bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rare, Endangered, Endemic, and Protected Species (REEPS) conservation in the Cisokan, West Java, Indonesia
Authors: HUSODO TEGUH , MEGANTARA ERRI NOVIAR , MUTAQIN ASEP ZAINAL , KENDARTO DWI RUSTAM , WITHANINGSIH SUSANTI , WULANDARI INDRI , SHANIDA SYA SYA , FEBRIANTO PUPUT
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Husodo T, Megantara EN, Mutaqin AZ, Kendarto DR, Withaningsih S, Wulandari I, Shanida SS, Febrianto P. 2024. Rare, Endangered, Endemic, and Protected Species (REEPS) conservation in the Cisokan, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 5094-5102. The Upper Cisokan Pumped Storage (UCPS) hydropower construction poses significant challenges to local biodiversity, particularly Rare, Endemic, Endangered, and Protected Species (REEPS). This study aimed to describe the distribution of REEPS threatened by the construction and analyze the trend of their presence during the development. Methods applied include sign surveys, camera trapping, and literature review across a 47-grid study area. The findings show that ten REEPS continue to occupy forest patches and corridors despite ongoing construction activities. All REEPS species were consistently recorded from 2009 to 2022, indicating that their habitat can still meet their survival needs. However, habitat fragmentation and overlapping land use due to construction threaten these species' long-term sustainability. The grid-based analysis identified nine grids as core habitats for multiple REEPS species, emphasizing the need for ongoing biodiversity management. This includes preserving critical corridors and forest patches, which are crucial for the survival of these species. Long-term monitoring ensures coexistence between wildlife and human activities, maintaining ecosystem balance while advancing the hydropower project. This study highlights the importance of integrating wildlife conservation with infrastructure development in biodiversity-rich areas.
Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas veronii bv veronii causes disease in gourami (Osphronemus gouramy)
Authors: MULIA DINI SISWANI , NISA ZAHROTUN , SUWARSITO SUWARSITO , PURBOMARTONO CAHYONO , ISNANSETYO ALIM , NAFIQOH NUNAK , YASIN INA SALWANY MD , AZZAM-SAYUTI MOHAMAD
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Mulia DS, Nisa Z, Suwarsito, Purbomartono C, Isnansetyo A, Nafiqoh N, Yasin ISM, Azzam-Sayuti M. 2024. Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas veronii bv veronii causes disease in gourami (Osphronemus gouramy). Biodiversitas 25: 5103-5111. Gourami (Osphronemus gouramy) is a type of freshwater fish with excellent potential, but its cultivation is often disturbed by bacterial diseases caused by Aeromonas spp. The presence of virulent genes often influences the pathogenicity of Aeromonas spp. and treatment with antibiotics causes bacteria resistance. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Aeromonas veronii bv veronii causing disease in gourami (O. gouramy). A purposive sampling method was used to obtain specific diseased gourami. Phenotypic characteristics were determined morphologically and biochemically, while genotypic characteristics were based on 16S rDNA and virulent genes. A total of 10 virulent genes were used, including the aerA/haem, alt, ast, act, flaA, lafA, fstA, ahp, ela, and lip genes. Subsequently, antibiotic susceptibility tests were carried out using 10 µg gentamycin disk, 10 µg bacitracin, 30 µg tetracycline, and 30 µg chloramphenicol. Data on phenotypic and genotypic identification, the detection of virulence genes, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. The results showed that isolate BmSG-03 was closely related to A. veronii bv veronii strain ATCC 35624 with a similarity rate and query of 99.58% and 100%, respectively. The A. veronii bv veronii BmSG-03 isolate was detected to contain the aerA/haem, lafA, and ela genes, while the alt, ast, act, flaA, fstA, ahp, and lip genes were not detected. This isolate was resistant to bacitracin, tetracycline, and gentamycin but susceptible to chloramphenicol. Moreover, further investigations were recommended on genotypic characteristics of A. veronii bv veronii resistance gene and other antibiotic tests due to limited reports in Indonesia. For effective disease control, there should be a comprehensive database on the characteristics of the pathogen to obtain more effective and appropriate mitigation efforts.
Phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of local durian (Durio zibethinus) leaf extract from Criwik, Rembang, Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: SAWITRI ANDINI DESI , YUNIASTUTI ENDANG , PURWANTO EDI , PARJANTO PARJANTO
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Sawitri AD, Yuniastuti E, Purwanto E, Parjanto. 2025. Phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of local durian (Durio zibethinus) leaf extract from Criwik, Rembang, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 55-61. Durian (Durio zibethinus), an important tropical fruit in Indonesia, is widely known for its unique flavor and potential health benefits. Despite extensive research on the nutritional and pharmacological properties of its fruit, the bioactive potential of its other plant parts, particularly the leaves, remains limited. This study explored the phytochemical profile and bioactive compounds in the leaf extract of Criwik durian, a local variety from Rembang, Central Java, Indonesia. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, and phenolic compounds, all known for their diverse pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Importantly, this is the first study to report the presence of phytochemical in the durian leaf extract. Additionally, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was conducted to characterize the bioactive components, which identified 11 distinct compounds. These included squalene, ethyl iso allocholate, neophytadiene, and phytol, all associated with health remedies and pharmacological effects. These results provide a detailed chemical profile of Criwik durian leaves, highlighting their potential as a valuable resource for the development of natural health products and herbal remedies. These findings enhance our understanding of the bioactive potential of durian leaves and encourage further research into their medicinal applications. Thus, Criwik durian leaves could serve as a promising source for the future exploration of natural health product development and sustainable medicinal practices.
