bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Species composition and biology reproductions aspects of stingray (Batoidea) in south coast of Prigi waters, Trenggalek, East Java, Indonesia
Authors: Bintoro G , Lelono T D , Setyohadi D , Maharani H , Rihmi M K
Published: November 2021

Stingray (Batoidea) are often caught as bycatch in south coast of Prigi waters. The stingray resource has very limited in number and require a long time to reproduce. Attention must be paid to avoid the extinct of stingray resource. This research aimed to justify species composition and identify length weight relationship, sex ratio, and clasper maturity level of stingray (Batoidea) caught in south coast of Prigi waters. The research was carried out from December 2019 to April 2020 at Prigi archipelago fishing port as landing place. This study used a quantitative descriptive method with the number of samples that were successfully obtained as many as 97 stingray. During the study, 6 species of stingray (Batoidea) were identified, namely Taiwan guitarfish (Rhinobatos schlegelii), blotched fantail stingray (Taeniurops meyeni), Japanese devilray (Mobula japanica), bluespotted maskray (Neotrygon kuhlii), shark ray (Rhina ancylostoma), dan bluespotted fantail ray (Taeniura lymma). Result indicated that Taiwan guitarfish (R. schlegelii) and bluespotted maskray (N. kuhlii) were two dominant stingray species in south coast of Prigi waters with proportion of 47.42% and 41.24% respectively. Disk width (Dw) and weight (W) of Taiwan guitarfish (R. schlegelii) ranged from 15.2 cm to 24.6 cm and from 268 gr to 1060 gr respectively and bluespotted maskray (N. kuhlii) ranged from 17.3 cm to 39.3 cm and from 140 gr to 2006 gr respectively. Another analysis showed that Taiwan guitarfish (R. schlegelii) and bluespotted maskray (N. kuhlii) had length weight relationship equations W = 0.0202 Dw34699 and W=0.0351*Dw29848 respectively. The sex ratio of Taiwan guitarfish Taiwan guitarfish (R. schlegelii) dan bluespotted maskray (N. kuhlii) was 1:1.4 and 1:1.2 respectively. In addition, clasper maturity level of the Taiwan guitarfish (R. schlegelii) and bluespotted maskray (N. kuhlii) species was dominated by Non-Calcification (NC). In conclusion, The stingray (Batoidea) caught in south coast of Prigi waters were dominated by Taiwan guitarfish (R. schlegelii) and bluespotted maskray (N. kuhlii). Length weight relationship of Taiwan guitarfish (R. schlegelii) and bluespotted maskray (N. kuhlii) was allometric positive and isometric respectively. Both of them was in balance condition sex ratio and was dominated by immature stage. Hence fishing activities in south coast of Prigi waters should avoid the stingray as bycatch in order to preserve the stock.
Diversity of fish fauna in the Sembakung river, North Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: Sawestri S , Marini M
Published: November 2021

Sembakung river is an important inland fishery in terms of fish production in North Kalimantan, Indonesia. This river is connected to the State of Malaysia, where the upstream part of this river is in the state of Malaysia. The present study was conducted to inform the diversity of fish fauna in the Sembakung river. Fish samples were collected from ten sampling stations of the Sembakung river at Tarakan district in North Kalimantan, Indonesia from March to November 2019. A total of 55 species of fish under 20 orders and 35 families were recorded. Cypriniformes were most leading order constituting 32.73% of the total fish population followed by Siluriformes (18.18%), Anabantiformes (10.91%), Gobiiformes (9.09%), Carangaria (5.45%), Eupercaria (3.64%), and 1.82% for others ordo. Fishes in this river are seriously affected by the various kinds of human development interventions and activities, especially in the areas of agriculture, forestry, fisheries, industries, and transport. Estimates from these indices were indications of low fish species composition and richness and unevenness in the population of fish in the Sembakung river. For sustainability of fishery resources, an adequate knowledge of species composition, diversity, and relative abundance of water bodies must be understood and vigorously pursued. Therefore, there is a need for the conservation and sustainable management of the fisheries resources of the Sembakung water body by relevant agencies.
Projective mapping of preferences on milk and dark chocolate bar fortified nanocapsules Arthrospira carotenoid
Authors: Ramadhanti N E , Abrori A , Ekantari N
Published: November 2021

The characteristics in milk or dark chocolate Arthrospira products require testing before the product is released to the market. The purpose of this study was to use the Projective Mapping (PM) method to determine the characteristics and preferences of consumers toward milk or dark chocolate Arthrospira carotenoid products compared to commercial milk or dark chocolate products on the market, and to analyze the factors that can influence consumers’ purchasing intention. The chocolate samples tested were Arthospira milk chocolate and ten commercial milk chocolate samples (SQ, DF, LD, DV, CB, MG, VH, BB, TB, and WD). The dark one compares to ten commercial dark chocolates (SQ, M5, M6, M7, DC, WD, TB, BB, LD, and DV). The factors that influence consumers’ purchasing intentions are identified through an online survey and analyzed using chi-square. A total of 159 people (68 PM respondents and 91 non-PM respondents) took part in the milk chocolate poll, while 92 people (41 PM respondents and 51 non-PM respondents) took part in the dark chocolate poll. PM test shows consumers perceive milk chocolate and dark chocolate fortified with nanocapsules Arthospira carotenoid to be similar in taste, appearance, texture, and price to some commercial chocolate bar products, implying that both chocolate products fortified with nanocapsulesArthospira carotenoid can compete in the market. The results of the chi-square test for milk chocolate show that for PM respondents, socio-demographic factors, consumer habits of buying chocolate bars, knowledge of Arthrospira, and the benefits of consuming Arthospira influence their buying interest, whereas for non-PM respondents, consumer habits of buying chocolate bars influence their buying intention. The results of the dark chocolate chi-square test show that respondents’ knowledge of the benefits of consuming chocolate bars and the emotion conducted to consume chocolate bars and influence their purchasing interest.
Application of technology to increase economic value and consumer preferences of tilapia, stingray and cow leather products
Authors: Sahubawa L , Atmoko C R , Sasongko S
Published: November 2021

