bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When are Fredholm triples operator homotopic?
Authors: Kucerovsky Dan
Published: October 2006

Fredholm triples are used in the study of Kasparov’s

K
K

KK

-groups, and in Connes’s noncommutative geometry. We define an absorption property for Fredholm triples, and give an if and only if condition for a Fredholm triple to be absorbing. We study the interaction of the absorption property with several of the more common equivalence relations for Fredholm triples. In general these relations are coarser than homotopy in the norm topology. We give simple conditions for an equivalence of triples to be implemented by an operator homotopy (i.e. a homotopy with respect to the norm topology). This can be expected to have applications in index theory, as we illustrate by proving two theorems of Pimsner-Popa-Voiculescu type. We show that there is some relationship with the interesting Toms–Winter characterization of

D

{\mathcal D}

-absorbing algebras, recently obtained as part of Elliott’s classification program.
Root closed function algebras on compacta of large dimension
Authors: Brodskiy N. , Dydak J. , Karasev A. , Kawamura K.
Published: October 2006

Let

X
X

be a Hausdorff compact space and let

C
(
X
)

C(X)

be the algebra of all continuous complex-valued functions on

X
X

, endowed with the supremum norm. We say that

C
(
X
)

C(X)

is (approximately)

n
n

-th root closed if any function from

C
(
X
)

C(X)

is (approximately) equal to the

n
n

-th power of another function. We characterize the approximate

n
n

-th root closedness of

C
(
X
)

C(X)

in terms of

n
n

-divisibility of the first Čech cohomology groups of closed subsets of

X
X

. Next, for each positive integer

m
m

we construct an

m
m

-dimensional metrizable compactum

X
X

such that

C
(
X
)

C(X)

is approximately

n
n

-th root closed for any

n
n

. Also, for each positive integer

m
m

we construct an

m
m

-dimensional compact Hausdorff space

X
X

such that

C
(
X
)

C(X)

is

n
n

-th root closed for any

n
n

.
Calculation of Lefschetz and Nielsen numbers in hyperspaces for fractals and dynamical systems
Authors: Andres J. , Väth M.
Published: October 2006

A simple argument is given as to why it is always trivial to calculate Lefschetz and Nielsen numbers for iterated function systems or dynamical systems in hyperspaces. The problem is reduced to a simple combinatorical situation on a finite set.
Complete intersections in toric ideals
Authors: Cattani Eduardo , Curran Raymond , Dickenstein Alicia
Published: October 2006

We present examples that show that in dimension higher than one or codimension higher than two, there exist toric ideals

I
A

I_A

such that no binomial ideal contained in

I
A

I_A

and of the same dimension is a complete intersection. This result has important implications in sparse elimination theory and in the study of the Horn system of partial differential equations.
Isomorphism of Borel full groups
Authors: Miller Benjamin , Rosendal Christian
Published: October 2006

Suppose that

G
G

and

H
H

are Polish groups which act in a Borel fashion on Polish spaces

X
X

and

Y
Y

. Let

E
G
X

E_G^X

and

E
H
Y

E_H^Y

denote the corresponding orbit equivalence relations, and

[
G
]

[G]

and

[
H
]

[H]

the corresponding Borel full groups. Modulo the obvious counterexamples, we show that
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-bracket upper G right-bracket approximately-equals left-bracket upper H right-bracket left right double arrow upper E Subscript upper G Superscript upper X Baseline approximately-equals Subscript upper B Baseline upper E Subscript upper H Superscript upper Y">

[
G
]
≅
[
H
]
⇔

E
G
X

≅
B

E
H
Y

[G] \cong [H] \Leftrightarrow E_G^X \cong _B E_H^Y

.
Strict contractivity of the 2-Wasserstein distance for the porous medium equation by mass-centering
Authors: Carrillo J. , Di Francesco M. , Toscani G.
Published: October 2006

We show that the Euclidean Wasserstein distance between two compactly supported solutions of the one–dimensional porous medium equation having the same center of mass decays to zero for large times. As a consequence, we detect an improved

L
1

L^1

–rate of convergence of solutions of the one–dimensional porous medium equation towards well–centered self–similar Barenblatt profiles, as time goes to infinity.
A remark on Littlewood-Paley theory for the distorted Fourier transform
Authors: Schlag W.
Published: October 2006

We consider the classical theorems of Mikhlin and Littlewood-Paley from Fourier analysis in the context of the distorted Fourier transform. The latter is defined as the analogue of the usual Fourier transform as that transformation which diagonalizes a Schrödinger operator

−
Δ
+
V

-\Delta +V

. We show that for such operators which display a zero energy resonance the full range

1
>
p
>
∞

1>p> \infty

in the Mikhlin theorem cannot be obtained: in the radial, three-dimensional case it shrinks to

3
2

>
p
>
3

\frac 32>p>3

.
Fixed point theory for weakly inward Kakutani maps: The projective limit approach
Authors: Agarwal Ravi , O’Regan Donal
Published: October 2006

New fixed point results are presented for weakly inward Kakutani condensing maps defined on a Fréchet space

E
E

. The proofs rely on the notion of an essential map and viewing

E

\,E\,

as the projective limit of a sequence of Banach spaces.
Strong unique continuation for 𝑚-th powers of a Laplacian operator with singular coefficients
Authors: Lin Ching-Lung
Published: October 2006

