bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrated bioprocessing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using green fluorescent protein as a fusion partner
Authors: Li Jincai , Xu Haixin , Herber Wayne K. , Bentley William E. , Rao Govind
Published: October 2002

In this study, we examine the use of green fluorescent protein (GFP) for monitoring a hexokinase (HXK)–GFP fusion protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for various events including expression, degradation, purification, and localization. The fusion, HXK‐EK‐GFP‐6 × His, was constructed where the histidine tag (6 × His) would allow for convenient affinity purification, and the enterokinase (EK) cleavage site would be used for separation of HXK from GFP after affinity purification. Our results showed that both HXK and GFP remained active in the fusion and, more importantly, that there was a linear correlation between HXK activity and GFP fluorescence. Enterokinase cleavage studies revealed that both GFP fluorescence intensity and HXK activity remained unchanged after separation of the fusion proteins, which indicated that fusion of GFP did not cause structural alteration of HXK and thus did not affect the enzymatic activity of HXK. We also found that degradation of the fusion protein occurred, and that degradation was limited to HXK with GFP remaining intact in the fusion. Confocal microscopy studies showed that while GFP was distributed evenly in the yeast cytosol, HXK‐GFP fusion followed the correct localization of HXK, which resulted in a di‐localization of both cytosol and the nucleus. GFP proved to be a useful fusion partner that may lead to the possibility of integrating the bioprocesses by quantitatively following the entire process visually. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 682–693, 2002.
Restorative justice innovations in Canada
Authors: Wilson Robin J. , Huculak Bria , McWhinnie Andrew
Published: October 2002

As many jurisdictions move towards more retributive measures as a means to address public discontent with crime, a parallel movement has developed in regard to restorative justice. This article presents three restorative initiatives currently in use in Canada. Each initiative addresses offender behavior and community engagement at a different point in the justice continuum. The use of Sentencing Circles is an example of how restorative justice principles can be instituted at the front end, prior to an offender becoming lodged in the system. The Restorative Justice Options to Parole Suspension project demonstrates how community engagement can assist in preventing offenders from being returned to the system once they have achieved conditional release. The Circles of Support and Accountability project has enlisted the support of professionally supported volunteers in the community reintegration of high‐risk sexual offenders. These initiatives are presented within a framework of effective correctional interventions and increased empowerment for a variety of stakeholders. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Procedures based on simulation and hardware for a computer architecture course
Authors: González E. J. , Alayón S. , Piñeiro J. D. , Sánchez J. L. , Estévez J. I. , Sigut J. F. , Moreno L.
Published: October 2002

In this study, a procedure planning for a Computer Architecture Course that tries to create a balance between simulation and laboratory procedures is presented. For this planning, we use hardware implementation for parts of this subject that require careful dedication because of its complexity: interconnection networks and parallel processing. On the other hand, we use simulation packages for the teaching of pipelined and vectorial processors. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 10: 11–17, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com.); DOI 10.1002/cae.10012
Abciximab administration and clinical outcomes after percutaneous intervention for in‐stent restenosis
Authors: Moustapha Ali , Assali Abid R. , Sdringola Stefano , Yusuf S. Wamique , Vaughn William K. , Fish R. David , Schroth George W. , Krajcer Zvonimir , Rosales Oscar R. , Smalling Richard W. , Anderson H. Vernon
Published: October 2002

Abciximab therapy improves clinical outcomes after percutaneous interventions for de novo coronary artery disease. We sought to determine whether clinical outcomes after percutaneous intervention for in‐stent restenosis are affected by abciximab administration. Between January 1996 and July 1999, 322 consecutive patients underwent percutaneous intervention for in‐stent restenosis; 157 patients received abciximab and 165 patients were treated without abciximab based on operator discretion. Baseline clinical and angiographic variables and type of percutaneous intervention were recorded. Follow‐up information was obtained and clinical endpoints were recorded. A multivariate analysis was performed to determine the independent variables associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Baseline clinical and angiographic variables were similar in both groups. Patients who received abciximab were more likely to be treated with rotational atherectomy and less likely to have only balloon angioplasty or repeat stenting. Mean follow‐up duration was 19 ± 12 months. There were no significant differences in the incidence of angina/myocardial infarction (29% vs. 30%; P = 0.9), target vessel revascularization (18% vs. 21%; P = 0.5), death (8% vs. 7%; P = 0.4), or major adverse cardiovascular events (38% vs. 39%; P = 0.9) in both groups. Abciximab administration was not an independent variable associated with adverse outcomes. In this observational study, clinical outcomes after percutaneous intervention for in‐stent restenosis did not seem to be affected by abciximab administration. Randomized trials are needed to identify the role of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in the management of in‐stent restenosis. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:184–187. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
IntraStent double‐strut LD: Collapse and recoil following use in postoperative stenoses
Authors: Recto Michael R. , Grifka Ronald G.
Published: October 2002