Technological innovation in the business world can immediately increase the novelty, economic value, added value & market segment of commercial products. Preservation, tanning & processing technology can increase the novelty, economic value & market segment of commercial leather products. The objective of the research is to examine the impact of technological innovation on the economic value, added value & consumer preferences for fish leather products. This study uses market segmentation, value-added, consumer preferences and descriptive methods. The economic value of commercial fish skin products are as follows: (1) preservation technology produces economic value of fresh tilapia skin of IDR 3,000 per sheet, stingray skin of IDR 50,000 & cowhide of IDR 5,000; (2) tanning technology produces economic value for tilapia skin of IDR 7,500 per sheet, stingray skin of IDR 125,000 and cowhide of IDR 10,000; (3) the design and technology of processing a 3-in-1 tilapia skin wallet produces an economic value of IDR 300,000; 3-in-1 stingray skin wallet for IDR 400,000 & 3-in-1 cowhide wallet for IDR 240,000. The added value of the 3-in-1 tilapia skin wallets is IDR 441,000; stingray leather wallet which is IDR 650,000 & 3-in-1 cowhide wallet is IDR 235,000. The average value of consumer preferences for commercial tilapia, stingray & cow leather wallets are 85%, 90% & 75%. The highest consumer preferences are based on the attributes of color, shape and price.
The effect of tapioca flour and milk powder on the quality of analog mushroom processed from surimi
Authors: Suryaningrum T D , Hastarini E , Ayudiarti D L , Sari R N
Published: November 2021

Surimi is a myofibril protein concentrate that can be processed into various innovative analog products. Innovation surimi research into analog mushroom products was formulated with tapioca flour (12% & 15% ) and milk powder (2.5% & 5%) has been done. The surimi that was formulated using both ingredients and other material was molded and steamed to become a surimi jelly in mushroom shape. Observations of analog mushroom were made on proximate analysis, pH, texture profile, colour, and sensory evaluation. The results showed that the more tapioca concentrations added, will affect of the decrease of ash and protein content, texture profile value (springiness, cohesiveness), and sensory value (appearance, texture and taste), but increase of hardness, brightness (L* value) and yellowness (+b*) of analog mushrooms. While the addition of concentration milk powder has an effect increasing of fat content, brightness (L* value) and texture profile value (gumminess & chewingness). Mushroom analogs treated with 12% tapioca flour and 5% milk powder produce analog mushroom that have physical (lightness, L* value), texture profile value (hardness, springeness, cohesiveness, gummines and chewingness) and sensory properties (texture and taste) better compared to other treatments
The effect of pH on bacterial growth and histamine formation by Klebsiella pneumoniae CK02 and Raoultella ornithinolytica TN01
Authors: Alya’ainun R , Fathoni E Y , Puspita I D
Published: November 2021

The present work describes the effect of pH on the growth rate and histamine formation by Klebsiella pneumoniae CK02 and Raoultella ornithinolytica TN01. Bacteria were inoculated on Tuna Fish Infusion Broth media with pH 5, 6, 7, 8 at 30°C for 6 hours. Sampling was conducted at 0, 3, and 6 hours to observe the bacteria number and calculate the histamine content formed in the medium. The number of bacteria was calculated using the Total Plate Count method, and the histamine content was analyzed using Thin Layer Chromatography with a combination of ImageJ software. Growth data and incubation time were plotted in the DMFit program to obtain growth rates. The effect of pH on growth rate and histamine formation was analyzed by ANOVA test and Duncan Multiple Range Test. The results revealed that pH affects the growth rate and histamine formation of K. pneumoniae CK02 and R. ornithinolytica TN01. The optimal growth rate of K. pneumoniae CK02 was in the range of 6-8 (0.304-0.380 log CFU/h), with the highest histamine formation ability at pH 7 (824 ppm). R. ornithinolytica TN01 had an optimal growth rate at pH 6-7 (0.480-0.508 log CFU/ml), with optimal ability to produce histamine at pH 6-8 (620-1,077.5 ppm). At pH 5, the growth rate and the ability of histamine formation by K. pneumoniae CK02 and R. ornithinolytica TN01 were inhibited.
Removal of heavy metals from green mussels (Perna viridis) using pineapple (Ananas comosus) solution as a source of citric acid
Authors: Swastawati F , Rizkirana S R , Romadhon  , Muniroh M , Mulyono  , Nugraheni A
Published: November 2021

