bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Kingman's characteristic functional approach to Rényi's characterization of Poisson processes
Authors: Yao Yi-Ching
Published: April 2006

In his recent monograph on Poisson processes, Kingman generalized Rényi's characterization of Poisson processes and also suggested a characteristic functional approach. A direct proof is given along this line.
First-passage-time densities for time-non-homogeneous diffusion processes
Authors: Gutiérrez R. , Ricciardi L. M. , Román P. , Torres F.
Published: April 2006

In this paper we study a Volterra integral equation of the second kind, including two arbitrary continuous functions, in order to determine first-passage-time probability density functions through time-dependent boundaries for time-non-homogeneous one-dimensional diffusion processes with natural boundaries. These results generalize those which were obtained for time-homogeneous diffusion processes by Giorno et al. [3], and for some particular classes of time-non-homogeneous diffusion processes by Gutiérrez et al. [4], [5].
Extremes for shot noise processes with heavy tailed amplitudes
Authors: McCormick William P.
Published: April 2006

Extreme value results for a class of shot noise processes with heavy tailed amplitudes are considered. For a process of the form, , where {τ k} are the points of a renewal process and {Ak} are i.i.d. with d.f. having a regularly varying tail, the limiting behavior of the maximum is determined. The extremal index is computed and any value in (0, 1) is possible. Two-dimensional point processes of the form are shown to converge to a compound Poisson point process limit. As a corollary to this result, the joint limiting distribution of high local maxima is obtained.
Sur la Lp convergence des martingales liées au recouvrement
Authors: Al Hua Fan
Published: April 2006

In a coverage problem introduced by Dvoretzky (1956) the circle is covered with lengths The associated indexed martingale can be considered as a set of random densities with respect to Lebesgue measure, of which the limit is a random measure. The total masses of the set constitute a new martingale. From a theorem of Shepp (1972), this martingale does not converge in a space if . If 0 < α < 1 it converges in all spaces , and in this paper we demonstrate that it converges in all spaces Lp for p > 2. We also obtain quite precise estimates for the moments of the total mass of the limit measure, showing that the characteristic function of this total mass is an entire function of order 1/(1 − α). Thus in some sense the mass is distributed in a bounded domain.
Minification processes with discrete marginals
Authors: Kalamkar V. A.
Published: April 2006

We investigate the stationarity of minification processes when the marginal is a discrete distribution. There is a close relationship between the problem considered by Arnold and Isaacson (1976) and the stationarity in minification processes. We give a necessary and sufficient condition for a discrete distribution to be the marginal of a stationary minification process. Members of the Poisson and negative binomial families can be the marginals of stationary minification processes. The geometric minification process is studied in detail, and two characterizations of it based on the structure of the innovation process are given.
Properties of calculated predictions of grade sizes and the associated integer valued vectors
Authors: Guerry M. A.
Published: April 2006

In a system modelled by a time-discrete deterministic model, predictions of the distribution of the members over the different classes do not result automatically in an integer valued vector. In this paper, for a constant size system, we discuss how to associate with the calculated vector an integer valued vector. Furthermore we examine whether the evolution of the calculated vectors on the one hand, and the evolution of the associated integer valued vectors on the other hand, have the same properties.
Rate of convergence of the fluid approximation for generalized Jackson networks
Authors: Chen Hong
Published: April 2006

It is known that a generalized open Jackson queueing network after appropriate scaling (in both time and space) converges almost surely to a fluid network under the uniform topology. Under the same topology, we show that the distance between the scaled queue length process of the queueing network and the fluid level process of the corresponding fluid network converges to zero in probability at an exponential rate.
Moment inequalities for sums of DMRL random variables
Authors: Fagiuoli Enrico , Pellerey Franco
Published: April 2006

Some moment inequalities are known to be valid for non-parametric lifetime distribution classes. Here we consider one set of these inequalities, which hold for random variables that are DMRL (decreasing in mean residual life). We prove that such inequalities are satisfied by variables which are sums of DMRL random variables too, though these sums are not necessarily DMRL. Related results are shown, together with similar results valid for the stochastic comparison in mean residual life.
Polymorphisms in vitamin D receptor, osteopontin, insulin‐like growth factor 1 and insulin, and their associations with bone, egg and growth traits in a layer – broiler cross in chickens
Authors: Bennett A. K. , Hester P. Y. , Spurlock D. E. M.
Published: April 2006

Bone strength traits in chickens are gaining importance due to economic losses and welfare concerns associated with bone fractures and other abnormalities. A chicken F2 resource population was generated from layer and broiler genetic lines, and traits relating to bone strength, egg production, egg quality and growth rate were measured in approximately 500 F2 hens. Four biological candidate genes (vitamin D receptor, VDR; insulin, INS; insulin‐like growth factor 1, IGF1; and osteopontin, SPP1) were selected for investigation. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified for each candidate gene by comparing sequences between grandparent lines. Polymerase chain reaction restriction‐fragment length polymorphism or SNaPshot assays were developed to genotype the F2 population and to evaluate associations between each SNP genotype and multiple phenotypes. Significant associations (P < 0.0125) were found between VDR and bone mineral content of the humerus at 35 weeks of age; between IGF1 and SPP1 and 5‐week body weight; and between INS and 55‐week body weight.
An assessment of interrater reliability of the ASA physical status classification in pediatric surgical patients
Authors: JACQUELINE RAGHEB , MALVIYA SHOBHA , BURKE CONSTANCE , REYNOLDS PAUL
Published: April 2006

Background:  The American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification (ASA‐PS) is used worldwide by anesthesia providers as an assessment of the preoperative physical status of patients. This assessment score has been inconsistently assigned by anesthesia providers among adult surgical patients. This study tested the reliability of assignment of ASA‐PS classification among pediatric anesthesia providers.

