bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Large-Scale Anaerobic/Aerobic Treatment Plants for Wastewaters from a Molasses Distillery, a Pectin Factory, and Starch Factories
Authors: Seyfried C. F. , Austermann-Haun U.
Published: May 2018

The operating data and problems of four large-scale anaerobic-aerobic wastewater treatment plants are described. Three of these plants, treating wastewaters from a molasses distillery, a wheat-starch factory, and a potato-starch factory, use fixed-film methane reactors as the anaerobic stage. Two of these reactors are filled with packed blocks of plastic material (well known from aerobic trickling filters) with a specific surface area of 150 m2/m3. The fixed-film methane reactors in the potato-starch factory use lava slag as the support media. The companies concerned produced wastewaters which fluctuate greatly in quality and quantity. To guarantee stable degradation and high COD removal, equalizing tanks and low design rates are very important. Some of the wastewaters need additional dosing of trace elements to achieve satisfactory COD removal. All full-scale experience has shown that external anaerobic sludge retention, even when using the fixed-film reactors, is important for the anaerobic system.
High-Rate Nitrification in a Biological Fluidized Bed
Authors: Cooper P. F. , Williams S. C.
Published: May 2018

The use of a Biological Fluidized Bed (BFB) was evaluated in a large demonstration plant for nitrification of a secondary effluent at Horley STW (South of London). The BFB was operated over a range of flows from 250→600 m3/d using effluents containing 25mg NH3-N/ℓ, 18mg BOD/ℓ to define the optimum operating conditions. It was possible to reduce from 27 down to 3mg NH3-N/ℓ in a contact time of only 38 mins (a volumetric loading of 1 kg NH3-N/m3.d). The unit was then operated under diurnal flow. A 20m deep below-ground downflow-bubble-contact oxygenator was used which was capable of dissolving 60mg 02/ℓ. Following the technical evaluation, an economic comparison was made between using the add-on nitrifying BFB against the option of extending an existing activated sludge plant. The BFB had a lower capital cost but higher operating cost. The BFB was shown to be cost competitive.
Treatment of Waste Water at the El Aguila Brewery (Madrid, Spain). Methanization in Fluidized Bed Reactors
Authors: Oliva E. , Jacquart J. C. , Prevot C.
Published: May 2018

After 2 years of operation in the waste water treatment plant of the El Aguila brewery, the performance of the ANAFLUX fluidized bed reactors could be examined. For the treatment of the brewery effluent, an acidification tank is required upstream of the reactors so that high COD loadings (up to 60 Kg COD/m3/day) could be applied to the fluidized beds for hydraulic retention times of 2 hours. The wide variations in the pollutant load do not have any irreparable effects on the efficiency of the purification process. Efficiency of the acidification and methanization line reaches 80% of soluble COD and 72% of total COD. An additional aerobic finishing treatment further increases the levels of efficiency (less than 50 mg/l COD at the plant outlet).
Usacerl's Experiences with Small Wastewater Treatment Plants in the USA
Authors: Smith E. D. , Scholze R. J.
Published: May 2018

This paper presents a review of collected experience of one of the U.S. Corps of Engineers research laboratories in the area of small systems for wastewater treatment. Findings and experiences are presented for the use of package plants such as rotating biological contactors (RBCs), and remote site waste treatment at military installations and recreation areas.
The Design and Operation of Waste Stabilization Ponds in Tourist Areas of Mediterranean Europe
Authors: Mara D. D. , Marecos do Monte Maria Helena F.
Published: May 2018

Design guidelines for waste stabilization ponds serving tourist areas in mediterranean Europe are given, with recommendations for per caput wastewater flows and BOD5 contributions, for the selection of design temperatures, and for appropriate equations for the design of anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds.
Nitrification Kinetics and Simultaneous Removal of Biomass and Phosphorus in Rotating Biological Contactors
Authors: Watanabe Yoshimasa , Lee Chulhee , Koike Makoto , Ishiguro Masayoshi
Published: May 2018

This paper presents some important aspects of the Rotating Biological Contactor. (1) Steady-state biofilm kinetics and its application to the design of an RBC aiming at nitrification : Using the proposed kinetics in which the flux of rate-limiting substrate is expressed as a function of the bulk substrate concentration, liquid boundary layer thickness, liquid film thickness, and molecular diffusion coefficient and intrinsic reaction rate of the substrate, the relationship between the bulk ammonia concentration and ammonia flux was predicted at various sizes and rotating speeds of disk. Experimental verification of the predicted results was also made. A new disk media, i.e., reticulated media with surface protrusions,was proposed to promote the external diffusion of soluble substrates to the biofilm, and to reduce the disk weight. (2) Simultaneous removal of the detached biomass and precipitated phosphorous in a two-storey RBC:A two-storey RBC, whose upper and lower parts function as the RBC trough and storage space of the detached biomass, was operated in a four-staged unit. Experimental investigation showed that the phosphorus precipitated by aluminium was adsorbed to the biofilm, and settled into the lower part as the detached biomass. The removal efficiency of the detached biomass was very high resulting in an effluent suspended solids concentration of about 10 ppm.
Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Removal in Attached-Growth Circulating Reactor (AGCR)
Authors: Karnchanawong S. , Polprasert C.
Published: May 2018