Comprehensive assessment of Terebralia palustris populations in the Sayeung Calang River ecosystem, Aceh Jaya, Indonesia
Authors: ISMA MUHAMMAD FAUZAN , PRAYITNO SLAMET B. , HAERUDDIN HAERUDDIN , MUSKANANFOLA MAX R.
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Isma MF, Prayitno SB, Haeruddin, Muskananfola MR. 2025. Comprehensive assessment of Terebralia palustris populations in the Sayeung Calang River ecosystem. Biodiversitas 26: 62-72. Terebralia palustris (Linnaeus, 1767) a mangrove-dwelling gastropod, has a vast Indo-Pacific distribution spanning over 10,000 kilometers across diverse ecoregions. This study aimed to analyze population ecology and health conditions of T. palustris. Samples were collected from three sections of the Sayeung Calang River, Indonesia, using a 50 m line transect with 10 × 10 m plots and 1 × 1 m subplots. Density showed no significant variation (p > 0.05) with even distribution (<1). SL and SW morphometrics differed significantly (p < 0.05). Other morphometrics (SP, BWL, AW, AL, BW) showed no significant variation. The highest morphometric variation coefficient exceeded 40% (AW/SL). ST1 - ST2 and ST3 differentiation was primarily driven by SW/SL (34.31%), while ST1-ST4 and ST2 and ST3-ST4 differentiation was primarily driven by BW/SL (38.52 and 39.17%, respectively). PCA analysis identified SW/SL and SP/SL as the main morphometric characters (r = 0.44). Discriminant analysis indicated that AW/SL, AL/SL, SP/SL, and BWL/SL were most differentiated between sections. T. palustris exhibited an unimodal age distribution, suggesting disrupted health and severe competition, resulting in low adaptation (diversity coefficient: 20.44-38.04%). In conclusion, T. palustris in the area demonstrates distinct morphometric adaptations and distribution patterns, likely influenced by environmental conditions. Limited growth and adaptation capacity may result from intraspecific competition and habitat variability.
Potential probiotic characteristics of Bacillus sp. originated from intensive snakehead fish (Channa striata) raising ponds in Vinh Long Province, Vietnam
Authors: CHI NGUYEN TRI YEN , MINH NGUYEN LU KHOI , THI QUACH VAN CAO
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Chi NTY, Minh NLK, Thi QVC. 2025. Potential probiotic characteristics of Bacillus sp. originated from intensive snakehead fish (Channa striata) raising ponds in Vinh Long Province, Vietnam. Biodiversitas 26: 85-93. Internal white spot disease caused by Aeromonas schubertii in snakehead fish (Channa striata) has become increasingly common and leading to significant economic losses to fish farmers. This study aimed to isolate and screen Bacillus with potential probiotic characteristics from intensively cultured snakehead fish in Vinh Long province. The results isolated 16 out of 34 Bacillus strains from pond water, sludge, and the intestine samples of snakehead fish were antagonistic against A. schubertii using the diffusion well method. In the study, strain BC2LM1 exhibited the highest antibacterial activity and was identified as Bacillus based on morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing results. Strain BC2LM1 in this study was able to survive in media with pH ranging from 2.0 to 4.0 after 6 h of incubation. In particular, it tolerated bile salts at a concentration of 0.5% after 9 h of inoculation. The strain also demonstrated the ability to produce extracellular enzymes, including cellulase, amylase, and protease. Moreover, BC2LM1 was found to be susceptible to ampicillin/sulbactam, clindamycin, doxycycline, tetracycline, erythromycin, and levofloxacin. These findings show the potential application of Bacillus to control A. schubertii infections in intensively cultured snakehead fish in the Mekong Delta.
Selection and validation of stable reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis across seven Musa genomes during early flowering development
Authors: SUJIPULI KAWEE , MINGMANIT YONLADA , INTHIMA PHITHAK , LAYWISADKUL SRISANGWAN , RATANASUT KUMROP , PREMJET DUANGPORN , PREMJET SIRIPONG , PONGCHAROEN PONGSANAT , PATHAICHINDACHOTE WANWARANG , PHINYO MAHATTANEE , BOONSRANGSOM THANITA
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Sujipuli K, Mingmanit Y, Inthima P, Laywisadkul S, Ratanasut K, Premjet D, Premjet S, Pongcharoen P, Pathaichindachote W, Phinyo M, Boonsrangsom T. 2025. Biodiversitas 26: 125-135. Banana (Musa spp.) is a globally important fruit crop, with most edible varieties resulting from hybridizations between Musa acuminata (AA genome) and Musa balbisiana (BB genome). Seed formation in hybrid bananas is undesirable for both fresh consumption and processing, making it crucial to understand the genetic mechanisms controlling pollen viability and development to prevent seed set in commercial cultivation. However, comprehensive evaluations of reference genes for gene expression studies in various Musa genomic groups are still lacking. This study evaluated five candidate reference genes-ACT2, CAC, RPS4, RPL4, and SAMDC1-across seven Musa genomes using reverse transcriptase quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Four of these genes (CAC, RPS4, RPL4, and SAMDC1) demonstrated high primer specificity, with single PCR amplification peaks and melting curve Tm values ranging from 75.42 ± 0.03 to 82.51 ± 0.03. Expression abundance varied, with Ct values between 21.58 ± 0.26 and 24.68 ± 0.20. Using five stability analysis programs, CAC was identified as the most stable reference gene across all seven Musa genomes, making it the optimal candidate for normalizing gene expression data in banana studies. This study provides a valuable tool for enhancing the accuracy of gene expression analysis in banana breeding programs targeting seedless fruit production, thereby demonstrating the practical relevance of reference gene evaluation in banana genomic studies.
