bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of action of DSP-7888 (adegramotide/nelatimotide) Emulsion, a peptide-based therapeutic cancer vaccine with the potential to turn up the heat on non-immunoreactive tumors
Authors: Suginobe Natsuko , Nakamura Megumi , Takanashi Yosuke , Ban Hitoshi , Gotoh Masashi
Published: September 2022

Background

Wilms’ tumor 1 (WT1) is highly expressed in various solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. DSP-7888 (adegramotide/nelatimotide) Emulsion is an investigational therapeutic cancer vaccine comprising three synthetic epitopes derived from WT1. We evaluated the mechanism of action of DSP-7888 Emulsion, which is hypothesized to induce WT1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and helper T lymphocytes (HTLs).

Methods

The ability of nelatimotide and adegramotide to induce WT1-specific CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells was assessed in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The ability of DSP-7888 Emulsion to induce WT1-specific CTLs in vivo was assessed using human leukocyte antigen-I (HLA-I) transgenic mice. To assess how adegramotide, the helper peptide in DSP-7888 Emulsion, enhances WT1-specific CTLs, HLA-I transgenic mice were administered DSP-7888 or nelatimotide-only Emulsion. Interferon-gamma secretion under antigen stimulation by splenocytes co-cultured with or without tumor cells was then quantified. The effects of combination treatment with DSP-7888 Emulsion and an anti–programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antibody on tumor volume and the frequency of tumor-infiltrating WT1-specific T cells were assessed in HLA-I transgenic mice implanted with WT1 antigen-positive tumors.

Results

The peptides in DSP-7888 Emulsion were shown to induce WT1-specific CTLs and HTLs in both human PBMCs and HLA-I transgenic mice. Unlike splenocytes from nelatimotide-only Emulsion-treated mice, splenocytes from DSP-7888 Emulsion-treated mice exhibited high levels of interferon-gamma secretion, including when co-cultured with tumor cells; interferon-gamma secretion was further enhanced by concomitant treatment with anti-PD-1. HLA-I transgenic mice administered DSP-7888 Emulsion plus anti-PD-1 experienced significantly greater reductions in tumor size than mice treated with either agent alone. This reduction in tumor volume was accompanied by increased numbers of tumor-infiltrating WT1-specific CTLs.

Conclusions

DSP-7888 Emulsion can promote both cytotoxic and helper T-cell-mediated immune responses against WT1-positive tumors. Adegramotide enhances CTL numbers, and the CTLs induced by treatment with both nelatimotide and adegramotide are capable of functioning within the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. The ability of anti-PD-1 to enhance the antitumor activity of DSP-7888 Emulsion in mice implanted with WT1-positive tumors suggests the potential for synergy.
Empirical Fiction: Composite Character Narratives in Analytical Sociology
Authors: Arjomand Noah Amir
Published: September 2022

This paper discusses methods for using narratives of composite characters in qualitative social scientific writing. When anonymization is required, authors can use composite narratives to better protect participants, to compress data into intelligible sequences, and to avoid problematic claims to scientific authority. However, to date, authors of composite texts have failed to adequately explain how they deal with problems of sampling, selection, and sequence from an analytical perspective.

Analytical qualitative researchers interested in creating composite character narratives can learn lessons, both positive and negative, from other forms of fiction that are in common usage in sociology. Drawing on a variety of fictive methods for clustering together cases and determining the objective possibility of narrative elements, this paper proposes a method of constructing composite narratives that forces their author to abductively construct theory and interrogate the narratives’ causal logics. The Sequence-Based Composites (SBC) method is explained with reference to four criteria for evaluating empirically grounded social scientific arguments: reliability, reactivity, representativeness, and replicability. Examples of composite character construction are drawn from an ethnographic study of news production in Turkey.
Aerodynamic influence of an alpine skier’s arms
Authors: Giljarhus Knut Erik Teigen , Reid Robert , Liland Fredrik Fang , Oggiano Luca , Elfmark Ola
Published: September 2022

Understanding how postural changes in alpine skiing affect the overall aerodynamic drag is highly important for enhancing performance. Although the arm configuration of the athlete can have a significant impact on the overall drag force, this effect is currently less understood. The purpose of this investigation was to examine how the arms of an alpine skier influence the overall drag. Experiments were performed in a wind tunnel for a male and female athlete, and computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed on 3D scans of the athletes. The influence of the arm configurations in three different scenarios are considered; low-tucked, high-tucked, and flight postures. Consistent trends are found for both athletes and between the experiments and simulations. In general, the arms were found to be highly influential of the overall drag, and hence also performance in alpine skiing. For the low-tucked posture, the maximum variation in total drag area depending upon the angle of the underarms is 2.8%, with the lowest drag found with a medium angle of 20$$^\circ $$

