bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A simplified model for biomedical waste management in dental practices - A pilot project at Thane, India
Authors: Baghele Om N. , Phadke Subodh , Deshpande Ashish A. , Deshpande Jayant P. , Baghele Mangala O.
Published: August 2013

A lot of biomedical waste (BMW) is generated in dental practices, which can be hazardous to the environment as well as to those who come in contact with the materials, if not dealt with appropriately. Most of the rules world-wide are not specific for dental BMW management and hinder easy understanding by dental practitioners. Because of lack of clear-cut guidelines either from Dental Council of India or Government of India or Indian Dental Association (IDA) on disposal of dental wastes, this article is designed to explore and review on these issues and formulate a simplified scheme. The guidelines by the Maharashtra Pollution Control Board from the directives of The Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India through BMW (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998, (BMW-MH-98), similar guidelines being followed elsewhere in the world, the local BMW disposal company’s rules and the IDA’s Clinic Standardization Program guidelines. We developed and implemented a simplified waste segregation protocol for practicing dentists and dental hospitals. A methodological dental waste segregation protocol was required considering its disposal and ill-effects on health and the environment. The simplified scheme provided a good model to be followed in developing countries like India. The scheme improved understanding among dentists because of its self-explanatory nature.
Oral myiasis: A rare entity
Authors: Bhagawati Basavaraj T. , Gupta Manish , Singh Shivangi
Published: August 2013

Oral myiasis is a relatively rare pathology in humans caused by invasion of body tissue or cavities of living animals or humans by larvae of certain dipteran flies. It is an uncommon clinical condition, being more frequent in underdeveloped countries, and in countries with tropical climate. Common pre-disposing factors are poor oral hygiene, halitosis, trauma, senility, suppurative oral lesions, and in patients with neuro-psychiatric deficits. The present article reports a case of oral myiasis involving the anterior palate in a physically and mentally disabled 24-year-old female patient.
A study of different modes of disinfection and their effect on bacterial load in dental unit waterlines
Authors: Singh Vatsala , Nagaraja Chaitra , Hungund Shital A.
Published: August 2013

Objective: To compare the effect of disinfection of dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) on bacterial load using disinfection methods and agents like 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), time-dependent flushing (1 min, 2 min), and using distilled water and tap water as water sources. Materials and Methods: Four dental units were taken: Unit A contained 0.12% CHX, Unit B contained distilled water, Unit C contained tap water, and Unit D included flushing for 1 and 2 min. A total of 36 water samples were collected in 2 weeks. One sample of tap water from basin was taken as study control. One sample each from Unit A, B, and C and 2 samples from Unit D (1 min and 2 min flushing) were taken as baseline samples. Samples were collected three times a week and assessed for total viable count (TVC) and types of organisms present. Results: For Unit A, no growth of microorganisms was observed. Flushing for 1 min and 2 min showed variable TVC. No significant difference was seen in TVC of units B, C, and D in comparison to the baseline samples. Conclusions: It was found that 0.12% CHX was very effective in controlling DUWL contamination. Adhering to a recommended 2 min flushing regimen can reduce the bacterial counts, but is not a reliable means of disinfection.
Facial talon cusp on permanent maxillary canine: A rare dental anomaly
Authors: Thakur Seema , Gupta Reecha , Thakur Narbir S. , Gupta Mohit
Published: August 2013

Talon cusp is a rare form of developmental anomaly characterized by cusp like projections, usually presenting on palatal and lingual surface of the anterior teeth. Maxillary lateral incisor is most often affected followed by maxillary central incisor. This developmental anomaly is rare on the facial surfaces and very few cases have been reported. When it occurs, the effects are mainly aesthetic and functional and so early detection and treatment is essential in its management to avoid complications. An unusual case of talon cusp on the facial aspect of maxillary canine is reported. The chief complaint of the patient was impaired aesthetics. Aesthetic correction was There is only one reported case of facial talon cusp on maxillary canine till date. This case reports a very rare form of such anomaly along with management.
Evaluation of bond strength between glass fiber and resin composite using different protocols for dental splinting
Authors: Fabrício Amaral R. , José Renato Queiroz C. , Fabíola Leite P. P. , Helcio Reskalla N. J. F. , de Carvalho Rodrigo Furtado , Mutlu Özcan
Published: August 2013

Context: Many different polymeric materials to chair-side application on pre-impregnated glass fibers (PGF) are available and different protocols are used in clinical procedure. Aims: This study evaluated protocols used for dental splinting on adhesion between PGF and resin. Settings and Design: 42 pair of nano composite resin blocks with (6 × 6 × 8) mm 3 were assigned into seven groups (n=6) and bonded according to the protocol: Gar) adhesive, resin; Ggr) glass fiber, resin; Ggar) glass fiber, adhesive, resin; Gfgar) flowable resin, glass fiber, adhesive, resin; Ggafr) glass fiber, adhesive, flowable resin, resin; Ggfar) glass fiber, flowable resin, adhesive, resin; Gfgr) flowable resin, glass fiber, resin. Materials and Methods: Micro sticks obtained from each group were submitted to the micro tensile bond strength test. Statistical Analysis: The data were statistically evaluated using ANOVA and Tukey`s test (5%). Results: The protocol had a significant effect on the bond strength results (P=0.00). Gar and Ggar resulted in the highest bond strength with no statistical difference. Conclusions: The use of adhesive agent showed to be efficient to promote initial adhesion between fiber and nano composite resin.
Three-dimensional analysis to compare parallelism of occlusal planes to the hamular notch-incisive papilla plane in dentulous and edentulous subjects
Authors: Singh Kishan , Lakshmi Namratha , Agnihotri Yoshaskam , Suvarna Suraj R. , Sahoo Sukant , Kumar Prince
Published: August 2013

