bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patient Characteristics That Impact Tattoo Removal Resource‐Allocation Choices: Tattoo Content, Age, and Parental Status
Authors: Wiseman David
Published: November 2010

This study assessed characteristics that affect decisions about receipt of a tattoo‐removal procedure among members of stigmatized groups. Two experiments, each with different participants, assessed how changes in characteristics of hypothetical patients described as having a tattoo that reduced employment prospects affected how participants allocated access to the procedure. Patient characteristics assessed were parental status, age, and tattoo content. Participants ranked prospective patients (all described as having an undesirable tattoo, and varied with respect to the aforementioned characteristics) on the priority for receipt of removal. Young patients with children, and with specific tattoo contents, were favored. Implications for prejudice against certain groups are noted.
Predicting Individual Score Elevation in an Applicant Setting: The Influence of Individual Differences and Situational Perceptions
Authors: Bott Jennifer , Snell Andee , Dahling Jason , Smith Brien N.
Published: November 2010

Previous research has indicated that applicants can increase their scores on non‐cognitive measures by half of 1 standard deviation (e.g., Rosse, Stecher, Miller, & Levin, 1998; Viswesvaran & Ones, 1999). Two influential factors have been proposed to influence this elevation: individual differences and situational influences (e.g., Douglas, McDaniel, & Snell, 1996). The current study examined how individual differences and motivation (expectancy theory) predicted individual response elevation from a general to a job applicant context using a conscientiousness measure. Results indicated that elevation was primarily predicted by emotional stability, instrumentality, and the interaction between expectancy and instrumentality. Practical implications and future research directions are discussed.
A Cross‐Cultural Test of the Value–Attitude–Behavior Hierarchy
Authors: Milfont Taciano L. , Duckitt John , Wagner Claire
Published: November 2010

According to Homer and Kahle's (1988) cognitive hierarchy model, values indirectly influence behavior through attitudes. The model posits that the influence theoretically flows from more abstract cognitions to mid‐range cognitions to specific behaviors. This paper tests the cross‐cultural validity of the model across samples from Brazil, New Zealand, and South Africa. The paper specifically tests whether environmental attitudes would completely mediate the influence of both altruistic and self‐enhancement values on ecological behavior. This study also extended the model by including perceived threats from environmental problems. Supporting the expanded model, environmental attitudes fully mediated the influence of both values and perceived environmental threat on ecological behavior. This article provides empirical support for using the cognitive hierarchy model across cultures.
Organizational Politics and Job Outcomes: The Moderating Effect of Trust and Social Support
Authors: Vigoda‐Gadot Eran , Talmud Ilan
Published: November 2010

We propose a model for examining the moderating effect of trust and social support on the relationship between organizational politics and job outcomes. The model was tested empirically using data collected among 142 academics in one of Israel's major research universities. Findings based on interaction effects support the hypothesis that trust and social support are good moderators of the relationship between perceived organizational politics (POPs) and several job outcomes (i.e., job satisfaction, organizational commitment, stress, burnout). In other words, the potentially negative aftermaths of POPs can be controlled and reduced when trust and social support dominate the intra‐organizational climate. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings, as well as recommendations for future studies, are suggested.
Acculturative Stress Among Cuban American College Students: Exploring the Mediating Pathways Between Acculturation and Psychosocial Functioning
Authors: Wang Sherry C. , Schwartz Seth J. , Zamboanga Byron L.
Published: November 2010

We examined different dimensions of acculturative stress in mediating the association between acculturation and psychosocial functioning among 199 Cuban American college students (M age = 20.1 years) in Miami. Results showed that heritage‐cultural orientation was directly associated with self‐esteem. No other direct relations emerged. Spanish competency pressures and pressures against acculturation mediated the relationships between heritage‐cultural orientation and internalizing symptoms, whereas pressures to acculturate mediated the association between American cultural orientation and self‐esteem. These findings highlight the unique roles of different components of acculturative stress in the relationship of heritage and American cultural orientation to Cuban American adolescents' psychosocial well‐being. Implications regarding the multidimensionality of acculturation and of acculturative stress are discussed.
Regional variability in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) riverscapes: a simple landscape ecology model explaining the large variability in size of salmon runs across Gaspé watersheds, Canada
Authors: Kim M. , Lapointe M.
Published: November 2010

