bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“The Servants … Could Not Be Conveniently Stored Away”
Authors: Noyalas Jonathan A.
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on 1862, with a particular emphasis on how Stonewall Jackson’s 1862 Valley Campaign impacted enslaved people and free blacks. Throughout the spring of 1862, enslaved people, estimated in the thousands, sought refuge with Union forces. However, as this chapter illustrates, taking sanctuary with Union troops did not mean that the Valley’s African Americans were passive participants. This chapter highlights the various ways freedom seekers supported Union operations in the Valley throughout 1862. Simultaneously, the chapter also illustrates that the desire for survival at times trumped the desire for freedom and prompted some freedom seekers to return to enslavers. Although incidents such as these have been used by advocates of the Lost Cause to perpetuate the “happy slave” myth, this chapter discusses the complexities of life for African Americans and how what some interpreted as loyalty to enslavers was in fact an enslaved person’s loyalty to themselves. Finally, this chapter examines how some Union soldiers, due to interactions with enslaved people in 1862, became more open to transforming the war to preserve the Union into one that also eradicated slavery.
“Freedom to Slaves!”
Authors: Noyalas Jonathan A.
Published: September 2021

This chapter’s central focus is how the Valley’s African Americans responded to the Emancipation Proclamation and Union general Robert H. Milroy’s enforcement of it in the northern Shenandoah Valley during the first six months of 1863. Additionally, this chapter focuses on the important roles filled by African Americans, such as Lee Jenkins, in General Milroy’s espionage operations. Furthermore, the chapter examines the fate of African Americans following General Milroy’s defeat at the Second Battle of Winchester. While untold numbers of African Americans escaped north into Pennsylvania, some of whom were seized by Confederates as they moved into the Keystone State, several hundred African Americans were captured by Confederate general Richard Ewell’s command near Stephenson’s Depot, north of Winchester, among them Lee Jenkins, who ultimately committed suicide to avoid enslavement. Through Jenkins’ story this chapter also explores the difficult decisions free blacks such as Jenkins confronted when seized by Confederates and impressed.
John Brown’s “Soul Is Still Marching On”
Authors: Noyalas Jonathan A.
Published: September 2021

The book’s final chapter studies the myriad obstacles the Shenandoah Valley’s African Americans confronted in the years following the Civil War and highlights the ways which they attempted to overcome those impediments and realize freedom’s potential. In addition to examinations of the Freedmen’s Bureau’s role in aiding formerly enslaved individuals to find employment and the challenges those labor contracts presented, this chapter also explores the establishment of freedmen’s schools throughout the Valley. Although former Confederates lashed out violently at students and teachers, this chapter illustrates that African Americans stood firm in the face of adversity and worked hard not only to learn but to increase the number of schools throughout the region. This chapter also analyzes the ways the Valley’s African Americans practiced political activism not only through voting in elections but in attempting to have Judge Richard Parker, the man who presided over John Brown’s trial in the autumn of 1859, removed from the bench. Finally, the chapter surveys Emancipation Day celebrations throughout the Valley and how African Americans used those commemorations of slavery’s annihilation to combat the mythology of the Lost Cause.
Ethnologie
Authors: Lomeier Roman
Published: September 2021

Which theories, methods, and criticisms did the first German-speaking women art historians develop, which points of view, knowledge practices, and interpretations did they introduce to art history? The anthology exemplifies these questions in 24 text excerpts and invites readers to rediscover the early diversity of the discipline.
Erzähltes Leben
Authors: Renner Adrian
Published: September 2021

Der Roman als Lebensgeschichte: von Wieland und Goethe bis zur Romantik.

Am Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts geben Romane oftmals an, die Lebensgeschichte einer realen Figur so zu erzählen, wie sie wirklich vorgefallen sei. Erzähler inszenieren sich als Biographen oder »Lebensbeschreiber« und behaupten, eine »wahre« oder »wahrhafte Geschichte« zu erzählen. Friedrich von Blanckenburg fordert 1774 in seinem Versuch über den Roman, der »Romanendichter« solle »die möglichen Menschen der wirklichen Welt« darstellen. Der Anspruch der Romanform, eine wirkliche Lebensgeschichte zu erzählen, verleiht der im Roman erzählten Geschichte den Status des Möglichen - einer in der Wirklichkeit inbegriffenen Möglichkeit, die erzählend durch den Roman realisiert wird.

Aufbauend auf einem fiktionalen Verständnis des Romans als möglicher Geschichte analysiert Adrian Renner zentrale Romane von Wieland und Goethe bis hin zum frühromantischen Roman bei Friedrich und Dorothea Schlegel, Brentano oder Jean Paul. In der Erzählgestaltung dieser Romane kommt es zu einer Auffächerung von Erzählebenen und Erzählinstanzen, dem Einbezug möglicher Fortgänge der Geschichte im Erzählen und der Betonung zufälliger, in ihrem Eintreffen auch anders möglicher Ereignisse. In der Darstellung der narrativen Möglichkeiten des Romans um 1800 entwickelt der Autor eine neuartige, Gattungsgeschichte und Narratologie verknüpfende, historische Formtheorie des Romans.
Vom Gast zum Gastwirt?
Authors: Zeppenfeld Stefan
Published: September 2021

Türkische Arbeitswelten - Von der Industrie hin zu Angestelltenverhältnissen, Selbstständigkeit und prekären Beschäftigungen.

