bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying changes of effective springshed area and net recharge through recession analysis of spring flow
Authors: Ghosh Debapi K. , Wang Dingbao , Bilskie Matthew V. , Hagen Scott C.
Published: July 2016

The average flow of Silver Springs, one of the largest magnitude springs in Central Florida, declined 32% from 2000 to 2012. The average groundwater head in the springshed declined 0.14 m, and the spring pool altitude increased 0.24 m during the same period. This paper presents a novel explanation of the spring flow recession curve for Silver Springs using the Torricelli model, which uses the groundwater head at a sentinel well, the spring pool altitude and the net recharge to groundwater. The effective springshed area and net recharge (defined as recharge minus groundwater pumping and evapotranspiration) were estimated based on the observed recession slopes for spring flow, groundwater head and spring pool altitude. The results indicate that the effective springshed area continuously declined since 1989 and the net recharge declined since the 1970s with a significant drop in 2002. Subsequent to 2002, the net recharge increased modestly but not to the levels prior to the 1990s. The reduction in net recharge was caused by changes in hydroclimatic conditions including precipitation and air temperature, along with groundwater withdrawals, which contributed to the declined spring flow. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro mutagenic, antimutagenic, and antioxidant activities evaluation and biotransformation of some bioactive 4‐substituted 1‐(2‐methoxyphenyl)piperazine derivatives
Authors: Słoczyńska Karolina , Pańczyk Katarzyna , Waszkielewicz Anna M. , Marona Henryk , Pękala Elżbieta
Published: July 2016

In vitro mutagenic, antimutagenic, and antioxidant potency evaluation and biotransformation of six novel 4‐substituted 1‐(2‐methoxyphenyl)piperazine derivatives demonstrating antidepressant‐like activity were investigated. Mutagenic and antimutagenic properties were assessed using the Ames test; free radical scavenging activity was evaluated with 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay and biotransformation was performed with liver microsomes. It was found that all tested compounds are not mutagenic in bacterial strains TA100 and TA1535 and exhibit antimutagenic effects in the Ames test. Noteworthy, compounds possessing propyl linker between phenoxyl and N‐(2‐methoxyphenyl)piperazine displayed more pronounced antimutagenic properties than derivatives with ethoxyethyl linker. Additionally, compounds 2 and 6 in vitro biotransformation showed that primarily their hydroxylated or O‐dealkylated metabolites are formed. Some of the compounds exhibited intrinsic clearance values lower than those reported previously for antidepressant imipramine. To sum up, the results of the present study might represent a valuable step in designing and planning future studies with piperazine derivatives.
Characterization of polyphenols in apricot and peach purees by UHPLC coupled to HRMS Q‐Exactive™ mass spectrometer: an approach in the identification of adulterations
Authors: Cocconi E. , Stingone C. , Zanotti A. , Trifirò A.
Published: July 2016

The genuineness of fruit juices and purees is regulated by guidelines of European Fruit Juice Association. Nevertheless, the addition of peach puree to apricot puree is considered the most common adulteration, very difficult to discover. In this study, the composition in free and conjugated polyphenols of apricot and peach purees was performed by target and untarget approaches with Q‐Exactive™ quadrupole‐Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Apricot purees showed a higher polyphenol content than those of peaches. Between target coumpounds, chlorogenic acid, rutin, catechin and smaller quantities of hyperoside and kaempferol‐3‐rutinoside were found in both purees. Apricot puree was also found to contain epicatechin and procianidin B2, absent in peach puree. Peach puree was found to contain small amounts of kaempferol‐3‐glucoside, absent in apricot. In order to identify untarget polyphenols, data obtained by ultra‐high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis were processed with Thermo Scientific automated label‐free differential expression software (sieve™ 2.1 software). Three hydroxycinnamic acid conjugates and a procyanidin were identified and confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry spectra. Some compounds of interest found from differential analysis had a putative identification, while others remained unidentified. The high‐resolution mass spectrometry approach using Q‐Exactive™ quadrupole‐Orbitrap mass spectrometer could be an important and powerful tool for determination of new biomarkers in fruits and vegetables. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vascularized lymph node transfer from thoracodorsal axis for congenital and post filarial lymphedema of the lower limb
Authors: Venkatramani Hari , Kumaran Senthil , Chethan Shivannaiah , Sabapathy Shanmuganathan Raja
Published: July 2016

Vascularized lymph node transfer is becoming a popular method to treat lymphedema. We have performed vascularized lymph node transfer for two patients, one with congenital and the other with post filarial lymphedema of the lower limb. Lymph node transfer was performed from the thoracodorsal axis. Both cases exhibited improved results in both limb circumference and quality of life measurements. J. Surg. Oncol. 2017;115:78–83. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of a stir bar sorptive extraction method for the determination of volatile compounds in orange juices
Authors: Herrera Carla , Castro Remedios , García‐Barroso Carmelo , Durán‐Guerrero Enrique
Published: July 2016

