bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mortality from all causes in patients with myocardial infarction with elevation of st segment depending on the type of reperfusion therapy (data of ryazan region, 2018-2020)
Authors: Parshikova Elena , Filippov Evgenii
Published: January 2021

Aim. To assess mortality from all causes in patients with past myocardial infarction with elevation of ST segment (STEMI) depending on the type of reperfusion therapy.
Materials and Methods. Of 1456 patients hospitalized with acute coronary syndrome with elevation of ST segment, 848 cases were randomly selected for analysis. Acquisition of information of the end point (death from any causes) continued within 18 months. The present data were obtained by 01.10.2020, median of observation was 20.8 [17.4;23.6] months.
Results. The highest 18-month mortality (42.3%) was seen in the group of patients who did not receive reperfusion therapy. With this, mortality rate for 30 days in the group of thrombolytic therapy (TLT) and in the group without reperfusion did not show any significant differences (20.3% vs 26.2%, р0.05). Hospital, 30-day, 12-month, 18-month mortality from all causes in the group of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) made 8.4, 10.6, 16.6 and 18.3%, respectively, and was significantly lower compared to the group who did not receive reperfusion (19.5, 26.2, 36.2 and 42.3%, respectively, р0,05). The most significant differences in the frequency of the end point were recorded on achievement of 18-month limit: in the group without reperfusion mortality was 42.3%, that was higher (р0.05) compared to the given parameter in the group with TLT (27.1%), PCI (18.3%) and TLT+PCI (13.1%).
Conclusion. During 18 months of observation, the lowest mortality from all causes was observed in the group with use of pharmacoinvasive approach and primary PCI, the highest mortality was in the group of patients who did not receive reperfusion therapy.
Evaluation of endothelial function, of elasticity of vessel wall and their influence on one-year prognosis of patients with myocardial infarction with obstructive and non-obstructive coronary arteries
Authors: Fomina Olga , Yakushin Sergey Stepanovich
Published: January 2021

Aim. To carry out comparative analysis of the state of the endothelial function (EF), elasticity of the vessel wall and their influence on one-year prognosis of patients with myocardial infarction (MI) with obstructive and non-obstructive coronary arteries (CA).
Materials and Methods. In the first stage, 206 patients were selected diagnosed with MI, of them 103 patients with MI with non-obstructive CA (MINOCA) according to the results of coronaroangiography, and 103 patients with MI with obstructive CA (MIOCA). Using the method of random numbers, 59 patients were selected (34 patients of the first group and 25 of the second group), in whom EF and elastic properties of the arterial wall were evaluated. Patients of both groups were initially comparable in age, gender, clinical and anamneustic characteristics, and also in frequency of application of the main groups of medical drugs that influence prognosis. One-year prognosis of the two groups of patients was studied depending on the presence/absence of functional and morphological alterations of the vessel wall.
Results. In evaluation of EF in patients MINOCA, the occlusion index by amplitude (OIA) below threshold values was recorded in 22 of 34 (64.7%) cases of MINOCA and in 22 of 25 (88.0%, р0.05) cases of MIOCA. Here, the average values of OIA were 1.7 (1.5; 2.3) and 1.4 (1.2; 1.8), respectively (р0.05). The values of phase shifts between the channels below the norm were equally frequent in two groups (88.2 and 88.0%, р0.05), and comparison of the average values of this parameter did not show any statistically significant difference. The calculated augmentation index normalized to the pulse rate 75 beats per minute (AIp75), in the study groups was 12.5 (9.9; 17.9) and 18.8 (12.9; 20.8), respectively (р0.05). Reduction of the elasticity of the vessel wall in the group with MINOCA was noted in 82.4% of patients, in the group MIOCA in 100% of cases (р0.05). No statistically significant differences were found in the frequency of cardiovascular events between the groups during a year (р0.05).
Conclusion. Functional alterations of the vessel wall (endothelial dysfunction and reduction of elasticity of the vessel wall) in patients with MINOCA were recorded almost in 2/3 of cases, however, their incidence in MIOCA was still higher (88.0%). The one-year prognosis in the study groups MINOCA and MIOCA showed no differences.
A case of successful surgical treatment of patient with rare vascular anomaly – hypoplasia of infrarenal abdominal aorta
Authors: Kharazov Alexander F. , Kul'bak V. A. , Basirova Naida Minatullaevna
Published: January 2021

Aim. To demonstrate a case of treatment of a patient with a rare vascular anomaly hypoplasia of infrarenal abdominal aorta.
On a clinical example of female patient U., 41 years of age, with critical ischemia of the lower limbs and diagnosis hypoplasia of the abdominal aorta made on the basis of the clinical and instrumental data, the manifestations, diagnostics and potentials of the successful surgical treatment of the given pathology were demonstrated.
Conclusion. Clinical manifestations of hypoplasia of the aorta depend on localization of the lesion and involvement of renal arteries. The commonest clinical sign is arterial hypertension and symptoms associated with the elevated arterial pressure. Hypoplasia of the aorta may also be manifested by hypertrophy of the upper limbs in combination with poor development of muscles of the lower limbs. More aged individuals present with arterial insufficiency leading to clinically significant ischemia of the lower limbs. Thus, in the case described, the patient already had ischemic trophic ulcers of the lower limbs. Without treatment, secondary arterial hypertension and cardiac failure may lead a patient to early death. Today, irrespective of the etiology, the only effective method of treatment of this disease is surgery. In case of our patient, resection of the hypoplastic segment of the aorta and its prosthetics were performed. This permitted to restore circulation in the lower parts of the body and further led to complete healing of trophic ulcers of the shin and to normalization of the systemic arterial pressure.
Improvement of results of surgical treatment of giant hernias of inguinofemoral region by choice of method of hernioplasty (clinical case)
Authors: Leonchenko S. V. , Stavtsev M. L.
Published: January 2021

