bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Referencing and Using Reference Managers
Authors: Shaw Pamela L. , Holmes Kristi , Greenland Philip
Published: October 2024

Referencing the literature is a critical component of medical and scientific writing. Important issues related to referencing and the use of reference managers are addressed in this chapter, including that reference management tools are widely available and can reduce errors as well as increase productivity, although becoming familiar with these tools requires an initial investment in time. The chapter also highlights that a wide variety of tools are available and, while a library may select certain reference management tools, authors should consider the advantages and potential disadvantages of each when selecting one for their personal use. Some guidelines for referencing are discussed, such as that scientific manuscripts should include important, previously published work as references, but should avoid citing obvious facts that the journal audience would be expected to know, and that authors should follow the journal instructions for formatting and for the allowable number of references.
Clinical Trials
Authors: Bressler Neil M.
Published: October 2024

A clinical trial is a research investigation that prospectively assigns human participants or groups of humans to an intervention or a comparison group to study the cause-and-effect relationship between that intervention and a health outcome. This chapter explains that these studies have a special place in biomedical publications because their findings, especially from primary outcome reports, are at or near the top of the evidence-based medicine hierarchy and may influence clinical care. The specific components of reports of clinical trials also are discussed (eg, title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, and discussion). Several other key issues are addressed, including statistical vs clinical significance or clinical relevance, clinical trial registration, and data sharing.
A novel high-z submm galaxy efficient line survey in ALMA Bands 3 through 8 – an ANGELS pilot
Authors: Bakx T J L C , Amvrosiadis A , Bendo G J , Algera H S B , Serjeant S , Bonavera L , Borsato E , Chen X , Cox P , González-Nuevo J , Hagimoto M , Harrington K C , Ivison R J , Kamieneski P , Marchetti L , Riechers D A , Tsukui T , van der Werf P P , Yang C , Zavala J A , Andreani P , Berta S , Cooray A R , De Zotti G , Eales S , Ikeda R , Knudsen K K , Mitsuhashi I , Negrello M , Neri R , Omont A , Scott D , Tamura Y , Temi P , Urquhart S A
Published: October 2024

We use the Atacama Large sub/Millimetre Array (ALMA) to efficiently observe spectral lines across Bands 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 at high-resolution (0.5–0.1 arcsec) for 16 bright southern Herschel sources at $1.5 \lt z \lt 4.2$. With only six and a half hours of observations, we reveal 66 spectral lines in 17 galaxies. These observations detect emission from CO (3−2) to CO(18−17), as well as atomic ([C i](1−0), (2−1), [O i] 145 $\mu$m and [N ii] 205 $\mu$m) lines. Additional molecular lines are seen in emission (${\rm H_2O}$ and ${\rm H_2O^+}$) and absorption (OH$^+$ and CH$^+$). The morphologies based on dust continuum ranges from extended sources to strong lensed galaxies with magnifications between 2 and 30. CO line transitions indicate a diverse set of excitation conditions with a fraction of the sources ($\sim 35$ per cent) showcasing dense, warm gas. The resolved gas to star formation surface densities vary strongly per source, and suggest that the observed diversity of dusty star-forming galaxies could be a combination of lensed, compact dusty starbursts and extended, potentially merging galaxies. The predicted gas depletion time-scales are consistent with 100 Myr to 1 Gyr, but require efficient fuelling from the extended gas reservoirs onto the more central starbursts, in line with the Doppler-shifted absorption lines that indicate inflowing gas for two out of six sources. This pilot paper explores a successful new method of observing spectral lines in large samples of galaxies, supports future studies of larger samples, and finds that the efficiency of this new observational method will be further improved with the planned ALMA Wideband Sensitivity Upgrade.
ExoMol line lists – LXII. Ro-vibrational energy levels and line strengths for the propadienediylidene (C3) in its ground electronic state
Authors: Lynas-Gray A E , Polyansky O L , Tennyson J , Yurchenko S N , Zobov N F
Published: October 2024

Improved opacities are needed for modelling the atmospheres and evolution of cool carbon-rich stars and extra-solar planets; in particular, contributions made by the astrophysically important propadienediylidene (${\mathrm{C}}_{3}$) molecule need, at a minimum, to be determined using a line list which includes all significant transitions in the energy range of interest. We report variational calculations giving ro-vibrational energy levels and corresponding line strengths for $^{12}{\mathrm{C}}_3$, $^{12}{\mathrm{C}}^{13}{\mathrm{C}}^{12}{\mathrm{C}}$, and $^{12}{\mathrm{C}}^{12}{\mathrm{C}}^{13}{\mathrm{C}}$. In the $^{12}{\mathrm{C}}_3$ case, we obtain 2166 503 ro-vibrational state energies $\leqslant$2000 cm−1 for the electronic $\tilde{X}{\, }^{1}{\Sigma _{\rm g}}^{+}$ ground state. Comparison with experiment indicates a maximum error of $\pm 0.03$ ${\rm cm}^{-1}$ in calculated positions of lines involving an upper state energy $\lessapprox$4000 cm−1. For lines with upper state energies $\gtrapprox$4000 cm−1 to have comparable line-position accuracies, conical intersections would need to be accounted for in an adopted potential energy surface. Line lists and associated opacities are provided in the ExoMol data base (http://www.exomol.com).
Aptamer-based assay for high-throughput substrate profiling of RNA decapping enzymes
Authors: Grab Katarzyna , Fido Mateusz , Spiewla Tomasz , Warminski Marcin , Jemielity Jacek , Kowalska Joanna
Published: October 2024

