bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L’essentiel du Rapport du Comité inter-gouvernemental d’experts sur le financement du développement durable
Authors: Bertho Fabien
Published: December 2017

Le Comité intergouvernemental d’experts sur le financement du développement durable a été initié par la Déclaration de Rio+20 en 2012. Son mandat était de préparer un rapport proposant des options pour l’élaboration de stratégies de financement du développement durable. Cet article propose une synthèse du rapport du comité d’experts qui s’est inspiré du Consensus de Monterrey pour proposer une vision renouvelée du financement du développement. L’article souligne les principales questions et les principaux enjeux liés au financement du développement durable qui vont se poser lors des négociations du futur programme de développement qui vont rythmer l’année 2015.
Les fonds souverains
Authors: Genre Véronique
Published: December 2017

Déjà en fort développement avant la crise financière, les fonds souverains sont désormais des acteurs incontournables et des partenaires - autant sujet à caution que courtisés - du financement de l’activité économique internationale. Il y a à peine deux ans, alors que le prix du pétrole caracolait bien au-delà de 100 dollars le baril, les analystes financiers du monde entier proclamaient l’Afrique sub-saharienne nouveau marché frontière et y prédisaient le boom des fonds souverains alimentés par les recettes pétrolières. Au printemps 2015, un rapide tour d’horizon révèle un essor plus mesuré, mais néanmoins substantiel. La tentation de voir en ces fonds d’investissement publics un outil intrinsèquement vertueux, puissant moteur de développement, occulte une réalité plus complexe et ambiguë. Détenir des fonds souverains ne représente sans doute pas la panacée des stratégies de développement économique dans la mesure où ils peuvent poser de sérieux défis à leurs propres gestionnaires. Ils confirment cependant l’émergence d’une puissance financière de certains pays du Sud et représente un réel outil pour la gestion des ressources nationales.
Les Hedge Funds, les pays émergents et l’Afrique
Authors: Brack Estelle , Diop Samuel , Lamriki Ghita
Published: December 2017

Les Hedge Funds (ou « Fonds spéculatifs ») sont des fonds appliquant des stratégies d’investissement basées sur la recherche d’un rendement élevé. A l’instar de nombre d’investisseurs, les Hedge Funds manifestent un intérêt croissant pour les pays émergents et l’Afrique. Ces marchés constituent des gisements de rentabilité très importants, mais sont également source de risque et de volatilité, sans commune mesure avec les pays développés.
Un exemple de réseau international intégré de microfinance : le Groupe Advans
Authors: Brown Katherine , Falgon Claude
Published: December 2017

Cet article est une présentation de l’histoire, de la mission et des perspectives du groupe Advans en tant que réseau international d’institutions de microfinance. Il traite notamment du rôle d’Advans en tant qu’actionnaire majoritaire et promoteur de ses filiales, de son rôle actif dans leur gouvernance ainsi que dans le développement des meilleures pratiques en matière de gestion et d’optimisation des produits et services grâce à des échanges d’expérience, des appuis techniques et le transfert de compétences.
Vers « une Alliance de Paris pour le Climat »
Authors: Climat - COP 21 Équipe de négociation
Published: December 2017

Fruit du travail collectif de l’équipe française de négociation sur le climat, cet article souligne les enjeux essentiels de la Conférence « Paris 2015 » après vingt ans de négociations difficiles sur la lutte contre le changement climatique. Il présente les objectifs et la méthode de la présidence française de la COP21 orientés vers la réalisation d’une « Alliance de Paris pour le climat » qui devra contribuer à la création d’un nouveau modèle de développement durable pour tous.
L’Union pour la Méditerranée : acteur de la coopération euro-méditerranéenne en matière de climat et de développement durable
Authors: Ribeiro Teresa
Published: December 2017

Territoire riche d’une exceptionnelle biodiversité soumis à une intense activité humaine, la Méditerranée doit faire face à de nombreux enjeux au regard du changement climatique. Elle a toutefois beaucoup de possibilités pour relever ces défis en s’investissant dans la définition de solutions bâties sur un dialogue élargi à tous les acteurs de la région. C’est précisément le rôle de l’Union pour la Méditerranée de faire émerger des initiatives visant à renforcer la coopération dans ce domaine. Malgré le caractère très récent de son mandat politique sur les questions climatiques - qui date de mai 2014 -, l’Union pour la Méditerranée, à travers notamment son Groupe d’experts sur le changement climatique, a d’ores et déjà entrepris d’identifier des initiatives phares concrètes pour mieux répondre aux enjeux en question.
Un Fonds Vert pour les collectivités : pour un accès direct aux financements climat
Authors: Faucheux Benoît , Frémeaux Philippe
Published: December 2017

Présentée par les élus de la majorité du Conseil Régional d’Ile-de-France à l’occasion de la préparation de la COP 21 de 2015, la proposition de création d’un « Fonds vert pour les collectivités » fait l’objet d’une étude de faisabilité confiée à l’Institut Veblen qui sera rendue en octobre 2015. Présenté ici dans ses grandes lignes, le dispositif recherché a pour objectif de soutenir les actions de lutte (atténuation et adaptation) contre le dérèglement climatique des autorités locales des pays du Sud et leur permettre d’accéder à des financements climat en s’appuyant sur la solidarité et l’échange entre gouvernements locaux. Les propositions qui s’y trouvent s’inspirent et prolongent les recommandations du rapport Dantec et Delebarre (2013) sur les collectivités territoriales dans la perspective de la COP 21 et celui de Canfin et Grandjean sur la mobilisation des financements sur le climat. Elles entrent en résonance avec la volonté du Président de la République François Hollande, exprimée le 1 er juillet 2015 à Lyon lors du Sommet Mondial Climat et Territoire de mettre en place un accès direct des collectivités aux financements climat.
De l’aide publique à une coopération transformée ?
Authors: Gabas Jean-Jacques , Vernières Michel
Published: December 2017

