bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship between obesity and severe COVID‐19 outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: Results from the CORONADO study
Authors: Smati Sarra , Tramunt Blandine , Wargny Matthieu , Caussy Cyrielle , Gaborit Bénédicte , Vatier Camille , Vergès Bruno , Ancelle Deborah , Amadou Coralie , Bachir Leila A. , Bourron Olivier , Coffin‐Boutreux Christine , Barraud Sara , Dorange Anne , Fremy Bénédicte , Gautier Jean‐François , Germain Natacha , Larger Etienne , Laugier‐Robiolle Stéphanie , Meyer Laurent , Monier Arnaud , Moura Isabelle , Potier Louis , Sabbah Nadia , Seret‐Bégué Dominique , Winiszewski Patrice , Pichelin Matthieu , Saulnier Pierre‐Jean , Hadjadj Samy , Cariou Bertrand , Gourdy Pierre ,   for the CORONADO investigators
Published: October 2020

Aim

To assess the relationship between body mass index (BMI) classes and early COVID‐19 prognosis in inpatients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Methods

From the CORONAvirus‐SARS‐CoV‐2 and Diabetes Outcomes (CORONADO) study, we conducted an analysis in patients with T2D categorized by four BMI subgroups according to the World Health Organization classification. Clinical characteristics and COVID‐19–related outcomes (i.e. intubation for mechanical ventilation [IMV], death and discharge by day 7 [D7]) were analysed according to BMI status.

Results

Among 1965 patients with T2D, 434 (22.1%) normal weight (18.5‐24.9 kg/m2, reference group), 726 (36.9%) overweight (25‐29.9 kg/m2) and 805 (41.0%) obese subjects were analysed, including 491 (25.0%) with class I obesity (30‐34.9 kg/m2) and 314 (16.0%) with class II/III obesity (≥35 kg/m2). In a multivariable‐adjusted model, the primary outcome (i.e. IMV and/or death by D7) was significantly associated with overweight (OR 1.65 [1.05‐2.59]), class I (OR 1.93 [1.19‐3.14]) and class II/III obesity (OR 1.98 [1.11‐3.52]). After multivariable adjustment, primary outcome by D7 was significantly associated with obesity in patients aged younger than 75 years, while such an association was no longer found in those aged older than 75 years.

Conclusions

Overweight and obesity are associated with poor early prognosis in patients with T2D hospitalized for COVID‐19. Importantly, the deleterious impact of obesity on COVID‐19 prognosis was no longer observed in the elderly, highlighting the need for specific management in this population.
High rates of pulmonary artery occlusions in COVID‐19. A meta‐analysis
Authors: Birocchi Simone , Manzoni Marco , Podda Gian Marco , Casazza Giovanni , Cattaneo Marco
Published: October 2020

Background

COVID‐19 patients are considered at high risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). The real nature of pulmonary artery occlusions (PAO) in COVID‐19 has been questioned, suggesting that it is caused also by in situ thrombi, rather than only by emboli (PE) from peripheral thrombi.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE for studies published until 6 June 2020 that included COVID‐19 patients or non‐COVID‐19 medical patients at VTE risk, treated with heparins, in whom VTE (PE and deep vein thrombosis, DVT) had been reported. Systematic review and results reporting were conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Data were independently extracted by two observers, and estimates were pooled using random‐effects meta‐analysis.

Results

We identified 17 studies including 3224 COVID‐19 patients and 7 including 11 985 non‐COVID‐19 patients. Two analyses were performed: in all COVID‐19 patients and only in those (n = 515) who, like non‐COVID‐19 patients, were screened systematically for DVT. The latter analysis revealed that the prevalence of DVT was 15.43% (95%CI, 4.08‐31.77) in COVID‐19 and 4.21% (2.27‐6.68) in non‐COVID‐19 patients (P = .0482). The prevalence of PE was 4.85% (40.33‐13.01) in COVID‐19 patients and 0.22% (0.03‐0.55) in non‐COVID‐19 patients (P = .0128). The percentage of PE among VTE events was 22.15% (5.31‐44.60) in COVID‐19 and 6.39% (3.17‐10.41) in non‐COVID‐19 patients (P = .0482). Differences were even more marked when all COVID‐19 patients were analysed.

Conclusions

The results of our meta‐analysis highlight a disproportion in the prevalence of PE among all VTE events in COVID 19 patients, likely reflecting PAO by pulmonary thrombi, rather than emboli from peripheral vein thrombi.
The clinical characteristics and prognosis of COVID‐19 patients with cerebral stroke: A retrospective study of 113 cases from one single‐centre
Authors: Yao Xiaolong , Liu Shengwen , Wang Junwen , Zhao Kai , Long Xiaobing , He Xuejun , Kang Huicong , Yang Yiping , Ma Xiaopeng , Yue Pengjie , Shu Kai , Tang Zhouping , Lei Ting , Liu Jihong , Wang Wei , Zhang Huaqiu
Published: October 2020

