bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Répartition factorielle des revenus et régimes de croissance en Amérique latine de 1950 à 2012
Authors: ALARCO Germán
Published: June 2016

Après un tour d'horizon exhaustif des études consacrées aux régimes de croissance économique, l'auteur propose un modèle économétrique et s'applique par ce moyen à déterminer le régime de croissance de seize économies latino‐américaines entre 1950 et 2012. Il exploite pour ce faire des données sur la part respective des salaires et des profits dans le PIB, analysant l'évolution de la répartition factorielle du revenu par rapport à la croissance économique. Il conclut que la plupart des économies de la région ont un régime de croissance fondé sur les salaires et que les politiques de redistribution axées sur les salaires contribuent à la croissance économique.
Le salaire minimum en Amérique latine et son effet sur la hiérarchie salariale: le cas de l'Argentine, du Brésil, du Chili et de l'Uruguay
Authors: MAURIZIO Roxana , VÁZQUEZ Gustavo
Published: June 2016

Dans les années 2000, la valeur réelle du salaire minimum augmente en Amérique latine. Les auteurs examinent l'effet de cette hausse sur la répartition des salaires, dans une analyse comparative couvrant quatre pays de la région (Argentine, Brésil, Chili et Uruguay). Au moyen de techniques semi‐paramétriques, ils estiment des fonctions de densité contrefactuelles et montrent que cette évolution a un effet égalisateur dans tous ces pays sauf au Chili. En effet, la hausse du minimum légal explique une part importante du recul des inégalités salariales, qui découle avant tout d'une compression de la partie basse de la hiérarchie.
Compassionate behaviours of clinical nurses in Iran: an ethnographic study
Authors: Babaei S. , Taleghani F. , Kayvanara M.
Published: June 2016

Aim

The aim of this research was to explore compassionate behaviour in Iranian nurses.

Background

Nurses provide high‐quality care with compassion. It is useful to improve relationships between nurses and patients to give them more confidence in the care process. It is important to consider how compassion is demonstrated by nurses and to explore different compassionate behaviours in different cultures.

Methods

This ethnographic study was conducted with 20 nurses and 12 patients in six medical and four surgical wards in Iran in 2014–2015. Data were collected through fieldwork observations and semi‐structured deep interviews and field notes. We analysed data using constant comparison based on Strauss and Corbin method.

Results

Results of the present study showed four cultural themes; love expression and compassion in the form of non‐verbal emotional behaviours, empathy with others, emotional supports of patients at bedside and non‐caring behaviours.

Conclusion

The findings of this study described compassionate behaviours in nurses. Compassionate behaviours of nurses are closely related to the culture issues. These are formed by communication between nurses and patients, and nurses and patients' families during nursing care. Thus improving compassionate behaviours is highly significant in nursing.

Implications for nursing and/health policy

Nurses, instructors and policy‐makers can use the results of this study. They should consider compassionate care as an important component of patient‐centred care. Compassion should be considered in nursing and practical educational programmes. To develop the compassionate care, it is vital to make changes in the dominant philosophy and culture of caring environments. Nurses should receive appropriate training with focus on holistic and patient‐centred approaches.
An empirical comparison of models for the phenology of bird migration
Authors: Lindén Andreas , Meller Kalle , Knape Jonas
Published: June 2016

Bird migration phenology shows strong responses to climate change. Studies of trends and patterns in phenology are typically based on annual summarizing metrics, such as means and quantiles calculated from raw daily count data. However, with irregularly sampled data and large day‐to‐day variation, such metrics can be biased and noisy, and may be analysed using phenological functions fitted to the data. Here we use count data of migration passage from a Finnish bird observatory to compare different models for the phenological distributions of spring migration (27 species) and autumn migration (57 species). We assess parsimony and goodness‐of‐fit in a set of models, with phenological functions of different complexity, optionally with covariates accounting for day‐to‐day variability. The covariates describe migration intensities of related species or relative migration intensities the previous day (autocovariates). We found that parametric models are often preferred over the more flexible generalized additive models with constrained degrees of freedom. Models corresponding to a mixture of two distinct passing populations were frequently preferred over simpler ones, but usually no more complex models are needed. Slightly more complex models were favoured in spring compared to autumn. Related species’ migration activity effectively improves the model by accounting for the large day‐to‐day variation. Autocovariates were usually not that relevant, implying that autocorrelation is generally not a major concern if phenology is modelled properly. We suggest that parametric models are relatively good for studying single‐population migration phenology, or a mix of two groups with distinct phenologies, especially if daily variation in migration intensity can be controlled for. Generalized additive models may be useful when the migrating population composition is unknown. Despite these guidelines, choosing an appropriate model involves case‐by‐case assessment or the biological relevance and rationale for modelling phenology.
Testosterone levels in relation to size and UV reflectance of achromatic plumage traits of female pied flycatchers
Authors: Cantarero Alejandro , Laaksonen Toni , Järvistö Pauliina E. , López‐Arrabé Jimena , Gil Diego , Moreno Juan
Published: June 2016

