bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ACONDA and ANACONDA: Social Change, Social Responsibility, and Librarianship
Authors: Raber Douglas
Published: April 2007

In the context of the declining legitimacy of the war in Vietnam and widespread challenges to the authority of established institutions and cultural norms, the American Library Association (ALA) was the target of criticism by a diverse coalition of librarians who asserted two broad demands; first, that the ALA expand the scope of its activities to include consideration of social and political issues that had not, to that point, been regarded as "library" issues by the established leadership of the ALA; second, that the ALA democratize its structure of decision making. This challenge led to the creation of the Social Responsibilities Round Table (SRRT), which is still active as a component of the ALA. It also prompted the formation of two committees in response to the above demands: the Activities Committee on New Directions (ACONDA) and the Ad Hoc Activities Committee on New Directions (ANACONDA). A central concept at play in the politics of these events is the notion of "social responsibility" and its meaning in time of war and social change. This article focuses on the discourse of the challengers to the ALA and the ALA's response through the work of ACONDA and ANACONDA to examine the contesting and contested meanings of the "social responsibility" of libraries, librarianship, and the ALA. These events and this discursive struggle established an explicit professional concern for and continuing conflict over the meaning and role of libraries and librarianship in the creation of culture that before these events had been merely implicit in professional discourse.
Publishing American Values: The Franklin Book Programs as Cold War Cultural Diplomacy
Authors: Robbins Louise S
Published: April 2007

In 1951 librarians from the American Library Association's International Relations Committee and publishers from the American Book Publishers Council Foreign Trade Committee met at the Library of Congress to discuss how to meet the "need for books in developing countries." The nonprofit Franklin Book Programs they established existed from 1952 until 1978 and helped to make possible the publication of some 3,000 titles in languages such as Arabic, Urdu, Bengali, Indonesian, and Portuguese; involved the intelligentsia of each country in the process of book selection and translation; and established both a publishing infrastructure and a market for U.S. books in areas where there had been none. Why were these countries and languages chosen? Was the decision to establish a nonprofit organization that could accept funding from the federal government a result of concerns about Cold War censorship? Was the decision another manifestation of librarians' and publishers' assertions of the importance of free access to ideas as a counter to communist ideology? Was it a way to build an international market for American values or American publishers? This research uses archival sources and oral history to explore the motives and actions of behind the Franklin Book Programs.
Doing Their Part: The Services of the San Diego Public Library during World War II
Authors: Shaw Tamara
Published: April 2007

As the United States was gearing up for war in 1940, San Diego, California, was one of the cities most affected by the increase in both military personnel and civilian defense workers. Confronted with a rapidly increasing population and a growing demand for information to support the aircraft and shipbuilding industries, the staff of the San Diego Public Library exemplified the important role that libraries played in educating citizens, building morale, and maintaining a sense of normalcy in a very uncertain world.
Badly Wanted, but Not for Reading: The Unending Odyssey of The Complete Library of Four Treasures of the Wensu Library
Authors: Wang Chengzhi
Published: April 2007

The Chinese book project Siku Quanshu (The Complete Library of Four Treasures) was conducted at the Emperor Qianlong's command starting in 1772. Thirteen thousand two hundred fifty-four books were collected nationwide and thousands of scholars were involved; 3,462 books were selected to make up the Siku Quanshu proper. Over 4 million pages were transcribed by thousands of copyists. Out of the seven copies made, only three copies survived the dramatic historical changes of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries almost intact. This article traces the odyssey of the Wenshu Ge copy, particularly in the rapidly changing sociopolitical and economic contexts of the twentieth century. The emphasis of the article is placed on the description and analysis of its relocation in the early 1920s soon after China was transformed into a republic; in the 1960s at the height of the Cold War when China split from and confronted the USSR; and in particular, in the new era of reform and opening up for economic development since the late 1970s. After the turn of the century, the two-decade competition between Liaoning Province and Gansu Province for physically keeping the copy has become increasingly intense at the national, provincial, and local levels, and the competition has created significant impacts on library building and cultural development in the two provinces and beyond. The article examines important factors of culture, tradition, preservation, and modernization associated with the fate of the copy in hopes that the perplexing realities of Chinese history and society will be better understood as China has entered a new era.
Amazonian Knots: Gender, Genre and Ariosto's Women Warriors
Authors: Chimène Bateman J
Published: April 2007

This article interprets Ariosto's women warriors as hybrid figures who stand between the literary genres of romance and epic. While Bradamante emerges primarily as a romance character and Marfisa as an epic one, each woman also symbolizes within herself the tension in the Furioso between the two genres. Through an investigation of two key episodes of the poem, where different dilemmas that stem from the women warriors' ambiguous identity are described through the common metaphor of a nodo or knot, the article shows how Bradamante and Marfisa enable the poet to interrogate the boundaries of difference, both sexual and generic.
Charming the Cobra with a Ballpoint Pen: Liminality and Spectacular Authorship in Pier Paolo Pasolini's Interviews
Authors: Bondavalli Simona
Published: April 2007

