bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Directors and Shareholders as Equity Partners? Handle with Care!
Authors: Dalton Dan R. , Daily Catherine M.
Published: March 2007

Besides the press, many other observes have been outspoken in theri criticism of execute compensation. Until recently, however, the companesation of the directors of corporate boards who, themselves, set executibve salaries, has receive little attention. Boards are routoinely accused of bd judgment, lack of attention, or lack of independce from managment. Stock based compensation plans for director, however, add a challenging new element to the critics's arsenal. For director to pearsonally benfits from theri own already questionable compensation practice is yet a further complications. Until there are more deifinitve data abut the efficacy of board stock-based compensation programs in relation to corporate financial perfomance, the autors suggest taht boards may want to tread lightely in this area.
Correlates of Legislative Crime Control Ideology
Authors: Bynum Timothy S. , Greene Jack R. , Cullen Francis T.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the relationship between the crime control attitudes espoused by state legislators and their personal characteristics, their political and constituency characteristics, and their contact with the criminal justice system. A questionaire administered to the members of the Illinois state legislature included 64 items requesting their opinions on crime causation and criminal justice policies. Through a factor analysis technique, three scales were formed measuring attitudes that favored conservative, liberal, and rehabilitative policies. Findings suggest that those legislators representing high crime areas are not more likely to support "get tough" policies. In addition, evidence is presented that those individuals having a greater familiarity with the correctional system are less likely to advocate harsh criminal sanctions.
The American Grand Jury — Due Process or Rights Regress?
Authors: Halsted James
Published: March 2007

The grand jury system and due process rights generally are recognized as two of the great "checks" in protecting private citizens from the inherent dangers that may exist should the executive branch of the government be tempted to use the criminal justice system as a vehicle for its own political purposes. These historical checks, however, seem to have dissolved in present practices and procedures implemented by federal prosecutors in their investigations of public officials. A paradigm example of this is the grand jury investigation of Walter L. Nixon, Jr., United States District Judge for the Southern District of Mississippi. Nixon was convicted of two counts of perjury for lying to a grand jury. This author was present throughout the entire Nixon trial. Copious notes were taken and verified by cross-checking them with the trial transcript. What Nixon's case dramatizes is the fundamental problems inherent within the grand jury system: specifically, that prosecutors have the power to use the federal grand jury system to deny systematically grand jury targets their usual due process rights and then to subject them to criminal liability for perjury which is manufactured only because the targets are processed through the grand jury process itself.
Preventive Detention: The Impact of the 1984 Bail Reform Act in the Eastern Federal District of California
Authors: Kingsnorth Rodney , Barnes Carole , Davis Cynthia , Hodgins Tina , Nicholes Camille
Published: March 2007

Utilizing a longitudinal research design, this study evaluates the impact of the 1984 Bail Reform Act in the Eastern Federal District of California. Contrary to other experiments with preventive detention in the U.S., it was found that this legislation is being implemented on a substantial scale. The substitution of detention orders for secured bonds in most cases suggests that preventive detention before the Bail Reform Act was achieved by less formal means. Overall detention rates have remained unchanged as has average detention length, suggesting the law has not contributed significantly to overcrowding of detention facilities. The greatest impact was felt by drug offenders for whom rates of detention have significantly increased. Discriminant analysis suggests that the judicial decision-making process has been routinized by the law. Rates of pre-trial crime and failure-to-appear rates, extremely low before the law, were unaffected by the new legislation.
Drug Testing: Constitutional And Policy Implications
Authors: Giglio Ernest
Published: March 2007

Let us assume the following three scenarios. Scenario one involves a professional football player who tests positive for drugs for the third time and under National Football League rules is suspended indefinitely. The second scenario concerns a railroad engineer whose urinalysis sample taken after a serious accident reveals drug usage and who is subsequently dismissed from his Conrail job. The final scenario includes a recent college graduate who applies for a position with a Fortune 500 company but does not get the job because she fails the required pre-employment drug test.

What do these three people share in common? They all tested positive for drug use and suffered economic loss, and possibly psychological pain, as a consequence. But were their rights violated? Was their privacy intruded upon? Was the testing procedure fair and accurate? Did the testing violate the American legal principle that guilt is individual rather than collective? These are some of the questions raised by government-mandated, as well as employer-required, drug testing. As courts and legislative bodies wrestle with these questions, the policy consequences of their decisions and enactments need to be considered. This paper purports to examine the constitutional issues raised by drug testing, how the courts have resolved them, and the policy implications that have resulted from their actions.
Crime Control Ideology And Policy Positions In A State Legislature (Revisited)*
Authors: Flanagan Timothy J. , Brennan Pauline Gasdow , Cohen Debra
Published: March 2007

Urbanism and criminal crime control ideology are important correlates to state legislators' attitudes and positions on criminal justice policy issues. Three characteristics of New York state lawmakers—party affiliation, urbanism and crime control ideology—were consistently related to legislators' positions on capital punishment, handgun control, and expansion of the parole system. These findings are based on a survey of members of the New York State legislature conducted in 1991, and affirm the conclusion of a similar survey conducted in 1985.

