bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatio-temporal patterns of childhood pneumonia in Bhutan: a Bayesian analysis
Authors: Wangdi Kinley , Penjor Kinley , Tsheten Tsheten , Tshering Chachu , Gething Peter , Gray Darren J. , Clements Archie C. A.
Published: October 2021

Pneumonia is one of the top 10 diseases by morbidity in Bhutan. This study aimed to investigate the spatial and temporal trends and risk factors of childhood pneumonia in Bhutan. A multivariable Zero-inflated Poisson regression model using a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation was undertaken to quantify associations of age, sex, altitude, rainfall, maximum temperature and relative humidity with monthly pneumonia incidence and to identify the underlying spatial structure of the data. Overall childhood pneumonia incidence was 143.57 and 10.01 per 1000 persons over 108 months of observation in children aged < 5 years and 5–14 years, respectively. Children < 5 years or male sex were more likely to develop pneumonia than those 5–14 years and females. Each 1 °C increase in maximum temperature was associated with a 1.3% (95% (credible interval [CrI] 1.27%, 1.4%) increase in pneumonia cases. Each 10% increase in relative humidity was associated with a 1.2% (95% CrI 1.1%, 1.4%) reduction in the incidence of pneumonia. Pneumonia decreased by 0.3% (CrI 0.26%, 0.34%) every month. There was no statistical spatial clustering after accounting for the covariates. Seasonality and spatial heterogeneity can partly be explained by the association of pneumonia risk to climatic factors including maximum temperature and relative humidity.
GNG7 and ADCY1 as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for pancreatic adenocarcinoma through bioinformatic-based analyses
Authors: Zhang Youfu , Yang Jinran , Wang Xuyang , Li Xinchang
Published: October 2021

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) is one of the most lethal malignant tumors in the world. The GSE55643 and GSE15471 microarray datasets were downloaded to screen the diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for PAAD. 143 downregulated genes and 118 upregulated genes were obtained. Next, we performed gene ontology (GO) and The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis on these genes and constructed a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network. We screened out two important clusters of genes, including 13 upregulated and 5 downregulated genes. After the survival analysis, 3 downregulated genes and 10 upregulated genes were identified as the selected key genes. The KEGG analysis on 13 selected genes showed thatGNG7andADCY1enriched in the Pathway in Cancer. Next, the diagnostic and prognostic value ofGNG7andADCY1was investigated using independent cohort of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), GSE84129 and GSE62452. We observed that the expression of theGNG7andADCY1was decreased in PAAD. The diagnostic receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis indicated that theGNG7andADCY1could serve as sensitive diagnostic markers in PAAD. Survival analysis suggested that expression ofGNG7,ADCY1were significantly associated with PAAD overall survival (OS). The multivariate cox regression analysis showed that the expression ofGNG7,ADCY1were independent risk factors for PAAD OS. Our study indicatedGNG7andADCY1may be potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in patients with PAAD.
Evaluation of electroporated area using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride in a potato model
Authors: Jeong Seung , Kim Hongbae , Park Junhyung , Kim Ki Woo , Sim Sung Bo , Chung Jong Hoon
Published: October 2021

Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a tissue ablation method, uses short high electric pulses and results in cell death in target tissue by irreversibly permeabilizing the cell membrane. Potato is commonly used as a tissue model for electroporation experiments. The blackened area that forms 12 h after electric pulsing is regarded as an IRE-ablated area caused by melanin accumulation. Here, the 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) was used as a dye to assess the IRE-ablated area 3 h after potato model ablation. Comparison between the blackened area and TTC-unstained white area in various voltage conditions showed that TTC staining well delineated the IRE-ablated area. Moreover, whether the ablated area was consistent over time and at different staining times was investigated. In addition, the presumed reversible electroporation (RE) area was formed surrounding the IRE-ablated area. Overall, TTC staining can provide a more rapid and accurate electroporated area evaluation.
Utilizing local phase transformation strengthening for nickel-base superalloys
Authors: Smith Timothy M. , Zarkevich Nikolai A. , Egan Ashton J. , Stuckner Joshua , Gabb Timothy P. , Lawson John W. , Mills Michael J.
Published: October 2021

Almost 75 years of research has been devoted to producing superalloys capable of higher operating temperatures in jet turbine engines, and there is an ongoing need to increase operating temperature further. Here, a new disk Nickel-base superalloy is designed to take advantage of strengthening atomic-scale dynamic complexions. This local phase transformation strengthening provides the alloy with a three times improvement in creep strength over similar disk superalloys and comparable strength to a single crystal blade alloy at 760 °C. Ultra-high-resolution chemical mapping reveals that the improvement in creep strength is a result of atomic-scale η (D024) and χ (D019) formation along superlattice stacking faults. To understand these results, the energy differences between the L12and competing D024and D019stacking fault structures and their dependence on composition are computed by density functional theory. This study can help guide researchers to further optimize local phase transformation strengthening mechanisms for alloy development.
Carbazole- and thiophene-containing conjugated microporous polymers with different planarity for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Authors: Lee Tsung-Lin , Elewa Ahmed M. , Kotp Mohammed G. , Chou Ho-Hsiu , EL-Mahdy Ahmed F. M.
Published: October 2021