To explore the clinical characteristics and prognosis of COVID‐19 patients with cerebral stroke. A total of 2,474 COVID‐19 patients from February 10th to March 24th, 2020 were admitted and treated in two branches (Optic Valley and Sino‐French New City branch) of the Tongji Hospital. Data on the clinical characteristics, laboratory parameters and prognosis of COVID‐19 patients with or without cerebral stroke were collected and comparatively analysed. Of the 2,474 COVID‐19 patients, 113 (4.7%) patients had cerebral stroke and 25 (1.0%) patients had new‐onset stroke. Eighty‐eight (77.9%) patients in the previous‐stroke group had cerebral ischaemia, while 25 (22.1%) patients in the new‐onset stroke group had cerebral ischaemia. Most COVID‐19 patients with stroke were elderly with more comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes and heart diseases than patients without stroke. Laboratory examinations showed hypercoagulation and elevated serum parameters such as IL‐6, cTnI, NT pro‐BNP and BUN. Consciousness disorders, a long disease course and poor prognosis were also more commonly observed in stroke patients. The mortality rate of stroke patients was almost double (12.4% vs. 6.9%) that of patients without stroke. In addition, age, male sex and hypertension were independent predictors for new cerebral stroke in COVID‐19 patients. In conclusion, the high risk of new‐onset stroke must be taken into consideration when treating COVID‐19 patients with an elderly age combined with a history of hypertension. These patients are more vulnerable to multiorgan dysfunction and an overactivated inflammatory response, in turn leading to an unfavourable outcome and higher mortality rate.
Children with refractory epilepsy demonstrate alterations in myocardial strain
Authors: Schreiber John M. , Frank Lowell H. , Kroner Barbara L. , Bumbut Adrian , Ismail Moussa O. , Gaillard William D.
Published: October 2020

Objective

To test whether children with epilepsy have impairments in myocardial mechanics compared to controls without epilepsy.

Methods

Children with refractory epilepsy with epilepsy duration of at least 3 years underwent echocardiography including conventional measurements and speckle tracking to assess longitudinal and circumferential strain. Parent‐completed surveys, capturing critical aspects of the children's seizure history and cardiac risk factors, complemented retrospective chart reviews, which also included antiepileptic drug history. Normal echocardiograms from controls, matched for age and gender, were obtained from our institutional database and evaluated for strain.

Results

Forty‐one patients (median age = 10 years, interquartile range [IQR] = 5‐15; 58.5% male) were enrolled. Epilepsy etiology included genetic (n = 26), structural (n = 6), genetic and structural (n = 5), infection (n = 3), and unknown (n = 1). No cardiac structural abnormalities were identified. Both longitudinal and circumferential strain were impaired (P < .03) in patients compared to controls (median [IQR] = 22.7% [21.2‐24.2] vs 23.6% [22.2‐26.1] and 22.0% [20.3‐25.4] vs 24.5% [22.3‐27.0], respectively), indicating decreased myocardial deformation/contraction. Shortening fraction was higher in patients (37.6% [35.7‐39.7] vs 34.9% [32.5‐38.7], P = .009); mitral valve E wave inflow velocity (84.8 cm/s [78.4‐92.8] vs 97.2 cm/s [85.9‐105.8], P = .005) and tissue Doppler lateral E’ wave (13.9 cm/s [12.3‐16.1] vs 17.3 cm/s [15.4‐18.5], P < .001) were decreased compared to controls. Findings were similar in the pairs with epilepsy patients distinguished by the ability to independently ambulate. There was no difference between patients and controls in ejection fraction. Among the epilepsy patients, there were no associations between cardiac measurements and epilepsy characteristics, including seizure type and frequency and cardiotoxic antiseizure medication exposure after correction for multiple comparisons.

Significance

Children with refractory epilepsy had impaired systolic ventricular strain compared to controls, not correlated with epilepsy history. Further studies are needed to determine the significance of these changes.
Enduring language deficits in children of women with epilepsy and the potential role of intrauterine exposure to antiepileptic drugs
Authors: Unnikrishnan Gopikrishnan , Jacob Nikita Susan , Salim Salma , Jose Manna , Salini Reshma A. , Pavithran Veena , Jeemon Panniyammakal , Thomas Sanjeev V.
Published: October 2020

Objective

Exposure to certain intrauterine antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can negatively influence the language skills and intelligence of young children. It remains unanswered whether these deficits are transient or persist as children grow up. This study aims to evaluate the language function of children of women with epilepsy (CWE) aged 9‐13 years in comparison with their peers, and its relationship with intrauterine AED exposure.

Methods

We included 191 CWE in our study from the Kerala Registry of Epilepsy and Pregnancy. Children in the same age group (n = 144) and without maternal epilepsy or antenatal AED exposure served as controls. We used Clinical Examination for Language Function version IV to assess language in both groups. Relevant data related to maternal epilepsy and AED use were obtained from the registry records.

Results

The average Core Language Scaled Score (CLSS) was significantly lower in CWE as compared to controls (83.19 vs 90.18, P = .001). Similarly, the mean scaled scores in other language parameters were also significantly lower in CWE. In the multivariate analysis, compared to control children, the average CLSS in CWE was 4.5 units lower (95% confidence interval [CI] = −8.8 to −0.2, P = .04) with AED monotherapy exposure and 7.3 units lower with exposure to AED polytherapy (95% CI = −13.8 to −0.8, P = .03). Intrauterine exposure to phenobarbitone (n = 61) and valproate (n = 55) as either monotherapy or polytherapy showed a negative effect on CLSS in CWE as compared to control children. However, carbamazepine (n = 75) and phenytoin (n = 37) use was not associated with significant variation of CLSS. In head‐to‐head comparisons between AED monotherapies in CWE, phenobarbitone showed a negative effect on CLSS (−14.7, 95% CI = −23.1 to −6.4, P = .001) as compared to carbamazepine.