Methods:  A postal questionnaire was sent to a randomly selected sample of full members of the Society of Pediatric Anesthesiologists. Participants were asked to assign ASA‐PS for 10 clinical case scenarios chosen from regular pediatric surgical cases at the investigators’ institution.

Results:  The response rate to our mailing was 54%. There was a moderate overall agreement among pediatric anesthesia providers in assigning ASA‐PS for pediatric surgical patients (exact agreement 40.5–78.6%; κ = 0.479). Exact agreement improved for combined ASA classifications of I and II (83%), and III and IV (95%).

Conclusion:  These findings suggest a moderate agreement among pediatric anesthesia providers in assigning ASA‐PS classification to selected pediatric case scenarios. Most disagreement, however, represented a tendency of outside care providers to assign a higher ASA physical status for cases. Furthermore, agreement was excellent for low risk (i.e. ASA I and II) as well as high risk (ASA III and IV) cases.
Treatment costs and clinical outcome for first episode schizophrenia patients: a 3‐year follow‐up of the Swedish ‘Parachute Project’ and Two Comparison Groups
Authors: Cullberg J. , Mattsson M. , Levander S. , Holmqvist R. , Tomsmark L. , Elingfors C. , Wieselgren I.‐M.
Published: April 2006

Objective:  To evaluate ‘need‐specific treatment’ of first episode schizophrenia syndrome patients.

Method:  Sixty‐one consecutive first episode schizophrenia syndrome patients were followed over 3 years. They were compared with a Historical ‘treatment as usual’ group (n = 41) and a Prospective group from a high quality social and biological psychiatry centre (n = 25).

Results:  Symptomatic and functional outcome was significantly better compared with the Historical group and equal with the Prospective group. During the first year, the direct costs for in‐ and out‐patient care per patient in the Parachute project were less than half of those in the Prospective group.

Conclusion:  The study confirms the feasibility, clinically and economically, with a large scale application of ‘need‐specific treatments’ for first episode psychotic patients.
Towards a Global Ecology of theFin de Siècle
Authors: Gagnier Regenia , Delveaux Martin
Published: April 2006

This article situates theFin de siècleand literary Decadence – usually treated as a forerunner of European or Transatlantic literary modernism – in a global context, drawing on research in other fields, such as economics, demography and climatology. Beginning with an historical definition of Decadence as when the individuation of parts led to the disintegration of the whole, it locates the socialist‐aesthetes, feminists and ecologists in a global context of drought and famine; critiques Western notions of Progress from the reorientations of our contemporary political economy; and maps some recent research in world literatures and cultures that begins to redress the insular perspective.
Maimonidean Ethics Revisited: Development and Asceticism in Maimonides?
Authors: Parens Joshua
Published: April 2006

Most recent interpreters of Maimonides argue that his ethical views develop from support of the mean in Eight Chapters to support of asceticism in "Laws Concerning Character Traits" and the Guide. This article challenges that interpretation: first, through a reconsideration of Aristotle's views on the mean and the relation of the ethically virtuous life to the contemplative life, and, second, through a reconsideration of Maimonides' texts. One riddle recommends we not jump to conclusions about Maimonides' views: In Eight Chapters he appears to advocate the mean, on the basis of Aristotelian sources. In the Guide he ascribes his most ascetic recommendations to Aristotle.
Do spermathecal morphology and inter-mating interval influence paternity in the polyandrous beetle Tribolium castaneum?
Authors: Arnaud Ludovic , Bernasconi Giorgina , Brostaux Yves , Meyer Eric P.
Published: April 2006

In polyandrous insects, postcopulatory sexual selection is a pervasive evolutionary force favouring male and female traits that allow control of offspring paternity. Males may influence paternity through adaptations for sperm competition, and females through adaptations facilitating cryptic female choice. Yet, the mechanisms are often complex, involving behaviour, physiology or morphology, and they are difficult to identify. In red flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum), paternity varies widely, and evidence suggests that both male and female traits influence the outcome of sperm competition. To test the role of spermathecal morphology and of sperm storage processes on the outcome of sperm competition, we mated each of 26 virgin females with two males, one of which carrying a phenotypic marker to assign offspring paternity. We manipulated the interval between mating with the first and the second male, to create different conditions of sperm storage (overlapping and non-overlapping) in the female reproductive tract. To investigate the role of sperm storage more closely, we examined the relationship between paternity and spermathecal morphology in a subset of 14 experimental females. In addition, we also characterized variation in spermathecal morphology in three different strains, wildtype, Chicago black and Reindeer. No significant influence of the intermating interval was found on the paternity of the focal male, although the direction of the difference was in the expected direction of higher last male paternity for longer intervals. Moreover, paternity was not significantly associated with spermathecal morphology, although spermathecal volume, complexity, and tubule width varied significantly and substantially among individuals in all investigated strains.
Using past behaviour and spontaneous implementation intentions to enhance the utility of the theory of planned behaviour in predicting exercise
Authors: Brickell Tracey A. , Chatzisarantis Nikos L. D. , Pretty Grace M.
Published: April 2006

Objectives. This study examined the utility of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), past behaviour, and spontaneous implementation intentions in predicting exercise behaviour. The psychological correlates of spontaneous implementation intentions and the moderating effects of intention, perceived behavioural control, past behaviour, and implementation intentions at various time points were also examined.