Carbazole- and thiophene-containing CMPs with different degrees of planarity were constructed to enhance photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water.
Synthesis, structures and magnetic properties of dysprosium(iii) complexes based on amino-bis(benzotriazole phenolate) and nitrophenolates: influence over the slow relaxation of the magnetization
Authors: Chen Bo-Yi , Tsai Min-Yem , Su Yu-Chia , Lin Po-Heng , Long Jérôme
Published: October 2021

Field-induced slow relaxation in dysprosium amino-bis(benzotriazole) phenolate complexes.
Multilevel strategies for the composition and formation of DAAF/HNIW composite crystals
Authors: Liu Shujie , Wu Bidong , Li Zhimin , An Chongwei , Wang Jingyu
Published: October 2021

Insensitive energetic materials are still a great challenge for potential applications.
Electro-chemo-mechanical charge carrier equilibrium at interfaces
Authors: Chen Chia-Chin , Yin Yikai , Kang Stephen Dongmin , Cai Wei , Chueh William C.
Published: October 2021

The charge-carrier distributions are altered by stress effects, paving the way for mechanically tuning the electrical conductivity and reaction kinetics of solids.
Multiple channels to enhance near-infrared emission from SiO2–SnO2:Er3+ films by Ba2+ ion doping
Authors: Zhang Yangyi , Wang Lixiang , Chen Jiaming , Hou Guozhi , Li Dongke , Xu Jun , Xu Ling , Chen Kunji
Published: October 2021

By doping Ba2+ ions into a SiO2–SnO2:Er3+ thin film, the NIR light emission of Er3+ ions can be enhanced by about 12 times due to the increase of oxygen vacancies, the improved crystallinity and the strong cross-relaxation processes.
Understanding the influence of geometric and electronic structure on the excited state dynamical and photoredox properties of perinone chromophores
Authors: Wells Kaylee A. , Palmer Jonathan R. , Yarnell James E. , Garakyaraghi Sofia , Pemberton Barry C. , Favale Joseph M. , Valchar Mary Katharine , Chakraborty Arnab , Castellano Felix N.
Published: October 2021

Modulating electronic and geometric structure of perinone chromophores is easily achieved via systematic alteration of aromatic diamine and anhydride building blocks, eliciting deterministic photoredox and excited state dynamical properties.
Simultaneous transformation of 2D to 3D and doped metal transitions of zeolitic imidazole frameworks under solid phase and free-solvent conditions
Authors: Liu Meng , Wang Jichao , Mousavi Bibimaryam , Xiaotong Hou , Klomkliang Nikom , Chaemchuen Somboon
Published: October 2021

The post-thermal treatment (PTT) method was applied to transform the crystal structure from 2D to 3D and doping metals on ZIFs under solvent-free condition.
The product selectivity zones in gas diffusion electrodes during the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2
Authors: Möller Tim , Ngo Thanh Trung , Wang Xingli , Ju Wen , Jovanov Zarko , Strasser Peter
Published: October 2021

The current work presents zones of distinct catalytic selectivity during Cu-based CO2RR at high currents in gas diffusion electrodes.
Heterogeneity of cell membrane structure studied by single molecule tracking
Authors: Mashanov Gregory I. , Nenasheva Tatiana A. , Mashanova Alla , Lape Remigijus , Birdsall Nigel J. M. , Sivilotti Lucia , Molloy Justin E.
Published: October 2021

We use total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy combined with super-resolution tracking of multiple individual molecules, in order to create high-resolution maps of local membrane viscosity.
Facile passivation of yellow light-emitting CdSe QDs by polyethyleneimine in water to achieve bright white light emission
Authors: Deng Bo-Yi , Wu Jin , Liu Jing , Ren Ying-Yi , Wang Feng
Published: October 2021

A bright white light-emitting material based on CdSe QDs was prepared by a facile post-synthetic treatment of passivating the QDs by hyperbranched polyethyleneimine (PEI) in water.
Cholesteroled polymer (Chol-b-Lys)-based nanoparticles (CL-NPs) confer antibacterial efficacy without resistance
Authors: Ding Huan-Huan , Chigan Jia-Zhu , Zhen Jian-Bin , Liu Lu , Xu Yin-Sui , Chen Cheng , Yang Ke-Wu
Published: October 2021

The nanoparticles CL-NPs assembled by polymer Chol-b-Lys confer antibacterial efficacy without resistance.
The isolation of water-soluble natural products – challenges, strategies and perspectives
Authors: Berlinck Roberto G. S. , Crnkovic Camila M. , Gubiani Juliana R. , Bernardi Darlon I. , Ióca Laura P. , Quintana-Bulla Jairo I.
Published: October 2021

The isolation of water-soluble metabolites significantly diminished during the last decades. A comprehensive analysis on the isolation of hydrophilic natural products is discussed with a perspective for the future of natural product sciences.
Harnessing selective PET and EnT catalysis by chlorophyll to synthesize N-alkylated quinoline-2(1H)-ones, isoquinoline-1(2H)-ones and 1,2,4-trioxanes
Authors: Banu Saira , Singh Kuldeep , Tyagi Shaifali , Yadav Anjali , Yadav Prem P.
Published: October 2021

The dual photocatalytic roles of chlorophyll in executing fundamental oxidative transformations of N-heterocycles and allylic alcohols have been demonstrated along with a mechanistic insight.
A review on MXenes: new-generation 2D materials for supercapacitors
Authors: Murali G. , Rawal Jishu , Modigunta Jeevan Kumar Reddy , Park Young Ho , Lee Jong-Hoon , Lee Seul-Yi , Park Soo-Jin , In Insik
Published: October 2021

