bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spark ignition of a mixture of aluminum and boron powders
Authors: Moiseeva K M , Yu Krainov A
Published: November 2020

The paper presents the results of the numerical solutions of the problem of spark ignition aero suspension mixture of powders of aluminum and boron. The physical and mathematical model of gas suspension combustion is based on the approaches of the mechanics of two-phase reacting media. The solution to the problem is based on the decay algorithm of an arbitrary discontinuity S. K. Godunov. From the solution of the problem, the dependence of the minimum energy of spark ignition on the radius, mass concentration and the fraction of aluminum and boron particles in the gas suspension were determined.
Mathematical model of the flotation complex particle–bubble within the framework of Lagrangian formalism
Authors: Moshkin N P , Kondratiev S A
Published: November 2020

A model of the interaction of a spherical gas bubble and a rigid particle is derived as a coupled system of second-order differential equations using Lagrangian mechanics. The model takes into account oscillations of the bubble surface and the attached to it solid cylindrical particle in infinite volume of ideal incompressible liquid. The capillary force holding the particle on the bubble is due to the shape of the meniscus surface, which determines the wetting edge angle. The series with respect Legendre polynomials is used to present small axisymmetric oscillations of the particle-bubble system. Potential and kinetic energies are expressed through coefficients of this series. Particle adhesion condition to bubble surface is implemented through Lagrange multipliers. The dependence of the particle size and its density is demonstrated as a result of the numerical integration of the resulting dynamic system of differential equations.
Influence of external disturbances on the flow of straight and swept wings
Authors: Pavlenko A M , Bykov A V , Yu Zanin B
Published: November 2020

The paper presents the results of experimental studies of the influence of incoming external disturbances on the flow of straight wing and UAV models at different angles of attack and slip. Using the method of hot-wire anemometry, quantitative data were obtained on the structure of the flow near the surface of the model when it flows around a free stream and in the presence of incident external disturbances. Pictures of the visualization of the flow around models under stall conditionswere obtained. It was found that incident external disturbances under certain conditions can significantly change the flow structure.
Solvability of a model problem sublimation of snow
Authors: Papin A A , Sibin A N
Published: November 2020

The mathematical model water and air movement in snow is studied taking into account sublimation. Snow is simulated as a four-phase continuous porous medium. The pores are entirely occupied by a mixture of water, air and vapor. To describe the process, the mass conservation equations for each phase, the Musket–Leverett system of two-phase filtration equations for water and air, and the energy conservation equation for snow are used.
Point explosion in a bubble media. Research results and the prospects for the application
Authors: Pinaev A V
Published: November 2020

A point explosion (explosion of wires with an electric discharge energy of ≈10÷103 J) in chemically inert and active bubble media was experimentally studied. The advantages of initiating bubble detonation by a point explosion are compared with the traditional method of initiating a plane shock wave. The possibility of detonation transfer during a point explosion in a bubble medium to the volume of an explosive gas above the interface between media is established. The dynamics of spherical shock and detonation waves in bubble media is investigated.
Thermodynamically compatible model for wavefields simulation in deformed porous medium saturated by a compressible viscous fluid
Authors: Romenski E , Reshetova G , Peshkov I
Published: November 2020

A computational model for the small amplitude wave propagation in an elastic porous medium saturated by the viscous compressible fluid is discussed. The presented model is an extension of the model [1] and its derivation is based on the symmetric hyperbolic thermodynamically compatible system for two-phase solid-fluid mixture with finite deformations of the solid phase. In the present consideration, the fluid viscosity is taken into account via the unified hyperbolic model for viscous flows with shear stress relaxation. The governing equations form a hyperbolic system written in terms of the mixture velocity, relative velocity of phase motion, pressure and shear stress of the mixture that allows to apply an efficient finite difference method for numerical solution. Some numerical examples are presented, showing physically correct results, and, in particular, the frequency dependence of the shear wave velocity.
Multiplicative boundary control problems for nonlinear reaction-diffusion-convection model
Authors: Saritskaia Zh , Savinov P
Published: November 2020

Global solvability of a boundary value problem for a generalised Boussinesq model is proved in the case, when reaction coefficient depends nonlinearly on concentration of substance. Solvability of control problem is proved, when the role of controls is played by mass exchange coefficients from the boundary conditions of the model.
Unique solvability of an equilibrium problem for a Kirchhoff-Love plate with a crack along the boundary of a flat rigid inclusion
Authors: Semenova G E , Lazarev N P
Published: November 2020

