bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Post Office Rumors
Authors: Goodman Carly
Published: May 2024

Postal services are part of the national and global infrastructure of communication, often building upon circuits of empire. In the late 20th century, national postal services suffered from underinvestment and private alternatives sprouted up. The visa lottery, though, depended upon the public postal systems, because entries had to be delivered to a US Post Office box address. In this context, rumors emerged that Nigeria and other African states were destroying people’s lottery applications to thwart their emigration. These complaints and narratives reflected people’s deeper frustrations with governments that were failing them.
Soft Power
Authors: Goodman Carly
Published: May 2024

The visa lottery helped make concrete the possibility of emigrating to the United States, even as it reinforced idealized imagined versions of American life in people’s minds. Lottery applicants as well as visa entrepreneurs amplified images of the United States as a dreamland, reflecting global inequalities and aspirations for what a good life entailed. Although Africa was rarely central to US foreign policy, the end of the Cold War saw the United States retreat from the continent further, leaving US culture and commerce to do the work of cultural engagement. The visa lottery became an example of US soft power at work, shaping people’s impressions of the United States as a place of wealth and opportunity, big cars and big houses, and upward mobility.
Therapeutic Revolution
Authors: Urban Kelly
Published: May 2024

This chapter analyzes tuberculosis policies and discourses during the first two decades of socialism in Cuba (1961–1981). In these years, tuberculosis health professionals engaged in a project to forge more hygienic citizens to support the Revolution. Their discussions over “sanitary consciousness” continued to blame certain tuberculars, such as those living in shantytowns and tenements, for contracting the disease. They also discussed certain patients’ “indiscipline” in not completing chemotherapy, which ignored durable barriers to health care. Nonetheless, physicians were also concerned with improving health care for tuberculars, and they influenced two major changes to tuberculosis policy: a social security law for tuberculars in 1969 and a new outpatient treatment program in 1970 (which eventually became known as DOTS). These revolutionized the landscape of tuberculosis on the island, and health outcomes improved dramatically, with the revolutionary state implementing a broader health citizenship than what existed before. However, as the revolutionary government used these outcomes to consolidate state legitimacy, they overstated the state’s attack on the social roots of the disease. This, coupled with not allowing citizens to critique its health programs, limited the boundaries of health citizenship and defused the radical potential of the Cuban Revolution’s tuberculosis programs.
The Battleground of Health
Authors: Urban Kelly
Published: May 2024

This epilogue summarizes the book’s arguments and reflects on their significance for understanding the politics of tuberculosis control and the politics of Cuba in the present. First, the chapter explores what happened to the Topes de Collantes Sanatorium after 1959, with particular attention to the veracity of historical memory (or memories) of the building and the political uses of that memory-making. Next, it describes the island’s experience with COVID-19, a disease with parallels to tuberculosis, and how it informed a series of historic protests, some of them health-related, in the summer of 2021. Finally, it offers reflections on how past intersections of health, tuberculosis, and politics, especially in the 1950s, bear striking similarities to those intersections in the current moment in Cuba. Of particular importance is the agency of grassroots health activism, which continues to push for a broad and revolutionary health citizenship.
The Contexts of Faith-Based Community Organizing
Authors: Delehanty Jack
Published: May 2024

This chapter explains the contextual factors that make faith-based community organizing an effective paradigm for social change and an appealing way for progressive people of faith to live out their values. It documents how deepening racial and socioeconomic inequality have created the conditions in which people of faith feel called to action and how a focus on families and personal dignity can frame structural problems as religious concerns. Amid declining religious attendance and affiliation, faith-based community organizing emerges as a way for those who remain religiously committed to project their values into public life and demonstrate the power their faith holds for addressing social problems.
Challenges of Moral Citizenship
Authors: Delehanty Jack
Published: May 2024

Faith-based community organizing has many strengths, but it is no silver bullet for solving the serious problems plaguing US society, nor for bringing about the large-scale infusion of religion into social justice movements that many religious leaders have long hoped for. This chapter explains a few key challenges that organizations face in carrying out effective social justice work. Some of these challenges are related to religious identity and religious culture, as the polarized nature of American religion makes it challenging for moderate and progressive congregations to engage politically without risking losing members. Others relate to dynamics of race and class, as some of the strategies organizers have developed for engendering moral citizenship seem to align best with middle class and, occasionally, white experiences and sensibilities.
The Persistence of 287(g)
Authors: Arriaga Felicia
Published: May 2024

This chapter both explains the persistence of the 287(g) program in three counties and focuses on the possible role of local movement organizations. The normalization of enforcement practices and monetary exchanges which became hidden overtime are also described. Moreover, this chapter describes the challenges of improving the lives of immigrants within localities where there is a “cozy consensus” among law enforcement and other local elected officials. Furthermore, this “sealed-off political realm” (Kalir & Wissink 2016) contributes to a racial triangulation process, which places limitations on nonprofits and grassroots activists alike who may have similar imaginaries of citizenship but who ultimately still function within the immigrant rights silo, potentially limiting additional criminal justice reforms.
Melting ICE
Authors: Arriaga Felicia
Published: May 2024

