bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dependence of Charge Transport on the Degree of Ordering in Semicrystalline Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Raj Mohan S. , Singh Manoranjan P. , Satapathy S. , Majumder S. K.
Published: December 2024

The influence of ordering inside the crystalline regions of semi‐crystalline polymer thin films on charge transport is investigated by analyzing the electric field dependence of mobility calculated using Monte Carlo simulation. The degree of ordering inside the ordered regions is varied by changing the overlap between the hopping transport sites. Negative field dependence of mobility extending to higher electric field strengths along with an increase in the mobility are observed upon increasing the overlap between transport sites inside the ordered region. These observations are attributed to the variation in the charge transport, which affects the transit time that not only decreases but also shows a gradual shift from negative to positive field dependence at lower electric field strengths (∼<3 × 105 V/cm). Variations in the transit time are explained using the variation in the field dependence of hops performed by the carrier inside the ordered and disordered regions. Field dependence of mobility is also simulated with ballistic charge transport inside the ordered regions. At low concentrations of ordered regions (COR), higher carrier mobility is attained with hopping transport (∼<70%). Ballistic transport provides higher mobility at higher COR (∼>70%). This suggests that a very high order inside the ordered region may not necessarily provide higher mobility.
In Vitro and In Silico Anti‐Inflammatory Activities of Crude Extract and Phloroglucinol Derivatives from Mallotus oppositifolius (Geisler) Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Tchamgoue Joseph , Pechangou Sylvain N. , Issahaku Abdul R. , Ngandjui Yvan Anderson T. , Wilhelm Anke , Kamto Eutrophe L‐D. , Moundipa Paul F. , Kouam Simeon F.
Published: December 2024

Numerous anti‐inflammatory agents are used nowadays to relieve daily aches and pain. However, their severe side effects often limit their therapeutic use. In this study, we investigate the anti‐inflammatory activity of the crude leaves extract of Mallotus oppositifolius and five of its phloroglucinol derivatives (MO1–MO5). From spectroscopic and spectrometric analysis, the compounds were identified as mallotojaponin B (MO1), mallotojaponin D (MO2), acronyculatin U (MO3), acronyculatin T (MO4), and mallotojaponin C (MO5). A primary macrophage culture activated by Saccharomyces cereviseae (SC) was used to evaluate the anti‐inflammatory activity of the crude extract and isolated compounds which were found to be nontoxic to primary macrophages at concentrations ranging from 0.1–50 µg/mL. In addition, the tested samples inhibited the 5‐lipoxygenase activity, nitric oxide (NO), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) production by viable primary mouse macrophages in a concentration‐dependent manner with MO1 and MO3 exhibiting the highest in vitro anti‐inflammatory activities. Moreover, in silico studies were performed with the isolated compounds to evaluate their binding capacities/scores against the main enzymes involved in inflammation mediation in human cells. The compounds showed good binding affinities to critical anti‐inflammation targets particularly mallotojaponin C (MO5) (−44.55 Kcal/mol) and acronyculatin T (MO4) (−41.44 Kcal/mol) which showed the highest affinity for 5‐lipoxygenase.
Highly Dispersed Palladium Nanoparticles on Carbon Doping with Nitrogen Derived from MOFs for 4‐Nitrophenol Hydrogenation
Authors: Wang Rui , Yuan Jiali , Zhang Huan , Liu Xiang , He Jiani , Zhu Lihua
Published: December 2024

A series of the Pd/NC samples with various Pd loadings (0.11%, 0.48%, and 2.52%) are prepared via sodium borohydride (NaBH4) reduction method and carbon doping with nitrogen (NC) is acquired by the pyrolysis of ZIF‐8. The samples are characterized by XRD, BET, SEM, TEM, HRTEM, STEM‐EDX elemental maps and line‐scanning, XPS, TG, and so forth. It confirms that the Pd nanoparticles (NPs) are successfully coated on the NC. The catalytic behaviors of the samples are evaluated by the hydrogenation of 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP), the 2.52%Pd/NC catalyst shows the best catalytic property among as‐obtained catalysts maybe due to the much more Pd(0) species. The 2.52%Pd/NC catalyst exhibits 100% selectivity to 4‐aminophenol (4‐AP) at high conversion of 4‐nitrophenol and 321.8 h−1 turnover frequency (TOF) under mild reaction conditions (3.0 MPa H2, 40 °C, 1 h). Moreover, the catalysts show an excellent stability.
Evolution of Telomerase Inhibitors: A Review on Key Patents from 2015 to 2023
Authors: Dey Rajdeep , Vishwakarma Keerti , Patel Bhumika , Vyas Vivek K. , Bhatt Hardik
Published: December 2024

Telomerase (TERT) is a ribonucleoprotein that regulates telomere length and maintains chromosomal integrity. TERT is a widely expressed protein for replicative immortality in most malignant tumours. TERT is a protein produced by cancer cells that prevents telomere shortening by adding telomere sequences beyond the Hayflick limit, allowing them to divide in an uncontrolled manner. Inhibition of the TERT enzyme is a recognised therapy for treating cancer. The basic objective of the review is to collectively represent the current scenario of treating cancer by inhibiting TERT. With a focus on the recently patented TERT inhibitors and clinical trial data released between 2015 and 2023, this review highlights the work relevant to the development of TERT inhibitors. Furthermore, recent advancements in the clinical development of TERT inhibitors, along with prospective new combinations, are also discussed. The use of TERT inhibitors in cancer therapy has been granted with great interest and significant attention by researchers along with a promising outcome in terms of therapeutic value. Several clinical trial applications and their data gave strong evidence of the use of TERT inhibitors for cancer therapy which provided target therapies, vaccine therapies, nucleoside, non‐nucleoside therapies, and so forth with reduced side effects and enhanced potency.
Labyrinthine Wrinkle‐Patterned Fiber Sensors Based on a 3D Stress Complementary Strategy for Machine Learning‐Enabled Medical Monitoring and Action Recognition
Authors: Lv Yongming , Chu Zhenming , Huang Desheng , Fan Xiaoxing , Zhang Wei
Published: December 2024

