bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanistic Insights into Transition Metal‐Catalysed Oxidation of a Hydroxamic Acid with in situ Diels–Alder Trapping of the Acyl Nitroso Derivative
Authors: Howard Judith A. K. , Ilyashenko Gennadiy , Sparkes Hazel A. , Whiting Andrew , Wright Allen R.
Published: March 2008

New insights into the mechanism for the transition metal‐mediated oxidation of hydroxamic acids to give intermediate acyl nitroso species, with subsequent hetero‐Diels–Alder trapping are presented. The activation of triphenylphosphine‐ligated ruthenium‐salen complexes is examined, and evidence is presented for the ruthenium‐oxo species which are involved in the oxidative process of the hydroxamic acid. The observation of the lack of asymmetric induction involved in the intermolecular cycloaddition process involving the intermediate acyl nitrsoso species is explained, with the aid of comparing the ruthenium‐salen‐based systems with nitrosotoluene, and copper(I)/copper(II) BINAP‐based catalysis of nitrosopyridine complexes. This study demonstrates the importance of secondary coordination to achieve asymmetric induction in nitroso‐Diels–Alder reactions.
Au‐Induced Polyvinylpyrrolidone Aggregates with Bound Water for the Highly Shape‐Selective Synthesis of Silica Nanostructures
Authors: Zhang Jianhui , Liu Huaiyong , Wang Zhenlin , Ming Naiben
Published: March 2008

Novel Au‐induced polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) aggregates with bound water (PVP–water) were created for the highly shape‐selective synthesis of distinctive silica nanostructures, such as core–shell spheres, rods, snakes, tubes, capsules, thornlike, and dendritic morphologies. A water/PVP/n‐pentanol system was first designed to bind water to PVP, and then Au nanoparticles were used to induce the PVP–water species to aggregate into distinctive soft structures by exploiting the interplay between PVP and gold. This was confirmed by the IR absorption spectra. The bound water in the soft structures was consumed during the hydrolysis of tetraethylorthosilicate and the target silica nanostructures were obtained. The soft structures, and therefore, the silica morphologies, can be readily tuned by adjusting the experimental parameters. The tunable Au‐induced PVP–water soft structures reported herein open up new dimensions for the synthesis of distinctive nanomaterials (other than silica) that have new physicochemical properties and applications. These soft structures were also successfully extended to synthesize ZnO and SnO2 particles with remarkable shapes, such as spheres, leaves, T‐shaped structures, and dendritic morphologies.
Luminescent Excited‐State Intramolecular Proton‐Transfer (ESIPT) Dyes Based on 4‐Alkyne‐Functionalized [2,2′‐Bipyridine]‐3,3′‐diol Dyes
Authors: Ulrich Gilles , Nastasi Francesco , Retailleau Pascal , Puntoriero Fausto , Ziessel Raymond , Campagna Sebastiano
Published: March 2008

Functionalized 6,6′‐dimethyl‐3,3′‐dihydroxy‐2,2′‐bipyridine dyes (BP(OH)2) exhibit relatively intense fluorescence from the relaxed excited state formed by excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT). Bromo functionalization of (BP(OH)2) species followed by palladium(0)‐catalyzed reactions allows the connection (via alkyne tethers) of functional groups, such as the singlet‐emitter diazaboraindacene (bodipy) group or a chelating module (terpyridine; terpy). The X‐ray structure of the terpy‐based compound confirms the planarity of the 3,3′‐dihydroxy‐bipyridine unit. The new dyes exhibit relatively intense emission on the nanosecond timescale when in fluid solution, in the solid state at 298 K, and in rigid glasses at 77 K. In some cases, the excitation wavelength luminescence was observed and attributed to 1) inefficiency of the ESIPT process in particular compounds when not enough vibrational energy is introduced in the Franck–Condon state, which is populated by direct light excitation or 2) the presence of an additional excited state that deactivates to the ground state without undergoing the ESIPT process. For some selected species, the effect of the addition of zinc salts on the absorption and luminescence spectra was investigated. In particular, significant fluorescence changes were observed as a consequence of probable consecutive formation of a 1:1 and 1:2 molecular ratio of ligand/zinc adducts owing to coordination of ZnII ions by the bipyridyldiol moieties, except when an additional terpyridine subunit is present. In fact, this latter species preferentially coordinates to the ZnII ion in a 1:1 molecular ratio and further inhibits ZnII interaction. In the hybrid Bodipy/BP(OH)2 species, complete energy transfer from the BP(OH)2 to the bodipy fluorophore occurs, leading to exclusive emission from the lowest‐lying bodipy subunit.
Highly Efficient Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling of Heterocyclic Substrates through Rational Reaction Design
Authors: Fleckenstein Christoph A. , Plenio Herbert
Published: March 2008

