bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Az online marketing szerepe az információkeresésben bioélelmiszereknél
Authors: Hegede Gabriella , Podruzsik Szilárd
Published: March 2019

Online marketing opened a new platform to communicate with potential customers using inno-vative solutions in food industry. The second phase of purchasing process, the role of online marketing became even more important in information search. internet as a search engine re-placed the traditional marketing channels and became the leading platform in acquiring infor-mation. As customers have low level of interest in organic food and their consumption, online marketing has an eminent role to provide targeted and prompt information to the customers’ tight segment in Hungary. Among online marketing tools, search websites, producers’ and cus-tomers’ websites, social media are the most successful channels in information search
Intertextuality as Factor of Artistic Energy of Literary Work (Vasyl Holoborodko’s Poem “A Curved Dance”)
Authors: Klochek Hryhoriy
Published: March 2019

The theoretical part of the paper outlines methodological principles applied within the analysis of intertextuality as a factor of artistic energy in Vasyl Holoborodko’s poem “A Curved Dance”. For this purpose, the necessary comments on intertextuality as a source of artistic energy have been made. The author of the paper shows the difference between systematic and structuralistic understanding of a literary work, and considers the actual problems of the systematic theory which defines ‘technique’ as a main unit of the expressive system (poetics). In this case the identification of the techniques is supported by the analysis of their expressive functions. The receptive poetics as a methodological doctrine is based on this perspective, the essence of which is modeling the influence of the expressive techniques of a literary work on the recipient in terms of the psychology of artistic perception.

The poem “A Curved Dance” have been analyzed as a complete, systematically organized text that begins to function in the process of the perception, generating a quite complete artistic world in the recipient’s mind. The artistic character of the poem is determined by many factors, but the most important of them is the main meaning, generated by the literary text, which may be defined as a dream about the perfect, full-fledged existence of the Ukrainian nation. The whole expressive system of the literary work contributes to creating it, while the dominant role is played by intertextual ‘implants’ in the author’s text, brought from some notable works, namely the image of the curved dance (intermedial moment), reminiscences from the folk song “Oy tam na hori zhentsi zhnut” (“Oh there on the hill harvestmen reap the harvest”) and “Slovo o polku Ihorevim” (“The Tale of Ihor’s Campaign”). They express the meaningful senses that substantially enrich the author’s text from the perspective of the psychology of artistic perception, giving it a hidden meaning, and therefore energy.
Borders of (Non-)Compromise: Oles Honchar in Reception of Ivan Koshelivets
Authors: Tarnashynska Liudmyla
Published: March 2019

The paper traces the reception of O. Honchar’s personality and works in publications of the journal “Suchasnist” in 1960s–1990s. The author of the paper bases her research on the multi-genre publications by I. Koshelivets, which had utterly polemical tone, and reinforces her observations with the other scholars’ ideas regarding the speciﬁcs of interpreting the text.

Adhering to the presumption of fact and the aesthetic criteria for assessing the work of literature, a Western critic put his maxims against a historical background and in a broad European literary context.

Defending his anti-cult position in regard to the writer’s personality of O. Honchar, I. Koshelivets evaluated the works of the Ukrainian Soviet literature classic based on the ground of artistic truth exclusively. Despite the fact that O. Honchar mastered the language skillfully and had an indisputable gift of a writer, he always adhered to the ‘boundaries of the permitted’, which made him to limit the scope of themes and adhere to the artiﬁcial style with its varnished reality and false poetic ﬂavor. Paying tribute to the fact that O. Honchar supported the Ukrainian sixtiers and always had a pro-Ukrainian position, I. Koshelivets still kept his principled position for decades.

The critic considered the literary work of O. Honchar as a sample of socialist realism with its indisputable taboos. In particular, he analyzed in detail the most known Honchar’s novel “Cathedral”. According to I. Koshelivets, it got its fame mostly due to the party functionaries that made a relatively weak piece of literature a political event and gave it some extra-literary value, so that the issues of style and literary features became secondary. The author of the paper states that in the conditions of a totalitarian society and ideologically controlled literary process, the talent of O. Honchar couldn’t be realized properly, anyway.

This controversial topic of I. Koshelivets’s interpretation of the works by Ukrainian Soviet literature classic has been perceived within the oppositional literary-critical discourse as a kind of challenge undermining the ‘foundations’ of the national culture. Although without its detailed consideration the history of Ukrainian literature will be incomplete.
Methodological Isomorphism as Ivan Franko’s Style of Scholarly Thinking
Authors: Sinchenko Oleksiy
Published: March 2019

The present paper tries to reconstruct Ivan Franko’s methodological thinking on the basis of his works and aims at synchronizing criteria, procedures and principles of proving and producing scholarly knowledge. The main purpose here is building isomorphic models of thinking and methodological instruction based on some Franko’s constants of the world view and understanding reality.

Franko as a scholar was interested in various ﬁelds: literary studies, ethnography, linguistics, philosophy, social economics, law, political science, history, statistics etc. He intended to create the ground for institutionalization of research work in Ukrainian society. His scholarly universalism allowed using the knowledge from different ﬁelds simultaneously in order to study the same subject from different perspectives. This subject was a society which he understood as the people, class, and individual in his activities.

