bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Whatisa Function?
Authors: Hyer Brian
Published: February 2013

This article discusses Hugo Riemann's notion of a tonal or harmonic function, which he first introduced into musical-theoretical discourse, Vereinfachte Harmonielehre in 1893. Riemann's notion of a tonal function refers to either the chords or properties of chords, classified as: tonic, dominant, and subdominant. In this article, the focus is on the equation of “function” with “meaning”, because it is in this connection that the term “function” occurs for the first time, and because the equation forms the core of the later references to the idea. What follows is a critical appraisal rather than history of the concept. The aim in this article is to consider within broad but specific historical boundaries, the discursive potential of the term in Riemann's theoretical writings.
Riemann and Melodic Analysis
Authors: Gelbart Matthew , Rehding Alexander
Published: February 2013

This article discusses Riemann's Folkloristische Tonalitätsstudien or “Studies in Folk-Musical Tonality”. While his study at a glance seemed to contradict his earlier beliefs on tonality as a natural and universal system, his study however, sought to reinforce the natural basis of the tonal system by looking and examining non-European repertoires. Riemann's Folkloristische Tonalitätsstudien is unique among his studies in that it is his only treatise that does not start out from the assumption of tonal triadic harmonies; instead, it approaches musical structures from a strictly melodic angle. In this article, the focus is on Riemann's melodic analysis and evolutionary history of scalar models. It focuses on his analysis of pentatonicism and tetrachords. In his Folkloristische Tonalitätsstudien, Riemann is generally careful not to commit to a chronology, but supplies instead heuristic links between structural stages. While his explanation of tetrachords as three-note fragments of pentatonic scales with infixed pien is historically doubtful, his study nevertheless allowed him to examine all scalar systems as combinations of these two principles. Thus, his study on folk music has been pressed into service to represent a middle ground between strict pentatonicism and modern diatonism.
Neo-Riemannian Perspectives on theHarmonieschritte, with a Translation of Riemann'sSystematik der Harmonieschritte
Authors: Engebretsen Nora
Published: February 2013

This article examines Riemann's discussion of the Harmonieschritte within the Skizze, locating that discussion within a nineteenth-century combinatorial tradition shaped by Riemann's conception of key. In this article, Riemann's Harmonieschritte is examined from three neo-Riemann standpoints. The first section offers a short introduction to the Harmonieschritte and examines neo-Riemann theory's embrace of these relationships, emphasizing the conflation of functional relations and root-interval transformations that this embrace has entailed. The second section discusses the development of Riemann's system of Harmonieschritte despite of neo-Riemannian theorists's acknowledgement of the system's susceptibility to interpretation as a group of transformations on the consonant triads. The third section focuses on tonal coherence, with particular interest on Riemann's recognition that Harmonieschritte might portend the sort of harmonic practice embraced by neo-Riemannians if left unchecked. The article concludes with a translation of Riemann's Systematik der Harmonieschritte, the summary of the complete “chromatic” family of triadic relations from the Skizze.
Criteria for Analysis
Authors: Caplin William E.
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on Riemann's theories of rhythm and meter. It specifically aims to clarify the criteria that Riemann uses in justifying his metrical analyses by examining his theories from two general perspectives. The first perspective assumes that musical events are understood to receive their metrical interpretation—that is, which events are deemed metrically accented and which are metrically unaccented—according to the mechanics of notation associated with that theory, such as time signatures and bar lines. This perspective is termed notated meter. The second perspective assumes on the contrary that the musical events themselves can express their own metrical interpretation independent of the notation. That is, the interaction of certain musical parameters (such as duration, motivic contour, duration) can engender a sense of meter in a listener who is unaware of how the music may be actually notated. This perspective is termed expressed meter. While Riemann failed to realize the full potential of his own skepticism on the status of notation, his attempt to account for the origin of accent on the basis of musical content alone remains a significant achievement in the history of metrical theory.
Reading between the Lines
Authors: Burnham Scott
Published: February 2013

This article examines Riemann's most sustained treatment of harmony and meter, as found in his analyses of the Beethoven piano sonatas. In this article, Riemann's analyses are used as a basis, not only to elucidate on how Riemann's theories work but also to demonstrate how they can illuminate Beethoven's music. Focusing on three sonatas of Beethoven's Op. 31, the article reveals the circumstances in which Riemann does not have the luxury or freedom to make abstract or systematic pronouncements, but is instead confronted with the concrete situation of having to make sense of a musical composition. In this article, the focus is on Riemann's rhythmic analysis. It aims to answer how Riemann uncovers periodic logic in Beethoven's labile phrase rhythm, and what this logic means for the examination of Beethoven's compositional trajectory.
Introduction
Authors: Davies Brian , Stump Eleonore
Published: February 2013