∘

to 25$$^\circ $$

∘

. For the high-tuck posture, the difference in drag area between a closed and open posture was found to be 17% to 21%. The flight postures showed the highest influence of arm configurations, with a maximum difference in drag area of 64% between the considered postures. These results contribute to the understanding of aerodynamics in alpine skiing, and could be implemented directly in the training of athletes to improve their aerodynamic performance.
The Discovery of the Monoaminergic Innervation of the Cerebellum: Convergence of Divergent and Point-to-Point Systems
Authors: Triarhou Lazaros C. , Manto Mario
Published: September 2022

This Cerebellar Classic highlights the landmark discovery of the innervation of the cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei by noradrenergic and serotoninergic axons emanating, respectively, from the locus coeruleus and the raphé nuclei. Since then, modulation of the activity of cerebellar neurons by the monoamine systems has been studied extensively, as well as their reorganization and modifications during development, plasticity, and disease. The discovery of noradrenergic and serotoninergic innervation of the cerebellum has been a crucial step in understanding the neurochemical relationships between brainstem nuclei and the cerebellum, and the attempts to treat cerebellar ataxias pharmacologically. The large neurochemical repertoire of the cerebellum represents one of the complexities and challenges in the modern appraisal of cerebellar disorders.
The Impact of High-Frequency Trading on Modern Securities Markets
Authors: Clapham Benjamin , Haferkorn Martin , Zimmermann Kai
Published: September 2022

High-frequency traders account for a significant part of overall price formation and liquidity provision in modern securities markets. In order to react within microseconds, high-frequency traders depend on specialized low latency infrastructure and fast connections to exchanges, which require significant IT investments. The paper investigates a technical failure of this infrastructure at a major exchange that prevents high-frequency traders from trading at low latency. This event provides a unique opportunity to analyze the impact of high-frequency trading on securities markets. The analysis clearly shows that although the impact on trading volume and the number of trades is marginal, the effects on liquidity and to a lesser extent on price volatility are substantial when high-frequency trading is interrupted. Thus, investments in high-frequency trading technology provide positive economic spillovers to the overall market since they reduce transaction costs not only for those who invest in this technology but for all market participants by enhancing the quality of securities markets.
Knowledge of Musculoskeletal Medicine in Junior Doctors in Australia: Is It Adequate?
Authors: Wijenayake Lahann , Conroy Sophie , McDougall Catherine , Glasziou Paul
Published: September 2022

Purpose

The incidence of musculoskeletal disease is increasing in Australia and around the world. However, medical student education does not necessarily reflect current and projected trends in musculoskeletal medicine. The aim of this study was to assess junior doctors’ competency in musculoskeletal medicine using the Freedman and Bernstein Basic Competency Examination in Musculoskeletal Medicine questionnaire.

Methods

We conducted a cohort study of interns (first year post medical school) across four teaching hospitals in Australia. Interns were asked to take the Freedman and Bernstein examination during organised intern teaching sessions, and results were analysed using the original Freedman and Bernstein marking criteria and validated pass mark.

Results

The mean score for the 92 interns was 13.9 out of 25 (55%) with scores ranging from 8 to 20.8 (29–83%). Only 8 of the 92 interns (8.7%) achieved a score of greater than 73%, the pre-specified pass mark.

Conclusion

Our study identifies inadequacies in musculoskeletal medical knowledge in Australian interns. Review of undergraduate medical education may be required to reflect current and predicted trends in the prevalence of musculoskeletal disease and adequately prepare junior doctors.
Laboratory investigation into the use of soundless chemical demolitions agents for the breakage of hard rock
Authors: Habib Kelly-Meriam , Vennes Isaac , Mitri Hani
Published: September 2022

The method of drilling and blasting with explosives is widely used in rock fragmentation applications in the mining industry for mine development and ore production. However, the use of explosives is associated with rigorous safety and environmental constraints as blasting creates toxic fumes, ground vibrations, and dust. This study is focused on the use of Soundless Chemical Demolition Agents (SCDA) as a more environmentally friendly method for rock breakage and a potential replacement of explosives. In this paper, the results of a series of experimental tests are reported to identify the effect of SCDA on hard rock breakage under no load and under uniaxial loading conditions. Stanstead granite prismatic specimens of 152.4 mm (6ʺ) × 152.4–203.2 mm (6–8ʺ) × 406.4 mm (16ʺ) are used to test the influence of borehole size on the time to fracturing with SCDA borehole size of 25.4 mm (1ʺ), 31.75 mm (1.25ʺ) and 38.1 mm (1.5ʺ). It is shown that the fracturing time decreases with increasing borehole size. It is also shown that specimens subjected to uniaxial compression of 5 MPa fracture as early as 7 h after SCDA mixing. A borehole spacing to borehole diameter ratio of 12.8 to 14.6 is suggested for practical applications.
Do innovation and financial constraints affect the profit efficiency of European enterprises?
Authors: Bonanno Graziella , Ferrando Annalisa , Rossi Stefania Patrizia Sonia
Published: September 2022

