bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Case for Validating ADDIE Model as a Digital Forensic Model for Peer-to-Peer Network Investigation
Authors: Musa Ahmad Sanda , Awan Irfan-Ullah , Zahrah Fatima
Published: December 2022

Rapid technological advancement can substantially impact the processes of digital forensic investigation and present a myriad of challenges to the investigator. With these challenges, it is necessary to have a standard digital forensic framework as the foundation of any digital investigation. State-of-the-art digital forensic models assume that it is safe to move from one investigation stage to the next. It guides the investigators with the required steps and procedures. This brings a great stride to validate a non-specific framework to be used in most digital investigation procedures. This paper considers a new technique for detecting active peers that participate in a peer-to-peer (P2P) network. As part of our study, we crawled the µTorrent P2P client over ten days in different instances while logging all participating peers. We then employed digital forensic techniques to analyse the popular users and generate evidence within them with high accuracy. We evaluated our approach against the standard Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADDIE) model for the digital investigation to achieve the credible digital evidence presented in this paper. Finally, we presented a validation case for the ADDIE model using the United States Daubert Test and the United Kingdom’s Forensic Science Regulator Guidance – 218 (FSR-G-218) and Forensic Science Regulator Guidance – 201 (FSR-G-201) to formulate it as a standard digital forensic model.
Grounding, Well-Foundedness, and Terminating Chains
Authors: Pearson Olley
Published: December 2022

It has recently been argued that foundationalists, those who take grounding to be well-founded, should not understand the well-foundedness of grounding as the condition that every grounding chain terminates in the downward direction, because this interpretation of well-foundedness fails to correctly classify certain complex grounding structures. Some structures that plausibly would be acceptable to the foundationalist are classified as not well-founded and others that plausibly would not be acceptable to the foundationalist are classified as well-founded. In this paper I provide a characterisation of well-foundedness in terms of termination that correctly characterises all these difficult cases. This acts as a response to these recent arguments. Furthermore, it allows us to better evaluate their importance: these arguments have not shown that foundationalists are wrong to harbour the intuition that grounding chains must terminate in the downward direction, rather, they have shown that foundationalists need to be more clear about this intuition and how it is born out in more complex grounding structures.
Even Now Women Focus on Family, Men on Work: An Analysis of Employment, Marital, and Reproductive Life-Course Typologies in Relation to Change in Health-Related Quality of Life
Authors: Altweck Laura , Hahm Stefanie , Schmidt Silke , Ulke Christine , Fleischer Toni , Helmert Claudia , Speerforck Sven , Schomerus Georg , Beutel Manfred E. , Brähler Elmar , Muehlan Holger
Published: December 2022

To a large extent health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is a product of life-course experiences. Therefore, we examined employment, marital, and reproductive life-course typologies as predictors of HRQoL in women and men. To determine life course clusters, sequence and cluster analysis were performed on the annual (waves 1990–2019) employment, marital, and children in household states of the German Socio-Economic Panel data (N = 8,998; age = 53.57, 52.52% female); separately for men and women. Using hierarchical linear regression analyses, and Tukey HSD post-hoc tests, associations between clusters and change in life satisfaction, subjective mental, and physical health were examined. Five life-course clusters were identified in the female and six in the male sample. Life courses differed greatly across gender regarding employment aspects (e.g., men generally work full-time vs. women underwent frequent transitions). The family aspects appeared similar – e.g., ‘starting a family’ or ‘marital separation’ clusters – but still differed in the particulars. Life course typologies were related to distinct patterns of HRQoL. For instance, both for men and women the ‘separated’ clusters, as well as the male ‘entering non-employment’ cluster were associated with a steeper decline in HRQoL. However, change in subjective mental health showed few associations. Distinct types of life courses and differential associations with sociodemographic background and HRQoL emerged for women and men. The analyses reveal a burden on individuals who experienced marital separation, and non-employment and thus present important target groups for health prevention, e.g., for physical health problems.
Self-Aligned Organic Metal–Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor
Authors: Lo Yi-Chen , Cheng Xing
Published: December 2022

We propose the design and fabrication of a coplanar electrode structure for an organic metal–semiconductor field-effect transistor (OMESFET), with the gate electrode self-aligned between the source and drain electrodes. We first used nanoimprint lithography (NIL) to define a channel area of the device on a patterned metal, and then used chemical wet etching to create the source and drain electrodes by removing the metal in the channel area. After the wet etching, the gate electrode was deposited in the channel area. The organic semiconductor was then deposited to cover the patterned electrodes. The rectifying response and the device characteristics prove that the self-aligned device is a functional OMESFET. In this experiment, we also demonstrated that the self-aligned OMESFET has lower driving voltages and smaller subthreshold swing (SS) than that of a conventional organic metal–insulator–semiconductor field-effect transistor (OMISFET). Compared with the most common OMESFET structure, this self-aligned coplanar structure effectively eliminates the overlapping area between the gate and source/drain electrodes commonly seen in currently reported OMESFETs, which means that this self-aligned device structure reduces the parasitic capacitance, theoretically allowing the transistor to have a higher cutoff frequency. These features render our proposed OMESFET devices more favorable for low-power and high-frequency organic circuit applications.
Failed Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass—Long-Term Results of Distalization with Total Alimentary Limb Length of 250 or 300 cm
Authors: Shah Kamran , Nergård Bent Johnny , Fagerland Morten Wang , Gislason Hjörtur
Published: December 2022

Background

Weight loss failure or weight regain may occur after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Revisional surgery includes distalization. However, few studies have looked at the associations between the total alimentary limb length (TALL) and weight loss outcomes, none with long-term results.

