bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rethinking Judgment
Authors: Fossen Thomas
Published: November 2023

This chapter proposes a pragmatist conception of judgment. Judgment is understood as a complex of activities through which our sense of political reality is constituted, maintained, transformed, and subverted. This contrasts with the Kantian notions of determining judgment (applying pregiven norms to a set of neutral facts) and reflective judgment (an episodic interplay of mental capacities with an exemplary object). Rather than identifying judgment with a discrete moment of decision and with the exercise of a mental capacity, judgment is cast here as an ongoing, intersubjective practice. Arendt’s idea of the “space of appearance” is connected with Sellars’s idea of the “space of reasons” to highlight the public, nonsovereign, historical, and rational aspects of this practice. This enables us to rethink what it means for judgment to go well, drawing attention, not to the operations of our minds, but to our modes of practical involvement in a situation and engagement with others.
Replenishing the Self
Authors: Wicks Robert J. , Werdel Mary Beth
Published: November 2023

This chapter is an introduction to the place that mindfulness and meditation can hold in the daily routine of the therapist, counselor, and social worker. Not all sources of stress can be prevented, and nor should they, but the way that stress impacts a clinician plays an important role in their effectiveness as a clinician. Learning to appreciate both the welcome and unwelcome aspects of life and all they hold opens up new avenues for the clinician to become more compassionate, more empathetic, and more effective in helping others. The chapter details the ways that mindfulness can be learned, and it explores the implications of mindfulness for the clinician and clinical work. The chapter suggests that if a clinician develops mindful listening it will help to build a stronger inner life, improve one’s self-awareness, and improve a clinician’s overall quality of life.
Daily Debriefing
Authors: Wicks Robert J. , Werdel Mary Beth
Published: November 2023

This chapter increases the clinician’s awareness of the gift of mindfulness while encouraging clinicians to become intrigued with, rather than burned out by, their growing edges as persons and professionals. Personal discipline and self-management, also known as “self-regulation,” are essential parts of clinical practice. To acquire self-regulation, mindfulness and self-awareness are necessary. In the quest to understand personal motives, rather than focus on themes of countertransference and compensation, this chapter asks the clinician to focus instead on the positive motives that have shaped them into the clinician they are today. The chapter seeks to deepen the clinician’s understanding of the connections between mindfulness and the contributions of positive psychology by including a questionnaire for the readers’ self-reflection in the area of positive psychology in practice.
Folding Space and Time
Authors: Salem Joseph
Published: November 2023

This chapter is saturated with Boulez’s sketches as a reflection of the diversity of his creative processes developed throughout his formative period. Yet, while Pli selon pli represents the culmination of nearly a decade of compositional development, it is also a reflection of a lack of synthesis among his approaches to writing music. Each movement of the cycle is explored according to its order of composition in a cumulative narrative involving changing proportions of self-borrowing, transcription, improvisation, and new serial processes in each movement. The result is a summation of Boulez’s journey as a composer at the end of one creative phase and the beginning of another.
Introduction
Authors: Jorati Julia
Published: November 2023

After explaining and motivating the book’s focus on philosophical ideas and arguments about slavery and race in the eighteenth century, the introduction addresses some potential worries about this focus. In addition, it provides a brief overview of the historical and theoretical background to early modern debates about slavery and race. It does so mainly by surveying the theoretical frameworks that many authors in this period employ when philosophizing about the morality of racial slavery. Because the vast majority of authors invoke ideas from the natural law tradition when arguing for the moral permissibility or impermissibility of enslaving human beings, the introduction briefly examines these ideas. It also clarifies some important terminology, including the terms ‘slavery’ and ‘racism.’
North American Debates about Slavery and Race
Authors: Jorati Julia
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces readers to many remarkable texts about slavery and race from eighteenth-century North America, concentrating mainly on antislavery texts. The chapter focuses on several themes that play central roles in these texts. One theme is the idea that transatlantic slavery is incompatible with the natural rights that all human beings possess. A second theme are arguments against slavery based on the Golden Rule, which requires us to treat others the way we would demand to be treated. Another theme is the argument that slavery is incompatible with the doctrine that all human beings have the same souls or the same natural mental capacities. A final theme is the examination of racial bias and its nature, origins, and effects. Important authors include Richard Allen, Anthony Benezet, Benjamin Franklin, Jupiter Hammon, Lemuel Haynes, Samuel Hopkins, Thomas Jefferson, Absalom Jones, Susanna Rowson, Benjamin Rush, Caesar Sarter, Phillis Wheatley, and John Woolman.
Nationalization and Polarization
Authors: Carson Jamie L , Sievert Joel , Williamson Ryan D
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores the relationship between nationalization and polarization in Congress. Scholars have identified many possible explanations for the recent and steady increase in the polarization of politics, and nationalization can be added to that list. Indeed, there is a strong correlation between greater levels of nationalization and high partisan polarization. This is likely a function of more moderate candidates being able to attract bipartisan support in eras of lower nationalization, which also decreases levels of polarization. Conversely, when voters base their decisions on which party they want in power instead of who is best equipped to represent their district, more ideological candidacies flourish, as has been true over the past few decades, thereby increasing polarization in Congress.
Conclusion
Authors: Carson Jamie L , Sievert Joel , Williamson Ryan D
Published: November 2023

