bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying terrestrial carbon in freshwater food webs using amino acid isotope analysis: Case study with an endemic cavefish
Authors: Liew Jia H. , Chua Kenny W. J. , Arsenault Emily R. , Thorp James H. , Suvarnaraksha Apinun , Amirrudin Ahmad , Yeo Darren C. J.
Published: May 2019

Flow of terrestrial carbon though aquatic ecosystems (allochthony) is an important but underestimated component of the global carbon cycle. A lack of clear consensus about the importance of allochthonous (terrestrial) organic carbon is sometimes attributed to uncertainties associated with conventional ‘bulk’ isotope data, the most widely used ecological tracer.

Amino acid‐specific isotope analysis is an emerging research method promising to address existing limitations of bulk C and N isotope analyses. We tested the efficacy of amino acid δ13C data as a generalizable measure of allochthony by analysing an aggregated dataset (n = 168) of primary and secondary data of carbon sources from disparate geographical locations across the globe.

We found the δ13C fingerprints amino acids to be consistently distinct between allochthonous (terrestrial) and autochthonous (aquatic) carbon sources. We also found that our approach is most effective when we use only essential amino acid tracers (i.e. isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, threonine and valine). Predictive trends in δ13C fingerprints appear to be largely compatible across studies and/or laboratories.

As a case study, we used this approach to quantify the contribution of terrestrial carbon to an endemic cavefish, Cryptotora thamicola, and found that its biomass was comprised largely of autochthonous carbon (~75%).
OpenDropOff: An open‐source, low‐cost drop‐off unit for animal‐borne devices
Authors: Rafiq Kasim , Appleby Rob G. , Edgar Jason P. , Jordan Neil R. , Dexter Cathryn E. , Jones Darryl N. , Blacker Amy R. F. , Cochrane Matthew
Published: May 2019

The use of animal‐borne devices in wildlife studies is increasing due to the miniaturization of sensors and reductions in component costs. Retrieval of animal‐borne devices is often advantageous for several reasons, including data retrieval and animal welfare considerations; however, commercially available drop‐off units are often prohibitively expensive and/or unreliable.

Here, we present ‘OpenDropOff’, an open‐source, low‐cost electronic drop‐off unit for remotely detaching animal‐borne sensors from individuals. OpenDropOff devices function by using heat, produced by running an electrical current through resistance wire (nichrome), to melt nylon (e.g. fishing) line, detaching sensors from animals at or after a pre‐determined time. OpenDropOff can be constructed using commercially available components (costing < USD $15 in total; approximately 10% or less of many commercially available drop‐off units) and can be customized to fit project‐ and species‐specific needs.

Fourteen OpenDropOff devices have been field deployed on koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) (n = 11), swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor) (n = 1), Australian brush turkey (Alectura lathami) (n = 1) and Australian white ibis (Threskiornis molucca) (n = 1), with the only detachment failure occurring after a device was damaged during the koala’s unrelated death.

OpenDropOff devices provide a wider range of researchers with a reliable, cost‐effective tool for detaching animal‐borne sensors. Their use could allow researchers to more efficiently allocate project resources, and their flexibility provides an opportunity to mitigate animal welfare concerns surrounding the use of animal‐borne devices.
Landowner valuation of a working wetlands program in the Prairie Pothole Region
Authors: Wachenheim Cheryl Joy , Lim Siew Hoon , Roberts David C. , Devney John
Published: May 2019

Wetlands conservation within agricultural working lands is currently incentivized by land retirement programs and farm program eligibility criteria. Private ownership of the majority of agricultural lands within which these wetlands reside and growing opportunity costs facing landowners put wetlands at risk and motivate consideration of alternative policy options. A choice experiment was used to estimate likelihood of enrollment in a hypothetical working wetlands program. Landowners preferred shorter contract lengths, higher rental rates, midterm adjustment rather than a fixed‐rate contract, the right to conduct managed burning on their lands‐containing program wetlands, and no conservation practice requirement. Landowners with higher expressed valuation of conservation and who favor protecting wetlands, believe that small wetlands are important for their farms, who would not drain any of their wetlands, and raise ruminant animals are more inclined to participate in the program. Recommendations include consideration of program targeting during program design, practicing creative thought regarding program promotion, and exploration of no‐loss wetlands solutions, especially those market based.
When Diversity Works: The Effects of Coalition Composition on the Success of Lobbying Coalitions
Authors: Junk Wiebke Marie
Published: May 2019

Lobbyists frequently join forces to influence policy, yet the success of active lobbying coalitions remains a blind spot in the literature. This article is the first to test how and when characteristics of active coalitions increase their lobbying success. Based on pluralist theory, one can expect diverse coalitions, uniting different societal interests, to signal broad support to policy makers. Yet, their responsiveness to this signal (i.e., signaling benefits) and contribution incentives within the coalition (i.e., cooperation costs) are likely to vary with issue salience. This theory is tested on a unique data set comprising 50 issues in five European countries. Results reveal a strong moderating effect of salience on the relationship between coalition diversity and success: On less salient issues, homogenous coalitions are more likely to succeed, whereas the effect reverses with higher salience, where diverse coalitions are more successful. These findings have implications for understanding political responsiveness and potential policy capture.
Letter: reassuringly normal response to ACTH in children treated with swallowed topical corticosteroids for eosinophilic oesophagitis
Authors: Rodríguez Manchón Silvia , Domínguez Ortega Gloria , Bacelo Ruano Irene , Martínez Ibeas María Angeles , Pozo Román Jesús , Cañedo Villarroya Elvira , Muñoz Codoceo Rosa Ana
Published: May 2019