We describe the use of the Intratherapeutics IntraStent in two postoperative patients, its collapse and recoil following deployment, and subsequent transcatheter correction. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:254–261. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Femoropopliteal occlusive disease: Diagnosis, indications for treatment, and results of interventional therapy
Authors: Silver Mitchell J. , Ansel Gary M.
Published: October 2002

The relative role of percutaneous therapy versus bypass surgery for femoropopliteal occlusive disease (FPD) represents an area of great controversy in the field of vascular medicine. This controversy is complicated by the very dynamic therapeutic options that continue to be introduced, particularly on the endovascular side. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the current diagnostic modalities available to characterize the level and degree of vascular insufficiency and summarize the currently available endovascular therapeutic options with their clinical role and outcomes. Finally, future therapeutic advances that will soon be evaluated in clinical trials will be discussed. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:555–561. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of a pigtail catheter to engage a difficult internal mammary artery
Authors: Lapp Harald , Haltern Georg , Kranz Thomas , Boerrigter Guido , Horlitz Mark , Klein Michael , Krakau Ingo , Guelker Hartmut
Published: October 2002

Increasing use of bilateral internal mammary arteries for coronary surgery will increase the number of interventions in these grafts. Such interventions may be technically challenging because of often tortuous and angulated vessels. We describe a technique to intubate an acutely angulated right internal mammary artery that was inaccessible with conventional catheters. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:489–491. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anterograde balloon valvuloplasty for the treatment of neonatal critical valvar aortic stenosis
Authors: Peuster Matthias , Fink Christoph , Schoof Stefan , Schnakenburg Christian Von , Hausdorf Gerd
Published: October 2002

We report our experience with anterograde balloon valvuloplasty in 17 neonates treated between November 1996 and June 2001 for critical aortic stenosis. Patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome were excluded. Anterograde balloon valvoplasty of the aortic valve was possible in all 17 patients. The mean peak systolic gradient prior to cardiac catheterization was 73 mm Hg (range, 30–117 mm Hg) and decreased to 37 mm Hg (range, 21–60 mm Hg) after the dilation. Aortic regurgitation after balloon valvoplasty was absent or mild in 14/17 patients, moderate in 2 patients, and severe in 1 patient. There was no mortality or echocardiographic evidence for aortic cusp perforation or mitral regurgitation associated with the procedure. Redilation was necessary in 3/17 patients. Two patients are awaiting elective Ross operation. One patient with endocardial fibroelastosis died at 11 months of age. Anterograde balloon valvoplasty can be safely and effectively performed to palliate neonates with critical aortic valve stenosis. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:516–520. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome with intact atrial septum: Levoatriocardinal vein stent placement as a bridge to surgery
Authors: Vance Michael S.
Published: October 2002

Infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, an intact atrial septum and pulmonary venous hypertension, are critically ill and have a poor prognosis. This case describes relief of severe pulmonary edema in such a patient by stent placement in a stenotic levoatriocardinal vein, with subsequent successful surgical palliation. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;57:85–87. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Constrained least squares methods for estimating reaction rate constants from spectroscopic data
Authors: Bijlsma Sabina , Boelens Hans F. M. , Hoefsloot Huub C. J. , Smilde Age K.
Published: October 2002

Model errors, experimental errors and instrumental noise influence the accuracy of reaction rate constant estimates obtained from spectral data recorded in time during a chemical reaction. In order to improve the accuracy, which can be divided into the precision and bias of reaction rate constant estimates, constraints can be used within the estimation procedure. The impact of different constraints on the accuracy of reaction rate constant estimates has been investigated using classical curve resolution (CCR). Different types of constraints can be used in CCR. For example, if pure spectra of reacting absorbing species are known in advance, this knowledge can be used explicitly. Also, the fact that pure spectra of reacting absorbing species are non‐negative is a constraint that can be used in CCR. Experimental data have been obtained from UV‐vis spectra taken in time of a biochemical reaction. From the experimental data, reaction rate constants and pure spectra were estimated with and without implementation of constraints in CCR. Because only the precision of reaction rate constant estimates could be investigated using the experimental data, simulations were set up that were similar to the experimental data in order to additionally investigate the bias of reaction rate constant estimates. From the results of the simulated data it is concluded that the use of constraints does not result self‐evidently in an improvement in the accuracy of rate constant estimates. Guidelines for using constraints are given. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Overlapping antisense transcription in the human genome
Authors: Fahey M. E. , Moore T. F. , Higgins D. G.
Published: October 2002

