bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifying Salient Beliefs About Leisure Activities: Frequency of Elicitation Versus Response Latency1
Authors: Ajzen Icek , Nichols Alton J. , Driver B. L.
Published: August 2006

Sets of 16 beliefs about the consequences of each of 6 leisure activities were selected in a pilot study by means of free elicitation. The beliefs varied in salience (salient vs. nonsalient), valence (positive vs. negative), and type (instrumental vs. effective). In the main study, 69 college students expressed their agreements with each belief, evaluated the consequences involved in the beliefs, and rated each leisure activity on 4 evaluative scales as a standard measure of attitude. The latencies of these responses were used to assess accessibilities of beliefs and attitudes in an effort to quantify degree of salience. Accessibility of beliefs was found to increase significantly with frequency of elicitation in the pilot study (salience) and with the judged favorability of the consequences. Salience was further found to be related to degree and extremity of agreement. Accessibility was also found to moderate the correlation between beliefs and attitudes posited in the expectancy‐value model of attitude. The correlation between a given belief and the direct attitude measure increased with the belief's accessibility, and the correlation between a measure of attitude based on the set of salient beliefs and the standard attitude measures increased with the accessibility of the attitude. Implications for the identification and measurement of perceived benefits and costs of leisure are discussed.
Sex Guilt and Receptivity to Condom Advertising
Authors: Alden Dana L. , Crowley Ayn E.
Published: August 2006

The personal and social costs of unintended pregnancy and HIV infection point to the need for ongoing research designed to enhance the effectiveness of preventive advertising, particularly to those segments at greatest risk. One segment that appears to be at significant risk is comprised of individuals who experience high levels of guilt about sex. This study seeks to determine whether high sex‐guilt (SG) individuals are unique in their processing, recall, and evaluative responses to advertising for condoms. Two hundred fifty‐two college‐aged men and women were randomly assigned to two versions of a condom advertisement that differed in terms of self‐ referencing vs. other‐referencing in the message copy. A 2 × 2 × 3 (Gender × Self‐ Versus Other‐Referencing Message Copy × High, Moderate, and Low Sex Guilt), between subjects ANOVA design was used to test hypothesized relationships. For female, but not male, participants, high SG was inversely related to depth of processing, recall, positive thoughts about the ad, and perceived credibility of the ad. For both genders, high SG was inversely related to perceived ad informativeness, attitude toward the ad, and attitude toward the brand. Message design interacted with SG and gender on an important outcome measure—purchase intention. Study implications are discussed, and avenues for future research are suggested.
Black Women's Self‐Perceptions of Attractiveness Following Exposure to White Versus Black Beauty Standards: The Moderating Role of Racial Identity and Self‐Esteem
Authors: Makkar Jalmeen K. , Strube Michael J
Published: August 2006

This study examined racial identity, self‐esteem, and Black versus White beauty standards as moderators of body image perceptions among 60 Black women. In two experimental conditions, subjects evaluated photographs of either three Black models or three White models, all previously determined to be attractive. Control group subjects did not evaluate photographs. All subjects then completed measures of their own body esteem and attractiveness. Results indicated that body esteem was positively related to self‐esteem for subjects in the photograph conditions but not for subjects in the control condition. The relative attractiveness ratings of self versus models were dependent on race of the models and subjects' self‐esteem, and on race of the models and subjects' racial identity. The first interaction indicated more favorable comparative ratings for subjects with high self‐esteem, but only following exposure to White models. The second interaction indicated more favorable comparative ratings for subjects with high African self‐consciousness, but only following exposure to White models. Taken together, the results suggest that explicit beauty standards engage a comparison process and, in the case of Black respondents with high self‐esteem or with high African self‐consciousness, result in self‐evaluations that are significantly higher than the attractiveness attributed to White standards of beauty.
Social Comparison and Goal Setting in Brainstorming Groups1
Authors: Larey Timothy S. , Paulus Paul B.
Published: August 2006

Two studies were conducted to examine the influence of individual and group goal setting on brainstorming performance. Results from the studies indicated that the individual goals of nominal participants were higher than the individual goals of interactive participants. Group goal setting by consensus led to the lowest goals. There was no influence of goal setting on group brainstorming performance. However, participants who set goals rated their individual performance more favorably than did participants who did not set goals. The low group goals set by interactive groups are discussed in terms of assumptions made regarding the ability of other group members and the detrimental effects of group interaction.
The Relationship Between Attributional Charismatic Leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Authors: Deluga Ronald J.
Published: August 2006

