bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
2‐thiobarbituric acid test for lipid oxidation in food: Synthesis and spectroscopic study of 2‐thiobarbituric acid‐malonaldehyde adduct
Authors: Guzmán‐Chozas Matías , Vicario‐Romero Isabel M. , Guillén‐Sans Remedios
Published: May 2007

Synthesis, purification, elemental analysis, and spectroscopic studies were undertaken to characterize the structure of the red adduct 2:1 thiobarbituric acid (TBA)‐malonaldehyde involved in the evaluation of oxidative rancidity in fats and oils. Thin‐layer chromatography, infrared and ultravioletvisible absorption, 1H (1H NMR) and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were used. A yield of 93% was obtained in the synthesis. The results of elemental analysis agree with the formula for the chloro‐monohydrated form, C11H11N4O5S2Cl. Three characteristic absorption maxima at 532, 310, and 245 nm, respectively, were shown in acid aqueous medium (pH 2.9). The characteristic vibrations assigned to the ‐NH, ‐OH, CαH (exocyclic) and ‐C=S groups were confirmed in the infrared spectra. There was no evidence of thioenolization. 1H NMR data at δ 5.10 (‐CONH‐ group, H2O and HCl molecules); δ 11.54 (‐OH group of keto‐enol tautomer, ‐NH group); and δ 176.4 (‐CONH‐ group) also were observed. The experimental results obtained were consistent with the existence of two spectral equivalent tautomeric structures. The colored adduct was compared with other TBA‐aldehyde compounds.
Optimization of fatty acid extraction from Phaeodactylum tricornutum UTEX 640 biomass
Authors: IbáɁez González M. J. , Robles Medina A. , Grima E. Molina , Giménez A. Giménez , Carstens M. , Cerdán L. Esteban
Published: May 2007

Fatty acids in the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum were isolated using an optimized three‐step method: extraction of crude fatty acid potassium salts made by direct saponification of lipids in the microalgal biomass with KOH/ethanol (96%, vol/vol), separation of unsaponifiable lipids by extraction with hexane, and final purification of fatty acids by acidification of the alcoholic solution of potassium soaps followed by extraction of fatty acid into hexane. Direct saponification was carried out in ethanol (96%, vol/vol) using 2.09 mL ethanol (96%) per gram of wet biomass (10 mL/g of dry biomass) mixed with 0.4 g KOH/g of biomass. Under these conditions the fatty acid yield was 87%. The optimal water content of the alcoholic solution for extraction of the unsapononifiables was established as 40%, w/w. Data on equilibrium carotenoid distribution between the alcoholic (40%, w/w water) and hexane phases were determined. These data allow prediction of the carotenoid yields with different volumes of hexane in several extraction steps. The optimal pH of the alcoholic solution before extracting the purified fatty acid was established as pH 6, and the equilibrium fatty acid distribution between the alcoholic and hexane phases was determined. This optimized method permited a 20% reduction in the production costs of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in the three‐step preparative process (extraction of fatty acid, concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids by the urea method, and EPA fractionation through preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography) previously developed by the authors.
Pressure drop through in‐bulk flax seeds
Authors: Pagano A. M. , Crozza D. E. , Nolasco S. M.
Published: May 2007

The airflow resistance of in‐bulk flax seeds (Linum usitatissimum) and the effect of airflow rate, bed depth, type of packing, and presence of foreign material (“fines” and “chaff”) were studied. A good fit of the experimental data (R > 0.993) was obtained through the model DPL = cQ + dQ2 (where DPL is pressure drop per unit of bed depth, Pa/m; Q is airflow rate, m3/s‐m2; c and d are constants; and airflow range is 0.011–0.141 m3/s‐m2). The airflow resistance increases when bulk density and bed depth increase. In dense packing the pressure drop is 1.3 to 1.5 times the pressure drop in loose packing. The resistance increases with the increase of fines and decreases with the increase of chaff.
A simple method of preparation of methyl trans‐10,cis‐12‐ and cis‐9,trans‐11‐octadecadienoates from methyl linoleate
Authors: Berdeaux O. , Voinot L. , Angioni E. , Juanéda P. , Sébédio J. L.
Published: May 2007

Pure conjugated isomers of linoleic acid were prepared on a large scale by alkali‐isomerization of purified methyl linoleate. The methyl esters of alkali‐isomerized linoleic acid contained mainly the methyl cis‐9,trans‐11‐ and trans‐10,cis‐12‐octadecadienoates (44 and 47%, respectively). These two isomers were then separated and purified by a series of low‐temperature crystallizations from acetone. The isomeric purity obtained for the cis‐9,trans‐11‐octadecadienoate isomer was >90% and that of the trans‐10,cis‐12‐octadecadienoate isomer was 89 to 97%. The isolated yield of the two isomers corresponded to 18 and 25.7%, respectively, of the starting material. The structure of the two isomers was confirmed using partial hydrazine reduction, silver nitrate‐thin‐layer chromatography of the resulting monoenes and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry of the 4,4‐dimethyloxazoline derivatives. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the monoenes gave the confirmation of the geometry of each double bond.
Concentration of ω‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of marine oils usingCandida cylindracealipase: Optimization of reaction conditions
Authors: Wanasundara Udaya N. , Shahidi Fereidoon
Published: May 2007

