bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diplomatic Calculus in Anarchy: How Communication Matters
Authors: TRAGER ROBERT F.
Published: May 2010

When states come to believe that other states are hostile to their interests, they often reorient their foreign policies by realigning alliance commitments, building arms, striking first, mobilizing troops, or adopting policies to drain the resources of states that menace them. This article presents a crisis bargaining model that allows threatened states a wider array of responses than the choice to back down or not. Two implications are that (1) “cheap talk” diplomatic statements by adversaries can affect perceptions of intentions, and (2) war can occur because resolved states decline to communicate their intentions, even though they could, and even though doing so would avoid a war. The model relates the content and quality of diplomatic signals to the context of prior beliefs about intentions and strategic options. In simulations, this form of diplomatic communication reduces the likelihood of conflict.
Multiplex PCR assay to discriminate four neighbouring species of the Calliptamus genus (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from France
Authors: Blanchet E. , Blondin L. , Gagnaire P.A. , Foucart A. , Vassal J.M. , Lecoq M.
Published: May 2010

Definition of the genus Calliptamus (Orthoptera: Acrididae) has generated many taxonomic debates. Even now, the existence of different geographical morphs hinders species determination, particularly as concerns females and larvae. Some of these species are observed in southern France and are recognized as potential pests. To circumvent problems of species identification in ecological surveys, we developed a single multiplex PCR method based on mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxydase I diagnostic polymorphisms to differentiate between the four species, Calliptamus italicus, C. wattenwylianus, C. siciliae and C. barbarus, in southern regions of France.
Hemispheric America in Deep Time
Authors: LANE JILL
Published: May 2010

This article introduces hemispheric performance studies to suggest that performance in the Americas – and the very idea of the ‘hemispheric’ – may be usefully engaged as a set of connected practices in deep time rather than as a continental mass in uniform space. The argument is illustrated in relation to three contemporary artists: the Los Angeles-based photographer and multimedia artist Bruce Yonemoto, and the visual and performance artists Susana Torres from Lima, Peru, and Liliana Angulo from Bogotá, Colombia.
Possession, Gender and Performance in Revolutionary Cuba: Eugenio Hernández Espinosa'sMaría Antonia
Authors: CABRANES-GRANT LEO
Published: May 2010

Eugenio Hernández Espinosa'sMaría Antonia(1967) is regarded as one of the most important theatrical works to be produced during the first decade of the Cuban Revolution. Although most readings of the play tend to emphasize its investment in possession ceremonies (the use ofsanteríarituals and symbols provoked a strong reaction from both audiences and critics), Hernández Espinosa's conflicted presentation of gender roles is what claims my attention in this article. By showing how María Antonia is unable to alter the strictures of machismo or successfully challenge hegemonic discourses of race and class, I argue that the play suggests thatsanteríasupports a social context in which female agency is seriously restricted, and may even be reduced to a utopian and self-destructive fantasy.
In the Kitchen, Cooking up Diaspora Possibilities: Bailey and Lewis'sSistahs
Authors: RICHARDS SANDRA L.
Published: May 2010

This article analyses Maxine Bailey and Sharon M. Lewis's playSistahs(1994) as an instance of African diaspora feminism in the Americas. The drama's focus on five women in a Canadian kitchen displaces the hegemony enjoyed by African Americans as signifiers of blacknesss, challenging spectators as well as readers to remember instead the long history of blacks in Canada and the existence of multiple African diasporas in the Americas. Further, its rewriting of a 1970s cultural feminism dramatizes the labour of fostering an African diasporic sensibility and subverts that paradigm's conventional emphasis on heteronormativity.
Gathering from Within: Indigenous Nationhood and Tanya Lukin Linklater's Woman and Water
Authors: SHEA MURPHY JACQUELINE
Published: May 2010

This dossier contribution focuses on Alutiiq performer Tanya Lukin Linklater's Woman and Water. It examines how the piece creates the opportunity for an experience of a way of being in the world, in intimate interconnection with one another, the land and other animals, and the experiences of time that this intimacy compels, that differs from the models of affiliation presumed in understandings of ‘nation states’ generally referenced by contemporary academic discussions of nationalism and transnationalism.
Casting Shadows in Global Land: Luisa Calcumil's Fei C' Mei Aihuiñ Tuhun (Es bueno mirarse en la propia sombra/It's Good to Look at One's Own Shadow)
Authors: FUENTES MARCELA
Published: May 2010

‘Casting Shadows in Global Land’ explores how Luisa Calcumil, a Mapuche actress from Patagonia, Argentina, works through parody and comedy to engage with activist discussions about the relationship between contemporary aboriginal identity and cultural roots in the face of marginalization and national indifference.
Ruptures Within and Without: Pageantry – A Work in Progress by Denise Uyehara and Sri Susilowati
Authors: LEI DAPHNE
Published: May 2010

‘Ruptures Within and Without’ analyses Pageantry, performed by Asian women local to the Actions of Transfer conference site, for the ways in which the performance insists on opening up and interrogating the place (or displacement) of Asians in the Americas.
Coherence for monoidal endofunctors
Authors: DOŠEN KOSTA , PETRIĆ ZORAN
Published: May 2010

