bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Density, Viscosity and Velocity (Ascent Rate) of Alkaline Magmas
Authors: Kokandakar Gaurav J. , Ghodke Sachin S. , Rathna K. , More Laxman B. , Nagaraju B. , Bhosle Munjaji V. , Kumar K. Vijaya
Published: February 2018

Three distinct alkaline magmas, represented by shonkinite, lamprophyre and alkali basalt dykes, characterize a significant magmatic expression of rift-related mantle-derived igneous activity in the Mesoproterozoic Prakasam Alkaline Province, SE India. In the present study we have estimated emplacement velocities (ascent rates) for these three varied alkaline magmas and compared with other silicate magmas to explore composition control on the ascent rates. The alkaline dykes have variable widths and lengths with none of the dykes wider than 1 m. The shonkinites are fine- to medium-grained rocks with clinopyroxene, phologopite, amphibole, K-feldspar perthite and nepheline as essential minerals. They exhibit equigranular hypidiomorphic to foliated textures. Lamprophyres and alkali basalts characteristically show porphyritic textures. Olivine, clinopyroxene, amphibole and biotite are distinct phenocrysts in lamprophyres whereas olivine, clinopyroxene and plagioclase form the phenocrystic mineralogy in the alkali basalts. The calculated densities [2.54-2.71 g/cc for shonkinite; 2.61-2.78 g/cc for lamprophyre; 2.66-2.74 g/cc for alkali basalt] and viscosities [3.11-3.39 Pa s for shonkinite; 3.01-3.28 Pa s for lamprophyre; 2.72-3.09 Pa s for alkali basalt] are utilized to compute velocities (ascent rates) of the three alkaline magmas. Since the lamprophyres and alkali basalts are crystal-laden, we have also calculated effective viscosities to infer crystal control on the velocities. Twenty percent of crystals in the magma increase the viscosity by 2.7 times consequently decrease ascent rate by 2.7 times compared to the crystal-free magmas. The computed ascent rates range from 0.11-2.13 m/sec, 0.23-2.77 m/sec and 1.16-2.89 m/sec for shonkinite, lamprophyre and alkali basalt magmas respectively. Ascent rates increase with the width of the dykes and density difference, and decrease with magma viscosity and proportion of crystals. If a constant width of 1 m is assumed in the magma-filled dyke propagation model, then the sequence of emplacement velocities in the decreasing order is alkaline magmas (4.68-15.31 m/sec) > ultramafic-mafic magmas (3.81-4.30 m/sec) > intermediate-felsic magmas (1.76-2.56 m/sec). We propose that SiO2 content in the terrestrial magmas can be modeled as a semi-quantitative “geospeedometer” of the magma ascent rates.
Classification and Potential Utilization of Eocene Coals of Meghalaya, North East India
Authors: Singh Alok K.
Published: February 2018

In the present study, petrographic and geochemical investigation of Meghalayan coal deposits have been carried out to classify these coals in terms of rank, type and grade, using Indian and International classification schemes. Based on petrographic and geochemical characteristics, an attempt has also been made to identify the potential utilization of Meghalayan coals for various industrial applications. According to the study, these coals have been classified as sub-bituminous C to high volatile bituminous in rank, vitric in type and clean to ashy in grade. Considering their hydrocarbon potential, these coals are suitable for liquefaction and gasification.
Keni — the Vanishing Wonder Well
Authors: Gopinath Girish , Resmi T. R. , Kumar K. S. Anil , Anusree N. S. , Prasad N. B. Narasimha
Published: February 2018

This paper discusses the ancient perennial water abstraction structures–Keni–developed by the tribal communities in Wayanad district, Kerala, southwest coast of India. Keni is shallow wooden abstraction structure built in the soil zone where the water table is near or above the ground level. These traditional water abstraction structures are perfect example of water harvesting and water purification. As a preliminary assessment, a detailed survey of the Keni in the district is conducted and the result of the chemical analysis of water from the Keni is presented in this paper. Water from Kenis meet the drinking water quality standards prescribed by the BIS.
Numerical Modelling of Steep Slopes in Open Rock Quarries
Authors: Yilmaz Murat , Ertin Altay , Er Selman , Tugrul Atiye
Published: February 2018

The key question regarding steep rock slopes along rock quarries is their stability because a rock slope failure can have critical results. In this study, the aim is to investigate the areas with potential risk for jointed karstic limestones in a rock quarry. First, to determine rock mass properties, scan-line surveys were performed, and the major orientations of discontinuities were analyzed using stereographic projection. Then, the physico-mechanical properties of the slope-forming rock were determined in the laboratory, and geomechanical properties of the rock mass were determined using an empirical failure criterion. Finally, the quarry slope stability was assessed in accordance with numerical modelling. According to the results obtained, the numerical modelling of steep rock slopes can be efficiently evaluated by using finite element method. Beside this, the presence of joints intersecting the main discontinuity sets, the filling materials of discontinuities resulting from weathering of limestone and surface deposits, surcharge load due to mine waste dumped on the slopes and excavation blasting during construction of quarry area play a key role when modelling the steep rock slopes by using finite element method.
Teaching clinical reasoning through hypothetico-deduction is (slightly) better than self-explanation in tutorial groups: An experimental study
Authors: Rumayyan Ahmed Al , Ahmed Nasr , Subait Reem Al , Ghamdi Ghassan Al , Mahzari Moeber , Mohamed Tarig Awad , Rotgans Jerome I. , Donmez Mustafa , Mamede Silvia , Schmidt Henk G.
Published: February 2018

Background Self-explanation while individually diagnosing clinical cases has proved to be an effective instructional approach for teaching clinical reasoning. The present study compared the effects on diagnostic performance of self-explanation in small groups with the more commonly used hypothetico-deductive approach.