Spatial and temporal distribution of macrobenthic polychaetes (Animalia: Annelida) comparing mangrove forest and aquaculture zone at Karimunjawa Island, Jepara District, Indonesia
Authors: PUTRO SAPTO PURNOMO , SIHAB ALWI , TITISARI RIZKI SANDHI , ANARIZTA LEVINA A. , HODAIFA GASSAN
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Putro SP, Sihab A, Titisari RS, Anarizta LA, Hodaifa G. 2024. Spatial and temporal distribution of macrobenthic polychaetes (Animalia: Annelida) comparing mangrove forest and aquaculture zone at Karimunjawa Island, Jepara District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 178-189. Polychaetes are bioindicator of pollution in a water area due to their high abundance and sensitivity to different organic matter content in sediment. This study aimed to determine the type and structure of the community and the correlation of polychaeta community structure with environmental characteristics in the waters of the mangrove area and the aquaculture zone of BTN Karimunjawa, Central Java. Sampling was done using the Random Sampling method at three stations each in KJABB IMTA, monoculture and mangrove. Data processing using Two-way ANOVA test, k-dominance curve, Multidimensional Scaling (MDS), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and BIO-ENV. In this study, 9 families and 16 genera of polychaeta were obtained and Spionidae family group ranked first in the abundance of organisms. The calculation of the index shows that the level of diversity and uniformity is low-medium, with no dominance in general. Based on the results of the Two-way ANOVA test showed no significant differences in the composition of polychaeta variability, spatially and temporally. The MDS ordination plot shows the grouping of organism variability between stations based on their biological composition. Further analysis using k-dominance curves showed that station 2 monoculture had the highest level of diversity and the lowest level of dominance. BIO-ENV analysis proves that environmental parameters with a strong influence on polychaeta abundance include C-organic, pH and coarse sand fraction (r: 0.418). PCA analysis showed clustering based on sediment substrate size composition (silt, coarse sand, gravel). This study indicates that polychaeta community structure between stations and periods showed no significant differences, and the relationship between biotic and abiotic parameters showed that C-organic, pH and coarse sand fraction are some of the abiotic parameters that most affect the abundance of polychaeta.
Diversity of Ceratocystis fimbriata causing canker and wilt disease on Cupressus sempervirens (Italian cypress) in Indonesia
Authors: PRATAMA RAHMAT , SUWANDI SUWANDI , MUSLIM AHMAD , MULAWARMAN MULAWARMAN
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Pratama R, Suwandi S, Muslim A, Mulawarman. 2025. Diversity of Ceratocystis fimbriata causing canker and wilt disease on Cupressus sempervirens (Italian cypress) in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 278-287. In 2022-2023, new diseases were observed on Cupressus sempervirens in South Sumatra, Indonesia, with the disease incidence increasing from 17.6% to 26.5% in 2023. Initial symptoms, included stem cankers, black lesions on sapwood and vascular tissue, discoloration and partial wilting of leaves, and eventual complete drying, leading to plant death. The objective of this study was to isolate and identify the fungal pathogen causing wilt disease in C. sempervirens trees using morphological characterization and DNA sequencing. In 2022-2023, a disease survey was conducted in six districts of South Sumatra. The results showed that six out of ten locations were infected, with disease incidence ranging from 4.1% to 17.6% in 2022, increasing to 2% to 26.5% in 2023. Pathogen identification employed a polyphasic approach, combining morphological and molecular characteristics from specific genomic regions (the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and ?-tubulin). Both the morphological features (including a globose base with a long neck-ended tip with ostiolar hyphae, cylindrical conidia, and hat-shaped ascospores) and phylogenetic analysis identified the isolates as Ceratocystis fimbriata. ITS gene sequences indicated that all the isolates belonged to the ITS5 haplotype. In pathogenicity test, pathogen caused mortality in C. sempervirens, Acacia mangium, and Artocarpus heterophyllus plants. The implications of these findings are significant, as they can potentially lead to the development of effective control measures. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Ceratocystis spp. causing wilt disease on C. sempervirens in South Sumatra.