The goal of this paper is to prove coherence results with respect to relational graphs for monoidal endofunctors, that is, endofunctors of a monoidal category that preserve the monoidal structure up to a natural transformation that need not be an isomorphism. These results are proved first in the absence of symmetry in the monoidal structure, and then with this symmetry. In the later parts of the paper, the coherence results are extended to monoidal endofunctors in monoidal categories that have diagonal or codiagonal natural transformations, or where the monoidal structure is given by finite products or coproducts. Monoidal endofunctors are interesting because they stand behind monoidal monads and comonads, for which coherence will be proved in a sequel to this paper.
Coherence for monoidal monads and comonads
Authors: DOŠEN KOSTA , PETRIĆ ZORAN
Published: May 2010

The goal of this paper is to prove coherence results with respect to relational graphs for monoidal monads and comonads, that is, monads and comonads in a monoidal category such that the endofunctor of the monad or comonad is a monoidal functor (this means that it preserves the monoidal structure up to a natural transformation that need not be an isomorphism). These results are proved first in the absence of symmetry in the monoidal structure, and then with this symmetry. The monoidal structure is also allowed to be given with finite products or finite coproducts. Monoidal comonads with finite products axiomatise a plausible notion of equality of deductions in a fragment of the modal logic S4.
Das Chronic Care Model: Ein evidenzbasierter Ansatz für eine Verbesserung der Versorgung chronisch kranker Menschen
Authors: Steurer-Stey  , Rosemann
Published: May 2010

In Zukunft wird der Einfluss chronischer Krankheiten auf die Gesundheit der Bevölkerung und die Gesundheitskosten weiter ansteigen. Vor etwas mehr als zehn Jahren entwickelt, ist das Chronic Care Model (CCM) ein vielversprechender, da evidenzbasierter Ansatz, um die ambulante Versorgung chronisch kranker Menschen zu verbessern. Es bietet sich auch in der Schweiz für eine Verbesserung der Versorgung an. Eine dem CCM entsprechende Transformation und Weiterentwicklung benötigt aber effektive Disseminationsmodelle und Anreize, um die Umsetzung in die hausärztliche Praxis ermöglichen zu können. Hinsichtlich Kosteneffizienz des Chronic-Care-Modells besteht zunehmend mehr Evidenz. Mehr Forschung auf diesem Gebiet ist notwendig, um die Kosten und Nutzen für Praxen, Versicherer und Patienten in der Schweiz besser zu verstehen.
Schweizerisches Register für TNF-α-Blocker bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit rheumatologischen Erkrankungen
Authors: Sauvain  , Schalm  , Bérthet  , Bolz  , Cannizzaro  , Hofer  , Kaiser  , Saurenmann  , Bolt
Published: May 2010

Für Kinder und Jugendliche mit rheumatologischen Erkrankungen, welche in der Schweiz mit TNF-α-Blockern behandelt werden, wurde ein Register angelegt, um den Langzeitverlauf der Krankheit, die Effektivität der Behandlung und unerwünschte Wirkungen zu erfassen. 106 Patienten (68 weiblich/38 männlich) wurden eingeschlossen. 61 Patienten wurden mit Etanercept (Enbrel®) und 45 mit Infliximab (Remicade®) behandelt, 26% erhielten zusätzlich Kortikosteroide und 75% Methotrexat. Die subjektive Krankheitsaktivität drei Monate nach Therapiebeginn mit TNF-α-Blockern war bei 81% besser, schlechter bei 4% und gleichbleibend bei 15% der Patienten. Es wurden insgesamt 24 Ereignisse von unerwünschten Wirkungen bei 21 Patienten gemeldet. Die Therapie mit TNF-α-Blockern scheint für Kinder und Jugendliche mit rheumatologischen Erkrankungen sicher und wirksam zu sein.
Eine seltene diffuse Lungenparenchymerkrankung bei zwei Rauchern
Authors: Mayer  , Gadient  , Kuhn
Published: May 2010

Differentialdiagnostisch sollte bei Rauchern im jungen Erwachsenenalter mit einem nodulären Oberlappeninfiltrat im Thoraxröntgenbild an die pulmonale Histiozytose X gedacht werden. Fehlender Nikotinabusus und ein Alter über 60 Jahren machen die Erkrankung unwahrscheinlich. Die Computertomographie erlaubt aufgrund pathognomonischer Läsionen häufig eine Diagnose, die jedoch mittels Bronchoskopie und/oder chirurgischer Lungenbiopsie bestätigt werden sollte. Ein Nachweis von >5% CD1a-positiver Zellen in der BAL ist diagnostisch. Die Nikotinentwöhnung ist die wichtigste therapeutische Massnahme.
A new chlorophyll d-containing cyanobacterium: evidence for niche adaptation in the genus Acaryochloris
Authors: Mohr Remus , Voß Björn , Schliep Martin , Kurz Thorsten , Maldener Iris , Adams David G , Larkum Anthony D W , Chen Min , Hess Wolfgang R
Published: May 2010

