bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stereoselective Synthesis of Naturally Occurring Unsaturated Amide Alkaloids by a Modified Ramberg—Baecklund Reaction.
Authors: Li Yang , Zhang Yu , Huang Zhi , Cao Xiaoping , Gao Kun
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Rubrenolide: Total Synthesis and Revision of Its Reported Stereochemical Structure.
Authors: Thijs L. , Zwanenburg B.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Design and Synthesis of Dysidiolide Analogues from Vitamin D3: Novel Class of Cdc25A Inhibitors.
Authors: Shimazawa Rumiko , Suzuki Toshiyuki , Dodo Kosuke , Shirai Ryuichi
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Regioselective Isomerization of Highly Substituted 1‐Methylenecyclohexenepoxides to the Corresponding Allylic Alcohols. Influence of the Base and of the Protecting Groups.
Authors: Kirsch Stefan , Ackermann Olaf , Harms Klaus , Bach Thorsten
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 6‐Heterocyclically Appended Tri‐O‐methyl Protected 6‐Desmethyl Emodin Derivatives.
Authors: Salama Tarek A. , Lackner Bernd , Falk Heinz
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Praziquantel: An Anthelmintic Drug.
Authors: Ma Chen , Zhang Qian‐Feng , Tan Ye‐Bang , Wang Long
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Critical Structural Motif for the Catalytic Inhibition of Human Topoisomerase II by UK‐1 and Analogues.
Authors: Wang Ben B. , Maghami Nima , Goodlin Vanessa L. , Smith Paul J.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Avenaciolide via Cascade Palladium Catalyzed Cyclization—Carbonylation of Bromodienes.
Authors: Aggarwal Varinder K. , Davies Paul W. , Schmidt Andreas T.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and in vitro Inhibitory Activity on Human Platelet Aggregation of Novel Properly Substituted 4‐(1‐Piperazinyl)coumarins.
Authors: Di Braccio Mario , Grossi Giancarlo , Roma Giorgio , Garzia Signorello Maria , Leoncini Giuliana
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chalcogenide‐Containing Metal Clusters
Authors: Sokolov M. N. , Fedin V. P. , Sykes A. G.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Molybdenum
Authors: Young C. G.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Vanadium
Authors: Crans D. C. , Smee J. J.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Titanium
Authors: Smith S. B. , Stephan D. W.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Photochemically Degradable Polymers Containing Metal—Metal Bonds Along Their Backbones: The Effect of Stress on the Rates of Photochemical Degradation
Authors: Tyler David R. , Chen Rui
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Towards Oligoclusters: Chemistry and Properties
Authors: Humphrey Mark G.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chemical Methods for Ether‐Bond Cleavage by Electron‐Transfer Reagents
Authors: Grobelny Zbigniew
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Convergent Syntheses of Polycyclic Ethers. Illustrations of the Utility of Acetal‐Linked Intermediates
Authors: Inoue Masayuki
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Flower Color Development and Nano‐Science
Authors: Yoshida Kumi , Oyama Kin‐ichi , Kondo Tadao
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Artificial Metallo‐DNA: Structural Control of DNA and Nano‐Assembly of Metal Complexes
Authors: Tanaka Kentaro , Shionoya Mitsuhiko
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Clinical Application to Drug Delivery System of Core—Corona Type Polymeric Nanospheres
Authors: Akashi Mitsuru , Akagi Takami
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Development of Radical Reactions in Water Aimed at Environmentally Benign Synthetic Reactions
Authors: Ueda Masafumi
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hydroxamic Acids — An Intriguing Family of Enzyme Inhibitors and Biomedical Ligands
Authors: Marmion Celine J. , Griffith Darren , Nolan Kevin B.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Trends in the Development of Polycondensation and Condensation Polymers
Authors: Vinogradova S. V. , Vasnev V. A.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Tools for Microwave‐Assisted Parallel Syntheses and Combinatorial Chemistry
Authors: Nuechter Matthias , Ondruschka Bernd
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Redox Properties of Linear and Cyclic Scaffolds Based on Di‐ and Tetraethynylethene
Authors: Gisselbrecht Jean‐Paul , Moonen Nicolle N. P. , Boudon Corinne , Nielsen Mogens Broendsted , Diederich Francois , Gross Maurice
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Weakly aligned biological macromolecules in dilute aqueous liquid crystals
Authors: Annila Arto , Permi Perttu
Published: September 2004

A biological macromolecule experiences a small degree of alignment in a dilute aqueous liquid crystal. The alignment is large enough to render reduced dipolar couplings readily observable and yet small enough to preserve qualities of high‐resolution solution‐state NMR spectra. Residual dipolar couplings are abundant and informative probes about the macromolecular structure, conformational changes and dynamics to explore the molecular mechanism of life. The description of the weak alignment and the interpretation of residual dipolar couplings within the theoretical framework are the prime objectives of this review. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 23A: 22–37, 2004
A free surface updating methodology for marker function‐based Eulerian free surface capturing techniques on unstructured meshes
Authors: Dufour Steven , Malidi Ahamadi
Published: September 2004

