bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why is biologic therapy useful in spondyloarthritis? Knowledge from synovial immunopathologic studies of spondyloarthritis
Authors: Chou Chung‐Tei
Published: October 2012

The pathogenesis of most rheumatic diseases remains unknown. It is believed that both genetic and environmental factors play a pivotal role in the development of synovial inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), spondyloarthritis (SpA) and osteoarthritis (OA). In the last two decades, there have been many immunopathologic studies on RA, SpA and OA, and the findings revealed different types of arthritis may also present different pathologic patterns. These included higher vascularity and increased infiltration with CD163 macrophages and neutrophils, but relatively low values for lining cell (LL) hyperplasia in SpA synovium. However, the increased LL hyperplasia, as well as CD1a+ cells and the presence of intracellular citrullinated protein were more prominent in RA than in SpA synovitis. Anti‐tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti‐TNFα) therapy can significantly reduce synovial LL hyperplasia, vascularity and mononuclear cells infiltration in the majority of RA or SpA patients. This may explain why clinically, arthritis patients can get significant improvement after TNFα blocker treatment.
Lung ultrasound‐guided management of acute breathlessness during pregnancy
Authors: Zieleskiewicz L. , Lagier D. , Contargyris C. , Bourgoin A. , Gavage L. , Martin C. , Leone M.
Published: October 2012

Lung ultrasonography is a standard tool in the intensive care unit and in emergency medicine, but has not been described in the particular setting of the labour ward. During pregnancy, acute respiratory failure and pulmonary oedema are not uncommon life‐threatening events. We present two case reports outlining the potential of lung ultrasonography in parturients. In case 1, lung ultrasonography allowed early diagnosis and treatment of acute dyspnoea in a parturient admitted for suspected asthma exacerbation. Lung ultrasonography revealed a ‘B‐pattern’ of vertical lines radiating into the lung tissue, indicating severe pulmonary oedema complicating previously undiagnosed pre‐eclampsia. In case 2, a pre‐eclamptic patient was managed with combined transthoracic echocardiography and lung ultrasonography. The accuracy of lung ultrasonography in detecting interstitial oedema at a pre‐clinical stage allowed adequate fluid resuscitation in this patient who had a high risk of alveolar pulmonary oedema. We believe that these cases strongly support the prospective validation of lung ultrasound for management of lung disorders in pregnant women.
Evaluation of point‐of‐care haemoglobin measuring devices: a comparison of Radical‐7™ pulse co‐oximetry, HemoCue® and laboratory haemoglobin measurements in obstetric patients*
Authors: Skelton V. A. , Wijayasinghe N. , Sharafudeen S. , Sange A. , Parry N. S. , Junghans C.
Published: October 2012

We prospectively compared two point‐of‐care haemoglobin concentration measuring devices with laboratory measurements to determine their accuracy in women undergoing caesarean section delivery. The two devices were the Masimo Rainbow SET® Radical ‐7™ pulse co‐oximeter and the HemoCue® HB 201+, which is a cuvette‐type system that uses photometry. Co‐oximeter readings and HemoCue measurements were taken before and after surgery, and compared with laboratory measurements of haemoglobin concentration taken at the same time. We analysed data from 137 patients using Bland–Altman plots. Limits of agreement for co‐oximeter readings were −4.20 to 2.02 g.dl−1 and for HemoCue were −1.49 to 1.48 g.dl−1. The bias (mean difference) for the co‐oximeter was −1.09 g.dl−1 (95% CI −1.28 to −0.91) and for the HemoCue was −0.001 g.dl−1 (95% CI −0.089 to 0.088). Overall, 110/274 (40%) co‐oximeter readings were within 1 g.dl−1 of laboratory values compared with 247/274 (90%) HemoCue measurements (p < 0.001 for difference). The co‐oximeter gave lower readings and was less accurate than the HemoCue system when compared with laboratory measurements.
Comparison of the single‐use Ambu® aScope™ 2 vs the conventional fibrescope for tracheal intubation in patients with cervical spine immobilisation by a semirigid collar*
Authors: Krugel V. , Bathory I. , Frascarolo P. , Schoettker P.
Published: October 2012

Fibreoptic intubation remains a key technique for the management of difficult intubation. We randomly compared the second generation single‐use Ambu® aScope™ 2 videoscope with a standard re‐usable flexible intubating fibrescope in 50 tracheal intubations in patients with a difficult airway simulated by a semirigid collar. All patients’ tracheas were intubated successfully with the aScope 2 or the re‐usable fibrescope. The median (IQR [range]) time to intubate was significantly longer with the aScope 2 70 (55–97 [41?–226]) s vs 50 (40–59 [27–175]) s, p = 0.0003) due to an increased time to see the carina. Quality of vision was significantly lower with the aScope 2 (excellent 24 (48%) vs 49 (98%), p = 0.0001; good 22 (44%) vs 1 (2%), p = 0.0001; poor 4 (8%) vs 0, p = 0.12) but with no difference in the subjective ease to intubate (easy score of 31 (62%) vs 38 (76%), p = 0.19; intermediate 12 (24%) vs 7 (14%), p = 0.31; difficult 7 (14%) vs 5 (5%), p = 0.76). The longer times to intubate and the poorer scores for quality of vision do not support the use of the single‐use aScope 2 videoscope as an alternative to the re‐usable fibrescope.
Factors associated with maternal visitation and participation in skin‐to‐skin care in an all referral level IIIc NICU
Authors: Gonya Jenn , Nelin Leif D.
Published: October 2012

Aim

To identify variables associated with maternal visitation and participation in skin‐to‐skin care (SSC) with their extremely premature (<27 weeks) neonate.

