bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Desirability and Machiavellianism Artifact in the California Self-Esteem Measure
Authors: Rounds J.
Published: March 2007

In two previous studies Bennett, et al., reported the development of a measure of self esteem for use in the correctional setting. This measure was tested to determine the effects of social desirability and machiavel lianism on self-esteem scores. In this administration, both forms of artifact were found to be major contributors to the self-esteem scores, and it was recommended that caution be used in interpreting the findings of the previous studies.
Race and the Decision to Arrest: An Analysis of Warrants Issued
Authors: Hepburn John R.
Published: March 2007

Both the conflict perspective and the labeling perspective provide a the oretical base for the hypothesis that nonwhites are more likely than whites to be arrested on less than sufficient evidence. All 1974 adult arrests (N = 28,- 235) in a large midwestern city are analyzed to assess the relationship between race and the subsequent issuance of a warrant by the prosecutor's office. Con trols for type of offense, age, sex, and racial composition of neighborhood are introduced, yet nonwhites continue to have a larger proportion of arrests which are not upheld by the issuance of a warrant. These results are discussed in terms of the conflict and labeling perspectives.
Some Explorations in the Scaling of Penalties
Authors: Sebba Leslie
Published: March 2007

Quantification techniques in criminology have been applied extensively to the measurement of the seriousness of offenses, but the question of the relative severity of different penalities has been neglected. Which, for example, is the more severe penalty, a heavy fine, a long period of probation, or a short term of imprisonment? Is a $1,000 fine twice as severe a penalty as a $500 fine? This topic is not only of theoretical interest in itself It also has immediate practical implications for research on sentencing practices, on the seriousness of offenses, and on deterrence, as well as for the implementation of prevailing notions of proportionality in sentencing policy and for certain other juris prudential problems.

Attempts have occasionally been made to meet the requirements of research in this area by selecting an arbitrary measure of severity, such as imprison ment rates. Other researchers have assigned arbitrary weights to the various penalties. What is required, however, is the development of an empirically based scale, deriving from respondents' perceptions of the relative severity of various penalties. The methodology employed in measuring the seriousness of offenses may be adapted for this purpose.

Tentative findings of an exploratory study are considered.
Determinants of Juvenile Postadjudication Dispositions
Authors: Kowalski Gregory S. , Rickicki John P.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes six variables-two legal variables (number of past of fenses, committing offense), two extralegal variables (age, race), and two Diagnostic and Evaluation (D&E) Center variables (behavior rating, IQ)- thought to affect the postadjudication disposition of juveniles, in particular, their placement in either a group home or an institutional setting. The data used in this study were gathered from completed case histories on 133 random ly sampled male juveniles processed over a six-month period by a department of youth services (DYS) facility in a southern state.

Regression analysis demonstrates that D&E behavior rating, number of past offenses, age, and committing offense were significant determinants of postadjudication disposition. The variables race and IQ, while having a signifi cant simple correlation with type of disposition, are found to be nonsignificant when the other independent factors are controlled. It is also shown through an interaction analysis that the multiplicative term of number of past offenses x committing offense was an important factor in the juvenile's disposition.

It appears that the D&E Center avoided allowing race, an extralegal fac tor, to influence dispositions following adjudication. The primary determinants are similar to those found in the literature concerning other stages of disposi tion. If race as an extralegal variable does influence the treatment of an adoles cent in the juvenile justice system, it does so in the earlier stages of the process.
Robust Estimation of Parole Outcome
Authors: Wainer Howard , Morgan Anne M.B.
Published: March 2007

A comparison is made of various methodologies used in quantitative prediction of parole outcome. The Salient Factor Score, designed as an actuarial parole prognosis aid, is compared for accuracy and efficiency of prediction with a logistic latent trait model whose parameters were estimated in two different ways. One estimation scheme, maximum likelihood, is known to be adversely affected by noisy data, so a second method, robust in the face of deviations from assumptions of the model, was also used. In a 1970 two-year follow-up data set from the United States Parole Commission, the robust latent trait model is shown to predict parole performance more accurately than is possible with the other estimation scheme. The differences lie in the tail of the probity distribution, where the robust estimates prove to be clearly superior. It is pro posed that these techniques also be tested in other parts of the criminal justice system.
An Assessment of the Moos Correctional Institutions Environment Scale
Authors: Wright Kevin N. , Boudouris James
Published: March 2007

The Correctional Institutions Environment Scale has become, in recent years, one of the most popular indicators of life within penal organizations. However, recent challenges by industrial psychologists to the validity of the concept of organizational social climate and the lack of theoretical specification associated with the concept raise important questions about the CIES. The instrument was designed to measure nine subscales which cluster into three primary dimensions. Review of Moos's developmental work does not indicate that these factors bear any relation to reality. This study was initiated to determine what the CIES actually measures. Contrary to Moos's claim, the subscales are found to be intercorrelated. Subsequent factor analyses do not provide substantial support for the subscale structure described by Moos. Rather, many of the questionnaire items are found to be unrelated to any other item, and a large amount of "noise" is found in the instrument. The items of the CIES are found to form three factors, but not the three primary dimensions suggested by Moos. These analyses, therefore, fail to validate the CIES. It is concluded that further theoretical specification concerning correctional climate is needed, and there must be significant modifications in the way the correctional environment is measured.
Social Class and Delinquency in Cross-Cultural Perspective
Authors: Axenroth Joseph B.
Published: March 2007

