bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From model-based prescriptive advice to indicator-based interactive advice
Authors: Trenkel Verena M. , Rochet Marie-Joëlle , Mesnil Benoît
Published: July 2007

Trenkel, V. M., Rochet, M-J., and Mesnil, B. 2007. From model-based prescriptive advice to indicator-based interactive advice. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 768–774. Traditional advice for fisheries management, especially in the ICES world, focuses on short-term stock projections relative to reference points. Primarily, two numbers, spawning-stock biomass and fishing mortality rate, are considered in the advice, although a range of biological processes are included in the stock assessment models. We propose an alternative form of final advice that would not rely on stock predictions and only two numbers, but on a suite of indicators that are combined to provide stock assessment and management advice. For a single stock, the approach consists of monitoring a set of indicators of population state and fishing pressure. Stock reference status at some time in the past is assessed, based on these indicators and/or other available information. Changes in indicator values after this reference time are then estimated, interpreted, and finally combined into a diagnostic that highlights possible causes of the changes observed. After considering management objectives, appropriate management actions can then be proposed. The proposed approach is illustrated for anglerfish stocks in the Celtic Sea and the Bay of Biscay.
Fishery systems and linkages: from clockworks to soft watches
Authors: Garcia Serge M. , Charles Anthony T.
Published: July 2007

Garcia, S. M., and Charles, A. T. 2007. Fishery systems and linkages: from clockworks to soft watches. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 580–587.

The complex systemic nature of fisheries has been recognized for many decades, but attempts to include this reality in day-to-day management have been slow, patchy, and of limited effectiveness. The topic is reviewed again here, with a focus on new directions. After a brief introduction, an historical review is provided of the evolution of fisheries assessment and modelling, highlighting the growing complexity resulting from changing societal demands. The “complexity syndrome” is described in terms of scope, boundaries, scales, components, and linkages, and is demonstrated as reducing understanding, predictability, and controllability, attributable to the effects of delays, teleconnections, scale dependence, and self-organizational capacity. Key issues relate to systemic aspects of fisheries governance and the research needed to support it. Special reference is made to the changes needed to adapt to the newly emerging relationships between science, policy-making, and society within complex fishery systems, and between those systems and their environment. A range of concepts and approaches, such as Integrated Assessment, are elaborated as epistemological and operational frameworks to support the transition process. The conclusion addresses the evolution of the global fishery system and briefly reviews the challenges faced by science, governance, and society.
Harvest control rules for the Western horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) stock given paucity of fishery-independent data
Authors: Roel Beatriz A. , De Oliveira José A. A.
Published: July 2007

Roel, B. A., and De Oliveira, J. A. A. 2007. Harvest control rules for the Western horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) stock given paucity of fishery-independent data. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 661–670. The Western horse mackerel stock, widely distributed in EU waters, is characterized by spasmodic recruitment. Currently, the strength of a year class cannot be confirmed before it is fully recruited to the fishery and has reached the age of 5 years. The only fishery-independent information available is an estimate of egg abundance made every third year. The state of the stock is considered uncertain, and there is no agreed management plan. Following EU requests, a set of harvest control rules (HCRs) that allows for the increased proportion of juvenile fish taken by the fishery in recent years was tested by simulation. The proposed HCRs are based either on the results of a full assessment (Constant-proportion strategy) or simply on the egg estimate used as an indicator of stock status (Slope strategy). Biological risk is compared for scenarios where: (i) uncertainty regarding stock dynamics and in the relationship between egg data and spawning-stock biomass is high (current situation); (ii) variable fractions of the total allowable catch (TAC) are taken in the areas occupied by juveniles and adults; and (iii) there is an implementation error. Results suggest that taking a larger portion of the TAC in the area occupied by juveniles increases the risk of impaired recruitment. Comparison of the Constant-proportion and Slope strategies suggests that the former is more conservative, if the assessment is unbiased or if bias is low. Given the paucity of fishery-independent data, a strategy resulting in an approximately constant catch may be appropriate for this stock.
Potential rent and overcapacity in the Swedish Baltic Sea trawl fishery for cod (Gadus morhua)
Authors: Eggert Håkan , Tveterås Ragnar
Published: July 2007

Eggert, H. and Tveterås, R. 2007. Potential rent and overcapacity in the Swedish Baltic Sea trawl fishery for cod (Gadus morhua). – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 439–445. Many European Union (EU) fisheries have problems with depleted stocks and fleet overcapacity following the regulation of open-access regimes. Some EU countries have introduced individual vessel quotas (IVQs), which can stop “the race to catch” and provide fishers with incentives to minimize costs for a given catch. We model an IVQ fishery using a cost function approach and apply the methodology to the Swedish cod fishery in the Baltic Sea. Estimating a translog cost function for a data set of Swedish trawlers in 2001, we assess the potential gains from structural adjustment of the fleet. Results suggest a desired fleet reduction of 50–60% and a potential resource rent amounting to 25–30% of the landing value.
Age, growth, and reproductive season of bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) in the Marmara region, Turkey
Authors: Ceyhan Tevfik , Akyol Okan , Ayaz Adnan , Juanes Francis
Published: July 2007

