bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Importance of Research on Alternatives to Animal Experiments in Pharmaceutical Sciences
Authors: Ohno Yasuo
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanoparticle‐Based Photorefractive Polymers
Authors: Li Xiangping , Chon James W. M. , Gu Min
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Antiviral Activity of an Acidic Polysaccharide from an Edible Blue‐Green Alga, Nostoc flagelliforme
Authors: Kanekiyo Kenji , Hayashi Kyoko , Lee Jung‐Bum , Takenaka Hiroyuki , Hayashi Toshimitsu
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Technologies for Probing Embryonic Development
Authors: Shestopalov Ilya A. , Chen James K.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Human Oxygen Sensing Machinery and Its Manipulation
Authors: Chowdhury Rasheduzzaman , Hardy Adam , Schofield Christopher J.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Small Molecule Inhibition of Microbial Natural Product Biosynthesis — An Emerging Antibiotic Strategy
Authors: Cisar Justin S. , Tan Derek S.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Four‐Stranded Nucleic Acids: Structure, Function and Targeting of G‐Quadruplexes
Authors: Huppert Julian Leon
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Elucidation with NMR Spectroscopy: Practical Strategies for Organic Chemists
Authors: Kwan Eugene E. , Huang Shaw G.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Elucidation of Pimarane and Isopimarane Diterpenoids: The 13C NMR Contribution
Authors: Seca Ana M. L. , Pinto Diana C. G. A. , Silva Artur M. S.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Determination of the Absolute Configurations of Chiral Molecules Using Vibrational Circular Dichroism (VCD) Spectroscopy
Authors: Stephens Philip J. , Devlin Frank J. , Pan Jian‐Jung
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
NMR and the uncertainty principle: How to and how not to interpret homogeneous line broadening and pulse nonselectivity. IV. (Un?)certainty
Authors: Szántay Csaba
Published: September 2008

Following the treatments presented in Parts I, II, and III, I herein address the popular notion that the frequency of a monochromatic RF pulse as well as that of a monochromatic FID is “in effect” uncertain due to the (Heisenberg) Uncertainty Principle, which also manifests itself in the fact that the FT‐spectrum of these temporal entities is spread over a nonzero frequency band. I will show that the frequency spread should not be interpreted as “in effect” meaning a range of physical driving RF fields in the former, and “spin frequencies” in the latter case. The fact that a shorter pulse or a more quickly decaying FID has a wider FT‐spectrum is in fact solely due to the Fourier Uncertainty Principle, which is a less well known and easily misunderstood concept. A proper understanding of the Fourier Uncertainty Principle tells us that the FT‐spectrum of a monochromatic pulse is not “broad” because of any “uncertainty” in the RF frequency, but because the spectrum profile carries all of the pulse's features (frequency, phase, amplitude, length, temporal location) coded into the complex amplitudes of the FT‐spectrum's constituent eternal basis harmonic waves. A monochromatic RF pulse's capability to excite nonresonant magnetizations is in fact a purely classical off‐resonance effect that has nothing to do with “uncertainty”. Analogously, “Lorentzian lineshape” means exactly the same thing physically as “exponential decay,” and all inferences as to the physical reasons for that decay must be based on independent assumptions or observations. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 32A: 373–404, 2008.
Theoretical analysis of the competition ligand‐based NMR experiments and selected applications to fragment screening and binding constant measurements
Authors: Dalvit Claudio
Published: September 2008

Competition ligand‐based NMR experiments have recently emerged as a powerful approach for fragment‐based screening in the drug discovery process. The robustness and reliability of these methodologies result in the identification of only specific binding ligands. In addition, the experiments, when properly performed, provide a quantitative measure of the affinity of the identified hits for the receptor. This is relevant for ranking the molecules according to their binding strength to the biomolecular target and for building a meaningful structure activity relationship (SAR) table. Several NMR experiments have been proposed for this purpose. The theory at the base of these different competition ligand‐based NMR experiments is analyzed in detail and several simulations with experimental conditions typically used in the NMR screening experiments are reported. Most of the presented theory applies also to the direct ligand‐based NMR screening experiments. In addition, the strategy for deriving the binding constant of the molecules is described, and selected applications to relevant drug discovery projects are presented. Finally, a novel sensitive NMR screening experiment that combines WaterLOGSY and transverse relaxation effects is proposed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 32A: 341–372, 2008.
Is quantum mechanics necessary for understanding magnetic resonance?
Authors: Hanson Lars G.
Published: September 2008

Educational material introducing magnetic resonance (MR) typically contains sections on the underlying principles. Unfortunately the explanations given are often unnecessarily complicated or even wrong. MR is often presented as a phenomenon that necessitates a quantum mechanical explanation whereas it really is a classical effect, i.e. a consequence of the common sense expressed in classical mechanics. This insight is not new, but there have been few attempts to challenge common misleading explanations, so authors and educators are inadvertently keeping myths alive. As a result, new students' first encounters with MR are often obscured by explanations that make the subject difficult to understand. Typical problems are addressed and alternative intuitive explanations are provided. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 32A: 329–340, 2008.
High‐affinity Na+/K+‐dependent glutamate transporter EAAT4 is expressed throughout the rat fore‐ and midbrain
Authors: Massie Ann , Cnops Lieselotte , Smolders Ilse , McCullumsmith Robert , Kooijman Ron , Kwak Shin , Arckens Lutgarde , Michotte Yvette
Published: September 2008