Production of ω‐3 fatty acid concentrates from seal blubber oil (SBO) and menhaden oil (MHO) upon enzymatic hydrolysis byCandida cylindracealipase was optimized. In this process, the content of total ω‐3 fatty acids,Y1; eicosapentaenoic acid,Y2; and docosahexaenoic acid,Y3, in the final product was maximized. A three‐factor central composite rotatable design was used to study the effect of enzyme concentration (X1), reaction time (X2), and reaction temperature (X3). Second‐order polynomial regression models forY1,Y2, andY3were employed to generate response surfaces. After hydrolysis, a maximum of 54.3% total ω‐3 fatty acids was obtained from SBO at an enzyme concentration of 308 U/g oil, a reaction time of 40 h, and a reaction temperature of 37°C. Similarly, a maximum of 54.5% total ω‐3 fatty acids was obtained from MHO at an enzyme concentration of 340 U/g oil, a reaction time of 45 h, and a reaction temperature of 38°C.
A continuous process for the conversion of vegetable oils into methyl esters of fatty acids
Authors: Noureddini H. , Harkey D. , Medikonduru V.
Published: May 2007

A continuous process for the transesterification of triglycerides to methyl esters was investigated in a pilot plant. The process was equipped with a motionless and a high‐shear mixer. The experimental studies explored variations in the mixing intensity, stoichiometry, and catalyst concentration on the overall conversion. The combined as well as individual effect of mixers was examined. The developed process resulted in high conversions of vegetable oils into methyl esters. Conversion of triglycerides to methyl esters in excess of 98% was achieved. Larger excess amounts of alcohol favored higher conversions. The motionless and high‐shear mixers each provided adequate mixing for the process. Higher catalyst concentrations resulted in higher conversions but increased the solubility of methyl esters in the glycerol layer. This reduced the amount of methyl esters separated by gravity settling.
Effects of mineral addition on the growth morphology of and arachidonic acid production by Mortierella alpina 1S‐4
Authors: Higashiyama Kenichi , Yaguchi Toshiaki , Akimoto Kengo , Fujikawaa Shigeaki , Shimizu Sakayu
Published: May 2007

The culture conditions for arachidonic acid (AA) production by Mortierella alpina 1S‐4 were investigated by means of a morphological study with the aims of obtaining a high AA yield and scale‐up. In a 50‐L jar fermentor study, a medium containing 3.1% soy flour and 1.8% glucose with 0.3% KH2PO4, 0.1% Na2SO4, 0.05% CaCl2·2H2O and 0.05% MgCl2·6H2O was found to be optimum. The AA yield reached 9.8 g/L/7 d, and the major morphology was small pellets (1–2 mm). However, in the case of the only addition of KH2PO4, the major morphology was filaments. The apparent viscosity increased to 2240 cp, thereby requiring a high agitation speed to maintain adequate oxygen tension, which caused mycelial damage due to shear stress and therefore a decrease in the AA yield. When a medium with Na2SO4, CaCl2, and MgCl2 was used, the major morphology was large pellets (2–3 mm), and mass transfer limitation through the pellet wall caused a decrease in the AA yield. Based on these results, a scale‐up study was carried out under the optimal conditions described above. An AA yield of 10.9 g/L/8 d was obtained in a 10‐kL industrial fermentor, and the major morphology was small pellets.
Stability of vitamin A in oil‐in‐water‐in‐oil‐type multiple emulsions
Authors: Yoshida Katsunori , Sekine Tomoko , Matsuzaki Fumiaki , Yanaki Toshio , Yamaguchi Michihiro
Published: May 2007

The stabilityof vitamin A was studied in thee different emulsions: oil‐in‐water (O/W), water‐in‐oil (W/O), and oil‐in‐water‐in‐oil (O/W/O). The stability of retinol (vitamin A alcohol) in the O/W/O emulsion was the highest among the thee types of emulsions; remaining percentages at 50°C after 4 wk in the O/W/O, W/O, and O/W emulsions were 56.9, 45.7, and 32.3, respectively. With increasing peroxide value of O/W and W/O emulsifiers, the remaining percentage of vitamin A palmitate and retinol in the emulsions decreased significantly, indicating that peroxides in the formulae accelerate the decomposition of vitamin A. Organophilic clay mineral (an oil gelling agent and a W/O emulsifier) also affected the stability of retinol; synthesized saponite was better than naturally occurring bentonite for retinol stability. The stability of retinol in the O/W/O emulsion increased with increasing inner oil phase ratio (φi), whereas in O/W it was unaffected by φi. Encapsulation percent of retinol in the O/W/O emulsion, the ratio of retinol in the inner oil phase to the total amount in the emulsion, increased with increasing φi. The remaining percent of retinol in the O/W/O emulsion was in excellent agreement with encapsulation percent, suggesting that retinol in the inner oil phase is more stable than that in the outer oil phase. Addition of antioxidants (tert‐butylhydroxytoluene, sodium ascorbate, and EDTA) to the O/W/O emulsion improved the stability of retinol up to 77.1% at 50°C after 4 wk. We conclude that the O/W/O emulsion is a useful formula to stabilize vitamin A.
Characterization of a semisolid state in milk fat through T2* resolved T1 distributions by time domain nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Le Botlan D. , Ouguerram L. , Smart L. , Pugh L.
Published: May 2007