Recent years have led to the identification of a number of enzymes responsible for RNA decapping. This has provided a basis for further research to identify their role, dependency and substrate specificity. However, the multiplicity of these enzymes and the complexity of their functions require advanced tools to study them. Here, we report a high-throughput fluorescence intensity assay based on RNA aptamers designed as substrates for decapping enzymes. Using a library of differently capped RNA probes we generated a decapping susceptibility heat map, which confirms previously reported substrate specificities of seven tested hydrolases and uncovers novel. We have also demonstrated the utility of our assay for evaluating inhibitors of viral decapping enzymes and performed kinetic studies of the decapping process. The assay may accelerate the characterization of new decapping enzymes, enable high-throughput screening of inhibitors and facilitate the development of molecular tools for a better understanding of RNA degradation pathways.
Tetrameric INTS6-SOSS1 complex facilitates DNA:RNA hybrid autoregulation at double-strand breaks
Authors: Long Qilin , Ajit Kamal , Sedova Katerina , Haluza Vojtech , Stefl Richard , Dokaneheifard Sadat , Beckedorff Felipe , Valencia Monica G , Sebesta Marek , Shiekhattar Ramin , Gullerova Monika
Published: October 2024

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) represent a lethal form of DNA damage that can trigger cell death or initiate oncogenesis. The activity of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) at the break site is required for efficient DSB repair. However, the regulatory mechanisms governing the transcription cycle at DSBs are not well understood. Here, we show that Integrator complex subunit 6 (INTS6) associates with the heterotrimeric sensor of ssDNA (SOSS1) complex (comprising INTS3, INIP and hSSB1) to form the tetrameric SOSS1 complex. INTS6 binds to DNA:RNA hybrids and promotes Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) recruitment to DSBs, facilitating the dephosphorylation of RNAPII. Furthermore, INTS6 prevents the accumulation of damage-associated RNA transcripts (DARTs) and the stabilization of DNA:RNA hybrids at DSB sites. INTS6 interacts with and promotes the recruitment of senataxin (SETX) to DSBs, facilitating the resolution of DNA:RNA hybrids/R-loops. Our results underscore the significance of the tetrameric SOSS1 complex in the autoregulation of DNA:RNA hybrids and efficient DNA repair.
ROR1 facilitates glioblastoma growth via stabilizing GRB2 to promote c-Fos expression in glioma stem cells
Authors: Zhu Hongtao , Cheng Lidong , Liu Dan , Ma Xiaoyu , Chen Zhiye , Fan Heng , Li Ran , Zhang Yang , Mi Hailong , Li Jun , Zhang Suojun , Yu Xingjiang , Shu Kai
Published: October 2024

Background

Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are the root cause of tumorigenesis, recurrence, and therapeutic resistance in glioblastoma (GBM), the most prevalent and lethal type of primary adult brain malignancy. The exploitation of novel methods targeting GSCs is crucial for the treatment of GBM. In this study, we investigate the function of the novel ROR1-GRB2-c-Fos axis in GSCs maintenance and GBM progression.

Methods

The expression characteristics of ROR1 in GBM and GSCs were assessed by bioinformatic analysis, patient specimens, and patient-derived GSCs. Lentivirus-mediated gene knockdown and overexpression were conducted to evaluate the effect of ROR1 on GSCs proliferation and self-renewal both in vitro and in vivo. The downstream signaling of ROR1 in GSCs maintenance was unbiasedly determined by RNA-seq and validated both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, rescue assays were performed to further validate the function of the ROR1-GRB2-c-Fos axis in GSCs maintenance and GBM progression.

Results

ROR1 is upregulated in GBM and preferentially expressed in GSCs. Disruption of ROR1 markedly impairs GSC proliferation and self-renewal, and inhibits GBM growth in vivo. Moreover, ROR1 stabilizes GRB2 by directly binding and reducing its lysosomal degradation, and ROR1 knockdown significantly inhibits GRB2/ERK/c-Fos signaling in GSCs. Importantly, ectopic expression of c-Fos counteracts the effects caused by ROR1 silencing both in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusions

ROR1 plays essential roles in GSCs maintenance through binding to GRB2 and activation of ERK/c-Fos signaling, which highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting the ROR1-GRB2-c-Fos axis.
In situ optical feedback in brain tumor biopsy: A multiparametric analysis
Authors: Klint Elisabeth , Richter Johan , Milos Peter , Hallbeck Martin , Wårdell Karin
Published: October 2024

Background

Brain tumor needle biopsy interventions are inflicted with nondiagnostic or biased sampling in up to 25% and hemorrhage, including asymptomatic cases, in up to 60%. To identify diagnostic tissue and sites with increased microcirculation, intraoperative optical techniques have been suggested. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical implications of in situ optical guidance in frameless navigated tumor biopsies.

