bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Finite Element Analysis of Moisture Migration of Multicomponent Foods During Storage
Authors: Hao Fayi , Lu Lixin , Wang Jun
Published: January 2016

A mathematical model based on unsteady‐state mass transfer of water was developed to simulate the moisture migration in multicomponent foods, and the mathematical model was numerically solved by finite element method (FEM) using COMSOL Multiphysics program. The moisture absorption properties and effective moisture diffusivity of each food component were investigated independently. Simulated results were validated with experimental multicomponent food systems constituted of biscuits in contact with hawthorn sheets and agar gel. The agar gel (water activity 0.786)‐biscuit (water activity 0.161) system and the hawthorn sheets (water activity 0.643)‐biscuit system were packed in impermeable packaging to investigate the moisture migration evolution. The difference in water activity gradient of two food systems resulted in different moisture migration evolution, and then eventually influenced the storage stability of multicomponent foods. It is found that the FEM‐simulated equilibrium moisture content and the time required to reach equilibrium were favorably in agreement with experimental results.

Practical Applications

Moisture migration is an increasing cause for quality deterioration, such as the undesirable textural changes, of multicomponent food. Difference in water activity between components is the driving force for moisture migration as the system comes to equilibrium. Moisture will migrate from a region of high water activity to a region of lower water activity. Control of initial water activity gradient and moisture migration is critical to the quality and safety of multicomponent foods. Finite element method is developed that can be used for simulating moisture migration in multicomponent food products during storage. The results of this study would have practical applications in exploiting new multicomponent foods and predicting the shelf life of multicomponent foods.
Comparison of clinical marking and ultrasound‐guided injection of Botulinum type A toxin into the masseter muscles for treating bruxism and its cosmetic effects
Authors: Quezada‐Gaon Natacha , Wortsman Ximena , Peñaloza Osvaldo , Carrasco Juan Eduardo
Published: January 2016

Background

Botulinum toxin type A has been used for treating the hypertrophy of the masseter muscles and its cosmetic effects. Ultrasound is increasingly used in dermatology, along with the guidance of mini‐invasive procedures.

Aims

To evaluate the role of ultrasound for guiding the application of Botulinum A toxin in patients with cosmetic alterations due to bruxism, correlate the clinical landmarks with the ultrasound findings, and study the effect on the symptoms, cosmetics, and quality of life.

Patients/Methods

Twenty individuals with bruxism and cosmetic alterations underwent an ultrasound‐guided injection of Botulinum toxin type A in each masseter muscle. Clinical and ultrasound marking of the procedure was compared. Clinical and sonographic evaluation was performed at the time of injection and 3 months later. Ten normal individuals underwent ultrasound of the masseter muscles as a control group.

Results

Up to 65% of individuals showed anatomical variants of the salivary glands. The method for clinically marking the skin showed a frequently erroneous location of the anterior point (up to 40% of cases) that was proven by ultrasound to be out of the muscle. In 20% of cases, ultrasound showed that the needle should be longer to enter the muscle. After injection, most of the patients demonstrated a decrease of the symptoms and cosmetic and quality of life improvements.

Conclusions

Ultrasound can be a potent tool for guiding the injection of Botulinum toxin into the masseter muscles. It may contribute to a more personalized procedure, better cosmetic results, and help to avoid potential complications.
Passiflora actinia hydroalcoholic extract and its major constituent, isovitexin, are neuroprotective against glutamate-induced cell damage in mice hippocampal slices
Authors: dos Santos Kely Cristina , Borges Tatiane Vieira , Olescowicz Gislaine , Ludka Fabiana Kalyne , Santos Cid Aimbiré de Moraes , Molz Simone
Published: January 2016

Objectives

To investigate whether Passiflora actinia hydroalcoholic extract and its major constituent, isovitexin, protect mice hippocampal brain slices from glutamate-induced neurotoxicity.

Methods

Neuroprotective effect of the extract against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity (10 mm) was evaluated through cell viability of hippocampal slices. The extract or its flavonoids were directly applied to hippocampal slices and then subjected to glutamate-induced toxicity. Alternatively, hippocampal slices from extract-treated mice were also subjected to the same toxicity protocol.

Key findings

Mice supplementation with the extract protected hippocampal slices from in-vitro neurotoxicity. When directly applied to hippocampal slices, the extract showed a higher neuroprotective potential than a commercial dry extract of Passiflora incarnata, which was related to P. actinia extract which had higher isovitexin and total flavonoid content expressed as isovitexin. Isovitexin, but not apigenin, induced a similar neuroprotective response when applied alone, at a concentration equivalent to that found in the extract.

Conclusions

This study highlights new neuropharmacological activity of the Passiflora genus, suggesting that it can act as modulator of the glutamatergic system. The search for improved pharmacotherapies with novel mechanisms of action has been shown of great importance for the treatment of resistant neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Nurses experiences of working in Crisis Resolution Home Treatment Teams with its additional gatekeeping responsibilities
Authors: Begum R. , Riordan S.
Published: January 2016

Accessible summary

What is known on the subject?

