bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating a real business cycle model
Authors: Canova Fabio , Finn Mary , Pagan Adrian R
Published: October 2023

Most real business cycle models have been assessed by studying the correspondence of their predictions to a set of stylised facts. This paper argues that such tests are not extensive enough and proposes to evaluate the models using standard econometric procedures. Specifically it is argued that these models should be studied by eliciting the restricted VAR representation underlying them and comparing it with the VAR estimated in an unrestricted way from the underlying data. Allowance is made for cases where the driving forces are integrated and when they are stationary. When forces such as technology shocks are integrated these models produce a specific set of predictions about the cointegrating vectors as well as a set of restrictions upon the dynamics. The approach is illustrated using a real business cycle model estimated by Burnside, Eichenbaum and Rebelo. This model has been subjected to some formal testing based upon stylised facts, and it therefore seems an appropriate one upon which to utilize the formal econometric procedures.
Subjects of Sex/Gender/Desire
Authors: Butler Judith
Published: October 2023

For the most part, feminist theory has assumed that there is some existing identity, understood through the category of women, who not only initiates feminist interests and goals within discourse, but constitutes the subject for whom political representation is pursued. But politics and representation are controversial terms. On the one hand, representation serves as the operative term within a political process that seeks to extend visibility and legitimacy to women as political subjects; on the other hand, representation is the normative function of a language which is said either to reveal or to distort what is assumed to be true about the category of women. For feminist theory, the development of a language that fully or adequately represents women has seemed necessary to foster the political visibility of women. This has seemed obviously important considering the pervasive cultural condition in which women’s lives were either misrepresented or not represented at all.
Black Women: Shaping Feminist Theory
Authors: Hooks Bell
Published: October 2023

Feminism in the United States has never emerged from the women who are most victimized by sexist oppression; women who are daily beaten down, mentally, physically and spiritually-women who are powerless to change their condition in life. They are a silent majority. A mark of their victimization is that they accept their lot in life without visible question, without organized protest, without collective anger or rage. Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique is still heralded as having paved the way for contemporary feminist movement-it was written as if these women did not exist.
Practising Feminist Research: The Intersection of Gender and ‘Race’ in the Research Process
Authors: Phoenix Ann
Published: October 2023

An increasing number of feminists have written about their experiences of conducting research and what it means to be a feminist researcher. The complex relationships to be negotiated at each stage of the research process (obtaining funding; negotiating access to respondents; data collecting; analysis and dissemination) are now more clearly recognized than formerly. However, there are still a number of themes that have been neglected. For example, most published material has discussed projects over which the researcher had some control rather than the more common experience where the feminist researcher has no control over the research process. Another gap in the literature on feminist methodology relates to the ways in which the gender, ‘race’ and social class positions of respondents intersect with those of the researcher.
Introduction
Authors: Hutson Lorna
Published: October 2023

‘Women’, wrote Jacob Burckhardt in 1860, (stood on a footing of perfect equality with men’ in the culture of the Italian Renaissance. There was, he went on to claim, ‘no question of “woman’s rights” or female emancipation, simply because the thing itself was a matter of course.
Ecofeminism
Authors: Ruether Rosemary Radford
Published: October 2023

Acts of violence against women and attempts to dominate them, especially where mandated by culture or cult, have long been targets of feminist criticism. Ecofeminism extends this critique to include the despoliation of nature. Since ancient times, nature has been identified as female (Mother Nature). This gave rise to some problematic images; the sixteenth-century philosopher Francis Bacon famously described the natural realm as woman in need of subduing. In this essay, Rosemary Radford Reuther charts Christian complicity with the ideology of domi nation.
Introduction
Authors: Cornell Drucilla
Published: October 2023

The politics of sexuality generates violent tensions because a deeply intimate part of ourselves is engaged in debates about such issues as pornography. This collection of essays seeks to provide an alternative to the divisive ‘which side are you on?’ mentality that has held sway over much of the feminist discussion and analysis of pornography in the United States and, to a lesser extent, in England, Canada, and Europe. The parameters of the debate must be expanded so that we may at last begin to confront the complex challenges presented by sexually explicit material. As many of these essays point out, pornography is not one clearly designatable pedagogical object. In order to understand what pornography is, we need to look at what it means to those who consume it, to those who fight against it, to those who are used in it, and to those engaged in changing its meaning.
The 2 Live Crew Controversy
Authors: Crenshaw Kimberle
Published: October 2023

