bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dialectics, Difference, and the Geographies of Consumption
Authors: Clarke D B , Purvis M
Published: October 2006

In the current beginnings of the mapping of the consumer society there is an evident tension between political-economic and poststructuralist accounts of consumption. It has been suggested that a philosophy of difference does nothing more than mimic a capitalist ideology of choice; that it represents a levelling of philosophy to the vulgar status of consumerism. The counterposition asserts a lack of tolerance to difference inherent in the rationalism of Marxism, which ultimately adheres to production as its central, stabilizing, metaphysical concept. In examining such ideas we seek to ground judgmental positions with respect to the political status of consumption (and of production) in notions of collectivity and action. To this end we provide a brief discussion of the history of consumer cooperation as a political force. More generally, by elucidating the political potentialities of different philosophical approaches, which present themselves as opposites, we hope to interrupt—interminably and retroactively—the development of a geography of the consumer society which is simply additive to existing geographies of the productive society.
Forecasting Global HIV—AIDS Dynamics: Modelling Strategies and Preliminary Simulations
Authors: Thomas R W
Published: October 2006

In the light of the considerable biomathematical effort devoted to building models of the incidence of HIV and AIDS in communities, in this paper a multiregion specification is developed that includes a parsimonious cross-infection mechanism where high-risk and low-risk populations are distinguished by their promiscuity rates. The nature of this mixing is compared with some existing modelling formats, and some preliminary simulations are presented for the timing and spread of the epidemic in a sixteen-city global system.
Ireland: A Private Patriarchy?
Authors: Mahon E
Published: October 2006

Ireland has recently been characterised as a country dominated by private patriarchy. One indicator of private patriarchy is the incidence of women engaged in full-time ‘home duties’ rather than in paid employment. The participation of women in the Irish labour force has been comparatively very low because the majority of married women in Ireland are full-time housewives. Persistently high fertility rates—in 1987 the highest in Europe—and a state ideology which enshrined women's position in the home explained this phenomenon in the past. One might have expected industrialisation to have promoted greater change, yet its influence was minimal. Early industrialisation did not create a demand for female labour. In the 1960s export-oriented industrialisation generated a demand for female labour but this was obstructed by patriarchal state policy. In the 1970s, EU membership removed many legislative restrictions on the labour-force participation of married women. However, a patriarchal family based taxation policy and the absence of state supported child care still perpetuate private patriarchy in Ireland.
Doctors Diagnose Their Destination: An Analysis of the Length of Employment Abroad for Hong Kong Doctors
Authors: Findlay A M , Li F L N , Jowett A J , Brown M , Skeldon R
Published: October 2006

Much contemporary skilled international migration involves the transient movement of skills between a migrant's country of origin and the destination. This paper shows that international circulation amongst Hong Kong doctors is neither new nor random. A survey of Hong Kong doctors with overseas work experience was undertaken by the authors to examine the factors influencing the length of employment overseas and the propensity to return. Statistical analysis of the results indicates that holding a foreign passport, previous overseas training, and the country of destination were key factors in detennining the length of residence abroad and propensity to return to Hong Kong. In the light of the changing importance for Hong Kong professionals of obtaining residency rights abroad, and given the widely varying immigration policies of the main destination countries in relation to issues such as recognition of Hong Kong qualifications, it is suggested that professional groups such as doctors choose their migration destinations in line with a predetermined migration strategy for either temporary emigration or for longer-term resettlement overseas. The survey results are of wider significance in the understanding of changing patterns of skill exchange involving the upper echelons of the populations of newly industrialising countries.
Benefits of Improved Water Quality: A Discrete Choice Analysis of Freshwater Recreational Demands
Authors: Tay R S , McCarthy P S
Published: October 2006

Discrete choice methodologies are increasingly being used to estimate multiple-sites recreational demands and evaluate the welfare effects of alternative environmental policies aimed at water quality improvements. In this study the authors use 1985 data on Indiana anglers to estimate a multinomial logit model of destination choice and compute the benefits of alternative water quality improvements. In general, the results indicate that anglers are reasonably sensitive to changes in water quality. The per-trip welfare gains from a 1% reduction in various pollutants range from 4.9 to 25.3 cents and a similar reduction in all pollutants increases per-trip welfare by 64.5 cents.
The Social Regulation of Uneven Development: ‘Regulatory Deficit’, England's South East, and the Collapse of Thatcherism
Authors: Peck J , Tickell A
Published: October 2006