In advanced industrial societies, the probability of delinquent status is associated with the lowest social strata, and the probability of lower-class status is associated with the most serious forms of delinquency. Otherwise, the class-crime relationship is a myth. Class-based theories are more likely to find empirical support in less developed societies where people are classified at birth into groups with distinct views of life, distinct values, and distinct socialization practices. Since education plays a part in minimizing these differences, access to the school system also plays a part in this minimization. In Korea, official statistics indicate that criminal behavior is largely confined to the lower class. The findings of a self-report study of 418 middle and high school youth in Seoul showed that access to the regular school system tended to reduce involvement of lower class boys in delinquent behavior. Apart from access to the educational system, the probability of delinquent status is associated with lower-class status, and the probability of lower-class status is associated with criminal or delinquent status. Thus, class remains an important factor in the explanation of delinquency when educational opportunity is lacking.
Public Goals of Punishment and Support for the Death Penalty
Authors: WARR MARK , STAFFORD MARK
Published: March 2007

Social scientists and social commentators are often quick to impute motives to those who support capital punishment, but there is in fact little direct evidence on public goals of punishment or the way in which these goals influence public support for capital punishment. In a sample survey of Seattle residents, respondents were most likely to choose retribution as the primary purpose of punishment, followed by incapacitation, rehabilitation, specific and general deterrence, and normative validation. A preference for retribution increases dramatically with age, but declines with educational attainment. Proponents of retribution and normative validation are most likely to favor the death penalty, but, contrary to common assumption, retributivists constitute only a minority of those who support capital punishment.
Correctional Officer Job Burnout: A Path Model
Authors: WHITEHEAD JOHN T. , LINDQUIST CHARLES A.
Published: March 2007

A path model of job burnout among correctional officers from a southern state is examined. The analysis shows that direct contact with inmates is not distressing; however, administrative practices are bothersome to officers. The findings may be interpreted as supporting the recently advanced double-bind theory of correctional officer stress (Cheek and Miller, 1983)—which ascribes officer distress to administrative practices—and/or being consistent with street-level bureaucracy theory (Lipsky, 1980), which attributes worker distress to managerial control strategies. Implications for intervention are discussed.
Adjudication in Homicide: An Interpretive Analysis of the Effects of Defendant and Victim Social Characteristics
Authors: FARRELL RONALD A. , SWIGERT VICTORIA L.
Published: March 2007

Research on differential justice suggests the need for analyses of the independent and interactive effects of offender and victim social characteristics on judicial decisions. The article that follows addresses this issue through an application of analysis of variance to data on the adjudication of cases in homicide (N = 444 defendants and 432 victims). The findings of the study suggest that male defendants, white, female, and higher-status victims, and lower-status persons held in the death of those of higher status elicit the more severe legal response. We argue that this pattern may be a product of an interpretive process wherein authorities come to rely on the social attributes of actors in arriving at determinations of culpability in an offense characterized by complex social relationships. That the analysis reveals no differences in the adjudication of inter- and intraracial and inter- and intragender offenses, or independent effects of the defendant's race or occupational prestige on adjudication also has implications for the findings of prior research in these areas.
In the Eye of the Beholder? Assessments of Psychopathology among Prisoners by Federal Prison Staff
Authors: TOCH HANS , ADAMS KENNETH
Published: March 2007

A research instrument was prepared that lists prison violations that vary in eccentricity. Staff members of three federal facilities—one containing a subpopulation of disturbed inmates—completed this questionnaire. Staff “pathology” ratings of prisoner behavior proved identical for the three groups, but recommended dispositions differed between staff who work in the “enriched” prison and the other groups. Irrespective of settings, some staff produced higher estimates of the prevalence of emotional problems among inmates than did others. The high estimators among staff also rated individual behavior descriptions more frequently as symptomatic of pathology—again, irrespective of setting. Context (including dispositional alternatives and prison philosophy) affects the range of dispositions used by staff, but it does not determine staff assessments of the rationality/irrationality of the behavior of inmates.
Bureaucratic Co-Optation of Informal Dispute Processing: Social Control as an Effect of Inmate Grievance Policy
Authors: BORDT REBECCA L. , MUSHENO MICHAEL C.
Published: March 2007