This study examined the relationship between attributional charismatic leadership and subordinate organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Survey data were collected from 63 supervisor‐subordinate dyads employed in the Engineering Division of a manufacturing firm. Hierarchical regression analysis supported the prediction that subordinate attributions of supervisor charismatic leadership would be positively associated with supervisor reports of subordinate OCB. The findings were interpreted in terms of how subordinate personal identification and internalization processes induced by charismatic leadership may activate OCB.
Reasoning About the Removal of a Child From Home: A Comparison of Police Officers and Social Workers1
Authors: Mandel David R. , Lehman Darrin R. , Yuille John C.
Published: August 2006

Compared how police officers and social workers reasoned about the premature removal of a child from home (REMOVE) in a hypothetical child abuse and neglect case. Two case characteristics were manipulated: the child's age (6–7 years vs. 11–12 years) and the predominant race and socioeconomic status of the family's neighborhood (black, poor vs. white, upper‐middle class). After reading the vignette, respondents indicated their level of agreement with REMOVE and provided reasons for their decision. Compared with police officers, social workers exhibited more skeptical reasoning (agreeing significantly less with REMOVE and providing significantly fewer reasons for agreeing with REMOVE). Across both groups, respondents agreed with REMOVE significantly less when the child was described as both older and residing in a poor, black neighborhood than in any other condition. The results suggest that case characteristics are interpreted configurally in terms of a script.
Victim‐Blaming and Society‐Blaming Scales for Social Problems
Authors: Mulford Charles , Lee Motoko Y. , Sapp Stephen C.
Published: August 2006

Until now, no general scales have been available for measuring victim or society blaming. This constraint has been an impediment to policymaking with regard to those who are affected by social problems. Four scales were constructed: stable victim‐blaming scale, unstable victim‐blaming scale, stable society‐blaming scale, and unstable society‐blaming scale. Based on the results of the preliminary exploratory factor analysis and the reliability coefficients, the unstable society‐blaming scale was deleted from further analysis. Then, a confirmatory factor analysis using the LISREL 7 program was conducted to evaluate the parameter estimates of the scale items and examine the construct validity of the 3 scales. The scales were judged to have construct validity with satisfactory reliability.
Aspirations and Well‐Being in a Prison Setting1
Authors: Kasser Tim
Published: August 2006

The relationship between the content of goals and well‐being depends both on whether goals are congruent with inner psychological needs (Kasser & Ryan, 1993, 1996a) and whether goals are supported in one's environment. The current study examines how the pursuit of 6 different goals relates to the psychological well‐being of maximum security prisoners. The relative centrality of goals supported in prison, such as physical health, was generally positively related to well‐being, whereas the pursuit of goals not supported in prison, such as self‐acceptance and affiliation, was negatively related to well‐being. Discussion focuses on the importance of considering goals in the context of people's environment.
The Effects of Leader Fairness and Pay Outcomes on Superior/Subordinate Relations1
Authors: Cobb Anthony T. , Frey Francis M.
Published: August 2006

This study assessed the effects of procedurally fair leadership and payment outcomes on subordinate reactions to the supervisor in a pay‐for‐performance task. Procedurally fair leadership was operationalized by the extent to which supervisors enacted three specific behaviors: facilitation of voice, accuracy, and adherence to formal policies and procedures. The payment outcomes were high and low cash payments for performance evaluated as above or below average. Subordinate reactions to these treatments focused on perceptions of supervisory fairness (both procedural and distributive) and the subordinate's relationship with his or her supervisor (in terms of both satisfaction and commitment). Procedurally fair leadership showed a main effect on subordinate perceptions of leader fairness and on their relationship with the leader. No other effects were noted. Implications are discussed.
The Role of Affect and Worldviews as Orienting Dispositions in the Perception and Acceptance of Nuclear Power1
Authors: Peters Ellen , Slovic Paul
Published: August 2006

Recent research in risk perception has examined the role of affect and worldviews as orienting dispositions that guide people's decisions about complex and risky topics such as nuclear energy. This study tests and supports the hypothesis that worldviews and affect‐laden imagery are highly predictive of perceptions of risk from nuclear power and support for that technology. Furthermore, affect and worldviews each contribute independently to the prediction of nuclear support. We find also that a person's affective imagery associated with nuclear power is systematically related to their worldviews. We conclude that affect and worldviews appear to play similar roles as orienting mechanisms, helping people navigate in a complex, uncertain, and sometimes dangerous world. The implication of this view for the practice of risk communication is briefly discussed.
Predicting Condom Use in African American STD Patients: The Role of Two Types of Outcome Expectancies1
Authors: Sanderson Catherine A. , Maibach Edward W.
Published: August 2006