Die Arbeitsmigration zählt zu den prägenden gesellschaftlichen Wandlungsprozessen der deutschen Nachkriegsgeschichte. 14 Millionen »Gastarbeiter« kamen zwischen 1955 und 1973 in die Bundesrepublik, etwa 3 Millionen von ihnen kehrten nicht in ihre Heimatländer zurück. Vor allem Türkeistämmige blieben nach dem Anwerbestopp häufiger in Deutschland als die Arbeitskräfte aus anderen Ländern. Wie keine andere Stadt steht Berlin bis heute für die Einwanderung aus der Türkei.

Stefan Zeppenfeld untersucht den Wandel der türkischen Arbeitswelten von ihren Anfängen in den 1960er Jahren bis zur Wiedervereinigung. Ausgehend von der »Gastarbeit« im industriellen Großbetrieb spürt er in seiner Studie am Beispiel West-Berlins dem Übergang in andere Branchen nach. Er zeigt, wie der öffentliche Dienst auch für Migrantinnen und Migranten attraktive Aufstiegsmöglichkeiten eröffnete, zeichnet den schwierigen Weg in die gewerbliche Selbstständigkeit nach und legt illegale Beschäftigungsformen als alternative Verdienstmöglichkeit offen.

Damit bettet der Autor die Geschichte der türkischen Arbeitsmigration in die deutsche Zeitgeschichte ein.
Soziologie und Geschichtsphilosophie
Authors: Steilen Felix
Published: September 2021

Historische Wirklichkeiten in der Soziologie: eine Annäherung an die Geschichtsphilosophie Emile Durkheims.

Die historischen Wurzeln der Soziologie liegen im Frankreich des 19. Jahrhunderts. Die Unruhen der Revolutionszeit, der anschließende Papierblütenfrühling der Restauration, das Verfügbarwerden der Ordnung nach dem Ende des Ancien Régime, die Erosion der katholischen Weltsicht, das Elend der zahlreichsten und ärmsten Klasse, der Aufstieg des Dritten Standes und ähnliche epochale Markierungen bilden den Hintergrund des zeitgenössischen Denkens. Gleichzeitig zeichnet sich der realgeschichtliche Aufstieg der Gesellschaft gegenüber dem Staat ab. Damit verbunden ist der geschichtsphilosophische Tatbestand, dass dem Begriff des Staates fortan ein Begriff der Gesellschaft gegenübersteht: Alle politischen Begriffe sind nun gleichsam Begriffe einer gesellschaftlichen Wirklichkeit und neben die Wissenschaft von der Politik tritt die bürgerliche Wissenschaft von der Gesellschaft. Felix Steilen untersucht Emile Durkheims Werk erstmals umfassend hinsichtlich der geschichtsphilosophischen Gehalte.
Imaginings of Home
Authors: Lai Francisca Yuenki
Published: September 2021

The chapter investigates the imaginings of home projected by Indonesian domestic workers while they are working in Hong Kong. Their imaginaries of future home provide important information for understanding their desires and sexuality in relation to the local ideology of migration and marriage as well as the political economy of family, that is, the gender division of labor and earnings contributed by women. The chapter also enriches the notion of Asian queer subjectivity by addressing how Indonesian women insinuated their homoerotic desires into the heteronormative logic of home. Addressing the Islamic context, the chapter also attends to the unmarried women who would not continue a same-sex relationship after returning to their natal family.
Conclusion
Authors: Lai Francisca Yuenki
Published: September 2021

This study has enriched the scholarship of Asian labor migration by creating representation for migrant workers who are not satisfied with confinement to the roles of wife and mother. It also enriches Asian queer studies as it documents the contingent view of gender adopted by the Indonesian women. The study unravels the sexuality of migrant women in a transnational context as their movement not only provides monetary reward but also produces knowledge that constitutes their new views on gender, sexuality, religion, and their future home. Addressing the changes from maid to queer, this book documents how Indonesian migrant women reconstitute normativity and remake a space for their love, sex, and intimacy without publicly upsetting heteronormativity.
Conclusion
Authors: Schopp Susan E.
Published: September 2021

France was a key participant in the Canton Trade, although she has not received sufficient attention in its scholarship. Early to enter the trade, she continued, with occasional interruptions, to the end of the Canton System in 1842, and her vessels made over 265 voyages to China. The French model of Sino-European trade was distinctive, both in the structure and governance of the French East India Company and in the role of the private sector, and the nation’s contributions to, and influences on, the trade were both significant and diverse, not limited to the strictly commercial. A knowledge of the French experience is essential to a thorough understanding of the Canton Trade, as well as to an appreciation of the cultural, political, economic, and other factors that shaped each nation’s response.
Aboriginal Museums and the Construction of a Taiwanese Identity
Authors: Denton Kirk A.
Published: September 2021

This chapter analyses exhibitionary spaces dedicated to the aboriginal peoples of Taiwan. The first part of the chapter looks at two museums—the Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines (順益台灣原住民博物館‎) and the Ketagalan Culture Center (凱達格蘭文化館‎)—that reflect two different agendas. The first is a private museum opened in 1994 around the personal collection of the Shung Ye Foundation, a philanthropic arm of the Shung Ye Group, a distributor of Mitsubishi products in Taiwan. The second is state-funded and was a pet project of former president Chen Shui-bian. Although the motivations for their founding may be different, both museums project the view that aboriginal cultures are important features of a united multiethnic nation. The second part of the chapter focuses on two theme parks centered on aboriginal cultures, one of which is highly commercialized and the other more academic in orientation. These parks represent simultaneously the commodification and politicization of ethnic cultures.
Taiwan Intertwined with the World
Authors: Denton Kirk A.
Published: September 2021

