bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Four Legal Texts in the Hebrew Bible that Evince a Concern for Animal Rights
Authors: Olyan Saul M.
Published: July 2023

This chapter presents an analysis of four texts from biblical legal collections that effectively accord a limited legal personhood and situation-specific rights to animals: Exod 23:10–11, legislation mandating that agricultural and horticultural lands be left fallow in the seventh year; Exod 23:12, requiring Sabbath observance on the seventh day; Lev 25:2–7, a text that modifies and extends the older law in Exod 23:10–11 requiring land to be left fallow; and Deut 5:12–15, partially paralleled in Exod 20:8–11, which reworks and broadens the older Sabbath formulation of Exod 23:12. In all four cases, no exceptions to the requirements are mentioned or even hinted at. Although a convincing case can be made that Gen 1:26–28 and Gen 9:2–3 devalue all animals and assign to them a markedly inferior status to that of all human beings, the views of the four legal texts investigated in this chapter stand in stark contrast.
Routine Outcome Monitoring
Authors: Barkham Michael , Jong Kim de , Delgadillo, and Jaime , Lutz Wolfgang
Published: July 2023

This chapter presents a rationale for routine outcome monitoring (ROM), definitions, and a description of its main features. Three main phases of using ROM are collecting patient data on a regular basis; feedback of the meaning of data to patients by therapists; and, where necessary, adapting the course or content of the therapy. A clinical case is presented for individual psychotherapy. Previous meta-analyses are summarized, and three high-quality, low risk of bias studies are presented. An abridged format of the most comprehensive and recently published meta-analysis comprising 58 studies is presented. That analysis of distal, end-of-treatment outcomes yielded effect sizes (g) ranging from 0.15 and 0.17 for the total sample and not-on-track (NOT) cases, respectively, to 0.36 for NOT cases with the addition of clinical support tools. These effects are additive to the existing effects of psychological therapies. The chapter concludes with diversity considerations, training implications, and therapeutic practices.
Fixing the Industrial-Organizational Psychology-Technology Interface (IOPTI)
Authors: Landers Richard N.
Published: July 2023

Historically, industrial-organizational (IO) psychologists focusing on assessment development did not need to rely on advanced technology. As this changes ever faster, understanding why IO assessment experts, both practitioner and academic, are so bad working with technology has become a concern for those who wish to remain employed and relevant across the coming decades. Many IO psychologists have been frustrated when told a seemingly simple technology change would be expensive, complex, or risky without clarity as to why. But similarly, many technologists are frustrated at the requests they get from IO experts, seemingly divorced from the realities of the technical systems they rely upon. For both, failing to look beyond one’s own assumptions is the major cause of conflict, amplified when making decisions about both people and technology, simultaneously. This chapter focuses on helping better navigate this complex interpersonal interface through the lenses of algorithmic, systems, and design thinking.
Arts-Based Research With Children in Program Evaluation in Spain
Authors: Fuentes-Peláez Nuria , Mateos Ainoa , Rodrigo María José
Published: July 2023

This chapter shows how researchers can use an arts-based research (ABR) approach with children to ensure children’s participation in child protection program evaluation. ABR is an innovative and promising visual method to include children’s voices. The chapter provides examples from the Spanish national assessment of the educational group program “Learning Together, Growing as a Family” between 2016 and 2018. It discusses how to integrate ABR in a mixed-methods evaluation design and includes reflections related to the method’s implementation, ethics, data analysis, and the presentation of evaluation findings. It shows that introducing qualitative methods in evidence-based programs allows for presenting research findings through participants’ voices, which provides valuable knowledge for practitioners. It discusses several challenges with capturing children’s voices, mainly when working with children younger than twelve years. The chapter shows how ABR can help program evaluators address this challenge.
Afterword
Authors: Thomas Nigel Patrick
Published: July 2023

The afterword weaves together the book’s contributions by describing what practitioners and researchers are trying to achieve, what is being achieved and how, and what obstacles lie in the way of children’s participation in child protection. It argues that the theoretical foundations of discussing children’s participation are more solid than they were twenty years ago. It discusses how the book’s chapters show that the opportunities for children’s collective involvement in shaping policies and services appear to be flourishing here and there, but that children’s individual involvement in decision-making has remained limited despite creative ways to engage children. It discusses the reasons this is the case. It concludes by stating that children’s participation could be achieved with interpersonal relationships founded on mutual recognition and organizational structures and cultures based on love, respect, and esteem.
Times A-Changin'
Authors: Murphy Nancy
Published: July 2023