The evolving methodology of regulation theory is explored, with particular reference to the problematic of uneven development. With a concentration on the subnational scale, the notion of localised modes of regulation is critically examined. With a view to operationalising some of these regulationist concepts, an analysis of the geographical contradictions of Thatcherism is presented. Thatcherism, it is suggested, should be interpreted as a failed or failing regulatory experiment, the contradictions of which are manifest in a variety of ways, including in the geographical sphere—in the collapse of the economy of the South East of England (Thatcherism's ‘heartland’ region) and in Britain's continuing crisis of uneven development. There is scope, it is argued, further to spatialise regulation theory through methodological refinement, and through analyses of regional restructuring and crisis.
Flexible Theory and Flexible Regulation: Collaboration and Competition in the McLaren Vale Wine Industry in South Australia
Authors: Haughton G , Browett J
Published: October 2006

A case study of the McLaren Vale wine industry is used to challenge four areas of the regulation debate. First, the uniqueness of some of the key features underpinning the periodisations of accumulation regimes and their associated modes of social regulation is questioned. Second, concern is raised over the extent to which ‘new industrial districts’ can really be described as engaging in ‘new’ practices. Third, the importance of local regulatory mechanisms is emphasised. Last, the importance of nonstate, nonlegislative forms of regulation are highlighted.
Local Resource Mobilisation and Internationalisation Strategies in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises
Authors: Vatne E
Published: October 2006

Research on Fordism, industrial districts and flexible specialisation all emphasise a new role for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and an increasing globalisation of the marketplace. Special focus has been directed towards the increasing externalisation of tasks and a corresponding increase in cooperative arrangements or networking. This paper reports from a Scandinavian empirical study of the internationalisation of SMEs, their use of external resources, and in what sense local resources are mobilised in the process of internationalisation. Relevant literature is surveyed and a conceptual model on internationalisation is developed. In this model local business environment, the internal resources of the firm, the quality of the manager, and the ability of the firm to make use of external resources explain the export behaviour of the firm. Four different regions were included in a quasi-experimental design, each including their population of SMEs in the mechanical and wood product sector. The empirical part of the paper is mostly descriptive and includes analyses of the structural differences between the SME populations in the four regions and a report on their involvement in subcontracting, interfirm relations, and their use of producer services. Next the export behaviour is analysed and a simple analysis of the model ends the paper.
Generalizing New Industrial Districts: A Theoretical Agenda and an Application from a Non-Western Economy
Authors: Park S O , Markusen A
Published: October 2006

New industrial districts occur in a number of forms, some of which are not subsumable under the flexibly specialized, locally embedded, and endogenously driven model based on the Italian case. In this paper, we critique the industrial districts literature, focusing on the role of the state, interdistrict mobility of labor, nonlocal externalities, and non-place embeddedness in district formation and character. We introduce the notion of the satellite industrial district, comprised of branch operations of nonlocally based corporations, as an example of a rapidly growing industrial district distinct from Marshallian and Italianate forms, and argue with evidence from South Korea that these types of districts may predominate, especially in developing countries.
Searching for the Elusive Aggregation Effect: Evidence from Statistical Simulations
Authors: Amrhein C G
Published: October 2006

The past few years have seen a resurging interest in the modifiable areal unit problem, or aggregation effects. The new evidence, however, both supports and conflicts with previous work. This paper represents the first stage in a series of numerical experiments designed to explore the nature and extent of scale and zonation effects. Results from a series of carefully controlled statistical simulations are reported. It is concluded that there definitely are aggregation effects separate from effects that can be attributed to changing the definition of the spatial process. These effects, however, vary with the statistic calculated. Means and variances are resistant to aggregation effects, whereas regression coefficients and correlation statistics exhibit dramatic effects. In summary, the world of spatial analysis as it relates to the modifiable areal unit problem is not entirely well-behaved, but neither is it completely random and ill-defined.
Spatial and Structural Change in Institutional Care for the Elderly in South East England, 1987–90
Authors: Ford R G , Smith G C
Published: October 2006

In Great Britain, the 1980s were marked by an increasing involvement of the independent sector in the provision of long-term institutional care resources for the elderly. In this paper, spatial and structural changes in the provision of all categories of residential and nursing beds in the South East region of England between 1987 and 1990 are investigated. The data were obtained from a variety of sources including directories of private institutional care facilities, the Department of Health, and the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys. Separate analyses of change were conducted for (a) the public and private residential care sectors, and (b) all categories of independent care (that is, residential and nursing) resources, at both regional and local scales. The results disclose that the 1987–90 period witnessed continued rapid growth of institutional care resources in the South East region, although public-sector involvement in the provision of residential care beds declined. An analysis of spatial shifts of independent residential and nursing beds at the county level of resolution does not reveal appreciable changes in their overall levels of geographical concentration in the region. However, the provision of independent care beds may be approaching saturation level in some coastal retirement communities, with part of the relatively rapid growth shifting locally to surrounding, mainly inland, areas that have recently experienced notable gains in their elderly population. Analysis of structural growth components indicates that disclosed changes in the spatial distribution of independent care beds are attributable to both the opening of new homes and the expansion of existing premises.
Formation of Biotechnology Firms in the Greater Seattle Region: An Empirical Investigation of Entrepreneurial, Financial, and Educational Perspectives
Authors: Haug P
Published: October 2006

