bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Dynamics of Criminal Governance: Networks and Social Order in Rio de Janeiro
Authors: ARIAS ENRIQUE DESMOND
Published: April 2006

Academic analyses of crime and policing in Latin America have generally focused on the failure of state institutions to guarantee a rule of law. This study, however, argues that the persistently high levels of violence in Rio's favelas [shantytowns] result not from the failure of institutions but, rather, from networks that bring criminals together with civic leaders, politicians, and police. These contacts protect traffickers from state repression and help them build political support among the residents of the where they favelas operate. Rather than creating ‘parallel states’ outside of political control, then, these networks link trafficker dominated favelas into Rio's broader political and social system.
Arzneimittelspiegel als pharmakotherapeutisches Werkzeug bei der Behandlung mit Psychopharmaka
Authors: Stephan  , Etzensberger  , Jaquenoud Sirot
Published: April 2006

Wichtige Indikationen für die Bestimmung von Arzneimittelkonzentrationen in der Psychiatrie sind das Monitoring von Pharmaka mit enger therapeutischer Breite, eine mögliche Malcompliance, die Therapieresistenz und unerwünschte Arzneimittelwirkungen. Elementare Voraussetzung für ein interpretierbares Resultat ist der korrekte Zeitpunkt der Blutentnahme. Das pharmakokinetische Fliessgleichgewicht (Steady-State) muss erreicht sein. Die Kontrolle des Arzneimittelspiegels sollte morgens vor der nächsten Einnahme (orale Medikation), bzw. kurz vor der nächsten Injektion (parenterale Depotmedikation) durchgeführt werden (Talspiegel). Die Interpretation erfolgt unter Einbezug patientenspezifischer Parameter sowie medikamentöser und nicht-medikamentöser Interaktionen. Bei Hinweisen für eine pharmakogenetische Ursache auffälliger Spiegel kann eine entsprechende Abklärung indiziert sein. Seit kurzem bietet die Klinik Königsfelden (Psychiatrische Dienste Aargau AG) eine ambulante «Sprechstunde für Interaktionen und Pharmakogenetik» an.
Despite slow catalysis and confused substrate specificity, all ribulose bisphosphate carboxylases may be nearly perfectly optimized
Authors: Tcherkez Guillaume G. B. , Farquhar Graham D. , Andrews T. John
Published: April 2006

The cornerstone of autotrophy, the CO
2
-fixing enzyme,
d
-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), is hamstrung by slow catalysis and confusion between CO
2
and O
2
as substrates, an “abominably perplexing” puzzle, in Darwin's parlance. Here we argue that these characteristics stem from difficulty in binding the featureless CO
2
molecule, which forces specificity for the gaseous substrate to be determined largely or completely in the transition state. We hypothesize that natural selection for greater CO
2
/O
2
specificity, in response to reducing atmospheric CO
2
:O
2
ratios, has resulted in a transition state for CO
2
addition in which the CO
2
moiety closely resembles a carboxylate group. This maximizes the structural difference between the transition states for carboxylation and the competing oxygenation, allowing better differentiation between them. However, increasing structural similarity between the carboxylation transition state and its carboxyketone product exposes the carboxyketone to the strong binding required to stabilize the transition state and causes the carboxyketone intermediate to bind so tightly that its cleavage to products is slowed. We assert that all Rubiscos may be nearly perfectly adapted to the differing CO
2
, O
2
, and thermal conditions in their subcellular environments, optimizing this compromise between CO
2
/O
2
specificity and the maximum rate of catalytic turnover. Our hypothesis explains the feeble rate enhancement displayed by Rubisco in processing the exogenously supplied carboxyketone intermediate, compared with its nonenzymatic hydrolysis, and the positive correlation between CO
2
/O
2
specificity and
12
C/
13
C fractionation. It further predicts that, because a more product-like transition state is more ordered (decreased entropy), the effectiveness of this strategy will deteriorate with increasing temperature.
Learnings from a qualitative study into counselling supervision: Listening to supervisor and supervisee
Authors: West William , Clark Valerie
Published: April 2006

This paper draws on the authors' recent experience of piloting qualitative research into helpful and hindering events in supervision using interpersonal process recall with three supervisor‐supervisee dyads. This paper presents in some detail the findings from one dyad. The authors draw on their experience of the research to raise questions relating to ethics and methodology and the implications for practice are considered.
Working with differences: Issues for research and counselling practice
Authors: Chantler Khatidja , Smailes Sophie
Published: April 2006

This paper considers our experience within a group researching domestic violence in minoritised groups and the implications for counselling practice. Issues of race, gender and power were significant within the research team. These issues are intrinsic to minoritised women's experiences of service responses and are also a powerful, yet often unexplored, dynamic in counselling practice. We reflect on issues of ‘outsiders’ and ‘insiders’ in terms of the research process and findings, and the impact and influence of these power roles on counselling practice. We acknowledge that it is only by retrospectively engaging with each other and our differences that we have been able to explore our parallel processes and consider their implications for counselling practice.
Counsellors' use of reflective space
Authors: Gordon Carole
Published: April 2006