The solid‐to‐liquid ratio is an important parameter in the study of fats. Many methods can be used: dilatometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). However, below approximately 20°C, NMR gives much lower solid‐to‐liquid values than DSC. This difference can be attributed to the presence of a semisolid state, whose T2 value would be of the order of 50–200 µs, and which should give an NMR signal of 14 to 88.5% of the total signal of this phase at a time when the signal of the liquid phase is measured. Thus, such a state is seen partially as a liquid by NMR. In a previous study using time domain NMR, we have shown that in milk fat samples an intermediate component state clearly exists between the solid and liquid phases, constituting only about 6% of an aged milk fat. The T2* distribution of these components in this intermediate state shows two peaks at about 60 and 170 µs. We have shown from the T2* resolved T1 distribution of the peak, corresponding to a T2* of approximately 60 µs, that there is in the continuity in the crystalline phase. This first intermediate component state does not exist in pure triglyceride or in cocoa butter, and is scarcely present in a tristearin crystal/soy oil suspension. We have attributed this first intermediate component to fatty acid residue extremities that protrude from the crystalline phase and/or to chain ends at the edges of holes created by short chains.
Flame‐ionization detector response to methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl esters of fatty acids
Authors: Ulberth Franz , Gabernig Robert G. , Schrammel Franz
Published: May 2007

The concept of theoretical response factors is not directly applicable to methyl esters of short‐chain fatty acids (FA), since their carbon deficiency is larger than expected from theory. Substituting the methyl group by an ethyl, propyl, or butyl group improved the flame‐ionization efficiency of fatty acid esters gradually, up to the point where the empirical response factors of the butyl esters were identical within experimental error to the theoretical values. Butyl esters of FA have a uniform flame‐ionization detection (FID) response irrespective of the number of carbon atoms contained in the FA. They exhibit a carbon deficiency of 1.0, i.e. the carbonyl carbon atom does not respond, as expected from theory. Compared to methyl esters, which have a carbon deficiency of 1.4–1.5 for short‐chain FA, use of butyl esters has the advantage that a precalculation of the FID response enables the analyst to judge whether the analytical system employed works properly and the data produced are accurate and reliable. Both acid (BF3 or H2SO4)‐and alkali (butoxide)‐catalyzed butyl ester preparation were equally effective, giving the analyst a choice of methods so that different analytical needs can be addressed efficiently. Computing response factors and comparing the theoretically expected values with those obtained experimentally gives the experimenter an indication whether the analytical system employed for FA profiling (transesterification plus the subsequent gasliquid chromatographic separation and quantitation by FID) works properly. This setup is particularly useful for an accurate analysis of the FA profile of milk fat.
Impairment in a negative regulatory system for TCR signaling in CD4+ T cells from old mice
Authors: Inomata Mitsushi , Shimada Yukiko , Hayashi Masami , Shimizu Jun , Ohno-Iwashita Yoshiko
Published: May 2007

To examine the involvement of lipid rafts in an age‐associated decline in T cell function, we analyzed the effect of aging on the constituents of lipid rafts in resting mouse CD4+ T cells. We found a pronounced, age‐dependent reduction in PAG/Cbp, which is involved in the regulation of Src family kinases (SFKs) by recruiting Csk (a negative regulator of SFKs) to lipid rafts. This reduction is specific for T cells and is attributed, at least in part, to the reduction in its mRNA level. The reduction of PAG accompanies marked impairment in recruiting Csk to lipid rafts and a concomitant decrease in the inactive forms of SFKs. These findings indicate that old mouse CD4+ T cells have a defect in a negative SFK regulatory system.
Gold mineralization in siliceous-carbonate rocks of southeastern East Sayan
Authors: Airiyants E.V. , Zhmodik S.M. , Mironov A.G. , Borovikov A.A.
Published: May 2007

Complex study and comparative analysis were carried out for two gold deposits, Vodorazdel’noe and Ondol’toi, localized among carbonate and siliceous-carbonate rocks of the Il’chir Formation in southeastern East Sayan. The Vodorazdel’noe deposit is of gold-quartz-sulfide type; it formed at 275–300 °C with the participation of highly concentrated chloride fluids and bears low-fineness gold associated with quartz-sulfide mineralization. In sulfur isotope composition (δ34S) the deposit ores are similar to sulfides of hydrothermal structures of slow-spreading ridges. The Ondol’toi deposit is formed by low-sulfide carbonate breccias and hematitized jasperoids. This deposit is localized in the frontal zone of a large thrust and bears gold-sulfide mineralization (fine-grained sulfides and submicron gold in siliceous-carbonate rocks and jasperoids). It is characterized by the presence of brecciated rocks and high contents of Hg, Sb, Ba, and Fe both in ores and in the host rocks. The established geologic, mineralogical, and geochemical features of the deposit permit it to be assigned to the Carlin type.
Synopsis of Critical Care
Authors: Guinn N. Joanne
Published: May 2007

Synopsis of Critical Care, third ed. Edited by William J. Sibbald 1988, 334 pp $29.95 paperback
Autologous Blood Transfusion: Current Issues
Authors: Persson June C.
Published: May 2007

Autologous Blood Transfusion: Current Issues Edited by Lieta M. Maffei, Robert L. Thurer, 1988, 260 pp $24 paperback
Complications in Surgery and Their Management
Authors: Glenn Georgia R
Published: May 2007

Complications in Surgery and Their Management, 4th ed. James D Hardy, ed. W B Saunders, West Washington Square, Philadelphia, Pa 19105, 1981, 919 pp.
Creative Problem Solving for Health Care Professionals
Authors: Kane Sister
Published: May 2007

Creative Problem Solving for Health Care Professionals. Cecelia K Golightly. Aspen Systems Corp, 1600 Research Blvd, Rockville, Md 20850, 1981, 240 pp.
Pathophysiology: Clinical Concepts of Disease Processes
Authors: McConnell Edwina A
Published: May 2007

Pathophysiology: Clinical Concepts of Disease Processes, 2nd ed. Sylvia Anderson Price, Lorraine McCarty Wilson. McGraw‐Hill Book Co, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020, 1982, 973 pp, $27.95.
What's New in Surgery
Authors: Schlepp Susan
Published: May 2007