Fiber strain sensors show good application potential in the field of wearable smart fabrics and equipment because of their characteristics of easy deformation and weaving. However, the integration of fiber strain sensors with sensitive response, good stretchability, and effective practical application remains a challenge. Herein, this paper proposes a new strategy based on 3D stress complementation through pre‐stretching and swelling processes, and the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/silver nanoparticle (AgNPs)/MXene/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) fiber sensor with the bilayer labyrinthian wrinkles conductive network on the PU fiber surface is fabricated. Benefiting from the wrinkled structure and the synergies of sensitive composite materials, the fiber sensor exhibits good stretchability (>150%), high sensitivity (maximum gauge factor is 57896), ultra‐low detection limit (0.1%), fast response/recovery time (177/188 ms) and good long‐term durability. It can be used as Morse code issuance and recognition to express the patient's symptoms and feelings. Further, the sensor enables comprehensive human movement monitoring and collects data of different characteristics with the assistance of machine learning, different letters/numbers are recognized and predicted with an accuracy of 99.17% and 99.33%. Therefore, this fiber sensor shows potential as a new generation of flexible strain sensors with applications in medical monitoring and human‐computer interaction.
Cascade Design and Facile Fabrication of Cu/Cu2O/CuAl‐Layered Double Hydroxides as Efficient Nitrate Reduction Electrocatalysts
Authors: Bai Yajie , Fang Zhenyuan , Jia Kangkang , Jiang Xianlei , Gao Yiwei , Lin Chenxiao , Ma Denghui , Li Jianming , Bai Hongye , Fan Weiqiang
Published: December 2024

Nitrate (NO3¯) reduction reaction (NITRR) presents a promising pathway for the production of renewable NH3 while concurrently decontaminating NO3¯ wastewater. However, the multi‐electron transfer sequence and complex reaction network involved in NO3¯ conversion pose significant challenges to achieving high Faradaic efficiency (FE). Herein, this work presents ternary Cu/Cu2O/CuAl‐layered double hydroxides (LDHs) catalysts designed through a cascade approach and synthesized via a straightforward one‐step electrodeposition method. The resulting catalysts demonstrate peak activity at −0.4 V versus RHE, achieving an impressive of 92.0%, which significantly surpasses most reported binary and ternary catalysts. Density functional theory calculations and atomic force microscopy reveal that the Cu/Cu2O/CuAl‐LDHs exploit cascade design by integrating three distinct functions essential for efficient NO3¯ reduction: CuAl‐LDH initiates NO3¯ adsorption, Cu(111) and Cu₂O(111) cooperatively facilitate NO3¯ activation, and Cu(111) promotes NH3 desorption. Durability tests further confirm that both NH3 yield and remain stable after 10 cycles, indicating the excellent stability of the Cu/Cu2O/CuAl‐LDHs catalysts. These findings underscore the critical role of cascade design strategies in enhancing the performance of electrocatalysts for NO3¯ reduction to NH3, providing a transformative approach for sustainable ammonia synthesis.
The Engineering Screen of Photoactive Nanozymes Based on N‐Containing Covalent Organic Frameworks for Antibacterial Application
Authors: Zhao Jianchao , Wang Lijuan , Jia Lingshan , Liu Yahui , Cao Shoupeng , Wen Jia , Li Wei , Yang Kui
Published: December 2024

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a class of highly efficient photocatalytic organic semiconductor materials, which have been developed for the design of photoactive nanozymes. Nitrogen (N)‐heterocycles could effectively improve their photocatalytic activity of COFs. However, the systematic exploration of photoactive nanozymes based on N‐containing COFs is still lacking. In this work, a series of N‐containing Schiff‐base linkages of COFs are designed and synthesized to explore high‐performance photoactive nanozymes. In addition, Fe ions are introduced through post‐modification of COFs, which can not only effectively extend the band‐edge absorption of COFs to the red‐light region and thereby broaden its biological applications, but also introduce single site of Fe to enrich the types of free radicals in the catalytic products. The activities of photoactive nanozymes based on N‐containing COFs are systematically studied, and their catalytic mechanisms are uncovered. Interestingly, it is not as commonly recognized that the more content of N, the better for photocatalysis or the construction of photoactive nanozyme. Furthermore, the selected photoactive nanozymes are used for antibacterial applications, which showed good activity against Escherichia coli.
“One‐Pot” Synthesized Phosphorus Corrole‐Based Metal–Organic Frameworks for Synergistic Phototherapy and Chemodynamic Therapy
Authors: Deng Wenbo , Wei Zixiang , Xu Yunhao , Gong Zhichao , Cai Fenglin , Shi Quan , Guo Kai , Jia Meng , Zhao Yanming , Feng Yaqing , Deng Jingyu , Zhang Bao
Published: December 2024

