bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experiências brasileiras com wetlands construídos aplicados ao tratamento de águas residuárias: parâmetros de projeto para sistemas horizontais
Authors: Sezerino Pablo Heleno , Bento Alessandra Pellizaro , Decezaro Samara Terezinha , Magri Maria Elisa , Philippi Luiz Sérgio
Published: June 2015

A utilização no Brasil de sistemas tipo wetlands construídos no tratamento de águas residuárias iniciou no ano de 1980, intensificando-se a partir do ano 2000. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um estado da arte da aplicação no Brasil dos wetlands construídos de escoamento subsuperficial de fluxo horizontal (WCFH), identificando parâmetros de projeto e dados operacionais. Aborda-se, inicialmente, uma classificação para os wetlands construídos, seguido dos parâmetros de projeto e operação dos WCFH, destacando os diferentes critérios de dimensionamento, tais como os modelos oriundos da cinética de primeira ordem aplicável aos reatores tipo pistão, a relação de área per capita, o carregamento orgânico superficial e a taxa hidráulica, bem como a composição das unidades de tratamento e as macrófitas empregadas.
Análise da evolução e estimativa futura da massa coletada de resíduos sólidos domiciliares no município de João Pessoa e relação com outros indicadores de consumo
Authors: Medeiros Julie Eugênio da Siva Francisco , Paz Adriano Rolim da , Morais Júnior Joácio de Araújo
Published: June 2015

Este artigo teve como objetivo geral analisar a variação espaço-temporal da massa coletada dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares (RSD) dos bairros de João Pessoa entre 2003 e 2010. Foram realizadas a análise preliminar de consistência dos dados de RSD, a determinação de massa de RSD per capita, de taxas de variação anual dos valores absolutos e per capita, a análise de correlações para o ano de 2010 entre massa de RSD per capita e variáveis relativas a renda, educação, consumo de energia e água per capita, e traçados três cenários futuros de massa coletada de RSD até 2030. Foi encontrado um aumento de 32,4% na massa coletada de RSD no período de 2003 a 2010, alcançando, em 2010, um equivalente a 0,806 kg.hab-1.dia-1, valor coerente com estudo anterior que monitorou três residências unifamiliares no município. Tal crescimento é consequência não apenas do aumento populacional (15,1%), mas também de intensificação de padrões de consumo de bens. A relação entre geração de RSD e padrão de consumo ficou evidente também nas correlações fortes obtidas entre massa de RSD per capita coletada e consumo de energia per capita, índice de alfabetização e índice de renda domiciliar. Isso corrobora a necessidade de mudança cultural em termos de consumo, desperdício e descarte de resíduos visando a sustentabilidade ambiental. Se o ritmo de geração de resíduos continuar aumentando de acordo com o cenário futuro adotado, projeta-se de 0,85 a 1,78 kg.hab-1.dia-1por volta de 2030, aumentando o desafio em termos de coleta, gestão do aterro e necessidade de medidas mitigadoras de potenciais impactos ambientais.
Membranas cerâmicas assimétricas tubulares: influência do tempo de deposição da camada filtrante na morfologia das membranas
Authors: Silva Mirele Costa da , Lira Daniel Silveira , Freitas Normanda Lino de , Lira Helio Lucena
Published: June 2015

Esse trabalho tem como objetivo obter membranas cerâmicas assimétricas para aplicação em processos de microfiltração e avaliar a influência do tempo de deposição (5 e 10 s) de uma dispersão de argila sobre um suporte tubular de alumina comercial e bentonita. O suporte tubular foi caracterizado por microscopia ótica e eletrônica de varredura e por porosimetria. A membrana assimétrica foi caracterizada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e por porosimetria. Os resultados mostraram suportes porosos com espessura de 1092µm, diâmetro médio de poro de 0,99 e porosidade de 39%. A membrana assimétrica foi obtida com sucesso para os tempos de deposição avaliados, sendo classificada para aplicações em processos de microfiltração atingindo diâmetro médio de poro de 0,25 µm e porosidade de 35%.
Estudo da incorporação de argilas montmorilonitas em cimentos asfálticos de petróleo
Authors: Santos Karine Pereira dos , Lucena Adriano Elísio de Figueiredo Lopes , Lucena Lêda Christiane de Figueiredo Lopes , Silva José de Arimatéia Almeida e , Costa Stephanny Conceição Farias do Egito
Published: June 2015

A utilização de nanotecnologia em pavimentos asfálticos é uma revolução, pois esta permite construir pavimentos mais resistentes à deformação, à trinca por fadiga, à trinca por temperatura e à ação da água.Nesse contexto uma alternativa é o uso da nanoargila. Sua incorporação ao cimento asfáltico de petróleo (CAP) proporciona melhoria nas propriedades físicas e reológicas e nas propriedades mecânicas das misturas asfálticas. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho utilizou-se o método da dosagem SUPERPAVE para a análise do comportamento das misturas asfálticas utilizando o CAP 50/70 modificado com as seguintes adições: Argila Montmorilonita organofílica (OMMT) e a Argila Montmorilonita pura (MMT). Foram analisados os efeitos dos modificadores por meio de ensaios mecânicos de Resistência à Tração por Compressão Diametral e Módulo de Resiliência, sendo todas as amostras submetidas ao processo de compactação por amassamento. Os resultados indicaram que as adições das argilas OMMT e MMT as misturas asfálticas promoveram aumento no valor do Módulo de Resiliência e da Resistência à Tração quando comparados ao ligante asfáltico sem modificador.
Comportamento de reagentes inibidores de incrustação aplicados na perfuração de poços de petróleo
Authors: Rosa Calin Moura da , Menger Rodrigo Klippel , Gomes Maylline Tavares , Oliveira Cristiane
Published: June 2015

