bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control constitucional en demandas de alimentos caso 012-17-SIN-CC
Authors: Barrios Miranda Ángel Silverio , Chininin Macanchi Marco Alexander , Gonzalez De Vinces Petrick Jeanny
Published: January 2019

En el año 2008 se emite la constitución que abriría el camino de la supremacía constitucional y la rigurosidad de las leyes, como entidad superior de respeto e integridad en los procesos judiciales. Considerándose a partir de entonces la obligatoriedad de los jueces y juezas, y demás servidores públicos, aplicar la normativa presente en la constitución, que constituye el máximo órgano de control constitucional, como organismo de Estado. Objetivo. El presente estudio de investigación tuvo como objetivo caracterizar el impacto del Control Constitucional que se hizo efectiva en la Sentencia 012-17-SINCC de la Corte Constitucional del Ecuador con respecto a elementos procesales en materia de alimentos en la Ciudad de Guayaquil. Materiales y métodos. Se diseñó una investigación de tipo descriptiva de campo, además empleando método inductivo-deductivo para a su vez emplear la técnica de encuesta a través de una entrevista estructurada con preguntas cerradas dirigida a aquellas personas con apremio que se encuentran en el Centro de Detención Provisional de Guayas en Guayaquil, con nueve ítems que pudo servir de insumo para generar un análisis teórico y empírico de la aplicación del control constitucional concreto en el COGEP y el Código de la Niñez, en sus enumerados correspondientes al apremio personal en los obligados subsidiarios y principales, así como de los aspectos procesales que se debieron modificar conforme a la decisión de la máxima entidad constitucional en el país. Resultados. A través de ello se determinó que existen aspectos que no se están cumpliendo como es el caso de la audiencia previa a la emisión del apremio personal, que obliga al juzgador a no emitir boletas de apremio de forma unilateral, violando el debido proceso, la modificación de la emisión de apremio personal contra obligados subsidiarios, pues se evidencia que existen casos en los que algunos obligados subsidiarios fueron aprehendidos empleando boletas extemporáneas, y otros problemas propios del sistema que deben ser tomados en cuenta para el futuro. Conclusión. En cuanto a la práctica es necesario que juzgadores asuman el compromiso impuesto por los Jueces de la Corte Constitucional de Ecuador y los legisladores deben sancionar nuevos parámetros para el Código de la Niñez y Adolescencia que evite menoscabar la libertad personal de obligados subsidiarios, incluyendo la posibilidad de medidas alternativas para los obligados principales, quienes por diversos motivos están siendo víctimas del sistema.
Algoritmos meta heurísticos para el aprendizaje de redes bayesianas
Authors: Oviedo Byron , Puris Amilkar , Zhuma Emilio
Published: January 2019

Con este artículo se pretende obtener modelos basados en análisis probabilísticos de casos para la ayuda a la toma de decisiones en la educación y aprendizaje de los estudiantes de la UTEQ. Para la obtención del producto final, se ha distribuido el proceso de desarrollo en varias etapas. Objetivo Crear un modelo probabilístico para evaluar y diagnosticar a los estudiantes en función de un conjunto de características, las mismas que deberán ser aprendidas de forma automática mediante una generalización del modelo AutoClass permitiendo la existencia de variables ocultas, cada una de ellas afectando a un conjunto distinto de variables observables (respuestas de los alumnos a cuestiones planteadas por un sistema automático de aprendizaje). Materiales y Métodos. Nuestro estudio se llevará a cabo para para definir otra forma de aprendizaje estructural basado en la búsqueda de estructuras a través de modelos metaheurísticas evolutivas. Resultados Este modelo permitirá a las autoridades de la UTEQ determinar inconvenientes y contratiempos en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje. A la vez los resultados obtenidos permitirán una toma de decisiones inmediata para solucionar los problemas detectados y de esta manera cumplir con la misión institucional de formar profesionales con visión científica y humanista capaces de desarrollar investigaciones, crear tecnologías, mantener y difundir nuestros saberes y culturas ancestrales, para la construcción de soluciones a los problemas de la región y el país. Conclusiones se optimización de malla variable (VMO) metaheurístico al aprendizaje estructural de los clasificadores de redes bayesianas (BVMO).
La responsabilidad social corporativa y su rol en las empresas ecuatorianas
Authors: Acosta Véliz Marjorie , Lovato Torres Sofía , Buñay Cantos Jahaira
Published: January 2019

