bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potassium Permanganate Probing of Pol II Open Complexes
Authors: Carey Michael F. , Peterson Craig L. , Smale Stephen T.
Published: August 2010

INTRODUCTION

One measure of an activator’s ability to stimulate preinitiation complex assembly is stimulation of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) open complex. The reagent most commonly used to visualize open complexes is potassium permanganate (KMnO4). KMnO4 modifies thymine residues in single-stranded DNA but not in double-stranded DNA. The modified thymines are detected by primer extension via linear polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the PCR, Taq polymerase stalls at the modified thymines on the template. Reactions are performed at 30°C and contain DNA template (typically, 10-50 ng present on a 4- to 5-kbp plasmid), nuclear extract, activator, and nonspecific carrier DNA. DNA melting by Pol II in vitro is energy dependent, so ATP is added to the reaction mix. After a brief 30-min incubation to permit assembly of the preinitiation complex, permanganate is added and the DNA is modified for a period of 1 min or more. The DNA is then purified and subjected to primer extension analysis; the products are fractionated as a series of bands on polyacrylamide/urea sequencing gels. Reactions with and without activator are compared, as are reactions with and without ATP. Titrations of the DNA template and activator and a time course are recommended.
Epicutaneous immunotherapy on intact skin using a new delivery system in a murine model of allergy
Authors: Mondoulet L. , Dioszeghy V. , Ligouis M. , Dhelft V. , Dupont C. , Benhamou P.‐H.
Published: August 2010

Background
Allergen‐specific immunotherapy, subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) or oral, has been used for almost a century to redirect inappropriate immune responses in atopic patients. A new mode of administration through the intact skin [epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT)], using an original epicutaneous delivery system, may represent an alternative to these classical methods.

Objective
Proof of concept of efficacy of EPIT on intact skin in mice sensitized to aeroallergens or food allergens.

Methods
Mice were sensitized to pollen (n=18), house dust mite (HDM, n=24), ovalbumin (OVA, n=18) or peanut (n=18), and allocated to four groups: EPIT, SCIT, not treated (NT) and control. Specific Ig (sIg)E, sIgG1 and sIgG2a were monitored. After 8 weeks of treatment, plethysmography was performed after aerosol provocation with appropriate allergens.

Results
At the highest doses of methacholine, pause enhancement (Penh) values were significantly decreased in the EPIT group vs. the sensitized NT groups (7.5 vs. 12.3 – pollen, 7.6 vs. 8.9 – HDM, 11.5 vs. 14.5 – OVA, 7.6 vs. 12.8 – peanut, respectively) (P<0.05). With all the allergens tested, Penh values were similar in SCIT, EPIT and control. IgG2a for pollen, HDM, OVA and peanuts were significantly increased in the EPIT group vs. NT: 0.97 vs. 0.42 μg/mL, 2.5 vs. 0.46 μg/mL, 0.39 vs. 0.05 μg/mL and 15.0 vs. 5.5 μg/mL, respectively (P<0.05). There were no significant differences between EPIT and SCIT groups. The IgE/IgG2a ratio decreased significantly in the EPIT group for the four allergens from 70 to 58 (pollen), 175 to 26 (HDM), 5433 to 120 (OVA) and 49 to 6 (peanut), respectively (P<0.05).

Conclusion
In mice sensitized to the four allergens tested, EPIT was as efficacious as SCIT, considered as the reference immunotherapy. These first results have to be confirmed by clinical studies.

Cite this as: L. Mondoulet, V. Dioszeghy, M. Ligouis, V. Dhelft, C. Dupont and P.‐H. Benhamou, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 659–667.
SP‐D and regulation of the pulmonary innate immune system in allergic airway changes
Authors: Forbes L. R. , Haczku A.
Published: August 2010

The airway mucosal surfaces are constantly exposed to inhaled particles that can be potentially toxic, infectious or allergenic and should elicit inflammatory changes. The proximal and distal air spaces, however, are normally infection and inflammation free due to a specialized interplay between cellular and molecular components of the pulmonary innate immune system. Surfactant protein D (SP‐D) is an epithelial‐cell‐derived immune modulator that belongs to the small family of structurally related Ca2+‐dependent C‐type collagen‐like lectins. While collectins can be detected in mucosal surfaces of various organs, SP‐A and SP‐D (the ‘lung collectins’) are constitutively expressed in the lung at high concentrations. Both proteins are considered important players of the pulmonary immune responses. Under normal conditions however, SP‐A‐/‐ mice display no pathological features in the lung. SP‐D‐/‐ mice, on the other hand, show chronic inflammatory alterations indicating a special importance of this molecule in regulating immune homeostasis and the function of the innate immune cells. Recent studies in our laboratory and others implied significant associations between changes in SP‐D levels and the presence of airway inflammation both in animal models and patients raising a potential usefulness of this molecule as a disease biomarker. Research on wild‐type and mutant recombinant molecules in vivo and in vitro showed that SP‐D binds carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids with a broad spectrum specificity and initiates phagocytosis of inhaled pathogens as well as apoptotic cells. Investigations on gene‐deficient and conditional over expressor mice in addition, provided evidence that SP‐D directly modulates macrophage and dendritic cell function as well as T cell‐dependent inflammatory events. Thus, SP‐D has a unique, dual functional capacity to induce pathogen elimination on the one hand and control of pro‐inflammatory mechanisms on the other, suggesting a potential suitability for therapeutic prevention and treatment of chronic airway inflammation without compromising the host defence function of the airways. This paper will review recent findings on the mechanisms of immune‐protective function of SP‐D in the lung.