The numerical modelling of non‐miscible free surface flows using an interface capturing strategy, where a marker function is used to identify each fluid, is popular in the computational science literature. As the marker function is advected by the fluid flow, the region of transition of the marker gets deformed, this being caused by the finite element discretization of the transport equation, the time‐integration scheme and the type of mesh used. The challenge is to update this region of transition at regular time intervals, without artificially creating or losing mass. A methodology is proposed to update the region of transition of the marker variable on unstructured meshes, using a local least‐squares‐based strategy which reduces numerical mass loss. It is shown that this technique proves to be an effective strategy for the updating of an advected marker variable. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growth and evaluation of lanthanoids orthoniobates single crystals processed by a miniature pedestal growth technique
Authors: Octaviano E. S. , Reyes Ardila D. , Andrade L. H. C. , Siu Li M. , Andreeta J. P.
Published: September 2004

Optimized conditions for the growth of lanthanoids orthoniobates (LnNbO4, Ln = lanthanide elements) single crystal minirods by a floating zone technique were investigated. Adequate atmospheres and pulling to feeding speed ratios to grow these materials were determined. Emphasis is given to the study of LaNbO4 because of their more favorable growth conditions and crystalline quality. This material can be efficiently doped with rare earth elements such as erbium. It grows with high crystallinity and its preferential growth direction is [1 1 0]. A preliminary evaluation of optical properties of Er3+‐doped LaNbO4 single crystal under the Judd‐Ofelt formalism indicates spectral parameters Ωt close and even larger than for Er3+ ions in YVO4. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of a crystal grown from Ocimum Basilicum leaves and branches
Authors: Lima R. J. C. , Moreno A. J. D. , Diniz E. M. , Oléa R. S. G. , Sasaki J. M. , Mendes Filho J. , Freire P. T. C. , Pontes F. M. , Leite E. R. , Longo E.
Published: September 2004

Leaves and branches of Ocimum Basilicum were dried, reduced to coarse powder and extracted in aqueous metanol and aqueous hexane. This paper discusses the X‐ray diffraction and FT‐Raman spectra measured at room temperature. The data obtained have been used to propose a general assignment of the vibrational fundamentals on the base of frequencies assigned in other related single crystals. From the results we can conclude that the crystal has a high symmetry. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Crystal growth of the CdGa2(1‐x)Cr2xSe4 compounds by chemical transport method
Authors: Sagredo V. , de Chalbaud L. M.
Published: September 2004

Single crystals of CdGa2(1‐x)Cr2xSe4 compounds for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 have been grown by using the chemical vapor transport technique in a closed system. The transporting agent was CdCl2 in a proportion of 0.75 mg/cc of capsule. The starting material was previously synthetized. The structural characterization on the crystals were done by powder x‐ray diffraction studies. The results show three different phases for various Cr concentration ranges: spinel structure for x ≥ 0.7, rombohedral for 0.6 ≥ x ≥ 0.5 and tetragonal for 0.4 ≥ x ≥ 0. That is, the chromium dilution in the CdCr2Se4 compound by Ga atoms produces very significant changes in the structural atomic arrangement. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Correlation between growth orientation and growth temperature for bismuth tri‐iodide films
Authors: Cuña A. , Aguiar I. , Gancharov A. , Pérez M. , Fornaro L.
Published: September 2004

This paper reports the growth of bismuth tri‐iodide thick films intended for direct and digital X‐ray imaging. Films were grown by the vertical physical vapor deposition method, onto glass substrates 2″x 2″ in size, with gold previously deposited as rear electrode. The film thickness was up to 33 μm (±5 %). Optical microscopy and SEM were performed on the films and grain size resulted to be up to 40 μm. A strong correlation was found between the microcrystals growth orientation and the growth temperature. At low temperatures, microcrystals grow with their c axis parallel to the substrate, whereas at higher temperatures, they grow with their c axis perpendicular to the substrate. The higher the growth temperature, the lower the dark current of the film, and the higher the resistivity, which was from 1013 to 1015 Ωcm. A sensitivity to X‐rays of 6.9 nC/R.cm2 was measured irradiating the films with X‐rays from a mamographer. Film properties were correlated with the growth temperature, with previous results for bismuth tri‐iodide films and monocrystals and with data for films of alternative materials such as lead and mercuric iodide. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the impulse circuit model for the single‐electron tunnelling junction
Authors: Hoekstra Jaap
Published: September 2004

In this paper, the impulse circuit model for the single‐electron tunnelling (SET) junction is discussed. Starting from well‐known results of the so‐called orthodox theory of single electronics, an equivalent circuit for the single‐electron tunnelling junction is ‘derived’ by examining the behaviour of simple circuits including a SET junction. In the impulse circuit model, the electron tunnelling event is basically implemented by an impulsive current source with value eδ(t−t0), which absorbs exactly the energy delivered by the sources that is not stored in the circuit. The equivalent circuit consisting of a charged capacitor in parallel with the impulsive current source does not contain a tunnel resistance, and the critical voltage is expressed in only local parameters. The impulse model is suitable for implementation in a circuit simulator; results of a SPICE simulation of the single‐electron pump are shown. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Silicon Doping of Gallium Nitride Using Ditertiarybutylsilane
Authors: Deatcher C.J. , Liu C. , Cheong M.‐G. , Smith L.M. , Rushworth S. , Widdowson A. , Watson I.M.
Published: September 2004