A new model of an equilibrium problem for a Kirchhoff-Love plate with a flat cylindrical rigid inclusion and an interfacial crack is considered. As in previous works, we consider a rigid inclusion defined with the help of a cylindrical surface, but unlike the known models relating to the crack theory, we suppose that traces of derivatives of vertical displacements (deflections) satisfy certain boundary conditions. These conditions determine constant angles of normal fibers along an entire flat cylindrical inclusion. The interfacial crack is located on the boundary of the rigid inclusion. A condition of mutual non-penetration of opposite crack faces is given as an inequality on the crack curve. We prove the existence and uniqueness of a solution for this variational problem.
Effect of predominantly unidirectional flow of a viscous liquid between solid walls
Authors: Sennitskii V L
Published: November 2020

The problem is considered on a flow of a viscous liquid in the presence of solid bodies – two walls and a free plate the boundary of which is permeable for a liquid – under oscillatory influences. The formulation of the problem includes the equation of the plate motion, the equations of Navier–Stokes and a continuity and conditions at solid boundaries of the liquid. The new hydro-mechanical effect is revealed which consists in that in the absence of a predominant direction in space free parts of the hydro-mechanical system at a background of oscillations perform a unidirectional, steady motion.
Inertial waves generated by circular oscillations of inner core in a rotating spherical cavity
Authors: Subbotin S , Shiryaeva M , Kozlov V
Published: November 2020

The fluid flow excited by a core oscillating in a rotating spherical cavity is experimentally investigated. The core performs circular oscillations around the rotation axis under the action of an external inertial field and generates inertial waves. The main attention is paid to the effect of the oscillation frequency on the instantaneous flow structure and intensity. It is found that at a certain frequency, inertial waves experience spatial resonance, resulting in the intensification of oscillatory flow.
Detonation in bubble media: the effect of initial pressure
Authors: Sychev A I
Published: November 2020

The influence of parameters of mono- and polydisperse, one- and multicomponent bubble media on the conditions of initiation, structure, propagation velocity, and pressure of detonation waves is experimentally investigated. It is established that the variation of initial pressure of bubble medium is an efficient method to control the parameters of waves of “bubble” detonation.
Study of an effect of promising cellulose components on the physico-mechanical properties and a burning rate of a combustible material for combustible cartridge cases produced according to the filtration casting technology
Authors: Fataliev R V , Eneikina T A , Kozlova L A , Gatina R F , Mikhailov Yu M
Published: November 2020

At present, cellulose and nitrocellulose components used in the field of ammunition are manufactured from a cotton linter or a wood. However, over the last decade the raw material characteristics, including for the nitrocellulose production for special purposes, have changed significantly both in connection with the loss of the traditional source of the cellulose raw material (the cotton linter) and with the deterioration of the quality of cotton cellulose. The new types of cellulose materials (a flax, a hemp, oats and etc.) have appeared on the market in due to the cotton deficit, intended for the special-purpose nitrocellulose. If we take into account the need to develop a component base based on the available domestic annually renewable sources of raw materials, then there is no doubt that the flax should be considered as a promising one.. In this connection, the possibility of an application of the flax pulp and NC based on it when manufacturing the combustible articles was investigated.
Transport through the array of vortices: from microscopic model to macroscopic transport with immobilization
Authors: Khabin Mikhail R. , Maryshev Boris S , Klimenko Lyudmila S
Published: November 2020

The paper is devoted to the study of longitudinal solute transport through an array of vortices, bounded by rigid walls. Since the fluid velocity in such system is very heterogeneous, the transfer of solute particles has non-trivial properties. Some particles can flow into the vortex driving by diffusion. These particles do not move in a longitudinal direction. As a result, the observed transport process is similar to the transport with immobilisation. It allows dividing the full solute concentration to mobile and immobile by analogy to the MIM approach. Mobile solute transports with the mean flow in a longitudinal direction. The immobile solute is immobilized by the vortices. The solute transition between these two phases is provided by the diffusion and determines by the concentrations in both phases. The MIM approach is used very often for modelling the transport in porous media. Usually, the particle immobilisation in porous media is explained by the interaction of solute particles with a solid matrix of porous media. However, the flow through porous media is complex and vortices are formed by the interaction of flow with the solid matrix of media. We model the transport of initially heterogeneous distributed solute through the channel by the flow with vortices. The modelling is performed into the terms of special flow by the microscopic methods. The distribution of passage time is compared for the same distribution obtained by standard linear macroscopic MIM model. The comparison is performed by the solution of the inverse problem with minimization the difference between these two distributions. As a result, the parameters of the linear MIM model is defined and its dependence on the vortices structure and the molecular diffusivity is obtained.
Defining the out-of-limit state of the rocks in the vicinity of the working contour
Authors: Chanyshev A I , Abdulin I M , Belousova O E , Lukyashko O A
Published: November 2020

