bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Survival Sex in Peacekeeping Economies
Authors: McGill Jena
Published: June 2014

This paper investigates the zero tolerance policy on sexual exploitation and sexual abuse by United Nations peacekeepers as it relates to survival sex in peacekeeping economies. Understanding the policy as a form of discursive power, the analysis seeks to reveal the effects of zero tolerance by asking: what is obscured about survival sex in peacekeeping economies when it is viewed through the lens of zero tolerance, and to whose benefit? The argument is that zero tolerance is a poor policy framework to address peacekeeper engagement in survival sex because it fails to grapple with the complex set of economic circumstances that give rise to survival sex decision-making by girls and women in peacekeeping economies. In light of the failures of zero tolerance, a rights-based approach to survival sex in peacekeeping economies represents a more promising means of addressing the issue to the benefit of local girls and women.
Description of two new species of Arcania Leach, 1817, from the western Pacific Ocean and redescriptions of A. undecimspinosa De Haan, 1841, and A. elongata Yokoya, 1933 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Leucosiidae)
Authors: NARUSE TOHRU
Published: June 2014

Arcania undecimspinosa De Haan, 1841, and A. elongata Yokoya, 1933, are redescribed, with a lectotype of A. undecimspinosa formally designated. Redescription of the two species revealed that there are several specimens and possible undescribed species that have been inaccurately recorded under the name of A. undecimspinosa and A. elongata. Two such species are described from the western and southern Pacific Ocean as new to science. These four species partially overlap their geographical distributions and are superficially similar to each other, but the present study shows that there are clear differences in the shapes of their male first gonopods, female vulvae, frontal lobes of the carapace and other morphological characters. Literature that cited A. undecimspinosa s.l. is also reviewed to highlight possible taxonomic problems.
New species of Eibesfeldtphora Disney (Diptera: Phoridae)
and a new key to the genus
Authors: URIBE SORAYA , BROWN BRIAN V. , BRAGANÇA MARCOS A.L. , QUEIROZ JARBAS M. , NOGUEIRA CARLOS A.
Published: June 2014

Two new species of parasitoids, Eibesfeldtphora trifurcata and Eibesfeldtphora inornata, are described. Both species were collected in Brazil. A new key is provided and illustrated for the twenty one known species.
Two new subterranean species of Hyalella Smith, 1874 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyalellidae) from Brazil
Authors: CARDOSO GIOVANNA MONTICELLI , ARAUJO PAULA BEATRIZ , DE PÁDUA BUENO ALESSANDRA ANGÉLICA , FERREIRA RODRIGO LOPES
Published: June 2014

Two new species of Hyalella from Brazil are described. Hyalella veredae sp. n. shows the following characters: eyes reduced or absent in some specimens; antenna 1 and antenna 2 of similar size, and a curved seta on the inner ramus of male uropod 1. Hyalella formosa sp. n. is characterized by the absence of eyes, antenna 1 longer than antenna 2 and a curved seta on the inner ramus of male uropod 1. The species were found on caves located in two private properties, both under the impact of agricultural activities, which demonstrates a potential threat to these subterranean environments.
Description of a new genus and three species of Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from the Western Ghats of Karnataka, India
Authors: SINGH SUDHIR , DEVI O. K. REMA , SRINIVASA Y. B.
Published: June 2014

A new genus of Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), Noyesencyrtus Singh gen. nov. (type species N. brachyoculus Singh sp. nov.), associated with insects inhabiting fruiting bodies of wood-decaying fungi, and two new species, Psyllaephagus kundapurensis Singh sp. nov. and Ooencyrtus hayatii Singh sp. nov., are described from the Western Ghats of Karnataka, India.
Dressed in black. A New Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870 (Lissamphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) from Gunung Murud, Sarawak, East Malaysia (Borneo)
Authors: HERTWIG STEFAN T. , MIN PUI YONG , HAAS ALEXANDER , DAS INDRANEIL
Published: June 2014

A new species of stream toad of the genus Ansonia is described from Gunung Murud, Pulong Tau National Park, of northern Sarawak, Malaysia, Borneo. Ansonia vidua, sp. nov., is morphologically distinguished from its Bornean congeners by the following combination of characters: medium size (SVL of adult females 33.5–34.4 mm); body uniformly black-brown in life; absence of a visible pattern on dorsum or limbs; presence of two low interorbital ridges; shagreened skin on dorsum, sides and upper surfaces of the limbs with numerous homogeneously small, rounded warts; first finger shorter than second; reduced webbing between the toes and an absence of a sharp tarsal ridge. Uncorrected genetic distances between related taxa of > 4.3% in 16S rRNA gene support its status as a hitherto undescribed species.
Assessing the Applicability of the Tropical Convective–Stratiform Paradigm in the Extratropics Using Radar Divergence Profiles
Authors: Homeyer Cameron R. , Schumacher Courtney , Hopper Larry J.
Published: June 2014