The book presents the contributions of Thomas Aquinas (1224/25–1274) as a theologist to society. The book covers his two most important works, Summa contra Gentiles (SCG) and Summa theologiae (ST) that presents the scope and philosophical character of medieval theology practiced by Aquinas. Several topics covered in those two large works are also investigated in more detail in the smaller works resulting from Aquinas's numerous academic disputations, which he conducted in his various academic posts. The book also explores Aquinas's most obvious philosophical connection with Aristotle. It also mentioned that Aquinas often adopts Aristotle's critical attitude toward theories associated with Plato, especially the account of ordinary substantial forms as separately existing entities. The book presents Aquinas as a paradigmatic Christian philosopher-theologian, who was fully aware of his intellectual debt to religious doctrine. He was convinced, however, that Christian thinkers should be ready to dispute rationally on any topic, especially theological issues, not only among themselves but also with non-Christians of all sorts. Aquinas differed from many of his thirteenth-century Christian colleagues in the breadth and depth of his respect for Islamic and Jewish philosopher-theologians, especially Avicenna and Maimonides. He saw them as valued coworkers in the vast project of philosophical theology, clarifying and supporting religious doctrine by philosophical analysis and argumentation.
Matter, Form, and Individuation
Authors: Brower Jeffrey E.
Published: February 2013

The aim of the article is to provide a systematic introduction to Aquinas's primary or basic notions of matter and form. Aquinas considered matter and form as if they were entities belonging to specific ontological types or categories such as concrete, individuals and properties. He identified the matter of the statue example with a lump of bronze, which he regarded as a concrete individual and he identified the forms of the same example with different shapes, which he regarded as contingent properties or accidents. Aquinas denied that matter and form could be identified with entities of either type. Aquinas believed that there is the existence of change in which an immaterial (or spiritual) substance acquires a new contingent property or accident. This change will involve the generation and corruption of hylomorphic compounds, and hence entities composed of both matter and form. The matter of this change will itself be immaterial. Aquinas thought that all of the changes belong to a single type namely, ones involving a substance changing with respect to one of its contingent properties or accidents. Aquinas described prime matter as the primary principle of individuation, even though he reserved a role for a certain type of accident to play. Aquinas invoked matter and form to account for certain relations of sameness and difference holding between distinct individuals.
The Five Ways
Authors: Pawl Timothy
Published: February 2013

Aquinas offered ‘Five Ways’ that are the five proofs or demonstrations near the beginning of his Summa theologiae to establish the existence of God. Some scholars think that Aquinas's Five Ways are meant to demonstrate the existence of the particularly Christian God. Others treat Aquinas's Five Ways as attempts to demonstrate the existence of something omniscient, omnipotent, and wholly good. The First Way focuses on the motion in which he argued that there exist some things that are moved, for anything that is moved, it be moved by something not identical with it, a series of movers does not regress infinitely and therefore there must be a first unmoved mover. Aquinas's Second Way focuses on efficient causation in which he argued that there is an ordered series of efficient causes among sensible things, it is impossible that a thing is the efficient cause of itself, and it is not possible for an ordered series of efficient causes to continue infinitely. Aquinas mentioned that his Third Way is from possibility and necessity, but one must be careful how to understand ‘necessity’ or ‘possibility’, as one shall see. Aquinas's Fourth Way mention that there are things that are more or less good, more or less true, more or less noble, and so on, there is something maximally good, maximally true, and maximally noble, which is maximally true is maximally being and there is something which is maximally being. The Fifth Way, and final way, is from the governance of things.
God's Impassibility, Immutability, and Eternality
Authors: Leftow Brian
Published: February 2013

The article discusses Aquinas's views on God's impassibility, immutability, and eternality. Aquinas argued that God has no passions and God's perfection rules out his negative emotions, such as sorrow, fear, envy, or anger. He mentioned that God cannot be angry because he cannot feel sorrow and he cannot be injured. Aquinas believed that the emotional side of impassibility is a minor detail in the doctrine of God. God's causal impassivity is a consequence of a fundamental, far-reaching claim that Aquinas makes about God. A passive potency is an ability to ‘move’ (change), or rather be moved, with respect to having an attribute. According to Aquinas the ‘motion’ is as such the actualization of potency. Any item that passes from potency to act has the potency temporally before it has the actuality. The claim that God is causally impassive plays a large role in Aquinas's accounts of God's knowledge and providence. Aquinas argued that the doctrine of divine immutability (DDI) rules out only change in quality such as color, intelligence or quantity such as size and shape. Aquinas believed that DDI entails that God is eternal. Aquinas argued that the concept (ratio) of eternity is a consequence of immutability. Aquinas also argued that God is wholly without motion so he is not measured by time.
Emotions
Authors: King Peter
Published: February 2013