One of the central tropes of recent imaginings of Taiwan identity is Taiwan’s interconnectedness with the world. This assertion of Taiwan’s place in the world is critically important in a “nation” that is not recognized as such by most of the world. This chapter explores two museums—the Museum of World Religions (世界宗教博物館‎) and the Southern Branch of the National Palace Museum (國立故宮博物院南部院區‎)—that explicitly adopt a global perspective, expressing Taiwan’s simultaneous desire to be integrated with the world and to matter to that world, even if only on religious and cultural levels.
Epilogue
Authors: Denton Kirk A.
Published: September 2021

The Epilogue reflects on the book’s central theme of the political contention over historical memory and suggests that, in some ways, the wrangling over history between the KMT and DPP has softened in recent years. Indeed, the two political camps have seen a gradual merging of their views on, for example, human rights, multiculturalism, and cosmopolitanism. Still, party politics being what it is, the epilogue envisions contestation over historical memory to continue in Taiwan. Taiwan, a small island nation in a state of diplomatic limbo, outstrips its political insignificance and exemplifies why historical memory matters so much in a world that, despite the rise of globalization and transnational forces, continues to be defined by nation-states and the political parties that govern them.
Introduction
Authors: Cheung Hiu Yu
Published: September 2021

The most obvious trace of perfect governance is seen in the Imperial Temple.

王道之可觀者‎，莫盛乎宗廟。‎

—Wang Bi 王弼‎ (226–249)1

Ancestral worship and related ancestral rituals played a central role in Chinese culture. Historically, ancestral rites and ceremonies in imperial China underwent both social and intellectual developments. Traditional Chinese—including elites—emphasized taking care of the world of ancestral spirits through funeral rites and sacrificial ceremonies....
Pre-Song Interpretations of the Imperial Temple
Authors: Cheung Hiu Yu
Published: September 2021

Chapter 1 addresses pre-Song interpretations of Imperial Temple settings and the arrangement of the ritual order of ancestors from the thirteenth to seventh century BC. This chapter classifies two important interpretations of the ritual status of imperial ancestors since early imperial China: one primarily emphasized ancestors’ political merits; the other emphasized the factor of seniority and hence the Confucian value of filial piety.
Daoxue Conception of the Song Imperial Temple: Zhu Xi and His Disciples
Authors: Cheung Hiu Yu
Published: September 2021

Chapter 6 focuses on the link between the eleventh-century ritual discussions on imperial ancestral sacrifices and the Daoxue conception of the Imperial Temple, as represented by the prominent Daoxue scholar Zhu Xi 朱熹‎ (1130–1200) and some of his best students in ritual scholarship. With a special focus on Zhu Xi’s Yili jingzhuan tongjie儀禮經傳通解‎, the chapter demonstrates how Zhu’s and his students’ perception of the Imperial Temple and relevant ritual ideas were deeply influenced by previous ritual discourses, especially those launched by New Learning scholars in Northern Song ritual debates.
A Declaração Universal dos Direitos do Homem (Luzes e Sombras da sua Recepção em Portugal, em 1948)
Authors: Ferreira da Cunha Norberto ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

Salazar had always been opposed to the Human Rights such as the French Revolution, in 1789, realized them. On the contrary, Opposition has always revindicated them requiring their replacement and denunciating their constant violation by the regimen. We would expected the regimen should take avantage of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) approval to denunciate, once more, the horrors of that Revolution, the abstract ballast of the Human Rights comitted in it and the recent disorders of our I Republica; we would expect Opposition to make the most of this opportunity in order to denunciate the violence of the regimen forces and the abolishment of freedom. Neither the Government nor the Opposition assumed their positions. Because of political-strategical reasons: Government didn’t want to affront the U.S.A. and England which promised to support the regimen and the “Empire”; Opposition because of its compromises towards the unitary policy of MUD (Movimento de Unidade Democrática) and the disillusion that the Allies support to the Estado Novo caused. Both, reduced to silence whats divided them essentially - The Human Rights - in order to preserve the secondary.
Ética e Direitos Humanos
Authors: Morujão Carlos ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

Da ns cet article, en jou ant, en un certain sens, Kant contre Heidegger, on a essayé de penser les droits d e l’homme a partir de l’instance qui les fonde, celle du rapport. On a montré de quelle façon l’émergence de la société civile, avec les temps modernes, rend caduc tout essai (comme ceux qu’on a connu sous le romantisme) de récupérer le modèle grec de la polis, en tant que modèle de la pure sociabilité. Pour finir, on remarque que la seule voie d’accès à cette question qui soit à la hauteur des problèmes posés par notre temps, nous contraint à abandonner toute pensée du “propre” ou de la “propriété” (qui est encore celle de Heidegger), à la faveur d ’une pensée de l’autre.
Nova Retórica e Reconstrução dos Direitos Humanos
Authors: Ferreira Borges Hermenegildo ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