Significance

Intrauterine exposure to phenobarbitone and valproate impairs language development in CWE, with effects persisting into the second decade.
Translational control of gene expression noise and its relationship to ageing in yeast
Authors: Carolina de Souza‐Guerreiro Tailise , Meng Xiang , Dacheux Estelle , Firczuk Helena , McCarthy John
Published: October 2020

Gene expression noise influences organism evolution and fitness but is poorly understood. There is increasing evidence that the functional roles of components of the translation machinery influence noise intensity. In addition, modulation of the activities of at least some of these same components affects the replicative lifespan of a broad spectrum of organisms. In a novel comparative approach, we modulate the activities of the translation initiation factors eIFG1 and eIF4G2, both of which are involved in the process of recruiting ribosomal 43S preinitiation complexes to the 5’ end of eukaryotic mRNAs. We show that tagging of the cell wall using a fluorescent dye allows us to follow gene expression noise as different yeast strains progress through successive cycles of replicative ageing. This procedure reveals a relationship between global protein synthesis rate and gene expression noise (cell‐to‐cell heterogeneity), which is accompanied by a parallel correlation between gene expression noise and the replicative age of mother cells. An alternative approach, based on microfluidics, confirms the interdependence between protein synthesis rate, gene expression noise and ageing. We additionally show that it is important to characterize the influence of the design of the microfluidic device on the nutritional state of the cells during such experiments. Analysis of the noise data derived from flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy measurements indicates that both the intrinsic and the extrinsic noise components increase as a function of ageing.
Dual impacts of lncRNA XIST and lncRNA SNHG5 on inflammatory reaction and apoptosis of endothelial cells via regulating miR‐155/CARHSP1 axis
Authors: Song Xianjing , Yang Chuang , Chang Jing , Xue Xin
Published: October 2020

Considering the significance of lncRNA/miRNA axis in explaining atherosclerosis (AS) progression, this investigation was intended to clarify whether lncRNAs XIST/SNHG5 would regulate AS aetiology by sponging miR‐155, an AS‐promoting molecule. We altogether recruited 367 patients who were examined by coronary angiography, and meanwhile, human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) were purchased to establish cells models via ox‐LDL treatment. The study results indicated that lowly expressed XIST/SNHG5 and highly expressed miR‐155 were frequently detectable among AS patients who showed severe stenosis and possessed high triglyceride (TG), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) levels. Besides, HCAECs treated by ox‐LDL released large amounts of inflammatory cytokines, and their apoptosis rate was also raised. Moreover, expressions of XIST and SNHG5 declined markedly within ox‐LDL‐treated HCAECs, whereas miR‐155 expression significantly ascended. Transfection of pcDNA‐XIST and pcDNA‐SNHG5 both reduced the expression of TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐8 and IL‐1β within HCAECs and also dampened the apoptotic tendency of HCAECs. Co‐treatment of pcDNA‐XIST and pcDNA‐SNHG5 produced a larger effect on HCAEC activity than pcDNA‐XIST or pcDNA‐SNHG5 alone. Furthermore, miR‐155, modified by XIST and SNHG5, was capable of reversing the impacts of XIST and SNHG5 on HCAEC activity. Eventually, CARHSP1 was activated by XIST and SNHG5, and its overexpression dwindled impacts of miR‐155 mimic on proliferation and inflammation response of HCAECs. In conclusion, targeting XIST and SNHG5 might be an ideal alternative in delaying AS progression, allowing for their repression of downstream miR‐155.
An instrument for evaluating the clinical applicability of guidelines
Authors: Linan Zeng , Qiusha Yi , Chuan Zhang , Chao Huang , Hailong Li , Chunsong Yang , Mao Lin , Liang Huang , Dan Liu , Deying Kang , Guanjian Liu , Qiaolan Liu , Rongsheng Zhao , Junhua Zhang , Youping Li , Hanmin Liu , Qiang Wang , Lingli Zhang
Published: October 2020

Objective

To establish an instrument for evaluating the clinical applicability of guidelines from the guideline‐users’ perspective.

Methods

We established this instrument through forming a working group, forming an initial list of items based on a qualitative systematic review, establishing initial instrument via two rounds of modified Delphi surveys, and external review the initial instrument.

Results

The results of modified Delphi surveys establishing appraisal aspects, appraisal items, general information of the evaluator met the preset requirements. The instrument includes three parts: general information of the evaluator (12 items), evaluation of clinical applicability (12 items, including items on the availability, readability, acceptability, feasibility, and overall applicability of guideline), and scoring scheme.

Conclusions

The instrument for evaluating the clinical applicability of guidelines from the guideline‐users’ perspective provides criteria and methods for improving the clinical applicability of guidelines during development and updating.
Pre‐ and post‐intervention study examining immunisation rates, documentation, catch‐up delivery and the impact of a dedicated immunisation service at a tertiary paediatric hospital
Authors: Tarca Adrian J , Lau Gloria TY , Mascaro Filomena , Clifford Patricia , Campbell Anita J , Taylor Ellen
Published: October 2020

Aim

To explore immunisation rates and catch‐up delivery to children admitted to hospital before and after an immunisation service was commenced.

