bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship between BDNF expression in major striatal afferents, striatum morphology and motor behavior in the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease
Authors: Samadi P. , Boutet A. , Rymar V. V. , Rawal K. , Maheux J. , Kvann J.‐C. , Tomaszewski M. , Beaubien F. , Cloutier J. F. , Levesque D. , Sadikot A. F.
Published: September 2012

Patients with Huntington's disease (HD) and
transgenic mouse models of HD show neuronal loss in the
striatum as a major feature, which contributes to cognitive and motor
manifestations. Reduced expression of the neurotrophin
brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in striatal afferents may play a role in neuronal loss. How progressive loss of BDNF expression in different cortical or subcortical afferents contributes to striatal atrophy and behavioral dysfunction in HD is not known, and may best be determined in animal models. We compared age‐dependent alterations of BDNF mRNA expression in major striatal afferents from the cerebral cortex, thalamus and midbrain in the R6/2 transgenic mouse model of HD. Corresponding changes in striatal morphology were quantified using unbiased stereology. Changes in motor behavior were measured using an open field, grip strength monitor, limb clasping and a rotarod apparatus. BDNF expression in cortical limbic and midbrain striatal afferents is reduced by age 4 weeks, prior to onset of motor abnormalities. BDNF expression in motor cortex and thalamic afferents is reduced by 6 weeks, coinciding with early motor dysfunction and reduced striatum volume. BDNF loss in afferents progresses until death at 13–15 weeks, correlating with progressive striatal neuronal loss and motor abnormalities. Mutant huntingtin protein expression in R6/2 mice results in progressive loss of BDNF in both cortical and subcortical striatal afferents. BDNF loss in limbic and dopaminergic striatal inputs may contribute to cognitive/psychiatric dysfunction in HD. Subsequent BDNF loss in cortical motor and thalamic afferents may accelerate striatal degeneration, resulting in progressive involuntary movements.
Effects of artificially varying amounts of rainfall on two semi‐natural grassland types
Authors: Holub P. , Fabšičová M. , Tůma I. , Záhora J. , Fiala K.
Published: September 2012

Question

Is a lowland grassland community with a lower amount of ambient precipitation and a high abundance of subdominant species more sensitive to altered rainfall input in comparison with mountain grassland with higher ambient precipitation and a low abundance of subdominant species?

Location

(1) Lowland Festuca grassland characterized by dry acidophilous vegetation, low mean annual precipitation and high species richness, and (2) mountain Nardus grassland with high mean annual precipitation and low species richness in the Eastern Czech Republic.

Methods

We conducted a manipulative experiment with rainout shelters and gravity irrigation systems. We simulated three levels of precipitation input (50%, 100% and 150%) and examined the treatment effects on above‐ground net primary productivity (ANPP) of the main plant functional groups (grasses, forbs, legumes, shrubs and mosses) and on plant species composition over three consecutive years.

Results

Altered rainfall input had a significant effect on total live ANPP in the drier, lowland grassland community, while no pronounced effect was observed in the mountain grassland characterized by higher ambient precipitation. In the lowland grassland, changes in total ANPP resulted primarily from enhanced growth of subdominant non‐N‐fixing forbs in response to the direct effect of higher artificial rainfall input and an indirect effect of reduced competition with grasses in drier treatments.

Conclusions

Wetter, species‐poor mountain grasslands will probably show smaller changes in response to expected climate changes in ANPP, species number and abundance than lowland grasslands, characterized by dry acidophilous vegetation, with higher species richness and higher abundance of subordinate species.
Dynamics of dual active galactic nuclei at kpc scales: observational consequences
Authors: Wang X.-W. , Yuan Y.-F.
Published: September 2012

Dual active galactic nuclei (AGNs) at kpc scales that originated from galaxy mergers have been found, but the dynamics of the mergers are insufficiently understood, especially the relevant observational consequences. We present evolutionary models of dual AGNs in two cases driven by different friction laws with their surroundings, which are characterized by forces with F∝V* and F∝V*−2. The evolutionary behaviours show that there is a minimum time-scale of ∼108 yr to accomplish a merger. Since the total friction and moment acting on dual AGNs with unequal masses do not vanish, the centre of mass moves with a velocity of Vc∼ a few ten km s−1 and makes an offset of ΔS∼ sub-kpc of the merged AGNs with respect to the centre of their host galaxies. The relative motion of the two cores along the line joining the centre of mass is of VR∼ a few ten km s−1, which determines the merger time-scales. Dissipation of the orbital kinetic energy of dual AGNs either enhances stellar velocity dispersion or heats up the interstellar medium in its revirialization to form a soft X-ray cocoon enshrouding them with a typical luminosity of ∼1042 erg s−1. We predict that galaxies with offset AGNs are likely to host binary supermassive black holes at sub-kpc scales, shedding light on searching candidates from AGNs.
Ultramicroscopic study of the interface and sealing ability of four root canal obturation methods: Resilon versus gutta‐percha
Authors: Castelo‐Baz Pablo , Martin‐Biedma Benjamin , Lopes Maria Manuela , Pires‐Lopes Luis , Silveira Joao , López‐Rosales Elisardo , Varela‐Patiño Purificación
Published: September 2012