Aim. Description of a clinical case pf patient K., 71 years old, as an illustration of the possibility to improve treatment of giant hernias in the inguinofemoral region. The patient was hospitalized with the diagnosis: bilateral giant irreducible inguinoscrotal hernia. The specificity of this case was implementation of the operation of hernioectomy from preperitoneal access with prosthetics of the posterior surface of the anterior abdominal wall with polypropylene (prolene) mesh on both sides. In a month after discharge from hospital the condition remained satisfactory, postoperative scar was normotrophic, testicles painless to palpation with a small amount of fluid in the dartos, skin of scrotum contracted.
Conclusion. Hernioectomy from preperitoneal access with prosthetics of the posterior surface of the anterior abdominal wall with polypropylene (prolene) mesh in patients with giant, irreducible and recurrent hernias possesses a number of peculiarities in comparison with traditional methods, since it permits: 1) to fix endoprosthesis to permanent anatomical structures with simultaneous repair of all the defects of the transverse fascia; 2) to operate outside the zone of scar tissue in recurrent hernias; 3) to perform an adequate revision of the organs of the hernial sack in irreducible hernias; 4) to perform operations on patients with distinct comorbid pathology and contraindications to general anesthesia.
Molecular-genetic bases of development of acute pancreatitis
Authors: Imaeva Alfiya , Nurgaleeva Alfiya Khamatyanovna , Gallyamova Lilia Fanilevna , Mustafin Tagir Islamnurovich , Safinova Leisen Sharifovna , Khusnutdinovna Elza Kamilevna
Published: January 2021

Acute pancreatitis is included into the three most common diseases of organs of the abdominal cavity following acute appendicitis and cholecystitis, with the middle share in this group of 10-16%. As before, acute pancreatitis is characterized by high morbidity and mortality. Many researchers confirm growth of severe forms of the disease with destructive changes in the pancreas.
Aim. A review of literature sources devoted to study of etiology, pathogenesis, classification, diagnosis and molecular-genetic bases of acute pancreatitis. Factors that play a role in development of the disease (episodes of infringement of the diet, cholelithiasis, vascular diseases, abuse of alcohol) are elucidated. Mechanisms of development of acute pancreatitis depending on the etiology, are described in detail, modern classification of acute pancreatitis is given. The main methods of diagnosis of the disease including both laboratory and instrumental ones, are described. Data of the methods of determination of severity of patients state based on evaluation of all the most important physiological systems, are presented. In terms of modern understanding of mechanisms of development of acute pancreatitis, the results of investigation of the probability for genetic predisposition to the studied disease are given that opens the ways for optimization of therapy and diagnosis. The results of both individual and large-scale genetic studies of acute pancreatitis are described. Research works with isolation of certain candidate genes whose protein products participate in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis, are presented.
Conclusion. A complex approach to diagnosis of acute pancreatitis with identification of different mutations in the studied genes, and also determination of the influence of epigenetic phenomena in the individuals of risk groups will permit to improve the results of the prophylactic, diagnostic and therapeutic activity in acute pancreatitis.
Extended therapy and secondary prevention of venous thromboembolic complications
Authors: Petrikov Alexei , Prostov I. I.
Published: January 2021

Venous thromboembolic complications (VTEC) are acute and time-limited diseases. However, the recurrence rate after a first episode of VTEC is high and potentially life-threatening. Developed deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and thromboembolism of pulmonary artery (TEPA) are inevitably associated with use of anticoagulant therapy (ACT). A peculiarity of the modern clinical management of patients with VTEC is determination of duration of ACT.
Aim. To study possibilities of prolonged anticoagulation therapy and secondary prevention of venous thromboembolic complications taking into consideration modern variants of drug therapy, on the basis of literature data.
Search for literature was conducted in Medline and Elibrary databases including materials published in 2020. Randomized clinical and observational studies and meta-analyses, concerning prolonged therapy and secondary prevention of VTEC with vitamin K antagonists (VKA), peroral anticoagulants (POAC), sulodexide and aspirin, were analyzed. As it is evidenced by patho-physiological and epidemiological data, risk of VTEC recurrence in most patients is not resolved after the first 6 months of treatment with anticoagulants. In such situations it is reasonable to prolong anticoagulation for an indefinite period of time. However, sometimes a limiting factor for prolonged therapy with anticoagulants is bleedings caused by prolonged anticoagulation, sometimes leading to lethal outcome. Therefore, duration of treatment in the long-term period after an acute episode may rest on the balance between the risk of development of recurrence of venous thrombosis and bleeding, evaluated with the help of scales. The main achievement of recent years regarding prolonged therapy and secondary prevention of VTEC, are POAC, which in fact are new and alternative drugs that permitted the emergence of serious evidential basis in the range of means for treatment of this category of patients, sulodexide drug has appeared characterized by the minimal rate of development of large and clinically significant bleedings.
Conclusion. The emergence of serious evidential basis for POAC with improved safety profiles, different pharmacokinetic profiles and dosage regimens, including sulodexide that has been actively used in recent years for secondary prevention of VTEC, will permit clinicians to differentially approach treatment of different clinical variants of venous thrombosis, to improve the results of therapy taking into account evaluation of the individual risk and comorbid diseases, and compliance of patients.
Method, Scale and Socio-Technical Networks: Problems of Standardization in Acid Rain, Ozone Depletion and Global Warming Research
Authors: Zehr Stephen C.
Published: January 2021

