bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of layered skull modeling on the frequency sensitivity and target accuracy in simulations of transcranial current stimulation
Authors: Wang Heng , Sun Weiqian , Zhang Jianxu , Yan Zilong , Wang Chenyu , Wang Luyao , Liu Tiantian , Li Chunlin , Chen Duanduan , Shintaro Funahashi , Wu Jinglong , Yan Tianyi
Published: August 2021

With the development of electrical stimulation technology, especially the emergence of temporally interfering (TI) stimulation, it is necessary to discuss the influence of current frequency on stimulation intensity. Accurate skull modeling is important for transcranial current stimulation (tCS) simulation prediction because of its large role in dispersing current. In this study, we simulated different frequencies of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and TI stimulation in single‐layer and layered skull model, compared the electric field via error parameters such as the relative difference measure and relative magnification factor. Pearson correlation analysis and t‐test were used to measure the differences in envelope amplitude. The results showed that the intensity of electric field in the brain generated by per unit of stimulation current will increase with current frequency, and the layered skull model had a better response to frequency. An obvious pattern difference was found between the electric fields of the layered and single‐layer skull individualized models. For TI stimulation, the Pearson correlation coefficient between the envelope distribution of the layered skull model and the single‐layer skull was only 0.746 in the individualized model, which is clearly lower than the correlation coefficient of 0.999 determined from the spherical model. Higher carrier frequencies seemed to be easier to generate a large enough brain electric field envelope in TI stimulation. In conclusion, we recommend using layered skull models instead of single‐layer skull models in tCS (particularly TI stimulation) simulation studies in order to improve the accuracy of the prediction of stimulus intensity and stimulus target.
How medicines sales staff is responding to presumptive COVID‐19 patients attending drug retail outlets: An exploratory qualitative study
Authors: Atif Muhammad , Ahmad Muhammad , Malik Iram , Mushtaq Irem , Ahmad Nafees , Mehjabin  , Babar Zaheer‐Ud‐Din
Published: August 2021

The objective of this qualitative study was to explore how the medicine sales staff responded to presumptive COVID‐19 patients in Pakistan. The data were obtained from the medicine sales staff working at drug retail outlets of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan, through in‐depth face‐to‐face interviews using a semi‐structured interview guide. A two‐step sampling strategy was used, including purposive and convenient sampling techniques. Sample size was determined by applying the saturation point criteria. A total of 17 interviews were audio‐recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using the thematic analysis. Analysis of data yielded six themes and seven sub‐themes. The themes included (1) knowledge about various aspects of COVID‐19, (2) practices of sales staff in response to COVID‐19 pandemic, (3) attitude of sales staff towards COVID‐19 pandemic, (4) services offered to presumptive COVID‐19 patients, (5) challenges encountered during pandemic and (6) suggestions to improve delivery of pharmacy services by sales staff. In Pakistan, non‐pharmacist sales staff had superficial knowledge about COVID‐19. Presumptive COVID‐19 patients were provided with only basic pharmacy services. Professional training is advised among pharmacy sales staff as a short‐term solution to improve their knowledge. As a long‐term goal, the availability of pharmacists at drug retail outlets is warranted.
Bovine jugular vein conduit: What affects its elastomechanical properties and thermostability?
Authors: Zhuravleva Irina Yu , Karpova Elena V. , Dokuchaeva Anna A. , Kuznetsova Elena V. , Vladimirov Sergei V. , Ksenofontov Alexander L. , Nichay Natalia R.
Published: August 2021

The aim of this study was to compare the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the venous wall depending on the treatment method used, and, accordingly, on those structural changes in the tissue that this treatment causes. Bovine jugular vein walls (BJVWs) cross‐linked with glutaraldehyde (GA), ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (DE), and Contegra commercial conduit were evaluated using uniaxial stretching [with and without pre‐conditioning (PreC)], differential scanning calorimetry, amino acid analysis, and attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy. Fresh BJVW was used as a control. It was shown that failure stress in non‐PreC GA‐treated and DE‐treated materials was lower than that in fresh and Contegra counterparts. Contegra samples were the stiffest among the tested materials. Cyclic preloading leads to distortion of the mechanical behavior of this material, which is heterogeneous in composition and structure. The denaturation temperatures (Td) of all cross‐linked BJVWs were higher than the Td of the fresh vein. The microstructures of the tested BJVWs did not exhibit any differences, but the cross‐linking density and hydration of the DE‐vein were the highest. GA‐cross‐linking or DE‐cross‐linking and isopropanol exposure (Contegra) changed the protein secondary structures of the tested materials in different ways. We hypothesized that the protein secondary structure and hydration degree are the main causes of differences in the mechanical properties and thermal stability of BJVW.
Business strategy and systematic risk: Evidence from China
Authors: Rahman Md Jahidur , Jia Lantian , Sultana Rakiba
Published: August 2021

Guided by their business strategies, firms develop their competitive advantages and overcome systematic risks by allocating their limited resources. This study explores how advertising, labor, R&D, cost, and capital intensities are correlated with the systematic risks of 10 industries in the Chinese market. The results show that these correlations vary between industries. To easily adapt to market variations and reduce systematic risks, decision‐makers are advised to design their business strategies according to the characteristics of their respective industries.
Arene and functionalized arene based two dimensional organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites for photovoltaic applications
Authors: Kar Moumita , Ghosh Atish , Sarkar Ritabrata , Pal Sougata , Sarkar Pranab
Published: August 2021

