bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estudio histológico comparativo del aparato reproductivo de llama hembra (Lama guanicoe glama)*
Authors: Arias Patricio , Feder Fritz‐Helmut , Porcel Ricardo , Cox José
Published: June 2007

Comparative histological study of the reproductive system of the female llama (Lama guanicoe glama)

In the present study a cytological, histological and morphometrical comparison between the ovaries of the llama, the cow and the sheep is presented, at two phases of the ovarian cycle. There were found differences in the amount of primordial and primary follicles, the size of secondary follicles and follicular cells, and type and distribution of the connective tissue inside the stroma of the ovary. It would be necessary to study the fine structure of the ovary and the so‐called “embryological remanents”, for its permanent appearance in most (50 %) of the ovaries.
A Stenosis of the Isthmus Aortae Concurrent with Multiple Defects in a Calfheart An Attempt at an Embryological and Phylogenetical Explanation
Authors: Nie C. J. Van
Published: June 2007

The findings in a calfheart with multiple ventricular septum defects and an isthmus stenosis in an aorta with its origin in the right ventricle have been described and discussed. The anomalies are explained embryogenetically as well as phylogenetically. No choice could be made between the theories. The author states: The phylogenetic theory needs more attention in future comparative studies of anomalies of the heart.
The Anatomy of the Omasum of some Zambian Game Species
Authors: Stafford K. J. , Stafford Y. M.
Published: June 2007

The gross anatomy of the omasum of 11 different Zambian game species are described. These include Roan Antelope, Sable Antelope, Wildebeest, Kudu, Kafue Lechwe, Puku, Reedbuck, Impala, Bushbuck, Oribi and Duiker. Lamellar area and papilla density and shape are reported.
Differentiation of Ependymal Surface of Lateral Ventricles in Fetus and Newborn Rabbits: Observations by SEM
Authors: Abbate F. , Laura R. , Muglia U. , Vita G. , Bronzetti P.
Published: June 2007

The ultrastructural modifications that occur on the ependymal surface of the lateral ventricles of prenatal rabbit brains at 25, 27, 29 days of pregnancy, of term fetuses (30–31 days) and of 5, 10, 15 day old newborn rabbits, were studied by a SEM. On the ependymal surface the cilia, usually associated in tufts and the microvilli, variable in size and number, that surround them, show a rate of development correlated to the age. The results show the early differentiation of the surface features commensurated with early cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) functioning.
Cronología de Osificación Postnatal de las Articulaciones del Hombro y Codo en el Gato Siamés (Felts catus L.)
Authors: Vazquez‐Auton J.Ma , Villa Lopez Ma.I. , Moreno F. , Gil F. , Latorre R.
Published: June 2007

Chronology of the postnatal ossification of the shoulder and cubit joints of the Siam cat (Felts catus L.)

A study was done by radiological techniques to show the chronology of ossification of the shoulder and cubit joints in the Siam cat, from birth up to the 25th week of postnatal development. For this experiment we used 40 little cats (19 males and 21 females) belonging to 11 litters subjected to different controls: pattern race, healthy, feeding, growing up and radioactivity. The time of the appearance and the evolution of the ossification centers is determined as well as the phenomenon of fusion during this time. The postnatal ossification from both joints of the Siam cat is compared with that of the common cat.
Cronología de Osificación Postnatal del Autópodo Torócico en el Gato Siamés (Felis catus L.)*
Authors: Lopez Ma.I. Villa , Vazquez‐Auton J.Ma. , Moreno F. , Gil F. , Latorre R. , Zarzosa G. Ramirez
Published: June 2007

Chronology of the postnatal ossification of the Thoracic autopodo in the Siam cat (Felis catus L.)

A study was done by radiological techniques to show the chronology of ossification of the thoracic autopodo of the Siam cat from birth up to the 25th week of postnatal development. For this experiment we used 40 little cats (19 males and 21 females) belonging to 11 litters subjected to different controls: pattern race, healthy, feeding, grow up and radioactivity. The time of the appearance and evolution of the centres that form the basipodo, metapodo and acropodo of the thoracic limb is determined. Likewise it is analized the phenomenon of fusion during that time to define the main ossification sequence in the carpo. The aspects of the postnatal ossification of the thoracic autopodo in the Siam cat are compared with the literature of differents authors about the common cat.
Histology and Histomorphometry of the Tibial Diaphyseal Growth in Two Turkey Strains during the First Six Weeks after Hatching
Authors: Wyers Monique , Hamon J. C. , Cherel Y. , Plassiart G.
Published: June 2007

The comparative cortical growth of the tibio‐tarsus was studied during the first six weeks after hatching in two turkey strains, a light and a heavy one. At one day post‐hatching the cortical appeared to be constituted in both strains of an embryonary non‐active fibrous bone tissue which had completely disappeared at one week. On and after one week the cortice was constituted of a fibrolamellar adult bone tissue elaborated on the periosteal part of the cortex. Its vascular pattern depended on the strain and on the thickness of the cortical faces. The histomorphometrical studies showed that the growth in thickness was earlier and faster in the heavy strain with a Total Diaphyseal Surface twice larger at 6 weeks but a Diaphyseal Cortical Ratio not significantly different since 3 weeks of age.
Lectin Histochemistry of Glycoconjugates in Horse Salivary Glands
Authors: Gargiulo Anna Maria , Pedini Vera , Ceccarelli P.
Published: June 2007