This study examined the association of two types of condom use outcome expectancies (self‐approval and partner reaction) with patterns of safer sexual behavior among predominantly African American patients at a sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinic. As expected, both individuals' own self‐approval outcome expectancies and their partner reaction outcome expectancies predicted consistency of condom use, although partner reaction expectancies predicted condom use above and beyond the effects of self‐approval expectancies. Furthermore, individuals who believed that they and their partner shared positive condom use outcome expectancies reported the greatest use of condoms. These findings suggest that HIV prevention programs should address both types of condom use outcome expectancies in order to maximize behavior change.
Behind the Pencil/Paper Measurement of Sexual Coercion: Interview‐Based Clarification of Men's Interpretations of Sexual Experiences Survey Items1
Authors: Ross Ronald R. , Allgeier Elizabeth Rice
Published: August 2006

The ubiquity of self‐report pencil and paper surveys in sexual coercion research is matched only by the lack of attention to respondents' individual interpretations of survey items. Our purpose in this study was to examine men's interpretations of four apparently ambiguous items from a commonly used sexual coercion research instrument, the original Sexual Experiences Survey (SES; Koss & Oros, 1982). After completing the SES, college men (N = 102) were immediately interviewed about their interpretations of 4 of the SES items. Across the interviews, the men reported a variety of interpretations of each item. Ignoring SES item interpretations when forming research conclusions has significant implications for sexual coercion research. Based on the results of this investigation, we urge caution in interpreting results of studies based on self‐administered measures of coercive sexual behavior.
Context Effects in Performance Appraisals: Influence of Target Value, Context Polarity, and Individual Differences1
Authors: Bravo Irene M. , Kravitz David A.
Published: August 2006

Undergraduate students (N = 207) completed 3 individual difference measures and then evaluated 3 instructors based on scripts depicting interactions between the instructors and students. The first 2 scripts established a context and the third script served as the target stimulus. Comparison ratings were provided by a random context control condition. Contrast effects occurred in ratings of the average target stimulus, and the negative context had a larger impact than did the positive context. Both of these context effects were moderated by the rater's belief in the variability of human nature, but not by the rater's cognitive ability or field independence. Contrast effects also occurred in ratings of the positive target stimulus but not in ratings of the negative target stimulus, and in neither case was the context effect moderated by any of the individual difference variables.
Effects of State Humor, Expectancies, and Choice on Postsurgical Mood and Self‐Medication: A Field Experiment1
Authors: Rotton James , Shats Mark
Published: August 2006

It was hypothesized that repeated exposure to humorous material reduces distress, pain, and medication following surgery. This hypothesis was tested in a field experiment by randomly assigning 78 postsurgical patients to either a control group or 1 of 8 experimental groups formed by the factorial crossing of type of videotape (humorous vs. serious), perceived control (choice vs. no choice), and expectation (positive vs. none). Multivariate analyses of variance disclosed that humor reduced requests for minor medication, combined with expectations to reduce pain, but increased use of heavy analgesic when patients were deprived of choice. Although more research needs to be done, the findings suggest that hospital patients benefit from humorous and distracting material when exposure is voluntary.
Sexual Outcasts: The Perceived Impact of Body Weight and Gender on Sexuality1
Authors: Regan Pamela C.
Published: August 2006

A person's weight may be perceived as an important aspect of his or her sexuality and a significant determinant of his or her interpersonal sexual experiences. However, researchers interested in body weight and sexuality have focused exclusively on sexual disorders found in individuals with eating disorders; consequently, little is known about people's beliefs about weight and sexuality, despite the individual and interpersonal significance of such beliefs. Undergraduates received information about a male or female, obese or normal‐weight stimulus person and then evaluated that person along several dimensions related to sexuality. Participants believed that an obese man's sexual experiences would be highly similar to those of a normal‐weight man. However, participants viewed an obese woman as less sexually attractive, skilled, warm, and responsive, and perceived her as less likely to experience desire and various sexual behaviors than a normal‐weight woman. In addition, participants believed that an obese woman was less sexually attractive, skilled, warm, and responsive than an obese man.
The Temporal Dimension of Social Episodes: Position Effect in Time Judgments of Unfilled Intervals
Authors: Dubé Laurette , Schmitt Bernd H.
Published: August 2006

An experiment was conducted to test the prediction, derived from field theory, that unfilled intervals at the core of a social episode (in‐process) are perceived to last longer than unfilled intervals at the beginning (preprocess) or toward the end of the social episode (postprocess). As expected, individuals who judged in‐process unfilled intervals overestimated their duration and judged them to last longer than individuals who judged preprocess or postprocess unfilled intervals. Moreover, this finding was observed in both immediate and delayed time duration estimates, and the overestimation effect for in‐process intervals was stronger in the remote than in the immediate estimates. Relations to prior research on delays in services and implications for the management of services are discussed.
Improving Juror Comprehension of Judicial Instructions on the Entrapment Defense1
Authors: Morier Dean , Borgida Eugene , Park Roger C.
Published: August 2006