Methods

This pre‐ and post‐intervention study examined 300 admissions prior to (cohort 1) and 300 following (cohort 2) the introduction of an immunisation service. Immunisation rates, documentation, catch‐up delivery and accuracy of the Australian Immunisation Register (AIR) were examined.

Results

On admission, 75% (cohort 1) and 89% (cohort 2) were up‐to‐date with immunisations. Immunisation history was documented in the medical record in 78% and requirement for catch‐up documented in 10%. AIR was incorrect in one‐third of cases. By 3 months following discharge, 28% (cohort 1) and 64% (cohort 2) of patients were immunised.

Conclusions

Children admitted to hospital have lower immunisation rates than the national average. Documentation was poor, opportunities for catch‐up were missed and AIR is error‐prone. Catch‐up rates increased following the introduction of an immunisation service.
Social Security and the increasing longevity gap
Authors: Sheshinski Eytan , Caliendo Frank N.
Published: October 2020

Growth in overall life expectancy is straining the Social Security budget, and the gap in life expectancy between the rich and poor is widening. Motivated by these facts, this paper does four things. First, we develop a simple way to summarize the degree of progressivity in a Social Security system. Second, we show that growth in the life expectancy gap over the last few decades unwinds three‐quarters of the progressivity of the Social Security system. Third, we develop simple reforms to Social Security that maintain the progressivity of the system and restore fiscal solvency. Fourth, we estimate the welfare effects of these potential reforms.
High level of medication adherence is required to lower mortality in patients with chronic hepatitis B taking entecavir: A nationwide cohort study
Authors: Lee Jayoun , Cho Songhee , Kim Hyo Jeong , Lee Hangil , Ko Min Jung , Lim Young‐Suk
Published: October 2020

It is unclear whether suboptimal adherence contributes to adverse clinical outcomes in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Moreover, there is no consensus regarding the optimal level of drug adherence. This was a population‐based historical cohort study including 51 975 adult CHB patients treated with entecavir (0.5 mg/d orally). Data were obtained from the Korean national health insurance service claims database, which covers >99% of the entire population, between 2007 and 2015. Medication adherence was categorized as high (proportion of days covered [PDC], ≥90%; n = 32 089), intermediate (PDC, 80%‐89%; n = 10 197) and low (PDC, <80%; n = 9689). During a median 4.5 years (maximal 9 years) of follow‐up in 51 975 CHB patients treated with entecavir, multivariable analyses revealed that the risk of mortality/transplantation was significantly greater in the low‐adherers (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.38; P < .001) and intermediate‐adherers (adjusted HR, 1.44; P < .001) than the high‐adherers (P for trend < 0.001). The risk of renal failure in the low‐ and intermediate‐adherence groups was also significantly higher than the high‐adherence group (P for trend < 0.001). By contrast, the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was not significantly different between groups (P for trend = 0.70). The higher risk of mortality/transplantation and renal failure but similar risk of HCC for low‐ and intermediate‐adherers compared with high‐adherers was consistent in inverse probability treatment weighting analysis of the entire cohort and subcohorts with or without cirrhosis. In conclusion, high medication adherence (≥90%) is required to significantly lower risk of mortality and renal failure in patients with CHB during long‐term treatment with entecavir.
Byssal re‐attachment behavior in the winged pearl oyster Pteria penguin in response to low salinity levels
Authors: Vasquez Hebert Ely , Xing Zheng , Zhan Xin , Gu Zhifeng , Wang Aimin
Published: October 2020

The effect of low salinity levels on byssal re‐attachment behavior in Pteria penguin juveniles was observed in the laboratory. Juvenile pearl oysters were submerged in seawater blended to 8.0, 12.0, 16.0, 20.0, 24.0, 28.0, and 32.0 salinity levels for a period of 48 hr. The sub‐lethal salinity level was greater than 20.0 psu. Although salinity levels of 20.0 and 24.0 psu did not affect the oyster survival, the observed byssogenesis activity was significantly reduced and locomotion activity was delayed. Description of the effects of low salinity levels on the byssal re‐attachment behavior of P. penguin juveniles provides a foundation for the design of more complex experiments and approaches to further the exploration and development of improved pearl production techniques.
Impaired purine homeostasis plays a primary role in trimethoprim‐mediated induction of virulence genes in Burkholderia thailandensis
Authors: Thapa Sudarshan S. , Grove Anne
Published: October 2020

One of the most commonly prescribed antibiotics against Burkholderia infections is co‐trimoxazole, a cocktail of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. Trimethoprim elicits an upregulation of the mal gene cluster, which encodes proteins involved in synthesis of the cytotoxic polyketide malleilactone; trimethoprim does so by increasing expression of the malR gene, which encodes the activator MalR. We report that B. thailandensis grown on trimethoprim exhibited increased virulence against Caenorhabditis elegans. This enhanced virulence correlated with an increase in expression of the mal gene cluster. Notably, inhibition of xanthine dehydrogenase by addition of allopurinol led to similar upregulation of malA and malR, with addition of trimethoprim or allopurinol also resulting in an equivalent intracellular accumulation of xanthine. Xanthine is a ligand for the transcription factor MftR that leads to attenuated DNA binding, and we show using chromatin immunoprecipitation that MftR binds directly to malR. Our gene expression data suggest that malR expression is repressed by both MftR and by a separate transcription factor, which also responds to a metabolite that accumulates on exposure to trimethoprim. Since allopurinol elicits a similar increase in malR/malA expression as trimethoprim, we suggest that impaired purine homeostasis plays a primary role in trimethoprim‐mediated induction of malR and in turn malA.
The Keto–Enol Tautomerism of Biliverdin in Bacteriophytochrome: Could it Explain the Bathochromic Shift in the Pfr Form?†
Authors: Villegas‐Escobar Nery , Matute Ricardo A.
Published: October 2020