Objectives

Peri- and postoperative outcomes were assessed after employing TALL of either 250 cm or 300 cm in the failed RYGB.

Methods

This study is a retrospective cohort analysis of 90 patients that underwent laparoscopic distalization between January 2006 and January 2016 due to failed RYBG. The index RYGB was modified to TALL of 250 cm (n = 48) or of 300 cm (n = 42) which entailed elongating the bilio-pancreatic limb (BPL) and transposing the Roux limb (RL) to a common limb (CL) of 100 cm and 150 cm, respectively. Long-term weight loss outcomes along with nutritional and vitamin status were analyzed.

Results

Preoperative BMI at distalization was 38.6 kg/m2. After 8 years, excess weight loss (EWL) was 61.8%. No differences between the two groups were seen in weight loss outcomes or early surgical complication rates (6.7%). However, more vitamin and nutritional deficiencies were present in the TALL 250-cm group (50.0% and 35.4%, respectively) versus the TALL 300-cm group (33.3% and 14.3% respectively), which led to laparoscopic revision in 27 patients by lengthening the TALL with 100 cm. Patients with weight regain after index RYGB had in average 59.9% higher EWL than patients with EWL failure.

Conclusion

Distalization of the failed RYGBP is safe and effective, but TALL should not be shorter than 300 cm (and CL 150 cm) due to high rates of malnutrition. Adequate supplementation and long-term follow-up are mandatory to prevent serious malnutrition.

Graphical Abstract
Educational pathways of childhood cancer survivors—a parental cohort
Authors: Michael S. , Borgmann-Staudt A. , Sommerhäuser G. , Kepakova K. , Klco-Brosius S. , Kruseova J. , Nagele E. , Panasiuk A. , Vetsch J. , Balcerek M.
Published: December 2022

Purpose

Using the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED), we examined the educational and vocational pathways of two comparable, parental cohorts: childhood cancer survivors (CCS) and their siblings. Both cohorts had previously entered parenthood. The aim of the study was to elucidate whether childhood cancer and treatment affect the educational pathways chosen by parents who are former patients.

Methods

We analysed data that was collected from childhood cancer survivors and their siblings regarding their offspring’s health within the FeCt Multicentre Offspring Study (conducted 2013–2016). We evaluated and compared the professional pathways of (i) all participating survivors and all participating siblings and those of (ii) survivors and their biological siblings.

Results

Overall information on parental gender, age, and education were available from 1077 survivors and 246 siblings (group (i)). The majority of participants were female with a mean age of 35.2 (survivor) and 37.9 (sibling) years at time of survey. For subgroup (ii), analysis information was available on 191 survivors and 210 siblings. Fathers achieved university degrees significantly more often than mothers (p = 0.003 (i), p < 0.001 (ii)). The distribution of professional education was not significantly different between cancer survivors and siblings in either cohort (i) or (ii).

Conclusions

Regarding our research on the educational and vocational trajectory of CCS, patients can be reassured that family planning and vocational education are well compatible. Inequalities regarding gender-specific educational pathways remain to be addressed.

Implications for Cancer Survivors

CCS should monitor their fertility status regularly and, if necessary, cryopreserve germ cells or tissue in order to optimize their family planning. Educational opportunities should be pursued as desired and with confidence. Local as well as European aftercare programs can assist with family planning and education.
Recent miRNA Research in Asthma
Authors: Sharma Rinku , Tiwari Anshul , McGeachie Michael J.
Published: December 2022

Purpose of Review

The study of microRNA in asthma has revealed a vibrant new level of gene regulation underlying asthma pathology. Several miRNAs have been shown to be important in asthma, influencing various biological mechanisms which lead to asthma pathology and symptoms. In addition, miRNAs have been proposed as biomarkers of asthma affection status, asthma severity, and asthma treatment response. We review all recent asthma-miRNA work, while also presenting comprehensive tables of all miRNA results related to asthma.

Recent Findings

We here reviewed 63 recent studies published reporting asthma and miRNA research, and an additional 14 reviews of the same. We summarized the information for both adult and childhood asthma, as well as research on miRNAs in asthma–COPD overlap syndrome (ACOs), and virus-induced asthma exacerbations.

