bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of ultrasound on human umbilical cord peri-vascular cells
Authors: Aldosary Taghreed A. , Uludag Hasan , Doschak Michael R. , El-Bialy Tarek
Published: August 2015

Background: Tissue engineering involves using different types of stem cells. One of the roadblocks in tissue engineering is the scant supply of stem cells. The potential use of human umbilical cord peri-vascular Cells (HUCPVCs) has recently been considered as an important cell source for tissue engineering applications. The objective of this study was to explore the effect of low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on HUCPVCs. Materials and methods: HUCPVCs were divided into two groups: treatment group which received 30 mW/cm2 LIPUS for 10 minutes (1, 7, and 14 days) and control group which received sham treatment. The study groups were evaluated for cell count, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, DNA-content, gene expression, and immunophenotype. Results: There was no significant differences in cell count, ALP, DNA-content, and CD-90 between LIPUS and control groups. A significantly higher expression of OSP and PCNA was observed on day 14 in LIPUS treatment group. Conclusion: LIPUS application for 10 minutes per day for 14 days enhanced OSP and PCNA expression without significant increase in cell count of HUCPVCs. Future research may aim at exploring different LIPUS applications (different time and frequency) to optimize HUCPVCs proliferation.
Electrical Conductivity and Chemical Equilibria of Coordination Biopolymeric Cerium (IV)-Alginate Complex with Correlation between the Structure and Complex Stability
Authors: Zaafarany Ishaq , Altass Hatem , Alfahemi Jabir , Khairou Khalid , Hassan Refat
Published: August 2015

In this research study, the cross-linked cerium (IV)-alginate complex, as coordination biopolymeric compound in the granules form, was prepared. It has been indicated from the x-ray diffraction patterns that the nature of alginate complex is amorphous. Additionally, it has been revealed from the infrared absorption spectra that cerium (IV) chelates the alginate macromolecular chains in the complex. The study has displayed that the range of us OCO- is 1424 cm-1and the range of uasOCO- is 1605 cm-1. This indicates that a complexation type between the cation Ce4+ and both carboxylate and hydroxyl functional groups of alginate macromolecule is usually takes place. The study has also measured the electrical conductivity (s) of coordination biopolymeric cerium (IV)-alginate complex, as function of temperature. It has been indicated from the measured value of the electrical conductivity, i.e., 1.04 x10-9 Siemens at 20oC that the conductance of the complex lies in the range of semiconductors. The research has profoundly discussed with evaluation of the thermodynamic parameters. Afterwards, appropriate conduction mechanism based on the electrical conductivity and chemical equilibrium has also been suggested and discussed in terms of the complex stability in correlation with its coordination geometry.
Transcriptomic Response of Salmonella Typhimurium Heat Shock Gene Expression Under Thermal Stress at 48 °C
Authors: Sirsat Sujata A. , Baker Christopher A. , Park Si Hong , Muthaiyan Arunachalam , Dowd Scot E. , Ricke Steven C.
Published: August 2015

Salmonella enterica has been associated with a variety of food products, and thermal treatments are commonly used to reduce or eliminate pathogens from these foods. While the physiological response of Salmonella to a wide range of lethal and sublethal heating temperatures has been examined, only limited information is available at the transcriptional level. The objective of this study was to investigate the transcriptional profile of Salmonella Typhimurium when subjected to thermal shock at 48 °C (10 min). Transcriptomic analysis was performed using partial microarrays (1152 genes) consisting of quorum sensing, virulence, membrane, and stress related genes. Apparent Salmonella viability based on the optical density decreased in response to thermal exposure. Transcriptomic analysis revealed induction of several heat shock and stress related genes due to thermal exposure at 48 °C. This research reveals that there is an impact of exposure to a sublethal temperature (48°C) on the subsequent transcriptional responses of S. Typhimurium.
Lundbeck en pay-for-delay schikkingen aan beide zijden van de Atlantische Oceaan
Authors: Fanoy J. , Raats T.
Published: August 2015

In januari 2015 publiceerde de Europese Commissie de boetebeschikking in de zaak Lundbeck. Lundbeck werd samen met een aantal producenten van generieke geneesmiddelen beboet voor pay-for-delay schikkingen die zij hadden getroffen. Door middel van deze schikkingen kwamen de betrokken producenten van generieke geneesmiddelen overeen dat zij markttoegang zouden uitstellen in ruil voor een betaling. In dit artikel wordt de Lundbeck-beschikking besproken en een vergelijking gemaakt met de beoordeling van pay-for-delay schikkingen door de Amerikaanse mededingingsautoriteit en rechter.

Commissie beschikking nr. C(2013) 3803 final, zaak AT.39226 (19 juni 2013)
Estudo morfométrico dos esporos fósseis e atuais da família anemiaceae do cretáceo inferior ao quaternário
Authors: Duarte Sarah Gonçalves , Arai Mitsuru , Wanderley Maria Dolores
Published: August 2015