Recently, two‐dimensional organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites have attracted great attention for their outstanding performances in solar energy conversion devices. By using first principles calculations, we explored the structural, electronic and optical properties of recently synthesized (PEA)2PbI4 and (PEA)2SnI4 organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites to understand the photovoltaic performances of these systems. Our study reveals that both the perovskites are direct band gap semiconductors and possess desirable band gap for solar energy absorption. We have further extended our study to fluoro‐, chloro‐, and bromo‐functionalized phenethylammonium (PEA) cations based [X(X = F, Cl, Br)PEA]2A(A = Pb, Sn)I4 perovskite materials. The halogenated benzene moiety confers an ultrahydrophobic character and protects the perovskites from ambient moisture. The halogen functionalized perovskites remain direct band gap semiconductors and all the perovskites show very strong optical absorption (∼7 × 105 cm−1) across UV–visible region. We have further calculated the photo‐conversion efficiency (PCE) of both arene and functionalized arene based perovskites. The halogen‐functionalized PEA‐based perovskites also exhibit high PCE as like pristine ones and finally achieve high PCE of up to 24.30%, making them competitive with other previously reported perovskite‐based photovoltaic devices.
Circulating methylated THBS1 DNAs as a novel marker for predicting peritoneal dissemination in gastric cancer
Authors: Hu Xuan‐Yu , Ling Zhe‐Nan , Hong Lian‐Lian , Yu Qi‐Ming , Li Pei , Ling Zhi‐Qiang
Published: August 2021

Objectives

Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) is known to play a key role in tumor metastasis, and aberrant DNA methylation is one of the mechanisms regulating THBS1. The present study investigated whether methylated THBS1 in circulating cell‐free DNA from preoperative peritoneal lavage fluid (PPLF) and peripheral blood could be used as a potential biomarker for predicting peritoneal dissemination in gastric cancer (GC) patients.

Methods

The status of THBS1 methylation was detected by quantitative methylation‐specific PCR (MSP) in tumor tissues, paired PPLF, and serum from 92 GC patients. The correlation between methylated THBS1 levels and peritoneal dissemination of GC was studied, and its diagnostic value for predicting peritoneal dissemination was clarified by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.

Results

Aberrant THBS1 methylation in tumor tissues was significantly higher than that in paracancerous normal tissues (p < 0.0001). No THBS1 methylation was found in 40 healthy controls, and partial methylation was detected in 3 of 48 patients with chronic non‐atrophic gastritis. The frequency of THBS1 methylation in pairing PPLF and serum from 92 GC patients was 52.2% (48/92) and 58.7% (54/92), respectively. The results of methylated THBS1 in pairing PPLF and serum were similar to those of tumor tissues. Aberrant THBS1 methylation in tumor tissues and pairing PPLF or serum was closely related to peritoneal dissemination, tumor progression, and poor prognosis (all p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Circulating methylated THBS1 DNAs in PPLF/serum may predict peritoneal dissemination, a potential poor prognostic factor for GC patients.
Chemo‐enzymatic depolymerization of industrial and assorted post‐consumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) wastes using a eutectic‐based catalyst
Authors: Neves Ricarte Gabriella , Lopes Dias Marcos , Sirelli Lys , Antunes Pereira Langone Marta , Machado de Castro Aline , Zarur Coelho Maria Alice , Dias Ribeiro Bernardo
Published: August 2021

BACKGROUND

Every minute, 1 million bottled drinks were purchased worldwide in 2017. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottles are highly recalcitrant wastes, taking at least 450 years to decompose naturally, and their accumulation in the environment triggers a series of environmental impacts. Recycling is an environmentally friendly alternative to PET waste management. A two‐step PET depolymerization approach was studied in this work, comprising chemical glycolysis followed by enzymatic hydrolysis.

RESULTS

In the glycolysis reaction, 100% PET was depolymerized in the presence of a eutectic solvent‐based catalyst and ethylene glycol, releasing bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) as the main product (70% yield). The recovered BHET was then hydrolysed by the highly efficient Candida antarctica lipase B, releasing terephthalic acid (TPA), achieving 0.98 of mole fraction in the best result of the experimental design. The overall yield of chemo‐enzymatic depolymerization of PET into TPA was 57%.

CONCLUSION

Using this integrated approach, a high overall yield of TPA from PET could be achieved within a short process timeframe (24 h). © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Stereometric analysis of Ti1−xAlxN thin films deposited by direct current/radio frequency magnetron sputtering
Authors: Matos Robert Saraiva , da Fonseca Filho Henrique Duarte , Das Abhijeet , Kumar Sanjeev , Chawla Vipin , Ţălu Ştefan
Published: August 2021