This chapter summarizes the book’s key findings and contributions, further discusses the implications of this work for the future of elections and politics in the United States, and outlines ideas for additional research. This 180-year analysis of nationalized politics in the realm of state and congressional elections helps explain both the underlying causes and the effects of this important change in American politics. Although down-ticket candidates have always been beholden to those individuals at the top of the ticket, through either institutional or behavioral mechanisms, this takes on a very different meaning in an era when ideologically extreme and populist candidates are seeking the highest offices in the land.
A Growing Policy Area
Authors: Brock Clare R.
Published: November 2023

Chapter 2 provides a (very) brief overview of the history of agricultural politics and its place in American politics. This chapter situates agricultural policymaking as a subsystem that has grown and changed over time and, particularly, has expanded drastically to include increasingly more interests as well as more and further-reaching issue areas. The chapter highlights the early days of agricultural policymaking as a temporary crisis response and follows the policy area through large-scale readjustments that brought us to the modern food policy regime. These early days created structures that were intended to be temporary, but instead became foundational to American food policy as we now experience it. The chapter also delves into the theoretical idea of subsystem politics and situates the books contribution in relation to others who study interest groups and advocacy in policymaking.
Fair Exchange (with Hao Jiang)
Authors: Gordley James
Published: November 2023

When the parties exchange, one party assumes the risk that the value of the performance will rise in the future, and the other assumes the risk that it will fall. Neither party would be willing to assume the risk that, at the moment of the exchange, the contract price is higher or lower than the price that might be obtained from other parties trading on the same market. A contract that imposed that risk on one of the parties would be unfair. It would impose a risk for which that party was not compensated. This principle best explains relief that is given when a contract is unconscionable. It best explains the relief that is given under the doctrines of offer and acceptance and consideration when only one party is bound: the other is not compensated for bearing the risk that the value of a performance will change. It best explains relief for impracticability: relief is given when the value of a performance changes due to a risk that the disadvantaged party was never compensated to assume.
Conflicts in the Expression of Assent
Authors: Gordley James
Published: November 2023

An express term of a contract may conflict with what a party intended. In principle, that party should not be bound. An exception is if that party knew of the conflict and remained silent since that conduct is tantamount to fraud. Another exception is if that party’s excusive knowledge of conflict would enable the party to speculate at the other party’s expense by disavowing the contract if and when it is profitable to do so. In another situation (the “battle of the forms”), the terms expressly proposed by one party conflict with those expressly proposed by the other. Neither party’s terms should prevail but they should serve as evidence of the terms on which the parties would have agreed had they resolved the conflict. In still another situation, the express written terms of the contract may not include or may conflict with those of a previous or contemporaneous agreement. That situation is governed by the parole evidence rule. Evidence of the other agreement should be excluded only when the parties reduced their agreement to writing in order to avoid the uncertainties that may arise from the introduction of extrinsic evidence.
Creating a Patriotic Chinese People
Authors: Tsang Steve , Cheung Olivia
Published: November 2023

Xi Thought’s goal for promoting “patriotism”—in reality party-centric nationalism—is to forge a single united people out of the Chinese population. The centerpiece that anchors party-centric nationalism under Xi Thought is “the China Dream,” the calling that all Chinese, including ethnic minorities and the people of Hong Kong, are required to respond. The education sector and the media, social media, and entertainment industries are being rectified to become effective conduits for indoctrination or “education.” This includes priming the people to live out “core socialist values” by rejecting materialism and individualism. Xi Thought distorts history to create the myth that the Party is invincible and makes China great, China is only ever peace-loving, and US aggression is a constant challenge that must be confronted. Any Chinese citizen who fails to reach Xi’s mark for a “patriot” are offered “help” to succeed.
Is Morality Loopy?
Authors: Congdon Matthew
Published: November 2023