O presente estudo foi baseado na morfometria de 112 morfoespécies de esporos fósseis relacionadas à Anemiaceae (Classe Polypodiopsida, Ordem Schizaeales) oriundas de diversos estratos de bacias brasileiras, abrangendo desde o Cretáceo Inferior até o Quaternário, e de esporos de 129 espécies viventes da família no mundo. O objetivo é averiguar a relação existente entre caracteres morfométricos, cronoestratigrafia e clima/paleoclima. Foram levantados os seguintes parâmetros: D1 (diâmetro maior), D2 (diâmetro menor), EM (espessura do muro) e DM (distância entre os muros). As medidas obtidas em micrômetro foram arquivadas na planilha Excel, visando à confecção de gráficos de regressão linear, os quais forneceram os seguintes resultados: (1) D1 e D2 se correlacionam com linearidade perfeita, independente da idade geológica e do clima, o que é esperado, já que os esporos de Anemiaceae se caracterizam pelo âmbito equidimensional; (2) na relação entre D1 e EM, os valores de D1 aumentam, grosso modo, com o aumento da espessura do muro, sem, contudo, apresentar uma linearidade perfeita. A falta da linearidade é notável nas espécies do Cretáceo Inferior, onde predominam muros finos. No Cretáceo Inferior, os muros mais espessos não passam de 4 µm, enquanto no Cretáceo Superior, foram observados muros de até 8 µm. Entre as espécies atuais, desprovidas de muros muito finos, é observada certa linearidade, independentemente do tipo de clima; (3) a relação EM x DM não apresenta nenhuma correlação nas espécies do Cretáceo ao Terciário, registrando uma ampla gama de valores de DM para cada valor de EM. Isto era esperado, já que a espessura do muro e a distância entre os muros são, a priori, parâmetros independentes. No Cretáceo, os valores de DM são geralmente pequenos, predominando valores menores que 2 µm. Já no Terciário, os valores de DM variam de 0,5 µm a 6 µm. As espécies viventes apresentam relação inversa entre EM e DM, principalmente entre as espécies do clima semiárido a semiúmido. Essa relação não existe entre as espécies fósseis, em função da existência de espécies com muros finos e densos (e.g., Cicatricosisporites microstriatus, C. minutaestriatus e C. avnimelechi) e de espécies com muros de espessura mediana com grande distância entre eles (e.g., Cicatricosisporites hughesii e C. purbeckensis).
Hey Napa—Your Afterslip Is Showing
Authors: Buehrer Judi
Published: August 2015

In the aftermath of a 6.0‐magnitude earthquake and the ensuing afterslip in Napa, Calif., waterworks employees pulled together to repair leaks and maintain a safe water supply for the city. The experience will help other cities adapt to and even predict damage from future quakes.
Risky Business: Factoring in Public Perceptions
Authors: Goetz Melanie K.
Published: August 2015

Revealing the risks and laying out the benefits of action can be smart ways for a water utility to gain the confidence of its customers when communicating a problem or potential concern.
Aquifer Exemptions: Program Overview and Emerging Concerns
Authors: Thorp Lynn W. , Noel John
Published: August 2015

The Aquifer Exemption program was created by the US Environmental Protection Agency in 1980 as part of the Safe Drinking Water Act's Underground Injection Control program. Concerns about the ability of the exemption process to protect underground sources of drinking water have brought the program back into the limelight.
Comparison of Selected Differential‐Producing, Ultrasonic, and Magnetic Flow Meters
Authors: Prettyman Johnny B. , Johnson Michael C. , Barfuss Steven L.
Published: August 2015

Selecting the best flow meter for a specific application can be challenging because of the many types and designs of flow meters, with each having its own merits and drawbacks. Illustrating these specific benefits and drawbacks can help the buyer select the meter best suited for the desired application. The flow meters investigated in this research include five designs of differential‐pressure meters (i.e., differential‐producing), a magnetic flow meter, and an ultrasonic flow meter. The differential meters included the Venturi designs, the wedge flow meter, and the V‐cone meter. Testing was completed at the Utah Water Research Laboratory to quantify the accuracy and head loss (pressure loss) of each meter design. The meter longevity and life cycle costs were determined from manufacturer‐supplied information and literature reviews. Although this list is not allinclusive, this study was designed to assist those responsible for selecting a flow meter for their specific application.
Feasibility Study of Canine Epidermal Neural Crest Stem Cell Transplantation in the Spinal Cords of Dogs
Authors: McMahill Barbara G. , Spriet Mathieu , Sisó Sílvia , Manzer Michael D. , Mitchell Gaela , McGee Jeannine , Garcia Tanya C. , Borjesson Dori L. , Sieber-Blum Maya , Nolta Jan A. , Sturges Beverly K.
Published: August 2015

This pilot feasibility study aimed to determine the outcome of canine epidermal neural crest stem cell (cEPI-NCSC) grafts in the normal spinal cords of healthy bred-for-research dogs. This included developing novel protocols for (a) the ex vivo expansion of cEPI-NCSCs, (b) the delivery of cEPI-NCSCs into the spinal cord, and (c) the labeling of the cells and subsequent tracing of the graft in the live animal by magnetic resonance imaging. A total of four million cEPI-NCSCs were injected into the spinal cord divided in two locations. Differences in locomotion at baseline and post-treatment were evaluated by gait analysis and compared with neurological outcome and behavioral exams. Histopathological analyses of the spinal cords and cEPI-NCSC grafts were performed at 3 weeks post-transplantation. Neurological and gait parameters were minimally affected by the stem cell injection. cEPI-NCSCs survived in the canine spinal cord for the entire period of investigation and did not migrate or proliferate. Subsets of cEPI-NCSCs expressed the neural crest stem cell marker Sox10. There was no detectable expression of markers for glial cells or neurons. The tissue reaction to the cell graft was predominantly vascular in addition to a degree of reactive astrogliosis and microglial activation. In the present study, we demonstrated that cEPI-NCSC grafts survive in the spinal cords of healthy dogs without major adverse effects. They persist locally in the normal spinal cord, may promote angiogenesis and tissue remodeling, and elicit a tissue response that may be beneficial in patients with spinal cord injury.