No abstract
Virtual Engineering
Authors: Landström Catharina , Whatmore Sarah J. , Lane Stuart N.
Published: January 2021

This paper discusses computer simulation modelling in the context of environmental risk management. Approaching computer simulation as practice, performed in networks of heterogeneous elements, we examine the modelling undertaken by engineering consultants commissioned to provide knowledge about local flood risk to the Environment Agency of England and Wales (EA), the public body responsible for flood risk management. We propose that this simulation modelling is best understood as a form of engineering, work geared to solving the problems of clients. It is also a ‘virtual’ activity, articulating risks and possibilities in the digital space of the computer. We find that this ‘virtual engineering’ is shaped by the demands and protocols of the EA, first, by the establishment of long-term contractual agreements for delivering knowledge and second, by an EA requirement to use particular software packages. Fashioned between long-term contracts and black-boxed software virtual engineering becomes stabilised as ‘the’ way in which knowledge about flood risk in actual localities is generated and, consequently, becomes ‘hard-wired’ into flood risk management in England.
The Entanglement of Gender and Physics
Authors: Götschel Helene
Published: January 2021

Research in an area that might be called gender and physics lies neither in the focus of science studies nor in the centre of gender studies. However, there is a rich tradition of interdisciplinary research that studies the entanglement of gender and physics from different perspectives. In this review article, I give a survey on this inadequately discussed research area by presenting selected examples of often-cited as well as internationally less known literature. Furthermore, I propose a systematisation of three different dimensions, comprising research on human actors, work place cultures, and knowledge production in physics. In so doing, I uncover some achievements and gaps of this interdisciplinary research. Following E. F. Keller (1995), I finally plea for a trading zone for scholars working on the entanglement of gender and physics.
Innovation Priorities for UK Bioenergy
Authors: Levidow Les , Papaioannou Theo , Borda-Rodriguez Alexander
Published: January 2021

UK bioenergy innovation pathways have been locked into current energy infrastructure through technological expectations, especially the reciprocal requirements of state bodies and industry. Over the past decade UK policy has given bioenergy an increasingly important role for decarbonising the energy system; technoscientific innovation has been expected to expand the range of biomass that can be sustainably converted to energy. Needing industry investment to fulfil its policy aims, the UK government has faced requirements to provide long-term support measures. Innovation priorities have been shaped by policy arrangements closely involving industry with state bodies. Their expectations for future benefits have mobilised resources for bioenergy innovation mainly as input-substitutes within current energy infrastructural patterns; novel path creation lies within a path dependence. Although technical progress has encountered difficulties and long delays, expectations for economic and environmental benefits have built support, while conflating national benefits with private-sector interests. Through such expectations, innovation priorities wishfully enact some desired futures from among those which had been advocated in policy documents.
How the Croatian Daily Press Presents Science News
Authors: Šuljok Adrijana , Vuković Marija Brajdić
Published: January 2021

Research into media representations of science is widespread and well-established in scientifically and technologically highly developed countries. However, very little is known about the characteristics of media reporting of science in transition countries, which are only just beginning to recognize the importance of research into the relationship between science, the media and the public. In this study, using content analysis of the daily newspapers with the largest circulations in Croatia (Jutarnji list and Večernji list) we researched the quantity and quality of media reporting of science. We link them to the characteristics of the Croatian media (tabloidization, the erosion of professional criteria) and the wider social context from which they stem. Our findings have shown poor representation of science news in the daily press as well as a low level of trustworthiness, especially in reporting biomedical news.
Meta-Analysis, Ideals of Objectivity, and the Reliability of Medical Knowledge
Authors: Jukola Saana
Published: January 2021

This paper focuses on the ideals of scientific objectivity as they emerge in discussions concerning meta-analyses and medical research. Stegenga (2011) has argued that meta-analyses fail to be objective because conducting them involves making judgments. I show that his reasoning is based on the so-called procedural ideal of objectivity, which can be questioned: this ideal is unattainable and does not capture some of the problematic issues of medical research. By introducing a case in research on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, I demonstrate why the so-called social view on objectivity succeeds better in accommodating 1) the way in which scientific research necessarily involves judgments, 2) the possible risks involved in research, and 3) the influence that the institutional context has on research activities. Adopting this ideal of objectivity helps us better appreciate the virtues of meta-analyses and pinpoint which practices threaten the reliability of meta-analyses’ results.
Public Discourse on Stem Cell Research in Russia
Authors: Polyakova Valentina , Fursov Konstantin , Thurner Thomas
Published: January 2021

