bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The ‘interrogative gaze’
Authors: Harper Richard , Rintel Sean , Watson Rod , O’Hara Kenton
Published: May 2017

This paper identifies salient properties of how talk about video communication is organised interactionally, and how this interaction invokes an implied order of behaviour that is treated as ‘typical’ and ‘accountably representative’ of video communication. This invoked order will be called an interrogative gaze. This is an implied orientation to action, one that is used as a jointly managed interpretative schema that allows video communication to be talked about and understood as rationally, purposively and collaboratively undertaken in particular, ‘known in common’ ways. This applies irrespective of whether the actions in question are prospective (are about to happen) or have been undertaken in the past and are being accounted for in the present or are ‘generally the case’ – in current talk. The paper shows how this constitutive device also aids in sense making through such things as topic management in video-mediated interaction, and in elaborating the salience of the relationship between this and the patterned governance of social affairs – viz, mother-daughter, friend-friend – as normatively achieved outcomes. It will be shown how the interrogative gaze is variously appropriate and consequentially invoked not just in terms of what is done in a video call or making such calls accountable, but in helping articulate different orders of connection between persons, and how these orders have implications for sensible and appropriate behaviour in video calling and hence, for the type of persons who are involved. This, in turn, explains how a decision to avoid using video communication is made an accountably reasonable thing to do. The relevance of these findings for the sociology of everyday life and the philosophy of action are explored.
Showing ‘digital’ objects in web-based video chats as a collaborative achievement
Authors: Rosenbaun Laura , Licoppe Christian
Published: May 2017

Showing material objects by bringing them to the camera or turning the camera toward them are pervasive practices in domestic and recreational video-mediated communication (VMC). We here discuss a set of specific showing practices characteristic of digitally embedded video-mediated settings, which may be called ‘digital showings’. These involve participants’ collaboration to retrieve a digital object so as to ensure a shared perceptual experience on screen of said object. We draw on data from multiparty Google Hangouts On Air (HOAs) to show that while digital and material showings share an overall sequential organization, the former display the emergence of unique collaborative practices that at times become collective performances of computer literacy. We focus on three instances of digital showings: (a) screenshares of pictures – showing an image by sharing one’s screen; (b) screenshares of videos – showing a running video by sharing one’s screen; and (c) link-share showings – showing by sharing the link to a showable content that may be independently retrieved while experienced jointly.
Final report of key comparison AFRIMETS.AUV.A-K5: primary pressure calibration of LS1P microphones according to IEC 61094-2, over the frequency range 2 Hz to 10 kHz.
Authors: Nel R , Avison J , Harris P , Blabla M , Hämäläinen J
Published: May 2017

The degrees of equivalence of the AFRIMETS.AUV.A-K5 regional key comparison are reported here as the final report. The scope of the comparison covered the complex pressure sensitivities of two LS1P microphones over the frequency range 2 Hz to 10 kHz in accordance with IEC 61094-2: 2009. Four national metrology institutes from two different regional metrology organisations participated in the comparison. Two LS1P microphones were circulated simultaneously to all the participants in a circular configuration. One of the microphones sensitivity shifted and all results associated with this microphone were subsequently excluded from further analysis and linking. The AFRIMETS.AUV.A-K5 comparison results were linked to the CCAUV.A-K5 comparison results via dual participation in the CCAUV.A-K5 and AFRIMETS.AUV.A-K5 comparisons. The degrees of equivalence, linked to the CCAUV.A-K5 comparison, were calculated for all participants of this comparison.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCAUV, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Cyclin C influences the timing of mitosis in fission yeast
Authors: Banyai Gabor , Szilagyi Zsolt , Baraznenok Vera , Khorosjutina Olga , Gustafsson Claes M.
Published: May 2017

