bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Woher, Wieviel und zu Welchem Preis?: Welches Kernproblem hat der Klinikeinkauf in Zeiten von Pandemien?
Authors: Gallmann Thomas , Krojer Stefan
Published: August 2020

Auch nach dem Abklingen der Covid-19-Pandemie werden uns Pandemien immer wieder in unregelmäßigen Abständen betreffen und den Einkauf in den Kliniken wieder vor große Probleme stellen. Denn es stellt sich nicht nur die Frage: „Woher bekomme ich das benötigte Material?“, sondern es ist auch wichtig: „Wieviel Material benötige ich für meine Klinik, um die Versorgung sicherzustellen?“
Validity and usefulness of COVID-19 models
Authors: Eker Sibel
Published: August 2020

Mathematical models have become central to the public and policy debate about the recent COVID-19 pandemic. On the one hand, they provide guidance to policy-makers about the development of the epidemic and healthcare demand overtime; on the other hand, they are heavily criticized for their lack of credibility. This commentary reflects on three such models from a validity and usefulness perspective. Specifically, it discusses the complexity, validation, and communication of models informing the government decisions in the UK, US and Austria, and concludes that, although these models are useful in many ways, they currently lack a thorough validation and a clear communication of their uncertainties. Therefore, prediction claims of these models should be taken cautiously, and their merits on scenario analysis should be the basis for decision-making. The lessons that can be learned from the COVID models in terms of the communication of uncertainties and assumptions can guide the use of quantitative models in other policy-making areas.
Effective low-energy spin model for narrow zigzag graphene nanoribbons
Authors: Cheranovskii V. O. , Slavin V. V. , Ezerskaya E. V.
Published: July 2020

The magnetic properties of narrow zigzag graphene nanoribbons with periodically embedded atoms of transition metals have been studied in the framework of Heisenberg spin Hamiltonian. We have proposed the simple effective model to give a semi-qualitative description of the peculiarities of magnetization profiles of the systems under consideration. This model can be used for an arbitrary value of spin of the embedded atoms of transition metals. Our analytical and numerical calculations confirm the correctness of the proposed model.
Low temperature structural transformations on the (001) surface of SrTiO3 single crystals
Authors: Krainyukova N. V. , Hamalii V. O. , Peschanskii A. V. , Popov A. I. , Kotomin E. A.
Published: July 2020

The smooth (001) surfaces of SrTiO3 (STO) single crystals were investigated by the reflection high-energy electron diffraction method in the temperature range from 5.5 to 300 K. The Raman scattering confirmed the high quality of STO samples. Five structural anomalies were found depending on temperature. The antiferrodistortive phase transition from the cubic structure to tetragonal, observed in the STO bulk at 105 K, on the surface extends from 70 to 120 K. The anomalies below 7 K and about 35 K are similar to those in the bulk considered as a crossover between the growth of the ferroelectric atomic displacements with decreasing temperature and quantum-mechanical stabilization of this growth due to the zero-point atomic motion. The other two anomalies are related only to a surface. Differentiation of lattice parameters depending on the depth from a surface revealed nonmonotonic changes, which could be used for detecting the structural transformations. The comprehensive understanding of the structural properties of ABO3 perovskite surfaces is important for elucidating the nature of the effects at the boundary of metallic ferromagnetism in similar materials.
When the average model knows best
Authors: Mandel Savannah
Published: August 2020

Ensemble-averaging allows the application of machine learning models on small data sets, enabling more researchers to use machine learning in their work.
Low frequency electrochemical noise in AlGaN/GaN field effect transistor biosensors
Authors: Bertani Paul , Wang Yuji , Xue Hao , Wei Yi , Lu Wu
Published: July 2020

Little has been studied on how the electrochemical noise impacts the limit of detection of field effect transistor (FET) biosensors. Herein, we investigate low frequency noise associated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solutions at varying ionic strengths (Ni) under both weak and strong gate biases corresponding to saturation and sub-threshold regimes, respectively, in AlGaN/GaN heterojunction FET biosensors. We show that the electrochemical noise is strongly dependent on the ionic strength and gate biasing conditions. In the saturation regime (low bias), varying the ionic strength (a range of 10−6× PBS to PBS 1 × stock solutions used for testing) has little to no effect on the characteristic frequency exponent β(β=1), indicating a predominately diffusion-based process. Conversely, under higher biases (sub-threshold regime), the β parameter varies from 1 to 2 with ionic strength exhibiting both diffusion and drift characteristics, with a “cut point” at approximately 10−5× PBS (Ni≈9×1014/mL). Under a high bias, once the PBS concentration reaches 10−3×, the behavior is then drift dominant. This indicates that the higher bias likely triggers electrochemical reactions and by extension, faradaic effects at most physiologically relevant ionic strengths. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the device has an inverse linear relationship with the low frequency current noise. The device exhibits a higher SNR in the sub-threshold regime than in the saturation regime. Specifically, within the saturation regime, an inversely proportional relationship between the SNR and the ionic concentration is observed. The electrochemical noise induced from ionic activities is roughly proportional to Ni−1/2.
Comparative study of 3D joint inversion based on multi-section resistivity data
Authors: Ou Yuanchao , Zhang Pingsong , Liu Chang , Tan Lei , Sun Binyang
Published: August 2020