A stir bar sorptive extraction method for the determination of volatile compounds in orange juices was developed. The extraction variables were optimized using a reduced two‐level factorial screening design (25‐1), and the most suitable analytical conditions for the extraction of the studied compounds were: sample volume 10 mL, extraction time 60 min, stirring speed 1800 rpm, NaCl amount 30% (weight/volume), and twister length 10 mm. The optimized method was further validated, obtaining good linearity and detection and quantification limits low enough to correctly determine the studied compounds. As well, for most of the studied compounds precision and recovery values were good. Several orange juice samples (squeezed and commercial) were extracted following the optimized extraction method and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry detection. The method has proven to be suitable for the determination of the aroma of orange juice, of which limonene was the major volatile compound in all the studied samples.
Rangeland Use Change to Agriculture Has Different Effects on Soil Organic Matter Fractions Depending on the Type of Cultivation
Authors: Zandi Leila , Erfanzadeh Reza , Joneidi Jafari Hamed
Published: July 2016

The agricultural use of natural ecosystem is increasing in the Middle East because of population growth in the most countries. The type of cultivation could affect the content of soil organic matter in the rangeland use changes into agriculture. Therefore, we compared soil organic matter fractions of semi‐arid rangelands with agricultural lands (wheat‐land, pea‐land and orchard) where have been changed from semi‐arid rangelands to agriculture 15 years before. The results showed that in general, total and particulate organic matter (TOM and POM) and total nitrogen (TN) were highest in the rangeland compared with the three‐agricultural lands in intact soil, macro‐aggregates and micro‐aggregates (p < 0·05). Nevertheless, TOM content in orchard (1·45%) was higher than the two other land uses, and there was no significant difference of TN between natural rangeland and orchard in intact soil. The highest values of POM were obtained in the rangeland (0·23%) and orchard (0·22%), and the lowest value of POM was obtained in the pea‐land (0·14%) and wheat‐land (0·08%) in macro‐aggregates. In micro‐aggregates, TOM, POM and TN were highest in the rangeland (1·77%, 0·23% and 0·19%, respectively) and showed similar pattern in the three‐agricultural lands. We discussed that compared with pea‐land and wheat‐land, orchard was received less negative impact on soil qualitative parameters in land use changes projects from rangeland into agriculture. We conclude that orchard could be a better option in rangeland use changes into agriculture compared with the other cultivations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Arsenic Antibacterial Polymer Composites Based on Poly(Vinyl Chloride)
Authors: Brostow Witold , Brumbley Stevens , Gahutishvili Marina , Hnatchuk Nathalie
Published: July 2016

New compositions based on arsenic oxide nanoparticles and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) were prepared. Sufficient antibacterial activity has been achieved for Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas syringae. The antibacterial materials so obtained are non‐irritant. At the same time, the PVC‐based composites have high thermal stability as demonstrated by thermogravimetric analysis and aging of samples; crosslinking enhances thermal stability. Still further, we have determined scratch resistance in a microscratch tester. High scratch resistance has been demonstrated, including strong viscoelastic scratch recovery (the bottom of the groove goes up inside of 2 minutes).
Evidence of Melt Reaction Between Poly(3‐Hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐Hydroxyhexanoate) and Epoxidized Natural Rubber as Investigated by DSC, Isothermal TGA and FTIR Analyses
Authors: Salim Yoga Sugama , Saiter Jean‐Marc , Natarajan Valliyappan David , Kumar Sudesh , Neon Gan Seng , Han Chan Chin
Published: July 2016

This work describes properties of a new polymeric system obtained after melt reaction between poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyhexanoate) [P(3HB‐co‐3HHx)] with 40% (in mass) of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry, infra‐red spectroscopy and confocal optical microscopy analysis were performed on this system. Before melt reaction, we found that ENR particles with diameters of more than 2 µm were homogeneously distributed in P(3HB‐co‐3HHx) phase using confocal optical microscope. From infrared spectroscopy, reaction engaged during the thermal cycle for sample preparation, leads to a melt reaction associated with inhibition of crystallization of P(3HB‐co‐3HHx) in the blend. This is also observed in DSC analysis. Furthermore, a progressive mass loss of up to 10% was observed after five half‐time of melt reaction by utilizing isothermal procedure in thermogravimetry.
Schatten class and Berezin transform of quaternionic linear operators
Authors: Colombo Fabrizio , Gantner Jonathan , Janssens Tim
Published: July 2016

In this paper, we introduce the Schatten class and the Berezin transform of quaternionic operators. The first topic is of great importance in operator theory, but it is also necessary to study the second one, which requires the notion of trace class operators, a particular case of the Schatten class. Regarding the Berezin transform, we give the general definition and properties. Then we concentrate on the setting of weighted Bergman spaces of slice hyperholomorphic functions. Our results are based on the S‐spectrum of quaternionic operators, which is the notion of spectrum that appears in the quaternionic version of the spectral theorem and in the quaternionic S‐functional calculus. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact analysis of arbitrarily‐shaped bodies using a finite element method and a smoothed particle hydrodynamics method
Authors: Tak Moonho , Park Taehyo
Published: July 2016