The problem of defining the stress-strain state of a rock mass near the working contour is solved by the Cauchy stress vector and the displacement vector set on it. To do this, you also need to know the elastic properties and the passport curve of the material “tangent stress – shift” with a section of extreme deformation. The information obtained in solving the problem allows us to judge the condition and remaining reserve of strength of the material both on the contour of the rock mass itself and in its vicinity.
On durability of a hydraulic fracture filled with proppant particles
Authors: Shelukhin Vladimir V. , Sannikova Anastasiya S.
Published: November 2020

On the basis of conservation laws and basic principles of thermodynamics, a mathematical model is developed for flows of a two-phase granular fluid. The phases consist of a viscoplastic granular Bingham fluid and a viscous Newtonian fluid. As an application, one dimensional flows are studied in a channel to address the stability of the proppant pack which fills a hydro-fracture. We find correlations between the phase flow rates and the pressure gradient. Such correlations are similar to a Darcy law. We determine a criterion for the initiation of motion of a granular phase in a porous medium. Given a yield stress of the granular phase, it is proved that this phase does not flow if either the pressure gradient or the channel thickness is small. The phase flow rates are studied numerically at various input parameters such as the phase viscosities, yield stresses and etc. The factors slowing down the penetration of the solid phase into the porous medium are revealed.
Free-surface flow behind elastic plate impacting on a thin liquid layer
Authors: Shishmarev K A , Khabakhpasheva T I , Korobkin A A
Published: November 2020

The problem of an inclined impact by an elastic plate on a thin liquid layer is considered. Evolution of the flow behind the plate is studied. The main input parameters are the position of the separation point of the liquid from the plate and the speed of the liquid under this point. The flow in the wake behind the plate is described by shallow water equations without gravity. Analytical formulae for the shape of the free surface behind the plate are derived. The study is focused on the possibility of the formation of jets arising from the wake perpendicular to the liquid layer. The problem is solved in two stages: before and after the formation of the first such a jet. The effects of the flow speed at the beginning of the wake, its time derivative, and the law of motion of the separation point on the formation of jets are investigated. The positions of the jets, their speeds and shapes are determined. Using the obtained results, mechanisms of the thin layer aeration behind the plate are discussed.
Hot melt splash upon impingement of a water jet
Authors: Yakush S E , Sivakov N S , Melikhov V I , Melikhov O I
Published: November 2020

As a pre-requisite for powerful steam explosion following the spread of molten high-temperature material over the bottom of water pool, a premixed zone must be formed with certain contents of melt, water, and vapour. Experimental observations indicate that melt spreading is featured by the formation of periodic melt splashes which can be responsible for the phase premixing. The paper considers one of the key phenomena involved in this process, namely, the splash of hot melt due to impingement of a high-velocity water jet. Numerical simulations are performed in the axisymmetric formulation, revealing the whole process of water-melt interaction, as well the development of melt flow leading to its splash. Parametric study is presented for the melt splash height dependence on the water mass and velocity.
Study of the pattern of fluid flow in the pore space of kerogen-clay-carbonate-siliceous rocks of Bazhenov Suite
Authors: Grigoriev A S , Shilko E V , Kontorovich A E
Published: November 2020

The paper is devoted to a numerical study of the features of fluid redistribution in the pore space of an unconventional hydrocarbon reservoir of the Bazhenov Suite (West Siberian oil and gas basin). We analyzed the filtration properties of the microscale layers of the formation with composite structure and multiscale porosity using the triaxial compression test. The simulation results showed that the flow rate of the pore fluid is determined by a set of parameters, including the rate of change of local stresses, the permeability of the skeleton, the viscosity of the pore fluid, reservoir pressure and the size of its differential region. We revealed the dimensionless combination of these parameters that uniquely determines the value of the fluid flow rate. The results of the study can be used in assessing the contributions of the structural elements structure to reservoir production capacity.
Dispersive and hyperbolic models for non-hydrostatic shallow water flows and their application to steep forced waves modelling
Authors: Chebotnikov A V , Chesnokov A A , Khe A K , Yu Liapidevskii V
Published: November 2020