DNA barcoding of Mugilogobius mertoni and M. rambaiae from Siberut and Enggano Islands, the small outermost islands of Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: ROESMA DEWI IMELDA , TJONG DJONG HON , SYAIFULLAH SYAIFULLAH , AIDIL DYTA RABBANI
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Roesma DI, Tjong DH, Syaifullah, Aidil DR. 2025. DNA barcoding of Mugilogobius mertoni and M. rambaiae from Siberut and Enggano Islands, the small outermost islands of Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 386-395. Siberut and Enggano Islands are the small and outermost islands of Sumatra, Indonesia. These two islands' unique geological history allows evolutionary processes to produce high levels of endemicity. One of the interesting fish genera from the Siberut and Enggano Islands is Mugilogobius. Based on morphological identification, it was estimated there are two Mugilogobius species in the Siberut and Enggano Islands. Molecular identification of Mugilogobius using the Cytochrome Oxidase I gene (known as DNA barcoding) needs to be done to prove it. The liver tissue was used for molecular analysis. The BLAST analysis showed that Mugilogobius from Siberut and Enggano Islands have a similarity range of 97.49%-96.06% with Mugilogobius GenBank. Based on the 558 bp sequence analyzed, Mugilogobius mertoni and Mugilogobius rambaiae from Siberut and Enggano Islands have a low sequence of divergences at 0.0%-0.4%, respectively. M. rambaiae from Siberut and Enggano Islands share the same haplotype. The ability of the species to maintain their genetics and the similarity of conditions between the two islands share their high genetic similarities. M. mertoni and M. rambaiae from Siberut and Enggano Islands have a high sequence of divergences at 3.0-4.6% with M. mertoni and M. rambaiae GenBank, respectively. The long-distance location, the presence of the ocean as a barrier, and differences in habitat conditions contribute to the high variations between Mugilogobius from two islands and other populations. Mugilogobius from Siberut and Enggano Islands has a sequence of divergence at 12.4%-17.3% compared to other Mugilogobius species, supporting their differences at the species level in the same genera. This study contributed to presenting the first molecular data of Mugiologius that can be used as a sequence reference for identification and the sequences became the genetic richness data of fish in the small and outermost islands of Sumatra, Indonesia (Siberut and Enggano Islands).
Evaluation of the effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra and Syzygium aromaticum extracts on gene expression of Streptococcus mutans in patients with dental caries
Authors: AL-AMILI MAREH  L. , AL-JOBORI KAMIL M.
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Al-Amili ML, Al-Jobori KM. 2025. Evaluation of the effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra and Syzygium aromaticum extracts on gene expression of Streptococcus mutans in patients with dental caries. Biodiversitas 26: 418-423. Dental caries, primarily associated with Streptococcus mutans, is among the most widespread diseases, particularly in developing regions such as Iraq. Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) are plants with significant economic value and antibacterial properties that potentially serve as alternatives to chemically synthesized antibiofilm agents. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of G. glabra and S. aromaticum extracts against S. mutans and to compare their effects with those of antibiotics, mouthwashes, and toothpaste through gene expression analysis of gtfB and gtfD using RT-qPCR. In total, it did not include the methodology or provide details about the Sub-MIC because it was published separately as a second research study in another journal.100 specimens were collected from patients clinically diagnosed by dental physicians at the Hay Al-Hussein Specialized Center in Maysan City, Iraq. RNA was extracted from dentinal lesion specimens and reverse transcribed into complementary DNA (cDNA). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed to analyze the expression of the gtfB and gtfD genes using the housekeeping gene 16S rRNA as an internal control. The analysis assessed the effects of licorice extract, clove extract, combined extracts, chlorhexidine mouthwash at sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (sub-MIC), and lacalut toothpaste on S. mutans. RT-qPCR results revealed that clove extract significantly reduced the expression of gtfB compared to other treatments, with fold changes of 0.178, 0.454, and 0.191. Licorice extract notably suppressed gtfD expression, with fold changes of 0.215, 0.390, and 0.003 for isolates 74, 80, and 46, respectively. These findings suggest that the plant extracts inhibited specific biofilm-related genes without necessarily reducing the overall bacterial growth. Therefore, these natural extracts can be developed as innovative natural anti-plaque agents.
Elucidating hard coral community in tropical coral reefs of Pulau Bidong and nearby islands, South China Sea
Authors: QAMARINA MOHMAD FUAD NUR , BOO WEE HIN , PING YU HAI , BACHOK ZAINUDIN , SAFUAN CHE DIN MOHD
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Qamarina MFN, Boo WH, Ping YH, Bachok Z, Safuan CDM. 2025. Elucidating hard coral community in tropical coral reefs of Pulau Bidong and nearby islands, South China Sea. Biodiversitas 26: 444-457. This study investigates the intricate dynamics of hard coral communities within the tropical coral reefs of the South China Sea, a region renowned for its high marine biodiversity. Data were collected through video sampling to assess the hard coral composition around Pulau Bidong and nearby islands, analyzing variations of hard coral communities across different variables such as island, depth, habitat, and exposure. In total, 40 hard coral genera from 15 families were identified in the study area. Overall, Acropora (22.41% ± 22.17) emerged as the most prominent genus, followed by Porites (5.8% ± 10.27). Acropora dominated in leeward reefs (28.70% ± 22.84) and sandy habitats (29.11% ± 23.89), both sheltered from intense winds and currents. Porites were abundant in exposed reefs (13.69% ± 16.4) with submerged habitats (35.64% ± 8.42) and windward reefs (9.33% ± 10.47) with rocky habitats (8.17% ± 9.46), both of which are subject to higher physical disturbances. Varying local conditions significantly influence the composition of hard coral communities in these tropical reefs. These findings underscore the urgent need for conservation in disturbed reefs, as they should be protected from intense human activities to preserve hard coral diversity. The recommendation that sheltered areas, such as leeward reefs, may be more suitable for water activities and controlled human development supports the responsible utilization of Pulau Bidong and nearby islands while ensuring the long-term sustainability of the marine ecosystem. Overall, this study provides a foundational understanding of how local environmental variables affect hard coral communities in the South China Sea, a crucial insight for developing effective coral reef management strategies amid increasing pressures from climate change.