A dicyclohexyl(2‐sulfo‐9‐(3‐(4‐sulfophenyl)propyl)‐9H‐fluoren‐9‐yl)phosphonium salt was synthesized in 64 % overall yield in three steps from simple commercially available starting materials. The highly water‐soluble catalyst obtained from the corresponding phosphine and [Na2PdCl4] enabled the Suzuki coupling of a broad variety of N‐ and S‐heterocyclic substrates. Chloropyridines (‐quinolines) and aryl chlorides were coupled with aryl‐, pyridine‐ or indoleboronic acids in quantitative yields in water/n‐butanol solvent mixtures in the presence of 0.005–0.05 mol % of Pd catalyst at 100 °C, chloropurines were quantitatively Suzuki coupled in the presence of 0.5 mol % of catalyst, and S‐heterocyclic aryl chlorides and aryl‐ or 3‐pyridylboronic acids required 0.01–0.05 mol % Pd catalyst for full conversion. The key to the high activity of the Pd‐phosphine catalyst is the rational design of the reaction parameters (i.e., the presence of water in the reaction mixture, good solubility of reactants and catalyst in n‐butanol/water (3:1), and the electron‐rich and sterically demanding nature of the phosphine ligand).
Double Affinity Amplification of Galectin–Ligand Interactions through Arginine–Arene Interactions: Synthetic, Thermodynamic, and Computational Studies with Aromatic Diamido Thiodigalactosides
Authors: Cumpstey Ian , Salomonsson Emma , Sundin Anders , Leffler Hakon , Nilsson Ulf J.
Published: March 2008

A series of aromatic mono‐ or diamido‐thiodigalactoside derivatives were synthesized and studied as ligands for galectin‐1, ‐3, ‐7, ‐8N terminal domain, and ‐9N terminal domain. The affinity determination in vitro with competitive fluorescence‐polarization experiments and thermodynamic analysis by isothermal microcalorimetry provided a coherent picture of structural requirements for arginine–arene interactions in galectin–ligand binding. Computational studies were employed to explain binding preferences for the different galectins. Galectin‐3 formed two almost ideal arene–arginine stacking interactions according to computer modeling and also had the highest affinity for the diamido‐thiodigalactosides (Kd below 50 nM). Site‐directed mutagenesis of galectin‐3 arginines involved in binding corroborated the importance of their interaction with the aromatic diamido‐thiodigalactosides. Furthermore, the arginine mutants revealed distinct differences between free, flexible, and solvent‐exposed arginine side chains and tightly ion‐paired arginine side chains in interactions with aromatic systems.
Dipodal Ferrocene‐Based Adsorbate Molecules for Self‐Assembled Monolayers on Gold
Authors: Weidner Tobias , Ballav Nirmalya , Zharnikov Michael , Priebe Andreas , Long Nicholas J. , Maurer Jörg , Winter Rainer , Rothenberger Alexander , Fenske Dieter , Rother Dag , Bruhn Clemens , Fink Heinrich , Siemeling Ulrich
Published: March 2008

1,1′‐Difunctionalised ferrocene derivatives have been studied, which contain groups suitable for chemisorption on gold substrates, namely NC, PR2 as well as a range of sulfur‐containing units like NCS, SR, and thienyl. Thin films on gold have been fabricated from solution with most of these adsorbate species. Film thickness, composition and structure were investigated primarily by X‐ray photoelectron and near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine‐structure spectroscopy. The quality of self‐assembled monolayers fabricated from 1,1′‐diisocyanoferrocene (1) and 1,1′‐diisothiocyanatoferrocene (2) turned out to be superior to that of films based on the other adsorbate species investigated. In addition to the surface coordination behaviour of 1 towards gold substrates, relevant aspects of the molecular coordination chemistry of 1 have also been addressed, including the synthesis and characterisation of [(μ‐1){Cr(CO)5}2], [Ag2(μ‐1)2](NO3)2⋅H2O and [(μ‐1)(AuCl)2]. The crystal structure of the gold complex is governed by aurophilic interactions and can be taken as a model for the arrangement of 1 in self‐assembled monolayers on gold.
Theoretical Investigation of the Reaction Mechanism of the Dinuclear Zinc Enzyme Dihydroorotase
Authors: Liao Rong‐Zhen , Yu Jian‐Guo , Raushel Frank M. , Himo Fahmi
Published: March 2008

The reaction mechanism of the dinuclear zinc enzyme dihydroorotase was investigated by using hybrid density functional theory. This enzyme catalyzes the reversible interconversion of dihydroorotate and carbamoyl aspartate. Two reaction mechanisms in which the important active site residue Asp250 was either protonated or unprotonated were considered. The calculations establish that Asp250 must be unprotonated for the reaction to take place. The bridging hydroxide is shown to be capable of performing nucleophilic attack on the substrate from its bridging position and the role of Znβ is argued to be the stabilization of the tetrahedral intermediate and the transition state leading to it, thereby lowering the barrier for the nucleophilic attack. It is furthermore concluded that the rate‐limiting step is the protonation of the amide nitrogen by Asp250 coupled with CN bond cleavage, which is consistent with previous experimental findings from isotope labeling studies.
Synaptogenesis in the cerebellar cortex: Differential regulation of gephyrin and GABAA receptors at somatic and dendritic synapses of Purkinje cells
Authors: Viltono Laura , Patrizi Annarita , Fritschy Jean‐Marc , Sassoè‐Pognetto Marco
Published: March 2008

In rodent cerebellar cortex, synaptogenesis occurs entirely postnatally, allowing study of the mechanisms of synapse formation in vivo. Here we monitored the clustering of GABAA receptors and the scaffolding protein gephyrin at GABAergic postsynaptic sites during rat cerebellar development. We found that GABAA receptors and gephyrin co‐aggregate at nascent synapses in the molecular and Purkinje cell layers with a similar time course. With few exceptions, gephyrin and GABAA receptor subunits clustered selectively in front of presynaptic boutons expressing the vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter VIAAT and no ectopic localization of these molecules was observed. Surprisingly, gephyrin clusters outlining the cell body of Purkinje cells were transient, and disappeared rapidly at the end of the second postnatal week. The loss of gephyrin from perisomatic synapses was coincident with a significant reduction in the size of GABAA receptor clusters. Furthermore, these changes were accompanied by a developmental decrease in the size of synaptic appositions, as documented by electron microscopy. These findings suggest that gephyrin takes part in the initial assembly of postsynaptic specializations and reveal an unsuspected heterogeneity in the molecular organization of the postsynaptic apparatus at somatic and dendritic synapses of mature Purkinje cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 508:579–591, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural Elucidation with NMR Spectroscopy: Practical Strategies for Organic Chemists
Authors: Kwan Eugene E. , Huang Shaw G.
Published: March 2008

