bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new Genus and Species, Eurymyiocnema aphelinoides (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae), and a History of the Genera Euryischia Riley and Myiocnema Ashmead
Authors: Compere Harold
Published: July 2009

The new species described in this paper was received from Richard Le Pelley, Government Entomologist, Kenya Colony, British East Africa, for identification. A new genus Eurymyiocnema is erected for its reception. This genus is most closely related to Myiocnema Ashmead, which was placed by its author in the “Aphelininae”, although subsequent authors have regarded Myiocnema as belonging to the Elasmidae. Eurymyiocnema is placed in the Aphelinidae, and the opinion is expressed that Myiocnema, as well as Euryischia Riley, are out of place in the Elasmidae, since both of these genera resemble Aphelinus Dalman much more closely than they do Elasmus Westwood.
Some new and imperfectly known Gall Midges (Itonididae: Diptera) from India
Authors: Mani M. S.
Published: July 2009

The types of the new forms described in this paper are deposited in the collections of the Zoological Survey of India, Kaiser Castle, Benares.
The Extermination of Glossina palpalis fuscipes, Newstead, by Hand Catching
Authors: Glasgow J. P. , Duffy B. J.
Published: July 2009

Two blocks were isolated by 3– or 4–mile clearings on a small river with a narrow strip of riverine bush and a low density of Glossina palpalis fuscipes.

Catchers at the rate of 6 per 1,000 yards of stream caught almost all the G. palpalis in one block in 3 months and all in 6 months.

Eight months later there was ho reinfestation.

All this time G. palpalis persisted in the Control Block.

An area from which G. palpalis was removed by hand catching 10 years ago was examined. It is concluded that it is possible not only to hand catch all the G. palpalis but also to avoid reinfestation.

Hand catching is the quickest and cheapest known method of reclaiming streams of this type from G. palpalis.

Vegetational descriptions are given.
A Record of Syntomosphyrum glossinae from Nigeria
Authors: Nash T. A. M.
Published: July 2009

In April 1947, the laboratory stock of Glossina palpalis, R.-D., puparia collected from the Kaduna area suddenly became heavily infested with the pupal parasite, Syntomosphyrum glossinae, Wtstn. Presumably an infected pupa had been brought in from the bush and a few parasites had emerged undetected; it was not until the emergence of their offspring that the mass-infestation was revealed.
The effective Control by Parasites of Schematiza cordiae, Barber, in Trinidad
Authors: Simmonds F. J.
Published: July 2009

Cordia macrostachya (Jacq.) R. & S. (Boraginaceae) is a serious pest in Mauritius, to which island it was accidentally introduced from the West Indies. During investigations of the possibility of the biological control of this weed, Kirby (1944 unpublished report, “Insects of Cordia in Trinidad”) and Donald (1945 unpublished dissertation) worked out the biology of the Galerucid, Schematiza cordiae, Barber (J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 37, p. 243, 1947), a defoliating species that gave promise of meriting consideration for introduction into Mauritius.
Mosquitos of Socotra
Authors: Leeson H. S. , Theodor O.
Published: July 2009

In December 1942 and January 1943, the late Captain T. P. Ward, R.A.M.C., carried out a malaria survey of the island of Socotra accompanied by Private G. F. W. Hart, R.A.M.C., who collected the mosquito material. The following notes have been abstracted from Captain Ward's official report.
On the Old World Species of the GenusStethorusWeise (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae)
Authors: Kapur A. P.
Published: July 2009

The genusStethorusWeise is of special interest on account of its cosmopolitan distribution and the habit of its species of feeding mainly on mites, some of which are pests of crops, including fruit trees. Its relationship with other members of the tribe Scymniniis also of importance, as it was separated by Dobrzhansky in 1924 into a distinct tribe called Stethorini, which, however, was regarded by Korschefsky (1931) as synonymous with Scymnini. The material on which the present study is based came mainly from the Old World. Much of it had been submitted to the Commonwealth Institute of Entomology for identification, and I am grateful to Dr. W. J. Hall and Dr. T. H. C. Taylor, of this Institute, for giving me facilities and help. The remainder of the material studied was in the collection of the British Museum. I am indebted to Mr. N. D. Riley for procuring, on my behalf, certain type specimens from abroad for examination.
Some Aspects of the Ecology of the Tick, Ixodes ricinus, L., in Wales
Authors: Arthur Don R.
Published: July 2009

The results presented in this paper apply to conditions in Wales. Although admittedly based on limited data, they show that of the nine species of ticks found in the Principality, only Ixodes ricinus, L. is found on sheep, cattle and horses.

It has been observed that the distribution of ticks throughout Wales is influenced by superficial soil deposits: studies in north, central and south Wales have shown, however, that the vegetation index from which ticks are recovered is variable. Analysis of soils from which ticks are recovered, gave a pH range of from 4·4 to 5·2, and the relationship between “mat” and soil acidity is discussed.

An investigation of four adjoining tracts of vegetationally different land—rush, bracken, heather-winberry and ley—showed that greater populations and a greater rate of activity were apparent in rush land. The significance of topographical location in relation to tick infestation even on land with the same vegetation index is indicated. A salt marsh adjoining an infested non-salt marsh was found to be free of ticks.