Phytochromes are ubiquitous photoreceptors found in plants, eukaryotic algae, bacteria and fungi. Particularly, when bacteriophytochrome is irradiated with light, a Z‐to‐E (photo)isomerization takes place in the biliverdin chromophore as part of the Pr‐to‐Pfr conversion. This photoisomerization is concomitant with a bathochromic shift in the Q‐band. Based on experimental evidence, we studied a possible keto–enol tautomerization of BV, as an alternative reaction channel after its photoisomerization. In this contribution, the noncatalyzed and water‐assisted reaction pathways for the lactam–lactim interconversion through consecutive keto–enol tautomerization of a model BV species were studied deeply. It was found that in the absence of water molecules, the proton transfer reaction is unable to take place at normal conditions, due to large activation energies, and the endothermic formation of lactim derivatives prevents its occurrence. However, when a water molecule assists the process by catalyzing the proton transfer reaction, the activation free energy lowers considerably. The drastic lowering in the activation energy for the keto–enol tautomerism is due to the stabilization of the water moiety through hydrogen bonds along the reaction coordinate. The absorption spectra were computed for all tautomers. It was found that the UV–visible absorption bands are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data. Our results suggest that although the keto–enol equilibrium is likely favoring the lactam tautomer, the equilibrium could eventually be shifted in favor of the lactim, as it has been reported to occur in the dark reversion mechanism of bathy phytochromes.
Gaussian unitary ensembles with two jump discontinuities, PDEs, and the coupled Painlevé II and IV systems
Authors: Lyu Shulin , Chen Yang
Published: October 2020

We consider the Hankel determinant generated by the Gaussian weight with two jump discontinuities. Utilizing the results of Min and Chen [Math. Methods Appl Sci. 2019;42:301‐321] where a second‐order partial differential equation (PDE) was deduced for the log derivative of the Hankel determinant by using the ladder operators adapted to orthogonal polynomials, we derive the coupled Painlevé IV system which was established in Wu and Xu [arXiv: 2002.11240v2] by a study of the Riemann‐Hilbert problem for orthogonal polynomials. Under double scaling, we show that, as , the log derivative of the Hankel determinant in the scaled variables tends to the Hamiltonian of a coupled Painlevé II system and it satisfies a second‐order PDE. In addition, we obtain the asymptotics for the recurrence coefficients of orthogonal polynomials, which are connected with the solutions of the coupled Painlevé II system.
The causes of welfare state expansion in democratic middle‐income countries: A literature review
Authors: Dorlach Tim
Published: October 2020

This article reviews the literature on the causes of welfare state expansion in democratic middle‐income countries across the Global South since the 2000s. After discussing challenges to measuring welfare state change, the article reviews research in political science and sociology and discusses nine potential causes of recent welfare state expansion, namely (a) economic development, (b) fiscal capacity, (c) democracy, (d) partisan ideology, (e) labour unions, (f) social mobilization, (g) cultural homogeneity, (h) institutional architecture, as well as (i) welfare rights and norms. The review thus reveals that recent welfare state expansion in democratic middle‐income countries has been driven by a similar set of causes as post‐war welfare state expansion in the Global North. The pronounced expansion of non‐contributory social policies has, in some contrast, also been characterized by more bipartisan and transnational political dynamics. The article concludes by outlining avenues for future research and by calling for more scholarly attention to the consolidation and testing of existing theories.
Are You Threatening Me? Asian‐American Panethnicity in the Trump Era
Authors: Le Danvy , Arora Maneesh , Stout Christopher
Published: October 2020

Objective

This study explores the effect of Donald Trump's candidacy, and first year in office, on Asian‐American linked fate. We argue that the use of anti‐Asian and anti‐immigrant messaging during the 2016 election, and the enactment of discriminatory policies once elected, increased feelings of panethnic linked fate among Asian Americans.

Method

To test our hypotheses, we assess Asian Americans’ levels of linked fate before the 2016 election, immediately after the 2016 election, and one year after the 2016 election with several time‐series surveys.

Results

We find that Asian‐American linked fate is higher after the election and remains high one year later. Qualitative data collected through open‐ended survey responses suggest that the increase in panethnic linked fate can be at least partially attributed to Trump's discriminatory rhetoric.

