bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Agency, Race, and Christianity in the Strange Career of Daniel Flickinger Wilberforce
Authors: Witmer Andrew
Published: December 2014

For several decades, agency has been a central concept in the historical study of Christian missions, yet it remains more frequently invoked than analyzed. This article explores the formulation of evangelical protestant beliefs about human agency in the context of efforts to evangelize the world. It does so by examining the fraught relationship between a Sierra Leonean Christian missionary named Daniel Flickinger Wilberforce and the United Brethren in Christ, an American denomination that first championed and later disfellowshipped him. Wilberforce experienced a fleeting American celebrity during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, largely because his story could be told to promote competing interpretations of African agency. This article details the temporal and spatial components of evangelical conceptions of heathenism and human agency, their use by Wilberforce, and their collision with notions of human nature grounded in scientific racism. It draws on private and public interpretations of Wilberforce's story, including his dramatic fall from favor among his evangelical supporters, to argue that historical constructions of agency informed and were shaped by missionary activity. The recovery of Wilberforce's story, and of the debates that swirled around him, advances a new way of studying the relationship between agency and Christian missions.
Information structure, (inter)subjectivity and objectification
Authors: van der Wal Jenneke
Published: December 2014

This paper discusses how information structure can be seen as a subjective and intersubjective concept in Verhagen's (2005) and Breban's (2010) definitions, though less so in Traugott's (2010) use of the terms. More difficult is the question of whethermarkersof information structure can be characterised as (inter)subjective; this is more easily determined for morphological markers than for prosody or word order. For unambiguous markers of information structure, I suggest that their emergence (e.g. copula > focus marker) is typically accompanied by (inter)subjectification, whereas their further development (e.g. topic marker > subject marker) displays objectification. The paper not only shows that grammatical items can undergo an increase as well as a decrease in (inter)subjectivity – thus denying strict unidirectionality – but also confirms that these processes are independent of grammaticalisation.
Applications of Acoustic Streaming
Authors: Green Roy , Ohlin Mathias , Wiklund Martin
Published: December 2014

In this chapter, we provide a qualitative description of acoustic streaming and review its applications in lab-on-a-chip devices. It covers boundary layer driven streaming, including Schlichting and Rayleigh streaming, Eckart streaming in the bulk fluid, cavitation microstreaming and surface-acousticwave- driven streaming.
High throughput absorbance spectra of cancerous cells: a microscopic investigation of spectral artifacts
Authors: Mignolet A. , Goormaghtigh E.
Published: December 2014

Infrared spectra of cell smears change in shape with cell density.
A Rh-catalyzed 1,2-sulfur migration/aza-Diels–Alder cascade initiated by aza-vinyl carbenoids from sulfur-tethered N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles
Authors: Jiang Yu , Tang Xiang-Ying , Shi Min
Published: December 2014

A novel Rh(ii) catalyzed intramolecular 1,2-sulfur migration/intermolecular aza-Diels–Alder cascade of sulfur-tetheredN-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles has been developed, efficiently affording sulfur-containing tetrahydropyridine derivatives.
Highly sensitive and selective detection of miRNA: DNase I-assisted target recycling using DNA probes protected by polydopamine nanospheres
Authors: Xie Yi , Lin Xiaoyan , Huang Yishun , Pan Rujun , Zhu Zhi , Zhou Leiji , Yang Chaoyong James
Published: December 2014

Based on the protective properties of polydopamine nanospheres for DNA probes against nuclease digestion, we have developed a DNase I-assisted target recycling signal amplification method for highly sensitive and selective detection of miRNA.
Tuneable dynamics of a scandium nitride cluster inside an Ih-C80 cage
Authors: Feng Yongqiang , Wang Taishan , Xiang Junfeng , Gan Lihua , Wu Bo , Jiang Li , Wang Chunru
Published: December 2014

A tuneable dynamic motion of a Sc3N cluster inside an Ih-C80 fullerene cage was investigated by the 45Sc NMR technique.
Structural and luminescence studies of the new nitridomagnesoaluminate CaMg2AlN3
Authors: Kubus M. , Levin K. , Kroeker S. , Enseling D. , Jüstel T. , Meyer H.-J.
Published: December 2014

The luminescent nitridomagnesoaluminate, CaMg2AlN3, was synthesized in a closed system by solid-state reaction from binary nitrides. Structure solution was aided by ultrahigh-field solid-state NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations.
A highly moisture-resistant Fe-doped mesoporous Co3O4 catalyst for efficient low-temperature CO oxidation
Authors: Li Gengnan , Li Liang , Li Yongsheng , Shi Jianlin
Published: December 2014

Compared with pure Co3O4 spinel, the Fe-doped catalyst demonstrates high catalytic activity and stability in low temperature CO oxidation under moisture conditions.
Dendritic polyglycerol sulfate as a novel platform for paclitaxel delivery: pitfalls of ester linkage
Authors: Sousa-Herves Ana , Würfel Patrick , Wegner Nicole , Khandare Jayant , Licha Kai , Haag Rainer , Welker Pia , Calderón Marcelo
Published: December 2014