The article analyzes Pier Paolo Pasolini's spectacular authorship as a response to the modified conditions of power in nineteen-sixties Italy. Perceiving the advent of consumer modernity as the affirmation of a disciplinary society, the author is forced to replace the avant-garde strategy of marginality with a spectacular identity that is created and circulated through both literary and non-literary means. Rather than succumbing to the "death of the author" he redefines authorial identity through images. Interviews, printed, broadcast, inserted in poems or film, serve as the privileged arena to observe the author's public performance and his employment of it for critical purposes.
Rewriting Race Law: Primo Levi's La tregua
Authors: Chiampi James Thomas
Published: April 2007

La tregua describes Primo Levi's return from Auschwitz through eastern Europe to Torino. Levi's narrative elaborates a Judaism that is transgressive of community, social expectation, and above all of the notions of purity and unity propagated in the Leggi razziali of 1938 which denied him his identity as an Italian, and led, via the Carta di Verona of 1943, to Auschwitz. Levi's authenticity lies in his becoming a Jew as non-Jew. Dottor Levi accordingly serves an apprenticeship in survival skills under small-time thieves, charlatans, and whores. His new identity will be differential and impure, an identity à venir. Levi elaborates a justice that erupts through both law and proscription.
Marsilio Ficino and Vatic Myth
Authors: Falco Raphael
Published: April 2007

This essay analyzes the relationship of charismatic authority to different kinds of remythicization in the work of Marsilio Ficino, using the theories of Max Weber and Hans Blumenberg as background. Ficino had unorthodox views on poetry and rejected the human component of composition, reducing even the vatic poet to a mere instrument of divine will. Paradoxically, however, Ficino manipulated the myths of the prisci poetae and the furor poeticus, along with the myth of Orpheus, in creating his own personal charismatic agency among the members of his inner circle of Neoplatonists. The essay discusses Ficino's means of reconciling this paradox, drawing on such texts as the De amore, the De divino furore, and the Platonic Theology.
Modalità di contatto tra Decameron e Corbaccio: Giovenale nella novella di Madonna Sismonda ( Dec. VII 8)
Authors: Filosa Elsa
Published: April 2007

Nel saggio si vorrebbero evidenziare le modalità con cui Decameron e Corbaccio entrano in contatto, nella speranza di mettere in luce aspetti dell'attività scrittoria di Boccaccio, avvicinando così anche due opere che, per toni e stile, sembrano lontane. Gli elementi in comune sembrano rispondere a quattro modalità basilari: rinvii intertestuali; analogie tematiche; geminazioni di parti del Decameron e del Corbaccio dal medesimo sottotesto (Satira VI di Giovenale); nonché, da ultimo, l'utilizzazione dell'ars combinatoria, tipica del Boccaccio. In tale processo si proporrà una nuova lettura della novella di monna Sismonda (Dec. VII 8), che coinvolge soprattutto il personaggio della suocera.
Philology and Theology in Petrarch
Authors: Küpper Joachim
Published: April 2007

By comparing the utterances of the fictional Augustine in the Secretum to the autobiography of the historical Augustine, the paper argues that the personage of Petrarch's text quotes Augustine's Confessiones, though incompletely. This is evidenced by the personage named Franciscus hinting at the omissions. The text thus points to the tension between theology of grace and moral theology. In conclusion, the paper discusses how it is that a text from the 14th century seemingly anticipates debates that we would rather associate with the Reformation. The Secretum may be the contingent result of a hybridization of the contemporary technique of writing poetry, based mainly on quotation and emulation, and a theological topic.
Estimating the Number of Ancestral Lineages Using a Maximum-Likelihood Method Based on Rejection Sampling
Authors: Blum Michael G B , Rosenberg Noah A
Published: April 2007

Estimating the number of ancestral lineages of a sample of DNA sequences at time t in the past can be viewed as a variation on the problem of estimating the time to the most recent common ancestor. To estimate the number of ancestral lineages, we develop a maximum-likelihood approach that takes advantage of a prior model of population demography, in addition to the molecular data summarized by the pattern of polymorphic sites. The method relies on a rejection sampling algorithm that is introduced for simulating conditional coalescent trees given a fixed number of ancestral lineages at time t. Computer simulations show that the number of ancestral lineages can be estimated accurately, provided that the number of mutations that occurred since time t is sufficiently large. The method is applied to 986 present-day human sequences located in hypervariable region 1 of the mitochondrion to estimate the number of ancestral lineages of modern humans at the time of potential admixture with the Neanderthal population. Our estimates support a view that the proportion of the modern population consisting of Neanderthal contributions must be relatively small, less than ∼5%, if the admixture happened as recently as 30,000 years ago.
Ancestry Influences the Fate of Duplicated Genes Millions of Years After Polyploidization of Clawed Frogs (Xenopus)
Authors: Evans Ben J
Published: April 2007