In June 1990, the members of 2 Live Crew were arrested and charged under a Florida obscenity statute for their performance in an adults only club in Hollywood, Florida. The arrests came just two days after a federal court judge ruled that the sexually explicit lyrics in 2 Live Crew’s album, As Nasty As They Wanna Be, were obscene. Although the members of 2 Live Crew were eventually acquitted of charges stemming from the live performance, the federal court determination that Nasty is obscene still stands. This obscenity judgment, along with the arrests and subsequent trial, prompted an intense public controversy about rap music, a controversy that merged with a broader debate about the representation of sex and violence in popular music, about cultural diversity, and about the meaning of freedom of expression.
On Prostitution: Two Broadsheets and a Statement
Authors: Romano Movimento Femminista
Published: October 2023

As women, we are against a society where any man can buy a woman. As women we have never been disturbed by prostitutes. Instead it is their clients who, in public places, accost us ‘intentionally’, ‘continually’ and ‘unequivocally’, offering us their sexual services and preventing us from walking through the streets in peace. Will 50,000 signatures really be enough to ensure that women are no longer bothered when they go out at night? Is it not perhaps the first step towards reopening brothels? Let us not forget that in Turin prostitution brings in 150 billion lire a year. Will you sign? Then you agree that prostitution should continue to exist but behind closed doors. Your signature would be better used supporting a campaign for courses of sex education in all schools, for the establishment of family planning clinics in all quarters of the city, for making abortion available and free to all women.
The Sexual Exploitation of Women and Girls: A Violation of Human Rights
Authors: Leidholdt Dorchen A
Published: October 2023

Like many activists in the struggle to name and claim women’s human rights, I wear more than one hat. In addition to serving as Coexecutive Director of the Coalition Against Trafficking in Women, I am the Director of the Center for Battered Women’s Legal Services in New York City. The Center provides representation to domestic violence victims in a wide array ofiegal proceedings. It will come as no surprise to many in this audience of human rights activists, who know only too well that practices of violence and exploitation are interconnected, that several of my clients in addition to having been battered by their partners have been subjected to horrifying sexual exploitation.
Good Girls Look the Other Way
Authors: hooks bell
Published: October 2023

A page in the book Her Tongue On My Theory has a single photo graphic image of a woman’s closed painted lips. Next to it the caption raises the question: ‘Stripped of history?’ Desire has the power to do just that, to make us forget who we are. It both disrupts and deconstructs. It dismembers and disembodies. The power of desire to seduce, to lead us in dangerous directions is explored in Spike Lee’s moving film Girl 6. Offering audiences intense close-up shots of lips closed, moving, talking-the passion of this film is there in the mouth, the voice. Contrary to what most viewers imagine before they see Girl 6 this is not a film that exploits the objectification of women. This is a film that explores the eroticization of stardom, of attention.
Pornography’s Temptation
Authors: Cornell Drucilla
Published: October 2023

The pornography debate portrays its contestants within sex and gender stereotypes, its contending figures drawn in the broad outlines of a Harlequin romance. Rapacious men with libidos of mythological proportions heartlessly brutalize innocent women as the hopeless victims of their lust, while the anti-pornography feminist poses herself as the sacrificial victim, the barrier to a tide of male sexuality that threatens violence. Bold freedom fighters ride out, drawing their lances against the oppressive feminists, the purported enemy of these brave warriors.
What We’re Rollin Around in Bed With: Sexual Silences in Feminism
Authors: Hollibaugh Amber , Moraga Cherríe
Published: October 2023

Ironically, the whole notion of 'the personal is political', which surfaced in the early part of the women's liberation movement (and which many of us have used to an extreme), is suddenly dismissed when we begin to discuss sexuality. We have become a relatively sophisticated movement, so many women think they now have to have the theory before they expose the experience. It seems we simply did not take our feminism to heart enough. This most privatized aspect of ourselves, our sex lives, has dead-ended into silence within the feminist movement.
Porn
Authors: Walker Alice
Published: October 2023

Like many thoughtful women of the seventies, she had decided women were far more interesting than men. But, again like most thoughtful women, she rarely admitted this aloud. Besides, again like her con temporaries, she maintained a close connection with a man. It was a sexual connection. They had met in Tanzania when it was still Tanganyika; she was with an international group of students interested in health care in socialist African countries; he with an American group intent upon building schools. They met. Liked each other. Wrote five or six letters over the next seven years. Married other people. Had children. Lived in different cities. Divorced. Met again to discover they now shared a city and lived barely three miles apart.
The Battle of Drumcree
Authors: Kaufmann Eric P
Published: October 2023

In 1995, the Orange Order entered an increasingly turbulent phase of its existence, fraught with danger for the organization. On the face of it, this is a puzzling development. Republican guns had largely fallen silent with the IRA ceasefire negotiated through back-channel diplomacy between Dublin, London, the SDLP, and Sinn Fein. This process may have alienated Unionists from the British, but it should not have threatened the Order. The problem was that the decline of IRA and Protestant paramilitary violence was accompanied by new ‘proxy wars ‘ based on local-level conflict. This built upon the familiar Troubles story of ‘ethnic cleansing ‘ in urban residential areas or rural tracts, involving Republican or Loyalist intimidation of the local minority, beginning with threats or abuse and escalating through beatings and firebombing of homes to plain murder.
Foundations of Modern Macroeconomics
Authors: Heijdra Ben J
Published: October 2023

