bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Innovation is a need or a tool to survive the competition : A study on the perception of rural MSMEs towards the adoption of innovation
Authors: Kumar Anuj , Ahmed Shafique , Sur Samiran , Puli Jayasri , Gupta Nimit
Published: May 2023

Business innovation is becoming an imperative feature of both growth and survival of MSMEs. This paper explores the importance of choice, need, or government intervention towards the adoption of innovation in rural MSMEs. It addresses the fundamental understanding-implementation vacuum of innovation. The study was accomplished through a survey of 453 rural MSMEs. The analysis was conducted through Principal Components Analysis (PCA) using SPSS and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) using AMOS. The results showed that rural MSMEs depended heavily on government intervention for adopting innovation in uplifting their business. Following others is the standard norm in rural MSMEs. Innovation becomes the last choice when the urgency to revamp their business comes up. The research results present empirical inference for the government, academicians, research bodies and scholars, as they can be encouraged to find out the means to change the perception towards innovation by educating them and giving them all support.
enfermagem na atenção à saúde da mulher vítima de violência doméstica: revisão integrativa
Authors: Ribeiro Figueira Joana Nágila , Carneiro Araújo Antônia Vitória Elayne , Miranda de Abreu Aline , Gonçalves da Silva Isaac , Silva Taynara Laís , Azevedo de Araujo Thalis Kennedy , Araújo Maranhão Thatiana
Published: May 2023

Objetivo: analisar a situação de mulheres vítimas de violência doméstica ao entrarem no serviço de atenção à saúde, bem como identificar o papel da equipe de enfermagem nas estratégias de enfrentamento, no atendimento qualificado e na superação das dificuldades no cuidado. Método: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura científica efetuada mediante artigos publicados de janeiro de 2011 a julho de 2021 nas bases de dados SciELO e Medline via PubMed utilizando os descritores “Violência contra a Mulher”; “Enfermagem”; Violência Doméstica”, e suas respectivas traduções na língua inglesa: “Violence Against Women”; “Nursing”; “Domestic Violence”. Resultados: a amostra final foi composta por 24 manuscritos dos quais surgiram as cinco categorias temáticas a partir do objeto de estudo: Primeiro contato com a vítima; Dificuldades nas ações de Enfermagem; Rede de atenção intersetorial à mulher vítima de violência; Aspectos éticos e legais; O papel dos profissionais de enfermagem nas estratégias de enfrentamento. Conclusão: a revisão proporcionou uma ampla visão das lacunas no enfrentamento dessa problemática, além de apontar imprescindibilidade do acréscimo disciplinar do fenômeno na grade curricular nos cursos de graduação em saúde e de políticas institucionais.
ՔԱՂԱՔԱՎԱՐՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՌԱԶՄԱՎԱՐՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՆԵՐԻ ԼԵԶՎԱԿԱՆ ԱՌԿԱՅԱՑՈՒՄԸ ԲՈՂՈՔ ՊԱՐՈԻՆԱԿՈՂ ԱՆԳԼԵՐԵՆ ՀԱՄԱՑԱՆՑԱՅԻՆ ԽՈՍՈՒՅԹՈՒՄ / THE LINGUISTIC REALIZATION OF POLITENESS STRATEGIES TO EXPRESS COMPLAINTS IN THE ENGLISH INTERNET DISCOURSE
Authors: Avetisyan Anna
Published: May 2023

The development of advanced technologies promotes the rapid spread of the Internet discourse. Currently, there is an enormous amount of information available on social networks, the study of which seems to be a vital necessity.
The presented material includes posts and comments expressing complaints which mostly have a negative impact on society. The purpose of the given research is to scrutinize online posts and comments in English, in which users implement some linguistic means to actualize politeness strategies in their complaints.
In the research not only are the linguistic means typical of the abovementioned strategies highlighted but also the goals of their realization.
Development of otic organoids and their current status
Authors: Kim Hantai , Kim Young Sun , Kim Yeon Ju , Ha Jungho , Sung Siung , Jang Jeong Hun , Park Sunho , Kim Jangho , Kim Kyunghoon , Choung Yun-Hoon
Published: May 2023

The inner ear is responsible for both hearing and balance in the body, and since the initial development of otic (inner ear) organoids from mouse pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) in 2013, significant advances have been made in this field. Bone morphogenetic proteins, fibroblast growth factors, and Wnt agonists, which are signaling molecules in the early development of the inner ear, can induce PSCs into the otic fate. In the inner ear, hair cells and the surrounding supporting cells are essential for proper function and structure. Recent advancements in otic organoid research have enabled the generation of cells that closely resemble these key components. The developed otic organoids contain both hair cell-like cells and supporting cells, which have been confirmed to have the intrinsic function of those cell types. Otic organoids have been used for disease modeling and are expected to be more widely applied in various areas of research on the inner ear. However, the otic organoids developed to date remain immature. Although they mimic hair cells, their properties resemble vestibular (balance) hair cells more closely than cochlear (auditory) hair cells. The ultimate goal of research on the inner ear is hearing restoration and prevention; thus, it is essential to produce otic organoids that contain cochlear hair cells. In addition, the organ of Corti—a cell arrangement unique to the cochlea—has not yet been simulated. Along with a description of the current status of otic organoids, this review article will discuss future directions for otic organoids in inner ear research.
Derechos, cuidados y bienestar infantil: La situación nutricional y del desarrollo psicológico en niños y niñas del Gran La Plata (Buenos Aires, Argentina)
Authors: Ortale María Susana , Santos Javier Alberto
Published: May 2023

Este libro contiene los resultados de un estudio llevado a cabo entre 2017 y 2019 en niños y niñas que asistían al nivel inicial de escuelas estatales de tres municipios de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Berisso, Ensenada y La Plata, que conforman el aglomerado Gran La Plata.

