bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Algebra and logic for resource-based systems modelling
Authors: COLLINSON MATTHEW , PYM DAVID
Published: September 2009

Mathematical modelling is one of the fundamental tools of science and engineering. Very often, models are required to be executable, as a simulation, on a computer. In this paper, we present some contributions to the process-theoretic and logical foundations of discrete-event modelling with resources and processes. We present a process calculus with an explicit representation of resources in which processes and resources co-evolve. The calculus is closely connected to a logic that may be used as a specification language for properties of models. The logic is strong enough to allow requirements that a system has a certain structure: for example, that it is a parallel composite of subsystems. This work consolidates, extends and improves upon aspects of earlier work of ours in this area. An extended example, consisting of a semantics for a simple parallel programming language, indicates a connection with separating logics for concurrency.
Modern organic and broiler chickens sold for human consumption provide more energy from fat than protein
Authors: Wang Yiqun , Lehane Catherine , Ghebremeskel Kebreab , Crawford Michael A
Published: September 2009

Objective

In 1976, the Royal College of Physicians and the British Cardiac Society recommended eating less fatty red meat and more poultry instead because it was lean. However, the situation has changed since that time, with a striking increase in fat content of the standard broiler chicken. The aim of the present study was to report a snapshot of data on fat in chickens now sold to the public.

Design

Samples were obtained randomly between 2004 and 2008 from UK supermarkets, farm shops and a football club. The amount of chicken fat was estimated by emulsification and chloroform/methanol extraction.

Setting

Food sold in supermarkets and farms in England.

Subjects

Chicken samples.

Results

The fat energy exceeded that of protein. There has been a loss ofn-3 fatty acids. Then-6:n-3 ratio was found to be as high as 9:1, as opposed to the recommendation of about 2:1. Moreover, the TAG level in the meat and whole bird mostly exceeded the proportion of phospholipids, which should be the higher for muscle function. Then-3 fatty acid docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22 : 5n-3) was in excess of DHA (22 : 6n-3). Previous analyses had, as usual for birds, more DHA than DPA.

Conclusions

Traditional poultry and eggs were one of the few land-based sources of long-chainn-3 fatty acids, especially DHA, which is synthesized from its parent precursor in the green food chain. In view of the obesity epidemic, chickens that provide several times the fat energy compared with protein seem illogical. This type of chicken husbandry needs to be reviewed with regard to its implications for animal welfare and human nutrition.
Canada Celebrates International Year of Planet Earth
Authors: Nowlan Godfrey S.
Published: September 2009

The International Year of Planet Earth (IYPE; 2007–2009), declared by the United Nations to increase awareness of Earth and environmental sciences, has inspired a great variety of outreach projects across Canada. Under the theme of “Water, Hazards, Energy, Resources and Environment” (WHERE), Canada's IYPE outreach tag lines include “WHERE on Earth?” and “WHERE in Canada?”

Development of Canada's IYPE program began with a solicitation of proposals in 2007 from the grassroots Earth science community. Many proposals were received, vetted, and transformed into projects for which funds were then sought, mostly in the private sector. Under the auspices of a national committee chaired by Calgary‐based geophysicist John Boyd, both large and small projects were developed. Small projects, such as speaker series and workshops for teachers held in individual municipalities, were handled at a local level. By contrast, larger and more expensive projects were implemented nationally under the basic philosophy that they should provide a legacy that will last well beyond IYPE.
Climate Data Analysis Tools Facilitate Scientific Investigations
Authors: Doutriaux Charles , Drach Robert , McCoy Renata , Mlaker Velimir , Williams Dean
Published: September 2009

Insightful analysis of geophysical phenomena often depends on the choice of software tools to access, manipulate, and visualize data sets of interest. These data exploration tasks can be efficiently executed in a single computational environment by the freely distributed Climate Data Analysis Tools (CDAT; http://www‐pcmdi.llnl.gov/software‐portal/). Although CDAT has been designed primarily for climate science applications, its capabilities are increasingly being enhanced to address the data needs of other geophysical sciences.

The CDAT software is based on the object‐oriented Python computer language, but the software extends existing constructs to achieve capabilities that are relevant to any gridded geophysical data. Depending on the users preference, CDAT can be fully deployed by either a script or graphical user interface.
The 2009 L'Aquila earthquake (central Italy): A source mechanism and implications for seismic hazard
Authors: Walters R. J. , Elliott J. R. , D'Agostino N. , England P. C. , Hunstad I. , Jackson J. A. , Parsons B. , Phillips R. J. , Roberts G.
Published: September 2009

We use InSAR and body‐wave seismology to determine independent source parameters for the 6th April 2009 Mw 6.3 L'Aquila earthquake and confirm that the earthquake ruptured a SW‐dipping normal fault with ∼0.6–0.8 m slip. The causative Paganica fault had been neglected relative to other nearby range‐frontal faults, partly because it has a subdued geomorphological expression in comparison with these faults. The L'Aquila earthquake occurred in an area with a marked seismic deficit relative to geodetically determined strain accumulation. We use our source model to calculate stress changes on nearby faults produced by the L'Aquila earthquake and we find that several of these faults have been brought closer to failure.
Solar terminator wave in a Mars general circulation model
Authors: Forbes J. M. , Moudden Y.
Published: September 2009