We argue that better understanding of the relationship between ideology and criminal justice policy has important and practical benefits, including improved public policy development, more effective monitoring of criminal justice legislation in legislatures, and fuller communication between lawmakers and their constituents. In addition, knowledge of the attributes of lawmakers that are related to crime control ideology may foreshadow changes in crime control policy over time.
The Ethics of New Surveillance
Authors: Mackey David
Published: March 2007

Communities and law enforcement personnel are confronted with the challenges and dangers posed by the presence of weapons and drugs. Recent technological developments have increased law enforcement capabilities to uncover previously hidden wrongdoing by using remote and, compared to other methods, unobtrusive search methods. This arti cle explores the capabilities of one new surveillance tool while consider ing the social, ethical, and legal implications of its use.
The Search for the Frugal Grail: An Empirical Assessment of the Cost-Effectiveness of Public Versus Private Correctional Facilities
Authors: Pratt Travis C. , Winston Melissa R.
Published: March 2007

The privatization of corrections has become a growth industry in the United States. Privatization advocates often argue from a "public choice" theoretical perspective, holding that private entities will be more efficient providers of correctional services than their public counterparts (i.e., the "efficiency hypothesis"). This contention, however, has not been empirically demonstrated due to certain methodological limitations such as the selection of model facilities, inadequate sample sizes, and a lack of sophisticated statistical controls. This paper seeks to remedy these empirical problems surrounding the efficiency hypothesis by examining a nationwide census of public and private facilities for juveniles. The results indicate that, on the whole, private correctional facilities for juveniles are no more cost-effective than public facilities; yet, specific types of private institutions (low security, non-detention center-type facilities such as halfway houses and shelters) tend to be more cost-effective under private management.
Uncertainty in the Transition: Post-communism in Hungary
Authors: Bunce Valerie , Csanádi Mária
Published: March 2007

Often the feeling prevails that everything is falling apart. In a way, this is true. The former centralist, bureaucratic, and dysfunctional system of support for order cannot be self-supporting and is collapsing. The new system, in all its aspects, is being born, prepared, thought through. But it is not yet up and working.

Václav Havel
Induced Lactation in an Adoptive Mother
Authors: Cheales-Siebenaler Noreen J.
Published: March 2007

This case report describes the experiences of an gravida 3 para 0 adoptive mother who initiated the use of bilateral pumping, metoclopramide, syntocinon nasal spray, and a supplemental nursing system to induce lactation. Lactogenesis was initiated within 10 days of the adoption. No measurable milk was pumped until the baby was 4 months old at which time the mother began pumping 4 ounces per breast within 1 week. The mother stopped pumping, taking metoclopramide (Regian) and syntocinon, and using the supplementer system at this time. She continued to breastfeed without the use of bottles throughout the fourth and fifth months with the baby maintaining adequate weight gain.
Adult Delinquent Gangs in a Chicano Community
Authors: Horowitz Ruth
Published: March 2007

Most studies of youthful delinquent or fighting gangs have regarded them as relatively fragile groups that terminate with adult status, adult community members' pressure, or increasing socioeconomic benefits. In this follow-up participant-observation study of an inner-city Chicano community, it was found that previously observed gangs survived as their members matured into their twenties and fulfilled their adult roles and responsibilities This phenomenon is explained in terms of the continued marginal economic position of these young men, their continuing commitment to an honor-based subculture in which dependence and lack of domination is experienced as dishonor, the growing friendship and dependency of gang members, and the necessity of masking that dependency by remaining a gang to maintain the respect of others It is argued that the gang provides a culturally safe way for such intimate relations to exist while the members can publicly maintain their identity as independent men of honor
The Certification of Competence
Authors: Dingwall Robert
Published: March 2007

This article examines the process of assessment and certification in occupational socialization within a theoretical framework proposed in a recent Urban Life article by Dingwall and Strong It argues that assessment is not an individualized and decontextualized assay of students but part of an interlocking set of contracts between a training organization, an occupation, and the rest of the society Research in this field needs to admit the question of how teachers justify letting students pass alongside the traditional study of student strategies for managing teachers
The Meaning of Western Commerical Artifacts for Eastern European Youth
Authors: Bar-Haïm Gabriel
Published: March 2007