In this study, dendritic polyglycerol sulfate (dPGS) is evaluated as a delivery platform for the anticancer, tubulin-binding drug paclitaxel (PTX).
3D-porous β-LiVOPO4/C microspheres as a cathode material with enhanced performance for Li-ion batteries
Authors: Shen Chao , Zhang Bao , Zhang Jia-feng , Zheng Jun-chao , Han Ya-dong , Li Hui
Published: December 2014

3D-porous β-LiVOPO4/C microsphere as cathode material with enhanced performance for Li-ion batteries synthesized through a solvothermal method following a post-heat treatment.
Theoretical prediction of detonation performance and stability for energetic polydinitroaminoprismanes
Authors: Chi Weijie , li Zesheng
Published: December 2014

The most of dinitroamino derivatives of prismane possess excellent detonation performance and low sensitivity.
Preparation, characterization and gas separation properties of nanocomposite materials based on novel silane functionalizing polyimide bearing pendent naphthyl units and ZnO nanoparticles
Authors: Dinari Mohammad , Ahmadizadegan Hashem
Published: December 2014

Nanocomposites of polyimide with silane end group and ZnO nanoparticles with good thermal and mechanical properties were prepared and were used for gas separation.
Nano-hydroxyapatite promotes self-assembly of honeycomb pores in poly(l-lactide) films through breath-figure method and MC3T3-E1 cell functions
Authors: Wu X. H. , Wu Z. Y. , Su J. C. , Yan Y. G. , Yu B. Q. , Wei J. , Zhao L. M.
Published: December 2014

The effects of nano-hydroxyapatite particles on the formation of honeycomb poly(l-lactide) films and MC3T3-E1 cell functions were investigated.
Morphology engineering of nanostructured TiO2 particles
Authors: Zha Ruhua , Nadimicherla Reddeppa , Guo Xin
Published: December 2014

Nanostructured TiO2 particles with different morphologies obtained by a universal method.
Bio-derived ZnO nanoflower: a highly efficient catalyst for the synthesis of chalcone derivatives
Authors: Tamuly Chandan , Saikia Indranirekha , Hazarika Moushumi , Bordoloi Manobjyoti , Hussain Najrul , Das Manash R. , Deka Kaustavmoni
Published: December 2014

The green, eco-friendly synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using the peel ofMusa balbisianaand their use as a nanocatalyst in the synthesis of chalcone derivatives is reported.
Nanoporous metal/oxide hybrid materials for rechargeable lithium–oxygen batteries
Authors: Chen L. Y. , Guo X. W. , Han J. H. , Liu P. , Xu X. D. , Hirata A. , Chen M. W.
Published: December 2014

The nanoporous metal/oxide hybrids with a 3D core-shell structure show highly reversible cathodic reactions at extremely lower overpotentials for high efficiency Li–O2batteries.
Plumbagin caged silver nanoparticle stabilized collagen scaffold for wound dressing
Authors: Duraipandy N. , Lakra Rachita , Vinjimur Srivatsan Kunnavakkam , Ramamoorthy Usha , Korrapati Purna Sai , Kiran Manikantan Syamala
Published: December 2014

Wound dressing material based on nano-biotechnological intervention by caging plumbagin on silver nanoparticle (PCSN) as a multi-site cross-linking agent of collagen scaffolds with potent anti-microbial and wound healing activity.
Gravure printed sol–gel derived AlOOH hybrid nanocomposite thin films for printed electronics
Authors: Kololuoma Terho , Leppäniemi Jaakko , Majumdar Himadri , Branquinho Rita , Herbei-Valcu Elena , Musat Viorica , Martins Rodrigo , Fortunato Elvira , Alastalo Ari
Published: December 2014

We report a sol–gel approach to fabricate aluminum oxyhydroxide (AlOOH)-based inks for the gravure printing of high-dielectric-constant nanocomposite films.
Invited Article: Autonomous assembly of atomically perfect nanostructures using a scanning tunneling microscope
Authors: Celotta Robert J. , Balakirsky Stephen B. , Fein Aaron P. , Hess Frank M. , Rutter Gregory M. , Stroscio Joseph A.
Published: December 2014

A major goal of nanotechnology is to develop the capability to arrange matter at will by placing individual atoms at desired locations in a predetermined configuration to build a nanostructure with specific properties or function. The scanning tunneling microscope has demonstrated the ability to arrange the basic building blocks of matter, single atoms, in two-dimensional configurations. An array of various nanostructures has been assembled, which display the quantum mechanics of quantum confined geometries. The level of human interaction needed to physically locate the atom and bring it to the desired location limits this atom assembly technology. Here we report the use of autonomous atom assembly via path planning technology; this allows atomically perfect nanostructures to be assembled without the need for human intervention, resulting in precise constructions in shorter times. We demonstrate autonomous assembly by assembling various quantum confinement geometries using atoms and molecules and describe the benefits of this approach.
Thermal treatment effects imposed on solid DNA cationic lipid complex with hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride, observed by variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry
Authors: Nizioł Jacek
Published: December 2014

