bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: CHELATVERBINDUNGEN MIT OPTISCH‐AKTIVEN LIGANDEN 11. MITT. BIS‐(N‐ALPHA‐PHENYLAETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE) DES ZWEIWERTIGEN NICKELS UND PALLADIUMS
Authors: RUKHADZE E. G. , DUNINA V. V. , DROBYSHEVSKAYA E. V. , TERENT'EV A. P.
Published: February 2016

Die Dithiocarbamate (I) setzt man in Wasser/Alkohol mit Nickelacetat oder Palladiumchlorid (II) zu Verbindungen der Formel (III) um.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. VON BROMMALONDIALDEHYDTETRAAETHYLACETAL MIT AKTIVE METHYL‐ ODER METHYLENGRUPPEN ENTHALTENDEN HETEROCYCLEN UND EINIGE RK. DER ENTSTEHENDEN PRODUKTE
Authors: SHCHELKINA E. P. , KAZYMOV A. V.
Published: February 2016

Brommalondialdehydtetraäthylacetal reagiert mit dem Tosylat des Benzthiazolium‐Kations (I) (Molverhältnis wie 1:2) in siedendem Pyridin und Überführung des entstehenden Tosylats in das Jodid zum Carbocyanin (II); analog erhält man aus den Indoleninen (III) die Carbocyaninjodide (IV) (83 bzw. 54% Ausbeute).
ChemInform Abstract: LACTONE 16. MITT. RK. VON 2,3‐ANHYDRO‐4,6‐DIDESOXY‐L‐RIBO‐HEXONSAEURE‐LACTON MIT AMMONIAK UND MIT DIMETHYLAMIN
Authors: KEFURT K. , KEFURTOVA Z. , JARY J.
Published: February 2016

Die Reaktion der Titelverbindung (II) mit Ammoniak (IIIa) bei Raumtemperatur führt zum Epoxy‐amid (I); Umsetzung von (II) mit (IIIa) bzw. Dimethylarnin (IIIb) unter Erhitzen im Autoklaven gibt dagegen die 3‐Amino‐xylohexonsäureamide (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: SOLANUM‐ALKALOIDE 97. MITT. SYNTH. VON SOLANOCAPSIN
Authors: RIPPERGER H. , SYCH F.‐I. , SCHREIBER K.
Published: February 2016

Durch katalytische Hydrierung des Nitrososolanocapsins?) an Raney‐Niin KOH/ Methanol und anschließende Umsetzung mit dem Chlorid (II) wird das Hemiketal (III) erhalten, dessen Dehydrierung mit CrO3 in Pyridin das Keton (IVa) (68% Ausbeute) ergibt.
ChemInform Abstract: DARST. VON GAMMA‐AMINOSAEURE‐DIPEPTIDEN
Authors: BURIMOVA T. K. , ZOBACHEVA M. M. , KUPRISHEVSKII G. B. , PEREKALIN V. V. , SMIRNOVA A. A.
Published: February 2016

Die Reaktion der N‐Benzyloxycarbony1‐aminosäuren (I) und (IV) mit den Aminosäureestern (II) bzw. (V) bei Zusatz von POCl3 in Pyridin bei ‐l 5°C und nach Zusatz von Wasser bei 100°C liefert die N‐Benzyloxycarbonyl‐peptidester (III) und (VI) (Ausbeute 60‐87%).
ChemInform Abstract: DIE VERW. VON N(ALPHA),N(IM)‐BIS‐(TERT.‐BUTYLOXYCARBONYL)‐HISTIDIN UND N(ALPHA)‐2‐(P‐BIPHENYLYL)‐ISOPROPYLOXYCARBONYL‐N(IM)‐TERT.‐BUTYLOXYCARBONYL‐HISTIDIN BEI DER FESTPHASEN‐SYNTH. VON HISTIDIN‐ENTHALTENDEN PEPTIDEN
Authors: YAMASHIRO DONALD , BLAKE JAMES , LI CHOH HAO
Published: February 2016

Das Heptapeptid (I), das der Aminosäuresequenz 17‐23 des menschlichen Wachstumhormons entspricht, wird nach der Festphasenmethode a) unter Verwendung des Histidin‐Derivats (IIa) b) unter Verwendung des Histidin‐ Derivats (IIb) schrittweise synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHETISCHE SPEKTROSKOPISCHE MODELLE IN BEZIEHUNG ZU COENZYMEN UND BASEN‐PAAREN 9. MITT. ′ABGEKUERZTE′ DINUCLEOSIDE VON THYMIDIN UND DESOXY‐URIDIN UND IHRE PHOTOPRODUKTE
Authors: LOGUE MARSHALL W. , LEONARD NELSON J.
Published: February 2016

ä?f Die durch Reaktion der Verbindungen (I) mit dem Isocyanat (II) erhältlichen Nucleosid‐Derivate (III) (77 bzw. 54% Ausbeute) werden zu den Dinucleosiden (IV) cyclisiert (79 bzw. 56%).
ChemInform Abstract: BESTIMMUNG DER ACIDITAET, BASIZITAET UND IONENCHEMIE DER GASPHASE VON SELENWASSERSTOFF DURCH CYCLOTRON‐IONENRESONANZSPEKTROSKOPIE
Authors: DIXON DAVID A. , HOLTZ DAVID , BEAUCHAMP J. L.
Published: February 2016

Es werden die einzelnen Reaktionsschritte, die Verteilung der Spezies und die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten für Ion‐Molekül‐Reaktionen in der Gasphase von H2Se ermittelt.
ChemInform Abstract: GESCHWINDIGKEIT DER DUSHMAN‐RK. BEI GERINGEN JODIDKONZENTRATIONEN, EXPERIMENTELLE METHODE UND TEMPERATURKOEFFIZIENT
Authors: FURUICHI R. , MATSUZAKI I. , SIMIC R. , LIEBHAFSKY H. A.
Published: February 2016

Um die Schwankungen bei der Zersetzung von H2O2 in sauren Jodat‐Jodid‐ Systemen zu erklären, wird die Dushman‐Reaktion Abei Jodidkonzentrationen 10"′m neu untersucht und ihr Temperaturkoeffizient gemessen.
ChemInform Abstract: EXISTENZ VON MAGNESIUMHYDRID‐HYDRIDOALUMINAT MGH(ALH4) (I) UND MAGNESIUMHYDRID‐HYDRIDOBORAT MGH(BH4)4 (II)
Authors: ASHBY E. C. , SCHWARTZ R. D.
Published: February 2016