While reflection on practice is a frequent and essential aspect of counselling, what exactly this process entails is not completely clear. This paper describes a study of counsellors ‘caught in the act’ of reflecting, and uncovers various ways counsellors made use of a reflective space.
Research methods: Reflexivities‐roots, meanings, dilemmas
Authors: Etherington Kim
Published: April 2006

This paper expands the concept of reflexivity used in the paper that follows (page 48). There are many ways of explaining reflexivity, which has been described as involving complex relationships between how we know, what we know and who we are (Rennie, 1998; Hertz, 1997)
Heuristic research as a vehicle for personal and professional development
Authors: Etherington Kim
Published: April 2006

This paper reports one aspect of a more extensive narrative inquiry into how two counsellors experienced their involvement in heuristic research and the contribution it made to their personal development. The paper is located within stories ofBecoming a Reflexive Researcher: Using Our Selves in Research(2004) and shows how reflexive conversations enabled participants to co‐construct meaning and create what Rosanna Hertz called ‘reflexive knowledge’ (1996).
Exploring counsellor perceptions of the impact of counselling supervision on clients
Authors: Vallance Kate
Published: April 2006

This qualitative study explores counsellors’ experiences and perceptions of how counselling supervision impacts upon their clients. Data collection combined open‐ended questionnaires (n = 13) and semi‐structured interviews (n = 6). The findings indicate that supervision impacts client work both helpfully and unhelpfully. Areas that emerged as having the most direct impact on client work were the counselling relationship dynamics and self‐awareness, professional development, emotional support, clients not discussed in supervision and the quality of the supervisory relationship. Congruence and confidence were the most direct link between supervision and client work.
Counselling children and young people who attend a school for children with complex needs: A Case Study
Authors: Flitton Beverley , Buckroyd Julia
Published: April 2006

We report the findings of a case study exploring the views of the student, teacher, teaching assistant and counsellor who participated in a project to evaluate counselling with young people who attend a school for children with complex needs in the UK. The student was offered twenty six weeks of humanistic counselling. The student, teacher and teaching assistant were interviewed pre and post counselling using a semi structured format. They were asked about the student's development in the seven areas of self concept which are named in the quantitative scale Piers Harris 2, which was used elsewhere in the project. Data was also gathered from the notes and transcripts of the counselling sessions. The case study describes an approach to the use of language and the counselling process with a student with complex needs. Staff were not able to report any significant changes in the student, yet the student reported a change in herself and an awareness of the process in the counselling relationship and the counsellor identified improvements in communication, self awareness and self confidence.
Making a difference for young people with learning disabilities: A model for inclusive counselling practice
Authors: Pattison Susan
Published: April 2006

The prevalence of mental health problems in young people with learning disabilities and the disability rights movement provide the background to this paper. The aims are to investigate the inclusivity of counselling; gain insight into inclusive practices; and put forward a model for inclusive counselling practice. Mixed methodology provides quantitative and qualitative data through a survey of counsellors (n = 396) and a series of semi‐structured interviews (n = 15). The results produce six indicators of inclusive counselling, which are used to build a model for inclusive counselling practice: proactive approach to inclusion; focus on building relationships; operationalising equal opportunities policies; inclusive initial assessments; adopting flexible and creative approaches to counselling; and training and awareness raising. The implications for research and practice are to acknowledge the exclusive nature of the profession and address the issue of inclusion through training, professional development and further research in the field. The model for inclusive counselling practice is put forward as a tool for auditing existing counselling provision and as guidance for counsellors and policy makers in increasing inclustion of young people with learning disabilities in mainstream counselling.
Signature invariants of covering links
Authors: Cha Jae , Ko Ki
Published: April 2006

We apply the theory of signature invariants of links in rational homology spheres to covering links of homology boundary links. From patterns and Seifert matrices of homology boundary links, we derive an explicit formula to compute signature invariants of their covering links. Using the formula, we produce fused boundary links that are positive mutants of ribbon links but are not concordant to boundary links. We also show that for any finite collection of patterns, there are homology boundary links that are not concordant to any homology boundary links admitting a pattern in the collection.
Dynamical forcing of circular groups
Authors: Calegari Danny
Published: April 2006

In this paper we introduce and study the notion of dynamical forcing. Basically, we develop a toolkit of techniques to produce finitely presented groups which can only act on the circle with certain prescribed dynamical properties. As an application, we show that the set

X
⊂

R

/

Z

X \subset \mathbb {R}/\mathbb {Z}

consisting of rotation numbers

θ
\theta

which can be forced by finitely presented groups is an infinitely generated

Q

\mathbb {Q}

–module, containing countably infinitely many algebraically independent transcendental numbers. Here a rotation number

θ
\theta

is forced by a pair

(

G
θ

,
α
)

(G_\theta ,\alpha )

, where

G
θ

G_\theta

is a finitely presented group

G
θ

G_\theta

and

α
∈

G
θ

\alpha \in G_\theta

is some element, if the set of rotation numbers of

ρ
(
α
)

\rho (\alpha )

as

ρ
\rho

varies over

ρ
∈
Hom
⁡
(

G
θ

,

Homeo
+

⁡
(

S
1

)
)