A deposição ou incrustação mineral é proveniente do acúmulo de sais inorgânicos que causam problemas operacionais às tubulações e equipamentos aplicados em diversos setores industriais,. Na exploração de petróleo e gás, as incrustações são formadas pela incompatibilidade entre as composições químicas das águas de formação e de injeção e/ou pelas mudanças termodinâmicas do sistema durante estas atividades. A prevenção das incrustações pode ser realizada com a adição substâncias químicas denominadas inibidores de incrustação. Neste trabalho, dois inibidores contendo os grupos funcionais fosfonato e amina (IN-A) e poliméricos (IN-B) foram sintetizados e investigados para aplicação na extração de petróleo em plataformas brasileiras offshore. Os estudos envolveram a avaliação da compatibilidade dos inibidores (IN-A e IN-B) com salmouras e as suas eficiências de inibição de incrustação relacionadas aos íons cálcio. Em todos os estudos, as salmouras foram preparadas com os sais NaCl (76,50 g/L), CaCl2.2H2O (92,21 g/L), MgCl2.6H2O (14,42 g/L), BaCl2.2H2O (0,04 g/L), SrCl2.6H2O (6,33 g/l), KCl (11,59 g/L), Na2SO4 (0,68 g/L), NaHCO3 (1,18 g/L) e NaCl (76,50 g/L), visando simular condições operacionais específicas de plataformas brasileiras. A compatibilidade foi avaliada por análises de turbidez e a eficiência por análises de íons cálcio, posteriormente, expressa em termos percentuais. O IN-A apresentou melhores resultados de compatibilidade, mostrando valores de turbidez menores que 10 NTU para todas as concentrações avaliadas. A eficiência do IN-A foi de, aproximadamente, 80%, indicando um adequado mecanismo quelante de inibição com possível liberação dos complexos solúveis, conforme esperado. Em contraste, o IN-B apresentou menor compatibilidade com as salmouras nas concentrações de 5, 10 e 30 g/L, onde a turbidez foi de 12,7; 15,9 e 31,0 NTU, respectivamente. Além disso, houve queda de eficiência de inibição no decorrer do tempo para as concentrações mais elevadas, de modo que com 30 g/L a eficiência foi de 75,78%, possivelmente, devido a dificuldade de solubilização do polímero com consequente encobrimento dos sítios ativos dos cristais. Os resultados obtidos possibilitaram comparar e avaliar o comportamento dos dois inibidores sintetizados, evidenciando que condições específicas de concentração de sais e perfis de solubilidade são parâmetros muito influentes na formulação e seleção de inibidores de incrustação.
Empresa HD, aluno monitor: a Microsoft e a construção da crença nas tecnologias
Authors: Prazeres Michelle
Published: June 2015

Existe um consenso de que as tecnologias digitais podem incidir na melhoria da qualidade da educação. Articulado por múltiplos campos sociais interessados na relação entre educação e tecnologias, um universo simbólico de valores (em geral, positivos) relacionados aos aparatos digitais se converte em repertório que consagra esse consenso e o transforma em uma espécie de mito, uma crença. Esse mito circula por diversos espaços sociais, formando uma ambiência favorável às tecnologias, que envolve o campo educacional (em inter-relação com outros campos sociais) e pressiona a escola pela modernização a partir da adesão às tecnologias. Este artigo tem como objetivo promover uma reflexão acerca da contribuição do campo empresarial para a conformação dessa ambiência favorável à modernização, a partir da análise do repertório produzido e difundido pela multinacional Microsoft acerca do uso das tecnologias na educação. Esse repertório está registrado em relatórios corporativos que foram analisados para entender de que modo representam: (1) o impacto das tecnologias na educação; o modo como a educação adere às (2) tendências tecnológicas; e (3) os efeitos e potenciais das linguagens tecnológicas em espaços educativos. Entende-se que a empresa pretende ter uma ação totalizante relacionada à educação, prescrevendo o uso das tecnologias em materiais institucionais, incidindo na mídia e na universidade e atuando em parceria com governos para a adoção de seus equipamentos, produtos e programas. Com base nos relatórios institucionais, investiga-se o corpo simbólico produzido pela Microsoft, que integra e reforça uma rede em prol das tecnologias, composta também por outros campos sociais interessados na modernização da educação, a exemplo do poder público, da mídia e da universidade.
Formador de leitores, formador de professores: a trajetória de Max Butlen
Authors: Bueno Belmira Oliveira , Rezende Neide Luzia de , Bueno Belmira Oliveira , Rezende Neide Luzia de
Published: June 2015