Recently, filling materials have been introduced based on the dentine adhesion technologies used in conservative dentistry in an attempt to seal the root canal more effectively. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interface between the canal and root‐filling material. Sealing ability of four root canal obturation methods was analysed by means of scanning electron microscopy. Extracted single‐rooted teeth were endodontically treated and filled with gutta‐percha/Pulp Canal Sealer using the Thermafil (TH) technique, gutta‐percha/Pulp Canal Sealer using the System B (SB) technique, Resilon points/RealSeal (RS) and RealSeal 1/RealSeal (RS1). Specimen interfaces were analysed using field‐emission scanning electron microscopy. The adhesive groups RS and RS1, formed hybrid layers but showed areas of separation (gaps) similar to those in the conventional obturation groups. The RS and RS1 groups showed less separation in the coronal third, but the separation was similar to that in the TH and SB groups in the middle and apical thirds. The sealing ability of Resilon is not superior to that of existing materials.
Effects of Salinity and Ultraviolet Radiation on the Bioaccumulation of Mycosporine‐like Amino Acids in Artemia from Lake Urmia (Iran)
Authors: Khosravi Sanaz , Khodabandeh Saber , Agh Naser , Bakhtiarian Mahdieh
Published: September 2012

We investigated the effects of salinity and artificial UV radiation on the accumulation of mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs) in sexual and parthenogenetic Artemia from Lake Urmia. The nauplii hatched from the cysts were cultured until adulthood under two salinities (150 and 250 g L−1) and two light treatments (PAR and PAR+UVR) in the laboratory. Finally, the Artemia were analyzed for their concentration of MAAs. In most of the cases, the higher salinity level applied was found to increase the MAA concentrations in both Artemia populations significantly. The acquisition efficiency of MAAs in both Artemia populations increased under exposure to UVR‐supplemented photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) compared to those raised under PAR, except for Porphyra‐334. It was observed that combination of UV radiation and elevated salinity significantly increased the bioaccumulation of MAAs. Thus, the presence of these compounds in these populations of Artemia may increase their adaptability for living in high‐UV and high‐salinity conditions prevailing in Lake Urmia. Higher concentrations of MAAs in the parthenogenetic population of Artemia could be probably attributed to its mono sex nature and higher adaptation capacities to extreme environmental conditions.
Can the incidence of gastric cancer be reduced in the new century?
Authors: Hu Ye , Fang Jing Yuan , Xiao Shu Dong
Published: September 2012

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers in the world. The incidence and mortality rate of GC vary among different countries. It is suggested that GC is the result of the interaction between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and the genetic and environmental factors in the host. H. pylori infection is the trigger of intestinal gastric adenocarcinoma. The incidence of GC is highest in East Asia and East Europe, but much lower in Africa; however, H. pylori infection is commonly seen in Africa, which is known as the African enigma. The 5‐year survival of early GC is far better than that of advanced GC. A high detection rate of early GC could help us to conquer GC. A decreasing trend of GC incidence has been witnessed worldwide. With the improvement of living conditions and the achievements of scientific research, it seems possible that there will be a further reduction in the incidence of GC in the new century.
Steady‐state levels of retinal 24S‐hydroxycholesterol are maintained by glial cells intervention after elevation of intraocular pressure in the rat
Authors: Fourgeux Cynthia , Martine Lucy , Pasquis Bruno , Maire Marie‐Annick , Acar Niyazi , Creuzot‐Garcher Catherine , Bron Alain , Bretillon Lionel
Published: September 2012

Purpose:  Our previous studies suggested that CYP46A1 and 24S‐hydroxycholesterol (24SOH) may be associated with glaucoma. Loss of CYP46A1‐expressing retinal ganglion cells is involved in the activation of glia, and therefore possibly in the disbalance of cholesterol. In this context, the purpose of our present work was to emphasize the glial and longitudinal CYP46A1 expression after an interventional glaucoma‐related stress triggered by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP).

Methods:  Sprague–Dawley rats were submitted to laser photocoagulation of the trabecular meshwork, limbus and episcleral veins in one eye to induce elevated IOP. Rats were euthanized at days 3, 14, 30 and 60 (n = 10 per time‐point), and 24SOH was measured in plasma and retina by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. CYP46A1 was quantified by Western blotting. Glial activation was assessed by glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity in Western blots and retinal cryosections.

Results:  Sustained high IOP was observed in experimental eyes from day 1 to day 21. Plasma MCP‐1 and ICAM‐1, quantified using multiplex assay kits, were increased at day 3. Glial activation was observed bilaterally at all time‐points, at lower levels in contralateral eyes than in experimental eyes. In experimental retinas, CYP46A1 expression showed a transient increase at day 3 and then returned to baseline. Plasma and retinal 24SOH peaked at day 14 and 30, respectively.

Conclusions:  These data show that CYP46A1 expression was induced early in response to retinal stress but remained constant at late time‐points, reinforcing the constitutive role of CYP46A1 in maintaining cholesterol balance in neuronal tissues.
Correlation between components of newly diagnosed exudative age‐related macular degeneration lesion and focal retinal sensitivity
Authors: Hautamäki Asta , Oikkonen Jaana , Onkamo Päivi , Immonen Ilkka
Published: September 2012

Purpose:  To analyse lesion components determining retinal sensitivity in microperimetry in eyes with newly diagnosed exudative age‐related macular degeneration (AMD).

