bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A study on body-weight perception, future intention and weight-management behaviour among normal-weight, overweight and obese women in India
Authors: Agrawal Praween , Gupta Kamla , Mishra Vinod , Agrawal Sutapa
Published: April 2013

Objective

We examined the socio-economic differential in the self-perception of body weight, future intention for weight management and actual weight-management behaviour among normal-weight, overweight and obese women in India.

Design

A population-based follow-up survey of ever-married women, systematically selected from the second round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2, 1998–99) samples, who were re-interviewed after four years in 2003.

Setting

Information on women's perception about their own weight, intention of weight management and actual weight-management behaviour were collected through personal interview. Anthropometric measurements were obtained from women to compute their current BMI.

Subjects

Three hundred and twenty-five ever-married women aged 20–54 years residing in the national capital territory of Delhi in India.

Results

Discrepancy between self-perceived body weight and women's actual body weight was reported. One-quarter of overweight women and one in ten obese women perceived themselves as normal weight. Although a majority of overweight and obese women wanted to reduce their weight, a significant proportion of overweight (one in four) and 4 % of obese women also wanted to maintain their weight as it is. Only one in three overweight and one in four obese women were performing any physical activity to reduce their weight.

Conclusions

These findings are important for public health interventions in obesity care. Implementation of health promotion and health education in the community should use effective school education and mass-media programmes to raise awareness of appropriate body weight to combat the growing level of obesity among Indian women.
Conflict without casualties … a note of caution: non-lethal weapons and international humanitarian law
Authors: Massingham Eve
Published: April 2013

In the last decade considerable expense has been invested in non-lethal weapons development programmes, including by the United States military and other members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and members of the European Working Group Non-Lethal Weapons. This paper acknowledges the potential suitability of non-lethal weapons for specific situations arising on the battlefield, but cautions against those who advocate for any weakening of existing international humanitarian law frameworks to provide for greater employment of non-lethal technologies.
Heritability of Health-Related Quality of Life: SF-12 Summary Scores in a Population-Based Nationwide Twin Cohort
Authors: Steenstrup Troels , Pedersen Ole Birger , Hjelmborg Jacob , Skytthe Axel , Kyvik Kirsten Ohm
Published: April 2013

Aim: The present study aims to estimate the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors for health-related quality of life (HRQL) measured by the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12). Methods: The study was based on two Danish twin cohorts (46,417 twin individuals) originating from the nationwide, population-based Danish Twin Registry. The twins were approached by a mailed-out questionnaire in 2002. The questionnaire included the SF-12, information on demographic factors, and questions on a variety of specific diseases. Heritability of the SF-12 includes the physical component summary (PCS) and the mental component summary (MCS); and etiologically important variance components were estimated using multivariate biometric models. The respondents were stratified into six groups, based on age and sex. Results: A total of 33,794 (73%) individual twins responded to the survey. The SF-12 was completed by 29,619 individuals, which included 9,120 complete twin pairs. Overall, the best-fitting model explaining the variance of HRQL was the ACE model. The estimated heritability of the SF-12 was between 11% and 35%, whereas between 65% and 89% could be explained by unique environmental or stochastic factors in the different sex and age groups. The highest heritability was seen among older twins. In addition, the genetic correlation between MCS and PCS scores was low (0.07 and 0.23 for males and females, respectively) among younger and high (0.26 and 0.45 for males and females, respectively) in the oldest age group. Both the largest genetic influence on HRQL and the largest genetic overlap between the scores were seen in the oldest age group, which consisted of twins older than 55. The unique environmental correlation between MCS and PCS were generally negative. Conclusion: The heritability of HRQL differs between different age groups. In general, most of the variance in the SF-12 summary components was determined by unique environmental factors.
Procrastination
Authors: Klingsieck Katrin B.
Published: April 2013

Procrastination is a well-known phenomenon that often entails negative outcomes with regard to performance and subjective well-being. In an attempt to understand the (alarming) character of procrastination, a large body of research on the causes, correlates, and consequences of procrastination has been accumulating over the last 40 years. The aim of this paper is to provide a systematic characterization of the trends in procrastination research and to suggest future directions for research and practice. The systematic characterization comprises a comparison of procrastination to functional forms of delay (referred to as strategic delay) and a presentation of the theoretical approaches to explaining procrastination. The future directions suggested pertain to the development of a differentiated understanding of procrastination and of integral interventions.
Linear temperature scaling of ferroelectric hysteresis in Mn-doped Pb(Mn1/3Sb2/3)O3-Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 ceramic with internal bias field
Authors: Du Gang , Liang Ruihong , Wang Li , Li Kui , Zhang Wenbin , Wang Genshui , Dong Xianlin
Published: April 2013

