bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Three‐Layered Osteochondral Plug: Structural, Mechanical, and in vitro Biocompatibility Analysis
Authors: Aydin Halil Murat
Published: June 2011

This study aims to produce an osteochondral plug with three distinct layers resembling the naturally occurring cartilage, tidemark, and subchondral zones, for the regeneration of defects of articular cartilage. The bone layer is constructed from a PLLA/PCL polymeric blend using a dual‐porogen approach. The pore surfaces are coated with type‐I collagen and hydroxyapatite. The upper layer, made of PGA nonwoven felt, is combined with the lower using a polymeric blend with a pigment for better visualization during implantation. Vertical channels are formed from the bottom layer to the upper border of the tidemark to facilitate the delivery of stem cells and blood from the bone marrow when implanted. The Young's modulus of the osteochondral plugs is 94.5 ± 9.42 kPa. Cell‐culture studies confirm the biocompatibility.
Iron Oxide Nanotubes for Magnetically Guided Delivery and pH‐Activated Release of Insoluble Anticancer Drugs
Authors: Yue Zhan‐Guo , Wei Wei , You Zuo‐Xiang , Yang Qin‐Zheng , Yue Hua , Su Zhi‐Guo , Ma Guang‐Hui
Published: June 2011

Low solubility in water is an intrinsic property of many drugs, which hinders the clinical use of those active ingredients. To break this bottleneck, we attempt to develop an iron oxide nanoparticle‐based multifunctional system. Firstly, we perform PEG coating and compare the feasibility of spherical and rod‐like iron oxide nanoparticles in a view of carcinoma cellular uptake; rod‐like nanoparticles attracted our interest since they could be quickly and massively internalized. For paclitaxel (PTX) loading, we next transform the nanorods into a tube structure by a hydrothermal method. The results show that drug crystals can be successfully loaded in the inner voids of these nanotubes (PMNTs) by controlling the crystallization process of PTX. The acquired nanocomplexes not only escape phagocytosis of macrophage cells by a PEG stealth effect, but also exhibit an increased cellular uptake with magnetic field exposure. In addition, this iron oxide‐based drug carrier possesses a low pH‐activated release profile, which would accelerate drug release in the carcinoma cells and minimize non‐specific drug release. Owing to these advantages, PMNTs promote the anticancer efficacy of PTX and clearly exhibit promising potential for using as high‐efficiency insoluble drug delivery system in clinical applications.
Evolution of Light Absorption and Emission Characteristics of Organic Perylene Nanoparticles through Hydrothermal Process: Application to Solar Cells
Authors: Cho Eun Hei , Kim Mi Suk , Park Dong Hyuk , Jung Hyunjung , Bang Joona , Kim Jeongyong , Joo Jinsoo
Published: June 2011

The evolution of the structural and optical characteristics of polymorphic organic perylene nanoparticles (NPs) is demonstrated by controlling the π–π interactions using a hydrothermal process. The light‐emission colors of the perylene NPs vary gradually from yellow to green to light blue with increasing hydrothermal temperature from 110 to 160 °C. An enhanced crystallinity of the NPs from 110 °C to a critical temperature Tc of 140 °C and a transition to the amorphous phase above Tc are observed. The evolution of the photo‐luminescence (PL) and optical‐absorption characteristics in terms of variations in the crystallinity and physical dimensions (size and shape) of the perylene NPs resulting from the hydrothermal process are analyzed. These results are confirmed by nanoscale PL measurements for single NPs using laser confocal microscopy. The photovoltaic characteristics of organic solar cells (OSCs) are improved through the use of the perylene NPs. It is found that the performance of the OSCs is strongly correlated with the optical‐absorption properties of the perylene NPs.
Enantioselective Vanadium‐Catalyzed Oxidation of 1,3‐Dithianes from Aldehydes and Ketones using β‐Amino Alcohol Derived Schiff Base Ligands
Authors: Wu Yinuo , Mao Fei , Meng Fanchao , Li Xingshu
Published: June 2011

The asymmetric vanadium‐catalyzed oxidation of 1,3‐dithianes from aldehydes and ketones by β‐amino alcohol‐derived Schiff base ligands with two stereogenic centers was investigated. Using aqueous hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant and the Schiff base 3b as a chiral ligand, a variety of 1,3‐dithianes derived from aldehydes were easily converted into the corresponding mono‐sulfoxides in good yields (81–88%) with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee). Additionally, 99% ee was obtained for the enantioselective vanadium‐catalyzed oxidation of the 1,3‐dithianes derived from ketones. We found a slight kinetic resolution when using a higher ratio of hydrogen peroxide during the oxidation of the aldehyde‐derived 1,3‐dithianes but not in the ketone‐derived 1,3‐dithianes.
Organocatalytic Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of β‐Formyl‐α‐hydroxyphosphonates
Authors: Perera Sandun , Naganaboina Vijaya Kumar , Wang Long , Zhang Bin , Guo Qunsheng , Rout Laxmidhar , Zhao Cong‐Gui
Published: June 2011

The cross‐aldol reaction between enolizable aldehydes and α‐ketophosphonates was achieved for the first time by using 9‐amino‐9‐deoxy‐epi‐quinine as the catalyst. β‐Formyl‐α‐hydroxyphosphonates were obtained in high to excellent enantioselectivities. The reaction works especially well with acetaldehyde, which is a tough substrate for organocatalyzed cross‐aldol reactions. The products were demonstrated to have anticancer activities.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Highly Chemo‐, Regio‐ and Stereoselective Synthesis of Eight‐ to Ten‐Membered Lactones from Allenyl 3‐Oxoalkanoates and Organic Halides
Authors: Wan Baoqiang , Jia Guochen , Ma Shengming
Published: June 2011