Zur Herstellung der Verbindungen (I) und (II) werden sieben Methoden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: QUANTITATIVE ANWENDUNG DES KERN‐OVERHAUSER‐EFFEKTS ZUR BESTIMMUNG DER MOLEKULARSTRUKTUR
Authors: SCHIRMER ROGER E. , NOGGLE JOSEPH H.
Published: February 2016

Verfahren zur Ermittlung relativer Kernabstände aus Messungen des Kern‐Overhauser‐Effekts, besonders in Dreispinsystemen, werden beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: GEMEINSAME OX. VON ISOPROPYLALKOHOL UND OXALSAEURE MIT CHROMSAEURE, EINE EINSTUFIGE DREIELEKTRONEN‐OX.
Authors: HASAN FARIZA , ROCEK JAN
Published: February 2016

Die Oxidation eines Gemisches von Isopropanol und Oxalsäure mit Chromsäure verläuft viel schneller als die der reinen Komponenten.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOLYSE VON N‐PHENYLURETHAN
Authors: SCHWETLICK KLAUS , NOACK RAINER , SCHMIEDER GERT
Published: February 2016

Bei der UV‐Bestrahlung des Urethans (I) z.B. in THF entstehen als Hauptprodukte außer CO und CO2 die Verbindungen (II) bis (V).
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOLYSE VON TRIFLUORESSIGSAEUREANHYDRID
Authors: FAGARASH M. B. , MOIN F. B.
Published: February 2016

Die unter Bildung von hauptsächlich Perfluoräthan (II), Kohlendioxid und CO verlaufende Photolyse (Hg‐Licht 265 nm) des Anhydrids (I) bei 25‐220°C und 40‐280 Torr wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: OX. VON CHALKONEN MIT BLEITETRAACETAT UND MANGAN(III)‐ACETAT
Authors: KUROSAWA KAZU , HIGUCHI JUNKO
Published: February 2016

Hydroxychalkone, wie z.B. (Ia), werden mit den Titelreagenzien zu Auronen, wie (IIa) (20 oder 32% Ausbeute), oxidiert; daneben entstehen im Falle (Ia) die Benzoesäuren (IIIa) oder (IIIb) und p‐Methoxy‐zimtsäure.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMIE VON N‐(2‐METHYL‐4,6‐DIPHENYL‐1‐PYRIDINO)‐ANILIDEN
Authors: BIRD C. W. , PARTRIDGE I. , WONG D. Y.
Published: February 2016

Die Photolyse des Ylids (Ia) in Benzol liefert neben p‐Nitro‐anilin (IIIa) und den Pyridinen (II) das Azobenzol (IV), das aus dem entsprechenden primär gebildeten Nitren entsteht.
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANISCHE SYNTH. MIT HILFE VON METALL‐KOMPLEXEN 9. MITT. DURCH KUPFER‐KOMPLEXE KATALYSIERTE ADDITIONSRK. VON ORGANISCHEN POLYHALOGENIDEN AN ACRYLMONOMERE
Authors: MORI Y. , TSUJI J.
Published: February 2016

Die Umsetzung von Tetrachlorkohlenstoff (I) mit Acrylnitril (IIa) oder Acrylsäuremethylester (IIb) ergibt in Gegenwart von Kupfer(II)‐chlorid und Lithiumchlorid bei 150‐170°C in Acetonitril die 1:2‐Addukte (IIIa) und (IIIb) sowie die 1:1‐Addukte (IVa) und (IVb).
ChemInform Abstract: ELEKTRONENSTRUKTUR UND REAKTIVITAETEN VON VERBINDUNGEN KLEINER RINGE 5. MITT. RK. VON BICYCLOBUTANEN MIT DIENOPHILEN
Authors: POMERANTZ MARTIN , WILKE ROBERT N. , GRUBER GERALD W. , ROY UMA
Published: February 2016

Bicyclobutan (I) reagiert mit Dehydrobenzol (II) bei 45°C in situ unter Bildung eines 6:1‐Gemischs des Cyclobutens (III) (en‐Synthese) mit dem Addukt (IV) (Ausbeute zusammen 40%).
ChemInform Abstract: UNTERSUCHUNGEN UEBER CHEMOTHERAPEUTICA 7. MITT. UEBER DIE ANTIMIKROBIELLE AKTIVITAET UND DIE SYNTH. HALOGENSUBSTITUIERTER DIPHENYLAETHER‐VERBINDUNGEN
Authors: MATSUOKA H. , HAMADA Y.
Published: February 2016

Die durch Umsetzung von p‐Nitrochlorbenzol (I) mit den Kaliumphenolaten (II) in Gegenwart von Kupfer in Pyridin bei 140‐170°C zu denNitrodiphenyl= äthern (III) und deren Reduktion mit Zinn(II)‐chlorid dargestellten Aminodiphenyläther (IV) und die chlor‐, brom‐ und jodsubstituierten Aminodiphenyl= äther (V) und Aminodiphenylthioäther (VI) liefern mit den Carbonsäurechloriden (VII) in Xylol oder mit besseren Ausbeuten in Eisessig die N‐acylierten Verbindungen (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: HOCHKONJUNKTUR FUER TEREPHTHALSAEURE
Authors: ‐ ‐
Published: February 2016

Nach einer Prognose der Amoco dürfte Terephthalsäure (I) in den 70er Jahren eine Chemikalie mit einer der größten Zuwachsraten werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON SPIRO(CAMPHER‐INDANONEN) UND SPIRO(CAMPHER‐INDANEN)
Authors: SOTIROPOULOS JEAN , PASUT GUY
Published: February 2016

Das Bomanon (I) reagiert nach Metallierung mit den Chloriden (II) zu den Ary methylderivaten (III).
ChemInform Abstract: CARBONYL‐ UND THIOCARBONYLVERBINDUNGEN 13. MITT. 2‐AROYL‐1,3‐BENZODIOXOLE MIT POTENTIELLER PESTIZIDER AKTIVITAET UND IHRE SPALTUNG MIT HYDRAZINEN
Authors: LATIF N. , MEGUID S. ABDEL
Published: February 2016

