bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sexual differences in destructive capability and midgut enzyme activities in adult variegated grasshoppers Zonocerus variegatus (LINNAEUS, 1758) (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)
Authors: Ademolu Kehinde O. , Olusunmade Elijah , Adelabu Blessing , Idowu Adewunmi B.
Published: December 2016

The variegated grasshopper Zonocerus variegatus is a polyphagous insect, feeding on numerous food and cash crops. The present study aimed to investigate the sexual variations in the destructive capability of the adult insects and the composition of leaves damaged by them, as well as in the levels of midgut microbial flora and digestive enzymes (cellulase, amylase and α-glucosidase). The results showed that females consumed and caused more damage to cassava leaves than their male congeners. The leaves damaged by males contained more nutrients than those damaged by females. The gut microbial flora and enzyme assay showed that females had significantly larger colony forming units and a non-significant difference in enzyme activities. It can thus be concluded that adult females are more destructive than males.
The Structure of Goal Contents Revisited. A Verification of the Model in Polish Samples
Authors: Górnik-Durose Małgorzata , Jach Łukasz
Published: December 2016

The article presents an attempt to confirm the circumplex structure of goal contents, identified in 15 cultures around the world (Grouzet et al., 2005), in nine Polish samples. The procedure followed steps from the original study and included testing the assumed 11-factor goal structure and the two-dimensional circular organization of the goal contents. None of the analyses showed outcomes that would explicitly confirm the results attained in the original study. The CFA showed rather poor fits. Results of the MDS generally supported the assumption about the two-dimensional goal contents structure, however ipsative distance analysis reproduced only one of the two assumed dimensions. Finally, although the CIRCUM analysis showed in principle that in the Polish sample the organization of goal contents on the circumference was quite similar to original, the RMSEA indicated poor fit. Methodological and conceptual reasons for the replication failure are analyzed and discussed.
Medusa’s Head: Boss Rattlers, Rattlesnake Queens, and Goddamn True Love in Harry Crews’s a Feast of Snakes
Authors: Hanssen Ken R.
Published: December 2016

After his death in 2012, there has been a notable resurgence of both popular and critical interest in the fiction of American writer Harry Crews. Frequently discussed in the context of Southern gothic, Crews’s novels are notable for their grim and darkly funny tales of life among the rural poor in the worst hookworm and rickets part of Georgia, USA. Still, while the regional identity of Crews’s fiction is strong, his subtle and deeply sympathetic creative imagination tackles questions of universal significance.

In the novel A Feast of Snakes (1976), Crews’s finest and most multi-layered work, we are introduced to former high-school football quarterback Joe Lon Mackey on the eve of Mystic, Georgia’s annual Rattlesnake Roundup. Through his sensitive and deeply-felt portrayal of Joe Lon’s failed struggle to reconcile with the traumas of the past and establish meaning and a sense of purpose in life, a development culminating in the liquidation of a snake-handling preacher, a sheriff’s deputy, his own high-school sweetheart, and a random bystander, Crews not only explores the deterministic cultural and socio-economic attributes of the rural south, but also gives articulation to a reflective consciousness far more individuated and multifaceted than allowed for in recent critical discourse.

This sombre ending is perhaps what Todorov would term “the realization of an order always preordained,” but it would be a mistake to dismiss it as merely the inevitable outcome of yet another southern boy’s unarticulated rage against modernity. Struggling endlessly like the pitfighting dogs his daddy breeds, Joe Lon, entangled in the determinants of his existence, comes to give mimetic shape to a contemporary American identity both utterly strange and jarringly familiar.
Color and Meaning in Ancient Mesopotamia: The Case of Egyptian Blue
Authors: Thavapalan Shiyanthi , Stenger Jens , Snow Carol
Published: December 2016

Despite its ubiquitous presence and obvious cultural significance in Mesopotamian art and architecture, the Akkadian language never developed a specific term for the color ‘blue.’ This article seeks to explain this omission and the Akkadian color system in light of ethno-linguistic data collected in the University of California-based World Color Survey project and the physical evidence for blue pigments and colorants. Special attention is paid to the results of multispectral-imaging analysis conducted on Yale University’s Assyrian relief sculpture from Nimrud. This investigation has revealed the use of Egyptian blue pigment in unexpected and hitherto unknown contexts in Assyrian architectural design.
From the Yaḫrūrum Šaplûm Archives: The Administration of Harvest Labor Undertaken by Soldiers from Uruk and Malgium
Authors: de Boer Rients
Published: December 2016

This article examines a part of the Yaḫrūrum šaplûm archives dated to the reign of Samsu-iluna (1749–1712 BCE). Soldiers from Uruk and Malgium in Babylonian service were assigned individual parcels of date-palm orchards in return for providing military service, taxes, and seasonal corvée labor. The texts studied in this article are concerned with the corvée labor of these soldiers on state land. Officials issued specific records to the soldiers to account for the work done so they could keep the usufruct of their orchards.
Dekalog und Bundesbuch im Kontext von Exodus 19–24
Authors: Schmidt Ludwig
Published: December 2016

