bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of disorder, risk and safety: The method and framing effects
Authors: Acuña-Rivera Marcela , Uzzell David , Brown Jennifer
Published: November 2011

Several research studies have argued that people evaluate incivilities of places as part of the process of estimating how safe they might be. The study presented here examined whether such an assumption is upheld when people are allowed to express their thoughts about places before rating how disordered a place seems to them. British students evaluated three residential areas with different levels of disorder. First, participants had to write their impressions about the places and then rate how disordered, risky and unsafe the places seemed to them. The qualitative analysis showed that despite participants referred to physical disorder, only few participants mentioned crime and safety. Results from the quantitative analysis revealed that as the more disordered a place was rated the more unsafe it was considered. Findings suggest both that disordered places not always elicit unsafe concerns and that the so predicted relationship between disorder and safety maybe method dependant.
Interindividual differences in children's knowledge and uses of outdoor public spaces
Authors: Legendre Alain , Gómez-Herrera José
Published: November 2011

The focus of this study is on interindividual differences emerging among 6 to 11 year-old children in terms of their knowledge of and the way in which they use outdoor public spaces. A survey was conducted with 378 primary school children in a small town in the outskirts of Paris. A questionnaire was used to ascertain the children's knowledge, frequency of visits, recreational use and independent access to the main outdoor public spaces in their town. The results highlight that in an urban environment, public spaces fulfil an important function for children. As young as six years of age, children demonstrate that they already have an extensive knowledge of the squares, parks and play areas in their nearby urban environment. Most of the known outdoor public spaces are regularly visited and used for play by the children; however their independent access to these places is quite restricted. Independent access to outdoor spaces is the behaviour that shows the clearest evolution with age. However, the most important differences observed in children's knowledge and uses of public spaces are related to gender, in favour of the boys. Manifest differences also emerge between children who live in a house and those who live in a flat, the latter exhibiting a more extensive use of the public spaces in their town.
Confirmación de la estructura factorial de una escala de apego e identidad con el barrio
Authors: Ruiz Cristina , Hernández Bernardo , Hidalgo M. Carmen
Published: November 2011

Estudios previos indican que el apego y la identidad implican relaciones diferentes con un lugar, pero la alta correlación existente entre ambas variables a menudo dificulta su diferenciación empírica y conceptual. Esta falta de claridad en la relación entre distintos conceptos relacionados con el lugar representa para muchos el principal obstáculo para el avance en este campo. En este trabajo se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio para verificar la estructura factorial de la escala de apego e identidad con el barrio, desarrollada por Hernández, Hidalgo, Salazar-Laplace & Hess (2007). Asimismo, se compararon simultáneamente dos grupos creados en función de la variable tiempo de residencia. Los resultados permiten confirmar la estructura de los dos factores, validar que es la misma para los dos grupos comparados y valorar la influencia del tiempo de residencia en la intensidad de los vínculos.
The psychological determinants of attitudes toward relocation in the elderly: A survey study in urban and rural environments
Authors: Cerina Veronica , Fornara Ferdinando
Published: November 2011

The aim of the study is to analyze and compare different individual, psycho-social, and psycho-environmental responses of elderly living in different environments. The conceptual frame of reference is the Complementary-Congruence Model of person-environment fit (Carp & Carp, 1984), which focuses on relevant changes in person-environment relationship during the life-span, with particular attention to the processes of ageing. Participants (N = 201 aged over-65 recruited in urban and rural places) filled in a questionnaire including an array of measures. Significant differences emerged between urban and rural elderly residents in psychological well-being, social network, collective identity, and attitudes to relocate. Psycho-social and psycho-environmental dimensions were more influent than individual and intra-personal dimensions on attitudes toward short- and long-term relocation. In particular, a higher environmental competence and a lower home attachment and perceived social network are associated with attitudes toward both short-term and long-term relocation. Finally, environmental competence resulted also as the strongest antecedent of psychological well-being
An ageing population and a changing climate: The case of coastal communities in the UK
Authors: Fernández-Bilbao Amalia
Published: November 2011

A changing climate and an ageing population are two challenges that Europe will face in the next few decades. The elderly are potentially more vulnerable to climate change impacts such as heat-waves and flooding. This paper summarises the findings of two recent research projects that examined potential climate impacts and adaptation for coastal communities in the UK. The first study (Zsamboky et al., 2011) explored the vulnerability to climate change of disadvantaged coastal communities in the UK. The second study (Fernández-Bilbao et al., 2009) aimed to identify barriers and opportunities for involving coastal communities in planning for climate change adaptation. Both studies showed particularly low levels of awareness of climate change amongst the elderly. This may impact on their ability to adapt and increase their vulnerability. Future communication of climate change needs to take into account barriers to awareness and action. The findings are also relevant to non-coastal urban environments.
El papel del apoyo comunitario y el bienestar psicológico en el envejecimiento en el hogar
Authors: Cho Jinmyoung , Cook Christine C. , Martin Peter , Russell Daniel W.
Published: November 2011