Accumulating evidence indicates an important role for non‐coding RNA molecules
in eukaryotic cell regulation. A small number of coding and non‐coding overlapping
antisense transcripts (OATs) in eukaryotes have been reported, some of which
regulate expression of the corresponding sense transcript. The prevalence
of this phenomenon is unknown, but there may be an enrichment of such transcripts
at imprinted gene loci. Taking a bioinformatics approach, we systematically
searched a human mRNA database (RefSeq) for complementary regions that might facilitate
pairing with other transcripts. We report 56 pairs of overlapping transcripts,
in which each member of the pair is transcribed from the same locus. This
allows us to make an estimate of 1000 for the minimum number of such transcript
pairs in the entire human genome. This is a surprisingly large number of overlapping
gene pairs and, clearly, some of the overlaps may not be functionally significant.
Nonetheless, this may indicate an important general role for overlapping antisense
control in gene regulation. EST databases were also investigated in order
to address the prevalence of cases of imprinted genes with associated non‐coding
overlapping, antisense transcripts. However, EST databases were found to be
completely inappropriate for this purpose. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley
& Sons, Ltd.
Cytoplasmic dynein/dynactin mediates the assembly of aggresomes
Authors: Johnston Jennifer A. , Illing Michelle E. , Kopito Ron R.
Published: October 2002

Aggresomes are pericentrosomal cytoplasmic structures into which aggregated, ubiquitinated, misfolded proteins are sequestered. Misfolded proteins accumulate in aggresomes when the capacity of the intracellular protein degradation machinery is exceeded. Previously, we demonstrated that an intact microtubule cytoskeleton is required for the aggresome formation [Johnston et al., 1998: J. Cell Biol. 143:1883–1898]. In this study, we have investigated the involvement of microtubules (MT) and MT motors in this process. Induction of aggresomes containing misfolded ΔF508 CFTR is accompanied by a redistribution of the retrograde motor cytoplasmic dynein that colocalizes with aggresomal markers. Coexpression of the p50 (dynamitin) subunit of the dynein/dynactin complex prevents the formation of aggresomes, even in the presence of proteasome inhibitors. Using in vitro microtubule binding assays in conjunction with immunogold electron microscopy, our data demonstrate that misfolded ΔF508 CFTR associate with microtubules. We conclude that cytoplasmic dynein/dynactin is responsible for the directed transport of misfolded protein into aggresomes. The implications of these findings with respect to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease are discussed. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 53:26–38, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Weight loss predicts mortality after recurrent oral cavity and oropharyngeal carcinomas
Authors: Nguyen Thao V. , Yueh Bevan
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

The prognosis of patients with recurrent tumors of the head and neck generally is considered poor. Better prediction of outcomes can help physicians counsel patients about the merits of additional treatment. The TNM system, which was created for patients with primary tumors, may not provide optimal information. Anatomic staging systems traditionally have ignored symptom‐based variables, such as weight loss, despite their known prognostic value. The objectives of this study were 1) to measure the prognostic impact of weight loss, 2) to evaluate the prognostic value of the TNM staging system, and 3) to create a practical staging system capable of predicting survival after patients develop recurrent tumors of the oral cavity and oropharynx.

METHODS

A retrospective chart review was used to identify an inception cohort of patients seeking treatment for recurrent, persistent, and second primary tumors of the oral cavity and oropharynx at the University of Washington. The primary outcome variable was 1‐year survival.

RESULTS

The 1‐year survival rate for the cohort (n = 97 patients) was 38%, with a median survival of 0.7 years. Multivariate analysis (Cox regression) identified weight loss, previous radiation to the head and neck, and TNM stage of the recurrent tumor as factors that had a substantial impact on mortality. A second multivariate technique called conjunctive consolidation was used to determine the relative quantitative impact of each variable on survival and to develop a clinical staging system. Weight loss and previous radiation had the greatest influence, and the use of just these two variables resulted in a three‐tiered staging system with 1‐year survival rates of 62% (16 of 26 patients), 44% (18 of 41 patients), and 10% (3 of 30 patients). In contrast, the TNM staging system produced survival rates of 60% (patients with Stage I disease), 67% (patients with Stage II disease), 32% (patients with Stage III disease), and 32% (patients with Stage IV disease).

CONCLUSIONS

The authors found substantial variation in survival after patients developed recurrent tumors of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Two readily available clinical variables—weight loss and previous radiation—were combined to create a clinically practical staging scheme with more prognostic power than the TNM staging system. Until molecular markers can reliably used be to predict outcomes, greater attention needs to be given to the utility of simple, inexpensive, and surprisingly powerful clinical variables. Cancer 2002;95:553–62. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10711
Is micropapillary serous carcinoma for real?
Authors: Gershenson David M.
Published: October 2002

Approximately 3000 American women are diagnosed with borderline ovarian tumors annually. The most common histologic type of borderline ovarian tumor is the serous type. The article by Bristow et al. focuses on two of the major clinical controversies regarding serous borderline tumors: the significance and classification of the micropapillary pattern and the optimal treatment of recurrence, specifically the role of secondary cytoreductive surgery.

