bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nosema dollfusi n. sp. (Microsporidia, Nosematidae), a Hyperparasite of Bucephalus cuculus in Crassostrea virginica.*
Authors: SPRAGUE VICTOR
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Sporocysts of the trematode Bucephalus cuculus McCrady in Maryland oysters, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin), have been sometimes found to harbor a microsporidian parasite considered to be a new species of Nosema. The ovoid spores are about 3 by 2 ü in sectioned material. The spore membrane has a PAS positive mass at the anterior end. The polar filament extends inwardly from this end and coils within a posterior “vacuole.” An anterior “vacuole,” containing no visible structure besides the basal portion of the filament, is also present. The sporoplasm forms a girdle near the middle of the spore. It contains a tiny elongated chromatin mass believed to consist of two nuclei in close proximity.
Some Characteristics of Ethanol Metabolism in Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris*
Authors: ESHLEMAN JUDITH N. , DANFORTH WILLIAM F.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Respiration of nonphotosynthetic Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris is maximally stimulated by 10–30 on ethanol; lower ethanol concentrations produce lesser stimulation. The rate of respiration on ethanol is independent of pH (pH 3.0–9.0). Acetate‐grown and ethanol‐grown cells are similar in these respects. The respiratory quotient of ethanol metabolism is 0.30, and 0.966 mole O2 is consumed per mole of ethanol utilized. Constancy of the respiratory quotient and O2: ethanol ratio with time indicates that there is no transitory accumulation of partially oxidized intermediates during ethanol metabolism. A variety of tests indicate that oxidation of intracellular reserves continues during ethanol metabolism.
Observations on the Fine Structure of the Nuclear Apparatus of Blepharisma intermedium Bhandary (Ciliata: Spirotricha)
Authors: SESHACHAR B. R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. An electron‐microscope study of the macronucleus and the micronucleus of Blepharisma intermedium Bhandary has been made. Sections show that the macronucleus is bounded by a double membrane. Inside, there are two types of bodies: (a) small irregular bodies, from 0.05 to 0.2 μ in diameter, and (b) larger bodies, from 0.4 to 0.6 μ in diameter. The former are intrepreted as cut ends of long, branching filaments traversing the nuclear cavity in all directions. They correspond to the DNA filaments obtained by centrifugation and KCN action on the macronucleus. Each filament is made of fibrils aboue 150 Å thick. The large bodies correspond to the nucleoli; they also show a fibrillar structure. They offer the added interest of displaying dense particles, from 100 to 800 Å in size, whose nature and significance are obscure. The micro‐nucleus has a double membrane, and the contents are divisible into an electron‐dense network and a material of low density which fills the interstices of the network.
Cultivation of Mammalian Trypanosomes*
Authors: TOBIE ELEANOR JOHNSON
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Cultivation of the mammalian trypanosomes can be accomplished in the following artificial environments: monophasic and diphasic blood agar, dialysate, undefined, and partially defined liquid media, semisolid media, avian embryos, and tissue cultures. The experimental purpose for cultivating a species usually determines the type of medium used. The various media are considered with reference to problems concerned with diagnosis, serology and morphology as well as metabolic, biochemical studies, etc., for which the different types have been utilized. Nutritional and environmental requirements for in vitro growth are noted. Most mammalian trypanosomes, regardless of the medium, multiply in stages peculiar to the invertebrate host. In certain species these forms are infective, in others they are not. In only a few instances has there been development beyond the usual invertebrate forms to an infective form or of the adult trypanosome of the vertebrate. Considerable progress has been made toward attaining a defined medium, but the exact nutritional components as yet have not been determined.

Development of chemically defined media and of media which will support the growth of trypanosome stages which thus far have not been cultivated in vitro are major problems for the future.
Urceolaria spinicola n. sp., an Epizoic Ciliate (Peritrichida, Mobilina) of Sea‐Urchin Spines and Pedicellariae*
Authors: BEERS C. DALE
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Urceolaria spinicola n. sp. is described from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis at Mt. Desert Island, Maine. In the summer of 1963, it was found in abundance on the host, especially on the short spines and pedicellariae of the circumoral region and on those surrounding the periproct. It is a harmless bacterial feeder. Characteristic features are its low cylindrical form and H‐shaped macro‐nucleus, and the presence of about 25 relatively long cirri on the margin of the adhesive disc.
Beschreibung einiger Kulturamöben mariner Herkunft
Authors: SCHMOLLER H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Small amebas are difficult to describe because of the lack of permanent morphological criteria. Investigations from the nuclear division and physiological points of view may be useful, but the study of motion and behaviour under natural conditions gives better results in order to show the natural relationship. Descriptions of four new forms of small marine amebas are given. These species belong to the genera Rugipes, Acanthamoeba, Flabellula and Vahlkampfia.
Giemsa Stain for the Diagnosis of Bovine Babesiosis. II. Changes in Erythrocytes Infected with Babesia bigemina and B. argentina
Authors: SAAL J. R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Cytoplasmic stippling, intensification of the cell margin, and alterations in color, which have been reported in erythrocytes parasitized by Plasmodium falciparum in man, have been seen also in bovine erythrocytes parasitized by either Babesia bigemina or B. argentina. These changes appear to be identical in the human and bovine infections.