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo definir la aplicación de la responsabilidad social corporativa en el Ecuador, dado que representa una decisión voluntaria de las empresas para mejorar las condiciones de los grupos de interés con el fin de obtener también beneficios económicos a futuro. En Ecuador la RSC todavía es poco aplicado y generalmente se aplica de manera filantrópica o cuidado al medio ambiente, por lo que aún el término no se encuentra arraigado a los valores y objetivos corporativos. La metodología usada tiene un enfoque mixto cuali-cuantitativo a través una investigación de tipo exploratoria, descriptiva y documental con un método inductivo-deductivo. Como Resultados se determinó que en materia de RSC el Ecuador aún se encuentra analizando y probando los beneficios que ofrece la RSC. Sin embargo, se concluye que cada vez más las empresas empiezan a valorar los propósitos de la responsabilidad social y demuestran interés en implementarlo en las organizaciones.
Wagner versus Keynes: Empirical evidence from Turkey’s provinces
Authors: Sagdic Ersin , Sasmaz Mahmut , Tuncer Guner
Published: January 2019

Wagner?s law and Keynes? hypothesis has long been debated in economics. In this paper, we test the income-expenditure hypothesis for eighty-one of Turkey?s provinces for the period 1992 to 2013 using panel data analysis. For this purpose, the validity of these hypotheses is tested by applying recent panel cointegration and causality techniques, allowing for cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity between regions. Under the presence of cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity, the level of integration of the variables was tested by means of the cross-sectionally augmented Dickey-Fuller test, the presence of long-run relationship of the variables was tested with the Westerlund-Edgerton Lagrange multiplier bootstrap test, long-run cointegration coefficients were estimated with the Eberhardt-Bond panel augmented mean group method, and finally causality relationship was defined by the Dumitrescu-Hurlin test. The results of this study provide strong support for the validity of Wagner?s law and Keynes? hypothesis for Turkey.
Characterization of neodymium doped calcium tungstate single crystal by Raman, IR and luminescence spectroscopy
Authors: Abozaid Rouaida , Lazarevic Zorica , Radojevic Vesna , Rabasovic Maja , Sevic Dragutin , Rabasovic Mihailo , Romcevic Nebojsa
Published: January 2019

The aim of the current work was to assess obtain a single crystal of calcium
tungstate doped with neodymium - (CaWO4:Nd3+), and after that, the crystal
was characterized with various spectroscopic methods. The single crystal was
grown from the melt using the Czochralski method in air. By optimizing
growth conditions, <001>-oriented CaWO4:Nd3+ crystal? up to 10 mm in
diameter were grown. Number of dislocations in obtained crystal was 102 per
cm2. Micro hardness was measured with the Vickers pyramid. Anisotropy in
<001> direction was not observed. Selected CaWO4:Nd3+ single crystal was cut
into several tiles with the diamond saw. The plates were polished with a
diamond paste. The crystal structure is confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The
obtained crystal w?s studied by Raman and infrared spectroscopy. Seven Raman
and six IR optical active modes predicted by group theory are observed. FTIR
confirmed the occurrence of all the functional groups and bonds in this
material. From the FTIR spectrum, a strong peak of 862 cm-1 has been
obtained due to the stretching vibration of WO42- in scheelite structure,
and a weak but sharp band at 433 cm-1 has been noticed due to the
metal-oxygen (Ca-O) band. Estimated luminescence lifetime of 4F5/2 - the
4I9/2 transition is about 120 ?s; estimated luminescence lifetime of 4F3/2 -
the 4I9/2 transition is about 140 ?s. All performed investigations show that
the obtained CaWO4:Nd3+ single crystal has good optical quality, which was
the goal of this work.
Top Management Team Characteristics and Financial Reporting Quality
Authors: Zhang Dana
Published: January 2019

The accounting literature often views managers as individuals whose financial reporting decisions are determined by their economic incentives and individual characteristics. However, managers typically work in a team and most decisions have at least some input from other members of the team. This study examines the impacts of two top management team (TMT) characteristics on financial reporting quality. The results indicate that background homogeneity and long-shared working experience are each distinctly related to a higher likelihood of restatements. Additional tests document that team homogeneity and shared experience also are positively associated with discretionary accruals for firms with income-increasing earnings management incentives. Moreover, the impact of TMTs on financial reporting quality varies with the proportion and tenure of independent directors. These findings indicate that top management team characteristics are important determinants of financial reporting quality.

JEL Classifications: G34; M14; M41; M54.
THE INFLUENCE OF EDUCATIONAL LEVEL, WORK EXPERIENCE AND COMPREHENSION OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEM ON FINANCIAL REPORT QUALITY
Authors: Adiyanto Fajar
Published: January 2019