Este trabajo estudia el efecto del apoyo comunitario y el bienestar psicológico en el envejecimiento en el hogar de las personas mayores de Iowa (EE.UU.). Se analizaron datos procedentes de 1134 participantes de 65 años o más para el estudio, y se llevaron a cabo análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y análisis multimuestra de Modelado de Ecuaciones Estructurales (Structural Equation Modeling, SEM), empleando Mplus 6.1, con el fin de evaluar en qué medida el apoyo comunitario predice el envejecimiento en el hogar a través del bienestar psicológico (soledad, depresión, autoevaluación del estado de salud) y para comparar el resultado de esta evaluación entre los residentes de zonas metropolitanas (metro) y a los residentes de zonas no metropolitanas (no-metro). Se observaron diferencias entre los residentes metro y no-metro en apoyo comunitario, depresión y autoevaluación del estado de salud. El análisis multimuestra apuntó a una diferencia entre las relaciones entre apoyo comunitario, bienestar psicológico y envejecimiento en el hogar. Concluimos que el ambiente (comunidad y grado de urbanización) es un factor clave en el mantenimiento de la salud física de las personas mayores, al igual que de su bienestar psicológico
Invited Editor's Introduction
Authors: Alves Susana
Published: November 2011

This special issue, dedicated to the study of ageing and environment relationships, presents research conducted both in North America and Europe examining the role of urban and rural places on older people's health and psychological wellbeing. The articles in this special issue reveal how urban and rural environments in different cultural contexts either restrict or promote older people's quality of life and wellbeing. The articles include the examination of an everyday life model for conceptualising person-environment relationships, the vulnerability to climate change in coastal areas, the community support among urban and rural residents, presence of a disability type (e.g. mobility, vision) or an enduring emotional problem (e.g. depression) and its relation to engagement in activities, and lastly psycho-social and environmental attitudes of the elderly in relation to environmental relocation
Everyday life in the context of outdoor spaces for older people
Authors: Alves Susana
Published: November 2011

This paper addresses older people's outdoor activities by taking an everyday life perspective to research. Everyday life refers to daily pursuits undertaken by different individuals. Everyday life is also a model for conceptualising person-environment relationships and for proposing practice-related actions to improve quality of life. This article argues for the need to give ‘everyday life’ a more prominent role in environmental psychology in the examination of what social and environmental factors contribute to health and wellbeing of older adults. As such, quality of life needs to be placed in the realm of one's existence and everyday environment. I define everyday life and place it in the context of ageing research. Next, I present some research tools for everyday life—derived from the Inclusive Design for Getting Outdoors (I'DGO) research project—which are useful to measure everyday patterns of outdoor activities. The article concludes by arguing for the use of an everyday life model to integrate research and practice in ageing research.
Model-Based Estimation of Dynamic Effect on Twenty-First-Century Precipitation for Swiss River Basins
Authors: Rudolph James V. , Friedrich Katja , Germann Urs
Published: November 2011

Projections of twenty-first-century precipitation for seven Swiss river basins are generated by linking high-resolution (2 km × 2 km) radar-estimated precipitation observations to a global climate model (GCM) via synoptic weather patterns. The use of synoptic patterns characterizes the effect of changes in large-scale circulation, or dynamic effects, on precipitation. In each basin observed total daily precipitation received during advective synoptic patterns is shown to be dependent on the basin’s general topographic aspect. Across all basins convective synoptic patterns follow the same trend in total daily precipitation with cyclonic patterns consistently producing a larger amount of precipitation than anticyclonic patterns. Identification of synoptic patterns from a GCM for the twenty-first century [Community Climate System Model, version 3.0, (CCSM3)] shows increasing frequency of anticyclonic synoptic patterns, decreasing frequency of cyclonic patterns, and constant frequency of advective patterns over Switzerland. When coupled with observed radar-estimated precipitation for each synoptic pattern, the changes in synoptic pattern frequencies result in an approximately 10%–15% decrease in decadal precipitation over the course of the twenty-first century for seven Swiss river basins. The study results also show an insignificant change in the future (twenty-first century) probability of exceeding the current (2000–08) 95th quantile of total precipitation. The lack of a trend in exceeding the 95th quantile of precipitation in combination with a decreasing trend in total precipitation provides evidence that dynamic effects will not result in increased frequency of heavy precipitation events, but that heavy precipitation will account for a greater proportion of total precipitation in Swiss river basins by the end of the twenty-first century.
I-deals in further education? A new approach to managerial job design
Authors: Page Damien
Published: November 2011