The multiprotein Mediator complex is required for the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II–dependent genes. Mediator contains the Cdk8 regulatory subcomplex, which directs periodic transcription and influences cell cycle progression in fission yeast. Here we investigate the role of CycC, the cognate cyclin partner of Cdk8, in cell cycle control. Previous reports suggested that CycC interacts with other cellular Cdks, but a fusion of CycC to Cdk8 reported here did not cause any obvious cell cycle phenotypes. We find that Cdk8 and CycC interactions are stabilized within the Mediator complex and the activity of Cdk8-CycC is regulated by other Mediator components. Analysis of a mutant yeast strain reveals that CycC, together with Cdk8, primarily affects M-phase progression but mutations that release Cdk8 from CycC control also affect timing of entry into S phase.
Settings and Contexts for Geriatric Practice
Authors: Kropf Nancy P. , Cummings Sherry M.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 2, “Settings and Contexts for Geriatric Practice,” provides a critical evaluation of the various environments in which mental health treatment of older adults occurs and of the practice issues inherent in such settings. Consideration of residential context and awareness of related issues is essential for the implementation of appropriate practitioner/clinician roles and for effective geriatric practice and intervention. The diverse range of living environments, including community-based, long-term care and acute care settings, are reviewed, from single-family dwellings, continuing care retirement communities, and assisted living facilities to nursing homes, hospitals, hospices, psychiatric and addiction facilities. Diverse issues encountered by older clients in such settings are discussed, including the need for social integration, adjusting to functional and cognitive decline, accessing services, caregiving, navigating transitions, and managing acute and chronic conditions.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Authors: Kropf Nancy P. , Cummings Sherry M.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 3, “Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Theory and Practice,” presents the history, examines the theoretical underpinnings, and explains the essential skills and techniques of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Theoretical principles, such as cognitive distortions, underlying assumptions and schema, and their presentation in older adults, are discussed. The treatment approach of CBT is outlined, including the nature of the therapeutic relationship, changing cognitions, behavioral strategies, the use of homework in treatment, and special considerations and adaptations for practice with older clients. Various contexts and settings where CBT is implemented are summarized, such as individual and group settings within community-based, acute-care, and long-term-care facilities. The chapter ends with the case example of cognitive behavioral treatment with an older female caregiver, which highlights and illustrates CBT practice with older adults.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Authors: Kropf Nancy P. , Cummings Sherry M.
Published: May 2017

In Chapter 4, “Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Evidence-Based Practice,” research on the use of CBT with older adults is summarized and evaluated. Fifteen meta-analyses and systematic reviews published between 2000 and 2015 are presented. The most developed area of research on CBT effectiveness with older clients is on depression and anxiety outcomes. A smaller, but still substantial, literature focuses on outcomes of CBT for insomnia. While research on the effectiveness of CBT with older adults is not as encompassing as that for younger populations, it is, nonetheless, substantive and, thus far, more advanced than that of most other psychotherapeutic interventions used with older adults. Research suggests that CBT with older clients is as effective as other psychotherapeutic interventions, with superior results in decreasing the negative outcomes of anxiety. In administration, CBT is a flexible approach that has utility across a variety of settings and contexts.
Problem-Solving Therapy
Authors: Kropf Nancy P. , Cummings Sherry M.
Published: May 2017

Problem-solving therapy (PST) is a psychosocial intervention that teaches clients to cope with the stress of “here-and-now” problems in order to reduce negative health and mental health outcomes. In this chapter, the six stages of PST—problem orientation, problem definition, solution generation, decision-making, solution implementation, and outcome evaluation—are explained and exemplified via vignettes. Areas for which problem-solving therapy has been found useful are summarized, including depression, anxiety, relationship difficulties, and distress related to medical problems such as cancer and diabetes. The chapter describes contexts for practice, including primary care and home care, as well as adaptations for the use of PST with older adults. Finally, a case example of a problem-solving intervention with an unemployed depressed older man is presented to illustrate this approach.
Psychoeducational and Social Support Interventions
Authors: Kropf Nancy P. , Cummings Sherry M.
Published: May 2017

In Chapter 9, “Psychoeducational and Social Support Interventions: Theory and Practice,” the history, theory, and application of both of these therapeutic approaches with caregivers and older adults are provided. While differences in structure and context exist, the underlying theoretical perspectives of these approaches are comparable, with goals and outcomes of enhanced coping, increased competence, and decreased stress. The chapter describes the use and practice of psychosocial education to increase knowledge, impart information, and foster skill development among older adults. Likewise, the methods employed in social support interventions to provide opportunities for older individuals to share experiences, foster connections with others in similar life circumstances, and enhance receipt of needed emotional and instrumental support are explained. Case studies demonstrating the use of both approaches with older care providers are included. Finally, the chapter outlines the range of environmental settings in which psychoeducational and social support interventions are commonly employed.
Future Directions in Interventions with Older Adults
Authors: Kropf Nancy P. , Cummings Sherry M.
Published: May 2017

In looking toward the future, additional treatment approaches need to be implemented and evaluated for the older population. This chapter critically examines two interventions that have demonstrated effectiveness with adults, but that have limited implementation and evaluation with older adults. These two approaches, mindfulness-based stress reduction and behavior activation, are presented as emerging therapies that hold promise for older adults in critical areas of later life such as depression, pain management, and decreasing social isolation. The literature on effectiveness with the non-aging population is summarized, and the existing studies with older adults are presented. In addition, modifications that are appropriate for older clients are included.
If I Give My Soul
Authors: Johnson Andrew
Published: May 2017

