bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Targeting States
Authors: Stroup Sarah S. , Wong Wendy H.
Published: May 2018

States are the “natural” target for INGOs, yet how INGOs approach them depends on their authority. In this chapter, we demonstrate how leading INGOs use different strategies to work with states, using the case studies of negotiations over the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) and Financial Transactions Tax (FTT). The two cases are similar in a number of ways: the campaigns took off in the later 1990s, the issues target the practices of the United States and United Kingdom as relevant actors, and both engage issues that have traditionally been challenging for INGOs as “hard politics.” Leading INGOs are more collaborative with states than other INGOs, and prioritize easy target states, rather the most important. In both cases, the entry of leading INGOs accompanied the re-framing of the campaign’s proposals to more reformist positions. This yielded a vanilla victory in the form of the ATT and even less for the FTT.
Deference From INGOs
Authors: Stroup Sarah S. , Wong Wendy H.
Published: May 2018

Not all INGOs are alike, and they do not always play nicely. In fact, INGOs enjoy a diverse array of relationships with other INGOs. INGOs compete to offer specific visions of good practice for the entire INGO sector, and those visions depend on the INGO’s authority. We explore two such initiatives, both formed in 2001, the Accountability Charter (AC) and the World Social Forum (WSF). Each initiative is a mix of collaboration and condemnation, and while the AC is decidedly vanilla, neither has been particularly victorious in altering the ways the vast population of INGOs acts.
Women Will Vote
Authors: Goodier Susan , Pastorello Karen
Published: May 2018

This book celebrates the 2017 centenary of women's right to full suffrage in New York State. The book highlights the activism of rural, urban, African American, Jewish, immigrant, and European American women, as well as male suffragists, both upstate and downstate, that led to the positive outcome of the 1917 referendum. The book argues that the popular nature of the women's suffrage movement in New York State and the resounding success of the referendum at the polls relaunched suffrage as a national issue. If women had failed to gain the vote in New York, the book claims, there is good reason to believe that the passage and ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment would have been delayed. This book makes clear how actions of New York's patchwork of suffrage advocates heralded a gigantic political, social, and legal shift in the United States. Readers will discover that although these groups did not always collaborate, by working in their own ways toward the goal of enfranchising women they essentially formed a coalition. Together, they created a diverse social and political movement that did not rely solely on the motivating force of white elites and a leadership based in New York City. The book convincingly argues that the agitation and organization that led to New York women's victory in 1917 changed the course of American history.
The Quest for Industrial Citizenship
Authors: Goodier Susan , Pastorello Karen
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the contribution of working-class immigrant women—another important but often underestimated group—to the movement. Working-class women touted the vote as a viable solution to wage woes and threatening working conditions. They did not need elite suffragists to empower them; working-class women transferred the speaking and activist skills they had honed in the labor movement to disseminate their suffragist convictions. In addition, many of the women possessed some of the same qualities suffrage leaders valued in their workers; being young and single, they had the freedom to travel the state and the ability to appeal to broad, working-class audiences. They compensated for class tensions by appealing to multi-ethnic voters as Irish, German, Russian, Polish, Jewish, and Italian women joined the suffrage alliance.
Conclusion
Authors: Goodier Susan , Pastorello Karen
Published: May 2018

This concluding chapter explores the ways that suffragists used their enfranchisement to push the Nineteenth Amendment forward. The book's study places New York State at the forefront of the woman suffrage movement in the eastern United States. Its success had a profound effect on the national movement. As seems usual for suffragists, there is no one path activists followed. Some women, radicalized by their efforts in New York State, joined the militant National Woman's Party and picketed the White House. Others took their organizing skills, including canvassing and lobbying, to campaigns in non-suffrage states. Ultimately, the activism of the disparate groups that comprised the successful state suffrage movement infused the national campaign for woman suffrage with newfound energy.
Creating Planyc
Authors: Campbell Lindsay K.
Published: May 2018

Chapter two examines the politics of PlaNYC agenda-setting, revealing the key actors involved in creating the plan, including the mayor, city agencies, and local civil society groups. In particular, it focuses on less-visible aspects of municipal decision-making, including issue framing that occurred prior to public release of the plan. It shows how the plan contributes to a green growth agenda, but lacked strong public involvement in its creation. It explains the goals and initiatives related to urban forestry that were included in PlaNYC as well as why goals related to gardening and farming were “left on the cutting room floor.”
Constructing the “Greener, Greater” City
Authors: Campbell Lindsay K.
Published: May 2018

Chapter seven synthesizes these two cases, making comparisons across the three thematic areas explored in the book—politics, discourse, and materiality. It begins by returning to the central question of why urban forestry was so appealing that it merited its own signature mayoral initiative in PlaNYC, whereas urban agriculture was overlooked. It analyzes the networks, public-private partnerships, elite ties, and bureaucratic structures that were involved in PlaNYC, revealing whose voice was heard and whose voice was ignored in the sustainability planning process. Then, bearing in mind that the politics of urban nature is both framed by storylines and influenced by non-human actants, the chapter widens this analysis from a focus on politics and social networks to a focus on actor-networks and key narratives. Finally, the chapter observes how the cases shift over time in response to both internal and external factors, even within a four year window.
Introduction
Authors: Edelstein David M.
Published: May 2018