Purpose and Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of hamular notch-incisive papilla (HIP) plane as an anatomical landmark in establishing occlusal plane in edentulous subjects. Materials and Methods: Seventy subjects were selected from the South Indian population, of which 50 were dentulous and 20 were edentulous. Dental stone casts were fabricated for dentulous and edentulous subjects. Dental stone casts of the dentulous and edentulous subjects, along with occlusal rims were analyzed using the three-dimensional analyzing machines. The angles between the occlusal planes and HIP plane were determined using the reference coordinate system based on characteristic points in the dentition on the cusp tips in dentulous casts and on maxillary occlusal rim on edentulous casts. Results: The HIP plane tends to be parallel to the occlusal plane. There is no statistical difference between sexes. Conclusion: The HIP plane is parallel to the natural occlusal plane and can be used as a reference plane to re-establish the occlusal plane in edentulous patients.
Malocclusion and deleterious oral habits in a north Indian adolescent population: A correlational study
Authors: Pruthi Nidhi , Sogi Girish M. , Fotedar Shailee
Published: August 2013

Objective: To assess the prevalence of malocclusion and deleterious oral habits among 12 and 15-year-old school children in Shimla city, India and to find, if any correlation exists between the two. Design: Correlational study design. Setting: Twelve schools in Shimla city, India. Materials and Methods: Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need was assessed using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) among a sample of 961, 12 and 15-year-old school children in Shimla city, who received no orthodontic treatment before or during the study. Subjects were also assessed for deleterious oral habits. Statistical Analysis: Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests were used. Multivariate regression analysis was used to test the correlation of habits with mean DAI score and malocclusion traits. Results: Mean DAI score was 26.81±5.25. Nearly 53% of the study sample presented with malocclusion, ranging from ′definite′ to ′handicapping′ based on the DAI scores. The prevalence of various deleterious oral habits was 25.9%. About 29% of children with any oral habit developed malocclusion as compared to those without any habit (P value=0.023). Tongue thrusting, mouth breathing and thumb sucking habits had a significant impact on malocclusion. Conclusion: There was high prevalence of malocclusion (52.7%). Abnormal oral habits, particularly mouth breathing and tongue thrusting had a significant impact on malocclusion, resulting in higher frequency of crowding in anterior teeth, open bite, and spacing.
Perceived sources of stress among Malaysian dental students
Authors: Telang Lahari Ajay , Nerali Jayashri Tamanna , Telang Ajay , Chakravarthy Pishipati Vinayak Kalyan
Published: August 2013

Objective: Dental student training is known to be stressful and associated with physical and psychological distress, emotional exhaustion, and burnout. Aim: The aim of this study was to identify the stress provoking factors among students performing clinical tasks in a Malaysian Dental School. Materials and Methods: A modified dental environment stress questionnaire was distributed to 179 Bachelor of Dental Surgery students during the clinical years 3-5 and their responses are analyzed. Results: The most stress provoking factor was found to be "fear of failing the course or year" (72%) followed by "fear of facing parents after failure" (46%). The least stress provoking factors were related to personal issues such as personal physical health (48%) and lack of home atmosphere in living quarters (40%). Female students were found to be more stressful than the male students and financial responsibilities provoked only moderate amount of stress among many of the students. There was a significant difference in the overall stress levels perceived by students belonging to 3rd, 4th, and 5th year of study. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that with the advent of newer teaching modalities, a more student friendly environment can be created so that detrimental consequences of stress can be reduced.
Oral health knowledge and practice among administrative staff at Taibah university, Madina, KSA
Authors: Ahmad Mohammad Sami , Bhayat Ahmed , Al-Samadani Khalid H. , Abuong Ziad
Published: August 2013

