bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gestão dos recursos hídricos: estudo sobre práticas ambientais adotadas por uma indústria têxtil
Authors: Rodrigues Machado de Araujo Alessandra , Ferreira Luiz Felipe , Demarche Minatti Ferreira Denize
Published: January 2019

A expressão crise hídrica vem sendo utilizada para referir-se ao conjunto de acontecimentos que levam à escassez de água e ao risco de extensão desse problema para outras regiões. A gestão de recursos hídricos tem por finalidade equacionar e solucionar as situações de escassez e promover o uso de forma adequada em benefício dos seus usuários, o que possibilita as empresas benefícios não só ambientais como econômicos. Sendo assim, o presente estudo tem por objetivo diagnosticar a gestão dos recursos hídricos por meio de práticas ambientais em uma indústria têxtil catarinense. A metodologia quanto aos objetivos trata-se de explanatória, sendo que quanto à abordagem do problema, trata-se de qualitativa. Para atingir o objetivo, aplicou-se primeiro um questionário para ter-se conhecimento do motivo pelo qual a empresa adota práticas ambientais relacionadas à gestão dos recursos hídricos, em que dos 12 itens propostos, 41,67% foram avaliados no nível 4. Em seguida tem-se os níveis 5 e 2, que obtiveram o mesmo número de marcação, representando 25% cada. Por último, tem-se o nível 3, com 8,33%. Já com base no segundo questionário foi possível identificar as práticas ambientais relacionadas aos recursos hídricos no processo produtivo da indústria têxtil analisada, em que as análises demonstram que 52,94% dos itens propostos no questionário não são contemplados pela empresa. Conclui-se então a necessidade da adoção de mais práticas ambientais voltadas à gestão dos recursos hídricos.
Remoção biológica de nitrogênio associada à remoção físico-química do fósforo em um reator de lodo ativado operado sob baixa aeração.
Authors: Bueno Rodrigo de Freitas , Martins Bruno , Andreazzi Nayara Maturo , Campos Fábio
Published: January 2019

No presente trabalho foi avaliado o comportamento de uma unidade piloto de lodos ativados para o tratamento de esgoto sanitário sob a configuração de aeração prolongada de fluxo contínuo, operado com baixa concentração de oxigênio dissolvido no tanque de aeração, a fim de se obter a nitrificação e a desnitrificação simultânea (NDS). Adicionalmente foi avaliado a remoção de fósforo no sistema por meio da dosagem de coagulante (Cloreto Férrico) diretamente no tanque de aeração. Os resultados mostram que a adição do cloreto férrico melhora a qualidade do efluente final em termos de DQO, devido a melhor floculação biológica e como consequência melhor sedimentabilidade do lodo o que pode ser atrativa para processos com NDS. Em relação a remoção de nitrogênio os resultados mostram que é possível de se obter com o processo de NDS um efluente com baixas concentrações de amônia, que foi de 7,0 mgN-NH3-/L e nitrato de 4,0 mg N-NO3-/L. Em relação ao fósforo a dosagem de 170 mgFeCl3/L, apesar de elevada resultou em um efluente com concentrações menores que 1,5 mP/L, apesar da concentração ainda ser alta as dosagens podem ser ajustadas para obtenção de concentrações que atendam os limites recomendados de lançamento.
Sekteriske myter: Lokale diskussioner om historie og sekterisme i Bahrain
Authors: Fibiger Thomas
Published: January 2019

Denne artikel er baseret på antropologisk feltarbejde blandt især shiamuslimer i Bahrain. I Bahrain bliver fortællinger om forholdet mellem shia- og sunnimuslimer på forskellige tidspunkter i øens og den islamiske historie ofte fremhævet for at forklare og diskutere sekterisme og sekteriske relationer. Artiklen tager udgangspunkt i en særlig historie om sheik Muhammad Abu Ruman, hvis helgengrav er et yndet pilgrimsmål i nutidens Bahrain. Muhammad Abu Ruman er kendt for engang, ved hjælp af mirakler og Imam al-Mahdis mellemkomst, at have overbevist Bahrains sunnimuslimske regent om shiaislam som den rette islam. Historier som denne viser, hvordan sekteriske kategorier bringes i spil, men også, at de er til konstant forhandling og diskussion. Dermed bruges historiefortællinger også til at udvikle og perspektivere aktuelle sekteriske forhold.
Assessment of Robert Sweeny, Why Did We Choose to Industrialize? Montreal 1819–1849
Authors: MCPHERSON KATHRYN
Published: January 2019

In Robert Sweeny’s book Why Did We Choose to Industrialize?, changing gender relationships between women and men constitute one of the “tension-filled relationships” embroiled in Montreal’s transition to an industrial economy. My paper assesses the author’s success in mobilizing feminist scholarship in his analysis, both in terms of the book’s content and its form.
Comments on Alexia Yates’ Selling Paris: Property and Commercial Culture in the Fin-de-siècle Capital
Authors: Neumann Tracy
Published: January 2019

This comment is part of a roundtable on Alexia Yates’ book, Selling Paris: Property and Commercial Culture in the Fin-de-siècle Capital (Harvard University Press, 2015). In it, the author summarizes Yates’ argument, discusses her source base, and explains why historians whose interests lie beyond 19th century France should read the book.
Paris, Real Estate, and Histories of Capitalism
Authors: FITZ-GIBBON DESMOND
Published: January 2019