Allopolyploid species form through the fusion of two differentiated genomes and, in the earliest stages of their evolution, essentially all genes in the nucleus are duplicated. Because unique mutations occur in each ancestor prior to allopolyploidization, duplicate genes in these species potentially are not interchangeable, and this could influence their genetic fates. This study explores evolution and expression of a simple duplicated complex—a heterodimer between RAG1 and RAG2 proteins in clawed frogs (Xenopus). Results demonstrate that copies of RAG1 degenerated in different polyploid species in a phylogenetically biased fashion, predominately in only one lineage of closely related paralogs. Surprisingly, as a result of an early deletion of one RAG2 paralog, it appears that in many species RAG1/RAG2 heterodimers are composed of proteins that were encoded by unlinked paralogs. If the tetraploid ancestor of extant species of Xenopus arose through allopolyploidization and if recombination between paralogs was rare, then the genes that encode functional RAG1 and RAG2 proteins in many polyploid species were each ultimately inherited from different diploid progenitors. These observations are consistent with the notion that ancestry can influence the fate of duplicate genes millions of years after duplication, and they uncover a dimension of natural selection in allopolyploid genomes that is distinct from other genetic phenomena associated with polyploidization or segmental duplication.
The Early Developmental Gene Semaphorin 5c Contributes to Olfactory Behavior in Adult Drosophila
Authors: Rollmann Stephanie M , Yamamoto Akihiko , Goossens Tim , Zwarts Liesbeth , Callaerts-Végh Zsuzsanna , Callaerts Patrick , Norga Koenraad , Mackay Trudy F C , Anholt Robert R H
Published: April 2007

Behaviors are complex traits influenced by multiple pleiotropic genes. Understanding the mechanisms that give rise to complex behaviors requires an understanding of how variation in transcriptional regulation shapes nervous system development and how variation in brain structure influences an organism's ability to respond to its environment. To begin to address this problem, we used olfactory behavior in Drosophila melanogaster as a model and showed that a hypomorphic transposon-mediated mutation of the early developmental gene Semaphorin-5c (Sema-5c) results in aberrant behavioral responses to the repellant odorant benzaldehyde. We fine mapped this effect to the Sema-5c locus using deficiency mapping, phenotypic reversion through P-element excision, and transgenic rescue. Morphometric analysis of this Sema-5c allele reveals subtle neuroanatomical changes in the brain with a reduction in the size of the ellipsoid body. High-density oligonucleotide expression microarrays identified 50 probe sets with altered transcriptional regulation in the Sema-5c background and quantitative complementation tests identified epistatic interactions between nine of these coregulated genes and the transposon-disrupted Sema-5c gene. Our results demonstrate how hypomorphic mutation of an early developmental gene results in genomewide transcriptional consequences and alterations in brain structure accompanied by profound impairment of adult behavior.
No Evidence for Absence of Paternal mtDNA in Male Progeny From Pair Matings of the Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis
Authors: Theologidis Ioannis , Saavedra Carlos , Zouros Eleftherios
Published: April 2007

The claim that a Mytilus galloprovincialis male failed to transmit mtDNA to its sons in controlled crosses is shown to be false. At present there is no evidence for mussel males lacking a paternal mtDNA. This makes unlikely the hypothesis that maternal genomes may become paternally transmitted by invading the germ line of males that lack a paternal genome.
Wavelet-Based Parametric Functional Mapping of Developmental Trajectories With High-Dimensional Data
Authors: Zhao Wei , Li Hongying , Hou Wei , Wu Rongling
Published: April 2007

The biological and statistical advantages of functional mapping result from joint modeling of the mean-covariance structures for developmental trajectories of a complex trait measured at a series of time points. While an increased number of time points can better describe the dynamic pattern of trait development, significant difficulties in performing functional mapping arise from prohibitive computational times required as well as from modeling the structure of a high-dimensional covariance matrix. In this article, we develop a statistical model for functional mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) that govern the developmental process of a quantitative trait on the basis of wavelet dimension reduction. By breaking an original signal down into a spectrum by taking its averages (smooth coefficients) and differences (detail coefficients), we used the discrete Haar wavelet shrinkage technique to transform an inherently high-dimensional biological problem into its tractable low-dimensional representation within the framework of functional mapping constructed by a Gaussian mixture model. Unlike conventional nonparametric modeling of wavelet shrinkage, we incorporate mathematical aspects of developmental trajectories into the smooth coefficients used for QTL mapping, thus preserving the biological relevance of functional mapping in formulating a number of hypothesis tests at the interplay between gene actions/interactions and developmental patterns for complex phenotypes. This wavelet-based parametric functional mapping has been statistically examined and compared with full-dimensional functional mapping through simulation studies. It holds great promise as a powerful statistical tool to unravel the genetic machinery of developmental trajectories with large-scale high-dimensional data.
Mutations in Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit VIa Cause Neurodegeneration and Motor Dysfunction in Drosophila
Authors: Liu Wensheng , Gnanasambandam Radhakrishnan , Benjamin Jeffery , Kaur Gunisha , Getman Patricia B , Siegel Alan J , Shortridge Randall D , Singh Satpal
Published: April 2007

Mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in many neurodegenerative disorders in humans. Here we report mutations in a gene (designated levy) that codes for subunit VIa of cytochrome c oxidase (COX). The mutations were identified by the phenotype of temperature-induced paralysis and showed the additional phenotypes of decreased COX activity, age-dependent bang-induced paralysis, progressive neurodegeneration, and reduced life span. Germ-line transformation using the levy+ gene rescued the mutant flies from all phenotypes including neurodegeneration. The data from levy mutants reveal a COX-mediated pathway in Drosophila, disruption of which leads to mitochondrial encephalomyopathic effects including neurodegeneration, motor dysfunction, and premature death. The data present the first case of a mutation in a nuclear-encoded structural subunit of COX that causes mitochondrial encephalomyopathy rather than lethality, whereas several previous attempts to identify such mutations have not been successful. The levy mutants provide a genetic model to understand the mechanisms underlying COX-mediated mitochondrial encephalomyopathies and to explore possible therapeutic interventions.
Origin and Evolution of Human microRNAs From Transposable Elements
Authors: Piriyapongsa Jittima , Mariño-Ramírez Leonardo , Jordan I King
Published: April 2007