This paper discusses the neglected theme of job design in education. It argues that the traditional top-down method of designing work roles ignores the interests, abilities and needs of employees and leads to individuals adopting an unsanctioned approach to job design, ‘job crafting’. It is posited that a third approach is needed, that of ‘idiosyncratic deals' (or ‘i-deals'), which sees job design as a collaborative negotiation that has the potential to meet the needs of both organisation and employee. To ground this argument, the case of first-tier managers in further education (FE) is considered and a proposed framework of i-deals for this role is presented.
State-Owned Enterprises
Authors: Roper Juliet , Schoenberger-Orgad Michèle
Published: November 2011

This article seeks to broaden the parameters of the research into and discourse of CSR, which, by definition, has focused on corporations, but has neglected the role of governments as corporate owners. Greater awareness and transparency of corporate ownership should open up discussions of accountability, especially as citizens are arguably the principal shareholders of government-owned companies. These are issues of potential concern to organizational communication scholars. The article first examines the nature and genesis of government-owned corporations, particularly in the New Zealand context, which very much follows the pattern of similar corporations around the world. A case study follows, with extant literature of CSR, legitimacy, and the conventionally regarded relative roles of state and the economy drawn upon to inform discussion of the broader ramifications of the case for other organizational contexts.
Translating change into improved practice
Authors: Thorburn Malcolm , Carse Nicola , Jess Mike , Atencio Matthew
Published: November 2011

In Scotland, substantial changes in the management of education at national, local authority and school/community levels are afoot. Central to future improvements are how teachers translate curriculum guidelines, with an increased focus on health and wellbeing and holistic learning experiences, into constructivist inclined pedagogical practices. Through reviewing semi-structured interviews and planning conversations, this article reports on five teachers’ attempts to introduce new teaching approaches in primary school physical education programmes. Each of the teachers had completed a new Postgraduate Certificate in Physical Education, which aimed to help teachers understand more about developmentally appropriate physical education. We investigate their responses in trying to cultivate an emergent pedagogy with a greater emphasis on creating pedagogical opportunities that are inclusive and clearly connected with national educational priorities. Findings illustrate the diverse ways in which teachers used their professional development experiences as the basis for engaging with curriculum policy and the means by which they implemented new practices and knowledges in their schools.
The physical education and sport interface
Authors: Pope Clive C.
Published: November 2011

Within many school contexts physical education and sport have historically been positioned as polemic, and while there has been plenty of rhetoric about physical education as well as sport within education, there has seldom been engaged debate or discussion about the relationship between physical education and sport in school settings. This article revisits Elizabeth Murdoch’s heuristic of five conceptualizations for the physical education and sport interface ( Murdoch, 1990 ), reflecting that two decades have passed and neither physical education nor sport are what they used to be. Murdoch’s interface invites teachers and coaches to apply policy, practices and pedagogies that have influenced the relationship of physical education and sport at a local level. While focusing on the policy and pedagogy of sport and physical education in a New Zealand context, this article draws on similar trends and issues at an international level to reaffirm the global relevance of the issues and challenges being raised. Attention is drawn to the need to keep pace with and satisfy the ever-increasing needs and wants of the next generation of young people. It behoves teachers and coaches to present young people with sport experiences that are full and enriching, based on sound maxims that help students understand how sport can strengthen a culture.
‘In the Nation’s good’
Authors: Fry Joan Marian , McNeill Michael Charles
Published: November 2011

Since independence in 1965, education and sport have been instrumental in Singapore’s nation building, with a rapid rise in education and economic status. This article examines the roles of physical education and school sport in the local context and makes comparison with global themes ( instrumentality and marginality). It is argued that current roles in fitness development and social unification were established in early survival- and development-driven national policies. Syllabus revisions (1999, 2005) have mandated and reinforced a philosophical shift from technocratic efficiency to ability-driven learning process. Although the pedagogical practice of physical education has arguably been reoriented, its status in education remains low. A recent inquiry into primary school education recommended increasing core and co-curricular time for activity programmes, especially school-based sports talent development programmes, which are generally outsourced. Thus, the analysis presented in this article suggests that while school sport has gained a significant national and political profile in Singapore, physical education has not. Current improvements in physical education infrastructure are yet to impact on the quality of physical education pedagogy.
Promoting and sustaining high quality physical education and school sport through school sport partnerships
Authors: Flintoff Anne , Foster Rebecca , Wystawnoha Simon
Published: November 2011

School sport partnerships (SSPs) have been at the centre of a national strategy for Physical Education and School Sport (PESS) in England for the last seven years, aiming to improve both the range and quality of opportunities for young people to be physically active. While annual surveys show significantly increased opportunities for young people to be physically active, both in curriculum PE and outside of school sport ( Quick et al., 2010 ; The Loughborough Partnership, 2008 ), there has been less evaluation of the quality of these new experiences. This article draws on interviews with experienced coordinators across eight sport partnerships in the north of England and explores their perceptions of good practice in high quality PESS. Good practice was described as underpinned by educational rather that performance pedagogy, linked to wider whole school agendas, and sustainable (for example, through the continuing professional development of non-specialist primary teachers). The importance of providing activities other than traditional sport for engaging previously inactive young people was also recognized, although there was less evidence of an accompanying, innovative pedagogy.
Integrated geological and geophysical studies for delineation of chromite deposits: A case study from Tangarparha, Orissa, India
Authors: Mohanty William K. , Mandal Animesh , Sharma S. P. , Gupta Saibal , Misra Surajit
Published: November 2011