MXene is one of the rapidly emerging 2D material in the present era of materials science, and it finds increasing applications in energy storage fields. MXene is one of the most suitable electrode materials for futuristic energy storage devices.
One year of COVID-19 pandemic: what we Radiologists have learned about imaging
Authors: Gross Alexander , Albrecht Thomas
Published: October 2021

Background Since its outbreak in December 2019, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected more than 151 million people worldwide. More than 3.1 million have died from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), the illness caused by SARS-CoV-2. The virus affects mainly the upper respiratory tract and the lungs causing pneumonias of varying severity. Moreover, via direct and indirect pathogenetic mechanisms, SARS-CoV-2 may lead to a variety of extrapulmonary as well as vascular manifestations.

Methods Based on a systematic literature search via PubMed, original research articles, meta-analyses, reviews, and case reports representing the current scientific knowledge regarding diagnostic imaging of COVID-19 were selected. Focusing on the imaging appearance of pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations as well as indications for imaging, these data were summarized in the present review article and correlated with basic pathophysiologic mechanisms.

Results and Conclusion Typical signs of COVID-19 pneumonia are multifocal, mostly bilateral, rounded, polycyclic or geographic ground-glass opacities and/or consolidations with mainly peripheral distribution. In severe cases, peribronchovascular lung zones are affected as well. Other typical signs are the “crazy paving” pattern and the halo and reversed halo (the latter two being less common). Venous thromboembolism (and pulmonary embolism in particular) is the most frequent vascular complication of COVID-19. However, arterial thromboembolic events like ischemic strokes, myocardial infarctions, and systemic arterial emboli also occur at higher rates. The most frequent extrapulmonary organ manifestations of COVID-19 affect the central nervous system, the heart, the hepatobiliary system, and the gastrointestinal tract. Usually, they can be visualized in imaging studies as well. The most important imaging modality for COVID-19 is chest CT. Its main purpose is not to make the primary diagnosis, but to differentiate COVID-19 from other (pulmonary) pathologies, to estimate disease severity, and to detect concomitant diseases and complications.

Key Points: 

Citation Format
Arbeitsbelastungen und Rehabilitationsbedarf bei älteren
Erwerbstätigen mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund – Ergebnisse
der lidA Kohortenstudie
Authors: Schönfeld Simone , Schröder Chloé Charlotte , Prel Jean-Baptist du , Razum Oliver , Breckenkamp Jürgen
Published: October 2021

Ziel der Studie Der Bedarf an medizinischen
Rehabilitationsmaßnahmen wird zukünftig durch die
Erhöhung des Rentenalters und den demographischen Wandel steigen. Der
Bedarf wird u. A. durch das Maß an Arbeitsbelastungen bestimmt. Ziel ist
es zu untersuchen, ob Erwerbstätige mit Migrationshintergrund (EmM)
häufiger hohen Arbeitsbelastungen ausgesetzt sind und häufiger
einen hohen Bedarf als Erwerbstätige ohne Migrationshintergrund (EoM)
haben. Ebenso wird geprüft, ob sich ein möglicherweise
höherer Bedarf bei EmM durch höhere Arbeitsbelastungen
erklären lässt.

Methodik Die lidA-Studie ist eine deutschlandweite, prospektive
Kohortenstudie zu Arbeit, Alter, Gesundheit und Erwerbsteilhabe. 4724
sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigte (2443 weiblich, 2281
männlich) der Geburtsjahrgänge 1959 und 1965 wurden
computergestützt persönlich befragt. Daten der ersten
Studienwelle (2011) wurden mittels multipler logistischer Regressionsanalysen,
adjustiert für soziodemographische Faktoren (Alter, Geschlecht, Bildung
und Haushaltsäquivalenzeinkommen), analysiert. Der Einfluss des
Migrationshintergrundes, der Staatsangehörigkeit und hoher
Arbeitsbelastungen auf den medizinischen Rehabilitationsbedarf wurde
geschätzt.

Ergebnisse Besonders betroffen von hohen Arbeitsbelastungen sind in dieser
Stichprobe EmM der 1. Generation in Vergleich zu EoM. Die subjektiv erlebten
Arbeitsbelastungen bei EoM und EmM der 2. Generation liegen auf einem
vergleichbaren Niveau. Zwischen den EmM mit deutscher und ausländischer
Staatsangehörigkeit finden sich dagegen keine Unterschiede. Ein
höherer Rehabilitationsbedarf zeigt sich nach Adjustierung für
soziodemographische und arbeitsbelastungsbezogene Faktoren für die EmM
der 1. Generation (nicht signifikant) im Vergleich zu EoM und EmM der 2.
Generation, nicht aber für EmM mit ausländischer im Vergleich zu
EmM mit deutscher Staatsangehörigkeit.