Design. Data collection occurred over three phases with a 2‐ and 3‐week interval. The attrition rate was 35.97% leaving a total of 162 participants (63 males, 99 females). In the first wave, participants completed measures of TPB, spontaneous implementation intentions, and past behaviour. Behaviour was assessed in the second and third waves, and a follow‐up measure of spontaneous implementation intentions was completed in Phase 3.

Results. Several regression analyses were conducted. Attitude towards exercise and perceived behavioural control made a significant contribution to the prediction of intention. Intention made a significant contribution to the prediction of implementation intentions. Spontaneous implementation intentions reduced the effect of intention and past behaviour for behaviour at 2 weeks and when indexed over a 5‐week period. When behaviour was measured for a 3‐week period (following an initial 2‐week period), the variance that intention and past behaviour accounted for in exercise behaviour decreased, and spontaneous implementation intentions were no longer a significant predictor of behaviour. Spontaneous implementation intentions were found to interact with past behaviour, such that implementation intentions predicted exercise behaviour only among participants who did not exercise frequently in the past.

Conclusions. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
A randomized controlled trial of smoking cessation for pregnant women to test the effect of a transtheoretical model‐based intervention on movement in stage and interaction with baseline stage
Authors: Aveyard Paul , Lawrence Terry , Cheng K. K. , Griffin Carl , Croghan Emma , Johnson Carol
Published: April 2006

Objectives. To examine whether, as predicted by the transtheoretical model (TTM), stage‐matched interventions will be more effective than stage‐mismatched interventions.

Design. Randomized controlled trial of smoking cessation advice to pregnant smokers.

Methods. Pregnant women currently smoking at 12 weeks gestation were enrolled in a pragmatic three‐arm trial of TTM‐based interventions to help them stop smoking. One arm constituted standard midwifery advice and a self‐help leaflet on stopping smoking, which is generally appropriate for women in preparation. Two arms were TTM‐based. Differences in positive movement in stage towards quitting from enrolment to 30 weeks gestation and 10 days post‐partum were calculated for each arm of the trial. We then examined whether, as predicted from the TTM, the relative benefit of the TTM‐based intervention was greater for women in precontemplation and contemplation, for whom the control intervention was stage‐mismatched, than for women in preparation, for whom the control intervention was stage‐matched.

Results. Women in the TTM‐based arms were statistically significantly more likely to move forward in stage than were women in the control arm. Contrary to the TTM‐derived hypothesis, the greater relative benefit of the TTM‐based intervention was seen for women in preparation stage at baseline, rather than women in precontemplation and contemplation.

Conclusions. The TTM‐based intervention was more effective in stage movement, but this could be due to its greater intensity. The failure to confirm that stage‐matching was important casts doubt on the validity of the TTM in explaining smoking cessation behaviour in pregnancy.
OUR CORPUS AND CARRPOS
Authors: Proskauer J.
Published: April 2006

Monocarpus sphaerocarpus Carr is renamed Carrpos sphaerocarpos. Certain aspects of the homonym rule are discussed. Attention is drawn to the lack of provisions in the Code concerning the correctability of generic names when used as substantive epithets.
ON THE TYPIFICATION OF DOLIOSTROBUS, AN EXTINCT CONIFEROUS GENUS
Authors: Bužek Č. , Holý F. , Kvacek Z.
Published: April 2006

Doliostrohus Marion should be separated from the apparently heterogenous form‐genus Araucarites Presl. In keeping with palaeobotanical practice the latter should be retained for uncertain araucarioid remains. Doliostrobus, on the other hand, should be considered as a distinct, fairly natural taxon of generic rank with the type species D. sternbergii (Corda) Marion sensu Marion.
PHYLOGENETIC CONCEPTS AND THE ARCHETYPE OF THE MAGNOLIOPHYTES
Authors: Grassl Carl O.
Published: April 2006

Models are suggested for the basic morphological parts of the first flowering plants.
SYSTEMATIC CATEGORIES FOR CULTIVATED PLANTS
Authors: Jeffrey C.
Published: April 2006

Though there is no absolute distinction between the systematics of wild and cultivated plants, cultivated plants in general do differ in many respects from typical wild species. These differences are considered and their implications for the systematics of cultivated plants are discussed. It is concluded that while formal botanical categories can successfully accomodate both wild and cultivated plants down to the species level (i.e. the level of the binomial), they are inapplicable to the infraspecific levels of the systematics of cultivated plants. A flexible hierarchal system based on grouping of cultivars is proposed as a practical alternative.
A NOTE ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF SOME UPPER CRETACEOUS AND EOCENE DINOFLAGELLATE TAXA
Authors: Clarke Robin F. A. , Davey Roger J. , Sarjeant William A. S. , Verdier Jean‐Pierre
Published: April 2006