Nesta entrevista, Max Butlen, amplamente conhecido por seu trabalho no campo da leitura, da formação de leitores e de professores, traça um percurso de sua trajetória e desenvolve uma discussão rica a partir das contribuições teóricas assentadas em uma longa vivência na escola pública, que o tornaram referência em dois temas dentre os mais desafiadores para a escola nos dias de hoje: o ensino da cultura da escrita e a profissionalização dos professores. Na França, foi sucessivamente professor em diferentes instituições de formação de professores, junto ao Ministério da Educação e o da Cultura, onde, em funções e cargos múltiplos, fez sobressair seu trabalho em prol da atualização das práticas escolares de leitura e da configuração e uso das bibliotecas públicas e escolares. Sua tese de doutorado em ciências da educação, Les politiques de lecture et leurs acteurs, 1980-2000, defendida na Universidade de Paris 5, reúne esses dois campos de saberes universitários e da ação profissional e mostra a centralidade que as questões da leitura assumem na França nos finais do século XX. No Brasil, ele trabalhou junto ao Ministério da Educação, de 1994 a 1998, ampliando, desde então, sua colaboração com grupos de pesquisadores de vários estados, para tratar seja das temáticas da leitura seja daquelas referidas à universitarização dos professores. Desenvolve também, a partir de suas experiências em ambos os países, comparações profícuas no que se refere a procedimentos de formação de professores e ao comportamento intelectual dos jovens diante das novas tecnologias e das mudanças sociais.
Análise microclimática de um edifício histórico em clima temperado: limites sustentáveis para a correta conservação dos materiais
Authors: Silva Hugo Entradas , Henriques Fernando Manuel Anjos
Published: June 2015

Apesar da reconhecida importância conferida ao estudo microclimático em edifícios históricos para a correta conservação de suas coleções e objetos de relevância histórica e cultural, o conhecimento acerca de seu comportamento em climas temperados é ainda reduzido. Ao longo das últimas décadas surgiram diferentes especificações focadas nas necessidades higrotérmicas dos materiais. Nesse campo, a abordagem dinâmica, baseada no microclima histórico, gerou um amplo consenso entre os especialistas, como meio de alcançar intervalos sustentáveis de temperatura e umidade relativa. Este estudo visou classificar de forma clara o microclima interior de um edifício histórico em clima temperado – Igreja de São Cristóvão, em Lisboa –, com o objetivo de verificar a qualidade microclimática para a conservação dos materiais e validar possíveis alterações. Para tal, utilizou-se um sistema de monitoramento continuo entre novembro de 2011 e agosto de 2013, com registros a cada 10 min, utilizando-se diversos sensores de temperatura e umidade relativa. O microclima foi classificado de acordo com a especificação ASHRAE – Handbook HVAC Applications, Chapter 21: Museums, galleries, archives and libraries. Constatou-se elevada estabilidade climática natural, que não justifica a implementação de sistemas de climatização.
Extensive cervical lymphadenitis mimicking bacterial adenitis as the first presentation of Kawasaki disease
Authors: Rossi Felipe de Souza , Silva Marco Felipe Castro da , Kozu Kátia Tomie , Camargo Luís Fernando Aranha , Rossi Flávia Feijó Panico , Silva Clovis Artur , Campos Lúcia Maria de Arruda
Published: June 2015

Cervical adenitis >1.5cm in diameter is the less frequently observed criteria in patients with Kawasaki disease and it is usually found in association with other symptoms during the acute phase. Moreover, the finding of fever and lymphadenitis with intense local signs of inflammation and phlegmon is rarely seen as the initial manifestation of Kawasaki disease. We report the case of a 7-year-old boy who had cervical lymphadenitis with adjacent cellulitis and phlegmon mimicking bacterial adenitis as the first presentation of Kawasaki disease. The patient had fever, cervical lymphadenitis with adjacent cellulitis, and severe headache. Cefadroxil was prescribed based on the clinical diagnosis of bacterial adenitis. Because he remained febrile and phlogistic signs worsened, after 1 day of hospitalization, antibiotics were administrated intravenously (ceftriaxone and oxacillin). The computed tomography of the neck showed primary infectious/inflammatory process. On the fourth day, the patient had dry and scaly lips, and treatment with oxacillin was replaced by clindamycin because the patient was still febrile. On the ninth day, he presented non-exudative bilateral conjunctival injection. On the tenth day of febrile disease, a rash appeared on his trunk, hands and feet. Patient’s symptoms resolved after intravenous administration of immunoglobulin (2g/kg/dose), and he was discharged 2 days later. On the 14th day, the patient had lamellar desquamation of fingers. Kawasaki disease should be considered as a differential diagnosis in children with febrile cervical lymphadenitis unresponsive to empiric antibiotics even if they have adjacent cellulitis and phlegmon.
Sediment composition mediates the invasibility of aquatic ecosystems by a non-native Poaceae species
Authors: Fasoli José Vitor Botter , Michelan Thaisa Sala , Thomaz Sidinei Magela
Published: June 2015

Aim: To test the invasibility of aquatic ecosystems by an exotic species, we used the invasive macrophyte Urochloa arrecta, which has invaded many Neotropical waterbodies and has reduced biodiversity in these habitats. The extensive growth of this macrophyte can be related to its affinity for mud-rich sediments, which occur primarily in secondary river channels and lentic habitats.MethodsTo test this hypothesis, we cultivated U. arrecta in trays with different percentages of mud and we measured the sprout length and biomass of the plants after 75 days.ResultsOur results showed a positive and significant relationship between sediment mud percentage and nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter. Both plant length and biomass increased significantly and continuously with increasing mud content, indicating that the growth of this species is not limited even at the highest levels of mud, which is shown to be toxic for other species of macrophytes. Thus, it is probable that sand-rich sites, such as river shores, are less vulnerable to invasion by this species than relatively mud-rich sites, such as lakes.ConclusionsThis finding indicates that relatively mud-rich ecosystems should be prioritised in monitoring programs to prevent invasion by this species. In addition, the slow development of this species in sandy sediments opens a potential window for its management, at least on small spatial scales. However, despite the reduced growth of U. arrecta in sand-rich sediments, this grass is able to grow in several types of sediments, which explains its spread in a variety of habitats in Neotropical freshwater ecosystems.
Abiotic features of a river from the Upper Tietê River Basin (SP, Brazil) along an environmental gradient
Authors: Esteves Katharina Eichbaum , Lôbo Ana Valéria Pinto , Hilsdorf Alexandre Wagner Silva
Published: June 2015

