bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epidemiological characteristics and antibody kinetics of elderly population with booster vaccination following both Omicron BA.5 and XBB waves in China
Authors: Zhao Xin‐Jing , Liu Xiao‐Lin , Liang Yu‐Min , Zhang Sheng , Liu Ti , Li Li‐Bo , Jiang Wen‐Guo , Chen Jin‐Jin , Xu Qiang , Lv Chen‐Long , Jiang Bao‐Gui , Kou Zeng‐Qiang , Wang Guo‐Lin , Fang Li‐Qun
Published: May 2024

After the termination of zero‐COVID‐19 policy, the populace in China has experienced both Omicron BA.5 and XBB waves. Considering the poor antibody responses and severe outcomes observed among the elderly following infection, we conducted a longitudinal investigation to examine the epidemiological characteristics and antibody kinetics among 107 boosted elderly participants following the Omicron BA.5 and XBB waves. We observed that 96 participants (89.7%) were infected with Omicron BA.5, while 59 (55.1%) participants were infected with Omicron XBB. Notably, 52 participants (48.6%) experienced dual infections of both Omicron BA.5 and XBB. The proportion of symptomatic cases appeared to decrease following the XBB wave (18.6%) compared to that after the BA.5 wave (59.3%). Omicron BA.5 breakthrough infection induced lower neutralizing antibody titers against XBB.1.5, BA.2.86, and JN.1, while reinfection with Omicron XBB broadened the antibody responses against all measured Omicron subvariants and may alleviate the wild type‐vaccination induced immune imprinting. Boosted vaccination type and comorbidities were the significant factors associated with antibody responses. Updated vaccines based on emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variants are needed to control the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic in the elderly.
Utilization and perspectives of weight loss medications in pediatric metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease
Authors: Kehar Mohit , Ibrahim Samar H. , Ramirez Charina M. , Amin Saista Asif , Diamond Tamir , Mohammad Saeed
Published: May 2024

Metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is increasing globally in pediatric populations. Currently, MASLD management primarily relies on lifestyle interventions, which pose challenges in sustaining long‐term weight loss. This study investigated the use of weight loss medications in MASLD care through an international survey of 166 pediatric gastroenterologists and hepatologists. The results indicated a notable interest in weight loss medications, with 38% of practitioners considering or using them, particularly glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists. However, the survey also revealed a tendency among clinicians to refer patients to specialists, emphasizing the potential gap between acknowledgment and prescription practices. Challenges include the lack of guidelines and uncertainty regarding side effects. The study highlights a pressing need for education, with over 90% of the respondents expressing an interest. Our study highlights the current management of MASLD, the potential role of pharmacotherapy, and highlights avenues for improved care and education in this dynamic field.
Geometric distortion on video see‐through head‐mounted displays
Authors: Zhao Chumin , Beams Ryan
Published: May 2024

Video see‐through (VST) head‐mounted displays (HMDs) reconstruct the physical world using outward‐facing cameras and depth sensors. One of the major challenges for VST HMDs is the geometric distortion of the physical pass‐through content. In this study, we present the experimental setup and metrology for VST geometric distortion measurement on single‐camera and dual‐camera VST HMDs. The VST geometric distortion is compared to the digital distortion by the HMD. Finally, we investigate the impacts of camera misalignment and depth distance on VST geometric distortion without and with angular‐based distortion correction. The results demonstrate that camera misalignment with respect to the eye position is the primary root cause for the distortion. Dual‐camera setup is necessary to minimize the VST geometric distortion by placing the cameras close to the eye positions. Although distortion correction can partially mitigate VST geometric distortion in a 2D plane, it remains a challenge for VST distortion correction at multiple depth distance in the 3D space. The method and findings presented of this study may provide guidelines for evaluation of spatial accuracy on VST HMDs and hardware design.
Qualitative and quantitative changes in phenology of chlorophyll a concentrations during the transition from eutrophy to oligotrophy
Authors: Straile Dietmar , Rothhaupt Karl‐Otto
Published: May 2024

The PEG (Plankton Ecology Group) model predicts differences in phenology between eutrophic and oligotrophic lakes regarding the occurrence, timing and magnitude of annual chlorophyll maxima and minima. While these predictions have been tested between lakes, hardly any tests exist using long‐term data. We test these predictions using chlorophyll time‐series (1980–2019) from Lake Constance in which trophic status shifted from eutrophic to oligotrophic conditions. We show that oligotrophication subsequently resulted in reduction of the summer and spring blooms, and finally the loss of the clear‐water phase. In contrast to the PEG model the spring bloom was not delayed, but advanced with oligotrophication. Warming modified the seasonal patterns via advancing clear‐water timing. Oligotrophication did not only influence phenologies, but also the importance of independent variables driving phenologies. Thus, the decline of nutrients was the dominant factor in shaping the seasonal patterns of chlorophyll in Lake Constance during the last four decades.
Light‐adaptive Mimicking Retina with In Situ Image Memorization via Resistive Switching Photomemristor Arrays
Authors: Hu Zijun , Hu Ying , Su Li , Fang Xiaosheng
Published: May 2024