En sintonía con las misiones del Centro de Estudios en Nutrición Infantil (Ceren) dependiente de la Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la provincia de Buenos Aires, que nuclea al equipo, el estudio tuvo como objetivo producir un diagnóstico sobre algunas condiciones relativas al cuidado infantil en el ámbito doméstico y extradoméstico así como sobre el estado nutricional y del desarrollo infantil, que sirviese como línea de base para la reorientación de políticas dirigidas a promover los derechos y el bienestar en la infancia.

Los capítulos que componen este texto exponen inicialmente el encuadre conceptual y metodológico y describen las características generales del contexto del estudio para luego compartir los resultados de los distintos aspectos analizados: ciertas condiciones objetivas y subjetivas del hogar vinculadas al cuidado y bienestar infantil, la calidad del contexto escolar del que participan, el estado nutricional de los niños y las niñas y su desarrollo psicomotor y socioemocional, las características del servicio alimentario escolar —su valoración por parte de agentes escolares y destinatarios— junto con la apreciación de madres/padres de la alimentación de sus hijos e hijas.
Immigrant and Indigene
Authors: Geiger Andrea
Published: May 2023

Chapter 2 considers ways in which both Indigenous people and Japanese migrants responded to the shifting legal, cultural and legal landscape that followed the formal incorporation of the north Pacific borderlands by Canada and the United States. At times, members of both groups engaged in complex acts of repositioning that took into account ways in which race-based legal restrictions in Canada and the US structured constraint or opportunity within their own borders. Examples include the Tsimishian who relocated to from Metlakatla, B.C. to New Metlakatla, Alaska in response to the B.C. government’s refusal to recognize Aboriginal title in B.C., only to be caught in the gap between ‘immigrant’ and ‘indigene’ in the United States. Also a telling example is that of Jujiro Wada, a Japanese immigrant with ties to both Alaska and the Yukon, who was forced to redefine himself on each side of the US-Canada border given the differing sets of racial barriers Japanese immigrants confronted in each. While Japanese immigrants shared certain attitudes with their Euro-American and -Canadian neighbors, viewing the land as empty and open to settlement, their encounters with Indigenous people were also shaped by perceptions of indigeneity rooted in Japanese history and culture.
Borders at Sea
Authors: Geiger Andrea
Published: May 2023

Chapter 4 addresses the convergence of American, British, and Japanese interests in the waters of the North Pacific off the coast of northwestern North America and considers the impact of the national maritime boundaries that cut through the waters of this environmentally sensitive region on both Indigenous people and Japanese immigrants. “Borders at sea” were also created aboard ship as well as by treaty agreements regarding the pelagic sealing industry and extended the regulatory reach of the US government well beyond Alaska’s coastal waters. Overlapping fisheries created varying spaces of encounter between Japanese immigrants and coastal Indigenous peoples and both groups were the target of efforts to exclude them from some of the fisheries they had helped found. While Japanese fishers often competed with Indigenous fishers, shared local interests and mutual efforts to avoid the impact of exclusionary law and policy produced far more intricate sets of alignments and divisions among and within racialized groups than has often been recognized along the B.C. coast. Japanese pioneers who challenged exclusionary measures or established Japanese settlements included Arichika Ikeda, Jun Kizawa (aka Kisawa), and Jinsaburo Oikawa. Both Japanese and Indigenous cannery workers were also important to the salmon and herring fisheries.
The Pacific Borderlands in Wartime
Authors: Geiger Andrea
Published: May 2023

As World War II approached, the mobility of Japanese immigrant fishers gave rise to ever more strident allegations of smuggling and spying in both Canada and the US. Along the Alaska coast, reported intrusions into US waters by Japanese fishing vessels were depicted as the vanguard of a coming invasion. The growing pressure Japan brought to bear along the North Pacific coast, reflected in ongoing disputes over oceangoing fisheries and the pelagic sealing industry, combined with Japan’s resentment of the race-based exclusion and unequal treatment of Japanese immigrants by both the United States and Canada, heightened tensions among all three nations. Canada and the United States forcibly removed people of Japanese ancestry from the Pacific coast and interned or incarcerated them during World War II. Alaska Natives with a Japanese forebear were among those forcibly uprooted. Chapter 5 also addresses the forced relocation of the Aleut by the US government, as well as that of the Aleut taken prisoner by the Japanese Imperial Army during the Aleutian campaign and taken to Japan. Japanese Canadians were forced to choose between moving east or being repatriated or expatriated to Japan and were not permitted to return to the B.C. coast until 1949.
A Photobiography of a Time and Place
Authors: Hudson Berkley
Published: May 2023

