bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metamemorial knowledge in a group of black South African school children
Authors: Sharratt Pamela Arlette , van den Heuvel Elizabeth
Published: March 2013

An interview study of metamemory based on that of Kreutzer, Leonard and Flavell (1975) was carried out on 94 Zulu school children, with an age range of 6–13 years. It was hypothesized that the types of metamemorial knowledge found might be culture and/or schooling dependent. A general pattern was detected in the data of the children, namely, that in respect of knowledge of task and person memory variables, responses were mostly similar to those of the Kreutzer et al.'s American group, but in respect of knowledge of strategic variables, the Zulu children lagged behind the American sample. In particular, there were lags in the patterns of responding on the interview sections immediate-delay, story-list, study-plan, preparation: object, preparation: event, retrieval: object, retrieval: event, and rote-paraphrase. Possible cultural and educational reasons for these results are discussed in the light of other related research.
Adapting the Metamemory in Adulthood (MIA) Questionnaire for cross cultural application in South Africa
Authors: van Ede Dorothea M.
Published: March 2013

The Metamemory in Adulthood (MIA) Questionnaire was adapted for cross-cultural applications in South Africa. The sample consisted of 902 adults (males and females) in early adulthood, middle age and old age and from the following population groups: black, Coloured English-speaking, Indian, Afrikaans-speaking and English-speaking whites. An eight-factor structure was obtained in comparison with the seven factors reported from American and Canadian samples. The Strategy Use factor split into Mental Memory Strategies and External Memory Aids. The adapted MIA is shorter than the original (89 items, compared to the original 108) but the reliabilities of the subscales are still good.
The Healing Power of the Unconscious: How Can We Understand past Life Experiences in Psychotherapy?
Authors: Knight Zelda
Published: March 2013

The psychological literature reflects that psychologists, psychiatrists and psychotherapists working seriously and systematically with so-called ‘past-life’ experiences in psychotherapy appears to be on the increase, also in South Africa. In recent years the subject of ‘past-life’ experiences has become a major focus in several modes of therapy, and both local and overseas therapists now regard it as having a vital and dynamic role to play in the process of transformation and healing of the individual psyche. ‘Past-life’ experiences have often been in-extricably connected to the concept of reincarnation, yet recent research reflects that belief in reincarnation is not a necessary prerequisite for its occurrence, for often these experiences occur in therapy despite the disbelief of both client and therapist. Because many therapists claim that ‘past-life’ work is one of the most powerful and concentrated tools available to therapy short of psychedelic drugs, it is imperative to explore ‘past-life’ experiences and to answer some basic questions such as, ‘What is a “past-life” experience/regression?’, and ‘how can we understand such experiences in psychotherapy?’ This article, academically and rigorously, sets out to do that. Several explanations have been identified, and one useful perspective that deepens our therapeutic access to past life material is briefly documented.
The emergence of psychological themes in the South African Medical Journal, 1927–1975
Authors: Louw Johann , Orr Neil , Horwitz Sharon , Vergunst Richard , Tibbs Jason , Roberts Karen , Badroodien Goolam , Kaplan Steven , Jeannot Chantal , Nixon Michal
Published: March 2013

The articles published in the South African Medical Journal between 1927 and 1975 were examined for the presence of psychological and psychiatric themes. Two hundred and seventy-seven articles and editorials were identified and analysed. The relative space allocated to issues psychological remained quite stable at low levels in the period under investigation. The following themes are discussed: psychopathology and treatment, psychoneuroses, psychology and physical disease, psychological testing, and psychology as an auxiliary to the medical profession.
Epilepsy and Psychosocial Adjustment: A Selective Review
Authors: McQueen Alison H. , Swartz Leslie , Perfile Lynda L.
Published: March 2013

It has become increasingly acknowledged that the social and psychological consequences of leaving epilepsy may be more debilitating than the seizures themselves. Recently these psychosocial aspects of epilepsy have become the emphasis of much research, and different models for understanding psychosocial consequences have become evident. In this article recent research has been reviewed and has been classified as belonging either to a medical model or a sociological model of understanding these psychosocial aspects of epilepsy. Both models have been found to assist in understanding psychosocial aspects of epilepsy, with the ‘newer’ sociological approach acting as a challenge to the hegemony of the older, more traditional medical understanding.
Racial Preference and Self-Esteem in Black South African Children
Authors: Kelly Madeleine , Duckitt John
Published: March 2013

