bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pattern‐mapped multiple detection of 11 pathogenic bacteria using a 16s rDNA‐based oligonucleotide microarray
Authors: Hwang Byeong Hee , Cha Hyung Joon
Published: January 2010

Pathogen detection is an important issue in human health due to the threats posed by severe communicable diseases. In the present study, to achieve efficient and accurate multiple detection of 11 selected pathogenic bacteria, we constructed a 16S rDNA oligonucleotide microarray containing doubly specific capture probes. Many target pathogens were specifically detected by the microarray with the aid of traditional perfect match‐based analysis using our previously proposed two‐dimensional visualization plot tool. However, some target species or subtypes were difficult to discriminate by perfect match analysis due to nonspecific binding of conserved 16S rDNA‐derived capture probes with high sequence similarity. We noticed that the patterns of specific spots for each strain were somewhat different in the two‐dimensional gradation plot. Therefore, to discriminate subtle differences between phylogenetically related pathogens, a pattern‐mapping statistical model was established using an artificial neural network algorithm trained by experimental repeats. The oligonucleotide microarray system harboring doubly specific capture probes combined with the pattern‐mapping analysis tool resulted in successful detection of all target pathogens including even subtypes of two closely related species showing strong nonspecific binding. Collectively, the results indicate that our novel combined system of a 16S rDNA‐based DNA microarray and a pattern‐mapping statistical analysis tool is a simple and effective method for detecting multiple pathogens. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;106: 183–192. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sesquiterpenoids and Diterpenoids from Chloranthus anhuiensis
Authors: Xu Yong‐Jiang , Tang Chun‐Ping , Tan Min‐Jia , Ke Chang‐Qiang , Wu Tao , Ye Yang
Published: January 2010

A phytochemical investigation of the roots of Chloranthus anhuiensis afforded three new sesquiterpene lactones, chloraniolide A (1), (3R)‐3‐hydroxyatractylenolide III (2), and 8β‐hydroxy‐1‐oxoeudesma‐3,7(11)‐dien‐12,8α‐olide (3), and two new diterpenoids, (12R,13E)‐15‐(acetoxy)‐12‐hydroxylabda‐8(20),13‐dien‐19‐oic acid (4) and (12S,13E)‐15‐(acetoxy)‐12‐dihydroxylabda‐8(20),13‐dien‐19‐oic acid (5), as well as 17 known sesquiterpenoid and diterpenoid compounds. Their structures were established on the basis of 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR, and other spectroscopic analyses.
Two New Cytotoxic Disulfated Holostane Glycosides from the Sea Cucumber Pentacta quadrangularis
Authors: Han Hua , Xu Qiang‐Zhi , Yi Yang‐Hua , Gong Wei , Jiao Bing‐Hua
Published: January 2010

Two new disulfated triterpene glycosides, pentactasides B and C (1 and 2, resp.), were isolated from the sea cucumber Pentacta quadrangularis collected from the South China Sea. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectral analysis (2D‐NMR and MS) and chemical methods. The compounds 1 and 2 possess the same tetrasaccharide moieties with two sulfated groups, but are different in the side chains of the triterpene aglycone. Pentactasides B and C (1 and 2, resp.) showed significant cytotoxicities (IC50 0.09–2.30 μM) against different human tumor cell lines.
Platycodin D2 Improves Specific Cellular and Humoral Responses to Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Mice
Authors: Xie Yong , He Shu‐Wang , Sun Hong‐Xiang , Li Duo
Published: January 2010

Platycodin D2 (1), a less hemolytic saponin from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum than platycodin D (2), was evaluated for the potential to enhance specific cellular and humoral immune responses to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in mice. It significantly increased the concanavalin A (Con A)‐, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐, and HBsAg‐induced splenocyte proliferation in HBsAg‐immunized mice (P<0.05, P<0.01, and P<0.001, resp.). HBsAg‐specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b antibody titers in the serum were also markedly enhanced by 1 compared to the HBsAg control group (P<0.01 or P<0.001). Moreover, 1 significantly promoted the production of Th1 (IL‐2 and IFN‐γ) and Th2 (IL‐4 and IL‐10) cytokines from splenocytes in the HBsAg‐immunized mice (P<0.001). The adjuvant potential of 1 on splenocyte proliferation, serum HBsAg‐specific IgG2a and IgG2b antibody response, as well as Th1‐cytokine secretion from splenocytes in the HBsAg‐immunized mice was higher than that of Alum. The results suggest that 1 could improve both cellular and humoral immune responses to HBsAg in mice. Hence, 1 might be a promising adjuvant for hepatitis B vaccine with dual Th1‐ and Th2‐potentiating activity.
Eudesmane Sesquiterpenes and Other Constituents from Aster himalaicus
Authors: Xie Wei Dong , Weng Cheng Wu , Niu Yu Fang , Lai Peng Xiang , Row Kyung Ho
Published: January 2010

From the whole plants of Aster himalaicus, a new eudesmane‐type sesquiterpene, 1‐oxoeudesm‐11(13)‐eno‐12,8α‐lactone, along with twelve known compounds, was isolated. The structures of all compounds have been elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data, including IR, EI‐MS, HR‐ESI‐MS, and 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR data.
Structural Diversity of PDZ–Lipid Interactions
Authors: Gallardo Rodrigo , Ivarsson Ylva , Schymkowitz Joost , Rousseau Frédéric , Zimmermann Pascale
Published: January 2010