Methods Second-year students from a six-year medical school in Saudi Arabia (39 males; 49 females) worked in small groups on seven clinical vignettes (four criterion cases representing cardiovascular diseases and three ‘fillers’, i.e. cases of other unrelated diagnoses). The students followed different approaches to work on each case depending on the experimental condition to which they had been randomly assigned. Under the self-explanation condition, students provided a diagnosis and a suitable pathophysiological explanation for the clinical findings whereas in the hypothetico-deduction condition students hypothesized about plausible diagnoses for signs and symptoms that were presented sequentially. One week later, all students diagnosed eight vignettes, four of which represented cardiovascular diseases. A mean diagnostic accuracy score (range: 0–1) was computed for the criterion cases. One-way ANOVA with experimental condition as between-subjects factor was performed on the mean diagnostic accuracy scores.

Results Students in the hypothetico-deduction condition outperformed those in the self-explanation condition (mean = 0.22, standard deviation = 0.14, mean = 0.17; standard deviation = 0.12; F(1, 88) = 4.90, p = 0.03, partial η 2 = 0.06, respectively).

Conclusions Students in the hypothetico-deduction condition performed slightly better on a follow-up test involving similar cases, possibly because they were allowed to formulate more than one hypothesis per case during the learning phase.
Prenatal Diagnosis of Cloacal Anomalies: An Analysis of Pattern of Presentation with Emphasis in Males
Authors: Gowda Mamatha , Kothandaraman Keerthana , Thiagarajan Monica , Paranthaman Shanthi
Published: February 2018

The objectives of the study were to recognize the ultrasound findings and describe the pattern and spectrum of cloacal anomalies in prenatal life with special attention to pattern recognition in males. This study included a retrospective cohort analysis over 3 years. Of the 14 cases suspected prenatally, the diagnosis was confirmed by fetal autopsy in ten and postnatal surgery in two. There were 8 male fetuses, 3 females and 2 in whom sex couldn’t be determined and no information on sex was available in 1 case. The major findings on antenatal ultrasound were abdomino-pelvic mass in 6 (43%), ascites in 6 (43%), oligohydramnios in 12 (86%), hydronephrosis in 3 (21%), renal agenesis in 5 (36%), multi-cystic kidney disease in 4 (29%), non-visualization of bladder in 12 (86%), single umbilical artery in 2 (21%), ambiguity of external genitalia in 5 (36%), cardiac defects in 4 (29%), limb defects in 3 (21%) and spine anomalies in 3 (21%). Prenatal diagnosis of cloacal malformation should be suspected in the presence of a pelvic cystic mass with fluid-debris level and is reinforced when renal anomalies, non-visualization of bladder and anhydramnios accompany. More research is needed to focus on the pattern of presentation in male fetuses.
Artroscopia de punho em atletas
Authors: França Bisneto Edgard Novaes , de Paula Emygdio José Leomil , Mattar Rames
Published: February 2018

A artroscopia é uma técnica cirúrgica que tem sido cada vez mais usada para a abordagem de lesões no punho. Atletas estão sujeitos a lesões traumáticas no punho devido à sobrecarga de treinamento ou à intensidade da atividade em competição.

A necessidade de retornar o mais breve possível à pratica esportiva faz da artroscopia uma técnica minimamente invasiva muito útil nessas situações. Os autores apresentam as principais indicações de tratamento de lesões esportivas por artroscopia. Foi feita uma revisão da literatura.
WHY DO FEWER WOMEN THAN MEN APPLY FOR GRANTS AFTER THEIR PHDS?
Authors: Goldstein Lynne , Mills Barbara J. , Herr Sarah , Burkholder Jo Ellen , Aiello Leslie , Thornton Christopher
Published: February 2018

In spring 2013, the Society for American Archaeology created the Task Force on Gender Disparities in Archaeological Grant Submissions because of an apparent disparity in the rates of senior (post-PhD) proposal submissions by men and women to archaeology programs at the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. Although NSF success rates for men and women between 2009 and 2013 were roughly equal, the number of senior women archaeology submissions was half that of men. Given the documented increase in the proportion of women in academic archaeology, this representation of women seemed low. Moreover, submissions for NSF doctoral dissertation improvement grants were evenly divided between men and women. Statistics for Wenner-Gren noted the same general disparity in archaeology. This study examines and integrates a variety of data sources, including interviews with post-PhD women, to determine whether or not there is a problem in research grant submissions. Although the results indicate that there is a problem, it is multifaceted. Women are not well represented at research-intensive universities, and some women instead practice what we term “scaffolding” to integrate smaller pots of money to accomplish their research. Recommendations are provided for female applicants, academic departments, the Society for American Archaeology, and granting agencies.
Is caregiver refusal of analgesics a barrier to pediatric emergency pain management? A cross-sectional study in two Canadian centres
Authors: Whiston Caroline , Ali Samina , Wright Bruce , Wonnacott David , Stang Antonia S. , Thompson Graham C. , Bhat Chirag , Todorovich Sydney , Mishra Ashutosh , Laczko Dora , Miller Michael , Poonai Naveen
Published: February 2018

CLINICIAN’S CAPSULE

What is known about the topic?