This paper investigates the relationship between profit efficiency, finance and innovation. By adopting stochastic frontiers, we pioneer the use of a novel dataset merging firm level survey data with balance sheet information for a large sample of European companies. We find that firms having difficulties in access to finance as well as firms introducing product innovation display an incentive to improve their efficiency. While innovation produces benefit for firms’ profitability, financial constraints impose a discipline to the firms forcing them to cut unproductive costs that reduce the profitability. We document nuanced differences between firms in industry and services, while they are more pronounced when we look at disaggregation across High-Tech and Low-Tech companies. From a policy perspective, our results enrich the understanding on the link between innovation, financial constraints and efficiency, which goes beyond the idea that easier access to finance is the panacea to get higher performance.
Modelling of the NOx storage behaviour during cold start of modern zeolite SCR catalysts
Authors: Lukas Deinhofer , Michael Maurer , Gert Barnstedt , Andreas Keber
Published: September 2022

Further stringent emission regulations of modern diesel engines call for a more precise prediction of NOx emissions, thus enabling a better control of the exhaust-gas aftertreatment systems. A major part of the NOx emissions is emitted before the light-off temperature of the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst is reached. Therefore a precise emissions prediction is necessary during the cold start phase of a diesel passenger car. Recent measurements show that NOx emissions can be stored in the SCR catalysts during cold start. Furthermore a part of this stored NOx can be reduced during the driving cycle.

This paper describes an empiric model predicting the NOx storage behaviour during vehicle cold start. In a previous work the main influence parameters on the NOx storage behaviour were investigated on a synthetic gas test bench. The knowledge gained from the previous research work defines the necessary input parameters for the NOx storage model. These investigations showed that the NOx storage effect strongly depends on the ammonia (NH3-) level stored in the catalyst, exhaust-gas mass flow, the water adsorbed (H2O) on the catalyst, and the temperature of the catalyst. The model was implemented for on-filter and flow-through SCR catalysts. There are two similar models, one for the close-coupled SCR system and the other one for the underfloor SCR system. Each NOx storage model is split into an adsorption part and a desorption part. For both parts the pre-conditioning from the previous driving cycle is taken into account, which means that the catalyst state at the end of the last driving cycle initializes the model data for the current cycle, in consideration of the downtime between the two cycles. The desorption part calculates the NOx conversion amount and defines the desorption mass flow of NOx resulting from the NOx storage effect. The developed NOx storage model has been validated with roller dynamometer measurements and with real world driving cycles.
The importance of affective learning goals: lessons learned from the design and evolution of a geoscience course for preservice primary teachers
Authors: Thatcher Diana L. , Cervato Cinzia , Kerton Charles
Published: September 2022

The challenges of teaching science to preservice elementary teachers include an overall negative attitude about science that translates to future teachers who do not teach science confidently and/or teach it superficially and hurriedly compared to other subjects. College-level science courses for preservice teachers have an opportunity to reverse this trend and help create teachers who are knowledgeable about science and enjoy teaching it. In this paper, we discuss the hybrid model of an online course and a hands-on, inquiry-based lab that was developed, implemented, and evolved over eight years. The lab activities, in particular, were developed to address both content and affective goals. These goals were to provide students with a solid foundation in Earth and Space Science content and to make them comfortable teaching science. An assessment of these goals shows that this course increased preservice teachers’ level of confidence to teach these topics, and students generally found the course to be enjoyable and the content to be useful to their future careers. More work needs to be done to assess the content knowledge of this group of students, highlighting the need for developing a validated instrument that covers the breadth of Earth and Space Science content included in the NGSS for elementary grades.
Optimal Regularity of a Degenerate Elliptic Equation
Authors: Wang Xiaohuan , Zhang Jihui
Published: September 2022

In this paper, we consider the optimal regularity of solutions to elliptic equation with a Grushin-like operator. By using the Feynman–Kac formula, we first get the expression of heat kernel, and then by using the properties of heat kernel, the optimal regularity of solutions will be obtained. The novelty of this paper is that the Grushin-like operator is a degenerate operator.
Effect of Rain-Fed Conditions on Yield of Mash Bean Genepool by Using Augmented Design
Authors: Yaseen Muhammad , Kashif Muhammad , Nazish Hafiza Tasneem , Munir Rabia , Iqbal Javeed , Usman Muhammad , Rabbani Ghulam
Published: September 2022

The augmented block design (ABD) is commonly used in breeding programs to evaluate the performance of large number of genotypes using non-replicated new test treatments and replicated check treatments. The purpose of this design is to determine which test treatment performs better than check treatments. The objective of this study is to identifying better genotype of Mash been than check treatment under rain feed condition of Pakistan. For this purpose, the data of 125 mash been genotypes included 5 check entries were analyzed. The experiment was conducted in augmented block design using 6 blocks in rain feed condition of Pakistan and data of different attribute were recorded. The analysis showed that the treatment effects (adjusted) are significant for all attributes. However, for all attribute other than the number of seeds/pod, the adjusted block effects are non-significant, indicating that the evaluated blocks are homogeneous. Only three principal components were considered, first component explained 33.85% of variation and 21.85%, 17.51% explained by PC2 and PC3 respectively for the first season whereas in the second season 33.62%, 23.43%, and 16. 86% variation described with respect to the first, second, and third principal components. First PC designated as a component of productivity, second as component of pod appearance while third designed as a component of physical appearances. All attributes showed significant and positive association with other attributes, only significantly negative association was among number of pods/plant and100-seeds weight.
Topological superconductivity in multifold fermion metals
Authors: Gao Zhe Shen , Gao Xue-Jian , He Wen-Yu , Xu Xiao Yan , Ng T. K. , Law K. T.
Published: September 2022