Community care has evolved beyond recognition since the closure of the asylums and the introduction of a socially inclusive concept of care. Through their gatekeeping role, Crisis Resolution Home Treatment Teams (CRHTT) aim to reduce inappropriate admissions, facilitate early discharge and maximize the ability of service users to live independently within their own communities. It is evident that there is a vast array of literature on CRHTT internationally, however, little evidence on nurses experiences of working within CRHTT and gatekeeping. In light of limited research, this study aims to expand the current evidence base by exploring nurse's experiences of working in CRHTT with its additional gatekeeping responsibilities.

What the paper adds to existing knowledge?

The findings from this study provide a valuable contribution to the existing international literature base, highlighting the experiences of nurses as gatekeepers within CRHTT. It also helps to identify further gaps in the literature that can be addressed through future research.

What are the implications for practice?

This research study has a number of academic and clinical implications. As gatekeeping is an integral aspect of the work conducted by CRHTT, a closer look at nurse's experiences of working in CRHTT with its additional gatekeeping responsibilities can help inform future developments within the service whilst identifying the necessary improvements to current working practices. It can also add to the existing evidence base on CRHTT and gatekeeping.

Introduction

Through their gatekeeping role, CRHTT aim to reduce inappropriate admissions, facilitate early discharge from hospital and maximize the ability of service users to live independently within their own communities. It is evident that there is a vast array of literature on CRHTT internationally, however, little evidence on nurses experiences of working within CRHTT and gatekeeping. Therefore, in the light of limited research, this study aims to expand the current evidence base by exploring nurse's experiences of working in CRHTT with its additional gatekeeping responsibilities.

Methodology

Six nurses working across two CRHTT's were interviewed using semi‐structured interviews. Data were analysed through the use of thematic analysis.

Results

Four key themes emerged which were, ‘CRHTT as a specialist role’, ‘core principles of the gatekeeping role’, ‘redefining risk management for gatekeepers in CRHTT’ and ‘the future of gatekeeping’.

Discussion

It is evident through nurse's experiences of working within CRHTT and gatekeeping that their roles were very dynamic and challenging. A positive risk‐taking approach contributed towards the success of CRHTT as gatekeepers. Family members played a significant role in ensuring gatekeeping remained a priority consistent with Government targets. Clinical Implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Why do mothers use nipple shields and how does this influence duration of exclusive breastfeeding?
Authors: Kronborg Hanne , Foverskov Else , Nilsson Ingrid , Maastrup Ragnhild
Published: January 2016

The present study addressed the contentious discussions about the benefits and risks of nipple shield use. The objective was to explore self‐reported reasons for using a nipple shield and examine associations pertaining to the mother, the infant and duration of breastfeeding. Data were collected from 4815 Danish mothers (68%) who filled out a self‐administered questionnaire with open and closed question. Data were analyzed by content and statistical descriptive and multivariable analysis. Results showed that 22% of the mothers used nipple shields in the beginning and 7% used it the entire breastfeeding period. Primiparae used nipple shields more often than multiparae, and early breastfeeding problems as well as background factors like lower age, education and higher body mass index were associated with a higher likelihood of using nipple shields. Characteristics of infants associated with introducing nipple shields were lower‐ gestational age and birthweight. The use of nipple shields was furthermore found to be associated with a threefold increased risk of earlier cessation of exclusive breastfeeding: among primiparae odds ratio = 3.80 (confidence interval 2.61–5.53); among multiparae odds ratio = 3.33 (confidence interval 1.88–5.93). Mothers' own descriptions underlined how various early breastfeeding problems led to the use of nipple shields. Some mothers were helped through a difficult period; others described the use creating a kind of dependence. The results highlight how nipple shields may help breastfeeding mothers in the early period but is not necessarily a supportive solution to the inexperienced mother who needs extra support in the early process of learning to breastfeed.
Genetic architecture, biochemical underpinnings and ecological impact of floral UV patterning
Authors: Brock Marcus T. , Lucas Lauren K. , Anderson Nickolas A. , Rubin Matthew J. , Cody Markelz R. J. , Covington Michael F. , Devisetty Upendra K. , Chapple Clint , Maloof Julin N. , Weinig Cynthia
Published: January 2016