Experiments on attached-growth circulating reactor (AGCR) were conducted to investigate its efficiencies on organic carbon and nitrogen removal (through denitrification). A laboratory-scale AGCR, made of serpentine channel with a total length of 180.0 m, was fed with a synthetic wastewater at the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN) loading rates of 3.56-10.16 and 0.30 - 0.91 g/(m2.d), respectively. The reactor effluent was recycled back to the influent feeding point and the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations along the channel length were controlled by means of air diffusion. It was found that the COD loading rate of 5 g/(m2. d) corresponding to the TN loading rate of 0.54 g/(m2.d) gave the optimal COD and TN removal rates of 4.8 and 0.43 g/(m2.d), respectively. The overall AGCR performance was limited by the nitrification efficiency at the high TN loading rates. The biofilm accumulation and thickness were found to be relatively high in the first-half portion of the channel length where carbon oxidation and denitrification were predominant. The second-half portion where nitrification mainly occurred had much less biofilm accumulation and thickness.
Upgrading Wastewater Treatment Plants for Biological Nutrient Removal
Authors: Rabinowitz B. , Vassos T. D. , Dawson R. N. , Oldham W. K.
Published: May 2018

A brief review of recent developments in biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal technology is presented. Guidelines are outlined of how current understanding of these two removal mechanisms can be applied in the upgrading of existing wastewater treatment plants for biological nutrient removal. A case history dealing with the upgrading of the conventional activated sludge process located at Penticton, British Columbia, to a biological nutrient removal facility with a design flow of 18,200 m3/day (4.0 IMGD) is presented as a design example. Process components requiring major modification were the headworks, bioreactors and sludge handling facilities.
Examples for the Upgrading of Existing Activated Sludge Plants for Nutrient Removal
Authors: Maier W.
Published: May 2018

In view of the new effluent standards in West Germany, including nitrification and phosphorus elimination, many of the existing sewage treatment plants will have to be rebuilt or expanded. Another demand which will have to be dealt with in the near future is denitrification. Under consideration of the large BOD5-loads which were taken into account when designing the plants, many of them nitrify during the summer or can be easily converted to operate with nitrification.

Principles for planning the upgrading of such plants have been laid down in order to achieve the required effluent concentrations.

The application of these principles is demonstrated with examples of upgraded plants.
Metal Removal by Waste Biomass to Upgrade Wastewater Treatment Plants
Authors: Venkobachar C.
Published: May 2018

As a pretreatment, biosorption is evaluated for its ability to remove heavy metals from electroplating and chrome tannery effluents before these are mixed with domestic wastewater for biological waste treatment. The biosorptive capacities of Cu(II) and Cr(VI) by waste biomass like excess sludge from activated sludge unit (S), Ganoderma lucidum (M)–a wood-rotting fungus, and Asperigillus niger (A) from fermentation industry are evaluated.
Comparison of Overflows from Separate and Combined Sewers – Quantity and Quality
Authors: Carleton M. G.
Published: May 2018

The use of separate sewerage systems to solve pollution problems associated with combined systems is examined. Overflows from combined stormwater-sewer systems have been found to be one of the major causes of receiving water pollution. Experiences in two countries which have predominantly one system or the other provided a basis for comparison. Wet weather overflow was found to be a major problem with similar quality of overflow produced for both systems. Minimising overflows was feasible, however proper and integrated control of stormwater and sewage flows, related to receiving water impacts, is indicated as the best solution. The use of separate sewerage systems to solve pollution problems may not be justified.
Reduction of Combined Sewer Overflow Pollution Loads by Detention of Sanitary Sewage
Authors: Schilling W. , Kollatsch D. T.
Published: May 2018

For mixed combined/separate sewer systems it is proposed, in times of combined sewage overflows (CSO), to store sanitary sewage at the inlet point to the combined system. Thereby, sanitary sewage (with high strength) is kept in the system for further treatment after the storm whereas less-polluted CSO are diverted to the receiving water. By using data of an existing catchment different scenarios are evaluated and the potential benefit of sanitary sewage detention is quantified. This approach is compared to current German CSO regulations. It is more effective than conventional CSO detention if more than 60 % of the population upstream of the CSO diversion are served by a separate system. A key problem of this concept is the control strategy that determines when to activate and empty the storage tanks. A number of criteria are compared. Considerations are also made on operational aspects such as chemical transformations in stored sewage, maximum allowable detention time, and cleansing of storage tanks.
Appraisal of Changes in Watercourse Quality as a Result of Sewer Reconstruction
Authors: Parkinson A. D. , Davis P. S. , Saul A. J.
Published: May 2018