In the 1960s and 1970s, some singer-songwriters used malleable metric settings alongside other features of self-expression in performance: self-presentation, lyrics, and techniques of vocal production. This resulted in songs with extremes of self-expressive timing flexibility that cannot be accounted for using a single conception of meter. This book proposes a theory of flexible meter that recast metric structure as encompassing the variety of metric scenarios presented by the self-expressive performance practice of singer-songwriters, from metric regularity to metric ambiguity, and vacillations between these two possibilities. This study explores performances by Joni Mitchell, Bob Dylan, Buffy Sainte-Marie, Paul Simon, and Cat Stevens to investigate the individual metric style of each artist and how their flexible metric techniques contribute to the self-expressive rhetoric of the broader singer-songwriter tradition.
Storying Divine Intervention
Authors: Khoja-Moolji Shenila
Published: July 2023

This chapter delineates the making of an Ismaili sociality through storytelling in the moujza tradition, which includes stories of miraculous rescues during the expulsion crises and unexpected aid from strangers during the early years of resettlement. While tales of the supernatural are commonly viewed as sacred narratives, stories of mediated aid can perform the same social function—that is, they can reaffirm belief in Divine help and buttress religious affinities. I thus group stories of unexpected aid within the genre of sacred narratives, for these stories reinforce faith in God’s and Imam’s protective care. Their retelling not only memorializes a shared past but also shapes the future spiritual state of the jamat. Community making here takes a narrative form. It enables listeners—often younger Ismailis—to emplace themselves in an Ismaili jamat that exists beyond the present time and place.
Language Innovation outside the Mainstream
Authors: Ostler Rosemarie
Published: July 2023

Chapter 7 explores linguistic creativity within closed groups and how it influences mainstream American English. It begins with a discussion of the chief characteristics of slang, how it is created, and why some slang goes mainstream. It describes the earliest slang and vernacular speech, which was carried from England by convicts, indentured servants, and others at the margins of the culture. The following sections cover the history of youth slang, the language of jazz and hip-hop, language use in the LGBTQ community, and linguistic creativity online, including abbreviations and the “algospeak” used by the alt-right and other groups to elude content filters.
The Social Life of American English
Authors: Ostler Rosemarie
Published: July 2023

Chapter 8 considers the linguistic self-awareness of Americans and their attitudes toward their own and other people’s speech. It discusses how different varieties of American English are perceived, as well as the motivations, usually unconscious, that lead speakers to embrace a regional or ethnic dialect, even if others view it negatively. It discusses Americans’ longstanding commitment to standardized grammar and the controversies that have arisen because of it. The chapter also covers issues of language and gender, changing pronoun usage, the reclamation of queer, and issues surrounding new terms like BIPOC and Latinx.
American English Today
Authors: Ostler Rosemarie
Published: July 2023

Chapter 9 reviews the latest developments in American English. It discusses the most recent new words and expressions, describing their origins and considering their chances of long-term survival. It also looks at recent dialectal developments, including the increasing influence of California and the West on other parts of the country. It discusses the history and current status of English as a worldwide lingua franca and describes the types of words that are typically adopted into other languages. It also describes how the English of England and of other former British colonies has affected American speech.
A Framework for Conducting School Counseling Research in the Current Educational Environment
Authors: Dimmitt Carey , Zyromski Brett
Published: July 2023

School counseling is an ever-evolving profession, deeply rooted in both the wisdom of practicing school counselors, and in the theories and research that shape that practice. This chapter provides an overview of the types of research that can be done to inform and improve the practice, identify the critical value of research to the profession, and articulate the need for more antiracist school counseling research. Additionally, it proposes multiple ways good research can be defined. It describes the myriad components that comprise such work, including some of the unique challenges and opportunities involved when doing research in school settings. There is not the space here to provide a thorough summary of current school counseling research, but the highlights are provided as well as ideas for the next evolution!
Research Design
Authors: Betters-Bubon Jennifer , Kortemeier Holly , Vang Chia
Published: July 2023

Action research is an exciting research design that leads to social and systems change. In this chapter, the authors describe action research, including how it differs from other approaches, along with a detailed explanation of the action research process, including planning, implementing, observing, reflecting, and sharing results. The authors highlight a case study delineating the iterative process within the school counseling field to provide readers with knowledge of the action research process. Additionally, authors share examples of current school counseling research to bring action research to life. School counselors and SCEs will understand how to utilize action research across the educational ecosystems to ignite change.
Bridging the Research-to-Practice Gap
Authors: Savitz-Romer Mandy , Cook Amy L.
Published: July 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to provide ideas for school counselor educators (SCEs) for disseminating their research findings in ways that are usable and meaningful to the school communities and students served by the field. The authors provide concrete steps and resources to guide the communication of results in a variety of settings and using diverse mediums. Specifically, the chapter covers topics including designing research projects that matter to the field and considering dissemination options. It also discusses identifying competing goals in publishing and locating places to share results. Using case examples and the authors’ own experiences, the chapter provides a roadmap for emerging scholars to follow to ensure the active and usable dissemination of research findings.
Actively Open-Minded Thinking and the Political Effects of Its Absence
Authors: Baron Jonathan , Isler Ozan , Yılmaz Onurcan
Published: July 2023