Prisons and jails in Rio de Janeiro are violent and crowded; they are governed by narco-gangs and are also intensely religious spaces. Rio's penal institutions reflect the social world of the poor neighborhoods where most of the inmates lived before their arrests. They are places where the state has a weak presence and residents organize around nonstate entities, primarily gangs like the Comando Vermelho or the Pentecostal churches. Inside of prison Pentecostal inmates form churches that resemble the gangs in organization and leadership structure. The gangs allow the churches to function autonomously, even allowing inmates to renounce their gang affiliation and join the churches as long as their religious commitments are deemed genuine. To gather data on the incarcerated Pentecostal groups, I spent two weeks living inside a prison in Brazil and then collected ethnographic data by regularly visiting one prison and one jail in Rio de Janeiro over a year to observe church activities and interview inmates, guards, and the Pentecostal volunteers visiting from outside churches. This book is a lived religion study of prison Pentecostalism, and I emphasized the rituals and embodied daily practice of the faith. From the data collected, I argue that the ganglike structure of the churches and the rigorous and visible practice of the faith enable the churches to thrive in prison. The churches provide protection, which makes them an attractive option to inmates whose lives may be at risk, but more important the churches allow members the opportunity to live moral and dignified lives in the midst of horrendous circumstances.
Pentecostalism
Authors: Johnson Andrew
Published: May 2017

Pentecostalism has grown rapidly in Brazil over the last century. It has changed the country’s religious landscape and has been most successful in poor, urban areas, the same areas in Rio de Janeiro where the Comando Vermelho flourishes. In the city’s favelas, Pentecostalism is now the most widely practiced religion; it is the faith of the killable people. Though Pentecostal Christianity started in the early 1900s in Los Angeles and was brought to Brazil by missionaries, it spread largely by empowering local pastors and independent churches and has few ties to foreign churches or funding sources.
A Gang of Pentecostals
Authors: Johnson Andrew
Published: May 2017

Inside Rio’s gang-controlled prisons and jails, incarcerated Pentecostals form inmate-led prison churches. These inmates claim part of the jail as their own and operate collectively as a cohesive group with a shared religious identity. In many ways these prison churches look like gangs because of their strong identity, shared values, rituals, the high cost of membership, and hierarchical leadership. In the same way that Pentecostalism spread throughout Brazil by empowering local leadership, the prison churches are led entirely by incarcerated Pentecostals and do not have any formal connections with prison ministries or churches on the street.
Prison Pentecostalism
Authors: Johnson Andrew
Published: May 2017

Daily, collective practice is at the heart of Prison Pentecostalism. Because of the skepticism swirling around religious conversion and practice inside of prison and the importance of proving faith commitments as genuine, the way a Pentecostal lives inside of prison is very important. Pentecostal inmates participate in rituals inside of the cellblocks that are visible to their fellow inmates, which serve to signal their membership in the group and help to prove the authenticity of their conversions and Pentecostal identity. The rituals and daily practice of Prison Pentecostalism provided inmates with a way to be different people even though they were still incarcerated.
Equilibrium and Efficiency
Authors: Back Kerry E.
Published: May 2017

Pareto optima and competitive equilibria are defined. Allocations are functions of market wealth (sharing rules) in Pareto optima, which means that all risks except market wealth are perfectly shared. Equilibria in complete markets are shown to be equivalent to Arrow‐Debreu equilibria and to be Pareto optimal. If investors all have linear risk tolerance with the same cautiousness parameter, then equilibria are Pareto optimal, equilibrium prices are independent of the initial wealth allocation (Gorman aggregation), and two‐fund separation holds (all investors hold the risk‐free asset and the market portfolio).
Dynamic Asset Pricing
Authors: Back Kerry E.
Published: May 2017

The distinction between conditional and unconditional factor pricing models is explained. The conditional CAPM implies that unconditional risk premia are linear in the expected beta and the beta of the beta. The CCAPM and ICAPM are derived as approximate relations in discrete time. Testing conditional models is equivalent to unconditional tests of pricing for managed portfolios. The Gordon growth model is derived, assuming that dividend growth and the single‐period SDF are IID over time. The equity premium and risk‐free rate puzzles are derived from the Gordon growth model with a CRRA investor and lognormal consumption growth. The Campbell‐Shiller linearization implies that dividend yields predict either future returns or future dividend growth.
Economic and Political Geography
Authors: Bhagat Rabi S.
Published: May 2017