This chapter provides overview of a book that is neither a memoir nor fully a cultural, oral, social, or visual history, but a combination. Above all, this is a “photobiography” of a time and a place called Mississippi. For the first time, the book introduces photos by Otis Noel Pruitt, a white man working in the Jim Crow era of racial segregation of the early to mid-twentieth century.
Images were selected after discovering an archive of 88,000 negatives, representing a range of categories: floods of biblical proportion, portraits of people in Sunday-go-to meeting clothes, traveling troupes of entertainers, family reunions, postmortem photographs, and more.
Nonetheless, the selection is limited. “Expressive power,” to use photographic historian Deborah Willis’s concept, serves as the guiding principle—whether a photograph emanates an aesthetic beauty or the palpable shock of a lynching. The sequence is purposeful: sublime, perplexing, harsh and with the graces of everyday life.
Happy Feed Store, circa 1925
Authors: Hudson Berkley
Published: May 2023

A Pruitt photograph of a dry goods, grocery, and feed store prompts memories of a young boy pictured in front of his parents’ store in Mississippi, circa 1925. Oren Richardson, in an interview in 2003, looked at the photograph that depicts him and eight others, seven white, and two Black boys who hold burlap croaker sacks advertising Happy Feed for farm animals. The image reminded Richardson of tense times in race relations of the Jim Crow era. And it reminded him of his own family’s history that Pruitt recorded, photographs that Richardson kept in his bureau drawer for decades. These kinds of family photographs, embedded with ancestral memories, represent what photographic scholar Marianne Hirsh calls “the intersection of private and public history.”
A Cultural Crossroads
Authors: Hudson Berkley
Published: May 2023

Many a place has its collection of people who achieve celebrity. Pruitt photographed some, though by no means all, of them in northeast Mississippi. During Pruitt’s era, Columbus was a cultural crossroads in terms of who was born, lived, or visited there. One Pruitt photograph depicts the May 1952 occasion of playwright Tennessee Williams’s return to his hometown of Columbus, Mississippi, where he was born in 1911. Williams is pictured with his maternal grandfather, the Rev. Walter E. Dakin, a priest who served as rector of St. Paul’s Episcopal Church. Although not stunning, Pruitt’s pictures of Williams do what photographs can do: they document. In this case, a famous native son with his grandfather upon their homecoming.
Besides Williams, among the other celebrities who were born or lived there or in the surrounding area during Pruitt’s era included world champion boxer Henry Armstrong; writers Eudora Welty and Charles Henri Ford; writer and actor Ruth Ford; broadcaster Walter “Red” Barber; bluesmen Howlin’ Wolf, Bukka White, and Big Joe Williams, and Mississippi NAACP president Dr. Emmett J. Stringer.
Miller’s Travelling Museum, World Fair Freaks, circa 1930-1935
Authors: Hudson Berkley
Published: May 2023

Twenty-five people appear in a Pruitt photograph. Regardless of race, ethnicity, gender, disability, or number of tattoos, the people present themselves as exotic “Other.” By nature, nurture, or costuming, their bodies distinguish themselves as different. Even the men in suits and hats who run the show seem foreign to Columbus, where cultural, class, racial, gender, and religious boundaries were set: you were white or Black, churchgoer or nonchurchgoer, and so on.
In 1932, Tod Browning’s Freaks opened in movie theaters. “Can a full-grown woman truly love a midget?” its promotional poster asked. Although the “freak show” waned with the advent of modernity, it remained a mainstay of world’s fairs, carnivals, and midways. Playing on stereotypes, the freak show, with “exotics and ethnics,” drew crowds intrigued by scientific and medical advances of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Nineteenth century photographers, including Mathew Brady, popularized documentation and promotion of freak shows and “ethnological zoos,” such as those at the 1893 Chicago World’s Columbian Exposition.
Although it’s unclear why Pruitt photographed Miller’s, he often documented carnivals or county fair sideshows. Images such as Pruitt’s connect with a tradition of the exotic in photography, including the inclusion of freak show images in family photo albums.
Princess Picture Show, 1944
Authors: Hudson Berkley
Published: May 2023

Movies provided a diversion from the Great Depression and World War II in Columbus, and Pruitt photographed expressions of that. There were four principal theaters in the 1930s and
1940s: the Princess, Varsity, Dixie, and Joy. In an era of racial segregation, each included separate seating and separate entrances for African Americans, except for the Joy, which was solely for Blacks and was located not far from the Queen City Hotel that also catered to African Americans. This was a time when there was no television, only radio, and no air-conditioning in homes. But by the mid-1940s, movie theatres could provide a respite as the only place in town with air-conditioning.
Movie theaters functioned as venues not only for movies but for touring Broadway-style productions, blackface minstrel shows, and wrestling matches. In 1944 Pruitt photographed a crowd including military personnel and a band from the local Columbus Army Airfield gather outside of the Princess for a movie premiere to generate public interest in buying war bonds.
Catfish Alley Fire
Authors: Hudson Berkley
Published: May 2023