Aquinas's theory of the emotions (passiones animae) is cognitivist, somatic, and taxonomical. Aquinas identified eleven essentially distinct types of emotions, which include six concupiscible emotions of love and hate, desire and aversion, delight and distress, and five irascible emotions of hope and despair, confidence and fear, and anger. The concupiscible emotions are directed at objects insofar as they appear to be good or evil, whereas the irascible emotions are directed at objects insofar as they present something good or evil that might be hard to achieve or to avoid. Aquinas argued that emotions are sensitive rather than intellective because they essentially involve physiological changes, unlike the operations of the intellective faculties of intellect and will. Aquinas mentioned that there are four distinct types of psychological activity that include sensitive cognition also known as perception, the domain of the external and internal senses, sensitive appetite, the domain of the emotions, intellective cognition, the domain of thought and reasoning, and intellective appetite, the domain of free will. Aquinas held that the sensitive appetite ‘inherits’ its intentional character from cognition, which must therefore figure in the account of emotion. Aquinas is a cognitivist about emotion, since cognitive acts are not only causal preconditions of emotion, but contribute their formal causes as well
Virtues and Vices
Authors: Porter Jean
Published: February 2013

The concept of virtue has a central role in Aquinas's thought. Aquinas's moral theology incorporates both a general theory of virtue, and extensive consideration of the ideals and precepts proper to particular virtues. According to Aquinas, actuality is the fundamental characteristic of any kind of existence, which implies that every actually existing thing is in act and can be said to be perfect insofar as it is fully in act. Perfection is understood, correlatively, as the fullest possible development and expression of the creature's dispositions and capacities, in accordance with the intelligible causal powers and inclinations. Aquinas acknowledged that one can legitimately regard the traditional cardinal virtues as general qualities of every praiseworthy action, but he argued that these are distinct virtues, corresponding to the distinct faculties of the soul. Aquinas interpreted the kinds of actions traditionally associated with particular virtues in such a way as to display these as perfections of specific faculties, and exemplifications of general ideals of praiseworthy behavior. The passions, which are naturally oriented toward what is perceived as desirable and away from what is perceived as noxious through the senses, are shaped through reason in such a way as to aim towards the overall good of the person through virtues of temperance and fortitude.
Enlightenment and Scottish Common Sense Philosophy
Authors: Grey Robin
Published: February 2013

This article exhibits the situations that led the Transcendentalists to turn to Scottish Common Sense philosophy and the reasons behind this turn. In contrast to eighteenth-century British Enlightenment philosophy, the Transcendentalists tended to define their metaphysics and their epistemology and rejected the neoclassical literary authors on their college curriculum. It was in defiance of those philosophies that the young Emerson at Harvard adopted the Scottish Common Sense philosophies of Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart. The article explains that the turn signaled the Transcendentalists' desire not only for a less skeptical philosophy of human knowledge but also for an unequivocal explanation of moral conduct. The article also examines the indebtedness of Transcendentalists towards the Scottish Enlightenment thinkers. Though they explicitly rejected it in the area of epistemology and metaphysics, it had a much less acknowledged adoption in the field of moral philosophy.
Nineteenth-Century Print Culture
Authors: Zboray Ronald J. , Zboray Mary Saracino
Published: February 2013

This article looks at nineteenth-century print culture and the way Transcendentalism dealt with the boom of print and manuscript production, dissemination, and reception. The field of print reproduction was at the time in question redefined by broader socioeconomic changes that turned America into a modern industrial nation. The period indeed was a turning point for Transcendentalism as by the midcentury publishers were beholding a vast mass market and they had the means of tapping into it. This nascent mass consumer culture of print provided opportunities as well as posing problems for the Transcendentalists, as they could not easily adopt an ethic of meeting consumer demand. The article also examines the lack of “reception” of Transcendentalism in print.
Religion
Authors: von Frank Albert J.
Published: February 2013

