bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cardiovascular contributions and energetic costs of thermoregulation in ectothermic vertebrates
Authors: Parlin Adam F. , Schaeffer Paul J.
Published: February 2022

Ectothermic vertebrates use a suite of physiological and behavioral mechanisms to thermoregulate, which result in various thermoregulatory strategies from thermoconformity to thermoregulation. Here, we present a novel synthesis of theoretical and empirical methods to determine cardiovascular contributions to heat transfer in free-living ectothermic vertebrates. We start by identifying the fundamental components of heat transfer and the cardiovascular mechanisms for physiological modulation of heat exchange, and then integrate these components into a single, integrative framework: the cardiovascular heat exchange framework (CHEF). We demonstrate that this framework can identify details of the thermoregulatory strategy in two turtle species, most notably the preponderance of instances where turtles use physiological mechanisms to avoid overheating, suggesting vulnerability to climate change. As modulated physiological contributions to heat flow incur a greater energy demand than relying on unmodulated passive heat transfer, we then asked whether we could characterize the energetic costs of thermoregulation. We measured field metabolic rate (FMR) in free-living turtles and used the CHEF to determine FMR while actively or passively thermoregulating. Comparing an individual's actual FMR to the rate calculated assuming absence of thermoregulation revealed that painted turtles, a partial thermoregulator, elevate their daily energy expenditure (DEE) by about 25%, while box turtles, a thermoconformer, have a DEE that is nearly unchanged as a result of thermoregulation. This integrative framework builds a new paradigm that provides a mechanism to explain correlations between energy demand and thermoregulatory strategy, quantifies the energetic costs of thermoregulation, and identifies the role of cardiovascular contributions to thermoregulation in free-living animals.
2D and 3D visualizations of archosaur jaw muscle mechanics, ontogeny and phylogeny using ternary diagrams and 3D modeling
Authors: Cost Ian N. , Sellers Kaleb C. , Rozin Rachel E. , Spates Anthony T. , Middleton Kevin M. , Holliday Casey M.
Published: February 2022

Comparing patterns of performance and kinematics across behavior, development and phylogeny is crucial to understand the evolution of complex musculoskeletal systems such as the feeding apparatus. However, conveying 3D spatial data of muscle orientation throughout a feeding cycle, ontogenetic pathway or phylogenetic lineage is essential to understanding the function and evolution of the skull in vertebrates. Here, we detail the use of ternary plots for displaying and comparing the 3D orientation of muscle data. First, we illustrate changes in 3D jaw muscle resultants during jaw closing taxa the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Second, we show changes in 3D muscle resultants of jaw muscles across an ontogenetic series of alligators. Third, we compare 3D resultants of jaw muscles of avian-line dinosaurs, including extant (Struthio camelus, Gallus gallus, Psittacus erithacus) and extinct (Tyrannosaurus rex) species to outline the reorganization of jaw muscles that occurred along the line to modern birds. Finally, we compare 3D resultants of jaw muscles of the hard-biting species in our sample (A. mississippiensis, T. rex, P. erithacus) to illustrate how disparate jaw muscle resultants are employed in convergent behaviors in archosaurs. Our findings show that these visualizations of 3D components of jaw muscles are immensely helpful towards identifying patterns of cranial performance, growth and diversity. These tools will prove useful for testing other hypotheses in functional morphology, comparative biomechanics, ecomorphology and organismal evolution.
Connecting materials, performance and evolution: a case study of the glue of moth-catching spiders (Cyrtarachninae)
Authors: Diaz Candido , Baker Richard H. , Long John H. , Hayashi Cheryl Y.
Published: February 2022

Morphological structures and extended phenotypes are made possible by materials that are encoded by the genome. Nearly all biomaterials are viscoelastic, which means that to understand performance, one must understand the strain rate-dependent properties of these materials in relevant ecological interactions, as the behavior of a material can vary dramatically and rapidly. Spider silks are an example of materials whose properties vary substantially intra- and inter-specifically. Here, we focus on aggregate silk, which functions as a biological adhesive. As a case study to understand how a material manifests from genome through organism to ecology, we highlight moth-specialist spiders, the Cyrtarachninae, and their glues as an ideal experimental system to investigate the relationship between genomics and ecologically variable performance of a biological material. There is a clear eco-evolutionary innovation that Cyrtarachne akirai and related species have evolved, a unique trait not found in other spiders, a glue which overcomes the scales of moths. By examining traditional orb-weavers, C. akirai and other subfamily members using biomechanical testing and genomic analysis, we argue that we can track the evolution of this novel bioadhesive and comment on the selection pressures influencing prey specialization. The importance of the ecological context of materials testing is exemplified by the poor performance of C. akirai glue on glass and the exceptional spreading ability and adhesive strength on moths. The genetic basis for these performance properties is experimentally tractable because spider silk genes are minimally pleiotropic and advances in genomic technologies now make possible the discovery of complete silk gene sequences.
Conserved and convergent mechanisms underlying performance–life-history trade-offs
Authors: Husak Jerry F. , Lailvaux Simon P.
Published: February 2022

