bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The incretin effect in obese adolescents with and without type 2 diabetes: impaired or intact?
Authors: Aulinger Benedikt A. , Vahl Torsten P. , Prigeon Ron L. , D'Alessio David A. , Elder Deborah A.
Published: April 2016

The incretin effect reflects the actions of enteral stimuli to promote prandial insulin secretion. Impairment of this measure has been proposed as an early marker of β-cell dysfunction and described in T2D, IGT, and even obesity without IGT. We sought to determine the effects of obesity and diabetes on the incretin effect in young subjects with short exposures to metabolic abnormalities and a few other confounding medical conditions. Subjects with T2D ( n = 10; 18.0 ± 0.4 yr) or NGT, either obese ( n = 11; 17.7 ± 0.4 yr) or lean ( n = 8; 26.5 ± 2.3 yr), had OGTT and iso-iv. The incretin effect was calculated as the difference in insulin secretion during these tests and was decreased ∼50% in both the NGT-Ob and T2D subjects relative to the NGT-Ln group. The T2D group had impaired glucose tolerance and insulin secretion during the OGTT, whereas the lean and obese NGT subjects had comparable glucose excursions and β-cell function. During the iso-iv test, the NGT-Ob subjects had significantly greater insulin secretion than the NGT-Ln and T2D groups. These findings demonstrate that in young subjects with early, well-controlled T2D the incretin effect is reduced, similar to what has been described in diabetic adults. The lower incretin effect calculated for the obese subjects with NGT is driven by a disproportionately greater insulin response to iv glucose and does not affect postprandial glucose regulation. These findings confirm that the incretin effect is an early marker of impaired insulin secretion in persons with abnormal glucose tolerance but suggest that in obese subjects with NGT the incretin effect calculation can be confounded by exaggerated insulin secretion to iv glucose.
The Circadian System: A Regulatory Feedback Network of Periphery and Brain
Authors: Buijs Frederik N. , León-Mercado Luis , Guzmán-Ruiz Mara , Guerrero-Vargas Natali N. , Romo-Nava Francisco , Buijs Ruud M.
Published: April 2016

Circadian rhythms are generated by the autonomous circadian clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and clock genes that are present in all tissues. The SCN times these peripheral clocks, as well as behavioral and physiological processes. Recent studies show that frequent violations of conditions set by our biological clock, such as shift work, jet lag, sleep deprivation, or simply eating at the wrong time of the day, may have deleterious effects on health. This infringement, also known as circadian desynchronization, is associated with chronic diseases like diabetes, hypertension, cancer, and psychiatric disorders. In this review, we will evaluate evidence that these diseases stem from the need of the SCN for peripheral feedback to fine-tune its output and adjust physiological processes to the requirements of the moment. This feedback can vary from neuronal or hormonal signals from the liver to changes in blood pressure. Desynchronization renders the circadian network dysfunctional, resulting in a breakdown of many functions driven by the SCN, disrupting core clock rhythms in the periphery and disorganizing cellular processes that are normally driven by the synchrony between behavior and peripheral signals with neuronal and humoral output of the hypothalamus. Consequently, we propose that the loss of synchrony between the different elements of this circadian network as may occur during shiftwork and jet lag is the reason for the occurrence of health problems.
Physiological Bone Remodeling: Systemic Regulation and Growth Factor Involvement
Authors: Siddiqui Jawed A. , Partridge Nicola C.
Published: April 2016

Bone remodeling is essential for adult bone homeostasis. It comprises two phases: bone formation and resorption. The balance between the two phases is crucial for sustaining bone mass and systemic mineral homeostasis. This review highlights recent work on physiological bone remodeling and discusses our knowledge of how systemic and growth factors regulate this process.
Transcriptomics Analysis of Candida albicans Treated with Huanglian Jiedu Decoction Using RNA‐seq
Authors: Yang Qianqian , Gao Lei , Tao Maocan , Chen Zhe , Yang Xiaohong , Cao Yi
Published: April 2016

Candida albicans is the major invasive fungal pathogen of humans, causing diseases ranging from superficial mucosal infections to disseminated, systemic infections that are often life‐threatening. Resistance of C. albicans to antifungal agents and limited antifungal agents has potentially serious implications for management of infections. As a famous multiherb prescription in China, Huanglian Jiedu Decoction (HLJJD, Orengedokuto in Japan) is efficient against Trichophyton mentagrophytes and C. albicans. But the antifungal mechanism of HLJDD remains unclear. In this study, by using RNA‐seq technique, we performed a transcriptomics analysis of gene expression changes for C. albicans under the treatment of HLJDD. A total of 6057 predicted protein‐encoding genes were identified. By gene expression analysis, we obtained a total of 735 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 700 upregulated genes and 35 downregulated genes. Genes encoding multidrug transporters such as ABC transporter and MFS transporter were identified to be significantly upregulated. Meanwhile, by pathway enrichment analysis, we identified 26 significant pathways, in which pathways of DNA replication and transporter activity were mainly involved. These results might provide insights for the inhibition mechanism of HLJDD against C. albicans.
Trainers’ Attitudes towards Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Current Care Guidelines, and Training
Authors: Mäkinen M. , Castrén M. , Nurmi J. , Niemi-Murola L.
Published: April 2016