Actively open-minded thinking (AOT) is a set of standards for rational thinking. People try to follow their own standards, and they apply them to the thinking of others. The latter is important for citizens, who often “outsource” their thinking to others. Individual differences in AOT primarily involve two dimensions: open-mindedness (avoiding “myside bias”) and intolerance of uncertainty in self and others. Dangerous political beliefs are often held with great confidence despite minimal or biased thinking. In this chapter, the authors review recent literature on individual differences in acceptance of AOT. They suggest that various Enlightenment-based ideas about thinking and politics are all correlated with each other. They report a study that examines the source of individual differences in this sort of “cognitive liberalism.” They find evidence for roles of both cultural transmission and individual reflection. People often think they are rebelling against their cultural background, despite its actual influence on them.
A New Order
Authors: Fibiger Mattias
Published: July 2023

This chapter argues that Suharto mobilized international aid to construct the New Order in the wake of the Supersemar. To court international capital, Suharto and his allies developed an economic stabilization plan, ended Konfrontasi with Malaysia, and passed a foreign investment law. Purveyors of international aid and investment channeled capital to Indonesia beginning in 1966, but not in sufficient quantities or with sufficient regularity to allow Suharto to rapidly consolidate power. Suharto therefore cooperated with rival military branches, political parties, religious organizations, and student and youth groups that he considered impediments to his agenda. Only as Suharto secured debt relief and greater quantities of international capital in 1967 and 1968 did he accelerate his drive to power and secure a five-year term as president. Suharto’s ability to secure resources made available through the global Cold War determined the scope, pace, and intensity of his domestic Cold War as well as the nature of the regime he built.
The Travails of Development
Authors: Fibiger Mattias
Published: July 2023

This chapter argues that domestic and international challenges imperiled Suharto’s Cold War in the early 1970s. Within Indonesia, student and youth groups protested the corruption they saw enveloping the New Order, a coterie of military leaders urged a return to civilian governance, and political parties mobilized against their inability to further their agendas through electoral means. Beyond the archipelago, the nascent human rights movement agitated against the provision of aid to the Suharto regime, the collapse of the Bretton Woods system curbed flows of international aid more generally, and the end of American involvement in the Vietnam War diminished the geopolitical salience of Southeast Asia. The eruption of war in the Middle East ultimately rescued choice from circumstance by generating a price revolution in the global oil industry. The Suharto regime reaped massive petrodollar windfalls and was rendered increasingly autonomous of its domestic and international constituents alike.
The World of Roman Music Printers and Publishers
Authors: Bernstein Jane A.
Published: July 2023

Chapter 1 presents an overview of the Roman music book trade during the long sixteenth century. It introduces the individual printers and publishers from the incunabula period up through the first decade of the seventeenth century, describing the repertories they issued and the varied roles they played in the book industry. It then considers them as a community, by examining their partnerships, their familial ties, and the economic factors that compelled them to rely on one another. Drawing on book contracts, music typefaces, printer’s marks, and the location of their presses, it reveals the various alliances forged among Roman printers and publishers.
Sixtus IV and the Beginning of Music Printing in Fifteenth-Century Rome
Authors: Bernstein Jane A.
Published: July 2023

Chapter 3 explores the beginning of music printing in Rome by focusing on the Missale Romanum of 1476, the first dated book to contain music notation printed from movable type. It considers the key figures involved in the production of this landmark publication: the German émigré, Ulrich Han, who printed the book, the Franciscan community at Santa Maria in Aracoeli, which edited the book, and Pope Sixtus IV, who evidently served as the book’s sponsor. It appears that Sixtus IV sought to have the missal published not only for his own prestige, but also as part of a Franciscan agenda of religious reform during a crucial time in Church politics.
Spanish Choirbooks, Tridentine Reforms, and the Roman Press
Authors: Bernstein Jane A.
Published: July 2023

Chapter 6 focuses on eight Roman choirbooks commissioned by the Spanish composers Tomás Luis de Victoria and Francisco Guerrero. Brought out in the early 1580s by the publisher/entrepreneur Domenico Basa, these editions were among the largest books of polyphonic music printed in the sixteenth century. Their monumentality was not limited to their singular dimensions but also extended to the repertory they contained, which included a comprehensive collection of post-Tridentine liturgical polyphony tailored specifically for the Spanish market. This chapter considers the unusual physical aspects of these supersized choirbooks. It also sheds light on the important role Pope Gregory XIII, the French type designer Robert Granjon, and the Vatican publisher Domenico Basa played in this singular printing enterprise.
Introduction
Authors: Broughton Jeffrey L.
Published: July 2023