A highly chemo‐, regio‐, and stereoselective synthesis of eight‐ to ten‐membered lactones via the coupling cyclization of readily available allenyl 3‐oxoalkanoates and organic halides through an anti‐π‐allylic palladium intermediate is reported. The yields ranged from moderate to good.
A Mild Palladium‐Catalyzed Suzuki Coupling Reaction of Quinoline Carboxylates with Boronic Acids
Authors: Li Wenjie , Gao Joe J. , Zhang Yongda , Tang Wenjun , Lee Heewon , Fandrick Keith R. , Lu Bruce , Senanayake Chris H.
Published: June 2011

A palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling between aryl carboxylates and boronic acids has been achieved for the first time by taking advantage of the enhanced reactivity of quinoline 4‐carboxylates. Also for the first time a Suzuki coupling reaction via a self‐activation of boronic acids without addition of base is described. The reactions proceed under mild conditions (25–65 °C) to give excellent yields, and a wide range of functionalities is tolerated.
Palladium/Copper‐Catalyzed Di‐α‐arylation of Acetic Acid Esters
Authors: Song Bingrui , Himmler Thomas , Gooßen Lukas J.
Published: June 2011

A bimetallic palladium/copper catalyst system was found to effectively promote the diarylation of alkyl acetates with aryl halides under unprecedentedly mild conditions. The phenanthroline‐copper‐phosphine catalyst stabilizes the enolate intermediate to the extent that the deprotonation of esters can be achieved even with the mild base potassium phosphate. The palladium tri‐tert‐butylphosphine co‐catalyst mediates the coupling of the resulting copper enolate with a wide variety of aryl halides with selective formation of the corresponding diarylacetic acid esters.
Facile Construction of Oxa‐Aza Spirobicycles via a Tandem Carbon‐Hydrogen Bond Oxidation
Authors: Sun Yi , Gan Jianhong , Fan Renhua
Published: June 2011

An efficient method to construct oxa‐aza spirobicycles via an iodine(III)‐mediated tandem carbon‐hydrogen bond oxidation with the combination of iodobenzene diacetate and tetrabutylammonium iodide is reported.
On packed column hydraulics
Authors: Hanley Brian
Published: June 2011

Packed columns are normally operated countercurrently in the vapor‐continuous regime. At specific combinations of liquid and vapor loads these columns flood. This article proposes that flooding is a form of second order (or “continuous”) phase transition from vapor‐continuous to liquid‐continuous operation. Thus, flooding is unambiguously defined to be the set of those vapor/liquid flow combinations, {CL, CSf}, that cause a liquid cluster to form that spans the diameter of column. These statements imply that a law of corresponding hydraulic states exists for packed columns. By this, we mean that sets of {CL, CS, (Δp/Z)2ϕ} data taken with a specific packing and a specific vapor/liquid system exhibit a significant collapse when they are renormalized to {fL, (Δp/ρLgZ)2ϕ} (where fLis the fractional approach to flood at constant liquid load). The renormalized dataset then applies to any vapor/liquid system using that particular packing. Renormalization thus forms the basis of a method for predicting column pressure drops and flood points for any column using the particular packing being studied. We demonstrate how the renormalization procedure is carried out by analyzing readily available air/water data for a number of different packings. We then show that a version of the Wallis equation can be used to correlate packed column flooding data successfully. Further, we demonstrate that the variation of the Wallis parameters with the equivalent diameters of packings in a geometrically similar family leads to a complete characterization of the effects of the physical properties of liquid on the flooding locus for these packings through the Bond number. This last result is a direct result of generalized homogeneity considerations. Finally, we show that there exists an even more general formulation of the law of corresponding hydraulic states that applies to all packings regardless of type, size, or material of construction. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 1671–1682, 2012
Crystal shape modification through cycles of dissolution and growth: Attainable regions and experimental validation
Authors: Lovette Michael A. , Muratore Matteo , Doherty Michael F.
Published: June 2011

The impact of particle shape on end‐use efficacy and downstream processing efficiency has driven industrial and academic efforts to control/manipulate the shapes obtained by crystallization. Strategies for controlling crystal shape have focused primarily on chemical routes; with shapes optimized through either solvent selection or the use of growth inhibiting additives. However, the chemical design space for crystallization may be limited, and/or the additional separation and purification steps required to remove additives or engineered solvents may be uneconomical. The application of cycles of dissolution and growth as a means for attaining desired crystal shapes is examined. A dynamic model for determining the shapes that can be attained by cycling is developed, and the results of proof of concept experiments performed using adipic acid and paracetamol are presented. The predictions obtained using the dynamic model were shown to be in good agreement with the results from the paracetamol experiments. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Sherwood number in flow through parallel porous plates (Microchannel) due to pressure and electroosmotic flow
Authors: Vennela Nallapusa , Mondal Sourav , De Sirshendu , Bhattacharjee Subir
Published: June 2011