Tests with each component of Giemsa stain in simple aqueous solutions alone and in various combinations with eosin, together with tests with Giemsa stains containing one azure component, showed that demonstration of the changes depends on the presence of azure A and eosin and on prolonged staining times at pH 7.2 to 7.4. Specific tests suggested that the changes represent catabolic by‐products of the parasites.
Morphological Comparison of Diophrys scutum (Dujardin, 1841) and Diophrys peloetes n. sp. (Hypotrichida, Ciliophora)
Authors: HORROR ARTHUR C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Diophrys scutum, collected from four locations on the New Hampshire coast, ranged from 89–195 7mu; in length, 50–105 μ in width, and 68–88 μ in buccal cavity length. The end of the adoral zone of membranelles (AZM) extends 37–59 μ (average = 45.6 μ) posteriorly in a groove on the right side of the body. Dorsally are five rows of stiff cilia. The silverline system (Chatton‐Llvoff technique) appears as a fine meshwork, entirely different from that found in Euplotes or Uronychia. There are two elongate macronuclei (Feulgen reaction) and several micronuclei. Diophrys peloetes n. sp., collected from one location in Alligator Harbor. Florida, ranged from 95–134 μ in length, 62–84 μ in width. and 60–80 μ in buccal cavity length. The terminal portion of the AZM extends posteriorly in a groove 30–44 7mu; (average = 36.8 μ) on the right side of the body. Dorsally are eight rows of stiff cilia. The details of the silverline system are similar to those of D. scutum.

There is insufficient difference in ranges of body length, width. and buccal cavity length to use these characters in separating the two species. However, a statistical analysis shows that the length of the portion of the AZM on the right side of the body in D. scutum is significantly different (longer) from that of D. peloetes. Furthermore, these two species differ not only in number of dorsal ciliary rows, but also in the number of cilia per row. The degree of difference in these two species is similar to that between closely related species in other hypotrich genera, and also to that between some varieties of Paramecium aurelia.
Nosema sp. (Microsporida, Nosematidae) in the Musculature of the Crab Callinectes sapidus*
Authors: SPRAGUE VICTOR
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A species of Nosema parasitizing the skeletal musculature of the crab, Callinectes sapidzrs Rathbun in the Patuxent River and Chesapake Bay, Maryland, is reported. Spores, in life, are ovoid and measure 2.2 μ by 1.7 μ When stained they are about 1.7 μ by 1.2 μ They closely resemble those of N. pulvis Pérez. 1905, in the muscles of Carcinides maenas (L.) but may he slightly larger Lysis of muscle fibers acoompanying heavy infection was noted, but the impontance of the parasite as a mortality factor in crabs is unknown.
Effect of Temperature on Growth and Nutritional Requirements of Leishmania tarentolae in a Defined Medium*
Authors: KRASSNER STUART M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Leishmania tareiatolar grown in Trager's defined medium grew best at 21° and 28°C. There was a long lag phase at 33° with low population peaks. At 33° the long lag phase after each transfer showed that L. tarentolae had not completely adapted to the higher temperature. Red blood cell extract stimulated growth at 28° and permitted good growth at 33°, indicating that the defined medium was not optimal. Subculture of leptomonads at 37° failed even with addition of red blood cell extract and various tissue‐culture media. Survival for 1 week was obtained when small amounts of reinforced Eagle's Medium, “conditioned” by human female hermaphrodite fibroblauts, was added. Peniallin had no effect but streptomycin inhibited growth, concentrations as low as 33 μg/ml producing partial inhibition.
Further Observations on the Initial Development of Infections with Babesia bigemina*
Authors: HOYTE H. M. D.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Babesia bigemina was identified in the erythrocytes of calves as early as 9 days 21 hours after infected larval ticks (Boophilus microplus) had been placed on them. This confirms the circumstantial data [Hoyte, (1961): J. Protozool. 8, 462–61, which indicated that there is no pre‐erythrocytic schizogony in the life cycle of B. bigemina.

The earliest time at which parasites were themselves found to be capable of infecting ticks was between 11 and 12 days, (i.e., about two days after parasites were first seen in the blood). It is suggested that this delay occurs because, until this time, parasites are present in the blood in such small numbers that none survive digestion within the tick.
Intermediate Metabolism of Carbohydrates in Mayorella palestinensis
Authors: LASMAN M. , REICH K.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The mechanism of carbohydrate metabolism was studied in homogenates of the ameba, Mayorella palestinensis. The utilization of intermediates with the formation of lactic acid as the end product of the anaerobic breakdown of the carbohydrates was established. Evidence was obtained for the presence of the main enzymes associated with the Embden‐Meyerhof glycolytic scheme. The activity of hexokinase and phosphorylase was ascertained in a M. pakstinensis homogenate. These enzymes have not yet been found among other soil amebas grown in axenic cultures.
A Proposed Organization of the Genus Blepharisma Perty and Description of Four New Species
Authors: HIRSHFIELD HENRY I. , ISQUITH IRWIN R. , BHANDARY A. VASANTHI
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The following four subgenera. I based chiefly on the form of the macronucleus, are proposed for thr genus Blepharisma Perty 1852: 1) Compactum, having a single compact interphase macronucleus. Type species B Compactum hyalinum Perty. 2) Filijormis, having a vermiform or tubular elongate interphase macronuclcus. occasionally doubled or even fragmented in individuals. Type spcies B. (Filiformis) intermedium Bhandary. 3) Blepharisma, having an interphase macronucleus with two or more nodes usually connected by a very thin strand between the nodes. Type species B. (Blepharisma) Perisicinum Perty. 4) Halteroides, having an interphase macronucleus in two nodes connected by a thick strand. Type species B. (Halteroides) tropicum Bhandary. Differences between the subgenera also can be found in the size, pigmentation, presence or absence of cysts and conjugaion 26 species are presented.