Practical strategies for the structural elucidation of small organic molecules are described for typical organic chemists. The analysis of an unknown is divided into three stages. First, structural connectivity is deduced from through‐bond correlation experiments. Next, the relative stereochemistry is determined from NOE correlations and coupling constants (both proton–proton and proton–carbon). Finally, the proposed structure is verified by a careful inspection of all of the observed data. Tactics for the management of overlapping peaks, low sample concentrations, and high molecular weights are also described. This approach is illustrated by the step‐by‐step analyses of a simple test compound, menthol, and a complex polycyclic natural product, salvinorin A. Detailed procedures and sample data for menthol are provided as a practical tutorial. This will enable organic chemists to elucidate a wide range of complex structures by using modern NMR spectroscopic experiments.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Modifying Glassy Carbon (GC) Electrodes to Confer Selectivity for the Voltammetric Detection of L‐Cysteine in the Presence of dl‐Homocysteine and Glutathione
Authors: Okumura Leonardo Luiz , Stradiotto Nelson R. , Rees Neil V. , Compton Richard G.
Published: March 2008

In this communication we report a proof of concept study of the use of cyclic voltammetry with a polyeugenol‐modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode to selectively detect L‐cysteine in the presence of both dl‐homocysteine and glutathione in perchloric acid. The formation of a polyeugenol‐modified gold electrode is also reported for the first time.
Electrochemical DNA Hybridization Detection Using DNA Cleavage
Authors: Kwon Dohyoung , Kim Kyuwon , Kwak Juhyoun
Published: March 2008

We report the new method for detection of DNA hybridization using enzymatic cleavage. The strategy is based on that S1 nuclease is able to specifically cleave only single strand DNA, but not double strand DNA. The capture probe DNA, thiolated single strand DNA labeled with electroactive ferrocene group, was immobilized on a gold electrode. After hybridization of target DNA of complementary and noncomplementary sequences, nonhybridized single strand DNA was cleaved using S1 nuclease. The difference of enzymatic cleavage on the modified gold electrode was characterized by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. We successfully applied this method to the sequence‐selective discrimination between perfectly matched and mismatched target DNA including a single‐base mismatched target DNA. Our method does not require either hybridization indicators or other exogenous signaling molecules which most of the electrochemical hybridization detection systems require.
Determination of Trace Copper by Adsorptive Voltammetry Using a Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Modified Carbon Paste Electrode
Authors: Deng Peihong , Fei Junjie , Zhang Jun , Li Junan
Published: March 2008

A new method for the determination of trace copper was described. A multiwalled carbon nanotube modified carbon paste electrode was prepared and the adsorptive voltammetric behavior of copper‐alizarin red S (ARS) complex at the modified electrode was investigated. By use of the second‐order derivative linear sweep voltammetry, it was found that in 0.04 mol/L acetate buffer solution (pH 4.2) containing 4×10−6 mol/L ARS, when accumulation potential is 0 mV, accumulation time is 60 s and scan rate is 100 mV/s, the complex can be adsorbed on the surface of the electrode, yielding one sensitive reduction peak at −172 mV (vs. SCE). The peak current of the complex is proportional to the concentration of Cu(II) in the range of 2.0×10−11–4.0×10−7 mol L−1 with a detection limit (S/N=3) of 8.0×10−12 mol/L (4 min accumulation). The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of copper in biological samples with satisfactory results, the recoveries were found to be 96%–102%.
Determination of Caffeic Acid in Red Wine by Voltammetric Method
Authors: da Silva Luiz Fernando , Ramos Stradiotto Nelson , Oliveira Herenilton Paulino
Published: March 2008

The electrochemical oxidation of 3,4‐dihydroxycinnamic acid, caffeic acid, leads to a stable electroactive poly(caffeic acid) thin film containing quinone moiety on a preactivated glassy polymeric carbon electrode. The properties of the deposited films as well as the stability study under different experimental conditions were investigated. Taking advantage of the electrochemical behavior, an analytical method based on differential pulse voltammetry for determination of caffeic acid in red wine was proposed.
Lead(II) Potentiometric Sensor Based on 1,4,8,11‐Tetrathiacyclotetradecane Neutral Carrier and Lipophilic Additives
Authors: Elmosallamy Mohamed A. F. , Fathy Ahmed M. , Ghoneim Ahmed K.
Published: March 2008