\rho \in \operatorname {Hom}(G_\theta ,\operatorname {Homeo}^+(S^1))

is precisely the set

{
0
,
±
θ
}

\lbrace 0, \pm \theta \rbrace

. We show that the set of subsets of

R

/

Z

\mathbb {R}/\mathbb {Z}

which are of the form
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="r o t left-parenthesis upper X left-parenthesis upper G comma alpha right-parenthesis right-parenthesis equals left-brace r element-of double-struck upper R slash double-struck upper Z vertical-bar r equals r o t left-parenthesis rho left-parenthesis alpha right-parenthesis right-parenthesis comma rho element-of upper H o m left-parenthesis upper G comma upper H o m e o Superscript plus Baseline left-parenthesis upper S Superscript 1 Baseline right-parenthesis right-parenthesis right-brace comma">

rot
⁡
(
X
(
G
,
α
)
)
=
{
r
∈

R

/

Z

|

r
=
rot
⁡
(
ρ
(
α
)
)
,
ρ
∈
Hom
⁡
(
G
,

Homeo
+

⁡
(

S
1

)
)
}
,

\operatorname {rot}(X(G,\alpha )) = \lbrace r \in \mathbb {R}/\mathbb {Z} \; | \; r = \operatorname {rot}(\rho (\alpha )), \rho \in \operatorname {Hom}(G,\operatorname {Homeo}^+(S^1)) \rbrace ,

\]
where

G
G

varies over countable groups, are exactly the set of closed subsets which contain

0
0

and are invariant under

x
→
−
x

x \to -x

. Moreover, we show that every such subset can be approximated from above by

rot
⁡
(
X
(

G
i

,

α
i

)
)

\operatorname {rot}(X(G_i,\alpha _i))

for finitely presented

G
i

G_i

. As another application, we construct a finitely generated group

Γ
\Gamma

which acts faithfully on the circle, but which does not admit any faithful

C
1

C^1

action, thus answering in the negative a question of John Franks.
A geometric characterization of interpolation in ℰ̂′(ℝ)
Authors: Massaneda Xavier , Ortega-Cerdà Joaquim , Ounaïes Myriam
Published: April 2006

We give a geometric description of the interpolating varieties for the algebra of Fourier transforms of distributions (or Beurling ultradistributions) with compact support on the real line.
Frobenius morphisms and representations of algebras
Authors: Deng Bangming , Du Jie
Published: April 2006

By introducing Frobenius morphisms

F
F

on algebras

A
A

and their modules over the algebraic closure

F

¯

q

{\overline {\mathbb {F}}}_q

of the finite field

F

q

{\mathbb {F}}_q

of

q
q

elements, we establish a relation between the representation theory of

A
A

over

F

¯

q

\overline {\mathbb {F}}_q

and that of the

F
F

-fixed point algebra

A
F

A^F

over

F

q

{\mathbb {F}}_q

. More precisely, we prove that the category

\textbf {mod}-

A
F

\text {\textbf {mod}-}A^F

of finite-dimensional

A
F

A^F

-modules is equivalent to the subcategory of finite-dimensional

F
F

-stable

A
A

-modules, and, when

A
A

is finite dimensional, we establish a bijection between the isoclasses of indecomposable

A
F

A^F

-modules and the

F
F

-orbits of the isoclasses of indecomposable

A
A

-modules. Applying the theory to representations of quivers with automorphisms, we show that representations of a modulated quiver (or a species) over

F

q

{\mathbb {F}}_q

can be interpreted as

F
F

-stable representations of the corresponding quiver over

F

¯

q

\overline {\mathbb {F}}_q

. We further prove that every finite-dimensional hereditary algebra over

F

q

{\mathbb {F}}_q

is Morita equivalent to some

A
F

A^F

, where

A
A

is the path algebra of a quiver

Q
Q

over

F

¯

q

\overline {\mathbb {F}}_q

and

F
F

is induced from a certain automorphism of

Q
Q

. A close relation between the Auslander-Reiten theories for

A
A

and

A
F

A^F

is established. In particular, we prove that the Auslander-Reiten (modulated) quiver of

A
F

A^F

is obtained by “folding" the Auslander-Reiten quiver of

A
A

. Finally, by taking Frobenius fixed points, we are able to count the number of indecomposable representations of a modulated quiver over

F

q

{\mathbb {F}}_q

with a given dimension vector and to generalize Kac’s theorem for all modulated quivers and their associated Kac–Moody algebras defined by symmetrizable generalized Cartan matrices.
On linear transformations preserving the Pólya frequency property
Authors: Brändén Petter
Published: April 2006

We prove that certain linear operators preserve the Pólya frequency property and real-rootedness, and apply our results to settle some conjectures and open problems in combinatorics proposed by Bóna, Brenti and Reiner-Welker.
Exponents for 𝐵-stable ideals
Authors: Sommers Eric , Tymoczko Julianna
Published: April 2006

Let

G
G

be a simple algebraic group over the complex numbers containing a Borel subgroup

B
B

. Given a

B
B

-stable ideal

I
I

in the nilradical of the Lie algebra of

B
B

, we define natural numbers

m
1

,

m
2

,
…
,

m
k

m_1, m_2, \dots , m_k

which we call ideal exponents. We then propose two conjectures where these exponents arise, proving these conjectures in types

