bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toxic Gases and Smoke Evolution from Foam Plastic Building Materials Burning in Fire Environments
Authors: Morikawa Tokio , Yanai Eiji
Published: March 2007

Foam plastic building materials were exposed to practical fire en vironments. Toxic gases evolution from various foam plastic boards burning under fire conditions involving plywood combustion was determined. A foam plastic board as a specimen lined on one of the inside walls of a "plywood box shape" was combusted in a semi-full-scale fire test room under different air sup ply rates. CO was the most important toxicant, followed by HCN and acrolein. The difference in maximum total toxicity according to the fire test was rather small, probably because the toxicity from plywood accounted for a large portion of the total toxicity. However, the maximum total toxicity indexes of combus tion gases involving rigid urethane and polyisocyanurate foams were higher than when phenolic and polystyrene foams were involved in fire tests, because a considerably great amount of HCN was produced from the above nitrogen- containing materials.
Estimation of Thermal Balance in Heptane Pool Fire
Authors: Koseki Hiroshi , Hayasaka Hiroshi
Published: March 2007

In order to predict the scale dependency of fire property in oil tank fires, we estimated the thermal balance of generated heat from the fire with a simple fire model, a so-called one mesh model. In this estimation, both ex perimental values of burning rate and air entrainment in heptane pool fires were used. For 1 m tank fires, it was found that about 70% of the generated heat was lost as upward convective heat and about 30% was lost as radiative heat, and only about 1% was used for fuel vaporization. The ratio of upward convec tive heat became larger with tank size. Experimental results show that the radiative fraction went down in fires larger than 1 m diameter because of the huge smoke emission.
Combustion Product Toxic Potency Measurements: Comparison of a Small Scale Test and "Real-World" Fires
Authors: Braun Emil , Gann Richard G. , Levin Barbara C. , Paabo Maya
Published: March 2007

A long range goal of fire science is to be able to predict "real- world" fire performance from a small set of laboratory scale fire measurements. One material property of primary concern is the toxicity of decomposition prod ucts. Several small scale toxicity protocols that measure toxic potency of the smoke from burning materials have been developed. While several attempts have been made to correlate individual protocols with large scale results, no systematic set of criteria for determining the extent of similarity has been defined and tested. In this paper, three criteria have been proposed and tested using one set of materials (cotton fabric and polyurethane foam) in two dif ferent large-scale enclosures and three different fire scenarios. Tests were con ducted to determine the extent of similarity between the NBS Toxicity Test Protocol and large-scale "real-world" fire performance. The similarity criteria were: LC50 values, time to death of the animals, and toxicant(s) causing the deaths (i.e., the ratios of yields of known toxicants and the contribution of the unknown toxicants). Comparison of test results showed that similar LC50 values were observed. However, toxicant yields varied and animal deaths occurred at different times, implying a difference in physiological syn drome(s).
Kinetic and Thermogravimetric Analysis of Thermal Degradation of Polychlal Fiber/Cotton Blend
Authors: Fukatsu Kazuhiko
Published: March 2007

In order to consider the design of flame retardant fabrics from blends of a nonflammable and a flammable fiber, the thermal degradation of each and blends of fiber has been studied using a conventional dynamic ther mogravimetric technique in a flowing air atmosphere at several heating rates. Dynamic thermogravimetric analysis was conducted on polychlal fiber/cotton blends to elucidate chemical kinetic parameters and mechanisms. A mech anism for the interaction between polychlal fiber and cotton was suggested. The volatile products formed from polychlal fiber degradation at early degrada tion stages appear to play an important role in retarding the flammability of cotton. The activation energies for fractional weight loss in degradation of the blends were determined from thermogravimetric curves at various heating rates.
Smoke Gas Analysis by FTIR Method. Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Kallonen Raija
Published: March 2007

The FTIR spectrometer equipped with a long path gas cell was used in on-line gas analysis in connection with the Cone Calorimeter. It pro vided a sensitive and effective gas analyzer for the seven gases (CO, CO2, HCN, HC1, SO2, NO 2 and acrolein) measured. Test materials (PUR, PVC and wool carpet) produced at 50 kW/m2 irradiance measurable concentrations of all the other gases except NO2 and acrolein in spite of effective dilution of smoke gases by high air flow in the Cone Calorimeter. Concentrations of the gases evolved in the Cone Calorimeter could be measured frequently enough even from mate rials, which have short burning times. After careful calibration the precision of FTIR analysis can be the same as in commercial on-line gas analyzers. Actual precision of on-line specific gas analyzers may be even worse than that of FTIR because of overlapping impurities. The heatable sample line and gas cell en sures that components of the fire gas mixture do not condense on the walls on the way to the instrument. Because FTIR technique has capacity for on-line analysis and simultaneous measurement of several gases, it is a suitable analy sis method to be used in connection with the Cone Calorimeter and with other fire tests. The sensitivity of FTIR method is adequate for toxicity evaluations. The analysis results can be used as data in mathematical models to predict toxic eflects in fires.
Surface and Strength Properties of PVC-Sb2O3 Flame Retardant Coated Sunhemp Fiber
Authors: Chand Navin , Verma Sudha
Published: March 2007

