bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Citkin Alex , Muravitsky Alexei
Published: August 2022

The main concepts are summarized and the contents of the book are briefly reviewed by chapter.
Does language change how children think?
Authors: Harris Paul L.
Published: August 2022

Whereas Piaget argued that young children often produce egocentric speech, ill-suited to being understood by listeners, Vygotsky argued that such speech reflected children’s growing tendency to deploy language for their own private and eventually silent thought. Language is also used by children not just for private and silent thought but for gathering information via appropriate questions. From around 30 months, children can ask several questions each minute—some questions are simple, factual questions about where things are and what they are called, but other questions are more demanding how and why questions. Having internalized language for private thought, does the particular language that gets internalized impact how children think? Whorf hypothesized such effects of language on thought. Supportive evidence has emerged from the study of number. Children who acquire a language with an open-ended and generative lexicon for number words conceive of number differently from children exposed to a restricted set of three or four number words.
Illegitimacy, Family, and Stigma in England, 1660-1834
Authors: Gibson Kate
Published: August 2022

Illegitimacy, Family, and Stigma is the first full-length exploration of what it was like to be illegitimate in eighteenth-century England. In a major reframing of assumptions that illegitimacy was experienced only among the poor, this book tells the stories of individuals from across the socio-economic scale, including children of royalty, middling physicians and lawyers, alongside servants and agricultural labourers. Using the words of illegitimate individuals and their families preserved in letters, diaries, and poor relief and court documents, this book reveals the impact of illegitimacy across the life cycle. How did illegitimacy affect children’s early years, and their relationships with parents, siblings, and wider family as they grew up? Did illegitimacy limit education, occupation, or marriage chances? What were individuals’ experiences of shame and stigma, and how did being illegitimate affect their sense of identity? This book investigates the circumstances that governed families’ responses, from love and pragmatic acceptance to secrecy and exclusion.
Households, Surrogate Parents, and Care
Authors: Gibson Kate
Published: August 2022

This chapter examines the inclusion of illegitimate children in concepts of the household-family, including those headed by grandparents, step-parents, and unrelated foster parents. It argues that illegitimate children were included within concepts of provision and responsibility from a household head towards dependants, and expectations of affective bonds. Growing sympathy towards illegitimate children in eighteenth-century culture provided a potent motive for surrogate parents to care for children as proof of charitable virtue. The exact position of illegitimate children within the household, though, depended on a range of circumstances, including material resources, the presence of competing legitimate children, and a desire for a mutually fulfilling affective bond. Poverty was important—poorer families faced more difficult choices about how resources were distributed—but illegitimacy had some similar effects across the social scale. All illegitimate children had a shared experience of liminality and insecurity, suggesting that the lack of a legal or cultural template for their role in their household had a negative impact on their upbringing.
Theology and Religion in Georgian Oxford
Authors: Darwall-Smith Robin
Published: August 2022

Theology was pervasive throughout Georgian Oxford: its members had to attend services in College chapels, and most Fellows of Colleges had to take holy orders and study theology. Yet Georgian theology suffers from Victorian disdain for its perceived dry dogmatism. This chapter therefore aims to provide some reappraisal. What to a Victorian seem dry and unemotional would to many Georgians appear seemly and restrained; to them moderation was a virtue, and enthusiasm something to fear. The importance of preaching has been underrated in Georgian Oxford: clerics were expected to preach regularly, and a good preacher could hope to win a reputation and even preferment. Sermons were regularly printed, exchanged and used—and occasionally sent up. The University Press, often written off during this period as a time of torpor, in fact published many sermons during this time, mainly on commission. On a larger scale, much of Georgian Oxford’s greatest scholarly work, such as that by Lowth, Kennicott and Routh, was done in theology rather than classics. As regards varieties of belief, Oxford’s most famous religious ‘export’, Methodism, in fact set down few roots there, and arguably the less well known Hutchinsonians proved more influential. Earlier in the century there had been some dangerously unorthodox thinkers in Oxford, most notably the Deist Matthew Tindal, but they proved less influential in the long run. It is therefore important not to forget the orthodoxy of most Oxford clerics, and the training which they received, especially in the later part of the century. Edward Bentham’s inaugural lecture as Regius Professor of Divinity is discussed as an example of this training.
The Eighteenth-Century Servants of All Souls College, Oxford
Authors: Aubertin-Potter Norma
Published: August 2022

Until the mid-twentieth century the study of domestic servants and their role in social and economic life was not seen as a respectable subject for historians. This changed, however, mainly thanks to the pioneering work of the American J. Jean Hecht in his The Domestic Servants in the Eighteenth Century (1956), work which was continued by Bridget Hill with the publication in 1996 of Servants: English Domestics in the Eighteenth Century. Yet in neither book was the role of servants within university college life examined in any depth. This study of the eighteenth-century servants of All Souls College attempts to begin to remedy the deficiency and give an insight into a tightly-knit male dominated society – into which women servants were making inroads albeit in socially inferior roles such as bedmakers and cleaners. By using contemporary documents of expenditure in the College archives, the chapter examines the various roles of the 87 known servants and shows how they interacted to ensure the smooth running of the institution.
Old-Fashioned Vices in Contemporary Crises; or, It Matters How You Value Yourself
Authors: Dillon Robin S.
Published: August 2022