Caractériser la rationalité qui fond les Droits de l’Homme dans la Modernité, en vue d’identifier l’élément de fragilité qui aura permis la rupture totalitaire avec la tradition humaniste de l’Occident et le conséquent génocide de groupes humains “superflus” et “décartables”, est le seuil de not re réfléxion. L’exercice réflexif sur “l’expérience limite” de privation de tous les droits est l’expression d’un éffort ayant pour but échapper au piège de la généricité abstraite qui caractérise l’utilisation “rhétorique” des Droits de l’Homme. Surmonter ce vide formel, aussi bien qu’un concept d'universalité, marqué idéologiquement par les doctrines fonctionalistes et le subjectivisme radical, est l’objet final de ce travail qui transforme en complices et en complémentair es les éfforts de Hannah Arendt et Chaïm Perelman, dans l’entreprise de “réconstruction” des Droits de l’Homme.
Identidade Pessoal
Authors: Correia Carlos João ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

This paper has the purpose of showing the way the concept of narrative identity, suggested by Ricoeur, enables us to re-evaluate the paradoxes resulting from the two classic criteria (“body” and “memory”) used to solve the problem of personal identity.
O Doente Psiquiátrico como Pessoa Moral
Authors: Beckert Cristina ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

This paper tries to show that psychiatric patients must be considered as moral persons and not just as individuals whose mental health needs to be cared for. To do that, it analyses the various senses of the word person in its moral, social and juridical dimensions and relates them with the two main ethic principles: the principle of autonomy and the principle of beneficence, arriving to the conclusion that the first one must be fully respected by means of an “informed consent” or at least an “assent” given by the patient in case new treatments are required or when being subject to medical experimentation.
Kant e o Suposto Direito de Mentir por Filantropia
Authors: Durão Aylton Barbieri ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

Dans cet essai, on analyse le célèbre opuscule où Kant, dans sa réponse à Benjamin Constant, refuse, comme étant moralement et juridiquement indéfensable, le droit de mentir, même s’il est fondé sur des motivations philantropiques. Le caractère inacceptable du mensonge, si frequemment cité pour caractériser le rigorisme éthique du philosophe de Königsberg, vient ici abordé en liaison avec d’autres topiques de la pensée éthique et politique de Kant, soit le concept d’impératif catégorique, soit le refus d’admettre le droit de résistance.
Ciência Natural e Antropologia no Jovem Schelling
Authors: Tilliette Xavier , Santos Maria Tereza ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

Schelling plein d’enthousiasme a commencé à léna son cours d’hiver 1798 avec une “esquisse de philosophie de la Nature”. Elle fais ait suite à deux publications originales, les Idées pour une philosophie de la nature (1797, inachevées) et L'âme du Monde (1798), qui eut un grand retentissement. Ces ouvrages avaient pour fil conducteur la devise: l’esprit nature invisible, la nature esprit visible. Or le cours d'Iéna consacre la philosophie de la Nature comme science originale et autonome, détachée de l’instance transcendentale. Quoique rédigée schématiquement, réduite à la sécheresse de l'exposé didactique, l'Esquisse regorge d'idées neuves. On a choisi d'insister sur l’anthropologie, fortement insérée dans la Nature, et, au sein de l'anthropologie, sur l’aspect de la sexualité. Cet aspect, méconnu des interprètes, est un hapax dans l'oeuvre. Schelling établit une sexualité surtout générique, caractérisée par le sacrifice de l'individu à l’espèce. D’une façon générale, dans la ligne du poème burlesque Heinz Widerporst, le jeune Schelling prône une homologie de la Nature et de l’Homme.
A Natureza do Filosofar Segundo a "Fenomenologia do Espírito" de Hegel
Authors: Blanc Mafalda de Faria ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

A partir d’un commentaire aussi proche que possible du texte de Hegel, on relève la conception de l’acte philosophique, son essence et méthode, dans la “Phénoménologie de l ’Esprit”. Dans un premier moment et à partir d’une analyse du Préface, on contraste ce que le philosophe désigne comme le “travail du concept” dans l’interpretation dialéctique et spéculative de la proposition avec l’intuitionisme romantique et le formalism e méthodologique de la philosophie des Lumières de l’époque. Dans un deuxième moment, on expose la nature du projet phénoménologique, tel qu’il est présenté dans l’Introduction de l’oeuvre, en tant que propédeutique au “Système de la Science”. La distinction, imanente e constitutive de la conscience, entre son savoir de l’objet et sa vraie nature en-soi règle et guide l’esprit dans son ascension à la Science. Celle-ci est décrite dans ses principaux moments individuels et colectifs, le temps et l’histoire étant conçus comme l’apparaître extérieur du “Concept” ou de l’Absolu, le chemin qu’il doit subir a fin d’acceder à soi comme sujet.
A Objectividade na Filosofia Moral de Immanuel Kant
Authors: Teixeira Célia ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

This paper tries to show that despite the problems surrounding the defence of an objective morality, this is a better alternative than a subjective one. For this I take the moral philosophy of Kant as an example of an objective moral philosophy. I start by spelling out briefly his moral philosophy, then I show the problems he has to face, and finally I defend his standpoint against a subjective one that aims at depriving us from our moral responsibilities as moral agents and human beings.
A Recepção ou a Invenção Ficiniana do “Amor Platónico”
Authors: Vaz Pinto Maria José ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