Chlorophyll d is a photosynthetic pigment that, based on chemical analyses, has only recently been recognized to be widespread in oceanic and lacustrine environments. However, the diversity of organisms harbouring this pigment is not known. Until now, the unicellular cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina is the only characterized organism that uses chlorophyll d as a major photopigment. In this study we describe a new cyanobacterium possessing a high amount of chlorophyll d, which was isolated from waters around Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef (23° 26′ 31.2″ S, 151° 54′ 50.4″ E). The 16S ribosomal RNA is 2% divergent from the two previously described isolates of A. marina, which were isolated from waters around the Palau islands (Pacific Ocean) and the Salton Sea lake (California), suggesting that it belongs to a different clade within the genus Acaryochloris. An overview sequence analysis of its genome based on Illumina technology yielded 871 contigs with an accumulated length of 8 371 965 nt. Their analysis revealed typical features associated with Acaryochloris, such as an extended gene family for chlorophyll-binding proteins. However, compared with A. marina MBIC11017, distinct genetic, morphological and physiological differences were observed. Light saturation is reached at lower light intensities, Chl d/a ratios are less variable with light intensity and the phycobiliprotein phycocyanin is lacking, suggesting that cyanobacteria of the genus Acaryochloris occur in distinct ecotypes. These data characterize Acaryochloris as a niche-adapted cyanobacterium and show that more rigorous attempts are worthwhile to isolate, cultivate and analyse chlorophyll d-containing cyanobacteria for understanding the ecophysiology of these organisms.
Fixation-free fluorescence in situ hybridization for targeted enrichment of microbial populations
Authors: Yilmaz Suzan , Haroon Mohamed F , Rabkin Brian A , Tyson Gene W , Hugenholtz Philip
Published: May 2010

We modified the standard ribosomal RNA-targeted fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) protocol by removing the fixation steps to allow recovery of unmodified nucleic acids. Using this method, hybridized cells could be visualized in two bioreactor sludges and termite hindgut samples by epifluorescence microscopy. We then targeted one bacterial and one archaeal population in the sludge samples with group-specific oligonucleotide probes using in-solution fixation-free FISH and sorted hybridized populations using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). We could show that sorted populations were highly enriched for the target organisms based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, thus confirming probe specificity using the modified FISH protocol. This approach should facilitate subsequent genomic sequencing and analysis of targeted populations as DNA is not compromised by crosslinking during fixation.
Identification of broad-based HIV-1 protease inhibitors from combinatorial libraries
Authors: Chang Max W. , Giffin Michael J. , Muller Rolf , Savage Jeremiah , Lin Ying C. , Hong Sukwon , Jin Wei , Whitby Landon R. , Elder John H. , Boger Dale L. , Torbett Bruce E.
Published: May 2010

Clinically approved inhibitors of the HIV-1 protease function via a competitive mechanism. A particular vulnerability of competitive inhibitors is their sensitivity to increases in substrate concentration, as may occur during virion assembly, budding and processing into a mature infectious viral particle. Advances in chemical synthesis have led to the development of new high-diversity chemical libraries using rapid in-solution syntheses. These libraries have been shown previously to be effective at disrupting protein–protein and protein–nucleic acid interfaces. We have screened 44000 compounds from such a library to identify inhibitors of the HIV-1 protease. One compound was identified that inhibits wild-type protease, as well as a drug-resistant protease with six mutations. Moreover, analysis of this compound suggests an allosteric non-competitive mechanism of inhibition and may represent a starting point for an additional strategy for anti-retroviral therapy.
Regulation of renal sodium-dependent phosphate co-transporter genes (Npt2a and Npt2c) by all-trans-retinoic acid and its receptors
Authors: Masuda Masashi , Yamamoto Hironori , Kozai Mina , Tanaka Sarasa , Ishiguro Mariko , Takei Yuichiro , Nakahashi Otoki , Ikeda Shoko , Uebanso Takashi , Taketani Yutaka , Segawa Hiroko , Miyamoto Ken-ichi , Takeda Eiji
Published: May 2010

The type II sodium-dependent phosphate co-transporters Npt2a and Npt2c play critical roles in the reabsorption of Pi by renal proximal tubular cells. The vitamin A metabolite ATRA (all-trans-retinoic acid) is important for development, cell proliferation and differentiation, and bone formation. It has been reported that ATRA increases the rate of Pi transport in renal proximal tubular cells. However, the molecular mechanism is still unknown. In the present study, we observed the effects of a VAD (vitamin A-deficient) diet on Pi homoeostasis and the expression of Npt2a and Npt2c genes in rat kidney. There was no change in the plasma levels of Pi, but VAD rats significantly increased renal Pi excretion. Renal brush-border membrane Pi uptake activity and renal Npt2a and Npt2c expressions were significantly decreased in VAD rats. The transcriptional activity of a luciferase reporter plasmid containing the promoter region of human Npt2a and Npt2c genes was increased markedly by ATRA and a RAR (retinoic acid receptor)-specific analogue TTNPB {4-[E-2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetra-methyl-2-naphtalenyl)-1-propenyl] benzoic acid} in renal proximal tubular cells overexpressing RARs and RXRs (retinoid X receptors). Furthermore, we identified RAREs (retinoic acid-response elements) in both gene promoters. Interestingly, the half-site sequences (5′-GGTTCA-3′: −563 to −558) of 2c-RARE1 overlapped the vitamin D-responsive element in the human Npt2c gene and were functionally important motifs for transcriptional regulation of human Npt2c by ATRA and 1,25(OH)2D3 (1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), in both independent or additive actions. In summary, we conclude that VAD induces hyperphosphaturia through the down-regulation of Npt2a and Npt2c gene expression in the kidney.
A FANCD2 domain activates Tip60‐dependent apoptosis
Authors: Hejna James , Bruun Donald , Pauw Daniel , Moses Robb E.
Published: May 2010