Linked Content

This article is linked to Philpott et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14573 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15292.
Editorial: combination immunosuppressive therapy to treat Crohn’s disease – ready for all age groups? Authors' reply
Authors: Singh Siddharth , Jairath Vipul , LW Stitt , G Zou , R Khanna , PS Dulai , WJ Sandborn , BG Feagan
Published: May 2019

Linked Content

This article is linked to Singh et al and Murray papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15214 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15259.
Editorial: Lactobacillus GG for diarrhoea in children—reports of its demise have been premature!
Authors: Quigley Eamonn M. M.
Published: May 2019

Linked Content

This article is linked to Szajewska et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15267.
Editorial: gastric bypass for GERD in class II & III obesity—still the best option?
Authors: Triggs Joseph R. , Kahrilas Peter J.
Published: May 2019

Linked Content

This article is linked to Holmberg et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15274.
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: efficacy of faecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Ianiro Gianluca , Eusebi Leonardo H. , Black Christopher J. , Gasbarrini Antonio , Cammarota Giovanni , Ford Alexander C.
Published: May 2019

Background

Increasing evidence supports the role of the gut microbiota in the aetiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a highly effective treatment against recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection in randomised controlled trials (RCTs), and may be beneficial in ulcerative colitis. However, its efficacy in IBS is uncertain.

Aim

To perform a systematic review and meta‐analysis to examine this issue.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, EMBASE Classic, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and clinicaltrials.gov through to March 2019. RCTs recruiting adults with IBS, which compared FMT with placebo, were eligible. Dichotomous symptom data were pooled to obtain a relative risk (RR) of remaining symptomatic after therapy, with a 95% CI.

Results

The search strategy identified 322 citations. Five RCTs were eligible for inclusion, containing 267 patients. Overall, 92.2% of included patients had IBS‐D or IBS‐M, and only 7.8% IBS‐C. When data were pooled for all patients, irrespective of stool type, the RR of IBS symptoms not improving was 0.98 (95% CI 0.58‐1.66). Placebo capsules administered orally were superior to capsules containing donor stool in two pooled trials (RR = 1.96; 95% CI 1.19‐3.20). FMT from donor stool delivered via colonoscopy was superior to autologous stool in two pooled RCTs (RR = 0.63; 95% CI 0.43‐0.93). FMT from donor stool via nasojejunal tube showed a trend towards a benefit over autologous stool in one trial (RR = 0.69; 95% CI 0.46‐1.02).

Conclusions

Fresh or frozen donor stool delivered via colonoscopy or nasojejunal tube may be beneficial in IBS. Larger, more rigorously conducted trials of FMT in IBS are needed.
Student selection to a rural veterinary school. 1: applicant demographics and predictors of success within the application process
Authors: Raidal SL , Lord J , Hayes LM , Hyams J , Lievaart J
Published: May 2019

Objective

To determine demographic details of applicants to the veterinary degree program at and relate this information to student selection processes.

Design

Retrospective evaluation of applicant data.

Methods

Database records of 4042 applicants to the veterinary program (2006–2016) were retrieved from university records. Summary statistics were used to determine basic demographic data, which were related to pre‐entry academic achievement and results of selection processes using univariable and multivariable analyses.

Results

The number of applications, interviews and acceptance of offers fluctuated but did not vary substantively for the duration of the study. Gender, rurality (as assessed by residential and school postcodes), socioeconomic background, academic background and pre‐entry academic achievement all significantly influenced written application and interview scores in the multivariate models. Rural background, written application score, number of applications, pre‐entry academic history and achievement significantly affected the chances of receiving an interview. Chances of receiving an offer and subsequent program entry were significantly influenced by academic background, interview score and pre‐entry academic achievement. Male applicants were more likely to receive an offer, but gender had no effect on program entry. Rural residential and school background was associated with significantly reduced ATAR in comparison with city‐based applicants.