At every stage of his methodological reﬂection, Franko adhered to clear determinism both in deﬁning the subject ﬁeld of research and in constructing his assertions. But the attempt to single out the subject knowledge in its pure form was complicated by the fact that he didn’t think of it separately from the sphere of application, and therefore he was focused on the methods related to the practical use and giving the opportunity of transferring the gained knowledge into the sphere of education.

In the deﬁnitions of scholarly work he used such characteristics as “thoroughness and precision”, “good care and logic of scholarly analysis”, facts, observations, descriptions, comparisons, criticism, analysis (more simple and versatile). These markers form a framework that makes it possible to reconstruct the style of his thinking as a methodologist.

In general, Franko’s style of scholarly thinking tended to inductivism. This style was determined by detailed description and study of empirical material with accurate statistical method; analogy and comparison through applying different kinds of scholarly languages; conceptual systems, often borrowed from the related spheres of knowledge, in particular notions of general methodology (evolution); interest in general research problems; search for transitional joints of sectorial methods, their conceptualization and approbation.
Coloring in Short Prose by Yevhen Hutsalo
Authors: Brayko Oleksandr
Published: March 2019

The paper considers the means of representing space in Yevhen Hutsalo’s prose which are suitable for comparison with the painting technique. Coloring is one of determining graphic resources of a picture. The artistic effect of the ﬁgures and spatial compositions ﬁxed on canvas is to a great extent predeﬁned by the color solution of the subjects and air environment depicted. In order to make the world of imagination more representational the literature used to involve visual imagery in a verbal design, in which color and light markers not only specify a representation of ﬁctitious or real situation but also give some lyrical, epical or dramatic coloring to the narration, increasing the expressivity of a picture. In the descriptions of landscapes in the short stories by Yevhen Hutsalo one may ﬁnd the verbal analogues of such painting tools as color dominant, color harmony, lighted up and shaded areas. The dynamics of color solution in a verbal picture, the introduction of new hues and their combinations, and the constructing of light environments help to strengthen the emotional effect of the narration and make some special mood accents. The change of chromatic range and interpretation of painting components of the verbal image liken the narration to the melodious and sound transitions in music and editing tools in ﬁlmmaking. The color effects contribute to plasticity of the represented objects or, on the contrary, make their representation less material, give some decorative or symbolic sense to the nature. The story “On the Shining Horizon” may be compared to the cycle of paintings by Oscar-Claude Monet “Rouen Cathedral”. The unsteady landscape of Y. Hutsalo is marked by interpretative activity of the narrator. The landscape descriptions with a less vivid and not too rich, i. e. comparatively weak in terms of stimulating emotions, color range are also endowed with a noticeable expressive potential. In accordance with the requirements of expression in painting the verbal chiaroscuro also may give dynamics to relatively static environment. The paper offers a comparative analysis of the verbal ‘pictures’ and their corresponding paintings-predecessors.
De La Diplomatie Du Chèquier À La Diplomatie Flexible: L’impact De L’engagement Chinois En Amérique Centrale Sur La Politique Étrangère Taïwanaise
Authors: AKÇADAĞ ALAGÖZ Emine
Published: March 2019

Ce travail vise à analyser le changement de l’approche diplomatique de Taïwan envers l’Amérique centrale et les Caraïbes, l’une des régions les plus importantes pour la reconnaissance internationale de Taïwan, à la suite de l’accession au pouvoir de Ma Ying-Jeou. Dans ce but, d’abord on traite “la trêve diplomatique” entre Taipei et Pékin comme le principal facteur explicatif et on analyse ce changement politique considérable entre les deux pays en utilisant le modèle de Jakob Gustavsson. Ensuite, on examine comment cette trêve a influencé la politique étrangère de Taïwan envers l’Amérique centrale et les Caraïbes. Une attention particulière est accordée sur le passage de la diplomatie du chéquier, débutée aux années 1990 pour conserver ou se faire des alliés à l’aide d'assistances financières, d'investissements et accords commerciaux, à la diplomatie flexible appliquée par le président Ma comme le changement politique le plus significatif à l’égard de cette région.
First Impressions: Footprints as Forensic Evidence in Crime in Fact and Fiction
Authors: David Alison Matthews
Published: March 2019

As skilled ‘detectives’, dress historians are experts in closely reading surviving artefacts and using them to glean evidence of the lives of those who made and wore them. With shoes and footwear, this rich, object-based approach can yield new information that challenges established histories. This article turns traditional object analysis on its head by interrogating instead the impressions and traces that objects leave behind, taking a forensic approach to footwear. It examines the rise of scientific policing and the history of footprints as a key form of evidence in crime fact and fiction. Five key British and Francophone stories and novels written between 1833 and 1931 provide a barometer of how narratives of the capital offence of murder and footwear evidence shifted during this century. These are interwoven with contemporary forensic science texts, police handbooks, newspaper articles and trial transcripts from the Central Criminal Court of England and Wales, commonly known as the Old Bailey. This article charts the shift in perceptions that occurred between 1830 and 1890, which I call the ‘Age of Conviction’, a period where there was a widespread belief in the veracity of prints, to an ‘Age of Suspicion’ from 1890 to 1930, as more scientific and critical methods of examination and recording made detectives and the public sceptical and wary of deception.
Władysław Dziadoń, the Kraków ‘King of Shoes’
Authors: Kowalska Joanna Regina
Published: March 2019