Drawing our conceptualization from the policy sciences and employing qualitative methods, we analyze the adoption and implementation of a specific, informal dispute resolution mechanism—a state's inmate grievance procedure. Specifically, we establish that the state's Department of Corrections is able to subvert the original intent of an inmate grievance procedure and co-opt it to serve bureaucratic control purposes. Prisoner and judicial interests, evident in the adoption process, are eliminated in the implementation stage. Broadly, this research suggests that organizational setting is an important dimension for assessing what forms of dispute resolution can be constructed and implemented with effectiveness. Informal procedures housed totally within the confines of public bureaucracies and adopted as reforms to enforce clients' rights may be transformed, through implementation, into sophisticated control mechanisms serving only bureaucratic interests. Finally, the study demonstrates why powerless people, particularly inmates, express a preference for formal, legal mechanisms to address their grievances.
Self-Enhancement Through Delinquency: A Conditional Test of Self-Derogation Theory
Authors: WELLS L. EDWARD
Published: March 2007

According to a self-esteem model of deviance, juveniles may become involved in delinquency as a response to negative self-attitudes. In particular, self-derogation theory predicts that low self-esteem motivates youths to try out delinquent activities that are aimed at restoring self-esteem. While the correlation between self-esteem and delinquency has been widely studied, the proposition that delinquent behavior can have self-enhancing effects remains uncertain and undocumented. This study examines some conditions under which engaging in delinquent behaviors may boost self-esteem. Applying multivariate procedures (dummy variable regression) to the Youth-in-Transition data panel, the article tests and estimates the combined effects of initial self-derogation and participation in delinquency on subsequent self-attitudes. The results show a curvilinear (second-order) interaction where self-enhancement from delinquent behavior occurs mainly among youths whose self-esteem is extremely low and whose self-esteem needs are unusually high. These effects appear to be quite persistent, enduring undiminished over a one-and-one-half to three-and-one-half-year lag. An additional and unpredicted finding is that delinquency may also show occasional enhancing effects among persons with very high self-esteem.
Fear Spots in Relation to Microlevel Physical Cues: Exploring the Overlooked
Authors: FISHER BONNIE , NASAR JACK L.
Published: March 2007

Individuals experience fear of victimization at many levels from the macroscale fears associated with a country or city to the microscale fears associated with proximate features. This article describes microlevel features associated with fear spots. Respondents were interviewed about their fear of victimization in relation to eight outdoor areas that varied in the degree to which the areas offered prospect, concealment, and ease of escape. The results showed significantly higher levels of fear associated with low prospect, high concealment, and blocked escape. The fears may well be associated with the perceived exposure to risk and loss of control. Knowledge of such cues to fear can be used in fear reduction programs—in particular, situation fear reduction strategies.
Testing the Leading Crime Theories: An Alternative Strategy Focusing on Motivational Processes
Authors: AGNEW ROBERT
Published: March 2007

Empirical tests of the leading crime theories usually develop measures of the independent variables in a theory or set of theories, and then examine the effect of these measures on crime. This article raises a fundamental challenge to these tests. In the first section, it is argued that it is not possible to fully distinguish between the leading crime theories by focusing on the effect of their independent variables. This is because these theories share many of the same independent variables in common. In the second section, it is argued that the leading crime theories are best distinguished in terms of their specification of crime motives. Such motives may be either positive or negative, and they explain why independent variables lead to crime. With certain exceptions, such motives have been neglected in empirical research. The nature of these motives is discussed, and suggestions for their measurement are offered.
An Assessment of an Alternative Education Program for At-Risk Delinquent Youth
Authors: COX STEPHEN M.
Published: March 2007

Evaluations of alternative schools have generally found that these programs have failed to produce positive evidence of effectiveness in reducing delinquent behaviors. Using an experimental design with a one-year follow-up, the present study assessed the effectiveness of one alternative education program in changing students' school-related attitudes, academic performance, and self-reported delinquency. The study found that the program was able to produce short-term effects on grade point average, school attendance, and self-esteem. These effects were not observed at the one-year follow-up. The conclusions focus on the need for more rigorous research that focuses on program implementation issues.
Writing, Identity, and the Other
Authors: Ware Linda
Published: March 2007

Although inclusive education is often characterized as a special education initiative, both general and special educators must assume responsibility for all children’s learning as mandated by 1997 amendments to the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act. The practice and implementation of inclusion policy in both K-12 public education and teacher education necessitates close examination of many issues that extend beyond compliance concerns. This article problematizes two related aspects of inclusion reform and its implementation in practice: persistence of unexamined assumptions about disability and uninspired curriculum. The author begins with an overview of humanities-based disability studies, an emerging field of scholarship that holds great promise for reimagining disability. Then the author describes a partnership between a secondary language arts teacher and herself wherein they created and cotaught Writing, Identity, and the Other, a curriculum unit informed by humanities-based disability studies. This example provides insight to the question, Dare we do disability studies?
Teacher Distance and Student Disengagement: School Lives on the Margin
Authors: Schlosser Linda Kramer
Published: March 2007

