bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ansätze integrierter strategischer Planung für automatisierte Mobilität im Kontext der Mobilitätswende
Authors: Mitteregger Mathias , Allmeier Daniela , Paulhart Lucia , Bindreiter Stefan
Published: April 2021

Mit der vorliegenden Studie wird das Ziel verfolgt, konkrete Einsatzmöglichkeiten von automatisierten und vernetzten Fahrzeugen im Kontext der notwendigen Mobilitätswende exemplarisch aufzuzeigen. Spezifischer geht es darum, Konzepte der strategischen Planung für ausgewählte Kommunen und Regionen in der Metropolregion Wien/Niederösterreich vorzustellen und zu diskutieren. Diese strategischen Planungskonzepte wurden als eine Ergänzung zu den vorwiegend noch abstrakten und generischen Gestaltungsansätzen bzw. Handlungsfeldern entwickelt. Sie sind das Ergebnis eines transdisziplinär angelegten Prozesses: PlanerInnen sowie ForscherInnen haben gemeinsam mit AkteurInnen der Politik und Verwaltung aus den gewählten Kommunen und Regionen sowie mit ExpertInnen im Bereich der automatisierten und vernetzten Mobilität in Fokusgruppen gearbeitet.
Automatisierter und vernetzter Verkehr in der soziotechnischen Transformation
Authors: Dangschat Jens S.
Published: April 2021

Die Entwicklung des automatisierten und vernetzten Verkehrs (avV) wird – neben Fragen der Ethik, des Rechts, der Sicherheit, der Finanzierung, des Umweltschutzes und der Klimaschonung – vor allem als eine technologische Herausforderung im Rahmen einer breiten und vielfältigen Digitalisierung diskutiert. Gesellschaftliche Auswirkungen oder gar die Einbettung der mit den Entwicklungen des avV verbundenen Techniken in die Gesellschaft spielen demgegenüber in der gegenwärtigen wissenschaftlichen Diskussion zum avV noch eine stark untergeordnete Rolle oder werden bisweilen als hoch unsicher dargestellt.
Automatisiertes und vernetztes Fahren: Berücksichtigung des lokalen, räumlichen Kontextes und räumliche Differenzierung
Authors: Bruck Emilia M. , Soteropoulos Aggelos
Published: April 2021

Die Beiträge der vorliegenden Anthologie behandeln Raumwirkungen sowie Steuerungs- und Planungsansätze auf kommunaler und regionaler Ebene. Hierbei erweist es sich als unumgänglich, die räumlichen Voraussetzungen ländlich geprägter Gemeinden und Regionen von jenen der urbanen Zentren und Großstädte zu unterscheiden. Ländliche sowie urbane Räume sind nicht homogen, sondern vielschichtige Gebiete mit unterschiedlichen siedlungsstrukturellen, naturräumlichen und infrastrukturellen Ausstattungen, Funktionen und Herausforderungen (VCÖ 2019: 9).
Automatisiertes und vernetztes Fahren im Kontext einer nachhaltigen Verkehrs- und Mobilitätswende
Authors: Stickler Andrea , Dangschat Jens S. , Banerjee Ian
Published: April 2021

Die Frage, unter welchen Bedingungen der automatisierte und vernetzte Verkehr (avV) einen Beitrag zur Verkehrswende leisten kann, steht seit Beginn im Mittelpunkt des Forschungsinteresses der interdisziplinären Forschungsgruppe AVENUE21. Angesichts der globalen Herausforderungen sollten keine Technologien und Geschäftsmodelle zugelassen werden, die weiteren Verkehr erzeugen und städtische, ökologische und soziale Probleme des heutigen Verkehrssystems zusätzlich verschärfen (vgl. Mitteregger et al. 2020). Mit dem vorliegenden Sammelband werden Chancen und Risiken von automatisierten und vernetzten Fahrzeugen im Kontext der Verkehrswende aufgezeigt und daraus Handlungsansätze vor allem für Politik und planende Verwaltungen abgeleitet. Einleitend werden die Grundbegriffe „Verkehr“, „Mobilität“, „Motilität“, „Verkehrswende“ und „Mobilitätswende“ definiert und die Bedeutung des avV im Kontext einer nachhaltigen Verkehrs- und Mobilitätswende reflektiert.
Automatisierung, öffentlicher Verkehr und Mobility as a Service: Erfahrungen aus Tests mit automatisierten Shuttlebussen
Authors: Soteropoulos Aggelos , Bruck Emilia M. , Berger Martin , Egoldt Alexander , Holst Arne , Richter Thomas , László Zoltán
Published: April 2021

Automatisiertes Fahren verändert die zukünftige Mobilität grundlegend und wirkt sich auch auf den öffentlichen Verkehr (ÖV) aus. Häufig wird hierbei von einer weiteren Verschiebung der Grenzen zwischen dem klassischen ÖV und dem motorisierten Individualverkehr (MIV) und von einem Übergangsbereich des öffentlichen Individualverkehrs (ÖIV) mit automatisierten Fahrzeugen bzw. von einer Individualisierung des öffentlichen Verkehrs gesprochen (vgl. Lenz/Fraedrich 2015: 189; Röhrleef 2017: 15; Bruns et al. 2018: 12; Barillère-Scholz et al. 2020: 16): Bereits heute differenziert sich das Mobilitätsangebot durch neue Angebotsformen wie beispielsweise Car-Sharing oder Ride-Hailing aus.
Aufbau von Interventionsdatenbanken für mehr Evidenzbasierung in Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung – methodische Überlegungen
Authors: Rossmann Christin , Bußkamp Annalena , De Bock Freia
Published: April 2021