Methods

In an all referral level IIIc, 32 extremely premature neonates and their mothers were studied. Standardized instruments were the Parental Stressor Scale: NICU and the Parent–Staff Communication Rating Scale. Unstandardized Tools included a self‐report demographics sheet and a self‐report parent SSC log.

Results

Using regression analysis, two factors were identified that were significantly associated with the amount of time that mothers visit and participate in SSC: the amount and type of stress that mothers experience and their perceived level of communication with medical staff.

Conclusion

Future interventions for increasing SSC should involve education about the NICU environment and neonatal behaviour along with methods for enhancing communication between mothers and healthcare providers.
Resistance rates of metronidazole and other antibacterials in Helicobacter pylori from previously untreated patients in Norway
Authors: Larsen Astri L. , Ragnhildstveit Eivind , Moayeri Berouz , Eliassen Lisbeth , Melby Kjetil K.
Published: October 2012

The aim of the study was to describe the antimicrobial resistance rate of Helicobacter pylori isolated from previously untreated patients in Norway, including the application of two different methods for the determination of metronidazole susceptibility. Altogether 102 isolates obtained in 2008 and 2009 from previously untreated patients suspected of H. pylori related disease, were examined applying a standardized European study protocol. The activity of amoxicillin, tetracycline, clarithromycin, metronidazole, rifabutin and levofloxacin was recorded after an incubation period of 72–96 h in a microaerobic atmosphere. Strains resistant to metronidazole were re‐examined for metronidazole resistance applying anaerobic conditions for the first 24 h. None of the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin or tetracycline, whereas 5, 9% were resistant to clarithromycin and 22, 5% resistant to metronidazole tested conventionally. Applying local standards the metronidazole resistance rate fell to 7, 8%, highlighting the importance of the methodology applied for metronidazole susceptibility testing.
Dysregulation of toll‐like receptor (TLR) 2 expression on monocytes and upregulation of the frequency of T cells expressing TLR2 in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Ronit Andreas , Salem Mohammad , Hartling Hans J. , Gaardbo Julie C. , Ullum Henrik , Gerstoft Jan , Nielsen Susanne D.
Published: October 2012

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) initiate inflammatory responses that may play a role in disease progression in patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). TLR2 and TLR4 surface expression were assessed on CD14+ monocytes, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in treatment naïve patients with chronic HCV infection with fibrosis, without fibrosis, co‐infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and in healthy controls. Increased expression of TLR2 was found on monocytes in HCV‐infected patients with fibrosis (p < 0.01), co‐infected with HIV (p = 0.03), and possibly in patients without fibrosis (p = 0.07) when compared to controls. TLR2 positive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were upregulated in patients with fibrosis only (p < 0.01). However, expression of TLR2 was not associated with T cell activation. TLR4 expression was similar in patients and healthy controls. In conclusion, TLR2 expression on monocytes and the frequency of T cells expressing TLR2 may contribute to disease progression in chronic HCV infection.
Achievement goals in adult learners: Evidence from distance education
Authors: Remedios Richard , Richardson John T. E.
Published: October 2012

Background

There is evidence that learners may adopt different kinds of achievement goals: mastery approach, mastery avoidance, performance approach, and performance avoidance. In higher education, this evidence has mainly come from young people who have recently gone straight from secondary education to higher education. However, higher education is increasingly populated by older students, and it has been theorised that the relationship between goals and achievement might be very different for adult learners.

Aims

The aim of the present study was to examine whether the relationships between achievement, drop‐out rate, and goal orientation observed for non‐adult populations are mirrored in adult learners.

Method

The Achievement Goal Questionnaire (AGQ) was administered to adult learners taking courses by distance learning.

Sample

Respondents were 195 men and 586 women between the ages of 19 and 87.

Results

The results confirmed the reliability of the 2 × 2 version of the AGQ for this distinctive population. As in previous studies of younger students, mastery‐approach goals were unrelated to attainment, performance‐approach goals tended to facilitate attainment, and performance‐avoidance goals tended to impair attainment. In addition, mastery‐avoidance goals tended to impair students' attainment and also increased the likelihood that they would drop out of their course altogether.

Conclusion

The achievement‐goal framework is as appropriate for understanding influences on attainment in adult learners as it is in younger students. Adult learners may be more sensitive to the deleterious effects of adopting mastery‐avoidance achievement goals.
What's in a name? Our false uniqueness!
Authors: Kulig John W.
Published: October 2012

The current study investigated our perception of first names. In Study 1, participants estimated their own first name to be less frequent compared with estimates from yoked controls. The first name uniqueness effect was seen for both rare and common names, and male and female names. The uniqueness bias was not due to differential encoding of variegated and shortened names, such as different versions of the name Caitlyn. Study 2 established that rarer names are preferred, and, that when we contemplate a name change, we often consider rare names. Several theoretical explanations for a general name uniqueness effect are proposed.
Attentional breadth and proximity seeking in romantic attachment relationships
Authors: Dewitte Marieke , Koster Ernst H. W.
Published: October 2012