PDZ domains are globular protein modules that are over‐and‐above appreciated for their interaction with short peptide motifs found in the cytosolic tail of membrane receptors, channels, and adhesion molecules. These domains predominate in scaffold molecules that control the assembly and the location of large signaling complexes. Studies have now emerged showing that PDZ domains can also interact with membrane lipids, and in particular with phosphoinositides. Phosphoinositides control various aspects of cell signaling, vesicular trafficking, and cytoskeleton remodeling. When investigated, lipid binding appears to be extremely relevant for PDZ protein functionality. Studies point to more than one mechanism for PDZ domains to associate with lipids. Few studies have been focused on the structural basis of PDZ–phosphoinositide interactions, and the biological consequences of such interactions. Using the current knowledge on syntenin‐1, syntenin‐2, PTP‐Bas, PAR‐3 and PICK1, we recapitulate our understanding of the structural and biochemical aspects of PDZ–lipid interactions and the consequences for peptide interactions.
Thrombosis, fracture, and percutaneous removal of a patent foramen ovale closure device 1 month after successful deployment
Authors: Gori Tommaso , Schräder Rainer , Genth‐Zotz Sabine
Published: January 2010

Several different devices have been developed for the percutaneous closure of interatrial defects and patent foramen ovale. Although the implantation of these devices is both safe and effective, a number of complications, both in the early and the late follow‐up, may occur. We describe a case of device fracture manifested early (1 month after implantation) with the formation of massive thrombosis on the right atrial disc. The patient was treated with anticoagulants and the device was percutaneously retrieved. Our images allowed early noninvasive therapy and emphasize the need for echocardiographic follow‐up early after implantation. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Amplatzer vascular plugs for occlusion of a left internal mammary artery graft anastomosed to the anterior interventricular vein
Authors: Badhey Neeraj , Banerjee Subhash , Brilakis Emmanouil S.
Published: January 2010

The authors present a case of left internal mammary artery graft anastomosis to the anterior interventricular vein leading to congestive heart failure. The patient underwent successful left main stenting using an Impella left ventricular assist device and left internal mammary graft occlusion using two Amplatzer vascular plugs. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
IVUS radiofrequency analysis in the evaluation of the polymeric struts of the bioabsorbable everolimus‐eluting device during the bioabsorption process
Authors: Sarno Giovanna , Onuma Yoshinobu , Garcia Hector M. Garcia , Garg Scot , Regar Evelyn , Thuesen Leif , Dudek Dariusz , Veldhof Susan , Dorange Cecile , Ormiston John A. , Serruys Patrick W.
Published: January 2010

Background: In the ABSORB study cohort A the changes in the amount of dense calcium and necrotic core have not been reported in comparison to the prestenting phase; this evaluation could be useful to better clarify the bioabsorption process. Aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the dynamic changes in plaque size and plaque tissue composition observed between 6 months and 2 years follow‐up, and to compare these findings to the prestenting phase. Methods: Angiography, intravascular ultrasound and derived parameters (virtual histology, palpography, and echogenicity) were serially assessed postprocedure, at 6 months and at 2 years in 20 patients. In a subset of 8 patients the same measurements were also recorded in the prestenting phase. Results: In the total population a reduction of 18% in the plaque area was observed between 6 month and 2 year follow‐up (7.56 ± 2.32 mm2 at 6 months vs. 6.16 ± 2.10 mm2 at 2 year follow‐up; P < 0.01). In the subgroup of eight patients who underwent IVUS during the pre‐stenting phase, the plaque area at 2 year follow‐up was not significantly different when compared to the prestenting plaque area (7.29 ± 2.29 mm2 at prestenting vs. 7.48 ± 1.45 mm2 at 2 year follow‐up, P = NS). Necrotic core area was reduced by 24% between the 6 month and 2 year follow‐up (0.97 ± 0.66 mm2 at 6 months vs. 0.74 ± 0.53 mm2 at 2 year follow‐up; P = NS), whilst dense calcium was reduced by 14% from 6 month to 2 year follow‐up (0.83 ± 0.50 mm2 at 6 months vs 0.72 ± 0.64 mm2 at 2 year follow‐up; P = NS). Whilst the necrotic core at 2 years follow‐up was not significantly different when compared to the pre‐stenting phase (0.62 ± 0.42 mm2 prestenting vs 1.07 ± 0.56 mm2 at 2 year follow‐up; P = NS), the area of dense calcium was significantly higher at follow‐up compared to prestenting (0.35 ± 0.35 mm2 pre‐stenting vs. 0.84 ± 0.66 mm2 at 2 year follow‐up; P < 0.05). Conclusions: The reduction in the necrotic core component between 6 month and two year follow‐up could be related to a synergistic effect of the bio‐absorption process and the anti‐inflammatory action of everolimus. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Liquid‐Phase Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Aldehydes: Enhancing Selectivity of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube‐Supported Catalysts by Thermal Activation
Authors: Machado Bruno F. , Gomes Helder T. , Serp Philippe , Kalck Philippe , Faria Joaquim L.
Published: January 2010