From the late nineteenth through the mid-twentieth century, Catfish Alley was a strip of flourishing Black businesses, a product of racial segregation: restaurants, pool halls, the town’s first Black-run drugstore, barbershops, honky-tonks, a birthing center, and Black doctors’ offices. This was a small-town version of Black business districts elsewhere, whether Harlem in New York City or Sweet Auburn in Atlanta. On Catfish Alley, Blacks could go to a medical clinic and be treated without having to go into a separate-but-unequal entrance at the two white hospitals.
In Pruitt’s photograph, you can see, under the Falstaff sign, the words “Colored Cafe.” The cafe sign testifies to the Jim Crow era. Many other racially segregated settings needed no signage. In places such as the F. W. Woolworth’s store on Market Street, Blacks and whites alike knew which separate doors to enter and exit.
Catfish Alley’s name originated from people routinely selling catfish there—caught in creeks, rivers, and ponds nearby. The photograph of a fire depicts a tableau of street theater, such as that found in the aftermath of traffic accidents or tornadoes that Pruitt would photograph.
Seven Bellhops and Gilmer Hotel Manager, circa 1930
Authors: Hudson Berkley
Published: May 2023

The Gilmer Hotel was a central spot for white power brokers, women’s club luncheons, and visiting travelers. Pruitt often took pictures there, whether it was politicians making speeches or white women eating in the Gardenia Room.
The four-story hotel was made from clay hand-dug by Black slaves in 1860. During the Civil War, the hotel was converted into a hospital. The cast of characters visiting the Gilmer was remarkable. These included President William Taft, boxer Jack Dempsey, and actors Clark Gable and Doris Day.
William Faulkner, an occasional visitor, captured the hotel’s spirit. in an April 1954 Holiday magazine essay. Faulkner wrote about leaving the Gilmer to get moonshine whiskey at a bootlegger’s in nearby Alabama hills.
A decade after Pruitt photographed seven bellhops and hotel manager J.O. Slaughter, Slaughter helped bellhop Edward C. Bush and his wife Bessie secure a loan to renovate a hotel in a Black neighborhood. In 1947 the Bushes reopened the Queen City Hotel, one of the few Mississippi hotels for Blacks and listed in the Negro Travelers’ Green Book. Musicians B. B. King, Count Basie, and Marian Anderson and baseball player Jackie Robinson were among the Queen City’s guests.
A Spunky Folk Hero
Authors: Hudson Berkley
Published: May 2023

Inspired by the fireside chats of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, farmer Sylvester Harris traveled to Columbus to call the White House on February 19, 1934. It took Harris ninety minutes on the phone, but he succeeded. He asked Roosevelt to help him save his farm from foreclosure, and the president did. Pruitt photographed Harris and his mule Jesse in front of Harris’ farmhouse. The mainstream white press brought the story to the nation’s attention, but the Black press truly celebrated Harris as a savvy, Black folk hero. Harris, in today’s parlance, went viral. So did Pruitt’s photograph the Associated Press distributed. A media chain reaction of newspaper stories, newsreels, cartoons, songs, preacher’s sermons, political speeches, and folklore sprang forth from Harris’s call to Roosevelt. Blues singer Memphis Minnie told Harris’s story in “Sylvester and His Mule Blues.”
Baptisms, circa 1930s
Authors: Hudson Berkley
Published: May 2023

It is not surprising that Pruitt, working in the Bible Belt, would photograph such an important ritual in northeast Mississippi.
What is extraordinary is that Pruitt photographed a common occurrence in the 1920s and 1930s in Columbus: both a white church group and a Black church group baptizing in the Tombigbee River at the same time. It is not clear whether
the white group made the Black group wait until after the whites were baptized. What is clear is that Pruitt documented an unusual biracial religious practice, according to religious studies scholar Charles R. Wilson of the University of Mississippi. The photographs astonished him, he said, since these events happened in a time of racial apartheid and racial violence.
Pruitt’s baptism pictures capture in an exceptional way a rite of initiation and a significant moment where a measure of
racial harmony or at least accommodation existed in a sacred space along the Tombigbee River. The photographs function as a testament, one noticeably missing in other written or published
sources. In the best Christian sense of the word, the Pruitt pictures testify.
Investing Capital and Inventing Value, 1800–1815
Authors: Farber Hannah
Published: May 2023

This chapter describes how the capital held by America's rapidly multiplying fire and marine insurance companies reshaped the American financial landscape. The new companies bought large quantities of state-chartered bank stock as well as millions of dollars of US federal securities. Insurers' investments in banks resulted in an American banking sector that was bigger, better capitalized, and more secure than it would have been without such investments. (As this chapter also demonstrates, banks provided reciprocal benefits to the insurance companies that invested in them.) Insurers' investments in American government securities produced a parallel result: an American state that, during its critical early years, was bigger, better capitalized, and more secure than it would have been otherwise. Stashing corporate capital in domestic institutions was necessary for insurance companies' political security, but in a democratizing political landscape, it was not sufficient. Early insurance companies also launched a cultural initiative designed to allay any public suspicions about their activities. They sought to portray themselves both as autonomous vehicles for the private affairs of merchants, and, perhaps paradoxically, as inextricable elements of the civic fabric of the United States.
Introduction
Authors: Meriwether James H.
Published: May 2023