Methods

Real-time feedback on protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence, microcirculation, and gray-whiteness was given before tissue sampling (272 positions) in 20 patients along 21 trajectories in total. The primary variables of investigation were fluorescence in relation to neuropathological findings and gadolinium (Gd) enhancement, increased cerebral microcirculation in relation to bleeding incidence, number of trajectories, and impact on operation time.

Results

PpIX fluorescence was detected in Glioblastoma IDH-wildtype CNS WHO grade 4 (n = 12), Primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (n = 3), astrocytoma IDH-mutated CNS WHO grade 4 (n = 1) (Ki67 indices ≥ 15%). For 2 patients, no PpIX fluorescence or Gd was found, although samples contained tumorous tissue (Ki67 index 6%). Increased microcirculation was found along 9 trajectories (34 sites), located in cortical, tumorous, or tentorium regions. Postoperative bleedings (n = 10, nine asymptomatic) were related to skull opening or tissue sampling. This study strengthens the proposed independence from intraoperative neuropathology as PpIX fluorescence is detected. Objective real-time feedback resulted in fewer trajectories compared to previous studies indicating reduced operation time.

Conclusions

The integrated optical guidance system provides real-time feedback in situ, increasing certainty and precision of diagnostic tissue before sampling during frameless brain tumor biopsies.
Magnetic resonance imaging and o-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine positron emission tomography for early response assessment of nivolumab and bevacizumab in patients with recurrent high-grade astrocytic glioma
Authors: Henriksen Otto Mølby , Maarup Simone , Hasselbalch Benedikte , Poulsen Hans Skovgaard , Christensen Ib Jarle , Madsen Karine , Larsen Vibeke Andrée , Lassen Ulrik , Law Ian
Published: October 2024

Background

In the present study, early response assessment by o-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine (FET) positron emission tomography (PET) and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were investigated in a phase II open-label single-center study of nivolumab plus bevacizumab for recurrent high-grade astrocytic glioma.

Methods

Twenty patients with nonresectable first recurrence of high-grade astrocytic glioma after EORTC/NCIC protocol underwent [18F]FET PET/MRI at baseline and after 2 cycles of treatment. Whole brain values of contrast-enhancing volume on MRI (CEV), of the mean (TBRmean) and maximal tumor-to-background ratio (TBRmax), and of metabolically active volume (MTV) on [18F]FET PET were obtained. Regional changes in [18F]FET uptake were assessed by parametric response mapping (PRM). Prediction of overall survival (OS) and response (OS > 11 months) were assessed by Cox and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, respectively. Also, MRI (response assessment in neuro-oncology [RANO] 2.0) and PET-based (PET RANO 1.0) response assessment criteria were compared.

Results

In ROC analysis responders were separated (P < .05) from nonresponders by lower MTV at follow-up (AUC 0.771, cutoff 18.3 mL), larger decrease in MTV (AUC 0.757, cutoff −5.3 mL), larger decrease in both TBRmax (AUC 0.814, cutoff −0.53) and relative TBRmax (AUC 0.829, cutoff −11%) and smaller PRM progressive volume (AUC 0.843, cutoff 4.0 mL). Change in CEV did not predict response. RANO 2.0 and PET RANO response assessment criteria had similar and only borderline prognostic values.

Conclusions

The study indicates that [18F]FET PET is superior to contrast-enhanced MRI for early response assessment in patients with recurrent high-grade astrocytic glioma treated with nivolumab and bevacizumab.
Abomination of Desolation
Authors: deSilva David A.
Published: October 2024

This chapter covers the history of Judea between 187 and 141 bce. It discusses the bold experiment, pioneered by Jerusalem’s elite, of refounding Jerusalem as a Greek city with a Greek constitution; the internal splintering and popular resistance that led to the forced adoption of Greek religious practices and abandonment of Torah observance; the traumatic reconsecration of the Jerusalem Temple to non-Jewish deities; the successful popular revolt led by Judas Maccabeus and his family; and the consolidation of political gains made by Jonathan and Simon, Judas’s surviving brothers, largely thanks to the internecine strife that beset the Seleucid empire after the death of Antiochus IV.
Home Court Advantages
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

In the competitive environment of midsixties pop, the Rolling Stones, the Who, and the Beatles adapted their music as their audiences matured and expanded. Mick Jagger’s and Keith Richards’s songs began to articulate both Western culture’s deep-seated misogyny and the sexual objectification of women and England’s preoccupation with class. Peter Townshend, with encouragement from manager-producer Kit Lambert, turned his attention from Mods to explore an English style of writing. The result was a series of songs and recordings of growing complexity that tell stories about people in extraordinary circumstances. John Lennon’s early 1966 existential crisis and his use of psychoactive drugs shifted his output to describe the psychedelic experience while Paul McCartney embraced the idea of being a professional songwriter. George Harrison, however, was also developing as a songwriter and wrote songs that criticized the British tax system and incorporated elements of Indian music.
Political Persuasion
Authors: Nelson Thomas E.
Published: October 2024