Au cours des dernières décennies, les acteurs publics traditionnels fournisseurs d’aide publique au développement se sont trouvés confrontés au rôle croissant d’autres acteurs de la coopération (pays émergents, fondations privées, etc.) dont les logiques comportementales sont très variables. D’autre part, la frontière, autrefois très claire, entre action publique et action privée s’estompe au risque de négliger la fourniture de biens publics clés du développement. Face à ces transformations, coordonner ces actions de coopération devient de plus en plus difficile et le risque est grand de conduire ainsi à une incohérence des politiques nationales menées par les Etats dans certains pays et en particulier dans les pays les moins avancés. Plus que jamais pour assurer cette cohérence, il s’impose de renforcer leurs capacités d’action par une coopération portant sur les secteurs clés pour le développement à long terme tel que la formation des ressources humaines.
Qui a programmé la fin de l’aide publique au développement ?
Authors: Coquart Philippe
Published: December 2017

Cette note plaide en faveur de l’aide publique au développement (APD), de la nécessité qu’elle soit augmentée très sensiblement et que la proportion de dons redevienne significative. Elle discute son instrumentalisation par les transferts de fonds d’origine privée, dans le cadre du nouveau concept de financement du développement. Elle milite pour le retour à une « APD » souveraine dans ses choix et dans ses méthodes, orientée vers les secteurs stratégiques du développement humain et des droits de l’homme dans le cadre d’une réforme en profondeur de son fonctionnement et de ses critères d’intervention. Le monde et en particulier l’Afrique subsaharienne ont besoin de solidarité et même de compassion raisonnée. L’aide au développement est l’un des moyens privilégiés de répondre à ce besoin.
Au-delà de l’aide, les financements innovants
Authors: Brodin Claire
Published: December 2017

Pour la réalisation des nouveaux Objectifs de Développement Durable d’ici 2030, les besoins annuels de financement sont immenses. Cela passera par la mobilisation de toutes les ressources de financement, publiques et privées, internes et internationales, traditionnelles et nouvelles, à travers des partenariats efficaces et innovants. Pilier historique des sources de financement du développement, l’aide publique au développement doit faire face aujourd’hui à d’importants défis en termes de montants et d’efficacité, mais doit rester encore un outil de financement indispensable pour les pays les moins avancés et les plus vulnérables. En complément de l’aide au développement, les financements innovants apporteront des réponses certaines à ces nouveaux besoins de financement s’ils sont portés par une volonté politique permettant de les reproduire à plus grande échelle. Sans attendre, l’Afrique montre la voie en matière d’appropriation et d’innovations financières pour répondre à ses besoins de développement.
Les systèmes financiers d’Afrique du Nord
Authors: Saïdane Dhafer
Published: December 2017

Les systèmes financiers d’Afrique du Nord dominent en Afrique. Les banques nord-africaines représentent presque 50% du total des actifs des banques en Afrique, soit environ 600 milliards de dollars d’actifs sur un total d’environ 1300 milliards en 2014 pour l’ensemble du continent. L’Égypte représente à elle seule 16% des actifs totaux, le Maroc 13%, l’Algérie 7%, et enfin la Tunisie 2,5%. Ils ont connu cependant des évolutions contrastées. Le leadership qu’exercent certains pays comme l’Egypte et la Tunisie est en train cependant de s’essouffler du fait des « printemps arabes ».
Un débat sur la crise de la microfinance
Authors: Coquart Philippe
Published: December 2017

Le débat organisé par Epargne Sans Frontière à l’occasion de ce numéro anniversaire a réuni les principaux responsables d’un projet de recherche, « Microfinance en crise », que ces derniers ont conduit. Les résultats obtenus ont donné lieu à un ouvrage, The crises of microcredit , et ont été débattus lors d’un atelier de travail à Paris le 8 octobre 2015. La discussion est revenue sur certains des éléments structurels et des mécanismes de propagation et de prévention des crises que le projet de recherche a analysés, en s’intéressant en particulier à l’Afrique de l’Ouest francophone. Par ailleurs, de nouvelles dérives potentielles ont été identifiées ainsi, en prolongement de l’analyse des crises, que des questions se rapportant à la nature des besoins réels des populations, à la répartition de la valeur au sein des institutions de microfinance ou à la régulation du secteur. Pour finir, deux « changements de paradigme » ont été proposés ayant trait à l’usage des subventions pour la couverture des coûts et à l’intérêt de penser la microfinance comme commun. Le compte rendu du débat est précédé d’une présentation par Philippe Coquart de son itinéraire personnel en lien avec le secteur ainsi que d’un récapitulatif des articles publiés par TFD sur la microfinance.
La microassurance santé dans le processus de construction d’un système de protection sociale de base : l’exemple du Sénégal et de la Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Haudeville Bernard
Published: December 2017