In a substantial number of species, females show some development of secondary sexual characters. These traits can function as signals of individual phenotypic or genetic qualities and status to conspecifics. Individuals may benefit potentially from expressing signals or badges of status if they are reliable and honest signals of individual quality. In many species, badge sizes have been shown to correlate with dominance rank, which may be mediated by testosterone (T) levels. Here, we explored geographic variation in the size and properties of the white wing patch of female pied flycatchersFicedula hypoleucaand its relation to circulating T levels in three populations (two southern populations in central Spain and a northern population in Finland). Furthermore, we aimed at detecting if the size of the white wing patch and its ultraviolet (UV) reflectance indicate individual quality. We found that females in Spain had larger, brighter and more UV reflecting wing patches than those in Finland. Females with higher UV reflectance and larger primary white patches bred earlier. Younger females and females with larger primary white wing patches showed higher T levels. In contrast, higher values of UV reflectance in feathers from these patches were associated with low T levels. Despite genetic differentiation and differences in trait expression between populations, female pied flycatchers from different populations may converge and use the size of white wing patches to signal their T levels and thereby their social dominance.
Patterns and drivers of soil microbial communities in Tibetan alpine and global terrestrial ecosystems
Authors: Chen Yong‐Liang , Ding Jin‐Zhi , Peng Yun‐Feng , Li Fei , Yang Gui‐Biao , Liu Li , Qin Shu‐Qi , Fang Kai , Yang Yuan‐He
Published: June 2016

Aim

Soil microorganisms play key roles in regulating many important ecosystem processes. However, our understanding of the patterns and drivers of soil microbial communities remains limited. This study aims to test the hypothesis that edaphic factors are more important in explaining variations in soil microbial communities than climatic and biotic factors, as soils directly provide substrates and environment for soil microbial communities.

Location

Tibetan alpine grasslands and global terrestrial biomes.

Methods

On the basis of phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis, we investigated large‐scale patterns and drivers of soil microbial communities using data obtained from 196 sites within two major grassland types (alpine steppe and alpine meadow) on the Tibetan Plateau. We also explored global patterns of soil microbial communities by analysing published data from around the world.

Results

Soil microbial PLFAs in Tibetan alpine grasslands were positively associated with mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation (MAP), contradicting patterns previously observed across global biomes. A combined stepwise regression and variation partitioning analysis revealed that soil microbial community variations in Tibetan alpine grasslands were mainly explained by edaphic factors, such as soil organic carbon, C : N ratio, pH and soil texture, then by biotic factors, such as aboveground biomass and plant species richness, and further by climatic factors, such as MAP. The global analysis confirmed that edaphic factors accounted for a greater portion of the variation in soil microbial communities than did climatic and biotic variables.

Main conclusions

These results provide strong support for the hypothesis that edaphic factors are the dominant drivers of spatial variations in soil microbial communities across regional and global scales.
A new algorithm for the discrimination of actinic keratosis from normal skin and squamous cell carcinoma based on in vivo analysis of optical properties by high‐definition optical coherence tomography
Authors: Boone M.A.L.M. , Suppa M. , Marneffe A. , Miyamoto M. , Jemec G.B.E. , Del Marmol V.
Published: June 2016

Background

High‐definition optical coherence tomography (HD‐OCT) features of actinic keratosis (AK) may aid in its diagnosis and therapeutic strategy. A diagnostic algorithm permitting discrimination of AK from squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and normal skin has been proposed. However, diagnostic accuracy strongly depends on the experience of physicians. In two recent studies, it was demonstrated that HD‐OCT permits to quantify in vivo optical properties such as light attenuation in intrinsic ageing skin, in melanocytic lesions and in basal cell carcinoma. This approach seems to permit a semiautomated classification of lesions easier to handle by non‐experts.

Objectives

The aim of this paper was to quantify in vivo optical properties of facial located AK/SCC lesions, such as light attenuation, by HD‐OCT. Additional objectives were to determine the best critical value of these optical properties for discrimination of AK from SCC and from normal sun exposed skin and to subdifferentiate AKs.

Methods

The technique of semi‐log plot has been implemented on HD‐OCT signals. This permitted the in vivo measurement of OCT signals coming from the skin entrance up to the superficial reticular dermis. Moreover, relative attenuation factor (μraf) at different skin layers (1–3) could be determined.

Results

Optical properties with high diagnostic accuracy (DA) and high negative predictive values (NPV) could be defined permitting the differentiation between normal skin, non‐Bowenoid AK without follicular involvement, non‐Bowenoid AK with follicular involvement, Bowenoid AK, hypertrophic and lichenoid form of AK and squamous cell carcinoma.

Conclusion

HD‐OCT seems to enable the combination of in vivo morphological analysis of cellular and 3D microarchitectural structures with in vivo analysis of optical properties of tissue scatterers in AK/SCC lesions and normal sun‐exposed skin. In vivoHD‐OCT analysis of optical properties permits AK discrimination from SCC and AK subdifferentiation with higher accuracy than in vivoHD‐OCT analysis of morphology alone.
Insights from two‐dimensional mapping of otolith chemistry
Authors: Limburg K. E. , Elfman M.
Published: June 2016

Non‐destructive microbeam‐based methods were used for 2‐D mapping of trace elements to gain a greater appreciation of otolith composition and spatial configuration. Based on studies of a wide variety of fish taxa, this approach more fully captures the nature of otolith chemical heterogeneity. Such variations may be due to a number of factors, including differences in crystallization, genetics, growth or even sample preparation or contamination. Examples presented here highlight research conducted at the Lund Ion Beam Analysis Facility (LIBAF) and at the Cornell High‐Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS).
Meats, milk and fat consumption in colorectal cancer
Authors: Tayyem R. F. , Bawadi H. A. , Shehadah I. , AbuMweis S. S. , Agraib L. M. , Al‐Jaberi T. , Al‐Nusairr M. , Heath D. D. , Bani‐Hani K. E.
Published: June 2016

Background

Data from several studies suggest that a diet high in meat, including processed meat and fat, may have an association with the development of colorectal cancer (CRC).