Objectives. Studies have shown that healthcare personnel hesitate to perform defibrillation due to individual or organisational attitudes. We aimed to assess trainers’ attitudes towards cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation (CPR-D), Current Care Guidelines, and associated training.Methods. A questionnaire was distributed to CPR trainers attending seminars in Finland (N=185) focusing on the updated national Current Care Guidelines 2011. The questions were answered using Likert scale (1 = totally disagree, 7 = totally agree). Factor loading of the questionnaire was made using maximum likelihood analysis and varimax rotation. Seven scales were constructed (Hesitation,Nurse’s Role,Nontechnical Skill,Usefulness,Restrictions,Personal, andOrganisation). Cronbach’s alphas were 0.92–0.51. Statistics were Student’st-test, ANOVA, stepwise regression analysis, and Pearson Correlation.Results. The questionnaire was returned by 124/185, 67% CPR trainers, of whom two-thirds felt that their undergraduate training in CPR-D had not been adequate. Satisfaction with undergraduate defibrillation training correlated with theNontechnical Skillsscale (p<0.01). Participants scoring high onHesitationscale (p<0.01) were less confident about theirNurse’s Role(p<0.01) andNontechnical Skills(p<0.01).Conclusion. Quality of undergraduate education affects the work of CPR trainers and some feel uncertain of defibrillation. The train-the-trainers courses and undergraduate medical education should focus more on practical scenarios with defibrillators and nontechnical skills.
Salivary Markers for Periodontal and General Diseases
Authors: Podzimek Stepan , Vondrackova Lucie , Duskova Jana , Janatova Tatjana , Broukal Zdenek
Published: April 2016

The determination of biomarkers in saliva is becoming an important part of laboratory diagnostics and the prediction of not only periodontal, but also other tissue and organ diseases. Biomarkers in saliva (e.g., enzymes, protein markers, or oxidative stress markers) can be used for activity determination and for periodontal disease prognosis. Saliva also contains many markers which can predict the risk of certain diseases (e.g., diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular, oncology, endocrinology, and psychiatric diseases). The study of salivary components proteomics clearly shows the relationship of periodontal diseases and diseases of distant systems, organs, or tissues.
Guidance Molecule SEMA3A Restricts Tumor Growth by Differentially Regulating the Proliferation of Tumor-Associated Macrophages
Authors: Wallerius Majken , Wallmann Tatjana , Bartish Margarita , Östling Jeanette , Mezheyeuski Artur , Tobin Nicholas P. , Nygren Emma , Pangigadde Pradeepa , Pellegrini Paola , Squadrito Mario Leonardo , Pontén Fredrik , Hartman Johan , Bergh Jonas , De Milito Angelo , De Palma Michele , Östman Arne , Andersson John , Rolny Charlotte
Published: April 2016

Accumulation of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) correlates with malignant progression, immune suppression, and poor prognosis. In this study, we defined a critical role for the cell-surface guidance molecule SEMA3A in differential proliferative control of TAMs. Tumor cell–derived SEMA3A restricted the proliferation of protumoral M2 macrophages but increased the proliferation of antitumoral M1, acting through the SEMA3A receptor neuropilin 1. Expansion of M1 macrophages in vivo enhanced the recruitment and activation of natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells to tumors, inhibiting their growth. In human breast cancer specimens, we found that immunohistochemical levels of SEMA3A correlated with the expression of genes characteristic of M1 macrophages, CD8+ T cells, and NK cells, while inversely correlating with established characters of malignancy. In summary, our results illuminate a mechanism whereby the TAM phenotype is controlled and identify the cell-surface molecule SEMA3A as a candidate for therapeutic targeting. Cancer Res; 76(11); 3166–78. ©2016 AACR.
Decreased Expression of Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase Associates with Glucose Metabolism and Tumor Progression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Hirata Hidenari , Sugimachi Keishi , Komatsu Hisateru , Ueda Masami , Masuda Takaaki , Uchi Ryutaro , Sakimura Shotaro , Nambara Sho , Saito Tomoko , Shinden Yoshiaki , Iguchi Tomohiro , Eguchi Hidetoshi , Ito Shuhei , Terashima Kotaro , Sakamoto Katsumi , Hirakawa Masakazu , Honda Hiroshi , Mimori Koshi
Published: April 2016

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP1), the rate-limiting enzyme in gluconeogenesis, is reduced in expression in certain cancers where it has been hypothesized to act as a tumor suppressor, including in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we report functional evidence supporting this hypothesis, providing a preclinical rationale to develop FBP1 as a therapeutic target for HCC treatment. Three independent cohorts totaling 594 cases of HCC were analyzed to address clinical significance. Lower FBP1 expression associated with advanced tumor stage, poor overall survival, and higher tumor recurrence rates. In HCC cell lines, where endogenous FBP1 expression is low, engineering its ectopic overexpression inhibited tumor growth and intracellular glucose uptake by reducing aerobic glycolysis. In patient specimens, promoter methylation and copy-number loss of FBP1 were independently associated with decreased FBP1 expression. Similarly, FBP1 downregulation in HCC cell lines was also associated with copy-number loss. HCC specimens exhibiting low expression of FBP1 had a highly malignant phenotype, including large tumor size, poor differentiation, impaired gluconeogenesis, and enhanced aerobic glycolysis. The effects of FBP1 expression on prognosis and glucose metabolism were confirmed by gene set enrichment analysis. Overall, our findings established that FBP1 downregulation in HCC contributed to tumor progression and poor prognosis by altering glucose metabolism, and they rationalize further study of FBP1 as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in HCC patients. Cancer Res; 76(11); 3265–76. ©2016 AACR.
Metabolomic Biomarkers of Prostate Cancer: Prediction, Diagnosis, Progression, Prognosis, and Recurrence
Authors: Kelly Rachel S. , Vander Heiden Matthew G. , Giovannucci Edward , Mucci Lorelei A.
Published: April 2016