This article discusses the variety of religious thoughts that existed in society during and before the Transcendentalist period and the impact of such thoughts on the movement and its relation with them. The article puts a emphasis on Unitarianism as the movement had its roots in Transcendentalism. The Transcendentalists sympathized with their elders' modernizing revolt against surviving forms of Puritanism and may be said to have sustained that revolt ably throughout their first and second generations. Unitarian and Transcendentalist alike shared a conclusion that Calvinism was no proper guide for nineteenth-century Americans, who required a principle of progress in their religious views, room for effectual moral education, and scope for the advancement of the intellect. The article also discusses two significant parallel developments in American popular culture: spiritualism and “New Thought” philosophy as they emerged as extensions or caricatures of Transcendentalism.
Environmentalist Thought and Action
Authors: Newman Lance
Published: February 2013

This article looks at the evolution of the concept of nature from a field for spiritual seeking into the broadening of Transcendentalism. The article also looks on the responses of major Transcendentalists towards that change. Despite having taken shape within Unitarianism, the Transcendentalist movement quickly developed into a comprehensive critique of capitalism that combined protoenvironmentalist attitudes with radical ideas about social reform. The article also talks about the involvement of major Transcendentalists in the movement. It was Ralph Waldo Emerson who led the Transcendentalist turn to nature by resigning his ministry at Boston's Second Church in 1832. The Transcendentalist ideal of the green city, which partly inspired the Brook Farmers, may be the movement's least well-recognized legacy. It developed in direct response to the realities of urbanization in the Northeast.
Manifest Destiny and the Question of the Moral Absolute
Authors: Buell Lawrence
Published: February 2013

This article seeks to comprehend the contradictions inherent in the thinking of the Transcendentalists. The most particular concern here is to make sense of the paradox of Transcendentalism's strong antiestablishment tendencies as against the signs of its complicity with American expansionism. The article critically examines the stand of Transcendentalists according to new phenomena of the world. It explains the concept of “English race” and different opinions of different people about it. It also talks about the Transcendentalists' vacillations between dissent from and acquiescence to the nineteenth-century national, political, and ideological status quo as the movement evolved. Emerson, Thoreau, Bronson Alcott, and William Henry Channing are criticized for their stand on the concept of “west”. Transcendentalists have been accused of precipitating the climate of moralistic extremism in American society.
Journals
Authors: Sattelmeyer Robert
Published: February 2013

From the beginnings of Transcendentalism, journals were an important form of both private and public discourse. As this article states, even though the most interesting writing produced during that period was found in the journals of the major literary figures of Transcendentalism, they were difficult to define because their forms and functions were so varied. Most of the major figures associated with Transcendentalism kept journals for at least some period of their lives. An additional advantage journal writing had was that its very looseness, informality, and irregular nature gave it certain intrinsic advantages over more polished forms of expression. Despite Transcendentalist journals' diametrically opposed editorial policies, the net effect of the appearance of carefully edited editions of Emerson's and Thoreau's journals has been to heighten awareness among scholars of their importance and to bring these texts fully into scholarly discourse about Transcendentalism.
Letter Writing
Authors: Hudspeth Robert N.
Published: February 2013

The letters the Transcendentalists wrote each other were a kind of literary performance; they were indirect and they were a verbal play. As the article explains, among the Transcendentalists, the reaching out to close ones was often accomplished through private, very personal letters. While all writers write letters, and many of the letters of the Transcendentalists memorable, even brilliant, the Transcendentalists distinguished themselves in this genre because their letters were often an art form in themselves, one that explored their most abiding concern to know the nature of a human self. However, the Transcendentalists seldom wrote about the “holy” in their letters. Even so, not all of their letters were literature, nor did every letter rise to significant intellectual occasions, for the mail was for the Transcendentalists as it was for the public at large, a means of conducting life's ordinary business. But letters were more than just life's business; they were also an opportunity to be creative.
The Dial
Authors: Belasco Susan
Published: February 2013

The Dial, the quarterly journal of the Transcendentalists, was published from July 1840 through April 1844. It played a crucial role in the social and literary segment of the then America. Dial helped launch the careers of a series of important American writers. As the article narrates, the idea for the journal originated with the “Transcendental Club,” a small group of young people in New England with Ralph Waldo Emerson at the center. Starting a journal was hardly a novel idea in the mid-nineteenth century as there were more than 1,500 periodicals already in existence, and dozens of new magazines and journals were founded every year in the United States. It was in this complex literary marketplace the young Transcendentalist optimistically considered the scope and purposes of the new journal. However, the article says, that the journal found its way.
Literary Criticism
Authors: Steele Jeffrey
Published: February 2013