Artificial visual memory systems have been of particular interest since the development of machine vision and bionic robots. Ordinarily, the conventional system architecture requires the complex integration of two functional modules, a photo‐sensor and a memory device, which greatly limits the operating efficiency and increases the extra energy consumption. Nonetheless, other simply configured optoelectronics memory devices generally face challenges of adaption in complex light environments. Here, a resistive switching (RS) perovskite‐based photomemristor is presented that mimics the retina function. The dual function of light perception and in situ storage are both achieved. In the dark condition, it exhibits impressive memory performance with a high ON/OFF ratio of 104, a long retention time of over 104 s, and a low operating voltage of 0.38 V. With illumination, it shows self‐powered, broadband photo‐detecting characteristics with responsivity of 70 mA W−1 and detectivity of 7.5 × 1010 Jones. More importantly, benefiting from the material dual‐phase configuration, the highly steady photo‐adjusted RS windows are achieved. Its light‐adaptive memory application in dynamic environments is further demonstrated using the mimicking retina for a machine eye. This work can provide a strategy for enhanced RS photomemristor and its application in changing and varied scenarios.
Electronically Controlled Dual‐Wavelength Switchable SRS Fiber Amplifier in the NIR‐II Region for Multispectral Photoacoustic Microscopy
Authors: Lee Hwidon , Seeger Markus R. , Bouma Brett E.
Published: May 2024

Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is a high‐resolution and non‐invasive imaging modality that provides optical absorption contrast. By employing dual‐ or multiple‐wavelength excitation, PAM extends its capabilities to offer valuable spectroscopic information. To achieve efficient multispectral PAM imaging, an essential requirement is a light source characterized by a high repetition rate and switching rate, a ≈microjoule pulse energy, and a ≈nanosecond pulse duration. However, there exists a notable deficiency in suitable light sources, particularly in the near‐infrared‐II window. In this study, a custom‐built all‐fiber‐based light source is reported that provides >3 µJ, 2 ns pulses with a repetition rate of 200 kHz. Digitally addressed semiconductor seed lasers, followed by stimulated Raman scattering amplification, enabled arbitrary sequences of pulses having wavelengths of either 1168.4 or 1202.1 nm. In a switching mode of operation, a 100 kHz switching rate is used to alternate between these wavelengths in even/odd pulses. Furthermore, a high‐resolution multispectral photoacoustic microscopy of three polymer samples is demonstrated with the proposed light source.
Multimode Emission in GaN Microdisk Lasers
Authors: Drechsler Monty L. , Choi Luca Sung‐Min , Tabataba‐Vakili Farsane , Nippert Felix , Koulas‐Simos Aris , Lorke Michael , Reitzenstein Stephan , Alloing Blandine , Boucaud Philippe , Wagner Markus R. , Jahnke Frank
Published: May 2024

Quantum well nanolasers usually show single‐mode lasing, as gain saturation suppresses emissions in other modes. In contrast, for whispering gallery mode microdisk lasers with GaN quantum wells as active material, above threshold multimode laser emission is observed. This intriguing emission feature is manifested in the fact that several modes simultaneously show the characteristic kink in the input–output curve at the onset of lasing. A quantum theory for nanolasers is used to support the experimental finding and to analyze this behavior in the presence of gain saturation. Coupling effects between neighboring modes are identified as the origin of multimode lasing, which initiate photon exchange between modes via population pulsations similar to classical wave‐mixing effects. A reduction of this type of mode coupling with increasing mode spacing is demonstrated. The results can pave the way for multimode application of nanolasers in integrated photonic circuits.
Simultaneous NIR Emission and Thermal Stability Enhancement in Garnet‐Type NIR Phosphors through the Synergistic Effect of Lattice Distortion and Enhanced Rigidity
Authors: Wang Yining , Xu Zheng , Shang Mengmeng , Sun Yixin , Xing Xiaole , Dang Peipei , Lin Jun
Published: May 2024

Even though there have been significant advancements in the development of Cr3+‐activated near‐infrared (NIR) phosphors, the challenge still remains to develop highly efficient and thermally stable NIR phosphors. Here, the Ca4‐xZnxHfGe3O12:0.03Cr3+ solid solution phosphors with 834–806 nm NIR emission are constructed by substituting Zn2+ for Ca2+, thereby facilitating the formation of [ZnO6] luminescence site. The coexistence of [HfO6] and [Zn/CaO6] luminescence centers is confirmed through DFT calculation, time‐resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) spectroscopy, and low‐temperature‐photoluminescence (77 K) spectroscopy. The formation of [ZnO6] effectively resolves the issue of lattice mismatch between Cr3+ and Ca2+. Furthermore, the simultaneous enhancement of luminescence intensity and thermal stability is realized through a synergistic combination of lattice distortion and rigidity enhancement. By optimizing the substitution concentration of Cr3+, the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of 92% and an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 29% are finally achieved. Meanwhile, the thermal stability is also enhanced from 59%@400 K (x = 0) to 81%@400 K (x = 0.8). The developed NIR phosphor‐converted light‐emitting diodes (pc‐LEDs) exhibit promising prospects in the fields of security, biomedicine, non‐destructive testing and rapid identification.
The grade of obesity affects the noninvasive diagnosis of advanced fibrosis in individuals with MASLD
Authors: Chouik Yasmina , Aubin Adrien , Maynard‐Muet Marianne , Segrestin Bérénice , Milot Laurent , Hervieu Valérie , Zoulim Fabien , Disse Emmanuel , Levrero Massimo , Caussy Cyrielle
Published: May 2024

Objective

Metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is closely associated with obesity. We aimed to assess the impact of obesity on the performance of different noninvasive tests, including liver stiffness measurement (LSM) and Agile3+ (A3+), to detect advanced fibrosis (AF) in a population of patients with MASLD encompassing a wide range of BMI values.