The school lives of 31 culturally diverse students who were identified by the school as potential dropouts were studied using ethnographic methods. Data were collected across 2 years and revealed that teachers who were identified by the students as most successful in helping them learn used practices based on two types of teacher knowledge: knowledge about the home lives and cultural backgrounds of students and knowledge about the impact of young adolescents' developmental needs on learning.
Graduate Utilisation In British Industry: The Initial Impact Of Mass Higher Education
Authors: Mason Geoff
Published: March 2007

The recent growth in higher education participation rates in Britain has been so sudden and so rapid that there is now intense public interest in its effects on graduate employment and salary prospects. Particular concern has been expressed about the development of certain phenomena associated with US-style ‘mass higher education‘, for example, an increase in the numbers of graduates who appear to be ‘under-utilised’ in jobs which have not traditionally been filled by degree-holders, and reports of apparent growth in variation in ‘quality’ of the graduates emerging from different kinds of degree course.
Teacher Preparation Needs in TESOL: The Results of an International Survey
Authors: Henrichsen Lynn E.
Published: March 2007

To arrive at an answer to the question of which kinds of train ing to offer in its ESOL teacher preparation program, the Communi cations and Language Arts Division of Brigham Young University — Hawaii Campus conducted an international needs assessment survey of TESOL educators and employers dealing with the areas they felt prospective ESOL teachers should be prepared in. This report' discusses previous related research, explains the specific purposes and methods of the BYU-HC survey, analyzes the responses to ques tionnaire items in four general and sixty specific areas of TESOL training, and arrives at conclusions based on this analysis. In the analysis, responses of the overall group surveyed and those of a number of geographical and institutional-status subgroups are com pared and significant intergroup differences are noted. Generally, questionnaire respondents expressed a need for more extensive train ing in TESOL methods and materials and in specific techniques for teaching language skills - especially listening comprehension.
Interpreting the English Proficiency Profile in Hong Kong
Authors: Gibbons John
Published: March 2007

In a number of papers Schumann has developed the thesis that second language learning is an aspect of acculturation, and that it cannot normally take place without acculturation. He has developed a profile of factors which influence acculturation and language learn ing, namely dominance, integration, enclosure, cohesion, size of community, attitude, residence and congruence. When this ac culturation model is applied to Hong Kong it can give a convincing interpretation of differences in English acquisition between social groups. In addition to exploring this possibility, minor modifications to the Schumann acculturation model are suggested. Finally, although it is assumed that any improvement in English proficiency in Hong Kong will not be great given current social forces, sugges tions are made concerning ways of fostering positive attitudes, in creased motivation and greater exposure to English.
Verbal-Report data and Introspective Methods in Second Language Research : State of the Art
Authors: Matsumoto Kazuko
Published: March 2007

This state-of-the-art article describes two types of verbal-report data (i.e., concurrent and retrospective) and four major introspective methods used in second language (L2) research (i.e., thinking-aloud, questionnaires, interviews, and diary-keeping). It then summarizes major introspective L2 research conducted to date, followed by a methodological review from ten perspectives which serve as criteria for classifying and evaluating these introspective L2 studies. It concludes with a discussion of presently controversial issues amongst researchers over the use of introspection as a research method for tapping L2 learners' inner cognitive processes, suggesting ways of minimizing concerns raised about verbal reports. It is argued that although verbal reports from informant-learners may be an incomplete reflection of actual internal processing, and enough care must always be exercised in stages of data collection and interpretation, they nevertheless contain useful information concerning learners' mental processes including their use of learning strategies which will not be satisfactorily accessed through extrospective observational studies.
Reading-Writing Connections in E.a.P. Classes: a Content Analysis of Written Summaries Produced Under Three Mediating Conditions
Authors: Allison Desmond , Berry Vivien , Lewkowicz JO
Published: March 2007

A recent study by the authors has proposed a rationale for investigating the effects of mediating tasks upon a summary writing activity for tertiary-level students using English as an educational medium. The tasks in the study involved a group discussion or a reading comprehension exercise, with a third condition providing for immediate access to the text and summary instructions with no mediating activity.

Following a brief review of the experimental design and procedures, the authors now present an original comparative analysis of the content of summaries written by students under the three different task conditions (approximately 30 students in each group). The content analysis examines the selection of topics, their sequential development and especially their relative prominence in these summaries. The discussion of implications for teaching assesses the merits of mediating tasks as language activities and also comments on their probable effects upon final written outcomes.
Testing an L2 Reading Strategy Programme
Authors: Talbot Dennis
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses some of the difficulties associated with using standardised reading tests in assessing students' use of reading strategies for expository text in short-term intervention programmes. Alternative approaches can be used, including identifying omitted structural material, unscrambling texts, and identifying and correcting illogical texts. Such testing approaches help to illustrate transfer "across tasks with the same underlying structure but different surface formats" (from the original intervention study) (Brown, Armbruster, and Baker 1986:69).
La religion, le droit et le problème de l'intégration sociale en Corée: évolution de la société entre autonomie nationale et tradition confucianiste
Authors: JETZKOWITZ Jens
Published: March 2007

