bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Processes of professional adaptation of graduates in the labor market of the service sector
Authors: Ананьева Татьяна , Ananeva Tatyana , Илюхина Галина , Ilyukhina Galina , Кобелева Ольга , Kobeleva Olga
Published: March 2015

The article examines the processes of professional adaptation of graduates of specialized universities in the labor market of the service sector. Based on the analysis of core competency orientation of the service sector´s activities it is concluded that more meaningful and effective for successful professional activities of graduates in the service sector is not fragmented knowledge but generalized competences, manifested in the ability to solve social, professional and life goals. The main features of professional activities of the service sector are related to the availability of the necessary professional functions, the significance of which is that the professional activities of the service sector are carried out in direct contact with the consumer. This implies the need to make the formation of knowledge, abilities, and features of training in the service sector initially humanistic and socially significant orientation. To solve the problem of effective professional adaptation of graduates in areas of training of the service sector defined are the following basic vectors of professional education: the integration of the national high school in the international educational space, ensuring the close connection of the education system and the labor market, the creation of conditions for effective interaction with employers and professional communities. The paper defines the nature and significance of the competency approach, allowing to objectively assess the suitability of each graduate to future activities (whether work or further education), as well as to develop clear criteria for the quality of these activities, allowing organizations to implement targeted educational training for graduates to meet the requirements of the employer. In the same context, the competence model is defined as the system of requirements for the training of graduates to specific educational level and profile of the educational program.
Formation of a regional-oriented communicative competence for bachelors in tourism at the university in the process of learning foreign languages on the basis of interdisciplinary integration
Authors: Лейфа Андрей , Leyfa Andrey , Сивухин Андрей , Sivukhin Andrey
Published: March 2015

The authors discuss the role of interdisciplinary integration (interdisciplinary connections) when filling the content of the English language in order to create a regionally-oriented communicative competence for bachelors of tourism. Interdisciplinary integration allows content to fill the features of professional work and professional activity peculiarities of the region, all of which prepares young specialists to perform professional tasks in the region. Practice shows that currently travel agencies reoriented to the Russian regions and CIS countries, which in turn causes the need for professional training of the tourism industry in regions for tourism development in the field. Accordingly, the objective of training is to train specialists on demand for regions´ tourism industries — solving this problem contributes to the formation of a regionally-oriented communicative competence of bachelors of tourism. This article describes how interdisciplinary integration of the content of disciplines from the professional cycle in foreign language teaching of undergraduates in tourism on the example of the English language. In particular, identified are the following characteristics of the study: 1) the formation of a regional and linguistic competence occurs in the process of learning material, reflecting everyday life, especially in the region and specifics of professional activities. Working with similar material, bachelors of the tourism industry master professional vocabulary, learn grammar of the English language, learn the correct pronunciation with the realities of the region´s language, learn to build theirr own grammatically correct phrases aimed at communication in professional activities and that contributes to the formation of regionally-speech competence; 2) the formation of regional-speech competence occurs in the preparation of dialogue and monologue sentences using vocabulary that reflects the professional activities and cultural characteristics of the region, in discussing problems, discussions, when writing an essays; 3) the formation of a regional and socio-cultural competence is carried out during the development of the content of the English language that reflects the characteristics of the region for professional activities: for the development of inbound tourism — knowledge of the customs and traditions of the peoples of the Far East, tourist objects of Far East, attractions, history and geography of the region; for the development of outbound tourism — knowledge of cultural traditions of China, China´s attractions, geography, China´s history
Validating the ‘Intervention Wheel’ in the context of Irish public health nursing
Authors: McDonald Anne , Frazer Kate , Duignan Catriona , Healy Marianne , Irving Annette , Marteinsson Patricia , Molloy Brenda , McNicholas Elizabeth
Published: March 2015

Illuminating the full range of nursing actions is a challenge for nurses globally; the invisibility of nursing and of public health nursing in particular is well documented. Visibility can be enhanced by identifying core functions of nursing and matching corresponding levels of interventions and outcomes. This is a priority for the contemporary Irish public health nursing (PHN) service. In the United States, public health nurses have developed an ‘Intervention Wheel’ naming public health interventions at community, systems and individual/family levels. This aimed to make visible the core functions of PHN practice. The values and beliefs underpinning the Intervention Wheel have been shown to capture the essence of public health nursing within the European context. In total, US nurses described 17 Wheel interventions by recording stories from practice. Owing to concern that the public health aspect of their role was not only invisible but was at risk of erosion, Irish PHNs decided to replicate this storytelling approach to provide evidence for and authenticate the 17 interventions on the Intervention Wheel from their day-to-day public health practice.
Tips on working with a fundraising team
Authors: Bannister Nick
Published: March 2015

Nick Bannister invites experts to share five pieces of advice. This month, he invited Flavia Highfield, strategic business manager, to share her tips on working with a fundraising team.
Communicating with patients with long-term conditions
Authors: Last Rhian
Published: March 2015

This article covers tips and techniques to avoid missed opportunities and to ask the right questions to understand what will help the patient best during consultations for long-term conditions
The place of creativity
Authors: Haigh Gerald
Published: March 2015

The Warwick Report has thrust creativity and culture back into the headlines. However, Gerald Haigh argues that the future of creative education belongs firmly in schools
CPD and your subject
Authors: Weston David
Published: March 2015

The more we tell teachers about generic best practice in the classroom, the less they will focus on students' learning, says David Weston. He argues for a subject-centred approach to CPD
Taking risks with new tasks
Authors: Pittam Nadine
Published: March 2015

In the second of her series on risk-taking in the classroom, Nadine Pittam discusses ideas for pushing the boundaries when introducing and demonstrating or modelling tasks
Contribution to the knowledge of the weevil subgenus Choilisanus Reitter, 1912, genus Otiorhynchus Germar, 1822 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae)
Authors: Davidian Genrik E. , Gültekin Levent
Published: March 2015