When the defense of entrapment is raised, the legal and psychological question is not whether the defendant committed some illegal act, but rather why the defendant behaved as he or she did and whether government agents' actions provoked the defendant to commit the same crime. The subjective test of entrapment focuses on the predisposition of the defendant to commit a particular crime, while the objective test focuses on situational forces. In Study 1, type of entrapment defense (subjective, objective) and the defendant's prior record (no prior record, prior record) were experimentally manipulated. As expected, superior comprehension of the judge's instructions was found for jurors who heard subjective test instructions. Study 2 was designed to improve the comprehension and judgments of jurors who received 1 of 3 versions of the objective test. Juror comprehension of key legal concepts and subsequent judgments improved if jurors heard one of the rewritten versions of the objective test.
College Students and Community Service: Who, With Whom, and Why?
Authors: Trudeau Kimberlee J. , Devlin Ann Sloan
Published: August 2006

The community service volunteer vs. nonvolunteer status of 124 college students was examined in relation to motivation, gender, extraversion‐introversion, and social anxiety. Volunteers and female students were hypothesized to have higher levels of motivation to participate than were nonvolunteers and males, and to have higher levels of interest in volunteering. The data for volunteer status and gender were significant only with respect to interest in volunteering, with volunteers and females significantly more interested in volunteering than were nonvolunteers and males. Gender differences were also found for volunteering style preference and participation within particular volunteer groups. Volunteers were also hypothesized to have lower levels of extraversion and higher levels of social anxiety than nonvolunteers because socially anxious introverts were thought to seek the anxiety‐reducing structure of a volunteer activity. This hypothesis was not supported.
The Effect of Process Feedback and Task Complexity on Personal Goals, Information Searching, and Performance Improvement1
Authors: Korsgaard M. Audrey , Diddams Margaret
Published: August 2006

This study concerned the joint effects of the richness of the feedback environment and task complexity on the development of goals, information search strategies, and performance improvement. A decision‐making experiment found interactive effects of feedback and complexity on the number of personal goals, information search, and performance improvement. Further, goals and information search mediated the effect of feedback and complexity on performance over time.
Aggressive Experiences and Aggressiveness: Relationship to Ethnicity, Gender, and Age1
Authors: Harris Mary B.
Published: August 2006

This study assessed the relationship of experiences as a target and an instigator of aggression to ethnicity, gender, age, and scores on the Buss‐Perry Aggression Questionnaire in a sample of 363 university students. Anglos reported experiencing more aggression in their lifetime than Hispanics as both target and aggressor, but there were no interactions between ethnicity and gender. Males had experienced more aggression than females both over a lifetime and in the last month; they also scored significantly higher on scales of physical and verbal aggression. Respondent age was negatively correlated with experiences of aggression in the last month and with aggression questionnaire scale scores. The results are consistent with a social learning account of aggression as influenced by both individual experiences and culture.
A Cross‐Cultural Study of Preference of Accounts: Relationship Closeness, Harm Severity, and Motives of Account Making1
Authors: Itoi Ritsu , Ohbuchi Ken‐ICHI , Fukuno Mitsuteru
Published: August 2006

We presented 174 American and 169 Japanese subjects with scenarios in which an actor unintentionally harmed someone. We asked them to rate the likelihood of each of 6 different account tactics and 3 motives of account making. Collectivists (Japanese) were found, compared with individualists (Americans), to show more preference for the mitigating accounts, such as apologies or excuses, but less the assertive accounts, such as justifications. The collectivists’ mitigating style became distinguished, particularly when the participants were in‐group members; and also gender differences were larger among collectivists than among individualists. Harm severity was an independent and powerful determinant of account choice: The causal analysis of the motives revealed that each account tactic was uniquely motivated, and that its supposed motivational process was quite similar between the two cultural groups.
Are Disease and Other Conceptions of Alcohol Abuse Related to Beliefs About Outcome and Recovery?1
Authors: Cunningham John A. , Sobell Linda S. , Sobell Mark B.
Published: August 2006

Visitors to a science center (N= 189) responded to a questionnaire measuring their agreement with different conceptions of alcohol abuse (disease, sin, habit, and addiction conceptions) and their beliefs regarding treatment for alcohol abusers. Respondents who agreed with a disease concept thought alcohol abuse was a more serious problem, were more skeptical of statements about recovery, and were more likely to feel that treatment was necessary to achieve change, compared to those who disagreed with or were neutral toward the disease concept. Agreement with the sin, habit, and addiction conceptions was not related to beliefs about treatment and outcome. The utility of promoting various conceptualizations of alcohol abuse is discussed.
Daily Mood Variability: Form of Diurnal Patterns and Determinants of Diurnal Patterns
Authors: Stone Arthur A. , Smyth Joshua M. , Pickering Thomas , Schwartz Joseph
Published: August 2006