Seen from the perspective of modernization theory, the institutionalization of a universal and secular legal system is a characteristic feature of modern societies. However, it is evident that even in modern societies religious concepts are used for the legitimization of social order. In the context of modernization theory the author analyses social order in Korea and its transformation. In a simulaneous examination of the religious structure and support networks, the author argues that the institutionalization of a universal and secular legal system will necessarily conflict with the concept of li, the dominant mode of integration in pre-modern Korea.
Festivity: Traditional and Modern Forms of Sociability
Authors: COSTA Xavier
Published: March 2007

Festive sociability is central for the transmission of tradition and is a fundamental field of interaction between the festive tradition and modernity. This sociability has a reflexivity and a public sphere of its own. The dominant modernist opposition between tradition and modernity is questioned with the help of a recent study of the Fire Festival of the “Fallas” (Valencia, Spain).
Religion and Enmity in Ireland: Institutions and Relational Beliefs
Authors: FULTON John
Published: March 2007

Opinions differ as to the role of religion in the Northern Ireland conflict. In this article, religion is located at different levels: institutionally, in the indirect contribution of the Roman Catholic Church and in the direct one of the Orange societies; doctrinally and particularly, in the covenant tradition of fundamentalist Protestantism; at the level of relational beliefs, though especially on the Protestant side; and at the level of cultures produced at the interface between relational religious and national-political beliefs. The way religion connects to politics and conflict is different for each of the two dominant blocs of interests: Irish Catholic Nationalist and Republican on the one hand, and Ulster Protestant Unionist and Loyalist on the other. The role of the Catholic Church can only be understood if the relationships between the two peoples of Ireland as a whole are taken into account, alongside those within Northern Ireland itself.
The Mystical Option in a Postmodern Setting: Morphology and Sense
Authors: NESTI Arnaldo
Published: March 2007

Following Troeltsch, who identified in the Western mystical adventure the fundamental aspects of the autonomy of individual conscience, of tolerance, of the relativity of beliefs and of ethical individualism, the author traces in the postmodern religious landscape, well beyond secularization, the kernel of a widespread mystical trend that appeared at the start of the third millennium. Its characteristics are a nomadic dimension, a hypertrophy of silence, an emotional atmosphere, sensitivity to the environment, and a sense of uncertainty. This trend presents both light and dark sides. According to the author the following elements should be considered: the heretical imperative, the sense of outward responsibility, the practice of paradox, and the plurality of the religious world.
Replacement of Professors in Theological Colleges and Faculties
Authors: Hoffner Joseph
Published: March 2007

En Allemagne, le manque de recrues nouvelles dans les diverses disciplines de la théologie catholique devient alarmant. Une action d'envergure qui ne soit pas seu lement commandée par les propres nécessités de chaque diocèse devient urgente. Or, dans les choix de la nou velle génération, la qualification scientifique entre autant en ligne de compte que l'aspect proprement sacerdotal.

Aussi importe-t-il que les évêques et les professeurs s'entendent quant à la formation des générations mon tantes qui sc trouvent aux études.
Suggestions pour la recherche en sociologie de la religion aux Etats-Unis
Authors: Schreuder O.
Published: March 2007

The fact that religion has not tended to disappear in the United States, as certain theories predicted, but on the contrary seems to be undergoing a revival, forces us to view it as something other than a type of cultural lag. Hence the ever increasing attention accorded to the religious phenomenon by American sociologists. The explanations advanced refer to the global structure and to the particular dynamics of American society. The author here studies several hypotheses connected with these explanations, and makes a distinction between religion as practised and the religious institution itself, with the direct and indirect influence it exercises.
Recherches sur les groupements religieux
Authors: Dumont F. , Dumont Fernand
Published: March 2007

In the earliest organisation of the Religious Orders, from the VIth century onwards, one can discern the elements of an Assembly and an Executive which evolved slowly through the years and finally assured the rights of the legislative assembly, "Suprema Po testas". The necessary powers of the Executive, bearer of the spiritual values of Authority, were not, however in any way restricted.
Pratique religieuse et appartenance sociale
Authors: Laloux J.
Published: March 2007

Can the fact of 'belonging' to different groups be gathered from religious practice or religious absenteism? Or, in other words, is the fact that one goes to church on sunday, a criterion which permits us to distinguish different forms of behaviour in different spheres of life? Research carried out in Seraing, Belgium, indicates that it is easy to place too much reliance on the discriminating value of this criterion. In the spheres in which the hypothesis has been tested, the fact of going or not going to church is not linked to different forms of behaviour. This is especially true where spontaneous social behaviour is concerned. As far as participation in social organisations is concerned, which, in Belgium, are often opposed on the basis of a double philosophical political religi ous system, the situation is slightly different.