This paper studies the evolution of the media discussion surrounding stem cell research in Russia from 2001 until the issuance of the first national law in 2016 and its impact on stem cell’s ‘social career’ in the public discourse in Russia. It analyses how the interaction of different media frames stigmatized either the biomedical technology, or the expert community. It is argued that the regulatory framework in Russia lags behind technological developments in the country and mostly reacts to signs of fraudulent actions from drug makers or practitioners. Moral issues, in contrast to the international discourse, have been not the main reason in Russia.
Sisäilma ja identiteetit: Identiteettityö työpaikan sisäilmaongelmien kontekstissa
Authors: Finell Eerika , Suoninen Eero , Seppälä Tuija
Published: January 2021

Sisäilmaongelmien yhteys erilaisiin terveysongelmiin on edelleen osittain kiistanalainen. Tämä voi vaatia sisäilmasta oireilevilta tai sairastuneilta tavallista intensiivisempää identiteettityötä. Analysoimme tässä tutkimuksessa diskurssianalyyttisestä näkökulmasta, millaisia erilaisia identiteettejä vastaajat tuottivat, kun he kirjoittivat kokemuksistaan työpaikkansa sisäilmaongelmista. Esseeaineisto oli kerätty Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran kautta (N=20 vastaajaa). Tunnistimme kuusi erilaista identiteettiä, joissa kussakin kirjoittaja haki eri tavoin moraalista tunnustusta itselleen: normaali yksilö, hyvä ihminen, rationaalinen toimija, oikeutettu uhri, kärsimyksen viisastama ja yhteisten oikeuksien ajaja.  Identiteetit erottuivat toisistaan sen mukaan, kuinka eroa sairastuneen ja terveiden välille rakennettiin, korostiko kirjoittaja niissä yksilöllisiä ominaisuuksia vai ryhmäjäsenyyksiä, kuinka heikkoja tai vahvoja toimijuuksia identiteetit tarjosivat ja mitä erilaisia stigmoja niillä pyrittiin torjumaan. Sama vastaaja saattoi tuottaa useaa erilaista identiteettiä, ja identiteettityötä leimasi tasapainottelu niiden eri muotojen välillä. Sisäilmaongelmista kärsivien potilaiden kunnioittava kohtaaminen edellyttää terveydenhoitohenkilökunnalta ymmärrystä potilaiden haastavasta identiteettityöstä ja niistä stigmoista, joita identiteettityöllä pyritään torjumaan.
Ramus virens olivarum
Authors: Ockenström Lauri
Published: January 2021

Pääkirjoitus
Radiohiiliajoituksen mahdollisuuksia ja ongelmia keskiaikaisten puuveistosten ajoituksessa
Authors: Vuola Katri , Immonen Visa
Published: January 2021

Radiohiiliajoitusta ei ole juuri käytetty keskiaikaisten veistosten tai alttarikaappien ajoittamiseen Suomessa. Luonnontieteellisten menetelmien hyödyntäminen kuvanveiston tutkimuksessa avaa kuitenkin uusia näköaloja. Samaan aikaan on tärkeä muistaa, että taidehistoriallisten objektien materiaalisen kokonaisuuden ymmärtäminen edellyttääradiohiiliajoitustulosten yhdistämistä ja vertailua perinteisin taidehistoriallisin menetelmin tuotettuihin ajoituksiin. Esittelemme tässä artikkelissa Raision kirkon keskiaikaisen krusifiksin sekä Korppoon Jurmon kappelissa säilyneen relikvaarioksi tai rauhantauluksi tulkitun puuesineen radiohiiliajoitusten tuloksia, sekä kerromme radiohiiliajoittamisen periaatteista, virhelähteistä ja tulosten tulkinnan monimutkaisuudesta. Tutkimuksen kohteena olleista esineistä otetut näytteet ajoitettiin AMS-radiohiiliajoitusmenetelmällä ja näin saatu radiohiili-ikä korjattiin IntCal20-kalibrointikäyrän avulla. Tulkintamme mukaan Raision krusifiksin radiohiiliajoitus vahvistaa aiempia, veistoksen muotoon, tyyliin sekä kirkon oletettuun valmistumisaikaan sidottuja tulkintoja, kun taas Jurmon esineen tapauksessa analyysitulokset asettuvat ristiriitaan aiemman esineen muodon ja kuva-aiheiden analyysiin perustuvan käsityksen kanssa.
Principles of structured risk management in rock engineering
Authors: Spross Johan
Published: January 2021

This article, based on a keynote lecture given at the Finnish Rock Mechanics Day 2019, discusses how structured risk management can be implemented to rock engineering projects. The suggested procedure is based on ISO 31000 and a recently published methodology for practical implementation of the standard to geotechnical engineering projects. The main message is that structured risk management is a key tool to achieve high-quality rock engineering structures. A key component for many projects will be the use of the observational method to cost-effectively reduce the lack of knowledge of the ground conditions during construction of the facility.
Microfinance banks and growth of micro, small and medium enterprises in emerging economies: Evidence from Nigeria
Authors:   ", Akinadewo Israel S. ,   Department of Management & Accounting Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria"
Published: January 2021