Kommunale AkteurInnen erfahren bei der Entwicklung und Auswahl von Maßnahmen der Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung (MPG) keine ausreichende wissenschaftliche Unterstützung. Interventionsdatenbanken können Abhilfe leisten, indem sie wissenschaftlich abgesicherte und gut dokumentierte MPG präsentieren. Dadurch kann wissenschaftliche Evidenz zur Wirksamkeit einzelner Maßnahmen in lokale Entscheidungen einfließen. Die Datenbanken können ebenfalls dazu dienen, die Qualitätsentwicklung von Maßnahmen voranzutreiben.

In diesem Beitrag werden methodische und konzeptuelle Überlegungen erläutert, wie MPG für Datenbanken identifiziert und wie sie hinsichtlich ihrer Wirksamkeit eingeordnet und zielgruppengerecht aufbereitet werden können. Grundlage sind Erkenntnisse aus der Public-Health-Literatur und dem Projekt „Älter werden in Balance“ der Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung (BZgA).

Systematische Übersichtsarbeiten sind für die Suche nach geeigneten MPG für die Datenbank nur bedingt geeignet, u. a. weil die darin aufgeführten Interventionstypen begrenzt und umsetzungsrelevante Angaben oft unvollständig dargestellt sind. Es erscheint aber vielversprechend, MPG aus der Praxis in die Datenbank einzustellen, wenn zusätzlich eine Einordnung hinsichtlich ihrer Wirksamkeit erfolgt bzw. Konsequenzen für die Weiterentwicklung und Evaluation formuliert werden. Es sollten zudem möglichst viele Informationen zur praktischen Umsetzung der MPG angegeben werden. In einem ersten Vorschlag wird gezeigt, wie eine Maßnahmenbeschreibung aussehen könnte. Zusätzlich sollten Manuale zur Durchführung von Maßnahmen zur Verfügung stehen.
Analysis of patchclamp recordings: model-free multiscale methods and software
Authors: Pein Florian , Eltzner Benjamin , Munk Axel
Published: April 2021

Analysis of patchclamp recordings is often a challenging issue. We give practical guidance how such recordings can be analyzed using the model-free multiscale idealization methodology JSMURF, JULES, and HILDE. We provide an operational manual how to use the accompanying software available as an R-package and as a graphical user interface. This includes selection of the right approach and tuning of parameters. We also discuss advantages and disadvantages of model-free approaches in comparison to hidden Markov model approaches and explain how they complement each other.
Microwave-assisted hydrotropic pretreatment as a new and highly efficient way to cellulosic ethanol production from maize distillery stillage
Authors: Dawid Mikulski , Grzegorz Kłosowski
Published: April 2021

Aim of the study was to assess the suitability of the combined use of microwave radiation and sodium cumene sulfonate under optimized process conditions for the preparation of maize stillage biomass as a raw material for the production of cellulosic ethanol. The key parameter guaranteeing a high level of lignin removal from biomass (ca. 44%) was concentration of hydrotrope. Even at high biomass concentration (16% w/v) and a cellulase enzyme dose of about 4 filter-paper units/g, maize stillage biomass subjected to microwave-assisted hydrotropic pretreatment was highly susceptible to enzymatic degradation, which resulted in 80% hydrolysis yield. It is possible to obtain a fermentation medium with a very high glucose concentration (up to 80 g/L), without fermentation inhibitors and, as a consequence, to reach a very high level of sugar conversion to ethanol (concentration above 40 g/L), even as much as 95% of theoretical yield. Microwave hydrotropic treatment with sodium cumene sulfonate is a very effective way to prepare waste maize stillage biomass for the production of cellulosic ethanol. The degradation of the lignocellulose structure by the simultaneous use of microwaves and hydrotropes ensured a high degree of conversion of structural polysaccharides to bioethanol. The method provides a high level of enzymatic degradation of cellulose, leading to a medium with high content of released sugars suitable for bioconversion, which is in line with assumptions of the second-generation ethanol production technology.

Key points

• Microwave-assisted hydrotropic pretreatment is a new way to cellulosic ethanol production.

• Microwave-assisted hydrotropic delignification removes 44% of lignin from biomass.

• No fermentation inhibitors are obtained after microwave-assisted hydrotropic pretreatment.

• High ethanol concentration (above 40 g/L) and fermentation yield (95% of theoretical yield) from biomass after microwave-assisted hydrotropic pretreatment.
Feasibility of cerebello-cortical stimulation for intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring of cerebellar mutism
Authors: Giampiccolo Davide , Basaldella Federica , Badari Andrea , Squintani Giovanna Maddalena , Cattaneo Luigi , Sala Francesco
Published: April 2021

Background

Cerebellar mutism can occur in a third of children undergoing cerebellar resections. Recent evidence proposes it may arise from uni- or bilateral damage of cerebellar efferents to the cortex along the cerebello-dento-thalamo-cortical pathway. At present, no neurophysiological procedure is available to monitor this pathway intraoperatively. Here, we specifically aimed at filling this gap.