Sunhemp fiber was coated with different compositions of anti mony compounds (Sb2O3)—Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fire retardant solutions. Changes in surfaces, breaking strength and in thermal stability of coated sunhemp fibers were determined. It was observed that the coatings changed the surface and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of sunhemp fiber. The DSC peak occurred at lower temperatures in the case of coated fibers.
Smoke Release Rates: Modified Smoke Chamber versus Cone Calorimeter-Comparison of Results
Authors: Cornelissen A.A.
Published: March 2007

In North America, some of the products used in building con struction (e.g., resilient floor coverings, carpets and electrical cable) are regulated using ASTM E 662 Standard Test Method for Specific Optical Den sity of Smoke Generated by Solid Materials. However, technical shortcomings, in this ASTM standard, as symbolized by its many limitations on use, cau tionary statements and caveats, often renders results of E 662 smoke density tests meaningless. In recent years, many leading fire scientists have suggested that the small-scale laboratory test most proficient in illustrating the propen sity of materials to release smoke in larger fires is ASTM E 1354 Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter (cone calorimeter), and as a result this test procedure has been suggested as an alternative to E 662. Modifica tions were made to the smoke chamber and the procedure for reporting the resulting data so that static smoke generation data produced with the smoke chamber could be related to dynamic smoke release rate data from cone calorimeter tests. The values for peak extinction area for smoke released by four flooring materials (Douglas fir plywood, oak lumber, carpet and resilient flooring) as determined using the modified smoke chamber method were ap proximately one-half the values obtained from the cone calorimeter. However, when specified time intervals were considered, the values for specific extinction area were approximately equal by these two procedures. This suggests that values for specific extinction area are independent of the irradiance to which samples were exposed.
Evaluation of the Corrosivity of Smoke Using a Laboratory Radiant Combustion/Exposure Apparatus
Authors: Grand Arthur F.
Published: March 2007

A laboratory radiant combustion/exposure apparatus is being used to evaluate the corrosion of copper test probes due to smoke from burning polymers. This apparatus, which is under consideration as an ASTM standard test method, was developed at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) under con tract to the National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). Although it was designed for smoke toxicity studies, the significant features of the device make it equally suitable for smoke toxicity and for smoke corrosivity investigations.
A Retrospective Analysis of Predicted and Observed Smoke Lethal Toxic Potency Values
Authors: Pauluhn Jurgen
Published: March 2007

Combustion toxicity data obtained with the DIN 53436 test method were retrospectively analyzed. The major objective was to evaluate the applicability of mathematical modeling methods for the prediction of the acute lethal toxic potency of fire effluents. All materials were tested using a combus tion temperature of 600°C, duration of exposure of 30 min, and 5 rats/sex/ group. In most experiments the CO2/CO ratio appeared to be smaller than 20. The mathematical model applied accommodates lethal toxic effects related to carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, sulphur dioxide, ammonia, and nitrogen oxide(s). The analysis of predicted and observed LC50 data revealed a fairly good correlation (r > 0.8). The best prediction was achieved when toxic potencies of asphyxiants and irritants were additively combined (slope = 0.96, r = 0.82). However, the correlation was best when each mode of action (asphyxia and irri tation) were not considered to be additive (slope = 1.12, r = 0.88). The evalua tion of analytical data revealed that for most of the tests performed the concen tration of irritant gases was relatively low if compared with asphyxic gases. Only in a comparatively small number of studies lethal concentrations of irri tants (NOx and SO2) were produced. Experimental evidence suggests that the use of the female rats does not increase the sensitivity of the bioassay. Assess ment of smoke toxicity from analytical data encourage researchers to minimize the overall use of biological assays.
The Flammability of Polyacrylonitrile and Its Copolymers I. The Flammability Assessment Using Pressed Powdered Polymer Samples
Authors: Jun Zhang  , Hall Michael E. , Horrocks A. Richard
Published: March 2007

This paper is the first in a series of four which investigates the burning behaviour and the influence of flame retardant species on the flam mability of fibre-forming polymer and copolymers of acrylonitrile.

A pressed powdered polymer sheet technique is described that enables a range of polymer compositions in the presence and absence of flame retardants to be assessed for limiting oxygen index, burning rate and char residue deter minations. The method offers a rapid, reproducible and convenient means of screening possible flame retardant systems, and LOI values compare favourably with those of films and fabrics comprising the same polymeric type. Burning rates, however, are sensitive to changes in physical sample character such as form (film vs. powder sheet) and density.

Thus the technique forms an excellent basis for the generation of burning data which will enable comprehensive studies of acrylic polymer flammability and flame retardancy to be undertaken.
Corrosivity Test Methods for Polymeric Materials. Part 2- CNET Test Method
Authors: Rogers Charles E. , Bennett James G. , Kessel Stephen L.
Published: March 2007

This is the second in a series of papers to investigate smoke corro sivity test methods published by the Polyolefins Fire Performance Council, a unit of The Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc. In the first paper, 24 polymeric materials were evaluated for smoke corrosion using the ASTM E05.21.70 pro posed method for measuring the corrosive effect of smoke from the burning or thermal decomposition of materials and products with a radiant combus tion/exposure apparatus. This paper presents results on the same 24 materials evaluated with the CNET corrosivity test method under consideration by ISO TC61/SC4/WG2 and IEC TC89/WG3. These commercially available polymeric materials cover a broad range of compositions used for wire and cable insula tion and jacketing.