A 3D joint inversion of 2D electrical prospecting data can effectively solve the shortcomings of the 2D electrical method in detecting the spatial forms of anomalous bodies. However, the direction and interval between 2D electrical prospecting survey lines can affect the workload of field prospectors and the accuracy of the subsequent 3D inversion. This study established a physical model of an indoor water tank. Multiple sections of 2D electrical survey lines were laid and survey line data was acquired. The intersection angles between 2D electrical survey lines and anomalous bodies as well as the relations between the 3D inversion characteristics and 2D electrical prospecting data for different line intervals were studied. The results of this study indicate that the electrical response of cylindrical anomalous bodies tends to become weaker, first slowly and then faster, with a decrease in the angle. When the intersection angle is between 60° and 90°, the inverted forms of the anomalous bodies are unchanged. When the interaction angle is less than 60°, there is a significant twisting of the bodies and the electrical response is obviously weaker. The 3D joint inversion imaging using multi-section resistivity data can effectively improve the recognition on the spatial forms of objects. However, the joint inversion obtained with different survey line intervals varies in how precisely the objects are depicted. The increase in the interval between survey lines can be divided into four main stages in terms of the 3D joint inversion. To maintain the efficiency of practical prospecting and because survey data forming shallow strata are affected by external interference, it was found experimentally that the optimum interval for the effective depiction of the locations and forms of objects ranges from 8 cm to 12 cm. Specifically, the least number of 2D survey lines can be deployed while ensuring the overall accuracy and reliability of the survey result when the survey line interval/2D electrical prospecting inversion depth ranges from 8/17 to 12/17. The study results may help us to guide the arrangement of electrical survey lines in field prospecting and improve construction efficiency and the accuracy of joint inversion.
Study on fracture shape distribution characteristics and micromechanical properties of middling coal
Authors: Si Liang , Cao Yijun , Fan Guixia , Wang Song
Published: July 2020

In order to study the fracture shape distribution and micromechanical properties of middling coal containing fracture fillings, the fracture information of coal samples was obtained using the morphological edge detection method. The results showed that the number of Y-shaped fractures was much greater than that of the X-shaped fractures, and the number of single fractures accounted for a larger proportion of the surface fractures. The micromechanical characteristics of the middling coals were analyzed qualitatively based on the nanoindentation load–displacement curve by the surface of middling coal containing fracture fillings. The mechanical properties of the fracture filling zone were nonuniform owing to the presence of multiple minerals, and the crack breaks along the interface or the side of the matrix having poor mechanical properties under an applied force. The difference in mechanical properties at the mineral–mineral interfaces was determined through the nanoindentation test to judge the fracture mode.
The effect of solution processed nickel oxide and nickel oxide by-products on planar MAPbI3 perovskite solar cells
Authors: Xu Mei-Feng , Zhai Zhi-Chun , Xu Tian , Wang Chao-Nan , Jin Yong-Long
Published: July 2020

This study elucidated the influence of a nickel oxide inorganic hole transporting layer and its by-products produced with and without additives on planar MAPbI3 perovskite solar cell performance. We found out that NiO films produced from additive-free solution demonstrate a higher concentration of by-products in the form of Ni(OH)2. The additives enhanced the NiO concentration in final films, reducing the Ni(OH)2 concentration and improving morphology and crystallinity of the upper perovskite layer. The possible chemical reactions for NiO formation with and without additives were proposed and proved by the results of XPS and Zeta potential studies. After adding additives, with the decrease in the Ni(OH)2 concentration, the amount of by-product NiOOH had been increased, and both Ni(OH)2 and NiOOH influence the final amount of NiO in the resulting films. The effects of the NiO concentration and additives such as ethanolamine, diethanolamine, and triethanolamine have been studied for the planar MAPbI3 perovskite solar cell performance. The best devices based on additive-free NiO films of 25 mg/ml concentration exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 11.02%, while NiO with diethanolamine additive films demonstrated a power conversion efficiency of 15.4%.
Dynamic behavior of acoustic cavitation bubble originated from heterogeneous nucleation
Authors: Yamamoto Takuya , Komarov Sergey V.
Published: July 2020