Recently, multifold fermions characterized by band crossings with multifold degeneracy and Fermi surfaces with higher Chern numbers have been discovered experimentally in AlPt (Schroter et al. in Nat Phys 15:759–765, 2019) and XSi(X = Rh,Co) (Sanchez et al. in Nature 567:500–505, 2019; Rao et al. in Nature 567:496–499, 2019; Takane et al. in Phys Rev Lett 122:076402, 2019). In this work, we largely expand the family of multifold fermion materials by pointing out that several well-studied noncentrosymmetric superconductors are indeed multifold fermion metals. Importantly, their normal state topological properties, which have been ignored in previous studies, play an important role in the superconducting properties. Taking $\mathrm{Li} _{2}\mathrm{Pd} _{3}\mathrm{B}$

Li
2

Pd
3

B
and $\mathrm{Li} _{2}\mathrm{Pt} _{3}\mathrm{B}$

Li
2

Pt
3

B
as examples, we found a large number of unconventional degenerate points, such as double spin-1, spin-3/2, Weyl and double Weyl topological band crossing points near the Fermi energy, which result in finite Chern numbers on Fermi surfaces. Long Fermi arc states in $\mathrm{Li} _{2}\mathrm{Pd} _{3}\mathrm{B}$

Li
2

Pd
3

B
, originating from the nontrivial band topology were found. Importantly, it has been shown experimentally that $\mathrm{Li} _{2}\mathrm{Pd} _{3}\mathrm{B}$

Li
2

Pd
3

B
and $\mathrm{Li} _{2}\mathrm{Pt} _{3}\mathrm{B}$

Li
2

Pt
3

B
are fully gapped and gapless superconductors, respectively. By analyzing the possible pairing symmetries, we suggest that $\mathrm{Li} _{2}\mathrm{Pd} _{3}\mathrm{B}$

Li
2

Pd
3

B
is a conventional s-wave superconductor or DIII class topological superconductor with Majorana surface states. $\mathrm{Li} _{2}\mathrm{Pt} _{3}\mathrm{B}$

Li
2

Pt
3

B
, being gapless, is likely to be a nodal topological superconductor with dispersionless surface Majorana modes. We further identified that several noncentrosymmetric superconductors, such as $\mathrm{Mo} _{3}\mathrm{Al} _{2}\mathrm{C}$

Mo
3

Al
2

C
, PdBiSe, $\mathrm{Y}_{2}\mathrm{C}_{3}$

Y
2

C
3

and $\mathrm{La} _{2}\mathrm{C}_{3}$

La
2

C
3

, are multifold fermion superconductors. This work calls for a revisit for the study of noncentrosymmtric superconductors which provide platforms for investigating the interplay between superconductivity and topologically nontrivial Fermi surfaces.
Visualization of rotational symmetry breaking electronic states in MnBi2Te4 and MnBi4Te7
Authors: Xu Hao-Ke , Li Fangsen , Fei Fu-Cong , Wang Li , Gu Yi-Sheng , Liu Dang , Yu Qiao-Yan , Xue Sha-Sha , Peng Kun , Chen Bo , Xie Hang-Kai , Zhu Zhen , Guan Dan-Dan , Wang Shi-Yong , Li Yaoyi , Liu Canhua , Song Fengqi , Zheng Hao , Jia Jin-Feng
Published: September 2022

The Mn-Bi-Te class of compounds are recently discovered topological insulators with broken time-reversal-symmetry, which host unique quantum anomalous Hall and axion insulator states. Their key characteristics are believed to be sufficiently understood by models in a single-particle picture. Here, we apply scanning tunneling microscopy to study the electronic properties of MnBi2Te4 and MnBi4Te7. Unexpectedly, our quasiparticle interference (QPI) results demonstrate that rotational symmetry of the crystal breaks, i.e. a nematic-like pattern arises, in certain energy range but persists in others. Moreover, our data in the presence of an external magnetic field rule out the possibility of the material magnetism as an origin of the C2 symmetric QPI pattern. This study reveals that the interaction in the Mn-Bi-Te class of topological materials may play an essential role in their electronic states, and thus opens a new path for investigating the interplay between wavefunction topology and symmetry breaking phases.
Ancient Gordion
Authors: Kealhofer Lisa , Grave Peter , Voigt Mary M.
Published: September 2022