Cite this as: L. R. Forbes and A. Haczku, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 547–562.
Measurement and simulation of anion diffusion in natural soil aggregates and clods
Authors: ADDISCOTT T. M. , THOMAS V. H. , JANJUA M. A.
Published: August 2010

The diffusion of indigenous nitrate from small (<5 mm) aggregates of a clay‐loam soil, and added bromide from larger (30–70 mm) clods of a sandy clay, were studied under saturated conditions. The time (t0.5) taken for half the diffusional solute loss to occur from the small aggregates was well related to the square of the aggregate radius (a2). The impedance factor (fi) of 0.54 calculated from the t0.5 v. a2 relationship gave satisfactory results in simulations of the measured Mt/M∞. v. time curves. t0.5 was also well related to a2 for the clods, but the ft values calculated from it were not only very large (>0.9) but also decreased with increasing clod size, possibly because of anion exclusion effects.

The model simulated bromide diffusion from chalk cubes of mixed sizes better when computations were made for each size than when a single volume‐averaged size was taken.
Influence of nitrate and chloride on the adsorption and transport of sulphate in soils
Authors: CURTIN D. , SYERS J. K.
Published: August 2010

The adsorption and desorption of SO4was investigated as a function of KCI and KNO3concentration using soils with contrasting surface‐charge properties. In the net negatively‐charged soils, additions of C1 or NO3of up to about 0.05–0.10 M increased the adsorption of SO4but at higher concentrations adsorption decreased. In contrast, adsorption by the net positively‐charged soils decreased with concentration increase over the entire range (0 to 1 M) investigated. The effects of CI and NO3on the adsorption of SO4were practically identical. The different pattern of SO4adsorption in the two groups of soils in response to addition of KCI or KNO3can at least partly be explained in terms of the effect of electrolyte on soil pH. The depression in pH of net negatively‐charged soils induced by an indifferent electrolyte favours adsorption of SO4; but, because pH changes in the opposite direction in positively‐charged soils, SO4adsorption decreases in these soils. The distribution of a pulse of 35S‐labelled SO4in soil columns after leaching with KCI solutions, ranging in concentration from 0 (H2O) to 0.10 M, clearly reflected the manner in which electrolyte concentration affected the adsorption of SO4. The distribution of35S was reasonably well simulated using the general transport equation combined with the Freundlich equation to describe the adsorption/desorption of SO4. In contrast to other inorganic anions (H2PO4and OH) applied in agricultural practice, C1 and NO3may have beneficial effects on the S economy of many soils by decreasing leaching losses of SO4.
A comparison of kriging, cubic splines and classification for predicting soil properties from sample information
Authors: VOLTZ M. , WEBSTER R.
Published: August 2010

The clay content of the topsoil in two regions of contrasting physiography was predicted from sample data using four different procedures. The predictors were the means of mapped classes, the usual kriging estimator, a cubic spline interpolator and a kriging estimator within classes using a pooled within‐class variogram. The performances of the procedures were evaluated and compared.

In the first region, Sandford St Martin on Jurassic sediments where there were some abrupt changes in soil, the classification predicted best within those classes bounded by sharp change. Elsewhere the usual kriging performed somewhat better, and kriging within classes was still more precise. In the second region, Yenne on the alluvial plain of the Rhone where the soil varied gradually, kriging performed better than classification, though a small improvement resulted from combining kriging with classification. Both prediction by class means and kriging attempt to minimize the estimation variance, and their mean prediction variances were close to the theoretical values overall. Spline interpolation is more empirical, and though it followed the abrupt changes better than kriging, it fluctuated excessively elsewhere, and its overall performance was poorer than that of kriging.
The indicator approach to categorical soil data
Authors: BIERKENS M. F. P. , BURROUGH P. A.
Published: August 2010

This second paper in the series presents a case study on the mapping of water table classes using indicator kriging. In particular, the behavior and performance of the method is investigated. The method performs well when validated on an independent data set and appears robust with regard to the number of observations. Sequential indicator simulation is used to generate equi‐probable maps of water table classes, which are then used in a land use suitability analysis for pasture. A measure for the errors in this analysis that arise from impurities in the map of water table classes is obtained.
Cryptopodzolic Soils in Switzerland
Authors: BLASER P. , KERNEBEEK P. , TEBBENS L. , VAN BREEMEN N. , LUSTER J.
Published: August 2010