A new species Otiorhynchus ege Davidian & Gültekin sp. nov. is described from Aegean Region of Turkey. Closely related species Otiorhynchus balcanicus Stierlin, 1861, Otiorhynchus leuthneri Smreczyński, 1977 and Otiorhynchus latinasus Reitter 1898 from the subgenus Choilisanus Reitter, 1912 are redescribed, the lectotype of Otiorhynchus latinasus is designated, and a key to five species which are allied to Otiorhynchus balcanicus is given. Colour illustration, including habitus and photos of important morphological characters are presented.
Ipsilateral distal radius fracture with elbow dislocation-a rare entity: report of 3 cases
Authors: TV Ravikumar , Grover Amit , Gadi Daksh , Samorekar Bheemsingh
Published: March 2015

Introduction: Elbow joint is the second most common joint to dislocate after shoulder. 20 percent of elbow dislocations are associated with fractures. Elbow dislocations are commonly associated with coronoid process, radial head and olecranon fractures. Dislocations of the elbow commonly accompany proximal ulna or radial fracture. Elbow dislocation with a distal radius fracture is rare. In the literature, there are very few case reports highlighting such an injury.We report three cases of ipsilateral closed dislocation at the elbow associated with a closed distal radius fracture presented to us over a period of three years. Elbow dislocation was managed by closed reduction in two cases, and k wiring was required in one case. For distal radius open reduction and internal fixation by a buttress plate was done for two cases, and one was managed conservatively. At 6 months of follow up patients had full range of movement of the elbow joint and complete union of the distal radius fracture.Therefore, clinical and radiological assessment of one joint above and below should be done in every case so that these injuries, although rare, should not be missed. In a case of elbow dislocation, a possibility of a distal radius fracture should be kept in mind. A very high degree of suspicion is required for such cases.
Privacy Notices as Tabula Rasa: An Empirical Investigation into how Complying with a Privacy Notice is Related to Meeting Privacy Expectations Online
Authors: Martin Kirsten
Published: March 2015

Recent privacy scholarship has focused on the failure of adequate notice and consumer choice as a tool to address consumers' privacy expectations online. However, there has not been a direct examination into how complying with a privacy notice is related to meeting privacy expectations online. This article reports the findings of two factorial vignette studies describing online consumer tracking, whereby respondents rated the degree to which online scenarios met their privacy expectations or complied with a privacy notice. The results suggest that respondents perceived the privacy notice as offering greater protections than it actually did. Perhaps most problematically, respondents projected the important factors of their privacy expectations onto the privacy notice. In other words, privacy notices became a tabula rasa for users' privacy expectations. The findings provide guidance for policy makers and firms to avoid unnecessary privacy violations caused by an overreliance on privacy notices. Considering the importance of privacy notices in managing privacy online, more work should extend this study to shed light on how consumers understand notices and how their perceptions of privacy notices map to their privacy expectations, if at all.
Stability of solitary-wave solutions of coupled NLS equations with power-type nonlinearities
Authors: Bhattarai Santosh
Published: March 2015

This paper proves existence and stability of solitary-wave solutions of a
system of 2-coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations
with power-type nonlinearities arising in several models of modern physics.
The existence of vector solitary-wave solutions (i.e., both components are nonzero)
is established via variational methods.
The set of minimizers is shown to be stable and further
information about the structures of this set are given.
The results extend stability results previously obtained by Cipolatti and Zumpichiatti [Nonlinear Anal. 42 (2000), 445–461], Nguyen and
Wang [Adv. Differential Equations 16 (2011), no. 9–10, 977–1000; `Existence and
stability of a two-parameter family of solitary waves for a 2-coupled nonlinear Schrödinger system', preprint (2013)], and Ohta [Nonlinear Anal. 26 (1996), 933–939].
Existence of mild solutions for a singular parabolic equation and stabilization
Authors: Bougherara Brahim , Giacomoni Jacques
Published: March 2015

In this paper, we study the existence and the uniqueness of a positive mild solution for the following singular nonlinear problem with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions:
(St
) ∂
t

u - Δ
p

u = u
-δ + f(x,u) in (0,T) × Ω =: QT
, u = 0 on (0,T) × ∂Ω,
u > 0 in QT
, u(0,x) = u
0 ≥ 0 in Ω,
where Ω stands for a regular bounded domain of ℝ
N
, Δ
p

u is the p-Laplacian operator defined by
Δ
p

u = div(|∇u|
p-2|∇u|)
1 < p < ∞, δ > 0 and T > 0. The nonlinear term
f : Ω × ℝ → ℝ is
a bounded below Carathéodory function and nonincreasing with respect to the second variable (for a.e. x ∈ Ω).
We prove for any initial positive data u
0 ∈

𝒟
(
A
)

¯

L
∞

$\overline{{\mathcal {D}}(A)}^{L^\infty }$

the existence
of a mild solution to (St
). Then, we deduce some stabilization results for problem (St
) in L
∞(Ω) when p ≥ 2. This complements some results obtained in [J. Differential Equations 252 (2012), 5042–5075] stated with the additional restriction δ < 2 + 1/(p - 1).
Segmented independent component analysis for improved separation of fetal cardiac signals from nonstationary fetal magnetocardiograms
Authors: Murta Luiz O. , Guzo Mauro G. , Moraes Eder R. , Baffa Oswaldo , Wakai Ronald T. , Comani Silvia
Published: March 2015

Fetal magnetocardiograms (fMCGs) have been successfully processed with independent component analysis (ICA) to separate the fetal cardiac signals, but ICA effectiveness can be limited by signal nonstationarities due to fetal movements. We propose an ICA-based method to improve the quality of fetal signals separated from fMCG affected by fetal movements. This technique (SegICA) includes a procedure to detect signal nonstationarities, according to which the fMCG recordings are divided in stationary segments that are then processed with ICA. The first and second statistical moments and the signal polarity reversal were used at different threshold levels to detect signal transients. SegICA effectiveness was assessed in two fMCG datasets (with and without fetal movements) by comparing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the signals extracted with ICA and with SegICA. Results showed that the SNR of fetal signals affected by fetal movements improved with SegICA, whereas the SNR gain was negligible elsewhere. The best measure to detect signal nonstationarities of physiological origin was signal polarity reversal at threshold level 0.9. The first statistical moment also provided good results at threshold level 0.6. SegICA seems a promising method to separate fetal cardiac signals of improved quality from nonstationary fMCG recordings affected by fetal movements.
The hyperbolicity of the sphere complex via surgery paths
Authors: Hilion Arnaud , Horbez Camille
Published: March 2015

In [10], Handel and Mosher have proved that the free splitting complex

ℱ
⁢

𝒮
n

{\mathcal{F\kern-2.27622ptS}_{n}}

for the free group

F
n

{F_{n}}

is Gromov hyperbolic. This is a deep and much sought-after result, since it establishes

ℱ
⁢

𝒮
n

{\mathcal{F\kern-2.27622ptS}_{n}}

as a good analogue of the curve complex for surfaces.

