bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mitochondrial complex I: Structure, function and pathology
Authors: Janssen Rolf J. R. J. , Nijtmans Leo G. , Heuvel Lambert P. van den , Smeitink Jan A. M.
Published: July 2006

Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) has a prominent role in energy metabolism of the cell. Being under bigenomic control, correct biogenesis and functioning of the OXPHOS system is dependent on the finely tuned interaction between the nuclear and the mitochondrial genome. This suggests that disturbances of the system can be caused by numerous genetic defects and can result in a variety of metabolic and biochemical alterations. Consequently, OXPHOS deficiencies manifest as a broad clinical spectrum. Complex I, the biggest and most complicated enzyme complex of the OXPHOS system, has been subjected to thorough investigation in recent years. Significant progress has been made in the field of structure, composition, assembly, and pathology. Important gains in the understanding of the Goliath of the OXPHOS system are: exposing the electron transfer mechanism and solving the crystal structure of the peripheral arm, characterization of almost all subunits and some of their functions, and creating models to elucidate the assembly process with concomitant identification of assembly chaperones. Unravelling the intricate mechanisms underlying the functioning of this membrane‐bound enzyme complex in health and disease will pave the way for developing adequate diagnostic procedures and advanced therapeutic treatment strategies.
Oncologists’ perceptions of cancer pain management in Spain: The real and the ideal
Authors: Torrent Joan Carulla , Sánchez Carlos Jara , Ortiz Jaime Sanz , López Norberto Batista , Herrero Carlos Camps , Espinosa Javier Cassinello , Giner José Lizón , Salcedo Joaquín Montalar , Warner Kathryn Fitch , Montoya Milena Gobbo , García Eduardo Díaz‐Rubio ,   On behalf of the ALGOS Group
Published: July 2006

Aim: Studies in some countries suggest that cancer pain is often not adequately controlled, but little is known about the situation in Spain. The objective of this study was to identify medical oncologists’ perceptions about pain management in their patients.

Methods: Two‐round Delphi survey of 24 medical oncologists from 22 large, geographically diverse hospitals in Spain. Physicians rated each of 150 statements on a Likert scale (1=strongly disagree; 5=strongly agree). The mean, standard deviation and frequency of replies in three agreement categories were calculated for each item. Statements allowing comparison of oncologists’ perceptions of how pain is managed in routine clinical practice with how it should be managed were grouped together and analyzed.

Results: The most notable discrepancies between the real and the ideal occurred in the failure to provide written information or to confirm that patients understand what they are told, the lack of comprehensive and systematic evaluation of pain, and the lack of use of non‐pharmacological treatments (NPTs) for cancer pain.

Conclusions: Medical oncologists need to improve their communication skills, providing patients with both written and verbal information about their disease and the plan for pain management. Pain should be evaluated at each patient visit using validated scales, and greater attention should be paid to the possible use of NPTs.
Generalized deep‐tissue hyperalgesia in patients with chronic low‐back pain
Authors: O'Neill Søren , Manniche Claus , Graven‐Nielsen Thomas , Arendt‐Nielsen Lars
Published: July 2006

Some chronic painful conditions including e.g. fibromyalgia, whiplash associated disorders, endometriosis, and irritable bowel syndrome are associated with generalized musculoskeletal hyperalgesia. The aim of the present study was to determine whether generalized deep‐tissue hyperalgesia could be demonstrated in a group of patients with chronic low‐back pain with intervertebral disc herniation. Twelve patients with MRI confirmed lumbar intervertebral disc herniation and 12 age and sex matched controls were included. Subjects were exposed to quantitative nociceptive stimuli to the infraspinatus and anterior tibialis muscles. Mechanical pressure (thresholds and supra‐threshold) and injection of hypertonic saline (pain intensity, duration, distribution) were used. Pain intensity to experimental stimuli was assessed on a visual analogue scale (VAS). Patients demonstrated significantly higher pain intensity (VAS), duration, and larger areas of pain referral following saline injection in both infraspinatus and tibialis anterior. The patients rated significantly higher pain intensity to supra‐threshold mechanical pressure stimulation in both muscles. In patients, the pressure pain‐threshold was lower in the anterior tibialis muscle compared to controls. In conclusion, generalized deep‐tissue hyperalgesia was demonstrated in chronic low‐back pain patients with radiating pain and MRI confirmed intervertebral disc herniation, suggesting that this central sensitization should also be addressed in the pain management regimes.
Set shifting deficits in melancholic vs. non-melancholic depression: preliminary findings
Authors: Michopoulos I. , Zervas I.M. , Papakosta V.M. , Tsaltas E. , Papageorgiou C. , Manessi T. , Papakostas Y.G. , Lykouras L. , Soldatos C.R.
Published: July 2006

Twenty-two patients with major depressive disorder, 11 of them with melancholic features, and 11 controls were investigated with CANTAB subtests focusing in visual memory/learning and executive functions. Melancholic patients performed worse than the other groups in all tasks and manifested a significant impairment in set shifting. The results are discussed in association with prefrontal dysfunction.
Hepatitis C virus non‐structural protein NS5A interacts with FKBP38 and inhibits apoptosis in Huh7 hepatoma cells
Authors: Wang Jiadong , Tong Wenyan , Zhang Xiaonan , Chen Li , Yi Zhigang , Pan Tingting , Hu Yunwen , Xiang Li , Yuan Zhenghong
Published: July 2006

