bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The subjective well-being of immigrants and natives during Covid-19
Authors: Aftab Fari , Scheffel Juliane , Spencer David
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the subjective well-being of immigrants and natives in the United Kingdom (UK) during the Covid-19 pandemic. A novel aspect of this research is that we exploit the quasi-experimental nature of the pandemic to analyse the potential causal impact of neighbourhood embeddedness in mitigating the adverse shock on subjective well-being. We proxy subjective well-being by life satisfaction and consider neighbourly support and psychological sense of community as indicators of neighbourhood embeddedness. The findings show that the pandemic negatively impacted the life satisfaction of immigrants more than that of natives. The analysis demonstrates that high neighbourhood embeddedness had a significant protective impact on the well-being of immigrants, whereas the opposite was observed for natives. Further analysis reveals that the adverse impact for natives can be attributed to their tendency to comply with Covid-19 social distancing rules, while the results for immigrants remain qualitatively consistent irrespective of their compliance or non-compliance behaviour. The overall findings in this research imply that community-based interventions should be aimed at balancing the promotion of social networking with adherence to health guidelines in a way that minimises well-being trade-offs during a health crisis.
A relativistic approach towards macro-scale modelling: implementation on laser re-melting and powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M) AM processes
Authors: Pastras Georgios , Tzimanis Konstantinos , Stavropoulos Panagiotis
Published: February 2025

Simulation of laser-based processes is a computational intensive task; its efficiency strongly depends on the determination of the process phenomena and mechanisms that are of key importance. A major challenge in the macro-scale simulation of these processes is the large separation between the workpiece and laser beam dimensions resulting in a need for enormous lattices. In this work, this problem is bypassed via the introduction of an inhomogeneous lattice that is attached to the laser head, which combined with the enthalpy method enables a finite differences fast-running algorithm. Since the lattice moves relatively to the workpiece, the method requires appropriate adaptation of the physical governing equations. To validate the capabilities of this model, the laser re-melting and powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M) processes are simulated and the results are compared with an experimentally verified modelling approach, indicating the adaptability of the workflow irrespective of the type of feedstock. Additionally, this approach facilitates the beam shaping investigation leveraging the stationary head relatively to the grid.
Expression of SSTR2a, FAP, HER2 and HER3 as potential radionuclide therapy targets in higher-grade meningioma
Authors: Mair Maximilian J. , Hartenbach Sabrina , Tomasich Erwin , Maas Sybren L. N. , Bosch Sarah A. , Widhalm Georg , Eckert Franziska , Sahm Felix , Hainfellner Johannes A. , Hartenbach Markus , Berghoff Anna S. , Preusser Matthias , Albert Nathalie L.
Published: February 2025

Purpose

High-grade meningiomas have high recurrence rates and limited prognosis. Radioligand therapies are approved in extracranial malignancies, but their value in brain tumours including meningiomas is unclear, as data on target expression is scarce.

Methods

CNS WHO grade 2 and 3 meningioma samples were immunohistochemically stained for somatostatin receptor 2a (SSTR2a), fibroblast activation protein (FAP), and human epidermal growth factor receptors 2/3 (HER2/HER3). Target expression was correlated with (epi-)genetic tumour subtyping by DNA methylation analysis, genetic alterations, and survival.

Results

Meningioma samples of 58 patients were included. SSTR2a expression (membranous/cytoplasmic) was observed in 43/55 (78.2%), and FAP expression in 15/58 (25.9%) evaluable samples, with HER2 and HER3 expression in one specimen each (1.7%). Membranous SSTR2a expression was strong in 18 (32.7%), intermediate in 12 (21.8%), and weak in 11 (20.0%) samples. While SSTR2a expression was more homogenous and mainly seen in regions with higher cellularity, FAP immunoreactivity was predominantly seen in tumour stroma and regions of lower cellularity. SSTR2a immunoreactivity was associated with TRAF7 wildtype status (p = 0.034). FAP expression was more frequent in meningiomas of CNS WHO grade 3 (vs. CNS WHO 2; p < 0.001), and samples with NF2 mutations (p = 0.032) or CDKN2A/B deletions (p = 0.013) compared to wildtype. FAP and SSTR2a expression (present vs. absent) were not associated with overall survival (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

SSTR2a and FAP are expressed in high-grade meningioma samples to a variable extent, and differences across meningioma subtypes underscore the need for biomarkers to improve patient selection. Spatial heterogeneity of target expression should be considered in radioligand therapy design.
Denoising neural network for low-light imaging of acoustically coupled combustion
Authors: Hayrapetyan Arin , Vargas Andres , Karagozian Ann R.
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the use of a trained neural network (NN) to enable more efficient noise reduction in processing images associated with acoustically coupled combustion phenomena, as compared with more commonly used image processing techniques. The approach is applied to experiments involving high-speed imaging of a single and coaxial methane–air jet diffusion flames exposed to various acoustically resonant environments. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) analysis applied to the flame imaging may be used to capture characteristic signatures in the flame dynamics and in verification of the proposed approach in this investigation. The NN trains on low-exposure input images and high-exposure response images for a steadily burning fuel jet with no coaxial flow, yet is remarkably successful when applied to a range of coaxial flow and acoustic excitation conditions. The proposed neural network approach demonstrates a significant decrease in the preprocess time required in analyzing flame images, typically by over a factor of 5, and preserves image quality. The approach replicates POD-based flame dynamics very well, for both low-amplitude and high-amplitude flame responses, the latter involving transitions in the dynamics due to the introduction of multiple timescales. The relative simplicity and success of this NN approach thus show the potential for improved image processing for complex dynamical flows and their transitional features.
Patterns and outcomes of current antitumor therapy for high-grade neuroendocrine neoplasms: perspective of a tertiary referral center
Authors: Melhorn Philipp , Spitzer Julia , Adel Thomas , Wolff Ladislaia , Mazal Peter , Raderer Markus , Kiesewetter Barbara
Published: February 2025