We sought to evaluate the extent of the contribution of transposable elements (TEs) to human microRNA (miRNA) genes along with the evolutionary dynamics of TE-derived human miRNAs. We found 55 experimentally characterized human miRNA genes that are derived from TEs, and these TE-derived miRNAs have the potential to regulate thousands of human genes. Sequence comparisons revealed that TE-derived human miRNAs are less conserved, on average, than non-TE-derived miRNAs. However, there are 18 TE-derived miRNAs that are relatively conserved, and 14 of these are related to the ancient L2 and MIR families. Comparison of miRNA vs. mRNA expression patterns for TE-derived miRNAs and their putative target genes showed numerous cases of anti-correlated expression that are consistent with regulation via mRNA degradation. In addition to the known human miRNAs that we show to be derived from TE sequences, we predict an additional 85 novel TE-derived miRNA genes. TE sequences are typically disregarded in genomic surveys for miRNA genes and target sites; this is a mistake. Our results indicate that TEs provide a natural mechanism for the origination miRNAs that can contribute to regulatory divergence between species as well as a rich source for the discovery of as yet unknown miRNA genes.
Genetic Mapping of Developmental Instability: Design, Model and Algorithm
Authors: Wu Jiasheng , Zhang Bo , Cui Yuehua , Zhao Wei , Xu Li'an , Huang Minren , Zeng Yanru , Zhu Jun , Wu Rongling
Published: April 2007

Developmental instability or noise, defined as the phenotypic imprecision of an organism in the face of internal or external stochastic disturbances, has been thought to play an important role in shaping evolutionary processes and patterns. The genetic studies of developmental instability have been based on fluctuating asymmetry (FA) that measures random differences between the left and the right sides of bilateral traits. In this article, we frame an experimental design characterized by a spatial autocorrelation structure for determining the genetic control of developmental instability for those traits that cannot be bilaterally measured. This design allows the residual environmental variance of a quantitative trait to be dissolved into two components due to permanent and random environmental factors. The degree of developmental instability is quantified by the relative proportion of the random residual variance to the total residual variance. We formulate a mixture model to estimate and test the genetic effects of quantitative trait loci (QTL) on the developmental instability of the trait. The genetic parameters including the QTL position, the QTL effects, and spatial autocorrelations are estimated by implementing the EM algorithm within the mixture model framework. Simulation studies were performed to investigate the statistical behavior of the model. A live example for poplar trees was used to map the QTL that control root length growth and its developmental instability from cuttings in water culture.
Association of microalbuminuria and the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio with systemic disease in cats
Authors: Whittemore Jacqueline C. , Miyoshi Zona , Jensen Wayne A. , Radecki Steven V. , Lappin Michael R.
Published: April 2007

Objective—To determine the diagnostic usefulness of semiquantitative and quantitative microalbuminuria assays and urine albumin-to-creatinine (UAC) ratio for detecting disease in cats.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—441 cats evaluated at a veterinary teaching hospital.

Procedures—Urine samples from cats for which a complete medical record was available were included. Urine dipstick results, urine protein-to-creatinine ratios (cutoffs, 0.1 and 0.4), semiquantitative and quantitative microalbuminuria assay results (cutoff, 1 mg/dL), and UAC ratio values (cutoffs, 100 and 200 mg/g) were determined. Clinical diagnoses determined within 3 months of enrollment were recorded. Sensitivity and specificity were determined with disease status used as the standard. The influences of clinical diagnosis, sex, age, serum urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations, blood pressure, bacterial urine culture results, rectal temperature, pyuria, hematuria, and bacteriuria were evaluated by means of logistic regression.

Results—Of 441 cats that were eligible for inclusion, 40 were healthy and 401 had ≥ 1 disease. Results of logistic regression indicated that significant associations existed for age, presence of disease, presence of urinary tract disease, azotemia, hematuria, and pyuria and results of 1 or both of the microalbuminuria assays.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Microalbuminuria was associated with underlying disease. Sensitivity and specificity of the microalbuminuria assays for detection of systemic disease were superior to those of other tests. Microalbuminuria testing in conjunction with other screening procedures may increase identification of occult disease. A prospective study evaluating the predictive values of screening tests with and without microalbuminuria determination is needed to validate this recommendation.
Measurement of serum antinuclear antibody titer in dogs with and without systemic lupus erythematosus: 120 cases (1997–2005)
Authors: Smee Nicole M. , Harkin Kenneth R. , Wilkerson Melinda J.
Published: April 2007

Objective—To determine serum antinuclear antibody (ANA) titers in dogs with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and in dogs with related clinical and clinicopathologic findings.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—120 dogs.

Procedures—Information that was evaluated included signalment, clinical signs, results of routine laboratory testing, ANA titer, and diagnosis.