The glycoconjugate content of major horse salivary glands was investigated by means of horseradish peroxidase‐conjugated lectins. Qualitative differences were observed in the terminal sugar residues of secretory glycoproteins and glycoconjugates linked to the apical surface of excretory duct epithelial cells. Mucous acinar cells in mandibular and sublingual glands contained oligosaccharides with D‐galactose, α‐ and β‐N‐acetylgalactosamine, N‐acetylglucosamine and fucose residues, whereas mandibular, sublingual and parotid serous cells contained only oligosaccharides with terminal α‐ and β‐N‐acetylgalactosamine residues. The apical portion of striated and interlobular duct lining cells of mandibular and sublingual glands stained for α‐ and β‐N‐acetylgalactosamine and for N‐acetylglucosamine. In parotid gland the cytoplasm of intercalated duct cells and the apical surface of striated duct epithelial cells stained for α‐N‐acetylgalactosamine.
Estudio Radiológico del Esternón del Ovino en Crecimiento
Authors: Guillen M. T. , Robina A. , Regodon S.
Published: June 2007

Radiological investigation of the sternum of the sheep

A radiological investigation of the sternum of the sheep demonstrated distinct growth phases. Forty Merino sheep of mixed breeds were distributed into 4 age groups of 0, 45, 105 and 270 days. Each animal was radiographed in sternal and lateral recumbency. Measurements were made from the radiographs.

The sternebra are rectangular in newborn and become concave in adult. The curvature of the sternum is 16 to 17° at day 0 and 27–28° at day 270. The nucleus of ossification was seen in all sternebrae at 45 days of age, they were present only in the most caudal sternebrae at 105 days.
Actinfilaments in the Ruminal Epithelium of Cattle
Authors: Kressin M. , Koob B. , Schnorr B.
Published: June 2007

Phalloidin and immunogold labeling were used to localize actinfilaments in the ruminal pilar epithelium of adult catde on the light and electron microscopic level.

Incubation with rhodaminyl‐phalloidin permitted an overview of general actin distribution pattern. Distinct subcellular localization of actin was revealed with the biotin‐streptavidin bridge technique in a postembedding procedure. Superior fixation of membranes and filaments was achieved with tannic acid‐glutaraldehyde. Surface‐etching prior to immunoincubation ensured restoration of actin immunoreactivity.

Patterns of distribution in non‐keratinized and keratinized epithelial cells as well as in pericytes and endothelial cells point to cell‐specific cytoskeletal and motile functions of actinfilaments.
Modelos Matematicos Aplicados al Crecimiento Gástrico Ovino durante la Vida Intrauterina
Authors: Franco A. , Rodriguez P. L. , Mayoral A. I. , Guillen M. T. , Robina A.
Published: June 2007

Mathematical models describing the histomorphometric growth of ruminant stomach during prenatal life

One hundred forty four ovine embryos and feti were used in an investigation to determine mathematical models describing the histomorphometric growth of tissues and compartments of the ruminant stomach. The results indicate that during prenatal life the diameter of the gastric chambers increase more slowly than the length. The tissue layers of the gastric walls, particularly the muscular tunic of all compartments demonstrated a uniform tendency toward more rapid development than the compartment walls proper.
The Structure of the Harderian Gland of the Guinea Fowl at Embryonic and Post Embryonic Stages
Authors: Onyeanusi B.I. , Ema A.N. , Ezeokoli CD. , Onyeanusi J.C.
Published: June 2007

The Harderian gland of the guinea fowl is a bright, pink and relatively large orbital organ situated at the ventromedial aspect of the orbit. It possesses a single duct that has its exit on the convex medial surface. The outline is irregular with its caudal half narrower than the rostral half, and possessing a slight constriction about the mid point.

Histologically, the gland had been outlined with the existence of a large contorted lumen by day 18 of incubation. The surface epithelial lining showed two layers of cells all through and lymphocytes were also present.

By day 19 of incubation, certain zones of the surface epithelium had become pseudostratified and some of these cells contained vacuoles indicative of secretory materials within their cytoplasm.

By day 21, few definitive acini with lumina had been observed and at day 23, the epithelium had assumed only a single layer of cells that were tall columnar cells, except at the junctions of the folds.

By day 24, the tunica propria seemed to have completely disappeared with the acini occupying every available space. Plasma cells were seen three days after hatching.
Changes in the Peritoneum during the Development of the Testis, Epididymis and Ductus Deferens in the Pig
Authors: Martin E. , Rodriguez‐Martinez H.
Published: June 2007

The development of the peritoneal folds of the testis, epididymis and ductus deferens of the pig prior to testicular descent was studied in 18 to 82 days‐old embryos/fetuses. The parietal attachment of the mesonephros, mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts and gubernaculum constituted the urogenital mesentery. This could be divided in a cranial and a caudal part. The first fixed the mesonephros and had a mesogonad as a secondary fold. The second had two branches, one laterally to the umbilical artery belonging to the gubernaculum (Plica gubemacularis) and the medial to the artery contained the meso‐ and paramesonephric ducts. The mesogonad was related caudally with Plica gubemacularis. The fold of the meso‐ and paramesonephric ducts could also be divided in two parts. The caudal was a primary component of the urogenital mesentery, while the cranial was first ventral and later lateral to the mesogonad (mesorchium) and appeared as a secondary fold of the urogenital mesentery (cranial part). A vascular fold contributed to separate the suspensory ligament of the testis from the developing mesorchium. The proposed meaning of the terms used might be useful for comparative studies.
The Anatomy of the Cloacal Bursa (Bursa of Fabricius) in the Helmeted Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris galeata)
Authors: Onyeanusi B. I. , Ezeokoli C. D. , Onyeanusi J. C. , Ema A. N.
Published: June 2007

The cloacal bursa (bursa of Fabricius) in the guinea fowls appeared either as an oval blind sac with a short thick stalk in one group or had a pointed cranial blind end with a slightly bulging middle part that was followed by a thick caudal stalk in the other group. Both groups of bursae originated from the proctodeal wall of the cloaca and were placed dorsal to the rectum. The average length of the bursa was 18 mm while the average width at die mid section was 15 mm. The internal surface showed about 12 – 14 primary folds.

