bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The path of the law: Towards legal singularity
Authors: Alarie Benjamin
Published: August 2016

In the Harvard Law Review in 1897, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., wrote that ‘[f]or the rational study of the law the black-letter man may be the man of the present, but the man of the future is the man of statistics and the master of economics.’ 1 Now, nearly 120 years later, the future that Holmes foresaw is arriving. Much of the global population has transitioned from an analogue, paper-based world with unreliable, slow, and costly communication to a digitally connected world with almost universal real time and nearly costless communication. And within this digital world, we are witnessing substantially greater availability of data and improved methods of machine learning through advances in computer-assisted modelling and inference. The implications for law of an abundance of data of all kinds and dramatically more effective statistical tools are becoming visible. The ultimate consequences for law will be profound. I propose referring to the culmination of these developments as ‘the legal singularity.’ The legal singularity will affect all areas of the law. For the purposes of illustration, I focus my attention here on tax law. I predict that the coming decades will witness three gradual transitions as the legal singularity draws nearer: (a) improved dispute resolution and access to justice in tax law, primarily through the transition from our current reliance on standards (adjudicated ex post) to greater reliance on query-able systems of complex rules (knowable ex ante); (b) a transition to superior and increasingly more complete specifications of tax law (that is, a gradual transition from the complex, unwieldy, uncoordinated tax systems of today to tax systems that are massively complex and yet precisely and effectively distribute benefits and burdens); and (c) with the realization of the legal singularity, a complete specification of tax law (and, indeed, all of the other areas of law), which will thenceforth remain (more or less) in positive and normative equilibrium. The equilibrium achieved by the legal singularity will be a type of reflective equilibrium along the lines described by John Rawls in A Theory of Justice. 2
Quantum chemical aspects of solvent effects on the Diels–Alder reaction of 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene and diethyl azodicarboxylate
Authors: Arkan Foroogh , Izadyar Mohammad
Published: August 2016

A comprehensive theoretical study was performed regarding the solvent effect on the Diels–Alder reaction of 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene and the hetero-dienophile, diethyl azodicarboxylate. Reaction rates in the various solutions were studied using SCRF–DFT theory and good agreement with the experimental results was obtained. According to natural bond orbital analysis, it was confirmed that the stabilisation energy of the C–N bonds contributes to the strong interaction between the solvents and transition state (TS) structures. Topological analyses showed a linear correlation between the interaction energy and the sum of electron density at the bond critical point of C–N at the TS. Moreover, with an increase in the overall electron density of the C–N bond critical point, the vibrational frequencies were decreased. Finally, some correlations between the quantum reactivity indices and the rate constants in the presence of 23 solvents were investigated.
Mechanism of reaction of CeO2–CaO–Pd/HZSM5 catalyst in the Syngas process in the presence of sulfur-containing impurities
Authors: Chu Rui-zhi , Xu Ting-ting , Meng Xian-liang , Wu Guo-guang
Published: August 2016

CeO2–CaO–Pd/HZSM5 catalyst, prepared using HZSM5 supports, with CeO2–CaO as the additive components, HZSM5 as the acid component and Pd as the hydrogenation component, have been prepared by the impregnation method, and the catalytic and sulfur-tolerant performance in the Syngas-To-Dimethyl ether (STD) reaction with thiophene and H2S as probe sulfur poisons were examined. The prepared catalyst exhibited higher catalytic performance and better sulfur resistance than a conventional catalyst based on Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 and HZSM5. The sulfur content, Pd sulfidity and acid concentration were determined in order to ascertain the adsorption sites of sulfides on the surface of the catalyst, and the products of the STD reaction from sulfur-containing syngas in an autoclave were analysed by GC-MS at different reaction times in order to determine the sulfur-tolerance mechanism of the catalyst. The study confirms that almost no H2S is absorbed on the surface of CeO2–CaO–Pd/HZSM5 catalyst, while thiophene is absorbed and activated on the acid sites of HZSM5, and hydrogen is adsorbed dissociatively on Pd active sites, followed by active hydrogen spillover to the acid sites to promote hydrogenation and thus convert the adsorbed thiophene to hydrocarbons and hydrogen sulfide.
Outcome of tetanus patients admitted in Rangpur Medical College Hospital
Authors: Hossain Md. Ismail , Ahmed Mainuddinin , Sarkar Devendra Nath , Shaheduzzaman A.K.M , Tanzina Mirza Sumaiya , Shazzad Md. Nahiduzzarnan , Abdal Syed Jamil , Bhuiyan A. K. M. Motiur Rahman
Published: August 2016