In this paper we prove strong unique continuation for

u
u

satisfying an inequality of the form

|

△
m

u

|

≤
f
(
x
,
u
,
D
u
,
⋯
,

D
k

u
)

|\triangle ^m u| \leq f(x,u,Du,\cdots ,D^ku)

, where

k
k

is up to

[
3
m

/

2
]

[3m/2]

. This result gives an improvement of a work by Colombini and Grammatico (1999) in some sense. The proof of the main theorem is based on Carleman estimates with three-parameter weights
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="StartAbsoluteValue x EndAbsoluteValue Superscript 2 sigma 1 Baseline left-parenthesis log StartAbsoluteValue x EndAbsoluteValue right-parenthesis Superscript 2 sigma 2 Baseline exp left-parenthesis StartFraction beta Over 2 EndFraction left-parenthesis log StartAbsoluteValue x EndAbsoluteValue right-parenthesis squared right-parenthesis">

|

x

|

2

σ
1

(
log
⁡

|

x

|

)

2

σ
2

exp
⁡
(

β
2

(
log
⁡

|

x

|

)
2

)

|x|^{2\sigma _1}(\log |x|)^{2\sigma _2}\!\exp (\frac {\beta }{2}(\log |x|)^2)

.
Ubc9 Regulates Mitosis and Cell Survival during Zebrafish Development
Authors: Nowak Matthias , Hammerschmidt Matthias
Published: October 2006

Many proteins are modified by conjugation with Sumo, a gene-encoded, ubiquitin-related peptide, which is transferred to its target proteins via an enzymatic cascade. A central component of this cascade is the E2-conjugating enzyme Ubc9, which is highly conserved across species. Loss-of-function studies in yeast, nematode, fruit fly, and mouse blastocystes point to multiple roles of Ubc9 during cell cycle regulation, maintenance of nuclear architecture, chromosome segregation, and viability. Here we show that in zebrafish embryos, reduction of Ubc9 activity by expression of a dominant negative version causes widespread apoptosis, similar to the effect described in Ubc9-deficient mice. However, antisense-based knock down of zygotic ubc9 leads to much more specific defects in late proliferating tissues, such as cranial cartilage and eyes. Affected cartilaginous elements are of relatively normal size and shape, but consist of fewer and larger cells. Stainings with mitotic markers and 5-Bromo-2′-deoxyuridine incorporation studies indicate that fewer chondrocyte precursors are in mitosis, whereas the proportion of cells in S-phase is unaltered. Consistently, FACS analyses reveal an increase in the number of cells with a DNA content of 4n or even 8n. Our data indicate an in vivo requirement of Ubc9 for G2/M transition and/or progression through mitosis during vertebrate organogenesis. Failed mitosis in the absence of Ubc9 is not necessarily coupled with cell death. Rather, cells can continue to replicate their DNA, grow to a larger size, and finish their normal developmental program.
GPI-anchored Proteins and Free GPI Glycolipids of Procyclic FormTrypanosoma bruceiAre Nonessential for Growth, Are Required for Colonization of the Tsetse Fly, and Are Not the Only Components of the Surface Coat
Authors: Güther Maria Lucia Sampaio , Lee Sylvia , Tetley Laurence , Acosta-Serrano Alvaro , Ferguson Michael A.J.
Published: October 2006

The procyclic form of Trypanosoma brucei exists in the midgut of the tsetse fly. The current model of its surface glycocalyx is an array of rod-like procyclin glycoproteins with glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors carrying sialylated poly-N-acetyllactosamine side chains interspersed with smaller sialylated poly-N-acetyllactosamine–containing free GPI glycolipids. Mutants for TbGPI12, deficient in the second step of GPI biosynthesis, were devoid of cell surface procyclins and poly-N-acetyllactosamine–containing free GPI glycolipids. This major disruption to their surface architecture severely impaired their ability to colonize tsetse fly midguts but, surprisingly, had no effect on their morphology and growth characteristics in vitro. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the mutants retained a cell surface glycocalyx. This structure, and the viability of the mutants in vitro, prompted us to look for non-GPI–anchored parasite molecules and/or the adsorption of serum components. Neither were apparent from cell surface biotinylation experiments but [3H]glucosamine biosynthetic labeling revealed a group of previously unidentified high apparent molecular weight glycoconjugates that might contribute to the surface coat. While characterizing GlcNAc-PI that accumulates in the TbGPI12 mutant, we observed inositolphosphoceramides for the first time in this organism.
Diet selection in the green ringtail possum (Pseudochirops archeri): A specialist folivore in a diverse forest
Authors: JONES KATHERINE M. W. , MACLAGAN SARAH J. , KROCKENBERGER ANDREW K.
Published: October 2006

