bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fluctuation of the values of the qualitative characteristics of reservoirs in the Saratov region during the growing season
Authors: Gurkina O A , Poddubnaya I V , Rudneva O N , Rudnev M Y , Vasiliev A A
Published: June 2022

The article presents the results of determining the quality indicators of water from several ponds No. 3 (drain), No. 4 (non-drain), No. 8 (drain) Privolzhsky branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Management “SARATOVMELIOVODKHOZ” of the Marksovsky district of the Saratov region. In the course of the studies carried out, it was revealed that during the growing season, under the influence of fish-breeding processes and the ability of reservoirs to self-purification, as a result of the vital processes of various hydrobionts, the chemical and microbiological characteristics of water changed for the better. Introduction. Our country is characterized by a wide variety of different conditions, including hydrological and climatic, which entails different types of environmental management, as well as differences in the intensity of development. Currently, there is a progressive deterioration in the quality of the aquatic environment, which is a threat to Russia’s vital national interests in the areas of environmental, food and national security. Environmental protection has recently become of world importance. Pollution of water resources, atmospheric air, soil and vegetation occurs due to urbanization and intensification of industrial and agricultural production. More than 1900 rivers flow through the territory of the Saratov region, there are 3800 reservoirs, 32 underground water deposits and about 700 lakes. Their distinctive features include a small area, often-changing outlines and volumes. The sustainability of food production is increasingly ensured by the rational and efficient use of water resources and methods of their conservation, consisting mainly in the development and organization of irrigation, including the rational development of water resources for dry farming, water supply for livestock, inland fisheries and agroforestry. Achieving food security is one of the top priorities for many states, and agriculture should not only provide food for the growing population, but also contribute to resource conservation and efficient environmental management in various areas.
Influence of subterraneous plant organs on yields and winter hardness of winter triticale (× Triticosecale Wittm.)
Authors: Voronchikhin V V , Voronchikhina I N , Rubets V S , Pylnev V V
Published: June 2022

Purpose of this work was to identify the influence of the underground part of the plant on winter hardness and crop yields of collection of winter hexaploid triticale with different eco-geographical origin in the terms of Nonchernozem zone in Russia. The set of 43 hybrids of triticale with different eco-geographical origin was divided into 5 groups according to its origin: Dagestan, North Caucasus, Central Black Earth zone and Ukraine, Nonchernozem zone of Russia, Belarus and Eastern Europe. For every hybrid in a group, the number of plants with lower tillering node, availability and degree of epicotyl development and secondary root system calculated and the correlation analysis of these traits with grain yields performed. The grain yields considered as an integral indicator of the genotype adaptability for specific environment conditions. As a result, the triticale genotypes with stable development of a large number of plants with lower tillering node selected Mikola, Antey, Valentin, AD4, Timbo, AD 44 and Flamingo. The influence of environment conditions where the triticale hybrid created on selection of high yields genotype and increased number of plants with lower tillering node revealed. Greatest conjugacy between crop yields and availability of double tillering nodes is typical for hybrids from Central part of country and Belarus. It turned out that hybrids from southern regions have a positive relation of crop yields and the length of epicotyl. The hybrids from Central part of Russia, Belarus and Europe do not have this correlation. A weak positive relation in triticale hybrids found between development of secondary root system and grain yield.
Simulation modeling of a two-winding three-phase voltage transformer in the MATLAB program
Authors: Belov S I , Tsedyakov A A , Galkin M M
Published: June 2022

The article calculates the parameters of the transformer according to the technical characteristics of domestic manufacturers of power equipment. Simulation modeling of a three-phase voltage transformer in the idle mode by the Tree-Phase Transformer (Two Windings) block and at various load factors is carried out. The constructed simulation model of the transformer is recommended to be used as a basis for the subsequent study of processes in the rural power supply system.
Determination of the load characteristics of single-screw pumps used at the enterprises of the agro-industrial complex
Authors: Akhmedova N R , Naumov V A
Published: June 2022

Single-screw pumps are widely used at enterprises of the agro-industrial complex, for example, in the food industry for pumping semi-viscous and viscous products, agriculture during drainage or irrigation of the territory. Hydraulic calculation of technological pipelines, which takes into account the characteristics of pumping equipment, is an important stage in the creation of food industry enterprises. In this article, the results of processing published experimental data are considered, according to which formulas for the dependence of the flow rate Q on the pressure drop ΔP for the studied single-screw pumps are obtained, and it is also revealed that this dependence is close to linear, as in plunger pumps. Experimental calculations made it possible to determine that the dependence of the flow rate Q on the rotor speed n is characterized by the volume of liquid pumped per revolution V1
and the initial rotor speed at which the movement of the liquid n0
begins. It is found that, in the general case, the values V1
and n0
depend on the pressure drop ΔP.
Interaction of genotype-environment, yield and adaptive potential of oat varieties in conditions of subtaiga of the Northern Trans-Urals
Authors: Sapega V A , Sh Tursumbekova G
Published: June 2022