Highlights of this new edition: · Chapters substantially revised to reflect current thinking in macroeconomics · Includes 31 boxed case studies that are easily cross-referenced · New material added and empirical data updated to better reflect labour market developments during the last three decades · Streamlined mathematical appendix Advanced macroeconomics can seem a daunting prospect. Complex and poorly defined, infected with a variety of conflicting approaches, it is difficult for the student to get an overall picture of what there is and how it fits in. Foundations of Modern Macroeconomics is aimed at getting round this fundamental problem: it deals with all the major topics, summarizes the important approaches, and gives students a coherent angle on all aspects of macroeconomic thought. Each chapter deals with a separate area of macroeconomics, and each contains a summary section of key points and a further reading list, enabling the student to check what has been learnt and investigate further in other books.
Summarizing multiple deprivation indicators
Authors: Cappellari Lorenzo , Jenkins Stephen P
Published: October 2023

It is widely agreed nowadays that being poor does not simply mean not having enough money. It means, more generally, a lack of access to resources enabling a minimum style of living and participation in the society within which one belongs—as in the definition of poverty adopted by the European Union, for example.1 In short, poverty is not only about low income, but also about deprivation. The emphasis on deprivation reflects, in part, theoretical concerns that low income provides an ‘indirect’ measure rather than a ‘direct’ measure of poverty, as emphasized by Ringen (1988). In addition, there are more purely empirical concerns about an exclusive focus on low income.
A guaranteed income for Europe’s children?
Authors: Levy Horacio , Lietz Christine , Sutherland Holly
Published: October 2023

EUROMOD relies on micro-data from twelve different sources for 15 countries. These are the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) User Data Base made available by Eurostat; the Austrian version of the ECHP made available by the Interdisciplinary Centre for Comparative Research in the Social Sciences; the Panel Survey on Belgian Households (PSBH) made available by the University of Liège and the University of Antwerp; the Income Distribution Survey made available by Statistics Finland; the Enqueête sur les Budgets Familiaux (EBF) made available by INSEE; the public use version of the German Socio Economic Panel Study (GSOEP) made available by the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW), Berlin; the Living in Ireland Survey made available by the Economic and Social Research Institute; the Survey of Household Income and Wealth (SHIW95) made available by the Bank of Italy; the Socio-Economic Panel for Luxembourg (PSELL-2) made available by CEPS/INSTEAD; the Socio-Economic Panel Survey (SEP) made available by Statistics Netherlands through the mediation of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research—Scientific Statistical Agency; the Income Distribution Survey made available by Statistics Sweden; and the Family Expenditure Survey (FES), made available by the UK Office for National Statistics (ONS) through the Data Archive.
Scientization of Central Banking: The Politics of A-Politicization
Authors: Marcussen Martin
Published: October 2023

Central banks across the world are embedded in a variety of national contexts and histories. They are exposed to a multitude of challenges that require learning and adaptation in very specific situations. Globalization, regional integration processes, financial crises, wars, and terrorist attacks impact differently on central banks. In most cases, the central banks feel that flexibility and change are imperative because of these challenges. Seen in that light, we would not expect central banks across the globe to display isomorphic characteristics. Although central bankers model each other’s practices, structures, and ideologies, they do not copy these features one-to-one. Instead, they translate and convert institutional fashions from other contexts into a format that resonates with the existing domestic structures, relations, and ideas. Emulation does not necessarily imply institutional convergence.
The Void
Authors: Close Frank
Published: October 2023

What is ‘the void’? What remains when you take all the matter away? Can empty space - 'nothing' - exist? This little book explores the science and the history of the elusive void: from Aristotle who insisted that the vacuum was impossible, via the theories of Newton and Einstein, to our very latest discoveries and why they can tell us extraordinary things about the cosmos. Frank Close tells the story of how scientists have explored the elusive void, and the rich discoveries that they have made there. He takes the reader on a lively and accessible history through ancient ideas and cultural superstitions to the frontiers of current research. He describes how scientists discovered that the vacuum is filled with fields; how Newton, Mach, and Einstein grappled with the nature of space and time; and how the mysterious ‘aether’ that was long ago supposed to permeate the void may now be making a comeback with the latest research into the ‘Higgs field’.
The New Energy Paradigm
Authors: Helm* Dieter
Published: October 2023