Ceyhan, T., Akyol, O., Ayaz, A., and Juanes, F. 2007. Age, growth, and reproductive season of bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) in the Marmara region, Turkey. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 531–536. Bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) are distributed widely along the Turkish coasts, and are regularly captured, especially in the Sea of Marmara during their spawning migration to the Black Sea from the Mediterranean in spring and during their return migration south in early autumn. Age, growth, and reproductive season are reported. The ages of 1114 bluefish were determined from otoliths. The age groups ranged from 0 to III, and mean fork lengths (and weights) were 14.4 ± 0.12 cm (38.2 ± 1.02 g), 19.5 ± 0.06 cm (93.7 ± 0.86 g), 27.5 ± 0.48 cm (238.5 ± 11.3 g), and 33.3 ± 0.50 cm (431.9 ± 17.08 g) for each age group, respectively. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters were L∞ = 51 cm, K = 0.228, and t0 = −1.26 y. The reproductive period, evaluated from gonadosomatic indices, began in early spring and extended until August.
A meta-analysis of the status of ICES fish stocks during the past half century
Authors: Sparholt Henrik , Bertelsen Mette , Lassen Hans
Published: July 2007

Sparholt, H., Bertelsen, M., and Lassen, H. 2007. A meta-analysis of the status of ICES fish stocks during the past half century. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 707–713. Based on a meta-analysis of time-series of stock size, recruitment, and fishing mortality, the general status of fish stocks within the ICES Area (i.e. the Northeast Atlantic) is evaluated. The analysis is based on data for 34 (7 pelagic, 27 demersal) commercial stocks. The stocks were selected based on the quality of the data and the length of the time-series. The analysis indicates that most pelagic stocks recovered to sustainable levels with high productivity after several had collapsed in the 1960s and 1970s. In contrast, most demersal stocks have continued to decline over the past half century and are now recruitment-overfished. By reducing fishing mortality on demersal stocks on average by half and building up the stocks by a factor of about two, management could be brought in line with international agreements. If recruitment-overfishing is avoided for all demersal stocks and discarding is minimized, their yield might be almost doubled over the current yield. Among the major management initiatives during the past half century, only the closure of the pelagic fisheries in the mid-1970s can be clearly identified in the time-series as having had a direct effect on stock status.
Harvest control rules for stocks displaying dynamic production regimes
Authors: Mohn R. K. , Chouinard G. A.
Published: July 2007

Mohn, R. K., and Chouinard, G. A. 2007. Harvest control rules for stocks displaying dynamic production regimes. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 693–697. Several cod and haddock stocks in Atlantic Canada have undergone substantial changes in productivity. Regimes are defined as periods of relatively stable production separated by rapid transitions to a different level. These regimes are deconstructed into their dominant determinants of growth, survivorship, or recruitment. Using southern Gulf of St Lawrence cod and eastern Scotian Shelf haddock as case studies, regimes are identified based on production. Haddock display an almost threefold difference between productive and non-productive regimes, owing mainly to a change in reproductive output. Cod have a more complicated history, displaying three regimes, and a variation in production by a factor of approximately eight. The production data in each regime are identified and smoothed to show the underlying dependence on biomass. Finally, simple three-phase harvest control rules (having critical, cautious, and healthy zones) for distinct regimes are presented to illustrate the potential importance of regimes in resource management.
Making management procedures operational—innovations implemented in South Africa
Authors: Plagányi Éva E. , Rademeyer Rebecca A. , Butterworth Doug S. , Cunningham Carryn L. , Johnston Susan J.
Published: July 2007

Plagányi, É. E., Rademeyer, R. A., Butterworth, D. S., Cunningham, C. L., and Johnston, S. J. 2007. Making management procedures operational — innovations implemented in South Africa. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 626–632. Operational management procedures (OMPs) have become an indispensable fisheries management tool in South Africa in light of their ability to consider the consequences of the main sources of assessment uncertainty. An overview is provided of the MP approaches applied to the major South African fisheries for hake, sardine and anchovy, and west coast rock lobster. As these are among the first OMPs to be implemented worldwide, some for periods longer than 10 y, they provide useful examples of some of the successes and problems encountered with the approach. Particular emphasis is given to some recent innovations and adaptations. These include moves to (i) joint two-species OMPs for the hake and sardine/anchovy resources; (ii) a reference set of weighted operating models for primary testing and tuning in preference to a single model; (iii) consideration of a “research-conditional” approach for hake to allow greater catches in the short term, conditional on research being implemented to resolve a key uncertainty; and (iv) incorporation of some ecosystem considerations by developing appropriate robustness tests (which link with moves towards an ecosystem approach to fisheries). Key lessons gained from experience over the past decade of OMP implementation in South Africa are summarized.
Management implications and options for a stock with unstable or uncertain dynamics: west of Scotland herring
Authors: Simmonds E. John , Keltz Stephen
Published: July 2007