A potentiometric sensor for lead(II) ions based on the use of 1,4,8,11‐tetrathiacyclotetradecane (TTCTD) as a neutral ionophore and potassium tetrakis‐(p‐chlorophenyl)borate as a lipophilic additive in plasticized PVC membranes is developed. The sensor exhibits linear potentiometric response towards lead(II) ions over the concentration range of 1.0×10−5–1.0×10−2 mol L−1 with a Nernstian slope of 29.9 mV decade−1 and a lower limit of detection of 2.2×10−6 mol L−1 Pb(II) ions over the pH range of 3–6.5. Sensor membrane without a lipophilic additive displays poor response. The sensor shows high selectivity for Pb(II) over a wide variety of alkali, alkaline earth and transition metal ions. The sensor shows long life span, high reproducibility, fast response and long term stability. Validation of the method by measuring the lower limit of detection, lower limit of linear range, accuracy, precision and sensitivity reveals good performance characteristics of the proposed sensor. The developed sensor is successfully applied to direct determination of lead(II) in real samples. The sensor is also used as an indicator electrode for the potentiometric titration of Pb(II) with EDTA and potassium chromate. The results obtained agree fairly well with data obtained by AAS.
HPV16 E629‐38‐specific T cells kill cervical carcinoma cells despite partial evasion of T‐cell effector function
Authors: Thomas Karen J. , Smith Kelly L. , Youde Sarah J. , Evans Mererid , Fiander Alison N. , Borysiewicz Leszek K. , Man Stephen
Published: March 2008

Persistent human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) infection is associated with the development of more than 50% of cervical cancers. The HPV16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins are constitutively expressed in cervical carcinomas and are attractive targets for cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)‐based immunotherapy. However, cervical carcinomas may possess multiple evasion mechanisms for HPV16 E6/E7‐specific CTL. In this study, we investigated whether HPV16+ cervical carcinoma cell lines (CaCxCL) could evade all effector functions of HPV16 E629‐38‐specific T cells. Such CD8+ T cells were detected in the blood (4/10) or invaded lymph node (1/1) of cervical cancer patients using HLA‐A*0201/HPV16 E629‐38 tetramers after in vitro stimulation. T cells cultured from 3 different donors killed HPV16 E629‐38 peptide‐pulsed target cells but not HPV16+ CaCxCL in 51Cr release assays. The absence of killing correlated with limited T‐cell degranulation against CaCxCL, but this was not due to antigen processing defects per se; CaCxCL could induce specific T‐cell release of IFN‐γ and TNF‐α, and CaCxCL could be killed in longer cytotoxicity assays (>20 hr). Interestingly, the ‘slow’ killing of CaCxCL could be partially inhibited by concanamycin A, a known perforin inhibitor. The results suggest that CaCxCL was only partially activating T cells, but this was still sufficient for slow killing. Overall, our results highlight the need to examine multiple T‐cell effector functions in the context of endogenous antigen presentation by tumour cells. In this study, testing for cytotoxicity using short‐term assays only would have ruled out a candidate epitope for immunotherapy. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of the psychometrics properties of the alarm distress baby scale among 122 Brazilian children
Authors: Lopes Simone C. Facuri , Ricas Janete , Mancini Marisa Cotta
Published: March 2008

The Alarm Distress Baby Scale (ADBB) aims at assessing infant withdrawal behavior. A previous validation study revealed acceptable reliability and validity indices. The present study investigated the psychometric properties of the scale in a larger sample from a culturally different population. Pediatricians evaluated the behavior of 122 infants, 2 and 19 months old, using the ADBB during routine physical consultation. Four investigators (two pediatricians and two nurses not specialized in pediatric care) examined video recordings of the evaluations. Results showed good interrater reliability coefficients among pediatricians and poor correlation when all professionals were grouped together. Test–retest reliability revealed good intraexaminer agreement (r = 0.91). The pediatricians' evaluation using the ADBB was compared with a psychiatric examination to investigate the scale's criterion validity. The cutoff point of 5 provided the best clinical validity (sensitivity of 79%, specificity of 81%). Results from construct validity showed that the scale had three dimensions. Comparison of the factor solution with other construct validity studies of the same instrument revealed similarities and differences. Results suggest that the ADBB may be a useful screening instrument to detect signs of psychiatric alterations related to withdrawal behavior in primary care services, and it is likely to provide consistent information.
Applying mixed methods techniques in strategic planning
Authors: Voorhees Richard A.
Published: March 2008

This chapter illustrates how the application of mixed methods, combining quantitative and qualitative information, can be used in institutional planning.
Driving decision making with data
Authors: McClintock Patricia J. , Snider Kevin J. G.
Published: March 2008

This case study illustrates the power that data can have on successful planning, decision making, cultural change, and results.
High school profiles: Application of HTML for recruitment decision making
Authors: Johnson Iryna Y.
Published: March 2008

Because high school graduates are many colleges' primary target population, information on high school students' performance and sociodemographic characteristics becomes important for the recruitment process.
From complex data to actionable information: Institutional research supporting enrollment management
Authors: Anderson Douglas K. , Milner Bridgett J. , Foley Chris J.
Published: March 2008

Enrollment management data must be transformed into information that is accessible, timely, and meaningful. Creative approaches are suggested to overcome the challenges of oversimplification and of reports too complex to be useful.
Bayesian modeling in institutional research: An example of nonlinear classification
Authors: Xu Yonghong Jade , Ishitani Terry T.
Published: March 2008

Bayesian network is introduced and illustrated as a flexible and reliable data analytical technique for extracting useful information from large‐scale institutional databases.
DICAM, a novel dual immunoglobulin domain containing cell adhesion molecule interacts with αvβ3 integrin
Authors: Jung Youn‐Kwan , Jin Jung‐Suk , Jeong Jae‐Hwan , Kim Hyun‐Nam , Park Na‐Rae , Choi Je‐Yong
Published: March 2008

Immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily members are abundant with diverse functions including cell adhesion in various tissues. Here, we identified and characterized a novel adhesion molecule that belongs to the CTX protein family and named as DICAM (Dual Ig domain containing cell adhesion molecule). DICAM is a type I transmembrane protein with two V‐type Ig domains in the extracellular region and a short cytoplasmic tail of 442 amino acids. DICAM is found to be expressed ubiquitously in various organs and cell lines. Subcellular localization of DICAM was observed in the cell–cell contact region and nucleus of cultured epithelial cells. Cell–cell contact region was colocalized with tight junction protein, ZO‐1. The DICAM increased MDCK cell adhesion to 60% levels of fibronectin. DICAM mediated cell adhesion was specific for the αvβ3 integrin; other integrins, α2, α5, β1, α2β1, α5β1, were not involved in cell adhesion. In identifying the interacting domain of DICAM with αvβ3, the Ig domain 2 showed higher cell adhesion activity than that of Ig domain 1. Although RGD motif in Ig domain 2 was engaged in cell adhesion, it was not participated in DICAM‐αvβ3 mediated cell adhesion. Furthermore, differentially expressing DICAM stable cells showed well correlated cell to cell adhesion capability with integrin β3‐overexpressing cells. Collectively, these results indicate that DICAM, a novel dual Ig domain containing adhesion molecule, mediates cell adhesion via αvβ3 integrin. J. Cell. Physiol. 216: 603–614, 2008, © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Plasminogen‐induced aggregation of PANC‐1 cells requires conversion to plasmin and is inhibited by endogenous plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1
Authors: Deshet Naamit , Lupu‐Meiri Monica , Espinoza Ingrid , Fili Oded , Shapira Yuval , Lupu Ruth , Gershengorn Marvin C. , Oron Yoram
Published: March 2008

PANC‐1 cells express proteinase‐activated receptors (PARs)‐1, ‐2, and respond to their activation by transient elevation of cytosolic [Ca2+] and accelerated aggregation (Wei et al., 2006, J Cell Physiol 206:322–328). We studied the effect of plasminogen (PGN), an inactive precursor of the PAR‐1‐activating protease, plasmin (PN) on aggregation of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells. A single dose of PGN time‐ and dose‐dependently promoted PANC‐1 cells aggregation in serum‐free medium, while PN did not. PANC‐1 cells express urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), which continuously converted PGN to PN. This activity and PGN‐induced aggregation were inhibited by the uPA inhibitor amiloride. PGN‐induced aggregation was also inhibited by α‐antiplasmin and by the PN inhibitor ε‐aminocaproic acid (EACA). Direct assay of uPA activity revealed very low rate, markedly enhanced in the presence of PGN. Moreover, in PGN activator inhibitor 1‐deficient PANC‐1 cells, uPA activity and PGN‐induced aggregation were markedly potentiated. Two additional human PDAC cell lines, MiaPaCa and Colo347, were assayed for PGN‐induced aggregation. Both cell lines responded by aggregation and exhibited PGN‐enhanced uPA activity. We hypothesized that the continuous conversion of PGN to PN by endogenous uPA is limited by PN's degradation and negatively controlled by endogenously produced PAI‐1. Indeed, we found that PANC‐1 cells inactivate PN with t1/2 of approximately 7 h, while the continuous addition of PN promoted aggregation. Our data suggest that PANC‐1 cells possess intrinsic, PAI‐1‐sensitive mechanism for promotion of aggregation and differentiation by prolonged exposure to PGN and, possibly, additional precursors of PARs agonists. J. Cell. Physiol. 216: 632–639, 2008, © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cardiac hemodynamics of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using simultaneous Doppler echocardiography and electrocardiography
Authors: Cotter Paul A. , Han Adrienne J. , Everson James J. , Rodnick Kenneth J.
Published: March 2008

Using Doppler echocardiography and electrocardiography, we characterized cardiac hemodynamics, timing, and electromechanical function, and examined the effects of ventricular hypertrophy on systolic function in anesthetized rainbow trout. Atrial filling (DSA), ventricular filling (DAV), and ventricular ejection (DVB) accounted for 40–77, 13–27, and 22–41% of the cardiac cycle, respectively. Ventricular ejection occurred entirely during atrial filling and ended by the time the QT interval was 80% (SD=9%) completed. Sinoatrial (SA) flow was of longer duration (0.53±0.08 sec, mean±SD) and lower velocity (32±8 cm sec−1) than corresponding atrioventricular (AV, 0.19±0.02 sec; 87±8 cm sec−1) and ventriculobulbar (VB, 0.30±0.05 sec; 63±20 cm sec−1) values. Despite a wide range of heart masses, atrioventricular and VB valve dimensions were identical (∼5.5 mm2). Ventricle mass (MV), but not relative ventricle mass (RVM), and cardiac cycle length were positively correlated (r2=0.57, P<0.001); thus, all time‐dependent electrical/mechanical measures of cardiac function were significantly related to MV, but not RVM. All rate‐corrected (c) electromechanical event durations (except cDSA) and the systolic function index (cPEP (pre‐ejection period)/DVB) were independent of RVM, suggesting the maintenance of cardiac functional capabilities across maturation stages (males) and different ventricle sizes (males and females). In summary, we define fundamental electrical and mechanical properties of the in vivo teleost myocardium under anesthesia, and report the maintenance of systolic function over a wide range of heart sizes for both sexes and maturation state of males. We also suggest that the short duration of ventricular emptying relative to the QT interval may provide a novel mechanism to adjust stroke volume and cardiac output in teleosts. J. Exp. Zool. 309A:243–254, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On fumonisin incidence in monoculture maize under no‐till, conventional tillage and two nitrogen fertilisation levels
Authors: Marocco Adriano , Gavazzi Carolina , Pietri Amedeo , Tabaglio Vincenzo
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND: Fusarium ear rot and fumonisin contamination are serious problems for maize growers. The lack of maize genotypes highly resistant to fumonisin contamination emphasises the need for management strategies to prevent contamination by this mycotoxin. There are conflicting reports regarding no‐till and nitrogen (N) fertilisation practices in relation to the incidence of fumonisins. In this study the effect of no‐till compared with conventional tillage and of N fertilisation rates on fumonisin occurrence was investigated over three years in Northern Italy.