DNA cationic lipid complexes are materials of properties required for applications in organic electronics and optoelectronics. Often, their thermal stability demonstrated by thermogravimetry is cited in the literature as important issue. However, little is known about processes occurring in heated solid DNA cationic lipid complexes. In frame of this work, thin films of Deoxyribonucleic acid-hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DNA-CTMA) were deposited on silicon wafers. Samples were thermally annealed, and simultaneously, their optical functions were measured by spectroscopic ellipsometry. At lower temperatures, thermal expansion coefficient of solid DNA-CTMA was negative, but at higher temperatures positive. Thermally induced modification of absorption spectrum in UV-vis was observed. It occurred at a range of temperatures higher than this of DNA denaturation in solution. The observed phenomenon was irreversible, at least in time scale of the experiment (one day).
Kinetic pathway of 40S ribosomal subunit recruitment to hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site
Authors: Fuchs Gabriele , Petrov Alexey N. , Marceau Caleb D. , Popov Lauren M. , Chen Jin , O’Leary Seán E. , Wang Richard , Carette Jan E. , Sarnow Peter , Puglisi Joseph D.
Published: December 2014

Significance

Protein biosynthesis is most tightly controlled during translation initiation that involves numerous initiation factors and regulatory proteins. This complexity confounds conventional biochemical methods. Single-molecule approaches are ideally suited to address such questions. However, their application is hindered by the lack of fluorescently labeled components of the eukaryotic translation machinery. Here, we demonstrate an approach to label human 40S ribosomal subunits. As an extension of this approach, we used single-molecule fluorescence to demonstrate that 40S ribosomal subunits are recruited to the hepatitis C virus mRNA in a single-step process, and that components of a translational extract regulate the conformation of this complex.
Infixation
Authors: Inkelas Sharon
Published: December 2014

Infixation is the situation in which an affix appears inside the base of affixation, rather than at one of its edges, the normal position for “adfixes”, i.e. prefixes and suffixes. Infixation is generally viewed in theoretical treatments as being just like adfixation except that the affix is phonologically positioned within the stem instead of being aligned on its periphery. The interest of infixation for the phonology-morphology interface lies in phonological generalizations about where in a word an infix can appear and about what, if anything, motivates infixation synchronically. Infixation has been considered one of the best examples of the influence of phonology on the linearization of morphemes. This chapter surveys infixation phenomena cross-linguistically and addresses the theoretical question of whether infixation is a phonological “repair” strategy for bad phonological structures that would be created by adfixation, or whether infixation is an arbitrary property of individual affixation constructions, best modeled with selectional frames. A comparison of adfixing vs. internal reduplication is undertaken, connecting with the discussion of internal reduplication in Chapter 5.
TheArabidopsis thalianaHomolog of the Helicase RTEL1 Plays Multiple Roles in Preserving Genome Stability
Authors: Recker Julia , Knoll Alexander , Puchta Holger
Published: December 2014

In humans, mutations in the DNA helicase Regulator of Telomere Elongation Helicase1 (RTEL1) lead to Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome, a severe, multisystem disorder. Here, we demonstrate that the RTEL1 homolog in Arabidopsis thaliana plays multiple roles in preserving genome stability. RTEL1 suppresses homologous recombination in a pathway parallel to that of the DNA translocase FANCM. Cytological analyses of root meristems indicate that RTEL1 is involved in processing DNA replication intermediates independently from FANCM and the nuclease MUS81. Moreover, RTEL1 is involved in interstrand and intrastrand DNA cross-link repair independently from FANCM and (in intrastrand cross-link repair) parallel to MUS81. RTEL1 contributes to telomere homeostasis; the concurrent loss of RTEL1 and the telomerase TERT leads to rapid, severe telomere shortening, which occurs much more rapidly than it does in the single-mutant line tert, resulting in developmental arrest after four generations. The double mutant rtel1-1 recq4A-4 exhibits massive growth defects, indicating that this RecQ family helicase, which is also involved in the suppression of homologous recombination and the repair of DNA lesions, can partially replace RTEL1 in the processing of DNA intermediates. The requirement for RTEL1 in multiple pathways to preserve genome stability in plants can be explained by its putative role in the destabilization of DNA loop structures, such as D-loops and T-loops.
The Enhancement of Children versus Circumcision: A Case of Double Moral Standards?
Authors: Hainz Tobias
Published: December 2014

The application of enhancement technologies to children and non‐medical infant male circumcision are both topics that enjoy the continuous attention of bioethical research but are usually discussed in isolation from each other. Yet one can show that three major arguments used by opponents of the enhancement of children are also applicable to circumcision. These arguments are based on the insecurity of these procedures, the child's right to an open future, and human nature as a foundation of human dignity. People who reject the enhancement of children because of these arguments but accept circumcision hold mutually inconsistent moral convictions or apply double moral standards to these cases. This is particularly important when legislative systems treat the enhancement of children and circumcision in a considerably different manner, which is true for many contemporary legislative systems. At least three strategies can be adopted in order to avoid such inconsistencies, two of which, however, fail for various reasons. According to a third, more promising strategy, circumcision should be subsumed under human enhancement and treated like other enhancement technologies. This strategy justifies restrictions on, but not the prohibition of circumcision. Furthermore, proponents of circumcision should be prepared for future technologies that provide similar benefits as circumcision but are not as contentious as this intervention, so that, in the future, circumcision could become more and more unacceptable.
Why Do Insiders Hedge Their Ownership? An Empirical Examination
Authors: Bettis Carr , Bizjak John , Kalpathy Swaminathan
Published: December 2014