As a distinctive class of porphyrin derivatives, corroles offer exceptional potential in phototherapy applications owing to their unique electronic structures. However, developing metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) that incorporate photosensitive corroles as functional ligands for synergistic phototherapy remains a formidable challenge. Herein, for the first time, the unique phosphorus corrole‐based MOFs Cor(P)‐Hf with (3,18)‐connected gea topology are reported, which are constructed by Cs‐symmetric dicarboxylate 3‐connected linkers, 10‐pentafluorophenyl‐5,15‐di(p‐benzoate)phosphorus corrole (Cor(P)), and the peculiar D3h‐symmetric 18‐connected Hf12‐oxo clusters. Interestingly, six para‐position F substituents of six Cor(P) linkers are found to be coordinated with the apex of the Hf12‐oxo cluster through Hf‐F bonds along the c‐axis direction, which is believed to help stabilize the framework. Furthermore, the mixed corrolic ligand‐based MOFs Cor(P)/Cor(Cu)‐Hf and Cor(P)/Cor(Fe)‐Hf involving Cor(Fe) or Cor(Cu) as the secondary functional linkers are constructed by a simple “one‐pot” solvent‐thermal method, respectively. Remarkably, Cor(P)/Cor(Fe)‐Hf facilitates synergistic phototherapy combining photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) when activated by an 808 nm laser, as evidenced by in vivo and in vitro experiments. This study demonstrates corrole‐based MOFs Cor(P)‐Hf as a powerful multifunctional nanoplatform for anti‐cancer phototherapy.
Cellulose Acetate Membranes: Antibacterial Strategy and Application—A Review
Authors: Li Fu , An Yaxin , Xue Jinhong , Fu Hui , Wang Hongbo , Cao Puzhi , Zhang Man , Fei Pengfei , Liu Mei , Zhao Fulai
Published: December 2024

Developing antibacterial and biodegradable cellulose acetate (CA) membrane materials is one of the main challenges in multiple application fields. CA membrane materials are widely used in gas purification, water purification, and biomedical fields due to their environmental friendliness, high chemical and mechanical stability, excellent processability, and low cost. However, antibacterial modification of CA membrane materials to enhance their utilization value in the application process has always been the direction of researchers' efforts. This review focuses on the preparation and application of antibacterial CA and its derivatives membranes, especially the types and introduction methods of antibacterial agents. First, a brief introduction of CA‐based polymer membranes is presented, followed by an overview of the antibacterial agent types and their introduction methods, and antibacterial mechanisms. After that, various membranes prepared using CA‐based polymers as the main matrix or as additives are discussed. Then, specific applications of antibacterial CA‐based membrane materials in water purification, gas purification, biomedical, food packaging, and other fields are outlined.
Unraveling the Synergistic Role of Sm3+ Doped NiFe‐LDH as High‐Performance Electrocatalysts for Improved Anion Exchange Membrane and Water Splitting Applications
Authors: Nagappan Sreenivasan , Gurusamy Hemalatha , Minhas Harpriya , Karmakar Arun , Ravichandran S. , Pathak Biswarup , Kundu Subrata
Published: December 2024

Effective first‐row transition metal‐based electrocatalysts are crucial for large‐scale hydrogen energy generation and anion exchange membrane (AEM) devices in water splitting. The present work describes that SmNi0.02Fe‐LDH nanosheets on nickel foam are used as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for water splitting and AEM water electrolyzer study. Tuning the Ni‐to‐Fe ratios in NiFe‐LDH and doping with Sm ions improves the electrical structure and intrinsic activity. SmNi0.02Fe‐LDH has higher oxygen evolution reaction (OER), HER, and TWS activity, achieving 10 mA cm⁻2 current density at lower overpotentials (230 mV, 95 mV, and 1.62 V, respectively). In AEMWE cells, SmNi0.02Fe‐LDH as a cathode and anode pair exhibits outstanding activity (0.9 A cm⁻2 at 2 V) and stability over 120 h. Density Functional Theory (DFT) investigations reveal that the Sm doping in NiFe‐LDH surface enhances its bifunctional activity toward OER and HER. These findings emphasize the potential of non‐noble composites for long‐term water electrolysis in total water splitting and AEMWE applications.
An LC‐MS/MS Method Development and Validation for the Quantification of Abametapir in Plasma Samples
Authors: Sankar Palakollu D. S. , Panigrahi Naresh
Published: December 2024

The major goal of the current research study was to establish a sensitive tandem mass spectrometric method using electrospray ionization and liquid chromatography for quantifying abametapir in biological matrices. An Inertsil ODS chromatographic column with dimensions of 50 × 4.60 mm and 5.0 µm particles size was used to achieve chromatographic elution. Injection volume was set to 10.0 µL. Flow rate and stationary phase oven temperature were retained at 0.70 mL/min and 25.0°C. Isocratic elution was executed with acetonitrile, 0.10% v/v HCOOH, and methanol in a fraction of 20:10:70 (v/v/v) as the mobile phase. On multiple reaction monitoring, precursor‐product ion transitions were monitored at m/z 185.1→106.06 for abametapir and 287.16→269.15 for the abacavir internal standard. The drug's linearity graph had an r2 value of 0.9998 and was rectilinear at concentrations between 2.6 and 104 ng/mL. The inter‐ and intrabatch precision % relative standard deviation values ranged from 2.57 to 4.53. In short, the method that was made has been proven to work and validated as per the regulatory guidelines.
Trends in High Voltage Switchgear Research and Technology
Authors: Seeger Martin , Macedo Felipe , Riechert Uwe , Bujotzek Markus , Hassanpoor Arman , Häfner Jürgen
Published: December 2024