See also pages 675–6 and 791–800.
Primary afferent input to and receptive field properties of cells in rat lumbar area X
Authors: Wall Patrick D. , Kerr Bradley J. , Ramer Matt S.
Published: October 2002

In this study we examined the primary afferent input to rat area X of Rexed, and characterized sensory receptive fields (RFs) of the cells therein. This poorly understood area contains primary afferent fibres, some of which are arranged into a compact bundle beneath the central canal. Anterograde transport of the B fragment of cholera toxin (CTB) from the sciatic nerve showed a strictly ipsilateral projection to segments in L4 and L5 but both ipsi‐ and contralateral projections in L6 and more caudal segments. The response of cells in area X to mechanical cutaneous stimuli was recorded through extracellular microelectrodes in decerebrate, decerebrate‐spinal, and urethane‐anaesthetised preparations. The lateral edge of area X was marked by an abrupt change in the RFs: Lateral to area X in the dorsal horn, they were strictly unilateral and relatively small. At a mean of 90 μm from the midline, there was an abrupt expansion of the RFs to cover at least the entire ipsilateral dermatome. Within area X, 70% of the cells' RFs extended across the midline to include contralateral skin. In 35% of cells recorded in rats with intact spinal cords, the RF extended rostrally onto the forelimb. In a small number of cells, the RF included ear pinnae and nose. The precise function of area X cells remains unknown; although they have been shown to be involved in visceral reflexes, the fact that they receive convergent input from a wide variety of tissues and from local and remote body parts implies a more generalized, integrative function. J. Comp. Neurol. 449:298–306, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temporal and regional expression of NMDA receptor subunit NR3A in the mammalian brain
Authors: Wong Hon‐Kit , Liu Xiao‐Bo , Matos Maria F. , Chan Shing Fai , Pérez‐Otaño Isabel , Boysen Megan , Cui Jiankun , Nakanishi Nobuki , Trimmer James S. , Jones Edward G. , Lipton Stuart A. , Sucher Nikolaus J.
Published: October 2002

NR3A is a developmentally regulated N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunit that was previously known as NMDAR‐L or χ‐1. Unlike other NMDAR subunits, NR3A inhibits the NMDAR‐associated ion channel in a novel manner, and a role in synaptogenesis has been suggested for this subunit. Here, we report a comprehensive study to delineate the temporal and anatomic expression of NR3A protein in the mammalian brain by using a monoclonal anti‐NR3A antibody. NR3A protein was found to peak at postnatal day (P) 8, and to decrease gradually from P12 to adulthood in the rat central nervous system. Moreover, NR3A protein was heavily expressed in all areas of the isocortex, portions of the amygdaloid nuclei, and selective cell layers and nuclei of the hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, brainstem, and spinal cord. NR3A protein was also expressed in the cerebellar cortex, whereas only weak signal was detected in the previous in situ studies by using riboprobes. At an ultrastructural level, NR3A was associated specifically with asymmetrical synapses and localized to postsynaptic membranes. This information will facilitate future research on NMDARs by providing clues to possible inclusion of the NR3A subunit in NMDARs in many brain regions. J. Comp. Neurol. 450:303–317, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neonatal development of projections to the basolateral amygdala from prefrontal and thalamic structures in rat
Authors: Bouwmeester Hans , Smits Kim , Van Ree Jan M.
Published: October 2002

Recently an animal model for neurodevelopmental disorders has been developed. In this model the effects of an early neonatal [postnatal day 7 (Pd7)] basolateral amygdala lesion are compared with the effects of a lesion later in life (Pd21). Early amygdala damage results in enduring behavioral disturbances that become more manifest after puberty. These disturbances were not present in animals lesioned at Pd21. Accordingly it was postulated that the early damage may affect the neuroanatomical and neurochemical organization and functioning of other brain structures. To obtain information on the innervation of the amygdala during normal development, we used the retrograde tracer fluoro‐gold. From neonatal day 7 onward (studied until Pd19), retrogradely labeled cells were present in the caudal and rostral thalamus, the substantia innominata, and the prefrontal but not the caudal cortex. Development of the topography of the projecting cells differed substantially for the thalamic regions and substantia innominata vs. the cortical regions. In thalamic regions and substantia innominata. no changes were observed during the studied period (Pd7–Pd9). In the prefrontal cortex, the number of labeled cells increased (from Pd7 to Pd13), the topography of the location of the cells changed from unilateral to bilaminar (from Pd9 to Pd13), and the number of subareas in which the cells were present increased (from Pd7 to Pd13). In the caudal cortex, relatively few cells were present up to Pd15. From Pd17 onward, a bilaminar topography of the location of the cells was observed. These data provide information on the circuitry that may be involved in the aberrant neurodevelopment of neonatally amygdala‐lesioned rats, which has been proposed as an animal model for neurodevelopmental psychopathological disorders. J. Comp. Neurol. 450:241–255, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glial expression of estrogen and androgen receptors after rat brain injury
Authors: García‐Ovejero Daniel , Veiga Sergio , García‐Segura Luis Miguel , Doncarlos Lydia L.
Published: October 2002