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilakukan untuk 1) menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh tingkat pendidikan terhadap kualitas laporan keuangan; 2) menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh pengalaman kerja terhadap kualitas laporan keuangan; 3) menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh sistem informasi akuntansi terhadap kualitas laporan keuangan. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh pegawai yang bekerja dibagian keuangan kecamatan di Surakarta sample yang berjumlah 30 pegawai, dimana seluruh populasi tersebut diambil untuk dijadikan sampel. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi linier berganda. Hasil analisis hipotesis menunjukkan bahwa pengalaman kerja (H2), dan pemahaman sistem informasi akuntansi (H3) yang berpengaruh terhadap kualitas laporan keuangan, sedangkan variabel tingkat pendidikan (H1) tidak berpengaruh terhadap kualitas laporan keuangan. Kata kunci: Tingkat pendidikan, Pengalaman Kerja, Pemahaman Sistem Informasi Akuntansi, Kualitas Laporan Keuangan ABSTRACTThis study is conducted to: 1) test and analyze the influence of educational level on financial report quality; 2) test and analyze the influence of work experience on financial report quality; 3) test and analyze the influence of accounting information system on financial report quality. Population in this study is all employees employed in district financial department in Surakarta with the sample amounted of 30 employees, where all population was taken as sample. Data analysis method is multi-linear regression. Results of hypothesis analysis showed that work experience (H2) and accounting information system comprehension (H3) have influence on financial report quality, and the educational level (H1) variable has no influence on financial report quality.  Keywords: Educational level, work experience, accounting information system comprehension, financial report quality
Tests of Priority
Authors: Bateman David A. , Katznelson Ira , Lapinski John S.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines how southern members of Congress balanced and selected among their contending priorities, how they sought to change legislative institutions to achieve their goals, and how their choices and actions shaped national policy in enduring ways. It examines southern lawmaking across three broad issues: revenue, economic regulation, and spending. In each issue area, the South hoped to achieve changes that would make policy more equitable across the country's regions. Each confronted the South with a set of unpalatable choices, options that the region's representatives ultimately were unable to reconcile. The chapter first looks at the politics of revenue, an issue on which southern Democrats had to make common cause with often unreliable northern allies. Then, it turns to market regulation and finance, particularly efforts to regulate interstate commerce, break up trusts, and establish a more locally responsive financial system. Finally, it considers national spending policies.
Ascendancy
Authors: Bateman David A. , Katznelson Ira , Lapinski John S.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the period from the turn of the century to the outbreak of World War I, when southern influence over national policy went from its lowest point in history to heights unmatched since before the Civil War. It begins by examining the limits of southern influence in the first decade of the twentieth century, when southern Democrats struggled to advance a legislative agenda that accommodated their multiple, at times conflicting, priorities. It then follows the story of southern lawmaking through to the dramatic reconfiguration of authority and influence that followed the elections of 1912, when southern Democratic influence over national policy jumped dramatically and the region's sometimes fractious body of legislators managed to forge and pass an ambitious progressive policy agenda. It concludes by elaborating how southern priorities were accommodated in the construction of the new American state as a southern-led Congress recognized and affirmed the power of southern states and local white elites to regulate the region's racial and class hierarchies.
The Temporal Argument
Authors: Case Holly
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the temporal argument, asserting that questions were self-consciously of their time while straining to become timeless. To illustrate the way questions emerged and evolved over time, the chapter first considers the pace and rhythm of the age of questions by revisiting the American question. It then examines the irregularity with which questions commanded the international spotlight, not surprisingly around wars and uprisings, and querists' desire for catharsis. It also looks at the constraints imposed by timeliness; how, in terms of genre, satire could bring literature and querism into a common frame; and how whole new disciplines (political economy and later sociology) formed—at least in part—around engagement with questions so that philosophy and literature could retain their timelessness. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the omnibus character of the social question as well as its causes.
Islamic Identities in Colonial India
Authors: Zaman Muhammad Qasim
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces many of the groups that will form the subject of this book and charts their emergence and development in conditions of British colonial rule. It shows that the traditionalist orientations that enjoy great prominence in the South Asian landscape began to take a recognizable shape only in the late nineteenth century, although they drew on older styles of thought and practice. The early modernists, for their part, were rooted in a culture that was not significantly different from the `ulama's. Among the concerns of this chapter is to trace their gradual distancing from each other. The processes involved in it would never be so complete, in either British India or in Pakistan, as to preclude the cooperation of the modernists and their conservative critics at critical moments. Nor, however, were the results of this distancing so superficial as to ever be transcended for good.
Modernism and Its Ethical Commitments
Authors: Zaman Muhammad Qasim
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides an overview of modernism in Pakistan, from the country's inception to the present. It draws attention to the salience of ethical commitments in modernist conceptions of Islam—commitments that were often meant as a counterweight to traditionalist understandings of Islamic law and as justifications for its reform, but which also stood in some tension with the authoritarianism that has often characterized Islamic modernism. Much of this authoritarianism came from the fact that it was the modernists who populated the ranks of the governing elite, that this elite has remained in power for long periods of time without much accountability to the people, and that the best chance that many modernist intellectuals have had of seeing their ideas implemented has been through unsavory alliances with unrepresentative rulers. But some of the authoritarianism has been endemic to modernist conceptions of Islam itself, a fact far more apparent to those at their receiving end than to the modernists themselves.
Religious Minorities and the Anxieties of an Islamic Identity
Authors: Zaman Muhammad Qasim
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on two Muslim minorities, the Ahmadis and the Shi`a, and some of the contestations around their position in the state. How these communities have fared in Pakistan is part of the story here, with the Ahmadis being declared a non-Muslim minority in 1974 and significant Shi`i-Sunni sectarian violence in the country since the 1980s. The principal concern of the chapter is, however, to explore the anxieties that the existence and activities of these minority communities have generated among the `ulama and the Islamists. In case of the Ahmadis, the anxieties in question have had to do not merely with the peculiarities of Ahmadi beliefs about the Prophet Muhammad, but with Islamic modernism itself. The anxieties generated by the Shi`a have a different locus, and also go beyond Sunni discomfort with particular Shi`i beliefs and practices. Much more than the Ahmadis, the Shi`a have raised difficult questions about what, if any, kind of Islamic law can be given public force in Pakistan, laying bare in the process nagging uncertainties about whether Pakistan can ever fully claim to be an Islamic state.
The Last Utopians
Authors: Robertson Michael
Published: January 2019