The temperature scaling of dynamic hysteresis was investigated in Mn-doped Pb(Mn1/3Sb2/3)O3-Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 ceramic with internal bias field. A set of simple linear temperature scaling relations were established for hysteresis area 〈A〉, coercivity Ec, and internal bias field Ei, which are different from the power-law scaling relationships for the soft and hard PZT ceramics. The proposed scaling relation between 〈A〉 and T can be predicted by the temperature dependent response of Ec and vice versa. It is suggested that the thermal deaging which related to the redistribution of the preferentially oriented defect dipoles is responsible for these dynamic hysteresis behaviors.
Band offsets in complex-oxide thin films and heterostructures of SrTiO3/LaNiO3 and SrTiO3/GdTiO3 by soft and hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Conti G. , Kaiser A. M. , Gray A. X. , Nemšák S. , Pálsson G. K. , Son J. , Moetakef P. , Janotti A. , Bjaalie L. , Conlon C. S. , Eiteneer D. , Greer A. A. , Keqi A. , Rattanachata A. , Saw A. Y. , Bostwick A. , Stolte W. C. , Gloskovskii A. , Drube W. , Ueda S. , Kobata M. , Kobayashi K. , Van de Walle C. G. , Stemmer S. , Schneider C. M. , Fadley C. S.
Published: April 2013

The experimental determination of valence band offsets (VBOs) at interfaces in complex-oxide heterostructures using conventional soft x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (SXPS, hν ≤ 1500 eV) and reference core-level binding energies can present challenges because of surface charging when photoelectrons are emitted and insufficient probing depth to clearly resolve the interfaces. In this paper, we compare VBOs measured with SXPS and its multi-keV hard x-ray analogue (HXPS, hν > 2000 eV). We demonstrate that the use of HXPS allows one to minimize charging effects and to probe more deeply buried interfaces in heterostructures such as SrTiO3/LaNiO3 and SrTiO3/GdTiO3. The VBO values obtained by HXPS for these interfaces are furthermore found to be close to those determined by first-principles calculations.
A room-temperature non-volatile CNT-based molecular memory cell
Authors: Ye Senbin , Jing Qingshen , Han Ray P. S.
Published: April 2013

Recent experiments with a carbon nanotube (CNT) system confirmed that the innertube can oscillate back-and-forth even under a room-temperature excitation. This demonstration of relative motion suggests that it is now feasible to build a CNT-based molecular memory cell (MC), and the key to bring the concept to reality is the precision control of the moving tube for sustained and reliable read/write (RW) operations. Here, we show that by using a 2-section outertube design, we are able to suitably recalibrate the system energetics and obtain the designed performance characteristics of a MC. Further, the resulting energy modification enables the MC to operate as a non-volatile memory element at room temperatures. Our paper explores a fundamental understanding of a MC and its response at the molecular level to roadmap a novel approach in memory technologies that can be harnessed to overcome the miniaturization limit and memory volatility in memory technologies.
Precise measurement of a magnetic field generated by the electromagnetic flux compression technique
Authors: Nakamura D. , Sawabe H. , Matsuda Y. H. , Takeyama S.
Published: April 2013

The precision of the values of a magnetic field generated by electromagnetic flux compression was investigated in ultra-high magnetic fields of up to 700 T. In an attempt to calibrate the magnetic field measured by pickup coils, precise Faraday rotation (FR) measurements were conducted on optical (quartz and crown) glasses. A discernible “turn-around” phenomenon was observed in the FR signal as well as the pickup coils before the end of a liner implosion. We found that the magnetic field measured by pickup coils should be corrected by taking into account the high-frequency response of the signal transmission line. Near the peak magnetic field, however, the pickup coils failed to provide reliable values, leaving the FR measurement as the only method to precisely measure extremely high magnetic fields.
Substitution of Y for Pr in PrMn2Ge2—The magnetism of Pr0.8Y0.2Mn2Ge2
Authors: Wang J. L. , Campbell S. J. , Hofmann M. , Kennedy S. J. , Avdeev M , Md Din M. F. , Zeng R. , Cheng Z. X. , Dou S. X.
Published: April 2013

Pr0.8Y0.2Mn2Ge2 is found to exhibit four magnetic transitions on decreasing the temperature from the paramagnetic region: (i) paramagnetism to intralayer antiferromagnetism (AFl) at TNintra; (ii) AFl to canted ferromagnetism (Fmc) at TCinter; (iii) Fmc to conical magnetic ordering of the Mn sublattice (Fmi) at Tcc; and (iv) Fmi(Mn) to Fmi(Mn) + F(Pr) at TCPr. These changes in magnetic structure are discussed in terms of changes in the Mn-Mn separation distances caused by the unit cell contraction and by electronic effects due to replacement of 20% of Pr with Y.
Effect of electronic structures on catalytic properties of CuNi alloy and Pd in MeOH-related reactions
Authors: Tsai An-Pang , Kimura Tomofumi , Suzuki Yukinori , Kameoka Satoshi , Shimoda Masahiko , Ishii Yasushi
Published: April 2013