Ditertiarybutylsilane is demonstrated as an effective silicon n‐dopant source for GaN. The air‐stable liquid silicon source is shown to offer significant safety advantages over the hydride gases in current use. Transport measurements using the Hall technique, supplemented by high‐resolution XRD and AFM (Figure), have been used to confirm that the quality of GaN doped using this precursor is very similar to that currently doped by SiH4. Free carrier concentrations between 8 × 1016 and 7 × 1018 are achieved.
Self‐Limited Pore Size Reduction of Mesoporous Silica Membranes via Pyridine‐Catalyzed Silicon Dioxide ALD
Authors: McCool B.A. , DeSisto W.J.
Published: September 2004

The pore size of mesoporous silica membranes is reduced using pyridine‐catalyzed SiO2 ALD within the mesoporous matrix. The use of pyridine to catalyze the ALD results in lowering the reaction temperature to 80 °C. It also self‐limits the pore size reduction as shown in gas permeation experiments. The self‐limiting aspect of the deposition, controlled by size exclusion of catalyst from the pore, has the potential of controlling the pore size within the membrane. The paper concludes that this technique may prove useful as a general technique for healing defects in membranes.
Pattern of Pax7 expression during myogenesis in the posthatch chicken establishes a model for satellite cell differentiation and renewal
Authors: Halevy Orna , Piestun Yogev , Allouh Mohammed Z. , Rosser Benjamin W.C. , Rinkevich Yuval , Reshef Ram , Rozenboim Israel , Wleklinski‐Lee Monika , Yablonka‐Reuveni Zipora
Published: September 2004

The paired‐box transcription factor Pax7 plays a critical role in the specification of satellite cells in mouse skeletal muscle. In the present study, the position and number of Pax7‐expressing cells found in muscles of growing and adult chickens confirm the presence of this protein in avian satellite cells. The expression pattern of Pax7 protein, along with the muscle regulatory proteins MyoD and myogenin, was additionally elucidated in myogenic cultures and in whole muscle from posthatch chickens. In cultures progressing from proliferation to differentiation, the expression of Pax7 in MyoD+ cells declined as the cells began expressing myogenin, suggesting Pax7 as an early marker for proliferating myoblasts. At all time points, some Pax7+ cells were negative for MyoD, resembling the reserve cell phenotype. Clonal analysis of muscle cell preparations demonstrated that single progenitors can give rise to both differentiating and reserve cells. In muscle tissues, Pax7 protein expression was the strongest by 1 day posthatch, declining on days 3 and 6 to a similar level. In contrast, myogenin expression peaked on day 3 and then dramatically declined. This finding was accompanied by a robust growth in fiber diameter between day 3 and 6. The distinctions in Pax7 and myogenin expression patterns, both in culture and in vivo, indicate that while some of the myoblasts differentiate and fuse into myofibers during early stages of posthatch growth, others retain their reserve cell capacity. Developmental Dynamics 231:489–502, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, X‐ray Characterisation and Studies of the New Ionic Complex [Bis(pyridin‐2‐yl) disulfide] Triiodide, Obtained by Oxidation of 2‐Mercaptopyridine with I2 − Implications in the Mechanism of Action of Antithyroid Drugs
Authors: Antoniadis Constantinos D. , Hadjikakou Sotiris K. , Hadjiliadis Nick , Kubicki Maciej , Butler Ian S.
Published: September 2004

The reaction of 2‐mercaptopyridine (C5H5NS or PYSH) with diiodine in a molar ratio of 1:2 in dichloromethane led to the oxidation and dimerization of the ligand and formation of [(PYS−PYSH)+·I3−]. The compound was characterised by elemental analysis, DTA‐TG, FT‐Raman, FT‐IR, UV/Vis and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The crystal structure of the complex has been determined by X‐ray diffraction at 293(2) K. The compound [(C5H4NS−SNC5H5)I3] is monoclinic with the space group P21 and a = 8.230(2) Å, b = 35.708(7) Å, c = 11.369(2) Å, β = 91.86(3)° and Z = 8. The results are discussed in relation to the mechanism of action of antithyroid drugs. The easy oxidation of PYSH by I2 to form the monocationic disulfide complex [(PYS−PYSH)+·I3−] is similar to the case of the antithyroid drug methimazole (MMI) and may indicate that PYSH might also possess antithyroid properties similar to those of MMI. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Reactivity of a Thiolate‐Bridged Dinuclear Ruthenium Complex with Nitrogenous Molecules: Spectroscopic Identification of a Labile Dinitrogen Complex
Authors: Sellmann Dieter , Prakash Raju , Heinemann Frank W.
Published: September 2004