Acoustic cavitation bubbles are considered to be generated due to heterogeneous nucleation because a smaller amount of energy is required in this case compared with homogeneous nucleation. A typical example of such nucleation sites is tiny cracks filled with gas, commonly termed as “gas pocket.” Such microcracks can exist in abundance on the surface of reactor walls or sonotrodes used for the cavitation treatment. Eventually, the heterogeneously nucleated cavitation bubble is detached from the solid surface; however, the detachment mechanism has been unclear so far. Therefore, the present study numerically investigated the dynamic behavior of the cavitation bubble originated from the heterogeneous nucleation at wall cracks. During propagation of an ultrasound wave through a liquid, gas pockets in cracks oscillate sinusoidally when the sound pressure amplitude and crack radius are small. In this case, the bubble cannot detach from the surface. On the other hand, as the sound pressure amplitude, crack size, and/or contact angle become larger, the bubble begins to oscillate non-linearly that causes liquid jetting. The liquid jetting can cause the bubble detachment from the surface due to the interaction between the liquid jet and the bottom wall. Stronger liquid jetting makes many small detached bubbles.
Lsh/HELLS is required for B lymphocyte development and immunoglobulin class switch recombination
Authors: He Yafeng , Ren Jianke , Xu Xiaoping , Ni Kai , Schwader Andrew , Finney Richard , Wang Can , Sun Lei , Klarmann Kimberly , Keller Jonathan , Tubbs Anthony , Nussenzweig Andre , Muegge Kathrin
Published: July 2020

Significance

ICF4 is an inherited disease with early mortality due to immunodeficiency. Although the genetic cause is known to be a mutation in the Lsh (lymphoid-specific helicase) gene, it remains unknown why patients suffer from an impaired immune response. Using conditional Lsh knockout mouse models, we provide evidence that Lsh has a hematopoietic cell-intrinsic role in promoting early B cell development and that deficient B cells fail to conduct the step of DNA end joining that is required to yield a variety of immunoglobulin isotypes during class switch recombination. Our data uncover an essential role of Lsh/HELLS in immunoglobulin production which could lead to improved therapeutic options to treat ICF4 patients.
Study of analog performance of common source amplifier using rectangular core–shell based double gate junctionless transistor
Authors: Narula Vishal , Agarwal Mohit
Published: July 2020

A new state of the art double gate junctionless transistor (DGJLT) namely the rectangular core–shell DGJLT (RCS-DGJLT) based common source amplifier circuit is designed to investigate the performance. An RCS-DGJLT device is designed using a visual technology computer aided design tool and look up table-based Verilog-A model has been designed to carry out spice simulation of the circuit. Device simulation of RCS-DGJLT shows the extraordinary performance when compared to conventional DGJLT. The RCS-DGJLT exhibits an OFF current (Ioff
) ∼10−14 A, ON current (Ion
) ∼10−5 A, ON/OFF current ratio (Ion
/Ioff
) ∼109, subthreshold slope ∼68.9 mV decade−1 and drain induced barrier lowering ∼52.6 mV V−1. Also, the AC response of RCS-DGJLT exhibits good performance like lower miller capacitances of order 10–16 F, maximum unity gain frequency of 138.8 GHz, transconductance generation efficiency of 40 V−1, and gain-bandwidth product of 25.4 GHz. The common source amplifier circuit using RCS-DGJLT provides the amplification up to 3.3 times which implies gain (Av
) to be 3.3. The low leakage power of 10.4 pW and average power of 31.2 µW of common source amplifier circuit based on RCS-DGJLT shows the greater potential of using the proposed device in analog applications. Also, the complete flow chart of the process used to design an analog circuit based on proposed RCS-DGJLT is discussed. The result shows the potential of using the RCS-DGJLT device in designing high-frequency applications.
Self-foldable origami reflector antenna enabled by shape memory polymer actuation
Authors: Jape Sameer , Garza Milton , Ruff Joshua , Espinal Francisco , Sessions Deanna , Huff Gregory , Lagoudas Dimitris C , Peraza Hernandez Edwin A , Hartl Darren J
Published: July 2020

This paper presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of a self-foldable Active Origami Reflector Antenna (AORA) of parabolic form. Self-folding of the AORA is enabled by smooth uncreased folds composed of shape memory polymer (SMP) composites. Design methods for origami with smooth folds are applied to determine the shape and fold pattern of a planar sheet that can be folded to reach the parabolic antenna shape. A proof-of-concept prototype of the AORA is fabricated and self-folding of the AORA driven by thermal actuation of the SMP composite folds is demonstrated. The far-field electromagnetic (EM) characteristics of the AORA prototype are investigated through numerical simulations and experimental measurements in an anechoic chamber. A design-of-experiment study is conducted to investigate the effects of the antenna shape parameters on its EM characteristics such as far-field antenna gain and beamwidth, and to compare the performance of the AORA to that of equivalent smooth and faceted parabolic reflectors. Applications of the AORA include high-gain directional radio telescopes and satellite telecommunication.
Three-type Fano interference controlled by the phase transition of Eu3+/Pr3+:YPO4
Authors: Fan Huanrong , Raza Faizan , Ahmed Irfan , Li Kangkang , Ullah Habib , Zhang Yanpeng
Published: July 2020