Values are fundamental to political attitudes. Ideals such as freedom, equality, democracy, and fairness provide the standards to judge whether conditions are good or bad and whether policy solutions are preferable or detrimental. This book examines how partisan communicators recruit social and political values to persuade the public to support their positions on controversial issues. For example, someone who favors teaching alternatives to Darwin’s theory of evolution in public school science classes might argue that doing so upholds and promotes the value of freedom. This is sensible political strategy—after all, who is against freedom? The trouble is that opponents do the same thing, often targeting the same values. Value recruitment is thus one weapon in the arsenal that communicators and political entrepreneurs deploy to shape public opinion. This book explores the different strategies and tactics constituting value recruitment. It also examines how communicators respond to the value recruitment efforts of their opponents. Many examples of value recruitment from modern political debate are provided. It also describes in depth two cases in modern American politics that provide vivid examples of value recruitment by the competing sides. The book presents interviews with activists and policymakers in both cases to understand the values at stake and the value recruitment tactics in play. Because value recruitment targets political attitudes, the book also provides evidence from several experiments that examine how value recruitment shapes opinions. Greater recognition and understanding of value recruitment will deepen knowledge about the dynamics of political debate and public attitudes.
World War II and the Holocaust
Authors: Amar Tarik Cyril
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the breakthrough success of the television series Stakes Greater than Life in postwar Poland. It details the political and cultural background of 1960s Poland. Stawka’s enormous resonance cannot be understood without considering sensitive issues of national experience and identity. The series emerged in one of the countries most affected by World War II and at an important point in the development of its historical memory, when a young generation without personal memory of the war grew to adulthood, while, at the same time, television was rapidly increasing its hold on popular culture. The chapter explores Stawka’s place in Poland’s culture of memory, in particular with regard to questions of nationalism under Soviet hegemony. The chapter also probes Stawka’s omissions. Its most pronounced silence concerned the Holocaust. The chapter shows that this was a deliberate choice over an existing alternative.
Imagining a Perfect Soviet Russian Hero after Destalinization
Authors: Amar Tarik Cyril
Published: October 2024

Chapter 4 explores key themes in the Soviet television series Seventeen Moments of Spring, which addressed key issues of being Soviet and especially Russian, including the relationship to an outside world that was a defining Other. The series functioned as a parable rife with weighty lessons about truth and heroism, fascism and capitalism, the United States, crucial World War II ally and main Cold War adversary, and Germany, home to Nazism and the existential threat the latter had posed to the Soviet Union. Seventeen Moments also spoke to the traumatic memories of the cataclysmic war against Nazism and of Stalin, after the end of both his rule and the short destalinization of the Thaw period that followed it. The chapter addresses Soviet ideas of heroism, patriotism, bureaucracy and the enemy as a category. It explains how its hero Shtirlits (or Stierlitz) stood for an ideal Soviet citizen who was neither absolutely submissive nor a rebel.
Cold War between the Germanies
Authors: Amar Tarik Cyril
Published: October 2024

Chapter 5 addresses the context and making of the East German 1970s spy film franchise The Invisible Visor. It explains the East German idea of the noble agent, the Kundschafter, sketches Visor’s defining storyline, reconstructs the lopsided television rivalry between West and East Germany, and discusses Visor’s political significance and how the series was made. It details the close cooperation between its creators and East Germany’s intelligence service and secret police, the Stasi. The chapter discusses Visor’s presentation as fiction with a fundamental claim to political and historical truth that included allegations of contemporary Western subversion and crimes and references to Nazism. The chapter embeds The Invisible Visor in the history of the postwar competition between West and East Germany, in general and in the sphere of television in particular. Furthermore, it shows that, despite some similarities, the Bond movies were not a major influence on The Invisible Visor.
The Bible in the Catholic Life Cycle
Authors: Peppard Michael
Published: October 2024

This chapter and the next (chapter 4) build on the previous two, by extending the analysis of the Bible in Catholic worship into life-cycle events and other popular prayers and devotions. Some of these involve public worship, while others are private. This chapter surveys the biblical quotations, themes, and allusions that a typical Catholic encounters at life-cycle events of baptisms, confirmations, weddings, and funerals. Special attention is given to the role of the bride and groom in choosing biblical readings for their wedding and to the traditional prayers of Catholic funerals. In addition, biblical encounters are prescribed during confessions of sin and bouts with serious illness. Catholics have some of their deepest meditations on the Bible during peaks and valleys of the life cycle.
Origins of Catholic Biblical Art
Authors: Peppard Michael
Published: October 2024