Phenotypic trade-offs are inevitable in nature, but the mechanisms driving them are poorly understood. Movement and oxygen are essential to all animals, and as such, the common ancestor to all living animals passed on mechanisms to acquire oxygen and contract muscle, sometimes at the expense of other activities or expression of traits. Nevertheless, convergent pathways have also evolved to deal with critical trade-offs that are necessary to survive ubiquitous environmental challenges. We discuss how whole-animal performance traits, such as locomotion, are important to fitness, yet costly, resulting in trade-offs with other aspects of the phenotype via specific conserved and convergent mechanistic pathways across all animals. Specifically, we discuss conserved pathways involved in muscle structure and signaling, insulin/insulin-like signaling, sirtuins, mitochondria and hypoxia-inducible factors, as well as convergent pathways involved in energy regulation, development, reproductive investment and energy storage. The details of these mechanisms are only known from a few model systems, and more comparative studies are needed. We make two main recommendations as a framework for future studies of animal form and function. First, studies of performance should consider the broader life-history context of the organism, and vice versa, as performance expression can require a large portion of acquired resources. Second, studies of life histories or mechanistic pathways that measure performance should do so in meaningful and standardized ways. Understanding proximate mechanisms of phenotypic trade-offs will not only better explain the phenotypes of the organisms we study, but also allow predictions about phenotypic variation at the evolutionary scale.
Adaptation to Environmental Change: Agriculture and the Unexpected Incidence of the Acid Rain Program
Authors: Sanders Nicholas J. , Barreca Alan I.
Published: February 2022

The Acid Rain Program (ARP) cut sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from power plants in the United States, with considerable benefits. We show this also reduced ambient sulfate levels, which lowered agriculture productivity through decreased soil sulfur. Using plant-level SO2 emissions and an atmospheric transport model, we estimate the relationship between airborne sulfate levels and yields for corn and soybeans. We estimate crop revenue losses for these two crops at around $1–$1.5 billion per year, with accompanying decreases in land value. Back-of-the-envelope calculations of the costs to replace lost sulfur suggest producer responses were limited and suboptimal. (JEL Q15, Q24, Q53, Q58)
Increasing Hours Worked: Moonlighting Responses to a Large Tax Reform
Authors: Tazhitdinova Alisa
Published: February 2022

Moonlighting is increasingly popular in OECD countries, with 5 to 10 percent of workers holding two or more jobs. However, little is known about the responsiveness of moonlighting to financial incentives due to the lack of identifying variation. This paper studies a unique reform in Germany that allowed workers to hold small secondary jobs tax-free, decreasing the marginal tax rate by between 19.5 to 66 pp. I show that the reform resulted in a dramatic increase in moonlighting that was not offset by reductions in primary earnings and that hours constraints are a key determinant of moonlighting. (JEL H24, H31, J22, J31)
Association of 3D-CRT and IMRT accelerated hyperfractionated radiotherapy with local control rate and 5-year survival in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients
Authors: Sun Jianyong , Huang Weiju , Chen Jingbin , Zhang Yaohong
Published: February 2022

Objectives:

This retrospective study examined the relevance and prognostic factors of whole-course conformal radiotherapy (CRT) and late-course accelerated hyperfractionation radiotherapy (LCAFRT) for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

Methods:

A total of 110 patients with ESCC received whole-course CRT and LCAFRT between May 2004 and January 2015. All patients received conventional CRT of 2 Gy per day, up to 30–40 Gy, followed by LCAFRT using reduced fields at 1.5 Gy/fraction twice a day, up to 24–39 Gy, for a total dose of 60–69 Gy.

Results:

The median follow-up was 85 months. The whole groups 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 81.8%, 46.4%, and 41.8%, respectively. The local control rates for the whole group at 1, 3, and 5 years were 82.7%, 70.0%, and 68.2%, respectively. There were no significant differences among survival rates and local control rates between the 3D-CRT and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) groups. The main reactions to acute radiotherapy were acute radiation tracheitis, esophagitis, and pneumonia. The tumor location and TNM stage were independent prognostic factors for overall survival.

Conclusion:

The results showed that whole-course CRT and LCAFRT for ESCC can improve survival and local control with a tolerable acute reaction compared to previous studies. Local recurrence and distant metastasis are the main failure modes of treatment.

Advances in knowledge:

Whole-course CRT and LCAFRT for ESCC can improve the survival and local control rate compared with previous studies from the 2DRT era. It might provide another treatment for patients with inoperable ESCC or refusing surgery.
Incidental findings in medical imaging
Authors: Maskell Giles
Published: February 2022

The success of medical imaging as a diagnostic tool has resulted in a continuing increase in its use. Technological advances mean that images are now acquired at higher resolution and in greater volumes than ever before. This has led to an increase in the detection of findings which do not appear to be related to the primary purpose of the examination and have been termed “incidental”. Many of these will be harmless but some will carry significant implications for the patient’s health. Determining which of these findings are significant and which may be safely disregarded is an increasing problem in radiology practice. Radiologists should familiarise themselves with the more common incidental findings in order to make the best possible estimation of their importance in each case and to allow them to make appropriate recommendations for further investigation where this is indicated. The decision to advise further investigation carries implications for the patient and the service as a whole and requires careful consideration.
Field exercise testing in COPD
Authors: Ανδριανόπουλος Βασίλειος
Published: February 2022