Green mussel is a type of shellfish that is widely consumed by humans. Excessive consumption of green mussels can be harmful to health because they are prone to contain heavy metals. One of the methods to reduce the heavy metal content of green mussels is to use citric acid in the pineapple solution. The Green mussel was soaked in pineapple solution for 30 min, 60 min and 90 min. The content of heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, and As was analyzed by ICP-MS. The results showed that after soaking green mussels in pineapple solution for 30 minutes, they reduced 85% Pb, 80,95% Cd, and 53,23% As. The duration of soaking green mussels in pineapple solution for 30 minutes overall had a better quality than soaking for 60 and 90 minutes, with a moisture content of 74,43 + 0,39 (%), protein content 15,21 + 0,35 (%), pH level 6,74 + 0,10, organoleptic with a confidence interval of 7,48<μ< 7,54.
Effect of salting time on formaldehyde content of dried salted Indo-Pacific mackerel
Authors: Poernomo Achmad , Widyastutik I , Purnamasari H B , Ariyani F
Published: November 2021

This paper reports an analysis of formaldehyde in dried salted short mackerel (Rastrelliger brachysoma) which was intentionally added with formaldehyde compared to those that was not. The purpose was to see whether salting could cover up the illegal use of formaldehyde. Mackerel was obtained from one day fishing landed at Karangantu Fishing Port, Serang-West Java. The fish was transported in ice by road (3 hours) to the laboratory in Jakarta, and divided into two groups upon arrival. One group was soaked in 3% (w/v) formaldehyde solution for 30 minutes, while another group was not (control treatment). They were then salted in saturated brine for 12 and 24 hours at ambient temperature and sun dried subsequently to 40% moisture content or less. The formaldehyde content of raw materials was in the range of 1.4-1.7 ppm, indicating that natural formaldehyde was present in the fish. Soaking in 3% formaldehyde solution for 30 minutes significantly increased fish formaldehyde content from 1.4-1.7 to 154-157 ppm, and decreased to 42.3-58.1 after 24 and 12h salting which then dropped to 25.0-35.9 ppm after drying, respectively. Those of control showed a slight decrease after salting and increase after drying, i.e. 2.7-3.4% in the final products. This results indicate that salting could not disguise the illegal use of formaldehyde to preserve raw materials, however small amount of formaldehyde in dried salted fish could be regarded natural formaldehyde of the fish.
Quality of carrageenan extracted from Eucheuma cottonii cultivated at three different locations in Lampung
Authors: Subaryono  , Utomo B S B , Basmal J
Published: November 2021

This study aims to compare the quality of carrageenan extracted from Eucheuma cottonii harvested from three different seaweed cultivation locations at Ketapang, South Lampung. The three locations selected were Ruguk, Legundi and Tri Dharma Yoga Villages. Some important quality parameters were observed to compare the quality of carrageenan covering yield, viscosity and gel strength, in addition, the other three supporting parameters were moisture, ash, and acid insoluble ash content. Results showed that the viscosity of carrageenan from the three locations ranged from 736.67-936.67 cP and gel strength 487.77-538.22 g/cm2, while moisture, ash and acid insoluble ash content were 12.09-13.94%, 16.28-17.13%, and 0.27-0.33%, respectively. It was concluded that the quality of carrageenan from Legundi Village was the best compared to those from the two other villages.
The Fortification Effects of Sea Grapes (Caulerpa racemosa) Powder on Color and Sensory of Hakau Dim Sum Wrappers
Authors: Windrayani E , Ekantari N
Published: November 2021

Sea grapes (Caulerpa racemosa) are green seaweeds that include containing dietary fiber, antioxidant compounds, and natural dyeing colours such as chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments. Sea grapes’ green tint, when ground into powder, has the potential to be used as a coloring agent. It can be used as an alternative dyeing agent and product diversification on hakau dim sum wrappers. The purpose of this study was to determine how adding sea grapes powder affected the physical properties (color and folding test) and sensory attributes (time-intensity) of hakau dim sum wrappers. The research was conducted by manufacturing sea grape powder and the wrappers by hand. Caulerpa racemosa was added in various concentration (0%; 1.5%; 3%; 4.5%; and 6%) (w/w). The dough was molded with a thickness of no.5 pasta maker with 8 cm diameter. The wrappers were physically tested and steamed for 15 minutes for sensory testing. As a result, wrappers fortified with sea grape powder show green colour and stand up the transparent characteristics. Lightness (L*) and redness (a*) decreased with increasing concentration of sea grape powder which indicated dark green wrappers color. Sea grape powder affected raw wrappers in the folding test. Time-intensity evaluation looked at the gelatinized flour flavor and sea grapes flavor. The result shows the gelatinized flour flavor reached the highest peak in the control wrappers, while the concentration of 6% had the highest intensity of sea grapes flavor and the lowest gelatinized flour flavor. In conclusion, the addition of sea grape powder resulted in a transparent green dim sum wrapper, decreased folding score for raw and the sea grapes flavor was more dominant than the gelatinized flour flavor.
Productivity of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei, Boone 1931) on semi-intensive cultivation ponds in Parangtritis Village, Bantul Regency
Authors: Triyatmo B , Solin M Y
Published: November 2021