Ancient Gordion has long been recognized as a key Iron Age site for Anatolia and the eastern Mediterranean. Archaeological research has revealed much about its sequence of occupation. However, as yet no study has explored the underlying drivers of political and economic change at this site. This volume presents an overview of the political and economic histories supporting emergent elites and how they constructed power at Gordion during the Iron Age (1200-300 BCE). Based on geochemical and typological analysis of nearly 2000 Late Bronze Age to Hellenistic ceramic samples, the volume contextualizes this primary dataset through the lens of ceramic production, consumption, exchange and emulation. Synthesizing site data sets, the volume more broadly contributes to our understanding of the pivotal role of groups and their economic, social, and ritual practices in the creation of complex societies.
An Exchange Rate History of the United Kingdom
Authors: Naef Alain
Published: September 2022

How did the Bank of England manage sterling crises? This book steps into the shoes of the Bank's foreign exchange dealers to show how foreign exchange intervention worked in practice. The author reviews the history of sterling over half a century, using new archives, data and unseen photographs. This book traces the sterling crises from the end of the War to Black Wednesday in 1992. The resulting analysis shows that a secondary reserve currency such as sterling plays an important role in the stability of the international system. The author goes on to explore the lessons the Bretton Woods system on managed exchange rates has for contemporary policy makers in the context of Brexit. This is a crucial reference for scholars in economics and history examining past and current prospects for the international financial system. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core. 'The open access publication of this book has been published with the support of the Swiss National Science Foundation' (here https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/an-exchange-rate-history-of-the-united-kingdom/68B7E57D9884394B815C76D48ACD3FB6).
Prevalence and trends of Clostridioides difficile infection among persons requiring maintenance hemodialysis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Elfanagely Yousef M. , Tanzer Joshua Ray , Shobayo Anuoluwapo , Mohamed Mouhand F.H. , Ho Jonathan J.C. , Shemin Douglas , Pavlech Laura , D’Agata Erika M.C.
Published: September 2022

Objective:

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is among the most common cause of healthcare-associated infections. Persons requiring maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) are at increased risk of CDI and associated mortality compared to persons not requiring MHD. Given the clinical impact of CDI among persons requiring MHD, we aimed to quantify the burden of CDI and trends over time in this patient population.

Study design:

A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting rates of CDI among persons requiring MHD in MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science Core Collection, CINAHL, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were performed. Searches were conducted on May 17, 2021, and March 4, 2022.

Results:

In total, 2,408 titles and abstracts were identified; 240 underwent full text review. Among them, 15 studies provided data on rates of CDI among persons requiring MHD, and 8 of these also provided rates among persons not requiring MHD. The pooled prevalence of CDI among persons requiring MHD was 19.14%, compared to 5.16% among persons not requiring MHD (odds ratio [OR], 4.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.07–9.16; P = .47). The linear increase in CDI over time was significant, increasing an average of 31.97% annually between 1993 and 2017 (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.1–1.58; P < .01). The linear annual increase was similar among persons requiring and not requiring MHD (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.13–1.45; P = .11).

Conclusions:

Persons requiring MHD have a 4-fold higher risk of CDI compared to persons not requiring MHD, and rates of CDI are increasing over time in both groups.
Control of oblique breakdown in a supersonic boundary layer employing a local cooling strip
Authors: Zhou Teng , Liu Zaijie , Lu Yuhan , Kang Dake , Yan Chao
Published: September 2022

Oblique breakdown in a Mach 2.0 supersonic boundary layer controlled by a local cooling strip with a temperature jump is investigated using direct numerical simulations and linear stability theory. The effect of temperature on the stability of the fundamental oblique waves is first studied by linear stability theory. It is shown that the growth rate of fundamental oblique waves will decrease monotonically as the temperature decreases. However, the results of the direct numerical simulations indicate that transition reversal will occur as the growth rate of the fundamental oblique waves of cooled case becomes faster compared with that of baseline case downstream of the cooling strip. When the cooling strip is in the linear region, the transition is delayed due to the suppression effect of the cooling strip on the fundamental oblique waves. When the cooling strip is located in the early nonlinear region, the fundamental oblique waves will be suppressed by higher spanwise wavenumber steady modes generated by the mutual and self-interaction between the fundamental oblique waves and harmonic modes, which is first called the self-suppression effect (SSE) in the present study. Further research indicated that the meanflow distortion generated by steady modes plays an important role in the SSE. Compared with the stabilization effect of the cooling strip, the SSE is more effective. Moreover, the SSE might provide a new idea on the instability control, as it is observed that the SSE works three times leading to the growth rate of fundamental oblique waves slowing down at three different regions, respectively.
Dewetting acceleration by evaporation
Authors: Zhang Xiaolong , Nikolayev Vadim S.
Published: September 2022