Platinum and iridium organometallic precursors are used to prepare nanosized, thermally stable multiwalled carbon nanotube‐supported catalysts. The materials are characterized by N2 adsorption at 77 K, temperature‐programmed desorption coupled with mass spectrometry, H2 chemisorption, transmission electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis; they are tested in the selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde to cinnamyl alcohol under mild conditions (363 K and 1 MPa). A thermal activation at 973 K is found to have a very positive effect over both activity and selectivity, leading to selectivities of approximately 70 %, at 50 % conversion, regardless of the active metal phase (Pt or Ir). Since no noticeable differences in the metal particle sizes are detected, the results are interpreted in light of an enhanced metal/support interaction. This effect, induced by the removal of oxygenated surface groups, is thought to change the adsorption mechanism of the cinnamaldehyde molecule.
Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Carboxy Analogues of Arginine Methyltransferase Inhibitor 1 (AMI‐1)
Authors: Castellano Sabrina , Milite Ciro , Ragno Rino , Simeoni Silvia , Mai Antonello , Limongelli Vittorio , Novellino Ettore , Bauer Ingo , Brosch Gerald , Spannhoff Astrid , Cheng Donghang , Bedford Mark T. , Sbardella Gianluca
Published: January 2010

Here we report the synthesis of a number of compounds structurally related to arginine methyltransferase inhibitor 1 (AMI‐1). The structural alterations that we made included: 1) the substitution of the sulfonic groups with the bioisosteric carboxylic groups; 2) the replacement of the ureidic function with a bis‐amidic moiety; 3) the introduction of a N‐containing basic moiety; and 4) the positional isomerization of the aminohydroxynaphthoic moiety. We have assessed the biological activity of these compounds against a panel of arginine methyltransferases (fungal RmtA, hPRMT1, hCARM1, hPRMT3, hPRMT6) and a lysine methyltransferase (SET7/9) using histone and nonhistone proteins as substrates. Molecular modeling studies for a deep binding‐mode analysis of test compounds were also performed. The bis‐carboxylic acid derivatives1 band7 bemerged as the most effective PRMT inhibitors, both in vitro and in vivo, being comparable or even better than the reference compound (AMI‐1) and practically inactive against the lysine methyltransferase SET7/9.
Medicare reimbursement changes for bladder biopsies
Authors: Penson David F.
Published: January 2010

Medicare reimbursement policies may have unintended consequences. These are not always negative.
Identifying the efferent projections of leptin‐responsive neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus using a novel conditional tracing approach
Authors: Gautron Laurent , Lazarus Michael , Scott Michael M. , Saper Clifford B. , Elmquist Joel K.
Published: January 2010

Tracing the axonal projections of selected neurons is labor intensive and inherently limited by currently available neuroanatomical methods. We developed an adeno‐associated virus (AAV) that can be used for efficiently tracing identified neuronal populations. The virus encodes a humanized Renilla green fluorescent protein (hrGFP) that is transcriptionally silenced by a neo cassette flanked by LoxH/LoxP sites (AAV‐lox‐Stop‐hrGFP). Thus, hrGFP is expressed only in neurons with Cre recombinase activity. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, the virus was injected unilaterally into the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) of mice that express Cre in neurons expressing the leptin receptor. Animals with DMH injections showed robust hrGFP expression in DMH neurons, as visualized by its endogenous fluorescence or following immunolabeling. We found that hrGFP was expressed in approximately one‐third to one‐half of Cre‐expressing neurons at the site of injection, but not in non‐Cre‐expressing neurons. The expression of GFP allowed us to identify the projection fields of DMH leptin‐responsive neurons. Our results show hrGFP‐positive axonal projections and terminals in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, arcuate nucleus, preoptic area, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, paraventricular thalamus, periaqueductal gray, and precoeruleus. The aforementioned pattern of projections was similar to DMH projections determined by injections of biotinylated dextran amine in the mouse DMH. Interestingly, some hrGFP‐positive terminals were seen contacting the ependymal layer of the third and fourth ventricles. In summary, this approach is an effective tool for tracing axonal projections of chemically identified neurons, including leptin‐responsive neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2090–2108, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Connections of the auditory brainstem in a songbird, Taeniopygia guttata. III. Projections of the superior olive and lateral lemniscal nuclei
Authors: Wild J. Martin , Krützfeldt Nils O.E. , Kubke M. Fabiana
Published: January 2010

Sequential to companion articles that report the projections of the cochlear nucleus angularis (NA) and the third‐order nucleus laminaris (NL) to the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (MLd) and to the superior olive (OS) and lateral lemniscal nuclei (LLV, LLI, and LLD) (Krützfeldt et al., J Comp Neurol, this issue), we here describe the projections of the latter group of nuclei using standard tract‐tracing methods. OS projects on LLV and both have further ascending projections on LLI, LLD, and MLd. LLV also provides auditory input to the song system, via nucleus uvaeformis, and to the thalamo‐telencephalic auditory system, via nucleus ovoidalis (Ov), thus bypassing MLd. The two divisions of LLD (LLDa and LLDp) project across the midline via the commissure of Probst each to innervate the homologous contralateral nucleus and MLd. Both, particularly LLDp, also project on Ov. Injections in LLD and LLV resulted in anterograde labeling of caudal nucleus basorostralis (Bas) in the frontal telencephalon, but retrograde tracing so far suggests that only LLI is a real source of this projection (Wild and Farabaugh [1996] J Comp Neurol 365:306–328). OS and LLV also have descending projections on the ipsilateral NA, NM, and NL, and LLV also projects on OS. The ascending inputs to MLd and more rostral nuclei may contribute importantly to mechanisms of auditory pattern (song) recognition. Consistent with previous studies, some of the descending projections may be inhibitory. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2149–2167, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex‐specific antennal sensory system in the ant Camponotus japonicus: Glomerular organizations of antennal lobes
Authors: Nakanishi Aki , Nishino Hiroshi , Watanabe Hidehiro , Yokohari Fumio , Nishikawa Michiko
Published: January 2010