The introduction examines the Chan (Zen) style of Zhongfeng Mingben (1263–1323), the most prominent Chan teacher of the Mongol Yuan dynasty. A complete translation of Zhongfeng’s autobiography is provided. It is a ledger-like account of his itinerant life in mountain hermitages and houseboats. Zhongfeng may have modeled himself on the legendary vagabond Budai. Zhongfeng has two Chan records: Zhongfeng Extensive Record and Zhongfeng Record B. Key motifs are as follows: everything is a phantasm (huan); the great matter of samsara is each practitioner’s own existential problem; Chan is the Chan of Pure Land, and Pure Land is the Pure Land of Chan; and enter deeply into one (specialize in either Chan or Pure Land nianfo). Two of Zhongfeng’s students, the Yunnan native Xuanjian and the Japanese Rinzai Zen monk Jakushitsu Genkō, receive treatment. Lastly, the influence of Zhongfeng and his major disciple Tianru Weize on subsequent Ming-dynasty Chan is investigated.
Selections from Dharma Talks in Zhongfeng Extensive Record
Authors: Broughton Jeffrey L.
Published: July 2023

Translation 2 consists of seven dharma talks given to monks and laymen, including a monk from Hami in Xinjiang (the far northwest), a Japanese ascetic, and a Mongol official. Two of the talks are geared to monks who are suffering an illness. Zhongfeng covers such topics as follows: cut off calculation by relying only on a single huatou; no gap exists between monks and laypeople; the four elements and five aggregates are themselves the method for attaining repose; silently probe your tasteless huatou; the huatou that has no meaning or taste is a divine medicine; on pilgrimage never move off your huatou; place your huatou smack in the middle of your daily activities; “Chan is the Chan of Pure Land; Pure Land is the Pure Land of Chan”; and Yongming Yanshou’s separation of Pure Land and Chan into four possible alternatives.
Night Conversations in a Mountain Hermitage in Zhongfeng Extensive Record
Authors: Broughton Jeffrey L.
Published: July 2023

Night Conversations is a miscellany covering many topics: Bodhidharma Chan is not ordinary dhyāna or fetal breathing; all speech, including even the sound of the wind or dripping of the rain, tally with Bodhidharma Chan’s direct pointing; for Chan, enlightened mind is the real essential—the myriad good practices should be taken as secondary; Yongming Yanshou’s sorting of Chan and Pure Land into four phrases is an upāya; Chan and Pure Land are two names for one substance; an analysis of the meaning of the term gong’an (Chan case); Zhongfeng’s assertion that he “is certainly not someone who has had a real awakening”; people nowadays are dominated by furtive mind; Gaofeng Yuanmiao’s “order” to burn a finger; Zhongfeng’s withdrawal into reclusion; Zhongfeng’s assertion that he is lacking in awakening and so could not bring others to understanding; the perceived necessity to die in cross-legged sitting posture, and so forth.
In Imitation of Hanshan’s Poems in Zhongfeng Extensive Record
Authors: Broughton Jeffrey L.
Published: July 2023

This poetry collection consists of one hundred pentasyllabic octets on the model of Hanshan’s Poems. Zhongfeng’s collection is a consistent warning to Chan practitioners about what is required and what must be avoided in practicing Chan (canchan 參禪). In fact, each poem begins with the phrase “practicing Chan.” The patterns are as follows: In practicing Chan, do not . . . ; In practicing Chan, such and such is proper; In practicing Chan, it is necessary to . . . ; Practicing Chan is for the sake of . . . ; In practicing Chan, there is no . . . ; Practicing Chan is not . . . ; Practicing Chan cuts off . . . ; Practicing Chan is supreme in . . .; Practicing Chan is not about . . . . Zhongfeng’s “imitations” are not rooted in the themes of Hanshan’s Poems.
Cross-Legged Sitting Chan Admonitions (with Preface) in Zhongfeng Extensive Record
Authors: Broughton Jeffrey L.
Published: July 2023

This is a short “admonition” on the topic of cross-legged Chan sitting. Admonitions are a prose genre that warns against harmful action and exhorts the practitioner to better conduct. If the Chan practitioner doesn’t understand samsara, everything is useless hustling and bustling about. “Don’t trouble yourself over [Chan’s slogans] direct pointing and the single transmission. Loosen your belly skin and simply maintain.” Thirty years of practice in the world is nothing to be bothered about. Keep the huatou fixed. The 1700 Chan standards are decomposed kudzu vines. At the end is a warning about using this work as a model to compose one’s own Cross-Legged Sitting Chan Admonitions.
Ten Poems on Living in Town in Zhongfeng Extensive Record
Authors: Broughton Jeffrey L.
Published: July 2023