Ex 19,2–24,8* enthält eine jahwistische und eine elohistische Erzählung von einer Theophanie, beide ohne Gesetz. Ihr Ziel waren bei J die Opfer der Israeliten (24,4aβ.5*), bei E die Prüfung des Volkes und die Gottesfurcht (20,20). Die jehowistische Redaktion fügte in der Zeit des Exils den Dekalog mit dem zweiten und dritten Gebot ein. Diese Darstellung benutzte der Verfasser von Dtn 5,1 ff.* Erst die Pentateuchredaktion fügte das Bundesbuch ein und bildete als seinen Rahmen 19,3b–8 und 24,3–8*. Der Dekalog war also bereits vor dem Bundesbuch Bestandteil der Sinaiperikope.
Die zweifache Nachgeschichte Bileams
Authors: Bührer Walter
Published: December 2016

Die zweifache Nachgeschichte Bileams, die positive und die negative Bewertung von ihm bzw. von seinen Worten und seinen Taten, findet sich nicht nur in der nach-alttestamentlichen Rezeption, sondern bereits in alttestamentlicher Zeit selbst: einerseits in den unterschiedlichen Texten über Bileam (Mi 6; Num 22–24; Tell Deir ‘Alla – Dtn 23,2–9; Neh 13,1–3; Jos 24,9–10 – Num 31; Jos 13,21–22) und andererseits in der Redaktionsgeschichte von Num 22–24. Ergänzungen am Anfang und Ende der Erzählung (über Israels Verhältnis zu den Völkern) sind bedingt durch den Einbau der Bileam-Erzählung in ihren jetzigen literarischen Kontext. Die Ergänzung der Eselinnen-Perikope dagegen trägt das negative Bileam-Bild der meisten anderen Bileam-Texte in Num 22–24 ein.
The Shaft of Whose Spear Was Like a Weaver’s Beam? Another Suggestion
Authors: Garfinkel Ido
Published: December 2016

The biblical expression »the shaft of whose spear was like a weaver’s beam« is widely known as part of the description of Goliath’s arms before the battle with David in the Valley of Elah (1Sam 17:7). It appears again in the Bible, however, in a short story about another Israelite hero who killed a Philistine named Goliath, Elhanan son of Jaare-Orgim (2Sam 21:19). In this article I claim that, not only is the shorter, less well known version the original, as many have claimed before me, but I also suggest a new understanding of the term »weaver’s beam«. Rather than understanding it as part of Goliath’s marvelous spear, I see it in fact as an improvised work tool used by the Israelite, Elhanan, in order to kill the Philistine in battle. This new understanding places this story together with other traditions about improvised weapons in the Books of Judges and Samuel.
Die transdisziplinäre Rechtsforschung braucht die Rechtssoziologie – und umgekehrt
Authors: Kocher Eva
Published: December 2016

In Bezug auf die empirische Erforschbarkeit und Messbarkeit von Fragen des Rechts bestehen immer noch viele ungeklärte Fragen. Die interdisziplinäre Rechtsforschung hängt in der Luft, wenn sie nicht auf der Grundlage rechtssoziologischer Forschung erfolgt, die in der Lage ist, theoretische Fragen des Verhältnisses zwischen Autonomie und Praxis zu klären.
Understanding the German Mixed Tribunal
Authors: Machura Stefan
Published: December 2016

Germany employs mixed tribunals in a number of its courts, including the criminal, administrative and labour courts. They are markedly different from courts with juries, which separate the professional judge from the lay jury. In a mixed tribunal a professional judge presides over the hearing and deliberation. Side judges, usually the lay assessors, sometimes supplemented by further professional judges, have equal rights when it comes to selecting the legal rules to be applied, making procedural decisions during the hearing, and deciding on the case outcome. Lay members of a mixed court serve for several years, and hear a multitude of cases: they build up experience. Compared to jury courts, mixed courts are more affordable, and able to deal with a larger number of cases.#abs#Mixed courts vary as regards the qualifications required by lay judges. Some courts (e.g. labour and – sometimes – youth criminal courts) employ expert lay judges. Depending on their personality, presiding judges – in whatever kind of tribunal – may dominate their professional colleagues and also lay judges. This is one of the factors endangering the effective participation of lay assessors. Another factor is the drive to settle cases quickly, which tends to curtail or prevent deliberation. While there are deeply engaged honorary judges, others with different personality traits prefer to keep a low profile. This said, empirical research indicates that lay judges are more engaged, if their concern for procedural fairness and justice is aroused in the course of a trial.
The Proteome of BLOC-1 Genetic Defects Identifies the Arp2/3 Actin Polymerization Complex to Function Downstream of the Schizophrenia Susceptibility Factor Dysbindin at the Synapse
Authors: Gokhale Avanti , Hartwig Cortnie , Freeman Amanda H. , Das Ravi , Zlatic Stephanie A. , Vistein Rachel , Burch Amelia , Carrot Guillemette , Lewis Arielle F. , Nelms Sheldon , Dickman Dion K. , Puthenveedu Manojkumar A. , Cox Daniel N. , Faundez Victor
Published: December 2016