Hepatitis C virus non‐structural protein NS5A plays an important role in viral replication and various cellular events. To gain further insight into the function of NS5A, we screened a human fetal liver cDNA library for its interacting proteins using the yeast two‐hybrid system. FKBP38, a 38 kDa immunosuppressant FK506‐binding protein, was identified and its interaction with NS5A was confirmed by both in vitro and in vivo. The interaction was mapped to the amino acids 148–236 of NS5A containing a BH domain (Bcl‐2 homology domain). Besides, both NS5A and FKBP38 were found to localize in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Moreover, NS5A stably expressing Huh7 hepatoma cells showed more resistance to apoptosis and such inhibition of apoptosis could specifically be abrogated by depletion of FKBP38 using RNA interference. These results indicate that HCV NS5A inhibits apoptosis through interaction with FKBP38.
Ionizing radiation suppresses FAP‐1 mRNA level in A549 cells via p53 activation
Authors: Yamada Toru , Maruyama Muneharu , Fujita Tadashi , Miyabayashi Koutarou , Shinoda Chie , Kawagishi Yukio , Fujishita Takashi , Hayashi Ryuji , Miwa Toshiro , Arai Nobuki , Matsui Shoko , Sugiyama Eiji , Kobayashi Masashi
Published: July 2006

Ionizing radiation (IR) is known to upregulate cell surface Fas through p53 activation in various cells. However, the signaling pathway intermediating between p53 activation and cell surface Fas upregulation remains to be elucidated. Recently, Fas‐associated phosphatase‐1 (FAP‐1) has been reported to associate with Fas and inhibit cell surface Fas expression. We evaluated the expression of FAP‐1 mRNA following IR in A549 cells. Ionizing radiation inhibited the expression of FAP‐1 mRNA. Pretreatment with p53 inhibitor pifithrin α cancelled the IR‐induced downregulation of FAP‐1 mRNA. These results suggest that IR‐induced p53 activation may upregulate cell surface Fas via the down‐modulation of FAP‐1.
Cultured Atlantic salmon in nature: a review of their ecology and interaction with wild fish
Authors: Jonsson Bror , Jonsson Nina
Published: July 2006

When cultured Atlantic salmon are released into nature, they compete with wild fish for food, space, and breeding partners. As a result of morphological, physiological, ecological, and behavioural changes that occur in hatcheries, their comp etitive ability often differs from that of wild fish. These changes are partly phenotypic and partly genetic. Cultured juveniles' faster growth rate influences age and size at smolting and maturity, reproductive output, and longevity. Fast-growing parr tend to smolt younger, produce more but smaller eggs, attain maturity earlier, and die younger. Juvenile learning influences a number of behavioural traits, and differences in early experience appear to affect feeding and spawning success, migratory behaviour, and homing ability. Genetic change in hatcheries is chiefly the result of natural selection, with differential mortality among genotypes and broodstock selection based on production traits such as high adult body mass and fast growth rate. Experimental evidence has revealed that cultured parr's greater aggression often allows them to dominate wild parr, although smaller cultured parr can be subordinated if they co-occur in fast-flowing water and if wild smolts have established prior residence. During spawning, the fitness of wild salmon is superior to that of cultured conspecifics. Cultured males are inferior to wild males in intra-sexual competition, courting, and spawning; cultured females have greater egg retention, construct fewer nests, and are less efficient at covering their eggs in the substratum than their wild counterparts. In rivers, the early survival of cultured offspring is lower than that of their wild counterparts. The lifetime reproductive success of farmed fish has been estimated at 17% that of similar-sized wild salmon. As a result of ecological interaction and through density-dependent mechanisms, cultured fish may displace wild conspecifics to some extent, increase their mortality, and decrease their growth rate, adult size, reproductive output, biomass, and production.
Migration and survival of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) released from two Norwegian fish farms
Authors: Hansen Lars P.
Published: July 2006

Many salmon escape from fish farms during autumn and winter, making the migratory pattern and survival to sexual maturity of these fish an interesting topic of study. This study aimed to assess the migration and survival of large farmed salmon released from fish farms at different times during autumn and winter. Farmed salmon were individually tagged with external tags and released from two fish farms, one in southern Norway and the other in northern Norway. Salmon released in autumn one year before attaining sexual maturity appeared to survive poorly to sexual maturation, whereas salmon escaping later in winter showed greater survival. The released salmon appeared to move with the current and appeared to have a very weak homing instinct, if any. Based on the results of the tagging experiments, the direction and speed of ocean currents, and information about the abundance of fish farm escapees in salmon fisheries and stocks in several countries in the Northeast Atlantic, two hypotheses are advanced: first, salmon that escape during early autumn the year before they become sexually mature are transported with the currents to Arctic areas and subsequently do not survive the winter; second, large salmon escaping from fish farms in Ireland, Scotland, the Faroe Islands, and Norway during winter and spring move with the current and, during the following summer or autumn, may enter homewater fisheries and spawning populations far away from the site of escape, when they become sexually mature.
Universal reporting of maternal mortality: An achievable goal?
Authors: Graham W.J. , Hussein J.
Published: July 2006