We propose a new method to obtain contact forces under a non‐smoothed contact problem between arbitrarily‐shaped bodies which are discretized by finite element method. Contact forces are calculated by the specific contact algorithm between two particles of smoothed particle hydrodynamics, which is a meshfree method, and that are applied to each colliding body. This approach has advantages that accurate contact forces can be obtained within an accelerated collision without a jump problem in a discrete time increment. Also, this can be simply applied into any contact problems like a point‐to‐point, a point‐to‐line, and a point‐to‐surface contact for complex shaped and deformable bodies. In order to describe this method, an impulse based method, a unilateral contact method and smoothed particle hydrodynamics method are firstly introduced in this paper. Then, a procedure about the proposed method is handled in great detail. Finally, accuracy of the proposed method is verified by a conservation of momentum through three contact examples. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mediating effects of dietary intake on associations of TV viewing, body mass index and metabolic syndrome in adolescents
Authors: Fletcher E. A. , McNaughton S. A. , Lacy K. E. , Dunstan D. W. , Carson V. , Salmon J.
Published: July 2016

Objective

Evidence suggests that TV viewing is associated with body mass index (BMI) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adolescents. However, it is unclear whether dietary intake mediates these relationships.

Methods

A cross‐sectional analysis was conducted in adolescents (12–19 years) participating in the 2003–2006 United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. BMI z scores (zBMI) (n = 3,161) and MetS (n = 1,379) were calculated using age‐ and sex‐specific criteria for adolescents. TV viewing (h/day) was measured via a self‐reported questionnaire, and dietary intake was assessed using two 24‐h recalls. Using the MacKinnon method, a series of mediation analyses were conducted examining five dietary mediators (total energy intake, fruit and vegetable intake, discretionary snacks, sugar‐sweetened beverages and diet quality) of the relationships between TV viewing and zBMI and MetS.

Results

Small positive relationships were observed between TV viewing and zBMI (β = 0.99, p < 0.001) and TV viewing and MetS (OR = 1.18, p = 0.046). No dietary element appeared to mediate the relationship between TV viewing and zBMI. However, sugar‐sweetened beverage consumption and fruit and vegetable intake partially mediated the relationship between TV viewing and MetS, explaining 8.7% and 4.1% of the relationship, respectively.

Conclusions

These findings highlight the complexity of the relationships between TV viewing, dietary intake and cardiometabolic health outcomes, and that TV viewing should remain a target for interventions.
Intermediate derivatisation method in the discovery of new acaricide candidates: synthesis of N‐substituted piperazine derivatives and their activity against phytophagous mites
Authors: Xie Yong , Xu Ying , Liu Changling , Guan Aiying , Ban Lanfeng , Ding Fei , Peng Wei
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND

To discover and exploit novel acaricidal compounds, a series of novel N‐substituted piperazine derivatives were designed and synthesised using a tert‐butyl piperazine‐1‐carboxylate as the starting material by intermediate derivatisation methods, and their acaricidal activities were evaluated.

RESULTS

Compounds 11 and 12 exhibited significant acaricidal activity against adults of Tetranychus cinnabarinus in greenhouse tests. Compound 12, in particular, was found to be the best potential candidate acaricide and proved to be more active than the commercial positive controls spirodiclofen and pyridaben, with an LC50 of 0.8977 mg L−1. Results concerning acaricidal activity against larvae and eggs of T. cinnabarinus indicated that compound 12 possessed equivalent larvicidal activity to spirodiclofen and higher larvicidal activity than pyridaben. Meanwhile, compound 12 showed less ovicidal activity than pyridaben, but higher activity than spirodiclofen. Furthermore, the results of the field trial demonstrated that compound 12 could effectively control Panonychus citri and P. ulmi with long‐lasting persistence and rapid action.

CONCLUSIONS

The present work indicates that compound 12 could be a novel acaricide candidate for spider mite control. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Sum of Squares Control Charts for Monitoring of Multivariate Multiple Linear Regression Profiles in Phase II
Authors: Ghashghaei Reza , Amiri Amirhossein
Published: July 2016

In this paper, we propose four control charts for simultaneous monitoring of mean vector and covariance matrix in multivariate multiple linear regression profiles in Phase II. The proposed control charts include sum of squares exponential weighted moving average (SS‐EWMA) and sum of squares cumulative sum (SS‐CUSUM) for monitoring regression parameters and corresponding covariance matrix and SS‐EWMARe and SS‐CUSUMRe control charts for monitoring mean vector and covariance matrix of residual. Proposed methods are able to identify the out‐of‐control parameter responsible for shift. The performance of the proposed control charts is compared with existing method through Monte‐Carlo simulations. Moreover, the diagnostic performance of the proposed control charts is evaluated through simulation studies. The results show better performance of the proposed control charts rather than competing control chart. Finally, the applicability of the proposed control charts is illustrated using a real case of calibration application in the automotive industry. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating overall exposure effects for the clustered and censored outcome using random effect Tobit regression models
Authors: Wang Wei , Griswold Michael E.
Published: July 2016