The development of the BRIC economies is being monitored on a regular basis by financial markets worldwide. This chapter discusses some of the reasons for their emergence and continued growth and the challenges they face. Next, it considers the third-largest economy, Japan, and the five Asian dragons, which grew at a phenomenal rate after World War II. It discusses “reactive modernization”—a path of fostering economic growth by negotiating with the ruling Western economies. Japan and South Korea are two classic examples of this kind of growth, where a hybrid of Western industrialization was combined with Eastern methods of operating. A closer inspection of the trading economies in the World Trade Organization would reveal that a growing number of them are from non-Western nations, and they play important roles in shaping the paths that globalizations need to follow in the new economic and political geography of the world.
Cultural Variations and the Global Organization
Authors: Bhagat Rabi S.
Published: May 2017

Cultural variations present significant challenges for managers, customers, and clients of global organizations. Cultures of the nations are enduring differences that have evolved for centuries and do not change easily. Without adequate consideration of cultural variations, the effective functioning of global organizations is nearly impossible. The classification of cultures on a national scale that is based on careful analysis should provide the context for expanding the operations of global organizations across nations. Some cultures function more effectively by taking into account the role of relationships, whereas others are more governed by rules and regulations that have existed for centuries. Working across these two distinct types of cultures is considerably difficult. This chapter discusses various strategies for dealing with such cultural differences. The topics of cultural intelligence, cultural sensitivity, cultural competence, and cultural distance among nations are presented.
Oil and Power in Ancient Israel
Authors: Novenson Matthew V.
Published: May 2017

When is a messiah not a messiah? The answer, according to much of the past half-century of research, is when it appears in the Hebrew Bible. This post-World War II scholarly axiom—that in the Hebrew Bible we find mundane “anointed ones” but after the Hebrew Bible eschatological “messiahs”—is partly true. To the extent that it rebutted the grand old triumphalist accounts of messianic prophecy, it did a valuable service. But, as an analytical tool, it is virtually useless. In the biblical sources, the discourse of “messiahs”—“anointed persons”—is predicated on a simple symbolic relation between oil and power. The basic but important point is that the ritual smearing of oil on objects and persons was a widely recognized means of conferring sacredness. With the passage of time, early Jewish writers persisted in speaking of “anointed persons” idiomatically, long after the ritual itself had fallen out of practice.
Messiahs Present and Absent
Authors: Novenson Matthew V.
Published: May 2017

This chapter critically assesses the widespread scholarly notion of a “messianic vacuum”—that is, a period or periods in the history of ancient Judaism marked by a conspicuous absence of messianic expectation. The chapter considers in detail three classic literary sources commonly invoked in this connection: the works of Philo of Alexandria, Flavius Josephus, and the Mishnah. Against the messianic vacuum hypothesis, it is argued that talk about messiahs is simply one of a number of ancient Jewish discursive resources for solving one of a number of social problems. On this model, references to messiahs occur in some early Jewish texts and not in others, and there is nothing curious, remarkable, or deficient about the texts in which they do not. It is the expectation on the part of the interpreter that creates the problem.
The Quest for the First Messiah
Authors: Novenson Matthew V.
Published: May 2017

There is an important strand in modern scholarship on ancient Jewish messianism whose practitioners set for themselves the task of identifying the first messiah. Representatives of this school of thought include Andre Dupont-Sommer, Michael Wise, and Israel Knohl, among others, and their key texts include especially the Qumran Hodayot, the Self-Glorification Hymn, and now the Hazon Gabriel stone. In this chapter it is argued that the quest for the first messiah not only happens to have been unsuccessful so far (as other critics have suggested), but is actually fundamentally misguided. It is misguided not because it is theologically intolerable, but because it is conceptually unstable, presupposing as it does an Idealist model of messianism that is demonstrably incommensurate with the relevant evidence. There are scriptural oracles, and there are ancient Jewish and Christian interpreters, but there is no such thing as the first messiah.
The Jewish Messiah–​Christian Messiah Distinction
Authors: Novenson Matthew V.
Published: May 2017

Gershom Scholem is perhaps its best-known modern proponent, but the essentializing distinction between the Jewish messiah (earthly, political, delivers from oppression) and the Christian messiah (heavenly, spiritual, delivers from sin) goes back as far as Justin Martyr. In this chapter it is argued that this familiar and influential distinction is fatally undermined by counterexamples on the one side as well as the other. Many Jewish messiah texts bend the messiah myth to accommodate contingent historical developments and persons, while many Christian messiah texts obstinately maintain utopian aspects of the messiah myth despite their nonfulfillment in the career of Jesus. It is argued, furthermore, that the enormous popularity of the Jewish messiah–Christian messiah distinction has always been a result, in large part, of its rhetorical utility for religious self-definition and interreligious dialogue.
The Fate of Messiah Christology in Early Christianity
Authors: Novenson Matthew V.
Published: May 2017

