bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stress and focus in English (1983)
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Rochemont Michael S.
Published: January 2014

This chapter addresses the issue of how to relate focus and stress in English sentences, particularly within the framework of the (Revised) Extended Standard Theory. Specifically, it shows that, with some refinement, the grammatical model of Chomsky and Lasnik (1977) accommodates an insightful analysis of the relationship between focus and stress, while preserving the Autonomous Systems view of Hale et al. (1977). The chapter is organized as follows. Section 4.2 drives Prosodic Structure from surface structure by the rules of accent placement. Section 4.3 is concerned with the assignment of focus on S-structures. Section 4.4 suggests a number of additional rules of Discourse Grammar whose function is to define contextual conditions for the interpretation of focus as presentational, contrastive, emphatic, etc. Section 4.5 summarizes the results and compares the framework developed in this chapter with a number of others that have appeared in the linguistic literature.
Control, PRO, and the Projection Principle (1992)
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Wilkins Wendy
Published: January 2014

This chapter presents a theory of control (predication), in terms of thematic relations, which makes no use of the element PRO in the syntax. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 5.2 presents a theory of predication, which considers in detail the no-PRO theory. Section 5.3 discusses some arguments against the syntactic element PRO. Section 5.4 summarizes responses to Koster and May’s arguments. Section 5.5 presents a general conclusion that little syntactic evidence exists, if any, in support of PRO, and that therefore the Projection Principle is not supported as a useful postulate of the theory of grammar.
Negative curiosities (1982)
Authors: Culicover Peter W.
Published: January 2014

This chapter focuses on rules that are not unbounded movement rules: tag formation, negative inversion, and Stylistic Inversion. It first considers interrogative tags, and isolates those tags that display polarity phenomena from other sorts of tags. This subclass of tags does not admit of a purely transformational characterization. Rather, it appears that the syntactic characterization of this class of tags depends in part on semantic factors, in particular, on the scope of negation. The discussion on the scope of negation brings out certain facts that suggest that the scope of negation is determined by the application of stylistic transformations. The chapter concludes by discussing Stylistic Inversion, a transformation whose output bears on the interpretation of wh with the variable that it binds.
Deriving dependent right adjuncts in English (1997)
Authors: Rochemont Michael S. , Culicover Peter W.
Published: January 2014

This chapter examines the properties of rightward positioned adjuncts in English that are in some sense dependent for their interpretation on a position elsewhere in the sentence, e.g., relative and result clause extraposition and rightmost positioned (argument) heavy noun phrases (NPs). It shows that the facts about extraposition can be fully accommodated on a leftward movement account in which the extraposed constituent achieves its rightmost position through the leftward movement of other elements in the sentence. It also shows that it is possible to provide a leftward movement analysis of the rightmost heavy NPs that is fully compatible with the data considered.
The Adverb Effect
Authors: Culicover Peter W.
Published: January 2014

This chapter examines the Adverb Effect and considers what it suggests about Empty Category Principle (ECP) accounts of the that-t effect. It then explores extensions of the Adverb Effect and shows that it has some interesting implications for the analysis of parasitic gaps.
A reconsideration of Dative Movements (1972)
Authors: Jackendoff Ray , Culicover Peter W.
Published: January 2014

The standard analyses of the dative generally postulate two similar Dative Movement rules, one of which applies to to-indirect objects and the other to for-indirect objects. This chapter shows how to improve this analysis within the framework of traditional transformational rules. It demonstrates that constraints imposed by the hearer’s perceptual strategy for interpreting sentences play a part in the unacceptability of certain constructions. These constraints are used to account for the remaining anomalies in the dative shift paradigms.
Morphological complexity outside of universal grammar (1998)
Authors: Hana Jirka , Culicover Peter W.
Published: January 2014

This chapter focuses on morphosyntax, in particular the use of linear order in inflected words to express correspondences between form and meaning. It explores the possibility that different orderings among the root and inflection in an inflected form may yield differences in the complexity of the form-meaning correspondence. It argues that the identification of inflectional morphology expressed as suffixation is computationally less complex than prefixation, which in turn is computationally less complex than infixation. These preferences account for the greater frequency of suffixation over prefixation, and the greater frequency of prefixation over infixation.
Capitalism’s Victor’s Justice? The Hidden Stories Behind the Prosecution of Industrialists Post-WWII
Authors: Baars Grietje
Published: January 2014