We examine different types of derivative instruments used by corporate insiders. These instruments are more likely to be used when there is greater insider ownership and greater capital market scrutiny. While these instruments may be allowed by boards to mitigate agency problems relating to overvalued equity and high equity‐based pay, our evidence regarding forwards and collars is more consistent with the strategic timing of transactions by insiders. Exchange funds appear to be primarily used for diversification and are associated with higher personal tax rates. Collectively, our results suggest that there is significant heterogeneity in the motivation to use these instruments.
Liver enzymes and clustering cardiometabolic risk factors in European adolescents: the HELENA study
Authors: Labayen I. , Ruiz J. R. , Ortega F. B. , Davis C. L. , Rodríguez G. , González‐Gross M. , Breidenassel C. , Dallongeville J. , Marcos A. , Widhalm K. , Kafatos A. , Molnar D. , DeHenauw S. , Gottrand F. , Moreno L. A.
Published: December 2014

Objectives

This study aimed to explore the associations of liver biomarkers with cardiometabolic risk factors and their clustering, and to provide reference values (percentiles) and cut‐off points for liver biomarkers associated with high cardiometabolic risk in European adolescents.

Methods

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma‐glutamyltransferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase to ALT ratio (AST/ALT), waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and insulin were measured in 1084 adolescents. We computed a continuous cardiometabolic risk score and defined the high cardiometabolic risk.

Results

Higher ALT and GGT and lower AST/ALT were associated with adiposity and with the number of adverse cardiometabolic risk factors (Ps < 0.05). Higher GGT and lower AST/ALT were associated with higher cardiometabolic risk score (Ps < 0.001) in males and females, and ALT only in males (Ps < 0.001). Gender‐ and age‐specific percentiles for liver biomarkers were provided. Receiver operating characteristic analyses showed a significant discriminatory accuracy of AST/ALT in identifying the low/high cardiometabolic risk (Ps < 0.01) and thresholds were provided.

Conclusions

Higher GGT and lower AST/ALT are associated with higher cardiometabolic risk factors and their clustering in male and female European adolescents, whereas the associations of ALT were gender dependent. Our results suggest the usefulness of AST/ALT as a screening test in the assessment of adolescents with high cardiometabolic risk and provide gender‐ and age‐specific thresholds that might be of clinical interest.
Inferring mindful cognitive‐processing of peer‐feedback via eye‐tracking: role of feedback‐characteristics, fixation‐durations and transitions
Authors: Bolzer M. , Strijbos J.W. , Fischer F.
Published: December 2014

Feedback literature identifies mindful cognitive processing of (peer) feedback and (peer) feedback characteristics – as well as the presence of justifications for feedback – as important for its efficiency. However, mindful cognitive processing has yet to be operationalized and investigated. In this study, an operationalization of mindful cognitive processing is introduced, alongside an investigation to identify valid measures for it. In a between‐subjects design, peer feedback (PF) content [elaborated specific feedback with justifications (ESF + J) vs. elaborated specific feedback without justifications (ESF)] was varied. Students received a scenario containing an essay by a fictional student and fictional PF, followed by a text revision, distraction and PF recall task. Eye tracking was applied to measure (a) how written PF was (re‐) read (fixation durations) and (b) the number of transitions occurring between PF and essay text. Mindful cognitive processing was inferred from the relation between fixation durations on PF and number of transitions between essay text and PF with (a) text revision performance and (b) PF recall performance. When no justifications were provided, recipients invested more time in reading the PF and essay and increased the effort to relate the PF to essay text. Fixation durations and number of transitions proved to be valid measures to infer mindful cognitive processing.
Extinction of Aversive Classically Conditioned Human Sexual Response
Authors: Brom Mirte , Laan Ellen , Everaerd Walter , Spinhoven Philip , Both Stephanie
Published: December 2014

Introduction

Research has shown that acquired subjective likes and dislikes are quite resistant to extinction. Moreover, studies on female sexual response demonstrated that diminished genital arousal and positive affect toward erotic stimuli due to aversive classical conditioning did not extinguish during an extinction phase. Possible resistance to extinction of aversive conditioned sexual responses may have important clinical implications. However, resistance to extinction of aversive conditioned human sexual response has not been studied using extensive extinction trials.

Aim

This article aims to study resistance to extinction of aversive conditioned sexual responses in sexually functional men and women.

Methods

A differential conditioning experiment was conducted, with two erotic pictures as conditioned stimulus (CSs) and a painful stimulus as unconditioned stimuli (USs). Only one CS (the CS+) was followed by the US during the acquisition phase. Conditioned responses were assessed during the extinction phase.