This study aimed to determine the productivity of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei, Boone 1931) in semi-intensive ponds in Parangtritis Village, Bantul Regency. The study was conducted from January to February 2021. The study was conducted by direct observation of two ponds with a stocking density of average 95 shrimps larvae/m2. The ponds studied had the same area of 2,000 m2, the depth of pond water was 1 m at the edge and 1.5 m in the middle, and the water volume was about 2,500 m3. The source of water was pumped directly from the sea water of Parangtritis Beach, Indian Ocean. The data of ponds shrimp production were obtained from observations of shrimp harvests at that time (as primary data) and yields of several cycles from 2014 to 2020 (as secondary data). The results of data collection were presented descriptively. The results showed that the shrimps were reared in the ponds for each production cycle within 76 to 120 days (average 95 days), harvesting was done partially (1 to 4 times), with pond productivity ranging from 14,600 to 41,175 kg of shrimp/hectare/cycle (average 25,133 kg shrimp/hectare/cycle), feed conversion ratio 1.0 to 2.2 (average 1.3) and survival rate 67 to 100% (average 95%). The productivity of ponds at Parangtritis Village coastal were higher than other Bantul Regency coastal area. These were probably because of : the quantity and quality of water sources were better; the layout of the pond were not too crowded; and stocking densities could be higher and shrimp were partially harvested.
The replacement of fish meal with fermented Moringa leaves meal and its effect on the immune response of red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.)
Authors: Helmiati S , Rustadi  , Isnansetyo A , Zuprizal
Published: November 2021

Moringa (Moringa oleifera) has frequently been studied as an alternative and promising protein source in fish feed. Moringa leaves is among the potential and affordable plant-based protein source ingredient, as it protein, vitamin, beta-carotene, and various kind of minerals. Flavonoid, saponin, vitamin and alkaloids reportedly exhibit immune-stimulating activity which increase immune response. This study aims to evaluate the replacement of fish meal with fermented Moringa leaves meal in feed on the immune response of red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). The research was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design by four treatments in triplicate. The treatments include replacement of the fish meal with fermented moringa leaves meal at 0, 10, 20, and 30 %. Red tilapia with total length of 9 to 10 cm was fed twice daily for two months at a feeding rate of 3 % of total biomass. The results showed that replacement fish meal with fermented Moringa leaves meal as much as 20 % increases the percentage values of hematocrit and leukocrit, stimulates phagocytic activity and phagocytic index, suppresses monocyte and increases lymphocytes, and increases total plasma protein.
Effects of encapsulated Bacillus sp. D2.2 on gut bacterial composition and immune system in brown-marbled grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus
Authors: Harpeni E , Firanti G R , Ghani R M , Wardiyanto
Published: November 2021

In the aquaculture industry, the application of probiotics is well known widely used to control disease, improve water quality and reduce demands for the use of antibiotics or disinfectants. However, some local gut bacteria can bind to harmful bacterial component. For better efficacy of probiotics in the digestive tract of carnivorous fish, encapsulation can be a simple, harmless, and improved method to maintain the microflora of the digestive tract thereby enhancing the immune system of fish. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of encapsulated probioticBacillussp. D2.2.on gut bacterial communities and immune system in brown-marbled grouperEpinephelus fuscoguttatus. One hundred fish weighing about 40 g were divided randomly into five groups including negative control and positive control groups which were fed by a commercial diet only and a diet containing probiotic respectively, the third to fifth groups were fed by 1, 2, and 3 g/kg encapsulated probiotics dose of feed respectively. The results showed that encapsulated probiotic increase viability of probiotic bacteria and also affect the abundance of lactic acid bacteria. Immune response of the brown-marbled grouper also increased significantly after the application of encapsulated probiotics.
Effect of Particle Size and Composition of Marble Quarry Waste on the Properties of Artificial Marble
Authors: Samad H A , Rashid R A , Zakaria Z
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this study was to characterize and investigate the performance of local marble quarry waste to assess its use as filler in producing artificial marble. Marble waste was obtained from marble quarry located in Simpang Pulai, Ipoh and sieved into two different sizes; < 2mm as coarse particle and < 250 μm as fine particle. The artificial marble was prepared under vacuum condition and the composition of fine and coarse particles were modified between 40-70% (wt.) and 0-30% (wt.), respectively. The artificial marble was evaluated their performance by water absorption, flexural strength, compression strength, and Barcol hardness properties. It was found that artificial marble prepared with 60% (wt.) of fine particle and 10% (wt.) of coarse particle showed the best overall properties leading to a lowest water absorption and good flexural and compression strength. However, modification of marble waste content in the composition of artificial marble showed insignificant influence on Barcol hardness properties.
Impact of Indian almond leaves on aquarium water quality
Authors: Shams S , Sahu J N , Zambree M , Taha A , Karri R R
Published: November 2021

There are very few studies done to understand the impact of Indian almond leaves (IAL) on aquarium water quality. Therefore, in this study, Indian almond leaves (IAL) were used to investigate the impacts on water quality in an aquarium with Betta fish as they are hardy fish, tolerant to changes in water quality, comparatively cheaper and more readily available in tropical countries. For this study, the powdered form of IAL was used for faster dilution or mixing. As for the aquarium tank, smaller tanks with a capacity of 4.5 litres are used since Betta fish is small in size and it is easy to be accommodated in the aquarium. The various dosage of IAL in power form (0-200 mg/L) was used to determine physical, chemical and biological parameters of aquarium water quality in the presence of Betta fish. The parameters were Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), turbidity, pH, chlorine and survivability test and tests were conducted on day 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28. All experiments had an increasing value of DO until Day 21 and gradually decreased, while BOD5 increased with increased IAL dosage. Ammonia concentration increased between day 5-10 and then started to decline at day 21 and pH values were decreasing with increased IAL dosage. The total coliform test has the highest total coliform count on day 28 for IAL dosage. The study revealed that Betta fish could survive for 28 days without any application of de-chlorinator. The optimum dosage of 50 mg/L of IAL can eliminate any requirement for de-chlorination for Betta fish.
Sound Performances of Partition Board from Waste Materials
Authors: Kassim U , Nur S A , Kamarudin M N , Rahim M A
Published: November 2021