This chapter analyses the trials of industrialists at the US Military Tribunals at Nuremberg for their roles in the Nazis' aggressive wars and the Holocaust. The chapter is organized as follows. Section II examines the Allied consensus on the nature of World War II as imperialist; on the role of the industrialists in Hitler's aggressive war; the formulation of the ‘economic case’; and the indictment, trial, and judgment at the International Military Tribunal. Section III traces the post-World War II turnaround in US foreign and economic policy and its impact on US political and economic involvement in Europe. Section IV shows how this turnaround manifested itself in the conduct and outcomes of the trials of the industrialists at Nuremberg. Section V compares the US trials to the largely forgotten post-World War II international trials of industrialists by the French, British, and Soviet military tribunals, and with the decision of the Military Tribunal for the Far East not to indict Japanese zaibatsu leaders. Finally, Section VI connects the aftermath of the trials, the ‘McCloy clemency’, and subsequent reinstatement of most of the industrialists to their former positions, with contemporary debates around international criminal law, the economic causes of conflict, and ‘corporate impunity’.
Mass Trials and Modes of Criminal Responsibility for International Crimes
Authors: Tiba Firew Kebede
Published: January 2014

This chapter analyses Ethiopia's mass trials that sought to address the mass atrocities committed during the early years (1974–1980) of the communist regime of Colonel Mengistu Hailemariam and his associates. Specifically, it examines the objections raised by the accused about their convictions based solely on them being members of the Derg. It argues that the courts failed to draw on international criminal law jurisprudence in finding the defendants guilty. The Federal Supreme Court's refusal to order separate trials also made it difficult for the accused to mount a proper defence against the charges.
War Crimes Trials, ‘Victor’s Justice’ and Australian Military Justice in the Aftermath of the Second World War
Authors: Fitzpatrick Georgina
Published: January 2014

This chapter examines the war crimes trials conducted by the Australian military services at Darwin and several island locations in the Asia-Pacific region between 1945 and 1951. It challenges the imputation of wholesale injustice visited upon the ‘B’ and ‘C’ class minor war criminals and makes some preliminary observations.
Dirty War Crimes
Authors: Rush Peter D.
Published: January 2014

This chapter first reconstructs the narrative memory and socio-legal context of the contemporary scene of memory in Argentina concerning La Guerra Sucia (‘The Dirty War’) and los desaparecidos (literally ‘the disappeared’, but often rendered as ‘the missing’). It then examines a recent film — El secreto de sus ojos (The Secret in Their Eyes) — concerned with writing the life of the law in the aftermath of atrocity. After reconstructing two ways to live a life full of nothing, a life lived with the trauma of a legal case history, the coda to the chapter addresses itself to the remnants of a criminal jurisdiction of memory. If decisions are constitutive of international criminal justice in times of transition, then a memorial jurisdiction of crime and atrocity can be thought in terms of its manner of speaking: its genres of representation, as much as its taxonomies.
Woundedness, Narrative, and Community in theIliad
Authors: McCoy Marina Berzins
Published: January 2014

This chapter examines the descriptions of wounding in Homer’s Iliad for their insights into vulnerability and its meaning. Homer presents wounds and their signifying of mortality as central to the possibility of a meaningful, teleological narrative about human life. In contrast to the wounds suffered by the gods, human wounds increase the bonds of relationships within the community. While neither pain nor death are desirable in themselves, their anticipation and the narrative accounts offered in light of their existence contribute to political goods. Achilles initially resists the vulnerability of both himself and the other Greeks, but eventually accepts his vulnerability and enters more deeply into the universality of human suffering.
Pity as a Civic Virtue in Sophocles’Philoctetes
Authors: McCoy Marina Berzins
Published: January 2014

Chapter three examines Sophocles’ Philoctetes notion that the excluded and polluted one is central to the city’s good. Here, Sophocles develops a picture of Philoctetes as one who is not only physically but also emotionally wounded. His presence at an ‘in between’ space on Lemnos, literally at the margins of society, further develops a picture of human vulnerability, especially the suffering born from social exclusion. The figure of Neoptolemus and his internal struggles also develops two political virtues in the play: first, pity as a political virtue, and, second, the virtue of being able to accommodate unjust harm properly. These two political virtues both concern a proper responsiveness and care for vulnerability—not only care for the weak but also acceptance and care for one’s own city in light of the imperfections of political structures.
Wounding and Wisdom in Plato’sGorgias
Authors: McCoy Marina Berzins
Published: January 2014

Chapter four focuses on the myth of judgement at the end of the Gorgias and its image of a wounded, unjust man. There Socrates uses a mythos and, in particular, the language of wounding to communicate with Callicles, who has so far failed to be responsive to abstract argumentation. Just as the judges of the myth can judge well only because they are naked as the ones that they judge, Socrates emerges as one who is able to excel at questioning others because of his self-awareness of his vulnerability. Socrates not only is vulnerable to the judgement in the courtroom, but also displays an epistemic vulnerability that guides his questioning of others. Plato emerges not as a perfectionistic thinker who desires to avoid tragedy and human frailty, but rather as a thinker who is aware and accepting of human limitation and vulnerability.
Friendship and Moral Failure in Aristotle’sEthics
Authors: McCoy Marina Berzins
Published: January 2014