Significance

It has been established that mouse and human epidermal neural crest stem cells are somatic multipotent stem cells with proved innovative potential in a mouse model of spinal cord injury (SCI) offering promise of a valid treatment for SCI. Traumatic SCI is a common neurological problem in dogs with marked similarities, clinically and pathologically, to the syndrome in people. For this reason, dogs provide a readily accessible, clinically realistic, spontaneous model for evaluation of epidermal neural crest stem cells therapeutic intervention. The results of this study are expected to give the baseline data for a future clinical trial in dogs with traumatic SCI.
Safe and Reproducible Preparation of Functional Dendritic Cells for Immunotherapy in Glioblastoma Patients
Authors: Nava Sara , Lisini Daniela , Pogliani Simona , Dossena Marta , Bersano Anna , Pellegatta Serena , Parati Eugenio , Finocchiaro Gaetano , Frigerio Simona
Published: August 2015

Cell therapy based on dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with tumor lysate is a promising approach in addition to conventional therapy for the treatment of patients with glioblastoma (GB). The success of this approach strongly depends on the ability to generate high-quality, functionally mature DCs (mDCs), with a high level of standardization and in compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices. In the cell factory of the Carlo Besta Foundation, two phase I clinical trials on immunotherapy with tumor lysate-loaded DCs as treatment for GB are ongoing. From 2010 to 2014, 54 patients were enrolled in the studies and 54 batches of DCs were prepared. We retrospectively analyzed the results of the quality control tests carried out on each produced batch, evaluating yield of mDCs and their quality in terms of microbiological safety and immunological efficacy. The number of mDCs obtained allowed the treatment of all the enrolled patients. All 54 batches were sterile, conformed to acceptable endotoxin levels, and were free of Mycoplasma species and adventitious viruses. During culture, cells maintained a high percentage of viability (87%–98%), and all batches showed high viability after thawing (mean ± SD: 94.6% ± 2.9%). Phenotype evaluation of mDCs showed an evident upregulation of markers typical of DC maturation; mixed lymphocyte reaction tests for the functional evaluation of DCs demonstrated that all batches were able to induce lymphocyte responses. These results demonstrated that our protocol for DC preparation is highly reproducible and permits generation of large numbers of safe and functional DCs for in vivo use in immunotherapy approaches.

Significance

Cell therapy based on antigen-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) is a promising approach for the treatment of glioblastoma patients. The success of this approach strongly depends on the ability to generate high-quality, functional DCs with a high level of standardization, ensuring reproducibility, efficacy, and safety of the final product. This article summarizes the results of the quality controls on 54 batches, to demonstrate the feasibility of producing a therapeutic cell-based vaccine via a well-controlled Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)-compliant production process. The findings may be of scientific interest to those working in the field of preparation of GMP-compliant products for cell-therapy applications.
L’adaptation cinématographique comme héritage aporétique : l’hantologie shakespearienne dans Ran d’Akira Kurosawa
Authors: Lemieux René
Published: August 2015

Cet article a pour objet le film Ran d’Akira Kurosawa (1985), qui se veut une adaptation de la pièce King Lear de William Shakespeare. Il s’agit ici d’étudier ce qui se passe (ou ce qui ne passe pas) entre l’oeuvre originale et son adaptation, mais aussi dans leurs intrigues respectives. Loin de se limiter à voir l’oeuvre cinématographique japonaise comme la simple traduction transculturelle d’une pièce de théâtre occidentale, cet article reprend la notion d’hantologie de Jacques Derrida et propose de voir réapparaître en Ran ce qu’a toujours été la pièce shakespearienne : une fable portant sur une certaine impossibilité d’hériter, ou encore sur l’absence d’héritage pris comme héritage.
La comédie du théâtre au cinéma : une histoire de dramaturgie ?
Authors: Krawczyk Johanna
Published: August 2015

Si elles émergent depuis quelques années, les tentatives de décloisonnement destinées à interroger les croisements du théâtre et du cinéma ont tendance à délaisser un genre : la comédie. Or, dans l’adaptation d’une comédie théâtrale au cinéma advient une dramaturgie particulière, qui offre une possibilité d’inventivité scénaristique et filmique inédite. C’est cette question que nous nous proposons d’approfondir en étudiantCuisine et dépendancesetUn air de famille, deux pièces écrites par Agnès Jaoui et Jean-Pierre Bacri et respectivement adaptées au cinéma par les réalisateurs Philippe Muyl et Cédric Klapisch.
André Gide : entre cosmopolitisme, nationalisme et roman pur
Authors: Salem Saida Ben
Published: August 2015

André Gide fait dire au héros des Faux-monnayeurs, Édouard : « [E]n art, comme partout, la pureté seule m’importe. » La pureté n’est pas alors le propre de l’art ou de la littérature ; elle est « partout » ; la notion de pureté est universelle. D’une façon générale, en tant qu’humaniste, Gide a essayé de faire de la littérature un moyen d’unification de l’Europe et du monde en favorisant l’ouverture à des textes étrangers, et non la division. Or, basée sur des cultures étrangères, sur des traductions, cette littérature favoriserait-elle l’impureté ? La pureté n’est-elle pas essentiellement relative à une littérature nationale authentique ?
L’épopée juive et américaine selon Philip Roth
Authors: Decout Maxime
Published: August 2015