A
n

,

B
n

,

C
n

A_n, B_n, C_n

and some other types. When

I
=
0

I = 0

, we recover the usual exponents of

G
G

by Kostant (1959), and one of our conjectures reduces to a well-known factorization of the Poincaré polynomial of the Weyl group. The other conjecture reduces to a well-known result of Arnold-Brieskorn on the factorization of the characteristic polynomial of the corresponding Coxeter hyperplane arrangement.
Curvilinear base points, local complete intersection and Koszul syzygies in biprojective spaces
Authors: Hoffman J. , Wang Hao
Published: April 2006

Let

I
=
⟨

f
1

,

f
2

,

f
3

⟩

I = \langle f_1 , f_2 , f_3\rangle

be a bigraded ideal in the bigraded polynomial ring

k
[
s
,
u
;
t
,
v
]

k[s, u; t, v]

. Assume that

I
I

has codimension 2. Then

Z
=

V

(
I
)
⊂

P

1

×

P

1

Z = \mathbb {V}(I) \subset \mathbf {P}^{1} \times \mathbf {P}^{1}

is a finite set of points. We prove that if

Z
Z

is a local complete intersection, then any syzygy of the

f
i

f_i

vanishing at

Z
Z

, and in a certain degree range, is in the module of Koszul syzygies. This is an analog of a recent result of Cox and Schenck (2003).
Prime geodesic theorem for higher-dimensional hyperbolic manifold
Authors: Nakasuji Maki
Published: April 2006

For a

(
d
+
1
)

(d+1)

-dimensional hyperbolic manifold

M

\mathcal {M}

, we consider an estimate of the error term of the prime geodesic theorem. Put the fundamental group

Γ
\Gamma

of

M

\mathcal {M}

to be a discrete subgroup of

S

O
e

(
d
+
1
,
1
)

SO_e(d+1, 1)

with cofinite volume. When the contribution of the discrete spectrum of the Laplace-Beltrami operator is larger than that of the continuous spectrum in Weyl’s law, we obtained a lower estimate
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="normal upper Omega Subscript plus-or-minus Baseline left-parenthesis StartFraction x Superscript d slash 2 Baseline left-parenthesis log log x right-parenthesis Superscript 1 slash left-parenthesis d plus 1 right-parenthesis Baseline Over log x EndFraction right-parenthesis">

Ω

±

(

x

d

/

2

(
log
⁡
log
⁡
x

)

1

/

(
d
+
1
)

log
⁡
x

)

\Omega _{\pm }(\tfrac {x^{d/2}(\log \log x)^{1/(d+1)}}{\log x})

as

x
x

goes to

∞
\infty

.
Rab10 Regulates Membrane Transport through Early Endosomes of Polarized Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cells
Authors: Babbey Clifford M. , Ahktar Nahid , Wang Exing , Chen Carlos Chih-Hsiung , Grant Barth D. , Dunn Kenneth W.
Published: April 2006

Rab10, a protein originally isolated from Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells, belongs to a family of Rab proteins that includes Rab8 and Rab13. Although both Rab8 and Rab13 have been found to mediate polarized membrane transport, the function of Rab10 in mammalian cells has not yet been established. We have used quantitative confocal microscopy of polarized MDCK cells expressing GFP chimeras of wild-type and mutant forms of Rab10 to analyze the function of Rab10 in polarized cells. These studies demonstrate that Rab10 is specifically associated with the common endosomes of MDCK cells, accessible to endocytic probes internalized from either the apical or basolateral plasma membrane domains. Expression of mutant Rab10 defective for either GTP hydrolysis or GTP binding increased recycling from early compartments on the basolateral endocytic pathway without affecting recycling from later compartments or the apical recycling pathway. These results suggest that Rab10 mediates transport from basolateral sorting endosomes to common endosomes.
Postreplication Repair and PCNA Modification inSchizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Frampton Jonathan , Irmisch Anja , Green Catherine M. , Neiss Andrea , Trickey Michelle , Ulrich Helle D. , Furuya Kanji , Watts Felicity Z. , Carr Antony M. , Lehmann Alan R.
Published: April 2006

Ubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) plays a crucial role in regulating replication past DNA damage in eukaryotes, but the detailed mechanisms appear to vary in different organisms. We have examined the modification of PCNA in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We find that, in response to UV irradiation, PCNA is mono- and poly-ubiquitinated in a manner similar to that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However in undamaged Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells, PCNA is ubiquitinated in S phase, whereas in S. cerevisiae it is sumoylated. Furthermore we find that, unlike in S. cerevisiae, mutants defective in ubiquitination of PCNA are also sensitive to ionizing radiation, and PCNA is ubiquitinated after exposure of cells to ionizing radiation, in a manner similar to the response to UV-irradiation. We show that PCNA modification and cell cycle checkpoints represent two independent signals in response to DNA damage. Finally, we unexpectedly find that PCNA is ubiquitinated in response to DNA damage when cells are arrested in G2.
TheCaenorhabditis elegansHomologue ofDeleted in AzoospermiaIs Involved in the Sperm/Oocyte Switch
Authors: Otori Muneyoshi , Karashima Takeshi , Yamamoto Masayuki
Published: April 2006