We give a shorter alternative proof of this theorem, using surgery paths in Hatcher’s sphere complex (another model for the free splitting complex), instead of Handel and Mosher’s fold paths. As a byproduct, we get that surgery paths are unparameterized quasi-geodesics in the sphere complex.

We explain how to deduce from our proof the hyperbolicity of the free factor complex and the arc complex of a surface with boundary.
Thermoelectric Power Supply of Wireless Sensor Nodes in Marine Gearboxes
Authors: Schirrmacher Sebastian , Ullmann Georg , Overmeyer Ludger
Published: March 2015

This article presents a solution for the thermoelectric power supply of wireless sensor nodes for condition monitoring of marine gearboxes. Among the different ambient energy sources in marine gearboxes, frictional heat has been identified to be appropriate to thermally power a thermoelectric generator (TEG). The such generated electricity may power wireless sensor nodes for detecting temperature, vibration, torque and rotational speed. Requirements for a corresponding energy supply are formulated, constructive solutions are presented and thermal simulations and practical experiments are reviewed. The results are evaluated and a solution is selected for further implementation, which provides for an actively cooled TEG in the area of the ship gearbox’s heat exchanger. This can provide continuous electrical power of up to 14 mW, thus supplying the planned sensor nodes. The disadvantage of this solution is that a comparatively extensive mechanical modification, for example, to the oil and cooling water pipelines is required.
Response of Sunflower to Rainwater Conservation and Nutrient Management in Semi-arid Conditions
Authors: Patil S. L. , Mishra P. K. , Ramesha M. N. , Math S. K. N.
Published: March 2015

Sunflower is an important oilseed crop grown throughout the year due to its short duration, day neutral, low photoperiod sensitivity and wider adoptability to agroclimatic conditions and soil types in Asian countries. Lower yields of sunflower in rainfed vertisols are attributed to lower soil moisture and nutrients availability. In this situation, we conducted field studies at research farm and farmers’ fields to know the response of sunflower to rainwater conservation and nutrient management in vertisols of India. Compartmental bunding and ridges and furrows conserved more rainwater in profile, thus producing greater sunflower seed yields varying from 22% to 28% compared to farmers’ practice of flat-bed sowing. Greater seed yield with resource conservation is attributed to higher head diameter with greater head weight and seed weight per plant over flat-bed sowing. Nutrient management as farmers practice INM1(15 kg N ha−1+ 15 kg P2O5ha−1+ 1.0 t farmyard manure ha−1) withAzospirillumseed treatment (INM2) produced 5–6% higher seed yield, whereas recommended rate of nutrients (40 kg N ha−1+ 40 kg P2O5ha−1+ 2.0 t farmyard manure ha−1) withAzospirillumseed treatment (INM3) produced 13–16% greater seed yield both at research farm and farmers’ fields over INM1.
Further notes on sociolinguistic scales
Authors: Blommaert Jan , Westinen Elina , Leppänen Sirpa
Published: March 2015

This short paper seeks to reformulate and refine the notion of sociolinguistic scales as relative scope of understandability, thus drawing the notion fully into the realm of semiotics, rather than in the rather unproductive sphere of spatiotemporal and distributional interpretation where it has been deployed. Differences in scope of understandability are differences in the presupposability of signs, and such differences are not equivalent but stratified in a polycentric environment. Scales, in that sense, point towards the non-unified and hierarchical-layered nature of the sign and of meaning making practices. Scalar effects, once established, can furthermore be carried over into different indexical orders deployed on different topics. We draw on the results of a recent study of hip-hop culture in Finland to establish these points.
Longer nilpotent series for classical unipotent subgroups
Authors: Maglione Joshua
Published: March 2015

In studying nilpotent groups, the lower central series and other variations can be used to construct an associated ℤ+-graded Lie ring, which is a powerful method to inspect a group. Indeed, the process can be generalized substantially by introducing ℕ
d
-graded Lie rings.
We compute the adjoint refinements of the lower central series of the unipotent subgroups of the classical Chevalley groups over the field ℤ/pℤ of rank d. We prove that, for all the classical types, this characteristic filter is a series of length Θ(d
2) with nearly all factors having p-bounded order.
A Collaborative Workflow for Computer-Aided Design in Ambient Assisted Living: The ASIM Project
Authors: Ferry Nicolas , Berruet Pascal , Allegre Willy , Augu Laurent
Published: March 2015

In 2014, the worldwide context is that the population is increasingly both expanding and aging in industrial countries. In contrast, the personal health levels of individuals could decrease. Although retirement homes and health-care centers assume most of the demand, they will most probably overflow in the next few years. One of the current solutions is e-Health, which involves biomedical monitoring but also home automation functions to compensate for disabilities that tend to increase with age. In this context, several domains have to be merged while respecting the entire ecosystem: the users, their needs and environment, but also all the various actors/experts involved in this process. The issue, however, is that enormous effort is required to combine the multiple expert domains because these can be antinomic. Hence, this paper proposes a collaborative workflow that brings together these different actors and generates the control/command application. Applying model-driven engineering, this workflow makes a clear distinction between people’s health requirements, the home automation functions, and the user interface points of view. Thus, it allows experts in each field to adapt their system in terms of the user’s needs, disability, and health state.
Autonomous Evolution of Digital Art Using Genetic Algorithms
Authors: House Amanda , Agah Arvin
Published: March 2015