Africa stood at the crossroads of many defining features of the mid-twentieth century: colonialism and decolonization; white supremacy and the global black liberation struggle; race and identity; the Cold War; economic exploitation and development; questions of human rights. Africa brought together grassroots, transnational, multiethnic movements, perhaps most notably the global anti-apartheid movement, while the emergence of a liberated Third World and rise of the Global South created enduring changes in world affairs that intertwined with yet extending beyond the Cold War. The United States found itself pulled toward diametrically opposite poles: waxing African anticolonial nationalists seeking majority rule and support for self-determination, and European anticommunist allies wanting to maintain their continuing (white) rule and waning control. In Washington, views often were informed by the deep-seated racial prejudices of officials who grew up in a Jim Crow America so that the "middle path" officials voiced -- one that sought to develop long-term relations with prospective majority-ruled African states via expressions of support for eventual independence while backing short-term interests and stable alliances with European partners who wanted to maintain their colonial rule -- reinforced a status quo that enabled continued white supremacy in Africa.
No Premature Independence, 1941–1951
Authors: Meriwether James H.
Published: May 2023

With the return of Haile Selassie to Ethiopia, and with World War II weakening colonial powers, a new era was dawning in Africa. The United States held much power at the United Nations organizing conference in San Francisco and in the postwar world generally to help determine the fate of colonies. From the former Italian colonies in North Africa to the imposition of apartheid in South Africa, this chapter examines how Washington veered toward support for its anticommunist Cold War European allies who were colonial powers more than self-determination for African nations. Racial views that Africans were better off under European rule instead of "premature independence" animated US policy. Yet for Africans, European colonialism, not communism, was the issue at hand.
Years of Africa, 1960–1966
Authors: Meriwether James H.
Published: May 2023

The start of the 1960s witnessed a remarkable period of African nations gaining independence, 17 in the blaze of 1960 alone, making it the "Year of Africa." The potential collective power of newly independent countries was palpable; possibilities seemed endless, although depending on one's perspective, endlessly uplifting or endlessly worrisome. The Kennedy administration and then the Johnson administration saw African countries as a rising force and, witnessing fundamental changes across the continent, at times made changes in policy as well as increased education and economic development assistance as part of modernization plans. Nevertheless, continuing Cold War anticommunism and fears of growing Soviet influence propelled alliances with colonial powers and white regimes. While colonialism and white supremacy, not anticommunism and the Cold War, meant more to Africans, Washington struggled to act on events on those terms. This can be seen particularly in Portuguese colonies and in South Africa. Black Americans pressed for different US policies, developing the American Negro Leadership Conference on Africa (ANLCA) to lobby for change.
Majority Rule, 1980–1994
Authors: Meriwether James H.
Published: May 2023

In hindsight, ending white minority rule in Namibia and South Africa may seem inevitable. Yet when the 1980s dawned, apartheid was in full force, South Africa's repressive government was in full control of Namibia, and Nelson Mandela was locked away on Robben Island as the African National Congress (ANC) suffered in exile. The Ronald Reagan administration was heading to the White House, and it seemed unlikely the United States would assume a robust stance of promoting change with "constructive engagement" and top-level opposition to economic sanctions. Yet the struggle in South Africa, the pressure from regional states, the Cold War dynamics of Cuban and Soviet involvement, and the global anti-apartheid movement forced change in Washington and Pretoria. Efforts by Desmond Tutu and other South African voices, organizations including the Free South Africa Movement, and activists across the United States helped promote divestment and the passage of the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act. In March 1990, Namibia became the final African nation to cast off the external rule of an imperial age. Newly released political prisoner Nelson Mandela attended, and four years later his election as president of South Africa finally ended the last vestige of white minority rule in Africa.
African American Prisoners of War
Authors: Cline David P.
Published: May 2023

Chapter 6 uses a variety of oral history interview excerpts to understand the unique experiences of African American prisoners of war during the Korean War. Examines how Korean and Chinese forces particularly targeted African Americans and used African American history itself as part of indoctrination efforts. Also looks at how race functioned within the camps and how it was exploited by the captors.
The Idea of Doing with Less so that Big Business Can Have More
Authors: McClure Daniel Robert
Published: May 2023