Methods

A total of 479 patients with MASLD were consecutively included (Lyon Hepatology Institute). Clinical data and noninvasive tests, including FibroTest, LSM, A3+, Fibrosis‐4 (FIB‐4), magnetic resonance elastography, and liver biopsies, were collected. AF was determined by a composite endpoint, i.e., histological stage ≥ F3, overt diagnosis of cirrhosis by magnetic resonance elastography, or concordant LSM ≥ 9.6 kPa and FibroTest ≥ F3.

Results

The median BMI was 35.0 kg/m2, and the prevalence of AF was 28.6%. Patients with BMI ≥ 35 versus <35 had a lower proportion of AF, i.e., 19.3% versus 38.1% (p < 0.001), but higher indeterminate status for AF (34.2% vs. 15.4%; p < 0.001). In the case of BMI ≥ 35, LSM had lower specificity to rule in AF (77.9%) versus A3+ (90.4%), but A3+ had decreased sensitivity to rule out AF. A sequential LSM/A3+ strategy achieved high specificity to rule in AF and lowered the proportion of indeterminate cases in patients with BMI ≥ 35.

Conclusions

The grade of obesity affects the detection of MASLD‐related AF. A sequential use of LSM/A3+ could improve AF detection in patients with BMI ≥ 35.
Matrix‐phase material selection for shape memory polymer composites: A comparative analysis of multi‐criteria decision‐making
Authors: Omosa Geoffrey Barongo , Mwema F. M. , Akinlabi Esther T. , Jen T. C. , Mutua J. M.
Published: May 2024

In the present study, the selection of suitable shape memory polymers (SMPs) to be used as the matrix‐phase material with various (In)organic filler materials to achieve the required optimum multi‐stimuli response in shape memory polymer composites (SMPC) systems is analyzed. The selection of these materials is based on their mechanical and physical properties as well as other underlying factors such as cost, availability, shape recovery rate, and aesthetic characteristics. In this study, the entropy method was applied to estimate the weightages of the various criteria while the gray relation analysis (GRA) and the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). Multi‐criteria decision‐making (MCDM) approaches have been used to rank the suitable matrix‐phase polymer materials for manufacturing shape memory polymer composites (SMPC) system. A total of eight alternative SMP matrix‐phase materials based on a set of nine criteria were analyzed and ranked. The proposed methodology and the result obtained thereof have been illustrated in detail. The results obtained from TOPSIS and GRA methods have been compared to conclude the effects of the material properties on the ranking and the selection of the SMP materials. Among all the eight alternatives considered, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was found to be the best material in both the MCDM methods. The material cost, resistivity, % elongation, and hydrophobicity present the most influencing properties on the SMP material selection, whereas density presents no effect on the SMP matrix material selection. The robustness of the results for the comparative analysis was verified using TOPSIS methodology to validate its reliability. It was revealed that the TPU, polycarbonate, polypropylene, and epoxy‐resin/poly(lactic acid) are the most dominant matrix‐phase SMP material alternatives when a deviation in the entropy weights of the primary evaluation criteria is applied. The novelty of this study is the exploration and application of statistical MCDM methods of engineering material selection problems based on a set of decision criteria, which can be time‐consuming and costly while using experimental analysis methods.

Highlights

SMPCs are applicable engineering materials thus making their research viable.

SMPC systems can undergo various shape changes under external stimuli.

Selection of matrix‐phase polymer is critical in achieving desired objectives.

GRA and TOPSIS MCDM approaches have been applied in the selection process.

TPU was found as the best material in both methods.
Sense of relatedness and science engagement among Filipino high school students
Authors: Datu Jesus Alfonso D. , Noltemeyer Amity
Published: May 2024

Past studies indicate that feeling related to specific social agents such as parents, teachers, and peers can facilitate domain‐general academic engagement. However, there is scarce research on how relatedness may be associated with engagement in specific academic subjects. This cross‐sectional study explores the associations of sense of relatedness to mother, father, science teachers, friends, classmates, and neighbors with behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and social engagement in science. Four hundred and thirty‐eight high school students completed an online survey that included scales to assess demographic information, relatedness, and science engagement. Only relatedness to science teacher positively predicted behavioral, cognitive, and emotional engagement in science when controlling for other relatedness dimensions, age, gender, year in school, parental educational attainment, and daily allowance. Although further research that can uncover causal conclusions is needed, these findings suggest the importance of science teacher relatedness for students' science engagement.
Quantitative proteomics investigating the intrinsic adaptation mechanism of Aeromonas hydrophila to streptomycin
Authors: Zhang Shuangziying , Yang Wenxiao , Xie Yuyue , Zhao Xinrui , Chen Haoyu , Zhang Lishan , Lin Xiangmin
Published: May 2024