The biotechnology sector is a revolutionary industrial sector and promises significant innovations in medicine, veterinary care, plant agriculture, food processing, and environmental industries. Within the United States, biotechnology firms have generally agglomerated in existing regional high-technology complexes. In this paper empirical evidence is presented on the formation, evolution, financial sources, and educational relationships of thirty-three commercial biotechnology firms in the Greater Seattle metropolitan region, a leading US biotechnology concentration. Data were collected through extensive personal interviews, and these biotechnology organizations are compared across the following organizational incubators of the founder(s): academic or other research institution, academic or other research institution and business, biotechnology firm spin-off, and nonbiotechnology firm spin-off. Findings show the significance of local universities, research institutions, and existing biotechnology organizations in developing and sustaining biotechnology investment and employment. Comparisons across the organizational origins of these firms indicate major differences in financial structure and in affiliations with educational institutions for resources and research collaborations. Results also highlight several issues concerning regional economic development and biotechnology enterprises.
Protection versus Retreat: The Economic Costs of Sea-Level Rise
Authors: Fankhauser S
Published: October 2006

The author analyses the relative role of protection (or damage mitigation) expenditures within the total costs associated with raised sea levels induced by climate change. A rule of thumb is derived to approximate the optimal level of protection. Economic efficiency requires that protection expenditures are designed such that the sum of protection costs plus remaining land-loss damage is minimised. The optimal protection level will depend on the relative importance of dryland loss compared with the costs of accelerated wetland loss plus protection expenditures. This framework is then used to estimate the damage-cost functions associated with a sea-level rise for the countries of the OECD.
Linkage of the 1981 and 1991 UK Censuses Using Surface Modelling Concepts
Authors: Bracken I , Martin D
Published: October 2006

The potential for socioeconomic analysis by a comparison of 1981 and 1991 UK Censuses of Population data is very considerable. Spatial analysts have begun to exploit the new opportunities provided by the broadly comparable two sets of Small Area Statistics with the advantages of computerised access. However, the integration of 1981 and 1991 data is far from straightforward because of changes in census geography and definitions, in the administration of the census, and in the format and nature of the data. It is explained how, by a further refinement of population surface modelling concepts, these two data sets can be transformed into a single, consistent geographical database independent of the two original and inconsistent zonal structures. At the same time, the technique allows the effective management of the difficulties associated with ‘restricted’ and ‘special’ census zones. There is no sense in which such techniques can add to the accuracy (real or apparent) of the census data, but they are literally a re-presentation of the same data in a different form. The resulting models permit intercensal analysis with considerable spatial flexibility and a number of computational advantages. Illustration is made of the types of analysis that can be supported, and attention is drawn to the availability of the remodelled data to the academic community.
Bayesian Techniques in Spatial and Network Econometrics: 1. Model Comparison and Posterior Odds
Authors: Hepple L W
Published: October 2006

In this paper the problems of specification and nonnested model comparison in spatial and network econometrics are examined, and the Bayesian posterior probabilities approach is developed. The theory is developed for the comparison of alternative spatial weights matrices in both the systematic and the disturbance components of models, and also for the comparison of alternative spatial disturbance processes. Several empirical illustrations are provided, and extensions of the Bayesian approach are discussed.
Constructing an Urban Deprivation Index: A Way of Meeting the Need for Flexibility
Authors: Bradford M G , Robson B T , Tye R
Published: October 2006

Key issues in constructing an urban deprivation index are discussed, with special reference to the need for flexibility. Governments use such an index for many purposes and for policies targeted at different spatial scales. The technical decisions and the criteria for the selection of indicators are discussed. A single index is rejected in favour of a matrix of results which captures the complex geography of deprivation. The matrix of districts includes measures of the degree of deprivation, its spatial extent, its intensity, and the spatial distribution of deprivation at the enumeration district scale. The profiles of various districts are discussed to illustrate the use of the matrix.
A Comparison of Alternative Measures of Unemployment
Authors: Green A E
Published: October 2006