Selling Paris offers a superb inquiry into the particular institutions and agencies of late nineteenth-century French commercial real estate. This review assesses the contribution of the book in light of recent debates on the “history of capitalism” and argues that it addresses three important questions about the process of market formation, the qualities that make real estate so revealing of tensions within capitalist development, and the chronology of real estate markets and French urban development.
Parasitoid guild and parasitism rate of the obliquebanded leafroller in IPM orchards and adjacent woodlands
Authors: Tremblay Jacinthe , Cabrera Paula , Cormier Daniel , Brodeur Jacques , Lucas Éric
Published: January 2019

The obliquebanded leafroller (OBLR), Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) [Lepidoptera: Tortricidae], a primary pest in Quebec apple orchards, can be naturally parasitized. Knowing that habitats around crop’s peripheries are reservoirs for natural enemies of pests, the objective of the present investigation was to assess parasitism and parasitoid guild composition associated with the OBLR. The two-year study included orchards under integrated pest management, their edges, and adjacent woodlands. Parasitism was assessed using sentinel OBLR larvae and considered spring, early summer and late summer. Parasitism rates between regions with different vegetation composition were not significantly different. The first year, late summer larvae showed higher parasitism in orchards (27%), compared to edges (7%) and woodlands (11%). The following year, larvae exposed in early summer had higher parasitism rate in edges (28%) compared to orchards and woodlands (17% in both zones). Nineteen parasitoid species parasitized sentinel larvae. The tachinid Actia interrupta (Curran), the most abundant species, represented 28 and 62% of species the first and the second year respectively. Our research demonstrates that natural biological regulation of the OBLR is the result of a highly diversified parasitoid guild and this should be taken into account in any Integrated Pest Management program.
Interceptions and captures of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Quebec from 2008 to 2018
Authors: Chouinard Gérald , Larose Mikael , Légaré Jean-Philippe , Bourgeois Gaétan , Racette Gaétan , Barrette Maryse
Published: January 2019

The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), was monitored in southern Quebec through a network of 137 baited pyramid traps deployed in urban and rural habitats between 2014 and 2017. Overall, 73 adults and 9 nymphs were captured. The first capture in rural (an apple orchard) and in urban areas (in Montreal) were observed in 2016. In that same year, 87% of the 54 individuals (adults) caught in Montreal were from a single trap. Similarly in 2017, only two adults were captured in rural habitats and 87% of the 25 captures (16 adults and 9 nymphs) in urban habitats were from the same trap as in 2016. This trap was the only one in which nymphs of various stages were collected, which suggests population establishment in Montreal. Haplotyped specimens from this site (four adults and two nymphs) were all of the H1 haplotype. Over 40 interceptions and sightings by citizens during the period 2008-2018 are also reported.
Le droit de la Cour interaméricaine des droits de l’homme : une obligation moderne pour le Canada
Authors: Balcorta Mariana , Bélanger Pierre-Gilles
Published: January 2019

La Cour interaméricaine des droits de l’homme, lorsqu’elle est évoquée, n’a pas fait l’objet d’une évaluation juste au cours des dernières années dans les forums juridiques et politiques canadiens. Elle a été étiquetée comme étant de low standards, une « cour des pauvres », une « cour des pays du Sud » et une « cour des autres ». Pourtant, pendant les dernières années, malgré ses ressources limitées, elle s’est révélée être parmi les grandes cours supérieures du monde en matière de droits de la personne. Créant des principes complexes, s’appuyant sur des notions universelles longtemps débattues, elle s’est positionnée comme un phare des droits de l’homme devant les cours nationales, non seulement des pays membres assujettis à la Convention américaine relative aux droits de l’homme, mais également de tous les pays dont l’ordre juridique intègre des normes universelles en matière de droits de la personne. La Cour a établi des normes dans divers domaines, a donné une couleur et une signification tangibles à des droits bien souvent trop théoriques et a élevé la barre des droits de la personne à la grandeur des Amériques, faisant aujourd’hui d’elle, de la Convention et de ses protocoles des incontournables dans la compréhension de ces droits. Toutefois, à ce jour, le Canada n’a pas adhéré à la Convention américaine relative aux droits de l’homme. Le présent article expose les principales raisons de ce fait et termine en illustrant les apports que l’adhésion aurait sur la situation des femmes au Canada. Le droit canadien, quoique bien développé, bénéficierait grandement de protections additionnelles dans les situations de violations fondamentales des droits de la personne. Lorsqu’il s’agit d’interpréter et d’appliquer les normes juridiques en matière de droits de l’homme, nos tribunaux ne peuvent continuer à être privés des principes et règles sous-jacents aux droits universels qu’intègre et protège la Convention dans le système juridique interaméricain. L’influence qu’ont la politique, l’économie, voire la géographie, sur l’interprétation et l’application ne peut continuer à être passée sous silence. L’affirmation d’une unité en la matière au sein des Amériques est essentielle pour légitimer l’action gouvernementale dans une démocratie moderne, telle qu’elle existe au Canada.
La valeur de l’erreur dans l’Histoire d’une Grecque moderne de Prévost
Authors: Faulot Audrey
Published: January 2019

Les romans-mémoires, genre particulièrement en vogue en France dans le premier xviiie siècle, ont la particularité de faire parler un narrateur témoin de sa propre histoire. La valeur du témoignage proposé au lecteur repose alors sur l’articulation entre l’implication du mémorialiste et la prise de distance temporelle et réflexive rendue possible par les caractéristiques narratives du genre. Dans l’Histoire d’une Grecque moderne (1740) cependant, le mémorialiste, qui raconte une de ses « erreurs » – une passion hors norme –, insiste volontiers sur la précarité et les biais qui altèrent son témoignage. L’Histoire d’une Grecque moderne participe ainsi d’un changement d’horizon heuristique du témoignage : à mesure qu’il perd son rôle dans l’élaboration de la vérité, le témoignage se constitue en autre objet de connaissance, susceptible de ne plus délivrer un savoir que sur le témoin lui-même. Nous nous proposons dans cet article d’étudier les conséquences éthico-narratives de ce nouveau régime de l’erreur.
Poétique de l’épistolarité romanesque dans l’oeuvre de Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont1
Authors: Vanacker Beatrijs
Published: January 2019