Kim M, Lapointe M. Regional variability in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) riverscapes: a simple landscape ecology model explaining the large variability in size of salmon runs across Gaspé watersheds, Canada. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2011: 20: 144–156. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract –  Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) rivers in the Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec, present a 20 to 1 variability in the average numbers of returning adult salmon per km2 of watershed area (the ‘specific run size’). These variations are very poorly explained by interbasin differences in total stream length (R2 = 0.033, P = 0.533) or in estimates of total area of salmon habitat that fail to take into account complementarity and interconnections across life stage habitats (R2 = 0.065, P = 0.448). The relative spatial distribution of three complementary habitat types (adult holding pools, spawning beds, parr habitats) is hypothesised to be an important factor controlling the production of salmon at any given watershed area or given total stream length, and by extension the numbers of adults returning each year to spawn. We developed a simple riverine landscape ecology (or riverscape) model that uses easily accessible topographic map sources to identify optimally productive river segments. These segments were identified based on large‐scale river and valley features and the associated spatial organisation of complementary salmon habitats. We tested the ability of this model to predict salmon run sizes for 14 watersheds in the Gaspé Peninsula. The aggregate length of optimally productive segments, as defined in our model, is a strong predictor of the average size of the annual salmon runs for these watersheds (R2 = 0.913, P < 0.0005). Furthermore, specific salmon run sizes were accurately predicted (R2 = 0.771, P < 0.0005) after removal of the obvious scale effects of watershed size.
Multinational Advantages of Chinese Business Groups: A Theoretical Exploration
Authors: Yiu Daphne W.
Published: November 2010

Prior research on the internationalization of emerging market firms focused either on established incumbent firms or peripheral latecomer firms. However, an increase in outward foreign direct investment from emerging markets such as China has benefitted from a new organizational form – business groups. Given that new organizational forms pose fundamental challenges to existing theories on multinational enterprise, an examination of business group internationalization will bring the literature of multinational enterprise theories forward. Adopting an organizational approach, I propose that business groups, an organizational form that emerged to substitute market imperfections in China, constitute a micro-institutional environment for generating ownership, location, and internalization advantages, as well as for capitalizing on the linkage, leverage, and learning opportunities for internationalization. I posit that Chinese business groups facilitate such an internationalization process via their unique attributes including internal market, inward linkages, and institutional support. The article aims to provide a theoretical framework that generates insights for China's policy makers and managers, and to guide future research.
Sexual Dysfunction—A Silent Hurt: Issues on Treatment Awareness
Authors: Adegunloye Olushola Abejide , Ezeoke Grace Gwabachi
Published: November 2010

Background

The magnitude of sexual health problems and availability of treatment options in the local environment is yet to be documented; thus, there is an urgent need for this, as sexual dysfunction may be a real social and psychological problem, needing urgent attention.

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of sexual dysfunction and pattern of sexual health seeking behavior, among secondary school teachers in Ilorin, Kwara State Nigeria.

Methods

450 teachers were invited to complete an anonymous self-administered sociodemographic questionnaire, as well as three other instruments measuring human sexuality and general mental health status.

Main Outcome Measures

The survey instrument used were the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5), a modified Sexual Activity Questionnaire (SAQ), and the General Health Questionnaire -30 (GHQ -30). Result were compared with established normative data, and validated cut-off scores that were available.

Results

A total of 417 teachers (93%) responded to the questionnaire. The following prevalence rates were found: female anorgasmia (40%), lubrication failure (30%), dyspareunia (12%), erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation and male orgasmic disorder (23% each), loss of sexual desire (24%), sexual life dissatisfaction, and relationship dissatisfaction six months prior to interview (10% each), and GHQ-30 scores were significant in sexual dysfunction in both genders, except for female anorgasmia and premature ejaculation in males. However, a presence of psychiatric morbidity was significantly found in overall sexual life dissatisfaction, as well as relationship dissatisfaction. The pattern of sexual health help-seeking behavior showed that majority (53%) do not seek treatment. Of these 53%, many (44%) gave the reason that they thought it transient, ignorance of hospital treatment service (30%), and fear of stigma (26%); also, among those that sought treatment, 46% chose alternative medicine.

Conclusion

The prevalence of sexual dysfunctions found in this study is comparable to those reported in earlier Nigerian studies. Despite this and the significant “psychiatric morbidity” experienced in sexual difficulties, apparently no health services have been specially designed to address sexual dysfunction among the teacher's group or the general population at large. This study therefore draws urgent attention to the need for services geared towards alleviating sexual problems, more professional and patient education are recommended.
Vaginal Estrogens for the Treatment of Dyspareunia
Authors: Krychman Michael L.
Published: November 2010

Introduction

Vaginal atrophy, which is associated with vaginal itching, burning, dryness, irritation, and pain, is estimated to affect up to 40% of postmenopausal women. Estrogens play a key role in maintaining vaginal health; women with low serum estradiol are more likely to experience vaginal dryness, dyspareunia, and reduced sexual activity compared with women who have higher estradiol levels.

Aims

The purpose of this review is to assess the prevalence and impact of dyspareunia, a symptom of vaginal atrophy, on the health of postmenopausal women and to evaluate treatment options using vaginal estrogens (U.S. Food and Drug Administration [FDA] approved).

Methods

Relevant published literature was identified by searching Index Medicus using the PubMed online database. The search terms dyspareunia, vaginal estrogen, vaginal hormone therapy, vaginal atrophy, and atrophic vaginitis were the focus of the literature review.