Using data from both ethnographic observation and in-depth interviews, this article examines the symbolic meaning of Western commercial items to Eastern European youth. The uses of these items as symbols of status, of personalized styles, and of identification with the West are discussed.
AN INTERPRETIVE STUDY OF ADOPTION
Authors: EHEART BRENDA KRAUSE , POWER MARTHA BAUMAN
Published: March 2007

Although there are similarities between adoptive families and biological families, there are very real differences, the significance of which are only beginning to be understood. In this article we draw upon transcripts from a three-year interpretive study of the ongoing interactions of 10 families who were in the process of adopting children with special needs. We develop new understandings of adoption, not as a structural and, therefore, static phenomenon which has normalization as its final outcome, but as an ongoing process of interactions that is mediated by history, power, knowledge, and emotions. The interplay of these components makes adoptive families necessarily different from biological families and the adoption process potentially very difficult. We argue that adoptive families need to emulate, not a biological family, but an adoptive family that is able to integrate these four components into the taken-for-grantedness of everyday life.
SOCIAL LIFE IN THE PUBLIC REALM
Authors: LOFLAND LYN H.
Published: March 2007

The public realm is defined as those nonprivate sectors or areas of urban settlements in which individuals in co-presence tend to be personally unknown or only categorically known to one another. Through a review of the largely ethnographic literature on the public realm, this article details the relationship between it and other types of social space, argues for the thoroughly social character of what occurs there, and describes some of its characteristic rules and relationships. A concluding section speculates on the possible functions or social uses of the public realm.
GUARDING AGAINST BOREDOM
Authors: CHARLTON JOY , HERTZ ROSANNA
Published: March 2007

Whereas sociologists have attended to the boredom of work created by repetitive task structure in industry, less attention has been given to boring work in which workers spend endless hours “doing nothing with nothing to show for it.” This study of security specialists in the U.S. Air Force provides an in-depth examination of the nature of boredom and workers' response to it in a setting characterized by contingent work, that is, a setting in which there are long periods of waiting between episodes of “real work.” We analyze the sources of boredom on the job, the methods used for coping with boredom, and the social organization of risk taking.
DOGS AND THEIR PEOPLE
Authors: ROBINS DOUGLAS M. , SANDERS CLINTON R. , CAHILL SPENCER E.
Published: March 2007

This article reports a case study of dogs' contributions to interaction and the development of relationships among unacquainted persons. The study examines dynamics of inclusion among dog owners at a public park and is based on participant observation of those processes. That examination reveals that dogs expose their human companions in public places to encounters with strangers, facilitate interaction among the previously unacquainted, and help establish trust among the newly acquainted. It also demonstrates that dogs' participation in public life is of some importance to their human participants.
NEW ETHNOGRAPHIES
Authors: Reinarman Craig
Published: March 2007

Generally, reviews of new ethnographies or methods texts are solicited and compiled by the New Ethnographies editor. The preferred form, unless specified otherwise, is an 800 to 1,000 word critical essay addressing theoretical, methodological, and/or substantive contributions of recently published materials relevant to ethnographic inquiry. Unsolicited reviews are welcome, but without the assurance of publication. Abstracts of Ph.D. dissertations based on ethnographic research and completed within the last year or two are invited. The abstracts should be succinct (200-350 words) and should highlight the theoretical or substantive focus of the research and the field methods employed. Please send book reviews and dissertation abstracts to Charles P. Gallmeier, New Ethnographies Editor, Department of Sociology, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, IN 46383.
RESISTANCE AMONG EX-PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS
Authors: HERMAN NANCY J. , MUSOLF GIL RICHARD
Published: March 2007

Symbolic interaction has increasingly emphasized cultural domination and resistance, human agency, and the variety of ways power and inequality are reproduced. How subjects construct social meanings under oppressive conditions has become a major research focus. This study reconceptualizes deviance in light of the above. Descriptive data were collected during two periods of research (1980-85; 1989-1991) on the posthospital worlds of psychiatric patients by means of participant observation, informal interviewing, and semiformal interviewing with 410 nonchronic and chronic ex-psychiatric patients residing in Southern Ontario, Canada, and central counties of Michigan. Using the concepts of ritual and a culture of resistance, we portray deviants constructing meaning under structures of domination, renegotiating meaningful self-images, identities, and overall conceptions of self. Expressive and instrumental rituals that lead to a culture of resistance are examined.
FEAR OF VICTIMIZATION AND THE INTERACTIONAL CONSTRUCTION OF HARASSMENT IN A LATINO NEIGHBORHOOD
Authors: VANDER VEN THOMAS M.
Published: March 2007

