bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Significance of bronchiolocentric fibrosis in patients with histopathological usual interstitial pneumonia
Authors: Tanizawa Kiminobu , Ley Brett , Vittinghoff Eric , Elicker Brett M , Henry Travis S , Wolters Paul J , Brownell Robert , Liu Shuo , Collard Harold R , Jones Kirk D
Published: February 2019

Aims

To evaluate the clinical significance of bronchiolocentric fibrosis (BCF) in patients with a histopathological pattern of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP).

Methods and results

Two hundred and fifty‐two patients with pathological UIP pattern were identified. Two hundred and fifteen of these patients (215 of 252) had the multidisciplinary diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Prospectively defined clinical, radiological and pathological features (including BCF) were recorded, and peripheral blood MUC5B genotype and telomere length were measured. BCF was observed in 38% (96 of 252) of all patients and 33% (72 of 215) of IPF patients; its presence was associated with a non‐IPF diagnosis on multivariate analysis (odds ratio = 3.71, 95% confidence interval = 1.68–8.19). BCF was not significantly associated with environmental exposures, gastroesophageal reflux, cigarette smoking or radiological patterns. There was no significant association of BCF with MUC5B genotype or telomere length. BCF has no significant impact on survival time.

Conclusions

Most patients with BCF and a histopathological pattern of UIP have IPF. However, this combined fibrotic pattern is associated with a non‐IPF multidisciplinary diagnosis, with approximately one‐quarter of these patients being diagnosed as chronic hypersensitivity pneumonia or unclassifiable interstitial fibrosis. The presence of BCF in these patients is not significantly associated with presumed clinical risk factors for bronchiolocentric involvement, radiological findings, MUC5B genotype, telomere length or survival time.
Home‐ranges of tropical Red‐capped Larks are influenced by breeding rather than vegetation, rainfall or invertebrate availability
Authors: Mwangi Joseph , Klaassen Raymond H. G. , Muchai Muchane , Tieleman B. Irene
Published: February 2019

Home‐range studies have received considerable attention from ecologists but are greatly skewed towards the north temperate areas. Tropical areas offer an ideal setting to tease apart hypotheses about weather, food availability and social interactions as important factors influencing home‐range. In this study, we investigated home‐range and movement patterns of the tropical Red‐capped Lark Callandrella cineria, a year‐round breeding bird with a dynamic social structure. We tracked 56 individuals using radiotransmitters and colour‐ring readings over a 23‐month period. Our objective was to understand year‐round variation in home‐range size in the context of the highly aseasonal and unpredictable variation in weather and resources typical of many equatorial habitats, in addition to the birds’ changing social structure and year‐round breeding. The mean composite monthly home‐range of Red‐capped Larks was 58.0 ha, and the mean individual home‐range size was 19.9 ha, but this varied considerably between individuals. The total number of nests found per month (breeding intensity) best predicted home‐range size of non‐breeding birds, and of breeding and non‐breeding birds combined. We show for the first time that breeding intensity decreases the home‐range size of non‐breeding individuals. Our study also underlines the relevance of conducting more studies in aseasonal tropical areas in order to disentangle effects of weather, food availability and breeding that vary in parallel, peaking simultaneously in most seasonal areas.
Tailoring the multiferroic properties of BiFeO3 by co‐doping Er at Bi site with aliovalent Nb, Mn and Mo at Fe site
Authors: Divya Lakshmi S. , Shameem Banu I. B.
Published: February 2019

Single phase multiferroic undoped BiFeO3 notoriously suffers due to the poor spin–charge coupling resulting in limitations to device applications. The present work focuses on the tailoring of its multiferroic and magnetoelectric coupling properties by synthesizing multiferroic Bi0.95Er0.05Fe0.98TM0.02O3 (TM = Nb, Mn and Mo) ceramics. The ferroelectric, magnetic, current leakage measurements and magnetoelectric effect were investigated. XRD along with the Reitveld refinement results confirms that all the samples possess perovskite based rhombohedral structure and reveals that doping of (Er, Nb), (Er, Mn) and (Er, Mo) induced the crystallographic distortion in the BFO lattice and hence induced a variation in the bond lengths and bond angle. Dual doping significantly enhanced the electrical, magnetic properties and magnetoelectric coupling as compared to BiFeO3. Doping has lowered the leakage current by three to four orders compared to BFO. The lattice distortion, reduced leakage current and destruction of spin–cycloidal structure could be the origin for these improved features. The (Er, Nb) doped BiFeO3 yields enhanced ferroelectric character with the maximum polarization value of 0.46 µC/cm2, maximum ME coupling of 0.22 mV/cm at a magnetic field of 130 G, an improved magnetization with a remanance value of 0.0903 emu/g and the lowest leakage current density.
Sustainable Luxury Marketing: A Synthesis and Research Agenda
Authors: Athwal Navdeep , Wells Victoria K. , Carrigan Marylyn , Henninger Claudia E.
Published: February 2019