A solar terminator wave (TW) is found in high‐resolution general circulation model (GCM) simulations of Mars' atmosphere. In the horizontal plane at 160 km the wave fronts follow the westward‐moving dusk terminator, exhibit a horizontal wavelength of order 1800–3600 km, and are oriented about 10°–30° with respect to the terminator. The disturbance originates in the lower atmosphere due to dust absorption of solar radiation, propagates upward with an effective vertical wavelength of order 60 km, and increases in amplitude as the assumed dust distribution extends further away from the surface. The TW density amplitudes for low and elevated dust layers (both with opacities = 1.0) are of order ±15–20% and ±30% at 160 km. Temperature and wind perturbations for the former case are of order ±10–20K and ±30–75 m/s. The Mars TW shares many common features with a TW recently observed in Earth's thermosphere and simulated with a terrestrial GCM.
Crustal structure across Longmenshan fault belt from passive source seismic profiling
Authors: Zhang Zhongjie , Wang Yanghua , Chen Yun , Houseman Gregory A. , Tian Xiaobo , Wang Erchie , Teng Jiwen
Published: September 2009

We analyse receiver functions from 29 broad‐band seismographs along a 380‐km profile across the Longmenshan (LMS) fault belt to determine crustal structure beneath the east Tibetan margin and Sichuan basin. The Moho deepens from about 50 km under Songpan–Ganzi in east Tibet to about 60 km beneath the LMS and then shallows to about 35 km under the western Sichuan basin. The average crustal Vp/Vs ratios vary in the range 1.75–1.88 under Songpan–Ganzi in east Tibet, 1.8–2.0 under the LMS, and decrease systematically across the NW part of the Sichuan basin to less than 1.70. A negative phase arrival above the Moho under Songpan–Ganzi and Sichuan basin is interpreted as a PS conversion from the top of a low‐velocity layer in the lower crust. The very high crustal Vp/Vs ratio and negative polarity PS conversion at the top of lower crust in east Tibet are inferred to be seismic signatures of a low‐viscosity channel in the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau. The lateral variation of Moho topography, crustal Vp/Vs ratio and negative polarity PS conversion at the top of the lower crust along the profile seem consistent with a model of lower crust flow or tectonic escape.
Temperature dependence of global precipitation extremes
Authors: Liu Shaw Chen , Fu Congbin , Shiu Chein‐Jung , Chen Jen‐Ping , Wu Futing
Published: September 2009

Data from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) covering the period 1979–2007 are examined for changes of precipitation extremes as a function of global mean temperature by using a new method which focuses on interannual differences rather than time series. We find that the top 10% bin of precipitation intensity increases by about 95% for each degree Kelvin (K) increase in global mean temperature, while 30%–60% bins decrease by about 20% K−1. The global average precipitation intensity increases by about 23% K−1, substantially greater than the increase of about 7% K−1 in atmospheric water‐holding capacity estimated by the Clausius‐Clapeyron equation. The large increase of precipitation intensity is qualitatively consistent with the hypothesis that the precipitation intensity should increase by more than 7% K−1 because of the additional latent heat released from the increased moisture. Our results also provide an independent evidence in support for significant increases in the number and/or size of strong global tropical cyclones. However an ensemble of 17 latest generation climate models estimates an increase of only about 2% K−1 in precipitation intensity, about one order of magnitude smaller than our value, suggesting that the risk of extreme precipitation events due to global warming is substantially greater than that estimated by the climate models.
Sputtering yields of Ru, Mo, and Si under low energy Ar+ bombardment
Authors: Wu Shiou-Min , van de Kruijs Robbert , Zoethout Erwin , Bijkerk Fred
Published: September 2009

Ion sputtering yields for Ru, Mo, and Si under Ar+ ion bombardment in the near-threshold energy range have been studied using an in situ weight-loss method with a Kaufman ion source, Faraday cup, and quartz crystal microbalance. The results are compared to theoretical models. The accuracy of the in situ weight-loss method was verified by thickness-decrease measurements using grazing incidence x-ray reflectometry, and results from both methods are in good agreement. These results provide accurate data sets for theoretical modeling in the near-threshold sputter regime and are of relevance for (optical) surfaces exposed to plasmas, as, for instance, in extreme ultraviolet photolithography.
Laser thermal annealing effects on single crystal gallium phosphide
Authors: Pastor D. , Olea J. , Toledano-Luque M. , Mártil I. , González-Díaz G. , Ibáñez J. , Cuscó R. , Artús L.
Published: September 2009

We have studied the laser thermal annealing (LTA) effects on single crystal GaP. The samples have been analyzed by means of Raman spectroscopy, glancing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIRXD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. After LTA process, the Raman spectra of samples annealed with the highest energy density show a forbidden TO vibrational mode of GaP. This result suggests the formation of crystalline domains with a different orientation in the annealed region regarding the GaP unannealed wafer. This behavior has been corroborated by GIXRD measurements. TEM images show that the LTA produces a defective layer with disoriented crystalline domains in the surface. The depth of this defective layer increases with the energy density of LTA. The lack of crystallinity after LTA processes could be related with the high bond energy value of GaP.
Practical formulas for inner-shell ionization cross sections by electron impact: Applications in quantitative Auger electron spectroscopy
Authors: Jablonski A. , Salvat F. , Powell C. J.
Published: September 2009