RESULTS: The average contamination of grain by fumonisins B1 and B2 over the three years was significantly different, with a lower value in 2000 (516 µg kg−1) than in the other years (5846 and 3269 µg kg−1 in 2001 and 2002 respectively). Conventional tillage and no‐till treatments had no significant effect on the incidence of fumonisins. This finding suggests that above‐ground residues infected by Fusarium would not lead to an increase in fumonisin incidence. However, N fertilisation significantly increased fumonisin levels, by 99 and 70% in 2000 and 2001 respectively.

CONCLUSION: Maize monoculture does not show a cumulative effect on the occurrence of fumonisins, while high rates of N fertiliser consistently result in elevated fumonisin levels. Both these effects can be influenced by annual meteorological fluctuations. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Functional efficacy of glatiramer acetate treatment for laser‐induced retinal damage in rats
Authors: Belokopytov Mark , Ben‐Shlomo Gil , Rosner Mordechai , Belkin Michael , Dubinski Galina , Epstein Yoram , Ofri Ron
Published: March 2008

Background and Objectives

To functionally evaluate the efficacy of glatiramer acetate (Cop‐1) as a neuroprotective treatment for laser‐induced retinal injuries in rats.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Using standard lasering and flash ERG techniques, we evaluated the effect of photocoagulation and of Cop‐1 treatment on retinal function 3, 20, and 60 days after covering one‐half of the retina with of 23 rats with argon laser lesions.

Results

Significant neuroprotective effects of Cop‐1 treatment on functional recovery were observed 20 and 60 days after retinal photocoagulation. Two months post‐lasering, the amplitude of electroretinographic signals in lasered eyes (mean±SEM) was 99.5±10.2% of that of intact eyes in the Cop‐1‐treated group and 85.8±5.5% in the untreated lasered control group (P<0.05).

Conclusions

Cop‐1 immunization in rats is neuroprotective against laser‐induced injuries to the outer retina and improves functional recovery of the injured retina. Studies have documented effective neuroprotective treatment after laser damage to myelinated neurons, but this is the first report of neuroprotection of nonmyelinated neurons. Laser Surg. Med. 40:196–201, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extraocular muscle dystonia due to acquired (non‐Wilsonian) hepatocerebral degeneration
Authors: Ferrara Joseph , Gupta Deepak , Foster Emily , Garman Katherine , Stacy Mark
Published: March 2008

We present a video report of a patient with advanced non‐Wilsonian cirrhotic liver disease who developed extraocular muscle dystonia (oculogyric crisis) and severe orofaciolingual dyskinesias. Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration causes choreic movements, especially of cranial muscles, but dystonic ocular spasm is an infrequent manifestation of this disorder. This case illustrates that AHD should be considered in the differential diagnosis of extraocular muscle dystonia. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
The evolution of disability in Parkinson disease
Authors: Shulman Lisa M. , Gruber‐Baldini Ann L. , Anderson Karen E. , Vaughan Christopher G. , Reich Stephen G. , Fishman Paul S. , Weiner William J.
Published: March 2008

The objectives of this study are to assess the level of disease severity associated with disability in Parkinson disease (PD) and the sequence of loss of independence in basic and instrumental activities of daily living (ADLs and IADLs). Six hundred eighteen patients with PD were evaluated for disease severity with the Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS) and for disability with the Older Americans Resource and Services Disability Subscale (OARS). The association between patient‐reported disability on ADLs and IADLs and level of disease severity on the total UPDRS was examined cross‐sectionally. Disability, with loss of independent function is reported between total UPDRS scores 30 to 40, and HY stages II to III. Difficulty with daily activities, without loss of independent function is reported earlier, at UPDRS <20 and HY I to II. Difficulty with walking is initially reported, followed by problems with a number of gait‐dependent activities including housework, dressing, transferring in and out of bed, and traveling in the community. The transition from HY stage II to III marks a pivotal milestone in PD, when gait and balance impairment results in disability in many gait‐dependent activities. The onset of disability in PD can be identified by asking patients about their walking, housework, dressing, and traveling. While individual patients vary in progression, the benchmarks of disability in this study provide guidance when counseling patients about prognosis. Better understanding of the stages of disability may facilitate the development of novel outcome measures in clinical trials in PD. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Uniform asymptotic approximations of Green's functions in a long rod
Authors: Maz'ya V. , Movchan A.
Published: March 2008

Asymptotic approximations for Green's function for the operator −Δ in a long rod are derived. These approximations are uniformly valid over the whole domain including the end regions of the rod. Connections are established between the asymptotic approximations in a long rod and the asymptotics in thin domains. Overview of asymptotic approximations of Green's kernels in a domain with a small hole and domains with singularly perturbed smooth or conical boundaries is also given. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An alternating l1 approach to the compressed sensing problem
Authors: Chrétien Stéphane
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this note is to present a simple algorithm motivated by Lagrangian duality and generalizing the l1‐relaxation approach to the recent Compressed Sensing (CS) problem introduced by Candes, Romberg and Tao. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Energy‐momentum schemes for large deformation contact problems
Authors: Hesch Christian , Betsch P.
Published: March 2008