L’oeuvre de Philip Roth peut être lue comme la quête d’un épique perdu, capable de justifier l’individu en l’inscrivant dans un processus historique et dans une collectivité avec qui le lien est rompu. Cette quête met en débat deux interrogations constantes : la judéité et l’identité américaine. Car dans cette Amérique où l’héroïsme vire au conformisme et à l’immobilisme, où chacun aspire au confort de la « pastorale », les Juifs américains sont coupés des souffrances historiques qui, en l’absence de dimension religieuse ou spirituelle, demeurent le seul fondement de l’être juif moderne. La dynamique centrale de l’oeuvre pourrait alors être d’opérer une bascule depuis une épopée enchaînée à une épopée délivrée, qui redéfinit les fondements identitaires des personnages.
Prosaïsme et flânerie chez Eudore Évanturel
Authors: Lambert Vincent
Published: August 2015

Les Premières poésies d’Eudore Évanturel (1852-1919) forment un recueil qui détonne dans la littérature québécoise du XIXe siècle. Étranger au patriotisme littéraire de son temps, Évanturel est un poète de l’ut pictura poesis, comme Alfred Garneau, mais d’une manière tout à fait inattendue, avec un prosaïsme qui s’attache moins aux paysages silencieux qu’à l’univers urbain, à ses personnages variés, ses mondanités, ses intérieurs bourgeois. Poète ironique, livré à ses humeurs, Évanturel s’adonne à une flânerie qu’il faut distinguer de l’ivresse baudelairienne, car il est plus proche des chroniqueurs de son temps. Toutefois, dans cette attention distanciée, c’est la présence même du monde qui fait évènement.
A molecular tweezer antagonizes seminal amyloids and HIV infection
Authors: Lump Edina , Castellano Laura M , Meier Christoph , Seeliger Janine , Erwin Nelli , Sperlich Benjamin , Stürzel Christina M , Usmani Shariq , Hammond Rebecca M , von Einem Jens , Gerold Gisa , Kreppel Florian , Bravo-Rodriguez Kenny , Pietschmann Thomas , Holmes Veronica M , Palesch David , Zirafi Onofrio , Weissman Drew , Sowislok Andrea , Wettig Burkhard , Heid Christian , Kirchhoff Frank , Weil Tanja , Klärner Frank-Gerrit , Schrader Thomas , Bitan Gal , Sanchez-Garcia Elsa , Winter Roland , Shorter James , Münch Jan
Published: August 2015

Semen is the main vector for HIV transmission and contains amyloid fibrils that enhance viral infection. Available microbicides that target viral components have proven largely ineffective in preventing sexual virus transmission. In this study, we establish that CLR01, a ‘molecular tweezer’ specific for lysine and arginine residues, inhibits the formation of infectivity-enhancing seminal amyloids and remodels preformed fibrils. Moreover, CLR01 abrogates semen-mediated enhancement of viral infection by preventing the formation of virion–amyloid complexes and by directly disrupting the membrane integrity of HIV and other enveloped viruses. We establish that CLR01 acts by binding to the target lysine and arginine residues rather than by a non-specific, colloidal mechanism. CLR01 counteracts both host factors that may be important for HIV transmission and the pathogen itself. These combined anti-amyloid and antiviral activities make CLR01 a promising topical microbicide for blocking infection by HIV and other sexually transmitted viruses.
Reverse evolution leads to genotypic incompatibility despite functional and active site convergence
Authors: Kaltenbach Miriam , Jackson Colin J , Campbell Eleanor C , Hollfelder Florian , Tokuriki Nobuhiko
Published: August 2015

Understanding the extent to which enzyme evolution is reversible can shed light on the fundamental relationship between protein sequence, structure, and function. Here, we perform an experimental test of evolutionary reversibility using directed evolution from a phosphotriesterase to an arylesterase, and back, and examine the underlying molecular basis. We find that wild-type phosphotriesterase function could be restored (>104-fold activity increase), but via an alternative set of mutations. The enzyme active site converged towards its original state, indicating evolutionary constraints imposed by catalytic requirements. We reveal that extensive epistasis prevents reversions and necessitates fixation of new mutations, leading to a functionally identical sequence. Many amino acid exchanges between the new and original enzyme are not tolerated, implying sequence incompatibility. Therefore, the evolution was phenotypically reversible but genotypically irreversible. Our study illustrates that the enzyme's adaptive landscape is highly rugged, and different functional sequences may constitute separate fitness peaks.
Magnetic unmixing of first‐order reversal curve diagrams using principal component analysis
Authors: Lascu Ioan , Harrison Richard J. , Li Yuting , Muraszko Joy R. , Channell James E. T. , Piotrowski Alexander M. , Hodell David A.
Published: August 2015