The use of BA and NAA to stimulate shoot formation of longan (Dimocarpus longan) by in vitro.
Authors: ANNIASARI TANJUNG DEWI , PUTRI RETNO BANDRIYATI ARNI , MULIAWATI ENDANG SETIA
Published: February 2025

Anniasari TD, Putri RBA, Muliawati ES. 2016. The use of BA and NAA to stimulate shoot formation of longan (Dimocarpus longan) by in vitro. Bioteknologi 13: 43-53. Indonesia is a place which is rich in tropical fruit plants. One of them is longan. The domestic needs of this fruit is more and more increase. This condition force the emergence of the import longan to fulfill the needs of the longan fruit in large quantities. Therefore, the efforts to increase the longan production are needed. There is an obstruction in the propagation of longan, is the expensive of seed price. To fulfill the demand of longan seed, could be done by effort of multiplication using tissue culture method. In multiplication method of longan with tissue culture need the plant growing regulator. This research was aimed to find out the combination of the exact concentration from the plant growing regulator on stimulating the shoot formation of longan. This research used Completely Randomize Design which consisted of two factors were arranged by factorial. First factor was the BA concentration consisted of: without BA, 0,5 ppm, 1 ppm, 2 ppm, and 3 ppm. Second factor was the NAA concentrations which consisted of four levels: without NAA, 0,5 ppm, 1 ppm, 2 ppm, and 3 ppm. Then, the data was analyzed descriptively. The result showed that the combination of BA concentration 2 ppm concentration and NAA concentration 1 ppm gave the best result at the callus texture, callus color, and callus size. All treatments have not been able to stimulate the shoot formation of longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour).
The effect of variety of medium and BAP concentration to the multiplication of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) by in vitro.
Authors: NURSETIADI EKA , YUNIASTUTI ENDANG , PUTRI RETNA BANDRIYATI ARNI
Published: February 2025

Nursetiadi E, Yuniastuti E, Putri RBA. 2016. The effect of variety of medium and BAP concentration to the multiplication of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) by in vitro. Bioteknologi 13: 63-72. Mangosteen has a high price on world market. But each fruit only has 1-2 grain which can be used as seed, and Mangosteenâ€™s grain was rekalsitran, so that seed canâ€™t go along way. Therefore, one way to solve the problem is a tissue culture method. The exact use of variety of medium and hormone on the exact concentration is the success key of tissue culture. This research was aimed to find out the effect of variety of medium and the concentration of BAP to the multiplication of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) by in vitro manner. This research used the descriptive analysis method with two treatment factors and three repetition. The first factor was the variety of medium, namely MS medium (M1), WPM medium (M2), and B5 medium (M3). The second factor was the concentration of BAP, including : 0 ppm (B0), 1 ppm (B1), 2 ppm (B2), and 3 ppm (B3). On each combination of treatments, 0,5 ppm IBA was added. The monitoring variables were the time of shootâ€™s growth, the quantity of shoots, the length of shoots, the number of leaf, and the length of leaf. The research shows that the optimum medium was WPM medium. MS, WPM and B5 medium shows the same inclination. The 2 ppm BAP treatment plus IBA 0,5 ppm was the best average of the number and the length of the leaf, while the 0 ppm BAP treatment plus IBA 0,5 ppm tended to show the best average of the yield on the length of the leaf. The fastest time of shootâ€™s growth appeared on the 1 ppm concentration of BAP plus IBA 0,5 ppm.
Identification of structural and elemental composition of Cassia obtusifolia
Authors: AHMED ABDALLAH YOUSIF ADAM , MAROUF ALI A. S.
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Ahmed AYA, Marouf AAS. 2017. Short Communication: Identification of structural and elemental composition of Cassia obtusifolia. Bioteknologi 14: 12-15. Kawal is a dried fermentation product of sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) leaves. The people of Sudan and Chad use kawal as a meat substitute. In this study, kawal was obtained in powder form from Forbranga, Darfour. The objective of this study was identification the chemical compositions of kawal. FTIR spectrum and atomic absorption spectrophotometer methods were used. In FTIR experimental procedure, the sample was used as a dried powder. While for the atomic absorption and inductively coupled plasma, the sample was used after combustion for extracting the minerals (K, P, Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe). The investigations with FTIR showed that the fermented leaves of C. obtusifolia (Kawal) consisted of several types of molecular functional groups: alkyl halide, alkene, a nitro functional group, aromatic, carbonyl, alcohol, esters, ether, and acid and amides. Mineral contents of the samples were identified. About 2.50% is the presence of calcium, with the other minerals as Mg 0.66%, P 0.393%, Na 0.165% and K about 1.595%. Moreover, for extracting the iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) minerals of fermented cassia leaves, the atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used and found that Zn was 0.665mg/L and Fe consist of the value 15.6411mg/L.