Histologically, the outline of the bursa was well established by day 18 of incubation. The primary folds had also been formed. Lymphocytes had already been encountered within the framework of the bursa at this day. The epithelium bordering the tunica propria was composed principally of two layers of cuboidal cells. Epithelial buds had also formed and some were already detached from the epithelial lining. The blood vessels present were positioned just beneath the outer covering.

At day 19 of incubation, most of the epithelial buds had two layers of cells arranged in a circumscribed manner while a few had three layers of cells. Blood vessels had increased in number and were deeper placed inside the bursa than previously.

At day 20, the cells of the upper layer of the epithelium were dorsoventrally flattened and stained paler than the cells of the lower layer. It was possible to distinguish the cortex from the medulla and the basement lining between both zones was distinct. Tiny vesicles within the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells at the mucosa and follicles were observed. Macrophges were also observed within the gland.

At day 21, blood vessels were observed in the cortex of the follicles. The maximum number of primary folds (14) had been formed.

At day 22, serveral follicles had severed connections with the mucosal epithelium. The mucosal lining had dropped to a single layer of cells in some areas. Goblet cells were observed amongst the mucosal cells. A plasma cell had first appeared.

By day 25, dead cells had increased quite in number and there was also an increase in number of medium and small‐sized lymphocytes within the gland.

By day 26, the upper layer of the surface epithelium was composed primarily of tall columnar cells with numerous large vacuoles. Macrophages had suddenly increased within the thin interfollicu‐lar spaces and most of them were crowded internally with various sizes of debris.

By day one post‐hatch, each fold was completely filled with follicles that were separated by thin connective tissue strands.
Regularities and Irregularities in the Structure of the Seminiferous Epithelium in the Domestic Fowl (Gallus domesticus)
Authors: Tiba T. , Shimizu Y. , Kita I. , Tsubota T.
Published: June 2007

It was investigated in the domestic fowl, whether a mechanism for a synchronous start of the proliferation of the differentiating spermatogonia in a transversely cut seminiferous tubule (called the “co‐ordination” between germ cell association) operates effectively in this species. A trapezoid‐shaped cellular association demarcated by two perpendiculars from the tubular lumen to the basement membrane was the unit of observation (provisionally called a “column” Each column is composed of a bundle of elongate spermatids and the neighbouring, various types of germ cells). The extent of closeness of the co‐ordination was examined in a total of 2,650 columns, based on the continuity of the spermiogenic sptep‐number of the youngest generation of spermatids within adjacent columns. In no case did all columns in a tubular cross section show the same‐step spermatids. In most cases (50.2 % of 2,650 columns), the same number was kept in only 2 to 6 adjacent columns. The arrangement of different but consecutive numbers (e. g., 1–2–3 or 1–2‐1) was observed in a total of 882 columns. The co‐ordination mechanism, therefore, is considered to work, albeit incomplete, among a limited number of adjacent columns in this species.
Flavine, Oxidative and Hydrolytic Enzyme Activity in the Skin of Sana, Togemburg and Balkan Engrafted Kid Breeds
Authors: Mihelić D. , Hraste A. , Babić K. , Gjurčević‐Kantura Vesna , Janicki Z.
Published: June 2007

Flavine, oxidative and hydrolite enzyme activity in the togenburg, sana and Balkan engrafted kid breeds, skin from the back, abdomen and leg areas was investigated. The strongest activity of the enzymes was found in the connective tissue, muscular tissue cells and sebaceous glands while the weaker activity was found in epidermis and hair folicul cells. Those are slight differences in the activity of the investigated enzymes among kid groups in the investigated part of the body.
Zur Articulatio temporomandibularis der Hauskatze (Felis silvestris catus)*
Authors: Knospe C. , Roos H.
Published: June 2007

To the articulatio temporomandibularis of the domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus)

The mandibular joint of the cat is an incongruent cylindrical joint, which works as a hinge or screw joint. The course of motion is unilateral in the plane of the cutting edge of the molar/premolar border P4/M1 The articular disc is a connective tissue membran: its new function is decreasing the friction.
Renal Anatomy of the Pigmy Hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis): An Overview
Authors: Maluf N. S. R.
Published: June 2007

The adult kidney of Choeropsis liberiensis is 74.8 % cortex and 22.9 % medulla. The neonatal cortex is relatively less. A single kidney has about 3 × 106 glomeruli. These form 5 % of renal mass in the adult but more so in neonates.

The primary tubus maximus, TM1, follows the lateral curvature of the kidney. It gives off, toward the hilum, dorso‐ventrally paired secondary tubi maximi, TM2. The tubi are a single layer of high cuboidal epithelium from which terminal collecting ducts arise throughout the surrounding inner medulla. The cranial and caudal limbs of TM1, open at a diminutive pelvis which receives a small papilla in continuity with TM1.

The medulla is continuous although variably distorted by folds of cortex at the lateral curvature of the kidney. The renal lobes project toward the medial border and consist of cortex, medulla and TM2. The lobar cortex is continuous with the common cortex of the lateral curvature. The kidney, although strongly lobed, has no infundibula or rencules.

A main peripheral vein courses medial and parallel to TM. It is apparently a modified large arcuate vein and receives arcuate and interlobar tributaries. At the level of the papilla it joins the main renal vein.