The occurrence of a unimodal activity curve is described for central and north Wales. Within a recognized bimodal activity belt irregularities of tick periodicity on cattle have been observed at some farms. This appears to be related to the nature of the sward, and, where good pasture occurs alongside “islands” of damp ground, such discrepancies are noted.

Such “islands” may harbour ticks, while the rest of the pasture is free. When, as the result of certain influences, cattle move to these “islands” they become infested. A meteorological condition is described which leads indirectly to such movement through the agency of the warble fly.
The feeding of “Gammexane” and DDT to Bovines
Authors: Wilson S. G.
Published: July 2009

Benzene hexachloride and DDT are relatively new insecticides and their veterinary value when administered orally to bovines has not yet been fully investigated.

The first series of experiments showed that 0·5 gm./kg. on two successive days of D. 929, was toxic; 0·25 gm./kg. on two successive days followed by 0·125gm./kg. on the 3rd and 4th days was well tolerated, and the benzene hexachloride remained in the blood in sufficient concentration to kill feeding tsetse and ticks up to the 41st day. After a single dose of 0·25 gm./kg. the benzene hexachloride remained in the blood for only 10 to 12 days, and failed to protect the animal from East Coast Fever when it was grazed on heavily infested pasture.

Five calves susceptible to East Coast Fever were dosed with D.929 and exposed to attack by the common tick species under African farming conditions. A dose of 0·125 gm./kg. given weekly protected a calf from East Coast Fever, but there was no protection when the same dose was given once a fortnight. A dose of 0·125 gm./kg. given weekly also protected, whereas 0·1 gm./kg. failed. At all these dosages the concentration of benzene hexachloride in the blood was sufficient to kill feeding G. palpalis during the period the calves were under treatment and for periods of 10 to 25 days after the final dose.

D.929 given to animals suffering from East Coast Fever and Trypanosomiasis had no effect on the course of these diseases.

Doses of 0·3 gm./kg. (39 mg./kg. gamma isomer) are toxic to young animals but older animals showed a greater tolerance. Hypersensitivity, muscular tremors, and general paralysis were the main toxic symptoms, and gross pathologicaal changes were most obvious in the liver and urinary system. The median lethal dose of benzene hexachloride given orally for calves is therefore lower than for small laboratory animals as recorded by Cameron (1945). Only crude benzene hexachloride powder (13 per cent, gamma) was used in the preserit experiments, but Slade (1945) has shown that this is markedly less toxic than the purified gamma powder.

Little experimental work was done with DDT as the results with benzene hexachloride were more promising both in the control of ticks and tsetse.
Glossina tachinoides in North-east Africa
Authors: Lewis D. J.
Published: July 2009

Glossina, tachinoides, Westwood, 1850, is a common tsetse fly and an important vector of trypanosomiasis in parts of West Africa.
Jassid Resistance and Hairiness of the Cotton Plant
Authors: Parnell F. R. , King H. E. , Ruston D. F.
Published: July 2009

A wide range of material has been studied in an investigation of the relationship between “resistance” to attack by Empoasca facialis and “hairiness” of the cotton plant.

A continuous range has been found between full susceptibility and very high resistance.

In general relative susceptibility, as gauged by visual assessment of symptoms, has been found to correspond closely with relative infestation, determined by counts of nymphs.

With attention confined to grown plants, the relative susceptibility of varieties has been found substantially constant under varying levels of exposure to infestation.

Hairiness of the cotton plant has been found to show an extremely wide range in degree, style and distribution. A method has been devised for expressing hairiness numerically, taking into account both length and density of hairs.

A very close and consistent relationship has been found between degree of hairiness of the under surface of the leaf, and degree of resistance to Jassid. Without exception, all thoroughly hairy types have been found highly resistant, and all non-hairy types fully susceptible. Intermediate degrees of hairiness ate associated with intermediate degrees of resistance.

The relationship has been found to hold good between varieties and between plants within varieties, of the species G. hirsutum; also between plants of G. barbadense, and in segregating progenies of hybrids between these two species.

The hairiness of resistant strains of cotton has been found to develop gradually with the growth of the plant; the first few leaves on the seedlings being virtually non-hairy. This lack of hairiness in the early stages of growth is associated with a lack of resistance. Hairiness and resistance to Jassid develop concurrently.

The conclusion is reached that hairiness of the leaf confers resistance to Jassid and that degree of leaf hairiness, measured in an appropriate manner, is a thoroughly reliable guide to degree of resistance.

Length of hairs is shown to be of prime importance, and high densities without adequate length are ineffective.

The relative importance of hairs on lamina and midrib has not been conclusively determined. Both have an influence on resistance but a high degree of midrib hairiness is not essential if the lamina is hairy.

Hairs on stem and petiole are shown to be of very little direct importance.
Laboratory Breeding ofAnopheles punctulatus punctulatus, Dönitz
Authors: Mackerras M. J. , Lemerle T. H.
Published: July 2009

The room used for housing a colony ofAnopheles punctulatus punctulatusis described. Its main features were an insulation system to enable some degree of temperature control during the winter months, and eight windows to ensure that the room had good natural lighting.