Proteome modifications downstream of monogenic or polygenic disorders have the potential to uncover novel molecular mechanisms participating in pathogenesis and/or extragenic modification of phenotypic expression. We tested this idea by determining the proteome sensitive to genetic defects in a locus encoding dysbindin, a protein required for synapse biology and implicated in schizophrenia risk. We applied quantitative mass spectrometry to identify proteins expressed in neuronal cells the abundance of which was altered after downregulation of the schizophrenia susceptibility factor dysbindin (Bloc1s8) or two other dysbindin-interacting polypeptides, which assemble into the octameric biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex 1 (BLOC-1). We found 491 proteins sensitive to dysbindin and BLOC-1 loss of function. Gene ontology of these 491 proteins singled out the actin cytoskeleton and the actin polymerization factor, the Arp2/3 complex, as top statistical molecular pathways contained within the BLOC-1-sensitive proteome. Subunits of the Arp2/3 complex were downregulated by BLOC-1 loss of function, thus affecting actin dynamics in early endosomes of BLOC-1-deficient cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Arp2/3, dysbindin, and subunits of the BLOC-1 complex biochemically and genetically interact, modulatingDrosophila melanogastersynapse morphology and homeostatic synaptic plasticity. Our results indicate that ontologically prioritized proteomics identifies novel pathways that modify synaptic phenotypes associated with neurodevelopmental disorder gene defects.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe mechanisms associated with schizophrenia are mostly unknown despite the increasing number of genetic loci identified that increase disease risk. We present an experimental strategy that impartially and comprehensively interrogates the proteome of neurons to identify effects of genetic mutations in a schizophrenia risk factor, dysbindin. We find that the expression of the actin polymerization complex Arp2/3 is reduced in dysbindin-deficient cells, thus affecting actin-dependent phenotypes in two cellular compartments where dysbindin resides, endosomes and presynapses. Our studies indicate that a central cellular structure affected by schizophrenia susceptibility loci is the actin cytoskeleton, an organelle necessary for synaptic function in the presynaptic and postsynaptic compartment.
Effects of the Selective α5-GABAAR Antagonist S44819 on Excitability in the Human Brain: A TMS–EMG and TMS–EEG Phase I Study
Authors: Darmani Ghazaleh , Zipser Carl M. , Böhmer Gabriele M. , Deschet Karine , Müller-Dahlhaus Florian , Belardinelli Paolo , Schwab Matthias , Ziemann Ulf
Published: December 2016

Alpha-5 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (α5-GABAARs) are located extrasynaptically, regulate neuronal excitability through tonic inhibition, and are fundamentally important for processes such as plasticity and learning. For example, pharmacological blockade of α5-GABAAR in mice with ischemic stroke improved recovery of function by normalizing exaggerated perilesional α5-GABAAR-dependent tonic inhibition. S44819 is a novel competitive selective antagonist of the α5-GABAAR at the GABA-binding site. Pharmacological modulation of α5-GABAAR-mediated tonic inhibition has never been investigated in the human brain. Here, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to test the effects of a single oral dose of 50 and 100 mg of S44819 on electromyographic (EMG) and electroencephalographic (EEG) measures of cortical excitability in 18 healthy young adults in a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover phase I study. A dose of 100 mg, but not 50 mg, of S44819 decreased active motor threshold, the intensity needed to produce a motor evoked potential of 0.5 mV, and the amplitude of the N45, a GABAAergic component of the TMS-evoked EEG response. The peak serum concentration of 100 mg S44819 correlated directly with the decrease in N45 amplitude. Short-interval intracortical inhibition, a TMS–EMG measure of synaptic GABAAergic inhibition, and other components of the TMS-evoked EEG response remained unaffected. These findings provide first time evidence that the specific α5-GABAAR antagonist S44819 reached human cortex to impose an increase in cortical excitability. These data warrant further development of S44819 in a human clinical trial to test its efficacy in enhancing recovery of function after ischemic stroke.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe extrasynaptic α-5 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (α5-GABAAR) regulates neuronal excitability through tonic inhibition in the mammalian brain. Tonic inhibition is important for many fundamental processes such as plasticity and learning. Pharmacological modulation of α5-GABAAR-mediated tonic inhibition has never been investigated in the human brain. This study demonstrates that S44819, a selective α5-GABAAR antagonist, increases cortical excitability in healthy human subjects, as indicated by specific markers of transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced muscle and brain responses measured by electromyography and electroencephalography. Our findings imply that tonic inhibition in human cortex can be modified effectively and that this modification can be quantified with noninvasive brain stimulation methods. The actions of S44819 may be suitable to improve plasticity and learning.
Orientation Selectivity from Very Sparse LGN Inputs in a Comprehensive Model of Macaque V1 Cortex
Authors: Chariker Logan , Shapley Robert , Young Lai-Sang
Published: December 2016