Cryptopodzolic Soils are characterized by a thick blackish‐brown mineral horizon rich in organic matter, the dark colour of which masks the morphological characteristics of podzolization. Little is known about the specific site factors that lead to the formation of these soils. Four representative soil profiles from a typical toposequence between 1700 and 500 m above sea level in southern Switzerland, embracing Haplic Podzols, Humic Cambisols and Cryptopodzolic Soils, are described morphologically, chemically and physically. The Cryptopodzolic Soils in this region are characterized by weak to moderate A1 and Fe translocation, and by a uniform incorporation of organic matter deep into the soil. The most prominent feature is the exceptional stability of the soil organic matter with a maximum in the spodic horizon. All these characteristics can be explained by the unique combined effect of a mild, wet climate, an Fe‐ and Al‐rich acid bedrock and a litter layer providing dissolved organic matter rich in polyphenolic substances with strong metal‐binding properties.
Modelling SO2−4 surface complexation on variable charge minerals: I. H+ and SO2−4 exchange under different solution conditions
Authors: KARLTUN E.
Published: August 2010

Surface complexation of SO2−4 and H+ exchange were compared between goethite, gibbsite and a soil material from a podzol B horizon. Intrinsic equilibrium constants were determined for the surface complexation of SO2−4 and H+ using the diffuse layer model (DLM). Three surface group configurations for the SO2−4 adsorption were tested. A model with only one SO2−4 surface species and no H+ explicitly taking part in the reaction gave the overall best prediction of adsorption. The concomitant H+ exchange occurring during SO2−4 adsorption was attributed to decreased surface potential caused by charge neutralization in the inner layer. The H+/SO2−4 stoichiometric ratios (η) were determined by back‐titration under different pH, ionic strength (I) and SO2−4 concentrations. The experimentally determined η was close to 1 for all materials at I= 0·1 M but 1·5, 1·0 and 1·7 in I = 1 mM for goethite, gibbsite and the soil suspension, respectively. The DLM gave a quantitatively correct description of SO2−4 and H+exchange at small I, but predictions were less accurate at large I. The surface complexation model give insight in the role of SO2−4 adsorption for the reversibility of soil acidification but remain to be evaluated in experiments more closely related to field conditions.
Assessment of a laboratory method to obtain the equilibrium solution composition of forest soils
Authors: MATSCHONAT G. , VOGT R.
Published: August 2010

Equilibrium studies on soil require reliable estimates of ion concentrations in the soil solution under field conditions. We evaluated the previously described iterative method to approximate the equilibrium soil solution (ESS) with four acid forest soils. We examined for which ions the ESS is suitable, making use of the fact that concentrations in water extracts are functions of the soil: solution ratio. The electric conductivity, pH, and the concentrations of base cations, Mn2+, NO−3, SO42+, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were usually linear with the soil:solution ratio in water extracts, whereas no relation was observed for Al (with one exception) and Fe. Assuming that the ESS can be attributed the soil solution ratio of the field moist soil at the time of sampling, concentrations appeared as the continuation of the linear relation with the soil: solution ratio for base cations, pH, and the electric conductivity. This indicates that the ESS actually represents field conditions for these solution properties. For Al water extracts allowed no evaluation of the ESS result. The ESS underestimated SO42− concentrations under field conditions, presumably because the lack of DOC in the solutions added distorts the balance amongst anions.
The effect of removal of soil organic matter and iron on the adsorption of radiocaesium
Authors: DUMAT C. , CHESHIRE M. V. , FRASER A. R. , SHAND C. A. , STAUNTON S.
Published: August 2010

Radiocaesium is more available to biological systems in organic soils than in mineral soils. Part of the reason is that the adsorption of caesium on minerals, particularly illites, is very specific, whereas its adsorption on organic matter is non‐specific. However, increasing evidence shows that even organic upland soils contain enough illitic material to immobilize caesium effectively. The presence of organic matter may reduce the affinity of soil minerals for caesium.

We have studied adsorption of radiocaesium on the clay fractions of a mineral soil obtained from a surface, and the corresponding C, horizon. The soil clay fractions were treated to remove organic matter and Fe oxides progressively.

Adsorption isotherms of caesium were obtained in dilute suspension using trace amounts of 137Cs and stable caesium. In general, adsorption was greater when the organic matter content was less, namely on the soil from the C horizon rather than the surface horizon, or when organic matter had been removed. However, adsorption is not a simple function of organic matter content: Cs adsorption was greater on the topsoil fraction after organic matter removal than on the subsoil fraction. X‐ray diffraction analysis indicated that the surface soil clay contained more weathered minerals and less illite than the subsoil clay. The effect of organic matter removal was more marked at large Cs concentrations than when only radiocaesium was added, suggesting that very selective Cs adsorption sites are less sensitive to the presence of organic macromolecules. Iron oxides do not play a role in the affinity of soil clays for Cs. The form of the Freundlich isotherm was unchanged by any of the chemical treatments.
Modelling the impact of within‐storm variability of rainfall on the loading of solutes to preferential flow pathways
Authors: McGrath G. S. , Hinz C. , Sivapalan M.
Published: August 2010