In Orissa, India, chromite deposits occur in a NE-SW trending belt as discontinuous pods associated with tectonically deformed and metamorphosed ultramafic rocks. Geological mapping and detailed geophysical survey (including gravity, magnetic, electrical, and electromagnetic methods) for exploring chromite were conducted in a [Formula: see text] area at Tangarparha, located within the belt. Lithologies include sheared granite, quartzofeldspathic gneiss, and mafic/ultramafic rocks. The calculated Bouguer anomaly map shows a distinct positive anomaly (up to 16 mGal) in the northern part of the area, indicating the existence of a very high density rock in the subsurface. The trend-surface analysis technique was applied to the gravity and magnetic data for regional-residual separation. The 2D and 2.5D forward modelings of the residual gravity anomaly suggest the presence of lithologies with densities higher than mafic/ultramafic rocks in the subsurface. Chromite fragments recovered from pits within the soil cover around the location indicate that the very high density material is likely to be chromite. Correlation of magnetic and gravity anomalies further emphasizes this possibility. The results of very low frequency (VLF) and DC-resistivity surveys reveal that the suspected chromite deposit is about 250–300 m long in a south-north direction, and 300–350 m wide in the east-west direction. The estimated depth of the deposit varies from 35–100 m. VLF and DC-resistivity methods suggest that chromite occurs in the form of a small disseminated body within a mafic/ultramafic rock matrix. The ambiguity of interpretation is reduced by systematic integration of complementary geophysical methods, compared to that from any single geophysical technique.
Regulating complement in the kidney: insights from CFHR5 nephropathy
Authors: Gale Daniel P. , Pickering Matthew C.
Published: November 2011

Complement factor H related protein 5 (CFHR5) nephropathy is a monogenic disorder of complement regulation that is endemic in Cyprus. The disease is characterised by haematuria, C3 glomerulonephritis and kidney failure. Its identification suggests a role for the CFHR5 protein in the regulation of complement in the kidney. In this review, we discuss how studying CFHR5 nephropathy can contribute to our understanding of the role of complement in kidney diseases such as dense deposit disease, C3 glomerulonephritis and atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome.
Pathological looping in the synucleinopathies: investigating the link between Parkinson’s disease and Gaucher disease
Authors: Kinghorn Kerri J.
Published: November 2011

Summary and comment on a recent Cell paper entitled ‘Gaucher disease glucocerebrosidase and α-synuclein form a bidirectional pathogenic loop in synucleinopathies’ (Mazzulli et al., 2011).
Set points, settling points and some alternative models: theoretical options to understand how genes and environments combine to regulate body adiposity
Authors: Speakman John R. , Levitsky David A. , Allison David B. , Bray Molly S. , de Castro John M. , Clegg Deborah J. , Clapham John C. , Dulloo Abdul G. , Gruer Laurence , Haw Sally , Hebebrand Johannes , Hetherington Marion M. , Higgs Susanne , Jebb Susan A. , Loos Ruth J. F. , Luckman Simon , Luke Amy , Mohammed-Ali Vidya , O’Rahilly Stephen , Pereira Mark , Perusse Louis , Robinson Tom N. , Rolls Barbara , Symonds Michael E. , Westerterp-Plantenga Margriet S.
Published: November 2011

The close correspondence between energy intake and expenditure over prolonged time periods, coupled with an apparent protection of the level of body adiposity in the face of perturbations of energy balance, has led to the idea that body fatness is regulated via mechanisms that control intake and energy expenditure. Two models have dominated the discussion of how this regulation might take place. The set point model is rooted in physiology, genetics and molecular biology, and suggests that there is an active feedback mechanism linking adipose tissue (stored energy) to intake and expenditure via a set point, presumably encoded in the brain. This model is consistent with many of the biological aspects of energy balance, but struggles to explain the many significant environmental and social influences on obesity, food intake and physical activity. More importantly, the set point model does not effectively explain the ‘obesity epidemic’ – the large increase in body weight and adiposity of a large proportion of individuals in many countries since the 1980s. An alternative model, called the settling point model, is based on the idea that there is passive feedback between the size of the body stores and aspects of expenditure. This model accommodates many of the social and environmental characteristics of energy balance, but struggles to explain some of the biological and genetic aspects. The shortcomings of these two models reflect their failure to address the gene-by-environment interactions that dominate the regulation of body weight. We discuss two additional models – the general intake model and the dual intervention point model – that address this issue and might offer better ways to understand how body fatness is controlled.
That familiarity with the world born of habit: A phenomenological approach to the study of media uses in daily living
Authors: Moores Shaun
Published: November 2011