Excitatory amino acid transporter 4 (EAAT4), a member of the high‐affinity Na+/K+‐dependent glutamate transporter family, is highly enriched in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, although it is not restricted to these cells. The detailed expression of EAAT4 protein in different adult rat fore‐ and midbrain regions was examined. Despite moderate expression levels compared with the cerebellum, EAAT4 protein was omnipresent throughout the fore‐ and midbrain. With antibodies raised against the N‐terminal mouse EAAT4 sequence, the highest protein expression levels were observed in the substantia nigra pars compacta, ventral tegmental area, paranigral nucleus, habenulo‐interpeduncular system, supraoptic nucleus, lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, subiculum, and superficial layers of the superior colliculus. Relatively high levels of EAAT4 protein were also detected in the hippocampal principal cells, in the glutamatergic, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic, dopaminergic and most likely cholinergic cells of all nuclei of the basal ganglia, and in neurons of layers II/III and V of the cerebral cortex. The expression of EAAT4 was confirmed at the mRNA level in some important fore‐ and midbrain structures by in situ hybridization and reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and estimated to range from 6.7 to 1.6% of the amount in the cerebellum as measured by real‐time PCR. J. Comp. Neurol. 511:155–172, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Solution of parabolic integro‐differential equations arising in heat conduction in materials with memory via He's variational iteration technique
Authors: Dehghan Mehdi , Shakeri Fatemeh
Published: September 2008

In this work, we present the solution of some parabolic integro‐differential equations, which naturally arise in many applications. He's variational iteration method is implemented to give the solution for this equation. This technique is based on the incorporation of a general Lagrange multiplier in the construction of correction functional for the equation. Application of variational iteration technique to this problem shows that it performs extremely well in terms of accuracy, efficiently, simplicity, stability and reliability. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pathways for the Non‐CO‐Involved Oxidation of Methanol on Pt(111)
Authors: Gao Wang , Zhao Ming , Jiang Qing
Published: September 2008

The non‐CO‐involved oxidation of methanol (NCOIOM) on a Pt(111) surface is investigated by using density functional theory. Relative energy diagrams for the NCOIOM are established in which the reaction mechanisms for a catalytic cycle—including the associated barriers, the reactive energies, the intermediates, and the transient states—are shown. The results indicate that the reaction proceeds via the kinetically favored pathways: A) HCOH→HC(OH)2→HCOOH→HCOO‐ [‐COOH]→CO2 and B) CHO→HCOOH→HCOO‐ [‐COOH]→CO2, with OH playing a key role in the entire process. The vibrational frequencies of the intermediate states derived from the calculations are in agreement with the experimental measurements.
Gating‐ML: XML‐based gating descriptions in flow cytometry
Authors: Spidlen Josef , Leif Robert C. , Moore Wayne , Roederer Mario , Brinkman Ryan R.
Published: September 2008

The lack of software interoperability with respect to gating due to lack of a standardized mechanism for data exchange has traditionally been a bottleneck, preventing reproducibility of flow cytometry (FCM) data analysis and the usage of multiple analytical tools. To facilitate interoperability among FCM data analysis tools, members of the International Society for the Advancement of Cytometry (ISAC) Data Standards Task Force (DSTF) have developed an XML‐based mechanism to formally describe gates (Gating‐ML). Gating‐ML, an open specification for encoding gating, data transformations and compensation, has been adopted by the ISAC DSTF as a Candidate Recommendation. Gating‐ML can facilitate exchange of gating descriptions the same way that FCS facilitated for exchange of raw FCM data. Its adoption will open new collaborative opportunities as well as possibilities for advanced analyses and methods development. The ISAC DSTF is satisfied that the standard addresses the requirements for a gating exchange standard. © 2008 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Left‐asymmetric expression of Galanin in the linear heart tube of the mouse embryo is independent of the nodal co‐receptor gene cryptic
Authors: Schweickert Axel , Deissler Kirsten , Britsch Stefan , Albrecht Miriam , Ehmann Heike , Mauch Verena , Gaio Ursula , Blum Martin
Published: September 2008