Estrogens and androgens can protect neurons from death caused by injury to the central nervous system. Astrocytes and microglia are major players in events triggered by neural lesions. To determine whether glia are direct targets of estrogens or androgens after neural insults, steroid receptor expression in glial cells was assessed in two different lesion models. An excitotoxic injury to the hippocampus or a stab wound to the parietal cortex and hippocampus was performed in male rats, and the resultant expression of steroid receptors in glial cells was assessed using double‐label immunohistochemistry. Both lesions induced the expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) and androgen receptors (ARs) in glial cells. ERα was expressed in astrocytes immunoreactive (ERα‐ir) for glial fibrillary acidic protein or vimentin. AR immunoreactivity colocalized with microglial markers, such as Griffonia simplicifolia lectin‐1 or OX‐6. The time course of ER and AR expression in glia was studied in the stab wound model. ERα‐ir astrocytes and AR‐ir microglia were observed 3 days after lesion. The number of ERα‐ir and AR‐ir glial cells reached a maximum 7 days after lesion and returned to low levels by 28 days postinjury. The studies of ERβ expression in glia were inconclusive; different results were obtained with different antibodies. In sum, these results suggest that reactive astrocytes and reactive microglia are a direct target for estrogens and androgens, respectively. J. Comp. Neurol. 450:256–271, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential gene expression of adenosine A1, A2a, A2b, and A3 receptors in the human enteric nervous system
Authors: Christofi Fievos L. , Zhang Huiming , Yu Jun‐Ge , Guzman Jorge , Xue Jianjing , Kim Minsoo , Wang Y.‐Z. , Cooke Helen J.
Published: October 2002

Adenosine receptors (ADORs) in the enteric nervous system may be of importance in the control of motor and secretomotor functions. Gene expression and distribution of neural adenosine A1, A2a, A2b, or A3 receptors (Rs) in the human intestine was investigated using immunochemical, Western blotting, RT‐PCR, and short‐circuit current (Isc) studies. Adenosine A1R, A2aR, A2bR, or A3R mRNAs were differentially expressed in neural and nonneural layers of the jejunum, ileum, colon, and cecum and in HT‐29, T‐84, T98G, and Bon cell lines. A1R, A2aR, A2bR, and A3R immunoreactivities (IRs) were differentially expressed in PGP 9.5‐immunoreactive neurons. A2bR IR occurs exclusively in 50% of submucosal vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) neurons (interneurons, secretomotor or motor neurons) in jejunum, but not colon; A2aR is also found in other neurons. A3R IR occurs in 57% of substance P‐positive jejunal submucosal neurons (putative intrinsic primary afferent neurons) and less than 10% of VIP neurons. Western blots revealed bands for A3R at 44 kDa, 52 kDa, and 66 kDa. A2aR and A2bR are coexpressed in enteric neurons and epithelial cells. 5′‐N‐methylcarboxamidoadenosine or carbachol evoked an increase in Isc. A2bR IR is more prominent than A2aR IR in myenteric neurons, nerve fibers, or glia. A1R is expressed in jejunal myenteric neurons and colonic submucosal neurons. Regional differences also exist in smooth muscle expression of ADOR IR(s). It is concluded that neural and nonneural A1, A2a, A2b, and A3Rs may participate in the regulation of neural reflexes in the human gut. Clear cell and regional differences exist in ADOR gene expression, distribution, localization, and coexpression. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:46–64, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organization of corticostriatal projections from the vibrissal representations in the primary motor and somatosensory cortical areas of rodents
Authors: Hoffer Zachary S. , Alloway Kevin D.
Published: October 2002

To characterize corticostriatal projections from rodent sensorimotor cortex, the anterograde tracers biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) and fluororuby (FR) were injected into the whisker representations of the primary motor (MI) and somatosensory (SI) cortices. Reconstructions of labeled terminals and their beaded varicosities in the neostriatum and thalamus were analyzed quantitatively to determine the degree of labeled overlap in both of these subcortical structures. Corticostriatal projections from the vibrissal representation in MI were more extensive than corresponding projections from SI. Both cortical areas sent dense projections to the dorsolateral neostriatum, but the MI vibrissal representation also projected to regions located more rostrally and medially. Despite these differences, both MI and SI projected to overlapping parts of the dorsolateral neostriatum. Tracer injections in both cortical areas also produced dense anterograde and retrograde labeling in the medial sector of the posterior complex of the thalamus (POm). Because POm is somatotopically organized and has reciprocal connections with both SI and MI cortices, the amount of labeled overlap in POm was used to indicate whether the tracers were injected into corresponding whisker representations of MI and SI. We found that the proportion of labeled overlap in the neostriatum was highly correlated with the amount of labeled overlap in POm. These results indicate that the rodent neostriatum receives convergent projections from corresponding regions in MI and SI cortex. Furthermore, the thalamocortical projections of the POm indicate that it may modulate corticostriatal outputs from corresponding representations in MI and SI. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:87–103, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of the quality of different D65 simulators for visual assessment
Authors: Lam Yuk‐Ming , Xin John H.
Published: October 2002