Οι δοκιμασίες άσκησης κατέχουν καθοριστικό ρόλο στην κλινική αξιολόγηση της ικανότητας άσκησης σε ασθενείς με Χρόνια Αποφρακτική Πνευμονοπάθεια (ΧΑΠ). Η εξάλεπτη δοκιμασία βάδισης (6ΔΒ) αποτελεί την πιο διαδεδομένη κλινική δοκιμασία άσκησης πεδίου για την αξιολόγηση της λειτουργικής ικανότητας, η οποία εκφράζεται με τη μεγαλύτερη απόσταση που δύναται να καλύψει ο δοκιμαζόμενος στο εξάλεπτο. Η παρούσα διατριβή αποσκοπεί να αυξήσει την υπάρχουσα δεξαμενή γνώσης για την 6ΔΒ και να διευρύνει τη χρησιμότητα της δοκιμασίας παρέχοντας τη δυνατότητα ερμηνείας νέων παραμέτρων, οι οποίες δύνανται να αναλυθούν. Συγκεκριμένα, παρουσιάζονται παράμετροι που καθορίζουν την πτώση του κορεσμού του οξυγόνου στο αίμα, την αύξηση της μερικής πίεσης του διοξειδίου του άνθρακα και την υπερκαπνία κατά τη διάρκεια άσκησης, καθώς επίσης αναλύεται κι αποτιμάται συνολικά η προγνωστική αξία της 6ΔΒ. Η παρεχόμενη γνώση από την παρούσα διατριβή αναφορικά με τις δοκιμασίες άσκησης, έχοντας ως σημείο αναφοράς την 6ΔΒ, μπορεί να έχει σημαντική πρακτική εφαρμογή σε κλινικό επίπεδο σε διάφορες χρόνιες αναπνευστικές παθήσεις, χωρίς να περιορίζεται μόνο στη ΧΑΠ. Επίσης, η εφαρμογή αυτής της γνώσης μπορεί να καταστεί χρήσιμη και σε υγιείς πληθυσμούς αναφορικά με τον έλεγχο υγείας.
“United we stand, divided we fall”: Sovereignty and Government during the Greek Revolution, 1821–1828
Authors: Sotiropoulos Michalis
Published: February 2022

This article explores the political languages which Greek revolutionaries employed between roughly 1821 and 1828, and the multiple ways in which these languages found their way into the political projects they put into force (or sought to do so). It does so by considering the revolution as an open-ended political crisis during which revolutionaries were forced to address – theoretically and practically – the fundamental issues of political power: its source, its location and its organisation. As it shows, the frameworks for political action (or “scripts”) the revolutionaries drew on varied and fed into alternative visions of statehood (national, federal, local). By uncovering and understanding these alternatives, as well as why some predominated over others, the article aims to: propose an alternative genealogy of “the political” in the Greek revolution; shed new light on the liberalism(s) of the Revolution; and bring the perspective of the Greek world into the discussion about the importance of the revolutionary wave of the 1820s.
Mount Lebanon and Greece: Mediterranean Crosscurrents, 1821–1841
Authors: Hill Peter
Published: February 2022

This article uncovers the interactions between the Greek War of Independence and the Ottoman district of Mount Lebanon. Greek forces made corsairing raids on the Syria-Lebanon coast, sometimes leading Ottoman governors to retaliate against local Christians. A more substantial attempt was made to draw the district’s quasi-autonomous ruler, Emir Bashir al-Shihabi, into an alliance with the revolutionary Greeks, leading to a major Greek assault on Beirut in 1826, but this was unsuccessful. Underlying its failure, the article argues, was the persistence of an older pattern of elite negotiation across religious boundaries, which was resistant to the stark Christian-Muslim polarisation developed in parts of the Greek war. In the decades following this war, it then suggests, some sectarian polarisation and Christian nationalist aspirations reminiscent of Greece did emerge in Mount Lebanon, largely through Maronite Christians’ interactions with France. The goal of a monoreligious nation-state, however, never took root.
Impact on carbon emissions of online study for a cohort of overseas students: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Heller Richard F , Sun Ya-Yen , Guo Zhe , Malik Arunima
Published: February 2022

Background: One of the benefits of online education is the potential reduction in carbon emissions through the decrease in travel to attend a university in person. We estimated the savings in CO2 emissions of an international cohort of master’s students who studied fully online from their home countries, rather than travelling to the UK and living there while attending university.

Methods: The city and country of residence of a cohort of students who first enrolled in the fully online Peoples-uni/Manchester Metropolitan University Master of Public Health programme between the second semester of 2011 and the first semester 2013 were recorded. Total difference in emissions was calculated by adding the estimated aviation emissions between Manchester, UK and the cities where students resided, to the difference in per capita emissions between the country of origin and the UK for the time that the student would have spent in Manchester, based on the semester in which they first enrolled.

Results: 128 students enrolled from 55 cities in 31 countries. 93 students were from a range of African countries and 18 from the Indian sub-continent. Flights to and from Manchester were estimated to have accounted for 114,553kg of CO2 and living in Manchester for the duration of their course compared with staying in the home country would have been equivalent to 854,904kg of CO2. The combined net savings was 969,457kg of CO2.