Discrimination against black minority children was originally viewed as causing them to evaluate their own-group negatively and the white out-group positively, resulting in impaired self-esteem. Research, however, has produced inconsistent findings, possibly because of social change and the black consciousness movement. The present study investigated this issue among black South African children, a social group that has experienced particularly severe racial discrimination. As expected, the findings indicated that self-esteem, own-group racial pride, and overall ethnocentrism were significantly higher amongst older ( n = 37; 10 to 12-years old) than among younger black children ( n = 41; 6 to 8-years old). The younger children showed a slight though non-significant tendency to out-group favouritism, while the pattern for the older children was non-preference. However, the correlations of self-esteem with in-group pride, out-group prejudice, and overall ethnocentrism were non-significant suggesting that the own-group and out-group attitudes of minority children do not necessarily effect their self-attitudes.
Psychology's Subject
Authors: Craig A.P.
Published: March 2013

In this article the author aims to highlight or spotlight psychology's subject, that is, who (or perhaps even what) psychology purports to inquire about. I will show how the milestones in modern psychological thinking constitute psychology's subject and note the absence of the lived-body and our historicity in theories of the person.
Health Psychology in South Africa: An Introduction
Authors: Schlebusch Lourens , Schlebusch Lourens
Published: March 2013

Health psychology's public debut may be historically identified as having occurred in 1978 internationally and in 1989 in South Africa. It has since developed its own important role in disease prevention and health enhancement due to several good reasons highlighted in this article. This includes an increased sophistication in health-care consumerism which has also found expression in a renewed awareness of accepting personal responsibility for one's health because of the acknowledgement that lifestyle and behaviour change play crucial roles in health and disease. These developments have unfolded within an ever rapidly changing arena of health care. Both health-risk behaviour and lifestyle diseases have been identified as critical areas which have to be addressed in southern Africa. Although health psychology has made significant strides it remains in its early development stages in southern Africa, and thorough conceptual and methodological foundations continue to be required for its effective development. There are many challenges facing the health-care needs of South Africans, and health psychology researchers are in an excellent position to make a meaningful contribution in the ‘New South Africa’ to the health-care priorities of the Government of National Unity's Reconstruction and Development Programme, and to dealing with or preventing potential psychological problems that might arise from the transitional phase the country is going through. In line with international developments, increased accountability of health psychologists and a research and clinical focus on emotions, stress-induced immunomodulation and psychological intervention to modify the course of disease are likely to become major trends in southern Africa as we enter the 21st century.
Some Methodological Issues in Health Psychology Research
Authors: Huysamen G.K.
Published: March 2013

Four issues of a methodological nature that are perceived to be recurring problems in research directed at predictors of illness are pointed out. In the first place, sample size affects statistical power (i.e. the probability of obtaining significant results). Methodological literature tends to caution against the use of samples that are too small, but tends to ignore the problems arising from obtaining statistical significance for trivial effects due to samples that are very large. Possible solutions to this problem are mentioned. Secondly, the reduction of criterion variability due to the operationalization of the criterion variable may result in failure to find statistical significance. This problem is of special relevance when patients already suffering from a particular illness are used and survival rates are used in lieu of the degree of that illness. Thirdly, the demand for a more differentiated set of hypotheses is emphasized. This situation arises because of the non-experimental nature of research and the consequent multivariate nature of research problems in this area. Elementary statistical procedures do not allow for theoretically derived hypotheses that are really meaningful, to be investigated adequately. However, using more advanced procedures, such as path analysis and structural equation modelling, not only requires a sound theoretical background (in health psychology) but also a knowledge of these procedures. Finally, the interrelatedness of statistical design, measurement and statistical analyses is emphasized. Because of this interrelatedness, the delegation of research design to statisticians, who cannot be expected to be familiar with theoretical issues and measurement possibilities in the field, is bound to result in impoverished research findings. As a result, a sound grounding in methodology is of great importance to a burgeoning field such as health psychology.
Health Behaviour Change following Persuasive Communication
Authors: Schomer Helgo , Wadlow Sarah , Dunne Tim
Published: March 2013

This study was undertaken to assess the impact of a persuasively presented academic course in Health Psychology on students' health behaviour. Ninety-eight students attending a third-year optional course in Health Psychology at the University of Cape Town volunteered to participate in the study. The students completed a self-report Lifestyle Evaluation Questionnaire (LEQ) at the beginning of the six-week course, at the completion of the course and at an eight-month follow-up. A Lifestyie Beliefs Questionnaire (LBQ) based on the Health Belief Model was also filled out at the follow-up date. The results showed a statistically significant change in the exercise health behaviour, improving as the study progressed. LEQ factors of food and care improved significantly from the beginning to the completion of the course, with the care factor also maintaining a significant change from beginning to follow-up. Analysis of the LBQ indicated that the benefits component predicted exercise and drug use, the barriers component predicted exercise behaviour, and the susceptibility component predicted drug use. It was concluded that persuasive communication had a motivating effect on young, healthy adults to practise positive health behaviours.
Hopelessness and Psychiatric Symptomatology in Hospitalized Physically Ill Adolescents
Authors: Pillay Anthony L. , Wassenaar Douglas R.
Published: March 2013