This study examined the nexus between microfinance banks and the growth of micro, small and medium enterprises in Nigeria. Research design method through a self-administered questionnaire to respondents was adopted for the study. The respondents comprise the microfinance banks’ management and staff and micro, small and medium business entrepreneurs, in Lagos State, the commercial hub of Nigeria. The targeted population of this study was 250 with 223 validly responded. The study tested two hypotheses using logit regression analysis. The hypothesis one shows that the null hypothesis is rejected with the acceptance of the alternate that the microfinance banks in Nigeria channelled their resources to the intended target (t-calculated of 8.181 is greater than t-tabulated of 0.000 at 5% level of significance). The findings further showed that a significant positive relationship exists between microfinance banks, proxied by Small Scale Financial Services (SSFS); Financial Sustainability (FST); Absence of Assets-based Collateral (AAC); and Advisory Services (ADS) and the growth of micro, small and medium enterprises in Nigeria. This implies that any upward movement in the services of microfinance banks will enhance the growth of MSMEs. This is further affirmed with the t-calculated of 6.540 > t-tabulated of 0.000 at 5% level of significance. Thus, rejecting the null hypothesis two and accepting that there is significant positive link between microfinance banks and MSMEs in Nigeria. This study then recommended among others, the need for government to put in place, a strong and more effective team comprises of all stakeholders, to ensure that the microfinance banks do not derail from their primary responsibility of sustaining funding for the MSMEs.
Factors influencing staff motivation in organised retail sector in Kolkata, India
Authors:   IISWBM, Kolkata, India, Das Gairik , Dutta Sohini ,   IISWBM, Kolkata, India
Published: January 2021

Purpose of Research: The present paper studies the effectiveness of the factors in motivating the employees working in the retail industry. It also analyses the perception of the employees about the effectiveness of the factors influencing staff motivation and the difficulties faced by them in their workplace and their opinions on being better off. This study is very crucial in present day context as competition in retailing is getting steeper. Particularly after the economic slowdown in a highly volatile economic environment, retailers must analyse the factors affecting their employee motivation. Methodology: In this study, the researchers have tended to highlight the positivist philosophical approach. The research has been carried through the survey done on the staffs of operations and sales team of some top organised retailers in Kolkata by a standardised questionnaire, blended with open ended and close ended questions. It also delves into the effect of demographics and psychology of the staffs and their perception about the factors influences their motivation level in the workplace, by using various statistical tools like Chi-Square Test, Cronbach’s Alpha and Factor Analysis in the study. Findings: Reward and Recognition structure and Cash Benefit structures are the most influential factors in motivating the staffs to work in retail sector, closely followed by Career growth opportunities. Again, the Incentive structure influences the staff motivation to perform better in sales. Practical Implications and Conclusions: The components give an unadulterated and fulfilling experience to the staffs which makes them feel good about their work and also make them feel hopeful in order to make betterment in their career. These leads to positively influencing the motivation level of the staffs in the retail industry. This leads to better performance from the staffs in both quality and quantity. This also reduces employee turnover. This helps in maintaining a healthy environment work balance with a healthy relationship between the staffs and the management, in the retail sector. This in turn helps the retail sector to grow and prosper.
Coexistence of wildlife with modern tourism: the context of Bangladesh
Authors:   Tourism and Hospitality Management Daffodil International University, Bangladesh, Sultana Sharmin , Islam Majharul ,   Tourism and Hospitality Management Daffodil International University, Bangladesh, Arabi Sk Zahin ,   Tourism and Hospitality Management Daffodil International University, Bangladesh
Published: January 2021

Wildlife is an essential element of our environment for the ecosystem to maintain the ecological balance. Tourism is also a crucial factor for the development of our infrastructure, economy, and social well-being. Tourism plays a positive role in our economy by directly and indirectly involving different industries and generating revenues, but tourism also plays a different role to the society and the environment as more people cause more pollution. The industry of domestic tourism has been on bloom before covid-19. As nature recalls the natural resources are now better than before. Various occasions are counted, and important measures are taken into account. It also shows how the industries are harming the wildlife situations alongside the locals in those selected areas. The aim of this study is to find a way to establish a sustainable tourism specially giving emphasis on wildlife. This research goes deep with the altercation of human thinking as a local and also as a tourist. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire survey from 140 respondents following a random sampling method. SPSS software was used for data analysis. The statistical findings reveal that tourists are indirectly involved with reduction of wildlife species in Bangladesh. The industry of domestic tourism has been on bloom before covid-19. As nature recalls the natural resources are now better than before. Various occasions are counted, and important measures are taken into account. It also shows how the industries are harming the wildlife situations alongside the locals in those selected areas. The findings of this study might help reshape the tourism industry and find ways for coexisting of wildlife with modern tourism.
China’s engagements on the african continent: interrogating its true mission and objectives on the continent
Authors:   University of Limpopo, South Africa, Mamokhere John
Published: January 2021