Conclusions: A small cohort of overseas students, largely from Africa and India, studied online rather than attending university in the UK. The likely saving by this small cohort of nearly a million kg of CO 2 emissions offers an indication of the potential environmental benefits of offering university education online to overseas students.
Imaging the delayed complications of childhood Kawasaki disease
Authors: Crean Andrew , Benson Lee , Shah Ashish , Han Kelly , Lesser John , McCrindle Brian W.
Published: February 2022

This review will discuss the long-term complications of Kawasaki disease with a particular focus on imaging surveillance of the coronary arteries in adolescence and adult life. The relative advantages and disadvantages of each modality will be illustrated with practical examples, demonstrating that, in many cases, a multimodality imaging strategy may be required.
Situations of work-related diseases and injuries among agriculturists in the upper northeast regions of Thailand
Authors: Chaiklieng Sunisa , Chagkornburee Chuthamas , Suggaravetsiri Pornnapa
Published: February 2022

Background: Agriculturists exposed to health hazards are affected by increased occupational disease. This retrospective study aimed to investigate situations of work-related diseases and injuries among agriculturists in upper northeast Thailand.

Methods: The secondary data of international classification of diseases 10th revision (ICD-10) case reports of occupational disease among farmers for 2014-2016, from the database of the Health Data Center (HDC), were used. We collected the number of registered farmers from the agricultural office and secondary data of ICD-10 from the hospital information system (HIS) of healthcare services in Udon Thani and Roi-Et provinces. The annual morbidity rate of occupational diseases was analyzed and presented at a rate per 100,000 farmers of the studied area.

Results: Among farmers who visited healthcare service providers, lung disease, which was not reported as occupational disease of the HDC database, was the highest ranking of all diseases, followed by work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs), noise- and heat-related diseases, and pesticide toxicity, respectively, while the injury rate was as high as that of WMSDs. The morbidity rate of Udon Thani was higher than that of Roi-Et province, whose rate was closer to the national rate. The number of farmers from the HDC database was not reflective of numbers of registered farmers, even though the case reports of the HDC was lower than that of the HIS with occupational ICD-10 codes, which might explain the underestimation of the morbidity rate of occupational disease.

Conclusions: The morbidity rate of lung disease, noise- and heat-related diseases, and pesticide toxicity increased every year (2014-2016) and reflects the health problems among agriculturists in Thailand. The underestimation in the reported disease rate is explained from big data analysis by the rare recording of work-related cases among those agriculturists. Therefore, Thai agriculturists should be supported in registration with occupational diseases surveillance as holistic healthcare.
The EWAS Catalog: a database of epigenome-wide association studies
Authors: Battram Thomas , Yousefi Paul , Crawford Gemma , Prince Claire , Sheikhali Babaei Mahsa , Sharp Gemma , Hatcher Charlie , Vega-Salas María Jesús , Khodabakhsh Sahar , Whitehurst Oliver , Langdon Ryan , Mahoney Luke , Elliott Hannah R. , Mancano Giulia , Lee Matthew A. , Watkins Sarah H. , Lay Abigail C. , Hemani Gibran , Gaunt Tom R. , Relton Caroline L. , Staley James R. , Suderman Matthew
Published: February 2022

Epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) seek to quantify associations between traits/exposures and DNA methylation measured at thousands or millions of CpG sites across the genome. In recent years, the increase in availability of DNA methylation measures in population-based cohorts and case-control studies has resulted in a dramatic expansion of the number of EWAS being performed and published. To make this rich source of results more accessible, we have manually curated a database of CpG-trait associations (with p<1x10-4) from published EWAS, each assaying over 100,000 CpGs in at least 100 individuals. From January 7, 2022, The EWAS Catalog contained 1,737,746 associations from 2,686 EWAS. This includes 1,345,398 associations from 342 peer-reviewed publications. In addition, it also contains summary statistics for 392,348 associations from 427 EWAS, performed on data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The database is accompanied by a web-based tool and R package, giving researchers the opportunity to query EWAS associations quickly and easily, and gain insight into the molecular underpinnings of disease as well as the impact of traits and exposures on the DNA methylome.

The EWAS Catalog is available at http://www.ewascatalog.org.
Efeito de cinco modelos de rotulagem nutricional frontal no tempo para escolhas alimentares entre brasilienses
Authors: Polari Ananda Silva , Bandeira Luisete , Pedroso Jéssica , Gubert Muriel Bauermann , Toral Natacha
Published: February 2022

Objetivo: Comparar o tempo necessário para realizar escolhas alimentares com diferentes modelos de rotulagem nutricional frontal entre adultos brasileiros. Métodos: Foram realizadas entrevistas com 150 participantes, que foram orientados a escolher o produto mais saudável entre dois alimentos, sendo apresentados oito pares de imagens. Um dos produtos de cada par apresentava advertências (alto em açúcares, sódio ou gordura saturada), testados em formatos diferentes de acordo com o grupo no qual o indivíduo era alocado: lupa, octógono, círculo, triângulo e semáforo. Foram contabilizados o número de acertos do produto mais saudável em cada par e o tempo para escolha correta do produto mais saudável. Resultados: Observou-se menor número de acertos do produto mais saudável entre os pares com semáforo, em comparação com qualquer outro modelo (p<0,001), sendo este também o formato no qual se observou maior tempo necessário para escolher corretamente o produto mais saudável (p<0,001). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os demais formatos. Na análise individual dos produtos, o círculo teve melhor desempenho, sendo observado tempo significativamente menor para escolhas corretas em sete dos oito produtos. Conclusão: Para apoiar escolhas alimentares saudáveis, indica-se o uso de qualquer um dos formatos testados para a rotulagem nutricional frontal, exceto o do semáforo. O círculo aparenta ser uma boa opção para reduzir o tempo do consumidor frente a escolhas saudáveis.
Perfil alimentar e percepção de escolares sobre alimentação servida em escolas municipais segundo a vulnerabilidade à saúde
Authors: Gomes de Paiva Gabriela , Campos Parreira Luíza , Martins Viana da Costa Eline , Calazans Rosana Maria , Costa da Silva Maitê , Dos Santos Luana Caroline , Cardoso Lisboa Pereira Simone , Vieira de Lima Costa Bruna
Published: February 2022