This chapter asks whether moral facts are discursively constructed, posing this in relation to discussions in recent critical social theory, exemplified by Ian Hacking and Sally Haslanger, concerning the “feedback loops” that sustain unjust ideologies. These discussions sometimes run into a dilemma: moral facts are either discursively constructed, meaning that we must embrace an uncritical relativism that makes ideology critique impossible, or they are not discursively constructed, meaning that we must embrace the existence of at least some ahistorically existing moral facts. This chapter argues that the dilemma can be avoided by distinguishing between causal and rational forms of discursive construction. In its latter form, discursive construction is both epistemically and developmentally oriented. When successful, its objects undergo not just any change, but maturation and moral growth. The chapter develops this through an analogy between a case from E.M. Forster’s novel, Maurice, and larger-scale social movement-driven cases of moral articulation.
Introduction
Authors: Dale Pete , Burnard Pamela , Travis Raphael
Published: November 2023

This introduction to the book has been collectively written by Pete Dale, Pamela Burnard and Raphael Travis, the editors. It begins with some background regarding the CUMIN project (Contemporary Urban Music for Inclusion Network) which was the crucible from which Music for Inclusion and Healing in Schools and Beyond has emerged. Educational, cultural, and social (current) realities and (future) possibilities are then discussed, with the overall structure of the book accounted for in some detail, including chapter-by-chapter summaries. The introduction concludes by inviting readers to rethink the possibilities and potentials for contemporary popular musics to gain the prestige that their actual popularity would suggest they should already command.
‘Bildung Life’
Authors: Söderman Johan
Published: November 2023

Over the past fifteen years, Hip Hop–based education has gained ground in academic literature, especially so by building on the educational tradition and gospel of Each One Teach One. A contribution to this scholarly discussion is the Scandinavian attempt to analytically tie Hip Hop education to perspectives on learning and pedagogy that traditionally derives from popular movements of the twentieth century. Accordingly, the context of Swedish Hip Hop education takes place within an emancipatory educational tradition called Folkbildning in Swedish (popular education or ‘Nordic Bildung’ internationally). Through linking this educational tradition to empirical examples from previous research, this chapter aims to discuss how Hip Hop education in Swedish educational contexts parallels the essence of the Nordic Bildung practice and philosophy that permeates them. The chapter also discusses ways in which Hip Hop and Each One Teach One invigorates contemporary understandings of Bildung through enabling organic education. Also, the activities themselves, together with the encompassing settings, generate personal cultivation, but also give rise to possibilities for entrepreneurship, mainly in relation to the realm of Swedish welfare state.
Rethinking Learning with Future DJs and Virtuoso
Authors: Smart Austen , Smart Scott
Published: November 2023

This chapter tells the story of our journey from school to practice and back to the educational world. Having found music as a school a joke, we nonetheless became successful DJs running our own label and travelling the world. In 2016 we formed FutureDJs, in the hope of opening up a new future for music in schools. At first, we met the answer ‘no’ everywhere, but we were hopeful and eventually met some success in our aim of reinvigorating music education in schools. In this chapter, we discuss some of our experiences and present our next move, which we hope will prove to be the most pivotal one we will have made. Our long-term strategy now is to use the overarching DAO concept to truly unlock the gateway to the creator economy, to demystify the music industry, and to complete our mission to transform creative education. This mission is a central pillar to our post–FutureDJs organisation named Virtuoso. We believe creative arts education has the potential to be radically transformed. We believe everything we do and have done supports the aim of inclusive methods in music education.
Intentional Uses of Music
Authors: Raphael Travis , Crooke Alex H. D. , Levy Ian P.
Published: November 2023

Building on an understanding of how music in general, and Hip Hop more specifically, can positively impact mental health and well-being, this chapter examines how active and intentional uses of music can promote empowering music-related outcomes that link to both personal and community well-being. Our findings suggest that music engagement is being used intentionally as a concrete resource by youth and young adults to support their mental health. Further, racial/ethnic identity development, regulating and motivational intentions for music use, prioritizing lyrical analysis, and having enough friends that care are significant predictors of empowering music engagement. The chapter’s findings can help us more strategically provide opportunities for students to use music, including Hip Hop, for academic, social, and emotional well-being, with or without professional support.
Translating Evaluation and Research Into Practice
Authors: Burnard Pamela
Published: November 2023