Schlussfolgerungen EmM der 1. Generation sind häufiger hohen
Arbeitsbelastungen ausgesetzt und weisen häufiger einen hohen
Rehabilitationsbedarf auf als EoM und EmM der 2. Generation. Der
Migrationshintergrund selbst ist keine Determinante für einen
erhöhten Rehabilitationsbedarf. Der höhere Rehabilitationsbedarf
lässt sich vielmehr durch die bei EmM der 1. Generation häufiger
anzutreffenden arbeitsbedingten Belastungen sowie soziodemografische Merkmale
erklären. Differenzierte Betrachtungen der Untergruppen von EmM sind
wichtig, um besondere Bedarfe zu erkennen und eine Unterversorgung
(z. B. bedingt durch Zugangsbarrieren) zu vermeiden.
Harrisons Innere Medizin
Authors: Wiedemann Günther
Published: October 2021

Norbert Suttorp, Martin Möckel, Britta Siegmund, Manfred Dietel. Harrisons Innere Medizin. Thieme, 20. Auflage 2020, 4 Bände, 4700 S., 1800 Abb., Mixed Media Product
Azide Decomposition as a Pathway to Intramolecularly Upper-Rim-Bridged Calix[4]arenes
Authors: Lhoták Pavel , Tlustý Martin , Eigner Václav
Published: October 2021

Proximally single-atom-bridged calix[4]arenes possess a rigidified cavity and, thus, unusual complexation properties. Here, we report on the synthesis of the first such heteroatom-bridged compound: amine-bridged calix[4]arene. This compound, prepared by thermal decomposition of 4-azidocalix[4]arene, was obtained alongside very interesting rearranged, inherently chiral 10H-azepino[1,2-a]indole derivatives. NMR titration confirmed the suitability of the amine cavity for the complexation of methylammonium cations; moreover, the –NH– bridge function enables its further derivatization.
Palladium-Catalyzed Desulfurative Hiyama Coupling of Thioureas to Achieve Amides via Selective C–N Bond Cleavage
Authors: Zeng Zhuo , He Zhanyu , Yan Chu , Zhang Mei , Irfan Majeed , Wang Zijia
Published: October 2021

Palladium-catalyzed Hiyama coupling of active thioureas via selective C–N bond cleavage is reported. Notably, the new approach employed active thioureas as coupling partners in the presence of arylsilanes to give amides in good yield. Further, this strategy, which utilized CuF2 as a key oxidant and activator, afforded various amide products under mild conditions and an easy to handle procedure without extra base.
Avaliação da qualidade de vida dos pacientes em uso de fixador externo circular em um hospital de trauma
Authors: Vogt Paulo Henrique , Hobi Renê , Faggion Heloisa Zimmermann , Yoshiysu Giro Alberto , Marcon Lucas Antônio Ferraz , Hiraga Cássio Kenji
Published: October 2021

Objetivo Avaliar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes em uso do fixador externo do tipo Ilizarov para tratamento de fraturas complexas e de suas sequelas

Método Trata-se de um estudo observacional e transversal, em que foi aplicado o questionário 36-item short form survey (SF-36) (traduzido para a língua portuguesa) durante as consultas ambulatoriais em 2 períodos, nos meses de julho de 2018 e janeiro de 2019. Os pacientes que participaram do estudo realizaram seus procedimentos cirúrgicos no período de janeiro a junho de 2018.

Resultados Foram avaliados 36 pacientes em uso de fixador externo do tipo Ilizarov. Foi observado predomínio do sexo masculino e idade média de 37,9 anos. As fraturas de ossos da perna e suas complicações representaram metade da amostra. Foi observada melhora na capacidade funcional e nos aspectos emocionais dos pacientes ao longo do tratamento.

Conclusão O uso do fixador externo circular constitui um método importante e eficaz para o tratamento cirúrgico de fraturas complexas e de suas sequelas. Este trabalho permitiu concluir que, após o tratamento, os pacientes alcançaram retorno funcional às atividades diárias com adequada qualidade de vida.
Pacientes que apresentam limitações funcionais, amplitude de movimento limitada e força muscular reduzida, 6 meses após a artroplastia total do quadril: Um estudo de corte transversal
Authors: Lopes Bruna de Moraes , Araujo Francisco Xavier de , Ferreira Giovanni , Baroni Bruno Manfredini , Silva Marcelo Faria
Published: October 2021

Objetivo Avaliar os níveis de intensidade da dor, amplitude de movimento, pico de torque isométrico do quadril e desempenho da tarefa funcional em pacientes 6 meses após a artroplastia total do quadril (ATQ), e comparar estes valores com os de participantes assintomáticos do grupo controle (GC).

Métodos Recrutamos participantes com ATQ unilateral devida a osteoartrite (OA) do quadril, dentro de uma mediana de tempo de 6 meses, que não tinham desenvolvido complicações pós-operatórias. Os participantes foram avaliados quanto à intensidade da dor, à amplitude de movimento do quadril, ao pico de torque isométrico, à autoavaliação (questionário de avaliação do quadril Harris Hip Score [HHS, na sigla em inglês) e à função medida objetivamente por meio do teste Timed Up and Go (TUG, na sigla em inglês). O grupo ATQ foi comparado com um grupo de participantes assintomáticos com idade ≥ 50 anos recrutados na comunidade. As comparações são apresentadas como diferenças médias (DMs) e intervalos de confiança (ICs) de 95%.

Resultados Cada grupo contou com 23 participantes. A intensidade da dor foi baixa no grupo ATQ (1,48 [1,60]), sendo que 91,3% dos pacientes relataram estar satisfeitos com o procedimento cirúrgico. Os participantes do grupo ATQ relataram uma função medida objetivamente significativamente menor (ATQ 12,2 [10,0-21,6]; GC 9,0 [6,7-12,2]) e a função autoavaliação (ATQ 78,5 [43,8-93,9]; GC 100,0 [95,8-100,0]), em comparação com o GC. O grupo ATQ também teve reduzida de forma significativa a amplitude de movimento para flexão (p < 0,001), os movimentos internos (p < 0,001) e de rotação externa (p = 0,003). O grupo ATQ também apresentou pico de torque reduzido para flexão (p < 0,001), extensão (p <0,001), movimentos de abdução (p < 0,001) e adução (p = 0,024) em comparação com os participantes do GC.