Chapters 5, 6, and 7 show how the Bible is passed on through Catholic visuality, embodiment, storytelling, and poetry—in short, through a Catholic imagination. These chapters look first at the Bible in Catholic visual and dramatic arts (chapters 5 and 6) and then turn to the world of poetry, fiction, song, and screen (chapter 7). Chapter 5 describes the early “canon” of biblical art. It traces the origins of Catholic biblical art from the Roman Empire, where artisans’ choices for sarcophagi, catacombs, and eventually grand mosaics established an artistic biblical canon. That cluster of biblical episodes initially focused on the power of salvation by God and Jesus but, after the pivotal conversion of the emperor Constantine, gradually shifted toward the power of governance under God. Thus new biblical images rose to the fore, as David’s regal dynasty of old legitimated Christian rule.
Introduction to Infectious Diseases in Neurocognitive and Neuropsychiatric Medicine
Authors: Gale Shawn D. , Hedges Dawson W. , Erickson Lance D.
Published: October 2024

Neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders contribute to a substantial amount of global morbidity. Unfortunately, available treatments for these diseases are often less than optimal. As such, identification of the causes of neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders with goals of better understanding underlying pathophysiology and preventive strategies are paramount. The chapters in this book discuss the role of infectious diseases in neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders including possible mechanisms as to how infectious diseases can affect the brain. An additional chapter explores how the microbiome is associated with brain function. As a whole, the chapters in this book provide insight into how infections including some common pathogens contribute to the burden of neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric diseases.
The Association Between Human Cytomegalovirus and Neurocognitive Disorders and Dementia
Authors: Eslick Guy D.
Published: October 2024

A member of the Herpesviridae family of viruses, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a common infection, affecting up to 100 percent of the population in Africa and Asia, approximately 80 percent of people in Europe, and approximately 50 percent of the North American population. Further, it can produce a lifelong infection. Congenital cytomegalovirus is associated with hearing loss in newborns and may be a factor in adolescent cognitive function. In adults, findings from studies investigating associations between HCMV seropositivity and dementia have been inconsistent, with some findings suggesting an association with dementia, whereas other studies have not found an association. The high overall seroprevalence of HCMV infection likely makes it difficult to clearly identify associations between HCMV and neurocognitive disorders. Because of this, additional research with large sample sizes, prospective study designs, and attention to potentially confounding variables is needed to better characterize associations between HCMV and neurocognitive outcomes.
Helicobacter pylori and Cognitive Dysfunction
Authors: Beydoun May A. , El-Hajj Ziad W.
Published: October 2024

Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is a curved Gram-negative bacterium found in almost half of human gastric mucosa and is one of the most common infectious agents worldwide. Often acquired during childhood, its mode of transmission is still under debate, but its seroprevalence increases with age, under poor socioeconomic conditions, crowding, poor hygiene, and among minority groups. Since first described in 1984 as a bacterium in the stomachs of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration, Hp infection was further found to account for other digestive conditions, including duodenal ulcers, gastric carcinoma, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tumor. Studies have recently linked chronic Hp infection with various extra-digestive manifestations, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and stroke, with a growing body of evidence suggesting that this infection may play a causal role in neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders including all-cause and Alzheimer’s disease dementia, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and depression, which are the focus of this chapter.
Effects of Neurocysticercosis on Cognitive and Neuropsychiatric Function
Authors: Gale Shawn D. , Hedges Dawson W.
Published: October 2024

Infecting an estimated 50 million people worldwide and endemic in South America, Africa, parts of Asia, and central Europe, the cestode Taenia solium is the causal organism of neurocysticercosis, which results in cysts in the human brain. Although neurocysticercosis can be asymptomatic, it is a leading cause of acquired seizures and epilepsy in endemic regions. Associated not only with seizures and epilepsy, neurocysticercosis is also associated with hydrocephalus and elevated intracranial pressure, headache, movement disorders, focal neurological deficits, psychosis, depression, bipolar disorder, and an array of cognitive dysfunction including dementia. Up to two-thirds of patients with neurocysticercosis appear to have some type of cognitive dysfunction. Public health measures such as improved sanitation are critical in the prevention of neurocysticercosis. Both symptomatic and antiparasitic treatments can be used, although controversy continues as to the appropriate use of antiparasitic treatment in neurocysticercosis. In endemic regions, neurocysticercosis imposes a substantial neurological, neuropsychiatric, and neurocognitive burden.
The Leuthen Legacy in Military Thought before the First World War
Authors: Otte T. G.
Published: October 2024