Reactions of the thiolate‐bridged diruthenium complex [Ru(pybuS4)]2 (1) {pybuS42− = 2,6‐bis[(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2‐sulfanylphenyl)thiomethyl]pyridine(2−)} with small‐molecule ligands L afforded the corresponding mononuclear complexes [Ru(L)(pybuS4)] [L = H− (2); CH3CN (3); NH3 (4); CO (5); N2H4 (6); PMe3 (7); N3− (8)]. The molecular structures of 3, 4, and 5 exhibit pseudooctahedral geometry with two thiolate and two thioether donor atoms in a trans configuration. Complexes 2−8 exhibit a quasi‐reversible, one‐electron redox wave of the RuII/RuIII couple in the region between E1/2 = +0.214 and +0.460 V vs. NHE. Complex 1 reacts reversibly with N2 (60 bar) at 40 °C to give the labile dinitrogen complex [Ru(N2)(pybuS4)] (9). Complex 9 can also be obtained from the reaction between 3 and N2 (20 bar) at room temperature. Treatment of 4 with NO afforded the labile 19‐valence‐electron species [Ru(NO)(pybuS4)] (10) in solution, which could subsequently be converted to 9 upon highpressure reaction with N2 (20 bar). In contrast, the analogous reaction of 4 with NOBF4 results in the formation of the oxidized complex [Ru(NH3)(pybuS4)]BF4 (11), the structure of which was confirmed by X‐ray structure analysis. The carbonyl complex [Ru(CO)(pybuS4)] (5) could be reversibly protonated at the thiolate sulfur atom to give [Ru(CO)(pybuS4H)]BF4 (12). UV irradiation of 5 and 12 under N2 at −80 °C produced the short‐lived species 9 and 13, respectively, which were identified spectroscopically. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Triacylglycerol profiling by using chromatographic techniques
Authors: Buchgraber Manuela , Ulberth Franz , Emons Hendrik , Anklam Elke
Published: September 2004

Triacylglycerols (TGs) make up the major part of naturally occurring fats and oils. The composition and fine structure of TGs determine to a large extent the functionality of fats and oils as food ingredients and the physiological effects of fats and oils as component of the human diet. Analysis of intact TGs is usually performed by chromatographic methods. In this article the application of gas‐liquid chromatography, high‐performance chromatography in normal and reversed phase mode, thin‐layer chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography for the qualitative and quantitative determination of TGs is reviewed. Emphasis is put on those factors that are decisive for obtaining reliable quantitative data. Furthermore, techniques for the stereospecific analysis of the fatty acid distribution along the glycerol backbone of TGs are presented briefly.
Ionophores in Rubidium Ion‐Selective Membrane Electrodes
Authors: Hyun Myung Ho , Piao Ming‐Hua , Cho Yoon Jae , Shim Yoon‐Bo
Published: September 2004

Binaphthyl‐based crown ethers incorporating anthraquinone, benzoquinone, and 1,4‐dimethoxybezene have been synthesized and tested for Rb+ selective ionophores in the poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane. The membrane containing NPOE gave a better Rb+ selectivity than those containing either DOA or BPPA as a plasticizer. The response was linear within the concentration range of 1.0×10−5–1.0×10−1 M and the slope was 54.7±0.5 mV/dec. The detection limit was determined to be 9.0×10−6 M and the optimum pH range of the membrane was 6.0–9.0. The ISE membrane exhibits good selectivity for Rb+ over ammonium, alkali metal, and alkaline earth metal ions. Selectivity coefficients for the other metal ions, log KPot were −2.5 for Li+, −2.4 for Na+, −2.0 for H+, −1.0 for K+, −1.2 for Cs+, −1.6 for NH4+, −4.5 for Mg2+, −5.0 for Ca2+,−4.9 for Ba2+. The lifetime of the membrane was about one month.
Correlation of dynamic characteristics of a super‐tall building from full‐scale measurements and numerical analysis with various finite element models
Authors: Li Q. S. , Wu J. R.
Published: September 2004

The Di Wang Tower located in Shenzhen has 79 storeys and is about 325 m high. Field measurements have been conducted to investigate the dynamic characteristics of the super‐tall building. In parallel with the field measurements, seven finite element models have been established to model the multi‐outrigger‐braced tall building and to analyse the effects of various arrangements of outrigger belts and vertical bracings on the dynamic characteristics and responses of the Di Wang Tower under the design wind load and earthquake action. The distributions of shear forces in vertical structural components along the building height are also presented and discussed. The results from detailed modelling of group shear walls with several types of finite elements are addressed and compared to investigate various modelling assumptions. Finally, the performance of the finite element models is evaluated by correlating the natural frequencies and mode shapes from the numerical analysis with the finite element models and the field measurements. The results generated from this study are expected to be of interest to professionals and researchers involved with the design of tall buildings. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of the spatial distribution of fluvial bedload transport velocity in both sand and gravel
Authors: Rennie Colin D. , Millar Robert G.
Published: September 2004

Maps are presented of the spatial distribution of two‐dimensional bedload transport velocity vectors. Bedload velocity data were collected using the bottom tracking feature of an acoustic Doppler current proﬁler (aDcp) in both a gravel‐bed reach and a sand‐bed reach of Fraser River, British Columbia. Block‐averaged bedload velocity vectors, and bedload velocity vectors interpolated onto a uniform grid, revealed coherent patterns in the bedload velocity distribution. Concurrent Helley‐Smith bedload sampling in the sand‐bed reach corroborated the trends observed in the bedload velocity map. Contemporaneous 2D vector maps of near‐bed water velocity (velocity in bins centered between 25 cm and 50 cm from the bottom) and depth‐averaged water velocity were also generated from the aDcp data. Using a vector correlation coefﬁcient, which is independent of the choice of coordinate system, the bedload velocity distribution was signiﬁcantly correlated to the near‐bed and depth‐averaged water velocity distributions. The bedload velocity distribution also compared favorably with variations in depth and estimates of the spatial distribution of shear stress. Published in 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A subdomain boundary element method for high‐Reynolds laminar flow using stream function‐vorticity formulation
Authors: Ramšak Matjaž , Škerget Leopold
Published: September 2004