Children’s pain in the emergency department (ED) continues to be under-recognized and sub-optimally managed.

What did this study ask?

We sought to evaluate the frequency of caregiver/child acceptance of analgesia offered in the ED.

What did this study find?

Of the 743 children who presented to the ED with a painful condition, 408 (54.9%) were offered analgesia. If offered in the ED, analgesia was accepted by 91% (373/408) of the caregivers/children.

Why does this study matter to clinicians?

This study suggests that caregiver/child refusal of analgesia is a not a major barrier to optimal pain management and highlights the importance of ED personnel in encouraging adequate analgesia.
The nature of triad interactions in active turbulence
Authors: Słomka Jonasz , Suwara Piotr , Dunkel Jörn
Published: February 2018

Generalised Navier–Stokes (GNS) equations describing three-dimensional active fluids with flow-dependent narrow spectral forcing have been shown to possess numerical solutions that can sustain significant energy transfer to larger scales by realising chiral Beltrami-type chaotic flows. To rationalise these findings, we study here the triad truncations of polynomial and Gaussian GNS models focusing on modes lying in the energy injection range. Identifying a previously unknown cubic invariant for the triads, we show that their asymptotic dynamics reduces to that of a forced rigid body coupled to a particle moving in a magnetic field. This analogy allows us to classify triadic interactions by their asymptotic stability: unstable triads correspond to rigid-body forcing along the largest and smallest principal axes, whereas stable triads arise from forcing along the middle axis. Analysis of the polynomial GNS model reveals that unstable triads induce exponential growth of energy and helicity, whereas stable triads develop a limit cycle of bounded energy and helicity. This suggests that the unstable triads dominate the initial relaxation stage of the full hydrodynamic equations, whereas the stable triads determine the statistically stationary state. To test whether this hypothesis extends beyond polynomial dispersion relations, we introduce and investigate an alternative Gaussian active turbulence model. Similar to the polynomial case, the steady-state chaotic flows in the Gaussian model spontaneously accumulate non-zero mean helicity while exhibiting Beltrami statistics and upward energy transport. Our results suggest that self-sustained Beltrami-type flows and an inverse energy cascade may arise generically in the presence of flow-dependent narrow spectral forcing.
Observations and Light Curve Solutions of Ultrashort-Period Eclipsing Binaries
Authors: Kjurkchieva Diana P. , Dimitrov Dinko P. , Ibryamov Sunay I. , Vasileva Doroteya L.
Published: February 2018

Photometric observations in V and I bands and low-dispersion spectra of 10 ultrashort-period binaries (NSVS 2175434, NSVS 2607629, NSVS 5038135, NSVS 8040227, NSVS 9747584, NSVS 4876238, ASAS 071829-0336.7, SWASP 074658.62+224448.5, NSVS 2729229, NSVS 10632802) are presented. One of them, NSVS 2729229, is newly discovered target. The results from modelling and analysis of our observations revealed that (i) eight targets have overcontact configurations with considerable fill-out factor (up to 0.5), while NSVS 4876238 and ASAS 0718-03 have almost contact configurations; (ii) NSVS 4876238 is rare ultrashort-period binary of detached type; (iii) all stellar components are late dwarfs; (iv) the temperature difference of the components of each target does not exceed 400 K; (v) NSVS 2175434 and SWASP 074658.62 + 224448.5 exhibit total eclipses and their parameters could be assumed as well determined; (v) NSVS 2729229 shows emission in the Hα line. Masses, radii, and luminosities of the stellar components were estimated by the empirical relation ‘period, orbital axis’ for short- and ultrashort-period binaries. We found linear relations mass–luminosity and mass–radius for the stellar components of our targets.
TOEPLITZ DETERMINANTS WHOSE ELEMENTS ARE THE COEFFICIENTS OF ANALYTIC AND UNIVALENT FUNCTIONS
Authors: ALI MD FIROZ , THOMAS D. K. , VASUDEVARAO A.
Published: February 2018

Let ${\mathcal{S}}$ denote the class of analytic and univalent functions in $\mathbb{D}:=\{z\in \mathbb{C}:|z|<1\}$ which are of the form $f(z)=z+\sum _{n=2}^{\infty }a_{n}z^{n}$. We determine sharp estimates for the Toeplitz determinants whose elements are the Taylor coefficients of functions in ${\mathcal{S}}$ and certain of its subclasses. We also discuss similar problems for typically real functions.
Beyond Nationalism and Regionalism: The Stability of Economic Voting in Canada
Authors: Daoust Jean-François , Dassonneville Ruth
Published: February 2018

Previous research has argued that while economic voting is quite consistently found to be an important mechanism in the rest of Canada, it is rather weak in Quebec. Guérin and Nadeau (1998) have demonstrated that whether or not citizens in Quebec vote economically depends on the party system. Following their lead, we expect that the presence of a dominant regionalist party in Quebec after 1993 (the Bloc Québécois) inhibited Quebeckers from voting economically. However, our results do not offer evidence for this hypothesis. Furthermore, we find only weak evidence of economic voting being moderated by voters’ attitudes towards Quebec independence. Our study hence suggests that the impact of economic accountability in Canada is not hindered by a strong regional party or by the salience of the issue of Quebec independence. The economic vote, it seems, is more stable and general than it is regularly argued to be.
On the diverse and widely ignored Paleocene avifauna of Menat (Puy-de-Dôme, France): new taxonomic records and unusual soft tissue preservation
Authors: MAYR GERALD , HERVET SOPHIE , BUFFETAUT ERIC
Published: February 2018