Metabolite profiling is being increasing employed in the study of prostate cancer as a means of identifying predictive, diagnostic, and prognostic biomarkers. This review provides a summary and critique of the current literature. Thirty-three human case–control studies of prostate cancer exploring disease prediction, diagnosis, progression, or treatment response were identified. All but one demonstrated the ability of metabolite profiling to distinguish cancer from benign, tumor aggressiveness, cases who recurred, and those who responded well to therapy. In the subset of studies where biomarker discriminatory ability was quantified, high AUCs were reported that would potentially outperform the current gold standards in diagnosis, prognosis, and disease recurrence, including PSA testing. There were substantial similarities between the metabolites and the associated pathways reported as significant by independent studies, and important roles for abnormal cell growth, intensive cell proliferation, and dysregulation of lipid metabolism were highlighted. The weight of the evidence therefore suggests metabolic alterations specific to prostate carcinogenesis and progression that may represent potential metabolic biomarkers. However, replication and validation of the most promising biomarkers is currently lacking and a number of outstanding methodologic issues remain to be addressed to maximize the utility of metabolomics in the study of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(6); 887–906. ©2016 AACR.
Induction of Microglial Activation by Mediators Released from Mast Cells
Authors: Zhang Xiang , Wang Yiming , Dong Hongquan , Xu Ying , Zhang Shu
Published: April 2016

Background/Aims: Microglia are the resident immune cells in the brain and play a pivotal role in immune surveillance in the central nervous system (CNS). Brain mast cells are activated in CNS disorders and induce the release of several mediators. Thus, brain mast cells, rather than microglia, are the “first responders” due to injury. However, the functional aspects of mast cell-microglia interactions remain uninvestigated. Methods: Conditioned medium from activated HMC-1 cells induces microglial activation similar to co-culture of microglia with HMC-1 cells. Primary cultured microglia were examined by flow cytometry analysis and confocal microscopy. TNF- alpha and IL-6 were measured with commercial ELISA kits. Cell signalling was analysed by Western blotting. Results: In the present study, we found that the conditioned medium from activated HMC-1 cells stimulated microglial activation and the subsequent production of the pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-6. Co-culture of microglia and HMC-1 cells with corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) for 24, 48 and 72 hours increased TNF-α and IL-6 production. Antagonists of histamine receptor 1 (H1R), H4R, proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) or Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) reduced HMC-1-induced pro-inflammatory factor production and MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathway activation. Conclusions: These results imply that activated mast cells trigger microglial activation. Interactions between mast cells and microglia could constitute a new and unique therapeutic target for CNS inflammation-related diseases.
Regulation of Coronary Endothelial Function by Interactions between TNF-α, LOX-1 and Adiponectin in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice
Authors: Chen Xiuping , Zhang Hanrui , Hill Michael A. , Zhang Cuihua , Park Yoonjung
Published: April 2016

Background/Aims: Although individual contributions of TNF-α, LOX-1 and adiponectin to the regulation of endothelial function were previously studied, their interactions in the regulation of coronary endothelial function remain unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the interactions between TNF-α, LOX-1 and adiponectin in endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Methods: Vasodilator function was assessed in coronary arterioles isolated from wild-type, apolipoprotein (ApoE) knockout (KO) mice, ApoE KO null for TNF-α (ApoE KOTNF-/TNF-) and ApoE KO mice treated with neutralizing antibodies to either TNF-α and LOX-1, or recombinant adiponectin. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining were used for mechanistic studies. Results: Acetylcholine (Ach) dilation was impaired in ApoE KO mice. KO of TNF-α, anti-TNF-α anti-LOX-1 or adiponectin restored impaired ACh vasodilation without affecting endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor-mediated vasodilation. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated colocalization of TNF-α with vascular smooth muscle cells, and adiponectin with endothelial cells. ApoE KO mice showed increased protein expression of LOX-1, NF-κB, NADPH oxidase subunit NOX4 and nitrotyrosine (N-Tyr) levels in coronary arterioles. Treatment with anti-TNF-α, anti-LOX-1 and adiponectin suppressed protein expression of LOX-1, NOX4, NF-κB and N-Tyr levels. Conclusion: Adiponectin, anti-TNF-α and anti-LOX-1 exert vasoprotective effects in atherosclerotic ApoE KO mice.
Balancing the Fair Treatment of Others while Preserving Group Identity and Autonomy
Authors: Killen Melanie , Elenbaas Laura , Rutland Adam
Published: April 2016