Local unemployment rates are frequently used as economic and social indicators at the subregional scale. However, in the early 1990s there has been increasing debate amongst social scientists, economists, and planners about the scope, coverage, and usefulness of unemployment counts and rates. This paper is concerned with comparing and contrasting information available on unemployment from three main data sources—the Employment Department claimant count, the Census of Population, and the Labour Force Survey, lie main substantive focus is on a comparison of the census and claimant-based counts for different subgroups of the population (disaggregated by age and gender) at a range of spatial scales. Analyses reveal that in some cases there are substantial variations in unemployment counts and rates derived from different data sources. It is concluded that the most appropriate way forward would appear to involve the use of alternative parallel measures of unemployment, specifically tailored to the purpose in hand. This necessitates a greater understanding on the part of users of the strengths and weak-nesses of alternative sources, in order that the most appropriate measure is selected.
The Socioeconomic Geography of Ethnic Groups in Two Northern British Cities
Authors: Rees P , Phillips D , Medway D
Published: October 2006

For the first time the 1991 British Census has not only provided data on ethnicity but has also cross-classified ethnic status by a variety of socioeconomic indicators. This paper is an exploration of the patterns revealed by these new data. After an introduction to the subject of the paper in section 1, section 2 is a discussion of the issue of ethnic group identification and measurement. In section 3 the spatial distribution of six ethnic groups is outlined: Whites, Blacks, Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, and Other-ethnicities in two northern British cities—Leeds and Bradford. Nonwhite groups all show a familiar inner-city concentration, but with some interesting locational differences. The degree of change over the period 1981–91 is examined by using synthetic estimates of ethnic group for 1981 based on country of birth converted into ethnic group via conditional probabilities of ethnicity given country of birth. The degree of spatial change and dispersion is evaluated. Sections 4 and 5 are examinations of the characteristics of each ethnic group according to thirty indicators grouped into six domains: demographic, household, employment, education, social class, and housing/consumption. The rationale for indicator extraction and use is described and the degree of reliance which can be placed in the statistics is assessed in section 4. The differences in profile between ethnic groups are established at city level and then the pattern of variation across wards in each city is described in section 5. A fascinating picture unfolds of disadvantage and advantage across the ethnic groups which establishes their sociogeographic position in the two northern city societies.
Using Census Data: Religion as a Key Variable in Studies of Northern Ireland
Authors: Macourt M P A
Published: October 2006

For the first time since a question on religion was first included in the Census of Population (in 1861), the recently published results of the 1991 Census show that less than half of the population of Northern Ireland declared themselves as belonging to a Protestant Christian denomination. Discussions surrounding the future political and constitutional arrangements for Northern Ireland frequently include evidence adduced about the relative size of the two ‘tribes’ widely identified by the labels ‘Protestant’ and ‘Catholic’. The major source of that evidence comes from the question on religion contained in the Northern Ireland Census, and this paper is concerned with the nature and use of that data. The legitimacy of certain uses of the data is questioned; the reliability of the data is considered; and certain tentative findings are presented based on the data published in the (hard copy) reports. Ways are indicated by which the data may be of use in analysing structural inequality in Northern Ireland society.
Bayesian Techniques in Spatial and Network Econometrics: 2. Computational Methods and Algorithms
Authors: Hepple L W
Published: October 2006

Bayesian theory has been seen as having considerable potential and attractiveness for model estimation and analysis in spatial and network econometrics. However, analytical and computational problems have also been seen as a great barrier. In this paper the analytical simplifications available are developed and the algorithms required are examined. The author argues that, for a broad class of models in spatial econometrics, Bayesian analysis is quite practicable and can be implemented without great cost. The spatial specifications are mapped into the various forms of Bayesian computation available and detailed examples are provided. Recent developments on the frontier of Bayesian computation have potential to expand further the practical applicability of the Bayesian approach to spatial econometrics.
Regional Environmental Policy and the Distribution of Economic Impacts among Rural Households
Authors: Wernstedt K
Published: October 2006