Translation 9 is a collection of ten poems about living in town. The “town” is said to be the major city Kaifeng, though Zhongfeng may never have been there. There is no mention in the biographical sources of Zhongfeng’s going to the city of Kaifeng. The poems state that there is no dharma apart from the visual forms of the lively town, that living in town is the closest thing to the real. The city can serve as the home of a Chan monk. Zhongfeng describes himself as “a mendicant without any plan.” The ascetic practitioner is satisfied with the town-living mode. Zhongfeng speaks of “a Chan summer rainy season retreat in the town marketplace.” The poems are about “the recluse in town.”
Selections from Zhongfeng Dharma Talks in Zhongfeng Record B
Authors: Broughton Jeffrey L.
Published: July 2023

Translation 10 consists of seventeen selected dharma talks. Students bring paper and ask Zhongfeng for an instruction—he proceeds to write one out. Fifteen of the recipients are monks; two are laymen (both Japanese). There is also a Korean Sŏn monk. A very common theme is raising the huatou to awareness and producing the sensation of uncertainty about this huatou. Uncertainty is nothing other than the single great matter of samsara. There are numerous warnings not to be caught up in intellectual knowledge. The ancients awakened by having uncertainty about samsara; present-day Chan people awaken by having uncertainty about the huatou. Both awaken to the same Way. Practicing Chan involves no upāyas. Never produce any thought that serves as “backup” to the huatou. A person doing practice-work is like a thief. Huatous mentioned include wu, to where does the One return, and my original face.
Instructions to the Assembly from Zhongfeng Talks in Zhongfeng Record B
Authors: Broughton Jeffrey L.
Published: July 2023

Translation 11 is a talk (“instructions to the assembly”) delivered before a ninety-day summer retreat period. The Head Seat and Rector come to Zhongfeng and explain that heavy rains are interfering with the approaching summer-retreat period. They suggest that Zhongfeng invite monks to have tea with him and deliver a warning whip, a short talk. Instead, he chooses to write out the talk. Zhongfeng states that, in ultimate terms, the summer retreat begins as soon as the practitioner first arouses the aspiration for awakening. The content of this written dharma talk exhorts the participants to constantly keep an eye on the huatou that has no meaning or taste: separating from the huatou is furtive mind. Zhongfeng says he has written this dharma talk as a substitute for the face-to-face meeting of a tea party.
Revolutionary Democracy
Authors: Hardt Michael
Published: July 2023

In Mozambique, Angola, and Guinea-Bissau, the struggles against Portuguese colonial rule developed a notion of revolutionary democracy based on commission structures and radical participation. The fact that Portuguese colonial regimes left few governmental structures that could be used in constructing a postcolonial society provided an opportunity to invent new social and political forms. Popular power was a common notion to emerge from the movements as a structuring principle of a revolutionary democracy. Amilcar Cabral, a leader in Guinea-Bissau, was among those who developed most fully an innovative concept of democracy, especially in oral lessons that he delivered to relatively uneducated party members.
Promise of Another Democracy
Authors: Hardt Michael
Published: July 2023

Protests erupted against South Korea’s military dictatorship and its imposition of martial law in May 1980. In Kwangju, citizens organized and rebelled against the dictatorship, successfully expelling the military from the city. Military forces, however, soon reentered the city and restored the military dictatorship. During the few days that the citizens held control of the city, they experimented with new forms of participatory governance, a period that come to be remembered and celebrated as the Kwangju Commune. This instance of participatory democracy, which refused representative structures, stands in contrast with the standard South Korean narrative of democratization that led toward liberal models. It signals instead the possibility of a different democratic form.
New Alliances Against the State
Authors: Hardt Michael
Published: July 2023

This chapter analyzes two struggles to prevent large state infrastructure projects: the expansion of a military base in the Larzac region of France and the construction of an airport to serve greater Tokyo in Sanrizuka, Japan. Both struggles, which took place in rural regions, were conducted by mounting encampments that blocked the construction projects for almost a decade. Most significant are the dynamics that developed within the encampments of different subjects, notably peasants and urban students, collaborating and together transforming their modes of organization and struggle. These experiences demonstrated both the power of encampents and the problems raised by this political tactic.
The End of Mediation
Authors: Hardt Michael
Published: July 2023

In many different national contexts, activists recognized by the 1970s that protest was no longer an effective tool for change. The forms of mediation with which the state and other institutions had previously responded to labor unrest and social protest were no longer active. Instead, progressive and revolutionary movements were subject to increasingly intense forms of violence and repression. Theories of the end of mediation developed in this period foreshadow and cast a new light on more contemporary understandings of neoliberalism. The recognition among activists of the end of mediation led some organizations to opt for strategies of clandestine armed struggle and others to choose a dual strategy combining armed defense and democratic activity.
The Intended Consequences
Authors: Dettlaff Alan J.
Published: July 2023

Chapter 5 provides a comprehensive review of the harms that result from forcible family separations and placement in foster care to Black children, families, and communities. Through a thorough review of the research, these harms are described as vast and immense, significantly impacting Black children, families, and communities across generations. This chapter presents an argument that the harms that result from child welfare intervention are both known by actors within the child welfare system and provide evidence of the true intents of this system—the subjugation of Black Americans and the maintenance of White supremacy. Through the awareness of these harms, and knowingly allowing these harms to continue, the true intents of the child welfare system are revealed.
Are Some Properties Moral Status Enhancing?
Authors: Wendler David S.
Published: July 2023

