bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IMAGE OF CHURCH IN THE CONTEMPORARY SACRAL ARCHITECTURE OF LITHUANIA / BAŽNYČIOS ĮVAIZDIS ŠIUOLAIKINĖJE LIETUVOS SAKRALINĖJE ARCHITEKTŪROJE
Authors: Krūgelis Linas
Published: July 2012

For many centuries, sacral architecture was conceptualised as a multiple reflection of the Catholic spiritual teaching, traditions and a symbol of particular epoch. Moreover, it served as a link between experience, knowledge and values fulfilled by of both, the present and the future man. Catholic temples, like the religion itself, were based on the mystical image of the Body of Christ (Corpus Christi). Also, it can be found not only in liturgical practices, but also in architectural expression. Up until the Second Vatican Council (also known as the Vatican II), church buildings were usually referred to as the House of God (Domus Dei), however, in the midst of the 20th century, the Church has slowly shifted to the new paradigm – the People of God (Populus Dei). Therefore, churches as buildings have also changed and became referred to as the House of God's People (Domus Ecclesiae). These essential changes were strongly expressed in the development of the 20th century sacral architecture.

This article is based on the analysis of historical changes in circumstances as well as expression methods in sacral architecture and contemporary church buildings. As a method of research, the comparative analysis is used, which enables to determine impact of contemporary paradigm to the Church and sacral architecture in Lithuania

Santrauka

Ilgus šimtmečius sakralinė architektūra buvo suvokiama kaip daugialypis Bažnyčios mokymo, tradicijos ir esamo laikotarpio atspindys, simbolis. Tai lyg tiltas, jungiantis praeities patirtį ir žinias su dabarties ir ateities žmogiškąja pilnatve. Katalikiškos šventovės, kaip ir pati religija, rėmėsi Kristaus mistinio kūno prasme (Corpus Christi) ir simbolika tiek liturgijos apeigose, tiek architektūrinėje bažnyčios sampratoje. Iki Vatikano II Visuotinio Bažnyčios susirinkimo buvo įprasta bažnyčios pastatą vadinti Dievo namais (Domus Dei), tačiau XX a. bažnyčios paradigma radikaliai pasikeitė, Bažnyčia imama suvokti kaip Dievo tauta (Populus Dei), o pastatas – Dievo žmonių namais (Domus Ecclesiae). Šie esmingi pokyčiai itin atsispindėjo sakralinės architektūros raidoje. Straipsnyje analizuojamos istorinės pokyčių aplinkybės ir jų raiška Vakarų sakralinėje architektūroje. Naudojantis šios tyrimo dalies įžvalgomis, lyginama, kaip XX a. liturginių reformų ir bažnyčios įvaizdžio paradigmos kaita veikė šiuolaikinės Lietuvos sakralinės architektūros raidą.
METROPOLITAN CENTRES. URBAN FRINGE LANDSCAPE PROTECTION AND PLANNING / METROPOLINIŲ CENTRŲ PRIEMIESČIO KRAŠTOVAIZDŽIO APSAUGOS IR PLANAVIMO KLAUSIMAI
Authors: Laukaitytė-Malžinskienė Giedrė I.
Published: July 2012

The paper considers requirements of the European Landscape Convention as well as obligations of Lithuania in the field of implementation of such requirements. Furthermore, it discusses advancing general and concrete political and legal tools, which are imposed on the national landscape protection, regulation and planning. Landscape protection is proposed to orient towards protection and maintenance of characteristic features, while sustainable development is achieved via landscape planning. The important problems of metropolitan centre fringe landscape formation are analysed. While preparing general plans of cities and district municipalities, district landscape plans give insufficient attention to preservation of landscape characteristics. That is the reason tools for integrated landscape protection and urban development have been proposed in the paper as well as ways for their implementation into the national planning practice. With the help of these tools, land proprietors and urban planners will better understand the influence of proposed decisions on landscape and determine the most suitable urban development forms in the metropolitan fringes. Sustained metropolitan fringe development should be supported by the criterion of landscape protection. It has to implement life quality aspirations of people living both in cities and districts.

Santrauka

Svarstomi Europos kraštovaizdžio konvencijoje keliami reikalavimai, Lietuvos įsipareigojimai juos įgyvendinti tobulinant bendro ir konkretaus pobūdžio politines ir teisines priemones, skirtas šalies kraštovaizdžiui apsaugoti, tvarkyti ir planuoti. Straipsnyje kraštovaizdžio apsaugą siūloma orientuoti į būdingų kraštovaizdžio ypatybių išsaugojimą ir palaikymą, kai tvarios plėtros siekiama planuojant kraštovaizdį. Aptariamos opios metropolinių centrų priemiesčio kraštovaizdžio formavimo problemos. Rengiant miestų ir rajonų savivaldybių bendruosius planus, rajoninius Kraštovaizdžio planus, priemiesčio kraštovaizdžio charakterio išsaugojimo klausimai nepakankamai respektuojami, todėl siūlomas integruotų kraštovaizdžio apsaugos ir užstatymo plėtros priemonių sukūrimas ir jų įdiegimas į šalies planavimo praktiką. Taikydami šias priemones žemės valdytojai ir projektuotojai geriau suprastų siūlomų sprendinių poveikį kraštovaizdžiui, nustatytų tinkamiausias priemiesčio užstatymo formas, jas harmoningai įterpdami į kraštovaizdinį kontekstą. Kraštovaizdžio apsaugos kriterijumi paremta tvari priemiesčių plėtra turėtų tapti priemone, padedančia įgyvendinti tiek miesto, tiek rajono gyventojų gyvenimo kokybės siekius.
Aux origines américaines de l'Internet : projets militaires, intérêts commerciaux, désirs de communauté
Authors: Ceruzzi Paul E.
Published: June 2012