In this paper a regional input-output model is used to evaluate the distribution of short-run and long-run economic impacts of regional level environmental policy decisions among urban and rural household income classes. Both demand and price changes are analyzed. Demand changes are modeled as increases in final demand, and price changes are analyzed as exogenous shocks. In the short run, regional prices do not respond to the exogenous price shocks but, in the long run, the regional prices can vary following input substitution in a Cobb-Douglas production function. An income allocation matrix distributes to income classes the wage and nonwage income changes generated by the input-output formulations. A case study is presented that involves efforts to enhance fish populations in the Columbia River Basin in the US Pacific Northwest. The policy analysis shows that the type of initial policy impact (change in final demand or in prices) as well as the time frame considered (short or long run) can influence the final distribution of economic impacts among urban and rural income classes. The approach outlined here thus allows decisionmakers to explore several aspects of the income effects of a project across disaggregated segments of an affected population.
Internationalisation by Business Services: A Methodological Critique of Foreign-Market Entry-Mode Choice
Authors: O'Farrell P N , Moffat L , Wood P A
Published: October 2006

In this paper the work of geographers, economists, and management scientists in studying interregional and international expansion by service companies is reviewed. A critique is presented of some of the fundamental methodological problems inherent in analysing foreign-market entry-mode choice. These are particularly apparent when studying the process of business service-sector internationalisation. Issues discussed include inconsistencies in the definition of which entry decision to analyse; the level of aggregation to adopt when modelling mode choice; mode choice and cooperative organisational networks; different approaches to measuring cultural distance and country risk; and the methodologies used to develop scales to represent the constructs relevant to internationalisation.
Modelling Migration Flows of Immigrant Groups in Canada
Authors: Moore E G , Rosenberg M W
Published: October 2006

The role of immigration in national development has returned to the forefront of domestic policy debates in many developed countries. Two common aspects of the domestic policy debate are focused on the consequences of the concentration of immigrant groups within a small number of the largest cities within any national system of cities and the movement of immigrants from smaller urban places and nonurban places to the largest cities over time. Two challenges emerge. The first is to identify the impact of postarrival migration. The second is to understand the processes underlying this redistribution, particularly if public interventions are planned which seek to influence these internal distributions.

In this paper, the authors briefly review the findings of an earlier study on the patterns of both regional and metropolitan redistribution of immigrant groups in Canada. Against this back-drop, a hierarchical model of migration for immigrant groups for the period 1981–86 is developed and estimated. The internal redistribution of immigrants through postarrival migration has continued to be focused on metropolitan areas in general and on Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal in particular. The distribution of previous immigrants plays a significant role over and above that of economic circumstances both in retaining immigrants in a particular city and in attracting members of immigrant groups from other cities.
Directional Variation in Distance Decay
Authors: Fotheringham A S , Pitts T C
Published: October 2006

Given that geographers excel at measuring and explaining spatial variations in attributes, it is surprising that they are not more aware that relationships may vary over space. It is still normal practice, for example, to estimate a set of parameters in a model and to assume that the relationships represented by these values apply equally to all locations and in all directions. Recently, however, there have been several applications of Casetti's expansion method that have been focused on measuring anisotropic trends around locations. Here this technique is used to examine possible anisotropy in distance-decay relationships around origins. That is, the authors attempt to answer the question: does the rate of distance decay vary with direction? The conclusions reached in previous research on this topic are only partially supported here. Via US migration data, it is suggested that although there is evidence of directional variation in distance decay around some origins, and this evidence leads to some interesting insights into the mental representation of space by US migrants, it is impossible to identify any overall trend across origins in directional variability.
Morphology from Imagery: Detecting and Measuring the Density of Urban Land Use
Authors: Mesev T V , Longley P A , Batty M , Xie Y
Published: October 2006

Defining urban morphology in terms of the shape and density of urban land use has hitherto depended upon the informed yet subjective recognition of patterns consistent with spatial theory. In this paper we exploit the potential of urban image analysis from remotely sensed data to detect, then measure, various elements of urban form and its land use, thus providing a basis for consistent definition and thence comparison. First, we introduce methods for classifying urban areas and individual land uses from remotely sensed images by using conventional maximum likelihood discriminators which utilize the spectral densities associated with different elements of the image. As a benchmark to our classifications, we use smoothed UK Population Census data. From the analysis we then extract various definitions of the urban area and its distinct land uses which we represent in terms of binary surfaces arrayed on fine grids with resolutions of approximately 20 m and 30 m. These images form surfaces which reveal both the shape of land use and its density in terms of the amount of urban space filled, and these provide the data for subsequent density analysis. This analysis is based upon fractal theory in which densities of occupancy at different distances from fixed points are modeled by means of power functions. We illustrate this for land use in Bristol, England, extracted from Landsat TM-5 and SPOT HRV images and dimensioned from population census data for 1981 and 1991. We provide for the first time, not only fractal measurements of the density of different land uses but measures of the temporal change in these densities.
The Urban Network and Economic Reform in Vietnam
Authors: Forbes D
Published: October 2006