During 2020–21, numerous vices of character were on display as people responded in bad, even wicked, ways to the year’s extraordinary health, economic, and political crises. According to the old-fashioned analyses found in the Deadly Sins tradition and Kant, vices are matters of distorted and self-destructive self-valuing, one form of which—namely, arrogance—is held to underlie all vices. This chapter draws on the Deadly Sins and Kantian approaches to sketch an account of vice that centers the perverse self-valuing of arrogance, focusing on greed, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. On this account, greed is a manifestation of two kinds of arrogance, each of which involves both failing to respect other persons and sacrificing the morally justified self-valuing of self-respect in order wrongly to enhance disordered self-esteem or serve perverse self-love.
The Normative Burdens of Trust
Authors: Duncan Emma
Published: August 2022

Trust is an indispensable condition of successful social functioning which confers benefits on both the truster and the trusted. Interestingly, although it is desirable to be thought worthy of trust, we nevertheless sometimes find the trust of others unwelcome. Trust theorists have recognized and attempted to address this puzzle, and their explanations have shed some light on what it is about trust that leads us to sometimes construe it as burdensome. In trusting an agent to perform some action, we don’t simply believe, desire, or hope that the person does as trusted, but we hold them to certain expectations. This chapter critically examines and builds on the insights of extant explanations of unwelcome trust to motivate a novel account of the central normative expectation internal to trust, namely, that the trusted adopt a particular orientation of care toward the truster.
Moral Worth and Our Ultimate Moral Concerns
Authors: Portmore Douglas W.
Published: August 2022

Some right acts have what philosophers call moral worth. A morally worthy act manifests the agent’s virtuous motives such that they deserve credit for having acted rightly. And, for an agent to deserve credit for having acted rightly, not only must their act be right but their motives must be such that their acting rightly was no mere accident. More precisely, then, a right act has moral worth if and only if it was motivated in a way that makes it non-accidentally right. This chapter argues that a right act was motivated in a way that makes it non-accidentally right if and only if it issued from an appropriate set of concerns, where the appropriateness of these concerns is a function of what her ultimate moral concerns should be. Two important upshots of the resulting account of moral worth are that (1) an act can have moral worth even if it doesn’t manifest a concern for doing what’s right and that (2) an act can lack moral worth even if it is performed for the right reasons.
Laboratory Commonplace Books
Authors: Hess Jillian M.
Published: August 2022

This chapter explores how the commonplace book came to be seen as a vital tool for maintaining objectivity in the laboratory. Two figures in particular—Humphry Davy and Michael Faraday—exemplify the changing conceptions of what it meant to study science in the nineteenth century. Nowhere is this more visible than in their commonplace books. This chapter begins with the imaginative, loose-formed collections of Humphry Davy, and ends with the systematic, empirical notes of Michael Faraday. Humphry Davy recorded observations while high on nitrous oxide and interspersed notes with doodles and poetry. By contrast, Michael Faraday advocated for “real-time” entries and ordered his notes with indexes and general topics. While Faraday originally adhered to Locke’s method, as his career advanced, he experimented with new forms of ordering information, including his “cut-and-paste” index.
Old but Gold: Thermodynamics
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: August 2022

In which we present the basic notions of Thermodynamics, the science of change, with special focus on the concepts of heat and work andhow they fuel he duel/duet between two the cosmic primadonnas, Energy and Entropy that “make the world go around”. Thermodynamics shows that Energy moves from one form to another but does not change in time, while Entropy can only grow until a reaches a steady value where no change can occur anymore. A bleak state of affairs known as thermal death, the basic content of the second principle of thermodynamics.
Water, the Wonderfluid
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: August 2022

Where we discuss the astonishing properties of water, justly called the fluid of life, which prove crucial to life on our planet across scales, from the oceans down inside our cells. Water matters to the point that every other substance can be classified based on its hydropathy, i.e. depending on whether they “like” water (Hydrophilic) or don’t (Hydrophobic), salt and sugar being prime examples of the former while oil a champion of the latter. Hydropathy provides a formidable organising principle for most fundamental biological processes, such as protein folding, as well as for the emergence of supramolecular structures.
Implicit Learning of Motor and Perceptual Skills
Authors: Schorn Julia M. , Knowlton Barbara J.
Published: August 2022