We propose a hyperbolic system of first-order equations that approximates the 1D Nwogu model of the shallow water theory for non-hydrostatic unsteady flows. Solitary waves in the framework of these models are constructed and studied. The evolution of solitary waves on a mildly sloping beach is considered. We show that the solution of the hyperbolic system practically coincides with the corresponding solution of the Nwogu dispersive equations. Steep forced water waves generated by a harmonically oscillating rectangular tank are studied both experimentally and numerically. A comparison of the solutions of the modified Green–Naghdi and Nwogu equations with the obtained experimental data is made.
Multispark initiation of propane combustion in an enclosed volume
Authors: Teslenko V S , Drozhzhin A P , Anisichkin Yu V
Published: November 2020

The initiation and combustion of propane-oxygen (P0 = 1 atm) are experimentally studied by using multispark discharges (ranging from 1 to 9 in number), which are differently located in the cylindrical chamber 72 mm in diameter and 4 mm high. The methods of synchronous recording and measurements of parameters of force pulses with 26 µs resolution piezodynamometer were used in the studies. It was shown that for identical gas charges, the duration of generation of force pulses decreases by 30 % as the number of initiation sparks rises in comparison to one-spark initiation in the center of the chamber.
Model assessment of the lifetime of a composite overwrapped pressure vessel under creep conditions
Authors: Eremin N V , Moskvichev V V
Published: November 2020

An approach has been developed to estimate the lifetime of a composite overwrapped pressure vessel under creep conditions. Creep tests of unidirectional composite material based on T1000 carbon fibers and epoxy resin were conducted at high temperatures. Experimental creep curves were obtained and the creep rate for each specimen was determined. A numerical analysis of creep of a composite overwrapped pressure vessel subjected to a constant pressure was carried out. Time-strain curves are obtained for each characteristic point in the composite shell. The strains range up to 12.5%. The curves of relaxation of tensile stress in a composite overwrapped pressure vessel are obtained. The stress gradually decreases from 926 to 564 MPa. The structure of the vessel considered remains stable without critical strains and stresses after 50 years of exploitation. Using the proposed modeling approach of a composite overwrapped pressure vessel, taking into account the effect of creep in the composite shell, it is possible to evaluate the lifetime of the structure.
Media security of megascience projects: legal experts training
Authors: Galyashina E , Nikishin V
Published: November 2020

The article discusses the problems of legal experts training to ensure the effective functioning of global research infrastructures (megascience projects) in the context of information-worldview security of media (including Internet communication). The activity of legal experts in the field of megascience projects implies risk management of media security within which the ranking of media waves and the prevention of illegal speech actions are carried out. The work of a legal expert in the field of media security is greatly interdisciplinary and requires exclusively developed management skills. This specialist acts precisely within the framework of information risk management coordinating and moderating the work of the organization’s structural units. A highly qualified specialist in this area, in addition to fundamental legal knowledge, should also possess creative, heuristic expert thinking, be able to analyze, generalize, screen out and differentiate incoming information in the media stream. It is vital for the objective legal-linguistic examination of defamatory, fake and extremist-terrorist discourse. The basis for the formation of such an expert thinking can be the provisions of forensic expertology as a synthetic legal science that studies the patterns of using special knowledge in legal proceedings. The developments in the field of forensic speech science (which studies speech traces of offenses in the media sphere) are particularly valuable for the training of lawyers in the field of media security. The authors consider the classification of speech offenses against media security of megascience projects and justify that legal education in the megascience field is the training of a wide-profile specialist who is able to apply deep legal and linguistic knowledge in a progressively increasing set of situations and experiences, challenges and threats to media security of megascience projects; who can easily adapt; who is ready to acquire new competencies, learn and grow, find his/her own place in a rapidly changing world.
Training of lawyers in the field of megascience projects: innovations in legal education
Authors: Mazhorina M , Nikishin V
Published: November 2020

The article is devoted to the analysis of the prospects for the development of educational programs aimed at training lawyers in the field of megascience projects. Legal support of megascience projects involves legal support of intellectual resources and protection of the results of intellectual activity, legal regulation of financing of these projects, international legal regulation of scientific and technical cooperation, legal support of cyber security, information-law (including anti-defamation) support of media security of these projects, etc. The authors consider the model of educational training of lawyers for megascience projects in the paradigm of interconnection and interdependence of innovative social relations, science, and education. R&D intensity (knowledge-intensity) of educational training of lawyers in the field of megascience is justified and considered as a feature that is no less significant than practice-orientedness (applied directedness), ensuring not only the short-term competitiveness of educational products, but also their long-term and stable prospects due to the incorporation of the latest cutting-edge R&D achievements into education. The authors suggest a term ‘innovative programs for forward-looking areas’ and analyze their capacity for legal support of megascience projects (the current innovative programs implemented at Kutafin University (MSAL) and the MSAL scientific projects that can be the basis for new educational programs). The authors consider the principles for the implementation of innovative programs for forward-looking areas: fundamentality and practice-orientedness (including the institution of ‘community of practice’ and the mentoring institution), R&D intensity, networking, meta-learning etc.
The legal issues of foreign citizens participation in megascience projects
Authors: Zaplatina T S
Published: November 2020