Bioethanol production from rice and corn husks after enzymatic and microbes hydrolysis and yeast fermentation
Authors: PURWOKO TJAHJADI , SARI SITI LUSI ARUM , MAHADJOENO EDWI , SUNARTO SUNARTO
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Purwoko Tj, Sari SLA, Mahadjoeno E, Sunarto. 2017. Bioethanol production from rice and corn husks after enzymatic and microbes hydrolysis and yeast fermentation. Bioteknologi 14: 19-23. Bioethanol is a renewable resource that can be produced from fermented cellulosic biomass. The use of lignocellulosic materials from agricultural wastes provides a low-cost fermentative substrate. Lignocellulosic ethanol production involves acid or enzymatic hydrolysis. The enzymatic hydrolysis cost higher, however in environmental issue this step is favorable. The purpose of this research was to compare bioethanol production after microbes and cellulosic enzymes hydrolysis following yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, fermentation from rice and corn husks. The rice and corn husks (1 kg) were each suspended in water until the volumes reached 5 L. The sample mixtures were treated with 2.5 mg/L cellulases, 5 g/L multienzymes, and 5 mL/L EM4 respectively. The mixtures were stirred for 24 hours at pH 5.7 and 35°C. After hydrolysis, the samples (100 mL) were treated by 1, 2, and 3 % w/v Baker’s yeasts. The samples were fermented with incubator shaking for 6 days at 30°C, 90 rpm, and pH 6.5. Sugar concentrations were determined by dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) colorimetric method. Bioethanol production and specific gravity method were then compared to IAOC Ethanol Table. Sugar concentrations and bioethanol production after multienzymes hydrolysis of rice and corn husks.  There were 6.54-6.81 mg/mL and 3.17-3.54 mg/mL, respectively. Sugar concentrations of rice and corn husks after multienzymes hydrolysis treatment was higher than EM4 and cellulases hydrolysis treatments. Therefore, bioethanol productions of rice and corn husks after multienzymes hydrolysis and yeasts after 2 days fermentation were higher than the others.
In vitro response of Phomopsis theae to the products of Azadirachta indica and extracts of Warburgia ugandensis
Authors: LINNER CHEPKORIR SOY , BIRGEN JONAH K. , MAINGI JOHN
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Linner CS, Birgen JK, Maingi J. 2017. In vitro response of Phomopsis theae to the products of Azadirachta indica and extracts of Warburgia ugandensis. Bioteknologi 14: 37-46. This study was done to determine the use of plant products and extracts to manage the disease caused by Phomopsis theae. Among the products used were Nimbecidine and Trilogy, which are products of the neem tree. The Warburgia ugandensis extracts from the bark, root and leaf were also used in vitro to determine the inhibition of Phomopsis theae, the causative agent of Branch and Collar Canker. These were compared with the inhibition of standard fungicides (Topsin and Saaf). Nimbecidine and Trilogy were tested at the concentration of 10 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm. Additionally, W. ugandensis extracts were tested at the rates of 10 g/100 mL, 15 g/100 mL and 20 g/100 mL. Nimbecidine inhibited growth more than Trilogy in all the concentrations and were not significantly different from those of Topsin and Saaf. Stem bark extracts of W. ugandensis were also effective in inhibiting the growth of P. theae with inhibition of 97.64 per cent in all the rates. Root was next in inhibition with 78.8, 19.45 and 9.89 per cent in 20 g, 15 g, and 10 g respectively. The leaf extracts did not inhibit growth at any rate. In liquid media, similar results were observed. In Nimbecidine, mycelial weights were significantly lower compared to Trilogy. Stem bark extracts also had lower mycelial weights, followed by the root, and then leaf among the extracts. Nimbecidine and bark extracts of W. ugandensis were compared with standard fungicides, Topsin and Saaf, and the extract was comparable to the fungicides both in solid and liquid media. They were able to inhibit the growth of P. theae. It was concluded that Nimbecide and the bark extracts from W. ugandensis are potential alternatives, or can supplement the standard fungicides in the control of Phomopsis theae in tea.
Fabrication of chitosan-based nanofibrous scaffold using free surface electrospinning for tissue engineering application
Authors: AGRAWAL PARINITA , PRAMANIK KRISHNA
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Agrawal P, Pramanik K. 2017. Fabrication of chitosan-based nanofibrous scaffold using free surface electrospinning for tissue engineering application. Bioteknologi 14: 60-70. Tissue engineering offers a promising approach for repair of defective tissues and organs. Developing scaffold from a variety of polymer blends or composites allows the adjustment of the properties aimed at duplicating required tissue. In recent years, considerable attention has been given to develop chitosan-based biomaterials for their applications in the field of tissue engineering due to its minimal foreign body reactions, an intrinsic antibacterial nature, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and the ability to be molded into various geometries and forms such as porous structures that are suitable for cell ingrowth and osteoconduction. The present work involves the preparation of nanofibrous mat from chitosan blended with other biopolymers such as silk fibroin, poly-vinyl alcohol, and polyethylene oxide by free surface electrospinning method. The morphology and functional characterization of the developed scaffolds was performed by SEM and FTIR studies. The average fiber diameter of 269 nm and 122 nm were obtained with chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol and chitosan/silk fibroin, poly ethylene oxide blends respectively. Crystalline nature of the scaffolds was confirmed by XRD studies. The scaffolds are also shown to have desired biodegradable and biocompatible properties. Chitosan-based polymeric scaffolds are thus proved to be potential materials for tissue engineering applications.