Mood and affect are often assessed in psychological research without regard for the potential influence of time of day or other environmental factors. This study examined the determinants of daily mood variability. Ninety‐four subjects completed a diary every 15 min for 1 day, and subjects' moods, activities, and locations were assessed. Diurnal cycles were found for several moods (e.g., happy, tired), activities (e.g., discourse, thinking), and locations (e.g., home, work). Diurnal cycles in most moods were strongly associated with activities and location, yet diurnal cycles of some moods (rushed, sad, and tired) were not dependent on these factors. These findings have implications for mood assessment: Mood assessment performed only at particular times of day, or those relying on point assessment, may be influenced by time of day and by the activities and location of the subject.
Neosexism Among Male Managers: Is It a Matter of Numbers?1
Authors: Beaton Ann M. , Tougas Francine , Joly Stephane
Published: August 2006

In the last 2 decades, the number of women entering the managerial field has increased. However, this increase has not been equally distributed at all levels. The interest of this study lies in understanding how this sudden surge of women in managerial fields and their unequal distribution across levels are associated with men's reactions toward women. Do men feel threatened by the introduction of women as their coworkers, and if so does this change trigger prejudicial views of women? In all, 123 male managers employed in a Canadian federal agency participated in this study. According to the final path model, as the estimate of the representation of female managers increases, so does male managers' feeling of threat. Feeling threatened along with the estimate of an increase of new female recruits is linked to heightened neosexist views. In turn, neosexism is related to a pro‐male bias in the evaluation of women's and men's competence. Additionally, neosexism is negatively associated with men's willingness to support women. Theoretical as well as practical implications of results are discussed.
Personality and Attitudinal Predictors of Support of Proposition 187—California's Anti‐Illegal Immigrant Initiative1
Authors: Quinton Wendy J. , Cowan Gloria , Watson Brett D.
Published: August 2006

Right‐wing authoritarianism, stereotypes about illegal immigrants relative to legal immigrants (and nonimmigrants), and collective self‐esteem were investigated as predictors of attitude toward California's Proposition 187—the 1994 initiative making illegal immigrants ineligible for public services. Among both Latinos (n= 92) and Caucasians (n= 79), right‐wing authoritarianism and negative stereotypes about illegal immigrants predicted Proposition 187 support and reported vote. For Latinos, low collective self‐esteem and high levels of acculturation predicted support and vote in favor of Proposition 187. In contrast, high collective self‐esteem among Caucasians was related to Proposition 187 support and vote. The results suggest that 3 perspectives on prejudice—personality, cognitive, and cultural—contribute to the understanding of attitudinal and behavioral support of Proposition 187.
A Criminal Schema: The Role of Chronicity, Race, and Socioeconomic Status in Law Enforcement Officials' Perceptions of Others
Authors: Ruby C. L. , Brigham John C.
Published: August 2006

This study investigated the extent to which law enforcement (LE) officials' perceptions of criminality are biased by the chronic nature of, and the racial and Socioeconomic status (SES) features of, their cognitive schemas of the typical criminal. One‐hundred twenty undergraduate psychology students and 121 LE officers participated in this study. Part 1 of this study hypothesized that a chronic criminal schema used by LE would result in LE subjects perceiving criminality in ambiguous situations. Contrary to the hypothesis, laypersons were more likely to view an ambiguous situation as criminal than were LE subjects. Part 2 of this study hypothesized that when exposed to the actions of a Black and/or lower SES criminal suspect, LE subjects would perceive more guilt, perceive more deceptiveness, place less value on exculpatory information, and place more value on incriminating information than would students. The results supported this second hypothesis with regard to race, but not SES.
A Longitudinal Study Examining the Psychological Reactions of Job Relocation
Authors: Martin Robin
Published: August 2006

A longitudinal study is reported of relocating employees (n= 51) and their partners (n= 31) who relocated between two cities in England. A nonmoving comparison group of employees from the same organization (n= 58) was included. The subjects completed a questionnaire before (approximately 6 weeks) and after (approximately 10 weeks) the relocation. Results showed that relocating employees' pre‐move general stress was similar to that of nonmoving employees. Moreover, male relocators' stress reduced significantly following the move, while female relocators stayed the same. Stress specific to relocation was very high for relocating employees and partners, and remained so following the move. Evidence was found to show a relationship between attributions of the causes of relocation problems and the experience of stress.
Communal Orientation and the Burnout Syndrome Among Nurses: A Replication and Extension1
Authors: Van Yperen Nico W.
Published: August 2006