For readers reared on the dystopian visions of Nineteen Eighty-Four and The Handmaid's Tale, the idea of a perfect society may sound more sinister than enticing. This literary history of a time before “Orwellian” entered the cultural lexicon reintroduces us to a vital strain of utopianism that seized the imaginations of late-nineteenth-century American and British writers. The book delves into the biographies of four key figures—Edward Bellamy, William Morris, Edward Carpenter, and Charlotte Perkins Gilman—who lived during an extraordinary period of literary and social experimentation. The publication of Bellamy's Looking Backward in 1888 opened the floodgates of an unprecedented wave of utopian literature. Morris, the Arts and Crafts pioneer, was a committed socialist whose News from Nowhere envisions a workers' Arcadia. Carpenter boldly argued that homosexuals constitute a utopian vanguard. Gilman, a women's rights activist and the author of “The Yellow Wallpaper,” wrote numerous utopian fictions. These writers, this book shows, shared a belief in radical equality, imagining an end to class and gender hierarchies and envisioning new forms of familial and romantic relationships. They held liberal religious beliefs about a universal spirit uniting humanity. They believed in social transformation through nonviolent means and were committed to living a simple life rooted in a restored natural world. And their legacy remains with us today, as the book describes in entertaining first-hand accounts of contemporary utopianism, ranging from Occupy Wall Street to a Radical Faerie retreat.
Edward Carpenter’s Homogenic Utopia
Authors: Robertson Michael
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines Edward Carpenter's utopian vision, and specifically his belief that the path to utopia would be blazed by what he called Uranians. Carpenter coined the term “Uranian,” or “Urning,” to describe the man-loving men and women-loving women who he believed were the advance guard in the march to utopia. According to Carpenter, Uranians constituted an “intermediate sex,” combining what he saw as the best of both genders: women's tender, loving nature and men's energy and capacity for action. Carpenter wrote a series of essays and books about intermediate sex and what he refers to as “homogenic love.” One of his major works was the 1883 poem “Towards Democracy.” This chapter first provides a background on Carpenter before discussing his utopianism, his religious and spiritual beliefs, his visit to Walt Whitman in America, and his views on homosexuality and socialism.
The Constitution of Ancient China
Authors: Li Su
Published: January 2019

How was the vast ancient Chinese empire brought together and effectively ruled? What are the historical origins of the resilience of contemporary China's political system? This book examines the ways in which a series of fundamental institutions, rather than a supreme legal code upholding the laws of the land, evolved and coalesced into an effective constitution. Arguing that a constitution is an institutional response to a set of issues particular to a specific society, the book demonstrates how China unified a vast territory, diverse cultures, and elites from different backgrounds into a whole. The book delves into such areas as uniform weights and measurements, the standardization of Chinese characters, and the building of the Great Wall. Exploring why China has endured as one political entity for over 2,000 years, this book will be essential reading for anyone interested in understanding the institutional legacy of the Chinese empire.
The Ticket to the Soviet Soul
Authors: Smolkin Victoria
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines how the Soviet Communist Party tried to boost the political legitimacy of its ideological project to build Communism and produce an atheist society by addressing the people's spiritual needs. More specifically, it shows how, in the transition from socialism to Communism, the moral and spiritual character of the Soviet people—including their worldview and way of life—gained a new significance. The chapter first considers how the state, after building the material base of Soviet Communism, envisioned ideology as an instrument of spiritual transformation by taking into account Soviet people's worldviews and byt. It then discusses Znanie's various initiatives to bring atheism to the masses and how atheists relied on clubs and lectures to compete with religion. It also explores the clash between the scientific and religious worldviews before concluding with an assessment of the Science and Religion journal's renewed engagement with worldview questions.
The Communist Party between State and Church
Authors: Smolkin Victoria
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines how socialist rituals became the Soviet state's main ideological weapon in the battle against religion. It first considers the Bolsheviks' secularization of Soviet life after the revolution, using ZAGS (Bureau for the Registration of Acts of Civil Status) as a tool, by taking over the management of birth, marriage, and death from religious institutions. However, the Bolsheviks spent little effort trying to provide socialist alternatives to the religious rites and rituals that shaped private life and communal experience. The chapter goes on to discuss the Komsomol's role in the introduction of the ritual project to the Soviet people, particularly marriage rites, and how the ideological establishment developed socialist rituals to achieve the goals of atheism. It also explores the sacralization of Soviet life through socialist rituals and concludes with a commentary on the failure of the ritual project.
Utopia’s Orphan
Authors: Smolkin Victoria
Published: January 2019