We evaluated analytical formulas for the inner-shell ionization cross section from three sources in calculations of the backscattering factor (BF) for quantitative Auger electron spectroscopy: the Gryzinski expression from classical atomic physics, the Casnati et al. [J. Phys. B 15, 155 (1982)] formula from fits to measured K-shell cross sections, and two expressions from Bote et al. [At. Data Nucl. Data Tables (unpublished)] from fits to improved calculations of ionization cross sections by Bote and Salvat [Phys. Rev. A 77, 042701 (2008)]. BFs were calculated for five illustrative Auger transitions (Al KL23L23, Si KL23L23, Cu L3M45M45, Ag M4N45N45, and Au M5N67N67 in the respective elemental solids) for primary energies from the threshold for ionization to 30 keV. Differences between BFs calculated from the expressions of Bote et al. and those from the expressions of Casnati et al. were less than 2%, while the differences between BFs from the expressions of Bote et al. and those from the Gryzinski expression were less than 5.4%. BFs from the expressions of Bote et al. were also compared with BFs from a widely used formula of Shimizu with differences between 7% and 15% at 30 keV. The Shimizu [Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1 22, 1631 (1983)] formula was derived for primary energies from 3 to 10 keV but is widely employed in quantitative Auger applications for higher energies. The differences between BFs from the expressions of Bote et al. and the Shimizu formula arise from the improved models and data now available.
Fractal analysis of effective thermal conductivity for three-phase (unsaturated) porous media
Authors: Kou Jianlong , Liu Yang , Wu Fengmin , Fan Jintu , Lu Hangjun , Xu Yousheng
Published: September 2009

A fractal analysis of effective thermal conductivity for unsaturated fractal porous media is presented based on the thermal-electrical analogy and statistical self-similarity of porous media. Here, we derive a dimensionless expression of effective thermal conductivity without any empirical constant. The effects of the parameters of fractal porous media on the dimensionless effective thermal conductivity are discussed. From this study, it is shown that, when the thermal conductivity of solid phase and wet phase are greater than that of the gas phase (viz., ks∕kg>1, kw∕kg>1), the dimensionless effective thermal conductivity of unsaturated fractal porous media decreases with decreasing degree of saturation (Sw) and increasing fractal dimension for pore area (Df), fractal dimension for tortuosity (Dt), and porosity (ϕ); when the thermal conductivities of solid phase and wet phase are lower than that of the gas phase (viz., ks∕kg<1, kw∕kg<1), the trends were just opposite. Our model was validated by comparing the model prediction with existing experimental data. Excellent agreement was found except for the cases at very low level of saturation.
Strain in semiconductor core-shell nanowires
Authors: Grönqvist Johan , Søndergaard Niels , Boxberg Fredrik , Guhr Thomas , Åberg Sven , Xu H. Q.
Published: September 2009

We compute strain distributions in core-shell nanowires of zinc blende structure. We use both continuum elasticity theory and an atomistic model, and consider both finite and infinite wires. The atomistic valence force-field (VFF) model has only few assumptions. But it is less computationally efficient than the finite-element (FE) continuum elasticity model. The generic properties of the strain distributions in core-shell nanowires obtained based on the two models agree well. This agreement indicates that although the calculations based on the VFF model are computationally feasible in many cases, the continuum elasticity theory suffices to describe the strain distributions in large core-shell nanowire structures. We find that the obtained strain distributions for infinite wires are excellent approximations to the strain distributions in finite wires, except in the regions close to the ends. Thus, our most computationally efficient model, the FE continuum elasticity model developed for infinite wires, is sufficient, unless edge effects are important. We give a comprehensive discussion of strain profiles. We find that the hydrostatic strain in the core is dominated by the axial strain-component, εZZ. We also find that although the individual strain components have a complex structure, the hydrostatic strain shows a much simpler structure. All in-plane strain components are of similar magnitude. The nonplanar off-diagonal strain components (εXZ and εYZ) are small but nonvanishing. Thus the material is not only stretched and compressed but also warped. The models used can be extended for the study of wurtzite nanowire structures, as well as nanowires with multiple shells.
Fractal character of titania nanoparticles formed by laser ablation
Authors: Musaev O. R. , Midgley A. E. , Wrobel J. M. , Yan J. , Kruger M. B.
Published: September 2009

Titania nanoparticles were fabricated by laser ablation of polycrystalline rutile in water at room temperature. The resulting nanoparticles were analyzed with x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The electron micrograph image of deposited nanoparticles demonstrates fractal properties.
Area-scaling of organic solar cells
Authors: Choi Seungkeun , Potscavage William J. , Kippelen Bernard
Published: September 2009