The Deleted in Azoospermia (DAZ) gene family encodes putative translational activators that are required for meiosis and other aspects of gametogenesis in animals. The single Caenorhabditis elegans homologue of DAZ, daz-1, is an essential factor for female meiosis. Here, we show that daz-1 is important for the switch from spermatogenesis to oogenesis (the sperm/oocyte switch), which is an essential step for the hermaphrodite germline to produce oocytes. RNA interference of the daz-1 orthologue in a related nematode, Caenorhabditis briggsae, resulted in a complete loss of the sperm/oocyte switch. The C. elegans hermaphrodite deficient in daz-1 also revealed a failure in the sperm/oocyte switch if the genetic background was conditional masculinization of germline. DAZ-1 could bind specifically to mRNAs encoding the FBF proteins, which are translational regulators for the sperm/oocyte switch and germ stem cell proliferation. Expression of the FBF proteins seemed to be lowered in the daz-1 mutant at the stage for the sperm/oocyte switch. Conversely, a mutation in gld-3, a gene that functionally counteracts FBF, could partially restore oogenesis in the daz-1 mutant. Together, we propose that daz-1 plays a role upstream of the pathway for germ cell sex determination.
Cell Aggregation-induced FGF8 Elevation Is Essential for P19 Cell Neural Differentiation
Authors: Wang Chen , Xia Caihong , Bian Wei , Liu Li , Lin Wei , Chen Ye-Guang , Ang Siew-Lan , Jing Naihe
Published: April 2006

FGF8, a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, has been shown to play important roles in different developing systems. Mouse embryonic carcinoma P19 cells could be induced by retinoic acid (RA) to differentiate into neuroectodermal cell lineages, and this process is cell aggregation dependent. In this report, we show that FGF8 expression is transiently up-regulated upon P19 cell aggregation, and the aggregation-dependent FGF8 elevation is pluripotent stem cell related. Overexpressing FGF8 promotes RA-induced monolayer P19 cell neural differentiation. Inhibition of FGF8 expression by RNA interference or blocking FGF signaling by the FGF receptor inhibitor, SU5402, attenuates neural differentiation of the P19 cell. Blocking the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway by overexpressing Smad6 in P19 cells, we also show that FGF signaling plays a BMP inhibition–independent role in P19 cell neural differentiation.
TheCaenorhabditis elegans snf-11Gene Encodes a Sodium-dependent GABA Transporter Required for Clearance of Synaptic GABA
Authors: Mullen Gregory P. , Mathews Eleanor A. , Saxena Paurush , Fields Stephen D. , McManus John R. , Moulder Gary , Barstead Robert J. , Quick Michael W. , Rand James B.
Published: April 2006

Sodium-dependent neurotransmitter transporters participate in the clearance and/or recycling of neurotransmitters from synaptic clefts. The snf-11 gene in Caenorhabditis elegans encodes a protein of high similarity to mammalian GABA transporters (GATs). We show here that snf-11 encodes a functional GABA transporter; SNF-11–mediated GABA transport is Na+and Cl−dependent, has an EC50value of 168 μM, and is blocked by the GAT1 inhibitor SKF89976A. The SNF-11 protein is expressed in seven GABAergic neurons, several additional neurons in the head and retrovesicular ganglion, and three groups of muscle cells. Therefore, all GABAergic synapses are associated with either presynaptic or postsynaptic (or both) expression of SNF-11. Although a snf-11 null mutation has no obvious effects on GABAergic behaviors, it leads to resistance to inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. In vivo, a snf-11 null mutation blocks GABA uptake in at least a subset of GABAergic cells; in a cell culture system, all GABA uptake is abolished by the snf-11 mutation. We conclude that GABA transport activity is not essential for normal GABAergic function in C. elegans and that the localization of SNF-11 is consistent with a GABA clearance function rather than recycling.
Increased adult mortality and reduced breeding success with age in a population of common guillemot Uria aalge using marked birds of unknown age
Authors: Crespin Laurent , Harris Michael P. , Lebreton Jean‐Dominique , Wanless Sarah
Published: April 2006

Although there is general consensus about the existence of senescence in vertebrates, empirical evidence of senescence in demographic parameters in wild populations is limited. Data on breeding success and survival of breeding common guillemots Uria aalge were collected over 20 years on the Isle of May (Scotland) using a pool of individuals marked as adults. Because the years of hatching of individuals were not known, we used the time (years) elapsed since first capture (TFC) as a measure of age. The use of this proxy did not create any bias in estimating senescence in the case of a linear decline, nor did it greatly decrease the power of a test for senescence. Breeding success declined significantly from 0.81 (95% CI: 0.77–0.84) to 0.62 (0.54–0.68) over the study period. It also varied in relation to age, initially increasing (from 0.62 (0.54–0.68) at TFC of 0 year to 0.76 (0.73–0.79) at TFC of 9 years) up to a plateau (from TFC of 9 years with 0.76 (0.73–0.79) until TFC of 13 years with 0.77 (0.74–0.79) before declining in later life to 0.70 (0.61–0.78) at TFC of 19 years). Survival was generally high and varied significantly from year to year. It also declined with TFC: survival of birds marked in 1982 decreased from 0.92 (0.85–0.96) at a TFC of 0 year to 0.88 (0.82–0.92) at a TFC of 19 years. Resighting probabilities also declined with TFC suggesting that the oldest birds do not come back to the colony to breed as regularly as younger individuals. These findings indicate that individual common guillemots on the Isle of May showed both actuarial and reproductive senescence.
Vision screening in a national sample of ii‐year‐old children
Authors: PECKHAM CATHERINE , ADAMS BRYAN
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
This report describes the results of vision screening carried out by local health authorities on a national sample of 11‐year‐old schoolchildren using a standard Snellen‐chart. Of the 12 772 children tested, 78% had an unaided distant visual acuity of 6/6 or better in both eyes (optimal vision), 10% had a distant visual acuity of 6/9 in the worse or both eyes (near‐optimal vision) and 12% had a visual acuity of 6/12 or worse in one or both eyes (definite visual defect). In addition, near visual acuity was tested for 12 737 children and 5% were found to have defective near vision.