We study the Fano interference from different phase transitions of Eu3+:YPO4 and Pr3+:YPO4 crystals through simultaneous detection of bright and dark states. For this study, we employed tetragonal (T), hexahedral (H), and (H + T)-phases of YPO4 crystals. The Fano interfering bright and dark states are classified based on dressed spontaneous parametric four-wave mixing, dressed multi-order fluorescence, and hybrid signal regimes. Further, the Fano interference between conti-nuous and discrete states can be controlled from partly-(constructive–destructive)-interference through a phase transition, nonlinear phase, and dressing. The (H + T)-phase Pr3+:YPO4 suggests more obvious Fano interference in contrast to T- or H-phase Pr3+:YPO4. We report that the Pr3+:YPO4 and Eu3+:YPO4 demonstrates the dressed multi-level- and dressed single-level Fano interference, respectively, with further three types of Fano interference that can be distinguished at different time delays. The experimental measurement agrees with theoretical simulations. Such results may be used for the design of new types of quantum electronic or spintronic devices such as Fano-transistors.
Quenching of

transition results from 2p-1h doorway mechanism by p-wave neutron excitation *
Authors: Wang Tao-Feng , Yang Xiao-Ting , Katabuchi T. , Li Zi-Ming , Xu Zhi-Bo , Kim G. N. , Ro T. I. , Han Ying-Lu , Zhu Li-Hua , Igashira M.
Published: August 2020

The ratio of

transition-intensities from the initial capture state to low-lying states may represent the model-independent

-strength function, which reflects the effects of different neutron-capture reaction mechanisms. The extraordinary quenching of the

transition from the p-wave neutron radiative capture in

Fe is observed, for the first time, from the pronounced enhancement of the

-strength function ratios

and

. The 2p-1h doorway excitation leads to suppression of the

transition to the ground state and the enhancement of the

and

transitions to the first and second excited states, respectively. The

sub-shells supply the exact number of spaces required for the 2p-1h configuration, which features the neutron capture mechanism in the vicinity of A= 55.
Derivative-based gamma index: a novel methodology for stringent patient-specific quality assurance in the stereotactic treatment planning of liver cancer
Authors: Thaper Deepak , Kamal Rose , Singh Gaganpreet , Oinam Arun S , Yadav Hanuman P , Kumar Vivek
Published: August 2020

Objective: The development of a stringent derivative-based gamma (DBG) index for patient-specific QA in stereotactic radiotherapy treatment planning (SRTP) to account for the spatial change in dose. Methods: Twenty-five patients of liver SBRT were selected retrospectively for this study. Deliberately, two different kinds of treatment planning approaches were used for each patient. Firstly, the treatment plans were generated using a conventional treatment planning (CTP) approach in which the target was covered with a homogeneous dose along with the nominal dose fall-off around the treatment field. Subsequently, the other treatment plans were generated using an SRTP approach with the intent of heterogeneous dose within the target region along with a steeper dose gradient outside the treatment field as much as possible. For both kinds of treatment plans, two dimensional (2D) conventional gamma (CG) and DBG analysis were performed using the 2D ion chamber array and radiochromic film. Results: Difference in the DBG index was statistically significant whereas, for CG analysis, the difference in CG index was insignificant for both types of treatment plans (CTP and SRTP). A significant positive correlation was observed between the difference in the DBG index and the difference in HI for high gamma criteria. Conclusion: The DBG evaluation is found to be more rigorous, and sensitive to the only SRTP. The proposed method could be opted-in the routine clinical practice in addition to CG. Advances in knowledge: DBG is more sensitive to detect the spatial change of dose, especially in high dose gradient regions.
Contrast resolution of few-photon detectors
Authors: Jönsson Mattias , Björk Gunnar
Published: August 2020

We investigate the minimum acquisition time, expressed as the number of image frames, and the minimum number of absorbed photons per pixel required to achieve a predefined contrast resolution in a monochromatic, pixelated image acquisition system at low light intensities (from well below one photon, to several hundred photons per pixel and frame). Primarily we compare systems based on the pixels of the photon-number-resolving (PNR) type of detectors and detectors that discriminate, in a binary fashion, between zero and non-zero photon numbers (so-called click detectors). We find that our model can seamlessly interpolate between the two. We also model detectors with intrinsic PNR capabilities and integrating detectors with a simple saturation model, derive the probability of errors in assigning the correct intensity (or ‘gray level’) and finally discuss how the estimated levels, which need to be based on threshold levels due to the stochastic nature of the detected photon number, should be assigned. Overall, we find that non-ideal PNR-detector-based systems offer advantages even over ideal click-detector-based systems when the incident mean photon number is sufficiently large, which is guaranteed to occur around ten photons per pixel and frame.
Robust mixing in self-consistent linearized augmented planewave calculations
Authors: Kim Jongmin , Gulans Andris , Draxl Claudia
Published: August 2020