The paper presents a new formulation of the integral boundary element method (BEM) using subdomain technique. A continuous approximation of the function and the function derivative in the direction normal to the boundary element (further ‘normal flux’) is introduced for solving the general form of a parabolic diffusion‐convective equation. Double nodes for normal flux approximation are used. The gradient continuity is required at the interior subdomain corners where compatibility and equilibrium interface conditions are prescribed. The obtained system matrix with more equations than unknowns is solved using the fast iterative linear least squares based solver. The robustness and stability of the developed formulation is shown on the cases of a backward‐facing step flow and a square‐driven cavity flow up to the Reynolds number value 50 000. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast robust subject‐independent magnetoencephalographic source localization using an artificial neural network
Authors: Jun Sung Chan , Pearlmutter Barak A.
Published: September 2004

We describe a system that localizes a single dipole to reasonable accuracy from noisy magnetoencephalographic (MEG) measurements in real time. At its core is a multilayer perceptron (MLP) trained to map sensor signals and head position to dipole location. Including head position overcomes the previous need to retrain the MLP for each subject and session. The training dataset was generated by mapping randomly chosen dipoles and head positions through an analytic model and adding noise from real MEG recordings. After training, a localization took 0.7 ms with an average error of 0.90 cm. A few iterations of a Levenberg‐Marquardt routine using the MLP output as its initial guess took 15 ms and improved accuracy to 0.53 cm, which approaches the natural limit on accuracy imposed by noise. We applied these methods to localize single dipole sources from MEG components isolated by blind source separation and compared the estimated locations to those generated by standard manually assisted commercial software. Hum. Brain Mapping 24:21–34, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effectiveness of brachytherapy and fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy boost for persistent nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Yau Tsz‐Kok , Sze Wai‐Man , Lee Wing‐Mui , Yeung Mei‐Wan , Leung Kim‐Cheung , Hung Wai‐Man , Chan Wing‐Ip
Published: September 2004

Background.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) with local persistence after primary radiotherapy carries a high risk of treatment failure. We compared the effectiveness of brachytherapy and a fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) boost in improving tumor control.

Methods.

We retrospectively reviewed the records of 755 patients with NPC treated from 1994 to 2001. Fifty‐two patients (7%) had persistent local disease, but seven of them were unsuitable for radiotherapy boost. Overall, 24 patients received brachytherapy boost at a median dose of 20 Gy, and 21 patients received an SRT boost at a median dose of 15 Gy.

Results.

Despite the radiotherapy boost, the overall 3‐year local failure–free control rate was still significantly lower for patients with persistent disease than for the rest (71% vs 86%, p < .01). Only the SRT subgroup achieved a local failure–free control rate close to that of the complete responders (82% vs 86%, p = .71).

Conclusions.

SRT boost is more effective in reverting the poor prognostic influence of local persistent disease. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 1024–1030, 2004
Balloon cell nevus of the pharynx
Authors: Gulati Achal , Singhal Deepti , Lal Devyani , Agarwal A. K.
Published: September 2004

Background.

Mucosal melanotic lesions are rare, and the still rarer balloon cell variant has not been reported in the upper aerodigestive tract mucosa. We report a case of balloon cell nevus of the pharynx.

Methods.

A 35‐year‐old woman was seen with complaints of a black color in her mouth. Physical examination revealed a diffusely pigmented posterior pharyngeal wall. The pigmentation extended superiorly to the posterior edge of the palate, and laterally, it stopped short of the posterior tonsillar pillars. The overlying mucosa was smooth, with no swelling. Flexible endoscopy showed that the lesion extended to the cricopharynx. Findings on histopathologic examination were consistent with balloon cell nevus of the pharynx. Complete excision was not possible, because the lesion was very diffuse.

Results.

After 2 years of conservative management and regular follow‐up examinations, no change in the symptoms and no increase in the lesion have been seen.

Conclusion.

Melanotic lesions in the upper aerodigestive tract mucosa are rare. This case is reported for its rarity, unusual presentation, and characteristic histopathologic features. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 910–914, 2004
Prostate cancer screening, changing age‐specific incidence trends and implications on familial risk
Authors: Hemminki Kari , Rawal Rajesh , Bermejo Justo Lorenzo
Published: September 2004

The incidence of prostate cancer has increased markedly during the past half century. We used the data from the Swedish Cancer Registry to follow the incidence trends and age‐specific incidence up to 2002. Two different patterns in the age‐incidence relationships were noted. The first one, prevailing until about 1995, was characterized by a preferential increase in incidence in men older than 70 years. In the second pattern, the increase extended preferentially to younger age groups, and it coincided with an introduction of opportunistic prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening, which was the probable cause of the large upward shift in the incidence between 1998 and 2000. The possible effects of diagnostic methods on familial risk estimates were tested by comparing age and calendar time differences among brothers who were diagnosed with prostate cancer, retrieved from the Swedish Family‐Cancer Database. The 2 distributions were very different according to the Wilcoxon rank test (p < 0.0001). The data suggest that a diagnosis of prostate cancer in 1 brother leads to an early diagnosis in a second brother. The data are probably explained by the healthy brother seeking medical advice upon diagnosis in another brother. This effect is likely to bias familial risk estimates.
Irving B. Harris Distinguished Lecture: Reflective supervision in infant–family programs: Adding clinical process to nonclinical settings
Authors: Gilkerson Linda
Published: September 2004