This conclusion examines the demise of the Communist project, along with its vision to create an atheist society. Over the course of its history, Soviet atheism developed through direct engagement with religion. These engagements exposed atheism's contradictions, pointing to the deeper crisis within Soviet Communism. The conclusion first considers Mikhail Gorbachev's reintroduction of religion into Soviet public life, highlighted by his meeting with Patriarch Pimen (Izvekov) and the Synod of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church, before explaining why Soviet Communism never managed to overcome religion or produce an atheist society. It also discusses the political transformations of perestroika and cites the history of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow as an allegory for the fate of religion and atheism under Soviet Communism. Finally, it asks why the Soviet Communist Party orchestrated the divorce between Communism and atheism, and between the party's Communist ideology and political power.
From Causal Relations to Causal Constraints
Authors: Ben-Menahem Yemima
Published: January 2019

This book explores the notion of causal constraint in science. It examines a family of general constraints encountered in fundamental science, along with the conceptual relations between them: determinism, locality, stability, symmetries, conservation laws, and variation principles. The book shifts the focus away from causal relations between individual events (or properties of events) to the more general causal constraints found in science. This chapter discusses the main contending philosophical accounts of causation and the key issues they raise, including regularity theories (also known as Humean theories), the counterfactual account advanced by David Lewis, process accounts, probabilistic accounts, and interventionist or manipulation accounts. It also provides an overview of determinism, locality, stability, symmetries, conservation laws, and variation principles, along with causal asymmetry and the mutuality of causal relations.
Determinism and Stability
Authors: Ben-Menahem Yemima
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the determinism–stability nexus as manifested in everyday contexts. It considers the role played by stability in our understanding of change and how it differs from determinism. It argues that the differences between stability and determinism are easily overlooked, especially in everyday discourse and “soft” sciences such as history. The chapter first provides an overview of some of the characteristics of determinism before discussing the notion of necessity and its distinctive causal role. It then analyzes Bertrand Russell's claim that determinism can be trivially satisfied and therefore lacks empirical content. It also expounds on the notion of stability and shows that it is a distinct causal category, independent of the category of determinism. Finally, it identifies a structure that it argues has been a source of confusion about directionality, teleology, and even fate.
“Write These Things in a Book”
Authors: Perry Seth
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines visionary accounts as a form of performed biblicism that made particularly dramatic claims on relationships of authority, focusing on the ways in which they participated in the scripturalized environment of the early national period. The mechanisms of this scripturalization are analyzed in early national visionary texts. The chapter first explains how print-bible culture defined the generic and formal terms of what a visionary text should look like, thus providing models for latter-day visionaries, before discussing the tendency of visionaries such as Chloe Willey to make direct citation of the Bible. It then considers the visionary texts' preoccupation with literacy, with writing itself, and with the written presentation of revelation. Finally, it reviews the history of The Vision of Isaac Childs, a visionary text of the nineteenth century, to illustrate the operations and effects of the scripturalized terms of visionary authority in the early national period.
Abandoned Quarries
Authors: Perry Seth
Published: January 2019

This concluding chapter discusses the consequences of biblicism in the early national period for subsequent American religious history. It considers bible culture in the later nineteenth century, with particular emphasis on how the corporatization of religious printing amplifed the Bible's status as an abstract commodity. Responding to the arguments put forward by W. P. Strickland in his 1849 History of the American Bible Society, the chapter argues that attaching the Bible's importance to American national identity could not leave the Bible unchanged, because that is not how scripturalization works. It also explains how the Bible's availability for citation and re-citation fundamentally changed the desire, effectiveness, and circumstances of its citation. Finally, it uses the abandoned quarry—empty because it has flled other places—as a figure for the themes of citation, performance, and identity explored in this book.
Adventures of the Soul
Authors: Sassi Maria Michela
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the Presocratic discourse on the soul and how it is intertwined with the discourse on the cosmos. It first considers Karl Popper's views regarding the different solutions developed by the Presocratics to address the problem of cosmic becoming before discussing the concept of psuchē. It then explores Heraclitus's philosophical insights about the soul as well as the relationship between soul and cosmos. It also describes the different paths along which a religious need for individual salvation and uniting with the divine brings forth a reflection on the soul, taking into account the theories presented by Presocratic philosophers such as Empedocles of Akragas, Pythagoras, and Parmenides of Elea. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the notion of personal identity relating to the aspects of intellectual memory and moral responsibility.
Prolegomena
Authors: Lamb Jonathan
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents a background on scurvy. Scurvy's first attested appearance in literature is found in Luis Vaz de Camoens's The Lusiads (1572), a poem celebrating Vasco da Gama's expedition into the Indian Ocean. The fundamental difference between scurvy and other epidemic maladies during the age of discovery revolves around the mutant gene that fails to prompt the synthesis of ascorbate in the human body. Scurvy is not caused by the entry of bacteria or viruses into the organism, nor by parasites nestling in a human host; scurvy occurs because the body has not absorbed in sufficient quantity a chemical habitually ingested and crucial to the functioning of the nerves, blood, bone, cartilage, and tissue. In this respect, it resembles other illnesses that arise because of the deficiency of a necessary biochemical agent, such as caries, rickets, or goiter.
Effluvia
Authors: Lamb Jonathan
Published: January 2019