The Paleocene locality of Menat (Puy-de-Dôme, France) has yielded several avian fossils, which remained poorly studied, even though some were found almost a century ago. Here, we review some of the material in public collections and show that those birds from Menat, which are at least tentatively identifiable, resemble taxa from early Eocene fossil localities. A largely complete skeleton of a medium-sized bird with strong feet shows affinities to the early Eocene Halcyornithidae and Messelasturidae, which are considered to be representatives of the clade including Psittaciformes and Passeriformes. Another skeleton of a small species resembles the Songziidae from the lower Eocene of China, which are representatives of Ralloidea, the clade including Rallidae and Heliornithidae. A new and previously unreported specimen exhibits exceptional soft tissue preservation, in that the bones appear to be largely dissolved but the podotheca of the feet and even the soft parts around the shank are visible; the plumage remains of this specimen furthermore show an unusual bluish hue.
THE UNITED STATES, BRITAIN, AND MILITARY ASSISTANCE TO NIGERIA
Authors: WYSS MARCO
Published: February 2018

In Nigeria, Britain asserted its post-colonial security role during and immediately after the transfer of power, and remained responsible for assisting the Nigerian armed forces. While the Americans recognized Nigeria's potential as an important partner in the Cold War, they preferred to focus on development aid. Washington was thus supposed to complement British assistance, while leaving the responsibility for the security sector to London. But with the escalation of the Cold War in Africa, the Nigerians’ efforts to reduce their dependency on the United Kingdom, and Nigeria's growing significance for the United States in African affairs, this Anglo-American burden-sharing was increasingly questioned in Washington. The United States thus eventually decided to militarize its aid policy towards Nigeria. In analysing the militarization of US aid policy towards Nigeria, this article will, first, assess the Anglo-American relationship in the early 1960s; secondly, position Nigeria in American Cold War policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa; thirdly, question the role of military assistance in Washington's policy towards Nigeria and Africa; and fourthly, discover the regional and local factors that influenced policy-makers in Washington and London.
What's the Matter with “China”? A Critique of Teleological History
Authors: Clark Hugh R.
Published: February 2018

This article argues that the study of China's history has long been caught in a teleological trap that presumes that history could have had only one evolutionary track. The author explains how he came to recognize the problems inherent in the teleological trap and to reconceptualize his approach. The article contrasts the history of the North China Plain, culturally rooted in dry-land grain agriculture and from time immemorial deeply intertwined with that of the adjacent grasslands, with that of the south, a culturally and linguistically diverse land of river valleys and riziculture. It concludes that the holistic empire we know today was not an inevitable outcome of these contrasting trajectories and that alternative paths are plausible, and asserts that scholars must recognize that until history is accomplished it does not follow a teleological trajectory.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SINGLE-PARENT FAMILY
STRUCTURE AND AGE OF SEXUAL DEBUT AMONG YOUNG
PERSONS IN JAMAICA
Authors: Oshi Daniel C. , Mckenzie Jordan , Baxter Martin , Robinson Royelle , Neil Stephan , Greene Tayla , Wright Wayne , Lodge Jeorghino
Published: February 2018

There is a high and increasing proportion of
single-parent families in Jamaica. This has raised
concerns about the potential impact of single-parent
families on the social, cognitive and behavioural
development of children, including their sexual
relationships. The aim of this study was to
investigate the association between being raised in
a single-parent family and age of sexual debut among
young people in Jamaica. The study was
cross-sectional in design, and based on a
multi-stage sampling procedure. The study was
conducted in July/September 2016. The study sample
comprised 233 respondents (110 males and 123
females) aged from 18 to 35 years (mean 26.37 years;
SD 5.46). Respondents completed a self-administered
questionnaire with questions on socio-demographic
characteristics, family structure, sexual debut and
current sexual behaviour. Ninety-seven (41.7%)
respondents grew up in single-parent families. A
total of 201 (86.3%) had had sex (102 males and 99
females). Their mean age of sexual debut was 15.51
years (SD 3.41). Sixty-five (32.3%) had early sexual
debut (<16 years). Respondents from
single-parent families were more likely to have had
early sexual debut (56.9%; n=37)
compared with those from two-parent families (43.1%,
n=28;
p=0.004). Only 44.6%
(n=29) of those who experienced
early sexual debut used a condom during their first
sexual encounter compared with 73%
(n=100) of those who had a later
sexual debut (≥16 years;
p=<0.001). A single-father
family structure was a significant predictor of
early sexual debut (AOR 5.5; 95%CI: 1.1–25.8). The
study found a significant association between
single-parent family structure and age of sexual
debut.
vP-fronting with and without remnant movement
Authors: THOMS GARY , WALKDEN GEORGE
Published: February 2018