Programs that are moving toward relationship‐based practice are finding it essential to integrate some form of reflective process into their program practices in order to achieve their goals. Reflective supervision is proposed as a method to support change toward relationship‐based practice with infants and their families. The elements and structure of reflective supervision are described and several examples are given showing the implementation of this approach in two different settings: neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and community‐based early intervention programs.
Measuring up: Defining and assessing outcomes of character in college
Authors: Strange C. Carney
Published: September 2004

This chapter addresses the role of character development in the college experience, the dimensions that constitute it, and various methods to assess its outcomes.
Effect of silicon doping on bone formation within alumina porous domains
Authors: Pabbruwe Moreica B. , Standard Owen C. , Sorrell Charles C. , Howlett C. Rolfe
Published: September 2004

The effect of doping a porous bioinert bioceramic with silicon (Si) on tissue ingrowth, differentiation, and osteogenesis was studied using a rat intramedullary model. Alumina tubes (1.3‐mm outer diameter, 0.6‐mm inner diameter, 15‐mm length) doped with Si at nominal concentrations of 0.5 and 5.0 mol % were implanted into femoral medullary canals of female rats for 16 weeks. Tissue formation within the tubes was determined by histology and histomorphometry. Addition of 0.5 mol % Si to alumina stimulated cellular activity at the bone–ceramic interface and impaired osteogenic maturation within the tubes. In contrast, osteogenesis was enhanced in the 5.0 mol % Si‐doped alumina tubes. It is considered that effect of Si is related to surface chemistry rather than microstructure. This work demonstrates that doping a bioinert ceramic with small amounts of Si can significantly alter tissue ingrowth, differentiation, and osteogenesis within a porous implant. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 71A: 250–257, 2004
Water uptake and release from iodine‐containing bone cement
Authors: Kjellson F. , Brudeli B. , McCarthy I. D. , Lidgren L.
Published: September 2004

Water uptake and release characteristics of PMMA cement containing the water‐soluble contrast media iohexol or iodixanol have been investigated. The water uptake study revealed that iohexol had the highest uptake of water (3.7%) and that iodixanol had an uptake close to that of Palacos® R (2.3% and 1.9%). The curves obtained showed the materials to follow classic diffusion theory, with an initial linearity with respect to t1/2 making it possible to calculate the diffusion coefficients. This showed iohexol to have the lowest diffusion coefficient, Palacos® R the highest, and iodixanol close to that of Palacos® R. The release study showed that more iohexol than iodixanol was released from the bone cement; the long‐term release was above 25 μg/mL for iohexol compared to slightly above 10 μg/mL for iodixanol. A μCT investigation showed that the risk of developing an observable radiolucent zone is negligible. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 71A: 292–298, 2004
Fluvastatin and lovastatin but not pravastatin induce neuroglial differentiation in human mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Lee Oscar Kuang‐Sheng , Ko Ying‐Chieh , Kuo Tom K. , Chou Shiu‐Huey , Li Hwei‐Ju , Chen Wei‐Ming , Chen Tain‐Hsiung , Su Yeu
Published: September 2004

Recent studies have shown that statins, the most potent inhibitors of 3‐hydroxy‐2‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG‐CoA) reductase, stimulate bone formation in vitro and in rodents by activating the expression of bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2), one of the most critical osteoblast differentiation‐inducing factors. However, the effect of statins on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is yet to be reported. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of fluvastatin, lovastatin, and pravastatin, three commonly prescribed lipid‐lowering agents, on the proliferation and differentiation of human MSCs. To our surprise, even though fluvastatin and lovastatin effectively suppressed the growth of human MSCs, a neuroglia rather than osteoblast‐like morphology was observed after treatment. Interestingly, such morphological change was inhibited by the co‐addition of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). Immunofluorescence staining with antibodies against neuron‐, astrocyte‐, as well as oligodendrocyte‐specific markers confirmed the neuroglial identity of the differentiated cells. However, BMP‐2 is unlikely to play a positive role in neuroglial differentiation of MSCs since its expression was down‐regulated in fluvastatin‐treated cells. Taken together, our results suggest that fluvastatin and lovastatin induce neuroglial differentiation of human MSCs and that these cholesterol‐lowering agents might be used in conjunction with MSC transplantation in the future for treating neurological disorders and injuries. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytoprotection of vascular endotheliocytes by phosphorylated ascorbate through suppression of oxidative stress that is generated immediately after post‐anoxic reoxygenation or with alkylhydroperoxides
Authors: Saitoh Yasukazu , Miwa Nobuhiko
Published: September 2004