Methods

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between meats, dairy products, fat consumption and the risk of CRC in Jordanians. A case–control study was performed at the five largest hospitals in Jordan. Dietary data were collected from 220 diagnosed cases of CRC and 281 healthy disease‐free controls. The CRC cases were matched as closely as possible to controls using age, sex, occupation and marital status.

Results

The consumption of different levels and frequencies of several food types, including meats, chicken, milk and fish, was found to be associated with the risk of developing CRC. Added fats and oils were inversely associated with CRC risk with odds ratio = 0.33 (95% confidence interval = 0.13–0.83, Ptrend = 0.005). The predominant fat added by cases and controls was olive oil, followed by corn oil.

Conclusions

The results of the study suggest that the consumption of some types of meat, processed meats and Labaneh (strained yogurt) may be associated with the risk of developing CRC.
Impact of disruption of secondary binding site S2 on dopamine transporter function
Authors: Zhen Juan , Reith Maarten E. A.
Published: June 2016

The structures of the leucine transporter, drosophila dopamine transporter, and human serotonin transporter show a secondary binding site (designated S2) for drugs and substrate in the extracellular vestibule toward the membrane exterior in relation to the primary substrate recognition site (S1). The present experiments are aimed at disrupting S2 by mutating Asp476 and Ile159 to Ala. Both mutants displayed a profound decrease in [3H]DA uptake compared with wild‐type associated with a reduced turnover rate kcat. This was not caused by a conformational bias as the mutants responded to Zn2+ (10 μM) similarly as WT. The dopamine transporters with either the D476A or I159A mutation both displayed a higher Ki for dopamine for the inhibition of [3H](−)‐2‐β‐carbomethoxy‐3‐β‐(4‐fluorophenyl)tropane binding than did the WT transporter, in accordance with an allosteric interaction between the S1 and S2 sites. The results provide evidence in favor of a general applicability of the two‐site allosteric model of the Javitch/Weinstein group from LeuT to dopamine transporter and possibly other monoamine transporters.

image

X‐ray structures of transporters closely related to the dopamine (DA) transporter show a secondary binding site S2 in the extracellular vestibule proximal to the primary binding site S1 which is closely linked to one of the Na+ binding sites. This work examines the relationship between S2 and S1 sites. We found that S2 site impairment severely reduced DA transport and allosterically reduced S1 site affinity for the cocaine analog [3H]CFT. Our results are the first to lend direct support for the application of the two‐site allosteric model, advanced for bacterial LeuT, to the human DA transporter. The model states that, after binding of the first DA molecule (DA1) to the primary S1 site (along with Na+), binding of a second DA (DA2) to the S2 site triggers, through an allosteric interaction, the release of DA1 and Na+ into the cytoplasm.
Correlation of transient adenosine release and oxygen changes in the caudate‐putamen
Authors: Wang Ying , Venton B. Jill
Published: June 2016

Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that modulates important physiological processes, such as vasodilation, in the central nervous system. A rapid, 2–4 s, mode of adenosine signaling has been recently discovered, but the relationship between this type of adenosine and blood flow change has not been characterized. In this study, adenosine and oxygen changes were simultaneously measured using fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry. Oxygen changes occur when there is an increase in local cerebral blood flow and thus are a measure of vasodilation. About 34% of adenosine transients in the rat caudate‐putamen are correlated with a subsequent transient change in oxygen. The amount of oxygen was correlated with the concentration of adenosine release and larger adenosine transients (over 0.4 μM) always had subsequent oxygen changes. The average duration of adenosine and oxygen transients was 3.2 and 3.5 s, respectively. On average, the adenosine release starts and peaks 0.2 s prior to the oxygen. The A2a antagonist, SCH442416, decreased the number of both adenosine and oxygen transient events by about 32%. However, the A1 antagonist, DPCPX, did not significantly affect simultaneous adenosine and oxygen release. The nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor l‐NAME also did not affect the concentration or number of adenosine and oxygen release events. These results demonstrate that both adenosine and oxygen release are modulated via A2a receptors. The correlation of transient concentrations, time delay between adenosine and oxygen peaks, and effect of A2a receptors suggests that adenosine modulates blood flow on a rapid, sub‐second time scale.

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Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 10.
Information Sensitivity Typology: Mapping the Degree and Type of Risk Consumers Perceive in Personal Data Sharing
Authors: Milne George R. , Pettinico George , Hajjat Fatima M. , Markos Ereni
Published: June 2016

Surveys show significant public concern regarding information privacy. To better understand how consumer concerns vary by type of personal data, the authors created a typology of information types based on perceived associated risks. In a national consumer survey, 52 information types were analyzed along four perceived risk categories (physical, psychological, monetary, and social), consumers' overall sensitivity regarding the information, and their willingness to provide it. This resulted in six highly distinctive clusters—Basic Demographics, Personal Preferences, Contact Information, Community Interaction, Financial Information, and Secure Identifiers—organized around similarities in perceived risk profile. Additionally, consumer segmentation analysis shows rank order of cluster risk perceptions to be stable, even when perceived magnitude and overall risk propensities change by segment. This research advances the conversation from an outdated PII/non‐PII framework to a more meaningful, consumer‐based understanding of the perceived risks associated with different types of personal information.
Left Ventricular Function After Prolonged Exercise in Equine Endurance Athletes
Authors: Flethøj M. , Schwarzwald C.C. , Haugaard M.M. , Carstensen H. , Kanters J.K. , Olsen L.H. , Buhl R.
Published: June 2016

Background

Prolonged exercise in human athletes is associated with transient impairment of left ventricular (LV) function, known as cardiac fatigue. Cardiac effects of prolonged exercise in horses remain unknown.

