bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modern Society and Culture in Brazil
Authors: do Nascimento Arruda Maria Arminda
Published: December 2010

The establishment of modern sociology in Brazil was part of a thoroughgoing modernization of the country that began in the 1930s and the years immediately following World War II. The founding of the University of São Paulo made possible the systematic training of scientists devoted to teaching and research and broadened the way learning was understood. Florestan Fernandes was the outstanding personality among the first social scientists that the university produced, and the picture of the Brazilian sociologist today is largely inspired by his career. Enthusiasm and scientific rigor were the hallmarks of his approach. His early work reflects intellectuals’ shared belief in the power of ideas to regenerate the nation, freeing it from a past that they condemned. The mature reflection of his later works retreats from this optimistic view, recognizing the emergence of modern society in Brazil as a complex process with mixed results.
The Intersociety Professional Nutrition Education Consortium and American Board of Physician Nutrition Specialists
Authors: Heimburger Douglas C. , McClave Stephen A. , Gramlich Leah M. , Merritt Russell
Published: December 2010

A significant obstacle to nutrition literacy among physicians is a paucity of physician nutrition specialists (PNSs) on medical school faculties who can effectively advocate for change in medical school and residency curricula, and who can serve as role models for incorporating nutrition into patient care. To address these issues, the Intersociety Professional Nutrition Education Consortium (IPNEC) developed a paradigm for PNSs that is designed to attract more physicians into the field; promulgated educational standards for fellowship training of PNSs; and established a unified mechanism for certifying PNSs, the American Board of Physician Nutrition Specialists (ABPNS). With a board of directors consisting of members nominated by 7 professional nutrition societies in addition to at‐large members, the ABPNS incorporates broad participation by all professional nutrition societies that have substantial physician members. The ABPNS certificate is intended to be the premier comprehensive credential for physicians who wish to identify nutrition as an area of expertise. Certification is equally accessible to physicians with backgrounds in any of the specialties and subspecialties relevant to clinical nutrition. This article outlines the history and features of IPNEC and ABPNS and the consensus paradigm, training standards, and certification process they developed. We discuss achievements, opportunities, and challenges facing the maintenance of a consensus‐based certification body in order to inform future initiatives designed to expand the number of physician nutrition specialists.
Compilation of Recommendations From Summit on Increasing Physician Nutrition Experts
Authors: McClave Stephen A. , Mechanick Jeffrey I. , Kushner Robert F. , DeLegge Mark H. , Apovian Caroline M. , Brill Joel V. , Friedman Gerald , Heimburger Douglas C. , Jaksic Tom , Martindale Robert G. , Moore Frederick A. , Shikora Scott A.
Published: December 2010

This report compiles the list of recommendations derived from the Summit on Increasing Physician Nutrition Experts. The recommendations represent expert opinion on topics related to increasing the number of physicians who choose nutrition as a career option and on topics related to strengthening multidisciplinary educational programs, research activity, and clinical practice in nutrition in the future. The recommendations should not be interpreted to represent consensus, approval, or endorsement by attendees or participating societies. A simple prioritization scheme identifies those short‐term recommendations that should be more feasible, receive more immediate attention, and possibly require fewer resources than those described as long‐term. Many of these recommendations are already being acted upon by various groups within the participating societies. The listing of recommendations does not imply responsibility for implementation by Summit attendees. The role for any council arising from this Summit is yet to be defined but may certainly involve facilitating communication and collaboration of initiatives arising from many of the issues listed here.
Creation of Nutrition Support Centers of Excellence
Authors: Shikora Scott A. , Delegge Mark , Van Way Charles W.
Published: December 2010

In response to external pressures and events that threatened to adversely affect the field of bariatric surgery, the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery created a mechanism for certifying surgeons and their facilities to guarantee that bariatric surgery would be performed with the greatest degree of patient safety. Those surgeons and facilities that satisfied the requirements were designated as Bariatric Surgery Centers of Excellence (BSCOE). That process involved creating an independent, not‐for‐profit corporation, establishing the best practice criteria for certification, and developing the mechanism for evaluating surgeons and programs. After the successful implementation of this program, the American College of Surgeons introduced a similar program, Bariatric Surgery Center Network. It was believed that implementing a BSCOE program in the field of bariatric surgery would counteract the forces threatening to reduce patient access to surgery. Although some of the predicted benefits have been realized, many have not. Additionally, the process has been shown to be costly in terms of labor and monetary expense. The field of nutrition support has many similarities to bariatric surgery. Although no acute crisis threatens to adversely affect the field, leaders are considering the creation of a similar credentialing program. The decision to proceed with the development of a Nutrition Support Center of Excellence should be made after significant discussion centered on the potential benefits and problems related to such a program. The BSCOE process can be used as a successful model. This article reviews the issues leading up to the creation of the BSCOE, describes its certification process, mentions some of the benefits, and offers recommendations for the consideration of an NSCOE program.
What is the Significance of a Physician Shortage in Nutrition Medicine?
Authors: McClave Stephen A. , Mechanick Jeffrey I. , Bistrian Bruce , Graham Toby , Hegazi Refaat , Jensen Gordon L. , Kushner Robert F. , Merritt Russell
Published: December 2010