We report on the performance of organic solar cells based on pentacene/C60 heterojunctions as a function of active area. Devices with areas of 0.13 and 7 cm2 were fabricated on indium-tin-oxide (ITO) coated glass. Degradation of the performance with increased area is observed and analyzed in terms of the power loss density concept. The various power loss contributions to the total series resistance (RSA) are measured independently and compared to the values of the series resistance extracted from the current-voltage characteristics using a Shockley equivalent circuit model. The limited sheet resistance of ITO is found to be one of the major limiting factors when the area of the cell is increased. To reduce the effects of series resistance, thick, electroplated, metal grid electrodes were integrated with ITO in large-area cells. The metal grids were fabricated directly onto ITO and passivated with an insulator to prevent electrical shorts during the deposition of the top Al electrode. By integrating metal grids onto ITO, the series resistance could be reduced significantly yielding improved performance. Design guidelines for metal grids are described and tradeoffs are discussed.
Electrical and optical properties of Sn doped CuInO2 thin films: Conducting atomic force microscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry studies
Authors: Singh Mandeep , Mehta B. R. , Varandani Deepak , Singh V. N.
Published: September 2009

Tin doped CuInO2 thin films deposited by rf magnetron sputtering technique show columnar structure with (006) preferred orientation. Conducting atomic force microscopy measurements show the presence of nanoconductivity regions when the current flow direction is along the in-plane InO6 layer and absence of conducting regions when the current direction is along O–Cu–O layers perpendicular to the film surface. The strong anisotropy observed in the electrical properties of tin doped samples is due to the preferred crystallite orientation and highly anisotropic delafossite structure. A large change in the electrical conductivity value and activation energy value in undoped films and tin doped samples has also been explained in terms of change in crystallite orientation on doping. Spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements have been used to determine the optical constant and dielectric function of CuInO2 and CuInO2:Sn films and show a band gap value of 4.5 eV in tin doped samples due to removal of structural defects.
The putative cannabinoid receptor GPR55 affects osteoclast function in vitro and bone mass in vivo
Authors: Whyte Lauren S. , Ryberg Erik , Sims Natalie A. , Ridge Susan A. , Mackie Ken , Greasley Peter J. , Ross Ruth A. , Rogers Michael J.
Published: September 2009

GPR55 is a G protein-coupled receptor recently shown to be activated by certain cannabinoids and by lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI). However, the physiological role of GPR55 remains unknown. Given the recent finding that the cannabinoid receptors CB
1
and CB
2
affect bone metabolism, we examined the role of GPR55 in bone biology. GPR55 was expressed in human and mouse osteoclasts and osteoblasts; expression was higher in human osteoclasts than in macrophage progenitors. Although the GPR55 agonists O-1602 and LPI inhibited mouse osteoclast formation in vitro, these ligands stimulated mouse and human osteoclast polarization and resorption in vitro and caused activation of Rho and ERK1/2. These stimulatory effects on osteoclast function were attenuated in osteoclasts generated from GPR55
−/−
macrophages and by the GPR55 antagonist cannabidiol (CBD). Furthermore, treatment of mice with this non-psychoactive constituent of cannabis significantly reduced bone resorption in vivo. Consistent with the ability of GPR55 to suppress osteoclast formation but stimulate osteoclast function, histomorphometric and microcomputed tomographic analysis of the long bones from male GPR55
−/−
mice revealed increased numbers of morphologically inactive osteoclasts but a significant increase in the volume and thickness of trabecular bone and the presence of unresorbed cartilage. These data reveal a role of GPR55 in bone physiology by regulating osteoclast number and function. In addition, this study also brings to light an effect of both the endogenous ligand, LPI, on osteoclasts and of the cannabis constituent, CBD, on osteoclasts and bone turnover in vivo.
Visualizing sodium dynamics in isolated cardiomyocytes using fluorescent nanosensors
Authors: Dubach J. Matthew , Das Saumya , Rosenzweig Anthony , Clark Heather A.
Published: September 2009

Regulation of sodium flux across the cell membrane plays a vital role in the generation of action potentials and regulation of membrane excitability in cells such as cardiomyocytes and neurons. Alteration of sodium channel function has been implicated in diseases such as epilepsy, long QT syndrome, and heart failure. However, single cell imaging of sodium dynamics has been limited due to the narrow selection of fluorescent sodium indicators available to researchers. Here we report, the detection of spatially defined sodium activity during action potentials. Fluorescent nanosensors that measure sodium in real-time, are reversible and are completely selective over other cations such as potassium that were used to image sodium. The use of the nanosensors in vitro was validated by determining drug-induced activation in heterologous cells transfected with the voltage-gated sodium channel Na
V
1.7. Spatial information of sodium concentrations during action potentials will provide insight at the cellular level on the role of sodium and how slight changes in sodium channel function can affect the entirety of an action potential.
Elephant shark (
Callorhinchus milii
) provides insights into the evolution of Hox gene clusters in gnathostomes
Authors: Ravi Vydianathan , Lam Kevin , Tay Boon-Hui , Tay Alice , Brenner Sydney , Venkatesh Byrappa
Published: September 2009

