bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Networks in Public Administration
Authors: Bogason Peter , Toonen Theo A.J.
Published: March 2003

In the introductory article to the special issue on Comparing Networks, the editors discuss the meaning of the concept of networks in relation to other recent conceptual developments in public administration such as (neo)institutional and (neo)managerial analysis. They trace the broadly understood historical development of network analysis back to the late 1960s and early 1970s and highlight some important factors in its development up to the present‐day demands placed on public administration by both globalization and decentralization. The result is organizational fragmentation. Network analysis makes it clear that people working in government and administration will have to learn to think of organization as an external, not internal activity. The prospect is that hierarchical control will be replaced by continuing processes of bargaining among interested parties within most fields of public administration.
Rationality and Rhetoric: The Contribution To Social Care Policy
Authors: Wistow Gerald , Harrison Stephen
Published: March 2003

Between 1982 and 1992 Roy Griffiths, then Managing Director of the Sainsbury supermarket chain, wrote two reports which led to significant changes in the organization and management of health and social services in the UK. This article provides a detailed account of the policy process which led to the latter of these reports, which dealt with community care, in order to assesses Griffiths’ personal contribution to policy making.
Regional Offices in the New NHS: An Analysis of the Effects and Significance of Recent Changes
Authors: Dopson Sue , Stewart Rosemary , Locock Louise
Published: March 2003

This article reports on a two‐year, multi‐method, qualitative study in two regional offices in the UK National Health Service of the changing role of the regional tier from the autumn of 1994. The nature of the changes from fourteen semiautonomous regional health authorities to eight regional offices of the NHS Executive, whose staff became civil servants, are described together with the way this reorganization changed the role and relationships of NHS Executive HQ, the regional offices and the field. By the end of our research in the autumn of 1996, the change from regional health authority to regional office had gone well in the two regional offices studied; they had become smaller organizations, had established closer working with HQ and believed they had more influence over policy, while retaining good relations with health authorities. Emerging issues from the changes and some of their implications are discussed, particularly the pressures towards greater centralization and the particular forms that these have taken, despite the aim, and in part the achievement, of greater devolution, and the cultural differences between the NHS and the civil service. We conclude by assessing what the future holds for regional offices, in the light of the recent NHS White Paper (Secretary of State for Health 1997)
‘Public Service’, ‘Public Management’ and the ‘Modernization’ of French Public Administration
Authors: Guyomarch Alain
Published: March 2003

Since the mid‐1980s, successive French governments have attempted to ‘modernize’ the structures and methods of public administration. Although this vocabulary of ‘modernization’ is distinctly French, many of the actual reforms appear, at first sight, to be based on imported ‘new public management’ doctrines. In this article, we analyse the recent French reforms and the ideas underpinning them and we attempt to locate these reforms in their comparative context, employing data from a wide range of official reports and secondary sources and from a series of semi‐structured interviews with senior officials. We build on the analyses of Hood (1991 and 1995) and Wright (1994) that if many governments are dealing with similar problems by adopting similar approaches to reforms based on private sector man‐agement methods, the actual nature of the reforms in any individual state depends on the national context, or ‘initial endowment’. In France, the importance of administrative law, the successful experience of nationalized, monopoly, public‐service providers in the post‐war period, the political weight and established rights of civil servants, and the idea of the ‘general interest’, represented at the local level by the prefect, explain many of the distinctive features of the hybrid modernization reforms. In short, an analysis of the policy of modernization and its origin leads to conclusions which are highly consistent with new institutional explanations of policy making (Hall 1987)
Contract Budgeting
Authors: Robinson Marc
Published: March 2003

Contract budgeting attempts to reconfigure public budgeting as a system of purchase contracts between provider agencies and central government. It draws its inspiration from a simple model of contract in which the purchaser buys clearly specified outputs from a provider at a preagreed price. Contract budgeting thus represents a fusion of output‐based budgeting schemas with the newer enthusiasm for placing the public sector on a ‘market’ footing. This paper reviews the problems which confront any form of output based budgeting, and then analyses the specific issues of contractualization. It concludes that contract budgeting does not well fit the realities of budgeting in a complex public sector.
Partnership and Policy Networks in Rural Local Governance: Homelessness in Taunton
Authors: Cloke Paul , Milbourne Paul , Widdowfield Rebekah
Published: March 2003