The practice of clinical nutrition is distributed across a wide spectrum of medical and surgical specialties. As a result, silos of nutrition activity tend to exist in isolation. Coincident with this process is a progressive shortage of physicians practicing nutrition medicine. Not surprisingly, physician membership in leading professional nutrition societies has been decreasing over the past 10 to 20 years. The number of physicians in the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition in 2009 was barely one‐third the number seen in 1990 (now <13% of the total membership). While The Obesity Society saw phenomenal growth this decade by more than 1,000 members (a nearly 70% increase), the number of physician members actually decreased by more than 100 (a 20% reduction in between the total membership). Two years ago, the number of physicians in the American Society for Nutrition fell to a range of between 100 to 150 members. The number of physicians sitting for board examinations in nutrition also decreased, such that over the past 4 years, only between 27 and 31 physicians have sat for 1 of 3 exams in clinical nutrition. This summit was convened to address the myriad issues that face the physician nutritionist and contribute to this shortage—issues related to education, board certification, research, and practice management. To correct this problem, and ultimately increase the number of physicians in the field of nutrition, Summit participants were charged with developing short term and long‐term strategies with specific recommendations for change. A consortium or council for collaboration among professional nutrition and medical/surgical societies is needed to pursue these initiatives and foster ongoing communication among vested parties.
Defining the Roles and Responsibilities of Medical, Surgical, and Nutrition Societies for Conducting Research and Providing Medical Education in Nutrition
Authors: Jaksic Tom , McMahon M. Molly , Ziegler Tom , Mechanick Jeffrey I.
Published: December 2010

Nutrition research and education are the domains of many societies with somewhat divergent but often largely overlapping interests. Given the lack of consensus regarding appropriate nutrition therapy and the cacophony of educational efforts, cooperative endeavors seem prudent. The development of research consortia, data registries, tissue repositories, and a statistical core are all potentially beneficial. Such resources would result in clinical trials and quality improvement initiatives. Coordinated professional and public education, matched policy initiatives, and a unified process for the development of clinical guidelines are also desirable. The creation of durable alliances between nutrition societies and clinical organizations will require considerable effort and innovation.
Developing a Mentoring Program in Clinical Nutrition
Authors: Martindale Robert G. , McClave Stephen , Heyland Daren , August David
Published: December 2010

Mentoring programs in nutrition are essential to the survival of clinical nutrition as we know it today. The best method known to maintain an influx of talent to a discipline is by developing an active mentoring program. This paper describes 1 concept for development of a viable mentor program. Mentoring should be flexible and based on mentees' training background. Realistic goals should be set, with written and verbal feedback, to sustain a successful program. Programs should incorporate the Socratic Method whenever possible. Factors that leave doubt about the survival of nutrition as a viable area of focus for physicians include the inability to generate adequate funds to support oneself and limited numbers of mentors available with dedicated time to be a mentor. A healthy, sustainable mentoring program in clinical nutrition will ensure survival of physician‐based nutrition programs.
Specialty Residency Training in Medical Nutrition Education
Authors: DeLegge Mark H. , Alger‐Mayer Sharon , Van Way Charles W. , Gramlich Leah
Published: December 2010

Nutrition education among residents in training is at a critical juncture. There is a general lack of a unified curriculum, a lack of nutrition physician mentors, and a failure to properly train physicians about nutrition. In surveys, residents in training have acknowledged their minimal nutrition education. Pub‐ lished data and training experiences suggest the importance of creating physician mentors in nutrition who are embedded in residency training programs. The development of recurrent short‐term nutrition credentialing courses and online nutrition tool kits is also thought to be important in future residency training.
A Vision of the Future for Physician Practice in Nutrition
Authors: Brill Joel V. , August David , DeLegge Mark H. , Hegazi Refaat , Jensen Gordon L. , Van Way Charles W. , McClave Stephen A.
Published: December 2010