Long-term radar observations from a subtropical location in southeastern Texas are used to examine the impact of storm systems with tropical or extratropical characteristics on the large-scale circulation. Climatological vertical profiles of the horizontal wind divergence are analyzed for four distinct storm classifications: cold frontal (CF), warm frontal (WF), deep convective upper-level disturbance (DC-ULD), and nondeep convective upper-level disturbances (NC-ULD). DC-ULD systems are characterized by weakly baroclinic or equivalent barotropic environments that are more tropical in nature, while the remaining classifications are representative of common midlatitude systems with varying degrees of baroclinicity. DC-ULD systems are shown to have the highest levels of nondivergence (LND) and implied diabatic heating maxima near 6 km, whereas the remaining baroclinic storm classifications have LND altitudes that are about 0.5–1 km lower. Analyses of climatological mean divergence profiles are also separated by rain regions that are primarily convective, stratiform, or indeterminate. Convective–stratiform separations reveal similar divergence characteristics to those observed in the tropics in previous studies, with higher altitudes of implied heating in stratiform rain regions, suggesting that the convective–stratiform paradigm outlined in previous studies is applicable in the midlatitudes. Divergence profiles that cannot be classified as primarily convective or stratiform are typically characterized by large regions of stratiform rain with areas of embedded convection of shallow to moderate extent (i.e., echo tops <10 km). These indeterminate profiles illustrate that, despite not being very deep and accounting for a relatively small fraction of a given storm system, convection dominates the vertical divergence profile and implied heating in these cases.
The Equatorial Undercurrent and TAO Sampling Bias from a Decade at SEA
Authors: Leslie William R. , Karnauskas Kristopher B.
Published: June 2014

The NOAA Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) moored array has, for three decades, been a valuable resource for monitoring and forecasting El Niño–Southern Oscillation and understanding physical oceanographic as well as coupled processes in the tropical Pacific influencing global climate. Acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measurements by TAO moorings provide benchmarks for evaluating numerical simulations of subsurface circulation including the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC). Meanwhile, the Sea Education Association (SEA) has been collecting data during repeat cruises to the central equatorial Pacific Ocean (160°–126°W) throughout the past decade that provide useful cross validation and quantitative insight into the potential for stationary observing platforms such as TAO to incur sampling biases related to the strength of the EUC. This paper describes some essential sampling characteristics of the SEA dataset, compares SEA and TAO velocity measurements in the vicinity of the EUC, shares new insight into EUC characteristics and behavior only observable in repeat cross-equatorial sections, and estimates the sampling bias incurred by equatorial TAO moorings in their estimates of the velocity and transport of the EUC. The SEA high-resolution ADCP dataset compares well with concurrent TAO measurements (RMSE = 0.05 m s−1; R2 = 0.98), suggests that the EUC core meanders sinusoidally about the equator between ±0.4° latitude, and reveals a mean sampling bias of equatorial measurements (e.g., TAO) of the EUC’s zonal velocity of −0.14 ± 0.03 m s−1 as well as a ~10% underestimation of EUC volume transport. A bias-corrected monthly record and climatology of EUC strength at 140°W for 1990–2010 is presented.
Association of serum omentin-1 concentrations with the presence and severity of preeclampsia
Authors: Liu Haiping , Wu Jianfeng , Wang Haiyu , Sheng Lianbing , Tang Ning , Li Yunfei , Hao Tianyu
Published: June 2014

Background

Inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Omentin is a newly discovered adipokine that possesses an anti-inflammatory function. The aim of this study was to determine the association of serum omentin-1 concentration with the presence and severity of preeclampsia.

Methods

Serum concentrations of omentin-1 were measured in 128 women with preeclampsia and 96 women with uncomplicated pregnancies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method.

Results

Patients with preeclampsia had significantly lower serum concentrations of omentin-1 compared to healthy controls. In addition, those patients with severe preeclampsia had significantly lower concentrations of serum omentin-1 compared to those with mild preeclampsia. Simple linear regression analysis showed that in patients with preeclampsia the serum concentrations of omentin-1 showed significant correlation with body mass index ( P < 0.001), systolic blood pressure ( P < 0.05) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance ( P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Decreased concentrations of serum omentin-1 appear to be associated with the presence and severity of preeclampsia.
Alleviating Ecological Bias in Poisson Models Using Optimal Subsampling
Authors: Glynn Adam N. , Wakefield Jon
Published: June 2014

In many situations, data are available at some aggregate level, but one wishes to estimate the individual-level association between a response and an explanatory variable (or variables). Unfortunately, this endeavor is fraught with difficulties because of the ecological level of the data. The only reliable approach for overcoming the inherent identifiability problem associated with the analysis of ecological data is to supplement the ecological data with individual-level data. In this article, the authors illustrate the benefits of gathering individual-level data in the context of a Poisson modeling framework. Additionally, they derive optimal designs that allow the individual samples to be chosen so that information with respect to a particular model is maximized. The methods are illustrated using Robinson’s classic data on illiteracy rates. The authors show that the optimal design, if used with an appropriate model, produces accurate inference with respect to estimation of relative risks, with ecological bias removed.
Acceptably Pleasing
Authors: Muller Edward K.
Published: June 2014