Purpose

Patients with metastatic high-grade neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) have an unfavorable prognosis. Treatment patterns and therapy outcome are scarcely evidenced, especially considering the WHO classification updates since 2017, and were thus investigated in this study.

Methods

This retrospective single-center analysis evaluated patients with neuroendocrine tumors grade 3 (NET G3) or neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC) treated at the Medical University of Vienna since 2010. The primary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) following first-line treatment.

Results

A total of 80 patients were included, 53 (66%) had NEC and 27 (34%) NET G3. Thirty patients had pancreatic NEN (38%), 29 gastrointestinal NEN (36%), 20 an unknown primary (25%), and one gall bladder NEC. All patients had metastatic disease, and all but four received systemic therapy. Platinum/etoposide was the most frequent palliative first-line treatment in NEC (41/47, 87%) and capecitabine/temozolomide (CAPTEM) in NET G3 (14/27, 52%). Overall, the median PFS and OS from first line start were 16.1 and 43.9 months for NET G3 and 6.1 and 12.7 months for NEC, respectively. Median PFS for platin/etoposide in NEC was 6.1 months (overall response rate [ORR] 56%) and for CAPTEM in NET G3 16.9 months (ORR 46%). Irrespective of the limited sample size (n = 4–11), second-line median PFS was short in NEC (FOLFIRI 2.8, FOLFOX 2.6, CAPTEM 5.4, other 2.6 months) and longer in NET G3 (8.2–11.1 months).

Conclusions

The present data from a large European NET center show that multiple treatment strategies are used in NEN and highlight the varying outcomes between NET G3 and NEC.
Investigation of the influence of different hairpin winding patterns on the common mode
Authors: Behrendt Cara-Nastasja , Eschenmann Leander Philipp , Ponick Bernd
Published: February 2025

With the increasing use of hairpin windings and fast-switching inverters, high-frequency effects occur in electric machines. These include parasitic common mode currents and resulting bearing currents. As countermeasures, additional components such as chokes and hybrid bearings are often used. This paper, in contrast, focuses on the winding design to reduce the common mode currents. In this context, not only well-known winding patterns are investigated in this paper, but new winding patterns are also derived for investigation. For this purpose, a search algorithm is introduced to find all feasible winding patterns considering both the manufacturing process and a desired electromagnetic winding design. All feasible windings are evaluated with respect to their common mode peak current. Furthermore, a statement is made as to whether or not the consideration of additional winding patterns offers optimization potential.
Advanced machine learning techniques for predicting power generation and fault detection in solar photovoltaic systems
Authors: Abdelsattar Montaser , AbdelMoety Ahmed , Emad-Eldeen Ahmed
Published: February 2025

This study investigated the application of advanced Machine Learning techniques to predict power generation and detect abnormalities in solar Photovoltaic systems. The study conducted a comprehensive assessment of various sophisticated models, including Random Trees, Random Forest, eXtreme Gradient Boosting, Linear Regression, Gradient Boosting (GB), and Categorical Boosting (CatBoost), utilizing a substantial dataset of 97,333 sets. The analysis focused on two fundamental objectives: power prediction and fault identification, both of which are crucial for enhancing the effectiveness and dependability of PV systems. CatBoost and GB models exhibited exceptional performance in power prediction, with the maximum R-squared value of 0.994. Demonstrating a strong correlation with the data and the ability to account for a substantial amount of the variation in power generation. These models outperformed others by providing more accurate and reliable projections, which are crucial for effective solar energy management and planning. CatBoost demonstrated superior performance compared to other approaches in the flaw detection test, attaining the highest performance metrics. The model achieved an accuracy of 0.999743, precision of 0.997171, recall of 0.999291, and an F1 score of 0.998230. The measures illustrated CatBoost’s exceptional ability to precisely identify problems with little errors, confirming it as the most successful model among those evaluated. The exceptional precision and dependability of the CatBoost model in identifying faults highlighted its capacity for continuously monitoring and maintaining solar systems in real-time, consequently augmenting operational efficiency. The study emphasized the significance of choosing suitable models to achieve the highest level of accuracy in predicting and detecting faults, thereby enabling the development of more sustainable and efficient solar energy systems. Subsequent research should prioritize the validation of these models using varied datasets, integration of up-to-date meteorological data, and creation of defect detection methods in real-time to enhance system efficiency.
An Efficient Damage-Plasticity DEM Contact Model for Highly Porous Rocks
Authors: Zheng Jinhui , Ciantia Matteo Oryem
Published: February 2025