Humans and other animals exhibit an astonishing capacity to learn motor and perceptual skills through practice and experience. Both can occur without awareness and explicit knowledge of what has been learned. They follow similar learning trajectories and involve offline gains in performance. Work with neuropsychological patients has revealed the importance of interactions between cortex and the basal ganglia in both types. One difference that appears to exist is the capacity for transfer to similar learning situations. While skills are relatively less flexible than conscious knowledge, perceptual skills are particularly specific to the training stimuli. However, both types of skill learning may benefit from contextual interference during training, leading to skills that can transfer more readily. Many of the procedures learned during daily life have components of both motor and perceptual learning. Thus understanding how to facilitate these forms of implicit skill learning can improve training in rehabilitation and educational settings.
Sacred Waters
Authors: Barba Lloyd Daniel
Published: August 2022

This chapter shows how the public performance of the baptisms of and by farmworkers in outdoor settings challenges notions of culturally vacuous Mexican farmworkers. Without access to baptisteries, Apostólicos gathered at grower-controlled rivers, canals, and other kinds of irrigation channels to perform their most sacred rite. This chapter suggests that Apostólicos’ baptisms, moments of collective effervescence, and heterodox praxis assume multiple layers of sacred resistance in the context of Mexican agricultural labor. In conditions of disproportionate power, wealth, and respect, Apostólicos maintained a socio-religious existence by recognizing fellow farmworkers as prospective believers of a well-connected network of churches. Baptism solidified their belonging to a congregation and offered a type of imagined citizenship to individuals denied this status by the nation state.
Conclusion
Authors: Barba Lloyd Daniel
Published: August 2022

The conclusion briefly shows how the second generation of Mexican American Apostólicos engendered many changes in the 1970s and beyond. Fully bilingual, and less commonly having experienced the profane toils of industrial agriculture, the second generation strategically shifted in the direction of social and denominational respectability. In the absence of these oppositional forces and largely adapted to the anglophone evangelism, Mexican Pentecostals by and large slowly began to enter the regional religious mainstream. With the slow but steady move into the mainstream they left behind the robust material culture and history that women made and the sacred material world that farmworkers proudly produced. The new challenges became most apparent in the incorporation of new arrivals from the sister denomination Iglesia Apostólica in Mexico and Central American co-religionists, both documented and undocumented, as well as competition from rivaling Pentecostal denominations, some founded in the United States and others in Latin America.
1917 through 1929
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden
Published: August 2022

We first meet Oscar Hammerstein II as a twenty-two-year-old in 1917 as he’s marrying Myra Finn. A friend reports on doings related to World War I. Hammerstein begins working for his uncle, the producer Arthur Hammerstein, and begins a partnership and mentorship with the lyricist and librettist Otto Harbach. They collaborate on the musical Song of the Flame (with music by George Gershwin). Oscar falls in love with the married Dorothy Blanchard Jacobson. He sends her a series passionate love letters while she’s in Reno, Nevada getting a divorce.
1930 through 1936
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden
Published: August 2022

Oscar Hammerstein discusses collaborations with Sigmund Romberg and Jerome Kern. Hammerstein and Florenz Ziegfeld discuss plans for a Broadway revival of Show Boat and the possibility of a sequel. Hammerstein advises Otto Harbach about working in Hollywood and how early sound films are being made and his experiences at MGM. Preparations are being made for the musical Three Sisters in the West End. Oscar advises and chastises his ex-wife re finances and child-rearing. Detailed discussions re casting and filming Show Boat between Hammerstein, the producer Carl Laemmle, Jr., and the director James Whale.
1943
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden
Published: August 2022

Oklahoma! begins out-of-town performances, generating responses from friends, critics, and colleagues. Rodgers and Hammerstein and the Theatre Guild rebuke Rouben Mamoulian for taking undo credit. Oscar Hammerstein and his lawyer discuss how to deal with the extraordinarily high taxes being levied during the war. Casting and production begin on Carmen Jones. Edna Ferber complains to Hammerstein that he plagiarized from one of her books for something he put in Oklahoma!; Rodgers and Hammerstein are approached by William Perlberg to write the songs for the film State Fair. Rodgers and Hammerstein and the Theatre Guild begin planning their next musical, Carousel.
1949 (Preceded by a Smattering of Letters from 1948)
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden
Published: August 2022

Rodgers and Hammerstein collaborate with writer and director Josh Logan, and producer Leland Hayward, on South Pacific. The show opens out-of-town and is from the beginning a runaway hit. Stephen Sondheim asks if he can get any curtains or drapes from Annie Get Your Gun when it closes to use in a show he’s written for Williams College. Eslanda (Mrs. Paul) Robeson writes a letter of praise after seeing South Pacific out-of-town but questions why the black sailor is always seen jitterbugging. “You’ve Got to Be Carefully Taught” receives praise and criticism. Oscar’s grammar in “Some Enchanted Evenings” is questioned and defended. Product placement in South Pacific is discussed. Rodgers and Hammerstein produce the play The Happy Time, and consider Tevye’s Daughters. Oscar gives advice to the producer of Gentlemen Prefer Blondes.
1955
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden
Published: August 2022