Abstract  This study investigated the feeding ecology of the green ringtail possum, Pseudochirops archeri (Pseudocheiridae) in a tropical rainforest with 94 plant species in the canopy. Over 50% of tree use was from only four tree species, Aleurites rockinghamensis, Ficus fraseri, Arytera divaricata and Ficus copiosa. These species were used significantly more frequently than would be expected if tree species were selected randomly in proportion to their relative abundance in the forest. Conversely, 88 other tree species present were used less frequently than expected. Possums also favoured particular individual trees within some of the preferred tree species. In 91% of feeding observations, possums consumed mature leaves only. The availability of young leaves, flowers and fruit varied throughout the year, with a peak in availability of these resources during the early wet season. By primarily selecting mature leaves, green ringtail possums reduce their dependence on seasonally variable resources. We suggest that green ringtail possums should be considered as specialist folivores, focusing on only a few of the tree species available, possibly due to advantages associated with limiting the number of plant secondary metabolites in their diet. Furthermore, they favour certain individual trees within species, perhaps due to intraspecific variation in plant secondary metabolites or nutrient content, behaviour that has been well established in eucalypt folivores. We conclude that green ringtail possums are highly specialized in their feeding ecology, limiting their diet to a small number of continuously available food items.
Do pollinators simultaneously select for inflorescence size and amount of floral scents? An experimental assessment on Escallonia myrtoidea
Authors: VALDIVIA CARLOS E. , NIEMEYER HERMANN M.
Published: October 2006

Abstract  Correlation among phenotypic traits may be explained by correlational selection, the simultaneous selection of more than one trait, or by genetic and/or developmental factors. In Escallonia myrtoidea, a tree with scented flowers from central Chile, inflorescence size and the amount of floral scents were positively correlated. Independent manipulation of scent and inflorescence size in a factorial design was used to assess the occurrence of pollinator‐mediated correlational selection. Dependency on pollinators for seed set was also assessed. If pollinator‐mediated correlational selection occurs, nonadditive effects of both traits are expected, albeit only when the effect of manipulating the state of such traits is disadvantageous with respect to the naturally occurring inflorescences, and provided that plants are not limited by pollinators for seed set and pollen export. Escallonia myrtoidea was very strongly pollinator‐limited for seed set and pollen export. Pollinator‐mediated additive effects were not observed in the frequency of visits by pollinators, pollen export, and seed set of E. myrtoidea after experiencing scent and inflorescence size manipulations. Consequently, there was no support for pollinator‐mediated correlational selection between those traits, suggesting the prevalence of genetic and/or developmental factors.
Hot and cold technologies for tissue ablation in urology
Authors: Burr Jennifer M. , Hay David J. , Ludgate Susanne , Abrams Paul
Published: October 2006

Increasingly, technology plays an important role in urology, and with this greater use comes the expected increase in regulation. Authors from the UK present a review of the physical properties of ablative technologies, evaluating efficacy and safety, and summarising guidance issued by the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) where available. There are also reviews from the UK on haematuria, and on the pathology of bladder cancer from an international group of European authors.
Androgen receptor mutations are associated with Gleason score in localized prostate cancer
Authors: Sanchez Daniel , Rosell David , Honorato Beatriz , Lopez Jorge , Arocena Juan , Sanz Gonzalo
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE

To study human androgen receptor (hAR) mutations and their relationship to the clinical and pathological characteristics of patients with prostate cancer, as the mechanisms by which tumour cells escape androgen control and grow independently of hormone stimulation are unclear.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In all, 67 radical prostatectomy specimens were sequenced genomically (mean age of the patients, 64 years; median prostate‐specific antigen level 15 ng/mL; 34% T1 and 66% T2). Of the 66 patients who had a valid follow‐up, 28 (43%) had biochemical progression during the follow‐up.

RESULTS

There was mutation in the hAR in 11 patients (16%); nine types of different mutations were identified, only one of which was described previously in patients with prostate cancer. Patients with mutated hAR had statistically lower Gleason scores (P = 0.004) than had patients with native hAR.

CONCLUSION

hAR mutations have a different effect on the disease course in patients with localized than in those with metastatic prostatic cancer.
Prevalence and correlations of lower urinary tract symptoms, erectile dysfunction and incontinence in men from a multiethnic Asian population: results of a regional population‐based survey and comparison with industrialized nations
Authors: Mariappan Paramananthan , Chong Wooi Loong
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE

To determine, in a population‐based survey, the prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), erectile dysfunction (ED) and incontinence in community‐dwelling men in multiethnic Malaysia, as currently available Western demographic data might not be applicable in the Asian population.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

A cross‐sectional population‐based survey was carried out in the State of Penang, Malaysia, with a target population of men aged ≥ 40 years. Using a multistage study design, random systematic sampling was used to represent the target population, who were weighted based on ethnicity and rural‐urban ratios so as to represent the general population distribution. Trained field‐workers conducted direct interviews and administered the American Urological Association Symptom Index (AUA‐SI), the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF‐5) questionnaire and questions on incontinence based on the International Continence Society 2002 definition.

RESULTS

In all, 418 men aged ≥ 40 years were interviewed, of whom 353 completed the AUA‐SI questionnaire (84.5% response rate). The prevalence of mild, moderate and severe LUTS was 80.6%, 6% and 0.3%, respectively. The prevalent symptoms were frequency and nocturia. There was moderate and severe ED in 45.9% of men, whereas incontinence was reported by 8.2%. The AUA‐SI correlated strongly with age (R = 0.291, P < 0.001), IIEF‐5 (R = − 0.265, P < 0.001) and diabetes mellitus.