Since the mid-1970s, Vietnam experienced a period of transition to socialism, before bringing in economic reforms which led to the gradual dismantling of the subsidised system of planning and the opening up of the country to the global capitalist economy. Economic reform and renovation has important implications for the urban areas of Vietnam. The emergence of markets and the abandonment of many restrictions on travel resulted in a freeing up of the urbanisation process during the 1980s and early 1990s. These processes are considered, and the implications for Vietnam's largest urban area, Ho Chi Minh City, are examined. The likely impact of Vietnam's long-term socioeconomic strategy on the urban network in the remainder of the decade is considered.
Testing for Clustering of Health Events within a Geographical Information System Framework
Authors: Kingham S P , Gatrell A C , Rowlingson B
Published: October 2006

An approach to analysing data for spatial clustering is outlined, with special reference to environmental epidemiology. The method is based on recent developments in spatial point-process modelling; specifically, on the use of so-called ‘second-order’ analysis of bivariate point patterns. This continuous-space approach offers some advantages over analytical methods that aggregate health events to areal units. The method is implemented within the framework of a proprietary geographical information system, ARC/INFO, and is illustrated with reference to health data from a questionnaire survey of children in Preston (Lancashire). The nature of the data gained from the questionnaire means that variables which may affect the health of the children studied can be accounted for within the analysis.
The Potential Impacts of an Electric Vehicle Manufacturing Complex on the Los Angeles Economy
Authors: Wolff G , Rigby D , Gauthier D , Cenzatti M
Published: October 2006

In this paper the potential for electric vehicle production and the likely economic impacts of developing an electric vehicle industry in Los Angeles are examined. An historical overview of the automobile industry in Los Angeles suggests that a fully fledged automobile complex was never really developed. Rather, automotive firms have focused on the production of components for a variety of aftermarket and specialized uses. The small size of most auto firms and their custom orientation bodes well for the nascent electric vehicle industry. The region's industrial base, with the diverse range of products and labor skills offered, is well equipped to meet the needs of electric vehicle producers. After specifying a generic electric vehicle technology, input-output analysis is used to examine the employment effects of shifting production from conventional automobile technology to electric vehicles.
Electric Vehicle Manufacturing in Southern California: Local versus Regional Environmental Hazards
Authors: Roqué J A
Published: October 2006

In the United States, industrial pollution and hazards are analyzed only after specific plans for new facilities are proposed. The environmental impacts of new projects are rarely evaluated and compared with existing facilities. In this paper I argue that industrial development and environmental decisions must be closely linked. A framework for characterizing and assessing the environmental impacts of various stages in the life cycle of consumer products is proposed. I use this framework to examine the environmental costs of electric vehicle production in Southern California. Special attention is given to spatial variations of hazards within individual regions and the need to incorporate clean technologies in the design of manufacturing processes.
Industrial Policy in Southern California: The Production of Markets, Technologies, and Institutional Support for Electric Vehicles
Authors: Slifko J , Rigby D L
Published: October 2006

The Southern California economy is at a crossroads. The end of the Cold War has meant significant reductions in defense investment and the downsizing of the region's aerospace-electronics industrial complex. Although the region is technology rich, it lacks the institutional support and corporate know-how necessary to develop new markets, new industrial relations, and new production systems. To remedy these failings, a rare mix of institution building and policy initiatives is tending to cohere around advanced-ground-transportation technologies and in particular the development of an electric vehicle industry. In this paper we examine federal, state, and local policy efforts to develop an electric vehicle industrial complex in Southern California.
Rural Poverty and the Welfare State: A Discursive Transformation in Britain and the USA
Authors: Cloke P
Published: October 2006

In this paper some of the issues raised in researching the ‘problematic’ of rural life-styles are discussed. It is argued that traditional normative approaches to the study of deprivation and poverty need to be supplemented by an understanding of varying social and cultural constructions of reality, community, living standards, and welfare. The importance of such social and cultural constructs is illustrated in a discussion of the discursive transformation of previous codes, symbols, and concepts of welfare and poverty during the Thatcher and Reagan eras in Britain and the USA, respectively. In a series of contested transformations, the relationship between individual, society, and state in the provision and receipt of welfare has been redefined. Moreover, it is suggested that there are important spatial differences between the urban and the rural within this discursive context, with the urban construction of ‘underclass’ contrasting with rural constructions of ‘idyll’, the latter suggesting codes and symbols of self-help which negate the need for state intervention in welfare.
Urban Regeneration and Transport Investment: A Research Agenda
Authors: Lawless P , Dabinett G
Published: October 2006