Only very few left/right asymmetrically expressed genes are known in the mammalian embryo. In a screen for novel factors we identified the gene encoding the neuropeptide Galanin in mouse. At embryonic day (E) 8.5 asymmetric mRNA transcription was found in the left half of the linear heart tube. During heart looping and morphogenesis expression became restricted to the atrio‐ventricular (AV) canal, followed by specific staining of the AV‐node and AV‐rings in the four‐chambered heart. Expression was inverted in inv/inv and randomized in homozygous iv mutant embryos. Left‐sided heart‐specific transcription of mouse Gal thus should be controlled by the left‐right pathway. The asymmetric pattern was retained in cryptic mutant embryos, in which the Nodal signaling cascade is disrupted. Surprisingly, Pitx2c was found to be expressed in 50% of cryptic mutant hearts as well, suggesting that some aspects of asymmetric gene expression in the heart are independent of cryptic. Developmental Dynamics 237:3557–3564, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence that Fgf10 contributes to the skeletal and visceral defects of an apert syndrome mouse model
Authors: Hajihosseini Mohammad K. , Duarte Raquel , Pegrum Jean , Donjacour Anne , Lana‐Elola Eva , Rice David P. , Sharpe James , Dickson Clive
Published: September 2008

Apert syndrome (AS) is a severe congenital disease caused by mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor‐2 (FGFR2), and characterised by craniofacial, limb, visceral, and neural abnormalities. AS‐type FGFR2 molecules exert a gain‐of‐function effect in a ligand‐dependent manner, but the causative FGFs and their relative contribution to each of the abnormalities observed in AS remains unknown. We have generated mice that harbour an AS mutation but are deficient in or heterozygous for Fgf10. The genetic knockdown of Fgf10 can rescue the skeletal as well as some of the visceral defects observed in this AS model, and restore a near normal level of FgfR2 signaling involving an apparent switch between ERK(p44/p42) and p38 phosphorylation. Surprisingly, it can also yield de novo cleft palate and blind colon in a subset of the compound mutants. These findings strongly suggest that Fgf10 contributes to AS‐like pathologies and highlight a complexity of Fgf10 function in different tissues. Developmental Dynamics 238:376–385, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A bioinformatics approach for identifying candidate transcriptional regulators of mesenchyme‐to‐epithelium transitions in mouse embryos
Authors: Bard Jonathan B.L. , Lam Mei Sze , Aitken Stuart
Published: September 2008

This article reports a method for identifying groups of genes associated with tissues undergoing a particular process during mouse development. Given the Theiler stage at which each tissue starts the process, Boolean intersection analysis identifies genes expressed in some or all of these tissues both before the process starts and once it has started. This analysis is implemented in GXD‐search; this tool downloads appropriate gene sets from GXD, the mouse gene expression database, and performs the calculations. Applied to mesenchyme‐to‐epithelium transitions (MET), GXD‐search has identified Crabp1 and six transcriptional regulators (Cited1, Cited2, Meox1, Lhx1, Foxc1, and Foxc2) that are usually expressed in tissues about to undergo this process. Expression pattern analysis of these transcriptional regulators, mutations in each of which affect epithelial development, shows that this gene set is expressed in no other tissues and they are, thus, candidates for regulating MET. GXD‐search is downloadable from http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/project/biosphere/GXD‐search.html. Developmental Dynamics 237:2748–2754, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is not sufficient for spontaneous murine breast cancer metastasis
Authors: Lou Yuanmei , Preobrazhenska Olena , auf dem Keller Ulrich , Sutcliffe Margaret , Barclay Lorena , McDonald Paul C. , Roskelley Calvin , Overall Christopher M. , Dedhar Shoukat
Published: September 2008

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been linked to metastatic propensity. The 4T1 tumor is a clinically relevant model of spontaneous breast cancer metastasis. Here we characterize 4T1‐derived cell lines for EMT, in vitro invasiveness and in vivo metastatic ability. Contrary to expectations, 67NR cells, which form primary tumors but fail to metastasize, express vimentin and N‐cadherin, but not E‐cadherin. 4T1 cells express E‐cadherin and ZO‐1, but are migratory, invasive, and metastasize to multiple sites. 66cl4 cells form lung metastases and display a mixed phenotype, but are not as migratory or invasive as 67NR cells. These findings demonstrate that the metastatic ability of breast cancer cells does not strictly correlate with genotypic and phenotypic properties of EMT per se, and suggest that other processes may govern metastatic capability. Gene expression analysis of primary tumors did not identify differences in EMT markers, but did reveal candidate genes that may influence metastatic ability. Developmental Dynamics 237:2755–2768, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Broad mesodermal and endodermal deletion of Nodal at postgastrulation stages results solely in left/right axial defects
Authors: Kumar Amit , Lualdi Margaret , Lewandoski Mark , Kuehn Michael R.
Published: September 2008

Nodal signaling is a critical regulator of multiple aspects of early vertebrate development including asymmetry along the left/right (LR) axis. To study Nodal function occurring specifically in the postgastrulation embryo, we have used Cre/loxP based conditional mutagenesis. A floxed allele of Nodal was generated and shown to have wild‐type function. This allele was then used in conjunction with the T‐Cre line, which expresses Cre recombinase broadly in the mesodermal and definitive endodermal lineages posterior to the cranial region. T‐Cre activity leads to complete deletion of Nodal before its normal transient expression in the early somite stage lateral plate mesoderm, thereby causing severe LR developmental defects. No other abnormalities were found, suggesting that Nodal signaling has no additional essential functions in developmental patterning within the extensive mesodermal and endodermal domains marked by T‐Cre activity. Developmental Dynamics 237:3591–3601, 2008. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) in the ileal crypt epithelium after massive small bowel resection suggests a role for FGF10 in gut adaptation
Authors: Tai Cindy C. , Curtis Jennifer L. , Sala Frederic G. , Del Moral Pierre M. , Chokshi Nikunj , Kanard Robert J. , Al Alam Denise , Wang Jin , Burns R. Cartland , Ford Henri R. , Grishin Anatoly , Wang Kasper S. , Bellusci Saverio
Published: September 2008

