bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Case studies in molecular population genetics
Authors: Cutter Asher D.
Published: August 2019

Collections of DNA from nature for many individuals and loci give us the raw material for studying evolution at the molecular level. Chapter 9, “Case studies in molecular population genetics: genotype to phenotype to selection,” dives into several case studies of exciting real-world organisms that demonstrate the application from A to Z of the concepts developed throughout the book. It includes summaries of the natural context for each organism, ranging from armoring in fish (Eda, Pitx1) and color crypsis in mice (Mc1r) to butterfly flight ability (Pgi) and toxin metabolism in Drosophila fruit flies (Cyp6g1, Adh), then walks through the molecular data, their visualization, and their analysis. Complications and caveats to real-world analysis are discussed for how to identify demographic and selective effects in empirical datasets. The approaches include both candidate gene studies and genome scans, and show how different molecular population genetic analyses work in concert with one another. These population genetic analyses also can dovetail with functional molecular genetic experiments and with genetic mapping using crosses or genome-wide association study analysis. Chapter 9 ends by introducing a summary of several advanced topics in molecular population genetics, including concepts and tests for selection on standing variation, the genomic scale of data computation and evolutionary modelling, and connections to human evolution.
Differentiating Combinations and Coalitions
Authors: Collins Stephanie
Published: August 2019

This chapter explains how coordination duties differ when held by members of combinations as compared with members of coalitions. It builds on the famous Hi-Lo problem to introduce the notions of we-framing and we-reasoning. It argues that the solution to Hi-Lo relies not on we-reasoning, but on a form of reasoning dubbed ‘coalition reasoning’. Crucially, this is reasoning in which the reasoner presumes that other agents will play their part in a particular pattern of actions. The chapter argues that when an agent holds a coordination duty as a member of a coalition, that duty requires the agent to coalition-reason. By contrast, when an agent holds a coordination duty as a member of a combination, that duty requires the agent to I-reason.
Membership Duties
Authors: Collins Stephanie
Published: August 2019

This chapter argues that collectives’ duties entail membership duties, which are duties (i) held by agents in virtue of the fact that they are members of a collective that has a duty and (ii) whose performance is a component of the collective’s doing its duty. It argues that collectives’ duties entail membership duties by arguing that whenever a collective fails to do a duty, a member has also failed to do an individually-held duty. The chapter reviews various accounts of membership duties and discusses their shortcomings. The chapter closes by proposing an account of membership duties that succeeds where these other accounts fail.
Protecting Vulnerable Languages
Authors: Patten Alan
Published: August 2019

This chapter explores an important but understudied argument in favor of protections for vulnerable languages. The argument observes that speakers of such languages can face a collective action problem. The question is what interventions by the state to correct such a problem would be consistent with, or even required by, a broadly liberal and egalitarian conception of justice. The chapter identifies two principles that are relevant to answering this question: the unanimity principle, which places strict limits on interventions, and the principle of correction, which licenses a more extensive range of interventions on behalf of vulnerable languages. The principles are in tension with one another but derive from a common source in liberal egalitarian thought. Overall, the right approach is to forge a compromise between the two principles, thus allowing for some interventions on behalf of vulnerable languages to protect against collective action problems.
Ancient Greek Theory of Prosody
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: August 2019

Chapter 3 takes a look at Greek grammatical theory on prosody, and especially the area that was of most interest to the Latin grammarians: how a word’s accent can be affected by its context in connected speech. The Greek grammatical tradition provided a way of thinking about accents in terms of two levels of description: an abstract level at which each word had exactly one accent (its ‘natural’ or ‘own’ accent), and a concrete level at which each word had the correct accentuation for its context. The two levels were connected by a system of rules. The ‘natural’ accent was thus an abstract entity: it existed on the abstract level of the descriptive system, as a starting point for applying rules. The chapter introduces features of this descriptive system that will help to shed light on Latin discussions of the Latin accent.
Latin Proclitics I
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: August 2019

Chapter 4 considers the late antique evidence for a widespread doctrine of the Latin grammatical tradition: that prepositions, relative pronoun forms, and certain other words have an acute accent on their final syllables, in apparent violation of the usual principles of Latin accentuation. The doctrine belongs to a way of talking about the accentual behaviour of proclitic words: words that are normally pronounced without an accent and form a prosodic unit with what follows. An abstract acute accent is assigned to the final syllable so that this can undergo a rule ‘lulling’ an acute on a final syllable into a grave (non-accent) in connected speech. The lulling rule is borrowed from descriptions of Greek, but we see various efforts to adjust its details so as to avoid results that are not intended for Latin. We also see other ways of saying that proclitic words are normally pronounced without an accent.
Latin Vowel Length
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: August 2019