We attempted to present a comprehensive collection of recently published asthma-associated miRNAs as well as tables of all published asthma-related miRNA results.
Understanding the Evolving Role of Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision as a Public Health Strategy in Eastern and Southern Africa: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Bershteyn Anna , Mudimu Edinah , Platais Ingrida , Mwalili Samuel , Zulu James E. , Mwanza Wiza N. , Kripke Katharine
Published: December 2022

Purpose of Review

Voluntary male medical circumcision (VMMC) has been a cornerstone of HIV prevention in Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) and is credited in part for declines in HIV incidence seen in recent years. However, these HIV incidence declines change VMMC cost-effectiveness and how it varies across populations.

Recent Findings

Mathematical models project continued cost-effectiveness of VMMC in much of ESA despite HIV incidence declines. A key data gap is how demand generation cost differs across age groups and over time as VMMC coverage increases. Additionally, VMMC models usually neglect non-HIV effects of VMMC, such as prevention of other sexually transmitted infections and medical adverse events. While small compared to HIV effects in the short term, these could become important as HIV incidence declines.

Evidence to date supports prioritizing VMMC in ESA despite falling HIV incidence. Updated modeling methodologies will become necessary if HIV incidence reaches low levels.
Characterization of Mixing by CFD Simulation and Optimization of Mixing Frequency to Break Scum and Enhance Methane Yield in Chinese Dome Digester
Authors: Agborambang Mfor E. , Fujiwara Masaaki , Bhatia Pranshu , Kishi Masatoshi , Sekine Mutsumi , Salangsang Maria Cecilia D. , Matsuyama Tatsushi , Toda Tatsuki
Published: December 2022

The Chinese dome digester (CDD) is a low-cost and the most popular anaerobic digester that is used for the treatment of organic waste such as food waste and cow dung. However, the main challenge of CDD is scum formation due to inadequate mixing intensity. This study explores computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to characterize mixing in CDD and the effects of mixing frequency (0, 4, 6, and 8 times per day) on the performance of semicontinuous anaerobic digestion to break scum and enhance methane yield. The flow field simulation on a lab-scale CDD by Ansys Fluent (v.19.2), a finite volume solver, estimated that 45% of CDD working volume was occupied by dead zones which could nurture scum. The simulation results elicited the optimization of mixing frequency. Four CDDs were operated to investigate the optimum mixing frequency. The average scum thickness for the non-mixed digester was 2 ± 0.1 cm compared to 0.2 ± 0.1, 0.8 ± 0.1, and 1.3 ± 0.2 cm for the mixed digesters (4, 6, and 8 times per day, respectively). The average methane yields for 0, 4, 6, and 8 times per day were 206 ± 191, 602 ± 87, 555 ± 59, and 492 ± 109 mL g-VS−1, respectively. Four times per day was the optimum mixing frequency and the energy required to break scum was 6.1 ± 0.3 Joules per mixing cycle. This study proves that by optimizing the mixing frequency in CDD, scum formation can be controlled without additional investment cost.
Mitogenomic diversity and stable isotopes provide insights into the maternal genetic history, mobility patterns, and diet of early medieval individuals from the Eastern Italian Alps
Authors: Coia V. , Paladin A. , Zingale S. , Croze M. , Cavada E. , Lösch S. , Maixner F. , Zink A.
Published: December 2022

The Eastern Italian Alps (South Tyrol) is a connection area between continental Italy and the northern Alps. Various local factors, such as the heterogeneous environment, complex historical events, and different mobility patterns, may have influenced the genetic makeup of early medieval alpine groups. However, no ancient genetic data from these groups are currently available. This study provides a first picture of the ancient mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity of alpine groups from four locations in South Tyrol (Adige, Isarco, Venosta, and Merano). In total, 94 ancient mitogenomes of individuals (dated from 400 to 1100AD) were reconstructed by shotgun sequencing and a mtDNA capture approach. Moreover, stable isotope ratios (δ13C, δ15N, δ34S) were analyzed in a subset of 32 individuals. The results indicate different mtDNA haplogroup distributions among the alpine locations and the presence of rare lineages besides a possible maternal relatedness between individuals buried in the same and in diverse archaeological contexts. The study also shows differences in the genetic and mobility patterns (δ34S) between individuals from the central and north-eastern parts (Adige, Merano, Isarco) and those from the north-western part of South Tyrol (Venosta). These results suggest genetic exchanges with allochthonous people in the first group probably linked to high mobility and to geomorphological, historical, and socio-cultural factors. Comparisons extended to present-day alpine populations also suggested maternal genetic continuity in this alpine area. Finally, stable isotope (δ13C, δ15N, δ34S) data provided further support for regional differences in the diet of past alpine groups possibly linked to altitude and/or social status.
Foodwork: Schlaglichter auf das Themenfeld von Kochen, Essen und Geschlecht
Authors: Eremin Oxana
Published: December 2022

Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit den Sexual Politics; sprich, mit den (gegenwärtigen) Geschlechterpolitiken, die den sozialen Praxen des Kochens und Essens zugrunde liegen. Wie der Titel bereits verrät, wird schlaglichtartig auf den Themenschwerpunkt von Foodwork eingegangen. Aus der englischsprachigen Forschung entlehnt, bezeichnet der Begriff Foodwork ein Aufgabenspektrum im Bereich des erneut viel diskutierten Tätigkeitsfeldes von Care-Arbeit. Foodwork bezieht sich auf alltägliche (Für‑)Sorgeaufgaben im Kontext von Ernährungsversorgung und -verantwortung. Vor dem Hintergrund sich wandelnder Geschlechterverhältnisse im 21. Jahrhundert wirft das Thema Foodwork als Sorgearbeit erneut Fragen nach geschlechtsspezifischen Differenzierungsprozessen, Geschlechterarrangements und -konstruktionen entlang der Trennungslinie von „privat“ und „öffentlich“ auf. Die Perspektive dieses Beitrags basiert auf einer diskursanalytischen Vorgehensweise, die an die Kritische Diskursanalyse nach Siegfried Jäger angelehnt ist, und hat zum Ziel, die Mehrdimensionalität von Foodwork aufzuzeigen.
Challenges and resilience of an indigenous farming system during wartime (Tigray, North Ethiopia)
Authors: Ghebreyohannes Tesfaalem , Nyssen Jan , Negash Emnet , Meaza Hailemariam , Tesfamariam Zbelo , Frankl Amaury , Demissie Biadgilgn , Van Schaeybroeck Bert , Redda Alem , Annys Sofie , Abay Fetien
Published: December 2022

Due to war conditions, the local farmers had to largely rely on their own crop production, mainly by subsistence farming, in Tigray, North Ethiopia. We assessed the crop stands in 2021 and evaluated the level of resilience of the indigenous farming system. Quantitative data were collected from 161 farm parcels in various ecoregions of this tropical mountain region, in order to detect the share of sown land, crop types, and their status. This participatory monitoring was accompanied by semi-structured interviews. Farmers cultivated their farms late, left it uncultivated or marginally sowed oil crops as improved fallow (28%), due to lack of farming tools, oxen, fertilizer, seeds, or manpower. As compared to peace years, only few lands were sown with sorghum as there was active warfare in the sorghum planting period. The relatively good stands of wheat and barley (47%) are in line with the farmers’ priority given to cereals. Teff got a large land share because it could be sown up to the middle of the main rainy season and because farmers had consumed the seeds of their major cereal crops (wheat and barley) when hiding for warfare. Seeds left from consumption were only sown by late June, when troops had retreated, and the communities could revive. With almost no external support, the local farming system has proven to be remarkably resilient, relying on indigenous knowledge and local practices, block rotation, manure, improved fallow, changes in relative importance of crops, seed exchange, and support for one another. This is the first analysis of the socio-agronomic roots of the 2021–2022 Tigray hunger crisis, with a cereal harvest that could not at all sustain the local population as the planting season had been largely missed. The ability of the indigenous farming system to partially rebounce in times of autarky is another novel finding.
Novel glucose-lowering drugs and the risk of acute kidney injury in routine care; the Stockholm CREAtinine Measurements (SCREAM) project
Authors: Alkas Jim , Bosi Alessandro , Sjölander Arvid , Barany Peter , Elinder Carl-Gustaf , Fu Edouard L. , Carrero Juan Jesus
Published: December 2022

Introduction

Little is known about the comparative effects of sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RA), or dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) on the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) in routine care, which may differ from the controlled setting of trials.

Methods

Observational study comparing risks of AKI among new users of SGLT2i, GLP1-RA or DPP-4i in the region of Stockholm, Sweden, during 2008–2018. AKI was defined by ICD-10 codes and creatinine-based KDIGO criteria. We used inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) to adjust for 60 potential confounders, weighted Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios and absolute risks.

Results

We included 17,407 participants who newly initiated DPP-4i (N = 10,605), GLP1-RA (N = 4448) or SGLT2i (N = 2354). Mean age was 63 years (39% women) and median (IQR) eGFR was 89 (73–100) ml/min/1.73 m2. During a median follow-up of 2.5 years, 1411 participants experienced AKI. SGLT2i users had the lowest incidence rate of AKI, 18.3 [CI 95% 14.1–23.4] per 1000 person years, followed by GLP1-RA (22.5; 19.9–25.3) and DPP-4i (26.6; 25–28.2). The weighted 3-year absolute risk for AKI was 5.79% [3.63–8.52] in the SGLT2i group, compared with 7.03% [5.69–8.69] and 7.00% [6.43–7.58] in the GLP1-RA and DPP-4i groups, respectively. The adjusted hazard ratio was 0.73 [CI 95% 0.45–1.16] for SGLT2i vs. DPP-4i, and 0.98 [CI 95% 0.82–1.18] for GLP1-RA vs. DPP-4i.