Background: Tetanus remains one of the major public health hazards of the developing world. Mortality is much lower in the developed world because of the availability of facilities, unlike in most developing countries' Objectives: This study was aimed to determine the outcome of tetanus patients admitted in infectious disease unit of Rangpur Medical College Hospital. Methods: A total of 91 cases of tetanus patients were seen in the 18 month period with a mean of 5 cases per month; they are diagnosed and managed for tetanus in the medical wards from January 2011 to June 2012. The data were retrieved from their case records and analyzed. Results: There were thirty one deaths, accounting for an overall mortality of 34.16o.Total fifty six patients were cured among which sixteen (17.67%) were cured with complication and four (4.4%) patient were absconded. Mortality was high 45.84% (11 patients out of 24) ?40 years age, whereas low 29.85 (20 patient out of 87) in <40 yea15 age (45.84% vs 29.85%). Mortality rate was also higher among female than male patients (34.66% vs 33.85%). Farmers experienced more death than non-farmer (4l.l8% vs 29-82%, P<0.05). Mortality was higher in patients who had not received any medical treatment for their wound than in patients who had received it for their wound (52.78% vs 21.81%, p<0.05). Patients with short incubation period of less than one week had higher mortality in comparison with those who had incubation period more than one week (53.33% vs 23.25%, P<0'05). Of the 91 patients, fifty six (64.34%) were alive, though four remained in a persistent vegetative state due to tetanus toxin-induced brain damage and another two required a below knee amputation of the left leg. Hence, 40 were discharged well and 16 were discharged with permanent disabilities. Conclusion: The case fatality rate of tetanus has remained consistently high in the medical college. Factors that were significantly associated with high mortality included older age, and incubation period of less than 7 days. It is recommended that preventive immunization against tetanus be given to all Bangladeshis with secondary vaccination at adulthood.
Effect of green tea on serum cholesterol level in cholesterol fed rabbits
Authors: Aftabuddin Mohammad , Irfan Mohammed , Khan Omar Sadeque , Rahman Khan Mohammad Amanur , Hoque Md. Rezwanul , Islam Nadira , Adhikary Asit Baran
Published: August 2016

Background: Since the development of atherosclerosis involves dyslipidemia, we postulated that green tea may exert lowering of serum cholesterol levels. Objectives: To investigate the effects of green tea on serum cholesterol level. Methods: Total 45 rabbits (15 were fed on 1% cholesterol and green tea for 16 weeks, another 15 were fed on 1% cholesterol and plain water for 16 weeks, last batch of 15 rabbits received normal rabbit diet for 16 weeks) in the department of Cardiac Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka from April 2011 to September 2012.They were evaluated for lipid profile and presence of atherosclerosis. Results: The mean total cholesterol in cholesterol fed rabbits with green tea after 16 weeks was 21.06 ± 5.55, LDL-C was 20.80 ± 6.16, Serum TG was 153.67 ± 33.59, HDL-C neither increased nor decreased. The mean total cholesterol in cholesterol fed rabbits with plain water after 16 weeks was 27 .53 ± 5.15, LDL-C was 32.40 ± 8.24 and TG was 290.13 ± 44.31, no effect were seen on HDL-C. These rabbits were fed on green tea for 8 weeks, cholesterol levels returned to levels at commencement of experiment. Rabbits fed on normal rabbit diet for 16 weeks had TC l9.20 ± 4.85, LDL-C was 19.20 ± 2.04 and TG was 155.06 ± 32.03 mg/dl. HDL-C remained in normal range. But there was no atheroschlerotic change in any group. Conclusion: Green tea significantly reduces serum cholesterol levels in cholesterol fed rabbits. There was no effect of green tea on HDL-C in any group.
Urinary tract infection and their risk factors association in renal transplant recipients
Authors: Khan Rehana Razzak , Roy Chandan Kumar , Nowroz A. S. M. , Nigar Ismet , Saleh Ahmed Abu
Published: August 2016

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) remains one of the most common and major complications after renal transplantation. Objective: The study was undertaken to get an insight regarding the bacterial pathogen which is responsible for UTI in post renal transplant patients and their risk factors association. Methods: This was an observational study, conducted in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) from December 2010 to December 2011. Twenty- one renal transplant recipients were evaluated for UTl after surgery up to six weeks. Microscopic examination and culture of urine were performed in every pre-transplant period, 3rd POD, 7th POD, within six weeks and as per patient's clinical condition. UTI was considered when bacterial count was
Case report of jelly fish stinging in Bay of Bengal: A report from Bangladesh
Authors: Uddin Mohammad Main , Adnan Abul Barkat Muhammad , Chowdhury Md. Shaheen Abdur Rahman , Mahtab Mamun-Al­
Published: August 2016