Die Tetrahalogendioxole (I) (dargestellt durch Reaktion von α‐Diazo‐acetophenonen bzw. ‐acetonaphthonen mit Tetrahalogen‐o‐benzochinonen in siedendem Benzol) reagieren mit dem Hydrazin (II) in siedendem Butanol unter Spaltung des Dioxolringes (Mechanismus) zu den Osazonen (III); unter analogen Bedingungen erweist sich der Dioxolring gegenüber Benzoylhydrazin, Malonitril und Cyanessigester als sehr stabil.
ChemInform Abstract: UMSETZUNG VON 2‐METHYL‐3,5‐HEPTADIIN‐2‐OL MIT GLYKOLEN
Authors: VOLKOV A. N. , SKVORTSOV YU. M. , OVSEPYAN ZH. A.
Published: February 2016

Die Umsetzung von Propargylchlorid (I) mit Dimethyl‐äthinyl‐carbinol (II) liefert mit guter Ausbeute den Allenacetylen‐alkohol (III),der bei 40°C in alkoholischer Natriumalkoholat‐Lösung zum 2‐Methyl‐3,5‐heptadiin‐2‐ol (IV) umgelagert wird (Ausbeute 45%), während Natriumhydroxid starke Verharzung hervorruft.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. VON BIGUANIDEN UND VERWANDTEN VERBINDUNGEN 3. MITT. RK. VON BIGUANID UND AMIDINO‐ISOHARNSTOFF MIT OXAMAT
Authors: FURUKAWA M. , FUJINO Y. , YOSHIMATSU S. , KOJIMA Y. , HAYASHI S.
Published: February 2016

Aus den Biguaniden (I) entstehen mit Oxamidestern (II) die Kondensate (III), die auch aus den Estern (V) mit den betreffenden Aminen (IV) erhalten werden.
ChemInform Abstract: REAKTIVITAET PHOSPHORORGANISCHER ISOCYANATE
Authors: TOMASCHEWSKI GEORG , KUEHN GERHARD
Published: February 2016

Die mit Hilfe IR‐spektroskopischer und potentiometrischer Messungen ermittelten kinetischen Daten bestätigen, daß die Bildung der Phosphorylharnstoffe (III) und (V) (Ausbeute 85‐ 100%) aus den Isocyanaten (I) und den Nitranilinen (II) bzw. aus (Ia) und Diphenylamin (IV) in Reaktionen 2. Ordnung erfolgen und die Reaktivität der untersuchten Isocyanate von Phenylisocyanat über (Ib)" (Ia), (Ic) zum Benzoyl‐ und Benzolsulfonylisocyanid ansteigt.
ChemInform Abstract: UEBER DIE UMSETZUNG VON DIALKYL‐PHOSPHORIGSAEURE‐ANILID MIT P‐NITRO‐BENZALDEHYD
Authors: PUDOVIK A. N. , BATYEVA E. S. , NESTERENKO V. D.
Published: February 2016

p‐Nitrobenzaldehyd (II) und Diäthylphosphorigsäureanilid (I) liefern in Äther bei Zimmertemperatur QO‐Diäthyl‐O‐p‐nitrobenzyl‐N‐phenylimidophosphat (III) (Ausbeute 95%) in Gestalt einer rötlichen, viskosen Flüssigkeit, die sich beim Destillieren im Vakuum oder beim Erwärmen in Petroläther auf 126 ‐ 130°C unter Bildung von Diäthylphosphorsäureanilid (VII) zersetzt (69% Mit Schwefelkohlenstoff bildet (III) bei 45‐50°C Phenylisothiocyanat (IV) (47%) und O,O‐Diäthyl‐O‐p‐nitrobenzyl‐thiophosphat (V), das nicht isoliert wurde.
ChemInform Abstract: UEBER DIE RK.‐FAEHIGKEIT VON BETA‐CHLORCYCLOALKYLDICHLORPHOSPHINEN, DIE AUF STRAHLUNGSCHEMISCHEM WEGE ERHALTEN WURDEN
Authors: SUMINOV S. I. , BANDEROVA L. V. , BABKINA E. I. , DOBROVA E. I. , SOSNINA I. V.
Published: February 2016

Bei der Oxidation des Dichlorphosphins (I) mit Sulfurylchlorid entsteht neben dem Oxidationsprodukt (II) unter Chlorwasserstoffabspaltung auch das Di= Chlorid der Cyclohexenylphosphonsäure (III).
ChemInform Abstract: RK. VON LITHIUM‐ BZW. NATRIUMTETRAHYDRIDOALUMINAT MIT GRIGNARD‐REAGENZIEN IN AETHER‐LOESUNGEN
Authors: ASHBY E. C. , SCHWARTZ R. D.
Published: February 2016

I JSZ Die Reaktion von n‐Butyl‐MgBr (I) mit dem Aluminat (II) führt abhängig vom molaren Verhältnis der Reaktanten zu den entsprechenden Mg‐aluminaten (III) neben LiBr, Mg‐dihydrid und ‐dibromid.
ChemInform Abstract: ANIONISCHE TETRAHALOGENO‐PENTANDION‐(2,4)‐ATO‐STANNAT(IV)‐KOMPLEXE
Authors: THOMPSON D. W. , LEFELHOCZ J. F. , WONG K. S.
Published: February 2016

Das entsprechende Sn‐tetrahalogenid reagiert mit dem Diketon in Gegenwart eines Amins zu den oktaedrischen Komplexen (I), die als Pyridinium‐ bzw. Triäthylammoniumsalze isoliert wurden.
ChemInform Abstract: DARST. UND EIGENSCHAFTEN VON DIAMIN‐BIS‐(CYCLOHEXYLAMIN)‐KUPFER(II)‐CHLORID
Authors: MACASKOVA L. , ONDREJOVIC ONDREJOVIC , GAZO J.
Published: February 2016

Der relativ unbeständige Titelkomplex (I) wird durch Reaktion von Dichlorobis‐[cyclohexylamin]‐kupfer mit Ammoniak oder durch Umsetzen von Tetraamminkupferdichlorid bzw. Dichlorodiamminkupfer mit Cyclohexylamin dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON 2′,3′‐O‐ISOPROPYLIDEN‐5′‐KETO‐8,5′‐CYCLOADENOSIN (V), EINEM NEUEN CYCLONUCLEOSID
Authors: HARPER P. J. , HAMPTON A.
Published: February 2016

Bei einer Behandlung mit Methyllithium (II) in Tetrahydrofuran erhält man aus der Adenosin‐carbonsäure (I) u.a. über die Zwischenstufen (III) und (IV) das Cyclonucleosid (V), das durch Natriumboranat zum Carbinol (VI) reduziert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOHYDRATISIERUNG VON PYRIDINIUMIONEN
Authors: KAPLAN LOUIS , PAVLIK J. W. , WILZBACH K. E.
Published: February 2016