Glasses had been prescribed for current use in 12% of children but ac quarter of those prescribed glasses did not have them available at the time of the test. Testing revealed that 22% of children whose glasses were available had optimal or near‐optimal unaided distant vision, the number increasing to 68% when retested wearing glasses. In contrast, 43% of the children who were without their glasses had optimal or near‐optimal vision; 27% had a bilateral defect. Amongst the children for whom glasses had not been prescribed 4–6% had a visual defect.

A higher proportion of children from non‐manual family background than from manual family background had visual impairment and had been prescribed glasses, but there was no significant social class difference amongst the children with visual defects for whom no glasses had been prescribed.

A defect of red/green colour vision was recorded in 6% of boys and 1% of girls. The proportion of children with poor visual acuity was similar in the group of children with defective colour vision and the group with normal colour vision.
Ethical aspects of epidemilogical studies
Authors: ZINKIN PAMELA , GOLDSTEIN HARVEY
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
This article aims to stimulate discussion about th e ethical problems which can arise in an epidemiological study. It is suggested that in such studies there are new ethical problems which require a widening of the present codes.
A Study of language skills in severely subnormal children
Authors: ROGERS MICHAEL G. H.
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
A study of 37 severely subnormal children, comparing their language development with their non‐verbal ability, is described. The test scores obtained by the 17 children with Down's syndrome were compared with those of the remaining 20 children (‘others’); a cross‐sectional examination of the effects of increasing chronological age was made; and an assessment of speech intelligibility was compared with language scale scores. The results show that the children as a group had a language deficit compared with their non‐verbal ability, and that their verbal comprehension tended to be poorer than their expressive language ability. Children with Down's syndrome tended to have inferior language ability though the differences between their scores and those of the ‘others’ were not statistically significant. An association between poor intelligibility of speech and low expressive language scores was demonstrated. The results are discussed in the context of other studies. Possible reasons for the patterns of language development observed are suggested, and the practical implications, particularly the need for careful attention to the language development of severely subnormal children from an early age, are considered.
Trends in the assessment of early childhood development
Authors: EVANS ROY , SPARROW MARGARET
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
This paper summarizes the aims of developmental assessment and reviews progress in the fields of developmental screening and psychometric assessment. It describes some new procedures and outlines three research projects involving use of developmental records.
The handicapped child
Authors: HOLT K. S.
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
This article is not about specific conditions such as cerebral palsy, or deafness, or mental retardation, it is about every handicapped child; that is every child whose development and life fulfilment are restricted and who requires help to overcome or to reduce the effects of his handicaps. The picture and principles described below apply to all handicapped children whatever the nature of their basic disorder.
Loreto House: a pattern of care
Authors: CHARLTON PETER , FELL RICHARD , HENSHALL ANNE
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
This short article is primarily concerned with, what the authors consider to be, two important considerations in any form of residential child care, particularly long‐term:

1 The great need for a coherent overall philosophy, which is clearly understood by all members of staff. It is felt that, all too often, assumptions are made about general agreement, which are not necessarily borne out by observed practice.

2 The need for the meticulous selection of primary caring staff, followed by relevant in‐service training rather than an overreliance upon, what are sometimes, quite arbitrary qualifications.

The article attempts to present a broad profile of a unit which, although it does not claim to represent the ideal, is nonetheless beginning to assume a purposive and identifiable character. The point is made that clinicism, professionalism and academic discussion are important but they are not the only considerations. The children must remain the raison d'être for such a unit, not the justification.

The authors hope to have conveyed their conviction that cooperation and communication between the members of a multidisciplinary team presents the most practical and the most productive approach to the care of profoundly and multiply handicapped children.
Physical signs in association with depressive illness in childhood
Authors: MacAuslan A.
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
Although behavioural disturbances associated with depression in childhood are often discussed, descriptions of somatic phenomena are less commonly reported. This paper compares the frequency of neurological signs observed in a group of depressed children with a control group. The possibility that minimal brain dysfunction might play a part in the production of signs is considered. It was found that there was a statistically significant difference between the incidence of physical signs found in the control group and in the depressed children.
Influence of the Youth Tutor upon teachers' perception of some maladjusted behaviour
Authors: PRITCHARD COLIN , BUTLER ALAN
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
There has been a long‐standing interest in attempting to link home and school (Central Advisory Council 1967) and the recognition of the importance of the child's home background upon his educational achievement has grown (Douglas et al. 1972, Wedge & Prosser 1973). It would seem that in practice however, the main school‐home contact has been the Education Welfare Officer (Pritchard 1973). While Plowden stressed the potential of the Education Welfare Officer it is known that there are difficulties in realizing this because of shortcomings in the Education Welfare Officer's training and status (Pritchard 1974, Local Government Training Board 1974).