We have sequenced and analyzed Hox gene clusters from elephant shark, a holocephalian cartilaginous fish. Elephant shark possesses 4 Hox clusters with 45 Hox genes that include orthologs for a higher number of ancient gnathostome Hox genes than the 4 clusters in tetrapods and the supernumerary clusters in teleost fishes. Phylogenetic analysis of elephant shark Hox genes from 7 paralogous groups that contain all of the 4 members indicated an ((AB)(CD)) topology for the order of Hox cluster duplication, providing support for the 2R hypothesis (i.e., 2 rounds of whole-genome duplication during the early evolution of vertebrates). Comparisons of noncoding sequences of the elephant shark and human Hox clusters have identified a large number of conserved noncoding elements (CNEs), which represent putative
cis
-regulatory elements that may be involved in the regulation of Hox genes. Interestingly, in fugu more than 50% of these ancient CNEs have diverged beyond recognition in the duplicated (HoxA, HoxB, and HoxD) as well as the singleton (HoxC) Hox clusters. Furthermore, the b-paralogs of the duplicated fugu Hox clusters are virtually devoid of unique ancient CNEs. In contrast to fugu Hox clusters, elephant shark and human Hox clusters have lost fewer ancient CNEs. If these ancient CNEs are indeed enhancers directing tissue-specific expression of Hox genes, divergence of their sequences in vertebrate lineages might have led to altered expression patterns and presumably the functions of their associated Hox genes.
Amount of Alcohol-Based Hand Rub Used and Incidence of Hospital-Acquired Bloodstream Infection in a Danish Hospital
Authors: Laustsen Sussie , Kristensen Brian , Thulstrup Ane Marie , Moller Jens Kjolseth , Bibby Bo Martin
Published: September 2009

We investigated the association between the amount of alcohol-based hand rub (hereafter, “hand rub”) used and the incidence of healthcare-acquired bloodstream infection (HCR-BSI) from 2004 through early 2008. The amount of hand rub used increased significandy, and the incidence of HCR-BSI remained stable. There was no significant association between the amount of hand rub used and the incidence of HCR-BSI.
Animal‐Based Remedies as Complementary Medicines in the Semi‐Arid Region of Northeastern Brazil
Authors: Alves Rômulo R. N. , Barbosa José A. A. , Santos Silene L. D. X. , Souto Wedson M. S. , Barboza Raynner R. D.
Published: September 2009

Animals (and their derived products) are essential ingredients in the preparation of many traditional remedies. Despite its prevalence in traditional medical practices worldwide, research on medicinal animals has often been neglected in comparison to medicinal plant research. This work documents the medicinal animals used by a rural community in the semi‐arid region, inserted in Caatinga Biome, where 66 respondents provided information on animal species used as medicine, body parts used to prepare the remedies and illnesses to which the remedies were prescribed. We calculated the informant consensus factor to determine the consensus over which species are effective for particular ailments, as well as the species use value to determine the extent of utilization of each species. We recorded the use of 51 animal species as medicines, whose products were recommended for the treatment of 68 illnesses. The informant consensus in the use of many specific remedies is fairly high, giving an additional validity to this folk medicine. Eight species not previously reported as having medicinal use were recorded. The local medicinal fauna is largely based on wild animals, including some endangered species. Given a high proportion of medicinal animals observed in the study area, it is logical to conclude that any conservation strategy should include access to modern health care.
Impact of Baking on Vitamin E Content of Pseudocereals Amaranth, Quinoa, and Buckwheat
Authors: Alvarez‐Jubete L. , Holse M. , Hansen Å. , Arendt E. K. , Gallagher E.
Published: September 2009

The aim of this study was to analyze the vitamin E composition of amaranth, quinoa, and buckwheat pseudocereals. The method used consisted of a one‐step extraction with hexane followed by normal‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (NP‐HPLC) coupled with a fluorescence detector. This method afforded complete separation of all vitamin E compounds present. In addition, vitamin E stability following high‐temperature processing such as breadmaking was also studied. The vitamin E composition differed significantly from grain type to grain type, and highest vitamin E content (expressed as α‐tocopherol equivalents) was found in quinoa grains, followed by amaranth and buckwheat (24.7, 15.4, and 6.3 μg/g respectively). None of the pseudocereal grains contained tocotrienols, which were only detected in wheat grains in minor quantities. Vitamin E recovery following breadbaking was high (70–93%) and gluten‐free breads containing pseudocereal had significantly higher vitamin E content compared with the gluten‐free control. Amaranth, quinoa, and buckwheat grains proved to be good sources of vitamin E and may be used as ingredients in gluten‐free products for improving vitamin E content and thus overall nutritional quality.
Automated Single‐Kernel Sorting to Select for Quality Traits in Wheat Breeding Lines
Authors: Dowell Floyd E. , Maghirang Elizabeth B. , Baenziger P. Stephen
Published: September 2009