This paper applies a genetic algorithm (GA) to the autonomous evolution of digital art, eliminating the need for a human in the loop. Creative applications of GAs face the challenge of producing art or music to fit a wide range of human tastes. One approach is to use a human in the loop to determine the fitness function in order to direct the selection and evolution. Another approach, which this paper explores, is to define an objective fitness function to automate evolution without the need for human input. In this paper, several features of digital art are identified and used as the basis for fitness functions. The resulting images are recognizable for the intended evolution of the fitness function used. This indicates the potential of an approach to create more robust algorithmic fitness functions capable of evolving creative applications autonomously.
The classification of modular Lie superalgebras of type M
Authors: Ma Lili , Chen Liangyun
Published: March 2015

The natural filtration of the infinite-dimensional simple modular Lie superalgebra M over a field of
characteristic p > 2 is proved to be invariant under automorphisms by discussing ad-nilpotent elements. Moreover,
an intrinsic property is obtained and all the infinite-dimensional simple modular Lie superalgebras M are classified
up to isomorphisms. As an application, a property of automorphisms of M is given.
Über das Rauschen von Germanium-Einkristallen
Authors: Sautter D. , Seiler K.
Published: March 2015

Es wird das Rauschen von Germanium-Einkristallen in Abhängigkeit von Feldstärke, Temperatur, Frequenz und Dotierung gemessen. Der Frequenzbereich liegt dabei zwischen 2 und 150 kHz, der Temperaturbereich zwischen 20 und 140°C, also im Übergangsbereich zwischen Stör- und Eigenleitung. Die Kristalle sind p- und n-leitend dotiert und haben spezifische Widerstände zwischen 0,3 und 60 Ωcm bei Zimmertemperatur.

Das mittlere Rauschstromquadrat ii
2 nimmt quadratisch mit der Feldstärke im Kristall zu, es steigt etwa exponentiell mit wachsender Temperatur an. Die Abhängigkeit von der Frequenz ƒ läßt sich teilweise durch Funktionen der Form i̅i
2 ∾ 1/[1+ (2 π ƒ τ)2] beschreiben. Die Temperatur- und Frequenzkurven sind dotierungsabhängig. Ein Vergleich der Meßergebnisse mit den bestehenden Theorien über das Schrotrauschen in Halbleitern läßt vermuten, daß der gemessene Rauschstrom durch Schwankungen der Konzentrationen der Ladungsträger bei der Bildung von Elektronen-Löcherpaaren erzeugt wird.
Über den Reaktionsmechanismus organischer Moleküle in der positiven Säule einer Glimmentladung
Authors: Schüler H. , Stockburger M.
Published: March 2015

Die Kenntnis des Reaktionsmechanismus, der in einer Glimmentladung mit organischen Molekülen zur Erzeugung von Spektren führt, ist notwendig, um Hinweise für deren Träger zu erhalten. Zu diesem Zweck wurde bei einer Reihe von Spektren die Intensität in Abhängigkeit vom Entladungsstrom (Druck als Parameter) mit Hilfe eines Multipliers gemessen. Diese Intensitäts-Strom-Messungen ergaben bisher zwei verschiedene Kurventypen (Typ I, Typ II). Der Kurventyp I entspricht der Anregung des Muttermoleküls durch Elektronenstoß. Dabei zeigen die Kurven, daß nur ein vom Entladungsstrom und Druck abhängiger Bruchteil der angeregten „Muttermoleküle“ seine Energie durch Strahlung abgibt, während der andere Teil (Transportenergie) seine Energie strahlungslos weiterreicht. Diese „Transportenergie“ wird aus den Kurven vom Typ I bestimmt und ihre Abhängigkeit vom Strom als „Differenzkurve“ bezeichnet. Der ähnliche Verlauf der Kurven vom Typ II und der Differenzkurven weist darauf hin, daß die durch Stoß zweiter Art weitergegebene „Transportenergie“ zu Reaktionen weiterverwendet wird, welche zur Ausstrahlung von Spektren mit dem Kurventyp II führen. Der Stoß zwischen angeregten und nicht angeregten Muttermolekülen scheint ein wesentlicher Prozeß zu sein, der das Leuchten organischer Moleküle in der Glimmentladung bestimmt. Auch beim He-Atom ist ein Fall beobachtet worden, der auf diesen Energiemechanismus hinweist.
Die Erhöhung der F-Zentrenbildung bei der Röntgen-Bestrahlung von KCl-Kristallen mit Ca-Ionen-Dotierung
Authors: Fröhlich F.
Published: March 2015

Es wird gezeigt, daß sich der zeitliche Verlauf der durch RÖNTGEN-Bestrahlung bei Zimmertemperatur hervorgerufenen F-Zentrenbildung in Ca-dotierten KCl-Kristallen durch einen analytischen Ausdruck darstellen läßt. Dieser stimmt formal mit einem früher für reine Kristalle gefundenen Ausdruck überein, führt jedoch neben den schon in reinen Kristallen wirksamen zwei Arten von Anionen-Leerstellen zur Annahme eines weiteren zusätzlichen Anteiles von Anionen-Leerstellen, deren Konzentration durch den Ca-Ionen-Gehalt bestimmt ist, und zu einer mit dem Ca-Ionen-Gehalt zunehmenden Bildungsrate neuer Leerstellen während der RÖNTGEN-Bestrahlung.
Die Polarisation der quasi-monochromatischdien Bremsstrahlung von einem Einkristall*
Authors: Überall H.
Published: March 2015

Es wird gezeigt, daß die kürzlich von DIAMBRINI und Mitarbeitern aufgefundene quasi-monochro-matische Bremsstrahlung, welche von energetischen Elektronen bei der Durchquerung eines Einkristalls abgegeben wird, in hohem Grad linear polarisiert ist.
Zur Analyse des Zeitsinnes bei Periplaneta americana
Authors: Bünning Erwin
Published: March 2015

The running activity was used as a measure of the course of the endogenous diurnal periodicity in Periplaneta americana. The influence of low temperatures (+5°, +3°, -2°), which acted on the diurnal cycle at different times was tested. In one of the two half cycles the delay of the internal clock due to the chilling was smaller or equal to the duration of the chilling. During this phase, at least at temperatures greater than zero, a minimum time of chilling was necessary in order to demonstrate the delay clearly. In the other half cycle the delay is greater than the duration of the chilling.