Social exclusion and inclusion from groups, as well as the distribution of resources, are fundamental aspects of social life, and serve as sources of conflicts that bear on issues of fairness and equality, beginning in childhood. For the most part, research on social exclusion and allocation of resources has not focused on the issue of group membership. Yet, social exclusion from groups and the denial of resources reflect societal issues pertaining to social inequality and its counterpoint, fair treatment of others. Social inequality occurs when opportunities and resources are distributed unevenly in society, often through group norms about allocation that reflect socially defined categories of persons. This occurs at multiple levels of societal organization, from experiences of exclusion in childhood such as being left out of a play activity, to being denied access to resources as a member of a group. These situations extend to larger-level experiences in the adult world concerning social exclusion from voting, for example, or participation in educational institutions. Thus, most decisions regarding social exclusion and the denial of resources involve considerations of group identity and group membership, implicitly or explicitly, which contribute to prejudice and bias, even though this has rarely been investigated in developmental science. Current research illustrating the role of group identity and autonomy regarding decision-making about social exclusion and the denial of resources is reviewed from the social reasoning developmental model, a theoretical perspective that integrates social domain theory and developmental social identity theories to investigate how children use moral, conventional, and psychological judgments to evaluate contexts reflecting group identity, group norms, and intergroup dynamics.
Early Conventional MRI for Prediction of Neurodevelopmental Impairment in Extremely-Low-Birth-Weight Infants
Authors: Slaughter Laurel A. , Bonfante-Mejia Eliana , Hintz Susan R. , Dvorchik Igor , Parikh Nehal A.
Published: April 2016

Background: Extremely-low-birth-weight (ELBW; ≤1,000 g) infants are at high risk for neurodevelopmental impairments. Conventional brain MRI at term-equivalent age is increasingly used for prediction of outcomes. However, optimal prediction models remain to be determined, especially for cognitive outcomes. Objective: The aim was to evaluate the accuracy of a data-driven MRI scoring system to predict neurodevelopmental impairments. Methods: 122 ELBW infants had a brain MRI performed at term-equivalent age. Conventional MRI findings were scored with a standardized algorithm and tested using a multivariable regression model to predict neurodevelopmental impairment, defined as one or more of the following at 18-24 months' corrected age: cerebral palsy, bilateral blindness, bilateral deafness requiring amplification, and/or cognitive/language delay. Results were compared with a commonly cited scoring system. Results: In multivariable analyses, only moderate-to-severe gyral maturational delay was a significant predictor of overall neurodevelopmental impairment (OR: 12.6, 95% CI: 2.6, 62.0; p < 0.001). Moderate-to-severe gyral maturational delay also predicted cognitive delay, cognitive delay/death, and neurodevelopmental impairment/death. Diffuse cystic abnormality was a significant predictor of cerebral palsy (OR: 33.6, 95% CI: 4.9, 229.7; p < 0.001). These predictors exhibited high specificity (range: 94-99%) but low sensitivity (30-67%) for the above outcomes. White or gray matter scores, determined using a commonly cited scoring system, did not show significant association with neurodevelopmental impairment. Conclusions: In our cohort, conventional MRI at term-equivalent age exhibited high specificity in predicting neurodevelopmental outcomes. However, sensitivity was suboptimal, suggesting additional clinical factors and biomarkers are needed to enable accurate prognostication.
The Virtue of Gratitude: A Developmental and Cultural Approach
Authors: Tudge Jonathan R.H. , Freitas Lia B.L. , O'Brien Lia T.
Published: April 2016

There has been a burgeoning interest in gratitude in adults, adolescents, and children, with most scholars examining the relations between variations in level of gratitude, treated largely as an emotional state, and measures of well-being. In this paper we explain why we think that gratitude should be defined as a virtue, as discussed by neo-Aristotelian virtue ethicists, rather than simply as an emotional state. Defining gratitude as a virtue has clear developmental implications (no child or adolescent could be considered virtuous in the Aristotelian sense), allowing us to consider its likely precursors. It also has cultural implications, as one might expect cultural variations in how gratitude is cultivated in the young. We then discuss methods we think are helpful in allowing an understanding of the development of gratitude, and provide some supportive evidence for its development in different cultural contexts.
CD142+/CD61+, CD146+ and CD45+ microparticles predict cardiovascular events in high risk patients following a Mediterranean diet supplemented with nuts
Authors: Chiva-Blanch Gemma , Crespo Javier , Suades Rosa , Arderiu Gemma , Padro Teresa , Vilahur Gemma , Cubedo Judith , Corella Dolores , Salas-Salvadó Jordi , Arós Fernando , Martínez-González Miguel-Angel , Ros Emilio , Fitó Montse , Estruch Ramon , Badimon Lina
Published: April 2016