Results

Current treatment guidelines for vaginal atrophy recommend the use of minimally absorbed local vaginal estrogens, along with non-hormonal lubricants or moisturizers, coupled with maintenance of sexual activity. Vaginal estrogen therapy has been shown to provide improvement in the signs and symptoms of vaginal or vulvar atrophy. Vaginal tablets, rings, and creams are indicated for the treatment of vaginal atrophy, and the FDA has recently approved a low-dose regimen of conjugated estrogens cream to treat moderate-to-severe postmenopausal dyspareunia. The use of low-dose vaginal estrogens has been shown to be effective in treating symptoms of vaginal atrophy without causing significant proliferation of the endometrial lining, and no significant differences have been seen among vaginal preparations in terms of endometrial safety.

Conclusion

Women should be informed of the potential benefits and risks of the treatment options available, and with the help of their healthcare provider, choose an intervention that is most suitable to their individual needs and circumstances.
Linguistic and Psychometric Validation of the Erection Hardness Score to Spanish
Authors: García-Cruz Eduard , Romero Otero Javier , Martínez Salamanca Juan Ignacio , Leibar Tamayo Asier , Rodríguez Antolín Alfredo , Astobieta Odriozola Ander , Alcaraz Antonio
Published: November 2010

Introduction

The Erection Hardness Score (EHS) is a one-item questionnaire that assesses rigidity on a 4-point scale.

Aim

To perform a validation of a Spanish version of the EHS by comparison with the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire.

Methods

Validation of the EHS included: (i) professional translation of the scale; (ii) scientific evaluation of the translation from four independent urologists; (iii) assessment on five individuals to test correct comprehension and idiomatic adequacy (iv) validation of the EHS by a cross-sectional, multicenter comparison with the IIEF.

Main Outcome Methods

Patients were required to respond to a Spanish version of the EHS and IIEF. Statistic correlation was carried out between the EHS score and IIEF-erectile function domain (EF) score.

Results

A total of 125 patients were recruited. Overall prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) by the EHS questionnaire was of 80.2% patients (n = 97). Mean EHS was 2.74 ± 0.97. Mean IIEF-EF score was 17.4 ± 9.5. The EHS showed good reliability. The rate of missing responses to the EHS questionnaire was 0%. A one-factor analysis of variance was performed between the EHS and EF subdomain of IIEF (P = 0.000). Pearson’s correlation coefficient between EHS and EF subdomain of IIEF was 0.834, P < 0.01.

Conclusions

The EHS is a reliable tool to test ED and its Spanish version was satisfactorily understood by patients and correlated with IIEF-EF.
Is Metabolic Syndrome a Useless Category in Subjects with High Cardiovascular Risk? Results from a Cohort Study in Men with Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Corona Giovanni , Monami Matteo , Rastrelli Giulia , Melani Cecilia , Balzi Daniela , Sforza Alessandra , Forti Gianni , Mannucci Edoardo , Maggi Mario
Published: November 2010

Introduction

Although several studies have demonstrated that MetS is associated with a two-fold increase in the risk of cardiovascular (CV) diseases, this risk does not appear to be greater than the sum of risks associated with each of its individual components.

Aim

To determine the association of men with ED and individual components of MetS and their subsequent relationship to CV risk, and, more specifically whether the sum of the MetS components is greater than the individual components in predicting CV risk.

Methods

We longitudinally studied a consecutive series of 1,687 (mean age 52.9 ± 12.8; range 17–88 years) patients attending our clinic for ED and evaluated different clinical and biochemical parameters.

Main Outcome Measures

Information on major adverse CV event (MACE) was obtained through the City of Florence Registry Office.

Results

One hundred thirty-nine MACE, 15 of which were fatal, occurred during a mean follow-up of 4.3 ± 2.6 years. Subjects with MetS at baseline showed a higher incidence of MACE (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.77), after adjusting for age, however, the association disappeared in an alternative Cox model, adjusting both for age and for individual MetS components (HR = 1,525 [0,564–4,123]; P = 0.408). The two most predictive MetS components of CV risk were low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and high triglycerides. Exploring possible interactions between individual components of MetS and their effect on CV risk using two alternative approaches indicates that the effect of MetS components on CV risk is additive, but not synergistic. Among subjects with hypertension, after adjusting for age, elevated glycemia, and low HDL cholesterol confer relevant additional risk, while in subjects with high triglycerides, hyperglycemia increased the risk of incident MACE.