Conclusion

This study of routine care patients initiating novel glucose-lowering drugs showed similar occurrence of AKI between therapies, and suggests lower risk for SGLT2i.
Towards intelligent illumination systems: from the basics of light science to its application
Authors: Zandi Babak , Khanh Tran Quoc
Published: December 2022

The development and design of lighting systems is closely linked to the physiology of the human visual system. Whereas with the first generation of light sources, the visual appearance of objects in an illuminated environment was only possible by adjusting the level of illuminance. In contrast, with modern semiconductor light-emitting diode (LED) systems, the emitted spectrum can be flexibly varied. This new degree of freedom has led to an interdisciplinary field of research, aiming to explore the effect of light on humans in terms of physiological, psychological and cognitive parameters and to model their mechanisms or make them quantifiable via mathematical metrics. Today’s quality assessment of light spectra is composed of metrics that combine colour perception, contrast sensitivity, visual sensation, non-visual responses and cognitive preference. A lighting system that takes these aspects into account is commonly referred to as an integrative lighting solution or Human Centric Lighting. This article describes the current knowledge about the human eye’s visual and non-visual processing system, the development of colour rendering metrics, and the light-induced effect on nocturnal melatonin suppression. Then, the basic concept of an intelligent and individually adaptable lighting system will be discussed.

Practical Relevance: This article deals with the basics of light science and covers the fundamental aspects of intelligent lighting systems, which with the help of multi-channel LED luminaires, could address the visual properties of light and the human circadian system separately via metameric spectra.
Amelioration of Doxorubicin-Induced Cognitive Impairment by Quercetin in a Rat Model of Breast Cancer
Authors: Ramalingayya Grandhi Venkata , John Jeena , Gourishetti Karthik , Nayak Pawan Ganesh , Rao C. Mallikarjuna , Kishore Anoop , Alnasser Sulaiman M. , Hussain Shalam M. , Krishnadas Nandakumar
Published: December 2022

The management of breast cancer by chemotherapeutic agents has significantly increased the survival rates and, at the same time, raised concerns about the side effects caused by these agents on healthy tissues. Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment resulting from non-CNS malignancies like breast cancer has emerged as a significant challenge among cancer survivors due to its negative impact on the quality of day-to-day life activities. Using doxorubicin-based chemotherapy as a preclinical model for chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment, we assessed the effect of quercetin on behavioral memory alterations in tumor-bearing female rats in vivo and changes in neurite length and apoptosis in PC12 cell lines in vitro. Quercetin is purported to have neuroprotective effects in different preclinical models of human neurological conditions because of its possible anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Mammary carcinoma was induced by intraperitoneal administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea followed by doxorubicin administration once in 5 days (50 days). Pre-treatment with quercetin began 1 week before the chemotherapy and continued till the end of the chemotherapy cycle. Mechanistically, quercetin produced protection against doxorubicin-induced neurotoxicity by decreasing apoptosis and had a neurogenic effect evidenced by the prevention of toxicant-induced inhibition of neurite establishment. Quercetin reversed episodic and spatial memory deficits caused by doxorubicin treatment assessed by novel object recognition memory and Morris water maze, respectively. Taken together, our findings suggest that cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin may be a contributor to neurogenic impairment in tumor-bearing animals, leading to memory deficits. Therefore, quercetin could be a promising therapeutic strategy for doxorubicin-related cognitive impairment, thus imparting hope for improved quality of life among cancer survivors.

Graphical Abstract
Tunable vortex Majorana modes controlled by strain in homogeneous LiFeAs
Authors: Liu Wenyao , Hu Quanxin , Wang Xiancheng , Zhong Yigui , Yang Fazhi , Kong Lingyuan , Cao Lu , Li Geng , Peng Yi , Okazaki Kozo , Kondo Takeshi , Jin Changqing , Xu Jinpeng , Gao Hong-Jun , Ding Hong
Published: December 2022

The iron-based superconductors (FeSCs) have recently emerged as a promising single-material Majorana platform by hosting isolated Majorana zero modes (MZMs) at relatively high temperatures. To further verify its Majorana nature and move forward to build topological quantum qubits, it is highly desirable to achieve tunability for MZMs on homogeneous FeSCs. Here, with an in-situ strain device, we can controllably create MZMs on the homogeneous surface of stoichiometric superconductor LiFeAs by altering its chemical potential. The evolution of discrete energy modes inside a strained vortex is found to mimic exactly as the predicted topological vortex case, proving the Majorana nature of emerging zero modes of vortex. More importantly, our work provides a controllable method for MZM in a homogeneous FeSC, and such achievement of tunability of MZMs in the FeSC Majorana-material platform is an important step towards their application in topological quantum computation.
Quantum computing for data-centric engineering and science
Authors: Herbert Steven
Published: December 2022

In this perspective, I give my answer to the question of how quantum computing will impact on data-intensive applications in engineering and science. I focus on quantum Monte Carlo integration as a likely source of (relatively) near-term quantum advantage, but also discuss some other ideas that have garnered widespread interest.
The impact of removing the high-frequency spectral tail on rogue wave statistics
Authors: Tang Tianning , Barratt Dylan , Bingham Harry B. , van den Bremer Ton S. , Adcock Thomas A.A.
Published: December 2022