In the face of rancorous opposition to freeways being blasted into central cities and congressional mandates to reduce noise pollution, enhance safety, and protect parks and historic buildings, federal highway administrator Rex M. Whitton consulted with experts such as landscape architect John Ormsbee Simonds and in 1966 appointed a group of eight design professionals charged with devising guidelines for improving the location and design of urban freeways. Meeting over the course of two years, the Urban Advisors (as Whitton named the group) published an extensive report as a book, The Freeway in the City, edited by Simonds. Their recommendations contributed to a long effort of design reform. Like Simonds’s proposals in several consultations on freeway projects, notably for I-66 in suburban Virginia outside Washington, D.C., design improvements were infrequently adopted because of vociferous opposition of highway engineers, additional expenses, and late inclusion in the planning process.
Predictors of Maternal Parental Self-Efficacy Among Primiparas in the Early Postnatal Period
Authors: Shorey Shefaly , Chan Sally Wai-Chi , Chong Yap Seng , He Hong-Gu
Published: June 2014

Maternal parental self-efficacy is a crucial factor for facilitating the smooth transition into motherhood, particularly for primiparas. The aims of this study were to examine the predictors of maternal parental self-efficacy and its relationship with social support, postnatal depression (PND), and socio-demographic variables of primiparas during the early postnatal period. A descriptive correlational study design was adopted. The instruments, Perceived Maternal Parental Self-Efficacy, Perinatal Infant Care Social Support, and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, were used to collect data from a purposive sample of 122 primiparas on the day of discharge (1-3 days post delivery) in a tertiary public hospital in Singapore. There were significant correlations among maternal parental self-efficacy, social support, and postnatal depression. The main predictors of maternal parental self-efficacy were social support, ethnicity, maternal age, and family income. The maternal parental self-efficacy, social support, and PND should be routinely assessed to provide necessary support to needy mothers.
Nutritional reformulation
Authors: Winkler JT
Published: June 2014

Deficiencies in DHA/EPA are widespread, but not widely recognised. The scale of the problem is difficult to assess, because targets for consumption vary and intakes are poorly measured, but most people in most countries eat too little. The principal policies to correct the shortfalls have been educational programmes urging people to eat more fish. Two problems limit this approach: many do not like fish; and there are not enough fish available if everyone ate recommended levels. One pragmatic alternative is to start with the popular foods people actually eat, then fortify them with DHA/EPA. The paper discusses technical options for doing this, and three problems: the scale of sales, the use of inappropriate forticants, and the costs. The key to reducing costs lies in obtaining new, larger, sustainable and cheaper sources of DHA/EPA. Major efforts to achieve this are underway the genetically modified crops and new sources of algae. The public health goal is affordable fortified foods consumed by billions, not just affluent, health-conscious minorities. It is a strategy for nutritional improvement without dietary change.
Comparing Emergent-Literacy Skills and Home-Literacy Environment of Children With Autism and Their Peers
Authors: Dynia Jaclyn M. , Lawton Kathy , Logan Jessica A. R. , Justice Laura M.
Published: June 2014

The purpose of the current study was to characterize and compare the emergent-literacy skills, print interest, and home-literacy environment of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to their peers, as well as to examine the association between children’s emergent-literacy skills and their home-literacy environment. Results indicated that children with ASD had significantly higher alphabet knowledge and significantly lower print-concept knowledge when controlling for language ability compared with their peers. Children with ASD also had significantly lower print interest than their typical peers. Moreover, print interest and frequency of storybook reading were related to children’s alphabet knowledge. Clinical implications and areas for future research are discussed.
Progress in integrating remote sensing data and hydrologic modeling
Authors: Xu Xiaoyong , Li Jonathan , Tolson Bryan A.
Published: June 2014

Remote sensing and hydrologic modeling are two key approaches to evaluate and predict hydrology and water resources. Remote sensing technologies, due to their ability to offer large-scale spatially distributed observations, have opened up new opportunities for the development of fully distributed hydrologic and land-surface models. In general, remote sensing data can be applied to land-surface and hydrologic modeling through three strategies: model inputs (basin information, boundary conditions, etc.), parameter estimation (model calibration), and state estimation (data assimilation). There has been an intensive global research effort to integrate remote sensing and land/hydrologic modeling over the past few decades. In particular, in recent years significant progress has been made in land/hydrologic remote sensing data assimilation. Hence there is a demand for an up-to-date review on these efforts. This paper presents an overview of research efforts to combine hydrologic/land models and remote sensing products (mainly including precipitation, surface soil moisture, snow cover, snow water equivalent, leaf area index, and evapotranspiration) over the past decade. This paper also discusses the major challenges remaining in this field, and recommends the directions for further research efforts.
Olfactory hallucination in childhood primary headaches: Case series
Authors: Ahmed MAS , Donaldson Sarah , Akor Francis , Cahill Denise , Akilani Raed
Published: June 2014

Background

Although olfactory hallucination (OH) has been reported in patients with primary headaches, olfactory aura has not been recognised by the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-2). In this study, we examined the frequency and characteristics of OH among children and adolescents with primary headaches.

Methods

839 neurologically normal patients with primary headaches (537 migraine) were eligible for the assessment of olfactory hallucination. Headache diagnosis was based on the ICHD. Data were prospectively collected during clinic sessions and using headache diaries.