We describe a quantitative magnetic unmixing method based on principal component analysis (PCA) of first‐order reversal curve (FORC) diagrams. For PCA, we resample FORC distributions on grids that capture diagnostic signatures of single‐domain (SD), pseudosingle‐domain (PSD), and multidomain (MD) magnetite, as well as of minerals such as hematite. Individual FORC diagrams are recast as linear combinations of end‐member (EM) FORC diagrams, located at user‐defined positions in PCA space. The EM selection is guided by constraints derived from physical modeling and imposed by data scatter. We investigate temporal variations of two EMs in bulk North Atlantic sediment cores collected from the Rockall Trough and the Iberian Continental Margin. Sediments from each site contain a mixture of magnetosomes and granulometrically distinct detrital magnetite. We also quantify the spatial variation of three EM components (a coarse silt‐sized MD component, a fine silt‐sized PSD component, and a mixed clay‐sized component containing both SD magnetite and hematite) in surficial sediments along the flow path of the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). These samples were separated into granulometric fractions, which helped constrain EM definition. PCA‐based unmixing reveals systematic variations in EM relative abundance as a function of distance along NADW flow. Finally, we apply PCA to the combined data set of Rockall Trough and NADW sediments, which can be recast as a four‐EM mixture, providing enhanced discrimination between components. Our method forms the foundation of a general solution to the problem of unmixing multicomponent magnetic mixtures, a fundamental task of rock magnetic studies.
Coseismic displacements from SAR image offsets between different satellite sensors: Application to the 2001 Bhuj (India) earthquake
Authors: Wang Teng , Wei Shengji , Jónsson Sigurjón
Published: August 2015

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image offset tracking is increasingly being used for measuring ground displacements, e.g., due to earthquakes and landslide movement. However, this technique has been applied only to images acquired by the same or identical satellites. Here we propose a novel approach for determining offsets between images acquired by different satellite sensors, extending the usability of existing SAR image archives. The offsets are measured between two multiimage reflectivity maps obtained from different SAR data sets, which provide significantly better results than with single preevent and postevent images. Application to the 2001 Mw7.6 Bhuj earthquake reveals, for the first time, its near‐field deformation using multiple preearthquake ERS and postearthquake Envisat images. The rupture model estimated from these cross‐sensor offsets and teleseismic waveforms shows a compact fault slip pattern with fairly short rise times (<3 s) and a large stress drop (20 MPa), explaining the intense shaking observed in the earthquake.
Subduction initiation at relic arcs
Authors: Leng Wei , Gurnis Michael
Published: August 2015

Although plate tectonics is well established, how a new subduction zone initiates remains controversial. Based on plate reconstruction and recent ocean drilling within the Izu‐Bonin‐Mariana, we advance a new geodynamic model of subduction initiation (SI). We argue that the close juxtaposition of the nascent plate boundary with relic oceanic arcs is a key factor localizing initiation of this new subduction zone. The combination of thermal and compositional density contrasts between the overriding relic arc, and the adjacent old Pacific oceanic plate promoted spontaneous SI. We suggest that thermal rejuvenation of the overriding plate just before 50 Ma caused a reduction in overriding plate strength and an increase in the age contrast (hence buoyancy) between the two plates, leading to SI. The computational models map out a framework in which rejuvenated relic arcs are a favorable tectonic environment for promoting subduction initiation, while transform faults and passive margins are not.
Near‐surface Scholte wave velocities at Ekofisk from short noise recordings by seismic noise gradiometry
Authors: de Ridder S. A. L. , Biondi B. L.
Published: August 2015

We propose a new approach for imaging the subsurface using a stochastic wavefield of interface waves present in the ambient seismic field. Unlike seismic interferometry, our technique does not rely on cross correlations to obtain the Green's function between two seismic receivers. Rather, it relies on the local measurements of phase velocity obtained directly from the ratio between second‐order temporal and spatial derivatives of the wavefield. We process 10 min of ambient seismic noise recording made using a large and dense array installed over Ekofisk. We image a subsidence‐induced geomechanical imprint on the Scholte wave phase velocities in the near surface. This resulting phase velocity pattern is verified by comparison to results from a seismic‐noise cross‐correlation tomography.
Earthquake characteristics before eruptions of Japan's Ontake volcano in 2007 and 2014
Authors: Zhang Miao , Wen Lianxing
Published: August 2015

We detect earthquakes associated with Japan's Ontake eruptions in 2007 and 2014 using the match‐and‐locate method. Thirty‐seven times more events (4949) than the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) catalog (133) and 30 times more events (1880) than the JMA catalog (62) are detected during the eruptions of 2007 and 2014, respectively. The detected earthquakes are further classified into three different types: long‐period (LP) events, LP‐associated events, and volcano‐tectonic (VT) earthquakes. Both LP and LP‐associated events are observed in the two eruptions. We suggest that the observed intense seismicity before both eruptions indicates the rewaking of Ontake volcano and might be used to predict its impending eruption in the long term. The temporal persistence and spatial concentration of LP and LP‐associated events may be used to predict the eventual eruption and eruption location, and the maximum magnitude of the LP events may be used as an indicator of eruption magnitude.
The 2003–2004 seismic swarm in the western Corinth rift: Evidence for a multiscale pore pressure diffusion process along a permeable fault system
Authors: Duverger Clara , Godano Maxime , Bernard Pascal , Lyon‐Caen Hélène , Lambotte Sophie
Published: August 2015

Microseismic multiplets occurring in the western Corinth rift, Greece, during a large swarm are analyzed to retrieve their spatiotemporal characteristics. These multiplets activated small subfaults at depth (∼7 km), up to 1 km long, at the root of two parallel active normal faults. The swarm migrates westward nearly horizontally over 10 km at an average velocity of 50 m/d with a diffusivity of 0.5 m2 s−1. It successively activates the Aigion fault, a relay zone in its hanging wall, and the Fassouleika fault. Within each multiplet, hypocenters also migrate with diffusivities ranging from 0.001 to 0.4 m2 s−1. The largest internal diffusivities appear at the core of the layer defined by the clusters. These results are interpreted as a hydroshear process caused by pore pressure migration within permeable corridors resulting from the intersection of the major faults with a brittle geological layer inherited from the Hellenic nappe stack.
The meteoroid stream of comet Encke at Mercury: Implications for MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging observations of the exosphere
Authors: Christou Apostolos A. , Killen Rosemary M. , Burger Matthew H.
Published: August 2015