This study is on the sound performances of a selected number of partition boards in Industrialised Building System (IBS) buildings. The proposed bespoke board were made from squandered or waste materials, namely, coconut shells and newspapers. Each board had been tested for six different distances from the speaker in four different levels of sound, changing the level of the sound frequency. Thereon, the results were analysed. The average result of each board with various distances from the sound source, starting from 0 cm to 220 cm, was combined into under one sound level. The percentage of the noise reduction coefficient is designated by the vertical line whereas the levels of the sound is designated by the horizontal line. Point 1 stands for the low frequency and low intensity test. Point 2 stands for low frequency and high intensity test. The board that is being made of 80% coconut shell, 15% cement and 5% newspaper has an average of noise reduction coefficient of 0.21 in low frequency and low intensity, 0.21 in low frequency and high intensity, 0.24 in high frequency, high intensity and 0.12 in high frequency low intensity.
Copper Ions Removal by PSF-Si Spiral Wound Membranes of Different Porosity
Authors: Mokhtar H , Muhamad N S , Rahman N A A , Ayob A , Ishak S A
Published: November 2021

Effluent discharged from various industries is one of the point sources of pollutions that affect the water quality. The effluent contains a high concentration of hazardous compounds of metal ions. Membrane technology using ultrafiltration membrane had proven successful in treating physical and organic impurities from water and wastewater. The importance of this study was to clarify the effectiveness of additive concentration in nanofiltration membrane for heavy metals removal. The physicochemical characteristics and copper ions removal efficiencies were determined for a different amount of silica extracted from sugarcane bagasse as an additive added to polysulfone polymer membranes. The PSF-Si membranes were fabricated via the phase inversion technique. The results show that silica in the formulation and fabrication of polysulfone membrane gives added value to membrane porosity, water content, and hydrophilicity. The most effective membrane in removing copper ions was the membranes with the lowest silica content, which is PSF-21 Si-2. The PSF-21 Si-2 membrane is hydrophilic, attracts a large amount of water, and gives a pure water flux of 56 L/m2hr to pass through the membrane. Moreover, the copper rejection increased from 92% to 98% as the copper concentration increased for the best membrane formulation PSF-21 Si-2.
Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Contamination in Lower Klang River
Authors: Sefie M A , Mohamad I N , Baharudin F , Kassim J
Published: November 2021

Estuarine and coastal environments are known to be major sinks for heavy metals. This ecosystem and its sustainability should be secured using the ecological as indicators. This study is conducted to quantify the heavy metal concentration and to assess the potential ecological risk levels of heavy metals in the sediments from Klang River Estuary. Three typical heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) were identified. The surface sediment samples were collected from three sampling stations. The concentration of heavy metals in the sediments were arrange in a decreasing sequence of Pb > Zn > Cd. A range of pollution indicators based on single pollution indices such as Contamination Factor, Contamination Degree, Pollution Load Index and Geoaccumulation Index were considered for ecological risk analysis. In conclusion, the ecological risk levels of heavy metals in the sediments from Lower Klang River were low and unpolluted. However, an overall assessment regarding to the heavy metals’ concentrations, spatial distribution and their potential sources need to be monitored for a better understanding of the water-sediment interaction.
Assessment of Nutrient Usage and Discharge in Tomato Greenhouse
Authors: Suffian N M , Nguyen M N , Yokota K , Inoue T
Published: November 2021

One of the contributors to eutrophication is from agricultural wastewater which contained nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. The agricultural industry in Japan has practice greenhouse plantation recently. In this study, the amount of nutrient concentration and load in the wastewater were investigated. Water samples from water supply, soil medium and effluent were collected at a greenhouse in Japan which cultivated tomato plants in coconut husk medium. The assessment was conducted every two weeks for regular monitoring for three months. The results showed that concentrations of all nutrients have same concentration level in the water supply samples from January 13th to March 15th. The concentration of supplied nutrient on March 29th increased due to high concentration of nutrients in medium water samples which preventing the nutrient uptake by the plant. The nutrient uptake by the plants were in the same range which NH4-N was between 13.6 mg/L to 14.99 mg/L, NO2-N was between 2.3 to 2.5 mg/L, NO3-N was between 135.9 mg/L to 152.5 mg/L and PO4-P was between 70.12 to 76.64 mg/L. The concentration of nutrients in drainage was below the permissible limit of Japan’s Effluent Standard. As a result, it can be concluded that using greenhouses as an alternative farming method contributes in reducing nutrient discharge by controlling the nutrient supply to the plants.
Rapid composting of food waste and yard waste with effective microorganisms (EM)
Authors: Zakarya I A , Izhar T N T , Noordin N M , Ibrahim N , Kamaruddin S A
Published: November 2021