The study of fear of crime has been dominated by survey researchers and quantitative analysis. However, very little is known about the kinds of social situations that generate fear, the ways in which people manage fear during social interaction, and the manner in which feared individuals respond to another's show of vulnerability. The author attends to these issues with data collected during observational research in an urban Latino community. Based on one particular setting, he discovered that the fearful and the feared often worked together to produce confrontational episodes. Driven by past harassment and ethnic prejudice, and influenced by media accounts of local violence, many pedestrians displayed obvious fear to the men who congregated in a commercial district. The author found that fearful behavior often resulted in harassment because it implicitly labeled men as dangerous. Men who sensed another's fear often reacted by behaving in a threatening manner.
Paying for the Public Life
Authors: Levy Paul R.
Published: March 2007

More than 800 business improvement districts (BIDs) are reviving downtown and commercial areas in North American cities, large and small. Jerry Mitchell’s 1999 survey offers the first independent, systematic census, providing valuable information about their size, budgets, services, and priorities. But, by choosing to view BIDs primarily as a new mechanism for municipal service delivery, Mitchell occasionally misses implications of his own research, such as the leadership many of these organizations exercise in shaping public policy and their emerging role in the management and governance of cities. While originating in North America, city center management organizations are springing up in Europe, Japan, Australia, and South Africa and represent a creative response to suburbanization. This article, written by the executive director of one America’s largest BIDs, looks at their origin and evolution, discusses current trends and new initiatives, and addresses some of the criticisms that have been directed at BIDs.
Local Options for Economic Development in a Maturing Industrial Region
Authors: Ahlbrandt Roger S. , DeAngelis James P.
Published: March 2007

The economy of southwestern Pennsylvania, like the economies in other maturing industrial regions, has shifted from a manufacturing base to a service base. The shifts in population and jobs resulting from this change have not evenly affected all communities but have caused a significant divergence in the assessed value of property and municipal property tax rates. Interviews with corporate executives in the region suggest that while national and international factors had much to do with the decline in manufacturing employment, local government programs might have an important impact on firm retention and development. The authors recommend a number of local policies to enocurage companies to stay and grow and encourage import substitution, the formation of new companies, and flexible but comprehensive approach to economic development. Since most of the communities in the region are small (populations less than 8000), the authors recommend a regional approach to economic development as the only cost-effective alternative for the communities. The authors conclude with a discussion of an innovative new economic development mechanism, the Steel Valley Authority, to be created in southwestern Pennsylvania by the Tri-State Conference on Steel as an example of regional economic development.
Labor Intensive and Capital Intensive Urban Economic Development
Authors: Long Norton E.
Published: March 2007

The experiences of Third World countries with capital intensive economic development and an export sector that is sometimes parasitic on the local economy and that fails to stimulate the rest of the economy seems relevant to that of many cities. For central cities, the failure of a booming export sector to stimulate employment of the population results from a mismatch between employment opportunities and resident skills. Getting the poverty and near-poverty population that subsists outside the mainstream economy usefully employed is a major task of urban economic development. In the short run, much can be done to link jobs and workers. In the long run, education is the key. The investment in education, however, the largest investment the city makes in its future, is made with inadequate knowledge of the likely development of the city's industrial mix. That knowledge is critical for a successful human resources development strategy.
The Rural Crisis, and What to do about it
Authors: Reich Robert B.
Published: March 2007

The broad decline in world prices of primary commodities is a major reason why the U. S. is in danger of becoming a bicoastal economy. America's rural economy has been a commodity-based economy, centered on agricultural and raw materials. As world prices have declined, rural America has suffered the results of this decline. The author asserts that the way to revitalize the U.S. rural economy is not to preserve primary commodity production by heavily investing in rural America, but to ease the transition of a rural economy out of an almost exclusive reliance on primary commodities and into more competitive, more specialized production. In conclusion, the author presents four key barriers that must be overcome to form a strategic approach to rural economic development, after which, rural America could shift from primary commodities to small batch manufacturing and specialized services.
Industrial Development Groups, External Connections, and Job Generation in Local Communities
Authors: Humphrey Craig R. , Erickson Rodney A. , McCluskey Richard E.
Published: March 2007

Local industrial development groups have grown rapidly in numbers and visibility around the nation as communities seek to promote economic development. The external connections of these groups include the network of contacts among local development groups and other organizations with a stake in industry vitality and economic prosperity in a community or region. Using survey data from directors of industrial development groups in 20 states, we test the hypothesis that growth promotion groups that actively maintain extensive connections are more successful in generating new jobs than more isolated organizations. Our findings provide evidence of the importance of external connections in community job creation while controlling for numerous other factors internal to the local industrial development groups themselves and several location features.
Government and Neighborhoods: Programs Promoting Community Development
Authors: Bartsch Charles
Published: March 2007