We have previously reported that fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) is crucial for the survival and proliferation of progenitor cells during embryonic gastrointestinal development. We sought to characterize the potential role of FGF10 signaling in the adaptive response following small bowel resection. Adult wild‐type and Fgf10LacZ mice underwent 50% small bowel resection (SBR) or sham operation. Tissues were harvested 24 or 48 hr after surgery for histology, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization. After SBR, Fgf10 expression was demonstrated in the epithelium at the base of the crypts. Moreover, there was a statistically significant increase in proliferating cells and goblet cells after SBR. In vitro studies using rat intestinal epithelial crypt (IEC‐6) cells exposed to medium with or without recombinant FGF10 showed increased proliferation and phosphorylation of Raf and AKT with the addition of FGF10. Our results suggest that FGF10 may play a therapeutic role in diseases involving intestinal failure. Developmental Dynamics 238:294–301, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biological functions of the low and high molecular weight protein isoforms of fibroblast growth factor‐2 in cardiovascular development and disease
Authors: Liao Siyun , Bodmer Janet , Pietras Daniel , Azhar Mohamad , Doetschman Tom , Schultz Jo El J.
Published: September 2008

Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) consists of multiple protein isoforms (low molecular weight, LMW, and high molecular weight, HMW) produced by alternative translation from the Fgf2 gene. These protein isoforms are localized to different cellular compartments, indicating unique biological activity. FGF2 isoforms in the heart have distinct roles in many pathological circumstances in the heart including cardiac hypertrophy, ischemia–reperfusion injury, and atherosclerosis. These studies suggest distinct biological activities of FGF2 LMW and HMW isoforms both in vitro and in vivo. Yet, due to the limitations that only the recombinant FGF2 LMW isoform is readily available and that the FGF2 antibody is nonspecific with regards to its isoforms, much remains to be determined regarding the role(s) of the FGF2 LMW and HMW isoforms in cellular behavior and in cardiovascular development and pathophysiology. This review summarizes the activities of LMW and HMW isoforms of FGF2 in cardiovascular development and disease. Developmental Dynamics 238:249–264, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fgf16IRESCre mice: A tool to inactivate genes expressed in inner ear cristae and spiral prominence epithelium
Authors: Hatch Ekaterina P. , Urness Lisa D. , Mansour Suzanne L.
Published: September 2008

Fibroblast growth factors play important roles in inner ear development. Previous studies showed that mouse Fgf16 is expressed asymmetrically during the otic cup and vesicle stages of development, suggesting roles in regulating or responding to anteroposterior axial cues. Here, we studied otic Fgf16 expression throughout embryonic development and found transcripts in the developing cristae and in a few cells in the lateral wall of the cochlear duct. To determine the otic function of Fgf16 and to follow the fate of Fgf16‐expressing cells, we generated an Fgf16IRESCre allele. We show that Fgf16 does not have a unique role in inner ear development and that the Fgf16 lineage is found throughout the three cristae, in portions of the semicircular canal ducts, and in the cochlear spiral prominence epithelial cells. This strain will be useful for gene ablations in these tissues. Developmental Dynamics 238:358–366, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Integrin‐linked kinase regulates E‐cadherin expression through PARP‐1
Authors: McPhee Timothy R. , McDonald Paul C. , Oloumi Arusha , Dedhar Shoukat
Published: September 2008

Repression of E‐cadherin expression by the transcription factor, Snail, is implicated in epithelial to mesenchymal transition and cancer progression. We show here that Integrin‐Linked Kinase (ILK) regulates E‐cadherin expression through Poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1 (PARP‐1). ILK overexpression in Scp2 cells resulted in stimulation of Snail expression and loss of E‐cadherin expression. Silencing of ILK, Akt or Snail resulted in re‐expression of E‐cadherin in PC3 cells. To elucidate the signaling pathway downstream of ILK, we identified candidate Snail promoter ILK Responsive Element (SIRE) binding proteins. PARP‐1 was identified as a SIRE‐binding protein. ILK silencing inhibited binding of PARP‐1 to SIRE. PARP‐1 silencing resulted in inhibition of Snail and ZEB1, leading to up‐regulation of E‐cadherin. We suggest a model in which ILK represses E‐cadherin expression by regulating PARP‐1, leading to the binding of PARP‐1 to SIRE and modulation of Snail expression. Developmental Dynamics 237:2737–2747, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dimethyltin(IV) Bis(3,5‐diphenylpyrazolate) as a Synthetic Reagent in the Preparation of Rare‐Earth Pyrazolate Complexes
Authors: Beaini Samar , Deacon Glen B. , Delbridge Ewan E. , Junk Peter C. , Skelton Brian W. , White Allan H.
Published: September 2008