Rainfall variability within a storm can have a significant impact on the amount of chemical transported by surface runoff and preferential flow. Previously, studies have evaluated only a few slowly varying rainfall patterns and related sorption capacities. We use a bounded random cascade approach to generate 50 000 realizations of realistic rainfall intensity patterns within a single storm event (96 minutes duration, mean intensity of 18.75 mm hour−1) to explore the effects on the partitioning of rainfall and linearly sorbing solutes between fast preferential flow (loading) and slow flow in the soil matrix for a silt loam and a sandy clay. Loading and infiltration are modelled by a near‐surface mixing model and Green–Ampt infiltration. The statistical properties of loading were evaluated from these simulations. For this storm the mean total of resident solute mixing from the soil to preferential flow reached a maximum for a retardation factor R ∼ 5. Much smaller loadings occurred for more weakly sorbing and more strongly sorbing solutes. The variability of loading tended to decrease with increasing R. Ensemble averaged rainfall patterns were derived which related to the magnitude of loading. The patterns of rainfall generating large preferential flows did not necessarily lead to large solute loading. Early peaking, mid‐storm peaking and late peaking rainfall contributed to large solute loadings, depending upon soil and chemical properties. These patterns result from a balance between the amount of preferential flow generated and the amount of solute available when preferential flow is triggered. The results suggest that the use of R as a measure of the mobility of resident solutes depends on the flow pathway considered. In addition, characterization of flux distributions in soil with weakly sorbing, resident tracers, may underestimate the potential for rapid transport of strongly sorbing solutes subject to natural variations in rainfall.
Public attitudes towards mental health facilities in the community
Authors: Repper Julie , Brooker Charles
Published: August 2010

Taking account of community attitudes towards mental health problems may be crucial to the success of community care. Exceeding the limits of the community's tolerance could lead to the policy ‘backfiring’ ‐ jeopardizing the future of community care and increasing rather than decreasing the stigma attached to mental health problems (Hall et al. 1991, p. 302). There is evidence that local opposition to community facilities has escalated over the past 3 years and frequently threatens the siting of community mental health facilities. This paper reviews research into attitudes towards community facilities for people with mental health problems, and explores the nature of public protest in order to make recommendations for the consensual siting of mental health facilities in the community. Although a substantial body of research exists concerning attitudes towards people with mental health problems, far less work has focused on attitudes towards facilities for people with mental health problems. An understanding of this literature is sought in the nature of community opposition more generally: the siting of locally unwanted land uses (for example power stations and waste disposal sites) and the phenomenon of the ‘not in my back yard’ (NIMBY) attitude are discussed critically and rival theoretical explanations are explored. Taken as a whole, this literature gives rise to strategies that might reduce opposition and achieve positive working relationships. Nevertheless, in view of the scarce, inconclusive and somewhat contradictory research in this area, there is a need for specific investigation into the concerns of local communities, and an assessment of factors that exacerbate and ameliorate these concerns.
The demonstration of cardiac pathology using perfusion‐fixation
Authors: THOMAS A. C. , DAVIES M. J.
Published: August 2010

A simple, cheap and reliable method of perfusion‐fixation of hearts is described using readily available domestic water fitments and a pump specifically designed for continuous pumping of corrosive fluids. Hearts fixed in this way readily lend themselves to dissection in echocardiographic planes so that strict correlation with clinical echocardiography may be made. Furthermore it is an excellent way to demonstrate functional valve pathology on post‐mortem material.
Cellular heterogeneity in giant cell tumour of bone (osteoclastoma): an immunohistological study of 16 cases
Authors: AQEL N. M. , PRINGLE J. A. S. , HORTON M. A.
Published: August 2010

Sixteen cases of giant cell tumour of bone (osteoclastoma) were analysed by immunohistochemical techniques using various monoclonal antibodies specific for macrophages, monocytic and granulocytic cells, T‐ and B‐lymphocytes and other cell types. The multinucleate osteoclastic giant cells failed to react with the majority of antibodies specific for myeloid cells and HLA‐DR. In contrast to previous findings, giant cells in some tumours reacted with a rat, but not mouse, antibody to leucocyte common (CD45) antigen. Macrophages were detected in all tumours, though their numbers varied considerably; small numbers of T‐ and B‐lymphocytes were identified in four of 16 cases. The neoplastic, spindle‐shaped, stromal cells were largely unreactive with the monoclonal antibodies used in this study, further supporting the view that they are not the precursors of the characteristic giant cells, nor are they of haemopoietic origin.
The histopathological diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma v. pulmonary adenocarcinoma: reproducibility of the histopathological diagnosis
Authors: SKOV B.G. , LAURITZEN A.F. , HIRSCH F. , NIELSEN H.W.
Published: August 2010