Résumé L’Internet trouve ses racines techniques dans un programme sponsorisé par l’ Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), parrainée par le Ministère américain de la Défense, à l’apogée de la Guerre froide avec l’Union soviétique. Mais ces racines, qui sont connues, ne révèlent qu’une partie de l’histoire de l’Internet. Celui-ci possède également des composantes socio-politiques importantes, dont aucune n’était présente dans l’ARPANET. L’Internet, en particulier tel que l’on y accède par le Web, est une expression de l’interaction entre des forces techniques, sociales, politiques et économiques. Cet article débat du rôle de l’ARPA dans le contexte d’autres tentatives, extra-militaires, pour utiliser la technologie des ordinateurs personnels et de la micro-électronique afin de communiquer, partager l’information, et réaliser des profits.
« Make the pig fly ! » : l'Inria, ses chercheurs et Internet des années 1970 aux années 1990
Authors: Griset Pascal , Schafer Valérie
Published: June 2012

Résumé L’Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique (Inria) occupe une place déterminante pour l’arrivée d’Internet en France, à une période où le « réseau des réseaux » échappe encore aux usages grand public. Son rôle est largement lié dans un premier temps à des actions individuelles. La part des éléments informels et des initiatives de chercheurs permet d’observer les frontières imprécises entre monde des producteurs d’innovation et sphères des « utilisateurs » et les tensions créatrices qui traversent l’Institut.
« Révolution 0.1 ». Utilisateurs et communautés d'utilisateurs au premier âge de l'informatique personnelle et des réseaux grand public (1978-1990)
Authors: Thierry Benjamin
Published: June 2012

Résumé Dès les années 1980 s’épanouissent en France les premiers usages grand public de l’informatique et de la communication interactive dans un contexte socio-technique marqué par la télématique et « l’informatique familiale ». Des groupes d’ early adopters passionnés et une part non négligeable de novices enthousiastes découvrent la micro-informatique et le Minitel. Des sociabilités complexes se mettent alors en place grâce à des vecteurs nombreux qui permettent de faire circuler et partager savoir-faire et imaginaires collectifs (revues, fanzines, messageries, clubs et associations). Le passage d’une culture informaticienne à l’âge numérique marqué par le grand public est enclenché. Ce creuset initial des pratiques et des représentations se développe sur la base d’usages spécifiques (pratique du basic, premiers traitements de texte, messageries) et concourt à enraciner une « culture de l’écran interactif » qui se réinvente avec Internet quinze ans plus tard en donnant à voir un exemple significatif de continuité dans les usages par-delà les ruptures technologiques.
Protester sur le Web chinois (1994-2011)
Authors: Arsène Séverine
Published: June 2012

Résumé Depuis les premières connexions Internet internationales en Chine en 1994, les Chinois sont les internautes les plus nombreux du monde et ils profitent d’une variété considérable de services en ligne. En dépit de la censure, Internet leur a offert un répertoire de protestation unique. Non seulement les dissidents y ont trouvé un moyen de faire circuler leurs idées, mais l’ensemble des citoyens disposent d’un outil pour partager leurs indignations. Toute une culture populaire propice à la critique, à l’ironie et à la contestation se développe au sein de la jeunesse chinoise.
La mémoire culturelle d'Internet : le folklore de Usenet
Authors: Paloque-Berges Camille
Published: June 2012

Résumé L’histoire de la communication sur Internet doit aujourd’hui constituer des corpus de documents témoignant des mythes associés aux réseaux numériques. Plusieurs exemples pris dans une des communautés virtuelles les plus populaires d’Internet avant le Web, Usenet, permettront de montrer la naissance de cette culture, à travers ses formes et thématiques, et d’analyser les contextes, les modes de production et les comportements de la communication en ligne qui composent aussi bien un folklore qu’une mémoire culturelle de l’Internet.
Les langues sur Internet : de l'hégémonie de l'anglais au règne de la traduction
Authors: Oustinoff Michaël
Published: June 2012

Résumé Trois étapes majeures sont à distinguer dans l’historicisation des langues sur Internet : la première est celle de l’hégémonie d’une langue sur toutes les autres, à savoir l’anglais, pressentie comme appelée à demeurer la langue de l’Internet comme de la mondialisation ; la deuxième, celle d’une rebabélisation accélérée et spectaculaire d’Internet (environ 280 langues présentes sur Wikipedia) ; la troisième, celle de la traduction. Ces trois étapes sont schématiquement celles qu’on retrouve dans la plupart des grands mouvements de traduction dans l’histoire, qu’il convient par conséquent d’analyser dans toute la complexité de leurs implications historiques, économiques, culturelles ou politiques.
« A l'image de l'Homme » : cyborgs, avatars, identités numériques
Authors: Georges Fanny
Published: June 2012