Dewetting of a substrate, i.e. the liquid film retraction under partial wetting conditions, has been studied extensively over the past decades. This theoretical work deals with the dewetting phenomenon in the presence of liquid evaporation into the pure vapour atmosphere driven by substrate superheating with respect to the saturation temperature corresponding to the vapour pressure. The dynamic profile of the vapour–liquid interface is analysed numerically by using the generalised lubrication approximation that can be applied to an interface slope larger than its conventional counterpart. This approximation uses a phenomenological argument to increase the precision of calculations. For small slopes, it reduces to the conventional lubrication approach. Several nanoscale effects are included in the theory to obtain more precise results: the Kelvin effect, the hydrodynamic slip, the Marangoni effect, the vapour recoil and the interfacial thermal resistance. Their relative importance is discussed. The results include the film shape evolution, the apparent contact angle and the contact line speed, all defined by the substrate superheating and its wetting properties. These dependencies agree with existing experimental results. It is found that the dewetting is accelerated by evaporation. The numerical results are compared to those of the multiscale theory that uses two main parameters, the Voinov angle (the apparent angle obtained within the microregion problem) and the Voinov length. The latter is studied for several fluids as a function of superheating, and an approximate expression for it is proposed. A good agreement between the numerics and the multiscale theory shows the validity of the latter. This means that the dewetting speed in the presence of evaporation can be calculated with an analytical expression that requires only the Voinov angle as a numerical input. Such results are important for many applications, for instance, bubble growth in boiling or film dynamics in heat pipes.
The dominant mechanisms for each regime of secondary flows in horizontal particle-laden pipe flows
Authors: Zhang Xinchen , Nathan Graham J. , Tian Zhao F. , Chin Rey C.
Published: September 2022

Numerical simulations have been conducted to identify the dominant mechanism responsible for driving secondary flow motions in horizontal particle-laden pipe flows, based on an analysis of the forces acting on each phase. A four-way coupling Euler–Lagrangian approach was employed, using direct numerical simulations for the gas phase and Lagrangian particle tracking to account for the drag, gravitational and lift forces, together with the interactions that occur for both particle–wall and inter-particle collisions. The four different flow regimes, which had been identified previously as depending on various combinations of flow parameters and are characterised by the secondary flow structures of both the fluid and particle phases, were identified via varying the mass loading alone from

$\varPhi _m=0.4$

to

$\varPhi _m=1.8$

. The distribution of the divergence of Reynolds stresses was used to help characterise the classes of the secondary fluid flow. This shows that secondary fluid flows of both the first and second kinds can either exist separately or co-exist in such flows. The forces exerted on the fluid phase by the pressure gradient and fluid–particle interactions were examined qualitatively and quantitatively to identify their contribution to the secondary fluid flow motions. A similar study was also applied to the drag, lift and gravitational forces exerted on the particle phase for the secondary particle flow motions. These were found to explain the secondary flows of both the fluid and particle phases with regard to both the flow direction and magnitude, together with the interaction between the two phases.
On Böckenförde’s “A Christian in the Office of Constitutional Judge” - Discussed: Religion, Law, and Democracy: Selected Writings. By Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde. Edited by Mirjam Künkler and Tine Stein. Translated by Thomas Dunlap. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. Pp. 480. $65.00 (cloth); Oxford Scholarship Online by subscription (digital). ISBN: 9780198818632. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818632.001.0001.
Authors: Pangalangan Raul C.
Published: September 2022

In the essay “A Christian in the Office of Constitutional Judge,” Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde addresses the dilemma of the Catholic judge who is sworn to apply a secular constitution yet who confesses to a “spirituality [that] knows no separation between the personal-private and the occupational spheres.” Böckenförde faced that dilemma in the 1993 abortion decision of the German Constitutional Court, which—with Böckenförde voting with the majority—held that abortion, while still punishable, allowed exceptions subject to certain conditions and counselling requirements. In this essay, the author situates that issue within the nature of judicial power and the ethical duties of the judge; the jurisdictional constraints that in other jurisdictions are available to avoid normative conflicts; and, finally, the challenges to judicial power when called upon to validate laws that go beyond the traditional punitive approach that merely prohibits and condemns, and that instead use welfare measures to actualize substantive norms taking into account social and historical realities.
Multiscale linearization of nonautonomous systems
Authors: Backes Lucas , Dragičević Davor
Published: September 2022

We present sufficient conditions under which a given linear nonautonomous system and its nonlinear perturbation are topologically conjugated. Our conditions are of a very general form and provided that the nonlinear perturbations are well-behaved, we do not assume any asymptotic behaviour of the linear system. Moreover, the control on the nonlinear perturbations may differ along finitely many mutually complementary directions. We consider both the cases of one-sided discrete and continuous dynamics.
Outsourcing Bureaucracy to Evade Accountability: How Public Servants Build Shadow State Capacity
Authors: RICH JESSICA A. J.
Published: September 2022

The solution to weak bureaucratic capacity in developing countries is often presumed to be more accountability. This paper shows how accountability initiatives, intended to reduce corruption, can actually hinder the development of capable government agencies by making it harder for directors to recruit experts and spend their budgets. It further highlights a common way public servants escape the accountability rules that limit their effectiveness: outsourcing bureaucracies to nonstate organizations. This practice of outsourcing bureaucracy to avoid accountability rules creates what I call “shadow” state capacity and, paradoxically, it may help explain “pockets of effectiveness” among government social programs in developing countries. Drawing on in-depth interviews and descriptive statistics, I show how outsourcing was a critical factor in producing two of Brazil’s most vaunted social sector programs. However, I also suggest that outsourcing bureaucracy may ultimately limit state capacity, even if it helps to build capable programs in the short run.
Marine parasite in a freshwater wetland: new host and geographical records of Progrillotia dasyatidis (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha) from Gasterosteus aculeatus (Actinopterygii: Gasterosteidae) in Bulgaria, with comments on its life-cycle
Authors: Stoyanov B. , Georgiev B.B.
Published: September 2022