While integradations between the subgenera and species exist, it is felt that separation of the four groups is warranted and may indicate possible evolutionary trends within the genus.
Electrokinetic Properties of Entarnoeba invadens, Rodhain 1934
Authors: THAYER DONALD W. , HARRIS JOHN O.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Electrophoretic studies of Entamoeba invadens have demonstrated that the living trophozoites have a negative surface‐charge. The trophozoite is killed at pH 4.0 and acquires a positive surface‐charge. The isoelectric point of the trophozoite is between pH 4.6 and 4.0. The nature of the surface‐charge is such that it is not likely to play any part in the ability of the trophozoite to phagocytize bacterial cells.
Comparative Ultraviolet Sensitivity of Regeneration in the Genus Blepharisma*
Authors: GIESE A. C. , McCAW B. K. , PARKER J. W. , RECHER J. T.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Regeneration of different stocks of Blepharisma representing several species is retarded to different degrees by identical doses of UV radiation (2654 Å). UV susceptibility of regeneration is greater in some small‐sized stocks than in some large‐sized stocks and in stocks with a lesser amount of pigment than in the more deeply pigmented ones. For the same dose regeneration is retarded more by low‐intensity than by high‐intensity short wavelength UV radiation. The UV action spectrum for regeneration delay in the Rao A stock, determined with UV of similar intensity at various short UV wavelengths, resembles absorption by nucleoprotein more than ahsorption by other cell constituents. Post‐regeneration division is also retarded by UV, and the aotion spectrum for division delay resembles that for regeneration delay, except that 2801 A is relatively more effective in retarding division than regeneration. Possible explanations for the results are considered.
Isolation of Ergosterol from the Trypanosomatid Leptomonas culicidarum
Authors: HALEVY S. , SAREL S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The chief sterol of the trypanosomatid, Leptomonas culicidarum, was isolated and identified as ergosterol. Its isolation was aided by devising a better method for mass cultivation of Trypanosomatidae. This consisted of growing the parasites in suspension with shaking instead of the usual stationary condition. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Colligocineta furax Gen. Nov., Sp. Nov., an Ancistrocomid Ciliate (Holotricha: Thigmotricha) from the Sabellid Polychaete Laonome kröyeri Malmgren
Authors: KOZLOFF EUGENE N.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Colligocineta furax gen. nov., sp. nov., parasitizes the epithelial cells of the peristomial cirri of the sabellid polychaete Laonome kröyeri Malmgren. The material studied was dredged in West Sound of Orcas Island, San Juan Archipelago, Washington. In general, the pattern of ciliation of Colligocineta resembles that of Hypocomella and Heterocinetopsis. However, of the ten kineties which constitute the ciliary system, two from the extreme right side appear to be continuous with two from the left side. During division, the posterior part of the ciliary field is conferred upon the opisthe, and in the proter all of the ten kineties are for a time completely separate.
The Infraciliature and Argyrome of Opisthonecta henneguyi Faureé‐Fremiet
Authors: BRADBURY PHYLLIS CLARKE
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Silver stains of the free‐swimming sessiline peritrich Opisthonecta henneguyi reveal the adoral infraciliature as the bases of two membranes, a haplokinety and a polykinety, which diverge at the buccal overture and spiral down the infundibulum to end at the cytostome. A second polykinety parallels the adoral polykinety in the oral half of the infundibulum, and the two form a peniculus. The haplokinety appears as a single row of kinetosomes, the adoral polykinety as a series of transverse rows of three kinetosomes. The peniculus is six kinetosomes in width.

The electron microscope shows that the haplokinety is a double row of staggered kinetosomes. Only the external row bears cilia. The polykinety is a complex ciliary membrane, three kinetosomes wide. The three kinetosomes are connected with one another by fibrous bundles passing beneath them. They are linked orally and apically into longitudinal rows of thick, zig‐zag, fibrous connections. The kinetosomes of the internal longitudinal row are attached by a dense fiber to a strand of fibrous material interrupted at regular intervals by dense nodes.

A section of the wall of the infundibulum is thrown up into longitudinal folds with tubular fibrils running parallel to the folds. These structures, the crests, appear to continue into the cytopharynx. Beneath and around the adoral and infundibular infraciliature and the crests is a fibrous matrix with dense nodes, resembling the reticulated infundibular fiber described by Faureé‐Fremiet.

The trochal band in silver stains appears as short diagonal rows of kinetosomes. The electron microscope shows 5 to 7 kinetosomes per diagonal row. The kinetosomes of the diagonal rows are linked to thick dense rods which originate just above the trochal band and continue antapically past the kinetosomes for a distance of 10 to 15 μ. The kinetosomes are joined to one another by fibrous strands and each is also connected by a dense fiber to the diagonal rod to its left. Running below the kinetosomes and at right angles to the rods is a system of striated fibers.

At the aboral end of the body, a ring, 2 μ in diameter, of argentophilic granules is shown by the electron microscope to be a small circle of kinetosomes. Sessile stages have not been reported for Opisthonecta. The aboral ring is probably a vestigial or non‐functioning scopula.

The argyrome is represented by circular striae around the body. Each stria bears argentophilic dots on either its apical or its antapical side. Electron microscopy reveals that these dots are pores in the cuticle. The striae themselves may be points of adhesion between the inner cuticle and the outer cuticle, or ridges of cytoplasm between flattened alveoli of the inner cuticle. A dense fiber runs below and parallel to each stria.