In this study psychophysical experiments were conducted to investigate the visual color differences of 77 textile metamers using a gray‐scale rating method under five D65 simulators. The quality of each of the D65 simulators was quantified according to the method provided in CIE Publication No. 51.2 using the visible range metamerism index (MIvis). The five D65 simulators were categorized from A to D according to their MIvis values. The color difference of each metameric pair was calculated using the spectral power distribution (SPD) of CIE illuminant D65 and artificial SPDs of D65 simulators. The performance factor (PF/3) was used to indicate the agreement between visual differences under five D65 simulators as well as between instrumental color difference and visual difference. Observer accuracy and observer repeatability were also analyzed by PF/3 measure. The experiment results showed that the visual data obtained from category A and B D65 simulators were in good agreement with the PF/3 measure and had no statistical difference in a pair comparison t test. The results also indicated that better agreement between instrumental and visual color differences was obtained using the artificial SPDs of the D65 simulator than with the SPD of CIE illuminant D65. The general color rendering index, Ra, for each D65 simulator was calculated by the CIE No. 13.3 method. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 243–251, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10061
Finite‐element modeling of multibody contact and its application to active faults
Authors: Xing H. L. , Makinouchi A.
Published: October 2002

Earthquakes have been recognized as resulting from a stick–slip frictional instability along the faults between deformable rocks. An arbitrarily‐shaped contact element strategy, named the node‐to‐point contact element strategy, is proposed, applied with the static‐explicit characters to handle the friction contact between deformable bodies with stick and finite frictional slip and extended here to simulate the active faults in the crust with a more general nonlinear friction law. An efficient contact search algorithm for contact problems among multiple small and finite deformation bodies is also introduced. Moreover, the efficiency of the parallel sparse solver for the nonlinear friction contact problem is investigated. Finally, a model for the plate movement in the north‐east zone of Japan under gravitation is taken as an example to be analyzed with different friction behaviors. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: a treatment efficacy model
Authors: Welch Kenneth L. , Beere Donald B.
Published: October 2002

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), though controversial, is increasingly utilized for treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This article reviews the debate concerning efficacy and concludes that the evidence, though not definitive, supports EMDR's positive treatment effects. The authors argue that EMDR is a therapeutic intervention different from exposure. The authors set forth three interrelated hypotheses to explain EMDR's therapeutic mechanism: bilateral hemispheric activation, normalized brain activation patterns, and activation/desensitization of emotion/arousal; avoidant/constricted attention is disrupted, allowing normalizing processes to occur. Lowered arousal then leads to a resumption of more adaptive cognitive processing. Some predictions to test this model are presented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increase of sensitivity of sputum cytology using high‐resolution image cytometry: Field study results
Authors: Palcic Branko , Garner David M. , Beveridge Jack , Sun Xiao Rong , Doudkine Alexei , MacAulay Calum , Lam Stephen , Payne Peter W.
Published: October 2002

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer deaths in the developed world. There is no widely accepted method to screen for this cancer. The most commonly used method remains conventional sputum cytology, but this method is hampered by low sensitivity. We tested the hypothesis that sensitivity of sputum cytology for early lung cancer can be greatly improved by using image analysis of sputum cells, at a modest reduction of specificity.

The study was double‐blinded and used sputum samples from subjects with well‐characterized clinical diagnoses. There were 177 cancers, 98 dysplasias, and 558 normals. The study samples were separated into two independent sets: training set and test set. Sputum samples were collected prospectively from subjects with a high probability of having lung cancer. Seven institutions from five countries participated in the study. All subjects had complete clinical diagnoses which included, as a minimum, negative chest x‐rays for all negative cancers, while all cancers had confirmed tissue pathology. Samples were prepared according to the Saccomanno method. For conventional cytology, slides were stained using Papanicolaou stain. For image analysis, slides were stained using a DNA‐specific (Feulgen‐Thionin) stain. An automated, high‐resolution image cytometer was used for measurements.

At 90% specificity, sensitivity of 60% can be achieved for adenocarcinoma, compared to only 14% sensitivity of conventional cytology (at 99% specificity). Similarly, 45% sensitivity at 90% specificity can be reached for stages 0 and I lung cancer, compared to only 14% (at 99% specificity) using conventional cytology.