Aeromonas hydrophila, a prevalent pathogen in the aquaculture industry, poses significant challenges due to its drug‐resistant strains. Moreover, residues of antibiotics like streptomycin, extensively employed in aquaculture settings, drive selective bacterial evolution, leading to the progressive development of resistance to this agent. However, the underlying mechanism of its intrinsic adaptation to antibiotics remains elusive. Here, we employed a quantitative proteomics approach to investigate the differences in protein expression between A. hydrophila under streptomycin (SM) stress and nonstress conditions. Notably, bioinformatics analysis unveiled the potential involvement of metal pathways, including metal cluster binding, iron‐sulfur cluster binding, and transition metal ion binding, in influencing A. hydrophila’s resistance to SM. Furthermore, we evaluated the sensitivity of eight gene deletion strains related to streptomycin and observed the potential roles of petA and AHA_4705 in SM resistance. Collectively, our findings enhance the understanding of A. hydrophila’s response behavior to streptomycin stress and shed light on its intrinsic adaptation mechanism.
“Too young to have this kind of diagnosis”: A qualitative exploration of younger adults' experiences of colorectal cancer diagnosis
Authors: Bergin Rebecca J. , Ashley Anna , Hardstaff Jodie , White Victoria
Published: May 2024

Objective

Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence is rising among adults under the age of 50 (early‐ or young‐onset CRC). This population is more likely to have advanced‐stage disease at diagnosis, suggesting their diagnostic pathway may be prolonged. To better understand factors influencing this pathway, this study explored patients' experiences of decision‐making during a diagnosis of young‐onset CRC.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 17 participants with young‐onset CRC diagnosed in 2021–2022 in Victoria, Australia. Interviews were conducted online or by phone an average 7 months (range 1–13) after diagnosis. Analysis was approached from a critical realist perspective, with themes developed inductively using reflexive thematic analysis.

Results

Five themes were identified: Shifting Perception of Urgency, Multidimensional Perception of Role, Making the Most of Resources, Stage of Life, and COVID Adds Complexity. Participants' decision‐making evolved over the diagnostic period. As participants perceived urgency to act, they took on a more active role in decision‐making, utilising personal resources to access timely care. Their decisions were shaped by stage‐of‐life considerations, including employment and caring for a young family, with the COVID‐19 pandemic adding “…a whole other layer of complexity” to the process.

Conclusions

Younger adults with CRC make decisions in the context of unique considerations, adapting to reduce time to diagnosis, with decisions complicated by the COVID‐19 pandemic. Greater support from health care providers/systems in the diagnostic period may improve timeliness of CRC diagnosis and outcomes in younger adults.
Fe‐La‐Ce‐ZSM‐5 Zeolite for Adsorbing Congo Red
Authors: Yang Jie , Cai Zhengkun , Li Dong
Published: May 2024

In this experiment, ZSM‐5 molecular sieves are prepared by hydrothermal synthesis and modified by impregnation with Fe, La, and Ce loading. X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photon‐electron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy show that Fe, La, and Ce elements are successfully loaded onto the surface of the material, and the surface area of Fe‐La‐Ce‐ZSM‐5 is 241.66 m2 g−1. A systematic study on the adsorption of Congo red solution is carried out using Fe‐La‐Ce‐ZSM‐5 molecular sieves and it is found through the adsorption data that the adsorption process is more in line with Langmuir and the proposed second‐order kinetic model, and the theoretical saturated adsorption capacity is 2669.19 mg g−1. The adsorption process is recycled four times and still has more than 60 % removal performance for high‐concentration Congo red solution. The results of this experiment show that Fe‐La‐Ce‐ZSM‐5 molecular sieves show excellent removal performance for Congo red dye in wastewater.
Curcumin and its anti‐colorectal cancer potential: From mechanisms of action to autophagy
Authors: Brockmueller Aranka , Ruiz de Porras Vicenç , Shakibaei Mehdi
Published: May 2024

Colorectal cancer (CRC) development and progression, one of the most common cancers globally, is supported by specific mechanisms to escape cell death despite chemotherapy, including cellular autophagy. Autophagy is an evolutionarily highly conserved degradation pathway involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and clearance of foreign bodies, and its imbalance is associated with many diseases. However, the role of autophagy in CRC progression remains controversial, as it has a dual function, affecting either cell death or survival, and is associated with cellular senescence in tumor therapy. Indeed, numerous data have been presented that autophagy in cancers serves as an alternative to cell apoptosis when the latter is ineffective or in apoptosis‐resistant cells, which is why it is also referred to as programmed cell death type II. Curcumin, one of the active constituents of Curcuma longa, has great potential to combat CRC by influencing various cellular signaling pathways and epigenetic regulation in a safe and cost‐effective approach. This review discusses the efficacy of curcumin against CRC in vitro and in vivo, particularly its modulation of autophagy and apoptosis in various cellular pathways. While clinical studies have assessed the potential of curcumin in cancer prevention and treatment, none have specifically examined its role in autophagy. Nonetheless, we offer an overview of potential correlations to support the use of this polyphenol as a prophylactic or co‐therapeutic agent in CRC.
Identifying associations between genetic conditions in offspring and pregnancy health complications
Authors: Gibson Rebecca A. , Abar Bijan , Elman Lily N. , Walsh Kyle M. , Hurst Jillian H. , Cohen Jennifer L.
Published: May 2024

Background

Prior research has identified associations between pregnancy complications and specific genetic diagnoses in offspring.