This chapter focuses on the community efforts across North Carolina to resist the 287(g) programs, mainly by engaging in key 2018 sheriff elections. In addition, the chapter focuses on immigrant rights organizations who also participate more broadly in a movement for local law enforcement accountability. When two anti-immigrant sheriffs lose their races for reelection, they are replaced by Sheriffs who chose to end partnerships with ICE. Lastly, this chapter describes the participation within and outside of the sealed-off political realm and demonstrates the importance of local coalition building that welcomes a variety of tactics.
La migra, la policia, la misma porqueria (Ice, the Police, the Same Crap)
Authors: Arriaga Felicia
Published: May 2024

This chapter reflects on the justice election—a statewide initiative to focus on state and local races occurring in 2018 that included sheriffs, district attorneys, district court judges, and North Carolina Supreme Court seats—focused on down-ballot races and forcing candidates to respond to a variety of criminal justice reform issues. Local ICE collaboration also shifted slightly after 2018 and a new version of the 287(g) program comes to NC. Those changes are briefly described in this chapter.
Same Mud, Same Blood
Authors: Bailey Beth
Published: May 2024

This chapter traces race consciousness and racial discrimination in the US Army from the Revolutionary era forward, providing background for the racial crisis in the Vietnam Era. It analyzes the ways that the institutional army, as well as many Black leaders in the 1960s, contrasted the levels of equal opportunity and integration in the Army with the rising racial conflict and failed integration in civilian society. News coverage offered Same Mud, Same Blood . Army leaders said, “I see only one color and that’s o.d. [olive drab].” In 1969, Secretary of the Army Stanley Resor rejected claims of color-blindness, arguing that the Army must recognize the significance of race.
Conclusion
Authors: Bailey Beth
Published: May 2024

The Conclusion argues that the massive and fundamentally conservative institution of the US Army embraced progressive changes in order to attain a conservative goal: maintaining the ability of the US Army to fulfill its mission of national defense. The army’s bottom line was always military efficiency and combat readiness, and its moves toward racial justice were framed within that institutional logic.
The Great Syllabus Swap
Authors: Wieck Lindsey Passenger , Wingo Rebecca S.
Published: May 2024

Lindsey Passenger Wieck and Rebecca S. Wingo recorded and edited a conversation they shared about their ongoing syllabus swap. Wieck and Wingo both direct public history programs, but they struggle with imposter syndrome for not having formally trained in public history. After becoming friends during graduate school, they continued to rely on each other as public history professors and directors in an innovative “syllabus swap” in which they exchanged introduction to public history syllabi. According to Wieck and Wingo, the swap happens “with the understanding that the other will improve the readings and assignments before returning it. With this swap, we essentially double the speed with which we can improve our syllabi and, by proxy, our students’ experience. We’re basically the backwoods backpackers of academia: packing out the other person’s rubbish to leave the syllabus better than we found it.”
Seven Weeks of Heaven
Authors: Dickey Jennifer
Published: May 2024

Compressing an introduction to public history course from a traditional semester into just seven weeks, Jennifer Dickey, a professor of history and coordinator of the public history program at Kennesaw State University, writes a thoughtful and introspective essay on what her fall 2019 class accomplished. Her students partnered with an old railroad depot in the nearby town of Tate, Georgia to conduct research and propose exhibit panels. Knowing she was working with students just learning about public history (and in a seven-week course, no less), Dickey has no illusions about expecting too much, but she considers her ambitious schedule as a positive for her class. Week by week, Dickey leads readers through her thought process, decision making, and evaluation of her students. Dickey reveals what worked and what did not, and at the same time, she considers how throwing students into public history headfirst has many more pros than cons.
Keeping the Tensions Present in the Public History Classroom
Authors: Brock Julia
Published: May 2024

Julia Brock outlines what she calls her “all-in” approach to the introduction to public history classroom, which, like similar courses in the collection, includes seminar-style reading and discussion, visits by practitioners, field trips, and a final, applied project. She also considers how public history teaching and practice are shaped by the institutions in which we teach, and what’s at stake in “extending the university beyond the university.” She reflects on three ways that she asked students to engage with power dynamics of the classroom and field in the fall of 2019: through examination of campus history, interrogation of the policies and practices that define what from the past is preserved, and through a class project framed by the changing ethics of the field. Brock concluded that the work outside of the classroom was especially important in situating students in ethical practice, even as she acknowledges the limits of an intensive “all-in” course model.
A Journey at the Center of Public History
Authors: Cauvin Thomas
Published: May 2024