Artigo Original; Alimentação e Nutrição em Saúde Coletiva.Objetivo: Analisar o perfil alimentar e a percepção de escolares sobre a alimentação servida nas escolas, segundo a vulnerabilidade à saúde. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado com uma amostra representativa de alunos do Ensino Fundamental da Rede Municipal de Belo Horizonte. A vulnerabilidade à saúde foi determinada pelo Índice de Vulnerabilidade à Saúde dos setores censitários das escolas. Foram coletadas informações referentes ao hábito alimentar e à percepção sobre a alimentação escolar. Foi utilizado o Teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson para determinar diferenças segundo o Índice de Vulnerabilidade à Saúde. Resultados: Foram entrevistados 3.557 alunos. Os alunos das escolas com menor vulnerabilidade apresentaram o hábito de comprar alimentos em estabelecimentos próximos à escola (p=0,01); perceberam em menor proporção a alimentação escolar como variada (p<0,001), o tempo para comer como suficiente (p<0,001) e a importância da alimentação escolar (p=0,02). Conclusão: O perfil alimentar e a percepção da alimentação variaram segundo a vulnerabilidade das Escolas. Nas escolas de menor vulnerabilidade, os alunos compraram mais alimentos no entorno e apresentaram menor aceitação e valorização da alimentação escolar. Sugere-se a investigação de fatores associados (socioeconômicos e ambientais) para compreensão das condições que influenciam o adequado fornecimento da alimentação escolar à todos os estudantes.
Elaboração e avaliação da adequação nutricional de papas principais de misturas múltiplas preparadas com alimentos regionais
Authors: Souza Maria Jéssica De Almeida , Silva Bruna Yhang Da Costa , De Farias Virna Luiza
Published: February 2022

Introdução: A introdução alimentar deve ser iniciada a partir do sexto mês de vida, como complemento ao leite materno, priorizando a escolha de alimentos regionais. Na abordagem tradicional, recomenda-se que os alimentos sejam ofertados em variedades e em consistência de purês e papas, as quais devem ser aumentadas gradualmente. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi elaborar papas principais de misturas múltiplas (PPMM) com alimentos regionais direcionadas a crianças na introdução alimentar e comparar sua adequação com as recomendações saudáveis de ingestão de grupos alimentares e nutrientes. Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa de natureza experimental, quantitativa e descritiva, na qual foram elaboradas três diferentes formulações - à base de frango, à base de peixe, e à base de carne - com foco no público infantil na faixa etária de 6-8 meses de vida, que foram acondicionadas em recipientes, semelhantes aos produtos comerciais. Calculou-se o valor nutricional utilizando o Guia Alimentar para Crianças Menores de Dois Anos, e alternativamente, usando a Tabela Brasileira de Composição de Alimentos (TACO), com base nas recomendações de ingestão de nutrientes da National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Resultados: Os resultados obtidos após análise pelo Guia, em kcal/porção, foram 129,94 (Carne), 148,85 (Frango) e 134,00 (Peixe); já os valores de densidade energética encontrados pela TACO, em kcal/g, foram 1,72 (carne); 4,01 (frango) e 2,06 (peixe). Cada recipiente (110 g) comportou menos de uma porção de PPMM, com exceção da preparação contendo frango. Conclusão: As preparações elaboradas encontraram-se nutricionalmente adequadas por ambos os métodos avaliados e contiveram todos os grupos alimentares recomendados.
A representatividade feminina e o exercício da docência no ensino superior
Authors: Da Silva Erineusa Maria , Wenetz Ileana , Alvarenga Elda
Published: February 2022

Este artigo tem como objeto de estudo a representatividade das mulheres no processo do trabalho docente no ensino superior. Visa a investigar como as mulheres são contempladas em relação à representatividade feminina em seu exercício docente na Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo. Apoia-se em pesquisas sobre gênero em articulação com estudos do trabalho docente. Valeu-se de uma pesquisa de campo exploratória que buscou, sob o paradigma indiciário, levantar informações da representatividade feminina na instituição pesquisada. Conclui que, apesar de as mudanças e os deslocamentos serem bastante lentos, nas três categorias analisadas, foi possível perceber avanços importantes na direção da equidade de gênero.
Prácticas estéticas antirracistas en México desde una perspectiva crítica de género: la obra de Petrona de la Cruz Cruz
Authors: Pérez Vera Amarilis
Published: February 2022