Conclusion

Selection processes effectively identified applicants with demographic backgrounds and life experiences consistent with the School’s commitment to the veterinary needs of rural and regional Australia. Findings support the provision of an academic loading for the ATAR results of rural students. Effects of these selection outcomes on student performance should be evaluated.
Who Supports Professional Certification? Insights from Employment Arbitration
Authors: Gough Mark , Albert Kyle
Published: May 2019

Professional certification programmes became commonplace across the occupational structure in recent years, with many emerging and established professions opting to create their own certification programmes for reasons ranging from collective marketing to reducing malpractice litigation risk. Theories of social closure suggest that advantaged and established individual practitioners might want to use certification as a means of distinguishing themselves and enacting barriers to entry, though research on credentials and signalling theory leads to the expectation that certification is most valued by less secure and younger workers seeking to establish themselves in a profession. We use a survey of employment arbitrators as a case study in the dynamics of who supports certification, finding a surprisingly low overall level of support for certification. Arbitrators who are female, racial minorities and those who earn lower hourly rates are most supportive of creating and earning certification, suggesting that the most natural constituency for a new certification programme may be those looking to ‘break in’ to a profession rather than those already well established in their practice.
The impact of bariatric surgery on urinary incontinence: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Lee Yung , Yu James , Tikkinen Kari A.O. , Pędziwiatr Michał , Major Piotr , Aditya Ishan , Krakowsky Yonah , Doumouras Aristithes G. , Gmora Scott , Anvari Mehran , Hong Dennis
Published: May 2019

Objectives

To systematically review and meta‐analyse the impact of bariatric surgery on obese patients with urinary incontinence (UI).

Methods

A search of the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), the Excerpta Medica dataBASE (EMBASE), Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and PubMed to June 2018 was performed using methods pre‐published on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). Reporting followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies comparing UI status in obese patients before and after bariatric surgery were included. Primary outcomes were the improvement or complete resolution of any UI, stress UI (SUI), and urgency UI (UUI). Secondary outcomes were validated UI questionnaire scores. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach assessed overall quality of evidence.

Results

In all, 33 cohort studies (2910 patients) were included (median follow‐up 12 months). Bariatric surgery resulted in improvement or resolution of any UI in 56% (95% confidence interval [CI] 48–63%), SUI in 47% (95% CI 34–60%), and UUI in 53% (95% CI 32–73%) of patients. Moreover, bariatric surgery significantly decreased (P < 0.001) questionnaire scores such as: the Urogenital Distress Inventory by 13.4 points (95% CI 7.2–19.6), International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire by 4.0 points (95% CI 2.3–5.7), and Incontinence Impact Questionnaire by 5.3 points (95% CI 3.9–6.6). However, worsening or new onset of UI was present in 3% of patients. The quality of evidence was very low for all outcomes.

Conclusion

Half of obese patients report improvement or resolution of UI after bariatric surgery, but overall the quality of evidence is very low. Comparative studies examining the benefits of bariatric surgery in obese patients with UI are warranted.
Root extracellular traps versus neutrophil extracellular traps in host defence, a case of functional convergence?
Authors: Driouich Azeddine , Smith Carine , Ropitaux Marc , Chambard Marie , Boulogne Isabelle , Bernard Sophie , Follet‐Gueye Marie‐Laure , Vicré Maïté , Moore John
Published: May 2019

The root cap releases cells that produce massive amounts of mucilage containing polysaccharides, proteoglycans, extracellular DNA (exDNA) and a variety of antimicrobial compounds. The released cells – known as border cells or border‐like cells – and mucilage secretions form networks that are defined as root extracellular traps (RETs). RETs are important players in root immunity. In animals, phagocytes are some of the most abundant white blood cells in circulation and are very important for immunity. These cells combat pathogens through multiple defence mechanisms, including the release of exDNA‐containing extracellular traps (ETs). Traps of neutrophil origin are abbreviated herein as NETs. Similar to phagocytes, plant root cap‐originating cells actively contribute to frontline defence against pathogens. RETs and NETs are thus components of the plant and animal immune systems, respectively, that exhibit similar compositional and functional properties. Herein, we describe and discuss the formation, molecular composition and functional similarities of these similar but different extracellular traps.
Vectors with autonomy: what distinguishes animal‐mediated nutrient transport from abiotic vectors?
Authors: McInturf Alexandra G. , Pollack Lea , Yang Louie H. , Spiegel Orr
Published: May 2019

Animal movements are important drivers of nutrient redistribution that can affect primary productivity and biodiversity across various spatial scales. Recent work indicates that incorporating these movements into ecosystem models can enhance our ability to predict the spatio‐temporal distribution of nutrients. However, the role of animal behaviour in animal‐mediated nutrient transport (i.e. active subsidies) remains under‐explored. Here we review the current literature on active subsidies to show how the behaviour of active subsidy agents makes them both ecologically important and qualitatively distinct from abiotic processes (i.e. passive subsidies). We first propose that animal movement patterns can create similar ecological effects (i.e. press and pulse disturbances) in recipient ecosystems, which can be equal in magnitude to or greater than those of passive subsidies. We then highlight three key behavioural features distinguishing active subsidies. First, organisms can transport nutrients counter‐directionally to abiotic forces and potential energy gradients (e.g. upstream). Second, unlike passive subsidies, organisms respond to the patterns of nutrients that they generate. Third, animal agents interact with each other. The latter two features can form positive‐ or negative‐feedback loops, creating patterns in space or time that can reinforce nutrient hotspots in places of mass aggregations and/or create lasting impacts within ecosystems. Because human‐driven changes can affect both the space‐use of active subsidy species and their composition at both population (i.e. individual variation) and community levels (i.e. species interactions), predicting patterns in nutrient flows under future modified environmental conditions depends on understanding the behavioural mechanisms that underlie active subsidies and variation among agents' contributions. We conclude by advocating for the integration of animal behaviour, animal movement data, and individual variation into future conservation efforts in order to provide more accurate and realistic assessments of changing ecosystem function.
Seasonal spatial segregation in blue sharks (Prionace glauca) by sex and size class in the Northeast Pacific Ocean
Authors: Maxwell Sara M. , Scales Kylie L. , Bograd Steven J. , Briscoe Dana K. , Dewar Heidi , Hazen Elliott L. , Lewison Rebecca L. , Welch Heather , Crowder Larry B.
Published: May 2019