Simmonds, E. J., and Keltz, S. 2007. Management implications and options for a stock with unstable or uncertain dynamics: west of Scotland herring. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 679–685. An evaluation of the stock-recruitment relationship for west of Scotland herring indicates that the models fitting the data from different periods deviate substantially. The different perceptions of the population dynamics processes emerging from these relationships lead to a range of potential scenarios for future development of the stock. Optimized strategic choices vary between exploitation at fishing mortality (F) of 0.25 and 0.45, with substantial differences in long-term yield depending primarily on the validity of the underlying stock–recruitment relationship. A detailed evaluation of the consequences for management in the short, medium and long term is presented. The uncertainty in stock dynamics and the strategic options are discussed along with the consequences for potential yield caused by the choice between management options. The study includes an evaluation showing that it may take at least ten years of exploitation at reduced yield before the current uncertainties about stock productivity might be resolved.
The role of technical measures in European fisheries management and how to make them work better
Authors: Suuronen Petri , Sardà Francesc
Published: July 2007

Suuronen, P., and Sardà, F. 2007. The role of technical measures in European fisheries management and how to make them work better. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 751–756. Technical measures such as gear restrictions are commonly used in European fisheries management. Many of the measures are aimed primarily at protecting juveniles. Although they are assumed to provide both biological and economic benefits, proper evaluation of their effects relative to what is intended is often not possible because of a lack of adequate follow-up studies. Moreover, technical measures usually are used in conjunction with other management measures, which greatly complicate the analysis. We describe the principal factors affecting their effectiveness to find the approaches that may help to improve performance. Many regulations are enforced inconsistently, and their implementation is often less restrictive than originally intended. Moreover, trying to solve one problem frequently creates new ones. The successful use of technical measures appears to depend largely on their acceptance by industry. Measures that increase costs or reduce earnings are unattractive, so if short-term effects are not accounted for, the potential long-term gains may never materialize. Successful management actions have addressed these problems. Although technical measures may conserve resource, particularly to supplement a broader management policy, new regulations should be planned with great care, and any measures should be tested properly before implementation.
Validating management simulation models and implications for communicating results to stakeholders
Authors: Pastoors Martin A. , Poos Jan Jaap , Kraak Sarah B. M. , Machiels Marcel A. M.
Published: July 2007

Pastoors, M. A., Poos, J. J., Kraak, S. B. M., and Machiels, M. A. M. 2007. Validating management simulation models and implications for communicating results to stakeholders. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 818–824. Simulations of management plans generally aim to demonstrate the robustness of the plans to assumptions about population dynamics and fleet dynamics. Such modelling is characterized by specification of an operating model (OM) representing the underlying truth and a management procedure that mimics the process of acquiring knowledge, formulating management decisions, and implementing those decisions. We employ such a model to evaluate a management plan for North Sea flatfish proposed by the North Sea Regional Advisory Council in May 2005. Focus is on the construction and conditioning of OMs, key requirements for such simulations. We describe the process of setting up and validating OMs along with its effects on the ability to communicate the results to the stakeholders. We conclude that there is tension between the level of detail required by stakeholders and the level of detail that can be provided. In communicating the results of simulations, it is necessary to make very clear how OMs depend on past perceptions of stock dynamics.
The Effectiveness of an Individualized, Home-Based Functional Exercise Program for Patients With Sporadic Inclusion Body Myositis
Authors: Johnson Liam G , Edwards Dylan J , Walters Susan , Thickbroom Gary W , Mastaglia Frank L
Published: July 2007

Objective:

The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of a functional exercise program on muscle strength and mobility in a group of patients with sporadic inclusion body myositis (IBM).

Methods and Materials:

Seven patients with sporadic IBM were tested for muscle strength and functional capacities before and after a 16-week, patient-specific, home-based exercise program involving mild, daily, functional exercises.

Results:

Significant improvements in isometric strength were demonstrated in all muscle groups tested and were maximal in the hip flexor muscles. In addition, walking and stair climbing times improved in all patients. The exercise program was well-tolerated, and there was no significant change in the serum creatine kinase level following the exercise period.

Conclusion:

The findings of this study indicate that an individually prescribed home exercise program can be safely implemented and can result not only in significant gains in muscle strength but also in useful improvements in functional capabilities and is therefore beneficial in the management of patients with IBM.
What can we learn about crustal structure from thermal data?
Authors: Vigneresse Jean Louis , Cuney Michel
Published: July 2007