Methods:  Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, microperimetry, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fluorescein (FA) and indocyanine green (ICGA) angiographies of 23 eyes of 23 patients were analysed. Central microperimetry grids with 28 test stimulus sites were automatically aligned with three‐dimensional OCTs and manually aligned with angiographies. Thicknesses of the neuroretina, neuroepithelial detachment (NED), retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) elevation and subretinal tissue were measured under the 644 microperimetry stimulus sites. Areas of classic and occult choroidal neovascularizations (CNVs), subretinal and intraretinal haemorrhage, and late hyperfluorescence in ICGA were identified. The impact of the lesion components on retinal sensitivity was evaluated with correlation analysis and multivariate modelling.

Results:  Decreased retinal sensitivity correlated significantly with the presence of CNV, haemorrhage, subretinal tissue and RPE elevation. Out of the OCT parameters, the most important determinant of sensitivity was the thickness of RPE elevation (Spearman’s rho, r = −0.202, p < 0.0001). The thicknesses of subretinal tissue (r = −0.168, p < 0.0001) and NED had weaker effects (r = −0.147, p < 0.0001), and the neuroretinal thickness remained nonsignificant. In multivariate modelling, RPE elevation and subretinal tissue in OCT, CNV membranes in angiographies and haemorrhage had the strongest impacts on retinal sensitivity.

Conclusion:  The most important lesion components affecting retinal function were RPE elevation and subretinal tissue in OCT as well as neovascular membranes and haemorrhage in angiographies. NED and neuroretinal thickening remained less significant.
Diffusion of macromolecules through sclera
Authors: Miao Heng , Wu Bi‐Dong , Tao Yong , Li Xiao‐Xin
Published: September 2012

Purpose:  To quantify the in vitro permeability coefficient over different topographical locations of porcine sclera to macromolecules with different molecular weight.

Methods:  Fresh equatorial and posterior superotemporal porcine sclera was mounted in a two‐chamber diffusion apparatus, and its permeability to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐conjugated dextrans ranging in molecular weight from 40 kDa to 150 kDa was determined by fluorescence spectrophotometry. The sclera was processed as frozen sections and viewed with a fluorescence microscope. The thickness of the area and the thickness that macromolecules enriched in the surface of sclera were measured.

Results:  The permeability coefficient (Pc) of porcine sclera to macromolecules was significantly higher (40 kDa, p = 0.028; 70 kDa, p = 0.033; 150 kDa, p = 0.007) in equatorial region than posterior, which could be attributed to the significant difference of thickness (p < 0.001, Kruskal–Wallis) between them. Moreover, linear regression indicated a significant negative relationship (40 kDa, p < 0.001; 70 kDa, p = 0.015; 150 kDa, p < 0.001) between scleral permeability coefficient and thickness. Also, Pc declined significantly with increasing molecular weight (MW, p < 0.001, Kruskal–Wallis). The area that the macromolecules enriched in the scleral surface was thicker for those with larger MW (p < 0.001, Kruskal–Wallis). The maximum MW and size for equatorial and posterior superotemporal scleral tissue were 185.01 KDa and 180.42 KDa, 9.92 nm and 9.67 nm, respectively.

Conclusions:  The permeability coefficient of porcine sclera has a significant negative relationship with scleral thickness and MW of macromolecules. Larger macromolecules are more likely to accumulate in scleral surface. The difference between topographical locations may have pharmacokinetic implications when considering transscleral diffusion of macromolecules.
Horizons communs : partager les récits sur les paysages patrimoniaux
Authors: Labrador Angela M.
Published: September 2012

L’article présente une étude de cas sur une recherche participative dans laquelle le partage des récits ayant trait aux paysages patrimoniaux n’est plus simplement une commémoration du passé mais contribue de fait au bien‐être présent et futur des membres de la collectivité. Il expose comment, sur le plan théorique, le patrimoine est conçu comme un processus social, et comment la préservation du patrimoine est traditionnellement allée à l’encontre de ce processus social.
Vers un patrimoine mondial utile : le rôle de la population dans le paysage industriel de Blaenavon
Authors: Walker Dominic
Published: September 2012

Depuis plusieurs années, la participation de la population est une composante à part entière de la gestion du patrimoine. Dans l’idéal, les nouvelles pratiques collaboratives devraient reposer sur un travail en commun et un partenariat mutuellement bénéfique entre professionnels ou universitaires et d’autres communautés, éventuellement professionnelles, mais surtout avec les communautés locales qui sont parfois profondément affectées par les décisions prises sur leur patrimoine culturel. L’article étudie le rôle de la population dans le paysage industriel de Blaenavon.
Les bienfaits sociaux du patrimoine et les minorités ethniques en Chine
Authors: Shouyong Pan
Published: September 2012

La Chine prend de plus en plus conscience des nouveaux courants dans le mouvement muséologique pour les minorités ethniques ; pourtant elle manque encore d’une étude théoriquement bien fondée et méthodologiquement systématique. Cet article examine deux musées villageois et raconte ce qui s’est produit dans les villages après la construction des musées. Ces deux musées sont le musée villageois de Cong‐mi‐a dans le comté de Leishan et le Musée villageois du Grand chant dong dans le comté de Congjiang ; tous deux relèvent de la Préfecture autonome des groupes Ethniques Miao et Dong dans la province de Guizhou.
Le sens des lieux par le biais du récit : une perspective pédagogique
Authors: Gustafsson Birgitta E.
Published: September 2012