The arterial supply is mainly by interlobar arteries but there are also sizeable external perforator arteries which branch from the main renal artery and perforate the cortex of lobes about the hilum. The sourse of the arteries is illustrated.
Anatomic Observations of the Coronary Sinus in the Dog (Canis familiaris)
Authors: Piffer C. R. , Piffer M. I. S. , Santi F. P. , Dayoub M. C. O.
Published: June 2007

The coronary sinus was investigated in 34 normal adult dogs, in order to verify its formation, tributaries, length and the valves, as well as the relationship of the venous walls to the epicardium and to the myocardium. The valve of the coronary sinus was observed in only 4 cases (1.7 %). In 30 cases (98.3 %) the ostium of the coronary sinus was lacking a valve. The valve of Vieussens double, was found at the level of the transition between the great cardiac vein and the coronary sinus, as well as others parietal venous valves. A comparison with the human pattern was made, particularly regarding the action of the valve of the coronary sinus and the formation of the sinus.
The Thymus of the Guinea Fowl from the Eighteenth Day of Incubation until Maturity
Authors: Onyeanusi B. I. , Onyeanusi J. C. , Emma A. N. , Ezeokoli C. D.
Published: June 2007

The thymus gland of the guinea fowl appeared as a series of pink, irregular‐shaped lobes along the jugular veins. These lobes were 13 in number with seven on the right and six on the left side. The third and sixth lobes on the right side were the largest. The largest lobe measured about 20.0 × 5.0 mm while the smallest measured about 5.0 × 4,0 mm.

Histologically, it was encircled by a thin layer of poorly stained connective tissue from which strands penetrated the thymic tissue giving incomplete lobules peripherally as early as day 18 of incubation. Lymphocytes and reticular epithelial cells were the two types of cells occurring at this time. Reticular epithelial cells were observed to be vacuolated especially towards the centre of the gland.

Macrophages were observed in the thymus on day 20 of incubation for the first time. The blood vessels had accompanied the interlobular septa into the thymus.

By day 21 of incubation, blood vessels had actually penetrated the thymic tissue but most of these vessels were of the capillary size. The cortex also became quite distinct from the medulla.

At day 22, vacuolation ceased to appear in the cells at the cortical zone. Macrophages were still less than 10 in the slide.

At day 23, most blood vessels were within the medulla and they displayed compressed lumi‐na. Mitotic figures became a common site amongst the large lymphocytes and reticular epithelial cells.

By day one post‐hatch, lobulation of the thymus was still poor and macrophages became difficult to identify. The small and medium lymphocytes had outnumbered the large lymphocytes throughout the thymic tissue except at the most peripheral zone of the cortex. Fine vacuoles had reappeared within the cytoplasm of the reticular epithelial cells in the cortex.

By day five, the distribution of blood vessels was almost uniform between the cortex and medulla.

At three weeks post‐hatch, plasma cells and red blood cells were seen in the stroma of the gland for the first time and most of the red blood cells occurred in the medulla.
Fine Structure of the Pecten Oculi in the American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos)
Authors: Braekevelt C. R.
Published: June 2007

The pecten oculi of the American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) has been examined by both light and electron microscopy. In this species the pecten is very large and of the pleated type. It consists of 22 ‐ 25 accordion folds that are joined apically by a bridge of tissue which holds the pecten in a fan‐like shape widest at its base. Within each fold are numerous capillaries, larger supply and drainage vessels and many melanocytes. The capillaries are extremely specialized for transport functions and display extensive microfolds on both their luminal and abluminal borders. Except for the nuclear region which contains most of the organelles, the endothelial cell bodies are extremely thin. These capillaries are surrounded by thick fibrillar basal laminae which are conjectured to be structurally important. Pericytes are a common feature of these capillaries. The numerous pleomorphic melanocytes interspersed between the capillaries are also felt to be important in structural support of the pecten. The pecten is considered to be comparable to the falciform process of some teleosts, the conus papillaris of reptiles, the supraretinal vessels of amphibians and teleosts and the intraretinal vessels of mammals which are all felt to be alternative methods of bringing nutrients to the inner retina.
Retinal Photoreceptor Fine Structure in the American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos)
Authors: Braekevelt Charlie R.
Published: June 2007

The morphology of the light‐adapted retinal photoreceptors of the American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) has been investigated by light and electron microscopy. They consist of rods, single cones and double (unequal) cones present in a ratio of about 4:3:3 respectively. The rods are stout cells with a long inner segment and an outer segment that reaches to the RPE cell body. In the light‐adapted state, the pigment‐laden apical processes of the RPE cells surround cell photoreceptor types for most of their length. The rod inner segment displays an ellipsoid of mitochondria, a large hyperboloid of glycogen, much RER, numerous polysomes, Golgi zones and autophagic vacuoles. Single cones show a slightly tapered outer segment, a large and usually heterogeneous oil droplet and an ellipsoid of mitochondria at the apex of the inner segment. Double cones consist of a longer, stouter chief member which displays a more homogeneous oil droplet and a prominent paraboloid of glycogen and a slightly shorter and thinner accessory member with no oil droplet or paraboloid. Both members of the double cone as well as the single cones show a prominent ellipsoid and plentiful polysomes, RER and Golgi zones in the inner segment. Along the length of the contiguous membranes of the two members of the double cone are presumed interreceptor junctions. All cone photoreceptors are relatively small in diameter and hence are tightly packed. Judging by their morphology in the light‐adapted state neither rods nor cones are felt to undergo photomechanical movements in this species. Rods and cones (both types) display both invaginated (ribbon) synapses as well as numerous flat (conventional) synaptic sites.
Histomorphometrische und histologische Untersuchungen zur morphokinetischen Wirkung von Furazolidon auf die Spermiogenese geschlechtsreifer Ratten
Authors: Ludewig TH. , Gutte G.
Published: June 2007