Aim

Animal tracking can provide unique insights into the ecology and conservation of marine species, such as the partitioning of habitat, including differences between life history stages or sexes, and can inform fisheries stock assessments, bycatch reduction and spatial management such as dynamic management.

Location

Northeast Pacific Ocean.

Methods

We used satellite tracking data from 47 blue sharks (Prionace glauca) from the Northeast Pacific to determine movements and home range along the west coast of North America, and sex–size class (immature females, mature males) specific habitat preferences using boosted regression trees. Using a suite of static and dynamic environmental variables, we determined distribution and habitat preferences across summer and fall for each sex–size class.

Results

We found that there was spatial segregation between sex–size classes particularly in the summer months with immature females found largely north of 33°N, and males south of 35°N. In fall, females travelled south, resulting in an overlap in distributions south of 37°N. Sea surface temperature (SST), latitude and longitude were top predictors. However, immature females and adult males demonstrated unique habitat preferences including SST, with immature females preferring cooler temperatures (SST < 15°C) than adult males in summer, and a broader band of SST than adult males in fall. All models performed well, explaining 50%–67% of deviance, and 23%–41% of deviance when predictions were cross‐validated.

Main conclusions

We provide first insights into coastal movements and habitat preferences of blue sharks in the Northeast Pacific. We found that immature females undergo a seasonal southward migration in this more coastal habitat, similar to patterns observed in the North Atlantic. We also found some overlap between adult males and immature females in fall months, suggesting the importance of more coastal habitat in managing this species, particularly in determining population structure for blue shark stock assessments, and reducing blue shark bycatch.
Involvement of rat posterior prelimbic and cingulate area 2 in vocalization control
Authors: Bennett Peter Julian Garnett , Maier Eduard , Brecht Michael
Published: May 2019

Microstimulation mapping identified vocalization areas in primate anterior cingulate cortex. Rat anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal areas have also been intensely investigated, but we do not know, how these cortical areas contribute to vocalizations and no systematic mapping of stimulation‐evoked vocalizations has been performed. To address this question, we mapped microstimulation‐evoked (ultrasonic) vocalizations in rat cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex. The incidence of evoked vocalizations differed markedly between frontal cortical areas. Vocalizations were most often evoked in posterior prelimbic cortex and cingulate area 2, whereas vocalizations were rarely evoked in dorsal areas (vibrissa motor cortex, secondary motor cortex and cingulate area 1) and anterior areas (anterior prelimbic, medial‐/ventral‐orbital cortex). Vocalizations were observed at intermediate frequencies in ventro‐medial areas (infralimbic and dorsopeduncular cortex). Various complete, naturally occurring calls could be elicited. In prelimbic cortex superficial layer microstimulation evoked mainly fear calls with low efficacy, whereas deep layer microstimulation evoked mainly 50 kHz calls with high efficacy. Vocalization stimulation thresholds were substantial (70–500 μA, the maximum tested; on average ~400 μA) and latencies were long (median 175 ms). Posterior prelimbic cortex projected to numerous targets and innervated brainstem vocalization centers such as the intermediate reticular formation and the nucleus retroambiguus disynaptically via the periaqueductal gray. Anatomical position, stimulation effects and projection targets of posterior prelimbic cortex were similar to that of monkey anterior cingulate vocalization cortex. Our data suggest that posterior prelimbic cortex is more closely involved in control of vocalization initiation than in specifying acoustic details of vocalizations.
Recommendations for the use of structural magnetic resonance imaging in the care of patients with epilepsy: A consensus report from the International League Against Epilepsy Neuroimaging Task Force
Authors: Bernasconi Andrea , Cendes Fernando , Theodore William H. , Gill Ravnoor S. , Koepp Matthias J. , Hogan Robert Edward , Jackson Graeme D. , Federico Paolo , Labate Angelo , Vaudano Anna Elisabetta , Blümcke Ingmar , Ryvlin Philippe , Bernasconi Neda
Published: May 2019

Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is of fundamental importance to the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy, particularly when surgery is being considered. Despite previous recommendations and guidelines, practices for the use of MRI are variable worldwide and may not harness the full potential of recent technological advances for the benefit of people with epilepsy. The International League Against Epilepsy Diagnostic Methods Commission has thus charged the 2013‐2017 Neuroimaging Task Force to develop a set of recommendations addressing the following questions: (1) Who should have an MRI? (2) What are the minimum requirements for an MRI epilepsy protocol? (3) How should magnetic resonance (MR) images be evaluated? (4) How to optimize lesion detection? These recommendations target clinicians in established epilepsy centers and neurologists in general/district hospitals. They endorse routine structural imaging in new onset generalized and focal epilepsy alike and describe the range of situations when detailed assessment is indicated. The Neuroimaging Task Force identified a set of sequences, with three‐dimensional acquisitions at its core, the harmonized neuroimaging of epilepsy structural sequences—HARNESS‐MRI protocol. As these sequences are available on most MR scanners, the HARNESS‐MRI protocol is generalizable, regardless of the clinical setting and country. The Neuroimaging Task Force also endorses the use of computer‐aided image postprocessing methods to provide an objective account of an individual's brain anatomy and pathology. By discussing the breadth and depth of scope of MRI, this report emphasizes the unique role of this noninvasive investigation in the care of people with epilepsy.
Impact of grass silage quality on greenhouse gas emissions from dairy and beef production
Authors: Åby Bente A. , Randby Åshild T. , Bonesmo Helge , Aass Laila
Published: May 2019

High‐quality grass silages may represent a mitigation option by reducing enteric methane production and by increasing productivity, thus reducing greenhouse gas emissions per kg of product (emission intensity). Two previous studies found considerable effects of three different silage qualities cut at different maturity stages (very early [H1], early [H2] and normal [H3]) offered ad libitum with various levels of concentrate supplementation, on animal performances of growing/finishing bulls and dairy cows in early lactation, indicating that emission intensities may also vary. Based on results from these previous studies, the aim of this study was to estimate emission intensities for milk and beef carcasses for the included combinations of silage qualities and concentrate levels, by using the farm‐scale model HolosNor. The emissions intensities were lowest for the H1 silage, and highest for the H3 silage, independent of concentrate levels for both milk and beef. Thus, increasing concentrate levels did not compensate for lower grass silage quality. Improvements in silage quality from H3 silage to H2 is realistic and has the potential to reduce emission intensities with approximately 10% while keeping the milk yield per cow constant and reducing the use of concentrates considerably. For beef production, the potential is even larger, with a reduction in emission intensity of approximately 17%. We conclude that improving grass silage quality may be a mitigation option that will also reduce the dependence on concentrates.
Measuring linguistic complexity in long‐term L2 speakers of English and L1 attriters of German
Authors: Lahmann Cornelia , Steinkrauss Rasmus , Schmid Monika S.
Published: May 2019

Linguistic complexity is neither easily defined nor measured. The challenge in finding reliable ways to measure linguistic complexity is even more pronounced when the variation of contexts in which complexity is measured is taken into account. This paper therefore aims at finding measures for assessing syntactic and lexical complexity that are sensitive and non‐overlapping even in a less frequently studied context: spontaneous speech of L1 attriters and highly proficient L2 English speakers. To evaluate operationalizations of syntactic and lexical complexity, several previously proposed measures are applied to a corpus of spontaneous speech and a principal component analysis is conducted. The results show which of the measures group together as underlying variables of syntactic and lexical complexity and how this can inform future operationalizations of complexity.
Molecular genetic evaluation of NLRP3, MVK and TNFRSF1A associated periodic fever syndromes
Authors: Ozyilmaz Berk , Kirbiyik Ozgur , Koc Altug , Ozdemir Taha R. , Kaya Ozer Ozge , Kutbay Yasar B. , Erdogan Kadri M. , Saka Guvenc Merve , Ozturk Can
Published: May 2019

Periodic fever syndromes (PFSs) are a family of clinical disorders, which are characterized by recurrent episodes of fever in the absence of microbial, autoimmune or malign conditions. Most common types of PFSs are associated with four genes: MEFV, MVK, TNFRSF1A and NLRP3. This paper aims to add new data to the genotype–phenotype association of MVK-, TNFRSF-1A- and NLRP3‐associated PFSs. A total number of 211 patients were evaluated. Two different approaches were used for the molecular genetic evaluation of MVK-, TNFRSF-1A- and NLRP3‐associated PFSs. For the first 147 patients, Sanger sequence analysis of selected exons of MVK, TNFRSF1A and NLRP3 genes was done. For subsequent 64 patients, targeted NGS panel analysis, covering all exons of MVK, TNFRSF1A and NLRP3 genes, was used. A total number of 48 variants were detected. The “variant detection rate in index patients” was higher in the NGS group than Sanger sequencing group (19% vs. 15,1%). For the variant positive patients, a detailed genotype–phenotype table was built. In PFSs, lack of correlation exists between genotype and phenotype in the general population and even within the families. In some cases, mutations behave differently and yield unexpected phenotypes. In this study, we discussed the clinical effects of eight different variants we have detected in the MVK, TNFRSF1A and NLRP3 genes. Four of them were previously identified in patients with PFS. The remaining four were not reported in patients with PFS. Thus, we had to interpret their clinical effects by analysing their frequencies and in silico analysis predictions. We suggest that new studies are needed to evaluate the effects of these variants more clearly. To be able to demonstrate a clearer genotype–phenotype relationship, all PFS‐related genes should be analysed together and the possibility of polygenic inheritance should be considered.
Is the +405 G/C single nucleotide polymorphism of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene associated with late‐onset vitiligo?
Authors: Almasi‐Nasrabadi Mina , Amoli Mahsa M. , Robati Reza M. , Rajabi Fateme , Parichehreh Dizaji Somayeh
Published: May 2019