China’s engagement(s) throughout the African continent has met with mixed reactions from academics, politicians, civil society, and interest groups. In that regards, this paper questions the link between China-Africa, if this is a new form of colonialism or is China kind to the continent. Thus, this paper examines whether the debates regarding the nature of the China-Africa relations can be qualified or categorized as a new form of colonialism approach or not. Also, the paper analyzes the perception of academics, politicians, civil society and interested groups about the implications towards the China-Africa economic cooperation and explains whether China is taking advantage of the weak African states in the name of South-South cooperation or playing the role of a contemporary substitute of the old colonial system. The paper has adopted an Afrocentricity theory as a lens sometimes referred as a theory of social change that is initiated and better clarified by Asante Molefi Kete (1980 and 2003). Afrocentricity is an approach to the study of world history that focuses on the history of people of recent African descent. To achieve the aims of this paper, the author(s) benefited from Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) of secondary data covering China’s economic engagements in Africa. Conceptually, it is found that China has a large influence in Zambia over the mining industry. It is affirmed that China’s investments in the mining sector control over 88%. Therefore, it is concluded in this paper that China’s presence on the African continent presents equal opportunities (economic development, e.g., employment creation) and threats (loss of Sovereignty, employment exploitation). Thereafter, this paper recommends that African governments should be pro-active in order to exploit the potential opportunities. The paper also recommends that there should be an economic win-win cooperation as per China’s African Policy (2006), which implies that there should be a mutual benefit.
The interaction of employee trust & ethical decision making
Authors:   University of Dundee, UK, Fragouli Evangelia
Published: January 2021

Trust is seen to include both emotional and cognitive dimensions and to function as a deep assumption underwriting social order. In the past three decades, the importance of trust in the workplace & its influence on organizational performance has been recognized by research scholars, and practitioners. This research paper aims to examine the impact of employee trust on leaders' ethical decision-making. This study applies literature review method to address the above subject showing that the impact of employee trust on leaders’ ethical decision-making relates to organizational aspects, as well as personal characteristics of leaders. Consideration of organizational aspects include performance, effective communication, and organizational culture. The personal aspects relate to leadership self-certification, guilt, rational attitude, leader learning, and moral model. Further, this study suggests that employee trust enhances e& & motivates leaders to make ethical decisions. However, organizational culture and leadership personal characteristics may have a negative impact on ethical decision-making. This study suggests that organizations could make collective decisions on major issues to reduce the impact of these negative factors on ethical decision-making.
THE DRIVERS OF RURAL ACCOMMODATION DEVELOPMENT IN ROMANIA: A PRELIMINARY STUDY – PART 2
Authors: POP Cornelia , GEORGESCU Maria-Andrada
Published: January 2021

The present paper continues the work of Pop et al. (2019) on what concerns the drivers of rural accommodation development in Romania. The study covers the same period: 2005 to 2019. This study introduces a new factor / driver: the accessibility of communes via the national and county road network. Similar to the findings of Pop et al. (2019), the 2008 and 2012 ranks were established based on the existing tourist attractions. The 2012 rank is strongly influenced by 2008 ranks and, under the present study, by accessibility. Though, the influence of both ranks on lodgings (both under NIS and MoT data) remains weak to very weak hence suggesting the need to introduce new factors in order to explain the lodging development in rural areas.
JEL classification: L83
A Narrow Breathing Space. The Issue of Prisoners in Bishop János Vásárhelyi’s Correspondence between 1944 and 1945
Authors: BENKŐ Levente
Published: January 2021

In his study, the author focuses on analysing how the issue of war prisoners and of Reformed civilians dragged away from their homes is presented in the correspondence of Bishop János Vásárhelyi, the leader of the Reformed Church District of Transylvania. He also discusses the steps the bishop could take to obtain the release of the captives.
The author lists a number of examples illustrating the measures implemented in September 1944 at first by the Hungarian military authorities leaving northern Transylvania and then by the Romanian and Soviet military authorities marching in and whisking along Hungarian ecclesiastical personalities and also members of the congregation.
One can find out from the study the efforts Bishop János Vásárhelyi made to convince the Hungarian authorities to release the members of Romanian Greek Catholic and Orthodox high clergy they had in their custody, and afterwards how he attempted to obtain the release of the Reformed Church’s clergymen, teachers, and professors and also of one of his family members imprisoned by the Romanian authorities in Romanian lagers.
Furthermore, the study points out the fact that in that period many Hungarians who were transported to the Soviet Union in large prisoner trains via Kolozsvár/Cluj asked for help too, and the bishop tried to help within the narrow margins and with the few means that he had.
The Romanian Peace Movements as Ecumenical Initiatives Reflected in “Református Szemle”
Authors: LUKÁCS Olga
Published: January 2021