The present study provides first evidence that attentional breadth responses can be influenced by proximity‐distance goals in adult attachment relationships. In a sample of young couples, we measured attachment differences in the breadth of attentional focus in response to attachment‐related cues. Results showed that priming with a negative attachment scenario broadens attention when confronted with pictures of the attachment figure in highly avoidant men. In women, we found that attachment anxiety was associated with a more narrow attentional focus on the attachment figure, yet only at an early stage of information processing. We also found that women showed a broader attentional focus around the attachment figure when their partner was more avoidantly attached. This pattern of results reflects the underlying action of attachment strategies and provides insight into the complex and dynamic influence of attachment on attentional processing in a dyadic context.
When are support and opposition not opposites? Depth of processing as a moderator of the valence‐framing effect
Authors: Bizer George Y. , Žeželj Iris L. , Luguri Jamie B.
Published: October 2012

Prior research has demonstrated the valence‐framing effect, in which leading people to frame a preference negatively (e.g., ‘I oppose Romney’) yields stronger attitudes than does leading people to frame that same preference positively (e.g., ‘I support Obama’). Three studies tested whether or not depth of processing (as operationalized by manipulations of motivation and ability to cognitively process) moderate the effect. The valence‐framing effect was replicated, such that opposers manifested stronger attitudes than did supporters, but only when attitudes were relevant to the participants (Experiments 1 and 3), and when participants were not under cognitive load (Experiment 2). Our results thus identify depth of processing as an important moderator of the valence‐framing effect and provide potential insight into the effect's mechanism.
N‐acyl amines of docosahexaenoic acid and other n–3 polyunsatured fatty acids – from fishy endocannabinoids to potential leads
Authors: Meijerink Jocelijn , Balvers Michiel , Witkamp Renger
Published: October 2012

N–3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n–3 LC‐PUFAs), in particular α‐linolenic acid (18:3n‐3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n‐3) are receiving much attention because of their presumed beneficial health effects. To explain these, a variety of mechanisms have been proposed, but their interactions with the endocannabinoid system have received relatively little attention so far. However, it has already been shown some time ago that consumption of n–3 LC‐PUFAs not only affects the synthesis of prototypic endocannabinoids like anandamide but also stimulates the formation of specific n–3 LC‐PUFA‐derived conjugates with ethanolamine, dopamine, serotonin or other amines. Some of these fatty amides show overlapping biological activities with those of typical endocannabinoids, whereas others possess distinct and sometimes largely unknown receptor affinities and other properties. The ethanolamine and dopamine conjugates of DHA have been the most investigated thus far. These mediators may provide promising new leads to the field of inflammatory and neurological disorders and for other pharmacological applications, including their use as carrier molecules for neurotransmitters to target the brain. Furthermore, combinations of n–3 LC‐PUFA‐derived fatty acid amides, their precursors and FAAH inhibitors offer possibilities to optimise their effects in health and disease.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.169.issue‐4 & http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.167.issue‐8
Novel NMNAT1 mutations causing Leber congenital amaurosis identified
Authors: Kaur A
Published: October 2012

NMNAT1 mutations cause Leber congenital amaurosis

Falk et al. (2012)

Nature Genetics 44: 1040–1045

Mutations in NMNAT1 cause Leber congenital amaurosis and identify a new disease pathway for retinal degeneration

Koenekoop et al. (2012)

Nature Genetics 44: 1035–1039
The value of inflammation markers and body temperature in acute diverticulitis
Authors: van de Wall B. J. M. , Draaisma W. A. , van der Kaaij R. T. , Consten E. C. J. , Wiezer M. J. , Broeders I. A. M. J.
Published: October 2012

Aim

To determine the diagnostic value of serological infection markers and body temperature in discriminating complicated from uncomplicated diverticulitis.

Methods

Patients in whom diverticulitis was pathologically or radiologically proven at presentation were included. Patients were classified as either complicated (Hinchey Ib, II, III and IV) or uncomplicated (Hinchey Ia) diverticulitis. The discriminative value of C‐reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell (WBC) count and body temperature at presentation was tested.

Results

A total of 426 patients were included in this study of which 364 (85%) presented with uncomplicated and 62 (15%) with complicated diverticulitis. Only CRP was of sufficient diagnostic value (area under the curve 0.715). The median CRP in patients with complicated diverticulitis was significantly higher than in patients with uncomplicated disease (224 mg/l, range 99–284 vs 87 mg/l, range 48–151). Patients with a CRP of 25 mg/l had a 15% chance of having complicated diverticulitis. This increased from 23% at a CRP value of 100 mg/l to 47% for 250 mg/l or higher. The optimal threshold was reached at 175 mg/l with a positive predictive value of 36%, negative predictive value of 92%, sensitivity of 61% and a specificity of 82%.