Ants have well‐developed chemosensory systems for social lives. The goal of our study is to understand the functional organization of the ant chemosensory system based on caste‐ and sex‐specific differences. Here we describe the common and sex‐specific glomerular organizations in the primary olfactory center, the antennal lobe of the carpenter ant Camponotus japonicus. Differential labeling of the two antennal nerves revealed distinct glomerular clusters innervated by seven sensory tracts (T1–T7 from ventral to dorsal) in the antennal lobe. T7 innervated 10 glomeruli, nine of which received thick axon terminals almost exclusively from the ventral antennal nerve. Coelocapitular (hygro‐/thermoreceptive), coeloconic (thermoreceptive), and ampullaceal (CO2‐receptive) sensilla, closely appositioned in the flagellum, housed one or three large sensory neurons supplying thick axons exclusively to the ventral antennal nerve. These axons, therefore, were thought to project into T7 glomeruli in all three castes. Workers and virgin females had about 140 T6 glomeruli, whereas males completely lacked these glomeruli. Female‐specific basiconic sensilla (cuticular hydrocarbon‐receptive) contained over 130 sensory neurons and were completely lacking in males' antennae. These sensory neurons may project into T6 glomeruli in the antennal lobe of workers and virgin females. Serotonin‐immunopositive neurons innervated T1–T5 and T7 glomeruli but not T6 glomeruli in workers and virgin females. Because males had no equivalents to T6 glomeruli, serotonin‐immunopositive neurons appeared to innervate all glomeruli in the male's antennal lobe. T6 glomeruli in workers and virgin females are therefore female‐specific and may have functions related to female‐specific tasks in the colony rather than sexual behaviors. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2186–2201, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postnatal development of GABA‐immunoreactive neurons and terminals in rat periaqueductal gray matter: A light and electron microscopic study
Authors: Barbaresi Paolo
Published: January 2010

The development of intrinsic gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐ergic neurons was studied in the first month of postnatal life in the rat periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) by light and electron microscopy using an anti‐GABA serum. At birth (postnatal day 0: P0) GABA‐immunopositive (GABAIP) neurons were detected only on the outer edge of dorsolateral PAG (PAG‐DL) and were rare in the other PAG subdivisions. Their distribution did not change from P0 to P5, while they increased progressively from P5 to P10 in PAG‐DL and began to be detected in ventrolateral PAG (PAG‐VL). At the end of the second postnatal week the immunostaining pattern was nearly adult‐like, and between P20 and P30 the adult pattern of GABA immunoreactivity was established. Quantitative light microscopic examination indicated that in the first postnatal month the cross‐sectional area of GABAIP neurons gradually increased from 67.63 and 78.69 μm2 at P0 to 122.15 and 119.16 μm2 at P30 in PAG‐DL and PAG‐VL, respectively. Electron microscopic observations disclosed GABA labeling from P0 in cell bodies, dendrites, growth cones, and axon terminals. GABAIP terminals were few in neonatal rats and became more numerous and morphologically mature around the second week. Synapse development and maturation were examined by quantitative ultrastructural analysis. Synaptic vesicle number and size of GABAIP axon terminals progressively grew in the first postnatal month. In conclusion, the number and size of GABAIP cells progressively increase in postnatal PAG, with two populations of intrinsic neurons expressing their GABAergic nature in two different periods. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2240–2260, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cuprizone‐induced demyelination in CNP::GFP transgenic mice
Authors: Silvestroff Lucas , Bartucci Sandra , Soto Eduardo , Gallo Vittorio , Pasquini Juana , Franco Paula
Published: January 2010

Cuprizone (bis‐cyclohexanone oxaldihydrazone) was previously shown to induce demyelination in white matter enriched brain structures. In the present study we used the cuprizone demyelination model in transgenic mice expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the 2′‐3′‐cyclic nucleotide 3′‐phosphodiesterase (CNPase) promoter. The use of these particular transgenic mice allows easy detection of cells belonging to the entire oligodendroglial (OLG) lineage, ranging from OLG precursors to mature myelinating OLGs. We were able to evaluate the precise extent of oligodendroglial cell damage and recovery within the murine adult central nervous system (CNS) after inducing demyelination by acute cuprizone intoxication. A generalized loss of GFP+ cells was observed after cuprizone exposure and correlated with a decline in myelin basic protein (MBP) expression. OLGs were depleted in many brain areas that were previously thought to be unaffected by cuprizone treatment. Thus, in addition to the well‐known cuprizone effects on the medial corpus callosum, we also found a loss of GFP+ cells in most brain structures, particularly in the caudatus putamen, cortex, anterior commissure, olfactory bulb, hippocampus, optic chiasm, brainstem, and cingulum. Loss of GFP+ cells was accompanied by extensive astrogliosis and microglial activation, although neurons were not affected. Interestingly, cuprizone‐treated animals showed both activation of GFAP expression and a higher proliferation rate in subventricular zone cells. A week after cuprizone removal from the diet, GFP+ oligodendroglial cells began repopulating the damaged structures. GFP expression precedes that of MBP and allows OLG detection before myelin restoration. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2261–2283, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parallel but separate inputs from limbic cortices to the mammillary bodies and anterior thalamic nuclei in the rat
Authors: Wright Nicholas F. , Erichsen Jonathan T. , Vann Seralynne D. , O'Mara Shane M. , Aggleton John P.
Published: January 2010