An assessment of oat varieties by yield and adaptability parameters based on the results of their testing in the conditions of the subtaiga of the Tyumen region for 2018-2020 provides in the article. A significant variation of conditions over the years of the test was revealed based on the value of the index of environmental conditions, as well as a significant interaction of genotype-environment based on the change in rank of varieties by yield during the years of their testing. The variety Talisman (3.95 tons/ha) was the best in terms of average yield, and the variety Tobolyak (85.5%) – in terms of yield potential. The variety Foma (4.05 t/ha) had the most yield under contrast conditions. The range of yield was significant for all varieties and was from 23.3% (Otrada) to 37.3% (Foma). High responsiveness to changing conditions was noted in the varieties Foma and Talisman, and low – in the varieties Megion, Otrada and Tobolyak. All varieties had low adaptability, the coefficient of which was at the level of one. The variety Talisman was recognized as the best in the conditions of the subtaiga in the Tyumen region based on the ranking of varieties in terms of their yield and main adaptability parameters.
The study of portioned varieties of pumpkin and the possibility of using them in breeding
Authors: Sargsyan G Zh , Balayan R S , Tadevosyan L M , Harutyunyan A E , Vardanian I V
Published: June 2022

Growing in different ecological conditions, pumpkin varieties acquire new economic characteristics, which indicates agroecological differentiation of pumpkin. Under growing conditions in the Ararat Plain, we studied 8 portion varieties of pumpkin, which differed in the timing of the onset of phenophases, the timing of the receipt of products and yield indicators, and quality indicators of fruits. According to the growing season, the varieties were divided into early-ripening varieties - Syunik, Saporik and Veronez, mid-ripening - Volzhskaya gray 92, Children’s delicacy, Konfetka, Prikubanskaya and late-ripening - Gribovskaya winter. The yield data of variety samples were analyzed: the most productive were the Muscat varieties Saporik and Prikubanskaya with high taste qualities of fruits - 23.2±1.1 and 30.6±1.1 t/ha. Among the large-fruited pumpkins, varieties Detskaya delikatesnaya and Syunik stood out, which were distinguished by high palatability and yield - 25.3±1.0 and 23.0±1.4 t/ha, respectively. The varieties Saporik, Syunik, Detskaya delikatesnaya and Konfetka stood out for the high content of total carotenoids, in which this indicator was 16.05, 10.50, 15.22 and 18.25 mg/%, respectively.
Variability of morphological traits of the Spiraria (Spiraea, Rosaceae)
Authors: Kryuchkova V A , Donskih V G , Aniskina T S , Pokinchereda A M
Published: June 2022

There is no consensus on the system of the genus spiraea, research is being conducted in the direction of studying morphology, biochemistry, and molecular genetics. The aim of this study is a comparative analysis of the variability of spirea species by a complex of morphological traits. 6 taxa of spirea belonging to the Spiraria section of 21 categorical traits and 5 numerical traits are described. Statistical parameters of variation, Spearman rank correlation, one-way ANOVA, clustering analysis Ward’s method were used for data analysis. Numerical traits of panicles are characterized by medium and high variability (variation from 16 to 39.7%). According to the length of the panicles, S.salicifolia (14.7 cm) and S.x billardii (10.9 cm) are distinguished, according to the number of flowers in the panicles, S.alba (194 pcs.) and S.salicifolia (1298 pcs.). A functional relationship was revealed between the signs of pubescence of the panicles and pedicel with the shape of the end of the leaf blade. According to the complex of morphological traits, objects are grouped into three clusters. The selection of a complex of morphological identification traits makes it possible to determine plants. Information about the relationship of traits has practical application in breeding work.
Current status of research on the synthesis of hydrogen, hydrocarbons and conversion of carbon dioxide in the framework of reducing anthropogenic pressure on the environment and switching to environmentally friendly energy sources
Authors: Klimov D S , Garifullina Ch A
Published: June 2022

The world’s energy sector faces two major challenges: one is the rapid rise in the price of oil products, and the other is the increase in the amount of carbon dioxide emitted by industry into the atmosphere, leading to global warming. Developments in alternative energy sources, such as solar and hydrogen energy, are becoming increasingly relevant. In this regard, there has been a lot of interest in converting CO2 into useful products. Hydrogenation of carbon dioxide into useful energy resources and chemicals is becoming increasingly important as it is seen as a promising way to reclaim harmful CO2 as a by-product. The article considers modern technologies of hydrogen production and industrial conversion of carbon dioxide into useful products, and also describes the author’s natural method of catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide into useful green energy resources – hydrogen and hydrocarbons.
Research and analysis of the features of the development of the production of bakery products from frozen semi-finished products based on the technology of delayed baking
Authors: Terentev S E , Labutina N V , Kovaleva A E , Mirolubova S V , Tryabas Y A , Abramov V L , Vasilieva N K , Belyaev A M
Published: June 2022