The introduction establishes the puzzle motivating the book: what explains variation in the strategies that existing powers pursue toward rising great powers? The puzzle is central to international relations theory and also has important implications for contemporary policy questions. The introductory chapter presents a brief abstract of the book’s argument, which focuses on how time horizons and uncertainty affect leaders’ decision-making. The introduction concludes with a roadmap for the rest of the book.
The Origins of the Cold War
Authors: Edelstein David M.
Published: May 2018

This chapter traces the deterioration of Soviet-American relations at the end of World War II and into the beginning of the cold war. While the United States and the Soviet Union found common cause during World War II in defeating Hitler’s Germany, their relationship began to deteriorate as the eventual defeat of Germany became more certain. The chapter emphasizes that it was growing beliefs about malign Soviet intentions, rather than changes in Soviet capabilities, that fuelled the origins of the cold war. In particular, the chapter details crises in Iran, Turkey, and Germany that contributed to U.S. beliefs about long-term Soviet intentions. As uncertainty evaporated, the enmity of the cold war took hold.
Protest Politics in the Marketplace
Authors: Heldman Caroline
Published: May 2018

This book is the first to analyze the democratic effects of consumer activism, defined as boycotting, socially responsible investing, social media campaigns, and direct consumer actions. America has had a long and unique history of consumer activism, starting with the Boston Tea Party. Since the founding, activism in the marketplace has been used as a political tool for those who are politically disenfranchised, including the colonists who lacked formal representation in the British parliament, women before suffrage rights, and Black Americans during Jim Crow. More recently, consumer activism has become a countervailing force against overbearing corporate power in politics. This book blends democratic theory with data, historical analysis, and an examination of consumer campaigns for civil rights, environmental conservation, animal rights, gender justice, LGBT rights, and conservative causes. Consumer activism is a democratizing force that improves political participation, self-governance, government accountability, and corporate political accountability.
Publicizing the Private Sector
Authors: Heldman Caroline
Published: May 2018

This chapter introduces the reader to consumer activism and explains why this political behavior has become so popular in recent decades. It also introduces measures of democracy that are used throughout the book. This chapter concludes with a plan for the book and a discussion of why consumer activism is an important topic for scholars and students to study.
A Consumer Revolution?
Authors: Heldman Caroline
Published: May 2018

This chapter describes seven distinct peaks of consumer activism in the U.S. that coincide with key moments of political action: The American Revolution, the Free Produce Movement, the era of Chinese exclusion, the Progressive Movement, the New Deal period, the Civil Rights and Consumer Movements, and the Global Justice Movement. Consumer activism is an American tradition that has strengthened democracy at key points in U.S. history, with the exception of its infrequent use to suppress the rights of ethnic and racial minorities.
“600,000 Bosses Telling me what to Do”
Authors: Heldman Caroline
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines all of the national consumer activism campaigns for environmental protection and animal rights from 2004 – 2014. These 13 campaigns involved fossil fuels, pollution, deforestation, the killing of dolphins, and factory farming. Documentary filmmaking has played an important role in raising awareness about environmental issues and animal rights issues in the past decade. These campaigns strengthened democracy in the U.S. by increasing participation, expanding public deliberation, and advancing the will of the majority, especially pertaining to corporate operations in other countries. These campaigns also improved corporate accountability in areas regulated by the government.
The Possibility of Order
Authors: Spector Regine A.
Published: May 2018

The introduction presents the main question posed in the book: how does economic activity flourish in contexts with high corruption and weak rule-of-law institutions? This introductory chapter argues that national-level economic statistics and governance indicators conceal islands of order at local levels of society. By focusing on bazaar dynamism in one such country, this book moves away from narratives of crisis, chaos, conflict, and investigates the meanings and practices related to order among those working at bazaars. The introduction briefly summarizes the book’s argument, the two main bazaar cases, and implications.
Varieties of Order in a New Market Context
Authors: Spector Regine A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter asks how we can best study the economic dynamism of Kyrgyzstan’s bazaars, which are crucial pillars of the country’s economy. In contrast to perspectives that view them through the lens of neoliberal economic policies, state collapse and socioeconomic dispossession, or mafia rule, the chapter offers an alternative. It argues that within the context of new private property relations that distinguish traders, bazaar owners, and state officials, those who work at bazaars adapt pre-existing institutions and organizational forms to govern the bazaar, and in this way create islands of order that allow market interactions to flourish. The chapter discusses the book’s methodology and implications for literatures on ideas, institutions, and syncretism, and for studies of political economy and development.
October
Authors: Pretty Jules
Published: May 2018

This chapter describes the east country in October, when rain lashed the land and wind tore through trees. It looks at controversies concerning a national tabloid publishing what it called evidence that the planet had not warmed at all, and an operation that lobbied for fossil fuel companies revealing it paid large sums to the party of government. People need modern medical, farm, and transport technology, phones, robots, and many computers. Yet people need to break the current rules, bring the wilds to the city, and create different aspirations. The chapter then argues that greener economies in which material goods had not destroyed the planet would be good economies. There would be regular engagements with nature; people doing things together that make these behaviors valued and worth repeating; people giving to others and making intergenerational links; and communities investing time in activities that build contentment and well-being.
Class Dismissed?
Authors: Bernstein Seth
Published: May 2018