Methods

We assessed 10 patients undergoing posterior fossa surgery using a conditioning-test stimulus paradigm. Electrical conditioning stimuli (cStim) were delivered to the exposed cerebellar cortex at interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of 8–24 ms prior to transcranial electric stimulation of the motor cortex, which served as test stimulus (tStim). The variation of motor-evoked potentials (MEP) to cStim + tStim compared with tStim alone was taken as a measure of cerebello-cortical connectivity.

Results

cStim alone did not produce any MEP. cStim preceding tStim produced a significant inhibition at 8 ms (p< 0.0001) compared with other ISIs when applied to the lobules IV-V-VI in the anterior cerebellum and the lobule VIIB in the posterior cerebellum. Mixed effects of decrease and increase in MEP amplitude were observed in these areas for longer ISIs.

Conclusions

The inhibition exerted by cStim at 8 ms on the motor cortex excitability is likely to be the product of activity along the cerebello-dento-thalamo-cortical pathway. We show that monitoring efferent cerebellar pathways to the motor cortex is feasible in intraoperative settings. This study has promising implications for pediatric posterior fossa surgery with the aim to preserve the cerebello-cortical pathways and thus prevent cerebellar mutism.
Multi-scale Coupled Processes Modeling of Fractures as Porous, Interfacial and Granular Systems from Rock Images with the Numerical Manifold Method
Authors: Hu Mengsu , Rutqvist Jonny
Published: April 2021

The greatest challenges of rigorously modeling coupled hydro-mechanical processes in fractured rocks at different scales are associated with computational geometry. In addition, selections of continuous or discontinuous models, physical laws, and coupling priorities at different scales based on different geometric features determine the applicability of a numerical model for a certain type of problem. In this study, we present our multi-scale modeling capabilities that have been developed based on the numerical manifold method for analyzing coupled hydro-mechanical processes in fractured rocks. Based on their geometric features, the fractures are modeled as continua—finite-thickness porous zones, and discontinua—discontinuous interfaces and microscale asperities and granular systems. Different governing equations, physical laws, coupling priorities, and approaches for addressing fracture intersections and shearing are then applied to describe these. We applied these models to simulate coupled processes in fractured rocks using realistic geometry obtained from rock images at different scales. We first calculated shearing of a single fracture with different models and demonstrated the impacts of asperities on shearing. We then applied the continuous and discontinuous models to simulate a network of rough fractures, demonstrating that contact dynamics contribute significantly to the geometric, multi-physical evolution of systems where rough fractures are not mineral filled. For a discrete fracture network, our coupled processes modeling demonstrates that shearing of the discrete fractures can have a major impact on stress and pore pressure distribution. Lastly, we applied the discontinuous granular model to simulate evolution of a complex granular system with a deformation band, demonstrating that the deformation band can dominate contact dynamics, the structural and the stress evolution of the granular system.
Distinguishing between rheophysical regimes of fluid-saturated granular-flows using dilatancy and acoustic emission measurements
Authors: Siman-Tov Shalev , Brodsky Emily E.
Published: April 2021

Dry granular flows provide an ongoing challenge to physics and under saturation the multiphase physics is even more difficult to disentangle. A rich literature has elucidated the possible regimes achieved, however, the nonlinear nature of the multiphase process makes predicting the appropriate dynamic regime difficult. In this study, we introduce a new experimental strategy to identify the appropriate dynamical regimes by combining traditional methods with acoustic emission measurements. We sheared natural granular materials under dry, water and oil-saturated conditions while recording mechanical, acoustic and visual data. By applying alternate low and high velocity steps we respectively obtained quasi-static and inertial granular flow regimes. Dilation was observed for all high-velocity flows but its amount varied as did the degree of acoustic emission. At high velocities, the water-saturated flow dilated less and had reduced acoustic emissions relative to the dry case. In contrast, the oil-saturated flow dilated more while having even less acoustic emissions. This difference in trends of the dilation and acoustic emissions with increasing fluid viscosity suggests that oil and water granular flows achieved distinct dynamical regimes. Damping of granular pressure by reducing grain collisions and Dilatancy due to fully lubricated contacts are two competing processes influence the saturated shear physics and theoretically expected, but distinguishing between the regimes is difficult to anticipate. The acoustic emissions provide an extra piece of information that allows us to distinguish the physical regimes and determine the competition between processes that control the physics of saturated granular flows in the granular inertial regime.
Efficacy and safety of S-1 following gemcitabine with cisplatin for advanced biliary tract cancer
Authors: Inoue Hiroto , Todaka Akiko , Yamazaki Kentaro , Fushiki Kunihiro , Shirasu Hiromichi , Kawakami Takeshi , Tsushima Takahiro , Hamauchi Satoshi , Yokota Tomoya , Machida Nozomu , Fukutomi Akira , Onozawa Yusuke , Andoh Akira , Yasui Hirofumi
Published: April 2021