The proposal that separate populations of subicular cells provide the direct hippocampal projections to the mammillary bodies and anterior thalamic nuclei was tested by placing two different fluorescent tracers in these two sites. In spite of varying the injection locations within the mammillary bodies and within the three principal anterior thalamic nuclei and the lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus, the overall pattern of results remained consistent. Neurons projecting to the thalamus were localized to the deepest cell populations within the subiculum while neurons projecting to the mammillary bodies consisted of more superficially placed pyramidal cells within the subiculum. Even when these two cell populations become more intermingled, e.g., in parts of the intermediate subiculum, almost no individual cells were found to project to both diencephalic targets. In adjacent limbic areas, i.e., the retrosplenial cortex, postsubiculum, and entorhinal cortex, populations of cells that project to the anterior thalamic nuclei and mammillary bodies were completely segregated. This segregated pattern included afferents to those nuclei comprising the head‐direction system. The sole exception was a handful of double‐labeled cells, mainly confined to the ventral subiculum, that were only found after pairs of injections in the anteromedial thalamic nucleus and mammillary bodies. The projections to the anterior thalamic nuclei also had a septal‐temporal gradient with relatively fewer cells projecting from the ventral (temporal) subiculum. These limbic projections to the mammillary bodies and anterior thalamus comprise a circuit that is vital for memory, within which the two major components could convey parallel, independent information. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2334–2354, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Visual deprivation increases accumulation of dense core vesicles in developing optic tectal synapses in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Li Jianli , Cline Hollis T.
Published: January 2010

Despite considerable progress in understanding the molecular components of synapses in the central nervous system, the ultrastructural rearrangements underlying synaptic development remain unclear. We used serial section transmission electron microscopy and three‐dimensional reconstructions of the optic tectal neuropil of Xenopus laevis tadpoles to detect and quantify changes in synaptic ultrastructure over a 1‐week period from stages 39 and 47, during which time the visual system of Xenopus tadpoles becomes functional. Synapse density, presynaptic maturation index, and number of synapses per axon bouton increase, whereas the number of DCVs per bouton decreases, between stages 39 and 47. The width of the synaptic cleft decreased and the diameter of postsynaptic profiles increased between stages 39 and 47 and then remained relatively unchanged after stage 47. We found no significant difference in synapse maturation between GABAergic and non‐GABAergic synapses. To test the effect of visual experience on synaptogenesis, animals were deprived of visual experience for 3 days from stage 42 to 47. Visual deprivation decreased synapse maturation and the number of connections per bouton. Furthermore, visual deprivation increased the number of DCVs per bouton by more than twofold. The visual‐deprivation‐induced decrease in synaptic connections is specific to asymmetric non‐GABAergic synapses; however, both symmetric GABAergic and asymmetric synapses show comparable increases in the number DCVs with visual deprivation. In both the control and the visually deprived animals, the number of DCVs per bouton is highly variable and does not correlate with either synapse maturation or the number of connected partners per bouton. These data suggest that synaptogenesis and DCV accumulation are regulated by visual experience and further suggest a complex spatial and temporal relation between DCV accumulation and synapse formation. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2365–2381, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neonatal androgen‐dependent sex differences in lumbar spinal cord dopamine concentrations and the number of A11diencephalospinal dopamine neurons
Authors: Pappas Samuel S. , Tiernan Chelsea T. , Behrouz Bahareh , Jordan Cynthia L. , Breedlove S. Marc , Goudreau John L. , Lookingland Keith J.
Published: January 2010

A11diencephalospinal dopamine (DA) neurons provide the major source of DA innervation to the spinal cord. DA in the dorsal and ventral horns modulates sensory, motor, nociceptive, and sexual functions. Previous studies from our laboratory revealed a sex difference in the density of DA innervation in the lumbar spinal cord. The purpose of this study was to determine whether sex differences in spinal cord DA are androgen dependent, influenced by adult or perinatal androgens, and whether a sex difference in the number of lumbar‐projecting A11neurons exists. Adult male mice have significantly higher DA concentrations in the lumbar spinal cord than either females or males carrying the testicular feminization mutation (tfm) in the androgen receptor (AR) gene, suggesting an AR‐dependent origin. Spinal cord DA concentrations are not changed following orchidectomy in adult male mice or testosterone administration to ovariectomized adult female mice. Administration of exogenous testosterone to postnatal day 2 female mice results in DA concentrations in the adult lumbar spinal cord comparable to those of males. Male mice display significantly more lumbar‐projecting A11DA neurons than females, particularly in the caudal portion of the A11cell body region, as determined by retrograde tract tracing and immunohistochemistry directed toward tyrosine hydroxylase. These results reveal an AR‐dependent sex difference in both the number of lumbar‐projecting A11DA neurons and the lumbar spinal cord DA concentrations, organized by the presence of androgens early in life. The AR‐dependent sex difference suggests thyat this system serves a sexually dimorphic function in the lumbar spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2423–2436, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Behavior of Two Almost Identical Spins during the CPMG Pulse Sequence
Authors: Tošner Zdeněk , Škoch Antonín , Kowalewski Jozef
Published: January 2010