Transport infrastructure has played only a limited role in the evolution of urban policy in the United Kingdom. The scale of investment in a range of infrastructural projects in Sheffield allows for a detailed examination of the interrelationships between regeneration and transport expenditure. This research programme is, in particular, intended to identify within one urban conurbation the effects of infrastructure on planning and property, business operation and location, local labour markets, and image. A number of methodological issues raised by the research programme are discussed.
Projecting the Evolution of the North American Urban System and Laying the Foundations of a Topodynamic Theory of Spatial Polarization
Authors: Tellier L-N
Published: October 2006

In this paper some results are presented of a topodynamic analysis of the evolution of the North American urban system. Topodynamic projections are studied in order to characterize the most basic trends of the system. From pure description and forecasting, some foundations are proposed for a topodynamic theory of space polarization which could cast some light on the dynamics of polarization throughout history.
A Fractal Analysis of the Public Transportation System of Paris
Authors: Benguigui L
Published: October 2006

An analysis of the railway networks of the public transportation system of Paris, based on the notion of fractals, is presented. The two basic networks, (metropolitan and suburban) which have different functions, have also a different fractal dimension: 1.8 for the metropolitan network, and 1.5 for the suburban network. By means of computer simulation, it is concluded that the true dimension of the metro network is probably 2.0. A fractal model of the suburban network, with the same features and the same fractal dimension, is proposed. This supports the conclusion that this network is fractal.
Regional Policy and Minority Attitudes in Israel
Authors: Yiftachel O , Yone H Law
Published: October 2006

In this paper a relatively underresearched aspect of Israel's planning policies in the Galilee region is examined: The attitudes of the local Arab population towards these policies. Israel's policies are initially reviewed, with particular attention to their spatial, economic, and procedural elements. Then a report is given on an attitudinal survey conducted in 1990 among 137 Arab councillors in the Upper Galilee region.

Examination of Arab attitudes towards each of the three policy elements mentioned above, shows that these attitudes are clearly influenced by the changing milieu in which the Arabs live, where Israel's policies and their spatial consequences play a key role. Further statistical analysis shows that Arab attitudes are most significantly associated with the following consequences of Israel's policies in the region: The extent of land loss, proximity to new Jewish settlements, and exposure to a high level of combined control measures exercised by Israeli authorities.

Overall, the survey shows that Arab attitudes in the Galilee are characterised by parallel strands of frustration (due mainly to a sense of deprivation), dissatisfaction, and determination, although a measure of pragmatism is also evident. The emotional and factual bases of Arab attitudes point to a likelihood of increasing levels of conflict between Galilee Arabs and Israeli authorities, if future policies fail to address interethnic gaps in the region.
Economic Instruments and Waste Minimization: The Need for Discard-Relevant and Purchase-Relevant Instruments
Authors: Fenton R , Hanley N
Published: October 2006

In this paper we provide a conceptual framework for categorizing economic instruments relevant to waste minimization. Instruments are categorized as purchase-relevant, discard-relevant, or jointly-relevant. It is argued that a mix of instruments from the above categories will increase the ability of a waste-minimization programme to achieve high waste-reduction targets without imposing excessive cost on the economy. The exact mix will depend on the elements included in the strategy and the focal points for behavioural change. It is likely that the effective participation of householders could be increased by discard-relevant or jointly-relevant instruments such as residential waste-collection fees or potentially refundable product levies. We anticipate that brand owners will call for the implementation of such instruments to help in meeting their packaging-recovery responsibilities.
Welfare Pluralism or Shadow State? The Provision of Social Housing in the 1990s
Authors: Warrington M J
Published: October 2006

Within a context of the restructuring of the welfare state, housing associations have become the main providers of social housing. Welfare pluralists, as well as the government, would see this as a positive change, since housing associations are perceived as voluntary, independent, and small scale, responding to a diversity of local needs. Using data obtained during interviews in four case-study areas, I argue, however, that the rhetoric is not underpinned by the reality. The very process of change has, in fact, led to increasing control by central, and to some extent local, governments, so that a more appropriate conceptualisation is that of housing associations as a ‘shadow state’. The results of this are changes in the type of housing being built, in the sort of tenants being housed, and in the compromises over the aims and ethos of housing associations themselves.
Explaining Geographical Variations in the Contracting out of NHS Hospital Ancillary Services: A Contextual Approach
Authors: Goodwin N , Pinch S
Published: October 2006