This paper aims to highlight the importance of aspiring to achieve universal reporting of maternal deaths as a part of taking responsibility for these avoidable tragedies. The paper first discusses the reasons for reporting maternal deaths, distinguishing between individual case notification and aggregate statistics. This is followed by a summary of the status of reporting at national and international levels, as well as major barriers and facilitators to this process. A new framework is then proposed — the REPORT framework, designed to highlight six factors essential to universal reporting. Malaysia is used to illustrate the relevance of these factors. Finally, the paper makes a Call to Action by FIGO to promote REPORT and to encourage health professionals to play their part in improving the quality of reporting on all maternal deaths — not just those directly in their care.
The right to a healthy newborn
Authors: Tinker A.G. , Paul V.K. , Ruben J.D.
Published: July 2006

A woman's right to health includes her right to a healthy childbirth and newborn, and the baby possesses his or her own right to life as well. While overall child mortality has declined, 4 million newborns still die each year, primarily in the first days of life. Most could be prevented through existing, cost‐effective interventions.

Field trials and programs show that low‐cost, home‐ or community‐based neonatal care can quickly lead to dramatic decline in neonatal mortality. Newborn health should be integrated with maternal and child health–and these programs should be strengthened and expanded–in order to achieve both the child and maternal survival Millennium Development Goals. Policies and programs should include participatory household and community‐based care, with links to the formal health system.

Despite recent attention to newborn health, much remains to be done to achieve sustained, high coverage of effective interventions, especially in poor communities where most newborns are born and die, mostly in the first week of life.
Transfer of a Single Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Tendon for Treatment of Radial Nerve Palsy
Authors: GOUSHEH J. , ARASTEH E.
Published: July 2006

Between 1993 and 2002, 108 patients with isolated and persisting radial nerve palsy, underwent transfer of the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon alone to extensor digitorum communis, extensor indicis proprius and extensor pollicis longus. Only patients with sufficient flexor carpi ulnaris muscle power (grade M5) underwent this procedure. Long-term functional results were reviewed at a mean postoperative follow up of 48 (range 3–120) months. In comparison with the contralateral hand, the range of extension of the wrist was less but extension of the fingers and the MCP joints were similar to that of the normal hand. All patients improved functionally and could cope with their routine activities. Most were able to return to their previous jobs. There was no obvious difference in the end result of using this single transfer from our previous results using the three tendon transfers which are commonly used to treat radial nerve palsy. The single flexor carpi ulnaris tendon transfer has some advantages in terms of simplicity, shorter operation time, less morbidity and less surgical scars.
Dupuytren’s Contracture: An Audit of the Outcomes of Surgery
Authors: DIAS J. J. , BRAYBROOKE J.
Published: July 2006

This multi-centre postal questionnaire study was conducted by the Audit Committee of the BSSH to assess the outcomes of surgery for Dupuytren’s Contracture using subjective data provided by 1177 patients at a mean follow-up of 27 (SD 8) months after surgery. Surgery for Dupuytren’s contracture achieved a high rate of full, or almost full, correction in 826 patients (75%) but had a high incidence of post-operative patient-reported complications of 46%. A higher complication rate was seen in those patients with worse initial deformities. The rate of contracture recurrence or persistence was 158 of 1037 (15%). The severity of contracture correlated with the final hand function measured using the PEM score. Recurrence was more common in patients with greater initial deformity. Recurrence was less common if good correction was achieved at surgery. The relevance and limitations of this data are discussed.
Unusual features caused by lightning impact in West Greenland
Authors: APPEL PETER W. U. , ABRAHAMSEN NIELS , RASMUSSEN THORKILD M.
Published: July 2006

Two lightning impacts are described from an area near the Inland Ice in West Greenland. The first lightning blasted an outcrop of metacherts. It subsequently split into two branches, which traversed rock outcrops and boulders, leaving behind two white almost straight lines, 30 m and 14 m long, respectively, where all lichens and plants were burned away. On the white lines the upper few millimetres of the traversed boulders were melted to a glass which subsequently peeled off by thermal expansion to leave a rough surface. Magnetic investigation of an amphibolite boulder found on the white line showed that a strong electric current indeed traversed the boulder. A few years later a second lightning impacted on a mountaintop close to the first impact. The second lightning left a trail on the rock surface covered by a thin layer of glass. The glass displays spectacular colours ranging from metallic blue to red, yellow and green.
Bovine Milk Fat Globule Membrane Proteome
Authors: Reinhardt Timothy A , Lippolis John D
Published: July 2006