The article is devoted to the analyses of the issues of legal regulation of issues of foreign citizens participation in megascience projects. The large-scale nature of megascience objects that distinguishes them from other research infrastructures is expressed primarily in the scale of the objects of research, in terms of the complexity of their creation, the complexity of operation, as well as the exchange of workforce in the process of research exercising. Considering the issue of personnel exchange in the framework of large-scale research, it is necessary to focus not only on conducting the research in the framework of megascience, but also on legal regulation of foreign researchers attraction, or the problem of the entry and residence of foreign scientific researchers. The EU has a procedure for admitting third-country nationals recruited for the purpose of conducting research activities, independent of their legal relationship with the host research organization and not requiring a work permit in addition to authorization. This procedure is based on cooperation between research organizations and the immigration authorities of the EU Member States. The existence of specific procedure for the entry and residence of foreign scientific researchers helps to remove barriers in the migration of researchers, expand the scientific exchange. In this regard the EU legal experience in the scope of researchers migration regulation should be used as a model for improving the Russian Federation legal regulation in the same scope.
Effective scientific personnel training in the field of modern computer technologies for the implementation of advanced research projects of the Megascience class
Authors: Shtanko A N , Kulik S D , Kondakov A A
Published: November 2020

Successful research projects of the Megascience class usually require a well-trained team of scientists from various fields of knowledge. These scientists must be high-skilled experts. Each member of a team like that must have the necessary, specialized cross-industry skills, for example, in such areas as artificial intelligence, convolutional neural networks, specialized intelligent search engines, and full-text analysis. One of the key aspects of effective personnel training for successful implementation of Megascience projects into reality is the acquisition by students professional skills, abilities, and knowledge to use tools of modern scientific technologies, containing, for example, libraries of programs (functions). In particular, convolutional neural networks and intelligent search systems can be applied in various research projects in the field of physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine, for example, in telemedicine, for effective decision-making in diagnosing a patient. Therefore, understanding the principles of neural networks and intelligent search systems is a necessary competence of researchers working in the framework of Megascience projects. Classic search engines are based on indexing the textual information of the database that is being searched. Intelligent search engines can improve the search experience through intelligent data processing, including using convolutional neural networks. This report examines practical examples and areas of the successful application of convolutional neural networks and information systems in practice.
Conventional and institutional models of international scientific and technical cooperation on the example of marine scientific research
Authors: Teimurov E , Kozheurov Ya
Published: November 2020

A unifying aspect in researchers’ understanding of the essence of the legal model is that it acts in such a way that describes objects, processes or phenomena of legal life. With due regard to the forms of international cooperation, we can identify conventional and institutional models of international scientific and technical cooperation (ISTC). The institutional model characterizes the status and activities of the subjects. The conventional model primarily reflects a set of legal regulators of the interaction between subjects. However, the conventional model is not limited solely to international agreements and customs. It also includes instruments containing soft law rules. To elucidate the ISTC models in the field of marine research, the authors have analyzed the concept of “marine scientific research” as well as the development of the institution governing the interaction between subjects of international law and other actors in the field of marine scientific research (MSR) and the exchange of technologies within the framework of international law of the sea. As a result of the study, the authors conclude that the conventional model of ISTC in the field of MSR is based on the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and includes bilateral and multilateral international agreements, decisions and resolutions of competent international organizations, and legal instruments containing soft law rules aimed at specifying various aspects of cooperation. The institutional model in MSR means creation of international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations. ISTC institutional models can be divided into ecosystem models and collaboration models. Ecosystem models create the necessary legal, organizational, economic and other conditions (environment) for international cooperation and joint marine scientific research. Collaborative models are created directly for the implementation of international scientific research. However, there is no strict borderline between them.
Megascience facilities in global research infrastructure
Authors: Kozheurov Ya , Teimurov E
Published: November 2020