Thomas Kuhn famously described a paradigm as a coherent pattern of research organized around commonly shared theoretical propositions and models, and a paradigm shift or ‘revolution’ as the emergence of an alternative framework of common and shared analysis. A paradigm is, however, sufficiently open-ended ‘to leave all sorts of problems for the redefined group of practitioners to resolve’ (Kuhn, 1962, p. 10). As a philosopher of science, he had in mind the development of science and of intellectual ideas. But paradigm shifts happen in policy, too: events can conspire to change the historical context to a sufficient degree to make it increasingly hard to reconcile the existing mindset of policy-makers with the evidence, leading eventually to new objectives and new policy instruments.
Carbon Contracts and Energy Policy
Authors: Helm Dieter , Hepburn Cameron
Published: October 2023

Addressing climate change requires a sustained replacement of the carbon-intensive energy system with a lower-intensity one. At the global level, the task is immense: over this century the world’s population may rise from the current 6 billion to 9 billion; and China and India are projected to grow rapidly, both in population and economic activity, reaching standards of living now enjoyed in the developed world, which itself is expected to triple its GDP by 2050. For the British electricity industry, this means replacing conventional coal (and eventually gas) power stations with low-carbon technologies, probably replacing the current nuclear capacity as it reaches the end of its economic life, and designing an energy policy which will facilitate this investment.
Interaction effects in the relationship Between growth and finance
Authors: Aghion Philippe
Published: October 2023

Various attempts have been made recently at explaining why productivity difierences persist between rich and poor countries, and why some countries diverge from the world technology frontier in terms of their per capita GDP levels or growth rates, while other countries manage to catch up with the world frontier. In this chapter we explore the role of credit market imperfections in explaining cross-country growth performance and cross-country convergence and divergence, following Lucas’ (1990) observation that capital does not flow from rich to poor countries even though the marginal return to capital is higher in the latter.
Bank Regulation And Macroeconomic Fluctuations
Authors: Hofmann Charles Goodhart Boris , Segoviano Miguel
Published: October 2023

Macroeconomic cycles have been changing in recent decades, since the end of the Bretton Woods system, and now involve more asset price volatility (so-called boom–bust cycles) and financial fragility. In the face of more frequent banking crises, regulators have moved to reinforce individual bank capital adequacy ratios, for example through the Basel I and II Accords. But bank regulation is inherently procyclical; it bites in downturns, but fails to restrain in booms.
Insurance Law For The Construction Industry
Authors: Hogarth Robert
Published: October 2023

Insurance Law for the Construction Industry provides comprehensive coverage of the issues involving insurance encountered in the process of construction. It gives practical answers to all the problems likely to be encountered when negotiating construction contracts, insurance policies or insurance claims. This book is divided into four clear sections for ease of reference. It begins with a clear exposition of the principles of insurance law and then describes in detail the typical clauses found in insurance policies, the policies to be taken out by standard form construction contracts and how insurance is distributed and regulated. It draws together the many strands of insurance law providing an excellent point of reference for those working in this sector. Questions of insurance arise in virtually all cases and as such this book will be of practical everyday use to both the contentious and non-contentious lawyer. Written by an experienced team of practising solicitors from Reynolds Porter Chamberlain, this work combines both an overview of the relevant insurance law with the specific detail specialists will require.
Rural Reforms and Agricultural Growth in China
Authors: Lin Justin Yifu
Published: October 2023

China’s agricultural growth in the socialist period prior to the reforms starting in the late 1970s was sluggish. Despite stress on self¬ sufficiency, grain production and agricultural output barely kept pace with population growth. This picture changed in 1978, when China began a series of fundamental reforms in the rural sector. Growth rates in all major sectors of agriculture were accelerated to levels several times higher than the long-term averages over the preceding period (see Table 1).
The Evolution of Legal Institutions and Economic Regime Change
Authors: Pistor Katharina
Published: October 2023

Economic reforms in the former socialist countries have produced what may be called the second major law and development movement in the past forty years. In an attempt to avoid the reinvention of the wheel, legal codes from developed market economies were transplanted to these countries, or prewar enactments---often the result of earlier transplants-were revived. It was hoped that, by putting this formal legal framework in place, a viable infrastructure would be created that would promote future growth and development. However, it is now becoming apparent that the transplantation of formal law does not necessarily alter behavior-a lesson that the first law and development movement had already learned (Trubek and GaJanter 1974).
Poverty and Inclusion from a World Perspective
Authors: Atkinson Anthony B , Bourguignon Fran<Ois
Published: October 2023