Conclusões Apesar de informarem escores gerais de dor de baixa intensidade e satisfação com a cirurgia, os pacientes apresentaram limitações funcionais, amplitude de movimento limitada e redução da força muscular após 6 meses do procedimento cirúrgico de ATQ.

Nível de Evidência 3B.
Patient Perceptions of Receiving COVID-19 Test Results via an Online Patient Portal: An Open Results Survey
Authors: Turer Robert W. , DesRoches Catherine M. , Salmi Liz , Helmer Tara , Rosenbloom S Trent
Published: October 2021

Background In the United States, attention has been focused on “open notes” and “open results” since the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology implemented the 21st Century Cures Act Final Rule on information blocking. Open notes is an established best practice, but open results remains controversial, especially for diseases associated with stigma, morbidity, and mortality. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with all three of these effects and represents an ideal disease for the study of open results for sensitive test results.

Objectives This study evaluates patient perspectives related to receiving COVID-19 test results via an online patient portal prior to discussion with a clinician.

Methods We surveyed adults who underwent COVID-19 testing between March 1, 2020 and October 21, 2020 who agreed to be directly contacted about COVID-19-related research about their perspectives on receiving test results via a patient portal. We evaluated user roles (i.e., patient vs. care partner), demographic information, ease of use, impact of immediate release, notification of results, impact of viewing results on health management, and importance of sharing results with others.

Results Users were mostly patients themselves. Users found the portal easy to use but expressed mixed preferences about the means of notification of result availability (e.g., email, text, or phone call). Users found immediate access to results useful for managing their health, employment, and family/childcare. Many users shared their results and encouraged others to get tested. Our cohort consisted mostly of non-Hispanic white, highly educated, English-speaking patients.

Conclusion Overall, patients found open results useful for COVID-19 testing and few expressed increased worries from receiving their results via the patient portal. The demographics of our cohort highlight the need for further research in patient portal equity in the age of open results.
The plight of migrants during COVID-19 and the impact of circular migration in India: a systematic review
Authors: Jesline Joshy , Romate John , Rajkumar Eslavath , George Allen Joshua
Published: October 2021

As per the reports of WHO, the COVID-19, first reported in December 2019, put the whole world in an unprecedented crisis and lingering uncertainty with innumerable deaths, generalised economic depression, unemployment, quarantine, unavoidable lockdown, and travel-ban that was imposed globally as a necessity to tackle the pandemic. Among the populace, the migrants were found to be one of the most vulnerable groups in this lockdown, as their very livelihood came to a complete standstill. This review-paper aims to investigate in detail the multiple facets of adversities the migrants went through in India during the lockdown and the socio-psychological impact of circular migration. Following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, studies on migrant workers during COVID-19 and on circular migration were searched. Database searches on Scopus, PubMed, and PsychNet and manual searches on Google Scholar were carried out. From the initially identified 15,697 articles, 15 articles that met the inclusion criteria were chosen for review. The findings highlight the different plight of the migrants, who had the pressing need to head back home to safety despite the acute financial crisis and the travel problems. The poor quality of the relief camps with meagre rations and lack of facilities especially put the women and children in distress and generated a lot of psychosocial issues. The present study urges the mental health-care professionals to groom themselves for facing the challenges of a surge in mental illnesses by taking necessary measures. It also emphasises the need to establish a strong ethical alliance between the local population, health systems, local government mechanisms, and human rights associations in order to take a relook at the national migration policies.
Simulation method of magneto-acousto-electrical tomography for improving computational efficiency
Authors: Li Cailian , Wu Sanxi , Bu Shuaiyu , Li Yuanyuan , Liu Guoqiang
Published: October 2021

In this paper, a frequency domain simulation method of magneto-acousto-electrical tomography (MAET) was proposed. This method is based on discrete Fourier transform. With this approach, the solving degrees of freedom of the simulation model can be significantly reduced. It can greatly reduce the requirements of computer hardware and improve efficiency. At the same time, the interaction between fluid and biological tissues was considered, which makes the simulation model closer to the real model. In this paper, an MAET simulation model of acoustic–solid–electromagnetic multi-physical field coupling corresponding to the actual physical world was established. It is more reasonable to adopt the fully coupled method. However, the fully coupled method needs more computational memory. To further study the memory and time required for calculation, the segregated method was used to calculate the simulation model without affecting the accuracy and tolerance in this paper. The results show that using the segregated method can significantly reduce the memory requirement of the MAET model, but the solution time will increase accordingly. Therefore, the appropriate solution method can be selected according to the simulation computer configuration and the desired solution time. We, finally, built an experimental platform to conduct MAET experiments and verified the theoretical and simulation analyses.
Prospective on doping engineering of conductive polymers for enhanced interfacial properties
Authors: Tu Zengyuan , Ma Zhong , Li Jiean , Liang Junge , Li Sheng , Shi Yi , Pan Lijia
Published: October 2021