The FA (Fanconi anaemia) FANCD2 protein is pivotal in the cellular response to DNA interstrand cross‐links. Establishing cells expressing exogenous FANCD2 has proven to be difficult compared with other DNA repair genes. We find that in transformed normal human fibroblasts, exogenous nuclear expression of FANCD2 induces apoptosis, dependent specifically on exons 10–13. This is the same region required for interaction with the histone acetyltransferase, Tip60. Deletion of exons 10–13 from FANCD2 N‐terminal constructs (nucleotides 1–1100) eliminates the binary interaction with Tip60 and the cellular apoptotic response; moreover, cells can stably express FANCD2 at high levels if Tip60 is depleted. The results indicate that FANCD2‐sponsored apoptosis requires an interaction with Tip60 and depends on Tip60.
Open-loop control of compressible afterbody flows using adjoint methods
Authors: Meliga Philippe , Sipp Denis , Chomaz Jean-Marc
Published: May 2010

The flow past an axisymmetric body is generically unstable to a steady and a time-periodic global instability, the latter being thought to lead the low-frequency unsteadiness of the wake even at larger Reynolds numbers. The present paper examines how the growth rate of the oscillatory unstable mode developing in the wake of bullet-shaped objects can be reduced by a steady forcing, whose effect is to modify the base flow. The use of the compressible Navier–Stokes equations allows to consider control through steady mass, momentum, and heat forcing applied in the bulk and at the wall. To do so, we extend to compressible flows and axisymmetric geometries the method first proposed by Hill (NASA Technical Report No. 103858, 1992) to analyze the control of the two-dimensional mode of the incompressible cylinder wake. This method aims at evaluating the sensitivity of one particular eigenvalue to forcing by resolution of adjoint equations. Considering control at the wall, it allows to compute directly the eigenvalue gradient with respect to the wall variables. We show that the oscillating mode can be stabilized by a steady blowing at the wall (the so-called base-bleed control). Expressing the gradient as a sum of production, streamwise advection, and cross-stream advection terms, we show that this stabilizing effect is due to cross-stream advection, in contradiction with the up to now accepted interpretation based on the local absolute and convective instability analysis of parallel profiles. The same technique allows to compute the gradient of the oscillatory eigenvalue to bulk mass, momentum, and heat sources. Momentum control can be achieved by placing a small ring in the lee of the afterbody. Similar to the two-dimensional case studied by Hill, the effect of such a ring is twofold, as it induces a steady drag force which modifies the base flow and a fluctuating drag force proportional to the perturbation momentum at the ring location. We show that the efficiency of the control can be improved by heating the ring, which then acts as an additional heat source.
Analysis of flame acceleration induced by wall friction in open tubes
Authors: Akkerman V’yacheslav , Law Chung K. , Bychkov Vitaly , Eriksson Lars-Erik
Published: May 2010

Spontaneous flame acceleration leading to explosion triggering in open tubes/channels due to wall friction was analytically and computationally studied. It was first demonstrated that the acceleration is affected when the thermal expansion across the flame exceeds a critical value depending on the combustion configuration. For the axisymmetric flame propagation in cylindrical tubes with both ends open, a theory of the initial (exponential) stage of flame acceleration in the quasi-isobaric limit was developed and substantiated by extensive numerical simulation of the hydrodynamics and combustion with an Arrhenius reaction. The dynamics of the flame shape, velocity, and acceleration rate, as well as the velocity profile ahead and behind the flame, have been determined.
Characteristics of the ultrafast all-optical cross-phase modulation in InGaAs/AlAs/AlAsSb coupled double-quantum-well optical waveguides
Authors: Lim C. G.
Published: May 2010

The effect of intersubband (ISB) pump-wavelength detuning, spatial ISB absorption, and optical confinement on the characteristics of the ultrafast all-optical cross-phase modulation (XPM) in InGaAs/AlAs/AlAsSb coupled double-quantum-well (CDQW) ISB transition optical waveguides are studied. For pump energies below the saturation point of ISB absorption, experimental and theoretical results show that all the photons confined to the absorption layers are absorbed. Consequently, higher ISB absorption coefficients do not lead to improved XPM efficiency. Increasing ISB absorption may be effective in raising the saturation point of ISB absorption so that higher induced phase shift may be achieved at higher pump energies. Nevertheless, it is found that the pump energy of these devices should be limited to below approximately 10 pJ at the input facet of these devices. Otherwise, the effects of two-photon absorption become considerable and this leads to reduced throughput of these devices. Hence, it becomes apparent that the approach to enhance the XPM efficiency for any given absorption-layer volume of any CDQW design of these devices is to increase the optical confinement to the absorption layers.
Optical absorption spectrum in disordered semiconductor multilayers
Authors: Saffarzadeh Alireza , Gharaee Leili
Published: May 2010

The effects of chemical disorder on the electronic and optical properties of semiconductor alloy multilayers are studied based on the tight-binding theory and single-site coherent potential approximation. Due to the quantum confinement of the system, the electronic spectrum breaks into a set of subbands and the electronic density of states and hence the optical absorption spectrum become layer-dependent. We find that, the values of absorption depend on the alloy concentration, the strength of disorder, and the layer number. The absorption spectrum in all layers is broadened because of the influence of disorder and in the case of strong disorder regime, two optical absorption bands appear. In the process of absorption, most of the photon energy is absorbed by the interior layers of the system. The results may be useful for the development of optoelectronic nanodevices.
Imaging of the surface structure of TiO2(110) by noncontact scanning nonlinear dielectric microscopy
Authors: Kin Nobuhiro , Cho Yasuo
Published: May 2010