Bei Bestrahlung des Pyridiniumchlorids (I) in Wasser entsteht das Azabicyclohexenol (IIIa).
ChemInform Abstract: METHODE ZUR KONDENSATION VON DIACETYLEN MIT CARBONYLVERBINDUNGEN
Authors: ZANINA A. S. , KOTLYAREVSKII I. L. , SHERGINA S. I. , SOKOLOV I. E. , SHISHKINA L. I.
Published: February 2016

Beim Einleiten von Diacetylen (II) in eine Suspension des Anionenaustauschharzes AB‐17 in einem Keton (I) entstehen die tert. Carbinole (III) sowie die Glykole (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: DIHYDRO‐1,3‐OXAZINE 15. MITT. HOMOLOGISIERUNG VON ALKYLHALOGENIDEN UM ZWEI C‐EINHEITEN ZU ALDEHYDEN UNTER VERW. EINES NEUEN KETEN‐N,O‐ACETALS
Authors: MEYERS A. I. , NAZARENKO NICHOLAS
Published: February 2016

FGF Aus dem Methojodid (I) wird mit NaH das Acetal (II) erhalten, das mit den Alkylhalogeniden (III) zu den Oxaziniumsalzen (IV) reagiert, anschließende Neutralisation gibt die Keten‐N,O‐acetale (V), die zu (VI) reduziert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE HERST. VON ALPHA‐AMINO‐ALPHA,ALPHA‐DIALKYL‐KETONEN UND HEXAALKYL‐2,5‐DIHYDROPYRAZINEN DURCH OX. VON KETONEN MIT ALKALISCHEM CYANOFERRAT (III)
Authors: FARNUM D. G. , CARLSON G. R.
Published: February 2016

Ketone (I) mit einem tertiären Wasserstoff in α‐Stellung werden mit Kaliumhexacyanoferrat(III) in Gegenwart von Ammoniumhydroxid unter Ausschluß von Sauerstoff zu den α‐Amino‐ketonen (II) oxidiert, die unter diesen Bedingungen zu den Hexaalkyl‐2,5‐dihydropyrazinen (III) kondensieren.
ChemInform Abstract: BLDG. SILICIUMORGANISCHER BERBINDUNGEN 44. MITT. SYNTH. UND RK. SI‐FUNKTIONELLER 1,3,5,7‐TETRASILACYCLOOCTANE
Authors: FRITZ G. , HAEHNKE M.
Published: February 2016

Die Tetrasilaoctane (I) bilden mit Li in Äther das Cyclisierungsprodukt (IIa), dessen Bromierung in Penten das in Wasser zum Siloxan (IIc) hydrolysierbare Dibrom‐Derivat (IIb) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: KOMPLEXBLDG. DURCH N‐SUBSTITUIERTE ACETOACETAMIDE 6. MITT. PARA‐SUBSTITUIERTE ACETOACETANILIDE UND IHRE KUPFER(II)‐ UND BERYLLIUM(II)‐CHELATE
Authors: HARRIES H. J. , HUGHES R. K. , SMITH T.
Published: February 2016

Die Reaktion zwischen Diketen und den entsprechenden Anilinen führt zu den Liganden (I).
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOSPEZIFISCHE TOTALSYNTH. VON D,L‐PROSTAGLANDIN A2
Authors: MARTEL J. , TOROMANOFF E. , MATHIEU J. , NOMINE G.
Published: February 2016

Aus Propargylchlorid (I) und Malonester (II) erhält man über (III) die Carbonsäure (IV), die in Gegenwart von Diimidazol‐sulfoxid mit der Mg‐Verbindung (V) zum Ketoester (VI) kondensiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: GLEICHGEWICHTSEINSTELLUNG IN BENZOLDERIVATEN 4. MITT. ISOMERENGLEICHGEWICHTE ZWISCHEN 1,2‐DISUBSTITUIERTEN PHENYLQUECKSILBERACETATEN
Authors: VERWEY J. , WOLTERS J. SEN. , KOOYMAN E. C.
Published: February 2016

Die jeweilige Isomerenverteilung des Transmercurierungsgleichgewichts zwischen Phenylquecksilberacetat und 1,2‐disubstituierten Arylverbindungen bzw. Naphthalin wird untersucht.
Low‐grade heat recycling for system synergies between waste heat and food production, a case study at the European Spallation Source
Authors: Parker Thomas , Kiessling Anders
Published: February 2016

At present food production depends almost exclusively on direct use of stored energy sources, may perhaps they be nuclear‐, petroleum‐, or biobased. Arable land, artificial fertilizers, and fresh water resources are the base for our present food systems, but are limited. At the same time, energy resources in the form of waste heat are available in ample quantities. The European Spallation Source (ESS) will require approximately 270 GWh of power per year to operate, power that ultimately is converted to heat. This multidisciplinary case study details an alternative food production cooling chain, using low‐grade surplus heat, and involving fermentation, aquaculture, nutrient recapture, and greenhouse horticulture including both use of low‐grade surplus heat and recycling of society's organic waste that is converted to animal feed and fertilizer. The study indicates that by combining the use of surplus energy with harvest of society's organic side flows, for example, food waste and aquatic‐based cash crops, sustainable food systems are possible at a level of significance also for global food security. The effects of the proposed heat reuse model are discussed in a system perspective and in the context of the UNSCD indicator framework. The potential sustainability benefits of such an effort are shown to be substantial and multifaceted.
Adjuvant chemotherapy is not associated with improved survival for all high‐risk factors in stage II colon cancer
Authors: Verhoeff S.R. , van Erning F.N. , Lemmens V.E.P.P. , de Wilt J.H.W. , Pruijt J.F.M.
Published: February 2016