This chapter describes five considerations which suggest that no properties are moral status enhancing. First, if some properties were moral status enhancing, an implausibly wide range of properties would be. Second, if it were possible for some properties to increase individuals’ level of moral status, it would also be possible for others to decrease it. The fact that there are no moral status decreasing properties thus implies that there are no degrees of moral status. Third, the fact that our actions do not influence our level of moral status suggests that our capacities do not either. Fourth, postulation of degrees of moral status is unable to explain why possession of some properties increases the importance of individuals’ interests, rights, or claims when it does not influence what they have at stake. Fifth, degrees of moral status requires non-arbitrary and morally relevant thresholds, which do not exist.
Is Suffering Really Worse in Humans?
Authors: Wendler David S.
Published: July 2023

In light of the conclusion that there are no degrees of moral status, this chapter reconsiders whether pain and suffering really are morally worse when they occur in human beings rather than animals. It considers evidence that we downplay pain and suffering that we are not able to access personally, as well as the pain and suffering of individuals who are physically different from us. It also considers evolutionary reasons why we assume that we are morally more important than animals. The chapter concludes by arguing that we cannot know whether these factors are influencing our intuitions regarding the moral significance of pain and suffering; hence, these intuitions do not provide evidence that we are morally more important than animals.
Against High-Caste Polygamy
Authors: Vidyasagar Ishvarchandra
Published: July 2023

This is the first-ever complete, annotated translation of Ishvarchandra Vidyasagar’s 1871 tract appealing to the British Indian government for legislation abolishing high-caste polygamy. In Bengal, the practice of plural marriage among Brahmin, Kayastha, and other caste communities came to be known as Kulinism. During the nineteenth century, European and Indian observers decried the custom whereby one husband was permitted to marry five, ten, or twenty women. Kulin wives rarely enjoyed marital life with their husbands and often suffered ostracism, neglect, and abuse. Vidyasagar’s work represents a detailed and eloquent indictment of Kulin polygamy that draws on Sanskrit legal literature, historical analysis, and innovative social research. While Vidyasagar had utilized a similar approach successfully to instigate passage of Act X of 1856 granting Hindu widows the right to remarry, following the Indian Rebellion in 1857, such appeals for government intervention lost favor among both British authorities and the Indian public. While Against High-Caste Polygamy may have failed to reach its goal, it nonetheless provides compelling evidence of the diverse tools a modern Brahmin pundit could deploy to press for public recognition of the plight of Kulin women in late nineteenth-century India.
Politics, Politicization, and Public Confidence
Authors: Feaver Peter D.
Published: July 2023

The public does not yet see the military as a hyperpartisan organization, but there are indications that many partisans would be willing to encourage the military to assume a more partisan role—as long as it remains on their side. A majority of the public believes that members of the military affiliate with a party, and the plurality view is that those affiliations are evenly divided between Republican and Democrats. Respondents are slightly more likely to believe the military aligns with their own party. Only about one-quarter of the public believes the military is too partisan, but Democrats are twice as likely as Republicans to believe this about the military. Overall, public confidence in the military does not derive strongly from a belief that the military is above partisan politics. Partisan politics may also limit the extent of military influence in practice. Military endorsements during a presidential campaign may break through to some independent voters and draw them away from a Republican candidate, but they are not enough to break through the partisan filters of most Democrats or Republicans who likely will support their party’s candidate come what may. Both Democrats and Republicans are far more tolerant of military criticism against their opponents than they are of criticism against their fellow partisans.
Social Desirability Bias
Authors: Feaver Peter D.
Published: July 2023

Public support for the military is partly due to social desirability bias. When respondents are primed to reflect on the high levels of confidence other Americans express, confidence in the military increases; when informed that confidence in the military among other Americans has dropped in recent years, however, confidence falls. Americans in the aggregate inflate their support for the military because they feel social pressure to do so. This bias shows up in most subgroups in the population, but it is most pronounced among the highly educated, minorities, women, younger people, and those with no family in the military. And, perhaps counterintuitively, this is especially pronounced among moderate Republicans. These findings provide clear evidence of what might be called “hollow confidence”: astronomical numbers of public support that reflect a certain amount of social pressure, with at least some individuals pretending to register confidence because they think that is the socially correct opinion to express. Social pressure and social desirability bias is not all of the story, as survey experiments demonstrate, but it is an underappreciated part of the story.
Supernal Serpent
Authors: Orlov Andrei A.
Published: July 2023