Plerocerci of the trypanorhynch cestode Progrillotia dasyatidis Beveridge, Neifar & Euzet, 2004 (Progrillotiidae) were isolated from the gallbladder of the three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus from a small freshwater marsh in the Lake Atanasovsko Wetlands, a coastal area adjacent to the Black Sea coast, Bulgaria. The parasite was recorded in five out of 134 fish individuals studied (prevalence 3.73%, intensity 1–7, mean intensity 2.40 ± 1.17 and mean abundance 0.09 ± 0.06). A description of the plerocerci is presented, expanding data on intraspecific variation. The present report is the first record of P. dasyatidis from G. aculeatus (new host record) and from Bulgaria (new geographical record). Recording only plerocerci with evaginated scoleces in the sticklebacks is consistent with the hypothesis that teleosts are paratenic hosts and not intermediate hosts of P. dasyatidis.
Democratic Deliberation and the Resource Curse
Authors: Sandefur Justin , Birdsall Nancy , Fishkin James , Moyo Mujobu
Published: September 2022

Oil and gas discoveries in developing countries are often associated with shortsighted economic policies and, in response, with calls to insulate resource management from populist impulses. The authors report on a randomized experiment that tested methods to overcome this apparent tension between sound resource governance and democratic politics. Soon after Tanzania's discovery of major natural gas reserves, the authors invited a nationally representative sample of voters to take part in an intensive public deliberation of policy options, at an event featuring nationally recognized experts and small-group discussions. Democratic deliberation reinforced the public's strong preference for rapid spending of gas revenues, but also increased support for various prudential and economically orthodox measures, such as the independent oversight of gas revenues, limits on government borrowing, and selling gas abroad rather than subsidizing fuel at home. These effects were driven by deliberation per se, rather than a pure information treatment, and show no evidence of contamination by facilitator effects or peer effects in group deliberations.
What's Political about Political Refugeehood? A Normative Reappraisal
Authors: Bender Felix
Published: September 2022

What is political about political refugeehood? Theorists have assumed that refugees are special because their specific predicament as those who are persecuted sets them aside from other “necessitous strangers.” Persecution is a special form of wrongful harm that marks the repudiation of a person's political membership and that cannot—contrary to certain other harms—be remedied where they are. It makes asylum necessary as a specific remedial institution. In this article, I argue that this is correct. Yet, the connection between political membership, its repudiation, and persecution is far from clear. Drawing on normative political thought and research on autocracies, repression, and migration studies, I show that it is political oppression that marks the repudiation of political membership and leads to various forms of repression that can equally not be remedied at home. A truly political account moves away from persecution and endorses political oppression as the normative pillar of refugeehood and asylum.
Susceptibility to peer influence in adolescents: Associations between psychophysiology and behavior
Authors: Meehan Zachary M. , Hubbard Julie A. , Moore Christina C. , Mlawer Fanny
Published: September 2022

The current study investigated in-the-moment links between adolescents’ autonomic nervous system activity and susceptibility to three types of peer influence (indirect, direct, continuing) on two types of behavior (antisocial, prosocial). The sample included 144 racially ethnically diverse adolescents (46% male, 53% female, 1% other;Mage = 16.02 years). We assessed susceptibility to peer influence behaviorally using the Public Goods Game (PGG) while measuring adolescents’ mean heart rate (MHR) and pre-ejection period (PEP). Three key findings emerged from bivariate dual latent change score modeling: (1) adolescents whose MHR increased more as they transitioned from playing the PGG alone (pre-influence) to playing while simply observed by peers (indirect influence) displayed more prosocial behavior; (2) adolescents whose PEP activity increased more (greater PEP activity = shorter PEP latency) as they transitioned from indirect influence to being encouraged by peers to engage in antisocial behavior (direct influence) engaged in more antisocial behavior; and (3) adolescents whose PEP activity decreased less as they transitioned from direct influence on prosocial behavior to playing the PGG alone again (continuing influence) displayed more continuing prosocial behavior (marginal effect). The discussion focuses on the role of psychophysiology in understanding adolescents’ susceptibility to peer influence.
Pooled Urine Analysis at a Belgian Music Festival: Trends in Alcohol Consumption and Recreational Drug Use
Authors: Geuens Marjolein , Van Hoofstadt Kathleen , Hoogmartens Olivier , Van den Eede Nele , Sabbe Marc
Published: September 2022

Background:

Recreational drug use has become more and more accepted in society. Availability and purity are rising and new psychoactive substances (NPS) are popping up.