The adults were kept in breeding cages, which were large enough to allow the insects to manoeuvre during mating and oviposition, and designed to ensure a high humidity and at the same time expose the adults to daily fluctuations in light intensity. Provision was made for easy access to the interior during feeding and management operations.

The essential feature of larval management was that the larvae were kept throughout their development as separate batches, representing daily age groups. During the first three days after hatching they were left in the dishes containing soil and water in which the eggs were laid. From the third day, they were reared in shallow glass dishes. They were fed with Farex at intervals throughout the day.
Glossina Pallidipes and open Country in the coastal Area of Kenya
Authors: Moggridge J. Y.
Published: July 2009

Glossina pallidipes does not readily attack objects moving along the edge of vegetation forming its habitat; fewer tsetse attack under humid than Under dry conditions, but those that do seem to range further.

Parties of men moving out of heavily infested thicket did not carry tsetse far into the open. Few tsetses attached themselves to the men and these became gorged within a few yards of the thicket edge. Similar results were obtained when bait cattle were used.

Experimental catches in a glade showed, even during the humid season, an extraordinary reluctance on the part of G. pallidipes to approach a party moving through the glade even at so short a distance as 8 yards from the thicket, but further experiments showed that a party staying in the glade for a short time made a much larger catch.
On the Distribution and correct Name of Oscinis pallipes, the swarming gnat of the Sudan
Authors: Sabrosky Curtis W.
Published: July 2009

In 1923, under the name Oscinis pallipes, C. G. Lamb described a tiny black fly from Khartoum, Sudan. In the accompanying notes by Cottam (1923), this fly was said to swarm in immense numbers on ceilings and upper parts of rooms and verandahs in September to December. The swarms were said to be larger than those frequently recorded in Europe for “Chloropisca circumdata Meigen” which is now known as Thaumatomyia notata (Meigen). While it is not primarily an eye gnat, as are the Hippelates flies in the Americas, Cottam noted that the flies “are attracted to artificial light at night, and constitute a nuisance by swarming round lamps or on dinner tables and getting into people's eyes”.
The Biology ofLaemophloeus minutusOliv. (Col. Cucujidae)
Authors: Davies R. G.
Published: July 2009

The three species ofLaemophloeuscommonly associated with stored products have been shown, by a survey of recorded information, to be cosmopolitan and to occur on a large variety of foodstuffs.

The egg, four larval instars and pupa ofL. minutushave been described briefly and the life-history outlined.

Mated females ofLaemophloeus minutuslay eggs continuously throughout their long life at the rate of about 0·5 eggs per day at 17°C. rising to 4·0 eggs per day at 30°C. Humidity changes over the range 55–90 per cent. R.H. have little effect on the rate of oviposition. Oviposition is stimulated by the constant presence of the male.
An Experiment in Control of Tsetse with DDT-treated Oxen
Authors: Whiteside E. F.
Published: July 2009

An experiment to ascertain whether extermination ofGlossina pallidipescould be brought about by introducing large numbers of DDT-treated oxen into its habitat was carried out in a small isolated block of bush in Tanganyika.

The oxen were sprayed with a solution of 9 per cent, w/v pure DDT and 9 per cent, w/v resin in groundnut oil. It was estimated that when sprayed once weekly about 70 per cent, of tsetse settling on them were killed, and when sprayed twice weekly, about 95 per cent. Oxen so treated were introduced in a numerical superiority of about 6 to 1 over the larger game in the bush, but were fewer than the small game.

After 3 months in which oxen sprayed once weekly were herded in tens in the bush for ten hours each day, the population of female tsetses was reduced by about 70 per cent. After a further 2 months in which oxen sprayed twice weekly were herded in fives a reduction of 80 per cent, amongst the survivors was brought about.
Further Studies on the Loss of Insecticides by Absorption into Mud and Vegetation
Authors: Hadaway A. B. , Barlow F.
Published: July 2009

Formulations of DDT have been applied to standard mud blocks. Toxicities to Glossina palpalis and Aëdes aegypti, and the proportions of insecticide recovered from an outer layer of approximately 0·1 mms. thickness have been compared.

Absorption of DDT in oil solutions was considerable, and amounts recovered from the outer layer were only from 8–19 per cent, of the total dosage applied. Adsorption of the insecticide from the oil on to mud occurred. There was some correlation between the capillary rise of the solvent and the extent of absorption. Toxicities of the blocks to test insects were low.

Using concentrations of 2 per cent., 5 per cent, and 10 per cent. in power kerosene, there was no increase in the proportion held on the surface. Application of excessively heavy dosages increased the amounts in the outer layers but there was a trend towards greater absorption, and therefore to greater waste, at the high dosages. Repeated applications similarly built up a larger dosage in the outer layer but did not increase the proportion there.

Emulsions were intermediate between solutions and wettable powders as regards absorption and toxicity.