We have demonstrated that atom-resolved imaging of the n-type wide-gap semiconductor TiO2(110) can be achieved by noncontact scanning nonlinear dielectric microscopy (NC-SNDM). In the NC-SNDM images, parallel bright stripes along the [001] direction, reflecting Ti4+ rows, could be observed. An upward dipole moment was simultaneously measured at each Ti4+ site, although downward polarization could not be detected at the O2− sites. These results suggest that both the topography [εlocal(4)] and the electrical dipole moment [εlocal(3)] are influenced by the Ti4+ interaction between the tip and sites.
Note: On the deconvolution of Kelvin probe force microscopy data
Authors: Blümel A. , Plank H. , Klug A. , Fisslthaler E. , Sezen M. , Grogger W. , List E. J. W.
Published: May 2010

In Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) proper interpretation of the data is often difficult because the measured surface potential is affected by the interaction of the cantilever with the sample. In this work, the tip's interaction with a modeled surface potential distribution was simulated, leading to a calculated KPFM image. Although simplified, the calculation is capable of showing the influence of the cantilever in the correct qualitative manner, proven by a comparison with experimental data. Additionally, a deconvolution was performed on the simulated image, showing that for simple geometries revealing the “real” surface potential data is possible in principle.
Steady transcritical flow over a hole: Parametric map of solutions of the forced Korteweg–de Vries equation
Authors: Ee Bernard K. , Grimshaw R. H. J. , Zhang D.-H. , Chow K. W.
Published: May 2010

Transcritical flow of a stratified fluid over an obstacle, or through a contraction, can be modeled by the forced Korteweg–de Vries equation, which describes a balance among weak nonlinearity, weak dispersion, and small forcing effects. Here we seek steady solutions with constant but different amplitudes upstream and downstream of the forcing region. Our interest is in the case when the forcing has negative polarity, which represents a hole. The effects of the width of the hole and the amplitude of the hole on these steady solutions are investigated.
A metallic molybdenum suboxide buffer layer for organic electronic devices
Authors: Greiner M. T. , Helander M. G. , Wang Z. B. , Tang W. M. , Qiu J. , Lu Z. H.
Published: May 2010

Molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) is commonly used as a buffer layer in organic electronic devices to improve hole-injection. However, stoichiometric MoO3 is an insulator, and adds a series resistance. Here it is shown that a MoO3 buffer layer can be reduced to form a metallic oxide buffer that exhibits more favorable energy-level alignment with N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis-(1-naphthyl)-1-1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine (α-NPD) than does MoO3. This buffer layer thus provides the conductivity of a metal with the favorable energy alignment of an oxide. Photoemission shows the reduced oxide contains Mo4+ and Mo5+, with a metallic valence band structure similar to MoO2.
Single cell contractility studies based on compact moiré system over periodic gratings
Authors: Zheng Xiaoyu , Surks Howard , Zhang Xin
Published: May 2010

Abnormal vascular cell contractile performance is a hallmark of cardiovascular diseases. Conventional cell force measurement technique requires individually tracking the sensing units and complex computation efforts for further studying cell contractility. We developed instead a robust and simple compact optical moiré system that measures phase changes encoded in carrier moiré patterns generated from two layers of gratings. Cell mechanics study including cell contractile forces and stress and strain distributions during normal and abnormal cell contractions can thus be conveniently analyzed. The distinct signals from moiré patterns in longitudinal and transverse directions revealed abnormal cell mechanical contractility linked to cardiovascular disease.
Communications: Evidence for proton tunneling from the microwave spectrum of the formic acid-propriolic acid dimer
Authors: Daly Adam M. , Bunker P. R. , Kukolich Stephen G.
Published: May 2010

The microwave spectrum of the formic acid-propriolic acid dimer was measured in the 5–13 GHz range using a pulsed-beam, Fourier transform spectrometer. 22 a-dipole rotational transitions and 3 b-dipole rovibrational transitions were measured for the normal isotopomer. All of these observed transitions were split into doublets by the effects of the concerted tunneling of the two acid protons. The smaller splittings of 1–1.5 MHz for the a-dipole transitions are due to the differences in rotational constants for the upper and lower tunneling states. The b-dipole transitions are rovibrational (combination) transitions with a change in rotational state and tunneling state and provide direct information on the tunneling splittings since these observed splittings are the sum of the tunneling level splittings for the two rotational states involved in the transition. The b-dipole splittings are 55.16(000–111), 58.58(101–212), and 71.24 MHz(202–313). No similar splittings were observed when deuterium was substituted for either or both of the hydrogen bonding protons. For the lower tunneling state (ν0+), A=5988.7(7), B=927.782(7), and C=803.720(7) MHz. For the upper tunneling state (ν0−), A=5988(1), B=927.78(1), and C=804.06(1) MHz. Using a simple model with potential function V=ax4−bx2 the splittings could be reproduced reasonably well with a barrier height of He=3800 cm−1.
Quantum rotor induced hyperpolarization
Authors: Ludwig Christian , Saunders Martin , Marin-Montesinos Ildefonso , Günther Ulrich L.
Published: May 2010