Birgitta E. Gustafsson discute comment le passé peut prendre du sens par le biais du récit sur les sites historiques. Les histoires que nous choisissons de raconter au sujet d’un lieu (et à qui elles appartiennent) ont à voir avec le pouvoir et l’ambition de pouvoir. La production de sens comprend des valeurs tenues pour acquises et des visions du monde individuelles qui forment une perspective pédagogique qu’il faut remettre en cause et contester. On peut y parvenir par le biais d’histoires qui surprennent, provoquent et démontent les vérités préétablies. Arriver à une compréhension acquise par cette approche est un défi pour les éducateurs comme pour les étudiants dans le domaine du patrimoine culturel – mais vitale dans une perspective sociale et démocratique.
Violence, paysage et réconciliation au KwaNxamalala, province du KwaZulu‐Natal
Authors: Ntsimane Radikobo
Published: September 2012

Lorsque la violence pénètre à ce point la société que deux à trois générations ne connaissent rien d’autre de toute leur existence, on peut apprécier le tournant qu’a représenté, dans l’histoire de l’Afrique du Sud en général et celle du KwaZulu‐Natal en particulier, la Commission pour la vérité et la réconciliation (CVR) de 1996. Pourtant, bien que celle‐ci ait tenté de rapprocher agresseurs et victimes, elle ne s’est pas attaquée aux blessures et aux traumatismes psychologiques lies aux lieux mêmes où la violence s’est exercée. Le présent article examinera comment ont été traitées la violence qui s’est emparée, entre 1987 et 1991, des trois villages voisins de Mthoqotho, Bhobhonono et Mbubu, à Vulindlela, près de la ville de Pietermaritzburg, et les séquelles qu’elle a laissées.
Trois rues et sept ruelles : un exemple de musée de voisinage dans le développement urbain chinois
Authors: Bingwu Cao
Published: September 2012

Au cours de ces dernières années d’énormes changements sociaux – rapide croissance économique et développement urbain – beaucoup de villes ou rues culturelles et patrimoniales ont été rasées ou irrémédiablement transformées. Les autorités et les universitaires ont travailléà tourner certaines rues en musées de voisinage et à conserver le patrimoine matériel et immatériel dans son ensemble. Le quartier des Trois rues et sept ruelles dans la ville de Fuzhou, dans la province chinoise du Fuijan est un cas d’école. Il est dorénavant protégé et conservé en qualité de musée de voisinage par le biais d’un programme qui fait appel aux autorités locales, aux professionnels et aux habitants et qui permet à un genre de vie et une culture de perdurer dans la communauté. Ce cas précis peut servir d’inspiration dans des situations similaires en Chine.
Une journée en camp de travail : leçon d’histoire vivante
Authors: Knudsen Britta Timm
Published: September 2012

Grâce à une lecture sémiotico‐esthétique et à l’observation participative de la reconstitution minutieuse d’un camp de travail en Lituanie, intitulée Une journée en camp de travail : leçon d’histoire vivante, on procédera dans le présent article à une double démonstration : d’une part, l’auteur prétend que, pour avoir un impact sur des publics contemporains, l’histoire doit paraitre vivante, être rendue intéressante et qu’elle doit être ressentie de l’intérieur et analysera de quelle manière cet effet de vie est créé. D’autre part, aucune utilisation stratégique du passé n’est innocente et nous devons donc porter un regard critique sur la manière dont un passé en particulier est utilisé, et avec quelles conséquences.
Éducation à l’environnement historique : mobiliser le présent pour explorer le passé
Authors: Hunner Jon , Westergren Ebbe
Published: September 2012

Une méthode, appelée «éducation à l’environnement historique », ne se contente pas de faire revivre l’histoire, elle la relie à la vie quotidienne et aux communautés humaines d’aujourd’hui. Le présent article est une introduction à l’éducation à l’environnement historique. Il en expose les grands principes, explique comment cette méthode est utilisée dans des pays du monde entier et enfin décrit ses avantages pour la société ainsi que ses inconvénients.
Telemedicine and paediatric obesity treatment: review of the literature and lessons learnt
Authors: Cohen G. M. , Irby M. B. , Boles K. , Jordan C. , Skelton J. A.
Published: September 2012

Paediatric obesity is more prevalent in rural areas, yet rural families may not have access to paediatric obesity treatment programmes. The use of new technologies, particularly telemedicine, has proven effective in other behavioural fields, such as psychiatry. This paper reviews the literature on the use of telemedicine in paediatric obesity treatment and describes one tertiary‐care paediatric obesity telemedicine programme. We performed a systematic review of the literature from 1990 to 2011 using the following criteria: paediatric age group, overweight or obesity care or treatment, and use of telemedicine technology. Of 2873 abstracts identified, four studies met all inclusion criteria; all were published after 2008. The limited evidence suggests telemedicine to be a promising approach to paediatric weight management, particularly for rural families with limited access to treatments. We also provide important lessons learnt from one paediatric obesity treatment clinic offering services to rural families via telemedicine. Few studies have examined the use of telemedicine for paediatric obesity treatment, but the available data favour this method for treating rural patients. There are several unique key factors influencing successful delivery of a paediatric obesity telemedicine treatment programme. This review identifies a potential avenue for expanded treatment and highlights the need for further investigation.
Discipline‐Informed Approaches to Water Accounting
Authors: Chalmers Keryn , Godfrey Jayne , Potter Brad
Published: September 2012