Este artículo es sobre prácticas estéticas performativas antirracistas en México, una línea de investigación que desarrollé en la tesis de doctorado, la cual además contempló tales prácticas en la comunidad chicana de California, Estados Unidos. En esta oportunidad, se reflexionará sobre cómo las prácticas estéticas performativas desarrollan un conocimiento encarnado y una praxis teórico-metodológica para confrontar la violencia de género en relación con las especificidades de los racismos en México, restaurándose así la agencia de las personas o grupos de personas afectadas. Con este propósito analizaremos la performance escénic: Dulces y Amargos Sueños de Petrona de la Cruz Cruz. Así se formularán cuestionamientos a la ideología del mestizaje y al lugar que tal ideología configura, específicamente, para las mujeres indígenas en la nación mexicana. De la Cruz Cruz negocia entre la identidad nacional mestiza y la propia, posicionándose desde una crítica con perspectiva de género a la experiencia personal como mujer indígena. El estudio de esta performance escénica premitirá hacer disímiles consideraciones sobre cómo se entretejen la violencia de género y el racismo en México; y también conocer los diversos modos en que los propios cuerpos racializados negativamente se constituyen en actores de la representación y en sujetos políticos interviniendo sobre la historia, la realidad social y la propia realidad estética y poética mediante la reconfiguración tanto de los cuerpos representados como de los temas, las lenguas, los materiales, los ritmos, los colores, las perspectivas ideológicas y teóricas. Para llevar a cabo esta investigación se hizo trabajo de archivo y de campo. Las principales fuentes fueron las reflexiones académicas, especialmente de corte histórico, sobre racismo, mestizaje y arte en México; así como la experiencia directa de múltiples visualizaciones de la performance y la revisión documental del mismo.
A TERRA COMO ATIVO FINANCEIRO: MECANISMOS, PRÁTICAS E INSTRUMENTOS
Authors: Bicalho Bruna
Published: February 2022

As crises financeira, energética, ambiental e alimentar na primeira década dos anos 2000 potencializaram uma corrida mundial por terras, popularizando o conceito de land grabbing. O Brasil tem atraído o capital financeiro (inter)nacional para o campo por conta do grande “estoque” de terras e o seu preço relativamente barato nas áreas de expansão da fronteira agrícola moderna. Ressalta-se que a terra aparece, no período atual, como uma das principais formas do capital excedente se valorizar. A acumulação futura se dá a partir da absorção de partes cada vez maiores do mais-valor pela captura da renda da terra, minimizando ou anulando a tendência à queda da taxa de lucro, ou seja, os efeitos decorrentes da crise financeira. Há uma série de mecanismos, práticas e instrumentos que mostram a integração entre o capital financeiro e o controle de terras, ou seja, a financeirização da agricultura. Neste trabalho, discute-se a transformação da terra em ativo financeiro a partir das seguintes perspectivas: a abertura de empresas do agronegócio na Bolsa de Valores, a expansão dos instrumentos do mercado de capitais para financiamento da agricultura e pecuária, a criação dos fundos imobiliários agrícolas, o crowdfunding de fazendas e o surgimento das imobiliárias agrícolas.
A Family of Estimators for Population Mean Under Model Approach in Presence of Non-Response
Authors: Singh Ajeet Kumar , Singh V. K.
Published: February 2022

We have defined a class of estimators for population mean under non-response error based upon the concept of sub-sampling of non-respondents utilizing an auxiliary variable. The class is a one-parameter class of estimators which is based on the idea of exponential type estimators (ETE). The model biasness and model-mean square error of the class and some of its important members have been derived under polynomial regression model (PRM). The effect of variations in PRM specifications on the efficiency of the estimators has been discussed based upon the empirical results.
Theoretical investigation of photon partial pathlengths in multilayered turbid media
Authors: García Héctor A. , Vera Demián A. , Waks Serra María. V. , Baez Guido R. , Iriarte Daniela I. , Pomarico Juan A.
Published: February 2022

Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a valuable tool for assessing oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin concentration changes (Δ[HbO] and Δ[HbR], respectively) in the human brain. To this end, photon pathlengths in tissue are needed to convert from light attenuation to Δ[HbO] and Δ[HbR]. Current techniques describe the human head as a homogeneous medium, in which case these pathlengths are easily computed. However, the head is more appropriately described as a layered medium; hence, the partial pathlengths in each layer are required. The current way to do this is by means of Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, which are time-consuming and computationally expensive. In this work, we introduce an approach to theoretically calculate these partial pathlengths, which are computed several times faster than MC simulations. Comparison of our approach with MC simulations show very good agreement. Results also suggest that these analytical expressions give much more specific information about light absorption in each layer than in the homogeneous case.
Respiratory and heart rate monitoring using an FBG 3D-printed wearable system
Authors: Tavares Cátia , Leitão Cátia , Lo Presti Daniela , Domingues M. F. , Alberto Nélia , Silva Hugo , Antunes Paulo
Published: February 2022

This work proposes a 3D-printed sensor based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) technology for respiratory rate (RR) and heart rate (HR) monitoring. Each sensor is composed of a single FBG fully encapsulated into a 3D-printable Flexible, during the printing process. Sensors with different material thicknesses and infill densities were tested. The sensor with the best metrological properties was selected and preliminary assessed in terms of capability of monitoring RR and HR on three users. Preliminary results proved that the developed sensor can be a valuable easy-to-fabricate solution, with high reproducibility and high strain sensitivity to chest wall deformations due to breathing and heart beating.
Scalability analysis of machine learning QoT estimators for a cloud-native SDN controller on a WDM over SDM network
Authors: Manso C. , Vilalta R. , Muñoz R. , Yoshikane N. , Casellas R. , Martínez R. , Wang C. , Balasis F. , Tsuritani T. , Morita I.
Published: February 2022