Objectives

To investigate the effects of prolonged exercise on LV systolic and diastolic function in horses.

Animals

Twenty‐six horses competing in 120–160 km endurance rides.

Methods

Cross‐sectional field study. Echocardiography was performed before and after rides, and the following morning, and included two‐dimensional echocardiography, anatomical M‐mode, pulsed‐wave tissue Doppler imaging, and two‐dimensional speckle tracking. Correlation between echocardiographic variables and cardiac troponin I was evaluated.

Results

Early diastolic myocardial velocities decreased significantly in longitudinal (baseline: −17.4 ± 2.4cm/s; end of ride: −15.8 ± 3.2cm/s (P = .013); morning after: −15.4 ± 3.0cm/s (P = .0033)) and radial directions (−32.8 ± 3.4cm/s; −28.1 ± 5.8cm/s (P < .001); −26.4 ± 5.5cm/s (P < .001)). Early diastolic strain rates decreased significantly in longitudinal (1.58 ± 0.27s−1; 1.45 ± 0.26s−1 (P = .036); 1.41 ± 0.25s−1 (P = .013)) and circumferential directions (2.43 ± 0.29s−1; 1.96 ± 0.46s−1 (P < .001); 2.11 ± 0.32s−1 (P < .001)). Systolic variables showed ambiguous results. No correlations with serum cardiac troponin I concentrations were evident.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Prolonged exercise in horses is associated with impaired LV diastolic function. Reduced ventricular filling persisted for 7–21 hours despite normalization of biochemical indicators of hydration status, indicating that the observed changes were not entirely related to altered preload conditions. The clinical relevance of cardiac fatigue in horses remains uncertain.
Incremental Value (Bayesian Framework) of Thoracic Ultrasonography over Thoracic Auscultation for Diagnosis of Bronchopneumonia in Preweaned Dairy Calves
Authors: Buczinski S. , Ménard J. , Timsit E.
Published: June 2016

Background

Thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) is a specific and relatively sensitive method to diagnose bronchopneumonia (BP) in dairy calves. Unfortunately, as it requires specific training and equipment, veterinarians typically base their diagnosis on thoracic auscultation (AUSC), which is rapid and easy to perform.

Hypothesis/Objectives

We hypothesized that the use of TUS, in addition to AUSC, can significantly increase accuracy of BP diagnosis. Therefore, the objectives were to (i) determine the incremental value of TUS over AUSC for diagnosis of BP in preweaned dairy calves and (ii) assess diagnostic accuracy of AUSC.

Animals

Two hundred and nine dairy calves (<1 month of age) were enrolled in this cross‐sectional study.

Methods

Prospective cross‐sectional study. All calves from a veal calves unit were examined (independent operators) using the Wisconsin Calf Respiratory Scoring Criteria (CRSC), AUSC, and TUS. A Bayesian latent class approach was used to estimate the incremental value of AUSC over TUS (integrated discrimination improvement [IDI]) and the diagnostic accuracy of AUSC.

Results

Abnormal CRSC, AUSC, and TUS were recorded in 3.3, 53.1, and 23.9% of calves, respectively. AUSC was sensitive (72.9%; 95% Bayesian credible interval [BCI]: 50.1–96.4%), but not specific (53.3%; 95% BCI: 43.3–64.0%) to diagnose BP. Compared to AUSC, TUS was more specific (92.9%; 95% BCI: 86.5–97.1%), but had similar sensitivity (76.5%; 95% BCI: 60.2–88.8%). The incremental value of TUS over AUSC was high (IDI = 43.7%; 5% BCI: 22.0–63.0%) significantly improving proportions of sick and healthy calves appropriately classified.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The use of TUS over AUSC significantly improved accuracy of BP diagnosis in dairy calves.
Longitudinal Study of the Relationship among Craniocervical Morphology, Clinical Progression, and Syringomyelia in a Cohort of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels
Authors: Cerda‐Gonzalez S. , Olby N.J. , Griffith E.H.
Published: June 2016

Background

Craniocervical junction (CCJ) anomalies and secondary syringomyelia are commonly diagnosed in Cavalier King Charles spaniel (CKCS). Familiarity with the natural history of these abnormalities is vital to understanding the disease syndrome.

Objective

To evaluate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) predictors of worsening clinical signs, syringomyelia, and morphology in CKCS longitudinally.

Animals

Fifty‐four client‐owned CKCS, 5–13 years old; 50% currently symptomatic.

Methods

Longitudinal observational study. We enrolled CKCS with an MRI of the CCJ performed ≥3 years earlier. We used questionnaires and neurologic examinations to grade initial and current clinical status. Dogs that could be anesthetized were reimaged. Morphologic assessments included the presence and severity of: Chiari‐like malformations, medullary position, atlantooccipital overlapping (AOO), dorsal atlantoaxial bands, and syringomyelia. Cranial cavity volumes and foramen magnum height were measured.