This chapter addresses socially engaged practice that is distinctively collaborative and often participatory, and involves collaboration and participation with people as the medium or material of the work. Practices are designed to forge direct intersections with the community and social issues and can involve partnerships among artist practitioners, educators, evaluators, and researchers in and across educational sectors and engaging communities. These programmes are generative, communal sites that support and innovate practice. The role of evaluation, a reflexive process involving judgments about the quality and effectiveness of practice, matters to how we draw together, understand, review, and report on socially engaged arts programmes. On the other hand, the role of research and reporting on the impact of socially engaged arts programmes (such as the arts-mental health relationship and health effects of diverse/urban musics engagement and dance participation) is often unclear or oversimplified. When teachers and arts practitioners want to evaluate their own practice and/or research their practice, they often, though not always, try to do this in partnership with researchers. Recognising the importance of translating practices into evaluation or research matters. This chapter addresses these issues along with what stops teachers and arts practitioners from engaging more deeply with/in evaluation and/or translating evaluation and/or research into practice. It asks what matters when we pay attention to situations when practitioners change their ways of enacting practices because they are acting as/with evaluators or as/with researchers or simply adapting/adopting ‘evidence’ from other evaluations or research, to improve what they are doing.
Harry Carey, Tom Mix, and Douglas Fairbanks
Authors: Abel Richard
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on westerns with stars who rivaled William S. Hart in the mid-to late 1910s. They included “regular chap” Harry Carey, stuntman Tom Mix, and an athletic Douglas Fairbanks. However diverse, nearly all of their films assumed settled white communities, with few threats from Indians or Mexicans. While Carey, directed by Jack Ford, reinvented the “good badman” as a working cowboy or gunslinger with a taste for drink, Mix starred in stories of comic romance and eventually became a fashionable icon. Fairbanks turned the myth of “American Progress” on its head in ramshackle parodies, sporting his nonchalant grin of effortless self-confidence.
Banking and the Antimonopoly Tradition
Authors: Grischkan Jamie
Published: November 2023

“Banking and the Antimonopoly Tradition: The Long Road to the Bank Holding Company Act” excavates the history of the bank holding company, a corporation that owns or controls one or more US banks, and the movement to prevent its monopolistic expansion in the decades surrounding World War II. Staked on constitutional grounds that emphasized the dangers of concentrated financial power to democratic governance, the battle for bank holding company reform represents a pivotal, yet virtually unacknowledged, chapter of the American antimonopoly tradition. Culminating in the enactment of the Bank Holding Company Act in 1956, the struggle for bank holding company legislation challenges long-standing narratives of American political economy that portray World War II as the end of Progressive economic reform and the antitrust movement as a faded passion. Foregrounding the neglected history of the rise and regulation of bank holding companies in the twentieth century ultimately reveals that antimonopoly ideals survived long after their supposed demise and continued to structure national policymaking well into the postwar decades.
All That Glitters Is Not Gold (or, Dirty Professors)
Authors: Cheng Anne Anlin
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents a close reading of the film Princesse Tam Tam as part of a dynamic, international conversation (drawing in figures from Adolf Loos to Le Corbusier to Junichiro Tanizaki and even the ghost of William Shakespeare) at the turn of the twentieth century about machines, organic bodies, and style. In particular, this chapter examines Baker’s relationship to gold/glitter and its inverse, waste and dross. The film Princesse Tam Tam emerges as a critical meditation on the entwined notions of ornamentation, waste, nationhood, and femininity in the making of Western modernity.
The Future of the Factory
Authors: Hauge Jostein
Published: November 2023

For centuries, industrialization and factory-based production have been core ingredients in economic growth, development, and innovation. This symbiotic relationship between industrialization and economic prosperity is now changing. 'Megatrends' - trends within the domains of technology, economy, society, and ecology that have a global impact - are changing the ability of the manufacturing sector to serve as the engine of growth, changing traditional ideas of technological progress, and changing growth and development opportunities in both the global South and the global North. Four megatrends are particularly worthy of note: the rise of services, digital automation technologies, globalization of production, and ecological breakdown. In this book, Jostein Hauge provides a novel analysis of how these megatrends are changing industrialization, and charts new pathways for industrial policy and global governance. He also offers a wide-ranging account of the role of technology, globalization, and ecology in shaping the world economy. The Future of the Factory shows that industrialization remains a cornerstone of economic prosperity, but that power asymmetries in the world economy create uneven opportunities for achieving economic growth, development, and industrialization.
Industrialization in context
Authors: Hauge Jostein
Published: November 2023

For centuries, industrialization and factory-based production have been core ingredients in economic growth, development, and innovation. In this chapter, I tell the story of how this came to be. I tell the story with reference to the history of industrialization and with reference to the history of theories on industrialization. I also tell the story of uneven development in the context of industrialization: how the emergence of the international trading system and imperialism aided industrialization of a select few countries at the expense of development in other countries. I also present rationales for industrial policy, that is, how, and why, governments intervene in markets for the purpose of industrialization. In essence, this chapter serves as a foundation, both historically and theoretically, for many subsequent chapters.
Digital automation technologies
Authors: Hauge Jostein
Published: November 2023