The Kraków shoemaker Władysław Dziadoń was called the king of shoes among citizens of Kraków. He worked in shoemaking between the years 1920 and 1955. His dream was to create a company of comparable significance to the Czechoslovakian Bata shoe company. During the years of the German occupation in the Second World War, he provided support to the resistance movement, without giving up the business of producing shoes. While he was hopeful that after the war he would be able to realize his dreams and aspirations, the conditions of a totalitarian state and the communist economy meant that these plans were never able to materialize. He was persecuted by the communist state, and in 1955 he had to close his shoe company. In the collections of the National Museum in Kraków there are thirty pairs of shoes made by his company, another three pairs are preserved in a private collection. This high-quality footwear is the only material legacy of Władysław Dziadoń's skills as a producer of shoes. This article illustrates the fate of a shoemaker and entrepreneur in the era of the German occupation (1939–1945) and Stalinism (1945–1955).
Evaluation of Genetic Diversity in Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Genotypes using Protein Profiling
Authors: Eid Manal
Published: March 2019

The knowledge of the genetic diversity of barley (Hordeum vulgare) genotypes based on protein polymorphism is very important for breeding programs. The purpose of the current study was to determine the genetic diversity and relationships among ten barley genotypes by using Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) for protein profiles. A total number of 30 bands with molecular weights ranging from 12 to 148 KD were detected. Out of these, five bands were observed monomorphic. Rest of the bands had shown polymorphism to the extent of 83.3% among the test genotypes. The genetic similarity of the ten genotypes tested varied from 0.26 to 1.00 with an average of 0.51. Cluster analysis divided the ten genotypes into two major clusters comprising four subclusters, which was consistent with the systematic classification of barley done in previous studies. The results of this study indicated that the genotypes of barley could effectively be differentiated based on polymorphism, detected between protein patterns. SDS-PAGE presented a higher differentiation power and better repeatability; thus, could be used as a rapid and reliable method for genetic diversity analysis and laid a solid foundation for future barley breeding.
Genetic Effects of Resistance to Spot Blotch in Selected Wheat Genotypes
Authors: Tembo Batiseba , Sibiya Julia , Tongoona Pangirayi , Melis Rob
Published: March 2019

Spot blotch disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc) Shoemaker causes significant yield and quality losses in warm and humid agro-ecologies of the world. Breeding for resistance is considered to be the most economical and sustainable approach of controlling the disease. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic effect influencing inheritance of resistance to spot blotch in selected wheat genotypes using generation mean analysis to devise a resistance breeding strategy. Populations involving six generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, BCP1 and BCP2) were developed comprising two selected parental lines, i.e., Loerrie II and 19HRWSN6. Test materials were field evaluated for resistance to spot blotch during the 2014/15 cropping season in Zambia. Additive genetic effects were significant and accounted for 94.79% of the total genetic variation for spot blotch resistance in wheat. Dominance and epistatic effects were not detected. The predominance of additive genetic effects suggests that recurrent selection strategy could boost spot blotch resistance in these population to develop pure line wheat cultivars.
Assessment of Maize Genotypes for Forage Yield and Quality
Authors: Basit Abdul , Khaliq Abdul , Pervez Asim , Hayat Sikandar , Akhtar Muhammad Saleem
Published: March 2019

The present study was targeted to evaluate eight maize advance lines in comparison to one local check for green fodder yield potential and nutritional quality. The experiment was conducted at Fodder Research Institute, Sargodha during August 2017. The experiment was sown in a randomized complete block design with three replications having a plot size of 2.4 m x 6 m. The crop was harvested at 50% flowering stage and data regarding plant height, Number of leaves per plant, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, leaves weight per plant, stem weight per plant, leaves to stem weight ratio, green fodder yield, dry matter percentage, crude protein and crude fibre were recorded. The results showed that the performance of the advance lines; No.1501 and MS.2010 was best among all the studied genotypes in terms of fodder yield respectively. Both genotypes exhibited a good nutritional quality.
Association of Agro-Morphological and Oil Traits in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Cultivars
Authors: Yusuf Zekeria , Zeleke Habtamu , Mohammed Wassu , Hussein Shimelis , Hugo Arno
Published: March 2019

The associations between the traits of interest in plant breeding are commonly evaluated by means of phenotypic, genotypic and environmental correlations, and through path coefficient analysis that shows direct and indirect cause and effect relationship. Sixteen groundnut genotypes (including local check) were evaluated for quantitative parameters. The crop was sown during 2015 wet season across four locations in Ethiopia. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two replications. The results indicated that genotypic correlations were higher than the phenotypic and environmental ones. The grain yield (kg/ha) has presented positive and significant genetic correlation with PWP, SWP and 100SW. Genetic correlations of oil content with agro-morphological traits and oil quality parameters were shown that oil content was significant and positively correlated with pod weight per plant (PWP) and seed weight per plant (SWP) showing that possibility of indirect selection for oil content through these traits. The path analysis based on genotypic correlation in the present study was shown that selection for oil content trait is effective through OY, GY, NMP and NSPOD; breeding for TPUS/TS trait is effective through selection for high oil content, NMP, PWP, AGBP, O/L ratio, and NSP traits. Furthermore, the path analysis has shown that breeding for high O/L ratio can be conducted through selection for AGBP, NSPOD, NSP, oil content, TPUS/TS or oleic acid traits; likewise breeding for oil yield (OY) can be conducted via selection for oil content, NSP, AGBP, NBP or TPUS/TS.
A Study on Information Multimedia Integrated Introductory Course of Internet of Vehicles to Students’ Self-Efficacy and Learning Effect
Authors: CHEN Yufeng , XIANG Zhengtao , CHENG Dengliang , XIE Jieren
Published: March 2019