Chapter six carefully analyses Aristotle’s discussion of the loss of a friendship of virtue in which one’s friend has become bad. While Aristotle argues that a virtuous man will only love what is truly good—and so not a friend turned bad—his discussion of the loss of such a friend displays how friendship itself makes us vulnerable. While we need friends to practise the virtues and to reflect ourselves back to us, a friend is also valued in himself, as ‘another self’. The loss of friendship entails a concomitant loss of an aspect of one’s own self. Aristotle suggests that such friendships can be retained to some extent in memory, but even memory retains the pain suffered in loss as well as the goods of the friendship. Aristotle also posits the relative limits of not only friends, but also family, civic institutions, and laws in rehabilitating those who have fallen away from virtue.
Tragedy, Katharsis, and Community in Aristotle’sPoetics
Authors: McCoy Marina Berzins
Published: January 2014

This chapter turns to Aristotle’s discussion of tragedy and narrative in the Poetics. It examines how the public, performed aspect of tragedy and witnessing tragedy as a political community are significant for the body politic. One political function of tragedy is to enable a community to become more responsive to the vulnerable in their own midst. This chapter also provides an interpretation of Aristotle’s notion of katharsis that argues for catharsis as a form of ‘rebalancing’, not only of an individual soul, but also of the community at large. Stepping beyond Aristotle himself, the chapter argues that tragedy can enlarge a community’s vision of its own identity and the realities of its own citizens, including vulnerable citizens. Tragedy and other forms of narrative thus possess not only an aesthetic but also a political and philosophical function.
Conclusion
Authors: McCoy Marina Berzins
Published: January 2014

The final chapter concludes the book’s argument and summarizes its main theses in an overview. The summary claims that human vulnerability is central to a proper self-understanding of human individuals and the communities in which they live. Vulnerability—understood not only as the capacity to be wounded but also as self-awareness and acceptance of being subject to harm—is not reducible to weakness or the absence of virtue. Instead, the right appropriation of vulnerability proves to be central to genuine self-knowledge and to the exercise of political virtue. The works of philosophy, epic, and tragedy in the previous chapters offer a variety of perspectives both on the nature of vulnerability and the best ways in which to be responsive to its presence in communities. Further, the audience’s encounter with such struggles with vulnerability in performed tragedy, epic, or philosophy invites the political community to witness and so more fully to incorporate the vulnerable into the body politic.
Management Innovation in the UK Consulting Industry
Authors: O’Mahoney Joe
Published: January 2014

What enables and constrains a firm’s ability to develop management innovations? This paper argues that existing answers to this question too often focus exclusively on the agency of strategic decision-makers, an approach that fails to account for the changing nature of innovative activity over time. Here, using qualitative and quantitative data from a four-year study of UK consultancies, it is shown first that management innovation in consultancies is changing and second that many of these changes are a response to the shifting socio-economic environment of the industry. Theoretically, these findings highlight the possibilities of using critical realist ontology to link together the micro-, meso- and macro-levels of analysis in developing a dynamic understanding of why management innovation changes over time.
Reconceptualizing Service through Service-dominant Logic
Authors: Ng Irene C.L. , Vargo Stephen L. , Smith Laura A.
Published: January 2014

Defining the nature of service has been a challenge to researchers, most centring upon the idea of ‘activities’ or ‘processes’ and degrees of intangibility, heterogeneity, inseparability, and perishability. It is argued that this has led to ‘service industry’ theorizing in which special cases of industrial sectors are explored. Chapter 8 argues that a service-dominant logic (S-D Logic) perspective has the potential to illuminate an understanding of service and value to move beyond this reconceptualizing of service industries to one generating new insights. This chapter suggests a way to operationalize S-D Logic by redrawing a firm’s value propositional attributes such that these are aligned with their realization by the customer in use contexts. By doing so, it shows that firms’ offerings are hybridized between product and service and connected to one another. Together with the customer, value creation becomes a constellation where resources are integrated by all stakeholders. An S-D Logic approach shows the complexity of the value-creating system but also provides a framework by which that system can be understood. This chapter shows how the operationalization of a value-creating system through an S-D Logic approach could generate new insights in terms of interactions between tangible objects, human activities, and customer resources.
Offshoring and Outsourcing of Administrative and Technical Services
Authors: Spring Martin , Araujo Luis , Mason Katy
Published: January 2014

The importance and rapid growth of offshore outsourcing of administrative and technical services is outlined. The dominance of transaction costs economics as a theoretical framework for the analysis of this phenomenon is noted, and it is argued that this approach neglects the need to identify and define which activities are to be candidates for outsourcing, concentrating instead on the decision to outsource, with the candidate activity being taken for granted. The modularity theory of the firm and the notion of mundane transaction costs are introduced, and it argued that these reveal important aspects of the process by which modularization takes place. As such, the process is shown to be a more trial-and-error process, underpinned by the gradual development of standards and other market-supporting institutions, than some accounts would suggest.
Explaining Criminal Careers
Authors: MacLeod John F. , Grove Peter G. , Farrington David P.
Published: January 2014