Background Combination therapy of gemcitabine with cisplatin (GC) is a standard first-line therapy for unresectable or recurrent biliary tract cancer (BTC). S-1 is often used as a second-line therapy in clinical practice, based on the results of some clinical studies investigating its efficacy and safety following gemcitabine monotherapy. However, few studies have reported on the clinical outcomes of S-1 following GC. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the efficacy and safety of S-1 following GC for unresectable and recurrent BTC. Methods We retrospectively collected the data of 116 patients (pts) who were treated with S-1 as a second-line therapy following GC for unresectable or recurrent BTC at Shizuoka Cancer Center (November 2009 to July 2019). Results Of these 116 pts., 84 were assessable. Patient characteristics were as follows: intrahepatic bile duct/extrahepatic bile duct/gallbladder cancer, 30/23/31 pts.; metastatic/recurrent/locally advanced, 57/17/10 pts. The median time to treatment failure and overall survival were 2.5 and 6.0 months, respectively. Among 65 pts. with measurable lesions, the overall response rate was 3.1% (2/65 pts) and the disease control rate was 24.6% (19/65 pts). The common grade 3/4 toxicities included anemia (12%), neutropenia (4%), infections (16%), fatigue (6%), and diarrhea (4%). Dose reduction or treatment schedule modification of S-1 was required in 29 pts. (34.5%), and 17 pts. (20%) terminated S-1 due to adverse events. Conclusions The efficacy and safety of S-1 following GC were almost the same as those of S-1 following GEM monotherapy for unresectable or recurrent BTC.
Mediating functions and the semantics of noun incorporation
Authors: McKenzie Andrew
Published: April 2021

Noun incorporation is commonly thought to avoid the weak compositionality of compounds because it involves conjunction of an argument noun with the incorporating verb. However, it is weakly compositional in two ways. First, the noun’s entity argument needs to be bound or saturated, but previous accounts fail to adequately ensure that it is. Second, non-arguments are often incorporated in many languages, and their thematic role is available for contextual selection.

We show that these two weaknesses are actually linked. We focus on the Kiowa language, which generally bars objects from incorporation but allows non-arguments. We show that a mediating relation is required to semantically link the noun to the verb. Absent a relation, the noun’s entity argument is not saturated, and the entire expression is uninterpretable. The mediating relation for non-objects also assigns it a thematic role instead of a postposition. Speakers can choose this role freely, subject to independent constraints from the pragmatics, syntax, and semantics.

Objects in Kiowa are in fact allowed to incorporate in certain environments, but we show that these all independently involve a mediating relation. The mediating relation for objects quantifies over the noun and links the noun+verb construction to the rest of the clause. The head that introduces this relation re-categorizes the verb in the syntactic derivation. Essentially, we demonstrate two distinct mechanisms for noun incorporation.

Having derived the distribution of Kiowa, we apply the same relations to derive constraints on English complex verbs and synthetic compounds, which exhibit most of the same constraints as Kiowa noun incorporation. We also look at languages with routine object incorporation, and show how the transitivity of the verb depends on whether the "Equation missing"head introducing the external argument assigns case to the re-categorized verb.
Hydrogeochemical framework of groundwater within the Asutifi-North District of the Brong-Ahafo Region, Ghana
Authors: Tay Collins K.
Published: April 2021

Hydrogeochemical processes responsible for groundwater composition within the Asutifi-North district were assessed. The aim was to delineate the factors influencing groundwater within the district. Results show that the pH values of groundwater within the district are moderately acidic to neutral and ranged from 4.4 to 7.5 with a mean value and standard deviation of 6.1 ± 0.7 pH units. 67.4% of groundwater is acidic (pH 4–6.5) due principally to the influence of aquifer materials on the chemistry of groundwater. Acid mine drainage investigations in groundwater within the district shows that, when exposed, sulphides such as pyrites (FeS2) and arsenopyrite (FeAsS) react with water and oxygen to principally produce Fe(OH)3. The major ion concentrations are within the WHO (2004) Guideline values for drinking water. The relative abundance of cations and anions in groundwater within the district is in the order of: Ca2+  > Na+  > Mg2+  > K+ and HCO3− > Cl− > SO42−, respectively. The study further shows that, albite/anorthite-(plagioclase) and calcite/dolomite(carbonates) dissolution as well as ion-exchange reactions may have contributed significantly to major ion concentrations in groundwater within the district. Hydrochemical facies using Piper trillinear diagrams delineated two major water types, the Ca–Mg–HCO3 and Na–Cl water types, with Ca–Mg–Cl, Ca–Mg–SO4–Cl and Na–K–HCO3 as minor water types. Using principal component analysis (PCA), three (3) main principal components accounting for 73.1% of the total variance with eigenvalues > 1 were extracted. PCA delineated the main natural processes through which groundwater within the district acquires its chemical characteristics, the incongruent dissolution of silicate/aluminosilicates and the prevalence of pollution principally from the application of inorganic fertilizers such as nitrates and ammonia via agricultural activities within the district.
Combustion characteristics of high ash Indian thermal, heat affected coal and their blends
Authors: Aich Subhajit , Nandi Barun Kumar , Bhattacharya Sumantra
Published: April 2021