A study of image analysis of Ti1−xAlxN films deposited on corning glass substrates by a direct current (DC)/radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering system was performed. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) data were studied to understand how the impact of the concentration of Al content influences the 3D surface morphology as well as the surface texture parameters. The results showed that the superficial morphology was modified by the increase of Al content in the Ti1−xAlxN films, as well as the surface microtexture. It has also been observed that the Ti1−xAlxN film surface with the highest aluminum (Al) doping concentration presented a similar surface morphology to pristine titanium nitride (TiN) thin films. The Abbott‐Firestone curves for all films exhibited an S‐like shape suggesting topographic uniformity and Gaussian distribution of heights. An increase in surface uniformity is observed with Al concentration. The characterization of the surface morphology of Ti1−xAlxN films by the evaluation of surface statistical parameters suggests that the surface topography can be adjusted by suitable doping of aluminum and offers a deeper understanding of the applicability of these films.
Microscopic and pharmacognostic standardization ofAstragalus scorpiurusBunge
Authors: Uza Noor Ul , Dastagir Ghulam
Published: August 2021

The aim of the current study was to assess and compare the microscopic and pharmacognostic features of the selected parts ofAstragalus scorpiurusBunge. It is an annual and prostrate herb. Anatomy of leaves, stem, and root depicted a typical dicot structure. It will provide information regarding standardization and authentication. The powder drug study (Light Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy) revealed the presence of xylem and phloem vessels, epidermal fragments, cortical cells, fibers, parenchyma tissue, calcium oxalate crystals, nonglandular trichomes, anomocytic stomata, and so on. It will be helpful in identification and quality control. Pollen and seeds micro‐morphological features were observed through LM and SEM. These will play a vital role in the taxonomical identification of taxa and provide satisfactory information for taxonomists. Fluorescence analysis revealed different colors under visible and UV light. Extractive values were determined. Powder of the plant parts revealed high extraction in methanol followed by ethanol. Elemental and nutritional profiling were evaluated during two phenological periods that is, vegetative and postflowering period. There were significant phenological variations in mineral and nutritional status of the herb. These parameters are crucial for drug prescription and drug designing. These also provided information regarding nutraceutical and therapeutic value of this herb.
Effects of rubber plantations on soil physicochemical properties on Hainan Island, China
Authors: Sun Rui , Wu Zhixiang , Lan Guoyu , Yang Chuan , Fraedrich Klaus
Published: August 2021

Recent and rapid expansion of rubber [Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Müll. Arg.] plantations requires understanding their effects on soil physicochemical properties and soil quality. An ideal testbed for analyzing such land‐use change and its impacts is Hainan Island, the largest tropical island in China, which in recent decades has seen a dramatic expansion in the rubber industry. Based on 14 soil physicochemical properties at two soil depths (0–20 and 20–40 cm), a comprehensive assessment index was established using principal component analysis to assess soil qualities under rubber plantations (RPs; monoculture and intercropping) and five additional land‐use types (areca palm [Areca L.], eucalyptus [Eucalyptus loxophleba Benth.] and banana [Musa L.] plantations, secondary forest, and tropical rainforest [TR]). The following results were obtained: (a) total porosity, ammoniacal N, total P, available P, and soil organic matter were vital soil physicochemical properties contributing to the comprehensive assessment index; (b) the comprehensive assessment indices of RPs were significantly lower than those of TR and areca palm plantation; (c) intercropping improves most soil physicochemical properties in RPs comparing monoculture and intercropped RPs; and (d) redundancy analysis demonstrated that land‐use type interacted with climatic, geographical, and edaphic factors and collectively explained about half of the variation in the soil physicochemical properties across the study area. Deteriorating soil quality by converting TR to RPs and other land‐use types provides another reason to protect TRs, especially on area‐limited islands like Hainan.
Ulcerative Colitis Narrative findings: Australian survey data comparing patient and physician disease management views
Authors: Connor Susan J. , Sechi Alexandra , Andrade Mauricio , Deuring J. Jasper , Witcombe David
Published: August 2021

Background and Aim

The Global Ulcerative Colitis (UC) Narrative Survey aimed to evaluate the impact of UC, perceptions of UC burden, and management approaches. Here, we present data from patients and physicians in Australia.

Methods

Surveys, fielded by The Harris Poll, were completed by 215 patients with UC and 90 physicians, between August 2017 and February 2018. Surveys included questions on disease characteristics, impact on life, communication with physicians, and patient knowledge of UC. Results are presented descriptively from all respondents (with no imputation for missing data).

Results

Based on medication history, 84% of patients had moderate to severe UC. Diagnostic delay was on average 1.9 (SD 5.0) years and 48% of patients had waited ≥1 year for diagnosis. Nearly two‐thirds (65%) of patients considered themselves to be in remission, with 97% also reporting a flare in the past year. The majority (92%) of patients were satisfied with their UC medication and, if their treatment made them feel “good enough,” many (75%) would not consider an alternative. Most (90%) patients were satisfied with communication with their physician; however, only 48% felt comfortable raising emotional concerns. Both patients and physicians desired more time during routine appointments. Patients had gaps in their knowledge of UC, which physicians mostly recognized.