Results

Olfactory hallucination was reported exclusively during headache attacks by 21/839 (2.5%) patients, all of whom had migraine. The prevalence of olfactory hallucination was 3.9% among migraineurs (6.5% among those with migraine aura). Olfactory hallucination shortly followed the onset of headaches and lasted from 15 to 50 minutes. Of those with MA, 10 patients had visual aura; two had somatosensory aura; one had motor aura; and two had a combination of visual and somatosensory aura. Using the ICHD-2, both OH and migraine aura occurred in the same headache attacks. In 12/15 patients, OH occurred simultaneously with migraine aura, whereas in 3/12 patients, it preceded aura.

Conclusion

Our findings show that olfactory hallucination occurs in migraine and it has similarities to migraine aura.
Exploding head syndrome: Six new cases and review of the literature
Authors: Frese Achim , Summ Oliver , Evers Stefan
Published: June 2014

Background

Exploding head syndrome (EHS) is characterized by attacks of a sudden noise or explosive feeling experienced in the head occurring during the transition from wake to sleep or from sleep to wake.

Methods

We present six new cases extending the clinical experience with the syndrome. We also reviewed all available cases from the scientific literature and evaluated the typical features of EHS.

Results

The female to male ratio is 1.5 to 1. The median age at onset is 54. In average, one attack per day to one attack per week occurs. Some patients suffer from several attacks per night. In about half of all patients, a chronic time course can be observed but episodic or sporadic occurrence is also common. The most frequent accompanying symptoms beside the noise are fear and flashes of light. Polysomnographic studies do not reveal any specific sleep pattern associated with EHS. Tricyclic antidepressants are helpful in some patients. However, most patients do not need treatment because of the benign nature of the syndrome.

Conclusion

EHS is a well‐defined disease entity with a benign nature.
Improving Outcomes for Children With Developmental Disabilities Through Enhanced Communication and Collaboration Between School Psychologists and Physicians
Authors: Ritzema Anne M. , Sladeczek Ingrid E. , Ghosh Shuvo , Karagiannakis Anastasia , Manay-Quian Natalia
Published: June 2014

A renewed call for enhanced communication and collaboration between school psychology and medicine is envisioned, in light of a transdisciplinary model, where school psychologists, family physicians, and other health professionals transcend disciplinary boundaries. Recommendations for optimal communication and collaboration are described, as well as challenges inherent in such an endeavor. School psychologist–physician collaboration has the potential to result in significant improvements in outcomes for families and children with developmental disabilities. A case illustration highlights the major points mirrored in the discussion, and conclusions are drawn regarding necessary components for meaningful change to occur.
Counteracting the Trajectory of Frailty and Sarcopenia in Older Adults
Authors: Litchford Mary Demarest
Published: June 2014

Food preservation technologies and medical advances in the past 50 years have contributed to safeguarding the health and prolonging the lives of individuals worldwide. However, living longer does not automatically equate with being healthy, living independently, making judicious decisions, or setting goals and achieving them. Most adults will experience 1 or more health problems with lingering consequences. It is the impact of the disease or injury that determines overall well‐being and quality of life. Frailty, sarcopenia and malnutrition have been identified as common geriatric syndromes associated with functional decline, disability, hospitalization, institutionalization, and mortality. The evidence demonstrates that these geriatric syndromes could be prevented or the course of the syndrome altered through prevention strategies. Since these syndromes often present concurrently, it is prudent for healthcare professionals to recognize the interrelationships and clinical implications of these syndromes to employ tactics to promote desirable outcomes.
Does Family Involvement Make Firms Donate More? Empirical Evidence From Chinese Private Firms
Authors: Dou Junsheng , Zhang Zhongyuan , Su Emma
Published: June 2014

This article follows recent development on the socioemotional wealth perspective to examine the impact of family involvement on corporate charitable donations. Based on data collected from 2,821 Chinese private firms, we find that (a) family ownership and the duration of family control positively affect charitable donations and (b) when the next generation is unwilling to take over the business, the positive relationship between family ownership and charitable donations becomes weaker. These findings show that firms’ proactive stakeholder engagement is susceptible to family involvement. They also highlight the possible existence of the “dark” effect of certain socioemotional wealth dimensions on firms’ proactive stakeholder engagement.
New aromatic polyamides with 2,6-biphenylpyridyl moieties and 4-trifluoromethylphenyl pendent groups
Authors: Li Xiao , Jiang Jian-Wen , Pan Yang , Sheng Shou-Ri , Liu Xiao-Ling
Published: June 2014

A new diamine, 4-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-2,6-bis(4-aminophenyl)pyridine, was synthesized and used in the preparation of the fluorinated polyamides with inherent viscosities of 0.67–0.96 dL g−1 by direct polycondensation with aromatic dicarboxylic acids. The obtained polyamides have good solubility in many organic solvents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, dimethylacetamide (DMAc), and tetrahydrofuran and exhibited glass transition temperatures between 275°C and 301°C, 10% weight loss temperatures ( Td10s) ranging from 502°C to 516°C, and char yields of 51–61% at 800°C under nitrogen atmosphere. Flexible and strong polymer films cast from DMAc solutions showed tensile strengths of 77.4–93.2 MPa, elongations at break of 9.2–14.3%, and initial moduli of 2.06–2.82 GPa. The polymer films also had good dielectric properties with dielectric constants of 3.22–3.50 (1 M Hz) and dissipation factors of 3.20–3.96 × 10−3, and acceptable electrical insulating properties, as well as low water uptake between 1.26% and 1.78%, and high transparency with an ultraviolet–visible absorption cutoff wavelength in the range of 330–371 nm. The remarkable combined features ensure these polymers to be ideal candidate materials for advanced microelectronic industry and other related applications.
Hate Crime in the Wake of Terror Attacks
Authors: Hanes Emma , Machin Stephen
Published: June 2014