Aim: This study aimed to assess the spatial and seasonal variation of the water quality and physical habitat characteristics along the upper-middle stretch of the Paraitinga River, a tributary of Tietê River, considering the potential influence of different riparian conditions along the stretch studied.MethodsSixteen sites with different riparian vegetation, including native forest, secondary forest, pasture, and eucalyptus were sampled during the dry and rainy seasons of 2004/2005, before the damming of the Paraitinga Reservoir. Several physicochemical and habitat parameters were determined and data analyzed in relation to spatial distribution and potential influence of riparian conditions.ResultsWater quality parameters were in general within the limits established by CONAMA for Class 2 waters, except for turbidity and total phosphorus. There were seasonal and spatial differences in the limnological parameters along the stretch studied and apparently they were related to point specific influences associated with land use and canopy cover. Habitat characteristics were markedly different between the upper and middle river stretches, especially in relation to depth, width, substrate and canopy cover.ConclusionsAlthough a direct influence on the observed variables could not be attributed solely to the riparian vegetation, vegetation cover seemed to affect particular stream characteristics. Open pasture and eucalyptus sites were subject to point specific effects that caused phosphorus inputs and higher turbidity and temperature, and showed different morphological features, suggesting that land use at the sub-watershed scale was an important factor affecting stream conditions.
Depressurisation for the excavation of Stepney Green cavern
Authors: Linde-Arias Emilio , Harris David , Davis Andrew
Published: July 2015

At over 50 m long, 17 m wide and 15 m high the Stepney Green Cavern is one of the largest caverns ever built using sprayed concrete lining techniques in central London. The east- and westbound caverns lie approximately 20 m below the existing ground level in a constrained urban site and are located within the London Clay and underlying Lambeth Group, which is a variable series of clays, silts and sands; the higher permeability sands contain high pore pressures that are hazardous to sprayed concrete lining construction without depressurisation. Successful implementation of a practical depressurisation scheme was therefore crucial to safe construction. The overall strategy adopted for investigating these water-bearing sands within the Lambeth Group is outlined and the ground investigations and pumping tests required to determine typical material permeabilities and the response of the sands to pumping are described. The paper also reviews how that information was developed into the outline depressurisation scheme and how this was subsequently developed into the final contractor-designed depressurisation scheme that was implemented. Changes to the scheme during construction owing to ground conditions are discussed, together with the response of the ground during pumping.
Um jogo de construção para o aprendizado colaborativo de Glicólise e Gliconeogênese
Authors: Sales de Oliveira Felipe , Dutra Lacerda Caroline , Santos de Oliveira Patrícia , Coelho Ana Amália , Bianconi Maria Lucia
Published: July 2015

O jogo “Glicólise & Gliconeogênese” foi desenvolvido para auxiliar alunos do curso de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro no aprendizado colaborativo dessas vias metabólicas. O jogo inicia com 11 cartas contendo apenas a fórmula estrutural dos intermediários da glicólise, as quais devem ser colocadas numa sequência correta de modificações estruturais, desde a glicose até o piruvato. Após completarem a via corretamente, os alunos recebem 10 cartas das enzimas, as quais indicam a reversibilidade (ou não) da reação, o valor de energia livre e os ativadores e/ou inibidores, quando for o caso. Após responderem questões de fixação do conteúdo, por meio de observações da via metabólica montada, os alunos recebem cinco novas cartas que permitem a substituição daquelas necessárias para transformar a glicólise em gliconeogênese. A avaliação por 18 alunos sugere que o jogo é uma ótima estratégia de ensino de vias metabólicas podendo ser usado para outras vias além dessas que utilizamos.
Imanência e solução profana: correspondências históricas entre o direito natural e o Trauerspiel
Authors: Paulino Virginia Juliane Adami
Published: July 2015

Pretende-se, por meio desse artigo, estudar a relação entre direito eliteratura, tendo como base a obra Origem do drama barroco alemão –Trauerspiel, de Walter Benjamin, com o objetivo de pensar como a ideiabarroca, marcada pela perda de transcendência e pela busca de solução profana,na atuação do Príncipe, influenciou tanto o séc. XVII quanto o atual, dadas assemelhanças que permitem a rememoração recíproca.
Doblemente discriminadas. Situación de las mujeres con VIH/Sida en Venezuela
Authors: Fernandez Matos Dhayana Carolina
Published: June 2015

La vida de cualquier mujer que se entera que tiene VIH evidencia cambios y rupturas importantes en la manera de ver la vida y su posición en un mundo que sigue estigmatizando a las personas con VIH y cerrándole los espacios, obstaculizando y negándoles el ejercicio de sus derechos humanos. Este artículo busca visualizar las situaciones de discriminación y estigmatización que padecen las mujeres con VIH en el ámbito laboral, familiar y en el ejercicio de su derecho a la salud, configurándose una discriminación múltiple que obliga al Estado a tomar medidas con el fin de garantizar sus derechos humanos.
Derechos en Conflicto: Una Ley Anti-Piropo en España
Authors: Rodemann Rounsevell Helena
Published: June 2015