In this article, the author doubts whether media uses in daily living, and the activities of daily living more generally, are primarily ‘interpretative’ in character – at least in the way that many qualitative audience researchers have previously imagined them to be.
Implicit in the social-semiotic approach, with its references to ‘codes’ and ‘representations’, is a conception of signification as a predominantly cognitive process of meaning construction. However, media uses involve much more than this, and what is now required is
a phenomenological approach that can attend to precognitive ‘familiarity with the world’ – a different kind of meaningfulness. Within the tradition of phenomenological philosophy, that basic ‘precognitive familiarity’ is explored most interestingly by Merleau-Ponty
in his phenomenology of perception, given the strong focus there on ‘embodiment’. This article offers a consideration of his account of ‘the acquisition of habit’, in which he is pointing to a sort of knowledge that is practical and embodied. For Merleau- Ponty, then,
perception is not ‘mental representation’. Instead, he directs our attention to matters of ‘orientation’ and ‘habitation’, which are central to the kind of phenomenological approach that is being advocated here for the study of media uses in daily living.
Protection from Clostridium difficile toxin B-catalysed Rac1/Cdc42 glucosylation by tauroursodeoxycholic acid-induced Rac1/Cdc42 phosphorylation
Authors: Brandes Vanessa , Schelle Ilona , Brinkmann Sophie , Schulz Florian , Schwarz Janett , Gerhard Ralf , Genth Harald
Published: November 2011

Toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB) are the major virulence factors of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD). TcdA and TcdB mono-glucosylate small GTPases of the Rho family, thereby causing actin re-organisation in colonocytes, resulting in the loss of colonic barrier function. The hydrophilic bile acid tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is an approved drug for the treatment of cholestasis and biliary cirrhosis. In this study, TUDCA-induced activation of Akt1 is presented to increase cellular levels of pS71-Rac1/Cdc42 in human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) cells, showing for the first time that bile acid signalling affects the activity of Rho proteins. Rac1/Cdc42 phosphorylation, in turn, protects Rac1/Cdc42 from TcdB-catalysed glucosylation and reduces the TcdB-induced cytopathic effects in HepG2 cells. The results of this study indicate that TUDCA may prove useful as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of CDAD.
Oxidative stress in Fanconi anaemia: from cells and molecules towards prospects in clinical management
Authors: Pagano Giovanni , Talamanca Annarita Aiello , Castello Giuseppe , Pallardó Federico V. , Zatterale Adriana , Degan Paolo
Published: November 2011

Fanconi anaemia (FA) is a genetic disease featuring bone marrow failure, proneness to malignancies, and chromosomal instability. A line of studies has related FA to oxidative stress (OS). This review attempts to evaluate the evidence for FA-associated redox abnormalities in the literature from 1981 to 2010. Among 2170 journal articles on FA evaluated, 162 related FA with OS. Early studies reported excess oxygen toxicity in FA cells that accumulated oxidative DNA damage. Prooxidant states were found in white blood cells and body fluids from FA patients as excess luminol-dependent chemiluminescence, 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine, reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione imbalance, and tumour necrosis factor-α. Some FA gene products involved in redox homeostasis can be summarized as follows: (a) FANCA, FANCC, and FANCG interact with cytochrome P450-related activities and/or respond to oxidative damage; (b) FANCD2 in OS response interacts with forkhead box O3 and ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein; (c) FANCG is found in mitochondria and interacts with PRDX3, and FA-G cells display distorted mitochondria and decreased peroxidase activity; (d) FANCJ (BACH1/BRIP1) is a repressor of haeme oxygenase-1 gene and senses oxidative base damage; (e) antioxidants, such as tempol and resveratrol decrease cancer incidence and haematopoietic defects in Fancd2-/- mice. The overall evidence for FA-associated OS may suggest designing chemoprevention studies aimed at delaying the onset of OS-related clinical complications.
On centralizers of parabolic subgroups in Coxeter groups
Authors: Nuida Koji
Published: November 2011

Let W be an arbitrary Coxeter group, possibly of infinite rank. We describe a decomposition of the centralizer ZW
(WI
) of an arbitrary parabolic subgroup WI
into the center of WI
, a Coxeter group and a subgroup defined by a 2-cell complex. Only information about finite parabolic subgroups is required in an explicit computation. By using our description of ZW
(WI
), we will be able to reveal a further strong property of the action of the third factor on the second factor, in particular on the finite irreducible components of the second factor.
Local splitting of locally compact groups and pro-Lie groups
Authors: Hofmann Karl H. , Morris Sidney A.
Published: November 2011