Introduction and summary

In December 1966, several new taxa from the Cenomanian of England were validly published and named as part of larger study on Mesozoic and Cainozoic dinoflagellate cysts (papers by Davey, Downie, Sarjeant and Williams in Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist., Supplement 3, 1966). A subsequent publication on dinoflagellate cyst assemblages from the Chalk of the Isle of Wight, England (Clarke and Verdier, 1967) included independent descriptions of these same taxa under different names: these latter names are junior synonyms and must be rejected, under Article 57 of the “International Code of Botanical Nomenclature”. These names are here listed.
MÖGLICHKEITEN EINER REGELGEMÄSSEN STABILISIERUNG DER NOMENKLATUR KARBONISCHER PFLANZEN III
Authors: Vogellehner Dieter
Published: April 2006

The following proposals for stabilization of the nomenclature of Carboniferous plants are made:

Conservation of the generic name Sigillaria Brongniart (1822), taxonomic synonym of Rhytidolepis Sternberg (1822), and Euphorbites Martius (1822).

Citation of the generic name Sigillariostrobus as follows: Sigillariostrobus Schimper (1870) ex Feistmantel (1871). Type‐species: S. goldenbergii Feistmantel (1876) ex Zeiller (1884).

The nomenclature of Sigilhriostrobus is very confused. If the rules are strictly applied, the name Sigilhriostrobus Schimper (1870) is not validly published (unitary designation). Valid publication dates from 1871 (Feistmantel) or 1873 (Geinitz). The type‐species of these authors, S. cordai and S. bifidus, must be transferred to other genera (Sporangiostrobus, Gomphostrobus). The name Sigillariostrobus used by subsequent authors (e.g. Grand'Eury, Zeiller) for species such as S. goldenbergii is, therefore, illegitimate.

The species S. goldenbergii proposed as new type‐species is described by Schimper (1870) but not designated as “species” (Feistmantel 1876: nomen provisorium, Zeiller 1884: valid publication). Nevertheless, the citation of S. goldenbergii as type‐species seems to be the most reasonable solution of this problem. It would also be possible to reinstate the name Sigillariostrobus for Sporangiostrobus or Gomphostrobus. The species described by most subsequent authors under Sigillariostrobus must then be renamed. This solution, however, is not acceptable because it throws “science into confusion” (Code, Preamble).
ON CRISTELLA
Authors: Donk M. A.
Published: April 2006

The type of Cristella is that one of the (unnamed) species from which the generic description was drawn up, and which Patouillard indicated merely as “Crist, cristata.” It is known from Patouillard's subsequent work that the species indicated by this nomen nudum belongs to the (holobasidious) Corticiaceae. Selecting a (heterobasidious) tremellaceous fungus as type of Cristella is incorrect because it conflicts with the protologue of Cristella Pat.
PATTERNS OF PARALLEL EVOLUTION OF LEAF FORM IN NEW WORLD OAKS
Authors: Tucker J. M.
Published: April 2006

Several cases are cited from the literature of misinterpretation of taxonomic relationships, where distantly related species of Quercus exhibit parallelism in leaf form. This paper presents a number of other examples in which species belonging to different subgenera are remarkably similar in gross leaf morphology. In each such example, the two species occur in very similar habitats, and actually co‐exist in some areas. It is assumed that their similarities are adaptive, and in two of the more extreme examples speculations are advanced as to what the adaptive significance may be.
ORDINAL AND FAMILIAL DIVERSITY OF CENOZOIC MAMMALS
Authors: Lillegraven Jason A.
Published: April 2006

Various kinds of data concerning changes in total mammalian ordinal and familial diversity through the Cenozoic are graphed for the world and for each of the continents from which a mammalian fossil record is known. Ordinal and familial diversity increased rapidly through the Paleocene and Eocene to reach respective all‐time highs of 26 orders in the late Eocene and 116 families in the early Oligocene (bats and odontocete plus mys‐ticete whales excluded). The major continents suffered a decline in total ordinal and familial diversity in the latter half of the Oligocene with a secondary rejuvenation in the early Miocene. A remarkable uniformity in total number of orders and families per continent has obtained from the early Oligocene to Recent, and no apparent relationship exists between total diversity and continental size.

A series of striking correlations exists between the times of first appearances of many mammalian and angiospermous orders and families. High numbers of first appearances (a kind of index to rates of evolutionary diversification) occurred in both mammals and flowering plants in the late Eocene to early Oligocene and in the earlier half of the Miocene. These specific times of high taxonomic diversification also correlate closely with the times of first appearance of “modern” (present at some time during the Quaternary) families of mammals and extinction of archaic families. Major mammalian faunal “turnovers” occurred in the Late Cretaceous, Eocene through early Oligocene, and early Miocene. Nevertheless, total familial and ordinal diversity of mammals on any given continent at any given time has remained remarkably stable. Some sort of faunal equilibrium is suggested.