In a randomized design we examined the interobserver variation in the histopathological diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the lung and malignant mesothelioma. In three rounds, three pathologists assessed slides from 42 tumours originally diagnosed as adenocarcinomas, malignant mesotheliomas or benign lesions in the pleura. In the first round the assessments were made on haematoxylin and eosin (H & E) stained sections; in the second, on H & E sections plus sections stained with histochemical mucin stains; and in the final round, the diagnoses were made on H & E sections and sections stained with a panel of antibodies against various antigens (cytokeratin, EMA, CEA, Ber‐EP4, B72.3, Leu‐M1, vimentin and S‐100 protein) said to be of value in the differential diagnosis. The overall interobserver agreements for the three rounds were 0.659, 0.802 and 0.817; the kappa values were 0.461, 0.681 and 0.690. It is concluded that differentiation between adenocarcinoma of the lung and malignant mesothelioma should be made on sections stained with H & E and mucin and/or immunohistochemical staining reactions, including antibodies against B72.3. Ber‐EP4 and CEA.
Predictive markers in breast cancer – the present
Authors: Payne S J L , Bowen R L , Jones J L , Wells C A
Published: August 2010

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease and there is a continual drive to identify markers that will aid in predicting prognosis and response to therapy. To date, relatively few markers have established prognostic power. Oestrogen receptor (ER) is probably the most powerful predictive marker in breast cancer management, both in determining prognosis and in predicting response to hormone therapies. Progesterone receptor (PR) is also a widely used marker, although its value is less well established. HER‐2 status has also become a routine prognostic and predictive factor in breast cancer. Given the importance of these biological markers in patient management, it is essential that assays are robust and quality controlled, and that interpretation is standardized. Furthermore, it is important to be aware of the limitations in their predictive power, and how this may be refined through addition of further biological markers. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the established role of ER, PR and HER‐2 in patient management, the current standards for assessing these markers, as well as highlighting the controversies that still surround their use and methods of assessment.
Evaluating the potential causes of range limits of birds of the Colombian Andes
Authors: Graham Catherine H. , Silva Natalia , Velásquez‐Tibatá Jorge
Published: August 2010

Aim  To evaluate how factors acting at different spatial scales influence range limits in bird species of the Colombian Andes.

Location  Andes Mountains of Colombia.

Methods  We used Maxent, a climate envelope model (CEM), and environmental and geographic information to study range‐filling (i.e. the extent to which a species occurs in all the areas in which it is predicted to occur) in 70 range‐restricted bird species of the Colombian Andes. Environmental data were taken from the WorldClim database, and species occurrence data were taken from museum data collated by the BioMap project, an observational database, and the literature. We evaluated how climate and geographic barriers may shape range limits at two scales.

Results  At a broad extent (i.e. across the three main cordilleras within the Colombian Andes), we find that CEMs predict there to be suitable environmental conditions for particular species in regions where the species is absent, possibly as a result of dispersal limitation or biotic interactions. In contrast, at a finer scale (within a given cordillera), species generally occur across the entire area predicted to be suitable by a given CEM. Geographic discontinuities within cordilleras do not generally correspond to range limits; instead, range limits correspond to changes in environmental conditions.

Main conclusions  Our results suggest that different mechanisms influence the presence of species at different scales. Dispersal limitation, potentially combined with species interactions, may influence range limits at a broad extent (the entire Colombian Andes), while strong environmental gradients correspond to range limits at a finer scale (within a cordillera).
Policy Experiments, Democratic Ownership and Development Assistance
Authors: Faust Jörg
Published: August 2010

In an effort to enhance the impact of development aid, recipients are called on to provide democratically sustained ‘ownership’ for development policies, and donors to align their interventions with these ownership‐dictated strategies of their partners. This article illustrates the weaknesses of such an approach. From a political‐economy perspective, severe tensions exist between concepts of democratic ownership, on the one hand, and the experimental and iterative organisation of a society's encompassing interests in democratic settings, on the other. These tensions are even more pronounced in emerging democracies, making democratic ownership as a prerequisite for aid effectiveness an illusion, and provoking the re‐emergence of traditional donor‐recipient problems.
Eastern Donors and Western Soft Law: Towards a DAC Donor Peer Review of China and India?
Authors: Paulo Sebastian , Reisen Helmut
Published: August 2010

The international system is still governed by a normative framework designed mainly by OECD countries, especially with regard to soft‐law standards in the field of development co‐operation. However, the growing relevance of ‘Eastern donors’ is weakening its efficiency and raises the question of how compliance with these standards can be assured in a changing donor landscape. Despite efforts to integrate emerging countries into the traditional approach of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) to monitoring compliance through peer reviews, the aid architecture of the future might turn out to be a synthesis of established and new approaches.
Dominant ethnicity: from minority to majority
Authors: KAUFMANN ERIC , HAKLAI ODED
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT.This article argues that the world is in the midst of a long‐term transition from dominant minority to dominant majority ethnicity. Whereas minority domination was common in premodern societies, modernity (with its accent on democracy and popular sovereignty) has engendered a shift to dominant majority ethnicity. The article begins with conceptual clarifications. The second section provides a broad overview of the general patterns of ethnic dominance that derive from the logic of modern nationalism and democratisation. The third section discusses remnants of dominant minorities in the modern era and suggests that their survival hinges on peculiar historical and social circumstances coupled with resistance to democratisation. The fourth section shifts the focus to dominant majorities in the modern era and their relationship to national identities. The article ends with a discussion of the fortunes of dominant ethnicity in the West.
The population genomics of plant adaptation
Authors: Siol Mathieu , Wright Stephen I. , Barrett Spencer C. H.
Published: August 2010