Background: Although the prevalence of dental caries is decreasing in developed countries, it is still increasing in developing countries. No studies have reported on the oral health status of adults in Saudi Arabia; the role models and parents for the younger generation. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out between January and June 2012 and included 200 randomly chosen Taibah university staff members. Each participant received a self-administered questionnaire and consent form detailing the objectives and rational of the study. Results: The response rate was 74%; mean age was 32.6 years and almost 90% had obtained higher educational qualifications. Nearly, half (48%) cleaned their teeth in the morning and evening, 77% used a tooth stick and toothbrush and almost 90% used tooth paste regularly. Under two-thirds (61%) visited the Dentist only when necessary and 13% had never visited a Dentist. The treatment received included restorations (35%), scaling and polishing (21%) and extractions (18%). Of those who did not visit the Dentist, 40% cited the high cost as the reason. The majority (78%) were aware that sugar is harmful for the teeth. Under half (46%) used tobacco and 36% had medical conditions. Those who visited the Dentist were more likely to brush twice daily (P=0.04) and of those who brushed regularly, 50% knew the number of permanent teeth present (P=0.04) and 57% were aware of the benefits of fluoride (P=0.01). Conclusion: The majority of respondents had a poor level of knowledge regarding oral hygiene. This was reflected in their poor and inconsistent brushing habits and their lack of utilization of dental services.
Pharmacotherapy Options in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Kumar Pradeep , Banik Snehashish
Published: August 2013

Drugs form the mainstay of therapy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Five main classes of drugs are currently used: analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs), glucocorticoids, nonbiologic and biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Current clinical practice guidelines recommend that clinicians start biologic agents if patients have suboptimal response or intolerant to one or two traditional disease modifying agents (DMARDs). Methotrexate, sulfasalazine, leflunomide and hydroxychloroquine are the commonly used DMARDs. Currently, anti-TNF is the commonly used first line biologic worldwide followed by abatacept and it is usually combined with MTX. There is some evidence that tocilizumab is the most effective biologic as a monotherapy agent. Rituximab is generally not used as a first line biologic therapy due to safety issues but still as effective as anti-TNF. The long term data for the newer oral small molecule biologics such as tofacitinib is not available and hence used only as a last resort.
Age-Friendly Primary Health Care: An Assessment of Current Service Provision for Older Adults in Hong Kong
Authors: Woo Jean , Mak Benise , Yeung Fannie
Published: August 2013

There has been no study evaluating whether primary care services are sufficiently oriented towards the older population in Hong Kong, particularly those with increasing frailty. Since primary care is a key first interface in promotion and maintenance of health in older people, an assessment of the age-friendliness of service provisions is of critical importance in optimizing the health of aging populations.