Multiple‐spin‐echo experiments have found wide use in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In particular, the Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill (CPMG) pulse sequence is used to determine transverse relaxation times T2. Herein it is demonstrated, both theoretically and experimentally, that for a pair of almost identical spins‐1/2 the experimental setup can have a profound effect on the observed spin dynamics. It is shown that, in the case of dipolar relaxation, the measured T2 values can roughly vary between the limits of identical and unlike spins, just depending on the repetition rate of π pulses with respect to chemical shift separation. Such an effect can, in the extreme narrowing regime, amount to a 50 % difference.
Cribriform‐morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma—Cytological and immunocytochemical findings of 18 cases
Authors: Hirokawa Mitsuyoshi , Maekawa Miyoko , Kuma Seiji , Miyauchi Akira
Published: January 2010

The purpose of this article was to describe cytologic findings of cribriform‐morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (CMV‐PTC) in detail, to review previously reported cases, and to emphasize the diagnostic significance of this subtype. We examined 19 ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) specimens from 18 CMV‐PTC patients. Cytologic features of CMV‐PTC were as follows, (1) hypercellularity, (2) papillary arrangement composed of tall columnar cells, (3) cribriform pattern, (4) morules, (5) spindle cells, (6) obscure ground‐glass nuclei, (7) peculiar nuclear clearing (PNC), (8) foamy or hemosiderin‐laden histiocytes, (9) hyaline materials, (10) absence of colloid in the background. The nuclear and cytoplasmic immunoreactivity of beta‐catenin and biotin‐positive PNC can indicate CMV‐PTC. We believe that cytologic diagnosis of CMV‐PTC is possible and it may lead to the early detection of polyposis coli. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010;38:890–896. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The use of fine‐needle aspiration biopsy samples for the assessment of basal phenotype in triple negative breast cancer patients: A correlative study
Authors: Mohammadi Amir , Rosa Marilin , Masood Shahla
Published: January 2010

Molecular profiling of breast cancer has gained popularity due to the possibility of studying the biological spectrum of the disease and to evaluate prognostic and predictive characteristics that can lead to more accurate therapeutic decisions. Although studies have been carried out on tissue using tissue microarray technology (TMA), to our knowledge, this technology has not been applied to samples obtained by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). This study was designed to correlate FNAB samples with corresponding surgical specimens for the assessment of basal phenotype in patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). A total of 198 cases of TNBC with matching FNAB and surgical specimens were identified. Forty‐six cases with sufficient tissue in both FNAB cell blocks and surgical specimens were selected. Tissue microarray blocks were prepared and stained with six biomarkers (CK5/6, p63, SMA, EGFR, C‐Kit, and p53). For statistical analysis, we used the observed (Gross) percentage of agreement and also calculated the Cohen's Kappa for each biomarker. We found a high agreement between the two groups as shown by the values of Observed (Gross) percentage of agreement (mostly 90% or higher except for the C‐Kit which was 78%). In addition, Cohen's Kappa point estimate showed substantial agreement (0.61–0.80) for CK 5/6, p63, EGFR, p53, moderate agreement (0.41–0.60) for C‐Kit, and, fair agreement (0.21–0.40) for SMA. Our study shows that the advantages of FNAB are not restricted to cost‐effectiveness, but also attested that cytology samples are suitable for the evaluation of biomarkers that have important implications on patient's therapy and prognosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011;39:1–7. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional flow of an elastico‐viscous fluid with mass transfer
Authors: Hayat T. , Qasim M. , Abbas Z.
Published: January 2010

This paper looks at the unsteady three‐dimensional MHD flow of an elastico‐viscous fluid over a stretching surface. The analysis of mass transfer is also analyzed. The governing boundary layer equations are reduced into partial differential equations with three dependent variables through similarity transformations. The transformed system of equations is solved analytically by employing homotopy analysis method (HAM). Plots for various interesting parameters are presented and discussed. Numerical data for surface shear stresses and surface mass transfer in steady case are also tabulated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A structured but non‐uniform Cartesian grid‐based model for the shallow water equations
Authors: Liang Qiuhua
Published: January 2010

In large‐scale shallow flow simulations, local high‐resolution predictions are often required in order to reduce the computational cost without losing the accuracy of the solution. This is normally achieved by solving the governing equations on grids refined only to those areas of interest. Grids with varying resolution can be generated by different approaches, e.g. nesting methods, patching algorithms and adaptive unstructured or quadtree gridding techniques. This work presents a new structured but non‐uniform Cartesian grid system as an alternative to the existing approaches to provide local high‐resolution mesh. On generating a structured but non‐uniform Cartesian grid, the whole computational domain is first discretized using a coarse background grid. Local refinement is then achieved by directly allocating a specific subdivision level to each background grid cell. The neighbour information is specified by simple mathematical relationships and no explicit storage is needed. Hence, the structured property of the uniform grid is maintained. After employing some simple interpolation formulae, the governing shallow water equations are solved using a second‐order finite volume Godunov‐type scheme in a similar way as that on a uniform grid. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The dynamics of long forward rate term structures
Authors: Luo Xingguo , Zhang Jin E.
Published: January 2010