We investigated the catalytic properties of a CuNi solid solution and Pd for methanol-related reactions and associated valence electronic structures. Calculations and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements revealed that the CuNi alloy has a similar valence electronic structure to Pd and hence they exhibited similar CO selectivities in steam reforming of methanol and decomposition of methanol. Samples prepared by various processes were found to have similar CO selectivities. We conjecture that alloying of Cu and Ni dramatically alters the valence electronic structures, making it similar to that of Pd so that the alloy exhibits similar catalytic properties to Pd. First-principles slab calculations of surface electronic structures support this conjecture.
Mechanism of ammonia decomposition and oxidation on Ir(110): A first-principles study
Authors: He Chao-Zheng , Wang Hui , Huai Li-Yuan , Liu Jing-Yao
Published: April 2013

The mechanism of ammonia decomposition and oxidation on Ir(110) was studied on the basis of periodic density functional theory calculations and microkinetic modeling. The results indicate that NH3 dissociation is more favorable than desorption at atop site, while at top site NH3 desorption and dissociation are competitive. On the other hand, when O or OH is co-adsorbed, the NH3 dehydrogenation is slightly inhibited and mainly via hydrogen abstraction reaction rather than thermal decomposition, while it is reversed for NH2 dehydrogenation. The former mechanism is favored for O assisted NH dehydrogenation, while it changed to latter one for OH. On clean Ir(110), N + NH → N2 + H pathway is the major N2 formation pathway and N + N is also involved but less competitive, while N + N becomes the predominant one and is enhanced on O-predosed Ir(110). NO formation occurs only at higher temperature when N2 is desorbed from the surface. The microkinetic analysis further confirms that the dominant product is N2 at low temperature while becomes NO as temperature increases, and the temperature of NO formation decreases when O2 partial pressure increases. The present calculation results are in good agreement with the experimental observations.
Nonlinear Schroedinger equation in the presence of uniform acceleration
Authors: Plastino A. R. , Tsallis C.
Published: April 2013

We consider a recently proposed nonlinear Schroedinger equation exhibiting soliton-like solutions of the power-law form \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$e_q^{i(kx-wt)}$\end{document}eqi(kx−wt), involving the q-exponential function which naturally emerges within nonextensive thermostatistics [\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$e_q^z \equiv [1+(1\break-q)z]^{1/(1-q)}$\end{document}eqz≡[1+(1−q)z]1/(1−q), with \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$e_1^z=e^z$\end{document}e1z=ez]. Since these basic solutions behave like free particles, obeying p = ℏk, E = ℏω, and E = p2/2m (1 ⩽ q < 2), it is relevant to investigate how they change under the effect of uniform acceleration, thus providing the first steps towards the application of the aforementioned nonlinear equation to the study of physical scenarios beyond free particle dynamics. We investigate first the behaviour of the power-law solutions under Galilean transformation and discuss the ensuing Doppler-like effects. We consider then constant acceleration, obtaining new solutions that can be equivalently regarded as describing a free particle viewed from an uniformly accelerated reference frame (with acceleration a) or a particle moving under a constant force −ma. The latter interpretation naturally leads to the evolution equation \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$i\hbar \frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left( \frac{\Phi }{\Phi _0} \right) \,\, = \,\, - \frac{1}{2-q}\frac{\hbar ^2}{2m} \frac{\partial ^2}{\partial x^2} \left[\left( \frac{\Phi }{\Phi _0} \right)^{2-q}\right] + V(x)\left( \frac{\Phi }{\Phi _0} \right)^{q}$\end{document}iℏ∂∂tΦΦ0=−12−qℏ22m∂2∂x2ΦΦ02−q+V(x)ΦΦ0q with V(x) = max. Remarkably enough, the potential V couples to Φq, instead of coupling to Φ, as happens in the familiar linear case (q = 1).
Ion-induced oxidation of aluminum during reactive magnetron sputtering
Authors: Kreiter Oliver , Grosse-Kreul Simon , Corbella Carles , von Keudell Achim
Published: April 2013

Particle beam experiments were conducted in an ultra-high-vacuum vessel to mimic target poisoning during reactive magnetron sputtering of aluminum. Aluminum targets were exposed to quantified beams of argon ions, oxygen atoms and molecules, and aluminum vapour. The growth and etch rates were measured in situ by means of an Al-coated quartz crystal microbalance. The chemical state of the target surface was monitored in-situ by real-time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The surface processes were modelled through a set of balance equations providing sputter yields and sticking coefficients. The results indicate that the oxygen uptake of the aluminum surface is enhanced by a factor 1 to 2 by knock-on implantation and that the deposition of aluminum is not affected by the oxidation state of the surface.
New strategies to improve the luminescence efficiency of Eu ions embedded in Si-based matrices
Authors: Boninelli S. , Bellocchi G. , Franzò G. , Miritello M. , Iacona F.
Published: April 2013