Circulating microparticles (cMPs) are small phospholipid-rich microvesicles shed by activated cells that play a pivotal role in cell signalling related to the pathogenesis of atherothrombosis. We aimed to investigate the prognostic value of cMPs released from different vascular cells for cardiovascular event (CVE) presentation in asymptomatic patients at high cardiovascular risk factors under nutritional and pharmacologic treatment. This is a nested case-control study of 50 patients from the five-year follow-up prospective PREDIMED trial enrolled in the nuts arm of the Mediterranean diet (Med Diet-nuts). We randomly selected 25 patients who had suffered a CVE during follow-up and pair-matched them for sex, age, and classical CV risk factors to 25 patients who remained asymptomatic (no-CVE). Total Annexin V-(AV)+ cMPs and cMPs from cells of the vascular compartment were quantified by flow cytometry at baseline and after one year follow-up. MedDiet-nuts and pharmacological treatment neither modified levels nor source of MP shedding in CVE patients. However, no-CVE patients showed 40–86 % decreased total AV+, PAC-1+/AV+, CD61+/AV+, CD142+/CD61+/AV+, CD62P+/AV+, CD146+/AV+, CD63+/AV+ and CD11a+/AV+ cMPs at one year follow-up (p ≤ 0.046, all). CD142+/CD61+/AV+, CD146+/AV+ and CD45+/AV+ cMPs were decreased in no-CVE patients compared to CVE patients. A ROCcurve clustered model for CD142+/CD61+/AV+, CD45+/AV+ and CD146+/AV+ cMPs predicted a future CVE [p<0.0001, AUC=0.805 (0.672 to 0.938)]. In patients at high CV risk profile treated with a controlled MedDiet supplemented with nuts and receiving up-to-date CV drug treatment, reduced cMPs derived from activated platelets, leukocytes and endothelial cells are predictive of protection against CVE within the next four years.
O processo de produção/adaptação de material didático de fonética e fonologia para deficientes visuais
Authors: Romualdo Edson Carlos , Marques Gabriela de Souza
Published: April 2016

Este artigo apresenta o processo de produção/adaptação de material didático de fonética e fonologia para deficientes visuais, oriundo de uma pesquisa motivada pela ausência de meios para levar a uma acadêmica deficiente visual do curso de Letras da Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM) os símbolos fonéticos e fonológicos, uma vez que constituem conhecimentos fundamentais para o desenvolvimento profissional de futuros professores de língua materna. Diante dessa lacuna e a favor da inclusão, o intuito era vislumbrar a melhor forma de representar os símbolos. Para tanto, entrevistas semiestruturadas foram realizadas com profissionais da educação especial que trabalham com cegos, segundo os quais o Braille é o recurso mais eficaz no processo de ensino e aprendizagem de não videntes. Assim, o resultado da pesquisa foi a adaptação em Braille, feita pelo Centro de Apoio Pedagógico (CAP) de Maringá, de um livro acerca de fonética e fonologia – inclusive dos símbolos –, organizado com destinação para a formação de professores.
A vida subterrânea e o tempo: uma leitura sobre a implicação entre física e vida em Dostoiévski
Authors: Freitas Lucas Bizarria
Published: April 2016

A obra de Dostoiévski é perpassada pela recorrente figura do homem subterrâneo. O presente artigo propõe uma análise dessa figura no interior da narrativa Uma Criatura Dócil, tendo em vista colocar em evidência o trabalho conceitual desempenhado pelo autor russo a partir dessas personagens sombrias. Em grande medida, Dostoiévski conduz sua escrita tomado por acontecimentos pungentes que tomam seu tempo cotidiano. Sua sensibilidade a eventos mundanos a atravessar a vida em São Petersburgo permite ao autor russo uma problematização de conceitos insuspeitos, como o tempo e a vida cotidiana. Nessa medida, nossa análise aproxima conceitos próprios da física – do estudo científico dos acontecimentos naturais – e da literatura, de modo a tomar um intenso exemplo de uso literário de conceitos científicos. Tal exemplopode interligar, claramente, a vida e os conceitos físicos. Sugerimos, enfim, que uma aproximação entre literatura e ciências pode emergir a partir de um trabalho conceitual focado no nexo entre o autor – no contexto da produção de sua obra, na vida cotidiana – e a sua materialidade imediata – a física, manifesta no transcorrer temporal. A ligação literatura-ciência se desdobra no interior desse campo vital
Ethmolaimus riparius sp. n. and Paramononchus major sp. n. (Nematoda) from Lake Baikal, Russia
Authors: GAGARIN VLADIMIR G. , NAUMOVA TATYANA V.
Published: April 2016

Two new nematode species found in Lake Baikal (Russia) are described and illustrated. Ethmolaimus riparius sp. n. is morphologically close to E. pilosus Shoshin, 1998 and E. lanatus Shoshin, 1998. The new species differs from E. pilosus by the longer and thinner body (L = 1228–1501 µm, a = 26–34 vs L = 720–1070 µm, a = 19–23), larger stoma (26–32 µm long vs 19–24 µm long), longer spicules and gubernaculum (45–50 µm long and 21–25 µm long vs accordingly 32–37 µm long and 8 µm long). E. riparius sp. n. differs from E. lanatus by the longer body (L = 1228–1501 µm vs L = 680–1180), shorter cephalic setae (its length is equal 1.1–1.4 labial region diameter vs 1.6–2.1 labial region diameter) and longer spicules and gubernaculum (45–50 µm long and 21–25 µm long vs accordingly 25–30 µm long and 7–8 µm long). Paramononchus major sp. n is close to P. orientalis Gagarin & Naumova, 2012, but differs from it by the longer body (L = 5926–7820 µm vs L = 3081–3778 µm), longer spicules (410–475 µm long vs 208–238 µm long) and larger number of precloacal supplements (52–61 vs 21–24). Keys for the identification of valid species of the genera Ethmolaimus and Paramononchus are given.
Validity of a blue stripe snapper, Lutjanus octolineatus (Cuvier 1828) and a related species, L. bengalensis (Bloch 1790) with a new species (Pisces; Lutjanidae) from the Arabian Sea
Authors: IWATSUKI YUKIO , AL-MAMRY JUMA M. , HEEMSTRA PHILLIP C.
Published: April 2016