Cet article souligne les enjeux et les avantages du rôle de la microassurance santé dans le processus d’extension du système de protection sociale de base dans les pays en développement. Il prend pour exemple deux pays, le Sénégal et la Côte d’Ivoire, qui poursuivent le même objectif mais à travers des stratégies différentes. Alors que le processus n’en est qu’à ses débuts, il illustre la diversité de ses modes de structuration possibles.
L’assurance indicielle : un produit de gestion du risque agricole dans les pays en développement à renforcer
Authors: Diop Samuel
Published: December 2017

L’agriculture constitue un enjeu économique et de sécurité alimentaire pour la plupart des pays en développement. Toutefois, si ce secteur est soumis à de nombreux aléas, dont ceux liés aux facteurs climatiques, l’assurance agricole dans les pays en développement est marginale et concerne moins de 10 % des agriculteurs. En termes de parts de marché, l’assurance agricole en Afrique ne représente que 1 % du marché mondial. A l’issue de ce constat, certains économistes du développement, experts agricoles et assureurs ont fondé de grands espoirs sur l’assurance indicielle censée dynamiser le marché de l’assurance agricole dans les pays en développement et assurer une couverture plus large des populations d’agriculteurs. En effet, les assurances indicielles présentent de nombreux avantages en comparaison des assurances classiques ou traditionnelles. Néanmoins, après le lancement des premiers programmes d’assurances indicielles au début des années 2010, aucun engouement n’a été constaté pour ces types de produits qui ne bénéficient pas, par ailleurs, d’un attrait supérieur à ceux de l’assurance traditionnelle.
Les nouveaux visages du financement du développement en Afrique subsaharienne : risques et opportunités
Authors: Genre Véronique
Published: December 2017

Au cours des quinze dernières années, le financement du développement s’est profondément transformé. L’aide au développement traditionnelle a été mise sous la pression des restrictions budgétaires dans les pays les plus riches, tandis que de nouveaux acteurs sont apparus, notamment les bailleurs émergents. Le ralentissement de l’aide publique et des prêts concessionnels s’est aussi fait au profit de l’utilisation accrue d’une palette d’instruments privés telles que le recours aux marchés financiers internationaux. Enfin, on constate, depuis quelques années, un réendettement assez rapide alors que la situation conjoncturelle est en train de se retourner. Ces évolutions font peser des risques non négligeables sur les équilibres fragiles des pays africains.
« Il n’y aura pas de deuxième annulation de dettes en faveur des Pays pauvres très endettés (IPPTE) »
Authors: Coquart Philippe
Published: December 2017

L’inquiétude se propage dans les milieux financiers internationaux, ces derniers temps, d’avoir à faire face à un nouvel endettement insoutenable des pays à faible revenu et, par conséquent, d’un nombre important de pays d’Afrique subsaharienne. L’article en présente quelques indices et cherche à analyser la dynamique de cette course à l’endettement. Par ailleurs, est posée la question de savoir à quoi renvoie la notion de dette, quelle est sa nature et quelle validité faut-il accorder à l’impératif couramment admis selon lequel « une dette doit être remboursée ».
El Estado nación y la producción del conocimiento social sobre emigración española a finales del siglo XIX
Authors: Betrisey Débora
Published: December 2017

Este artículo se centra en analizar la relación que se establece entre el Estado nacional español a finales del siglo XIX, y la producción de conocimiento social sobre el movimiento de la población a través de sus fronteras internacionales. Bajo una perspectiva histórico-antropológica, apoyada en la historia cultural, la sociología del conocimiento y la antropología política, este trabajo intenta poner en evidencia la existencia de una relación estructural y estructurante entre diversos campos sociales (políticos, económicos, militares, etc.), la implementación de políticas estatales de control del movimiento de la población y la producción de conocimiento sobre los denominados emigrantes españoles. En este contexto, se examina cómo se genera y difunde dicho conocimiento a cargo de una élite intelectual, perteneciente a la burguesía, en el marco de una ideología liberal y nacionalista, con el que dialogarán y confrontarán por un largo periodo los cuadros técnicos del Estado y los saberes científicos académicos autorizados para hablar de lo social.
Mitos, ritos, identidad y alteridad en un estadio de fútbol
Authors: Acuña Delgado Ángel , Acuña Gómez Guillermo
Published: December 2017

A partir del trabajo de investigación sobre la cultura de gradas generada en el estadio del Granada Club de Fútbol, desarrollado en el transcurso de tres temporadas futbolísticas (2013-2014, 2014-2015 y 2015-2016), centramos aquí la atención fundamentalmente en aspectos simbólicos del comportamiento de los aficionados para responder a tres objetivos claves: 1. describir, caracterizar y encontrar sentido a los mitos más destacados entre los seguidores; 2. hacer lo mismo con los ritos que tienen lugar en el estadio y en torno al encuentro; 3. valorar el efecto que la asistencia al estadio tiene sobre la construcción de la identidad y alteridad de los/as espectadores/as.
Novel TCR-Mediated Mechanisms of Notch Activation and Signaling
Authors: Steinbuck Martin Peter , Arakcheeva Ksenia , Winandy Susan
Published: December 2017