This article is about the Transcendentalist critics and their style of criticism. Though there were various opinions on how a literary work should be formed, Transcendentalists thought neither creation nor reading should take place in solitude; they constantly evaluated the factors that shaped creativity and critical awareness. But individual writers linked critical perception to personal or cultural factors. It was the variety of reading practices that formed the foundation of their critical analyses. Transcendentalists such as Orestes Brownson and Margaret Fuller insisted that literary acts needed to be connected to their material and cultural contexts, rather than focusing solely on the products of genius. Literature, in their eyes, was not only expressive but also relational in its form and function. The article states that most of the Transcendentalists insisted that writers must “sympathize with the people in their sentiments and passions, their joys and sorrows”.
Biography, Memoir, and Reminiscence
Authors: Habich Robert D.
Published: February 2013

This article looks at memoirs, biographies, and reminiscence. In a journal entry for 1832, while musing over the need for a “Modern Plutarch,” Ralph Waldo Emerson declared, “I would draw characters not write lives”. His statement suggests clear lines between portraiture and narrative, art and exposition, the internal and external selves, troubling issues in the writing of biography that were far from clear during the nineteenth century. Like their contemporaries in an age enamored of biography, the Transcendentalists struggled with these distinctions, and while the impulse to “write lives”—to reveal the individuality of another person—would seem central to the Transcendentalists' project, they did surprisingly little of it. Personally Thoreau found the lives of others morally compelling. Likewise, Emerson's injunctions in Nature against building “sepulchres of the fathers” would seem to equate biography with unproductive retrospection. For the Transcendentalists, biographical authority derived from a sympathetic relationship to one's subject.
Concord
Authors: Bosco Ronald A.
Published: February 2013

While much of the exchange between the Transcendentalists occurred in Boston, without a doubt the heart of the movement was in the nearby small town of Conocrd. Concord was the birthplace for Henry David Thoreau and a long-time home for members of Ralph Waldo Emerson's extended family. Having spent boyhood summers in the town, Emerson settled there as an adult. The Hawthornes and Alcotts also lived in the small town for some years. By the 1850s, Concord had become a pilgrimage destination as people from all over the United States and the world came to pay homage to Emerson. This article is far less about how we approach, see, feel, and appropriate Concord today than about how Concord was approached, seen, felt, and appropriated by William Dean Howells and his contemporaries, who visited the town and took it into their respective consciousnesses from the middle of the nineteenth century into the early twentieth.
Boston and Beyond
Authors: Scholnick Robert J.
Published: February 2013

The Transcendentalists' embrace of particular provinces was central to their strategy of escaping what might be called the anxiety of provincialism. The article states that the majority of them possessed that feeling. However, as the article puts it, they had to reach beyond Boston. In both its origins and continuing development, Transcendentalism was transnational. It had its beginnings in the work of writers such as Johann G. Fichte, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, and Thomas Carlyle. That deepening contacts between American writers and like-minded colleagues in England proved to be essential to Transcendentalism's growth and development from the 1830s through the Civil War. The article explains in detail that the involvement of scholars and writers in the movement proved the insignificance of the concept of provincialism. And that mainly came from Britain.
Families and Friendships
Authors: Addison Elizabeth
Published: February 2013

This article explains how personal relationships and family bonds played a crucial role in making Transcendentalism what it was. Personal attachments and attractions as well as relations by birth or marriage, were thickly interlaced. The article states that in the most intense years of the movement, its signal enterprises almost simultaneously revealed an intricate interplay of related persons and friends. Later on the formal associations petered out, but the individual Transcendentalists continued their relationships, tied by the bonds of blood or marriage and by friendship. The energy of their friendships helped them as they moved towards the reform movements of the midcentury. In the antislavery movement and the movement for women's rights, they worked together or supported each other's efforts. When conflicts arose, the need to keep those enterprises going and the desire to mend those personal relationships worked to make the movement what it was, revolutionary yet persistent, idealistic, and passionate.
Segmented Assimilation and the American Experience of Asian Immigrant Children
Authors: Zhou Min
Published: February 2013

This article first reviews theoretical ideas of classical assimilation and segmented assimilation. It then offers a descriptive analysis of Asian immigrant children's experiences of growing up in America to illustrate what enables some group members to move ahead in middle-class America while others are trapped in the underprivileged segments of the host society.
Case Study: Oral History and Democracy: Lessons from Illiterates
Authors: Vilanova Mercedes
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on case studies in oral history with the backdrop of democracy and lessons learnt form illiterates. The “discovery” of illiteracy and its defining characteristics should be a main focus of oral history. The difficulties in reaching illiterates, the communication problems, and their frequent silences, especially in societies that have suffered civil wars and harsh political repression, challenge historians. The experience of interviewing them allows us to measure the degree to which the historian is anchored in the literate culture and complicit in the power of writing. This case study presents some results, a comparison between the samples, and the theoretical challenges about the role of democracy and illiteracy in situations of social and political upheaval. The research centers on proving that illiterates are not disruptive and that they show a moderate response. As a conclusion, future research is presented in the form of four conjectures which winds up this article.
Memory and Remembering in Oral History
Authors: Thomson Alistair
Published: February 2013