An expression for Sherwood number is developed from first principles for combined pressure‐driven and electroosmotic flow in a porous rectangular microchannel. This quantifies the mass transfer of an electrically neutral solute in the microchannel and is useful for designing microfluidic devices and porous media flows. The convective‐diffusive species balance equation, coupled with the velocity field, is solved within the mass transfer boundary layer utilizing similarity method. From the simulations, it is observed that the Sherwood number increases as the electric double layer near the channel wall becomes more compact (as manifested through a decrease in the Debye length), and it reaches a constant value around the scaled Debye length of 40. The Sherwood number becomes constant at higher Debye lengths as electrokinetic effects become negligible. A detailed analysis of dependence of Reynolds number, dimensionless permeation velocity, ratio of driving force and scaled Debye length on Sherwood number is presented. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 1693–1703, 2012
A case study of product engineering: Performance of microencapsulated perfumes on textile applications
Authors: Teixeira Miguel A. , Rodríguez Oscar , Rodrigues Sofia , Martins Isabel , Rodrigues Alírio E.
Published: June 2011

The evaluation of the performance of new products to be released on the market is essential to measure its acceptability by consumers. In this work, the performance of an added‐value product, microencapsulated perfumes applied on textiles for man suits, was predicted and evaluated. The odor intensity and character of the perfume ingredients was measured by headspace gas chromatography after dry cleaning and abrasion tests on textiles impregnated with microcapsules. The evaporation and diffusion of the fragrances in the encapsulated perfume was assessed. For this type of application, limonene has shown a better performance in the perfume mixture, being the dominant note over time and distance. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 1939–1950, 2012
Bridging the gap between Graetz's and lévêque's analyses for mass/heat transfer in a channel with uniform concentration or flux at the wall
Authors: Lopes João P. , Cardoso Silvana S.S. , Rodrigues Alírio E.
Published: June 2011

A new approximate solution which bridges the gap between the classical theories of Graetz and Lévêque for heat/mass transfer in channel flow is presented. The results include expressions, uniformly valid in the axial direction, for the mixing‐cup concentration (or temperature) profile 〈c〉 when transport towards the wall is slow (Dirichlet limit), and for the Sherwood number Sh when the wall flux can be considered uniform (Neumann limit). The technique employed provides insight into the mathematical structure of both quantities 〈c〉 (or conversion XR) and Sh identifying explicitly the contributions from fully developed and developing behaviors, while maintaining accuracy in the transition region. Criteria to bound the different convection‐diffusion regimes are suggested, which critically systematize previous results. These results are important for model selection in the design and simulation, among others, of heat exchangers and wall‐coated microreactors where fast heterogeneous reactions occur. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 1880–1892, 2012
Inflammation, TNFα and endothelial dysfunction link lenalidomide to venous thrombosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Aue Georg , Nelson Lozier Jay , Tian Xin , Cullinane Ann M. , Soto Susan , Samsel Leigh , McCoy Philip , Wiestner Adrian
Published: June 2011

Patients receiving lenalidomide are at an increased risk for deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Here, we prospectively investigated the DVT risk in patients with relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) treated with lenalidomide (n = 32). Five patients developed six incidents of DVT over 1 year for an annual incidence of 16%. Three of these were considered drug‐related. Median time to DVT was 105 days (range 56–259 days). No pulmonary embolism was detected. Hypercoagulability screen before study entry was negative in all patients who subsequently developed DVTs. Compared to normal volunteers CLL patients had increased baseline levels of D‐dimer, thrombin‐antithrombin, soluble vascular endothelial adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM‐1), and thrombomodulin (p < 0.001). After 1 week on lenalidomide D‐dimer, thrombomodulin, sVCAM‐1, factor VIII, TNFα, and C‐reactive protein were significantly increased while protein C was decreased (p < 0.001). In patients with lenalidomide‐related DVTs, TNFα, and sVCAM‐1 were more strongly upregulated than in all other patients (p < 0.05) and TNFα and sVCAM‐1 levels were significantly correlated (r = 0.65, p < 0.001). These data link lenalidomide associated DVTs with TNFα upregulation and endothelial cell dysfunction and suggest that aspirin may have a role for DVT prophylaxis in these patients. Am. J. Hematol., 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency in an old‐order Amish cohort: Longitudinal risk and disease management
Authors: Rider Nicholas L. , Strauss Kevin A. , Brown Krysta , Finkenstedt Armin , Puffenberger Erik G. , Hendrickson Christine L. , Robinson Donna L. , Muenke Nikolas , Tselepis Chris , Saunders Lauren , Zoller Heinz , Morton D. Holmes
Published: June 2011

Pyruvate kinase deficiency is a chronic illness with age specific consequences. Newborns suffer life‐threatening hemolytic crisis and hyperbilirubinemia. Adults are at risk for infections because of asplenia, pregnancy‐related morbidity, and may suffer organ damage because of systemic iron overload. We describe 27 Old Order Amish patients (ages 8 months–52 years) homozygous for c.1436G>A mutations in PKLR. Each subject had a predictable neonatal course requiring packed red blood cell transfusions (30 ± 5 mL/kg) to control hemolytic disease and intensive phototherapy to prevent kernicterus. Hemochromatosis affected 29% (n = 4) of adult patients, who had inappropriately normal serum hepcidin (34.5 ± 12.7 ng/mL) and GDF‐15 (595 ± 335pg/mL) relative to hyperferritinemia (769 ± 595 mg/dL). A high prevalence of HFE gene mutations exists in this population and may contribute to iron‐related morbidity. Based on our observations, we present a strategy for long‐term management of pyruvate kinase deficiency. Am. J. Hematol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional assessment of a promoter polymorphism in S100B, a putative risk variant for bipolar disorder
Authors: Dagdan Elif , Morris Derek W. , Campbell Matthew , Hill Matthew , Rothermundt Matthias , Kästner Florian , Hohoff Christa , von Eiff Christof , Krakowitzky Petra , Gill Michael , McKeon Patrick , Roche Siobhan
Published: June 2011