Opisthonecta shows at least three different kinds of ciliary membranes. Some speculations are offered on the taxonomic affinities of peritrichs based on their infraciliature.
Glucose‐6‐phosphate Dehydrogenase and Reduced Glutathione in Malaria‐Infected Erythrocytes (Plasmodium lophurae and P. berghei*
Authors: SHERMAN IRWIN W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase activity and the level of reduced glutathione were assayed in host‐parasite interactions in which the malaria parasites preferentially invade: 1. mature erythrocytes (Plasmodium lophurae in the duck) and 2. reticulocytes (P. berghei in the mouse). Assay for glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase was by the dye decolorization test of Motulsky and Campbell. In P. berghei infected mouse erythrocytes with parasitemias ranging from 28–78% there was no deficiency in enzyme except at the 78% level. Similarly, P. lophurae‐infected duck erythrocytes with parasitemias of 29–114% showed no enzyme deficiency except above the 80% level. No linear relationship existed between parasitemia and enzyme level. The reduced glutathione stability test of Beutler in duck erythrocytes infected with P. lophurae in the range 27–67% showed no glutathione instability.
Excystment of Didinium nasutum
Authors: BUTZEL HENRY M. , HORWITZ HAROLD
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Excystment of Didinium nasutum is solely dependent upon dense bacterial populations and is independent of the type of medium in which the bacteria have been grown. Beers' hypothesis of the need for a factor from proteose‐peptone is thereby not confirmed, but the need for living, intact bacteria as postulated by him is fully shown. The process of excystment is initiated by bacteria, but their presence is not required throughout the excystment. Axenically grown paramecia, shown to be adequate as food organisms for didinia, will not induce excystment. Five types of bacteria including Gram‐positive, Gram‐negative, aerobic and anaerobic all suffice to induce excystment, suggesting that the initiation of this process is caused by some general metabolic process or product of bacteria.
Fluorescence Changes During Chlorophyll Formation in Euglena gracilis (and Other Organisms) and an Estimate of Lamellar Area as a Function of Age
Authors: BRODY MARCIA , BRODY SEYMOUR STEVEN , LEVINE JEROME H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In the present study, we show for various photosynthetic organisms in the mature state the diversity which exists in the relative fluorescence intensities of the aggregate and monomer of chlorophyll (at both room temperature and the temperature of liquid nitrogen). For a number of forms, but especially for Euglena gracilis, the spectral transformations which accompany greening are reported. The onset of photosynthetic activity is correlated with a steep (almost step‐like) rise in the ratio of aggregate to monomer fluorescence. From this ratio we calculate the “effective” concentration of chlorophyll and estimate lamellar area as a function of greening.
Sarcocystis garnhami n. sp. in the Skeletal Muscle of an Opossum, Didelphis marsupialis
Authors: MANDOUR A. M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Sarcocystis garnhami n. sp. is described from an opossum, Didelphis marsupialis. Its distinguishing characters are the spiny cyst wall, 6–8 μ thick, and the size of the spores, 5.3–6.9 μ in length and 1.3–1.9 μ in breadth. Sarcocystis darlingi, Brumpt 1913 is considered Besnoitia darlingi (Brumpt, 1913) n. comb.
Blepharisma seculum, sp. nov., a Member of the Subgenus (Compactum)
Authors: ISQUITH IRWIN R. , REPAK ARTHUR J. , HIRSHFIELD HENRY I.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Blepharisma seculum sp. nov. is described as a small‐sized blepharisma with a compact, spheroid macronucleus and a distinct curvature of the body anteriorly. A comparison of this form with other species of the genus Blepharisma subgenus (Compactum) is given.
Free Amino Acid Analyses of 4 Strains of Entamoeba histolytica and of E. invadens in the CLG Medium*
Authors: ALBACH RICHARD A. , SHAFFER JAMES G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The free amino acids of E. invadens and 4 strains of E. histolytica cultured in the CLG medium have been identified by thin layer chromatography. The chromatogram patterns of 3 strains grown for 72 hr at 37°C (103, K‐9 and 200) were nearly identical. Amino acids detected on chromatograms according to Rf values, relative positions on chromatogram plates, and identifying colors using a polychromatic ninhydrin spray were: leucine/isoleucine, tyrosine, valine, alanine, glycine, glutamic acid, lysine/ornithine, histidine, proline, plus very small amounts of arginine and possibly serine, aspartic acid and citrulline/glutamine. Cysteic acid may also be present. The same amino acids were detected on chromatograms using comparable extracts of strain Laredo and E. invadens grown for 6 days at room temperature. However, the patterns were different in that serine, glycine, threonine and especially alanine were present in greater abundance in these latter 2 cell types.

These chromatogram patterns were compared with similar analyses of strains Laredo and 200 grown in the modified Shaffer‐Frye medium of Reeves.

Similar analyses are reported on the basic ingredients of the CLG medium, including the cells and protoplasts of the Bacteroides, the non‐multiplying bacterial associate employed in the CLG medium. The chromatogram patterns of the Bacteroides, protoplasts and medium were decidedly different from those of the amebae, thus indicating that adequate separation of bacteria, amebae and medium was accomplished.

Analyses of the culture filtrates of all cells analyzed revealed a possible difference between the Laredo strain and the other strains of E. histolytica (103, K‐9 and 200) in amino acid utilization. Similar differences were observed between the Laredo strain and E. invadens.
The Endocommensal Ciliates of Venezuelan Sea Urchins
Authors: URDANETA‐MORALES SERVIO , DE McLURE M. TENGLER
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Two hundred and fifty‐nine specimens of the sea urchins Echinometra lucunter (201), Diadema antillarum (52), Tripneustes ventricosus (5) and Eucidaris tribuloides (1), collected on the littoral of the Federal District of Venezuela, were examined for intestinal ciliates.