The comparison of the performances of SiO2 and SiOC layers as host matrices for optically active Eu ions is presented. A SiO2 matrix allows to observe light emission from both Eu2+ and Eu3+ ions, owing to a proper tuning of the thermal annealing process used for the optical activation of the rare earth. However, the photoluminescence efficiency of both ions remains relatively low and quite far from the requirements for technological applications, mainly due to the extensive formation of Eu-containing precipitates. A detailed study by transmission electron microscopy allowed us to analyze and elucidate the clustering process and to find suitable strategies for minimizing it. We found that the substitution of SiO2 matrix with a SiOC film allows to obtain a very bright light emission centered at about 440 nm from Eu2+ ions. In fact, SiOC is able to efficiently promote the Eu3+ → Eu2+ reduction; furthermore, Eu ions are characterized by an enhanced mobility and solubility in this matrix, and as a consequence, Eu precipitation is strongly reduced. Since SiOC is a material fully compatible with standard Si technology, Eu-doped SiOC layers can be considered a highly interesting candidate for photonic applications.
Band bowing and Si donor levels in InGaN layers investigated by surface photo voltage spectroscopy
Authors: Pandey S. , Cavalcoli D. , Cavallini A.
Published: April 2013

Bowing parameter and intra gap states have been measured on good quality undoped and n-type Si doped InGaN layers, by surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SPS). Bowing parameter calculations have been done with consideration of strain and relaxed nature of InGaN layers. Si donor levels have been measured by SPS on layers with different indium content. Free carrier concentration and Si donor level variations as a function of In content have been analysed. It has been found that the interaction between In and Si plays a fundamental role in Si doping process in InGaN.
Numerical computation for a new way to reduce vibration and noise due to magnetostriction and magnetic forces of transformer cores
Authors: Zhu Lihua , Yang Qingxin , Yan Rongge , Li Yongjian , Zhang Xian , Yan Weili , Zhu Jianguo
Published: April 2013

Magnetostriction (MS) caused by the global magnetization of limbs and yokes and magnetic forces are the undisputed causes of the vibration and noise in power transformer cores. This paper presents a novel way to reduce the vibration and noise, in which nanocrystalline soft magnetic composite (NSMC) material with high permeability is used to fill the step-lap joint gaps of the power transformer magnetic cores. In order to numerically predict the effectiveness of the proposed method, a 3-D magneto-mechanical strong coupled model including MS and magnetic anisotropy of steel sheet was founded. Then, the numerical model was applied to analyze the step-lap joint region of the corner of magnetic cores. The analysis results illustrated that the deformation and noise of core with NSMC are lower than with the traditional epoxy damping material. Moreover, the validity of the proposed new way was verified by the simplified step-lap joint cores, which were achieved based on Epstein Frames.
Signature of spin-phonon coupling in Sr2CoO4 thin film: A Raman spectroscopic study
Authors: Pandey Pankaj K. , Choudhary R. J. , Mishra Dileep K. , Sathe V. G. , Phase D. M.
Published: April 2013

We have investigated the phonon spectra of pulsed laser deposited Sr2CoO4 thin film and its evolution with temperature using Raman spectroscopy. The magnetic measurement reveals magnetic transition at temperature TC = 255 K. No structural phase transition is observed in the investigated temperature range (100-300 K). Close correlation between the frequency shift and the magnetization across TC establishes that the anomaly in the vicinity of TC is owing to spin-phonon coupling in the material. Using two different approaches, we have calculated spin-phonon coupling strength to be in the range of 2-3.5 cm−1.
Improvement of redox reactions by miniaturizing nanoparticles of zinc Prussian blue analog
Authors: Moo Lee Kyoung , Tanaka Hisashi , Ho Kim Kyung , Kawamura Midori , Abe Yoshio , Kawamoto Tohru
Published: April 2013

We demonstrated the redox reaction improvement of zinc-Prussian blue analogues (ZnPBA: zinc hexacyanoferrate) by size-controlled nanoparticles after centrifuge classification. The average size in the smallest class was 58.8 nm. With size-controlled ZnPBA nanoparticles, dense thin films can be fabricated with no binding material. These films show stable redox cycling even after 10 000 cycles. Results show that size-controlled ZnPBA nanoparticle films are promising candidates for use as counter-electrode materials for nonvolatile electrochromic devices.
Effect of thermal annealing on luminescence properties of Eu,Mg-codoped GaN grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Lee Dong-gun , Wakamatsu Ryuta , Koizumi Atsushi , Terai Yoshikazu , Poplawsky Jonathan D. , Dierolf Volkmar , Fujiwara Yasufumi
Published: April 2013

The effects of thermal annealing on Eu,Mg-codoped GaN (GaN:Eu,Mg) grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy were investigated. After annealing in nitrogen ambient, Eu-Mg related photoluminescence emission was quenched to 13% without a change in the spectral shape. The quenched emission recovered to 65% of the original intensity after a subsequent annealing in ammonia ambient. Combined excitation emission spectroscopy and time-resolved photoluminescence results revealed that the quenching behavior is attributed to a nonradiative process induced by unpassivated Mg acceptors in the relaxation of excited 4f electrons of Eu ions.
Photoconductivity of germanium tin alloys grown by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Coppinger Matthew , Hart John , Bhargava Nupur , Kim Sangcheol , Kolodzey James
Published: April 2013