In the book “The Lie Theory of Connected Pro-Lie Groups” the authors proved the local splitting theorem for connected pro-Lie groups. George A. A. Michael subsequently proved this theorem for almost connected pro-Lie groups. Here his result is proved more directly using the machinery of the aforementioned book.
The Structure of the Plutarchan Book
Authors: Duff Timothy E.
Published: November 2011

This study focuses not on individual Lives or pairs of Lives, but on the book as a whole and its articulation across the full corpus. It argues that the Plutarchan book consists of up to four distinct sections: prologue, first Life, second Life, synkrisis. Each of these sections has a fairly consistent internal structure, and each has a distinct set of strategies for opening, for closure, and for managing the transition from one section to the next. Prologues provide an introduction to both Lives, and are clearly delineated from them, even though in our manuscripts they appear as part of the first Life; in fact, there is often a stronger break between prologue and first Life than there is between the two Lives themselves. Prologues usually begin with generalized reflections, to be followed only later by the naming of the subjects and a statement of their similarities. Most Lives begin with a thematically organized section (the ‘proemial opening’), which surveys the subject's life as a whole, not just their youth, and which is marked off with varying degrees of distinctness from the narrative that follows. Crucially, proemial openings do not narrate and the logic of their structure is not chronological. Closure in many Lives is signalled by ‘circularity’ and sometimes by a closural or transitional phrase, though first Lives are different here from second Lives. Synkriseis are structured both by a series of themes on which the two subjects are compared, and by a two-part, agonistic structure in which first one of the subjects is preferred, then the other. Synkriseis may also recall the prologue; both prologue and synkrisis operate at the level of the book, and between them frame and weld together the two Lives.
Conflict, People, and City-Space: Some Exempla from Thucydides' History
Authors: Zatta Claudia
Published: November 2011

This essay considers episodes in which phenomena like war and civil strife affected, changed, and revealed the identity of the polis. Even if framed by an understanding of the Peloponnesian War and the imperialistic logic and destiny of Athens, Thucydides' History still provides us with narratives that illuminate the particular history of “minor” poleis, each with its specific events, turning points, and dynamics. Through analysis of Thucydides' historical material, this essay focuses on Plataea, Corcyra, and Mytilene and discusses the notion of the polis in relation to space and in the context of time, thereby testing Aristotle's question—too soon dismissed—about the separation of a community from the space of its city (Pol. 3.1276b1–5).
Investigation of the variation in magnetic field induced by cyclic tensile-compressive stress
Authors: Li Jianwei , Xu Minqiang , Xu Mingxiu , Leng Jiancheng
Published: November 2011

The variation of the magnetic field, induced by applied stress under the geomagnetic field, can potentially be used to evaluate the degree of fatigue damage for ferromagnetic materials. To further investigate the physical mechanism of the metal magnetic memory phenomenon, measurements
of the normal components of the stress-induced magnetic field intensity, Hp(y), were performed during rotary bending fatigue experiments under the geomagnetic field. The results showed that the process of metal magnetic memory includes reversible and irreversible magnetisation. The applied
cyclic tensile-compressive stress would cause magnetisation to approach anhysteretic magnetisation irreversibly. In addition, magnetisation under tensile stress was different from that under compressive stress.
Pollutant release from a disturbed urban snowpack in northern Sweden
Authors: Westerlund Camilla , Viklander Maria
Published: November 2011

Water and pollutant release from a disturbed urban snowpack was studied in an experimental plot encompassing a road section and the adjacent grassed boulevard in the city of Luleå, in northern Sweden. Winter road maintenance in this area includes snow ploughing and applications of grit without any road salts. During the study period, 18 snowmelt events were observed. Compared to rural areas and urban areas with extensive use of chloride in winter road maintenance, in the former case, the observed snowmelt quality differed by relatively high and uniform pH (7.7–8.1) and, in the latter case, by low chloride event-mean-concentrations (EMCs) (5.7–123.4 mg/L) and conductivity (11.6–60.7 mS/m). Total suspended solids (TSS) EMCs greatly exceeded those reported for rural snowmelt and urban rainfall runoff and contributed to the high pH buffering capacity of deposited snow. Observed concentrations of total and dissolved heavy metals were compared to water quality guidelines that suggested a high likelihood of biological effects. Chloride was the only pollutant that indicated an early release and all other constituents showed a uniform release with snowmelt from the snowpack. The partitioning of heavy metals between total and dissolved phases indicated the highest dissolved fractions for Cu, followed by Cd, Ni and Zn, and the lowest values were observed for Pb. The urban snowmelt characteristics substantially differed from those reported for undisturbed sites with respect to higher pollutant loads, high pH buffering capacity and a general absence of early or delayed pollutant release from the snowpack.
Environmental characterization of surface runoff from three highway sites in Southern Ontario, Canada: 1. Chemistry
Authors: Mayer T. , Rochfort Q. , Marsalek J. , Parrott J. , Servos M. , Baker M. , McInnis R. , Jurkovic A. , Scott I.
Published: November 2011