Conclusions

With regards to CV risk, the MetS construct seems to add little or nothing to the careful assessment of its components. Thus, there is no reason to recommend the use of MetS as a diagnostic category in patients with ED.
Efficacy of Separated System Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration in Critical Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Susantitaphong Paweena , Tiranathanagul Khajohn , Srisawat Nattachai , Katavetin Pisut , Praditpornsilpa Kearkiat , Eiam‐Ong Somchai
Published: November 2010

Integrated system continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH), the most popularly utilized mode for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), needs a sophisticated and expensive machine that is available only in limited critical care units. Separated system CVVH, which can be simply set up, might be an effectively alternative to CRRT. A one‐year prospective observational study regarding the efficacy of separated system CVVH was conducted with 192 critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. All patients underwent separated system CVVH with the pre‐dilution mode and a mean CVVH dose of 34.9 ± 2.7 mL/kg/h. The APACHE II score was 23.2 ± 8.4 and the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score was 12.0 ± 4.3. No complications, including air‐embolism or circuit clotting, were observed and the survival rate was 32.3%. Separated system CVVH is simple, safe, and efficient and could provide cheaper treatments than the integrated system. It could thus be an effective, alternative treatment for critical acute kidney injury patients when the integrated mode is unavailable.
Adaptive image ray-tracing for astrophysical simulations
Authors: Parkin E. R.
Published: November 2010

A technique is presented for producing synthetic images from numerical simulations, whereby the image resolution is adapted around prominent features. In so doing, adaptive image ray-tracing improves the efficiency of a calculation by focusing computational effort where it is needed most. The results of test calculations show that a factor of ≳4 speed-up, and a commensurate reduction in the number of pixels required in the final image, can be achieved compared to an equivalent calculation with a fixed-resolution image.
From ‘tucked away’ to ‘joined at the hip’: understanding evolving relationships within the HRBP model in a regional energy company
Authors: McCracken Martin , Heaton Norma
Published: November 2010

Many authors have studied how the HRM function has evolved. A fundamental recurring theme in the literature centres upon the role HRM should play to ensure it adds real value to organisations. This article seeks to contribute to the ongoing debate surrounding the HRM role by reporting findings from case study research carried out in an organisation that has recently restructured its HRM function towards the Human Resource Business Partnership model. Through interviewing key stakeholders in the organisation, our aim was to understand the roles which HRM professionals play and the key stakeholders with whom they have relationships. Evidence suggests that, as a result of the restructuring, the HRM function has a more strategic and integrated position with many viewing HRM professionals and advisors as valued business partners. However, we also noted some important ambiguities, tensions and role conflicts amongst the key parties involved in the partnership, which suggests that further work is required to fully clarify the role of the HRM function in this organisation and to ensure that relationships continue to evolve successfully.
Cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: the impact of preventative therapies
Authors: Zoungas Sophia , Patel Anushka
Published: November 2010

The world is facing an unprecedented increase in type 2 diabetes. Most disability and premature mortality experienced by people with diabetes is related to cardiovascular disease. This review summarizes recent evidence about approaches for managing cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. While optimal blood pressure targets in people with diabetes remain uncertain, new data have demonstrated the benefits of routine blood pressure lowering in these patients, when administered without regard to initial blood pressure level. Other recent data indicate that blood pressure lowering treatment in patients with diabetes needs to be continued for ongoing benefit. The effects of intensive blood glucose lowering have been evaluated recently in a number of large trials, and individually these have failed to provide evidence of cardioprotection over a 4–5 year period. However, longer‐term follow‐up data suggest that there may be a delay in any such benefits becoming apparent. The benefits of statin therapy in preventing cardiovascular events in diabetic patients have been recently confirmed in a systematic overview of relevant trials; however, effects of fibrate therapy appear more limited. The role of antiplatelet agents remains unknown, as adequately powered trials of aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes have not yet been completed.
A survey of aged horses in Queensland, Australia. Part 2: clinical signs and owners' perceptions of health and welfare
Authors: McGowan TW , Pinchbeck G , Phillips CJC , Perkins N , Hodgson DR , McGowan CM
Published: November 2010

Objective  To describe the prevalence and risk factors for clinical signs of disease and owner‐reported health or welfare issues of aged horses in Queensland, Australia.

Methods  Owners of horses were contacted via an equestrian organisation in Queensland and asked to complete a questionnaire about their horses aged 15 years and older, to gain information about clinical signs observed in the horse and disease history. Owners were asked to identify health or welfare issues they felt were important in aged horses.

Results  Owners were able to identify many clinical signs of disease, with 83% of horses having at least one reported clinical sign of disease. Muscle stiffness (33%), lameness (28%), ocular discharge (22%), change in hair coat (22%) and skin problems (21%) were the most commonly reported signs. Increasing age was a risk factor for the presence of clinical signs of disease. Ponies had an increased risk of both laminitis and hirsutism, whereas Thoroughbreds had an increased risk of stereotypies, wounds, weight loss and musculoskeletal signs. Owners reported a known disease or disorder in their horses less frequently than the clinical signs of disease. Owners reported weight loss (28%), arthritis/lameness (24%) and teeth/dental care (18%) as the most important health issues, followed by welfare issues (8%).

Conclusion  Owners demonstrated concern for the health and welfare of their aged horses, but the lack of appropriate recognition of the significance of clinical signs and limited veterinary care suggest a need for increased client communication and veterinarian–client interaction.
Assessment of risk of monepantel faecal residues to dung fauna
Authors: Skripsky T , Hoffmann S
Published: November 2010

Objective  To evaluate the safety of monepantel and its major metabolite for dung fauna. Monepantel is a new oral anthelmintic drug for use in sheep at a dose of 2.5 mg active ingredient/kg body weight. Hazard (toxicity) is related to the expected exposure.