Conductive polymers that combine the advantages of traditional polymers and organic conductors have recently received more and more attention in applications such as sensors, smart electronics, display, and energy conversion/storage. Interface properties including conductivity, mechanical properties, and mass transport/immobilization are key factors affecting the performance of these devices. Doping engineering provides an effective method to enhance interface properties of conducting polymers and bring new functions for practical applications. In this Perspective, we review some application examples of doping-tunable interfacial properties of conducting polymers with advanced features, i.e., enhancing conductivity by doping; tunable self-assembly of conductive polymers; structure-derived elasticity and its application in flexible pressure sensors; and enhanced interfacial transport and its applications in biosensors and lithium ion battery. Furthermore, this Perspective also discusses the challenges of this field and some possible solutions.
Explicit phenomenological solutions for magnetization exposed to an arbitrary NMR diffusion steady state pulse sequence
Authors: Lee Anthony M. , Stait-Gardner Timothy , Price William S.
Published: October 2021

Explicit phenomenological solutions to recurrence relations for the bulk transverse and longitudinal magnetization found using the Torrey–Bloch equations with relaxation effects are used to investigate nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) diffusion measurements. Of particular interest are steady state NMR (self-)diffusion measurements that reduce experimental time that can extend the techniques to quickly reacting systems. The solutions for bulk transverse and longitudinal magnetization presented here are used to investigate the average behavior of the transverse and longitudinal magnetization in forming a steady state and are used to derive new expressions for the steady state longitudinal magnetization. These solutions can be applied to a noninteracting spin 1/2 ensemble undergoing free diffusion exposed to an arbitrary NMR pulse sequence containing arbitrary magnetic field gradient waveforms. The closed algebraic form method presented here has an advantage over iterative procedures for calculating transverse and longitudinal magnetization for the analysis and development of steady state pulse sequences. Previous theoretical results for steady state diffusion measurements are also reproduced. The Mathematica code for these solutions is provided in the supplementary material.
In-operando x-ray topography analysis of SiC metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors to visualize stacking fault expansion motions dynamically during operations
Authors: Konishi Kumiko , Fujita Ryusei , Kobayashi Keisuke , Yoneyama Akio , Ishiji Kotaro , Okino Hiroyuki , Shima Akio , Ujihara Toru
Published: October 2021

We developed an in-operando x-ray topography method for dynamically visualizing single Shockley-type stacking fault (1SSF) expansion motions in silicon carbide (SiC) metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) during their operations and investigated the effect of the operating condition applied to the body diodes in SiC MOSFETs on dislocation glide velocity. In-operando x-ray topography observations were carried out in reflection geometry, and a high-resolution x-ray camera was used as a detector to record topographies dynamically. The sequence of 1SSF expansion motions in the SiC MOSFETs was observed at a high resolution of 1 s in x-ray topographies, which is sufficient to analyze the dislocation glide velocity of a 1SSF expansion. The observation results of changing the forward current density applied to the body diodes in SiC MOSFETs revealed that each triangular and bar-shaped 1SSF expands at different forward current densities. The 1SSF expansion timings also differed, even in the same chip under the same current density. The dislocation glide velocity of each expanded 1SSF in SiC MOSFETs was extracted, and it increased with the forward current density. Our method enables the dynamic visualization of bipolar degradation in SiC MOSFETs during their operations, and we can accurately obtain the information of when, where, and which 1SSF expands in a SiC MOSFET.
Enhancement of pyroelectricity in Mn-doped (011) 71Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–6PbZrO3–23PbTiO3 single crystals
Authors: Thakre Atul , Mun Seunguk , Sriboriboon Panithan , Priya Shashank , Kim Yunseok , Ryu Jungho
Published: October 2021

Single crystals of 71PMN-6PZ-23PT [71Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-6PbZrO3-23PbTiO3] oriented along the thickness direction (011) with and without Mn doping were grown by a solid-state single-crystal growth method, and pyroelectric properties of the crystals were investigated. Though the pyroelectric coefficient of a Mn doped crystal is not significantly higher than the un-doped one at room temperature (RT), a large enhancement was observed after 0.7 mol. % Mn doping at high temperatures (>100 °C). Furthermore, the FoMs for practical applications at RT, the Mn doped crystal showed large enhancement as compared to the un-doped one. The presented single crystals also yielded excellent figure of merit (FoM) values for pyroelectricity: Fi, Fv, and FD were 3.5 × 10−10 m V−1, 0.02 m2 C−1, and 2.68 × 10−5 Pa−1/2, respectively, at RT. The large pyroelectric response in the Mn-doped single crystal is attributed to the large ferroelectric polarization and low dielectric constant and dielectric loss. The demonstrated pyroelectric response in the Mn-doped 71PMN-6PZ-23PT single crystal shows that it exhibits excellent potential for various thermal sensor applications.
Information bounds in determining the 3D orientation of a single emitter or scatterer using point-detector-based division-of-amplitude polarimetry
Authors: Beckwith Joseph S. , Yang Haw
Published: October 2021