One of the remarkable features of Leuthen’s broader legacy was its slow maturation. Only gradually, and not until the middle of the nineteenth century, did it acquire its central status in historical memory. Its military legacy was also a matter of multiple and multilayered misunderstandings. Frederick’s ‘greatness’ had already been proclaimed by his contemporaries, but increasingly this complicated a proper appreciation of the king’s military achievements and his historical significance. This chapter examines Leuthen’s legacy in German military thought during the nineteenth century until the outbreak of the First World War, culminating in Schlieffen’s ‘Leuthen programme’, based on the concept of the large-scale envelopment of a numerically superior enemy with the aim of annihilating his forces. Much of the official reading catered for the perceived needs of the Prusso-German army in the second half of the long nineteenth century. As a contemporary counterpoint to the ‘spin’ placed on Frederick’s campaign, this chapter concludes with a discussion the revisionist interpretation advanced by Hans Delbrück, one of the pioneers of modern military history.
Myth and Memory
Authors: Otte T. G.
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines Leuthen’s broader political and cultural legacy, the emergence of a generic Leuthen myth. Not only did accounts of the battle congeal into popular anecdotes focused on ‘der alte Fritz’ and his soldiers, Leuthen also emerged as a shorthand for a specific Prusso-Protestant sense of national mission, a certain habit of mind, a general attitude that reflected and, in turn, influenced the cultural and political life of nineteenth- and twentieth-century Germany. It was not until the second half of the nineteenth century that the encounter of 5 December 1757 took on this particular meaning. Even the imagery associated with battle-weary and exhausted soldiers intoning the ‘Chorale of Leuthen’, so potent later on, did not take shape until then. Particular emphasis here is laid on visual aspects of the Leuthen myth, the historical paintings and later, in the 1920s and 1930s, cinema films that formed the core element of the historical-educational experience of successive generations of Germans from the 1870s until the end of the Third Reich. The trauma of the Third Reich had severed the ties of tradition. And yet a faint echo of the ‘Chorale of Leuthen’ could be heard again in reunited Germany. In August 1991, at the initiative of the Hohenzollerns, Frederick’s remains were transferred to Potsdam to be reinterred on the terraces of his beloved Sanssouci palace, as he had stipulated in his will on the eve of the battle of Leuthen.
European Blame Games
Authors: Heinkelmann-Wild Tim , Zangl Bernhard , Rittberger Berthold , Kriegmair Lisa
Published: October 2024

Who is held responsible when EU policies fail? Which blame games resonate in the European public? This book challenges the conventional wisdom that the complexity of EU decision-making eschews clarity of responsibility, thereby rendering European blame games untargeted and diffuse. It is argued that the politicization of EU policies triggers a plausibility assessment of blame attributions in the public domain with the effect that European blame games gravitate towards true responsibilities, targeting those political actors involved in enacting a policy that is subsequently considered a policy failure. The book distinguishes three kinds of European blame games: in scapegoat games, supranational EU institutions are held responsible for a policy failure; renegade games occur when individual member state governments are considered the culprits for a failed policy; when responsibility for a policy failure is shared between EU institutions and member states, diffusion games prevail. The book explores three conditions to explain when each of the three European blame games prevails: the type of policy failure, the type of policy making, and the type of policy implementation. To empirically probe these conditions, the book studies the blame games in ten instances of EU policy failures, including EU foreign policy, environmental policy, fiscal stabilization and migration policy.
Beyond blaming Europe
Authors: Heinkelmann-Wild Tim , Rittberger Berthold , Zangl Bernhard , Kriegmair Lisa
Published: October 2024

This chapter introduces the main arguments of the book. It first defines three European blame games: scapegoat games, which have supranational EU institutions as their main target; renegade games, which concentrate blame on individual member-state governments; diffusion games, which target ‘the EU’ as a collective entity. The chapter outlines three conditions that affect which blame game resonates in the European public: the type of policy failure, the type of policy making, and the type of policy implementation. Subsequently, the chapter sketches the book’s research strategy and summarizes its contribution to the literature on the politics of blame attribution. The final section provides a roadmap of the book.
The policy failure hypothesis
Authors: Heinkelmann-Wild Tim , Rittberger Berthold , Zangl Bernhard , Kriegmair Lisa
Published: October 2024

This chapter introduces the policy failure hypothesis, which stipulates that the type of policy failure affects the type of European blame game that resonates in the European public. It explains that failures to perform are associated with diffusion games, whereas failures to act and failures to comply give rise to renegade games. The chapter assesses the policy failure hypothesis with two pair-wise comparisons of policy failures. The chapter first compares the blame game that was triggered by the EU’s failure to act in the 2011 Libyan crisis with the blame game that followed the performance failure of EU sanctions against Russia after the 2014 Ukraine crisis. It then compares the blame game that was driven by the performance failure of the EU’s Emission Trading Scheme aimed at implementing the Kyoto Protocol with the blame game that was triggered by compliance failures with the EU’s policies to implement the Paris Agreement on Climate Change.
The policy implementation hypothesis
Authors: Heinkelmann-Wild Tim , Rittberger Berthold , Zangl Bernhard , Kriegmair Lisa
Published: October 2024

This chapter introduces the policy implementation hypothesis, which proposes that in cases of shared policy making, blame games will gravitate towards those political actors charged with policy implementation. Where responsibility for policy implementation rests with supranational and national actors, policy failures give rise to scapegoat and renegade games respectively. Diffusion games emerge in cases where supranational and national actors are jointly involved in policy implementation. The chapter assesses the policy implementation hypothesis in a controlled comparison of the failure of the EU’s asylum policy, an instance of national implementation, and two episodes of the EU’s heavily criticized border control policy: For the period 2010–2015, implementation of the EU’s external border control policy was shared between member state authorities and Frontex; from 2016 onwards and the upgrading of Frontex’s operational capacities, implementation has shifted towards supranational implementation.
The promise of European blame games
Authors: Heinkelmann-Wild Tim , Rittberger Berthold , Zangl Bernhard , Kriegmair Lisa
Published: October 2024