L’article vise montrer l’importance da la doctrine de l’amour dans la philosophie de Marsile Ficin, en partant du De Amore - Commentaire sur le Banquet de Platon. Quand on parle de “l’invention” ficinienne de l’amour platonique, on prétend souligner l’innovation introduite par Ficin dans sa réception du platonisme à la lumière d’autres traditions (hermétisme, néoplatonisme, christianisme). L’amour, en tant que “fureur divine” et force intermédiaire, permet l’accès à une sagesse qu’on ne peut obtenir par la voie de la connaissance. Pour revivre le platonisme, il faut lire Platon, mais il faut aussi revivre un style de vie philosophique: l’amour / amitié entre les membres de l’Académie florentine s’éloigne pourtant du modèle socratico-platonicien, en tant que l’object ultime de l’amour est l’amour réciproque et l’union avec Dieu constitue le telos naturel de l’âme humaine.
A Filosofia Portuguesa no Tempo de Camões
Authors: Braz Teixeira António ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

Cette étude présente une synthèse de la pensée philosophique portugaise entre la publication, à Salamanque, des Logices utriusque Scholia, de Pedro Margalho (1520), et l’édition, à Lyon, du traité Quod nihil scitur du médecin et philosophe Francisco Sanches (1581). La première partie de l’ét ude considere les contributions apportées à la logique de la Renaissance par Margalho (?-1556), António de Gouveia (1510-1566) et Pedro da Fonseca (1528-1599). Dans une seconde partie, sont indiqués les traits les plus caractéristiques de la pensée métaphysique de Leão Hebreu (1465-1535) et Pedro da Fonseca et de la gnoseologie et de l’anthropologie de Francisco Sanches (15507-1623). La conclusion de l’étude analyse la projection des systèmes d’idées de ces trois philosophes dans le développement ultérieur de la philosophie portugaise et brésilienne.
Da Arte de Pirronizar
Authors: Romão Rui Bertrand ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

The aim of this article is to show how the relatively brief presentation of the argumentative way of the Pyrrhonists, included in the longest chapter of the Essais, “The Apology for Raymond Sebond”, can be understood as a fundamental part of Montaigne’s poetic and philosophical reinvention of ancient pyrrhonism. The stress laid there by Montaigne on such characteristics of the pyrrhonian attitude as self-irony, dialectical plasticity and absence of any kind of sectarism, is accordingly studied and considered in the broader context of his personal interpretation of ancient pyrrhonism, in many relevant aspects differing from the characterization of that philosophy as outlined by Sextus Empiricus.
O Adeus à Essência. Natureza, Cultura e Carácter na Antropologia Filosófica da Época Moderna
Authors: Veríssimo Serrão Adriana ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

L’extrordinaire essor de l’intérêt anthropologique, que la seconde moitié du XVIIIème siècle a connnu dans des domaines aussi différents que les sciences de la nature ou les études géographiques et ethnologiques, a demandé à la philosophie d’élaborer, de sa part, de nouvelles bases théoriques et conceptuelles pour l’établissement d’une réflexion sur l’homme désormais libérée de l’abstraction et des dualismes de la pensée métaphysique et théologique précédente. Les notions de nature humaine et de genre humain ont permis a la philosophie de parvenir à une vision concrète et dynamique, surmontant la clôture des anciennes définitions de l’être humain comme “animal rationel” ou “image de Dieu”. Dans cet article on cherche à saisir ce mouvement d’un “adieu à l’essence” en anthropologie philosophique, en suivant les conceptions de perfectibilité dans le Discours sur l'inégalité de Rousseau, de culture dans l'Essai sur l'origine du langage de Herder et de caractère dans l’Anthropologie pragmatique de Kant.
«Liberdades e Direitos» No Horizonte da Soberania
Authors: Soromenho-Marques Viriato ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

The common ground and dissimilarities in the reciprocal influence between two apparently identical concepts in the Contemporary western political tradition - freedom and liberty - are dealt in this paper. The author tries to tackle the interrelated genealogy both of freedom and liberty categories, in the long period opened by the English Civil War and closed by the conflicting reactions to the French Revolution. The sovereignty concept on the other hand allows the reader to understand the ongoing dynamic of the crucial philosophical relationship of these two central concepts.
Cães Canibais, Homens Simiescos, Harmonia da Criação. Representações da Alteridade na Alemanha do Século XVIII
Authors: Ribeiro Sanches Manuela ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

The paper deals with the representation of otherness in 18th Century Germany. Departing from an episode narrated in Georg Forster’s account of James Cook’s second voyage around the world, attention is paid to the way in which an uncanny experience for Europeans - eating dog food - is narrated, and translated according to European discursive premises. The analysis of Forster’s considerations on the relativity of customs, on what is to be attributed to nature or culture, on what is to be considered innate or acquired provide the departing point for the reconstruction (and questioning) of strategies of representing of otherness. In the following parts, diverse ways of representing otherness are briefly analyzed (anatomical studies, collections of bodies and artifacts in natural history cabinets) and emphasis is put on the way in which non-European peoples are always ultimately the object of a process of reification. The scientific implications of Contemporary debates on race are also taken into account, namely the controversy between Georg Forster and Kant. The tension between ethnographie empiricism (Forster) and anthropological rationalism (Kant) is stressed and brought onto relation with the Enlightenment discourse on the “Other”. The conclusion focuses on the limits and utopian possibilities of the Enlightenment discourse, by juxtaposing it to the critique of Western rationalism as proposed by postcolonial studies.
Poética e Filosofia da Memória na Lírica ee Camões
Authors: Peloso Silvano ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