Calcium‐binding protein S100B has been implicated in the pathology of bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) and schizophrenia (SZ). S100B protein levels are elevated in serum of patients with both disorders compared to controls. We previously reported genetic association of a SNP in the promoter of S100B, rs3788266, with a psychotic form of BPAD. To test for genotypic effects of rs3788266 in vivo, S100B serum protein levels were measured in 350 Irish and German subjects of known S100B genotype. The functional effect of rs3788266 on S100B promoter activity was studied using the luciferase reporter system in U373MG glioblastoma and SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines. Allelic effects of rs3788266 on protein complex formation at the S100B promoter were investigated by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Higher mean serum S100B levels were associated with the risk G allele of rs3788266 in BPAD cases (P = 0.0001), unaffected relatives of BPAD cases (P < 0.0001) and unrelated controls (P < 0.0001). Consistent with the in vivo findings, luciferase gene expression was significantly increased in the presence of the G allele compared to the A allele in SH‐SY5Y (P = <0.0001), and in U373MG (P = <0.0008) cell lines. The binding affinity of both SH‐SY5Y and U373MG protein complexes for the S100B promoter was significantly stronger in the presence of G allele compared to the A allele promoter fragments. These data support rs3788266 as a functional promoter variant in the S100B gene where the presence of the G allele promotes increased gene expression and is associated with increased serum levels of the protein. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hiding inequality beneath prosperity: Patterns of cranial injury in middle period San Pedro de Atacama, Northern Chile
Authors: Torres‐Rouff Christina
Published: June 2011

The Middle Period in San Pedro de Atacama (AD 400–1000) stands out as a time of great prosperity that was, in part, associated with high levels of interaction with foreign polities, including the highland state of Tiwanaku. Although previous studies have demonstrated an increase in rates of violence during the subsequent Regional Developments Period (AD 1000–1400), this does not mean that the Middle Period was a time of peace and tranquility. Here, the prevalence of violence in four contemporary cemeteries is analyzed, exploring potential sources of conflict, including social inequality. Cranial trauma was documented through the presence, location, size, and state of healing of all wounds and was found in 14.7% of the sample (61/415; including two cases of perimortem trauma). Skeletal remains were also analyzed for demographic data to investigate differences in patterns of violence related to sex and age. Notably, most of the trauma centered on the anterior portion of the skull, suggesting the prominence of face‐to‐face confrontations that involved both sexes. Correlations between trauma and items in the mortuary assemblage that may have been associated with prestige or an elevated social standing in two cemeteries from the Solcor ayllu indicate that individuals from the more elite cemetery were subjected to significantly less traumatic injury. These data suggest that people did not share equally in the benefits of this period's affluence and that there were tensions in Atacameño society despite seemingly widespread prosperity. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The relative efficacy of functional and developmental cranial modules for reconstructing global human population history
Authors: von Cramon‐Taubadel Noreen
Published: June 2011

This study tests the relative efficacy of human cranial modules, defined on the basis of developmental and functional criteria, for reconstructing neutral genetic population history. Specifically, two hypotheses were tested: 1) The “basicranial hypothesis” predicts that the endochondrally ossifying basicranium will be more reliable for reconstructing population history than intramembranously ossifying regions of the human cranium. This is based on the assumption that early ossification of the basicranium and its distinct functional constraints produce a cranial structure that is relatively immune to non‐neutral evolutionary forces. 2) The “single function hypothesis” predicts that cranial regions associated with a single (sensory) function are less reliable indicators of neutral genetic history. Here the prediction is based on the logic that complex, multi‐functional, integrated cranial regions arelesslikely toexhibit homoplasy and, therefore, provide a more accurate morphological proxy for genetic relationships. The congruence between craniometric affinity matrices and neutral genetic population matrices based on autosomal microsatellite and classical markers was assessed using a series of Mantel and Dow‐Cheverud tests. The results did not support the predictions of the “basicranial hypothesis,” as the endochondrally ossifying basicranium was not significantly more congruent with the genetic data than intramembraneously ossifying modules. Moreover, although the results provided some support for the “single function hypothesis,” defining cranial modules on the basis of anatomical or functional complexity did not provide a consistent means of predicting their phylogenetic efficacy. These results have important implications for building an accurate inference model of cranial evolution in the human fossil record. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brief communication: Evidence of Bartonella quintana infections in skeletons of a historical mass grave in Kassel, Germany
Authors: Grumbkow Philipp v. , Zipp Anna , Seidenberg Verena , Fehren‐Schmitz Lars , Kempf Volkhard A.J. , Groß Uwe , Hummel Susanne
Published: June 2011

In 2008, a mass grave was found on the grounds of the University of Kassel, Germany. Historians hypothesized that the individuals died in a typhoid fever epidemic in winter 1813/14. To test this hypothesis, the bones were investigated on the presence of specific DNA of pathogens linked to the historical diagnosis oftyphoid fever. It was possible to prove the specific DNA of Bartonella quintana in three individuals, suggesting that their cause of death is linked to an epidemic background. Am J Phys Anthropol 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prospective evaluation of intraoperative computed tomography imaging for endoscopic sinonasal and skull‐base surgery
Authors: Batra Pete S. , Manes R. Peter , Ryan Matthew W. , Marple Bradley F.
Published: June 2011

Background:

The objective of this study was to prospectively evaluate the clinical impact of intraoperative computed tomography (CT) imaging on endoscopic sinonasal and skull base procedures.