Lutjanus octolineatus (Cuvier 1828), previously considered a junior synonym of Lutjanus bengalensis (Bloch 1790), is shown to be a valid species and lectotypes are designated. Both species are redescribed. The two species have overlapping distributions in the Indian Ocean, but are clearly separable by different dorsal-fin spine counts, blue-striped pattern on the body and the presence or absence of a subocular extension of cheek scales. Lutjanus octovittata (Valenciennes 1830), formerly assigned to synonymy of L. bengalensis, is considered a junior synonym of L. octolineatus based on examination of the holotype. Lutjanus sapphirolineatus n. sp., a species formerly misidentified as L. bengalensis, is described based on 10 specimens from Oman and Somalia. The new species differs from the three species above by a combination of different characters. Analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1, 603 bp) genetic marker, also strongly supports the validity of each species of the blue-striped snapper complex as distinct.
Chaetotaxy of Neotropical Cyphoderus caetetus sp. nov. with comments on the taxonomic position of Cyphoderinae within Paronellidae (Collembola, Entomobryoidea)
Authors: Zeppelini Douglas , Oliveira João V.L.C.
Published: April 2016

The description of a new species, Cyphoderus caetetus sp. nov., led to comparisons among Paronellidae (Cyphoderinae and Paronellinae), which showed that the chaetotaxy of the first abdominal segment is very similar in Cyphoderus, Troglobius (Cyphoderinae) and Trogolaphysa (Paronellini), and much reduced in relation to that seen in Lepidonella (Paronellinae, Bromacanthini), Pseudosinella and Seira (Entomobryidae). This feature, along with the presence of pseudopores behind the posterior row of setae on the fourth abdominal segment as seen in Troglopedetes, Trogolaphysa and Cyphoderinae (absent in Lepidonella and Entomobryidae), suggests that Cyphoderinae is more closely related to tribe Paronellini than Paronellini is to Bromacanthini and Entomobryidae, and that the subfamily Paronellinae is paraphyletic if Cyphoderinae is excluded. We propose including Cyphoderini as the apical group in Paronellinae together with Paronellini (Trogolaphysa and Troglopedetes).
A Multisensor Investigation of Rime Splintering in Tropical Maritime Cumuli
Authors: Lasher-Trapp Sonia , Leon David C. , DeMott Paul J. , Villanueva-Birriel Cecille M. , Johnson Alexandria V. , Moser Daniel H. , Tully Colin S. , Wu Wei
Published: April 2016

Three flights from the Ice in Clouds Experiment–Tropical (ICE-T) field campaign examined the onset of ice near the ascending cloud tops of tropical maritime cumuli as they cooled from 0° to −14°C. Careful quantitative analysis of ice number concentrations included manual scrutiny of particle images and corrections for possible particle-shattering artifacts. The novel use of the Wyoming Cloud Radar documented the stage of cloud development and tops relative to the aircraft sampling, complemented the manual estimates of graupel concentrations, and provided new clear evidence of graupel movement through the rime-splintering zone. Measurements of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) provided an estimate of primary initiated ice.

The data portray a dynamically complex picture of hydrometeor transport contributing to, and likely resulting from, the rime-splintering process. Hundreds per liter of supercooled raindrops ascended within the updrafts as the cloud tops reached 0°C and contributed in part to the 0.1 L−1 graupel detected soon after the cloud tops cooled to −5°C. Rime splintering could thus be initiated upon first ascent of the cloud top through that zone and arguably contributed to the 1 L−1 or more graupel observed above it. Graupel ascending/descending into, or balanced within, the rime-splintering zone were found. In wider, less isolated clouds with dying updrafts and tops near −14°C, ice particle concentrations sometimes reached 100 L−1. Future 3D numerical modeling will be required to evaluate if rime splintering alone can explain the difference of three to four orders of magnitude in the observed INPs and the graupel observed at −5°C and colder.
Morphosyntax and logical abilities in Italian poor readers: The problem of SLI under-identification
Authors: Arosio Fabrizio , Pagliarini Elena , Perugini Maria , Barbieri Lina , Guasti Maria Teresa
Published: April 2016

The study investigated morphosyntactic abilities and semantic-pragmatic competence in 24 children with developmental dyslexia aged 7 -12 years. Morphosyntactic abilities were investgated in a direct object clitic production task, semantic-pragmatic competence in a quantifier comprehension task. Children with dyslexia produced fewer clitics than their age controls and vocabulary controls. Ten children with dyslexia scored less than 1.5 SD below the mean score of an additional group of 89 children of the same age, selected across a range of oral and reading abilities. No difference was found in quantifier comprehension. These findings suggest that a large number of children with dyslexia are likely to be affected by SLI, although not diagnosed, and the authors recommend language assessment, including assessment of clitic production, when children are referred for dyslexia. By capitalizing on theories that see SLI as a deficit in the processing of complex aspects of linguistic relations, the authors argue that the production of clitics is particularly challenging because of their syntactic and morphosyntactic complexity.
Relationship Between Body Image Discrepancy and Intuitive Eating
Authors: Spoor Kesha Dorsey , Madanat Hala
Published: April 2016