Thermal data represent a valuable remote sensing aid in studying crustal evolution. Heat flow (Q) results from the heat loss by the cooling earth and from the heat production (A) of the radiogenic elements brought to the upper crust by magmatic intrusives. Heat flow is often observed to be linearly related to heat production. The slope of this relation, or thermal depth (D), has been used to infer a global upward enrichment in heat‐producing elements. This thermal depth has been equated with the thickness of granites, but such an interpretation has not been confirmed everywhere. The depth to which granitic plutons are rooted can be computed from the inversion of gravity data. It averages 7±2 km and is much smaller than the thermal depth. Granulite facies rocks are assumed to be present in the lower crust on the basis of seismic and geochemical data. These rocks are generally depleted or initially poor in radiogenic elements (U, Th, K). It is suggested that the thermal depth reflects the depth to the depleted layer in continental regions and that it corresponds to the granulitic layer in most places. Worldwide thermal and seismic data support this relationship, although surface heterogeneities introduce complications. Thermal data can therefore be used to constrain the structure of the crust and its evolution through time.
Atoll magnetostratigraphy: calibration of their eustatic records
Authors: Aïssaoui D.M. , Kirschvink J.L.
Published: July 2007

Results of palaeomagnetic measurements of a core from Mururoa atoll, French Polynesia, led us to document for the first time the atoll's magnetostratigraphy. Periods of slow aggradation, correlated with sea‐level low‐stands, show that atolls are accurate recorders of sea level fluctuations. The timing and amplitude of sea level fluctuations may be reconstructed on the basis of precise dating of atolls and shallow‐water platforms. Magnetostratigraphy is therefore a first step towards a quantitative calibration of the eustatic records of coral atolls.
The Georges Bank Basin: a quantitative basin analysis study
Authors: Liu J. , Lerche I. , Bissada K.K. , Lacey J.
Published: July 2007

Using a one‐dimensional (1D) fluid flow/compaction model applied to wells of the Georges Bank Basin, east coast, USA, has enabled a simulation to be made of the history of the sedimentation, basement subsidence, tectonic activity, geoheat flux evolution, maturation of organic matter, hydrocarbon generation, and migration tendency.

Based on the analysis of the basement tectonic activity, the basin's development is related to the formation and the evolution of the east edge of the North American plate. Through the simulation of geoheat flux variation, maturation of organic material and hydrocarbon generation at different positions in the basin at different time periods are analysed. Additionally, from the modelling of excess fluid pressure, porosity and permeability variations in the strata, the potential hydrocarbon migration tendency and stratigraphic traps in the basin are discussed.
KILLING THE GOOSE THAT LAID THE GOLDEN EGGS—THE STORY OF THE PANGUNA MINE, BOUGAINVILLE ISLAND, PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Authors: Brooks C.K.
Published: July 2007

This is the story of the rise and fall, over a twenty‐year period, of one of the worlds largest mining operations. It was inspired by recent rumblings over an embryonic gold mining project in Greenland, earlier reported in these pages (Brooks, 1990) coupled with my own experience in the South Pacific region where I came frequently as a guest of Bougainville Copper Ltd. During these early stages of the Greenland project I became convinced that here was a potential for a repetition of the Bougainville saga. There are many striking similarities, although these are not the subject of this note. Rather, the intention is to increase awareness of Bougainville, which was a great success, turned sour. If nothing more comes out of it, perhaps we can learn to avoid repetition some time and some place in the future. Forwarned is forarmed.
The growth of Early Proterozoic crust: new evidence from Svecofennian detrital zircons
Authors: Huhma H. , Claesson S. , Kinny P.D. , Williams I.S.
Published: July 2007

Ion microprobe U‐Pb analyses of zircons from the 1.9 Gyr old Svecofennian metasediments demonstrate the presence of both Archaean and early Proterozoic grains, whereas all conventional multi‐grain analyses give apparent U‐Pb ages of about 2.3 Gyr. Most zircons are 1.9–2.0 Gyr old suggesting that a major, still unknown early Proterozoic terrain older than 1.9 Ga supplied detritus to the early orogenic Svecofennian turbidites. These results imply that the formation of early Proterozoic felsic crust started c. 100 Myr earlier than has previously been inferred from isotopic data. Models in which Nd model ages of 2.1–2.4 Gyr have been interpreted as real crustal formation ages are not supported by our results.
Cashew nut causes more severe reactions than peanut: case‐matched comparison in 141 children
Authors: Clark A. T. , Anagnostou K. , Ewan P. W.
Published: July 2007

Background:  Cashew nut allergy is becoming common, but the risk of severe reactions in comparison with peanut allergy is unknown.

Method:  A case‐matching study of children with a recent history of a reaction after definite nut ingestion, with positive skin prick test. Children whose worst ever reaction was to cashew nut (cashew group), were matched with two children each whose worst ever reaction was to peanut (peanut group) for sex, age of reaction and presentation, amount ingested, and asthma. Severity of the worst clinical reactions to date was compared.

Results:  A total of 47 children in the cashew group were matched to 94 in the peanut group. There were no differences in clinical features between groups for matching criteria, except asthma (more prevalent in the peanut group). Wheezing and cardiovascular symptoms were reported more frequently during reactions in the cashew compared with the peanut group: odds ratios (OR) 8.4 (95% CI: 3.2–22.0) and 13.6 (95% CI: 5.6–32.8), respectively. The cashew group received intramuscular adrenaline more frequently: OR 13.3 (95% CI: 5.5–32.2). Overall, the OR for a severe reaction (severe dyspnoea and/or collapse) in the cashew group was 25.1 (95% CI: 3.1–203.5).