This article summarizes selected topics from the “What's New in Surgery” session at the 73rd Annual Clinical Congress of the American College of Surgeons, Oct 11 to 16, in San Francisco.
“Impact of a rigid, puncture resistant container system upon needlestick injuries,”
Authors: Ward Suzanne F.
Published: May 2007

B S Ribner et al, “Impact of a rigid, puncture resistant container system upon needlestick injuries,” Infection Control 8 (February 1987) 63–66.
Interpreting Cardiac Arrhythmias: A Basic Guide
Authors: Brunke Susan
Published: May 2007

Interpreting Cardiac Arrhythmias: A Basic Guide. McFarland, Mary Brambilla. Springer Publishing Co, 200 Park Ave S, New York, NY 10003, 1976, 119 pp, $5.25 paperback.
Nursing Assessment and Health Promotion Through the Life Span
Authors: Kane Sister
Published: May 2007

Nursing Assessment and Health Promotion Through the Life Span. Murray, Ruth, Zentner, Judith. Prentice‐Hall, Inc, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632, 1975, 344 pp, $18.95.
Nursing Quality and Productivity.
Authors: DAVIS JANICE L.
Published: May 2007

Nursing Quality and Productivity. Roey Kirk. Aspen Publishers, Inc, 1600 Research Blvd, Rockville MD 20850, 1986, 96 pp, $27.50 clothbound.
Winning Strategies for Nursing Managers.
Authors: MOORE SHIRLEY
Published: May 2007

Winning Strategies for Nursing Managers. Joan G. O'Leary, Sharon T. Wendelgass, Helen E. Zimmerman. J B Lippincott Co, E Washington Sq, Philadelphia, PA 19105, 1986, 165 pp, $11.75 paperback.
Fish intake, mercury, long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of stroke in northern Sweden
Authors: Wennberg Maria , Bergdahl Ingvar A. , Stegmayr Birgitta , Hallmans Göran , Lundh Thomas , Skerfving Staffan , Strömberg Ulf , Vessby Bengt , Jansson Jan-Håkan
Published: May 2007

Results of previous studies on fish intake and stroke risk have been inconclusive. Different stroke types have often not been separated. Our aim was to elucidate whether intake of fish, Hg or the sum of proportions of fatty acids EPA (20 : 5n-3) and DHA (22 : 6n-3) influence the risk of haemorrhagic or ischaemic stroke. Within a population-based cohort from a community intervention programme, 369 stroke cases and 738 matched controls were identified and included in the present nested case–control study. Information on fish intake had been recorded at recruitment, i.e. before diagnosis. Hg levels were determined in erythrocyte membranes, also collected at recruitment, and the relative content of fatty acids was measured in erythrocyte membranes or plasma phospholipids. The results showed that in women there was a non-significant decrease in stroke risk with increasing fish intake (OR 0·90 (95 % CI 0·73, 1·11) per meal per week). The risk in women differed significantly (P = 0·03) from that in men, in whom the OR for stroke rose with increasing fish intake (OR 1·24 (95 % CI 1·01, 1·51) per meal per week). The corresponding risk in men for Hg was 0·99 (95 % CI 0·93, 1·06), and for the sum of proportions of EPA and DHA 1·08 (95 % CI 0·92, 1·28). We conclude that the relationship between stroke risk and fish intake seems to be different in men and women. Increased levels of EPA and DHA do not decrease the risk for stroke and there is no association between stroke risk and Hg at these low levels.
Sex differences in prevalence of anaemia and iron deficiency in infancy in a large multi-country trial in South-East Asia
Authors: Wieringa Frank T. , Berger Jacques , Dijkhuizen Marjoleine A. , Hidayat Adi , Ninh Nguyen X. , Utomo Budi , Wasantwisut Emorn , Winichagoon Pattanee
Published: May 2007

To evaluate effects of Fe supplementation and sex on the prevalence of anaemia and Fe status in infants in South-East Asia, biochemical data from four parallel, randomized, double-blind trials with Fe and/or Zn supplementation in infants (n2452) in Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam was pooled. At recruitment (5 months of age), Hb concentrations were slightly but significantly lower in boy infants compared with girl infants (108·7 g/lv. 111.4 g/l,P = 0·04). At 11 months of age, boy infants not receiving Fe had significantly lower Hb (106·2 g/lv. 111.0 g/l,P < 0·001) and lower serum ferritin concentrations (14·3 μg/lv. 21.1 g/l,P < 0·001) than girl infants not receiving Fe. Consequently, boy infants had a relative risk of 1·6 (95 % CI 1·3, 2·1) to be anaemic, and of 3·3 (95 % CI 2·1, 5·0) for having Fe deficiency anaemia compared with girl infants. Fe supplementation significantly increased Hb concentrations in both boys and girls. There was no sex difference in Fe status in infants receiving Fe for 6 months. This study shows that the markedly higher risk for anaemia and Fe deficiency indicates higher Fe requirements in boy than in girl infants. In South-East Asia, standard infant feeding practices do not provide sufficient Fe to meet requirements of infants, especially boys. Current daily recommended intake for Fe in infancy is the same for boy and girl infants however. Our findings suggest that in especially the second half of infancy, Fe requirements for boy infants are approximately 0·9 mg/d higher than for girl infants.
INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINE AND WOMEN’S HEALTH: A CLIENTS’ PERSPECTIVE
Authors: GUHA MAZUMDAR PAPIYA , GUPTA KAMLA
Published: May 2007