Thomas Cauvin, an associate professor of public history at the University of Luxembourg, writes about the fall 2019 semester when he taught an undergraduate “Practices of Public History” course while at Colorado State University. The first portion of the course centered on defining public history, overviewing topics, and listening to guest speakers. Then, Cauvin explains, he guided his students into two public history projects. One involved a collaboration with the campus radio station creating short podcasts about the history of the university. The second required students to design wall panels about the history of Fort Collins and approach businesses around town to ask permission to mount panels in their restrooms. Cauvin explores the challenges of teaching public history, noting the importance of hardship (both for the professor and the students) to create worthwhile public history projects that last beyond the semester.
Do Public Historians Need Grades?
Authors: Deathridge Kristen Baldwin
Published: May 2024

Kristen Baldwin Deathridge, an associate professor of history at Appalachian State University, “ungraded” her spring 2021 introduction to digital history course. Deathridge guides readers through her semester in diary entries, written in present-tense just after each class session ended. Recording her thoughts in the moment allowed Deathridge to record thoughtful observations about class sessions, Zoom calls, student progress, and teaching public history through a screen. Due to the challenges of the pandemic and teaching online, Deathridge helped students create individual websites and digital projects, rather than group work. She assesses the positives and negatives of this approach, and she considers the relationship between public history and digital history.
Introduction
Authors: Elmore Bart
Published: May 2024

This chapter explores how our planet-changing “Amazon” has roots in the American South. It reveals how the history of five firms from the American South—Coca-Cola, Delta Airlines, Walmart, FedEx, and Bank of America—can help us better understand the evolution of logistics systems that Jeff Bezos’ later used to create our have-it-now, fly-by-night, buy-on-credit economy.
Within Arm’s Reach of Desire
Authors: Elmore Bart
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines the largest part of Coca-Cola’s massive greenhouse gas footprint in the twenty-first century: its refrigeration systems. Drawing on interviews with company officials inside the firm, it documents how Coca-Cola’s interest in rural markets slowed the firm’s transition from climate-changing hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) to less destructive refrigerants out of fear that these new refrigerants might burst into flames in places where there was little technical support for refrigeration maintenance. In other words, Coke’s interest in serving the countryside helped shape its huge greenhouse gas footprint. Offering solutions to this problem, this chapter suggests that the answer to Coke’s refrigeration problems might not be deciding what it puts in its refrigerators but figuring out whether it really needs many of those refrigerators in the first place.
The Trunk Line to Sunshine
Authors: Elmore Bart
Published: May 2024

Drawing on access to Delta Air Lines corporate archives, this is the first environmental history of Delta Airlines, the largest airline in the world. The chapter explores the origins of the firm in Monroe, Louisiana, in the 1920s, and the airlines move to Atlanta in the 1940s, where it created its aviation hub atop what once was a racetrack funded by Coca-Cola’s first president, Asa Candler.
Ozark-Cajun “Bone-Mending” River Stew
Authors: Elmore Bart
Published: May 2024

This is the first environmental history of Walmart, one of the largest corporations in the world that began in the small town of Bentonville, Arkansas. This chapter explores the ecological roots of Walmart’s commercial empire, highlighting founder Sam Walton’s unique interest in the environment of the Ozarks and the ways in which local ecological factors shaped corporate structure and business strategies deployed by the firm.
Some Things Just Don’t Fit in Williston
Authors: Elmore Bart
Published: May 2024

This chapter shows why the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act and other major pieces of environmental legislation do little to curb Walmart’s huge pollution footprint. US environmental laws are designed to control air pollution coming out of smokestacks and harmful waterborne pollutants coming out of factory pipes. They are not effectively designed to regulate the flow of goods in retail systems. Centering the fight led by local activists to keep Walmart out of the small town of Williston, Vermont, in the 1990s, this chapter explores how rurality, a key ingredient that helped launch Walmart in the 1960s, could also be a liability as people feared how this big box store would change the character of small towns across the country. This chapter also explores Walmart’s global supply chains and its links to Chinese and other international manufacturers that make the cheap wares Walmart sells on its shelves.
Bank of Coal
Authors: Elmore Bart
Published: May 2024

This chapter explores the major environmental campaigns led by the Rainforest Action Network in the early 2000s and the following decades that have led to banks beginning to shift policies regarding the financing of fossil fuels. The chapter also shows how the Dodd-Frank Act and other financial regulatory instruments passed in the wake of the 2008 recession might be amended to include provisions that restrict and control capital flows feeding environmentally destructive and climate changing business operations.
The Scandals
Authors: Fleegler Robert L.
Published: May 2024

Michael Dukakis’s landslide re-election for governor of Massachusetts in 1986 completed his political comeback from a disastrous 1978 loss for the same office, putting him in the conversation for the presidential race. Gary Hart, however, appeared to be a heavy favorite to win the Democratic nomination, until his campaign disintegrated after the Miami Herald published a story about him spending a night with a woman who was not his wife. Hart’s fall reflected one of the key trends revealed by the election—the post-Watergate’s media’s greater focus on the private lives of politicians. In addition, Joe Biden’s first national campaign ran aground when another new dynamic surfaced in the form of video technology that documented virtually everything a politician said. The Delaware senator was caught copying language from a speech by the British Labour Party leader, Neil Kinnock. Hart’s and Biden’s fate would be met by many other politicians over the next three decades. And even before the first primary votes were cast, it had already been a memorable Democratic primary.
Dukakis’s Triumph
Authors: Fleegler Robert L.
Published: May 2024