This book is a wide-ranging study of Jewish and Christian traditions about Leviathan as the underworld’s ruler, the foundation of the world, and the embodiment of evil. It explores the Leviathan tradition in its full historical and interpretive complexity through a broad variety of texts, ranging from ancient West Asian accounts to later rabbinic and Muslim sources, paying special attention to the imagery found in the Book of Job, the Book of Revelation, and the Apocalypse of Abraham. The book demonstrates that, in some Jewish materials, Leviathan is envisioned as a living embodiment of the most profound divine mysteries, which are preserved by God from the beginning of Creation but will be revealed fully at the end of time.
Leviathan and Yahoel
Authors: Orlov Andrei A.
Published: July 2023

The third chapter, “Leviathan and Yahoel,” deals with the traditions reflected in chapter 10 of the Apocalypse of Abraham, where the main angelic protagonist of the story, Yahoel, is portrayed as a restraining force over Leviathan. The chapter demonstrates that the angel’s credentials as the personification of the divine Name and the embodiment of God’s Glory are closely related to his ability to exercise control over Leviathan. The chapter shows that the closest antecedent for Yahoel’s controlling powers over the monster comes from God’s own battle against Leviathan. It is these divine strategies for subduing the primordial reptile, reflected in early and late Jewish accounts, that eventually provide the ultimate insight into Yahoel’s way of handling monster in the Apocalypse of Abraham.
From Solitary Heroes to Collective Action
Authors: Nelsen Matthew D.
Published: July 2023

Chapter 4 asks thirty Chicago high schoolers within four Chicago neighborhoods to reflect upon the historical narratives found within different accounts of American history. While Chapter 3 identifies a causal relationship between course content and political participation, Chapter 4 clarifies why the content is so effective. Analyses of students’ own understanding and interpretation of social studies content, coupled with additional experimental data, enables a more comprehensive examination of the mechanisms that connect course content to intended participation. This mixed-method approach confirms that Black, Latinx, and Asian youth describe feeling more politically empowered when the agency of marginalized groups, and moments of collective action specifically, are centered in the narrative. White youth also benefit from narratives of this kind, expressing greater empathy toward racial and ethnic minorities and greater appreciation for their contributions to American democracy.
Deduction
Authors: Atkins Richard Kenneth
Published: July 2023

Peirce maintains that in valid deductions the conclusion is virtually asserted in the premises. Accordingly, in evaluating whether a deduction is valid, one is to take account not only of the formal structure of the inference but also of the meaning of the words used in drawing the inference. Peirce identifies three species of deductive inference: logical analysis, demonstration (whether necessary or probable), and statistical deduction. Peirce does not presume to prove that these species of inference are valid. Rather, he maintains that the validity of the procedures used in deduction is sufficiently obvious so that to object to deduction’s validity we need positive reasons to doubt those procedures. In order to remove such positive reasons for doubt, Peirce responds to nine different objections raised against the validity of deduction. The objection with which Peirce struggles the most throughout his life is the liar paradox.
Induction
Authors: Atkins Richard Kenneth
Published: July 2023

Peirce is at pains to respond to objections purporting to show that inductive inferences are not valid. He argues, against Mill, that the very idea of a chance world is absurd. He contends that other solutions to Hume’s problem of induction, such as those proposed by Reid and Kant, fail. Instead, Peirce maintains, inductive inference does not use the principle of uniformity and, moreover, the principle of uniformity is false. To worries that the community of inquirers will eventually come to an end, Peirce replies that logicality requires that we have certain logical sentiments. Although he does not explicitly address the worries, we can find in Peirce’s writings interesting insights bearing on such problems as Goodman’s new riddle of induction and the problem of underdetermination.
Introduction
Authors: Latsis Dimitrios
Published: July 2023

The introductory chapter provides an overview of scholarship in the historiography of American cinema during the past forty years. It tracks developments in methodology, the progressive availability of sources, and the philosophy of film history. As such, it provides a rationale for the need for the more thorough reconsideration of the early writings on cinema history and a broader meta-history of the moving image provided by the following chapters. Additionally, the chapter sets forth the twin arguments of the book about the extension of film historiography beyond written sources and the need to consider early histories of the medium as a distinct genre with its own norms and conventions.
Through a Glass Darkly
Authors: Latsis Dimitrios
Published: July 2023

This chapter presents a survey of nonfiction and nontheatrical films produced and sponsored by studios and related associations (e.g., National Board of Review) about the inner workings of the industry, its origins, and its growth. Gathered from six international archives, most of these newsreels, promotional shorts, animations, and documentaries are discussed here for the first time as crucial factors in the popularization of cinema’s past. The distinction between showing and telling the history of the silver screen are analyzed alongside ways in which these productions helped shape the trajectory of educational, demonstration, advertising, and industrial varieties of filmmaking that are still with us today. When these first visual chroniclers of the seventh art set out to research extant footage to incorporate in their lectures and ultimately edit into their films, they came up against the intractable problem of early cinema’s ephemeral nature at a time when archives were just emerging as a concept and a rallying cry against the industry’s instance amnesia.
Before Calvin
Authors: Scheuers Timothy R.
Published: July 2023