One obstacle that may discourage physician trainees from pursuing a career in clinical nutrition is the perception that such physician practice does not generate sufficient income. A review of the history of Medicare and the current payment system for healthcare services by the U.S. government is essential to understand which members and what services provided by a nutrition support team (NST) will be reimbursed. Patients who require nutrition therapy tend to have multiple comorbidities, which should allow for a higher level of billing under evaluation and management codes. Despite the fact that an intact NST improves outcome and helps ensure patient safety, such teams may not be able to function independently and remain financially sustainable. Hospital administration should be mandated to support an institutional nutrition service. Strategies to define malnutrition and identify measures of quality nutrition care should help demonstrate the value and promote the importance of a functioning NST.
The Impact of Implementing Smoking Bans Among Incarcerated Substance Users: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Chang Chih-Cheng , Huang Chih-Ling , Chen Chih-Yin
Published: December 2010

This article reports a study evaluating the effects of implementing smoking bans among drug-using prisoners in Taiwan. Seventy-seven new entrants were recruited in May 2008. Six focus groups were conducted in a prison-based treatment center, the only prison with a total smoking ban in Taiwan. All the subjects were male and their average age was 37 years. Three general reactions to the ban were identified across all focus groups: (a) unfair/hypocritical policy; (b) being forced to stop smoking; and (c) finding ways to smoke anyway. Future studies should compare the effects of total versus partial smoking bans among drug abusers in prison to better explore policy options.
A Survey Comparing the Attitudes Toward Perinatal Bereavement Care of Nurses From Three Asian Cities
Authors: Moon Fai Chan  , Lou Feng-lan , Arthur David Gordon
Published: December 2010

Caring for parents whose infant has died is extremely demanding, difficult, and stressful. In some situations, nurses may experience personal failure, feel helpless, and need to distance themselves from bereaved parents because they are unable to deal with the enormity of the parental feelings of loss. The aim of the study was to describe and compare attitudes toward perinatal bereavement care across a sample of nurses working in five obstetrics and gynecology settings from three Asian cities, as well as the factors associated with these attitudes. A survey was conducted, and 573 nurses were recruited from 2006 to 2007. The data were collected using the perinatal bereavement attitudes scale, which involves an 11-item self-report questionnaire. Nurses’ attitudes were mainly positive, but differed across cities, with the attitude of Jinan nurses being significantly more positive than nurses from the other two cities, and the attitude of Hong Kong nurses being significantly the lowest. Positive attitudes were associated with position, and nurses who were well informed of hospital policy and received training for bereavement care were statistically significantly more likely to have a positive attitude toward perinatal bereavement care. Although nurses’ attitudes to prenatal bereavement care differ significantly across the three Asian cities, they are generally similar. The differences observed could be related to the wider social, cultural, and organizational circumstances of nursing practice.
Equity, Emotion, and Household Division of Labor Response
Authors: Lively Kathryn J. , Steelman Lala Carr , Powell Brian
Published: December 2010

Building upon insights generated by social psychological scholarship on equity, emotions, and identity, we use the General Social Survey (1996) Modules on Emotion and Gender and the National Survey of Family and Households (1992—1994) to investigate the relationship between perceived inequity in the household division of labor and emotion. These surveys enable us to assess the degree to which patterns identified in short-term laboratory studies of relative strangers are generalizable to enduring relationships among intimates. We move beyond existing studies that link inequity in the home with depression by incorporating a broader scope of emotions and further by distinguishing between underbenefiting and overbenefiting—i.e., doing what one considers more or less than one’s fair share—and by examining these processes for women and men. We find general support for principles of equity theory: That is, emotions are closely tied to perceived inequity in the division of household labor. Guided by insights from Kemper’s structural interactional theory of emotion and affect control theory, we show that this pattern differs by specific emotions, the direction of the inequity, and the sex of the perceiver. Implications for understanding emotion, equity theory, and family are then elaborated.
Passing as Black: Racial Identity Work among Biracial Americans
Authors: Khanna Nikki , Johnson Cathryn
Published: December 2010

Drawing on interview data with black-white biracial adults, we examine the considerable agency most have in asserting their racial identities to others. Extending research on ‘‘identity work’’ (Snow and Anderson 1987), we explore the strategies biracial people use to conceal (i.e., pass), cover, and/or accent aspects of their racial ancestries, and the individual and structural-level factors that limit the accessibility and/or effectiveness of some strategies. We further find that how these biracial respondents identify is often contextual—most identify as biracial, but in some contexts, they pass as monoracial. Scholars argue that passing may be a relic of the past, yet we find that passing still occurs today. Most notably, we find a striking reverse pattern of passing today—while passing during the Jim Crow era involved passing as white, these respondents more often report passing as black today. Motivations for identity work are explored, with an emphasis on passing as black.
Intergroup Contact and Ingroup Reappraisal: Examining the Deprovincialization Thesis
Authors: Verkuyten Maykel , Thijs Jochem , Bekhuis Hidde
Published: December 2010