The dramatic taxonomic changes of the earlier parts of the Oligocene (i. e., high rates of appearance of new mammalian and plant taxa plus high rate of extinction of archaic mammals) correlate well with a general deterioration of the world's climate (lowering of mean annual temperature and decrease of equability) ar that time. Contemporaneous adjustments can be observed between climatic change, rates of evolutionary diversification in plants and mammals, and rates of extinction in mammals.
NEW NAMES ETC. TO BE PUBLISHED IN A SINGLE JOURNAL
Authors: Thomas John H.
Published: April 2006

Proposal 96a. to require that descriptions of all new taxa, new combinations, and new names of organisms covered by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature be published in a journal founded for this purpose and published by the International Association for Plant Taxonomy.
ORTHOGRAPHY OF NAMES AND EPITHETS: The i/j and ulv problem
Authors: Nicolson Dan H.
Published: April 2006

An analysis is made of the use of i, j, u, and v respectively as vowels, semivowels and fricative consonants. It is concluded that there are three problems: first, the present paragraph 5 of Article 73 is not being applied and its deletion is proposed; second, the only major problem is the early use of v as a pure vowel and a proposal to correct this is made; third, there is no provision in the Code for choosing between alternative orthographies in an original publication and a proposal is made covering this with reference to the letters i vs. j and u vs. v.
NUMERICAL PHENETIC SAMPLES OF TAXONOMIC CIRCUMSCRIPTIONS IN THE BROMELIACEAE
Authors: Gilmartin Amy Jean
Published: April 2006

A new approach for sampling taxonomic circumscriptions by estimating intrataxon variability yielded some noteworthy data. The data are presented for the phenetic distances computed between plant specimens which had been determined in the classical taxonomic manner. The paper complements one to appear in the American Journal of Botany in which summary statistics support the hypothesis that the phenetic distances (phenetic affinities) and their variances can quantify taxonomic circumscriptions by providing estimates of the similarity between various members of the same taxa. The names of the taxa are listed and the phenetic distances between specimens of a large number of taxa at various levels in the family and the respective variances are presented in nine tables.
CHEMICAL AND NOMENCLATURAL NOTES ON ALECTORIA (LICHENES) I
Authors: Hawksworth D. L.
Published: April 2006

Chemical studies on the type specimens of species of the lichen genus Alectoria Ach. have been used to clarify the nomenclature of several species. The following nomenclatural changes are made: A. capillaris (Ach.) Cromb. (= A. implexa auct. mult., non (Hoffm.) Nyl.; barbatolic acid), A. implexa (Hoffm.) Nyl. (= A. zopfii Asah., A. catharinae Räs.; psoromic acid), A. pseudofuscescens Gyeln. (= A. subtilis Mot., A. norsticta Mot.; norstictic acid). The identity of A. furcellata R. Sant., A. patagonica R. Sant., and A. subsarmentosa Stirt. and the nomenclature of A. nidulifera Norrl. ex Nyl. have also been investigated.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ADAPTIVE RADIATION, SPECIATION AND MAJOR EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS
Authors: Stebbins G. L.
Published: April 2006

In animals, adaptive radiation at the level of species is based to a large extent upon adaptations to survival in different climates, as well as to the occupation of different ecological niches in similar communities. In plants, adaptive radiation at the species level, as well as the origin of higher categories, depends to a large extent upon diversification of the methods of reproduction, both pollination and seed dispersal, as well as seed germination and the establishment of seedlings. With respect to the latter, evolutionary success depends to a large extent upon solution of three often conflicting problems: protection of the developing seed, dispersal to a new but similar location; and germination with sufficient seedling vigor to survive competition. In plants, the origin of higher categories is not associated with the appearance of distinctive characters that never serve to distinguish species. Evolutionary progress, here regarded as an increase in the amount and diversity of DNA‐coded information, is based upon the bias in favor of mutations that increase rather than reduce the amount of genetic information already present.
AMINO ACID SEQUENCES AND PHYLOGENY
Authors: Margoliash E. , Fitch W. M.
Published: April 2006

An outline of evolutionary developmental and genetic mechanisms and relations as evidenced by the comparative study of amino acid sequences, mainly of eukaryotic cytochromes c.
SIEVE‐TUBE PLASTIDS OF MAGNOLIIDAE AND RANUNCULIDAE IN RELATION TO SYSTEMATICS
Authors: Behnke H.‐D.
Published: April 2006

Fine structure studies on 46 species from 26 families of Magnoliidae and Ranunculidae enabled a classification of their sieve‐tube plastids into P‐type or S‐type. In accordance with many other dicotyledons, most of the species (31) develop S‐type plastids that accumulate starch. 15 species (all from Magnoliidae) contain P‐type plastids that have protein inclusions (exclusively, or besides starch grains). Among the latter are all investigated species from Annonaceae‐Canellaceae‐Myristicaceae‐Aristolochiaceae. Since earlier phytochemical studies revealed affinities between these families, the formation of P‐type plastids confirms the connection between these families and the position of the Aristolochiaceae in the Magnoliidae.
POLLEN PHYLOGENY IN CLARKIA
Authors: Small E. , Bassett I. J. , Crompton C. W. , Lewis H.
Published: April 2006

The pollen of all species ofClarkia(Onagraceae) has been investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy. Fifteen characters were scored and analysed by numerical taxonomic methods. The resulting dendrogram successfully separates several of the natural groups withinClarkia. The limitations of interpreting phylogenetic status of characters despite the availability of a well‐documented phylogeny of the species are discussed.
SECTIONAL NOMENCLATURE IN PAPAVER L.
Authors: Kiger Robert W.
Published: April 2006

The nomenclature and typification of the sections of Papaver L. are reviewed and their correct names and synonymies are presented. The following taxa are lectotypified:

Sect. Carinatae Fedde, Lectotype species: Papaver macrostomum Boiss. & Huet

Sect. Oxytona Bernh., Lectotype species: Papaver orientale L.