Résumé Cet article propose d’analyser les représentations de l’utilisateur sur le réseau, depuis les premiers outils de discussion (BBS, Usenet), afin de mettre en évidence les étapes successives de construction des imaginaires de l’être humain en réseau. Au point de départ de l’histoire de l’informatique, domine la figure du cyborg, substitut déshumanisé de l’être humain. Puis, dans les années 80, la figure de l’avatar incarne un modèle différent en désignant un personnage virtuel animé par un être humain. Enfin, la figure du profil utilisateur désigne une agrégation d’informations issues des activités de communication et de consommation de l’utilisateur sur Internet. Cette approche historique montre le passage d’une figure chassant toute trace des contingences du corps à une figure profondément ancrée dans le quotidien de la société de consommation.
L'historiographie de sites Web : quelques enjeux fondamentaux
Authors: Brügger Niels
Published: June 2012

Résumé Cet article décrit certains des enjeux fondamentaux auxquels est confronté l’historien de sites Web. Dans un premier temps, nous nous concentrerons sur la notion de « site Web », puis nous chercherons à identifier la nature spécifique du site Web archivé. Ce point de départ nous permettra d’analyser les conséquences méthodologiques liées à certaines des caractéristiques du site Web, comme par exemple, la création d’un registre. Pour conclure, nous montrerons que la nature même du site Web contraint l’historien du Web à donner de nouvelles perspectives conceptuelles à certaines difficultés méthodologiques bien connues en histoire des médias.
Quantum Well Solar Cells
Authors: Ciurea Magdalena Lidia , Lepadatu Ana-Maria , Stavarache Ionel
Published: July 2012

Several structures with different absorbers from 3-5 and 4 groups are described and discussed. Various technological and design solutions, such as multiple quantum well solar cells with graded band gap, with tandem configurations, with strain-balanced structure, and strain-balanced structure improved with nanoparticles deposited atop are analyzed. The cell parameters are discussed and related to the materials and technology.
Analytical Models of Bulk and Quantum Well Solar Cells and Relevance of the Radiative Limit
Authors: Connolly James P.
Published: July 2012

The analytical modelling of bulk and quantum well solar cells is reviewed. The analytical approach allows explicit estimates of dominant generation and recombination mechanisms at work in charge neutral and space charge layers of the cells. Consistency of the analysis of cell characteristics in the light and in the dark leaves a single free parameter, which is the mean Shockley-Read-Hall lifetime. Bulk PIN cells are shown to be inherently dominated by non-radiative recombination as a result of the doping related non-radiative fraction of the Shockley injection currents. Quantum well PIN solar cells on the other hand are shown to operate in the radiative limit as a result of the dominance of radiative recombination in the space charge region. These features are exploited using light trapping techniques leading to photon recycling and reduced radiative recombination. The conclusion is that the mirror backed quantum well solar cell device features open circuit voltages determined mainly by the higher bandgap neutral layers, with an absorption threshold determined by the lower gap quantum well superlattice.
Hybrid Solar Cells
Authors: Cincu Corneliu , Diacon Aurel
Published: July 2012

Conventional solar cells are usually manufactured from silicon, an inorganic material. This type of solar cell has a high efficiency, up to 40%, but these cells are using very expensive materials of a high purity and energy intensive processing techniques. This chapter is dedicated to a critical presentation of hybrid solar cells. They are a combination of both organic and inorganic nanostructure materials and, therefore, combine the properties and advantages of their components. Unfortunately, so far, the hybrid solar cells have a low conversion efficiency of the sunlight, 6-7% (Kim, et al., 2007).
Intermediate Band Solar Cells
Authors: García-Linares Pablo , Antolín Elisa , Martí Antonio , Luque Antonio
Published: July 2012

The Intermediate Band Solar Cell (IBSC) is a novel photovoltaic device with the potential of surpassing the efficiency limit of conventional solar cells. It is based on a new class of materials characterized by the insertion of a collection of energy levels within the material bandgap. These levels act as the so-called Intermediate Band (IB) and cause a larger portion of the solar spectrum to be useful for photovoltaic conversion. Sub-bandgap photons can ideally be collected via two-step absorption mechanisms through the IB and thus enhance the photogenerated current without a significant voltage degradation. In this chapter, the authors show the state of the art of the modeling and simulation within the IBSC research field.
Phononic Engineering for Hot Carrier Solar Cells
Authors: Laribi Sana , Le Bris Arthur , Huang Lun Mei , Olsson Par , Guillemoles Jean Francois
Published: July 2012

In this chapter, the authors first analyse the operation of a hot carrier solar cell and lay down the general principles. They then discuss the opportunity of phonon engineering to improve the phonon bottleneck. Finally, they present how these can be modeled in nanostuctures comprising several thousand atoms, where true 3D phonon dispersion relations for Si-Ge nano-structures are obtained using first principles methods. The effects of the nano-structure size and geometry on the phonon dispersion relations are investigated. The possible phonon decay processes in the nano-structures are discussed and compared with the bulk crystal materials. The performance of calculated nano-structures on the hot carrier solar cell is evaluated with the acquired knowledge of phonon modes.
A Regulatory Role for IL-10 Receptor Signaling in Development and B Cell Help of T Follicular Helper Cells in Mice
Authors: Cai Gang , Nie Xiaomeng , Zhang Weiwei , Wu Beiying , Lin Jiafei , Wang Huaizhou , Jiang Cen , Shen Qian
Published: July 2012