There are growing fears that digital automation technologies will start displacing human jobs at a rapid pace. In this chapter, I investigate the impact of automation technologies on employment and job displacement in the past, present, and future, focusing on the manufacturing sector. The key conclusion arising from my analysis is that automation technologies will most likely result in a reorganization of the labour force rather than large-scale job displacement, in line with historical trends. Sectors and countries will be impacted differently, but industrialization as a development strategy is not under threat due to the introduction of digital automation technologies.
An Electoral Geography Theory of Campaign Violence
Authors: Wahman Michael
Published: November 2023

The chapter introduces an electoral geography theory of campaign violence for geographically polarized electoral systems. If election violence is understood as a form of electoral manipulation, attempts to theorize the strategic use of campaign violence have to be developed in tandem with a theory of political mobilization within a given context. The chapter discusses the origin of geographically polarized electoral systems and stresses the importance of localism for political mobilization in countries where regionalism is a primary political cleavage. Within such contexts, parties use campaign violence as a territorial tool to regulate access to space. Parties can use violence to enforce and contest territoriality, drastically altering local electoral environments.
Campaign Violence in Zambia
Authors: Wahman Michael
Published: November 2023

The chapter shows how violence, coercion, and intimidation has become an integral part of electoral competition under Zambian geographic electoral polarization. While low-scale territorial violence has been a constant during Zambian multiparty competition, the use of violence has escalated over time. The chapter presents both qualitative data on the use of violence during the 2016 campaign and quantitative constituency-level data on campaign violence. The analysis shows how violence was fueled by parties’ attempts to control space. Both opposition and incumbent parties used violence to defend party strongholds, while the incumbent party also used violence to contest the strongholds of the main rival. Statistical analysis shows that violence was more common in constituencies with low levels of electoral competition, especially those dominated by the opposition party.
Conclusion
Authors: Wahman Michael
Published: November 2023

The conclusion chapter summarizes the main implications of the book, focusing mainly on four areas. First, the implications for the study on election violence are summarized. In particular, the book illustrates the extent to which theories of election violence need to interact with theories of political mobilization strongly, the importance of territoriality, and the need to seriously consider the importance of low-scale violence. Second, the book has significant consequences for the study of sub-national authoritarianism. Violence, perhaps more than any other form of manipulation, has the ability to stifle local electoral competition seriously. Third, the book adds to our understanding of African electoral geography and the sources of non nationalized politics. Lastly, the chapter introduces some of the most critical policy implications emerging from the book’s theoretical and empirical contributions.
Structural Chemistry of Group 14 Elements
Authors: Chung Wai Mak Thomas , Cheung Yu-San , Zhou Gong-Du , Wang Ying-Xia
Published: November 2023

This chapter covers the following topics: allotropic modifications of carbon; compounds of carbon, bonding in carbon compounds; gold and silver carbone complexes; phosphine-sulfoxide carbon(0) complexes; structural chemistry of silicon; structures of halides and oxides of heavier Group 14 elements; polyatomic anions of Ge, Sn, and Pb; organometallic compounds of heavier Group 14 elements; tetrel bonding interactions in tin and lead compounds; as well as tetrylones.
Parenting and the formation of attachment bonds
Authors: Hutsebaut Joost , Nijssens Liesbet , Vessem Miriam van
Published: November 2023

Mentalizing is a capacity that we need to develop. The foundation for this development is made in the first years of life or perhaps even earlier. Congruent and marked affect mirroring of the parent contributes to the child’s capacity for emotional understanding and regulation. The child experiences that it is safe to discover their own inner world and develops confidence that others can understand what they need. Gradually, the child forms an image of themself and others as involved and reliable. In addition, parents give their child the message that they are ‘someone’, a ‘self’ who wants, finds, feels, and desires. This is how the child develops a unique sense of self. All these experiences contribute to the development of secure attachment and then also the own ability to mentalize.
Introduction
Authors: Yeang Chen-Pang
Published: November 2023

Chapter 1 introduces the core themes of this book. Noise has sharply different connotations in the nineteenth and after the mid-twentieth century, and hence can be understood as a keyword in Raymond Williams’s sense that reflects the transformation of modern technoscience. The four stages of this transformation are outlined: abstraction and materialization of noise, research on Brownian motion and electronic noise, developing three theoretical approaches to fluctuations, and the rise of tackling noise in information and signal contexts during World War II. A study of noise’s transformation from disturbing sounds to informational errors converses with and complements the historical scholarships in sound studies, probability and statistics, and information science and technology. Such a historical account is mesoscopic, transnational, and interdisciplinary.
Electronic Noise in Telecommunications
Authors: Yeang Chen-Pang
Published: November 2023