The term “unique scientific facility of the “Megascience” class” (USFMC) has come into widespread use in legal acts of a programmatic nature, which necessitates the study of the term in a legal context and determination of the relationship between this concept and the widely accepted term “global research infrastructure” (GRI). On the basis of the analysis of legal acts, policy documents and doctrinal sources, two key features of USFMC can be identified: 1) their large scale (physical, financial, technological), and 2) their particular relevance to science facilitating some breakthrough in a particular field of expertise. The study of the GRI essence makes it possible to propose the following definition: global research infrastructures are massive, valuable, unique due to their technical specifications complexes constructed and operated in the order of international cooperation (collaboration) between States, international organizations and other actors without international legal personality (State agencies, scientific institutions, funding institutions) and designed for long-term scientific research aimed at obtaining new breakthrough knowledge, substantially supplementing or modifying perceptions of reality. The domestic term “unique scientific facility of “Megascience” class” has the greatest overlap with such global research infrastructures as geographically localized (single-sited) large research infrastructures. The authors conclude that in order to align the domestic legal terminology in the field of “Megascience” with the terminology accepted world-wide, amendments should be made to the draft Federal Law “On Scientific, Scientific-Technical and Innovative Activities.”
Training of specialists for the implementation of the Federal Scientific and Technical Program for the Development of Synchrotron and Neutron Research and Research Infrastructure during 2019-2027
Authors: Nikolaenko A
Published: November 2020

In 2019 a comprehensive solution to the tasks of accelerated development of synchrotron and neutron research in Russia was given by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation. This was important for the creation of breakthrough technologies, as well as the design of the megascience class research infrastructure in our country. The network of megascience facilities by 2027 is planned to include synchrotron radiation sources in Moscow, Protvino, Novosibirsk and Vladivostok, neutron radiation source in Gatchina, huge scientific and medical centers. The head scientific organization for these significant activities became National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”. The development, construction, operation of megascience class facilities requires large-scale training of specialists and scientific personnel in various fields (Physics of Nanosystems, Optics, Solid State Physics, Materials Science, Physical Chemistry, Electronics, etc.). The article describes the key areas of work in the field of education, which includes creation specific programs for secondary general education, secondary vocational education, higher education, advanced training and professional retraining. It presents the mechanisms of training specialists for Federal Scientific and Technical Program for the Development of Synchrotron and Neutron Research and Research Infrastructure during 2019-2027. The plans of creation of an integrated scientific and educational community are announced.
Acmeological determinants of experts selections for “mega science” class projects
Authors: Kirichenko A V
Published: November 2020

The article presented is the continuation of the development of psychological and acmeological features of training managers, experts, specialists for projects of the “mega science” class. The need to use the achievement of qualifier science in order to increase the reliability and accuracy of measurement of various parameters, which have a significant impact on the effectiveness of professional activities, is proved. On the basis of a competent approach, a model of the subject of personnel qualifiers - an expert has been developed. The system of competences that an expert should have for “mega science” class projects is described. It is substantiated that the model of the subject of personnel qualifiers should meet, in addition to traditional, a number of additional criteria reflecting the conditions and specifics of professional activities, which are the basis for the formation of key acmeological determinants of the selection of experts for “mega science” class projects. In addition, it is noted that the distinctive feature of the subject of personnel qualifiers is the obligatory achievement of the expert professional “akme” in his professional field, within the framework of “mega science” class projects.
Organizational and legal forms of implementation of megascience projects
Authors: Gorlova E
Published: November 2020

Support of fundamental science as a backbone institution for the long-term development of the nation is a priority task of the modern state. In order to fulfill this task, some countries develop an advanced infrastructure of research, development, and innovation, which includes creation and development of a network of unique megascience-class installations which provide solutions to key research tasks of the world scientific agenda aimed at obtaining new fundamental knowledge necessary for the long-term development of the country. The combination of public interests and income generation is a fundamental task that the state is trying to solve, by implementing national programs and using all its tools and methods of influence to achieve the strategic goals of the strategy of scientific and technological development. The scale of megascience projects urges us to think about the choice of their optimal legal structures, which can be divided into two groups: public and private. One of the urgent tasks of lawmakers and law enforcement agencies is to choose (or create) the optimal legal structure of the megascience projects that meets the interests of both the state and private entities.
Status of the FAIR facility in Darmstadt
Authors: Selyuzhenkov I
Published: November 2020

The Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) is currently being built in Darmstadt, Germany. The SIS100 accelerator is at the heart of FAIR and will provide proton and heavy-ion beams for a variety of experiments. There are four main research pillars at FAIR specialized in the field of nuclear, hadron and elementary particle physics, atomic and antimatter physics, high density plasma physics, as well as applications in condensed matter physics, biology and the biomedical sciences. In these proceedings I briefly review the main research pillars of FAIR and the status of its realization.
Status of the mega-science project NICA
Authors: Taranenko A.
Published: November 2020