Along with the rapid development of information technology, the information technology education trend is emerged. The enhancement of quality becomes the cross-century direction of education reform. To grasp the trend of time and integrate information multimedia into traditional teaching courses for enhancing teaching quality are the primary issues for professional teachers. With an experimental design model, Total 100 students of Hubei University of Automotive Technology, as the research objects. The class is an 8-week experimental instruction every Thursday (32 hours in total, 16 hours in class, another 16 hours are for out-of-class activities). The research results reveal that information multimedia instruction shows higher self-efficacy than general instruction and achieves the significance, information multimedia instruction reveals higher learning effect than general instruction and reaches the significance, and self-efficacy appears notably positive effects on learning effect. According to the results to propose suggestions, it is expected, through the integration of information multimedia, to induce and maintain students’ interests in the curricula and even the willingness to make efforts towards the learning goal for better learning effect.
The Mechanism and Empirical Study of Village Rules in Rural Revitalization and Ecological Governance
Authors: TAN Mingjiao , YAN Xiaoting , FENG Weilin
Published: March 2019

Village rules are an important normative form of rural autonomy and play an important role in rural governance. In the construction of a country ruled by law, it is necessary to attach great importance to the value of the village rules and to further improve the status of the village rules. The full play of the role of the village rules is to make full use of the village rules in rural governance. The current village rules play a huge role in the revitalization of the countryside. The village rules can integrate rural economic, political, cultural and other resources. This article introduces the positive impact of the village rules on rural revitalization from many aspects. The rural revitalization under the guidance of the township has the functions of democratic participation, economic coordination, cultural inheritance, and social stability. The article lists examples of many rural villages in China. According to the requirements of the scientific development concept, we have analyzed in detail the positive impact of the village rules on ecological environment governance. The main reasons for the active role of the village rules are collective participation support, recognition of the legal system, support of the ecological environment, promotion of national cohesion, and changes in the rules of village rules. Finally, we propose suggestions for optimizing the role of village rules in rural revitalization and ecological governance from both the subjective and objective levels. First, the villagers should be highly involved, and then the grassroots government should focus on building platforms to participate in grassroots autonomy. While the government is helping to establish the village rules, it can also intervene in the formulation of village rules, so that the village rules are part of the grassroots informal legal system. Subjective and objective joint efforts can make the village rules develop continuously and contribute to building a harmonious society.
Redefining the Boundaries: Studies on the LGBTI-Themed Graffiti in the Streets of Nicosia
Authors: KECECI Eser , KECECI Gokce , KANLI Izlem
Published: March 2019

Since prehistoric eras, people have expressed their emotions and ideas on the walls. With the invention of writing and fast development of technology, murals also have evolved and gained new dimensions. Graffiti, which is a type of mural, has its place among street arts with its oldest historical background. It is scribbled, scratched or painted on the city walls; hence, they become a protest communication tool with implicit messages. This study discusses the graffiti in the streets of Nicosia regarding the protection of fundamental universal rights and freedoms of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual and intersexual (LGBTI) individuals and communities that conduct activities towards the raising awareness about such matters. The LGBTI-themed graffiti, which are analyzed in the current research, have been collected from the North Nicosia streets during the last five years. The semiotic analysis of all the LGBTI-themed graffiti indicates that these graffiti provide the marginalized communities and individuals with a tool to express their suppressed feelings, to protest the negative reaction toward them, and also to redefine their presence in the society and occupy the urban area. This study offers the first analysis and investigation into the LGBTI-themed graffiti in the North Nicosia.
Research on the “Double” Motive in the Novel Blueprint
Authors: WANG Wei
Published: March 2019

The German female writer Charlotte Kerner has created a series of works on the theme of science and technology to explore the relationship between people and technology and nature. One of the most striking features of his work is the frequent appearance of the "double" motive. This phenomenon is most evident in the book Blueprint. This article explores the "double" motive in the novel Blueprint from the perspectives of "mother-daughter doubles" and "person-painting doubles". This paper analyzes the aesthetic effect of its performance, and then studies the relationship among the motive, the author's aesthetic strategy and the theme of the work. In addition, it is concluded that "double" is full of dialectical philosophy of opposition and unity. It not only highlights the author's aesthetic strategy of paying attention to the dual combination of character and dialectical movement in character shaping, which makes the character of the character more full and contradictory conflict more intense, but also endues the work with the depth of human nature.
EFFECT OF FERTILIZER FACTORY WASTES ON SEED GERMINATION, PLANT GROWTH AND ROOT-KNOT DISEASE DEVELOPMENT IN TOMATO (Lycopersicon lycopersicum L.) PLANTS
Authors: Dixit Gopal
Published: March 2019