The paper presents the results of a study related to the use of grain products and technological chains, which makes it possible to identify the process of creating a product. The study analyzes the distinguishing features of traditional and modern technologies of using technologies and schematically provides a critical overview of the varieties of delayed baking, which began to actively develop in parallel with the development of technology.
Conserving biodiversity of plant genetic collections in FRC SSC of RAS
Authors: Ryndin A V , Kulyan R V , Slepchenko N A
Published: June 2022

The paper considers the problem of conserving biological diversity in the Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The research was carried out on the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory in the humid subtropical zone. The climatic conditions in the given zone, as well as a number of other factors, contributed to the formation and growth of unique diverse species and of plant cultivars, many of which are included in the collections of FRC SSC of RAS and have been objects of research. The paper presents an analysis of genetic resources, which includes 2 700 subtropical cultivars, southern fruit, pome, nut-bearing, flower crops and tea, as well as species of natural flora, supported in a live form. Collections consisting of Russian and foreign cultivars, aboriginal, intergenerational and interspecific forms, clones, rare, endangered and endemic species of natural flora are given in the paper. 90 sources of valuable traits have been identified, of which 51 are floral, 39 are fruit. In addition to the purposes of conserving valuable genetic material, collection samples are used for fundamental research in the field of biology, genetics, breeding, physiology and biochemistry (1 594 cultivars). 1 748 cultivars are recommended for practical use, as well as for obtaining fruit and flower products and planting material.
Ecological Evaluation of the territory contaminated by organic waste from cattle farms
Authors: Novikov A V , Sumarukova O V , Rodionov A V , Lagutina N V , Barsukova M V
Published: June 2022

Every year the problem of disposal and utilization of waste from livestock complexes is becoming more and more severe. Organic waste can significantly harm the environment if it is not properly treated and stored. Without proper processing of organic waste, they are objects of increased concentrations of pollutants, as well as a favorable environment for pathogenic organisms. Most of the participants of the livestock market pay little attention to this issue, economizing on places of disposal and utilization of organic and other wastes associated with livestock farms, as a result, in places of waste discharge contamination of soil resources, groundwater and located near water bodies occurs. To minimize the damage from such violations, it is necessary to monitor the surrounding areas of livestock farms. In this work an environmental assessment of the territories adjacent to the livestock farms located in Kaliningrad region was carried out.
Effectiveness of ammonium sulphate application in brown mustard (Brassica juncea L.) sowings on leached chernozem in the Western Ciscaucasia
Authors: Zanozina O D , Bushnev A S
Published: June 2022

The article presents the research (2020-2021) on the effect of ammonium sulphate on the yield structure and yield of spring mustard of the variety Yunona on the leached chernozem of the Western Ciscaucasia. We established that the highest effectiveness of ammonium sulphate application on brown mustard sowings was achieved by split application of N22S25 at the seedling stage and N22S25 at the stem extension stage. These methods help increase the yield by 0.05-0.44 t/ha in comparison with the control due to an increase in thousand-seed weight by 18-48 %, the number of productive branches on one plant by 11-22 %, pods – by 5.5-28 %, and seeds in a pod – by 11-18 %.
Intellectualization of agriculture information systems and actual software testing methods
Authors: Galimova E Y , Galimov T A
Published: June 2022

The research is aimed at studying the process of intellectualization of information systems used in the agro-industrial complex. New opportunities created by the use of artificial intelligence in agriculture are identified. The problem of the non-universality of existing testing methods and the need to develop new methods adapted for testing artificial intelligence systems is formulated. The authors have developed a model of the resulting type of testing, which takes into account the results of expert assessments, software quality characteristics, metrics and cost indicators. The authors have developed an information system on the research topic.
Comparative analysis of the energy efficiency of dimmable LED lamps with different types of luminous flux control
Authors: Filatov D A , Terentyev P V , Sokolova A A , Devyatkin I S
Published: June 2022

The article presents the results of experimental studies of the energy efficiency of dimmable LED lamps with different types of regulation. It has been established that CCR-controlled LED lamps pollute the electrical network less with current harmonics, which reduces power losses and loads the electrical network less. When the supply voltage changes, the energy characteristics of CCR-controlled LED lamps are generally less subject to negative changes than PWM-controlled LED lamps.
Perspectives of use of agricultural drones in Uzbekistan
Authors: Mirzaliev S M , Homidov H H , Sharipov K A , Kholikova N A
Published: June 2022

In this article, use of drones for agricultural purposes in Uzbekistan are depicted. Amid security reasons of drone usage, Uzbekistan is adopting innovative technologies of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) as local research institutions and state agencies are embracing ease of use, accuracy and multi-functionality of UAVs. Increasing concerns of water scarcity, increased aridity and declining yields, Uzbek agricultural industry is showing vivid interest for the use of drones in agricultural management, yet observing regulatory and technical challenges.
The effect of a mixture of iron and nickel nanopowders of various concentrations on the growth and yield of corn
Authors: Nazarova A A
Published: June 2022