Explaining Criminal Careers presents a simple quantitative theory of crime, conviction and reconviction, the assumptions of the theory are derived directly from a detailed analysis of cohort samples drawn from the “UK Home Office” Offenders Index (OI). Mathematical models based on the theory, together with population trends, are used to make: exact quantitative predictions of features of criminal careers; aggregate crime levels; the prison population; and to explain the age-crime curve, alternative explanations are shown not to be supported by the data. Previous research is reviewed, clearly identifying the foundations of the current work. Using graphical techniques to identify mathematical regularities in the data, recidivism (risk) and frequency (rate) of conviction are analysed and modelled. These models are brought together to identify three categories of offender: high-risk / high-rate, high-risk / low-rate and low-risk / low-rate. The theory is shown to rest on just 6 basic assumptions. Within this theoretical framework the seriousness of offending, specialisation or versatility in offence types and the psychological characteristics of offenders are all explored suggesting that the most serious offenders are a random sample from the risk/rate categories but that those with custody later in their careers are predominantly high-risk/high-rate. In general offenders are shown to be versatile rather than specialist and can be categorised using psychological profiles. The policy implications are drawn out highlighting the importance of conviction in desistance from crime and the absence of any additional deterrence effect of imprisonment. The use of the theory in evaluation of interventions is demonstrated.
Locality and the Distribution of Main Clause Phenomena
Authors: Haegeman Liliane
Published: January 2014

The paper deals with the distribution of main clause phenomena, in particular argument-fronting in English, which is usually said to be restricted to root clauses and to embedded clauses with root-like properties. Accounts of the distribution of MCP have usually tied these to assertive illocutionary force, often adopting a truncation account according to which the left periphery of clauses incompatible with MCP is somehow structurally reduced. This paper proposes an alternative syntactic account according to which the non-availability of argument-fronting in certain embedded domains in English is derived syntactically: it is accounted for in terms of locality constraints on movement. The apparent structural reduction of such domains can be derived as a consequence of a movement derivation of temporal and conditional clauses. The paper will explore to what extent the account can be generalized to capture the restricted distribution of argument-fronting (and MCP in general) in different types of that clauses.
Locality and Interference in the Formation of Object Questions
Authors: Guasti Maria Teresa
Published: January 2014

A long debate observation in adult psycholinguistic literature holds that object questions are more difficult than subject questions and not surprisingly that they are acquired later than subject questions. This is the starting point, mainly discussed on the basis of Italian acquisition data and linked to an observation stemming from the linguistic literature, namely, that there are languages that allow only subject questions. These facts are all dealt with by the assumption that object question formation involves a movement step turning a wh-object trace into an intervener between AgrS/T and a subject in Spec-vP with the consequence that the verb will end up agreeing with the object rather than the subject, under the pressure of a strict locality constraint, whose manifestation is clearly evident in Austronesian languages. A variety of strategies are adopted in languages and by the acquirer to avoid this too strict locality constraint, depending on the global structure of the target language (whether it has morphological case, resumption, or Spec-head agreement).
Death and the Afterlife
Authors: Scheffler Samuel
Published: January 2014

Even if we do not believe in a personal afterlife in which we survive our own deaths, we assume that there will be a “collective afterlife” in which humanity survives long after we are gone. Samuel Scheffler maintains that this assumption plays a surprising—indeed astonishing—role in our lives. In certain important respects, the future existence of people who are as yet unborn matters more to us than our own continued existence and the continued existence of those we love. Without the expectation that humanity has a future, many of the things that now matter to us would cease to do so. By contrast, the prospect of our own deaths, despite the terror it inspires, does little to undermine our confidence in the value of our activities. This conclusion complicates widespread assumptions about human egoism and individualism. And it has striking implications for the way we think about climate change, nuclear proliferation, and other urgent threats to humanity’s survival. Scheffler adds that, although we are not unreasonable to fear death, personal immortality, like the imminent extinction of humanity, would also undermine our confidence in the values we hold dear. His arresting conclusion is that, in order for us to lead value-laden lives, what is necessary is that we ourselves should die and that others should live. Scheffler’s position is discussed with insight and imagination by four distinguished commentators—Harry Frankfurt, Niko Kolodny, Seana Shiffrin, and Susan Wolf—and Scheffler adds a final reply.
Steps Toward Harmonization for Clinical Development of Medicines in Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis—A Global Scientific Discussion, Part 2
Authors: Sun Haihao , Vesely Richard , Nelson Robert M. , Taminiau Jan , Szitanyi Peter , Isaac Maria , Klein Agnes , Uzu Shinobu , Griebel Donna , Mulberg Andrew E.
Published: January 2014

Objectives:

To facilitate global drug development, the International Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Working Group (i‐IBD Working Group) discussed data extrapolation, trial design, and pharmacokinetic (PK) considerations for drugs intended to treat pediatric ulcerative colitis (UC), and considered possible approaches toward harmonized drug development.