Despite its broad applicability NMR has always been limited by its inherently low sensitivity. Hyperpolarization methods have the potential to overcome this limitation and, in the case of ex situ dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), large enhancement factors have been achieved. Although many other polarization methods have been described in the past, including chemically and parahydrogen-induced polarization and optical pumping, DNP has recently been the most popular. Here we present an additional polarization mechanism arising from quantum rotor effects in methyl groups, which generates polarizations at temperatures < 1.5 K and interferes with DNP at such temperatures. The polarization generated by this mechanism is efficiently transferred via carbon bound protons. Although quantum rotor polarizations have been studied for a small range of molecules in great detail, we observe such effects for a much broader range of substances with very different polarization rates at temperatures < 1.5 K. Moreover, we report transfer of quantum rotor polarization across a chain of protons. The observed effect not only influences the polarization in low-temperature DNP experiments but also opens a new independent avenue to generate enhanced sensitivity for NMR.
Acoustic resonances in HID lamps: model and measurement
Authors: Hirsch John , Baumann Bernd , Wolff Marcus , Bhosle Sounil , Valdivia Barrientos Ricardo
Published: May 2010

A finite element model including plasma simulation is used to calculate the amplitude of acoustic resonances in HID lamps in a 2D axisymmetric geometry. Simulation results are presented for different operation parameters and are compared with experimental data.
Application of similarity laws as a light source diagnostics
Authors: Michael D , Khodorkovskii M , Pastor A , Timofeev N , Zissis G
Published: May 2010

The method of using similarity laws for the study of a physical system in which some form of similarity laws exist is proposed. The example of such a system is the positive column of a gas discharge. Here, two types of similarity laws are considered: ‘classical’ laws and new laws that are valid for a mixture of a buffer gas and an ionization additive. New data obtained with the application of the method are presented.
Investigation on the effect of impurities in xenon based dielectric barrier discharge lamps
Authors: Dagang A N , Bhosle S , Zissis G , Corazza A
Published: May 2010

In any discharges, the existence of impurities could cause a severe change or bring a negative or positive effect to the discharge and plasma characteristics. The authors purposely added a few kinds of impurities and investigated their effect on the discharge. The common and typical impurities of H2, N2, CO2 and CH4 were applied in varying concentration percentages into a xenon dielectric barrier discharge lamp. Their discharge condition, emission spectra and electrical characteristics were studied. The plasma generation differs from one type of impurity to another. With two different concentrations of hydrogen applied, at 5% concentration it would stabilize the discharge and at 0.5% concentration it would cause an additional collision process where a strong peak of atomic lines was observed. Nitrogen with two types of concentration, i.e. 1% and 0.1%, exhibits two kinds of characteristics in emission spectroscopy. From the electrical parameters, the voltage across the gap shows the lamps with impurities have a higher value compared with the pure xenon lamp.
Differential Roles of Transcriptional Mediator Subunits in Regulation of Multidrug Resistance Gene Expression inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Shahi Puja , Gulshan Kailash , Näär Anders M. , Moye-Rowley W. Scott
Published: May 2010

The multiprotein transcriptional Mediator complex provides a key link between RNA polymerase II and upstream transcriptional activator proteins. Previous work has established that the multidrug resistance transcription factors Pdr1 and Pdr3 interact with the Mediator component Med15/Gal11 to drive normal levels of expression of the ATP-binding cassette transporter-encoding gene PDR5 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PDR5 transcription is induced upon loss of the mitochondrial genome (ρ0cells) and here we provide evidence that this ρ0induction is Med15 independent. A search through other known Mediator components determined that Med12/Srb8, a member of the CDK8 Mediator submodule, is required for ρ0activation of PDR5 transcription. The CDK8 submodule contains the cyclin C homologue (CycC/Srb11), cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk8/Srb10, and the large Med13/Srb9 protein. Loss of these other proteins did not lead to the same block in PDR5 induction. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses demonstrated that Med15 is associated with the PDR5 promoter in both ρ+and ρ0, whereas Med12 recruitment to this target promoter is highly responsive to loss of the mitochondrial genome. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments revealed that association of Pdr3 with Med12 can only be detected in ρ0cells. These experiments uncover the unique importance of Med12 in activated transcription of PDR5 seen in ρ0cells.
Scyl1 Facilitates Nuclear tRNA Export in Mammalian Cells by Acting at the Nuclear Pore Complex
Authors: Chafe Shawn C. , Mangroo Dev
Published: May 2010

Scyl1 is an evolutionarily conserved N-terminal protein kinase-like domain protein that plays a role in COP1-mediated retrograde protein trafficking in mammalian cells. Furthermore, loss of Scyl1 function has been shown to result in neurodegenerative disorders in mice. Here, we report that Scyl1 is also a cytoplasmic component of the mammalian nuclear tRNA export machinery. Like exportin-t, overexpression of Scyl1 restored export of a nuclear export-defective serine amber suppressor tRNA mutant in COS-7 cells. Scyl1 binds tRNA saturably, and associates with the nuclear pore complex by interacting, in part, with Nup98. Scyl1 copurifies with the nuclear tRNA export receptors exportin-t and exportin-5, the RanGTPase, and the eukaryotic elongation factor eEF-1A, which transports aminoacyl-tRNAs to the ribosomes. Scyl1 interacts directly with exportin-t and RanGTP but not with eEF-1A or RanGDP in vitro. Moreover, exportin-t containing tRNA, Scyl1, and RanGTP form a quaternary complex in vitro. Biochemical characterization also suggests that the nuclear aminoacylation-dependent pathway is primarily responsible for tRNA export in mammalian cells. These findings together suggest that Scyl1 participates in the nuclear aminoacylation-dependent tRNA export pathway and may unload aminoacyl-tRNAs from the nuclear tRNA export receptor at the cytoplasmic side of the nuclear pore complex and channels them to eEF-1A.
Threshold Average Precision (TAP-k): a measure of retrieval designed for bioinformatics
Authors: Carroll Hyrum D. , Kann Maricel G. , Sheetlin Sergey L. , Spouge John L.
Published: May 2010