Introduction: Jelly fish or jellies are the members of the phylum Cnidaria (Coelenterata), consisting of a gelatinous umbrella-shaped bell and trailing tentacles. Sting contains toxic peptide, pbospholipase A and histamine-liberating factor. Jelly fish stinging in Bangladesh is rare. Yet, from a management point of view, this epizoonozis might gain importance given the ever-growing popularity of seaside fishering and tourism. We are presenting a case of jelly fish contact illness in Cox's Bazar Medical College. Case Report: A 30 year old male patient was stung by a jellyfish while tishering in the Bay of Bengal near Teknaf of Cox's Bazar District on 3rd June' 2013. A couple of minutes later urticaria were formed in the contact area accompanied by a bmniug and sore sensation. Within few minutes be developed severe abdominal pain, bodyache and parestbaesia. Immediate decontmninalion was done by patient himself with sea water though ideally it should be with 5% acetic acid. Routine laboratory investigations show no abnormality except non-significant ST elevation in ECG. The patient was managed conservatively with antihistamine, corticosteroids and antibiotics and recovered completely within four days.
Posterior fixation including the fractured vertebra in short segment fixation of unstable thoracolumbar junction burst fractures
Authors: Ahsan Md. Kamrul , Zahangiri Zabed , Awwal M. A. , Zaman Naznin , Haque Md. Hamidul , Mahmud Abdullah Al
Published: August 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of inclusion of the fractured vertebra in short segment fixation in terms of clinical and the radiological outcomes in unstable thoracolumbar junction burst fractures at a minimum of 1 year follow-up. Records of 52 patients (age: 21-50 years) with thoracolumbar burst fracture (T10L2) in Magerl Type A fractures underwent posterior pedicle screw fixation including the fractured vertebra. Clinical parameters were back pain using Visual Analogue Score (VAS) and disability using Oswestry disability index (ODI), neurological deficit (using ASIA grade) and radiologic parameters (Cobb angle, the kyphotic deformation and vertebral height) were measured before surgery and at 3, 6 and 12 months  post-operatively. The presence of screw breakage, screw pullout, peri-implant loosening, and rod breakage were considered as criteria for implant failure. The majority of fractures resulted due to falls (31 cases), and the remaining cases resulted from car accidents (21 cases). The fractured vertebral body level was L1, T12, L2, T11, and T10 in 23, 17, 6, 4 and 2 cases and achieved satisfactory clinical outcomes according to the modified Mcnab criteria 18, 25, 6 and 3 cases were considered to have excellent, good, fair, and poor outcome. The mean kyphotic angle at pre-, post-operative and final follow-up was 13.5 ± 6.3, 13.4 ± 4.3, 8.5 ± 6.  The average loss of kyphosis correction was 6.4 ± 5.2° at the final follow-up. The mean pre- and post-operative kyphotic deformation of vertebral body was 5.1 ± 3.2, 4.8 ± 2.3 and at final follow-up was 4.5 ± 4.0 (p>0.05). The mean anterior and posterior vertebral height also showed significant improvements post-operatively, which were maintained at the final follow-up. The mean ODI and VAS scores at the end of 1 year were 17.4%, 1.7 respectively. There was no case of major complication after surgery and during the follow-up period. In conclusion, reduction of unstable thoracolumbar junction burst fracture can be achieved and maintained with the use of short-segment pedicle screw fixation including the fractured vertebra, avoiding the need for anterior reconstruction.
Larsen syndrome
Authors: Islam Mohammed Mahbubul , Haque Mujammel , Daraz Zahoor Hussain , Sumi Sufia Khatun , Islam Mohammad Imnul , Rahman Shahana A.
Published: August 2016

Larsen syndrome is a rare inherited disorder characterized by congenital dislocation of multiple joints along with other anomalies of heart, face, hands and bones. Larsen syndrome was first described in 1950 by Larsen, Schottstaedt and Bost. In the present report, we describe a 10 year old girl who presented with mid facial hypoplasia with depressed nasal bridge, high arched palate, bilateral talipes equinovarus and high arched feet. On examination, she had short stature (HAZ -3.5 SD) with hyperextension of knee joint, fixed flexion of elbow joint. Awareness of this condition and associated complications may help in management and follow up of these patients.
Stabilization of Isolated Vortices in a Rotating Stratified Fluid
Authors: Sutyrin Georgi , Radko Timour
Published: August 2016

The key element of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics—reorganization of potential vorticity (PV) by nonlinear processes—is studied numerically for isolated vortices in a uniform environment. Many theoretical studies and laboratory experiments suggest that axisymmetric vortices with a Gaussian shape are not able to remain circular owing to the growth of small perturbations in the typical parameter range of abundant long-lived vortices. An example of vortex destabilization and the eventual formation of more intense self-propagating structures is presented using a 3D rotating stratified Boussinesq numerical model. The peak vorticity growth found during the stages of strong elongation and fragmentation is related to the transfer of available potential energy into kinetic energy of vortices. In order to develop a theoretical model of a stable circular vortex with a small Burger number compatible with observations, we suggest a simple stabilizing procedure involving the modification of peripheral PV gradients. The results have important implications for better understanding of real-ocean eddies.
A Review on Organic Food Production in Malaysia
Authors: Somasundram Chandran , Razali Zuliana , Santhirasegaram Vicknesha
Published: August 2016

The consumption of organic food has grown remarkably, both in developed and developing countries. Although organic food comprises only a small fraction of the food market, its rapid growth has generated much interest among consumers and businesses, as well as researchers. For products to be called organic, the production must conform to a certain established organic standard and be certified by a recognized certifying body. In Malaysia, the local organic food industry is still small, as more than 60% of organic food products are imported. Most of the organic products are sold domestically, while some are exported to Singapore. The perception and understanding of organic food production is based mainly on not using synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. In general, there is a lack of awareness among producers, retailers, and consumers of the wider extent of organic production and processing standards in local markets. The organic food industry is facing several challenges in Malaysia. Although the demand for organic food in Malaysia is growing, the supply of local organic products is not able to keep up with the increased demand. In addition to the inconsistent supply, the variety of local organic food is also limited. Another problem faced by local organic food consumers is the price difference between organic and conventional food. Hence, to match the recent increases in demand, the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute is actively developing the organic farming sector through various programs and activities.
In Vivo Metabolite Profiling of a Purified Ellagitannin Isolated from Polygonum capitatum in Rats
Authors: Ma Jing-Yi , Zhou Xuelin , Fu Jie , He Chi-Yu , Feng Ru , Huang Min , Shou Jia-Wen , Zhao Zhen-Xiong , Li Xiao-Yang , Zhang Luye , Chen Yang-Chao , Wang Yan
Published: August 2016