Reaction of SnMe2Cl2 with [Li(Ph2pz)] (Ph2pz = 3,5‐diphenylpyrazolate) in diethyl ether in a 1:2 ratio afforded the new transmetallation reagent [SnMe2(Ph2pz)2]. Treatment of [SnMe2(Ph2pz)2] with Ln metals in either 1,2‐dimethoxyethane (dme) or tetrahydrofuran (thf) provided a new route to the divalent [Ln(Ph2pz)2(dme)2] (Ln = Sm, Eu, Yb) and the trivalent [La(Ph2pz)3(dme)2] and [Yb(Ph2pz)3(thf)2] complexes in comparable yields to those from alternative methods. These reactions enabled isolation of the highly reactive [Sm(Ph2pz)2(dme)2] complex in good yield, in addition to the new cis isomer of [Eu(Ph2pz)2(dme)2], thereby establishing a rare case of geometric isomerism in lanthanoid chemistry. 1H and 119Sn NMR spectral studies and EDAX measurements were performed on the reaction mixture and/or residue to identify the tin‐containing products and suggest formation of SnMe4, Sn2Me6, tin metal and two other SnMe3 species, which plausibly result from decomposition of unstable “SnMe2”. Treatment of [Yb(Ph2pz)2(dme)2] with [SnMe2(Ph2pz)2] or [Tl(Ph2pz)] resulted in the isolation of [Yb(Ph2pz)3(thf)2]·2C6D6 and [Yb(Ph2pz)3(dme)]·0.5dme complexes, the structures of which have eight‐coordinate Yb atoms and contrast nine‐coordination observed for previous [Ln(Ph2pz)3(thf or dme)n] complexes.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
A Proton‐Triggered Cascade Reaction Involving a Heavy p‐Block Multiple Bond: Transformation of the Diphosphene C5Me5P=PC5Me5 into the Cationic Cage [C10Me10P2H]+
Authors: Presly Oliver C. , Davin Thomas J. , Green Michael , Kilby Richard J. , Mansell Stephen M. , McGrady John E. , Russell Christopher A.
Published: September 2008

Protonation of one of the phosphorus centers of the diphosphene C5Me5P=PC5Me5 triggers a remarkable cascade reaction leading to the direct formation of a C10P2 cage. Calculations suggest that the key mechanistic feature is the proximity of a C=C π‐system to a developing positive charge on one of the phosphorus centers. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
A Stereocontrolled Approach to Ethers with Two α Stereocentres
Authors: Felstead Robert , Gibson Susan E. , Rooney Aaron , Tse Eric S. Y.
Published: September 2008

The stereocontrolled synthesis of enantiomeric pairs of four ethers, in which the oxygen atom is flanked by two αstereocentres, has been achieved using a chiral base/arene chromium tricarbonyl activation approach. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Alcohols for the α‐Alkylation of Methyl Ketones and Indirect Aza‐Wittig Reaction Promoted by Nickel Nanoparticles
Authors: Alonso Francisco , Riente Paola , Yus Miguel
Published: September 2008

Nickel nanoparticles have been found to activate primary alcohols used for the α‐alkylation of ketones or in indirect aza‐Wittig reactions. These processes involve hydrogen transfer from the alcohol to the intermediate α,β‐unsaturated ketone or imine, respectively. All these reactions are carried out in the absence of any ligand, hydrogen acceptor or base under mild reaction conditions. For the first time nickel is employed as a potential alternative to noble‐metal‐based catalysts in both reactions. A reaction mechanism is proposed on the basis of some deuteration experiments. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Nonprofits and evaluation: Managing expectations from the leader's perspective
Authors: Alaimo Salvatore P.
Published: September 2008

The role of nonprofit human service executive directors in their organizations' program evaluation process is described. Recognizing that the leader's perspective from within the organization is fundamental to building capacity for and utilizing program evaluation, this study examines 42 executive directors to determine how they view program evaluation and what steps they took, if any, to build capacity for it in their organizations. The author explains how executive directors who recognize the external and internal organizational contexts for program evaluation, and who effectively balance the external pull with the internal push, are more likely to build long‐term capacity for program evaluation. This involves various aspects of leadership commitment, including prioritizing, driving the process, managing the political environment, and incorporating organizational learning. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Between Two Different Worlds
Authors: Schaeffer Magdalena
Published: September 2008

A visit to the DFG's Office in Delhi
When Dead Stars Emit Signals
Authors: Lesch Harald , Jessner Axel
Published: September 2008

Cosmic electronic engineering: Pulsars emit more intense radiation than any other object in the universe. Astrophysicists have found confirmation that the laws of nature that apply on earth also hold true at the boundaries of matter
TNAP, TrAP, ecto‐purinergic signaling, and bone remodeling
Authors: Kaunitz Jonathan D. , Yamaguchi Dean T.
Published: September 2008