Floral attraction traits can significantly affect pollinator visitation patterns, but adaptive evolution of these traits may be constrained by correlations with other traits. In some cases, molecular pathways contributing to floral attraction are well characterized, offering the opportunity to explore loci potentially underlying variation among individuals. Here, we quantify the range of variation in floral UV patterning (i.e. UV ‘bulls‐eye nectar guides) among crop and wild accessions of Brassica rapa. We then use experimental crosses to examine the genetic architecture, candidate loci and biochemical underpinnings of this patterning as well as phenotypic manipulations to test the ecological impact. We find qualitative variation in UV patterning between wild (commonly lacking UV patterns) and crop (commonly exhibiting UV patterns) accessions. Similar to the majority of crops, recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from an oilseed crop × WI fast‐plant® cross exhibit UV patterns, the size of which varies extensively among genotypes. In RILs, we further observe strong statistical‐genetic and QTL correlations within petal morphological traits and within measurements of petal UV patterning; however, correlations between morphology and UV patterning are weak or nonsignificant, suggesting that UV patterning is regulated and may evolve independently of overall petal size. HPLC analyses reveal a high concentration of sinapoyl glucose in UV‐absorbing petal regions, which, in concert with physical locations of UV‐trait QTLs, suggest a regulatory and structural gene as candidates underlying observed quantitative variation. Finally, insects prefer flowers with UV bulls‐eye patterns over those that lack patterns, validating the importance of UV patterning in pollen‐limited populations of B. rapa.
Clinical Phenotype and Microvascular Dynamics of Subjects with Endothelial Dysfunction as Assessed by Peripheral Tonometry
Authors: Venturi Elena , Pinnola Silvia , Morizzo Carmela , Boldrini Beatrice , Rossi Monica , Trifirò Silvia , Tricò Domenico , Natali Andrea ,   the SUMMIT study group
Published: January 2016

Objective

To evaluate the characteristics and the determinants of ED, as measured by PAT.

Methods

We measured basal and post‐ischemic digital pulse amplitude (EndoPAT®) in a mixed outpatient population of 206 diabetic and 101 non‐diabetic subjects, of whom 50% with clinically manifest CVD, undergoing to an extensive clinical, biochemical, and vascular phenotype characterization.

Results

The major characteristics of ED (tertile 1 vs 3), in addition to lower post‐ischemic vasodilatory reserve (34 vs 203%), were a 3‐fold higher baseline pulse amplitude and a delayed (60 second) peak response. The main determinant of this response was the baseline pulse amplitude (Stβ = −0.59), which in turn was influenced by age (Stβ = 0.13), central obesity (Stβ = 0.27) and inversely by HDL cholesterol (Stβ = −0.17), and systolic blood pressure (Stβ = −0.19). No association was observed with cardiovascular risk factors, previous cardiovascular event or extent of atherosclerosis (ABI and IMT, PWV). Most of the variability in baseline pulse amplitude remained unexplained (r2 = 0.14).

Conclusions

ED, as detected by PAT in a population enriched with subjects at risk for CVD neither reflects the burden of classical risk factors (under treatment) nor the severity of atherosclerosis. Aside from central obesity and HDL cholesterol, most of the factors responsible for this ED remain unknown.
Factors associated with the caregiver burden among family caregivers of patients with heart failure in southwest China
Authors: Hu Xiaolin , Dolansky Mary A. , Hu Xiuying , Zhang Fengying , Qu Moying
Published: January 2016

We investigated the status of caregiver burden and identified the factors related to caregiver burden among family caregivers of patients with heart failure in southwest China. A cross‐sectional descriptive design with a convenience sample was adopted. Patient and family caregiver dyads (n = 226) in four hospitals in Chengdu, China were recruited from June 2013 to July 2014. The instruments used in this study included the Social Support Rating Scale, the Zarit Burden Interview, and the General Self‐Efficacy Scale. Multivariate analysis was used to identify the factors associated with caregiver burden. Forty‐four percent of the variance of the caregiver burden was explained by the payment type for treatment, monthly family income, relationship to the patient, caregivers' self‐efficacy, and social support. The caregiver burden in southwest China was higher than studies conducted in developed areas. Specific to southwest China, the financial burden and insufficient resources are the main factors associated with caregiver burden. The results suggest that self‐efficacy and social support in underdeveloped areas are potential areas for future intervention.
Manihot pachycaulis sp. nov. (Euphorbiaceae) from the Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: da Silva Marcos José , Alonso Alexandre Antonio , Sodré Rodolfo Carneiro
Published: January 2016

A new species of Manihot was discovered in the course of revising the taxonomy of some species of the genus occurring in the Midwest Region of Brazil. Its morphology resembles species which belong to different sections of the genus. However, a set of characters related to stem, leaves, inflorescences and flowers serves to differentiate it from the closest species, especially from M. falcata, to which it is most similar. The geographical distribution and conservation status of the new species as well as its flowering and fruiting period are also provided. Additionally, anatomical information about the aerial parts of the stem, a novelty regarding the wild species of the genus, is provided.
Genome‐wide transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of bollworm‐infested developing cotton bolls revealed the genes and pathways involved in the insect pest defence mechanism
Authors: Kumar Saravanan , Kanakachari Mogilicherla , Gurusamy Dhandapani , Kumar Krishan , Narayanasamy Prabhakaran , Kethireddy Venkata Padmalatha , Solanke Amolkumar , Gamanagatti Savita , Hiremath Vamadevaiah , Katageri Ishwarappa S. , Leelavathi Sadhu , Kumar Polumetla Ananda , Reddy Vanga Siva
Published: January 2016

Cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, is a major insect pest that feeds on cotton bolls causing extensive damage leading to crop and productivity loss. In spite of such a major impact, cotton plant response to bollworm infection is yet to be witnessed. In this context, we have studied the genome‐wide response of cotton bolls infested with bollworm using transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. Further, we have validated this data using semi‐quantitative real‐time PCR. Comparative analyses have revealed that 39% of the transcriptome and 35% of the proteome were differentially regulated during bollworm infestation. Around 36% of significantly regulated transcripts and 45% of differentially expressed proteins were found to be involved in signalling followed by redox regulation. Further analysis showed that defence‐related stress hormones and their lipid precursors, transcription factors, signalling molecules, etc. were stimulated, whereas the growth‐related counterparts were suppressed during bollworm infestation. Around 26% of the significantly up‐regulated proteins were defence molecules, while >50% of the significantly down‐regulated were related to photosynthesis and growth. Interestingly, the biosynthesis genes for synergistically regulated jasmonate, ethylene and suppressors of the antagonistic factor salicylate were found to be up‐regulated, suggesting a choice among stress‐responsive phytohormone regulation. Manual curation of the enzymes and TFs highlighted the components of retrograde signalling pathways. Our data suggest that a selective regulatory mechanism directs the reallocation of metabolic resources favouring defence over growth under bollworm infestation and these insights could be exploited to develop bollworm‐resistant cotton varieties.
New insights into reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide signalling under low oxygen in plants
Authors: Pucciariello Chiara , Perata Pierdomenico
Published: January 2016

Plants produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) when exposed to low oxygen (O2). Much experimental evidence has demonstrated the existence of an oxidative burst when there is an O2shortage. This originates at various subcellular sites. The activation of NADPH oxidase(s), in complex with other proteins, is responsible for ROS production at the plasma membrane. Another source of low O2‐dependent ROS is the mitochondrial electron transport chain, which misfunctions when low O2limits its activity. Arabidopsis mutants impaired in proteins playing a role in ROS production display an intolerant phenotype to anoxia and submergence, suggesting a role in acclimation to stress. In rice, the presence of thesubmergence 1A(SUB1A) gene for submergence tolerance is associated with a higher capacity to scavenge ROS. Additionally, the destabilization of group VII ethylene responsive factors, which are involved in the direct O2sensing mechanism, requires nitric oxide (NO). All this evidence suggests the existence of a ROS and NO – low O2mechanism interplay which likely includes sensing, anaerobic metabolism and acclimation to stress. In this review, we summarize the most recent findings on this topic, formulating hypotheses on the basis of the latest advances.
The Polythink Syndrome and Elite Group Decision‐Making
Authors: Mintz Alex , Wayne Carly
Published: January 2016

How do presidents and their advisors make war and peace decisions on military intervention, escalation, deescalation, and termination of conflicts? How do groups make decisions? Why do they often make suboptimal decisions or appear to be frozen in inaction? The leading concept of group dynamics, Groupthink, offers one explanation: cohesive policymaking groups, such as advisors to the president, often make suboptimal decisions due to their desire for uniformity over dissent, while ignoring important limitations of chosen policies, overestimating the odds for success and failing to consider other relevant policy options or possibilities. But groups, including presidential advisory teams, are often fragmented and divisive. We thus introduce Polythink, a group decision‐making dynamic whereby different members in a decision‐making unit espouse apluralityof opinions and offer divergent policy prescriptions, which can result in intragroup conflict, a disjointed decision‐making process, and decision paralysis as each group member pushes for his or her preferred policy action. This phenomenon is no less problematic or common than Groupthink and explains how otherwise smart, experienced decision‐makers can engage in flawed decision‐making processes that deeply affect the security and welfare of a country. By shining a light on Polythink's symptoms and consequences, and on the factors that lead to Polythink, we seek to offer actionable policy prescriptions for elite decision‐makers to offset the negative attributes of this phenomenon and engage in more optimal policymaking processes. Furthermore, we explain how leaders and other decision‐makers (e.g., in business) can transform Destructive Polythink into Productive Polythink, illuminating the potential ways in which this group dynamic may be effectively directed towards sound decisions.
Business model adaptation for emerging markets: a case study of a German automobile manufacturer in India
Authors: Landau Christian , Karna Amit , Sailer Miriam
Published: January 2016

Emerging markets offer a wide range of opportunities for firms from developed markets, especially in terms of high growth potential. However, business models that enable firms to achieve competitive advantage in their home markets are often challenged by the different nature of emerging markets. Firms, therefore, have to innovate and adapt their business models to better fit the specific context of these international markets. Based on a longitudinal case study of a German luxury automobile manufacturer's internationalization to India, we develop a phase model of the business model adaptation process to emerging markets. We find that firms adapt their business models in four phases: international extension, local emergence, local expansion, and local consolidation. Firms step‐wise adjust business model components along this process to develop a local emerging market business model. In each phase of the business model adaptation process, firms emphasize different components of the business model, before they enter into continuous adjustments of all business model components. Furthermore, we find that firms overall adjust some components of their business model more significantly than others. Our findings are of particular relevance to the literature on business model internationalization and the literature that points out the evolutionary, step‐wise nature of business model innovation.
Seeing is Believing? An Examination of Perceptions of Local Weather Conditions and Climate Change Among Residents in the U.S. Gulf Coast
Authors: Shao Wanyun , Goidel Kirby
Published: January 2016