According to the deprovincialization thesis, interethnic contact involves a reappraisal and distancing from the ingroup. Contact can broaden one’s horizon by acknowledging and recognizing the value of other cultures and thereby putting the taken-for-granted own cultural standards into perspective. The current research uses data from three surveys to examine the relationship between quantity of outgroup contact and ingroup distance (ingroup identification and ingroup feelings) among native Dutch participants. More positive contact with ethnic outgroups was expected to lead to a higher endorsement of multiculturalism, that, in turn, is related to a stronger distancing from the ingroup. Findings in all three studies support the deprovincialization thesis. In addition, in Study 3, mediation is found independently of outgroup threat. Findings across the three studies confirm the stability of the results and cross-validate the deprovincialization thesis.
How Does Prayer Help Manage Emotions?
Authors: Sharp Shane
Published: December 2010

Many individuals use prayer to manage negative emotions, but scholars know little about how prayer accomplishes this task. Using in-depth interview data from victims of intimate partner violence, I argue that prayer is an imaginary social support interaction that provides individuals with resources they use to perform individual emotion management strategies. In particular, interactions with God through prayer provide individuals (1) an other to whom one can express and vent anger; (2) positive reflected appraisals that help maintain self-esteem; (3) reinterpretive cognitions that make situations seem less threatening; (4) an other with whom one can interact to ‘‘zone out’’ negative emotion-inducing stimuli; and (5) an emotion management model to imitate. Most of these resources help individuals deal primarily with a particular type of emotion and have an appreciable influence on social action. The analysis presented suggests that scholars should investigate how interactions with imagined others help individuals manage emotions.
Diagnostic Algorithm to Differentiate Lymphoma From Inflammation in Feline Small Intestinal Biopsy Samples
Authors: Kiupel M. , Smedley R. C. , Pfent C. , Xie Y. , Xue Y. , Wise A. G. , DeVaul J. M. , Maes R. K.
Published: December 2010

Differentiating between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and small intestinal lymphoma in cats is often difficult, especially when only endoscopic biopsy specimens are available for evaluation. However, a correct diagnosis is imperative for proper treatment and prognosis. A retrospective study was performed using surgical and endoscopic intestinal biopsy specimens from 63 cats with a history of chronic diarrhea or vomiting or weight loss. A diagnosis of lymphoma or inflammation was based on microscopic examination of hematoxylin and eosin (HE)–stained sections alone, HE-stained sections plus results of immunohistochemical labeling (IHC) for CD3e and CD79a, and HE staining, immunophenotyping, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results for B and/or T cell clonality. In addition, various histomorphologic parameters were evaluated for significant differences between lymphoma and IBD using Fisher’s exact test. The sensitivity and specificity of each parameter in the diagnosis of lymphoma were also determined. Results of Bayesian statistical analysis demonstrated that combining histologic evaluation of small intestinal biopsy specimens with immunophenotyping and analysis of clonality of lymphoid infiltrates results in more accurate differentiation of neoplastic versus inflammatory lymphocytes. Important histologic features that differentiated intestinal lymphoma from IBD included lymphoid infiltration of the intestinal wall beyond the mucosa, epitheliotropism (especially intraepithelial nests and plaques), heterogeneity, and nuclear size of lymphocytes. Based on the results of this study, a stepwise diagnostic algorithm that first uses histologic assessment, followed by immunophenotyping and then PCR to determine clonality of the lymphocytes, was developed to more accurately differentiate between intestinal lymphoma and IBD.
A new approach for dealing with depressions in digital elevation models when calculating flow accumulation values
Authors: Arnold Neil
Published: December 2010

Calculation of flow accumulation (also known as upstream area) matrices from digital elevation models (DEMs) is a very common procedure in hydrological studies, and also has been used in other disciplines within physical geography, such as glaciology. A problem with such calculations has always been the presence of closed depressions in DEMs; flow is directed towards such areas, but then cannot ‘escape’. In many implementations of flow accumulation algorithms such depressions have been removed from the DEM with some form of pre-processing algorithm which typically transform depressions into flat areas, across which area can then be routed. This approach effectively assumes that all depressions in a DEM are therefore artifacts, and not true features within the landscape. The proliferation of very high quality, high precision, and fine spatial resolution DEMs in recent years means that such an assumption is increasingly difficult to support. In this paper, some of the main flow accumulation algorithms and some existing techniques for dealing with closed depressions in DEMs are reviewed. A new algorithm is presented which assumes that such depressions are real features in the landscape, and which allows them to ‘fill’ and then ‘overflow’ into downstream areas within the DEM. Examples with a synthetic and two real DEMs suggest that, at least in these cases, the assumption that depressions are real is justified. These results also suggest that determining the size distribution for depressions within a DEM could form the basis for identifying whether artifact depressions are a problem in individual DEMs.
Interglacial climates: Advances in our understanding of warm climate episodes
Authors: Schreve Danielle , Candy Ian
Published: December 2010