Milk fat globule membranes (MFGM) were isolated from the milk of mid-lactation Holstein cows. The purified MFGM were fractionated using 1-dimensional SDS gels. Tryptic peptides from gel slices were further fractionated on a micro-capillary high performance liquid chromatograph connected to a nanospray-tandem mass spectrometer. Analysis of the data resulted in 120 proteins being identified by two or more unique peptide sequences. Of these 120 proteins, 71% are membrane associated proteins with the remainder being cytoplasmic or secreted proteins. Only 15 of the proteins identified in the cow MFGM were the same as proteins identified in previous mouse or human MFGM proteomic studies. Thus, the bulk of the proteins identified are new for bovine MFGM proteomics. The proteins identified were associated with membrane/protein trafficking (23%), cell signalling (23%), unknown functions (21%), fat transport/metabolism (11%), transport (9%), protein synthesis/folding (7%), immune proteins (4%) and milk proteins (2%). The proteins associated with cell signalling or membrane/protein trafficking may provide insights into MFGM secretion mechanisms. The finding of CD14, toll like receptor (TLR2), and TLR4 on MFGM suggests a direct role for the mammary gland in detecting an infection.
Survival and in vivo adhesion of human isolates Lactobacillus gasseri LF221 and K7 in weaned piglets and their effects on coliforms, clostridia and lactobacilli viable counts in faeces and mucosa
Authors: Matijašić Bojana Bogovič , Stojković Saša , Rogelj Irena
Published: July 2006

In in vivo study on 24 weaned piglets (8 per group), the survival rates of human isolates Lactobacillus gasseri K7 and LF221 were quantified by selective enumeration on MRS agar with rifampicin, and the presence of both strains in intestinal mucosa was examined. Faeces from individual animals were analysed for the number (cfu/g) of coliforms, lactobacilli, clostridia and both of the two probiotic strains during 2-weeks probiotic application period (5×1010 cfu of individual strain/day) and 1 week after the probiotic treatment was ceased. Samples of duodenum, jejunum and ileum of sacrificed animals (5th or 20th day) were also examined microbiologically. A great variability in the microflora of faeces and mucosa was observed even between equally treated animals. The survival of both Lb. gasseri strains was established by their detection in the faeces (2·5×105 to 3·3×105 cfu of K7 strain/g faeces; 4·5×105 to 5×105 cfu of LF221 strain/g). In two animals, the LF221 or K7 viable cells were found in the faeces 6 d after ceasing probiotic application. In both animals from the group fed with Lb. gasseri K7 that were sacrificed 5 d after weaning, the presence of K7 strain was found either in the mucosa of duodenum (140 cfu/10 cm2) and jejunum (170 cfu/10 cm2) or in the ileum (1600 cfu/10 cm2). LF221 cells were detected in the ileal mucosa of one piglet (820 cfu/10 cm2). The results demonstrated the capability of both tested strains of in vivo adhesion to intestinal mucosa and of temporary colonisation of the piglets' intestine.
Is antisocial personality disorder continuous or categorical? A taxometric analysis
Authors: MARCUS DAVID K. , LILIENFELD SCOTT O. , EDENS JOHN F. , POYTHRESS NORMAN G.
Published: July 2006

Background. Although the DSM-IV-TR is organized into discrete disorders, the question of whether a given disorder possesses a dimensional or a categorical latent structure is an empirical one that can be examined using taxometric methods. The objective of this study was to ascertain the latent structure of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD).

Method. Participants were 1146 male offenders incarcerated in state prisons (n=569), or court-ordered to residential drug treatment (n=577). Participants were interviewed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II) to assess ASPD symptoms; they also completed the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4 (PDQ-4) ASPD scale. Taxometric analyses were performed to examine whether ASPD is underpinned by a discrete category or a dimensional construct.

Results. Multiple taxometric procedures using two different sets of indicators provided no evidence that ASPD has a taxonic latent structure. Instead, the results were far more consistent with the proposition that ASPD exists on a continuum, regardless of whether it is assessed using a structured interview or a self-report measure.

Conclusions. Evidence that ASPD is dimensional suggests that it is best studied using continuous measures and that dichotomizing individuals into ASPD versus non-ASPD groups will typically result in decreased statistical power. The findings are also consistent with a multifactorial etiology for ASPD and with recent attempts to conceptualize ASPD within the framework of extant dimensional models of personality.
Indicators of fetal growth and bipolar disorder: a Danish national register-based study
Authors: ØGENDAHL BETTINA KIRK , AGERBO ESBEN , BYRNE MAJELLA , LICHT RASMUS W. , EATON W. W. , MORTENSEN PREBEN BO
Published: July 2006

Background. Several studies have found an association between indicators of fetal growth and/or obstetric complications and schizophrenia but only a few studies have investigated the possible association between these factors and bipolar disorder. Furthermore, the results of these studies have been contradictory. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the risk of bipolar disorder is associated with exposure to indicators of fetal growth.

Method. A national population nested case-control study based on Danish longitudinal register databases was carried out. Conditional logistic regression was used, controlling for potential confounding factors such as parental age at birth, socio-economic indicators and psychiatric history. We identified 196 cases, and each case was time-, age- and sex-matched with 25 normal population-based controls. All cases were between the ages of 12 and 26 years at the time of diagnosis, were born between 1973 and 1983 and were admitted and diagnosed between 1987 and 1999.

Results. During the study period 1973–1983, none of the individual variables available for analyses (birthweight, birth length, gestational age and number of previous pregnancies in the mother) was associated with receiving a diagnosis of bipolar disorder.