We devise a mixing algorithm for full-potential (FP) all-electron calculations in the linearized augmented planewave (LAPW) method. Pulay’s direct inversion in the iterative subspace is complemented with the Kerker preconditioner and further improvements to achieve smooth convergence, avoiding charge sloshing and noise in the exchange–correlation potential. As the Kerker preconditioner was originally designed for the planewave basis, we have adapted it to the FP-LAPW method and implemented in the exciting code. Applications to the 2 × 2 Au(111) surface with a vacancy and to the Pd(111) surface demonstrate that this approach and our implementation work reliably with both density and potential mixing.
Executive Education
Authors: Amdam Rolv Petter
Published: July 2020

Executive education, defined as consisting of short, intensive, non-degree programs offered by university business schools to attract people who are in or close to top executive positions, is a vital part of modern management education. The rationale behind executive education is different from that of the degree programs in business schools. While business schools enroll students to degree programs based on previous exams, degrees, or entry tests, executive education typically recruits participants based on their positions—or expected positions—in the corporate hierarchy. While degree programs grade their students and award them degrees, executive education typically offers courses that do not have exams or lead to any degree.

Executive education expanded rapidly in the United States and globally after Harvard Business School launched its Advanced Management Program in 1945. In 1970, around 50 university business schools in the United States and business schools in at least 43 countries offered intense executive education programs lasting from three to 18 weeks. During the 1970s, business schools that offered executive education organized themselves into an association, first in the United States and later globally. From the 1980s, executive education experienced competition from the corporate universities organized by corporations. This led the business schools to expand executive education in two directions: open programs that organized potential executives from a mixed group of companies, and tailor-made programs designed for individual companies.

Despite being an essential part of the activities of business schools, few scholars have conducted research into executive education. Extant studies have been dominated by a focus on executive education in the context of the rigor-and-relevance debate that has accompanied the development of management education since the early 1990s. Other topics that are touched upon in research concern the content of courses, the appropriate pedagogical methods, and the effect of executive education on personal development. The situation paves the way for some exciting new research topics. Among these are the role of executive education in creating, maintaining, and changing the business elite, the effect of executive education on socializing participants for managerial positions, and women and executive education.
Anti-LGBT and Religious Right Movements in the United States
Authors: Wilcox Clyde
Published: July 2020

The Christian Right continues to oppose lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights, but the nature of this opposition has evolved over time—often in conjunction with changes in public opinion. From the formation of groups such as the Moral Majority and Concerned Women in America in the late 1970s through the late 2010s, Christian Right groups and LGBT rights groups have frequently responded to each other’s arguments, strategies, and tactics.

The Christian Right of the 1980s used antigay themes and rhetoric to raise money and to motivate its members, but it was not effective in reaching individuals outside of its relatively narrow membership base. In the 1990s and 2000s, a number of more sophisticated Christian Right groups were active at the national level, and a number of state and local-level organizations formed to address LGBT issues specifically. Focus on the Family, for example, took a national approach. Its radio programs reached millions of listeners and its mailing list consisted of 2.5 million names. Focus on the Family’s efforts were aimed at converting sexual minorities and attacking both the “radical homosexual agenda” and the gay rights groups that promoted it. At the same time, Family Research Council (FRC) worked with state affiliates to distribute materials across the country.

As public opinion shifted in support of same-sex marriage (SSM), and after the Supreme Court overturned state bans on SSM in Obergefell v. Hodges in 2015, the movement then worked to pass “religious freedom” laws. These laws would allow conservative Christians to refuse to provide services for SSMs, and in many cases allow far broader forms of discrimination. Although the Christian Right was successful in the realm of electoral politics (e.g., the Christian Coalition once claimed to control 35 state Republican Party committees), it has not been able to stop growing public acceptance of LGBT rights.
Transgender-Specific Policy: Gender Identity Inclusion in Public Accommodations
Authors: Flores Andrew R. , O'Neill Justin
Published: July 2020

In the early 21st century the public debates about the inclusion of gender identity in public accommodations municipal ordinances and statewide and national laws represent another step in the ongoing struggle of the social movement seeking to advance the rights and liberties of lesbians, gay men, bisexual, transgender, and other queer (LGBTQ) people. Situating these current debates in the larger context of the LGBTQ movement connects this emergent issue to that broader struggle. The LGBTQ social movement and its counter-movement, often referred to as the Religious Right, have had numerous battles over social policy since the late 20th century. Importantly, movements and their counter-movements identify winning strategies and, at times, tactically innovate so as to effect a shift in current tactics in light of a failing strategy. Tactical innovation includes shifting policy debates, which has been a primary tactic of the counter-movement to LGBTQ rights. Transgender rights broadly and public accommodations policies specifically represent a tactical innovation in the ongoing development of LGBTQ rights in the United States.