Sustainability has become a pervasive issue for the luxury sector, gaining traction with brand managers, scholars, policy‐makers, the media, and academia. The purpose of this paper is to examine the state of sustainable luxury research in marketing and consumer behaviour by critically reviewing and synthesizing the growing but fragmented body of scholarly work on sustainable‐luxury marketing. The paper critically assesses where, how and by whom research on sustainable luxury is being conducted, and it identifies gaps for future investigation. The paper reviews research published between 2007 and 2018 within major peer‐reviewed English‐language scholarly publications in business, marketing, ethics, fashion, food and tourism journals. The research is identified using the keywords sustainable luxury, green luxury, eco‐luxury and organic luxury. Three core themes emerge from this review: (1) consumer concerns and practices; (2) organizational concerns and practices; and (3) international and cross‐cultural issues. The review confirms that research on sustainable luxury is significantly underdeveloped. This paper provides the first critical and comprehensive assessment and categorization of the emergent literature streams on sustainable luxury. The authors argue for a broader, deeper and more critical research agenda on the relationship between sustainability and luxury. Potential avenues for future research on sustainable luxury are proposed, with calls for theoretical and cross‐cultural reflections that tackle broader systemic and institutional issues within the field.
Tainted portfolios: How impairment accounting rules restrict security sales
Authors: Cantrell Brett W. , Yust Christopher G.
Published: February 2019

Contrary to claims that fair value accounting exacerbated banks’ securities sales during the recent financial crisis, we present evidence that suggests – if anything – that the current impairment accounting rules served as a deterrent to selling. Specifically, because banks must provide evidence of their ‘intent and ability’ to hold securities with unrealized losses, there are strong incentives to reduce, rather than increase, security sales when market values decline to avoid ‘tainting’ their remaining securities portfolio. Validating this concern, we find that banks incur greater other‐than‐temporary impairment (OTTI) charges when they sell more securities. We then find that banks sell fewer securities when their security portfolios have larger unrealized losses (and thus larger potential impairment charges), and these results are concentrated in banks with homogenous securities portfolios, expert auditors, more experienced managers, and greater regulatory capital slack. Overall, our results suggest that – contrary to critics’ claims – the accounting rules appear to have reduced banks’ propensity to sell their securities during the financial crisis.
Glucose availability regulates ghrelin‐induced food intake in the ventral tegmental area
Authors: Lockie Sarah H. , Stark Romana , Spanswick David C. , Andrews Zane B.
Published: February 2019

Information about metabolic status arrives in the brain in the form of a complex milieu of circulating signalling factors, including glucose and fatty acids, ghrelin, leptin and insulin. The specific interactions between humoural factors, brain sites of action and how they influence behaviour are largely unknown. We have previously observed interactions between glucose availability and the actions of ghrelin mediated via the agouti‐related peptide neurones of the hypothalamus. In the present study, we examine whether these effects generalise to another ghrelin‐sensitive brain nucleus, the ventral tegmental area (VTA). We altered glucose availability by injecting mice with glucose or 2‐deoxyglucose i.p. to induce hyperglycaemia and glucopenia, respectively. Thirty minutes later, we injected ghrelin in the VTA. Glucose administration suppressed intra‐VTA ghrelin‐induced feeding. Leptin, a longer‐term signal of positive energy balance, did not affect intra‐VTA ghrelin‐induced feeding. 2‐Deoxyglucose and ghrelin both increased food intake in their own right and, together, they additively increased feeding. These results add support to the idea that calculation of metabolic need depends on multiple signals across multiple brain regions and identifies that VTA circuits are sensitive to the integration of signals reflecting internal homeostatic state and influencing food intake.
The Wage Penalty for Parental Caregiving: Has It Declined Over Time?
Authors: Glauber Rebecca
Published: February 2019

Objective

This study analyzed differences in the wage penalty for parental caregiving between early Baby Boomers and the previous generation.

Background

Research has explored the association between parental caregiving and women's labor market outcomes, but few studies have conducted cross‐cohort analyses.

Method

This study used nationally representative data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and compared two cohorts of individuals aged 50 to 64. One cohort was born between 1931 and 1941, and the other was born between 1948 and 1953. The 1994 to 2012 waves of the HRS were pooled, and multivariate fixed effects regression models were used to estimate the associations among birth cohort, parental caregiving, and women's and men's log hourly wages.

Results

Intense parental caregiving was associated with a 4.8% reduction in women's wages. Baby Boom women did not fare better than their predecessors. Moreover, despite a substantial increase in Baby Boom men's parental care, the association between caregiving and their labor market outcomes was negligible. Similar to their predecessors, married and unmarried Baby Boom men did not pay wage penalties for parental caregiving.

Conclusion

These results extend our understanding of the gendered life course and suggest that parental caregiving may contribute to older women's economic disadvantage.
How passionate individuals regulate their activity with other life domains: A goal‐systemic perspective
Authors: Bélanger Jocelyn J. , Schumpe Birga M. , Nisa Claudia F.
Published: February 2019

Objective

People that pursue a passionate activity obsessively (vs. harmoniously) tend to neglect (vs. integrate) other important life domains, yet research has been silent on the psychological mechanism explaining these differences in self‐regulation. The purpose of this research was to address this gap by testing the role of alternative goal suppression.

Method

Four studies tested whether harmonious passion is characterized by the pursuit ofmultifinality, the preference for means that gratify multiple goals simultaneously, whereas obsessive passion is characterized by the pursuit ofcounterfinality, the preference for means that serves a focal goal to the detriment of other pursuits. Underlying this relationship is the tendency to suppress goals conflicting with one’s passion.