Cytometry combined with conventional cytology shows an increase in sensitivity to early‐stage cancer and to adenocarcinomas compared to conventional cytology alone. While the results are encouraging, the sensitivity to detect early lung cancer should be further improved to 70–80% at 90–95% specificity before this test can be considered for screening of high‐risk individuals for lung cancer. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:168–176, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
QoS maintenance for fair queueing algorithms in wireless mobile networks
Authors: Lee Suwon , Ahmad Aftab , Kim Kiseon
Published: October 2002

In order to extend fair queueing algorithms to wireless networks, we propose a channel error and handoff compensation scheme. A compensation is performed by a compensation server and a priority swapping mechanism. The proposed compensation scheme provides a short‐term fairness guarantee for an error‐free session, long‐term fairness guarantee for an erroneous session, fast handoff and traffic‐specific quality of service control. Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance analysis of integrating voice and data services over PACS systems in a multicarrier environment
Authors: Wen Jyh‐Horng , Lin Jen‐Yung
Published: October 2002

The purpose of this paper is to study the performance of integrating voice and data services over PACS systems in a multicarrier environment. Several time‐slot allocation schemes are proposed. With continuous‐time Markov model, the performance can be evaluated. The results show that while using one system broadcast channel (SBC), the blocking rate of circuit mode services and system throughput are improved, at the sacrifice of increasing the blocking probability of packet mode services. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies of calcineurin B subunit from genetic engineering for use in medicine
Authors: Wei Qun , Lian Mu L. , Jing Feng Z. , Zhang Ning , Yan Ming S. , Chen Yan , Gao Qin S.
Published: October 2002

Calcineurin is the only calcium‐ and calmodulin‐dependent protein phosphatase. Calcineurin B is its regulatory subunit with a molecular weight of 19 kD. In order to study the function of calcineurin B subunit alone, we effectively expressed at high levels and purified calcineurin B subunit from Escherichia coli. Approximately 500 mg of electrophoretically pure protein was obtained from 1 liter of culture. Our experiments demonstrated that calcineurin B subunit by itself produces physiological and pharmacological effects. Preliminary cell and immune studies indicated that while calcineurin B subunit has no direct effect on cell growth, it is a valuable immune regulation reagent. The anti‐cancer effect of calcineurin B subunit was remarkable, especially in vivo, since it reduced the ascites and growth of cancer in the mouse and prolonged the life of the mouse with cancer. The toxicity of calcineurin B was negligible according to results from the acute toxicity experiment. The calcineurin B subunit appears to be a significant biological response modifier. Drug Dev. Res. 56:40–43, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early experience with the artificial nipple
Authors: Smotherman William P.
Published: October 2002

The present study examined the newborn pup's responsiveness to artificial nipples that differed in length and width. In a series of experiments, pups were: exposed to a long (5.0 mm), thin (1.0 mm) nipple or a short (2.0 mm), fat (2.5 mm) nipple and their immediate behavioral responses including oral grasping were recorded and quantified (Experiment 1); preexposed to one artificial nipple and then reexposed to another artificial nipple to determine how early nipple experience affected subsequent responding to the artificial nipple (Experiment 2); videotaped to characterize details of oral grasping and to develop a technique for measuring depth of nipple entry into the pup's mouth (Experiment 3a); provided early nipple experience to see how depth of nipple entry into the pup's mouth changed when pups were reexposed to another artificial nipple (Experiment 3b); and exposed to an artificial nipple to determine how early nipple experience changed the pattern of oral grasping and ingestion of milk from a surrogate nipple (Experiment 4). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 1–14, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10054
Mercaptoacetate decreases latency to initiate independent ingestion, but not suckling, in preweanling rats
Authors: Swithers Susan E. , McCurley Melissa
Published: October 2002

Altering oxidation of fatty acids by administration of mercaptoacetate (MA) or methyl palmoxirate has been demonstrated to stimulate independent ingestion in rat pups by 12 to 15 days of age. However, in other work, neither agent has been demonstrated to affect intake in the context of suckling. In the present experiments, we tested the effects of MA on both suckling and independent ingestive behavior by examining changes in latency to initiate suckling or independent ingestion and by measuring intake in short‐term (30 min) and longer term (4 hr) suckling and independent ingestion tests in pups aged 12 to 15 days of age. The results demonstrated that (a) MA does not affect suckling intake in short‐ or longer term tests; (b) MA does not affect latency to attach to a nipple, most likely due to floor effects on latency to attach in control pups; (c) MA stimulates independent ingestion in short‐term, but not longer terms tests; and (d) MA reduces the latency to initiate independent ingestion. These results suggest that administration of MA preferentially stimulates the initiation of independent ingestion over suckling, and that this response develops at an age just prior to the time at which independent ingestion is typically first expressed by rat pups. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 103–111, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10056
The insulin‐mediated vascular and blood pressure responses are suppressed in CGRP‐deficient normal and diabetic rats
Authors: Salem Nahla , Dunbar Joseph C.
Published: October 2002

Background

Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) is extensively localized in the perivascular or periadventitia nerves throughout the body. CGRP is a potent vasodilator and its release is associated with dilation of these blood vessels. The present study investigated the contribution of the CGRP‐mediated vasodilation to the insulin‐induced vasodilatory response.

Methods

Male Wistar rats were treated with capsaicin (50 mg/kg) at 1–3 days of age to ablate the CGRP‐containing neurons. After 8 weeks some animals were made diabetic using streptozotocin. Vehicle‐treated animals were used as controls. At 12–13 weeks the animals were fasted, anesthetized with chloralose/urethane and instrumented for recording of cardiovascular dynamics.