How has gender identity inclusion in public accommodations been addressed in politics, policy, and law? There are numerous dimensions of gender identity public accommodations policies as understood in social movements, American law, public policy and administration, public opinion, and sociology and social psychology. Public accommodations are a constant source of public contention. The legal landscape in constitutional, federal, state, and municipal approaches to these policies remains uncertain, and there are competing interpretations of law in whether gender identity protections are covered in existing federal statutes. The rhetoric of the policy debates in both state legislatures and initiative and referendum campaigns primarily focuses on the potential harms to women and girls brought about by men taking advantage of such laws to assault them in sex-segregated public facilities. An account of public opinion about these policies also shows that American adults are far more divided about transgender people using restrooms consistent with their current gender identity than other aspects of transgender rights such as employment nondiscrimination policies. Experimental interventions, such as in-depth conversations encouraging people to consider the day in the life of a transgender person, reduce transphobia and make people more resistant to arguments opposed to the inclusion of gender identity in public accommodations laws. Finally, some have questioned whether sex classifications are needed in public policy and how current nondiscrimination laws achieve their stated goals without such a system. Further development and inquiry absolutely are needed in all these areas.
Prospect Theory, Loss Aversion, and Political Behavior
Authors: Passarelli Francesco , Del Ponte Alessandro
Published: July 2020

Prospect theory introduces several anomalies in the behavior of rational agents, including loss aversion, the reflection effect, probability weighting, and the certainty effect. Loss aversion occurs relative to the current state of the world, called reference point. Being loss averse causes people to prefer the current state of affairs above and beyond the expected utility that comes from a risky political change, engendering a status quo bias. Yet, bias is asymmetric due to the reflection effect: people are too tepid toward advantageous platforms or candidates, whereas they are not critical enough of detrimental policies or bad politicians. Both rich and poor citizens take similar stances on nonpartisan issues (such as national defense): this happens because they evaluate uncertain policy changes relative to a reference point. Citizens welcome radical political platforms with greater enthusiasm than incremental proposals.

Generally, under prospect theory societal conflict is smoother than under expected utility theory. Older societies are more prone to preserving the status quo than younger ones. These properties also affect the choice of voting rules. Loss aversion induces people to prefer more prudent voting rules and preserve the status quo. Hence, agents favor higher majority thresholds or even unanimity over simple majority in constitutional choice. The status quo bias supports the persistence of policy cycles, with prolonged drifts in one direction before a trend reversal. In sum, loss aversion and other anomalies pinpointed by prospect theory offer insightful predictions with which to study political phenomena.
Organizational Justice
Authors: Steiner Dirk D.
Published: July 2020

Organizational justice refers to people’s perceptions of the fairness or unfairness of the treatment they receive in the organizations where they work. The ways authorities, such as supervisors and managers, make decisions and implement them are evaluated by employees in terms of their fairness. Other agents, such as coworkers and customers who interact with employees, also can generate judgments of fairness or unfairness at work. These fairness perceptions can be conceived according to four dimensions of organizational justice as well as in general terms. The four dimensions are distributive, procedural, interpersonal, and informational. Typically, distributive justice evaluates the equity of treatment, where people expect outcomes proportionate to their contributions. Workers also evaluate the fairness of procedures used to make decisions and the quality of their interpersonal relations with the various actors of the organization, including the information the actors communicate regarding decisions and the procedures followed to make them. When people perceive that they are treated fairly, positive consequences result for them and for their organizations. Thus, they tend to be more satisfied, evaluate their management more favorably, engage in more prosocial behaviors within their organizations, perform at higher levels, and remain in their employing organizations for longer periods. When people experience unfair treatment, negative consequences include stress and health-related concerns for employees, negative attitudes toward the organization, and counterproductive behaviors, such as theft, vandalism, or absenteeism. People react strongly to fair or unfair treatment for different reasons. They may believe that fair treatment will allow them to receive the rewards that they deserve, it may communicate that they are valued in a group, or fair treatment may be valued as an important and basic principle of human functioning. Research on organizational justice in 2020 focuses on understanding the mechanisms producing fairness judgments and their consequences and on the boundary conditions limiting the observed relations with their antecedents and outcomes.
Culture and Social Development
Authors: Keller Heidi
Published: July 2020

Humans need other people to survive and thrive. Therefore, relatedness is a basic human need. However, relatedness can be conceived of very differently in different cultural environments, depending on the affordances and constraints of the particular context. Specifically, the level of formal education and, relatedly, the age of the mother at first birth, the number of children, and the household composition have proven to be contextual dimensions that are informative for norms and values, including the conception of relatedness. Higher formal education, late parenthood, few children, and a nuclear family drive relationships as emotional constructs between independent and self-contained individuals as adaptive in Western middle-class families. The perspective of the individual is primary and is organized by psychological autonomy. Lower formal education, early parenthood, with many children, and large multigenerational households, drive the conception of relationships as role-based networks of obligations that are adapted to non-Western rural farm life. The perspective of the social system is primary and organized by hierarchical relatedness.