Les Redondilhas de Luís de Camões constituent un exemple significatif de ce “théâtre de la mémoire”, au sens large, qui a connu au XVI ème siècle son moment le plus mûr et de plus grande diffusion. On y trouve un ensemble de variantes mnémotechniques, de schèmes de la rhétorique sacrée et profane, de jeux qui produisent des textes et des textes qui produisent des jeux. On y trouve aussi un spécial rapport entre mot et image, entre contenu et expression, qui offre, même en sens ésotérique, une importante clé de lecture pour l’ensemble de l’époque. Entre le labyrinthe des mots et l’ordre de la bibliothèque, la poétique de la mémoire représente une poésie qui pense le futur tout en réinventant le passé.
Uma Nova Heresia à Medida de um Novo Mundo
Authors: Cardoso Adelino ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

La controverse du péché philosophique (1686-1690) est un épisode remarquable du conflit entre les Jésuites et le cercle janséniste de Port-Royal, où Antoine Arnauld pontifiait. Le différend en question a été décidé dans les instances théologico-écclésiastiques convenables, mais il déborde largement le domaine de la théologie, en se répercutant sur le caractère de la rationalité européenne et sur le mode du rapprocheme nt entre l’Europe chrétienne et les cultures des peuples qu’on vient de découvrir. Le noyau de ce débat se place au niveau anthropologique, en ce qui concerne la dignité de la nature humaine et sa perfectibilité. Dans cette étude, on essaie de donner le cadre général dans lequel le débat se déploie, les enjeux qui s’y posent et le légat qui est transmis à l’avenir, notamment à l’iluminisme du XVIIIème siécle.
Husserl e a “Verdade pela Forma” (da Filosofia da Aritmética às Investigações Lógicas)
Authors: Morujão Carlos ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

Dans cet article nous nous sommes proposé de montrer l’ampleur de la transformation operée par Husserl sur la notion d’analytico-formel, par rapport au sens que ces deux termes possédait chez Kant. Nous avons montré que c’était lá le but des investigations, que Husserl lui-même appelait d’ordre psychologique, sur les fondements de l’arithmétique, aussi bien que de sa critique du psichologisme, ammorcée dès le 1.er tome des Recherches Logiques. Nous avons aussi montré que le but de Husserl n’était pas d’établir un ensemble de propriétés formelles des objects (en soi-mêmes vides de tout contenu), mais déterminer la portée de la forme (à l’instar des géométries non-euclidiènnes) en tant que productrice d ’objectivité.
A Função Social da Arte em Lectures on Art de John Ruskin
Authors: Mateus Paula ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

In Lectures on Art John Ruskin presented us a wide educational programme and a social reform plan. Ruskin believes that artistic education can save industrial societies from degradation and misery, and help bringing England back to the way of glory - the same glory that once marked its history. This artistic education is meant to improve character and taste, enrich the perception of nature and perfect the comprehension of reality. If the plan succeeds, England is hoped to go back in time, recovering the values that its ancestors so hard fought to preserve - honour, pride and honesty - and open firm doors for the future. Behind this plan for social transformation are some philosophical conceptions about art itself, its function and value, as well as some assumptions about the efficiency of art education. Also in these lectures we get to know Ruskin’s ideas about morality, religion and human evolution. Lectures on Art is the work of an informed and accurate mind, and shows an extraordinary ability to recognise the problems of modem societies and suggest solutions.
Tolerância, Intolerância e Milenarismo
Authors: Viana Ferreira J. Carlos ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

In the Christian world picture of early modern Europe Truth was absolute and enjoyed rights of its own. Protestantism shattered the unity of Christianity but did not fester any ideal of religious tolerance. Instead, closely interwoven with the Henrician Reformation and consequent break with Roman Catholicism, and with the establishment of the Elizabethan state, Protestantism led to a widespread millenarian belief in the leading role God had chosen for England, thus sharpening the opposition between Good and Evil, Christ and Antichrist. In the heady atmosphere of the 1640’s Milton, Cromwell, and the Independents stood for liberty of conscience, while the Levellers and radical separatists argued for toleration and religious liberty. Toleration emerged and thrived in the Puritan Revolution, not as an ideal, but as a temporary, pragmatic measure in the long path to achieve cherished but elusive religious unity.
A Natureza do Corpo e da Consciência em la Nature de Merleau-Ponty: Uma Abordagem Ética
Authors: Antunes Teresa ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

In this paper we intend to show that an evolved conception of the human nature and of consciousness constitutes a possible starting point to surpass the ethical anthropocentrism. We will begin by analysing António Damásio’s claims on the relation body/consciousness in order to clarify its resemblance with the analysis that Merleau-Ponty does of the same concepts in his work La Nature. We shall realise that, like Damasio, Merleu-Ponty understands the body as the place of the consciousness, suggesting an explanation of the human nature in terms of natural selection. Our final claim is that all this results in ethical implications of the way one should morally understand our relation to non-human animais, which like us evolve from a natural body.
Pensar o Sentir de Hoje
Authors: Serrão Adriana V. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

Cet étude se pose la question suivante: est-ce que l’Esthétique philosophique contemporaine peut encore fournir un cadre conceptuel d’intelligibilité en face de l’extrême diversité des événements artistiques, mais surtout en face du changement croissant des manifestations de la sensibilité dans nos sociétés de masses? Pour parvenir à une réponse cohérente, on commence par rappeller les principes fondamentaux de l’expérience esthétique et de la conception du goût selon Kant. Ensuite, on présente une synthèse de trois différentes lectures philosophiques de l’actualité conduites d’un point de vue esthétique: la fin des avant-gardes de Luc Ferry, la sensologie de Mario Pemiola et la théorie des images de Martin Seel.
A Cegueira na Origem do Desenho - Jacques Derrida em Mémoires d'aveugle
Authors: Barahona de Almeida Inês ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