Chapter 6 examines the pioneering research on electronic noise—random current fluctuations in electronic devices—during the 1910s–20s. Such research testified to the general randomness of the physical world as the studies of Brownian motion had revealed. In addition, however, electronic noise was embedded in the context of engineering to design and improve high-gain thermionic-tube amplifiers for the radio and telephone. In 1918, Walter Schottky at Siemens formulated a theory of “shot noise,” current fluctuations owing to the random emissions of discrete electrons in a tube. Schottky’s theory was revised and experimentally tested during the 1920s, leading to the discoveries of several other types of noise. In 1925–28, John B. Johnson and Harry Nyquist at Bell Labs found thermal noise for any electrical resistor. Although these studies aimed to chart the fundamental performance limit of electronic technology, they ended up assisting the empirical determination of electronic components’ characteristics.
A Mathematical Foundation of Fluctuations
Authors: Yeang Chen-Pang
Published: November 2023

In chapter 9, we inspect the third approach of the interwar theoretical studies of noise, which focused on a rigorous characterization of the central concepts for random fluctuations. Under this approach, a Brownian motion was configured in a functional space called “differential space,” while a new formulation of spectral analysis known as “generalized harmonic analysis” was developed for the fluctuations to which conventional Fourier analysis could not apply. The mathematicians taking this approach were more concerned about building a solid logical foundation and conceptual structure for random fluctuations than about statistical physics or telecommunication engineering. Their work was inspired by traditions in modern mathematics: set theory, measure theory, and axiomatization of probability. The American mathematician Norbert Wiener at MIT was a leader in this development.
Spread-Spectrum Communication
Authors: Yeang Chen-Pang
Published: November 2023

One of the first applications of the wartime and postwar informational studies of noise was the spread-spectrum technology that scrambled transmitted signals in a communication system for encryptive or antijamming purposes. These scrambled signals effectively “rode on” a noisy carrier. But how to generate a sufficiently noisy carrier and how to synchronize the transmitter and receiver in noise modulation became central problems. In chapter 13, we examine Mortimer Rogoff’s invention of a “noise wheel” at the International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT) Company and MIT Lincoln Laboratories researchers’ development of electronic correlators for their NOMAC spread-spectrum system. In these Cold War military technological projects, noise was transformed from an environmental plight into something useful, as it was turned into a source of diversity.
The End
Authors: Mayer Colin
Published: November 2023

The reformulated Golden Rule of doing unto others as they would have done unto them should be reflected in corporate purposes of producing profitable solutions not problems for others. Corporate purpose should be placed at the heart of corporate law around the world. Dominant shareholders should take ownership of the problems their companies exist to solve and promote their profitable resolution without detriments. Leaders should retain a singular duty to their shareholders not to multiple stakeholders. bring clarity and commitment to their organization’s purposes, values, and culture, and delegate authority and resources to those responsible for their implementation. Corporate profit and national income should account for costs of sustaining the assets of those outside as well as within their formal legal boundaries, including in the natural world. Organizations should incur the true costs of rectifying and remedying the problems they create and account for them in both their internal management and external reporting. International standards should set principles of accounting and reporting for corporate purpose, and accountants and auditors should assure adherence to them. Institutional investors should provide adequate risk-bearing, predominantly equity capital for delivery of problem-solving purposes and steward their profitable delivery. Leaders of public and private sector organizations should forge common purposes to create shared prosperity inclusive of left-behind people, places, and nations; and authority and finance should be delegated to those best placed to deliver shared prosperity.
Introduction
Authors: Lau Maximilian C. G.
Published: November 2023

This Introduction introduces the reader to the varying historical opinions on John, or at least what few that there are. Though Chapter One will focus more on sources, this Introduction will outline how the lack of conventional sources has shaped this limited historiography. It will then point towards how this source base can be readily expanded, which, in addition to using new methodologies, necessitating a complete re-evaluation of John’s reign. The structure of this book is then justified, in some ways taking its cue from some of the more recent studies, while in other ways new approaches and sources are pioneered. Each chapter and its argument is then briefly summarized for the reader.
Client Management and the Crisis of 1126
Authors: Lau Maximilian C. G.
Published: November 2023