Ellagitannin is a common compound in food and herbs, but there are few detailed studies on the metabolism of purified ellagitannins. FR429 is a purified ellagitannin with antitumor potential, which is from Polygonum capitatum Buch.-Ham.ex D. Don. The present study was designed to investigate the metabolic profiles of FR429 in rats in vivo. Using liquid chromatography coupled to ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/MSn-IT-TOF), total eight metabolites were found in rat bile and urine after intravenous administration of FR429, but could not be detected in plasma. These metabolites were ellagic acid, mono-methylated FR429, ellagic acid methyl ether glucuronide, ellagic acid methyl ether diglucuronide, ellagic acid dimethyl ether glucuronide, and ellagic acid dimethyl ether diglucuronide. It was concluded that methylation and subsequent glucuronidation were the major metabolic pathways of FR429 in rats in vivo. This is the first report on the in vivo metabolism of the purified ellagitannin in rats.
An Optimal Construction Morphology Approach to Augment Consonants in Kannada
Authors: David Oana
Published: August 2016

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt:The current paper provides an analysis of optimal consonant augment selection in the South Dravidian language Kannada, which is primarily spoken in the south-east Indian state of Karnataka. Augment consonants (hereafter ACs) in Kannada appear between the stem and suffix in certain phonotactic environments. Of all ACs, a subset is constrained in terms of the phonotactic environment in which they may occur. They apply to both derivational and inflectional morphology, particularly (but not exclusively) of nouns, the latter of which will be the sole fo-cus of the current analysis.
Elucidating Nominal Structure in Articleless Languages: A Case Study of Tatar
Authors: Lyutikova Ekaterina , Pereltsvaig Asya
Published: August 2016

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt:The central question addressed by this paper is whether languages without articles have the same highly articulated functional architecture in noun phrases, including the DP projection. Pereltsvaig (2006, 2007, 2013) argued that while some nominals in Russian and other articleless Slavic languages are DPs, others are Small Nominals (SNs) of different sizes. In this paper, we provide novel evidence for this position based on another Turkic language, Tatar (spoken by over 5 million in Tatarstan, Russia). Drawing on our fieldwork on one sub-dialect of Tatar (spoken in the village of Kutlushkino), we show that different syntactic constructions call for nominals of different sizes.
Large-scale Vocabulary Surveys as a Tool for Linguistic Stratigraphy: A California Case Study
Authors: Meroz Yoram
Published: August 2016

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt:This paper presents the results of a comprehensive search for lookalikes among words for plants and animals in California languages. Words in this domain are typically more prone to borrowing than basic vocabulary, especially when speakers of a language move and encounter different species. A survey of such vocabulary is especially suited to identifying and highlighting old language contact. Since a language may be spoken far away from where its ancestor was once in contact with another language, and since words may spread far from their source through intermediate languages, this study does not exclude any languages in the area from being ultimately interconnected though old contact events.
On the Cross-Linguistic Rarity of Endoclisis
Authors: Smith Peter W.
Published: August 2016

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt:This paper proposes that endoclisis is not a direct operation of UG, but can arise indirectly due to morphological readjustments. Much of the discussion centers around the most robust case of endoclisis that is present in the literature, that of Udi. I will show that the endoclitics that we see in this language are not endoclitics in any deep sense, but that they are forced into their surface position by the morphotactic requirements of Udi. This analysis opens the door for an answer to the question of why endoclitics are so rarely found. The answer that will be offered is that it takes a confluence of factors for endoclisis to arise. The analysis of Udi is augmented by discussion of other cases of endoclisis that have been claimed in various places to exist.
Possession as Non-Verbal Predication
Authors: Tham Shiao Wei
Published: August 2016

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt:This paper argues that crosslinguistic variation in the forms of clausal possessive predication arises to a large extent from the NON-VERBAL nature of possessive predication. As evidence, I demonstrate that possessive predication across languages shows all the variation possible for non-verbal predication in general. I show the non-verbal approach not only accounts for previously observed major strategies in pos-sessive predication, for both INDEFINITE and DEFINITE possessive predication (also known respectively as HAVE and BELONG possessives), it also predicts the availability of “minor”, less-frequently observed encoding strategies.
Here and Now: Mapping Space and Time in a Four-Part Frame of Reference Typology
Authors: Danziger Eve
Published: August 2016

I will apply the distinctions of a four-part spatial frame of reference typology (Danziger 2010) to the language of temporal sequence, arguing that the two intersecting conceptual dichotomies which make up the four cells of the spatial typology have precise analogies in the literature which discusses the language of time. This means that the two-by-two matrix of the four-part spatial typology can also be used to delineate four types of temporal reference, which in turn should have logical and cognitive properties that parallel the four types of spatial reference. I’ll look at an example of the gestures that accompany speech in a Mayan language, literally to see that the proposed analogies hold. I’ll conclude that in the relational analogy between space and other domains, space itself does not emerge as primary or basic relative to the others. Instead it is the social-subjective situation of speech which plays this pivotal role.
Ways of Going ‘Back’: A Case Study in Spatial Direction
Authors: Zwarts Joost
Published: August 2016