A novel discrete element method (DEM) model is proposed to better reproduce the behaviour of porous soft rocks. With the final goal of simulating pile penetration problems efficiency and scalability are two underlining features. The contact model is based on the macro-element theory and employs damage laws to govern the plastic deformations developing at the microscale. To attain (i) high porosity states, (ii) represent irregular shaped grains and (iii) incorporate the physical presence of bond fragments, the model is cast within a far-field interaction framework allowing for non-overlapping particles to transmit forces. After presenting a calibration procedure, the model is used to replicate the behaviour of Maastricht calcarenite. In particular, the mechanical response of this calcarenite is explored within the critical state theory framework. Finally, the efficiency, performance and scalability of the model is tested by simulating physical model experiments of cone-ended penetration tests in Maastricht calcarenite from the literature. To boost efficiency of the 3D numerical simulations, a coupled DEM-FDM (Finite Differential Method) framework is used. The good fit between the experimental and numerical results suggest that the new model can be used to unveil microscopic mechanism controlling the macroscopic response of soft-rock/structure interaction problems.
Efficient dynamic simulations of planetary journal bearings in wind turbine gearboxes
Authors: Lucassen Mattheüs , Jacobs Georg , Lehmann Benjamin
Published: February 2025

The use of journal bearings as planetary gear bearings in wind turbines instead of roller bearings is becoming common, as journal bearings are advantageous in terms of the torque density of the gearbox. The transition from roller bearings to journal bearings results in different bearing stiffness and damping characteristics, thereby altering the dynamics of the wind turbine gearbox and the load-bearing behavior of the gears. The dynamic behavior of journal bearings is highly dependent on operating conditions, as fluid film heights and hydrodynamic pressures vary with speed. To conduct a detailed analysis of these bearings and their effect on the gearbox dynamics, elasto-hydrodynamic simulations (EHD) coupled with multibody simulations (MBS) are generally performed. These simulations typically require significant computational resources. In order to reduce the calculation times for optimizing the gearbox with regard to Noise-Vibration-Harshness and load-bearing capacity, a simplified representation of the bearing in multi-body simulations is desired, ideally as a simple stiffness and damping matrix.

While standard approaches exist for deriving stiffness and damping matrices for journal bearings, these methods do not adequately capture the complex deformations and load conditions present in planetary journal bearings. As a result, these bearings exhibit stiffness and damping behavior that depends on local conditions and operating points. Therefore, this paper presents an approach to extract these stiffness and damping values from EHD simulations across the operating range of a wind turbine. These extracted values are applied to a multi-body simulation model of a wind turbine gearbox. This paper introduces a novel approach for modelling planetary journal bearings. By dividing the bearing into small slices, a multi-slice bearing is created that can capture the complex stiffness and damping characteristics present in planetary journal bearings. This sliced bearing modelling method is compared with a coupled EHD-MBS model of the same wind turbine gearbox to analyze the effects on system dynamics. The novel planetary journal bearing modelling will enable faster design of wind turbine gearbox components and mitigate vibrations efficiently.
Influence of lubricant particle contamination on discharge events in electrical loaded radial cylindrical roller bearings
Authors: Harling Jörn Christian , Rößler Peter , Jacobs Georg , Lehmann Benjamin
Published: February 2025

The economic efficiency of wind turbines is considerably affected by the occurrence of premature bearing failures in gearboxes. Due to their proximity to the generator, gearbox bearings experience additional electrical stress, leading to voltage buildup across the bearing. When this voltage exceeds a certain threshold (breakdown voltage), it discharges as an arc. It is well established that electrical discharge across a bearing can induce surface- and structural-damage to the bearing material. The effect of particles on the electrical properties of oil, and consequently on potential current conduction, is well documented in other technical fields. The existing design standards for wind turbine gearboxes and bearings only consider the mechanical effects of particles. Therefore, only particles with a diameter ≥ 6 µm are considered. This study experimentally investigates the influence of particles < 6 µm on the breakdown voltage and frequency in electrically loaded cylindrical roller bearings. These particles, which are not considered in current design standards for wind turbine gearboxes, constitute the majority of contaminants. The results show that higher particle concentrations lead to a reduction in breakdown voltage. This effect is also evident within the typical particle contamination levels found in wind turbine gearboxes. Additionally, higher particle concentrations correlate with increased breakdown frequency and reduced energy per breakdown, suggesting a possible shift from surface- to structure-induced damage mechanisms.
Comparative analysis of the structures and properties of cellulose hydrogels prepared using different solvent systems
Authors: Zhang Yangyang , Kobayashi Kayoko , Wada Masahisa
Published: February 2025