It is concluded that oscillations of relaxation are the basis of these phenomena. The phase of tension requires a minimum temperature. Below this minimum a gradual relaxation occurs. The phase of relaxation continues at low temperatures, but after some time it is gradually delayed.

The normal 24-hour light-dark cycle regulates these oscillations in such a way that the phase of tension begins in the second half of the light phase and it attains its maximum in the first part of the dark phase.
Untersuchungen über Aggregatbildung und Inaktivierung des Virus der Maul- und Klauenseuche
Authors: Zimmermann Th.
Published: March 2015

„Eingefäß-verdünnte“ Lössungen des Virus der Maul- und Klauenseuche von +4° C zeigten im Laufe ihrer Lagerung Infektiositäts-Schwankungen von 0,60-0,85 log, die eine Frequenz von ca. 4 Tagen hatten.

In ruhig aufbewahrten Viruslösungen von +4° C, die vor der Probeentnahme zur Titration nicht durchmischt wurden, war das Virus gleichmäßig verteilt. Ein Durchmischen der Lösungen bewirkte in periodischem Wechsel eine Titererhöhung bzw. Erniedrigung im Sinne einer vermehrten Aggregation bzw. Desaggregation von Virus.

Die Volumenabhängigkeit der Infektiositäts-Abnahme von MKS-Viruslösungen wird durch mindestens zwei Faktoren verursacht. Sie wird einmal bedingt durch eine relativ größere Oberflächenreaktion bei Lösungen mit kleineren Volumen, zum anderen aber durch weitere noch unbekannte Faktoren. Bei Virus-Inaktivierungs-Versuchen mit Testlösungen von mindestens 100,0 cm3 ist die Volumenabhängigkeit der Infektiositäts-Abnahme von geringerem Einfluß auf die Ergebnisse.
Quantitative Kontrastierungs-Versuche für die Elektronenmikroskopie
Authors: Amelunxen Ferdinand
Published: March 2015

Der Bildkontrast von Aufnahmen des Tabakmosaikvirus wird durch graphische Auswertung photometrischer Schwärzungsmessungen vergleichend quantitativ bestimmt. Nach der Fixation mit gepuffertem Osmiumtetroxyd ist der Kontrast ~11/4-, bei nachfolgender Behandlung mit Uranylnitrat und Uranylacetat ~ 13/4- bzw. 2- und nach der Fixation mit Formol-Kaliumbichromat ~13/4-mal so groß wie der Kontrast nicht behandelter Virusteilchen. Die mit Formol-Kaliumbichromat fixierten Virusteilchen lassen sich mit Uranyl-Verbindungen nicht mehr kontrastieren.
Eigenschaften einer infektiösen Nucleinsäure-Fraktion aus Hühnerembryonen, die mit Encephalitis-Virus infiziert wurden
Authors: Wecker Eberhard
Published: March 2015

Durch Nucleinsäure-Fraktionen, die aus infizierten Hühnerembryonen gewonnen wurden, wird im bebrüteten, befruchteten Hühnerei die Vermehrung von normalem Eastern-Equine-Encephalomyelitis (EEE) -Virus angeregt. In Gewebekulturen aus embryonalen Hühnerzellen lassen sich mit Nucleinsäure-Fraktionen Plaques erzeugen. Die Infektiosität der Nucleinsäure-Fraktionen unterliegt verschiedenen inhibitorischen Einflüssen durch Substanzen, die neben der infektiösen hochmolekularen Ribonucleinsäure (RNS) in ihnen enthalten sind. Diese Inhibitoren können durch Alkohol-Präzipitation der RNS und durch Behandlung mit Desoxyribonuklease teilweise entfernt bzw. inaktiviert werden. Die infektiöse RNS in den Nucleinsäure-Fraktionen stammt nicht von den EEE-Virus Elementarteilchen, sondern von einem ribonuklease-empfindlichen virusspezifischen Material, welches in den infizierten Zellen vorliegen muß.
Notizen: Über Aromatenkomplexe von Metallen XXXV. Zur Kenntnis des Di-cyclopentadienyl-molybdän-di-hydrids und Di-cyclopentadienyl-wolfram-di-hydrids
Authors: Fischer Ernst Otto , Hristidu Yani
Published: March 2015

Di-cyclopentadienyl-molybdän-di-hydrid (C6H5)2MoH2 und Di-cyclopentadienyl-wolfram-di-hydrid (C5H5)2WH2 lassen sich durch Umsetzung von MoCl5 und WCl6 mit NaC5H5 in großem Überschuß in Tetrahydrofuran und nachfolgende Sublimation erhalten. Die durch Lösen in Säuren nach

(C5H5)2MeH2 + Η⊕ → (C5H5)2MeH3⊕

komplex sich bildenden gelben Kationen (C5H5) 2MoH3⊕ und (C5H5)2WH3,⊕ bilden mit Laugen z. T. wieder die freien Hydride zurück und können daher zu deren Reinigung verwendet werden. Der Diamagnetismus derselben entspricht Edelgas-Konfigurationen, die durch Einbeziehung der Gesamtheit aller Ring-n-Elektronen und jeweils zwei an die Metalle gebundene H-Atome zustande kommen. IR-spektroskopische Befunde bestätigen diese Vorstellung. Dipolmessungen an (C5H5)2WH2 in Benzol beweisen einen unsymmetrischen Bau mit vermutlich schräg gestellten, jedoch noch zentrisch gebundenen Ringen.
Untersuchungen über den Einfluß von UV- und Röntgenstrahlen auf 3.4.-Benzpyren
Authors: Woenckhaus J. W. , Woenckhaus Ch. W. , Koch R.
Published: March 2015

3.4-Benzpyren-Cyclohexanlösungen werden unter Luft bzw. Argon uv- und röntgenbestrahlt.