This article asks what happened to racially motivated hate crimes in the wake of the 7/7 terror attack that hit London in July 2005 and the 9/11 terror attack that hit the United States in September 2001. There is anecdotal and descriptive evidence of an increase in bias-motivated crimes since the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States, but little quantitative research on the issue. This study offers empirical evidence on the effects of 7/7 and 9/11 on hate crime using rich data from four police force areas in England with sizable Asian/Arab populations. We find significant increases in hate crimes against Asians and Arabs that occurred almost immediately in the wake of both terror attacks, which subsequently decayed, but remained at higher than pre-attack levels a year later. We argue that this demonstrates a significant link between terror attacks and subsequent increases in hate crime and hypothesize that attitudinal changes resulting from media framing and coverage may act as a conduit linking terror attacks and hate crimes.
Renegotiating Identities
Authors: Fernandez Maria E. , Breen Lauren J. , Simpson Terry A.
Published: June 2014

Along with major changes in mood, people living with bipolar disorder (BD) often experience recurrent hospital admissions, feelings of failure and hopelessness, social stigma, underemployment, and a loss of independence. In this study we explored the experiences of loss, coping, and recovery in a community sample of women living with BD. Ten women each participated in a semistructured interview. We used the constant comparative method to analyze the data. We identified three themes from the data: identity bound by the diagnostic label, multidimensional effects of the bipolar disorder identity, and strategies for renegotiating identity. For these women, recovery involved an ongoing process of balancing their sick self with their healthy self. The findings contribute to conceptualizations of loss, coping mechanisms for dealing with loss, and the relevance of loss in recovery for people living at the margins with BD.
Unwriting Food Labels
Authors: Jones Rodney H.
Published: June 2014

This article examines the challenges resulting from the regulation of written discourse on food packages. It uses as a case study Hong Kong’s strict new food-labeling law that requires distributers and retailers to remove certain nutritional claims from packages of imported food before they sell them. This practice of redacting unlawful text on packages requires that distributers and retailers engage in complex processes of discursive reasoning, and it sometimes results in packages that are difficult for customers to interpret. The case study highlights important issues in the regulation of commercial texts concerning collaboration, intertextuality, and the conflicts that can arise when the principals, authors, and animators of such texts have different agendas.
Physicians’ perceptions of clinical supervision and educational support via videoconference: a systematic review
Authors: Cameron Miriam PL , Ray Robin , Sabesan Sabe
Published: June 2014

We conducted a systematic review of the perceptions of physicians about clinical supervision and educational support via videoconferencing. A search of literature databases, reference lists and specific journals was performed for relevant articles published between 1990 and 2013. A total of 1288 studies were identified, of which 13 fulfilled the inclusion criteria for review. Six studies concerned education, six concerned clinical practice and one concerned supervision. The studies employed a wide variety of methodologies, including quantitative and qualitative techniques, so a meta-analysis was not practicable. Overall satisfaction and acceptance rates were reported in nine studies, mainly using Likert scales. Several positive aspects of videoconferencing were reported, including increased education and clinical practice support, and autonomy for rural areas. The main negative aspects related to the technology itself, poorer interaction and decreased rapport building when using videoconferencing. There is a paucity of literature regarding the perceptions of videoconferencing-based supervision of junior doctors in rural areas. No studies have considered measures of cost effectiveness. More rigorous study design in future research is recommended.
Social protection guarantees as legal rights? The International Labour Organization, the United States, and the American ‘national context’
Authors: Boychuk Gerard W
Published: June 2014

This article examines the development of the global Social Protection Floor proposal inside the International Labour Organization (ILO) from 2009 (when the ILO was designated as a lead agency in the process) through to the adoption of Recommendation 202 in 2012. While there was a considerably more high-profile external process under the auspices of the Advisory Group chaired by former Chilean President Michelle Bachelet, the article argues that it was in the internal ILO process that debates regarding the most important substantive elements of the Recommendation were resolved. The United States was vigorously involved in this process and had a crucial influence on the substantive development of Recommendation 202. First, US involvement played a key role in limiting the degree to which – and manner in which – the recommendation would apply to medium- and high-income countries with established social protection systems. Second, the United States contributed to successfully blocking the definition of social protection as comprising sets of legally enforceable entitlements enshrined in national legislation. This marked a significant shift in the substantive meaning of the recognition of a human right to social protection. US efforts in this regard can be understood as the result of its concern regarding the uneasy fit between a potential recommendation and its own domestic social protection provision.
Theorizing change: Between reflective judgment and the inertia of political Habitus
Authors: Mihai Mihaela
Published: June 2014