This paper shows the effect of various doses of a mixture of nanopowders of metals-microelements of iron and nickel (Fe + Ni) on the growth of corn, yield and its structure. Various doses of a mixture of Fe+Ni nanopowders were studied in the range of 0.5-2.0 g/t for corn ROSS 145 MB (grain hybrid). A mixture of iron and nickel nanopowders is effective in dressing corn before sowing. When using a dose of NP Fe + Ni 1.0 g/t, the height of plants in the phase of 5-6 leaves increased by 7.1%, in the flowering phase the leaf area increased by 18.4% higher than the control. It is shown that a mixture of Fe+Ni nanopowders 1.0 g/t increased the yield of green mass with cobs by 12.6%, cobs without a wrapper - by 14.3%, the weight of 10 cobs - by 185 g or 10.9% higher than the control. Under the influence of the optimal dose of nanopowders NP Fe + Ni 1.0 g/t in corn grain, the ash level increased by 0.18%, crude protein - by 1.4%, the amount of fat practically did not change. The content of vitamins has changed significantly, for example, vitamin C in the experiment is almost 2 times higher than the control, vitamin A - by 48%, vitamin E - lower than the control by 20%.
“Green technologies” elements by the individual residential buildings internal electrical networks operation
Authors: Naumov I V , Podyachikh S V , Tretyakov A N , Sheryazov S K , Bastron A V
Published: June 2022

The article discusses the research results on the internal electrical networks operation of two independent individual residential buildings with a 0.38 kV voltage three-phase electrical input energy. It is established that these electrical networks operation is characterized by a significant currents and voltages unbalance level, which leads to a quality standards violation and electrical energy additional losses increase. When using the computer program “ModulHous”, which algorithm is based on the developed calculation methods, the currents and voltages unbalance calculation was performed. With the use of the MATLAB graphics editor technology, the obtained changes visualization in the currents and voltages unbalance has been implemented. The obtained diagrams analysis made it possible to establish the unbalance power consumption level and its impact on the internal power supply efficiency of the individual residential buildings. A special balancing device is proposed that automatically minimizes unbalancing flows in the internal individual dwellings electrical network. The developed software made it possible to establish the using balancing devices efficiency to improve the quality and reduce electrical energy additional losses in the considered electric networks of individual residential buildings.
Estimation of gas turbine technical condition using machine learning methods
Authors: Blinov V l , Deryabin G A
Published: June 2022

This paper considers the method to estimate the technical condition of gas turbine power for natural gas transportation, using machine learning methods. Source data was used to archive gas-dynamic parameters from the automatic control system of the gas turbine. The method is based on changing the enthalpy of the natural gas before and after the centrifugal gas compressor is used for creating a dataset with measured parameters and power from the gas turbine. The actual power is determined from the line of modes for a certain period. The software is implemented using Python and the Scikit-learn library is used to create machine learning models. A mean average percentile error is chosen as the model quality criterion. In this paper, different sets of feature parameters and sample sizes are researched by the quality of the prediction machine learning models. Recommendations on the use of models are given. It has been established that the approach is not applicable for predicting future technical condition without the presence of data on a similar technical condition in the training sample. It is recommended to use the described approach to determine the technical condition in a period of operation in the past.
The influence of the systems of basic tillage and biological products on the agrochemical properties of the soil and productivity of field crops
Authors: Voronin A N , Trufanov A M , Shchukin S V
Published: June 2022

The agrochemical properties of the soil make it possible to assess the level of its fertility. The search for new forage crops is an urgent task in agriculture. Under the conditions of a high anthropogenic impact of man on soils through the introduction of mineral fertilizers and pesticides, the use of biological products in the cultivation of field crops is a solution to most environmental problems in the soil. This article presents materials on the study of the influence of various systems of basic soil cultivation and biological products on the agrochemical properties of the soil, as well as the productivity of field crops. The content of organic matter, the content of mobile phosphorus, the content of exchangeable potassium, hydrolytic and exchangeable acidity, and the amount of absorbed bases were determined. The yield of green mass and the yield of feed units of new promising crops for the soil and climatic conditions of the Yaroslavl region - soybeans, amaranth and buckwheat - were assessed. The studies were carried out under the conditions of a field stationary three-factor experiment on sod-podzolic medium loamy gley soil of the experimental field of the Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy. The positive role of using Baikal EM-1 in the system of moldboard processing in buckwheat crops is shown. In this case, there is an improvement in most agrochemical indicators of fertility and it is possible to obtain maximum productivity.
Technological regulations for improving the ecological state and increasing fodder production on estuary irrigation systems of the Caspian Lowland
Authors: Dedova E B , Shevchenko V A , Dedov A A , Shabanov R M
Published: June 2022