CONCLUSION

The prevalence and severity of LUTS, ED and incontinence increased with age in this multiethnic Asian population, in which ED correlated strongly with LUTS. Compared to the Western population, the prevalence of LUTS was significantly lower, while the prevalence of ED and incontinence were comparable.
Palliative transurethral resection of the prostate: functional outcome and impact on survival
Authors: Marszalek Martin , Ponholzer Anton , Rauchenwald Michael , Madersbacher Stephan
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE

To assess the long‐term functional and oncological outcome in a consecutive series of patients undergoing palliative transurethral resection of the prostate (pTURP).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We retrospectively assessed all patients who had a pTURP between 1992 and 2004 at our institution. Patients with incidental prostate cancer (pT1a/pT1b) were excluded. In all, 89 patients (mean age 75.9 years, sd 0.9, at diagnosis) entered the study.

RESULTS

The median (range) prostate‐specific antigen level at diagnosis was 25.7 (0.7–5000) ng/mL and the mean Gleason score was 7. The mean (sd, range) interval between the diagnosis of prostate cancer and pTURP was 1.5 (0.3, 0.5–10.9) years. The indications for pTURP were refractory urinary retention in 30%, severe bladder outlet obstruction with a postvoid residual urine volume of > 100 mL in 43%, and bladder stones, haematuria and hydronephrosis in 9% each. The mean (sd, range) follow‐up after pTURP was 2.6 (0.2, 0.1–7.3) years. The peri‐operative mortality (<30 days) was 2%, and 22 patients (25%) died during the follow‐up. As estimated by Kaplan–Meier analysis, the 1‐, 2‐ and 5‐year survival rates were 83%, 70% and 61%, respectively. Patients with prostate cancer in the pTURP specimen had a shorter 3‐year survival (52%) than those with a negative histology (89%, P = 0.03). At the last follow‐up, 79% of men voided spontaneously and were continent. A repeat pTURP was necessary in 25% of patients, 11% required permanent catheterization and 10% were incontinent.

CONCLUSION

Despite greater peri‐operative mortality and morbidity than conventional TURP, pTURP is a fairly safe and effective procedure. Although a potential negative impact of pTURP on survival cannot be excluded, the estimated 5‐year survival of 61% in this series seems to justify this intervention.
Effect of chronic lithium administration on endothelium‐dependent relaxation of rat corpus cavernosum: the role of nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase pathways
Authors: Sadeghipour Hamed , Ghasemi Mehdi , Nobakht Maliheh , Ebrahimi Farzad , Dehpour Ahmad Reza
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE

To verify the effect of chronic lithium administration on the endothelium‐dependent relaxation of rat corpus cavernosum, as lithium is a major drug for treating bipolar disorder and some studies showed that lithium might cause erectile dysfunction in such patients, by a mechanism as yet unknown.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

LiCl (600 mg/L) was dissolved in drinking water and Sprague–Dawley rats received the solution for 30 days; control rats received tap water. After 30 days corporeal strips were prepared from both groups, mounted under tension in oxygenated organ baths, and pre‐contracted with phenylephrine (7.5 µm). After equilibration, the strips were relaxed by acetylcholine (10 nm to 1 mm) in the presence or absence of indomethacin (a cyclooxygenase inhibitor; 20 µm). Furthermore, the relaxant responses to sodium nitroprusside (1 nm to 1 mm), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, were investigated in both groups. NADPH‐diaphorase histochemistry was used to identify NO synthase within cavernosal tissue strips of both groups.

RESULTS

The acetylcholine‐dependent relaxation was significantly lower in lithium‐treated rats than in controls. Although indomethacin decreased significantly the relaxant responses to acetylcholine in controls, it increased the relaxant responses in lithium‐treated rats. NADPH‐diaphorase staining was greater in the chronic lithium‐treated than in control preparations. Sodium nitroprusside produced similar relaxation in both groups.

CONCLUSION

Chronic lithium administration can impair the endothelium‐dependent relaxation of rat corpus cavernosum; NO availability might decrease after lithium administration and the cyclooxygenase pathways might have a role in this effect.
Sperm banking: use and outcomes in patients treated for testicular cancer
Authors: Girasole Christopher R. , Cookson Michael S. , Smith Joseph A. , Ivey Bert S. , Roth Bruce J. , Chang Sam S.
Published: October 2006

Authors from the USA present a study aimed at identifying the frequency with which sperm banking was used in patients being treated for testicular cancer. They found that only a minority of their patients chose to bank sperm, and among those who did, the use was low.

Advanced penile cancer requires extensive ablative surgery with resultant anatomical defects that can result in severe loss of quality of life. Authors from the UK describe their experience with the vertical rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap in such patients, finding it to be useful. They stressed that a multidisciplinary approach involving the urological reconstructive surgeon and the plastic surgeon is essential.

OBJECTIVE

To identify the frequency that sperm banking was used by men being treated for testicular cancer at our institution, and to characterize the differences between men choosing to bank sperm or not, and outcomes in terms of after‐treatment pregnancies.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A questionnaire addressing sperm banking and fertility was administered to men treated for testicular cancer at our institution between 1994 and 2004; the results were evaluated statistically.