Onsite mine fire generates large volumes of heat-affected coal in Jharia coalfields, India. Direct utilization of such heat-affected coal in thermal utilities is not feasible as such coal does not have the desirable volatile matter required for combustion. In the present work, experimental studies have been carried out to investigate the possible utilization of such heat-affected coal in thermal utilities by blending with other coal. Heat-affected coal (31% ash and 5300 kcal/kg GCV) collected from Jharia coalfield were blended with thermal coal (28% ash and 5650 kcal/kg GCV) in different ratios of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40 to identify the desirable blend ratio for burning of blended coal in thermal utilities. Burning characteristics of all the coals were carried out using TGA. Various combustion parameters such as ignition temperature, peak temperature, burnout temperature, ignition index, burnout index, combustion performance index, rate and heat intensity index of the combustion process and activation energy were evaluated to analyse the combustion process. Experimental and theoretical analysis shows the blend ratio of 90:10 can be used in place of only thermal coal in utilities to reduce the fuel cost.
Simulating the performance of a highly efficient CuBi2O4-based thin-film solar cell
Authors: Hosen Adnan , Mian Md. Suruz , Ahmed Sheikh Rashel Al
Published: April 2021

In this study, copper bismuth oxide (CuBi2O4) absorber-based thin film heterojunction solar cell structure consisting of Al/FTO/CdS/CuBi2O4/Ni has been proposed. The proposed solar cell device structure has been modeled and analyzed by using the solar cell capacitance simulator in one dimension (SCAPS-1D) software program. The performance of the proposed photovoltaic device is evaluated numerically by varying thickness, doping concentrations, defect density, operating temperature, back metal contact work function, series and shunt resistances. The current density–voltage behaviors at dark and under illumination are investigated. To realize the high efficiency CuBi2O4-based solar cell, the thickness, acceptor and donor densities, defect densities of different layers have been optimized. The present work reveals that the power conversion efficiency can be enhanced by increasing the absorber layer thickness. The efficiency of 26.0% with open-circuit voltage of 0.97 V, short-circuit current density of 31.61 mA/cm2, and fill-factor of 84.58% is achieved for the proposed solar cell at the optimum 2.0-μm-thick CuBi2O4 absorber layer. It is suggested that the p-type CuBi2O4 material proposed in the present study can be employed as a promising absorber layer for applications in the low cost and high efficiency thin-film solar cells.
Impact of Mixed Reality Presentation on STEM Engagement and Comprehension: A Pilot Study on Adult Scientists
Authors: Geller Peter , Stein Jaymie , Du Daniel , Webb Jason R. , Lieberman Zack , Shreiber David , Parekkadan Biju
Published: April 2021

Current educational presentation software used in STEM education fail to maximize student engagement and comprehension. Mixed reality presentation is one specific type of digital presentation software that has shown to significantly improve student engagement and comprehension. In this paper, we describe a pilot study on adult scientists which evaluates the usage of an integrated mixed reality presentation software in the Zyndo platform as an enhanced alternative to Adobe PDFs. A group of adult scientists (N = 20), with higher education of at least a bachelor’s degree, from an academic research center at Harvard Medical School were randomized and asked to read two articles (one on Immunology and the other on Bioengineering) presented through either the mixed reality presentation or PDFs. Our results indicate that participants improved in nearly all metrics for engagement (ranging from + 4 to 51% improvement depending on engagement metric and subject matter) when viewing the mixed reality presentation over the traditional PDFs for both articles. Specifically, the participants demonstrated improved comprehension of the scientific content and time spent viewing the presentation in a content-dependent manner. Therefore, 3D mixed reality environments can potentially be applied to enhance student learning in STEM fields, particularly Biomedical Engineering in both on-line and in person classroom settings.
Companies and Climate Change
Authors: Benjamin Lisa
Published: April 2021

Companies lie at the heart of the climate crisis and are both culpable for, and vulnerable to, its impacts. Rising social and investor concern about the escalating risks of climate change are changing public and investor expectations of businesses and, as a result, corporate approaches to climate change. Dominant corporate norms that put shareholders (and their wealth maximization) at the heart of company law are viewed by many as outdated and in need of reform. Companies and Climate Change analyzes these developments by assessing the regulation and pressures that impact energy companies in the UK, with lessons that apply worldwide. In this work, Lisa Benjamin shows how the Paris Agreement, climate and energy law in the EU and the UK, and transnational human rights and climate litigation, are regulatory and normative developments that illustrate how company law can and should act as a bridge to progressive corporate climate action.
Medical Statistics from A to Z
Authors: Everitt Brian S.
Published: April 2021

For clinicians not well-versed in mathematical techniques, medical statistics can be baffling. Understanding these statistics is crucial for the interpretation of literature and the informed judgement of the use of therapies. From 'Abortion rate' to 'Zygosity determination', this accessible introduction to the terminology of medical statistics clearly describes, illustrates and explains over 1500 terms using non-technical language, and without any mathematical formulae! The majority of terms have been updated and revised for this new edition, and almost 150 new definitions have been added, ensuring readers are up to date with the latest practices. Entries are organised alphabetically, and related topics are clearly cross-referenced throughout, to provide fast, easy navigation. Further reading suggestions supplement most definitions, which allows readers to deepen their understanding of the subject. Enabling clinicians and medical students to grasp the meaning of any statistical terms they encounter when studying medical literature, this guide is a real lifesaver.
A Guide to Feedback Theory
Authors: Dawson Joel L.
Published: April 2021

Do you need to understand feedback? Perhaps you're a little rusty on theory basics? Dig in to this self-contained guide for an accessible and concise explanation of the fundamentals. Distills the relevant essence of linear system theory, calculus, differential equations, linear algebra, basic physics, numerical methods, and complex analysis, and links them back to an explanation of feedback theory. Provides a tight synthesis of analytical and conceptual understanding. Maintains a focus on common use cases. Whether you are a struggling undergraduate, a doctoral student preparing for your qualifying exams, or an industry practitioner, this easy-to-understand book invites you to relax, enjoy the material, and follow your curiosity.
Poor Law Institutions through Working-Class Eyes: Autobiography, Emotion, and Family Context, 1834–1914
Authors: Tomkins Alannah
Published: April 2021