Dieting is widespread among college women despite being ineffective and harmful long term. Intuitive eating is a dieting alternative that teaches eating in response to hunger and satiety cues. It has been associated with improved physical and psychological health and studied in association with various body image dimensions. A sample of college first years completed baseline measurements during an intuitive eating intervention to test the association between intuitive eating and body image discrepancy (BID). BID represents whether a respondent believes her current body is larger or smaller than ideal. Greater BID was negatively associated with intuitive eating ( p ≤ .05); participants who believed that their current bodies were larger than ideal were less likely to attend to hunger and satiety cues than participants who expressed little or no BID. These women should be targeted in future weight management interventions in order to avoid negative health outcomes of dieting.
Ideology critique via jurisprudence
Authors: Brower Latz Andrew
Published: April 2016

The British social philosopher Gillian Rose (1947–1995) developed, in Dialectic of Nihilism, a way of posing the problem of ideology by showing the dependence of philosophical and social thought on historical legal concepts. She termed it ‘jurisprudential wisdom’ and through it aimed to expose unexamined presuppositions within philosophical consciousness and thereby to perform ideology critique on such consciousness. This article examines Rose’s version of ideology critique, first by setting out its context within post-Kantian thought and Rose’s own intellectual project. It then tackles in detail Rose’s view that Roman law significantly shapes Kant’s form of rationality as a whole. It concludes that her argument is suggestive and highlights important features of Kant’s thought, but that it ultimately fails as an ideology critique. It does not follow that Rose’s form of ideology critique via jurisprudence fails as a whole; on the contrary, it retains plausibility. Rose’s misfire against Kant is a salutary lesson in the dangers of ideology critique and Kant’s survival of Rose’s attack is important for the assessment of his philosophy.
Measurement of interlaminar fracture properties of composites using the J-integral method
Authors: Zhao Yian , Seah Leong K , Chai Gin B
Published: April 2016

This study explored the use of J-integral approach for characterizing mode I, mode II and mixed-mode I/II interlaminar fracture toughness of composites materials. Delamination tests were conducted to measure the fracture toughness and the resistance curve (R-curve) for double cantilever beam, end-notched flexure and mixed-mode bending specimens. The J-integral approach and the well-established ASTM standard methods based on LEFM were compared in this work. The results obtained from both methods are in very good agreement. However, the J-integral method has the advantages of being applicable to materials with large fracture process zone (e.g., composites with fiber bridging) and provides a simpler experimental procedure with fewer inputs. More importantly, the presented method avoids the ambiguity in visual measurements of delamination length required by the ASTM standard methods. In this study, an image-processing program based on Hough transform was developed to obtain the rotation angles of the specimen. The method provides good accuracy and has lower requirements for image resolution, light and material surface compared to previous methods.
Habit and the Body
Authors: Engman Athena , Cranford Cynthia
Published: April 2016

Habitual action has been an important concept in sociological theory insofar as it allows for a conceptualization of action that does not rely on paradigmatic loyalty to a rational decision-making subject. One insight from theories of habit that is of particular importance for understanding how habit structures experience is the idea that habits are always habits in a world: we act in a material environment that is itself constitutive of action. Relatively little attention, however, has been paid to the ways in which the material environment is preconfigured for action by particular forms of embodiment. Drawing on disability studies as well as an empirical consideration of the experiences of people with physical disabilities and the attendant service providers who work with them, we develop a model of habit that accounts for the variability in habit formation and maintenance that characterizes lived experience.
Steamship nationalism: Transatlantic passenger liners as symbols of the German Empire
Authors: Russell Mark A
Published: April 2016

Between 1912 and 1914, the Hamburg-Amerikanische Packetfahrt-Aktien-Gesellschaft (HAPAG) launched a trio of transatlantic passenger liners: the Imperator, Vaterland and Bismarck. These have attracted considerable scholarly and popular interest, but their promotion and reception as national monuments has received little detailed consideration. This article shows how and in what manner the Imperator-class vessels were presented to the German public in various media as monumental symbols of the achievements of their nation. In particular, it offers a detailed analysis of the ceremonies that accompanied the launch of these liners, especially the speeches designed for national and international audiences. These reveal, in concentrated and explicit form, how the Imperator, Vaterland and Bismarck were expressly construed and presented to Germans as foci for collective identification. Evidence also demonstrates that the vessels were greeted as floating symbols of the German Empire in the British and American press. The article argues that the function of Germany’s premier passenger liners as national monuments in the nation’s popular culture, and in the foreign press, deserves serious study for at least two reasons: what it reveals about the construction and contestation of national identity in Germany, and what it demonstrates about popular responses to the German Empire in the transatlantic world.
Developing Ill-Structured Problem-Solving Skills Through Wilderness Education
Authors: Collins Rachel H. , Sibthorp Jim , Gookin John
Published: April 2016