The antispermatongenic effects of furazolidone on the testes of mature Wistar rats were investigated using histological and morphometric methods. The sections showed a varying degree of depopulation of the germinal epithelium, a shrinking and a deformation of the Tubuli contorti, and an enlargement of the intertubular lymphatic sinuses. The strain led to a standstill in the spermatogenesis at the primary‐spermatocyte stage. After administering furazolidone, the following results could be seen:

– a weightloss of up to 42.1% and a decrease in testes volume by up to 30.2%

– a decrease in the volume of the nuclei of the Leydig‐cells by up to 51.6%

– a reduction in the diameter, perimeter and area covered by Tubuli seminiferi contorti of up to 33.5%, 30.8%, and 53.4%, respectively

– an increase in the number of Tubuli seminiferi contorti per mm2 by up to 44.8%

– a decrease in the percentage of Tubuli seminiferi contorti of the total testes tissue by up to 39.1%
Zum Wachstum des Extremitätenskeletts bei Enten
Authors: Gille U. , Salomon F.‐V.
Published: June 2007

Das Längenwachstum von Humerus (H), Ulna (U), Femur (F), Tibiotarsus (TT) und Tarsometatarsus (TMT) von Stock‐, Peking‐ und Moschusenten sowie einer Kreuzung aus letzteren wurde zwischen Schlupf und 154. d analysiert. Die Altersklassenmittelwerte wurden durch die modifizierte Janoschek‐Funktion approximiert. H und U weisen zum Schlupf die geringsten absoluten und prozentualen (auf den jeweiligen Adultwert bezogen) Längen auf. Innerhalb der Gliedmaßen finden sich weitestgehend identische Wachstumsmuster, wobei F, TT und TMT die höchsten Schlupfreifegrade, deutlich frühere Zuwachsmaxima und ein schnelleres Abwachsen zeigen. Bei den adulten Tieren ergibt sich die Längenrelation H >TT > U > F > TMT, bei den Pekinglinien ist jedoch eine Verlängerung des TT zu verzeichnen, so daß dieser vor dem H rangiert. Diese ontogenetischen Proportionsverschiebungen führen zu Überschneidungen der absoluten Wachstumskurven, während bei den prozentualen nur die des F die des TT überkreuzt. Evolutive, domestikative und ökologische Gesichtspunkte dieser Beziehungen werden diskutiert.
Histological Changes in the Uterus during Postpartum in the Mare
Authors: Gomez‐Cuetara C. , Flores J. M. , Sanchez J. , Rodriguez A. , Sanchez M. A.
Published: June 2007

An histological study of the postpartum period in 29 mares was carried out. Uterine biopsies were taken daily during the first 10 days postpartum in a total of 87 samples. At day 0, equine endometrium was characterized in the surface by the presence of regularly ordered microcaruncles; the stratum spongiosum was oedematous and contained distended and scarce glands. Degenerative changes in microcaruncles and endometrial glands were present on day 1 postpartum. The epithelium of the microcaruncles from 2 to 5 days postpartum showed cytoplasmic vacuolization, karyorrhexis and an inflammatory reaction with neutrophils and phagocitic cells. On day 7 postpartum, the histology of the endometrium was similar to the normal proestrus with cuboidal luminal epithelium and an oedematous stromal tissue. The changes are usually completed within days 9 and 10 postpartum with the histologically typical appearance of estrus in mares.
Swine Hearts: Quantitative Anatomy of the Right Ventricle
Authors: Alvarez L. , Rodríquez J. E. , Saucedo R. , Aránega A. , Melguizo C. , Prados J. , Aránega A. E.
Published: June 2007

The right ventricle was studied in 75 anatomically normal swine hearts, using, in all, nine geometric and volumetric parameters: ventricular‐wall thickness, length of the right‐ventricular inflow and outflow tracts, and volume of the right‐ventricular inflow and outflow tracts. The data for these parameters were compared with previously published patterns for human hearts and volumetric data were compared with patterns of normality found in human hearts. As in the human heart, the ventricular inflow tract in swine hearts was significantly shorter than the outflow tract (P < 0.0001).
Topographie des Noeuds Lymphatiques de ľAulacode Mâle (Thryonomys Swinderianus, Temminck 1827)
Authors: Alogninouwa T. , Agba K. C. , Gambo S. , Kpodekon M.
Published: June 2007

Ľaulacode compte 75 à 85 noeuds lymphatiques (N.L.) répartis en 22 groupes dont 6 inconstants. Les groupes ganglionnaires sont peu nombreux comme chez la plupart des Rongeurs. Le nombre de N.L. par groupe est variable ďun sujet àľautre, généralement entre 1 et 5.