An automated single kernel near‐infrared system was used to select kernels to enhance the end‐use quality of hard red wheat breeder samples. Twenty breeding populations and advanced lines were sorted for hardness index, protein content, and kernel color. To determine whether the phenotypic sorting was based upon genetic or environmental differences, the progeny of the unsorted control and sorted samples were planted at two locations two years later to determine whether differences in the sorted samples were transmitted to the progeny (e.g., based on genetic differences). The average hardness index of the harvested wheat samples for segregating populations improved significantly by seven hardness units. For the advanced lines, hardness index was not affected by sorting, indicating little genetic variation within these lines. When sorting by protein content, a significant increase from 12.1 to 12.6% was observed at one location. Purity of the red samples was improved from ≈78% (unsorted control) to ≈92% (sorted samples), while the purity of the white samples improved from 22% (control) to ≈62% (sorted samples). Similar positive results were found for sorting red and blue kernel samples. Sorting for kernel hardness, color, and protein content is effective and based upon genetic variation.
Influence of Sulfur and Nitrogen Content of Rice Grains on Flavor in Stored Sake
Authors: Okuda Masaki , Isogai Atsuko , Joyo Midori , Goto‐Yamamoto Nami , Mikami Shigeaki
Published: September 2009

The influence of nitrogen and sulfur compounds in rice grains on changes in flavor in stored sake was investigated using Japanese rice cultivars for sake making. Nitrogen content exhibited a significant positive correlation with sulfur content. Based on the molar ratio of nitrogen to sulfur in the rice grain, the sulfur compounds appeared to be derived from protein‐associated sulfur‐containing amino acids, as reported previously. The higher the protein content of the rice, the greater the amount of nitrogen and sulfur compounds found in both the digest of steamed rice grains and in the sake. Physicochemical changes were investigated in the stored sake to confirm the influence of total sulfur content. Polysulfides in the stored sake appeared to be higher when made from rice grains of high total sulfur content. Staling of stored sake was affected by levels of protein‐associated sulfur‐containing amino acids in the rice.
Leslie Howarth OBE. 23 May 1911 — 22 September 2001
Authors: Stuart J. T.
Published: September 2009

Leslie Howarth was born in Lancashire and studied at Accrington Grammar School and the University of Manchester, where he graduated in mathematics. Sydney Goldstein (FRS 1937) had a great impact on him, and he migrated with Goldstein to the University of Cambridge. There he studied for the Mathematical Tripos and then for a PhD under the guidance of Goldstein, gaining the Smith's Prize in the process. The 1930s were a golden age for fluid dynamics, both theoretical and experimental, partly because of the rapid rise of aviation in both Europe and North America. Howarth rapidly developed a formidable international reputation, producing a string of theoretical and computational papers at the cutting edge of research in the study of boundary layers in aerodynamics and fluid dynamics. In 1937–38 he spent a year in the USA at the California Institute of Technology, working with Theodore von Karman (ForMemRS 1946), during which they produced a remarkable paper of lasting importance in the theory of turbulence. During World War II Howarth worked for several UK government agencies, but afterwards he moved from Cambridge to the University of Bristol, where he developed a strong research school in theoretical fluid dynamics and applied mathematics.
Boltzmann and Fokker–Planck equations modelling opinion formation in the presence of strong leaders
Authors: Düring Bertram , Markowich Peter , Pietschmann Jan-Frederik , Wolfram Marie-Therese
Published: September 2009

We propose a mathematical model for opinion formation in a society that is built of two groups, one group of ‘ordinary’ people and one group of ‘strong opinion leaders’. Our approach is based on an opinion formation model introduced in Toscani (Toscani 2006
Commun. Math. Sci.
4
, 481–496) and borrows ideas from the kinetic theory of mixtures of rarefied gases. Starting from microscopic interactions among individuals, we arrive at a macroscopic description of the opinion formation process that is characterized by a system of Fokker–Planck-type equations. We discuss the steady states of this system, extend it to incorporate emergence and decline of opinion leaders and present numerical results.
Fluorescence lifetime imaging of articular cartilage
Authors: Talbot C.B. , Lever M.J. , Benninger R.K.P. , Mcginty J. , Requejo‐Isidro J. , Elson D.S. , French P.M.W. , Sandison A. , Wallace A.L. , Nagase H. , Itoh Y. , Saklatvala J. , Vincent T.
Published: September 2009

Introduction  Fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) provides a contrast parameter for tissue components independent of wavelength, spectrum or polarization. It has been shown that contrast between autofluorescent matrix components such as collagen and elastin is available through FLIM (Siegel et al. 2003; Dowling et al. 1998), which is not clear using other fluorescent techniques. The lifetime of collagen has been studied whilst in solution; however, research is ongoing to quantify its fluorescence whilst in tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate the contrast available by applying fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) to articular cartilage, which has extracellular matrix containing collagen type‐II and proteoglycan.

Materials and methods  A time‐gated FLIM system was used to analyse the articular cartilage from unstained sections of human femurs as well as from the knee joints young and old sheep. The sections were also observed under a conventional fluorescence microscope, and for the human femurs, adjacent H&E‐stained sections were also obtained. Details of the FLIM system can be found elsewhere (Dowling et al. 1998), with the laser source being tuneable, allowing excitation over a range 350–600 nm. Fluorescence half‐lives were obtained using single exponentials applied to the intensity decay data.