Design  The methodology was based on the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) draft guideline for testing of chemicals, so dung from cattle, not sheep, and eggs of the dung fly, Scathophaga stercoraria and larvae of the dung beetle Aphodius constans were used.

Procedures  Monepantel or its sulfone metabolite were mixed into bovine faeces in which either dung fly eggs or dung beetle larvae were placed and their development observed. The primary endpoint was survival. Real exposure data (faecal concentrations) for comparison with the generated laboratory data were taken from a kinetics study in sheep dung.

Results  The no‐observed effect concentration (NOEC) for monepantel was >1000 mg/kg substrate for dung flies and 250 mg/kg for dung beetles. The sulfone metabolite was slightly more toxic, with a NOEC of 500 mg/kg for dung flies and 125 mg/kg for dung beetles.

Conclusion  A comparison of the results to the maximum concentrations of 15 mg monepantel and 4.5 mg sulfone per kg dung observed under an exaggerated dosing regime in sheep indicates that monepantel poses no risk to insect dung fauna when used as recommended. The study is considered valid because representatives of both genera were able to develop in bovine or ovine dung.
Anthelmintic resistance in cattle nematodes on 13 south‐west Victorian properties
Authors: Rendell DK
Published: November 2010

Objective  To report the level of anthelmintic resistance on 13 commercial cattle properties in south‐west Victoria, Australia.

Procedure  Between 2006 and 2009 worm egg count reduction tests were conducted on calves on the 13 properties. Samples were collected 10–14 days post anthelmintic treatment and worm egg counts and larval differentiation tests were conducted. Resistance was defined if there was less than 95% reduction (lower confidence limit <90%) in the faecal worm egg count for the particular genus.

Results  The percentage of properties with anthelmintic resistance in at least one species was 54% for benzimidazole (BZ), 100% for levamisole (LEV) and for ivermectin (IVM) it was 100% for the half‐dose (0.1 mg/kg) and 62% for the full dose (0.2 mg/kg). A substantial frequency of resistance was detected in Ostertagia ostertagi to BZ (5/11), LEV (3/3) and IVM (5/11), in Trichostrongylus spp. to BZ (4/7) and in Cooperia spp. to IVM (6/11). No resistance to LEV was detected in Trichostrongylus or Cooperia spp. Suspected IVM‐resistant Trichostrongylus spp. and BZ‐resistant Cooperia spp. were only detected on one property each.

Conclusion  This is the first Australian report of macrocyclic lactone‐resistant O. ostertagi in the refereed literature. The frequency of resistance in O. ostertagi to BZ, LEV and IVM and in Trichostrongylus spp. to BZ in the present study appears higher than levels detected in the 2004–05 New Zealand survey, whereas the resistance frequency in Cooperia spp. to IVM and BZ was less.
Acupuncture for Depression: A Critique of the Evidence Base
Authors: Schroer Sylvia , Adamson Joy
Published: November 2010

Aim: The aim of this review is to examine the evidence for acupuncture's effectiveness as a depression intervention. Unlike other reviews, which consider methodological concerns relevant to all experimental evaluations, this review focuses on the scope of studies, and uses a PICO (patients, intervention, comparison, and outcome) structure to determine what can potentially be learned from primary studies that have already been screened for methodological quality by reviewers. Discussion: The review identified a number of study limitations. (i) Patients: majority of trial reports have not described a rationale for the selection of patients or inclusion/exclusion criteria. Prognostic indicators were not reported and there were also concerns about the generalizability of study populations. (ii) Intervention: most trials investigate poorly rationalized standardized acupuncture protocols thus quality of care may be an issue and generalizability to routine clinical practice is a main concern. In trials using other methods generalizability is also poor. (iii) Comparisons: concerns were raised about using therapeutically inappropriate acupuncture. (iv) Outcomes: short‐term focus and the narrow range of outcomes explored. According to more recent systematic review evidence it is probable the shortcomings identified in the PICO review have not been addressed by subsequent research. The concept of model validity, proposed by other researchers, is discussed, and suggestions put forward about complex intervention evaluation methods, which may be better suited to evaluating acupuncture care. Conclusion: Uncertainty remains about the value of acupuncture care, as it is routinely practiced in the West, and this uncertainty has not been resolved by trials to date. Existing evaluations may however be useful for guiding decisions about the value of specific techniques for patients with depression.
Design Considerations for Development of a Wire-Based Rock Cutting Mechanism for Space Exploration
Authors: Schwendeman James R. , Dreyer Christopher B. , Steele John P. H.
Published: November 2010