IL -10 is widely accepted as a survival, proliferation, and differentiation factor for B cells. However, IL-10 deficiency accelerates disease progression as the result of autoantibody production in many autoimmune disease models. It was demonstrated that T follicular helper cells (TFH cells) play a key role in helping B cells that are secreting Abs. In this study, we demonstrated a regulatory role for IL-10R signaling on the development and B cell help function of TFH cells in vitro and in vivo. IL-1R subunit β-deficient (Il10rb−/−) Th cells were able to differentiate more readily into TFH cells, as well as secrete more IL-21 and IL-17 compared with wild-type Th cell-derived TFH cells. Increased IL-21 and IL-17 contributed to the enhanced B cell help functions of TFH cells. Further experiments demonstrated that IL-6 and IL-23 from dendritic cells in Il10rb−/− mice contributed to the differentiation of naive Th cells into TFH cells, as well as the generation of IL-21– and IL-17–producing TFH cells. Our results provide useful information for clarifying the immunoregulatory mechanisms associated with IL-10 deficiency in certain autoimmune disease models. This information could also be of benefit for the development of vaccines.
Noncanonical Notch Signaling Modulates Cytokine Responses of Dendritic Cells to Inflammatory Stimuli
Authors: Gentle Madeleine E. , Rose Anna , Bugeon Laurence , Dallman Margaret J.
Published: July 2012

Dendritic cell (DC)-derived cytokines play a key role in specifying adaptive immune responses tailored to the type of pathogen encountered and the local tissue environment. However, little is known about how DCs perceive the local environment. We investigated whether endogenous Notch signaling could affect DC responses to pathogenic stimuli. We demonstrate that concurrent Notch and TLR stimulation results in a unique cytokine profile in mouse bone-marrow derived DCs characterized by enhanced IL-10 and IL-2, and reduced IL-12 expression compared with TLR ligation alone. Unexpectedly, modulation of cytokine production occurred through a noncanonical Notch signaling pathway, independent of γ-secretase activity. Modulation required de novo protein synthesis, and PI3K, JNK, and ERK activity were necessary for enhanced IL-2 expression, whereas modulation of IL-10 required only PI3K activity. Further, we show that this γ-secretase–independent Notch pathway can induce PI3K activity. In contrast, expression of the canonical Notch target gene Hes1 was suppressed in DCs stimulated with Notch and TLR ligands simultaneously. Thus, our data suggest that Notch acts as an endogenous signal that modulates cytokine expression of DCs through a noncanonical pathway and therefore has the potential to tailor the subsequent adaptive immune response in a tissue- and/or stage-dependent manner.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response Promotes Cytotoxic Phenotype of CD8αβ+ Intraepithelial Lymphocytes in a Mouse Model for Crohn’s Disease-like Ileitis
Authors: Chang Jung-Su , Ocvirk Soeren , Berger Emanuel , Kisling Sigrid , Binder Uli , Skerra Arne , Lee Amy S. , Haller Dirk
Published: July 2012

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unfolded protein responses (UPR) are implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Cytotoxic CD8αβ+ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) contribute to the development of Crohn’s disease-like ileitis in TNFΔARE/+ mice. In this study, we characterized the role of ER-UPR mechanisms in contributing to the disease-associated phenotype of cytotoxic IEL under conditions of chronic inflammation. Inflamed TNFΔARE/+ mice exhibited increased expression of Grp78, ATF6, ATF4, and spliced XBP1 in CD8αβ+ IEL but not in CD8αα+ IEL or in lamina propria lymphocytes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis in CD8αβ+ T cells showed selective recruitment of ER-UPR transducers to the granzyme B gene promoter. Heterozygous Grp78−/+ mice exhibited an attenuated granzyme B-dependent cytotoxicity of CD8αβ+ T cells against intestinal epithelial cells, suggesting a critical activity of this ER-associated chaperone in maintaining a cytotoxic T cell phenotype. Granzyme B-deficient CD8αβ+ T cells showed a defect in IL-2–mediated proliferation in Grp78−/+ mice. Adoptively transferred Grp78−/+ CD8αβ+ T cells had a decreased frequency of accumulation in the intestine of RAG2−/− recipient mice. The tissue pathology in TNFΔARE/+ × Grp78−/+ mice was similar to TNFΔARE/+ mice, even though the cytotoxic effector functions of CD8αβ+ T cells were significantly reduced. In conclusion, ER stress-associated UPR mechanisms promote the development and maintenance of the pathogenic cytotoxic CD8αβ+ IEL phenotype in the mouse model of Crohn’s disease-like ileitis.
Cutting Edge: CTLA-4 on Effector T Cells Inhibits In Trans
Authors: Corse Emily , Allison James P.
Published: July 2012

CTLA-4 is thought to inhibit effector T cells both intrinsically, by competing with CD28 for B7 ligands, and extrinsically, through the action of regulatory T cells (Tregs). We studied in vivo responses of normal and CTLA-4–deficient Ag-specific murine effector CD4+ T cells. We directly demonstrate that effector T cell-restricted CTLA-4 inhibits T cell responses in a cell-extrinsic manner. Cotransfer experiments show that CTLA-4 on normal effector CD4+ T cells completely abrogates the dramatically increased expansion normally experienced by their CTLA-4–deficient counterparts. Neither the wild-type nor the CTLA-4–deficient T cells express the Treg transcription factor Foxp3 when transferred alone or together. Thus, cell-extrinsic inhibition of T cell responses by CTLA-4 is not limited to Tregs but is also a function of effector T cells.
The Adjuvant LT-K63 Can Restore Delayed Maturation of Follicular Dendritic Cells and Poor Persistence of Both Protein- and Polysaccharide-Specific Antibody-Secreting Cells in Neonatal Mice
Authors: Bjarnarson Stefania P. , Adarna Brenda C. , Benonisson Hreinn , Del Giudice Giuseppe , Jonsdottir Ingileif
Published: July 2012