Conclusion

WBC count and body temperature are of no value in discriminating complicated from uncomplicated diverticulitis. Only CRP can be used as an indicator for the presence of complications, but a low CRP does not mean that complicated disease can safely be excluded. Therefore, radiological examination remains central in the diagnostic work‐up of patients presenting with diverticulitis.
Computed tomography (CT) colonography with CT arteriography and venography for the workup of intestinal transplant candidates
Authors: Swerdlow D. R. , Trotter A. , Girlanda R. , Matsumoto C. , Fenelly E.
Published: October 2012

Prior to intestinal transplantation, prospective candidates must undergo a series of radiologic examinations to address a variety of clinical issues. To date, little literature exists to guide physicians in this preoperative assessment. Multiple imaging studies can provide overlapping information. We have developed a simple two‐ or three‐test protocol to streamline the workup. Sixteen adult patients presented as potential intestinal transplant candidates to Georgetown University Hospital. All but two patients underwent the full protocol of a biphasic IV contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis with rectal carbon dioxide, an upper gastrointestinal study with small bowel follow through, and fistulogram when appropriate. Three‐dimensional (3‐D) reconstructions of the vascular anatomy as well as the colon were also generated. A telephone survey to other transplant centers was additionally conducted to compare radiographic evaluations. Overall, 15 of the 16 scans were diagnostic. One patient required a barium enema. Mean examinations per patient was 2.4. Only one of seven other centers was performing CT colonography in prospective intestinal transplant candidates. Our protocol provided all the necessary anatomic information needed to evaluate prospective transplant candidates. CT colonography with angiography is a suitable alternative to more time‐consuming radiological studies.
Higher heart rate increases risk of diabetes among men: The Australian Diabetes Obesity and Lifestyle (AusDiab) Study
Authors: Grantham N. M. , Magliano D. J. , Tanamas S. K. , Söderberg S. , Schlaich M. P. , Shaw J. E.
Published: October 2012

Aims

A very limited number of prospective studies have reported conflicting data on the relation between heart rate and diabetes risk. Our aim therefore was to determine in a large, national, population‐based cohort if heart rate predicts the development of diabetes.

Methods

The Australian Diabetes Obesity and Lifestyle study followed up 6537 people over 5 years. Baseline measurements included questionnaires, anthropometrics and blood and urine collection. Heart rate was recorded in beats per min (Dinamap). An oral glucose tolerance test was performed at baseline and follow‐up, and diabetes was defined using World Health Organization criteria.

Results

A total of 5817 participants were eligible for analysis, 221 of whom developed diabetes. Compared with participants with a heart rate < 60 b min–1, those with a heart rate ≥ 80 b min–1 were more likely to develop diabetes (odds ratio 1.89, 95% CI 1.07–3.35) over 5 years, independent of traditional risk factors. This relationship was highly significant, particularly in non‐obese men (odds ratio 5.61, 95% CI 1.75–17.98), but not in their obese counterparts or in women.

Conclusions

Resting heart rate is associated with an increased risk of diabetes over a 5‐year period, particularly among non‐obese men. This suggests that sympathetic overactivity may be a contributing factor to the development of diabetes, and that resting heart rate may be useful in predicting risk of Type 2 diabetes in non‐obese men.
Thickness and fit of mouthguards according to a vacuum‐forming process
Authors: Mizuhashi Fumi , Koide Kaoru , Takahashi Mutsumi
Published: October 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the difference in the thickness and the fit of mouthguards fabricated with a vacuum‐forming method of the mouthguard sheet material. The material used in this study was Sports Mouthguard (3.8 mm thickness). Two forming conditions were performed. In the first condition, the sheet was lowered over the working model after the vacuum was applied, and in the other trial, the sheet was lowered over the working model before the vacuum was applied. The sheets were formed using a vacuum former when the heated sheets hung 1.5 cm from the baseline. We measured the thickness and the fit of the mouthguard at the areas of the central incisor and first molar in both conditions. The difference of the thickness at the areas of the central incisor and first molar and the forming condition was analyzed by Two‐way anova. The difference of the fit according to the forming conditions was analyzed by the Mann–Whitney U test. The results showed that the thickness of the mouthguard differed at the areas of the central incisor and first molar, but the thickness of the mouthguard did not differ according to the forming conditions. The fit of the mouthguard at the central incisor and first molar was significantly different between the forming conditions (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05). These results suggested that the fit of the mouthguard was the best without any deficiency of thickness when the vacuum was applied first and then the sheet was pressed onto the working model. These results may be useful in fabricating proper mouthguards.
Limited Inter‐Annual Song Variation in the Serin (Serinus serinus)
Authors: Mamede Ana T. , Mota Paulo G.
Published: October 2012

Patterns of song plasticity in passerine birds beyond the first year are poorly studied. In general, songbirds are divided into two categories: open‐ended learners and closed‐ended learners, depending on the pattern of age‐related vocal plasticity. However, recent work based on longitudinal studies revealed a broader range of flexibility of song changes in adulthood. Serins sing very complex songs with large repertoires which are delivered in a very rigid way with little structural modification. However, there is little information on how serin song changes with age. We studied vocal plasticity in wild adult serins by recording male song over 2 years. The analyses show that male songs have only limited variation between years, with no increase in repertoire size and relatively small changes in their structural characteristics. Syllable production was very consistent within and between years with very little structural variation. New syllables represented only 8% of the repertoire, and they appeared to emerge from fusion or splitting of pre‐existing syllables. We conclude that serin song while structurally complex has a very limited age‐related plasticity after the first year. We hypothesise that this structural stability is a consequence of selection for performance consistency.
Seasonal variation in foraging conditions for Ring Ouzels Turdus torquatus in upland habitats and their effects on juvenile habitat selection
Authors: Sim Innes M. W. , Ludwig Sonja C. , Grant Murray C. , Loughrey Joanna L. , Rebecca Graham W. , Redpath Steve
Published: October 2012