This paper is about the role that axes play in defining paths of motion. In spite of the rich literature on both domains (axes and paths) there is no explicit account of the relation between them. Almost all of the linguistic and psychological work on reference frames or axes concentrates on their role in determining static, locative relations between two objects (e.g. Levinson 2003, Van der Zee and Slack 2003, Svenonius 2006), but we do not yet have a good idea of how a dynamic path of motion can be based on an axis. I hope to show that it is worthwhile to develop a simple, though explicit, model of how paths can relate to reference frames, because it turns out that the path domain is actually richer than the place domain, both conceptually and lexically. I will demonstrate this by constructing a semantic map (Van der Auwera & Plungian 1998, Haspelmath 2003) that shows the different ways of going ‘back’ in Dutch, as a case study.
A TIGHT RELATION BETWEEN N/O RATIO AND GALAXY STELLAR MASS CAN EXPLAIN THE EVOLUTION OF STRONG EMISSION LINE RATIOS WITH REDSHIFT
Authors: Masters Daniel , Faisst Andreas , Capak Peter
Published: August 2016

The offset of high-redshift star-forming galaxies in the [O iii]/Hβ versus [N ii]/Hα (O3N2) diagram in comparison with the local star-forming galaxy sequence is now well established. The physical origin of the shift is the subject of some debate and has important implications for metallicity measurements based on strong lines at all redshifts. To investigate the origin of the O3N2 offset, we use a sample of ∼100,000 star-forming galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey DR12 to understand how measurable galaxy physical properties (

, ionization parameter, nitrogen-to-oxygen (N/O) ratio, and stellar mass) drive galaxy position in two key diagnostic diagrams: O3N2 and [O iii]/Hβ versus [S ii]/Hα (O3S2). At fixed [O iii]/Hβ, galaxies close to the high-redshift locus in O3N2 have higher

, stellar mass, and N/O ratio. We conclude that higher N/O ratios at fixed [O iii]/Hβ are the proximate cause of the O3N2 shift. We also find a tight correspondence in the distributions of stellar mass and N/O in the diagnostic diagrams. This relation, spanning a range of galaxy evolutionary states, suggests that the N/O–M
* relation is more fundamental than the relation between N/O and O/H. We argue that a more fundamental N/O–M
* relation is well-motivated physically. Because the mass–metallicity relation evolves more rapidly with redshift than N/O–M
*, the N/O ratios of high-redshift galaxies are elevated in comparison with local galaxies with the same gas-phase O/H. The O3N2 shift and elevated N/O ratios observed in high-redshift galaxies, therefore, come about as a natural consequence of the N/O–M
* relation combined with the evolution of the mass–metallicity relation.
ZFIRE: A KECK/MOSFIRE SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY OF GALAXIES IN RICH ENVIRONMENTS AT z ∼ 2
Authors: Nanayakkara Themiya , Glazebrook Karl , Kacprzak Glenn G. , Yuan Tiantian , Tran Kim-Vy , Spitler Lee , Kewley Lisa , Straatman Caroline , Cowley Michael , Fisher David , Labbe Ivo , Tomczak Adam , Allen Rebecca , Alcorn Leo
Published: August 2016

We present an overview and the first data release of ZFIRE, a spectroscopic redshift survey of star-forming galaxies that utilizes the MOSFIRE instrument on Keck-I to study galaxy properties in rich environments at 1.5 < z < 2.5. ZFIRE measures accurate spectroscopic redshifts and basic galaxy properties derived from multiple emission lines. The galaxies are selected from a stellar mass limited sample based on deep near infrared imaging (

) and precise photometric redshifts from the ZFOURGE and UKIDSS surveys as well as grism redshifts from 3DHST. Between 2013 and 2015, ZFIRE has observed the COSMOS and UDS legacy fields over 13 nights and has obtained 211 galaxy redshifts over 1.57 < z < 2.66 from a combination of nebular emission lines (such as Hα, [N ii], Hβ, [O ii], [O iii], and [S ii]) observed at 1–2 μm. Based on our medium-band near infrared photometry, we are able to spectrophotometrically flux calibrate our spectra to ∼10% accuracy. ZFIRE reaches 5σ emission line flux limits of ∼3 × 10−18 erg s−1 cm−2 with a resolving power of R = 3500 and reaches masses down to ∼109
M
⊙. We confirm that the primary input survey, ZFOURGE, has produced photometric redshifts for star-forming galaxies (including highly attenuated ones) accurate to

with 0.7% outliers. We measure a slight redshift bias of <0.001, and we note that the redshift bias tends to be larger at higher masses. We also examine the role of redshift on the derivation of rest-frame colors and stellar population parameters from SED fitting techniques. The ZFIRE survey extends spectroscopically confirmed z ∼ 2 samples across a richer range of environments, here we make available the first public release of the data for use by the community.7
TRANSITIONS IN THE CLOUD COMPOSITION OF HOT JUPITERS
Authors: Parmentier Vivien , Fortney Jonathan J. , Showman Adam P. , Morley Caroline , Marley Mark S.
Published: August 2016