High voltage switchgear is an essential element for the transformation of energy systems towards sustainable and low carbon footprint technologies by electrification of society and industry. This contribution highlights some important research and technology trends in high voltage (HV) switchgear development for reaching greener and smarter electricity transmission systems. In AC transmission, the focus is on the replacement of SF6, which is a strong greenhouse gas, in HV switchgear. Condition assessment is an important field within the “digitalization” of transmission systems to ensure reliability at reduced costs. Research activities and trends in these fields are discussed. Furthermore, HVDC transmission systems will be important for the future electricity system. As more point‐to‐point links are built, and as the need for HVDC transmission increases with a growing integration of renewables and rising demand for electricity, more complex multi‐terminal HVDC grid topologies appear. Activities in this field are also presented with a focus on HVDC circuit‐breakers and gas‐insulated HVDC systems, which have been emerging in the last years. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Super‐resolution imaging of urethral vasculature in female pigs: Validation of clinical feasibility and accuracy
Authors: Wang Xia , Hua Chen , Sheng Kai , Xu Zhiming , Zhang Rui , Ying Tao
Published: December 2024

The efficacy and reliability of super‐resolution (SR) imaging for evaluating urethral vasculature (UV) in females remains uncertain. This study evaluates the super ultrasound for grand accuracy and resolution (SUGAR) method, an SR modality, for visualizing UV in female pigs within clinical ultrasound settings, aiming to establish its clinical feasibility and accuracy for potential human application. Female pigs (40–45 kg) were used to investigate UV blood flow dynamics, with data collected via a handheld ultrasound probe at 100 fps. The images were processed using SUGAR to achieve a resolution of <30 µm and validated against computed tomography angiography (CTA) and histopathological analyses. SUGAR demonstrated superior capability in visualizing urethral blood flow compared to CTA, allowing for detailed multiparametric analysis of UV, including fractal dimension, vessel density, tortuosity, diameter, and blood flow velocity. Strong correlations between SUGAR imaging and histopathological findings underscore its potential clinical applicability for diagnosing and managing urological conditions in humans.
Media Supplementation With Gamma‐Oryzanol Improves the Outcome of Ovine Oocyte Maturation In Vitro
Authors: Musapoor Saeed , Davoodian Najmeh , Kadivar Ali , Ahmadi Ebrahim , Nazari Hassan
Published: December 2024

Background

The process of maturing ovine oocyte in vitro has not yet been raised with acceptable results.

Objective

This study was designed to evaluate the γ‐oryzanol effect as a supplement of maturation media on the development of ovine oocytes to blastocyst.

Methods

Aspirated from ovine ovaries, morphologically normal cumulus‐oocyte complexes (COCs) were matured in media supplemented with or without 5 µM γ‐oryzanol. Matured oocytes were divided into two parts: one evaluated for their nuclear maturation, the level of GSH and ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and the pattern of transcription in oocytes and respective cumulus cells (CCs), and another subjected to fertilisation and culture to assess the development of oocytes to the blastocyst.

Results

γ‐Oryzanol improved the proportion of cleaved embryos and total blastocysts in the treated group, which was linked to improved MMP, higher levels of intracellular GSH and lower levels of ROS. A lower proportion of MI and GVBD was recorded for treated oocytes in comparison with control, although the proportion of MII oocytes was not different between groups. The treated oocytes and CCs showed downregulation of genes related to apoptosis (BAX and CASP‐9) and upregulation of genes related to antioxidative status (NRF2, CAT and SOD). In conclusion, our results demonstrated the improved developmental outcome of supplemented oocytes so that the antioxidant response and higher enzymatic activity were maintained, and the generation of ROS was turned off; therefore, a novel alternative for counteracting oxidative stress in ovine oocytes undergoing maturation was offered by γ‐oryzanol through an antioxidative pathway.
Concomitant, Acquired Cavo‐Azygos Shunt and Spleno‐Gastroepiploic Bypass After Multiple Venous Obstruction in a Dog
Authors: Lee Seul , Kim Hyesun , Lee Kichang , Yoon Hakyoung
Published: December 2024

A 13‐year‐old intact female Shih Tzu presented with anorexia, panting and pain of unknown origin. Physical examination was normal except for a systolic murmur (grade 3/6). Abdominal radiographs revealed an ill‐defined area of increased opacity in the mid‐abdomen. A subsequent computed tomography (CT) scan confirmed a large, heterogeneously enhancing mass near the left adrenal gland, extensively invading the adjacent caudal vena cava, portal vein and splenic vein. This was accompanied by multiple metastatic lesions affecting the abdominal lymph nodes, lungs, liver and kidneys. Two distinct vascular anomalies were identified. The first was a shunt vessel that was diverting pre‐occlusive blood from the caudal vena cava to the azygos vein, causing dilation of the azygos vein and forming a cavo‐azygos shunt. The second was a significantly distended left gastroepiploic vein, forming a collateral pathway that rerouted blood from the splenic vein and ultimately drained into the gastroduodenal and portal vein. These findings are clinically significant as they demonstrate the formation of unique collateral pathways, specifically a cavo‐azygos shunt and spleno‐gastroepiploic bypass, which play a crucial role in maintaining venous drainage and systemic circulation in the presence of multiple venous obstructions. Recognizing such vascular anomalies through advanced imaging techniques like CT provides insights into underlying pathologies and aids in better clinical decision‐making for chronic venous obstructions in veterinary patients.
Management of Multiple Perianal Apocrine Hamartomas in a Poodle Dog Using Carbon Dioxide Laser
Authors: Kang Minjeong , Bae Hyeona , Yu DoHyeon
Published: December 2024