Dynamic contact problems in elasticity are dealt with in the framework of nonlinear finite element methods. A new energymomentum conserving time‐stepping scheme for the mortar contact formulation is presented. The proposed method relies on a reparametrization of the contact constraints in terms of specific invariants. For the time discretisation of the contact forces emanating from the mortar formulation the notion of a discrete gradient is applied. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Breakup of finite fluid films
Authors: Kondic L. , Diez J.
Published: March 2008

We study the dewetting process of thin fluid films that partially wet a solid surface. Using long wave (lubrication) approximation, we formulate a nonlinear partial differential equation governing the evolution of the film thickness, h. This equation includes the effects of capillarity, gravity, and additional conjoining/disjoining pressure term to account for intermolecular forces. We perform standard linear stability analysis of an infinite flat film, and identify the corresponding stable, unstable and metastable regions. Within this framework, we analyze the evolution of a semi‐infinite film of length L in one direction. The numerical simulations show that for long and thin films, the dewetting fronts of the film generate a pearling process involving successive formation of ridges at the film ends and consecutive pinch‐off behind these ridges. On the other hand, for shorter and thicker films, the evolution ends up by forming a single drop. The time evolution as well as the final drops pattern shows a competition between the dewetting mechanisms caused by nucleation and by free surface instability. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Lagrange‐projection scheme for two‐phase flows 1. Applications to realistic test cases
Authors: Coquel F. , Nguyen Q. L. , Postel M. , Tran Q. H.
Published: March 2008

We are concerned with the numerical simulation of two‐phase flows representing oil transportation along a 1‐D pipeline. More specifically, we wish to show that, for this kind of problems, it is highly recommended to make use of the Lagrange‐Projection formalism. Indeed, this approach naturally splits the effects of fast (acoustic) and slow (kinematic) waves, thus enabling us to design numerical schemes with many desirable properties: explicit with respect to slow waves and implicit with respect to fast waves. The design of the overall explicit‐implicit Lagrange‐Projection method involves many interesting features, among which the positivity of the partial densities is of utmost interest to us. In this paper, the emphasis will be laid on the motivation and the general philosophy of the Lagrange‐Projection method we propose. Extensive numerical results for realistic test cases are then presented in order to illustrate the capabilities of the method
Fractional diffusion equation and diffusive stresses
Authors: Povstenko Yuriy
Published: March 2008

A quasi‐static uncoupled theory of diffusive stresses based on the time‐fractional diffusion equation is considered. The Caputo fractional derivative of order α is used. In particular, the proposed theory interpolates the classical theory of diffusive stresses and that without energy dissipation. The fundamental solution to the second Cauchy problem for the fractional diffusion equation in a plane as well as the associated diffusive stresses are obtained in the case α = 3/2. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dislocation‐based modeling of size effects in microscale plasticity
Authors: Schwarz Cornelia , Sedláček Radan , Krempaszky Christian , Werner Ewald
Published: March 2008

A continuum dislocation‐based model for the size‐dependent plastic deformation at the microscale is presented. An outlook to its application to the single‐slip bending of a thin strip is given. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On a new numerical algorithm for the solution of triple deck problems
Authors: Szeywerth R. , Kluwick A.
Published: March 2008

A new algorithm for the solution of laminar viscous‐inviscid interactions allowing for the formation of pronounced separation zones is presented. It is then applied to two different types of flows: near critical two layer fluid flow and subsonic flow past an expansion ramp. In the first case emphasis is placed on the formation of so‐called non‐classical hydraulic jump having the distinguishing property that waves pass through rather than merge with the jump. The second problem exhibits the interesting feature that no solution exists if the ramp angle exceeds a critical value while two solutions exists if the ramp angle is subcritical. The new numerical scheme is used to study the change in the flow behaviour as the critical ramp angle is approached. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A least‐squares finite‐element method for viscoelastic fluids
Authors: Westphal Chad
Published: March 2008

We present a least‐squares finite element method for the steady Oldroyd type viscoelastic fluids. The nonlinear iteration is coupled with global mesh refinement, and locally weighted norms are used to mitigate effects of boundary singularities. Discretization accuracy in a meaningful normis shown to be optimal when using conforming piecewise polynomial elements for the velocity, pressure and extra stress, and Raviart‐Thomas finite elements for the total stress. Numerical results are given for an Oldroyd‐B fluid in a 4‐1 planar contraction. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The effect of elevated dietary cholesterol on pulmonary surfactant function in adolescent mice
Authors: McCrae K.C. , Weltman B. , Alyward S. , Shaw R.A. , Sowa M.G. , Unruh H.W. , Rand T.G. , Thliveris J.A. , Scott J.E.
Published: March 2008