This chapter outlines John’s strategy of cumulatively acquiring the allegiance of client rulers to strengthen his empire, and how his attempt to impose Byzantine hegemony over the competing Serb and Turkish courts, and beyond, left the empire overstretched, and caused his strategy to backfire. John’s renewed interventions in the disputes between the Serb rulers of Raška and Diokleia are first outlined, and then his Anatolian campaign of 1124, before the Venetian fleet returned to the Aegean for renewed raiding that winter. John was then visited by three fugitive princes: Mas’ud of Ikonion, Álmos of Hungary, and Gradinja of Diokleia. John attempted to back them all so as to secure central Anatolia, Hungary, and the Serb lands for his empire, but doing so while the Venetians continued to threaten his coasts led to Gabras of Trebizond to rebel, leaving John without enough resources to deal with all of these threats at once. In this context, it will be explained why John therefore had to make the best peace with Venice he could by restoring their trade privileges, and also to leave Mas’ud and Gabras in Anatolia for now so that he could focus on the Serbs and Hungary.
Border Controls
Authors: Peers Steve
Published: November 2023

Chapter 3 describes and analyses the law on EU border controls, including both the rules on external borders and the abolition (in principle) of checks on internal borders, including when re-imposition of checks on internal borders may (or may not) be justified. In particular it looks at the legislation and case law on the Schengen Borders Code (as amended), the Schengen Information System (as it applies to migration control), the planned travel authorization and entry-exit systems, legislation on passport security, local border traffic rules, and Frontex (the EU’s border control agency). It includes a discussion of the case law on these issues, particularly as regards the Borders Code, and pending case law on the accountability of Frontex for alleged human rights abuses.
Visas
Authors: Peers Steve
Published: November 2023

Chapter 4 describes and analyses the law on visas, including the list of non-EU countries whose nationals are (or are not) required to have visas to visit the EU (including proposed changes to the list), the common visa format, the creation and extension of the Visa Information System (including the upcoming overhaul of that database), the rules on the issuing of Schengen visas (as set out in the EU’s Visa Code, as revised), freedom of non-EU citizens to travel between Member States, and the EU’s external relations in the areas of visas (visa waiver treaties, visa facilitation treaties, use of more stringent visa policy to obtain EU migration control objectives). It includes discussion of the case law on visas, notably on the existence and intensity of judicial review of the refusal to issue a visa, and disputes over EU competence on visas.
EU Justice and Home Affairs Law
Authors: Peers Steve
Published: November 2023

This book is a comprehensive description and analysis of every facet of EU Justice and Home Affairs law concerning policing, criminal law, and cross-border civil cooperation—in particular EU law on cross-border criminal law cooperation (such as the European Arrest Warrant, the European Investigation Order, and new rules on electronic evidence), fair trials (including presumption of innocence and access to lawyer) and victims’ rights, substantive criminal law, jurisdiction over crimes, Eurojust and the European Public Prosecutor’s Office, protection against double jeopardy, policing (including Europol, data protection issues, and EU information exchange), and cross-border civil cooperation, including specific fields like insolvency, inheritance, and family law. It examines the human rights aspects of the issues, and discusses every piece of EU legislation and all EU court case law in the field, including proposed legislation in areas such as civil law litigation concerning journalists and the new or upcoming use or expansion of methods of exchanging data among police or judicial bodies.
Conclusion
Authors: Boute Anatole
Published: November 2023

The 2022 energy shock is likely to have a long-lasting impact on the regulation of energy markets, and international energy trade and investment, with implications far beyond EU–Russian relations and the future of the natural gas industry. This book’s critical reassessment of the security implications of energy, trade, and investment law emphasized the need for supply security reforms at the national, regional, and international level. This chapter summarizes the book’s main findings on the role of energy law instruments in the creation of dangerous dependencies. It then proposes reform directions that would allow to balance the need for greater flexibility to address states’ increasing concerns over foreign energy dependencies with the preservation of the international cooperation on which the cost-efficient and accelerated energy transition depends.
Introduction
Authors: Gillin Edward J.
Published: November 2023