Up to 77 per cent, of the insecticides applied as wettable powders was recovered from the outer layer, and toxicities were correspondingly high. When benzene hexachloride wettable powder was used there was rapid loss of benzene hexachloride from the surface by volatilisation. After fifteen days the dosage had decreased considerably and the percentage in the outer layer had fallen from over 70 per cent, to 20 per cent.

Loss of DDT by penetration of the carrier oil through the leaf cuticle may occur when an oil solution is sprayed on to vegetation. The extent of penetration varies with different plants.

There is an indication that small amounts of DDT are transferred from the inside of treated leaves to other untreated parts of young coffee and Avocado pear plants.

Deposits of DDT on leaves exposed to ordinary climatic conditions remained toxic to tsetse flies for a longer period when applied as an emulsion than as an oil solution. Deposits from a water suspension of a wettable powder were washed off readily by rain.

There is some evidence that continuous exposure to sunlight produced some chemical change in, and reduced the toxicity of, DDT deposits applied to glass plates as a solution in kerosene.
Experimental aerial Spraying with DDT against Mosquitos in Burma
Authors: Jones T. W. Tyssul
Published: July 2009

The effect of aerially sprayed 5 per cent. DDT solution against Anopheline larvae and adults has been investigated.

An account is given of a rapid field method for estimating the concentration in milligrammes per square metre.

At a concentration of 2–3 mg. per square metre, aerially sprayed DDT solution had little effect on Anopheline larvae breeding in water completely covered with a species of Limnanthemum. Also at this concentration tall grass gave partial protection, whereas in open water there was a complete kill.

The residual effect of DDT at a concentration of 2–3 mg. per square metre did not last longer than six days.

Under negligible wind conditions, resulting in a vertically falling spray, there was no penetration into huts even when situated in the open.

Drastic filtration of the spray resulted in a fall in the concentration from 2 to 3 mg. per square metre in the open to less than ·05 mg. per square metre under heavy shade, consequently shrubs at ground level in heavy wooded areas were greatly protected from contamination with DDT and afforded practically safe resting places for adults.
Studies on West African Forest Mosquitos
Authors: Mattingly P. F.
Published: July 2009

The present paper is the second of two dealing with field studies carried out near Lagos, Nigeria. The first paper covered four of the most abundant species encountered and the second is concerned with the remaining forty-eight. These are listed and the data relating to the thirty-eight least abundant, with the exception of two which were taken as males only, are given in tabular form. The other ten are dealt with at greater length. Males of twenty-six species were taken and in the case of three of these species they were so abundant as to create the impression that a swarming activity was involved. In the case of the ten more abundant species seasonal distribution curves are given based on average monthly catches and an attempt is made to relate these to variations in rainfall. The biting curves which are next discussed show a greater variety of types than those described in the first paper. In general, they are characterised by a fairly sharp peak associated with morning or evening twilight, but some have a more or less pronounced peak at both ends of the cycle and so correspond to the “eo-crepuscular” type of Haddow (1945).Anopheles paludis, likeTaeniorhynchus africanus(described in the first paper) has an ill-defined period of maximum activity during the middle of the night. The necessity of sub-dividing the figures in order to obtain a picture of the vertical distribution of the various species led in one or two cases to anomalous results, but in general a clear and fairly convincing picture was obtained. None of the species dealt with in the present paper was sufficiently abundant to afford reliable data on hourly variations in vertical distribution. In the general discussion, which embodies such inferences as it has seemed permissible to draw from the data, attention is drawn to the fact that the so-called “biting cycle” does not, in all likelihood, depend exclusively on variations in the urge to bite, but is more probably an expression of cyclical changes taking place in the general level of activity of the mosquito. The possible relationship of such changes to changes of a similar kind in the physical environment is discussed, and it is pointed out that intrinsic rhythms in the mosquito, perhaps related to the breeding cycle, may also be involved. Some data are presented which, while partly explained by the presence of a sibling species, may also indicate an interrelationship between the breeding cycle and vertical distribution.
Studies on the Toxicity of insecticide Films
Authors: Pradhan S.
Published: July 2009

Experiments on the effect of changes in relative humidity on the toxicity of DDT- and DNC-films to adults of Tribolium castaneum and larvae of Plutella maculipennis are described. With T. castaneum adults the toxicity of both DDT and DNC films is increased at higher relative humidities, but with larvae of P. maculipennis the toxicity of DDT films decreases while that of DNC films increases at higher humidities. Like these experiments the perusal of the literature does not help in deducing any general principle. However, it is possible to collect instances showing that besides the insect and the insecticide, there may be various factors like the range of humidity tested, the strength of the insecticide used, the stage of the insect, etc., which can affect the result of humidity changes.
The Tabanidae of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
Authors: Lewis D. J.
Published: July 2009

Seventy species of Tabanids occur in the Sudan. Many of the inhabitants are pastoralists, and the Tabanids have a profound effect on them, largely by causing them to remove their animals from infested areas in the rains and to undertake extensive annual migrations. New problems will arise when economic development involves permanent settlement of certain infested areas. This paper sets out the problem, and satisfactory control measures have yet to be devised.