Memory is not a passive depository of facts, but an active process of creation of meanings. This article focuses on the importance of memory and remembering in oral history. The literature about memory ranges across several academic disciplines and is daunting in size and scope. This article also considers approaches to memory and remembering, which can enhance oral historians' understanding of the interview and its interpretation. It begins by charting the history of oral historians' approaches to memory and then distills current research about memory and remembering—from cultural studies, and narrative theory. It explores the idea of memory research by arguing that remembering is not like playing back a tape or looking at a picture; more like telling a story. The consistency and accuracy of memories is therefore an achievement, not a mechanical production. It also explains ideas of narrative theory, memory paradox and social relationships against the backdrop of oral history.
The Stages of Women's Oral History
Authors: Armitage Susan H.
Published: February 2013

The evolution and the various stages of women's history is the essence of this article. This article records women's history on a more personal way. Over the years, Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies has published four special issues on women's oral history, which serve as chronological markers for the development of women's oral history. The author of this article built up her own methodology in order to record the oral history of women. The early days of carrying out women's oral history were exhilarating. The focus was laid upon women who formed the marginalized of society. Miners' wives, farmers' wives who remembered the Dust Bowl, even a single woman homesteader were interviewed and it was their experiences which were accounted for in recording women's history. A common pattern was to use excerpts from completed interviews to create public programs. A search for women's culture, words, feminism, and the problem of representation concludes this article.
Remembering in Later Life: Generating Individual and Social Change
Authors: Bornat Joanna
Published: February 2013

Both oral history and what has come to be known as “reminiscence work” acquired a public profile around the same time, during the 1970s and early 1980s, in Europe and North America. This article focuses on the importance of remembrance in later life. For oral history, remembering is seen as a means to an end. By contrast, reminiscence work fixes on the process, the social interactions and changes brought about by engaging in remembering. Reminiscence work continues to be discovered and applied by practitioners and researchers without much awareness of its history and origins. A case study from the United Kingdom serves as an example. Remembrance helps in generating individual and social change which comes along gradually. The search for an evidence base for interventions has costs attached. All of this has tended to take over the nature of evaluations and outcomes of reminiscence and life review.
After Action: Oral History and War
Authors: Hutching Megan
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on the importance of oral history in recording wars. The article draws on personal experiences of interviewing veterans of the Second World War. Oral history interviews illuminate the often-ignored experiences of ordinary people caught up in war and the range of reactions that different aspects of war evoked from them, while reminding us that combat—”the quintessential war experience”—is not the sole defining experience of war. Interviews that concentrate on combat experiences reflect a very narrow concept of war. Most of the time in uniform is actually spent out of action. Most servicemen and women are not in front-line units. This article also reminds us that one of the joys of oral history is that you always get so much more than you ask for. This article emphasizes that commemorating war is often a collective experience. By contextualizing the individual experience in the narrative of war, oral history adds texture to those collective narratives.
Achieving the Promise of Oral History in a Digital Age
Authors: Boyd Doug
Published: February 2013

The phrase “digital revolution” is frequently used in both popular and academic discourse to describe the multiple contexts of our increasingly electronically enriched and computer-dependent society. The essence of this article happens to be achieving the promise of oral history in a digital age. In oral history and other academic areas utilizing the interview as a central methodological element, the “digital revolution” specifically refers to the mainstream integration of digital technologies into all facets of the oral history process—in the field, in the archive, and in the distribution of the interview content. This article explores how digital technologies have significantly impacted and have become integral to the recording of oral history, as well as to the dual archival imperatives of access and preservation. Digital video recording started playing a pivotal role in practices of oral history by the twentieth century. Oral history has always been bound to technology, and technologies will forever change.
Messiah with the Microphone? Oral Historians, Technology, and Sound Archives
Authors: Perks Robert B.
Published: February 2013