Objective

The purpose of this study is to provide a broader investigation of associations between infant genetic diagnoses and pregnancy complications.

Methods

Retrospective chart review of birthing parent–infant dyads born at Duke University (2013–2021) identified 236 birthing parents who had infants postnatally diagnosed with genetic diseases (exposed group) and 472 matched dyads without concern for newborn genetic disease (unexposed group). Logistic regression examined associations between pregnancy complications and genetic diseases in offspring.

Results

The risk of gestational diabetes was elevated among birthing parents of infants with aneuploidy (risk ratio [RR] = 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02, 2.59) when controlled for birthing parent age. The risk of pre‐eclampsia was elevated among birthing parents of infants with imprinting conditions (RR = 3.31; 95% CI: 1.29, 8.49) when controlled for birthing parent age. The presence of any infant genetic disease was associated with an increase in placental disorders (RR = 1.98; 95% CI: 1.61, 2.43), including a 2.25‐fold increase in placental infarction (RR = 2.25; 95% CI 1.72, 2.93).

Conclusions

These findings provide additional evidence into relationships between genetic diseases in offspring and pregnancy complications in birthing parents and may guide identification of pregnancies that would benefit from expanded prenatal and antenatal genetic screening for earlier identification and treatment of genetic conditions.
When help is not wanted: Frustrated needs and poor after‐work recovery as consequences of unwanted help at work
Authors: Schulz Anika D. , Fay Doris , Schöllgen Ina , Wendsche Johannes
Published: May 2024

Instrumental help and support in the workplace are mostly associated with outcomes that are considered desirable for organisations and their employees. In this study, we seek to shed light on a specific type of help at work that may entail negative consequences: being offered help that is not wanted by the recipient. Drawing on basic psychological needs theory and on theory of ruminative thoughts, we propose that offering unwanted help frustrates the recipient's psychological needs for autonomy and competence, which in turn affects after‐work recovery processes in the form of increased rumination and decreased psychological detachment. Supporting our hypotheses, a cross‐sectional survey study (Study 1, N = 279) revealed that employees who were offered unwanted help from coworkers or supervisors experienced higher frustration in need for competence and autonomy, which in turn was associated with higher rumination after work and less psychological detachment from work. Results from a time‐lagged survey with two measurement points 2 weeks apart (Study 2, N = 165) showed that being offered unwanted help was concurrently related to increased competence and autonomy frustration, of which only autonomy frustration later translated into higher after‐work rumination and ultimately lower psychological detachment from work. Our findings suggest that needs frustration provides a promising approach to investigate and explain potentially detrimental effects of unwanted help at work on after‐work recovery processes.
Highly Wavelength‐Selective Self‐Powered Solar‐Blind Ultraviolet Photodetector Based on Colloidal Aluminum Nitride Quantum Dots
Authors: Wu Hao , Wu Chao , Cheng Xiaoyu , Guo Chenyu , Hu Jun , Guo Daoyou , He Sailing
Published: May 2024

Colloidal quantum dots are semiconductor nanocrystals endowed with unique optoelectronic properties. A major challenge to the field is the lack of methods for synthesizing quantum dots exhibit strong photo‐response in the deep‐ultraviolet (DUV) band. Here, a facile solution‐processed method is presented for synthesizing ultrawide bandgap aluminium nitride quantum dots (AlN QDs) showing distinguished UV‐B photoluminescence. Combined with the strong optical response in solar blind band, a solution‐processed, self‐powered AlN‐QDs/β‐Ga2O3 solar‐blind photodetector is demonstrated. The photodetector is characterized with a high responsivity of 1.6 mA W−1 under 0 V bias and specific detectivity 7.60 × 10−11 Jones under 5 V bias voltage with good solar blind selectivity. Given the solution‐processed capability of the devices and extraordinary properties of AlN QDs, this study anticipates the utilization of AlN QDs will open up unique opportunities for cost‐effective industrial production of high‐performance DUV optoelectronics for large‐scale applications.
Conductive MXene/Polymer Composites for Transparent Flexible Supercapacitors
Authors: Ren Shan , Pan Xiangyu , Zhang Yangyang , Xu Jianlong , Liu Zhifang , Zhang Xuanyi , Li Xian , Gao Xu , Zhong Yanan , Chen Sheng , Wang Sui‐Dong
Published: May 2024

Transparent flexible energy storage devices are limited by the trade‐off among flexibility, transparency, and charge storage capability of their electrode materials. Conductive polymers are intrinsically flexible, but limited by small capacitance. Pseudocapacitive MXene provides high capacitance, yet their opaque and brittle nature hinders their flexibility and transparency. Herein, the development of synergistically interacting conductive polymer Ti3C2Tx MXene/PEDOT:PSS composites is reported for transparent flexible all‐solid‐state supercapacitors, with an outstanding areal capacitance of 3.1 mF cm−2, a high optical transparency of 61.6%, and excellent flexibility and durability. The high capacitance and high transparency of the devices stem from the uniform and thorough blending of PEDOT:PSS and Ti3C2Tx, which is associated with the formation of O─H…O H‐bonds in the composites. The conductive MXene/polymer composite electrodes demonstrate a rational means to achieve high‐capacity, transparent and flexible supercapacitors in an easy and scalable manner.
Hollow Cu/CoS2 Nanozyme with Defect‐Induced Enzymatic Catalytic Sites and Binding Pockets for Highly Sensitive Fluorescence Detection of Alkaline Phosphatase
Authors: Wang Han , Su Ping , Wei Wenyu , Song Jiayi , Yang Yi
Published: May 2024