Numerous studies have investigated the use of cellulose hydrogels produced via the dissolution–regeneration method. However, using different cellulose solvents, a comprehensive comparison of their structures and properties has yet to be reported. In this study, we prepared cellulose hydrogels using six different solvents: LiCl/N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, NaOH/urea, ZnCl2/AlCl3, LiBr, and Ca(SCN)2 solutions with the same cellulose concentration and evaluated their structure, transparency, and mechanical properties. Depending on the cellulose solvent used, significant differences in volume shrinkage were observed during regeneration and washing with water. The cellulose hydrogels prepared from LiCl/DMAc and NaOH/urea solutions showed the most significant volume shrinkage during regeneration and washing. Greater volume shrinkage resulted in a higher solid cellulose content in the hydrogel. A positive correlation exists between solid content and both elastic modulus and strength. The cellulose hydrogel prepared from LiCl/DMAc showed excellent mechanical properties: compressive modulus of 332 kPa, tensile modulus of almost 1000 kPa, and ultimate tensile strength of 523 kPa. The cellulose hydrogels prepared from LiBr and Ca(SCN)2 solutions showed negligible volume shrinkage and lower solid content. However, the elastic modulus and strength of the hydrogels were relatively high despite their solid content due to the three-dimensional network structure composed of nanofibers. Moreover, the transparency was higher for the hydrogels prepared from LiCl/DMAc with amorphous cellulose and a uniform internal structure. These findings could assist in customizing the material properties of cellulose hydrogels.
Methamphetamine and HIV-1 Tat Synergistically Induce Microglial Pyroptosis Via Activation of the AIM2 Inflammasome
Authors: Miao Lin , Wang Haowei , Yang Xue , Xu Lisha , Xu Ruike , Teng Hanxin , Zhang Yue , Zhao Yingjie , Yang Genmeng , Zeng Xiaofeng
Published: February 2025

Objective

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals who abuse methamphetamine (METH) exhibit more severe neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment. Pyroptosis, a programmed cell death pathway mediated by the inflammasome, has been implicated in various neurological diseases. This study aimed to elucidate the role of the AIM2 inflammasome in METH- and HIV-1 Tat-induced pyroptosis in human brain tissue and in vitro models.

Methods

Postmortem brain tissue from HIV-infected individuals with a history of METH abuse was analyzed for pyroptosis markers and AIM2 inflammasome components using immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting. BV2 microglial cells were lentivirally transduced to knockdown AIM2 expression. DNA damage was assessed using Western blotting and the comet assay. Expression of pyroptosis-related proteins was evaluated by electron microscopy, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. Cell viability was measured using the CCK8 assay.

Results

Elevated levels of pyroptosis markers and AIM2 inflammasome components were observed in brain tissue from HIV-infected METH users. METH and Tat synergistically induced pyroptosis in BV2 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, accompanied by DNA damage and activation of the AIM2 inflammasome. Knockdown of AIM2 significantly reduced the expression of pyroptosis-related proteins.

Conclusion

METH and HIV-1 Tat proteins synergistically induce microglial pyroptosis by activating the AIM2 inflammasome through dsDNA damage. These findings suggest that targeting the AIM2 inflammasome may be a promising therapeutic strategy for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND).

Graphical abstract
Supply, Production, and Consumption in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia: The Ceramics of the Santo Domingo Convent (Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries)
Authors: Santos Beatriz Calapez , Araújo João Gonçalves , Martín Juan Guillermo , Teixeira André
Published: February 2025

This paper studies the ceramics recovered during archaeological missions carried out between 2000 and 2004 at the Santo Domingo convent in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia. We explore the morphotypological and chronological characteristics of the ceramics used during the Early Modern era, shedding light on their typological evolution over time. We analyzed the city's supply patterns within the context of the intensive interactions between Europe and the Americas. Finally, we examine the socio economic and cultural dynamics of the city, focusing on the relationship between the Native American population, European settlers, and enslaved Africans.
Development of a Questionnaire on Multilingual Students’ Beliefs about Equitable and Epistemic Use of Languages in Learning Science
Authors: Cheung Kason Ka Ching , Pun Jack K. H. , Xu Jiaqi
Published: February 2025

Science education researchers argue for encouraging multilingual students’ use of different linguistic and multimodal resources to make meaning of scientific practices. However, multilingual students need to internalize beliefs that they can freely draw on these asset forms of resources, so that they can consistently adopt sustainable multilingual and multimodal practices. Complementing the recent research efforts on measuring teachers’ beliefs about epistemic use of languages in science, we reported a study that develop and validate a Likert-scale instrument that measures students’ beliefs about equitable and epistemic use of languages in learning science. The instrument was initially piloted to 191 junior secondary students, and then was revised and administered to 981 junior secondary students in Hong Kong. Supported by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, the instrument inherited four dimensions: beliefs about constitutive role of language in scientific practices, beliefs about multiple modalities in science learning, heteroglossic beliefs about language use in learning science and inclusive beliefs about use of multiple languages in collaborative discussion. The instrument inherited satisfactory content and construct validity, while we also provided evidence that such an instrument was sensitive to different linguistic contexts. Hence, we argue that the instrument can potentially measure the outcome of translanguaging-based science education intervention and comparing students’ beliefs under a range of linguistic contexts worldwide.
Motor Speed Control of Four-wheel Differential Drive Robots Using a New Hybrid Moth-flame Particle Swarm Optimization (MFPSO) Algorithm
Authors: Reda Mohamed , Onsy Ahmed , Haikal Amira Y. , Ghanbari Ali
Published: February 2025