Results

Study 1 found cross‐sectional support for these hypotheses. Study 2 replicated Study 1 and extended it by demonstrating that the relationship between obsessive passion and counterfinal means is mediated by alternative goal suppression. Study 3 replicated these findings using an experimental manipulation of passion. Study 4 found similar results by experimentally manipulating alternative goal suppression, the mediator, to demonstrate its causal influence on means evaluation.

Conclusions

Collectively, the present results demonstrate that passion plays a significant role in the type of means–ends relations preferred for goal pursuits.
Division‐site localization of RodZ is required for efficient Z ring formation in Escherichia coli
Authors: Yoshii Yusuke , Niki Hironori , Shiomi Daisuke
Published: February 2019

Bacteria such as Escherichia coli must coordinate cell elongation and cell division. Elongation is regulated by an elongasome complex containing MreB actin and the transmembrane protein RodZ, which regulates assembly of MreB, whereas division is regulated by a divisome complex containing FtsZ tubulin. These complexes were previously thought to function separately. However, MreB has been shown to directly interact with FtsZ to switch to cell division from cell elongation, indicating that these complexes collaborate to regulate both processes. Here, we investigated the role of RodZ in the regulation of cell division. RodZ localized to the division site in an FtsZ‐dependent manner. We also found that division‐site localization of MreB was dependent on RodZ. Formation of a Z ring was delayed by deletion of rodZ, suggesting that division‐site localization of RodZ facilitated the formation or stabilization of the Z ring during early cell division. Thus, RodZ functions to regulate MreB assembly during cell elongation and facilitates the formation of the Z ring during cell division in E. coli.
A new rheophytic species of Pavetta (Rubiaceae) from Assam, northeast India
Authors: Sarma Jatindra , Barbhuiya Hussain Ahmed , Dey Santanu
Published: February 2019

A new species, Pavetta puffii, is described and illustrated from Assam, northeast India. The taxonomic relationships of the new species with the hitherto known species of genus Pavetta are examined and discussed.
Agapetes yingjiangensis (Ericaceae), a new epiphytic species of A. ser. Longifiles from Yunnan, China
Authors: Tong Yi‐Hua , Wang Bing‐Mou , Xia Nian‐He
Published: February 2019

Agapetes yingjiangensis (Ericaceae), a new species from Yingjiang County, Yunnan Province, China is described and illustrated. This new species is somewhat similar to A. mannii Hemsl., but differs in having brown‐hirsute young branches, acute mucronate apex of the leaf blade and sparsely hirsute pedicel, calyx tube and corolla. A key to Chinese species with small (less than 2.5 cm) entire leaves in Agapetes sect. Agapetes ser. Longifiles is included.
Advances in the physiology of gastric emptying
Authors: Goyal Raj K. , Guo Yanmei , Mashimo Hiroshi
Published: February 2019

There have been many recent advances in the understanding of various aspects of the physiology of gastric motility and gastric emptying. Earlier studies had discovered the remarkable ability of the stomach to regulate the timing and rate of emptying of ingested food constituents and the underlying motor activity. Recent studies have shown that two parallel neural circuits, the gastric inhibitory vagal motor circuit (GIVMC) and the gastric excitatory vagal motor circuit (GEVMC), mediate gastric inhibition and excitation and therefore the rate of gastric emptying. The GIVMC includes preganglionic cholinergic neurons in the DMV and the postganglionic inhibitory neurons in the myenteric plexus that act by releasing nitric oxide, ATP, and peptide VIP. The GEVMC includes distinct gastric excitatory preganglionic cholinergic neurons in the DMV and postganglionic excitatory cholinergic neurons in the myenteric plexus. Smooth muscle is the final target of these circuits. The role of the intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal in neuromuscular transmission remains debatable. The two motor circuits are differentially regulated by different sets of neurons in the NTS and vagal afferents. In the digestive period, many hormones including cholecystokinin and GLP‐1 inhibit gastric emptying via the GIVMC, and in the inter‐digestive period, hormones ghrelin and motilin hasten gastric emptying by stimulating the GEVMC. The GIVMC and GEVMC are also connected to anorexigenic and orexigenic neural pathways, respectively. Identification of the control circuits of gastric emptying may provide better delineation of the pathophysiology of abnormal gastric emptying and its relationship to satiety signals and food intake.
Metformin prevents colonic barrier dysfunction by inhibiting mast cell activation in maternal separation‐induced IBS‐like rats
Authors: Li Yong , Yang Tingting , Yao Qing , Li Songsong , Fang En , Li Yankun , Liu Chao , Li Weimin
Published: February 2019

Background

Intestinal barrier dysfunction is a key etiologic factor of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Metformin improves intestinal barrier function, although the underlying mechanism has yet to be fully explained. This study evaluates the protective effect of metformin on colonic barrier integrity and explores the underlying cellular mechanisms.

Methods

IBS‐like rats were induced by maternal separation. Metformin was administered daily by gavage at 08:30, and rat pups were then separated from their mother. Visceral hyperalgesia and depression‐like behaviors were evaluated by colorectal distension, sucrose preference tests, and forced swimming tests. Intestinal integrity was analyzed using sugar probes and transmission electron microscopy. Inflammatory factors and the levels of corticotropin‐releasing factor were assessed by PCR and ELISA. The number of mast cells was evaluated by toluidine blue staining. Protein expression and localization were determined using Western blot and immunochemistry.