In this paper we discuss the importance of ‘partnership’ and ‘policy networks’ in the new contemporary governance of rural areas. We use these notions to contextualize the representation of, and policy response to the particular issue of homelessness in the rural service centre of Taunton in Somerset. Here particular partnership networks have been brokered by the local authority which bring together a wide range of business, voluntary and community interests with a stake in the homelessness issue. Strong pre‐existing discourses of homelessness in Taunton characterize the issue as one of a town centre problem of ‘beggars, vagrants and drunks’. We offer evidence from the local press to suggest that these discourses have been persistently peddled by particular interests in the town. New forms of partnership were inevitably embroiled with the pursuit of these existing discourses, and contrary voices were unable to redefine existing social relations within policy networks. The evidence from Taunton suggests that where partnership merely involves attempts to repackage existing resources, it seems unlikely that it will fulfil some of the more optimistic claims for a more pluralist form of governance in the local arena.
Expenditure Inflexibility in the State Budget: The Fiscal Policy Latitude of the Council of State in Finland
Authors: Meklin Pentti , Liinavuori Juha , Nummikoski Jukka
Published: March 2003

This paper deals with expenditure inflexibility, which has a crucial bearing on the fiscal latitude which the government has in the preparation of the Finnish state budget. The government’s fiscal latitude, i.e. the possibilities available to the government to increase, decrease or change state expenditures is restricted by vari‐ous mechanisms. The source material used in this study consists of budget documents and interviews with officials involved in preparing the budget; use was also made of earlier studies relating to this subject. Our major findings fall into three groups. (i) If the degree of inflexibility is used as a basis for classification, four classes of expenditure can be identified in the Finnish state budget: expenditure controlled by statute, expenditure controlled by agree‐ment, expenditure controlled by authorization and expenditure without formal con‐trol. (ii) In the budget for 1996, 92 per cent of expenditure was controlled in various ways, leaving only 8 per cent that was flexible. The conclusion can be drawn from this that without changing the mechanisms that bind expenditures, the govermment’s ability to alter fiscal policy in the budget of a single year is very limited. In the 1990s the proportion of statute‐controlled expenditures has decreased and the proportion of agreement‐controlled and authorization‐controlled expenditures has increased. Nevertheless fiscal latitude has grown. (iii) The material used for comparison showed that there is a similar problem in other countries, but that the mechanisms governing expenditure inflexibility and the fiscal latitude that governments may enjoy can vary.
Changing the Culture of a Hospital: From Hierarchy to NetworkedCommunity
Authors: Bate Paul
Published: March 2003

This article is a case study of a large‐scale change programme within an NHS hospital. Drawing upon ethnographic data collected over a two‐year period of intensive research involvement, it tells how the hospital struggled to transform itself from a rigid and divided ‘hierarchy’ into a more flexible and collaborative ‘networked community.’ The paper describes the model of change devised for this purpose, and seeks to capture the lessons learned on the rocky road to network organizing. It concludes that the full potential of networks will only be realized if there are correspondingly dramatic changes in culture, relationships and skills, all of which have to be addressed as part of an overall organization development effort. Networks are more than just a new organizational form; they are also a new paradigm for the professional organization, which is encapsulated in the notion of the ‘network culture.’
The Prefect and State Reform
Authors: De Montricher Nicole
Published: March 2003

The article intends to explain why although tremendous changes have occurred in the structure of government – especially the laws organizing decentralization since 1982 – the institution of the Prefect is still alive in the year 2000. Created in 1800, the institution of the Prefect derives from the will of the central authority to rely on its own representatives to ensure that public policies will be equally implemented over the whole territory. This objective remains but it has to be combined with the objectives of decentralization which are to transfer a number of responsibilities to elected bodies. Consequently, the task of the Prefect is to co‐ordinate locally the action of the representatives of the ministers with the action of the elected body. To study the conditions under which the institution carries out this task the article focuses primarily on the limited capacity of the Prefect to mobilize the relevant actors. The second point concerns the difficulty of bringing together the information produced by field services. The third point considers the valuation of proximity and its impact on the action of the Prefect. The article concludes that the function of the Prefect is still the framing of local action but within the new context this can be done more often through the diffusion of information and less often through authority.
Different Seeds in the Same Plot? Competing Models of Capitalism and the Incomplete Contracts of Partnership Design
Authors: Bache Ian
Published: March 2003

This article explains the differing nature of UK government and European Commission approaches to partnership, drawing on the ‘competing models of capitalism’ debate. Comparative studies have typically considered the impact of the same institutional arrangements across different territories – the ‘study of identical seeds sown in different plots’(Putnam 1993, p. 7). However, this article is concerned with the study of different seeds sown in the same small plot: an area within the city of Sheffield. The different approaches to partnership enshrined in UK and EU regeneration programme documents structure different prospective outcomes. However, regeneration programme requirements must be understood as ‘incomplete contracts’ and as such, policy implementers play a key role in shaping policy outcomes.
Convergence: The Useful Myth?
Authors: Pollitt Christopher
Published: March 2003

Many academics have questioned the thesis (most prominently associated with Osborne and Gaebler’s Re‐inventing government) that there is an inevitable and global convergence towards a particular, new style of public management. Yet, despite the ongoing production of scholarly evidence of global diversity, pronouncements of convergence continue to be made by politicians, civil servants and some academics.