Major sewerage work in Littleborough near Rochdale in North West England resulted in the closure of eight Combined Sewer Overflows and the construction of a new overflow incorporating downstream storage. The paper describes the method, named the CARP procedure, used in setting the frequency and volume of discharge from the new overflow and, therefore, the size of the tank. The effect of the resewerage work on the River Roch is being studied as a collaborative exercise involving the University of Manchester, Water Research Centre and North West Water. This is part of the River Basin Management Programme of the Water Industry of England and Wales (Clifforde et al, 1986). First results indicate that the tank will not operate as frequently as predicted by computer modelling. The discharge from the new Combined Sewer Overflow would not appear to significantly effect the river. This is to be confirmed by further fieldwork.
Short-Term Toxicity of NH3 and Low Oxygen to Benthic Macroinvertebrates of Running Waters and Conclusions for Wet Weather Water Pollution Control Measures
Authors: Gammeter Sonja , Frutiger Andreas
Published: May 2018

The short-term toxicity of NH3 and low oxygen was determined for different species of aquatic insects (mayflies and stoneflies). The experiments were carried out in laboratory channels. Compared with fish species, the investigated macroinvertebrates were much less sensitive. Hence, if ecotoxicological criteria for the wet weather situation are developed for ammonia and oxygen, the requirements of sensitive fish species should be considered first.

In Switzerland, exceedences of the NH3 short-term threshold concentration caused by combined sewer overflow occur mostly in (too) small receiving waters during summer thunderstorms.
Combined Treatment of Domestic and Industrial Wastewater in Waste Stabilisation Pond Systems in Kenya
Authors: Alabaster G. P. , Mills S. W. , Osebe S. A. , Thitai W. N. , Pearson H. W. , Mara D. D. , Muiruri P.
Published: May 2018

Waste stabilisation pond systems have traditionally been used for treating domestic wastewater, although they may also be suitable for treatment of high-strength industrial wastes. The long retention times and high buffering capacity of such systems enables them to cope more readily with widely fluctuating organic loads and biologically toxic compounds.

Data are presented from two waste stabilisation pond systems in Kenya, both of which treat sewage containing a high proportion of mixed industrial effluent, e.g. tannery and textile wastes.

Data from both sites indicated that anaerobic ponds are of primary importance in the treatment of industrial wastewaters. Not only did they significantly reduce the organic carbon content of the wastewaters, but they effectively buffered the sensitive algal populations in the secondary facultative ponds from shock loads of highly toxic chemicals and wastes of widely varying pH. This enabled an overall higher loading to be applied to the aerobic system.
Textile Industry Wastewaters Treatment
Authors: Grau Petr
Published: May 2018

Effective water and waste management strategies enable us to decrease water consumption and pollution load of wastewaters. Typical examples of low-waste technologies are lanolin recovery in wool scouring, hydroxide recovery in cotton mercerizing, recovery of synthetic sizes and reuse of dye baths.

Wastewaters are treated by a sequence of physical–chemical and biological processes. Traditionally, coagulation/flocculation(c/F) has been favored as the first treatment step followed by biological treatment as the second step. More recently a reverse sequence of treatment has been utilized in several cases with success.

Novel technologies have been developed such as catalytic oxidation, decoloration by ozone, adsorption/desorption. Their practical use is, however, still rare.

Joint treatment with municipal wastewaters has been favored wherever possible.
Basic Studies on Anaerobic Degradation of Glucose in Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors
Authors: Nakamura Michimasa , Sakai Atsushi , Matsumoto Jun'ichiro
Published: May 2018

The two series of the characteristics of anaerobic degradation of low glucose concentrations were investigated. In the first series, the pH value in each reactor was not controlled. In the second series, the pH value in each reactor was controlled in the range of 6.9–7.2, by adding sodium bicarbonate into each influent.

The ORP value was depressed by controlling the pH value of each reactor from acid range to approximately neutral range. In the pH uncontrolled series, the pH value in outflow decreased with increasing glucose concentration.

In the pH uncontrolled series, produced total volatile fatty acid was about 70 to 550 mg/l; on the other hand, in pH controlled series, produced total volatile fatty acid was about 50 mg/l to 350 mg/l. The highest concentrations of acids formed were acetic acids, the second highest formed were propionic acids, the last formed were butyric acids.

In the pH uncontrolled series, the maximum reaction rate constant Vm was 0.749 gCOD/gVS · day and the saturation constant Ks = 0.435 g/l. On the other hand, in the pH controlled series, the maximum reaction rate constant Vm was 1.441 gCOD/gVS · day and the saturation constant Ks = 0.739 g/l. Thus by controlling the pH value of the reactor, the activities of the anaerobic bacteria were much enhanced.
A Batch Activated Sludge Study of Pineapple Wastewater Using a Bioaugmentation Process
Authors: Fuaad Nik Abllah Nik , Heng Lee Aik
Published: May 2018