According to a standard narrative both in Jewish studies and in early Christian studies, ancient Christian writers redefined “messiah” or “Christ” immediately and entirely, so that early Christian Christology ceased to have anything at all to do with Jewish messianism. In this chapter it is argued that this standard narrative is wrong, that there are numerous strands of early Christian Christology, orthodox as well as heterodox, in which the “Christness” of Christ—the notion of his being anointed with some unguent, by some agent, for some purpose—persisted as a puzzle to be solved and an opportunity to be exploited. The fate of messiah Christology in early Christianity is, in fact, a complicated affair. It did not remain what it had been at the beginning, but neither did it vanish altogether. The ghost of the messianic movement surrounding Jesus of Nazareth haunted early Christian Christology for centuries to follow.
The Role of Purpose Among Emerging Adults
Authors: Bronk Kendall Cotton , Baumsteiger Rachel
Published: May 2017

The present chapter is concerned with one particular facet of thriving during emerging adulthood: the commitment to a purpose in life. We situate purpose within the broader context of emerging adult moral formation and outline three ways leading a life of purpose can contribute to optimal development during this stage. As a means of fully fleshing out the ways that pursuing a personally meaningful aspiration can help emerging adults flourish, we profile three young exemplars of purpose. These young people were interviewed three times over a five-year period spanning adolescence and emerging adulthood, and from them we learn how a purpose in life can contribute to flourishing in the twenties. The chapter concludes with a discussion of proposed future directions for the study of purpose among emerging adults.
Emerging Adult Essay
Authors: DePetro Toni
Published: May 2017

My name is Toni and I am a 28-year-old female. I am originally from the Midwest and a family of Italian and German descent. My roots are in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. I was raised in the Roman Catholic Church, although I have attended several different churches over the years. Becoming a mother has started me on a path to defining myself beyond these things, however, and to identify myself vicariously through the eyes of my son....
The Role of Civic and Political Participation in Successful Early Adulthood
Authors: Hart Daniel , van Goethem Anne
Published: May 2017

Phenotypic positive youth civic development varies dramatically according to the political context in which it occurs. In democratic societies, successful individual development is reflected in commitment to and participation in existing civic structures. In contexts of oppression, however, positive youth civic development can include resistance and opposition. Research featuring designs that allow causal inferences is reviewed to identify developmental factors leading to positive youth civic development and political engagement. The impacts of family transitions, education, work, and community/national service on civic development are considered. We conclude with a plea for both the incorporation of meaning into accounts of positive youth development and more research allowing for causal inference concerning civic development.
Emerging Adult Essay
Authors: Green Raymond Joseph
Published: May 2017

My name is Raymond Joseph Green. I’m a Caucasian male who comes from Crystal Falls, Michigan. My sister and I were raised by my wonderful mother, with a little help from her fiancé, whom I’d grow to love and respect more than my biological father. Our parents spared no expense when it came to keeping me and my sister happy. Some would even say we were spoiled. I graduated from Forest Park High School in 2002....
Emerging Adult Essay
Authors: Dasianu Ashley
Published: May 2017

Growing up, I was always a fainter. My family tells countless tales of the times I have fainted, whether from seeing someone receive a shot or from seeing something as small as a cut finger. As I walked down the hall of a Romanian hospital, I quietly hoped that I would be able to handle what I was about to see and stay on my feet. I knew enough about what had happened to the boy in the room ahead to know that what I was about to encounter would be much more traumatic than a cut finger....
Crucibles of Transformation
Authors: King Pamela Ebstyne , Merola Christine M.
Published: May 2017

Although rates of institutional civic engagement among those in their twenties are low and emerging adults have been characterized as individualistic, this period of life is a time of immense growth and exploration as emerging adults seek to establish their identity with newfound freedoms and autonomy. Utilizing the lens of thriving and the metaphor of a crucible, we explore religious service as a means of strengthening the identity and purpose of individuals in the second decade of life. We describe potential benefits of religious service for emerging adults found within the ideological, social, and transcendent contexts embedded within religious volunteerism. Narratives and experiences of highly religious and spiritual young people from around the world are offered to provide further understanding of the potential role of religious service in the lives of diverse emerging adults.
Flourishing Through Participation
Authors: Barber Bonnie L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter summarizes the evidence for a range of positive pathways in young adulthood in Australia and New Zealand. A number of longitudinal studies from these regions are discussed to highlight positive development in young adulthood. The chapter also highlights activities salient to flourishing and civic engagement in Australia and New Zealand. Participating in sports is a common and valued pursuit in these countries, in organized teams as well as unstructured settings, and such involvement is related to other indicators of well-being. The chapter also draws attention to young adult engagement in arts and cultural activities, as well as their contributions to community through volunteer work. Future research suggestions are considered.
Emerging Adult Essay
Authors: Elizalde Victoria
Published: May 2017

I am María Victoria, a young woman at the age of 31, and I am writing about my twenties living in Paraná, the place where I was born and brought up.