Conclusions. None of the indicators of fetal growth under study could be identified as risk factors for bipolar disorder, suggesting that the etiologies of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, at least in part, are different.
‘Absolutely, totally, filled to the brim with the Famous Grouse’
Authors: Anderson Wendy
Published: July 2006

The Scottish Corpus of Texts and Speech (SCOTS for short) has been available online since November 2004. It currently contains over 2.3 million words of texts in varieties of Broad Scots and Scottish English. Regular additions are made to the textual content of the corpus and the integrated search and analysis software is continually undergoing improvement. Over the next year, the corpus will grow to around 4 million words, 20% of which will comprise spoken language in the form of conversations and interviews.
Ideology and metaphor
Authors: Goatly Andrew
Published: July 2006

This paper attempts to show the important role that ideology (‘meaning in the service of power’) plays in the nurturing and proliferation of metaphors and metaphoric themes, a psychological and linguistic role that is just as important as bodily experience. It discusses such themes as power is high, sex is violence, disease is invasion, and race is colour, attempting to show how they drive social practices. It also explores how the themes activity is game and quality is quantity (along with such subthemes as time is money and human quality is wealth) have been implicated in the emergence of both capitalist economic philosophy and the Darwinism and neo-Darwinism which developed from it (as represented successively in Hobbes, Smith, Hume, Malthus and Darwin himself).
Writing in the Information Age
Authors: Ross Nigel
Published: July 2006

IN RECENT years, the ‘Information Age’ has often been compared to the period when printing first developed (cf. Dewar 1998). During both the printing revolution (15th century) and the electronic revolution (later 20th century on), technological developments have been at the forefront of a transformation in the spread and availability of information. The introduction then widespread use of print six centuries ago led to changes not only in society's management of information but also in language itself. Comparably, present-day information technology has made for easy and rapid access to enormous amounts of information, with hotly debated consequences regarding copyright, censorship, and the communication of information.
Using letter words in China
Authors: Wang Hongyuan , Yang Ying
Published: July 2006

In ET58 (Apr 99), there appeared an article entitled ‘English everywhere in China’, in which Kang Jianxiu has not only cited many examples to show that English is extensively used in China, but also lists several reasons for using the language and predicts that the phenomenon is unstoppable. From the date of its publication to the present time, more than six years have passed. What has happened in China during those years concerning the use of English? Has Kang's predication been proved right? We have been following the phenomenon, and would like to discuss these questions.
A love affair with pidgin
Authors: Tillman Amy E.
Published: July 2006

IN RECENT years, a married couple in the United States developed a pidgin-like patois (for their own use) out of three languages that one or the other knew well but both did not share. The following account, while telling something of their story, looks at how such a private ‘language’ can impact negatively on second-language acquisition. The study seeks also to gauge the effect of this personal ‘pidgin’ on Pierre, a native speaker of Wolof, and on his acquisition of English, a language he needs to know. In one sense their private language is a success, but in another it is a problem, because Pierre needs to become fluent in the language of his new home. He and Mary have created a language style that suits their daily needs, but their very success and originality may be preventing Pierre from moving on into conventional English.
The new SAT and fundamental misunderstandings about grammar teaching
Authors: Bralich Philip A.
Published: July 2006

THE TEACHING of traditional grammar has been on the wane in education for the last 25 to 50 years, in the face of more interactive classrooms, more exotic developments in transformational grammar, and research suggesting that it may not play an effective role in improving student's writing. Recently, however, there has been a resurgence of interest in teaching at least some of its fundamental concepts. This new interest has taken on a more imperative bent as secondary schools and to some extent primary schools have been feeling pressure to teach basic grammatical concepts in order to prepare students for the 45 multiple-choice questions on grammar and usage in the new SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test). Teachers and schools that have not done well enough in this area will be held to account by parents and politicians, both of whom tend to believe that instruction in traditional formal grammar is the best means to this end. Teachers who send students off, without this training, to undergo the new SAT will have some serious questions to answer if those students scores are too low.
Dizziness in the older person
Authors: Lawson Joanna , Bamiou Doris-Eva
Published: July 2006

Dizziness is one of the commonest symptoms described by older people and is associated with balance disorders, functional decline and falls.
Methyl iodide production in the ocean: Implications for climate change
Authors: Smythe‐Wright Denise , Boswell Stephen M. , Breithaupt Petra , Davidson Russell D. , Dimmer Claudia H. , Eiras Diaz Ledicia B.
Published: July 2006

Methyl iodide concentrations of up to 45 pmol L−1, which flux into the marine boundary layer, have been found in low latitude waters of the Atlantic and Indian oceans. These high concentrations correlate well with the abundance of Prochlorococcus, and we have confirmed the release of methyl iodide by this species in laboratory culture experiments. Extrapolating, we estimate the global ocean flux of iodine to the marine boundary layer from this single source to be 5.3 × 1011 g I yr−1, which is a large fraction of the previously estimated total global flux and the implications are far reaching. Climate prediction models suggest increases in sea surface temperature and changes in biogeographical provenances in response to global warming. Such changes are likely to increase the abundance of Prochlorococcus, and we estimate a concomitant ∼15% increase in the release of iodine species to the atmosphere. Potentially, this could help mitigate global warming.
The mass balance of mercury in the springtime arctic environment
Authors: Brooks Steven B. , Saiz‐Lopez Alfonso , Skov Henrik , Lindberg Steve E. , Plane John M. C. , Goodsite Michael E.
Published: July 2006