A transformed economy is the most critical issue facing communities of all sizes in many states, keenly affecting the quality of life in neighborhoods hit by the tangible effects of economic change—closed plants, lost jobs and reduced wages, and plummeting demand for local goods and services. Accordingly, promoting job creation and economic development activities has become a top priority for mayors and community leaders. This article looks at the components of the neighborhood economic development climate, and provides a snapshot analysis of the types of current public sector efforts to spur neighborhood development activities-such as development, financial assistance, and targeted development programs. It examines a number of federal and state policies and programs that have substantial impact on neighborhood-level economic development, and describes emerging public and private development tools being used in neighborhoods to stimulate new economic activity.
Ideas and Information: The Changing Role of States in Economic Development
Authors: Walton Marsha , Kraushaar Robert A.
Published: March 2007

The "new federalism" of the last two decades transferred many responsibilities and public services from the federal government to states, in particular, the responsibility for adapting to the economic recessions of the 1980s. In response, many states restructured the organization of their governments to compensate for declining federal involvement and set up new information systems to inform state decision making. This article suggests that the ability of states to adapt successfully to the rapidly changing economic conditions of the 1990s is contingent upon their ability to provide accurate, timely, and accessible information about their local and regional economies to public and business interests.
Appalachian Development after 25 Years: An Assessment
Authors: Widner Ralph R.
Published: March 2007

The Appalachian Regional Development Program has been in effect for 25 years. There has been some overall improvement in incomes, health, and employment, some of which can be attributed to the Regional Development Program. The Appalachian development highway system was authorized originally to open up the isolated core of the region and encourage economic development. That has not happened to the extent originally hoped for. Yet the system, even though it is still not complete, has helped restructure the settlement, employment, and commuting patterns of the region. The poor educational profile of the region will severely limit future economic improvement unless addressed intensely during this decade.
Hammers and their Use: Some Issues Involved in the Selection of Appropriate Tools for Public Policy Analysis
Authors: Swindell David , Rosentraub Mark S.
Published: March 2007

The magical aura which encases sports in our society continues to encourage cities to offer inducements to attract franchises. Now, even minor league franchises have become coveted assets by smaller cities seeking the same "glamour" that major league teams give larger cities. Smaller cities are seemingly mesmerized by the idea, "build it and they will come. " The "they" is the anticipated economic impact and benefits of the team. This article analyzed one city's decision by measuring the substitution effects and real growth impact of a team on the local economy. Given the tax structure in the community and the marginal impact of the team, the city and the private sector made the correct decision in not offering substantial inducements; net gains were too small for all concerned The small impact also suggests no natural constituency existed to support the needed investments. Finally, some have argued economic analyses are not the most important element in considering whether or not to invest in sports since baseball is a form of escapism and publicity. If these are valued ideas it remains for city councils and voters to decide if the ""Boys of Summer" really define a community's image, culture, placement in the fabric of American society, and the quality of life. Or; is a minor league baseball team simply an example of "big boys wanting big toys" at someone else's expense.
International Comparison of Household Income Inequalities and Redistribution Effect of Taxes
Authors: Zandvakili Sourushe
Published: March 2007

The Luxembourg Income Study data sets for 10 countries are used for an international comparison of inequality among households. Inequality in household income is measured using a number of measures to gauge the robust nature of our observations. In the process, pretax and posttax inequality in income are measured in order to learn about the nature of income tax progressivity in each country. The effects of household size on the measured inequality are discussed as well.
Evaluation of State Lender Commitment Programs
Authors: Hanson Gordon S.
Published: March 2007

States have been adopting a variety of economic intervention strategies intended to stimulate growth in the small business sector. This study uses an interrupted time-series analysis to test the hypothesis that growth in the small business establishment sector of a state's economy can be stimulated and sustained when lender commitment programs are in effect. These state-initiated loan packages are designed to extend the availability of capital to potential employment-generating enterprises by diffusing the risk among lenders and having the state assume a share of it. The findings provide only mixed support for this hypothesis. There is evidence that the programs do raise the level of economic activity in the short run, but a diminished rate of growth in small business establishments over time is also observed.
Bankers, Developers, and New Investment in Brownfield Sites: Environmental Concerns and the Social Psychology of Risk
Authors: Yount Kristen R. , Meyer Peter B.
Published: March 2007