1. UV-Bestrahlung unter Luft bzw. Argon führt zum Verschwinden der charakteristischen UV-Absorption des Benzpyrens. Chromatographisch entsteht eine Reihe von Reaktionsprodukten, die sich aber bei beiden Gasphasen unterscheiden.

2. Wird eine reine Benzpyren-Cyclohexanlösung bis zu 5 Mill. r röntgenbestrahlt, so sind keine Veränderungen festzustellen. Bei Anwesenheit von Wasser in Form einer entsprechenden Emulsion kommt es dagegen ebenfalls zum Verschwinden der charakteristischen Absorption im UV und zum Auftreten neuer Reaktionsprodukte im Chromatogramm.
Biologische Wirkungen photochemischer Wasserstoffperoxydbildung
Authors: Berg H. , Jacob H.-E.
Published: March 2015

Die photochemische H2O2-Bildung wird als eine weitere Möglichkeit geprüft, um cytotoxische Effekte in der Mikrobiologie hervorzurufen. Suspensionen von Proteus vulgaris (SG 2), die Anthrachinonsulfonsäuren in einer Konzentration von 6·10-4-m. enthalten, werden mit Licht der Wellenlängen > 360 mμ bestrahlt und einerseits die resultierende H2O2-Konzentration gemessen, andererseits die Keimzahlen zu verschiedenen Zeiten bestimmt. Unter vorliegenden Bedingungen wird eine so starke Wirkung erzielt, daß bei Versuchsende ein Bruchteil der eingesetzten Bakterien vermehrungsfähig bleibt. Aus dem Vergleich mit zugesetztem H2O2 wird gefolgert, daß sich die oxydationsfreudigen Radikale OH und HO2 maßgeblich an der cytotoxischen Wirkung beteiligen.
Über die Filtration feinteiliger Aerosole
Authors: Engelhard Hermann , Mohrmann Hasso
Published: March 2015

Nach einem amerikanischen Vorbild wurde ein Nebeltröpfchen-Zählgerät entwickelt, das die Lichtstreuung der Teilchen ausnutzt. Hiermit wurden die Filtrationstheorien von Albrecht, Langmuir, Gillespie und anderen mit Hilfe von technischen Nebelfilterpapieren einer experimentellen Prüfung unterzogen und weitgehende Übereinstimmung gefunden.
Tetrakis(dimethylamino)-äthylen IV
Authors: Wiberg Nils , Buchler Johann W.
Published: March 2015

Es wird mit Hilfe der Einwirkung von Brönsted - Säuren (HCl/HOH, HOH, MeOH) auf Tetrakis (dimethylamino) -äthylen (Me2N)2C= C(NMe2)2 die Frage nach der Existenz eines [Äthylen ⇄ 2 Carben] -Gleichgewichtes diskutiert und die Beziehung der Chemie des Tetrakis (dimethylamino) -äthylens zu der des Tetracyanoäthylens (NC)2C= C(CN)2 erörtert.
Fermentpolymerisation VI
Authors: H. Ebert Von , Stricker H.
Published: March 2015

The action of levan sucrase from aerobacter levanicum on sucrose can be divided into three reactions: levan formation, inversion and oligosaccharide formation. As in dextran synthesis, levan has extremely high molecular weights which are formed even at very small conversions. The oligosaccharides consist mainly of 1β-fructosyl sucrose.

From kinetic data of reactions with enzyme preparations which have been prepared on sucrose containing cultivation media, we could conclude that a levanase was present in our enzyme preparations. By application of fructose instead of sucrose in our cultivation media we could get enzyme preparations completely free of levanase and levan. Temperature- and pH-stability measurements and kinetic data lead to the conclusion that all three reactions are catalysed by the same enzyme. This was confirmed by investigations in the ultracentrifuge; the molecular weight of the enzyme as measured by sedimentation analysis was found to be 22 000.
Wechselbeziehungen zwischen 32P-markierten Ribonucleinsäuren und suspendierten Gewebekulturzellen
Authors: Borriss E. , Koch G.
Published: March 2015

Up to 80% of 32P-labeled poliovirus-RNA and RNA of other origin is adsorbed to suspended tissue culture cells (amnion, HeLa and L cells) under the conditions described. In all cellular systems the level of adsorption is highest in isotonic saline and decreases with increasing NaCl concentrations. The level of adsorption of viral RNA in physiological solutions depends upon the metabolic state of the cells and upon the heterogeneity in molecular size of the RNA. The cells adsorb 34 S-RNA better than 16 S-RNA and RNase depolymerized RNA only up to 5 per cent. No differences are found in the adsorption rate of viral RNA or RNA of other origin, provided they are of identical molecular weight. The maximum of adsorption to amnion cells is reached after 12 - 14 minutes and to HeLa cells after 20-22 minutes. Between 2 - 125 μg RNA/ml the RNA concentration does not influence the percentage of adsorption. 1 · 106 cells/ml yield adsorption values which cannot be measured exactly. Increasing the cell concentration up to 1.8 · 107 cells/ml leads to a rise in the level of adsorption. Higher cell concentrations show no further influence on the adsorption of RNA. Tissue culture cells exposed to RNA in a first adsorption cycle adsorb additional RNA in a second incubation cycle with fresh 32P-RNA, whereas unadsorbed RNA from a first adsorption cycle is poorly bound to fresh cells.
Fractionation of Nucleic Acids from Polio-Infected He La Cells
Authors: Maes R. , Wecker E.
Published: March 2015

The nucleic acids synthesised in poliovirus infected HeLa cells in the presence of actinomycin D were fractionated by means of a methylated albumin column.