The present study focused on the distinction between two equity considerations in “people” jobs: the relationship with the recipients with whom one works and the exchange relationship with the organization for which one works. The sample consisted of nurses who were employed in one particular nursing home for mentally retarded patients. The results show that perceived inequity in both types of relationships is linked to emotional exhaustion and reduced personal accomplishment. As expected, individual differences in communal orientation differentiate when nurses feel inequitably treated in their relationships with their patients. Moreover, the results suggest that low communally oriented nurses restore equity in their relationships with patients by withdrawing emotionally (depersonalization). In contrast, nurses who felt inequitably treated in the employee‐employer relationship reported a higher intent to quit. No direct link between burnout symptoms and the intention to quit was observed.
Social Psychological Correlates of Teachers' Language Attitudes1
Authors: Byrnes Deborah A. , Kiger Gary , Manning Lee
Published: August 2006

In this paper, we examine social psychological correlates of teachers' linguistic diversity attitudes. We surveyed 191 regular‐classroom teachers in 3 states (Arizona, Utah, and Virginia) to determine the relative effects of psychological insecurity, political ideology, cognitive sophistication, and educational level on language attitudes. Region of the country was included as a contextual variable. We tested the effects of education and cognitive sophistication on tolerance of language minority groups. Psychological insecurity measures and political conservatism were associated with negative language attitudes. Cognitive sophistication but not education was related to positive language attitudes. Teachers from Arizona had more positive language attitudes than did their counterparts in Utah and Virginia. We discuss the implications of our research for inservice and teacher‐education programs directed toward constructive attitude change around language diversity issues.
“Family Values” and Political Persuasion: Impact of Kin‐Related Rhetoric on Reactions to Political Campaigns1
Authors: Garst Jennifer , Bodenhausen Galen V.
Published: August 2006

Within the framework of dual‐process models of persuasion, it was hypothesized that including references to kin in a persuasive speech might either (a) promote greater scrutiny of the message by making it seem more value‐relevant, or (b) serve as a simple peripheral cue of value congruence. Republicans, Democrats, and Independents read a political speech that varied by argument quality (strong/weak), kin terms (absent/present), and the speaker's party affiliation. Results indicated that Democrats scrutinized the message more when kin terms were used, whereas such terms appeared to discourage message elaboration on the part of Republican participants, but only when used by an in‐group member. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for the efficacy of political rhetoric using kin terms.
Helping Unrelated Strangers: Physical and Psychological Reactions to the Bone Marrow Donation Process Among Anonymous Donors1
Authors: Switzer Galen E. , Simmons Roberta G. , Dew Mary Amanda
Published: August 2006

The development of models that predict outcomes of voluntary action is important for practitioners who manage large groups of volunteers. In accordance with this goal, a path model was generated linking predonation characteristics of volunteer marrow donors to postdonation physical and psychological reactions. Questionnaire data were collected from 343 individuals registered to donate marrow to unrelated strangers at 3 time points: shortly predonation, shortly postdonation, and 1‐year post‐ donation. Although donors had generally positive reactions to donation, a substantial minority reported ambivalence about donating, physical difficulty with donation, and negative psychological reactions postdonation. In addition, our data suggest that predonation ambivalence is a central predictor of postdonation reactions, even after other donor characteristics are taken into account. These results have practical implications for the recruitment of volunteers, and suggest important variables to be considered in evaluating potential bone marrow donors.
The Influence of Outcome Expectancy and Self‐Efficacy on the Behavioral Intentions of Novice Exercisers
Authors: Rodgers Wendy M. , Brawley Lawrence R.
Published: August 2006

The present study was based upon self‐efficacy (SE) theory (Bandura, 1986). Its purpose was to examine whether incentives, defined as the product of outcome expectancy and outcome value, would help to predict the behavioral intentions of novice exercisers when coupled with SE expectations for a specific form of exercise. Fifty‐ three volunteers who were novices at weight training for exercise, participated in a 2‐day learn‐to‐weight‐train clinic offered at a university. They completed pre‐ and postclinic measures of SE for weight training, expectancy‐value ratings of outcomes primary and secondary to 1 month's weight‐training participation, and a strength‐ of‐intention measure of multiple actions consequent to clinic participation. Results indicated that primary physical health outcomes expected of postclinic participation independently predicted the variability in pre‐ and postclinic future intentions beyond the variance predicted by SE. Further, incentives and SE clearly discriminated between individuals extreme in the strength of their intentions at pre‐ and postclinic. Discussion concerns the inclusion of measures of incentive in studies using self‐efficacy theory in order to examine individuals who begin exercise and then move through various decision stages about exercise adoption and maintenance. Rather than merely assuming the influence of incentives necessary and sufficient to encourage a cognitive or behavioral impact of efficacy, arguments are made for actively examining incentive as manifested through outcome expectations.
Mass‐Media Information Campaigns and Knowledge‐Gap Effects1
Authors: Weenig Mieneke W. H. , Midden Cees J. H.
Published: August 2006