Main Outcome Measure

Penile circumference and vaginal pulse amplitude were assessed, and ratings of affective value and subjective sexual arousal were obtained. Also, a stimulus response compatibility task was included to assess automatic approach and avoidance tendencies.

Results

Men and women rated the CS+ more negative as compared with the CS−. During the first trials of the extinction phase, vaginal pulse amplitude was lower in response to the CS+ than in response to the CS−, and on the first extinction trial women rated the CS+ as less sexually arousing. Intriguingly, men did not demonstrate attenuated genital and subjective sexual response.

Conclusions

Aversive conditioning, by means of painful stimuli, only affects sexual responses in women, whereas it does not in men. Although conditioned sexual likes and dislikes are relatively persistent, conditioned affect eventually does extinguish.
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐III profile in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease: performance in subtests sensitive to and resistant to normal decline with ageing
Authors: Matsuda Osamu , Saito Masahiko , Kato Mayumi , Azami Hiroki , Shido Emi
Published: December 2014

Aim

This study examined the significance of age‐related subtest scores from the Japanese version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐III in patients in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Methods

The subjects of this study included 58 elderly Japanese persons classified into two groups: AD group (n = 29) and control group (n = 29). These groups did not differ in age, years of education, gender ratio, Hasegawa's Dementia Scale‐Revised score, or Full‐Scale IQ score. No subject scored below the cut‐off point on Hasegawa's Dementia Scale‐Revised, a frequently used dementia screen test in Japan.

Results

At the index score level, General Ability Index scores were the only scores that differed significantly between the groups, with the AD group scoring significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.05, Hedges' g = 0.54). At the subtest level, information scores were the only scores that differed significantly between the groups, with the AD group significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.01, Hedges' g = 0.74).

Conclusion

The General Ability Index is a composite score that deducts components of working memory and processing speed, which are sensitive to decline with normal ageing, from the Full‐Scale IQ. It also served as a subtest measuring crystallized intelligence, especially of acquired knowledge of general and factual information. Therefore, the results of this study seem to suggest that Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐III profile of very early AD may be characterized by weak performance on subtests normally resistant to decline with ageing.
A psychophysiological investigation of emotion regulation in chronic severe posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Woodward Steven H. , Shurick Ashley A. , Alvarez Jennifer , Kuo Janice , Nonyieva Yuliana , Blechert Jens , McRae Kateri , Gross James J.
Published: December 2014

There have been few direct examinations of the volitional control of emotional responses to provocative stimuli in PTSD. To address this gap, an emotion regulation task was administered to 27 Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom combat veterans and 23 healthy controls. Neutral and aversive photographs were presented to participants who did or did not employ emotion regulation strategies. Objective indices included corrugator electromyogram, the late positive potential, and the electrocardiogram. On uninstructed trials, participants with PTSD exhibited blunted cardiac reactivity rather than the exaggerated cardioacceleratory responses seen in trauma cue reactivity studies. On interleaved regulation trials, no measure evidenced group differences in voluntary emotion regulation. Persons with PTSD may not differ from normals in their capacity to voluntarily regulate normative emotional responses to provocative stimuli in the laboratory, though they may nevertheless respond differentially on uninstructed trials and endorse symptoms of dyscontrol pathognomonic of the disorder outside of the laboratory.
Coral reef response to Quaternary sea‐level and environmental changes: State of the science
Authors: Camoin Gilbert F. , Webster Jody M.
Published: December 2014

There is considerable uncertainty about future sea‐level projections due to the current poor understanding of the vulnerability and sensitivity of ice sheets to global warming. Fossil coral reefs represent a unique archive of sea‐level and associated environmental changes that extend far beyond instrumental records. Here, recent advances in this field are summarized, focusing on periods of Earth history typified by rapid sea‐level rise and short‐term climate excursions. Sea‐level and reef response records from the Last Deglaciation, and periods characterized by higher sea‐level stands and short‐term and low‐magnitude sea‐level oscillations such as the Mid to Late Holocene and the Last Interglacial are synthesised. Special emphasis is given to understanding how coral reefs have responded to these changes in terms of reef development, architecture and composition. Finally, seven major challenges and future research directions are identified.
ON THE REFLEX NATURE OF APNŒA IN THE DUCK IN DIVING: I. THE REFLEX NATURE OF SUBMERSION APNŒA
Authors: Huxley Frances M.
Published: December 2014

Mere submergence of a duck's head in water produces instantaneously, at whatever stage of respiration the act be performed, cessation of breathing, Such cessation is due to reflex action because—

(1) It persists under light anæsthesia, where voluntary control is lost, and disappears like other reflexes in deep anæsthesia.

(2) It occurs constantly and markedly in ducks which have been deprived of the cerebral hemispheres.