In the present research paper studies have been made on fertilizer factory wastes on percent seed germination, root and shoot length of plants and development of root-knot galls by Meloidogyne incognita in five cultivars of tomato. Though all the cultivars showed almost similar impact of fertilizer wastes on seed germination, plant growth and resistance for root-knot disease with little variation. Percent germination of seeds and plant growth was found decreased while the root-knot index was increased along with the increase in concentration of fertilizer wastes.
EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT FUNGICIDES AGAINST DOWNY MILDEW OF CUCUMBER CAUSED BY PSEUDOPERONOSPORA CUBENSIS
Authors: Waris Muhammad , Khan Ahmad , Fullah Lut , Ullah Atta
Published: March 2019

Cucumis sativus is one of the most important vegetable crop being grown in Pakistan, cucumber is being affected by different types of pathogens and downy mildew is one of the detrimental disease causing losses upto 40%. RCBD design was used for fungicide evaluation, Varieties viz., beithoalfa, Marketmore-76, Cucumber 363, Anmol , Marketmore and Desi were evaluated it was found that all varieties were showed positive response in minimizing disease disease out of which variety Beithoalfa showed the most effective control of disease followed by Marketmore-76, Cucumber 363, Anmol, Marketmore and Desi/Control. Among the treatment of fungicides: Moral fungicide showed most effective control of disease followed by Agrohut, Acute, Antracol, Cabriotop and Control, out of all fungicides “cabriotop” showed the least effective results against downy mildew disease.
ANTAGONISTIC POTENTIAL OF TRICHODERMA HARZIANUM AGAINST FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F. SP. CUBENSE ASSOCIATED WITH PANAMA WILT OF BANANA
Authors: Khan Babar , Akash Zuniara , Asad Shahzad , Javed Nazir , Rajput Nasir A. , Jabbar Abdul , Din Wasi U. , Atif Rana M.
Published: March 2019

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense is a soil loving pathogen of banana that can cause distortion of vascular system. It is responsible for the disease Fusarium wilt of bananas also renowned as panama wilt disease that has responsible of immense losses in the banana industry worldwide. In this study, diseased samples were collected from rhizosphere of banana plants in the research area of National Agriculture Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad and cultured on PDA to isolate pathogenic strains of F. oxysporium f. sp. cubense. Antagonistic potential of Trichoderma harzianum against F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense was evaluated under controlled conditions. T. harzianum produced up to 75.5% inhibition of colony growth of the pathogen followed by incubation for 72 h at 28+2°C in vitro. In pot culture T. harzianum considerably reduced disease severity. It proves that it is a potential biological control agent against banana wilt pathogen.
EVALUATION OF GROUND NUT MATERIAL AGAINST TIKKA LEAF SPOT DISEASE UNDER NATURAL FIELD CONDITIONS AT NARC
Authors: Asad Shahzad , Munir Anjum , Malik Shah N. , Nawaz Nazakat
Published: March 2019

The ground nut material, (including germplasm, candidate line etc) was planted at NARC in a previously sick field with the objective to check material for resistance against tikka leaf spot disease caused by Cercospora personata. A total of 44 entries were evaluated under four different sets of experiments whereas BARD-479 was included as the check. Among four candidate entries one entry exhibited 1R reaction two were 3MR compared to check which showed 7S reaction. Among the 13 entries of the International Confectionery ground nut trail 5 entries showed 1R and 5 were showing 3MR reactions whereas two entries exhibited 5MS. Among fifteen entries of NUGYT, six entries were found resistant(R), seven were moderate resistant (MR) while one entry was moderately susceptible (MS). Among thirteen entries of advance medium maturity ground nut yield trail, seven were found resistant (R), four were MR while one entry exhibited MS compared to check which exhibited S reaction. Based on this evaluation it is concluded that 18 entries have exhibited the resistance against Tikka disease whereas BARD-479 (Check) showed susceptible response under natural conditions. The lines showing 1R reaction can be used in the varietal development.
MANAGEMENT OF TOMATO LEAF CURL VIRUS THROUGH NON-CHEMICALS IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Authors: Arooj Saneela , Iftikhar Yasir , Kamran Muhammad , Ullah Muhammad I. , Mubeen Mustansar , Shakeel Qaiser , Zeerak Naila , Bilqees Iram
Published: March 2019

Tomato leaf curl virus (TLCV) is one of the most devastating and widely distributed viruses in the tomato crop, transmitted through whitefly in nature. Disease incidence and severity of TLCV were monitored on four tomato varieties/lines. Tomato leaf curl disease was managed through three non-chemical treatments viz., compost, nutrient enrich compost and multi-nutrients. The incidence of TLCV was found in the range of 57% to 70%. Among all the tomato varieties/lines, VRI-49 was moderately resistant, Nagina and Money Maker were susceptible, and VRI-20 was found to be highly susceptible against TLCV. Compost (44.02±3.26c) was the most effective way to suppress the progression of disease severity. Environmental factors (Max. and Min. temperatures, Relative humidity and Rainfall) showed significant correlation with disease development. Treatments were able to suppress the disease development even in the presence of favorable environmental conditions. The increase in relative humidity increased the disease progression significantly.
SEASONAL FLUCTUATION OF ASIAN CITRUS PSYLLA POPULATIONS IN THE CITRUS ORCHARDS INFECTED WITH HUANGLONGBING IN SARGODHA, PAKISTAN
Authors: Iftikhar Yasir , Haq Imran U. , Raza Waqas , Ullah Muhammad I. , Ali Sajjad , Khoso Fahad N. , Mubeen Mustansar
Published: March 2019