The load of mercury in the Arctic environment is to a large extent controlled by atmospheric mercury depletion events. At Barrow, Alaska, these depletion events have been linked with the near‐surface air formation of reactive gaseous mercury (Hg(II)) (RGM), to a much lesser extent in a particulate‐bound form, and the accumulation of total mercury in the snow pack (>100 ng/L in late Spring). This transport of Hg from atmospheric conversion, to deposition, to bio‐available forms is likely to be the predominant pathway for mercury into Arctic biota. For the first time we combine flux rate measurements, atmospheric chemistry measurements, and air mass trajectories to give a comprehensive two‐week window into the springtime dynamics and mass balance of Arctic mercury. We have conducted polar‐sunrise to snowmelt mercury monitoring at Barrow from 1998 to 2004, and the time period March 25th–April 7th (Julian days 84–97), 2003 appears typical for this time of year. A clear link was observed between air of marine origin, the build‐up of BrO together with removal of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM)), and the formation of RGM. This provides the most direct evidence so far for Br and Hg chemistry as the direct source of RGM. The fluxes of RGM and GEM were determined and the net flux calculated.
A hybrid heliospheric modeling system: Background solar wind
Authors: Detman Thomas , Smith Zdenka , Dryer Murray , Fry Craig D. , Arge C. Nick , Pizzo Vic
Published: July 2006

We describe a Sun‐to‐Earth system of coupled models. Our main goal is to create a real‐time, three‐dimensional (3‐D), MHD‐based system to aid in the operational forecasting of geomagnetic activity, but we expect the system to have other uses. We give here our initial survey of the system's characteristics. The Hybrid Heliospheric Modeling System (HHMS) is composed of two physics‐based models, combined with two simple empirical models. The physics‐based models are a source surface (potential field) current sheet model for the corona and a time‐dependent 3‐D MHD solar wind model. The system is driven by a sequence of photospheric magnetic maps composed from daily magnetograms. An empirical relationship between magnetic flux tube expansion factor and solar wind speed at 0.1 AU is a key element of the system. The solar wind model gives a predicted time series of MHD parameters at the location of Earth in the model grid; this is verified against Omni, Wind, or ACE satellite data, depending on the time period. The predicted solar wind at Earth is used as input to the second, data‐based, empirical model to predict the geomagnetic Ap index. We compare test results for simulated 1 day ahead Ap forecasts for the years 1993 through 2002 with forecast skill of the official Ap forecasts that were issued by the NOAA Space Environment Center in that time interval. Results show the HHMS would have been useful to forecasters in some years. Simulations of transient events such as coronal mass ejections and interplanetary shocks with the HHMS will be reported on later.
Exposure of nitric acid trihydrate crystals to HCl: A spectroscopic study
Authors: Ortega Ismael K. , Escribano Rafael , Herrero Víctor J. , Maté Belén , Moreno Miguel Ángel
Published: July 2006

A systematic investigation of the exposure of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) crystals to HCl is carried out using Fourier Transform Reflection Absorption Infrared spectroscopy (RAIR). The study deals with both phases of NAT, exposed to HCl at a range of temperatures between 87 and 165 K, and two pressure values, 10−4 and 10−5 mbar. For the α phase, HCl is mainly adsorbed at the surface at 87 K but dissociates and enters the lattice at higher temperatures. The β phase behaves similarly at the lower temperatures but does not show any interaction with HCl at 165 K. A pressure of 10−4 mbar of HCl is necessary to induce any effects on NAT crystals. It is shown that traces of water greatly increase the HCl interactions.
Formation of secondary islands during magnetic reconnection
Authors: Drake J. F. , Swisdak M. , Schoeffler K. M. , Rogers B. N. , Kobayashi S.
Published: July 2006

Full particle simulations are presented that suggest that the strength of an ambient guide magnetic field controls whether magnetic reconnection, once it is established, remains steady or becomes bursty. Specifically during anti‐parallel (component) reconnection the electron current layers that form near the magnetic x‐line are short (long) and therefore stable (unstable) to the formation of secondary magnetic islands. The implications for understanding magnetic reconnection and the formation of Flux Transfer Events at the magnetopause are discussed.
Evidence for Alfvén wave dispersion identified in high‐resolution auroral imagery
Authors: Semeter J. , Blixt E. M.
Published: July 2006

The two‐fluid theory of inertial Alfvén waves predicts that wave energy spreads azimuthally across the background magnetic field, and that phase‐ and group‐ velocities in the B⊥ plane are oppositely directed. These features have been observed in laboratory plasmas but have yet to be identified in the natural auroral plasma. Using narrow‐field video recorded at 50 images/s, we have identified a time dependent morphology that is consistent with these predictions. The aurora at issue is best modeled as an expanding amplitude envelope within which periodic auroral structure evolves. If luminous structure is interpreted as a projection of the parallel wave electric field into the B⊥ plane, then successive images reveal the cross‐sectional structure of the resonant cone at increasing distance from the wave source. Phase‐ and group‐velocities extracted under this interpretation were found to be consistent with theoretical predictions for a dispersing inertial Alfvén wave packet.
CO2 deposition over the multi‐year ice of the western Weddell Sea
Authors: Zemmelink H. J. , Delille B. , Tison J. L. , Hintsa E. J. , Houghton L. , Dacey J. W. H.
Published: July 2006