Over a large range of equilibrium temperatures, clouds shape the transmission spectrum of hot Jupiter atmospheres, yet their composition remains unknown. Recent observations show that the Kepler light curves of some hot Jupiters are asymmetric: for the hottest planets, the light curve peaks before secondary eclipse, whereas for planets cooler than ∼1900 K, it peaks after secondary eclipse. We use the thermal structure from 3D global circulation models to determine the expected cloud distribution and Kepler light curves of hot Jupiters. We demonstrate that the change from an optical light curve dominated by thermal emission to one dominated by scattering (reflection) naturally explains the observed trend from negative to positive offset. For the cool planets the presence of an asymmetry in the Kepler light curve is a telltale sign of the cloud composition, because each cloud species can produce an offset only over a narrow range of effective temperatures. By comparing our models and the observations, we show that the cloud composition of hot Jupiters likely varies with equilibrium temperature. We suggest that a transition occurs between silicate and manganese sulfide clouds at a temperature near 1600 K, analogous to the L/T transition on brown dwarfs. The cold trapping of cloud species below the photosphere naturally produces such a transition and predicts similar transitions for other condensates, including TiO. We predict that most hot Jupiters should have cloudy nightsides, that partial cloudiness should be common at the limb, and that the dayside hot spot should often be cloud-free.
THE EFFECTS OF TRANSIENTS ON PHOTOSPHERIC AND CHROMOSPHERIC POWER DISTRIBUTIONS
Authors: Samanta T. , Henriques V. M. J. , Banerjee D. , Prasad S. Krishna , Mathioudakis M. , Jess D. , Pant V.
Published: August 2016

We have observed a quiet-Sun region with the Swedish 1 m Solar Telescope equipped with the CRISP Imaging SpectroPolarimeter. High-resolution, high-cadence, Hα line scanning images were taken to observe different layers of the solar atmosphere from the photosphere to upper chromosphere. We study the distribution of power in different period bands at different heights. Power maps of the upper photosphere and the lower chromosphere show suppressed power surrounding the magnetic-network elements, known as “magnetic shadows.” These also show enhanced power close to the photosphere, traditionally referred to as “power halos.” The interaction between acoustic waves and inclined magnetic fields is generally believed to be responsible for these two effects. In this study we explore whether small-scale transients can influence the distribution of power at different heights. We show that the presence of transients, like mottles, Rapid Blueshifted Excursions (RBEs), and Rapid Redshifted Excursions (RREs), can strongly influence the power maps. The short and finite lifetime of these events strongly affects all power maps, potentially influencing the observed power distribution. We show that Doppler-shifted transients like RBEs and RREs that occur ubiquitously can have a dominant effect on the formation of the power halos in the quiet Sun. For magnetic shadows, transients like mottles do not seem to have a significant effect on the power suppression around 3 minutes, and wave interaction may play a key role here. Our high-cadence observations reveal that flows, waves, and shocks manifest in the presence of magnetic fields to form a nonlinear magnetohydrodynamic system.
Renal Outcomes after up to 8 Years of Tenofovir Exposure in HIV–HBV-Coinfected Patients
Authors: Boyd Anders , Miailhes Patrick , Lascoux-Combe Caroline , Rougier Hayette , Girard Pierre-Marie , Plaisier Emmanuelle , Lacombe Karine
Published: August 2016

Background

Renal toxicity is a common side effect during tenofovir (TDF)-use in HIV-infected, but not necessarily HBV-infected, patients. Nevertheless, little is known regarding TDF-use on renal impairment during HIV–HBV coinfection. We aimed to evaluate the progression and determinants of renal impairment in coinfected patients undergoing TDF.

Methods

A total of 175 coinfected patients initiating TDF-containing antiretroviral therapy were prospectively followed. Estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) were calculated at baseline and every 6–12 months. Determinants of eGRF change from baseline (ΔeGFR) were evaluated using mixed-effect linear regression and progression towards renal impairment using proportional-hazards regression.

Results

At baseline, average eGFR was 96.7 ml/min per 1.73m2 (95% CI 93.8, 99.6). During a median 58.3 months (IQR 33.7–92.1) of treatment, eGFR decreased a monthly average of -0.14 ml/min per 1.73m2 (95% CI -0.16, -0.12). Significantly faster ΔeGFR was associated with baseline eGFR>90 ( P=0.002), male gender ( P=0.04), previous AIDS-defining illness at baseline ( P=0.03), baseline liver cirrhosis ( P=0.03) and concomitant protease inhibitor use ( P=0.005). Between respective baseline and end of follow-up visits, the proportion of patients with renal impairment increased: normal function, 65.7% to 53.1%; mild impairment, 32.6% to 40.0%; moderate impairment, 1.7% to 6.9%. Higher age ( P=0.01) and previous AIDS-defining illness ( P=0.02) at baseline were independent risk-factors for developing impairment, while undetectable HBV DNA on-treatment was protective ( P=0.006). Five (2.9%) patients permanently discontinued TDF after a renal event.