In order to understand properly my narration, there are some historical features that would be important to underline about my country pursuant to my experience. Since my childhood I have usually heard from my aunts, parents, and grandparents an open distrust of politicians and memories of a period of instability, censorship, and state terrorism where many civilians “disappeared” and people in general were being observed everywhere. Everyone could be seen as a spy, and varied and countless violations of human rights happened. In the return of democracy, there was a visible refreshment of social well-being, but it was difficult to leave a culture of fear and adopt self-expression freely as a way of living or to participate in politics. Self-expression was related to “show” instead of freedom or critical thinking. That is the context I grew up in. Devaluation, public sector corruption, unemployment or low-paying jobs, and working in the black economy are frequently heard concepts in this society. In each of the subsequent governments, many cases of corruption in the public sector were demonstrated. So I understand it is very difficult here to keep values such as honesty, equity, fraternity, and liberty and succeed in politics. And I have found a better place to do my best in my work, personal relationships, educational instances, and social or communitarian projects....
Former Foster Care Youth and Resilient Functioning in Young Adulthood
Authors: van Dulmen Manfred H. M. , DeLuca Haylee
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on former foster care youth and resilient functioning in young adulthood, particularly predictors of success and future directions. The chapter reviews the literature on predictors of (a) work and educational competence, (b) competence in close relationships, and (c) self-competence. The chapter reviews empirical evidence for success components related to pre-placement, placement, individual, and contextual factors. The chapter concludes with five recommendations for future research: (1) strength-based developmental assessments of competence and resilience, (2) identification of factors that differentiate predicting specific areas of competence/resiliency, (3) continued theoretically informed work that is guided by developmental science, (4) studies guided by person-centered frameworks and analyses, and (5) studies that identify modifiable placement factors that predict successful outcomes among former foster care youth.
Offender Rehabilitation and Reentry During Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Rocque Michael , Serwik Agnieszka , Plummer-Beale Judy
Published: May 2017

The criminal justice system has long been delineated along juvenile and adult lines. The ostensible rationale for this separation was that juveniles are developmentally distinct from adults; they require less punitive, more rehabilitative treatment than adults in order to improve their behavior. The underlying assumption is that adults are fully mature, and so developmental programs will be ineffective for them. However, recent research has indicated that young or emerging adults are not fully mature, either socially or physiologically. This has led for some to call for a new, “third way” approach for young adult offenders. We describe a program in Maine designed for young adult offenders, in which inmates are separated from both juveniles and adults and provided a diverse array of programming.
Emerging Adults Who Have Flourished Through a Physical Health Challenge
Authors: Yi Jaehee , Tian Tian , Kim Jonghee
Published: May 2017

This chapter elucidates the positive developmental outcomes of emerging adults facing physical chronic illness in five areas, using the emerging adulthood theory: (1) exploring identity, (2) being self-focused, (3) feeling in between adolescence and adulthood, (4) experiencing uncertainty and instability, and (5) having optimism/perceiving possibilities. The chapter describes how emerging adults with physical health challenges might flourish more than their healthy peers in each of the five areas, despite or even because of their illness experiences. For example, they are likely to develop a specific career path related to their illness experience, be more autonomous and mature, and have greater tolerance and resilience. The chapter also includes limitations and directions for future research.
Emerging Adult Essay
Authors: Chiodras Nicholas
Published: May 2017

My name is Nick Chiodras. I’m a 21-year-old Caucasian male, currently enrolled as a transfer student at a community college in Glen Ellyn, Illinois. I was born and raised in the same house in Wheaton, Illinois, and after my graduation from Wheaton North High School in 2013, I attended Taylor University for 2 years to begin my studies in art and graphic design. I left after my sophomore year, and now I am back at home in Wheaton, employed as a busser in a restaurant, making art, writing and recording music, and attending classes at the community college....
Positive Development During Emerging Adulthood for Queer Populations
Authors: Peter Christina R. , Toomey Russell B. , Heinze Justin E. , Horn Stacey S.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on salient internal and external supports and challenges situated within a broader lifespan development framework for queer (e.g., queer, lesbian, gay, bisexual) emerging adults (EAs). The authors review indicators of, and disparities in, well-being, as well as the role of romantic and sexual partners, parents, family, and peer support in promoting healthy development. Challenges to positive development for queer EAs such as school harassment, lack of health-supporting education, and discriminatory laws and employment practices are reviewed alongside recent advances in rights. Research and practice recommendations for how to further improve educational and legal contexts to support the well-being of queer EAs are discussed. The developmentally situated and positive view of queer EA thriving taken in this chapter allows for the appraisal of experiences and opportunities to better support, and combat barriers to, healthy development for queer populations.
Financial Behavior
Authors: Baker H. Kent , Filbeck Greg , Ricciardi Victor
Published: May 2017