Recent studies indicate that variation in juvenile survival may be particularly important in driving avian population dynamics. The quality of habitats available to inexperienced juveniles of migrant species is critical to their survival because they must obtain enough food to build up fat reserves for migration, while avoiding predation. We radiotracked 110 juvenile Ring Ouzels Turdus torquatus, a species of high conservation concern in the UK, to quantify for the first time seasonal patterns in foraging habitat and food abundance during this potentially key life‐history period. Key attributes of foraging plots were compared with those on control plots (representing the broad habitat types selected by foraging juveniles) during 2007–08. Birds foraged on invertebrates in grass‐rich plots during June to mid‐July and then shifted to foraging mainly on moorland berries in higher‐altitude, heather‐rich plots during mid‐July to early‐September. Juveniles selected invertebrate foraging plots with low soil acidity, and increasingly selected plots with high earthworm (an important food) biomass and grass cover, but low grass and all vegetation height as the season progressed. In contrast, earthworm biomass and grass cover remained constant, and grass and all vegetation height increased, on control plots. Juveniles selected berry foraging plots with higher abundance of ripe Bilberries Vaccinium myrtillus and Crowberries Empetrum nigrum than found on control plots. Juvenile Ring Ouzels thus appear to require access to short, grass‐ and invertebrate‐rich habitat during early summer, and taller, heather‐dominated and berry‐rich areas in late summer. The use of two distinct habitat types during the pre‐migratory period illustrates the need for a detailed understanding of the requirements of juvenile birds.
Hydrolytic enzymes of the interfollicular epidermis differ in expression and correlate with the phenotypic difference observed between light and dark skin
Authors: Ebanks Jody P. , Koshoffer Amy , Wickett R. Randall , Hakozaki Tomohiro , Boissy Raymond E.
Published: October 2012

Degradation of melanosomes in light skin (LS, i.e. phototype I/II) appears to occur more rapidly than dark skin (DS, i.e. phototype IV/V). Hydrolytic enzymes known to reside and be expressed in a differential pattern within the interfollicular epidermis are implicated in playing a role in epidermal differentiation and potentially melanosome degradation. The aim of this present study was to evaluate the differential expression of hydrolytic enzymes that may correlate with physiological and phenotypic differences seen between DS and LS. Expression of six hydrolytic enzymes was confirmed by microarray analysis of the suprabasal epidermis from LS and DS. Specific lysosomal hydrolases identified by microarray analysis were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) and immunoblot analysis. Immunogold electron microscopy (IEM) was completed to visualize cellular expression of the hydrolytic enzyme cathepsin L2 (Cath L2) and biochemical assay was performed to ascertain Cath L2 activity. Immunoblotting of light and dark epidermal lysates demonstrated that of the six enzymes initially analyzed, both prostatic acid phosphatase (ACPP) and Cath L2 were reproducibly upregulated in DS and LS, respectively. IIF and IEM analyses of Cath L2 in tissue confirmed this differential expression. Biochemical analysis of Cath L2 in light and dark epidermal lysates displays increased activity of Cath L2 in LS. The results of this study confirm differential expression of ACPP and Cath L2 in DS and LS at gene and protein level. Additionally, Cath L2 displays increased activity in LS‐derived epidermal lysates. This study indentified two acid hydrolases that may play a role in melanosome degradation and pigment processing.
Molecular cloning of the apoptosis‐related calcium‐binding protein AsALG‐2 in Avena sativa
Authors: Hoat Trinh Xuan , Nakayashiki Hitoshi , Yang Qian , Tosa Yukio , Mayama Shigeyuki
Published: October 2012

Victorin, the host‐selective toxin produced by the fungus Cochliobolus victoriae, induces programmed cell death (PCD) in victorin‐sensitive oat lines with characteristic features of animal apoptosis, such as mitochondrial permeability transition, chromatin condensation, nuclear DNA laddering and rRNA/mRNA degradation. In this study, we characterized a calcium‐binding protein, namely AsALG‐2, which might have a role in the victorin‐induced PCD. AsALG‐2 is homologous to the Apoptosis‐Linked Gene ALG‐2 identified in mammalian cells. Northern blot analysis revealed that the accumulation of AsALG‐2 transcripts increased during victorin‐induced PCD, but not during necrotic cell death. Salicylic acid, chitosan and chitin strongly activated the expression of general defence response genes, such as PR‐10; however, neither induced cell death nor the accumulation of AsALG‐2 mRNA. Pharmacological studies indicated that victorin‐induced DNA laddering and AsALG‐2 expression were regulated through similar pathways. The calcium channel blocker, nifedipine, moderately inhibited the accumulation of AsALG‐2 mRNA during cell death. Trifluoperazine (calmodulin antagonist) and K252a (serine‐threonine kinase inhibitor) reduced the victorin‐induced phytoalexin accumulation, but did not prevent the victorin‐induced DNA laddering or accumulation of AsALG‐2 mRNA. Taken together, our investigations suggest that there is a calcium‐mediated signalling pathway in animal and plant PCD in common.
Effect of propofol on hypoxia re‐oxygenation induced neuronal cell damage in vitro*
Authors: Huang Y. , Zitta K. , Bein B. , Scholz J. , Steinfath M. , Albrecht M.
Published: October 2012