There has been an enormous increase in the amount of data on DNA sequence polymorphism available for many organisms in the last decade. New sequencing technologies provide great potential for investigating natural selection in plants using population genomic approaches. However, plant populations frequently show significant departures from the assumptions of standard models used to detect selection and many forms of directional selection do not fit with classical population genetics theory. Here, we explore the extent to which plant populations show departures from standard model assumptions, and the implications this has for detecting selection on molecular variation. A growing number of multilocus studies of nucleotide variation suggest that changes in population size, particularly bottlenecks, and strong subdivision may be common in plants. This demographic variation presents important challenges for models used to infer selection. In addition, selection from standing genetic variation and multiple independent adaptive substitutions can further complicate efforts to understand the nature of selection. We discuss emerging patterns from plant studies and propose that, rather than treating population history as a nuisance variable when testing for selection, the interaction between demography and selection is of fundamental importance for evolutionary studies of plant populations using molecular data.

Contents

Summary
313

I.
Introduction
314

II.
Methods to detect selection at the molecular level
314

III.
Population size changes
317

IV.
Population subdivision
321

V.
Local adaptation, standing genetic variation, quantitative traits and multiple adaptive substitutions
324

VI.
Demographic context of selection and future directions
326

Acknowledgements
328

References
328
Lesbian Mothers' Counseling Experiences in the Context of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Oswald Ramona F. , Fonseca Carol A. , Hardesty Jennifer L.
Published: August 2010

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant concern for some lesbian households with children. Yet we know of only one study that has examined lesbian mothers' experiences with IPV. In the current study we analyzed the counseling experiences of participants in our prior study. Interviews with 24 lesbian mothers (12 Black, 9 White, and 3 Latina) 23 to 54 years of age ( M = 39.5) were coded using thematic analysis. Overall, lesbian mothers experiencing IPV did seek help from counselors ( n = 15, 63%), typically after reaching a breaking point. Counselors were most helpful when addressing the abuse and promoting self-empowerment, and least helpful when victim-blaming or ignoring the abuse and/or the same-sex relationship. Lesbian mothers' perceptions that mental health professionals were sometimes ineffective have implications for provider training. In order to work effectively with this population, providers should attempt to eliminate or correct personal biases or prejudices with self-exploration and education. By becoming more aware and knowledgeable of the nuances, struggles, and strengths of the lesbian community, providers can gain competency in providing therapeutic services to such clients. Mental health professionals can also adopt an advocacy stance to assist in spreading cultural awareness to others and support policy or institutional changes to include same-sex IPV. Competencies can be assessed through future studies that identify the knowledge and skills gap among mental health professionals who frequently work with the lesbian population.
Presenting Thin Media Models Affects Women'S Choice of Diet or Normal Snacks
Authors: Krahé Barbara , Krause Christina
Published: August 2010

Our study explored the influence of thin- versus normal-size media models and of self-reported restrained eating behavior on women's observed snacking behavior. Fifty female undergraduates saw a set of advertisements for beauty products showing either thin or computer-altered normal-size female models, allegedly as part of a study on effective advertising. After rating the advertisements, they were offered a choice of snacks that came either in a normal or a diet variant. Habitual tendency to show restrained eating behavior was measured as an individual difference variable. Above and beyond body mass index, significantly more women chose the diet snack in the thin-model condition than in the normal-size model condition. The model main effect was moderated by habitual restrained eating. In the normal-size model condition, the more women reported restrained eating, the more likely they were to choose the diet snack. By contrast, women in the thin-model group were more likely to choose the diet snack regardless of individual differences in habitual restrained eating. The findings show that in the present sample of White college women the impact of body images pressures was pervasive, affecting some women by encouraging habitual restrained eating and even less restrained eaters through their exposure to published images of thin models.
Upward and Downward: Social Comparison Processing of Thin Idealized Media Images
Authors: Tiggemann Marika , Polivy Janet
Published: August 2010

The present study aimed to investigate the role of social comparison processing in women's responses to thin idealized images. In particular, it was predicted that comparison with the images on the basis of appearance would lead to more negative outcomes than comparison on the basis of intelligence. A sample of 114 women viewed fashion magazine advertisements featuring thin and attractive models under one of three instructional set conditions: control, appearance comparison, and intelligence comparison instructions. We found that both comparison instructional set conditions led to decreased mood relative to the control condition, but they had no effect on subsequent body dissatisfaction. However, regression analyses indicated that the form of processing in which individuals (irrespective of experimental condition) actually engaged was crucial. In particular, both appearance comparison processing (positively) and intelligence comparison processing (negatively) were associated with increased body dissatisfaction. In addition, poorer recall of both products and their brand names was associated with a greater impact of the media images on mood and body dissatisfaction. We concluded that the dimensions on which social comparison takes place are critical in women's response to media-portrayed thin ideal images, with comparisons on the basis of intelligence or education associated with more positive reactions. More generally, the results offer strong support to appearance social comparison as the mechanism by which idealized media images translate into body dissatisfaction for many women.
Measurement Invariance and the Role of Body Consciousness in Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Chen Fang Fang , Russo Nancy Felipe
Published: August 2010