Hamartoma is characterized by the abnormal proliferation of cells and tissues within the originating organ. Apocrine hamartoma (AH) affecting the skin, especially in the perianal area, has not yet been reported in dogs. A 7‐year‐old neutered male Poodle presented with multiple perianal papules and pruritus. Histopathological examination revealed significant enlargement of the apocrine glands and ducts, accompanied by mononuclear cell infiltration that extended into the subcutis. Given the location, number, depth and extent of the lesion, CO2 laser ablation was chosen over surgical resection. Complete recovery was observed at the surgical site 1 month after treatment, and pruritic symptoms were markedly reduced. CO2 laser ablation is a relatively safe and effective palliative treatment for perianal AH in dogs.
Antibiotic Susceptibility of Zoonotic Bacteria Isolated From Oral Cavities of Indigenous Dogs From Semi‐Urban Areas in Uganda
Authors: Mukasa Paul , Ogwang Patrick Engeu , Owor Richard Oriko , Lejju Julius B. , Gumisiriza Hannington , Ntulume Ibrahim , Adaku Christopher
Published: December 2024

Dog bites are a source of zoonotic infections to humans, such as pasteurellosis and meningitis. Zoonotic bacterial identification and their antibiotic susceptibility assessment are key towards the successful management of such infections. This study isolated and identified zoonotic bacterial species from the oral cavities of indigenous dogs and also determined their antibiotic susceptibility profile. Oral swab samples collected from 54 indigenous dogs (domestic [36] and stray [18]) were cultured on agar media, and then on selective‐differential media. The colony morphology and conventional biochemical tests were used to identify the bacterial isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility was evaluated using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. A total of 232 bacterial isolates were obtained, from which 29 bacteria species (18 Gram‐negative and 11 Gram‐positive) belonging to 19 genera and 13 families were identified. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria species constituted 69% and 31%, respectively. The most prevalent bacteria species was Staphylococcus aureus (10.8%) followed by Escherichia coli (9.5%), while Yersinia enterocolitica (0.4%) was the least common. Most bacteria species belonged to family Enterobacteriaceae (11) followed by Vibrionaceae (04). All the sampled dogs had a number of multi‐drug–resistant superbugs in their oral cavities. However, all the tested bacterial isolates were only susceptible to imipenem and chloramphenicol. All the identified bacteria species were resistant to metronidazole, amoxicillin‐clavulanic acid and ceftazidime. Therefore, antibiotics such as imipenem and chloramphenicol could be of better choice for managing dog bite infections compared to the antibiotics recommended by Uganda Clinical Guidelines, such as metronidazole and amoxicillin‐clavulanic acid.
Endoscope‐assisted resection of second branchial cleft fistula via the anterior chest approach
Authors: Han Ping , Wang Jing‐Yi , Liang Fa‐Ya , Lin Pei‐Liang , Chen Ren‐Hui , Huang Xiao‐Ming
Published: December 2024

Objectives

Traditional resection of second branchial cleft fistulas (SBCFs) involves a transcervical incision in the neck, which leaves a prominent scar; therefore, endoscope‐assisted excision of SBCFs through the anterior chest approach has been proposed. To introduce endoscope‐assisted excision of SBCFs via the anterior chest approach and to evaluate its feasibility, validity, safety, and clinical results.

Methods

This was a study of four patients with SBCFs who underwent surgical resection with the assistance of endoscopy via the anterior chest approach between May 2012 and May 2018.

Results

All procedures were successfully performed with endoscope‐assisted surgery via the anterior chest approach. The volume of blood loss ranged from 5 to 10 mL (median 6 ml). The operating time ranged from 45 to 67 min (median 50 min). No patients presented evidence of long‐term complications or recurrence during the median follow‐up period of 72–144 months (median 99 months). All patients were satisfied with the cosmetic outcomes.

Conclusions

Endoscope‐assisted resection of SBCFs via the anterior chest approach is feasible, effective, and safe and has better esthetic effects. Therefore, SBCF surgery via the anterior chest approach could be a novel and superior treatment option for patients with SBCFs.
Steady mathematical modeling and numerical analysis of Cross magneto‐nanofluid flow over a wavy surface with heat and mass transfer features
Authors: Javed Saleem , Ahmad Latif
Published: December 2024

Mixed convectively driven wavy flow of Cross‐generalized fluid is modeled on a wavy surface with the importance of wavy surface amplitude. The periodic nature of the flow is effectively configured and is declared the main theme of this study. However, some physical features are considered together with the flow of heat and mass. The effect of external magnetic field, heat generation/absorption, thermal radiation, and linear chemical reaction are comprehensively deliberated during the typical wavy flow. The low Reynolds approximation theory is utilized for the boundary layer governing equations. Specifically, the wavy surface amplitude is played an integral part in modeling the GNF. The mathematical equations are formed in terms of partial differential equations (PDEs) with the physical and chemical impacts. The nonlinear PDEs are then transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by utilizing the dimensionless local similar. The whole investigation is further extended with the features of heat and mass flows in the presence of Brownian motion and thermophoretic forces. To demonstrate the importance of the leading dimensionless physical factors, a modified version of the collocation methods, namely modified bvp4c is applied. The significant results are displayed via drag forces, heat and mass transmission rates, and velocity of the fluid. Significant uplifted behavior of skin friction is noticed by considering the higher values of wavy surface amplitude. The higher values of the newly introduced Weissenberg number are predicted an increasing velocity of the fluid. The higher Richardson number boosted the material's velocity. The rates of heat and mass flows are noticed higher for escalated values of chemical reaction and radiation parameters, respectively. The Brownian motion and thermophoretic forces enhanced the concentration of the materials. A strong comparison with the previous works is provided to ensure the validity of the entire numerical method.
Genetic Characterization of Captive South American Fur Seals in Japan Based on Mitochondrial and Microsatellite DNA Analyses
Authors: Omori Shogo , Noma Kensuke , Fujimoto Yosuke , Toriyama Rieko , Tomisawa Kanako , Tadano Ryo
Published: December 2024