The random effect Tobit model is a regression model that accommodates both left‐ and/or right‐censoring and within‐cluster dependence of the outcome variable. Regression coefficients of random effect Tobit models have conditional interpretations on a constructed latent dependent variable and do not provide inference of overall exposure effects on the original outcome scale. Marginalized random effects model (MREM) permits likelihood‐based estimation of marginal mean parameters for the clustered data. For random effect Tobit models, we extend the MREM to marginalize over both the random effects and the normal space and boundary components of the censored response to estimate overall exposure effects at population level. We also extend the ‘Average Predicted Value’ method to estimate the model‐predicted marginal means for each person under different exposure status in a designated reference group by integrating over the random effects and then use the calculated difference to assess the overall exposure effect. The maximum likelihood estimation is proposed utilizing a quasi‐Newton optimization algorithm with Gauss–Hermite quadrature to approximate the integration of the random effects. We use these methods to carefully analyze two real datasets. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying cost‐effective dynamic policies to control epidemics
Authors: Yaesoubi Reza , Cohen Ted
Published: July 2016

We describe a mathematical decision model for identifying dynamic health policies for controlling epidemics. These dynamic policies aim to select the best current intervention based on accumulating epidemic data and the availability of resources at each decision point. We propose an algorithm to approximate dynamic policies that optimize the population's net health benefit, a performance measure which accounts for both health and monetary outcomes. We further illustrate how dynamic policies can be defined and optimized for the control of a novel viral pathogen, where a policy maker must decide (i) when to employ or lift a transmission‐reducing intervention (e.g. school closure) and (ii) how to prioritize population members for vaccination when a limited quantity of vaccines first become available. Within the context of this application, we demonstrate that dynamic policies can produce higher net health benefit than more commonly described static policies that specify a pre‐determined sequence of interventions to employ throughout epidemics. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic Counselling for Psychiatric Disorders: Accounts of Psychiatric Health Professionals in the United Kingdom
Authors: Jenkins Sian , Arribas‐Ayllon Michael
Published: July 2016

Genetic counselling is not routinely offered for psychiatric disorders in the United Kingdom through NHS regional clinical genetics departments. However, recent genomic advances, confirming a genetic contribution to mental illness, are anticipated to increase demand for psychiatric genetic counselling. This is the first study of its kind to employ qualitative methods of research to explore accounts of psychiatric health professionals regarding the prospects for genetic counselling services within clinical psychiatry in the UK. Data were collected from 32 questionnaire participants, and 9 subsequent interviewees. Data analysis revealed that although participants had not encountered patients explicitly demanding psychiatric genetic counselling, psychiatric health professionals believe that such a service would be useful and desirable. Genomic advances may have significant implications for genetic counselling in clinical psychiatry even if these discoveries do not lead to genetic testing. Psychiatric health professionals describe clinical genetics as a skilled profession capable of combining complex risk communication with much needed psychosocial support. However, participants noted barriers to the implementation of psychiatric genetic counselling services including, but not limited to, the complexities of uncertainty in psychiatric diagnoses, patient engagement and ethical concerns regarding limited capacity.
Enhancing Breastfeeding Through Healthcare Support: Results from a Focus Group Study of African American Mothers
Authors: Johnson Angela M. , Kirk Rosalind , Rooks Alfreda Jordan , Muzik Maria
Published: July 2016

ObjectivesTo explore African American women’s breastfeeding thoughts, attitudes, and experiences with healthcare professionals and subsequent influences on their breastfeeding interest and behavior. Insight was also sought about the most effective practices to provide breastfeeding support to African American women.MethodsThirty-eight pregnant or lactating African American women and racially diverse health professionals were recruited and participated in one of six membership specific focus groups in the metro Detroit area. An experienced focus group facilitator who was African American woman served as the primary group facilitator, using a semi-structured guide to discussions. Focus groups explored perceptions of personal and professional roles and behaviors that support African American women’s breastfeeding behavior. Discussions were digitally recorded and audiotapes were transcribed. Thematic content analysis was conducted in combination with a review of field notes.ResultsParticipants generally agreed that breastfeeding is the healthier feeding method but perceived that healthcare providers were not always fully supportive and sometimes discouraged breastfeeding. Non-breastfeeding mothers often expressed distrust of the information and recommendations given by healthcare providers and relied more on peers and relatives. Health professionals lacked information and skills to successfully engage African American women around breastfeeding.Conclusions for PracticeBreastfeeding initiation and duration among African American mothers may increase when postpartum breastfeeding interventions address social and cultural challenges and when hospital breastfeeding support with the right professional lactation support, is void of unconscious bias and bridges hospital, community, peers, and family support. Professional lactation training for healthcare professionals who are in contact with expectant and new mothers and an increase in the number of IBCLC of color could help.
Effects of Fat Content and Solid Fat Content on Caramel Texture Attributes
Authors: Mendenhall Heather , Hartel Richard W.
Published: July 2016