Letters regarding the film of Oklahoma!—editing, production, promotion, and responses. Complaints about Yul Brynner not performing “It’s a Puzzlement.” Follow-ups regarding Hammerstein’s letter on integrated housing and racial prejudice. Gary Cooper expresses interest in starring in Pipe Dream. NBC Opera Theatre wants Hammerstein to write a new libretto for The Magic Flute. Correspondence with General Douglas MacArthur. Discussions about the United Nations, the United World Federalists and how to ensure peace. The Production Code Administration demands changes to the script of Carousel. Josh Logan reports on the filming of Picnic. Hammerstein works on behalf of Welcome House, an adoption agency for children of Asian or part Asian ancestry. John Steinbeck suggests Rodgers and Hammerstein write an opera based on Of Mice and Men.
Questions about Political Development
Authors: Berman Sheri
Published: August 2022

This chapter discusses the key questions motivating this book-How can we understand the fate of today's new democracies and the problems facing its older ones? What makes liberal democracy work well in some places and some times, but not others?-and why examining political development in Europe from the seventeenth century until the present day can help us answer them. The chapter also discusses the key concepts and theories employed and analyzed throughout the book, including electoral, liberal and illiberal democracy; democratization and consolidation; democratic backsliding and autocratization; fascism, populism and authoritarianism; nationalism and identity formation; state-building; modernization; and sequencing.
The Ancien Régime
Authors: Berman Sheri
Published: August 2022

Chapter 2 focuses on the early modern period. It examines the type of political regime that dominated Europe during this time-monarchical and particularly absolutist dictatorships-as well as the era's most important feature, the emergence of modern states. The focus is on understanding the main features of the French ancien r�gime, with comparisons to developments in other parts of Europe. The chapter analyzes the type of state-building that occurred in France and other parts of Europe and highlights some of the ways this process influenced subsequent political development.
English Exceptionalism I
Authors: Berman Sheri
Published: August 2022

Chapter 3 examines early modern Britain and in particular the civil wars, regime changes and Glorious Revolution of the seventeenth century. It analyzes how Britain's conflictual seventeenth century reflected previous state- and nation-building efforts and how and why seventeenth-century conflicts laid the foundation for the unusually peaceful and gradual political trajectory Britain would follow from the eighteenth century on.
1848
Authors: Berman Sheri
Published: August 2022

Chapter 5 examines 1848, the next major turning point in Europe's political development. During this year, a democratic wave swept across much of Europe, quickly topping monarchical dictatorships. Yet barely two years later, this democratic wave had receded and Europe was back under dictatorial rule. The chapter explains why this democratic wave succeeded and then failed so spectacularly, focusing on the role played by class and communal conflicts in determining political outcomes.
The French Third Republic
Authors: Berman Sheri
Published: August 2022

Chapter 6 examines the French Third Republic. It analyzes the transition to and the nature of the Third Republic. This Third Republic turned into France's longest-lived regime since the revolution and achieved important successes but was also marred by critical weaknesses and extreme political polarization. The chapter analyzes the Third Republic's weaknesses through the prism of the Dreyfus Affair, the most important crisis the Republic confronted before the First World War.
The Transition to Communist Dictatorships in East-Central Europe1
Authors: Berman Sheri
Published: August 2022

Chapter 15 examines the transition to communism in East-Central Europe after 1945. Like Western Europe, East-Central Europe's postwar political development diverged greatly from the prewar period. But while this divergence landed Western Europe finally in the liberal democratic camp, East-Central Europe ended up ruled by communist dictatorships. The chapter investigates the domestic and international reasons for this political outcome and the main features and consequences of communist dictatorships in East-Central Europe.
The Transition to Democracy in East-Central Europe
Authors: Berman Sheri
Published: August 2022

Chapter 17 examines the transition to democracy in East-Central Europe. It asks why attempts at political liberalization failed in East-Central Europe in the 1950s, '60s and '70s, but democratization succeeded in 1989. It also investigates why, when democratization occurred, it was peaceful and negotiated in some East-Central European countries but accompanied by mass protests and elite intransigence in others. And finally, it considers how legacies of communism continue to influence the region's political development today.
How Ballads Portrayed Murder and Violence
Authors: McIlvenna Una
Published: August 2022

This chapter looks at how balladry approached the various kinds of murder, and how this apparently ahistorical crime could be represented differently across the centuries. Ballads tended to misrepresent actual levels of crime by foregrounding those that were seen as sensational or shocking because of the gender or status of the protagonists, such as murder committed by a woman. The chapter therefore focuses on the subject of gender and murder, to see how men and women who committed violence were treated differently both in the law and in balladry. Motives are also explored, with the devil regularly appearing in situations already featuring anger, alcohol, infidelity, or poverty. It also explores infanticide ballads. Given the increasingly draconian legislation against this crime in early modern Europe, the surprising dearth of ballads about this emotive topic reveals that consumers generally sympathised with young women who were vulnerable to the sexual advances of male predators.
Political Executions in Song
Authors: McIlvenna Una
Published: August 2022