Ces N.L. de ľaulacode sont souvent dissimulés dans un noyau adipeux inter‐musculaire ou de couverture; la plupart sont en position superficielle ou en tous cas peu profonde. Ils sont de coloration gris rosé relativement pâle; leur forme varie de la sphère àľellipse et leur taille de 4 à 8 mm de long sur 3 à 4 mm de large. La topographie et les territoires de drainage comportent de nombreuses particularités: certains N.L., relativement constants chez la plupart des rongeurs, sont absents ou inconstants chez ľaulacode alors qu'on y décrit des N.L. spécifiques tel que le N.L. huméral.
Entwicklung und Zelldifferenzierung des Nucleus nervi hypoglossi beim Rind
Authors: Ruhrig S. , Kötter B. , Hummel G. , Goller H.
Published: June 2007

Based upon light‐ and electron‐microscope examinations, the ontogenetic development of the nucleus of cranial nerve XII is documented. At 1‐cm crown‐rump length (CRL), the caudal pole of the nucleus nervi hypoglossi forms a uniform cell column with the cornu ventrale of the spinal cord. During this period, its caudal area shows signs of cellular degeneration. From 3.5 cm CRL onward, all nuclear groups can be identified. At 53 cm CRL, they correspond to the pattern as described in the adult brain. Electron‐optically, at 2.5 cm and 3.6 cm CRL, the nucleus of cranial nerve XII exhibits a close relationship to the matrix layer which consists of elements of dark nuclei. The hypoglossus nucleus is composed of dark and light cell types. It is the latter type that represents the presumptive neuron; it shows an increased ultrastructural differentiation from 2.5 cm CRL onward.
In vivo Tetracycline Labelling as a Measure of Rearing‐system Influence on Chicken‐bone Dynamics
Authors: Vitorovic D. , Nikolic Z. , Cvetkovic D.
Published: June 2007

The objective of this study was to estimate the internal dynamics of leg (tibia) and wing (humerus) bones in light and heavy types of chicken, reared in cages and on the floor. The ratio of floor‐to‐cage area was 3:1. All chicks were fed a standard broiler mixture (0‐4 weeks with 0.9% Ca and 0.7% P; 4–7 weeks with 0.8% Ca and 0.5% P). Each bird was given two intraperitoneal injections of 30 mg/kg of oxy‐tetracycline at 2‐day intervals.

The results showed no significant differences between floor‐and cage‐reared birds in tibial‐osteon appositional rates. However, there was a significant rearing‐system effect on humerus internal dynamics. Seven‐week‐old light chicks, reared on the floor, had humeri with a higher appositional rate than those reared in the cages.
Ultrastructure of the Liver of Reindeer Calves under Different Nutritional Conditions
Authors: Soveri T. , Sukura A. , Nieminen M. , Lindberg L.‐A.
Published: June 2007

A total of 12 reindeer calves were divided into two groups and the volume densities of liver cytoplasmic structures were counted using TEM. The six animals in group 1 were allowed to graze freely while those in group 2 were kept in pens and fed with lichens. All of them had a negative energy balance and lost weight from November to April, group 1 by 14.9% and group 2 by 24.8%. In spite of the weight losses, no significant changes in volume densities occurred during the winter. Glycogen remained fairly steady and there was no fatty infiltration into the hepatocytes. The very low incidence of Golgi apparatus in the hepatocytes may have been due to the inhibition of protein and lipid synthesis during the winter. These results point to substantial adaptation to extreme environmental conditions. The animals in group 1 apparently moved about more, which may have caused a greater breakdown of glycogen, resulting in turn in a lower volume density of glycogen in January and March.
A Lectin Histochemical Study of Gustatory (Von Ebner's) Glands of the Horse Tongue
Authors: Gargiulo A. M. , Pedini V. , Ceccarelli P. , Lorvik S.
Published: June 2007

In the present work, gustatory glands (von Ebner's glands) of the horse tongue were examined by means of five peroxidase‐conjugated lectins (PNA, DBA, SBA, UEA I, WGA), with and without prior sialidase digestion, in order to investigate the presence and distribution of carbohydrate residues in secretory cells and duct cells. The most intense staining of secretory cells was observed with PNA after pre‐treatment with neuraminidase. This indicates that the terminal trisaccharide sequence sialic acid‐ (α2→3, 6) galactosyl (β1→3) N‐acetylgalactosamine is the most frequent oligosaccharide chain present in glycoproteins secreted by horse gustatory glands. Secretory cells also contained oligosaccharides with terminal α‐N‐acetylgalactosamine and N‐acetylglucosamine, whereas fucose was found in only a few glandular cells. The apical cytoplasm of duct lining cells reacted with all the lectins except WGA.
Aspectos Cronologicos en la Maduracion Nuclear de Oocitos Bovinos Cultivados in vitro
Authors: Lorenzo P. , Illera M. J. , Illera J. C. , Illera M.
Published: June 2007

In this study, the chronological changes in the meiotic progress of in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes was analysed. Oocytes (n = 1044) were obtained from a local abbatoir and were classified into two groups according to the presence or absence of cumulus cells. They were incubated in microdrops (5 per drop) in TCM‐199 (control), TCM‐199 + 10% fetal calf serum (treatment 2) and TCM‐199 + 10% estrous cow serum (treatment 3). Oocytes were fixed and stained at the end of 0, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30h of the beginning of in vitro culture, were evaluated according to the nuclear stage of maturation. These results demonstrated that the immature oocytes at the time of collection (0 h) were in the germinal vesicle stage (GV), and that the highest maturation rate was at 24 h of culture in all treatments. Serum treatments enhanced the maturation rates obtained (52.1 and 55.7%) compared to control (serum‐free) medium (42.7%; P<0.05) in cumulus‐cell‐enclosed oocytes. In denuded oocytes, the maturation rates were lower compared to cumulus‐cells‐enclosed oocytes in all treatments. In conclusion, meiotic progression of bovine oocytes can be influenced by the inclusion of sera in the maturation media and by the presence of the cumulus cells.
Renal Venous Architectonics in Domestic Swine
Authors: Vodenicharov A. , Gulubova M.
Published: June 2007

The methods used were: preparation, corrosion and X‐ray examination.

It was established that, in 75% of the cases, v. renalis cranialis and v. renalis caudalis were present. In the rest of the cases (25%), v. renalis intermedia was present.