When making directional surface gravity waves in a wave tank or when initialising numerical simulations of the ocean, the wave spectrum is often curtailed suppressing higher frequencies and wavenumbers. We consider the impact of doing this by numerically simulating two seminal experiments, those of Onorato et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 627, 2009, pp. 235–257, R2) and Latheef & Swan (Proc. R. Soc. A, vol. 469, no. 2152, 2013, p. 20120696). We simulate waves using a fully nonlinear potential-flow model. We find that curtailing the spectrum can have a significant impact on the subsequent evolution. In particular, for cases where the spectrum has been curtailed, the nonlinear physics produces significantly more extreme or rogue waves than are observed in the case where the full spectral tail was included in the initial conditions, and this difference persists over tens of periods after the waves are initialised. This suggests that sea states that are ‘out of equilibrium’ (i.e. with their tails removed) can produce a greater number of rogue waves. We show this can also have an impact on predicted loads on offshore infrastructure.
12,000 years of landscape evolution in the southern White Mountains, New Hampshire, as recorded in Ossipee Lake sediments
Authors: LeNoir James , Cook Timothy L. , Snyder Noah P.
Published: December 2022

Continuous records of sediment yield spanning from the late glacial through the Holocene to the present day provide an important opportunity to investigate landscape evolution over various timescales in response to a variety of natural and anthropogenic forcing mechanisms. This study investigates variations in sediment yield and landscape evolution in the 768 km2watershed of Ossipee Lake, New Hampshire, USA. We pair subbottom sonar observations with analyses of lacustrine sediment cores to interpret a 12,000+ yr record of lake sedimentation in terms of changes in sediment yield and landscape evolution. Our results indicate high rates of sediment redistribution following deglaciation at ~14,500 to ~12,000 cal yr BP, followed by a period of gradually decreasing sediment yield until ~9000 cal yr BP, marking the termination of the most intense period of paraglacial landscape adjustment. From 9000 cal yr BP to 1850 CE, sediment yield is highly variable and reveals a slightly increasing trend that we attribute to a dominant hydroclimatic control on erosion driven by increasing effective precipitation in the region throughout the Holocene. Despite evidence for a highly dynamic landscape and an abundance of unconsolidated glacigenic surface deposits throughout the watershed, we interpret a modest erosional impact from anthropogenic land use.
Ticketing and Turnout: The Participatory Consequences of Low-Level Police Contact
Authors: BEN-MENACHEM JONATHAN , MORRIS KEVIN T.
Published: December 2022

The American criminal legal system is an important site of political socialization: scholars have shown that criminal legal contact reduces turnout and that criminalization pushes people away from public institutions more broadly. Despite this burgeoning literature, few analyses directly investigate the causal effect of lower-level police contact on voter turnout. To do so, we leverage individual-level administrative ticketing data from Hillsborough County, Florida. We show that traffic stops materially decrease participation for Black and non-Black residents alike, and we also find temporal variation in the effect for Black voters. Although stops reduce turnout more for Black voters in the short term, they are less demobilizing over a longer time horizon. Although even low-level contacts with the police can reduce political participation across the board, our results point to a unique process of political socialization vis-à-vis the carceral state for Black Americans.
The relationship between patient-reported health-related quality of life and malnutrition risk in cirrhosis: an observational cohort study
Authors: Hui Yangyang , Cui Binxin , Wang Xiaoyu , Mao Lihong , Li Yifan , Sun Mingyu , Yang Wanting , Guo Gaoyue , Fan Xiaofei , Sun Chao
Published: December 2022

Patients with cirrhosis experience worse health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and attempts are warranted further exploration of modifiable factors to improve HRQoL. Data on the impact of malnutrition risk on HRQoL among cirrhosis are limited; thus, we aimed to strengthen understanding by clarifying the relationship between nutritional status and low HRQoL in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Consecutive inpatients with cirrhosis attending our department within a tertiary hospital were studied. Generic health profiles and malnutrition risk were evaluated by the EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) and Royal Free Hospital-Nutritional Prioritizing Tool (RFH-NPT) score, respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine association of malnutrition risk with low HRQoL. In this cohort of 364 patients with median age of 64 years and 49·5 % male, 55·5 % of the study population reported impairment pertinent to HRQoL in at least one dimension in terms of the EQ-5D. Moreover, malnutrition risk (RFH-NPT score: β coefficient = −0·114, P = 0·038) was proved to be independently associated with poor HRQoL in multiple analysis, after adjustment for significant variables like age, BMI and markers of decompensation. Notably, we found that health dimensions representing physical function (i.e. mobility, self-care and usual activities) are substantially affected, while malnourished patients reported less frequencies of complaints in other domain such as anxiety/depression. In conclusion, the risk of malnutrition assessed by the RFH-NPT score is independently associated with low HRQoL. It is operational to improve HRQoL by identifying patients at high malnutrition risk and providing timely nutrition treatment.
Climate-controlled organic matter accumulation as recorded in the Upper Jurassic Argiles de Châtillon Formation, a shallow-marine counterpart of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation
Authors: van der Hoeven I. C. , Verreussel R. M. C. H. , Riboulleau A. , Tribovillard N. , van de Schootbrugge B.
Published: December 2022