Sect. Macrantha Elkan, nom. superfl., Lectotype species: Papaver orientale L. [Genus] Calomecon Spach, Lectotype species: Calomecon orientale (L.) Spach (: Papaver orientale L.)
PALEOBOTANY, PHYLOGENY, AND A NATURAL SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION
Authors: Delevoryas T.
Published: April 2006

In response to skeptics who feel that the contribution of paleobotany to phylogeny is minimal, I have presented a number of examples where the fossil plant record has played an important role in demonstrating origins and relationships of various plant groups. Work on Precambrian thallophytes is one area where knowledge of earliest plant forms is taking on a definite form. New finds on the origin and evolution of Devonian land plants are presenting a clearer picture of early vascular plant evolution. Existence of such plants as the Progymnospermopsida has made it possible to understand the steps leading to the origin of gymnosperms. We now have important new knowledge concerning the evolution of the seed habit, as well as subsequent seed plant evolution. These are but a few examples of the contribution of paleobotany to phylogeny. This increasing sophistication in understanding phylogenetic events is indispensible for a system of plant classification that reflects relationships. Such a system of classification, I maintain, is much more meaningful than any other.
THE HERBARIUM AND TYPE SPECIMENS OF THOMAS HENRY KEARNEY, JR. FROM 1890‐1901
Authors: Wentz W. Alan
Published: April 2006

Specimens of vascular plants designated as types by Thomas H. Kearney, Jr. during 1890 to 1901 have been inaccessible and considered destroyed since the third decade of the twentieth century. These specimens have been found to be extant in the New York Botanical Garden Herbarium, the Ohio State Herbarium, and the United States National Herbarium. The majority of these types are at the Ohio State University which houses T. H. Kearney's original collection of several thousand specimens. The collection is also rich in types which Kearney received from W. W. Ashe, A. W. Chapman, F. V. Coville, A. Gattinger, E. L. Greene, A. A. Heller, F. Lamson‐Scribner, C. Mohr, G. V. Nash, C. L. Pollard, A. Ruth, J. K. Small, and other contemporary botanists. The collection at the Ohio State University probably contains additional types which are as yet unverified. This paper catalogues the known type specimens of T. H. Kearney, Jr.
TYPIFICATION OF LINNAEAN SPECIES OF OATS, AVENA
Authors: Baum Bernard R.
Published: April 2006

In this contribution Avena sativa L., A. fatua L., A. nuda L. and A. sterilis L. are typified. The first and last retain their current meaning; A. fatua L. is the correct name for A. septentrionalis Malz. and A. nuda L. is the correct name for A. nudibrevis Vavilov.
“EMENDATION” IN ALGAL TAXONOMY
Authors: Komárek Jiří
Published: April 2006

The expression emendatio is used in different senses in algal taxonomy. Some examples are analysed. The expression emendatio is used in connection with authors cited after the Latin name in two cases: (i) when completing the diagnosis (“inclusive typo”), or (ii) upon a misinterpretation of nomenclatural types. The citation of both cases is well provided for in other Articles of the Code and the use of the expression emendatio is therefore superfluous. In connection with this proposals are made to change some Recommendations of the Code.
ISOPLETHS AND ISOTYPES
Authors: Exell A. W.
Published: April 2006

The term isopleths is proposed as a general term for specimens bearing the same collector's or collection number. Examples are given of isopleths of holotypes which are not isotypes, i.e. which were not seen by the original author of the name in question.
TABEBUIA: THE TORTUOUS HISTORY OF A GENERIC NAME* (BIGNON.)
Authors: Gentry A. H.
Published: April 2006

The genus Tahehuia (Bignoniaceae) is now accepted, much as by Bentham and Hooker, in a very different sense than originally proposed by de Candolle. This paper traces its changing generic delimitations from artificial ones based on number of calyx lobes to biologically more meaningful ones based on vegetational as well as floral characteristics.
JACQUIN NAMES, SOME NOTES ON THEIR TYPIFICATION
Authors: D'Arcy W. G.
Published: April 2006

Beautiful coloured plates illustrate many of the new plant species described by Jacquin just about two centuries ago. For further detail than can be seen in the plates, it is necessary to find “Jacquin types,” actual specimens used at the time by Jacquin. Today there is no single “Jacquin Herbarium” but his specimens are to be found at Vienna, in the Linnaean Herbarium, in the British Museum (N.H.), and some are dispersed in other European herbaria.

Many botanists of that day exchanged materials very widely, and it is more likely that one can determine the type than the type locality for a Jacquin species. But in some cases it may be possible to show that Jacquin got his material through an official botanical expedition or through a specific individual.