The 1980 Superfund Act has severely retarded economic development efforts to renovate abandoned and underused lands and buildings by holding past and present landowners liable for environmental hazards on their properties. This article takes a look at some noneconomic factors shaping investor risk perception. We review risk characteristics such as uncertainty and uncontrollability, the workings of the availability heuristic (a critical psychological factor), and the social amplification of risk We apply findings and insights from the literature to property developers and financiers to better understand both their motivations and specific fears of brownfield opportunities. This review permits us to assess the opportunities available for public sector intervention to stimulate capital flows to brownfield locations. We conclude by recommending public sector efforts that could both improve the environmental status of old brownfield sites and stimulate new investment and economic development in locales suffering excessive capital flight.
Measuring State-Level Economic Development Programs, 1970-1992
Authors: Grant Don Sherman , Wallace Michael , Pitney William D.
Published: March 2007

This article provides a new method for measuring state-sponsored economic development programs. Using confirmatory factor analysis, the authors derive estimates for five supply-side and three demand-side policy packages, consistent with the theoretical framework proposed by Eisinger in The Rise of the Entrepreneurial State: State and Local Development in the United States. The authors provide state-level estimates of each policy dimension for the appropriate years between 1970 and 1992 that are amenable to a variety of state-level research designs. These estimates have advantages over other recent efforts to measure state economic development strategies.
Empowerment Zones: Picking the Winners
Authors: Boyle Robin
Published: March 2007

Empowerment zones (EZs) and enterprise communities (ECs) represent the flagship of the Clinton/Gore administration's urban policy. Almost 300 cities entered the competition for federal designation in June 1994, with 8 cities winning EZ status and 65 cities securing the second prize as ECs. The selection of cities involved an elaborate process of eligibility (based on population, size, and poverty criteria), submission of a detailed strategic plan, and then careful scrutiny by a federal interagency review panel. This commentary suggests that the eventual choice of winning cities in this latest federal sweepstakes may have been influenced as much by other, more traditional factors: geographical distribution, political opportunity, and the possibility of short-term program success. For information, the commentary is accompanied by a detailed listing of all urban EZs and ECs and the corresponding political context following the November 1994 elections.
Social Investment in Jobs: Foundation Perspectives on Targeted Economic Development during the 1990s
Authors: Giloth Robert
Published: March 2007

Dramatic changes in the U.S. urban labor markets have encouraged experimentation with development projects that explicitly combine poverty alleviation and economic development. A diverse set of jobs projects, which collectively might be called targeted economic development, emphasize the short-term provision of decent jobs through the integration of economic development, employment training, and human services. This review draws on recent foundation surveys, evaluation studies, and replication efforts to describe targeted economic development strategies such as employment brokering, sectoral interventions, human services employment, spatial mobility, capitalization/-enterprise development, and collaboration. Projects usually combine multiple strategies and are distinctively entrepreneurial, market oriented, networked, empowering, integrative, and community based. Many projects, however, exist in isolation, a product of committed, long-term entrepreneurship. Without a more supportive policy context and set of civic resources, the major effect of targeted economic development will not be fulfilled.
Identifying the Local Economic Development Impacts of Global Climate Change
Authors: Rubin Barry M. , Hilton Mark D.
Published: March 2007

The need to evaluate and plan for the region-specific economic development impacts of potential global climate change is receiving increasing attention. This article presents a method for estimating such consequences and the results of exploratory research that applies this method to determining the employment impacts in a recreationally based region. The research results demonstrate that climate variation over the past 20 years has had significant development impacts. For the Pere Marquette Watershed region of central-western Michigan, the analysis shows that employment in the construction; farming; finance, insurance, and real estate; manufacturing; residuals; services; trade; and transportation/utilities sectors of the region is sensitive to climate variation.
Do Business Tax Incentives Contribute to a Divergence in Economic Growth?
Authors: Goss Ernest P. , Phillips Joseph M.
Published: March 2007

A lack of detailed data on state tax incentive programs has limited the assessment of their economic impacts. However, in 1987, the Nebraska legislature, as part of its new business tax incentive initiative, required that the state Department of Revenue collect data on all business tax incentive agreements and report findings yearly. Nebraska’s legislative mandate produced a unique data set for assessing the impact of a business tax incentive program. Using these data, this article evaluates business tax incentives across Nebraska’s 93 counties during 1987 to 1995 and concludes that qualifying business investment (a) had a positive and statistically significant impact on economic growth for low-unemployment counties, (b) had no statistically significant impact on economic growth for high-unemployment counties, and (c) tended to be undertaken in areas with historically higher investment activity, thus contributing to greater economic performance differences among counties in the state.
“THAT'S OUR KIND OF CONSTELLATION”
Authors: DALTON SUSAN E. , BIELBY DENISE D.
Published: March 2007