Key Results

Metformin pretreatment (a) reduced visceral hypersensitivity to colorectal distension, immobility time and enhanced sucrose consumption; (b) decreased urine lactulose/mannitol ratio and sucralose output; (c) inhibited the dilation of tight junction and prevented claudin‐4 translocation; (d) inhibited mast cell activation and downregulated the expression of IL‐6, IL‐18, tryptase, PAR‐2, and ERK activation; (e) inhibited claudin‐4 phosphorylation at serine sites and interactions between clau‐4 and ZO‐1.

Conclusions & Inferences

Metformin may block mast cell activation to reduce PAR‐2 expression and subsequently inhibit ERK activation and clau‐4 phosphorylation at serine sites to normalize the interaction of clau‐4 and ZO‐1 and clau‐4 distribution. Metformin may be clinically beneficial for patients with IBS or IBS‐like symptoms.
Convergent xylem widening among organs across diverse woody seedlings
Authors: Zhong Mengying , Castro‐Díez Pilar , Puyravaud Jean‐Philippe , Sterck Frank J. , Cornelissen Johannes H. C.
Published: February 2019

Xylem conduit diameter (Dmax) of woody angiosperm adults scales with plant size and widens from the stem apex downwards. We hypothesized that, notwithstanding relative growth rate (RGR), growth form or leaf habit, woody seedling conduit Dmax scales linearly with plant size across species; this scaling should be applicable to all vegetative organs, with consistent conduit widening from leaf via stem to main root and coupling with whole‐leaf area and whole‐stem xylem area.

To test these hypotheses, organ‐specific xylem anatomy traits and size‐related traits in laboratory‐grown seedlings were analyzed across 55 woody European species from cool‐temperate and Mediterranean climates.

As hypothesized, conduit Dmax of each organ showed similar scaling with plant size and consistent basipetal widening from the leaf midvein via the stem to the main root across species, independently of growth form, RGR and leaf habit. We also found a strong correlation between Dmax and average leaf area, and between stem xylem area and whole‐plant leaf area.

We conclude that seedlings of ecologically wide‐ranging woody species converge in their allometric scaling of conduit diameters within and across plant organs. These relationships will contribute to modeling of water transport in woody vegetation that accounts for the whole life history from the trees’ regeneration phase to adulthood.
Organellar carbon metabolism is coordinated with distinct developmental phases of secondary xylem
Authors: Pinard Desré , Fierro Ana Carolina , Marchal Kathleen , Myburg Alexander A. , Mizrachi Eshchar
Published: February 2019

Subcellular compartmentation of plant biosynthetic pathways in the mitochondria and plastids requires coordinated regulation of nuclear encoded genes, and the role of these genes has been largely ignored by wood researchers.

In this study, we constructed a targeted systems genetics coexpression network of xylogenesis in Eucalyptus using plastid and mitochondrial carbon metabolic genes and compared the resulting clusters to the aspen xylem developmental series.

The constructed network clusters reveal the organization of transcriptional modules regulating subcellular metabolic functions in plastids and mitochondria. Overlapping genes between the plastid and mitochondrial networks implicate the common transcriptional regulation of carbon metabolism during xylem secondary growth.

We show that the central processes of organellar carbon metabolism are distinctly coordinated across the developmental stages of wood formation and are specifically associated with primary growth and secondary cell wall deposition. We also demonstrate that, during xylogenesis, plastid‐targeted carbon metabolism is partially regulated by the central clock for carbon allocation towards primary and secondary xylem growth, and we discuss these networks in the context of previously established associations with wood‐related complex traits. This study provides a new resolution into the integration and transcriptional regulation of plastid‐ and mitochondrial‐localized carbon metabolism during xylogenesis.
Dental arch relationship outcomes for children with complete unilateral and complete bilateral cleft lip and palate in New Zealand
Authors: Fowler Peter V. , Keall Heather , Kennedy Dan , Healey David , Thompson John M. D.
Published: February 2019

Structured Abstract

Objectives

To evaluate dental arch relationships of patients with complete unilateral and complete bilateral cleft lip and palate (CUCLP/CBCLP) in New Zealand.

Setting and sample population

Retrospective nationwide observational outcomes study involving 100 CUCLP and 32 CBCLP non‐syndromic patients.

Material and methods

Four calibrated assessors, blinded to the origin of the randomized digital models, used the GOSLON (UCLP) and the Bauru‐BCLP (BCLP) Yardsticks and a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS) (UCLP&BCLP) to assess dental arch relationships. Weighted Kappa statistics were used to determine the intra‐ and inter‐rater reliability for the GOSLON/Bauru‐BCLP Yardsticks and correlations for the VAS.

Results

Intra‐rater reliability ranged from 0.57 to 0.88 (GOSLON), 0.62‐0.84 (Bauru‐BCLP) and 0.45‐0.93 (VAS). Inter‐rater reliability ranged from 0.62 to 0.86, (GOSLON), 0.48‐0.75 (Bauru‐BCLP) and 0.64‐0.93 (VAS). Of the 100 CUCLP models, 46% had poor/very poor, 28% fair and 26% had good/very good dental arch relationships. Of the 32 CBCLP models, 37.5% were poor/very poor, 40.6% fair and 21.9% had good/very good dental arch relationships. The mean CUCLP VAS score was 50.5 mm (SD 19.9 mm) whilst the mean CBCLP VAS score was 40.0 mm (SD 22.0 mm) and both showed a strong relationship with their respective Yardstick scorings.