In an effort to delineate a more plausible account of political change, this paper reads Pierre Bourdieu’s social theory as a corrective to exaggerated enthusiasm about the emancipatory force of reflection. This revised account valorizes both Bourdieu’s insights into the acquired, embodied, durable nature of the political habitus and judgment theorists’ trust in individuals’ reflection as a perpetual force of novelty and spontaneity in the public sphere of democratic societies. The main purpose of this exercise is to reveal the mix of continuity and discontinuity that is characteristic of most transformations in the political common sense of democratic societies. In other words, this paper seeks to offer a more complex understanding of the inertial character of reflective judgment and of the difficulty of shifting the categories that define the political common sense. By cross-pollinating the ever-growing literature on reflective judgment and Bourdieu’s sombre theory of politics, we can better calibrate our expectations regarding the possibilities of significant democratic transformation in late capitalist societies.
Apolipoprotein E Allele and Hearing Thresholds in Older Adults
Authors: Mener David J. , Betz Joshua , Yaffe Kristine , Harris Tamara B. , Helzner Elizabeth P. , Satterfield Suzanne , Houston Denise K. , Strotmeyer Elsa S. , Pratt Sheila R. , Simonsick Eleanor M. , Lin Frank R.
Published: June 2014

Background:

Whether apolipoprotein E (APOE) E4 allele status which is associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline is also associated with hearing impairment is unknown.

Methods:

We studied 1833 men and women enrolled in the Health, Aging and Body Composition study. Regression models adjusted for demographic and cardiovascular risk factors were used to assess the cross-sectional association of APOE-E4 status with individual pure tone hearing thresholds and the 4-frequency pure tone average (0.5-4 kHz) in the better hearing ear.

Results:

Compared to participants with no APOE-E4 alleles, participants with 1 allele had better thresholds at 4.0 kHz (β = −2.72 dB, P = .013) and 8.0 kHz (β = −3.05 kHz, P = .006), and participants with 2 alleles had better hearing thresholds at 1.0 kHz (β = −8.56 dB, P = .021).

Conclusion:

Our results suggest that APOE-E4 allele status may be marginally associated with better hearing thresholds in older adults.
Why Do They Have to Flaunt it? Perceptions of Communicative Intent Predict Antigay Prejudice Based Upon Brief Exposure to Nonverbal Cues
Authors: Lick David J. , Johnson Kerri L. , Gill Simone V.
Published: June 2014

Perceivers use gender-atypical nonverbal cues to categorize others as lesbian/gay, and the same cues help to explain the occurrence of antigay prejudice. Although these patterns replicate across recent studies, their proximal causes have received little attention. It remains unclear, for example, why the gender-atypical appearances common among sexual minority individuals arouse negative evaluations. Here, we tested whether perceptions of communicative intent—believing that targets’ visible features are deliberately enacted in order to convey aspects of their identities—may help to explain observed links between sexual orientation categorization, gender typicality, and prejudice. In Study 1, gender-atypical body motions were associated with the perception that targets were intentionally trying to communicate their identity, and perceptions of communicative intent predicted expressions of antigay prejudice. Study 2 replicated these effects with static facial images. Collectively, these findings highlight communicative intent as an important factor predicting antigay prejudice in the early moments of social perception.
Magnetic resonance imaging/angiography and transcranial Doppler velocities in sickle cell anemia: results from the SWiTCH trial
Authors: Helton Kathleen J. , Adams Robert J. , Kesler Karen L. , Lockhart Alex , Aygun Banu , Driscoll Catherine , Heeney Matthew M. , Jackson Sherron M. , Krishnamurti Lakshmanan , Miller Scott T. , Sarnaik Sharada A. , Schultz William H. , Ware Russell E.
Published: June 2014

Key Points

Children with SCA and stroke show severe parenchymal and vascular abnormalities that can be assessed using a vasculopathy grading scale. Results from the SWiTCH Trial support concerns about ineffectiveness of transfusion therapy in preventing cerebrovascular injury progression.
In vivo interactions of continuous flucloxacillin infusion and high-dose oral rifampicin in the serum of 15 patients with bone and soft tissue infections due to Staphylococcus aureus - a methodological and pilot study
Authors: Garzoni Christian , Uçkay Ilker , Belaieff Wilson , Breilh Dominique , Suvà Domizio , Huggler Elzbieta , Lew Daniel , Hoffmeyer Pierre , Bernard Louis
Published: June 2014

Background

Increased antibiotic resistance against Staphylococcus aureus and low penetration into bone requires regimen optimization of available drugs.

Methods

We evaluate pharmoacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters (PK/PD) as well as in vivo interactions of continuous flucloxacillin 12 g/d administration combined with high dose oral rifampicin 600 mg bid in the serum of 15 adult patients with bone and soft tissue infections. We use the patient’s own serum directed against his own isolated S. aureus strain to reproduce in vivo conditions as closely as possible.

Results

The continuous flucloxacillin infusion constantly generated plasma free drug levels largely exceeding the serum minimal inhibitory concentrations (mean 74-fold). Combination with rifampicin significantly increased flucloxacillin levels by 44.5%. Such an increase following rifampicin introduction was documented in 10/15 patients, whereas a decrease was observed in 1/15 patients. Finally, all infections were cured and the combination was well tolerated.