The Quaternary is characterized by the alternation of relatively brief periods of temperate climate (interglacials) with episodes of extreme cold, often with the build-up of extensive continental ice sheets. Over the last decade, new research has revealed far greater complexity and diversity in the interglacial record than previously recognized, with temperate-climate episodes of markedly different duration, stability and intensity. These findings not only shed light on the climatic parameters behind changing floras and faunas during the Pleistocene but also aid our understanding of climatic evolution during the Holocene (the current interglacial), in particular the search for the most appropriate past analogues. In this progress report, we review the basis for interglacial complexity, drawing upon the evidence from long continuous terrestrial records in the Mediterranean, Antarctic ice cores and river terrace sequences in western Europe, before using the details of the British Quaternary interglacial record as an example of how marine and terrestrial records can be linked.
Uncertainty in the construction of global knowledge of tropical forests
Authors: Grainger Alan
Published: December 2010

Knowledge of tropical forest change remains uncertain, affecting our ability to produce accurate estimates of globally aggregated parameters to support clear global statements about ‘the tropical forests’. This paper reviews current methods for constructing global knowledge of changes in tropical forest area, carbon density, biodiversity and ecosystem services. It finds a deficiency in formal institutions for global measurement and constructing global knowledge. In their absence, informal institutions have proliferated, increasing the spread of estimates. This is exacerbated by dependence on inaccurate official statistics, which has limited construction of knowledge about forest area change through modelling. Employing the new concept of the Knowledge Exchange Chain shows the interdependence of different disciplines in constructing composite information. Limitations linked to compartmentalization and scale are present, as predicted by the ‘post-normal hypothesis’. Disciplinary compartmentalization has impeded construction of information about forest carbon and biodiversity change. There is growth in interdisciplinary research into modelling forest change and estimating carbon emissions using remote sensing data, but not in studying biodiversity. Continuing uncertainty has implications for implementing the Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) scheme. Uncertainty could be reduced by expanding formal scientific institutions, e.g. by establishing an operational scientific global forest monitoring system, and devising formal generic rules for constructing global environmental knowledge.
Centering Marxist-Feminist Theory in Adult Learning
Authors: Carpenter Sara
Published: December 2010

Using feminist extensions of Marxist theory, this article argues that a Marxist-feminist theory of adult learning offers a significant contribution to feminist pedagogical debates concerning the nature of experience and learning. From this theoretical perspective, the individual and the social are understood to exist in a mutually determining relationship, with a social world conceptualized as active human practice. The primary theoretical task is then to rearticulate the central relations of adult learning theory (the individual, the social, and experience), which necessitates a dialectical formation of social difference and oppression. This allows for an examination of the reification of experience as a core relation of adult learning theory and a reimagining of feminist praxis.
Effects of mechanical stimulation in osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells on aligned nanofibrous scaffolds
Authors: Ngiam Michelle , Liao Susan , Ong Jun Jie Timothy , Xiaodi Sui  , Yixiang Dong  , Ramakrishna S. , Chan Casey K
Published: December 2010

Mechanical stimulation is one of the factors that regulating bone regeneration and healing. In this study, the biological responses of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to mechanical stimuli on aligned nanofibers and cast films were investigated. The uniaxial cyclic strain (1% strain and 1 Hz) was applied continuously to the cell substrates and osteoblastic activities were assessed at weeks 1, 2, and 4. The MSCs morphology on the aligned nanofibers was more elongated and spindle-like than MSCs on the cast films. Strain stimulation significantly attenuated the proliferation at week one but was significantly enhanced at week 4 for both types of substrates. Only the MSCs on strained nanofibers had greater alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels at week one, while the ALP hindered the MSCs on both substrates at week 4. Strain application played a greater influence on osteocalcin expression for the cast films than the nanofibers at week 4. Clearly, the cellular response to strain induction was highly dependent on the surface—cell adhesion, which itself was greatly influenced by the surface texture of the substrate.
LinkedIn and Facebook in Belgium
Authors: Caers Ralf , Castelyns Vanessa
Published: December 2010