Rapid composting is an alternative method to reduce highly generated food waste and yard waste discarded to the landfill. This study aims to determine the effect of effective microorganisms (EM) application on the chemical and physical properties and to determine the performance and factors affecting the rapid composting process. The chemical and physical properties such as pH, temperature, moisture content, carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio and Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) nutrient are examined over rapid composting period in order to assess the performance of compost and effectiveness of EM in enhancing the degradation process of organic waste. There are three compost prepared which are A, B and C that received different ratio of EM which 1 L, 2 L and 3 L respectively. Based on the result obtained from the 54 days of composting conducted, compost A, B and C show no significance differences on parameters tested. The temperature obtained mostly within the range 35-38 °C, pH values are 5-9, moisture content are 20-60 % and for NPK nutrient, Total Nitrogen content are 1.3 % to 1.4 %, Total Phosphorus are within 0.10 ppm to 0.45 ppm and Potassium are within 0.8 ppm to 6.7 ppm.
Influence of coupling beams to the energy dissipation of coupled steel plate shear wall
Authors: Fisol M F M , Samat R A , Bakar S A
Published: November 2021

Shear Plate Shear Wall (SPSW) is a lateral force resisting system that is usually used in high seismic regions. Opening can be accommodated by using coupled steel plate shear wall (CSPSW) where two or more SPSWs are placed adjacently and are connected by coupling beams. Maximum displacement, shear load capacity and energy dissipation are affected by the dimension of the coupling beams. The construction cost of the building can be reduced vastly by optimizing the size of the coupling beams where the capability of CSPSW to resist the earthquake is maximized. Thus, the objective of this study is to determine the behaviour of maximum displacement, shear load capacity and energy dissipation of the CSPSW when the width, depth and length of the coupling beams are varied. Fourteen CSPSW models were analysed by ABAQUS software, where the models were subjected to lateral cyclic loading as accordance to ATC24. Maximum displacement of the CSPSW was not affected by the dimensions of the coupling beams. Shear load capacity was increased as either the width or the depth of the coupling beam was increased, and achieved its maximum value when the length of the coupling beam was 1000 mm. The optimum width, depth and length of the coupling beam to maximize the energy dissipation of the CSPSW models were 200 mm, 1000 mm and 1000 mm, respectively.
Comparative study of concrete constructed using wastewater and potable water
Authors: Shamilah A A , Hamid M ’A A , Faizah B N , Mustaqqim A R
Published: November 2021

80% of the water supplied, normally comes out as wastewater either domestic or industrial. The utilization of wastewater in concrete will reduce potable water usage in the construction industry. Approximately 150 litres of water are required for lm3 of concrete without considering other applications of water in the concrete industry. This research study has investigated the performance of concrete using wastewater. 60 total number of concrete cubes have been designed and constructed using 10%, 20%, 30% and 100% of wastewater. The experimental data indicated that 30% of wastewater content in the concrete mix have increased 18% of the concrete strength compared with the control sample. Meanwhile, the result of the X-Ray Fluorescence Test (XRF) test for the concrete sample recorded that the CA is higher than the 30% concrete sample.
A hydrodynamic model of an embankment breaching due to overtopping flow using FLOW-3D
Authors: Yusof Z M , Shirling Z A L , Wahab A K A , Ismail Z , Amerudin S
Published: November 2021

Embankment dam failures are concerning to many people in the society today, including dam engineers, federal, state, and local officials. The effects of dam failure may cause more harm than good; leading to the losses of lives, properties being damage, economic and environmental downfall. Embankment dam breaching is a complex process between hydraulics and soil erosion processes; until today it still requires more researches to be done. Many factors involved in embankment breaching such as cohesiveness of embankment material, compactness of the embankment soil material, height of the dam and slope of the dam. Through the help of simulation techniques such as computational fluid dynamics, it is possible to understand the behaviour of embankment breaching processes. In this research, modelling of embankment breaching with the aid of FLOW-3D allow us to open doors to plenty of experiments to breaching in the near future. This research focuses in analysing and comparing hydrodynamic parameters; breach outflow hydrograph, peak outflow rate Qp
and failure time iy, and geometric parameters; breach depth Hb
, and top breach width Bt
, of the modelling breached embankment for different sediment diameter and inflow rates. Moreover, the research also investigates the velocity magnitude and breach width during the embankment breaching process.
Application of Photogrammetry Technique for quarry stockpile estimation
Authors: Rohizan M H , Ibrahim A H , Abidin C Z C , Ridwan F M , Ishak R
Published: November 2021

The quarrying activities is one of the largest industries in the world which supplied aggregate primarily for construction of any buildings and structures. Continuous supply of aggregates is very important to ensure the construction activities can be carried out without delays. Hence, the quarry operators consistently monitor their stockpile volume to meet the client’s demands. In most cases, the determination of available stockpile at the quarry are done by utilizing conventional method (manual measurement of the stockpile’s dimension). This approach is time consuming and sometimes required professional surveyor to carry out the task. Hence in this work, a comparative study between conventional and photogrammetry method was done to estimate the stockpile in a quarry. Drone was flying to capture the aerial images of a stockpile in the quarry. The effect of the flying height and the percentage of overlapping on the accuracy of stockpile volume was studied. Result shows at lower percent of side overlap (50%), the accuracy of estimation is better. The difference between the photogrammetry technique and conventional method only 2.5%. It can be concluded that photogrammetry technique is very reliable to be applied by the quarry operators to estimate their stockpile volume.
Effect of Different Levels of Catalysts and Chemicals Primer on Content of Induced Callus Tissue of Cotyledon Leaves of Spilanthes Acmella Seedlings on Some Chemical Traits in Vitro
Authors: Ahmed Marir Ekhlas Meteab
Published: November 2021