Chapter 7 introduces the concept of vowel length in Latin grammatical thought, and ways in which the grammatical tradition responded to a changing linguistic reality. By the late antique period, the classical Latin contrast between long vowels and short vowels has been largely or entirely lost. Yet grammarians continue to consider vowels long or short, in the traditional way, and to appeal to these quantities for various purposes. For example, traditional vowel quantities are deployed to help predict which conjugation a verb belongs to. In this capacity, traditional vowel length has become an abstract entity or technical device of the descriptive system. But words for ‘long’ and ‘short’ still have transparent meanings, and can also be used for vowels that are literally long or short in late antique pronunciation. In late antique synchronic analyses there is a complex interplay between abstract ‘length’ and ‘length’ as literal duration.
Conclusions
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: August 2019

Chapter 10 draws the main conclusions together and offers some reflections on the old debate about the value of the Latin grammarians on the Latin accent. The book has largely set aside the question whether Latin grammarians tell us the truth about accents, but it has asked whether Latin grammarians’ statements, when taken on their own terms, are actually intended to pertain to the audible sound of Latin. This book has argued that it depends: some of their statements are so intended, and some are not. To finish with, the discussion is expanded to show how Latin grammarians treated prosody as they treated other aspects of the Latin language too, and how they proceeded as people usually do proceed when they learn techniques for talking about a language from people who use them to talk about a different language.
Catch-up and Learning in Taiwan
Authors: Chu Wan-wen
Published: August 2019

Taiwan’s post-war economic growth record has been phenomenal. This chapter examines how Taiwan managed to develop rapidly and catch up with the West. It shows that the state has played an important role and practised successful industrial policies. Industrial learning started with the import-substitution policy of the 1950s, then moved to export promotion in the 1960s and 1970s, and to entry into the high-tech sector from the 1980s. At every turn successful industrial upgrading was achieved due to suitable and adaptive industrial policies, in response to the changing environment.
Economic growth and the growth of effective demand
Authors: Łaski Kazimierz
Published: August 2019

With an adequately skilled workforce and a sufficient supply of raw materials and energy, it is investment that allows national income and employment to grow. However, this growth is only potential. If it is to materialize, then effective demand has to expand in step with production capacity. To analyze this growth it is necessary to distinguish between actual investment that creates productive capacity this year, and investment decisions that will result in productive capacity in the future. As investment takes place, additional demand raises output and employment. However, as productive capacity expands, it brings forward the moment when demand starts to lag behind the growth of capacity, and excess capacity starts to depress investment. This causes business cycles. In the long run technological change will affect the trend of growth through successive business cycles.
In Code(rs) We Trust
Authors: Walch Angela
Published: August 2019

This chapter addresses the myth of ‘decentralized governance’ of public blockchains, arguing that certain people who create, operate, or reshape them function much like fiduciaries of those who rely on these data structures. It compares the role of leading software developers and Frankel’s conception of a ‘fiduciary’ and finds much in common, as users place extreme trust in the developers to be both competent and loyal (i.e. to be free of conflicts of interest). The chapter frames the cost–benefit analysis necessary to evaluate whether it is wise to treat these parties as fiduciaries, and outlines key questions needed to flesh out the fiduciary categorization. For example, which software developers are influential enough to resemble fiduciaries? Are all users of a blockchain ‘entrustors’ of the fiduciaries who operate the blockchain, or only a subset of those who rely on the blockchain? The chapter concludes by considering the broader implications of treating software developers as fiduciaries, given the existing accountability paradigm that largely shields them from liability for the code they create.
Smart Contracts
Authors: Brownsword Roger
Published: August 2019

The main purpose of this chapter is to sketch two principal ways in which lawyers are likely to engage with new transactional technologies (such as smart contract applications of blockchain technologies), each form of engagement being characterized by its own questions and conversations. Whereas one form of engagement, ‘coherentism’, focuses on the fit between particular new technologies and the covering law of contract, the other, ‘regulatory-instrumentalism’, focuses on whether the law (relative to particular new technologies) is fit for regulatory purpose. The sketch is refined by drawing further distinctions between ‘transactionalist’ and ‘relationalist’ variants of ‘coherentism’ and ‘rule-based’ and ‘technocratic’ variants of regulatory-instrumentalism. With a view to decoding legal debates about emerging transactional technologies, this sketch is then applied to questions concerning smart contracts in, respectively, business-to-consumer, business-to-business, and peer-to-peer transactions.
Blockchain Competition
Authors: Lianos Ioannis
Published: August 2019