Au sein de son oeuvre impressionnante, le rôle de Beaumont romancière, peu étudié jusqu’à présent, se déduit d’une importante série de romans publiés à des moments-clés de sa carrière. Dans ce parcours, c’est bien la période 1765-1767 (entre le Magasin des Jeunes Dames [1764] et le Magasin des Pauvres [1768]) qui marque l’intérêt de l’auteure pour la fiction romanesque. Pendant ces trois ans, Leprince de Beaumont publie autant de romans, à savoir Lettres d’Émérance à Lucie (1765), Mémoires de Mme la Baronne de Batteville (1766) et La nouvelle Clarice, histoire véritable (1767). Dans cette architecture romanesque en trois étapes, la cohérence interne est en large mesure assurée par la récurrence de passages de « lecture performante », qui servent de marqueurs intradiégétiques d’un projet de mise en récit fictionnelle. De ce fait, Leprince de Beaumont se montre d’une part une observatrice perspicace des stratégies narratives en vigueur à son époque, à travers sa mise en oeuvre d’un processus de négociation fictionnelle qui prépare et légitime la publication à proprement parler. Mais chez Leprince de Beaumont, la scénographie légitimante s’intègre en outre dans une poétique romanesque à forte orientation didactique. Les nombreuses scènes de lecture, que l’auteure prend soin d’attribuer à des héroïnes-narratrices exemplaires, marquent en même temps l’empreinte d’un programme éducatif qui passe outre le registre purement romanesque. En effet, si les rédactrices en question se décident à rédiger et faire circuler les récits de vie de leurs correspondant(e)s, Leprince de Beaumont les fait bien insister sur la logique d’édification qui justifie ce passage d’histoire privée à récit public. Dans sa capacité de prêter la voix au(x) lectrice(s)-romancières intradiégétique(s), le mode épistolaire s’avère ainsi particulièrement propice aux enjeux didactiques de Leprince de Beaumont romancière.
Detection of environmental DNA of the invasive red-eared slider in ponds for evaluating their distribution with comparison to water quality
Authors: Kakuda Aozora , Doi Hideyuki , Souma Rio , Nagano Mariko , Minamoto Toshifumi , Katano Izumi
Published: January 2019

Environmental DNA (eDNA) is a powerful tool for monitoring the distribution of aquatic macro-organisms. However, environmental factors, including the water temperature and water quality, can affect the inhibition and/or degradation of eDNA, which prevents accurate estimations of eDNA concentrations and the detection of the presence/absence of species in natural habitats. Also, very few eDNA studies have been conducted for reptiles, especially with respect to estimating their biomass and/or abundances. Here we examined the relationship between the visually-observed number of red-eared sliders (Trachemys scriptaelegans) and the eDNA concentrations. Additionally, we evaluated the effect of water quality on the eDNA concentration in 100 ponds. We found that there was a significant positive correlation between the observed number of red-eared sliders and the eDNA concentration in the ponds. On comparing various water quality indicators, including dissolved nitrogen, dissolved phosphorous, organic matter, and chlorophyll a (Chl. a), we found that only Chl. a had a negative correlation with the red-eared slider eDNA concentration, while we did not find any inhibitions in the quantitative PCR. We conclude that concentrations of eDNA can potentially be used for estimating the abundance of the red-eared slider. Additionally, Chl. a might indirectly influence the degradation of eDNA through the microorganisms bonded to the phytoplankton in the ponds, which microbial activity thought to be decreasing eDNA.
Uncertain Seasons in the El Niño Continent: Local and Global Views
Authors: Robin Libby
Published: January 2019

As global climate change shifts seasonal patterns, local and uncertain seasons of Australia have global relevance. Australia’s literature tracks extreme local weather events, exploring ‘slow catastrophes’ and ‘endurance.’ Humanists can change public policy in times when stress is a state of life, by reflecting on the psyches of individuals, rather than the patterns of the state. ‘Probable’ futures, generated by mathematical models that predict nature and economics, have little to say about living with extreme weather. Hope is not easily modelled. The frameworks that enable hopeful futures are qualitatively different. They can explore the unimaginable by offering an ‘interior apprehension.’
The “Cultural Landscape” of Australia in Bush Ballads: Slim Dusty’s Aussie Sing Song
Authors: Kosecki Krzysztof
Published: January 2019

The concept of the “cultural landscape” designates tangible and intangible elements of human activity, such as the natural environment, material culture, values, behaviours, and language (Taylor 2008, 6; Taylor and Lennon 2011, 538–540; Wierzbicka 1997, 201). These themes are all present in Australian bush ballads – a literary and folk genre that reflects the country’s unique heritage and way of life in simple artistic forms. Slim Dusty’s Aussie Sing Song (1962) – a representative selection of ballads – depicts Australia’s fauna and flora, the Aborigines, the beginnings of European settlement, the economy, the Great Outback, and the social role of drinking beer. The popular texts contain condensed and vivid images of the country’s culture.
Scaling Colonial Violence: One Day Celebrations in Fremantle, WA
Authors: Kruk-Buchowska Zuzanna
Published: January 2019