The Bucharest Conference convened by Iustinian, the Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church, on 23 June 1949 marked the starting point of meetings between the leaders of the Christian and non-Christian faiths in the country, and, according to the higher orders, these conferences took place annually during the communist period that followed, also being known as “peace conferences”. At the first conference, representatives of seven Christian denominations and those of the Jewish and Muslim communities signed a statement expressing their appreciation of religious freedom built on popular democracy and affirmed the equality of the various churches.
In this “local ecumenism” that was prescribed by the state, the interconfessional conferences of the Orthodox and Protestant theology professors, which started in 1964 and alternately took place in Bucharest, Cluj, and Sibiu, proved to be very important.
The topics of discussions at these conferences were theological issues; there was a forced search for aspects linking the two churches, and the guidelines pre-scribed for the churches by the state apparatus were also introduced.
This study analyses the nature of the conference topics, namely the political implications by which “they wanted or had to please the state”. The conference presentations are even more significant as they served as a basis for the annual training of priests and ministers, and the studies were published in the scientific journals of the churches as well.
History, Local Stories, and Power Dynamics: The Changes of the 20ᵗʰ Century and the Counts of Bethlen of Bonyha/Bahnea
Authors: SZABÓ Árpád Töhötöm
Published: January 2021

The Bethlens acquired an estate in Bonyha/Bahnea located by Kis-Küküllő/ Târnava Mică River at the turn of the 16ᵗʰ century, but their presence can be documented with certainty starting 1545: they remodelled their manor-house the very same year. However, the over 400-year-old local history of the family took a sudden turn and was almost completely disrupted in 1946 and the sub-sequent years as being moved to an assigned residence. Apart from the introduction and some theoretical and methodological considerations, this study is divided into three parts and aims both at tracing what the 400 years meant, the role of the family in the life of the village, and the area and the macro - and microprocesses that accompanied the liquidation of the family’s estate in Bonyha. Finally, the most important part of the paper attempts to examine the way in which the Bethlens are still present in the life of the village. This study starts from the premises that the major political events (wars, regime changes, border changes) represent the environment of everyday life, and people should react to these apparently external and remote conditions in order to shape their own day-to-day horizons. In this context, the seemingly objective statement that an agrarian reform took place in the year 1921 meant for the Bethlen family of Bonyha the first stage in the tragic process towards the liquidation of the estate and ultimately the family’s disappearance. Thus, this study analyses the dynamic interrelationship between macro history and the small, local stories.
Ethnicity, Confession, Nation – The Development of Concepts in the History of Transylvania in Religious Life
Authors: CHIRILĂ Ioan
Published: January 2021

The church has had to accept the national division of Europe since the Middle Ages and adapt to this situation. This issue is relatively unclear in the case of Transylvania. N. Iorga stated about the Orthodox Christian conscious-ness that “it was so strong that it hindered the creation of a strong national consciousness”, and this would allow us to see in the ecclesiastical organization a form of expression of unitary organization of Romanian ethnicity in Transylvania. The time of Transylvanian principalities and voivodeships shows us that most often the ecclesiastical leaders were also the political leaders (see the case of Prince Andrew Báthory who was Archbishop of Warmia – Poland); so, the two concepts of ethnicity and confession reflected the same historical reality during those times. The two concepts will become separated only later, after the emergence of confessions other than the Eastern rite. In support of our statement, we have the correspondence between the Hungarian kings and officials and the papacy. Before dealing with these perspectives, we shall pin down the terminology to grant the reader the possibility to understand the historical situations through a kind of thinking marked by the imprint of the Holy Scripture.
Religion and Identity – Anthropological Guiding Lines
Authors: BUZALIC Alexandru
Published: January 2021

The human being is homo religiosus through his ability to experience the sacred, laying special emphasis on the meaning of existence of all things, expressed afterwards in a metaphysical interpretation concealed behind symbolic-religious language. One of the most important processes of integration into reality is self-identification as a person and gaining a group identity –processes that take different shapes over the history of human existence. The formation of state entities has always been preceded by a process of creating a social identity that manifests itself through the spiritual life materialized in culture and religion. These processes have led to the birth of mediaeval states and then to the shaping of modern Europe, necessary to the deconstructions and reconstructions in the inter-war time. These processes are also visible today during cultural globalization. What we need is a critical approach on unity in diversity that characterizes humanity in history and that will shape the future evolution of humanity.
”Olimme kaikki osallisia ´kaipuun sakramentista´”. Ehtoollinen ja kirkkoherrojen kokemukset Suomen evankelis-luterilaisessa kirkossa koronakeväänä 2020
Authors: Kallatsa Laura , Mikkola Sini
Published: January 2021

Keväällä 2020 Suomi siirtyi poikkeusoloihin COVID-19-epidemian vuoksi. Maailmanlaajuinen pandemia vaikutti myös Suomen evankelis-luterilaisen kirkon jumalanpalveluselämään. Myös kristikunnan suurinta juhlaa, pääsiäistä, vietettiin poikkeusoloissa. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastelemme ensiksi, missä määrin ja millä tavoin ehtoollisjumalanpalveluksia toteutettiin seurakunnissa keväällä 2020, erityisesti pääsiäisenä. Toiseksi kysymme, millaisin prosessein seurakunnissa päätettiin ehtoollisen viettämisestä tai viettämättä jättämisestä. Kolmanneksi tutkimme, millä tavoin kirkkoherrat (N=141) kokivat pääsiäisajan ehtoollisjumalanpalvelusten viettämisen tai niiden puuttumisen.  

Empiirinen tutkimusaineistomme kerättiin sähköisellä kyselylomakkeella. Päätutkimusmenetelmämme on aineistolähtöinen induktiivinen sisällönanalyysi. Laadullisen analyysin tukena käytämme määrällistä tutkimusotetta. Tutkimuksemme teoreettisena selkänojana ovat seurakuntien toiminnan digitalisoitumista sekä yhteyden kokemista, osallisuutta ja läsnäoloa tarkastelevat tutkimukset (esim. Joenperä 2013; Berger 2018). 