Highway runoff is a significant source of contaminants entering many freshwater systems. To provide information on effects of highway runoff on aquatic biota, runoff samples were collected from three sites representing different classes of highways with low, intermediate and high traffic intensities. Samples were analysed for chloride, trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Runoff from a major multilane divided highway, with the highest traffic intensity, contained the highest levels of chloride (45–19,135 mg/L) and metals. Runoff solids from this highway contained the highest levels of PAHs (19.7–2142 mg/kg). PAHs were also high (9.83–237 mg/kg and 26.4–778 mg/kg) at the intermediate and low traffic intensity sites, respectively. High concentrations of potent mutagens and carcinogens such as benzo(a)pyrene (0.414–124.62 μg/g) and indeno-pyrene (0.549–50.597 μg/g) were measured in the particulate phase of all runoff samples. Chloride concentrations of winter and early spring runoff were significantly higher (P < 0.001, t = 2.66) than during the rest of the year. Levels of contaminants depended on traffic intensity, road condition (age, composition, maintenance), the condition of metal structures (drains, guardrails, etc.) and seasonal conditions. A companion paper discusses spatial and temporal aspects of contaminant-associated toxicity of highway runoff.
Environmental characterization of surface runoff from three highway sites in Southern Ontario, Canada: 2. Toxicology
Authors: Mayer T. , Rochfort Q. , Marsalek J. , Parrott J. , Servos M. , Baker M. , McInnis R. , Jurkovic A. , Scott I.
Published: November 2011

Highway runoff is a significant source of contaminants entering many freshwater systems. A battery of bioassays was used to assess the degree of runoff toxicity. The toxicity results are described in the spatial and temporal context and are linked to the runoff chemistry. Runoff samples from three sites, representing different classes of highways (high, intermediate and low traffic intensity), were used to assess the degree of runoff toxicity. Runoff from the major multilane divided highway, with the highest traffic intensity (92,000 vehicles/24 h), had the highest levels of contaminants and displayed the greatest toxicity. Variations in toxic responses were observed both seasonally and throughout runoff events. The runoff samples containing high concentrations of road salts from winter maintenance were acutely toxic to Daphnia magna. In general, a sharp decline in runoff toxicity over time showed that the ‘first flush’ was the most toxic. Road solids present in runoff showed moderate to severe toxicity using a nematode bioassay. Consistently, a significant mixed function oxidase (MFO) induction was observed in rainbow trout exposed to runoff with high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The data show that vehicular operation, road maintenance and metal highway structures were significant contributors to contaminant-associated toxicity in road runoff.
Wastewater Collection Systems
Authors: Vallabhaneni Srinivas
Published: November 2011

A review of the literature published in 2010 on topics relating to wastewater collection systems is presented. This review is divided into the following sections: sewer system evaluation/modeling/RTC, sewer condition assessment/rehabilitation, design /pumping/force mains, operation/ maintenance, regulatory issues, and asset/ risk management. Synthesized, analyzed, and comprehensive material related to these wastewater collection system topics selected from major literature sources are presented in this review.
Membrane Processes
Authors: Pellegrin Marie‐Laure , Greiner Anthony D. , Diamond Jason , Aguinaldo Jorge , Padhye Lokesh , Arabi Sara , Min Kyungnan , Burbano Marie Sedran , McCandless Robert , Shoaf Robert
Published: November 2011

This review for literature published in 2010 contains information related to membrane processes for municipal and industrial applications. This review is a subsection of the Treatment Systems section of the annual Water Environment Federation literature review and covers the following topics: pretreatment, membrane bioreactor (MBR) configuration, design, nutrient removal, operation, industrial treatment, fixed film and anaerobic membrane systems, reuse, microconstituents removal, membrane technology advances, membrane fouling, and modeling. Other sub‐sections of the Treatment Systems section that might relate to this literature review include: Biological Fixed‐Film Systems, Activated Sludge and Other Aerobic Suspended Culture Processes, Anaerobic Processes, Water Reclamation and Reuse. The following sections might also have related information on membrane processes: Industrial Wastes, Hazardous Wastes, and Fate and Effects of Pollutants.
Biosolids and Sludge Management
Authors: Brisolara Kari F. , Qi Yinan
Published: November 2011

This review section covers journal articles and conference papers related to biosolids and sludge management that were published in 2010. The literature review has been divided into the following sections:  • Biosolids regulations and management issues,  • Biosolids characteristics and measurement including nanoparticles, hormones, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), metals and pathogens,  • Sludge treatment technologies including pretreatment and sludge minimization, anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion, composting, conditioning and dewatering, and drying,  •Disposal and reuse covers combustion/ incineration, pyrolysis, and land application and reviews issues pertaining to nutrients, heavy metals, and synthetic organics,  • Odor and air emissions along with energy issues, and  • Risk analysis
Gaseous Emissions from Wastewater Facilities
Authors: Shaw Andrew R. , Koh Sock‐Hoon
Published: November 2011