But even in these cases another criterion seems to be more discernible: i.e. being very active in voluntary christian or non christian organisations. This characteristic distinguishes those engaged from those not engaged, if they go to church or not. On the other hand, on certain points militant christians and militant non christians are more opposed than church goers and non church goers.
Influence du milieu familial, des relations, du milieu scolaire et de la culture sur la foi des jeunes des grandes villes Conclusions d'une enquête
Authors: Wilemski Edmund
Published: March 2007

The study was carried out in Poland during the years 1957 to 1965. The particular concern of the enquiry was young boys and girls aged between 15 and 20 years. 2694 young people were questioned in Warsaw, Lodz, Cracow, Wroclaw and Gdansk. The method adopted made use of both subjective and empirical procedures. Individual questionnaires and interviews allowed regulation of the enquiry as a whole. Moreover, both teachers and parents were consulted. The article gives the conclusions of the enquiry.

The influence of family environment is most evident among girls and in the majority of cases this influence is positive (= attaining its object): believing girls are more subject to these positive influences than are those who do not believe; believing boys, however, are more subject to negative influences than those who do not believe.

The enquiry further observes the influence of relations among young people, especially the influence of discussions and example.

A third part has as its conclusion the central importance of the influence of the school.

Finally, the influence of cultural factors (study, entertainment) is established as important and capable of killing the religious sense by means of the doubt and denial spread by the culture. This baleful influence is verified in 1869 cases out of the 2694.
Religion, war and the institutional dilemma A sociological interpretation
Authors: Fuse Toyomasa
Published: March 2007

En dépit du précepte universellement admis d'amour et de fraternité et malgré l'interdiction de tuer, la religion institutionnelle (c'est-à-dire l'Eglise) a toujours réussi à rationaliser et à soutenir la guerre auprès de sa communauté nationale. Cette disparité entre les normes religieuses et la pratique a toujours constitué une source de tension pour les idéalistes et suscité l'intérêt de ceux qui étudient la religion.

En analysant les attitudes religieuses vis-à-vis de la guerre on découvre le lien qui existe entre la religion et le système socio-politique. En effet l'attitude de l'Eglise face à ce problème constitue une des preuves les plus évidentes qui puisse être apportée à la thèse selon laquelle l'Eglise en tant qu'institution sociale fait partie intégrante de la société et n'est pas en dehors d'elle. Pour ce motif, nous voudrions examiner ici les problèmes suivants:

1. quelles sont les bases théoriques sur lesquelles s'appuient l'attitude et le comportement non-pacifiste des églises institutionnalisées;

2. quelles sont les données susceptibles d'étayer l'hypothèse principale de ce document, à savoir que l'Eglise en tant qu'institution sociale réfléchit et en même temps soutient les valeurs et la praxis de la société, ce qui fait qu'elle fonctionne davantage comme agent con servateur que comme agent de changement social.

Ces postulats trouvent de solides appuis dans quatre études empiriques qui ont été faites indépendamment les unes des autres. et dont la réalisation s'étage sur un laps de quinze années. La première fournit des données qui confirment pleinement l'assertion selon laquelle l'opposition à la guerre est plus f orte dans les sectes que dans les églises. La seconde étude soutient la thèse selon laquelle l'Eglise en nommant des aumôniers mili taires resoud ce conflit de valeurs en faveur de la société, en soutenant les valeurs et les objectifs du système socio-politique de la guerre. La troisième étude donne une base empirique au postulat selon lequel l'Eglise est accommodante en ce domaine, sa position sur les questions sociales dépendant davantage de l'attitude et des valeurs de ses membres que de ses propres valeurs religieuses. La dernière étude enfin met en lumière la thèse selon laquelle l'Eglise est essentiellement une force conservatrice qui cantonne son radicalisme dans son ministère auprès des étudiants. En définitive l'Eglise est davantage un agent conservateur qu'un agent de changement social.
Typologie sociologique de l'ordre religieux
Authors: Hill Michael , Rousseau André
Published: March 2007

Ideal types of forms of Christian organisation have proved fruitful in the Sociology of Religion, and a review of the main features of types in this area suggests that religious orders may be analysed in this way. Starting from a definition of the basic theological concepts — ascetism, monasticism and dif ferent uses of the term « religious order » — an ideal type of the religious order is constructed which shows the main features of such organizations and the relationship between them and the wider organization of the Church, of which they form part. As a result of comparison with Wilson's ideal type of the sect, certain parallels are revealed which suggest that the order may be considered as to some extent a « sect within a church », and this interpretation is elaborated using historical and theological literature. Further points of com parison are also noted and the most crucial differences between sects and orders are likewise pointed out. The main distinction noted is that the order only exists as part of a church, while the sect exists for its own members only.
La recherche appliquée: le cas du « Katholiek Sociaal Kerkelijk Instituut (KASKI) » aux Pays-Bas
Authors: Holl Adolf , Crépin Hyacinthe
Published: March 2007

Following Vatican II changes are rapidly taking place within Dutch Catholicism — the bishops no longer make decisions in an authoritarian way: religious practice is de clining ; priests and religious are decreasing in numbers and many religious and pastoral experiments have come into being.