The increasing body of evidence for the relationship between the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) polymorphism and autoimmune disorders combined with the enhanced expression of this angiogenic factor in vitiligo makes VEGF a very interesting candidate gene to be investigated in vitiligo. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible associations between the +405 G/C single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of the VEGF gene (rs2010963) and vitiligo. The independent case–control population sample of 152 patients with vitiligo and 152 matched controls was evaluated in this study. A questionnaire was completed for each vitiligo patient to document the demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients. All enrolled individuals had a venous blood sample collected. Genotype frequencies for +405 G/C VEGF gene polymorphism were determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. There were no significant differences in genotype or allele distributions for this SNP between cases and controls. However, we observed a significant association between GG genotype and higher age at onset of vitiligo (p = 0.04). Moreover, patients stratification revealed a significant increase in the frequency of GG genotype compared to CC + CG genotypes in patients with the late onset (≥20 years) vitiligo (p = 0.05). Although these results are not conclusive, they could potentially lead to considering the angiogenic factors as a potential target for therapy in late‐onset vitiligo.
Determinants of Migrant Career Success: A Study of Recent Skilled Migrants in Australia
Authors: Rajendran Diana , Ng Eddy S. , Sears Greg , Ayub Nailah
Published: May 2019

Australia has been aggressively pursuing skilled migrants to sustain its population and foster economic growth. However, many skilled migrants experience a downward career move upon migration to Australia. Based on a survey of recent skilled migrants, this study investigates how individual (age, years of settlement, qualifications), national/societal (citizenship and settlement), and organization‐level (climate of inclusion) factors influence their career success. Overall, we found that: (1) age at migration matters more than length of settlement in predicting skilled migrant career success; (2) citizenship uptake and living in a neighbourhood with a greater number of families from the same country of origin facilitate post‐migration career success; and (3) perceptions of one's social/informal networks in the workplace – a dimension of perceived organizational climate of inclusion – also have a positive impact on migrant career outcomes.
Protein 4.1R negatively regulates CD8+ T‐cell activation by modulating phosphorylation of linker for activation of T cells
Authors: Fan Dandan , Li Jianhui , Li Yi , Guo Yaxin , Zhang Xiaolin , Wang Wen , Liu Xiaojie , Liu Jingjing , Dai Liping , Zhang Liguo , Kang Qiaozhen , Ji Zhenyu
Published: May 2019

Protein 4.1R, an 80 000 MW membrane skeleton protein, is a vital component of the red blood cell membrane cytoskeleton that stabilizes the spectrin–actin network and regulates membrane properties of deformability and mechanical stability. It has been shown that 4.1R is expressed in T cells, including CD8+ T cells, but its role in CD8+ T cells remains unclear. Here, we have explored the role of 4.1R in CD8+ T cells using 4.1R−/− mice. Our results showed that cell activation, proliferation and secretion levels of interleukin‐2 and interferon‐γ were significantly increased in 4.1R−/− CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, the phosphorylation levels of linker for activation of T cells (LAT) and its downstream signaling molecule extracellular signal‐regulated kinase were enhanced in the absence of 4.1R. In vitro co‐immunoprecipitation experiments showed a direct interaction between 4.1R and LAT. Moreover, 4.1R−/− CD8+ T cells and mice exhibited an enhanced T‐cell‐dependent immune response. These data enabled the identification of a negative regulation function for 4.1R in CD8+ T cells by a direct association between 4.1R and LAT, possibly through inhibiting phosphorylation of LAT and then modulating intracellular signal transduction.
Unwarranted clinical variation in health care: Definitions and proposal of an analytic framework
Authors: Sutherland Kim , Levesque Jean‐Frederic
Published: May 2019

Rationale, aims, and objectives

Unwarranted clinical variation is a topic of heightened interest in health care systems around the world. While there are many publications and reports on clinical variation, few studies are conceptually grounded in a theoretical model. This study describes the empirical foundations of the field and proposes an analytic framework.

Method

Structured construct mapping of published empirical studies which explicitly address unwarranted clinical variation.

Results

A total of 190 studies were classified in terms of three key dimensions: perspective (assessing variation across geographical areas or across providers); criteria for assessment (measuring absolute variation against a standard, or relative variation within a comparator group); and object of analysis (using process, structure/resource, or outcome metrics).

Conclusion

Consideration of the results of the mapping exercise—together with a review of adjustment, explanatory and stratification variables, and the factors associated with residual variation—informed the development of an analytic framework. This framework highlights the role that agency and motivation, evidence and judgement, and personal and organizational capacity play in clinical decision making and reveals key facets that distinguish warranted from unwarranted clinical variation. From a measurement perspective, it underlines the need for careful consideration of attribution, aggregation, models of care, and temporality in any assessment.
Lifestyle in patients at increased risk of colorectal cancer
Authors: Anderson A. S. , Caswell S. , Mowat C. , Strachan J. A. , Steele R. J. C.
Published: May 2019

Background

The present study aimed to assess modifiable risk factors in patients at high risk for colorectal cancer (CRC) and their experience of lifestyle advice.

