Estimation of Cancer Deaths Averted From Prevention, Screening, and Treatment Efforts, 1975-2020
Authors: Goddard Katrina A. B. , Feuer Eric J. , Mandelblatt Jeanne S. , Meza Rafael , Holford Theodore R. , Jeon Jihyoun , Lansdorp-Vogelaar Iris , Gulati Roman , Stout Natasha K. , Howlader Nadia , Knudsen Amy B. , Miller Daniel , Caswell-Jin Jennifer L. , Schechter Clyde B. , Etzioni Ruth , Trentham-Dietz Amy , Kurian Allison W. , Plevritis Sylvia K. , Hampton John M. , Stein Sarah , Sun Liyang P. , Umar Asad , Castle Philip E. 
Published: December 2024

Importance

Cancer mortality has decreased over time, but the contributions of different interventions across the cancer control continuum to averting cancer deaths have not been systematically evaluated across major cancer sites.

Objective

To quantify the contributions of prevention, screening (to remove precursors [interception] or early detection), and treatment to cumulative number of cancer deaths averted from 1975 to 2020 for breast, cervical, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancers.

Design, Setting, and Participants

In this model-based study using population-level cancer mortality data, outputs from published models developed by the Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network were extended to quantify cancer deaths averted through 2020. Model inputs were based on national data on risk factors, cancer incidence, cancer survival, and mortality due to other causes, and dissemination and effects of prevention, screening (for interception and early detection), and treatment. Simulated or modeled data using parameters derived from multiple birth cohorts of the US population were used.

Interventions

Primary prevention via smoking reduction (lung), screening for interception (cervix and colorectal) or early detection (breast, cervix, colorectal, and prostate), and therapy (breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate).

Main Outcomes and Measures

The estimated cumulative number of cancer deaths averted with interventions vs no advances.

Results

An estimated 5.94 million cancer deaths were averted for breast, cervical, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancers combined. Cancer prevention and screening efforts averted 8 of 10 of these deaths (4.75 million averted deaths). The contribution of each intervention varied by cancer site. Screening accounted for 25% of breast cancer deaths averted. Averted cervical cancer deaths were nearly completely averted through screening and removal of cancer precursors as treatment advances were modest during the study period. Averted colorectal cancer deaths were averted because of screening and removal of precancerous polyps or early detection in 79% and treatment advances in 21%. Most lung cancer deaths were avoided by smoking reduction (98%) because screening uptake was low and treatment largely palliative before 2014. Screening contributed to 56% of averted prostate cancer deaths.

Conclusions and Relevance

Over the past 45 years, cancer prevention and screening accounted for most cancer deaths averted for these causes; however, their contribution varied by cancer site according to these models using population-level cancer mortality data. Despite progress, efforts to reduce the US cancer burden will require increased dissemination of effective interventions and new technologies and discoveries.