Molecular genetic analyses are effective in revealing the origin, kinship, and genetic diversity of zoo animals. In this study, we carried out the genetic characterization of captive founder individuals of the South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) in Japanese zoos and aquariums based on analyses of mitochondrial sequences and nuclear microsatellite loci. In mitochondrial DNA analysis, the haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity of the overall population were 0.8949 and 0.0119, respectively. Microsatellite DNA analysis revealed that the observed heterozygosity within the overall population was 0.722. In addition, we did not detect genetic bottlenecks. The results from two kinds of DNA analyses indicated that the genetic diversity in this captive population was equivalent to that previously reported in wild populations. The detected mitochondrial haplotypes were the same as or phylogenetically close to those previously reported in wild populations in southern Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, and southern Chile but diverged from those previously reported in a wild population in Peru. Genetic clustering analyses using microsatellite genotypes revealed that no clear genetic structures in this captive population.
European Product Liability for AI-based Clinical Decision Support Systems
Authors: van Staalduinen Jan H.
Published: December 2024

Clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) are computer systems that support medical professionals in the clinical decision-making process. If a decision that involved the use of a CDSS has detrimental effects, the patient might seek compensation for the damage incurred. Here, the involvement of a CDSS, particularly if it is AI-based, could give rise to liability questions. On the one hand, the liability of the medical professional, which often depends on medical standards, raises questions on the type of behaviour on which these standards will require, particularly for AI-based CDSSs. On the other hand, questions arise on the liability of the manufacturer of the system. Product liability regimes such as those in the US and the EU do not require the claimant to prove fault, but instead require a product defect. For these regimes, AI-based CDSSs challenge the notions of defect and causation. This chapter focuses on EU product liability law, analysing whether and how it applies to AI-CDSSs. The three main questions discussed are (i) whether AI-CDSSs could fall within the scope of this regime, (ii) how the term ‘defect’ should be construed with respect to AI-CDSSs, arguing for a novel interpretation of AI manufacturing defects, and (iii) whether and how a causal link between defect and damage could be established.
Artificial Intelligence and Education: Ethical Questions and Guidelines for Their Relations Based on Human Rights, Democracy, and the Rule of Law
Authors: Stracke Christian M.
Published: December 2024

This chapter presents an overview of the relationship between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and education. It discusses both perspectives: the use of AI in education (AIED) and the education about AI (EDAI, also labeled as AI literacy) which combined is abbreviated as AI&ED. The AIED research has existed since the 1950s but the broader focus on AI&ED and related ethical debates is just starting now due to the new popularity in mass media and public. Thus, the ethical principles and new questions in relation to AIED are the main focus of the analysis. The discussion demonstrates that AI&ED requires a solid foundation in the core global values; that is, human rights, democracy, and the rule of law. The main reason is that education is a special sector with specific conditions. On the one hand, education is a human right, and on the other hand, education is mandatory for school pupils. In addition, education should strengthen and contribute to inclusion and equity, also in AI&ED. Thus, the educational sector needs AI&ED regulations as well as careful considerations and ethical reflections to guarantee human, democratic, and safe developments for our learners as well as for our future generations of society. It can be concluded from our discussion that for sustainable and responsible AI&ED we have to follow and realize three ethical imperatives: technology-independent, impact-oriented, and society-focused. These ethical demands require holistic approaches for the design, development, implementation, and evaluation of AI&ED to guarantee positive impacts and benefits of AIED.
Alternating state complexity of the set of primes and squarefree integers
Authors: Schlage-Puchta Jan-Christoph
Published: December 2024

We show that the set of prime numbers has exponential alternating complexity, proving a conjecture by Fijalkow. We further show that the set of squarefree integers has essentially maximal possible alternating complexity.
Lysine and arginine methylation of transcription factors
Authors: Giaimo Benedetto Daniele , Ferrante Francesca , Borggrefe Tilman
Published: December 2024

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are implicated in many biological processes including receptor activation, signal transduction, transcriptional regulation and protein turnover. Lysine’s side chain is particularly notable, as it can undergo methylation, acetylation, SUMOylation and ubiquitination. Methylation affects not only lysine but also arginine residues, both of which are implicated in epigenetic regulation. Beyond histone-tails as substrates, dynamic methylation of transcription factors has been described. The focus of this review is on these non-histone substrates providing a detailed discussion of what is currently known about methylation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), P53, nuclear receptors (NRs) and RELA. The role of methylation in regulating protein stability and function by acting as docking sites for methyl-reader proteins and via their crosstalk with other PTMs is explored.
Prethermalization for Deformed Wigner Matrices
Authors: Erdős László , Henheik Joscha , Reker Jana , Riabov Volodymyr
Published: December 2024