Ab responses in early life are low and short-lived; therefore, induction of protective immunity requires repeated vaccinations. One of the major limitations in early-life immunity is delayed maturation of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs), which play a central role in mediating the germinal center (GC) reaction leading to production of Ab-secreting cells (AbSCs). We assessed whether a nontoxic mutant of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT-K63) and CpG1826 as model adjuvants could accelerate FDC maturation and immune response in neonatal mice, using a pneumococcal polysaccharide of serotype 1 conjugated to tetanus toxoid (Pnc1-TT) as a model vaccine. In neonatal NMRI mice, a single dose of Pnc1-TT coadministered with LT-K63 enhanced Pnc1-TT–induced GC reaction. In contrast, CpG1826 had no effect. Accordingly, LT-K63, but not CpG1826, accelerated the maturation of FDC networks, detected by FDC-M2+ staining, characteristic for adult-like FDCs. This coincided with migration of MOMA-1+ macrophages into the GCs that can enhance GC reaction and B cell activation. The FDC-M2+ FDC networks colocalized with enhanced expression of TNF-α, which is critical for the maintenance of mature FDCs and is poorly expressed in neonates. The accelerated maturation of FDC networks correlated with increased frequency and prolonged persistence of polysaccharide- and protein-specific IgG+ AbSCs in spleen and bone marrow. Our data show for the first time, to our knowledge, that an adjuvant (LT-K63) can overcome delayed maturation of FDCs in neonates, enhance the GC reaction, and prolong the persistence of vaccine-specific AbSCs in the BM. These properties are attractive for parenteral vaccination in early life.
Design of a Cruise-Efficient Compound Helicopter
Authors: Moodie Alex M. , Yeo Hyeonsoo
Published: July 2012

A slowed-rotor compound helicopter is conceptually designed using a multifidelity approach, showing the potential for significant efficiency improvements above conventional helicopters. The cruise tip speed and bilinear twist distribution are optimized using the Comprehensive Analytical
Model of Rotorcraft Aerodynamics and Dynamics (CAMRAD II). System-level metrics are computed using the NASA Design and Analysis of RotorCraft (NDARC) program to show top-level payoffs. An aeroperformance map is generated using comprehensive analysis for the optimum twist distribution, providing
calibration data for the main rotor model within NDARC. Effects of disk loading and wing loading on the size of the slowed-rotor compound helicopter are analyzed, and off-design performance is computed. Rotor–wing interference effects are analyzed using CAMRAD II for several wing vertical
locations.
Analysis of a Multiflap Control System for a Swashplateless Rotor
Authors: Sekula Martin K. , Wilbur Matthew L.
Published: July 2012

An analytical study was conducted examining the feasibility of a swashplateless rotor controlled through two trailing-edge flaps (TEFs), where the cyclic and collective controls were provided by separate TEFs. This analysis included a parametric study examining the impact of various
design parameters on TEF deflections. Blade pitch bearing stiffness; blade pitch index; and flap chord, span, location, and control function of the inboard and outboard flaps were systematically varied on a utility-class rotorcraft trimmed in steady level flight. Gradient-based optimizations
minimizing flap deflections were performed to identify single- and two-TEF swashplateless rotor designs. Steady, forward flight analysis suggest that a two-TEF swashplateless rotor where the outboard flap provides cyclic control and inboard flap provides collective control can reduce TEF deflection
requirements without a significant impact on power, compared to a single-TEF swashplateless rotor design.
Concept of a Predictive Tool for Ship–Helicopter Operational Limitations of Various In-Service Conditions
Authors: Hoencamp Alrik , Pavel Marilena D.
Published: July 2012

Qualification programs to define ship–helicopter operational limitations are based on a large number of independent variables causing the full operational potential to be almost impossible to achieve within the small window normally allowed for sea trials. It would be a clear
advantage to have a predictive engineering tool to perform early evaluations of safety limits for operating aircraft from ships in a wide range of in-service conditions, and so be less dependent on the dedicated sea trials. For this reason, a predictive analysis tool, SHOL-X, is under
development based on specific rejection criteria for each helicopter type and their dependencies in the ship environment. The object of this paper is to describe the concept of such a tool that can be used for determining the so-called candidate flight envelope for a helicopter operating on
a certain ship type. This tool enables performing larger operational steps in an incremental approach toward defining flight envelope restrictions and sensible exclusion of test points. The prediction accuracy of this analysis tool allows advanced insight into cost effectiveness of complete
sea trials and ultimately certification of large parts of the envelope with a reduction in the amount of sea trials.
A NOVEL, AIR-ASSISTED TUNNEL SPRAYER FOR VINEYARDS: OPTIMIZATION OF OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS AND FIRST ASSESSMENT IN THE FIELD
Authors: Pergher Gianfranco , Petris Raffaella
Published: June 2012