India has a strong base of ancient indigenous systems of medicine and its national health policies and programmes have consistently promoted the integration of Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM) into the country’s official health system. Realizing the safety and efficacy of ISM drugs, the Department of Indian Systems of Medicine and Homoeopathy (ISM&H) has suggested their use for certain women’s health problems and during pregnancy. Although the Government of India has attempted to integrate ISM through the country’s contemporary health programme of Reproductive and Child Health (RCH), utilization dynamics from the clients’ perspective is little understood. This study shows that, at least in urban areas, for the majority of women’s health problems biomedicine is regarded as the first choice, failure of which leads clients to seek treatment from ISM as a final resort. Nevertheless, women showed a preference for ISM treatment for certain specific health problems, strongly backed by a belief in their efficacy. Of the predictors that positively influenced women’s choice of ISM treatment, ‘strong evidenced-based results’ was found to be the most important. Women’s preference for ISM is dependent on the availability of competent providers.
Angioedema of the airway: an unusual case
Authors: Roper A J , Farragher A , Homer J J , Helbert M
Published: May 2007

We report a case of angioedema caused by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and topical lignocaine spray, administered during nasendoscopy.

Angioedema induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors is a rare but well known entity. Allergy to topical lignocaine has been acknowledged as a rare phenomenon when used for dental surgery and for skin anaesthesia, but it has not previously been reported after topical administration prior to nasendoscopy. In the reported case, our patient was unfortunate enough to be allergic to both lisinopril and lignocaine. The result was life-threatening airway obstruction, and the continued use of lignocaine spray sustained the laryngeal oedema. We advise that patients are asked about any and every allergy – specifically, any previous problems with dental procedures – before administration of local anaesthetic spray to the upper aerodigestive tract.
Attitudes towards childbearing, causal attributions for bipolar disorder and psychological distress: a study of families with multiple cases of bipolar disorder
Authors: MEISER BETTINA , MITCHELL PHILIP B. , KASPARIAN NADINE A. , STRONG KIM , SIMPSON JUDY M. , MIRESKANDARI SHAB , TABASSUM LAILA , SCHOFIELD PETER R.
Published: May 2007

Background

For families with multiple cases of bipolar disorder this study explored: attitudes towards childbearing; causal attributions for bipolar disorder, in particular the degree to which a genetic model is endorsed and its impact on the perceived stigma of bipolar disorder; and predictors of psychological distress.

Method

Two hundred individuals (95 unaffected and 105 affected with either bipolar disorder, schizo-affective disorder – manic type, or recurrent major disorder) were surveyed, using mailed, self-administered questionnaires.

Results

Thirty-five (35%) participants reported being ‘not at all willing to have children’ or ‘less willing to have children’ as a result of having a strong family history of bipolar disorder. Being not at all or less willing to have children was associated with perceived stigma of bipolar disorder [odds ratio (OR) 2·42,p=0·002], endorsement of a genetic model (OR 1·76,p=0·046), and being affected (OR 2·16,p=0·01). Among unaffected participants only, endorsement of a genetic model was strongly correlated with perceived stigma (rs=0·30,p=0·004). Perceiving the family environment as an important factor in causing bipolar disorder was significantly associated with psychological distress (OR 1·58,p=0·043) among unaffected participants. Among affected participants, perceived stigma was significantly correlated with psychological distress (OR 2·44,p=0·02), controlling for severity of symptoms (p<0·001).

Conclusions

Having a genetic explanation for bipolar disorder may exacerbate associative stigma among unaffected members from families with multiple cases of bipolar disorder, while it does not impact on perceived stigma among affected family members. Affected family members may benefit from interventions to ameliorate the adverse effects of perceived stigma.
The Availability of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy Within Specialist Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS): A National Survey
Authors: Stallard Paul , Udwin Orlee , Goddard Meghan , Hibbert Sarah
Published: May 2007

The National Institute for Clinical Excellence has recommended cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for a number of common child and adolescent mental health disorders. The aim of this study was to clarify the practice of CBT within specialist child and adolescent mental health services in the United Kingdom. A survey was distributed to specialist child mental health workers through national organizations and professional bodies. Approximately 10% of specialist CAMHS professionals replied (n = 540). One in five reported CBT to be their dominant therapeutic approach, whilst 40% rarely used CBT. Specialist post-qualification training had been undertaken by 21.0% of respondents, with over two-thirds identifying training needs in the core skills of CBT. This survey suggests that the capacity of specialist CAMHS to meet the requirements of NICE in terms of the availability of CBT skills is doubtful. There is a need to develop CBT training and supervision infra-structures.
Exchange fluxes between the Ría de Vigo and the shelf: A bidirectional flow forced by remote wind
Authors: Gilcoto Miguel , Pardo Paula C. , Álvarez‐Salgado X. A. , Pérez Fiz F.
Published: May 2007

In the Ría de Vigo (western coast of the Iberian Peninsula) the seasonal pattern associated with shelf winds at these latitudes produces upwelling/downwelling episodes that affect the residual circulation. The aim of this paper is to go deeply into the interaction between remote winds and the dynamics of the ria aided by an inverse model. In the Galician r ias the box models (inverse models) have been developed from a two‐dimensional (2‐D) point of view since the classical baroclinic residual circulation in positive estuaries has a vertical distribution (freshwater outflow through the surface layer and inflow through the bottom layer). However, recent work in the Ría de Vigo has shown the existence of a 3‐D residual circulation in the seaward region of the ria. During upwelling (downwelling) conditions a coastal jet enters (leaves) the ria through the northern mouth and leaves (enters) through the southern mouth. The inverse model developed in this paper is a 3‐D kinematic box model based on tracer and volume balances with the constraint of nonnegative vertical exchange coefficients. The fluxes obtained confirm, during some periods, the 3‐D residual circulation overlying the classical 2‐D scheme. It is shown how the 3‐D pattern affects the inner ria, causing transversal differences in the flow field. In addition, the model results have been helpful in the discussion of a possible barotropic bidirectional flow associated with remote winds. The results have set the basis for the existence of a bidirectional flow originated by a barotropic interaction with the shelf upwelling.
Krill as a central node for iron cycling in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Tovar‐Sanchez A. , Duarte C. M. , Hernández‐León S. , Sañudo‐Wilhelmy S. A.
Published: May 2007