The Komsomol’s introduction of meritocratic, supposedly class-blind membership policies in 1935–36 created significant tensions in Soviet political culture. Instead of a league of proletarians, youth leaders claimed the Komsomol would become an organization of the “best” Soviet youth of all classes. However, uncertainties about who could join reflected and facilitated the creation of a new social hierarchy in the Soviet Union, helping young professionals and students displace proletarians as the ideal young subject. At the same time, the children of supposed enemies presented a challenge to youth leaders who struggled to determine whether the offspring of so-called anti-Soviet elements could overcome their parents’ sins.
Paramilitary Training on the Eve of War
Authors: Bernstein Seth
Published: May 2018

During the final years before the German invasion of the USSR, Soviet youth organizations intensified their efforts to prepare young people for war. Incorporating studies of foreign youth organizations, particularly German groups, Soviet youth and sports leaders concluded that a major function of youth organizations was to prepare young people for the army. As war began in Europe, Red Army officers collaborated with the Komsomol in attempts to replicate basic training through paramilitary programs. Although youth leaders questioned the effectiveness of this training, it contributed to young communists’ psychological preparedness for conflict.
Introduction
Authors: Agmon Danna
Published: May 2018

Introduces the French imperial project in India in general and Pondichéry specifically. This chapter also examines the reliance of both French trader-administrators of the Compagnie des Indes and Jesuit missionaries in the newly established colony of Pondichéry on local intermediaries, and argues that traders and missionaries held profoundly different visions of French empire in the east.
Conflict at Court
Authors: Agmon Danna
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the Nayiniyappa Affair as a court case, addressing the judicial setting in which it took place and the legal questions it attempted to resolve with its focus on proper legal procedure. It charts out the role of colonial law in French rule of Pondichéry, by focusing on claims for justice made by indigenous agents, and the role of the Criminal Ordinance of 1670 in justifying these claims.
Quantity vs. Quality
Authors: Belodubrovskaya Maria
Published: May 2018

The most striking feature of Soviet filmmaking under Stalin was its declining output. The decline contradicted Stalin’s explicit wishes for a high quantity of high-quality films. This chapter outlines the main reasons for the decline: the Soviet mode of film production and Stalin’s intolerance of imperfection. Having rejected a reform plan based on the Hollywood model, the industry lacked modern industrialized methods and could not expand production. In addition, sharp criticisms of the “average” and “poor” films, coupled with Stalin’s own intolerance of imperfection, created extreme risk aversion, undermined industry productivity, and eventually collapsed output to only a handful of features.
Conclusion
Authors: Belodubrovskaya Maria
Published: May 2018

The Conclusion summaries the book’s findings and proposes that an institutional approach to cinema history is well suited to provide specific answers about how ideology affects cinema. Films are produced not by ideologies, but by filmmakers and film executives working within a certain institutional environment. What ideology determines are the institutions. The institutions of Soviet cinema were ill equipped to mass-produce propaganda films, because the Stalinist ideological ambition to make “superior” films precluded industrial development. The combination of strong political ambition and weak institutional policy was detrimental to the success of the Soviet mass-cinema project.
May I Have This Dance?
Authors: Swedlund Haley J.
Published: May 2018

Chapter 4 provides a summary of how donor-government relations are organized at the recipient-country level (i.e., the aid architecture), explaining why policy dialogue is so important for both recipient governments and donor agencies. The chapter articulates that far from being dictated by donors, aid policy is a compromise between donors and recipient reached via policy bargaining between the two parties.
The Future of the Development Dance and Why We Should Care
Authors: Swedlund Haley J.
Published: May 2018

Chapter 7 articulates why both academics and policymakers should care about the development dance, summarizing the key theoretical implications and policy recommendations of the book. The chapter also looks forward into the future to consider how donor-government relations maybe affected by declining rates of aid dependence in some African countries, as well as the influence of ‘new’ donors such as China.
Building Power from Below
Authors: Bank Muñoz Carolina
Published: May 2018

Building Power from Below analyzes the success of Walmart workers in Chile. Retail and warehouse workers have achieved the seemingly unachievable. They have organized Walmart. How do we explain workers’ success in Chile, the cradle of neoliberalism, in challenging the world’s largest and most antiunion corporation? Chilean workers have spent years building grass roots organizations committed to principles of union democracy. While both retail and warehouse workers have successful unions, they have built different organizations due to their industry, workforce, and political histories. The independent retail worker unions are best characterized by what I call flexible militancy. These unions have less structural power, but have significant associational and symbolic power. While they have made notable bread and butter gains, their most notable successes have been in fighting for respect and dignity on the job. Warehouse workers by contrast have significant structural power. Their unions are best characterized by what I call strategic democracy. Their structural power has offered them the opportunity to “map production” and build strategic capacity. They have been especially successful in economic gains. While the model in Chile cannot necessarily be reproduced in different countries, we can certainly gain insights from their approaches, tactics, and strategies.
Strategic Democracy
Authors: Bank Muñoz Carolina
Published: May 2018