La réflexion qui suit a pour but de suivre le texte de Jacques Derrida, intitulé Mémoires d'aveugle, L'autoportrait et autres ruines. Ce texte constitue le catalogue de l’exposition que le philosophe a organisé au Musée du Louvre sur la cécité et le dessin. En ayant pour réflexion le mythe de Dibutade qui est à l’origine du dessin, surgiront comme traits fondamentaux dans l’argumentation derridienne la reconduction de la vision à la mémoire, la radication du dessin dans la partie d’ombre, dans l’absence, et la nature ambivalente de la trace du dessin. En tenant compte du mythe de l’origine du dessin et du rôle de la vision et de la cécité, Jacques Derrida arrive à la formulation de sa thèse centrale: chaque fois qu’un dessinateur dessine un aveugle, il fait son auto-portrait. Ensuite, on analyse la figuration des aveugles, cherchant à souligner les aspects les plus importants, comme le besoin d’un “théâtre des mains”, la relation entre haptique et optique, ou encore la singulière vocation des aveugles pour devenir des êtres de lumière, élus du divin, donc témoins d’une rédemption et d’une ascèse. Suivant la suggestion du texte de Jacques Derrida, on aboutit au fait que la vision et la cécité ont une importance pour ce qui est de la définition de toute Anthropologie, pour ce cas d’une “Anthropologie des larmes”.
Imagem e Representação
Authors: Marcelino Américo ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

The boundaries between figuration and abstraction, artistic and non-artistic, or between depiction and other forms of reference repeatedly arise in discussions about images and representation, usually ending up in ambiguous distinctions between the innate and natural versus the constructed and cultural. Nelson Goodman’s account to what we call a conventionalist theory of pictures can answer some questions concerning the puzzling nature of representation. The relativity of such boundaries become clear if we accept a multidirectional perspective of reference, determined by the several symbolic function contexts in whith pictures and other signs are brought in. In spite of this, the significance and range we take from the concepts of picture and depiction is crucial to the dilution of those distinctions. Following Goodman, this paper seeks to explore the correlation between these two connected but even so distinctive concepts.
Da Obliteração
Authors: Beckert Cristina ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

This paper aims to reflect upon the relation between Aesthetic and Ethics through the work of Sacha Sosno, a Latvan sculptor, and the comments on it produced by the Lithuanian philosopher Emmanuel Levinas who regards Ethics as “first philosophy”. The concept of obliteration that dominates Sosno’s sculptures of human figures expresses the condition in which modern man is placed or the “scandal of suffering”, as Levinas puts it, giving an ethical sense to the aesthetic works as it aims to a mysterious sense impossible to display by plastic representations but which is always present in its own absence.
As Artes do Corpo e o Corpo como Arte
Authors: André João Maria ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

Dans ce texte, en partant du double sens de l’expression «arts du corps» et après un parcours bref sur la présence du corps dans la culture occidentale, on essaye de caractériser, premièrement, les arts du corps qui font du corps son objet ou instrument (génitif objectif) de travail, exposition et manipulation, tels que la chirurgie esthétique, les marques du piercing et du tatouage (elles-mêmes de double sens), le «body building», quelques excès du «body art», les divers types de prothèses mécaniques qui font du corps un cyborg et, finalement, ce qu’on peut appeler les prothèses chimiques qui modèlent le désir et le tempérament et qui sont administrés par une médicine psychiatrique au service d’un bien-être normalisé. Dans un second moment notre regard se tourne vers les arts du corps dans lesquels le corps se présente en tant que sujet de création artistique (génitif subjectif), en relevant surtout les arts de la scène et, en spécial, la danse et le théâtre: on essaye, ainsi, de montrer dans quel sens on peut parler du corps en tant que sujet, tant dans la danse classique que dans la danse contemporaine, et on traverse aussi le développement du théâtre, surtout après Artaud, en passant par Grotowski, Barbas et Peter Brook, pour souligner le passage du corps au premier plan de la scène. Nous concluons en soulignant le rapport intrinsèque entre ces arts, le corps et le mouvement, ce qui nous permet de dire que, s’ils sont sont les plus éphémères de tous les arts, c’est parce que dans ces arts tout se passe comme si on faisait l’amour avec le temps.
A Gravidade do Consenso sob Suspeita
Authors: Quaresma José ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

In this article we share the conviction that any aesthetic judgement is compounded of extreme spontaneity (I); communicated share (and not a presumed share) - the demands set by the Other of the communication and the conflict of two distinct claims (II); the personal synthesis between the individual spontaneity and the results of the share done with the Other of the aesthetic communication (III). We also admit that these three aesthetic occurrences are equally needed to the aesthetic communication, but we lay stress on the first occurrence - extreme spontaneity - as the “touch stone” of both aesthetic experience and judgement’s communication. What we corne to emphasize is that the occurrence “extreme spontaneity” is not just the very basis of the aesthetic experience, but as well, the “touch stone” of the aesthetic communication that never fades away of the discussion, even when the most rational arguments are present. As a mater of fact, this occurrence is there at the very first moment, persists secretly and strategically at the second one - moment of the communicated share - and reappears openly at the synthetic occurrence. We also defend that the “extreme spontaneity” is the occurrence that generates the suspicion’s exercise about the excesses of the communication’s rationality; that makes the suspicion something permanent (sometimes visible others latent); and finally, allows us to say that without its craft and the sensitive suspecting power the communication of the aesthetic judgement loses its authenticity and becomes empty in its universal claiming and tensional life.
Leituras do Sublime : Lyotard e Derrida
Authors: Anahory Ana ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