The aim of this paper is to analyse the Fremantle City Council’s decision to celebrate One Day on January 28th 2017 instead of the usual Australia Day on January 26th, as well as the ensuing media debate between its supporters and opponents, especially Noongar leaders and WA Government. The discourse is examined in the context of the disruption of colonial violence. The City of Fremantle, as a place, itself serves as a point of reference for the analysis. Although today Fremantle is often perceived as a “progressive island” in a largely conservative Western Australia, the Fremantle prison and nearby Rottnest Island are stark reminders of the maltreatment of the Whadjuk people after the formation of the Swan River Colony in 1829.
Age-related differences in flexibility in soccer players 8–19 years old
Authors: Cejudo Antonio , Robles-Palazón Francisco Javier , Ayala Francisco , De Ste Croix Mark , Ortega-Toro Enrique , Santonja-Medina Fernando , Sainz de Baranda Pilar
Published: January 2019

Background

Muscle flexibility is a main component of health-related fitness and one of the basic components of fitness for the performance in some sports. Sport and health professionals require the flexibility profile of soccer to define quantitative aims in the training of flexibility. The aim of this study was to identify age-related differences in lower extremity flexibility in youth soccer players.

Methods

Seventy-two young male soccer players (age: 13.0 ± 3.1 y; body mass: 50.5 ± 15.3 kg; stature 158.2 ± 16.8 cm; BMI: 19.6 ± 2.6 kg/m2) completed this study. Measures of eleven passive hip (hip extension (HE), hip adduction with hip flexed 90°(HAD-HF90°), hip flexion with knee flexed (HF-KF) and extended (HF-KE), hip abduction with hip neutral (HAB) and hip flexed 90°(HAB-HF90°), hip external (HER) and internal (HIR) rotation), knee (knee flexion (KF)) and ankle dorsiflexion (ankle dorsiflexion with knee flexed (ADF-KF) and extended (ADF-KE)) ranges of motion (ROM) were taken. Descriptive statistics were calculated for hip, knee and ankle ROM measured separately by leg (dominant and non-dominant) and age-group (U10, U12, U14, U16 and U19). The data was analysed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to examine the interaction of 11 ROM in the different players’ age-group.

Results

Generally, U10 and/or U12 soccer players obtain the highest mean value in almost all ROM evaluated (U10: HAD-HF [39.6° ± 4.3°], ADF-KE [32.3° ± 4.1°], HER [63.5° ± 5.6°] and HAB-HF90°[64.1° ± 7.5°]; U12: HE [17.7° ± 6.2°], HAB [35.6° ± 3.0], HIR [60.8° ± 4.7°] and KF [133.8° ± 7.1°]). Nonetheless, significant differences between the players’ age-groups are just found in HAD-HF90°(p = .042; ES = .136), HAB (p = .001; ES = .252), HIR (p = .001; ES = .251), HER (p < .001; ES = .321) and HAB-HF90°(p < .001; ES = .376) ROM, showing a progressive and irregular decrease in these ROM until the U19 team.

Conclusion

The findings of this study reinforce the necessity of prescribing exercises aimed at improving HAD-HF90°  ROM in U16, HAB ROM in U14, HIR ROM in U16 and U19, HER ROM in U12 and U19, and HAB-HF90°  ROM in U16 and U19 players within everyday soccer training routines.
Inhibition of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) delays liver fibrosis in a medaka model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
Authors: Goto Ryo , Kamimura Kenya , Shinagawa‐Kobayashi Yoko , Sakai Norihiro , Nagoya Takuro , Niwa Yusuke , Ko Masayoshi , Ogawa Kohei , Inoue Ryosuke , Yokoo Takeshi , Sakamaki Akira , Kamimura Hiroteru , Abe Satoshi , Nishina Hiroshi , Terai Shuji
Published: January 2019

The rise in the incidence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has necessitated the development of an effective prevention methodology. An antidiabetic drug, belonging to the group of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, has been tested for its therapeutic effect on NASH; however, no studies to date have demonstrated the preventive effect of an SGLT2 inhibitor on the histological progression of steatosis and fibrosis in a sequential manner in animal models. In the present study, we examined the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor, tofogliflozin (Tofo), on NASH liver tissue using medaka as an animal model, maintaining a feeding amount and drug concentration in all animal bodies. We generated a medaka NASH model by feeding d‐rR/Tokyo medaka a high‐fat diet and administered Tofo by dissolving the drug directly in the water of the feeding tank. Thereafter, the effects of Tofo on body weight (BW), liver weight, hepatotoxicity, fatty infiltration, and fibrotic changes in the liver were examined. We report here that SGLT2 is expressed in medaka fish and that Tofo inhibits the accumulation of fatty tissue and delays the progression of liver fibrosis in the medaka NASH model by inhibiting increases in blood sugar, serum lipids, and transaminase, irrespective of changes in BW. These results suggest that Tofo is effective for treating NASH and that the medaka model may be useful for developing new therapeutic drugs for this disease.
Trait aggressiveness predicting aggressive behavior: The moderating role of meta‐cognitive certainty
Authors: Santos David , Briñol Pablo , Petty Richard E. , Gandarillas Beatriz , Mateos Rafael
Published: January 2019