This study compares scores on psychiatric disturbance and hopelessness in two adolescent samples. The one sample was a physically ill hospitalized group, and the other was a matched group of healthy control subjects. It was found that the hospitalized physically ill group scored significantly higher on both psychiatric disturbance and hopelessness than the healthy group. At six-month follow-up, the physically ill group's scores on psychiatric disturbance had declined significantly, but hopelessness scores remained significantly high. In line with other findings, this study suggests that insufficient clinical attention is paid to psychiatric symptoms in hospitalized physically ill patients, and that the high hopelessness scores after six months warrant clinical psychological evaluation.
Current Practice Patterns of Clinical and Counselling Psychologists and Their Attitudes to Transforming Mental Health Polices in South Africa
Authors: Pillay Y.G. , Petersen I.
Published: March 2013

The current political changes in South Africa and the realization that there is a need to transform many institutions have resulted in strident calls for changes to mental health policies. However, it is also recognized that these changes must be coherent, and should enjoy the support of all interested constituencies. The authors surveyed members of the mental health professions, namely, Clinical and Counselling Psychologists to elicit their opińions regarding these changes. The aim was to obtain data on their current practice patterns and attitudes to change in mental health policies designed to meet the needs of the majority of South Africans. In this article the authors discuss results of the survey and emphasize some of the issues that need to be addressed if the mental health needs of the population are to be met.

Die huidige politieke veranderinge in Suid-Afrika en die besef dat daar 'n behoefte is om instellings te transformeer het gelei tot ernstige beroepe om die geestegesondheidsbeleid ter verander. Nietemin word daar besef dat die veranderinge samehangend moet wees, en moet die ondersteuning van alle belangstellende groepe geniet. Om die nodige standpunte van hierdie verskillende groepe te bekom, was die lede van die Kliniese en Raadgewende Sielkundiges oor hul meinings gevra. Die doel was om data te bekom oor die huidige modelle en houdinge in die uitoefening van die beroep met betrekking tot veranderinge tot geestgesondheidsbeleid wat geruk is op die geestegesondheids behoeftes van die meerheid van Suid-Afrikaners. In hierdie artikel bespreek die outeurs die resultante van hierdie ondersoek en beklemtoon sommige van die vraagstukke waarmee rekening gehou moet word indien aan die geestegesondheidsbeloftes van die meerderheid van die bevolking voldoen moet word.
On Not Reinventing the Wheel: A Clinical Perspective on Culturally Relevant Test Usage in South Africa
Authors: Shuttleworth-Jordan Ann B.
Published: March 2013

The aim of this article is to appeal against an attitude of nihilism with respect to test usage which occurs because tests have not been designed for application among a particular population, or because appropriate normative data are not yet available. In South Africa this attitude, in its extreme form, promotes a view that all tests in common usage on westernized populations should be abandoned and new culturally relevant and appropriately standardized tests should be designed. In settings dealing with rural and illiterate or semi-literate populations, such a stance has relevance. However, this article cautions against an erroneous exaggeration of cultural effects which fails to take into account the acculturation process. Clinical and research data on urbanized African (Xhosa first language) subjects are used to demonstrate the absence of clinically significant cultural effects on frequently employed, standard test material.
‘Few of us are Potential Miss South Africas, But…’: Psychological Discourses about Women's Bodies in Advice Columns
Authors: Wilbraham Lindy
Published: March 2013

This article explores the psychologized interstices between the appearance of women's bodies and their ‘inner selves’. Using a Foucauldian analysis with feminist undertones, several ways in which psychological discourses are deployed in ‘crises’ of ‘physical unattractiveness’ in advice texts, are examined. The work of Wendy Hollway on the positioning of women and men in heterosexual relationship practice is taken, critically, as a starting point. This positioning of women is situated within a web of psychologized knowledges and practices which labour to divide women's bodies from their inner psyches/selves. Psychologization is discussed in terms of the rewards of power offered women for subjection; and the ways in which it resists feminist arguments about the social, ideological or discursive framing of women's bodies, while holding conventional gendered positionings and heterosexual relationship practices in place.
Towards a Formulation of a Philosophical Base for Education in South Africa
Authors: Beyers Eefke
Published: March 2013