In order to establish the potential role of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) in the recycling of bioactive elements, we have quantified the release of iron, phosphate, and ammonia by these organisms along the Antarctic Peninsula sector of the Southern Ocean. The experimental results suggested that the presence of krill has a significant impact on ambient iron concentrations, as large amounts of this trace element were released by the krill (22–689 nmol Fe g Dry Weight−1 h−1, equivalent to 0.2 to 4.3 nmol Fe L−1 d−1). Half of this iron release occurred within the first hour of the experiment, and differences in iron and phosphate release rates (3.1 to 14.0 μmol PO43− g DW−1 h−1) seemed to reflect differences in food availability. These results identify krill as a major node in iron cycling in the Southern Ocean, potentially influencing iron residence time in the upper water column of this region.
Kaleidomaps: A New Technique for the Visualization of Multivariate Time-Series Data
Authors: Bale Kim , Chapman Paul , Barraclough Nick , Purdy Jon , Aydin Nizamettin , Dark Paul
Published: May 2007

In this paper, we describe a new visualization technique that can facilitate our understanding and interpretation of large complex multivariate time-series data sets. ‘Kaleidomaps’ have been carefully developed taking into account research into how we perceive form and structure within Glass patterns. We have enhanced the classic cascade plot using the curvature of a line to alter the detection of possible periodic patterns within multivariate dual periodicity data sets. Similar to Glass patterns, the concentric nature of the Kaleidomap may induce a motion signal within the brain of the observer facilitating the perception of patterns within the data. Kaleidomaps and our associated visualization tools alter the rapid identification of periodic patterns not only within their own variants but also across many different sets of variants. By linking this technique with traditional line graphs and signal processing techniques, we are able to provide the user with a set of visualization tools that permit the combination of multivariate time-series data sets in their raw form and also with the results of mathematical analysis. In this paper, we provide two case study examples of how Kaleidomaps can be used to improve our understanding of large complex multivariate time dependent data.
Enhanced microwave transmission through a patterned metal film
Authors: Kelly R. J. , Lockyear M. J. , Suckling J. R. , Sambles J. R. , Lawrence C. R.
Published: May 2007

Selective transmission of radiation through a two-dimensional array of subwavelength slits in an otherwise opaque thin metal film is presented at microwave frequencies. Individual slits are modified with the addition of perpendicular cuts, which interestingly and perhaps counterintuitively leads to resonant transmission when the incident radiation is polarized parallel to the slits. Finite element modeling of the structure shows the transmission of radiation polarized parallel to the slit direction to be a result of induced surface currents exciting a zeroth-order Fabry-Pérot mode.
Switching behavior of oxygen-deficient La0.6Ca0.4MnO3−δ thin films
Authors: Yuan Xiao , Yan Zi-Jie , Xu Ye-Bin , Gao Guo-Mian , Jin Ke-Xin , Chen Chang-Le
Published: May 2007

Photoinduced switching of resistance by several orders of magnitude is observed in oxygen-deficient La0.6Ca0.4MnO3−δ thin films deposited on Si substrates. The magnitude of the transient photoconductivity could attain 95.9% at room temperature under 532nm cw laser illumination at laser intensity of 142mW∕cm2. The switching has a fast photoresponse effect on a nanosecond time scale when irradiated by a 532nm laser pulse of 7ns duration. The photocurrent and photoresponse times depend on the laser intensity and the applied electric field. These results can be important for practical applications in the manganite-based optical devices.
Role of tomato hexose kinases
Authors: Granot David
Published: May 2007

Hexose phosphorylation is an essential step of sugar metabolism. Only two classes of glucose and fructose phosphorylating enzymes, hexokinases (HXK) and fructokinases (FRK), have been found in plants. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is the only plant species from which four HXK and four FRK genes have been identified and characterised. One HXK and one FRK isozyme are located within plastids. The other three HXK isozymes are associated with the mitochondria, and the other three FRK isozymes are dispersed in the cytosol. These differences in location suggest that the cytoplasmic HXK and FRK have distinct roles to play in sugar metabolism. The specific roles of each of the HXK and FRK genes have been investigated using transgenic plants with modified expression of the genes. Sugar signalling effects were obtained with modified expression of the mitochondria associated HXK. In contrast, modified expression of the cytosolic FRK affected fructose metabolism rather than sugar signalling. Future research efforts will aim to determining the roles of specific hexose phosphorylating enzymes in tomato plants, the source of the hexose monomers to be phosphorylated, and their intracellular trafficking route.
A mutant of rice lacking the leaf large subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase has drastically reduced leaf starch content but grows normally
Authors: Rösti Sandrine , Fahy Brendan , Denyer Kay
Published: May 2007