Methods

A questionnaire study was conducted in high‐risk CRC patients attending for surveillance colonoscopy. Current lifestyle behaviours [smoking, alcohol, diet (fruit and vegetables, wholegrains, red meat, processed meat), physical activity and bodyweight] related to CRC were ascertained, and experience on receiving, seeking and desire for advice was queried.

Results

In total, 385 study invitations were sent and 208 (54%) questionnaires were returned. The majority of participants (72%) were estimated to have a body mass index beyond the healthy range, 89% achieved a fibre score indicative of a low plant‐based diet and 91% reported eating processed meat. Overall, 36% were achieving at least four recommendations and 2% were adhering to all recommendations examined. The main area in which participants reported receiving advice on was body weight (33%) and 31% reported that they had personally sought information on this topic, although the data suggest that 72% of people may benefit from such guidance. Fewer participants reported receiving (18–26%) and seeking (15–17%) dietary advice on fruits, vegetables and wholegrains. Many participants said they would find lifestyle information useful, notably in relation to body fatness (43%) and physical activity (38%).

Conclusions

The development of a process for supporting lifestyle change in this patient group, comprising individuals who are already engaging in positive health practices (regular colonoscopy surveillance), could usefully be identified and tested.
Serum TWEAK in acne vulgaris: An unknown soldier
Authors: El‐Taweel Abd El‐Aziz Ibrahim , Salem Rehab Mohammed , Abdelrahman Amira Mohamed Noureldin , Mohamed Basma Abd El‐Kafy
Published: May 2019

Background

TWEAK is an inflammatory cytokine which is involved in the development of many inflammatory disorders.

Aims

This study aimed to evaluate serum levels of TWEAK in patients with acne vulgaris.

Subjects and Methods

This case‐controlled study included 100 acne vulgaris patients divided into two groups. Group 1 included 25 patients with moderate acne and 25 patients with severe acne. Group 2 consisted of 50 acne‐free control subjects. Acne was graded by the Global Acne Grading System (GAGS). Serum TWEAK was measured by ELISA kits.

Results

Acne patients had significant elevation in TWEAK serum levels when compared to the control subjects (P < 0.001). TWEAK serum levels did not show significant difference regarding disease grade, postacne scar, and hyperpigmentation (P value = 0.43, 0.37, 0.80, 0.67, respectively). TWEAK levels were not affected by any of the studied variables except for the significant negative correlation between its levels and the disease duration in severe acne group only (r = −0.42, P = 0.03).

Conclusion

TWEAK may be involved in acne vulgaris development, but more studies are needed to clarify its role.
A Verbal Fluency Task‐Based Brain Activation fMRI Study in Patients with Crohn's Disease in Remission
Authors: Nair Veena A. , Dodd Keith , Rajan Shruti , Santhanubosu Anu , Beniwal‐Patel Poonam , Saha Sumona , Prabhakaran Vivek
Published: May 2019

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

In this pilot study, we investigated functional brain activation changes in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) in remission compared to age and gender‐matched healthy controls (HCs).

METHODS

Data from 20 patients with CD in remission (age range 19‐63 years) and 20 HCs (matched in age and gender) were analyzed. Task functional MRI (fMRI) data were collected while participants performed a cognitive (phonemic verbal fluency) task in the scanner. All participants also performed the same task outside the scanner.

RESULTS

Task fMRI results showed greater bi‐hemispheric activation in CD patients compared to controls. Because this pattern is commonly reported with normal aging, we performed further analyses to investigate fMRI responses in a subset of the younger CD patients (N = 12, age < = 35 years) compared to matched young HCs (age < = 35 years), and an older cohort of HCs (age > = 50 years). Results showed that task activation patterns were similar between young CD patients and older HCs, and that both groups differed significantly from younger HCs. Activation intensity in specific brain regions for patients was associated with disease duration.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that CD patients in remission may show accelerated signs of aging in terms of brain responses to a typical cognitive task. Future work with larger sample size will need to replicate these results as well as investigate the influence of factors, such as chronicity of the disease and medication effects on task‐associated brain activation patterns in this patient population.
Development and validation of a commitment to organizational career scale: At the crossroads of individuals’ career aspirations and organizations’ needs
Authors: Lapointe Émilie , Vandenberghe Christian , Mignonac Karim , Panaccio Alexandra , Schwarz Gary , Richebé Nathalie , Roussel Patrice
Published: May 2019

This paper introduces the construct of commitment to organizational career (COC). Conceptualized as a specific form of goal commitment, COC reflects an individual's commitment to the goal of pursuing a long and successful career in an organization. We developed a 5‐item measure of COC and examined its validity and reliability in four studies involving employees from diverse organizations and occupations (Ns = 312, 187, 199, 309). We explore COC's distinctiveness from related constructs, including organizational commitment components (i.e., affective, normative, and continuance subdimensions) and career commitment, as well as its ability to predict turnover intention and voluntary turnover. Finally, we examine COC's antecedents and specify boundary conditions to its relationship to turnover. Overall, results support the reliability and validity of the COC measure. We discuss how COC contributes to generate promising research avenues for the career and commitment literatures.