Along with an ever‐deepening understanding of the catalytic principle of natural enzymes, the rational design of high‐activity biomimetic nanozymes has become a hot topic in current research. Inspired by the active centers of natural enzymes consisting of catalytic sites and binding pockets, a Cu‐doped CoS2 hollow nanocube (Cu/CoS2 HNCs) nanozyme integrating substitution defects and vacancies is developed through a defect engineering strategy. It is shown that the vacancies and substitution defects in the developed Cu/CoS2 HNC nanozymes serve as binding pockets and catalytic sites, respectively. The construction of this key active center and the accelerated electron transfer from the Co/Cu redox cycle significantly improve the substrate affinity and catalytic efficiency of the Cu/CoS2 HNCs nanozymes, which results in the excellent catalytic performance of the Cu/CoS2 HNC nanozymes. Using the superior enzymatic activity of Cu/CoS2 HNCs, a fluorescence detection platform for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is established, which is a wider detection range and lower limit of detection (LOD) than previous work. This work broadens the family of nanozymes and provide a new idea for the development of novel nanozymes with high enzyme activity, as well as a guideline for the construction of highly sensitive fluorescent sensors.
LiF‐Rich Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation by Establishing Sacrificial Layer on the Separator
Authors: Jin Huding , Pyo Seonmi , Seo Harim , Cho Jinil , Han Junghyup , Han Juyeon , Yun Heejun , Kim Heebae , Lee Jeewon , Min Byeongyun , Yoo Jeeyoung , Kim Youn Sang
Published: May 2024

The formation of a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer is crucial for enhancing the safety and lifespan of Li metal batteries. Fundamentally, a homogeneous Li+ behavior by controlling the chemical reaction at the anode/electrolyte interface is the key to establishing a stable SEI layer. However, due to the highly reactive nature of Li metal anodes (LMAs), controlling the movement of Li+ at the anode/electrolyte interface remains challenging. Here, an advanced approach is proposed for coating a sacrificial layer called fluorinated self‐assembled monolayer (FSL) on a boehmite‐coated polyethylene (BPE) separator to form a stable SEI layer. By leveraging the strong affinity between the fluorine functional group and Li+, the rapid formation of a LiF‐rich SEI layer in the cell production and early cycling stage is facilitated. This initial stable SEI formation promotes the subsequent homogeneous Li+ flux, thereby improving the LMA stability and yielding an enhanced battery lifespan. Further, the mechanism behind the stable SEI layer generation by controlling the Li+ dynamics through the FSL‐treated BPE separator is comprehensively verified. Overall, this research offers significant contributions to the energy storage field by addressing challenges associated with LMAs, thus highlighting the importance of interfacial control in achieving a stable SEI layer.
Enhancing Structural Rigidity of Ultrahigh‐Ni Oxide Through Al and Nb Dual‐Bulk‐Doping for High‐Voltage Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Liu Zhi‐Chao , Wang Fang , Wang Wei‐Na , Liu Sheng , Gao Xue‐Ping
Published: May 2024

The pursuit of high energy densities propels the design of next‐generation nickel‐based layered oxide cathodes. The utilization of low‐cobalt, ultrahigh‐nickel layered oxide cathodes, and the extension of operating voltages promise enhanced energy density. However, stability and safety face challenges associated with nickel content, including structural degradation, lattice oxygen evolution, and thermal instability. In this study, a promising strategy of Al and Nb dual‐bulk‐doping is presented in high‐Ni cathode materials of LiNi0.96Co0.04O2 (NC) to stabilize the bulk structure, suppress oxygen release, and attain superior electrochemical performance at high voltages. The introduction of Al and Nb effectively raises the migration energy of Ni2+ into Li sites and stabilizes lattice oxygen through strengthened Al─O and Nb─O bonds. Furthermore, the substitution of high‐valence Nb ions reduces the charge depletion of lattice oxygen and induces an ordered microstructure. The Al and Nb dual‐bulk‐doping strategy mitigates strain and stress associated with the H2↔H3 phase transition, reducing the generation and propagation of microcracks. The resulting Li(Ni0.96Co0.04)0.985Al0.01Nb0.005O2 (NCAN) cathode exhibits superior cycling stability, with a capacity retention of 77.8% after 300 cycles, even when operating at a high‐voltage of 4.4 V, outperforming the NC (48.5%). This work provides a promising perspective for developing high‐voltage and high‐Ni cathode materials.
Overcoming Language Barrier for Scientific Studies via Unsupervised Literature Learning: Case Study on Solar Cell Materials Prediction
Authors: Zhang Lei , He Mu , Huang Endai , Ma Xiaokang , You Jiaxue , Jen Alex Kwan Yue , Liu Shengzhong (Frank)
Published: May 2024