Mudstones from the Argiles de Châtillon Formation exposed in the Boulonnais region of Northern France represent a proximal lateral equivalent of the organic-rich Kimmeridge Clay Formation. The Argiles de Châtillon Formation is composed of two subunits that straddle the Kimmeridgian–Tithonian boundary. Each subunit contains an organic-rich interval. The two conspicuous organic-rich intervals have been linked to either periods of high sea level or greenhouse warming. Here, we use palynology to further understand climate and environmental mechanisms that drove organic matter enrichment. We use bulk organic carbon isotope records (δ13Corg) to correlate the Boulonnais sections with those of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation. The palynological results suggest that the stratigraphically lower organic-rich interval (Kimmeridgian) was deposited under suboxic to anoxic stratified conditions. A large-scale climate shift from cooler/humid to warmer/arid conditions marked the Kimmeridgian–Tithonian boundary, influencing organic matter enrichment in the stratigraphically higher organic-rich interval (Tithonian). In contrast with the lower organic-rich interval, there are no indications of stratified conditions for the higher organic-rich interval. Within this thicker organic-rich interval, cyclic variations in amorphous organic matter distribution, total organic carbon and δ13Corgtrends on a 2 m scale are observed. They co-occur with fluctuations of the palynological assemblages, indicative of more humid versus arid climate conditions, likely alternating on a ∼100 kyr eccentricity timescale. Our results show that under the most humid phases of these overall arid climate conditions, sulfurization of carbohydrates was the dominant control on organic matter preservation. This climate-controlled process that drives organic matter enrichment in the Tithonian can be recognized on a basin-wide scale.
Railways, Growth, and Industrialization in a Developing German Economy, 1829–1910
Authors: Braun Sebastian Till , Franke Richard
Published: December 2022

This paper studies the average and heterogeneous effects of railway access on parish-level population, income, and industrialization in Württemberg during the Industrial Revolution. We show that the growth-enhancing effect of the railway was much greater in parishes that were larger and more industrial at the outset. However, such early industrial parishes were rare in the relatively poor German state. This might explain why we find small average growth effects, which only increase at the end of the nineteenth century. Heterogeneity in the impact of the railway thus increased economic disparities within Württemberg and contributed to the state’s relatively sluggish growth.
Pandemics Depress the Economy, Public Health Interventions Do Not: Evidence from the 1918 Flu
Authors: Correia Sergio , Luck Stephan , Verner Emil
Published: December 2022

We study the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) on mortality and economic activity across U.S. cities during the 1918 Flu Pandemic. The combination of fast and stringent NPIs reduced peak mortality by 50 percent and cumulative excess mortality by 24 to 34 percent. However, while the pandemic itself was associated with short-run economic disruptions, we find that these disruptions were similar across cities with strict and lenient NPIs. NPIs also did not worsen medium-run economic outcomes. Our findings indicate that NPIs can reduce disease transmission without further depressing economic activity, a finding also reflected in discussions in contemporary newspapers.
Parent-led cognitive behaviour therapy for child anxiety problems: overcoming challenges to increase access to effective treatment
Authors: Creswell Cathy , Chessell Chloe , Halliday Gemma
Published: December 2022

Background:

Anxiety problems have a particularly early age of onset and are common among children. As we celebrate the anniversary of the BABCP, it is important to recognise the huge contribution that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has made to the treatment of anxiety problems in children. CBT remains the only psychological intervention for child anxiety problems with a robust evidence base, but despite this, very few children with anxiety problems access CBT. Creative solutions are urgently needed to ensure that effective treatments can be delivered at scale. Here we focus on parent-led CBT as this offers a potential solution that is brief and can be delivered by clinicians without highly specialised training. Over the last decade there has been a substantial increase in randomised controlled trials evaluating this approach with consistent evidence of effectiveness. Nonetheless clinicians, and parents, often have concerns about trying the approach and can face challenges in its delivery.

Method:

We draw on empirical evidence and our clinical experience to address some of these common concerns and challenges, with particular emphasis on the key principles of empowering parents and working with them to provide opportunities for new learning for their children.

Conclusions:

We conclude by highlighting some important directions for future research and practice, including further evaluation of who does and does not currently benefit from the approach, determining how it should be adapted to optimise outcomes among groups that may not currently get maximum benefits and across cultures, and capitalising on recent technological developments to increase engagement and widen access.
Surface Dust Redistribution on Mars From Interannual Differences in Temperature and Albedo
Authors: Bapst J. , Piqueux S. , Edwards C. S. , Wolfe C. , Hayne P. O. , Kass D. M. , Kleinböhl A.
Published: December 2022