This paper adopts a world approach to the definition of economic poverty and exclusion, seeking to provide a framework that unifies the measurement of poverty in developing and developed countries. Defining poverty as inadequate command over resources, it relates the poverty standard to more fundamental concerns in terms of capabilities, which in tum are connected to inclusion in a particular society. Implementation of this approach means that we have to confront the tension between absolute definitions of poverty, such as SI a day, and the relativity adopted in many OECD countries. We consider two possible resolutions of this tension. The first sees a hierarchy of capabilities, with absolute poverty having lexicographic priority. The second consists of making relative and absolute poverty two dimensions of the capability space to be evaluated jointly through an aggregate index.
Employment Inequalities
Authors: Glyn Andrew , Salverda Wiemer
Published: October 2023

The deteriorating position ofless-qualified workers has been a growing cause for concern in many OECD countries in the 1980s and 1990s. As well as contributing directly to rising inequality, it compounds the difficulties faced by workers already disadvantaged in the labour market for reasons of age, gender, or race. This chapter documents the employment record of the less qualified and examines the factors that help to explain the variety of experience among OECD countries. The first section discusses some tricky but important problems about how to represent the impact of educational qualifications on employment. Cross-country patterns of differences in employment rates by education are then reported for the OECD countries. Section 2 discusses a range of factors that may bear on the extent of employment disadvantage suffered by the least qualified. These include the usual suspects, such as overall demand for labour, trade with the South, and aspects oflabour market flexibility, but we have also examined the dispersion of educational achievement in the labour force.
Population, Labor Force, Saving, and Japan’s Future
Authors: Mason Andrew , Ogawa Naohiro
Published: October 2023

Japan is in the midst of a rapid and fundamental demographic transition that will continue well into the twenty-first century. Three important changes will dominate the future landscape. Population growth will slow and turn negative early in the next century.
Population Policy Implications of the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD)
Authors: Jain Anrudh
Published: October 2023

With greater or lesser clarity and emphasis, two major themes, or rationales-the individual’s right to control his/her fertility, and a nation’s interest in regulating its rate of population growth-have guided the evolution of population policies and family planning programmes in developing countries (see Dixon-Mueller (1993) for a detailed discussion and historical account of these two themes). The dilemma posed by the conjunction of these two themes is that the means adopted to reduce the rate of population growth are not always consistent with individual well-being, while, obversely, there is scepticism that efforts guided by concern for the well being of individuals may not solve the aggregate problem of rapid population growth.1 Indeed, the conflict in some cases has appeared to become more explicit, even while, paradoxically, an increasing proportion of individuals are seeking to regulate their fertility voluntarily.
Capital Structure and Imperfect Competition in Product Markets
Authors: Allen Franklin
Published: October 2023

It is often acknowledged that the question of how firms choose their capital structure has not been satisfactorily answered yet: current theories seem to be unable to explain the financing decisions firms actually make. The debate has mainly centred around two apparent empirical regularities. First, many firms paying corporate taxes use only a small amount of debt. Debt ratios are typically of the order of 20 to 30 per cent (see e.g. Wald 1999). Second, similar firms in the same industry often have significantly different capital structures (see e.g. Myers 1984).
Competing against Bundles
Authors: Nalebuff Barry
Published: October 2023

One of the distinguishing features of our modern economy is the competitive success achieved by product bundles, Microsoft Office being the case in point. It has achieved a commanding market share over previously dominant firms selling individual software applications, such as WordPerfect, Quattro or Lotus, Adobe PageMill, and Harvard Graphics. While no one single factor explains Microsoft’s success, one part of the explanation can be found in the writings of Cournot (1838).
The Assembly and the Executive
Authors: Wilford Rick
Published: October 2023

The adoption of the consociational (plus) template to pattern the Agreement’s architecture structured the logic of choice in the design of both the Assembly and its Executive arm—see O’Leary, in Chapter 4 of this volume. In this chapter the focus turns to these institutions and the means by which they were intended to interact. To gain further insight, we examine the process of implementing the infrastructure of the Assembly, including its committee system, and the ways in which a number of features of the consociational model—power sharing, proportionality, and the unanimity rule—were effected in mobilizing Strand One of the Agreement. A subtext of the chapter is the extent to which the application of those features provides for the realization of joined-up government, a principle that underpins not only Strand One but also the wider Agreement given the mutual interdependence of its political structures.
Learning from ‘The Leopard’
Authors: Aughey Arthur
Published: October 2023

Steve Bruce once described the political views of Ulster unionists as a ‘dismal vision’. He noted that they ‘fell easily into a self-pitying assumption that the world was against them’. This observation has been repeated by others. Paul Bew, in a memorable phrase, once described the reaction of unionists to the politics of the peace process as ‘an orgy of self-pity’. Why should this particular characteristic be so frequently noted? Self-pity, it may be argued, is one of the consequences of a culture of political fatalism. The fatalist view is that any given situation can have only one outcome. In these circumstances ‘fatalism is incompatible with deliberation, in that its truth would make deliberation over one’s future actions not impossible but at any rate pointless’. Traditional unionist suspicion of political ‘initiatives’ is partly explained by that disposition.
Arguing Comparative Politic
Authors: Stepan Alfred
Published: October 2023