In this paper it is suggested that, better to understand this apparent controversy, a more subtle conceptualization of convergence is needed. First, convergence can take place at different stages or levels — for example, there can be convergence in debate, convergence in reform decisions, convergence in actual practices, or, ultimately, convergence in results. There is no automatic succession from one stage to the next: the momentum of convergence can (and frequently does) stall or dwindle at any point. Furthermore, it should be recognized that convergence claims may have a value of their own, whether or not they lead to actual convergence of practice or improvements in outcomes. Convergence, in short, may be a useful myth.
The Northern Ireland Civil Service: Characteristics and Trends Since 1970
Authors: Carmichael Paul
Published: March 2003

“This is a damned funny country. There’s one crowd singing ‘Wrap the Green Flag Round Me’ and another crowd sings ‘Rule Britannia’ and there’s a lot of bloody civil servants up there in Stormont drawing twenty pounds a week and laughing at the lot of us.”Comment made in 1939 to Patrick Shea, cited in Shea 1981, p. 205.

This paper offers a summary of research on the Northern Ireland Civil Service (NICS) that has been undertaken as part of an ESRC‐supported project examining the changing nature of civil services throughout the British Isles. Not since Gladden’s seminal work in 1967 have studies of the British Civil Services offered sufficient coverage of the long‐existing variations within the UK. The weaknesses in coverage are particularly visible with respect to the Northern Ireland Civil Service (NICS), which is accorded either footnote status in most work or even ignored altogether. A compelling case for closing the gap in the literature is underscored by the political devolution that was introduced after 1998. Far from being the unitary state associated with the Westminster model, the UK exhibits the features of a differentiated polity in which figure the contradictory impulses of centralization and fragmentation. In illustrating ‘parity with particularity’, the civil service arrangements obtaining within the Province of Northern Ireland clearly exemplify the differentiation with the UK. Moreover, with devolved fora now established for both Scotland and Wales, with associated pressure for more distinctive and even separate civil arrangements in each, Northern Ireland’s experience offers valuable lessons on how the UK civil service may develop in Scotland and Wales.
How R&D is coordinated in Japanese and European multinationals
Authors: Reger Guido
Published: March 2003

What are the suitable forms and mechanisms for the coordination of international R&D and innovation processes in multinational corporations? This paper sets out to answer this question by exploratory research and interviews in 18 European and Japanese companies. As a conceptual background, four different categories of coordination mechanisms are generated (‘structural’, ‘hybrid’, ‘informal’ and ‘internal markets’). The empirical results show that Japanese companies make intensive use of personal contacts, informal communication and socialisation whereas European enterprises rely more on internal markets in R&D.
Metrics for strategic alliance control
Authors: Callahan John , MacKenzie Scott
Published: March 2003

The paper develops a feedback control model of product development alliance management. The model allows us to place alliance review, and the metrics for this review, in the context of the control problems facing the alliance manager. We then specify a set of alliance review metrics, and outline the characteristics which they must have. Managers have a pressing need for such metrics, given the management challenges of alliances and the difficulties companies face in making them work effectively. The control model is then expanded to allow for changes in the nature of the alliance itself and inter‐project learning. The development of the models and of the metrics is guided by the experiences of a large electronic systems manufacturer in alliances with a number of smaller strategic technology suppliers.
Internal vs. external learning in new product development: effects on speed, costs and competitive advantage
Authors: Kessler Eric H. , Bierly Paul E. , Gopalakrishnan Shanthi
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate how different technology sourcing strategies throughout the new product development process influenced innovation speed, development costs, and competitive advantage. We studied 75 new product development projects from ten large, U.S.‐based companies in several industries. Results indicated that: (1) more external sourcing during the early (i.e., idea generation) stage was related with lower competitive success; (2) more external sourcing during the later (i.e., technological development stage was related with slower innovation speed; and (3) development costs tended to rise with greater reliance on external sources of technology, but this result was not statistically significant.
Advanced technology development program review – a US Department of the Navy case study
Authors: Kostoff Ronald K. , Miller Robert , Tshiteya Rene
Published: March 2003