Building on more than two decades offeminist analysis of the family, this article takes a neoinstitutionalist approach to examine some of the ways that sex, gender, and sexual orientation intersect in lesbianheaded two-parent families, affecting how they construct their roles as mothers. Institutionalist theory tends to de-emphasize how actors deliberately construct social arrangements such as parenting roles within the family. The authors' analysis of interviews from 14 lesbian mothers remedies this deficiency by focusing both on how they draw upon and transform institutionalized scripts, practices, and understandings of family roles and relations. Their findings reveal how these mothers reinscribed gendered understandings while simultaneously challenging heteronormative ones in their efforts to construct and maintain socially viable two-parent families.
CLASS, GENDER, AND PARENTAL VALUES IN THE 1990S
Authors: XIAO HONG
Published: March 2007

Previous research documents a persistent relationship between social class and parental values. Middle-class parents are more likely to emphasize autonomy, and working-class parents are more likely to stress conformity in children. More recent literature, however, suggests a gender difference in the effects of class on values. Feminist scholarship also claims a gender gap in fundamental value orientations. Drawing data from the U.S. sample in the World Values Survey, this research examines the intersections of class and gender as they influence parental values in the 1990s. The findings suggest that while social class continues to be a source of the valuation of autonomy and conformity in children, gender also conditions parental values. Specifically, women in advantaged social positions value autonomy much more than their male counterparts. Contrary to feminist theory, however, gender is not linked to care-oriented values. Sources and implications of the findings are discussed.
TURNING PUBLIC ISSUES INTO PRIVATE TROUBLES
Authors: BRYSON LOIS , McPHILLIPS KATHLEEN , ROBINSON KATHRYN
Published: March 2007

Residents living in the vicinity of lead smelters are subjected to particularly high levels of contamination from the toxic process of smelting. Yet, public health strategies currently promoted by state health authorities in Australia do not focus their major attention on stopping the contamination at its source. This article focuses on housecleaning regimes, largely implemented by women, aimed at stopping the toxic material from being ingested by children. Because the residential areas surrounding the smelters are degraded, their property value is low and, by and large, working-class families live there. As this article shows, the recommended cleaning regimes are embedded in social class and gender relations. Analysis of the implementation of the strategy and the historical context within which it is administered provides an example of a state gender regime, the state “doing” gender and class, and a lens through which to view contemporary gender and class relations.
WOMEN WORKERS IN THE MONDRAGON SYSTEM OF INDUSTRIAL COOPERATIVES
Authors: HACKER SALLY L. , ELCOROBAIRUTIA CLARA
Published: March 2007

A feminist analysis of the Basque Mondragon system of industrial cooperatives suggests that women fare somewhat better in cooperatives than in private firms in employment, earnings, and job security. Market phenomena and the family as basic economic unit affect women workers negatively, as does increasing professionalism in the technical core of the system. Similarities in gender stratification and segregation in capitalist, socialist, and cooperative workplaces call into question the ability of all three to deal adequately with gender equality. Full workplace democracy may depend on the distribution of goods and services based on need rather than work or the wage, socialization of homework and child care, degendering of technical and scientific knowledge, its dissemination as widely as possible throughout the workplace and the community, and the inclusion of all members of the community in major decisions. The article ends with modest suggestions for alleviating one pervasive problem in large industrial cooperatives—the concentration of technical and scientific skill among a few, primarily men.
THE PARADOX OF DEVIANCE IN ADDICTED MEXICAN AMERICAN MOTHERS
Authors: MOORE JOAN , DEVITT MARY
Published: March 2007

Two aspects of mothering—using drugs during pregnancy and giving up the rearing of one's children—are the focus of this analysis of 58 addicted Chicana mothers who spent their adolescent years in barrio gangs. From a traditional stance, such women were doubly deviant, since they violated gender-role prescriptions by joining a barrio gang and by becoming involved in heroin and street life. Half of these women added to this deviance by using heroin during pregnancy, and 40 percent relinquished at least one of their children. This article explores what distinguishes these classically “bad mothers” from addicts who maintain some degree of conventionality in their mothering. We found that Mexican gender-role traditionalism is not the only influence on these women. Many came from cholo or underclass families with a tradition of street involvement. In addition, their involvement in gang and heroin worlds may influence their behavior as mothers. We found that women who used drugs during pregnancy were more likely than abstainers to be cholas and to reject traditional gender-role values. However, those who gave up their children were more likely than those who kept their children to be from traditional families. We discuss the implications of these findings for research on deviance and the underclass among Hispanic women.
“OUR HEARTS ARE COLLECTIVELY BREAKING”:
Authors: LEE JANET
Published: March 2007