Methods:

Representatives from the US Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency, Health Canada, and the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency of Japan convened monthly to explore existing regulatory approaches, reviewed the results of a literature search, and provided perspectives on pediatric UC drug development based on the available medical literature.

Results:

Although pediatric UC, when compared with UC in adults, has a similar disease progression and response to intervention, the similarity of the exposure‐response relation has not been adequately established. Consequently, clinical endpoints should be selected to optimally assess efficacy in children. The inclusion of a placebo control in pediatric trials to assure assay sensitivity may be appropriate under limited circumstances. In clinical studies, although the drug under investigation could provide possible direct benefit, placebo treatment should present no more than a minor increase over minimal risk to children with UC.

Conclusions:

Partial extrapolation of efficacy from informative adult studies may be appropriate. Placebo‐controlled efficacy trials are scientifically and ethically appropriate for pediatric UC given appropriate patient selection and the use of early escape. Clinical studies in pediatric UC may include initial dose‐finding studies and exposure‐response modeling followed by an efficacy and safety study to further explore the exposure‐response relation.
Immune response costs are associated with changes in resource acquisition and not resource reallocation
Authors: Bashir‐Tanoli Sumayia , Tinsley Matthew C.
Published: January 2014

Evolutionary ecologists frequently argue that parasite defence is costly because resources must be reallocated from other life‐history traits to fuel the immune response. However, this hypothesis is rarely explicitly tested. An alternative possibility is that immune responses impair an organism's ability to acquire the resources it needs to support metabolism. Here, we disentangle these opposing hypotheses for why the activation costs of parasite resistance arise.

We studied fecundity costs associated with immune stimulation in Drosophila melanogaster. Then, by measuring correlated changes in metabolic rate, food consumption and body weight, we assessed whether responses were consistent with immunity costs originating from altered resource allocation or from impaired resource acquisition.

Microbial injection resulted in a 45% fecundity decrease. It also triggered a mean decline in metabolic rate of 6% and a mean reduction in food intake of 31%; body weight was unaffected. Metabolic rate downregulation was greater in males than in females, whereas declines in food ingestion were of similar magnitude in both sexes. These physiological shifts did not depend on whether microbial challenges were alive or dead, thus they resulted from immune system activation not pathogenesis.

These costs of immune activation are significant for individuals that successfully resist infection and might also occur in other situations when immune responses are upregulated without infection.

Whilst we found significant activation costs of resistance, our data provide no compelling evidence for the popularly argued hypothesis that immune deployment is costly because of reallocation of energetic resources to the immune system. Instead, reduction in resource acquisition due to ‘infection‐induced anorexia’ may be the principal driver of metabolic changes and fecundity costs resulting from immune response activation.
Generalized diffraction‐stack migration and filtering of coherent noise
Authors: Zhan Ge , Dai Wei , Zhou Min , Luo Yi , Schuster Gerard T.
Published: January 2014

We reformulate the equation of reverse‐time migration so that it can be interpreted as summing data along a series of hyperbola‐like curves, each one representing a different type of event such as a reflection or multiple. This is a generalization of the familiar diffraction‐stack migration algorithm where the migration image at a point is computed by the sum of trace amplitudes along an appropriate hyperbola‐like curve. Instead of summing along the curve associated with the primary reflection, the sum is over all scattering events and so this method is named generalized diffraction‐stack migration. This formulation leads to filters that can be applied to the generalized diffraction‐stack migration operator to mitigate coherent migration artefacts due to, e.g., crosstalk and aliasing. Results with both synthetic and field data show that generalized diffraction‐stack migration images have fewer artefacts than those computed by the standard reverse‐time migration algorithm. The main drawback is that generalized diffraction‐stack migration is much more memory intensive and I/O limited than the standard reverse‐time migration method.
Relating electrical conduction of alluvial sediments to textural properties and pore‐fluid conductivity
Authors: Mele Mauro , Inzoli Silvia , Giudici Mauro , Bersezio Riccardo
Published: January 2014

Electrical conductivity of alluvial sediments depends on litho‐textural properties, fluid saturation and porewater conductivity. Therefore, for hydrostratigraphic applications of direct current resistivity methods in porous sedimentary aquifers, it can be useful to characterize the prevailing mechanisms of electrical conduction (electrolytic or shale conduction) according to the litho‐textural properties and to the porewater characteristics. An experimental device and a measurement protocol were developed and applied to collect data on eight samples of alluvial sediments from the Po plain (Northern Italy), characterized by different grain‐size distribution, and fully saturated with porewater of variable conductivity. The bulk electrical conductivities obtained with the laboratory tests were interpreted with a classical two‐component model, which requires the identification of the intrinsic conductivity of clay particles and the effective porosity for each sample, and with a three‐component model. The latter is based on the two endmember mechanisms, surface and electrolytic conduction, but takes into account also the interaction between dissolved ions in the pores and the fluid‐grain interface. The experimental data and their interpretation with the phenomenological models show that the volumetric ratio between coarse and fine grains is a simple but effective parameter to determine the electrical behaviour of clastic hydrofacies at the scale of the representative elementary volume.
Parents, Perceptions and Belonging: Exploring Flexible Working among UK Fathers and Mothers
Authors: Gatrell Caroline J. , Burnett Simon B. , Cooper Cary L. , Sparrow Paul
Published: January 2014