Motivation: Since database retrieval is a fundamental operation, the measurement of retrieval efficacy is critical to progress in bioinformatics. This article points out some issues with current methods of measuring retrieval efficacy and suggests some improvements. In particular, many studies have used the pooled receiver operating characteristic for n irrelevant records (ROCn) score, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of a ‘pooled’ ROC curve, truncated at n irrelevant records. Unfortunately, the pooled ROCn score does not faithfully reflect actual usage of retrieval algorithms. Additionally, a pooled ROCn score can be very sensitive to retrieval results from as little as a single query.

Methods: To replace the pooled ROCn score, we propose the Threshold Average Precision (TAP-k), a measure closely related to the well-known average precision in information retrieval, but reflecting the usage of E-values in bioinformatics. Furthermore, in addition to conditions previously given in the literature, we introduce three new criteria that an ideal measure of retrieval efficacy should satisfy.

Results: PSI-BLAST, GLOBAL, HMMER and RPS-BLAST provided examples of using the TAP-k and pooled ROCn scores to evaluate sequence retrieval algorithms. In particular, compelling examples using real data highlight the drawbacks of the pooled ROCn score, showing that it can produce evaluations skewing far from intuitive expectations. In contrast, the TAP-k satisfies most of the criteria desired in an ideal measure of retrieval efficacy.

Availability and Implementation: The TAP-k web server and downloadable Perl script are freely available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/CBBresearch/Spouge/html.ncbi/tap/

Contact:  spouge@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Supplementary Information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Catullus
Authors: Konstan David , Skinner Marilyn B.
Published: May 2010

Catullus, a master of lyric poetry, epigram, and other forms during the late Roman Republic, was born in Verona in 87 bce, according to Jerome’s Chronicle, which also reports that he died at the age of thirty. Since the latest datable references in his poems relate to 54 bce, most scholars assign Catullus’s birth to 84 (thus treating one of Jerome’s statements as true), but it is possible that he lived longer. At the time of Catullus’s birth, Verona had not yet been granted full Roman status; but Catullus’s family, which was prominent in the city, probably enjoyed Roman citizenship. Catullus moved to Rome as a young man (the precise year is unknown), and probably died there. From his poems, we know that he was very attached to an older brother who died in the Troad. His verses give evidence of a wide circle of friendships among the highest classes in Rome, but, of course, they must be used with great care in reconstructing anything like a narrative of his own life. His friends, as well as his amatory relationships, are discussed in this article.
Cicero
Authors: Steel Catherine , Bishop Caroline
Published: May 2010

Marcus Tullius Cicero (b. 106–d. 43 bce) was a prominent lawyer and politician, active at Rome during the final decades of the Roman Republic and in the period of Caesar’s dictatorship. He was assassinated in November of 43 bce on the orders of the second triumvirate (Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus) because of his opposition to Antony after Caesar’s death. His position as a politician makes him an important figure in the history of the late Republic. He reached the consulship in 63 bce, during which year he uncovered and suppressed an attempted coup led by Catiline. His role in executing five of the conspirators without trial led some years later to his exile, and after his return from exile he struggled to reestablish his political authority in a Rome increasingly dominated by the struggle between Pompey and Caesar. He spent the period of Caesar’s dictatorship largely in retirement, but he emerged as a major figure in the chaos after Caesar’s assassination. Just as important, or perhaps even more so, he was a prolific writer in an enormous variety of genres. He disseminated versions of many of his forensic and political speeches, as well as works of political and rhetorical theory and philosophy that were enormously influential in later periods; and collections of his letters to his close friend Atticus, his brother Quintus, and a wide range of other figures survive, as well as some poetry.
Hesiod
Authors: Scodel Ruth
Published: May 2010

Until relatively recently, most scholars agreed that an individual named Hesiod (Greek, Hesiodos; Latin, Hesiodus), whose poems said that he lived in the village of Ascra in Boeotia and won a tripod in a bardic competition at the funeral games of King Amphidamas, composed the Theogony and Works and Days. Other poems, including the Catalogue of Women and the Shield of Heracles, were falsely attributed to him later. He was the son of a man who had migrated to the mainland from Aeolic Cyme in Asia Minor, and had a brother named Perses. Hesiod was revered alongside Homer in the Classical period and was adapted by Hellenistic poets as a poetic predecessor.
Juvenal
Authors: Nappa Christopher
Published: May 2010