Tunnel (recycling) sprayers have long been recognised as an important tool to reduce drift losses. Depending on the crop and the growth stage, tunnel sprayers may recycle up to 60% of the spray volume, thus enabling the farmers to control pests even at reduced PPP dose rates. However, the introduction of tunnel sprayers in Italian vine-growing farms has been hindered so far by high machine cost, low working speed, and often unsatisfactory uniformity of deposition, generally related to the difficulty of correctly managing the air currents inside the tunnel. Recently, a new prototype, air-assisted shielded sprayer has been developed by the University of Udine and Agricolmeccanica s.r.l. The two-row, tractor-mounted sprayer uses a lamellae separator wall, placed in front of each nozzle boom, to recover the excess spray which has not deposited on the canopy. Initial tests have been conducted to analyse the effects of the main sprayer settings (air flow rate, distance between the shields, and orientation of the air outlets) on spray recovery. Maximum recovery rate was 95.1% under static conditions. The sprayer was then used for spray application in the vineyard during the 2007 season, showing high reliability and work capacity. The recovery rate was 34% to 77% under field conditions, depending on the leaf area of the crop and other factors.
SURFACE ENERGY BALANCE OVER ORANGE ORCHARD USING SURFACE RENEWAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Barbagallo Salvatore , Consoli Simona , Russo Alfonso
Published: June 2012

Reliable estimation of surface sensible and latent heat flux is the most important process to appraise energy and mass exchange among atmosphere and biosphere. In this study the surface energy fluxes were measured over an irrigated orange orchard during 2005-2008 monitoring periods using a Surface Renewal- Energy Balance approach. The experimental area is located in a representative orchard growing area of eastern Sicily (Italy). The performance of Surface Renewal (SR) analysis for estimating sensible heat flux (H) was analysed and evaluated in terms of correlation with H fluxes from the eddy covariance (EC) method. Study revealed that the mean available energy (RN- G) and latent heat flux (LE) were of about 300 W m-2 and 237 W m-2, respectively, during dry periods and unstable-case atmospheric conditions. The estimated crop coefficient Kc values for the orchard crop averaged close to 0.80, which is considerably higher than previous FAO studies that found the value to be 0.65 for citrus with 70% of ground cover. The intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (LI PAR) by the crop was measured and relationships between LAI and crop coefficient (Kc) were established.
ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF THE ROOFING DESIGN ON HEAT STRESS IN DAIRY COW HOUSING
Authors: Liberati Paolo
Published: June 2012

A simulation model determining the heat flow exchange between housed animals and the roofing was developed considering various relevant factors: constructive materials, slope, height, orientation, latitude, external air temperature, solar load, animal position. Results show that the most important factor to reduce heat load is the insulation. For non-insulated roofing the slope and the orientation are the most relevant factors. Considering the total exchanged energy, the non insulated roof has a good nocturnal global behaviour.
AN INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGICAL TRACEABILITY MODEL IN THE OLIVE GROWING PRODUCTION CHAIN
Authors: Giametta Ferruccio , Sciarrone Giuseppe
Published: June 2012

The indication of the “path” travelled by all European agrofood products has by now become compulsory: starting from January the 1st, 2005 EC Regulation 178/2002 has established the notions of food tracking and tracing as well as the concept of food safety. Food traceability and safety are becoming notions of crucial importance to those who work in this sector in view of their potentially positive influence on produce competitiveness and appreciation on the part of consumers. This specific line of research is focused on the analysis and the use of both tracking and tracing systems of olive and olive oil products throughout the entire territory of Calabria. A detailed analysis of the productive processes has been made possible through the definition of the socalled “dynamic lot”: a unit of product processed (either directly or indirectly) in a time unit (usually a day), as a function of the peculiarities of the olive growing farms involved (orographic features, level of mechanization, etc.). The software architecture (which is currently being updated) has been studied considering the reality of the territory in question, and the average level of computer/software literacy of the operators asked to use it.
PRELIMINARY RESULTS USING ANEW METHOD TO OPTIMIZE A SPRAY DRYER PROCESS FOR PRODUCING HIGH QUALITY MILK POWDER FROM COW, GOAT AND SHE-ASS MILK CONCENTRATES
Authors: Altieri Giuseppe , Di Renzo Giovanni Carlo , Genovese Francesco
Published: June 2012

As quality is a very important factor in milk powder produced by drying, the optimal process must protect both nutritional and sensorial properties. Although heat damage indices (namely the insolubility index (IINS), thermal damage (IDT), protein denaturation) could be used to evaluate the correct processing of milk, they are very time-consuming. Hence a chemical marker, like vitamin C, is proposed for rapid assessment of the overall damage to the quality of the produced milk powder. Trials were carried out on milk concentrates from cow, goat and she-ass so as to optimize the process performance of the spray dryer, for each kind of milk, at three inlet temperatures (120, 150, 185 °C); the feed flow rate was set at 0.5 dm3/h with outlet air RH% in the range 10-40%; raw milk was concentrated using a low pressure evaporator until an average level of 23% dry matter was reached. As expected, the thermal damage of the milk powder increased as the inlet air temperature increased; the outlet powder RH% was 96-98% poorly correlated with the mass flow rate of the concentrate inlet. Moreover, the destruction kinetic of vitamin C was found highly correlated with the thermal damage to the milk powder. At 175 °C inlet air temperature the overall thermal treatment on the she-ass milk concentrate, which is very heat-sensitive due to its high lactose content, was “weak” (IDT<80) and the milk powder of “premium or extra” quality (IINS<1.25ml and lactic acid = 0.07% < 0.15% ADMI). The titratable acidity values are uncorrelated with the process air temperature but depend uniquely from the raw milk freshness.
INDICATORI PER LAVALUTAZIONE DELLA POTENZIALITÀ TURISTICO-RICETTIVA DI EDIFICI RURALI TRADIZIONALI
Authors: Cascone Giovanni , Porto Simona M.C.
Published: June 2012