The reconstruction of educational practice in South Africa, should have as an aim the accommodation of local realities. It is argued that this can be achieved when educational practice is inspired by a specific idea of what it means to be fully human. A definition is given of what is meant by the term ‘humanness’ in the following terms: Full humanness exists where a person achieves agency. Agency can be conceptualized in terms of the three phenomena — autonomy, reflexivity and mutuality, the latter being the situational condition for the existence of the former. Autonomy and reflexivity develop on two conditions: (1) where the intersubjective experiences of a person are open and take place in a spirit of mutuality and through talk; and (2) where the moral order which regulates the intersubjectivity, protects both autonomy and reflexivity. In turn, the moral order should also be protected by the intersubjective context. Two paradoxical positions are therefore emphasized: humanness as an expression of agency and the moral order which supports the agency. Further thoughts are given on how this idea of full humanness differs from what has up to now dominated the educational scene, also on why it should lead to its improvement.
'n Vergelyking van die invloed van barokmusiek en tradisionele Afrikamusiek op die leesontwikkeling van swart studente
Authors: du Toit Karina , Heyns P. Malan , Sharp Alta A. , de Bruin Gideon P.
Published: March 2013

'n Vergelyking van die invloed van barokmusiek en tradisionele Afrikamusiek op die leesontwikkeling van swart studente is in hierdie studie getref. Die resultate dui daarop dat, alhoewel die studente almal by die leesontwikkelingsprogram baat gevind het, die barokmusiek en die Afrikamusiek geen gedifferensieerde bydrae tot hul leesontwikkeling gemaak het nie. Dit blyk ook dat die studente wat aan Afrikamusiek blootgestel was, dit as meer steurend ervaar het. Hierteenoor het die studente wat aan die barokmusiek blootgestel was, dit as minder steurend ervaar en die indruk gehad dat die musiek tot hul prestasie bygedra het.
'n Geïntegreerde oorsig van empiriese navorsing oor loopbaanvoorligting in Suid-Afrika, 1980–1990
Authors: de Bruin Gideon Pieter , Nel Zak Johannes
Published: March 2013

Hierdie studie was onderneem om in 'n oorsig te bepaal uit die hoof tendense in empiriese navorsing oor loopbaanvoorligting tussen 1980 en 1990 in Suid-Afrika was. Vir die doel van die oorsig was 'n geïntegreerde model van loopbaanvoorligting ontwikkel op grond waarvan die inhoud van die navorsing toe geklassifiseer was. Die bevindinge dui daarop dat die meeste van die navorsing oor die diagnostiese aspekte van loopbaanvoorligting, en spesifiek oor persoonlikheidsaspekte gehandel het. Die oorsig het ook getoon dat die navorsing hoofsaaklik op blanke hoërskoolleerlinge en studente gerig was, en dat die meeste van die navorsing binne die fakulteite van Opvoedkunde gedoen was en dat die meeste van die resultate in die Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Opvoedkunde gerapporteer was.
On the Limits (of the Subject) of Psychology
Authors: van Deventer Vasi
Published: March 2013

The subject of psychology broaches two domains of discourse, one in which the subject belongs to psychology as its object of study and another where the discipline of psychology belongs to the subject as a topic of discussion. Actually, these are not two domains of discourse but rather two domains concerning discourse: a domain where the subject belongs to discourse and a domain where discourse belongs to the subject; more precisely: a domain of being known and a domain of the knowing being. This article is about the delimitation of these two domains. Bringing them into existence requires complicated motions on (or at) the borderline that separates them. This means a special kind of writing of the subject of psychology, a writing characterized by a double stroke in the sense that it represses while it creates. In this article, the author explores the nature of this kind of delimitation, and then relates three stories to illustrate the writing that constitutes the subject of psychology as a knowing being and a being known. We see how the delimitation of the discipline of psychology splits the subject into a subject who comes Into being on both the inside and the outside of psychology, and how in an attempt to bridge this split (which is the drive for identity) a core part of the subject must be repressed, and finally how the attempt to wipe the traces of this repression constitutes an entire psychology, which reveals psychology as a double repression. The article concludes that these notions open psychology as a grammatology, meaning that the logos of the psyche is not simply revealed, but written in and through a double stroke.
This is Not a Pipe
Authors: Lightfoot Neil
Published: March 2013

This article examines the lives of roadside vendors using a ethnographic imagery. However, instead of rediscovering their plight, post structuralism is echoed - demonstrating, perhaps, that the researcher never unearths anything other than what is known already.
Objects without Origins: Foucault in South African Socio-Medical Science
Authors: Butchart Alexander
Published: March 2013

Despite being freely available in English language translation since the late 1970s, the writings of Michel Foucault have only faintly imprinted themselves within the work of South African socio-medical scientists. Where references to Foucault do stray beyond mere name dropping, they frequently distort the lines of his thought by pressing it into precisely the liberal-humanist and Marxist analyses Foucault himself was so concerned to dispel. How is this possible, and what is being done by this failure to accurately understand and apply Foucault? Deploying a Foucaultian methodology of strategic questioning, this paper explores the phenomenon to conclude that the failure of Foucault in South African socio-medical discourse is only apparent, the very impermeability of these disciplines to his ideas itself confirmation for the Foucaultian thesis that while sovereignty is the preserve of an elite, discipline is within the grasp of us all.
Turtles All the Way Down? — On a Quest for Quality in Qualitative Research
Authors: Meulenberg-Buskens Ineke
Published: March 2013