Propofol may protect neuronal cells from hypoxia re‐oxygenation injury, possibly via an antioxidant actions under hypoxic conditions. This study investigated the molecular effects of propofol on hypoxia‐induced cell damage using a neuronal cell line. Cultured human IMR‐32 cells were exposed to propofol (30 μm) and biochemical and molecular approaches were used to assess cellular effects. Propofol significantly reduced hypoxia‐mediated increases in lactate dehydrogenase, a marker of cell damage (mean (SD) for normoxia: 0.39 (0.07) a.u.; hypoxia: 0.78 (0.21) a.u.; hypoxia + propofol: 0.44 (0.17) a.u.; normoxia vs hypoxia, p < 0.05; hypoxia vs hypoxia + propofol, p < 0.05), reactive oxygen species and hydrogen peroxide. Propofol also diminished the morphological signs of cell damage. Increased amounts of catalase, which degrades hydrogen peroxide, were detected under hypoxic conditions. Propofol decreased the amount of catalase produced, but increased its enzymatic activity. Propofol protects neuronal cells from hypoxia re‐oxygenation injury, possibly via a combined direct antioxidant effect along with induced cellular antioxidant mechanisms.
Monoamine oxidase enzymes and oxidative stress in the rat optic nerve: age‐related changes
Authors: Nebbioso Marcella , Pascarella Antonia , Cavallotti Carlo , Pescosolido Nicola
Published: October 2012

In this study, age‐related changes in the monoamine oxidases (MAO) were studied in the optic nerve (ON) of both young and aged male rats. The aim of the study was to assess the role of MAO in age‐related changes in the rat ON and explain the mechanisms of neuroprotection mediated by MAO‐B‐specific inhibitors. Fifteen three month old and fifteen 26 month old Sprague–Dawley rats were used. The animals were killed by terminal anaesthesia. Staining of MAO, quantitative analysis of images, biochemical assays and statistical analysis of data were carried out. Samples of the ON were washed in water, fixed in Bowen fluid, dehydrated and embedded in Entellan. Histological sections were stained for MAO‐enzymatic activities. The specificity of the reaction was evaluated by incubating control sections in a medium either without substrate or without dye. The quantitative analysis of images was carried out at the same magnification and the same lighting using a Zeiss photomicroscope. The histochemical findings were compared with the biochemical results. After enzymatic staining, MAO could be demonstrated in the ON fibres of both young and aged animals; however, MAO were increased in the nerve fibres of the elderly rats. These morphological findings were confirmed biochemically. The possibility that age‐related changes in MAO levels may be attributed to impaired energy production mechanisms and/or represent the consequence of reduced energy needs is discussed.
A survey of parental self‐efficacy experiences: maximising potential through health visiting and universal parenting support
Authors: Whittaker Karen A , Cowley Sarah
Published: October 2012

Aims and objectives.  To examine parental self‐efficacy experiences for users of a parenting support programme and consider the pertinence of self‐efficacy theory to health visiting (public health nursing) practice.

Background.  Commonly, successful parenting training programmes are underpinned by social learning principles and aim to strengthen parental self‐efficacy. However, research examining programme effectiveness rarely discusses how self‐efficacy outcomes are achieved.

Design.  A descriptive survey was completed as the first part of a realistic evaluation study examining how a UK parenting support programme worked.

Methods.  The first part of the realistic evaluation involved validating outcome measures (the Parenting Self‐Agency Measure and Self‐Efficacy for Parenting Tasks Index subscales) and administering a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire was completed by adults accessing a parenting support programme during a 10‐month period (n = 168). Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results.  Women were the main users of the programme, which included informal drop‐in groups as well as more formalised health visiting services and parenting training courses. The Parenting Self‐Agency Measure results indicated good general parental self‐efficacy; however, the task‐specific Self‐Efficacy for Parenting Tasks Indexes scales suggested that parents were less self‐efficacious in disciplining children. Lower self‐efficacy scores correlated with high ratings for ‘feeling tired’, ‘receiving negative comments’ and ‘giving‐in to a child’s demands’.

Conclusions.  Study results indicate that the domain general and task‐specific measures provide different, but helpful, insights into parental self‐efficacy experiences. By identifying factors associated with the levels of general and task‐specific parental self‐efficacy, health visitors can gain a fuller appreciation of support needs.

Relevance to practice.  To maximise potential through parenting support, attention should be given to addressing factors associated with poorer self‐efficacy experiences, including parental tiredness. Equally, practice should be directed at developing community environments that offer exposure to positive praise and the opportunity to practice new skills without facing criticism.
Validation of the NOSCA – nurses’ observation scale of cognitive abilities
Authors: Persoon Anke , Schoonhoven Lisette , Melis Rene JF , van Achterberg Theo , Kessels Roy PC , Rikkert Marcel GM Olde
Published: October 2012

Aims and objectives. To examine the psychometric properties of the Nurses’ Observation Scale for Cognitive Abilities.

Background. Nurses’ Observation Scale for Cognitive Abilities is a behavioural rating scale comprising eight subscales that represent different cognitive domains. It is based on observations during contact between nurse and patient.

Design. Observational study.