Bone remodeling is a process of continuous resorption and formation/mineralization carried out by osteoclasts and osteoblasts, which, along with osteocytes, comprise the bone multicellular unit (BMU). A key component of the BMU is the bone remodeling compartment (BRC), isolated from the marrow by a canopy of osteoblast‐like lining cells. Although much progress has been made regarding the cytokine‐dependent and hormonal regulation of bone remodeling, less attention has been placed on the role of extracellular pH (pHe). Osteoclastic bone resorption occurs at acidic pHe. Furthermore, osteoclasts can be regarded as epithelial‐like cells, due to their polarized structure and ability to form a seal against bone, isolating the lacunar space. The major ecto‐phosphatases of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, acid and alkaline phosphatases, both have ATPase activity with pH optima several units different from neutrality. Furthermore, osteoclasts and osteoblasts express plasma membrane purinergic P2 receptors that, upon activation by ATP, accelerate bone osteoclast resorption and impair osteoblast mineralization. We hypothesize that these ecto‐phosphatases help regulate [ATP]e and localized pHe at the sites of bone resorption and mineralization by pH‐dependent ATP hydrolysis coupled with P2Y‐dependent regulation of osteoclast and osteoblast function. Furthermore, osteoclast cellular HCO, formed as a product of lacunar V‐ATPase H+ secretion, is secreted into the BRC, which could elevate BRC pHe, in turn affecting osteoblast function. We will review the existing data addressing regulation of BRC pHe, present a hypothesis regarding its regulation, and discuss the hypothesis in the context of the function of proteins that regulate pHe. J. Cell. Biochem. 105: 655–662, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of Iejimalide B, a marine macrolide, on growth and apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines
Authors: Wang Wei‐Lin Winnie , McHenry Peter , Jeffrey Randy , Schweitzer Dirk , Helquist Paul , Tenniswood Martin
Published: September 2008

Iejimalide B, a marine macrolide, causes growth inhibition in a variety of cancer cell lines at nanomolar concentrations. We have investigated the effects of Iejimalide B on cell cycle kinetics and apoptosis in the p53+/AR+ LNCaP and p53−/AR− PC‐3 prostate cancer cell lines. Iejimalide B, has a dose and time dependent effect on cell number (as measured by crystal violet assay) in both cell lines. In LNCaP cells Iejimalide B induces a dose dependent G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis at 48 h (as measured by Apo‐BrdU staining). In contrast, Iejimalide B initially induces G0/G1 arrest followed by S phase arrest but does not induce apoptosis in PC‐3 cells. qPCR and Western analysis suggests that Iejimalide B modulates the steady state level of many gene products associated with cell cycle (including cyclins D, E, and B and p21waf1/cip1) and cell death (including survivin, p21B and BNIP3L) in LNCaP cells. In PC‐3 cells Iejimalide B induces the expression of p21waf1/cip1, down regulates the expression of cyclin A, and does not modulate the expression of the genes associated with cell death. Comparison of the effects of Iejimalide B on the two cell lines suggests that Iejimalide B induces cell cycle arrest by two different mechanisms and that the induction of apoptosis in LNCaP cells is p53‐dependent. J. Cell. Biochem. 105: 998–1007, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
BCCIP associates with the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPµ
Authors: Phillips‐Mason Polly J. , Mourton Tracy , Major Denice L. , Brady‐Kalnay Susann M.
Published: September 2008

The receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPµ belongs to a family of adhesion molecules that contain cell–cell adhesion motifs in their extracellular segments and catalytic domains within their intracellular segments. The ability of PTPµ both to mediate adhesion and exhibit enzymatic activity makes PTPµ an excellent candidate to transduce signals in response to cell–cell adhesion. In an effort to identify downstream signaling partners of PTPµ, we performed a modified yeast two‐hybrid screen using the first tyrosine phosphatase domain of PTPµ as bait. We isolated an interacting clone encoding BRCA2 and CDKN1A interacting protein (BCCIP) from a HeLa cell library. BCCIP is a p21 and BRCA2 interacting protein that has been shown to play roles in both cell cycle arrest and DNA repair. In this manuscript, we confirm the interaction between BCCIP and PTPµ identified in yeast using in vitro biochemical studies and characterize BCCIP as a PTPµ binding protein. We demonstrate that BCCIP is phosphorylated by the Src tyrosine kinase and dephosphorylated by the PTPµ tyrosine phosphatase in vitro. Furthermore, we show that BCCIP is required for both the permissive and repulsive functions of PTPµ in neurite outgrowth assays, suggesting BCCIP and PTPµ are in a common signal transduction pathway. J. Cell. Biochem. 105: 1059–1072, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of TRIM31, upregulated in gastric adenocarcinoma, as a novel RBCC protein
Authors: Sugiura Takeyuki , Miyamoto Kentaro
Published: September 2008