Fat plays an important role in caramel quality attributes, yet there is very little published work on how fat type and level influence caramel characteristics. Fat content was increased from 0 to 20 % to determine the effects of total fat content on caramel texture attributes such as cold flow, hardness, stickiness and tensile strength. Solid fat content (SFC) was also varied, from 3 to 90 %, by using commercially‐available fats with varied SFC at 22 °C. Cold flow decreased significantly with increased fat content, with greater effect for fats with higher SFC. Changes in caramel hardness with fat content were dependent on SFC. Hardness generally decreased with increasing fat content for the fats with low SFC, with the 3 % SFC fat softening the most. Hardness increased slightly with fat content for the hardest fat (90 % SFC). Stickiness generally decreased with increasing fat content although the effect was significantly higher with higher SFC fats. These results document that both fat content and SFC significantly influence caramel texture attributes.
Corn Crisps Enriched in Omega‐3 Fatty Acids Sensory Characteristic and its Changes During Storage
Authors: Rogalski Mateusz , Nowak Karolina , Fiedor Piotr , Szterk Arkadiusz
Published: July 2016

Extruded cereal snacks are usually deficient in protein, mineral ingredients, valuable fatty acids. With the rise of health awareness among consumers, food manufacturers and scientists are pressed to take measures in order to develop new functional/health‐beneficial foods. The aim of this work was to manufacture extruded crisps enriched with α‐linolenic acid (obtained from linseed oil) and to observe whether storage of the product for the period of 6 months would cause its disqualification, primarily due to its sensory properties and secondarily due to its chemical properties. The research demonstrated that the addition of linseed oil to corn crisps at the amount of 5 % enables to obtain functional corn crisps containing over 2 g of ALA in a portion of 100 g even after 6 months of storage at room temperature. ALA‐enriched crisps maintain the original sensory profile after 6 months of storage and their sensory profile is similar to the profile of crisps without the addition of linseed oil if they are packed in barrier packaging filled 100 % with argon. Therefore, they may be a healthier alternative to typical corn crisps.
Association of Cognitive Performance with Time at Altitude, Sleep Quality, and Acute Mountain Sickness Symptoms
Authors: Issa Amine N. , Herman Nicole M. , Wentz Robert J. , Taylor Bryan J. , Summerfield Doug C. , Johnson Bruce D.
Published: July 2016

Objective

It is well documented that cognitive performance may be altered with ascent to altitude, but the association of various cognitive performance tests with symptoms of acute mountain sickness (AMS) is not well understood. Our objective was to assess and compare cognitive performance during a high-altitude expedition using several tests and to report the association of each test with AMS, headache, and quality of sleep.

Methods

During an expedition to Mount Everest, 3 cognitive tests (Stroop, Trail Making, and the real-time cognitive assessment tool, an in-house developed motor accuracy test) were used along with a questionnaire to assess health and AMS. Eight team members were assessed pre-expedition, postexpedition, and at several time points during the expedition.

Results

There were no significant differences ( P >.05) found among scores taken at 3 time points at base camp and the postexpedition scores for all 3 tests. Changes in the Stroop test scores were significantly associated with the odds of AMS ( P <.05). The logistic regression results show that the percent change from baseline for Stroop score (β = −5.637; P = .032) and Stroop attempts (β = −5.269; P = .049) are significantly associated with the odds of meeting the criteria for AMS.

Conclusions

No significant changes were found in overall cognitive performance at altitude, but a significant relationship was found between symptoms of AMS and performance in certain cognitive tests. This research shows the need for more investigation of objective physiologic assessments to associate with self-perceived metrics of AMS to gauge effect on cognitive performance.
The current status of oncolytic viral therapy for head and neck cancer
Authors: Old Matthew O. , Wise‐Draper Trisha , Wright Chadwick L. , Kaur Balveen , Teknos Theodoros
Published: July 2016

Objective

Cancer affects the head and neck region frequently and leads to significant morbidity and mortality. Oncolytic viral therapy has the potential to make a big impact in cancers that affect the head and neck. We intend to review the current state of oncolytic viruses in the treatment of cancers that affect the head and neck region.

Method

Data sources are from National clinical trials database, literature, and current research.

Results

There are many past and active trials for oncolytic viruses that show promise for treating cancers of the head and neck. The first oncolytic virus was approved by the FDA October 2015 (T‐VEC, Amgen) for the treatment of melanoma. Active translational research continues for this and many other oncolytic viruses.