The science and technology (S&T) programs sponsored by the US Department of the Navy (DoN) are divided into three major budget categories:

1. Basic research (6.1)

2. Applied research (6.2)

3. Advanced technology development (6.3)

In 1999, DoN commissioned an internal review of the 6.3 program. A 31 member review panel met for 1 week to rate and comment on six evaluation criteria (military goal, military impact, technical approach/payoff, program executability, transitionability (to more advanced development/ engineering budget categories or acquisition), overall item evaluation) for each of the 55 presentation topics into which the mid‐$500 million per year 6.3 program was categorized. This paper describes the review process, documents insights gained from the review, summarizes key principles for a high‐quality S&T evaluation process, and presents a network‐centric protocol for future large‐scale S&T reviews.

Insights gained from both the planning and conduct of the review should be of considerable value when conducting future large‐scale 6.3‐type reviews, and include the following:

1. Provision of detailed programmatic descriptive material to the panelists and audience before the review is very useful; its value could be enhanced by e‐mail interchange between the presenter or facilitator and the panelists before the presentations to clarify outstanding issues and allow for more effective use of actual meeting time.

2. Appropriate use of group‐ware could allow:

• Streamlining the review process with real‐time data analysis and aggregation;

• Remote reviewer participation, thereby minimizing travel and logistics problems;

• More reviewers to participate in the process, producing a more representative sample of the technical community;

•Reviewers to be selected for expertise in specific evaluation criteria only, thereby enhancing the credibility of each rating;

• Sufficient expertise on the panel such that the Jury function (fully independent decision‐making) can be separated from the expert witness function (potentially conflicted technical judgement and testimony).

3. When assessing and comparing quality of programs representing multiple disciplines, it is necessary to normalize. Evaluating all programs in one setting is an excellent way to accomplish this objective. Because of the realistic time constraints associated with a single‐setting review, depth must be traded off for breadth. This trade‐off is acceptable, as long as depth is evaluated by some means during the S&T operational management cycle.
Knowledge management capabilities in R&D: a UK‐‐Japan company comparison
Authors: Collinson Simon
Published: March 2003

This paper uses a ‘knowledge‐based’ approach to compare the management of R&D in two leading chemicals companies, one British (ICI plc) and one Japanese. It describes key differences in the ways they integrate the ‘near‐market’ knowledge of business units and the scientific knowledge and technical expertise of R&D personnel in central R&D facilities. It shows that the same management practices that underpin superior ‘integrative capabilities’ in the Japanese firm, including central funding of R&D, job‐rotation and career structures and multidisciplinary project teams, also result in significant R&D weaknesses. The comparison demonstrates that different organisational mechanisms are needed to support (1) the development and (2) the leveraging of specialist knowledge within different innovation contexts. Firms must be able to strike a balance between integrative and specialist capabilities to get the most from their R&D. Moreover, the above characteristics which underpin these capabilities are often ‘embedded’ in the broader organisation making them difficult to emulate when they represent ‘best‐practice’ but also making them difficult to change in response to new threats and opportunities.
Managing complex development projects: arenas, knowledge processes and time
Authors: Söderlund Jonas
Published: March 2003

The literature on project management has been dominated by techniques and methods for separating activities and making thought out plans. Closely related to this research stream is the research on product development, which seems to advocate somewhat of a different strategy where managing projects is a matter of enabling the crossing of functions and knowledge bases. This paper attempts to integrate these two lines of research.

The paper is based on two in–depth case studies of project management in product development contexts. The projects under study were highly complex and consisted of multiple interrelated parts, which called for ‘tightly coupled’ organizational solutions. From our point of view, much effort by the project management teams was put into establishing a project that was responsive and where participating local units were oriented toward various ‘global’ measures.

In our conception, the overall deadline seemed to have played an important role for promoting communal and interactive problem solving. Furthermore, the deadline emphasized the need for global arenas where the interactive problem solving could take place. It is argued that time–based controls set a global time for the project. The paper also demonstrates the importance of various global arenas, such as testing activities and project management forums, in order to keep track of time limits and to trigger global knowledge processes. Furthermore, based on the notion of ‘separation’ and ‘coupling’ of sub–systems and project phases, the paper suggests a model identifying four types of project organizations. The paper contributes to the knowledge on project management in complex product development.
Management principles for evaluating and introducing disruptive technologies: the case of nanotechnology in Switzerland
Authors: Bucher Philip , Birkenmeier Beat , Brodbeck Harald , Escher Jean–Philippe
Published: March 2003