To assess tourist potential use of traditional rural buildings two indices are determined. Indicator n. 1 regards the degree of adaptability of the tourist use to the territorial context; indicator n. 2 regards the degree of adaptability of the tourist use to the morphological features of the buildings. The method which aims to assess the above-mentioned indices is divided into two phases. The first phase regards the knowledge of the traditional rural buildings. Survey cards A and B allow to get information needed for the assessment of the factors which influence the two indices. The second phase provides the application of a multicriteria model which allows the assessment of the two indices. The method has been applied to six traditional rural buildings sited in a homogeneous area in south eastern Sicily. The results show that although the degree of adaptability of the tourist use to the territorial context is high for almost all the considered buildings (indicator n. 1), only two buildings have a high degree of adaptability of the tourist use to the morphological features (indicator n. 2).
HEAT STORAGE SYSTEM WITH PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS IN COGENERATION UNITS: STUDY OF PRELIMINARY MODEL
Authors: Caprara Claudio , Stoppiello Giovanni
Published: June 2012

The continuous increase in the mechanization of farm activities, the rise in fuel prices and the environmental aspects concerning gas emissions are the main driving forces behind efforts toward more effective use of renewable energy sources and cogeneration systems even in agricultural and cattle farms. Nevertheless these systems are still not very suitable for this purpose because of their little flexibility in following the changing energy demand as opposed to the extremely various farm load curves, both in daytime and during the year. In heat recovery systems, the available thermal energy supply is always linked to power production, thus it does not usually coincide in time with the heat demand. Hence some form of thermal energy storage (TES) is necessary in order to reach the most effective utilization of the energy source. This study deals with the modelling of a packed bed latent heat TES unit, integrating a cogeneration system made up of a reciprocating engine. The TES unit contains phase change materials (PCMs) filled in spherical capsules, which are packed in an insulated cylindrical storage tank. Water is used as heat transfer fluid (HTF) to transfer heat from the tank to the final uses, and exhausts from the engine are used as thermal source. PCMs are considered especially for their large heat storage capacity and their isothermal behaviour during the phase change processes. Despite their high energy storage density, most of them have an unacceptably low thermal conductivity, hence PCMs encapsulation technique is adopted in order to improve heat transfer. The special modular configuration of heat exchange tubes and the possibility of changing water flow through them allow to obtain the right amount of thermal energy from the tank, according to the hourly demand of the day. The model permits to choose the electrical load of the engine, the dimensions of the tank and the spheres, thickness and diameter of heat exchanger and the nature of PCMs. According to the energy loads of the farm, a daily thermal energy balance is obtained and charging and discharging cycles during the day are showed as solid/ liquid percentages of the PCM. As an example, load curves of a milk cattle farm (100 heads of cattle), were considered in two different conditions, such as in summer and winter seasons, and model functioning was detected in both of the cases. Different PCMs were investigated for this application and TES unit dimensions were consequently changed in order to achieve optimal operating conditions. Results are presented and technical and economical issues are discussed.
EVALUATION OF THE CUTTING FORCE ON VINE BRANCHES IN WINTER PRUNING
Authors: Pezzi Fabio , Ade Giorgio , Bordini Francesco , Giunchi Alessandro
Published: June 2012

Mechanical pruning, usually integrated with manual finishing, still excites some doubts regarding the quality of the cut which appears not to be the best as precision and cleanliness. This aspect, probably conditioned by the model and the application of pruning machines, might also be affected by the characteristics of the vine branches in particular by their cutting force. In order to evaluate the cutting force on different vine type, laboratory and field trails were carried out. The experiments were set in order to evaluate this parameter during winter pruning in relation to three variables: vine type; branch size; pruning time. The results show how the cutting resistance of vine branches during vegetative rest depends on vine variety (Trebbiano 675 N Cabernet 1175 N), on the diameter of the canes (increase of force from 56 % to 86 % between the classes of diameter) and on the pruning date (26% decrease of the cutting force in the latest period for Trebbiano and Sangiovese, and 32 % for Cabernet Sauvignon). Such variations, which can be considerable, affect directly the pruning results. High values of cutting force can generate tiring of operator in manual pruning or cutting damages on the vegetation during mechanical pruning.
BIOACOUSTICS: A TOOL FOR DIAGNOSIS OF RESPIRATORY PATHOLOGIES IN PIG FARMS
Authors: Ferrari Sara , Silva Mitchell , Sala Vittorio , Berckmans Daniel , Guarino Marcella
Published: June 2012