Photocurrent spectroscopy was used to measure the infrared absorption of germanium-tin alloys grown by molecular beam epitaxy. To study dependence on Sn composition, the photocurrent was measured at 100 K on alloys of Ge1−xSnx with atomic percentages of Sn up to 9.8%. The optical absorption coefficient was calculated from the photocurrent, and it was found that the absorption edge and extracted bandgap energy decreased with increasing Sn content. For all Ge1−xSnx samples, a fundamental bandgap below that of bulk Ge was observed, and a bandgap energy as low as 0.624 eV was found for a Sn percentage of 9.8% at 100 K.
Grain boundaries in granular materials—A fundamental limit for thermal stability
Authors: Saharan L. , Morrison C. , Ikeda Y. , Takano K. , Miles J. J. , Thomson T. , Schrefl T. , Hrkac G.
Published: April 2013

We show that thermal-stability and the associated switching field in well segregated, nanoscale granular materials is explained by grain boundary and interface effects. Grain boundaries pose a fundamental limit on scaling rooted in their chemical and morphological structure, while exchange interactions across interfaces cause the switching to deviate from the expected coherent Stoner-Wohlfarth behaviour. Measurements and simulations of CoCrPt-systems show a clear shift in applied field angle behaviour, arising from exchange-coupling between magnetic-phases, while the quantitative switching field can only be explained by a transition layer surrounding the grains. These results are potentially significant for Heat-Assisted-Magnetic Recording and Bit-Patterned-Media Recording.
Rattlers or oxygen vacancies: Determinant of high temperature plateau thermal conductivity in doped pyrochlores
Authors: Wang Yanfei , Yang Fan , Xiao Ping
Published: April 2013

High temperature plateau thermal conductivity (kmin) remains poorly understood despite its crucial importance in thermal insulation components at elevated temperature. We report In/Sc doped La2Zr2O7 pyrochlores with rattlers and oxygen vacancies and their effects on heat transport. Rattlers can dramatically flatten k-T curves at very low doping level; whereas, oxygen vacancies are very effective in reducing kmin, particularly when comparing compounds with considerably varied levels of them. Oxygen vacancies generate an electrostatic repulsion force among cations surrounding them, resulting in stronger lattice anharmonicity and weaker bonds, which is the underlying reason of them being the determinant of kmin.
Turning ultraviolet-green into red light in transparent phosphate glasses for greenhouses
Authors: Ming Chengguo , Song Feng , An Liqun , Ren Xiaobin
Published: April 2013

Sb3+/Mn2+ co-doped phosphate glasses were prepared by high temperature melting method. The absorption, excitation, and emission spectra of the glasses were investigated. The glasses are transparent in the visible light region and can emit strong red light under 275, 360, 415, or 520 nm excitation. Under 275 nm excitation, the emission colors of the glasses can vary from blue to red with the increasing of Mn2+ ion concentration. The materials will be helpful in developing glass greenhouse for the green plants.
Demonstrating the Use of Bisphenol A-functionalised Gold Nanoparticles in Immunoassays
Authors: Peterson Joshua R. , Lu Yang , Luais Erwann , Lee Nanju Alice , Gooding J. Justin
Published: April 2013

Spherical gold nanoparticles (5-nm diameter) were modified with a small-molecule thiolated bisphenol A (BPA) ligand to achieve an estimated coverage of ~3.3 × 10–10 mol cm–2, or 180 ligands per particle. The modified particles were tested in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) format to measure functionality and were shown to bind specifically to anti-BPA antibody while resisting the non-specific adsorption of an antibody with no affinity for BPA. It was found that the use of 10 % ethanol as a co-solvent was required in the ELISA as aqueous buffers alone resulted in poor binding between anti-BPA antibody and the functionalised nanoparticles. This is likely due to the hydrophobic nature of the BPA ligand limiting its solubility, and therefore its availability for antibody interactions, in purely aqueous environments. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a nanoparticle modified with a small organic molecule being used in an ELISA assay.
No trespassing: using a biofence to manipulate wolf movements
Authors: Ausband David E. , Mitchell Michael S. , Bassing Sarah B. , White Craig
Published: April 2013

Context
Conserving large carnivores can be challenging because of conflicts with human land use and competition with humans for resources. Predation on domestic stock can have negative economic impacts particularly for owners of small herds, and tools for minimising carnivore depredation of livestock are needed. Canids use scent marking to establish territories and avoid intraspecific conflict. Exploiting scent-marking behaviour may provide a means for manipulating canid movements.

Aims
We hypothesised that human-deployed scent marks (i.e. ‘biofence’) could be used to manipulate the movements of grey wolves (Canis lupus) in Idaho, USA.

Methods
We deployed 65 km of biofence within three wolf-pack territories during summer 2010 and 2011 and used location data from satellite-collared wolves and sign surveys to assess the effectiveness of biofencing.

Key results
Location data provided by satellite-collared wolves and sign surveys in 2010 showed little to no trespass of the biofence, even though the excluded areas were used by the packs in previous summers. We also opportunistically deployed a biofence in between a rendezvous site of a resident pack and a nearby sheep grazing allotment; the pack was not implicated in any depredations in summer 2010, even though they had killed sheep every year since 2006. Location data provided by satellite-collared wolves in summer 2011 showed that wolves did trespass biofences.