In this paper we address the issue of evaluating and introducing disruptive technologies. The empirical data was compiled in an interview–based survey of 20 Swiss organizations of different sizes and from different industries. All of them have been facing the issue of evaluating nanotechnology, and most of them are currently dealing with the introduction of nanotechnology in their products and processes. The underlying framework was elaborated using approaches mainly found in the following streams of technology management literature: technology intelligence, technological decision–making, and technological capability building. The aim of our project was not to advance new management concepts, but to elaborate management principles allowing the organizations to master the challenges during evaluation and introduction of disruptive technologies. We defined these principles through identifying success factors as well as possible pitfalls, and by distilling best management practices in evaluating and introducing nanotechnology.
Plural Reference
Authors: Cameron J.R.
Published: March 2003

A plural referring expression (‘the Fs’ or ‘Tom, Dick and Harriet’) may be used to refer either distributively, saying something which applies to each of the Fs individually, or collectively, to the Fs taken as a single totality. Predicate Logic has to analyse both uses in terms of singular reference, treating them quite differently in so doing; but we think of such an expression as functioning in basically the same way in both kinds of use. This understanding can be vindicated if we recognise that what a plural referring expression picks out is not either an aggregate simpliciter or a set, but a plurality– an aggregate taken relative to a principle for individuating its constituents; this admits of being seen either as many things or as one. In any given case, it is the nature of what is being said about the plurality which tells us whether the reference to it is to be taken as distributive, collective, or a combination of the two. Talk about pluralities is extensional. Augmenting Predicate Logic to accommodate the distinctive inference‐pattern associated with distributive plural reference is simple – and arguably necessary, to cope with cases in which distributive and collective reference are essentially combined (e.g., attributions of concerted action).
Asymmetry in Action
Authors: Fish William
Published: March 2003

In The Elm and The Expert (Fodor 1994), Jerry Fodor claims that in order to solve the mind/body problem (consciousness excluded), a computational psychology needs to be combined with a naturalistic theory of content such as the asymmetric dependence theory put forward in ‘A Theory of Content II’ (in Fodor 1990, pp. 89‐136). However, since this theory was first proposed, it has been reproached for a number of failings, perhaps the most significant of which is the objection that it simply begs the question. In this paper I provide an outline of the story so far, covering Fodor's objectives, the theory he proposes to meet them and the objection in question, before going on to argue that a promising attempt to answer this objection will not bear fruit given the way in which Fodor tackles the original problems. I then argue that the seeming intractability of this objection is due to Fodor's striving to solve all the problems that a naturalistic theory presents in one fell swoop, and conclude by suggesting how, given a careful choice of targets and a well organised methodology, asymmetric dependence might yet prove to be an attractive theory of content.
‘Thank Goodness That’s Over’: The Evolutionary Story
Authors: Maclaurin James , Dyke Heather
Published: March 2003

If, as the new tenseless theory of time maintains, there are no tensed facts, then why do our emotional lives seem to suggest that there are? This question originates with Prior’s ‘Thank Goodness That’s Over’ problem, and still presents a significant challenge to the new B–theory of time. We argue that this challenge has more dimensions to it than has been appreciated by those involved in the debate so far. We present an analysis of the challenge, showing the different questions that a B–theorist must answer in order to meet it. The debate has focused on the question of what is the object of my relief when an unpleasant experience is past. We outline the prevailing response to this question. The additional, and neglected, questions are, firstly –‘Why does the same event elicit different emotional responses from us depending on whether it is in the past, present, or future?’ And secondly –‘Why do we care more about proximate future pain than about distant future pain?’ We give B–theory answers to these questions, which appeal to evolutionary considerations.
Lived Body vs Gender: Reflections on Social Structure and Subjectivity
Authors: Young Iris Marion
Published: March 2003

Toril Moi has argued that recent deconstructive challenges to the concept of gender and to the viability of the sex/gender distinction have brought feminist and queer theory to a place of increasing theoretical abstraction. She suggests that we should abandon the category of gender once and for all, because it is founded on a nature–culture distinction and it tends incorrigibly to essentialize women’s lives. Moi argues that feminist and queer theories should replace the concept of gender with a concept of the lived body derived from existential phenomenology. In this essay I take up and develop this suggestion, and argue that there are several advantages that a category of the lived body has over a category of gender for feminist and queer theories: (1) no nature–culture distinction is necessary but the body can be described as historically and socially specific; (2) it is not necessary to break out a gendered and “raced” part of identity with this category; (3) differences of sexual desire can be described without recourse to an “inner core” of identity or “sexual orientation.” I go on to argue, however, that it is important to retain a concept of gender for a theoretical purpose beyond that which Moi and those she criticizes conceive. In recent years feminist and queer theories have tended to conceive their theorizing as restricted to identity and subjectivity. How large scale social structures differentially position people in relations of privilege and disadvantage has been ignored, relatively. This essay argues then that theorizing structural processes and inequalities is crucial, and that a concept of gender is important for such theorizing. I propose three aspects of gendered social structure that are irreducible to one another: (1) a sexual division of labor (2) normative heterosexuality, and (3) hierarchies of power. In each case I illustrate the social theoretical work these categorizations of gendered structure can and should do.
Prima Facie Ought. A Logical and Methodological Enquiry
Authors: Weinberger Ota
Published: March 2003