Results—The most common clinical signs were arthralgia, myalgia, and stiffness (n = 41 [34.2%]); the most common clinicopathologic abnormality was thrombocytopenia (30 [25%]). Serum ANA titer was < 160 (seronegative) in 89 dogs (74.2%), 160 in 14 dogs (11.7%), 320 in 5dogs (4.2%), and ≥ 640 in 12 dogs (10%). Immune-mediated disease was confirmed in 40 dogs, 18 of which fulfilled the criteria for a definitive or probable diagnosis of SLE. Only 1 of 47 dogs with no major signs compatible with SLE had immune-mediated disease, compared with 26 of 57 dogs with 1 major sign and 13 of 16 dogs with ≥ 2 major signs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that measurement of ANA titer was not a useful diagnostic test in dogs without any major clinical or clinicopathologic abnormalities suggestive of SLE. In contrast, there was a good chance that results of the ANA assay would be positive and that the dog would be found to have immune-mediated disease if at least 2 major signs were evident. Findings suggest that it would be reasonable to limit the use of the ANA assay to those dogs that have at least 1 major sign compatible with a diagnosis of SLE.
Growth kinetics of CdSe nanoparticles synthesized in reverse micelles using bis(trimethylsilyl) selenium precursor
Authors: Emin Saim , Dushkin Ceco , Nakabayashi Seiichiro , Adachi Eiki
Published: April 2007

We first focus on the kinetics of nanoparticle growth in a microemulsion synthesis of CdSe semiconductor nanocrystals. The process consists of a fast initial stage of typical time constant of the order of 103 s followed by a slow stage of time constant of the order of 104s. Growth proceeds similarly to that described for the hot-matrix synthesis of CdSe, underlining the generality of the two-stage growth mechanism, irrespective of the matrix type and synthesis conditions. However, the time constant of each stage in the microemulsion synthesis is much larger than in the hot-matrix one. Also, the ratio between the fast and slow time constant is appreciably bigger. We also prove that larger size reverse micelles, obtained by increasing the water:surfactant ratio, generally lead to larger CdSe nanoparticles. Bis(trimethylsilyl) selenium is the crucial precursor for the CdSe nanoparticle synthesis. An intermediate stage of the chemical reaction limiting the bis(trimethylsilyl) selenium production is described theoretically.
Computing Zernike polynomials of arbitrary degree using the discrete Fourier transform
Authors: Janssen Augustus J. E. M. , Dirksen Peter
Published: April 2007

The conventional representation of Zernike polynomials Rmn(ρ) gives unacceptable numerical results for large values of the degree n. We present an algorithm for the computation of Zernike polynomials of arbitrary degree n. The algorithm has the form of a discrete Fourier (cosine) transform which comes with advantages over other methods in terms of computation time, accuracy and ease of implementation. As an application we consider the effect of NA-scaling on the lower-order aberrations of an optical system in the presence of a very high order aberration.
Pigmentary Changes in a Woman With Oral Lichen Planus
Authors: Hammoud Hani , Mishlab Salih , Avitan-Hersh Emily
Published: March 2024

A woman in her 60s presented with oral lichen planus on hands and cheeks since childhood and also present in her parent and sibling. What is your diagnosis?
Racial and Ethnic Concordance Between National Health Service Corps Clinicians and Underserved Populations
Authors: Baker Olesya , Horvitz-Lennon Marcela , Yu Hao
Published: March 2024

Importance

Despite the widely recognized importance of racial and ethnic concordance between patients and clinicians, there is a lack of studies on clinician diversity in medically underserved areas and whether it aligns with the changing demographic landscape.

Objective

To assess trends in National Health Services Corps (NHSC) clinician diversity and racial and ethnic concordance between NHSC clinicians and the populations in underserved areas from before to after the 2009 NHSC expansion.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional, population-based study compared trends in the diversity of NHSC clinicians practicing in health professional shortage areas (HPSAs) and the HPSA populations during 2003 to 2019 using the Health Resources and Services Administration’s NHSC Field Strength Database and Area Health Resources Files. The analysis was performed from February through May 2023.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Concordance was measured with an annual community representativeness ratio defined as the ratio of the proportions of same race or ethnicity NHSC clinicians to HPSA population.

Results

There were a total of 41 180 clinicians practicing in HPSAs from 2003 to 2019; the median (IQR) age was 34 (30-41) years. Among 38 569 NHSC clinicians who reported gender, 28 444 (73.7%) identified as female and 10 125 (26.3%) identified as male. The average annual number of NHSC clinicians increased from 3357 in 2003 to 2008 to 9592 in 2009 to 2019. Before 2009, 1076 clinicians (5.3%) identified as Black, 9780 (48.6%) as Hispanic, 908 (4.5%) as other, and 8380 (41.6%) as White. During this period, concordance was low among non-Hispanic White and Black individuals due to clinician underrepresentation relative to the population, yet Hispanic clinicians were overrepresented. Following the 2009 NHSC expansion, the main change was the sharp decline in the proportion of Hispanic clinicians, to 1601 (13%) by 2019; while concordance was achieved for non-Hispanic White and Black individuals, Hispanic clinicians became underrepresented relative to population. The results held across 3 specialties: primary care, mental health care, and dental care.