Conclusions:  Previous studies show cashew nut can cause severe reactions; this is the first study to show by case‐matching that severe clinical reactions occur more frequently in cashew compared with peanut allergy. The nut type which caused the worst reaction to date should be considered when providing emergency medication.
Associations between home dampness and presence of molds with asthma and allergic symptoms among young children in the tropics
Authors: Tham Kwok Wai , Zuraimi Mohamed Sultan , Koh David , Chew Fook Tim , Ooi Peng Lim
Published: July 2007

Existing literature has shown that home dampness increases indoor mold burden and is associated with increased allergic symptoms among young children in temperate environments. There is no report of any studies of similar nature in the tropics where conditions are characterized typically by high temperatures and humidity with rainfall throughout the year. To evaluate if there are associations between the prevalence of current asthma and allergic symptoms in young children (age 1.5–6 yr) with dampness and indoor mold in children's bedrooms in a tropical environment. A cross‐sectional study adopting an expanded and modified ISAAC –International Study on Asthma and Allergies in Children– questionnaire for the evaluation of asthma and allergies was conducted on 6794 children (4759 responded – 70%) attending 120 randomly selected daycare centers. Specific information on demographics, home dampness, and the visible presence of indoor molds were obtained. The prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were determined by Cox proportional hazard regression model with assumption of a constant risk period as recommended for cross‐sectional studies. The calculated PRs were controlled for age, gender, ethnicity, socio‐economic status, type of housing, maternal and paternal atopy, respiratory infections, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure, and food allergy. After adjusting for potential confounding effects, home dampness was observed to be significantly associated with current symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis (adjusted PR 1.53, 95% CI: 1.00–2.33). The visible presence of mold was significantly associated with current symptoms of rhinitis (PR 1.55, 95% CI: 1.16–2.07) and rhinoconjunctivitis (PR 2.38, 95% CI: 1.51–3.75). Indoor dampness and mold in children's bedroom are important risk factors associated with allergic symptoms in young children in Singapore.
DECREASED THRESHOLD FOR THE NITRIC OXIDE DONOR GLYCERYL TRINITRATE IN CORTISOL‐INDUCED HYPERTENSION IN HUMANS
Authors: Kelly JJ , Tam SH , Williamson PM , Whitworth JA
Published: July 2007

Decreased nitric oxide (NO) availability is thought to be a feature of cortisol‐induced hypertension in humans.

We hypothesized that, accordingly, the threshold for a depressor response to NO should be decreased by cortisol treatment.

We re‐analysed data from a study of baroreflex function in normal men treated with cortisol using glyceryl trinitrate (GTN).

Cortisol treatment increased blood pressure and decreased the threshold dose of GTN for a fall in systolic and mean blood pressure.

These data support the notion that glucorticoid hypertension is associated with reduced NO bioavailability.
Subcellular location of heme oxygenase 1 and 2 and divalent metal transporter 1 in relation to endocytotic markers during heme iron absorption
Authors: West Adrian R , Oates Phillip S
Published: July 2007

Background and Aim:  Heme is an important dietary micronutrient, although its absorptive mechanisms are poorly understood. One hypothesis suggests enterocytes take up heme by receptor‐mediated endocytosis (RME) which then undergoes catabolism by heme oxygenase (HO) inside internalized vesicles. This would require the translocation of HO‐1 or HO‐2 to endosomes and/or lysosomes and the presence of a transporter, possibly divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), to transfer released iron to the cytoplasm. Currently, the location of HO‐1 and HO‐2 in enterocytes is unknown.

Methods:  We studied the subcellular location of HO‐1, HO‐2, and DMT1 in the proximal small intestine of rats by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy up to 4 h after a dose of heme or ferrous iron. Double‐labeling was performed with endocytotic (EEA1, Lamp1) and structural markers (F‐actin).

Results:  HO‐1 was distributed evenly throughout the cytoplasm of enterocytes and did not colocalize with endocytotic markers in any condition. HO‐2 staining remained constant with dosing, presenting as a dense band in the apical cytoplasm that colocalized extensively with endosomes. DMT1 staining was markedly reduced by ferrous iron, but not heme and did not exhibit colocalization with endocytotic markers.

Conclusion:  The subcellular location of HO‐2 is consistent with the RME hypothesis for heme uptake and may suggest a possible role for this enzyme in heme degradation. The lack of translocation of DMT1 with heme dosing suggests another protein may be present to transport iron released from heme.
Eclampsia in the United Kingdom 2005
Authors: Knight M
Published: July 2007

Objectives  To estimate the national incidence of eclampsia in the UK and to describe the management and associated outcomes since the introduction of magnesium sulphate.

Design  A population‐based descriptive study using the newly established UK Obstetric Surveillance System (UKOSS).

Setting  All 229 hospitals with consultant‐led maternity units in the UK.

Population  All women in the UK delivering between February 2005 and February 2006.

Methods  Prospective case identification through the monthly mailing of UKOSS.

Main outcome measures  Incidence and mortality rates with 95% confidence intervals.