Chapter 4 looks at the warehouse union in detail. The chapter explores workplace abuses, organizing strategy, and outcomes. Warehouse workers initially suffered poor working conditions and low wages, but today they earn significantly more than warehouse workers in Chile and even more than some warehouse workers in the U.S. The conceptual framework from Chapter 3 is brought to life by illustrating how the warehouse union engages in strategic democracy and looks at concrete outcomes. At the heart of their success is a strategy that creates conditions for workers to control the productive process and have significant structural leverage vis-à-vis Walmart.
Hearing Allah's Call
Authors: Millie Julian
Published: May 2018

For many Muslims throughout the world, oral preaching provides the most accessible and enjoyable medium for learning about Islam and its meanings for everyday life. This is true in Indonesia’s West Java province, where almost 98% of the population of around forty-three million practices Islam. Despite its popularity, Indonesia’s Islamic elites are concerned about the value of preaching. They see that Islam provides directives and motivations towards progress in areas of social and political concern, but argue that this progress will not be achieved if Muslims are satisfied with the pleasing artifice of clever preachers. Millie spent fourteen months in the company of some of West Java’s most successful Islamic preachers, but also spent time with critics of listening. He described and explores a dichotomy between Islamic speech which succeeds because it is shaped to suit listeners’ social realities, and discourses about Muslim subjectivity that connect media consumption with aspirations for social and political progress, and which portray listening as anachronistic and inefficacious. This detailed analysis sheds light on a question that is increasingly important in efforts to understand contemporary Muslim societies: What is the place of pious listening in the complex societies of today?
Preaching Diversity in Bandung
Authors: Millie Julian
Published: May 2018

Chapter Two documents waves of novelty in preaching styles, plotting successive embraces by West Javanese Muslims of new preaching forms that remain valid for contemporary audiences. The sketch is constructed around clusters of terms that correspond to historically-specific understandings of Muslim subjectivity.
Preaching “without Performing”
Authors: Millie Julian
Published: May 2018

Chapter Four analyses a preaching style that contrasts with that analysed in Chapter Three. Shiddiq Amien (d. 2009) was the chairman of Persatuan Islam (The Islamic Association). Like Al-Jauhari, he was one of the most popular of Bandung’s preachers. His style was constrained in comparison to Al-Jauhari’s, reflecting an ideology of mediation expressed in authoritative statements written by a number of Persis ideologues. According to this ideology, listeners should be seriously engaged in acquiring Islamic knowledge, and the exercise of oratorical skill is unwelcome. This ideology corresponds with widely accepted conceptions of Indonesian citizenship subjectivity, giving Amien a more credible position in the Indonesian public sphere in comparison with Al-Jauhari.
The Listening Audience Laughs and Cries, the Writing Public Thinks
Authors: Millie Julian
Published: May 2018

The second part of the book commences with Chapter Six. It analyses the connections Indonesian Muslims make between preaching styles and subjectivities, and the norms of citizen subjectivity that shape these connections. Chapter Six explores a progressive critique of preaching routines, describing a competition in which contestants write about the Qur’an. This was specifically conceived by a Bandung activist concerned about the negative effects of listening on Indonesia’s democratic future. Rationales for the project reveal authoritative conceptions of how Islam should properly be mediated.
The Anti-Rightist Campaign and Political Labelling
Authors: Wang Ning
Published: May 2018

This chapter contends that, although some intellectuals were labelled rightists because of their sharp criticism of Party policies and cadre officials (for their abuse of power) or because of their advocacy of greater intellectual freedom, many others were so labelled due to factional conflicts, personal animosity, grudges, and/or the mishandling of interpersonal relations. The chapter suggests that, although the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) launched the Anti-Rightist Campaign to punish opponents of the state, intellectuals and officials took advantage of it to attack their peers and competitors. As Party bosses and heads of work units had the power to interpret state policies and to determine a person's fortune, those individuals who did not truly display dissent but simply failed to adequately manage their relations with these power holders inevitably suffered in politically motivated campaigns.
The Illinois Park
Authors: Salamon Sonya , MacTavish Katherine
Published: May 2018

The Illinois trailer park has generous lots, amenities, and liberal pet rules. Choosing this trailer park over alternative local options highlights parental priorities for: affordable housing and children’s access to a quality education. But the adjacent town resists formally incorporating this bordering large park. Prioritizing homeownership, country living, and education are values Illinois park folk share with those in nearby upscale subdivisions. They uniformly believe, however, they are scorned, by the townspeople, who stigmatize them as trailer-trash, because of where they live. That stigma particularly creates a soiled identity for park youth.
Citizen engagement and the fight against corruption
Authors: Balasubramaniam Dr. R , Venkatachaliah M N
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the civil society movement against corruption in India. India's post-independence history is dotted with many civil society movements — for rights, for justice, for inclusion and for civil liberties, and quite notably the resistance against imposition of Emergency Rule in the mid-seventies. Though these movements found support from students, activists and others, they were built on the participation of people who were directly affected or leaders with distinct political leanings. The year 2011 was a momentous one in that a section of the society, hitherto reticent about participation in public action took to the streets in a popular movement against corruption. At its peak, the campaign had a singular focus of having a legislation against corruption passed by the Parliament of India. Despite its flaws, the movement against corruption has undeniably changed the political landscape of India in its wake and aftermath.
Haunting Futures and the Dystopian Imagination
Authors: Freed Joanne Lipson
Published: May 2018