The knowledge‐gap hypothesis of Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien (1970) states that people from the higher socioeconomic segments of society acquire information at a faster rate than people from the lower socioeconomic segments. The consequence is a growing knowledge gap between the high and low segments. The present study investigates some potential causes for this knowledge‐gap phenomenon by means of data sets from evaluation studies of 3 mass‐media information campaigns. The observed differences in knowledge between low and highly educated respondents could partly be explained by differences in the attention paid to the campaigns but not by differences in information processing.
Do You See What I See? An Exploration of Congruence in Ratings From Multiple Perspectives1
Authors: Church Allan H.
Published: August 2006

This paper provides a comparative analysis of behavioral observations made on 152 service providers in a business advisory and professional services firm from 5 distinctly different ratings sources (self, direct reports, peers, supervisor, and clients). Results focused on differences in ratings level and degree of congruence with self‐assessments by observer type. The data suggested that service providers and their clients may have a different perceptual frame of reference than do internal observers (e.g., direct reports, peers, and supervisors). Moreover, congruence in self‐others' ratings was found to be a significant predictor of performance assessments from the same observer source. Implications of these results for the use of multirater appraisal systems are discussed.
Situational Determinants of the Acceptability of Telling Lies1
Authors: Backbier Esther , Hoogstraten Johan , Terwogt‐Kouwenhoven Katharina Meerum
Published: August 2006

It was tested whether the same factors people take into account when involved in the decision to lie apply to the evaluation of lies presented in scenarios. The scenarios represented 12 different situation categories formed by the crossing of the motive for lying (social. individualistic, egoistic), the relative importance of the situation (important matter, unimportant matter), and the closeness of the relation between the subject and the receiver of the lie (best friend, acquaintance). The acceptability of lying was evaluated from 2 perspectives (self, others) by 180 women of the general public. The results show that as the interest of the person that is lied to becomes greater, lying becomes more acceptable. As the interest of the liar becomes greater, lying becomes less acceptable. The systematically higher estimations of acceptability attributed to others indicate a false‐uniqueness effect.
Linkages of School Structural and Socioenvironmental Characteristics to Parental Satisfaction With Public Education and Student Academic Achievement
Authors: Griffith James
Published: August 2006

This study examined school climate's relation to the sociodemographic composition of the school student population, school structural characteristics, parental involvement, classroom support in learning, parental satisfaction with public education, and student academic achievement all together at one time in a sample of 122 elementary schools. Parental satisfaction was best predicted by parental perceptions of a safe school and positive climate, followed by the school's informing parents of their child's educational progress and empowering parents. Student performance on a standardized achievement was best predicted by the percentage of students in the Free and Reduced Meals program, parental perceptions of a safe school, and parental involvement. Study results are discussed in terms of two general levels (school and classroom) and types (task support and interpersonal support) of the school's social environment.
The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
Authors: Johnston Lucy , Locke Vance , Giles Louise , Rattray Kate
Published: August 2006

The impact of the activation of positive and negative components of an ethnic stereotype on judgments of responsibility for both positive and negative stereotypic behaviors was considered. Overall, stereotype activation biased judgments in a stereotype‐consistent manner, across both positive and negative scenarios. Generalization of these judgments to more global trait perceptions of the target was limited to the negative scenario. Results are discussed in terms of both the use of stereotypes as inferential shortcuts and in‐group favoritism mechanisms.
Birth Control Versus AIDS Prevention: A Hierarchical Model of Condom Use Among Young People1
Authors: Reinecke Jost , Schmidt Peter , Ajzen Icek
Published: August 2006

The authors report the results of a nationwide survey of young people in Germany which applied the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1985, 1991) to condom use for purposes of birth control and with new sexual partners (to prevent AIDS). A hierarchical model, in which the 2 functions of condom use were treated as separate 2nd‐order factors, was found to be superior to a single‐factor model. The hierarchical model also provided evidence for the convergent and discriminant validities of indicators used to assess the constructs in the theory of planned behavior. Attitudes, subjective norms, and perceptions of behavioral control all made significant contributions to the predictions of intentions, accounting for 62.0% and 70.9% of the variance for birth control and AIDS prevention, respectively. Perceived behavioral control carried most of the weight in the former prediction, while attitudes carried most of the weight in the latter. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Influences of Destructive Personality Information on Decision Making1
Authors: Holt Robert W. , O'Connor Jennifer A. , Smith Jennifer L. , Gessner Theodore L. , Clifton Timothy C. , Mumford Michael D.
Published: August 2006