In the United States home and school have been brought together by the long‐established School Cotmsellor or School Social Worker (Clegg & Megson 1970). It has been found however, that even in the United States their role has been diffuse, depending upon variations in local policy and there has been little examination of their work (Know et al. 1974). IN the United Kingdom social work has grown (Lyons 1973) as local education authorities have made various efforts to orientate schools towards the community; one such method was the Central Lancashire Family and Community Project (Marshall & Rose 1975). The project centred upon the work of School Social Workers, and their work in reducing maladaptive behaviour was encouraging. Another such scheme was introduced by the West Riding County Council who appointed Youth Tutors to some of their secondary schools. The Youth Tutors' work varied greatly as different emphasis was placed upon their work, though they generally acted in a counselling role and sought to involve the home and commvmity with the school and also attempted t o establish more extracurricular activities (Sedgwick 1975). It is with this development that the present study is concerned.

We attempted to discover something of the Youth Tutors' influence, if any, upon the teachers' perception of children's behaviour in school. We wished to determine whether there would be any variation in the perception of teachers who came from schools which had a Youth Tutor and those which had not. We focused upon teachers' views of the origin of the behaviour and what action they might take in response to such children.
New procedures for the developmental assessment of young children with severe visual handicaps
Authors: REYNELL JOAN , ZINKIN PAMELA
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
The techniques presented are designed for the developmental assessment of blind or partially sighted babies and young children who may have additional handicaps. The aim is to explore the areas of development which are particularly important for such children, and to use this as a basis for planning a programme of management and early education which can be carried out by the parents in the course of daily living at home. The areas selected are (a) in the motor scale: manipulation, locomotion, and reflex function; (b) in the mental scale: social adaptation, sensorimotor understanding (tactile), exploration of the environment, response to sound and verbal comprehension, vocalization and expressive language. A developmental progression appropriate for visually handicapped children is postulated for each of these areas.
Handicapped children and the ‘hospital scandal reports’
Authors: Oswin Maureen
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
A number of recent reports have highlighted the serious situation within many of our long‐stay hospitals. This paper attempts to outline areas in which the care of long‐stay children is inadequate at the present time and suggest ways in which it might be improved.
The prevalence of visual handicap in children in England and Wales
Authors: TAYLOR DAVID
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
An analysis of the incidence of blindness in children in England and Wales is presented, and the factors influencing registration are discussed.
Differential methods of enhancing cognitive growth in urban preschool children
Authors: WILKINSON J. E. , MURPHY H. F.
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
The investigation was carried out to design and test more purposeful and structured methods of promoting intellectual growth in culturally deprived preschool children. The relative merits of providing specific cognitive training both in a nursery setting and in the home through the influence of the mother were‐assessed. Four groups each of 15 children were involved in the experiment, which extended over a period of four months. Gains were confirmed for both general intelligence and linguistic competence. Both the two nursery groups and the experimental ‘home’ group all showed considerable improvement, the latter being comparable to the nursery control group.
Behaviour problems in children
Authors: EVANS E. G. S.
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
Recent clinical and epidemiological studies of the nature and incidence of behaviour problems in various groups of children are reviewed and the effects of adverse environmental conditions on their development are discussed. Research into the treatment of deviant behaviour by means of behaviour modification techniques is outlined and topics for further investigation are indicated.
Profile: the Pre‐School Playgroups Association playgroups in the community
Authors: DYKINS MARJORIEE.
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
From 12–19 June, the Pre‐School Playgroups Association is holding National Playgroup Week. This week is being celebrated by the PPA's 10 000 members in England and Wales and its sister organizations in Scotland and Ireland. Playgroups came into being 15 years ago and their numbers have mushroomed in the last few years. In this article we look at the contribution a playgroup can make to the community.
A multi‐axial classification for the education of autistic children
Authors: DYER CHRISTOPHER , HADDEN ANGELA J.
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
Following the WHO tri‐axial classification of mental disorders, which set out possibilities for differential classification and diagnosis among the syndromes, the present article suggests complementary axes upon which educational therapy can be based in the psychoses of autism and allied disorders. They are offered as a basis of common ground for discussion in multidisciplinary teams.
Speech problems in a national survey: assessments and prevalences
Authors: CALNAN M. , RICHARDSON K.
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
In this paper we present data on the prevalence of speech problems in a nationally representative group of children according to three modes of assessment. There was a large measure of disagreement between the assessments. Sex, social class, birth order and family size differences were examined. There was indirect evidence to suggest that the social class differences in the teachers' assessments of poor speech could be explained in terms of differences in children's dialect and language rather than a reflection of speech deficits. Finally we examined the relationship between parental assessment and the three modes of assessment. Overall, the degree of concurrence was low.
Children abandoned in long‐stay hospitals
Authors: HOOD CATRIONA
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