The two works addressed in Chapter 4, Ayi Kwei Armah’s The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born and Don DeLillo’s Falling Man, look toward a future that is haunted by the unrealized hopes of the past. Writing in places and historical moments in which imagining a different and better future seems both urgently necessary and impossibly compromised—decolonizing Ghana, and post-9/11 New York—both Armah and DeLillo create dystopian texts that transfer that responsibility onto their future readers through their cyclical structure and ambiguous, open-ended narrative. Resisting simplistic forms of optimism, these texts refuse to take up the flawed rhetorics available to them and remain committed to carrying out clear-eyed social critique. But by leaving their representations of societies in crisis open to reinterpretation and rereading, the novels allow for the possibility that the future might offer hopeful visions that are impossible in the present.
The Politics of Producerism
Authors: Stock Catherine McNicol
Published: May 2018

Since colonial times, farmers and other rural men and women have organized to protect their livelihoods and communities from the powerful interests of centralized governments, big banks, and large corporations. In protests movements spanning from Shays Rebellion in Massachusetts to the Farmers Holiday Association in Iowa, rural people agitated for control over local politics and for reforms to the political and economic system that would protect their interests. The Populist Party of the late nineteenth century is among the most important of these groups, as farmers in the north and south came together to create a new kind of political community.
Experimental Evidence of Chiral Ferrimagnetism in Amorphous GdCo Films
Authors: Streubel Robert , Lambert Charles‐Henri , Kent Noah , Ercius Peter , N'Diaye Alpha T. , Ophus Colin , Salahuddin Sayeef , Fischer Peter
Published: May 2018

Inversion symmetry breaking has become a vital research area in modern magnetism with phenomena including the Rashba effect, spin Hall effect, and the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI)—a vector spin exchange. The latter one may stabilize chiral spin textures with topologically nontrivial properties, such as Skyrmions. So far, chiral spin textures have mainly been studied in helimagnets and thin ferromagnets with heavy‐element capping. Here, the concept of chirality driven by interfacial DMI is generalized to complex multicomponent systems and demonstrated on the example of chiral ferrimagnetism in amorphous GdCo films. Utilizing Lorentz microscopy and X‐ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy, and tailoring thickness, capping, and rare‐earth composition, reveal that 2 nm thick GdCo films preserve ferrimagnetism and stabilize chiral domain walls. The type of chiral domain walls depends on the rare‐earth composition/saturation magnetization, enabling a possible temperature control of the intrinsic properties of ferrimagnetic domain walls.
Plastid genomes reveal recurrent formation of allopolyploid Fragaria
Authors: Dillenberger Markus S. , Wei Na , Tennessen Jacob A. , Ashman Tia‐Lynn , Liston Aaron
Published: May 2018

Premise of the Study

Recurrent formation of polyploid taxa is a common observation in many plant groups. Haploid, cytoplasmic genomes like the plastid genome can be used to overcome the problem of homeologous genes and recombination in polyploid taxa. Fragaria (Rosaceae) contains several octo‐ and decaploid species. We use plastome sequences to infer the plastid ancestry of these taxa with special focus on the decaploid Fragaria cascadensis.

Methods

We used genome skimming of 96 polyploid Fragaria samples on a single Illumina HiSeq 3000 lane to obtain whole plastome sequences. These sequences were used for phylogenetic reconstructions and dating analyses. Ploidy of all samples was inferred with flow cytometry, and plastid inheritance was examined in a controlled cross of F. cascadensis.

Key Results

The plastid genome phylogeny shows that only the octoploid F. chiloensis is monophyletic, all other polyploid taxa were supported to be para‐ or polyphyletic. The decaploid Fragaria cascadensis has biparental plastid inheritance and four different plastid donors. Diversification of the F. cascadensis clades occurred in the last 230,000 years. The southern part of its distribution range harbors considerably higher genetic diversity, suggestive of a potential refugium.

Conclusions

Fragaria cascadensis had at least four independent origins from parents with different plastomes. In contrast, para‐ and polyphyletic taxa of the octoploid Fragaria species are best explained by incomplete lineage sorting and/or hybridization. Biogeographic patterns in F. cascadensis are probably a result of range shift during the last glacial maximum.
The Direct Arylation Polymerization (DArP) of Well‐Defined Alternating Copolymers Based On 5,6‐Dicyano[2,1,3]benzothiadiazole (DCBT)
Authors: Shi Qinqin , Tatum Wesley , Zhang Junxiang , Scott Colleen , Luscombe Christine K. , Marder Seth R. , Blakey Simon B.
Published: May 2018