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Muchas personas creen que decirles comentarios a completas desconocidas es una forma de piropear y de elogiar inofensivamente su belleza. Por otra parte, a nivel político y social no se reconoce el acoso callejero como otra forma de violencia simbólica. Pero las reacciones cada vez más airadas al acoso motivan una conjetura acerca de la re-instauración de una ley anti-piropo en el Estado español. Bajo la luz de la Constitución española, la pregunta plantea si una ley anti-piropo podría suponer un conflicto entre el derecho fundamental a la libertad de expresión de los hombres y los derechos a la integridad, privacidad, y seguridad de las mujeres.
El resurgir de la mujer fatal en publicidad: La reinvención de un mito
Authors: Hidalgo-Marí Tatiana
Published: June 2015

La representación de la  “mujer fatal” es una imagen muy utilizada a la hora de poner en escena a la mujer en publicidad.  El carácter seductor y persuasivo de este estereotipo femenino encaja perfectamente en la idiosincrasia publicitaria que pretende persuadir y/o seducir al receptor para motivarle la predisposición a la pieza. No obstante, la forma en que se representa la mujer fatal en publicidad se aleja, en muchos casos, de la esencia clásica que sustentó al arquetipo tradicional. Este artículo pretende dejar constancia de cómo se representa la mujer fatal en publicidad, cómo se distorsiona el carácter formal de dicho arquetipo y se exponen nuevos reflejos de mujeres fatales, siendo éstas copias inexactas del arquetipo tradicional que las sustenta.
Особенности финансирования инвестиционных проектов в сфере инноваций
Authors: Карпова Варвара Борисовна
Published: July 2015

В статье проанализированы особенности финансирования инвестиционных проектов в сфере инноваций. Рассмотрены современные методы финансирования инвестиционных проектов и основные проблемы, связанные с их внедрением. Разработана графическая схема двухкомпонентной модели проектного финансирования и сформулированы основные принципы ее использования. Дана подробная характеристика проектного финансирования как специфической формы финансирования инвестиционных проектов. Показаны особенности проектного финансирования, его преимущества для применения в инвестиционной деятельности в сфере инноваций, выделены основные элементы моделей структурного финансирования.
Influence of some sol-gel synthesis parameters of mesoporous TiO2 on photocatalytic degradation of pollutants
Authors: Golubovic Aleksandar , Veljkovic Ivana , Scepanovic Maja , Grujic-Brojcin Mirjana , Tomic Natasa , Mijin Dusan , Babic Biljana
Published: July 2015

The titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanopowders were produced by sol-gel technique
from tetrabutyl titanate as a precursor by varying some parameters of the
sol-gel synthesis like the temperature (500 and 550 ?C) and the duration of
the calcination (1.5, 2, and 2.5 h). X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) results
have shown that all synthesized nanopowders are dominantly in anatase phase,
with the presence of a small amount of rutile in samples calcined at 550 ?C.
According to the results obtained by Williamson-Hall method, the anatase
crystallite size was increased with the duration of the calcination (from 24
to 29 nm in samples calcined at lower, and from 30 to 35 nm in samples
calcined at higher temperature). The analysis of the shift and linewidth of
the most intensive anatase Eg Raman mode confirmed the XRPD results. The
analysis of pore structure from nitrogen sorption experimental data described
all samples as mesoporous, with mean pore diameters in the range of 5-8 nm.
Nanopowder properties have been related to the photocatalytic activity,
tested in degradation of the textile dye (C.I. Reactive Orange 16),
carbofuran and phenol.
Human Insulinomas Show Distinct Patterns of Insulin Secretion In Vitro
Authors: Henquin Jean-Claude , Nenquin Myriam , Guiot Yves , Rahier Jacques , Sempoux Christine
Published: June 2015

Insulinomas are β-cell tumors that cause hypoglycemia through inappropriate secretion of insulin. Characterization of the in vitro dynamics of insulin secretion by perifused fragments of 10 human insulinomas permitted their subdivision into three functional groups with similar insulin content. Group A (four patients with fasting and/or postprandial hypoglycemic episodes) showed qualitatively normal responses to glucose, leucine, diazoxide, tolbutamide, and extracellular CaCl2 omission or excess. The effect of glucose was concentration dependent, but, compared with normal islets, insulin secretion was excessive in both low- and high-glucose conditions. Group B (three patients with fasting hypoglycemic episodes) was mainly characterized by large insulin responses to 1 mmol/L glucose, resulting in very high basal secretion rates that were inhibited by diazoxide and restored by tolbutamide but were not further augmented by other agents except for high levels of CaCl2. Group C (three patients with fasting hypoglycemic episodes) displayed very low rates of insulin secretion and virtually no response to stimuli (including high CaCl2 concentration) and inhibitors (CaCl2 omission being paradoxically stimulatory). In group B, the presence of low-Km hexokinase-I in insulinoma β-cells (not in adjacent islets) was revealed by immunohistochemistry. Human insulinomas thus show distinct, though not completely heterogeneous, defects in insulin secretion that are attributed to the undue expression of hexokinase-I in 3 of 10 patients.
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Co-infection among HIV infected individuals at tertiary care hospital in western Nepal
Authors: Supram Hosuru Subramanya , Gokhale Shishir , Sathian Brijesh , Bhatta Dharma Raj
Published: July 2015