This chapter sets Calvin and the reformers against the backdrop of their inherited medieval and Renaissance legal tradition by identifying diverse voices—ancient, medieval, and humanist—that were instrumental in establishing principles and regulations for the swearing of oaths and vows. The aim of this chapter is to acquire some understanding of the traditionally foundational principles of justice and equity that oaths were intended to promote and preserve in medieval society under various circumstances. It achieves this aim by identifying the unique contexts and controversies that the taking of oaths sometimes occasioned. This section of the study reveals how the reformers’ inherited legal tradition allowed for a use of oaths, vows, and other church ceremonies as binding agents whose power could be mitigated by circumstantial prudence, permissive natural law, and a charitable concern for the protection of weaker consciences.
“Make Them Afraid of Bearing False Witness”
Authors: Scheuers Timothy R.
Published: July 2023

This chapter enhances the reader’s understanding of Reformation-era developments in the perceived relationship between oaths and the conscience by examining discipline cases in the local context of Calvin’s Geneva. The chapter explores specific concerns about conscience that appear among the anecdotal evidence contained in the Consistory records. The cases examined here illustrate how the residents of Geneva either assimilated the conscience- and oath-driven reform measures of the Consistory, or turned the accusation of conscience against their fellow residents, or appealed to the conscience in order to oppose the disciplinary tactics of the Consistory members themselves. This chapter uncovers the variety of ways that Calvin and his colleagues navigated the challenging relationships between theory and practice, between law and accommodation, and between obedience and charity, in order to protect the sacred dictates of the individual conscience while also removing scandal from the Christian community in Geneva.
An Empirical Examination of the Grievances to Mobilization Model
Authors: Basedau Matthias , Fox, and Jonathan , Zellman Ariel
Published: July 2023

This chapter provides a thorough empirical analysis of the impact of religious, political, and economic grievances on nonviolent and violent conflict. In general, grievances heavily influence levels of both types of conflict but the devil is in the details. Different forms of grievances influence different types of conflict. The same is true for other key variables including group capacity, group political influence, overlap between religious and ethnic identity, regime, and group size, among others. Our results provide far more detail as to how grievances, both religious and nonreligious, influence the conflict behavior of religious minorities across the globe.
‘Civilized Nations’ and the Colour Line
Authors: Schabas William A.
Published: July 2023

International law was created by European States in part to govern their global activities of colonization, slavery, and the slave trade. Participation in international law making was reserved to ‘civilized nations’. Doctrines of racism and racial discrimination emerged to justify global inequality. In the twentieth century, because the Global South played an increasingly important role within international law, it became concerned with racism and racial discrimination. At the Paris Peace Conference Japan failed to insert a racial equality clause in the Covenant of the League of Nations. Within the United Nations, however, countries of the Global South were more successful. Apartheid in South Africa was the focus of United Nations human rights activity for several decades. The initiatives of the Global South have constituted the beating heart of the human rights movement although narratives of the subject often adopt a Eurocentric analysis and the scholarly community has tended to neglect the importance of racial discrimination.
Early Years of the United Nations
Authors: Schabas William A.
Published: July 2023

Peoples of the Global South were terribly underrepresented in the United Nations in its early years but they lost no time in using it as a forum to advance their interests of which racism and racial discrimination were paramount. Although many accounts of the rise of human rights within the United Nations stress the role of European intellectuals, the first important human rights initiatives came from elsewhere, in particular Asian and African States with India very much in the lead. The first session of the General Assembly was marked by three important human rights initiatives dealing with the Indian diaspora in South Africa, genocide, and a general declaration against prejudice and discrimination. The first important human rights petitions at the United Nations came from African American organizations and addressed racial discrimination in the United States but also in African colonies. In 1951, a petition charged the United States with committing genocide against its African American population.
UNESCO
Authors: Schabas William A.
Published: July 2023

The preamble of UNESCO’s constitution contains a denunciation of ‘the doctrine of the inequality of men and races’. In the late 1940s, the human rights organs of the United Nations requested that UNESCO undertake a study on race with the idea of undermining pseudo-scientific theories of racial inequality. An expert statement on ‘the race question’ issued by UNESCO in 1950 described race as ‘not so much a biological phenomenon as a social myth’, adding that had been responsible for much harm. The 1950 Statement provoked considerable controversy, mainly from English anthropologists, and in 1951 a second statement was issued clarifying certain formulations. UNESCO returned to the issue in the 1960s with two additional statements. The fourth, issued in 1967, focussed more on racism than on race as such. In 1978, UNESCO crowned the process by the drafting of its Declaration on Race and Race Prejudice which was adopted by the General Conference.