What role do objective weather conditions play in coastal residents’ perceptions of local climate shifts and how do these perceptions affect attitudes toward climate change? While scholars have increasingly investigated the role of weather and climate conditions on climate‐related attitudes and behaviors, they typically assume that residents accurately perceive shifts in local climate patterns. We directly test this assumption using the largest and most comprehensive survey of Gulf Coast residents conducted to date supplemented with monthly temperature data from the U.S. Historical Climatology Network and extreme weather events data from National Climatic Data Center. We find objective conditions have limited explanatory power in determining perceptions of local climate patterns. Only the 15‐ and 19‐year hurricane trends and decadal summer temperature trend have some effects on perceptions of these weather conditions, while the decadal trend of total number of extreme weather events and 15‐ and 19‐year winter temperature trends are correlated with belief in climate change. Partisan affiliation, in contrast, plays a powerful role affecting individual perceptions of changing patterns of air temperatures, flooding, droughts, and hurricanes, as well as belief in the existence of climate change and concern for future consequences. At least when it comes to changing local conditions, “seeing is not believing.” Political orientations rather than local conditions drive perceptions of local weather conditions and these perceptions—rather than objectively measured weather conditions—influence climate‐related attitudes.
Integrated Modelling of Age and Sex Patterns of European Migration
Authors: Wiśniowski Arkadiusz , Forster Jonathan J. , Smith Peter W. F. , Bijak Jakub , Raymer James
Published: January 2016

Age and sex patterns of migration are essential for understanding drivers of population change and heterogeneity of migrant groups. We develop a hierarchical Bayesian model to estimate such patterns for international migration in the European Union and European Free Trade Association from 2002 to 2008, which was a period of time when the number of members expanded from 19 to 31 countries. Our model corrects for the inadequacies and inconsistencies in the available data and estimates the missing patterns. The posterior distributions of the age and sex profiles are then combined with a matrix of origin–destination flows, resulting in a synthetic database with measures of uncertainty for migration flows and other model parameters.
Man's Heaviest Burden: A Review of Contemporary Paradigms and New Directions for Understanding and Preventing Masculine Aggression
Authors: Berke Danielle S. , Zeichner Amos
Published: January 2016

Given evidence that men's and women's aggression meaningfully differ in terms of motivations, methods, and consequences, behavior scientists increasingly recognize the importance of integrating gender socialization and masculine‐relevant processes into models for understanding and preventing men's violence. As such, the Gender Role Strain Paradigm, a contemporary framework for conceptualizing the psychological and physical problems common to men, has been widely utilized in aggression research. However, translation of this paradigm into effective violence prevention and intervention efforts remains stalled by controversy over measurement and methodology. After a brief review of the Gender Role Strain Paradigm and its contributions to aggression research, the current paper details recent methodological advancements in the measurement of masculine discrepancy stress/strain, a form of distress arising from perceived failures to conform to socially‐prescribed masculine gender role norms. The validity of masculine discrepancy stress is described in terms of its predictive utility and its ability to address longstanding critiques of the Gender Role Strain Paradigm. Finally, masculine discrepancy stress is discussed in terms of its violence prevention and intervention implications.
The Ethics of Belief, Cognition, and Climate Change Pseudoskepticism: Implications for Public Discourse
Authors: Torcello Lawrence
Published: January 2016

The relationship between knowledge, belief, and ethics is an inaugural theme in philosophy; more recently, under the title “ethics of belief” philosophers have worked to develop the appropriate methodology for studying the nexus of epistemology, ethics, and psychology. The title “ethics of belief” comes from a 19th‐century paper written by British philosopher and mathematician W.K. Clifford. Clifford argues that we are morally responsible for our beliefs because (a) each belief that we form creates the cognitive circumstances for related beliefs to follow, and (b) we inevitably influence each other through those beliefs. This study argues that recent cognitive research supports Cliffordian insights regarding patterns of belief formation and social influence. From the confirmation offered by such research, it follows that informational accuracy holds serious ethical significance in public discourse. Although scientific and epistemological matters are not always thought to be linked to normative morality, this study builds on Clifford's initial insights to show their linkage is fundamental to inquiry itself. In turn, Clifford's ethical and epistemic outline can inform a framework grounded in “public reason” under which seemingly opposed science communication strategies (e.g., “information deficit” and “cultural cognition” models) are philosophically united. With public discourse on climate change as the key example, empirically informed and grounded strategies for science communication in the public sphere are considered.
Goblet cell density and distribution in cats with clinically and histologically normal conjunctiva
Authors: Sebbag Lionel , Reilly Christopher M. , Eid Ramzi , Maggs David J.
Published: January 2016

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate goblet cell density (GCD) and distribution in cats without clinical evidence of ocular surface disease and without histologic evidence of conjunctival disease.