Field measurements by eddy correlation (EC) indicate an average uptake of 0.6 g CO2 m−2 d−1 by the ice‐covered western Weddell Sea in December 2004. At the same time, snow that covers ice floes of the western Weddell Sea becomes undersaturated with CO2 relative to the atmosphere during early summer. Gradients of CO2 from the ice to the atmosphere do not support significant diffusive fluxes and are not strong enough to explain the observed CO2 deposition. We hypothesize that the transport of air through the snow pack is controlled by turbulence and that undersaturation of CO2 is caused by biological productivity at the ice‐snow and snow‐atmosphere interface. The total carbon uptake by the multi‐year ice zone of the western Weddell Sea in December could have been as high as 6.6 Tg C y−1.
Subthalamic Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Gene Therapy: Changes in Motor Function and Cortical Metabolism
Authors: Emborg Marina E , Carbon Maren , Holden James E , During Matthew J , Ma Yilong , Tang Chengke , Moirano Jeffrey , Fitzsimons Helen , Roitberg Ben Z , Tuccar Eray , Roberts Andrew , Kaplitt Michael G , Eidelberg David
Published: July 2006

Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with increased excitatory activity within the subthalamic nucleus (STN). We sought to inhibit STN output in hemiparkinsonian macaques by transfection with adeno-associated virus (AAV) containing the gene for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). In total, 13 macaques were rendered hemiparkinsonian by right intracarotid 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine injection. Seven animals were injected with AAV-GAD into the right STN, and six received an AAV gene for green fluorescent protein (GFP). Videotaped motor ratings were performed in a masked fashion on a weekly basis over a 55-week period. At 56 weeks, the animals were scanned with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET). Histological examination was performed at the end of the study. No adverse events were observed after STN gene therapy. We found that the clinical rating scores for the two treatment groups had different patterns of change over time (group × time interaction, P<0.001). On FDG PET, the GAD animals exhibited an increase in glucose utilization in the right motor cortex relative to GFP controls ( P<0.001). Metabolism in this region correlated with clinical ratings at end point ( P<0.01). Histology confirmed GAD expression in treated animals. These findings suggest that STN AAV-GAD is well tolerated and potentially effective in a primate model of PD. The changes in motor cortical glucose utilization observed after gene therapy are consistent with the modulation of metabolic brain networks associated with this disorder.
Reduced Functional Deficits, Neuroinflammation, and Secondary Tissue Damage after Treatment of Stroke by Nonerythropoietic Erythropoietin Derivatives
Authors: Villa Pia , van Beek Johan , Larsen Anna Kirstine , Gerwien Jens , Christensen Søren , Cerami Anthony , Brines Michael , Leist Marcel , Ghezzi Pietro , Torup Lars
Published: July 2006

Carbamylerythropoietin (CEPO) does not bind to the classical erythropoietin (EPO) receptor. Nevertheless, similarly to EPO, CEPO promotes neuroprotection on the histologic level in short-term stroke models. In the present study, we investigated whether CEPO and other nonerythropoietic EPO analogs could enhance functional recovery and promote long-term histologic protection after experimental focal cerebral ischemia. Rats were treated with the compounds after focal cerebral ischemia. Animals survived 1, 7, or 60 days and underwent behavioral testing (sensorimotor and foot-fault tests). Brain sections were stained and analyzed for Iba-1, myeloperoxidase, Tau-1, CD68 (ED1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Fluoro-Jade B staining, and overall infarct volumes. Treatment with CEPO reduced perifocal microglial activation ( P<0.05), polymorphomonuclear cell infiltration ( P<0.05), and white matter damage ( P<0.01) at 1 day after occlusion. Carbamylerythropoietin-treated rats showed better functional recovery relative to vehicle-treated animals as assessed 1, 7, 14, 28, and 50 days after stroke. Both GFAP and CD68 were decreased within the ipsilateral thalamus of CEPO-treated animals 60 days postoperatively ( P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively). Furthermore, behavioral analysis showed efficacy of CEPO treatment even if administered 24 h after the stroke. Other nonerythropoietic derivatives such as carbamylated darbepoetin alfa and the mutant EPO-S100E were also found to protect against ischemic damage and to improve postischemic neurologic function. In conclusion, these results show that postischemic intravenous treatment with nonerythropoietic EPO derivatives leads to improved functional recovery, which may be linked to their long-term effects against neuroinflammation and secondary tissue damage.
The single chain limit of structural relaxation in a polyolefin blend
Authors: May Andrew F. , Maranas Janna K.
Published: July 2006