Conclusion

The dental arch relationships of children in New Zealand with CUCLP are similar to those centres in the Eurocleft and Americleft studies which had less favourable outcomes. Those with CBCLP are inferior to those reported elsewhere. Continued monitoring will allow for tracking of improvement in outcomes.
Efficacy of Botulinum Toxin in Tension‐Type Headaches: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Freund Brin , Rao Aruna
Published: February 2019

Background

Botulinum toxin is approved to treat chronic migraine and has been shown to confer significant benefit in refractory cases. Due to its effect on pain by sensory modulation, there may also be efficacy in its use in chronic tension‐type headache (CTTH).

Methods

A systematic review of the literature was performed using our predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. We targeted prospective trials, randomized or nonrandomized, studying botulinum toxin in tension‐type headaches (TTHs) in adults.

Results

Twenty‐two studies were included, including 9 nonrandomized, uncontrolled studies, 8 randomized, placebo‐controlled and double‐blinded trials (RCTs), 3 RCTs with a crossover, open‐label period, 1 comparative, randomized, single‐blinded evaluation, and 1 retrospective study with prospective evaluation of headache response to cosmetic botulinum toxin. Studies included 11 to 300 subjects, with duration typically less than 6 months and with only 1 treatment period. Results were mixed, likely due to variable study design, including toxin dosing, injection paradigms, duration/frequency of treatment, and outcome measures. There was moderate‐quality evidence that botulinum toxin improved VAS scoring, and some studies demonstrated efficacy based on improved frequency/severity.

Conclusion

This systematic review demonstrates variable study designs contributing to the low quality of evidence available regarding botulinum toxin in TTH, but some data suggest efficacy. There does not appear to be irrefutable evidence of a lack of efficacy of botulinum toxin in TTH. Using the paradigm for botulinum toxin in chronic migraine may prove fruitful in treating CTTH. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the utility of botulinum toxin in this common debilitating condition.
Intestinal nematode infection exacerbates experimental visceral leishmaniasis
Authors: Classon Cajsa , Feng Xiaogang , Eidsmo Liv , Nylén Susanne
Published: February 2019

Leishmania donovani exposure often results in subclinical infection in immunocompetent individuals, and the factors dictating development of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are not known. Infection with intestinal worms skew immunity towards type 2 and regulatory responses, thereby theoretically increases susceptibility to intracellular infections controlled by type 1 responses. Here we have tested how chronic infection with the intestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus affected immunity to a secondary infection with L donovani. We found that mice infected with H polygyrus displayed higher Leishmania burden in liver and spleen compared to worm‐free animals. This increased infectious load was accompanied by reduced leucocyte infiltration and nos2 transcription in livers and increased il4 and il10 transcription in spleens. Collectively, these data show that chronic infection with intestinal nematodes skew immune responses in a way that may favour development of VL.
Ray blight of pyrethrum in Australia: a review of the current status and future opportunities
Authors: Bhuiyan M. A. H. B. , Vaghefi N. , Taylor P. W. J.
Published: February 2019

Ray blight caused by Stagonosporopsis tanaceti is one of the most important diseases of pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium), a perennial herbaceous plant cultivated for the extraction of insecticidal pyrethrins in Australia. The disease is responsible for complete yield loss in severe outbreaks. Infected seed is considered as the principal source of S. tanaceti. Infection hyphae remain only in the seed coat and not in the embryo, resulting in pre‐ and post‐emergence death of seedlings and latent infection. Therefore, quantification of the level of infection by S. tanaceti within seed using a qPCR assay is important for efficient management of the disease. Stagonosporopsis tanaceti completes its life cycle within 12 days after leaf infection through production of pycnidia and can infect every tissue of the pyrethrum plant except the vascular and root tissues. Ray blight epidemics occur in pyrethrum fields through splash dispersal of pycnidiospores between adjacent plants. Besides steam sterilization, thiabendazole/thiram and fludioxonil are effective seed‐treating chemicals in controlling S. tanaceti before planting begins. Ray blight is currently managed in the field through the foliar application of strobilurin fungicides in the first 1–2 years of crop establishment. Later on, difenoconazole and multisite specific fungicides in the next 2–3 years during early spring successfully reduce ray blight infestation. Avoiding development of resistance to fungicides will require more sustainable management of ray blight including the development and deployment of resistant cultivars.
Strains in Sustainability Debates: Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Western Science through the Lens of Extension Agents in a Pastoral Region
Authors: Easdale Marcos H. , Pérez León Natalia , Aguiar Martín R.
Published: February 2019

Those involved in sustainability debates on developmental pathways concur in the synergistic potential of integrating traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) and Western scientific approaches. Transhumant pastoralism is a livelihood strategy adapted to spatiotemporal environmental variability in many mountainous and arid regions worldwide. This form of livelihood is based on a mobile logic that is increasingly threatened by novel lifestyles promoted from a Western mind‐set and by climate change. The aim of this article is to identify and characterize the different perspectives of environmental and social issues in a pastoral region and their association with labor collaboration among extension agents, framed in an institutional action. We tackled the inquiry about viewpoints with Q methodology and related it to regional problems, alternative solutions, and future development pathways for transhumant pastoralism and landscape management in northwest Patagonia. We identified six perspectives and characterized them with their topological position in the social network. Mediating positions registered the highest network centrality of labor collaborations among agents, whereas more dominant perspectives emphasizing TEK or scientific knowledge registered intermediate centrality. There was consensus on the need for sustainable developmental options, but the emphasis on combining knowledge still needs convergent solutions.
Why Do Property‐Liability Insurers Destroy Liquidity? Evidence from South Africa
Authors: Alhassan Abdul Latif , Biekpe Nicholas
Published: February 2019