Speed control of DC motors is essential for automated vehicles and four-wheel differential drive (4WD) cars, which are distinct by their high level of maneuverability. The PID controller is one of the most popular techniques for controlling speed, but tuning its parameters is challenging. This paper presents a novel hybrid algorithm, the Moth-Flame Particle Swarm Optimization (MFPSO), which combines moth-flame optimization (MFO) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to address the slow convergence of MFO and the premature convergence of PSO. The MFPSO is deployed for real-time interactive tuning of the PID controller to control the speed of DC motors in a 4WD car. Additionally, a novel practical procedure is proposed to build a robust four-wheel differential drive and maintain the synchronization of the four DC motors. Simulation results and statistical analysis demonstrate the superior performance of the MFPSO compared with the PSO, MFO, and other hybrid variants (HMFPSO and HyMFPSO), with MFPSO ranking first in the Friedman test on CEC2020/2021 and engineering optimization benchmark problems. Practical results and the transient response analysis of the speed control revealed that MFPSO significantly outperformed the traditional Ziegler-Nichols (ZN) method, MFO, PSO, HMFPSO, and HyMFPSO algorithms. Specifically, the MFPSO algorithm reduced settling time by 34.83%, 21.20%, 20.75%, 22.97%, and 31.59%, and overshoot by 86.11%, 64.99%, 71.02%, 74.37%, and 60.58% compared to the ZN, MFO, PSO, HMFPSO, and HyMFPSO algorithms, respectively. The source code of the proposed algorithm is available at https://github.com/MohamedRedaMu/MFPSO-Algorithm.
Artificial Intelligence Methods for Diagnostic and Decision-Making Assistance in Chronic Wounds: A Systematic Review
Authors: Reifs Jiménez David , Casanova-Lozano Lorena , Grau-Carrión Sergi , Reig-Bolaño Ramon
Published: February 2025

Chronic wounds, which take over four weeks to heal, are a major global health issue linked to conditions such as diabetes, venous insufficiency, arterial diseases, and pressure ulcers. These wounds cause pain, reduce quality of life, and impose significant economic burdens. This systematic review explores the impact of technological advancements on the diagnosis of chronic wounds, focusing on how computational methods in wound image and data analysis improve diagnostic precision and patient outcomes. A literature search was conducted in databases including ACM, IEEE, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, covering studies from 2013 to 2023. The focus was on articles applying complex computational techniques to analyze chronic wound images and clinical data. Exclusion criteria were non-image samples, review articles, and non-English or non-Spanish texts. From 2,791 articles identified, 93 full-text studies were selected for final analysis. The review identified significant advancements in tissue classification, wound measurement, segmentation, prediction of wound aetiology, risk indicators, and healing potential. The use of image-based and data-driven methods has proven to enhance diagnostic accuracy and treatment efficiency in chronic wound care. The integration of technology into chronic wound diagnosis has shown a transformative effect, improving diagnostic capabilities, patient care, and reducing healthcare costs. Continued research and innovation in computational techniques are essential to unlock their full potential in managing chronic wounds effectively.
The Association Between Longer Maternal Leukocyte Telomere Length in the Immediate Postpartum Period and Preterm Birth in a Predominately Latina Cohort of Mothers
Authors: Dutson Usah , Lin Jue , Jelliffe-Pawlowski Laura L. , Coleman-Phox Kimberly , Rand Larry , Wojcicki Janet M.
Published: February 2025

Objectives

We investigated the association between maternal leukocyte telomere length (LTL) in the immediate postpartum period and moderate to late preterm birth (32– < 37 weeks) among Latinas, a population at high risk for preterm birth.

Methods

Maternal LTL was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction at delivery in a prospective San Francisco primarily Latina birth cohort. Logistic regression models were used to investigate the association between postpartum maternal LTL and preterm birth. Maternal LTL was analyzed as a continuous predictor.

Results

Out of 194 participants, 23 (11.9%) had preterm delivery. Longer postnatal maternal LTL was associated with preterm birth (crude OR 4.68; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07, 20.6, p = 0.039; adjusted OR 12.8, 95% CI 1.83, 99.9, p = 0.010). Age-stratified analysis showed that being under 35 years increased the effect size of the association between maternal LTL and preterm birth (adjusted OR 32.5, 95% CI 2.58, 597, p < 0.01).

Conclusions for Practice

Latina mothers with moderate to late preterm infants had longer LTL in the immediate postpartum period compared to those with term infants. This association was stronger for mothers under the age of 35 years. LTL may serve as a biomarker to better understand the pathophysiology and risk of preterm birth and could inform targeted interventions for prevention and early detection. Future studies are needed to understand physiological changes in maternal LTL from the prenatal to postnatal period in relation to birth outcomes.
Tinnitus after treatment of vestibular schwannoma: a systematic review and comparative analysis of microsurgery and stereotactic radiosurgery
Authors: Govindaraj Ramkumar , Chambers Courtney , Kha Marcus , Sullivan Thomas , Chawla Sharad , Zacest Andrew , Gorayski Peter , Roos Daniel
Published: February 2025

Purpose

The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare tinnitus outcomes following microsurgery and stereotactic radiosurgery for vestibular schwannoma.