Tutkimuksemme mukaan kevään 2020 poikkeusoloilla oli merkittävät vaikutukset seurakuntien jumalanpalveluselämään, etenkin ehtoollisen viettämiseen. Yli puolessa seurakuntia ehtoollista ei vietetty lainkaan poikkeusolojen aikana, ei edes pääsiäisenä. Ehtoollista pääsiäisenä viettäneet kirkkoherrat kuvailivat kokemuksiaan varioivasti, kun taas ehtoollista viettämättömät sanoittivat tunteitaan ja kokemuksiaan selvästi homogeenisemmin. Erityisesti kaipauksen ja yhteyden teemat korostuivat. Tutkimukseemme osallistuneiden kirkkoherrojen kokemukset ja tunteet eivät ole ainoastaan yksityisiä ja henkilökohtaisia, vaan niihin linkittyy vahva sosiaalinen ulottuvuus. Useimmat kirkkoherrat tahtoivat kulkea yhteisrintamassa koko seurakunnan kanssa, minkä vuoksi pienelle, rajatulle joukolle tarkoitettuja ehtoollisia ei valtaosin haluttu järjestää. Sen sijaan seurakunnat pyrkivät vahvistamaan seurakunnan yhteyttä esimerkiksi panostamalla jumalanpalvelusten striimaamiseen eli suoratoistoon.
PERSEPSI DAN MOTIVASI DIGITAL NOMAD BERWISATA DI DESA TIBUBENENG, CANGGU, KUTA UTARA
Authors: Mulyana Cipta , Sudana I Putu , Wikanatha Sagita Putu Agus
Published: January 2021

Bali as an international tourism destination has many tourist attractions, one of which is Canggu. In 2018 nomadlist.com released that Canggu was chosen as the best destination for digital nomads. A new tourist trend has emerged where tourists who work outside the office and complete their work using electronic media such as laptops and internet connections in a coworking space and conduct tourism activities called digital nomads. This research was conducted to determine the Perceptions and Motivations of Digital Nomad travelling in Tibubeneng Village, Canggu village, Badung Regency, Bali. This research was conducted by using questionnaires to digital nomad in several coworking spaces in Tibubeneng Village, Canggu, in addition to distributing questionnaires to the nomads conducted open observation and interviews with several nomads and coworking space staff to complete the data.The results showed that the majority of digital nomads visiting Tibubeneng Village,  Canggu were from Australia and Europe, most of whom worked as entrepreneurs. The indicator on the perception that gets the highest score is hospitality from the digital nomad while the indicator that gets the lowest response is the road conditions to Tibubeneng Village, Canggu. On the motivation indicator, physical motivation gets the highest score from a digital nomad while the motivation with the lowest score is showing prestige.
К вопросу о понятии «межрегиональные взаимодействия» в пространственной экономике
Authors: Худяков Владимир
Published: January 2021

В статье исследуется проблема использования понятий «межрегиональные взаимодействия», «межрегиональное сотрудничество», «межрегиональные связи» и «межрегиональные отношения». С точки зрения автора разграничение вышеуказанных понятий, придание их соотношениям определенного схематического и структурного вида, определение их иерархичности, взаимосвязи и взаимовлияния позволит в дальнейшем облегчить описание в экономических дисциплинах определенных процессов, протекающих в жизнедеятельности регионов в рамках их сотрудничества с другими субъектами. The article analyzes the existing formulations of the concept “interregional interaction”. Currently, the relevance of inter-regional interactions studies has received a new impulse, but until today there is no definite and clear formulation of “inter-regional interactions” concept. Due to it, there is a problem of law enforcement of this definition in conducting researches with-in the frame of interregional relationships. As a result, in this article, the invested semantic loads in the phrase “interregional interaction”, the consistency and accuracy of this definition usage in the study of socio-economic characteristics in the frame of interregional interaction are explored. In fact, at this stage of the researches, different authors have different points of view and different approaches in the usage of such concepts as inter-regional cooperation, interregional relations and interregional contacts. In that context, appears the question: is it correct men-tioned above formulations regard as synonyms? Are they de-pendent or independent of each other, consistent or inconsistent with common features and properties? Do they refer to one cate-gory or each of these concepts has its own distinctive features and carries out a separate semantic load? What allows us to say that these concepts are different and should not be used in any way as interchangeable definitions? As a result of the studies, comparison and study of various interpretations and approaches to the con-cept of “interregional interaction”, the author’s view is introduced into the relationship and interrela-tion of interregional interaction with the concepts of “interregional cooperation”, “interregional con-tacts” and “interregional relations”. Their conditionality and validity of the application in the descrip-tion of certain socio-economic relations between regions are considered. From the point of view of the author, the distinction between the above concepts, giving them a certain schematic and structural rela-tionship, determining their hierarchy and interaction will further facilitate the understanding of certain processes occurring in the daily and future life of the regions as part of their cooperation. Based on the review and analysis, the author introduces the wording of the notion “interregional interaction”.