This chapter shows how Michael Dukakis’s staying power allowed him to win the Democratic nomination over a diverse field that included Paul Simon, Dick Gephardt, Al Gore, and Jesse Jackson. More of the major trends of modern politics became clear. Gephardt rode to victory in Iowa using a populist antitrade message that previewed a generation of politicians that would propose protectionist politics to appeal to working-class white voters. In addition, Jesse Jackson’s success created a brief moment where—for the first time-- it appeared a black candidate had an opportunity to win a major party nomination. Though Jackson fell short, his campaign represented a key middle point between the passage of the Voting Rights of 1965 and the election of Barack Obama in 2008. Eventually, Dukakis defeated Gore—who was trying to run as a more moderate Democrat—in New York to seal his victory.
The Debates Take Center Stage
Authors: Fleegler Robert L.
Published: May 2024

This chapter shows how Bush continued to use the issues of race and patriotism to cement his lead over Dukakis. The vice president emphasized the governor’s veto of a bill mandating teachers lead their students in the Pledge of Allegiance as well as the story of William Horton, a prisoner who committed a rape while out on a prison furlough. The Dukakis campaign briefly gained momentum after their presidential candidate won the first debate and Bentsen emerged as the overwhelming victor in the vice-presidential debate. Indeed, the Texas’ senator’s declaration that Quayle was “no Jack Kennedy” would echo through history as the most memorable moment in the history of V.P. debates. Needing another big moment in the second presidential debate, Dukakis squandered his chance when he seemed unemotional when moderator Bernard Show asked if he’d support the death penalty if someone had raped and murdered his wife. Finally, “Saturday Night Live” political skits became a central part of the presidential discussion and global warming became a subject of concern for the first time.
Below the Plow Zone
Authors: Giddens Elizabeth
Published: May 2024

Archeologists have found evidence of Native Americans’ presence in Oconaluftee Valley during every era, from Paleo, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian to Qualla, or Cherokee. Home sites and mounds appear within the valley; some continue to be excavated and studied by collaborative teams of park, university, and Cherokee archeologists as well as groups of student interns.
Life in the Out Towns
Authors: Giddens Elizabeth
Published: May 2024

During the colonial era, the Out Towns of the Cherokee Nation were located in the Oconaluftee Valley. The deerskin trade transformed Cherokees’ subsistence economy. Though rarely the center of trade or power disputes between the Cherokees and British or French, Out Towns residents were impacted by economic and political competition among traders, colonial governments, and other Indigenous peoples who wanted to dominate Cherokee land and people. Distrust and failed negotiations with James Glen, the British Governor of South Carolina led to the Cherokee War, which ended with a Cherokee siege of Fort Loudoun in 1760. After its fall, Lt. Col. James Grant raided the Out Towns, causing residents to abandon the area and relocate. During the Revolutionary War, Col. William Moore raided Cherokee villages along the Tuckasegee and Oconaluftee Rivers, leaving the Out Towns ruined and depopulated. Col. John Sevier of Tennessee led an assault of Cherokee towns and villages in 1780-81 and burned Tuckasegee and two additional towns. After the Treaty of Holston of 1791 and subsequent land cessions, Cherokees lost a large proportion of their hunting grounds to US citizens. They were compelled to shift from a communal subsistence life with a long hunting season to a market economy where they lived as farmers with crops and livestock. These changes disrupted traditional Cherokee gender roles and the matrilineal clan structure.
Two Peoples Share a Home
Authors: Giddens Elizabeth
Published: May 2024

In 1802, an expedition led by Col. Return Jonathan Meigs and surveyor Thomas Freeman established the boundary between the Cherokee Nation and the US in North Carolina. Land speculator Felix Walker claimed a large tract in Oconaluftee Valley and offered it for sale. The Mingus and Enloe families established farms in the choice bottomlands. Local legend claims that Abraham Enloe was the father of Abraham Lincoln whose mother was believed to have worked for the family; historians doubt the tale. The Cherokee Nation made cultural advances such as Sequoya’s syllabary, literacy, and a government centered in New Echota, Georgia. The treaty of 1819 transferred the land of the Smokies to the US. A provision allowed Cherokees private reserves. About 50 NC families took this option, including Chief Yonaguska. William Holland Thomas became a merchant and advisor to Yonaguska, who adopted him. Land disputes emerged; after lawsuits, North Carolina bought out the reservees, who moved into Quallatown and became known as the Lufty Cherokees. Yonaguska encouraged the Cherokees to renounce alcohol, improving white families’ opinion of them. The white families built an over-mountain toll road and a saltpeter mine; the Lufty Baptist Church became a community center.
Beginning to Map the Smokies
Authors: Giddens Elizabeth
Published: May 2024