A study on seasonal fluctuation in Citrus psylla (Diaphorina citri) (CP) population in citrus orchards infected with Huanglongbing was carried out in relation to environmental factors in six tehsils of Sargodha district. The population of citrus psylla was reached to the peak twice in a year. Young flushes favored the build-up in psylla population. Minimum temperature and rainfall had highly significant correlation with build-up in population of citrus psylla in all the six tehsils of Sargodha. Although, high temperature also favored the high population of citrus psylla in two tehsils. August and mid-March to April were the two times when population of citrus psylla reached to the peak. Therefore, an integrated management strategy can be formulated with this study that will not only help in reducing the HLB incidence but also increase in citrus production.
POTENTIAL RISK TO MANGO ORCHARDS: MANGO SUDDEN DECLINE CAUSED BY CERATOCYSTIS FIMBRIATA
Authors: Hassan Zohaib Ul. , Nazami Nadeem
Published: March 2019

This review addresses one of the most emerging threats to Mango (Mangifera indica L.) production known as the Mango Sudden Decline (MSD), also referred as Mango Quick Wilt. Manifestation records of MSD/ Mango Quick Wilt have been reported from major Mango growing countries like Brazil, Oman and Pakistan where the disease is presently known to occur in mango. Fungus Ceratocystis fimbriata from family filamentous Ascomycetes vectored by Hypocryphalus mangiferae (Stebbing) bark beetle is the main cause of the disease (MSD) in Pakistan and other Mango growing regions as well. Different type of symptoms for MSD have been reported like gummosis, canker formation, bark splitting, drying of twigs, branches and curling of leaves. Hemicriconemoides mangiferae nematode has also been reported as a vector of this MSD causing fungus. This species of Ceratocystis that roots the disease on mango was first reported in Brazil after that in Oman and Pakistan. Currently, different mating types of the causative agent have also been reported making this problem a significant one. Applications of different doses of nutrients have been reported in reduction of MSD. But there is need to apply knowledge and management strategies with particular emphasis to overcome MSD causes and vectors.
COMPARING THE ASSOCIATION OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI WITH WHEAT CROP FROM DISTRICT MARDAN AND CHARSADDA
Authors: Yaseen Tabassum , Shakeel Muhammad , Ullah Farman
Published: March 2019

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are one of the important microbes of the soil microflora which can interact with other soil microbes or plant roots. AM fungi have been known to improve nutrients uptake of plants from deep soil regions where plant roots cannot normally reach and results in improved plant growth. The present study was conducted to investigate the presence of AM fungi during various growth stages of Wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) crops grown in different locations of District Mardan and District Charsadda, KP, Pakistan and to determine the relationship between AM fungi and physiochemical characteristic of soil. A total of fifteen wheat fields were studied at host growth stages (vegetative stage and fruiting stage). All the wheat fields were found to have AMF association ranged from 24-100%, 27-171gm-200 spores density. The results showed that the highest AMF root colonization and spores density has been found at fruiting stage as compared to vegetative stage. This study reports three species of AM fungi i.e. Glomus spp., Sclerocystis spp. and Acaulospora spp. from the studied sites on the basis of spore identification. This study also reports that in vegetative stage of wheat, the Glomus species was in abundance and in fruiting stage, Sclerocystis species was abundant. Glomus species was observed to be dominant at all stages and locations.
MOLECULAR EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL RESISTANCE TO PAPAYA RING SPOT VIRUS IN MOUNTAIN PAPAYA (VASCONCELLEA CUNDINAMARCENSIS)
Authors: Rajapakshe Bhavani N. , Kottearachchi Nisha S. , Wickramarachchi Ravin T. , Amalka Thilini
Published: March 2019

Papaya Ring Spot virus (PRSV) is a devastating viral disease in papaya cultivation in Sri Lanka. It was reported that mountain papaya (Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis) exhibits resistance to PRSV. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the potential resistance to PRSV in mountain papaya to be used in papaya improvement breeding programs. Carica papaya and V. Cundinamarcensis were inoculated with PRSV by mechanical inoculation technique and symptoms were evaluated visually. In order to detect the latent infection, a molecular method was developed. PRSV RNA genome segments were amplified using three sets of primers by RTPCR and an amplicon was sequenced to confirm the identity of PRSV. Functional ability of the cDNA was examined using SAND family protein gene (sand) as the reference gene. According to the results, visual symptoms were not observed in mountain papaya while standard visual symptoms appeared in Carica papaya. Three sets of primers were able to amplify the corresponding amplicons in inoculated Carica papaya and sequencing data confirmed that the amplicon was from PRSV. Negative amplification was observed in mountain papaya from the three sets of primers although sand gene amplification was observed, proving the correct functionality of cDNA. Therefore, it can be concluded that mountain papaya is likely to be resistant to PRSV.
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE GROWTH RATE OF EXOTIC AND LOCAL STRAINS OF VOLVARIELLA VOLVACEA FUNGUS ON DIFFERENT SUBSTARETS
Authors: Haq Imran U. , Ijaz Sidra , Khan Nabeeha A. , Amrao Luqman
Published: March 2019