This chapter examines ballads about executions for political crimes. Convictions for treason usually involved members of the nobility, so ballads about such figures were especially in demand, combining as they did spectacular executions with a celebrity subject. It looks at the fall of royal favourites, noting that social rank was the crucial factor determining whether ballads could be sympathetic or vengeful. It also looks at nationalist heroes and rebels, with the Dutch providing a national case study. An examination of the execution ballads of monarchs reveals that sympathy about their execution depended on the region in which the ballad was composed and the gender of the subject, with misogyny clearly evident in songs about queens. It closes by examining songs about those who attempted to assassinate rulers, revealing that ballads were generally conservative, frowning on the nationalist sentiments of the regicides.
Outlaw Balladry
Authors: McIlvenna Una
Published: August 2022

This chapter explores how ballads contributed to the rise of the romanticised outlaw in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It reveals that there were two models of execution ballads for such robbers and highwaymen. The first, the ‘nostalgic’ model, treats its subject sympathetically, refers to the execution only obliquely, and does not use a typical execution ballad melody. These songs were usually composed much later than the execution and are often still popular today. The second, the ‘realistic’ model, more closely resembles a traditional execution ballad, treating the outlaw as a heinous criminal who, full of repentance, receives his appropriate punishment, and who acts as a lesson in deterrence. They are usually composed close to the time of the execution and use traditional execution ballad melodies. Ballads also reflect the regional differences in the kinds of crimes committed by outlaws.
The End of Execution Ballads?
Authors: McIlvenna Una
Published: August 2022

This chapter looks at the evolution of execution ballads into the nineteenth century and beyond, revealing that public executions still drew enormous crowds, although towards the end of the century public executions would eventually become ‘private’ affairs conducted within prison walls. Ballads focused largely on murder, and were produced about every element of the case, trial, and execution, often including large amounts of prose alongside the verse. This period saw the rise of celebrity cases, with scores of ballads being produced for a single case. The disappearance of execution ballads seems to have been linked to the move towards ‘private’ executions—in most regions there are few ballads after this shift occurs, except for especially egregious crimes. The exception is Italy, where hundreds of ballads were composed after the death penalty had been abolished, in what appears to have been a nostalgia for more brutal justice than life imprisonment.
Coda
Authors: McIlvenna Una
Published: August 2022

This chapter is a short overview of the many songs about the executioner, the gallows, and the entire execution ritual. There are multiple songs that imagine the voice of the executioner, who often ridicules or scolds the condemned, who is often imagined as pleading to be allowed to live. The dialogue format is common in these songs, and is evocative of the long tradition of the ‘dialogue in Hell’ genre. The executioner is also sometimes mocked, usually for his tendency to botched executions or his imagined bloodthirstiness. The number of songs about the execution ritual is evidence for how closely song and execution were linked in popular thought.
The Crises of Sovereignty and Power after the Revolution
Authors: Rodríguez Miles V.
Published: August 2022

Chapter One provides an overview of Mexico after the Revolution and the intellectual and ideological qualities of the era that mattered to movements. It focuses on the numerous national crises that affected the Mexican state and popular movements, which centered on governance, the management of state power, and conflicts over sovereignty after the Mexican Revolution. These crises and conflicts eventually led to the creation of a national state-allied party, the Partido Nacional Revolucionario (National Revolutionary Party, PNR).
The Evolutionary Psychology of Conflict and the Functions of Falsehood
Authors: Petersen Michael Bang , Osmundsen Mathias , Tooby John
Published: August 2022

This chapter seeks to explain why “truth is the first casualty of war.” It questions the assumption that humans are solely motivated to pursue accurate beliefs, arguing that the current circulation of fake news, conspiracy theories, and hostile political rumors is the expected outcome of a deep-seated motivation to dispense with truth in situations of conflict. The authors theorize that the occurrence of intergroup conflict throughout human evolutionary history has built psychological motivations into the human mind to spread information that (a) mobilizes the ingroup against the outgroup, (b) facilitates the coordination of attention within the group and (c) signals commitment to the group to fellow ingroup members. The authors hypothesize that, in all of these instances, human psychology is designed to select information that accomplishes these goals most efficiently rather than to select information on the basis of its veracity. Thus, they conclude that when intergroup conflict is salient, humans are psychologically prepared to prioritize misinformation over truth.
Intuitive Politics and Why Thinking Isn’t Guaranteed to Save Us
Authors: Arceneaux Kevin , Vander Wielen Ryan J.
Published: August 2022