Methods

The databases MEDLINE (via Ovid), EMBASE (via Ovid), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (via Ovid), SCOPUS, CINAHL (EBSCO), and Web of Science were searched for studies comparing microsurgery and radiosurgery treatment, and reporting tinnitus outcomes. Longitudinal tinnitus assessment with pre-treatment evaluation was required for inclusion. Fractionated radiotherapy treatment was excluded. Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess the quality of the included studies. A separate random-effects meta-analysis was performed for the continuous, binary and ordinal tinnitus outcomes, with pooled effects described as a standardised mean difference or a log odds ratio as appropriate.

Results

Thirteen studies involving 5814 patients were included in the review; 4 were prospective studies, and the rest were retrospective cohort studies. The median follow-up duration in the microsurgery and radiosurgery groups was 39.5 months and 41.1 months, respectively. Studies were diverse with respect to inclusion criteria and method of tinnitus outcome assessment. Only 4 studies reported tinnitus scores using tinnitus questionnaires, while others used Likert scale, visual analogue scale, binary (present or absent) scale or ordinal (improved, same or worse) scale. Four studies reported better tinnitus outcomes after microsurgery than radiosurgery. However, the overall quality of the studies was low, and most did not control for important confounders, such as age, tumour characteristics, and hearing impairment. Meta-analysis of continuous and binary tinnitus outcomes showed no difference between the interventions (standardised mean difference = -0.04, 95% CI -0.37 to 0.28, p = 0.80; log odds ratio = 0.32, 95% CI -1.11 to 1.74, p = 0.66). Meta-analysis of tinnitus outcomes on an ordinal scale showed microsurgery increased the odds of reporting improved tinnitus compared to radiosurgery (log odds ratio = 0.83, 95% CI 0.01 to 1.64, p = 0.045). Heterogeneity between the studies was high for all outcome measures (I2 > 56%).

Conclusion

Meta-analyses of tinnitus outcomes were largely inconclusive, except when tinnitus was reported as an ordinal outcome, which favoured microsurgery. However, due to the low quality of studies and high heterogeneity, no definitive conclusions could be drawn favouring either treatment.
The impact of government financial aid and digital tools on firm survival during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Audretsch David Bruce , Aronica Martina , Belitski Maksim , Caddemi Davide , Piacentino Davide
Published: February 2025

This study explores the effect of bailout capital and digital diversification by small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) on their propensity to survive during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a random sampling of 5469 SMEs from 16 European countries, collected by the World Bank Enterprise Survey in May 2020, January 2021, and May 2021, we conduct a two-stage estimation to examine factors that first affected the propensity of SMEs to access bailout capital, and second, factors that increased the propensity of SMEs to survive longer during and after crises. Two key findings emerge. Diversification of government financial aid and the adoption of various digital tools to leverage the effect of shock by SMEs increase their propensity to survive by sized firms. Moreover, government financial aid does not moderate the effect of digital tool adoption on the propensity to survive. Policy insights and implications are also discussed.
Bridging supersymmetry and the spin-statistics theorem: a quest for emergence
Authors: Cinti Enrico , Sanchioni Marco
Published: February 2025

The coexistence of Supersymmetry (SUSY) and the Spin-Statistics Theorem (SST) poses a challenge, given their seeming incompatibility. While SUSY connects particles with distinct spins, SST links particle’s spin to their statistics. We propose a solution to this puzzle: both spin and SST may emerge as low-energy phenomena. To do so, we look at SUSY breaking at lower energy scales, exploring if this mechanism aligns with the concept of emergence. The paper presents a comprehensive review of the SUSY-SST tension, a philosophical introduction to SUSY-breakig, and an argument for spin and SST emergence within SUSY. Overall, our aim is to show how SUSY and SST can coexist in the same theory and thus deepen our understanding of SUSY quantum field theory.
The calibration challenge to philosophical intuitions
Authors: Irikefe Paul O.
Published: February 2025

To several critics of the philosophical method of cases—Robert Cummins, Jonathan Weinberg and his colleagues, and Avner Baz—the fact that philosophical intuitions cannot be calibrated means that we cannot rule out the skeptical hypothesis that the outcome of our theorizing based on these intuitions is deeply distorted by our cognitive artifacts. Moreover, they take this hypothesis to license the negative conclusion that we are unable to have much of the armchair knowledge we typically attribute to ourselves when philosophizing based on appeal to philosophical intuitions. This paper addresses this skeptical argument and shows how this negative conclusion can be resisted.
Plasma homocysteine level and trajectories in association with longitudinal increase in plasma neurofilament light among urban adults
Authors: Beydoun May A. , Hooten Nicole Noren , Georgescu Michael F. , Beydoun Hind A. , Fanelli-Kuczmarski Marie T. , Weiss Jordan , Evans Michele K. , Zonderman Alan B.
Published: February 2025