The country is briefly described.

The section on individual species consists mainly of lists of localities which are shown on maps.

In a general discussion of distribution faunal areas are designated for discussing Tabanids in the Sudan. The composition of the Tabanid fauna, which is mainly Ethiopian, is described. Types of habitat are indicated, and distribution is discussed in relation to systematic position. The area in which Tabanids are abundant, and their seasonal prevalence, are indicated.

There are brief references to habits, particularly the attraction to inanimate objects and the fact that some species bite man on some occasions and not others.

The economic effect, namely, the direct effect of bites and probable role of the flies in the transmission of cattle and camel trypanosomiasis and human loiasis, are described, mainly from published sources.

The effect of Tabanids on the distribution and annual migrations of pastoral tribes is described. Attacks by flies on domestic animals and the search for pasture and water are the main causes of the very extensive rainy season migrations which are shown on a map.

The problem of control is very briefly discussed.

Additional information on some of the foregoing subjects is given in notes on faunal areas.
Studies on Aqueous Suspensions of Insecticides. Part IV. The Behaviour of Mosquitos in contact with Insecticidal Deposits
Authors: Hadaway A. B. , Barlow F.
Published: July 2009

The behaviour of mosquitos in contact with deposits from aqueous suspensions of insecticides has been studied by allowing them to alight individually and measuring the time to the first flight.

Anopheles stephensi females flew from all formulations of DDT on various materials after approximately the same time of 2 to 4 minutes, but subsequent kills were high only when the deposit consisted of small (less than 10 microns) particles readily available for pick-up.

Mosquitos were also activated by contact with fresh deposits of BHC wettable powder P.520, but all died very quickly. They were not disturbed, however, by the vapour from BHC deposits, when contact was prevented, until in an advanced stage of intoxication. The time to the first flight from surfaces treated with BHC wettable powder increased as the deposits aged and varied with different materials according to the rate of loss by evaporation and/or sorption.

Mosquitos remained in contact with deposits of chlordane, dieldrin, aldrin and toxaphene for more than 30 minutes.

Experiments with a number of DDT analogues and BHC isomers indicated that lipoid solubility and molecular structure are two factors governing the rate of penetration of a compound.

The reactions of other species tested were similar to those of A. stephensi but kills of Culex p. molestus were significantly different from those of the Anopheline species after contact with deposits from a DDT wettable powder.
The Construction and Calibration of an electrical Hygrometer suitable for Microclimatic Measurements
Authors: Edney E. B.
Published: July 2009

The paper describes the construction, calibration and performance of an electrolytic hygrometer based on the principle of the “Gregory” hygrometer, but considerably smaller. Its dimensions are about 6×6×10 mm.

The element consists of two platinum-clad nickel-iron electrodes, holding a spiral of continuous fibre-glass wool yarn which is impregnated with a solution of calcium chloride. The water content of this hygroscopic salt varies with humidity, so that the resistance between the two electrodes also varies. In order to measure this resistance, alternating current of a known voltage is used, and the current is measured in terms of micro-amperes. A suitable circuit is described. Air temperature is measured by a fine thermocouple permanently attached to each element.

Long exposure to air above acid and water mixtures damages the elements so that calibration is best carried out without acid. An apparatus in which this can be done is described. A stream of air with a high water vapour content is cooled to a precisely known temperature which is below its saturation point, and then raised to the temperature required for calibration, so that its relative humidity is known as it passes over the element being calibrated. Finally the dew-point is again found as a check. Temperature affects the resistance of the elements, and calibration must therefore be carried out at three different constant temperatures.

Curves obtained by means of this apparatus show that one element will give readings from 50 to 98 per cent. R.H. within ±2 per cent. Another element with more hygroscopic salt must be used for humidities between 60 and 10 per cent. R.H.

There is an ageing process whereby the resistance of each element increases for some time after it has been constructed. This period can be shortened by exposing the elements to alternating high and low humidities for a few days. Elements which have received this treatment can be calibrated and used after six weeks, and will remain in calibration for at least a fortnight.

Subsequent calibrations can be made in a simple apparatus (which is described) involving acid-and-water mixtures, but the use of filters and exposure of the elements for no more than 15 minutes avoids damage.

The hygrometer equilibrates in a new humidity within ten minutes.

The instruments possess certain advantages: they are small, they can be read or recorded at a distance, and they do not depend upon evaporation of water, so that disturbance of the natural environment is minimised. The main disadvantages are that they cannot be exposed to saturated air without going out of calibration and that each instrument must be calibrated individually—they cannot easily be standardised for mass production.
A Revision of the Gall-mites (Acarina, Eriophyidae) occurring on Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.), with a Key to the Eriophyidae recorded from Solanaceous Plants
Authors: Lamb K. P.
Published: July 2009

The records and descriptions of Eriophyid mites hitherto described from tomato are discussed. A statistical examination was made of morphological measurements of the New Zealand tomato russet mite. The names of gall-mites occurring on tomato have been reduced to two: Acerialycopersici (Wolffenstein) 1879, the tomato erineum mite (causing the production of white, hairy patches on stems and leaf stalks); and Vasates lycopersici (Massee) 1937, the tomatorusset mite (causing stem and leaf bronzing). A key is given to the species of gall-mites occurring on solanaceous plants and several new combinations are recorded.
Inter-relationships of the Parasites of the Frit-fly,Oscinella frit(L.), in eastern North America
Authors: Simmonds F. J.
Published: July 2009

Studies are reported on the extent and importance of competition amongst larval and pupal parasites ofOscinella frit.