A laboratory study was conducted to determine the feasibility of batch activated sludge reactor for treating pineapple wastewater and to examine the effects of bioaugmentation on treatment performance. The experimental set-up consists of eleven batch reactors. Activated sludge obtained from a wastewater treatment plant treating domestic wastewater was used as seed for the reactors. Synthetic pineapple wastewater was used as feed for the reactors. The eleven reactors were arranged to evaluate the total organic removal, nitrification, and sludge production by bioaugmentation process. Three major factors considered were influent organic loading, ammonia-nitrogen, and dosage of bacterial-culture-product addition. Removal of TOG (total organic carbon), sludge production in terms of SS(suspended solids), and ammonia-nitrogen removal variation are used as evaluation parameters. The TOC removal efficiency after the end of a 48 hour reactor run, for influent TOC of 350.14 to 363.30 mg/l, and 145.92 to 169.66 mg/l, was 94.41 to 95.89%, and 93.72 to 94.73% respectively. Higher organic removal was observed in the bioaugmented reactors with higher organic loading. The better organic removal efficiency in the bioaugmented reactors was probably due to activities of bacteria added. The test results also indicated that sludge yield was enhanced by the bacteria additive and high bacteria dosage produced less sludge. Bioaugmentation was observed to be a suitable alternative for enhancing the biological treatment of pineapple wastewater.
Designing Experiments for Model Identification of the Nitrification Process
Authors: Ossenbruggen P. J. , Spanjers H. , Aspegren H. , Klapwijk A.
Published: May 2018

A series of batch tests were performed to study the competition for oxygen by Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter in the nitrification of ammonia in activated sludge. Oxygen uptake rate (OUR) and dynamic (compartment) models describing the process are proposed and tested. The OUR model is described by a Monod relationship and the biogradation process by a set of first order nonlinear differential equations with variable coefficients. The results show a mechanistic model and ten reaction rates are sufficient to capture the interactive behavior of the nitrification process. Methods for model specification, calibrating, and testing the model and the design of additional experiments are described.
System Modeling Approach for Solute Transport Through Upper Soils
Authors: Liu C. C. K. , Feng J. S. , Chen W.
Published: May 2018

Solute transport through upper soils has been traditionally simulated by following a physically based modeling approach. Unfortunately, the application of physically based models is often limited by difficulties in solving interrelated problems of parameter identification, system boundary definition, and mathematical solution. These problems can be largely alleviated by an alternative modeling approach based on the system theory. In the system approach, dynamic relations between the input of the chemical at the soil surface and its subsequent downward movement are represented by system response functions that do not require knowledge of the intimate structure of relevant transport mechanisms. System modeling techniques were developed and applied in this study to simulate the transport of the pesticide fenamiphos in Hawaiian soils. A comparison of the calculated concentration distributions with field measurements shows that the system model provides satisfactory transport simulation.
A Real-Time Mathematical Model for Three-Dimensional Tidal Flow and Water Quality
Authors: Fantang Zeng , Zhencheng Xu , Xiancheng Chen
Published: May 2018

A real-time mathematical model for three-dimensional tidal flow and water quality is presented in this paper. A control-volume-based difference method and a “power interpolation distribution” advocated by Patankar (1984) have been employed, and a concept of “separating the top-layer water” has been developed to solve the movable boundary problem. The model is unconditionally stable and convergent. Practical application of the model is illustrated by an example for the Pearl River Estuary.
Delaqua – A Prototype Expert System for Operational Control and Management of Lake Water Quality
Authors: Recknagel Frieder , Beuschold Erhard , Petersohn Uwe
Published: May 2018

The expert system DELAQUA (Deep Expert system LAke water QUAlity) combines AI and simulation methods to support decision making in water quality control of lakes and reservoirs. It contains a knowledge base (PROLOG 2), a data base (dBASE III+) and a simulation system (FORTRAN 77) by which the following decision aids can be made available:derivation of recommendations for operational control of undesired impacts on raw water quality by algal blooms or pathogen germsclassification of raw water quality by means of legal standardsdrawing of analogy conclusions by the use of measured and simulated water quality data of reference waterspredictions of raw water quality under changing control strategies and environmental conditions of lakes and reservoirs.

The expert system was implemented on an IBM-PC with MS.DOS operating system.
Application of Air Stripping and Adsorption Processes to Volatile Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Removal and Recovery from Water and Wastewaters
Authors: Schade H. , Sapulak A.
Published: May 2018

The paper presents the technology of volatile chlorinated and aromatic hydrocarbons removal and recovery. The study has been conducted at the Kanalstrasse installation in West Berlin. In the paper design, construction and operating problems have been described together with the results obtained during its over a year long performance.

An alternative cost analysis has been worked out for a currently designed installation at the municipal works in Saarbrücken. The two technological systems analysed featured:–stripping with simultaneous air-wash in a close cycle and recovery of hydrocarbons as a concentrated mixture–filtration and adsorption on activated carbon/including carbon regeneration/.
Efficient (Tube) Settling Tanks
Authors: Ignjatović Lazar
Published: May 2018

This paper discusses design principles and theoretical results for a new type of settling tank. Within the settling zone of the tank, sedimentation takes place in tube, as in a quiescent container of equal (3-5 cm) depth. The inlet, sludge and outlet zone are arranged for a continuous-flow rectangular (or circular) basin. A particle that enters the sludge zone is and stays removed, and the sludge can be removed by gravity or pumped from the sludge zone. Hydraulically, the process can be formulated in terms of horizontal-vertical-flow without short-circuiting.

Tank loadings are 0.5 L/s per m2 to 1.5 L/s per m2 of tank surface area. The detention period of 15-20 minutes offers the same overall removal efficiency as 4-5 hours for classical one. Variations in flow are of little concern, provided that the maximum design flow is not exceeded.