The Mega-Science project NICA (Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility) is under construction at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna (Russia). This is the first international mega-science project which will be build on the territory of the Russian Federation. The heavy ion programme at NICA includes two planned detector systems: the Baryonic Matter at Nuclotron (BM@N) and the Multi-Purpose Detector (MPD). The mission of future experiments at NICA is to explore the phase diagram of QCD matter at collision energies, where the highest net-baryon densities will be created. The perspectives for the experiments at NICA and the designed physics performance of the detector components will be presented and discussed.
Status of the Experiments at the Megascience Complex RHIC
Authors: Nigmatkulov Grigory
Published: November 2020

The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is a megascience complex that is dedicated to study the properties of nuclear matter at extreme temperatures and baryon chemical potentials, and to study the spin structure of the proton. In these proceedings, the current status and future developments of the megasciece complex RHIC are presented.
Energy Master Planning on neighbourhood level: learnings on stakeholders and constraints from the Norwegian case of Ydalir
Authors: Baer Daniela , Haase Matthias
Published: November 2020

While energy planning on the building level is characterized by a limited number of stakeholders and a clear ambition setting, this situation changes when expanding to a neighbourhood level. Depending on the context of the neighbourhood, energy planning is challenged to align several stakeholders and define common ambitions and measures suitable to optimize the outcome of energy planning. In Norway, energy planning on neighbourhood level is a relatively new approach. We apply the Energy Master Planning (EMP) concept developed during the IEA EBC Annex 73 to describe the planning process within the Norwegian case study of Ydalir, which ambition is to become zero-emission. Through a qualitative research approach, we identify stakeholders involved, their role and impact, and indicate constraints on EMP implementation so far. We show how the concept of EMP must be further developed, to reply to evidence-based constraints in implementing and reaching for high ambitions in cutting down energy use and emission. This paper relates to the UN development goal 11 of Smart Cities and Communities.
Digitally Engaged? Reflections and recommendations for engaging citizens in smart cities
Authors: Bull R , Dooley K , Mazhar M , Preston S
Published: November 2020

A significant cultural shift occurred over recent decades, with the majority of the world’s population now living in cities and contributing over two thirds of global carbon emissions. If countries around the world are to meet challenging global carbon reduction targets, then how our cities are governed and managed to maximize energy efficiency is of vital importance. Faith is increasingly being placed in what are commonly referred to as ‘smart cities.’ Smart cities seemingly offer a utopian vision of urban integration, efficiency and [subsequent] carbon reductions, yet urbanisation presents real challenges, as noted by Sustainable Development Goal 11: “Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable”. Cities are made up of people and increasingly both policymakers and practitioners are starting to see citizens as an essential stakeholder, even if there is a blurring over the boundaries between citizens and consumers. It is unclear what these people actually refer to when they talk about citizen engagement. Adopting key theoretical underpinning of ladder of participation (Arnstein), this research will present findings from case studies of novel citizen engagement from around the world, notably Nottingham (UK), Espoo (Finland) and Portland (USA). Utilising semi-structured interview material findings are analysed through critical framework of citizen engagement to see whether they fulfil the notion of smart cities and communities. Specifically, new forms of engagement that do not fit previously held assumptions around participation need to be considered. Recommendations are provided for increasing new forms of citizen engagement in smart city strategies in order to ensure they are fully adopted and embedded.
Energy Performance Certificate for buildings as a strategy for the energy transition: Stakeholder insights on shortcomings
Authors: Cozza Stefano , Chambers Jonathan , Brambilla Arianna , Patel Martin K
Published: November 2020

Improving building performance is key to tackling the challenges of climate change, considering that buildings account for 40% of the global energy consumption. The urgent need for energy efficiency improvement of buildings calls for the implementation of suitable policy instruments, including performance assessments. Currently, the performance of buildings is officially assessed by Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) schemes. However, EPCs certify the design more than the building, relying on simulations and assumptions rather than on the buildings’ actual demand for energy which is partly determined by occupant behaviour, execution of the work and malfunctioning of the equipment. This work investigates how the governance of the performance certification scheme could be improved with the objective of a more robust EPC scheme. Based on a qualitative study through interviews with energy experts the current EPC system in Switzerland is characterized, allowing to understand important limitations. The insights help to shape a list of recommendations for further development of the EPC scheme. This research is relevant because the failure to correctly assess building performance leads to excess carbon emissions and higher energy costs, undermining the attainability of the energy policy targets.
Social Network Analysis of Building Energy and Carbon Policy Networks in Developing Countries
Authors: Madhusanka Nandun , Pan Wei , Kumaraswamy Mohan
Published: November 2020