It was also observed that right and left renal veins formed distentions, which enveloped the caudal medial part of each adrenal gland. V. adrenalis (suprarenalis) was not formed as an independent blood vessel. Venous blood from the adrenal gland drains through 2‐3 orifices in these distentions.

This study describes vv. prelobares, vv. interlobares and w. arcuatae. Anastomoses were found between them. On that basis this concluded that the renal venous system in domestic swine is not segmented.
Ultrastructural Study of the Early Development of the Sheep Embryo
Authors: Ferrer F. , Garcia C. , Villar J. , Arias M.
Published: June 2007

An ultrastructural study of the different stages of pre‐implantation in sheep was carried out, analysing the changes brought about mainly in the morula and blastocyst stages.

The analysis of the embryos obtained showed a series of common characteristics in all stages, most noticeable being the presence of a high number of vesicles distributed in a uniform way in the cytoplasm, and also the presence of numerous electron‐dense mitochondria in many varied forms.

The most important ultrastructural modifications took place at the 16‐cell stage and affected, principally, the nucleus, which presented numerous condensations of chromatin distributed along the nucleoplasm. The nucleoli adopted a reticular morphology, abandoning the compact aspects presented in the previous stage. These changes might be involved in the synthesis of embryonic RNA, and, accordingly, in the activation of the genome of this species. These data indicate that this stage is critical to the embryonic development and might be related to the blockage produced in the development of cultivated sheep embryos at the point of transition from 8 to 16 cells. Nevertheless, it should be pointed out that the first signs of modifications in the aspect of the nucleus are observed at the four‐cell stage, being characterized by the appearance of vacuolated areas in the nucleolus, indicating the first signs of embryonic nucleic activity, which would anticipate the main change in the control of the protein synthesis.
InducciÓn Experimental á Malformaciones por Instilacion de Etanol en Huevos Embrionados de Polio (Gallus gallus)
Authors: Illanes J. , Blanquez M. J. , Gonzalez M. E. , Rojo C.
Published: June 2007

The teratogenic effect of alcohol on chick embryos has been confirmed by many investigators. However, how this occurs is unknown.

The aim of this study was to establish a teratogenic pattern of alcohol effects, on the first stages of development in avians.

Fertilized eggs were infused through the air space of the shell on day 0, with ethanol in concentrations of 20%, 40% and 60%. The control group was infused with 0.1 ml of NaCl at 0.9%. At a second stage, the eggs were treated on the 4th day of incubation, using the same method. In both groups the eggs were removed on the 11th day of incubation.

The teratological manifestations that appeared more frequently were evisceration, haemorrhagic embryos, oedema, cranial deformities, lack of eyes, and umbilical hernia, showing every embryo a clear reduction in size and body weight.
Morphological Investigations of the Glandulae Profundae Plicae Semilunares Conjuctivae in the Domestic Swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) and the Wild Hog (Sus scrofa ferus)
Authors: Hraste A. , Kantura V. Gjurčević , Jakovac M. , Brestovec V. Jukić
Published: June 2007

Samples of glandulae profundae plicae semilunares (Harderian glands) from five domestic swine and five wild hogs were used for this research. The gland samples were fixed in Bouin solution and mounted in paraffin. The paraffin slices were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, according to the periodic‐acid‐Schiff (PAS) method, with alcian blue (pH 2.5), with toluidine blue (pH 4.0), and applying a combination of staining with alcian blue (pH 2.5) and the PAS method. In domestic swine and wild hogs, these glands are tubular‐alveolar with wide glandular lumina. A great deal of acid mucopolysaccharides and PAS‐positive substances were noted within swines’ glandular cells, while, in wild hogs, PAS‐positive substances were not frequent, acid mucopolysaccharides being noted in only a few glandular‐acini cells. The appearance of the metachromatic phenomenon was not noted either in domestic swine or in wild hogs. In domestic swine, the level of acid mucopolysaccharides is probably due either to the housing method or to the influence of the alkaline substances that may appear on an eye's mucous conjunctive membrane during intensive breeding, such that the Harderian glands protect the mucous membrane by extracting acid mucopolysaccharides.
Microscopical and Ultrastructural Studies of the Renal Artery in Domestic Swine
Authors: Vodenicharov A. , Cirnuchanov P.
Published: June 2007

Both renal arteries from six, 8‐month old, Camborow hybrid pigs were examined in histological, semithin and ultrathin sections.

It was established that the membrana elastica interna showed an expressed degree of wrinkliness. In certain sections, sometimes occupying 20% of the diameter of a cross‐section, its curves were considerably higher and wider than those in the remaining part. The inner elastic membrane in these sections was cleaved in two layers. Estates of lengthways‐situated smooth muscle cells of an elliptical form were located in the middle shell (tunica media). Furthermore, a great quantity of mast cells were found in the middle shell. The electron‐microscopic observations showed that their granules had various sizes and shapes. The outer shell (tunica adventitia) had an irregular thickness. In some parts, a few elastic fibres entered the middle shell. They had a tuft‐like shape with a wedge‐like or elongated configuration, and were situated among the layers of smooth‐muscle cells.
Quantitative Histomorphology of Liver Growth in Sheep at Prenatal and Postnatal Stages
Authors: Liman N.
Published: June 2007