Taking a dynamic and reflexive perspective on the interaction between technology, law, and economics, this chapter focuses on the role of competition in shaping the economic, and regulatory, ecosystem in which blockchain technology becomes embedded. There is the promise that the technology and the social space it will foster will give rise to more competitive structures in the organization of economic activity in the digital economy, in comparison to the current, highly centralized paradigm of digital platforms. The narrative of disruption has indeed been important in promoting the greater use of blockchain technology and has also framed the socio-technical ‘agencements’ that have so far guided regulatory action in this area. However, this narrative of disruption has also led to some hasty conclusions made in the literature as to the impotence of competition law to deal with an emergent digital space dominated by blockchain technology, predicting its eventual demise … The chapter critically engages with this rhetoric and explains why it does not stand serious scrutiny and relies on a superficial analysis of blockchain competition, as it does not consider the various ways in which the competitive strategies of economic actors shape the rules of the competitive game, the broader ‘industry architectures’ that structure competitive interactions. It unveils how blockchain can contribute to competitive advantage, and thus shape the distribution of surplus value in various industries. It then draws lessons for the work of regulators, in particular competition law enforcers. Finally, it provides a detailed analysis of competition law implications of blockchain technology.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Nicholas D.
Published: August 2019

Distinguishes between Plato’s conceptions of education, knowledge, and truth from those more familiar in contemporary philosophy. Specifically, argues that knowledge is not a species of true belief, for Plato. Plato’s basic conception of truth is different from ours, and thus cannot really be compared to the role of truth in contemporary epistemology. Nor is knowledge any kind of belief, for Plato. Instead of being some kind of propositional attitude, as we think belief is, Plato compares and contrasts different epistemic powers (or capacities). Finally, because knowledge, for Plato, is a natural cognitive power, it is not the sort of thing that can be put into a soul that lacks that natural power. Education, thus, does not instill knowledge into the student, but takes this natural capacity and strengthens and develops it. Provides a precis of the main arguments of the book, and introduces the role of forms as exemplars.
Images of Justice
Authors: Smith Nicholas D.
Published: August 2019

Gives a close analysis of two of Plato’s most controversial images: the analogy of the soul and state and the suggestion that the rulers will have to lie to the citizenry, including especially the myth of the metals. These are understood as images of justice (the form), and their limitations as images are revealed. The analogy of the soul and state conceives of each analog as composed of three parts. But the first city Plato has Socrates imagine in the Republic does not have three parts, and then when the arguments for partitioning the soul are given, the principle Socrates offers for finding different parts is misapplied. Alternative formulations of this principle bring other problems, and Plato’s own conclusion of his arguments seems to leave open the possibility that there may be even more parts of the soul than those he has identified. As for Plato’s lying rulers, the apparent problem derives from Plato having a very different conception of truth than the two-valued conception familiar to contemporary philosophers. Plato’s rulers seek to establish the best images of this kind of truth.
Some Closing Remarks
Authors: Smith Nicholas D.
Published: August 2019

Reviews the main arguments of the book, and considers how these reveal how Plato fashions his work in such a way as to summon the power of knowledge in his readers through the use of images that represent—but do not fully express—the highest realities, the forms. But the kind of education Plato provides in the Republic does not and cannot bring the power of knowledge power into its fullest realization. Instead, the Republic aims to generate thinking, but not understanding, in Plato’s terms. Shows how Plato’s theory of education through exemplars and images may also inform contemporary ideas about how role models may be used in moral education.
The Work of Verse
Authors: Blair Kirstie
Published: August 2019

The first chapter provides an introduction to, and overview of, ‘occasional’ verse and performed verse, and considers the functions of newspaper poetry columns. Its broad remit underpins the detailed studies in the later chapters, and sets up the arguments about the work done by Scottish working-class poetry that re-occur in these. It contains an opening section discussing why working-class poetry came to seem so prevalent in Scotland, and how it became considered vital to Scottish cultural identity. This is followed by subsections on the role of occasional verse in commemorating and celebrating particular events or social occasions, the rise of newspaper poetry columns, and the way in which these columns fostered poetic communities.
A Processual View on Institutions
Authors: Meyer Renate E.
Published: August 2019

In this chapter, ‘A Processual View on Institutions: A Note from a Phenomenological Institutional Perspective’, Renate E. Meyer argues that institutions and processes are inextricably intertwined phenomena. She maintains that separating them impoverishes both theoretical traditions. Renate E. Mayer elaborates this argument from a phenomenological institutionalist perspective, highlighting in particular the action-based and type-based definition and the collective and expressive character of institutions. As well as this, Mayer points to the strongly processual notion of a phenomenological perspective. She concludes the chapter by arguing that such a perspective and its inherent fluidity can help to prevent the reification of institutions.
Processes, Life, and the Practice Plenum
Authors: Schatzki Theodore R.
Published: August 2019