RESULTS

Overall, 31 of 129 (24%) respondents had banked sperm. Of these, two had used their banked sperm to father a child, and 12 had had children naturally. Men who banked sperm were a mean of 10.3 years younger (P < 0.001) and less likely to have children at the time of diagnosis (P < 0.025) than men choosing not to bank sperm. The cost of banking sperm was reported to include a mean fee of US $358 (median 300, range 0–1000), and a mean annual maintenance fee of $243.86 (median 300, range 0–1200).

CONCLUSIONS

Only a minority of men in this study chose to bank sperm (24%). Among those who did, the use of banked sperm was low (<10%), and many men could have children without using banked sperm. Given the relatively high costs of sperm banking and the low rate of sample use, patients should be counselled on the costs and benefits of sperm banking before treatment for testicular cancer.
Morningstar ratings and future performance
Authors: Gerrans Paul
Published: October 2006

Morningstar is one of the major ratings suppliers of Australian managed funds. Ratings are a convenient information source for investors. Over time the ratings methodology used by Morningstar in Australia has become more like its North American counterpart. However, Morningstar Australia uniquely retains a commitment to a qualitative dimension to their research. This paper explores the relationship between Morningstar, qualitative and quantitative ratings and future fund product performance. Results do not support predictive power in the ratings, in the relatively short periods available for analysis, using a range of commonly used performance measures.
Assurance provided by auditors’ reports on prospective financial information: implications for the expectation gap
Authors: Schelluch Peter , Gay Grant
Published: October 2006

The results of this study indicate significant differences in beliefs between auditors, users and preparers of prospective financial information, concerning forecast reliability and the role and responsibilities of auditors and management. Contrary to the usual published studies on expectation gap, it was found that auditors believe that forecasts are more reliable than users or preparers. Auditors also believe that they have a higher level of responsibility and accountability than is attributed to them by users or preparers. Beliefs were affected by the type of report issued by the auditor and subjects were able to discriminate between the level of assurance provided by positive and negative assurance opinions. However, based on the responses of shareholders, it appears that the negative assurance opinion on assumptions for an audit might confuse users and might not meet the demands of the market.
Non‐audit services, auditor quality and the value relevance of earnings
Authors: Gul Ferdinand A. , Tsui Judy , Dhaliwal Dan S.
Published: October 2006

This paper tests the hypothesis that there is an inverse relation between non‐audit services (NAS) provided by a firm auditor and the value relevance of earnings (measured as the earnings response coefficient) and that this relation is weaker for firms with Big 6 auditors. The hypothesis is based on anecdotal evidence and previous research that suggests that the provision of NAS by the external auditor is likely to adversely affect investors’ perceptions of the credibility of financial reports, and that Big 6 auditors, because of reputational capital and litigation costs, are likely to mitigate the adverse effects of NAS. Results using 840 firm‐year observations of Australian companies document a statistically significant inverse relationship between NAS and the value relevance of earnings, and this inverse relationship is weaker for Big 6 auditors, therefore supporting the hypothesis.
Approaches to multiplicity issues in complex research in microarray analysis
Authors: Yekutieli Daniel , Reiner‐Benaim Anat , Benjamini Yoav , Elmer Gregory I. , Kafkafi Neri , Letwin Noah E. , Lee Norman H.
Published: October 2006

The multiplicity problem is evident in the simplest form of statistical analysis of gene expression data – the identification of differentially expressed genes. In more complex analysis, the problem is compounded by the multiplicity of hypotheses per gene. Thus, in some cases, it may be necessary to consider testing millions of hypotheses. We present three general approaches for addressing multiplicity in large research problems. (a) Use the scalability of false discovery rate (FDR) controlling procedures; (b) apply FDR‐controlling procedures to a selected subset of hypotheses; (c) apply hierarchical FDR‐controlling procedures. We also offer a general framework for ensuring reproducible results in complex research, where a researcher faces more than just one large research problem. We demonstrate these approaches by analyzing the results of a complex experiment involving the study of gene expression levels in different brain regions across multiple mouse strains.
The mixing of English in magazine advertisements in Taiwan
Authors: WEI‐YU CHEN CHERYL
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT: The current study investigates code‐mixing between Chinese and English in magazine advertisements in Taiwan. A total of 226 code‐mixed sentences were collected from 64 volumes of 43 different magazines published in Taiwan in 2004. The linguistic analysis reveals that the top ten frequently used English expressions areSpa,e,easy,No. 1,VIP,DIY,M,bye (bye‐bye),fun, andok, and noun phrases account for nearly half of all the English expressions used. It was found that English is often used to add to the colorfulness and attraction of an ad. A questionnaire survey was also conducted to find out people's attitudes toward code‐mixing in advertising. The results of the survey indicate that most respondents view the use of English quite positively.
A genetic algorithm approach to solving the anti‐covering location problem
Authors: Chaudhry Sohail S.
Published: October 2006