To explore the molecules associated with gastric adenocarcinoma, we used the gene expression profile database of various human tissues and identified TRIM31 upregulated in both patients with chronic gastritis and stomach cancer. TRIM31 is a new member of RBCC proteins composed of RING finger, B‐box and coiled‐coil domains. We characterized TRIM31 biochemically and found it possess properties in common with other RBCC proteins, such as occurrence of alternative splicing transcripts, in vitro autoubiquitylating activity and a tendency to homo‐oligomerize. The primary localization site of TRIM31 is the cytoplasm but some fraction is potentially associated with the mitochondria. TRIM31 overexpression suppresses colony formation of HCT116 cells while knockdown of its expression with short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) consistently tends to enhance growth of AsPC‐1 cells slightly. Thus, TRIM31 is a characteristic RBCC protein with the ability to regulate cell proliferation negatively and may be a potential biomarker of gastric cancer as it is overexpressed from the early stage of gastric carcinogenesis. J. Cell. Biochem. 105: 1081–1091, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retroviral vector silencing during iPS cell induction: An epigenetic beacon that signals distinct pluripotent states
Authors: Hotta Akitsu , Ellis James
Published: September 2008

Retroviral vectors are transcriptionally silent in pluripotent stem cells. This feature has been potently applied in studies that reprogram somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. By delivering the four Yamanaka factors in retroviral vectors, high expression is obtained in fibroblasts to induce the pluripotent state. Partial reprogramming generates Class I iPS cells that express the viral transgenes and endogenous pluripotency genes. Full‐reprogramming in Class II iPS cells silences the vectors as the endogenous genes maintain the pluripotent state. Thus, retroviral vector silencing serves as a beacon marking the fully reprogrammed pluripotent state. Here we review known silencer elements, and the histone modifying and DNA methylation pathways, that silence retroviral and lentiviral vectors in pluripotent stem cells. Both retroviral and lentiviral vectors are influenced by position effects and often exhibit variegated expression. The best vector designs facilitate full‐reprogramming and subsequent retroviral silencing, which is required for directed‐differentiation. Current retroviral reprogramming methods can be immediately applied to create patient‐specific iPS cell models of human disease, however, future clinical applications will require novel chemical or other reprogramming methods that reduce or eliminate the integrated vector copy number load. Nevertheless, retroviral vectors will continue to play an important role in genetically correcting patient iPS cell models. We anticipate that novel pluripotent‐specific reporter vectors will select for isolation of high quality human iPS cell lines, and select against undifferentiated pluripotent cells during regenerative medicine to prevent teratoma formation after transplantation. J. Cell. Biochem. 105: 940–948, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
bFGF induces S1P1 receptor expression and functionality in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells
Authors: Birker‐Robaczewska Magdalena , Studer Rolf , Haenig Bénédicte , Menyhart Katalin , Hofmann Silke , Nayler Oliver
Published: September 2008

Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P), acting through five closely related G‐protein coupled receptors termed S1P1–5, has recently emerged as a possible regulator of smooth muscle cell (SMC) physiology with the potential to induce contraction, proliferation and stress fiber formation. In the present study, real‐time quantitative PCR was used to determine the expression patterns of S1P receptor subtypes in human primary pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC). We report here that subconfluent PASMC express predominantly S1P2 and S1P3 receptors and we show that S1P1 receptor mRNA levels are significantly up‐regulated following basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) treatment. As a consequence, increased responsiveness, as measured by impedance and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, was observed upon stimulation with a specific S1P1 receptor agonist SEW2871. We therefore demonstrate, for the first time, that a growth factor that was previously shown to be involved in physiological and pathological changes of SMC function induced S1P1 receptor expression and we propose that S1P1 receptor up‐regulation could contribute to vascular remodeling. J. Cell. Biochem. 105: 1139–1145, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simulation of DNA electrophoresis in systems of large number of solvent particles by coarse‐grained hybrid molecular dynamics approach
Authors: Wang Rong , Wang Jian‐Sheng , Liu Gui‐Rong , Han Jongyoon , Chen Yu‐Zong
Published: September 2008

Simulation of DNA electrophoresis facilitates the design of DNA separation devices. Various methods have been explored for simulating DNA electrophoresis and other processes using implicit and explicit solvent models. Explicit solvent models are highly desired but their applications may be limited by high computing cost in simulating large number of solvent particles. In this work, a coarse‐grained hybrid molecular dynamics (CGH‐MD) approach was introduced for simulating DNA electrophoresis in explicit solvent of large number of solvent particles. CGH‐MD was tested in the simulation of a polymer solution and computation of nonuniform charge distribution in a cylindrical nanotube, which shows good agreement with observations and those of more rigorous computational methods at a significantly lower computing cost than other explicit‐solvent methods. CGH‐MD was further applied to the simulation of DNA electrophoresis in a polymer solution and in a well‐studied nanofluidic device. Simulation results are consistent with observations and reported simulation results, suggesting that CGH‐MD is potentially useful for studying electrophoresis of macromolecules and assemblies in nanofluidic, microfluidic, and microstructure array systems that involve extremely large number of solvent particles, nonuniformly distributed electrostatic interactions, bound and sequestered water molecules. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 2009
Application of a polarity parameter model to the separation of fat‐soluble vitamins by reversed‐phase HPLC
Authors: Herrero‐Martínez José Manuel , Izquierdo Pere , Sales Joaquim , Rosés Martí , Bosch Elisabeth
Published: September 2008