Process approaches form a minoritarian vocation in contemporary social thought. The concept of process is regularly used in unconsidered ways that are continuous with untutored uses outside academic texts. But there is relatively little detailed engagement with, or focused conceptual development centered on, the concept—despite a recent burst of process analyses, above all in organization studies and in corners of sociology and geography that engage with pragmatism, Bergson, or Deleuze. Chapter 6 examines whether lives, practices, and the practice plenum embrace or are themselves processes. To explore this issue, Schatzki draws on a slew of prominent notions of process and work with Heidegger’s and Mead’s ideas about action and life as well as his own conception of practices.
Introduction
Authors: Butler Todd
Published: August 2019

This chapter explains how the political changes of early Stuart England can be usefully examined from a cognitive perspective, with questions of authority and sovereignty being determined not just by what individuals or institutions do but also by how they are understood and expected to think, and in particular how they were expected to come to decisions. In doing so, it links early modern and contemporary understandings of state formation in seventeenth-century England to processes of decision-making and counsel, as well as the management of personal and public opinion, thereby explicating the mental mechanics of early modern governance. More than being simply a form of political thought or doctrine, intellection is presented as a shared attention to cognitive processes amidst historical moments in which we can see particular patterns of thinking—and attention to them as politics—begin to emerge.
Conclusions
Authors: Armstrong Rebecca
Published: August 2019

This section first offers a brief digest of some vegetative continuities and contrasts within Vergil’s oeuvre, offering links back to fuller discussions in the main body of the study in a way which helps to knit together the different themes of the earlier chapters. The section—and the book—then concludes with a close reading of the famous tree-felling vignette of Aeneid 6. This passage offers in microcosm a fine illustration of Vergil’s ability to combine self-conscious comment on his own status as a poet and his place within poetic traditions with reflections on both religion and cultivation, the two major themes of this book.
Introduction
Authors: Armstrong Rebecca
Published: August 2019

The Introduction provides cultural, theoretical, and literary backgrounds for approaches to plants in the ancient world in general, as well as setting out the framework for this particular study of Vergil’s plants. Both scientific, philosophical, and religious outlooks are outlined, as are some persistent trends in ancient literary representations of plants, which often treat them as symbols and metapoetic markers as much as entities in their own right. The twin themes of this book—plants as part of the religious, or more broadly supernatural, landscape, and plants as both representatives of and participants in the relationship between humans and the natural world—are thus given wider context, while brief sketches are also made of further aspects relevant to Vergilian flora that are approached more tangentially in this work.
First Vision
Authors: Harper Steven
Published: August 2019

Joseph Smith, the founder of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, remembered that his first audible prayer, uttered in spring 1820, resulted in a vision of heavenly beings who forgave him and told him Christianity had gone astray. “The Mormon narrative,” according to a 2012 blog post, “seems to always start with a young boy who asked God a question one spring morning in 1820.” That is true if one qualifies the always, for it has not always been so. When and why and how did Joseph Smith’s “first vision,” as Latter-day Saints or “Mormons” know the event, become their seminal story? What challenges did it face along the way? What changes did it undergo as a result? Can it possibly hold its privileged position against the tides of doubt and disbelief, memory studies, and source criticism—all in the information age? First Vision tells how Joseph Smith—by remembering his past in various present contexts—opened the way for alternatives, how saints chose the collective memory they did, and what difference it has made for them and their critics. This book is the biography of a contested memory and how it was born, grew, changed the world, and was changed by it.
An Account of His Marvelous Experience
Authors: Harper Steven C.
Published: August 2019

In 1832, Smith consolidated and composed his earliest recorded memory of his vision in a short autobiography. It is best understood as an attempt to respond to the earlier rejection. Smith described his experience in terms he hoped would not upset the culture the Methodist minister represented, but in doing so Smith didn’t seem true to himself. So Smith’s 1832 autobiography is best understood as a conflicted consolidation—an unsuccessful attempt to reconcile his experience with a socially safe identity. For more than a century this memory remained outside the collection of items available for consolidating collective memory. For Joseph Smith’s individual memory, however, the 1832 consolidation fixed one point from which he never turned: he prayed to God in the woods, and his ministry began when God answered.
Consolidation
Authors: Harper Steven C.
Published: August 2019

Neuroscience and some leading memory theorists agree that memories take time to develop or consolidate. Joseph Smith’s accounts of his first vision show that he was aware of his awareness during the experience. He consciously experienced the vision as it occurred, but he also re-experienced and interpreted it over time. That process continued throughout his life. This chapter reviews how the 1832, 1835, and 1838/39 accounts are similar and different, and how they line up with criticisms by Fawn Brodie. Finally, this chapter overviews the 1842 account, the last known first vision account to have been written or dictated by Joseph Smith.
I Heard Him Relate His First Vision
Authors: Harper Steven C.
Published: August 2019