Conclusions and Relevance

This cross-sectional study of trends in racial and ethnic concordance found that while the NHSC expansion starting in 2009 improved clinician-population concordance for non-Hispanic White and Black individuals, it reversed a prior trend for Hispanic individuals among whom clinicians became underrepresented relative to the population. Targeted NHSC clinician recruitment efforts are needed to improve concordance for Hispanic individuals in underserved areas, especially given Hispanics’ projected growth in the US.
Sample Preparation for X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis
Authors: Marguí Eva , Queralt Ignasi
Published: March 2024

The article presents a complete review of different sample preparation methodologies prior to analysis by
X‐ray spectrometry
(
XRS
) and the basics of classical preparation for
X‐ray fluorescence
(
XRF
) analysis as well as new methods of preparation, with emphasis on recent applications.
Nanoelectrochemistry for Single‐Cell Analysis
Authors: Jia Rui , Mirkin Michael V.
Published: March 2024

Electroanalytical experiments in single cells provide valuable information about their diversity and functions. Nanoelectrochemical probes are highly suitable for such measurements due to their small size, high sensitivity, selectivity, and rapid response. Since their introduction in the 1990s, nanoelectrodes and nanopipettes have been employed for intracellular and extracellular experiments, cell topography and reactivity mapping, detection and analysis of various biological vesicles. In this article, we briefly discuss the fundamentals of electrochemical nanosensors and several techniques employing them, and then survey a few representative applications, including measurements of oxidative stress, neurotransmitters, and electrochemical imaging of single living cells.
Realizing Ultrahigh Thermoelectric Performance in n‐Type PbSe Through Lattice Planification and Introducing Liquid‐Like Cu Ions
Authors: Pang Huimei , Qin Yongxin , Qin Bingchao , Yu Lingxiao , Su Xianli , Liang Hao , Ge Zhen‐Hua , Cao Qian , Tan Qing , Zhao Li‐Dong
Published: March 2024

The coupling relationship between electrical and thermal transports makes it rather challenging to enhance thermoelectric performance. Here, electrical and thermal transports are successfully decoupled to realize high performance in n‐type PbSe by utilizing a stepwise strategy. First, the PbSe lattice is plained with extra Pb to compensate for the intrinsic Pb vacancies, which can weaken defect scattering and improve carrier mobility to ≈1230 cm2 V−1 s−1. The room‐temperature power factor triples and reaches ≈32 µW cm−1 K−2, and ZT is significantly enhanced to ≈0.6 in Pb1.006Se. Subsequently, liquid‐like interstitial Cu ions are introduced to inhibit heat conduction without damaging electrical transport. While maintaining a high power factor of ≈25 µW cm−1 K−2, Cu ions strongly suppress phonon transport at high temperature, leading to an ultralow lattice thermal conductivity of ≈0.28 W m−1 K−1 in Pb1.006Cu0.006Se, only 30% of the Cu‐free PbSe. Eventually, a remarkable peak ZT of ≈1.8 at 773 K is achieved along with a high average ZT of ≈1.1 from 300 to 823 K in Pb1.006Cu0.006Se. An outstanding experimental conversion efficiency of ≈7.1% is obtained in the single‐leg device, demonstrating great potential for PbSe as low‐ to mid‐temperature thermoelectrics.
Engineered hsa‐miR‐455‐3p‐Abundant Extracellular Vesicles Derived from 3D‐Cultured Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Tissue‐Engineering Hyaline Cartilage Regeneration
Authors: Chen Jian‐Guo , Zhang En‐Chong , Wan Ying‐Ying , Huang Tian‐Yu , Wang Yu‐Chen , Jiang Hai‐Yue
Published: March 2024

Efforts are made to enhance the inherent potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs) by utilizing 3D culture platforms and engineered strategies for functional cargo‐loading. Three distinct types of adipose mesenchymal stem cells‐derived EVs (ADSCs‐EVs) are successfully isolated utilizing 3D culture platforms consisting of porous gelatin methacryloyl (PG), PG combined with sericin methacryloyl (PG/SerMA), or PG combined with chondroitin sulfate methacryloyl (PG/ChSMA). These correspond to PG‐EVs, PG/SerMA‐EVs, and PG/ChSMA‐EVs, respectively. Unique microRNA (miRNA) profiles are observed in each type of ADSCs‐EVs. Notably, PG‐EVs encapsulate higher levels of hsa‐miR‐455‐3p and deliver more hsa‐miR‐455‐3p to chondrocytes, which results in the activation of the hsa‐miR‐455‐3p/PAK2/Smad2/3 axis and the subsequent hyaline cartilage regeneration. Furthermore, the functionality of PG‐EVs is optimized through engineered strategies, including agomir/lentivirus transfection, electroporation, and Exo‐Fect transfection. These strategies, referred to as Agomir‐EVs, Lentivirus‐EVs, Electroporation‐EVs, and Exo‐Fect‐EVs, respectively, are ranked based on their efficacy in encapsulating hsa‐miR‐455‐3p, delivering hsa‐miR‐455‐3p to chondrocytes, and promoting cartilage formation via the hsa‐miR‐455‐3p/PAK2/Smad2/3 axis. Notably, Exo‐Fect‐EVs exhibit the highest efficiency. Collectively, the 3D culture conditions and engineered strategies have an impact on the miRNA profiles and cartilage regeneration capabilities of ADSCs‐EVs. The findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying the promotion of cartilage regeneration by ADSCs‐EVs.
Achieving Environmentally‐Adaptive and Multifunctional Hydrodynamic Metamaterials through Active Control
Authors: Jiang Chaoran , Nie Haoran , Chen Mengyao , Shen Xiangying , Xu Lei
Published: March 2024