Animals studied

Fourteen Domestic Shorthair cats euthanized for reasons unrelated to this study.

Procedures

Before euthanasia, cats were verified using slit‐lamp biomicroscopy and fluorescein staining to be free of eyelid or ocular surface abnormalities. Immediately after euthanasia, bilateral conjunctival specimens including third eyelid (TEL) were collected, routinely processed, and stained with periodic acid–Schiff and hematoxylin and eosin. Thirteen conjunctival regions were identified. For each region,GCDwas expressed as the percentage of goblet cells/200 basal epithelial cells.

Results

MeanGCDranged widely by region: anterior surface of theTEL= 48.8%, fornicial regions = 47.0%, palpebral regions = 38.5%, bulbar regions = 19.6%, and posterior surface of theTEL= 12.6%. The anterior surface of theTELhad significantly higherGCDthan did the bulbar and the palpebral regions, but not the fornicial regions. Bulbar conjunctiva had significantly lowerGCDthan did all other conjunctival regions except the posterior surface of theTEL. No significant difference was noted betweenGCDof male versus female cats, dorsal versus ventral regions, or lateral versus medial regions.

Conclusions

Although conjunctivalGCDranged widely by region, the anterior surface of theTELappears to be an excellent location for assessing conjunctival goblet cells in cats because this area has highGCDand is more readily accessible than is the palpebral, fornicial, or bulbar conjunctiva.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF MELANOMAS IN THE EQUINE HEAD: 13 CASES
Authors: Dixon Jonathon , Smith Ken , Perkins Justin , Sherlock Ceri , Mair Tim , Weller Renate
Published: January 2016

Melanomas are one of the most common neoplasms in the horse and are frequently found in the head region. There is a genetic predisposition in horses with a gray hair coat. Computed tomography (CT) is frequently used in referral practice to evaluate the equine head but there are few reports describing the CT appearance of melanomas in this location. The aim of this retrospective, case series study was to describe characteristics in a group of horses with confirmed disease. Case records from two referral hospitals were reviewed, and 13 horses were identified that had undergone CT of the head, with a diagnosis of melanoma based on cytology, histopathology, or visual assessment of black (melanotic) tissue. A median of 11 melanomas was identified per horse (range 3–60), with a total of 216 masses. Melanomas were found most frequently in the parotid salivary gland, guttural pouches, surrounding the larynx and pharynx and adjacent to the hyoid apparatus. In noncontrast CT images, all melanomas were hyperattenuating (median; 113.5 Hounsfield units (HU), IQR; 26 HU) compared to masseter musculature (median; 69 HU, IQR; 5.5 HU). Fifty‐six (25.9%) masses were partially mineralized and 41 (19.4%) included hypoattenuating areas. Histopathological assessment of these melanomas suggested that the hyperattenuation identified was most likely a result of abundant intracytoplasmic melanin pigment. Melanomas of the equine head appeared to have consistent CT features that aided detection of mass lesions and their distribution, although histopathological analysis or visual confirmation should still be obtained for definitive diagnosis.
Imaging of amyloid-β in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mouse brains with ToF-SIMS using immunoliposomes
Authors: Carlred Louise , Vukojević Vladana , Johansson Björn , Schalling Martin , Höök Fredrik , Sjövall Peter
Published: January 2016

Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) has been proven to successfully image different kinds of molecules, especially a variety of lipids, in biological samples. Proteins, however, are difficult to detect as specific entities with this method due to extensive fragmentation. To circumvent this issue, the authors present in this work a method developed for detection of proteins using antibody-conjugated liposomes, so called immunoliposomes, which are able to bind to the specific protein of interest. In combination with the capability of ToF-SIMS to detect native lipids in tissue samples, this method opens up the opportunity to analyze many different biomolecules, both lipids and proteins, at the same time, with high spatial resolution. The method has been applied to detect and image the distribution of amyloid-β (Aβ), a biologically relevant peptide in Alzheimer's disease (AD), in transgenic mouse brain tissue. To ensure specific binding, the immunoliposome binding was verified on a model surface using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. The immunoliposome binding was also investigated on tissue sections with fluorescence microscopy, and compared with conventional immunohistochemistry using primary and secondary antibodies, demonstrating specific binding to Aβ. Using ToF-SIMS imaging, several endogenous lipids, such as cholesterol and sulfatides, were also detected in parallel with the immunoliposome-labeled Aβ deposits, which is an advantage compared to fluorescence microscopy. This method can thus potentially provide further information about lipid–protein interactions, which is important to understand the mechanisms of neurodegeneration in AD.
Versatile method to generate multiple types of micropatterns
Authors: Segerer Felix Jakob , Röttgermann Peter Johan Friedrich , Schuster Simon , Piera Alberola Alicia , Zahler Stefan , Rädler Joachim Oskar
Published: January 2016