Results  It was found that younger cartilage was generally less fluorescent than older. For example, when exciting at 401 nm and observing above 450 nm, it was found that the young sheep samples provided a signal to noise ratio too low to obtain lifetime data, whereas other samples fluoresced brightly. It was also found that within the matrix, FLIM provided contrast unavailable with conventional fluorescence microscopy and, in the case of human femurs, with H&E stains.

Discussion  In the study of collagen, it is believed that the cross‐linkages are responsible for fluorescence (Richards‐Kortum & Sevick‐Muraca 1996). Because the cross‐linkages increase with age, the fluorescence intensity is also expected to increase. The lesser amount of fluorescence from the younger samples therefore suggests that the dominant fluorophore in cartilage is collagen. The contrast obtained with FLIM in the cartilage indicates nonuniformity in the matrix structure.

Acknowledgements  This work was supported by the EPSRC, BBSRC, Kentech Instruments, a DTI Beacon award and a Wellcome Trust Showcase award.
Identification of transforming activity of free fatty acid receptor 2 by retroviral expression screening
Authors: Hatanaka Hisashi , Tsukui Mamiko , Takada Shuji , Kurashina Kentaro , Choi Young Lim , Soda Manabu , Yamashita Yoshihiro , Haruta Hidenori , Hamada Toru , Ueno Toshihide , Tamada Kiichi , Hosoya Yoshinori , Sata Naohiro , Yasuda Yoshikazu , Nagai Hideo , Sugano Kentaro , Mano Hiroyuki
Published: September 2009

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a highly fatal malignancy in humans. Genetic alterations in KRAS or TP53 as well as overexpression of ERBB2 have been shown to contribute to the development of certain types of GBC. However, many cases of GBC do not harbor such genetic changes, with other transforming events awaiting discovery. We here tried to identify novel cancer‐promoting genes in GBC, with the use of a retroviral cDNA expression library. A retroviral cDNA expression library was constructed from a surgically resected clinical specimen of GBC, and was used to infect 3T3 fibroblasts in a focus formation assay. cDNA incorporated into the transformed foci was rescued by PCR. One such cDNA was found to encode free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2), a G protein‐coupled receptor for short‐chain fatty acids. The oncogenic potential of FFAR2 was confirmed both in vitro with the focus formation assay and by evaluation of cell growth in soft agar as well as in vivo with a tumorigenicity assay in nude mice. The isolated FFAR2 cDNA had no sequence alterations, suggesting that upregulation of FFAR2 expression may contribute to malignant transformation. Indeed, all of quantitative RT‐PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemical analyses showed that the amount of FFAR2 mRNA and its protein product was increased in digestive tract cancer specimens. Furthermore, short‐chain fatty acids potentiated the mitogenic action of FFAR2 in 3T3 cells. Our data thus, for the first time, implicate FFAR2 in carcinogenesis of the digestive tract. (Cancer Sci 2009)
Clusterin as a predictor for chemoradiotherapy sensitivity and patient survival in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: He Li‐Ru , Liu Meng‐Zhong , Li Bin‐Kui , Rao Hui‐Lan , Liao Yi‐Ji , Zhang Lan‐Jun , Guan Xin‐Yuan , Zeng Yi‐Xin , Xie Dan
Published: September 2009

Clusterin (CLU) is frequently overexpressed and correlates closely with chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistance and poor prognosis in many human cancers. However, the significance of CLU expression in chemoradiotherapy (CRT) sensitivity and its effect on the prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) are still unknown. In the present study, we used the methods of immunohistochemistry and terminal deoxyuridine triphosphate nick‐end labeling assay to examine the expression status of CLU and apoptotic index in 110 pretreated biopsy specimens of ESCC patients treated with definitive CRT. High expression of CLU was observed in 42.7% of epithelium and 50.0% of stroma in ESCC. A significant association of high CLU stromal expression with large tumor size (P = 0.012) and locoregional progression (P = 0.001) was observed, and high epithelial expression of CLU showed a significant correlation with the lack of complete response (P = 0.028) and low apoptotic index (P = 0.001). Univariate analysis revealed that high CLU stromal expression was associated with poor locoregional progression‐free survival, distant progression‐free survival, and overall survival. Furthermore, ESCC patients with high CLU expression in both epithelium and stroma have the shortest survival time among the subgroups of different CLU expression status. In multivariate analysis, CLU stromal expression was evaluated as an independent prognostic factor for locoregional progression‐free survival, distant progression‐free survival, and overall survival. These findings suggest an important role for CLU, especially in stroma, in ESCC progression, and that high CLU epithelial expression might be a promising predictor of ESCC resistance to CRT. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 2354–2360)
Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration for the diagnosis of solid pancreatic masses: the impact on patient‐management strategy
Authors: TOUCHEFEU Y. , LE RHUN M. , CORON E. , ALAMDARI A. , HEYMANN M. F. , MOSNIER J. F. , MATYSIAK T. , GALMICHE J. P.
Published: September 2009

Background  Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) is a safe and accurate technique for diagnosing pancreatic cancer. However, its impact for management of these patients is poorly investigated.