Conclusions

The Australian survey results highlighted the diagnostic delay and burden of UC patients' experience, gaps in patients' knowledge of UC, and challenges in patient–physician communication. Compared with the overall Global UC Narrative Survey, patients in Australia reported a high burden of disease.
Acute infectious pancreatitis due to Salmonella typhi: Case report and literature review
Authors: Razafindrazoto Chantelli I , Rakotomalala Jolivet A , Randriamifidy Nitah H , Ralaizanaka Behoavy M , Maherison Sonny , Hasina Laingonirina Domoina H , Rakotomaharo Mialitiana , Rasolonjatovo Anjaramalala S , Rakotozafindrabe Andry L R , Rabenjanahary Tovo H , Razafimahefa Soloniaina H , Ramanampamonjy Rado M
Published: August 2021

Salmonella typhi remains an endemic disease in Madagascar. Acute pancreatitis remains a rare complication of S. typhi colitis. We presented the case of a 27‐year‐old male, admitted to febrile diarrhea, vomiting, and severe abdominal pain. Blood work‐up revealed elevated plasma lipase level. Abdominal CT scan showed acute pancreatitis without necrosis. Blood and stool culture positivity for S. typhi. Patient was diagnosed as acute pancreatitis caused by S. typhi. The outcome was favorable under symptomatic medical treatment (rehydration and analgesic) combined with adapted antibiotic therapy. Acute pancreatitis is a possible complication of Salmonella infections. The presence of severe abdominal pain and febrile diarrhea should draw clinicians' attention to possible Salmonella acute pancreatitis.
Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of the Relationships Between Fat Fraction and R2* Inside Carotid Plaques, and Circulating Lipoproteins
Authors: Good Elin , Ziegler Magnus , Warntjes Marcel , Dyverfeldt Petter , de Muinck Ebo
Published: August 2021

Background

Lipid‐rich necrotic core (LRNC) and intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) are morphological features of high‐risk atherosclerotic plaques. However, their relationship to circulating lipoproteins is unclear.

Purpose

To study associations between changes in lipoproteins vs. changes in LRNC (represented by fat fraction [FF]) and IPH (represented by R2*).

Study Type

Prospective.

Subjects

Fifty‐two patients with carotid plaques, 33 males (63.5%), mean age 72 (±5).

Field Strength/Sequence

Four‐point fast gradient Dixon magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to quantify FF and R2* (to measure IPH) inside plaques and in vessel wall. Turbo‐spin echo was used for T1 weighted sequences to guide manual segmentation.

Assessment

Carotid MRI and serum lipid levels were assessed at baseline and at 1‐year follow‐up. For patients, lipid‐lowering therapy was customized to reduce low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) levels below 1.8 mmol/L. Segmentation was performed with one set of regions of interest for the plaque and one for the vessel wall at the location of the plaque. Thereby MRI data for FF, R2*, and volumes in plaque‐ and vessel‐wall segmentations could be obtained from baseline and follow‐up, as well as changes over the study year.

Statistical Tests

Pearson correlation coefficient for correlations. Paired samples t‐test for changes over time. Significance at P < 0.05, 95% confidence interval.

Results

LDL decreased significantly (2.19–1.88 mmol/L, Z − 2.9), without correlation to changes in plaque composition, nor to the significant reduction in vessel‐wall volume (−106.3 mm3). Plaque composition remained unchanged, FF +8.5% (P = 0.366) and R2* +3.5% (P = 0.304). Compared to plaque segmentations, R2* was significantly lower in the vessel‐wall segmentations both at baseline (−9.3%) and at follow‐up (−9.1%).

Data Conclusion

The absence of correlations between changes in lipoproteins and changes in plaque composition indicates more complex relationships between these parameters than previously anticipated. The significant differences in both R2* and volume dynamics comparing plaque segmentations and vessel‐wall segmentations suggest differences in their pathobiology of atherosclerosis.

Level of Evidence

1

Technical Efficacy

Stage 4
Applications of nDATA for screening, quantitation, and identification of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables using UHPLC/ESI Q‐Orbitrap all ion fragmentation and data independent acquisition
Authors: Wang Jian , Chow Willis , Wong Jon W. , Chang James
Published: August 2021

High sample throughput and effective multiresidue methods for screening, quantitation, and identification are desired for the analysis of a large number of pesticides in routine monitoring programs for food safety. This study was designed to explore the use of an UHPLC/ESI Q‐Orbitrap nontarget data acquisition for target analysis (nDATA) workflow for screening 655 pesticides and quantifying a small group of 46 most likely incurred pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables in a single analysis. High‐resolution mass spectrometers such as the Q‐Orbitrap offer unique applications for pesticide analysis using full MS scan with data independent acquisition (DIA) or all ion fragmentation (AIF) scan. The experiments were designed to achieve a balance between selectivity and cycle time by considering parameter settings such as mass resolution and the number of mass isolation windows or isolation window widths. Coupled with ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), both full MS/DIA and full MS/AIF nDATA workflows were evaluated for screening, quantification, and identification in a single analysis. In general, UHPLC/ESI full MS/vDIA detected more fragment ions per pesticide than AIF when one to four fragments were compared. UHPLC/ESI full MS/vDIA and AIF generated comparable quantitative results, but the latter provided slightly better repeatability likely due to its shorter cycle time and more scans across a chromatographic peak. UHPLC/ESI full MS/vDIA may be preferable for screening, quantitation and identification when the testing scope covers a few hundreds of pesticides in a single analysis.
Arctic sea ice motion change and response to atmospheric forcing between 1979 and 2019
Authors: Zhang Fanyi , Pang Xiaoping , Lei Ruibo , Zhai Mengxi , Zhao Xi , Cai Qiongqiong
Published: August 2021