The Notch receptor is an evolutionarily highly conserved transmembrane protein that is essential to a wide spectrum of cellular systems. Notch signaling is especially important to T cell development, and its deregulation leads to leukemia. Although not well characterized, it continues to play an integral role in peripheral T cells, in which a unique mode of Notch activation can occur. In contrast to canonical Notch activation initiated by adjacent ligand-expressing cells, TCR stimulation is sufficient to induce Notch signaling. However, the interactions between these two pathways have not been defined. In this article, we show that Notch activation occurs in peripheral T cells within a few hours post–TCR stimulation and is required for optimal T cell activation. Using a panel of inhibitors against components of the TCR signaling cascade, we demonstrate that Notch activation is facilitated through initiation of protein kinase C–induced ADAM activity. Moreover, our data suggest that internalization of Notch via endocytosis plays a role in this process. Although ligand-mediated Notch stimulation relies on mechanical pulling forces that disrupt the autoinhibitory domain of Notch, we hypothesized that, in T cells in the absence of ligands, these conformational changes are induced through chemical adjustments in the endosome, causing alleviation of autoinhibition and receptor activation. Thus, T cells may have evolved a unique method of Notch receptor activation, which is described for the first time, to our knowledge, in this article.
Murine Red Blood Cells Lack Ligands for B Cell Siglecs, Allowing Strong Activation by Erythrocyte Surface Antigens
Authors: Spiller Fernando , Nycholat Corwin M. , Kikuchi Chika , Paulson James C. , Macauley Matthew S.
Published: December 2017

CD22 and sialic acid–binding Ig-like lectin (Siglec)-G are members of the Siglec family of inhibitory coreceptors expressed on B cells that participate in enforcement of peripheral B cell tolerance. We have shown previously that when a BCR engages its cognate Ag on a cell surface that also expresses Siglec ligands, B cell Siglecs are recruited to the immunological synapse, resulting in suppression of BCR signaling and B cell apoptosis. Because all cells display sialic acids, and CD22 and Siglec-G have distinct, yet overlapping, specificities for sialic acid–containing glycan ligands, any cell could, in principle, invoke this tolerogenic mechanism for cell surface Ags. However, we show in this article that C57BL/6J mouse RBCs are essentially devoid of CD22 and Siglec-G ligands. As a consequence, RBCs that display a cell surface Ag, membrane-bound hen egg lysozyme, strongly activate Ag-specific B cells. We reasoned that de novo introduction of CD22 ligands in RBCs should abolish B cell activation toward its cognate Ag on the surface of RBCs. Accordingly, we used a glyco-engineering approach wherein synthetic CD22 ligands linked to lipids are inserted into the membrane of RBCs. Indeed, insertion of CD22 ligands into the RBC cell surface strongly inhibited B cell activation, cytokine secretion, and proliferation. These results demonstrate that the lack of Siglec ligands on the surface of murine RBCs permits B cell responses to erythrocyte Ags and show that Siglec-mediated B cell tolerance is restricted to cell types that express glycan ligands for the B cell Siglecs.
Late-onset hepatic veno-occlusive disease after allografting: report of two cases with atypical clinical features successfully treated with defibrotide.
Authors: Castellino Alessia , Guidi Stefano , Dellacasa Chiara , Gozzini Antonella , Donnini Irene , Nozzoli Chiara , Manetta Sara , Aydin Semra , Giaccone Luisa , Festuccia Moreno , Brunello Lucia , Maffini Enrico , Bruno Benedetto , David Ezio , Busca Alessandro
Published: December 2017

Hepatic Veno-occlusive disease (VOD) is a potentially severe complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Here we report two patients receiving an allogeneic HSCT  who developed late onset VOD with atypical clinical features. The two  patients presented with only few risk factors, namely, advanced acute leukemia, a myeloablative busulphan-containing regimen and received grafts from an unrelated donor. The first patient did not experience painful hepatomegaly and weight gain and both  patients showed only a mild elevation in total serum bilirubin level. Most importantly, the two patients developed clinical signs beyond day 21 post-HSCT. Hepatic transjugular biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of VOD. Intravenous defibrotide was promptly started leading to a marked clinical improvement. Based on our experience, liver biopsy may represent a useful diagnostic tool when the clinical features of VOD are ambiguous. Early therapeutic intervention with defibrotide  represents a crucial issue for the successful outcome of patients with VOD.
Sterile "Abscess" of the Spleen and the Sickle Cell Trait
Authors: Luzzatto Lucio
Published: December 2017

Dear Editor:I read with interest the case report by Dr P Magro et al. [MJHID 9: e2017023, 2017] regarding a boy with sickle cell trait (AS), who was appropriately treated for Plasmodium falciparum malaria and who, upon ultrasound imaging, was thought to have multiple abscesses in the spleen, eventually interpreted as splenic infarction.
WALDENSTROM’S MACROGLOBULINEMIA: AN UPDATE
Authors: Mazzucchelli Maddalena , Frustaci Anna Maria , Deodato Marina , Cairoli Roberto , Tedeschi Alessandra
Published: December 2017

Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder with distinctive clinical features.Diagnostic and prognostic charactrization in WM significantly changed with the discovery of two molecular markers: MYD88 and CXCR4. Mutational status of these latter influences both clinical presentation and prognosis and demonstrated therapeutic implications.Treatment choice in Waldemstrom disease is strictly guided by patients age and characteristics, specific goals of therapy, necessity for rapid disease control, risk of treatment-related neuropathy, disease characteristics, risk of immunosuppression or secondary malignancies and potential for future autologous stem cell transplantation.Therapeutic landscape has expanded during the last years and the approval of ibrutinib, the first drug approved for Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia, represents an important step forward for a better management of the disease.
DETECTION OF Β THALASSEMIA CARRIERS BY RED CELL PARAMETERS OBTAINED FROM AUTOMATIC COUNTERS USING MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS
Authors: Lachover Roth Idit , Lachover Boaz , Koren Guy , Levin Carina , Zalman Luci , Koren Ariel
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND and Objective: β thalassemia major is a severe disease with high morbidity. The world prevalence of carriers is around 1.5–7%. The aim of the present study was to find a reliable formula for detecting β thalassemia carriers using a large database of more than 22,000 samples obtained from a homogeneous population of childbearing age women with 14% of β thalassemia carriers and to check previously published formulas. METHODS: We applied a mathematical method based on the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm in the search for a reliable formula that can differentiate between thalassemia carriers and non-carriers, including normal counts or counts suspected to belong to iron-deficient women.RESULTS: Shine's formula and ours showed >98% sensitivity and >99.77% NPV. All other published formulas gave inferior results. CONCLUSIONS: We found a reliable formula that can be incorporated into any automatic blood counter to alert health providers to the possibility of a woman being a β thalassemia carrier. A further simple hemoglobin characterization by HPLC analysis should be performed to confirm the diagnosis, and subsequent family studies should be carried out. Our SVM formula is currently limited to women of fertility age until further analysis in other groups can be performed.
HEAVY-CHAIN DISEASES AND MYELOMA-ASSOCIATED FANCONI SYNDROME: AN UPDATE
Authors: Ria Roberto , Dammacco Franco , Vacca Angelo
Published: December 2017

The heavy chain diseases (HCDs) are rare B-cell malignancies characterized by the production of a monoclonal immunoglobulin heavy chain without an associated light chain. There are three types of HCD, defined by the class of immunoglobulin heavy chain produced: IgA (α-HCD), IgG (γ-HCD), and IgM (μ-HCD). Alpha-HCD is the most common and usually occurs as intestinal malabsorption in a young adult from a country of the Mediterranean area. Gamma- and μ-HCDs are more rare and associated to a B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma that produces an abnormal Ig heavy chain. These patients may occasionally be diagnosed with a monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). Fanconi syndrome, on the other hand, can be primary (inherited) or secondary (acquired). The only exception to this rule is the idiopathic form. Adult acquired Fanconi syndrome can be a rare complication of a monoclonal gammopathy. At diagnosis, most patients have a MGUS or smoldering multiple myeloma, with renal failure and evidence of osteomalacia. During follow-up, patients can develop end-stage renal disease. Chemotherapy provides little benefit on renal function.
Imaging review of cerebrospinal fluid leaks
Authors: Vemuri Naga V , Karanam Lakshmi S P , Manchikanti Venkatesh , Dandamudi Srinivas , Puvvada Sampath K , Vemuri Vineet K
Published: December 2017

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak occurs due to a defect in the dura and skull base. Trauma remains the most common cause of CSF leak; however, a significant number of cases are iatrogenic, and result from a complication of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Early diagnosis of CSF leak is of paramount importance to prevent life-threatening complications such as brain abscess and meningitis. Imaging plays a crucial role in the detection and characterization of CSF leaks. Three-dimensional, isotropic, high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) accurately detects the site and size of the bony defect. CT cisternography, though invasive, helps accurately identify the site of CSF leak, especially in the presence of multiple bony defects. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) accurately detects CSF leaks and associated complications such as the encephaloceles and meningoceles. In this review, we emphasize the importance and usefulness of 3D T2 DRIVE MR cisternography in localizing CSF leaks. This sequence has the advantages of effective bone and fat suppression, decreased artefacts, faster acquisition times, three-dimensional capability, y and high spatial resolution in addition to providing very bright signal from the CSF.
Role of transperineal ultrasound in infective and inflammatory disorders
Authors: Puranik Chaitanya I , Wadhwani Vinod J , Vora Deep M
Published: December 2017

Aims: To evaluate the role of transperineal ultrasound as screening tool in infective and inflammatory diseases of perianal region. Materials and Methods: Initially, clinical examination of the perineal region of patients (pts) for perianal external opening of tracts, swelling and tenderness is done. The perineal USG was performed using 2 -5 MHz sector probe and 7 -13 MHz linear probe on GE logiq P 5 ultrasound machine. Internal opening of any fistulous tract were described with clockwise position and tracts were traced upto their external opening and perifocal area were screened for any ramification. The Park et al. classification was used for classifying the tracts. Results: Out of 492 pts, 60 pts were normal, 257 pts had fistula, 114 pts had sinuses, 44 pts had only abscess without fistula or sinus and 17 pts had other pathologies with 95% sensitivity (Sn), 100% specificity (Sp) and Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and 95% Negative Predictive Value (NPV) for fistula and 94% Sn, 97% Sp, 89% PPV and 98% NPV for active sinuses and 98% Sp, 96% ppv and 100% NPV and Sn for abscesses. Conclusions: Transperineal Ultrasound should be performed as first line imaging modality for suspicion of low perianal fistula with high sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value at much lower cost and less time as compared to perineal MRI.
Spinal dysraphism illustrated; Embroyology revisited
Authors: Acharya Ullas V , Pendharkar Hima , Varma Dandu R , Pruthi Nupur , Varadarajan Shriram
Published: December 2017