More than two thirds of countries worldwide, the majority being developing countries still have not implemented mandatory regulations to control building energy usage and carbon emissions despite the rapidly increasing building stock in these regions. Thus, it is vital to develop effective energy and carbon policies for buildings in developing countries. Developing such effective policies in turn, needs well-structured policy networks consisting of efficiently connected key actors in policy implementation. A database search revealed significantly less progress in implementing the building energy and carbon policies in developing countries, compared with developed countries. Previous literature suggested Policy Network Analysis (PNA) as a powerful tool to assess current policy level actor coalitions, determine structural holes in stakeholder integration and decide on future policy improvements. Subsequently, a database search was carried out through the “Web of Science” publications repository to identify the previous PNA approaches and to identify a potential way forward. Among the available methods, Social Network Analysis (SNA) was identified as the most suitable and frequently used method which provides extensive analytical capabilities for policy network visualization and analysis. The preliminary findings lead to the novel SNA model that is proposed to map and assess required building energy and carbon policy networks which integrate both policy actors and constraints. This proposed model can be effectively utilized to identify the significance, centrality and relational structures of policy actors and policy constraints. This paper will benefit future researchers and relevant policy makers by providing an effective platform on which to further develop more effective energy and carbon policies for the building sector by strengthening stakeholder collaboration and integration.
GHG emission requirements and benchmark values for Norwegian buildings
Authors: Wiik MK , Selvig E , Fuglseth M , Lausselet C , Resch E , Andresen I , Brattebø H , Hahn U
Published: November 2020

As a response to the Paris agreement, Norway is committed to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 50 percent by 2030. Highly energy-efficient buildings have a greater proportion of embodied GHG emissions from material use (55-87%) compared to operational emissions. A new national standard, NS3720:2018 a methodology for greenhouse gas emission calculations for buildings, has harmonised the life cycle assessment (LCA) calculation of environmental impacts arising from Norwegian buildings and has led to an increase in LCAs. This paper aims to collect life cycle GHG emission data on Norwegian building case studies to help form recommendations for national GHG emission requirements and benchmark values that can be used by the Research centre for zero emission neighbourhoods in smart cities (FME ZEN), Futurebuilt and in Norwegian building codes (TEK). To do this, a statistical analysis of a reference sample is carried out to provide bottom-up derived reference values. Empirical life cycle GHG emission data results are collected from Norwegian building case studies in the reference, design and as-built project phases, sampled from Norwegian programmes and research centres such as Futurebuilt, Framtidens Byer, ZEB and ZEN. Altogether 133 Norwegian building cases have been gathered from 2009-2020, covering 1,023,738m2 of heated floor area for 49,360 building users. A functional unit of ‘1m2 of heated floor area over a building lifetime of 60 years is used. The results show an interquartile range of 240-492 kgCO2eq/m2 or 4-8.2 kgCO2eq/m2/yr, a median of 396 kgCO2eq/m2 or 6.6 kgCO2eq/m2/yr and a mean of 324 kgCO2eq/m2 or 5,4 kgCO2eq/m2/yr for all building typologies in the as-built phase. These results can be used to form initial indications for GHG emission requirements and benchmark values in Norway.
Redesigning public governance of the Danish built environment from relative to absolute metrics
Authors: Hansen Hanne Tine Ring , Lynge Kasper
Published: November 2020

Planet Earth is imbalanced due to human comsumption, growth in population and exponential reaction chains in Nature. New theories of sustainable development are challenging status quo. Examples of these theories are 1) Circular Economy, 2) Absolute Sustainability and 3) Doughnut Economy. These models for sustainable development challenge the built environment in Denmark where governance currently focuses on realising relative reductions in impact. Where each building permit is given based on compliance with a theoretical energy frame which defines the maximum annual permitted energy consumption per m2. There is however no limit to the number of m2 built each year. This essentially means that more and more m2 are built each year and the building industry is nowhere near realising the necessary reductions in environmental impact. Furthermore, the energy frame is a theoretical framework that neglects to consider human behaviour and comfort of building users. If compliance with the Paris agreement is to be within reach there is thus an urgent need to redesign governance of the built environment. This paper presents a short review of the theories behind Circular Economy, Absolute Sustainability and Doughnut Economy, as well as, a review of how building permits are currently given in Denmark. Based on these reviews an idea for how to redesign public governance of the built environment is presented. The idea focuses on the practicalities of 1) how to move from relative to absolute metrics and 2) how to redesign the way the building permits are given. The paper concludes with a discussion of how this affects processes and stakeholders involved in the built environment and conditions that ensure practical implementation of the idea.