This study examined the effects of information about a landlord's personality on juror judgments for a landlord‐tenant civil trial. The personality information manipulated was specifically relevant to destructive acts. Alternative versions of witness testimony were used to describe a landlord either high or low on need for power. treating people as objects, and negative life themes. This information strongly influenced aspects of the schema for this case constructed by the individual mock jurors. Destructive personality information caused dislike of the landlord and lowered the credibility of his story. If the landlord treated people as objects, the credibility of the tenant's story and positive evaluations of the tenant increased. Juror judgments about relative fault were strongly shifted by destructive personality information. An empirical model for juror decisions indicated a dynamic interplay of story components and fault judgments.
Effects of Smoking Urge on Generation of Smoking‐Related Information1
Authors: Sayette Michael A. , Hufford Michael R.
Published: August 2006

Despite widespread research, the role of smoking urge in relapse remains unclear. The present study examined the effect of a smoking‐urge manipulation on the generation of smoking‐related information. During each of 2 experimental sessions, smokers were given 90 s to list as many positive characteristics of smoking, and then 90 s to list as many negative characteristics as they could. Results indicated that experimental manipulations designed to elicit an urge to smoke increased the number of positive but not negative aspects of smoking. This selective accessing of positive information related to cigarette use during an urge may increase the likelihood of smoking. Results are interpreted with respect to extant models of drug urge and Kunda's (1990) theory of motivated reasoning.
Test of a Model Incorporating Stress, Strain, and Disintegration in the Cohesion‐Performance Relation1
Authors: Griffith James
Published: August 2006

This study proposes that stress, strain, and group disintegration are important concepts in studying cohesion's relation to performance. Data were obtained from 9,013 U.S. Army soldiers (in the ranks of Private through Staff Sergeant) in 112 companies representing units in both the U.S. and Europe. Results showed that stress, strain, and disintegration added significant, albeit small amounts of variance to perceived individual and group combat performance. The cohesion component, team task support as opposed to peer emotional support, showed the strongest relation to perceived individual and group combat performance, and showed the strongest buffering and mediating effects on the relation of stress to perceived combat performance.
Face Management, Question Wording, and Social Desirability1
Authors: Holtgraves Thomas , Eck James , Lasky Benjamin
Published: August 2006

Five experiments were conducted to examine the impact of question wording manipulations derived from face management theory (Brown & Levinson, 1987) on responses to survey questions. In general, it was expected that questions phrased so as to allow the respondent to maintain face while answering in a socially undesirable manner would result in lower rates of socially desirable responding than would control questions. The results strongly supported this hypothesis for questions regarding socially desirable knowledge (e.g., Are you familiar with NAFTA?), but not for questions about socially desirable behavior (e.g., Did you vote?). The results were partially supportive for questions about socially undesirable behaviors (e.g., Have you ever shoplifted?).
Preventing the Application of Stereotypic Biases in the Courtroom: The Role of Detailed Testimony1
Authors: Jones Melinda
Published: August 2006

To determine whether detailed testimony has equivalent effects on judgments of stereotyped and nonstereotyped defendants, subjects read a synopsis of a criminal court case in which the defendant either was a stereotyped offender or was not. Additionally, the degree of detail in the prosecution testimony and defense testimony was varied. Results indicated that defendant stereotypicality had a greater impact under conditions in which witnesses provided equal amounts of detail in their testimony. When witnesses differed in the degree of detail in their testimony, the stereotypicality of the defendant was disregarded and judgments favored the witness who provided greater detail. These findings suggest that stereotype application is not inevitable; rather, stereotypes may bias jurors' decision‐making processes when the quality and quantity of the evidence does not easily lead to a confident judgment.
Complexity: An Integration of Theories1
Authors: Streufert Siegfried
Published: August 2006

The development of a science‐wide complexity theory by associates of the Santa Fe Institute provides the opportunity to explore the convergence of behavioral (cognitive/conceptual) complexity theory with science‐wide complexity theory. A number of equivalent or similar views of two theories with relevance to human cognition and behavior are discussed.
Attributing Responsibility to Female Victims After Exposure to Sexually Violent Films1
Authors: Dexter Hedy Red , Penrod Steven , Linz Daniel , Saunders Daniel
Published: August 2006

We investigate the possibility that the degree to which female abuse victims are held accountable by other women who have been exposed to sexually violent mass media is primarily dependent upon 3 factors: situational relevance, personal similarity, and emotional arousal. Female subjects participated in an experiment. Factors were: film dose; film viewing/victim judgment time interval; victim‐subject similarity; and situational relevance of the assault. The results showed less attribution of responsibility to similar victims and high attributions of responsibility to dissimilar victims in the personally relevant assault situation (rape). Women identified least with dissimilar rape victims and most with similar victims when they had not been desensitized. When subjects were desensitized, the defensive attribution effect failed to emerge. There was also a significant tendency among low film dose subjects to perceive more psychological injury and to attribute more distress to the victim than among high film dose subjects.