Conclusions

Severe HIV-related and HBV-related morbidity negatively affects renal function in coinfected patients undergoing long-term TDF. Although most patients only developed mild/moderate impairment, close renal monitoring is warranted for this particular population.
2. La croyance économique dans le champ politique français
Authors: Lebaron Frédéric
Published: August 2016

Si les économistes restent assez peu nombreux à entreprendre une carrière politique en France, le champ politique devient, à partir des années 1960, un débouché objectif pour de nombreuses formes d’expertise économique rivales. Dans cet espace, les trajectoires passant par le ministère des Finances conservent toutefois une prééminence temporelle et spirituelle et diffusent une doxa relativement stable, perdurant par-delà les changements de conjoncture et de gouvernements.
3. L’évaluation des politiques publiques
Authors: Perret Bernard
Published: August 2016

Le domaine de l’évaluation des politiques publiques a des frontières floues avec d’autres pratiques d’analyse et de retour d’information comme l’audit, le contrôle ou la recherche. Elle contribue de plusieurs manières à la gouvernance publique : aide à la décision budgétaire, contribution au débat public, compte rendu, aide au pilotage, médiation, apprentissage, mobilisation, sans oublier son apport purement cognitif. Avant d’être un ensemble de techniques de mesure des impacts d’une action, c’est un processus social structuré visant l’élaboration de jugements partagés. En dépit des obstacles qui freinent son institutionnalisation, elle se développe sous des formes diverses dans l’ensemble des administrations et services publics.
9. La soutenabilité politique des institutions : l’exemple de la protection sociale
Authors: Zemmour Michaël
Published: August 2016

Les travaux d’économie politique montrent que les États sociaux les plus généreux se caractérisent par un financement peu progressif et des prestations universelles. De tels systèmes, s’appuyant sur l’aversion au risque des citoyens, bénéficient d’un soutien politique large ce qui leur permet de mobiliser un haut niveau de ressources et d’assurer une importante redistribution. Des réformes visant à accroître fortement la redistribution verticale « à moyens constants » pourraient déstabiliser cet arrangement et limiter la capacité à ajuster les ressources en réponse à l’augmentation des besoins. Il faut envisager qu’il existe des cas d’arbitrages politiques dans les termes suivants : accroître le volume de la protection sociale ou augmenter la progressivité de son financement (ou le ciblage des prestations).
Maintenir un minimum d’humanité face à la violence contre le personnel de santé
Authors: Brandao Caroline
Published: August 2016

La résolution 2286 adoptée par le Conseil de sécurité le 3 mai 2016 pour le respect de la mission médicale dans les conflits armés est importante pour l’effectivité du droit international humanitaire (DIH). Elle réaffirme la pertinence de ce droit et incite à prendre des mesures spécifiques pour protéger la fourniture des soins de santé. Les membres du Conseil de sécurité démontrent en adoptant cette résolution, que la violence contre les soins de santé est un problème humanitaire grave qui doit être affronté au plus haut niveau. L’article présentera les conditions de sécurité dans lesquelles les actions du personnel médical se déroulent et se concentrera sur la protection juridique du personnel médical, à travers le droit international humanitaire.
A New Border Pedagogy
Authors: Townsin Louise , Walsh Chris
Published: August 2016

Australian universities have implemented outbound student mobility programs focused on the Asian region and hyped them as a ‘powerful' educational strategy with the potential to positively transform students through opportunities to acquire intercultural competence. It is assumed students' intercultural competence will give them ‘the edge' they need to be successful when working with cultural others across diverse contexts. While outbound mobility programs can build students' intercultural competence, this does not happen just because they study abroad. This chapter presents a new border pedagogy based on the concept of hybridity that is being used to transform an Australian outbound mobility program. The new border pedagogy works by intentionally putting what is ‘known' into crisis by constantly blurring and problematising boundaries, binaries and identities. Outbound mobility programs that leverage a new border pedagogy underpinned by hybridity can build students' intercultural competence by encouraging them to embrace potential miscommunication and intercultural conflict.
Exploring Intercultural Awareness
Authors: Foster Monika
Published: August 2016

In the research literature regarding international students' learning experiences, a frequently studied theme is the ‘Chinese culture of learning' as contrasted by the ‘Western/United Kingdom (UK) culture of learning'. This essentialist approach tends to reduce culture of learning to a static, nationally-bound object that exists a priori. A cross-faculty study examined the complexities underpinning culture of learning in the context of student mobility, using a non-essentialist lens. Using individual experiences, unique perspectives on own and host cultures of learning by students from China studying ‘business' in the UK and students from the UK studying ‘design' in China are captured in seven distinct themes, including good teaching, good learning, peers and assessment. The results inform the design of student mobility programs with aspects of intercultural empathy, as well as preparation for and benefits from study abroad as a feature of the internationalised of Higher Education (HE).
Graduate Study Abroad
Authors: Dirkx John M. , Janka Kristin A. , Sinclair Julie , Vizvary Gina R.
Published: August 2016