Conclusions

In this in vivo methodological pilot study among adult patients with orthopaedic infections due to S. aureus, we describe a new method and reveal substantial but inconsistent interactions between flucloxacillin and rifampicin, of which the clinical significance remains unclear.
Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from marine environments in Taiwan
Authors: Tseng Li-Chun , Wu Cheng-Han , Twan Wen-Hung , Tang Zhi-Can , Hwang Jiang-Shiou
Published: June 2014

Background

Hydroids were identified from extensive surveys of benthos, and especially from worm tubes, in the Danshuei River estuary (DRE), in the northeast Taiwan Strait (NETS), and on a reef in Nanwan Bay (NWB), Taiwan.

Results

A total of 33 species (12 of them identified to generic and 1 to family rank only), referable to 22 genera, 12 families, and 2 orders, were distinguished. The majority of them were referable to order Leptothecata (84.8%) with the remainder being assigned to order Anthoathecata (15.2%). The only species found at NETS wasMonoserius pennarius(Linnaeus, 1758).Plumularia habereri(Stechow, 1909) was recorded at both DRE and NWB. The known range ofDynamena nanshaensis(Tang, 1991), recorded for the second time, is extended further north. Six species (Aglaophenia latecarinata,Plumularia floridana,Diphasia palmata,Dynamena brevis,Dynamena obliqua,Synthecium elegans) are recorded for the first time in waters adjacent to the Chinese mainland.

Conclusions

Species composition and abundances varied considerably from one environment to another and especially between DRE and NWB. This study provides the first taxonomic account of the hydroid fauna inhabiting the eastern Taiwan Strait region.
Building a Rapid Learning Health Care System for Oncology: The Regulatory Framework of CancerLinQ
Authors: Schilsky Richard L. , Michels Dina L. , Kearbey Amy H. , Yu Peter Paul , Hudis Clifford A.
Published: June 2014

Today is a time of unprecedented opportunity and challenge in health care generally and cancer care in particular. An explosion of scientific knowledge, the rapid introduction of new drugs and technologies, and the unprecedented escalation in the cost of health care challenge physicians to quickly assimilate new information and appropriately deploy new advances while also delivering efficient and high-quality care to a rapidly growing and aging patient population. At the same time, big data, with its potential to drive rapid understanding and innovation, promises to transform the health care industry, as it has many others already. CancerLinQ is an initiative of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and its Institute for Quality, developed to build on these opportunities and address these challenges by collecting information from the electronic health records of large numbers of patients with cancer. CancerLinQ is, first and foremost, a quality measurement and reporting system through which oncologists can harness the depth and power of their patients' clinical records and other data to improve the care they deliver. The development and deployment of CancerLinQ raises many important questions about the use of big data in health care. This article focuses on the US federal regulatory pathway by which CancerLinQ will accept patient records and the approach of ASCO toward stewardship of the information.
Hypothalamic Gliosis Associated With High-Fat Diet Feeding Is Reversible in Mice: A Combined Immunohistochemical and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Authors: Berkseth Kathryn E. , Guyenet Stephan J. , Melhorn Susan J. , Lee Donghoon , Thaler Joshua P. , Schur Ellen A. , Schwartz Michael W.
Published: June 2014

Gliosis, the activation of astrocyte and microglial cell populations, is a hallmark of central nervous system injury and is detectable using either immunohistochemistry or in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Obesity in rodents and humans is associated with gliosis of the arcuate nucleus, a key hypothalamic region for the regulation of energy homeostasis and adiposity, but whether this response is permanent or reversible is unknown. Here we combine terminal immunohistochemistry analysis with serial, noninvasive MRI to characterize the progression and reversibility of hypothalamic gliosis in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. The effects of HFD feeding for 16 weeks to increase body weight and adiposity relative to chow were nearly normalized after the return to chow feeding for an additional 4 weeks in the diet-reversal group. Mice maintained on the HFD for the full 20-week study period experienced continued weight gain associated with the expected increases of astrocyte and microglial activation in the arcuate nucleus, but these changes were not observed in the diet-reversal group. The proopiomelanocortin neuron number did not differ between groups. Although MRI demonstrated a positive correlation between body weight, adiposity, and the gliosis-associated T2 signal in the mediobasal hypothalamus, it did not detect the reversal of gliosis among the HFD-fed mice after the return to chow diet. We conclude that hypothalamic gliosis associated with 16-week HFD feeding is largely reversible in rodents, consistent with the reversal of the HFD-induced obesity phenotype, and extend published evidence regarding the utility of MRI as a tool for studying obesity-associated hypothalamic gliosis in vivo.
BK Channels Regulate Myometrial Contraction by Modulating Nuclear Translocation of NF-κB
Authors: Li Youe , Lorca Ramón A. , Ma Xiaofeng , Rhodes Alexandra , England Sarah K.
Published: June 2014