This paper examines liquidity creation behaviour in the property‐liability insurance market in South Africa. Using annual data on 76 insurers from 2007 to 2014, the paper employs the three‐stage approach to estimate liquidity creation. The results suggest that property‐liability insurers are characterised by liquidity destruction by transforming liquid assets in cash and investable securities into illiquid reserves liabilities. The findings also indicate that the R1.32 billion in liquid assets were transformed into illiquid reserves liabilities in 2014, an increase from the R700 million liquidity de‐created in 2007. The increases were mainly driven by large insurers which accounted for about 70% liquidity de‐created. The results of panel regression analysis provide evidence in support of the “risk‐absorption” hypothesis which argues that high levels of capital increases liquidity creation. In addition, size, leverage and reinsurance were also identified as the firm‐level factors that explain liquidity creation. The policy implications of the findings are discussed.
Similar relative decline in aerobic and anaerobic power with age in endurance and power master athletes of both sexes
Authors: Bagley Liam , McPhee Jamie S. , Ganse Bergita , Müller Klaus , Korhonen Marko T. , Rittweger Jörn , Degens Hans
Published: February 2019

Lower physical activity levels in old age are thought to contribute to the age‐related decline in peak aerobic and anaerobic power. Master athletes maintain high levels of physical activity with advancing age and endurance or power training may influence the extent to which these physical functions decline with advancing age. To investigate, 37‐90‐year‐old power (n = 20, 45% female) and endurance (n = 19, 58% female) master athletes were recruited. Maximal aerobic power was assessed when cycling two‐legged (VO2Peak2‐leg) and cycling one‐legged (VO2Peak1‐leg), while peak jumping (anaerobic) power was assessed by a countermovement jump. Men and women had a similar VO2Peak2‐leg (mL/kg/min, P = 0.138) and similar ratio of VO2Peak1‐leg to VO2Peak2‐leg (P = 0.959) and similar ratio of peak aerobic to anaerobic power (P = 0.261). The VO2Peak2‐leg (mL/kg/min) was 17% (P = 0.022) and the peak rate of fat oxidation (FATmax) during steady‐state cycling was 45% higher in endurance than power athletes (P = 0.001). The anaerobic power was 33% higher in power than endurance athletes (P = 0.022). The VO2Peak1‐leg:VO2Peak2‐leg ratio did not differ significantly between disciplines, but the aerobic to anaerobic power ratio was 40% higher in endurance than power athletes (P = 0.002). Anaerobic power, VO2Peak2‐leg, VO2Peak1‐leg, and power at FATmax decreased by around 7%‐14% per decade in male and female power and endurance athletes. The cross‐sectional data from 37‐90‐year‐old master athletes in the present study indicate that peak anaerobic and aerobic power decline by around 7%‐14% per decade and this does not differ between athletic disciplines or sexes.
Evaluating the use of digital image correlation for strain measurement in historic tapestries using representative deformation fields
Authors: Alsayednoor Jafar , Harrison Philip , Dobbie Maggie , Costantini Rosa , Lennard Frances
Published: February 2019

An analysis technique to assess the viability of digital image correlation (DIC) in tracking the full‐field strains across the surface of hanging historic tapestries is presented. Measurement uncertainty related to the use of the inherent tapestry image in tracking displacements is investigated through use of “synthetic” deformation fields. The latter are generated by mapping the details of a given tapestry image into finite element analyses. The combination of self‐weight loading, material non‐linearity, and image specific heterogeneity (related to slit stitching, damage, and patch‐restorations) serve to generate a bespoke deformation field complex enough to assess the reliability of DIC measurements. Accuracy is evaluated by comparing measured results with the original known deformations. The technique demonstrates that the optimum imaging settings and the choice of subset size for DIC analysis are strongly influenced by the tapestry image and the goal of the measurement, they are found using a compromise between conflicting objectives: minimising measurement error while maximising resolution.
High‐resolution characterization of 12 classical and non‐classical HLA loci in Southern Brazilians
Authors: Castro Mariana de Sousa , Issler Hellen C. , Gelmini Geórgia F. , de Miranda Bruna L. M. , Calonga‐Solís Verónica , Schmidt Alexander H. , Stein Anke , Bicalho Maria da Graça , Petzl‐Erler Maria Luiza , Augusto Danillo G.
Published: February 2019