Methods:

A total of 49 patients were enrolled after informed consent from December 2009 to May 2010. Patients underwent intraoperative volume CT imaging (xCAT, Xoran Technologies, Ann Arbor, MI) at the conclusion of their proposed surgery.

Results:

The mean age was 48.6 years with male:female ratio of 1.3:1. Surgical procedures included revision or primary endoscopic sinonasal surgery (ESS) (36), endoscopic benign or malignant tumor resection (10), endoscopic mucocele drainage (2), and endoscopic tumor biopsy (1). The mean Lund‐Mackay (L‐M) score was 10.6 (range 1‐21). The indications for intraoperative imaging included extent of paranasal sinus dissection in 38 (77.6%), extent of tumor resection in 11 (22.4%), adequacy of mucocele drainage in 3 (6.1%), and frontal stent position in 2 (4.1%) cases. Average acquisition time was 5.3 minutes. The CT acquisition quality was deemed excellent in 24 (49.0%), good in 15 (30.6%), fair in 5 (10.2%), and unattainable in 5 (10.2%) cases. Additional interventions were performed in 8 of 44 cases (18%) based on the intraoperative CT dataset. Analysis of predictive factors for additional intervention, including presence of polyps, presence of tumor, previous surgery, use of image guidance, and CT quality did not reach statistical significance.

Conclusion:

Intraoperative CT scanning may hold important utility in selected endoscopic sinonasal and skull base procedures with additional interventions being performed in 18% of cases. The present study was unable to identify specific factors that would preoperatively predict the need for intraoperative imaging. Future clinical trials should include a multi‐institutional design to better delineate these important variables. © 2011 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
Radiological localization of Schneiderian papilloma
Authors: Al Badaai Yahya , Chankowsky Jeffrey , Mah Melanie , Yammine Nadine , Samaha Mark
Published: June 2011

Background:

It has been recently reported that the site of attachment of Schneiderian papillomas can be predicted with high accuracy on preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans using bony osteitic changes as an indicator. The objective of this study is to evaluate, in a blinded fashion, the reliability of the osteitis sign at predicting the site of attachment of Schneiderian papillomas.

Methods:

A retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent endoscopic surgical resection for inverted papilloma (IP) or cylindrical papilloma between September 2002 and September 2009 in a tertiary care rhinology center was carried out. The preoperative sinus CT scans were collected and reviewed by a fellowship‐trained and experienced head and neck radiologist who was blinded to the intraoperative findings. The radiologist attempted to identify and grade bony osteitic changes in the sinuses. The radiological findings were then correlated with the actual site of attachment reported by the surgeon in the operative report.

Results:

A total of 34 patients were evaluated. Six (18%) patients had a single site of osteitis and 28 (82%) were found to have multiple sites of osteitis. The sensitivity and specificity of the radiological prediction based on the degree of osteitis was found to be 74% (46.5–90.3%) and 0% (0–17%), respectively. The predictive value of the radiological localization was 41%.

Conclusion:

Osteitic changes are very common nonspecific findings on CT scans of patients with Schneiderian papillomas. Their presence as well as the degree of osteitis did not allow preoperative localization of tumor attachment.
Dual‐fermion approach to non‐equilibrium strongly correlated problems
Authors: Jung C. , Lieder A. , Brener S. , Hafermann H. , Baxevanis B. , Chudnovskiy A. , Rubtsov A.N. , Katsnelson M.I. , Lichtenstein A.I.
Published: June 2011

We present a generalization of the recently developed dual‐fermion approach introduced for correlated lattices to non‐equilibrium problems. In its local limit, the approach has been used to devise an efficient impurity solver, the superperturbation solver for the Anderson impurity model (AIM). Here we show that the general dual perturbation theory can be formulated on the Keldysh contour. Starting from a reference Hamiltonian system, in which the time‐dependent solution is found by exact diagonalization, we make a dual perturbation expansion in order to account for the relaxation effects from the fermionic bath. Simple test results for closed as well as open quantum systems in a fermionic bath are presented.
Pro und kontra Strömungsreaktoren in der Synthese
Authors: Hartman Ryan L. , McMullen Jonathan P. , Jensen Klavs F.
Published: June 2011

In der chemischen und pharmazeutischen Industrie gibt es Bestrebungen, Produktionsverfahren – wo immer möglich – vom Batchbetrieb auf kontinuierliche Verfahren umzustellen. Diese Entwicklung hat Auswirkungen auf die Synthesechemie jeglicher Größenskala, vom Labormaßstab bis hin zu großtechnischen Anlagen. Dieser Aufsatz diskutiert die Vor‐ und Nachteile von Batch‐Reaktoren und Mikroströmungsreaktoren für die Durchführung chemischer Synthesen im Labor.
Mehrkomponentenreaktionen als Weg zu molekularer Komplexität und Diversität
Authors: Ruijter Eelco , Scheffelaar Rachel , Orru Romano V. A.
Published: June 2011