Beside the bulk of infectious viral RNA several other peaks were observed.
Die Erzeugung von Mutanten des Tabakmosaikvirus durch den Einbau von Fluoruracil in die Virusnucleinsäure
Authors: Kramer G. , Wittmann H. G. , Schuster H.
Published: March 2015

Tobacco mosaic virus samples in which 17, 36 and 56% of the uracil (U) was replaced by 5-fluorouracil (FU) were prepared. The samples were tested for the presence of mutants on various varieties of Nicotiana tabacum. The virus containing 17% FU showed no detectable increase, whereas the samples with 36% and 56% substitution of U by FU showed a 5 -10 fold increase in the number of mutants in comparison with appropriate controls. Evidence is presented that the observed increase is not due to a selection.
Hemmung der Crown-Gall-Entstehung durch Fluordesoxyuridin
Authors: Bopp Martin
Published: March 2015

The induction of crown-galls is inhibited by 5-fluorodesoxyuridine (FUDR). This inhibition can easily be distinguished from the much smaller effect of FUDR on Tumor growth and on general plant development. The inhibition can be reversed completely only by thymidine in higher concentrations. The reversibility is restricted to the first 3-4 days after infection of the plant. The virulence of the bacteria and the wound reaction of the plants are scarcely affected by the corresponding concentrations of FUDR. Thus the primary step in the transformation of a plant cell to a tumor cell can be selectively blocked and presupposes an undisturbed DNA synthesis, i. e. a change or activation in DNA is a part of the primary step in the transformation.
Unique Reactivity of Peroxide Ion Trapped by Binuclear Iron(III) Complex
Authors: Nishida Yuzo , Takeuchi Masataka
Published: March 2015

The (1:1) peroxide adduct of the binuclear iron(III) complex exhibited high reactivity towards 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran, one of the efficient singlet oxygen (1⊿g) quencher. The activation of the peroxide ion in this molecule was discussed in relation to the monooxygenase function of this compound.
Synthese und Röntgenstrukturanalyse des Phenanthro[9,10-c]-1,2,5-telluradiazols / Synthesis and X-Ray Structure Analysis of Phenanthro[9,10-c]-1,2,5-telluradiazole
Authors: Neidlein Richard , Knecht Dagmar , Endres Helmut
Published: March 2015

The synthesis of 1 by reaction of phenanthro[9,10-c]-1,2,5-selenadiazole with ethylmagnesium-bromide and TeCI4 is described; the X-ray structure analysis is reported.
Activities of Antagonists of the Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone with Emphasis on Positions 1, 5 and 6 and on Positions 1, 2 and 3
Authors: Folkers Karl , Bowers Cyril , Shao-bo Xiao , Tang Pui-Fun Louisa , Kubota Minoru , Stepinski Janusz , Kubiak Teresa
Published: March 2015

Analogs of the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) which are antagonists for controlling ovulation require potency and negligible release of histamine as a side effect. Forty analogs were designed, synthesized and bioassayed in two groups with emphasis upon positions 1, 5 and 6 and upon positions 1, 2 and 3. N-Ac-D-2-Nal1, D-pClPhe2, D-3-Pal3, Ser4, Tyr5, D-Lys6, Leu7, Arg8, Pro9, D-Ala10-NH2 and N-Ac-D-CL2Phe1, D-α-Me-pCIPhe2, D-3-Pal3, Ser4, Tyr5 D-Arg6, Leu7, Arg8, Pro9, D-Ala10-NH2 caused 100% inhibition of ovulation at 0.5 μg in rats. The former analog showed 12.5% anh-ovulatory activity (AOA) and the latter analog showed 40% AOA at 0.25 (μg. The neutral Cit6 moiety is unique since it and the basic D-NicLys6 moiety provided peptides comparable in activity. Frequently, D-2-Nal, D-pClPhe and D-CL2Phe are comparable in position 1. Histamine release was substantially low for a D-NicLys6 analog.
Nitriles in Heterocyclic Synthesis: The Reaction of 2-Thiocarbamoyl Cinnamonitriles with Active Methylene Reagents
Authors: El-Torgoman Abdel Moneim , El-Kousy Salah Mohamed , Kandeel Zaghloul El-Shahat
Published: March 2015

Substituted pyridin-2-thiones, 2-pyridones, thiopyrans and pyranoazoles could be synthesized via the reaction of 2-thiocarbamoyl cinnamonitriles with some active methylene reagents.
Darstellung und Kristallstruktur von NaCu3Te2/ Preparation and Crystal Structure of NaCu3Te2
Authors: Klepp Kurt O.
Published: March 2015

The title compound was prepared by reacting a corresponding mixture of Na2Te2 , copper and tellurium at 700 °C. NaCu3Te2 forms crystals of metallic lustre which are rapidly decomposed in humid atmosphere. It crystallizes with a rhombohedral structure, space group R3m, with a = 4.276(3) Å, c = 23.78(1) Å, Z = 3. The crystal structure was determined from diffractometer data and refined to a conventional R of 0.050 for 135 independent reflections.

The atomic arrangement of NaCu3Te2 is based on a c.c.p. array of tellurium atoms with stacking sequence c6 . Na and Cu occupy alternatingly the interstitial layers. Na is in an octahedral coordination (d̄Na-Te : 3.22 Å), the Cu atoms occupy the tetrahedral and the octahedral voids. They are, however, shifted from the centers of these sites, resulting in an 1 + 3 coordination (d̄Cu-Te : 2.70 Å) for Cu on the tetrahedral. and an essentially trigonal coordination (dCu-Te : 2.575 Å) for Cu on the octahedral sites.

NaCu3Te2 shows no closer structural relationships to the other alkali-copper-chalcogenides known so far. However, its crystal structure may be interpreted as an ordered defect derivative structure of the CaCu4P2 -type [1].
Über die Umsetzung von Kupfersulfat mit Carbonsäuren und Carbonsäurederivaten in wäßrigen Lösungen unter hydrothermalen Bedingungen/The Reaction of Copper Sulfate with Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives in Aqueous Solutions under Hydrothermal Conditions
Authors: Seel F. , Schuh J.
Published: March 2015

Under hydrothermal conditions aqueous solutions of copper(II) sulfate (1) are reduced by means of saturated fatty acids with hydrogen at the α-atom to yield crystalline copper. In all cases carbon dioxide is liberated and lower fatty acids and ketones can be identified as reaction products. α-Hydroxy and α-aminocarboxylic acids proved to be very effective reducing agents towards 1. The yield of copper varied from 2 to 2.5 mol Cu per 1 mol of amino acid. The reaction of 1 is suppressed by sulfuric acid. The presence of hydrochlorid acid or chlorides leads to the precipitation of copper(I) chloride. The mechanisms of the decomposition of the various types of carboxylic acids is discussed.