Conclusion

The evolving field of oncolytic viruses is impacting the treatment of head and neck cancer and further trials and agents are moving forward in the coming years.
Ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament observed during upper endoscopy for dysphagia
Authors: Yonenaga Kazumichi , Maita Hiroki , Yonehara Yoshiyuki , Namaki Shunsuke , Suenaga Hideyuki , Takato Tsuyoshi
Published: July 2016

The patient was a 78‐year‐old man with a chief complaint of dysphagia. Extrinsic displacement of the posterior hypopharyngeal wall was observed on upper endoscopy. The patient was diagnosed with ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament (OALL) of the cervical spine according to lateral cervical spine radiographic findings. The OALL caused dysphagia. In swallowing endoscopic assessments of patients with dysphagia, OALL of the cervical spine should be differentiated from other possible diagnoses by using radiography when extrinsic displacement of the posterior oropharyngeal or hypopharyngeal wall is observed.
Evolving perspectives on broad consent for genomics research and biobanking in Africa. Report of the Second H3Africa Ethics Consultation Meeting, 11 May 2015
Authors: de Vries J. , Littler K. , Matimba A. , McCurdy S. , Ouwe Missi Oukem-Boyer O. , Seeley J. , Tindana P.
Published: July 2016

A report on the Second H3Africa Ethics Consultation Meeting, which was held in Livingstone, Zambia on 11 May 2015. The meeting demonstrated considerable evolution by African Research Ethics Committees on thinking about broad consent as a consent option for genomics research and biobanking. The meeting concluded with a call for broader engagement with policy makers across the continent in order to help these recognise the need for guidance and regulation where these do not exist and to explore harmonisation where appropriate and possible.
Introduction
Authors: Schultheis Michael J.
Published: July 2016

In recent months the international news media has again focused on refugees and internally displaced people in Mozambique, Angola and the Horn of Africa. Many of these are “hunger migrants,” people on the move in search of food. But hunger is only one form of forced displacement. It is clear that drought and famine are the companions of war and civil conflict, which disrupts water supply, planting, harvesting and the patterns of economic life in the countryside. In some instances, this disruption is chosen as the means of warfare carried on against the population.

The papers in this symposium develop different aspects of the dynamics of displacement and repatriation. The first paper focuses on forced displacement in Africa, with special consideration of the situation in southern Africa. The second two papers take up the questions of repatriation and reintegration of refugees into their home communities. Together they raise the central issues, which governments and international agencies often are unwilling, or unable, to address.

The first paper presents a general overview of the refugee/displacement map in Africa and develops the general thesis that contemporary displacements in Africa, as elsewhere, are caused by economic and political forces which generate oppressive and dehumanizing situations. It evaluates the instruments which the international community has developed to protect refugees and notes the politics of refugee definition. The central thesis analyzes the geo-political forces involved in refugee generation in Africa, specifically in the southern African context. The conclusion looks at implications for collaborative action on the part of the university and nongovernmental communities in both northern and southern countries.
Comments on “The Promise of Partnership and Continuities of Dependence”
Authors: Court David
Published: July 2016

Higher education in Africa has gone from favored focus to disparaged wastrel to development engine in two decades.

—Joel Samoff and Bidemi Carroll

First and foremost, this is an impressive piece of scholarship. It provides an invaluable framework for the study of the ever-evolving relationship between universities in Africa and the diverse, not to say motley, set of external institutions (academic and financial) that have worked with them from the time of independence to the present. As a comprehensive and largely descriptive account it covers rather fully the variety of issues that have emerged in the course of these relationships and pulls together much important information and many of the sources from which future scholarship can depart. It represents in itself a major and impressive piece of research and compilation and goes far to fulfilling its expressed aim: “to provide the foundation for frank debates about the merits, modes, and pitfalls of partnerships” (p. 72).

The report is analytical in the sense of identifying issues, but judicious in seeking balanced comment, and because it is careful to avoid judgments, it steers clear of provocation. For this reader, and no doubt for others who lived and worked throughout much of the period being described, it also has an inevitable biographical quality. For that reason I had expected to be taking issue with some, if not a great deal, of its content. Not so! Because of the circumspection, the balanced perspective, and the careful restraint with which issues are presented, it is hard to disagree fundamentally with much of the account.
Theses on Sub-Saharan Africa Accepted by the University of California at Berkeley
Authors: Hoehn R. Philip , Judson Jean
Published: July 2016

This bibliography attempts to list all known theses on sub-Saharan Africa accepted by the University of California at Berkeley, and catalogued by the University Library through January, 1969. The earliest item is dated 1914. The list was compiled from a card file of theses arranged by academic department which is maintained by the Library's General Reference Service.

The availability of theses on interlibrary loan is indicated by symbols following the number of leaves (L) in the thesis. An asterisk indicates that the Library has catalogued more than one copy of a title, and that the second copy may be borrowed on interlibrary loan. The symbol # indicates that the Library's Graduate Social Science branch has an uncatalogued copy of the thesis which may be borrowed. Absence of these symbols indicates that the title is not available on interlibrary loan. Photocopies of all M.A. and those Ph.D. these completed before September, 1962 may be purchased from the Library's Photographic Service; those Ph.D. theses from September, 1962 on, from University Microfilms, Inc.