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) are the most polymorphic genes in the human genome. Because of their importance for antigen recognition, HLA molecules play a central role in host defense and graft rejection upon transplantation. The aim of this study was to characterize allelic diversity of the classical HLA genes HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐DRA, ‐DRB1, ‐DQA1, ‐DQB1, ‐DPA1, ‐DPB1, and the non‐classical class I genes HLA‐E, ‐F and ‐G at high‐resolution for a population of predominantly European ancestry from Curitiba, Brazil. Genotyping of 108 individuals was performed by next‐generation sequencing on the MiSeq platform and also by Sanger sequencing. The genotype distributions of all loci were in accordance with Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium (P > 0.05) and a total of 202 HLA variants at second field resolution were observed for the 12 loci. The strongest linkage disequilibrium (r2 = 1.0, P < 10−5) was observed for the following pairs of alleles: HLA‐B*42:01:01 ~ HLA‐DRB1*03:02:01; HLA‐B*14:02:01 ~ HLA‐C*08:02:01; B*42:01:01 ~ HLA‐C*17:01:01; HLA‐DRB1*03:01:01 ~ HLA‐DQB1*02:01:01 ~ DRB1*03:01:01 ~ HLA‐DQB1*02:01:01; DRB1*13:01:01~ HLA‐DQB1*06:03:01 and HLA‐DRB1*09:01:02 ~ HLA‐DQA1*03:02. This is the first study to characterize all 12 HLA genes at high resolution in a single population. On the basis of the allelic frequencies of worldwide populations and principal component analysis, we confirmed the similarity of the study population to European and other Euro‐descendant populations.
Caregivers and community perceptions of blood transfusion for children with severe anaemia in Uganda
Authors: Dhabangi A. , Idro R. , John C. C. , Dzik W. H. , Opoka R. , Siu G. E. , Ayebare F. , van Hensbroek M. B.
Published: February 2019

Objective

To describe local perceptions of blood transfusion for children with severe anaemia in Uganda.

Background

Blood transfusion is a common emergency treatment for children with severe anaemia and saves millions of lives of African children. However, the perceptions of transfusion recipients have not been well studied. A better understanding of the perceived risk may improve transfusion care.

Methods

A qualitative study based on 16 in‐depth interviews of caregivers of transfused children, and six focus group discussions with community members was conducted in three regions of Uganda between October and November 2017.

Results

Caregivers of children and community members held blood transfusion in high regard and valued it as life‐saving. However, there were widespread perceived transfusion risks, including: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission, too rapid blood infusion and blood incompatibility. Other concerns were: fatality, changes in behaviour, donor blood being ‘too strong’ and use of animal blood. In contrast, recent transfusion, older age, knowledge of HIV screening of blood for transfusion, faith in God and having a critically ill child were associated with less fear about transfusion. Respondents also emphasised challenges to transfusion services access including distance to hospitals, scarcity of blood and health workers' attitudes.

Conclusion

Perceptions of the community and caregivers of transfused children in Uganda about blood transfusion were complex: transfusion is considered life‐saving but there were strong perceived transfusion risks of HIV transmission and blood incompatibility. Addressing community perceptions and facilitating access to blood transfusion represent important strategies to improve paediatric transfusion care.
Sfp1 links TORC1 and cell growth regulation to the yeast SAGA‐complex component Tra1 in response to polyQ proteotoxicity
Authors: Jiang Yuwei , Berg Matthew D. , Genereaux Julie , Ahmed Khadija , Duennwald Martin L. , Brandl Christopher J. , Lajoie Patrick
Published: February 2019

Chromatin remodeling regulates gene expression in response to the accumulation of misfolded polyQ proteins associated with Huntington's disease (HD). Tra1 is an essential component of both the SAGA/SLIK and NuA4 transcription co‐activator complexes and is linked to multiple cellular processes, including protein trafficking and signaling pathways associated with misfolded protein stress. Cells with compromised Tra1 activity display phenotypes distinct from deletions encoding components of the SAGA and NuA4 complexes, indicating a potentially unique regulatory role of Tra1 in the cellular response to protein misfolding. Here, we employed a yeast model to define how the expression of toxic polyQ expansion proteins affects Tra1 expression and function. Expression of expanded polyQ proteins mimics deletion of SAGA/NuA4 components and results in growth defects under stress conditions. Moreover, deleting genes encoding SAGA and, to a lesser extent, NuA4 components exacerbates polyQ toxicity. Also, cells carrying a mutant Tra1 allele displayed increased sensitivity to polyQ toxicity. Interestingly, expression of polyQ proteins upregulated the expression of TRA1 and other genes encoding SAGA components, revealing a feedback mechanism aimed at maintaining Tra1 and SAGA functional integrity. Moreover, deleting the TORC1 (Target of Rapamycin) effector SFP1 abolished upregulation of TRA1 upon expression of polyQ proteins. While Sfp1 is known to adjust ribosome biogenesis and cell size in response to stress, we identified a new role for Sfp1 in the control of TRA1 expression, linking TORC1 and cell growth regulation to the SAGA acetyltransferase complex during misfolded protein stress.
Ultrasonographic features of mesenteric cysticercosis in a domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Authors: Brody Ariel , Kloer Timothy B. , Rush Robert T. , Harris Lauren J. , Griffin Lynn R. , Sadar Miranda J.
Published: February 2019

A 5‐year‐old, 0.92‐kg (2‐lb), spayed female Dwarf Hotot rabbit was evaluated for a 1‐day duration of lethargy and anorexia. Survey radiographs revealed evidence of gastrointestinal stasis. Abdominal ultrasonography characterized multiple small, round, anechoic structures embedded in the mesentery. These structures were thin walled with hyperechoic strands/septations. Most of the structures contained a well‐defined, eccentric, hyperechoic nodule adherent to the intraluminal wall. Mesenteric cysticercosis was confirmed via exploratory laparotomy and histopathology. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first description of the ultrasonographic features of mesenteric cysticercosis in a domestic rabbit.
Lexical frequency effects in English and Spanish word misperceptions
Authors: Cooke Martin , García Lecumberri María Luisa , Barker Jon , Marxer Ricard
Published: February 2019