This article focuses on the relationship between the personal and the scientific in qualitative research discourse as an aspect of the quest for quality. While there is of necessity a personal dimension in any type of social science research, in qualitative research the personal takes a prominent place in that the researcher's subjectivity is explicitly used within the research context and appropriated by the methodological discourse. The purpose of methodological discourse is to safeguard the quality of research: Guidelines are developed, innovations are discussed, and traditions and conventions maintained. Methodological discourse can also be the arena where a community of scientists asserts itself through discussing its members' practices. It is here where personal authority and scientific convention meet in the battle for research quality. The case study used here reflects a particular event in a qualitative methodological discourse which was a crisis of sorts. An attempt is made to analyse the process which revealed the prevalent rules and the question is raised whether the quest for recognizability, which is the basis of methodological discourse operating within a community of scientists, has the potential to function as a threat to the quest for quality, so undermining its very purpose. A plea is made for a multi-layered reflective discourse where not only individual work will be scrutinized, but the discourse will scrutinize itself with the help of individual events.
The Relation between Religious Motivation and Work-Related Variables Amongst Agricultural Workers
Authors: Strümpfer D.J.W.
Published: March 2013

Allport's (1966) constructs of intrinsic and extrinsic religiousness formed the basis of the study. A questionnaire containing scales to measure intrinsic religious motivation (IRM; abbreviated from Hoge, 1972), extrinsic religious orientation (ERO; Feagin, 1967), qualitative workload, powerlessness, role ambiguity, participation in decision-making, job satisfaction, job involvement, organizational commitment, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and sense of coherence, was administered individually and orally in Afrikaans. The respondents were 149 so-called ‘coloured’, male workers on farms in the Western Cape Province. The sample was chosen in view of past experiences that indicated that they tend to be strongly pious. Factor analyses were performed to purify some scales. ERO showed too low a coefficient alpha and too high a correlation with IRM to warrant reporting results. Other coefficients alpha were acceptable. IRM correlated significantly with role ambiguity, job dissatisfaction and emotional stability. A stepwise multiple regression analysis, relating the other-than-religious variables to IRM, produced a model in which job dissatisfaction, role ambiguity, weak conscientiousness, low participation in decision-making and low job involvement (in this sequence) explained 18% of common variance. Associations with IRM were thus distressful and did not favour productivity.
The Relationship between Tenure, Stress and Coping Strategies of South African Immigrants to New Zealand
Authors: Bennett Hillary , Boshoff Adre , Rigby Colleen
Published: March 2013

Immigration has significant psychological and social consequences for a migrant family. This study explores the adaptation of two groups of South African immigrants to life in New Zealand. Sixty-three per cent of the 72 ex-South Africans contacted, using convenience sampling, had lived in New Zealand for less than five years. The perceived difficulties related to relocating as well as the coping strategies associated with self-identified problems related to the relocation and the length of tenure in New Zealand were both qualitatively and quantitatively assessed. A problem-oriented semi-structured questionnaire and the Dimensions of Stress and Cybernetic Coping scales were used to collect the data. It appears that the longer the immigrants have been in New Zealand the less control they perceive themselves to have over the problems associated with relocation and the more likely they are to use the coping strategy of avoidance rather than actively trying to change their situation.
Cross-National Outgroup Homogeneity: United States and South African Stereotypes
Authors: Bartsch Robert A. , Judd Charles M. , Louw D.A. , Park Bernadette , Ryan Carey S.
Published: March 2013

Research on cross-national stereotypes has been largely descriptive, primarily examining the content of such stereotypes rather than exploring more process-related issues concerning stereotype formation, use, and change. One particular component of stereotypes that has implications for these issues is the perceived variability of social categories. In this article we report data from white United States and South African samples on the perceived variability of both groups. We find consistent support for the outgroup homogeneity effect in these data, that is, the tendency to see outgroups as less variable than ingroups. Additionally, we show that the perception of outgroup variability is negatively related to ethnocentrism or the tendency to engage in outgroup derogation. Finally, we explore whether outgroup familiarity and knowledge moderate these effects.
Race and Relevance: A Content Analysis of the South African Journal of Psychology
Authors: Durrheim Kevin , Mokeki Stephen
Published: March 2013