Exploration and understanding of other celestial bodies will involve the same type of science used to understand our own planet earth. Specifically, much can be learned from studying the geology of the rocks present in a region of interest. One of the important tools used by geologists to understand and interpret rocks is a specimen called thin section. A thin section is produced by slicing a thin (typically 30 μm thick) plate or tablet from the rock. In this paper, the design of an autonomous rough cutter, used to produce the first stage of the specimen preparation, that is, a tablet (20×20×5 mm3), is presented. Attention is given to the functional specification, the selection of cutting mechanism, in this case, diamond wire, and the design of the wire handling system. Also included are considerations of power usage, wire wear, and system configuration.
On Thermal Performance of Seawater Cooling Towers
Authors: Sharqawy Mostafa H. , Lienhard John H. , Zubair Syed M.
Published: November 2010

Seawater cooling towers have been used since the 1970s in power generation and other industries, so as to reduce the consumption of freshwater. The salts in seawater are known to create a number of operational problems, including salt deposition, packing blockage, corrosion, and certain environmental impacts from salt drift and blowdown return. In addition, the salinity of seawater affects the thermophysical properties that govern the thermal performance of cooling towers, including vapor pressure, density, specific heat, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and surface tension. In this paper, the thermal performance of seawater cooling towers is investigated using a detailed model of a counterflow wet cooling tower. The model takes into consideration the coupled heat and mass transfer processes and does not make any of the conventional Merkel approximations. In addition, the model incorporates the most up-to-date seawater properties in the literature. The model governing equations are solved numerically, and its validity is checked against the available data in the literature. Based on the results of the model, a correction factor that characterizes the degradation of the cooling tower effectiveness as a function of seawater salinity and temperature approach is presented for performance evaluation purposes.
Design Team Convergence: The Influence of Example Solution Quality
Authors: Fu Katherine , Cagan Jonathan , Kotovsky Kenneth
Published: November 2010

This study examines how engineering design teams converge upon a solution to a design problem and how their solution is influenced by information given to them prior to problem solving. Specifically, the study considers the influence of the type of information received prior to problem solving on team convergence over time, as well as on the quality of produced solutions. To understand convergence, a model of the team members’ solution approach was developed through a cognitive engineering design study, specifically examining the effect of the introduction of a poor example solution or a good example solution prior to problem solving on the quality of the produced solutions. Latent semantic analysis was used to track the teams’ convergence, and the quality of design solutions was systematically assessed using pre-established criteria and multiple evaluators. Introducing a poor example solution was shown to decrease teams’ convergence over time, as well as the quality of their design solution; introducing a good example solution did not produce a statistically significant different effect on convergence compared with the control (with no prior example solution provided) but did lead to higher quality solutions.
A Filter-Based Sample Average SQP for Optimization Problems With Highly Nonlinear Probabilistic Constraints
Authors: Hsu Kai-Shian , Chan Kuei-Yuan
Published: November 2010

In this work, we develop a filter-based sequential quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm for solving reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) problems with highly nonlinear constraints. The proposed filter-based SQP uses the approach of average importance sampling (AAIS) in calculating the values and gradients of probabilistic constraints. AAIS allocates samples at the limit state boundaries such that relatively few samples are required in calculating constraint probability values to achieve high accuracy and low variance. The accuracy of probabilistic constraint gradients using AAIS is improved by a sample filter that eliminates sample outliers that have low probability of occurrence and high gradient values. To ensure convergence, the algorithm uses an iteration filter in place of the penalty function to avoid the ill-conditioning problems of the penalty parameters in the acceptance of a design update. A sample reuse mechanism that improves the efficiency of the algorithm by avoiding redundant samples is introduced. The “unsampled” region, the region not covered by previous samples, is identified using iteration step lengths, the trust region, and constraint reliability levels. As a result, the filter-based sampling SQP efficiently handles highly nonlinear probabilistic constraints with multiple most probable points or functions without analytical forms. Several examples are demonstrated, and the results are compared with those from first order reliability method/second order reliability method and Monte Carlo simulations. Results show that by integrating the modified AAIS with the filter-based SQP, the overall computation cost of solving RBDO problems can be significantly reduced.
A Parametric Analysis of the Gear Surface Roughness After Hobbing
Authors: Vedmar Lars
Published: November 2010

Hobbing is a common manufacturing method when producing helical, involute gears. In order to give the manufactured gear a controlled surface smoothness, a method to, very accurately, determine the achieved surface geometry is needed. In this report, the cutting surfaces of the tool, of which the cutting edges are the boundaries, are assumed to be plane in arbitrary directions. They are mathematically described using parametric and analytically differentiable functions. These functions give the possibility to determine the geometry of the three-dimensional surface of the manufactured gear, without any additional numeric approximations. By comparing this surface with the smooth surface of an ideal gear, the roughness of the surface can be determined. An example is given in which the surface topology and the characteristic surface roughness parameters are determined.
A Multistable Linear Actuation Mechanism Based on Artificial Muscles
Authors: Mutlu Rahim , Alıcı Gürsel
Published: November 2010