High cost of animal protein and shortage in availability is deteriorating the quality of health and increasing environmental pollution. The continuous accumulation of organic waste materials is becoming a potential source of environmental pollution. Edible fungi are nature’s recycler, which can convert lignocellulosic wastes into protein rich food. This mushroom can be successfully cultivated on several crop residues, certain agricultural and industrial wastes. Five different wild and exotic strains including Vvpk a local strain and Vv436, Vv428, Vv430, Vv422; exotic strains were evaluated for their productivity on the six different crop residues including cotton waste, paddy straw, banana leaves, sugarcane baggase, corn stovers and pulses straw as substrates under different humidity and temperatures. Cotton waste was proved to be the best substrate by producing highest yield followed by paddy straw and banana leaves. The mushroom obtained from cotton waste was of high quality. We may imply that these agricultural waste materials may successfully be used for the production of high quality protein in arid and semi-arid environment, and the hazardous effects of these materials on human health and environmental quality may also be reduced.
OPTIMIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONDUCIVE FOR STRIPE RUST OF WHEAT
Authors: Ali Yasir , Khan Muhammad A. , Atiq Muhammad , Sabir Waseem , Hafeez Arslan , Tahir Faizan A.
Published: March 2019

Wheat rusts are the significant diseases of wheat crop and potential threats worldwide. Among all major wheat diseases occurring in all wheat growing areas of the world, yellow rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is a big hazard when it occurs in severe condition. The susceptible germplasm and conducive environmental conditions contribute towards wide outbreak of rust diseases. In the present study, eight wheat lines were screened out and correlated with epidemiological factors (temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and wind speed). Results showed that maximum disease severity was observed at minimum and maximum temperature ranging from 13.7-16.7 and 23.5-27.65 0C respectively. Their disease severity was increased with increase in relative humidity ranging from 52-64 %. Similarly, rain fall ranging from 5.7-21.99 mm and wind speed 6.88-11.73 km/h respectively proved conducive for yellow rust development in Sargodha. A positive correlation was observed between disease severity and all environmental factors.
POPULATION STRUCTURE OF PHYTOPHTHORA INFESTANS ON WORLDWIDE SCALE: A REVIEW
Authors: Naveed Khalid , Rajputt Nasir A. , Khan Sajid A. , Ahmad Arbab
Published: March 2019

Phytophthora infestans is a destructive pathogen that causes late blight of potato worldwide. Several sexually and asexually reproducing lineages of the pathogen have been identified and new lineages are more virulent as compared to their parental lineages. A new highly aggressive clonal lineage EU13_A2 has spread into potato fields of Europe, Africa and Asia in place of the older lineages. In North America, 24 clonal lineages US1to US24 have been identified. Despite of sexual reproduction, the overall population of P. infestans in potato and tomato fields is dominated by asexual lineages. Breeding has been done to transfer 'R' genes into commercial potato cultivars through classical breeding and by pyramiding of genes. Defender is the only potato cultivar that has foliar and tuber resistance to late blight. Genetically modified potato with RB gene from Solanum bulbocastanum has been developed but it lacks tuber resistance to disease. This review discusses population structure of P. infestans worldwide and breeding efforts to produce late blight resistant potato.
AGRONOMIC MANAGEMENT OF BACTERIAL LEAF BLIGHT OF RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L.) DISEASE AND YIELD ENHANCEMENT THROUGH DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF NITROGEN AND POTASH DOSES
Authors: Hamid Waqas , Rashid Muhammad A. , Habib Amer , Akbar Nadeem , Ashraf Ejaz
Published: March 2019

This research trial was conducted at Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku, during kharif 2010, to assess the influence of nitrogen (N) and potash (K) on the incidence and severity of Bacterial leaf blight of rice (BLB) (Oryzae sativa L.). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design in factorial arrangement with three replications using net plot size of 2.25 m × 6.0 m. The experiment was comprised of 0, 75, 100, 125 kg N ha-1 and 0, 50, 75, 100 kg K ha-1. Thirty days old nursery of Super Basmati was transplanted manually in puddle field. Data on disease severity and yield parameters of rice were recorded using standard procedures. Yield parameters were affected significantly by various combinations of N & K. In case of BLB, minimum diseased leaf area (15.76 % DLA) was observed where N alone was applied @ 75 kg ha-1 in contrast to 125 kg N + 50 kg K ha-1 which showed maximum DLA (43.17 %). Highest paddy yield of 4.32 t ha-1 was recorded where rice was fertilized @ 75 kg N + 100 kg K ha-1, while the minimum paddy yield of 2.40 t ha-1 was obtained where only 75 kg K ha-1 was applied. Optimum fertilization @ 75 kg N + 100 kg K ha-1 improved the harvest index value up to 20.32 %. Minimum harvest index of 15.61 % was obtained where K alone was applied at the rate of 100 kg ha-1. Maximum gross income (Rs.154652 ha-1), net return (Rs.154652 ha-1), and BCR (1.32) were obtained where rice crop was fertilized @ 75 kg N and 100 kg K ha-1.
INDUCTION OF RESISTANCE IN TOMATO PLANTS AGAINST TOMATO LEAF CURL VIRUS BY USING BIOCHAR AND SEED PRIMING
Authors: Zeshan Muhammad A. , Iftikhar Yasir , Ali Safdar , Ahmed Nadeem , Ghani Muhammad U. , Kamran Muhammad , Khan Qaiser N.
Published: March 2019