Vascular endotheliocytes BAE‐2 underwent the gradually proceeding cell death until 48 h after reoxygenation (Reox) following 3 h anoxia (Anox), but protected by pre‐Anox administration with L‐ascorbic acid (Asc)‐2‐O‐phosphate (Asc2P), an autooxidation‐resistant Asc derivative, but not by Asc itself. This cytoprotection with Asc2P was achieved in a glucose (Glc)‐lacking buffer more advantageously than in a Glc‐containing buffer where less efficiency had been demonstrated for Asc entry into BAE‐2 cells than in a Glc‐lacking buffer. Superoxide anion radicals were detected explosively in the extracellular space at 2–5 min after Reox following the Anox treatment of HUVE endotheliocytes, and were thereafter retained at levels as high as approximately one‐half of the maximum level until 60 min after Reox, as shown by cytochrome c reduction assay. Superoxide anions at 3 and 60 min after Reox were suppressed by pre‐Anox administration with Asc2P, but not with Asc or dehydro‐Asc, and were not suppressed by post‐Anox administration with Asc2P; the cytoprotection may need the intracellular accumulation of the ROS‐scavenging effector Asc that is converted from Asc2P until 3 min after Reox. The ROS‐generator tert‐butylhydroperoxide (t‐BuOOH) also induced both the diminished cell viability and nuclear DNA strand cleavages of BAE‐2 endotheliocytes, which were also protected dose‐dependently with Asc2P. The cytoprotection was attributed to reduction of intracellular ROS including hydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide with Asc2P as shown by fluorometry with the redox indicator CDCFH‐DA. Thus Anox/Reox‐induced cell death can be prevented by Asc2P that suppresses ROS‐generation immediately after Reox following Anox more efficiently in the intracellular sphere rather than in the extracellular space. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro and in vivo tumor growth inhibition by a p16‐mimicking peptide in p16INK4A‐defective, pRb‐positive human melanoma cells
Authors: Noonan Douglas M. , Severino Anna , Morini Monica , Tritarelli Alessandra , Manente Lucrezia , D'Agnano Igea , Starace Giuseppe , Baldi Alfonso , Lombardi Daniela , Albini Adriana , Felsani Armando , Paggi Marco G.
Published: September 2004

The cell cycle regulatory pathway responsible for the control of the late‐G1 checkpoint is found recurrently altered in human malignant melanoma, often due to lack of functional p16 or pRb (pRb‐1) proteins. Here we examined the ability of p16‐derived peptides to mimic p16 function in two exemplary human melanoma cell lines: the p16‐defective, pRb‐positive A375M cells and p16‐positive, pRb‐defective A2058 cells. The synthetic p16‐mimicking peptides strongly induced apoptosis in p16−, pRb+ A375M cells in vitro, while they had significantly less activity on p16+, pRb− A2058 cells. The most active p16‐mimicking peptide, p16‐AP9, also potently inhibited in vivo growth of the A375M melanoma. Treated tumors showed a threefold smaller volume (P < 0.025) and a significant reduction of the mitotic index and of PCNA expression. Growth of A2058 cells in vivo was not affected by treatment with the p16‐mimicking peptide. Our results demonstrate that p16‐mimicking peptides can induce apoptosis in vitro and that can inhibit tumor growth in vivo in p16‐defective, pRb‐expressing human melanoma cells, suggesting that p16‐mimicking peptides can represent a promising tool for targeted therapy in selected cancer phenotypes. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fermentation optimization for the production of lovastatin by Aspergillus terreus: use of response surface methodology
Authors: Casas López JL , Sánchez Pérez JA , Fernández Sevilla JM , Acién Fernández FG , Molina Grima E , Chisti Y
Published: September 2004

A Box–Behnken experimental design was used to investigate the effects of five factors—ie oxygen content in the gas phase; concentrations of C, N and P; and fermentation time—on the concentrations of biomass and lovastatin produced in batch cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The values of the various factors in the experiment ranged widely, as follows: 20–80% (v/v) oxygen in the aeration gas; 8–48 g dm−3 C‐concentration; 0.2–0.6 g dm−3 N‐concentration; 0.5–2.5 g dm−3 phosphate‐concentration; and 7–11 days fermentation time. No previous work has used statistical analysis in documenting the interactions between oxygen supply and nutrient concentrations in lovastatin production. The Box–Behnken design identified the oxygen content in the gas phase as the principal factor influencing the production of lovastatin. Both a limitation and excess of oxygen reduced lovastatin titers. A medium containing 48 g dm−3 C supplied as lactose, 0.46 g dm−3 N supplied as soybean meal, and 0.79 g dm−3 phosphate supplied as KH2PO4, was shown to support high titers (∼230 mg dm−3) of lovastatin in a 7‐day fermentation in oxygen‐rich conditions (80% v/v oxygen in the aeration gas). Under these conditions, the culture medium had excess carbon but limiting amounts of nitrogen. The optimized fermentation conditions raised the lovastatin titer by four‐fold compared with the worst‐case scenario within the range of factors investigated. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Lactose fermentation in the presence of C18 fatty acids
Authors: Lalman Jerald A , Komjarova Irina , Jing Nin
Published: September 2004