Research on aggression has benefitted from using individual‐difference measures to predict aggressive behavior. Research on meta‐cognition has recently identified that the predictive utility of individual‐difference inventories can be improved by considering the certainty with which people hold their self‐views. Merging these two frameworks, the present research examines whether assessing certainty in trait aggressiveness improves its ability to predict aggressive outcomes. Across two studies, participants reported their level of trait physical aggressiveness and the certainty with which they held their responses to the scale (predictor variables). Aggressive behavioral intentions (Study 1 and 2) and actual aggressive behavior (Study 2) were used as dependent measures. As hypothesized, results indicated that certainty moderated the effects of individual‐differences in aggressiveness on both aggressive outcomes. Therefore, considering the certainty with which people hold their relevant traits can be useful for understanding aggression, and also for predicting the consistency between personality and behavior.
Sequential Organozinc Formation and Negishi Cross‐Coupling of Amides Catalysed by Cobalt Salt
Authors: Dorval Céline , Dubois Elodie , Bourne‐Branchu Yann , Gosmini Corinne , Danoun Grégory
Published: January 2019

Herein, a cobalt‐catalysed Negishi‐type cross‐coupling of amide derivatives is described. Apart from being the first example of cobalt‐catalysed Negishi‐type coupling of amides, the process described employs a unique, simple, and cheap catalytic system to perform both the organozinc formation and the Negishi‐type coupling. Indeed, the same cobalt(II) bromide salt used to form the arylzinc species from aryl bromides is then re‐used to perform the cross coupling of this resulting arylzinc with N‐benzoyl glutarimides at room temperature. The main advantages of the reaction presented are its robustness and ease of use. Indeed, the reactions of organozinc formation and Negishi‐type coupling are performed without precautions toward water or oxygen.

magnified image
Trifluoroacetic Acid Catalyzed Cascade Reactions of 2,3‐Diketoesters with Cyclohexane‐1,3‐diones: Strategy Towards 4‐Hydroxybenzofuran Derivatives
Authors: Sha Qiang , Liu Haixuan , Li Yuan
Published: January 2019

An efficient trifluoroacetic acid catalyzed cascade reaction of 2,3‐diketoesters with cyclohexane‐1,3‐diones is described for the synthesis of a series of 4‐hydroxybenzofurans. This simple protocol has the advantages of easy operation, readily available starting materials, good functional group tolerance, and easily scale‐up. Subsequent derivatization of the 4‐hydroxybenzofurans provides a reasonable route to access highly functionalized benzofurans.

magnified image
Modulation of Glutathione Levels by Redox‐Active Nanogel Carriers for the Synergistic Enhancement of Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Zhang Zi‐Hao , Ding Yu‐Xue , Li Yong‐Jing , Wu Pan , Guo Jia , Wang Chang‐Chun
Published: January 2019

The therapeutic efficiency of commonly used photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy (PDT) remains far from satisfactory in clinical trials due to the redox regulation mechanisms of cancer cells, which eliminates the generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) prior to their antitumor activity. Herein, a novel pathway to greatly enhance the efficiency of PDT is proposed through an intracellular reaction that occurs in composite nanogels with Fe3O4 nanoclusters in their core and disulfide‐crosslinked phosphorylcholines in their shell. These redox‐active nanogels are able to downregulate the endogenous glutathione (GSH) levels via a thiol‐disulfide exchange reaction, which results in the preferential accumulation of cytotoxic ROS generated by the encapsulated photosensitizer (Chlorine 6) for cell apoptosis and tumor‐growth inhibition. In addition to disulfide‐assisted PDT, the composite nanogel exhibits improved cellular uptake, circulation time, targeted distribution, intracellular degradation, and selective toxicity, which provides great promise for the use of these nanogels as a simple, safe, and effective cancer treatment.
Tumor Microenvironment‐Triggered Aggregated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Reinforced Image‐Guided Immunogenic Chemotherapy
Authors: Chen Qinjun , Liu Lisha , Lu Yifei , Chen Xinli , Zhang Yujie , Zhou Wenxi , Guo Qin , Li Chao , Zhang Yiwen , Zhang Yu , Liang Donghui , Sun Tao , Jiang Chen
Published: January 2019

Anticancer therapies, which can induce cell death and elevate antitumor immune response in the meantime, are considered as effective treatments for many types of cancers. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) induced by chemodrugs is a promising and typical strategy to achieve cell cytotoxicity and immunological enhancement together. However, due to the low level of ICD induction and less tumor‐targeting accumulation, application of traditional ICD inducers is limited. Here, tumor‐targeting core–shell magnetic nanoparticles (ETP‐PtFeNP:α‐enolase targeting peptide modified Pt‐prodrug loaded Fe3O4 nanoparticles) are developed to reinforce ICD induction of loaded‐oxaliplatin (IV) prodrug. After tumor‐targeting accumulation and endocytosis, platinum (IV) complexes are activated by intracellular reductive elimination to yield and release the Pt (II) congener, oxaliplatin, leading to DNA lesions and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Simultaneously, in‐progress‐released ferric ions elicit highly toxic ROS (·OH or ·OOH) burst and interfere with the intracytoplasmic redox balance (like endoplasmic reticulum stress), leading to ICD‐associated immunogenicity enhancement and specific antitumor immune responses to kill the tumor cells synergistically. Meanwhile, the transverse relaxation rate R
2 of ETP‐PtFeNP is remarkably increased by more than three times while triggered by reductant, suggesting ETP‐PtFeNP a high‐sensitivity T
2 contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging.
Perceptions Among Child Welfare Staff when Modifying A Child Mental Health Intervention to be Implemented in Child Welfare Services
Authors: Gopalan Geetha , Hooley Cole , Winters Andrew , Stephens Tricia
Published: January 2019