Antimicrobial activity, qualitative phytochemical composition of crude extracts from medicinal plants against selected enteric bacterial pathogens, Candida albicans
Authors: OPINDE HIBERT RACHUONYO , NYAMACHE ANTHONY KEBIRA , GATHERI GRACE W
Published: February 2025

Abstract Opinde HR, Nyamache AK, Gatheri GW. 2018. Antimicrobial activity and qualitative phytochemical composition of crude extracts from medicinal plants against selected enteric bacterial pathogens and Candida albicans. Bioteknologi 14: 1-12. Determining the antimicrobial activity and combined effects of the selected plant leaf extracts of Tagetes minuta, Aloe secundiflora, Vernonia lasiopus and Bulbine frutescens against selected clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexineri, Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans were the aims of this study. Moreover, the determination of qualitative analysis of the phytochemicals present in the extracts was also carried out. Kenyatta University arboretum and voucher specimens deposited in the University herbarium, were the source of plant materials. SAS version 9.1 with ANOVA was used to analyze the collected data. Furthermore, the data was subjected to a post hoc test, with P<0.05 being considered significant. In the single use or combination of microorganism test, in tested microorganisms the average inhibition zones were found to be significant at P<0.05. In the low concentrations on the tested microorganisms, V. lasiopus was more active against S. flexineri (MIC 3.3 µg/mL, MBC 7.1 µg/mL), B. frutescens against S. flexineri (MIC 3.2 µg/mL, MBC 6.2 µg/mL), A. secundiflora against S. flexineri (MIC 3.7 µg/mL, MBC 8.0 µg/mL) and T. minuta against E. faecalis (MIC 5.1 µg/mL, MBC 6.3 µg/mL)*. The extract combination also showed a significant increased and decreased antimicrobial activity i.e., P<0.05. The average inhibition zone formed by the combination of A. secundiflora and T. minuta plant leaf extracts (8.67±1.86mm) showed a decrease in antimicrobial activity as compared to T. minuta (15.17±2.71 mm) and A. secundiflora (17.00±2.10mm) respectively in the usage against C. albicans. The presence of four phytochemicals; saponins, tannins, alkaloids, and flavonoids is shown in the qualitative phytochemical analysis. An insight into the antimicrobial activities of the plant extracts and their use in the treatment of bacterial or fungal infections is provided by this study. This information might be used in herbal medicine in making concoctions to maximize their effectiveness. To elucidate the actual compounds in the plant leaf extracts responsible for the antimicrobial activity is needed and this elucidation can be used in drug development.
Comparison of physicochemical properties and anti-microbial activities of tea and cocoa-based kombucha
Authors: ADZADOGO RICHMOND SENANU , GBEWOYO W. S.K.
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Adzadogo RS, Gbewoyo WSK. 2018. Comparison of physicochemical properties and anti-microbial activities of tea and cocoa-based kombucha. Bioteknologi 15: 33-37. Kombucha tea is a slightly sweet, slightly acidic refreshing beverage consumed worldwide. Kombucha is a symbiosis of the Genera Acetobacter and Gluconobacter, with Acetobacter xylinum as a characteristic species, and various yeasts such as genera of Brettanomyces, Zygosaccharomyces, Saccharomyces and Pichia depending on the source. The tea fungus broth is composed of two portions, a floating cellulosic pellicle layer and a sour liquid broth. Black and green tea are known to be the best substrate for kombucha preparation. Black tea and cocoa powder served as the substrate in this study. The study aimed to compare the physical and chemical as well as the anti-microbial properties of tea and cocoa-based kombucha. The study revealed that tea kombucha is more acidic compared with cocoa kombucha; both tea and cocoa kombucha have similar phytochemicals. Tea and cocoa kombucha were found to inhibit the growth of Candida albican and Shigella spp., confirming its anti-microbial activity. The presence of phytochemicals and anti-microbial properties support the school of taught that kombucha drink provides a maximum health benefit to humans.
Determination of bacterial composition, heavy metal pollution and physicochemical parameters of fish pond water in Abothuguchi Central, Meru County, Kenya
Authors: LAIBU PETER KABIRO , MAINGI JOHN , KEBIRA ANTHONY
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Laibu PK, Maingi J, Kebira A. 2018. Determination of bacterial composition, heavy metal contamination and physicochemical parameters of fish pond water in Abothuguchi Central, Meru County, Kenya. Bioteknologi 15: 70-83. Humans have consumed fish as a supplementary source of proteins and as a source of income. Because fish performs all their body functions in water, the quality of water is essential to their livelihood. Fish farmers have encountered losses due to the death and stunted growth of fish due to bacterial infections and diseases among other causes. Bacteria found in fish pond water and their pathogenic effects differ with the quality of the pond water along with the variation in the frequency with which water is changed in the ponds. Physico-chemical parameters of pond water and heavy metals influence the growth and productivity of fish. This study aimed at determining the contamination levels of both fecal and pathogenic bacteria namely Salmonella spp., fecal Streptococcus, fecal coliforms Pseudomonas spp., Vibrio cholerae and E. coli in fish ponds water, the concentration of heavy metal contamination and variability of physicochemical parameters and their effects on fish. Isolation of fecal indicators and pathogens was carried out using standard laboratory methods. Some physicochemical parameters were measured in situ using a portable Universal multiline P4 WTW meter while others were analyzed in the laboratory. The determination of the heavy metal presence and concentration in the water samples was carried out by employing of Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. The results indicated that the pond water was heavily contaminated with fecal streptococci and fecal coliforms and they varied significantly in the sites. Pearson correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between the prevalence of fecal streptococci and fecal coliforms. Potential pathogens such as Vibrio spp., Salmonella spp., P. aeruginosa, and E.coli were taken from the water samples with high population. Physico-chemical parameters namely pH and dissolved oxygen deviated from the permissible limits according to international standard. The study has shown that the fish ponds water was highly contaminated with both fecal and pathogenic bacteria with physicochemical parameters varying significantly. Heavy metals except for iron were within the recommended limits hence no significant contamination of the fish pond water. The study suggests the use of treated tap water, routine monitoring of fish pond water and sensitization of farmers on bacterial contamination of pond water. More studies with the aid of molecular techniques should be employed to characterize the bacteria. The finding of this study can, thereby, serve as an impetus to improve fish farming in Meru County, as a way of meeting the growing nutritional demands in the country.