All 478 papers which were published in the South African Journal of Psychology between 1970 and 1995 were content analysed to determine changing ways in which race issues have been dealt with in the Journal.1 It is argued that the discipline of psychology may have played a role in perpetuating racism under the apartheid regime by inaction, by not speaking out. To capture this distinction between ‘speaking out’ and ‘not speaking out’ we distinguished between papers which consider race issues in a value-neutral scientific manner and those which consider race issues in a critical, politicised manner. The results show that the lowest proportion of papers dealing with race occur during the early 1980s, and that in contrast to the mostly ‘scientific’ considerations of race in the 1970s, from the late 1980s there has been a steady increase in ‘political’ papers. These categories of race were also related to the type of methodology which the papers employed, and the field of psychology which was being investigated. The results suggest that the content of the Journal articles has not been independent of ideological forces in South African psychology. We conclude by discussing some of the warrants which may have justified the psychological practices in this country which ignored the profound psychological effects of racism and apartheid.
Sexual Harassment: Perceptions and Experiences of Students at the University of Transkei
Authors: Mayekiso T.V. , Bhana K.
Published: March 2013

The present study investigated students' perceptions and experiences of sexual harassment at the University of Transkei. Data were obtained from a sample of 827 students. It was found that students need more clarity on what constitutes sexual harassment. However, it was found that all forms of sexual harassment were prevalent and experienced on campus in varying degrees. Gender-related differences were found in the perceptions and experiences of sexual harassment.
Androgyny and Coping in Men with a Managerial Orientation
Authors: May Adéle , Spangenberg Judora J.
Published: March 2013

To examine the relationship between sex-role orientation and coping ability in men with a managerial orientation, a demographic questionnaire, the Zeitlin Coping Inventory and the Bem Sex-role Inventory were completed by 169 adult males undertaking the Master of Business Administration (MBA) course at the University of Stellenbosch Graduate School of Business. No significant difference was found between the global coping abilities of subjects with androgynous and masculine sex-role orientations, although both androgynous and masculine subjects showed significantly better coping abilities than subjects with feminine or undifferentiated sex-role orientations. Regarding coping styles, androgynous subjects displayed a significantly more flexible style in coping with the environment than subjects with other sex-role orientations. No significant difference was found between androgynous and masculine subjects regarding flexibility in coping with the self. The conclusion was drawn that both androgyny and masculinity could serve as effective coping resources in men with a managerial orientation.
Identification Patterns among Black Students at a Predominantly White University
Authors: Moosa Fathima , Moonsamy Gary , Fridjhon P.
Published: March 2013

The ‘dialectical theory of reactive identification and cultural in-betweenity’ proposed by the Somali psychologist Bulhan, outlines three main identification patterns among the black intelligentsia: ‘capitulation’ to the dominant culture and ideology, ‘revitalisation’ of traditional culture, and ‘radicalisation’ of both so as to arrive at a new and higher synthesis. Three scales (developed by Bulhan, 1980) corresponding to each identification pattern was administered to a group of 66 black students at the University of the Witwatersrand. Rotter's Locus of Control Scale was also administered so as to determine the relationship between the different identification patterns and locus of control. Specific hypotheses were tested, with some being confirmed and some being refuted by means of various psychological instruments. The ‘dialectical theory of reactive identification/cultural in-betweenity’ and the empirical findings are discussed in terms of their applicability to South Africa.
The Quest for Liberatory Psychology
Authors: Seedat Mohamed
Published: March 2013

Despite scepticism about the viability, scope and nature of liberatory psychology, a nuanced study of anti-apartheid and international progressive scholarship within psychology reveals otherwise. Accordingly, in this paper I seek to describe the distinctive processes, phases and epistemological challenges integral to the quest for a liberatory psychology. Specific attention is also accorded to a liberatory agenda which may be distilled from the progressive psychological literature.
The Psychological Needs of African Women in Labour in Western-Orientated Obstetrical Care
Authors: Fouche J. Paul , Heyns P. Malan , Fourie Miemie C. , Schoon Martiens G. , Bam Roosmarie H.
Published: March 2013

In the health professions there is an increased awareness of the risk that in a modern hospital, the traditional and holistic needs of the African woman could be unmet during childbirth. It particularly affects those women from rural areas where traditional customs prevail and where the emphasis is on collective values and extended community support. Interviews were conducted with low-risk patients at Pelonomi Hospital, Bloemfontein, to determine their biological, psychological and social needs, as well as preferential practices regarding childbirth. The results revealed that changes in the traditional birthing customs and needs seem to have taken place. These include issues of obstetrical interest such as the place of delivery (at home or in hospital), position during delivery, the need for emotional and social support during labour, and dealing with pain. A plea is made for greater understanding of the special needs of the African woman in childbirth. The urgency for a primary health care service which is culturally more appropriate is also highlighted.
A History of Ethical Codes in South African Psychology: An Insider's View
Authors: Wassenaar Douglas R.
Published: March 2013