For decades, oral historians and their tape recorders have been inseparable, but it has also been an uneasy marriage of convenience. The recorder is both our “tool of trade” and also that part of the interview with which historians are least comfortable. Oral historians' relationship with archivists has been an uneasy one. From the very beginnings of the modern oral history movement in the 1940s, archivists have played an important role. The arrival of “artifact-free” digital audio recorders and mass access via the Internet has transformed the relationship between the historian and the source. Accomplished twenty-first-century oral history practitioners are now expected to acquire advanced technological skills to capture, preserve, analyze, edit, and present their data to ever larger audiences. The development of oral history in many parts of the world was influenced by the involvement of sound archivists and librarians. Digital revolution in the present century continues to influence oral history.
Case Study: The Southern Oral History Program
Authors: Hall Jacquelyn Dowd , Nasstrom Kathryn
Published: February 2013

A case study of the southern oral history program is the essence of this chapter. From its start in 1973 until 1999, the Southern Oral History Program (SOHP) was housed by the history department at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), rather than in the library or archives, where so many other oral history programs emerged. The SOHP is now part of UNC's Center for the Study of the American South, but it continues to play an integral role in the department of history. Concentrating on U.S. southern racial, labor, and gender issues, the program offers oral history courses and uses interviews to produce works of scholarship, such as the prize-winning book Like a Family: The Making of a Southern Cotton Mill World. The folks at the Institute for Southern Studies tried to combine activism with analysis, trying to figure out how to take the spirit of the movement into a new era.
Oral History in Universities: From Margins to Mainstream
Authors: Wilton Janis
Published: February 2013

This article chronicles the journey of oral histories from margins to the mainstream. Until the late 1970s oral history was something that happened only outside universities. When pursued within universities, it was considered a fairly unsophisticated method for research projects. The skepticism—though now both more refined and more filtered—and the commonsense view can still be found within universities. However, the growth in university oral history courses, research projects, archives and other activities, their diversity and innovative nature, and the burgeoning literature on the teaching of oral history in tertiary institutions all suggest that oral history has moved from the margins to the mainstream, and that it is recognized as grounded in complex and sophisticated theories and methods. This article aims, however, to provide an overview of key achievements, issues, strategies, and challenges, and to provoke thinking about ongoing and future issues, strategies, and concerns.
Introduction: Defining the New Cultural History of Music, Its Origins, Methodologies, and Lines of Inquiry
Authors: Fulcher Jane F.
Published: February 2013

This article introduces the convergence of two different fields: cultural history and music. It begins by discussing the revival of the cultural history of music and the theoretical synthesis that occurred within these two converging disciplines. It notes that both musicologists and historians are trying to not only return to the goal of capturing the complexity and texture of experience, communication, and understanding in the past, but also to do so by using a theoretically sophisticated approach. This article notes that cultural history and music are identifying the latter as a privileged point of entry into questions about past cultures.
Gender, Performativity, and Allusion in Medieval Services for the Consecration of Virgins
Authors: Borders James
Published: February 2013

This article takes a look at tenth- and eleventh-century rituals for the consecration of virgins. These rituals are described in detail in liturgical books with prayers, pontificals, chants, and rubrics for services that were presided over by a bishop or sometimes an abbot. The pontificals also contained accounts of monastic profession, church dedication, the consecration of a cemetery, the blessing of altars and other cult objects, and clerical ordination. The article notes that the services for the consecration of virgins were more erratic than comparable ones for clerical ordination. It also discusses ritual studies, which tries to explain the meaning of cultural phenomena through interpretation.
Yvette Guilbert and the Revaluation of the Chanson Populaire and Chanson Ancienne during the Third Republic, 1889–1914
Authors: Waeber Jacqueline
Published: February 2013

This article identifies the ideological subtexts that pushed Yvette Guilbert to create supposedly new repertoire that was dedicated to the celebration of the chanson populaire and the chanson ancienne. It looks at how Guilbert defined her conception of the “canon” of the chanson through its process of historicization, and examines Guilbert's career up to 1914. This article also studies her early pedagogical career, in light of the other modern pedagogical experiences that were developed in France.
A Matter of Style: State Sacrificial Music and Cultural-Political Discourse in Southern Song China (1127–1279)
Authors: Lam Joseph S. C.
Published: February 2013