Recent decades have witnessed demands for greater transparency and more clearly defined lines of responsibility and accountability in the management of natural resources. Consequently, various approaches to recording and reporting data relating to such resources have emerged, particularly in relation to water. We explore international water accounting developments where different water accounting systems are being developed in different settings, with different origins, and influenced by different disciplines. Australia is developing a general‐purpose water accounting system with its genealogy in financial reporting. We explore its development and implications for regulators and professionals in accounting and water‐related business. We also contemplate the potential for a global water accounting system.
New Media and External Accounting Information: A Critical Review
Authors: Saxton Gregory D.
Published: September 2012

The proliferation of new media has initiated substantial changes in both the production and consumption of accounting information. The implications for accounting research and practice are considerable. To help understand these implications, this paper represents a critical review of the literature on new media and external accounting information.
IFRS in the United States: If, When and How
Authors: Street Donna L.
Published: September 2012

This paper provides an overview of the convergence efforts of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board. It begins with their 2002 Memorandum of Understanding and traces developments up to the December 2011 announcement by the IASB Chair that convergence has come to a close, and it is now time to incorporate IFRS into the US financial reporting system. The paper then assesses approaches being considered by the SEC for incorporating IFRS into the US financial reporting model. The conclusion calls on the SEC to ‘make a decision’ and set a date for US adoption of IFRS. Otherwise, the SEC effectively will have abandoned its goal of a single set of high quality global accounting standards.
Bartonella spp. Infection in Healthy and Sick Horses and Foals from the Southeastern United States
Authors: Cherry N.A. , Jones S.L. , Maggi R.G. , Davis J.L. , Breitschwerdt E.B.
Published: September 2012

Background

Bartonella species bacteremia has been identified in numerous animal species. These bacteria cause, or have been associated with, a spectrum of clinical manifestations in dogs and human patients. The frequency of exposure to or infection with Bartonella spp. among healthy and sick horses has not been reported.

Objective

To test healthy and sick horses and sick foals from the southeastern United States for serological, microbiological, and molecular evidence of Bartonella infection.

Animals

Forty‐seven healthy horses, 15 sick foals, 22 horses with musculoskeletal manifestations, and 8 horses with colic were tested for Bartonella.

Methods

IFA serology and PCR before and after BAPGM (Bartonella alpha‐Proteobacteria Growth Medium) enrichment blood culture.

Results

Bartonella antibodies were not detected in foals or horses. Three Bartonella species, B. henselae, B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii (genotypes I and III), and a Bartonella species with closest homology to Candidatus Bartonella volans, were PCR‐amplified and sequenced from blood or BAPGM enrichment blood culture samples from 1/47 healthy horses, 3/15 sick foals, 5/22 horses with musculoskeletal disease, and 0/8 horses with colic.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Horses in the southeastern United States are naturally infected with B. henselae, B. vinsonii subsp. berkhofii genotypes I and III, and a bacteria most similar to Candidatus Bartonella volans. Antibodies were not detectable by indirect fluorescent antibody assay (IFA) testing in bacteremic foals or horses, and prolonged enrichment culture for periods up to 21 days were necessary to document bacteremia in most horses. Further investigation into the pathogenic potential of Bartonella spp. infection in horses is warranted.
Induction of apoptosis in oral epithelial cells by Candida albicans
Authors: Cunha Villar C. , Chukwuedum Aniemeke J. , Zhao X.‐R. , Huynh‐Ba G.
Published: September 2012

During infection, interactions between Candida albicans and oral epithelial cells result in oral epithelial cell death. This is clinically manifested by the development of oral mucosal ulcerations generally associated with discomfort. In vitro studies have shown that C. albicans induces early apoptotic alterations in oral epithelial cells; however, these studies have also shown that treatment of infected cells with caspase inhibitors does not prevent their death. The reasons for these contradictory results are unknown and it is still not clear if C. albicans stimulates oral epithelial signaling pathways that promote apoptotic cell death. Activation of specific death pathways in response to microbial organisms plays an essential role in modulating the pathogenesis of a variety of infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to (i) characterize C. albicans‐induced apoptotic morphological alterations in oral epithelial cells, and (ii) investigate the activation of apoptotic signaling pathways and expression of apoptotic genes during infection. Candida albicans induced early apoptotic changes in over 50% of oral epithelial cells. However, only 15% of those showed mid‐late apoptotic alterations. At the molecular level, C. albicans caused a loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and translocation of mitochondrial cytochrome c. Caspase‐3/9 activities increased only during the first hours of infection. Moreover, poly[ADP ribose] polymerase 1 was cleaved into apoptotic and necrotic‐like fragments. Finally, five anti‐apoptotic genes were significantly upregulated and two pro‐apoptotic genes were downregulated during infection. Altogether, these findings indicate that epithelial apoptotic pathways are activated in response to C. albicans, but fail to progress and promote apoptotic cell death.
Cryosurgery of the oral and peri‐oral region: a literature review of the mechanism, tissue response, and clinical applications
Authors: Kujan Omar , Azzeghaiby Saleh N. , Tarakji Bassel , Abuderman Abdulwahab , Sakka Salah
Published: September 2012