In a society that is becoming more dynamic, complex, and diverse, the ability to solve ill-structured problems (ISPs) has become an increasingly critical skill. Students who enter adult roles with the cognitive skills to address ISPs will be better able to assume roles in the emerging economies. Opportunities to develop and practice these skills are limited in the traditional schooling structures. In contrast, wilderness education is one environment that provides students opportunities to engage with the critical elements that aid in the development of these cognitive skills. The purpose of this study was to measure the effects of wilderness education on students’ ability to solve ISPs when compared with peers in a traditional classroom setting. Results of this study suggested that students who were engaged in a wilderness education setting showed significant gains in their ISP skills when compared with their peers.
Anterior Heterotopic Ossification at the Talar Neck After Total Ankle Arthroplasty
Authors: Jung Hong-Geun , Lee Sang-Hun , Shin Min-Ho , Lee Dong-Oh , Eom Joon-Sang , Lee Jong-Soo
Published: April 2016

Background:

Recently, as total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) has been widely performed, its outcomes and complications have been reported. Heterotopic ossification (HO) after TAA has been reported in the posterior compartment of the ankle. We report on a series of HOs that developed in the anterior compartment of the ankle at the talar neck region after TAA.

Methods:

TAA was performed using the Hintegra and the Mobility in 54 ankles (Hintegra, 21 ankles; Mobility, 33 ankles) from 2004 to 2012. The outcome was assessed by visual analog scale (VAS), the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score, patient satisfaction, and radiographic evaluation. The HO was confirmed on the lateral ankle view. HO in the anterior compartment of the ankle was classified based on a modification of the Brooker classification.

Results:

After TAA, 13 HOs developed in 12 of the 54 ankles. Six HOs developed in the anterior compartment, and 7 HOs developed in the posterior compartment. The majority of the anterior compartment HO (5/6) was observed in the Mobility group. There was no significant relationship between HO and the clinical outcomes (VAS score, P = .62; AOFAS score, P = .31; ankle range of motion, P = .31).

Conclusions:

Besides the posterior ankle, the anterior compartment of the ankle in the talar neck region was demonstrated to be another potential area for HO after TAA. The development of anterior HO was strongly related to the wide exposure of the cancellous bony surface at the talar neck and therefore occurred more often with the Mobility than with the Hintegra prosthesis.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, retrospective comparative case series.
A critical analysis of Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services policy in England
Authors: Callaghan Jane EM , Fellin Lisa Chiara , Warner-Gale Fiona
Published: April 2016

Policy on Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) in England has undergone radical changes in the last 15 years, with far reaching implications for funding models, access to services and service delivery. Using corpus analysis and critical discourse analysis, we explore how childhood, mental health and CAMHS are constituted in 15 policy documents, 9 pre-2010 and 6 post-2010. We trace how these constructions have changed over time and consider the practice implications of these changes. We identify how children’s distress is individualised, through medicalising discourses and shifting understandings of the relationship between socio-economic context and mental health. This is evidenced in a shift from seeing children’s mental health challenges as produced by social and economic inequities to a view that children’s mental health must be addressed early to prevent future socio-economic burden. We consider the implications of CAMHS policies for the relationship between children, families, mental health services and the state. The article concludes by exploring how concepts of ‘parity of esteem’ and ‘stigma reduction’ may inadvertently exacerbate the individualisation of children’s mental health.
Racial and imperial thinking in international theory and politics: Truman, Attlee and the Korean War
Authors: Parmar Inderjeet
Published: April 2016

Connects the background ideas of race and empire to world politics Uses case of Truman and Attlee in the Korean War Argues that liberal-realist internationalists’ assumptions about the US-led post-war order obscure those background ideas and fail to understand the character of the post-war order Argues liberal-realist internationalism is akin to a legitimating ideology rather than an explanatory theory Argues that such failings render liberal internationalism inadequate to explain or prescribe ways for the United States/West to manage the ‘rise of the rest’ today

This article connects the background ideas of race and empire to world politics by looking at the world views and actions of Truman and Attlee in the Korean War. The article argues that liberal-realist internationalists’ assumptions about the US-led post-war order obscure those background ideas and fail to understand the character of the post-war order. I consider two kinds of ‘background ideas’—policy-makers’ and those embedded in liberal internationalism. Put together, these ideas render liberal-realist internationalism akin to a legitimating ideology rather than an explanatory theory. More broadly, and in the longer run, such failure to comprehend the character of the post-war order, and the roles of race, empire and periphery war in it, renders the theory inadequate to explain or prescribe ways for the United States/West to manage the ‘rise of the rest’ today.
Families coming together in prison: An examination of visitation encounters
Authors: Tasca Melinda , Mulvey Philip , Rodriguez Nancy
Published: April 2016

Despite great strides in research on the collateral consequences of incarceration, we know relatively little about family life during imprisonment. In an effort to extend prior work, the current study examines family processes among caregivers, prisoners, and children during prison visitation. Drawing from in-depth interviews with 52 caregivers of children of incarcerated parents, we use open and axial coding techniques to identify the interactions and interpersonal exchanges that take place among family members during prison visitation. Analyses revealed that in addition to universal engagement in Family Time, three familial processes unfolded in the carceral setting: Attempts to Bond, Declarations of Family Responsibilities, and Messages of Reform. Our findings illuminate the complex needs and fragile relationships of prisoners and their families, and have important implications for reentry, offender rehabilitation, and family well-being.