Conclusions
Biofencing effectively manipulated the movements of wolves in the first year of our study, but not the second.

Implications
Our work suggests that biofencing may be most limited by the apparent necessity to maintain a continuous presence once the biofence is established. The inherent labour and costs associated with such efforts may limit the usefulness of biofencing. Our work can be improved on through further testing that maintains biofencing over a longer timeframe (>3 months), samples several animals per treatment pack, and uses a treatment and control design.
Effects of exercise‐induced muscle damage on resting metabolic rate, sub‐maximal running and post‐exercise oxygen consumption
Authors: Burt Dean Gareth , Lamb Kevin , Nicholas Ceri , Twist Craig
Published: April 2013

Exercise‐induced muscle damage (EIMD), described as the acute weakness of the musculature after unaccustomed eccentric exercise, increases oxidative metabolism at rest and during endurance exercise. However, it is not known whether oxygen uptake during recovery from endurance exercise is increased when experiencing symptoms of EIMD. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of EIMD on physiological and metabolic responses before, during and after sub‐maximal running. After a 12 h fast, eight healthy male participants completed baseline measurements comprising resting metabolic rate (RMR), indirect markers of EIMD, 10 min of sub‐maximal running and 30 min of recovery to ascertain excess post‐exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). Measurements were then repeated at 24 and 48 h after 100 Smith‐machine squats. Data analysis revealed significant (P<0.05) increases in muscle soreness and creatine kinase (CK) and decreases in peak knee extensor torque at 24 and 48 h after squatting exercise. Moreover, RMR, physiological, metabolic and perceptual responses during sub‐maximal running and EPOC were increased in the two days after squatting exercise (P<0.05). It is suggested that the elevated RMR was a consequence of a raised energy requirement for the degradation and resynthesis of damaged muscle fibres. The increased oxygen demand during sub‐maximal running after muscle damage was responsible for the increase in EPOC. Individuals engaging in unaccustomed resistance exercise that results in muscle damage should be mindful of the increases in resting energy expenditure and increased metabolic demand to exercise in the days that follow.
Fourth‐order variants of Newton's method without second derivatives for solving non‐linear equations
Authors: Dehghan Mehdi , Hajarian Masoud
Published: April 2013

Purpose

Solving the non‐linear equation f(x)=0 has nice applications in various branches of physics and engineering. Sometimes the applications of the numerical methods to solve non‐linear equations depending on the second derivatives are restricted in physics and engineering. The purpose of this paper is to propose two new modified Newton's method for solving non‐linear equations. Convergence results show that the order of convergence of the proposed iterative methods for a simple root is four. The iterative methods are free from second derivative and can be used for solving non‐linear equations without computing the second derivative. Finally, several numerical examples are given to illustrate that proposed iterative algorithms are effective.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, first the authors introduce two new approximations for the definite integral arising from Newton's theorem. Then by considering these approximations, two new iterative methods are provided with fourth‐order convergence which can be used for solving non‐linear equations without computing second derivatives.

Findings

In this paper, the authors propose two new iterative methods without second derivatives for solving the non‐linear equation f(x)=0. From numerical results, it is observed that the new methods are comparable with various iterative methods. Also numerical results corroborate the theoretical analysis.

Originality/value

The best property of these schemes is that they are second derivative free. Also from numerical results, it is observed that the new methods are comparable with various iterative methods. The numerical results corroborate the theoretical analysis.
Simulation of fines migration using a non‐Newtonian lattice Boltzmann‐discrete element model
Authors: Leonardi C.R. , Owen D.R.J. , Feng Y.T.
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a novel computational framework capable of simulating the block cave phenomenon of fines migration in two dimensions. Fines migration is characterised by the faster movement of fine and often low‐grade material towards the draw point in comparison to larger, blocky material. A greater understanding of the kinematic behaviour of fines and ore within the cave during draw is integral to the solution of this problem.

Design/methodology/approach

The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is employed in a nonlinear form to represent the fines as a continuum, and it is coupled to the discrete element method (DEM) which is used to represent large blocks. The issues relevant to this approach, such as fluid‐solid interaction, the synchronisation of explicit schemes, and the characterisation of a bulk material as a non‐Newtonian fluid are discussed.

Findings

Results of the 2D simulations reveal migration trends for the geometries, material properties and operational sequences analysed. By executing an extensive programme of numerical experiments the influence of these and other relevant block cave factors on the migration of fines could be isolated.

Originality/value

To the authors' knowledge, this is the first time the LBM has been used to simulate the flow of bulk materials. The non‐Newtonian LBM‐DEM framework is also a novel approach to the investigation of fines migration, which until now has been limited to scale models, cellular automata or pure DEM simulations. The results of the 2D migration analyses highlight the potential for this novel approach to be applied in an industrial context and also encourage the extension of the framework to 3D.
Iterative algorithms for the generalized centro‐symmetric and central anti‐symmetric solutions of general coupled matrix equations
Authors: Dehghan Mehdi , Hajarian Masoud
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to find two iterative methods to solve the general coupled matrix equations over the generalized centro‐symmetric and central antisymmetric matrices.