In connection with the intensive development of animal husbandry at the present stage and the need to strengthen the forage base, an urgent problem arose to expand the areas of estuary irrigation systems and increase the productivity of flooded hayfields. These reclaimed lands of the Caspian lowland currently have low efficiency due to the deterioration of the technical condition of engineering structures and the degradation of hay grass. For arid conditions, a technological regulation has been developed to improve the designs of estuary irrigation systems, which makes it possible to ensure a clear and complete implementation of measures, taking into account local characteristics. The proposed regulation defines the procedure for organizing, methodology and technology of work on assessing and forecasting the ecological and reclamation state of lands and phytocenoses on estuary irrigation systems in relation to the conditions of the Republic of Kalmykia. A regional system for monitoring the ecological and reclamation state of lands and phytocenoses on estuaries has been developed, which allows for regular monitoring and timely adoption of comprehensive measures to improve the environmental situation in estuary irrigation systems. Technological regulations for elements of zonal technologies for surface and radical improvement of engineering estuaries, as well as regulations for the radical improvement of saline and solonetzic estuary lands using chemical amelioration have been developed. The introduction of these technologies makes it possible to increase the productivity of firth hayfields up to 5.0-8.0 t/ha, which is 2.5-6 times higher compared to the current level.
Productivity and quality of tomato hybrids with different garter of plants in spring greenhouses of the Rostov region
Authors: Ognev V V , Korsunov E I , Avdeenko S S , Avdeenko A P
Published: June 2022

In the conditions of spring unheated greenhouses in the Rostov region on improved natural soils, the influence of the methods of tying tomato plants of various types of growth on the processes of crop formation and its quality indicators was assessed. The issues of the influence of methods of tying plants on the crop, its marketability, the share of early harvest and the average weight of the fruit are considered. It has been established that, on average, indeterminate hybrids, although they do not have a high total yield and the share of early production, however, have maximum marketability and average fruit weight. In determinant hybrids, the optimal combination of yield and quality was obtained from the Primadonna F1 hybrid, for semi-determinant hybrids, for the Rozovyy nosik F1 hybrid tied to twine, and for indeterminate hybrids, for the Makhitos F1 hybrid, also tied to twine with a garter gun with a red ribbon for partial mechanization of the process.
Improved modelling of magnetic splitting in a chrome alum below 300 mK
Authors: Gunderson C , Miller F , Chui T , Paine C , Prouve T , Holmes W
Published: June 2022

Chrome-Caesium Alum (CCA) is a paramagnetic salt that can be used to achieve ultra-low temperature refrigeration through adiabatic demagnetization. Cooling capacity measurements of CCA show a significant reduction below the isolated paramagnetic spin model for temperatures below 100 mK. A more complete understanding of the thermodynamic properties of CCA could improve model accuracy, vital for meeting cooling requirements at subKelvin temperatures. Modelling effort was undertaken to understand the physical origin of this reduction in heat and refrigeration capacity, and measurements from two separate CCA salt pills between 50 mK and 300 mK were used for model validation. Both the model and the experimental design and results are discussed in this work. The model uses exact eigenvalues for the Cr3+ions from the spin Hamiltonian. Two interactions of interest are the zero-field splitting and hyperfine splitting, as these are not standard in presently used models.

We found that, though hyperfine interactions were not significant at temperatures above 50 mK, the inclusion of the zero-field splitting interaction resulted in qualitative agreement with the data. We optimized this model using a nonlinear least square regression to find the best fit to the two experimental data sets with two independent fitting parameters. Measured data at 50 mK still show a significant reduction below the fitted model prediction. Conductance measurements and thermal relaxation times were used to characterize addenda heat capacity and entropy loss due to non-adiabatic effects, which were not found to be significant. Accordingly, cooling capacity reduction below 50 mK cannot be accounted for by these effects. CCA is in the same chemical family as Chrome-Potassium Alum (CPA) which used widely in adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators. Thus, this modelling work described here is applicable to CPA. New measurements are planned to understand if the remaining discrepancy between the model and data is a systematic effect or a more fundamental feature of the salt.
Experimental and numerical investigation of self-pressurization with different methods of insulation for ground and space applications
Authors: Vishnu S B , Biju T K
Published: June 2022

The necessity of precise estimation and understanding of self-pressurization in a cryogenic storage vessel has increased rapidly over the years because of the influence of self-pressurization phenomena on the design of cryogenic engines. Since propellants are stored at their boiling temperature or subcooled condition, very small heat infiltration itself causes self-pressurization. When heat is transferred to the propellant tank, the liquid near the sidewall is heated up, and a warm stratified layer is developed at the liquid vapor interface, which causes self-pressurization. A numerical model is developed, and experiments are conducted to investigate the self-pressurization effects of cryogenic storage vessels to precisely understand the mechanisms causing it and the effect of methods of insulations, including multi-layer insulations in tanks. The numerical model is developed based on the available correlation to predict the self-pressurization and related parameters of a double wall cryogenic storage tank with different sets of insulations such as air, foam, vacuum, and MLI and different cryogens; hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. A double wall cryogenic storage tank using SS 304 is also developed, conducted self-pressurization studies using liquid nitrogen under different methods of insulation. The experimental results were compared with the numerical model and found in good agreement. Comparing the self-pressurization rate of different cryogens, the value is higher for hydrogen. Since the boiling point of hydrogen is less, the axial heat flux acting will be higher. The low-density fluids will quickly move towards the interface and deposit, causing a warm layer at the liquid-vapour interface. The amount of phase change is also higher for liquid hydrogen, which in turn aid in rapid self-pressurization. Among the insulations used, multi-layer insulation shows the best performance in terms of thermal resistance. The analytical and heat transfer model developed predicts and compared well with the experimental results and can be used for a variety of situations in ground and space for self-pressurization and roll over phenomenon studies and prediction of results in advance.
Numerical investigation of two-phase fluid-transient induced cavitation in the cryogenic propellant feedlines
Authors: Garva A , Mishra A , Ghosh P
Published: June 2022