In this paper, we consider two kinds ofvP-fronting constructions in English and argue that they receive quite different analyses. First, we show that EnglishvP-preposing does not have the properties that would be expected of a movement-derived dependency. Evidence for this conclusion is adduced from the licensing conditions on its occurrence, from the availability of morphological mismatches, and from reconstruction facts. By contrast, we show that English participle preposing is a well-behaved case ofvP-movement, contrasting withvP-preposing with respect to reconstruction properties in particular. We propose that the differences between the two constructions follow from the interaction of two constraints: the excluded middle constraint (EMC), which rules out derivations involving spellout of linearly intermediate copies only, and the N-only constraint, which restricts movement to occurring where the trace position would license a nominal. The EMC rules out derivingvP-fronting by true movement and instead necessitates a base-generation analysis, while the N-only constraint ensures that participle preposing is only possible in limited circumstances.
What life course theoretical models best explain the relationship between exposure to childhood adversity and psychopathology symptoms: recency, accumulation, or sensitive periods?
Authors: Dunn Erin C. , Soare Thomas W. , Raffeld Miriam R. , Busso Daniel S. , Crawford Katherine M. , Davis Kathryn A. , Fisher Virginia A. , Slopen Natalie , Smith Andrew D.A.C. , Tiemeier Henning , Susser Ezra S.
Published: February 2018

Background

Although childhood adversity is a potent determinant of psychopathology, relatively little is known about how the characteristics of adversity exposure, including its developmental timing or duration, influence subsequent mental health outcomes. This study compared three models from life course theory (recency, accumulation, sensitive period) to determine which one(s) best explained this relationship.

Methods

Prospective data came from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (n= 7476). Four adversities commonly linked to psychopathology (caregiver physical/emotional abuse; sexual/physical abuse; financial stress; parent legal problems) were measured repeatedly from birth to age 8. Using a statistical modeling approach grounded in least angle regression, we determined the theoretical model(s) explaining the most variability (r2) in psychopathology symptoms measured at age 8 using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and evaluated the magnitude of each association.

Results

Recencywas the best fitting theoretical model for the effect of physical/sexual abuse (girlsr2= 2.35%; boysr2= 1.68%). Bothrecency(girlsr2= 1.55%) andaccumulation(boysr2= 1.71%) were the best fitting models for caregiver physical/emotional abuse.Sensitive periodmodels were chosen alone (parent legal problems in boysr2= 0.29%) and withaccumulation(financial stress in girlsr2= 3.08%) more rarely. Substantial effect sizes were observed (standardized mean differences = 0.22–1.18).

Conclusions

Child psychopathology symptoms are primarily explained by recency and accumulation models. Evidence for sensitive periods did not emerge strongly in these data. These findings underscore the need to measure the characteristics of adversity, which can aid in understanding disease mechanisms and determining how best to reduce the consequences of exposure to adversity.
Psychotic experiences and general medical conditions: a cross-national analysis based on 28 002 respondents from 16 countries in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys
Authors: Scott Kate M. , Saha Sukanta , Lim Carmen C.W. , Aguilar-Gaxiola Sergio , Al-Hamzawi Ali , Alonso Jordi , Benjet Corina , Bromet Evelyn J. , Bruffaerts Ronny , Caldas-de-Almeida José Miguel , de Girolamo Giovanni , de Jonge Peter , Degenhardt Louisa , Florescu Silvia , Gureje Oye , Haro Josep M. , Hu Chiyi , Karam Elie G. , Kovess-Masfety Viviane , Lee Sing , Lepine Jean-Pierre , Mneimneh Zeina , Navarro-Mateu Fernando , Piazza Marina , Posada-Villa José , Sampson Nancy A. , Stagnaro Juan Carlos , Kessler Ronald C. , McGrath John J.
Published: February 2018

Background

Previous work has identified associations between psychotic experiences (PEs) and general medical conditions (GMCs), but their temporal direction remains unclear as does the extent to which they are independent of comorbid mental disorders.

Methods

In total, 28 002 adults in 16 countries from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys were assessed for PEs, GMCs and 21 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) mental disorders. Discrete-time survival analyses were used to estimate the associations between PEs and GMCs with various adjustments.

Results

After adjustment for comorbid mental disorders, temporally prior PEs were significantly associated with subsequent onset of 8/12 GMCs (arthritis, back or neck pain, frequent or severe headache, other chronic pain, heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes and peptic ulcer) with odds ratios (ORs) ranging from 1.3 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–1.5] to 1.9 (95% CI 1.4–2.4). In contrast, only three GMCs (frequent or severe headache, other chronic pain and asthma) were significantly associated with subsequent onset of PEs after adjustment for comorbid GMCs and mental disorders, with ORs ranging from 1.5 (95% CI 1.2–1.9) to 1.7 (95% CI 1.2–2.4).

Conclusions

PEs were associated with the subsequent onset of a wide range of GMCs, independent of comorbid mental disorders. There were also associations between some medical conditions (particularly those involving chronic pain) and subsequent PEs. Although these findings will need to be confirmed in prospective studies, clinicians should be aware that psychotic symptoms may be risk markers for a wide range of adverse health outcomes. Whether PEs are causal risk factors will require further research.
Trajectory generation and step planning of a 12 DoF biped robot on uneven surface
Authors: Gupta Gaurav , Dutta Ashish
Published: February 2018