Cryosurgery is a method of achieving lesion destruction by rapid freezing in situ. Application of cryosurgery in medicine widespread and its use within dentistry is also well documented, using both open and closed liquid nitrogen and carbon dioxide. The major advantages of oral cryosurgery include bloodless treatment, very low incidence of secondary infection, and a relative lack of scarring and pain. This review outlines knowledge on the mechanisms, tissue response, and current practices of cryosurgery in the oral and peri‐oral region. More experimental studies are needed to better understand this important modality at cellular and molecular levels. Inconsistency in the current protocols used for the treatment of the oral lesions is evident. Additional studies are needed to define the treatment protocols for different types of oral lesions. Information on the cryogen type and dose and the delivery technique required would help to produce reproducible outcomes for the treatment of targeted lesions.
From despair to hope: A longitudinal study of illness perceptions and coping in a psycho‐educational group intervention for women with breast cancer
Authors: Fischer Maarten J. , Wiesenhaan Marion E. , Heijer Aukje Does‐den , Kleijn Wim C. , Nortier Johan W. R. , Kaptein Adrian A.
Published: September 2012

Objectives

This study examined the cross‐sectional and longitudinal relationships of illness perceptions, coping, and distress in women with breast cancer. Illness perceptions and coping at baseline and changes in these variables over time served as possible predictors of distress at two follow‐up points.

Design and methods

Fifty‐seven women with breast cancer who participated in a psychosocial aftercare programme completed a questionnaire before the start of the intervention, directly after the end of the intervention, and 1 year after the start of the intervention. Study variables were assessed with the Illness Perception Questionnaire‐Revised (illness perceptions), the COPE (coping), and the Hopkins Symptom Check List (distress).

Results

Results showed that 43% of variance in distress at baseline was explained by participants' illness perceptions. Cyclical timeline perceptions were the strongest predictor of distress at baseline. Longitudinal data revealed that after the end of the intervention, the intensity of general distress and breast cancer‐related emotions had decreased significantly. Partial correlations showed that baseline illness perceptions were unrelated to distress at follow‐up. However, changes in illness perceptions (perceptions about the cyclical and chronic timeline and symptoms associated with breast cancer) showed significant associations with distress at both follow‐up assessments. Associations of follow‐up distress with coping styles were less consistent.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that changes in illness perceptions are related to an improvement or worsening of patients' emotional well‐being over time. These findings hold promise for the development of interventions that specifically target patients' representations of their illness.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject? Research has shown that 15%–30% of breast cancer survivors continue to experience elevated distress following treatment. Illness perceptions and coping have been found to contribute to distress in women with breast cancer.

What does this study add? Cyclical timeline beliefs affect distress in breast cancer both in cross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses. Baseline illness perceptions are less predictive of distress at follow‐up than changes in illness perceptions.
Lie detection during high‐stakes truths and lies
Authors: Carlucci Marianna E. , Compo Nadja S. , Zimmerman Laura
Published: September 2012

Purpose

The current study seeks to expand the deception detection literature by using real‐world pre‐interrogative interviews to discern differences in how novices (students) versus experts (police officers) make judgments about truths and lies.

Methods

Videotapes of routine traffic stops depicting either liars (incriminating evidence was found in the car) or truth‐tellers (no evidence was found in the car) were edited so the final car search was cut out. Novices and experts watched the tapes and made truth or lie judgments about the subject in each video.

Results

Overall accuracy of detecting truths and lies for students was 63%, while overall accuracy for police was 60%. The difference between the groups was not significant. These results were then compared with previously published rates (Bond & DePaulo, 2006). Students' overall accuracy rates in this study were higher than previously published accuracy rates. However, police officers' accuracy rates were not higher than previously published accuracy rates.

Conclusions

Realistic stimulus materials seem to increase overall accuracy rates for students. However, despite differences in experience, there was no difference between novice and expert truth and lie accuracy.
Salivary type I collagen degradation end‐products and related matrix metalloproteinases in periodontitis
Authors: Gursoy Ulvi K. , Könönen Eija , Huumonen Sisko , Tervahartiala Taina , Pussinen Pirkko J. , Suominen Anna L. , Sorsa Timo
Published: September 2012

Aim

Type I collagen degradation end‐products and related matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were examined aiming to detect potential markers of periodontitis in saliva, with high sensitivity and specificity.

Materials and Methods

The salivary concentrations of MMP‐8, MMP‐9 and MMP‐13, tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase serum type 5b, C‐terminal cross‐linked telopeptide of type I collagen (CTx), N‐terminal cross‐linked telopeptide of type I collagen (NTx) and cross‐linked carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen were analysed in 230 subjects. Oral health examination included panoramic radiography.

Results

The concentrations of MMP‐8, MMP‐9 and MMP‐13 in saliva were higher in subjects with generalized periodontitis than in controls. Of the tested salivary markers, MMP‐8 was the only marker capable of differentiating subjects with severe alveolar bone loss from those with slight bone loss (p < 0.001). The association between the salivary MMP‐8 levels and periodontitis remained significant after the adjustment with age, gender and smoking. In addition, significant correlations were found between the tested markers and periodontal parameters.