The samples were decomposed in the CNET apparatus which contained a printed copper circuit board as the corrosion target. The target was held at a lower temperature than the chamber to facilitate the condensation of the com bustion gases. After exposure to the condensed combustion gases for one hour, the resistance change of the target was measured and the Corrosivity Factor "COR" was calculated for each material. These results are discussed and com pared with the results of the ASTM E05.21.70 method.

To complete the review of corrosion test methods, studies are under way to evaluate the DIN 57 472 Acid Gas test method and the cone calorimeter corro sivity test method under review by the ASTM D09.21.04 using the same 24 materials.
Effect of Environmental Weathering on the Flammability Behavior of Polycarbonate Sheet
Authors: Benrashid Ramazan , Nelson Gordon L.
Published: March 2007

Polycarbonate sheet installed as windows in a house in Newton, Massachusetts, was subjected to natural weathering for a period of 12 years. The surface of the sheet turned yellow. The coating material on the surface was peeled off, then the exposed layers of polycarbonate surface carefully removed. The DSC of the exposed surface showed multiple transitions compared to a con trol which showed only one Tg. TGA studies showed early weight loss for the ex posed polycarbonate compared to the control. Flammability studies including Oxygen Index, Radiant Panel, OSU Heat Release Rate Calorimetry and NBS Smoke Chamber showed an increase in the flammability of exposed sheet com pared to a 12 year aged control. Reasons for this increase in flammability are discussed.
Studies on Closed Chamber Fires
Authors: Chow W.K.
Published: March 2007

Closed chamber fires are studied by burning four types of organic liquids, namely ethanol, N-heptane, thinner and kerosene. The burning be haviour of the liquids was observed, and the hot gas temperature measured. Transient variations of the temperature are also compared with those pre dicted by three fire zone models which can be used to simulate a closed cham ber fire. The three selected fire zone models are the ASET, the CFAST and the CCFM.VENTS. All were developed at the Building and Fire Research Labora tory, NIST, USA. The ASET model was run by the menu-driven program FIRE- CALC developed at the Division of Building and Construction, CISRO, Aus tralia. The models ASET and CCFM.VENTS are found to be very suitable for predicting the hot gas temperature in a closed chamber as used in this study. Lastly, the response of four types of detectors are studied.
The Flammability Aspects of Decorative Trimmings: Part 1-Flammability of Trimmings Used on Upholstered Furniture
Authors: D'Silva A.P. , Sorensen N.
Published: March 2007

Fundamental studies have been carried out on the flammability aspects of decorative trimmings used on upholstered furniture. In addition to the trimmings being tested in isolation, tests were also carried out to assess their flammability in conjunction with flammable upholstery foam as well as with a variety of fabric/foam composites. The flammability has been assessed by ignition to a smouldering cigarette and by a match-equivalent butane flame on a BS 5852 rig. A test method has been proposed which is a modification of the US-UFAC test to include the assessment of trimming ignitability to a simulated match flame. The effect of live flame was found to be different from the effect of a smouldering cigarette. In live flame tests the pass/fail boundary was found to be dependent on the type of fabric covering the foam.
Flammability Study of Wallboard Containing Thermal Storage Materials. Methods to Improve Flame Retardancy of Treated Wallboard
Authors: Benrashid R. , Babich M.W. , Nelson G.L.
Published: March 2007

The introduction of thermal storage materials into wallboard can help to control the temperature fluctuations in the heating and cooling of a building. Thermal storage materials absorb or release heat in defined tempera ture ranges. Wallboard was treated with thermal storage materials, including hexadecane, 1-dodecanol, undecylenic acid, coconut oil and silicone wax. These treatments involved absorption of the compounds into the wallboard. The de sired uptake of material into wallboard was approximately twenty-five percent. The uptake rate for silicone was lower than for the other materials. Most of the energy storage materials are organic, therefore their odor, smoke production, and flammability are a concern. The flammability properties of wallboard samples containing these materials were studied using the E-662 NBS Smoke Chamber and the E162 Radiant Panel Test. The results showed that silicone wax, undecylenic acid and coconut oil treated wallboard samples have superior flame retardent properties compared to wallboard treated with hexadecane, and 1-dodecanol. Silicone wax has a lower latent heat for the phase change as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) as compared with the other materials.