Scum is removed without difficulty from the tank as well as the sludge, and the sludge removal device will also act as a flocculator. This type of settling basin is suitable where sludge volumes are large or where putrefaction of sludge in contact with the flowing water is to be avoided.
Specifics of Cementation Processes for Metals Removal
Authors: Khudenko B. M. , Gould J. P.
Published: May 2018

Specific features of cementation processes observed in numerous experimental studies are explained on the basis of a recently developed theory. This theory considers the kinetics of the oxidation reduction reactions and the possibility of either migrational or diffusional transport of the noble species. In particular, synergistic and antagonistic effects in simultaneous reductions of noble species, effects associated with anionic promoters, and effects of atmosphere are considered in the present paper.
Adsorption of Organic Compounds from Aqueous Solutions on Activated Carbons
Authors: Choma J. , Jaroniec M.
Published: May 2018

A three-parameter isotherm equation is applisd for describing adsorption of organic compounds From dilute aqueous solutions on microporous activated carbons. This isotherm equation corresponds to the gamma distribution function that characterizes structural heterogeneity of the micropores. Parameters of this isotherm equation permit a quantitative characterization of the structural and energetic heterogeneities of activated carbons. Adsorption isotherms of phenol and benzoic acid from dilute aqueous solutions on the Filtrasarb-400 activatsd carbon are used to illustrate the method of characterization of carbonaceous adsorbents on the basis of the liquid-solid adsorption data.
Physico-Chemical-Biological Treatment of Municipal Wastewater
Authors: El-Gohary F. A. , Abo-Elela S. I. , Shehata S. A. , El-Kamah H. M.
Published: May 2018

Physico-chemical sewage treatment via coagulation-sedimentation is put in action for suspended solids removal. The effectiveness of this technology concerning the soluble organic content is extremely low. In direct comparison, the use of a biological sand-bed and a high-rate oxidation pond as a tertiary treatment for the chemically treated effluent brought about a substantial increase in efficiency.

Experimental investigations performed led to the conclusions that, for the reuse of wastewater for irrigation, chemical treatment is appropriate. For discharge of treated effluents into surface water, combination of the physico-chemical-biological scheme is recommended.
International Workshop on Anaerobic Treatment Technology for Municipal and Industrial Wastewaters: Summary Paper
Authors: Iza J. , Colleran E. , Paris J. M. , Wu W.-M.
Published: May 2018

This paper presents a summary of the ideas expounded in the presentations and the resulting discussions at the workshop held in Valladolid, Spain (24-26 September 1990). The formal presentations and discussions are included in the articles which comprise the rest of this issue. The main topics summarized are the characteristics of the anaerobic process, its technological implications relating to different reactor concepts and to different designs, the importance of correct waste characterization for appropriate treatment, the characterization of the biomass, and the influence of all these factors on the design and operation of anaerobic treatment systems. Sections outlining the research and development needs for the enhancement of this technology are also included.
Modelling of Anaerobic Digestion Processes (A Discussion of Concepts)
Authors: McCarty P. L. , Mosey F. E.
Published: May 2018

The concepts behind some of the more widely used mathematical models of the anaerobic digestion process are described and discussed together with some recent microbiological and biochemical studies that might provide a basis for the next generation of mathematical models. First order rate equations are commonly used for the initial hydrolysis of complex organics and Monod kinetics are widely used to describe methanogenesis from acetate. Depending on circumstances, either of these reactions may be considered as the rate-limiting reaction of the overall fermentation. Thermodynamic calculations provide a valuable tool for modelling intermediate metabolism but the metabolic repertoire of these bacteria still provides a few surprises for the fermentation chemist. A possible new concept for modelling patterns of volatile fatty acids during overload and recovery of anaerobic digesters is described and discussed.
Chemical Reactor Engineering Concepts in Design and Operation of Anaerobic Treatment Processes
Authors: Lema J. M. , Méndez R. , Iza J. , Garcia P. , Fernández-Polanco F.
Published: May 2018

As a prelude to the individual papers describing the various anaerobic treatment process configurations, the anaerobic treatment process is described in terms of chemical reaction engineering. These descriptions are made in terms of kinetics, stoichiometry, thermodynamics and mass transfer considerations. The implications of these concepts on design and operations are also discussed.
Planning for Reuse. Developing a Strategy for the Northern Territory, Australia
Authors: Burgess M. D.
Published: May 2018

A harsh climate, extended dry periods and relatively expensive water resources underly the potential for effluent reuse in the Northern Territory, Australia. The cost of supplying potable water and the potential offsetting effects of utilising sewage effluent are reviewed. The need to firmly establish the true cost to the community of different supply options is identified. Major cost benefits accrue where reuse will enable deferment of either significant potable source augmentation or sewage treatment works upgrading and where horticultural prospects are good at a reuse site close to the treatment works. An overall strategy plan for increasing the potential of reuse is described. This plan includes firm cost management procedures, marketing activities, appropriate land planning measures and a commitment to research and development.
Nonpotable Reuse: Development of Health Criteria and Technologies for Shower Water Recycle
Authors: Burrows W. D. , Schmidt M. O. , Carnevale R. M. , Schaub S. A.
Published: May 2018