This study investigates whether Belgian recruitment and selection (R&S) professionals use LinkedIn and Facebook during their R&S procedures and to what extent. A total of 398 and 353 respondents, respectively, from various sectors and from organizations of various sizes, responded to an online questionnaire concerning Facebook and LinkedIn. Descriptive analyses indicate that both the social network sites have become extra tools for recruiting applicants, to find additional information about them, and to decide who will be invited for an interview. Belgian R&S professionals do, however, use LinkedIn and Facebook in a different way, both for recruitment and for selection. Finally, it is shown that while R&S professionals claim profile pictures on Facebook do not provide signals on personality dimensions like emotional stability and agreeableness, they do tend to recognize signals of extraversion and maturity. The latter creates the risk that common selection biases occur even before the first interview.
Approaching E-Government Interoperability
Authors: Gascó Mila
Published: December 2010

E-government interoperability is not something new. However, this term has grown in importance as a result of the need to design and offer more sophisticated and complex e-government services that, many times, require the collaboration of two or more public institutions. Meaningful research on this topic could therefore be helpful in providing a basis for more clarity, insight, and understanding of this important topic. This is what this special issue is aimed at: to generate new and relevant scholarly contributions on interoperability that gather the diverse interests of an experienced set of authors, geographically distributed and with different perspectives on this issue.
Florence Nightingale’s Contribution to Contemporary Nursing Ethics
Authors: Hoyt Stephanie
Published: December 2010

Florence Nightingale brought nursing from a disreputable and immoral vocation into the honest and ethical profession that is enjoyed today by emphasizing strict morals in the personal and work lives of her nursing students. In modern day, ethical principles guide the nursing profession and have many relevant connections to Nightingale’s morals. Just as the high moral character of Nightingale’s nurses helped nursing rise to a profession in her day, teaching and following ethical principles is crucial in furthering the nursing profession in our day.
An Exploration of the Nature of Caring Relationships in the Writings of Florence Nightingale
Authors: Wagner Debra J. , Whaite Bonnie
Published: December 2010

The purpose of this qualitative, historical field study was to identify the nature and attributes of caring relationships as depicted in the writings of Florence Nightingale. Latent content analysis was the methodology used for the discovery and analysis of words, ideas, and themes from selected Nightingale works. Five themes were identified that represented a caring relationship: attend to, attention to, nurture, competent, and genuine. These themes are congruent with Nightingale’s threefold concept of nursing. Watson’s carative factors were used to cross-validate the results. The findings of this study indicate that the phenomenon of caring relationships in nursing has been a part of our professional language since Victorian times. Historical research provides a sense of connectedness to nursing’s past and contributes to the ongoing education of nurses and further development of the nursing profession.
Powerful Postures Versus Powerful Roles
Authors: Huang Li , Galinsky Adam D. , Gruenfeld Deborah H , Guillory Lucia E.
Published: December 2010

Three experiments explored whether hierarchical role and body posture have independent or interactive effects on the main outcomes associated with power: action in behavior and abstraction in thought. Although past research has found that being in a powerful role and adopting an expansive body posture can each enhance a sense of power, two experiments showed that when individuals were placed in high- or low-power roles while adopting an expansive or constricted posture, only posture affected the implicit activation of power, the taking of action, and abstraction. However, even though role had a smaller effect on the downstream consequences of power, it had a stronger effect than posture on self-reported sense of power. A final experiment found that posture also had a larger effect on action than recalling an experience of high or low power. We discuss body postures as one of the most proximate correlates of the manifestations of power.
Science in West Asia and North Africa
Authors: Waast Roland
Published: December 2010

This article comments on a collection of articles (in this issue) dealing with the status of science in the Arab world. The author stresses first the interest to bring fresh and accurate data on this region, where S&T institutions are rapidly changing and poorly documented. A second main point is that in such intermediary countries, where the institutionalisation of science is in progress, usual concepts like ‘scientific communities’, research and innovation ‘systems’ or ‘the role of the scientist’ do not readily apply. Other notions have to be coined to account for the motivations of the actors, the aim of policies and the paths to change. Finally the article distinguishes a variety of scientific landscapes, from Maghreb to the Gulf States. It insists on two main factors of dynamics: the social grounding of science, which derives from images of knowledge and from the ambient values; and the social support science has acquired (through an implicit alliance with specific groups).
Research in Arab Countries (North Africa and West Asia)
Authors: Waast Roland
Published: December 2010