We test the hypothesis that an annually repeatable Ca emission excess in Mercury's exosphere at a True Anomaly Angle (TAA) of 25° ± 5° is due to particles from comet 2P/Encke impacting the surface. By simulating the dynamical evolution of Encke particles under planetary perturbations and Poynting‐Robertson drag, we find that millimeter‐sized grains ejected 1–2 ×104 years ago encounter Mercury at TAA = 350°–30°. The timing of the excess emission is consistent with a major dust release episode
20 kyr ago, possibly due to Encke progenitor breakup. The emission mechanism is likely the direct injection of impact‐liberated Ca into sunlight rather than nightside surface adsorption for subsequent release at dawn. The timing of dust release from the comet depends on this mechanism; a 10 kyr age is implied by the direct‐injection scenario.
Slow electron holes in multicomponent plasmas
Authors: Norgren C. , André M. , Graham D. B. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , Vaivads A.
Published: August 2015

Electrostatic solitary waves (ESWs), often interpreted as electron phase space holes, are commonly observed in plasmas and are manifestations of strongly nonlinear processes. Often slow ESWs are observed, suggesting generation by the Buneman instability. The instability criteria, however, are generally not satisfied. We show how slow electron holes can be generated by a modified Buneman instability in a plasma that includes a slow electron beam on top of a warm thermal electron background. This lowers the required current for marginal instability and allows for generation of slow electron holes for a wide range of beam parameters that covers expected plasma distributions in space, for example, in magnetic reconnection regions. At higher beam speeds, the electron‐electron beam instability becomes dominant instead, producing faster electron holes. The range of phase speeds for this model is consistent with a statistical set of observations at the magnetopause made by Cluster.
Paul‐Mohr‐Coulomb failure surface of rock in the brittle regime
Authors: Makhnenko Roman Y. , Harvieux Justice , Labuz Joseph F.
Published: August 2015

The Paul‐Mohr‐Coulomb failure criterion includes the intermediate principal stress σII and friction angles at the limiting stress states of σII = σIII and σII = σI, where σI and σIII are major and minor principal stresses. Conventional triaxial compression (σII = σIII), extension (σII = σI), and plane strain (σI ≠ σII ≠ σIII) experiments were performed on dry rock. The failure data were plotted in principal stress space, and material parameters were determined in the context of two internal friction angles and the theoretical uniform triaxial (all‐around equal) tensile strength. Assuming isotropy, the triaxial compression and extension results were used to construct a six‐sided pyramidal failure surface, and the extension friction angle was larger than the compression friction angle, a sufficient but not necessary condition of the intermediate stress effect. To capture the behavior of the rock in multiaxial loading, the Paul‐Mohr‐Coulomb criterion was extended to form a 12‐sided pyramid with best fit planes.
Orientation of X lines in asymmetric magnetic reconnection—Mass ratio dependency
Authors: Liu Yi‐Hsin , Hesse M. , Kuznetsova M.
Published: August 2015

Using fully kinetic simulations, we study the X line orientation of magnetic reconnection in an asymmetric configuration. A spatially localized perturbation is employed to induce a single X line, which has sufficient freedom to choose its orientation in three‐dimensional systems. The effect of ion to electron mass ratio is investigated, and the X line appears to bisect the magnetic shear angle across the current sheet in the large mass ratio limit. The orientation can generally be deduced by scanning through the corresponding 2‐D simulations to find the reconnection plane that maximizes the peak reconnection electric field. The deviation from the bisection angle in the lower mass ratio limit is consistent with the orientation shift of the most unstable linear tearing mode in an electron‐scale current sheet.
Longitudinal and seasonal variation of the equatorial flux tube integrated Rayleigh‐Taylor instability growth rate
Authors: Wu Qian
Published: August 2015

Using the National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIEGCM), the ionospheric Rayleigh‐Taylor instability growth rate is calculated. The seasonal and longitudinal variations of the growth rate from the TIEGCM appear to match that of the spread F observed by various satellite missions. The growth rate is strongly dependent on the angle between the sunset terminator and the geomagnetic field line near the magnetic equator. The TIEGCM simulations with nonmigrating tides show the zonal wave number 4 structure in the Rayleigh‐Taylor instability due to the inclusion of the nonmigrating diurnal eastward zonal wave number 3 and semidiurnal eastward zonal wave number 2 tides.
Seasonal evolution of melt ponds on Arctic sea ice
Authors: Webster Melinda A. , Rigor Ignatius G. , Perovich Donald K. , Richter‐Menge Jacqueline A. , Polashenski Christopher M. , Light Bonnie
Published: August 2015