Data‐driven materials and chemical studies have been predominantly confined to English‐language databases, posing challenges for researchers in non‐English‐speaking regions to access and comprehend literature and derive scientific insights. Herein, a machine learning approach designed for information extraction and knowledge acquisition in the materials and chemical science realm from non‐English literature databases, requiring minimal human intervention, is presented. The efficacy of language model through a case study centered on the prediction of solar cell materials using Chinese‐language sources is studied. The unsupervised learning model effectively extracts crucial latent chemical and materials data from non‐English literature resources. Subsequently, the language model successfully identifies existing solar cell materials and forecasts potential candidates from this non‐English corpus. To further validate the suitability of the proposed solar cell material candidates, we conduct ab initio density functional theory calculations to evaluate their structural and optoelectronic properties. The results validate both the efficacy of our language model and the predictability of our approach. This study represents a stride toward comprehensive data‐driven machine learning for materials and chemical predictions, transcending the limitations of English literature. Furthermore, it offers a solution to aid researchers in non‐English‐speaking regions in overcoming language barriers and accessing scientific discoveries.
Bahnumbauten und stählerne Eisenbahnbrücken in Chemnitz und Hannover um 1900
Authors: Monka‐Birkner Johanna , Reinäcker Moritz , Schulte Clara Jiva , Krafczyk Christina , Lorenz Werner , Marx Steffen
Published: May 2024

Die Entwicklung und der rasante Ausbau des Eisenbahnnetzes seit der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts kann als maßgeblicher Bestandteil der Industrialisierung in Deutschland bezeichnet werden, hatte massive Auswirkungen auf die Siedlungs‐ und Landschaftsplanung und griff dadurch tief in die kulturhistorische Entwicklung der jeweiligen Region ein. Als Folge der Hochindustrialisierung stiegen um 1900 der Wunsch der Bevölkerung nach Mobilität sowie die Notwendigkeit des Transports von Waren enorm an, sodass das Eisenbahnnetz immer stärker ausgebaut wurde. Insbesondere im städtischen Bereich ging damit auch der Bau einer umfangreichen Infrastruktur einher, die sowohl auf der Straße als auch auf der Schiene schnell an ihre Kapazitätsgrenzen geriet. Die dafür notwendigen Gleisumlegungen machten eine große Anzahl von neuen Brückenbauwerken erforderlich. So entstand eine Vielzahl von stählernen Vollwandträgerbrücken mit geringer Spannweite, die mit ihrer ökonomischen Formensprache und reich gestalteten Pylonen an den Widerlagern die Städte nachhaltig veränderten. Diese Brückenensembles sowie die jeweiligen Bau‐ und Planungsprozesse werden für die Städte Hannover und Chemnitz in diesem Aufsatz näher betrachtet und es soll diskutiert werden, welche Lösungen für die gleiche Bauaufgabe vor dem jeweiligen regionalen und politischen Hintergrund gefunden wurden und wie diese das Stadtbild prägen.
Thermo‐mechanical properties and optimization of sodium alginate as a polymer backbone substrate for biosensor application
Authors: Abdullah Nur Amira Sahirah , Mohamad Zurina , Khan Zahid Iqbal
Published: May 2024

This study was aim to optimize the formulation of the sodium alginate biosensor substrate with incorporation of sodium alginate (1%‐6%(w/v)) as a polymer backbone and glycerol (10–50 wt%) as a plasticizer. The effect of their interaction on film's tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EB) were analyzed via response surface methodology‐central composite design (RSM‐CCD). The optimum parameter of the films for the maximum TS was at 1.90%(w/v) of sodium alginate and 17 wt% of glycerol and for maximum EB was at 4.89%(w/v) of sodium alginate and 49.65 wt% of glycerol. The optimum parameter of the films had revealed the better TS was at lower sodium alginate content and better EB was at higher glycerol content. In terms of thermal stability, the thermal decomposition temperature (Tonset) of sodium alginate decreased with the incorporation of glycerol.
A ‘must‐have’ book for vets working with aquatic species
Authors: Metselaar Matthijs
Published: May 2024

Reviewed by Matthijs Metselaar, a specialist in fish health and production.
Metal Melt Filtration in a Water-Based Model System Using a Semi-automated Pilot Plant: Experimental Methods, Influencing Factors, Models
Authors: Daus Sarah , Ditscherlein Lisa , Hoppach Daniel , Peuker Urs A.
Published: May 2024

Even though ceramic foam filters for metal melt filtration have been used in the casting industry for many decades, the filtration mechanisms have not yet been satisfactorily determined. Due to the opaqueness of the melt and the need for high operating temperatures as well as the complexity of the aluminum casting process, filtration experiments are expensive and a detailed insight into the filtration process is hardly achievable. However, the analysis by means of a model system contributes to an essential understanding of the processes taking place. Metal melt systems are characterized by their high surface tension resulting in poor wettability of the solid surfaces in contact with the liquid melt. Therefore, the model system needs to exhibit both similar flow characteristics and wetting properties as the melt system to obtain reliable results. In this study, water was used as the model liquid and the wetting properties of the solid surfaces have been modified to mimic the characteristic wetting behavior of the melt-filter interface. The influence of filter and particle properties as well as process parameters on the filtration efficiency of ceramic foam filters have been investigated. In order to minimize possible overlapping effects in the determination of individual parameters influencing the separation efficiency, care was taken to vary only one parameter, so that the filtration is only dependent on one variable. Besides water-based filtration experiments, it is also possible to have a closer look on interaction forces between inclusion particles and the filter wall and how a higher filtration efficiency can be achieved. Here, too, a water-based model system is beneficial due to the same issues of available devices and costs.
Characterization of Heat Transport and Diffusion Processes During Metal Melt Filtration
Authors: Heisig Lisa-Marie , Markuske Katrin , Wulf Rhena , Fieback Tobias Michael
Published: May 2024