Determining the 3D orientation of a single molecule or particle, encoded in its polar and azimuthal angles, is of interest for a variety of fields, being relevant to a range of questions in elementary chemical reactivity, biomolecular motors, and nanorheology. A popular experimental method, known as division-of-amplitude polarimetry, for determining the real-time orientation of a single particle is to split the emitted/scattered light into multiple polarizations and to measure the light intensity using point detectors at these polarizations during a time interval Δt. Here, we derive the Cramér–Rao lower bounds for this method from the perspective of information theory in the cases of utilizing a chromophore or a scattering particle as a 3D orientation probe. Such Cramér–Rao lower bounds are new for using this experimental method to measure the full 3D orientation in both the scattering case and the fluorescence case. These results show that, for a scatterer, the information content of one photon is 1.16 deg−2 in the polar and 58.71 deg−2 in the azimuthal angles, respectively. For a chromophore, the information content of one photon is 2.54 deg−2 in the polar and 80.29 deg−2 in the azimuthal angles. In addition, the Cramér–Rao lower bound scales with the square root of the total signal photons. To determine orientation to an uncertainty of one degree requires 7.40 × 104 and 2.34 × 103 photons for the polar and the azimuthal angles, respectively, for fluorescence, whereas it takes 1.62 × 105 and 3.20 × 103 photons for scattering. This work provides experimentalists new guidelines by which future experiments can be designed and interpreted.
Higher-order harmonic induced wave resonance for two side-by-side boxes in close proximity
Authors: Jiang Sheng-Chao , Bai Wei , Yan Bin
Published: October 2021

Wave resonance in a narrow gap formed by two boxes in the side-by-side arrangement is investigated by employing a numerical wave flume based on the OpenFOAM® package. In the present study, the main focus lies in the exploration of the nonlinear resonant behavior induced by the second- and third-order harmonic components which occur around half and one third of the resonant frequencies. A wide range of incident wave frequencies is considered, by which the higher-order harmonic induced wave resonance at lower wave frequencies is discussed. By the harmonic analysis, it is revealed that at the resonant frequency the first-order harmonic component dominates the wave resonance and the second-order effect is minor, which coincides with the conclusion drawn in the previous study. However, around half or one third of the resonant frequencies, the first-order harmonic component is in good agreement with the linear potential flow solutions, but the second- or third-order harmonic component is significant, causing the corresponding higher-order harmonic induced wave resonance. In addition, the numerical results show that the second- and third-order harmonic induced wave resonances only influence the wave properties inside the narrow gap, such as the wave response in the narrow gap and the horizontal wave forces on the boxes. The wave responses around the two-box system, the vertical wave forces on the boxes and the reflection and transmission coefficients are hardly affected by the wave resonance around the corresponding half and one third of the resonant frequencies. The higher-order harmonic induced normalized wave elevation in the narrow gap increases with the increase in incident wave height, implying the increased influence of the free surface nonlinearity.
Analysis of the direct steam generation, thermal stresses, and deformations in a tubular receiver of a solar tower
Authors: Maytorena V. M. , Hinojosa J. F. , Moreno S. , Navarro J. M. A.
Published: October 2021

In solar tower systems, the thermal receiver is a crucial element. Solar receivers may be exposed to high non-uniform heat fluxes, which requires consideration during their structural design. This paper presents a numerical study of the direct steam generation, thermal stress, and total deformations on a representative tube of an external solar receiver. A non-uniform distribution of solar heat flux on the receiver was considered. The sub-cooled boiling and the direct steam generation were analyzed in terms of the temperature field, the volumetric vapor fraction distribution, and steam quality. Under this configuration, the system can produce a steam quality of 0.113%. To develop the structural analysis of the tube, the internal and external temperature fields of its walls were introduced as boundary conditions. Numerical methodologies for direct steam generation, temperatures, and deformation were validated with experimental data. Since the base case presented high deformation (78.63 cm), the use of clips was proposed. Besides, the number, size, and location of the clips were tested. It was found that deformation can be reduced by about 99.1% by placing clips at different positions along the tube. However, the von-Mises stresses increased, but they did not reach the ultimate tensile strength.
Breaking the myth: Wide-bandgap semiconductors not always the best for betavoltaic batteries
Authors: Zhao Chen , Liao Feiyi , Liu Kezhao , Zhao Yiying
Published: October 2021

Betavoltaic batteries are appealing power sources for micro-power systems and applications in extreme environments due to their superlong lifetimes, high energy densities, and impressive environmental adaptability. However, little work has been done on building a comprehensive device model with the consideration of all the physical processes. In this work, we proposed one device model integrating models of both radioactive sources and semiconductor units, aiming to guide the design of high-performance devices under specific application requirements. A systematical investigation was conducted on the determining factors on energy losses in planar betavoltaic batteries consisting of typical β sources, such as 147Pm2O3, Ti3H2, 63Ni, and 14C(PMMA), and semiconductors, including Si, GaAs, GaP, SiC, and GaN. Our results show that the output power and the emitting β particle energy of radioactive sources will cause the difference in the major energy loss mechanisms, leading to the different selection rules for semiconductor units. The well-accepted conclusion that efficiency of betavoltaic batteries increases with the width of bandgap no longer holds any more, especially considering high-output power sources and the reality of semiconductor technology. The device model developed in this work provides a powerful tool for the design of high-performance betavoltaic batteries applied in various occasions and will effectively guide the fabrication of high-performance devices.
New Guinean bandicoots: new insights into diet, dentition and digestive tract morphology and a dietary review of all extant non-Australian Peramelemorphia
Authors: Elliott Todd F. , Travouillon Kenny J. , Warburton Natalie M. , Danks Melissa A. , Vernes Karl
Published: October 2021