Maintaining a good quality of transmission (QoT) in optical transport networks is key to maintaining the service level agreement between the user and the service provider. QoT prediction techniques have been used to assure the quality of new lightpaths as well as that of the previously provisioned ones. Traditionally, two different approaches have been used: analytical methods, which take into account most physical impairments that are accurate but complex, and high margin formulas, which require much less computational resources at the cost of high margins. With the recent progress of machine learning (ML) together with software defined networking (SDN), ML has been considered as another option that could be both accurate and that does not consume as many resources as analytical methods. SDN architectures are difficult to scale because they are usually centralized; this is even worse with QoT predictors using ML. In this paper, a solution to this issue is presented using a cloud-native architecture, and its scalability is evaluated using three different ML QoT predictors and experimentally validated in a real wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) over spatial-division multiplexing (SDM) testbed.
Short single-frequency self-pulsing Brillouin-Raman distributed feedback fiber laser
Authors: Bannerman Rex H. S. , Smith Devin H. , Gray Alan C. , Gates James C. , Broderick Neil G. R. , Gawith Corin B. E. , Smith Peter G. R.
Published: February 2022

We demonstrate that the stimulated Brillouin scattering of a 250 mm long distributed feedback Raman fiber laser can self-pulse with repetition rates up to 7 MHz, pulse widths of 25 ns, and peak powers of 1.2 W. While both CW and pulsed lasing are produced from a bespoke grating at 1119 nm this laser design could be constructed at almost any wavelength, as the Raman and Brillouin gain regions are relative to the pump wavelength. The laser has a low lasing threshold for a Raman laser of 0.55 W, a peak slope efficiency of 14 %, and a maximum average output of 0.25 W. An investigation of beating between pure Raman and Raman-pumped Brillouin lasing shows that the outputs of the two processes are highly correlated and thus the Brillouin lasing is essentially single-frequency when CW and near transform limited for pulsed operation. A phenomenological model of the Raman-Brillouin interaction shows that the pulsing behaviour of such a cavity is expected and produces very similar pulsing to that the seen in experimental results.
Compact Tri-FFPI sensor for measurement of ultrahigh temperature, vibration acceleration, and strain
Authors: Yao Kun , Lin Qijing , Zhao Na , Jiao Yunjing , Wang Zelin , Tian Bian , Zhao Libo , Jiang Zhuangde , Peng Gang-Ding
Published: February 2022

As a high-precision fiber optic sensor, a single optical fiber Fabry Pérot interferometer (FFPI) sensor is often used to measure parameters such as temperature or strain. However, the use of combined FFPIs to measure multiple parameters simultaneously has rarely been reported. In this paper, a compact Tri-FFPI sensor consisting of three series-connected FFPIs is proposed to measure high temperature, high acceleration, and large strain. The total length and diameter of the sensing part are only 2558.9 µm and 250 µm, respectively. One of the FFPIs, FFPI-1, contains a cantilever beam structure to measure vibration acceleration. FFPI-2 is used to measure temperature and the temperature compensation of the strain measurement. FFPI-3 is used to measure strain. To ensure that the sensor has high measurement sensitivity, two demodulation methods are used: the light intensity demodulation method for vibration acceleration and the wavelength demodulation method for temperature and strain. The sensor is capable of withstanding ultrahigh temperatures up to 1000°C.
Effects of nanoparticle sizes, shapes, and permittivity on plasmonic imaging
Authors: Sun Xiaojuan , Wang Xue , Wang Chang , Sun Xuqing , Liu Hongyao , Wang Fei , Cao Yitao , Wang Siyuan , Lu Xinchao , Huang Chengjun
Published: February 2022

Plasmonic imaging has exhibited superiority in label-free and fast detection to single nanoparticles due to its high sensitivity and high temporal resolution, which plays an important role in environmental monitoring and biomedical research. As containing plenty of information associated with particle features, plasmonic imaging has been used for identifying the particle sizes, shapes, and permittivity. Yet, the effects of the nanoparticle features on plasmonic imaging are not investigated, which hinders the in-depth understanding to plasmonic imaging and its applications in particle identification. In this work, we analyzed five types of nanoparticles, including polystyrene (PS), Au, silicon nanospheres as well as PS and Ag nanowires. We illustrated the effects of nanoparticle sizes, shapes, and permittivity on spatial resolution, imaging contrast, and interference fringes. We found that nanoparticle sizes and permittivity influenced the imaging contrast. Via introducing size parameter relevant to interference fringes, the connection between particle shape and reduction rate of size parameter is built, and the effects of particle shapes on the interference patterns are revealed. Our research provides a basis for improving the plasmonic imaging and presents guidance for applications on particle identification in nano-detection, biosensor, and environmental monitoring.
Energy scaling beyond the gas ionization threshold with divided-pulse nonlinear compression
Authors: Jenkins G. W. , Feng C. , Bromage J.
Published: February 2022