In Ontario, 30–40 per cent. of frit larvae are parasitised byHexacolain July–August and superparasitism is thus likely. Subsequent attack byPolyscelismay occur, but probably unsuccessfully.

Competition between the larval parasites and the pupal ecto-parasitesCallitulaandSpalangiais generally slight, because the former species is not abundant and the latter tends to select only healthy hosts.

Experiments are described to test the inter-relations of the three pupal parasites by exposing puparia ofDrosophila melanogasterto two species simultaneously and in sequence.

WhenCallitulaandSpalangiaare allowed to oviposit simultaneously, the former is more successful when hosts are relatively few, but otherwise the two species are equally successful. WhenCallitulaparasitises puparia recently exposed toSpalangia, equal numbers of the two parasites emerge, but in the reverse experimentCallitulais superior.Callitulais able to parasitise successfully a proportion of puparia already containingSpalangiawhatever the age of the latter; matureSpalangiathus attacked are mostly killed.

Similar comparisons ofCallitulaandSpalangiawith the endoparasiticLoxotropashow thatLoxotropais inferior to both the others, but that all three show marked avoidance of multiple parasitism.

In general, there is little interference between the various species in the parasite complex associated with the frit-fly.

The parasite complex associated with the frit-fly appears to be one that is very well balanced, there being little interference between the various species involved. Moreover, when, for any reason, one species does not attain its accustomed degree of parasitism, this is offset by an increase in the numbers of one or more of the other species.
Experiments on the physiological Action of contact Insecticides
Authors: Dresden D. , Krijgsman B. J.
Published: July 2009

Concerning the well-known powerful action of modern contact insecticides the question arises whether these substances exert a specific action on the tissues of insects. It seems quite possible that they possess a general internal toxicity to various groups of animals, but that the insect differs from other animals in that the cuticle is sufficiently permeable to allow the absorption of toxic quantities when these substances are applied to the skin.
Field Experiments with DDT and Benzene Hexachloride against Tsetse (Glossina palpalis)
Authors: Symes C. B. , Hadaway A. B. , Barlow F. , Galley W.
Published: July 2009

Field experiments have been conducted in Uganda to investigate the use of the insecticides DDT and Benzene Hexachioride for the control of tsetse. Since the Tsetse Research Department of Shinyanga has developed a line of investigation into the possibility of using cattle sprayed with DDT as poison bait for tsetses, it was considered that the alternative method of attack, i.e., treatment of vegetation, should be tried. The preliminarywork has been against Glossina palpalis, R.-D. Results of experiments against this species should provide a basis for work against other species. Experiments have been carried out as far as possible on small islands and headlandson Lake Victoria where the flies exist in isolated communities and where results are nottherefore influenced by infiltration of flies from surrounding bush.
Aphidius granarius, Marsh., in Relation to its Control ofMyzus kaltenbachi, Schout
Authors: Arthur Don R.
Published: July 2009

1.Aphidius granariusis an internal parasite ofMyzus kaltenbachi, where the latter is found infesting corn crops in South Wales.

2. The emergence of the adult parasite is described. Mating takes place within two hours of emergence, the females may be mated with more than one male.

3. A brief description of the morphology of the egg, larval, prepupal and pupal stages is given.

4. The rate of reproduction of the females ofA. granariusis high, with female: male as 12·9: 10. Unmated females always produce males.

5. The adult parasite under normal conditions lives for 21–27 days and flies readily under favourable meteorological conditions. Within limited areas dissemination may be brought about most effectively by mature parasitised apterae.

6. The factors limiting the effectiveness of the parasite are briefly described. The degree of control at the end of May in the field may approximate to 90 per cent.
New injurious Curculionidae (Col.) from the Sudan
Authors: Sir Guy A. K. Marshall
Published: July 2009

The types of the four new species described below have been deposited in the British Museum (Natural History).
A Larvascope for Use in Identification of living Culicine Larvae
Authors: Gillett. J.D.
Published: July 2009

A lateral view of the terminal segments is essential for the identification of a Culicine larva, but owing to the necessity of the larva to pierce the surface film of the water with the spiracular valves at the distal end of the respiratory siphon, it will retain a position with the dorsal surface uppermost in spite of all efforts to induce it to do otherwise. Even if placed in water so shallow that there is insufficient space between the bottom of the container and the surface of the water for the siphon to be held erect, the insect will incline its siphon but keep the rest of the abdomen dorsum uppermost, thus possibly presenting a lateral view of the siphon, and showing the pecten, but the comb and anal segments will still not be in a suitable position for a detailed study of the characters to be made
The Occurrence of Anopheles marteri in Syria
Authors: LEESON H. S.
Published: July 2009