One of the primary goals of biped locomotion is to generate and execute joint trajectories on a corresponding step plan that takes the robot from a start point to a goal while avoiding obstacles and consuming as little energy as possible. Past researchers have studied trajectory generation and step planning independently, mainly because optimal generation of robot gait using dynamic formulation cannot be done in real time. Also, most step-planning studies are for flat terrain guided by search heuristics. In the proposed method, a framework for generating trajectories as well as an overall step plan for navigation of a 12 degrees of freedom biped on an uneven terrain with obstacles is presented. In order to accomplish this, a dynamic model of the robot is developed and a trajectory generation program is integrated with it using gait variables. The variables are determined using a genetic algorithm based optimization program with the objective of minimizing energy consumption subject to balance and kinematic constraints of the biped. A database of these variables for various terrain angles and walking motions is used to train two neural networks, one for real-time trajectory generation and another for energy estimation. To develop a global navigation strategy, a weighted A* search is used to generate the footstep plan with energy considerations in sight. The efficacy of the approach is exhibited through simulation-based results on a variety of terrains.
CHILD SUBSIDIES AND THE CROSS-SECTIONAL FERTILITY PATTERN
Authors: Reijnders Laurie S. M.
Published: February 2018

This paper studies the effect of different types of child subsidies on the economic allocation and the cross-sectional fertility pattern. I construct a rich but tractable general equilibrium model with overlapping generations of heterogeneous individuals, two sectors of production and a government. I derive analytically how fertility choices are affected by changes in household resources and child subsidies and show the numerical results of two policy experiments. A subsidy on childcare favors the birth rates of educated, high-wage individuals. Parents work more so that the subsidy program is partly financed by a rise in labor earnings. In contrast, a lump-sum child allowance stimulates fertility of uneducated, low-wage parents the most. This policy has a larger effect on the average birth rate, but as parents perform most of the care themselves it comes at the expense of a lower supply of labor and a greater tax burden.
DYNAMIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MUTUAL INTERFERENCE AND GESTATION DELAYS OF A HYBRID TRITROPHIC FOOD CHAIN MODEL
Authors: AGRAWAL RASHMI , JANA DEBALDEV , UPADHYAY RANJIT KUMAR , SREE HARI RAO V.
Published: February 2018

We have proposed a three-species hybrid food chain model with multiple time delays. The interaction between the prey and the middle predator follows Holling type (HT) II functional response, while the interaction between the top predator and its only food, the middle predator, is taken as a general functional response with the mutual interference schemes, such as Crowley–Martin (CM), Beddington–DeAngelis (BD) and Hassell–Varley (HV) functional responses. We analyse the model system which employs HT II and CM functional responses, and discuss the local and global stability analyses of the coexisting equilibrium solution. The effect of gestation delay on both the middle and top predator has been studied. The dynamics of model systems are affected by both factors: gestation delay and the form of functional responses considered. The theoretical results are supported by appropriate numerical simulations, and bifurcation diagrams are obtained for biologically feasible parameter values. It is interesting from the application point of view to show how an individual delay changes the dynamics of the model system depending on the form of functional response.
CALCULATION OF CRITICAL PARAMETERS FOR SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION FOR SOME COMPLEX GEOMETRIES USING AN INDIRECT NUMERICAL METHOD
Authors: LUO QUANBING , LIANG DONG , REN TING , ZHANG JIAN
Published: February 2018

In the theory of spontaneous combustion, identifying the critical value of the Frank-Kamenetskii parameter corresponds to solving a bifurcation point problem. There are two different numerical methods used to solve this problem—the direct and indirect numerical methods. The latter finds the bifurcation point by solving a partial differential equation (PDE) problem. This is a better method to find the bifurcation point for complex geometries. This paper improves the indirect numerical method by combining the grid-domain extension method with the matrix equation computation method. We calculate the critical parameters of the Frank-Kamenetskii equation for some complex geometries using the indirect numerical method. Our results show that both the curve of the outer boundary and the height of the geometries have an effect on the values of the critical Frank-Kamenetskii parameter, however, they have little effect on the critical dimensionless temperature.
Early detection and successful treatment of Wernicke's encephalopathy in outpatients without the complete classic triad of symptoms who attended a psycho-oncology clinic
Authors: Onishi Hideki , Ishida Mayumi , Tanahashi Iori , Takahashi Takao , Ikebuchi Kenji , Taji Yoshitada , Kato Hisashi , Akechi Tatsuo
Published: February 2018

Objective

Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) is a neuropsychiatric disorder caused by a thiamine deficiency. Although WE has been recognized in cancer patients, it can be overlooked because many patients do not exhibit symptoms that are typical of WE, such as delirium, ataxia, or ocular palsy. Furthermore, outpatients with WE who intermittently present at psycho-oncology clinics have not been described as far as we can ascertain.

Method

This report describes two patients who did not exhibit the complete classic triad of symptoms among a series with cancer and WE, and who attended a psycho-oncology outpatient clinic.

Result

Case 1, a 76-year-old woman with pancreatic cancer and liver metastasis, periodically attended a psycho-oncology outpatient clinic. She presented with delirium and ataxia as well as appetite loss that had persisted for 8 weeks. We suspected WE, which was confirmed by low serum thiamine levels and the disappearance of delirium after thiamine administration. Case 2, a 79-year-old man with advanced stomach cancer, was referred to a psycho-oncology outpatient clinic with depression that had persisted for about 1 month. He also had appetite loss that had persisted for several weeks. He became delirious during the first visit to the outpatient clinic. Our initial suspicion of WE was confirmed by low serum thiamine levels and the disappearance of delirium after thiamine administration. The key indicator of a diagnosis of WE in both patients was appetite loss.