The age-friendliness of primary care services for older people was assessed using focus groups of elderly people and also of service providers who care for them. Discussion content was based on the WHO guidelines for age-friendly primary care in the following areas: Information, education and training, community-based health care management systems, and the physical environment. Desirable improvements were identified in all domains. The findings underscore the need for wider dissemination of health care needs of older people in the primary care setting.
A review of sea spray aerosol source functions using a large global set of sea salt aerosol concentration measurements
Authors: Grythe H. , Ström J. , Krejci R. , Quinn P. , Stohl A.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Sea spray aerosols (SSA) are an important part of the climate system through their effects on the global radiative budget both directly as scatterers and absorbers of solar and terrestrial radiation, and indirectly as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) influencing cloud formation, lifetime and precipitation. In terms of their global mass, SSA have the largest uncertainty of all aerosols. In this study we review 21 SSA source functions from the literature, several of which are used in current climate models, and we also propose a new function. Even excluding outliers, the global annual SSA mass produced by these source functions spans roughly 3–70 Pg yr-1 for the different source functions, with relatively little interannual variability for a given function. The FLEXPART Lagrangian model was run in backward mode for a large global set of observed SSA concentrations, comprised of several station networks and ship cruise measurement campaigns. FLEXPART backward calculations produce gridded emission sensitivity fields, which can subsequently be multiplied with gridded SSA production fluxes to obtain modeled SSA concentrations. This allowed to efficiently evaluate all 21source functions at the same time against the measurements. Another advantage of this method is that source-region information on wind speed and sea surface temperatures (SSTs) could be stored and used for improving the SSA source function parameterizations. The best source functions reproduced as much as 70% of the observed SSA concentration variability at several stations, which is comparable with "state of the art" aerosol models. The main driver of SSA production is wind, and we found that the best fit to the observation data could be obtained when the SSA production is proportional to U103.5 where U10 is the source region averaged 10 m wind speed, to the power of 3.5. A strong influence of SST on SSA production could be detected as well, although the underlying physical mechanisms of the SST influence remains unclear. Our new source function gives a global SSA production for particles smaller than 10 μm of 9 Pg yr-1 and is the best fit to the observed concentrations.
Net global warming potential and greenhouse gas intensity in a double cropping cereal rotation as affected by nitrogen and straw management
Authors: Huang T. , Gao B. , Christie P. , Ju X.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. The effects of nitrogen and straw management on global warming potential (GWP) and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) in a winter wheat–summer maize double-cropping system on the North China Plain were investigated. We measured nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and studied net GWP (NGWP) and GHGI by calculating the net exchange of CO2 equivalent (CO2-eq) from greenhouse gas emissions, agricultural inputs and management practices, and changes in soil organic carbon (SOC), based on a long-term field experiment established in 2006. The field experiment includes six treatments with three fertilizer N levels (zero-N control, optimum and conventional N) and straw removal (i.e. N0, Nopt and Ncon) or return (i.e. N0, Nopt and SNcon). Optimum N management (Nopt, SNopt) saved roughly half of the fertilizer N compared to conventional agricultural practice (Ncon, SNcon) with no significant effect on grain yields. Annual mean N2O emissions reached 3.90 kg N2O-N ha−1 in Ncon and SNcon, and N2O emissions were reduced by 46.9% by optimizing N management of Nopt and SNopt. Straw return increased annual mean N2O emissions by 27.9%. Annual SOC sequestration was 0.40–1.44 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 in plots with N application and/or straw return. Compared to the conventional N treatments the optimum N treatments reduced NGWP by 51%, comprising 25% from decreasing N2O emissions and 75% from reducing N fertilizer application rates. Straw return treatments reduced NGWP by 30% compared to no straw return because the GWP from increments of SOC offset the GWP from higher emissions of N2O, N fertilizer and fuel after straw return. The GHGI trends from the different nitrogen and straw management practices were similar to the NGWP. In conclusion, optimum N and straw return significantly reduced NGWP and GHGI and concomitantly achieved relatively high grain yields in this important winter wheat–summer maize double-cropping system.
Was the North Atlantic Ocean well-ventilated during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 in the mid-Cretaceous?
Authors: Ruvalcaba-Baroni I. , Topper R. P. M. , van Helmond N. A. G. M. , Brinkhuis H. , Slomp C. P.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. The geological record provides evidence for the periodic occurrence of water column anoxia and formation of organic-rich deposits in the North Atlantic Ocean during the mid-Cretaceous (hereafter called proto-North Atlantic). Both changes in primary productivity and oceanic circulation likely played a role in the development of the low oxygen conditions. Several studies suggest that an increased input of phosphorus from land initiated oceanic anoxic events (OAEs). Other proposed mechanisms invoke a vigorous upwelling system and an ocean circulation pattern that acted as a trap for nutrients from the Pacific Ocean. Here, we use a detailed biogeochemical box model for the proto-North Atlantic to analyse under what conditions anoxia could have developed during OAE2 (94 Ma). The model explicitly describes the coupled water, carbon, oxygen and phosphorus cycles for the deep basin and continental shelves. In our simulations, we assume the vigorous water circulation from a recent regional ocean model study. Our model results for pre-OAE2 and OAE2 conditions are compared to sediment records of organic carbon and proxies for photic zone euxinia and bottom water redox conditions (e.g. isorenieratane, carbon/phosphorus ratios). Our results show that a strongly elevated input of phosphorus from rivers and the Pacific Ocean relative to pre-OAE2 conditions is a requirement for the widespread development of low oxygen in the proto-North Atlantic during OAE2. Moreover, anoxia in the proto-North Atlantic is shown to be greatly influenced by the oxygen concentration of Pacific bottom waters. In our model, primary productivity increased significantly upon the transition from pre-OAE2 to OAE2 conditions. Our model captures the regional trends in anoxia as deduced from observations, with euxinia spreading to the northern and eastern shelves but with the most intense euxinia occurring along the southern coast. However, anoxia in the central deep basin is difficult to achieve in the model. This suggests that the ocean circulation used in the model may be too vigorous and/or that anoxia in the proto-North Atlantic was less widespread than previously thought.
CHANGE DETECTION AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS BASED ON REMOTE SENSING IMAGES
Authors: Luzi G. , Crosetto M. , Devanthéry N. , Cuevas M. , Meng X.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. A radar uses the time elapsed between the transmission and reception of an electromagnetic waveform to locate targets present in the illuminated area. Different objects will reflect the radiation with different intensities and phase. The signal provided by standard radar is a profile of the intensity backscattered from the scene as a function of the distance. The resolution, i.e. the capability to distinguish different targets, is related to instrumental parameters and, for conventional radar, is in the range of tens of centimetres. The elementary sampling volume of a radar measurement is usually called radar bin. A radar image can be obtained when an azimuth and a range resolution is available, and this can be attained in different ways: performing a mechanical scanning of the antenna, the most familiar mode used for surveillance, meteorological radar etc, or modifying its spatial features by changing the characteristics of the radiated signal or finally through a specific processing of the acquired data, as in the case of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). In this paper only 1D data without any cross range resolution are used. The vibration of a target corresponds to a small and rapid variation of the radar-target distance to which the phase of the received signal is related. Coherent radar is able to provide measurements of the phase variation along time exploiting the interferometric technique. The received radar signals permits to retrieve distance variations of the observed objects in the order of small fractions of the transmitted wavelength, by comparing the phase of signals acquired at different times. Use a short span bridge as a test-bed this study investigates the actual capability of a Real Aperture Radar (RAR) interferometer to detect the natural vibration caused by wind or pass pedestrians. It is found that RAR can pick up bridge displacements of a few tens of μm and detect a wide range of vibrations.
SUB-APERTURE FOCUSING ALGORITHM OF GEOSYNCHRONOUS SAR
Authors: Zhang Y. , Li H. , Xu H. , Hu B.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) on the geosynchronous orbit has the advantage in remote sensing, with high resolution to provide a large coverage in a short visit time. the space-variant coverage and range-azimuth couple of GEO SAR are required to compensate, using the electrical beam steering, the irregular data acquisition can be convert to classical SAR modes, such as stripmap, spotlight, sliding spotlight, and terrain observation by progressive scans (TOPS) SAR, the dopper analysis of these work modes of SAR have been studied. Based on deramping processing and improved subaperture chirp scaling algorithm, a novel focusing approach is presented in this paper, whose performance is determined by the work mode, data acquisition and the deramping processing. Data of each mode can be focused by utilizing this presented approach with the information of subapterture centroid time and range rotation center. Simulation results are presented to validate the analysis of the proposed approach.
Overview: Documentation and monitoring of landslides and debris flows for mathematical modelling and design of mitigation measures – outcomes of the EGU 2011, NH session
Authors: Franzi L. , Arattano M. , Arai M. , Katz O.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. The papers summarised in this paper represent the scientific contributions of several scientists, coming from different countries, who work in the fields of monitoring, modelling, mapping and design of mitigation measures against mass movements. The authors participated at the 2011 EGU General Assembly presenting the contributions summarised in this paper. At the General Assembly they had the opportunity to illustrate their recent advancements, discuss each other's needs and set forth future research requirements. The scientific contributions presented here can be considered the result of the debates and the exchanges regarding their original work presented at the General Assembly that occurred either personally during the open session or during the review phase of their manuscripts.
Two independent methods for mapping the grounding line of an outlet glacier – example from the Astrolabe Glacier, Terre Adélie, Antarctica
Authors: Le Meur E. , Sacchettini M. , Garambois S. , Berthier E. , Drouet A. S. , Durand G. , Young D. , Greenbaum J. S. , Blankenship D. D. , Holt J. W. , Rignot E. , Mouginot J. , Gim Y. , Kirchner D. , de Fleurian B. , Gagliardini O. , Gillet-Chaulet F.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. The grounding line is a key element acting on the dynamics of coastal outlet glaciers. Knowing its position accurately is fundamental for both modelling the glacier dynamics and establishing a benchmark to which one can later refer in case of change. Here we map the grounding line of the Astrolabe Glacier in East Antarctica (66°41´ S; 140°05´ E), using hydrostatic and tidal methods. The first method is based on new surface and ice thickness data from which the line of buoyant flotation is found. We compare this hydrostatic map with kinematic GPS measurements of the tidal response of the ice surface. By detecting the transitions where the ice starts to move vertically in response to the tidal forcing we find control points for the grounding line position along GPS profiles. %If it can be shown that the long-term viscous mechanical behaviour of the ice slab validates the hydrostatic approach, mapping the grounding line from the ice supper surface displacements conversely requires correcting for the rigid elastic slab effect that dominates at tidal frequencies. With the help of a 2-dimensional elastic plate model, rigid elastic deviations are computed and applied to these control points. Once the extent of the grounding zone, the kinematic approach is consistent with the hydrostatic map. These two approaches lead us to propose a grounding line for the Astrolabe Glacier that significantly deviates from those obtained so far from satellite imagery.
Identification of the Compounds Responsible for the Sweat-Like Odor in Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Volatile Oil
Authors: Miyazato Hironari
Published: August 2013