Alternating donor–acceptor copolymers are important materials with readily tunable optical and electronic properties. Direct arylation polymerization (DArP) is emerging as an attractive synthetic methodology for the synthesis of these polymers, avoiding the use of prefunctionalized building blocks. However, challenges remain in achieving well‐defined structure, high molecular weight, and impurity‐free polymers. Herein, a study to synthesize three well‐defined donor–acceptor copolymers through DArP is presented. Comparison of 1H NMR and 13C NMR, as well as optical and electrochemical properties analysis for the polymers and corresponding oligomers provides evidence for the regioregular structure of the polymers. On the basis of the chemical structure of poly(IIDCBT) and the solution electrochemical studies we surmised poly(IIDCBT) could potentially be an electron transport material for organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs), and we determined an electron mobility of 1.2×10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1 for this material.
Catalytic Asymmetric Diels–Alder Reaction/[3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement Cascade of 1‐Thiocyanatobutadienes
Authors: Zhou Yuhang , Lin Lili , Liu Xiaohua , Hu Xinyue , Lu Yan , Zhang Xiying , Feng Xiaoming
Published: May 2018

A highly efficient asymmetric Diels–Alder/[3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement reaction of methyleneindolinones with 1‐thiocyanatobutadienes has been realized by using a chiral N,N′‐dioxide/nickel(II) complex as the catalyst. A range of cyclohexenyl isothiocyanates were synthesized in high yields with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities. Based on mechanistic studies, a catalytic cycle with possible transition‐state models were proposed to explain the process.
Entwicklung und Evaluation von BIM‐4‐D‐Methoden am Beispielprojekt Gateway Gardens Los 2, Frankfurt/Main
Authors: Tschickardt Thomas , Krause Daniel , Akkermann Jan
Published: May 2018

Die BIM‐Planungsmethode befindet sich aktuell im Infrastrukturbau – insbesondere in Verbindung mit dem Realisierungsprozess – noch in der Erprobungsphase. Die Elementierung des 3‐D‐Bauwerksmodells erfolgt gegenwärtig noch individuell. Die Erweiterung des 3‐D‐Bauwerksmodells in die Bauablaufplanung (4‐D) bedingt kongruente Attributdefinitionen in der Planungsphase. Voraussetzung für eine durchgängige Methode ist der konsistente Softwareeinsatz. Anhand des aktuell entstehenden S‐Bahntunnels im Projekt Gateway Gardens Los 2 am Flughafen Frankfurt wurden die entwickelten Methoden hinsichtlich der Praxistauglichkeit untersucht. Neben der 4‐D‐Generalablaufplanung wurde auch eine 4‐D‐Lean‐Prozessoptimierung evaluiert.
Accelerated Aging Analysis on Cycle Life of LiFePO4/Graphite Batteries Based on Different Rates
Authors: Sun Shun , Guan Ting , Zuo Pengjian , Gao Yunzhi , Cheng Xinqun , Du Chunyu , Yin Geping
Published: May 2018

In this study, different charge/discharge rates (1/3C, 1C, 1.5C, 1.8C, 2.0C and 2.5C) are used to accelerate the aging of commercial LiFePO4/graphite cells. The capacity attenuation mechanism is investigated by disassembling the aged full cells and analyzing the morphologies and chemical composition of electrode surfaces, the single electrode potentials, and so forth, when the capacity retention of full cell decays to 95 %, 90 %, 85 %, and 80 %. Through the tests, the capacity fade of the full cell is mainly ascribed to the irreversible loss of active lithium. However, when the test rate is not lower than 2.0C, the dominant mechanism for consumption of active lithium is changed to lithium deposition on the anode during the charging process instead of the generation of SEI film. As a consequence, the capacity decay rate at 2.0C or 2.5C is accelerated to a large degree. The capacity loss with cycling time is fitted by Arrhenius equations. The pre‐exponential factor at a given rate (Arate) increases linearly with the rising test rate when it is not more than 1.8C, and this corresponds to the results of disassembly analysis. Therefore, an unknown Arate in a reasonable range can be extrapolated by the data of other Arate values at relatively high rates. In addition, the calculated Arate after 10 % capacity loss can be used to replace the fitted value by the whole aging data. This provides a rapid and practical approach to estimate the lifetime of the full cell.
Iodonium Salts as Benzyne Precursors
Authors: Yoshimura Akira , Saito Akio , Zhdankin Viktor V.
Published: May 2018

Reactions involving benzyne and aryne intermediates have found widespread application in organic synthesis. Various benzyne precursors and benzyne generating procedures are known. Recently, methods of benzyne generation from diaryliodonium salts and related hypervalent iodine compounds have received considerable attention. These methods are characterized by mild reaction conditions and applicability in a broad range of chemical transformations. The present minireview is focused on the preparation and reactivity of hypervalent iodine based benzyne precursors. Furthermore, recent developments in their synthetic application are discussed.
Synthesis of gem‐Difluorinated Spiro‐γ‐lactam Oxindoles by Visible‐Light‐Induced Consecutive Difluoromethylative Dearomatization, Hydroxylation, and Oxidation
Authors: Wang Qiang , Qu Yi , Xia Qing , Song Hongjian , Song Haibin , Liu Yuxiu , Wang Qingmin
Published: May 2018