This study, financed by the Buttle Trust, investigates some aspects of the problems of abandonment of children in hospital, employing a sample of sixty‐eight children from six selected hospitals, who meet a given definition of abandonment. Almost a fifth of the total population of children in the hospitals studied meet this definition; about a third of the sample are abandoned early in their lives, and for the remainder, admission itself appears to be a factor in abandonment.
Drugs in use in schools for severely subnormal children
Authors: MAY ELSIE
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
This paper provides a review of the drug therapy used in the management of the severely subnormal child at school following the introduction of the 1970 Education Act.
Behaviour modification: toilet‐training procedures in a special care unit
Authors: CONNOLLY JOHN A. , MCGOLDRICK MAUREEN
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
The design and implementation of a behaviour modification programme for toilet‐training is outlined. Two of nine subjects were successfully trained. The results are discussed briefly.
A behavioural programme for the modification of encopresis
Authors: DAVIS HILTON , MITCHELL WILLIAM S. , MARKS FRANCES
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
This paper describes a behaviour modification programme for the treatment of encopresis. The programme, which is carried out by the parents over a relatively short period of time in the home setting, aims to make the child aware of internal cues prior to elimination and to rearrange the contingencies for appropriate use of the toilet. To date, seven of eleven children, both continuous and discontinuous encopretics, have been treated successfully and have remained clean for up to 7 months regardless of other problems in the child and his family. From a relatively detailed analysis of those treated it can be concluded that a behavioural approach is effective with chronic encopretic children, many of whom had been previously treated unsuccessfully by both physical and psychotherapeutic procedures. The failures suggest, firstly that careful assessment of each child and the motivation of the parents is required, so that the standard programme can be modified to suit each individual case. Secondly a maintenance programme must follow the intensive treatment procedure to ensure that parents continue to handle the child consistently.
Some aspects of community child health in an inner urban area
Authors: Nowotny Margaret
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
Some aspects of child health within the community are discussed by a doctor working at the clinical level. The community chosen for discussion is an inner urban area with a multiracial population and problems of poor housing and social deprivation. Reasons for attendance at child health clinics are considered. The provision of care for the preschool handicapped child and the child with special needs is examined.
Early education for handicapped children
Authors: REYNELL JOAN
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
Early education is an integral part of daily living. Early 'special’ education for handicapped children involves adapting the daily living environment to enable each individual child to make the optimum use of such ability and development potential as he has. Parents are the first and most important educators of their children. It is the role of professional people to guide this early education via the parents. Early assessment, as a basis for such educational planning is discussed in general terms.
Bed wetting and emotional disorder: an ‘interactionist’ model
Authors: WOLKIND S. N.
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY Twenty‐two of 94 4‐year‐olds in a nursery schools sample in a working class area wet their beds at least once a week. The enuresis was significantly associated with other behavioural items which could be interpreted as representing general emotional immaturity. A malaise score of the enuretics’ mothers was higher than that of the remaining mothers. It is suggested that from these results can be seen the beginning of a damaging interaction which could lead to emotional disorder in the child.
Sound reward toys
Authors: RAIKES A. S. , RULE F. T. , SIMPKISS M. J.
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY The multiplicity of disciplines involved in a comprehensive treatment and assessment centre provides fertile ground for the design of new apparatus of practical use in the field of therapy. Such projects encourage team work, are of considerable benefit to the patients and can lead to new approaches to problems. The construction and use of three sound reward toys for the diagnosis and treatment of speech disorders is described.
Visual handicap in children with spina bifida—the role of the Royal National Institute for the Blind Education Advisory Service
Authors: JONES HEATHER , LONG CHRISTINE
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY The needs of children with spina bifida who have visual handicap and the role played by the RNIB Education Advisory Service in meeting them is discussed.
A COMPARISON OF THE PATTERNS OF MOTHER‐BABY INTERACTION FOR A GROUP OF CRYING, IRRITABLE BABIES AND A GROUP OF MORE AMENABLE BABIES*
Authors: SHAW CELIA
Published: April 2006

Summary Ten babies aged 9–14 months, with a previous history of excessive crying behaviour and sleeplessness were matched with similar more contented babies. The twenty mother‐baby pairs were observed individually in a 30‐minute play session to test the hypothesis that prolonged crying behaviour of babies over several months would have an aversive effect on their mothers to the extent that even after this behaviour had ceased the mothers would interact with the babies less and these pairs would be less responsive to each other's overtures than the non‐crying mother‐baby pairs. Significant differences were seen between the two groups, ‘the criers’ group of pairs interacting less (P < 0.01) and were less responsive to their partners (P <0.01); the most marked difference being the percentage of overtures made by the ‘cryer’ babies which were not responded to by their mothers (P= 0.001).
THE DEVELOPMENT OF EQUIPMENT BY THE RCA
Authors: MATTHIESSEN CHRISTINE
Published: April 2006

Summary This paper describes the continuation of the work of the Royal College of Art team outlined in the preceding paper, and illustrates the development of some standard items of equipment to suit children with spina bifida. The standard items consist of a combined w.c. and shower seat and a height adjustable dressing/treatment bench. A situation in which items have been used is described and future developments are outlined.