Conclusion

The results have implications for Asian‐American political behavior, particularly mobilization, by invoking collective action through panethnic linked fate.
Transborder Film Production Between Mainland China and Hong Kong After CEPA: The Interplay Between Political Orientation and Market Forces
Authors: Zhang Xu , Wang June
Published: October 2020

Co‐production of films entails a variety of transborder mobility and trans‐local production networks, which are further complicated by state intervention through co‐production treaties or arrangements. This paper unravels the process of Mainland China–Hong Kong film co‐production that has been explosive after the promulgation of ‘Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement’ (CEPA). Drawing on the information of all Mainland–Hong Kong co‐produced films between 1998 and 2017, we chart the collaborative networks of studios and creative staffs and examine the commercial and artistic performances of co‐produced films to illustrate the impact of regulatory reform on the evolution of cross‐border film co‐production. We argue that CEPA is among the series of national regulatory reforms to enable marketisation of the film industry and, further, to construct an imagined new identity of Chinese culture at the supranational scale. However, the cultural goals have been given way to the commercial interests of co‐production with the implementation of CEPA policies.
Neopatrimonialism: The Immense Power of Appointment of the Liberian Presidency
Authors: Gobewole Stephen H.
Published: October 2020

This study examines important factors of disenfranchisement of political subdivisions in Liberia, especially counties and districts due largely to the presidential power of appointment. The study analyzes survey, empirical, and constitutional amendment data gathered by Afrobarometer (Round 7 Survey), election statistics, and public officials’ appointment information. It then correlates associations between the number of county executives, presidential tenure, and referendum approvals to demonstrate a diminishment of democracy due to denying citizens’ right to vote for their local leaders. This has resulted from a gradual enhancement of the Liberian president’s power of appointment, which developed neopatrimonialism in Liberia and continues to foster a patronage system of governance that increases public corruption, a practice that has minimized state capacity, fostered state instability, and raised the potential for conflict.
Sleep restriction alters physiological and emotional responses to emotion induction
Authors: Hairston Ilana S. , Cohen‐Zion Mairav
Published: October 2020

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of sleep restriction on self‐report and autonomic responses to neutral and sad film clips.

What is the main finding and its importance?

Ratings of sadness and heart rate deceleration were greater while watching the sad clip, with no effect of sleep restriction, whereas heart rate variability and skin conductance were impacted by sleep restriction and, to a lesser extent, by film clips. The results suggest that autonomic function was adaptively altered by sleep restriction, in order to maintain a ‘normal’ response to emotional cues, despite mounting fatigue.

Habitual insufficient sleep has long‐term health consequences via its impact on autonomic nervous system (ANS) function and on regulation of emotion. To our knowledge, the effects of insufficient sleep on emotion‐induced ANS function have not been tested. The present study aimed to address this lacuna. Using an emotion induction procedure, the effects of sleep restriction on physiological responses to validated neutral and sad film clips were assessed in a two‐by‐two, pseudo‐randomized, cross‐over design. Thirty‐one participants, aged 20–33 years, were assessed after sleeping for either 5 h (sleep restricted, SR) or 8 h (well rested, WR) per night, for three consecutive nights. Physiological measures included heart rate, heart rate variability, skin conductance response (SCR) and participants’ ratings of affect and fatigue. There was no effect of sleep conditions on self‐reported negative affect, but watching the sad clip reduced self‐reported fatigue in the SR condition. There was greater heart rate deceleration while watching sad relative to neutral clips, independent of the sleep condition. Sleep restriction increased heart rate variability measures, with no effect of emotion induction. There was an interaction of emotion induction with sleep condition for SCR, with more SCRs to sad relative to neutral clips in the WR condition, and the opposite effect in the SR condition. Combined, the results suggest that the ANS response to an emotional cue was altered by sleep restriction. The results suggest an adaptive ANS response to mild, chronic sleep restriction, resulting in constant heart rate response and self‐reported experience across WR and SR conditions, despite mounting fatigue.
Electrophysiological characterisation of atrial volume receptors using ex vivo models of isolated rat cardiac atria
Authors: Campbell Thomas , Shenton Fiona Cameron , Lucking Eric , Pyner Susan , Jones James Francis Xavier
Published: October 2020

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

What ex vivo preparation of the rat's cavoatrial junction is efficient for characterising atrial mechanoreceptors?

What is the main finding and its importance?

Of four different ex vivo preparations, static pressure, flow, open and euthermic, the optimal preparation was the euthermic one and involved direct recording from the right cardiac vagal branch with a Langendorff style perfusion at 37°C. Type A receptors were most common, and appeared insensitive to stretch and sensitive to atrial contraction. Type B and intermediate receptors were not isolated at 20°C but were observed closer to 37°C. The findings may suggest that type A and B receptors utilise different molecular transduction mechanisms.

Atrial volume receptors are a family of afferent neurons whose mechanically sensitive endings terminate in the atria, particularly at the cavoatrial junctions. These mechanosensors form the afferent limb of an atrial volume receptor reflex that regulates plasma volume. The prevailing functional classification of atrial receptors arose as a result of in vivo recordings in the cat and dog and were classified as type A, B or intermediate according to the timing of peak discharge during the cardiac cycle. In contrast, there have been far fewer studies of the common small laboratory mammals such as the rat. Using several ex vivo rat cavoatrial preparations, a total of 30 successful single cavoatrial mechanosensory recordings were obtained. These experiments show that the rat possesses type A, B and intermediate atrial mechanoreceptors as described for larger mammals. Recording these cavoatrial receptors proved challenging from the main vagus, but direct recording from the cardiac vagal branch greatly increased the yield of mechanically sensitive single units. In contrast to type A units, type B atrial mechanoreceptor activity was never observed at room temperature but required elevation of temperature to a more physiological range in order to be detected. The adequate stimulus for these receptors remains unclear; however, type A atrial receptors appear insensitive to direct atrial stretch when applied using a programmable positioner. The findings may suggest that type A and type B atrial receptors utilise different molecular transduction mechanisms.
Testing Oxygen Nuclear Data Libraries in Research Center Rez
Authors: Schulc Martin , Košťál Michal , Novák Evžen , Šimon Jan , Leal Luiz
Published: October 2020