Geographers Thomas Lanier Clingman, Samuel Botsford Buckley, and Arnold Guyot began to map the Smokies in the 1850s. Local guide Robert Collins assisted Guyot during expeditions. Guyot doggedly explored the peaks and hauled a heavy, delicate barometer up the peaks for his measurements, which were remarkably accurate despite the difficulty of his work. Guyot renamed a number of peaks, ignoring older Cherokee names. Most notably, Guyot endorsed the name Clingman’s Dome for the highest peak, after his colleague, discarding the Cherokee name Kuwahi, which means Mulberry Place. Guyot’s 1863 report for the Coast Survey included precise descriptions of watersheds, rivers, ranges, forest types, and transportation routes, concluding with a statement about the potential role of the Smokies during the Civil War.
The Established Families Flourish
Authors: Giddens Elizabeth
Published: May 2024

In the 1870s and 1880s, the Mingus family constructed a grand new home and a new turbine grain mill along Mingus Creek, Mingus Mill. Both projects were overseen by Abraham Mingus and led by Scion Early and Aden Carver. The Enloe farm became a stopover for travelers and for farmers driving livestock to market. Three distinct families with the surname Conner lived in the valley. Two, that of Rev. William Henry and Rachel (Gibson) Conner and of Joel and Katherine (Mingus) Conner, were successful as farmers and held leadership roles in the community. Joel and Katherine’s family members served as postmaster for decades. The third Conner family did not fare well; Edward Franklin and Mary Caroline (Mingus) Conner died in the 1860s, and their children dispersed. The oldest, Margaret Clarinda Conner raised the youngest, Edward (Edd) Clarence Conner, who became a well-known personality. The Beck and Bradley families were large and prominent. Henry Beck married three times and had 21 children survive him. The Bradleys were similarly extensive; in the 1870s, they comprised eight separate households of 50 individuals, or of 81 individuals including in-law Griffiths, Reagans, and Carvers. These families functioned as diverse farming enterprises with multiple revenue streams.
Migratory Lives
Authors: Giddens Elizabeth
Published: May 2024

Not all white residents thrived after the Civil War. A number were compelled to seek livelihoods elsewhere. After Asoph Hughes’s death in 1865, four of his and Mary (Nations) Hughes’s sons left to make new starts. One moved temporarily to Arkansas but returned to live near his brothers, who had settled other parts of Swain and Jackson Counties. Edd Conner used a small inheritance to purchase a farm in Otto, North Carolina, but he injured his leg badly and became estranged from his wife. He traveled the Southeast in search of work, always returning to Oconaluftee. He was evangelical and is known for the white burial suit that he had made for himself more than 16 years before his death. Aden Carver, considered the quintessential mountaineer, and his wife Martha (Roberts) Carver left the valley to live in Tennessee for over 20 years. They returned to help his parents once they were too old to continue farming. New families arrived and bought choice farmland, notably the Queen family, who purchased the area known as Smokemont. In 1896, a new log building for Lufty Baptist Church was built in on land donated by J.L. Queen and H.J. Beck. Between 1880 and 1900, the number of families living in the valley increased from 75 to 135. The period was remembered as “a time of great neighborliness” by Thomas Irvin Hughes.
Qualla’s Long Struggle for Security
Authors: Giddens Elizabeth
Published: May 2024

After the Civil War, the Lufty Cherokees faced hardship, sickness, land disputes, and the loss of advisor William Holland Thomas due to mental and physical illness. But they managed to establish their own government, secure land rights, and become recognized as the Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians. Chiefs Salonita, Nimrod Jarrett Smith (Tsalahihi), and Stillwell Saunooke, tribal council leaders, and others such as James Blythe led the Eastern Band. They had assistance from Rev. William C. McCarthy who was a federal agent; from Quaker leader Barnabus C. Hobbs and Superintendent Henry Spray, who established a boarding school at Yellow Hill with a model farm as well as three day schools; and from tribal attorney George Smathers. James Mooney of the US Bureau of Ethnology engaged in field research with the Eastern Band collecting the Cherokees’ legends, sacred formulas, and cultural history from shamans such as Ayunini, Gatigwanasti, Gahuni, Tsiskwa, and their heirs. In order to pay property taxes and support their needs, the Cherokees sold timber rights within the Cathcart Tract, bringing commercial logging into the valley. The Eastern Band faced the land allotment provision of the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887, which caused new membership rolls to be taken while many people sought enrollment.
Confronting Invasion
Authors: Kantrowitz Stephen
Published: May 2024