Practitioner points

We introduce the commitment to organizational career (COC) construct.

Four studies provide reliability and validity evidence for a COC measure that can be used in future research.

COC adds to the career and commitment literatures and directs attention to organizational career goals as a common ground linking individuals’ and organizations’ interests.

This common ground may provide a basis for both parties to build mutually beneficial relationships.
The Intensity Effect in Adolescent Close Friendships: Implications for Aggressive and Depressive Symptomatology
Authors: Costello Meghan A. , Narr Rachel K. , Tan Joseph S. , Allen Joseph P.
Published: May 2019

This study examined the effect of close friendship intensity as a potential amplifier of an adolescent's preexisting tendencies toward depressive and aggressive symptoms. A diverse community sample of 170 adolescents and their closest friends was assessed via multiple methods, and adolescents were followed from age 16 to 17. Results supported the hypothesized effect, with more intense close friendships interacting with higher baseline levels of behavioral symptoms to predict greater relative increases in symptoms over time. Effects were observed for both depressive and aggressive symptoms, and appeared with respect to multiple observational measures of friendship intensity. Findings are interpreted as suggesting that seemingly disparate phenomena (e.g., co‐rumination for depression and deviancy‐training for aggression) may both be dependent upon the intensity of the adolescent's social connections.
Prevalence, geographic distribution and phylogenetic relationships among cryptic species of Plasmopara viticola in grape‐producing regions of Georgia and Florida, USA
Authors: Hong Cheng‐Fang , Brewer Marin T. , Brannen Phillip M. , Scherm Harald
Published: May 2019

Previous phylogenetic studies of the grape downy mildew pathogen, Plasmopara viticola, revealed five cryptic species in eastern North America that differed in their host range and geographic distribution. Preliminary comparative studies also documented differences in temperature responses during infection between certain cryptic species, indicating the biological relevance of knowing which cryptic species of the pathogen are present in a given region. However, limited information is available regarding the presence, prevalence and dynamics of cryptic species of P. viticola in the southeastern United States. Here, 301 P. viticola isolates obtained from cultivated grape species in five distinct grape‐growing regions of Georgia and Florida were subjected to cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence analysis and multilocus sequencing (internal transcribed spacer region of the rDNA, actin and β‐tubulin) to identify cryptic species and infer phylogenetic relationships. Three cryptic species, P. viticola clade aestivalis (Pva), clade vinifera (Pvv) and clade vulpina (Pvu), were identified in Georgia, whereas two, Pva and Pvv, were found in Florida; all three cryptic species are reported here for the first time in Georgia, whereas Pva is reported for the first time in Florida. Pva was the most prevalent cryptic species (72.1% of isolates) and was distributed widely from the North Georgia Mountains to Mid‐Florida, whereas Pvv (27.2%) and Pvu (0.7%) were found only in the Coastal Plain region of the two states. Interestingly, Pvu was obtained from French American hybrid Blanc du Bois and could be subcultured on Vitis vinifera Chardonnay, suggesting a broader host range than only the wild species Vitis vulpina reported previously.
Metabolic syndrome and liver steatosis occur at lower body mass index in US Asian patients with chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Clarke William T. , Miranda Janille , Neidich Eitan , Hudock Rebecca , Peters Marion G. , Kelly Erin M.
Published: May 2019

We have previously shown that ultrasound identifies significant steatosis in patients with chronic HBV (CHB). However, the relationship between CHB, metabolic syndrome (MS) and steatosis is poorly understood. In this tertiary care, single‐centre retrospective cohort study of 617 CHB patients, we examined the prevalence of MS and steatosis in a predominantly Asian US cohort. Patients were predominantly male (57%) with a mean age of 53 years, Asian (88%), on HBV therapy (64%) and had undetectable DNA (65%). 21% had MS, of which hypertension (41%), dyslipidemia (41%) and obesity (32%) were most common. Patients with MS were more likely to be older (60 vs 52 [P < 0.001]), have steatosis (40% vs 17% [P < 0.001]) and have a higher ALT (29 vs 25 [P = 0.003]). Of the 22% of patients with steatosis by ultrasound, a higher prevalence of MS (38% vs 16% [P < 0.001]) and higher ALT (31 vs 24 [P < 0.001]) was observed. Asian patients had a lower BMI than non‐Asians (mean 24 vs 26 [P = 0.001]) but similar prevalence of MS risk factors and steatosis. Asian patients with a BMI between 25 and 30 and two other MS risk factors had steatosis at the same rate as patients with a BMI > 30 and at least two other MS risk factors. We found a strong association between MS, steatosis and elevated ALT in HBV patients. Asian HBV patients have lower BMI than non‐Asians yet have the same prevalence of steatosis and other MS risk factors, supporting guidelines for lower BMI targets in Asians.