We tested whether homocysteine (Hcy) was linked to longitudinal change in plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL) overall and differentially across sex and race in a sample of middle-aged urban adults. We used data from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study [n = 690, Age at visit 1 (v1:2004–2009): 30-66y, 42.1% male, 55.4% African American] to evaluate relationships between NfL levels and both visit 1 Hcy (Hcyv1) and time-dependent Hcy concentrations (Hcytd). Specifically, we examined the relationship between these measures and visit 1 NfL (NfLv1) as well as annualized change in NfL (δNfL) over the study period of ~ 8y [2004–2009 (v1), 2009–2013 (v2) and/or 2013–2017 (v3)] using mixed effects linear regression models. Hcyv1 was positively associated with NfLv1, but not with δNfL. However, when Hcytd was considered along with time-dependent covariates on multiple-imputed data, both NfLv1 and δNfL were associated with Hcytd, with some significant sex difference in the longitudinal association, whereby this relationship was stronger among males. The Hcy exposure obtained from group-based trajectory models, indicated that individuals belonging to the "High increasing" group were consistently associated with both higher NfLv1 and faster increase in NfL (overall, fully adjusted, High vs. Low: γ0gbtm =  + 0.226 ± 0.058, P < 0.001; γ1gbtm =  + 0.022 ± 0.007, P < 0.010). Dynamic Hcy exposures (Hcytd and Hcygbtm) were associated with faster rate of increase in NfL over time, reflecting potentially faster rate of axonal degeneration. Further studies are needed in comparable populations to replicate our findings.
Integrating young refugees into VET: do German active labor market programs make a difference?
Authors: Meyer Franziska
Published: February 2025

Lateral entry into the VET system can be considered a highly promising prospect for the socio-economic integration of young refugees in Germany. With this in mind, multiple active labor market programs (ALMPs) for refugees have been launched and expanded, the best known being the ESF-BAMF program and various measures provided by the Federal Employment Agency (FEA). Using data from the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Survey of Refugees (2016–2021) (Brücker et al. 2016), this article applies a discrete-time hazard rate model (N = 6004) to examine whether participation in either of these ALMPs is associated with increased chances of refugees aged 18–30 transitioning to VET. The multivariate analyses indicate that participation in neither the ESF-BAMF program nor the FEA measures is associated with a significant change in the transition chances for refugees aged 18–24, yet both are associated with a significant increase in these chances for refugees aged 25–30. In view of the comparative disadvantage of older refugees in the German VET market, this result can be interpreted as a considerable success in terms of the effectiveness of the respective programs.
Modulating NLRP3 Inflammasomes in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Comprehensive Review on Flavonoid-Based Interventions
Authors: Vithalkar Megh Pravin , Pradhan Shreya , Sandra K. S. , Bharath H. B. , Nayak Yogendra
Published: February 2025

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a severe, rapidly advancing disease that drastically diminishes life expectancy. Without treatment, it can progress to lung cancer. The precise etiology of IPF remains unknown, but inflammation and damage to the alveolar epithelium are widely thought to be pivotal in its development. Research has indicated that activating the NLRP3 inflammasome is a crucial mechanism in IPF pathogenesis, as it triggers the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-18, and TGF-β. These cytokines contribute to the myofibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation. Currently, treatment options for IPF are limited. Only two FDA-approved medications, pirfenidone and nintedanib, are available. While these drugs can decelerate disease progression, they come with a range of side effects and do not cure the disease. Additional treatment strategies primarily involve supportive care and therapy. Emerging research has highlighted that numerous flavonoids derived from traditional medicines can inhibit the critical regulators responsible for activating the NLRP3 inflammasome. These flavonoids show promise as potential therapeutic agents for managing IPF, offering a new avenue for treatment that targets the core inflammatory processes of this debilitating condition.

Graphical Abstract
Preventie en gezondheid in het hoofdlijnenakkoord 2024: met de handen rechtzetten en met voeten weer omschoppen
Authors: Dierx J. A. J.
Published: February 2025

Samenvatting

Er zijn inmiddels vele reacties gekomen op het hoofdlijnenakkoord van de nieuwe regerende partijen dat op 16 mei 2024 verschenen is. Waar de ene sector positief is, is de andere sector uiterst negatief. Tot die laatste behoort de (publieke) gezondheidszorg, wat te begrijpen is als je het hoofdlijnenakkoord alleen vanuit hoofdpunt 7 ‘Toegankelijke publieke voorzieningen, zorg en onderwijs’ beschouwt. Gezondheid wordt echter door vele factoren beïnvloed, waardoor er vanuit de andere hoofdpunten mogelijk compenserende maatregelen kunnen zijn. De conclusie van deze brede beschouwing is echter dat dit hoofdlijnenakkoord niet bijdraagt aan de gezondheid van de Nederlandse bevolking.
How do Regional Travelers Perceive Driverless Transit Services? Preliminary Insights from an Integrated Choice and Latent Variable Model
Authors: Patricio Anne S. , Santos Gonçalo Gonçalves Duarte , Antunes António Pais
Published: February 2025