The purposes of this article are threefold: (a) to test measurement invariance of the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (OBCS), a central tool for testing objectification theory, across men and women, given that measurement invariance is a prerequisite for gender comparisons; (b) to examine the mediating role of body shame in the link between body surveillance and depressive symptoms for both men and women; and (c) to investigate whether body surveillance and subsequent body shame could explain, at least in part, gender differences in depressive symptoms. Two studies were conducted with two college samples ( N = 360 and 278). Results indicate that factor loadings of OBCS differed for the gender groups, revealing that body surveillance and body shame items for women and body control beliefs for men are more closely aligned with their intended latent factors. Our analyses also supported the proposed two mediation models: body shame mediated the relation between body surveillance and depressive symptoms for both gender groups; and body surveillance and related body shame mediated the gender difference in depressive symptoms. Overall our studies highlight that testing measurement invariance can expose differences in scale functioning for men and women, calling into question findings based on the use of those scales.
Morphometrics and the breeding biology of the Tahiti Petrel Pseudobulweria rostrata
Authors: VILLARD PASCAL , DANO STÉPHANIE , BRETAGNOLLE VINCENT
Published: August 2010

The genus Pseudobulweria includes four extant species, three being classified as critically endangered, while the fourth (Tahiti Petrel P. rostrata) is near threatened. Information on the breeding biology of any species of the genus is scarce, even for the Tahiti Petrel. We monitored two Tahiti Petrel nests in New Caledonia and provide the first data on the breeding biology for the genus. Incubation lasts about 55 days, and young fledge at 110 days. Breeding in the southern lagoon of New Caledonia extends from September to April. Very strong interspecific competition for nest cavities occurs with Wedge‐tailed Shearwaters Puffinus pacificus. We also document geographical variation in both biometry and breeding phenology over the Pacific breeding range.
Post‐fledging behaviour in Golden Eagles Aquila chrysaetos: onset of juvenile dispersal and progressive distancing from the nest
Authors: SOUTULLO ALVARO , URIOS VICENTE , FERRER MIGUEL , PEÑARRUBIA SANTIAGO G.
Published: August 2010

Thirteen juvenile Golden Eagles Aquila chrysaetos were tracked during their first year of life using satellite telemetry. Distances to the nest attained during that period and the age at the onset of juvenile dispersal were explored. The performance of nine different criteria to determine that age was analysed. In general, after a brief period of restricted movements around the nest, the average distance to the nest increased with time. Maximum distances to the nest ranged between 57.7 and 184.3 km, and were considerably greater in females (mean ± sd, 138.5 ± 44.5 km) than in males (70.5 ± 14.0 km). No sex difference was observed in the age at which that distance was attained (males: 329 ± 32 days, females: 312 ± 20 days). The onset of juvenile dispersal took place around the fifth month of life (September in Spain). Eight of the nine criteria provided similar results, suggesting that in Spain dispersal starts when birds are between 140 and 180 days old, and that the post‐nestling period lasts between 60 and 120 days. For future studies, to determine the age at which the onset of juvenile dispersal occurs, we recommend the use of either the first day on which individuals were located beyond the mean distance between nests of different pairs (10 km in our study area), or the date of the record midway between the first and the last location recorded during the month in which the maximum variability in the distance to the nest was observed.
What we spend and what we get: Public and private provision of crime prevention and criminal justice
Authors: Dryden Witte Ann , Witt Robert
Published: August 2010

In this paper, we consider a number of issues regarding crime prevention and criminal justice. We begin by considering how crime is measured and present both general and specific evidence on the level of crime in a variety of countries. Crime is pervasive and varies substantially across countries. We outline the arguments for some public role in crime prevention, enforcement, prosecution, defence, adjudication and punishment. We consider the relative roles of the public and private sectors in crime control and criminal justice. We discuss various measures for the effectiveness of the criminal justice system. We conclude by suggesting some potential areas for research.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Warnakulasuriya S
Published: August 2010

Oral Health Care for those with HIV Infection and Other Special Needs Edited by SR Porter, C Scully Science Reviews: Northwood, 1995, 221 pp, ISBN 0–905927–64–8.
Dentists and oral cancer prevention in the UK: opinions, attitudes and practices to screening for mucosal lesions and to counselling patients on tobacco and alcohol use: baseline data from 1991
Authors: Warnakulasuriya KAAS , Johnson NW
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the opinions, attitudes and practices towards oral cancer prevention among UK dentists as a baseline from which to measure the need for continuing education efforts in this area.