The pressing problem of prima facie validity must be treated on the basis of a differentiation of types of normative rules. Rules stating principles or purposes are always applied as views determining the decision by weighing (but not by subsumption) so that the problem of prima facie validity does not arise. Neither is there a problem of such a restricted form of validity concerning power‐conferring rules. The author shows that prima facie validity of rules of behaviour must not be treated as a different kind of validity and that the notion of prima facie validity can be explained in a logically satisfactory way on the basis of traditional norm‐logical considerations.
Towards the Semantics of “Constitutive” in Judicial Reasoning
Authors: Mazzarese Tecla
Published: March 2003

The aim of the paper is to supply a contribution to the semantics of “constitutive,” as confined to the scope of judicial reasoning. More precisely, the aim of the paper is to inquire what links the use of “constitutive” in three distinct (seemingly unrelated) issues on adjudication, namely: (a) the procedural classification of different sorts of judicial decisions, (b) the epistemological debate on the very nature of judicial decisions, and (c) a logical query on the import constitutive rules might be taken to have in affecting the sort and/or the nature of judicial decisions in which they might occur as the legal premiss, grounding the solution of the case. The attempt to fix some markers towards the semantics of “constitutive” in judicial reasoning will have Alchourrón and Bulygin's analyses as a main point of reference.
On the Thesis of a Necessary Connection between Law and Morality: Bulygin's Critique
Authors: Alexy Robert
Published: March 2003

In this article the author adduces a non‐positivist argument for a necessary connection between law and morality; the argument is based on the claim to correctness, and it is directed to an attack stemming from Eugenio Bulygin. The heart of the controversy is the claim to correctness. The author first attempts to show that there are good reasons for maintaining that law necessarily raises a claim to correctness. He argues, second, for the thesis that this claim has moral implications. Finally, he attempts to refute Bulygin's objection that the claim‐based argument for non‐positivism boils down to contradiction and triviality.
Law, Morals and Defeasibility
Authors: Hage Jaap , Peczenik Aleksander
Published: March 2003

This paper gives a logical characterization of the interrelation between law and morals. To this purpose it first outlines a logic for defeasible reasoning with rules and principles and illustrates the operation of this logic in the field of law. Then it offers a brief argument why law and morals are interrelated. This paper ends by showing how the logic for defeasible reasoning provides tools to logically characterize some aspects of the interrelation between law and morals.
Toward a Theory of Prisoners' Rights
Authors: Lippke Richard L.
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the issue of prisoners' rights. The conditions of incarcerated people in jails and prisons include psychological and physical deterioration brought on by their condition of confinement. The one sanction that has been debated extensively in the United States is the death penalty. Yet there are numerous losses or deprivations short of death that we might impose on legal offenders. In addition to broader issues such as the nature of rights and the basic moral rights possessed by individuals, issues specific to the rights of serious legal offenders are distinguished and discussed. The latter issues include whether offenders forfeit all or some of their moral rights, whether their retained rights are less stringent, whether the state has any obligation to facilitate exercise of their retained rights, and what specific rights prisoners retain or acquire.
Taking Comics Seriously: Children’s Periodical Reading in England in the 1990s
Authors: Coles Martin , Hall Christine
Published: March 2003

Periodicals, that is newspapers, magazines and comics, have always represented a substantial proportion of children’s reading outside school. They have not always been accepted or considered as reading within schools. Martin Coles and Chris Hall here present the results of the most recent survey to shed light on the periodical reading which is actually happening among today’s children. They present some important findings which have the potential to alter significantly the ways teachers see this kind of reading and its possible contribution to the development of literacy.
Responding to illustrations in picture story books
Authors: Evans Janet
Published: March 2003

Illustrations are a fundamental feature in children’s picture books and the evidence suggests that they are more than simply window dressing to make books look more attractive. They work in partnership with print to create layers of meaning. Janet Evans here illustrates this by using the responses of a group of children to Angry Arthur. She shows convincingly how encouraging children to respond to books in this way deepens their understanding.
Are the Key Stage Two Reading Tests becoming easier each year?
Authors: Hilton Mary
Published: March 2003