In order to increase access to child mental health evidence‐based interventions (EBIs) for vulnerable and hard‐to‐engage families involved in the child welfare (CW) system, innovative approaches coupled with input from service providers are needed. One potential solution involves utilizing task‐shifting strategies and implementation science theoretical frameworks to implement such EBIs in CW settings. This study examined perceptions among CW staff who were members of a collaborative advisory board involved in the implementation of the 4Rs and 2Ss Strengthening Families Program (4R2S) in CW placement prevention settings, utilizing task‐shifting strategies and the Practical, Robust, Implementation, and Sustainability Model. Advisory board members reported difficulties in engaging families, heavy workloads, and conflicting implementation initiatives. While 4R2S was perceived as generally aligned with their organization's mission, modifications to the intervention and to agency procedures were recommended to promote implementation success. Suggested modifications to the existing 4R2S training and supervision are discussed. Findings underscore the importance of understanding the experiences of CW service providers, which can inform future efforts to implement child mental health EBIs in CW services.
Pathways linking caesarean delivery to early health in a dual burden context: Immune development and the gut microbiome in infants and children from Galápagos, Ecuador
Authors: Thompson Amanda L. , Houck Kelly M. , Jahnke Johanna R.
Published: January 2019

Objectives

Global increases in caesarean deliveries are exposing more infants to perinatal environments that are evolutionarily novel and potentially increasing their risks for inflammatory conditions. Yet, the pathways linking caesareans to later health outcomes are not well understood, particularly in dual burden contexts. We test two of the hypothesized pathways, altered immune function and gut microbiota, which may link delivery mode to later health outcomes and test whether these associations persist when controlling for postnatal nutritional and pathogenic exposures.

Methods

Data come from infants, aged 0 to 2 (n = 41), and young children, aged 2 to 11 (n = 135), from the Galápagos, Ecuador. Differences in morbidity, C‐reactive protein (CRP), and gut microbiota by delivery type were tested using linear and logistic regression models adjusted for nutritional and pathogenic exposures and infant age.

Results

Over half of infants and over 40% of children were delivered by caesarean. Morbidity and CRP did not differ between infants or children born by caesarean or vaginally. Microbial taxa abundance differed by delivery mode. Infants born by caesarean had a higher abundance of Firmicutes and a lower relative abundance of Bacteroidales. Children born by caesarean had a higher abundance of Proteobacteria and Enterobacteriales. These differences remained after adjustment for environmental exposure.

Conclusions

Caesarean delivery is associated with differences in gut microbiota across childhood even in this dual burden context. Our results highlight the importance of examining caesarean delivery across diverse contexts to better understand the impact of perinatal interventions on short‐ and longer‐term health outcomes.
Twenty‐four‐hour motor activity and body temperature patterns suggest altered central circadian timekeeping in Smith–Magenis syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder
Authors: Smith Ann C. M. , Morse Rebecca S. , Introne Wendy , Duncan Wallace C.
Published: January 2019

Smith–Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a contiguous gene syndrome linked to interstitial microdeletion, or mutation ofRAI1, within chromosome 17p11.2. Key behavioral features of SMS include intellectual disability, sleep‐disturbances, maladaptive, aggressive and self‐injurious behaviors, hyperactivity, and sudden changes in mood. A distinguishing feature of this syndrome is an inverted pattern of melatonin characterized by elevated daytime and low nighttime melatonin levels. As the central circadian clock controls the 24‐hr rhythm of melatonin, we hypothesized that the clock itself may contribute to the disrupted pattern of melatonin and sleep. In this report, 24‐hr patterns of body temperature, a surrogate marker of clock‐timing, and continuous wrist activity were collected to examine the links between body temperature, sleep behavior, and the circadian clock. In addition, age‐dependent changes in sleep behavior were explored. Actigraphy‐estimated sleep time for SMS was 1 hr less than expected across all ages studied. The timing of the 24‐hr body temperature (Tb‐24) rhythm was phase advanced, but not inverted. Compared to sibling (SIB) controls, the SMS group had less total night sleep, lower sleep efficiency, earlier sleep onset, earlier final awake times, increased waking after sleep onset (WASO), and increased daytime nap duration. The timing of wake onset varied with age, providing evidence of ongoing developmental sleep changes from childhood through adolescence. Clarification of the circadian and developmental factors that contribute to the disrupted and variable sleep patterns in this syndrome will be helpful in identifying more effective individualized treatments.
Salen‐Manganese Complexes and their Application in the Ring‐Opening Polymerization of Lactide and ϵ‐Caprolactone
Authors: Yang Zhenjie , Hu Chenyang , Duan Ranlong , Sun Zhiqiang , Zhang Han , Pang Xuan , Li Lili
Published: January 2019

Efficiency and sustainability are of vital concern to the polymer industry. Ring‐opening polymerizations (ROP) of lactide (LA) and ϵ‐caprolactone (ϵ‐CL) producing biodegradable polymers polylactide (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) were widely researched. Owing to their abundance and non‐toxicity, manganese catalysts are a very good choice. A group of salen manganese (III) complexes were synthesized. Their catalytic activity in the ROP of LA and ϵ‐CL in propylene oxide (PO) was. Under activation of PO, manganese complexes could efficiently mediate the ROP of LA and ϵ‐CL. The molecular weight distributions could be controlled well. The influence of the bridging part and substitutions were fully discussed. Surprisingly, chlorine substituents showed a negative effect on catalytic activity. The analog computation results indicated that the metal center of 7 a did not become more electron‐deficient. By switching the ligand backbone and substituents, the configuration of polylactide (PLA) turned from slight isotactic to slight heterotactic.
Copper‐Promoted Aryldifluoromethylenation of N‐Arylacrylamides to 3‐Benzo‐diazolyldifluoromethylene‐Substituted 2‐Oxindoles
Authors: Zhang Tiantian , Chen Bo , Wang Wei , Zhang Qian , Wang Pingyang , Wan Wen , Deng Hongmei , Hao Jian , Jiang Haizhen
Published: January 2019