The experiment was conducted to check the effects of biochar and different priming agents on whitefly transmitted tomato leaf curl virus. Biochar was applied to potting mixture at 1%, 2% and 3% concentration. In order to check the effects of priming, tomato seedlings were primed with NaCl, glycerine and distilled water at three concentrations. After biochar application 22.43% disease severity was recorded that was significantly lower than control (40.12%). In graft inoculated plants, disease severity was in 15.32% while in control 50.23% disease severity was recorded. From primed seedling NaCl and glycerine shows good results then distilled water. In case of biochar, disease reduction was more at higher concentration (3%) than other two concentrations. Priming gave better results in case of whitefly inoculation.
POTENTIAL OF PLANT EXTRACTS AND FUNGICIDES FOR MANAGING FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F. SPLYCOPERSICI
Authors: Poussio Gul B. , Abro Manzoor A. , Hajano Jamal U. D. , Khaskheli Muhammad I. , Rajput Khalid I. , Memon Shafique R.
Published: March 2019

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (FOL) is a highly destructive fungal pathogen of tomato crop causing wilt disease which may reduce 10 to 90% yield. In Pakistan, tomato is widely grown in Sindh province, major territories are district Hyderabad, Tando Allahyar and Mirpurkhas. Thus, surveys of these territories were conducted to record intensity of the disease and confirm etiology. Furthermore, potential of different botanical pesticides and commercially available fungicides were tested to inhibit mycelial growth of the causal fungus. The experiment was laid down with complete randomized block design with three replications. The results showed that the disease was occurring in all locations with the range of 8-47 % incidence. F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici was predominantly isolated from the collected disease sample during survey and pathogenic nature of the fungus was tested on the tomato Golo variety through soil drenching method. The disease incidence of 30 and 42 % (72 % as total) was recorded in inoculated tomato plants at 20 and 40 DAI, respectively. Maximum (67 %) inhibition of the fungal growth was found by neem seed extracts at higher dose of 8 % concentration followed by 63 % with neem seeds and Eucalyptus at 6 and 8 %, respectively. Alternatively, the Nativo 75 WG fungicide was found most effective in reducing the redial mycelial growth of target fungus followed by Topsin-M at 1000 ppm where as Aliette and Melodedue fungicides were found least effective under in-vitro conditions.
FUNGICIDAL MANAGEMENT OF ASSOCIATED MYCOFLORA WITH STORED SEEDS OF WHEAT AND CHICKPEA
Authors: Karim Majid , Perveen Rashida , Naqvi Syed A.H.
Published: March 2019

Wheat and chickpea are considered the most important sources of food and energy and stored for longer period of time in the rural areas in the farmers sheds as seed for the next crop and as market commodity to sale. Both of these crops are liable to many mycoflora which not only deteriorate their quality but also leads toward the crop failure during the coming season. A number of seed borne pathogens viz., Aspergills niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus sulphureus, Aspergillus nidulense, Rhizopus stolonifer, Penicillium spp. and Drechslera spp, were isolated from wheat seed samples while Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Bipolaris spp., Penicillium spp. and Rhizopus stolonifer were isolated from seed samples of chickpea. Various broad spectrum fungicides were evaluated against the isolated mycoflora which showed significant result. Score, Topsin-M and ridomil gold to be the most significant fungicides at all doses against the isolated mycoflora.
INFLUENCE OF BT COTTON GERMPLASM ON BACTERIAL BLIGHT DISEASE IN PAKISTAN
Authors: Sajid Muhammad , Rashid Abdul , Abid Muhammad , Jamil Humaira , Bashir Muhammad R. , Sarwar Zahid M. , Perveen Rashida , Chohan Sobia
Published: March 2019

In present research assessment of disease incidence was made between Bt and Non-Bt cotton against bacterial blight disease. Experiment was carried out in natural environmental conditions on twenty eight varieties/advance lines. Findings of the experiments depicted more disease incidence on Non-Bt varieties viz., Non Bt-FH 901 (41.7-43.4%), Non Bt-MNH 496 (47.6-49.5%), Non Bt-FH 1000 (48.6-51.2%), Non Bt-FH 207 (54.5-57.5%), Non BT-N 112 (54.7-56.3%), Non BT-FH 942 (55.7-59.5%), Non BT-MNH 6070 (61.5-64.7%), Non Bt-FH 941 (63.4-61.6%), Non BT-N 814 (70.4-71.3%), Non Bt-FH 900 (74.7-77.4%), Non Bt-ANMOL (74.8-76.8%), Non Bt-FH 2015 (78.5-80.6%), Non BT REDACOLA (81.5-79.6%) and Non BT-C 26 (83.3-85.6%) while BT varieties BT-S-78 (25.8-26.7%), BT-Z-33 (26.7-22.2%), BT-786 (28.6-31.5%), BT-A-ONE (28.8-26.5%), BT-282 (30.5-27.6%), BT-886 (33.5-35.3%), BT-3701 (38.3-36. %), BT-SPECIAL (38.4-34.6%), BT-802 (41.3-43.4%), BT-92 (41.4-44.4%), BT-131 (43.8-41.7%), BT-905 (44.6-42.3%), BT-SUPPER (45.6-46.8%) and BT-121 (48.6-52.4%) showed decreased response respectively. Hence, concluded that difference/variability in the resistant sources is present in Pakistan against the disease among BT varieties as compared to Non-Bt.