Social development as developmental science in general, represented in textbooks and handbooks, is based on the Western middle-class view of the independent individual. Accordingly, developmental milestones are rooted in the separation of the individual from the social environment. The traditional rural farmer child’s development is grounded in cultural emphases of communality which stress other developmental priorities than the Western view. Cross-cultural research is mainly interpreted against the Western standard as the normal case, but serious ethical challenges are involved in this practice. The consequence is that textbooks need to be rewritten to include multiple cultural perspectives with multiple developmental pathways.
The Problem and the Measurement of Time in Psychology (1874–1910)
Authors: Degni Silvia
Published: July 2020

The problem of time in psychology, which first became the object of attention and investigation by scientific psychology concerning the aspect of temporal measurement of mental processes, has been addressed since the early 20th century with regard to the perception of time, also called the subjective experience of time. The reaction time paradigm, defined as the minimum time between the presentation of a stimulus and the participant’s response to it, is closely related to the birth of experimental psychology. The determination of an objective parameter of the speed of the nerve impulse, therefore, represented the initial purpose of the psychochronometric studies. Defining the object of study for experimental psychology as immediate conscious experience or subjective experience of consciousness has led psychologists to reflect on the distinction between physical time and psychological time—a distinction already present in the philosophical field—and to analyze the latter in all its manifestations through sophisticated and complex experimental investigations. Psychologists, although aware of the reflections on time developed by philosophical doctrines and prepared to take these into account, generally tried to steer clear of the questions relating to the typical problems of philosophy—the nature of the idea of time and its corresponding reality—preferring to concentrate their analysis on the subjective experience of time. In relation to the different varieties of the temporal experience, experiments have been conceived and set up to analyze, measure, and precisely define them using the psychophysical and psychophysiological research paradigm. Between the end of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century researches concerning perception of the present, simultaneity, succession, instant, and time interval were developed.
Indigenous Courts
Authors: Toki Valmaine
Published: July 2020

In many jurisdictions, including Australia, New Zealand, Canada, United States and across the Pacific, offending rates for Indigenous peoples continue to be disproportionate to population size. For example, in New Zealand, Māori comprise over half the male prison population yet constitute only 15% of the national population. In Canada and the United States, where Indigenous people constitute 3.6 and 1.7% of the population, respectively, imprisonment rates are also disproportionate.

Notwithstanding attempts to address these statistics, the overrepresentation of Indigenous peoples in prisons continues. However, Te Kooti Rangatahi, a marae-based (traditional-setting) “Indigenous court” for youths, has demonstrated some initial success as a unique initiative. This “court” integrates tikanga Māori (Māori culture) into the judicial process, with the aim of facilitating the reconnection of young people with their culture and involving the wider community. Te Kooti Matariki, an Indigenous court for adults, employs tikanga but within a mainstream court. A comparative perspective with the Navajo Common Law and Navajo Nation Tribal Court system demonstrates that the inclusion of Indigenous concepts into Western legal systems is not novel and should not in and of itself prevent the extension of Te Kooti Rangatahi and Te Kooti Matariki’s jurisdictions.
Service Learning and Teacher Education
Authors: Petersen Nadine , Gravett Sarah , Ramsaroop Sarita
Published: July 2020

Although teacher education actively promotes the ideals of social justice and care, finding ways of enculturating student teachers into what these values mean in education remains a challenge. Additionally, the literature abounds with the struggles of teacher educators to prepare student teachers with the knowledge and competencies required for the complex task of teaching. A way to address this is through the inclusion of service learning (SL) in initial teacher education programs. SL, as a form of experiential learning, with reflection at its core, serves as a means of deepening student learning about the practice of social justice and care and as a way of both drawing on, and informing, student teachers’ practical and situational learning of teaching. SL also holds potential for preparing teachers with the competencies required for the 21st century. The research on SL in teacher education draws on theoretical perspectives of experiential learning, democracy education, social transformation, multicultural education, critical reflection, and education for civic responsibility. A limitation is that the literature within developing contexts is underrepresented, limiting access to useful lessons from the research in these contexts and preventing wider theorization in the field.
Critical Posthumanism in Education
Authors: Postma Dirk
Published: July 2020