Adjuvant chemotherapy can be considered in high‐risk stage II colon cancer comprising pT4, poor/undifferentiated grade, vascular invasion, emergency surgery and/or <10 evaluated lymph nodes (LNs). Adjuvant chemotherapy administration and its effect on survival was evaluated for each known risk factor. All patients with high‐risk stage II colon cancer who underwent resection and were diagnosed in the Netherlands between 2008 and 2012 were included. After stratification by risk factor(s) (vascular invasion could not be included), Cox regression was used to discriminate the independent association of adjuvant chemotherapy with the probability of death. Relative survival was used to estimate disease‐specific survival. A total of 4,940 of 10,935 patients with stage II colon cancer were identified as high risk, of whom 790 (16%) patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. Patients with a pT4 received adjuvant chemotherapy more often (37%). Probability of death in pT4 patients receiving chemotherapy was lower compared to non‐recipients (3‐year overall survival 91% vs. 73%, HR 0.43, 95% CI 0.28–0.66). The relative excess risk (RER) of dying was also lower for pT4 patients receiving chemotherapy compared to non‐recipients (3‐year relative survival 94% vs. 85%, RER 0.36, 95% CI 0.17–0.74). For patients with only poor/undifferentiated grade, emergency surgery or <10 LNs evaluated, no association between receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy and survival was observed. In high‐risk stage II colon cancer, adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with higher survival in pT4 only. To prevent unnecessary chemotherapy‐induced toxicity, further refinement of patient subgroups within stage II colon cancer who could benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy seems indicated.
pH‐controlled reaction divergence of decarboxylation versus fragmentation in reactions of dihydroxyfumarate with glyoxylate and formaldehyde: parallels to biological pathways
Authors: Butch Christopher J. , Wang Jing , Gu Jiande , Vindas Rebeca , Crowe Jacob , Pollet Pamela , Gelbaum Leslie , Leszczynski Jerzy , Krishnamurthy Ramanarayanan , Liotta Charles L.
Published: February 2016

The reactions of dihydroxyfumarate with glyoxylate and formaldehyde exhibit a unique pH‐controlled mechanistic divergence leading to different product suites by two distinct pathways. The divergent reactions proceed via a central intermediate (2,3‐dihydroxy‐oxalosuccinate, 3, in the reaction with glyoxylate and 2‐hydroxy‐2‐hydroxymethyl‐3‐oxosuccinate, 14, in the reaction with formaldehyde). At pH 7–8, products (7, 8, and 15) exclusively from a decarboxylation of the intermediate are observed, while at pH 13–14, products (9, 10, and 16) solely derived from a hydroxide‐promoted fragmentation of the intermediate are formed. The decarboxylative and fragmentation pathways are mutually exclusive and do not appear to coexist under the range of pH (7–14) conditions investigated. Herein, we employ a combination of quantitative 13C NMR measurements and density functional theory calculations to provide a rationale for this pH‐driven reaction divergence. These rationalizations also hold true for the reactions of dihydroxyfumarate produced in situ by the catalytic cyanide‐mediated dimerization of glyoxylate. In addition, the non‐enzymatic decarboxylation and fragmentation transformations of these central intermediates (3 and 14) appear to have intriguing parallels to the enzymatic reactions of oxalosuccinate and formation of glyceric acid derivatives in extant metabolism – the high and low pH mimicking the precise control exerted by the enzymes over reaction pathways. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accomplishing Profession through Self‐Mockery
Authors: Cousineau Matthew J.
Published: February 2016

One influential sociological approach to profession has it that a profession is something constructed by social actors themselves and that this work is performed through the swapping of atrocity stories. While atrocity stories are an important resource for constructing profession, they are not the only ones available to social actors. In this article, I draw on field work in an academic engineering research laboratory to document how social actors use self‐mockery to construct profession. They do this in five ways, including through the use of background knowledge to interpret self‐mockery, by reserving self‐mockery for specific conditions separate from conditions where engineering knowledge is put on display, by maintaining a preference for self‐presentations that exclude self‐mockery toward the speaker's self during presentations in lab meetings and lectures in courses, through the selection of locally insignificant selves for mockery, and by assembling their own accounts of self‐mockery.
Robotic Liver Resection: A Case‐Matched Comparison
Authors: Kingham T. Peter , Leung Universe , Kuk Deborah , Gönen Mithat , D’Angelica Michael I. , Allen Peter J. , DeMatteo Ronald P. , Laudone Vincent P. , Jarnagin William R. , Fong Yuman
Published: February 2016

Background

In recent years, increasingly sophisticated tools have allowed for more complex robotic surgery. Robotic hepatectomy, however, is still in its infancy. Our goals were to examine the adoption of robotic hepatectomy and to compare outcomes between open and robotic liver resections.

Methods

The robotic hepatectomy experience of 64 patients was compared to a modern case‐matched series of 64 open hepatectomy patients at the same center. Matching was according to benign/malignant diagnosis and number of segments resected. Patient data were obtained retrospectively. The main outcomes and measures were operative time, estimated blood loss, conversion rate (robotic to open), Pringle maneuver use, single non‐anatomic wedge resection rate, resection margin size, complication rates (infectious, hepatic, pulmonary, cardiac), hospital stay length, ICU stay length, readmission rate, and 90‐day mortality rate.

Results

Sixty‐four robotic hepatectomies were performed in 2010–2014. Forty‐one percent were segmental and 34 % were wedge resections. There was a 6 % conversion rate, a 3 % 90‐day mortality rate, and an 11 % morbidity rate. Compared to 64 matched patients who underwent open hepatectomy (2004–2012), there was a shorter median OR time (p = 0.02), lower median estimated blood loss (p < 0.001), and shorter median hospital stay (p < 0.001). Eleven of the robotic cases were isolated resections of tumors in segments 2, 7, and 8.

Conclusions

Robotic hepatectomy is safe and effective. Increasing experience in more centers will allow definition of which hepatectomies can be performed robotically, and will enable optimization of outcomes and prospective examination of the economic cost of each approach.
Effect of sedimentary facies and geological properties on thermal conductivity of Pleistocene volcanic sediments in Tokyo, central Japan
Authors: Takemura Takato , Sato Minoru , Chiba Takashi , Uemura Kyota , Ito Yoshiharu , Funabiki Ayako
Published: February 2016