The aroma of hop volatile oil contains a sweat-like odor. We studied the odorous volatile compounds responsible for the sweat-like odor in the volatile oil extracted from Hallertau Perle hop (Humulus lupulus L.) pellets. The combined use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/olfactometry (GC-MS/O), aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) by GC-MS/O (an odor dilution technique), and heart-cut multidimensional GC-MS (heart-cut MDGC-MS) equipped with the polar (1D) and apolar (2D) capillary columns revealed seven sweat-like odor producing compounds: methyl-branched saturated and unsaturated aliphatic acids, such as 3-methylbutanoic acid (sweaty/rancid/cheese-like), 2-methylbutanoic acid (sweaty/rancid/cheese-like), 4-methyl-3-pentenoic acid (sweaty/urine-like/malodor in laundry), and (E)-4-methyl-3-hexenoic acid (sweaty/urine-like/malodor in laundry), as well as others, such as an unknown compound (sweaty), methyl (E)-4-methyl-3-hexenoate (sweaty/malodor in laundry/fruity), and S-methyl (E)-4-methyl-3-hexenethioate (sweaty/rubber). The reference substances were synthesized stereo selectively using for the identification procedures. In this study, (E)-4-methyl-3-hexenoic acid, methyl (E)-4-methyl-3-hexenoate, and S-methyl (E)-4-methyl-3-hexenethioate were identified for the first time in hop volatile oil.
Study of Doxofylline and its Degradation Products in Bulk Drug by a Newly Developed Stability-Indicating HPLC Method
Authors: Patil Priti S , Hamrapurkar Purnima D , Phale Mitesh D , Desai Masti I , Pawar Sandeep B
Published: August 2013