Quantification of the spatial variability and long‐term changes of Arctic sea ice motion is important for understanding the mechanisms of rapid Arctic sea ice decline because sea ice motion determines ice mass advection, outflow, thickness redistribution, as well as the formation of leads and ridges associated with ice deformation. The spatiotemporal changes in Arctic sea ice motion between 1979 and 2019 and their responses to atmospheric forcing were analysed using satellite‐derived sea ice motion products and atmospheric reanalysis data. The pan‐Arctic average sea ice drift speed increased significantly for all seasons between 1979 and 2019 (p < .001). Rates of increase were higher in autumn and winter than in spring and summer. Spatially, rates of increase in the peripheral seas in the Pacific sector—the Beaufort, Chukchi and East Siberian Seas—were higher than in the central Arctic Ocean and the peripheral seas in the Atlantic sector—the Kara and Laptev Seas. On the contrary, Arctic wind speed increased significantly only in autumn (p < .01). However, the correlation between wind speed and ice speed was the lowest in this season, suggesting that wind forcing is unable to completely account for drift speed increase. In general, the trends in above‐average drift speeds—retrieved from grid cells with the relatively high drift speeds—were statistically significant and were larger than that in average drift speeds probably because of enhanced response of ice motion to extreme wind forcing. The influence of the Arctic Oscillation, Beaufort High, and North Atlantic Oscillation on the zonal ice speed was symmetrical between the Pacific and Atlantic sectors of the Arctic Ocean, while the influence of the Dipole Anomaly and the east–west surface air pressure gradient in central Arctic on the meridional ice speed was distributed in an annular pattern and was the strongest along the Transpolar Drift Stream.
Risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment of peri‐implantitis: A cross‐cultural comparison of U.S. and European periodontists’ considerations
Authors: Polymeri Angeliki , Loos Bruno G. , Aronovich Sharon , Steigmann Larissa , Inglehart Marita R.
Published: August 2021

Background

Peri‐implantitis (PI) is a growing concern in the dental community worldwide. The study aimed to compare U.S. versus European periodontists’ considerations of risk factors, diagnostic criteria, and management of PI.

Methods

A total of 393 periodontists from the United States and 100 periodontists from Europe (Germany, Greece, Netherlands) responded to anonymous surveys electronically or by mail.

Results

Compared to U.S. periodontists, European respondents were younger, more likely to be female and placed fewer implants per month (9.12 vs 13.90; P = 0.003). Poor oral hygiene, history of periodontitis, and smoking were considered as very important risk factors by both groups (rated > 4 on 5‐point scale). European periodontists rated poor oral hygiene (4.64 vs 4.45; P = 0.005) and history of periodontitis (4.36 vs 4.10; P = 0.006) as more important and implant surface (2.91 vs 3.18; P = 0.023), occlusion (2.80 vs 3.75; P < 0.001) and presence of keratinized tissue (3.27 vs 3.77; P < 0.001) as less important than did U.S. periodontists. Both groups rated clinical probing, radiographic bone loss, and presence of bleeding and suppuration as rather important diagnostic criteria. They rated implant exposure/mucosal recession as relatively less important with U.S. periodontists giving higher importance ratings than European periodontists (3.99 vs 3.54; P = 0.001). Both groups nearly always used patient education, plaque control and mechanical debridement when treating PI. U.S. periodontists were more likely to use antibiotics (3.88 vs 3.07; P < 0.001), lasers (2.11 vs 1.68; P = 0.005), allograft (3.39 vs 2.14; P < 0.001) and regenerative approaches (3.57 vs 2.56; P < 0.001), but less likely to use resective surgery (3.09 vs 3.53; P < 0.001) than European periodontists.

Conclusions

U.S. and European periodontists’ considerations concerning risk factors, diagnosis and management of PI were evidence‐based. Identified differences between the two groups can inform future educational efforts.
Counterfactual approach on the effect of metabolic syndrome on tooth loss: A population‐based study
Authors: Souza Marina Leite , Nascimento Gustavo G. , González‐Chica David Alejandro , Peres Karen Glazer , Peres Marco Aurélio
Published: August 2021

Background

This study aimed to investigate the effect of metabolic syndrome (MetS) on tooth loss in adults from a population‐based sample.

Methods

Cross‐sectional analysis based on data from a cohort study (2009 to 2014) with adults from Southern Brazil. MetS (exposure), lack of functional dentition and number of lost teeth (outcomes) were assessed using self‐reported, laboratory and clinical data. Possible confounders included sex, age, family income, education level, smoking status, and sugar consumption. The effect of MetS on the outcomes was estimated using conventional logistic or negative binomial regression models. Marginal structural modeling (MSM) with stabilized weights (a counterfactual analytical method) was also used to enhance group comparability and estimate causal effects.

Results

A total of 1,283 participants had available information for the outcomes. Individuals with MetS were more likely to experience a lack of functional dentition than those without MetS (odds ratio [OR] from logistic regression, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.0 to 2.9; OR from MSM, 3.2; 95% CI, 2.3 to 4.6). Moreover, the number of teeth lost was 20% higher in participants with MetS compared with those without MetS in conventional analysis (mean ratio [MR], 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.3). The MR increased to 1.7 (95% CI, 1.5 to 2.0) when using MSM.