Results

Body weights and basal, insulin, glucose, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and vascular flows were not different in CGRP‐deficient rats versus controls. Insulin infusion significantly decreased the MAP in vehicle‐treated controls but this response was completely attenuated in CGRP‐deficient rats. The decreased response to insulin was associated with a diminished vascular dilatatory response in the iliac, renal, and superior mesenteric vessel beds. When insulin was infused in CGRP‐deficient diabetic animals there was also a diminished response. Diabetes resulted in an increased renal vascular flow in response to insulin.

Conclusions

From the present studies we conclude that the insulin‐mediated vasodilation was due, in part, to the stimulation of perivascular nerves to release CGRP, and the action of CGRP on vascular smooth muscle enhanced directly or indirectly the vasodilatory response to insulin. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Autonomous regulation of muscle fibre fate during metamorphosis in Xenopus tropicalis
Authors: Rowe Isaline , Coen Laurent , Le Blay Karine , Le Mével Sébastien , Demeneix Barbara A.
Published: October 2002

A key event in metamorphosis of anuran amphibians is tail resorption. This composite structure includes epidermal cells, spinal cord, muscle fibres and connective tissue. It is unclear how resorption proceeds and to what extent the signals for the death process are transmitted between cells. We determined the kinetics of metamorphosis, apoptosis, and tail regression in the diploid anuran, Xenopus tropicalis, a species more suited to genetic analysis than the pseudotetraploid, Xenopus laevis. Metamorphosis was found to proceed at a regular and predictable rate in X. tropicalis but not in X. laevis. Caspase 3 activity and mRNA levels were correlated with TdT‐mediated dUTP nick end‐labeling (TUNEL) signalling and most markedly increased in tail muscle and spinal cord. It has been proposed that muscles die as a result of loss of connectivity with the surrounding matrix. To test this hypothesis, we used direct DNA injection in trunk and tail muscle to overexpress Xenopus Bcl‐XL (xR11), an anti‐apoptotic gene, along with a marker gene (luciferase or GFP). xR11 significantly inhibited the cell death process in both trunk and tail muscle. This protection was functional even up to stage 64 on completion of tail regression. We conclude that (1) somatic gene transfer can be applied to analyse cell fate in X. tropicalis, and (2) that muscle death can be abrogated despite extracellular matrix loss. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Does warm weather climate affect eating disorder pathology?
Authors: Sloan Denise M.
Published: October 2002

Objective

The aim of this study was to examine whether residing in a year‐round warm weather climate is related to eating disorder pathology.

Method

College females from a southeastern and a northeastern region of the United States were compared on body mass index, the Bulimia Test‐Revised, the Body Shape Questionnaire, and the Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire.

Results

Females residing in the southeastern region were of significantly lower body weight, engaged in more frequent bulimic behaviors (e.g., bingeing and inappropriate compensatory behaviors), and displayed significantly greater concern regarding their body shape compared with the females residing in the northeastern region.

Discussion

Findings obtained in this study indicate that residing in a warm weather climate may produce a heightened risk for development of eating disorder pathology. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 240–244, 2002.
Analysis for the suppression of coupling between two microstrip lines in microwave amplifier modules by lossy magnetic material loading
Authors: Saito Akihiko , Nishikata Atsuhiro
Published: October 2002

To suppress the coupling between the input and output that causes degradation of the performance of a microwave amplifier, a method is known in which a lossy magnetic sheet is attached to the upper lid. In the present paper, in order to explain this suppression effect theoretically, the coupling between two microstrip lines in a box is formulated by using the model of coupling between the microstrip line and the fundamental mode of a three‐layered inhomogeneously filled waveguide. In order to confirm the validity of this formulation, the coupling is measured by attaching a rubber sheet containing soft‐magnetic metallic powder. The theoretical results agree well with the experimental values. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(12): 45–52, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10024
Methods of calculating burst error due to hierarchical out‐of‐frame events
Authors: Sato Naoshi
Published: October 2002

In a digital hierarchy with independent frame phases, when the frame synchronization is lost in some level, an out‐of‐frame event is propagated to the hierarchy and burst errors are generated. In this paper, we study methods for calculating the duration of the burst error that accompanies a hierarchical out‐of‐frame event. First, we discuss hierarchical reframing for a justification system, which is widely used as a digital hierarchy, and outline the characteristics of the parameters needed in the calculation. Next, we study two calculation methods, the detailed method and the approximate method. The detailed method accurately determines the burst error duration, and complex reframing is carefully reflected in the calculation. On the other hand, the approximate method simplifies the calculation by assuming relatively simple reframing. Finally, we demonstrate through numerical examples that the burst error durations agree relatively well between the two calculation methods. As a result, we expect to be able to apply the approximate method. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(12): 15–28, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10040