To obtain better flammability properties of treated wallboard, the surface was coated with an epoxy paint containing aluminum trihydrate or magnesium hydroxide. Radiant Panel studies showed a major reduction in flame spread fac tor (Fs) and heat release factor (Q), compared to treated wallboard. However, NBS Smoke Chamber studies in the flaming and non-flaming mode did not show improvement in smoke generation for coated samples. NBS Smoke Cham ber results showed that silicone treated wallboard without any coating yielded lower smoke in the non-flaming mode over other energy storage materials, even when protected by a flame retardant paint. Dodecanol showed lower smoke pro duction in the flaming mode versus other samples.
On the Low-Temperature Oxidation of Processed Peat
Authors: Jones J.C.
Published: March 2007

Small amounts of processed peat have been examined in a microcalorimeter. Kinetics of oxidation are different from those previously re ported for the same material using much larger samples. The difference is at least in part due to loss of volatiles during the initial conditioning of a sample in the microcalorimeter.
Thermal Characteristics Comparison of Two Fire Resistant Materials
Authors: Koo Joseph H.
Published: March 2007

Two intumescent fire resistant materials were characterized. The thermophysical properties—mass loss, rate of mass loss, specific heat, thermal conductivity, thermochemical expansion, permeability, and porosity—of Firex RX-2390 and No Fire Formula A were characterized as a function of temperature. Correlation models were derived from the data. Properties of the two materials were compared and related to their thermal performance.
Heat Transfer of a Smoldering Flammable Substrate. Part 1. Development of a Theoretical Model for the Heat Transfer of a Smoldering Substrate
Authors: Yi Sung-Chul
Published: March 2007

Part 1 of this two part paper describes the development of a theo retical model for the interaction of the moving heat source and a solid substrate when they are in contact. For purposes of the model the substrate is assumed to act as a continuum and the Fourier equation for transient, three-dimensional conduction is solved using Laplace and Fourier transformations. Unlike most previous models, this model shows the explicit relations between the properties of the heat source and those of the substrate. Since the size, shape and speed of the heat source impact the ignition of substrate, considerable attention is devoted to evaluating these parameters. Results are presented which show the effects of the size, shape and speed of the heat source of the substrate.
Results of a Preliminary Study of Ignitions in Flat vs. Crevice Configurations
Authors: Wanna J.T. , Chen P.L.
Published: March 2007

A newly designed crevice mockup support module was used in a study by seven labs to evaluate lab-to-lab and operator-to-operator variability on ignitions in the flat and crevice configurations. Two commercial upholstery fab rics and two experimental cigarettes were used in the study. The two cigarettes were tested in flat configurations with one fabric, and one cigarette was tested in the crevice configuration with the second fabric. Results from this preliminary study showed that lab-to-lab variability for the crevice configuration and for one of the flat configurations was not statistically significant. Operator-to-operator variability for the flat configurations in the seven labs was not statistically signifi cant. However, for the crevice configuration operator-to-operator variability was statistically significant for three of the seven labs.

This study showed that using a newly designed mockup support system, crevice testing can be performed in many labs with low lab-to-lab variability. In this ini tial trial, operator-to-operator variability for the crevice configuration was lower than expected. It is anticipated that this variability can be reduced significantly with further operator training.
Vaporisation of a Pyrophoric Substance: Borane Triethyl
Authors: Godefroy P. , Vierfond J.M. , Vantelon J.P.
Published: March 2007

A flow-through system is proposed for studying the evaporation rate of a pyrophoric liquid, borane triethyl (BTE), under various conditions of pressure and volume flow of inert (nitrogen). First, some basic aspects of the problem are presented. It is shown that the BTE partial pressure tends to a limit ing value that is lower than the saturated vapor pressure that can be obtained in closed box system, and that is a function of pressure and volume flow of inert. When this limiting pressure is reached, the mass flow rate of BTE vapor leaving the flow-through system is constant and equal to the evaporation rate. Therefore, such a procedure can be used for generation of controlled and stabilized BTE vapor-inert mixtures. Next, some experiments, conducted using strict precau tions, are presented. They allow for the determination of an evaporation constant for different initial masses of BTE liquid, and for different pressures and volume flows of inert.
Air Requirements for a Burner at an Exploration Well
Authors: Jones J.C.
Published: March 2007

The Forum is intended to provide for dialogue and discussion among fire experts, scientists and consultants. Contributions to The Forum will not be refereed in the conventional sense, but will be subject to review by the Journal's Editorial Board relative to appropriateness, clarity, timeliness, and scope of interest. The Editorial Board will be the sole judge of those contributions to be published. Opinions expressed, however, are those of the authors and not of the Editors or Technomic Publishing Company, Incor porated.
Variations of Mass Combustion Rate with Oxygen Concentration and Gas Pressure of a Milieu
Authors: Nikitin Yeygeniy V.
Published: March 2007

Based on analysis of the fundamental dimensionless equations, it was shown that the mass combustion rate of liquid fuels is directly proportional to the oxygen concentration in a fire compartment, and to the gas pressure to the two-thirds power. Corresponding formulas for estimating the mass combustion rates of typical carbon liquid fuels were received. These formulas were checked and confirmed by the tests conducted in different research institutions.
Environmental Justice and the Sustainable City
Authors: Haughton Graham
Published: March 2007

As the debate on sustainable development and environmental justice has gathered momen tum, considerable attention has been paid to identifying key principles. In this paper, I highlight a number of core principles and then move on to examine differing styles of policy approach, which have gained favor among different sources, for moving toward the sustainable city from market-based neo- liberal reformism to deep green ecologically centered approaches. I highlight four broad categories of approach to sustainable urban development and begin linking those to the core principles of sustainable development.
Taking Our Bearings: Mapping a Relationship Among Planning Practice, Theory, and Education
Authors: Ozawa Connie P. , Seltzer Ethan P.
Published: March 2007