Good samples of N. K. Jacquin's handwriting are to be seen in the sheets of the Linnaean Herbarium which is available on microfiche. Many of the Jacquin sheets in the Natural History Museum in Vienna were relabelled by J. F. Jacquin, the son, in a characteristic left‐hand corner script.
LA IMPORTANCIA DE LOS HERBARIOS NACIONALES DE AMERICA LATINA PARA LAS INVESTIGACIONES BOTANICAS MODERNAS
Authors: Forero Enrique
Published: April 2006

National herbaria have been defined recently on the basis of what is known about herbaria in the northern hemisphere, and strong emphasis is placed on their size. Little or no importance has been given to herbaria located in other parts of the world. Updated information on Latin American National Herbaria is given in this paper, and an outline of their many important functions is included. A new definition of “national herbarium” is proposed to include these and similar institutions around the world.
POLLEN OF ALANGIUM: TOWARD A MORE SATISFACTORY SYNTHESIS
Authors: Eyde Richard H.
Published: April 2006

Results of Reitsma's detailed investigation of Alangium pollen appear to differ markedly from conclusions obtained with other systematic approaches, but the contradictions largely disappear when allowance is made for the occasional independent origin of similar pollen characters in related taxa. Objections are raised to certain points in Reitsma's treatment of the fossil record.
A METRIC FOR CLASSIFICATIONS
Authors: Bobisud H. M. , Bobisud L. E.
Published: April 2006

Two recently proposed measures of the dissimilarity between classifications of a group of organisms are shown to be only pseudometrics when applied to nondichotomous classifications. Modifications of these measures are introduced and proved to have the properties of a true metric.
COMPUTER‐BASED DATA BANKING FOR TAXONOMIC COLLECTIONS
Authors: Hall A. V.
Published: April 2006

The criteria for an efficient system for data‐banking are reviewed. The efficiency is seen in the light of the problems of modest computer facilities, reducing the time for data capture, and having the simplest operating procedures that can meet most of the likely demands of the user. A program‐package developed to meet these criteria is described. The data are primarily those associated with specimen labels. Several directory files are used for abbreviated codings to give record compression. A simple system of instructions is used to retrieve records with desired characteristics and from them to give results in a variety of forms, including ordered listings with frequencies and geographical distribution maps. Full checking and editing facilities, with corrective error‐messages, are available for all critical operations. Experience with the system suggests a favourable cost/benefit relationship for work with special collections.
ON THE TYPIFICATION OF OXYTROPIS LEUCANTHA (PALLAS) PERS.
Authors: Welsh Stanley L.
Published: April 2006

Oxytropis leucantha (Pallas) Pers. is based on Astragalus leucanthus Pallas. An examination of the type of Astragalus leucanthus demonstrates that it belongs to a Siberian phase of Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC., sensu lato.
RELATION OF FLORAS OF THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE TO CONTINENTAL DRIFT
Authors: Schopf James M.
Published: April 2006

Anomalous distribution of the Southern Hemisphere floras has long been recognized, and many explanations have been proposed. The occurrences of plants, modern or fossil, rarely point to a unique mode of distribution. A synthesis of pertinent information drawn from many disciplines (geonomy) is required to determine a most probable explanation. Recent studies of crustal mechanics by geophysicists show that sea‐floor spreading can serve as an adequate mechanism for continental drift and can be important in explaining the distribution of ancient plants of the Southern Hemisphere.

The Permian Glossopteris flora of southern continents contrasts strikingly with the Permian flora of the Northern Hemisphere. The identity of the northern flora that was contemporary with the Glossopteris flora was controversial for many years because of the great degree of isolation existing between the two floras. The botanical relationships of the glossopterids are still imperfectly established, particularly with reference to foliage occasionally found in northern areas or in deposits younger than Permian. Fertile structures of glossopterids seem to provide the only reliable basis for determining botanical relationship. The Glossopteris flora is, in general, extremely distinctive and consists taxonomically of a relatively small array of plants which occurs over an exceptionally large area. It represents an ecologic assemblage with both climatic and edaphic implications.

A tentative Permian Gondwanaland reconstruction is presented that is somewhat more condensed than other reconstructions; the area thus reconstructed is more likely to have had a reasonably consistent, seasonal temperate climate in keeping with consistent similarities of the Glossopteris flora. According to this interpretation, most of the present area of the Indian Ocean seems to have been occupied by Permian Gondwanaland. The ridges and rises as recently mapped across the Indian Ocean floor are incompatible with foundered continents or isthmian links, but they can be interpreted as reflecting an historical sequence in sea‐floor spreading that can account for the present dispersal of Gondwana continents.
A RESEARCH APPROACH TO THE USE OF VEGETATION FOR THE LOCATION OF MINERAL DEPOSITS IN CANADA
Authors: Fortescue J. A. C.
Published: April 2006

Problems involved in the setting up of a systematic approach to the study of the geochemistry of landscapes for biogeochemical prospecting research in Canada have been described. Two aspects of the approach, 1) the establishment of a simple technique for the display of landscape geochemical data for purposes of comparison and 2) the setting up of a series of projects at different levels of detail needed to formalize the collection of information from landscapes for purposes of comparison, have been outlined and discussed by means of examples. Although the research described is at a relatively early stage of development it is believed that it is both feasible and practical to approach biogeochemical prospecting research along the lines described. It should be stressed that the aspects of the approach described here are essential preliminaries to detailed investigations involving comprehensive morphological, chemical and mathematical methods which together would provide basic information on the pattern and processes of the circulation of elements in landscapes including mineral deposits. Intensive investigations of this type are very costly in money, time and resources and would only be justified after very careful selection of sites along the lines described above.
REGISTERS WITH PEDIGREE CHARTS FOR CULTIVARS: THEIR IMPORTANCE, THEIR CONTENTS, AND THEIR PREPARATION BY COMPUTER
Authors: Baum B. R. , Thompson B. K.
Published: April 2006

For a wider range of usefulness to buyers, merchants, breeders, and scientists, registers of cultivars should include the breeding history of each particular cultivar as far back as it can be traced. A cross reference of synonyms and translations of the cultivar names is also valuable.