Spinal cord development occurs through three consecutive periods of gastrulation, primary nerulation and secondary neurulation. Aberration in these stages causes abnormalities of the spine and spinal cord, collectively referred as spinal dysraphism. They can be broadly classified as anomalies of gastrulation (disorders of notochord formation and of integration); anomalies of primary neurulation (premature dysjunction and nondysjunction); combined anomalies of gastrulation and primary neurulation and anomalies of secondary neurulation. Correlation with clinical and embryological data and common imaging findings provides an organized approach in their diagnosis.
Effect of Magnetized Water Mouthrinse on Streptococcus mutans in Plaque and Saliva in Children: An in vivo Study
Authors: Goyal Anil K , Rathore Ambika S , Garg Mamta , Khairwa Abhishek
Published: December 2017

Aim

This study was conducted to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of magnetized water as a mouthwash on colony count of Streptococcus mutans in children.

Materials and methods

Total sample size of 30 children were selected out of screened 290 children by simple random sampling between the age group of 7 and 12 years. The study was conducted over a period of 2 weeks. After selection of the children according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, children were allowed using 10 mL of 72 hours magnetized water for 3 minutes twice in a day for a period of 2 weeks, and further plaque and saliva samples were collected at 1- and 2-week intervals from baseline. Microbiological analysis of plaque and saliva samples was done by Dentocult SM strip kit (Orion Diagnostica, Finland), and the results were statistically analyzed and tabulated.

Results

Statistically, there was highly significant reduction in S. mutans count in plaque as well as in saliva after 1- and 2-week intervals from baseline.

Conclusion

So, finally our study showed that magnetized water is as effective a mouthwash against S. mutans and has better action in plaque as compared with saliva. It can be used as an adjunct to commercially available mouthwashes.

How to cite this article

Goyal AK, Rathore AS, Garg M, Mathur R, Sharma M, Khairwa A. Effect of Magnetized Water Mouthrinse on Streptococcus mutans in Plaque and Saliva in Children: An in vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(4):335-339.
Evaluation of the Relevance of Piaget's Cognitive Principles among Parented and Orphan Children in Belagavi City, Karnataka, India: A Comparative Study
Authors: Hugar Shivayogi M , Kukreja Pratibha , Assudani Harsha G , Gokhale Niraj
Published: December 2017

Aim

To determine and compare the relevance of Piaget's cognitive principles among 4- to 7-year-old parented and orphan children in Belagavi City, Karnataka, India.

Materials and methods

This study was conducted on 240 children between the ages of 4 to 7 years who were equally divided into two groups of 120 parented and 120 orphan children. These were subdivided into four groups of 30 children each. Various characteristics like egocentrism, concept of cardinal numbers based on centration, lack of conservation, and reversibility were assessed, using experiments and comparison of their prevalence between two groups was carried out.

Results

There is a statistically significant difference in the cognitive development among parented and orphan children age 4 to 7 years.

Conclusion

There is a significantly better cognitive development among parented children as compared with orphan children in Belagavi city.

Clinical significance

A child is not a miniature adult but rather can think and perceive the world differently from an adult. Understanding a child's intellectual level can enable a pedodontist to deliver improved quality care to children. According to Jean Piaget, in the preoperational period, children think symbolically and their reasoning is based more on appearance rather than logic. It is often rightly said that a child's behavior is a reflection of his parents. However, Piaget did not consider the effect of social setting and culture on the cognitive development. This study was carried out as there is not much literature available to describe the cognitive development of children in the Indian scenario and the influence of parental presence on the same.

How to cite this article

Badakar CM, Thakkar PJ, Hugar SM, Kukreja P, Assudani HG, Gokhale N. Evaluation of the Relevance of Piaget's Cognitive Principles among Parented and Orphan Children in Belagavi City, Karnataka, India: A Comparative Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(4):346-350.
Behavior of Lebanese Pediatricians regarding Children's Oral Health
Authors: Bacho Riad
Published: December 2017

Aim

The aim of the study is to evaluate the behavior of Lebanese pediatricians regarding children's oral health.

Materials and methods

A cross sectional study including 100 Lebanese pediatricians was performed. They answered 11 questions. Three variables were taken into consideration: The number of years in practice, the place and the type of practice.

Results

The answers were tabulated according to the latter three subdivisions. 97.7% of pediatricians who have been practicing for more than 5years reported inquiring about whether a child is taking a milk/juice bottle overnight as compared to 76.9% of pediatricians who have been practicing for less than five years. The majority of pediatricians working in cities/big villages (98.9%) and 76.9% in small villages do look for cavities during oral examination.

Discussion

Independently of the years in practice, the majority of pediatricians look for cavities and check the mucosa/tongue during the oral examination. The results regarding dental examination revealed a significant difference between the pediatricians working in cities/big villages (98.9%) and those in small villages (76.9%). Regarding the frequent diagnosis of ECC, there is also a significant difference between pediatricians working in cities/ big villages (74.7%) and those working in small villages (46.2%).

Conclusion

The behavior of the Lebanese pediatricians regarding children's oral health is not satisfactory. In their daily practice, pediatricians need to have more interaction with pediatric dentists and should take into consideration the AAP and AAPD recommendations.