Conclusion

Our findings provide evidence on the effect of MetS on tooth loss.
The “oral” history of COVID‐19: Primary infection, salivary transmission, and post‐acute implications
Authors: Marchesan Julie Teresa , Warner Blake M. , Byrd Kevin Matthew
Published: August 2021

Severe acute respiratorysyndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), the causative agent of COVID‐19, has led to more than 3.25 million recorded deaths worldwide as of May 2021. COVID‐19 is known to be clinically heterogeneous, and whether the reported oral signs and symptoms in COVID‐19 are related to the direct infection of oral tissues has remained unknown. Here, we review and summarize the evidence for the primary infection of the glands, oral mucosae, and saliva by SARS‐CoV‐2. Not only were the entry factors for SARS‐CoV‐2 found in all oral tissues, but these were also sites of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and replication. Furthermore, saliva from asymptomatic individuals contained free virus and SARS‐CoV‐2‐infected oral epithelial cells, both of which were found to transmit the virus. Collectively, these studies support an active role of the oral cavity in the spread and transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. In addition to maintaining the appropriate use of personal protective equipment and regimens to limit microbial spread via aerosol or droplet generation, the dental community will also be involved in co‐managing COVID‐19 “long haulers”—now termed Post‐Acute COVID‐19 Syndrome. Consequently, we propose that, as SARS‐CoV‐2 continues to spread and as new clinical challenges related to COVID‐19 are documented, oral symptoms should be included in diagnostic and prognostic classifications as well as plans for multidisciplinary care.
Predictors of Intimate Partner Violence Victimization by Multiple Partners Over a Period of 8 Years
Authors: Stein Sara F. , Galano Maria M. , Grogan‐Kaylor Andrew C. , Clark Hannah M. , Ribaudo Julie M. , Graham‐Bermann Sandra A.
Published: August 2021

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a pervasive social issue with broad physical and mental health implications. Although 35%–56% of women report IPV victimization with more than one violent partner, few studies have identified factors that increase the risk of experiencing IPV across multiple partners (i.e., IPV reengagement). In the current study, multilevel modeling was used to examine the roles of trauma exposure, mental health, and sociodemographic factors in the risk for reengagement in a sample of women (N= 120) with IPV victimization. Participants were drawn from a randomized control trial of an intervention for mothers who had experienced IPV. The results revealed that more psychological but less sexual IPV was associated with increased reengagement. Higher degrees of posttraumatic reexperiencing symptoms were associated with less reengagement. Depressive symptoms were also significantly associated with reengagement such that lower levels of positive affect and increased somatic symptoms were associated with increased reengagement. Higher income levels and less housing instability were associated with more reengagement, βrange= −.13–.16. Finally, compared to the control condition, participation in the intervention program was significantly associated with lower levels of reengagement at 8‐year follow‐up, β = −.75,p= .001. These findings suggest that it is not what happened (i.e., experiences of abuse) but rather a woman's posttraumatic experience (i.e., posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms) that creates risk for reengagement. The findings support the long‐term effectiveness of a brief intervention in reducing reengagement.
Discussing a challenging document focused on land use: The first bibliometric analysis of Laudato Si′
Authors: Mourao Paulo Reis , Martinho Vítor Domingues
Published: August 2021

We live in challenging times on several levels, and in this context the second encyclical, Laudato Si′ (LS), of Pope Francis, published in 2015, has provided a special challenge for academics. As Pope Francis suggested in 2015, societies are challenged to modify the paradigms of life to achieve more sustainable development. LS has quickly become a widely quoted document, often used by academics. This paper is the first bibliometric research about LS aiming to analyze this encyclical and explore several works published about LS between 2015 and 2020. To this end, we studied all documents published in the Web of Science Core Collection (238) and Scopus (222) about the topic Laudato Si in‐depth and analyzed them using bibliometric methods. The results show that there are scientific fields focused on studying LS in particular, namely religious sciences and the fields of sustainability and environment studies. We also observed a small amount of networking among the authors publishing about LS.
Trends and patterns of neurotology drug prescriptions on a nationwide insurance database
Authors: Goshtasbi Khodayar , Abouzari Mehdi , Abiri Arash , Ziai Kasra , Lehrich Brandon M. , Risbud Adwight , Bayginejad Soha , Lin Harrison W. , Djalilian Hamid R.
Published: August 2021

Objective

To examine neurotologists' 2013 to 2016 Medicare Part‐D data and evaluate commonly prescribed medications, longitudinal changes in prescribing patterns, presumed associated pathologies, and cost distribution across United States.

Methods

Comprehensive prescription data of Part‐D‐participating neurotologists was quiered from the 2013 to 2016 Medicare Part‐D database. Outcome variables consisted of the 25 most commonly prescribed + refilled medications, cost distribution per medication, presumed associated pathologies, and standardized prescription cost across United States.