This chapter contains a summary of thermodynamic investigations of ceramic filters, metal melts and their interaction, which can serve as a basis for the optimization of the filters as well as the casting and metal melt filtration process. First, the thermophysical properties of two different filter base materials are briefly discussed. Subsequently, after demonstrating measurement conditions and parameters, the effective thermal conductivities of filters with varying pore size, porosity and material measured by the Transient-Plane-Source method at temperatures up to 700 °C are presented. The experimental determination of radiative properties of the filters using a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer with an external integrating sphere was compared to simple predictive methods. Finally, after performing experiments with air, a measurement section was created and further developed to determine the volumetric heat transfer coefficient during metal melt filtration. The first results obtained with aluminum melt are presented.

In addition to the knowledge of heat transport processes, the understanding of the sorption and diffusion behavior of various gases in metal melts is important. Therefore, a thermogravimetric apparatus, which enables the direct determination of the mass changes caused by (ab-)sorption using a high-precision magnetic suspension balance, was modified especially for this measurement task.
Modeling and Evaluation of the Thermo-mechanical Behavior of Filter Materials and Filter Structures
Authors: Abendroth Martin , Roth Stephan , Malik Alexander , Seupel Andreas , Kuna Meinhard , Kiefer Bjoern
Published: May 2024

To capture and predict the chemo-thermo-mechanical behavior of ceramic foam filters, material models and simulation tools are required. The description of the thermo-mechanical inelastic behavior as well as the in-situ layer formation on reactive filters have been the aims of this subproject. Challenging aspects in the whole progress are the exact geometrical replication of the underlying foam structure of the filter and the lack of experimental data for many relevant loading cases. The software FoamGUI is developed to generate parametrized, periodic three-dimensional representative volume elements (RVE) of foam structures, which are used in continuum and fluid mechanical simulations as well as for 3D-printing. Calculation concepts are formulated to predict the inelastic deformation and failure behavior of ceramic open-cell foams under thermo-mechanical loading. First-order homogenization approaches are used to conclude from the mesoscopic behavior of the foam RVE to the macroscopic response of filter structures. A hybrid approach is developed in the established framework of rate-independent plasticity in combination with neural networks, which replace the plastic flow potential and the evolution equations of internal state variables. Another modeling aspect is motivated by the experimentally observed growth of an in situ layer during the so-called reactive phase of the filtration process. This phenomenon motivates the development of a model to describe diffusion, chemical reactions and phase transition processes of multi-phase/multi-component systems using the phase-field method. This allows the simulation of spatially and temporally resolved microstructure evolution leading to the layer formation.
Reactive Cleaning and Active Filtration in Continuous Steel Casting
Authors: Spitzenberger Andy , Bauer Katrin , Schwarze Rüdiger
Published: May 2024

Basic fluid dynamic processes of melt filtration have been investigated in order to increase the performance and efficiency of filtration systems in steelmaking, especially for continuous steel casting. Numerical simulations have been performed to investigate the interactions between filter structures and the mean melt flow, the development of endogenous non-metallic inclusion (NMI) populations in the flow, and inclusion removal from the melt. For this purpose, Euler–Lagrange models of the particle-laden flow have been developed. As a major finding, the reactive cleaning process of the melt has been proven to be a very efficient cleaning method. Here, inclusion removal is strongly improved by the lifting action of reactively generated gas bubbles at the NMI surfaces. Details of the reactive cleaning process and the combination of reactive cleaning and active filtration have been investigated, too. The prediction quality of the numerical models with regard to fluid flow and the efficiency of the employed filtration systems have been successfully examined by comparing numerical simulations with the results from experimental investigations in different water model experiments and the steel casting simulator.
Interactions Between Molten Iron and Carbon Bonded Filter Materials
Authors: Wei Xingwen , Storti Enrico , Dudczig Steffen , Fabrichnaya Olga , Aneziris Christos G. , Volkova Olena
Published: May 2024

This chapter presents the interaction between carbon free active and carbon bonded reactive ceramic filter materials and molten iron by utilizing the sessile drop method. The most of carbon free ceramic filter materials showed non-reactive system during the interaction. After the interaction, the number, type, and the size of the non-metallic inclusions were registered with the aid of ASPEX analysis. On the other hand, the carbon bonded materials showed a series of phenomenon during the interaction including the formation of oxide layers covered on the iron droplet and whiskers on the surface of the sample droplets and substrates. To explain these phenomena, the stability of the oxides was calculated. The calculated results indicate that the oxides that consisted of substrates could decompose under the present experimental conditions.