The paradox in the Arab world is that one comes across obvious talents, pulling greatly the output upwards, while no specific goal is commonly ascribed to research. The social inscription of science remains unsteady and the proper function of research is vague. Moreover, there are great differences between sub-regions (the Gulf countries, Machreq and Maghreb) and even between countries as for the age and context of scientific activity, the socio-cognitive blocs supporting it, the nature of institutional arrangements, financing and organising solutions. Following repeated warnings from experts on the region, a new concern for research has been rising since a few years. Behind Tunisia (which is well ahead) Maghreb countries are moving towards the building of a ‘research system’, with its own organisation and funding. Several Gulf countries are developing ‘Singaporean strategies’, resorting to world knowledge and industrial resources with a view to innovation. The pressure of globalisation and the need to discover new resources may induce a higher regard for science, the improvement of its environment and the hope for setting up scientific communities.
Monitoring Research and Innovation Policies in the Mediterranean Region
Authors: Arvanitis Rigas , M’henni Hatem
Published: December 2010

The article shows how new policy tools are designed in the Mediterranean countries for the monitoring of research and innovation. It relies on the results of a large European project, ESTIME, funded by the European Union that aimed at describing the state of research and technology policies and systems of partner countries in the Mediterranean. Other initiatives are also mentioned that aimed at gathering information on research and innovation systems in the Middle East and North African countries (MENA). The article presents the importance of the European Union as a reference for this monitoring activity. It also shows that the new tools, for example, innovation surveys, are a part of the policy process itself. Finally, it presents the main characteristics of public policies, their recent turn toward innovation and the effects that these policies have had on the institutions and actors promoting innovation which we propose to call the ‘innovation world’. Two examples are presented in more detail, Tunisia and Morocco, since both countries have been actively promoting innovation policies and have developed innovation surveys.
Research in Context
Authors: Larzillière Pénélope
Published: December 2010

Research in Jordan is a university-driven activity, as in Lebanon, historically based on three public universities—Jordan University, Jordan University for Science and Technology and Yarmouk University. However, while recent development has seen the steady decline of scientific output at Yarmouk University, the more recently established public Hashemite University has increased its scientific output—particularly through its specialisation in environmental sciences. Even if the national scientific authorities work more through incentives than development plans, an overlap between national priorities and research specialisations can be observed. Indeed engineering, medicine and chemistry are especially important in Jordan, mainly through partnership with the US or, concerning Chemistry, with Germany. Gulf countries are a second important pole which attracts Jordanian professors for teaching, mainly for salary reasons. It is too early to call it brain drain since Jordanian professors only stay for one or two years before going back to Jordan. Moreover, the Jordanian official policy actively promotes the exportation of skilled staff. However, this situation may change if Gulf countries succeed in keeping this foreign staff.
Scientific Production in Arab Countries
Authors: Waast Roland , Rossi Pier-Luigi
Published: December 2010

There is a need for data about Arab research systems. Some recent international reports have called into question their lack of interest in developing scientific creations. Yet rapid changes are taking place. This article shows the trends and local shades of the scientific output (in terms of internationally recognised publications) in West Asia and North Africa.
Integral Piezoactuator System with Optimum Placement of Functionally Graded Material — A Topology Optimization Paradigm
Authors: Carbonari Ronny C. , Paulino Glaucio H. , Silva Emilio C.N.
Published: December 2010

Piezoactuators consist of compliant mechanisms actuated by two or more piezoceramic devices. During the assembling process, such flexible structures are usually bonded to the piezoceramics. The thin bonding layer(s) between the compliant mechanism and the piezoceramic may induce undesirable behavior, including unusual interfacial nonlinearities. This constitutes a drawback of piezoelectric actuators and, in some applications, such as those associated to vibration control and structural health monitoring (e.g., aircraft industry), their use may become either unfeasible or at least limited. A possible solution to this standing problem can be achieved through the functionally graded material concept and consists of developing ‘integral piezoactuators’, that is those with no bonding layer(s) and whose performance can be improved by tailoring their structural topology and material gradation. Thus, a topology optimization formulation is developed, which allows simultaneous distribution of void and functionally graded piezoelectric materials (including both piezo and non-piezoelectric materials) in the design domain in order to achieve certain specified actuation movements. Two concurrent design problems are considered, that is the optimum design of the piezoceramic property gradation, and the design of the functionally graded structural topology. Two-dimensional piezoactuator designs are investigated because the applications of interest consist of planar devices. Moreover, material gradation is considered in only one direction in order to account for manufacturability issues. To broaden the range of such devices in the field of smart structures, the design of integral Moonie-type functionally graded piezoactuators is provided according to specified performance requirements.
Outcome of young children with autism
Authors: Darrou Céline , Pry René , Pernon Eric , Michelon Cécile , Aussilloux Charles , Baghdadli Amaria
Published: December 2010