This article discusses teaching survivors of violence in an introductory women's studies course and addresses the pedagogical question of whether we are able to promote individual agency and empowerment effectively and, if so, how might we best go about it. Survivors spoke out in their journals and in the classroom about their experiences, shared feelings about empowerment, and assessed the ways and extent to which the course helped them to heal. I found that survivors benefited from being able to talk about their experiences and from being encouraged to place their personal experiences in a broader political context, but that a crucial component was the affirmation, validation, and solidarity they felt with each other in the classroom.
“A WAY OUTA NO WAY”:
Authors: THOMPSON BECKY WANGSGAARD
Published: March 2007

This article offers a feminist theory of eating problems (anorexia, bulimia, extensive dieting, and binging) based on life history interviews with African-American, Latina, and white women. Until recently, research on eating problems has focused on white middle-and upper-class heterosexual women. While feminist research has established why eating problems are gendered, an analysis of how race, class, and sexual oppression are related to the etiology of eating problems has been missing. The article shows that eating problems begin as strategies for coping with various traumas including sexual abuse, racism, classism, sexism, heterosexism, and poverty. Identifying eating problems as survival strategies shifts the focus from portraying them as issues of appearance to ways women take care of themselves as they cope with trauma.
“I NEVER DID ANY FIELD WORK, BUT I MILKED AN AWFUL LOT OF COWS!”
Authors: WRIGHT MAREENA McKINLEY
Published: March 2007

To redefine work as a concept, the author develops the theoretical contours of a multidimensional continuum model of women's work that moves away from older dual spheres models, using oral histories of older rural white women from Iowa and Missouri. Based on a grounded theory analysis, the author discusses three important dimensions of a continuum model of work: economic benefits, location, and time control characteristics. These dimensions tend to funnel women into multiple work strategies where they combine several labor options to maximize economic benefit. A multidimensional continuum model allows us to observe some of the mechanisms operating in women's labor decision-making process. It suggests new ways of thinking about women's life course patterns. By providing us with a definition of work that more accurately reflects observed experience, it casts doubt on some of our social policies, especially those regarding the care of children and the elderly.
FRATERNITIES AND COLLEGIATE RAPE CULTURE
Authors: BOSWELL A. AYRES , SPADE JOAN Z.
Published: March 2007

Social interactions at fraternities that undergraduate women identified as places where there is a high risk of rape are compared to those at fraternities identified as low risk as well as two local bars. Factors that contribute to rape are common on this campus; however, both men and women behaved differently in different settings. Implications of these findings are considered.
MATERNALISM AND POLITICAL MOBILIZATION
Authors: REESE ELLEN
Published: March 2007

Unlike other states, California retained a large proportion of the child care centers that had been established during World War II. In 1946, the California state government allocated state funds for child care in response to a vigorous child care campaign. The campaign, which was, in large part, a working mothers movement, was a “transformed maternalist” movement. It used maternalist rhetoric to defend state-subsidized child care that was criticized by more traditional maternalists. Using resource mobilization theory, I explain the relatively high degree of political mobilization on the child care issue in California in terms of the greater availability of co-optable social resources (i.e., potential supporters, campaign leaders, and communication networks), which California's relatively large wartime child care program provided, and the existence of movement entrepreneurs willing to mobilize these latent resources. Child care advocates were successful because they operated within a relatively favorable political opportunity structure since they did not have to contend with a strained state treasury or a mobilized countermovement and were able to garner the support of a wide variety of women's and social organizations and an influential social reformer.
THE POLITICS OF REPRODUCTIVE BENEFITS
Authors: KING LESLIE , MEYER MADONNA HARRINGTON
Published: March 2007

Recent changes in access to contraceptive and infertility treatments in the state of Illinois, and across the United States more generally, have heightened class cleavages in access to reproductive health care benefits in the United States. Using data gleaned from government testimonies, public documents, and telephone interviews, the authors found that poor women have broad access to contraceptive coverage but very little access to infertility treatments, while working-and middle-class women have increasingly broad coverage of infertility treatments but spare coverage of contraceptives. These findings suggest that while the extreme measures of the eugenics movement are less frequently in evidence, class differences in access to reproductive services lead to an equally dualistic, albeit unstated, fertility policy in the United States: encouraging births among working- and middle-class families and discouraging births among the poor, particularly those on Medicaid.
WHEN WORK DOESN'T WORK
Authors: McCRATE ELAINE , SMITH JOAN
Published: March 2007

Mandatory workfare has been the centerpiece of welfare reform in this decade. In 1992-94, there was a pitched legislative battle over mandatory workfare in Vermont. Feminist organizations mobilized to oppose the mandatory work requirement, producing data to substantiate the claims that women's jobs did not pay enough to purchase basic needs for their families, that unemployment remained a serious problem for single mothers, and that in states where workfare had already been adopted, it did not raise families out of poverty. Vermont's original bill was made less punitive for welfare recipients in some significant respects as a result of the debate.