Little is known about the diets and ecology of New Guinea’s 14 bandicoot species. In order to better understand the diet and digestive morphology of these marsupials, we reviewed the literature, studied the dental morphology, conducted analysis of gastrointestinal contents, and measured the digestive tracts of: Echymipera clara, E. davidi, E. kalubu, E. rufescens, Isoodon macrourus, Microperoryctes ornata, M. papuensis and Peroryctes raffrayana. These species consume a mix of fungi, insects and plant material that is broadly consistent with the omnivorous diet characteristic of most Australian bandicoots; however, morphological observations reveal variation between species that likely reflect finer-scale differences in diet. Dental morphology suggests a wider variety of diets (insectivore, omnivore, frugivore) than on the Australian mainland (mostly omnivore). Dissections and measurements of the digestive tract of seven New Guinean species indicate variation linked to diet. The relatively short caecum in all New Guinean species, but especially in E. clara and E. kalubu, is particularly suggestive of limited consumption of fibrous plant material; the relative length of the large intestine suggests variable capacity for water reabsorption. Our dietary data also suggest that some of these species also play an important role in the dispersal of hypogeous fungi.
Evaluation of an online learning module to improve nurses’ and midwives’ capacity to promote preconception health in primary healthcare settings
Authors: Hammarberg Karin , Stocker Ruby
Published: October 2021

Optimal parental preconception health improves the likelihood of a successful pregnancy and a healthy child. Although primary healthcare professionals believe that it is within their role to promote preconception health to people of reproductive age, few do this routinely, in part because they lack knowledge on the topic and confidence to discuss it with their patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and acceptability of a free online learning module to assist nurses and midwives in primary health care to promote preconception health in their practice. A repeat online survey was administered before and after completion of the online learning module. The survey included questions gauging knowledge about and attitudes towards promoting preconception health. In all, 121 nurses/midwives completed the two surveys and the learning module. There were statistically significant improvements in the knowledge scores (from 6.42 to 8.31; P < 0.001) and in the proportion of participants who reported feeling confident in their knowledge about preconception health (from 15% to 53%). Almost all (95%) were satisfied with the duration and content of the learning module. The findings of this study suggest that the learning module is acceptable and improves nurses’ and midwives’ capacity to promote preconception health in their practice.
species from south and south-eastern Australia (Ectocarpales, Phaeophyceae): a DNA barcoding approach
Authors: Martins Nuno Tavares , Gurgel Carlos Frederico D. , Spokes Tracey M. , Cassano Valéria
Published: October 2021

Defining species in the brown algal genus Colpomenia is a challenging endeavour because of their morphological similarity, overlapping phenotypic variation, the absence of conspicuous diagnostic characters, and often lack of reproductive structures crucial for their identification. Thus, the use of molecular tools has become widely used to study Colpomenia taxonomy and evolution. The following four Colpomenia species are described along the Australian coast: C. claytoniae M.Boo, K.M.Lee, G.Y.Cho & W.Nelson, C. ecuticulata M.J.Parsons, C. peregrina Sauvageau, and C. sinuosa (Mertens ex Roth) Derbès & Solier. The objective of this study was to assess the diversity of Colpomenia species in southern and south-eastern Australia by using DNA barcoding techniques and single-marker species delimitation methods. We generated 44 new COI-5P DNA sequences from nine different populations across three Australian states (South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania), and applied 13 variations of four species delimitation methods (ABDG, SPN, PTP, GMYC). Our results recognised three Colpomenia species in the region, namely, C. sinuosa, C. claytoniae, and C. peregrina. Colpomenia sinuosa is the most widely distributed species in Australia. Colpomenia peregrina and C. claytoniae presented high levels of intraspecific genetic divergence. We did not find C. ecuticulata, although it has been previously reported from nearby our sampling area.
Employable identities
Authors: Greenbank Emily
Published: October 2021

Navigating the labour market in a new context can be a challenge for any migrant, and particularly so for former refugees,
who are often unable to find employment appropriate for their qualification and experience levels. This study takes an Interactional
Sociolinguistic approach to exploring how three former refugees navigate employability in narrative, from the social constructionist
perspective of employable identities, emergent from and negotiated within discourse. The study focuses specifically on the
participants’ discursive navigation of their various (Bourdieusian) social and cultural capital and its importance to labour market
performance. Evident in the data are the difficulties of translating – or having recognised – a lifetime’s accumulation of capital, often
rendered worthless upon migration. Such challenges impact upon forced migrants’ ability to successfully enact employability, and
subsequently upon their imagined (future) identities. This research highlights former refugees’ complex challenges involved with successful
navigation of employability in a new context.
Exploring register withThe Prime Machine
Authors: Jeaco Stephen
Published: October 2021

Corpus approaches underpin a range of postgraduate studies and professional work in language, linguistics, translation and beyond. Awareness of the influences of contextual features on language choice is important for many activities: exploring new text varieties; finding relationships between social factors and language patterning; considering choices for post-editing machine translation; and understanding the very nature of language. Work on register relies on corpus methods, but more support and direction could be offered to help undergraduates gain earlier insights into the power of such corpus analysis. This paper introduces some ways register differences can be revealed throughThe Prime Machinecorpus tool (Jeaco 2017a) and describes the design of a practically-oriented undergraduate module which uses this concordancer. Software features include the organization of texts and presentation of source information for readymade corpora, and methods which can be used to reveal useful starting points for register analysis of do-it-yourself corpora.