Oxygen belongs to the group of the most important isotopes in the nuclear data field. The aim of this paper is validate various oxygen nuclear data libraries in different scenarios with high content of oxygen. For this purpose, fast neutron spectra were measured by a stilbene scintillation detector in the region of 1–10 MeV in the three model cases involving 252Cf neutron source and light water reactor. The cases include measurements of leakage spectra using 252Cf neutron source placed in the centers of the light water and heavy water spheres of 0.30 m diameter. Following measurements were carried out inside the concrete biological shielding of the VVER-1000 mock-up simulator in the LR-0 reactor and in the dry channel located in the center of the special core placed in the LR-0 reactor. In the case of the special core, symmetric active core consisted of six standard fuel assemblies which surround the experimental dry module, where the fast neutron spectrum was measured. The measured neutron spectra were compared with MCNP6 transport code calculations in ENDF/B-VII.1, ENDF/B-VIII.0, JENDL-4.0, and IRSN 16O nuclear data evaluations. Experimental results for all cases follow similar trend. All considered libraries underestimate experimental measurement in the region of 3–4 MeV in all cases.
Ultrasonography techniques in the preoperative diagnosis of parotid gland tumors – an updated review of the literature
Authors: Stoia Sebastian , Băciuț Grigore , Lenghel Manuela , Badea Radu , Băciuț Mihaela , Bran Simion , Cristian Dinu
Published: October 2020

Preoperative diagnosis of parotid tumors plays a crucial role in selecting and planning the surgical treatment. Ultrasound (US) with its modern techniques can contribute to the differential diagnosis of parotid tumors. This paper aims to achieve a comprehensive review of the ultrasound techniques used in the differential diagnosis of parotid tumors, based on the latest literature data. Considering that most parotid gland tumors are located in the superficial lobe, US is frequently the first imaging technique used for the diagnosis of parotid tumors. Sonoelastography can provide additional data on the elasticity of parotid tumors, but there is an overlap between malignant and benign parotid tumors parameters. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound adds value to conventional ultrasound and allows a more complete characterization of parotid tumors. Many authors have reported promising results using contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of parotid tumors. Multiparametric ultrasound with a careful and systematic approach usually allows an accurate differential diagnosis of parotid tumors.
Second-harmonic generation of the lowest-order antisymmetric Lamb wave at a closed parallel crack
Authors: Ye Tianming , Biwa Shiro , Mori Naoki
Published: October 2020

The second-harmonic generation of the fundamental antisymmetric Lamb wave at a closed parallel crack in an elastic plate is studied by numerical analysis. The closed crack is modeled as a spring-type interface with quadratic nonlinearity. Based on a perturbation method, the problem of nonlinear Lamb wave scattering is decomposed into two linearized problems, i.e., for the linear reflection/transmission of the incident Lamb wave at the crack and for the generation/radiation of the second-harmonic Lamb waves due to the contact nonlinearity. The reduced problems are solved by the finite element method in the frequency domain. Numerical results demonstrate significant effects of the crack resonance on the linear and nonlinear Lamb wave scattering responses, which appear as sharp peaks/dips in the reflection/transmission spectra and enhanced second-harmonic amplitudes at some frequencies. Two simple frequency selection rules are established which explain the enhanced generation of the second-harmonic Lamb waves. The time-domain analysis is also carried out to supplement the frequency-domain analysis, which confirms that the incident Lamb wave interacts with the crack at some specific frequencies in its bandwidth in a selective manner and enhances the generation of the second-harmonic components.
Graphene fatigue through van der Waals interactions
Authors: Cui Teng , Yip Kevin , Hassan Aly , Wang Guorui , Liu Xingjian , Sun Yu , Filleter Tobin
Published: October 2020

Cyclic loading leads to interfacial fatigue of a graphene/polymer contact and multimode fracture of the graphene.
An NF-κB–driven lncRNA orchestrates colitis and circadian clock
Authors: Wang Shuai , Lin Yanke , Li Feng , Qin Zifei , Zhou Ziyue , Gao Lu , Yang Zemin , Wang Zhigang , Wu Baojian
Published: October 2020

Lnc-UC
, an oscillating and NF-κB–driven lncRNA, functions as a Rev-erbα modulator and links circadian clock to colitis.
Explainable and trustworthy artificial intelligence for correctable modeling in chemical sciences
Authors: Feng Jinchao , Lansford Joshua L. , Katsoulakis Markos A. , Vlachos Dionisios G.
Published: October 2020

The developed framework apportions model error to inputs, computes predictive guarantees, and enables model correctability.
Giant tuning of ferroelectricity in single crystals by thickness engineering
Authors: Chen Zibin , Li Fei , Huang Qianwei , Liu Fei , Wang Feifei , Ringer Simon P. , Luo Haosu , Zhang Shujun , Chen Long-Qing , Liao Xiaozhou
Published: October 2020