An efficient and facile method of copper‐promoted aryldifluoromethylenation of N‐arylacrylamides was developed through a cascade process of in‐situ generated benzo‐1,3‐diazolic (oxa‐ and thia‐) difluoromethylene radicals added to the C−C double bond of N‐arylacrylamide, and then intramolecular cyclization. The protocol enables an efficient access to various functionalized and biologically important 3‐benzo‐diazolyldifluoromethylene‐substituted 2‐oxindoles under mild reaction conditions.
Amino acid 15N analysis reveals change in the importance of freshwater resources between the hunter‐gatherer and farmer in the Neolithic upper Tigris
Authors: Itahashi Yu , Erdal Yilmaz Selim , Tekin Halil , Omar Lubna , Miyake Yutaka , Chikaraishi Yoshito , Ohkouchi Naohiko , Yoneda Minoru
Published: January 2019

Objective

The inhabitants of several sites in the Upper Tigris Valley, such as Hakemi Use, domesticated animals and cereals during the Pottery Neolithic period, while the inhabitants in this valley were hunter–gatherers in the Pre‐Pottery Neolithic period, consuming freshwater and terrestrial food resources. However, there is considerable uncertainty surrounding whether or not changes in dietary food composition accompanied the shift in food production away from foraging. In order to reveal the impact of the development of agriculture on the human diet over the Pre‐Pottery and Pottery Neolithic periods in this region, we analyzed the isotopic compositions of amino acids from the farmers at the Hakemi Use Pottery Neolithic site, and compared them with those from the Pre‐Pottery hunter–gatherers in the close region.

Materials and Methods

Herein, we report the nitrogen isotopic compositions of amino acids, as well as both carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of bulk collagen, from human and faunal remains collected from Hakemi Use.

Results

Whereas freshwater resources were consumed by hunter–gatherers in this region during the Pre‐Pottery period, the δ15N values of glutamic acid (δ15NGlu) and phenylalanine (δ15NPhe) suggest that freshwater food resources were rarely consumed by inhabitants following the development of agriculture.

Discussion

Despite living in similar settings by the Tigris as its inhabitants during the Pre‐Pottery period, the farmers of the Pottery Neolithic period depended less on freshwater resources for their diets relative to the hunter–gatherers of the Pre‐Pottery Neolithic period.
The genetic legacy of the Yaghnobis: A witness of an ancient Eurasian ancestry in the historically reshuffled central Asian gene pool
Authors: Cilli Elisabetta , Sarno Stefania , Gnecchi Ruscone Guido Alberto , Serventi Patrizia , De Fanti Sara , Delaini Paolo , Ognibene Paolo , Basello Gian Pietro , Ravegnini Gloria , Angelini Sabrina , Ferri Gianmarco , Gentilini Davide , Di Blasio Anna Maria , Pelotti Susi , Pettener Davide , Sazzini Marco , Panaino Antonio , Luiselli Donata , Gruppioni Giorgio
Published: January 2019

Objectives

The Yaghnobis are an ethno‐linguistic minority historically settled along the Yaghnob River in the Upper‐Zarafshan Valley in Tajikistan. They speak a language of Old Sogdian origin, which is the only present‐day witness of the Lingua Franca used along the Silk Road in Late Antiquity. The aim of this study was to reconstruct the genetic history of this community in order to shed light on its isolation and genetic ancestry within the Euro‐Asiatic context.

Materials and Methods

A total of 100 DNA samples were collected in the Yaghnob and Matcha Valleys during several expeditions and their mitochondrial, Y‐chromosome and autosomal genome‐wide variation were compared with that from a large set of modern and ancient Euro‐Asiatic samples.

Results

Findings from uniparental markers highlighted the long‐term isolation of the Yaghnobis. Mitochondrial DNA ancestry traced an ancient link with Middle Eastern populations, whereas Y‐chromosome legacy showed more tight relationships with Central Asians. Admixture, outgroup‐f3, and D‐statistics computed on autosomal variation corroborated Y‐chromosome evidence, pointing respectively to low Anatolian Neolithic and high Steppe ancestry proportions in Yaghnobis, and to their closer affinity with Tajiks than to Iranians.

Discussion

Although the Yaghnobis do not show evident signs of recent admixture, they could be considered a modern proxy for the source of gene flow for many Central Asian and Middle Eastern groups. Accordingly, they seem to retain a peculiar genomic ancestry probably ascribable to an ancient gene pool originally wide spread across a vast area and subsequently reshuffled by distinct demographic events occurred in Middle East and Central Asia.
Photoredox‐Coupled F‐Nucleophilic Addition: Allylation of gem‐Difluoroalkenes
Authors: Liu Haidong , Ge Liang , Wang Ding‐Xing , Chen Nan , Feng Chao
Published: January 2019