A new computational model of the primary visual cortex (V1) of the macaque monkey was constructed to reconcile the visual functions of V1 with anatomical data on its LGN input, the extreme sparseness of which presented serious challenges to theoretically sound explanations of cortical function. We demonstrate that, even with such sparse input, it is possible to produce robust orientation selectivity, as well as continuity in the orientation map. We went beyond that to find plausible dynamic regimes of our new model that emulate simultaneously experimental data for a wide range of V1 phenomena, beginning with orientation selectivity but also including diversity in neuronal responses, bimodal distributions of the modulation ratio (the simple/complex classification), and dynamic signatures, such as gamma-band oscillations. Intracortical interactions play a major role in all aspects of the visual functions of the model.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe present the first realistic model that has captured the sparseness of magnocellular LGN inputs to the macaque primary visual cortex and successfully derived orientation selectivity from them. Three implications are (1) even in input layers to the visual cortex, the system is less feedforward and more dominated by intracortical signals than previously thought, (2) interactions among cortical neurons in local populations produce dynamics not explained by single neurons, and (3) such dynamics are important for function. Our model also shows that a comprehensive picture is necessary to explain function, because different visual properties are related. This study points to the need for paradigm shifts in neuroscience modeling: greater emphasis on population dynamics and, where possible, a move toward data-driven, comprehensive models.
Visual Sampling Predicts Hippocampal Activity
Authors: Liu Zhong-Xu , Shen Kelly , Olsen Rosanna K. , Ryan Jennifer D.
Published: December 2016

Eye movements serve to accumulate information from the visual world, contributing to the formation of coherent memory representations that support cognition and behavior. The hippocampus and the oculomotor network are well connected anatomically through an extensive set of polysynaptic pathways. However, the extent to which visual sampling behavior is related to functional responses in the hippocampus during encoding has not been studied directly in human neuroimaging. In the current study, participants engaged in a face processing task while brain responses were recorded with fMRI and eye movements were monitored simultaneously. The number of gaze fixations that a participant made on a given trial was correlated significantly with hippocampal activation such that more fixations were associated with stronger hippocampal activation. Similar results were also found in the fusiform face area, a face-selective perceptual processing region. Notably, the number of fixations was associated with stronger hippocampal activation when the presented faces were novel, but not when the faces were repeated. Increases in fixations during viewing of novel faces also led to larger repetition-related suppression in the hippocampus, indicating that this fixation–hippocampal relationship may reflect the ongoing development of lasting representations. Together, these results provide novel empirical support for the idea that visual exploration and hippocampal binding processes are inherently linked.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe hippocampal and oculomotor networks have each been studied extensively for their roles in the binding of information and gaze function, respectively. Despite the evidence that individuals with amnesia whose damage includes the hippocampus show alterations in their eye movement patterns and recent findings that the two systems are anatomically connected, it has not been demonstrated whether visual exploration is related to hippocampal activity in neurologically intact adults. In this combined fMRI–eye-tracking study, we show how hippocampal responses scale with the number of gaze fixations made during viewing of novel, but not repeated, faces. These findings provide new evidence suggesting that the hippocampus plays an important role in the binding of information, as sampled by gaze fixations, during visual exploration.
Coding of Event Nodes and Narrative Context in the Hippocampus
Authors: Milivojevic Branka , Varadinov Meryl , Vicente Grabovetsky Alejandro , Collin Silvy H.P. , Doeller Christian F.
Published: December 2016

Narratives may provide a general context, unrestricted by space and time, which can be used to organize episodic memories into networks of related events. However, it is not clear how narrative contexts are represented in the brain. Here we test the novel hypothesis that the formation of narrative-based contextual representations in humans relies on the same hippocampal mechanisms that enable formation of spatiotemporal contexts in rodents. Participants watched a movie consisting of two interleaved narratives while we monitored their brain activity using fMRI. We used representational similarity analysis, a type of multivariate pattern analysis, which uses across-voxel correlations as a proxy for neural-pattern similarity, to examine whether the patterns of neural activity can be used to differentiate between narratives and recurring narrative elements, such as people and locations. We demonstrate that the neural activity patterns in the hippocampus differentiate between event nodes (people and locations) and narratives (different stories) and that these narrative-context representations diverge gradually over time akin to remapping-induced spatial maps represented by rodent place cells.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNarratives, especially in movie format, are very engaging and can be used to investigate neural mechanisms underlying cognitive functions in more naturalistic settings than that of traditional paradigms. Narratives also provide a more general context, unrestricted by space and time, that can be used to organize memories into networks of related events. For this reason, narratives are ideally suited to engage neural mechanisms underlying episodic memory formation. In this study, participants watched a movie with two interleaved narratives while their brain activity was monitored using fMRI. We show that the hippocampus, which is involved in formation of spatiotemporal contexts in episodic memory, also represents gradually diverging narrative contexts as well as narrative elements, such as people and locations.
Challenges in Species Tree Estimation Under the Multispecies Coalescent Model
Authors: Xu Bo , Yang Ziheng
Published: December 2016

