bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Population parameters of several groupers (Famili Serranidae) in Labuan Bajo waters, East Nusa Tenggara
Authors: Rachmawati P F , Puspasari R
Published: November 2021

Labuan Bajo has a fertile aquatic ecosystem, one of them is the coral reef ecosystem. This condition happened because of the supply of nutrients that are carried through Indonesia Through Flow and the local upwelling phenomena. Various species of reef fish of various sizes have been caught in Labuan Bajo waters. In general, the type of reef fish that dominates is grouper fish catch by using handline fishing gear. Furthermore, there is damage that occurs in the coastal ecosystem causes changes in ecological functions and disrupted ecosystem benefits. In addition, pressure from overuse did not provide opportunities for resources to carry out recovery makes the condition of resource stocks threatened. This study aims to determine the parameter aspects of the population of several types of grouper fish in Labuan Bajo waters. The types of grouper studied included Plectropomus leopardus, P. maculatus, P. oligacanthus, and Variola albimarginata. Data collection was carried out by enumerators from April to August 2019 which included the daily data on the length and weight distribution of groupers. Length-frequency distribution data is analyzed by estimating fish population parameters using the Electronic Length Frequency Analysis (ELEFAN I) program which is packaged in the FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessment Tool II (FiSAT II) software. The results of the analysis showed the equation of growth parameters for Von Bartalanffy for P. leopardus is Lt = 89.06(1-e−0.24(t+0.52)); P. maculatus is Lt = 76(1-e−0.54(t+0.23)); P. oligacanthus is Lt = 72.32(1-e−0.66(t+0.19)); and V. albimarginata is Lt = 45(1-e−0.51(t+0.29)). The length at first birth of each species is Lt=0
P. leopardus = 10.45 cm, Lt=0
P. maculatus = 8.88 cm, Lt=0
P. oligacanthus = 8.52 cm, and Lt=0
V. albimarginata = 6.19 cm. Meanwhile, the exploitation rate (E) of P. leopardus, P. maculatus, P. oligacanthus, and V. albimarginata were 0.81; 0.53; 0.45; and 0.70.
Planktonic foraminifera in the seafloor of Wulan Estuary of Demak, Central of Java, Indonesia
Authors: Hartati R , Zainuri M , Endrawati H , Widianingsih W , Manuhuwa B A , Pribadi R
Published: November 2021

Planktonic foraminifera are marine heterotrophic protists that surround their unicellular body with elaborate calcite shells. They exhibit a range of trophic behaviors from indiscriminate omnivory to selective carnivory. The species inhabit the photic zone with various density. The present work was aimed to identify and determine the density of planktonic foraminifera in the seafloor of Wulan Estuary of Demak regency, Central of Java, Indonesia. The sediment in the seafloor was taken using van veen grab sampler from 5 stations based on their position in the estuary. Upon arriving in the laboratory, the samples was washed and sun-dried. The dry sediment samples then were ground and sieved with following mesh sizes, i.e. 0.063, 0.125, and 0.250 mm and put in the plastics sample. The samples of foraminiferan then were hand picking in the picking tray. Classification of planktonic foraminifera is based entirely on the properties of their shells, i.e. wall composition and structure, chamber shape and arrangement, the shape and position of any apertures, surface ornamentation, and other morphologic features of the shell. The present work found 7 genera of planktonic foraminifera from the seafloor of Wulan estuary, i.e.Candeina, Globigerina,Globigerinoides, Globorotalia. Neogloboquadrina, Orbulina,andPulleniatina.The lowest density was found in the Station 1(7429 indv.m−2) which was the furthest station from estuary, and the highest density was 7886 indv.m−2present in Station 3 which was the closest to estuary. Since all seafloor were consisted of silt sediment, these density differences were more influenced by salinity of the water.
Potential of salt as salt body scrubs to support salt tourism in Pamekasan, Madura Island, East Java
Authors: Wahyuni T
Published: November 2021

Madura Island is famous as the salt island and surrounded by Madura Strait and Java Sea has the potential for marine tourism development, one of which is a salt tourism in Pamekasan Regency. Dissemination of cosmetic salt (salt body scrub) to salt farmers in Pamekasan has been organized by Department of Marine Affairs and Fisheries of Pamekasan in 2018 so that they have the skill of local salt diversification into added value products. Diversification of salt as body care products (salt body scrub) can be packaged into an education-ecotourism package which is tourist attraction so that salt body scrubs have business potential to support salt tourism. This paper studies the use of unrefined salt as salt body scrubs and is expected to be a reference for coastal communities, especially salt farmers in Pamekasan that is to support salt tourism and increase the added value of local salt.
Phosphorus load base carrying capacity estimation for fish culture in Lake Ranau in Indonesia
Authors: Lukman L , Dina R , Ibrahim A , Waluyo A
Published: November 2021