KASKI has the responsibility of keeping pace with the Church during this process of change. In order to do this it makes use of several modes of work — the production of statistics relating to the position of religion in Society, the planning of religious and pastoral institutions and the study of new forms of the religious life in orders and congregations. For the first task it has used the same instruments for twenty- five years and the censuses thus produced yield valuable infor mation.

As far as pastoral planning is concerned, it works in the field, playing the role of catalyst for those who have to make decisions and the people who have to carry out these decisions. This was the case, for instance, in the pastoral planning of the town of Eindhoven. Finally, when dealing with the new forms of communal religious life it adopts the method of studying through participation so that two of its researchers working in this sector are themselves members of religious groups.

Applied research poses important problems, both from the methodological and from the political points of view. Amongst them may be noted the difficulty of determining precisely what constitutes rapid change in religious life, and the political choice of the persons for whom the research is being con ducted; the latter inevitably imposes a certain degree of conformity upon the perspectives of the work. (For example, the choice of the Dutch hierarchy which was to follow the general lines given by a large majority of Catholic opinion when it was tested particularly on questions like the liturgical and parochial changes). The fact, also, that the director of KASKI himself has a personal commitment to what may be described as the « right of centre » position in Dutch Catho licism poses problems for the work of the Institute. Political and religious radicalism is not a strong characteristic of the more senior research workers.

KASKI is a rare example of a centre which brings socio logists together and uses their professional competence to accompany change in religious institutions.
The Goddess Pattini and the Lord Buddha
Authors: Obeyesekere Gananath
Published: March 2007

Dans de nombreuses mythologies les dieux naissent de ma nière miraculeuse sans l'intervention de la sexualité. Cependant les choix concernant le procédé de la naissance sont divers selon les cultures. Ainsi les deux mythes de la naissance de Pattini et celle du Bouddha sont différents dans la tradition bouddhiste singhalaise. Dans un cas la déesse nait d'une man gue et, dans l'autre, le Bouddha nait du sein de sa mère, mais de conception virginale. Dans les deux cas le processus de la naissance est influencé par un facteur culturel important : la préoccupation du pur et de l'impur, tout à fait central dans les cultures indienne et singhalaise.

Le symbolisme du fruit d'or du manguier d'où nait la déesse suite à la pénétration d'une flèche dans le fruit allie à la fois un expression du processus naturel de la conception et sa né gation. Il y a ensuite naissance symbolique, l'enfant étant dé couvert dans un panier. Pour le Bouddha au contraire, la nais sance est naturelle, mais la conception de l'est point. Il en est de même pour la descendance du Bouddha qui lui est connue avant qu'il ait achevé l'illumination. L'impureté est évitée, ce qui est la condition pour une possibilité de divinisation.
Les « Jesus Freaks » et le retour à la respectabilité
Authors: Mauss Armand L. , Petersen Donald W.
Published: March 2007

This paper postulates that (1) the Jesus movement, as a movement, is in the process of routinization ; and that (2) the main function of the movement for the individual members has been that of providing a " waystation to respectability" for a cohort of stigmatized youth, who are more recently in the process of being reabsorbed back into the system, partly through membership in established pentecostal churches. The data come from structured and unstructured interviews ad ministered in the state of Washington in 1971, 1972, and 1973; from content analysis of movement publications ; from lengthy observations; and from relevant secondary sources. The data bear out the postulates and suggest that an interesting "latent function of this movement has been that of informal "youth outreach " program for the pentecostal branch of Protestantism.
Liberal and Conservative Catholic Pentecostals
Authors: Fichter Joseph H.
Published: March 2007

Les membres des mouvements pentécostaux protestants traditionnels sont typiquement dc la classe socio-économique inférieure. Ils sont plutôt de tendance conservatrice.

Les membres des mouvements pentécostaux catholiques contemporains sont typiquement des classes moyennes ou même moyennes-supérieures. Ils adoptent plutôt des attitudes sociales libérales.

Toutefois, l'étude approfondie des réponses à une enquête effectuée parmi des catholiques charismatiques permet d'établir des distinctions plus fine au sein de ce groupe.

Les différences observées entre catholiques charismatiques plutôt conservateurs ou plutôt libéraux s'expliquent non pas à partir de principes, de choix idéologiques ou des pratiques du pentecôtisme catholique, mais bien par le type de scolarisation qu'ont connu les membres de ce groupe.