Joseph Smith’s reluctance to tell of his first vision ended in the 1830s. This chapter revises the old conclusion that Smith did not tell his vision until the 1840s. Research presented for the first time in this chapter reveals that he began telling the vision to small, trusted groups in the 1830s, giving him confidence to tell it more widely in the 1840s. These tellings created a transactive memory—the beginnings of the saints’ collective memory of the vision—in which several of Smith’s followers shared a detailed story with rich emotional reactions. These experiences created intimacy between Smith and the believers who heard him and those who heard them.
Interesting Account
Authors: Harper Steven C.
Published: August 2019

Transactive memories of Joseph Smith’s first vision—individual memories in communication and combination with each other—enter the historical record in the 1840s. The most significant and far-reaching of these memories is Orson Pratt’s “Interesting Account,” published in Scotland in 1840 after Smith confided his vision to Pratt in 1839. By sharing his memory, Smith ensured that published accounts of the 1840s consolidated via transaction. Individuals remembered and communicated memories, like Smith telling Pratt, who remembered and communicated via “Interesting Account.” That process placed memories in the saints’ buffer, available for selection, relation to other knowledge, and repetition until they became common knowledge. Otherwise, Smith’s memories would have died with him in 1844.
Collective Consolidation Begins
Authors: Harper Steven C.
Published: August 2019

The process of collective memory consolidation is effortful and slow and can involve a great deal of contest and negotiation. The memories that make it through this process are incredibly durable. Orson Pratt was the foremost relater in the process of consolidating a collective Mormon memory of Joseph Smith’s first vision. Like Joseph Smith and everyone else, Pratt inescapably remembered in a sociocultural context that shaped what could consolidate.
An Interview with Joseph Smith in 1859
Authors: Harper Steven C.
Published: August 2019

Orson Pratt continued in the roles of selector and relater and repeater throughout his life. As far as the historical record shows, he wrote and spoke more on the topic of Smith’s first vision than any of his contemporaries. He shaped the saints’ collective memory of the vision. Pratt’s many recitals of the first vision were memorable, whereas others’, such as Tullidge’s poem, did not endure. Pratt enjoyed status and authority among the saints, but that alone hardly accounts for his success. His discursive choices brought Joseph Smith back to life and evoked his vision as reassurance that God still favored the Latter-day Saints. Because of his role in the church and his former personal relationship with Joseph Smith, Pratt was more able than others to reach people emotionally and thus memorably.
Our History, 1869–74
Authors: Harper Steven C.
Published: August 2019

As the transcontinental railroad neared completion in 1869, the Protestant establishment of the United States seemed to be on a collision course with Latter-day Saint hegemony in Utah Territory. In Salt Lake City, Episcopalians consecrated St. Mark’s Cathedral three blocks from the Salt Lake tabernacle less than a month before the dedication of First Presbyterian Church just a block beyond that. The government-backed Protestant establishment seemed to be closing in on the Mormon establishment. In that context church historian Orson Pratt continued to function as the major narrator, repeating again and again the story of Joseph Smith’s first vision in ways that consolidated as a usable past in the context of an embattled present.
The Inception of Mormonism and the Persecuted Present
Authors: Harper Steven C.
Published: August 2019

Writing to and about Latter-day Saints in the 1870s, both Thomas Stenhouse and Edward Tullidge understood what resonated with Latter-day Saint readers—a persecuted past to make sense of a persecuted present. For both authors, the default starting point for that story was Joseph Smith’s first vision as he remembered it in his persecuted present of 1838/39. Their respective books represented the present concerns in which the Saints’ memory consolidated—enemies at home and abroad intent on undermining Zion. Among those enemies was Stenhouse’s wife, Fanny, whose expose Tell it All, along with her lectures, reached large audiences in England and the United States. To the Latter-day Saints, her book and her husband’s were more reasons to respond in the defensive terms of Smith’s 1838/39 vision account, which begins by responding to many reports put in circulation by “evil-disposed and designing” enemies.
Recursion, Distortion, and Source Amnesia
Authors: Harper Steven C.
Published: August 2019

Between 1870 and 1900, the last Latter-day Saints who knew Joseph Smith gave way to generations that never did. Their collective memory transitioned as they selected, related, and generalized knowledge together. At points in this process their collective memory prioritized coherence over accuracy, as memories tend to do. Art and music depicting Joseph Smith’s first vision began to appear in the 1870s and 1880s. This chapter particularly highlights C. C. A. Christensen’s audio and visual display called the “Mormon Panorama,” which inspired George Manwaring’s hymn, “Joseph Smith’s First Prayer”—a hymn well known among Latter-day Saints to this day. These artistic representations reflected and contributed to the recursion of collective memory and its transmission to the next generation. They also reflected and contributed to memory distortion and source amnesia.
The Golden Age of That First Great Revelation
Authors: Harper Steven C.
Published: August 2019