The multispecies coalescent (MSC) model has emerged as a powerful framework for inferring species phylogenies while accounting for ancestral polymorphism and gene tree-species tree conflict. A number of methods have been developed in the past few years to estimate the species tree under the MSC. The full likelihood methods (including maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference) average over the unknown gene trees and accommodate their uncertainties properly but involve intensive computation. The approximate or summary coalescent methods are computationally fast and are applicable to genomic datasets with thousands of loci, but do not make an efficient use of information in the multilocus data. Most of them take the two-step approach of reconstructing the gene trees for multiple loci by phylogenetic methods and then treating the estimated gene trees as observed data, without accounting for their uncertainties appropriately. In this article we review the statistical nature of the species tree estimation problem under the MSC, and explore the conceptual issues and challenges of species tree estimation by focusing mainly on simple cases of three or four closely related species. We use mathematical analysis and computer simulation to demonstrate that large differences in statistical performance may exist between the two classes of methods. We illustrate that several counterintuitive behaviors may occur with the summary methods but they are due to inefficient use of information in the data by summary methods and vanish when the data are analyzed using full-likelihood methods. These include (i) unidentifiability of parameters in the model, (ii) inconsistency in the so-called anomaly zone, (iii) singularity on the likelihood surface, and (iv) deterioration of performance upon addition of more data. We discuss the challenges and strategies of species tree inference for distantly related species when the molecular clock is violated, and highlight the need for improving the computational efficiency and model realism of the likelihood methods as well as the statistical efficiency of the summary methods.
More than Meets the Eye: A Primer for “Timing of Locomotor Recovery from Anoxia Modulated by the white Gene in Drosophila melanogaster”
Authors: Hersh Bradley M
Published: December 2016

A single gene might have several functions within an organism, and so mutational loss of that gene has multiple effects across different physiological systems in the organism. Though the white gene in Drosophila melanogaster was identified originally for its effect on fly eye color, an article by Xiao and Robertson in the June 2016 issue of GENETICS describes a function for the white gene in the response of Drosophila to oxygen deprivation. This Primer article provides background information on the white gene, the phenomenon of pleiotropy, and the molecular and genetic approaches used in the study to demonstrate a new behavioral function for the white gene.
Entrevista con el Dr. Joan Pagés Blanch. La Didáctica de las Ciencias Sociales y la formación del profesorado
Authors: Pagés Blanch Joan
Published: December 2016

La entrevista realizada al Dr. Joan Pagés Blanch aborda temáticas relacionadas con la didáctica de las Ciencias Sociales y la formación del profesorado. El Dr. Pagés introduce temas de gran importancia como el papel del profesorado ante el currículo y su formación para enfrentar los retos que este campo conlleva. El Dr. Pagés indica que uno de los retos de la didáctica de las disciplinas sociales, de la geografía y de la historia consiste en enseñar a los y a las futuras docentes a construir criterios para la selección y la secuencia de los contenidos sociales, geográficos e históricos escolares. También se aborda el tema de los planes de estudio y se analiza la pregunta ¿Cómo enseñar Historia en el siglo XXI?
Factores de deserción del estudiantado migrante procedente de Nicaragua en el Liceo Rural San Julián
Authors: Rodríguez Romero José Juan
Published: December 2016

En el presente artículo se discute la deserción estudiantil extranjera nicaragüense en el contexto educativo de la frontera norte, concretamente el noroeste de Sarapiquí. La deserción comprende los criterios de tipo institucional en el centro educativo Liceo Rural San Julián, adscrito a la Dirección Regional de Educación de Sarapiquí, DRES; estatal como el Instituto Mixto de Ayuda Social (IMAS) en su política general y regional y; legal, con la normativa nacional e internacional para el período 2003-2013. Abordar la deserción migrante que se da en la institución educativa Liceo Rural San Julián identificando los factores internos y externos que determinan el abandono institucional en el caso particular del colectivo nicaragüense, es el objetivo general que guía este trabajo.
La percepción de la Cívica: aportes de los adolescentes de Educación Secundaria
Authors: Alfaro Valverde Alicia , Badilla Vargas Maynor
Published: December 2016

El siguiente artículo presenta tanto la opinión como la percepción y los sentimientos que desarrollan los estudiantes de educación secundaria, especialmente de décimo y undécimo año, acerca de la Cívica. Los jóvenes al recibir lecciones en esta área pueden desarrollar fortalezas en lo relativo a la formación integral de las personas y a la urgencia de reflexionar en torno a las problemáticas comunales sobre el ambiente, la pobreza, la desigualdad y el fortalecimiento de la democracia como forma de vida. Este trabajo rescata el sentir de los jóvenes, sus preocupaciones y sus opiniones quedando claro que esta asignatura, por lo menos a los “ojos de los adolescentes”, no está curricularmente posicionada.
The in vitro effect of Garden Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) extract on Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
Authors: Kutasi József , Jakab László , Jurkovich Viktor , Rafai Pál
Published: December 2016

Filtrates of a water extract of commercially available garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) were used for studying its possible bactericidal effect on Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, the causative agent of swine dysentery, by agar-diffusion technique. Five of the six studied Brachyspira strains have proven to be sensitive and one moderately sensitive in the in vitro tests. It was concluded that water extract of garden thyme possesses inhibitory effects against B. hyodysenteriae. In vivo experiments are needed to check the validity of this conclusion.
Metodologi Studi Hadis Jamâl al-Bannâ
Authors: Zamzami Mukhammad
Published: December 2016