Loathsome and dangerous diseases are traditionally associated with foreignness, which plunges those who succumb to them into the loneliness of a castaway or the solitude of an unwelcome stranger. This is especially evident in scurvy. This chapter examines this foreignness under the heading of scientific experiment. It discusses how the doctrine of effluvia provided a model for those who understood sensation—and life itself—as a flux and reflux of matter in which losses are being perpetually made up. It then turns to the paradoxical role of science in the history of scurvy; on the one side, it contributes to the increase of the disease by advancing the art and machinery of navigation to the degree that voyages become too long for the human organism to sustain and, on the other, it promises instruments so ingeniously conceived and cleverly constructed that the measure of time and space is made certain, so that voyagers would always know where they were.
Australia
Authors: Lamb Jonathan
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on the settlement of Australia, a notable example of a landfall that provided none of voluptuous satisfactions generally associated with the Indian Ocean or the South Seas, although many of those coming ashore were scurvied, especially after the arrival of the second fleet. As a joint experiment in penology and colonization, it was utterly novel, being as far from England as it was possible to get and consisting of unreconnoitred territory where no previous European settlement had been made. It was on all fronts a monstrous gamble that easily could have failed because scurvy had not been factored into any of the arrangements for making the trip.
“Without Any Desire for Europe”
Authors: Lerner Robert E.
Published: January 2019

This chapter details Ernst Kantorowicz's first year at Berkeley. Berkeley had a heavier teaching load than Kantorowicz had known in Frankfurt. During the regular academic year he was required to teach an undergraduate survey, an upper-level lecture course, and a two-hour graduate seminar. The survey was a year-long course called Medieval Institutions. For his upper-level topics he chose The Normans in European History (fall) and The Dawn of Humanism and Renaissance (spring). Preparing lectures took virtually all his time during his first year. Still in need of money, he also took the opportunity of doing some extra teaching during an intersession term running from late May until the end of June. For this he was allowed to repeat the first half of his Medieval Institutions and The Dawn of Humanism and Renaissance.
“Land of Lotus-Eaters”
Authors: Lerner Robert E.
Published: January 2019

This chapter details events in the four years from June 1945 until June 1949, which were probably the happiest in Ernst Kantorowicz's life. He considered himself to be in a “land of lotus-eaters.” Although he complained that “a janitor earned as much as he did,” he moved into a house of his own and became absorbed in new matters, such as gardening. He went regularly to Carmel for sun and crawfish and to Lake Tahoe for fishing and swimming. He engaged with numerous conversation partners, and he acquired a number of new advanced students for whom he felt affection and in whom he invested much time. Conviviality was unending, as was scholarly work.
The Fundamental Issue
Authors: Lerner Robert E.
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on the most difficult time in Ernst Kantorowicz's life. He had supposed that he would be remaining in Berkeley for the rest of his career. Everything was going well. But in June 1949, a bitter controversy broke out at the University of California. Driven by principle, Kantorowicz involved himself in struggle until late August 1950, when he was defeated and fired. At issue was the loyalty oath that President Robert Sproul required all university academic employees to sign. At the time, America was obsessed about communism. Concerned about the possibility of the legislature interfering directly in the university's affairs and curtailing financial support, Sproul asked the Board of Regents to introduce an enhanced loyalty oath to be signed by all university academic employees. Kantorowicz refused to sign the oath, which led to his firing.
Conclusion
Authors: Karlan Dean , Appel Jacob
Published: January 2019

This concluding chapter offers some guide on how to run a field study. First, researchers should think about where, when, and with whom they will run their experiment, and make sure these parameters fit the underlying idea or theory they intend to test. Second, every question in a survey should have a purpose. Researchers should be mindful that subtle features of a survey like response scales and order of questions can influence the results. Third, researchers should make sure that their implementing partner understands what it will take to conduct a research. Fourth, researchers should make an intentional decision about how, and how much, to incorporate technology into their survey. Fifth, researchers should not assume people will sign up to receive a program or service. They should find out directly whenever possible by piloting or otherwise gauging demand for their intervention.
Epistemology
Authors: Sosa Ernest
Published: January 2019