It was also possible to precipitate metallic copper by means of various proteins.
Oligophosphaalkane, XVII Funktionalisierte Tri-, Tetra-und Pentaphosphaalkane mit der Donorsequenz P-C-C-P und P-C-C-C-P/Oligophosphaalkanes, XVII Functionalized Tri-, Tetra-and Pentaphosphaalkanes with the Donor Sequence P-C-C-P and P-C-C-C-P
Authors: Hietkamp Sibbele , Lebbe Thomas , Spiegel Gerd U. , Stelzer Othmar
Published: March 2015

Starting with the secondary phosphanes R2PH (R = Me, Ph, iPr) and the vinyl-or allylmethylphosphinic acid isopropylesters, the triphosphaalkanes R2P-[CH2]3 -PMe -[CH2]2 -PMeH containing one terminal PH-group have been synthesized in a multiple step synthesis. The tertiary-secondary phosphanes R2P-[CH2]3 -PMeH obtained as intermediates may be used for the syntheses of hybrid donor systems PPN. The P-C-skeletons of the tetra-and pentadentate oligophosphaalkanes have been built up by a free radical initiated addition of the vinyl or allyl compounds CH2=CH-P(NEt2)2 or CH2 =CH-CH2-P(O)(OiPr)Me to disecondary or disecondary-tertiary phosphanes, HMeP-[CH2]n-PMeH (n = 2, 3) or HMeP-[CH2]3 -PPh-[CH2]3 -PMeH, respectively. Methanolysis of the tetra-and pentaphosphaalkanes with terminal P-NEt2 functional groups affords the methoxy derivatives in almost quantitative yield. While the terminal P(NEt2)2 groups in the oligophosphaalkanes cannot be reduced by LiAlH4 , the corresponding methoxy derivatives react immediately to give the primary-tertiary phosphanes.
Atropisomerism in Boron-Nitrogen Heterocycles/Atropisomerism in Boron-Nitrogen Heterocycles
Authors: Köster Roland , Seidel Günther , Kerschl Susanna , Wrackmeyer Bernd
Published: March 2015

Atropisomerism owing to hindered rotation about the N-aryl bond is observed in 4,5-diethyl-2,2,3-trimethyl-1-(o-trifluormethyl)phenyl-2,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,5-azasila-(2) and -azastanna-boroles (5). The compounds 2 and 5 are characterized by elemental analysis, mass spectra and 1H, 11B, 13 C, 29Si and119Sn NMR. The ortho-trifluoromethyl group serves as an additional NMR spectroscopic probe because of “through space” 19F-1H and 19F-13C spin spin coupling. Compound 5 is the first derivative of a 2,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,5-azastannaborol.
Phosphordonor-substituierte Formylmangan-Komplexe /Phosphorous Donor Substituted Formyl Manganese Complexes
Authors: Weiler Gertrud , Huttner Gottfried , Zsolnai Laszlo , Berke Heinz
Published: March 2015

Phosphonomanganese complexes (CH3O)2(O)PMn(CO)3[P(OCH3)3]2 (1b), (CH3O)2(O)PMn(CO)2[P(OCH3)3]3 (1c) are obtained via demethylation of the corresponding cationic substituted carbonylmanganese compounds with KHB(secBu)3. The reaction of NaBH4 in methanol with cationic phosphorus donor substituted carbonyl manganese compounds leads to formyl complexes (OC)3L2MnCHO (L = P(OCH3)3 (3a), L = P(OEt)3 (3c), L = P(OiPr)3 (3d), L = PPh3 (3e)) and (OC)2[P(OCH3)3]3MnCHO (3b). 3d decomposes thermally to give an (OC)3[P(OiPr)3]2 MnH and an (OC)2[P(OiPr)3]3MnH complex. The latter has been characterized by an X-ray structure determination.
Die Kristallstruktur des "Indium-Dibromids" (InIInIIIBr4)/The Crystal Structure of "Indium Dibromide" (InIlnIIIBr4)
Authors: Beck H. P.
Published: March 2015

The crystal structure of InIlnIIIBr4 (Indium-Di-bromide) has been determined by single crystal methods. The compound crystallizes with a GaCl 2 -type arrangement in the orthorhombic space group Pnna with the lattice constants: a = 797.6(2) pm, b = 1036.6(2) pm, c =1038.8(2) pm.
Reaktionen von Acetylenkomplexen des Wolfram(IV) mit Tetrachloro-1,2-benzochinon/Reactions of Acetylene Complexes of Tungsten(IV) with Tetrachloro-1,2-benzoquinone
Authors: Stahl Karlheinz , Dehnicke Kurt
Published: March 2015

Acetylene complexes of tungsten(IV) of the type [WCl4(RC≡CR)]2 (R = halogene, phenyl) react with tetrachloro-1,2-benzoquinone to give monomeric tungsten(VI) chelate complexes WCl2(O2C6Cl4)2 and W(O2C6Cl4)3, respectively. The complexes have been characterized by their IR and mass spectra.
Darstellung und Kristallstruktur des Bis(2-amino-1-ammonioethan)hexasulfids [H3N-(CH2)2-NH2]2S6 /Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Bis(2-amino-1-ammonioethan)hexasulfide, [H3N—(CH2)2-NH2]2S6
Authors: Böttcher P. , Buchkremer-Hermanns H.
Published: March 2015

Bis(2-amino-1-ammonioethan)hexasulfide has been synthesized from ethylendiamine, sulfur and hydrogensulfide in ethanolic solution. It consists of unbranched chains S6
2- (helical all-trans-conformation) and monoprotonated ethylenediamine cations; the latter show the uncommon synclinical conformation. A remarkable system of N - H···S-bridges links the S6
2-chains to form an infinite array. It crystallizes in the space group P1̄ with a = 9.203(4) Å, b = 9.921(4) Å, c = 15.583(5) Å, α = 93.03(3)°, β = 90.04(3)°, γ = 79.07(3)°