Significance of results

This report emphasizes awareness of WE in the outpatient setting, even when patients do not exhibit the classical triad of WE. Appetite loss might be the key to a diagnosis of WE in the absence of other causes of delirium.
Psychological morbidity in family caregivers of people living with terminal cancer: Prevalence and predictors
Authors: Areia Neide P. , Fonseca Gabriela , Major Sofia , Relvas Ana P.
Published: February 2018

Objective

The issues surrounding a patient's terminal phase of cancer and the imminent death of the individual represent a major family crisis affecting all its members. The goal of this study was to assess the prevalence of psychological morbidity in family caregivers of persons with terminal cancer in terms of psychological distress, depression, anxiety, somatization, and complicated anticipatory grief, and to determine which factors may influence these responses.

Method

One hundred and twelve family caregivers of individuals with terminal cancer completed an assessment protocol comprising the Brief Symptom Inventory (depression, anxiety, somatization, and a computed score for global distress), the Marwit-Meuser Caregiver Grief Inventory - Short Form (anticipatory grief), the Family Inventory of Needs (importance and satisfaction of needs), and the Systemic Clinical Outcome Routine Evaluation -15 (family functioning). Prevalence of psychological morbidity was determined through descriptive and frequency statistics. Predictors of psychological morbidity were ascertained through structural equation modelling methods.

Result

Regarding the prevalence of psychological morbidity in family caregivers, 66.1% reported high levels of distress, 68.8% showed high risk of depression, 72.3% showed high risk of anxiety, 50.9% reported high levels of somatization, and 25.9% showed high risk of complicated anticipatory grief. It was found that the predictors of age, gender, relationship to the family member with terminal cancer, the caregiving role played (i.e., primary vs. nonprimary), the satisfaction of needs by healthcare professionals, and family functioning play an important role in terms of one's risk of developing psychological morbidity.

Significance of results

This study revealed an alarming prevalence of psychological morbidity in family caregivers of individuals living with terminal cancer, making it crucial to move forward from a patient-centered approach to a family-centrad approach to reduce the risk of family maladjustment when facing the imminent death of a family member and to prevent postdeath unadjusted responses.
Effect of oral nut supplementation on endothelium-dependent vasodilation – a meta-analysis
Authors: Huang Yunying , Zheng Sichao , Wang Tenghua , Yang Xin , Luo Qian , Li Hangshan
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Background: An inverse association was found between nut supplementation and the risk of cardiovascular disease. Identifying the direct effect of nut supplementation on endothelium-dependent vasodilation may partly explain that association. Methods: Human intervention studies were identified by systematic electronic search of the databases EMBASE, MEDLINE, Pubmed, and Web of Science through January 2017 and by manually searching related articles. Subgroup analyses were performed to identify the source of heterogeneity among studies. Results: In total, 11 eligible articles involving 468 participants were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, the results of the 13 trials showed that nut supplementation significantly increased flow-mediated dilation [weighted mean differences (WMD): 1.03 %; 95 % CI: 0.26–1.79 %, P = 0.008]. There was significant heterogeneity among studies (P = 0.006) that might partly be explained by the different types of nuts. No significant association between nut supplementation and endothelium-independent vasodilatation was observed in a fixed effect model (WMD: 1.10 %, 95 % CI: -0.19–2.38 %, P = 0.09). Conclusions: Supplementation of nuts significantly improves the vascular endothelial function without affecting endothelium-independent vasodilatation.
Aggressives und oppositionelles Verhalten
Authors: Petermann Franz , Petermann Ulrike
Published: February 2018

Zusammenfassung. Aggressives und oppositionelles Verhalten tritt im Kindes- und Jugendalter nicht nur sehr häufig auf, sondern es besitzt auch eine sehr ungünstige Prognose. In der Regel sind begleitend zu diesen Auffälligkeiten eine Vielzahl von komorbiden Störungen beobachtbar (z. B. ADHS, Depression, Störung mit Substanzmissbrauch). Zur Entwicklung dieser Störung existieren sehr viele Befunde aus Längsschnittstudien, die verschiedene Entwicklungswege belegen konnten. Die Behandlungsmethoden dieser sehr schwer beeinflussbaren Störung konzentrieren sich auf verschiedene verhaltenstherapeutische Ansätze.
Elternverhalten als Schutzfaktor gegen aggressives und oppositionelles Verhalten der Kinder?
Authors: Pinquart Martin
Published: February 2018

Zusammenfassung. Elternverhalten spielt in Theorien zur Entstehung externalisierenden Verhaltens eine wichtige Rolle und Elterntrainings werden als Maßnahme zur Prävention und Verringerung der Symptome empfohlen. Im vorliegenden Review wird die empirische Basis dieser Theorien und Empfehlung überprüft. Effekte des Elternverhaltens auf längsschnittliche Veränderungen der Symptome sind im Mittel sehr gering. Kleine bis moderate Effekte findet man, wenn man Veränderungen externalisierender Symptome in Folge von Veränderungen des Elternverhaltens (durch Elterntrainings) analysiert. Hier sind sogar große Effekte zu erwarten bei vorab deutlich erhöhten externalisierenden Symptomen und Defiziten im Elternverhalten. Diskutiert werden Gründe für diese unterschiedlichen Effekte und Schlussfolgerungen für die Praxis.
Freundschaftsqualitäten und unterschiedliche Formen aggressiven Verhaltens bei Jungen und Mädchen im späten Kindes- und Jugendalter
Authors: Ackermann Katharina , Büttner Gerhard , Bernhard Anka , Martinelli Anne , Freitag Christine M. , Schwenck Christina
Published: February 2018