Critical posthumanism in education proposes a response to the looming ecological disaster by developing an ethical subjectivity of relatedness. It points to the devastating and unsustainable effects of human-centered domination of “lesser” humans, the nonhuman living, and the environment resulting in the Anthropocene. The Anthropocene is a posthumanist boundary condition that exploits powers from multiple heterogenous entities and that approaches the limit of sustainable living. Critical posthumanism is a timely and positive intervention that criticizes the forms of domination originating from humanism and from other posthumanisms. These dominating powers result in the dehumanizing and environmentally devastating effects of techno- and bio-capitalism. Posthumanist critique is an affirmative ethical process that asserts the vibrancy of matter and life. It is based on an ethics of assembling, the principle of becoming sustainable of the more-than-human world. While critical posthumanism acknowledges that the analysis of the effects of power is important, it realizes that a difference can only be made when the entanglement of humans with all the living and nonliving others is fully recognized. Critical posthumanist education consists of experiments that explore how subjectivities could be opened to the affects of multiple others in the joyful processes of mutual becoming. The enhancement of affective relations “queery” humanity as such, identities, divisions such as “gender” and “race”, binaries such as human-animal, human-nature and human-technology. To promote mutual becoming, education produces subjectivities that are vigilant to the new ways the Capitalocene (“society of control”) both appropriates and suppresses the vitality of assemblages and the creativity of becomings.
The Maker Movement in Education
Authors: Konopasky Abigail , Sheridan Kimberly
Published: July 2020

The Maker Movement is a broad international movement celebrating making with a wide range of tools and media, including an evolving array of new tools and processes for digital fabrication such as 3D printers and laser cutters. This article discusses who makers are in education, what that making entails, and where that making happens. akers are people of all ages who find digital and physical forums to share their products and processes. Educators and researchers in the Maker Movement in education are working to expand who makers are, providing critiques of traditional conceptions of maker identities and seeking to broaden participation in terms of race, gender, socioeconomic status, and ability status. Making entails a diversity of media, tools, processes and practices. Likewise, the Maker Movement in education purposefully transcends academic disciplines, drawing both on traditional academic subjects like engineering and math along with everyday life skills like sewing, carpentry and metalwork. Making happens across a variety of spaces where there is an educational focus, both informal (museums, community centers, libraries, and online) and formal (from K–12 to higher education, to teacher education). In these spaces, the specific goals and practices of the supporting organizations are woven together with those of the Maker Movement to support a range of learners and outcomes, including family inquiry, equity, access to technology, virtual community and support, social interaction, creativity, engineering education, and teacher candidate confidence. Maker education is often framed as a reaction to more “traditional” educational approaches and frequently involves the incorporation of making into STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) and STEAM (science, technology, engineering, art, and math) approaches.
Linking Responsible Leadership and Sustainability Challenges
Authors: Siddiqui Sulaman Hafeez , Viswanathan Kuperan , Rasheed Rabia
Published: July 2020

Leadership in business and society is responsible for a large part of the decision-making related to policymaking and resource allocation that in turn influences social and environmental outcomes and economic windfalls. The theory and practice of education and learning in business schools is being called on for reforms in order to nurture responsible leadership for business and society that may align well with the triple bottom-line challenge of sustainability (i.e., economic, social, and environmental). We can find state-of-the-art research studies from definition to historical evolution and dimensions of responsible leadership specifically related to corporate sustainability. The role of curriculum design is central to enabling business schools to nurture responsible leaders who are considerate toward the external effects of their internal decision-making, thus seeking to balance the broader stakeholders’ objectives. Several global initiatives have been undertaken by multilateral institutions such as the UN, business schools, and enterprises in the corporate sector to foster a commitment to responsible leadership and allied reforms in teaching in business schools regarding corporate sustainability. These forums, at both the corporate and academic fronts, have contributed to theoretical development and practices for teaching and learning related to responsible leadership in higher education, specifically in business schools. These initiatives stress that business schools and their academic faculty, who intend to serve as custodians of business and society, must make necessary curriculum reforms to meet the challenges of sustainability by embracing their own transformation.
The Impact of the Neoliberal Revolution on Society and Public Education
Authors: Shapiro Arthur
Published: July 2020

The neoliberal revolution negatively impacted the American society and educational system. Several major contributors to neoliberal thinking helped develop the theory. Two examples of utilizing neoliberal principles are the Sears corporation and the nation of Honduras, both teetering on the brink of collapse. The GINI Index can be used to provide insight into American economic inequality.

Neoliberalism as a social movement and its impact on the American educational system are analyzed. Major conceptual components of neoliberalism, including competition, choice, privatization, standardization, accountability, marketing, and deregulation, are presented. Legislation using these principles include No Child Left Behind, Race to the Top and the Every Child Succeeds Act (ESSA).

The testing, voucher, and charter movements are discussed. Three kinds of charter schools together with their academic and segregating results are analyzed. Charter and voucher supporters have become active in the political process to increase the charter component of public education. Corruption in charters and vouchers and neoliberalism’s undermining of public support for public education is treated.

Online education’s positive support for small and rural schools, particularly for high schools, is noted, as is online education’s assistance for credit recovery. Another impact of neoliberalism on public education is noted, that is treating charters and vouchers as commodities which provide opportunities for private investment.