Design/methodology/approach

By extending the idea of conjugate gradient (CG) method, the authors present two iterative methods to solve the general coupled matrix equations over the generalized centro‐symmetric and central antisymmetric matrices.

Findings

When the general coupled matrix equations are consistent over the generalized centro‐symmetric and central anti‐symmetric matrices, the generalized centro‐symmetric and central anti‐symmetric solutions can be obtained within nite iterative steps. Also the least Frobenius norm generalized centrosymmetric and central anti‐symmetric solutions can be derived by choosing a special kind of initial matrices. Furthermore, the optimal approximation generalized centrosymmetric and central anti‐symmetric solutions to given generalized centro‐symmetric and central anti‐symmetric matrices can be obtained by finding the least Frobenius norm generalized centro‐symmetric and central anti‐symmetric solutions of new matrix equations. The authors employ some numerical examples to support the theoretical results of this paper. Finally, the application of the presented methods is highlighted for solving the projected generalized continuous‐time algebraic Lyapunov equations (GCALE).

Originality/value

By the algorithms, the solvability of the general coupled matrix equations over generalized centro‐symmetric and central anti‐symmetric matrices can be determined automatically. The convergence results of the iterative algorithms are also proposed. Several examples and an application are given to show the efficiency of the presented methods.
Analytical method for solving steady MHD convective and slip flow due to a rotating disk with viscous dissipation and Ohmic heating
Authors: Rashidi M.M. , Erfani E.
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to consider the thermal‐diffusion and diffusion‐thermo effects on combined heat and mass transfer of a steady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) convective and slip flow due to a rotating disk with viscous dissipation and Ohmic heating. The main goal of the present study is to find the approximate analytic solutions by the combination of the DTM and the Padé approximants for this problem.

Design/methodology/approach

A new method, namely the DTM‐Padé technique, which is a combination of the differential transform method and the Padé approximation, is employed.

Findings

Graphical results for fluids of medium molecular weight (H2, air) are presented to investigate influence of the slip parameter, magnetic field parameter M, Eckert Ec, Schmidt Ec, Dufour Du and Soret Sr numbers on the profiles of the dimensionless velocity, temperature and concentration distributions. In order to show the effectiveness of the DTM‐Padé, the results obtained from the DTM‐Padé are compared with available solutions obtained using shooting method to generate the numerical solution.

Originality/value

This technique (DTM‐Padé) is extended to give solutions for nonlinear differential equations with boundary conditions at the infinity.
Real and virtual segments of modern library space
Authors: Zverevich Victor
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to review the considerations necessary in developing modern library spaces.

Design/methodology/approach

Both internal and external segments of library space are analyzed from the positions of their physical availability to users, services offered and future prospects.

Findings

The findings indicate that the library space consists of two segments: internal and external. Internal space is physical space with traditional documents and services, and the external segment is physically intangible virtual space dealing with virtual services using electronic resources.

Originality/value

The two segments of library space have not previously been considered together in one paper. Also, virtual library resources and services, in respect of relating them to the certain segment of library space, have not been considered previously.
Libraries as the gate: “ways” and “keepers” in the knowledge environment
Authors: Oyelude Adetoun A. , Bamigbola Alice A.
Published: April 2013

Purpose

This paper examines whether the library is a gateway to knowledge, or a gatekeeper in the digital knowledge environment.

Design/methodology/approach

An online opinion survey was carried out using the LinkedIn social media.

Findings

Half (50 per cent) of the respondents regarded the library as both gateway and gatekeeper; 47 per cent as gateway; and 1 per cent as gatekeeper. Challenges to the library functioning in either of the roles were those of technology use in serving their clientele.

Research limitations/implications

The implication for librarians and libraries in the perceived blend of the two roles of gateway and gatekeeper is significant. Future research could find out the effect of the new open access movement on gateway/gatekeeper roles in libraries.

Practical implications

Libraries as gateways should cater for problems of access, accessibility, copyright violations, institutional repository issues, security issues (physical and electronic) and others. As gatekeepers there is the need to collaborate in resources sharing, training opportunities and content.

Social implications

With libraries as gateways and gatekeepers, society will be able to have improved library services and assured of access with the new digital publishing dynamics in a balanced environment.

Originality/value

The paper is valuable to libraries and librarians as it helps them to redefine their functions with the changes ongoing in the knowledge environment.
A study of institutional repositories on women's studies in India and Canada
Authors: Sawant Sarika
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine institutional repositories developed in India and Canada containing documents on women's studies.

Design/methodology/approach

The methodology consisted of identification of institutional repositories containing documents on women's studies, development of a tool for evaluation, followed by actual evaluation/content analysis of identified repositories.

Findings

It was found that there were 22 institutional repositories in Canada and three in India containing documents on women's studies. The highest number of documents on women's studies were available in the IR of University of British Columbia, i.e. 9,778. About 56 per cent (14) of the repositories contained community on the women's studies.

Research limitations/implications

Those institutional repositories containing documents on women's studies developed in India and Canada were considered for the study.