This volume brings together articles by the one of the leading scholars in comparative politics written over the last thirty years in the field of comparative politics and in particular, the topic of the nature of contemporary democracy and its prospects. The volume begins with a personal analysis of the intellectual, and often political, reasons as to why and how Stepan chose to engage in certain critical arguments over the last thirty years. The volume is then divided into three sections each with a distinctive theme: state and society; constructing polities; and varieties of democracies. The introduction and articles ask whether, both for intellectual and political reasons, there are strong grounds for questioning both Rawls and Huntington on religion and democracy, Riker on federalism, and Gellner on multi nationalism. The volume contains articles on civil society, political society, economic society, and a usable state. The possibility of multiple and complementary political identities is argued for. The incentive systems and political practices of the three macro constitutional frameworks for democratic government - parliamentarianism, presidentialism, and semi-presidentialism - are compared and contrasted.
Introduction; Reflections on “Problem Selection” in Comparative Politics
Authors: Stepan Alfred
Published: October 2023

Scholars in comparative politics, correctly, are increasingly explicit about the methodologies they employ and the quality of the evidence they use. However, as a group we have not written much about how we select the problems we choose to study. This maybe because “problem selection” has a personal as well as a professional dimension. The professional dimension is reproducible; the personal dimension is not.
Liberal-Pluralist, Classic Marxist, and “Organic-Statist” Approaches to the State
Authors: Stepan Alfred
Published: October 2023

A major, nearly worldwide trend since the 1930s has been the steady growth of the role of the state in political life. In the industrialized world, the emergence of the managerial state to combat the crisis of capitalism during the depression, the widened scope of executive power in World War II, and growing state regulative and welfare functions since the war, have all contributed to the expansion of the state. In the Third World it is even clearer that most development plans call for the state to play a major role in structuring economic and social systems.
Modern Multinational Democracies: Transcending a Gellnerian Oxymoron
Authors: Stepan Alfred
Published: October 2023

By 1986, three years before the walls came down, two new important bodies of literature were in place that should have helped us to think carefully about the difficult relationship between democratization and nationalism. Ernest Gellner published his magisterial Nations and Nationalism in 1983, the same year that saw the publication of another modern classic on nationalism, Benedict Anderson’s Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism.
Political Identities and Electoral Sequences: Spain, the Soviet Union, and Yugoslavia
Authors: Stepan Alfred
Published: October 2023

When thinking about transitions to democracy we tend to assume that what is challenged is the nondemocratic regime and that with democracy a new legitimate system is established. However, in many countries the crisis of the non democratic regime is also intermixed with profound differences about what should actually constitute the “state.” Some political activists simultaneously challenge the old nondemocratic regime and the existing territorial state itself. A II stateness” problem may be said to exist when a significant proportion of the population does not accept the boundaries of the territorial state (whether constituted democratically or not) as a legitimate political unit to which they owe obedience.
Foreign Direct Investment and International Fragmentation of Production
Authors: Cheng Leonard K , Qiu, Larry D , Tan Guofu
Published: October 2023

Recently, increasing attention has been given to the phenomenon of international fragmentation of production and its impact on international trade, wage, employment, and welfare. International fragmentation arises when the multiple stages of a good’s production take place in two or more countries. It is similar in meaning to globalization, outsourcing, and intra-product specialization. The high costs of international coordination, communication, and transportation were crucial obstacles to international fragmentation in the past, and technological improvements in these areas are widely recognized as an important reason for the recent surge in fragmentation.
Mortality Trends and the Health Transition
Authors: Visaria Leela
Published: October 2023

India is experiencing interrelated demographic and epidemiological transitions. These processes are transforming the country’s mortality and health profile; they will have major implications for prevailing disease patterns and the composition of the population in the years ahead. It is worth noting that while the materials available to study mortality are reasonably robust, the data pertaining to causes of death are both more limited and less precise. Nevertheless, if considered in conjunction with other data sources, the cause of death material can still be helpful in gauging likely future developments.
Migration and Urbanization Retrospect and Prospects
Authors: Dyson Tim , Visaria Pravin
Published: October 2023

This chapter reviews what is known about migration and urbanization and assesses how these processes will unfold. It argues that the future of both phenomena will be one of increasing dynamism and complexity. The Indian census includes questions on people’s place of last residence and their duration of residence at the place of enumeration. In the resulting tabulations, a migrant is someone with a place of previous residence which differs from their place of enumeration. In fact, the data miss many movements— for example, within the same town (Skeldon 1986). But they do capture the broad features of migration.
Cooperation between Energy Regulators in the European Union
Authors: Vasconcelos Jorge
Published: October 2023