In this article, we look at study the dynamics of forward rates with maturities longer than 14 years. We re‐document the phenomenon of the downward sloping long forward rate term structure using U.S. Treasury STRIPS data over the period 1988 to 2007. By calibrating Diebold F. X. and Li C.‐L.'s (2006) dynamic Nelson C. R. and Siegel A. F. (1987) and Christensen J. H. E., Diebold F. X., and Rudebusch G. D.'s (2007) arbitrage‐free Nelson‐Siegel models, we find that both models explain the empirical phenomenon very well. Out‐of‐sample comparison shows that imposing no‐arbitrage restriction indeed improves the forecasting performance. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 30:957–982, 2010
Joint linkage and segregation analysis under multiallelic trait inheritance: simplifying interpretations for complex traits
Authors: Rosenthal Elisabeth A. , Wijsman Ellen M.
Published: January 2010

Identification of the genetic basis of common traits may be hindered by underlying complex genetic architectures that are inadequately captured by existing models, including both multiallelic and multilocus modes of inheritance (MOI). One useful approach for localizing genes underlying continuous complex traits is the joint oligogenic linkage and segregation analysis implemented in the package Loki. The method uses reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo to eliminate the need to prespecify the number of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in the trait model, thus providing posterior distributions for the number of QTLs in a Bayesian framework. The current implementation assumes QTLs are diallelic, and therefore can overestimate the number of linked QTLs in the presence of a multiallelic QTL. To address the possibility of multiple alleles, we extended the QTL model to allow for a variable number of additive alleles at each locus. Application to simulated data shows that, under a diallelic MOI, the multiallelic and diallelic analysis models give similar results. Under a multiallelic MOI, the multiallelic analysis model provides better mixing and improved convergence, and leads to a more accurate estimate of the underlying trait MOI and model parameter values, than does the diallelic model. Application to real data shows the multiallelic model results in fewer estimated linked QTLs and that the predominant QTL model is similar to one of two predominant models estimated from the diallelic analysis. Our results indicate that use of a multiallelic analysis model can lead to better understanding of the genetic architecture underlying complex traits.Genet. Epidemiol. 34: 344–353, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The gene, environment association studies consortium (GENEVA): maximizing the knowledge obtained from GWAS by collaboration across studies of multiple conditions
Authors: Cornelis Marilyn C. , Agrawal Arpana , Cole John W. , Hansel Nadia N. , Barnes Kathleen C. , Beaty Terri H. , Bennett Siiri N. , Bierut Laura J. , Boerwinkle Eric , Doheny Kimberly F. , Feenstra Bjarke , Feingold Eleanor , Fornage Myriam , Haiman Christopher A. , Harris Emily L. , Hayes M. Geoffrey , Heit John A. , Hu Frank B. , Kang Jae H. , Laurie Cathy C. , Ling Hua , Manolio Teri A. , Marazita Mary L. , Mathias Rasika A. , Mirel Daniel B. , Paschall Justin , Pasquale Louis R. , Pugh Elizabeth W. , Rice John P. , Udren Jenna , van Dam Rob M. , Wang Xiaojing , Wiggs Janey L. , Williams Kayleen , Yu Kai
Published: January 2010

Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have emerged as powerful means for identifying genetic loci related to complex diseases. However, the role of environment and its potential to interact with key loci has not been adequately addressed in most GWAS. Networks of collaborative studies involving different study populations and multiple phenotypes provide a powerful approach for addressing the challenges in analysis and interpretation shared across studies. The Gene, Environment Association Studies (GENEVA) consortium was initiated to: identify genetic variants related to complex diseases; identify variations in gene‐trait associations related to environmental exposures; and ensure rapid sharing of data through the database of Genotypes and Phenotypes. GENEVA consists of several academic institutions, including a coordinating center, two genotyping centers and 14 independently designed studies of various phenotypes, as well as several Institutes and Centers of the National Institutes of Health led by the National Human Genome Research Institute. Minimum detectable effect sizes include relative risks ranging from 1.24 to 1.57 and proportions of variance explained ranging from 0.0097 to 0.02. Given the large number of research participants (N>80,000), an important feature of GENEVA is harmonization of common variables, which allow analyses of additional traits. Environmental exposure information available from most studies also enables testing of gene‐environment interactions. Facilitated by its sizeable infrastructure for promoting collaboration, GENEVA has established a unified framework for genotyping, data quality control, analysis and interpretation. By maximizing knowledge obtained through collaborative GWAS incorporating environmental exposure information, GENEVA aims to enhance our understanding of disease etiology, potentially identifying opportunities for intervention. Genet. Epidemiol. 34: 364–372, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Olfactory ensheathing cells: Attractant of neural progenitor migration to olfactory bulb
Authors: Zhu Yanling , Cao Li , Su Zhida , Mu Lifang , Yuan Yimin , Gao Liang , Qiu Yang , He Cheng
Published: January 2010

Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are the glial cells that derive from the olfactory placode, envelop olfactory axons in the course of migration from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb and reside primarily in the olfactory nerve layer. OECs transplantation as a promising experimental therapy for axonal injuries has been intensively studied; however, little is known about their roles in olfactory bulb development. In this study, we examined the effects of OECs on the migration of neural progenitors in rostral migratory stream (RMS). Initially, the neurosphere migration assay showed that OEC‐conditioned medium promoted progenitors to migrate from RMS neurospheres in a concentration dependent manner. Moreover, co‐culturing OECs nearby the RMS explants led to asymmetric migration of explants in different developing stages. However, OECs could influence the migration in a distance not further than 1.5 mm. Finally, slice assay that mimic the circumstance in vivo revealed that OECs had a chemoattractive activity on RMS neural progenitors. Together, these results demonstrate that OECs attract neural progenitors in RMS through the release of diffusible factors and it is likely that OECs mainly influence radial migration in the olfactory bulb but not tangential migration of the RMS invivo during development. This suggests a previously unknown function for OECs in olfactory development and a novel mechanism underlying the targeting of RMS cells. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
P2Y12receptor‐mediated integrin‐β1 activation regulates microglial process extension induced by ATP
Authors: Ohsawa Keiko , Irino Yasuhiro , Sanagi Tomomi , Nakamura Yasuko , Suzuki Eri , Inoue Kazuhide , Kohsaka Shinichi
Published: January 2010

Microglia are the primary immune surveillance cells in the brain, and when activated they play critical roles in inflammatory reactions and tissue repair in the damaged brain. Microglia rapidly extend their processes toward the damaged areas in response to stimulation of the metabotropic ATP receptor P2Y12by ATP released from damaged tissue. This chemotactic response is a highly important step that enables microglia to function properly at normal and pathological sites in the brain. To investigate the molecular pathways that underlie microglial process extension, we developed a novel method of modeling microglial process extension that uses transwell chambers in which the insert membrane is coated with collagen gel. In this study, we showed that ATP increased microglial adhesion to collagen gel, and that the ATP‐induced process extension and increase in microglial adhesion were inhibited by integrin blocking peptides, RGD, and a functional blocking antibody against integrin‐β1. An immunoprecipitation analysis with an antibody against the active form of integrin‐β1 showed that P2Y12mediated the integrin‐β1 activation by ATP. In addition, time‐lapse imaging of EGFP‐labeled microglia in mice hippocampal slices showed that RGD inhibited the directional process extension toward the nucleotide source, and immunohistochemical staining showed that integrin‐β1 accumulated in the tips of the microglial processes in rat hippocampal slices stimulated with ADP. These findings indicate that ATP induces the integrin‐β1 activation in microglia through P2Y12and suggest that the integrin‐β1 activation is involved in the directional process extension by microglia in brain tissue. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
mGLU3 metabotropic glutamate receptors modulate the differentiation of SVZ‐derived neural stem cells towards the astrocytic lineage
Authors: Ciceroni C. , Mosillo P. , Mastrantoni E. , Sale P. , Ricci‐Vitiani L. , Biagioni F. , Stocchi F. , Nicoletti F. , Melchiorri D.
Published: January 2010

Neural stem cells (NSCs) isolated from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of postnatal mice, and cultured as neurospheres, expressed functional mGlu3 receptors. Following mitogen withdrawal and plating onto poly‐ornitine‐coated dishes, cells dissociated from the neurospheres differentiated into GFAP+astrocytes (about 85%), and a small percentage of β‐III tubulin+‐neurons and O1+‐oligodendrocytes. Activation of mGlu3 receptors with LY379268 (100 nM, applied every other day), during the differentiation period, impaired astrocyte differentiation, favoring the maintenance in culture of proliferating progenitors co‐expressing GFAP with the immature markers, Sox1 and nestin. Co‐treatment with the preferential mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist, LY341495 (100 nM), reversed this effect. We examined whether mGlu3 receptors could modulate the canonical signaling pathway activated by bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs), which are known to promote astrocyte differentiation of SVZ/NSCs. An acute challenge of cells isolated from the neurospheres with BMP4 (100 ng/mL) led to phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of the transcription factors, Smads. This effect was largely attenuated by the mGlu2/3 receptor agonist, LY379268. The interaction of mGlu3 and BMP4 receptors was mediated by the activation of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Accordingly, LY379268 failed to affect BMP receptor signaling when combined with the MAPK kinase inhibitor, UO‐126 (30 μM). These data raise the intriguing possibility that glutamate regulates differentiation of SVZ/NSCs by activating mGlu3 receptors. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of the unaffected hemisphere in motor recovery after stroke
Authors: Riecker Axel , Gröschel Klaus , Ackermann Hermann , Schnaudigel Sonja , Kassubek Jan , Kastrup Andreas
Published: January 2010

The contribution of the ipsilateral (nonaffected) hemisphere to recovery of motor function after stroke is controversial. Under the assumption that functionally relevant areas within the ipsilateral motor system should be tightly coupled to the demand we used fMRI and acoustically paced movements of the right index finger at six different frequencies to define the role of these regions for recovery after stroke. Eight well‐recovered patients with a chronic striatocapsular infarction of the left hemisphere were compared with eight age‐matched participants. As expected the hemodynamic response increased linearly with the frequency of the finger movements at the level of the left supplementary motor cortex (SMA) and the left primary sensorimotor cortex (SMC) in both groups. In contrast, a linear increase of the hemodynamic response with higher tapping frequencies in the right premotor cortex (PMC) and the right SMC was only seen in the patient group. These results support the model of an enhanced bihemispheric recruitment of preexisting motor representations in patients after subcortical stroke. Since all patients had excellent motor recovery contralesional SMC activation appears to be efficient and resembles the widespread, bilateral activation observed in healthy participants performing complex movements, instead of reflecting maladaptive plasticity. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.