The U.S. Army is evaluating recycle of field shower water as a conservation practice in arid regions and is seeking to define appropriate technologies and health criteria. Shower wastewaters at a military installation have been characterized in terms of physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. Two treatment technologies have been investigated. Microfiltration cartridges with a nominal pore size of 0.2 µm achieved consistent removals of 75±15% of total organic carbon (TOC) and better than 99% of turbidity from synthetic shower water containing 50 to 100 mg/L of TOC as soap. An alternative treatment technology utilized powdered activated carbon and coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation followed by diatomaceous earth filtration. A TOC reduction of 70±15% was achieved in three separate studies, although at a cost of 1 g/L or more of powdered activated carbon. Revised quality criteria for recycled shower water have been developed with guidance from the National Research Council. Parameters which can practically be measured in the field are primarily associated with microbiological safety. Therefore, the safety of recycled shower water with respect to chemical contamination must depend on design considerations.
Fate of Viruses in Treated Sewage Effluent During Soil Aquifer Treatment Designed for Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse
Authors: Gerba Charles P. , Powelson David K. , Yahya Moyasar T. , Wilson Lorne G. , Amy Gary L.
Published: May 2018

Land application or soil aquifer treatment of wastewater has been considered as a low-cost method for improving its quality for potential reuse. The objective of this work was to evaluate more quantitatively than in the past the fate and removal of viruses as they pass through the soil. A mini-basin (12 feet × 12 feet) was constructed at a site where secondary treated wastewater will be applied to large basins for underground storage. Suction samplers were placed at various depths in the upper 20 feet of the vadose zone directly beneath the mini-basin, and monitoring wells were placed at various distances (10 to 150 feet) from the mini-basin. Two experiments (August and September, 1990) were conducted where bacteriophage MS-2 and PRD-1 were added to the effluent before its application to the basins. High infiltration rate (up to 50 feet/day) and impeding layers at 15 ft resulted in nearly saturated flow conditions and up to 150 ft of horizontal transport of the viruses. The results also indicated that at least 90% removal of MS-2 and 99% removal of PRD-1 could be expected after movement of the sewage through 15 ft of soil and greater removal was observed at a slower infiltration rate (3 feet/day).
Reclamation and Reuse of Wastewater by Biological Aerated Filter Process
Authors: Adachi S. , Fuchu Y.
Published: May 2018

The Biological Aerated Filter process (BAF process) is ideal for reclamation and reuse of wastewater. It features excellent removal of organic matter and SS. Moreover, it features easy maintenance and achieves energy-saving and space-conservation.

Results of applying this BAF process for the reclamation and reuse of domestic-type wastewater in an office building, castor oil containing industrial wastewater in an aluminium rolling mill, and industrial wastewater in a paper mill are summarized in the following.

Treatment of office building domestic-type wastewater. Combining the BAF process with sand filtration and ozonation processes, in the office building's water reuse facility, achieved favorable treatment yielding an effluent with a BOD of less than 5 mg/liter and SS of less than 1 mg/liter. In the course of the investigation, however, it was found that certain types of algicides for eliminating water moss in the cooling tower had a negative effect on the BAF process, which lasted for some time but which eventually disappeared.

Treatment of aluminium rollingmill industrial wastewater. Treatment of castor oil containing influent (BOD: 40 mg/liter and n-Hexane extracts: 40 mg/liter) by the BAF process yielded an effluent with a BOD level of 5 mg/liter and a value of 10 mg/liter n-Hexane extracts. Light shielding was effective for preventing the generation of slime.

Treatment of paper mill industrial wastewater. Paper mill industrial wastewater was treated through a combined treatment comprising the coagulation and sedimentation process (Pellet Blanket Separator; PBS), the BAF process, and the activated carbon adsorption process. The resulting effluent had the COD down to 30 mg/liter and the SS to 5 mg/liter. Under normal circumstances, only the coagulation and sedimentation process and the BAF process were sufficient for achieving target treatment values. There was no need to carry out the activated carbon adsorption process.
Reverse Osmosis Technology for Wastewater Reuse
Authors: Mariñas B. J.
Published: May 2018

Reverse osmosis technology has a great potential in the field of wastewater reclamation. A reverse osmosis plant includes the following processes: (1) feed water microfiltration and chemical conditioning, (2) membrane treatment, (3) permeate aeration, neutralization and disinfection, and (4) concentrate (liquid residue) treatment and disposal. The performance of reverse osmosis membranes depends on operating conditions and water quality parameters. Permeate productivity and contaminant removals increase with applied hydraulic pressure. Water quality parameters such as concentration, composition and pH also affect contaminant removal efficiencies. For example, the treatment of a simulated wastewater containing 10 mg/L of nitrate with a commercial polyamide-type reverse osmosis membrane resulted in membrane permeates containing approximately 0.05 mg/L of nitrate (or 99.5 percent removal) when sodium chloride was the major dissolved solid present in the feed water, and 1 mg/L (or 90 percent removal) when sodium sulfate was the predominant component. The removals of weak electrolyte contaminants are affected by feed water pH. For example, the removal of boron by a cellulose acetate-type membrane was reported to be greater than 99 percent at a pH of approximately 11, and less than 30 percent at a pH of 7. The practice of pre-treatment processes such as microfiltration and chemical conditioning can minimize performance deterioration resulting from membrane fouling by inorganic precipitates, organic macromolecules and microorganisms (biofouling).
Wastewater Treatment by Infiltration Basins: Usefulness and Limits – Sewage Plant in Creances (France)
Authors: Carré J. , Dufils J.
Published: May 2018