Conclusion

Enzymes and end‐products of type I collagen degradation have different associations with each other and with periodontal status that may reflect their roles in the cascade leading to alveolar bone loss. MMP‐8 is a strong biomarker candidate for detecting alveolar bone destruction.
RCT comparing implants with turned and anodically oxidized surfaces: A pilot study, a 3‐year follow‐up
Authors: Nicu Elena A. , Van Assche Nele , Coucke Wim , Teughels Wim , Quirynen Marc
Published: September 2012

Aim

This 3‐year prospective randomized controlled trial compared the clinical, microbiological and biochemical outcome of minimally (Turned, Tur) and moderately rough (TiUnite®, TiU) implant surfaces in a split‐mouth design.

Material and methods

The study population included 14 subjects: nine fully edentulous and five partially edentulous subjects with a history of periodontitis. Implants (n = 78, 39 Tur and 39 TiU) were installed randomly in each patient. Peri‐implant clinical parameters and intra‐oral radiographs were recorded after 3 years of loading. Subgingival plaque and peri‐implant crevicular fluid samples were collected and analysed using culture and quantitative polymerase chain reaction for the biofilm, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for the concentration of osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa‐B ligand, respectively.

Results

No statistically significant differences in clinical, microbiological and biochemical parameters could be observed when comparing the Tur and TiU implant surfaces.

Conclusion

After 3 years of loading, in periodontitis susceptible patients, the moderately rough, TiU implants demonstrated a similar clinical outcome compared with the smoother, turned implants. Longer follow‐up and studies using different implant types are needed to confirm the statement that minimally and moderately rough implant surfaces perform similar, both from a clinical and from a microbiological point of view.
Silicon and Fungicide Effects on Anthracnose in Moderately Resistant and Susceptible Sorghum Lines
Authors: Resende Renata Sousa , Rodrigues Fabrício Ávila , Costa Rodrigo Veras , Silva Dagma Dionísia
Published: September 2012

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of silicon (Si) and its interaction with fungicide on the management of sorghum anthracnose. The experiments were carried out in Si‐deficient soil in the 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 growing seasons in a randomized, complete block, split‐split plot design with four replications. Calcium silicate (CS) and lime (L), at the rates of 6 and 5 ton/ha, respectively, were randomly assigned to the main plot. Two sorghum lines, BR‐008 (resistant) and BR‐009 (susceptible), were assigned to the split plots. The split‐split plots corresponded to with or without the fungicide Opera® (epoxiconazole + pyraclostrobin). The residual effect of CS and L from the 2008/2009 growing season was evaluated in the 2009/2010 growing season. For the 2008/2009 growing season, the area under anthracnose progress curve (AUAPC) was reduced by 39 and 42% for lines BR‐008 and BR‐009, respectively, with the application of CS. In the presence of the fungicide, the AUAPC was reduced by 35 and 42% for the CS and L treatments, respectively. Calcium silicate with and without fungicide contributed to decreasing the AUAPC by 44 and 37%, respectively. The fungicide spray decreased the AUAPC by 50 and 39% for lines BR‐008 and BR‐009, respectively. Without fungicide, the AUAPC decreased by 88% for line BR‐008 compared with line BR‐009; however, with fungicide, the reduction reached 90%. The Si leaf tissue concentration significantly increased with the CS application (5.9 g/kg) compared with the L application (0.3 g/kg), regardless of the sorghum line. The yield increased by 0.6 ton/ha with the CS compared to the L application. The fungicide increased yield by 0.48 ton/ha compared with the non‐fungicide spray treatment. The residual effect of CS in the soil increased Si leaf tissue concentration and yield as well as reduced the intensity of anthracnose in the 2009/2010 growing season.
Histochemical Studies of the Non‐Host Resistance and the Role of Actin Cytoskeleton in Pepper Against Colletotrichum orbiculare
Authors: Yao Jing , Hao Chongzhao , Yu Ke , Zuo Hai , Chen Yanli , Ma Qing
Published: September 2012

The penetration process and defence reactions (hypersensitive response, oxidative burst and cell wall fortification) of Colletotrichum orbiculare were studied histochemically on pepper cultivar ‘A11’ (non‐host) and susceptible cucumber cultivar ‘Changchun Thorn’ (host). The results indicate that C. orbiculare could hardly penetrate the non‐host pepper leaves. It was papillae rather than hypersensitive response and H2O2 that played an important role in resisting the colonization and development of C. orbiculare on the non‐host pepper. The depolymerization of the actin microfilament weakened the papilla deposition of pepper and allowed successful penetration of the non‐adapted C. orbiculare, suggesting that the actin cytoskeleton of pepper is significant in preventing the invasion of the non‐host pathogen C. orbiculare.
Aspects of the biology of Labeo cylindricus (Pisces: cyprinidae) in Lake Baringo, Kenya
Authors: Nyamweya Chrisphine S. , Mlewa Chrisestom M. , Ngugi Charles C. , Kaunda‐Arara Boaz , Njiru James , Gichuki John W. , Ojwang William O. , Ojuok Jacob E.
Published: September 2012