For many people, politics is like sports. Our intuition is to root for our team, even when the players behave poorly. From antiquity to the Enlightenment, philosophers have proposed thought as the best way to govern messy human impulses. Recent research, however, shows that intuitions play a powerful role in political decision-making, and people often use thinking as a way to rationalize their comfortable but counterproductive gut feelings. In this chapter, the authors explain how this human tendency produces undesirable dynamics in modern electoral democracies. The authors then discuss the conditions under which people can use thinking to be more reflective and what implications it has for democracy. They conclude by considering whether the design of democratic institutions can minimize the negative side effects of intuitive politics.
Solidarity in a Secular Age
Authors: Lesch Charles H.T.
Published: August 2022

Liberal democracies need solidarity. They need citizens who sacrifice for their country, rally for justice, and help their neighbors. Yet according to critics of liberalism like Carl Schmitt, the solidarity liberal democracies need comes from sources they cannot themselves produce, like religion. Thus in a time of declining religiosity and rising nationalism, how can we form strong social bonds without racism, demagoguery, and xenophobia? Can we have not only solidarity, but liberal solidarity, in a secular age? Solidarity in a Secular Age responds to Schmitt’s challenge by proposing a new liberal-democratic solidarity rooted in personal sacrifice, shared fate, and moral destiny. Narrating an untold story of European political theology and spotlighting a neglected strand of Jewish philosophy, the book diagnoses solidarity’s pathologies, reinterprets canonical theorists, and forges a new theoretical path. Part 1 uncovers religion’s underlying role in European thinking about solidarity since the Enlightenment through readings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant, and Jürgen Habermas. Each thinker rejects Schmitt’s argument. Yet the way they do that, the book shows, is by secularizing different concepts from religion. Their political theologies leave behind not-fully-secularized religious remainders: Rousseau’s “general will,” Kant’s concept of “spontaneity,” and Habermas’ “linguistification of the sacred.” Part 2 reimagines liberal-democratic solidarity by looking to the thought of Emmanuel Levinas, Martin Buber, and George Eliot. Rather than secularizing theological ideas, they propose imitating elements of religion in our everyday solidarity with others. They give us resources for responding to Schmitt’s challenge, and show how Jewish ideas can contribute to rethinking our social bond for the twenty-first century.
Historical Sources on the Concert Stage
Authors: Schab Alon
Published: August 2022

The chapter explores the advantages and disadvantages of performing from various types of editions, as well as some of the common issues that arise when working from historical sources. Three historical sources are examined: the printed sources for a fantasia by Jacob Van Eyck (from the 1640s), the printed sources for a ricercar by Andrea Gabrieli in keyboard intabulation (published in the 1590s), and the manuscript partbooks containing a gigue by James Paisible (c. 1700). The chapter shows how, for a person engaged in creating tailor-made transcriptions of sources, a thorough understanding of the historical sources allows some flexibility when deciding which notational features to modernize and which to retain.
The Musical Text as a Point of Departure
Authors: Schab Alon
Published: August 2022

The chapter analyses the various paths that performers may take when performing from a treatise on improvisation. Diego Ortiz’s Tratado de Glossas (1553), one of the most important treatises on performance, contains a technical “catalogue” of ornaments and several recercadas—exemplary written-down improvisations from it. The chapter shows discrepancies between Ortiz’s theoretical teachings and his exemplary works and elucidates various ways a performer can approach such treatises: the performer can treat the exemplary works as closed texts, add counterpoint, or improvise newly composed pieces. The contrapuntal underpinning of Ortiz’s recercadas is analyzed in order to facilitate the improvisation of new recercadas.
Truths and Polemics
Authors: Yakherds The
Published: August 2022

This chapter examines the background of the controversy sparked by Taktsang’s doxographical work Freedom from Extremes Accomplished through Comprehensive Knowledge of Philosophy, in which he accuses Tsongkhapa of “18 great burdens of contradiction” in his presentation of the two truths (relative and ultimate). It begins with a discussion of how Madhyamaka became popular in Tibet and some of the key debates inherited from India, and how various thinkers staked out their interpretations. In addition to philosophical analyses, we consider how political factors impacted the development of Madhyamaka prior to Tsongkhapa’s and Taktsang’s time and how conflicts between Buddhist orders formed the historical background of the controversy. We then discuss the Buddhist doctrine of two truths and how the problem of erroneous perception was negotiated by various exegetes who attempted to formulate coherent systems of doctrine and practice while also maintaining that all cognitions of ordinary beings are overlaid with falsity.
From More Parties to No Parties
Authors: Santucci Jack
Published: August 2022