Carrying capacity is the ability of waters to accommodate pollutant load inputs without reducing the water quality. For aquaculture in floating net cages (FNC), the carrying capacity is a criterion to achieve the maximum fish production based on the level of total phosphorus (TP) released from the activity, which is still acceptable according to utilisation purposes. Lake Ranau in Sumatra is essential in supporting the socio-economic needs of the people in the surrounding areas, including FNC activities. The development of FNC as an aquaculture model in open waters will have a positive value as long as it is within the limits of water carrying capacity. Thus, the carrying capacity of Lake Ranau waters needs to be estimated to provide optimal direction for FNC development in line with other activities such as tourism. The carrying capacity was estimated using the Beveridge (1987) formulation that has also been adopted into the Ministry Regulation of Environment number 28/2009. As a limiting factor for tourism purposes, the status trophic of waters should be oligotrophic or oligo-mesotrophic. Therefore, the fish production that can be achieved is between 0 tons/year (oligotrophic scale) to 1,662 tons/year (oligo-mesotrophic scale).
Community structure of sea cucumber on Harapan Island and East Penjaliran Island, Kepulauan Seribu National Park, Indonesia
Authors: Yuniarga T R , Satriyo T B , Adharini R I
Published: November 2021

Sea cucumbers are marine animals of the Holothuroidea Class that have ecological, health, and socioeconomic benefits. This study aims to determine the structure of the sea cucumber community on Harapan Island and East Penjaliran Island, Kepulauan Seribu National Park, Kepulauan Seribu Regency. Data collection was conducted in January 2020, where each island was divided into two stations, and each station was divided into three substations for data retrieval. The method is a quadratic transect method using a plot measuring 1x1 m. In each square plot, observations were made regarding the type and number of sea cucumbers found and water quality parameters, including salinity, temperature, pH, DO, and total organic matter. Observation parameters include diversity index, uniformity index, frequency, density, important value index, dominance, and sea cucumber distribution index. During the study, species found on Harapan Island include H. atra, H. scabra, H. leucospilota, Bohadschia marmorata, and Stichopus herrmanni. Meanwhile, species found on East Penjaliran Island include H. atra, H. leucospilota, H. coluber, H. pardalis, H. fuscocinerea, H. hilla, Bohadschia marmorata, Stichopus ocellatus, and Stichopus monotuberculatus. The most abundant and predominant species on both islands is Holothuria atra. The average diversity index on Harapan Island falls into the low category, while East Penjaliran Island is classified as medium. The dominance index of both islands is low and has a uniform distribution. Environmental conditions and sea cucumber exploitation affect the structure of sea cucumber communities on both islands.
The effect of Ekman mass transport and Ekman pumping velocity on the variability of sea surface temperature in the Arafura Sea
Authors: Bernades H , Suryoputro A A D , Wirasatriya A , Handoyo G , Rifai A , Maslukah L , Sugianto D N
Published: November 2021

Arafura sea is located between the southern part of Papua Island and Aru Island. Previous studies on Sea Surface Temperature (SST) have described that the SST is strongly affected by the upwelling, but the effect of Ekman Mass Transport (EMT) and Ekman Pumping Velocity (EPV) has not yet been studied. In other areas, it has been shown that EMT and EPV generated by the winds could affect the SST. Thus, further research is needed to better understand the role of the winds on the variability of SST through the mechanism of EMT and EPV in the Arafura Sea. This study used SST data from a high-resolution satellite image (GHRSST) and wind data from a scatterometer satellite image (MetOp A ASCAT). The data were processed using the composite and time-series correlation. This study shows that the higher the wind speed, causes the colder the SST in the Arafura Sea. In contrast, when the wind speed is lower, the SST tends to be warmer. The variabilities of the SST are mostly related to the mixing process associated with the magnitude of EMT. In the shallow water where the calculated Ekman depth is deeper than the actual depth, EMT is more influencing than EPV. On the deeper water at the northeast of the Island of Aru, the negative EPV induces upwelling, bringing the colder water to the sea surface. Statistically, the correlation between EMT (EPV) and the SST in the shallow water of the Arafura Sea is considered strong (weak). On the other hand, at the deep water of the Arafura Sea (northeast of the Island of Aru) offers a strong correlation between the EPV and the SST, whereas the EMT and the SST correlation is considered weak.
Characteristics and consumer acceptance level of Sargassum hystrix nori
Authors: Firmansyah S T , Husni A
Published: November 2021