The purpose of this article is to present a developmental history of formal professional ethics in psychology in South Africa. Particular emphasis is placed on the relationship between legislation governing the registration of psychologists and professional ethics. Current and future trends emphasising the need to transform professional structures in keeping with the democratic ethos of post-apartheid South Africa are also discussed.
Perceptions of HIV/AIDS on a Johannesburg Gold Mine
Authors: Macheke Cecil , Campbell Catherine
Published: March 2013

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 40 mine workers on a Johannesburg gold mine, focusing on workers' perceptions of health, HIV/AIDS and sexuality. The paper seeks to highlight a range of factors which might predispose mine workers to high-risk sexual behaviour, despite the fact that they had all attended HIV-education programmes. These factors are presented within a framework that views the process of sexual decision making as a debating process - in which competing facts and beliefs are weighed up against one another - within the context of a range of normative and social parameters. Firstly, attention is given to a number of pre-existing perceptions and doubts which may blunt the force of the facts that HIV educational messages seek to impart to this particular group of people. These include a lack of perceived urgency regarding the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases (STD's), a commitment to ‘flesh-to-flesh’ sex, a dislike of condoms, and faith in the ability of traditional healers to cure a range of STD's and possibly also HIV/AIDS. Secondly, attention is given to the normative context of sexuality, and in particular the way in which norms of masculinity predispose people to high-risk sexual behaviour. Finally, the paper focuses on some aspects of social and occupational life on the mines as the context within which sexual relationships are conducted. These include the phenomenon of single sex hostels, an acceptance of high levels of disease and accidents as the norm, and the use of alcohol. The paper concludes with a discussion of the challenges these findngs pose for a peer education programme which is shortly to be implemented in the mining context.
The Aesthetically Oriented Person — A Form-Entity of Personality
Authors: Theron Antoinette L. , Jordaan Wilhelm J.
Published: March 2013

The article describes a study aimed at depicting the aesthetically oriented person as an Integrated structural entity. Based on the assumption that criteria of form, such as simplicity and complexity, can be applicable to representing a personality type (pattern), structure was taken as a metaphor for discussing and Integrating personality variables. Traits, values, self-actualisation and aesthetic preference were seen as structural components that can contribute to a holistic representation of the aesthetically oriented person as a form entity. Scores on a psychometric test battery, including a preference scale consisting of abstract paintings, showed significant differences between a low and a high aesthetic group. By conceptually Integrating the personality characteristics and structural characteristics of preferred paintings, an aesthetically oriented personality type emerged that is associated with criteria of form.
The Moderating Effect of Supervisory Support on the Self-Efficacy Work-Performance Relationship
Authors: Ballantine Kim , Nunns Christopher G.
Published: March 2013

The present study examined the moderating effect of supervisory support on the relationship between self-ratings of self-efficacy and two measures of work performance, namely supervisor-rated performance and a work-output measure. Research was conducted within the South African life insurance industry on a sample of broker consultants (sales promotional staff) ( n = 70 subjects) over a three-month period. Past research found a positive relationship between high self-efficacy and work performance. However, such research did not take account of the influence of leadership factors. It was hypothesised that effective supervisory support would facilitate the attainment of higher levels of performance. Therefore, it was hypothesised that supervisory support should moderate the self-efficacy work performance relationship, particularly in the case of low self-efficacy. As hypothesised, it was found that supervisory support moderated the relationship between self-efficacy and supervisor-rated performance. Performance was highest when low levels of self-efficacy occurred together with high supervisory support. However, supervisory support did not moderate the relationship between self-efficacy and the work-output measure of performance. Limitations of the study, as well as theoretical and practical implications are considered.
The Relationship between Loneliness and the Christian Faith
Authors: le Roux Anda
Published: March 2013

The primary aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between loneliness and the Christian faith. Questionnaires were completed by a sample of 100 third-year psychology students at the University of the Orange Free State. The results reflect a highly significant negative relationship between loneliness and the Christian faith. This may imply that the lonelier the student is, the weaker his faith is in Jesus as the Redeemer, and vice versa. These findings support the views held by many authors who maintain that the deepest cause of loneliness may be sought in the individual's religious uprootment and severance of their vertical relationship with God.
Patients' Perspective of Treatment in Eating Disorders: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Grange Daniel le , Gelman Tamara
Published: March 2013