It has been established that phospholipids and cholesterol interact in films of pulmonary surfactant (PS). Generally it is thought that phospholipids increase film stability whereas cholesterol increases film fluidity. To study this further, we modified dietary cholesterol in mice which received either standard rodent lacking cholesterol (sd), or high cholesterol (2%) diet (hc) for 1 month. Phospholipid stability was investigated by a capillary surfactometer (CS), which measures airflow resistance and patency. PS was collected by bronchiolar lavage and centrifuged to obtain the surface‐active film (SAF). Results showed that the hc‐SAF had significantly more cholesterol than sd‐SAF. CS analyses at 37°C showed no significance differences in airflow resistance between hc‐SAF and sd‐SAF. However, at 37°C, sd‐SAF showed greater ability to maintain patency compared to hc‐SAF, whereas at 42°C hc‐SAF showed patency ability similar to sd‐SAF. The results suggested that increased cholesterol in hc‐SAF induced less stability in the SAF possibly due to cholesterol's fluidizing effect on phospholipids at physiological temperatures. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008; 43:426–434. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simultaneously detection of genomic and expression alterations in prostate cancer using cDNA microarray
Authors: Jiang Mei , Li Ming , Fu Xuping , Huang Yan , Qian Hui , Sun Ruping , Mao Yumin , Xie Yi , Li Yao
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND

Prostate cancer is a common disease among men but the knowledge of the prostate carcinogenesis is still limited.

METHODS

cDNA microarray‐based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and expression profiling were performed to screen the genomic and the expression changes in prostate cancer respectively. The two data were integrated to study the influence of genomic aberrations on gene expression and seek for the genes with their expression affected by the genomic aberrations. Real‐time PCR was performed to evaluate the array data.

RESULTS

Array‐based CGH detected gains at 2q, 3p/q, 5q, 6q, 8q, 9p, 10p/q, 11q, 12p, 14q, and 19p/q and losses at 1p, 2p, 4q, 6p/q, 7p, 11p/q, 12q, 17p/q, 19p/q, and Xp/q in more than 20% prostate tumors and narrowed these aberrations. For example, the gain of 8q was mapped to five minimal regions. Novel aberrations were also identified, such as loss at Xq21.33‐q22.2. Expression profiling discovered the significant biological processes involved in the prostate carcinogenesis, such as exogenous antigen presentation via MHC class II and protein ubiquitination. Integration analysis revealed a weak positive correlation between genomic copy number and gene expression level. Fifty‐three genes showed their expression directly affected by the genomic aberrations possibly, including more than one member of Ras superfamily and major histocompatibility complex (MHC). These genes are involved in multiple biological processes.

CONCLUSIONS

Integration of the CGH and expression data provided more information than separate analysis. Although the direct influence of genomic aberrations on gene expression seems weak, the influence can be extended by indirect regulation through a few directly affected genes. Because the influence can be persistent, the genes directly affected by the genomic aberrations may play key roles in the prostate carcinogenesis and are worth further analysis. Prostate 68: 1496–1509, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stabilized polymeric nanoparticles for controlled and efficient release of bifenthrin
Authors: Liu Ying , Tong Zhen , Prud'homme Robert K
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND: Nanoparticle formulations of pesticides have been proposed to produce a better spatial distribution of the pesticide on leaf surfaces, which provides better efficiency. Nanoparticles are well studied for drug delivery and sustained release but not in the agricultural sciences, because of the difficulty in generating stable pesticide nanoparticles with controlled particle size distribution and because the processes to generate nanoparticles are usually costly. In this paper, a model pesticide, bifenthrin, has been prepared in nanoparticle form by using the Flash NanoPrecipitation process. The process involves rapid micromixing to effect supersaturation, and polymer assembly to control particle size.

RESULTS: A multi‐inlet vortex mixer (MIVM) was developed to provide rapid micromixing, high supersaturation and rapid nucleation and growth of bifenthrin nanoparticles. Several polymeric stabilizers were tested. With an increase in pesticide loading from 50 to 91%, nanoparticle size increased from 100 to 200 nm. The stability of the nanoparticle dispersions was followed for more than 12 days. The steric stability caused by the corona structure of the hydrophilic block of the polymers prevents nanoparticles aggregation. Ostwald ripening is responsible for the slow particle size growth observed.

CONCLUSION: Flash NanoPrecipitation using an MIVM provides a cost‐effective process to produce stable pesticide nanoparticle suspensions. Nanoparticle size depends on supersaturation, pesticide loading and type of polymer. Nanoparticle pesticides potentially provide higher efficiency, better uniformity of coverage for highly active compounds and less exposure to workers, relative to compounds solubilized in organic solvents. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Are azole fungicides losing ground against Septoria wheat disease? Resistance mechanisms in Mycosphaerella graminicola
Authors: Cools Hans J , Fraaije Bart A
Published: March 2008

There has been a recent rapid decline in the efficacy of some, but not all, azole fungicides in controlling the Septoria leaf blotch pathogen of wheat, Mycosphaerella graminicola. Hans J. Cools and Bart A. Fraaije ask the question: can widespread resistance to all azoles develop in this pathogen? Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Mechanisms and kinetics for preparing carbohydrazide by reacting dimethyl carbonate with hydrazine: A theoretical study
Authors: Zhang Jianguo , Feng Lina , Zhang Shaowen , Zheng Hong , Zhang Tonglai , Yang Li , Zheng Huihui
Published: March 2008

The mechanism and kinetic modeling for preparing carbohydrazide from dimethyl carbonate and hydrazine has been declared. The geometries of all the stationary points (reactants, intermediates, transition states, and products) are optimized by using the B3LYP method with the cc‐pVDZ basis set, and the harmonic vibrational frequencies as well as infrared intensities are predicted with the same method. The minimum‐energy paths are obtained by using the intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) theory at the B3LYP/cc‐pVDZ level of theory with the step length 0.02 (amu)1/2·bohr. The rate constants are evaluated by using the TST, TST/Eckart, and RRKM (T)/Eckart methods. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008