Iron hematoxylin and silver‐impregnation staining technics permitted determination of eight of the nine ciliates found: Anophrys aglycus, A. elongata, Cohnilembus caeci, Biggaria bermudensis, B. echinometris, Cyclidium rhabdotectum, Metopus circumlabens and M. rotundus. An unidentified species of Euplotes was also found.
The Ultrastructure of Lankesterella hylae
Authors: STEHBENS W. E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The ultrastructure of Lankesterella hylae was studied and numerous points of similarity to Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis and Lankesterella garnhami were found. The protozoa were intracellular and lay within vacuoles containing vesicles, unusual membrane formations and dense granular material. The parasite was invested by a double membrane and had a micropyle, as well as membranous processes extending from the surface. At the anterior end were conoid and apical rings. The cell contained a nucleus, nucleolus, bipolar paranuclear vacuoles or bodies, a series of microtubules beneath the pellicle, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, toxonemes and a variety of vacuoles. In addition, dense particles, similar to those related to the endoplasmic reticulum, were scattered throughout the cytoplasm.

The unusual membrane formations and vesicles in the periparasitic vacuoles were striking observations possibly related to the nutrition of the parasite.
Isospora lacazei (Labbe, 1893) and I. chloridis sp. n. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) from the English Sparrow (Passer domesticus), Greenfinch (Chloris chloris) and Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs)
Authors: ANWAR M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Two species of Isospora are described from Chloris chloris with the additional hosts Passer domesticus and Fringilla coelebs. I. lacazei Labbé has spherical oocysts measuring 16.6 to 30.0 μ; the oocyst wall is colorless and smooth, consisting of a thick layer and, in the majority of oocysts, an inner thin membrane. Stages of the life cycle in the epithelial cells of the duodenum are described. The internal stages consist of first and late generation schizonts which produce merozoites without any residual body, spindle‐shaped microgametes and macrogametes without obvious “plastic granules.” The oocysts of I. chloridis sp. n. have colorless, smooth surfaced walls of one thick layer. They are ellipsoidal, measuring 17.2‐33.2 μ× 16.6‐30.0 μ. The internal stages of this species infect the epithelial cells of the small intestine in the same region as I. lacazei. They produce 2 generations of schizonts, consisting of merozoites and a residuum; microgametes are comma‐shaped and macrogametes have obvious “plastic granules.”
Incidence and Seasonal Variations in Blood and Tissue Parasites of Yellow‐Billed Magpies
Authors: CLARK GLEN W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.Blood and tissue smears from 156 yellow‐billed magpies showed infection with hematozoa in 154 (99%).Leucocytozoon berestneffiwas found in 149 (96%),Haemoproteus picaein 40 (26%),Plasmodium relictum, in 32 (21%),Trypanosomasp. in 3 (2%), and microfilariae in 42 (27%). Fifty‐two birds were infected with two genera of parasites, 27 with 3, and 4 with 4.Leucocytozoon, Plasmodiumand microfilariae showed a higher incidence in tissue than in blood smears.
Minimal Defined Media for Vegetative Growth of the Acrasian Polysphondylium pallidum WS‐320*
Authors: GOLDSTONE ELLEN M. , BANERJEE SHIB DAS , ALLEN JAMES R. , LEE JOHN J. , HUTNER S. H. , BACCHI C. J. , MELVILLE JAMES F.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Polysphondylium pallidum WS‐320 grows indefinitely as vegetative amebae in a liquid medium where (a) substrates comprise sucrose, glycerol, acetate, lactate, citrate, and glutamate; (b) essential nutrients (riboflavin, lysine, glycine, and possibly several other amino acids that may be essential) are supplied. The growth thus supported (2 × 106 cells/ml) is more than doubled by provision of a mixture of crude fatty acids, an acid hydrolysate of casein supplemented with B vitamins, purines, pyrimidines, and fat‐soluble antioxidants.
Serological Comparison of Selected Parasitic and Free‐Living Amoebae in vitro, Using Diffusion‐Precipitation and Fluorescent‐Antibody Technics*
Authors: SIDDIQUI WASIM A. , BALAMUTH WILLIAM
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The present study has been directed to a serological comparison of three closely similar species of Entamoeba: E. histolytica, E. invadens and E. moshkovskii, and two free‐living soil amoebae: Hartmannella rhysodes and Mayorella palestinensis. Except for E. histolytica and E. moshkovskii, the other amoebae used here were grown axenically; this is the first report of the use of antigenic extracts from axenic cultures of parasitic amoebae.

The method described here provides a potent antigen that elicits a good antibody titer and is generally applicable to both parasitic and free‐living amoebae. Amoebae pooled from well‐grown cultures were thoroughly washed, sonicated and mixed with Freund's Adjuvant; this antigenic preparation was injected into rabbits. Two subcutaneous injections were given at three‐week intervals, and 2‐3 weeks thereafter blood was withdrawn to obtain antiserum. Agar‐gel diffusion, cellulose acetate paper and fluorescent antibody technics were used to test the antigen‐antibody (Ag‐Ab) reactions.