Originality/value

This is one of the first studies focused on issues on women's studies and repositories.
Prospects and barriers for Russia's emerging ESCO market
Authors: Garbuzova‐Schlifter Maria , Madlener Reinhard
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The Russian Energy Service Company (ESCO) market emerges rapidly due to the new energy efficiency legislation that has been implemented since 2009. However, a clear identification of the Russian ESCOs, comparable to those operating on the basis of Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) in the Western markets, remains rather difficult. Hence, aside from the independent ESCOs identified, further energy service‐providing companies (ESPCs) are within the scope of this survey. This paper aims to address these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

Building on comprehensive qualitative research of the international and Russian academic and non‐academic literature on the ESCO concept and an expert interview, an explorative, questionnaire‐based survey among 161 Russian energy companies and organizations was conducted. A total of 28 usable responses were returned, corresponding to a response rate of 17 per cent. Non‐parametric exact tests are used for the statistical analysis.

Findings

The authors' findings show that only nine of the surveyed ESCOs have acquired energy performance‐based projects. In line with the new energy efficiency legislation, such projects are strongly supported in the state sector but much less so in the commercial sector. Most of the projects are financed either through ESCOs' own funds, direct loans to customers, or by the customers themselves. Russian banks, however, rarely provide direct loans for energy performance‐based projects of ESCOs, but rather prefer to offer financial leasing contracts. The contractual form “guaranteed savings”, which is generally more applicable in mature ESCO markets, is gaining in importance, while “shared savings” is barely used.

Originality/value

This paper delivers, to the best of the authors' knowledge, the first systematic empirical investigation of the Russian ESCO industry, taking into account experiences from the international ESCO markets.
Climate warming and ectotherm body size – from individual physiology to community ecology
Authors: Ohlberger Jan
Published: April 2013

Accumulating evidence suggests that the average body size of many organisms is declining in response to climate warming. This phenomenon has been suggested to represent a universal response to warming that may impose significant adverse effects on ecosystem functioning and services.

However, we do not have a thorough understanding of why body sizes are commonly declining, and why some organisms show the opposite response. Because ectotherms constitute the vast majority of organism biomass and about 99% of species worldwide, it is particularly important to understand how ectotherms respond to a warming climate.

This review discusses the underlying physiological mechanisms of changes in ectotherm body size and addresses observed responses within a broad ecological context at different levels of organization, from individuals to communities, particularly in aquatic systems.

Warming‐induced responses in average body size are not only determined by changes in rates of individual growth and development, but also mediated through size‐dependent feedbacks at the population level, as well as competitive and predatory interactions within the community. Emergent properties at higher organizational levels have already been observed in both experimental and natural systems.

Various approaches will be required for enhancing our knowledge about the importance of such processes in natural systems. These include controlled semi‐natural experiments and phylogenetic comparisons as well as statistical models of time‐series data and theoretical models linking climate effects at the individual, population and community levels.

Understanding causes of observed changes in organism body sizes and how these depend on the ecological context is essential for improving our predictions and the management of ecosystems in the face of a warming climate.
Controlled laboratory experiments to assess the geomechanical influence of subsurface injection and depletion processes on 4D seismic responses
Authors: Holt Rune M. , Stenebråten Jørn F.
Published: April 2013

Laboratory experiments are performed with soft synthetic reservoir sandstone cemented under stress and with synthetic overburden (caprock) material consisting of compacted clay (kaolinite) in brine. The rock‐like materials are loaded mechanically under stress paths representative of stress changes occurring in the subsurface as a result of injection (increasing pore pressure) or depletion followed by injection into a storage reservoir. Static stress‐strain behaviour and multidirectional P‐ and S‐wave velocities are monitored during the tests. The tests with sandstone are performed on dry material and simple poroelastic modelling is performed to relate these data to the behaviour of fluid (water / CO2) saturated samples under the same stress paths. The focus is on identifying 4D seismic attributes that may be used in the field to interpret monitoring measurements. This could help diagnose stress changes in the overburden, signalling the risk of CO2 leakage from a reservoir if the compressive or tensile strength limit of the overburden is reached and of course to help quantify amounts of CO2 stored.
Investigating Unpaid Overtime Working among the Part‐time Workforce
Authors: Conway Neil , Sturges Jane
Published: April 2013

This paper considers whether unpaid overtime working relates to contracted working hours (i.e. whether an employee works part‐time or full‐time) in Britain. It uses the authoritative 2004 British data set Workplace Employment Relations Survey to derive a sample of 4,530 workers, from 735 workplace establishments, who worked unpaid overtime. It tests hypotheses linking contracted working hours to unpaid overtime, and whether this link is moderated by gender, occupational group and the availability of flexible working arrangements. Part‐time workers were found to work significantly more unpaid overtime hours compared with their full‐time counterparts. Gender, occupation and flexible working practices moderated this relationship, where the extent to which part‐timers work more unpaid overtime than their full‐time counterparts was greater for men than for women, was greater for professional/managerial part‐time workers compared with other occupations, and was more evident in establishments less likely to offer flexible working arrangements. The findings raise concerns about the exploitation of part‐time workers.