The bibliography is in two parts. The first part contains those items which cover more than one country, and is divided into General, Central Africa, East Africa, and West Africa; the second part, arranged by country (present name), lists those titles dealing with only one political unit.
Additions and Corrections to Janheinz Jahn's Bibliography of Neo-African Literature (1965)
Authors: Lindfors Bernth
Published: July 2016

Janheinz Jahn's Bibliography is the most useful reference work that bibliographers of African literature have yet produced. One may wish to quarrel with Jahn about his definition of “neo-African literature” or about some of the material he has chosen to include (e.g., unpublished manuscripts, sermons, travel books, political works, monographs) as well as some he has chosen to exclude (e.g., literary works by white African writers, collections of folklore), but one must applaud his thorough documentation and multilingual approach. No other bibliography of African literature has been so comprehensive and so accurate.

However, Jahn himself is aware that “there is no bibliography without gaps,” and he has invited others to help him “fill in these gaps and correct errors” (Jann, p. ix). It is hoped that the following list of additions and corrections will prove useful not only to Jahn but also to librarians, literary scholars, and other bibliographers. It is not to be taken as a complete list, for I have had neither the time nor the resources to check all of Jahn's entries or to search in more than a few libraries for missing titles. Of necessity my emphasis has been placed on materials written in European languages. I would encourage those who are aware of further errors and omissions to publish similar lists so that a more definitive bibliography of African literature can be prepared.
Teaching About Africa South of the Sahara in American Secondary Schools -- A Survey and a Challenge
Authors: Beyer Barry K.
Published: July 2016

The study of Africa south of the Sahara in American secondary schools has traditionally been most conspicuous by its absence. In fact, the secondary-school social studies curriculum, oriented as it has always been to the study of western civilization, has rarely allowed for the study of any nonwestern region or culture, least of all that of the “Dark Continent.” Now, however, this situation is changing, and changing rapidly. Considerable efforts are being made today to introduce the study of the Non-West into the curricula of many secondary schools. And, for a variety of reasons, an increasing number of schools are making special efforts to include Africa south of the Sahara in this study.

These efforts, however, are proving a difficult, if not insurmountable, challenge for most teachers and curriculum builders. Few, indeed, are the social studies teachers and supervisors with the academic training or extended living experience in the lands below the Sahara required to provide the insights upon which a worthwhile study of this region can be structured. Most schools do not have ready access to the advice of Africaniste on this subject. Even worthwhile printed guidelines for designing a study of this region are sorely lacking; with the exception of Leonard Kenworthy's Studying Africa in Elementary and Secondary Schools (10), there is not a single book, pamphlet, handbook, or curriculum guide to which teachers may profitably turn for help.
The politics of displacement-related land conflict in Yei River County, South Sudan
Authors: Justin Peter Hakim , van Leeuwen Mathijs
Published: July 2016

Drawing on empirical evidence from Yei River County in South Sudan, this paper argues that, rather than a temporary phenomenon, displacement may lead to a drastic reorganisation of land occupation and governance. Such reorganisation may become strongly connected to broader political contention. In the case of Yei, existing legal frameworks and institutions are inadequate to deal with land conflicts resulting from massive displacement and return. Crucially, historical grievances result in the displaced no longer being perceived as powerless victims, but as agents of a Dinka agenda to (re)occupy territories in Equatoria, and as perpetrators in land conflict. Such politics of land-control and identity may turn land disputes between displaced people and returnees into a major source of instability. At the same time, those displaced people who are not well-connected politically may lose their land rights.
New Science and Old Philosophy
Authors: Samuel Herbert
Published: July 2016

Cast a backward glance over the last hundred years and it will be seen at once where the greatest advance has been. We cannot claim, I fear, that it has been in philosophy. Nor yet has it been in the sphere of religion; nor in politics; nor in the arts. Plainly enough, it is in science that this age has excelled; and in industrial production through the help of science.
On the Principles Underlying Professor Milne's Cosmological Theory
Authors: Dingle Herbert
Published: July 2016

On page 95 appears a review of a book by Professor E. A. Milne in which is described a new theory of the metrical character of the world and the interpretation, in the light thereof, of many important astronomical phenomena. Although the author states that his object is not to criticize the general form of the principle of relativity, there appears to be a fundamental distinction between the viewpoints of Einstein and Milne which is frequently emphasized and which it is profoundly important to examine as minutely as possible, for if Professor Milne's claim is established the foundations of physics are essentially modified. The purpose of this article is to compare the outlooks implicit in Milne's theory and the theory of relativity, respectively, in order to see how far, if at all, current ideas require alteration. It should, be mentioned that, although Professor Milne speaks of his theory as “the principle of relativity in a much weaker form” (weaker, that is, in its power of restricting natural possibilities, not in its power of representing phenomena) and frequently uses the word “relativity” to describe it, we shall here, to prevent misunderstanding, restrict the meaning of the word to Einstein's theory.
Sovereignty and the State
Authors: Stedman R. E.
Published: July 2016