The curriculum for graduate education in planning has been largely dictated by a conception of the planner's role as a technical advisor to decisionmakers. The rational planning model has shaped the construction of the core curriculum. Recent work by planning theorists suggests that the planner does more than simply provide technical advice, but serves to facilitate communications in critical ways. This article reports the results of a survey of senior planning professionals regarding the skills and competencies they seek in entry-level planners. The results provide strong support for communicative planning theories and suggest a recasting of traditional conceptions of what constitutes core graduate planning curricula.
The Effect of pH on the Uptake of 35S(-II) by Wine Yeasts
Authors: O'Connor Charmian J. , Singh Ragina M.D. , Walde Peter , Spedding D. John
Published: March 2007

The rates of uptake of 35S from S(-II) solutions by wine yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains R92 and R104 and Saccharomyces chevalieri strain R93, were measured at a variety of solution pH values between pH 3.1 and pH 7.8. A pH effect was observed, the rates of uptake being higher at the lower pH values, but this effect was not related entirely to changes in the H2S or HS- concentration. The transport process of S(-II) appeared to be due to simple diffusion of H2S(aq) and carrier mediated transport of HS-(aq). The kinetic constants Km and V max were calculated for the carrier component of the mechanism at pH 7.2 and the permeability coefficient P was calculated for the diffusion of H2S(aq) at pH 3.1 and 7.2. By using these parameters, it was possible to calculate a theoretical ini tial rate of uptake over a range of extracellular S(-II) concentrations (0 to 50 mmoll-1) at pH 3.1 and pH 7.2. The experimentally determined initial rates were found to agree, within the experimental error, with the theoretical values. The initial rate of uptake of S(-II) and the values of Km for yeast strain R104 (a low sulfide producer) were found to be less than those for both strain R92 (a normal sulfide producer) and for strain R93 (a high sulfide producer).
Effect of Excess Charge in Cellulosic Polyelectrolyte Complexes on the Blood Compatibility
Authors: Ito Hiraku , Miyamoto Takeaki , Inagaki Hiroshi , Iwata Hiroo , Matsuda Takehisa
Published: March 2007

The effect of excess charge in cellulosic polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) on the blood compatibility was examined in detail. For this purpose, various ex cess charge PECs were prepared from a quaternary ammonium derivative of hydroxyethyl cellulose (Q-HEC) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The blood compatibility of the PECs was evaluated by three different test methods; Lee- White, platelet adhesion and contact phase activation tests, as well as by the "Quenched Lee-White test" which determines time-variant changes in the differentiated hematological responses during whole blood coagulation.

The three test results showed that relative coagulation time of whole blood is very long and almost independent of the mole ratio of polycation to polyanion components within the mole ratios examined, but platelet adhesion increases with increasing mole ratios of polycation/polyanion in the PEC, while contact phase activation of plasma coagulation increases with decreasing mole ratio. However, the "Quenched Lee-White test" revealed that platelet counts and quantity of the hematological factors measured after 15 min are independent of the excess charge on PECs and maintained at the considerably high level even at 60 min of exposure time, indicating weak interaction of blood with PECs irrespective of surface charge excess. This may result in good antithrom bogenicity in both in vivo and in vitro under longer-term experiments.
Nonthrombogenicity of Polyacrylonitrile Graft Copolymers Containing Poly(ethylene oxide) and Dimethylamine Side Chains
Authors: Miyama Hajime , Fuj Nobuyuki , Hokari Naoto , Toi Hiroo , Nagaoka Syoji , Mori Yuichi , Noishiki Yasuharu
Published: March 2007

Polyacrylonitrile graft copolymers containing poly(ethylene oxide) and di methylamine side chains were synthesized photochemically. Interfacial free energy, NMR spectra and in vitro platelet adhesion were examined for the graft copolymers with various compositions. In vivo tests for the nonthrombogenicity of the polymers were also carried out. The graft copolymers of moderate or high poly(ethylene oxide) content were least thrombogenic when dimethylamine content was low, and most thrombogenic when dimethylamine content was high. The results were discussed in terms of the physical properties of the graft copolymers.
Antiadhesive Collagen Membrane with Heparin Slow Release
Authors: Noishiki Yasuharu , Miyata Teruo
Published: March 2007

A collagenous antiadhesive membrane with slow heparin release was tested in animal studies and found to exhibit antiadhesion activity. The antiadhesive membrane was prepared by crosslinking protamine to purified human amnion and then ionically binding heparin to the protamine. The amount of bound heparin was proportional to the protamine content in the collagen. The heparin was found to slowly release in vivo over a period of one month.