Background: The HIV, HBV and HCV viruses are the major public health concern all over the world including Nepal. The aim of the study is to determine the rate of HBV and HCV co-infections in patients with HIV infection.  Methods: The study cohort included 218 consecutive HIV infected patients who were examined for co-infection with HBV or HCV or both at Manipal teaching hospital, Western Nepal. The demographic data of the subjects was collected retrospectively. The data was analyzed with SPSS software and EPI Info to measure the correlation of variables and infection rates.  Results: In the course of six years study period, a total of 25,708 samples were collected for HIV screening test. The 218 (0.8%) screen test positive for HIV were confirmed as per WHO guidelines. The overall rate of co-infection with HBV and or HCV was 7.3% (16 of 218 patients). Only 7 (3.2% [CI 1.3, 6.5]) were positive for both HIV and HBV infection markers and 9 (4.1% [CI 1.9, 7.7]) were positive for HIV and HCV infection markers. None were positive of all three virus markers. Conclusion: It is advisable to implement regular screening for Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus among all HIV infected individuals and their sexual partners. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nje.v5i2.12831Nepal J Epidemiol. 2015;5(2); 488-493.
Clair Engle and the brain tumor that almost derailed the Civil Rights Act
Authors: Son Colin
Published: July 2015

Senator Clare Engle was a United States senator from California who cast an important vote to end the filibuster of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, even as a brain tumor had left him with an expressive aphasia and would claim his life just a month later. This paper reviews the history of Senator Engle’s illness in parallel with that of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Did Emperor Moctezuma II’s head injury and subsequent death hasten the fall of the Aztec nation?
Authors: Sanchez Gonzalo M.
Published: July 2015

This article analyzes the head injury of Emperor Moctezuma as one of those injuries that affected the course of history. The Emperor’s death arguably changed the fate of an entire nation and led to the destruction of the Aztec civilization.

Moctezuma died in the evening hours of June 30, 1520, in his palace in the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, while a prisoner of the Spanish conquistadors. The Emperor had been speaking to his people in an effort to persuade them to cease hostilities against Hernán Cortés, his Spanish soldiers, and Indian allies. Both Spanish and Indian contemporary sources document that he sustained a severe head injury when one of his own warriors hit him with a rock thrown from a sling. However, after the Conquest of Mexico some of the information collected by Spanish friars from Indian stories, songs, and pictorial representations raised the possibility that Moctezuma died of strangulation or stabbing at the hands of the Spaniards. There is even a suggestion of suicide. This issue remains unresolved and emotionally charged.

The historical and clinical analysis of the events surrounding Moctezuma’s death indicates that the Emperor most likely died as a consequence of head injury. The author has attempted to present a neutral analysis but agrees with Benjamin Keen that neutrality may be unattainable, no matter how remote the subject of historical inquiry is from the present.
Direct suction decompression and fenestrated clip reconstruction of complex paraclinoid carotid artery aneurysm: operative video and nuances of skull base technique
Authors: Liu James K.
Published: July 2015

Direct microsurgical clipping of complex paraclinoid carotid artery aneuryms remains a formidable technical challenge due to the auneurysm's deep location at the skull base, with adjacent bony anatomy, large size, wide neck, and complex neuroanatomical relationships. In this operative video atlas manuscript, the author demonstrates a step-by-step technique for microsurgical clip reconstruction of a large complex ventral paraclinoid carotid artery aneurysm, using a trapping and direct suction decompression strategy followed by multiple fenestrated clip reconstruction of the internal carotid artery (ICA) via a modified orbitozygomatic approach. The nuances of skull base techniques are illustrated including extradural optic nerve decompression, extradural anterior clinoidectomy, incision of the falciform ligament to untether the optic nerve, and release of the distal durai ring to obtain proximal control. Reconstruction of the ICA and preservation of the anterior choroidal artery were achieved with multiple fenestrated clips. Aneurysm obliteration and patency of flow through the ICA was confirmed on video indocyanine green and catheter angiography. Although novel endovascular strategies continue to evolve, these microsurgical skull base techniques should remain in the surgical armamentarium for treating these complex cranial base vascular lesions.

The video can be found here: http://youtu.be/IPS6lslk1ds.
Clip reconstruction of giant vertebral artery aneurysm after failed flow reduction therapy
Authors: Kimura Toshikazu , Kin Taichi , Shojima Masaaki , Morita Akio
Published: July 2015

Flow reduction therapy is sometimes utilized for difficult aneurysms, but it does not always work. A 42-year-old man presented with headache, dizziness, and slight gait disturbance due to left thrombosed giant vertebral aneurysm. Clip ligation of the VA after the PICA origin was performed for flow reduction based on the CFD analysis. Two months later, the aneurysm showed minor hemorrhage and hydrocephalus, and thrombectomy and clip reconstruction of the VA was performed. He returned to work with slight ipsilateral facial palsy (House & Brackmann grade 2).

The video can be found here: http://youtu.be/-AUVk6nxefQ.
Clipping of a ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm with right A1–A2 sectioning and reanastomosis
Authors: Hage Ziad A. , Charbel Fady T.
Published: July 2015

We showcase the microsurgical clipping of a previously coiled and ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm, done through a right-sided approach. Initial clipping with a fenestrated clip occluded the flow in the right A2. After temporary clipping of both A1 and A2 vessels, we cut the right A1 and A2, clipped the aneurysm with a straight clip while preserving the flow in the left A1 and A2 and then performed reanastomosis of the right A1-A2 in an end to end fashion. This strategy allowed for complete obliteration of the aneurysm while preserving the flow in all four vessels.