The emergence of driverless vehicles can fuel the diffusion of regional on-demand transit services by substantially decreasing their operating costs. However, these services will only be viable if a share of the population is willing to adopt them. This study investigates how regional travelers perceive driverless transit services. A survey including a stated preference experiment is developed and applied to collect data from residents in the Region of Coimbra, Central Portugal. In this experiment, respondents can choose to adopt a driverless taxi or a driverless demand-responsive transit (DRT) for a currently undertaken trip. The driverless taxi service offers private taxi trips while the driverless DRT one provides shared rides that can include a transfer to a different vehicle and a walk to a pick-up point. After the experiment, respondents are asked about their opinions on driverless vehicles and their socio-economic characteristics. The data collected is used to calibrate an Integrated Choice and Latent Variable model. The findings of this study are considered preliminary due to the limited sample size; however, they provide valuable preliminary insights on the user’s perceptions of regional driverless services. Results reveal that individuals with high income, high education, and living in municipalities with high population density are associated with a more enthusiastic perspective towards driverless vehicles. On the other hand, married people and individuals with lower incomes are more skeptical. Although passengers show interest in adopting driverless modes, they are only willing to pay one-third of what they currently pay for their current mode of transport.
How Social Support Affirms Identity in LGBQ Adults: A Qualitative Exploration
Authors: Cavarra Rebecca , Pepping Christopher , Anderson Joel
Published: February 2025

Introduction

This paper presents a qualitative exploration of the role social support plays in identity affirmation, referring to the experience of feeling proud and viewing one’s sexual orientation as a positive aspect of one's identity.

Methods

A sample of 395 lesbian, gay, bisexual, and/or queer (LGBQ) adults provided responses to open-ended questions about whether and how social support facilitates sexual identity affirmation, alongside other potential contributors. Data were collected in 2022.

Results

Across eight themes, participants described a range of factors that either facilitated or impeded identity affirmation. Feelings of acceptance, comfort, and confidence were said to promote identity affirmation, as was a sense of understanding one’s identity and a lack of shame or isolation. Sources of social support were discussed, including support from the LGBTIQ + community; however, tensions within these communities were noted. Broader societal support was discussed as identity affirming and took several forms, including representation and visibility, normalisation, and legislation and political discourse. Finally, the different ways in which identity is affirmed across the lifespan are discussed.

Conclusions

The themes build upon the existing link between social support and identity affirmation and are understood through the lens of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological systems theory.

Policy Implications

Findings have policy implications surrounding supportive legislation, more positive political discourse, and implementation of school-based educational interventions. Additionally, implications for professionals working with LGBQ individuals to better understand what identity affirmation is to this population and how it can be enhanced are discussed.
Oral health among children participating in an extended home visiting programme—a case‒control study
Authors: Brännemo I. , Norman J. , Kvist T. , Lindberg L. , Tsilingaridis G.
Published: February 2025

Purpose

To evaluate whether an extended home visiting programme by child health nurses and parent counsellors can prevent caries and improve oral health habits in children from low socioeconomic backgrounds.

Methods

All families in Sweden are offered one home visit when the child is two weeks old. The extended home visiting programme included five extra home visits between two and fifteen months of age where every visit had a specific theme (child safety, feeding, attachment/interaction, parenthood, social network, and self-care). Toothbrush and toothpaste, together with oral health information, were given around eight months of age. Clinical examinations and oral health habit questionnaires were conducted at 12, 24, and 36 months of age. The International Caries Detection and Assessment System was used to assess caries, and the results were compared to those of an age-matched control group following the standard child health care programme.

Results

Significantly (p < 0.05) more children had caries at 36 months of age in the intervention group (32.8%) than in the control group (10.1%). The intervention group had significantly (p < 0.05) more plaque and a greater frequency of sweet snacks and drinks. In the intervention group, significantly (p < 0.05) more parents were under the age of 25 and foreign-born. Significantly (p < 0.001) more foreign-born parents were born in high-income countries in the control group compared to the intervention group.

Conclusion

The extended home visiting programme did not improve the prevalence of caries or oral health habits in this cohort. However, since the groups differed in socioeconomic factors, the results should be interpreted with caution.
The Impact of Hypoalbuminemia on Antibiotic Therapeutic Outcomes: A Focused Review
Authors: Acbo Antoinette , Nissim Yosef C , Waterloo Marissa , Ismail Omar , Gonzalez Jimmy
Published: February 2025

Purpose of review

The impact of hypoalbuminemia on the pharmacokinetics and clinical outcomes for patients receiving antimicrobial therapy remains a common question for clinicians. This review seeks to summarize and analyze recently published data to provide insight into potential opportunities for optimization of future randomized controlled trials.

Recent findings

Recent retrospective and observational studies largely focus on the impact of hypoalbuminemia on ceftriaxone and ertapenem use. Available data indicate that patients with hypoalbuminemia may have worse clinical outcomes than normoalbuminemic counterparts.

The impact of hypoalbuminemia on clinical outcomes in patients receiving antimicrobials is mixed. No clear consensus has been achieved regarding optimization of ceftriaxone or ertapenem therapy for patients with hypoalbuminemia. Further research evaluating this patient population would benefit from larger sample sizes, inclusion of indication/culture data, and alternative dosing recommendations.