Rapid changes in fluid-flow conditions, whether purposeful or accidental, may result in generation of a pressure surge in the fluid handling equipment followed by oscillations of pressure, which is known as the fluid transient (or fluid hammer). Fluid transient occurs very often during the filling of the dry liquid lines as well as during the valving operation in the cryogenic propellant feed systems. The maximum amplitude of fluid transient induced pressure oscillations may exceed the strength of the material, which results in the rupture of the flow components. Sometimes, due to its oscillatory nature, when the pressure wave amplitude falls below the vapour pressure of the fluid it may lead to cavity generation resulting in two-phase fluid transients. The pressure generated due to the collapse of the cavity will be higher than the pressure in the single-phase fluid transients that may lead to the structural failure of the fluid handling equipment.

In this study, a one–dimensional numerical model has been proposed using the Method of Characteristics (MOC) scheme to investigate the fluid transient induced cavitation due to sudden closure of the valve in the propellant feedlines. Different two-phase models namely Discrete Vapour Cavity Model (DVCM) and Discrete Gas Cavity Model (DGCM) have been used to predict the vapour volume in the pipe. The applicability of the developed model has been evaluated by validating its predictions with the results available in the literature. It has been observed that both the models are in good agreement with experiments, but DGCM can be preferred due to its ability to handle larger void fractions as compared to DVCM.
Status and development trends of the space 2 K mechanical cryocooler
Authors: Liu Z Y , Ma Y X , Quan J , Liu Y J , Wang J , Li J G , Liang J T
Published: June 2022

The space 2 K cryogenic technology is one of the critical supporting technologies for deep-space explorations. With the development of space detectors, such as infrared and X-ray detectors, the demands for the space 2 K cryogenic technology have become much more urgent. Early space detection missions used superfluid helium cryostats (SHCs) to meet their requirements. However, cryostats have been gradually replaced by the 2 K mechanical cryocoolers due to the large volume, heavy weight, and short life of cryostats. Hybrid JouleThomson (J-T) cryocoolers are the best alternative to cryostats in the 2 K mechanical cryocoolers because of their relatively higher efficiency at 2 K. This paper provides an up-to-date review of space missions involving 2 K hybrid J-T cryocoolers and a summary on the key issues that need to be solved in the 2 K J-T cryocoolers.
Beam induced heat load instrumentation installed in LHC during the Long Shutdown 2
Authors: Bradu B , Brodzinski K , Casas-Cubillos J , Delikaris D , Deschamps J B , Le Naour S , Pezzetti M , Tavian L , Tovar A , Sisti M , Ph Tock J , Vauthier N
Published: June 2022

During the second run of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) between 2015 and 2018, significant beam induced heat loads have been observed on the beam screens circuits impacting the cryogenic system capacity, mainly due to the electron clouds generated by the beams. To validate these measurements and to obtain precise heat load assessments and comparison with preliminary calculations based on existing hardware equipment at selected locations, it was decided to add new cryogenic instrumentation around the machine. In total, 23 Coriolis flowmeters (cold conditions), 4 thermal flowmeters (room temperature conditions) and 58 Cernox thermometers have been installed and commissioned between 2019 and 2021 during the so-called long shutdown 2 (LS2). This paper presents an overview of this project, including the commissioning of these instruments and confirming at first stage the original heat load estimations.
Drawn-polymer recuperative heat exchangers for use in cryocoolers
Authors: Adams J L , Thompson K J , Cummings J , Cantley L , Brisson J G
Published: June 2022

Polymer microchannel heat exchangers for use in cryocooler applications have been developed. These heat exchangers are manufactured using a thermal drawing process where a bulk polymer preform is heated and stretched. The process results in channels with a characteristic dimension of 50-100 µm and with an overall length of many meters. The drawn heat exchangers are lightweight, flexible, and have a large surface-area-to-volume ratio. Initial tests on a Joule-Thomson cryocooler with a heat exchanger of overall dimension of 2.5mm x 2.5mm x 420mm with nitrogen as a working fluid were performed. Nitrogen was successfully liquified with a mass flow rate of 34 mg/s and cooling power of 200 mW at 80 K.
Remote cooling systems with mesh-based heat exchangers for cryogenic applications
Authors: Onufrena A , Naydenov B , Koettig T , Bremer J , Tirolien T , ter Brake H J M
Published: June 2022