The heparinized amnion was evaluated in canines. A portion of the serous membrane was removed from the intestine and the heparinized amnion was sutured onto the site. Observations up to 687 days after surgery revealed that the heparinized amnion showed satisfactory antiadhesion efficacy. Mesothelial cell proliferation lining on the site and normal wound healing was observed with no scar formation. The amnion was incorporated into the tissue and grad ually resorbed. In contrast, all unheparinized amnion controls showed consid erable adhesion and severe scar formation with distortion of the healed in testine. Two out of the four control dogs died of intestinal obstruction.
A Polymeric Membrane Reactor for Biodegradation of Phenol in Wastewater
Authors: Lakhwala Fayaz , Sinkar Vivek , Sofer Sam , Goldberg Bruce
Published: March 2007

Microorganisms from activated sludge were immobilized by at tachment to microporous plastic sheets [MPS™]. Biodegradation of phenol was accomplished by pumping a phenol solution through a reactor containing microorganisms attached to the MPS™ sheet. Biodegradation was the pri mary removal mechanism, with only 5% removal by abiotic means. Experi ments were conducted in batch recirculation flow and continuous flow con figurations. In batch mode biodegradation rates showed a strong dependency on recirculation flow rates. In continuous mode, a residence time of 1.4 hours was needed for 50% conversion at steady state. Consumption of phenol and dis solved oxygen showed parallel trends throughout the experiments.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Activity of Polyanion-cis-diammineplatinum(II) Complexes as Antitumor Agents
Authors: Man Jung Han  , Tae Joon Cho  , Shin Joon Park  , Youn Soo Sohn  , Chong Ock Lee  , Sang Un Choi
Published: March 2007

Polyanion-cis-diammineplatinum(II) complexes were synthesized by the reaction of cis-[Pt(NH3)2(OH2)2](NO 3)2 with the polyanions containing vic- dicarboxylate ions along the polymer chain. The eleven polyanions used for this synthesis were the hydrolysis products of polymers obtained by radical alternating copolymerizations of maleic anhydride with dihydropyran deriva tives. For example, poly[(tetrahydropyran-5,6-diyl)(1,2-dicarboxyethylene)] de rivatives were synthesized, which contained substituents, such as hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, acetoxy, methoxycarbonyl and acetoxymethyl groups, on the 2, 3 and 4-positions of the tetrahydropyran ring. The complex formation of cis diammineplatinum(II) with vic-dicarboxylate groups was confirmed by the absorption at 1350 cm -1 for γ s(CO) coordinated with Pt(II). By changing the mole ratios of the reactants, the platinum content in the polyanion complexes can be controlled and every 5-15 repeating units of the polymers were found to contain one cis-diammineplatinum(II). The biological activity of the poly anion-Pt complexes as measured in vitro against A-549 nonsmall cell lung, SK-OV-3 ovarian, HCT-15 colon, XF-498 CNS and L1210 leukemia. After select ing active complexes, the increased life spans were measured against L1210 and found to be 244, 143 and 178% for the complexes (8), (13) and (16), respec tively.
Hydrophilic-Hydrophobic Binary Systems of Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and Polycaprolactone. Part I: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Eschbach Florence O. , Huang Samuel J.
Published: March 2007

Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) hydrogels have a potential for broad biomedical applications due to their softness, high water content and high permeability in the water swollen state. Unfortunately, poor mechanical properties limit their use for biomedical applications where mechanical strength is required. Various ways of combining PHEMA with a hydrophobic biodegradable polyester, polycaprolactone (PCL), were in vestigated. The synthesis and physical characterization of the modified hydro gels are discussed.
Low Molecular Weight End-Functionalized Poly(N-Vinylpyrrolidinone) for the Modification of Polypeptide Aminogroups
Authors: Sartore L. , Ranucci E. , Ferruti P. , Caliceti P. , Schiavon O. , Veronese F.M.
Published: March 2007

New monofunctionalized amphiphilic oligomers, poly ( N-vinyl pyrrolidinones) with an hydroxyl end group, were prepared by radical polymerization with 2-isopropoxyethanol, fractionated by both gel-permeation chromatography and fractional precipitation. The terminal hydroxyl group oligomers was activated and reacted with the amino groups of a model peptide, and a protein. These hydroxylated oligomers were also converted to carboxylate end group which were also activated and used as protein and peptide modifying agents.
Assaultive Versus Nonassaultive Victimization
Authors: WIRTZ PHILIP W. , HARRELL ADELE V.
Published: March 2007

Recent studies have shed considerable light on the widespread trauma associated with physical assault (primarily rape). Much less is known, however, about the extent to which these same manifestations of trauma extend (perhaps to a lesser degree) to victims of other types of victimization. The current study assessed three measures of psychological distress at two points in time (one month and six months postattack) among both a sample of recent victims of physical assault (rape, domestic assault, and nondomestic assault) and a sample of recent victims of nonassaultive crimes (robbery and burglary). Based on the three measures of psychological distress, response means of physical assault victims were compared to those of nonassaulted victims at both one month and six months, using profile analysis. While differences in levels between physical assault victims versus nonassaulted victims were clearly detectable at each of the two measurement periods, the profile of mean distress scores of the two groups appeared to be parallel at each period. These results suggest that victims of nonassaultive crimes may very well experience the same sort of psychological distress found among victims of assault, but to a lesser degree.
The Domestic Abuse Project
Authors: BRYGGER MARY PAT , EDLESON JEFFREY L.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the philosophy and programs of the Domestic Abuse Project of Minneapolis. The organization is designed to intervene in woman battering at multiple levels of society ranging from individual men who batter to community institutions charged with enforcing societal norms. This article emphasizes the need for integration between various levels of intervention. Conclusions are drawn from the Domestic Abuse Project's seven years of experience as one of the nation's most comprehensive organizations solely devoted to intervention in woman battering.
The Trauma Symptom Checklist (TSC-33)
Authors: BRIERE JOHN , RUNTZ MARSHA
Published: March 2007