Text will always interacting with the context. He always dialectic with the conditions in which the text was born. Therefore, to understand a text, an understanding about the context becomes a necessity that must be done, not least the understanding of hadith texts. Without understanding a variety of variables and circumstances behind the text that includes historical aspects, sociological, psychological, and so on, then this will potentially misinterpretation. This article explores the ideas of Jamal al-Banna on the methodology of contemporary traditions. He offers concepts and methodologies so resolutive and intelligent in understanding the Sunnah of the Prophet. He also shows how Muslims should ideally interact with the Sunnah. Departing from the description, it will be explored in this article about Jamal al-Banna Sunnah thinking which will then be analyzed in this hermeneutic perspective. According to him, Muslims today should make the Sunnah as a model of ijtihad, which also means keeping the existence of Sunnah. That is, people now have to follow the path and methodology, not the spoken word; follow the Sunnah of the Prophet, do not follow the text of the hadith.
METODE LIQÂ’ DAN KASHF DALAM PERIWAYATAN HADIS
Authors: Idri Idri
Published: December 2016

The historical account of hadith literatures clarifies that there are different methods among Muslim scholars in search of the authenticity of hadith. The dispute lies on the variance methods used by hadith and sufi scholars. Sufi scholars tend to have their own methods in establishing the reliability of hadith narration by liqâ’ al-Nabî and kashf. This method suggests that Sufiwith high ranking of spiritualitycould meet Prophet directly by dreams. By this way, Sufi scholar might acquire the original Islamic teachings from Prophet, including hadith. In this, they argue for the authenticity of hadiths narrated by such a way. On the other hand, the methods used by sufi are not accommodated by hadith scholars. It is said that every hadith narrated by dream or kashf is unrecognized and considered as false (mawḍû‘). Addressing these differences, this article tries to examine some problems related to the method of authenticity of hadith narration, the account of hadith on the convergence to the Prophet by dream, kashf as a source of Islamic teaching, the status of mysterious hadiths transmission, and the validation of knowledge based on kashf.
Desempenho de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), submetido a inseticidas e fungicidas em dois hospedeiros
Authors: Santos Vinícius Pereira dos , Pratissoli Dirceu , Paes João Paulo Pereira , Fragoso Débora Ferreira Melo , Carvalho José Romário de
Published: December 2016

RESUMO Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de diferentes inseticidas e fungicidas, sobre Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), em diferentes hospedeiros. Os testes foram realizados com adultos de T. pretiosum nos hospedeiros Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller, 1879) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) e Helicoverpa zea (Boddie, 1850) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Os resultados mostraram que os agrotóxicos estudados tiveram efeitos diferentes sobre T. pretiosum, em função do hospedeiro. Os inseticidas IMIDACLORIPRIDO + BETA-CIFLUTRINA e METHOMYL foram os mais agressivos, reduzindo o parasitismo dos adultos de T. pretiosum em ambos os hospedeiros, enquanto, para os fungicidas, DIMETOMORPH + MANCOZEB e MANCOZEB foram os mais influentes. Diante dos resultados, conclui-se que o hospedeiro pode influenciar na ação seletiva dos inseticidas e fungicidas sobre parasitoides do gênero Trichogramma, visto que T. pretiosum foi mais susceptível ao inseticida METHOMYL e ao ACIBENZOLAR-S-METHYL, quando criado em A. kuehniella, e ao fungicida DIMETOMORPH + MANCOZEB, quando criado em H. zea. Não houve reduções expressivas dos percentuais de emergência dos descendentes, quando os fungicidas foram aplicados.
Compactação de solo cultivado com cana-de-açúcar em Baía Formosa, Rio Grande do Norte
Authors: Oliveira Filho Francisco Xavier de , Miranda Neyton de Oliveira , Medeiros José Francismar de , Silva Paulo César Moura da , Mesquita Francisco de Oliveira , Costa Thiago Kennedy Gomes
Published: December 2016