Described herein is a protocol for visible‐light‐induced consecutive synthesis of gem‐difluorinated spiro‐γ‐lactam oxindoles under mild conditions by means of a process involving sequential radical difluoromethylative dearomatization, hydroxylation, and oxidation. The protocol features high chemo‐ and regioselectivity, good functional group tolerance, and easy scalability. Several of the functionalized spirooxindole products showed good fungicidal activity, suggesting that they have potential agrochemical applications.
Fishing for G‐Quadruplexes in Solution with a Perylene Diimide Derivative Labeled with Biotins
Authors: Busto Natalia , Calvo Patricia , Santolaya Javier , Leal José M , Guédin Aurore , Barone Giampaolo , Torroba Tomás , Mergny Jean‐Louis , García Begoña
Published: May 2018

A new fluorescent, non‐cytotoxic perylene diimide derivative with two biotins at the peri position, PDI2B, has been synthesized. This molecule is able to interact selectively with G‐quadruplexes with scarce or no affinity towards single‐ or double‐stranded DNA. These features have made it possible to design a simple, effective, safe, cheap, and selective method for fishing G‐quadruplex structures in solution by use of PDI2B and streptavidin coated magnetic beads. The new cyclic method reported leads to the recovery of more than 80 % of G‐quadruplex structures from solution, even in the presence of an excess of single‐stranded or duplex DNA as competitors. Moreover, PDI2B is a G4 ligand that can display higher thermal stabilization and greater affinity for 2‐ over 3‐tetrad quadruplexes, which constitutes a novel type of behavior.
Quantifying Microglial Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells in the Brain in Health and Disease
Authors: Beccari Sol , Diaz‐Aparicio Irune , Sierra Amanda
Published: May 2018

Apoptosis is a ubiquitous process occurring in the brain under both physiological and pathological conditions. The central nervous system (CNS) requires an active and efficient clean‐up system to prevent the spillover of intracellular contents into the surrounding parenchyma and suppress the initiation of inflammatory and immune responses. Microglia, the resident professional phagocytes of the brain, are the cells in charge of the removal of these dead cells by the process named phagocytosis. Therefore, microglial phagocytosis is a vital mechanism to maintain tissue homeostasis. Traditionally, this process has been assessed using indirect methods, which have resulted in poor or inaccurate estimations of microglial phagocytosis efficiency. In these protocols, we describe a series of parameters to directly quantify microglial phagocytosis efficiency in vivo and in vitro. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Monitoring dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in the urine of Thoroughbred geldings for doping control purposes
Authors: Viljanto Marjaana , Hincks Pamela , Hillyer Lynn , Cawley Adam , Suann Craig , Noble Glenys , Walker Christopher J. , Parkin Mark C. , Kicman Andrew T. , Scarth James
Published: May 2018

The use of testosterone and its pro‐drugs, such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), is currently regulated in horseracing by the application of international testosterone thresholds. However, additional steroidomic approaches, such as steroid ratios, to distinguish overall adrenal stimulation from drug administrations and an equine biological passport for longitudinal steroid profiling of individual animals could be advantageous in equine doping testing. Thus, DHEA concentrations and related ratios (testosterone [T] to DHEA and DHEA to epitestosterone [E]) were assessed in the reference population by quantitative analysis of 200 post‐race gelding urine samples using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. DHEA concentrations ranged between 0.9 and 136.6 ng/mL (mean 12.8 ng/mL), T:DHEA ratios between 0.06 and 1.85 (mean 0.43), and DHEA:E ratios between 0.21 and 13.56 (mean 2.20). Based on the reference population statistical upper limits of 5.4 for T:DHEA ratio and 48.1 for DHEA:E ratio are proposed with a risk of 1 in 10 000 for a normal outlier exceeding the value. Analysis of post‐administration urine samples collected following administrations of DHEA, Equi‐Bolic® (a mix of DHEA and pregnenolone) and testosterone propionate to geldings showed that the upper limit for T:DHEA ratio was exceeded following testosterone propionate administration and DHEA:E ratio following DHEA administrations and thus these ratios could be used as additional biomarkers when determining the cause of an atypical testosterone concentration. Additionally, DHEA concentrations and ratios can be used as a starting point to establish reference ranges for an equine biological passport.
Deconstructing the King megafire
Authors: Coen Janice L. , Stavros E. Natasha , Fites‐Kaufman Josephine A.
Published: May 2018