When listeners misperceive words in noise, do they report words that are more common? Lexical frequency differences between misperceived and target words in English and Spanish were examined for five masker types. Misperceptions had a higher lexical frequency in the presence of pure energetic maskers, but frequency effects were reduced or absent for informational maskers. The tendency to report more common words increased with the degree of energetic masking, suggesting that uncertainty about segment identity provides a role for lexical frequency. However, acoustic-phonetic information from an informational masker may additionally constrain lexical choice.
Pharmacokinetic Interactions between the Hepatitis C Virus Inhibitors Elbasvir and Grazoprevir and HIV Protease Inhibitors Ritonavir, Atazanavir, Lopinavir, and Darunavir in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Feng Hwa-Ping , Caro Luzelena , Fandozzi Christine , Chu Xiaoyan , Guo Zifang , Talaty Jennifer , Panebianco Deborah , Dunnington Katherine , Du Lihong , Hanley William D. , Fraser Iain P. , Mitselos Anna , Denef Jean-Francois , De Lepeleire Inge , de Hoon Jan N. , Vandermeulen Corinne , Marshall William L. , Jumes Patricia , Huang Xiaobi , Martinho Monika , Valesky Robert , Butterton Joan R. , Iwamoto Marian , Yeh Wendy W.
Published: February 2019

The combination of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) inhibitor elbasvir and the NS3/4A protease inhibitor grazoprevir is a potent, once-daily therapy indicated for the treatment of chronic HCV infection in individuals coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We explored the pharmacokinetic interactions of elbasvir and grazoprevir with ritonavir and ritonavir-boosted HIV protease inhibitors in three phase 1 trials.
Implementation of Semiautomated Antimicrobial Susceptibility Interpretation Hardware for Nontuberculous Mycobacteria May Overestimate Susceptibility
Authors: Rockland Mariëlle , Ruth Mike Marvin , Aalders Nicole , Pennings Lian , Hoefsloot Wouter , Wattenberg Melanie , van Ingen Jakko
Published: February 2019

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) cause severe opportunistic infections and have a rising incidence in most settings. Rising diagnostic need must be met by national reference laboratories, which rely on Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guideline-approved manual readout of microtiter plates for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) to determine antibiotic minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs).
Simultaneous Detection and Differentiation between Wild-Type and Vaccine Measles Viruses by a Multiplex Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay
Authors: Pabbaraju Kanti , Gill Kara , Wong Anita A. , Tipples Graham A. , Hiebert Joanne , Severini Alberto , Fonseca Kevin , Tellier Raymond
Published: February 2019

Measles is one of the most contagious viral respiratory infections and was declared to be eliminated from Canada in 1998; however, measles cases and outbreaks still occur every year through reintroduction from other parts of the world. Laboratory confirmation of measles virus (MV) RNA by real-time PCR provides a definitive diagnosis, and molecular analysis to determine the genotype is the only way to distinguish between wild-type and vaccine strains.
Molecular Basis of a Protective/Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody Targeting Envelope Proteins of both Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus and Louping Ill Virus
Authors: Yang Xu , Qi Jianxun , Peng Ruchao , Dai Lianpan , Gould Ernest A. , Gao George F. , Tien Po
Published: February 2019

Understanding the mechanism of antibody neutralization/protection against a virus is crucial for antiviral countermeasure development. Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and louping ill virus (LIV) are tick-borne flaviviruses (TBFVs) in the family
Flaviviridae
. They cause encephalomeningitis and encephalitis in humans and other animals. Although vaccines for both viruses are available, infection rates are rising due to low vaccination coverage. In this study, we solved the crystal structures of the LIV envelope protein (E) and a broadly neutralizing/protective TBFV MAb, MAb 4.2, in complex with E from either TBEV or LIV. Key structural features shared by TBFV E proteins were analyzed. The structures of E-antibody complexes showed that MAb 4.2 targets the lateral ridge of both the TBEV and LIV E proteins, a vulnerable site in flaviviruses for other potent neutralizing MAbs. Thus, this site represents a promising target for TBFV antiviral development. Further, these structures provide important information for understanding TBFV antigenicity.
Long-Term Transcriptional Activity at Zero Growth of a Cosmopolitan Rare Biosphere Member
Authors: Hausmann Bela , Pelikan Claus , Rattei Thomas , Loy Alexander , Pester Michael
Published: February 2019

The microbial rare biosphere represents the largest pool of biodiversity on Earth and constitutes, in sum of all its members, a considerable part of a habitat’s biomass. Dormancy or starvation is typically used to explain the persistence of low-abundance microorganisms in the environment. We show that a low-abundance microorganism can be highly transcriptionally active while remaining in a zero-growth state for at least 7 weeks. Our results provide evidence that this zero growth at a high cellular activity state is driven by maintenance requirements. We show that this is true for a microbial keystone species, in particular a cosmopolitan but permanently low-abundance sulfate-reducing microorganism in wetlands that is involved in counterbalancing greenhouse gas emissions. In summary, our results provide an important step forward in understanding time-resolved activities of rare biosphere members relevant for ecosystem functions.