Results

Clinical status was evaluated in 54 dogs; 36/54 were reimaged. Mean follow‐up was 71 months. Of initially asymptomatic dogs, 32% were symptomatic at re‐evaluation. Of initially symptomatic dogs, 56% had worsened; 13% had improved with medical management. The morphology of the CCJ at initial imaging did not predict development of either new or worsened signs or syringomyelia by the time of re‐evaluation.

Conclusion

Craniocervical junction anomalies assessed in this study did not appear predictive of future clinical status or syringomyelia in our cohort. The impacts of syringomyelia, AOO, and atlantoaxial bands on future clinical status merit further study in larger groups of CKCS. Clinical progression in our cohort of medically managed CKCS did not differ substantially from published reports of those treated surgically.
Traditional and cyberbullying co‐occurrence and its relationship to psychiatric symptoms
Authors: Tural Hesapcioglu Selma , Ercan Filiz
Published: June 2016

Background

The effect of cyberbullying accompanied by traditional bullying on mental health has been less studied. In this study, the frequency, co‐occurrence, and the relationship to psychiatric symptoms of traditional bullying and cyberbullying among bullies and victims are examined.

Methods

All of the high schools in the province of Mus, Turkey were stratified according to Placement Test for High Schools admission points for 2014–2015. By choosing schools using simple random sampling, 1276 students were reached. Students were given the Brief Symptom Inventory and three separate scale assessments: peer bullying rating, cybervictimization, and cyberbullying scales.

Results

High scores in all subscale scores of bullying and victimization were significantly related to higher depression, anxiety, low self‐esteem, somatization, and hostility scores. For people who were exposed to cyberbullying in addition to traditional bullying, the severity of the psychiatric symptoms was significantly higher. For all psychiatric symptoms, major predictors were gender, total victimization score, and total cybervictimization score. Moreover, the bullying total score was among the predictors of low self‐esteem and hostility.

Conclusion

Cybervictimization and cyberbullying occur less often than traditional bullying and victimization, but people who were exposed to or performed cyberbullying were also exposed to or performed traditional bullying. The addition of cyberbullying to traditional bullying is associated with more intense psychiatric symptoms.
Maximalism and Moral Harmony
Authors: Portmore Douglas W.
Published: June 2016

Maximalism is the view that an agent is permitted to perform a certain type of action (say, baking) if and only if she is permitted to perform some instance of this type (say, baking a pie), where φ‐ing is an instance of ψ‐ing if and only if φ‐ing entails ψ‐ing but not vice versa. Now, the aim of this paper is not to defend maximalism, but to defend a certain account of our options that when combined with maximalism results in a theory that accommodates the idea that a moral theory ought to be morally harmonious—that is, ought to be such that the agents who satisfy the theory, whoever and however numerous they may be, are guaranteed to produce the morally best world that they have the option of producing. I argue that, for something to count as an option for an agent, it must, in the relevant sense, be under her control. And I argue that the relevant sort of control is the sort that we exercise over our reasons‐responsive attitudes (e.g., our beliefs, desires, and intentions) by being both receptive and reactive to reasons. I call this sort of controlrational control, and I call the view that φ‐ing is an option for a subject if and only if she has rational control over whether she φsrationalism. When we combine this view with maximalism, we getrationalist maximalism, which I argue is a promising moral theory.
Simple Probabilistic Promotion
Authors: Lin Eden
Published: June 2016

Many believe that normative reasons for action are necessarily connected with the promotion of certain states of affairs: on Humean views, for example, there is a reason for you to do something if and only if it would promote the object of one of your desires. But although promotion is widely invoked in discussions of reasons, its nature is a matter of controversy. I propose a simple account: to promote a state of affairs is to make it more likely to obtain than it previously was. I argue that this view has been unfairly neglected, that it avoids serious problems faced by many other views, and that it is a contender for the correct theory of promotion.
Delayed extinction fails to reduce skin conductance reactivity to fear‐conditioned stimuli
Authors: Fricchione Jon , Greenberg Mark S. , Spring Justin , Wood Nellie , Mueller‐Pfeiffer Christoph , Milad Mohammed R. , Pitman Roger K. , Orr Scott P.
Published: June 2016

A brief 10‐min time delay between an initial and subsequent exposure to extinction trials has been found to impair memory reconsolidation in fear‐conditioned rodents and humans, providing a potential means to reduce fearfulness in anxiety disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The present study used videos of biologically prepared, conditioned stimuli (tarantulas) to test the efficacy of delayed extinction in blocking reconsolidation of conditioned fear in healthy young adults. Strong differential conditioning, measured by skin conductance, was observed among a screened subset of participants during acquisition. However, the delayed‐extinction intervention failed to reduce reactivity to the conditioned stimulus paired with the extinction delay. These results are partially consistent with other recent, mixed findings and point to a need for testing other candidate interventions designed to interfere with the reconsolidation process.
Association of daytime sleepiness with obstructive sleep apnoea and comorbidities varies by sleepiness definition in a population cohort of men
Authors: Adams Robert J. , Appleton Sarah L. , Vakulin Andrew , Lang Carol , Martin Sean A. , Taylor Anne W. , McEvoy R. Doug , Antic Nick A. , Catcheside Peter G. , Wittert Gary A.
Published: June 2016

Background and objective

To determine correlates of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) identified with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and a more broad definition, while accounting for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in community dwelling men.