Results  Data collection was complete for 94% of women. The incidence of eclampsia was 2.7 cases per 10 000 births (95% CI 2.4–3.1). Thirty‐eight percent of women had established hypertension and proteinuria in the week before their first fit. Ninety‐nine percent of women were treated with magnesium sulphate. No women in the study died. Fifty‐four women (26%) had recurrent fits. One hundred and nineteen women (56%) were admitted to intensive care or obstetric high dependency units for a median of 2 days (range 1–9). Twenty‐two women (10%) were reported to have other severe morbidity after the eclamptic episode. Outcomes were known for 222 infants (204 singletons and 18 twins). Eight infants were stillborn and five died in the neonatal period (perinatal mortality 59/1000 births [95% CI 32–98]).

Conclusions  The incidence of eclampsia and its complications have decreased significantly in the UK since 1992, following the introduction of management guidelines for eclampsia and pre‐eclampsia. These results are consistent with the findings of the randomised controlled trials of magnesium sulphate. This study has shown the practical benefits of the incorporation of research evidence into practice.
Party before Burke: Shute Barrington
Authors: Gunn J. A. W.
Published: July 2007

HISTORIANS AND POLITICAL SCIENTISTS HAVE CLEARLY ESTABLISHED that party as an institution developed slowly, and thus the term took in a wide variety of social forms. We also know that the acceptance of party competition and constitutional opposition was an equally gradual process, aided, but certainly not secured, by the writings of Bolingbroke or Burke. Throughout the 18th century, most references to party as such were unfavourable, although some echoed Bolingbroke's judgement that the efforts of a virtuous opposition were vita until, and only until, it triumphed. But before Burke, even before Bolingbroke, there was a theory of party nonetheless incisive because of its discontinuity with most writings of the time.

The general disrepute of party needs no elaboration. There has also been some valuable research into the much rarer genre of literature that showed a limited appreciation of the virtues of party conflict. A number of these sources were limited to the fleeting expression of an attitude rather than a coherent theory.
International Economic Cooperation Revisited
Authors: Henderson David
Published: July 2007

This Lecture Has a Dual Theme. Theme Number One is the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the OECD, where I worked from the beginning of 1984 till the spring of this year. I was originally asked by Ghita Ionescu to prepare for Government and Opposition an article on the Organization, as one of a series which the journal has been carrying on different international agencies. Two such articles have already appeared: one by Sir Nicholas Bayne, on the GATT and the Uruguay Round, and the other by Andrew Crockett on the IMF. I am pleased to be following these distinguished authors, the more so since I think of them both as former quasicolleagues — a term that I will explain later — at the OECD. But when the further idea of a lecture was raised, Professor Ionescu suggested that my subject-matter should be extended to cover international economic cooperation more generally, on the understanding that this broader theme would be linked to the specific case of the OECD.
Franciscan Advice to the Papacy in the Middle Ages
Authors: Power Amanda
Published: July 2007

The famous image of Francis of Assisi holding up the falling Church has come to symbolise the nature of the relationship between the Franciscans and the papacy in the thirteenth century. Deliberately manufactured by Franciscan propagandists at a time when they were becoming indispensable in almost every area of Christian activity, it represented a complex set of ideas about medieval spirituality, power and responsibility. This article investigates the ideals, concerns and ambitions of the order through examination of a number of occasions on which prominent Franciscans offered criticism and advice to the papal curia. In the process, light is shed on the anxieties of Christendom in an age of crisis.
The History of Prophecy in West Africa: Indigenous, Islamic, and Christian
Authors: Tishken Joel E.
Published: July 2007

This article examines the role of prophecy in the religious history of West Africa. Examples of prophecy are provided from indigenous religions, Islam, and Christianity. Prophetic movements were less common in the history of Islam due to Islamic theology, however, they were quite common in the history of West African indigenous religions and Christianity.
DIATOM‐BASED ENVIRONMENTAL INFERENCES AND MODEL COMPARISONS FROM 494 NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICAN LAKES1
Authors: Ginn Brian K. , Cumming Brian F. , Smol John P.
Published: July 2007

The relationships between diatom assemblages and important limnological variables were investigated in 494 lakes from northeastern North America (Pennsylvania, USA, to Nova Scotia, Canada). The limnological variable most significantly related to diatom assemblages was lake water pH, although dissolved organic carbon and nutrients were also important. Based on these strong relationships, highly significant diatom‐based inference models were developed to reconstruct key limnological variables based on diatom assemblages using weighted averaging (WA), maximum likelihood (ML), and modern analogs technique (MAT). The performances of the pH‐inference models were high, similar, and significant (WA: r2boot = 0.89, root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) = 0.43; ML: r2boot = 0.89, RMSEP = 0.45; MAT: r2boot = 0.89, RMSEP = 0.46). In addition, distribution of sites along a pH gradient did not have the anticipated bias, especially with respect to the WA model, although an evenly distributed study set did result in slightly less noise. While some regionally specific information may be lost by utilizing a large number of lakes from a wide geographic area, the broad limnological gradients allow a more realistic, accurate, and complete description of the ecological characteristics of diatom species. In addition to providing new autecological data on diatoms for northeastern North America, these inference models can now be used to infer accurately and precisely lake water pH and associated variables for limnologists and lake managers.
Measuring Media Bias: A Content Analysis of Time and Newsweek Coverage of Domestic Social Issues, 1975–2000*
Authors: Covert Tawnya J. Adkins , Wasburn Philo C.
Published: July 2007

Objective. This study is an effort to produce a more systematic, empirically‐based, historical‐comparative understanding of media bias than generally is found in previous works.