Hypotheses that megafires, very large, high‐impact fires, are caused by either climate effects such as drought or fuel accumulation due to fire exclusion with accompanying changes to forest structure have long been alleged and guided policy, but their physical basis remains untested. Here, unique airborne observations and microscale simulations using a coupled weather–wildland‐fire‐behavior model allowed a recent megafire, the King Fire, to be deconstructed and the relative impacts of forest structure, fuel load, weather, and drought on fire size, behavior, and duration to be separated. Simulations reproduced observed details including the arrival at an inclined canyon, a 25‐km run, and later slower growth and features. Analysis revealed that fire‐induced winds that equaled or exceeded ambient winds and fine‐scale airflow undetected by surface weather networks were primarily responsible for the fire's rapid growth and size. Sensitivity tests varied fuel moisture and amount across wide ranges and showed that both drought and fuel accumulation effects were secondary, limited to sloped terrain where they compounded each other, and, in this case, unable to significantly impact the final extent. Compared to standard data, fuel models derived solely from remote sensing of vegetation type and forest structure improved simulated fire progression, notably in disturbed areas, and the distribution of burn severity. These results point to self‐reinforcing internal dynamics rather than external forces as a means of generating this and possibly other outlier fire events. Hence, extreme fires need not arise from extreme fire environment conditions. Kinematic models used in operations do not capture fire‐induced winds and dynamic feedbacks so can underestimate megafire events. The outcomes provided a nuanced view of weather, forest structure, fuel accumulation, and drought impacts on landscape‐scale fire behavior—roles that can be misconstrued using correlational analyses between area burned and macroscale climate data or other exogenous factors. A practical outcome is that fuel treatments should be focused on sloped terrain, where factors multiply, for highest impact.
Experimental evidence of spatial signatures of approaching regime shifts in macroalgal canopies
Authors: Rindi L. , Dal Bello M. , Benedetti‐Cecchi L.
Published: May 2018

Developing early warning signals to predict regime shifts in ecosystems is a central issue in current ecological research. While there are many studies addressing temporal early warning indicators, research into spatial indicators is far behind, with field experiments even more rare. Here, we tested the performance of spatial early warning signals in an intertidal macroalgal system, where removal of algal canopies pushed the system toward a tipping point (corresponding to approximately 75% of canopy loss), marking the transition between a canopy‐ to a turf‐dominated state. We performed a two‐year experiment where spatial early warning indicators were assessed in transects where the canopy was differentially removed (from 0 to 100%). Unlike Moran correlation coefficient at lag‐1, spatial variance, skewness, and spatial spectra at low frequency increased along the gradient of canopy degradation and dropped, or did not show any further increase beyond the transition point from a canopy‐ to a turf‐dominated state (100% canopy removal). Our study provides direct evidence of the suitability of spatial early warning signals to anticipate regime shifts in natural ecosystems, emphasizing the importance of field experiments as a powerful tool to establish causal relationships between environmental stressors and early warning indicators.
Synthesis and Mode of Action Studies on Iridium(I)–NHC Anticancer Drug Candidates
Authors: Gothe Yvonne , Romero‐Canelón Isolda , Marzo Tiziano , Sadler Peter J. , Messori Luigi , Metzler‐Nolte Nils
Published: May 2018

We report the synthesis, characterization, and biological activity of IrI complexes with triazole‐ (NNHC) and thiazole‐based (NSHC) N‐heterocyclic carbene ligands. Starting from the dimeric [Ir(COD)Cl]2, we obtained complexes of composition Ir(COD)(NNHC)Cl (4a), Ir(COD)(NNHC)X (4b: X = Cl; 4bBr: X = Br), [Ir(COD)(NNHC)(NHC)]I (5a), [Ir(COD)(NSHC)2]Cl (6a), and [Ir(COD)(NSHC)(NNHC)]Cl (6b) by adaptation of established synthetic methods for metal–NHC complexes. Their interactions with model proteins cytochrome c and lysozyme, as well as with the oligonucleotide hexamer (CG)3 (ODN1), were studied. Although most complexes did not show any strong interactions with these biomolecules, all complexes were active against HT‐29 and MCF‐7 cancerous cells, with IC50 values ranging between 1 and 60 µm. The most active compounds were the cationic bis(carbene) derivatives 5 and 6. All compounds generated high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after incubation for 48 h in MCF‐7 cells, possibly suggesting a redox‐mediated mechanism of action. Interestingly, there were distinctive differences in the superoxide/(total ROS) ratios induced by the different groups of compounds.
A Cyclic‐RGD Dinuclear TbIII Macrocyclic Complex as a Tumor Integrin‐Selective Luminescent Probe
Authors: Chang C. Allen , Chia Ju‐Chien , Lin Syue‐Liang
Published: May 2018

To develop small molecular integrin‐selective luminescent imaging probes, we have prepared the binary dipicolinate (DPA) TbIII dinuclear macrocyclic complex, Tb2(cRGDfK‐ODO2A‐dimer) (DPA)22– or complex I, and reference ligands and TbIII complexes which were purified by HPLC and characterized by NMR, mass spectrometry and luminescence spectroscopy. Luminescence titrations of the structural and bonding model Tb2(m‐ODO2A‐dimer)2+ complex by DPA2– ion confirmed the molecular formula of the adduct was Tb2(m‐ODO2A‐dimer)(DPA)22–, and the first binary binding constant was determined to be log K1 = 5.76. At pH 7.4, complex I showed 300 times luminescence enhancement at 544 nm (λex = 278 nm) as compared to that without adding DPA, and was found to bind to αvβ3 integrin and human glioblastoma U87MG tumor cells in both specific and non‐specific modes, via luminescence spectroscopic and confocal cell imaging competition studies. This makes complex I and its future optimized derivatives potentially feasible for preclinical bioimaging applications, particularly in the time‐resolved mode.