Ten years ago, these questions would have been nonsensical, for the simple reason that energy regulators did not exist in Europe. Therefore, it seems appropriate to start by explaining why they have been created, what they do, and how they function in institutional terms. To explain the role of energy regulators, however, it is necessary first to describe briefly the structure and development of the energy sector in the European Union.
The Economics of Technological Communication in Technological Districts
Authors: Antonelli Cristiano
Published: October 2023

The institutional context of regional economic systems in terms of communication conditions plays a major part in assessing the innovation capabilities of co-localized firms. Access to external tacit and codified knowledge depends on the extent to which effective communication among innovators takes place through the innovation system. In this context, the properties of regional economic systems, conceived as communication networks into which information flows, matter in explaining the capability to generate new technological knowledge.
A General View of Lombard Street (excerpts)
Authors: Bagehot Walter
Published: October 2023

Such a reserve as we have seen is kept to meet sudden and unexpected demands. If the bankers of a country are asked for much more than is commonly wanted, then this reserve must be resorted to. What then are these extra demands? and how is this extra reserve to be used? Speaking broadly, these extra demands are of two kinds—one from abroad to meet foreign payments requisite to pay large and unusual foreign debts, and the other from at home to meet sudden apprehension or panic arising in any manner, rational or irrational.
The Other Russia: Pictures by ‘Jackasses’
Authors: Caute David
Published: October 2023

The dream scenario for the Western media played itself out on 1 December 1962, when Khrushchev and his retinue paid a sudden call on an art exhibition at the Manezh Gallery, close to the Kremlin. Khrushchev did everything but pull the offending canvases from the walls; he fumed, raged, and fulminated against the West. This was, perhaps, cold war culture’s finest hour.
Irrational Pursuits: Hyper-Incentives from a Visceral Brain
Authors: Berridge Kent C
Published: October 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to consider the possibility that people make choices that are irrational-in a strong sense of the term. I acknowledge at the outset that many readers might object to a strong notion of irrational choice, either on the grounds that it is a contradiction in terms, or because it seems a mere admission of ignorance about someone else’s private hedonic world. Yet, I will argue that irrational choice may be both plausible and in some cases demonstrable.
Making Sense: The Causes of Emotional Evanescence
Authors: Wilson Timothy D , Gilbert, Daniel T , Centerbar David B
Published: October 2023

Psychology and economics generally agree about the importance of two fundamental human motives, the desire to reduce uncertainty and the desire to obtain pleasure (though to be sure, there are differences in views between and within the fields on the defamations of these motives and the importance attributed to them).
Disadvantage and Demography—Chicken and Egg?
Authors: Kiernan Kathleen
Published: October 2023

Children in Britain are amongst the most likely of European Union children to grow up in poverty (Bradbury and Jantti 1999; Piachaud and Sutherland 2000; and Table 9.4 in this volume). An important engine behind this vulnerability is significant differences in the demography of family life in Britain compared with other European countries. British children, compared with their European contemporaries, are more likely to be born to young mothers and to solo mothers, are more likely to see their parents separate and to live in lone-mother families, all of which enhance the chances of growing up disadvantaged (Kiernan 1997b, 1999; Bradshaw et al. 1996).
Famine Yesterday and Today in Burundi
Authors: Thibon Christian
Published: October 2023

Burundi is a small, densely populated, hilly country in central Africa, wedged among Rwanda, the Congo, and Tanzania. Peopled in the main by two ethnic groups, the Hutu and the Tutsi, it was colonized by Germany in the 1880s and ruled by Belgium between 1916 and 1962. Its 28,000 square kilometres contained about 2 million people c.1950, making it one of the most densely populated places in Africa. The history of famine in Burundi, or at least the narrative thread most commonly retained by collective memory and in academic and official sources, at first sight suggests a classic pattern (Table 7.1). According to this version of the past, the mortality crises, food shortages, and famines associated with the colonial period were followed by a period of population growth from the mid-twentieth century on, or more precisely in the wake of the ‘Manori’ famine, the last famine on a national scale in 1943-4. For a time, ‘Manori’ seemed to mark an end to the era of famines. Since then, however, in common with many other African countries Burundi has seen the emergence of crises of an inter-tribal or socio-political character, about which there has been either a silence or, on the contrary, an overemphasis of their dimensions and their effects.
Famine and the Female Mortality Advantage
Authors: Macintyre Kate
Published: October 2023