A mutant of rice was identified with a Tos17 insertion in OsAPL1, a gene encoding a large subunit (LSU) of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase). The insertion prevents production of a normal transcript from OsAPL1. Characterisation of the mutant (apl1) showed that the LSU encoded by OsAPL1 is required for AGPase activity in rice leaf blades. In mutant leaf blades, the AGPase small subunit protein is not detectable and the AGPase activity and starch content are reduced to <1 and <5% of that in wild type blades, respectively. The mutation also leads to a reduction in starch content in the leaf sheaths but does not significantly affect AGPase activity or starch synthesis in other parts of the plant. The sucrose, glucose and fructose contents of the leaves are not affected by the mutation. Despite the near absence of starch in the leaf blades, apl1 mutant rice plants grow and develop normally under controlled environmental conditions and show no reduction in productivity.
Linguistic tone is related to the population frequency of the adaptive haplogroups of two brain size genes,ASPMandMicrocephalin
Authors: Dediu Dan , Ladd D. Robert
Published: May 2007

The correlations between interpopulation genetic and linguistic diversities are mostly noncausal (spurious), being due to historical processes and geographical factors that shape them in similar ways. Studies of such correlations usually consider allele frequencies and linguistic groupings (dialects, languages, linguistic families or phyla), sometimes controlling for geographic, topographic, or ecological factors. Here, we consider the relation between allele frequencies and linguistic typological features. Specifically, we focus on the derived haplogroups of the brain growth and development-related genesASPMandMicrocephalin, which show signs of natural selection and a marked geographic structure, and on linguistic tone, the use of voice pitch to convey lexical or grammatical distinctions. We hypothesize that there is a relationship between the population frequency of these two alleles and the presence of linguistic tone and test this hypothesis relative to a large database (983 alleles and 26 linguistic features in 49 populations), showing that it is not due to the usual explanatory factors represented by geography and history. The relationship between genetic and linguistic diversity in this case may be causal: certain alleles can bias language acquisition or processing and thereby influence the trajectory of language change through iterated cultural transmission.
Late Pleistocene and Holocene environmental history of the Iguala Valley, Central Balsas Watershed of Mexico
Authors: Piperno D. R. , Moreno J. E. , Iriarte J. , Holst I. , Lachniet M. , Jones J. G. , Ranere A. J. , Castanzo R.
Published: May 2007

The origin of agriculture was a signal development in human affairs and as such has occupied the attention of scholars from the natural and social sciences for well over a century. Historical studies of climate and vegetation are closely associated with crop plant evolution because they can reveal the ecological contexts of plant domestication together with the antiquity and effects of agricultural practices on the environment. In this article, we present paleoecological evidence from three lakes and a swamp located in the Central Balsas watershed of tropical southwestern Mexico that date from 14,000 B.P. to the modern era. [Dates expressed in B.P. years are radiocarbon ages. Calibrated (calendar) ages, expressed as cal B.P., are provided for dates in the text.] Previous molecular studies suggest that maize (
Zea mays
L.) and other important crops such as squashes (
Cucurbita
spp.) were domesticated in the region. Our combined pollen, phytolith, charcoal, and sedimentary studies indicate that during the late glacial period (14,000–10,000 B.P.), lake beds were dry, the climate was cooler and drier, and open vegetational communities were more widespread than after the Pleistocene ended.
Zea
was a continuous part of the vegetation since at least the terminal Pleistocene. During the Holocene, lakes became important foci of human activity, and cultural interference with a species-diverse tropical forest is indicated. Maize and squash were grown at lake edges starting between 10,000 and 5,000 B.P., most likely sometime during the first half of that period. Significant episodes of climatic drying evidenced between 1,800 B.P. and 900 B.P. appear to be coeval with those documented in the Classic Maya region and elsewhere, showing widespread instability in the late Holocene climate.
Comparative support for the niche variation hypothesis that more generalized populations also are more heterogeneous
Authors: Bolnick Daniel I. , Svanbäck Richard , Araújo Márcio S. , Persson Lennart
Published: May 2007

There is extensive evidence that some species of ecological generalists, which use a wide diversity of resources, are in fact heterogeneous collections of relatively specialized individuals. This within-population variation, or “individual specialization,” is a key requirement for frequency-dependent interactions that may drive a variety of types of evolutionary diversification and may influence the population dynamics and ecological interactions of species. Consequently, it is important to understand when individual specialization is likely to be strong or weak. The niche variation hypothesis (NVH) suggests that populations tend to become more generalized when they are released from interspecific competition. This niche expansion was proposed to arise via increased variation among individuals rather than increased individual niche breadth. Consequently, we expect ecological generalists to exhibit stronger individual specialization, but this correlation has been repeatedly rejected by empiricists. The drawback with previous empirical tests of the NVH is that they use morphological variation as a proxy for niche variation, ignoring the role of behavior and complex phenotype–function relationships. Here, we used diet data to directly estimate niche variation among individuals. Consistent with the NVH, we show that more generalized populations also exhibit more niche variation. This trend is quite general, appearing in all five case studies examined: three-spine stickleback, Eurasian perch,
Anolis
lizards, intertidal gastropods, and a community of neotropical frogs. Our results suggest that generalist populations may tend to be more ecologically variable. Whether this translates into greater genetic variation, evolvability, or ecological stability remains to be determined.
Activated Ezrin Promotes Cell Migration through Recruitment of the GEF Dbl to Lipid Rafts and Preferential Downstream Activation of Cdc42
Authors: Prag Soren , Parsons Maddy , Keppler Melanie D. , Ameer-Beg Simon M. , Barber Paul , Hunt James , Beavil Andrew J. , Calvert Rosy , Arpin Monique , Vojnovic Borivoj , Ng Tony
Published: May 2007