The purpose of this work was to study the stability behavior of doxofylline under different stress conditions and to develop a sensitive stability-indicating HPLC assay method. The stress conditions applied included heat, moisture, acid-base hydrolysis, oxidation, and UV light. The drug was particularly labile under oxidative and thermal stress conditions, with 58.40 and 53.90% degradation, respectively. Good resolution of drug from degradation products formed under stress conditions was achieved on a C18 column using 10 mM KH2PO4 buffer solution (pH 6) methanol (40 + 60, v/v) as the mobile phase (pH 7.2). The flow rate was 1 mL/min, and the detection wavelength was 273 nm. The method was validated for linearity, range, precision, accuracy, LOD, and LOQ. The RSD was found to be <2%. Since the method effectively separates the drug from its degradation products, it can be used as a stability-indicating method.
Kinetics Investigation and Determination of Pipoxolan Hydrochloride and Its Degradant Using Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Hadad Ghada M , Abdel Salam Randa A , Abdel Hamfeed Eman A
Published: August 2013

An LC method was developed for the quantitative determination of pipoxolan hydrochloride (PPH) and its degradant. Forced degradation studies were performed on bulk sample using acid (1 M hydrochloric acid), alkaline (0.2 M sodium hydroxide), oxidation (0.33% hydrogen peroxide), heat (70°C), and photolytic degradation. The chromatographic method was fine-tuned using the samples generated from forced degradation studies. Good resolution between the peaks corresponding to the degradants and the analyte was achieved on a Discovery® C18 LC column (25 cm × 4.6 mm id, 5 μm particle size). The mobile phase was methanol–10 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate (60 + 40, v/v); pH was adjusted to 6.5 using 0.2 M sodium hydroxide. Quantitation was achieved with UV detection at 214 nm based on peak area. The proposed LC method was used to investigate the kinetics of acidic and alkaline degradation processes of PPH at different temperatures, and the apparent pseudo-first-order rate constant, half-life, and activation energy were calculated. The pH-rate profiles of degradation of PPH in Britton-Robinson buffer solutions within the pH range 2–12 were studied. The developed method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness. Forced degradation studies proved the stability-indicating power of the method.
A Validated Stability-Indicating RP-LC Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Amlodipine and Perindopril in Tablet Dosage Form and Their Stress Degradation Behavior Under ICH-Recommended Stress Conditions
Authors: Gumustas Mehmet , Ozkan Sibel A
Published: August 2013

A stability-indicating RP-LC assay method was developed for the simultaneous determination of the cardiovascular drugs amlodipine and perindopril in the presence of degradation products generated from forced decomposition studies. The developed method is applicable for the determination of related substances in bulk drugs and simultaneous assay in a tablet pharmaceutical dosage form. Separation of the drugs and their degradation products was obtained using an RP Waters Spherisorb ODS1 column (250 × 4.6 mm id, 5 μm particle size) with the mobile phase acetonitrile–water (30 + 70, v/v) containing 15 mM phosphoric acid. The pH of the mobile phase was adjusted to 5.0. A flow rate of 1.2 mL/min was used for the separations, with detection at 215 nm. The chromatographic separation was performed at a column temperature of 45°C. Atenolol was chosen as the internal standard. Amlodipine and perindopril were exposed to thermal, photolytic, hydrolytic, and oxidative stress conditions, and the stressed samples were analyzed by the proposed method. Degradation studies showed that both compounds were degraded under these stress conditions. The method was found to be stability-indicating and can be used for the routine analysis of amlodipine and perindopril in the studied combined tablet dosage form.
Development and Validation of an Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Bioanalytical Method for Quantifying Clonazepam in Human Plasma
Authors: Favreto Wagner Alex Jann , Pinto Ana Maria Pugens , Manfio Josélia Larger , Hoss Ivonete , Pristch Mariely Camila , Bordignon Solange Fátima
Published: August 2013

A sensitive, selective, and rapid ultra-performance LC (UPLC)/MS/MS method was validated for the confirmation and quantification of clonazepam in human plasma. The analyte was extracted from human plasma with diethyl ether, reaching an average recovery of 64.02 and 66.48% for clonazepam and the internal standard, respectively. The separation was performed on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC™ BEH C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm id, 1.7 μm particle size) with gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min using a 0.5% formic acid solution (mobile phase A) and acetonitrile–methanol–formic acid (75 + 25 + 0.5, v/v/v; mobile phase B). Detection was performed on a triple-quadruple tandem mass spectrometer in the multiple reaction monitoring mode via electrospray ionization. Linear calibration curves were obtained in the concentration range of 0.3–50.0 ng/mL, with an LOQ of 0.3 ng/mL. The intraday and interday precision (CV) values were below 10%, and accuracy (relative error) ranged from −2.6 to 6.6% at all QC levels. The suggested method was successfully applied for the determination of clonazepam in human plasma in a bioequivalence study.
Determination of Heavy Metals and Their Speciation in Street Dusts by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry after a Community Bureau of Reference Sequential Extraction Procedure
Authors: Altundag Huseyin , Imamoglu Mustafa , Doganci Secil , Baysal Erkan , Albayrak Sinem , Tuzen Mustafa
Published: August 2013