As hydrodynamic metamaterials continue to develop, the inherent limitations of passive‐mode metamaterials become increasingly apparent. First, passive devices are typically designed for specific environments and lack the adaptability to environmental changes. Second, their unique functions often rely on intricate structures, or challenging material properties, or a combination of both. These limitations considerably hinder the potential applications of hydrodynamic metamaterials. In this study, an active‐mode hydrodynamic metamaterial is theoretically proposed and experimentally demonstrated by incorporating source‐and‐sink flow‐dipoles into the system, enabling active manipulation of the flow field with various functionalities. By adjusting the magnitude and direction of the flow‐dipole moment, this device can easily achieve invisibility, flow shielding, and flow enhancing. Furthermore, it is environmentally adaptive and can maintain proper functions in different environments. It is anticipated that this design will significantly enhance tunability and adaptability of hydrodynamic metamaterials in complex and ever‐changing environments.
Chemoselective Oxypalladation of (o‐Alkynylaryl)amide‐Triggered Site‐Selective C−H Annulation for Stereoselective Synthesis of Succinimide‐Fused Polycycles
Authors: Dattatri  , Babu Nanubolu Jagadeesh , Sridhar Reddy Maddi
Published: March 2024

We report herein a palladium‐catalyzed, site‐selective cyclative annulation of o‐alkynyl arylamides with maleimide for the stereoselective construction of succinimide‐fused benzoxazine derivatives. This operationally simple and modular protocol provides access to polycyclic frameworks. The other associated features are high functional group compatibility, gram‐scale synthetic potential, and downstream transformations. Control and labeling experiments were conducted to get insights into the mechanism.
Access to 3‐Azetidines via Halogenation of Titanacyclobutanes
Authors: Weinhold Tyler D. , Law James A. , Frederich James H.
Published: March 2024

Azetidines are valuable nitrogenous heterocycles. Herein, we disclose a strategy for the modular assembly of 3‐azetidines and related spirocyclic congeners featuring all‐carbon quaternary centers. This approach leverages titanacyclobutanes generated from ketones or alkenes. Halogenation of these organotitanium species gives rise to functionalized alkyl dihalides that can be subsequently captured by amines to afford azetidine building blocks. This strategy facilitated the synthesis of a small molecule anti‐tuberculosis drug. It also enabled access to carbon‐13 isotopologs of diazaspiro[3.3]heptane fragments that are challenging to prepare by any other means.
Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Benzylic C(sp3)−H Oxidation of Unprotected Aniline Derivatives for the Synthesis of Phenanthridines
Authors: Nozawa‐Kumada Kanako , Matsuzawa Yuta , Hayashi Masahito , Kobayashi Takumi , Shigeno Masanori , Yada Akira , Kondo Yoshinori
Published: March 2024

Herein, we report a copper‐catalyzed intramolecular benzylic C(sp3)−H oxidation of unprotected aniline derivatives under aerobic conditions, which enables the preparation of phenanthridine compounds. To the best of our knowledge, this is the pioneering reaction of dehydrogenative C(sp3)−N bond formation from unprotected anilines under a Cu/O2 system. Notably, various anilines possessing alkyl, methoxy, halogen (fluoride, chloride, bromide, and iodide), trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, ester, and acetal groups can also participate in the reaction.
Recent Advances and Synthetic Approaches of AuNRs for Sensing Applications Based on Different Aspect Ratios
Authors: Hao Xi , Qin Jieling
Published: March 2024

Gold nanorods (AuNRs), 1D rod‐shaped nanomaterials, hold a crucial role in sensing applications due to their distinct physicochemical properties, such as high surface area, efficient mass transfer, good biocompatibility, and anisotropic optical and electronic responses. This review outlines the most recent advancements in AuNRs research, offering a comprehensive summary of synthetic strategies. Subsequently, the potential of AuNRs in sensor applications is discussed, and for the first time, an innovative analysis of their application in the sensor field based on the aspect ratio of AuNRs is proposed. These sensing systems are utilized for detecting heavy metal ions, inorganic anions, small biomolecules, protein tumor markers, enzymes, and nucleic acids. Finally, the future research directions and challenges of AuNRs are addressed.
Injectable “Homing‐Like” Bioactive Short‐Fibers for Endometrial Repair and Efficient Live Births
Authors: Cao Yumeng , Qi Jia , Wang Juan , Chen Liang , Wang Yuan , Long Yijing , Li Boyu , Lai Junliang , Yao Yejie , Meng Yiwen , Yu Xiaohua , Chen Xiao‐Dong , Ng Lai Guan , Li Xinyu , Lu Yao , Cheng Xiaoyue , Cui Wenguo , Sun Yun
Published: March 2024