In this paper, we report on a multistable linear actuation mechanism articulated with electroactive polymer actuators, widely known as artificial muscles. These actuators, which can operate both in wet and dry media under as small as 1.0 V potential difference, are fundamentally cantilever beams made of two electroactive polymer layers (polypyrrole) and a passive polyvinylidene fluoride substrate in between the electroactive layers. The mechanism considered is kinematically analogous to a four-bar mechanism with revolute-prismatic-revolute-prismatic pairs, converting the bending displacement of a polymer actuator into a rectilinear movement of an output point. The topology of the mechanism resembles that of bistable mechanisms operating under the buckling effect. However, the mechanism proposed in this paper can have many stable positions depending on the input voltage. After demonstrating the feasibility of the actuation concept using kinematic and finite element analyses of the mechanism, experiments were conducted on a real mechanism articulated with a multiple number (2, 4, or 8) of electroactive polymer actuators, which had dimensions of 12×2×0.17 mm3. The numerical and experimental results demonstrate that the angular displacement of the artificial muscles is accurately transformed into a rectilinear motion by the proposed mechanism. The higher the input voltage, the larger the rectilinear displacement. This study suggests that this multistable linear actuation mechanism can be used as a programmable switch and/or a pump in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) by adjusting the input voltage and scaling down the mechanism further.
Reconfiguration Theory of Mechanism From a Traditional Artifact
Authors: Ding Xilun , Yang Yi
Published: November 2010

The traditional artifacts are very popular to play with for their magic tricks and these transformations contain potential theory of mechanisms. The assembly-circles artifact is a metamorphic mechanism which can change its configuration and shape through the motion of joints. In this paper, the topology and configuration of the assembly-circles artifact are investigated by dividing the mechanism into three sections. The constraint, kinematics, singularity, and geometry properties of this special mechanism are also studied. The assembly methods and metamorphic principle are proposed and well summarized. Furthermore, three evaluating criteria for metamorphic mechanisms, which are the linear ratio, area ratio, and volume ratio, are proposed. The performance of this artifact is estimated by these criteria. Our research provides some fundamental ideas for the design of metamorphic mechanisms which are very useful in aerospace field.
Design and Realization of Multimobile Robot System With Docking Manipulator
Authors: Wang Wei , Zhang Houxiang , Yu Wenpeng
Published: November 2010

This paper presents the design and realization of a multimobile robot system joint locomotion (JL)-2, which features not only a docking and 3D posture-adjusting capability between three robots but also a multifunctional docking gripper. By combining a parallel mechanism and a cam gripper together, this paper develops a docking manipulator, which endows each robot with a simple but forceful grasping capability. Furthermore, the docking manipulator can overcome the possible aligning errors between two robots and interconnect them. A motorized spherical joint will be formed between two docked robots, which will enhance the locomotion flexibility of the whole system. The docking mechanism is discussed in detail, including the docking procedure and analyses of self-aligning ability. A series of experiments not only testify the basic performances of JL-2 but also reveal the limits of current prototype, e.g., the overconstraint connecting pattern, the unbalanced self-aligning performance, etc.
Failure of Flawed Utility Poles in Wind Gusts
Authors: Wilson James F.
Published: November 2010

The purpose of this study is to account for failures of wood utility poles in wind storms based on dynamic analysis and pole imperfections. The utility pole supporting multiple overhead transmission lines is modeled as a uniform Bernoulli–Euler cantilevered beam fixed at the base and subjected to three types of suddenly applied transverse loads that simulate a wind gust: a uniform pole pressure, a point load at the tip accounting for line and transformer drag, and another point load near midlength, accounting for drag on lines strung from that location. The dynamic pole moments are based on normal mode calculations rather than static calculations with a dynamic impact factor, and the critical flexural stresses include stress concentrations arising from pole imperfections such as holes, knots, and surface gouges. A case study illustrates the results for one of about 400 failed wood poles downed in a single New Jersey storm in 2003 with 107 km/h (67 m/h) wind gusts. Here, the critical pole stress based on the dynamic model and a hole imperfection exceeded the proportional limit stress of the wood. The predicted dynamic stresses are higher than those based on the National Electrical Safety Code.
Design Under Uncertainty: Balancing Expected Performance and Risk
Authors: Reneke James A. , Wiecek Margaret M. , Fadel Georges M. , Samson Sundeep , Nowak Dimitri
Published: November 2010

The problem of quantifying uncertainty in the design process is approached indirectly. Nonquantifiable variability resulting from lack of knowledge is treated as epistemic uncertainty and quantifiable variability caused by random influences is treated as aleatory uncertainty. The emphasis in this approach is on the effects of epistemic uncertainty, left unquantified, on design performance. Performance is treated as a random function of the epistemic uncertainties that are considered as independent variables, and a design decision is based on the mean and variance of design performance. Since the mean and variance are functions of the uncertainties, multicriteria decision methods are employed to determine the preferred design. The methodology is illustrated on a three-spring model with stochastic forcing and two uncertain damping coefficients. Based on the example, the concept of balancing expected performance and risk is explored in an engineering context. Risk is quantified using aleatory uncertainty for fixed values of epistemic uncertainty. The study shows the unique features of this approach in which risk-based design decisions are made under both aleatory and epistemic uncertainties without assuming a distribution for epistemic uncertainty.
Metrology for electron-beam lithography and resist contrast at the sub-10 nm scale
Authors: Duan Huigao , Manfrinato Vitor R. , Yang Joel K. W. , Winston Donald , Cord Bryan M. , Berggren Karl K.
Published: November 2010