The present climate of Mars is punctuated by recurring dust storm events, where dust is lifted from the surface and is transported by the atmosphere. Dust addition or removal can brighten or darken the surface, as well as affect thermal insulating properties because of its low thermal conductivity. Of particular interest is the recurrence of global dust storms (GDSs) and whether their frequency is controlled by the replenishment or depletion of finite surface reservoirs between events. Global climate models predict changes in dust coverage before and after global storms, but output varies substantially regarding the amounts and locations of transported dust. The analysis of global, multiyear observations of surface temperature and albedo from orbit can constrain changes in dust coverage and/or thickness. We calculate and map interannual differences in surface temperature from Mars Year (MY) 24 through MY35 to identify regions of dust redistribution. Regional temperature changes across the MY25 GDS can be explained by changes in albedo and do not require changes in surface thermal properties, supporting extremely small dust thickness changes. Across the MY34 GDS, we find less extensive changes in surface temperature, indicating a reduced impact on dust redistribution compared to MY25. However, we identify a region between Acidalia and Arabia Terra that experienced substantial dust removal and positively correlates with visible high‐resolution orbital images. Our work supports minuscule changes in dust thickness from the observed GDSs and is consistent with effectively infinite dust reservoirs on timescales of at least 103 years.
Subsurface Lateral Flows Buffer Riparian Water Stress Against Snow Drought
Authors: Graup L. J. , Tague C. L. , Harpold A. A. , Krogh S. A.
Published: December 2022

In the Sierra Nevada, CA, the Mediterranean climate exposes montane forests to water stress during the summer drought. Normally, spring snowmelt alleviates summer water stress, especially in riparian ecosystems that receive subsurface lateral inputs from groundwater. However, snow drought could potentially eliminate these beneficial effects. This research investigates how subsurface lateral redistribution mediates hillslope‐scale vegetation responses to snow drought. We apply a spatially‐distributed ecohydrologic model (Regional Hydro‐Ecologic Simulation System (RHESSys)) to a snow‐dominated watershed in the Sierra Nevada. We incorporate observed sap flow data along a hillslope to estimate relative differences in water stress for upslope and riparian sites, and constrain RHESSys drainage parameter uncertainty. Our model results show that subsurface lateral inputs buffer riparian water stress against snow drought. For all drought types, both upslope and riparian sites experience substantial losses of net primary productivity (NPP), and on average upslope sites are more adversely affected (upslope loss of NPP = 45% vs. riparian = 28%). Dry droughts from a lack of rain or snow induce substantial loss of biomass for upslope and riparian trees because of low annual precipitation, but a small snowpack retained during cold, dry years slightly alleviates these effects and delays water stress by 2 weeks in riparian areas and 3 weeks upslope. While riparian forests are often buffered against drought stress, our study also shows that riparian forests can suffer from water stress. We found 21% of drought scenarios where riparian trees experience greater water stress than upslope trees that were mostly associated with wet and warm snow droughts.
Outdoor mmWave Channel Modeling for Fixed Wireless Access at 60 GHz
Authors: De Beelde B. , Verboven Z. , Tanghe E. , Plets D. , Joseph W.
Published: December 2022

The large bandwidths that are available at millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency bands allow high‐throughput wireless communication systems that enable fixed wireless access (FWA) applications. In FWA networks, a stationary link is created between antennas installed at building facades or street furniture, such as lampposts. A Line‐of‐Sight (LOS) scenario is preferred, but to guarantee the quality of service to the user, communication should remain possible when the LOS path is obstructed. In this paper, outdoor channel models at 60 GHz are presented that can be used for the design and optimization of FWA networks, based on measurements with the Terragraph wireless system using IEEE Std. 802.11ad radios. LOS path loss measurement data is analyzed and building reflection loss, diffraction loss, and vegetation loss are measured. There is limited diffuse scattering, but reflections on the wall frame structure result in reflected paths with low losses. Existing vegetation models that are based on measurement campaigns at lower frequencies underestimate vegetation loss at mmWave frequencies, as measured excess attenuation values range from 15 to 25 dB for distances lower than 14 m. The presented channel models are used for link budget calculations for FWA networks.
Realising high aspect ratio 10 nm feature size in laser materials processing in air at 800 nm wavelength in the far-field by creating a high purity longitudinal light field at focus
Authors: Li Zhaoqing , Allegre Olivier , Li Lin
Published: December 2022

In semiconductor and data storage device manufacturing, it is desirable to produce feature sizes less than 30 nm with a high depth-to-width aspect ratio on the target material rapidly at a low cost. However, optical diffraction limits the smallest focused laser beam diameter to around half of the laser wavelength (λ/2). The existing approach to achieving nanoscale fabrication is mainly based on costly extreme ultraviolet (EUV) technology operating within the diffraction limit. In this paper, a new method is shown to achieve materials processing resolution down to 10 nm (λ/80) at an infrared laser wavelength of around 800 nm in the far-field, in air, well beyond the optical diffraction limit. A high-quality longitudinal field with a purity of 94.7% is generated to realise this super-resolution. Both experiments and theoretical modelling have been carried out to verify and understand the findings. The ablation craters induced on polished silicon, copper, and sapphire are compared for different types of light fields. Holes of 10–30 nm in diameter are produced on sapphire with a depth-to-width aspect ratio of over 16 and a zero taper with a single pulse at 100–120 nJ pulse energy. Such high aspect ratio sub-50 nm holes produced with single pulse laser irradiation are rarely seen in laser processing, indicating a new material removal mechanism with the longitudinal field. The working distance (lens to target) is around 170 µm, thus the material processing is in the far field. Tapered nano-holes can also be produced by adjusting the lens to the target distance.