The study aims were to identify developmental trajectories of young children with autism and investigate their prognostic factors. The participants were 208 children, assessed first at the age of 5 years, followed longitudinally, and reassessed 3 years later. The children’s clinical characteristics and the interventions received were recorded. The results indicated two distinct outcome groups with more stability than change. When changes did occur, they pertained to symptom severity (which decreased) and speech level and adaptive behavior (which improved). A logistic regression analysis pointed out two main risk factors (symptom severity and speech level) and two main protection factors (communication skills and person-related cognition). Surprisingly, the amount of intervention (in terms of number of hours) was not related to outcome.
Gender and financial accounts in marriage
Authors: Singh Supriya , Morley Clive
Published: December 2010

We draw on the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey conducted in 2006, and a qualitative study of online banking and intimate relationships conducted in 2005—6 in Australia. We find that more women than men have a mix of joint and separate accounts. Migrants born in a non-English-speaking country, and those who have been remarried are less likely to have joint accounts only. Employment status is also important, but income is not significant in determining types of accounts held. This relates to financial accounts being only marginally relevant to the way people manage and control their money. Our article helps explain how people represent to themselves their balance of separateness and jointness in money in marriage.
Medical travel and the sale of human biological materials: Suggestions for ethical policy development
Authors: Martin Dominique
Published: December 2010

The international medical travel industry includes patients seeking to access human biological materials (HBM) including gametes, organs and stem cells. Of the various niche markets, ‘transplant tourism’ has earned global condemnation and efforts to eradicate cross-border trade in organs, while other markets continue to expand. This article reviews the ethical issues raised by medical travel for HBM, in particular those concerning trade in HBM. It argues that a more consistent approach to the regulation of cross-border trade is imperative to ensure that the perils of ‘transplant tourism’ are not replicated in other markets. In addition, it discusses the role of the self-sufficiency model in assisting the development of ethical and practical policies regarding the procurement and use of human biological materials at a national level, thereby minimizing demand for medical travel.
Challenges of medical travel to global regulation: A case study of reproductive travel in Asia
Authors: Whittaker Andrea
Published: December 2010

This article explores the challenges medical travel poses for the development and implementation of health regulation in Asia. Cross-border reproductive travel in Asia is used to exemplify some of the ethical, legal and regulatory complexities such travel poses. A number of countries in the region lack regulatory frameworks regarding controversial procedures such as preimplantation genetic diagnosis for sex selection, commercial donor and surrogacy procedures to ensure protections for donors and surrogates or children born of such procedures. The particular challenge of reproductive travel arises when people travel for services because they wish to undertake a treatment requiring the embodied services or biological materials of other people in ways that are not legal or considered unethical in their home country. The final part of the article examines prospects for a global response towards the regulation of such trade. Such a response will require cooperation across sectors, international government organizations, state, and non-state actors to deal with the transnational interdependence it involves and to protect the rights of vulnerable groups. The challenge is to determine the mechanisms for regulating the trade, as well as the basis upon which global regulation is undertaken.
The burden of pursuing treatment abroad: Three stories of medical travelers from Yemen
Authors: Kangas Beth
Published: December 2010

This case study features stories of patients from Yemen, a low-income country in the Arabian Peninsula, who traveled abroad for medical care. Their stories, drawn from interviews with Yemeni medical travelers in India, highlight the economic and emotional burden of pursuing treatment abroad. These stories of chronic non-communicable diseases and serious injuries depart from the common portrayal of medical tourists as wealthy elective patients from the North traveling for cosmetic surgery. The stories center on the demand and benefit of technological medicine for patients from low-income countries and raise questions about what constitutes ‘health’ when non-communicable conditions often entail ongoing efforts at treatment. The case study demonstrates that relying on treatment abroad may result in suboptimal outcomes for local health systems.
After cultural competency: research practice and moral experience in the study of brand pirates and tobacco farmers
Authors: Benson Peter , Thomas Kedron
Published: December 2010

This article explores the value of ethnographic methods in identifying and addressing ethical issues in qualitative research on stigmatized populations. Examples come from two anthropological projects carried out in populations where stigmatized and illicit activities are prevalent: tobacco farmers in the USA and brand pirates in Guatemala. In both cases preliminary ethnographic research proved essential to understanding potential ethical dilemmas and tailoring research practice to avoid stigmatization. Cultural competency is discussed as a useful concept for approaching ethical issues in the study of stigmatized populations, especially when complemented by ethnographic attention to moral experience, the values, meanings, and relationships that are at stake within a given population. Complicating the professional meaning and application of approaches to research ethics, including cultural competency, that privilege formal research techniques and formal ethical guidelines, our case studies describe ethnography as a process involving interpersonal skills, learning through participation, and situational ethics. Critical reflection on ethnography as process is relevant to debates about institutional review and research ethics and points to the need for enriched professional training and ethical reflection on the social skills amenable to effective and responsible field research.