Les charismatiques libéraux ont généralement connu une scolarisation plus longue que les charismatiques conservateurs. De plus, les charismatiques libéraux ont plus souvent fréquenté des écoles et collèges catholiques que les charismatiques conservateurs qui ont, quant à eux, reçu plus souvent leur éducation dans des institutions séculières publiques.
Religious and Social Attitudes in « Hymns Ancient and Modern » (1889)
Authors: Wilson Stephen
Published: March 2007

Cet article analyse les attitudes religieuses et sociales que l'on peut trouver dans un hymnaire anglican semi-officiel: « Hymns Ancient and Modern» (1889). Premierement, ces hymnes mettent en lumiere l'existence, au cours de la seconde moitié du 19e siecle, d'une tendance vers une forme moins sévère de christianisme. Les hymnes insistent sur un dieu d'amour et de sollicitude et parlent relativement peu de l'enfer. Mais cette tendance vers une religion « mentalement saine » est atténuée par l'accent mis sur la puissance et la force de Dieu vis-à-vis de la faiblesse et de la culpabilité humaines. Les rapports entre Dieu et l'homme sont conçus en termes plutôt masochistes. Deuxiemement, le message social des hymnes est assez explicitement celui d'un acquiescement et d'un conservatisme social. La soumission et l'harmonie sociale sont prêchées aux pauvres de ce monde, surtout à travers la promesse d'un paradis dans le monde à venir où les pauvres auront le repos et où les besoins des dépossédés seront comblés. Le travail manuel et la pauvreté sont sacralisés en référence au Christ, fils du charpentier. De façon plus générale, les hymnes utilisent moins la menace comme moyen de contrôle social et cherchent à inspirer la confiance par des appels à la persuasion, au bon sens, au devoir et à l'intérêt personnel. Troisiemement, les hymnes, par leur insistance sur l'élection des croyants et leur refus du péché, presentent des caractéristiques sectaires assez prononcées. On pourrait voir ceci comme une réaction négative à la sécularisation. Quatrièmement, malgré le désaveu explicite de la sexualité, les images sexuelles sont employées très souvent, et le rapport entre Dieu et l'homme est conçu en termes érotiques. Enfin, les hymnes illustrent certaines caractéristiques archaiques, ce qui suggère que la religion sert à perpétuer, dans une société avancée, des traits de mentalité « primitive ».
The Italian Communist Party and the Catholic World
Authors: Riccamboni Giancarlo
Published: March 2007

La question catholique revêt en Italie une dimension par ticulière en raison du poids du Vatican dans les relations Eglise-Etat ainsi qu'en raison de la spécificité de la question paysanne. Le Parti Communiste Italien s'est posé le problème du dialogue avec le monde catholique et ses associations : l'institution ecclésiale, les syndicat et parti, les différentes organisations culturelles.
Sociology of Religion in Spain A Critical Review
Authors: Estruch Juan
Published: March 2007

Un bilan critique de ce qui a été accompli jusqu'a présent en Espagne dans le domaine de la sociologie de la religion s'avère nécessaire si l'on veut déterminer le genre de recher ches qui doivent être poursuivies et définir les domaines où il est indispensable de changer de cap et d'innover. La sociologie ecclésiastique espagnole des dernières vingt-cinq années, confessionnelle et à dominance cléricale, a fourni beaucoup de renseignements utiles sur les institutions reli gieuses (et en particulier sur l'Eglise catholique). Mais la sociologie de la religion en Espagne est victime d'une fai blesse théorique chronique. Elle connaît de graves poblèmes méthodologiques qui, à ce jour, n'ont même pas été posés correctement. Une analyse, thématique et chronologique, de la production sociologique espagnole rend manifeste les traits les plus caractéristiques de la situation présente. Elle devrait permettre d'envisager l'avenir à partir d'une base, pauvre peut-être, mais réelle.
The Rise of Jainism and its Adoption by the Vaishyas of India : a Case Study in Sanskritisation and Status Mobility
Authors: Gandhi Raj S.
Published: March 2007

Il ne fait pas de doute que le jainisme, pratiqué en Inde aujourd'hui par une minorité significative, émergea à la ma nière d'un mouvement de protestation contre le brahminisme orthodoxe de la période védique. Il constitua une interpellation à l'égard de plusieurs pratiques brahmines comme, par exemple, la consommation de viande, de soma (boisson alcoolisée) ou les offrandes de sacrifices avec effusion de sang. Ces pratiques disparurent après la période védique et ce fait semble bien être un résultat de l'influence du jaïnisme sur le brahminisme.
Charismatics and the Political Presence of Catholics
Authors: Pace Enzo
Published: March 2007

Cet article analyse la signification politique de la présence de groupes charismatiques dans une région d'Italie où tant l'institution ecclésiale catholique que la Démocratie Chrétienne (le parti politique des catholiques) sont très fortement im plantés et influants.

Après une brève description du mouvement charismatique lui-même, l'Auteur s'interroge sur les rapports qu'il entretient avec la structure socio-économique et différentes instances du pouvoir régional.

La stricte séparation que le mouvement préconise entre «vie personnelle» et «vie politique» s'inscrit dans la tradition catholique italienne et représente une bonne clef d'interpré tation pour comprendre la fonction de continuité idéologique et politique que le mouvement charismatique remplit en vue de préserver l'assise de pouvoir battie par le bloc catholique.