Ferroelectricity is engineered by dimension in nanoscale single-crystal ferroelectrics.
The gut microbiome defines social group membership in honey bee colonies
Authors: Vernier Cassondra L. , Chin Iris M. , Adu-Oppong Boahemaa , Krupp Joshua J. , Levine Joel , Dantas Gautam , Ben-Shahar Yehuda
Published: October 2020

Sharing gut bacteria provides the ticket for hive membership in honey bees.
Incorporating intrinsic suppression in deep neural networks captures dynamics of adaptation in neurophysiology and perception
Authors: Vinken K. , Boix X. , Kreiman G.
Published: October 2020

Adding a cellular adaptation mechanism to artificial neural networks explains temporal context modulation of biological vision.
Will SARS-CoV-2 become endemic?
Authors: Shaman Jeffrey , Galanti Marta
Published: October 2020

Reinfection, seasonality, and viral competition will shape endemic transmission patterns
Disturbed gut microbiota and bile homeostasis in
Giardia
-infected mice contributes to metabolic dysregulation and growth impairment
Authors: Riba Ambre , Hassani Kasra , Walker Alesia , van Best Niels , von Zeschwitz Dunja , Anslinger Teresa , Sillner Nina , Rosenhain Stefanie , Eibach Daniel , Maiga-Ascofaré Oumou , Rolle-Kampczyk Ulrike , Basic Marijana , Binz Anne , Mocek Sabine , Sodeik Beate , Bauerfeind Rudolf , Mohs Antje , Trautwein Christian , Kiessling Fabian , May Jürgen , Klingenspor Martin , Gremse Felix , Schmitt-Kopplin Philippe , Bleich André , Torow Natalia , von Bergen Martin , Hornef Mathias W.
Published: October 2020

The protozoan parasite
Giardia lamblia
enhances bile secretion and microbiota–mediated bile acid deconjugation in mice, leading to growth impairment.
Uncoupling interferon signaling and antigen presentation to overcome immunotherapy resistance due to JAK1 loss in melanoma
Authors: Kalbasi Anusha , Tariveranmoshabad Mito , Hakimi Kevin , Kremer Sarah , Campbell Katie M. , Funes Juan M. , Vega-Crespo Agustin , Parisi Giulia , Champekar Ameya , Nguyen Christine , Torrejon Davis , Shin Daniel , Zaretsky Jesse M. , Damoiseaux Robert D. , Speiser Daniel E. , Lopez-Casas Pedro P. , Quintero Marisol , Ribas Antoni
Published: October 2020

Interferon-independent MHC class I induction restores T cell immunity.
An engineered human albumin enhances half-life and transmucosal delivery when fused to protein-based biologics
Authors: Bern Malin , Nilsen Jeannette , Ferrarese Mattia , Sand Kine M. K. , Gjølberg Torleif T. , Lode Heidrun E. , Davidson Robert J. , Camire Rodney M. , Bækkevold Espen S. , Foss Stian , Grevys Algirdas , Dalhus Bjørn , Wilson John , Høydahl Lene S. , Christianson Gregory J. , Roopenian Derry C. , Schlothauer Tilman , Michaelsen Terje E. , Moe Morten C. , Lombardi Silvia , Pinotti Mirko , Sandlie Inger , Branchini Alessio , Andersen Jan Terje
Published: October 2020

The human albumin variant E505Q/T527M/K573P improves pharmacokinetics of protein-based drugs and facilitates transport across mucosal epithelia.
Good sleep for healthy kidneys
Authors: Nadkarni Girish N.
Published: October 2020

Poor sleep shows potential causal relationship with risk of developing chronic kidney disease.
Association between temperature changes and uveitis onset in mainland China
Authors: Tan Handan , Pan Su , Zhong Zhenyu , Shi Jing , Liao Weiting , Su Guannan , Kijlstra Aize , Yang Peizeng
Published: October 2020

Background

Some uveitis subtypes show seasonal patterns. Whether these patterns are caused by seasonally varying temperatures or by other climatic factors remains unknown. This ecological research aimed to quantify the association between climate variability and uveitis onset.

Methods

We combined data from the largest database of uveitis cases with surface climate data to construct panel data. We used choropleth maps to visually assess spatial uveitis variations.

Results

Among 12 721 reports of uveitis originating from 31 provinces of mainland China from 2006 to 2017, we found that a 1°C increase in monthly temperature was associated with a rise in approximately 2 uveitis reports per 1000 individuals (95% CI 0.00059 to 0.0029). This association was present across all provinces, ranging in effect size from 0.0011 to 0.072 (95% CI 0.00037 to 0.10). A clear 0–3 months of cumulative lagging effect was noted across all types of uveitis, with the strongest effect for non-infectious uveitis (0.0067, 95% CI 0.0041 to 0.013). Stratified by age and sex, we found that men and people aged 20–50 years were more affected by temperature variations. Our model predicts that China might experience an increase in uveitis cases due to future global warming.

Conclusion

Our study is the largest-ever investigation of the association between uveitis and climate and, for the first time, provides evidence that rising temperature can affect large-scale uveitis onset. These results may help promote and implement policies to mitigate future temperature increases and the burden of disease caused by global warming.