruk Nathorn
Published: February 2022

The exponential increase in published articles makes a thorough and expedient review of literature increasingly challenging. This review delineated automated tools and platforms that employ artificial intelligence (AI) approaches and evaluated the reported benefits and challenges in using such methods. A search was conducted in 4 databases (Medline, Embase, CDSR, and Epistemonikos) up to April 2021 for systematic reviews and other related reviews implementing AI methods. To be included, the review must use any form of AI method, including machine learning, deep learning, neural network, or any other applications used to enable the full or semi‐autonomous performance of one or more stages in the development of evidence synthesis. Twelve reviews were included, using nine different tools to implement 15 different AI methods. Eleven methods were used in the screening stages of the review (73%). The rest were divided: two in data extraction (13%) and two in risk of bias assessment (13%). The ambiguous benefits of the data extractions, combined with the reported advantages from 10 reviews, indicating that AI platforms have taken hold with varying success in evidence synthesis. However, the results are qualified by the reliance on the self‐reporting of the review authors. Extensive human validation still appears required at this stage in implementing AI methods, though further evaluation is required to define the overall contribution of such platforms in enhancing efficiency and quality in evidence synthesis.
Ultrasonic depolymerization of aqueous tara gum solutions: kinetic, thermodynamic and physicochemical properties
Authors: Santos Monique Barreto , Isabel Ianne Caroline Alves , Garcia‐Rojas Edwin Elard
Published: February 2022

BACKGROUND

Tara gum (TG) is characterized by its high viscosity and medium solubility, which is a result of its high molecular mass. However, for many applications, these characteristics are undesirable, making the use of TG infeasible. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of high‐intensity ultrasound on the depolymerization of aqueous solutions of TG. The effect of ultrasonication was investigated by viscometry analysis as well as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and solubility.

RESULTS

The intrinsic viscosity (η) and the molecular weight (Mw) of TG decreased after ultrasound, achieving a molecular weight reduction of 13.50 × 105 g mol−1 after 60 min of sonication at 25 °C compared to 22.04 × 105 g mol−1 before treatment. Degradation kinetics were applied to estimate the rate constant of degradation (k). It was found that the k value of TG increased with increasing temperature from 25 to 55 °C. Partially hydrolyzed TG showed greater solubility at the two temperatures investigated (25 and 80 °C). Ultrasonic treatment did not change the chemical structure of the TG molecules according to the structural analysis by FTIR, confirming its action only as breaking the structure of the polymer.

CONCLUSION

Ultrasound is a simple method for effectively reducing the molecular weight and viscosity and increasing the solubility of TG without using chemical reagents. The synthesis of partially hydrolyzed TG expands its potential for use in food products, including as a soluble dietary fiber. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Mechanism of fungal inhibition activity of Nα‐lauroyl‐L‐arginine ethyl ester (LAE) and potential in control of Penicillium expansum on postharvest citrus ‘Benimadonna’ (Citrus reticulata × Citrus sinensis)
Authors: Chen Shanqiao , Jiang Wei , Sun Zhidong
Published: February 2022

BACKGROUND

Citrus ‘Benimadonna’ (Citrus reticulata × Citrus sinensis) is a high‐value perishable fruit; thus there is an urgent need for a preservation technology with high effectiveness and low safety risk from industries. Nα‐Lauroyl‐l‐arginine ethyl ester hydrochloride (LAE) was applied to enhance preservability by compounding with natamycin, and a possible fungal inhibition mechanism based on the hypothesis of an impact on the cell membrane by surfactant was investigated.

RESULTS

In vitro testing showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration of LAE against Penicillium expansum (PE), isolated as the predominant spoilage‐inducing fungus, was 32 mg L−1 and it was partially synergistic with natamycin. Subsequent in vivo testing proved the inhibition capacity. During 90 days' refrigerated preservation, spoilage rate was significantly decreased by preharvest spraying versus control without extra taste loss, and LAE showed an alleviating benefit on total pectin loss. Subsequently, electron microscopic imaging and intracellular protein levels of PE exposed to LAE indicated that LAE stress led to increased permeability and decreased cell integrity. Moreover, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase revealed that LAE enhanced oxidative stress, while pectinase was antagonized.