This chapter traces the culture of Business Week between the 1950s and the 1980s. In particular, the chapter explores how the weekly business magazine adhered to the era’s cultural assumptions, including the way it started fashioning its narrative in a neoliberal direction as the economist Milton Friedman ascended to prominence in the 1960s.
Go West and Turn Right
Authors: McClure Daniel Robert
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the way John Wayne and the films he acted in—including television specials—reinforced a conservative vision of history characterized by its exceptionalism. Although he simply reenacted the dominant narrative of US history taught to Americans through the 1960s, this history was inherently conservative, downplayed the racial antagonism of the nation’s history, and through an over representation of moral white men, undercut the charges of racism leveled at US society during the civil rights era. This “possession of history” became a crucial ideological wedge to swing the nation to the right—against the current created by the Civil Rights movement—and reassure white Americans that their history was not tainted as much as liberals suggested.
Who Will Survive in America?
Authors: McClure Daniel Robert
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the evolution of the Black radical tradition and its longue durée engagement with the structures of racism weaving through the culture and economics of the United States. Focusing on spoken word albums released in the 1970s and 1980s, the chapter specifically examines the work of Gil Scott-Heron and Jayne Cortez, and a few early 1980s hip-hop artists, who gave language to the changing cultural-economic shifts related to the rise of neoliberalism.
Uniting White People across Empires in Africa
Authors: Morey Maribel
Published: May 2023

Following Carnegie Corporation’s shifting attention to London for advice on use of its funds in the British Empire, this chapter focuses on the second cooperative study in the social sciences that Carnegie Corporation President Frederick P. Keppel financed as means to help guide white policymakers fortify white supremacy over Black people: the London-based study of imperial Africa which became Malcolm Hailey’s African Survey (1938). The chapter argues that An African Survey (1938)—much as The Poor White Problem in South Africa (1938) and An American Dilemma (1944)—reflected Keppel’s evolving interest in funding cooperative studies in the social sciences as means of helping white policymakers fortify white domination over Black people, and yet too, the particular anxieties and preferences of his shifting network of white advisers in London.
Prologue
Authors: Fischer Anne Gray
Published: May 2023

The Progressive-era campaign to abolish white slavery wore its racial politics on its face. In the white slavery narrative, poor white women, freshly arrived to the city in search of work, were seduced, tricked, coerced, or captured by predatory men, usually immigrants or men of color. As repetition spun the white slavery tale into truth, the afterlives of legal slavery were shunted into obscurity. White slavery was built on reconstructed racisms. This new generation of moral reformers was committed to deploying the power of the state and yoking the reclamation of white womanhood to repressive legal machinery. A Progressive alliance assembled to demand the criminalization of prostitution. They started by training their sights on prostitution in the urban fixture of red-light districts. The project to abolish red-light districts swelled to become of the most coordinated and comprehensive moral reform campaigns the new century had yet seen. In a cruel twist of history, the white slavery tale and the Progressive crusade to save white womanhood triggered the twentieth-century construction of a carceral apparatus that would come to systematically target Black women.
Making the Modern City
Authors: Fischer Anne Gray
Published: May 2023

The shutdown of red-light districts between the Progressive era and the Depression was in fact a police-driven relocation of vice to Black neighborhoods. Police deployed their discretionary power to channel the flow of an urban faucet, permitting the inundation of white men into Black neighborhoods, aggressively policing white women’s sociability, and erratically targeting Black women for morals offenses. Police had helped to erect Black vice districts and during Prohibition they enforced morals violations (or withheld enforcement for a fee) on the same streets, creating a doubled segregation: segregated vice and racially segregated Black residents. This transformation set the twentieth-century log and practice of urban policing in motion. The enduring preoccupation with white female purity had an impact on the ways that Black women were policed. The criminalization of white women, especially those engaging in interracial socialization, brought the full weight of the Progressive-era criminal apparatus to bear on Black neighborhoods through the Depression.
Introduction
Authors: Abel Sarah
Published: May 2023

This chapter outlines the book’s theoretical framework, approaching race as a biocultural construction: the result of histories of racist oppression in which biology has been shaped and managed by social systems. It also introduces the divergent ways in which race has been conceptualized in Brazil and the United States––the two societies that form the basis of this book’s comparative approach. The chapter discusses how the fields of anthropology and genetics have contributed significantly to the deconstruction of racial taxonomies, but also, more recently, to attempts to reconstruct ethnic identities effaced by slavery and colonialism. The development of DNA ancestry testing is identified as part of this trend, which, paradoxically, is turning once again to the body as the site of scientific evidence about ancestry, origins, and personal identity.
Afropolitan Mentality in Houston
Authors: Adjepong Anima
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses how class-privileged Ghanaians in Houston affirm their belonging to the United States and Ghana, while rejecting narratives about African victimhood. By considering this community’s reasons for migration – for fun, adventure, and connection rather than explicitly about the search for greener pastures – the author argues that the shift from a focus on migration to cultural politics reveals how class-privileged immigrant communities produce Africans as citizens of the world, and not desolate migrants. Drawing on ethnographic observations, in-depth interviews, and other cultural analyses, the chapter explores how participating in national and ethnic associations, celebrating US cultural events in community with Ghanaians and other Africans, extolling capitalist successes, Christian identity, and heteronormativity contribute to developing a sense of being Africans of the world. Afropolitan mentality describes the cultural framework that positions Africans as citizens of the world whose networks, activities, and cultural practices identify them as uniquely Africans and unequivocally worldwide.
Introduction
Authors: Titus Jill Ogline
Published: May 2023