Results

Of the 594 available U.S. neurotologists, 336 (57%) were found in the Medicare Part‐D database. In 2016, total prescription costs were $4 483 268 with an averaged $13 343 ± $18 698 per neurotologist. The three most frequently filled drugs were fluticasone propionate, ciprofloxacin, and triamterene‐hydrochlorothiazide. From 2013 to 2016, the greatest change in prescription pattern was observed with azelastine (+188%), montelukast sodium (+104%), mupirocin (+63%), and mometasone (−91%), whereas the greatest change in relative drug cost distribution was seen in ofloxacin, (+695.7%) neomycin‐polymyxin‐hydrocortisone (+262.1%), and mometasone (−83%). Triamterene‐hydrochlorothiazide, prednisone, montelukast, amoxicillin‐clavulanate, azelastine, spironolactone, and mupirocin had statistically significant increases in average number of prescriptions per physician, whereas ofloxacin and mometasone had significant decreases. Medications presumably treating Eustachian tube dysfunction, Meniere's disease, and vestibular migraine had the greatest percent changes across years. Cost distribution of four drugs increased upwards of 100%. Geographic analysis demonstrated that Southern and Midwest regions had higher standardized prescription costs.

Conclusions

This study is the first to analyze neurotologists' trends in prescribing patterns, regional prescription cost distributions, and commonly treated pathologies. This can lead to better standardization of prescribing patterns and cost in the future.
A novel view of computed tomography images similar to the visual field of otologic surgeons
Authors: Kadowaki Yoshinori , Hirano Takashi , Suzuki Masashi
Published: August 2021

Objectives

In preparation for endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS), the most important computed tomography (CT) image for otolaryngologists is the coronal plane image because it has a viewpoint similar to that of the surgical visual field. Contrastingly, otologic surgeons refer to axial and coronal plane images before ear surgery and must imagine the anatomical structure of the temporal bone by reconstructing three‐dimensional (3D) images in their minds. We propose a “surgical position view (SPV) image,” a novel viewpoint of CT images that enables otologic surgeons to see a perspective similar to the surgical visual field.

Method

Sagittal plane CT images of the temporal bone were created from axial plane images with multi‐planar reconstruction (MPR). Then, the SPV image was obtained by rotating it 90° to the supine position. The entire process can be performed anywhere in the hospital within 1 minute using the electronic medical record computer's image viewer.

Results

SPV images show anatomical structures of the temporal bone, external ear canal, mastoid cavity, sigmoid vein, facial nerve, ossicles, and cochlea, in a similar view to the actual ear surgery. Soft tissue such as cholesteatoma is depicted in the same concentration as the normal CT image.

Conclusion

The SPV image enables an otologic surgeon to see the temporal bone CT image from the actual ear surgery viewpoint simply and quickly. It helps to visualize the 3D anatomical structure of the temporal bone and can be useful for ear surgery planning.

Level of evidence

5
Stimuli‐Responsive Hydrogels Based on Random Copolymers of the Sucrose Methacrylate
Authors: Gouvea Ricardo Santiago de Oliveira , Felisberti Maria Isabel
Published: August 2021

Poly(sucrose methacrylate‐co‐acrylic acid), P(SMA‐co‐AA), and poly(sucrose methacrylate‐co‐diethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate), P(SMA‐co‐EG2MA), are synthesized by free radical polymerization using sucrose dimethacrylate as a crosslinker. The copolymers present one glass transition suggesting a random distribution of the comonomers. The copolymers–water interaction parameter χ is around 0.5, while Mc increases with SMA molar fraction. The kinetics of water swelling show a Fickian behavior for P(SMA‐co‐AA) richer in acrylic acid. The swelling is driven by the ionic character of the P(SMA‐co‐AA), except at pH = 2, and by the hydrophilicity of the SMA for the P(SMA‐co‐EG2MA). The temperature influences the swelling behavior of the P(SMA‐co‐EG2MA) due to the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior. The pH‐ and thermoresponsiveness of the P(SMA‐co‐AA) and P(SMA‐co‐EG2MA) hydrogels are maintained by replacing the sensitive comonomers with SMA up to mass fractions of 85 and 20 wt%, respectively, ≈71 and 17 wt% of sucrose, a product from a renewable resource. The hydrolytic degradation of the hydrogels is more pronounced for copolymers richer in SMA and resulted in sucrose release. Hydrogels present viscoelastic behavior, and the P(SMA‐co‐AA) series is more resistant to compression. The xerogels of the copolymers richer in SMA show a foam‐like morphology with open cells.
Prevalence of Parkinson's Disease: A Community‐Based Study in China
Authors: Qi Shige , Yin Peng , Wang Linhong , Qu Ming , Kan Ge Lin , Zhang Han , Zhang Qingjun , Xiao Yize , Deng Ying , Dong Zhong , Shi Yan , Meng Jun , Chan Piu , Wang Zhihui
Published: August 2021

Background

China's socioeconomic and population structures have evolved markedly during the past few decades, and consequently, monitoring the prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) is crucial.

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of PD within Chinese communities, particularly in older people.

Methods

A nationwide study of 24,117 participants, aged 60 years or older, was carried out in 2015 using multistage clustered sampling. All participants were initially screened using a nine‐item questionnaire, from which those suspected of having PD were examined by neurologists and a diagnosis was given, according to the 2015 Movement Disorder Society Clinical Diagnostic Criteria.

Results

The prevalence of PD was 1.37% (95% confidence interval 1.02%–1.73%) in people aged over 60 years. Thus, the estimated total number of people in China with PD could be as high as 3.62 million.