In this concise book, one of the world's leading epistemologists provides a sophisticated, revisionist introduction to the problem of knowledge in Western philosophy. Modern and contemporary accounts of epistemology tend to focus on limited questions of knowledge and skepticism, such as how we can know the external world, other minds, the past through memory, the future through induction, or the world's depth and structure through inference. The book steps back for a better view of the more general issues posed by the ancient Greek Pyrrhonists. Returning to and illuminating this older, broader epistemological tradition, the book develops an original account of the subject, giving it substance not with Cartesian theology but with science and common sense. Descartes is a part of this ancient tradition, but he goes beyond it by considering not just whether knowledge is possible at all but also how we can properly attain it. In Cartesian epistemology, the book finds a virtue-theoretic account, one that is extended beyond the Cartesian context. Once epistemology is viewed in this light, many of its problems can be solved or fall away. The result is an important reevaluation of epistemology that will be essential reading for students and teachers.
Knowledge: What It Is and How We Might Have It
Authors: Sosa Ernest
Published: January 2019

This chapter looks at how the ontological theory of knowledge as constituted by belief that is both true and justified would gain standing through the metaphysical explanations that it provides. On its basis: first, one could explain how knowledge supervenes at least in part on belief, truth, and justification; second, one could explain also why knowledge entails each of belief, truth, and justification; and finally, one could have explained why JTBmodal and JTBexplanatory were true had they indeed been true. The ontological theory might gain further support through its direct intuitive attraction when one inquires with sufficient clarity into the constitution of knowledge.
Site Unseen
Authors: Alworth David J.
Published: January 2019

This chapter argues that to perform a site reading of Cormac McCarthy's The Road is to appreciate how the text functions as a novel of purpose that aims to vivify the planet as what Latour would call a “matter of concern.” Still, The Road reads less as a critique of contemporary social problems than as a “thought-experiment,” a sort of literary climate model, forecasting a chillingly plausible correlation between a ruined site and a grisly social order. By imagining this correlation through narrative form, McCarthy offers his own striking contribution to environmental and sociological thought, a contribution that starts to become apparent the moment we ask how his setting functions as an actant, both in the novel itself and beyond.
Introduction
Authors: Lamont Michèle , Silva Graziella Moraes , Welburn Jessica S. , Guetzkow Joshua , Mizrachi Nissim , Herzog Hanna , Reis Elisa
Published: January 2019

This book explores the stigmatizing or discriminatory experiences of ordinary people and how they respond to such experiences, along with the factors that affected their courses of action. Drawing on more than 400 in-depth interviews with African Americans in New York suburbs, Black Brazilians in and around Rio de Janeiro, and Arab Palestinians, Ethiopian Jews, and Mizrahi Jews in Israel, the book investigates how national configurations of cultural repertoires and group boundaries influence experiences of and responses to stigmatization and discrimination. To this end, the book describes the incidents where respondents—middle- and working-class men and women—were treated unfairly and the interactions where they felt underestimated, overscrutinized, misunderstood, feared, overlooked, shunned, or discriminated against. This introduction explains the book's approach for analyzing how groupness is organized around race, ethnicity, phenotype, nationality, or religion, as well as the challenges and questions it addresses, and how the study was undertaken.
Conclusion
Authors: Lamont Michèle , Silva Graziella Moraes , Welburn Jessica S. , Guetzkow Joshua , Mizrachi Nissim , Herzog Hanna , Reis Elisa
Published: January 2019

This book has examined the nature of stigmatization and discrimination by documenting the experiences and responses of ordinary people who belong to variously stigmatized ethnoracial groups. It has explored how African Americans, Black Brazilians, Arab Palestinians, Ethiopian Jews, and Mizrahi Jews make sense of their predicaments and mold their situations, thus shedding light on the ways in which specific groups experience ethnoracial exclusion and respond to it. This concluding chapter reviews some of the book's major themes and the analytical gains achieved by the study in terms of accounting for the micro-experiences of ethnoracial exclusion and responses to those experiences through a macro comparison of three distinct national contexts; groupness and group boundaries; cultural membership, redistribution, and recognition; and understanding racial formations, reproductions, and transformations in Brazil, Israel, and the United States. The challenges that lie ahead as well as new venues of research are also discussed.
Advancing from the Citadel
Authors: Gaus Gerald
Published: January 2019

This chapter argues that the well-ordered society is a dangerous illusion. The very aim that the ideal theorist cherished, to know justice and just social states as well as possible, requires an open, diverse society, in which innumerable perspectives simultaneously cooperate and compete, share and conflict. In this society there will be a crisscrossing network of communities exploring and refining moral ideals and gaining insights into their own ideals by their interactions with others. In order to be successful and robust, the Open Society must be based on a moral constitution that provides the basis of a practice of responsibility and accountability among a maximally wide array of perspectives, allowing us to reap the fruits of the cooperation and competition that diversity allows.
The Rise of Neo-Wilsonian Theory
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: January 2019