Mehrkomponentenreaktionen haben sich zu sehr populären Hilfsmitteln für die schnelle Erzeugung von Bibliotheken niedermolekularer organischer Verbindungen entwickelt. Um dabei auch genügend molekulare Diversität und Komplexität sicherzustellen, gibt es einen kontinuierlichen Bedarf an neuen Reaktionen. Auch wenn der Zufall immer eine wichtige Rolle in der Entdeckung neuer (Mehrkomponenten‐)Reaktionen gespielt hat, so ist die Bedeutung gezielter Entwicklungsstrategien im letzten Jahrzehnt beständig gestiegen. Hier präsentieren wir einen allgemeinen Überblick zu Strategien bei der Entwicklung neuer Mehrkomponentenreaktionen. Dabei werden Herausforderungen und Chancen für die Zukunft diskutiert.
Deciding Whether To Go with the Flow: Evaluating the Merits of Flow Reactors for Synthesis
Authors: Hartman Ryan L. , McMullen Jonathan P. , Jensen Klavs F.
Published: June 2011

The fine chemicals and pharmaceutical industries are transforming how their products are manufactured, where economically favorable, from traditional batchwise processes to continuous flow. This evolution is impacting synthetic chemistry on all scales—from the laboratory to full production. This Review discusses the relative merits of batch and micro flow reactors for performing synthetic chemistry in the laboratory.
Thermal and mechanical behavior of unsaturated polyester [derived from poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste] and montmorillonite‐filled nanocomposites synthesized by in situ polymerization
Authors: Katoch Sunain , Kundu P. P.
Published: June 2011

Postconsumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste bottles were glycolyzed as precursors of unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) and their montmorillonite (MMT)‐filled nanocomposites. The glycolysis product (hydroxyl‐terminated oligomers) was converted into UPR with various acid contents. These resins were miscible with styrene and could be cured with peroxide initiators to produce thermosetting unsaturated polyester (UP). Nanocomposites composed of UP matrix and organically modified clay were prepared by in situ polymerization. These were characterized for thermal and dynamic mechanical properties. Transmission electron microscopy was also used to study the morphology at different length scales and showed the nanocomposites to be compromised of a random dispersion of intercalated/exfoliated aggregates throughout the matrix. With an increase in unsaturated acid content (for a fixed content of clay), the value of storage modulus varied from 2737 to 4423 MPa. The glass‐transition temperatures of these nanocomposites ranged from 54 to 78°C, and the crosslink density varied from 3.70 × 105 to 5.72 × 105 mol/m3. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) of modified MMT exhibited a peak that vanished completely in the polymer nanocomposites. Thus, the XRD results apparently indicated a distortion of the platy layers of nanofiller in the UP nanocomposites. The nanocomposites showed higher modulus values (2737–4423 MPa) compared to the pristine polymer (2693 MPa). From thermogravimetric analysis, all of the nanocomposites were stable up to 200°C and showed a two‐stage degradation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effect of ultrasound on the processability and mechanical properties of poly(butylene terephthalate)/talc composites
Authors: Wei Liangqiang , Li Jiang , Guo Shaoyun , Xin Minqi , Tian Ye , Zhang Fan
Published: June 2011

Poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT)/talc composites were prepared through a single‐screw extruder in the absence or presence of ultrasonic irradiation. A special exit die, which could be regarded as a capillary, was attached to the extruder to measure the effect of ultrasound on the melting temperature and pressure. The experimental results show that with the introduction of ultrasound and with its increasing intensity, the processability of the composites was improved. The morphology of the composites was also investigated by scanning electron microscopy. It was shown that ultrasonic oscillations improved the dispersion of talc in PBT and, furthermore, increased the crystallinity of PBT. Therefore, the mechanical properties were promoted through ultrasonic extrusion but decreased once the ultrasonic intensity was higher than 200 (or 150) W. This deterioration of the mechanical properties was induced by the ultrasonic degradation of PBT. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Characterization of poly(vinylidene fluoride) flat sheet membranes prepared in various ratios of water/ethanol for separator of li‐ion batteries: Morphology and other properties
Authors: Han Jun Young , Oh Hyun‐Hwan , Jun Choi Kyung , Min Byoung Ryul
Published: June 2011

PVDF, poly(vinylidene fluoride), membranes were prepared and investigated by a scanning electron microscope, a universal testing machine, and capillary porometer for its potential use as a separator in lithium ion batteries. The membranes were prepared by phase inversion with different polymer types, concentrations of solution, amounts of additive, and nonsolvent ratios of water/ethanol. The morphology of membranes is affected by the ratio of both the coagulation bath (water/ethanol) and a low molecular weight additive (polymer/solvent/additive). The results showed that significant variations in the membrane were detected when adding an additive to the casting solution or ethanol to the coagulation bath. With an increased concentration of ethanol, the upper structure was found to be transformed into a sponge‐like arrangement. In the case of Solef®1015 of the same polymer concentration, despite the higher molecular weight of 1015, a relatively small sized nucleus is formed, resulting in a denser network and relatively uniform membrane structure being formed. Mechanical testing showed that the tensile strength of the PVDF membranes increased when added to a 25 wt % ethanol coagulation bath, whereas it is decreased when added to higher concentrations of ethanol in the bath or additives in the casting solution. In a bath condition of water/ethanol = 75/25 wt % (Bath no. 2), the value of tensile strength is 7.11 and 7.52 MPa, for Solef®6010 20 wt % and Solef®1015 17 wt %, respectively. The thickness of the prepared membrane is 21–34 μm and the porosity is up to 50%. The electrolyte absorption changes of the fabricated membranes at different conditions are measured from 151 to 223 ± 15%. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Raman spectroscopic analysis of L‐phenylalanine and hydrolyzed eggwhite protein penetration into keratin fibers
Authors: Kuzuhara Akio
Published: June 2011