Methods. The research employs a quantitative measure of ideological bias in a formal content analysis of the United States' two largest circulation news magazines, Time and Newsweek. Findings are compared with the results of an identical examination of two of the nation's leading partisan journals, the conservative National Review and the liberal Progressive.

Results. Bias scores reveal stark differences between the mainstream and the partisan news magazines' coverage of four issue areas: crime, the environment, gender, and poverty.

Conclusion. Data provide little support for those claiming significant media bias in either ideological direction.
The Right Side of the Tracks: Affluent Neighborhoods in the Metropolitan United States*
Authors: Lee Barrett A. , Marlay Matthew
Published: July 2007

Objectives. We describe the geography, population composition, and housing stock of extremely affluent neighborhoods and evaluate the extent to which conclusions about these neighborhoods differ across definitions of affluence.

Methods. Using Census 2000 data on tracts in the 100 largest U.S. metropolitan areas, we compare neighborhoods at the very top of the income distribution (highest 2 percent) to their counterparts in lower‐income categories. The distributions for median household income, median family income, per‐capita income, and the household income ratio allow us to define affluence in alternative ways.

Results. Contrary to past findings, rich neighborhoods are no longer concentrated in the Northeast, and they exhibit substantial proportions of foreign‐born and Asian residents and average labor force participation rates. Other of their characteristics (e.g., educational level, professional‐managerial employment, housing size and value) seem more predictable. Although certain results vary depending on how affluence is defined, the majority do not.

Conclusion. Our analysis lays an empirical foundation for future work on affluent neighborhoods, which have received scant research attention. It also makes a conceptual contribution, demonstrating that such neighborhoods stand out irrespective of the definitional approach taken.
The Impact of Direct Election on Reform Votes in the U.S. Senate*
Authors: Sanders Romero Francine
Published: July 2007

Objective. This investigation examines the extent to which direct election rendered the U.S. Senate more supportive of Progressive reforms, as indicated through roll‐call outcomes.

Methods. Pre‐ and postaggregate support coalitions are compared in a 16‐year period bifurcated by passage of the Seventeenth Amendment (1905–1921), utilizing difference in means and ordinary least squares regression. An alternate test considers the aggregate impact of the rising percentage of states adopting pre‐Amendment direct‐election mechanisms. A difference in means test between Senate and House votes on similar bills is also provided.

Results. Neither the Amendment nor the statewide movement toward direct election exerted the conventionally assumed, positive impact on reform support; House and Senate support scores were similar throughout the period.

Conclusions. The data suggest a strong pro‐reform tendency in the Senate throughout the timeframe. The probable reason direct election demonstrates so little of the expected impact on outcomes is that the Senate had already begun to move in that direction.
Anglo Voting on Nativist Ballot Initiatives: The Partisan Impact of Spatial Proximity to the U.S.‐Mexico Border*
Authors: Branton Regina , Dillingham Gavin , Dunaway Johanna , Miller Beth
Published: July 2007

Objective. In this study, we examine how contextual factors influence voting behavior on nativist ballot initiatives using California's Propositions 187 and 227. We argue that spatial proximity to the border is associated with voting behavior on nativist initiatives.

Methods. To examine the influence of environmental factors on Anglo voting behavior on nativist ballot initiatives, we utilize California Field Polls, U.S. Census data, and spatially referenced data generated using GIS software.

Results. The results indicate that spatial proximity to the border is an important component in individual‐level voting on nativist initiatives and that the impact of proximity to the border on the vote for Propositions 187 and 227 varies as a function of individual‐level partisan affiliation.

Conclusions. These findings hold implications for future research regarding the influence of geospatial boundaries and political behavior.
Stress Crossover in Newlywed Marriage: A Longitudinal and Dyadic Perspective
Authors: Neff Lisa A. , Karney Benjamin R.
Published: July 2007

Studies of stress and marital quality often assess stress as an intrapersonal phenomenon, examining how spouses’ stress may influence their own relationship well‐being. Yet spouses’ stress also may influence partners’ relationship evaluations, a phenomenon referred to as stress crossover. This study examined stress crossover, and conditions that may facilitate crossover, in a sample of 169 newlywed couples over 3.5 years. A significant crossover effect emerged for husbands, which was moderated by couples’ observed conflict resolution skills. For wives, a significant stress interaction emerged, such that the influence of husbands’ stress on wives’ marital satisfaction depended on wives’ own stress levels. These findings highlight the importance of a dyadic approach when examining the role of stress in marriage.
Spousal Dissimilarity, Race, and Marital Dissolution
Authors: Clarkwest Andrew
Published: July 2007