This article presents and discusses some new research on the National Curriculum Key Stage Two reading tests for years 1998, 1999 and 2000. The research task was to use the original categories designed and declared by the QCA in 1998 to analyse the reading tests in the two subsequent years in order to examine the reliability of the tests. The research shows that in 1999, and again in 2000 the reading tests were progressively easier for the children to answer. This was because the number of questions requiring higher‐order reading skills, particularly those of inference and deduction, has decreased each year, while the number of questions requiring the lower‐order skill of literal information retrieval has increased. In this way the author questions the QCA’s declared ‘rise in reading standards’ from 1998 onwards.
Equilibrium Growth in a Small Economy Facing an Imperfect World Capital Market
Authors: Turnovsky Stephen J.
Published: March 2003

A growth model of a developing economy facing an upward‐sloping curve of debt is analyzed. Equilibrium is characterized by transitional dynamics in which consumption, capital, and debt converge to a common growth rate. The adjustment is through the debt‐capital ratio, which drives the borrowing rate to a level at which growth rates are equalized. The economy is subject to two externalities: a production externality associated with government expenditure, and a financial externality associated with the upward‐sloping supply of debt. The tax structure that enables the decentalized economy to attain the first‐best equilibrium is characterized.
Shortages, Hoarding and Parallel‐Market Premia in an Economy with Administered Prices
Authors: Djajić Slobodan
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the implications of a number of policy changes in the context of a dynamic model of an economy with administered prices. Official prices below the market‐clearing level give rise to shortages, hording, and parallel‐market activity. The paper examines the implications for consumption, hoarding, and the parallel‐market premium of changes in official prices and wages, a crackdown on hoarding, and a monetary reform.
On the Use of Competition Policy to Enhance the Effectiveness of Industrial Policy
Authors: Richardson Martin , Knowles Stephen
Published: March 2003

Motivated by the observation that many countries with an active industrial policy also have a lax competition policy, this paper argues that restricting firm numbers may be a means of rendering industrial policy more effective. A simple model is set up in which a subsidy is desirable to correct a general externality but may induce over‐entry. Restricting the number of firms then renders the subsidy policy more effective in correcting the externality problem.
Trade Liberalization and the Relative Wages for More‐Skilled Workers in Costa Rica
Authors: Robbins Donald , Gindling T. H.
Published: March 2003

A prominent argument regarding the effects of trade liberalization on the dispersion of wages in LDCs is that trade liberalization should lower the relative demand for more‐skilled workers by inducing between‐sector shifts towards sectors intensive in unskilled labor. Based on a disaggregating, nonparametric approach that imposes little structure on the data, the paper presents evidence that trade liberalization in Costa Rica led to an increase in relative demand. Other findings are consistent with the “skill‐enhancing‐trade hypothesis,” whereby trade liberalization induces an acceleration of physical capital imports, which raises relative demand through capital–skill complimentarily.
Return Migration and Occupational Change
Authors: Ilahi Nadeem
Published: March 2003

Return migrants exhibit a high tendency for self‐employment over waged employment. Using cross‐ sectional data from Pakistan, the paper explores the determinants of this choice. Retirement from the domestic labor market is not a reason for opting for self‐employment. The preference for non‐farm self‐employment is a two‐period process of self‐selection. Migrants who expect to switch occupation to non‐farm self‐employment upon return save more from high transitory overseas income than do their counterparts. Upon return, savings become a significant factor in the choice of self‐employment over waged employment. International migration and return have little influence on the choice of farm self‐employment.
Public Capital Formation and Regional Development in Spain
Authors: Pereira Alfredo , Sagales Oriol Roca
Published: March 2003

This paper uses a vector autoregression (VAR) approach to evaluate the effects of public investment on private sector performance in Spain. Empirical results suggest that public investment positively affected private investment, employment, and output at both aggregate and regional levels. The regions that benefited the most from public investment in the last two decades were Cataluña, Madrid, and Pais Vasco. These regions are among the largest economic areas in the country and among the ones with the highest GDP per capita. Accordingly, public investment, while an important factor for aggregate economic growth, has also been a source of increasing regional asymmetries.
Rural–Urban Migration, the Informal Sector, Urban Unemployment, and Development Policies: A Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Chaudhuri Sarbajit
Published: March 2003