In the refrigeration technologies available for the 2 W - 5 W cooling power range at 4.5 K, innovative designs for intermediate cooling options are proposed between the large-scale cryogenic plants and small-scale commercially available cryocoolers. This paper presents a number of remote cooling solutions, which use high-effectiveness mesh-based counterflow heat exchangers (CFHEX) to support the aforementioned refrigeration domain. Additionally, the cooling power is aimed to be provided in a remote, distributed and non-disturbing manner (i.e. reduced mechanical vibrations and magnetic disturbances) for high-technology cryogenic applications that require very low background noise levels. The proposed remote cooling options are analysed in terms of their cooling power performance. Designs and sizing of individual system components, i.e. CFHEXs and cooling interface options, for superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavity cooling application are also proposed. CFHEX compactness and influence of their individual effectiveness values on the performance of the remote cooling systems are assessed, and capillary cooling interface performance is analysed.
Design and performance analysis of the thrust gas bearing with single orifice for helium turbine
Authors: Li S S , Fu B , Zhang Q Y , Chen S X
Published: June 2022

Thrust bearing is an important component for the stability of helium turbo-expander, and is a critical part to ensure the stable operation of helium refrigerator. A thrust bearing with single orifice is designed at the end of the fan brake for a home-made 500W@4.5K helium turbine. This design optimizes the mechanical structure of the rotor and improves the overall stability of the helium turbine. To increase the axial capacity, the static and dynamic calculation model of this thrust bearing is established to analyse the performance. This paper describes the variation curve of parameters and studies the influence of temperature on bearing performance by numerical simulation method. The analysis as more simple and efficient method is used to obtain the important parameters of this thrust gas bearing with single orifice, which meets the demand of the whole engineering design for helium turbine expander.
Effect of trailing edge bending and sweeping on brake impeller of low-temperature turbo-expander
Authors: Liang Y W , Peng N , Li K R , Ke C L , Li J , Dong B , Yan H , Zhang X H , Zheng L W , Xiong L Y , Liu L Q
Published: June 2022

With the continuous development of low-temperature turbo-expanders, the rotation speed of the rotor is getting faster. The diameter of the impeller has become one of the factors that limit the rotation speed. In this article, a new idea to improve braking capability and reduce the diameter of the brake impeller is proposed. The brake impeller of a small low-temperature air turbo-expander test bench is used as a prototype, influence of the combination of circumferential bending and sweeping at the trailing edge of the brake impeller on the braking ability is studied. It is found that the braking ability is significantly improved. To simplify the description, the combination of a forward bending of 10° and a sweeping of 20° is called combination 1. For the current brake impeller, combination 1 is the most suitable. Compared with the original impeller, the braking power of combination 1 has increased by 99.6 W, an increase of 10.4 %. Forward bending and forward sweep substantially increase the wrap angle of the brake impeller, thereby increasing the air outlet speed and improving the braking ability, but at the expense of the flow stability of the brake impeller.
Research on the thermal performance of a heat exchanger with meso-scale twisted helical tube bundles
Authors: Wang Y N , Pfotenhauer J M , Miller F K
Published: June 2022

Heat exchangers with helical tubes are applied widely in various industrial fields and cryogenic applications. Currently, the most common ones are the spiral wound heat exchangers, which consists of many layers of spiral tubes with different coil diameters in a closed shell. Most of the fluid in the shell-side passes directly through the gap between two adjacent layers, which weakens the turbulence and the associated heat transfer coefficient. A novel twisted helical bundle geometry is proposed in this paper of which the thermal performance is explored using CFD simulation. The heat exchanger uses helium gas as the working fluid and operates between 300 K and 30 K. The curve of each tube in the bundle is generated by different 3D sinusoidal equations, and the tubes at adjacent layers are twisted together thereby producing the same end-to-end length for each tube. By simulating a spiral wound heat exchanger using different turbulent equations and comparing the results with experimental data from literature, the k-omega SST model is found to be the most suitable one to simulate this kind of geometry. Nusselt numbers and friction factors are obtained under different Re values and compared with those of standard spiral wound heat exchangers. The creative twisted geometry can improve the Nu number although also increasing the friction factor. Geometry parameters such as pitch length are being further explored to obtain an optimal thermal performance.
Testing and analysis of stand-by operating modes for FRIB helium refrigeration system
Authors: Kroll D , Howard J , Knudsen P , Hasan N , Ganni V
Published: June 2022