When ground source heat pump systems are installed underground, an estimate of the thermal conductivity is required to determine the desired total length of the heat exchanger (U-tube). Many large cities in Asia are built on Quaternary sediments, but the thermal conductivity of these sediments is not well understood. To measure the thermal conductivity of Pleistocene volcanic sediments in Tokyo, Japan, we discuss methods of measuring thermal conductivity and factors influencing the thermal conductivity of volcanic sediment, which has low quartz content. The results obtained from experiments using a drill core, borehole data and artificial sediment samples are as follows: (1) values of thermal conductivity predicted using water content, porosity or sand content can be underestimated in volcanic sediment or sediments with large amounts of magnetic minerals; (2) magnetic minerals have a higher thermal conductivity than quartz, so there is a relationship between magnetic susceptibility and thermal conductivity: (3) comparison of thermal conductivity measurements performed using box- and needle-type probes showed that the values measured using the former are comparatively larger. This decrease in thermal conductivity is explained by formation of air-filled cracks when the needle penetrates the sediment, as air has a lower thermal conductivity than sediment.
Enhanced spin–orbit torques by oxygen incorporation in tungsten films
Authors: Demasius Kai-Uwe , Phung Timothy , Zhang Weifeng , Hughes Brian P. , Yang See-Hun , Kellock Andrew , Han Wei , Pushp Aakash , Parkin Stuart S. P.
Published: February 2016

The origin of spin–orbit torques, which are generated by the conversion of charge-to-spin currents in non-magnetic materials, is of considerable debate. One of the most interesting materials is tungsten, for which large spin–orbit torques have been found in thin films that are stabilized in the A15 (β-phase) structure. Here we report large spin Hall angles of up to approximately –0.5 by incorporating oxygen into tungsten. While the incorporation of oxygen into the tungsten films leads to significant changes in their microstructure and electrical resistivity, the large spin Hall angles measured are found to be remarkably insensitive to the oxygen-doping level (12–44%). The invariance of the spin Hall angle for higher oxygen concentrations with the bulk properties of the films suggests that the spin–orbit torques in this system may originate dominantly from the interface rather than from the interior of the films.
Conducting polymers as electron glasses: surface charge domains and slow relaxation
Authors: Ortuño Miguel , Escasain Elisa , Lopez-Elvira Elena , Somoza Andres M. , Colchero Jaime , Palacios-Lidon Elisa
Published: February 2016

The surface potential of conducting polymers has been studied with scanning Kelvin probe microscopy. The results show that this technique can become an excellent tool to really ‘see’ interesting surface charge interaction effects at the nanoscale. The electron glass model, which assumes that charges are localized by the disorder and that interactions between them are relevant, is employed to understand the complex behavior of conducting polymers. At equilibrium, we find surface potential domains with a typical lateral size of 50 nm, basically uncorrelated with the topography and strongly fluctuating in time. These fluctuations are about three times larger than thermal energy. The charge dynamics is characterized by an exponentially broad time distribution. When the conducting polymers are excited with light the surface potential relaxes logarithmically with time, as usually observed in electron glasses. In addition, the relaxation for different illumination times can be scaled within the full aging model.
Fluorescent and Magnetic Mesoporous Hybrid Material: A Chemical and Biological Nanosensor for Hg2+ Ions
Authors: Suresh Moorthy , Anand Chokkalingam , Frith Jessica E. , Dhawale Dattatray S. , Subramaniam Vishnu P. , Strounina Ekaterina , Sathish Clastinrusselraj I. , Yamaura Kazunari , Cooper-White Justin J. , Vinu Ajayan
Published: February 2016

We introduce “sense, track and separate” approach for the removal of Hg2+ ion from aqueous media using highly ordered and magnetic mesoporous ferrosilicate nanocages functionalised with rhodamine fluorophore derivative. These functionalised materials offer both fluorescent and magnetic properties in a single system which help not only to selectively sense the Hg2+ ions with a high precision but also adsorb and separate a significant amount of Hg2+ ion in aqueous media. We demonstrate that the magnetic affinity of these materials, generated from the ultrafine γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles present inside the nanochannels of the support, can efficiently be used as a fluorescent tag to sense the Hg2+ ions present in NIH3T3 fibroblasts live cells and to track the movement of the cells by external magnetic field monitored using confocal fluorescence microscopy. This simple approach of introducing multiple functions in the magnetic mesoporous materials raise the prospect of creating new advanced functional materials by fusing organic, inorganic and biomolecules to create advanced hybrid nanoporous materials which have a potential use not only for sensing and the separation of toxic metal ions but also for cell tracking in bio-separation and the drug delivery.
Causal connectivity alterations of cortical-subcortical circuit anchored on reduced hemodynamic response brain regions in first-episode drug-naïve major depressive disorder
Authors: Gao Qing , Zou Ke , He Zongling , Sun Xueli , Chen Huafu
Published: February 2016

Some efforts were done to investigate the disruption of brain causal connectivity networks involved in major depressive disorder (MDD) using Granger causality (GC) analysis. However, the homogenous hemodynamic response function (HRF) assumption over the brain may disturb the inference of temporal precedence. Here we applied a blind deconvolution approach to examine the altered HRF shape in first-episode, drug-naïve MDD patients. The regions with abnormal HRF shape in patients were chosen as seeds to detect the GC alterations in MDD. The results demonstrated significantly decreased magnitude of spontaneous hemodynamic response of the orbital frontal cortex (OFC) and the caudate nucleus (CAU) in MDD comparing to healthy controls, suggesting MDD patients likely had alterations in neurovascular coupling and cerebrovascular physiology in these two regions. GC mapping showed increased/decreased GC in OFC-/CAU centered networks in MDD. The outgoing GC values from OFC to anterior cingulate cortex and occipital regions were positively correlated with Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) scores, while the incoming GC from insula, middle and superior temporal gyrus to CAU were negatively correlated with HAMD scores of MDD. The abnormalities of directional connections in the cortico-subcortico-cerebellar network may lead to unbalanced integrating the emotional-related information for MDD, and further exacerbating depressive symptoms.
Culex quinquefasciatus larval microbiomes vary with instar and exposure to common wastewater contaminants
Authors: Pennington Marcus J. , Prager Sean M. , Walton William E. , Trumble John T.
Published: February 2016

Like many insects, mosquitoes, rely on endosymbionts to grow and develop. These can be acquired from the environment. We used next generation 454 pyrosequencing to discern the whole-body microbiome of the mosquito speciesCulex quinquefasciatusin various larval stadia and following exposure to common pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) found in wastewater. PPCP treatments included environmentally-relevant concentrations; 1) a combination of common antibiotics, 2) a combination of mammalian hormones, 3) a mixture of the antibiotic and hormone treatments plus acetaminophen and caffeine and, 4) an untreated control. Within control groups, the predominant families of bacterial symbionts change with each larval instar despite consistent diets and rearing conditions. This trend was also seen in hormone treatments but not in the antibiotic or the mixture treatments. Richness and evenness were reduced in both antibiotic and mixture treatments, suggesting that antibiotics remove certain bacteria or inhibit them from increasing to proportions seen in the control treatment. Interestingly, the mixture treatments had greater richness and evenness compared to antibiotic alone treatments, possibly due to the other contaminants facilitating growth of different bacteria. These findings illuminate the complexity of the microbiome ofC. quinquefasciatusand may have implications for more effective control strategies.
Determinants of community structure of zooplankton in heavily polluted river ecosystems
Authors: Xiong Wei , Li Jie , Chen Yiyong , Shan Baoqing , Wang Weimin , Zhan Aibin
Published: February 2016