Joseph F. Smith’s efforts to raise the profile of the first vision worked. In their wake, young Latter-day Saints needed only to evoke the vision to make several rhetorical points: that God was embodied and passionate and created humans in his image; that God and Christ were distinct, separate, yet unified; that the Christian churches and creeds were not Christ’s; that God continued to reveal himself; that Joseph Smith was his revelator. These ideas were collective knowledge among Latter-day Saints in 1900. And no story captured and conveyed their shared sense of God, their relationship to him and to other Christians, as potently as the story of Smith’s vision. Memory of Joseph Smith’s first vision was widely diffused among and deeply embedded in Latter-day Saints by 1900. It was widely retold in diverse settings and media and yielded great meaning as a cultural and theological resource.
The Objective Reality of the First Vision Is Questioned
Authors: Harper Steven C.
Published: August 2019

In the early twentieth century, intellectuals became interested in Joseph Smith’s first vision for the first time. A few scholars offered naturalistic explanations. Academic interest in Joseph Smith’s visions added an alternative unbelieving interpretation to overt hostility or total disregard. It also added a new risk to that believers in the historical appearance of divine, embodied beings could find more dangerous than persecution. Pluralism and pragmatism, as defined by William James, could undermine the exceptionalism saints found in Smith’s vision. For these and other reasons, faculty and students at fledgling Brigham Young University wrestled with the historicity of Joseph Smith’s first vision. Harvard PhD and later Mormon apostle John A. Widtsoe experienced this upheaval and arrived at an orthodox belief.
One Hundred Years of Mormonism
Authors: Harper Steven C.
Published: August 2019

The nature of the saints’ memory had to change as Joseph Smith’s vision sank deeper into the past and its foremost selectors, relaters, and repeaters passed away. Jan Assman’s terms communicative and cultural memory characterize the change. Communicative memory is temporary. It can last one generation, maybe two, depending on how well contemporaries of the event live and how well they transfer memory. They have to transmute memory into tradition—into the symbolic forms of cultural memory—to ensure it does not die with them. Young Mormons who came of age in the 1920s were the most likely to acquire enduring cultural memory of Smith’s vision as a result of the widespread commemoration they experienced in their most formative period. Mormonism matured as it turned one hundred. It was no longer a marginalized sect. It had a usable past that situated it safely within host cultures. It had a robust rising generation that could generally identify with Smith’s first vision while accommodating modern challenges to it. It had cultural memory.
Censoring Joseph Smith’s Story
Authors: Harper Steven C.
Published: August 2019

Fawn Brodie’s biography of Joseph Smith and related forces generated dissonance for many Latter-day Saints in the 1950s and 1960s. Some like Jerald Tanner, Sandra McGee, and LaMar Petersen left Mormonism, citing LDS Church censorship of source material related to Smith’s first vision as a reason. Historian James B. Allen expected Joseph Smith’s multiple memories to be complex. He was fascinated by the historical record, not fearful of it. He expected it to be ambivalent and open to various interpretations. His approach to it led to the mature scholarship on Smith’s vision in this era as Smith’s 1832 and 1835 accounts came to light.
New Light
Authors: Harper Steven C.
Published: August 2019

As the number of Mormon converts pushed toward two million in the 1960s, Presbyterian minister Wesley Walters was not able to keep them from becoming Latter-day Saints. But he forced all serious scholars of Mormon history to reconsider the reliability of Joseph Smith’s first vision story with his novel research method and findings. Walters made the case that historical evidence disproved any sizeable revival in Joseph Smith’s vicinity in 1820, and therefore that Smith made up his story later, situating it in the context of a well-documented 1824 revival. Walters’s argument was later criticized for its fallacies of irrelevant proof negative proof, but it caused consternation among Latter-day Saint scholars at the time.
Our Whole Strength
Authors: Harper Steven C.
Published: August 2019

In the information age, growing awareness of Joseph Smith’s first vision accounts and the findings of the New Mormon History disrupted the collective Mormon memory of Smith’s vision. Of the saints who learned of the newly selected and related knowledge, many dismissed or disregarded it. But many experienced dissonance that led to deeper investigation. Some successfully incorporated new knowledge and consolidated a more complex but still orthodox memory. For others, however, a high degree of unresolved dissonance eroded their faith. They could no longer believe that Joseph Smith experienced a vision, but because it had become the seminal event underpinning their faith, they could agree with Gordon B. Hinckley that it either occurred or it did not, and if it did not, the faith was a fraud.
Gone Are the Days
Authors: Harper Steven C.
Published: August 2019