The wastewater treatment by infiltration basins used in Créances (France) allows for the protection of the quality of surface waters. The infiltration leads to a total removal of suspended solid and of 80 to 85 % of COD initially present in the effluent. In summer N and P removal corresponds to two-thirds of the concentration of NH4+ and PO43− but in winter no removal is observed for these elements. Whatever the season removal of total coliforms, faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci is high and reaches 6 logs. A part of the contamination is transferred by renovated water into the unconfined ground water which lies at a depth of 6 m below the bottom of the basins. The effect of infiltration on the ground water quality includes an increase in overall mineralisation of the water and especially as regards nitrogen, anionic detergent and boron levels.

Otherwise, difficulties of managing the plant result from the fast clogging of the basins because of a low removal of suspended solids in the pretreatment stage and from the climatic conditions which increase the time to dry out the cake.
High Gradient Magnetic Separation Technique for Wastewater Treatment
Authors: van Velsen A. F. M. , van der Vos G. , Boersma R. , de Reuver J. L.
Published: May 2018

Smit Nymegen Magnetic Water treatment Systems (MWS), a business group of Smit Transformatoren BV, has recently developed a very efficient magnet for wastewater treatment. The magnet is the core element of a complete system to eliminate phosphates, heavy metals and other pollutants from wastewater.

The system is based on the attachment of wastewater pollutants to a magnetic carrier material (magnetite) and a subsequent magnetic separation of the magnetite-pollutant conglomerates. After separation, the magnetite is recovered and re-used in the process. Main advantages of the magnetic separation process are:▸high elimination performance▸low power input for magnet operation▸compact process▸low space requirements▸no clogging because of open matrix structure.

The development of the magnetic system has been focused on the phosphate-removal from effluents of sewage treatment plants. Being a tertiary treatment, magnetic phosphate removal can be applied after any type of sewage treatment and it does not interfere with the biological process. Pilot plant tests at various sewage works showed that magnetic separation reduces the total-phosphate concentration to values as low as 0.1-0.5 mg/l. The system will be demonstrated in two full-scale plants with a capacity of 300 m3/h and 600 m3/h, respectively.

The costs of magnetic phosphate removal (Dfl. 12,- to 18,-) are competitive with those of other phosphate removal techniques. The development of the magnetic phosphate removal system is granted by the Dutch Ministries of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment, Economic Affairs and Transport and Public Works.
Quantity and Quality of Groundwater in the Campo De Dalias (Almeria, Se Spain)
Authors: Pulido Bosch A. , Navarrete F. , Molina L. , Martinez-Vidal J. L.
Published: May 2018

The Campo de Dalías is the most economically important agricultural area in the whole of the Province of Almeria. A benign climate combined with the expertise of the market gardeners and their intensive cultivation in plastic hot-houses of out-of-season fruit and vegetables has turned a stony wasteland into an area of great productivity. The main water supply comes from a series of wells drilled into the subterranean aquifers running through the local rocks, a geometrically complex succession of Triassic limestones and dolomites, Miocene conglomerates and calcareous sandstones, Pliocene calcarenites and Quaternary gravels, sands and silts. The annual influx into the aquifers has been calculated as being around 50 Hm3, while at the present day more than 100 Hm3 are being taken out during the same period. This over exploitation of the resources is causing an inexorable descent in the water table, which is leading to marine intrusion in those aquifers nearest the sea. The main aquifer-bearing units are Balanegra and Aguadulce, composed essentially of Triassic, Alpujarride carbonates, and the Balerma-Las Marinas unit, made, up of Pliocene calcarenites. In the water from some of the wells in the Aguadulce unit more than 10,000 microS/cm have been measured at some distance from the coast, while in the Balanegra unit there are a large number of conoids below sea level, although marine intrusion is at present limited to a fairly narrow coastal strip.
Ground Waters of the Ukrainian Polessje (Woodlands) after the Accident at Chernobyl Atomic Station
Authors: Ryabtseva G. P. , Ivanushkina N. I. , Shevchenko A. L.
Published: May 2018