The possibility of a <female advantage’ in mortality during famines1 has been proposed in the past, though often dismissed simply as a feature of data bias. Unfortunately, the authorities who observe the phenomenon and who most argue its validity also rarely take the time to analyse why there might be a female advantage, nor do they address what specific factors might explain it. On the contrary, the explanations given are often brief and tentative, and they are foUowed by warnings about the quality of the data and the lack of information about the social and political context of the famine. This chapter has two objectives. First, I present a critical review of historical famine literature and identify evidence for a female advantage. Using secondary sources, this section establishes that the weight of evidence does indeed indicate an advantage for women in mortality as a consequence of famine.
Transformations of Love
Authors: Harris Frances
Published: October 2023

The most controversial episode in the life of the seventeenth-century virtuoso and diarist John Evelyn has always been his passionate, complex friendship with the Restoration maid of honour Margaret Blagge, afterwards Mrs Godolphin. His ‘Life of Mrs Godolphin’, written after her early death in childbirth, exalted the friendship and represented her as effectively a saint. They saw their intense friendship as platonic spiritual mentoring. Yet it is sometimes argued that what took place between them was actually a kind of seduction on Evelyn’s part; that far from trying to overcome her religious scruples about marriage to a young man she deeply loved, as he afterwards claimed, he secretly encouraged them in order to keep her in his power, and even falsified some documents to conceal this from her husband, whose patronage he sought. Was Evelyn in his way as much a sexual predator as the Restoration rakes he professed to despise, or does the episode provide a window on an unexplored aspect of early modern spirituality? Undoubtedly there was more to the friendship than Evelyn publicly admitted, but it remains a puzzle still to be interpreted. This new study is based on Evelyn’s papers, now fully accessible for the first time, and on important and hitherto unknown correspondence between Margaret Blagge and her future husband. It situates the episode fully within the pre- and post-Reformation debates concerning marriage and friendship (the latter seen by some as ‘more a sacrament’ than marriage) and the long traditions of platonic love and intense friendships between men and women in religious contexts. Its diverse and vividly realized settings include the glamorous, disreputable public household of the Restoration court and the great gardens of the day, at once ‘little worlds’ in microcosm and recreations of paradise on earth.
A New Revolutionary History
Authors: Hart Peter
Published: October 2023

The essays in this volume investigate and interpret the revolution that took place in Ireland, and the forces that shaped it both there and in Britain. They focus on violence, its practitioners, and its victims. Guerrilla warfare, terrorism, communal conflict, displaced people, assassins, gunmen, and gun-runners: the storyline and cast are familiar to any initiate in Irish histmy-1916: failed rebellion sparks emotional response from nationalist population seeking oft-denied self-government; I 9I 7I 8: separatist movement arises, combats incompetently oppressive government, and wins majority of Irish scats at general election; 1919: revolutionary assembly is formed, claims sovereignty, is suppressed by government but retains mass support; 1920: revolutionary army wages war of liberation. Official counter-insurgency policies further alienate nationalists; 192 1: military stalemate leads to truce, negotiation, and compromise treaty delivering functional independence; 1922: movement splits as many revolutionaries are ideologically opposed to treaty terms. Intranationalist civil war follows between adherents and enemies of the new state; 1923: pro-state forces win; 1920-2: country partitioned to satisfy counter-revolutionary antinationalist ethnic minority. Regional anti-nationalist state established, accompanied by extensive ethnic violence.
Atmosphere and General Effects
Authors: Shanon Benny
Published: October 2023

How wonderful it would be if one could only be worthy of hearing the song of the grass. Each blade of grass sings out to God without any ulterior motive and without expecting any reward. It is most wonderful to hear its song and worship God in its midst.
Consciousness I
Authors: Shanon Benny
Published: October 2023

There must be a fourth state beyond the waking, dreaming and dreamless states in which the absolute oneness of Brahman-Atman is what should be known. Ayahuasca is an agent that induces an altered state of consciousness; as such, it does precisely that-it modifies people’s state of consciousness. In this chapter (and in Chs. 14 and 16) I examine these modifications and the effects associated with them. Before doing so, however, I will make some more general remarks regarding the nature of human consciousness.
Transformations
Authors: Shanon Benny
Published: October 2023

The Divine influx will begin to prevail in you and will weaken your external and internal organs. Your entire body will begin to tremble, until you think that you are about to die. This is because your soul is separating itself from your body as a result of the great joy that you experience when you perceive and recognize these things.
Concluding Philosophical Reflections
Authors: Shanon Benny
Published: October 2023

The world of imagination is the world of eternity; it is the divine bosom into which we shall all go after the death of the vegetated body. This world of imagination is infinite and eternal, whereas the world of generation, or vegetation, is finite and temporal. There exist in that eternal world the permanent realities of e ‘ery thing which we see reflected in this vegetable glass of nature. AH things are comprehended in their eternal forms in the divine body of the sa ‘iour, the true vine of eternity, the human imagination, who appeared to me as coming to judgment among his saints and throwing off the temporal that the eternal might be established.