This study was carried to determine quantitative histomorphologically on the development of the liver of sheep in prenatal and postnatal stages, and to prove the relationship between functional and structural differentiation of liver. There were more blood cells than hepatocytes, and haemotopoieisis was the primary function of the liver in the first half of gestation. As observed in the fetal stages bile ducts and Kiernan areas are formed from the 12th week. The distance between the two adjacent central veins was 401.2 ∓ 20.8 micron in the fetuses and 629.77 ∓ 34.7 micron in the lambs, while rising in the adult to 740 + 14.35 micron. This increase was directly proportional to age. The average diameter of sheep hepatocyte and nuclei, and the ratio between the diameters of nuclei and their hepatic cells were compared according to the prenatal and postnatal stages, and the difference between these stages was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05). This difference was sourced from adult sheep. The number of hepatocytes per unit area were 107.48 ∓ 6.63, 133.6 ∓ 7.01, 100.84 ∓ 6.63 in the fetus, lamb and adult liver of sheep, respectively, and the differentia that earned statistical importance was sourced from the young stages. The number of ductus biliferi was 2.75 ∓ 0.47 in the fetuses, however, this had risen to 5.8 ∓ 0.6 and 6.8 ∓ 0.37 respectively in the lambs and adult sheep. The portai lobule areas rose according to the age and were 0.17796 ∓ 0.00086 mm2 and 2.022650 ∓ 0.0097 mm2 respectively in the lambs and adult sheep and the differentia between young and adult sheep was statistically important (P < 0.05).
Anatomy and Cholinergic Innervation of the Sinus paranalis in Dogs
Authors: Salazar I. , Fdez de Troconiz P. , Prieto M. D. , Cifuentes J. M. , Quinteiro P. S.
Published: June 2007

Conventional methods have been used to study the general configuration of the wall of the Sinus paranalis in dogs. Apocrine tubular glands, elastic fibres and smooth‐muscle fibres are the more significant elements of the wall, together with the epithelium and connective tissue. By means of the immunohistochemical method described in this paper, the results provide histochemical evidence for the presence of an AChE‐positive reaction, and supposedly cholinergic nerve fibres in the wall of the dog anal sacs, mainly associated with subepithelial smooth muscle, vessels, and glands.
Über die Rippengelenke XI, XII, XIII der Hauskatze (Felis catus)
Authors: Roos H. , Knospe C. , Vollmerhaus B.
Published: June 2007

On the costal articulations XI, XII, XIII of the domestic cat (Felis catus)

The costal articulations XI, XII, XIII of the cat are simple, synovial joints. This dot‐shaped suspension of the last ribs from the spinal column and the existence of a costo‐vertebral ligament are coordinated functionally.
Osteogenesis of the Fetal Bovine Skull
Authors: Soana S. , Bertoni G. , Gnudi G. , Botti P.
Published: June 2007

The research was carried out in order to study the osteogenesis of skull bones in bovine fetuses. A total of 24 fetuses were considered. The age of specimens ranged from 52 to 212 days. After silver‐nitrate impregnation of the skulls, the specimens were examined radiologically using latero‐lateral, latero‐medial, and dorso‐ventral projections.
Die Differenzierung der Oberflächenzellinie im Labmagen adulter Rinder * The Differentiation of the Surface Mucous‐cell Line in the Abomasum of the Adult Cow
Authors: Kressin M. , Sommer U.
Published: June 2007

The differentiation of the surface mucous‐cell lineage during physiological cell renewal was investigated using light and electron microscopy in the abomasal mucosa of adult cattle. The surface mucous cells constitute a morphologically and functionally heterogeneous population, whose members correspond to different developmental stages, arranged in a distoproximal gradient from the depth of the pit towards the free luminal surface. The cell lineage comprises immature pre‐pit cells near the proliferative isthmus, mature pit cells within the foveola, and older interfoveolar cells lining the free surface. Ultrastructurally, differentiation can be traced towards a predominantly mucus‐producing cell type and finally towards a surface‐protective cell variant, which degenerates in situ and is extruded into the lumen without affecting epithelial integrity.
Demonstration of Congenital Anomalies in the Joints of the Forelimbs and Hindlimbs Caused by Several Pharmacological Agents
Authors: Erdoǧan D. , Kadioǧlu D. , Peker T.
Published: June 2007

In this study, fetal joint abnormalities caused by cytosine arabinoside, caffeine, sodium salicylate, and retinyl acetate administration during pregnancy, were investigated.

In the cytosine‐arabinoside‐administered group, complete disappearance of joint spaces in the forelimbs, and narrowing or complete disappearance of joint spaces in the hindlimbs was highly noticeable.

In the caffeine group, in all forelimb joints starting from art. humeri, there were abnormal fusions in bones, together with occasional disappearance of the joint space. In hindlimbs, similar findings were observed.

In the sodium salicylate group, the complete disappearance of joint space and surfaces among humerus‐radius and ulna was striking, and occasional fusions in tarsometatarsal joints were also present.

Severe narrowing of the same joint space in the retinyl acetate group was striking. Total disappearance of the articulatio manus and carpometacarpal joints was observed, together with hindlimb joint and bone findings.
Über das intramurale Blutgefäßsystem des Dickdarms der Säuger—Eine Literatur‐Studie *
Authors: Wille K.‐H. , Schenk B.
Published: June 2007

As in other studied species the exclusively on the epithelial side existing ‘fenestrated endothelium’ of the pericryptal and subepithelial capillaries is doubtless the most important structural mark of the large intestinal function, too. Moreover, the direction of the mucosal capillary blood flow informs, that at first the release of the essential substances for the glandular secretion will take place, before epithelial transports concerning the resorption occur.

As for the hemodynamic regulatory structures in the wall of the blood‐vessels there are obviously differences in their existence depending on the species, respectively they are completely absent such as in the ruminants.

Finally, it should be mentioned, that arterio‐venous anastomoses could not be detected.