The concluding chapter summarizes the book’s main contributions. The literature on blame attributions in the EU tends to suggest that diffusion games are prevalent in the EU: Owing to its institutional complexity, political actors typically face little constraint in attributing blame opportunistically to avoid political accountability. The chapter qualifies this conventional wisdom. First, it highlights the prevalence of different types of European blame games by summarizing the main findings of this book. Second, the chapter underlines the main theoretical claim that blame games gravitate towards political actors with true responsibilities. Finally, the chapter discusses the implications of these findings for political accountability and derives three institutional design principles that are geared to promote clarity of responsibility and thus political accountability in the EU.
Commentary
Authors: Gill Ann-Katrin , Smith Mark
Published: October 2024

The commentary discusses each individual line of the text in turn, using the manuscript of the type witness, P. Louvre N. 3129, as a basis. It records the variant readings that occur in each of the other textual witnesses of the Glorification Recited on Each Due Occasion of the Embalming Place, as well as those found in earlier parallels. It also discusses salient points of interest, whether grammatical, lexicographical, historical, topographical, or theological. The difficulties presented by the text are analysed in detail, and frequent reference is made to other ancient Egyptian religious texts of all periods to elucidate these. Discussions in the modern secondary literature are cited where relevant, in order to provide the fullest possible spectrum of views on problematic aspects of the composition, and the views presented in these are subjected to critical scrutiny.
Trafficked Slave
Authors: Moreira Isabel
Published: October 2024

When Balthild arrived on the shores of northern France sometime in the 640s, her situation was dire. She was part of a regular traffic of slaves across the English Channel, arriving in a shipment destined for sale. Chapter 2 discusses the conditions of female slaves traded in the seventh century and the relationship of Balthild and her owner, Erchinoald, mayor of the Neustrian palace. The chapter considers the context in which marriage of a slave to a Merovingian king was possible, and even possibly considered desirable, noting similar cases in Byzantium and the Islamic Caliphate. The chapter includes discussion of the intrusiveness with which contemporary sources described her body.
Marriage Makes a Queen
Authors: Moreira Isabel
Published: October 2024

Chapter 3 discusses what Balthild’s life would have been like joining the Neustrian court as a new queen. It considers the people who were around her as referenced in contemporary texts including Clovis II’s mother, Queen Nantechild, whose career in some ways presaged Balthild’s own. The chapter discusses royal marriage practices and examines accounts of Clovis II’s character. It examines how Balthild was enmeshed in networks of male power. It describes Paris in the seventh century, the built environment, and life at royal villas. It reconstructs the splendor of the Merovingian court and its domestic comforts and examines the people and office holders who made up the court, including visitors. The chapter considers how prepared Balthild may have been for her life at court and introduces Bishop Eligius of Noyon and his prophecy about the birth of Balthild and Clovis II’s first son.
Regent, Reformer, and Rescuer of Slaves
Authors: Moreira Isabel
Published: October 2024

Widowed young, Balthild became regent for her son and heir, Chlothar, and ruled together with the mayor of the palace, first Erchinoald, and then Ebroin. The chapter examines the political, religious, and social projects that she was connected to by her hagiographer. It examines contemporary sources that provide context on her prohibition of the slave trade in her kingdom. It discusses key church councils. It discusses Balthild’s relationship with Eligius of Noyon, a bishop who was deeply involved in rescuing slaves, and considers their respective interventions in the slave trade. It discusses Balthild’s policy of housing slaves in monastic communities (convents) and examines her other social reforms including the prohibition of infanticide and burial of the dead, and the religious reform of simony. It introduces Balthild as founder and supporter of monastic communities and her founding of the convent of Chelles and considers the question of whether we can discern Balthild’s independent action in these policies.
Introduction: Britten and Coventry
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C.
Published: October 2024

This introductory chapter sets the scene for Britten’s War Requiem, describing its occasion—the rededication of Coventry Cathedral, bombed during World War II. It argues that Britten chose to use poems by Wilfred Owen (1893–1918), sharing Owen’s belief that works of art can be powerful means of informing the public about the horrors of war and the importance of peace—through what Owen calls the “tenderness of silent minds,” a reflective and receptive mode of attention that people rarely assume in daily life. This book will offer a reading of War Requiem and its use of Owen’s poetry, pondering both the work’s insights and one (as I see it) grave ethical error—namely Britten’s lifelong unwillingness to accept the idea that there could ever be a just war of national self-defense. The work’s central insights, the book shall argue, survive our critique of the error. First, law and policy need to retain at all times a vivid sense of the human body, its beauty and its vulnerability, as the seat of human striving and whatever is valuable in human striving. Second, nations, after a devastating war, should not remain stuck in a posture of division and blame, but should move forward together toward a new future of cooperation—based, in fact, upon the commonality of bodies, their needs, and their beauties.
Conclusion: The Way Forward
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C.
Published: October 2024