Results of the Ag‐Ab reactions can be summarized as follows: 1) The homologous Ag‐Ab reaction was obtained in all cases tested. 2) There was no serological reaction between the parasitic and free‐living amoebae tested. 3) There was a definite serological reaction between H. rhysodes and M. palestinensis. 4) Multiple antigens were found in E. invadens (PZ strain) and E. histolytica (DKB strain) when they were tested against anti‐PZ serum and anti‐DKB serum, respectively, and no reaction was found when the other test antigens were exposed to these two antisera in gel‐diffusion tests. 5) With the fluorescent antibody technic, E. histolytica (Laredo strain), E. moshkovskii (DSR strain) and E. histolytica (DKB strain) showed some degree of serological reaction in descending order when they were stained with conjugated anti‐E. invadens serum.
Silica Gel as a Preserving Agent for the Cellular Slime Mold Acrasis rosea
Authors: REINHARDT DONALD J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Modifications of the silica gel technic of Perkins and Ogata have been successfully used to preserve Acrasis rosea for 6–13 months and Dictyostelium purpureum for 31 months. The technic is simple, reliable and inexpensive and is recommended for its possible application for the general preservation of certain fungi and protozoa.
The Effect of Pentamidine on Ribosomes of the Parasitic Flagellate Crithidia (Strigomonas) oncopelti
Authors: WALLIS O. CARYL
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The effects of the trypanocidal drug, pentamidine, on the ribosomal fraction of Crithidia oncopelti have been investigated in vivo and in vitro. Addition of the drug to ribosomes isolated from the organisms led to release of magnesium and some protein from the particles. The ribosomes were aggregated when significant release of magnesium had occurred. Loss of magnesium was dependent on density of the ribosomal suspension but not on the magnesium concentration. Spermine, propamidine and stilbamidine had a similar effect in releasing magnesium from the particles. The majority of pentamidine (80%) or stilbamidine (70%) added to suspensions of ribosomes became bound to the particles and could not readily be removed by washing. Stilbamidine was not released in the presence of adenosine triphosphate. Slight stabilisation of 80S particles was observed in the presence of pentamidine and absence of magnesium.

Incubation of organisms in the presence of growth‐inhibitory concentrations of pentamidine led to no significant change in the ribosomal content of the organisms, even when complete inhibition of the ability to incorporate C14‐glycine into nucleic acid and protein had occurred. There was no significant decrease in the magnesium content of ribosomes isolated from organisms incubated in the presence of pentamidine.
Sexual Differentiation in Volvox aureus*
Authors: DARDEN WILLIAM H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The complete life history of a homothallic, dioecious strain of Volvox aureus was studied in axenic culture. Asexual reproduction occurs by repeated division of specialized reproductive cells (gonidia), inversion of the resultant mass of cells to form daughter colonies, and subsequent morphologic differentiation of new gonidia in these daughters. Male colonies lack gonidia; however, the posterior 2/3 of the cells in a colony function as male initials each of which enlarges, divides, and undergoes rudimentary inversion to form a packet of 32 biflagellate sperm. Evidence was presented for the homology of eggs and undivided gonidia. The penetration of young vegetative colonies by sperm and the subsequent formation of apparent zygotes in these colonies was described and figured. Zygote germination, including division and inversion of the germling, was described; the cytological nature of the zygote divisions was not determined.

A substance, MIS, in filtrates of sexual cultures induced differentiation of male colonies; a bioassay for it was perfected. Bioassay colonies show a differential susceptibility to male induction by MIS which is a function of the particular stage of development; colonies 48 hr after release from parentals are optimally susceptible. MIS was reasonably stable to heat, non‐dialyzable, and Sephadex gel filtration indicated a molecular weight > 200,000. MIS activity is destroyed by trypsin and pronase but is unaffected by chymotrypsin. MIS was successfully concentrated ∼37‐fold by the Carbowax method. The patterns of differentiation in other species of Volvox are described and possibilities discussed for studies of cellular differentiation in the genus as a whole.
Growth Requirements of Gyrodinium cohnii*
Authors: GOLD KENNETH , BAREN CARL F.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Gyrodinium cohnii, a marine heterotrophic dinoflagellate, was cultured at 35 C in a medium supplemented with yeast extract and finally in a defined medium. Vitamin B12, not required at 30 C or lower, caused marked stimulation at 35 C used in combination with yeast extract or tryptophan + proline. Folic acid and possibly other vitamins may also be stimulatory at the elevated temperature. Ecological implications and applications to bioassays are discussed.
Monocercomonas molae n. sp., a Flagellate from the Sunfish Mola mola*
Authors: NOBLE GLENN A. , NOBLE ELMER R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Monocercomonas molae from the hindgut of the sunfish Mola mola is described. The host was taken from southern California coastal waters in October, 1964. The body of the flagellate is 8.0 × 10.7 microns. A single basal granule complex gives rise to 4 flagella, one of which is recurrent. The axostyle is relatively stout, with argentophilic granules, and possesses a periaxostylar ring. The capitulum of the axostyle continues into the sickle‐shaped pelta, and the parabasal body is rod‐shaped or lobed and roughly triangular in cross‐section.
Development of Haemogregarina boueti in the toad Bufo regularis*
Authors: MOHAMMED A. H. HELMY , MANSOUR NOSHY S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Haemogregarina boueti França, 1910, was found to be the commonest blood parasite in the common toad, Bufo regularis Reuss, in Egypt. The rate of infection was about 30% (of 689 toads examined).

In properly fixed blood films, the parasites were almost exclusively intraerythrocytic. Most characteristic was the encapsulated “elongate” form averaging 22.3 by 6 μ with a more‐or‐less central nucleus and a pointed, slightly bent, posterior end. Infected red cells were conspicuously hypertrophied and their nuclei were markedly displaced and frequently broken into 2‐4 parts.