Richard Bushman’s 2005 biography of Joseph Smith incorporated the findings of the New Mormon history. Bushman saw changes over time in Smith’s vision accounts and granted the critics that point, just not their interpretation that it meant Smith did not experience what he claimed. Bushman did not question whether Smith told the truth about his vision, only what truth he told he time he recorded it. Bushman’s Joseph Smith is therefore not the deceived or deceiving one of Fawn Brodie or Wesley Walters, but neither is he the simplified teenage prophet of the movies and manuals. Though initially barred from use in LDS religious education curriculum, provided the standard interpretation of Smith’s first vision adopted by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by 2018. This was most evident in “First Vision Accounts” and Saints: The Standard of Truth, volume 1—products espoused and promoted by LDS leaders.
Judicial Review and Parliamentary Power
Authors: Thomas K.T.
Published: August 2019

This essay discusses the lack of any discernible attempt by the bench in the NJAC Case to read down the provisions of the 99th Amendment to the Constitution of India. This essay argues that neither the overwhelming majority with which the Amendment was passed in Parliament, nor the Court’s own precedent, where it has inclined towards reading down amendments came to the aid of the 99th Amendment. This essay also argues how the mere apprehension of abuse of power by the eminent persons or the Law Minister ought not to have been deemed sufficient to invalidate a constitutional amendment. In parting, the author provides some thoughts and recommendations, to both legislators and courts on how to ensure that future constitutional amendments do not meet the fate of the 99th Amendment, and receive the respect they deserve.
Eight Fatal Flaws
Authors: Datar Arvind
Published: August 2019

The author launches a scathing indictment of the National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014 (NJAC Act), and presents what he calls the ‘fatal flaws’ in the legislation. The essay argues that the judgment in the NJAC Case is a resounding invalidation of a flawed enactment that was the NJAC Act. The author calls out the NJAC Act for its faulty drafting, and how it was open to challenge on eight specific grounds. He believes that the NJAC Act was not the fruit of a particularly thoughtful exercise in drafting of laws, a view which was also accepted by the Court. The presence of an even number of members on the NJAC, absence of qualifications for eminent persons, the susceptibility of the appointments process to be amended by Parliamentary law, and the possibility of misuse of the veto power were some of the grounds which indicated that the NJAC was doomed to fail.
Appointments to the Supreme Court of Canada
Authors: McCormick Peter
Published: August 2019

This essay traces the genesis of the Supreme Court of Canada under the Supreme Court Act of 1875, and the appointment procedure as described in it. The essay argues that the widening of the pool, where consultation for judicial appointments is made, has resulted in the appointment of persons with diverse credentials. The author describes how a reformed procedure for appointments involves the Prime Minister and the Minister of Justice consulting various Chief Justices, law school deans, and provincial justice ministers to solicit names of potential appointees. The Canadian experience demonstrates variations in appointment mechanisms for broad-based consultation even in the absence of a commission model. The author, however, rues that most innovations in the appointments process have been short-lived, with a general shift to a more secretive process for appointments.
Appointments to the Supreme Court of Nepal
Authors: Dahal Semanta
Published: August 2019

This essay analyses how Nepal has consciously made attempts to depoliticize judicial appointments—while appointments to the Supreme Court were originally made at the behest of the executive (the monarch), the fifth Constitution onwards (in 1990), appointments became the prerogative of the ‘Judicial Council’, a body chaired by the Chief Justice of Nepal. This essay describes how by the time Nepal enacted its Interim Constitution of 2006, judicial appointments involved all three branches of the government. This essay observes that the 2015 Constitution retains the Judicial Council and the Parliamentary Hearing Special Committee, and by necessary implication, the model of power-sharing between the three branches of government. Though still largely untested, this essay parts with the belief that the appointment procedures under this Constitution may lead to appropriate selections being made, though its complicated power-sharing devices might quite easily descend into gridlock.
Marital Rape As Domestic Violence
Authors: Sharma Ajita
Published: August 2019

Available data indicate that marital rape impacts the health and safety of women in much the same way as rape by a stranger. This chapter argues in favour of recognizing marital rape as a crime in India, by rebutting the forcefully held misconceptions that continue to be put forth as justifications for exempting marital rape as a criminal offence. The institution of marriage as a sanction for sex completely disregards the consent of the wife. This has the effect of condoning acts in the nature of domestic violence and must be recognized as a form of gender discrimination that negates the dignity, personal autonomy, and bodily integrity of married women. Analysis of existing legal provisions on spousal sexual violence under the PWDVA have been analysed to assess the scope of legal remedies available for marital rape.
Analysing Orders Granted under the PWDVA, 2005
Authors: Chandra Aparna
Published: August 2019