The retention behavior of a series of fat‐soluble vitamins has been established on the basis of a polarity retention model: log k = (log k)0 + p (PmN – PsN), with p being the polarity of the solute, PmN the mobile phase polarity, and (log k)0 and PmN two parameters for the characterization of the stationary phase. To estimate the p‐values of solutes, two approaches have been considered. The first one is based on the application of a QSPR model, derived from the molecular structure of solutes and their log Po/w, while in the second one, the p‐values are obtained from several experimental measurements. The quality of prediction of both approaches has also been evaluated, with the second one giving more accurate results for the most lipophilic vitamins. This model allows establishing the best conditions to separate and determine simultaneously some fat‐soluble vitamins in dairy foods.
GC‐MS fingerprints for discrimination of Ligusticum chuanxiong from Angelica
Authors: Yang Baijuan , Chen Junhui , Lee Frank Sen‐Chun , Wang Xiaoru
Published: September 2008

A GC‐MS fingerprinting technique based on the essential oil components has been developed for the discrimination of chuanxiong against Chinese Angelica (Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels) or other herbs with similar compositions. The analytical performance of four different extraction methods for the separation of essential oil components have been compared and these include: ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), Soxhlet extraction (SHE) and hydro‐distillation extraction (HDE). The results showed that UAE was the most effective extraction method, and the operational parameters of UAE were optimized. 3‐Butylphthalide, Z‐butylidenephthalide, senkyunolide I, senkyunolide H, E‐butylidenephthalide, senkyunolide A, neocnidilide, Z‐ligustilide and E‐ligustilide were tentatively identified in chromatograms of chuanxiong based on their GC‐EI‐MS data. Similarity coefficient calculations based on correlation methods have been performed on the GC‐MS fingerprints. Using an authentic standard Chuanxiong as the reference, the similarity coefficients between the standard and all other chuanxiong samples ranged from 0.90 to 1.0 (with 1.0 being the perfect match), which as a group can be readily separated from the Angelica samples for which the similarity index against the chuanxiong standard ranged from 0.75 to 0.77. Conversely, when an authentic Angelica standard was used as the reference, the respective similarity coefficients fall in the range of 0.70–0.75 and 0.98–1.00 for the chuanxiong and Angelica sample groups. Our results thus demonstrate that the fingerprinting technique developed in the study can indeed discriminate the two herbs with high reliability.
GC‐MS of volatile components of Schisandra chinensis obtained by supercritical fluid and conventional extraction
Authors: Wang Longhu , Chen Yangsheng , Song Yanting , Chen Yong , Liu Xuesong
Published: September 2008

In this paper, the volatile compounds of Schisandra chinensis obtained by different extraction techniques including supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), steam distillation (SD), Soxhlet extraction (SE) and ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) were investigated for the first time. The sample preparation procedure for GC‐MS analysis of the volatile compounds was optimized and then 37, 45, 27 and 37 compounds were identified in the samples obtained by SFE, SD, SE and UAE methods, respectively. As the therapeutic effect of the traditional Chinese medicine is usually based on multifarious essential components or the combination of them instead of only one component, the volatile compounds were compared in groups with the extracts by SE, SD and UAE. This would be more reasonable to evaluate the effects of an alternative technique to extracting multifarious essential components. Among the identified components in the SFE extract, 32 compounds were the same as that by three conventional methods, accounting for 90.5% of the volatile compounds identified. However, as the volatile compounds were classed into groups, it was easy to see that the Schisandra chinensis oil extracted by SFE was made up largely of aromatics and sesquiterpenoids (52.1 and 27.6%, respectively), with less amounts of monoterpenoids and other compounds, distinguishing SFE from the conventional extractions.
Immobilization of cellulose phenylcarbamate onto silica gelviain termolecular polycondensation of triethoxysilyl groups introduced with (3‐glycidoxypropyl)triethoxysilane
Authors: Tang Shouwan , Okamoto Yoshio
Published: September 2008

Cellulose 3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate was successfully immobilized onto bare silica gel for HPLC through the intermolecular polycondensation of triethoxysilyl groups, which were introduced onto the cellulose derivativeviaepoxide ring‐opening reaction under acidic conditions. The immobilized‐type chiral packing material (CPM) exhibited high chiral recognition ability and could be used with various eluents, which are incompatible with the conventional CPMs prepared by coating the derivative onto silica gel.
Macromol. Mater. Eng. 9/2008
Authors: Hato Mpitloane J. , Ray Suprakas Sinha , Luyt Adriaan S.
Published: September 2008

Cover: The cover picture shows the temperature dependence of crystal growth behaviour of a linear low‐density polyethylene matrix upon POSS addition. These 2D SAXS patterns were taken during non‐isothermal crystallization. More details can be found in the article by M. J. Hato, S. Sinha Ray*, and A. S. Luyt on page 752.