Histories of the English workhouse and its satellite institutions have concentrated on legal change, institutional administration, and moments of shock or scandal, generally without considering the place of these institutions, established through the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834, in the emotional life course of poor inmates. This article uses working-class autobiographies to examine the register of emotional responses to workhouses and associated Poor Law institutions, and the range of narrative voices open to authors who recalled institutional residence. It also gives close attention to two lengthy narratives of workhouse district schools and highlights their significance in comparison to the authors’ family backgrounds and the representation of each writer in the wider historical record. It suggests that a new affective chronology of the workhouse is needed to accommodate room for disparity between the aspiration of systematic poor relief and the reality of individual experience within local interpretations of the law.
The Sound of Politics in Early Nineteenth-Century Ireland
Authors: Barclay Katie
Published: April 2021

In the early 1800s, Jonah Barrington, an Irish judge, bemoaned that the air chosen as the march for the Irish Volunteer Movement had “no merit whatever, being neither grand, nor martial, nor animating,” contrasting it with the zeal of French revolutionary music. The emotional impact of music might be a matter of taste, but such a statement is suggestive of an aesthetics, where political music, or music used for political purposes, should have specific qualities that could be identified and judged by listeners. This article explores how people in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Ireland identified music as political, using theories of the effects and affects of sound during the period and a corpus of Irish political music as an access point into historical experiences of musical enjoyment. While the impacts of music on the body are challenging for historians to retrieve, scholarship from the history of emotions highlights the important role of normative frameworks of emotion in accessing embodied experience. Working from this perspective, this article argues that we can begin to access the sound of politics for audiences of this period, contributing to our understanding of the role of music in political life.
An Empire of Free Ports: British Commercial Imperialism in the 1766 Free Port Act
Authors: Kleiser R. Grant
Published: April 2021

The Free Port Act of 1766 was an important reform in British political economy during the so-called imperial crisis between the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) and the American Revolution (1775–1783). In an explicit break from the letter if not the spirit of the Navigation Acts, the act opened six British ports in the West Indies (two in Dominica and four in Jamaica) to foreign merchants trading in a highly regulated number of goods subject to various duties. Largely understudied, this legislation has been characterized in most previous work on the subject as a fundamental break from British mercantile policies and meant to benefit North American colonial merchants. This article proposes a different interpretation. Based on the wider context of other imperial free port models, the loss of conquests such as French Guadeloupe and Martinique and Spanish Havana in the 1763 Paris Peace Treaty, a postwar downturn in Anglo-Spanish trade, and convincing testimonies by merchants and colonial observers, policy makers in London conceived of free ports primarily as a means of extending Britain's commercial empire. The free port system was designed to ruin the rival Dutch trade economically and shackle Spanish and French colonists to Britain's mercantile, manufacturing, and slaving economies. The reform marks a key moment in the evolution of British free trade imperial designs that became prevalent in the nineteenth century and beyond.
Revision of “Dependence of Climate States of Gray Atmosphere on Solar Constant: From the Runaway Greenhouse to the Snowball States” by Ishiwatari et al. (2007)
Authors: Ishiwatari M. , Nakajima K. , Takehiro S. , Hayashi Y.‐Y. , Kawai Y. , Takahashi Y. O.
Published: April 2021

Ishiwatari et al. (2007) (https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007368) investigated multiple equilibrium solutions of a gray atmosphere for various values of solar constant, utilizing two types of models, namely, a one‐dimensional energy balance model and a general circulation model (GCM) with simplified physical processes, both of which permit existence of the runaway greenhouse state. The study was retracted, since there was a bug in their GCM that affected quantitative aspects of the study. Here, we revise the study with re‐performing all of the GCM experiments using an appropriately corrected model. The results of re‐experiments show that the main features of the climate regime diagram drawn in the solar constant ‐ ice line latitude plane are mostly unchanged, except that the ice‐free equilibrium state, which existed in Ishiwatari et al. (2007) (https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007368) now disappears. It is confirmed that there are the partially ice‐covered state, the globally ice‐covered state, and the runaway greenhouse state. These three states coexist for intermediate values of solar constant. The existence of the large ice cap instability is also confirmed, although the critical latitude of the partially ice‐covered state extends equatorward. Also same as before, the small ice cap instability does not seem to appear.
The Effect of Sea Ice on Tidal Propagation in the Kitikmeot Sea, Canadian Arctic Archipelago
Authors: Rotermund Lina M. , Williams William J. , Klymak Jody M. , Wu Yongsheng , Scharien Randall K. , Haas Christian
Published: April 2021