Experiments on the normal duck showed that submersion of the end of the beak does not cause stoppage of breathing; that submersion of the nostrils causes but incomplete cessation; and that submersion of the entire head is required for its full production. Hence the receptors of the reflex are must be the sensory nerves which supply the mucous membrane and skin of these parts. The region of the glottis receives its sensory supply from branches of the glosso‐pharyngeal nerve, the mucous membrane of the nostrils from the trigeminal, and this also supplies the skin. It must be through these nerves that the impulse is carried to the respiratory centre to inhibit its rhythmical activity.

So, when a duck's head is submerged, reflex action causes cessation of breathing; but, as will be shown in the next paper, when a duck submerges its own head, whether merely to secure something under the surface of the water or in the diving position, other reflexes appear which add to this and make the condition much more pronounced.
SOME POINTS CONCERNING THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE SPLEEN
Authors: Tait John , Cashin Martin F.
Published: December 2014

1. The spleen is divided into segmental zones or lobes, corresponding to the branches of the arteria lienalis which enter it. These zones are at once arterial and nervous units.

2. The scheme of subdivision of the splenic nerve corresponds to these segmental zones, and stimulation of a branch of the nerve causes only a section of the spleen to contract. Central to the cæliac ganglion (e.g. in the splanchnic nerve or in the anterior spinal roots) there is no such segmental representation in the nerve branches proceeding to the spleen.

3. The splenic vein is conspicuously larger than the splenic artery, that of the ox having five times the diameter of the artery. When a short section of the vein is electrically stimulated it contracts and remains in strong contraction for an hour or more, the outflow of blood being greatly impeded.

4. When the spleen is perfused with Indian ink the particles may come to rest in four different situations: (1) in the ellipsoids ; (2) in the spleen phagocytes; (3) on the ordinary reticulum; (4) on the walls of the venous sinuses.

5. In the living animal deposition in the ellipsoids is temporary. Within three hours after intravenous injection of the ink, phagocytes have begun to clear the particles from the spaces within the ellipsoids. Twenty‐four hours later the ellipsoids are free.

6. The phagocytes of the pulp retain the particles for weeks on end. At first they clear the ink off the reticulum. After a month they are seen to have undergone a rearrangement, and some have migrated into the Malpighian corpuscles.

7. The ellipsoids act as valves, readily allowing the blood to flow in the normal direction, i.e. from the interior to the exterior of the ellipsoid, but instantly closing against higher pressure applied to their exterior. The existence of these valves accounts for the difficulty of perfusing the spleen backwards, i.e. from vein to artery.

8. Each ellipsoid is surrounded by a number of venous sinuses, which become dilated when the venous pressure is rased.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE CONTROL OF THE BLADDER.—THE EFFECTS OF NERVOUS STIMULATION AND OF DRUGS
Authors: Macdonald A. D. , M'Crea E. D.
Published: December 2014

The view that the nervous control of the bladder in the cat is compounded of sympathetic inhibition and parasympathetic excitation is inaccurate. Evidence is provided to show that in the cat and the dog the sympathetic and(parasympathetic nerves are each both excitor and inhibitor. The effects produLced by stimulation of a vesical nerve depend upon at least two factors: muscle tonus and the nature and degree of the anæsthesia. These observations are confirmed and expanded by comparison with the actions of appropriate drugs.
THE INFLUENCE OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY ON THE BLOOD SUGAR AND GLUCOSE TOLERANCE IN XENOPUS LÆVIS
Authors: Zwarenstein H. , Bosman L. P.
Published: December 2014

1. Various agencies which affect colour change and pituitary action on melanophores have no effect on the fasting blood‐sugar level.

2. Hypophysectomy, whether total or partial, has no effect on the fasting blood‐sugar level.

3. Hypophysectomy leads to a considerable increase in the tolerance to glucose.

The expenses for this research were defrayed by a grant from the Research Grant Board of the Union of South Africa. We beg to thank Mr. D. G.
Duncan for assistance in the blood‐sugar estimations.
THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF RABBIT RED CELLS DURING LYSIS, WITH SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF PLASMA
Authors: Ramsey Robert , Warren Charles O.
Published: December 2014

1. When rabbit erythrocytes suspended in saline are hæmolysed the resulting consumption cannot be predicted with certainty. The usual response is a very small “burst” in oxygen consumption, but very large bursts are sometimes obtained.

2. When the cells are permitted to stand some hours in saline a substance escapes from them which inhibits the bursts. In its absence the small burst is increased in magnitude, but never to that of the large ones.

3. Numerous variables which do not determine the size of the burst are listed, and evidence is given which indicates that the burst is probably not related to the normal metabolism of the cells.

4. The plasma of normal rabbits consumes a small amount of oxygen (about 1·7 mm.3/c.c./hr.). This is probably due to autoxidation of the lipoids and proteins present.

5. The oxygen consumption of plasma is increased to show a burst when cells are hæmolysed in it or when non‐respiring hæmolysed cells are added. This burst is heat‐stable and only slightly cyanide‐sensitive. It is probably due to catalysis of lipoid and protein autoxidation by the pigments of the lysed cells.