To investigate the penetration of amino acids and hydrolyzed protein derived from eggwhites (HEWP) into keratin fibers, the structure of cross‐sectional samples at various depths of virgin white human hair treated with L‐phenylalanine (Phe) and bleached black human hair treated with HEWP was directly analyzed without isolating the cuticle and cortex using Raman spectroscopy. The hydrophobic amino acids clearly penetrated into the virgin white human hair, while hydrophilic amino acids did not penetrate at all. The Phe hydrophobic amino acid content at various depths of the virgin white hair increased by performing the Phe treatment (at 50°C for 16 h), indicating that Phe deeply penetrated into the virgin human hair. Also, the disulfide (SS) and random coil contents at various depths of the bleached human hair increased by performing the HEWP treatment, indicating that HEWP also deeply penetrated into the bleached human hair. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Modification of maleic anhydride–styrene copolymer with noradrenaline by chemical and enzymatic methods
Authors: Karakus Gulderen , Yenidunya Ali Fazil , Zengin Haci Bayram , Polat Zubeyde Akin
Published: June 2011

Maleic anhydride copolymer was modified with another biologically active agent, noradrenaline (NA), using both chemical and enzymatic methods. The modification and synthesized products were named as follows: chemical modification, MASTNAc; enzymatic modification, MASTNAe; enzymatically synthesized MASTNA from individual monomers, MASTNAem. Chemical and enzymatic reactions were performed at 70°C and 38°C, respectively. In the chemical reactions azobisisobutyronitrile was used as the initiator. In the enzymatic reactions, an extracellular extract, including an enzyme with peroxidase‐like activity, was used. All the reactions were performed in an organic medium, methyl ethyl ketone. Structural characterization of the copolymer and modified copolymer were carried out by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). FTIR and 1H NMR spectra confirmed that NA was successfully covalently bound onto the MAST copolymer backbone by both chemical and enzymatic methods. Surface morphology of the samples was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Results obtained indicated that chemical and enzymatic addition of NA to MAST backbone yielded products having quite similar physical and chemical properties. On the other hand, MASTNA‐modified copolymer synthesized by individual monomers appeared to be different in its chemical structure. Furthermore, enzymatic modification and synthesis appeared to provide a good alternative method because it required much milder conditions such as low temperature, and better product qualities: higher solubility in water, higher yield and purity. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Mechanical and viscoelastic properties of soybean oil thermoset reinforced with jute fabrics and carded lyocell fiber
Authors: Adekunle Kayode , Patzelt Christian , Kalantar Adib , Skrifvars Mikael
Published: June 2011

Composites and hybrid composites were manufactured from renewable materials based on jute fibers, regenerated cellulose fibers (Lyocell), and thermosetting polymer from soybean oil. Three different types of jute fabrics with biaxial weave architecture but different surface weights, and carded Lyocell fiber were used as reinforcements. Hybrid composites were also manufactured by combining the jute reinforcements with the Lyocell. The Lyocell composite was found to have better mechanical properties than other composites. It has tensile strength and modulus of about 144 MPa and 18 GPa, respectively. The jute composites also have relatively good mechanical properties, as their tensile strengths and moduli were found to be between 65 and 84 MPa, and between 14 and 19 GPa, respectively. The Lyocell‐reinforced composite showed the highest flexural strength and modulus, of about 217 MPa and 13 GPa, respectively. In all cases, the hybrid composites in this study showed improved mechanical properties but lower storage modulus. The Lyocell fiber gave the highest impact strength of about 35 kJ/m2, which could be a result of its morphology. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the Lyocell reinforced composite has the best viscoelastic properties. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Chemical modification and synthesizing conditions of nanocomposite hydrogels with high mechanical strength crosslinked by hydrophilic reactive microgels
Authors: Qin Xuping , Zhao Fang , Feng Shengyu
Published: June 2011

Series of polyacrylamide hydrogels with high mechanical strength were synthesized using hydrophilic reactive microgels (HRM) with CC double bonds as crosslinkers. The hydrophilic microgels were prepared by inverse emulsion photopolymerization and then were chemical modified by N‐methylolacrylamide (NMA) to obtain HRM. Chemical‐modifying conditions affecting the HRM double bound content were investigated. The maximum double‐bond content was 1.82% at the optimum conditions of NMA 8 g, hydrochloric acid 0.8 mL, reaction temperature 60°C, and time 4 h. The mechanical properties of the hydrogels were significantly enhanced by using HRM as crosslinkers instead of the conventional crosslinkers. These HRM hydrogels were studied by varying such parameters as HRM content, monomer concentration, HRM double‐bond content, and the initiator dosage. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.
The Recent Updates of Therapeutic Approaches Against Aβ for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Ling Shucai , Zhou Jing , Rudd John A. , Hu Zhiying , Fang Marong
Published: June 2011