This paper advances knowledge regarding how fathers and mothers perceive and experience flexible working opportunities. It does this through applying the theoretical concept ‘belonging’ to ‘Parsonian’ classifications of parenting and work. In so doing it makes transparent the misconceptions and inequities which exist among parents and their organizational environments. Focusing initially on a qualitative study of fathers’ experience of working flexibly, the paper shows how fathers felt marginalized from the possibilities of flexible work due to line managers’ assumptions that men belonged to an ‘instrumental’ economic provider group. The paper contributes a new angle to debate by articulating how fathers perceived employed mothers as belonging to an ‘expressive’ child‐oriented group, with privileged access to flexibility. However, drawing upon a study of maternity and flexible work we query fathers’ assumptions that flexibility was easily available to mothers, suggesting that fathers’ perceptions of maternal privilege were misconceived. While mothers were categorized as belonging within an ‘expressive’ group associated with childcare, they were nevertheless discouraged from accessing flexibility. Inequities between women and men (with regard to flexibility) thus appeared to be less significant than fathers supposed.
Should Kids Pay Their Own Way?
Authors: Tomlin Patrick
Published: January 2014

Children are expensive to raise. Ensuring that they are raised in such a way that they are able to lead a minimally decent life costs time and money, and lots of both. Who is responsible for bearing the costs of the things that children are undoubtedly owed? This is a question that has received comparatively little scrutiny from political philosophers, despite children being such a drain on public and private finances alike. To the extent that there is a debate, two main views can be identified. The Parents Pay view says that parents, responsible for the existence of the costs, must foot the bill. The Society Pays view says that a next generation is a benefit to all, and so to allow parents to foot the bill alone is the worst kind of free-riding. In this article, I introduce a third potentially liable party currently missing from the debate: children themselves. On my backward-looking view, we are entitled to ask people to contribute to the raising of children on the basis that they have benefited from being raised themselves.
The Expanding Core and Varying Degrees of Insiderness: Institutionalised Interest Group Access to Advisory Councils
Authors: Fraussen Bert , Beyers Jan , Donas Tom
Published: January 2014

The interaction between organised interests and policy makers is an important ingredient of contemporary political systems. In earlier work, interest group scholars have distinguished groups that enjoy access to consultation arrangements from those that are bound to stand on the sideline. Frequently, these insiders are considered to be equally connected to public authorities. Yet their degree of ‘insiderness’ differs significantly. By unpacking the set of organised interests that have gained access, this article distinguishes core insiders from groups that occupy a more peripheral position in an interest intermediation system. Empirically, we demonstrate and explain varying degrees of insiderness in the community of insider groups in Belgium, using the extensiveness of representation in advisory bodies as a proxy for access. Our findings show that, although nowadays a diverse set of organised interests gets involved in policy-making processes, the inner circle is dominated by traditional economic interests.
Jung's quest for the Aurora consurgens
Authors: Haaning Aksel
Published: January 2014

The paper focuses on the year 1929 when Jung published ‘A European commentary’ to Richard Wilhelm's German translation of the Taoist text The Secret of the Golden Flower. This shows that Jung had already started on the track of European alchemy by following up Conrad Waldkirch's preface in Artis Auriferae (1593); and it raises the question of whether this could be the possible missing link to Jung's subsequent research in Alchemy and Hermetic Philosophy in the years to come. It is argued that here was the beginning of Jung's quest for the Aurora consurgens, the publication of which concludes the Mysterium Conuinctionis more than twenty years later. It is further maintained that this choice of the Aurora is a profound expression of Jung's ambition to revitalize the past from within the individual, and helps explain Jung's deep concern with the welfare and future of modern society.
From affect to feelings and thoughts: from abuse to care and understanding
Authors: Cavalli Alessandra
Published: January 2014

The capacity of the infant to bear affect relies on the capacity of the caregiver until it has achieved enough strength to perform this task itself. In the case of neglect the necessary strength to contain, metabolize and think about affect so that it may be converted into differentiated feelings cannot develop because of the absence of a caregiver capable of sustaining the infant in its emotional development. Instead a system of defence against affect arises in which the affect itself is perceived as intrusive and abusive. Because of neglect a confusion between abuse and affect is to be observed, with catastrophic consequences for the growing up child. Furthermore neglected children can be seduced by external abuse in the hope of being protected from affect that threatens to feel abusive from within. Paradoxically these children are drawn toward abusive situations in the hope of finding some ongoing shelter from unmanageable affect. A corollary of this is that actual containment comes to feel abusive to them: if they are made to feel affect, they perceive the other, who put them in touch with affect, as abusive: thus affect, abuse and containment are confused. Clinical material will support this thesis.
The spatial metaphor of Utopia in Russian culture and in analysis
Authors: Tsivinsky Vladimir
Published: January 2014