In a series of treaties between the late 1820s and the late 1830s, the United States asserted legal ownership of the entire Ho-Chunk homeland defined in the 1825 Treaty of Prairie du Chien. American squatters first took possession of valuable lead diggings, and when conflicts with Ho-Chunk residents turned violent the US military effectively ratified their claims. The US similarly took advantage of its pursuit of a resistant band of Sauk and other Native people—a conflict known as the Black Hawk War, which took place largely within the Ho-Chunks’ ancestral. homeland—to demand further territories. Pursuing policies that demanded Indian Removal and encouraged Native communities to embrace American “civilization,” the US sought to expel the Ho-Chunk people to lands west of the Mississippi River. Throughout this era and in the decades that followed, however, Ho-Chunk people pursued several courses to resist these efforts: they refused to leave their homeland or, if forcibly expelled, quickly returned; they claimed to embrace “civilization” in order to be allowed to remain; and they purchased land on American terms but used it to reconstruct or maintain Ho-Chunk village and community life.
Epilogue
Authors: Kantrowitz Stephen
Published: May 2024

One lesson of the Ho-Chunks’ partly successful campaign against expulsion is that citizenship is powerful tool for individual and collective self-defense and, perhaps ironically, for cultural sovereignty and autonomy. But citizenship’s formal promises of equality have not insulated Ho-Chunk people from all of the pressures of colonialism, nor have they erased the presumption among many non-Native people that “Indians” are fundamentally “savages” and anti-citizens—people against whom the citizenry is defined, and against whom it must protect itself, often with violence.
White Gloves, Black Nation
Authors: Sanders Johnson Grace
Published: May 2024

This ambitious transnational history considers Haitian women's political life during and after the United States occupation of Haiti (1915–34). The two decades following the occupation were some of the most politically dynamic and promising times in Haiti's modern history, but the history of women's political organizing in this period has received scant attention. Tracing elite and middle-class women's activism and intellectual practice from the countryside of Kenscoff, Haiti, to Philadelphia, the Belgian Congo, and back to Port-au-Prince, this book tells the story of Haitian women's essential role as co-curators of modern Haitian citizenship. Set in a period when national belonging was articulated in philosophies of African authenticity, revolutionary nostalgia, and working-class politics, Grace Sanders Johnson considers how an emerging educated and professional class of women who understood themselves as descendants of the Haitian Revolution established alternative claims to citizenship that included, but were not limited to, suffrage and radicalism. Sanders Johnson argues that these women's political practice incorporated strategic class performance, extravagant sartorial sensibilities, and an insistence on self-promotion and preservation that challenged the exceptional trope of the martyred male revolutionary hero. Bringing her subjects vividly to life, she reveals their politics of wayfaring, moving deliberately if sometimes ineffectively through the radical milieu of the twentieth century.
The Right Sex
Authors: Sanders Johnson Grace
Published: May 2024

This chapter starts in 1944 and returns to the 1946 Constitutional Convention to contextualize the intellectual, legislative, and organizational achievements of women’s rights organizers in 1940s, including their research on women in urban demographics, their fight for equal pay, and their creation of the women’s center Le Foyer. The chapter considers LFAS women’s assertion of social and political enslavement—“the woman is a slave”—and puts it alongside their political platform concerning parental rights and the condition of the Haitian family structure, particularly the practice of plasaj (a Haitian common-law marriage that can include multiple sexual and romantic partnerships and that usually incorporates a shared financial arrangement). The chapter observes how legislation around women’s rights was used to control women’s domestic and public movements, including rural-to-urban migration. The chapter also charts the continuity and growth of misogynist discourse and gender based violence in 1940s politics.
Stage Right
Authors: Sanders Johnson Grace
Published: May 2024

This chapter looks at how LFAS organizers adopted the pageantry of regional wartime alliances and public performances (fêtes, choreographed dances, congressional presentations, and plays) to establish a political aesthetic that drew different Haitian women toward each other in local, national, and international politics. Following LFAS women’s political wayfaring from Port-au-Prince to the Belgian Congo, to Argentina, to the United States and Germany, the chapter discusses women’s participation in international conferences, global post-World War II diplomacy, and their practices of feminist anthropology. The leaders of the LFAS held memberships and affiliations in multiple international women’s movements, including the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, the Pan-American Women’s Congresses, the United Nations Council on Women, and the International Council of Women of Darker Races. The chapter shows how LFAS women leveraged these international organizational and interpersonal relationships for their national initiatives. Intersecting with the history of Black women’s internationalism in the early and mid-twentieth century, the chapter ends with the first Haitian Women’s International Conference in 1950.
The Right Candidate
Authors: Sanders Johnson Grace
Published: May 2024

The chapter looks at Haitian women’s political organizing after winning the right to vote in 1950 and follows the history of women’s participation in the 1956-57 Haitian election season. In the political milieu of Black nationalism and the women’s own evolution in thinking about race, the chapter shows how LFAS women strategically communicated political unity among women by declaring a shared nègre identity. The chapter follows the senate campaign of LFAS president Madeleine Sylvain-Bouchereau as well as the state-sanctioned attack on journalist and LFAS organizer Yvonne Hakim Rimpel. With a national platform that articulated the intersection of race, class, and gender, Haitian women’s politics turned and collided into the rise and presidency of François Duvalier (1957-71).
Introduction
Authors: Lorek Timothy W.
Published: May 2024