In the 80’s, the situation after the reception of kantian philosophy was suddenly shaken by Jean-François Lyotard’s and Jacques Derrida’s approaches to the Critique of Judgement. These were so massively decisive that they reorganized the bounderies of modernity in projecting the Analytique of the sublime as the ground of legitimation of our aesthetical, ethical and political experience. For Lyotard, the sublime subject contained not only the necessary categories to think the avant-garde art but it could also offer kernels of resistance towards the political model of neocontractualism. Derrida changes the topic of negative representation of the impossible into the theorical coordinates of a new way of thinking such different themes as the hospitality, the responsibility, the justice, the decision, the gift or the death. In both authors, Kant becomes too close, so close that he is almost out of focus, especially regarding what can be unthinkable in his work.
A Ponderada Obsessão de Jean-Marie Guyau
Authors: Andolfi Ferruccio , Veríssimo Serrão Adriana ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

Nell'Abbozzo di una morale senza obbligo né sanzione Guyau anticipa la tendenza dell'etica contemporanea a spostare l’accento dal dovere alla responsabilità rispetto alle risorse che si posseggono. Il saggio ricostruisce la formazione di questa originale proposta a partire dai confronti con lo stoicismo e l'epicureismo, con i moralisti inglesi e specialmente con l’autonomia kantiana, che Guyau approfondisce e supera in nome di un’«anomia» che implica la moltiplicazione e la varietà degli ideali individuali. L'autore si sofferma a considerara il significato congetturale dell’«ipotesi metafísica» dell'espansione della vita, che oltrepassa l’ambito dei principi, socialmente utili, di conservazione della vita e costituisce il livello più alto della moralità individuale. La portata «altruistica» dell'espansione della vita viene chiarita attraverso un confronto con l'idea di «volontà di potenza», che Nietzsche, nelle note critiche poste a margine dell'Esquisse, avvicina ma oppone all'idea di «dépense» sostenuta dal filosofo francese. Quest'idea non conforta l'aspettativa spenceriana di un'affermazione incondizionata, nel futuro, dell'istinto sociale altruistico: per Guyau l'uomo conserva il privilegio, e la condanna, di dover sempre ragiona re (raisonner) i propri desideri.
Do Revolucionamento como Moléstia, uma Descosida Releitura de Ortega y Gasset
Authors: Barata-Moura José ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

Le philosophe espagnol José Ortega y Gasset a exposé quelques lignes de sa conception de l’histoire dans une série de conférences tenues a Lisbonne, en 1944, sur le thème « La raison historique ». L’auteur de cet article montre comment, chez Ortega, soit le sens général de l’histoire soit en particulier ses idées sur l’avenir de l’Europe se rattachent directement à sa philosophie de la vie, mettant en même temps en évidence ses jugements critiques sur la révolution, la contradiction et la dialectique.
Ser Ateu Graças a Deus ou de como ser Pobre é não Haver Menos que o Infinito
Authors: Borges Paulo A. E. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

This paper comments Eckhart’s sermon “Beati pauperes spiritu...” , trying to show how the inner sense of spiritual poverty, the first of the blessednesses, is finally to reassume the uncreated plenitude, or the Deity (Gottheit), previous to the production of God (Gott) and the world, as correlatives of the free self-creation of the subject. To want nothing, to know nothing and to own nothing, indeed to be nothing, is thus a deconstitution of the subject which frees him from himself, from God and from everything, in returning to the absolute. The mystical fruition of that absolute than assumes an a-theist, a-theological and an-archic meaning, as it suspends the divinisation of the primordial and its representation as an hegemonic and extrinsical principle. Zero degree of being, renunciation of all limitations of existence, extreme poverty is here the absolute wealth of being no more than the Infinite.
The pharciceratid ammonoids from the Roteisenstein Formation of Dillenburg (Cephalopoda, Ammonoidea)
Authors: Korn Dieter , Bockwinkel Jürgen
Published: September 2021

The ammonoids of the suborder Pharciceratina from the Red Ironstone Formation of the area around Dillenburg (eastern Rhenish Mountains) are revised, mainly based on historical collections stored in the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin. The genus Evopharciceras gen. nov. and the following species are newly described: Maenioceras ornatum sp. nov., Pharciceras beyrichi sp. nov., Pharciceras kruegeri sp. nov., Pharciceras ferrum sp. nov., Evopharciceras formosum gen. et sp. nov., Extropharciceras metallicum sp. nov., Lunupharciceras kochi sp. nov., Stenopharciceras lotzi sp. nov., Pluripharciceras ahlburgi sp. nov. and Sandbergeroceras archiaci sp. nov. Neotypes are proposed for the species Extropharciceras becheri (von Buch, 1832) and Sandbergeroceras costatum (d’Archiac & de Verneuil, 1842). The stratigraphic distribution of the genera is discussed; they are assigned to three assemblages: (1) Maenioceras terebratum Zone (early Givetian; two species), (2) Pseudoprobeloceras pernai Zone (latest Givetian; fifteen species) and (3) Sandbergeroceras costatum Zone (early Frasnian; three species).