This article tries to determine how song sonically and musically helped negotiate Confucian and imperial ideals with its specific melodic and rhythmic phrases, structural-formal patterns, and distinctive tonal modes. It examines the case study of “Welcoming the Deities” and speculates that musical negotiations of political and cultural agendas work with participants' manipulation and recognition of distinctive and stylized musical sounds. A survey of the political and cultural realities of Southern Song China and the musical capital, Lin'an is presented. The article also introduces the sacrificial music of the Southern Song state and summarizes the performance history and reception of state sacrificial music.
Translating Herder Translating: Cultural Translation and the Making of Modernity
Authors: Bohlman Philip V.
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on the translations made by Johann Gottfried Herder and traces the path of musical translation becoming cultural translation. It first studies the cultural life of translators, and then looks at the significance of Herder. It shows that he believed he could reveal poetry and music in biblical texts and theological interpretation. The next section explains how translation could become an act of modernizing, which relied on structural and rhetorical transformations. Herder's role in the “age of musical translation” and the transformations that occur in songs, epics, and musical sound that Herder translated are discussed.
Afterword: Whose Culture? Whose History? Whose Music?
Authors: Steinberg Michael P.
Published: February 2013

This article discusses the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra, a musical group composed of various musicians from Palestine and other Middle Eastern countries. They show how music is a thing of the world, through their performances of works by various composers, such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. The article takes a look at the double agenda of the Divan, its pedagogical transformations, and their translations, techniques, and use of melancholy.
Measurement in Health Psychology Research
Authors: Smith Timothy W.
Published: February 2013

This chapter provides an overview of basic principles and methods of measurement and illustrates their application in health psychology. Clearly articulated conceptual models and theoretical assumptions greatly facilitate sound measurement. In health psychology, several important considerations or contexts influence these conceptual models and other facets of the design, development, evaluation, and refinement of measurement procedures and techniques. Measures are useful to the extent that they permit valid inferences in the service of given research goals, and health psychology research encompasses a variety of goals and audiences.
Uncertainty, Variability, and Resource Allocation in the Health Care Decision Process
Authors: Kaplan Robert M.
Published: February 2013

Medicine is not a mechanical science. Instead, it is a social science that requires complex decisions based on ambiguous evidence. Uncertainty often exists about the correctness of the diagnosis, regarding whether treatments will make patients better, and regarding variability in beliefs that treatments are safe. This chapter presents evidence showing that substantial variability arises in physician decisions. It reviews several lines of research to demonstrate remarkable variation in the decisions to use diagnostic tests and therapeutic interventions. It argues that physician decisions are influenced by incentives to increase the number of patients receiving a chronic disease diagnoses through aggressive testing and through changes in the definition of what we label as “disease.” These incentives can have substantial impacts on health care costs, patient anxiety, and the organization and delivery of health care. Because of these problems, patients need to be much more active in sharing decisions about their own care. The final section of the chapter reviews the emerging literature on shared medical decision making.
Psychoneuroimmunology
Authors: Kemeny Margaret E.
Published: February 2013

Psychoneuroimmunology is an interdisciplinary field that involves the investigation of the bidirectional relationships among the mind, brain, immune system, and health. In this chapter, studies are reviewed demonstrating that exposure to stressful life experience can impact immune function, with relations depending on psychological and behavioral responses. In addition, our evolving understanding that the immune/inflammatory system can impact the brain and behavioral processes, including mood, motivation, and cognition, will be described. The implications of brain–immune communication for health and disease will be discussed.
Social Support: A Review
Authors: Taylor Shelley E.
Published: February 2013

Social support, which is the perception or experience that one is cared for, esteemed, and part of a mutually supportive social network, has beneficial effects on mental and physical health. We review the psychobiological pathways whereby these effects may occur and detail the circumstances under which socially supportive efforts may misfire. Origins of social support include genetic factors and the early environment. We examine gender and cultural differences in how social support is experienced. Under some circumstances, providing social support confers the same benefits as receiving it. A myriad number of social support interventions, including those delivered via the internet, have been evaluated and have the potential to provide emotional and informational support to people who might otherwise lack social support.
Beyond the Myths of Coping with Loss: Prevailing Assumptions Versus Scientific Evidence
Authors: Wortman Camille B. , Boerner Kathrin
Published: February 2013

This chapter reviews those developments in the field of bereavement that have led to changes in prevailing views about how people cope with the loss of a loved one. The first section provides a brief review of the most influential theories of grief and loss. Some of these theories have contributed to the myths of coping, whereas others have helped generate new questions about the grieving process. The second section discusses each myth of coping, summarizing available evidence and highlighting ways in which myths have changed over time as research evidence has accumulated. The final section discusses the implications of this work for researchers, clinicians, and the bereaved themselves. In so doing, it considers the efficacy of grief counseling or therapy. It also addresses the question of what physicians, funeral directors, employers, and friends can do to support the bereaved in their efforts to deal with loss.