This chapter addresses the rise of neo-Wilsonianism. The problem with neo-Wilsonianism is that it replaced the relatively amorphous thinking of liberal internationalism with a much “harder” ideology, one that gave its adherents a moral commitment to a more militant foreign policy based on social-science reasoning that represented a new argument in American liberal internationalism. Democratic peace theory, democratic transition theory, and the responsibility to protect in combination were a strong mixture, one with murderous consequences for the people in the Middle East and Southwest Asia as well as for American pretensions to hegemony in world politics. Neither human rights nor democratic government abroad was served by these imperialist adventures, nor was the national security of the United States in any way enhanced.
Reviving Liberal Internationalism
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: January 2019

This concluding chapter argues that from early 2002 until today, American foreign policy has been premised on convictions that are both utopian and imperialist in a fashion quite foreign to the liberal internationalist tradition as it existed prior to 1990s. With its confidence in the ease of a transition from authoritarian to democratic order, its insistence on a “just war” doctrine that overthrew the Westphalian system of states by legitimizing the armed intervention of democracies against autocratic states, and its redefinition of American exceptionalism from a defense of the democratic world to a world-order project that knew no limits, neo-Wilsonianism sabotaged the very tradition from which it had emerged. The question, then, is whether the liberal internationalist tradition can be resuscitated in such a way that it contributes positively to world affairs.
Peran Manajemen Sumber Daya Insani: Kajian di Baznas Ponorogo
Authors: Saputro Ani Dwi , Rois Adib Khusnul
Published: January 2019

This study examines the management pattern and Human Resource utilization in Baznaz Ponorogo. The goal is to find out how far the principles of HR management are implemented in the agency. The result of the study shows that the pattern of management and human resources utilization in Baznas Ponorogo covers all aspects, from the recruitment process, placement, until the evaluation of employee performance. In every stage of the process, Baznas Ponorogo not only relies on the principle of professionalism but also considers personal integrity and spiritual maturity aspects. Such is done based on the consideration that a job, if done professionally and sincerely, will yield ina higher value and quality.
Akad Penerbitan Sukuk di Pasar Modal Indonesia dalam Perspektif Fikih
Authors: Rachmawati Eka Nuraini , Ab ghani Ab mumin Bin
Published: January 2019

This article discusses the concepts of contract in the perspective of Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence) and its implementation in Sharia Capital Market, particularly in the issuance of Corporate Sukuk and State Sukuk (SBSN). The purpose of the study is to understand the concept of akad (contract) in Islamic perspective an its implementation in sukuk issuance, mainly related to the transfer of ownership from the sukuk issuer to the investor. This study reveals that the current practice of issuance of corporate sukuk in Indonesia is only based on two models of contracts, namely Ijârah and Mudhârabah contracts. In addition, the contract structure are also varied, depending on the type of the issuer business, the purpose of funding, and the choice of contract. In the future, the issuance of corporate sukuk should have a uniformed, standardized structure, while it still comply with syariah regulation.
Optimalisasi Pengelolaan Wakaf (Studi di Kabupaten Demak)
Authors: Riyanto Riyanto
Published: January 2019

Waqf, as one of the Islamic social and economic institutions has enormous potentials in encouraging efforts to improve people’s economy. As a country with a huge population and the Muslim majority, Indonesia needs to explore and develops the potential of this religious institution. The combination of religious orders and social values can be utilized as a strong ideological backdrop for the government in managing waqfs so as to grow and be productive. This study tries to examine the status of land endowed in wakaf in Demak district before and after the enactment of Waqaf Law Number 41/ 2004 as well as to identify factors supporting and hindering efforts to optimize wakaf empowerment. This research used a socio-normative approach and it was conducted in several locations within Demak Regency. This study reveals that wakaf institutions in Demak Regency have not been able to improve the welfare of the community. This is because a lot of wakaf land in the area are not managed professionally and productively. Therefore, in the future, it is necessary to develop the professionalism of the Nazir (curator) so that Wakaf institutions can be developed optimally and innovatively to achieve the prosperity of muslim society.
Efektivitas Sidang Keliling (Studi di Pengadilan Agama Wonogiri)
Authors: Fauzi M Latif
Published: January 2019

This article examines the mobile court policy implemented by the Wonogiri Religious Court. The aim is to find out the effectiveness of the mobile court carried out in expanding access to the justice seekers, especially women. Using the step-by-step theory developed by Rolax, the researcher observes the practices of mobile session conducted by PA Wonogiri around the districts of Puwantoro and Baturetno, about 40 km away from the Wonogiri Religious Courts Office.. The study finds out that, judging from the formal procedural aspect, the mobile courts do have a relatively important role in the expansion of people's access to justice., especially for women, This expansion of access is more meaningful as an effort to provide assistance to the parties so that the time, cost, and energy they spend to attend the session could be more efficient and economical.