This introduction sets up the book’s argument that commemoration of Gettysburg’s 150th anniversary was profoundly shaped by both the 20th century civil rights movement and the United States’ priorities in fighting the Cold War abroad. Civil War Memory was mobilized during the Civil War Centennial, including at Gettysburg, in an attempt to unite a fracturing citizenry around a narrative of patriotic resolve, political self-determination, and the preservation and advancement of democracy, all calculated to further US interests in the global war against communism. But other interpretations of the battle and its legacy, both emancipationist and Lost Cause in nature, were also advanced during the anniversary, in ways that augmented their reach amongst significant segments of the American population.
A Girl, Born into the Jim Crow South April 1936
Authors: Michael Graff , Nick Ochsner
Published: May 2023

Long before McCrae Dowless was Bladen County’s best-known political operative, Delilah Blanks held the title. Blanks is a Black woman who grew up reading books tossed out the window by a train operator, and she worked her way to a PhD as an educator. She became a local civil rights icon who helped form the Bladen Improvement Association, which fought fiercely for expanding Black representation on elected boards in the late 20th century. The Bladen Improvement Association was an ancestor, of sorts, to the Durham Committee on Negro Affairs, which was formed in the 1930s by a man named CC Spaulding, one of North Carolina’s most celebrated Black businesspeople, whose ancestors were from Bladen County. Late in Blanks’ political career, in 2010, Blanks set out to help her son-in-law Prentis Benston become Bladen’s first elected Black sheriff.
Like the Rapture August 2018
Authors: Michael Graff , Nick Ochsner
Published: May 2023

A little more than two months before Election Day, Hurricane Florence takes up residence over eastern North Carolina, dropping 30 inches of rain over a few days in some spots. Mark Harris drives to Bladen County to visit with residents after the storm, telling us later, “It felt like the rapture must’ve occurred, and I was left behind. There was no sign of life.” But as desperate residents began the long process of recovery—piling moldy furniture by the roadside, taking chainsaws to trees that came down on houses—the election went on. And workers from both sides were going door to door to encourage people to vote by absentee. This time, though, a district attorney was coordinating with the State Bureau of Investigation to gather evidence of fraud against McCrae Dowless. The district attorney told the elections officials that she had “significant fraudulent activity affecting the current election.”
Say His Name: Lennon Lacy August 29, 2014
Authors: Michael Graff , Nick Ochsner
Published: May 2023

Twenty years after the KKK rally, Black teenager Lennon Lacy was found dead, hanging from a swing in a mobile home community just down the street from the same Mayo Yarns cotton mill. Bladenboro’s police department quickly ruled the death a suicide, but Lacy’s family didn’t believe it: After all, the shoes found at the scene weren’t even his size. The NAACP came to Bladen County to support the family, and soon renowned activist and Rev. William Barber took up the cause, organizing a rally to demand more answers. But in 2016, months before the controversial election that would lead to Bladen County becoming the portrait of election fraud in the US, the FBI closed its case by saying it couldn’t find any evidence that Lacy’s death was a homicide.
The Garden of Good and Evil August 2019
Authors: Michael Graff , Nick Ochsner
Published: May 2023

McCrae Dowless was indicted again in late summer 2019, this time for charges related to the 2018 election (the previous charges had been related to the 2016 election). Lisa Britt detailed for Nick and Michael her interactions with the State Board of Elections ahead of the hearing. Amid his ongoing legal troubles, Dowless struggled to accept a life in which he wasn’t the political kingmaker. He took a job working as the superintendent of a construction project converting an old blueberry processing center into a mass-smoking facility for turkey legs.
Enforcing Asian Exclusion at Ellis Island
Authors: Pegler-Gordon Anna
Published: May 2023

This chapter provides the first published history of Chinese exclusion and other forms of Asian exclusion at Ellis Island, tracing the history of the Chinese Bureau in New York. In contrast to Angel Island in San Francisco, New York exclusion interrogations were more cursory, detention times were shorter, and exclusion officials were more considerate toward applicants. Chinese New Yorkers were also active in contesting exclusion laws and more effective at negotiating the administration of exclusion than in the western United States. This chapter also explores officials’ generally respectful treatment of Japanese arrivals in New York. These practices developed in part because Asian arrivals in New York were fewer in number and more likely to be elite than arrivals at other immigration stations. Although some claimed that enforcement of exclusion was lax at Ellis Island, Asians arriving in New York were more likely to be rejected than at other immigration stations. Chinese and Japanese were not admitted in higher numbers than at other immigration stations, including San Francisco, but were treated respectfully and had their cases processed quickly.
Asian Sailors
Authors: Pegler-Gordon Anna
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the interconnections of Chinese exclusion and maritime law, including the ways in which immigration officials used exclusion laws to regulate Asian sailors, and the ways in which these sailors resisted their regulation. Immigration officials were concerned that maritime statutes did not effectively address Asian sailors; specifically shore leave allowed them the opportunity to evade exclusion and enter the United States without authorization. In contrast to their relatively restrained implementation of exclusion laws against arriving immigrants, Ellis Island officials pushed for the strict regulation of Asian sailors under existing laws. Initially developed to regulate Chinese sailors, federal immigration officials extended new regulations to all Asian sailors. Chinese and other Asian sailors did not passively accept the restrictions placed on them. They challenged their unequal treatment through unions, through legal strategies, through verbal and violent conflicts, and by jumping ship.
Japanese Internees
Authors: Pegler-Gordon Anna
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the use of Ellis Island as an internment camp for Japanese nationals during World War II. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Japanese New Yorkers were quickly rounded up, detained at Ellis Island, and interned in Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) camps. Immigration officials had extensive experience raiding, investigating, and detaining Asian immigrants. As World War II began, they quickly adapted this experience to enforce internment laws against Japanese nationals living in New York. Immigration stations were well prepared to serve as internment camps because immigrant detention was already one of their central purposes: Ellis Island had dormitories segregated by gender, race, and immigration status, which readily allowed for the incorporation of new groups of alien detainees. Although INS officials sometimes wrestled with how best to undertake their varied responsibilities, their extensive experience with detention created a relatively seamless transition from general alien detention to enemy alien internment. After the war, practices developed to regulate enemy aliens, such as parole, were extended to all immigrants allowing for further expansion of deportation.
Detroit Reassembled
Authors: Rector Josiah
Published: May 2023