Young and growing blood forms as well as two types of hepatic schizonts are described for the first time.

Schizonts of the first type develop in hepatic cells, are 28–30 μ in diameter and produce numerous elongate oval merozoites about 8 × 2.2 μ radially arranged around a residual body about 10 μ in diameter.

Schizonts of the second type start their growth in erythrocytes but later complete their development as free bodies in the liver sinusoids. When mature, they are 32–35 μ in diameter and produce a larger number of thin merozoites about 8 × 1.5 μ, surrounding a larger residual body about 19 μ in diameter.
Experimental Infection of Various Latex Plants of the Family Asclepiadaceae with Phytomonas elmassiani
Authors: HANSON WILLIAM L. , McGHEE R. BARCLAY , BLAKE J. D.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Trypanosomatid‐free plants of the family Asclepiadaceae identified as Asclepias syriaca, A. curassavica, A. incarnata, Stephanotis floribunda, Seutera maritima, Amphistelma scoparia and plants of the family Euphorbiaceae identified as Euphorbia tirucalli, E. trigona, and Pedilanthus tithymaloides were exposed to the bite of the bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus, infected with Phytomonas elmassiani, a flagellate which occurs naturally in A. syriaca and O. fasciatus. Two weeks subsequent to exposure to laboratory‐infected oncopeltids all the experimental Asclepiadaceae were infected. The mean length of the protozoa varied depending on the host plant. The flagellates in A. syriaca, A. curassavica, and A. incarnata were shorter than those in S. floribunda, S. maritima, and A. scoparia.

None of the Euphorbiaceae became infected.
Autoradiographic Studies of H3‐Thymidine Uptake in Entamoeba histolytica in CLG Medium*
Authors: ALBACH RICHARD A. , SHAFFER JAMES G. , WATSON ROBERT H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Entamoeba histolytica grown with H3‐thymidine in CLG medium took up tritium into DNase‐sensitive material in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The distribution of nuclear activity indicated that the entire nucleus, including the peripheral chromatin, may possess DNA; previous investigators reported DNA only in the endosome.