We prove that a class of weakly perturbed Hamiltonians of the form $$H_\lambda = H_0 + \lambda W$$

H
λ

=

H
0

+
λ
W

, with W being a Wigner matrix, exhibits prethermalization. That is, the time evolution generated by $$H_\lambda $$

H
λ

relaxes to its ultimate thermal state via an intermediate prethermal state with a lifetime of order $$\lambda ^{-2}$$

λ

-
2

. Moreover, we obtain a general relaxation formula, expressing the perturbed dynamics via the unperturbed dynamics and the ultimate thermal state. The proof relies on a two-resolvent law for the deformed Wigner matrix $$H_\lambda $$

H
λ

.
Generalized Pentagon Equations
Authors: Alekseev Anton , Naef Florian , Ren Muze
Published: December 2024

Drinfeld defined the Knizhnik–Zamolodchikov (KZ) associator $$\Phi _{\textrm{KZ}}$$

Φ
KZ

by considering the regularized holonomy of the KZ connection along the droit chemin [0, 1]. The KZ associator is a group-like element of the free associative algebra with two generators, and it satisfies the pentagon equation. In this paper, we consider paths on $${\mathbb {C}}\backslash \{ z_1, \dots , z_n\}$$

C
\
{

z
1

,
⋯
,

z
n

}

which start and end at tangential base points. These paths are not necessarily straight, and they may have a finite number of transversal self-intersections. We show that the regularized holonomy H of the KZ connection associated with such a path satisfies a generalization of Drinfeld’s pentagon equation. In this equation, we encounter H, $$\Phi _{\textrm{KZ}}$$

Φ
KZ

, and new factors associated with self-intersections, tangential base points, and the rotation number of the path.
Deep learning algorithm enables automated Cobb angle measurements with high accuracy
Authors: Hayashi Daichi , Regnard Nor-eddine , Ventre Jeanne , Marty Vincent , Clovis Lauryane , Lim Ludovic , Nitche Nicolas , Zhang Zekun , Tournier Antoine , Ducarouge Alexis , Kompel Andrew J. , Tannoury Chadi , Guermazi Ali
Published: December 2024

Objective

To determine the accuracy of automatic Cobb angle measurements by deep learning (DL) on full spine radiographs.

Materials and methods

Full spine radiographs of patients aged > 2 years were screened using the radiology reports to identify radiographs for performing Cobb angle measurements. Two senior musculoskeletal radiologists and one senior orthopedic surgeon independently annotated Cobb angles exceeding 7° indicating the angle location as either proximal thoracic (apices between T3 and T5), main thoracic (apices between T6 and T11), or thoraco-lumbar (apices between T12 and L4). If at least two readers agreed on the number of angles, location of the angles, and difference between comparable angles was < 8°, then the ground truth was defined as the mean of their measurements. Otherwise, the radiographs were reviewed by the three annotators in consensus. The DL software (BoneMetrics, Gleamer) was evaluated against the manual annotation in terms of mean absolute error (MAE).

Results

A total of 345 patients were included in the study (age 33 ± 24 years, 221 women): 179 pediatric patients (< 22 years old) and 166 adult patients (22 to 85 years old). Fifty-three cases were reviewed in consensus. The MAE of the DL algorithm for the main curvature was 2.6° (95% CI [2.0; 3.3]). For the subgroup of pediatric patients, the MAE was 1.9° (95% CI [1.6; 2.2]) versus 3.3° (95% CI [2.2; 4.8]) for adults.

Conclusion

The DL algorithm predicted the Cobb angle of scoliotic patients with high accuracy.
Extracorporeal Acoustic Shock Waves to Treat Complications of Polymethylmethacrylate
Authors: Goisis Mario , Zecchetto Sara , Veronese Sheila , Quintero Sierra Lindsey Alejandra , Ossanna Riccardo , Bernardi Paolo , Nicoletti Maria Maddalena , Khabouri Sima , Sbarbati Andrea
Published: December 2024

Background

Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) fillers are permanent fillers known for their possible side effects. In case of complications, the only possible treatment is surgical removal, followed by procedures to minimize resulting deformity. The aims of this study were (1) to analyse the morphology of the PMMA material in the nodules, (2) to demonstrate that treatment by acoustic wave therapy (AWT) can help the removal of the nodules, and (3) to present an easy procedure to solve deformities.

Methods

The data of 9 patients who underwent AWT, surgical PMMA removal, and deformity correction by enriched nanograft and dermagraft injections between April 2021 and May 2024 were presented. The leftover aspirated material was analysed by histology and scanning electron microscopy.

Results

AWT resulted in no complications in all patients. After removal and correction surgeries, minor complications were observed in 5 cases. All the patients were delighted with the aesthetic outcome. In all patients, an important improvement of the deformities, with correction of the volume of the face, was observed. A substantial resolution of the initial clinical symptoms was documented. The ultrastructural analysis highlighted that PMMA appears in the form of laminar or prismatic formations with a paracrystalline structure.

Conclusions

AWT acted directly on PMMA to facilitate its removal and reduce fibrosis around the PMMA filler. The lack of volume correlated with PMMA removal was resolved with the enriched nanograft and dermagraft injections, which led to very satisfying aesthetic results.