This chapter tells the story of the early American movement for proportional representation (PR), showing how it settled on the single transferable vote (STV). Reformers in the 1890s consider several forms of PR, but only STV is wholly compatible with nonpartisan elections. By the mid-1910s, amidst the Progressive Era dealignment, dozens of cities are fusing majority-preferential systems with nonpartisan elections to small councils. The PR League sees an opening to promote STV. Socialists protest the emerging nonpartisan bargain, warning that “nonpartisanship” is fiction in practice. New data shed light on list PR’s is defeat in Los Angeles, 1913, which convinces reformers to fuse STV with council-manager government. A national, anti-party reform lobby emerges.
Racial Hierarchy, Race Narrative, and the Structures That Sustain Them
Authors: Christopher Gail C. , Hannah-Jones Nikole , Johnson Derrick
Published: August 2022

The contributors to this chapter build on RWJF’s call to action with complementary perspectives on racism and inequity. From different angles, they come to a shared conviction that meaningful change is imperative and urgent. The chapter opens with a discussion of the racial hierarchy of human value that spawns profound racial injustice, and thoughts on how to achieve racial truth, healing, and transformation. Author of the Pulitzer Prize–winning 1619 Project, which exposes the legacy of slavery and calls for reparations, aims to reframe the ways in which people understand oppression and its effects, even as doubt remains about the prospect for real progress. President of the NAACP concludes the chapter by examining how institutions and power imbalances sustain racial injustice, using examples from history and observations from current events.
War Democratism
Authors: Finley Emily B.
Published: August 2022

This chapter brings into special focus the foreign policy implications of the democratist ideology. It analyzes the Bush Doctrine and U.S. intervention in Iraq and Afghanistan and the underlying democratist philosophy of history. Those in the George W. Bush administration illustrate the belief in a democratic dialectic that regimes becoming democratic will bring an end to or seriously lessen wars, conflicts, political strife, and poverty. The foreign policy manifestation of this philosophy is what has been called “benevolent global hegemony” or “humanitarian interventionism.” Paradoxically, the result of such a foreign policy seems invariably to be more war. It may appropriately be termed war democratism, for like war communism, it refers to comprehensive military, political, economic, and cultural-institutional efforts to undermine a people’s existing ways of life and overthrow their ruling elites.
Conclusion
Authors: Finley Emily B.
Published: August 2022

Previously understood as a regime type among others with, at best, limited potential for good in the concrete, the idea of democracy has been transformed into an ideal in the imagination of many prominent Western intellectuals. Guided by this abstract and idealized notion of democracy, political leaders pursue legislation and foreign and domestic policies that promise to bring about a new age of liberation and equality. Yet in practice, policies guided by such idealism often undermine democracy. Democratist proposals to alleviate the ills of historical democracy may take the form of subtle and democratic-sounding ideas like the “civic exchange” or “dialogue” of deliberative democracy, or they might be more overtly antidemocratic, such as Woodrow Wilson’s Committee on Public Information, meant to proselytize a war that he interpreted as the final battle before the dawn of a new age of peace and democracy. In all cases, democratists would rather defer to their own interpretation of what the popular will ought to be than what it actually is.
Institutionalizing Violence
Authors: Drevon Jerome
Published: August 2022

This chapter presents the analytical framework of this book in the contentious politics research agenda and outlines the concepts of radicalization and institutionalization that underpin the two main arguments developed in the book. Here, jihadi groups are situated in a multilevel environment constituted by their political environment, social movement, the security services, the public, and a potential counter-movement. This chapter argues that jihadi groups can successively radicalize in interaction with any of these actors. The chapter also introduces the book’s two arguments: that specific mechanisms of radicalization requires jihadi groups to institutionalize along one dimension and that the succession of several phases of radicalization and institutionalization shapes their long-term trajectories and strategic choices.
Strategy Institutionalization
Authors: Drevon Jerome
Published: August 2022

Chapter 4 analyzes jihadi groups’ strategy institutionalization. The chapter contends that the construction and implementation of armed groups’ strategic views is the product of external and internal developments. In particular, opposition to the Egyptian regime was cemented in prison and religiously justified. The institutional trajectories of both IG and JG then mediated the impact of their exile to Afghanistan and Pakistan during the war against the Soviet Union and ultimate strategic failure to achieve their objectives in Egypt. These trajectories also explain the IG’s renunciation of the applicability of violence in Muslim countries when the JG partially joined AQ.
Nanowires
Authors: Basu Prasanta Kumar , Mukhopadhyay Bratati , Basu Rikmantra
Published: August 2022

The present chapter develops the theory of interband, intersubband, and excitonic optical processes for semiconductor QWRs, in the same line as in earlier two chapters. The simple rectangular structure and analytical methods are considered first, followed by semi-analytical theories for practical structures. The classification of the one-dimensional nanostructures in terms of growth mechanisms that is, by epitaxial methods and by other chemical methods is next introduced and some examples of top-down and bottom-up methods are given. A few important physical processes and characteristics of nanowires, namely, polarization anisotropy in absorption and emission, and giant birefringence are then discussed. Finally, some of the application areas of nanowires, as light sources, photodetectors, solar cells, and in laser cooling are briefly mentioned.
Optical metamaterials
Authors: Basu Prasanta Kumar , Mukhopadhyay Bratati , Basu Rikmantra
Published: August 2022