Aims  To investigate the diagnostic yield and the therapeutic impact of EUS‐FNA in the management of solid pancreatic masses.

Methods  One hundred consecutive patients who underwent EUS‐FNA for a solid pancreatic mass were included. Aspirates were placed onto glass slides for cytological examination and microbiopsies were fixed in formaldehyde for histology. The impact on clinical management was analysed retrospectively according to different endpoints, such as its impact on indications for chemotherapy, surgery or appropriate follow‐up modality.

Results  Eight procedures were considered failures and two patients were lost to follow‐up. A final diagnosis was obtained in 90 patients. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of combined cytology and histology for the diagnosis of malignant or potentially‐malignant tumours were 78%, 75%, and 78% respectively. The sensitivity and accuracy of cytology alone were significantly higher than those of histology alone (P = 0.0003). By intention‐to‐diagnose analysis, EUS‐FNA directly influenced the management strategy in 62 of 100 patients.

Conclusions  In patients with pancreatic mass and suspected malignancy, EUS‐FNA provides an accurate diagnosis in approximately 80% of cases. EUS‐FNA directly influences the management in two‐thirds of patients.
Factors associated with radiation exposure in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: LEVI Z. , FRASER A. , KRONGRAD R. , HAZAZI R. , BENJAMINOV O. , MEYEROVITCH J. , TAL O. B. , CHOEN A. , NIV Y. , FRASER G.
Published: September 2009

Background  Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients undergo multiple radiological evaluations.

Aim  To estimate total and abdominal radiation exposure from diagnostic X‐ray investigations in IBD patients and the associated risk factors.

Methods  Patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) treated in the IBD clinic were recruited. Clinical data were extracted from patient files and radiological data were obtained from the central HMO computer data base.

Results  A total of 199 CD and 125 UC patients were included. The mean cumulative estimated doses (CED) for CD and UC were 21.1 ± 19.5 and 15.1 ± 20.4 millisieverts (mSv) respectively (P < 0.001). Twenty‐three patients (7.1%) had an estimated CED of ≥50 mSv. In multivariate analyses, predictors of increased CED were: surgery (OR 5.68, 95% CI: 2.73–11.8, P < 0.001), CD (OR 2.56, 95% CI: 1.29–5.07, P = 0.007), prednisone use (OR 2.0, 95% CI: 1.11–3.67, P = 0.02), first year of disease (OR 6.4, 95% CI: 1.3–32, P = 0.02) and age in the upper quartile (OR 3.26, 95% CI: 1.68–6.3, P = 0.001).

Conclusions  Diagnosis of CD, IBD‐related surgery, prednisone use, first year of diagnosis and age on the upper quartile are independent predictors of increased exposure in IBD patients. Alternative investigations which do not require radiation exposure should be considered for patients at risk for increased radiation exposure.
A qualitative analysis of lay beliefs about the aetiology and prevalence of autistic spectrum disorders
Authors: Russell G. , Kelly S. , Golding J.
Published: September 2009

Introduction  There has been a dramatic increase in the prevalence of autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) in the last 20 years. The reasons for this are disputed. The consensus among epidemiologists and other experts is that greater case load is due to changes in diagnostic practice rather than reflecting changing aetiological factors leading to a true increase in incidence. We set out to examine lay views concerning the aetiology and prevalence of ASD and whether they conflict with or support this consensus position.

Methods  Over 100 unsolicited communications (letters e mails and several telephone calls) were received by a UK epidemiological study of ASD. We carried out a qualitative analysis of all correspondence in order to examine spontaneously expressed lay beliefs about the prevalence and aetiology of ASD.

Results  The majority of correspondents suggested theories about environmental causes of ASD. This study demonstrates the strength of lay belief that the true incidence of autism is rising, and this is due to risks from modern technologies and changing lifestyles.

Conclusion  This study based on unsolicited data highlights the contrast between lay explanations of increasing prevalence and the consensus opinion of medical experts. It also demonstrates how many people in direct contact with ASD have important information to share.
Why immunization coverage fails to catch up in India? A community‐based analysis
Authors: Sahu D. , Pradhan J. , Jayachandran V. , Khan N.
Published: September 2009

Background  An effort has been made in this paper to examine the impact of community and household vis‐à‐vis individual‐level variables on immunization coverage among Indian children.

Methods  National Family Health Survey‐2 data set has been used for the analysis. Multilevel regression analyses have been used to explore the relative effects of community‐, household‐ and individual‐level factors on immunization coverage. Three community‐level variables, i.e. availability of health facilities, availability of all‐weather roads and information, education and communication (IEC) activities conducted during last year, are included in this analysis.

Results  Availability of health facility and information, education and communication activities plays a significant role in determining the level of immunization coverage among children. Even with community‐level variables in the model, individual‐level variables, i.e. parent's education, birth order of child and number of antenatal care visits, retain their predictive role for the potential immunization coverage.

Conclusions  Universal immunization can be achieved by providing services at community level and information about the available services and their benefits to the community. There is a considerable, unexplained variation in the immunization coverage between different communities, even in the most complex model used in this study, which could explain the entire heterogeneity of immunization coverage among Indian states.