A novel strategy for the expedient construction of CF3‐embeded tertiary/quarternary carbon centers was developed by taking advantage of photoredox catalysis. Thanks to a key step of single‐electron oxidation, electron‐rich gem‐difluoroalkenes, which otherwise are essentially reluctant towards F‐nucleoplilic addition, now readily participate in this fluoroallylation reaction. Furthermore, this strategy provides an elegant example for the generation, as well as functionalization, of α‐CF3‐substituted benzylic radical intermediates using cheap and readily available starting materials.
Alkyllithium Compounds Bearing Electrophilic Functional Groups: A Flash Chemistry Approach
Authors: Nagaki Aiichiro , Yamashita Hiroki , Hirose Katsuyuki , Tsuchihashi Yuta , Yoshida Jun‐ichi
Published: January 2019

Flash chemistry based on flow microreactor systems allowed alkyllithiums bearing electrophilic functional groups to be successfully generated and used for subsequent reactions. The series of reactions with high reactivity was achieved by extremely accurate control over residence time in a controlled and selective manner.
Self‐Assembly of Saturated and Unsaturated Phosphatidylcholine in Mineral and Vegetable Oils
Authors: Martínez‐Ávila Mariana , De la Peña‐Gil Anaid , Álvarez‐Mitre Flor M. , Charó‐Alonso Miriam A. , Toro‐Vazquez Jorge F.
Published: January 2019

We studied the molecular self‐assembly of commercial and pure‐saturated and pure‐unsaturated phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) in vegetable (VO) and mineral (MO) oils. The PtdCho self‐assembly was monitored through rheology, differential scanning calorimtery (DSC), and polarized light microscopy. The results showed that in the presence of just the constituent water, the PtdCho self‐assembly occurred through the formation of a “liquid structure” stabilized by electrostatic interactions. The DSC measurements did not evidence the development of the “liquid structure.” However, the phase shift angle (δ) measured by rheology closely followed the PtdCho self‐assembly in both oils. The kinetics of the PtdCho self‐assembly and the crystal habit developed depended on the PtdCho solubility in the oil, the PtdCho purity, and the extent of unsaturation. Thus, the saturated PtdCho crystallized in the VO developing an organization of intertwined crystals that resulted in organogels with a true‐gel behavior (G′ of 12.2 × 105 to 16 × 105 Pa). In the MO, the saturated PtdCho crystallized in smaller microstructures developing organogels with higher G′, particularly with the commercial PtdCho (i.e., G′ of 32 × 105 Pa). With the unsaturated PtdCho, the presence of cis unsaturations favored the formation of inverted micelles in the VO and MO organogels. Thus, in contrast to the saturated PtdCho organogels, the unsaturated PtdCho organogels had lower G′ (30 × 102 to 45 × 102 Pa) with a gel‐like behavior.
The Effects of Variety, Growing Region, and Drought Stress on Fatty Acid and Sterol Compositions of California Olive Oil
Authors: Li Xueqi , Flynn Jon D. , Wang Selina C.
Published: January 2019

A total of 297 single‐varietal olive oil samples collected from four California regions (Central Valley, Wine Country, South Coast, and Desert) were analyzed on the fatty acid (FA) and sterol compositions between 2010 and 2017. Significantly higher amounts of palmitic acid (PAM), palmitoleic acid, and total sterols were detected in varieties including Arbequina, Arbosana, Picual, Leccino, and Koroneiki from the Desert region. Two super‐high density varieties Arbequina and Koroneiki from the Desert region had a significantly higher campesterol content (5.3 ± 0.2 and 4.7 ± 0.1%, respectively) compared to the same varieties from the Wine Country and the South Coast, not meeting the limit of the existing California olive oil standards [Correction added on 8 March 2019 after first online publication: the preceding sentence has been updated to reflect the correct campesterol content.]. The impact of severe droughts in California during late 2011 and 2014 on the major FA and sterol compositions of California olive oil was also analyzed. Multivariate chemometrical tools, one‐way ANOVA and principle component analysis (PCA), confirmed the significant differences between samples from the Desert region and other growing regions among several varieties and achieved desirable segregation on the PCA biplots for variety‐region classification. This study demonstrates a feasible approach of olive oil composition database establishment for new olive‐growing regions; the proposed chemometrical method can be used to characterize unknown variety of olive oils produced from different regions in California; and the collected FA and sterols data provide information for revision recommendations to the current olive oil standards.
Recent Progress in Stretchable Batteries for Wearable Electronics
Authors: Song Woo‐Jin , Yoo Seungmin , Song Gyujin , Lee Sangyeop , Kong Minsik , Rim Jaehyun , Jeong Unyong , Park Soojin
Published: January 2019

With the rapidly approaching implementation of wearable electronic devices such as implantable devices, stretchable sensors, and healthcare devices, stretchable power sources have aroused worldwide attention as a key component in this emerging field. Among stretchable power sources, batteries, which store electrical energy through redox reactions during charge/discharge processes, are an attractive candidate because of their high energy density, high output voltage, and long‐term stability. In recent years, extensive efforts have been devoted to developing new materials and innovative structural designs for stretchable batteries. This review covers the latest advances in stretchable batteries, focusing on advanced stretchable materials and their design strategies. First, we provide a detailed overview of the materials aspects of components in a stretchable battery, including electrode materials, solid‐state electrolytes, and stretchable separator membranes. Second, we provide an overview on various structural engineering strategies to impart stretchability to batteries (i. e., wavy/buckling structures, island‐bridge structures, and origami/kirigami structures). Third, we summarize recently reported developments in stretchable batteries based on various chemistries, including Li‐based batteries, multivalent‐based batteries, and metal‐air batteries. Finally, we discuss the future perspectives and remaining challenges toward the practical application of stretchable batteries with reliable mechanical robustness and stable electrochemical performance under a physical strain.