River ecosystems are among the most affected habitats globally by human activities, such as the release of chemical pollutants. However, it remains largely unknown how and to what extent many communities such as zooplankton are affected by these environmental stressors in river ecosystems. Here, we aim to determine major factors responsible for shaping community structure of zooplankton in heavily polluted river ecosystems. Specially, we use rotifers in the Haihe River Basin (HRB) in North China as a case study to test the hypothesis that species sorting (i.e. species are “filtered” by environmental factors and occur at environmental suitable sites) plays a key role in determining community structure at the basin level. Based on an analysis of 94 sites across the plain region of HRB, we found evidence that both local and regional factors could affect rotifer community structure. Interestingly, further analyses indicated that local factors played a more important role in determining community structure. Thus, our results support the species sorting hypothesis in highly polluted rivers, suggesting that local environmental constraints, such as environmental pollution caused by human activities, can be stronger than dispersal limitation caused by regional factors to shape local community structure of zooplankton at the basin level.
Demethylation of c-MYB binding site mediates upregulation of Bdnf IV in cocaine-conditioned place preference
Authors: Tian Weiping , Wang Jiesi , Zhang Ke , Teng Huajing , Li Chong , Szyf Moshe , Sun Zhong Sheng , Zhao Mei
Published: February 2016

Abnormal BDNF signaling contributes to the structural and behavioral plasticity induced by drugs of abuse. However, the mechanisms regulating expression of Bdnf in drug addiction remain elusive. In the present study, using the conditioned place preference (CPP) model, we showed that expression of Bdnf IV is upregulated in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of conditioned animals while Bdnf I is upregulated in cocaine-treated mice irrespective of conditioning. The methylation level of a putative c-MYB binding site in the promoter region of Bdnf IV was significantly decreased in the NAc under cocaine CPP conditioning but remained unchanged without conditioning, concurrently with increased binding of c-MYB to this site. Exon IV promoter/luciferase reporter assays revealed that transactivation of Bdnf by c-MYB was blocked by methylation of this c-MYB binding site. Administration of methionine, a precursor of SAM, inhibited cocaine CPP, reversed demethylation of c-MYB binding site and induction of Bdnf IV expression by cocaine CPP. Our results imply that Bdnf IV demethylation at c-MYB binding site is involved in cocaine-triggered seeking behavior, whereas Bdnf I responds to the immediate pharmacological effects of cocaine.
Rapid growth of mineral deposits at artificial seafloor hydrothermal vents
Authors: Nozaki Tatsuo , Ishibashi Jun-Ichiro , Shimada Kazuhiko , Nagase Toshiro , Takaya Yutaro , Kato Yasuhiro , Kawagucci Shinsuke , Watsuji Tomoo , Shibuya Takazo , Yamada Ryoichi , Saruhashi Tomokazu , Kyo Masanori , Takai Ken
Published: February 2016

Seafloor massive sulphide deposits are potential resources for base and precious metals (Cu-Pb-Zn ± Ag ± Au), but difficulties in estimating precise reserves and assessing environmental impacts hinder exploration and commercial mining. Here, we report petrological and geochemical properties of sulphide chimneys less than 2 years old that formed where scientific boreholes vented hydrothermal fluids in the Iheya-North field, Okinawa Trough, in East China Sea. One of these infant chimneys, dominated by Cu-Pb-Zn-rich sulphide minerals, grew a height of 15 m within 25 months. Portions of infant chimneys are dominated by sulphate minerals. Some infant chimneys are sulphide-rich similar to high-grade Cu-Pb-Zn bodies on land, albeit with relatively low As and Sb concentrations. The high growth rate reaching the 15 m height within 25 months is attributed to the large hydrothermal vent more than 50 cm in diameter created by the borehole, which induced slow mixing with the ambient seawater and enhanced efficiency of sulphide deposition. These observations suggest the possibility of cultivating seafloor sulphide deposits and even controlling their growth and grades through manipulations of how to mix and quench hydrothermal fluids with the ambient seawater.
High performance MoS2 membranes: effects of thermally driven phase transition on CO2 separation efficiency
Authors: Achari A. , S. Sahana , Eswaramoorthy M.
Published: February 2016

MoS2 membranes show high performance H2/CO2 separation at high H2 permeability. The MoS2 membranes were found to be thermally stable up to 160 °C and a significant increase in gas permeability was observed due to the thermally driven phase transition from the 1T to the 2H phase.
Core functionalization of semi-crystalline polymeric cylindrical nanoparticles using photo-initiated thiol–ene radical reactions
Authors: Sun Liang , Pitto-Barry Anaïs , Thomas Anthony W. , Inam Maria , Doncom Kay , Dove Andrew P. , O'Reilly Rachel K.
Published: February 2016

Functionalisation by radical thiol–ene addition of a cylindrical micelle formed by crystallisation-driven self-assembly is demonstrated.
Switching charge-transfer characteristics from p-type to n-type through molecular “doping” (co-crystallization)
Authors: Zhang Jing , Gu Peiyang , Long Guankui , Ganguly Rakesh , Li Yongxin , Aratani Naoki , Yamada Hiroko , Zhang Qichun
Published: February 2016

A novel molecule, DTPTP, which originally is a p-type compound, can be switched to an n-type semiconductor through tetracyanoquinodimethane doping (co-crystallization).
Hyperbranched poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide) via RAFT self-condensing vinyl polymerization
Authors: Alfurhood Jawaher A. , Sun Hao , Bachler Patricia R. , Sumerlin Brent S.
Published: February 2016

We report the first synthesis of hyperbranched poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide) (HB-PHPMA) using reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) self-condensing vinyl polymerization (SCVP).
Controlled generation and use of CO in flow
Authors: Hansen Steffen V. F. , Wilson Zoe E. , Ulven Trond , Ley Steven V.
Published: February 2016