Methods. A total of 50 patients from two geriatric wards in acute care hospitals participated in this study. Reliability was examined via internal consistency and inter‐rater reliability. Construct validity of the Nurses’ Observation Scale for Cognitive Abilities and its subscales were explored by means of convergent and divergent validity and post hoc analyses for group differences.

Results. Cronbach’s αs of the total Nurses’ Observation Scale for Cognitive Abilities and its subscales were 0·98 and 0·66–0·93, respectively. The item–total correlations were satisfactory (overall > 0·4). The intra‐class coefficients were good (37 of 39 items > 0·4). The convergent validity of the Nurses’ Observation Scale for Cognitive Abilities against cognitive ratings (MMSE, NOSGER) and severity of dementia (Clinical Dementia Rating) demonstrated satisfactory correlations (0·59–0·70,p < 0·01), except for IQCODE (0·30,p > 0·05). The divergent validity of the Nurses’ Observation Scale for Cognitive Abilities against depressive symptoms was low (0·12,p > 0·05). The construct validity of the Nurses’ Observation Scale for Cognitive Abilities subscales against 13 specific neuropsychological tests showed correlations varying from poor to fair (0·18–0·74; 10 of 13 correlationsp < 0·05).

Conclusions. Validity and reliability of the total Nurses’ Observation Scale for Cognitive Abilities are excellent. The correlations between the Nurses’ Observation Scale for Cognitive Abilities subscales and standard neuropsychological tests were moderate. More conclusive results may be found if the Nurses’ Observation Scale for Cognitive Abilities subscales were to be validated using more ecologically valid tests and in a patient population with less cognitive impairment.

Relevance to clinical practice. Use of the Nurses’ Observation Scale for Cognitive Abilities yields standardised, reliable and valid information about patient’s cognitive behaviour in daily practice. The Nurses’ Observation Scale for Cognitive Abilities aids in tailoring nursing interventions to patients’ specific cognitive needs. We advocate the implementation of the Nurses’ Observation Scale for Cognitive Abilities both in research and at geriatric units in acute care hospitals.
Talking in triads: communication with Turkish and Moroccan immigrants in the palliative phase of cancer
Authors: De Graaff Fuusje M , Francke Anneke L , Van den Muijsenbergh Maria ETC , van der Geest Sjaak
Published: October 2012

Aims and objectives

To gain insight into the factors that influence communication between health professionals and Turkish and Moroccan immigrants in the palliative phase of cancer.

Background

In palliative care, communication is crucial. The question, however, is whether Dutch healthcare providers, on the one hand, and Turkish and Moroccan patients and their family members, on the other, agree on what is constituted by good communication.

Design

A descriptive qualitative method is used.

Methods

Data of semi‐structured interviews with 83 persons (six patients, 30 relatives and 47 professional care providers) were analysed to determine perceptual communication differences about care and treatment during the palliative phase of 33 cases.

Results

As many patients with a Turkish or Moroccan background speak little Dutch, conversations often take place in triads, which makes it difficult for the actors to understand and resolve communication problems arising from diverging perceptions of ‘good communication’.

Conclusion

Miscommunication around palliative care cannot solely be explained by the different cultural backgrounds of patients and their care providers. The multilingual communication triangle of patient – family – care provider often also complicates the bridging of differences in care perceptions.

Relevance to clinical practice

Professional care providers should develop adequate strategies to handle triads, explore their own conventions and those of patients and relatives.
The 75‐year‐old persons' self‐reported health conditions: a knowledge base in the field of preventive home visits
Authors: Sherman Helena , Forsberg Christina , Karp Anita , Törnkvist Lena
Published: October 2012

Aims and objectives

To describe and analyse 75‐year‐old persons′ health conditions and how they were associated with socio‐demographic status and sense of coherence to produce a knowledge base for district nurse's preventive home visits.

Background

Action plans are needed to promote health and to prevent diseases amongst older people. One action plan is preventive home visits to 75‐year‐old persons by the district nurse. Though the district nurse has a broad knowledge in the field of preventive health work, preventive home visits to 75‐year‐old persons was a new responsibility. Although aging and older persons health have been investigated in many varied studies, it was difficult to find a comprehensive view, in general and from a district nursing perspective, of 75‐year olds' health conditions.

Design

Cross‐sectional.

Methods

In total 583, 75‐year‐olds (74%) answered a questionnaire regarding health and well‐being, health problems, health behaviour and sense of coherence.

Results

Most 75‐year‐old persons reported their health as good or very good, but they also reported health problems such as: pain, sleeping problems, memory failure, fatigue, poor understanding of their own health and illnesses, problems with elimination patterns and underweight and overweight. 75‐year‐old persons living alone, those with elementary school education and women reported worse health and well‐being than other groups.

Conclusion

This study contributes to the knowledge about health issues that concern persons of 75 years of age. It gives a suggestion as to what the district nurses should be aware of when performing preventive home visits.

Relevance to clinical practice

This study raises the importance of preventive health work regarding 75‐year‐old persons. It suggests how to educate district nurses in how to perform preventive home visits to older persons.
Frequency of positive patch test reactions to preservatives: The Australian experience
Authors: Chow Elizabeth T , Avolio Andrea M , Lee Adriene , Nixon Rosemary
Published: October 2012

Background/Objectives

Preservatives are important causes of allergic contact dermatitis. The frequency of allergy to preservatives in Australia has been unknown to date. Our objectives are to report the frequency of positive preservative patch test reactions in Australia, comparing them to the published international data, as well as exploring the current regulations in place for preservative use in Australia.