This experiment was conducted in the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad for the period from September/2018 to July 2019. The induced callus from the cotyledon leaves of seedlings of the Spilanthes acmella plant was used in order to know the effect of chemical catalysts and Starmedium was added to Glutamine (250, 300, 350) mgters on the chemical content. After 4 weeks of planting, the primary callus was planted at 150 mg in the nutrient medium supplemented with auxin,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) 2.0 mg.L−1 and cytokinin Benzyl Adenine (BA) 0.5 mg.L−1 at constant concentrations in the first five medium, to which the catalyst was added salicylic acid at concentrations (25, 50, 75) μmol). The second medium was added to methyl jasmonate at concentrations (25, 50, 75 μmol) of the third medium was added to Casein hydrolysate at concentrations (25, 50, 75 μmol) of the fourth medium was added to Glutamine (250, 300, 350) mg. L−1. The results showed that the treatment of nutritional medium with high concentrations of stimulants and primer led to a significant increase in the content of plant tissues (the induced callus from the cotyledons) of total carbohydrates, the percentage of protein, the content of callus from the carotene pigment and content of proline, while the comparison treatment was the most effective in vegetable tissue contents of total carbohydrates and protein percentage and content of callus from the carotene pigment and proline, as well as this confirms that all treatments led to a positive and direct increase of chemical compounds content of plant tissues of chemical traits, especially in the treatment of Salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, casein hydrolysate, glutamine, and phenylalanine (75 micromoles, 75 micromoles, 75 micromoles, 350 mg.L−1, 150 micromoles) respectively, were followed by the treatments of Salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, casein hydrolysate, glutamine and phenylalanine (50 μmol, 50 μmol, 50 μmol, 300 mg.L−1, 100 μmol), respectively. The aim of this study is to know the effect of Salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, casein hydrolysate, glutamine, and phenylalanine in the induction and differentiation of callus of cotyledon leaves cotyledon leaves of Spilanthes acmella seedlings on some chemical traits in vitro.
Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Myrtle (Myrtus Communis L.) by Using SSR Technique
Authors: Adham Alyaa Muayad , Sabah Saleh Shehab , Mahmoud Mohammed Radwan , Fahel Omar Farouk
Published: November 2021

This research carried out to compare some of the individuals of Myrtle from bushes in different environmental sites (Lattakia, Safita, Qusul Maaf, northern Aleppo and at different altitudes from the sea surface). The genetic diversity of 19 genotypes was tested using simple sequence repeats (SSRs) technique with 10 primers. The results of DNA extraction showed a high molecular size fragment as a band at the top of each lane, additionally to a partial degradation. At the end DNA concentration, integrity and purity were enough for SSR marker. Genetic variations were detected by SSR marker with similarity coefficient ranged between 0.08 – 0.89 based on Dice coefficient. Total of 27 alleles were scored from 19 genotypes, and the number of alleles was ranged between 2 (myrcom8 and 9) and 4 (myrcom2 and 6). The calculated value of polymorphism information content (PIC) was ≤ 0.5. Nineteen genotypes were distributed on three main clusters, two of them II and III included minimum number of genotypes from humid climate sites, while the majority of genotypes was distributed on cluster I in mixed manner.
Isolation and Diagnosis of Pathogenic Fungi Associated With Zucchini Cucurbita Pepo Roots and Their Bio-Control
Authors: Ali Muhsen Abd , Merzah Nazar Rashid , Jubair Ali Faraj
Published: November 2021

This study aimed to isolate and diagnose the main pathogens of zucchini root rot, test their pathogenicity, and evaluate their control with some biological agents under laboratory conditions. The results of diagnostic isolation from the roots of the zucchini crop that showed symptoms of the disease showed the presence and dominance of two isolates of Fusarium oxysporum (FO1, FO2), three isolates of Fusarium solani (FS1, FS2, FS3) and three isolates of Rhizoctonia solani (RS1, RS2, RS3) and two isolates of Pythium spp (PY1, PY2), which was present in a ratio of 65-25% in most of the samples collected from the fields of the Faculty of Agriculture/University of Karbala. F. solani had the highest frequency, at 60.00%, and had the highest occurrence in sample 3, which was 65.00%, followed by R. solani and F. oxysporum with 48.33 and 40.00% occurrence, respectively. The pathogenicity test of fungal isolates on red radish seeds showed that all isolates significantly reduced radish seeds germination under laboratory conditions. The results showed the effect of pathogenic fungal isolates on germination and growth of zucchini plants in protected cultivation, which led to a significant reduction in germination percentage, fresh weight of the plant, plant height and a high rate of disease severity. FS1 and RS1 isolates completely prevented seed germination, followed by FS2 and FO2 isolates with equal germination rate of 22.22%, compared to control treatment with 100% germination rate. FS2 isolate had the highest infection severity rate of 97%, followed by FO2 isolation with 94% compared to no infection in control treatment. The minimum plant length was 0.267 cm in the FS2 isolation treatment, followed by the FS3 isolate, with a plant length of 0.567 cm, compared to 2.553 cm in the control treatment. FO1 isolation led to the highest reduction in plant fresh weight by 81%, followed by isolate FS2 with 78% compared to control treatment. The test of the inhibitory ability of the biological control agents showed the presence of high antagonism of Trichoderma harzianum, Chaetomium sp and Sordaria sp against pathogenic fungal isolates. T. harzianum was the highest antagonistic against all the pathogenic fungal isolates, recording grade 1 antagonism according to Bell et al. (1982) after seven days of dual culture. Also, Chaetomium sp and Sordaria sp showed antagonistic ability of 1 and 2 degrees against pathogenic fungal isolates under study.
Effect of Jasmonic Acid on Stimulating The Growth and Development of Date Palm Callus (Phoenix Dactylifera L.) Cultivar Shukar in Vitro Under Salt Stress Conditions
Authors: Al-Qatrani Muna K.J. , Al Khalifa Aqeel A.S. , Obaid Nada Ab.
Published: November 2021