The aim of this study was to provide objective data on illicit drug use at a Belgian festival in order to report on arising trends. This may provide additional information to help develop preventive strategies.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study took place during a music festival in the summer of 2019, where 43 samples of pooled urine were collected at four different locations and at different moments of the day. Analysis was performed using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) to determine ethanol concentrations. Drugs of abuse were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A qualitative analysis was performed using high-resolution mass spectrometry.

Results:

Median ethanol concentration was 0.88g/L. Cocaine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), amphetamines, ketamine, and cannabis were detected in almost every sample and often in high concentrations. Furthermore, two NPS were detected and a variety of over-the-counter medication and adulterants were also found.

Discussion:

The findings were largely in-line with trends outlined in the European Drug Report. Striking were the relatively high concentrations of MDMA and ketamine and detection of two synthetic cathinones. Two possible adulterants of cocaine were detected, namely flecainide and amlodipine.

Conclusion:

Music festivals are considered a high-risk setting for alcohol consumption and illicit drug use. Analysis of pooled urine samples at a festival therefore provides a valuable method to evaluate trends and to screen for new substances. Wide-spread use of classical drugs and identification of two NPS were observed during a major international music festival in Belgium. Results need to be interpreted carefully, taking into account the possibilities and limitations of the used techniques and a standardized sampling is required.
Ultra-processed food consumption and dietary, lifestyle and social determinants: a path analysis in Brazilian graduates (CUME project)
Authors: Mattar Jéssica Bevenuto , Domingos Ana Luiza Gomes , Hermsdorff Helen Hermana Miranda , Juvanhol Leidjaira Lopes , de Oliveira Fernando Luiz Pereira , Pimenta Adriano Marçal , Bressan Josefina
Published: September 2022

Objective:

To explore the relationship between ultra-processed foods (UPF) consumption and dietary, lifestyle and social determinants using pathway analysis in the baseline of the Cohort of Universities of Minas Gerais (CUME project).

Design:

Cross-sectional study, in which path analysis was used to estimate direct and indirect effects of dietary practices, sleep, time on the computer and professional status on UPF consumption.

Setting:

Data were collected in 2016, through an online questionnaire composed of sociodemographic, anthropometric, lifestyle and dietary practices questions, and a FFQ.

Participants:

Baseline participants from the CUME Project (n 2826), adults who graduated from Universidade Federal de Viçosa or Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Results:

Being employed (P = 0·024), the time spent on the computer (P = 0·031) and the frequency of fried food intake (P < 0·001) were positively and directly associated with UPF consumption, whereas the sleep duration (P = 0·007) and the number of meals per d (P < 0·001) were negatively and directly associated with UPF consumption. Indirect effects were observed between being employed, mediated by the sleep duration (P = 0·032) and fried food intake (P = 0·005), whereas being a student is mediated by the time on the computer (P = 0·048).

Conclusion:

The time spent on the computer, sleep duration and fried food consumption showed direct effects on UPF consumption. They also acted as mediators on the relationship between professional status and UPF consumption. Besides, the number of meals eaten each day also was directly associated with UPF consumption.
Abiogenesis: the Carter argument reconsidered
Authors: Whitmire Daniel P.
Published: September 2022

The observation of life on Earth is commonly believed to be uninformative regarding the probability of abiogenesis on other Earth-like planets. This belief is based on the selection effect of our existence. We necessarily had to find ourselves on a planet where abiogenesis occurred, thus nothing can be inferred about the probability of abiogenesis from this observation alone. This argument was first formalized in a Bayesian framework by Brandon Carter. Though we definitely had to find ourselves on a planet where abiogenesis occurred, I argue here that (1) the Carter conclusion is based on what is known as the ‘Old Evidence Problem’ in Bayesian Confirmation Theory and that (2) taking this into account, the observation of life on Earth is not neutral but evidence that abiogenesis on Earth-like planets is relatively easy. I then give an independent timescale argument that quantifies the prior probabilities, leading to the inference that the timescale for abiogenesis is less than the planetary habitability timescale and therefore the occurrence of abiogenesis on Earth-like planets is not rare.
Constructing Colonial Peoples: W. E. B. Du Bois, the United Nations, and the Politics of Space and Scale
Authors: Dahl Adam
Published: September 2022

This article examines W. E. B. Du Bois's transnational political thought during his work with the UN and the NAACP in the 1940s. Focusing on unpublished speeches, essays, and correspondence, it explores how he exploited the conceptual elasticity of terms like “colonial status” and “colonial peoples” in order to build a transnational majority on a global scale. The conceptual capaciousness of the term “colony” and its cognates allowed him to connect disparate forms of domination and dependence across boundaries of race, nation, and empire, thus binding colonial and semicolonial peoples together in a common program of international action. The fruition of these efforts, I argue, was Du Bois's 1948 petition to the UN, An Appeal to the World. Through the appropriation of international legal discourse, he sought to politicize the jurisdictional bifurcation of domestic and international politics embedded in the UN Charter and expand the spatial scale of democracy by placing civil rights struggles in imperial context.