One of the main neuropathological lesions observed in brain autopsy of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients is the extracellular senile plaques mainly composed of amyloid‐beta (Aβ) peptide. Recently, treatment strategies have focused on modifying the formation, clearance, and accumulation of this potentially neurotoxic peptide. β‐ and γ‐secretase are responsible for the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the generation of Aβ peptide. Treatments targeting these two critical secretases may therefore reduce Aβ peptide levels and positive impact on AD. Vaccination is also an advanced approach against Aβ. This review focuses on recent advances of our understanding of this key peptide, with emphasis on Aβ peptide synthesis, accumulation and neurotoxicity, and current therapies including vaccination and two critical secretase inhibitors. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of conserved endogenous small noncoding RNAs, known to regulate the expression of complementary messenger RNAs, involved in AD development. We therefore address the relationship of miRNAs in the brain and Aβ generation, as a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of AD while also providing new insights on the etiology of this neurological disorder. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐Intensity Resistance Training with Insufficient Recovery Time Between Bouts Induce Atrophy and Alterations in Myosin Heavy Chain Content in Rat Skeletal Muscle
Authors: De Souza Rodrigo Wagner Alves , Aguiar Andreo Fernando , Carani Fernanda Regina , Campos Gerson Eduardo Rocha , Padovani Carlos Roberto , Silva Maeli Dal Pai
Published: June 2011

The aim of this study was to test whether high‐intensity resistance training with insufficient recovery time between bouts, could result in a decrease of muscle fiber cross‐sectional area (CSA), alter fiber‐type frequencies and myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform content in rat skeletal muscle. Wistar rats were divided into two groups: trained (Tr) and control (Co). Tr group were subjected to a high‐intensity resistance training program (5 days/week) for 12 weeks, involving jump bouts into water, carrying progressive overloads based on percentage body weight. At the end of experiment, animals were sacrificed, superficial white (SW) and deep red (DR) portions of the plantaris muscle were removed and submitted to mATPase histochemical reaction and SDS‐PAGE analysis. Throughout the experiment, both groups increased body weight, but Tr was lower than Co. There was a significant reduction in IIA and IID muscle fiber CSA in the DR portion of Tr compared to Co. Muscle fiber‐type frequencies showed a reduction in Types I and IIA in the DR portion and IID in the SW portion of Tr compared to Co; there was an increase in Types IIBD frequency in the DR portion. Change in muscle fiber‐type frequency was supported by a significant decrease in MHCI and MHCIIa isoforms accompanied by a significant increase in MHCIIb isoform content. MHCIId showed no significant differences between groups. These data show that high‐intensity resistance training with insufficient recovery time between bouts promoted muscle atrophy and a transition from slow‐to‐fast contractile activity in rat plantaris muscle. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased Expression of Sodium Channel Subunit Nav1.1 in the Injured Dorsal Root Ganglion After Peripheral Nerve Injury
Authors: Wang Wei , Atianjoh Fidelis , Gauda Estelle B. , Yaster Myron , Li Yunqing , Tao Yuan‐Xiang
Published: June 2011

The mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain induction are very complex but might involve abnormal spontaneous activity in the sensory dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Voltage‐gated sodium channels in the DRG are essential for the genesis of abnormal spontaneous neuronal activity. In this study, we examined the changes in expression of the voltage‐gated sodium channel Nav1.1 in the DRG after peripheral nerve injury. Western blot analysis showed that the level of Nav1.1 protein in the ipsilateral L5 DRG was significantly increased on Days 3 and 7 after fifth lumbar spinal nerve ligation. Immunohistochemical study further confirmed a marked increase in the percentage of Nav1.1‐positive cells in the ipsilateral DRG on Day 3 after fifth lumbar spinal nerve ligation. Similarly, on Day 7 after sciatic nerve axotomy, the amount of Nav1.1 protein and the percentage of Nav1.1‐positive cells in the ipsilateral L5 DRG were also significantly increased. Our results suggest that an early increase in DRG Nav1.1 expression after peripheral nerve injury might be involved in the induction of neuropathic pain. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extrahepatic and Intrahepatic Human Portal Interstitial Cajal Cells
Authors: Rusu M.C. , Pop F. , Hostiuc S. , Curcă G.C. , Streinu‐Cercel A.
Published: June 2011

Portal interstitial cells of Cajal (PICCs), acting as vascular pacemakers, were previously only identified in nonhumans. Moreover, there is no evidence available about the presence of such cells within the liver. The objective of the study is to evaluate whether or not PICCs are identifiable in humans and, if they are, whether or not they are following the scaffold of portal vein (PV) branches within the liver. We obtained extrahepatic PVs and liver samples from six adult human cadavers, negative for liver disease, in accordance with ethical rules. They were stained with hematoxylin‐eosin (HE) and Giemsa, and then we performed immunohistochemistry on formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded specimens for CD117/c‐kit, a marker of the Cajal's cells. Immune labeling was also performed for S‐100 protein, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neurofilaments, α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), and CD34. c‐kit‐Positive PICCs were identified within the extrahepatic PV, in portal spaces, and septa. On adjacent sections, these PICCs were negative for all the other antibodies used. In conclusion, our study confirms the presence of extrahepatic PICCs on humans, which may act as a possible intrinsic pacemaker in the human PV. However, the intrahepatic PICCs, which were evidenced here for the first time, are in need for further experimental studies to evaluate their functional role. A promising further direction of the study is the PICCs role in the idiopathic portal hypertension. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.