Between 1929 and 1932, the Great Depression caused Detroit’s rate of unemployment, mortgage defaults, evictions, and water bill delinquencies to skyrocket. Beginning in 1933, New Deal policies helped Detroit avoid bankruptcy, ended the foreclosure and water shut-off crisis, and rebuilt the city’s infrastructure. Union organizing and strikes, given legal sanction by New Deal labor legislation, empowered workers to demand higher wages and safer working conditions in automobile. Yet, while New Deal policies benefited the city and improved public health, they also exacerbated environmental inequalities. New Deal housing agencies incorporated the racist property appraisal and lending practices of the real estate and banking industries into their vast new system of federal mortgage loan insurance. Redlining, along with restrictive covenants and racist mob violence by whites, trapped African Americans in neighborhoods with declining housing stock and poorer air quality while giving whites privileged access to suburban single-family homes with newer building materials and cleaner air. And while New Deal labor policies institutionalized collective bargaining for newly unionized autoworkers, they left shopfloor segregation intact, contributing to higher rates of occupational disease for African Americans.
Shifting the Burden
Authors: Rector Josiah
Published: May 2023

After World War II, plant closures and layoffs rapidly eroded Detroit’s tax base. Between 1953 and 1969, Wayne County lost 235,000 manufacturing jobs, while four other metro Detroit counties gained 123,000. Although environmental regulations did not play a significant role in the first phase of postwar deindustrialization, business leaders used the threat of capital flight to attack even modest state and local environmental regulations. Meanwhile, Detroit’s white population decreased from 1,545,847 in 1950 to 838,877 in 1970, while the city’s African American population increased from 300,506 in 1950 to 660,428 in 1970. Federal Housing Administration (FHA) officials, suburban politicians, and white homeowners excluded African Americans from these housing opportunities. The combination of deindustrialization and white suburbanization caused Detroit’s municipal tax base to contract at a time when both pollution and regulatory compliance costs were increasing. While the suburbs attracted manufacturing jobs, population, and tax dollars from Detroit, they generated environmental externalities that lowered property values and increased sewage treatment costs in the city. Postwar deindustrialization and white flight enabled corporations and suburban municipalities to shift environmental costs onto an increasingly African American city with a shrinking tax base.
Up in Smoke
Authors: Rector Josiah
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines a campaign to shut down the Detroit Resource Recovery Facility (or “Detroit incinerator”), which began burning in 1989 and remained open for the next three decades. It argues that the collapse of multiracial, union-based environmental coalition politics in the decade after Black Lake fragmented the anti-incinerator movement in Detroit. Plant closures and layoffs, combined with the political ascendancy of conservatism in Washington, D.C., led UAW leaders to move away from the nascent environmental justice movement. Meanwhile, although a few African Americans participated in the anti-incinerator protests in 1986-1991, they were led by an overwhelmingly white organization, the Evergreen Alliance. Mayor Coleman Young staunchly supported the incinerator, viewing it as a source of jobs, tax revenues, and lower waste disposal costs in the context of deindustrialization and ongoing population loss. The Reagan administration’s cuts in federal aid to cities and states also made the Young administration increasingly dependent on the private municipal bond market to finance redevelopment. By the 1990s, the incinerator had become the largest single source of Detroit’s municipal bond debt. This chapter shows how deindustrialization, neoliberal economic policies, and racial segregation strengthened Mayor Young’s commitment to the incinerator while dividing the resistance movement against it.
Freedom of Debt The Lessons of Government Financing before the Civil War
Authors: Thomson David K.
Published: May 2023

This chapter provides a brief comparative overview of wartime finance—specifically war bond sales—from the Revolutionary War through the Mexican War—as well as a broader discussion of state and corporate (namely railroad and canal) bond issues in the antebellum period and some of the risk of default during this era. This topical foundation is essential to understanding how (and why) the Civil War represented such a deviation in the approach to wartime finance even as it was conceptually embedded in an elaborate web of antebellum debt structures. The chapter also introduces Jay Cooke to the reader and demonstrates some of his early actions to advance the United States cause.