This Anopheline was first found in Syria in the larval stage on 30th August 1941. Up to the time of writing, 11th October 1941, adults and larvae have been taken on several occasions. Isolated larvae have been bred to the adult stage, and larval and pupal pelts preserved. Through the courtesy of Professor S. Adler and Dr. O. Theodor, of the Hebrew University at Jerusalem, I was able to consult the literature regarding the distribution of this species and to confirm its identification. The discovery of Anopheles marten in Syria is a new record.
Note on the Name of the Sugar-cane Borer of Mauritius (Lep., Pyral.).
Authors: TAMS W. H. T.
Published: July 2009

The history of this insect is so involved that perhaps the simplest method of attempting to find out how to arrive at its correct name will be to start with a chronological list of the references involved.
A new and economically important Species of Anagyrus from Africa
Authors: Compere Harold
Published: July 2009

The species described here, Anagyrus beneficians, sp. n., can easily be distinguished from the great majority of species by the colour of the flagellum, which is completely black. Another good diagnostic character that will aid in the identification of this species is the arrangement, in six longitudinal rows, of the coarse dark setae on the frontovertex.

Relatively few species of Anagyrus have been described which have the flagellum wholly black. Among these species are : nigricans, Perkins, fusciventris, Gir., nigriflagellum, Gir., subnigricornis, Ishii, punctifrons, Timb., marquesanus, Timb., orbitalis, Timb., and longicornis, Mercet. Specimens of only one of these species are available for study, namely A. fusciventris, Gir. The species described as new is very much like A. fusciventris in all the major structural characters. Both belong to a group of species characterised by a very short ovipositor. These two species differ in some of their minor characters. In A. fusciventris, the tips of the forewings appear hyaline or silvery, due to a narrow band of refractive cilia at the apex of the blade. In A. beneficians, the forewings are uniformly ciliated. The three species described by Timberlake, from the Marquesas Islands, punctifrons, marquesanus, and orbitalis, have the head, thorax, and abdomen black, in colour unlike A. beneficians. Likewise, the species described by Girault, from Australia, A. nigriflagellum, differs in coloration, the head and thorax are orange yellow. In A. nigricans, the apex of the pedicel is reddish, while in the new species it is wholly black. In A. subnigricornis, the scape is marked with white at the base as well as near the apex, and the frontovertex at the anterior ocellus is as wide or slightly wider than the head width, in which respects it is unlike A. beneficians. In A. longicornis, Mercet, the abdomen is truncate at the apex, the pedicel reddish, and the head and thorax yellow ; all of which separate this species from A. beneficians. In this brief resumé it is possible that some species have been overlooked which have the flagellum completely black. However, the conditions under which Anagyrus beneficians originally existed and its subsequent introduction into Kenya Colony strongly indicate that the species has not been described previously.
A Synopsis of the Ethiopian and Indo-Malayan Species ofMicrophanurus(Serphoidea, Scelionidae)
Authors: Nixon G. E. J.
Published: July 2009

This paper brings together all the species ofMicrophanurusfrom the Ethiopian and Indo-Malayan regions that I have written about during the last eight years. I have found that the fauna of neither region could be studied in isolation if a proper understanding of the taxonomic relationships and host-preferences of the genus were aimed at.

The key contains all the species from the regions concerned of which the types or at least authentically named specimens are in the British Museum. Two new African species are described.

For the identification of the Hemipteron,Atelocera stictica, Westwood, and for other information I am much indebted to Mr. W. E. China.
An Investigation of the Changes in a Bin of stored Wheat infested by Insects
Authors: Howe R. W.
Published: July 2009

One and a half tons of Plate wheat, of water content 12·9 per cent., infested by insects, especially the small form of C. oryzae, Rhizopertha, and Laemophloeus, were placed in an iron bin in May 1941. By the following November the wheat was heating near the surface and was extremely heavily infested in the 25 cm. surface layer. The carbon dioxide concentration beneath this layer exceeded 10 per cent.

During December the hottest depth in the grain was nearer to the surface. The temperature reached 37°C, 27°C. above air temperature. Many weevils came to the surface in early December and walked off the grain. Then in mid December the grain temperature fell rapidly and reached air temperature by the end of the month. A week later many insects were still alive, but by March 1942 very few living insects were found. The carbon dioxide concentration fell rapidly but rose again in March, presumably due to the increased grain water content and the respiration of micro-organisms.

In 1942, conditions became suitable for insect activities in April, and by May an infestation had started, this time predominantly C. granaria. Laemophloeus was also present, having apparently survived the winter in the bin, but neither C. oryzae nor Rhizopertha had survived. Insects were confined to the surface layers by the carbon dioxide present deeper in the bin. Consequently heating did not occur in 1942, and when the grain was moved in October 1942, its temperature was falling after reaching a maximum of 27°C. in August.

The effect of the presence of insects upon grain is discussed. It is shown that the conditions arising in the bin resemble those in general storage, except that the use of an open topped bin with airtight sides and bottom caused a much greater accumulation of carbon dioxide than is usual.