A review of the literature published in 2010 on topics relating to gaseous emissions from wastewater facilities is presented. This review is divided into the following sections: odorant emissions from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs); greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from WWTPs; emissions from wastewater collection systems, physiochemical emission control methods; biological odor control methods ; odor monitoring; and odor impacts.
Agricultural Wastes
Authors: Liang Jiaming , Lu Qingye , Lerner Robert , Sun Xiaohui , Zeng Hongbo , Liu Yang
Published: November 2011

Literature related to agricultural wastes and published in 2010 was summarized in this review. The review is divided into the following sections: reuse and recycle, waste treatment, waste characterization, waste management and pollution minimization.
Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents Management
Authors: Menezes Gustavo B. , Golkar Tania , Moo‐Young H. Horace
Published: November 2011

Accelerated population growth combined with the economic growth observed in several countries has greatly contributed to an increased demand for paper. Expansion of paper industry has been the trend in several places in Asia, Central and South America. However, implementation of sustainable practices has not followed the same growth, and the paper industry continues to negatively impact the environment and natural resources. In 2010, pulp and paper effluent management studies focused on the direct and indirect approaches that target the mitigation of these negative impacts. From the large pool of papers, the ones that best represent the 2010 literature on pulp and paper industry effluent management are herein presented. For the purpose of this review, papers have been grouped into the following areas: toxicology and monitoring, sustainability practices, biological treatment, physicochemical treatment, and biochemical treatment. ____________________________________________________
Effects of Pollution on Freshwater Organisms
Authors: Harmon S. Michele , Wiley Faith E.
Published: November 2011

This review includes works published in the general scientific literature during 2010 on the effects of anthropogenic pollutants on freshwater organisms. It begins with two broad sections: research reviews and broad field studies and surveys. This is followed by reviews of research categorized in sections to reflect the pollutant class. These sections include wastewater, stormwater and non‐point source pollution, nutrients, sediment cap materials and suspended clays, botanical extracts, surfactants, metals, persistent organic pollutants, pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptors, pesticides, petroleum hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), ionic liquids, and nanomaterials. The final section includes works describing innovations in the field of freshwater pollution research.
Effects of Pollution on Marine Organisms
Authors: Mearns Alan J. , Reish Donald J. , Oshida Philip S. , Ginn Thomas , Rempel‐Hester Mary Ann
Published: November 2011

This review covers selected 2010 articles on the biological, chemical and physical effects of natural and anthropogenic pollutants on marine and estuarine plants and animals. The review, based largely on journal articles, covers field and laboratory measurement activities (concentrations of contaminants, field surveys, toxicity testing and biomarkers). Reviewed papers focus further on pollution issues of current interest including endocrine disrupters, wastewater discharges, dredging and disposal, etc. Special emphasis is placed on oil spills due to the catastrophic Deepwater Horizon blowout in the Gulf of Mexico and ongoing cleanup. Several topical areas reviewed in the past were dropped this year due to circumstances beyond our control. Further, the focus is limited to effects, not on pollutant fate and transport. There is considerable overlap across subject areas (e.g.some bioaccumulation papers may be cited in other topical categories). As always, readers should only use this as a guide and must consult the original papers before citing them, including double‐checking units.
Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment
Authors: Biksey Thomas M. , Schultz Amy Couch , Bernhardt Aaron M. , Marion Brett , Peterson Chrissy , Smith Preston
Published: November 2011

This literature review covers the risk assessment process and addresses both ecological and human receptors. The review covers the risk assessment literature including methodology, analysis, interpretation, management, uncertainty, policy, and regulatory guidance. The review is divided into ecological and human health sections. The focus of the review is on the risk assessment process as it is applied to ecological systems and human health, site investigation and remediation, and natural resources. The objective is to provide an overview of the scope of the literature published in 2010.
Economics
Authors: Palley Paul D. , Parcero Miriam E.
Published: November 2011

A review of literature during calendar year 2010 focused on environmental policies and sustainable development, and economic policies. This review is divided into these sections: sustainable development, irrigation, ecosystems and watershed management, climate change and disaster risk management, environmental policies management, economic growth, water supply policies, water consumption, water price regulation, and valuation.
Modeling of a Fixed-Bed Reactor for the Production of Phthalic Anhydride
Authors: Rahimi Amir , Hamidi Sogand
Published: November 2011

In this study, the performance of a fixed–bed tubular reactor for the production of phthalic anhydride is mathematically analyzed. The conversion degree and reactor temperature values are compared with the measured one in a tubular reactor applied in Farabi petrochemical unit in Iran as well as reported data in the literature for a pilot plate. The comparisons are satisfactory. The effects of some operating parameters including reactor length, feed temperature, reactor pressure, and existence of an inert in the catalytic bed are investigated. The optimum value of each parameter is determined on the basis of the corresponding operating conditions.