CONCLUSION

The present investigation first introduced LAE as a candidate active ingredient for citrus preservative. A theoretical basis was provided for the development of preservation technology for high‐value perishable fruit. According to the authors' knowledge this study is the first report on the inhibition mechanism of LAE in terms of oxidative stress. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry
Association of the Cerebro‐Placental Ratio With Adverse Outcomes in Pregnancies Affected by Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Ganor Paz Yael , Barzilay Eran , Saied Idriss Suraya , Murray‐Davis Beth , Melamed Nir , Ray Joel , Geary Michael , McDonald Sarah , Barrett Jon , Mawjee Karizma , Bagheri Negar , Berger Howard
Published: February 2022

Objectives

Cerebro‐placental ratio (CPR) is a doppler tool contributes to clinical decision‐making in pregnancies affected by small for gestational age weight (SGA). Pregnancies affected by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) tend to have higher newborn weight, but greater risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. We hypothesized that in GDM‐complicated‐pregnancies CPR will be associated with adverse perinatal outcomes even in the absence of SGA.

Methods

This prospective single‐center cohort study included non‐anomalous singleton pregnancies in women with GDM. Those with pre‐pregnancy diabetes mellitus, hypertensive disorder or suspected SGA were excluded. Routine fetal sonographic assessment included CPR—defined as middle cerebral artery pulsatilty index/umbilical artery pulsatilty index. Masked CPR measurement closest to birth was used, classified as >10th (normal) or ≤10th centile (low). Primary outcome was a composite, consisting of stillbirth, Caesarean birth due to abnormal fetal heart rate pattern, 5‐minute Apgar <7, cord arterial pH < 7.0, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, or NICU admission >24 hours.

Results

Of 281 participants, 24 (8.5%) had low CPR, at a mean gestational age of 36.3 weeks (IQR 34.0–37.4). Birthweight percentile was significantly lower among the low CPR group (35th [IQR 16–31] versus 60th [IQR 31–82]; P = .002). There was no statistically difference in the primary composite outcome between the groups (8.3% versus 7.0%, P = .68). Low CPR was significantly associated with a higher risk of neonatal hypoglycemia (adjusted odds ratio 3.2, 95% CI 1.2–8.3).

Conclusion

In pregnancies affected by GDM, CPR ≤10th percentile was not associated with adverse perinatal outcome but was associated with neonatal hypoglycemia.
Three cases of congenital self‐healing Langerhans cell histiocytosis with BRAF‐V600E mutation
Authors: Ramírez‐Lluch Mar , Colmenero Isabel , Suárez José , Carrión‐Marrero Saulo , Rodríguez‐Fuertes Francisco , Mateos‐Mayo Ana , Hernández‐Martín Ángela , Torrelo Antonio
Published: February 2022

Congenital self‐healing Langerhans cell histiocytosis (CSHLCH) is a rare variant of Langerhans cell histiocytosis characterised by the presence of skin lesions in the neonate and spontaneous self‐healing after a variable period of time. We report three cases of CSHLCH with BRAF‐V600E mutation and high Ki‐67 proliferative activity.
Deciphering the origin of riverine phytoplankton using in situ chlorophyll sensors
Authors: Peipoch Marc , Ensign Scott H.
Published: February 2022