It is extremely laborious to find, select, interpret, record, and organize the pertinent information for such a register; compiling and updating the complete register is particularly tedious. This work can be greatly simplified through the use of an adequate computer system. This paper describes a system which has been developed for use with Oat cultivars (Avena) but which could be directly applicable in other areas as well. The system is completely automated throughout requiring only simple data input in the initial stages. Furthermore, the system is composed of several parts which can be used independently for specific purposes such as producing pedigree charts.

A brief discussion concerning the benefits of such a register is also included.
LES SPECIMENS DE LYCOPERDON DE BONORDEN DANS L'HERBIER DE GENEVE
Authors: Demoulin V.
Published: April 2006

The species of Lycoperdon described by Bonorden are discussed and the authentic specimens of Lycoperdon cupricum, L. ericaeum, L. foetidum, L. fuscum, L. laxum and L. muricatum, already studied by Lloyd in G, are designated as neotypes. Most of Bonorden's names are synonyms of Persoonian ones, only L. ericaeum and L. foetidum should be used. It is established for the first time that L. ericaeum is the correct name of the species usually known as L. muscorum Morg.
ALGAE TERRAE NOVAE ‐ A NEW EXSICCATA OF NEWFOUNDLAND BENTHIC MARINE ALGAE
Authors: South G. Robin
Published: April 2006

Algae Terrae Novae, an exsiccata of benthic marine algae from Newfoundland and Labrador, is distributed by the Phycological Herbarium, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada (NFLD). Five annual Sets have been issued since 1968, with a total of 102 specimens; further Sets will be issued annually in future. The species distributed are listed, together with the main recipients of each Set.
PEPEROMIA POEPPIGII MIQ.: A PURPORTED PIPERACEAE IS A SPECIES OF GEOGENANTHUS (COMMELINACEAE)
Authors: Faden Robert B.
Published: April 2006

Peperomia poeppigii Miq. is found to be the oldest name for the species of Commelinaceae usually called Geogenanthus undatus (C. Koch & Linden) Mildbr. & Strauss. The new combination Geogenanthus poeppigii (Miq.) Faden is made.
LECTOTYPIFICATION OF TORREY'S SPECIES OF SCHAUERIA (ACANTHACEAE)
Authors: Daniel Thomas F.
Published: April 2006

Two species of Schaueria now recognized in the genus Carlowrightia, S. linearifolia Torrey and S. parvifolia Torrey, are based on mixed collections. They are lectotypified here for the first time.
NEMATOLOMA VS. NAEMATOLOMA (AGARICALES)
Authors: Farr E. R.
Published: April 2006

Preparation of the series of conservation proposals dealing with Hyphotoma (Fr.) Kumm. necessitated confrontation of the Nematoloma‐Naematoloma sequence of publication question. Contrary to the text given in the Index Nominum Genericorum (Farr et al., 1979), it appears that Karsten first published the generic name as “Nematoloma.”
EVIDENCE FOR DIVERGENCE IN LITHOSPERMUM INCISUM LEHM. IN THE WESTERN GREAT PLAINS
Authors: Govoni Dennis N.
Published: April 2006

Measurements of 38 characters on 760 specimens of L. incisum were subjected to four statistical programs: NUTAL, which gives frequency distributions; GOCOR, which computes Pearson product‐moment correlations; FACTOR, which clusters characters; HYBEX, which gives a numerical value to each specimen. The morphological analysis indicates that the pattern of diversity can be interpreted as an early stage in divergence within this species. This is coupled with geographical and environmental correlation with the morphology of the specimens.
ISONYMS AND PSEUDO‐ISONYMS: IDENTICAL COMBINATIONS WITH THE SAME TYPE
Authors: Nicolson Dan H.
Published: April 2006

The same combination may be given independently by different authors three ways. A later homonym is the same combination given to two different types, or, more precisely, when all elements but the final element have the same type. Isonyms exist when two authors give the same combinations to the same type, that is, all elements of two combinations have the same types. Pseudo‐isonyms exist when different authors give the same combination to the same subordinate element but the inclusive (higher rank) elements have different types. Examples of all are given and it is concluded that later isonyms are nomenclatural non‐entities, later homonyms are illegitimate, and later pseudo‐isonyms are not illegitimate under the present Code.
THE NAME OF THE AMERICAN NELUMBO
Authors: Sohmer S. H.
Published: April 2006

Although the binomial Nelumbo pentapetala (Walter) Fernald was published in 1934 as the correct name for the American Nelumbo, it has not been generally accepted. The combination is based on Nymphaea pentapetala Walter, a nomenclaturally legitimate, although inappropriate, name. The rejection of Fernald's combination on the grounds that it was based on a monstrosity does not seem pertinent. The type for the taxon is Walter's description as no trace has been found of the specimen upon which Walter based his name and description.
ON THE GENUS CLUSIA (CLUSIACEAE) IN MEXICO
Authors: Maguire Bassett
Published: April 2006

Presently forty‐five specific names attached to the genus Clusia are attributable to Central America, ranging from tropical Mexico to Panama below the Panama Isthmus (thus, there geographically of South America). Fourteen such names appear to have been applied to Mexico.