How to cite this article

Noueiri B, Nassif N, Bacho R. Behavior of Lebanese Pediatricians regarding Children's Oral Health. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(4):379-383.
Pharmacognostical Evaluation of Raw and Shodhita (Processed) Danti [Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Muell.-Arg] Root
Authors: Harisha Channappa R , Rout Siba P
Published: December 2017

Introduction

Danti, Baliospermum solanifolium (Burm.) Suresh [Syn. Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Muell. Arg], of family Euphorbiaceae is an important herbal drug in the Ayurveda pharmacopoeia of India. In Ayurveda, Samskara (processing) has been shown to increase the efficacy of various drugs. Shodhana (purificatory measures/processing) is one of the steps involved in Samskara. The Charaka samhita describes the Shodhana (processing) of Danti by applying the fruit powder of Pippali (Piper longum L.) along with honey, wrapping it with Kusha (Desmostachya bippinnata Stapf.), and then fomenting it. The root thus obtained is dried under sunrays and then stored for further use. The exact pharmacognostical changes that transpire through Samskara (classical processing technique) remain to be explored scientifically. Hence, an attempt has been made to evaluate the pharmacognostical changes in Danti root, including its powder microscopy.

Materials and methods

Roots of raw Danti (RD) were collected from its natural habitat (Odisha) after proper botanical authentication. The roots were subjected to Shodhana and four groups of Danti root—RD, classically processed Danti root (CPDR), Kusha-processed Danti root (KPDR), and water-classically processed Danti root (WPDR)—were obtained. The raw and classically processed Danti roots were evaluated for their macroscopic and microscopic characters while RD, CPDR, KPDR, and WPDR were subjected to powder microscopy. The macroscopic powder images of the respective Danti samples was carried out by L*a*b*color-based image segmentation for identification.

Results

Transverse sections (TS) of CPDR show characteristic features with multilayered, ruptured reddish cork cells and presence of black debris of Pippali adhering to cork cells. Powder microscopy reveals Pippali with stone cells and dark-brownish oleoresin content in the CPDR group. WPDR reveals more swollen sclereids compared with the KPDR group. Macroscopic imaging showed distinct L*a*b* color-based segmentation.

Conclusion

Pharmacognostical findings of raw and shodhita Danti root will serve as a reference material for future scientific investigation.

How to cite this article

Rout SP, Harisha CR, Acharya R. Pharmacognostical Evaluation of Raw and Shodhita (Processed) Danti [Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Muell.-Arg] Root. J Drug Res Ayurvedic Sci 2017;2(3):164-174.
Bilingual Education Helps to Improve the Intelligence of Children
Authors: Nguyen Mai Thanh
Published: December 2017

This study uses an IQ test to test the “intelligence” of two pupil groups: one is studying the bilingual program and theother is learning the monolingual program plus English subject as a foreign language. The study discovers that bothgroups have increased the IQ score after seven months at schools. This result proves that IQ scores are not fixedbut can increase through ages of children from 6 to 11 as well as through education. However, the group ofbilingual pupils has higher increase of IQ scores in comparison with the monolingual group, proving the bilingualeducation can help to better improve the intelligence of children. This is agreeable with the results of manyprevious researches.
The Extent to Which Students Have Sufficient Awareness of E-Learning and its Relation to Self-Studying and Academic Achievement
Authors: Adwan Fatima Eid Al , Awamrah Abdelsalam Fahad Al
Published: December 2017

Rapid development of information and communication technologies poses education to improve the quality of the educational process. And today the main focus in the current learning process is shifting toward the model of e-learning, to which aim mainly to provide students with convenient and round-the-clock access to educational materials, this open access valuable and available e-learning models provides an improved modern learning model that improve the educational process. This study aims to investigate the student's awareness of e-learning and how it is related to self studying and academic achievement. A well-designed online questionnaire developed and used to collect primary data and the statistical analysis has been applied to get the results. The result revealed that the sample students’ have high awareness towards e-learning in the University of Jordan and using e-learning significantly affected their self-studying behavior and academic achievement.
Blij met de WODC-affaire?
Authors: Dekker Bart
Published: December 2017

Blij met de WODC-affaire?

In deze column reageert de auteur op de WODC-affaire: de conclusies van een onderzoek van het Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek- en Documentatiecentrum (WODC) van het ministerie van (toen nog) Veiligheid en Justitie naar de overlast van coffeeshops zouden op verzoek van beleidsambtenaren in de politiek gewenste richting zijn omgebogen. Dekker gaat na wat de aandacht voor dit voorval kan betekenen voor de relatie tussen opdrachtgever en opdrachtnemer.
Invasive flora within urban railway areas: a case study from Lublin (Poland) and Lviv (Ukraine)
Authors: Denisow Bożena , Wrzesień Małgorzata , Mamchur Zvenyslava , Chuba Maria
Published: December 2017

Heterogeneous and disturbed habitats within railway areas create an ideal environment for establishment of invasive plant species. In this study, we compared the invasive species composition and abundance within railway areas of two cities, Lublin, SE Poland and Lviv, W Ukraine. In total, 70 invasive species were recorded. The invasive species list was similar for the two cities, with the most invasive species occurring at both (81.4%), 8.5% occurring only in Lublin and 10% only in Lviv. The proportion of invasive species in the total flora was almost 1.5-fold higher at Lviv compared to Lublin. Invasive species have originated mainly from continental America (45.7%), followed by Asia and Eurasia. The participation of invasive plants derived from Asia and Eurasia at Lviv is higher than at Lublin. The invasive flora includes a wide range of taxonomic groups, with a predominance of Asteraceae and Poaceae. The ecological attributes of invasive species on railway areas are: mainly annual therophytes, mostly wind- and insect pollination modes, a predominance of generative reproduction, anthropochorous and anemochorous dispersal and short-term persistent, long-term persistent or transient seed banks.
Aboveground dry biomass partitioning and nitrogen accumulation in early maturing soybean ‘Merlin’
Authors: Zając Tadeusz , Oleksy Andrzej , Ślizowska Anna , Śliwa Józef , Klimek-Kopyra Agnieszka , Kulig Bogdan
Published: December 2017