Conclusions

Although the PD population prevalence percentage did not change significantly, the total number of PD sufferers has increased with the increased population, which poses a significant challenge in a rapidly aging population. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Comparison between normal and reverse orientation of graft in functional and histomorphological outcomes after autologous nerve grafting: An experimental study in the mouse model
Authors: Lee Duk Hee , You Jooyoung , Jung Ji Won , Park Jong Woong , Lee Jung Il
Published: August 2021

Background

Autologous nerve grafting has been considered the gold standard for the treatment of irreparable nerve gaps. However, the choice of effective proximodistal orientation of autografts (normal or reversed) is controversial. Therefore, we compared functional and histological outcomes between normal and reversed orientations of autografts in a mouse sciatic nerve model.

Materials and methods

Thirty C57BL/6J mice weighing 20–25 g were assigned to the donor, normally oriented autograft, and reverse‐oriented autograft groups (n = 10 per group). A 10‐mm section of the sciatic nerve was harvested from a donor mouse. Half the harvested nerve was grafted onto an irreparable gap in a recipient mouse using either a normal or reversed orientation. The sciatic functional index (SFI) was measured biweekly for up to 12 weeks postoperatively. Morphological analysis was performed using immunofluorescence staining for neurofilament (NF) and myelin protein zero (P0) in cross‐sectional and whole‐mount nerve preparations in 12 weeks postoperatively. Additionally, morphological analysis of the tibialis anterior muscle was performed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. NF or P0‐expressing axons were counted and cross‐sectional area (CSA) and minimum Feret's diameter of myofibers were measured.

Results

The SFI recovered gradually up to 12 weeks after autografting, but there were no significant differences in the SFI between the normal and reversed orientations. The number of NF‐expressing axons in center of graft was significantly higher in the normal orientation than in the reversed orientation (P < .05). However, there were no significant differences in the number and mean intensity of P0‐expressing axons between the orientations. The CSA of myofibers was significantly larger in the normal orientation than in the reversed orientation (P < .05).

Conclusions

Normally oriented autografts promote axonal regrowth and prevent neurogenic muscular atrophy compared with reverse‐oriented autografts. However, despite these positive histomorphometric effects, the proximodistal orientation of the autograft does not affect functional outcomes.
Matcha Green Tea Powder does not Prevent Diet‐Induced Arteriosclerosis in New Zealand White Rabbits Due to Impaired Reverse Cholesterol Transport
Authors: Hunjadi Monika , Sieder Claudia , Beierfuß Anja , Kremser Christian , Moriggl Bernhard , Welte René , Kastner Christine , Mern Demissew Shenegelegn , Ritsch Andreas
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Green tea is associated with decreased risk for cardiovascular disease and stroke. Matcha is a special kind of powdered green tea known for its use in the Japanese tea ceremony. Due to its influence on lipoprotein parameters, it has been postulated to exert antiatherogenic effects. This study investigates whether it modulates the high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) function and thereby influences the atherogenic process in an animal model with a strong influence on humans' situation.

Methods and Results

After a pretreatment phase based on a standard diet, 10 female New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits are fed a high‐fat diet for 20 weeks. The treatment group is additionally administered 1% matcha during the whole experiment. Long‐term matcha treatment leads to lowered HDL cholesterol, impaired cholesterol transport manifested by reduced in vitro cholesterol efflux capacity, reduced cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP)‐mediated cholesterol ester (CE) transfer between HDL and triglyceride‐rich particles, and reduced macrophage‐specific in vivo transfer, where ian increased absorption of cholesterol in the liver but a decreased secretion into bile is observed. Pulse wave velocity, assessed by nuclear magnetic resonance, is increased in matcha‐treated animals, and a similar trend is observed for atherosclerotic lesion formation.

Conclusion

Long‐term matcha green tea treatment of hypercholesterolemic rabbits cause impaired reverse cholesterol transport and increased vascular stiffness, and susceptibility for atherosclerotic lesion development.
The Impact of Enriched Resistant Starch Type‐2 Cookies on the Gut Microbiome in Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Kemp Julie Ann , Regis de Paiva Bruna , Fragoso dos Santos Henrique , Emiliano de Jesus Hugo , Craven Hannah , Z. Ijaz Umer , Alvarenga Borges Natalia , G. Shiels Paul , Mafra Denise
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Resistant starch type‐2 (RS2) can mitigate inflammation and oxidative stress in hemodialysis (HD) patients. However, there is still a lack of knowledge on the impact of the RS2 on the gut microbiota community in these patients. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the effects of enriched RS2 cookies on the gut microbiome in HD patients.

Methods and Results

This comprises a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of age‐, sex‐, and BMI‐matched patients and controls. The RS2 group receives enriched RS2 cookies (16 g d‐1 of Hi‐Maize 260, Ingredion) for 4 weeks, while the placebo group received cookies made with manioc flour. Fecal microbiota composition is evaluated by the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Analysis of the microbiota reveals that Pielou's evenness is significantly decreased after RS2 supplementation. Notably, it is observed that RS2 intervention upregulates significantly 8 Amplicon Sequencing Variants (ASV's), including Roseburia and Ruminococcus gauvreauii, which are short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA) producers. Furthermore, it is associated with the downregulation of 11 ASVs, such as the pro‐inflammatory Dialister.

Conclusions

RS2 intervention for 4 weeks in HD patients effectively alters SCFA producers in the gut microbiota, suggesting that it could be a good nutritional strategy for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on HD.