Graduate-level study abroad represents an important and expanding dimension of efforts to internationalize Higher Education (HE) in the United States (US). Graduate study abroad represents a kind of learning experience that is informed by its location within graduate education. Using transformative learning theory, the authors conducted a qualitative study of 52 doctoral students who participated in study abroad programs in four countries. The findings suggest that students use multiple frames to make sense of these experiences and can be characterized as academic, relational, or deep. These frames reflect varying levels of engagement of the student's self, indicating a complex integration of the personal and professional in the study abroad experience. Analysis of narratives suggests that the dominant impact of the experiences was an expansion of the students' sociolinguistic awareness. Few students provided narratives indicating reflection on and questioning of their psychological frames of reference, suggesting possible constraints of the overall program design, pedagogy, or both.
Integrating Study Abroad in Teacher Education
Authors: Kırkgöz Yasemin
Published: August 2016

This chapter describes the design of an innovative ‘Study Abroad' curriculum to be integrated into teacher education departments. The curriculum is based upon the results of in-depth interviews administered to teacher candidates and/or practicing teachers of English following their return from a study abroad program. The curriculum is designed with a view to meeting the needs of prospective study abroad student teachers of English, and to address possible challenges that may result from their participation in such programs. The most innovative aspect of the curriculum is that it incorporates problem scenarios, and provides experiential hands-on practice. The curriculum comprises ten modules, each focused on a different topic. It is expected that the curriculum will enhance teacher educators' awareness of the contribution(s) study abroad makes to create global citizens, and increase teacher educators' knowledge about the learning needs of prospective study abroad student teachers.
Multicriteria Model for the Selection of Maintenance Policies in Subsystems of an Operating Theatre
Authors: Carnero María Carmen , Gómez Andrés
Published: August 2016

The aim of this article is to select the most suitable combination of maintenance policies in the different subsystems that make up an operating theatre. To do so a multicriteria model will be developed using the Measuring Attractiveness by a Categorical Based Evaluation Technique (MACBETH) technique considering multiple decision centres: The Hospital's technical services, environment and occupational risk prevention managers, healthcare managers (operating theatres and health activity programming), healthcare staff, technicians, purchasing service managers and Hospital executives. The model uses functional, safety and technical-economical criteria, amongst which is availability. Mean availability for repairable systems has been measured to assess this criterion, using Markov chains from the data obtained over three years from the subsystems of a Hospital operating theatre. All this is aimed at increasing the operating theatre's availability and, consequently, increasing physical safety in patient operations and reducing the number of delayed operations due to technical malfunctions.
Asset Management for Buildings within the Framework of Building Information Modeling Development
Authors: López Antonio Jesús Guillén , Crespo Márquez Adolfo , Sanz Jose A. , Kobbacy Khairy A. H. , Shariff Samir M. , Le Page Etienne , González-Prida Vicente
Published: August 2016

Buildings lifecycle management is an area of great interest. Due this, the R&D is being promoting worldwide looking for new effective maintenance tools and methodologies. In this scenario there are two development lines whose convergence can bring great advances in this area: Asset Management (AM) and Building Information Modeling (BIM). BIM models are transforming the way buildings are conceived, designed, constructed and managed. But current use of BIM concentrates on preplanning, design, construction and integrated project delivery of buildings and facilities, rather than maintenance and building operation management. Asset Management tools, including Facilities Management (FM), and application frameworks provide the approach and required elements to get more efficiency and efficacy in the building lifecycle management. This chapter introduces the application of AM for building and how the development of BIM models is the key element to allow its effective implementation.
AI and Statistical Technologies for Manufacturing and Maintenance Strategies Improvement
Authors: Del Río Susana Ferrerio , Fernández Santiago , Bravo-Imaz Iñaki , Konde Egoitz , Irigaray Aitor Arnaiz
Published: August 2016

The development and the implementation of advanced actuation systems has increased in recent years, as many factors are driving the migration from hydraulic actuators to electromechanical actuators (EMAs) in aeronautics. But not only do we have to consider the right design to customize the system from the requirements oriented to the final application, also additional functions that can provide the system with additional value, to make it more competitive in this market. This is the case of the Health Monitoring (HM) systems. The development, implementation and integration of predictive algorithms into the environment of the EMA provide the system with an additional functionality, from which it is possible to detect failures at an early stage in order to avoid catastrophic accidents and improve maintenance activities. This work shows how to develop HM algorithms based on AI and Statistical technologies to detect and predict early stages of failure in a gearbox, which can directly affect to the transmission of power in EMAs.
Asset Life Cycle Plans
Authors: Ruitenburg R. J. (Richard) , Braaksma A. J. J. (Jan) , van Dongen L. A. M. (Leo)
Published: August 2016

Effective management of physical assets should deliver maximum business value. Therefore, Asset Management standards such as PAS 55 and ISO 55000 ask for a life cycle approach. However, most existing methods focus only on the short term of the asset's life or the estimation of its remaining life. These methods do not consider alignment to changing corporate objectives in a variable context, nor do they adopt a multidisciplinary perspective. This chapter argues that, to create maximum value, Asset Management should be a multidisciplinary and strategic practice that considers the complete life cycle of the asset: Asset Life Cycle Management. A practical twelve-step approach is presented to develop an Asset Life Cycle Plan (ALCP) in which expert sessions are used to identify the main lifetime impacts that influence the creation of business value from the use of the asset. The steps are illustrated with an example from practice. The chapter concludes that the ALCP supports asset managers in making long-term strategic decisions in a timely and effective manner.