The introduction to Making the Green Revolution contemplates the juxtaposition of the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), a global institution for research in critical food crops, in Colombia’s Cauca Valley, a region otherwise defined by extensive monoculture sugarcane. The research agenda and philosophy of CIAT contrasts with the stark reality of industrial-scale agribusiness in the region. The introduction traces the origins of both CIAT and sugarcane in Colombian history, situating each in broader scholarly literatures on the Green Revolution in agricultural development, the geopolitics of hunger and development during the Cold War, and Colombia’s evolving armed conflict.
The Most Necessary Occupation
Authors: Lorek Timothy W.
Published: May 2024

Chapter Three in Making the Green Revolution analyzes the Palmira Agricultural Experiment Station in Colombia’s Cauca Valley in the context of the global Great Depression. The chapter considers agronomy and crop research, as well as political strategies to advance agricultural extension and agricultural education in the Cauca Valley and in Colombia more broadly.
Quixotic Developments
Authors: Lorek Timothy W.
Published: May 2024

Chapter Five in Making the Green Revolution introduces Colombia’s Cauca Valley as a major site for Cold War-era investment and development projects. The chapter shows how local officials courted international expertise to initially advance domestic development projects. Several international and United States aid programs expanded operations in the Cauca Valley during this period, including the US government’s Point Four program, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the World Bank. These projects in technical aid led to the formation of the Cauca Valley Corporation, an irrigation and hydroelectric agency that would play a significant role in land tenure conflicts in Colombia.
The Cold War Cauca Valley: From the CAP to CIAT
Authors: Lorek Timothy W.
Published: May 2024

Chapter Six in Making the Green Revolution analyzes the Rockefeller Foundation’s Colombian Agricultural Program, or CAP, and the subsequent founding of the International Center for Tropical Agriculture, or CIAT, in Colombia’s Cauca Valley. CIAT became one of the founding institutions of a global consortium for agricultural science known as the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research, or CGIAR. In Colombia, the global attention to a Green Revolution in agricultural production overlapped with a new land reform program and a period of tumultuous Colombian politics that ushered in a new era in the Colombian armed conflict.
Epilogue
Authors: Lorek Timothy W.
Published: May 2024

The epilogue to Making the Green Revolution briefly traces the changing research agenda of the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) in Colombia’s Cauca Valley. It shows how CIAT has conducted its research in a landscape otherwise defined by expanding agricultural capitalism and monocultures, in which a small number of corporate sugarcane producers control much of the prime valley land. The epilogue emphasizes land inequality and land reform as major aspects of the 2016 Colombia peace agreement signed with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). Food production and agrarian politics continue to be important political issues in Colombia today.
Introduction
Authors: Mantler Gordon K.
Published: May 2024

The Harold Washington moment and movement showed how Black, Latino, and progressive white activists, when working together, could reshape urban politics and policy in US cities and, of equal importance, provide a clear playbook for national politics in the 1980s and now. But Chicago also underscored the obvious, unmistakable limits to electoral politics. Despite the campaign’s incredible energy and organization, the Washington administration struggled to overcome a vast array of structural barriers to govern effectively, especially in ways that helped its most fervent, most marginalized, working-class supporters. Only when grassroots activism by neighborhood-based organizations and coalitions sustained political pressure on officials did genuine reform take place. And even in those cases, the progress was painstaking, with uncertain long-term results. Winning elections matters, of course. But ultimately the story of Harold Washington’s election and mayoralty – in contrast to much of the existing historiography – is both a qualified triumph of multiracial coalition and a cautionary tale about placing too much weight on electoral victories above all other civic action.
From Politics to Protest
Authors: Mantler Gordon K.
Published: May 2024

African Americans had held public office in Chicago in the 1910s, the result of the Great Migration to industrial centers in the North and West. But these Black officeholders demonstrated limited actual power and rarely emphasized civil rights to stay in the good graces of the Chicago machine. By the late 1950s, a new generation of civil rights and Black Power activists launched protests, challenging an older guard of Black politicians aligned with legendary machine boss, Mayor Richard J. Daley -- from the Protest at the Polls movement to Martin Luther King Jr.’s Chicago Freedom Movement. The relationship between Black Power, civil rights, and electoral politics between 1919 and 1968 turned out to be far more complex than scholars normally consider – not just the simple “protest to politics” shift that activist Bayard Rustin spells out. In fact, in Chicago and the nation writ large, the process could be more accurately described as “from politics to protest” and back again.
Introduction
Authors: McQueeney Kevin
Published: May 2024

This chapter provides a summary of the book’s topic and main arguments; the time period covered; crucial turning points in the creation and perpetuation of healthcare inequality in New Orleans; relevant background information; and literature review. The chapter places the manuscript in the larger context of scholarship on the African American health and healthcare history, racial health disparities, and the Long Civil Rights Movement. The chapter also provides a brief preview of each chapter and discusses the sources used.
Jim Crow Black Health Care, 1927–1950
Authors: McQueeney Kevin
Published: May 2024