The seasonal evolution of melt ponds has been well documented on multiyear and landfast first‐year sea ice, but is critically lacking on drifting, first‐year sea ice, which is becoming increasingly prevalent in the Arctic. Using 1 m resolution panchromatic satellite imagery paired with airborne and in situ data, we evaluated melt pond evolution for an entire melt season on drifting first‐year and multiyear sea ice near the 2011 Applied Physics Laboratory Ice Station (APLIS) site in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas. A new algorithm was developed to classify the imagery into sea ice, thin ice, melt pond, and open water classes on two contrasting ice types: first‐year and multiyear sea ice. Surprisingly, melt ponds formed ∼3 weeks earlier on multiyear ice. Both ice types had comparable mean snow depths, but multiyear ice had 0–5 cm deep snow covering ∼37% of its surveyed area, which may have facilitated earlier melt due to its low surface albedo compared to thicker snow. Maximum pond fractions were 53 ± 3% and 38 ± 3% on first‐year and multiyear ice, respectively. APLIS pond fractions were compared with those from the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) field campaign. APLIS exhibited earlier melt and double the maximum pond fraction, which was in part due to the greater presence of thin snow and first‐year ice at APLIS. These results reveal considerable differences in pond formation between ice types, and underscore the importance of snow depth distributions in the timing and progression of melt pond formation.
Tropical cyclones in the North American Regional Reanalysis: The impact of satellite‐derived precipitation over ocean
Authors: Zick Stephanie E. , Matyas Corene J.
Published: August 2015

Continued advancement in the realm of tropical cyclone (TC) forecasting requires a more accurate depiction of these storms at model initialization. This study examines the impact of precipitation assimilation on the representation of TCs in the North American Regional Reanalysis before and after the 2004 introduction of precipitation assimilation over ocean in the vicinity of TCs. The probability distribution function of rainfall rates indicates that light (heavy) precipitation was overforecast (underforecast) in the early time period. Since the precipitation assimilation is applied through an adjustment to the latent heating distribution, the data assimilation system in the later time period initializes a low‐level moisture and heating profile that is more conducive to the initiation of deep convection and the generation of precipitation. Consequently, the deep convection and enhanced latent heat release lead to a more robust warm‐core temperature perturbation and a better developed secondary circulation, which supplies the TC with larger quantities of moisture from the large‐scale environment. Furthermore, the evolution of TC size, which was objectively estimated though the radius of outermost closed isobar, is significantly more skillful (p < 0.05) in post‐2003 storms. Based on this study, precipitation assimilation leads to a better analysis of temperature, winds, and moisture in the vicinity of TCs, resulting in improved representations of the water budget and storm life cycle. Therefore, we conclude that efforts toward the development of precipitation assimilation techniques from radar and satellite data sets will be valuable toward the construction of improved TC forecasting tools with more authentic TC representation.
Solar wind at 33 AU: Setting bounds on the Pluto interaction for New Horizons
Authors: Bagenal F. , Delamere P. A. , Elliott H. A. , Hill M. E. , Lisse C. M. , McComas D. J. , McNutt Jr. R. L. , Richardson J. D. , Smith C. W. , Strobel D. F.
Published: August 2015

NASA's New Horizons spacecraft flies past Pluto on 14 July 2015, carrying two instruments that detect charged particles. Pluto has a tenuous, extended atmosphere that is escaping the planet's weak gravity. The interaction of the solar wind with Pluto's escaping atmosphere depends on solar wind conditions as well as the vertical structure of Pluto's atmosphere. We have analyzed Voyager 2 particles and fields measurements between 25 and 39 AU and present their statistical variations. We have adjusted these predictions to allow for the Sun's declining activity and solar wind output. We summarize the range of SW conditions that can be expected at 33 AU and survey the range of scales of interaction that New Horizons might experience. Model estimates for the solar wind standoff distance vary from ~7 to ~1000 RP with our best estimate being around 40 RP (where we take Pluto's radius to be RP = 1184 km).
A parametrization of a steady periodic solution of the Fourier equation to model soil temperature dynamics
Authors: Falocchi Marco , Barontini Stefano , Ranzi Roberto
Published: August 2015

In dry days the temperature of the upper soil layers presents a characteristic asymmetric periodic‐like pattern with a minimum in the morning and a maximum in the afternoon. In view of estimating the conductive heat component of the surface energy balance, at local, basin, and global scales, in this study we use a periodic series solution of the Fourier equation to develop a simple procedure to accurately reconstruct the soil temperature and heat flux profiles. The method is based on weighting and phasing the Fourier harmonics by means of coefficients which do not depend on the soil thermal properties but only depend on the shape of the temperature boundary condition. The proposed coefficients can be regarded to as site independent and with good approximation universal. In order to calibrate and test the procedure, measurements of soil temperature, soil heat flux, and soil water content, collected during the CividatEX Experiment (summer 2012, summer 2013, and spring and summer 2014), in Italy, were used. The method accurately reproduced the temperature observations at three measurement depths within the upper 20 cm soil layer. Once assessed the soil thermal conductivity, the method proved to be effective also in reproducing the measured soil heat flux. The procedure was furthermore validated reconstructing with good results the soil temperature dynamics measured by an independent micrometeorological station in a different environment.
Analysis of the potential radiation hazard of the 23 July 2012 SEP event observed by STEREO A using the EMMREM model and LRO/CRaTER
Authors: Joyce C. J. , Schwadron N. A. , Townsend L. W. , Mewaldt R. A. , Cohen C. M. S. , von Rosenvinge T. T. , Case A. W. , Spence H. E. , Wilson J. K. , Gorby M. , Quinn M. , Zeitlin C. J.
Published: August 2015