I test the claims that spousal differences in ideational, behavioral, and other traits contribute to elevated rates of marital dissolution among African Americans. Using data from 3 waves of the National Survey of Families and Households (N = 5,424), I find that African American spouses experience high levels of dissimilarity in traits that may produce incompatibility. That dissimilarity can account for part of the difference in marital dissolution risk between African Americans and other groups. African Americans’ higher levels of spousal dissimilarity in certain areas may result from less resolution of spousal differences during initial relationship stages rather than from differences in assortative mating. The results argue for increased focus on how couple‐level factors early in relationships influence racial variation in marital dissolution.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Experiencing Parents’ Marital Disruption During Late Adolescence
Authors: Sun Yongmin , Li Yuanzhang
Published: July 2007

Using panel data from 9,252 adolescents in the National Education Longitudinal Study, this study finds that among children who experience parents’ marital disruption during late adolescence, European, Asian, and African American adolescents exhibit wider and greater maladjustment both before and after the disruption than their Hispanic American counterparts. This finding lends general support to the hypothesis of prevalence of disadvantages, although it is less consistent with the hypothesis of prevalence of divorce. Moreover, whereas Asian American adolescents in predisrupted families are more vulnerable to a shortage of family social resources, their African American peers are affected more by a shortage of financial/human resources. Finally, postdisruption effects on non‐Hispanic American adolescents are either completely or partially attributable to predisruption factors.
A novel dicyclodextrinyl diselenide compound with glutathione peroxidase activity
Authors: Lv Shao‐Wu , Wang Xiao‐Guang , Mu Ying , Zang Tian‐Zhu , Ji Yue‐Tong , Liu Jun‐Qiu , Shen Jia‐Cong , Luo Gui‐Min
Published: July 2007

A 6A,6A′‐dicyclohexylamine‐6B,6B′‐diselenide‐bis‐β‐cyclodextrin (6‐CySeCD) was designed and synthesized to imitate the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPX). In this novel GPX model, β‐cyclodextrin provided a hydrophobic environment for substrate binding within its cavity, and a cyclohexylamine group was incorporated into cyclodextrin in proximity to the catalytic selenium in order to increase the stability of the nucleophilic intermediate selenolate. 6‐CySeCD exhibits better GPX activity than 6,6′‐diselenide‐bis‐cyclodextrin (6‐SeCD) and 2‐phenyl‐1,2‐benzoisoselenazol‐3(2H)‐one (Ebselen) in the reduction of H2O2, tert‐butyl hydroperoxide and cumenyl hydroperoxide by glutathione, respectively. A ping‐pong mechanism was observed in steady‐state kinetic studies on 6‐CySeCD‐catalyzed reactions. The enzymatic properties showed that there are two major factors for improving the catalytic efficiency of GPX mimics. First, the substrate‐binding site should match the size and shape of the substrate and second, incorporation of an imido‐group increases the stability of selenolate in the catalytic cycle. More efficient antioxidant ability compared with 6‐SeCD and Ebselen was also seen in the ferrous sulfate/ascorbate‐induced mitochondria damage system, and this implies its prospective therapeutic application.
DNA‐binding characteristics of the regulator SenR in response to phosphorylation by the sensor histidine autokinase SenS from Streptomyces reticuli
Authors: Bogel Gabriele , Schrempf Hildgund , Ortiz de Orué Lucana Darío
Published: July 2007

The two‐component system SenS–SenR from Streptomyces reticuli has been shown to influence the production of the redox regulator FurS, the mycelium‐associated enzyme CpeB, which displays heme‐dependent catalase and peroxidase activity as well as heme‐independent manganese peroxidase activity, and the extracellular heme‐binding protein HbpS. In addition, it was suggested to participate in the sensing of redox changes. In this work, the tagged cytoplasmic domain of SenS (SenSc), as well as the full‐length differently tagged SenR, and corresponding mutant proteins carrying specific amino acid exchanges were purified after heterologous expression in Escherichia coli. In vitro, SenSc is autophosphorylated to SenSc∼P at the histidine residue at position 199, transfers the phosphate group to the aspartic acid residue at position 65 in SenR, and acts as a phosphatase for SenR∼P. Bandshift and footprinting assays in combination with competition and mutational analyses revealed that only unphosphorylated SenR binds to specific sites upstream of the furS–cpeB operon. Further specific sites within the regulatory region, common to the oppositely orientated senS and hbpS genes, were recognized by SenR. Upon its phosphorylation, the DNA‐binding affinity of this area was enhanced. These data, together with previous in vivo studies using mutants lacking functional senS and senR, indicate that the two‐component SenS–SenR system governs the transcription of the furS–cpeB operon, senS–senR and the hbpS gene. Comparative analyses reveal that only the genomes of a few actinobacteria encode two‐component systems that are closely related to SenS–SenR.