Methods

This was the first retrospective study of patch testing results, aggregated from four patch test clinics in three centres in Melbourne and Sydney.

Results

In all, 6845 patients were patch‐tested during 1993–2006 and in this period the five most frequent preservative allergens were formaldehyde (4.6%), Euxyl K400 (containing methyldibromo glutaronitrile and phenoxyethanol) (3.3%), quaternium‐15 (2.9%), diazolidinyl urea (2.4%), and methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (2.3%). These were followed by dimethylol dimethyl DMDM hydantoin (2.1%), chloroacetamide (2.1%) and imidazolidinyl urea (1.9%). The least frequent sensitisers were parabens (1.1%), 2‐bromo‐2‐nitropropane‐1, 3‐diol (0.9%) and benzyl alcohol (0.4%).

Conclusions

Formaldehyde was the most prevalent preservative allergen. Chloroacetamide allergy was more commonly seen in Australia. Parabens, 2‐bromo‐2‐nitropropane‐1,3‐diol and benzyl alcohol were the least frequent sensitisers. Household products in Australia are not required to list all ingredients preventing sensitised individuals from properly assessing their exposure.
Venous malformations: Clinical course and management of vascular birthmark clinic cases
Authors: McRae Michelle Y , Adams Susan , Pereira, John , Parsi Kurosh , Wargon Orli
Published: October 2012

Background/Objectives

Venous malformations (VM) are an uncommon vascular malformation with an estimated incidence of 1–2 per 10 000 births. The aim was to define the clinical characteristics and management of children with VM and develop a database for future research.

Methods

A retrospective chart review of all children presenting to the Vascular Birth Mark clinic with VM from 2000 to 2011.

Results

In total 128 patients were included, of whom 59.4% were female, 78.1% were Caucasian and 56.3% resided in a metropolitan area. Most lesions were noted at birth (64.1%) with an average age when VM was first noticed of 17.1 months. The average age of definitive diagnosis was 65.9 months. Locations most frequently involved were the lower limb (41.4%), face (21.1%), trunk (17.2%) and upper limb (15.6%). The most commonly associated conditions were capillary malformation (28.9%) and lymphatic malformation (28.1%). Magnetic resonance imaging was used in the majority of patients (86.7%) to assess tissue distribution of the lesions. Skin and subcutaneous tissue (61.3%), muscle (49.5%) and joints (11.7%) were most commonly involved. Complications of VM resulted in morbidity in 68.8% of cases, most commonly pain (52.3%), thrombophlebitis (17.2%), bleeding (13.3%) and limb length discrepancy (13.3%). Intervention was employed in 68.0%, most often with sclerotherapy (61.8%), compression garments (43.0%), and endovascular laser (17.2%) and surgical management (13.3%).

Conclusions

Given the frequent association of VM with other vascular lesions, considerable morbidity, and specialised treatment, a multidisciplinary approach to their management in childhood is important and should include dermatology, diagnostic and interventional radiology, haematology, paediatric surgery, physiotherapy and social services.
Highly proliferative sellar chordoma with unusually rapid recurrence
Authors: Karamchandani Jason , Wu Megan YiJun , Das Sunit , Vogel Hannes , Muller Paul , Cusimano Michael , Montanera Walter , Kovacs Kalman
Published: October 2012

Chordomas are tumors of notochordal differentiation of low to intermediate grade malignancy. These tumors are typically slow growing, with an indolent but progressive clinical course. We present a case of a highly proliferative chordoma arising in a 73‐year‐old woman with unusually rapid clinical growth and aggressive histologic and immunohistochemical features. This patient had an unusually brief preclinical course and within 1 month of developing headaches presented to medical attention with diplopia. The resected chordoma showed uncommonly elevated mitotic activity, without the histologic hallmarks of de‐differentiation. This proliferative activity correlated with elevated Ki67 staining (60%), B‐cell leukemia/lymphoma1 (BCL1) expression (100%), and topoisomerase IIα staining (>95%). E‐cadherin expression was also lost throughout the majority of the tumor. Other markers of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) including vimentin, N‐cadherin, Slug and Twist, were also strongly expressed in this aggressive tumor. The sellar component of the tumor recurred within a 2‐month interval. The evaluation of the additional biomarkers, including makers of EMT studied in this, case may allow for identification of aggressive chordomas in which the tempo of disease is significantly more rapid than in typical cases of chordoma.
Histological diagnosis of follicular lymphoma by biopsy of small intestinal normal mucosa
Authors: Okada Eriko , Araki Akihiro , Suzuki Shinji , Watanabe Hideki , Ikeda Takaaki , Watanabe Takashi , Kurata Morito , Eishi Yoshinobu , Watanabe Mamoru
Published: October 2012

Due to advances in double‐balloon endoscopy, various types of malignant lymphoma of the small intestine have been observed at very early stages. We report here that after remission of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma recurred in the mucosa of the small intestine. Furthermore, these lesions were diagnosed by biopsy from normal mucosa as diminutive erosions and reddish looking. If a small intestinal lesion is suspected of being a malignant lymphoma, a double‐balloon endoscopy should be carried out, and a biopsy should be taken and inspected.