Riverine algal groups with distinct life histories can generate unique patterns of structural and functional behavior. As such, novel methods to discriminate between these groups can improve the understanding of river ecosystem processes. We examined benthic vs. planktonic contributions to suspended algal biomass by monitoring suspended chlorophyll concentration and turbidity during 48 storm events at 2 locations with contrasting hydraulic storage associated with low‐head dams. Upstream from the dams, chlorophyll hysteresis showed concentrating effects and counterclockwise rotation, suggesting stormflow concentrated algae from benthic sources. When autotrophic conditions (P/R > 1) preceded storms, chlorophyll hysteresis switched to more proximal benthic sources (faster mobilization). Downstream of the dams, hysteresis showed greater dilution effects and more proximal sources of planktonic algae than at the upstream site, in contrast to high similarly in turbidity hysteresis between sites. Our study supports the analysis of chlorophyll and turbidity hysteresis to infer sources and transport of suspended algal biomass.
Does multitasking change how we think? The impact of specialized depletion from concurrent task performance on subsequent behavior
Authors: Rubin Dan , Hildebrand Diogo , Malloy‐Diniz Leandro Fernandes
Published: February 2022

Despite the ubiquity of multitasking, prior research has ignored potential carryover effects of concurrent task performance on the way individuals interpret subsequent consumption behaviors and decisions. This study evinces that extensive use of updating, an executive function central to multitasking and necessary for construing actions abstractly, reduces the likelihood that it will be used on subsequent tasks. Accordingly, the results of three studies show that extensive employment of updating (via multitasking) reduces an individual's propensity to construe behaviors (consumption or otherwise) in abstract (vs. concrete) terms, influencing consumer choices. Specifically, we show that individuals are less likely to choose healthy food items (i.e., those consistent with long‐term health goals) and favor feasibility over desirability following episodes of multitasking. Further, we rule out general cognitive depletion and mood as alternative explanations for such carryover effects.
Shining Light on Polymeric Drug Nanocarriers with Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy
Authors: Schmitt Sascha , Nuhn Lutz , Barz Matthias , Butt Hans‐Jürgen , Koynov Kaloian
Published: February 2022

The use of nanoparticles as carriers is an extremely promising way for administration of therapeutic agents, such as drug molecules, proteins, and nucleic acids. Such nanocarriers (NCs) can increase the solubility of hydrophobic compounds, protect their cargo from the environment, and if properly functionalized, deliver it to specific target cells and tissues. Polymer‐based NCs are especially promising, because they offer high degree of versatility and tunability. However, in order to get a full advantage of this therapeutic approach and develop efficient delivery systems, a careful characterization of the NCs is needed. This review highlights the fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) technique as a powerful and versatile tool for NCs characterization at all stages of the drug delivery process. In particular, FCS can monitor and quantify the size of the NCs and the drug loading efficiency after preparation, the NCs stability and possible interactions with, e.g., plasma proteins in the blood stream and the kinetic of drug release in the cytoplasm of the target cells.
Surface layer microstructure evolution during interdiffusion annealing of chromium electroplated iron substrates
Authors: Jahns K. , Schroth M. , Wübbelmann J. , Krupp U.
Published: February 2022

Objective of the present study was the understanding of the interdiffusion behaviour of chromium in deposited layers on a pure iron substrate. For this purpose, the layer substrate systems were vacuum‐annealed for 6 h, 12 h and 24 h at temperatures between 970 °C and 1090 °C, respectively. After the interdiffusion treatment, samples were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in combination with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy line analysis (EDX) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The results revealed that interdiffusion causes multimodal microstructure evolution. The applied chromium layer remained fine‐grained due to the formation of nano‐sized chromium oxides on grain boundaries during vacuum annealing. At the interface to the substrate some of those fine grains grew into the interdiffusion zone and caused stress relief during interdiffusion. Details of the microstructural changes, like a concentration step formation on account of a Cr concentration‐dependent shift of the fcc to bcc phase boundary and the formation of a pore network in the interface area, were discussed using the results of the microstructure analysis as well as phase diagrams and thus contributing to the development of interdiffusion coated plain carbon steels.
Degradation behavior of mechanical properties of galvanized steel exposed to the wind and sand environment
Authors: Wang Q.H. , Wu X.D. , Liu L. , Yan Z.T. , Li X.M. , Yi Y.
Published: February 2022