The video can be found here: http://youtu.be/4Y024zU5NVo.
Intracranial blister aneurysms: clip reconstruction techniques
Authors: Barrow Daniel L. , Pradilla Gustavo , McCracken D. Jay
Published: July 2015

Intracranial blister aneurysms are difficult to treat cerebrovascular lesions that typically affect the anterior circulation. These rare aneurysms can lead to acute rupture which usually cannot be treated via endovascular methods, but still require urgent surgical intervention. Surgical options are limited given their unique pathology and often require a combination of wrapping and clip reconstruction. In this video we present two patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to ruptured blister aneurysms. We demonstrate several surgical techniques for repairing the vascular defect with and without intraoperative rupture.

The video can be found here: http://youtu.be/nz-JM45uKQU.
Transcription of Interleukin-8: How Altered Regulation Can Affect Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease
Authors: Jundi Karim , Greene Catherine
Published: July 2015

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a neutrophil chemokine that is encoded on the CXCL8 gene. Normally CXCL8 expression is repressed due to histone deacetylation, octamer-1 binding to the promoter and the inhibitory effect of nuclear factor-κB repressing factor (NRF). However, in response to a suitable stimulus, the human CXCL8 gene undergoes transcription due to its inducible promoter that is regulated by the transcription factors nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), activating protein (AP-1), CAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ, also known as NF-IL-6), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). CXCL8 mRNA is then stabilised by the activity of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK). Cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease is characterised by a neutrophil-dominated airway inflammatory response. A major factor contributing to the large number of neutrophils is the higher than normal levels of IL-8 that are present within the CF lung. Infection and inflammation, together with intrinsic alterations in CF airway cells are responsible for the abnormally high intrapulmonary levels of IL-8. Strategies to inhibit aberrantly high CXCL8 expression hold therapeutic potential for CF lung disease.
The Role of Regional Therapies for in-Transit Melanoma in the Era of Improved Systemic Options
Authors: Gabriel Emmanuel , Skitzki Joseph
Published: July 2015

The incidence of melanoma has been increasing at a rapid rate, with 4%–11% of all melanoma recurrences presenting as in-transit disease. Treatments for in-transit melanoma of the extremity are varied and include surgical excision, lesional injection, regional techniques and systemic therapies. Excision to clear margins is preferred; however, in cases of widespread disease, this may not be practical. Historically, intralesional therapies were generally not curative and were often used for palliation or as adjuncts to other therapies, but recent advances in oncolytic viruses may change this paradigm. Radiation as a regional therapy can be quite locally toxic and is typically relegated to disease control and symptom relief in patients with limited treatment options. Regional therapies such as isolated limb perfusion and isolated limb infusion are older therapies, but offer the ability to treat bulky disease for curative intent with a high response rate. These techniques have their associated toxicities and can be technically challenging. Historically, systemic therapy with chemotherapies and biochemotherapies were relatively ineffective and highly toxic. With the advent of novel immunotherapeutic and targeted small molecule agents for the treatment of metastatic melanoma, the armamentarium against in-transit disease has expanded. Given the multitude of options, many different combinations and sequences of therapies can be offered to patients with in-transit extremity melanoma in the contemporary era. Reported response and survival rates of the varied treatments may offer valuable information regarding treatment decisions for patients with in-transit melanoma and provide rationale for these decisions.
Utilization of Volatile Organic Compounds as an Alternative for Destructive Abatement
Authors: Ojala Satu , Koivikko Niina , Laitinen Tiina , Mouammine Anass , Seelam Prem , Laassiri Said , Ainassaari Kaisu , Brahmi Rachid , Keiski Riitta
Published: July 2015

The treatment of volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions is a necessity of today. The catalytic treatment has already proven to be environmentally and economically sound technology for the total oxidation of the VOCs. However, in certain cases, it may also become economical to utilize these emissions in some profitable way. Currently, the most common way to utilize the VOC emissions is their use in energy production. However, interesting possibilities are arising from the usage of VOCs in hydrogen and syngas production. Production of chemicals from VOC emissions is still mainly at the research stage. However, few commercial examples exist. This review will summarize the commercially existing VOC utilization possibilities, present the utilization applications that are in the research stage and introduce some novel ideas related to the catalytic utilization possibilities of the VOC emissions. In general, there exist a vast number of possibilities for VOC utilization via different catalytic processes, which creates also a good research potential for the future.
Enhanced Soil Carbon Storage under Agroforestry and Afforestation in Subtropical China
Authors: Wang Guibin , Welham Clive , Feng Chaonian , Chen Lei , Cao Fuliang
Published: July 2015

Soil carbon (C) in three Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) agroforestry systems, afforestation (Ginkgo alone; G), and an agricultural cropping system were compared over a five-year period. The agroforestry systems were Ginkgo + Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) + Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.; GWP); Ginkgo + Mulberry (Morus alba L.; GM); and Ginkgo + Rapa (Brassica napus L.) + Peanut (GRP). The agricultural system consisted of wheat and peanut (WP). Total soil carbon (TSC), soil organic (SOC) and inorganic carbon (SIC), and the pools of five SOC chemical fractions were measured. TSC and SOC were always lower under WP than the G-based planting systems, and TSC in the latter increased significantly across years in the top 20 cm. Stocks of SIC under WP were significantly greater than the G-based systems, whereas SOC fractions tended to be lower. Most fractions increased across years but not in WP.
Performance of Magnetic-Superconductor Non-Contact Harmonic Drive for Cryogenic Space Applications
Authors: Perez-Diaz Jose , Diez-Jimenez Efren , Valiente-Blanco Ignacio , Cristache Cristian , Alvarez-Valenzuela Marco-Antonio , Sanchez-Garcia-Casarrubios Juan , Ferdeghini Carlo , Canepa Fabio , Hornig Wolfgang , Carbone Giuseppe , Plechacek Jan , Amorim António , Frederico Tiago , Gordo Paulo , Abreu Jorge , Sanz Violeta , Ruiz-Navas Elisa-Maria , Martinez-Rojas Juan-Antonio
Published: July 2015