The prevalence of infertility caused by endometrial defects is steadily increasing, posing a significant challenge to women's reproductive health. In this study, injectable “homing‐like” bioactive decellularized extracellular matrix short‐fibers (DEFs) of porcine skin origin are innovatively designed for endometrial and fertility restoration. The DEFs can effectively bind to endometrial cells through noncovalent dipole interactions and release bioactive growth factors in situ. In vitro, the DEFs effectively attracted endometrial cells through the “homing‐like” effect, enabling cell adhesion, spreading, and proliferation on their surface. Furthermore, the DEFs effectively facilitated the proliferation and angiogenesis of human primary endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and inhibited fibrosis of pretreated HESCs. In vivo, the DEFs significantly accelerated endometrial restoration, angiogenesis, and receptivity. Notably, the deposition of endometrial collagen decreased from 41.19 ± 2.16% to 14.15 ± 1.70% with DEFs treatment. Most importantly, in endometrium‐injured rats, the use of DEFs increased the live birth rate from 30% to an impressive 90%, and the number and development of live births close to normal rats. The injectable “homing‐like” bioactive DEFs system can achieve efficient live births and intrauterine injection of DEFs provides a new promising clinical strategy for endometrial factor infertility.
Relocatable Hollow Multishelled Structure‐Based Membrane Enables Dendrite‐Free Lithium Deposition for Ultrastable Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Wei Peng , Wang Haoyu , Yang Mei , Wang Jiangyan , Wang Dan
Published: March 2024

Lithium metal anode holds great promise due to its highest theoretical capacity and lowest redox potential. However, its practical application is hindered by lithium dendrite growth and exhaustive side reactions, which poses concerns to both cell performance and safety. Herein, a relocatable composite membrane is developed to simultaneously inhibit dendrite growth and stabilize solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film. The compact packing of hollow multishelled structure (HoMS) provides percolated lithium ion channels and uniform ion flux, while the combined elastic polymer endows membrane structural flexibility to dynamically accommodate volume changes, which results in dendrite‐free lithium deposition inside HoMS and underneath the membrane and stable SEI film restricted to the outer surface of HoMS. Consequently, the membrane‐modified lithium metal half cell achieves an impressive Coulombic efficiency of 99.6% for over 600 cycles. Notably, full cell paired with LiFePO4 cathode stably runs for over 700 cycles, with a decay rate of only 0.045% per cycle, while the one paired with LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode demonstrates a high capacity of 164.1 mAh g−1 at 1 C and a good capacity retention. This HoMS‐based composite membrane opens up new opportunities to realize the practical application of lithium metal batteries.
Enhanced Fast‐Charging and Longevity in Sodium‐Ion Batteries through Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Frameworks Encasing Flower‐Like Bismuth Microspheres
Authors: Chen Zhilin , Wu Xiaoyu , Sun Zhefei , Pan Jianhai , Han Jiajia , Wang Yangsu , Liu Haodong , Shen Yanbin , Li Jie , Peng Dong‐Liang , Zhang Qiaobao
Published: March 2024

Micro‐sized bismuth (Bi) is recognized for its high volumetric capacity and suitable working potential, making it a promising anode candidate for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). However, its substantial volume changes and slow reaction kinetics during cycling detrimentally affects the SIB performance. Theoretical prediction uncovers a previously unexplored favorable attribute that bonding between nitrogen within a carbon coating and Bi atoms facilitates Na+ ingress into the Bi bulk, significantly enhancing Bi‐Na alloying reactions, mitigating volume expansion, and preventing Na‐dendrite formation. Experimentally, the study innovatively engineers a flower‐like micro‐sized Bi encapsulated within an elastic, nitrogen‐doped carbon framework (FBi@NC) working as an efficient anode for SIBs. This design enables FBi@NC anode achieving a high tap density of 2.86 g cm−3 and delivering a remarkable volumetric capacity of 1100 mAh cm−3 at 1 mA cm−2. It also exhibits exceptional rate capability (368.2 mA h g−1 at 30 A g−1) and super durable cyclability (10 000 cycles with 318.8 mA h g−1 at 5 A g−1, retaining 82% capacity). Full cells with Na3V2(PO4)3 cathodes demonstrate superior rate and cycling performances. Crucially, this study elucidates the underlying Na+‐storage mechanisms and the contributory factors to performance enhancement, providing vital insights for the development of high‐energy and stable SIBs.
Can the Interfacial Solar Vapor Generation Performance Be Really “Beyond” Theoretical Limit?
Authors: Nawaz Fahad , Yang Yawei , Zhao Qi , Mo Yalu , Jiang Zhuohang , Wu Jinghe , Liu Yihong , Liu Bowen , Gao Bowen , Que Wenxiu
Published: March 2024

The interfacial solar vapor generation (ISVG) process is an environmentally friendly approach that utilizes solar to produce steam, which can solve the water shortage. Despite many previous research studies, claims beyond the theoretical limit have risen due to limitations in the efficiency of converting solar to vapor and the rate of solar evaporation, which are still being debated. Energy losses remain even under ideal conditions, which means that the efficiency of the system will never be ≥100%. This review primarily analyzes the theoretical values of evaporation rate and energy efficiency in the ISVG process. Utilizing a theoretical formula for energy distribution, the factors contributing to the current exceedance of conversion efficiency and evaporation rate are scrutinized. By examining various strategies, such as the reduction of vaporization enthalpy for photothermal materials and the utilization of environmental energy for evaporation, these studies seek to enhance evaporation efficiencies, but they ignore the problem of the theoretical limit of evaporation. Therefore, this review emphasizes misconceptions about efficiencies beyond theoretical limits and aims to guide researchers to provide plausible explanations for such breakthroughs under specific conditions, alongside established reference conditions. Ultimately, this study lays a solid theoretical foundation for practical solar water purification.