The patient's perspective of treatment is seldom considered when psychological interventions are evaluated. Our aim was to undertake a qualitative study to assess the patients' viewpoint of what was helpful as well as harmful about the treatment they have completed. Twenty-one female referrals to an outpatient university-based eating disorders service (10 anorexia nervosa and 11 bulimia nervosa, mean age = 24.7 years, SD = 9.8) were interviewed on average one year after completion of either family counselling or cognitive-behavioural treatment. Most patients reported improvements as a result of treatment, although our formal assessment was more cautious. Patients identified psychoeducation, a supportive environment, challenging of dysfunctional beliefs, and behavioural strategies as helpful components of treatment. A significant minority felt that causes of the illness were dealt with inadequately, and that behavioural strategies were insufficient when symptoms were too overpowering. This study shows that gaining the patient's perspective of therapy could provide clinicians with helpful feedback to improve treatment for this challenging patient population.
Feedback of Research Results: Reflections from a Community-Based Mental Health Programme
Authors: Macleod Catriona , Masilela Thulani C. , Malomane Elizabeth
Published: March 2013

The lack of feedback of research results to research participants, or the lack of reflection on the feedback process where it does occur, is problematic. Some fundamental issues appear to inform the feedback process, these being the approach adopted by the researchers to research and the uses envisaged for the research and feedback. In this paper, we reflect on feedback sessions conducted with research participants and local community in a community-based mental health programme in a rural area of South Africa. The results of a comprehensive needs assessment were discussed in four different meetings. This paper reflects upon, amongst others, practical/logistical issues, attendance and non-attendance, the issue of language, group dynamics, challenges from participants, and social and cultural constructions of knowledge. It is concluded that when feedback of research results is seen as part of an on-going process of programme development and engagement with various stakeholders, it is a potential point of growth on a number of levels.
Teenage Pregnancy and its ‘Negative’ Consequences: Review of South African Research — Part 1
Authors: Macleod Catriona
Published: March 2013

Teenage pregnancy emerged as a social issue within the United States in the 1970s, and somewhat later in South Africa. In this article I review South African research and literature concerning the consequences of teenage pregnancy, because it is on this level that teenage pregnancy is formulated as a problem. The literature is reviewed against the backdrop of some international research in order to provide a basis for comparison. Research on the disruption of schooling, socio-economic disadvantage, obstetric outcomes, inadequate mothering, neglect and abuse, relationship difficulties and demographic concerns is reviewed. Various gaps in the South African literature are identified. These include an inadequate theoretical grounding, a lack of gender and historical analyses, and no exploration of the power relations within which teenage pregnancy occurs.
Identities and Racial Attitudes of South African and American Adolescents: A Cross-Cultural Examination
Authors: Smith Timothy B. , Stones Christopher R.
Published: March 2013

Issues of group identity and prejudice have played a large role in the history of South Africa. In this study the authors examined differences among Xhosa-speaking black, so-called coloured, English-speaking white, and Afrikaans-speaking white adolescents within a context of social change. Data was collected from 818 high school students using a questionnaire that assessed aspects of these groups' perceptions of themselves (their identities), attitudes toward other racial groups (their prejudices), and beliefs about changes in the socio-political environment. Several statistically significant differences between the groups were found. Comparative analyses on identity and attitude variables performed with 263 white American adolescents were also statistically significant for all groups.
Predictors of Ethnic Identification in a Transitionary South Africa
Authors: Bornman Elirea , Appelgryn Ans E.M.
Published: March 2013

This study involves a critical analysis of the implications of the assumptions of social identity theory and related theories for ethnic identification and intergroup relations during the period of socio-political change in South Africa. Using data from a survey conducted on the eve of the new dispensation, the authors investigated the factors that influence ethnic identification in three groups. Two random samples of 460 whites (347 Afrikaans speaking and 113 English speaking) and 466 blacks in urban Gauteng were involved. Although the validity of some assumptions of social identity theory regarding groups in real life have been confirmed, the findings also point to the need for more complex models that take into consideration the interplay between personal, developmental, social, economic and political factors.
Music Therapy Improvisation Groups with Adults: Towards De-Stressing in South Africa
Authors: Pavlicevic Mercedes
Published: March 2013

Rather than being a ‘purely’ musical event, improvisation in music therapy is non-verbal communication. Music therapy improvisation elicits, portrays and extends clients' expressive, communicative and relational capacities. The act of improvising music in a group setting is experienced positively by group members. Theoretically, music therapy improvisation draws from psychological literature that demonstrates the innate musicality of non-verbal behaviour, as well as from Winnicott's concept of Play and of Primary Creativity. Research studies in the USA have demonstrated the efficacy of passive music therapy in alleviating stress in a range of adult populations. This paper draws from the author's clinical work to present four aspects of group music therapy: work that is experienced as personally and professionally enriching by high-functioning adult South Africans. Despite the complications of using verbally-based concepts and thinking to describe and explain musical events, a case is made for group music therapy's potential to alleviate stress in South Africa across cultures at this time of social transformation.