Little is known with certainty about the life of Juvenal, despite the existence of part of an ancient biography. He appears to have been born late in the reign of Nero and to have lived until at least 127 ce (during the reign of Hadrian). Fifteen complete poems and one fragment are extant. These are grouped into five books. Book 1 comprises Satires 1–5 on various topics; Book 2 consists of only Satire 6, by far Juvenal’s longest poem, a rant on the evils of marriage and female behavior. The keynote of both books is indignatio, “outrage.” Book 3, in a more measured tone, consists of poems 7–9, again on various topics. It appears to date from the reign of Hadrian. Book 4 contains Satires 10–12; the tone is again more measured and philosophical than in the early books, but the depth of Juvenal’s philosophy is questionable. The final book includes Satires 13–15 in their entirety, and sixty lines of a sixteenth poem. Poems 15 and 16 in particular mark a partial return to the outraged style of the early books. The first poem in each of these books, or, in the case of Book 2, the first section of Satire 6, functions as a programmatic poem, that is, a poem that (sometimes obliquely) introduces themes, issues, and even the stylistic palette of what is to follow.
Greek Law
Authors: Gagarin Michael
Published: May 2010

The study of Greek law began in the late 19th century as an offshoot of the study of Roman law. The field was long dominated by scholars from Continental Europe, who were well versed in Roman law, the direct ancestor of their legal systems. In the second half of the 20th century, anglophone scholars, often with backgrounds in history or literature, began to study Greek (primarily Athenian) law, and that trend continues today. Anglophone scholars question whether Greek law (as opposed to Greek laws) ever existed, but most Continental scholars believe in Greek law.
Hellenistic Literature
Authors: Clayman Dee L.
Published: May 2010

The Hellenistic era, so named by J. G. Droysen, begins with the death of Alexander the Great in 323 bce and ends in 31 bce, when the Romans effectively took control of the Mediterranean after the battle of Actium. The term was later applied to the cultural output of the age by Wilamowitz. The dramatic developments in art and literature, philosophy and science that characterize this period are usually attributed to the dramatic political and social changes that swept over the Greek world after Alexander’s death. This picture is complicated by the fact that some aspects of the Hellenistic appear in the last part of the fourth century, when the social and political changes that theoretically inspired them were only just getting under way. Though these and other difficulties have challenged the traditional definition, on the whole it has proven to be a useful label.
Latin Poetry: From the Beginnings through the End of the Republic
Authors: Manuwald Gesine
Published: May 2010

Setting precise period boundaries within the development of literature is notoriously difficult: this survey tries to cover all poetry that was produced during the “Republican period” in chronological terms. It therefore covers the emergence of Roman literature as well as poets who were active in Republican times, such as Livius Andronicus, Naevius, Ennius, Pacuvius, Accius, Plautus, Caecilius Statius, Terence, Lucilius, Lucretius, Catullus, and Cicero, as well as the early works of those poets who are generally labeled “Augustan” but started writing in the final decades of the Republic, Virgil and Horace in particular. The beginning of “Roman literature” is conventionally dated to 240 bce, when the first performances of Greek-style drama at public games are recorded, but the epic Odusia of Rome’s first poet, Livius Andronicus, is likely to have been composed slightly earlier. At any rate, in about the middle of the third century bce literature modeled on Greek precedents emerged in Rome, which meant a significant change from the so-called pre-literary phase. The first Roman poets were versatile and active in a variety of literary genres, such as epic, tragedy, and comedy. When literature became more sophisticated and further genres emerged, differentiation developed, and poets tended to specialize in particular literary genres. During the Republican period as a whole, the genres of epic (narrative and didactic), tragedy, comedy, indigenous dramatic forms, satire, lyric, elegy, epigram, and pastoral were introduced to Rome.
Latin Poetry: Imperial
Authors: McNelis Charles
Published: May 2010

“Imperial” Rome is an arbitrary—but useful—designation that may take as its starting point the years 30–27 bce, the years following the important (if symbolic) battle of Actium and during which Octavian was conferred the title “Augustus”; however, the transition from “Republic” to “Empire” had started in preceding years when Octavian had gained special rights, and the political transformation would continue for some time. Moreover, artists such as Horace and Virgil had produced literary masterpieces in the politically tumultuous 30s bce, but, because they added to their output once Augustus's position was solidified, they are commonly regarded as “Augustan” poets. Precise dating for “imperial” poetry would thus ignore both a complex political process and the actualities of artistic careers. This gradual but sweeping political change from a republican form of government to one that was dominated by a single man was matched by the production of culturally (re)defining literature. The Augustan age (c. 27 bce–14 ce) was a foundational, new beginning for Latin literature, and the intensely intertextual nature of Latin poetry reveals that the Augustan poets maintained a central place in virtually all subsequent literary production. Indeed, for generations critics have derided this intense artistic engagement with Augustan predecessors because imperial authors often reworked established conventions, diction, or both. Whereas this later work was often evaluated from the perspective of whether a poem lived up to the standards of its predecessors (and the later poems were typically thought not to), recent criticism on Lucan, Statius, and others has focused on ways in which meaning, both artistic and cultural, is created from variations on the Augustans. Whole works survive of every genre except comedy (of which we know something from its closely related but still fragmentary form of mime; also of note are the fables of Phaedrus, which employ the traditional meters and diction of Roman comedy), and some poets, such as Juvenal, strikingly innovate within the tradition.
Greek Rhetoric
Authors: Gagarin Michael
Published: May 2010

Rhetoric was recognized as a discipline for the first time in Ancient Greece, probably by Plato, who was generally hostile to its practice in the form of oratory, especially forensic oratory. Plato’s hostility notwithstanding, his pupil Aristotle promoted the study of rhetoric, which soon came to dominate Greek and Roman education. The Romans drew heavily on the intellectual tradition of Greek rhetoric, so that in many ways classical rhetoric forms a single tradition. Therefore, some scholarship on “classical rhetoric” is included below.