Metamaterials are artificially engineered materials, and they exhibit properties not found in naturally occurring materials. This chapter introduces first the left-handed materials with negative refractive index and microwave structures that first exhibited this peculiar property. After discussing some unusual properties of metamaterials, like realization of perfect lens, focus is given to negative refractive index with positive permeability and permittivity. In this regard, chiral metamaterials and infinite or hyperbolic metamaterials with their properties are discussed. Plasmonic metamaterials with low loss are then described. After introducing the subject in general, attention is given to semiconductor metamaterial structures, showing negative permittivity, and having quantum system anisotropy. The concept, structure, and properties of metasurfaces, and their application in THz systems are stated. Some applications like THz modulator, and a solid-state tunable beam steering device in automotive cars are finally discussed.
One True Logic
Authors: Griffiths Owen , Paseau A.C.
Published: August 2022

Logical monism is the claim that there is a single correct logic, the ‘one true logic’ of our title. The view has evident appeal, as it reflects assumptions made in ordinary reasoning as well as in mathematics, the sciences, and the law. In all these spheres, we tend to believe that there are determinate facts about the validity of arguments. Despite its evident appeal, however, logical monism must meet two challenges. The first is the challenge from logical pluralism, according to which there is more than one correct logic. The second challenge is to determine which form of logical monism is the correct one. One True Logic is the first monograph to explicitly articulate a version of logical monism and defend it against the first challenge. It provides a critical overview of the monism vs pluralism debate and argues for the former. It also responds to the second challenge by defending a particular monism, based on a highly infinitary logic. It breaks new ground on a number of fronts and unifies disparate discussions in the philosophical and logical literature. In particular, it generalizes the Tarski–Sher criterion of logicality, provides a novel defence of this generalization, offers a clear new argument for the logicality of infinitary logic and replies to recent pluralist arguments.
The L∞G∞S Hypothesis
Authors: Griffiths Owen , Paseau A.C.
Published: August 2022

This chapter introduces the central thesis of the book, the L∞G∞S Hypothesis that, roughly, the one true logic is maximally infinitary. To get clear on what this means, we first offer a brief history of how first-order logic has come to be the logic of choice before introducing the crucial, though neglected, distinction between the type and sort of a logic. The chapter states the hypothesis and discusses the history of infinitary logics and then introduces the distinction between top-down and bottom-up arguments for the hypothesis. Top-down arguments begin theoretically, arguing for the hypothesis from general considerations about the nature of logic. Bottom-up arguments begin with particular cases. The chapter ends by arguing that the two converge on the L∞G∞S Hypothesis.
The Heterogeneity Objection
Authors: Griffiths Owen , Paseau A.C.
Published: August 2022

In this chapter, there begins a defence of isomorphism invariance against its most forceful criticisms. The chapter opens with the heterogeneity objection that no natural explanation is given by the account of what constitutes the same logical operation. This leads on to a discussion of other forms of invariantism offered in the literature, which the authors argue fare worse. The first to be considered is Feferman’s invariantism, which is found to be flawed. Second, Bonnay’s invariantism is examined and again found to be less successful than the version of isomorphism invariance outlined in this book. In both cases, the authors criticise some of the judgements about particular expressions, such as identity, as well as the motivation for those views.
Coordinate vectors
Authors: Lukas Andre
Published: August 2022

Coordinate vectors with an arbitrary number of components from an arbitrary field are defined, together with their addition and scalar multiplication. The rules for vector addition and scalar multiplication are listed. The standard unit vectors are introduced.
Vector and triple product
Authors: Lukas Andre
Published: August 2022

For three-dimensional coordinate vector, the cross product and the triple product, that is, the three-dimensional determinant, are defined and their properties are examined. Further techniques for index calculations, including the Levi-Civita symbol are introduced.
Matrices
Authors: Lukas Andre
Published: August 2022

Matrices are introduced in their role as linear maps and the main operations on maps are translated into matrix operations. This leads to addition and scalar multiplication of matrices as well as to matrix multiplication and the matrix inverse. The transpose and Hermitian conjugate of matrices is defined, which gives rise to symmetric and Hermitian matrices
Linear maps in terms of matrices
Authors: Lukas Andre
Published: August 2022

It is shown how linear maps can be represented in terms of matrices, relative to a choice of basis. The transformation law for the representing matrix under a basis change is derived.
Linear systems
Authors: Lukas Andre
Published: August 2022

Abstract linear systems as well as systems of linear equations are introduced. It is shown that the general solution to an inhomogeneous system is given by a special solution to the inhomogeneous system plus the general solution to the associated homogeneous system. An algorithm to solve systems of linear equations in terms of row operations is formulated. The results are applied to the geometry of affine lines, planes and their higher-dimensional analogues.