The spatial metaphor of Utopia is considered from a Jungian perspective along with its role in Russian culture and in analysis. Such post‐Jungian concepts as the cultural complex and the archetypal story pattern of a victim are used in considering the desperate longing for a rescuer in patients' narratives and in Russian society. A clinical vignette is provided to illustrate these ideas.
Expression, glycosylation and function of recombinant anti‐colorectal cancer mAb CO17‐1A in SfSWT4 insect cells
Authors: Park Se‐Ra , Shin Yong Kyoo , Lee Kyung Jin , Lee Jeong‐Hwan , Hedin David , Mulvania Thera , Lee Seung Ho , Ko Kisung
Published: January 2014

Colorectal cancer is a commonly diagnosed cancer in the world. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) CO17‐1A recognizes the tumor‐associated antigen GA733, a cell surface glycoprotein highly expressed in colorectal carcinoma cell, which is considered to be applicable for diagnosis and therapeutic treatment against colorectal cancer. In addition antibodies are glycoproteins, efficiently recognize and eliminate specific pathogenic and disease antigens. We have currently established baculovirus insect cell expression system to produce anti‐colorectal cancer mAb CO17‐1A. In this study, mAb CO17‐1A was expressed in the transgenic insect cell line SfSWT4, in which glycosylation processing pathway has been humanized. Immunoblot confirmed that mAb CO17‐1A properly expressed in SfSWT4 insect cells. mAb CO17‐1A was purified using protein G affinity column. In addition, MALDI‐TOF verified that the mAb CO17‐1A fused to KDEL, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal (mAb CO17‐1AK) had high mannose type of glycan structure. Migration assay showed that insect cell‐derived mAb CO17‐1AK (mAbI CO17‐1AK) with high mannose type of glycan structure was effective as mammalian‐derived mAb CO17‐1A (mAbM CO17‐1A) in inhibition of metastasis. Kinetic analysis of antigen‐antibody interaction using Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) confirmed that mAbI CO17‐1AK is efficient to interact with antigen GA733 as mAbM CO17‐1A. These results suggest that the insect cell expression system with the SfSWT4 possibly can be used as a useful alternative way to produce full‐size mAb for cancer immunotherapy.
Multivariate adaptive regression splines analysis to predict biomarkers of spontaneous preterm birth
Authors: Menon Ramkumar , Bhat Geeta , Saade George R. , Spratt Heidi
Published: January 2014

Objective

To develop classification models of demographic/clinical factors and biomarker data from spontaneous preterm birth in African Americans and Caucasians.

Design

Secondary analysis of biomarker data using multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), a supervised machine learning algorithm method.

Setting

Analysis of data on 36 biomarkers from 191 women was reduced by MARS to develop predictive models for preterm birth in African Americans and Caucasians.

Samples

Maternal plasma, cord plasma collected at admission for preterm or term labor and amniotic fluid at delivery.

Methods

Data were partitioned into training and testing sets. Variable importance, a relative indicator (0–100%) and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) characterized results.

Results

Multivariate adaptive regression splines generated models for combined and racially stratified biomarker data. Clinical and demographic data did not contribute to the model. Racial stratification of data produced distinct models in all three compartments. In African Americans maternal plasma samples IL‐1RA, TNF‐α, angiopoietin 2, TNFRI, IL‐5, MIP1α, IL‐1β and TGF‐α modeled preterm birth (AUC train: 0.98, AUC test: 0.86). In Caucasians TNFR1, ICAM‐1 and IL‐1RA contributed to the model (AUC train: 0.84, AUC test: 0.68). African Americans cord plasma samples produced IL‐12P70, IL‐8 (AUC train: 0.82, AUC test: 0.66). Cord plasma in Caucasians modeled IGFII, PDGFBB, TGF‐β1, IL‐12P70, and TIMP1 (AUC train: 0.99, AUC test: 0.82). Amniotic fluid in African Americans modeled FasL, TNFRII, RANTES, KGF, IGFI (AUC train: 0.95, AUC test: 0.89) and in Caucasians, TNF‐α, MCP3, TGF‐β3, TNFR1 and angiopoietin 2 (AUC train: 0.94 AUC test: 0.79).

Conclusions

Multivariate adaptive regression splines models multiple biomarkers associated with preterm birth and demonstrated racial disparity.
Can supervised exercise prevent treatment toxicity in patients with prostate cancer initiating androgen‐deprivation therapy: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Cormie Prue , Galvão Daniel A. , Spry Nigel , Joseph David , Chee Raphael , Taaffe Dennis R. , Chambers Suzanne K. , Newton Robert U.
Published: January 2014

Objective

To determine if supervised exercise minimises treatment toxicity in patients with prostate cancer initiating androgen‐deprivation therapy (ADT). This is the first study to date that has investigated the potential role of exercise in preventing ADT toxicity rather than recovering from established toxicities.