A survey of the contracting out of hospital ancillary services within health districts in the National Health Service, in England and Wales over the period 1985 to 1991, reveals a number of patterns including a north–south divide and a rural–urban split. However, apparently similar districts reveal widely differing experiences of contracting out. Detailed case studies of contracting out in two such districts are used to demonstrate the value of a contextually sensitive approach in understanding this diversity of outcomes. Within each district there is a complex evolution of policy involving interactions between numerous actors and their distinctive local contexts that serve to form differing organisational cultures.
‘Hollowing out’ the Local State: Compulsory Competitive Tendering and the Restructuring of British Public Sector Services
Authors: Patterson A , Pinch P L
Published: October 2006

The process of compulsory competitive tendering (CCT) for the provision of local-government services has forced significant changes to the way in which such services have been provided, whether such services have been contracted out or remain in-house, and has spawned a considerable literature on the impact of these changes on the quality, reach, and cost of public services. The primary focus of this literature has been on service users (or ‘consumers’) and the local taxpayer. In this paper, however, we attempt an analysis of these changes in terms of their impact on the nature of work within public sector services. Empirical evidence of geographical and sectoral variations in the degree of success of the private sector in winning contracts is considered, and explanations for these variations are offered. In particular, the discussion focuses on variations in the form of work in different sectors and the treatment of workers in different places and in different types of services, through a study of the labour processes involved and a consideration of the diverse potential for different fractions of capital to benefit from the introduction of CCT. Last, the concept of ‘hollowing out’ is reworked in order to further assist the theorisation of employment and other contemporary changes in the local state.
Sociospatial Transformations in the ‘Postsocialist’ Periphery: The Case of Maputo, Mozambique
Authors: Sidaway J D , Power M
Published: October 2006

As Mozambique was one of a number of Third World states that embraced Marxism-Leninism during the 1970s, the establishment and subsequent collapse of a socialist development project since independence in 1975 has had profound social, political, and economic consequences. Against these contexts, and through a chronological account which begins with the impacts of Portuguese colonialism and Mozambican nationalist responses, we analyse the contradictory impact of political and economic changes accompanying colonialism, independence, attempted socialist transformation, and the end of socialism in Mozambique as they are mediated through the built environment of the Mozambican capital city of Maputo. The combined political, social, and cultural facets within these transformations and continuities are evident throughout the account and we specify some of the ways in which these are intertwined with the political economy of urbanization. In the conclusion we reconsider what the changing trajectory of Maputo represents in global and comparative terms. We do so with reference to debates about the changing forms of international capitalist regulation and the reconfiguration of dependency.
Artificial Planning Experience by Means of a Heuristic Cell-Space Model: Simulating International Migration in the Urban Process
Authors: Portugali J , Benenson I
Published: October 2006

We suggest considering the city as a complex, open, and thus self-organized system, and describing it by means of a cell-space model. A central property of self-organizing systems is that they are not controllable—not by individuals, nor by economic, political, and planning institutions. The city, in this respect, is complex and untamable. Inability to recognize and accept this property is one of the reasons for the difficulties and problems of modernist town planning. The theory and model we present are built to describe the urban process as a historical one in which, given identical initial conditions, each simulation run is unique and never fully repeats itself. From the point of view of urban policy and planning, our heuristic model can guide decisionmakers by answering the following question: ‘given the initial conditions of an inflow of new immigrants (that is, from the ex-USSR), what possible urban scenarios can result, and what are their global structural properties?’.
Comparison of Ward Population Estimates from FHSA Patient Registers with the 1991 Census
Authors: Haynes R M , Lovett A A , Bentham G , Brainard J S , Gale S H
Published: October 2006

Postcode addresses from National Health Service patient registers for Norfolk and Suffolk current on census day 1991 were assigned to census wards, and estimates of populations in wards were produced for the total population and for twelve age—sex groups. These were compared with adjusted counts of usual residents from the 1991 Census. Regression analysis was used to identify the characteristics of wards with consistent differences between register estimates and census counts. Patient register estimates were less than census counts for children aged 0–4 years. Patient register estimates exceeded census counts for residents aged 15–44 years (especially males) and over 74 years. Wards with high rates of in-migration and high proportions of residents employed in the armed forces tended to have lower register estimates than census counts. Areas of high population density had higher register estimates than census counts. Taking these effects into account, about half the patient register estimates of total population were within 5% of the equivalent census figure, and 95% of wards had estimates within 20%. The main differences between patient register population estimates and census counts can be explained by delays in the updating of records in family health service authority (FHSA) registers and by undercounting in the 1991 Census. In Norfolk and Suffolk, FHSA registers are an acceptable alternative to the census for population estimation purposes. This supports recent arguments for wider use of population registers and suggests that they may be particularly valuable as a source of intercensal information.