Harmonic drives are profusely used in aerospace mainly because of their compactness and large reduction ratio. However, their use in cryogenic environments is still a challenge. Lubrication and fatigue are non-trivial issues under these conditions. The objective of the Magnetic-Superconductor Cryogenic Non-contact Harmonic Drive (MAGDRIVE) project, funded by the EU Space FP7, is to design, build, and test a new concept of MAGDRIVE. Non-contact interactions among magnets, soft magnetic materials, and superconductors are efficiently used to provide a high reduction ratio gear that smoothly and naturally operates at cryogenic environments. The limiting elements of conventional harmonic drives (teeth, flexspline, and ball bearings) are substituted by contactless mechanical components (magnetic gear and superconducting magnetic bearings). The absence of contact between moving parts prevents wear, lubricants are no longer required, and the operational lifetime is greatly increased. This is the first mechanical reducer in mechanical engineering history without any contact between moving parts. In this paper, the test results of a −1:20 inverse reduction ratio MAGDRIVE prototype are reported. In these tests, successful operation at 40 K and 10−3 Pa was demonstrated for more than 1.5 million input cycles. A maximum torque of 3 N·m and an efficiency of 80% were demonstrated. The maximum tested input speed was 3000 rpm, six times the previous existing record for harmonic drives at cryogenic temperatures.
Del Kitāb al-ḥadā’iq al Kitāb al-dawā’ir: replanteamiento del tratado filosófico de Ibn al-Sīd al-Batalyawsī
Authors: Eliyahu Ayala
Published: July 2015

Generalmente el tratado filosófico conocido como Kitāb al-ḥadā’iq se asocia al autor andalusí del siglo XII Ibn al-Sid al-Batalyawsī, aunque esta atribución ha sido discutida en ocasiones. Este artículo ofrece una nueva interpretación del título, la historia del texto, la autoría, las fuentes e incluso del género literario al que se adscribe este tratado, teniendo en cuenta su texto, una revisión de los datos ya conocidos y la comparación entre este tratado y el resto de la producción de al-Batalyawsī. Como conclusión se propone, en primer lugar, que el Kitāb al-ḥadā’iq no es el título original del tratado, sino que debe ser Kitāb al-dawā’ir. Por otro lado, este Kitāb al-dawā’ir era originalmente parte (una de las versiones) del Kitāb al-masā’il de al-Batalyawsī. En tercer lugar, las similitudes textuales y estilísticas entre este tratado con otras obras de al-Batalyawsī prueban su autoría. Además, el uso que al-Batalyawsī hace de fórmulas que ya encontramos en las Rasā’il Ikhwān al-Safā, y que aparecen en sus Kitāb al-ḥadā’iq y Kitāb al-masā’il, profundizan en la hipótesis del impacto que las Rasā’il causaron en el pensamiento del autor, así como en la estrecha conexión que existe entre el Kitāb al-ḥadā’iq y el Kitāb al-masā’il. De hecho, esta conexión resulta más clara cuando se atribuyen ambos tratados al género de «preguntas y respuestas» en la literatura árabe. Este artículo demuestra, por tanto, que el Kitāb al-dawā’ir de al-Batalyawsī debe entenderse como parte de su obra literaria y, así, como parte de la producción filosófica andalusí.
La mezquita mayor de Tremecén y la cúpula de su maqṣūra
Authors: Almagro Antonio
Published: July 2015

El presente artículo tiene como objeto estudiar algunos aspectos de la mezquita mayor de Tremecén basándonos en un levantamiento planimétrico realizado recientemente de sus elementos más singulares, en especial del área del miḥrāb y la maqṣūra, aportando algunas observaciones sobre este importante monumento de época almorávide que se desprenden de su análisis a través de los dibujos. Pese a ser considerada una de las construcciones más emblemáticas del arte islámico occidental del siglo XII, nunca se han publicado hasta ahora más que plantas generales, casi todas esquemáticas, y algunos dibujos de detalles. Los planos que publicamos permiten una mejor comprensión de esta obra singular que se pone en relación con otros ejemplos y de un modo especial a través de las bóvedas de arcos entrecruzados.
Sugar and Iron: Khedive Ismail’s sugar factories in Egypt and the role of French engineering companies (1867-1875)
Authors: Bodenstein Ralph
Published: July 2015

In the 1860s and 1870s, Khedive Ismail undertook a large-scale agro-industrial project that laid the basis and technical infrastructure for a modern cane-sugar industry in Middle- and Upper Egypt. Global expertise and foreign companies played a crucial role; two French mechanical engineering companies, Cail and Fives-Lille, built and equipped fourteen sugar factories alone, additional ones were built by British firms. As most of these installations have long vanished, this article makes use of French company archives and other sources in an attempt to retrace the French contribution to Ismail's factory building project, to assess the numbers and locations of the factories, and to reconstruct their architectural and structural features. Based on the evidence, it argues that the decisive characteristic shared by the factories built by Cail and Fives-Lille was that they were erected as complete iron skeleton structures and as turnkey projects that combined the delivery and installation of both buildings and machinery by one single company. Seen in a global context, this system was novel and appears to have been devised and tested by French companies in Egypt before being applied by the same companies elsewhere in the world, making a contribution to industrial building more generally.