Patients and Methods

Sixty‐three men scheduled to receive ADT were randomly assigned to a 3‐month supervised exercise programme involving aerobic and resistance exercise sessions commenced within 10 days of their first ADT injection (32 men) or usual care (31 men). The primary outcome was body composition (lean and fat mass). Other study outcomes included bone mineral density, physical function, blood biomarkers of chronic disease risk and bone turnover, general and prostate cancer‐specific quality of life, fatigue and psychological distress. Outcomes were compared between groups using analysis of covariance adjusted for baseline values.

Results

Compared to usual care, a 3‐month exercise programme preserved appendicular lean mass (P = 0.019) and prevented gains in whole body fat mass, trunk fat mass and percentage fat with group differences of −1.4 kg (P = 0.001), −0.9 kg (P = 0.008) and −1.3% (P < 0.001), respectively. Significant between‐group differences were also seen favouring the exercise group for cardiovascular fitness (peak oxygen consumption 1.1 mL/kg/min, P = 0.004), muscular strength (4.0–25.9 kg, P ≤ 0.026), lower body function (–1.1 s, P < 0.001), total cholesterol: high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol ratio (–0.52, P = 0.028), sexual function (15.2, P = 0.028), fatigue (3.1, P = 0.042), psychological distress (–2.2, P = 0.045), social functioning (3.8, P = 0.015) and mental health (3.6–3.8, P ≤ 0.022). There were no significant group differences for any other outcomes.

Conclusion

Commencing a supervised exercise programme involving aerobic and resistance exercise when initiating ADT significantly reduced treatment toxicity, while improving social functioning and mental health. Concurrent prescription of supervised exercise when initiating ADT is therefore advised to minimise morbidity associated with severe hypogonadism.
Novel GPCR paradigms at the μ‐opioid receptor
Authors: Thompson G L , Kelly E , Christopoulos A , Canals M
Published: January 2014

Opioids, such as morphine, are the most clinically useful class of analgesic drugs for the treatment of acute and chronic pain. However, the use of opioids is greatly limited by the development of severe adverse side effects. Consequently, drug discovery efforts have been directed towards improving the therapeutic profile of opioid‐based treatments. Opioid receptors are members of the family of GPCRs. As such, the recent GPCR paradigms of biased agonism and allosterism may provide novel avenues for more effective analgesics. Biased agonism (or functional selectivity) has been described for all the opioid receptor family members. Furthermore, the first allosteric modulators of opioid receptors have very recently been described. However, identification and quantification of biased agonism in a manner that is informative to medicinal chemists and drug discovery programmes still remains a challenge. In this review, we examine the progress, to date, towards identification and quantification of biased agonism and allosterism at the μ‐opioid receptor in the context of its implications for the discovery of better and safer analgesics.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2
Fertility, Intra‐Generational Redistribution, and Social Security Sustainability
Authors: Hirazawa Makoto , Kitaura Koji , Yakita Akira
Published: January 2014

Incorporating heterogeneity in preference to having children into an overlapping generations model of a small open economy, we examine the effects of changes in the size of pay‐as‐you‐go (PAYG) social security on fertility choices of individuals and population growth of the economy. It is shown that PAYG social security will raise population growth by increasing the number of individuals who have children and the number of children parents have if the system involves redistribution between retirees with different contributions, whereas, if it has no redistribution, PAYG social security does not affect the fertility decisions of individuals.
Ownership, Access, and Sequential Investment
Authors: Mai Maxim , Smirnov Vladimir , Wait Andrew
Published: January 2014

We extend the property‐rights framework to allow for a separation of the ownership rights of access and veto and for sequential investment. Parties investing first do so before contracting is feasible. It is possible, however, that parties investing second can share (at least some of) their investment costs. Along with this cost‐sharing effect, the incentive to invest is affected by a strategic effect generated by sequential investment. Together these effects can overturn some of the predictions of the property‐rights literature. For example, the most inclusive ownership structure might not be optimal, even if all investments are complementary.
To Ban or Not to Ban: Foreign Lobbying and Cross‐National Externalities
Authors: Aidt Toke S. , Hwang Uk
Published: January 2014

This paper studies the costs and benefits of foreign lobbying. We show how and when foreign lobbying can help internalize cross‐national externalities. We argue that this is an often overlooked benefit of foreign lobbying. We also study under what conditions a constitutional rule banning foreign lobbying is in the national interest of a country. A key factor in this calculus is whether the interests of foreign lobby groups and domestic unorganized groups coincide or not. We illustrate the logic with examples from trade policy and environmental regulation.