In this work, the degradation of mechanical properties of galvanized steel under wind and sand erosion environment was studied. The law of weight loss of galvanized steel in corrosive environment was studied by accelerated corrosion experiment. The micro‐morphology and formation mechanism of corrosion products were investigated in detail by scanning electron microscopy and x‐ray diffraction, respectively. In addition, the mechanical properties of galvanized steel such as elastic modulus, yield strength, ultimate strength and elongation were investigated in detail. The results show that the weight loss rate of the zinc layer on the surface of galvanized steel follows an exponential function. Without the protection of the zinc layer, the mechanical properties of the steel will decrease quickly. Therefore, a zinc layer on the steel is necessary. Besides, it is necessary to strengthen the hot‐dip galvanizing treatment on galvanized steel. This work provides a valuable reference for the corrosion behavior and protection measures of galvanized steel in the wind and sand environment.
Impact of perioperative vasopressors on lower extremity free flap reconstruction
Authors: Hahn Hyung Min , Kim Tae Wook , Thai Duy Quang , Lee Il Jae
Published: February 2022

Purpose

Free tissue transfer is a treatment option for soft tissue defects of the lower extremity. For a successful outcome, it is necessary to evaluate the vessel condition and blood flow patency. The administration of a vasopressor could impact the survival rate of free tissue transfer; however, there is a lack of studies on vasopressor use and lower extremity reconstruction. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the use of a vasopressor and outcomes of free tissue transfer in lower extremity reconstruction.

Methods

This retrospective, observational study was conducted between March 2010 and February 2019. Data were divided into intraoperative and postoperative variables according to the administration time. Data on patient demographics, risk factors, details of reconstruction, flap outcomes, and duration of intensive care unit (ICU) stay were obtained. Binary logistic regression models were computed to determine the association between flap outcome and vasopressor administration.

Results

Of the 338 patients, 186 were administered a vasopressor. Intraoperative and postoperative vasopressor use was not related to the overall complication rate (odds ratio, 1.547; 95% confidence interval, 0.830–2.882; p = .169). Low‐intraoperative levels of hemoglobin were associated with the overall complication rate. Postoperative vasopressor administration was associated with prolonged ICU stay.

Conclusion

Our results showed that the intraoperative and postoperative use of vasopressors was not significantly associated with the success rate of free flaps. Future studies investigating the relationship between the dose, type, and duration of vasopressors and the complication rate following free tissue transfer are warranted.
Cell cycle length and long‐time behavior of an age‐size model
Authors: Pichór Katarzyna , Rudnicki Ryszard
Published: February 2022

We consider an age‐size structured cell population model based on the cell cycle length. The model is described by a first order partial differential equation with initial‐boundary conditions. Using the theory of semigroups of positive operators, we establish new criteria for an asynchronous exponential growth of solutions to such equations. We discuss the question of exponential size growth of cells. We study in detail a constant size growth model and a model with target size division. We also present versions of the model when the population is heterogeneous.
Intelligent reflecting surface‐assisted terahertz communication towards B5G and 6G: State‐of‐the‐art
Authors: Raza Ali , Ijaz Umer , Ishfaq Muhammad Kamran , Ahmad Sarosh , Liaqat Maryam , Anwar Fraz , Iqbal Ali , Sharif Muhammad Saad
Published: February 2022

After the deployment of 5th generation (5G), the beyond 5G (B5G) and 6th generation (6G) communication grabs the critical attention of academia and researchers. In ongoing cellular generation, the selected radio spectrum (i.e., millimeter waves [mm‐Wave]) is unable to achieve the required data rates. Future cellular generations need more data rate and link reliability to serve emerging intelligent applications of B5G and 6G (e.g., autonomous driving, virtual reality, etc.). To handle these limitations of ongoing cellular generation, the researchers are working on key factors to have a smart, high capacity and ultra‐reliable propagation environment. To increase the data rate of the B5G and 6G network systems, the terahertz (THz) band is selected. However, to increase link reliability, the intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs) have a crucial impact on wireless network environments. Immense work has been done on the performance analysis of IRS‐assisted wireless communication networks. This treatise imposes a comparison of such IRS‐assisted THz communication systems, and future promising applications.