The study was conducted in the tissue culture laboratory at the Date Palm Research Center, University of Basrah. Using the date palm callus, Shukar cultivar, obtained from culturing the apical and axillary buds in sterile artificial nutrient media, to determine the effect of adding (0, 25, 50, 75) μM concentrations of Jasmonic acid (JA) to the MS media supplemented with several concentrations of NaCl (0, 50, 100, 200) mM were added, on the growth response and morphological development of callus after four months of cultivation in the propagation media. Results showed a significant decrease in growth characteristics in response to an increase in salt level, without the degree of callus browning that’s increased with the increase in the level of sodium chloride, especially at the two levels (100, 200) mM. Results showed also that the addition of Jasmonic acid to the saline treatments greatly enhanced the growth parameters of culture callus, as the rate of biomass, water content, relative growth rate, and the number of somatic embryos generated. as well as the degree of browning decreased significantly according to the levels of sodium chloride and the concentrations of added Jasmonic acid. The study demonstrated the effective role of exogenous addition of Jasmonic acid in vitro culture systems in enhancing stress tolerance of cells and tissues cultured in saline media.
Response of Sweet Basil (Ocimum Basilicum L.) to Spray of Aspartic and Glutamic Acids, and Their Effect on Its Growth and Its Volatile Oil Content
Authors: Al-Zyadi Qasim Ajel
Published: November 2021

Experiment was conducted in fields of Agriculture College, Al-Muthanna University, during the growing season 2020, to study the response of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) to spraying three concentrations of aspartic acid (0, 75 and 150 mg.L−1) and with three concentrations of glutamic acid (0, 75 and 150 mg.L−1), and their impact on its growth and essential oil content. Results showed that the basil plants that have been sprayed with aspartic acid at a concentration (150 mg.L−1) significantly superior in plant height, fresh and dry weight of shoot, percentage and yield of volatile oil (45.61cm, 19.70 gm.plant−1, 1.80 gm.plant−1, 1.75 % and 31.48 μL.plant−1) respectively. Results also showed the significant effect of spraying glutamic acid at a concentration (150 mg.L−1), which gave highest values in plant height, fresh and dry weight of shoot, percentage and yield of volatile oil (48.67 cm., 20.28 gm.plant−1, 1.83 gm.plant−1, 1.56 % and 29.08 μL.plant−1) respectively.
Evaluation of The Genotype of Barbus Luteus (Heckel, 1843) in Dhi Qar and Basra by ISSR-PCR Technique
Authors: Alomairi Majeed Shnawa Sfyh , Hassooni Hadi Awad , Alkhateeb Ahmed R.
Published: November 2021

This study was conducted in the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics/Marine Sciences Center/University of Basrah, from 1/1/2019 to 1/1/2020. Tissue samples of Hamri fish were randomly collected from the governorates of Basra (Al-Qurna District) and Dhi Qar (Al-Nasr District). A total samples was 60, including 30 samples from Basra and 30 from Dhi Qar. The results show that the ISSR 12 primer has a genetic morphology 100%, gave the molecular weights in Dhi Qar Governorate (73 and 255) and in Basra Governorate (66, 65). Primer No. (2) also took shape in the province of Dhi Qar (166, 186, 244), and in the province of Basra (194, 237). The primer (ISSR12) gave 8 bundles, with a molecular weight ranging from (73,255) to samples taken from the Dhi Qar and Basra regions. As for the primer (ISSR8).
Effect of Adding Different Levels of Pomegranate Peel Powder to Feed on Some Biochemical Blood Traits of Laying Hens
Authors: Jabber Salam Saeb , Khalil Ali Hussain , Al-Gharawi Jassim Kassim
Published: November 2021

The study was conducted to determine the effect of adding pomegranate peel powder to feed on some blood traits of laying hens was studied. The experiment treatment were as 0, 2, 4 and 6 g pomegranate peel powder/1 kg diet for treatments (T1, T2, T3 and T4). The study traits were the concentration of cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, glucose, total protein, albumin, and globulin. Results show that the concentration of cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, glucose, total protein, albumin, and globulin concentration that there were no significant differences in these traits at the beginning of the experiment (at the age of 60 weeks), while increased significantly at the age of 72 weeks compare with the control.