Methods

Participants of the Men Androgens Inflammation Lifestyle Environment and Stress (MAILES) Study (n = 837, ≥ 40 years) without a prior OSA diagnosis, underwent in‐home full unattended polysomnography (PSG, Embletta X100), completed the ESS, STOP questionnaire and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in 2010–2011. In 2007–2010, questionnaires and biomedical assessment (in South Australian public hospital‐based clinics) identified medical conditions. An alternate EDS definition (EDSAlt) consisted of ≥ 2 of 3 problems (feeling sleepy sitting quietly; feeling tired/fatigued/sleepy; trouble staying awake).

Results

EDSAlt (30.4%, n = 253), but not ESS ≥ 11 (EDSESS, 12.6%, n = 104), increased significantly across OSA severity and body mass index categories. In adjusted analyses, EDSESS was significantly associated with depression: odds ratio (OR), 95%CI: 2.2 (1.3–3.8) and nocturia: 2.0 (1.3–3.2). EDSAlt was associated with depression, financial stress, relationship, work‐life balance problems and associations with nocturia and diabetes were borderline. After excluding men with EDSESS, EDSAlt was associated with oxygen desaturation index (3%) ≥ 16 and the highest arousal index quartile but not with comorbidities.

Conclusion

Sleepiness not necessarily leading to dozing, but not ESS ≥ 11, was related to sleep disordered breathing. Clinicians should be alert to (1) differing perspectives of sleepiness for investigation and treatment of OSA, and (2) the presence of depression and nocturia in men presenting with significant Epworth sleepiness regardless of the presence of OSA.
International Trade in General Oligopolistic Equilibrium
Authors: Neary J. Peter
Published: June 2016

This paper presents a new model of oligopoly in general equilibrium and explores its implications for positive and normative aspects of international trade. Assuming “continuum–Pollak” preferences, the model allows for consistent aggregation over a continuum of sectors, in each of which a small number of home and foreign firms engage in Cournot competition. I show how competitive advantage interacts with comparative advantage to determine resource allocation and, specializing to continuum–quadratic preferences, I explore the model's implications for the gains from trade, for the distribution of income between wages and profits, and for production and trade patterns in a two‐country world.
Association of Low Ficolin–Lectin Pathway Parameters with Cardiac Syndrome X
Authors: Horváth Z. , Csuka D. , Vargova K. , Leé S. , Varga L. , Garred P. , Préda I. , Zsámboki E. T. , Prohászka Z. , Kiss R. G.
Published: June 2016

In patients with typical angina pectoris, inducible myocardial ischaemia and macroscopically normal coronaries (cardiac syndrome X (CSX)), a significantly elevated plasma level of terminal complement complex (TCC), the common end product of complement activation, has been observed without accompanying activation of the classical or the alternative pathways. Therefore, our aim was to clarify the role of the ficolin–lectin pathway in CSX. Eighteen patients with CSX, 37 stable angina patients with significant coronary stenosis (CHD) and 54 healthy volunteers (HC) were enrolled. Serum levels of ficolin‐2 and ficolin‐3, ficolin‐3/MASP‐2 complex and ficolin‐3‐mediated TCC deposition (FCN3‐TCC) were determined. Plasma level of TCC was significantly higher in the CSX than in the HC or CHD group (5.45 versus 1.30 versus 2.04 AU/ml, P < 0.001). Serum levels of ficolin‐2 and ficolin‐3 were significantly lower in the CSX compared to the HC or CHD group (3.60 versus 5.80 or 5.20 μg/ml, P < 0.05; 17.80 versus 24.10 or 26.80 μg/ml, P < 0.05). The ficolin‐3/MASP‐2 complex was significantly lower in the CSX group compared to the HC group (92.90 versus 144.90 AU/ml, P = 0.006). FCN3‐TCC deposition was significantly lower in the CSX group compared to the HC and CHD groups (67.8% versus 143.3% or 159.7%, P < 0.05). In the CSX group, a significant correlation was found between TCC and FCN3‐TCC level (r = 0.507, P = 0.032) and between ficolin‐3/MASP‐2 complex level and FCN3‐TCC deposition (r = 0.651, P = 0.003). In conclusion, in patients with typical angina and myocardial ischaemia despite macroscopically normal coronary arteries, low levels of several lectin pathway parameters were observed, indicating complement activation and consumption. Complement activation through the ficolin–lectin pathway might play a role in the complex pathomechanism of CSX.
Life Events and Delinquency: An Assessment of Event‐Based Stressors and Gender Differences among Adolescents in Mainland China
Authors: Liu Ruth X.
Published: June 2016

Studies that test general strain theory in China have primarily focused on poor treatments by others, and few have assessed the influences of stressor events other than negative treatments as antecedents of delinquency. This study assesses both cumulative and relative effects of multiple stressor events including parent marital instability, family financial disruption, health crisis, and romantic dissolution as antecedents of delinquency in mainland China and how these effects may vary by adolescent gender. Data drawn from over 500 middle‐school students from an urban city in China yielded significant observations: Stressful events are related to delinquency after controlling for poor treatments and other common correlates, and event effects are observed both as a composite index and by specific domains. Furthermore, significant gender differences are noted: For boys, delinquency is associated with family financial disruption, parent marital instability, and romantic dissolution. For girls, romantic dissolution and health crisis are associated with delinquency. These results along with others are addressed in light of general strain theory and gender disparity in the sociocultural context of mainland China.
‘Shut Up for Five Years’: Locating Narratives of Cultural Workers in Scotland's Islands
Authors: Burnett Kathryn A. , Stalker Lynda Harling
Published: June 2016