Aspects of the biology of Labeo cylindricus from Lake Baringo were investigated, based on experimental beach seining and gillnetting between August and October 2007. The length–weight relationship indicated the species exhibited positive allometric growth (b = 3.7083), with a condition factor (K) of 0.84 ± 0.0298 S.D. Males dominated fish catches, with an adult sex ratio of males/females of 1:1.7. The fish length‐at‐50% maturity (Lm50) was 127.7 and 126.1 mm total length (TL) for males and females, respectively. Fish age and growth were determined from sagittal otoliths considered to be from the young‐of‐the‐year. Clear circuli observed in the otoliths were used to determine fish age in days. Validation by oxytetracycline marking indicated that a single growth increment (1.1 ± 0.1 SE) is formed daily on fish otoliths. Fish length (TL mm) was correlated significantly with age (in days), TL = 1.398 Age + 26.523 (r2 = 0.91). Fish growth was subsequently estimated to be 1.398 mm day−1. The weights and ages (in days) of fish exhibited a significant (P < 0.05) power relationship defined by the equation: W = 0.0003 Age2.5804 (r2 = 0.88). The results of this study provide parameters that, if appropriately monitored, can be used to predict responses of fish populations in Lake Baringo and elsewhere to human interventions (exploitation) and natural environmental change.
Lake watershed management: Services, monitoring, funding and governance
Authors: Lin Hebin , Ueta Kazuhiro
Published: September 2012

This study discusses some insights for adaptive lake management from the perspective of ecosystem services (ES). Based on evidence from 46 advanced Payments for Watershed Services (PWS) projects implemented in 16 developing countries, and an interactive governance interpretation of this evidence, three layers of services for watershed management are distinguished, including (i) ES provided by ecosystems; (ii) land‐water conservation services (CS) provided by upstream citizens; and (iii) intermediary organizing services (OS) provided by watershed management organizations. The three‐layer service perspective indicates the need for management regime shifts regarding monitoring, funding and governance. A multilayer regime shift between monitoring, funding and governance for lake management also is discussed, using a Bolivian PWS scheme as an illustration. It indicates how lake management organizations can provide intermediary OS to coordinate exchanges between upstream payees and downstream payers. Upstream payees provide land‐water CS to obtain supply‐side payments. Land‐water CS improve water‐related ES to enhance downstream land‐water uses. Downstream payers provide demand‐side payments and benefit from better land‐water uses. This study was undertaken to broaden the vision of managing lakes and their watersheds and to guide policymakers, managers and other stakeholders in adopting adaptive management regimes for both locally and globally sustainable development.
Bacterial mechanisms of reversible protein S‐thiolation: structural and mechanistic insights into mycoredoxins
Authors: Antelmann Haike , Hamilton Chris J.
Published: September 2012

Mycobacteria produce millimolar concentrations of mycothiol (MSH) as their major low molecular weight thiol redox buffer. MSH‐deficient mutants display increased sensitivity towards reactive oxygen, nitrogen and electrophilic species as well as alkylating agents and antibiotics. MSH is maintained in its reduced thiol state by the NADPH‐dependent mycothiol disulphide reductase (Mtr). However, the redoxin that uses the MSH/Mtr/NADPH pathway for reduction of MSH‐mixed protein disulphides, formed during oxidative stress, has long remained unknown. In this issue, Van Laer et al. report that MSH provides the reducing power for mycoredoxin‐1 (Mrx1) in reduction of synthetic MSH‐mixed disulphides. The reduced (dithiol) and oxidized (disulphide) solution structures of Mrx1 have been solved by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. NMR time course experiments have also demonstrated the transient S‐mycothiolation of the active site Cys14 of oxidized Mrx1 during reduction by the MSH/Mtr/NADPH electron pathway. The paper opens a new era of research to identify S‐mycothiolated Mrx1 substrates and the function of MSH in redox regulation and virulence in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Characterization of the distal esophagus high‐pressure zone with manometry, ultrasound and micro‐computed tomography
Authors: Vegesna A. K. , Sloan J. A. , Singh B. , Phillips S. J. , Braverman A. S. , Barbe M. F. , Ruggieri M. R. , Miller L. S.
Published: September 2012

Background  We sought to determine how the individual components of the distal esophagus and proximal stomach form the gastroesophageal junction high‐pressure zone (GEJHPZ) antireflux barrier.

Methods  An endoscopic ultrasound/manometry catheter was pulled through the proximal stomach and distal esophagus in 20 normal subjects. The axial length and width of individual structures on endoscopic ultrasound were measured. The anatomic orientation of gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) components was examined in two organ donor specimens using micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT).

Key Results  The three distinct structures identified within the GEJHPZ, from distal to proximal, were as follows: the gastric clasp and sling muscle fiber complex, crural diaphragm, and lower esophageal circular smooth muscle fibers (LEC). The LEC was statistically significantly thicker than adjacent esophageal muscles. These structures were associated with three pressure peaks. The pressure peak produced by the clasp/sling fiber complex often overlapped with the pressure peak from the crural diaphragm. The most proximal peak, associated with the LEC, was significantly greater and bimodal in nine of 20 subjects. This bimodal LEC pressure peak correlated with two areas of thickened muscle observed with ultrasound. Micro‐CT of GEJ from organ donors confirmed the two areas of thickened muscle.

Conclusions & Inferences  Three distinct anatomic structures, the clasp and sling muscle fibers, crural diaphragm, and LEC combine to form the antireflux barrier of the proximal stomach and distal esophagus. The clasp and sling muscle fibers combine with the crural diaphragm to form a distal pressure profile. The more proximal LEC has a bimodal pressure profile in some patients.