The main helium refrigeration system at FRIB is designed for a maximum capacity of 180 g/s (30K, 1.16 bar) cold compressor return flow, 14.0 g/s of 4.5 K liquefaction load, 4.0 kW 4.5 K refrigeration load and a 20.0 kW (35 – 55 K) thermal shield load. The helium refrigeration system operates using the Ganni Floating Pressure process and can adjust to a range of variable cryogenic load conditions without any artificial loads. It is designed considering long-term 24/7 support for the loads (cryostats and superconducting magnets) maintained at 4.5 K, without the need for a complete warm-up to room temperature. A number of maintenance, repair and outage scenarios, and the corresponding stand-by operating modes for the refrigeration system with the base-line cryogenic load have been considered, tested and analysed. This paper reports an overview of these stand-by modes and the associated analysis.
Reconstruction and operation of the helium purification system in the cryogenic system for EAST Tokamak
Authors: Zhou Z W , Zhang Q Y , Zhu P , Wu K P , Zhu Z G , Sheng L H , Yuan K
Published: June 2022

EAST (Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak) cryogenic system has participated in the physical experimental campaigns over 15 years since the first cool-down experiment in 2006. Some fault of the heat exchanger blocking due to the purification of gas helium has occurred several times during the cryogenic system’s operation since 2017, which caused the system warmed up to deal with the malfunction. Therefore, the helium gas purification system including the oil-removal system after the oil-injected screw compressors, the adsorbers inside the cold-box and two sets of external purifiers as well as the control system has been redesigned and reconstructed from 2019 to 2020, and put into operation in the 18th cool-down experiment of EAST cryogenic system at the beginning of 2021. The process flow of new helium purification system and the equipment parameters together with the reconstruction process will be presented in detail in this paper. Meanwhile, the commissioning operation results will be illustrated to show the purification performance good and the reconstruction successful.
An upgraded cryogenic test stand for HL-LHC cryo-assemblies
Authors: Rabehl R , Al Atassi O , Chlachidze G , Feher S , Koshelev S , Ranpariya S
Published: June 2022

The Fermilab horizontal test stand previously used for testing the LHC inner triplet quadrupoles has been upgraded to test cryo-assemblies for the high-luminosity LHC upgrade (HL-LHC). The test requirements of these new cryo-assemblies required additional capabilities of the test stand cryogenic system, including controlled cool-down and warm-up, helium recovery after a quench, and operation at higher pressures. Most of these upgrades were completed to support a zero-magnet test in late 2020, with the remainder of the upgrades completed to support the first pre-series cryo-assembly test in early 2022. An overview of the design and initial operating experience of the upgraded test stand cryogenic system and associated process controls system are presented in this paper.
Design of the cryostat for High Field Vertical Magnet Testing Facility at Fermilab
Authors: Koshelev S , Tope T , Theilacker J , Nikolic V , Velev G , Voirin E , Marone A J , Kovach P E
Published: June 2022

High Field Vertical Magnet Test Facility (HFVMTF) is a joint project between the Office of High Energy Physics (HEP) and the Office of Fusion Energy Sciences (FES). Its construction is currently under way at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab). As a part of the project a new double bath superfluid helium cryostat has been designed. The cryostat can accommodate magnets with up to 20 tonne weight and 1.3 m diameter. This paper discusses challenges and solutions for cryostat, lambda plate and heat exchanger design, and presents results of performance analysis.
Thermohydraulic simulation of quenches and quench recovery for the HL-LHC IT String test bench at CERN
Authors: Rolando G , Wanninger A , Perin A
Published: June 2022

In the framework of the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) project, a new test system - the Inner Triplet (IT) magnets String - for the characterization and validation of the collective behaviour of a 60 m long string of magnets is being built in the SM18 cryogenic test facility at CERN. Among the main objectives of the IT String is the assessment of the magnet performance during the resistive transition from the superconducting to the normal state (quench) when energies up to 39.1 MJ are released into the magnet cold mass and into the helium. In this paper we present the thermohydraulic study performed to design the quench recovery system of the IT String, which limits the pressure rise in the magnets during a quench and ensures the recovery of the operating conditions within the required timeframe. As a new design method, a 1-D thermohydraulic model of the quench relief system has been created using the EcosimPro software with the CRYOLIB library developed at CERN.
A comparative study of two liquid air energy storage systems with LNG cold energy recovery
Authors: Ji W , Hu J , Guo L , Gao Z , Fan X , Chen L , Wang J
Published: June 2022

Due to the nature of fluctuation and intermittency, the increasing penetration of wind and solar power will bring a huge impact to the power grid management. Therefore the concept of liquid air energy storage system was proposed. Compared to compressed air energy storage, liquid air energy storage has a larger storage capacity and no geographic constraints owing to the high density of liquid air. In order to obtain the optimum system design, two different liquid air energy storage systems with LNG cold energy recovery were studied. For one system, the LNG cold energy was used to precool the compressor inlet air to decrease the compression work. For another one, the LNG cold energy was applied to supplement the cold energy needed to liquefy the air and realize the decoupling between the energy storage and release processes. Thermodynamic analysis based on steady-state mathematical model was employed to evaluate the system performance difference.