Abstract: In this paper we address the problem of locating a maximum weighted number of facilities such that no two are within a specified distance from each other. A natural process of evolution approach, more specifically a genetic algorithm, is proposed to solve this problem. It is shown that through the use of a commercially available spreadsheet‐based genetic algorithm software package, the decision‐maker with a fundamental knowledge of spreadsheets can easily set up and solve this optimization problem. Also, we report on our extensive computational experience using three different data sets.
Modeling uncertainties involved with software development with a stochastic Petri net
Authors: Li Xiao Ming , Wang Ying Luo , Sun Lin Yan , Li Ling
Published: October 2006

Abstract: Due to the rapid growth of the IT industry as well as the high failure rate of software development projects, it is highly desirable to develop a qualitative approach for dealing with uncertainties in the software development process. In order to manage risk and uncertainty, a software project uncertainty management approach based on a generalized stochastic Petri net is proposed. It consists of two main components: model building based on a Petri net and a Markov process algorithm. The technique is presented with an example. Finally, the proposed model is demonstrated with a real‐world case.
A fuzzy aggregation approach to group decision‐making based on centroid measurement
Authors: Wang Kanliang , Liu Hui Min
Published: October 2006

Abstract: In group decision‐making situations, the decision‐makers' opinions are generally characterized by subjectivity, imprecision and vagueness. Such opinions can be represented by fuzzy numbers such as positive trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. Several aggregation methods have been proposed previously; however, there are still deficits which limit their applications. This paper proposes an aggregation method based on centroid measurement which aims to overcome some of the shortcomings. In the paper, a number of axioms are proposed. A numerical example is given at the end to illustrate the application of the proposed aggregation method.
Fuzzy modeling of the medical treatment effects of superoxide dismutase
Authors: Feng Shan , Li Ling , Wang Pan , Wang Chuanyu , Yue Qin , Guo Shuojia
Published: October 2006

Abstract: In this paper, the effect of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in treating certain types of oral diseases is evaluated with a fuzzy relation composition method and a fuzzy integral method. Evaluation results demonstrate that SOD is effective in treating oral diseases. It is found also that SOD and SOD‐containing complex enzyme are proven treatments for certain types of oral diseases. The effects of some applications are compared and discussed.
Recent trends in knowledge and data integration for the life sciences
Authors: McGarry Ken , Garfield Sheila , Morris Nick
Published: October 2006

Abstract: The bioscience field has seen some spectacular advances in genomic and proteomic technologies that are able to deliver vast quantities of information on cellular activity. Such technologies are of critical importance to biology, medical science and in drug discovery. However, living systems are highly complex and to fully exploit these technologies requires knowledge at many different levels. Information such as genome sequence data, gene expression data, protein‐to‐protein interactions and metabolic pathways is required to understand the complexity of biological processes. The challenge for bioinformatics is to tackle the problem of fragmentation of knowledge by integrating the many sources of heterogeneous information into a coherent entity. Another problem is that the high level of biological complexity and the fragmented nature of biological research has meant that it is difficult to keep fully conversant with the latest research and discoveries. Progress in one area of biology may have implications for other areas but the dissemination of this knowledge is not straightforward; difficulties such as differences in naming conventions for genes and biological processes has led to confusion and the lack of productivity. This paper reviews the most recent research to overcome the fragmentation problem where technologies such as text mining and ontologies are used within the knowledge discovery process and the specific technical challenges they address.
“Scottishness,”“Britishness,” and Scottish Tourism, 1770–1914
Authors: Grenier Katherine Haldane
Published: October 2006

This article examines the cultural significance of Scotland for the legions of English tourists who headed north in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and provides an overview of several scholarly debates that are currently taking place in the fields of tourism and of British national identity. The image of Scotland was refashioned in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the result of changing cultural fashions and new political developments. Because the industry of tourism and the idea of Scotland developed alongside each other, Scotland played a disproportionately important role in the history of tourism, and tourism a disproportionately important role in the history of modern Scotland. The image of Scotland, for both Scots and foreigners, did not evolve in isolation. It developed simultaneously with the descent upon Scotland of masses of tourists, lured by a certain type of advertising, and armed with guidebooks and preconceived expectations of what they would find. Prompted by promotional materials, the comments of previous travelers, and literature, tourists claimed a sense of mastery over Scotland and its people. However, the tourist image of Scotland was not hegemonic. Thoughtful tourists were challenged by what they found in Scotland, discovering that they could not always make the country fit their expectations.
Medieval Europe and the World: Why Medievalists Should Also Be World Historians
Authors: Ruiz Teofilo
Published: October 2006

“Medieval Europe and the World: Why Medievalist Should Also Be World Historians” argues for the use of world history's methodology and the application of its innovative approach to our research and teaching of the Middle Ages. After reviewing recent methodological changes in our understanding of medieval history, the article reviews recent developments in world history and suggests ways in which medievalists could enrich their research and teaching by drawing upon world history's recent methodological breakthroughs. Finally, “Medieval Europe and the World” calls for collaborative research and teaching projects that would allow us to understand the Middle Ages in a global context.
A Small Microbial Genome: The End of a Long Symbiotic Relationship?
Authors: Pérez-Brocal Vicente , Gil Rosario , Ramos Silvia , Lamelas Araceli , Postigo Marina , Michelena José Manuel , Silva Francisco J. , Moya Andrés , Latorre Amparo
Published: October 2006