Recent research and active promotion suggests that islands and remote rural locations in Scotland do offer ‘attractive places to live and work’. The purpose of this article is to explore the narratives of cultural workers, and to derive from this a further nuanced appreciation of what in‐migrants to islands might express as meaningful in reference to an idea of ‘locating narratives’. We look at how the narratives vary depending upon the connection and identity the cultural workers each articulate. The narratives or social stories the participants tell contribute to our understanding of in‐migrants' experiences on remote islands. This research offers a timely contribution to debates on how we might better understand ‘good work’ in terms of decisions to locate on islands, as nuanced through cultural work identities.
An Al‐inducible expansin gene,OsEXPA10is involved in root cell elongation of rice
Authors: Che Jing , Yamaji Naoki , Shen Ren Fang , Ma Jian Feng
Published: June 2016

Expansins are cell wall loosening proteins, which are encoded by multigene families. However, the physiological role of most expansin genes is still poorly understood. Here, we functionally characterized an Al‐inducible expansin gene,OsEXPA10, which is regulated by a C2H2‐type zinc‐finger transcription factor,ART1 in rice. A detailed expression analysis showed thatOsEXPA10was expressed in both the roots and shoots at a similar level, but only the expression in the roots was rapidly upregulated in response to Al. Furthermore, spatial expression analysis showed that the Al‐induced expression was only found in the root tips (0–3 mm), but not in the mature root zones. The expression was neither induced by other metals including Cd and La nor by lowpH. Immunostaining showed that OsEXPA10 was localized at all cells of the root tips. Knockout ofOsEXPA10resulted in a significant decrease in the cell elongation of the roots in the absence of Al. In the presence of Al, knockout ofOsEXPA10did not alter the Al sensitivity evaluated by relative root elongation, but the root cell wall of knockout lines accumulated less Al compared to those of the wild‐type rice. Collectively, our results indicate thatOsEXPA10expressed in the root tips is required for the root cell elongation, but that the contribution of this gene to high Al tolerance in rice is small.
Transfusion premedication practices among pediatric health care practitioners in Canada: results of a national survey
Authors: Solh Ziad , Chan Anthony K. C. , Heddle Nancy M.
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND

Although not supported by strong evidence, premedication (pretransfusion medication) is commonly prescribed to patients who have had a transfusion reaction. The research questions were: 1) What are Canadian pediatric practitioners' views and practices regarding premedication and 2) what are barriers to reducing premedication overuse in pediatrics?

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

An online survey targeted hematology/oncology, emergency medicine, general surgery, intensive care, and cardiac intensive care practitioners in all 16 Canadian pediatric tertiary hospitals. The survey included four sections: demographic, clinical, future directions, and organizational questions.

RESULTS

Fifty‐five individuals from 15 of 16 pediatric tertiary care sites completed the survey: 53 physicians and two nurse practitioners. More than half of the respondents (55%; 30/55) were pediatric hematology/oncology providers, and 35% (19/55) were directors of their respective divisions. Eighty‐seven percent of respondents estimated that they premedicate up to 25% of red blood cell (RBC) transfusions, and 13% premedicate 26% to 50% RBC transfusions. Proportions were similar for platelet transfusions. Most respondents reported that trainees are involved in transfusion and premedication order decisions. Seven percent believe that their hospital does not use leukoreduction and 27% are not sure. Sixty‐five percent of respondents were not aware of a clinical practice guideline or a standard order set (SOS) at their institution: 51% are interested in having both available. Factors influencing the decision to premedicate and barriers to change were identified.

CONCLUSION

Premedication practices are variable in Canadian pediatric academic hospitals. Evidence‐based premedication clinical practice guidelines and SOS could be explored as a way to standardize practices. There were perceived educational and institutional barriers to practice change.
In vivo methods to evaluate a new skin protectant for loss of skin integrity
Authors: Been Raha A. , Bernatchez Stéphanie F. , Conrad‐Vlasak Deena M. , Asmus Robert A. , Ekholm Bruce P. , Parks Patrick J.
Published: June 2016

A new skin protectant was developed for use on conditions involving partial‐thickness skin loss such as severe incontinence‐associated dermatitis. This new formulation is based on a cyanoacrylate chemistry designed to polymerize in situ and create a breathable film able to protect the skin surface from external irritants. This film provides an environment favorable for healing to occur beneath the film. To evaluate the characteristics of the novel chemistry, we devised a preclinical testing strategy comprising three different animal models. The data from all three models was considered collectively to create an overall assessment of effectiveness. A guinea pig model was used to evaluate the barrier efficacy of the new product in protecting intact skin from irritation. A porcine partial‐thickness wound model was used to evaluate the efficacy of the product in helping control minor bleeding and exudate. A similar model was also used to assess the process of reepithelialization in the continued presence of an irritant. In the first model, untreated sites had 8.5 times more irritation than sites covered with the new product (p < 0.001). In the second model, a single application of the new product successfully attached to intact peri‐wound skin and to denuded, weepy skin. It significantly reduced the amount of fluid weeping from the wounds (p ≤ 0.001) and continued to perform throughout a 96 hours experiment. In the third model, the percent of reepithelialization was significantly greater for the wounds covered with the new product than for the control wounds (p = 0.003; on average, 18.3% greater, with a 95% confidence interval of 9.2% to 27.5%). These results suggest that the new skin protectant protects intact and denuded skin from irritants and provides an environment favorable to healing, offering promise for the management of various conditions involving loss of epidermis.
Complete Genome Sequence of Bacteriophage Deep-Blue Infecting Emetic Bacillus cereus
Authors: Hock Louise , Gillis Annika , Mahillon Jacques
Published: June 2016