To conserve ground waters in the Ukrainian Polessje under the condition of their poor protection on large areas against any contamination, including radioactive, it was necessary to evaluate initial contamination of both the waters themselves and the soil surface after the accident at Chernobyl atomic station. Investigations carried out at hydrotechnical systems of Polessje showed that ground waters contamination with caesium-137 doesn't exceed 2.37 × 103 Bq/m3, with strontium-90 being 8.88 × 103. It should be noted that on the surface the caesium radionuclide storage is from 100 to 250 times greater than that in water. Recent influence of Rovenskaya and Khmelnitskaya (near Rovno and Khmelnitsky) atomic stations located on Polessje upon ground waters is extremely difficult to define against the background of the contamination after the accident at Chernobyl station. Soils all over the territory had weakened absorption capacity; that is why gravitational water solutions, even of low concentration, will reach the ground water table and will stay in water for a long period of time. However forecasts show that considerable penetration of radionuclides into ground waters shouldn't be expected: the activity will not exceed maximum allowable values. A network of observation wells will give regular information and control ground water cleanness.
Phenol Occurrences in Groundwater Resources of Serbia
Authors: Filipovic Budimir , Vujasinovic Slobodan , Matic Ivan
Published: May 2018

Drastic pollution case studies of entire complexes of alluvial deposits and water contained in them from polluted rivers have been recorded in more than one stream: beginning with the Sitnica to the Ibar, the Zapadna Morava and the Velika Morava to the Danube. A high phenol concentration (about 110 µg/l) in the Zapadna Morava in December 1983 affected the ground water reservoir - the source of Kruševac municipal water supply. Analysed samples indicated that phenol was transported by the Ibar River and its upstream tributary Sitnica from a coal gasification plant of a mine. Phenol concentrations were 364 µg in the Ibar at Kraljevo, 540 µg/l slightly more upstream, and up to 4000 µ.g/l upstream in the Sitnica near the source of pollution.

Phenol concentrations in riparian ground water were even higher than in the rivers in some intervals. Nearly all sources were affected in the riparian zone downstream to the Danube.

Occurrences of this pollutant in the ground water resources and certain experiences are considered in this paper.
Groundwater Pollution Risk and Vulnerability Map of the State of São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Hirata R. C. A. , Bastos C. R. A. , Rocha G. A. , Gomes D. C. , Iritani M. A.
Published: May 2018

Aiming to provide a global diagnosis of the actual threat of pollution to the most important aquifers of the State of São Paulo, Brasil, due to its intensive industrialization and agriculture, three government institutions -the Instituto Geologico (Geological Institute), the CETESB (Environmental Sanitary Technology Company) and the DAEE (Water and Eleotrical Energy Department) - carried out a regional survey to define the aquifers' vulnerability to pollution and for recording and ranking the potential contaminant sources.

This paper describes the results of this survey, excluding the metropolitan area of the city of São Paulo. More than 500 industries were recorded and ranked according to their low, moderate or high potential contaminant load for impacting groundwater. Thirty - one aquifer units were defined and a 1:500.000 scale vulnerability map was produced.

Critical areas were defined and recommended as being priority sites for the adoption of control measures.
Management and Status of Japanese Public Waters
Authors: Goda Takeshi
Published: May 2018

The management and status of public water bodies in Japan is discussed. The environmental quality standards which have been set and the levels of compliance with these standards are shown. The water quality of Japanese rivers, lakes, reservoirs, wetlands and coastal waters is described, and eutrophication problems are mentioned. The effects of changes in population density and levels of recycling of industrial wastewaters on the quality of water bodies are discussed. Almost 75% of industrial wastewater is now recycled. Per capita availability of freshwater in Japan is comparatively low, and the construction of 530 dams, in addition to the 2393 dams already in operation, is planned. Irrigation effluents from paddy fields are a major factor which influences river water quality in Japan. The improvement of water quality using various methods is discussed.
Recent Developments in Wastewater Management in Japan
Authors: Kubo Takeshi
Published: May 2018

Japan has experienced serious and tragic water pollution problems such as Minamata disease (mercury poisoning) in the 1960 s. Since then comprehensive countermeasures including establishment of a legislative framework and EWQ Standards, enforcement of E Standards on dischargers, encouragement in the development of sewerage systems, research and technology development and wastewater reclamation and reuse, etc., have been implemented. This paper reviews the recent developments in wastewater management in this social context in Japan.
River Basin Water Quality Management in Japan – An Overview
Authors: Murakami Ken
Published: May 2018

Due to rapid industrialization and the concentration of the population shifting towards large cities starting from the 1950s, Japan experienced severe water pollution problems throughout the country. In order to cope with these problems, the legal system has been refined and various measures to control water pollution have been taken. This paper summarizes the current institutional structure, legal system, as well as plans and programs, for water pollution control and river basin management in Japan.
Water Demand Management: An Evaluation of a “Soft” Solution for the Hamilton Harbour Remedial Action Plan
Authors: Rivers R. , Kalinauskas R.
Published: May 2018

The investigation of actions for the remediation of Hamilton Harbour has focussed largely on the traditional “end of the pipe” solutions to the problems of municipal wastewater treatment. This paper attempts to place one “at source” solution, water demand management, into the context of the remedial action plan. Fully developed relationships between volumes of water usage and the quality of sewage treatment facility effluent have not yet received an adequate degree of investigation. Nevertheless, ample evidence is available to suggest that water demand management is the most cost effective method for the remedial action of municipal water pollution for Hamilton Harbour.