The effect of adding coconut shell liquid smoke by distillation and redistillation on the chemical, microbiological, and sensory properties of pindang layang fish (Decapterus spp.) during storage
Authors: HIMAWATI ENDAH , RIYADI NUR HER , MANUHARA GODRAS JATI
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Himawati E, Riyadi NH, Manuhara GJ. 2018. The effect of adding coconut shell liquid smoke by distillation and redistillation on the chemical, microbiological, and sensory properties of pindang layang fish (Decapterus spp.) during storage. Bioteknologi 15: 84-91. Pemindangan (salted-boiled fish) is one way of processing fish with a combination of treatments between salting and boiling. But pindang layang fish (Decapterus spp.)  only has a shelf life of about 2-4 days which quickly undergoes a process of decay. So we need a preservation technique that can minimize damage to pindang Decapterus spp.. Liquid smoke is a chemical that results from the distillation of smoke from burning biomass and acts as a disinfectant. Phenol, carbonyl, and organic acids in liquid smoke play an important role in fish preservation. Distillation liquid smoke is obtained from the first pyrolysis and has a fairly high content of tar compounds, while redistillation liquid smoke is the second product from the first distillation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding coconut shell liquid smoke by distillation and redistillation on the chemical properties (moisture content, pH, phenol), microbiological properties (TPC), and sensory properties (color, odor, texture, and overall) of pindang Decapterus spp. during storage. As well as knowing the best concentration of distillation liquid smoke (1%, 2%, 3%) and redistillation (25%, 30%, 35%) in maintaining the quality of pindang Decapterus spp. during storage. The analysis was carried out for 4 periods on 0,2,4,6 days. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design (CRD). The data obtained were analyzed by ANOVA at =5% and continued with the DMRT test if there was a significant difference. The results showed that the chemical characteristics were water content (61-67%), pH (5-7), phenol (0.226-0.566%), while microbiological characteristics (TPC) (1.85.104-3.15.105 Cfu/g). The sensory characteristics (color, odor, texture, and overall) of pindang Decapterus spp. with redistillation liquid smoke treatment were preferable to distillation liquid smoke treatment. In terms of chemical, microbiological, and sensory properties, the treatment of redistillation of liquid smoke was significantly different from that of the distillation of liquid smoke. A review of the chemical and microbiological properties of the 35% redistillation liquid smoke treatment was the best treatment, while from the sensory properties, the 30% redistillation liquid smoke treatment was the most preferred by the panelists compared to other treatments.
Density of coliform bacteria in well water filtered using a filter coated with silver nanoparticles
Authors: MUFIDAH LILIS NURVIANTI , SETYONO PRABANG , Susilowati Ari
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Mufidah LN, Setyono P, susilowati A. 2021. Density of coliform bacteria in well water filtered using a filter coated with silver nanoparticles. Asian J Trop Biotechnol 18: 32-36. The poor filtration process causes low water quality due to coliform bacteria. Today's nanoparticle technology is growing, one of which is silver nanoparticles known to have antimicrobial properties. Silver nanoparticles can be an alternative for making water filters while also killing bacteria. Therefore, this study was conducted to see the density of coliform bacteria in well water filtered using a filter coated with silver nanoparticles. It is an experimental study with five significant steps: synthesis of silver nanoparticles via reduction, coating filter paper with silver nanoparticles via the shake flask method, water filtration, bacterial density determination via the Most Probable Number (MPN) method, and coliform bacteria viability determination. The main parameter observed in this study was the density of coliform bacteria in well water through a filtering process, namely the MPN value. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles in the form of a gray-green-brown colloidal solution was formed at a wavelength of 437 nm. Silver nanoparticles can stick to the filter paper, which will be used for filtering, indicated by the change in the color of the paper to grayish brown. The MPN value of the control group in all wells was >1,100/100 mL, while the treatment group's wells were 1,2,3, 9.05; 553.65; and 1.5/100 mL. The t-test analysis of the MPN value showed a significant difference between the control and treatment groups with a significance value of <0.05, i.e., 0.04. The coating of silver nanoparticles on the water filter also killed coliform bacteria, which was indicated by the absence of bacteria growth from the filter paper used. The density of coliform bacteria in well water filtered using a filter coated with silver nanoparticles was lower than the control (without silver nanoparticle coating).