We demonstrate how pulse energy in hollow-core fiber can be scaled beyond gas-ionization limitations using divided-pulse nonlinear compression. With one pulse, ionization limits our fiber’s output pulse energy to 2.7 mJ at an input of 4 mJ. By dividing the pulse to four low-energy pulses before the fiber, we eliminated the ionization and scaled the pulse energy 2.5× to 6.6 mJ at an input energy of 10 mJ. Larger energy scaling is possible, as our maximum pulse energy has not reached the new gas ionization threshold. Our results motivate applying the method to state-of-the-art systems for large pulse energy scaling without prohibitive system size increases.
Simultaneous single-shot rotation–vibration non-equilibrium thermometry using pure rotational fs/ps CARS coherence beating
Authors: Chen Timothy Y. , Liu Ning , Kliewer Christopher J. , Dogariu Arthur , Kolemen Egemen , Ju Yiguang
Published: February 2022

We report the development of a simple and sensitive two-beam hybrid femtosecond/picosecond pure rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (fs/ps CARS) method to simultaneously measure the rotational and vibrational temperatures of diatomic molecules. Rotation–vibration non-equilibrium plays a key role in the chemistry and thermalization in low-temperature plasmas as well as thermal loading of hypersonic vehicles. This approach uses time-domain interferences between ground state and vibrationally excited N2 molecules to intentionally induce coherence beating that leads to apparent non-Boltzmann distributions in the pure rotational spectra. These distortions enable simultaneous inference of both the rotational and vibrational temperatures. Coherence beating effects were observed in single-shot fs/ps CARS measurements of a 75 Torr N2 DC glow discharge and were successfully modeled for rotational and vibrational temperature extraction. We show that this method can be more sensitive than a pure rotational fs/ps CARS approach using a spectrally narrow probe pulse. Lastly, we experimentally measured the beat frequencies via Fourier transform of the time-domain response and obtained excellent agreement with the model.
Femtosecond laser inscribed Yb:LuAG waveguides: guiding performance, micro-spectroscopy characterizations, and refractive index reconstruction
Authors: Tang Wei-Jia , Jia Chuan-Lei , Liao Yang , Liu Ke , Qiu Liang
Published: February 2022

We report on fabrication of dual-line waveguides in Yb:LuAG crystal by 1030-nm femtosecond laser inscription, 450 fs pulses at a 100 kHz repetition rate. The efficient single-mode guidance is demonstrated in the type II waveguide structures when propagating light along both TE and TM polarization at 632.8 nm and 1064 nm. Based on the configuration, the minimum propagation loss of the 18-µm width waveguide is determined to be 0.55 dB/cm at wavelength of 632.8 nm. Both the lattice-damaged tracks and strain-affected regions are characterized by means of the confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy. In combination with beam propagation calculations, we quantitatively determine the corresponding contribution of each effect to the refractive-index field of the fabricated waveguides.
Classical mathematical models for prediction of response to chemotherapy and immunotherapy
Authors: Ghaffari Laleh Narmin , Loeffler Chiara Maria Lavinia , Grajek Julia , Staňková Kateřina , Pearson Alexander T. , Muti Hannah Sophie , Trautwein Christian , Enderling Heiko , Poleszczuk Jan , Kather Jakob Nikolas
Published: February 2022

Classical mathematical models of tumor growth have shaped our understanding of cancer and have broad practical implications for treatment scheduling and dosage. However, even the simplest textbook models have been barely validated in real world-data of human patients. In this study, we fitted a range of differential equation models to tumor volume measurements of patients undergoing chemotherapy or cancer immunotherapy for solid tumors. We used a large dataset of 1472 patients with three or more measurements per target lesion, of which 652 patients had six or more data points. We show that the early treatment response shows only moderate correlation with the final treatment response, demonstrating the need for nuanced models. We then perform a head-to-head comparison of six classical models which are widely used in the field: the Exponential, Logistic, Classic Bertalanffy, General Bertalanffy, Classic Gompertz and General Gompertz model. Several models provide a good fit to tumor volume measurements, with the Gompertz model providing the best balance between goodness of fit and number of parameters. Similarly, when fitting to early treatment data, the general Bertalanffy and Gompertz models yield the lowest mean absolute error to forecasted data, indicating that these models could potentially be effective at predicting treatment outcome. In summary, we provide a quantitative benchmark for classical textbook models and state-of-the art models of human tumor growth. We publicly release an anonymized version of our original data, providing the first benchmark set of human tumor growth data for evaluation of mathematical models.
The SAMBA tool uses long reads to improve the contiguity of genome assemblies
Authors: Zimin Aleksey V. , Salzberg Steven L.
Published: February 2022

Third-generation sequencing technologies can generate very long reads with relatively high error rates. The lengths of the reads, which sometimes exceed one million bases, make them invaluable for resolving complex repeats that cannot be assembled using shorter reads. Many high-quality genome assemblies have already been produced, curated, and annotated using the previous generation of sequencing data, and full re-assembly of these genomes with long reads is not always practical or cost-effective. One strategy to upgrade existing assemblies is to generate additional coverage using long-read data, and add that to the previously assembled contigs. SAMBA is a tool that is designed to scaffold and gap-fill existing genome assemblies with additional long-read data, resulting in substantially greater contiguity. SAMBA is the only tool of its kind that also computes and fills in the sequence for all spanned gaps in the scaffolds, yielding much longer contigs. Here we compare SAMBA to several similar tools capable of re-scaffolding assemblies using long-read data, and we show that SAMBA yields better contiguity and introduces fewer errors than competing methods. SAMBA is open-source software that is distributed at https://github.com/alekseyzimin/masurca.