The
Bacillus cereus
emetic pathotype is responsible for important food-borne intoxications. Here, we describe the complete genome sequence of bacteriophage Deep-Blue, which is able to infect emetic strains of
B. cereus
. Deep-Blue is a 159-kb myophage of the Bastille-like group within the
Spounavirinae
.
Outbreak of H7N8 Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Commercial Turkeys with Spontaneous Mutation to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
Authors: Killian Mary Lea , Kim-Torchetti Mia , Hines Nichole , Yingst Sam , DeLiberto Thomas , Lee Dong-Hun
Published: June 2016

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H7N8 was detected in commercial turkeys in January 2016. Control zone surveillance discovered a progenitor low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus in surrounding turkey flocks. Data analysis supports a single LPAI virus introduction followed by spontaneous mutation to HPAI on a single premises.
Draft Genome Sequence of “
Rathayibacter tanaceti
” Strain VKM Ac-2596 Isolated from
Tanacetum vulgare
Infested by a Foliar Nematode
Authors: Vasilenko Oleg V. , Starodumova Irina P. , Tarlachkov Sergey V. , Dorofeeva Lubov V. , Avtukh Alexander N. , Evtushenko Lyudmila I.
Published: June 2016

The draft genome of “
Rathayibacter tanaceti
” VKM Ac-2596 is 3.17 Mb in size with an average G+C content of 70.7% and comprises at least two nonidentical copies of ribosomal small subunit (SSU-rRNA) genes. The semiconductor sequencing platform Ion Torrent was used.
Draft Genome Sequence of a Copper-Resistant Marine Bacterium, Pantoea agglomerans Strain LMAE-2, a Bacterial Strain with Potential Use in Bioremediation
Authors: Corsini Gino , Valdés Natalia , Pradel Paulina , Tello Mario , Cottet Luis , Muiño Laura , Karahanian Eduardo , Castillo Antonio , Gonzalez Alex R.
Published: June 2016

Pantoea agglomerans
LMAE-2 was isolated from seabed sediment moderately contaminated with Cu
2+
. Here, we report its draft genome sequence, which has a size of 4.98 Mb. The presence of
cop
genes related with copper homeostasis in its genome may explain the resistance and strengthen its potential for use as bioremediation agent.
Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequence of Phagomixotrophic Green Alga
Cymbomonas tetramitiformis
Authors: Satjarak Anchittha , Paasch Amber E. , Graham Linda E. , Kim Eunsoo
Published: June 2016

We report here the complete chloroplast genome sequence of
Cymbomonas tetramitiformis
strain PLY262, which is a prasinophycean green alga that retains a phagomixotrophic mode of nutrition. The genome is 84,524 bp in length, with a G+C content of 37%, and contains 3 rRNAs, 26 tRNAs, and 76 protein-coding genes.
Whole-Genome Sequencing Analysis of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus simulans Causing Surgical Site Infection
Authors: Chen Jian , Fang Qiang
Published: June 2016

Staphylococcus simulans
is a normal part of the microbiota in humans and animals and is rarely associated with human invasive infections. We present here the genome sequence of
S. simulans
CJ16, which caused the first case of surgical site infection. Adhesion proteins, including fibronectin-binding protein (FnbA), elastin-binding protein (EbpS), and cell wall-anchored protein (SasA, SasF, and SasH), were detected in the genome, which might promote the survival of
S. simulans
on human skin and pathogenesis of infections.
Whole-Genome Sequencing of a Haarlem Extensively Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Clinical Isolate from Medellín, Colombia
Authors: Alvarez N. , Haft D. , Hurtado U. A. , Robledo J. , Rouzaud F.
Published: June 2016

Colombia is one of the 105 countries that has reported at least one case of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB). The
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Haarlem genotype is ubiquitous worldwide. Here, we report the high-quality draft genome sequence of a Colombian Haarlem XDR-TB clinical isolate composed of 4,329,127 bp with 4,386 genes.
Draft Genome Sequence of Sphingobium yanoikuyae TJ, a Halotolerant Di-
n
-Butyl-Phthalate-Degrading Bacterium
Authors: Jin Decai , Zhu Ying , Wang Xinxin , Kong Xiao , Liu Huijun , Wang Yafeng , Deng Ye , Jia Minghong
Published: June 2016

Sphingobium yanoikuyae
TJ is a halotolerant di-
n
-butyl-phthalate-degrading bacterium, isolated from the Haihe estuary in Bohai Bay, Tianjin, China. Here, we report the 5.1-Mb draft genome sequence of this strain, which will provide insights into the diversity of
Sphingobium
spp. and the mechanism of phthalate ester degradation in the estuary.