RESUMO A compactação do solo é uma das principais limitações impostas ao desenvolvimento do sistema radicular da cana-de-açúcar, promovendo a redução da capacidade de absorção de água e nutrientes pela planta. Neste contexto, objetivou-se identificar regiões no campo com diferentes níveis de compactação, de modo a permitir a adoção de manejo localizado. O trabalho foi realizado na Usina Vale Verde, em Baía Formosa-RN, Brasil, onde a resistência do solo à penetração (RSP) foi avaliada em área de 113,59 ha, dividida em 12 talhões cultivados com cana-de-açúcar, onde foram locados 113 pontos georeferenciados. As determinações foram feitas nas camadas de 0-10, 11-20, 21-30 e 31-40 cm de profundidade, utilizando-se penetrômetro com sistema automático de medição. Foram utilizadas ferramentas de geoestatística para avaliar a dependência espacial das variáveis e confeccionar, por meio da interpolação por krigagem, mapas de isovalores da RSP. As figuras de isovalores localizam no campo áreas com diferentes níveis de compactação do solo. A descompactação do solo pode ser evitada em 18,80% da área total, principalmente nos talhões 45 e 48. Nas áreas que necessitam descompactação, esta deve ser realizada a profundidade maior do que 40 cm.
Effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the agronomic traits and yield of irrigated rice
Authors: Santos Alberto Baêta dos , Fageria Nand Kumar , Stone Luís Fernando , Santos Talita Pereira Baêta
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT Water and nitrogen management is essential to achieve high yield potential in irrigated agricultural systems. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of flood timing and nitrogen management on the agronomic performance of irrigated rice in tropical lowland. Two experiments were conducted in a Dystrophic Haplic Gleysol during the 2007/08 and 2008/09 crop years. The experiments were carried out using the cultivars BRS Jaçanã and Epagri 109. Flood timing combined with timing of topdressing 90 kg ha -1 N was evaluated at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after emergence. The experiment was arranged in a split plot completely randomized design, flood timing in the plots and N application in the subplots, with six replications. Late flooding as well as late nitrogen application resulted in reduction of phytobiomass, grain quality and yield of irrigated rice. Flooding is recommended at the beginning of tillering for cultivar that shows higher initial growth, while for slower growth cultivar, ponding water can be established until mid-tillering. Early flooding increases sheath blight severity in rice stems. For improved quality and productive potential of irrigated rice, early flooding period and efficient sheath blight control is necessary.
POTENTIAL AREAS FOR THE FORMATION OF ECOLOGICAL CORRIDORS BETWEEN REMNANTS OF ATLANTIC FOREST
Authors: Santos João Flávio Costa dos , Mendonça Bruno Araujo Furtado de , Araújo Emanuel José Gomes de , Delgado Rafael Coll , Gleriani José Marinaldo
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT In Brazil, the remaining areas of Atlantic Forest are intensely fragmented. The connection of forest fragments through ecological corridors is an important step in biodiversity conservation. Certain areas are more resilient, and in those areas, natural forest regeneration, for example, can be encouraged. The aim of this study was to identify areas of greater resilience in order to support the connection of Atlantic Forest fragments with ecological corridors. Forest fragments in the municipality of Paraíba do Sul, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, were mapped using the supervised maximum likelihood classification of an Operational Land Imager (OLI)/Landsat-8 sensor image. Next, we analyzed the influence of terrain attributes (aspect, incident solar radiation, slope, and curvature profile) on natural regeneration. The areas with the greatest potential to achieve natural regeneration and to form ecological corridors were indicated through fuzzy membership functions. Within Paraíba do Sul, 31% of the territory is covered by vegetation in different stages of regeneration. Recordings were made of 1,251 forest fragments in a middle or advanced stage of regeneration. These fragments are usually situated in the southeast, south, and southwest aspects, in areas that receive the least amount of global solar radiation (Wh·m-2) per year, and on slopes with an angle of inclination greater than 20%. The adjustment of fuzzy functions identified 17,327.5 ha with a tendency to recover, and which are therefore strategic areas in the development of ecological corridors.
ANALYSIS OF EUCALYPTUS GLUED-LAMINATED TIMBER PORTICOS STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE
Authors: Petrauski Sandra Maria Ferreira Couri , Silva José de Castro , Petrauski Alfredo , Lucia Ricardo Marius Della
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the structural behavior of porticos made from eucalyptus glued boards, using wood of Eucalyptus sp and resorcinol formaldehyde adhesive. Three units, in real scale, of tri-articulated straight porticos, with a 5 meter porthole and a 26º inclination, capable to support tiles covering placement were designed, constructed and subjected to load testing, until rupture. The amount of adhesive used in the construction of the porticos was 250 g/m2 and the bonding pressure of 1.3 MPa. The Hankinson model was employed as an estimator of the glued joints strength, under different angles between the fibers. The average value for the last resistance of the structures was 4.63 times the design load, according to the criteria established by the ABNT, 1997. The structures showed satisfactory mechanical performance and deformations lower than the ones allowed by the standard. It was concluded there is technical feasibility to manufacture porticos fully bonded with small thickness veneers.
THERMAL DEGRADATION AND MORPHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF FOUR WOOD SPECIES USED IN LUMBER INDUSTRY
Authors: Poletto Matheus
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was characterize four wood waste samples from lumber industry in order to obtain previous information about structure and properties of wood before use it as a biofuel or as reinforcement in composite formulations. The influence of wood components on the thermal degradation stability of different wood species has been investigated using thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. Four wood species, Eucalyptus grandis (EUG), Pinus elliottii (PIE), Dipteryx odorata (DIP) and Mezilaurus itauba (ITA), were used in this study. The results showed that higher extractives contents may form a thin film on the wood fiber surface which can accelerate the degradation process and reduce the wood thermal stability
CANOPY HEIGHT MODELS TO MONITOR AREAS UNDER DEGRADATION IN MIXED OMBROPHILE
Authors: Alixandrini Junior Mauro José , Valadares Josmar Oliveira , Loch Carlos
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT This research was aimed at providing a study of digital elevation models from Airborne Laser Scanner (ALS) data. The goal was to improve the forest monitoring, or more specifically, arboreal canopy monitoring, which contains the most elevated vegetation of the forest. It is also described as the surface above the canopy top. The region of rain forest between the states of São Paulo and Paraná in Brazil was analyzed. The proposed method employs the ALS system that provides information related to different vegetative cover bedding, to analyze it and reach to estimate for the most elevated stage. The methodology is based on differentiating the identified surfaces in the original set of data. It uses these surfaces with a raster, which was obtained from an interpolation of different sets of points from the surfaces of interest. The raster structure, unlike vector data, allows for processes linked to the digital processing of images. It enables implementation of digital filters over the data. The method helped in reducing the influence of errors during classification and achieving the theoretical surface. The results revealed a coherent relationship with anthropogenic influence such as the introduction of exotic vegetation. We concluded that arboreal vegetation could be an index of conservation for environmental registration and licensing organizations.
Influence of the Resin Cement Thickness on the Push-Out Bond Strength of Glass Fiber Posts
Authors: Marcos Regina Maria Helen-Cot ,   Universidade Positivo,  Brazil, Kinder Gustavo Ross , Alfredo Edson , Quaranta Tarcisio , Correr Gisele Maria , Cunha Leonardo Fernandes da , Gonzaga Carla Castiglia
Published: December 2016