The penicillin‐inhibited bacterial associate (Bacteroides sp.) used in the CLG medium incorporated tritium from H3‐thymidine into autoradiographically detectable DNase‐sensitive material. Autoradiographs of amebae fed bacteria prelabeled with H3‐thymidine also revealed some nuclear and cytoplasmic label. Thus, the amount of cytoplasmic label due to ingested, prelabeled bacterial DNA and/or actual biosynthesis of cytoplasmic DNA by the amebae themselves, is not known. Also, at least some of the nuclear DNA of amebae is synthesized from ingested bacteria, or, more likely, from bacterial degradation products.
Antigenic Differences Among Some Classical Tetrahymena pyriformis and T. vorax Strains*
Authors: CORBETT JOHN J. , SWEENEY JAMES
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Suspensions of whole, killed ciliates were diffused against rabbit antisera for the respective strains to observe cross precipitation. The strains fell into the following groups: I. GL, H, ChS, GP, Aq, L‐I, L‐II, L‐2, and V1; II. W, L‐3, Gl‐R, and V2; III. PR and F; and IV. BF and Lava. T. vorax strains V1 and V2 each resembled certain T. pyriformis strains more closely than they resembled each other. The same grouping of strains emerged in comparing antigenic suspensions and in comparing antisera and was confirmed by comparing absorption properties of antigens from the different strains.
Stomatogenesis in Resting Cysts of Colpodidae
Authors: HASHIMOTO KANEJI
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The reorganization in resting cysts which produce a single emerging individual was followed in 5 species of Colpodidae forming a possible evolutionary series with increasing numbers of kineties. Stomatogenesis in Colpoda maupasi and C. inflata was studied for the first time; that in C. steinii, C. cucullus and Tillina magna was reinvestigated with new observations. In all, the oral primordium is double and originates from segments of certain somatic kineties, constant for each species. The larger mouthparts in the larger ciliates are produced from a correspondingly greater number of kineties. Morphogenetic and evolutionary implications of this series of observations are discussed.
Blood Parasitism in Cliff Swallows from the Sacramento Valley
Authors: CLARK GLEN W. , SWINEHART BRUCE
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Hematozoa were found in 89 (30.6%) of 291 cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota), captured for banding purposes. Hepatozoon was found in 73 (25%), Trypanosoma in 13 (4.5%), microfilariae in 9 (3%), and Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon in 1 bird each. Multiple infections were found in only 7 of the swallows.
The Host‐Restriction of Haemoproteus sp. indet. of the Wood‐Pigeon Columba p. palumbus
Authors: BAKER J. R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Earlier experiments suggested that the species of Haemoproteus which infects English wood‐pigeons (Columba p. palumbus) and is transmitted by the hippoboscid dipteran fly Ornithomya avicularia, was unable to infect Columba livia domestica, a host of H. columbae. This has now been confirmed by the injection of sporozoites into two pairs of pigeons, one of each species; in both experiments the C. palubus developed parasitemia while the C. livia did not. It has also been shown that this species of Haemoproteus can complete sporogony in a small proportion (2/73) of Pseudolynchla canariensis, the vector of H. columbae.
Biosynthesis of Phosphatidylcholine in Euglena gracilis*†
Authors: TIPTON CARL L. , SWORDS MICHAEL D.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Extracts of Euglena gracilis carry out a very rapid but limited synthesis of phosphatidylcholine when S‐adenosylmethionine or ATP and methionine are supplied. Cytidinediphosphocholine apparently is not utilized. Qualitatively the same results are obtained whether the cells are light‐ or dark‐grown.
Cytochemical Studies on the Distribution of DNA in the Macronucleus of Stentor coeruleus*
Authors: ZECH LORE
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The DNA content of the different macronucleus nodes of Stentor coeruleus has been studied by microspectrophotometry on Feulgen‐stained isolated macronuclei. No relation between the position of the nodes in the macronucleus row and their DNA content could be found. Sister animals showed differences in distribution of the DNA in their macronuclei.
Eimeria lemuris n. sp., E. galago n. sp. and E. otolicni n. sp. from a Galago Galago senegalensis
Authors: POELMA F. G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Three new species of Eimeria are described from the intestinal contents of a galago Galago senegalensis E. Geoff. imported into the Amsterdam Zoo from Africa. The oocysts of E. lemuris n.sp. are 44‐57 by 38‐47 μ and contain 4 sporocysts measuring 17‐20 by 10.5–14 μ. The oocysts of E. galago n.sp. are 20‐25 by 19‐23 μ and contain 4 sporocysts measuring 9‐12 by 6‐9 μ. The oocysts of E. otolicni n.sp. are 23‐31 by 22‐28 μ and contain 4 sporocysts measuring 10‐15 by 8‐12 μ. A few Isospora resembling I. arctopitheci Rodhain, 1933 were seen.
The Development of First Generation Schizonts of Eimeria bovis*
Authors: HAMMOND DATUS M. , ERNST JOHN V. , MINER MERTHYR L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In young first generation schizonts of E. bovis, the nuclei appeared to have a random distribution. In calves killed 8 days after inoculation some of the schizonts had the nuclei arranged in a single layer at the periphery, with a few infoldings of this layer into the interior. In further development, such ingrowths of the nuclear layer resulted in the formation of compartments of varying size. In schizonts of calves killed 12 days after inoculation spherical or ellipsoidal bodies (blastophores), about 5–20 μ in diameter with a single peripheral layer of nuclei were formed. Merozoites developed as radial outgrowths from the blastophores, leaving residual bodies of variable size, which later disappeared. The response of the host cell to the presence of the schizont was characterized by marked growth of both the nucleus and cytoplasm. The nucleolus became greatly enlarged, and the chromatin was distributed in relatively fine granules. In the host cell cytoplasm, 2 concentric layers were observed; the inner was more dense than the outer. After growth of the schizont was completed its host cell was stretched into a thin covering layer about 1 μ thick. In some schizonts, the host cell disintegrated, and the schizont was then invaded by eosinophils, macrophages and other cells, which eventually destroyed the merozoites.
Haemoproteus in Wild Turkeys from the Coastal Bend of South Texas*
Authors: COOK R. S. , TRAINER D. O. , GLAZENER W. C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Blood smears from 133 Rio Grande wild turkeys Meleagridis gallopavo intermedia live‐trapped in the Welder Wildlife Refuge in south Texas, were examined for blood parasites. All of the 63 immature turkeys and 63% of the 70 adult turkeys were infected with Haemoproteus meleagridis. The infections were light, half the cases having less than 5 infected cells per 10,000 red blood cells. Infection with H. meleagridis caused significant enlargement of the host RBC. Other parasites specifically searched for but not found were Leucocytozoon, Trypanosoma, Plasmodium and microfilariae.
The Fine Structure of the Mature Tomite of Hyalophysa chattoni
Authors: BRADBURY PHYLLIS CLARKE
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The fine structure of the tomite stage of Hyalophysa chattoni was examined with particular attention to its kinetal apparatus.

The pellicle, thick and dense compared with that of other ciliates, is formed of three layers. The inner layer is composed of short fibrils oriented perpendicular to the surface.

The cytoplasm around the oral passage and beneath falciform field 8 is crowded with dense inclusion bodies of unknown function. Dorsal to the oral passage is the rosette, a disc‐shaped organelle subdivided by septa in the form of incomplete radii about a central chamber containing a tuft of cilia. The septa are composed of 3 membranes enclosing a fine layer of cytoplasm. At their inner ends 20 mμ fibers run dorsally and ventrally. Dense clumps of fibrous material line the luminal surface of the septa.

Rows of fusiform trichocysts parallel the kineties. The trichocysts are composed of a finely periodic, moderately electron‐dense material surrounded by 20 mμ fibrils oriented along the long axis of the trichocyst. Between and below the kinetosomes and the rows of trichocysts are electron‐dense vesicles 300 mμ in diameter and bounded by a loose membrane. The large “trichocysts,” the “gros trichocystes” of Chatton and Lwoff, whose appearance heralds the beginnings of trichocystogenesis, prove to be canaliculi opening to the surface.

Four separate ciliary membrane systems—the oral ciliature (XYZ), falciform field 8, falciform field 9, and the ogival field—are located on the ventral surface of the tomite. Each differs from the others and from the somatic kineties in the fibrillar organization around its kinetosomes.

In the somatic kineties the kinetodesmos is a dense, periodic fiber which is formed of stacks of up to 18 subfibers, each arising from the base of a kinetosome. The kinetosomes are short (300 mμ) and contain dense central granules. In some kineties, alternating between the kinetosomes, are elliptical kinetosome‐like structures which do not bear cilia and perhaps provide a reservoir of kinetosomes for future growth of the kinety.