DESIGN AND METHOD: Postal questionnaire survey carried out in August 1991.A questionnaire with 13 test items was piloted at continuing education courses then distributed to all subscribers of the British Dental Journal with a postage paid return envelope. The aspects inquired into were recent attempts by dentists at updating their knowledge on oral cancer, their practical approaches to screening for oral mucosal diseases and follow‐up actions after oral screening, their questions to patients regarding the major risk factors for oral cancer, their efforts towards behavioural counselling for patients and any constraints felt or experienced in this regard.

RESULTS: The questionnaire was circulated to 15 836 dentists. The response rate of 16% was poor but due to the many dentists circulated, 2519 responses were available for analysis. This large sample, though presumptively biased towards those interested in professional matters, showed an encouraging 84% claiming to perform screening of the oral mucosa routinely. Among these, 74% reported referral of screen detected cases to a hospital for further attention and only 4% would adopt a wait and see policy. Disturbingly, half of the respondents did not enquire about risk habits related to oral cancer and, among the other half who claimed to make such enquiries, only 30% routinely provided brief health education advice concerning these. Seventy‐one percent agreed that giving advice against tobacco use is desirable but major constraints were identified, notably a lack of training, and frustration regarding patient compliance. There was even greater reluctance on the part of the respondents to enquire into the alcohol use of their patients and to provide advice on alcohol moderation.

CONCLUSIONS: Most of this large but unrepresentative sample of UK dentists were carrying out screening of the oral mucosa as a part of their prevention activities in 1991.However, the survey indicated a considerable need for improvement in the manner and extent of provision of health advice in respect of the major risk factors for oral cancer: such a substantial need amongst the presumptively better motivated implies that the need amongst the practitioner population at large is even greater.
Surgical treatment of noma
Authors: Marck KW , de Bruijn HP
Published: August 2010

In the acute stage of noma the role of surgery is a minor one: wound care and, very occasionally, treatment of haemorrhage. However in patients who survive noma, and develop a mutilated and disabled face (trismus, leakage of saliva, impaired speech), reconstructive surgery may improve their fate significantly. Because of economic and educational reasons reconstructive surgery in noma patients should be performed preferably in their own country. Treatment consists of excision of all scar tissue, correction of the trismus and closure of the tissue defects with local, pedicled or free flapS. Because of the large variety of tissue defects and the many surgical options, systematization and subsequently standardization of the reconstructive surgical approach to patients with the sequelae of noma is needed.
Oral lesions and conditions associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection in 300 south Indian patients
Authors: Ranganathan K , Reddy BVR , Kumarasamy N , Solomon S , Viswanathan R , Johnson NW
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus infection/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a major health problem in India. The National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) of India reports a seropositivity of 25.03 per thousand for the whole country, as of October 1999. In spite of this high prevalence there are very few reports of oral lesions and conditions in Indian HIV/AIDS patients, which are important in early diagnosis and management of these patients.

OBJECTIVE AND SETTING: The present report describes the oral lesions in 300 HIV positive symptomatic patients presenting to us at RAGAS‐YRG CARE, a non‐governmental organisation in Chennai, South India, over a period of 9 months in 1998.

METHOD: Lesions were diagnosed on clinical appearance using international criteria.

RESULTS: Of the 300 patients 89% had acquired the infection through heterosexual contact. There were 205 males and 95 females, aged from 7 months to 72 years. Forty‐seven percent of the patients were in the age group 21–30 years. CD4 counts were ascertained for 105 patients, 64 (62%) had CD4 counts ≤200. A total of 217 (72%) of the 300 patients had some oral lesion when examined. Gingivitis (47%) and pseudomembranous candidiasis (33%) were the most common oral lesions. The other oral lesions seen were oral mucosal pigmentation (23%), erythematous candidiasis (14%), periodontitis (9%), angular cheilitis (8%), oral ulcers (3%), oral hairy leukoplakia (3%), hyperplastic candidiasis (1%), oral submucous fibrosis (2%) and one case of leukoplakia.

CONCLUSIONS: Oral lesions occur commonly in HIV infection. A comprehensive oral examination may not only suggest HIV disease but may also be useful in monitoring the disease progression. This is a cost‐effective procedure, which may be useful in screening large populations in developing countries like India.
Trismus‐pseudocamptodactyly syndrome (Hecht–Beals’ syndrome): case report and literature review
Authors: Carlos R , Contreras E , Cabrera J
Published: August 2010

The trismus‐pseudocamptodactyly syndrome (TPS) is a rare condition inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with variable expressivity. Clinically the syndrome is characterized by decreased ability to open the mouth and curvature of the fingers at the level of interphalangic joints while attempting dorsiflexion of the wrist (pseudocamptodactyly). A 6‐year‐old male patient from Guatemala with this syndrome is presented. The surgical treatment consisted of bilateral coronoid amputation to resolve the pseudotrismus. The procedure was successful and the patient achieved normal function.