The tides in the Kitikmeot Sea, in the southern Canadian Arctic Archipelago, are found to be heavily influenced by seasonal sea‐ice formation and blocking in a strait. Data from a moored current profiler in Dease Strait exhibit strong tidal damping during wintertime seasonal sea‐ice cover, with 50%–60% reduction in tidal elevation and 65% reduction in tidal velocities. We used a 3D unstratified barotropic numerical tidal model of the region to show that the observed wintertime tidal damping likely requires both high sea‐ice friction and a partial sea‐ice blockage in Victoria Strait (VS), the eastern gateway of the Kitikmeot Sea, where tidal‐induced ridging causes thick, rough ice to accumulate over its shallow sill. Our analysis of the model shows different dynamics for the M2 and K1 tides. Both tidal constituents are dominated by the Atlantic tides entering through VS. Overall, ∼90% of the M2 tidal energy entering VS does not reach Dease Strait because, in addition to dissipation in VS (∼25%), it is significantly diverted into adjoining bays and around an amphidrome in eastern Queen Maud Gulf (∼65%). In contrast, the smaller K1 tide is less diverted into the subsidiary channels, after ∼20% dissipation in VS and only ∼25% in adjoining bays, it propagates far into the region and is amplified due to resonance in Dease Strait and Coronation Gulf, resulting in larger tidal height than the M2 tide in Coronation Gulf.
A 30 ‐Year Time Series of Transient Tracer‐Based Estimates of Anthropogenic Carbon in the Central Labrador Sea
Authors: Raimondi L. , Tanhua T. , Azetsu‐Scott K. , Yashayaev I. , Wallace D.W.R.
Published: April 2021

We use a 30‐year time series (1986–2016) of dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC‐12) concentrations with a refined transit time distribution (TTD) method, to estimate the temporal variation of anthropogenic carbon (Cant) in the Central Labrador Sea. We determined that the saturation of CFC‐12 and sulfur hexafluroide (SF6) in newly‐formed Labrador Sea Water had departed significantly from 100% and varied systematically with time. Multiple linear regression of the time‐varying saturation, with the tracer's atmospheric growth rate and the wintertime mixed layer depth as independent variables, allowed reconstruction of the saturation history of CFC‐12 and SF6 in wintertime surface waters, which was implemented in the TTD method. Use of the time‐varying saturation for CFC‐12 gave Cant concentrations ∼7 μmol kg−1 larger than estimates obtained assuming a constant saturation of 100%. The resulting Cant column inventories were ∼20% larger and displayed lower interannual variability compared to conventional TTD‐based estimates. The column inventory of Cant increased at an average rate of 1.8 mol m−2 y−1 over the 30‐year period. However, the accumulation rate of Cant was higher than this average in the early 1990s and since 2013, whereas inventories remained almost unchanged between 2003 and 2012. The variation in the Cant accumulation rate is shown to be linked to temporal variability in the relative layer thickness of the annually ventilated Labrador Sea Water and the underlying Deep Intermediate Water. The non‐steady Cant accumulation highlights the importance of sampling frequency, especially in regions of variable deep mixing and high carbon inventories, and potential misinterpretation of Cant dynamics.
Sediment Mobilization by Hurricane‐Driven Shallow Landsliding in a Wet Subtropical Watershed
Authors: Ramos‐Scharrón C. E. , Arima E. Y. , Guidry A. , Ruffe D. , Vest B.
Published: April 2021

The role of individual tropical cyclones in mobilizing sediment by shallow landsliding has been studied widely in islands of the Pacific but hardly within the Insular Caribbean. An opportunity to conduct such a study materialized in 2017 when Hurricane María provoked over 70,000 landslides on the island of Puerto Rico. Through aerial photo interpretation and high‐resolution digital elevation models, this study provides an estimate of the net mobilization and delivery of sediment by shallow landslides in a wet subtropical and actively cultivated 43.8 km2 watershed. Landslide mobilization and delivery are contextualized here in terms of other active sources of sediment and annual sediment delivery. Maximum hourly and 24‐h average rain intensities within the study watershed during Hurricane María were 68 and 10.2 mm h−1, respectively, and these represent intensities with local recurrence intervals of less than 10 years. However, these rain intensities were sufficient to trigger 2,318 landslides that mobilized 230,510–436,330 Megagrams of sediment, an amount that is much greater than surface erosion contributions and represents the equivalent of 0.5–3.6 years of annual watershed‐scale sediment delivery. The high susceptibility to landsliding in this region of Puerto Rico is linked to the abundance of roads (∼21 km km−2), particularly those crisscrossing terrain with slopes ranging from 30° to 60°. Only 15% of these roads are within actively cultivated areas. The remaining roads represent the support infrastructure of abandoned coffee farms that still appear to be inducing a legacy of much geomorphological and watershed management relevance.
A Reminder of a Desert’s Past, Before Dingo Removal
Authors: Averett Nancy
Published: April 2021

A fence spans Australia’s Strzelecki Desert, keeping dingoes out of the southern side. Drone and satellite technology have illustrated how removing this top predator changes vegetation growth.
Decadal Geomagnetic Secular Variations From Greigite Bearing Dead Sea Sediments
Authors: Ebert Yael , Shaar Ron , Stein Mordechai
Published: April 2021