The question of political sovereignty must at all times be of acute academic interest, since it is practically impossible to say anything about the state without implying something about sovereignty, or vice versa. Political theory has very generally found this conception central to its inquiry; but in recent years the notion has been thrown into sharp relief by political events. In Fascism and Nazism the doctrine of state sovereignty is “made flesh” in startlingly substantial forms. These modern incarnations of Leviathan, and their threat to much which has come to be deeply valued, give unprecedented importance to an age-long discussion. Political theory is not to-day, if it has ever seemed, a simply academic issue, or an “arm-chair” branch of philosophy. Not all of those who carry through revolutions, who build barricades and defend them with their lives, have a clear philosophical theory of the state; but powerful beliefs and motives they certainly have; and it daily becomes more manifest that unless the world is content to allow its political future to be determined more and more by obscure visceral impulses or crude economic motives a more intense effort to achieve and to apply true beliefs in the political field is imperative.
I.—On Hamilton's Principal Function in Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Whittaker E. T.
Published: July 2016

The solution of a problem in classical dynamics can be described, as Hamilton showed in 1834, by its Principal Function. Considering for simplicity a conservative problem with one degree of freedom, let the co-ordinate at the instant t be q, and let the Lagrangean function be L. Let Q be the value of the co-ordinate at a previous instant T. Let the quantity , after the integration has been performed, be expressed in terms of (q, Q, t — T), and let the function thus obtained, which is Hamilton's Principal Function, be denoted by W.
IV.—Studies in Practical Mathematics. V. On the Iterative Solution of a System of Linear Equations
Authors: Aitken A. C.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

The convergence of customary processes of iteration for solving linear equations, in particular simple and Seidelian iteration, is studied from the standpoint of matrices. A new variant of Seidelian iteration is introduced. In the positive definite case it always converges, the characteristic roots of its operator being real and positive and less than unity.
Pulmonary Function Studies in Friedreich's Ataxia
Authors: Bureau M.A. , Ngassam P. , Lemieux B. , Trias A.
Published: July 2016

Pulmonary function tests were carried out on 20 patients with Friedreich's ataxia. The lung volume, diffusing capacity, flow rate, flowvolume curve, and blood gases were measured. In each patient the degree of scoliosis was measured and the pulmonary function tests were analyzed in relation to the scoliosis. A control group of 13 subjects with idiopathic scoliosis was used for comparison. In both groups, the degree of scoliosis was similar.
The Management of .22 Caliber Gunshot Wounds of the Brain: A Review of 49 Cases
Authors: Suddaby L. , Weir B. , Forsyth C.
Published: July 2016

We analyzed the charts and CT scans of 49 cases of civilian .22 caliber gunshot wounds of the brain admitted to the University of Alberta and Royal Alexandra Hospitals between 1975 and 1985. The average age of the patients was 30 years, 88% were males, 88% were suicide attempts. There were no deaths among patients with an initial coma score above 12 whereas the mortality rate was 85% for those admitted with a score of 7 or less. All those with fixed pupils on admission died. The overall mortality rate of 61% is comparable to that of other series of civilian gunshot wounds including those in which more aggressive surgical management was undertaken. We recommend that no treatment be given those cases with an admission coma score of 3 and/or fixed pupils and that simple scalp wound debridement be employed with those having a coma score of 7 or less. Tract exploration and retrieval of bullet fragments is not indicated, as retained fragments carry a very low incidence of complications (e.g. abscess formation). In patients in good condition (GCS ≥ 12) the management of intracranial hematomas should be independent of their etiology and approached aggressively.
Intraparenchymal Epithelial (Enterogenous) Cyst of the Medulla Oblongata
Authors: Lach Boleslaw , Russell Neville , Atack David , Benoit Brien
Published: July 2016

intraparenchymal solitary cyst of the medulla oblongata was diagnosed on MRI examination in a 66-year-old woman with a nine year history of progressive brainstem dysfunction and three negative CT scan examinations. Craniotomy and drainage of the cyst to the IVth ventricle led to remarkable clinical recovery. Biopsy of the wall of the cyst revealed an epithelial lining with tonofilaments, desmosomes and surface coating on ultrastructural examination. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated positive reactions of epithelium for keratins, cytokeratins, epithelial membrane antigen and Ulex Europeus lectin, indicating endodermal origin of the cyst.
Pediatric Head Injury Caused by Off-Road Vehicle Accidents
Authors: Cardoso E.R. , Pyper Alexander
Published: July 2016

Morbidity and mortality from pediatric head injuries associated with the use of off-road vehicles are increasing. We reviewed all such injuries admitted to acute care hospitals in the two largest urban centers in Manitoba between April 1979 and August 1986. Of 375 injured children, 83 suffered head injury, 70 boys and 13 girls. Ages ranged from 2 to 15 years, with a mean of 10.4 years. Head injury was defined as any injury involving face, scalp or nervous system. Dirtbikes were implicated in 34 accidents, snowmobiles in 28, 3-wheel ATV's in 19, and 4-wheel ATV's in 2. About 85% of accidents occurred in a rural setting. Loss of vehicle control was the most common cause of injury. Alcohol or drug abuse were not factors. Fifty (60.2%) patients suffered loss of consciousness, prolonged in 6 (7.2%). All head-injured children also suffered at least one associated injury, mainly involving the musculoskeletal system. Associated spinal injury occurred in 18%. The average hospital stay was 13 days. Three (3.6%) patients died as a result of head injury.