This summing-up studies Britten’s combination of foreboding about future aggression with an emphasis on love and reconciliation. It addresses the likely charge that today a work of classical music will not affect very many listeners. On the contrary, given that the work is easily available online (including the original recording), it is more easily available than ever before, worldwide, and is no longer reserved for elite audiences who can purchase a ticket.
Introduction
Authors: Anderson James William
Published: October 2024

This chapter lays out the purpose of the book: to explain what makes for effective, accurate, compelling psychobiography. Psychobiography refers to the study, using psychological perspectives, of the lives of notable figures in history, politics, intellectual life, the arts, and other fields. The essence of psychobiography is gaining access to the inner life of the subjects: Why did they act as they did? What are their inner motivations, strivings, and preoccupations? The chapter provides an introduction to the book’s chief themes by discussing them in reference to a short analysis of Donald Trump and how, possessed by a life-long hatred of losing, he became obsessed with a false belief that the 2020 election had been stolen from him.
Into the North
Authors: Morales Daniel
Published: October 2024

By 1930, there were between 60,000 and 100,000 Mexican migrants in the Midwest, more than 20,000 in Chicago alone. This chapter follows the spread of Mexican migration out from the borderlands and into this region, particularly to Chicago. Migrations that began as a response to recruitment in the railroad, sugar beet, and steel industries, especially during World War I, became self-perpetuating as Mexicans established new colonias and organizations that formed nodes in interconnected regional circuits. The wartime Bracero Program increased the hiring of Mexican migrant workers in places beyond the borderlands. The further they migrated north, the higher the pay they could earn. Tens of thousands signed up every year to work for the railroad and the sugar beet industries on contracts of a few months. However, as they moved north, they became aware of the lower pay and limited opportunities in these jobs compared to the steadier work in meat packing, steel, and automobiles.
Entre Familia y Patria
Authors: Morales Daniel
Published: October 2024

Throughout the decade of the 1920s, it is estimated that up to 100,000 people crossed the border each year, legally and otherwise. Looking closely at this traffic makes clear there was no separation in migrants’ minds between economic, political, and cultural factors. Insecurity, in the form of violence, local politics, and local culture, shapes people’s decisions. The violence of the Mexican Revolution and the subsequent Cristero War are inseparable from the other causes of migration from central Mexico. Migration was intertwined with the political circumstances that shaped all aspects of Mexican society. Once underway, mass migration began to change Mexican society. As people left and others came back, the resulting information and capital changed conditions on the ground and created pathways for others to follow. This new economy made it easier to move, but it also tied many families and towns into continuous patterns of migration in order to maintain economic stability. Migration evolved from something that a few men did to something in which many participated; even those left behind were active participants. Migration eased the pressure for political and land reform in migrant-sending areas, at least in the 1920s. A new culture of migration began to grow and augment these networks, even as many across society were suspicious of those who went north.
Caught in the Middle
Authors: Morales Daniel
Published: October 2024

In 1933, strikes that started in the vegetable and fruit fields spread to the cotton fields and beyond, rocking the state’s largest industry to its core. Workers took the lead in organizing a vast multiracial coalition that sought to better their conditions. They challenged the largest vested interests in the state. California’s political economy was built on the most unequal distribution of land in the entire United States, and the labor on which it depended was imported from the far reaches of the United States’ colonial empire. It was in California that the capitalist transformation of the West in the late nineteenth century reached its fullest expression, where capital had the most control over people’s lives. New industries arose based on migrant labor, and Los Angeles became the hub of the southern part of the state. Yet it was also here, during the Great Depression, that the most racially diverse workforce in the country turned to radical organizing. Their defeat does not change the fact that, in the wake of the repatriation drives, migrants in the fields challenged the balance of power.
The Rise of Unfair Use
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M.
Published: October 2024

Starting in the mid-2000s, courts adopted a broad understanding of the fair use doctrine in copyright law through adoption of the “transformative use” principle. This expansive application of the fair use doctrine beyond its historical bounds reflected the influence of the scholarly community, advocacy entities, and platform-based firms that sought to facilitate projects that expand access to content but engage in mass reproduction and distribution of content without seeking consent from content owners. The relationship between the fair use doctrine and platform-based business models is illustrated by copyright litigations involving Google Books, Google Images, and the Google Android operating system. Each of these litigations resulted in decisions that limited the ability of content originators and owners to secure remuneration from platforms and platform users, resulting in a wealth transfer from entities that produce content to entities that consume it.
China and the Accidental Alliance
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M.
Published: October 2024

The political economy of patent law anticipates that firms that are net technology users will favor weaker enforcement of patents to reduce the cost of acquiring technology inputs. The same logic can apply at the country level and explains China’s policies toward the enforcement and licensing of standard-essential patents in the wireless communications industry. In the wireless ecosystem, Chinese firms tend to specialize in device production, rather than the development of wireless technologies. Chinese courts and regulators have adopted patent holdup theory from U.S.-based scholars and have expanded doctrines from U.S. and EU competition law to reach outcomes that tend to favor alleged infringers (usually domestic firms) over patent owners (usually foreign firms) in infringement disputes. The result is a truncated property-rights regime that shifts bargaining leverage and economic value away from licensors that are the wireless industry’s principal source of technological innovation.