Micropatterning techniques have become an important tool for the study of cell behavior in controlled microenvironments. As a consequence, several approaches for the creation of micropatterns have been developed in recent years. However, the diversity of substrates, coatings, and complex patterns used in cell science is so great that no single existing technique is capable of fabricating designs suitable for all experimental conditions. Hence, there is a need for patterning protocols that are flexible with regard to the materials used and compatible with different patterning strategies to create more elaborate setups. In this work, the authors present a versatile approach to micropatterning. The protocol is based on plasma treatment, protein coating, and a poly(L-lysine)-grafted-poly(ethylene glycol) backfill step, and produces homogeneous patterns on a variety of substrates. Protein density within the patterns can be controlled, and density gradients of surface-bound protein can be formed. Moreover, by combining the method with microcontact printing, it is possible to generate patterns composed of three different components within one iteration of the protocol. The technique is simple to implement and should enable cell science labs to create a broad range of complex and highly specialized microenvironments.
Is low frequency ocean sound increasing globally?
Authors: Miksis-Olds Jennifer L. , Nichols Stephen M.
Published: January 2016

Low frequency sound has increased in the Northeast Pacific Ocean over the past 60 yr [Ross (1993) Acoust. Bull. 18, 5–8; (2005) IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 30, 257–261; Andrew, Howe, Mercer, and Dzieciuch (2002) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 129, 642–651; McDonald, Hildebrand, and Wiggins (2006) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 120, 711–717; Chapman and Price (2011) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 129, EL161–EL165] and in the Indian Ocean over the past decade, [Miksis-Olds, Bradley, and Niu (2013) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 134, 3464–3475]. More recently, Andrew, Howe, and Mercer's [(2011) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 129, 642–651] observations in the Northeast Pacific show a level or slightly decreasing trend in low frequency noise. It remains unclear what the low frequency trends are in other regions of the world. In this work, data from the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test Ban Treaty Organization International Monitoring System was used to examine the rate and magnitude of change in low frequency sound (5–115 Hz) over the past decade in the South Atlantic and Equatorial Pacific Oceans. The dominant source observed in the South Atlantic was seismic air gun signals, while shipping and biologic sources contributed more to the acoustic environment at the Equatorial Pacific location. Sound levels over the past 5–6 yr in the Equatorial Pacific have decreased. Decreases were also observed in the ambient sound floor in the South Atlantic Ocean. Based on these observations, it does not appear that low frequency sound levels are increasing globally.
A study on transvelar coupling for non-nasalized sounds
Authors: Dang Jianwu , Wei Jianguo , Honda Kiyoshi , Nakai Takayoshi
Published: January 2016

Previous studies have found that the velum in speech production may not only serve as a binary switch with on-off states for nasal and non-nasal sounds, but also partially alter the acoustic characteristics of non-nasalized sounds. The present study investigated the unique functions of the velum in the production of non-nasalized sounds by using morphological, mechanical, and acoustical measurements. Magnetic resonance imaging movies obtained from three Japanese speakers were used to measure the behaviors of the velum and dynamic changes in the pseudo-volume of the pharyngeal cavity during utterances of voiced stops and vowels. The measurements revealed no significant enlargements in the supraglottal cavity as subjects uttered voiced stops. It is found that the velum thickness varied across utterances in a way that depended on vowels, but not on consonants. The mechanical and acoustical observations in the study suggested that the velum is actively controlled to augment the voice bars of voiced stops, and nostril-radiated sound is one of the most important sources for voice bars, just as is laryngeal wall vibration. This study also proposed a two-layer diaphragm model that simulates transvelar coupling during the production of non-nasalized speech sounds. The simulation demonstrated that the model accurately represented the basic velar functions involved in speech production.
The effect of presentation level on spectral weights for sentences
Authors: Calandruccio Lauren , Buss Emily , Doherty Karen A.
Published: January 2016

Psychophysical data indicate that spectral weights tend to increase with increasing presentation level at high frequencies. The present study examined whether spectral weights for speech perception are similarly affected by presentation level. Stimuli were sentences filtered into five contiguous frequency bands and presented at each of two levels (75 and 95 dB sound pressure level [SPL]). For the highest band (2807–10 000 Hz), normal-hearing listeners' weights were higher for the higher presentation level. Weights for the 95-dB-SPL level resembled those previously estimated for hearing-impaired listeners tested at comparably high levels, suggesting that hearing loss itself may not play a large role in spectral weighting for a sentence recognition task.
Physical Activity, Sedentary Time, and Sleep and the Association With Inflammatory Markers and Adiponectin in 8- to 11-Year-Old Danish Children
Authors: Nielsen Mette S. , Quist Jonas S. , Chaput Jean-Philippe , Dalskov Stine-Mathilde , Damsgaard Camilla T. , Ritz Christian , Astrup Arne , Michaelsen Kim F. , Sjödin Anders , Hjorth Mads F.
Published: January 2016

Background:

Inflammatory markers, adiponectin, and movement/nonmovement behaviors have all been linked to risk factors for cardiovascular disease; however, the association between childhood movement/nonmovement behaviors and inflammatory markers and adiponectin is unknown.