We present a study of the potential radiation hazard of the powerful, superfast interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) observed by STEREO A on 23 July 2012. Using energetic proton flux data from the High Energy Telescope and Low Energy Telescope instruments aboard STEREO A together with the Earth‐Moon‐Mars Radiation Environment Module, we compute dose rates and accumulated doses during the event for both skin/eye and blood forming organs using four physically relevant levels of shielding. For spacesuit equivalent shielding, we compute a peak skin/eye dose rate of 1970 cGy‐Eq/d, a value far greater than those of the 2003 Halloween storms or the January and March solar energetic particle events of 2012. However, due to the relative brevity of the event, the resulting accumulated dose was just 383 cGy‐Eq, which is more aligned with the total doses of the 2003 Halloween and 2012 January/March events. Additionally, we use dose rates at STEREO B and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter/Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (LRO/CRaTER) during the event to show how the radiation impact is affected by the position of the ICME relative to the observer. Specifically, we find that the energetic particle event associated with the local shock and ICME passage at STEREO A caused greatly enhanced dose rates when compared to STEREO B and LRO/CRaTER, which were longitudinally distant from the ICME. The STEREO A/B dose rates used here will soon be made available to the community as a tool for studying the energetic particle radiation of solar events from different longitudes as a part of NASA's Heliophysics Virtual Observatories and on the Predictions of radiation from REleASE, EMMREM, and Data Incorporating CRaTER, COSTEP, and other SEP measurements (PREDICCS) and CRaTER websites.
Microbiology
Authors: Sattley W Matthew , Madigan Michael T
Published: August 2015

Microbiology is the study of microorganisms – biological entities too small to be seen with the unaided eye. Most major advances in microbiology have occurred within the past 150 years, and several important subdisciplines of microbiology have developed during this time, including microbial ecology, molecular biology, immunology, industrial microbiology and biotechnology. Microorganisms of various types exist in all three domains of life (theBacteria,ArchaeaandEukarya), and they are by far the most abundant life forms on Earth. Microscopic biological agents include bacteria, archaea, protists (protozoa and algae), fungi, parasitic worms (helminths) and viruses. Although a small percentage of microorganisms are harmful to certain plants and animals and may cause serious disease in humans, the vast majority of microorganisms provide beneficial services, such as assisting in water purification and the production of certain foods, and many are essential for the proper functioning of Earth's ecosystems.

Key Concepts

The science of microbiology has advanced rapidly since the late 1800s and has spawned numerous important environmental, industrial and medical subdisciplines.

Microbes are found in all domains of life and include bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, certain helminths and viruses.

Microorganisms are essential to the proper functioning of all of Earth's ecosystems; all nutrient (elemental) cycles are driven primarily by microbial activities.

While the vast majority of microorganisms are beneficial and provide valuable services, some microbes cause serious disease and have developed resistance to many of our most useful antimicrobial drugs.
Innate Immune Mechanisms: Nonself Recognition
Authors: Quah Ben JC , Parish Christopher R
Published: August 2015

The initial defence of the body against pathogens relies on the innate immune system. The innate immune system recognises unique molecular patterns expressed by pathogens, referred to as pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (
PAMPs
), through receptors known as pattern recognition molecules (
PRMs
).
PRMs
are a diverse range of molecules and include secreted proteins, transmembrane proteins and cytosolic proteins. These molecules sense extracellular and intracellular pathogens and induce a number of responses to help aid in pathogen destruction including phagocytosis through opsonisation, cytokine production and activation of complement. In addition to pathogen sensing, host cells express proteins, the complement regulatory proteins that protect them from attack by the alternative pathway of complement activation, whereas foreign organisms lack these protective proteins and are, therefore, susceptible to complement attack.

Key Concepts

The innate immune system recognises pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are unique to pathogens.

Cells of the innate immune system express a large range of pattern recognition molecules (PRM) that bind to PAMPs.

PRMs are a diverse range of molecules and include secreted proteins, membrane‐associated proteins and cytosolic proteins.

PRMs induce a number of host defence mechanisms upon recognition of PAMPs, including phagocytosis, cytokine production and complement activation.

Host cells express complement regulatory proteins that protect them from attack by innate mechanisms.
Tumour Antigens Recognised by Antibodies
Authors: Luborsky Judith
Published: August 2015

Humoral and cellular immune responses to tumour antigens occur during tumourigenesis. Since 1965, there has been an ongoing search for cancer‐specific antibodies as these have potential applications as specific diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Serum antibodies from cancer patients have been used to identify hundreds of tumour antigens. Owing to the biochemical heterogeneity of tumours, even of the same type, each patient has a slightly different repertoire of autoantibodies. However, there is an overall characteristic polyclonal signature for specific tumour types. Thus, multi‐antigen assays to detect cancer signatures are in development as diagnostic tests. For antigen‐targeted therapy, monoclonal antibodies to individual antigens have been produced and some are
FDA
approved for cancer treatment.

Key Concepts

Autoantibodies against aberrant or overexpressed tumour antigens are induced during tumour development.

Tumour‐associated autoantibodies have potential for cancer diagnosis and prognosis.

Individual autoantibodies have a relatively low sensitivity while multiplex antigen arrays that detect multiple autoantibodies provide a higher specificity and sensitivity for tumour detection.

Serum autoantibodies have been useful in identifying tumour antigens that can be used to characterise tumours and as therapeutic targets.

Monoclonal antibodies against specific tumour antigens can be produced in the laboratory.

Multiple monoclonal antibodies produced against cancer‐specific antigens have been FDA approved for cancer therapy.