Lactose degradation in the presence of C18 long chain fatty acids was examined under anaerobic conditions at 37 °C. The lactose degradation rate was a function of linoleic acid (LA) and oleic acid (OA) concentrations but independent of the amount of stearic acid (SA) added. In cultures fed with LA, lactose was removed within approximately 12 h and within 6 h for cultures inoculated with OA or SA. Glucose, a product of lactose degradation, was only observed in cultures fed with 500–700 mg dm−3 LA and 1000 mg dm−3 OA. No galactose was detected under any of the conditions examined. The cause of glucose accumulation is likely due to inhibition of acidogens by LA and OA. Lactate was detected under all conditions examined. LA was more inhibitory on lactate‐consuming organisms than OA and SA and larger amounts of lactate were observed in cultures fed with LA. In addition to lactate, butyrate, propionate and acetate were also observed. Accumulation of volatile fatty acids was a function of the type and concentration of long chain fatty acids. In cultures fed with SA, lower levels of butyrate and acetate were observed when compared with those inoculated with LA and OA and no propionate was detected. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Anaerobic/aerobic sequential treatment of a cotton textile mill wastewater
Authors: Işik Mustafa , Sponza Delia Teresa
Published: September 2004

The treatment of a wastewater taken from a cotton textile mill was investigated using an anaerobic/aerobic sequential system during an operational period of 87 days. The process units consisted of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor and a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). Wastewater characterization was performed before feeding the reactor system. Glucose‐COD, and azo dyes were added to the textile wastewater for comparative purposes in the final period of operation. The pH values in the effluent of the UASB reactor were suitable for optimal anaerobic treatment in all runs. The biodegradable part of the COD in wastewater was removed effectively, with the anaerobic stage improving the biodegradability of wastewater entering the aerobic stage. The UASB reactor permitted COD and color removals of 9–51% and 46–55%, respectively, at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 30 h. COD removal efficiencies were between 40 and 85% and color removal efficiencies were 39–81% in normal and artificially‐colored wastewaters at a total HRT of 5.75 days in the UASB/CSTR reactor system. Benzidine produced from the cleavage of azo bond in the anaerobic stage was effectively removed in the aerobic stage, and was identified by comparison of its HPLC spectrum with that of an authentic specimen. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Sonography of the normal ulnar nerve at Guyon's canal and of the common peroneal nerve dorsal to the fibular head
Authors: Peeters Els Y. , Nieboer Koenraad H. , Osteaux Michel M.
Published: September 2004

Purpose

This study was conducted to evaluate the ability of sonography to visualize the ulnar nerve at Guyon's canal and the common peroneal nerve dorsal to the fibular head and to test for correlations between nerve measurements and subject characteristics.

Methods

We used a 5–12‐MHz linear‐array transducer in sonographic evaluation of 15 healthy adult volunteers. We evaluated the correlations between nerve diameters and surface areas and subject body mass index and height. We also tested for differences between nerve measurements in women and men and between nerve measurements from the left and right sides of the body.

Results

Both nerves were visualized in all subjects. Subject height correlated significantly with the anteroposterior diameter of the right ulnar nerve. Body mass index correlated significantly with the surface area of both ulnar nerves, with the anteroposterior diameter of both ulnar nerves, with the transverse diameter of the left ulnar nerve, and with the transverse diameter of the right common peroneal nerve. There was a statistically significant difference in anteroposterior diameter of the left ulnar and left common peroneal nerves between women and men. There were no significant differences between left‐ and right‐side measurements for the combined data from the entire group of subjects.

Conclusions

A 5–12‐MHz linear‐array transducer readily allows for visualization of the ulnar nerve at Guyon's canal and the common peroneal nerve dorsal to the fibular head. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 32:375–380, 2004
Wide‐range length metrology by dual‐imaging‐unit atomic force microscope based on porous alumina
Authors: Zhang Dongxian , Zhang Haijun , Lin Xiaofeng
Published: September 2004

A new dual‐imaging‐unit atomic force microscope (DIU‐AFM) was developed for wide‐range length metrology. In the DIU‐AFM, two AFM units were combined, one as a reference unit, and the other a test one. Their probes with Z piezo elements and tips were horizontally set in parallel at the same height to reduce errors due to geometric asymmetry. An XY scanner was attached to an XY block that was able to move in the X direction with a step of about 500 nm. A standard porous alumina film was employed as the reference sample. Both reference sample and test sample were installed at the center of the XY scanner on the same surface and were simultaneously imaged. The two images had the same lateral size, and thus the length of the test sample image could be accurately measured by counting the number of periodic features of the reference one. The XY block together with the XY scanner were next moved in the X direction for about 1.5 μm and a second pair of reference and test images were obtained by activating the scanner. In this way, a series of pairs of images were acquired and could be spliced into two wide‐range reference and test images, respectively. Again, the two spliced images were of the same size and the length of test image was measured based on the reference one. This article presents a discussion about the structure and control of the DIU‐AFM system. Some experiments were carried out on the system to demonstrate the method of length calculation and measurement. Experiments show a satisfactory result of wide‐range length metrology based on the hexagonal features of the porous alumina with a periodic length of several tens of nanometers. Using this method the DIU‐AFM is capable of realizing nanometer‐order accuracy length metrology when covering a wide range from micron to several hundreds of microns, or even up to millimeter order. Microsc. Res. Tech. 64:223–227, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.