Intracellular bacteria are characterized by genome reduction. The 422,434–base pair genome of
Buchnera aphidicola
BCc, primary endosymbiont of the aphid
Cinara cedri
, is ∼200 kilobases smaller than the previously sequenced
B. aphidicola
genomes.
B. aphidicola
BCc has lost most metabolic functions, including the ability to synthesize the essential amino acid tryptophan and riboflavin. In addition, most retained genes are evolving rapidly. Possibly,
B. aphidicola
BCc is losing its symbiotic capacity and is being complemented (and might be replaced) by the highly abundant coexisting secondary symbiont.
Tissue Geometry Determines Sites of Mammary Branching Morphogenesis in Organotypic Cultures
Authors: Nelson Celeste M. , VanDuijn Martijn M. , Inman Jamie L. , Fletcher Daniel A. , Bissell Mina J.
Published: October 2006

The treelike structures of many organs, including the mammary gland, are generated by branching morphogenesis, a reiterative process of branch initiation and invasion from a preexisting epithelium. Using a micropatterning approach to control the initial three-dimensional structure of mouse mammary epithelial tubules in culture, combined with an algorithm to quantify the extent of branching, we found that the geometry of tubules dictates the position of branches. We predicted numerically and confirm experimentally that branches initiate at sites with a local minimum in the concentration of autocrine inhibitory morphogens, such as transforming growth factor–β. These results reveal that tissue geometry can control organ morphogenesis by defining the local cellular microenvironment, a finding that has relevance to control of invasion and metastasis.
GALO: A DEPLOYABLE FRAMEWORK FOR PROVIDING BETTER THAN BEST-EFFORT QUALITY OF SERVICE
Authors: BEYAH RAHEEM , SIVAKUMAR RAGHUPATHY , COPELAND JOHN
Published: October 2006

In this paper we propose a deployable approach to improving QoS by using a generic, extendable, overlay architecture; the Generalized Application Layer Overlay (GALO). The goals of this work are to 1) create an overlay architecture which allows us to sample specific path quality metrics among different paths; 2) utilize the proposed overlay architecture in order to implement our proposed QoS-based routing schemes, Application Layer Switching (ALSW) and Application Layer Striping (ALST). Perhaps the most significant contribution of this research is that we are able to achieve better than best-effort QoS without modifying intermediate nodes (i.e., routers), thus encouraging immediate deployment. Additionally, this research is performed on an actual wide area network (WAN) testbed, comprised of universities across the nation. Also, we assemble this architecture as a peer-to-peer framework, encouraging collaborating individuals with average workstations to improve the QoS of their traffic.
EXPLORING PLANAR GRAPHS USING UNORIENTED MAPS
Authors: DIKS KRZYSZTOF , DOBREV STEFAN , PELC ANDRZEJ
Published: October 2006

A mobile agent (robot) has to explore an unknown terrain modeled as a planar embedding of an undirected planar connected graph. Exploration consists in visiting all nodes and traversing all edges of the graph, and should be completed using as few edge traversals as possible. The agent has an unlabeled map of the terrain which is another planar embedding of the same graph, preserving the clockwise order of neighbors at each node. The starting node of the agent is marked in the map but the map is unoriented: the agent does not know which direction in the map corresponds to which direction in the terrain. The quality of an exploration algorithm [Formula: see text] is measured by comparing its cost (number of edge traversals) to that of the optimal algorithm having full knowledge of the graph. The ratio between these costs, for a given input consisting of a graph and a starting node, is called the overhead of algorithm [Formula: see text] for this input. We seek exploration algorithms with small overhead. We show an exploration algorithm with overhead of at most 7/5 for all trees, which is the best possible overhead for some trees. We also show an exploration algorithm with the best possible overhead, for any tree with starting node of degree 2. For a large class of planar graphs, called stars of graphs, we show an exploration algorithm with overhead of at most 3/2. Finally, we show a lower bound 5/3 on the overhead of exploration algorithms for some planar graphs.
REPARTITORS, SELECTORS AND SUPERSELECTORS
Authors: HAVET FRÉDÉRIC
Published: October 2006

An (n, p, f)-network G is a graph (V, E) where the vertex set V is partitioned into four subsets [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] called respectively the priorities, the ordinary inputs, the outputs and the switches, satisfying the following constraints: there are p priorities, n - p ordinary inputs and n + f outputs; each priority, each ordinary input and each output is connected to exactly one switch; switches have degree at most 4. An (n, p, f)-network is an (n, p, f)-repartitor if for any disjoint subsets [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], there exist in G, n edge-disjoint paths, p of them from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] and the n - p others joining [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text]. The problem is to determine the minimum number R(n, p, f) of switches of an (n, p, f)-repartitor and to construct a repartitor with the smallest number of switches.