Archeomagnetic data from the Levant revealed periods within the Holocene with fast and extreme changes in the geomagnetic field. Yet, the availability of the archeomagnetic data is sporadic and the correlation with the available sedimentary records from the region is rather poor. To further explore decadal variations in the directions of the field, we investigate three outcrops of the late Holocene Dead Sea that are exposed along the western retreating shores of the modern lake. The sediments were deposited under spatially varying limnological‐environmental conditions, influencing their magnetic properties. The southern section, located near Ein‐Gedi Spa (EG section) is dominated by detrital titanomagnetite whereas the northern sections, Nahal Og (Og section) and Ein‐Feshkha (EF section), are dominated by authigenic greigite. The chronology of the sections was established by radiocarbon dating of short lived organic debris. The magnetic data were obtained in a 2 cm resolution. The EF section, spanning the time interval from ca. 2,500 cal yr BP to ca. 1,000 cal yr BP, is dominated by greigite and thus providing the most robust geomagnetic record with precise paleomagnetic directions. Greigite forms very early in the sediment and the effects of smoothing and the inclination shallowing are negligible. The new data reveal a maximal deviation of 20° from the geocentric axial dipole field between 2,400 to 2,200 cal yr BP accompanied with a fast swing in inclination from 60° to 35° over about a century. This suggests high geomagnetic field activity associated with the Levantine Iron Age geomagnetic anomaly.
Relative importance of organic- and iron-based colloids in six Nova Scotian lakes
Authors: Anderson Lindsay E. , Trueman Benjamin F. , Dunnington Dewey W. , Gagnon Graham A.
Published: April 2021

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentrations have been increasing in parts of the northern hemisphere for several decades. This process—brownification—often accompanies increasing iron and aluminum, but the metal–DOM interactions these concurrent trends imply are poorly described. Here we used field-flow fractionation with UV and ICP-MS detection to measure the size distribution of colloidal iron, aluminum, manganese, copper, uranium, and chromophoric DOM in six lakes over six months. Five of these lakes have browned to some degree in the past three decades, with linear increases in organic carbon and color ranging from 0.01 to 0.13 mg C L−1 yr−1 and 0.13–1.94 PtCo yr−1. Browning trends were more pronounced and colloids more abundant in lakes with wetlands in their catchments. Iron and aluminum were present in two primary fractions, sized nominally at 1 and 1000 kDa. The 1 kDa fraction included the primary DOM signal, while the 1000 kDa fraction absorbed minimally at 254 nm and likely represents iron-rich (oxyhydr)oxides. Colloidal manganese was sized at 1000+ kDa, whereas colloidal copper and uranium occurred primarily at 1 kDa. These associations fit with a pattern of increasing DOC, iron, aluminum, and color in the region’s lakes. They represent a significant challenge for drinking water treatment systems, especially those in remote communities. Given that browning trends are expected to continue, monitoring plans would better inform treatment process design and operation by characterizing DOM and iron-rich, primarily inorganic colloids that contribute to adverse water quality outcomes.
Gene expression profiling of brain endothelial cells after experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage
Authors: Tso Michael K. , Turgeon Paul , Bosche Bert , Lee Charles K. , Nie Tian , D’Abbondanza Josephine , Ai Jinglu , Marsden Philip A. , Macdonald R. Loch
Published: April 2021

Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is a type of hemorrhagic stroke that is associated with high morbidity and mortality. New effective treatments are needed to improve outcomes. The pathophysiology of SAH is complex and includes early brain injury and delayed cerebral ischemia, both of which are characterized by blood–brain barrier (BBB) impairment. We isolated brain endothelial cells (BECs) from mice subjected to SAH by injection of blood into the prechiasmatic cistern. We used gene expression profiling to identify 707 unique genes (2.8% of transcripts, 403 upregulated, 304 downregulated, 24,865 interrogated probe sets) that were significantly differentially expressed in mouse BECs after SAH. The pathway involving prostaglandin synthesis and regulation was significantly upregulated after SAH, including increased expression of the Ptgs2 gene and its corresponding COX-2 protein. Celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, limited upregulation of Ptgs2 in BECs. In this study, we have defined the gene expression profiling of BECs after experimental SAH and provide further insight into BBB pathophysiology, which may be relevant to other neurological diseases such as traumatic brain injury, brain tumours, ischaemic stroke, multiple sclerosis, and neurodegenerative disorders.
Author Correction: Glycosphingolipid expression at breast cancer stem cells after novel thieno[2,3-b]pyridine anticancer compound treatment
Authors: Marijan Sandra , Markotić Anita , Mastelić Angela , Režić-Mužinić Nikolina , Pilkington Lisa Ivy , Reynisson Johannes , Čulić Vedrana Čikeš
Published: April 2021

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Motor and sensory features successfully decode autism spectrum disorder and combine with the original RDoC framework to boost diagnostic classification
Authors: Harrison Laura A. , Kats Anastasiya , Kilroy Emily , Butera Christiana , Jayashankar Aditya , Keles Umit , Aziz-Zadeh Lisa
Published: April 2021

Sensory processing and motor coordination atypicalities are not commonly identified as primary characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), nor are they well captured in the NIMH’s original Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework. Here, motor and sensory features performed similarly to RDoC features in support vector classification of 30 ASD youth against 33 typically developing controls. Combining sensory with RDoC features boosted classification performance, achieving a Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) of 0.949 and balanced accuracy (BAcc) of 0.971 (p = 0.00020, calculated against a permuted null distribution). Sensory features alone successfully classified ASD (MCC = 0.565, BAcc = 0.773, p = 0.0222) against a clinically relevant control group of 26 youth with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) and were in fact required to decode against DCD above chance. These findings highlight the importance of sensory and motor features to the ASD phenotype and their relevance to the RDoC framework.