Financial behavior is a complex subject because how people should behave according to traditional finance often differs from how they actually behave. Although traditional and behavioral finance play important roles in understanding investor and market behavior, this book focuses on behavioral finance. Behavioral finance uses insights largely from finance, psychology, and other disciplines to explain how people act and how their behavior affects markets and other financial applications. This chapter provides an overview of behavioral finance, followed by a brief explanation of the book’s purpose, distinguishing features, and intended audience. The chapter outlines the book’s structure of: (1) financial behavior and psychology, (2) financial behavior of major players, (3) financial and investor psychology of specific players, (4) psychology of financial services, (5) behavioral aspects of investment products and markets, (6) market efficiency issues, and (7) application and future of behavioral finance.
Individual Investors
Authors: Cronqvist Henrik , Jiang Danling
Published: May 2017

Traditional finance explains individual investor’s behavior and financial decision making based on economic incentives and rationality. Modern finance, however, takes a holistic view and searches for not only economic but also biological, psychological, and social factors that shape decision making. In this new approach, genetics, life experiences, psychological traits, social norms, and peer influences, as well as beliefs, values, and culture help determine an investor’s stock market participation, equity holdings, frequency of trading, extent of diversification, and investment preferences. The collective preferences and actions of individual investors also have an impact on asset pricing and corporate decisions.
Financial Planners and Advisors
Authors: Cummings Benjamin F.
Published: May 2017

An increasing number of households use financial planners or advisors. This chapter provides insight into these professionals, their potential motivations, and their interactions with clients. The various regulatory regimes of financial planners and advisors are discussed, including the most common types: registered investment advisers, broker-dealers, and insurance firms. Agency costs associated with employing a financial planner are also discussed, with emphasis on potential conflicts of interest that arise from some compensation structures. Common areas of consumer confusion are highlighted. The chapter also discusses evidence on the use and value of financial advice. It concludes with some recommendations for consumers about selecting a financial planner or advisor.
Financial Psychopaths
Authors: Gregory Deborah W.
Published: May 2017

The term “financial psychopath” was coined after the financial crisis of 2007−2008. Intended as a term of derision, the media used it to negatively label financial professionals, rather than to draw a clinical profile. The expression succinctly conveys the widespread post−2008 public anger and resentment toward those in the finance profession, particularly on Wall Street, who were responsible for damaging the world economy and destroying the personal wealth of many people. In the decades before the financial crisis, multiple factors had come together to change the operating structure of the financial landscape. This new environment was conducive to investment professionals’ engaging in transactions bearing the hallmarks of psychopathic behavior. What defines a financial psychopath? Is the answer in the individual’s personality traits, the behavioral edicts dictated by the environment within which he or she works, or a combination? This chapter attempts to answer these questions.
The Psychology of Women Investors
Authors: Cheng Margauerita M. , Somal Sameer S.
Published: May 2017

The role of financial decision maker in a household has evolved over time. Decades ago, women held traditional roles of caregiver, housekeeper, and wife. Today, more women are pursuing higher education and female professionals and entrepreneurs are making great strides in business. Women are taking on more responsibility, such as managing family life, careers, and education. Understanding what women customers’ value helps to bridge the gap between financial literacy and application. Training and mentoring women should be a priority agenda for every financial institution. Women expect customized service and clear communication from financial experts. This chapter discusses the financial, psychological, and personal needs of women clients. It also explains how financial advisors should communicate with women to create favorable client experience.
Psychological Aspects of Financial Planning
Authors: Yeske Dave , Buie Elissa
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses personal financial planning, which is an interdisciplinary practice that employs a six-step process to develop integrated strategies for individuals and families to efficiently mobilize their human and financial capital to achieve their life goals. Financial planning draws from various disciplines, including counseling, psychology, finance, economics, and law. It includes budgeting and cash flow planning, risk management, insurance planning, investment planning, retirement and employee benefits planning, tax planning, and estate planning. The strategic process whereby financial planners develop integrated strategies that draw from all these fields in pursuit of client goals is the profession’s unique domain. Heuristics and mental biases to which clients may be prone overlay the entire financial planning process, however. Financial planners should understand and consider these issues when developing recommendations uniquely suited to each client, maximizing the probability that the client will embrace and implement the recommended strategies.
Financial Advisory Services
Authors: Nieboer Jeroen , Dolan Paul , Vlaev Ivo
Published: May 2017