Level of Evidence V

This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
Exchangeable coalescents beyond the Cannings class
Authors: Siri-Jégousse Arno , Wences Alejandro H.
Published: December 2024

We propose a general framework for the study of the genealogy of neutral discrete-time populations. We remove the standard assumption of exchangeability of offspring distributions appearing in Cannings models, and replace it by a less restrictive condition of non-heritability of reproductive success. We provide a general criterion for the weak convergence of their genealogies to

$$\Xi $$

Ξ

-coalescents, and apply it to a simple parametrization of our scenario (which, under mild conditions, we also prove to essentially include the general case). We provide examples for such populations, including models with highly-asymmetric offspring distributions and populations undergoing random but recurrent bottlenecks. Finally we study the limit genealogy of a new exponential model which, as previously shown for related models and in spite of its built-in (fitness) inheritance mechanism, can be brought into our setting.
Evaluating the necessity of colonoscopy in patients under 40 with rectal bleeding: insights from a large-scale retrospective analysis
Authors: Obeidat Ibrahim M. , Yahia Yousef , Chandra Prem , Altaiam Amani , Mohamed Ethar , Saffo Husam , Abualsuod Raya , Mousa Ala’a Al-deen , Shalatouni Duha , Alsa’ed Khaled , Arabyat Mahmoud Y.
Published: December 2024

Purpose

Bleeding per rectum (BPR) is a common clinical presentation, and colonoscopy is the gold standard for evaluating patients aged ≥ 45 years. However, its role in younger patients remains unclear. This study evaluated the appropriateness of colonoscopy in patients < 40 years of age who presented with BPR.

Methods

This retrospective observational study was conducted over 10 years, including 3422 patients aged 18–40 years who underwent colonoscopy for BPR. The cohort was divided into two age groups: younger (aged 18–30 years) and older (31–40 years). The patients’ baseline characteristics, colonoscopy findings, and histopathological results were analyzed.

Results

Hemorrhoids were the most common finding (48%), with a higher prevalence in younger age groups (50.7%). Polyps were detected in 12.5% of patients, with 1.75% having advanced adenoma polyps (AAP) and 1.3% diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC). A family history of CRC/AAP was significantly associated with increased CRC risk (adjusted OR 6.35, 95% CI 2.24–18.02, p = 0.001) in explorative logistic regression analysis.

Conclusion

AAP and CRC were detected in a small but significant proportion of patients, particularly among those aged 18–30 years. The detection of significant lesions in this age group highlights the need for targeted colonoscopy based on specific risk factors such as family history and clinical presentation. Future research should prioritize the creation of targeted assessment models to improve clinical decision making in this context.
Quadrilateral plate fractures
Authors: Freude T. , Gänsslen Axel , Krappinger D. , Lindahl J.
Published: December 2024

During the last two decades, extended scientific interest focused on quadrilateral plate (QLP) fractures as part of common acetabular fractures. The QLP corresponds to the medial wall of the acetabulum, and different fracture pattern of Letournel´s fracture types are associated with concomitant QLP fractures. Except anterior and posterior wall fractures, all other fracture types may be associated with QLP fractures. QLP fracture features include simple fracture lines up to highly comminuted fractures. A detailed preoperative analysis of these fractures is important to get a better understanding of intraoperative decision making. No consensus exists regarding the optimal classification and treatment of QLP fractures. Various operative approaches and treatment concepts exists depending on the specific QLP fracture type and the acetabular fracture type. Several new implants were development for optimal but often individual stabilization concepts. The gold-standard is still some medial buttressing during internal fixation predominantly using plates, but also screw fixation is considered an option. Additional dome impactions must be considered as an integral part in any QLP fracture analysis and stabilization.
Clinical examination for identifying low-risk pregnancies suitable for expectant management beyond 40–41 gestational weeks: maternal and fetal outcomes
Authors: Murzakanova Gulim , Räisänen Sari , Jacobsen Anne Flem , Yli Branka M. , Tingleff Tiril , Laine Katariina
Published: December 2024

Purpose

There is an ongoing discussion on whether the benefits of term elective labor induction outweigh its potential risks. This study evaluated the utility of a comprehensive clinical examination in identifying low-risk pregnancies suitable for expectant management beyond gestational age 40‒41 weeks and compared their outcomes with earlier labor induction by indication.

Methods

Pregnant women (n = 722) with ≥ 40 + 0 gestational weeks referred to a tertiary hospital were included in this prospective cohort. The study population was divided into the primary induction group (induction before 42 + 0 gestational weeks) and the expectant management group (spontaneous labor onset or induction at 42 + 0 gestational weeks), by decision based on a primary consultation. The Chi-square test and logistic regression were applied. The outcome measures were composite adverse fetal outcome (admission to a neonatal intensive care unit, metabolic acidosis, or Apgar score < 7 at 5 min), treatment with intrapartum antibiotics, intrapartum maternal fever ≥ 38 °C, intrapartum cesarean section, and postpartum hemorrhage ≥ 1500 ml.

Results

The main outcome measures did not differ significantly between the primary induction group (n = 258) and the expectant management group (n = 464): composite adverse fetal outcome (OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 0.92–5.68; p = 0.07), intrapartum cesarean section (OR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.64–1.56; p = 1.00), postpartum hemorrhage ≥ 1500 ml (OR = 1.89, 95% CI = 0.92–3.90; p = 0.09), intrapartum maternal fever ≥ 38 °C (OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 0.83–1.93; p = 0.28), or treatment with intrapartum antibiotics (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 0.77–2.02; p = 0.37).

Conclusion

A comprehensive clinical examination at 40‒41 gestational weeks can identify pregnancies that might be managed expectantly until 42 gestational weeks obtaining similar outcomes to those induced earlier.