Establishment of polarized cell morphology is a critical factor for migration and requires precise spatial and temporal activation of the Rho GTPases. Here, we describe a novel role of the actin-binding ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM)-protein ezrin to be involved in recruiting Cdc42, but not Rac1, to lipid raft microdomains, as well as the subsequent activation of this Rho GTPase and the downstream effector p21-activated kinase (PAK)1, as shown by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. The establishment of a leading plasma membrane and the polarized morphology necessary for random migration are also dependent on ERM function and Cdc42 in motile breast carcinoma cells. Mechanistically, we show that the recruitment of the ERM-interacting Rho/Cdc42-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor Dbl to the plasma membrane and to lipid raft microdomains requires the phosphorylated, active conformer of ezrin, which serves to tether the plasma membrane or its subdomains to the cytoskeleton. Together these data suggest a mechanism whereby precise spatial guanine nucleotide exchange of Cdc42 by Dbl is dependent on functional ERM proteins and is important for directional cell migration.
Fast Turnover of L1 Adhesions in Neuronal Growth Cones Involving Both Surface Diffusion and Exo/Endocytosis of L1 Molecules
Authors: Dequidt Caroline , Danglot Lydia , Alberts Philipp , Galli Thierry , Choquet Daniel , Thoumine Olivier
Published: May 2007

We investigated the interplay between surface trafficking and binding dynamics of the immunoglobulin cell adhesion molecule L1 at neuronal growth cones. Primary neurons were transfected with L1 constructs bearing thrombin-cleavable green fluorescent protein (GFP), allowing visualization of newly exocytosed L1 or labeling of membrane L1 molecules by Quantum dots. Intracellular L1–GFP vesicles showed preferential centrifugal motion, whereas surface L1–GFP diffused randomly, revealing two pathways to address L1 to adhesive sites. We triggered L1 adhesions using microspheres coated with L1–Fc protein or anti-L1 antibodies, manipulated by optical tweezers. Microspheres coupled to the actin retrograde flow at the growth cone periphery while recruiting L1–GFP molecules, of which 50% relied on exocytosis. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments revealed a rapid recycling of L1–GFP molecules at L1–Fc (but not anti-L1) bead contacts, attributed to a high lability of L1–L1 bonds at equilibrium. L1–GFP molecules truncated in the intracellular tail as well as neuronal cell adhesion molecules (NrCAMs) missing the clathrin adaptor binding sequence showed both little internalization and reduced turnover rates, indicating a role of endocytosis in the recycling of mature L1 contacts at the base of the growth cone. Thus, unlike for other molecules such as NrCAM or N-cadherin, diffusion/trapping and exo/endocytosis events cooperate to allow the fast renewal of L1 adhesions.
The Clathrin Adaptor Complex AP-1 Binds HIV-1 and MLV Gag and Facilitates Their Budding
Authors: Camus Grégory , Segura-Morales Carolina , Molle Dorothee , Lopez-Vergès Sandra , Begon-Pescia Christina , Cazevieille Chantal , Schu Peter , Bertrand Edouard , Berlioz-Torrent Clarisse , Basyuk Eugenia
Published: May 2007

Retroviral assembly is driven by Gag, and nascent viral particles escape cells by recruiting the machinery that forms intralumenal vesicles of multivesicular bodies. In this study, we show that the clathrin adaptor complex AP-1 is involved in retroviral release. The absence of AP-1μ obtained by genetic knock-out or by RNA interference reduces budding of murine leukemia virus (MLV) and HIV-1, leading to a delay of viral propagation in cell culture. In contrast, overexpression of AP-1μ enhances release of HIV-1 Gag. We show that the AP-1 complex facilitates retroviral budding through a direct interaction between the matrix and AP-1μ. Less MLV Gag is found associated with late endosomes in cells lacking AP-1, and our results suggest that AP-1 and AP-3 could function on the same pathway that leads to Gag release. In addition, we find that AP-1 interacts with Tsg101 and Nedd4.1, two cellular proteins known to be involved in HIV-1 and MLV budding. We propose that AP-1 promotes Gag release by transporting it to intracellular sites of active budding, and/or by facilitating its interactions with other cellular partners.
Plasma Membrane and Nuclear Localization of G Protein–coupled Receptor Kinase 6A
Authors: Jiang Xiaoshan , Benovic Jeffrey L. , Wedegaertner Philip B.
Published: May 2007

G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) kinases (GRKs) specifically phosphorylate agonist-occupied GPCRs at the inner surface of the plasma membrane (PM), leading to receptor desensitization. Here we show that the C-terminal 30 amino acids of GRK6A contain multiple elements that either promote or inhibit PM localization. Disruption of palmitoylation by individual mutation of cysteine 561, 562, or 565 or treatment of cells with 2-bromopalmitate shifts GRK6A from the PM to both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Likewise, disruption of the hydrophobic nature of a predicted amphipathic helix by mutation of two leucines to alanines at positions 551 and 552 causes a loss of PM localization. Moreover, acidic amino acids in the C-terminus appear to negatively regulate PM localization; mutational replacement of several acidic residues with neutral or basic residues rescues PM localization of a palmitoylation-defective GRK6A. Last, we characterize the novel nuclear localization, showing that nuclear export of nonpalmitoylated GRK6A is sensitive to leptomycin B and that GRK6A contains a potential nuclear localization signal. Our results suggest that the C-terminus of GRK6A contains a novel electrostatic palmitoyl switch in which acidic residues weaken the membrane-binding strength of the amphipathic helix, thus allowing changes in palmitoylation to regulate PM versus cytoplasmic/nuclear localization.