Evidence from the behavioral sciences, notably economics and psychology, has profoundly changed the way policymakers and practitioners present expert advice to consumers. This chapter examines the behavioral science evidence on financial advice and explores its implications for the financial advisory profession. It explains how consumers of retail financial advice respond to certain aspects of the advice in predictable ways, sometimes exhibiting behavioral biases or following certain conventions in their decision making. By recognizing and anticipating these responses, financial advisors can offer a more complete service, offering benefits beyond the strictly financial return. But the behavioral needs of consumers may also provide advisors with incentives that are not strictly aligned with their clients’ financial interests. Finally, the increasing role of technology will play an important role in shaping the financial advisory services of the future.
Traditional Asset Allocation Securities
Authors: Milliken Christopher , Nikbakht Ehsan , Spieler Andrew
Published: May 2017

Asset allocation models have evolved in complexity with the development of modern portfolio theory, but they continue to operate under the assumption of investor rationality and other assumptions that do not hold in the real world. For this reason, academics and industry professionals make efforts to understand the behavioral biases of decision makers and the implications these biases have on asset allocation strategies. This chapter reviews the building blocks of asset allocation, involving stocks, bonds, real estate, and cash. It also examines the history and theory behind two of the most popular portfolio management strategies: mean-variance optimization and the Black-Litterman Model. Finally, the chapter examines five common behavioral biases that have direct implications for asset allocation: familiarity, status quo, framing, mental accounting, and overconfidence. Each behavioral bias discussion contains examples, warning signs, and steps to correct the emotional or cognitive errors in decision making.
Behavioral Finance Market Hypotheses
Authors: Plastun Alex
Published: May 2017

Although the efficient market hypothesis (EMH) is the leading theory describing the behavior of financial markets, researchers have increasingly questioned its efficacy since the 1980s because of its inconsistencies with empirical evidence. This challenge to EMH has resulted in the development of new concepts and theories. These new concepts reject the assumption of investor rationality. The most promising and convincing among these are the adaptive markets hypothesis, overreaction hypothesis, underreaction hypothesis, noisy market hypothesis, functional fixation hypothesis, and fractal market hypothesis. The chapter provides a brief description of these theories and proposes using a behavioral perspective to analyze financial markets.
Applications of Client Behavior
Authors: Evensky Harold
Published: May 2017

This chapter reviews various behavioral concepts and strategies to help clients avoid behavioral errors, with the result of increasing the probability of a successful plan design and implementation. The chapter discusses how the concepts introduced by research in behavioral finance have become integrated throughout Evensky & Katz/Foldes Financial’s practice. The chapter begins with framing for new clients, which is part of the firm’s approach to retirement planning called “anchoring on the efficient frontier.” Anchoring refers to the intersection of the client’s return requirement as determined by a capital needs analysis and the client’s risk tolerance. Framing is introduced as a powerful behavioral management tool for the practitioner. Behavioral finance lessons are integrated in the risk tolerance and return discussions, as well as the reporting process.
The Future of Behavioral Finance
Authors: Dowling Michael , Lucey Brian
Published: May 2017

The future of behavioral finance necessitates that the research areas of behavioral corporate finance and investor psychology develop richer models of financial decision-making behavior. Behavioral corporate finance requires expanding the focus from chief executive officer characteristics to those of the entire top management team, and also involves greater understanding of organizational theory. A greater focus is needed on cross-cultural factors and how they interact with behavioral influences. Investor psychology needs a more comprehensive theory of the drivers of investor behavior and better data. This need is strong for investor sentiment research, which might offer the most potential to advance understanding of psychological influences on asset pricing. The chapter expands on these ideas and discusses an overall context of the future philosophical development of behavioral finance and the inevitable push for greater openness, replicability, and reliability in research.
Sounding Actions
Authors: De Souza Jonathan
Published: May 2017

When a musical instrument converts energy into sound, it makes aspects of the player’s action audible. This chapter analyzes this action-sound coupling in various instruments, drawing on ecological acoustics, organology, and cybernetics. It introduces a distinction between two aspects of sound production—“activation” and “control”—either of which may come from the player or the instrument. Pipe organs, for example, are activated by nonhuman power sources, though the pitches are controlled by the organist. Barrel organs, by contrast, are activated by human energy, but the pitches are preprogrammed. Instrumental sound production also involves distinctive combinations of sonic, visual, and tactile feedback. Moreover, by adapting Merleau-Ponty’s work on the body schema, this theory of action-sound coupling accounts for the feeling, often reported by performers, that an instrument is an extension of the body.