Exploring the resolution limit of electron-beam lithography is of great interest both scientifically and technologically. However, when electron-beam lithography approaches its resolution limit, imaging and metrology of the fabricated structures by using standard scanning electron microscopy become difficult. In this work, the authors adopted transmission-electron and atomic-force microscopies to improve the metrological accuracy and to analyze the resolution limit of electron-beam lithography. With these metrological methods, the authors found that sub-5 nm sparse features could be readily fabricated by electron-beam lithography, but dense 16 nm pitch structures were difficult to yield. Measurements of point- and line-spread functions suggested that the resolution in fabricating sub-10 nm half-pitch structures was primarily limited by the resist-development processes, meaning that the development rates depended on pattern density and/or length scale.
Linewidth metrology for sub-10-nm lithography
Authors: Thoms S. , Macintyre D. S.
Published: November 2010

As optical lithography advances toward the 10 nm mark, much effort is being expended to push electron beam lithography into the deep sub-10-nm regime. A significant issue at this length scale is the ability to accurately measure and compare linewidths. Measurements using secondary electron micrographs have a bias of a few nanometers and are therefore difficult to interpret in the sub-10-nm regime. Transmission electron microscopy can give greater accuracy but requires significant effort. This article shows that the use of a backscattered electron image together with a metal coating where appropriate can yield better measurement results than by using secondary electrons. With the use of a suitable model, linewidths for sub-10-nm hydrogen silsesquioxane lines were extracted with an estimated error of 1 nm.
The POST trial: initial post-market experience of the Penumbra system: revascularization of large vessel occlusion in acute ischemic stroke in the United States and Europe
Authors: Tarr Robert , Hsu Dan , Kulcsar Zsolt , Bonvin Christophe , Rufenacht Daniel , Alfke Karsten , Stingele Robert , Jansen Olav , Frei Donald , Bellon Richard , Madison Michael , Struffert Tobias , Dorfler Arnd , Grunwald Iris Q , Reith Wolfgang , Haass Anton
Published: November 2010

Background and purpose

The purpose of this study was to assess the initial post-market experience of the device and how it is compared with the Penumbra Pivotal trial used to support the 510k application.

Methods

A retrospective case review of 157 consecutive patients treated with the Penumbra system at seven international centers was performed. Primary endpoints were revascularization of the target vessel (TIMI score of 2 or 3), good functional outcome as defined by a modified Rankin scale (mRS) score of ≤2 and incidence of procedural serious adverse events. Results were compared with those of the Penumbra pivotal trial.

Results

A total of 157 vessels were treated. Mean baseline values at enrollment were: age 65 years, NIHSS score 16. After use of the Penumbra system, 87% of the treated vessels were revascularized to TIMI 2 (54%) or 3 (33%) as compared with 82% reported in the Pivotal trial. Nine procedural serious adverse events were reported in 157 patients (5.7%). All-cause mortality was 20% (32/157), and 41% had a mRS of ≤2 at 90-day follow-up as compared with only 25% in the Pivotal trial. Patients who were successfully revascularized by the Penumbra system had significantly better outcomes than those who were not.

Conclusion

Initial post-market experience of the Penumbra system revealed that the revascularization rate and safety profile of the device are comparable to those reported in the Pivotal trial. However, the proportion of patients who had good functional outcome was higher than expected.
Management of intraprocedural spontaneous stent migration into target aneurysm during stent-assisted coiling procedure
Authors: Pan Li , Hum Barbara , David Carlos , Lee Seon Kyu
Published: November 2010

Objective

The stent-assisted coiling technique has expanded the applicability of endovascular treatment for wide-neck intracranial aneurysms. However, the stability of the deployed stent has been questioned. We present this case to demonstrate intraprocedural migration of the deployed stent and subsequent management.

Clinical presentation

A 59-year-old female patient presented with dizziness and fatigue. Imaging, including CT and MR angiography, revealed a 7×6.5 mm wide-neck basilar tip aneurysm.

Intervention

Stent-assisted coiling was attempted. After deployment of the stent, the distal portion of the stent migrated into the aneurysm sac, and then stabilized. Since attempted coiling without an assistance device was unsuccessful, the balloon-assisted coiling technique was applied. Near-total obliteration of the basilar tip aneurysm was accomplished.

Conclusion

The stability of a deployed stent should be confirmed to exclude the possibility of intraprocedural stent migration. If stent migration into the target aneurysm occurs, the balloon-assisted coiling technique through the deployed stent is a feasible and valuable tool for successful coil embolization.