Methods:

We explored the association between accelerometer determined moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary time, and sleep (7 days/8 nights) and fasting C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and adiponectin in 806 school children. A sleep variability score was calculated.

Results:

MVPA was negatively associated with adiponectin in boys and girls (P < .001) and with CRP and IL-6 in girls (P < .05) independent of sleep duration, sedentary time, age, fat mass index (FMI), and pubertal status. Sedentary time was positively associated with adiponectin in boys and girls (both P < .001), and sleep duration with adiponectin in boys independent of age, FMI, and pubertal status (P < .001); however, these associations disappeared after mutual adjustments for movement behavior. Sleep duration variability was positively associated with CRP in girls independent of all covariates (P < .01).

Conclusion:

MVPA remained negatively associated with inflammatory markers and adiponectin, and sleep duration variability positively associated with CRP after adjustment for FMI, pubertal status, and other movement behavior. The inverse association between MVPA and adiponectin conflicts with the anti-inflammatory properties of adiponectin.
Psychosocial Mediators of the Fitness–Depression Relationship Within Adolescents
Authors: Sheinbein Shelly T. , Petrie Trent A. , Martin Scott , Greenleaf Christy A.
Published: January 2016

Background:

A lot of evidence showed that boys and girls are at high risk of developing major or minor depression in adolescence. Increases in physical fitness have been associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms, yet the mechanisms that underlie (or mediate) this relationship have not been thoroughly examined.

Methods:

528 boys (mean age = 12.33 years) and 507 girls (mean age = 12.32 years) drawn from a suburban school district participated. Self-report measures were used to assess the mediators (body satisfaction and social physique anxiety) and the outcome (depression); the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) in conjunction with age, Body Mass Index (BMI), and sex were used to determine an objective estimate of cardiorespiratory fitness. Path analyses were used to test the proposed models.

Results:

The effects of fitness on depressive symptoms were mediated through body satisfaction and social physique anxiety; 25% to 35% of the depression variance was explained.

Conclusion:

Boys’ and girls’ depression scores were based on the extent that their fitness levels improved their body satisfaction and lowered their social physique anxiety; body satisfaction was particularly important for girls. Thus, early adolescents’ psychological well-being may be enhanced through improvements in aerobic functioning.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness Among Individuals With Psoriasis in the General Population
Authors: Wilson Patrick B.
Published: January 2016

Background:

Psoriasis confers risk for cardiometabolic disorders. Cardiorespiratory fitness is inversely associated with risk of cardiometabolic disorders in other populations, but limited data have been published assessing cardiorespiratory fitness among individuals with psoriasis. This investigation aimed to: 1) assess cardiorespiratory fitness among individuals with psoriasis in the general population; and 2) compare levels to individuals without psoriasis.

Methods:

A secondary data analysis from the 2003–2004 National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey was performed. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed with a treadmill test, while measures of psoriasis severity included rating of psoriasis as a life problem and body surface area involvement.

Results:

Twenty-six of 1093 participants reported a psoriasis diagnosis (population weighted prevalence 2.9%). Individuals with psoriasis had lower cardiorespiratory fitness compared with individuals without psoriasis (36.2 vs. 39.1 mL∙kg-1∙min-1, P = .009). No differences in self-reported or accelerometer physical activity were found by psoriasis diagnosis. Cardiorespiratory fitness was not significantly lower in those reporting high life impairment or body surface area involvement.

Conclusions:

Cardiorespiratory fitness may be lower in individuals with psoriasis and these differences may not be explained by self-reported disease severity measures or physical activity. Future studies should examine whether validated measures of psoriasis severity predict lower cardiorespiratory fitness.
Physical Activity States of Preschool-Aged Latino Children in Farmworker Families: Predictive Factors and Relationship With BMI Percentile
Authors: Ip Edward H. , Saldana Santiago , Trejo Grisel , Marshall Sarah A. , Suerken Cynthia K. , Lang Wei , Arcury Thomas A. , Quandt Sara A.
Published: January 2016

Background:

Obesity disproportionately affects children of Latino farmworkers. Further research is needed to identify patterns of physical activity (PA) in this group and understand how PA affects Body Mass Index (BMI) percentile.

Methods:

Two hundred and forty-four participants ages 2.5 to 3.5 in the Niños Sanos longitudinal study wore accelerometers that measured daily PA. Several PA-related parameters formed a profile for conducting hidden Markov modeling (HMM), which identified different states of PA.

Results:

Latino farmworker children were generally sedentary. Two different states were selected using HMM—less active and more active. In the more active state; members spent more minutes in moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Most children were in the less active state at any given time; however, switching between states occurred commonly. One variable—mother’s concern regarding lack of PA—was a marginally significant predictor of membership in the more active state. State did not predict BMI or weight percentile after adjusting for caloric intake.

Conclusion:

Most children demonstrated high amounts of sedentary behavior, and rates of MVPA fell far below recommended levels for both states. The lack of statistically significant results for risk factors and PA state on weight-related outcomes is likely due to the homogeneous behaviors of the children.