Abstract The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of resin cement thickness on the bond strength of prefabricated and customized glass fiber posts after storage in distilled water. Thirty human uniradicular roots were treated endodontically. The roots were divided into 3 groups: THIN (thin cement layer) - post space preparation with #0.5 drill and cementation of #0.5 post; THICK (thick cement layer) - post space preparation with #1 drill and cementation of #0.5 post; and CUSTOM (customized cement layer) - post space preparation with #1 drill and cementation of a customized post (#0.5 glass fiber posts customized with resin composite). All posts were luted with self-adhesive resin cement. The push-out test was carried out after storage for 24 h and 90 days in distilled water at 37 °C. The data were analyzed with three-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (a=0.05). Bond strengths were significantly higher for CUSTOM (9.37 MPa), than for THIN (7.85 MPa) and THICK (7.07 MPa), which were statistically similar. Considering the thirds, the bond strength varied in the sequence: apical (7.13 MPa) < middle (8.22 MPa) = coronal (8.94 MPa). Bond strength for 24 h storage was significantly higher (8.80 MPa) than for 90-day storage (7.40 MPa). It may be concluded that the thickness of resin cement influenced the bond strength of glass fiber posts. The customized posts presented higher bond strength. Storage in water for 90 days affected negatively the values of bond strength, especially for thick cement layers in the apical third.
Murine Experimental Root Canal Infection: Cytokine Expression in Response to F. nucleatum and E. faecalis
Authors: Reis Andressa Lamari ,   Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil, Oliveira Ricardo Reis , Tavares Warley Luciano Fonseca , Saldanha Thamyris Duque Silva , Farias Luiz de Macêdo , Vieira Leda Quércia , Ribeiro Sobrinho Antônio Paulino ,   Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
Published: December 2016

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the gene expression of proinflammatory (RANKL, TNF-a and IFN-g) and regulatory (TGF-b and IL-10) cytokines as reaction to experimental infection by mono or bi-association of Fusobacterium nucleatum (ATCC 10953) and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433). F. nucleatum and E. faecalis, either in mono- or bi-association were inoculated into the root canal system (RCS) of Balb/c mice. Animals were sacrificed at 10 and 20 days after infection and periapical tissues surrounding the root were collected. The mRNA expression of the cytokines RANKL, TNF-a, IFN- g, TGF-b and IL-10 was assessed using real-time PCR. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for statistical analysis. F. nucleatum mono-infection induced high expression of RANKL and TNF-a, while its modulation was due to IL-10. High expression of IFN-g at day 20 was up-regulated by E. faecalis and RANKL; TNF-a was up-regulated by an independent mechanism via IL-10 and TGF-b. Bi-association (F. nucleatum and E. faecalis) stimulated high expression of RANKL, TNF-a and IFN-g, which seemed to be modulated by TGF-b 20 days later. The gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines was more prominent in the earlier periods of the experimental periapical infection, which concomitantly decreased in the later period. This expression may be regulated by IL-10 and TGF-b in an infection-specific condition
Morphological Study and Analysis of Microhardness and Permeability of the Furcation of Maxillary Premolars
Authors: Nascimento Tiago Elias ,   Universidade de São Paulo,  Brazil, Souza-Flamini Luis Eduardo , Palma-Dibb Regina Guenka , Silva Ricardo Gariba , Saquy Paulo Cesar , Pécora Jesus Djalma , Cruz-Filho Antonio Miranda
Published: December 2016

Abstract The morphology, microhardness and dentin permeability of the furcation region of maxillary premolars were evaluated. Ten premolars were cut lengthwise and the furcation region was delimited. In one group (n=10) microhardness was measured in the buccal, central and palatal regions, in the outer middle and inner layers of the furcation, and in the buccal and palatal regions adjacent to the furcation. Knoop hardness was tested with 10 g load for 15 s. Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer test (a=0.05). In the other group (n=10) confocal microscopy was used to study dentin morphology. Other 10 specimens were instrumented with ProTaper and immersed in 10% copper sulfate for analysis of permeability under light microscopy. About microhardness, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) among the buccal (39.9±3.1), central (39.5±4.4) and palatal (39.7±5.0) regions of the furcation, or between these regions and the adjacent buccal (39.1±5.8) and palatal (39.7±5.8) regions (p>0.05). The inner layer (42.3±3.7) had significantly higher microhardness (p<0.05) than the outer layer (37.1±3.9). There was a tendency of calcification of the dentinal tubules from the outer towards the inner layer. The percentage of stained area was 12.45±2.0%, restricted to the outer layer. The buccal, central and palatal regions of the furcation as well as the buccal and palatal adjacent regions had similar microhardness values. In conclusion, the inner dentin layer is harder than the outer dentin layer. The dentinal tubules are sinuous and intertwine towards the middle layer. Dye penetration is restricted to the outer layer.