Sequential selective extraction techniques are commonly used to fractionate the solid-phase forms of metals in soils. This procedure provides measurements of extractable metals from media, such as acetic acid (0.11 M), hydroxyl ammonium chloride (0.1 M), hydrogen peroxide (8.8 M) plus ammonium acetate (1 M), and aqua regia stages of the sequential extraction procedure. In this work, the extractable Pb, Cu, Mn, Sr, Ni, V, Fe, Zn, and Cr were evaluated in street dust samples from Sakarya, Turkey, between May and October 2009 using the three-step sequential extraction procedure described by the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR, now the Standards, Measurements, and Testing Programme) of the European Union. The sampling sites were divided into 10 categories; a total of 50 street dusts were analyzed. The determination of multielements in the samples was performed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Validation of the proposed method was performed using BCR 701 certified reference material. The results showed good agreement between the obtained and the certified values for the metals analyzed.
Displacement-Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Based on Solidification of Floating Organic Drop of Trace Amounts of Palladium in Water and Road Dust Samples Prior to Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Determination
Authors: Ghanbarian Maryam , Afzali Daryoush , Mostafavi Ali , Fathirad Fariba
Published: August 2013

A new displacement-dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method based on the solidification of floating organic drop was developed for separation and preconcentration of Pd(II) in road dust and aqueous samples. This method involves two steps of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification. In Step 1, Cu ions react with diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) to form Cu-DDTC complex, which is extracted by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on a solidification procedure using 1-undecanol (extraction solvent) and ethanol (dispersive solvent). In Step 2, the extracted complex is first dispersed using ethanol in a sample solution containing Pd ions, then a dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on a solidification procedure is performed creating an organic drop. In this step, Pd(II) replaces Cu(II) from the pre-extracted Cu-DDTC complex and goes into the extraction solvent phase. Finally, the Pd(II)-containing drop is introduced into a graphite furnace using a microsyringe, and Pd(II) is determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. Several factors that influence the extraction efficiency of Pd and its subsequent determination, such as extraction and dispersive solvent type and volume, pH of sample solution, centrifugation time, and concentration of DDTC, are optimized.
Quantification of Melamine in Drinking Water and Wastewater by Micellar Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Beltrán-Martinavarro Beatriz , Peris-Vicente Juan , Rambla-Alegre Maria , Marco-Peiró Sergio , Esteve-Romero Josep , Carda-Broch Samuel
Published: August 2013

Because of the large potential health impact caused by deliberate contamination with the synthetic chemical melamine of different products for human and animal consumption, the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations provided a range of recommendations in order to facilitate obtaining needed data, among which was the determination of the background levels of melamine in drinking water and wastewater (December 4, 2008). A chromatographic procedure using a C18 column, a micellar mobile phase consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate (0.1 M), and 1-propanol (7.5%) buffered at pH 3, and detection by absorbance at 210 nm is reported in this paper for the quantification of melamine in drinking water and wastewater. Samples were filtered and directly injected into the chromatographic system, thus avoiding an extraction procedure. The optimal mobile phase composition was obtained by a chemometrics approach that considered the retention factor, efficiency, and peak shape. Melamine was eluted in about 6.2 min without interferences. Validation was performed following U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidelines. The analytical parameters studied were linearity (0.03–5 μg/mL, R2 = 0.998), LOD (13 ng/mL), intraday and interday accuracy (between 4.1 and 12.2%), intraday and interday precision (less than 14.8%), and robustness (RSD < 5.1% for retention time and <9.0% for area). The proposed methodology was successfully applied for analysis of local wastewater and drinking water, in which no melamine was found.
Validation of the ANSR™ Salmonella Method for Detection of Salmonella spp. in Selected Foods and Environmental Samples
Authors: Mozola Mark , Norton Paul , Alles Susan , Gray R Lucas , Tolan Jerry , Caballero Oscar , Pinkava Lisa , Hosking Edan , Luplow Karen , Rice Jennifer
Published: August 2013

ANSR™ Salmonella is a new molecular diagnostic assay for detection of Salmonella spp. in foods and environmental samples. The test is based on the nicking enzyme amplification reaction (NEAR™) isothermal nucleic acid amplification technology. The assay platform features simple instrumentation, minimal labor, and, following a single-step 10–24 h enrichment (depending on sample type), an extremely short assay time of 30 min, including sample preparation. Detection is real-time using fluorescent molecular beacon probes. Inclusivity testing was performed using a panel of 113 strains of S. enterica and S. bongori, representing 109 serovars and all genetic subgroups. With the single exception of the rare serovar S. Weslaco, all serovars and genetic subgroups were detected. Exclusivity testing of 38 nonsalmonellae, mostly Enterobacteriaceae, yielded no evidence of cross-reactivity. In comparative testing of chicken carcass rinse, raw ground turkey, raw ground beef, hot dogs, and oat cereal, there were no statistically significant differences in the number of positive results obtained with the ANSR and the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Food Safety and Inspection Service or U.S. Food and Drug Administration/Bacteriological Analytical Manual reference culture methods. In testing of swab or sponge samples from five different environmental surfaces, four trials showed no statistically significant differences in the number of positive results by the ANSR and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration/Bacteriological Analytical Manual reference methods; in the trial with stainless steel surface, there were significantly more positive results by the ANSR method. Ruggedness experiments showed a high degree of assay robustness when deviations in reagent volumes and incubation times were introduced.
Determination of Whey Protein Content in Bovine Milk-Based Infant Formula Finished Products Using Amino Acids Calculation Method: AOAC First Action 2012.08
Authors: Feng Ping , Baugh Steve
Published: August 2013