This paper develops a theoretical model like Gupta’s to show the simultaneous existence of the urban informal sector and open unemployment in the urban sector in a Harris–Todaro type of model of rural–urbanmigration. A wage or a price subsidy policy to the rural sector, or a demand management policy like an export promotional scheme in the manufacturing sector, reduces the urban unemployment level, and provides a theoretical basis for the introduction of export promotional measures like the formation of duty‐free Export Processing Zones (EPZs) to solve the urban unemployment problem. The policy conclusions of the present paper are different from those found in Gupta’s 1993 model.
Estimating the HOV Model with Technology Differences Using Disaggregated Labor Skills for the United States and the United Kingdom
Authors: Maskus Keith E. , Webster Allan
Published: March 2003

The paper develops a version of the Heckscher–Ohlin–Vanek (HOV) theorem of parametric technological differences for application to US and UK data on the factor contents of trade, output, and consumption. A matched set of input–output tables, consumption and trade vectors, and labor occupations is constructed. The data allow estimation of factor‐specific and industry‐specific productivity differences for incorporation into a second‐stage econometric approach to assessing the HOV model. The data support a general model with technical differences and measurement error. The implied ratio of US‐to‐UK expenditure levels exceeds the ratio based on published GNP data.
The Government Deficit and the Exchange Rate
Authors: Stoker James
Published: March 2003

As government deficit spending declines, the question of its impact on the exchange rate is clearly relevant. Recent empirical work has been contradictory. This paper presents a two‐country cash‐in‐advance model to calculate explicitly the long‐ and short‐term effects of government deficit spending on the exchange rate. It is shown that increases in deficit spending result in a short‐term appreciation of the currency. The currency will eventually depreciate, to what degree and for how long depending on the method used to finance the deficit.
How the Machinery of International Finance Runs with Sand in its Wheels
Authors: Reinhart Vincent R.
Published: March 2003

The dramatic swings in international capital movements in recent years have renewed interest in restrictions on capital flows. This paper provides a model of international asset flows and domestic equity price formation incorporating three restrictions on capital flows. A transaction tax introduces significant asymmetries in the reaction of asset prices to financial and real shocks but has no long‐lived effects. Policies targeted to the level of net foreign debt by imposing a tax or outright controls do influence the steady‐state levels of the real exchange rate and relative equity prices.
Evolving Patterns of International Trade
Authors: Proudman James , Redding Stephen
Published: March 2003

Theoretical models of growth and trade suggest that patterns of international specialization are dynamic and evolve endogenously over time. Initial comparative advantages are either reinforced or gradually unwound with the passage of time. This paper puts forward an empirical framework for modeling international trade dynamics that uses techniques widely employed in the cross‐country literature on income convergence. On applying this framework to industry‐level data, evidence is found for significant differences in international trade dynamics among the G‐5 economies.
Policy Implications of the Trade and Wages Debate
Authors: Deardorff Alan V.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the choice of policies to redistribute income in response to an increase in inequality caused by a rise in the differential wage paid to skilled labor compared with unskilled labor. The main issue is whether the appropriate policy response depends on whether the cause of the increased skill differential is ‘trade’—increased competition with low‐skilled workers abroad—or technological change. The analysis is conducted within the context of a two‐sector Heckscher–Ohlin trade model augmented to allow endogenous determination of the level of skill.
Measurement and Modeling of the Economic Effects of Trade and Investment Barriers in Services
Authors: Brown Drusilla K. , Stern Robert M.
Published: March 2003

In this paper, the authors adapt the latest version of the Michigan Model of World Production and Trade to incorporate cross‐border services trade and foreign direct investment (FDI). Firms are taken to be monopolistically competitive. Each firm produces products differentiated by the original R&D that defines the basic product and by location of production. Each firm faces a fixed cost in the country where production occurs, and sets an optimal mark‐up for sales from each location. Firms locate production for export or for local consumption depending on the type of barriers faced. Barriers to trade in services take the form of an additional cost of employing variable capital and labor. The paper reports the impact on welfare, trade, factor prices, sectoral output, economies of scale, and activities of multinationals following the introduction of national treatment of multinational firms in all countries.
International Financial Liberalization and Economic Growth
Authors: Levine Ross
Published: March 2003

This paper pulls together existing theory and evidence to assess whether international financial liberalization, by improving the functioning of domestic financial markets and banks, accelerates economic growth. The analysis suggests that the answer is “yes.” First, liberalizing restrictions on international portfolio flows tends to enhance stock market liquidity. n turn, enhanced stock market liquidity accelerates economic growth primarily by boosting productivity growth. Second, allowing greater foreign bank presence tends to enhance the efficiency of the domestic banking system. In turn, better‐developed banks spur economic growth primarily by accelerating productivity growth. Thus, international financial integration can promote economic development by encouraging improvements in the domestic financial system.