Cough is the element for monitoring and diagnosis of respiratory disease cause of mortality and loss of productivity in pig houses. In order to prevent as much as possible the outbreak of such diseases the aim of this research is to describe acoustic features of cough sounds originating from infections due to Actinobacillosis and Pasteurellosis and to compare them with healthy cough sounds provoked by inhalation of citric acid. The acoustic parameters investigated are peak frequency [Hz] and duration of cough signals. The differences resulting from the cough sound analysis confirmed a variability in acoustics parameters according to a state of health or disease in the animals. Sound analysis provides physic acoustic features that can be used as tool to label and detect cough in a automatic monitoring system applied in farms.
DEVELOPMENTAND FIRST TESTS OF AN AUTOMATIC SYSTEM FOR COMMERCIAL VINE CUTTING TRANSPLANTERS BASED ON DGPS-RTK TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Mazzetto Fabrizio , Calcante Aldo
Published: June 2012

The aim of this paper is the proposal of an innovative system for commercial transplanter to allow the automatic point-laying location of each vine cutting, without any kind of field preliminary squaring. A DGPS-RTK system is able to calculate the vine cutting location according to the project values; the transplant operation, carried out by electro-hydraulic and electro-mechanical components, is completely automated. The goal is to increase the work rate of the transplanting equipment and reduce the necessary skilled labour, without losing the accuracy of the vineyard planting.
NEURAL NETWORKS FOR THE SIMULATION OF MICROCLIMATIC PARAMETERS IN DAIRY HOUSES
Authors: D'Emilio Alessandro , Mazzarella Rosari , Porto Simona M.C.
Published: June 2012

The aim of the present paper is to study natural ventilation in a dairy house by means of a parametric analysis relating wind speed and direction to the air flows through the ridge vent of the building. This analysis was carried out by means of an artificial neural network (ANN) which capability in modelling and simulating some climatic parameters inside a dairy house has been validated using the data collected in a trial carried out during summer 2005. The results show that modelling a Generalized feed-forward Multi-Layer Perceptron ANN allowed to obtain satisfactory results in the simulation of air speed and direction and air temperature and humidity inside a dairy house, using as input the values of wind speed and direction and outdoor air temperature and humidity. The adequate accuracy in the simulation of the air motion across the ridge vent allowed to perform a parametric analysis of the ventilation, which provided the values of air speed and direction in function of a fixed range of values of wind speed and direction.
DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND EARLY TESTING OFA DEVICE FOR THE MONITORING OF ZOOTECHNICAL EFFLUENT DISTRIBUTION USING RAINGUN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Authors: Mazzetto Fabrizio , Calcante Aldo
Published: June 2012

The present project consisted in the design, development and early testing of a device for the monitoring of the distribution of zootechnical effluents using raingun distribution systems with the aim of defining a system that is reliable and objective that is useful both in farm management and to certify the activities carried out with respect to environmental regulations. The proposed system leads to the integration of the records of the main operating parameters of the distribution process (flow rate, range, quantity of distributed sewage) with those regarding operating times and distance covered by the gun-supporting trolley (measured through a GPS receiver). The main strength of said device lies in its autonomy in terms of power supply: the slurry flowing inside the pipe is used to generate, through a dynamo, an amount of electric power that is sufficient to ensure its operation.
CALORIFIC VALUE DETERMINATION OF SOLID BIOMASS FUEL BY SIMPLIFIED METHOD
Authors: Toscano Giuseppe , Foppa Pedretti Ester
Published: June 2012

The gross calorific value (GCV) and, in particular, the net calorific value (NCV) are fundamental physical parameters in the use of energetic biomass. The method of measurement and the calculation of the GCV, defined by CEN/TS 14918, is rather complex and, in many cases, has a time and cost importance. In literature there are some studies in which the empirical correlations between GCV and the element composition have been calculated. In these contribution some of the most significant correlations in literature are tested and compared to others obtained from statistical processing of data from analysis on 200 samples of biomass carried out in the laboratory and with standard CEN methods. The study shows how the very simplified correlations based on the calculation of carbon and hydrogen content have performances that are similar to those of more complex ones based on the greater number of parameters. In particular, the empirical correlation (GCV = 297.6 + 389.7C) produced from this work has errors that are comparable to those of the better correlation highlighted by literature (GCV = 5.22C2-319C - 1647H + 38.6C·H + 133N + 21028).
ESTIMATING SOIL PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION FOR SICILIAN SOILS
Authors: Bagarello Vincenzo , Ferro Vito , Giordano Giuseppe
Published: June 2012

The soil particle-size distribution (PSD) is commonly used for soil classification and for estimating soil behavior. An accurate mathematical representation of the PSD is required to estimate soil hydraulic properties and to compare texture measurements from different classification systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of the Haverkamp and Parlange (HP) and Fredlund et al. (F) PSD models to fit 243 measured PSDs from a wide range of 38 005_Bagarello(547)_33 18-11-2009 11:55 Pagina 38 soil textures in Sicily and to test the effect of the number of measured particle diameters on the fitting of the theoretical PSD. For each soil textural class, the best fitting performance, established using three statistical indices (MXE, ME, RMSE), was obtained for the F model with three fitting parameters. In particular, this model performed better in the fine-textured soils than the coarse-textured ones but a good performance (i.e., RMSE < 0.03) was detected for the majority of the investigated soil textural classes, i.e. clay, silty-clay, silty-clay-loam, silt-loam, clay-loam, loamy-sand, and loam classes. Decreasing the number of measured data pairs from 14 to eight determined a worse fitting of the theoretical distribution to the measured one. It was concluded that the F model with three fitting parameters has a wide applicability for Sicilian soils and that the comparison of different PSD investigations can be affected by the number of measured data pairs.