The influence of composition on component dynamics and relevant static properties in a miscible polymer blend is investigated using molecular dynamics simulation. Emphasis is placed on dynamics in the single chain dilution limit, as this limit isolates the role of inherent component mobility in the polymer’s dynamic behavior when placed in a blend. For our systems, a biased local concentration affecting dynamics must arise primarily from chain connectivity, which is quantified by the self-concentration, because concentration fluctuations are minimized due to restraints on chain lengths arising from simulation considerations. The polyolefins simulated [poly(ethylene-propylene) (PEP) and poly(ethylene-butene) (PEB)] have similar structures and glass transition temperatures, and all interactions are dispersive in nature. We find that the dependence of dynamics upon composition differs between the two materials. Specifically, PEB (slower component) is more influenced by the environment than PEP. This is linked to a smaller self-concentration for PEB than PEP. We examine the accuracy of the Lodge-McLeish model (which is based on chain connectivity acting over the Kuhn segment length) in predicting simulation results for effective concentration. The model predicts the simulation results with high accuracy when the model’s single parameter, the self-concentration, is calculated from simulation data. However, when utilizing the theoretical prediction of the self-concentration the model is not quantitatively accurate. The ability of the model to link the simulated self-concentration with biased local compositions at the Kuhn segment length provides strong support for the claim that chain connectivity is the leading cause of distinct mobility in polymer blends. Additionally, the direct link between the willingness of a polymer to be influenced by the environment and the value of the self-concentration emphasizes the importance of the chain connectivity. Furthermore, these findings are evidence that the Kuhn segment length is the relevant length scale controlling segmental dynamics.
Semiclassical wave packet study of ozone forming reaction
Authors: Vetoshkin Evgeny , Babikov Dmitri
Published: July 2006

We have applied the semiclassical wave packet method (SWP) to calculate energies and lifetimes of the metastable states (scattering resonances) in a simplified model of the ozone forming reaction. All values of the total angular momentum up to J=50 were analyzed. The results are compared with numerically exact quantum mechanical wave packet propagation and with results of the time-independent WKB method. The wave functions for the metastable states in the region over the well are reproduced very accurately by the SWP; in the classically forbidden region and outside of the centrifugal barrier, the SWP wave functions are qualitatively correct. Prony’s method was used to extract energies and lifetimes from the autocorrelation functions. Energies of the metastable states obtained using the SWP method are accurate to within 0.1 and 2cm−1 for under-the-barrier and over-the-barrier states, respectively. The SWP lifetimes in the range of 0.5<τn<100ps are accurate to within 10%. A three-level model was used to investigate accuracies of different approximations for the reaction rate constant. It was shown that the majority of the metastable states in this system are either long lived (narrow resonances) which can be treated as stable, or short lived (broad resonances) which can be treated without the knowledge of their lifetimes. Only a few metastable states fall into the intermediate range where both energies and lifetimes are needed to model the kinetics. The recombination rate constant calculated with the SWP method at room temperature and pressure is in good agreement with available experimental data.
Semiconducting phase of amorphous carbon-nickel composite films
Authors: Bhattacharyya Somnath , Henley S. J. , Lock D. , Blanchard N. P. , Silva S. R. P.
Published: July 2006

Amorphous carbon-nickel composite films, which constitute a homogeneously mixed phase of carbon and 10% nickel, are prepared by UV pulsed laser ablation. From the low temperature conductivity study of these films, a nearly activated conduction followed by conductivity saturation below a temperature of 25K has been identified. This is very different from undoped diamond-like carbon (DLC) films. The presence of additional density of states at the Fermi level observed in these samples when compared with DLC films, is directly confirmed using valence band spectroscopy.
Projected profile similarity in gyrokinetic simulations of Bohm and gyro-Bohm scaled DIII-D L and H modes
Authors: Waltz R. E. , Candy J. , Petty C. C.
Published: July 2006

Global gyrokinetic simulations of DIII-D [M. A. Mahdavi and J. L. Luxon, in “DIII-D Tokamak Special Issue,” Fusion Sci. Technol. 48, 2 (2005)] L- and H-mode dimensionally similar discharge pairs are treated in detail. The simulations confirm the Bohm scaling of the well-matched L-mode pair. The paradoxical but experimentally apparent gyro-Bohm scaling of the H-mode pair at larger relative gyroradius (rho-star) and lower transport levels is due to poor profile similarity. Simulations of projected experimental plasma profiles with perfect similarity show both the L- and H-mode pairs to have Bohm scaling. A ρ* stabilization rule for predicting the breakdown of gyro-Bohm scaling from simulations of a single discharge is presented.
Fully kinetic simulations of undriven magnetic reconnection with open boundary conditions
Authors: Daughton William , Scudder Jack , Karimabadi Homa
Published: July 2006

Kinetic simulations of magnetic reconnection typically employ periodic boundary conditions that limit the duration in which the results are physically meaningful. To address this issue, a new model is proposed that is open with respect to particles, magnetic flux, and electromagnetic radiation. The model is used to examine undriven reconnection in a neutral sheet initialized with a single x-point. While at early times the results are in excellent agreement with previous periodic studies, the evolution over longer intervals is entirely different. In particular, the length of the electron diffusion region is observed to increase with time resulting in the formation of an extended electron current sheet. As a consequence, the electron diffusion region forms a bottleneck and the reconnection rate is substantially reduced. Periodically, the electron layer becomes unstable and produces a secondary island, breaking the diffusion region into two shorter segments. After growing for some period, the island is ejected and the diffusion region again expands until a new island is formed. Fast reconnection may still be possible provided that the generation of secondary islands remains sufficiently robust. These results indicate that reconnection in a neutral sheet may be inherently unsteady and raise serious questions regarding the standard model of Hall mediated reconnection.