Launched in 1839, the British Magnetic Scheme (BMS) ran for over a decade and represented a British state-sponsored scientific venture of unprecedented scale. This investigation, comprised of a worldwide network of observatories and naval expeditions, sought to measure the Earth’s magnetic phenomena and reduce the data collected to the order of charts. To perform this magnetic survey, the Royal Navy employed the dipping needles of Cornish natural philosopher Robert Were Fox. The instruments were designed to record the Earth’s magnetic dip and intensity but were delicate devices. Fox’s dipping needles were a crucial element to the great scientific undertaking of the 1830s and 1840s. As is argued here, this represented an important escalation in the relationship between the British state and science, with the former eager to mobilize scientific methods to resolve the problem of magnetic deviation, this being compass error resulting from the changing character of the Earth’s magnetism. Contemporaries were eager to promote this venture as a global science, stressing its worldwide extent.
The Twilight of Cornish Science and the Systematization of Oceanic Navigation, 1850–1907
Authors: Gillin Edward J.
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the outputs and conclusions of the British Magnetic Scheme. By the 1850s, the BMS was drawing to a close. Edward Sabine was keen to stress the value of the enterprise, especially its confirmation of a link between the Earth’s magnetism and solar flares. Yet much of the initial promise of the BMS had failed to be realized. However, throughout the 1850s, there remained considerable interest in extending the project’s research, notably through a new survey of the magnetism of the British Isles, which this chapter explores. Importantly, it is here discussed how all this magnetic investigation fitted within the broader solution of magnetic compass error. With ships such as Isambard Kingdom Brunel’s Great Eastern employing ever-increasing amounts of iron, the search for an answer as to how to manage compasses and secure accurate navigation took on a growing urgency. This chapter explores how the magnetic data of the British Magnetic Scheme was conscripted within new approaches to ensuring reliable navigation.
Codification
Authors: Bentley Michelle
Published: November 2023

Chapter 3 studies the earlier history and codification of the biological weapons taboo culminating in the 1925 Geneva Protocol. The chapter charts the evolution of the taboo’s codification from the Laws of Manu c. 200 bce, through various war treaties, the 1899 and 1907 Hague Conferences, to the Geneva Protocol itself. The analysis depicts the growing formalization of the taboo not only as a socially established revulsion but also as a customary norm manifest within international legal provision. The chapter additionally documents both the conceptualization of biowarfare alongside chemical warfare within the more general term of poison as well as the Geneva Protocol’s instrumentality in later acknowledging biowarfare as a taboo issue within its own right and as distinct from the threat of chemical violence. The chapter explains this key shift in understanding.
Prohibition
Authors: Bentley Michelle
Published: November 2023

Chapter 7 analyses the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC). The chapter contests existing claims that American acceptance of the BWC was purely self-interested in motivation. A close analysis of the archival evidence demonstrates that the taboo was a major factor in the US’s negotiation and ratification of the agreement. Moreover, the data reveal that a key rationale of the BWC was to cement the taboo as an intrinsic norm of international policymaking. The chapter considers this argument in the context of criticisms that the BWC is neither effective nor some great expression of normative feeling. The chapter engages with these claims to maintain that the agreement still constitutes the current mainstay of the taboo’s genealogy.
Introduction
Authors: Linenberg Yorai
Published: November 2023

The Introduction provides background on the general situation of POWs in German captivity during the Second World War, including the numbers of POWs from each country, their general treatment, the captivity cycle they had gone through, and an overview of the German POW organization. In addition to a review of the historiography that deals with POWs, and specifically with Jewish POWs, during the Second World War, and of the primary sources—and their limitations—which have been used in this study, the Introduction also analyses the existing explanations for the treatment of the Jewish POWs from western armies and highlights some of their shortcomings. Finally, the structure of this work—combining bottom-up with top-down views of the experience of American and British Jewish POWs—as well as the research questions which this study deals with, are explained.
Wal-Mart
Authors: Brooker Paul , Hayward Margaret
Published: November 2023

Wal-Mart (now Walmart), the iconic retailing corporation, was established by Sam Walton and initially was his adaptive response to discount retailing. His innovative response in the 1960s was Wal-Mart discount retailing and an expansion system that spread Wal-Mart stores throughout the southwest and then other parts of America. The rapid expansion of Wal-Mart corporation in the 1970s‒80s was helped, too, by CEO Walton’s use of the other rational methods. He was a ‘numbers man’ and his strategic calculation generated a cost-reduction grand strategy that included a labour-relations strategy. His use of the deliberative methods led to Wal-Mart pioneering such technology as a satellite-based communication system. In addition to the standard six rational methods, CEO Walton used learning—such as learning from experimentation—as a seventh rational method of corporation development. And the chapter’s final section shows learning being used by Marcel Dassault to develop the Dassault Aviation aircraft-manufacturing corporation in France.
The Measurement Problem (Featuring the Usual Suspects)
Authors: French Steven
Published: November 2023

In this short introductory chapter, the basics of the measurement problem are presented. On the one hand we have the continuous dynamics as embodied in Schrödinger’s Equation which describes the evolution of the wave-function. On the other, we have the discontinuous ‘collapse’ of that wave-function to give a definite outcome out of all the possible options. The ‘usual story’ presents this problem in the context of a standard history of the development of quantum theory that is entwined with philosophical reflections on its foundations. Both sets of histories are contested in what follows and the chapter concludes by setting out the central claims of the rest of the book.