This chapter describes the trends and patterns of usage of the PWDVA and examines judicial approaches towards adjudication under the Act. This chapter is based on an empirical analysis of approximately 7,000 Magistrate Court orders from 14 states between 2012 and 2013. The objective behind the analysis is to assess the implementation of the PWDVA in a manner true to its objectives. The analysis includes pattern of usage, profile of users, nature of DV, reliefs sought and granted, reasons for refusal to grant relief such as protection orders, compensation, residence orders, custody of children, maintenance orders. Judicial attitudes and adjudicatory practices indicate that courts tend to locate their maintenance decisions on a male ‘moral duty’ to maintain the wife or mother, rather than on her entitlement to economic support for the services she performs and that the judicial process mostly lacks the multi-agency approach envisaged under the PWDVA.
Changing Contours of Fiscal Policy and Budgets to Address Violence against Women
Authors: Kaul Kanika
Published: August 2019

Recent years have witnessed important changes in planning and budgetary processes in the country. The constitution of NITI Aayog in place of the Planning Commission, restructuring of the Union Budget following the Union Government’s acceptance of the 14th Finance Commission recommendations and measures undertaken for rationalisation of Centrally Sponsored Schemes have marked gender implications. They also have a bearing on public financing of government programmes in a range of sectors, including those meant to address violence against women. The analysis of schemes to address violence against women by state governments in Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand presented in the chapter, reflects low priority towards the issue in the state budgets, indicating that the importance accorded to gender violence in policy discourse is yet to translate into budgetary priorities. The author concludes that budgetary dimensions of the state’s response to the issue require attention if we are to ensure a comprehensive response mechanism for women facing domestic violence.
Heirs, Corporate Aristocrats, and ‘Meritocrats’
Authors: Naudet Jules , Allorant Adrien , Ferry Mathieu
Published: August 2019

This chapter proposes an analysis of the social space inhabited by the CEOs and chairpersons of the top 100 Indian companies in 2012, using a Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA). The analysis aims to understand the internal divisions to be found in the field of economic power, by looking at the divisions along the lines of educational capital, inherited capital (family capital), caste and social capital (drawing on a network analysis of interlocking directorates). Our results point to a very peculiar structuration of the economic field: we find that credentialism has a very weak influence; there is a clear and massive cleavage between owners and managers of capital; social capital carries decisive weight; and the actors closest to the State apparatus occupy a marginal role. We argue that it is possible to identify three poles among business leaders: the multipositional family-business owners, the unipositional family-business owners, and the managerial galaxy.
Issues of Entitlement
Authors: Dube Saurabh
Published: August 2019

This chapter explores some of the ways in which affect and entitlement, friendship and privilege, and memory and hierarchy come together and fall apart. Focusing on my diverse elite subjects, including members of my cohort from high school—a co-educational institution with a privileged status in the heart of New Delhi—I seek to weave together narrative and analysis, ethnographic vignettes and anecdotal theory. Here, the many faces, colours, and smells of privilege are crucial to tracking the distinctions and differences, the contradictions and contentions among the elite. Indeed, at the core of my interpretive bid are critical questions turning on the incessant interplay between power and difference and authority and alterity.
Artefacts and Artifices of the Global
Authors: Dharia Namita Vijay
Published: August 2019

The real estate crash in the Global North in 2008, accompanied by the growth of a comparatively stable real estate market in India, saw a number of architects and allied companies from the Global North enter India’s National Capital Region (NCR). Indian state actors and developers, as well as corporations from the Global North, propagated a discourse of the global in order to generate economic and cultural capital for their work. The discourse operated through and embedded into the built environment and material landscapes of NCR. This paper argues that elite cultures in India need to be understood as an entanglement of local governing and corporate elite with foreign elite actors. It further argues that material environments act as sites through which both local and international groups contest, claim, and reframe the elite identities in India, intimately tying together the global and the elite. Material worlds are integral to understanding the dynamics of elite interactions in the Global North and Global South as they cross language barriers, disseminate knowledge sensorially, and constitute the foci of multinational capitalist intervention in developing countries. This paper is part of a cross-class ethnography of the building construction industry in NCR.
Kula Gauravam, Transnational Migration, and Class Mobility
Authors: Roohi Sanam
Published: August 2019

Perceived from the outside and inside as a cohesive community, Kammas (a dominant caste in Coastal Andhra) self-project themselves as a group that has always extended the frontiers of economic advancement, including through transnationalization. Despite the sense of community cohesiveness, there exist layers of class stratification within this community. In this chapter, I argue that the notion of kula gauravam (caste pride) and kutumba gauravam (family pride) play a significant role in creating aspirations among the non-elite Kammas to become rich like others in the community and motivate them to bridge this class gap. To ‘middle-class’ Kammas then, transnational migration and urbanity become central precepts around which this, once rural and peasant, community has attempted to jump the scale of class to recreate their rightful economic status akin to their high-caste status (refurbished from a Sudra to a Kshatriya status in the last century).