A 33-item Trauma Symptom Checklist (TSC-33) is presented, and the psychometric properties of this scale are summarized from four separate studies. Developed to assess the impact of childhood abuse on later (adult) functioning, the TSC-33 consists of five subscales (Dissociation, Anxiety, Depression, Post-Sexual Abuse Trauma-hypothesized [PSAT-h], and Sleep Disturbance) and a total scale score. Data suggest that the TSC-33 and its associated subscales are reasonably reliable measures that display some predictive and discriminative validity with regard to childhood sexual abuse. Other variables appear to elevate checklist scores as well, however, such as physical abuse history and mental health client status, although apparently not gender.
Sexual Fantasies of College Students With Coercive Experiences and Coercive Attitudes
Authors: GOLD STEVEN R. , CLEGG CHERI L.
Published: March 2007

Men sexually aroused by the portrayal of force in stories or pictures also self-report a high likelihood to rape if they could get away with it and have hostile and aggressive feelings toward women. The present study assessed males' and females' written sexual fantasies and the fantasies' relationship to past sexually coercive experiences and coercive attitudes. One hundred students answered questions about their fantasies and sex life, and their fantasies were scored for explicitness, theme, emotionality, and forcefulness. Significant main effects were found for coercive experience and force versus no force in the sexual fantasies. Those with coercive experience had more sexually explicit and less emotional fantasies and males had more actual sexual experience and more themes of much younger or older partners. More force in the fantasies was associated with greater explicitness, less happy feeling, and, for males, greater feelings of excitement after the fantasy and less satisfaction with their sex life.
Sexual Assault of the Elderly Victim
Authors: MURAM DAVID , MILLER KRISTIN , CUTLER AMOS
Published: March 2007

This study evaluated elderly victims of rape and determined the variables affected solely by the patient's age. It was conducted in a non-hospital-based clinic that serves as the primary resource for rape victims in Shelby County, Tennessee. Fifty-three women, 55 years of age or older, were compared with 53 patients aged 18 to 45 who were selected for the control group. The racial composition was similar for both groups. There was no difference in the time interval to examination. Among the elderly, the majority of assaults (71.7%) took place at the victim's home, and most were by an unknown assailant. Genital injuries were more prevalent among the elderly victims. Intimidation by physical force was all that was necessary to subdue the victim in most cases, and the assailants' racial distribution was similar in both groups.
An Examination of Intimacy and Loneliness in Sex Offenders
Authors: SEIDMAN BONNIE T. , MARSHALL W. L. , HUDSON STEPHEN M. , ROBERTSON PAUL J.
Published: March 2007

Two studies are reported examining intimacy and loneliness in sex offenders and various control subjects. Sex offenders were both more lonely and deficient in intimacy than other offenders and community controls. Intimacy seemed to be the most important deficit among the sex offenders with the rapists and child molesters being the most deficient. The results are discussed in terms of their relevance for theory and clinical practice.
Psychopathology and History of Sexual Abuse
Authors: BELKIN DAVID S. , GREENE ANTHONY F. , RODRIGUE JAMES R. , BOGGS STEPHEN R.
Published: March 2007

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventories (MMPI-1) were used to compare the personality characteristics of a sexually abused ( n = 105) and a matched nonabused sample of clinic patients ( n = 105). Sexual abuse survivors were more frequently characterized by higher scores on the Psychopathic Deviate (4) and Schizophrenia (8) scales, likely representing high levels of interpersonal discord and social alienation. Within the sexually abused sample, more psychopathology was associated with male-to-male abuse, and more social discomfort was evident with abuse onset between ages 6-11 years. The results are discussed in terms of attributional processes associated with the abuse experience and implications for future research.
Comparative Analysis of Juvenile Sexual Offenders, Violent Nonsexual Offenders, and Status Offenders
Authors: FORD MICHELLE E. , LINNEY JEAN ANN
Published: March 2007

Juvenile sexual offenders, violent nonsexual offenders, and status offenders were compared using psychometric instruments to assess intrafamily violence, quality of offender social skills, interpersonal relationships, and self-concept. Self-report and record data were gathered on family history, education, behavior problems, criminal history, history of abuse, exposure to pornography, and early childhood memories. Juvenile child molesters were found to have experienced more parental use of violence and to be victims of physical and sexual abuse more often than the other offender groups. Child molesters expressed greater need for control and inclusion in interpersonal relationships and problems related to self-esteem. The content of early childhood memories and exposure to pornographic material differed among the groups. The groups did not differ in assertiveness, self-concept, or family history variables. Implications of these differences for future research are considered.
Pension Reform: Implications for the Employer
Authors: Paine Thomas H.
Published: March 2007