6. When rabbit blood‐cells are suspended in plasma the observed oxygen consumption is the sum of that due to the cells and that of the plasma.
MULTIPLE ACTIVITIES OF ANDROGENIC COMPOUNDS
Authors: Deanesly R. , Parkes A. S.
Published: December 2014

1. Some multiple effects of male hormones are reviewed.

2. Trans‐androstenediol, dehydro‐androsterone, androstenedione, and testosterone will cause development of the uterus of the immature rabbit similar to that caused by œstrone. The most active of these, trans‐androstenediol, is about 1/2000 as active as œstrone by this test.

3. Trans‐androstenediol causes cornification of the vaginal epithelium of the ovariectomised rat; testosterone acetate and propionate have an effect similar to that of the free hormone, in causing mucification.

4. In an orthodox test for œstrogenic activity on a group of 20 ovariectomised mice, trans‐androstenediol was found to be about 1/10,000 as active as œstrone.

5. Trans‐androstenediol, testosterone, testosterone propionate, and androstanediol will not only prevent the development but also cause the disappearance of the characteristic X‐zone in the adrenal cortex of castrated mice, according to the time after castration at which the injections are made.

6. Trans‐androstenediol, testosterone, trans‐dehydroandrosterone, and androstenedione, but not androstanediol in the dosage used, will feminise the plumage of the Sebright capon.

We are much indebted to Dr K. Miescher and Messrs Ciba for their continued assistance in generously supplying the crystalline compounds used in the work described above.
BIOLOGICAL ASSAY AND STANDARDISATION OF MELANOPHORE EXPANDING PITUITARY HORMONE
Authors: Landgrebe F. W. , Waring H.
Published: December 2014

1. Detailed instructions are given for assay of melanophore‐expanding hormone using Xenopus laevis as a test animal. 10 per cent. accuracy is quickly and easily obtained.

2. The criterion of potency is the maximum melanophore index attained after injection of extracts into the dorsal lymph sacs of fully pale intact or hypophysectomised animals.

3. Intact Xenopus kept on a white “background” for long periods sustain an actual loss of pigment and their sensitivity to pituitary extracts is increased.

4. The first international standard posterior lobe powder contains 97 per cent. of the melanophore‐expanding activity of the new standard.

5. We suggest that an international unit of melanophore activity be defined as that amount in 0·5 mgm. of the international standard powder.

6. The ratio of melanophore‐expanding, pressor, and oxytocic activities is not the same in all posterior lobe powders.

7. The maximum melanophore index evoked by injection of a posterior lobe extract is not influenced by the amounts of pressor and oxytocin normally present. So one substandard powder may be used for assay of all activities, provided a separate figure is assigned for the potency of each activity in terms of the corresponding activity of the international standard powder.

Our best thanks are due to Dr. F. G. Young of the Medical Research Council for a generous supply of posterior lobe powder.

We gratefully acknowledge an expenses grant to one of us (H. W.) from the Medical Research Council.
THE DETERMINATION OF THE RENAL CLEARANCE OF INULIN IN MAN
Authors: Robson J. S. , Ferguson M. H. , Olbrich O. , Stewart C. P.
Published: December 2014

1. The assumption underlying methods for determining the renal clearance of inulin from the slope of the falling plasma curve of inulin concentration, following a single injection, is investigated.

2. The concept that, following the injection of inulin into the blood‐stream, equilibration occurs between the plasma and the extra‐vascular component of the volume of distribution is shown to be untenable. The conclusion that the falling plasma‐inulin concentration is exponentially related to time is consequently incorrect.

3. The errors introduced in the determination of the renal clearance of inulin from the slope of the falling plasma inulin‐time curve by the assumption of equilibration are discussed.

4. A formula is devised for the determination of the renal clearance of inulin incorporating functions which are demanded by the failure of the establishment of equilibration.

5. The formula is applied to the determination of the renal clearance of inulin in nine subjects possessing widely different clearance values. These calculated values are shown to agree closely with average values experimentally determined.

6. The calculative error introduced into the formula by the simplifying assumption that the volume of distribution of inulin is linearly related to time between defined limits of inulin dose and time, has been shown to be of no greater magnitude than the chemical error in the determination of inulin in the plasma.

7. The formula can be applied without the need for accurate collection of urine over short clearance periods. It necessitates merely the passage of urine approximately 35 and 120 minutes after the injection of a known amount of inulin, and two blood samples taken at the time of the passage of urine.

8. The simplicity of the method in comparison to those previously described is attained without loss of accuracy. The greater degree of precision in the measurement of the constituents of the formula than is possible in the direct estimation of the rate of renal excretion of inulin, renders values for clearance obtained by its use less susceptible to experimental error.

9. The relevance of the results obtained with inulin to the determination of the rate of glomerular filtration employing mannitol are discussed briefly.
THE SILVER DIAMMINE ION STAINING OF PERIPHERAL NERVE ELEMENTS AND THE INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS: WITH A MODIFICATION OF THE BIELSCHOWSKY‐GROS METHOD FOR FROZEN SECTIONS
Authors: Garven H. S. D. , Gairns F. W.
Published: December 2014

1. A modification of the Bielschowsky‐Gros silver diammine ion (ammoniacal silver) method of staining frozen sections is given in detail. This method has been extensively used in the study of peripheral innervations and has given good results. Examples of these are figured. The method has the great advantages of (a) giving good results both after short and very long periods of formalin fixation, (b) allowing microscopic control of the actual staining process, and (c) permitting completely finished specimens to be made in one day after fixation is complete.