The large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channel plays an essential role in maintaining uterine quiescence during pregnancy. Growing evidence has shown a link between the BK channel and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation in macrophages. In the uterus, NF-κB activation plays an important role in inflammatory processes that lead to parturition. Our objective was to determine whether the BK channel regulates uterine contraction, in part, by modulating NF-κB translocation into the nucleus. We compared the effects of BK channel modulation to those of LPS on NF-κB nuclear translocation and contraction in an immortalized human myometrial cell line (human telomerase reverse transcriptase [hTERT]) and uterine myocytes. Our results showed that BK channel inhibitors paxilline and penitrem A induced translocation of NF-κB into the nucleus in both hTERT cells and uterine myocytes to a similar extent as LPS treatment, and LPS and paxilline similarly reduced BK channel currents. Conversely, neither BK channel openers nor blockade of the small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel protein 3 had an effect on NF-κB translocation. Additionally, collagen-based assays showed that paxilline induced contraction of hTERT cells and uterine myocytes. This was dependent upon cyclooxygenase-2 activity. Moreover, paxilline-induced contractility and increased cyclooxygenase-2 expression both depended on availability of free NF-κB. This study suggests that BK channels regulate myometrial contraction, in part, by modulating nuclear translocation of NF-κB.
Literary Dialect and the Linguistic Reconstruction of Nineteenth-Century Lousiana
Authors: Picone Michael D.
Published: June 2014

The liberal use of literary dialect by nineteenth-century local-color authors depicting the South is an early example of “enregisterment” of dialect and its resultant commodification as an ingredient of literary success. The question naturally arises as to the usefulness of such literary dialect in the reconstruction of earlier features of actual spoken dialect. Though literary dialect is not intended by its authors, either nineteenth-century or modern, to be fully authentic, it is argued that by maintaining awareness of potential pitfalls and by employing strategies of triangulation, it is possible to cautiously extract clues from literary dialect about earlier dialectal characteristics. In this regard, the literary dialect employed by nineteenth-century Louisiana authors, Anglophone and Francophone alike, has suffered from neglect and, it is contended, can be a useful resource for reconstructing some earlier features when properly triangulated with other evidence. Examples drawn from the literary dialect of George Washington Cable, Kate Chopin, Grace King, Alfred Mercier, and Sidonie de la Houssaye demonstrate that representations of phonological features, discourse markers, lexical localisms, and, to a lesser extent, code-mixing practices can be of value in reconstructing selected dialectal traits of nineteenth-century English, French, and creole in Louisiana.
UBE2N, UBE2L3 and UBE2D2/3 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes are essential for parkin-dependent mitophagy
Authors: Geisler Sven , Vollmer Stefanie , Golombek Sonia , Kahle Philipp J.
Published: June 2014

Depolarized mitochondria are degraded via mitophagy in a process that depends on the Parkinson's disease gene products PINK1 and Parkin. This is accompanied by ubiquitination of several mitochondrial substrates. The roles of E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (UBE2) in mitophagy are poorly understood. Here we investigate a set of UBE2 enzymes that may regulate Parkin-mediated mitophagy. Knockdown of the E2 enzymes UBE2N, UBE2L3 or UBE2D2/3 significantly reduced autophagic clearance of depolarized mitochondria. However, this did not interfere with mitochondrial PINK1 stabilization and Parkin translocation. UBE2N knockdown prevented specifically K63-linked ubiquitination at mitochondrial sites. Nevertheless, poly-ubiquitin and p62 were still found on mitochondria after individual UBE2 knockdown. Knockdown of all three UBE2s together significantly reduced the mitochondrial poly-ubiquitination and p62 recruitment. Moreover, reduced ubiquitination of mitofusins, mitochondrial import receptor subunits TOM20 and TOM70, the voltage-dependent anion channel protein 1, and of Parkin was observed in cells silenced for all three UBE2s. The Parkin active site mutant C431S failed to ubiquitinate these mitochondrial substrates even in the presence of UBE2s. We conclude that UBE2N, UBE2L3 and UBE2D2/3 synergistically contribute to Parkin-mediated mitophagy.
A characterization of Arctic aerosols on the basis of aerosol optical depth and black carbon measurements
Authors: Stone R. S. , Sharma S. , Herber A. , Eleftheriadis K. , Nelson D. W.
Published: June 2014

Aerosols, transported from distant source regions, influence the Arctic surface radiation budget. When deposited on snow and ice, carbonaceous particles can reduce the surface albedo, which accelerates melting, leading to a temperature-albedo feedback that amplifies Arctic warming. Black carbon (BC), in particular, has been implicated as a major warming agent at high latitudes. BC and co-emitted aerosols in the atmosphere, however, attenuate sunlight and radiatively cool the surface. Warming by soot deposition and cooling by atmospheric aerosols are referred to as “darkening” and “dimming” effects, respectively. In this study, climatologies of spectral aerosol optical depth AOD (2001–2011) and Equivalent BC (EBC) (1989–2011) from three Arctic observatories and from a number of aircraft campaigns are used to characterize Arctic aerosols. Since the 1980s, concentrations of BC in the Arctic have decreased by more than 50% at ground stations where in situ observations are made. AOD has increased slightly during the past decade, with variations attributed to changing emission inventories and source strengths of natural aerosols, including biomass smoke and volcanic aerosol, further influenced by deposition rates and airflow patterns.