In this paper, we show how to build general repartitors from (n, 0, f)-repartitors also called (n, n + f)-selectors. We then consrtuct selectors using more powerful networks called superselectors. An (n, 0, 0)-network is an n-superselector if for any subsets [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text], there exist in G, [Formula: see text] edge-disjoint paths joining [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text]. We show that the minimum number of switches of an n-superselector S+ (n) is at most 17n + O(log(n)). We then deduce that [Formula: see text] if [Formula: see text], R(n, p, f) ≤ 18n + 34f + O( log (n + f)), if [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] if [Formula: see text]. Finally, we give lower bounds for R(n, 0, f) and S+ (n) and show optimal networks for small value of n.
SEMI-PRE-CONVERGENCE OF MOLECULAR NETS IN FUZZY LATTICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Authors: BAI SHI-ZHONG
Published: October 2006

The convergence theory is a basic theory of topology and analysis. In this paper, we establish the Moore-Smith semi-pre-convergence theory of molecular nets in fuzzy lattices and then discuss its applications.
EVOLUTIONARY DESIGN OF SPIKING NEURAL NETWORKS
Authors: BELATRECHE AMMAR , MAGUIRE LIAM P. , MCGINNITY MARTIN , WU QING XIANG
Published: October 2006

Unlike traditional artificial neural networks (ANNs), which use a high abstraction of real neurons, spiking neural networks (SNNs) offer a biologically plausible model of realistic neurons. They differ from classical artificial neural networks in that SNNs handle and communicate information by means of timing of individual pulses, an important feature of neuronal systems being ignored by models based on rate coding scheme. However, in order to make the most of these realistic neuronal models, good training algorithms are required. Most existing learning paradigms tune the synaptic weights in an unsupervised way using an adaptation of the famous Hebbian learning rule, which is based on the correlation between the pre- and post-synaptic neurons activity. Nonetheless, supervised learning is more appropriate when prior knowledge about the outcome of the network is available. In this paper, a new approach for supervised training is presented with a biologically plausible architecture. An adapted evolutionary strategy (ES) is used for adjusting the synaptic strengths and delays, which underlie the learning and memory processes in the nervous system. The algorithm is applied to complex non-linearly separable problems, and the results show that the network is able to perform learning successfully by means of temporal encoding of presented patterns.
FORECASTING HIGH-FREQUENCY FINANCIAL DATA VOLATILITY VIA NONPARAMETRIC ALGORITHMS: EVIDENCE FROM TAIWAN'S FINANCIAL MARKETS
Authors: LEE WO-CHIANG
Published: October 2006

This paper uses two computational intelligence algorithms, namely, artificial neural networks (ANN) and genetic programming (GP), for forecasting the volatility of high-frequency TAIEX financial data with four different horizons and compares the out-sample forecasting performance with the GARCH(1,1), EGRACH(1,1) and GJR-GARCH(1,1) models. Based on intraday integrated volatility, the mean squared error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), Theil's U and the VaR backtest are used as performance indexes. Our empirical results reveal that the GP and ANN perform reasonably well in forecasting out-sample volatility compared to other parametric volatility forecasting models for most of the performance indexes. Our results also suggest that nonparametric computational intelligence algorithms are powerful for modeling the volatility of high-frequency intraday financial data.
Integration of Rapid Signaling Events with Steroid Hormone Receptor Action in Breast and Prostate Cancer
Authors: Lange Carol A. , Gioeli Daniel , Hammes Stephen R. , Marker Paul C.
Published: October 2006

Steroid hormone receptors (SRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors and sensors for growth factor–initiated signaling pathways in hormonally regulated tissues, such as the breast or prostate. Recent discoveries suggest that several protein kinases are rapidly activated in response to steroid hormone binding to cytoplasmic SRs. Induction of rapid signaling upon SR ligand binding ensures that receptors and coregulators are appropriately phosphorylated as part of optimal transcription complexes. Alternatively, SR-activated kinase cascades provide additional avenues for SR-regulated gene expression independent of SR nuclear action. We provide an overview of SR and signaling cross talk in breast and prostate cancers, using the human progesterone receptor (PR) and androgen receptor (AR) as models. Kinases are emerging as key mediators of SR action. Cross talk between SR and membrane-initiated signaling events suggests a mechanism for coordinate regulation of gene subsets by mitogenic stimuli in hormonally responsive normal tissues; such cross talk is suspected to contribute to cancer biology.
Hypoxia Tolerance in Reptiles, Amphibians, and Fishes: Life with Variable Oxygen Availability
Authors: Bickler Philip E. , Buck Leslie T.
Published: October 2006

The ability of fishes, amphibians, and reptiles to survive extremes of oxygen availability derives from a core triad of adaptations: profound metabolic suppression, tolerance of ionic and pH disturbances, and mechanisms for avoiding free-radical injury during reoxygenation. For long-term anoxic survival, enhanced storage of glycogen in critical tissues is also necessary. The diversity of body morphologies and habitats and the utilization of dormancy have resulted in a broad array of adaptations to hypoxia in lower vertebrates. For example, the most anoxia-tolerant vertebrates, painted turtles and crucian carp, meet the challenge of variable oxygen in fundamentally different ways: Turtles undergo near-suspended animation, whereas carp remain active and responsive in the absence of oxygen. Although the mechanisms of survival in both of these cases include large stores of glycogen and drastically decreased metabolism, other mechanisms, such as regulation of ion channels in excitable membranes, are apparently divergent. Common themes in the regulatory adjustments to hypoxia involve control of metabolism and ion channel conductance by protein phosphorylation. Tolerance of decreased energy charge and accumulating anaerobic end products as well as enhanced antioxidant defenses and regenerative capacities are also key to hypoxia survival in lower vertebrates.