2. A short discussion of the rationale of this type of silver staining is given.

3. The interpretation of the results of silver‐staining methods is discussed, and a plea is made for trying to build up a complete picture from a series of varying impregnations of peripheral innervations. Such a series is illustrated for the sympathetic ground plexus. It is suggested that this plexus has few “end‐points”, and that humoral substances may be released in the continuity of the strands from the “beads” on the finest fibrils.
Synaptic events in ventral respiratory neurones during apnoea induced by laryngeal nerve stimulation in neonatal pig.
Authors: Czyzyk‐Krzeska M F , Lawson E E
Published: December 2014

1. Postsynaptic potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) were recorded during SLN‐induced apnoea from the respiratory neurones of the ventral respiratory group (VRG) in pentobarbitone‐anaesthetized, vagotomized and artificially ventilated newborn piglets (n = 14, 4‐7 days old). All recorded inspiratory (n = 10), post‐inspiratory (n = 10) and expiratory (n = 20) neurones had a triphasic pattern of membrane potential and were identified for their projections to the spinal cord or cervical vagus nerve. 2. During long‐lasting apnoea, induced by SLN stimulation, the membrane potential trajectory of each type of recorded neurone was held at the level corresponding approximately to the membrane potential reached during stage I of expiration. Compound postsynaptic potentials evoked in most respiratory‐related neurones had an early short‐lasting and a late long‐lasting component. 3. Postsynaptic potentials in four out of seven inspiratory neurones, in which postsynaptic potentials were well demonstrated, were characterized by an early depolarization followed by long‐lasting hyperpolarization. In three other inspiratory neurones only late hyperpolarization was present. The reversal of the late hyperpolarization by intracellular chloride injection was achieved to a different degree in the early and late portions of late hyperpolarization. 4. Postsynaptic potentials evoked in expiratory neurones were studied in sixteen neurones and displayed two patterns: early hyperpolarization followed by long‐lasting hyperpolarization (n = 7, six were not antidromically activated after spinal cord stimulation) or early hyperpolarization followed by late depolarization (n = 9, eight projected to the spinal cord). The early hyperpolarization was readily reversed by chloride injection. The late hyperpolarization was more difficult to reverse and usually the reversal was not completed. 5. Postsynaptic potentials evoked in post‐inspiratory neurones showed a pattern of two consecutive phases of depolarization. 6. The present study revealed that during long‐lasting apnoea evoked by SLN stimulation each category of VRG respiratory neurones received a temporally synchronized combination of an initial fast input derived reflexly from laryngeal afferents, and of late inputs representing involvement of the whole respiratory network in the response.
The roles of catecholamines in responses evoked in arterioles and venules of rat skeletal muscle by systemic hypoxia.
Authors: Mian R , Marshall J M
Published: December 2014

1. Studies have been made in the anaesthetized rat of the roles played by alpha‐ and beta‐adrenoreceptor stimulation in determining diameter changes induced in individual arterioles and venules of the spinotrapezius muscle during systemic hypoxia (breathing 6% O2 for 3 min). 2. Topical application to the spinotrapezius of phentolamine, the alpha‐adrenoreceptor antagonist, or sotalol, the beta‐adrenoreceptor antagonist, had no effect on the fall in systemic arterial pressure and tachycardia induced by hypoxia. 3. All arterioles and venules showed a decrease in diameter in response to topical application of noradrenaline (10(‐6) g ml‐1): these responses were abolished by topical application of phentolamine. Moreover, those arterioles and venules that showed a decrease in diameter during hypoxia before phentolamine, showed a significantly smaller decrease, or an increase in diameter after phentolamine. This effect was most marked in primary and secondary arterioles (13‐50 microns diameter). 4. All arterioles and venules showed an increase in diameter in response to topical application of isoprenaline (10(‐6) g ml‐1); these responses were abolished by topical application of sotalol. Moreover, these arterioles and venules that showed an increase in diameter during hypoxia before sotalol, showed a significantly smaller increase or even a decrease in diameter after sotalol. 5. These results suggest that during hypoxia the arterioles of skeletal muscle, especially primary and secondary arterioles, are under the constrictor influence of a reflex increase in sympathetic nerve activity while the venules, which have no sympathetic innervation, are under the constrictor influence of circulating catecholamines. They also suggest that in individual arterioles and venules, these constrictor influences may be overcome by dilatation mediated by the beta‐adrenoreceptor influence of circulating catecholamines. 6. Since some arterioles and venules still showed constriction during hypoxia after phentolamine and some still showed dilatation during hypoxia after sotalol, it seems that factors other than catecholamines contribute to the diameter changes. It is suggested that locally released metabolites exert a substantial dilator influence, particularly on terminal arterioles and collecting venules, those vessels nearest to the capillary bed.