A tube-in-tube flow reactor allows the generation and immediate use of CO, without the need for CO cylinders.
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based hybridization chain reaction for in situ visualization of tumor-related mRNA
Authors: Huang Jin , Wang He , Yang Xiaohai , Quan Ke , Yang Yanjing , Ying Le , Xie Nuli , Ou Min , Wang Kemin
Published: February 2016

The ability to visualize tumor-related mRNA in situ in single cells would distinguish whether they are cancer cells or normal cells, which holds great promise for cancer diagnosis at an early stage.
A modularization approach for linear-shaped functional supercapacitors
Authors: Huang Yang , Zhu Minshen , Huang Yan , Li Hongfei , Pei Zengxia , Xue Qi , Liao Zhen , Wang Zifeng , Zhi Chunyi
Published: February 2016

A self-standing PPy-based tube common module is obtained by using a reciprocal formwork construction technique. This common module can be further assembled with other building blocks to fabricate high performance linear-shaped supercapacitors.
Cytosolic splice isoform of Hsp70 nucleotide exchange factor Fes1 is required for the degradation of misfolded proteins in yeast
Authors: Gowda Naveen Kumar Chandappa , Kaimal Jayasankar Mohanakrishnan , Masser Anna E. , Kang Wenjing , Friedländer Marc R. , Andréasson Claes
Published: February 2016

Cells maintain proteostasis by selectively recognizing and targeting misfolded proteins for degradation. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the Hsp70 nucleotide exchange factor Fes1 is essential for the degradation of chaperone-associated misfolded proteins by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Here we show that the FES1 transcript undergoes unique 3′ alternative splicing that results in two equally active isoforms with alternative C-termini, Fes1L and Fes1S. Fes1L is actively targeted to the nucleus and represents the first identified nuclear Hsp70 nucleotide exchange factor. In contrast, Fes1S localizes to the cytosol and is essential to maintain proteostasis. In the absence of Fes1S, the heat-shock response is constitutively induced at normally nonstressful conditions. Moreover, cells display severe growth defects when elevated temperatures, amino acid analogues, or the ectopic expression of misfolded proteins, induce protein misfolding. Importantly, misfolded proteins are not targeted for degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. These observations support the notion that cytosolic Fes1S maintains proteostasis by supporting the removal of toxic misfolded proteins by proteasomal degradation. This study provides key findings for the understanding of the organization of protein quality control mechanisms in the cytosol and nucleus.
The duration of sociosexual behaviors in male meadow voles Microtus pennsylvanicus varies before, during, and after copulation
Authors: Vaughn Ashlee A. , Ferkin Daniel A. , Delbarco-Trillo Javier , Ferkin Michael H.
Published: February 2016

The behaviors that surround copulation are characterized as sociosexual behaviors. These behaviors displayed by males that are directed at females may include allogrooming, wrestling, chasing, approach, and time spent together. The data supported the hypothesis that the duration of sociosexual behaviors differs during the pre-copulatory, peri-copulatory, and post-copulatory phases of the mating bout in meadow voles. Voles spent more time approaching conspecifics during the pre- and peri-copulatory phases than during the post-copulatory phase. Voles spent more time allogrooming, wrestling, and chasing during the pre-copulatory phase than during the peri- and post-copulatory phases. Voles spent similar amounts of time together during the pre-, peri-, and post-copulatory phases. The data suggest that sociosexual behaviors displayed by males may be involved in setting the pace and temporal components of the mating bout. During the pre-copulatory phase particular behaviors by male voles may attract females, during the peri-copulatory phase some of these behaviors may stimulate or motivate the female to mate, and during the post-copulatory phase certain behaviors may prepare the male to mate again.
Wing, tail, and vocal contributions to the complex acoustic signals of courting Calliope hummingbirds
Authors: Clark Christopher James
Published: February 2016

Multi-component signals contain multiple signal parts expressed in the same physical modality. One way to identify individual components is if they are produced by different physical mechanisms. Here, I studied the mechanisms generating acoustic signals in the courtship displays of the Calliope hummingbird Stellula calliope. Display dives consisted of three synchronized sound elements, a high-frequency tone (hft), a low frequency tone (lft), and atonal sound pulses (asp), which were then followed by a frequency-modulated fall. Manipulating any of the rectrices (tail-feathers) of wild males impaired production of the lft and asp but not the hft or fall, which are apparently vocal. I tested the sound production capabilities of the rectrices in a wind tunnel. Single rectrices could generate the lft but not the asp, whereas multiple rectrices tested together produced sounds similar to the asp when they fluttered and collided with their neighbors percussively, representing a previously unknown mechanism of sound production. During the shuttle display, a trill is generated by the wings during pulses in which the wingbeat frequency is elevated to 95 Hz, 40% higher than the typical hovering wingbeat frequency. The Calliope hummingbird courtship displays include sounds produced by three independent mechanisms, and thus include a minimum of three acoustic signal components. These acoustic mechanisms have different constraints and thus potentially contain different messages. Producing multiple acoustic signals via multiple mechanisms may be a way to escape the constraints present in any single mechanism.
Sleeping site use of the white-headed langur Trachypithecus leucocephalus: The role of predation risk, territorial defense, and proximity to feeding sites
Authors: Li Dayong , Zhou Qihai , Tang Xiaoping , Huang Henglian , Huang Chengming
Published: February 2016

We collected data on sleeping site use from two groups of white-headed langurs Trachypithecus leucocephalus living in Fusui Nature Reserve, China between August 2007 and July 2008. This information was used to test several hypotheses regarding ultimate causes of sleeping site use in this primate. White-headed langurs slept either in caves (17 sites) or on a cliff ledge (one site). They used all sleeping sites repeatedly, and reused some of them on consecutive nights; three nights was the longest consecutive use of any one sleep site. We suggest that langurs use sleeping sites to make approach and attack by predators difficult, and to increase their own familiarity with a location so as to improve chances for escape. Langurs’ cryptic behaviors with an increased level of vigilance before entering sleeping sites may also help in decreasing the possibility of detection by predators. Group 1 spent more sleeping nights in the central area of their territory than expected; in contrast, group 2 spent more sleeping nights in the periphery of their territory, which overlaps with that of another groups, than expected. The position of sleeping site relative to the last feeding site of the day and the first feeding site of the subsequent morning indicated a strategy closer to that of a multiple central place forager than of a central place forager. These results suggest that territory defense and food access may play an important role in sleeping site use of white-headed langurs.