The aim of the study was to determine the biomass and nitrogen accumulation in early maturing soybean plants experiencing contrasting weather conditions. Soybean (Glycine max) is a species of agricultural crop plant that is widely described in scientific publications. During 2014–2016, a field experiment with early maturing soybean ‘Merlin’ was carried out at Grodziec Śląski, Poland (49°48'01" N, 18°52'04" E). Results showed that the morphological traits of the plants, the yield of individual plants, and the soybean crop were all closely related to the climatic conditions. A high amount of precipitation stimulated seed development, resulting in a high production potential. The harvest index calculated for soybean ‘Merlin’ was high and exceeded 0.5 g g−1. The nitrogen content of the aboveground biomass increased during ontogenesis. The maximum yield of dry matter was noted at the green maturity phase, which subsequently decreased at the full maturity phase because of the loss of the leaf fraction. The variation in the effectiveness of nitrogen accumulation in seeds between 2015 and 2016 was 30%. The nitrogen harvest index values were high in each year of the experiment and exceeded 0.92 g−1. For the production of 1 ton of seeds with an adequate amount of soybean straw, plants needed, on average, 68 kg of nitrogen.
Fungi associated with Pistacia integerrima with a description of a new species and one new record from India
Authors: Gautam Ajay Kumar , Avasthi Shubhi
Published: December 2017

Pistacia integerrima is a deciduous tree species belonging to the family Anacardiaceae. The plant possesses numerous phytochemicals of ethno-medicinal importance. In a routine mycological survey carried out from July 2013 to June 2014, leaves of P. integerrima were found infected with fungi causing rust and blight diseases. The morphological and microscopic observations revealed three fungi, namely Skierka himalayensis, Pestalotiopsis sp., and Pileolaria pistaciae, which were found to cause rust and blight diseases. One new species of rust fungi, namely Skierka himalayensis sp. nov., and Pestalotiopsis sp. are reported for the first time from India. The detailed descriptions and illustrations of these three phytopathogenic fungi are provided in this paper.
Oncology providers’ evaluation of the use of a prostate cancer treatment decision aid versus usual information provision: Results from the PCPCC trial
Authors: Cuypers Maarten , Lamers Romy E D , Kil Paul J M , Van de Poll-Franse Lonneke V , De Vries Marieke
Published: December 2017

Objective: To compare care providers’ evaluations of an online prostate cancer treatment decision aid (DA) to an evaluation of usual information routines.Methods: Oncology care providers (urologists and nurses, n=108) enrolled in the intervention (DA) or control (standard information) arm of a cluster randomized controlled trial were invited to fill out an online questionnaire to evaluate working with the DA or to evaluate usual information provision. Response rate was 58% (n=63).  Results: The DA was provided to 368 patients and distributing care providers were supportive of the DA content and usability. Satisfaction (1-10) with the DA or standard information was comparable (M=7.8 vs M=8.1, p=0.14), although in the control arm, care providers perceived that patients already receive too much information. Time barriers were not expected or perceived. All care providers involved felt suitable to distribute DAs. Care providers with DA experience were more supportive of including DAs in clinical guidelines.Conclusion: Care providers were satisfied with the DA and reported no time barriers. However, many care providers are already satisfied with standard information materials and fear overloading patients with information.
“There is Nothing Inherently Mysterious about Assistive Technology”: A Qualitative Study about Blind User Experiences in US Academic Libraries
Authors: Mulliken Adina
Published: December 2017

Eighteen academic library users who are blind were interviewed about their experiences with academic libraries and the libraries’ websites using an open-ended questionnaire and recorded telephone interviews. The study approaches these topics from a user-centered perspective, with the idea that blind users themselves can provide particularly reliable insights into the issues and potential solutions that are most critical to them. Most participants used reference librarians’ assistance, and most had positive experiences. High-level screen reader users requested help with specific needs. A larger number of participants reported contacting a librarian because of feeling overwhelmed by the library website. In some cases, blind users and librarians worked verbally without the screen reader. Users were appreciative of librarians’ help but outcomes were not entirely positive. Other times, librarians worked with users to navigate with a screen reader, which sometimes led to greater independence. Some users expressed satisfaction with working with librarians verbally, particularly if websites did not seem screen reader user friendly, but many users preferred independence. Participants agreed it would be helpful if librarians knew how to use screen readers, or at least if librarians were familiar enough with screen readers to provide relevant verbal cues. Many users liked and used chat reference and many preferred Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) to learn citation style, though learning citation style was challenging. Questions such as reference librarians’ role when e-resources are not equally accessible deserve wider discussion in the library literature and in practice. Given the challenges described by the research participants and legal requirements for equally effective electronic and information technologies, libraries and librarians should approach reference services for blind users more proactively. Recommendations are provided.