Zusammenfassung. Kinder und Jugendliche mit aggressiven Verhaltensweisen zeigen gehäuft Probleme in der sozialen Interaktion. Das Eingehen und Aufrechterhalten von Freundschaften gilt im Jugendalter als Entwicklungsaufgabe, deren Gelingen oder Misslingen sich auf die psychosoziale Anpassung auswirken kann. Bezüglich Freundschaftsqualitäten und aggressiven Verhaltensweisen weist die Literatur jedoch heterogene Befunde auf. Die vorliegende Übersichtsarbeit stellt Zusammenhänge zwischen Freundschaftsqualitäten und unterschiedlichen Kategorien aggressiven Verhaltens dar, die diese Unterschiede erklären können. Dabei wird deutlich, dass offen, relational, reaktiv und proaktiv aggressives Handeln mit vermehrt konfliktreichen Freundschaften im Zusammenhang steht. Ein Teil der Studien weist zusätzlich auf intime und unterstützende Freundschaften im Zusammenhang mit relationaler und proaktiver Aggression hin. Die Ergebnisse werden hinsichtlich ihrer Relevanz für die Forschung und den klinischen Alltag diskutiert.
Whole-blood sorting, enrichment and in situ immunolabeling of cellular subsets using acoustic microstreaming
Authors: Garg Neha , Westerhof Trisha M. , Liu Vick , Liu Robin , Nelson Edward L. , Lee Abraham P.
Published: February 2018

Analyzing undiluted whole human blood is a challenge due to its complex composition of hematopoietic cellular populations, nucleic acids, metabolites, and proteins. We present a novel multi-functional microfluidic acoustic streaming platform that enables sorting, enrichment and in situ identification of cellular subsets from whole blood. This single device platform, based on lateral cavity acoustic transducers (LCAT), enables (1) the sorting of undiluted donor whole blood into its cellular subsets (platelets, RBCs, and WBCs), (2) the enrichment and retrieval of breast cancer cells (MCF-7) spiked in donor whole blood at rare cell relevant concentrations (10 mL−1), and (3) on-chip immunofluorescent labeling for the detection of specific target cellular populations by their known marker expression patterns. Our approach thus demonstrates a compact system that integrates upstream sample processing with downstream separation/enrichment, to carry out multi-parametric cell analysis for blood-based diagnosis and liquid biopsy blood sampling.
Bcl-2 regulates store-operated Ca2+ entry to modulate ER stress-induced apoptosis
Authors: Chiu Wen-Tai , Chang Heng-Ai , Lin Yi-Hsin , Lin Yu-Shan , Chang Hsiao-Tzu , Lin Hsi-Hui , Huang Soon-Cen , Tang Ming-Jer , Shen Meng-Ru
Published: February 2018

Ca2+ plays a significant role in linking the induction of apoptosis. The key anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2, has been reported to regulate the movement of Ca2+ across the ER membrane, but the exact effect of Bcl-2 on Ca2+ levels remains controversial. Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), a major mode of Ca2+ uptake in non-excitable cells, is activated by depletion of Ca2+ in the ER. Depletion of Ca2+ in the ER causes translocation of the SOC channel activator, STIM1, to the plasma membrane. Thereafter, STIM1 binds to Orai1 or/and TRPC1 channels, forcing them to open and thereby allow Ca2+ entry. In addition, several anti-cancer drugs have been reported to induce apoptosis of cancer cells via the SOCE pathway. However, the detailed mechanism underlying the regulation of SOCE by Bcl-2 is not well understood. In this study, a three-amino acid mutation within the Bcl-2 BH1 domain was generated to verify the role of Bcl-2 in Ca2+ handling during ER stress. The subcellular localization of the Bcl-2 mutant (mt) is similar to that in the wild-type Bcl-2 (WT) in the ER and mitochondria. We found that mt enhanced thapsigargin and tunicamycin-induced apoptosis through ER stress-mediated apoptosis but not through the death receptor- and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis, while WT prevented thapsigargin- and tunicamycin-induced apoptosis. In addition, mt depleted Ca2+ in the ER lumen and also increased the expression of SOCE-related molecules. Therefore, a massive Ca2+ influx via SOCE contributed to caspase activation and apoptosis. Furthermore, inhibiting SOCE or chelating either extracellular or intracellular Ca2+ inhibited mt-mediated apoptosis. In brief, our results explored the critical role of Bcl-2 in Ca2+ homeostasis and the modulation of ER stress.
Visible light reduces C. elegans longevity
Authors: De Magalhaes Filho C. Daniel , Henriquez Brian , Seah Nicole E. , Evans Ronald M. , Lapierre Louis R. , Dillin Andrew
Published: February 2018

The transparent nematode Caenorhabditis elegans can sense UV and blue-violet light to alter behavior. Because high-dose UV and blue-violet light are not a common feature outside of the laboratory setting, we asked what role, if any, could low-intensity visible light play in C. elegans physiology and longevity. Here, we show that C. elegans lifespan is inversely correlated to the time worms were exposed to visible light. While circadian control, lite-1 and tax-2 do not contribute to the lifespan reduction, we demonstrate that visible light creates photooxidative stress along with a general unfolded-protein response that decreases the lifespan. Finally, we find that long-lived mutants are more resistant to light stress, as well as wild-type worms supplemented pharmacologically with antioxidants. This study reveals that transparent nematodes are sensitive to visible light radiation and highlights the need to standardize methods for controlling the unrecognized biased effect of light during lifespan studies in laboratory conditions.