Chapter 5 explores the efforts of New Orleanians to create an alternate Black medical district in the Central City neighborhood. It details the attempts to create two hospitals, the unsuccessful Colored Hospital, and a new Flint Goodridge Hospital, which became the anchor of the Black medical district. The chapter examines the initial challenges of the hospital—like fundraising and staffing—and the vision of Flint Goodridge as not just a hospital but a health center focused on three main goals: expanding hospital care for African Americans throughout the region, tackling the public health issues facing the Black community, and serving as a training center for Black medical professionals. Finally, the chapter explores two significant issues for the hospital: the deliberate effort of the municipal government to prevent the growth of the hospital with WPA-sponsored “slum clearance” and building of public housing units around the institution, and the post–World War II exodus of Black physicians from New Orleans.
Introduction
Authors: Nwokocha Eziaku Atuama
Published: May 2024

In Haitian Vodou, the gods care about how they look. This chapter argues that within the religious and social life of Vodou, fashion accentuates the importance of aesthetic trends to spiritual communal identity formation in the African Diaspora. The primary sites of this ethnographic research are the temples of a Haitian Vodou practitioner named Manbo Maude in Mattapan, Massachusetts and in Jacmel, Haiti. Manbo Maude, who is a mental health clinician and formally trained fashion designer, fashions outfits inspired by Vodou spirits to satisfy the material demands of deities while also creating unique spiritual practices that shape the experiences of other practitioners and observers in her temple. Drawing from an interdisciplinary methodology that includes history and transnational Black feminist ethnography grounded in Africana studies, religious studies, performance studies, and queer studies, this chapter introduces the innovative concept called spiritual vogue. Spiritual vogue is a dynamic, multisensorial experience that incorporates the presence of the spirits, movement, fashion, and touch in a religious context. It is a stylistic apparatus that showcases interactive processes between the participants, the spirits, and the audience.
Ad(dress)ing the Spirits
Authors: Nwokocha Eziaku Atuama
Published: May 2024

This chapter introduces the fashion origins of Haitian Vodou practitioner Manbo Marie Maude Evans or Manbo Maude. The term Manbo, meaning female high priestess, is given to Vodou practitioners who have undergone initiatory rites and understand sacred religious knowledges. Manbo Maude has been perfecting her religious commitments, through both fashion and spiritual service, alongside the Black divinities like Ezili Je Wouj and Gede of Vodou for several decades. The author, who is a participant observer, illuminates the intricate physical and spiritual processes necessary for Vodou ceremonies that emphasize glamour and fashion. Manbo Maude creates an informal, small-scale production network that intersects culture, transnationalism, and religion. Drawing on the complex transnational influences within Haiti including the presence of West and Central Africans, Indigenous Americans, and European colonial history, this chapter shows that Manbo Maude represents a point on a spectrum of evolution that runs through Vodou stylistics; she is one in the long line of contributors to Black Atlantic religions and Haitian Vodou in particular. Considering spiritual vogue requires understanding that the presence of the spirits in Vodou ceremonies is not symbolic but real for many participants and devotees and that the legitimacy of these spirits has substantive effects on their actions and ritual practice.
How Tight Is Your Wrap?
Authors: Nwokocha Eziaku Atuama
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines the social tensions of race, gender, and sexuality in Manbo Maude’s contemporary Vodou temples. By centering the perceptions and experiences of Black people within Haitian Vodou, the chapter interrogates how for some Black folks, Vodou functions as a space of healing and community within the African Diaspora. Headwraps, dresses and sacred colored scarves function as a part of African Diasporic identity creation and evoke a vision of a common African past that participants draw on for their own sense of community. The author deploys a Black feminist ethnographic critique to consider how their Nigerian Igbo ancestry and femme identified personhood influences the performance of rituals such as headwrapping. This chapter also analyses the contentious issue of including White people in spaces that many Black practitioners view as a refuge from the anti-Black racism of the world beyond the temple. Race, gender, and sexuality have the capacity to rupture attempts at sartorial solidarity, affecting not only the cohesion of Manbo Maude's communities but also the shape of people's beliefs. These communal fissures continuously raise questions about who Vodou belongs to, who has a true connection to Black spirits, and what types of worship best serve the divine.
Dènye Panse
Authors: Nwokocha Eziaku Atuama
Published: May 2024

This chapter offers a few dènye panse, Haitian Kreyòl for “last thoughts,” that articulate not only the groundbreaking knowledge Vodou en Vogue has produced, but also explores the inescapable shifts within Vodou itself. The chapter underscores how Vodou changes over time, just as all religions do; its practitioners and rituals cannot be held in stasis. Traditions are passed down through spiritual lineages and initiatory rites, and with each successive transition they shift, accommodating new places, people, and experiences. These last thoughts offer a look to the future of the leadership of Manbo Maude’s home in the form of her daughter Manbo Vante’m Pa Fyem and how she continues the legacies of fashion and community building within Vodou in both Mattapan and Jacmel.