A method for the calculation of the whey protein fraction was developed for milk-based infant formula products based upon amino acid ratio calculated from asparagine/aspartic acid, alanine, proline, and phenylalanine amino acid data. Historical and literature amino acid data were combined to establish the reference amino acid values used in the validation study. This method has been evaluated for accuracy versus label claim for 12 products, with results from 90 to 107.5% of label claim and an overall average of 98.7%. Repeatability and intermediate precision were determined over 4 different days. Repeatability results were 4.75, 2.06, 4.18, and 2.44% RSD, respectively, with an overall intermediate precision of 3.68% RSD. Since the amino acid profile of infant formula finished products depends on the amino acid profile of ingredients used, the applicability of the method needs to be confirmed for specific types of infant formula, for which data will be gathered. Additional reference material data are being gathered for better estimation of milk and whey reference values, which are based on being normalized to total amino acid content, during the two year AOAC INTERNATIONAL Official Methods of Analysis method approval process.
Total Iodine in Infant Formula and Nutritional Products by Inductively Coupled Plasma/Mass Spectrometry: First Action 2012.14
Authors: Pacquette Lawrence H , Levenson Alan M , Thompson Joseph J , Dowell Dawn
Published: August 2013

After an assessment of data generated from a single-laboratory validation study published in the Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 95, 169–176 (2012), a method for determining the total level of iodine in infant formula and nutritional products was presented for consideration for adoption by AOAC during the AOAC Annual Meeting held September 30–October 3, 2012 in Las Vegas, NV. An Expert Review Panel on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals concluded that the method met the established standard method performance requirements, and approved the method as AOAC Official First Action. The method involves digestion of the sample with nitric acid in a closed vessel microwave oven, followed by determination by inductively coupled plasma/MS using tellurium as the internal standard. The method LOQ for total iodine was 1.5 μg/100 g, but a practical LOQ was used at 5 μg/100 g total iodine. The analytical range of the method was 5–100 μg/100 g total iodine. The recoveries from 15 spiked nutritional products ranged from 90 to 105%.
Vitamin C in Infant Formula and Adult/Pediatric Nutritional Formula by HPLC with UV Detection: First Action 2012.21
Authors: Schimpf Karen , Thompson Linda , Baugh Steve
Published: August 2013

This method for the determination of vitamin C by HPLC allows for the separation and quantitation of L-ascorbic acid in infant, pediatric, and adult nutritional products. Liquids, semisolids, and powders ranging from 2 to 1000 mg/kg in their consumable forms were analyzed during the method validation. The method met the standard method performance requirements and was approved by an AOAC Expert Review Panel on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals on October 2, 2012. During validation, the overall intermediate precision was 2.1% RSD (triplicate determinations on 7–10 days); the within-day precision, or repeatability, was 1.54% RSD (triplicate determinations). Accuracy, as spike recovery, ranged from 97.0 to 100.9%. The method detection and quantitation limits were determined experimentally to be 0.02 and 0.06 mg/L, respectively, in prepared samples.
On‐Chip Fabrication of Paclitaxel‐Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapeutics
Authors: Majedi Fatemeh Sadat , Hasani‐Sadrabadi Mohammad Mahdi , VanDersarl Jules John , Mokarram Nassir , Hojjati‐Emami Shahirar , Dashtimoghadam Erfan , Bonakdar Shahin , Shokrgozar Mohammad Ali , Bertsch Arnaud , Renaud Philippe
Published: August 2013

The use of solvent‐free microfluidics to fine‐tune the physical and chemical properties of chitosan nanoparticles for drug delivery is demonstrated. Nanoparticle self‐assembly is driven by pH changes in a water environment, which increases biocompatibility by avoiding organic solvent contamination common with traditional techniques. Controlling the time of mixing (2.5–75 ms) during nanoparticle self‐assembly enables us to adjust nanoparticle size and surface potential in order to maximize cellular uptake, which in turn dramatically increases drug effectiveness. The compact nanostructure of these nanoparticles preserves drug potency better than previous nanoparticles, and is more stable during long‐term circulation at physiological pH. However, when the nanoparticles encounter a tumor cell and the associated drop in pH, the drug contents are released. Moreover, the loading efficiency of hydrophobic drugs into the nanoparticles increases significantly from previous work to over 95%. The microfluidic techniques used here have applications not just for drug‐carrying nanoparticle fabrication, but also for the better control of virtually any self‐assembly process.