It is suggested that if the grains infested by weevils are buried in the bulk, heating is likely to occur, whilst if the infestation is superficial the grain may not heat. The part played by weevil larvae in the heating of grain is stressed.

It is suggested that regular examination of samples of grain from deep in a bulk should be made for insects and that all bulks should be examined soon after being placed in position. Routine temperature and water content readings should be made at points deep in the grain and about 10–20 cm. below the surface.
New Braconid Parasites of Australian wood-boring Beetles with Notes on the Subfamily Hecabolinae (Hym., Braconidae)
Authors: Nixon G. E. J.
Published: July 2009

This paper has been written in response to a request for determinations of certain parasites of wood-boring beetles in Queensland, Australia. The description of a new species of Monolexis entailed rather more research than was expected and has led to the expression of a few opinions of an exploratory nature on the status of the subfamily Hecabolinae. Altogether one new species in the Doryctinae and six (including one new genus) in the Hecabolinae are described.

The types of all new species are in the British Museum.
The Culicine Mosquitos of Eritrea
Authors: Lewis D. J.
Published: July 2009

A survey of the distribution of Aëdes aegypti and other Culicine mosquitos was made during the dry season of 1942, between 31st March and 15th May. The position of Eritrea gives it a particular interest in relation to the possible spread of yellow fever from Africa to the East. In the west it borders on the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, in parts of which yellow fever is endemic, and it has a Red Sea coast line of some 600 miles, near the centre of which is the port of Massawa. The Culicines hitherto found include six that are known to be potential vectors of yellow fever.

The topography and climate of Eritrea have been described by Lega, Raffaele and Canalis (1937). The country may be divided into four areas, the eastern and western plains, the mountain slopes and the plateau. The latter, on which lie several of the towns, is from about 1,900 to 2,500 metres (some 6,200 to 8,200 feet) above sea level.
A new Genus and Species of Miridae (Bryocorinae) feeding on Khaya grandifoliola in the Gold Coast (Hemiptera Heteroptera)
Authors: China W. E.
Published: July 2009

Amongst a collection of Miridae made by Mr. H. E. Box in the Gold Coast, during his work on the insect pests of cacao plantations, is a series representing a new genus and species of Bryocorinae allied to Sahlbergella, Hagl. These specimens were submitted to me by the Imperial Institute of Entomology and are herewith described.
The Toxicity of DDT to the Housefly, Musca domestica, L.
Authors: Parkin E. A. , Green A. A.
Published: July 2009

DDT (p,p'-dichlordiphenyl-trichlormethyl-methane) has been shown to be very toxic to the housefly, Musca domestica, L., when applied as a spray containing 0·1 per cent, w/v or more in kerosene. DDT at 1 per cent, gives an effective spray for practical use, but at lower concentrations the speed of knock-down is too slow. This disadvantage can be overcome by the admixture of a small amount of pyrethrum. A mixture of 0·03 per cent, w/v total pyrethrins and 0·1 per cent, w/v DDT in kerosene is recommended as a suitable fly spray for practical use. This mixture can be stored in glass bottles in the dark for at least 17 months at 27·5° C. without marked deterioration. Its toxicity may be increased by the incorporation of a suitable activator, e.g., sesame oil or isobutylundecylenamide.

The impurities in crude preparations of DDT appear to exert no toxic effect on houseflies.

DDT acts more slowly when dissolved in industrial methylated spirit than in kerosene.

Attention is drawn to the residual film effect of DDT on walls, etc., and an example is given to show how this effect was employed in the control of a fly population in a kitchen.

The symptoms of poisoning of flies by DDT are compared with those caused by pyrethrum. DDT is relatively slow in action; it is a severe irritant, causing the flies to buzz violently at one stage; it induces marked tremors during the coma preceding death; and, at death, it causes the legs to be tightly flexed at the femoro-tibial joint. When the pyrethrins and DDT are mixed in a spray, these constituents, so far as can be judged from the train of toxic symptoms, act independently, so that the rapid paralytic effect of the pyrethrins keeps the insects immobile until the slow lethal effect of the DDT supervenes.

This work has been carried out as part of the programme of research of the Pest Infestation Laboratory, and this account is published by permission of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.
The Sandflies of Cyprus (Diptera)
Authors: Adler S.
Published: July 2009

The sandflies of Cyprus have been examined. The following ten species were found: P. papatasii, P. perniciosus var. tobbi, P. chinensis (a local race), P. perfiliewi (rare), P. sergenti, P. alexandri, P. larroussei (rare), P. fallax cypriotica, var. n., P. azizi, sp. n., and P. parroti.

Melanic forms of P. parroti were found. Melanism was associated with a reduction in the teeth of the pharynx in the female in the few specimens collected.

The race of P. chinensis found on the island differs from those hitherto described.

The general composition of the sandfly population of Cyprus is different from that of any other part of the Mediterranean examined.

P. major which is common in Palestine, Syria and the Balkans was not found.

Canine kala-azar is common on the island. P. perniciosus var. tobbi and a race of P. chinensis should be considered as possible carriers but this point must be determined experimentally.