Vesting, funding, fiduciary, and termination responsibilities—the new law means new strictures, and "the end result of growing government involvement is, of course, more red tape."
Cost and Value in Salesmen's Pay
Authors: Carey James F.
Published: March 2007

The issue for management is not the money paid to salesmen but the volume and profit developed for the money paid.
Book-Value Stock As an Employee Stock Ownership and Incentive Device
Authors: Cook Frederic W.
Published: March 2007

Book-value stock ownership and incentive plans, while not new, have been increasing in popularity since the debacle with market-value stock option plans during the recent recession.
Incentive Compensation for Staff Managers
Authors: Greene Robert J.
Published: March 2007

Few executives will deny that staff managers contribute substantially to the performance of their organizations. Should they not, then, have similar opportunities to earn the special rewards that effective organizations grant to those who make outstanding contributions? Here is how one compensation specialist suggests organizations handle...
Research: How Rewards Can Be Made More Effective by Proper Structuring
Authors: King Albert S.
Published: March 2007

More satisfaction can be attained in employee groups by arranging incentives, evaluations, and rewards so that high levels can be achieved frequently, even if this means deferring those wonderful but rare rewards that might be even more fulfilling.
Equitable Job Evaluation and Classification with the Position Analysis Questionnaire
Authors: Jeanneret P.R.
Published: March 2007

Courts and unions alike view this tool for analyzing job evaluation data as an equitable approach.
A Model for Estimating Payroll Expenses
Authors: Plumberg Thomas
Published: March 2007

To project the effect on costs of proposed changes in salary structure or merit increase percentages, a compensation manager can use ...
A New Mathematical Approach to Merit-Based Compensation Systems
Authors: Stokes Douglas M.
Published: March 2007

Salary range penetration is the key concept underlying this methodology for moving employees through their salary range in step with their performance and for making salary range adjustments accordingly.
The Japanese wage System
Authors: Weiner Nan
Published: March 2007

Japanese workers are paid on a seniority basis, but new social pressures may lead to fundamental changes in this practice.
Measuring Overlooked Factors in Relative Job Worth and Pay
Authors: Foster Kenneth E.
Published: March 2007

A quantitative technique that converts empirical data to index points allows the compensation specialist to address the issue of ...
Intravenous Drug Use and AIDS: A Review and Analysis of Evolving Correctional Policy
Authors: Olivero J. Michael
Published: March 2007

The presence of high concentrations of intravenous (IV) drug users in correctional facilities has resulted in complex AIDS policy problems for correctional administrators. This paper examines the incidence of AIDS within jails and prisons as the result of illegal IV drug use and policies for its management. It suggests that the response by correctional administrators has focused upon mass testing and segregation. The federal court system and governmental funding sources have played a crucial role in these solutions. The paper concludes with a discussion of AIDS related policies and provides suggestions as to the most appropriate.
The Importance of the Identification of Ankyloglossia (Short Lingual Frenulum) as a Cause of Breastfeeding Problems
Authors: Notestine Gregory E.
Published: March 2007

The short lingual frenulum can be a cause of breastfeeding problems, including sore and damaged nipples and inadequate feedings. This article describes two cases, discusses the difficulty in recognizing the condition, and describes the role of primary care providers in the recognition, diagnosis, and surgical treatment of the short lingual frenulum.
Assessment and Documentation of the Breastfeeding Couple by Health Care Professionals
Authors: Bono Barbara J.
Published: March 2007

Health care professionals have been a major source of conflicting and misleading information about breastfeeding. The role of the certified lactation consultant is to correct this problem. Documentation in the medical record is the primary method of communication between the postpartum nursing staff and the hospital-based lactation consultant. An in-service program oriented staff to the use of a breastfeeding assessment tool which systematized breastfeeding documentation; it also instructed staff in the techniques of completing such an assessment. Charts were audited before and after the program to assess changes in charting practices. Results reflected an increased likelihood of charting objective observations regarding the quality of the breastfeeding relationship.
Ineffective Suckling: A Possible Consequence of Obstructive Positioning
Authors: Morton Jane A.
Published: March 2007

Failure to thrive in breastfed babies frequently is attributed to inadequate lactation. In some cases, the origin of inadequate lactation may be ineffective suckling that obstructs milk flow. To support this conclusion, an infant who presented with failure to thrive was studied at the breast with magnetic resonance imaging.
Percentage of Fat in Human Milk: Influence of the Method of Extraction
Authors: Lowenfeld Margaret Frances , Widdows Sibyl Taite , Chodak Gregory Hazel H.
Published: March 2007

This column is devoted to reprinting historical documents relating to human lactation and breastfeeding. Material appearing here is presented for the education and information of JHL readers. It is of historical interest and does not necessarily represent the opinion of JHL or the International Lactation Consultant Association or reflect current thinking relating to lactation and breastfeeding. Persons wishing to suggest a document for reprint consideration should send a complete bibliographic reference and address of the original publisher (usually found on the title page) of any material at least 50 years old to Lynne Apple, TIME WAS... Editor, 323 Elm Grove Road, Bluffton, IN 46714 USA.