Nori is processed seaweed that is quite popular, including in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics and consumer acceptance level of nori from Sargassum hystrix seaweed. S. hystrix (in wet and/or dry form) was soaked in 0.01% NaOH, then blended into a slurry. S. hystrix slurry was molded in size 15x15 cm and dried in an oven (70°C, 3 hours). The analysis included thickness, hardness, proximate analysis, antioxidant activity with 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), antidiabetic activity, and hedonic tests. The results of this study indicate that the composition of the initial conditions of raw materials has a significant effect (P<0.05) on the characteristics and consumer acceptance level of S. hystrix nori. The best treatment was obtained on nori made from the initial raw material in wet form with the characteristics of a thickness of 0.34 mm, hardness of 335.21 gf, water content of 14.47%, ash content of 21.22%, protein content of 7.51%, fat content of 9.64%, total phenol content of 21.01 mg GAE/g, DPPH inhibition activity 62.77%, FRAP value 133.50 M/g, (-glucosidase inhibitory activity 43.81%, and consumer acceptance level of appearance 2.66, aroma 2.41, texture 3.06, flavour 3.26, and color 2.98.
Effect of acetic and citric acid solvent combination with cinnamon oil on quality of edible packaging from chitosan
Authors: Tambunan J E , Chamidah A
Published: November 2021

Chitosan is one of the fishery by-products, which is extracted from shrimp and crab carapace. Chitosan can be processed into edible packaging. The nature of chitosan edible packaging is depended on the type of solvent used while extraction. Acetic acid produces a strong coating with good barrier properties but less elastic, while citric acid produces an elastic layer but has relatively low barrier properties and weak coating. Cinnamon essential oil can inhibit bacterial growth. This study aimed to obtain the best proportion combination of acetic and citric acid solvents which can improve mechanical properties and permeability of the edible packaging, also determine the effect of cinnamon essential oil in inhibiting Salmonella and S. aureus bacteria. The experimental design used a completely randomized design (CRD), with solvent combination treatment in preliminary research initially followed by chitosan and cinnamon essential oil addition in the subsequent research. Data showed that the best edible packaging properties were obtained from a combination of acetic and citric acid (2:2) with 30.67 MPa tensile strength, 65.35% elongation, 0.0422 mm thickness, and moisture permeability 3.02x10−10 g.m.m−2.s−1.pa−1. The concentration of 1.5 g of chitosan with 1.5% cinnamon essential oil can produce an antibacterial with 10.15 mm inhibition zone diameter in Salmonella sp. and 9.53 mm in Staphylococcus aureus
The effect of probiotic and prebiotic-MOS on the survival, growth and immune competence on spiny lobster Panulirus homarus culture
Authors: Haryanti  , Widiastuti Z , Fahrudin  , Sembiring S B M , Permana G N , Sugama K
Published: November 2021

The use of probiotics and prebiotic to improve growth and health status of spiny lobster has been evaluated. The purpose of this study was to obtain the effect of probiotics and prebiotics for the culture of spiny lobster Panulirus homarus. The method was initiated with culturing of probiotics (4 strains) and supplemented it in a moist diets. Spiny lobster was collected from Jembrana-Bali waters with an initial body weight of 70.34 ± 4.5 g and cultured in concrete tanks with volume of 4 m3. Initial stock density for each treatment was 15 pcs / m3. The treatments tested were supplemented on moist diets with (A) probiotics, (B) probiotics and prebiotics-MOS (Mannan Oligo Sacharida) and (C) Controle (without probiotics and prebiotic) and each treatment with three replication. The results obtained that the survival rate of spiny lobster was not significantly different (P> 0.05), i.e. (A) 92.70%, (B) 93.33 (%) and (C) 93.33% respectively. However, the results of probiotics supplementation as well as a combination of probiotics and prebiotics showed growth differences compared to control (P<0.05), namely (A) 156.97 ± 6.17 g, (B) 153.75 ± 9.17 g, while (C) control 131.47 ± 7.91 g. The probiotics supplementation on moist diets could increased health status of spiny lobsters, this was expressed by target genes related to immunity (ALFHa-1, ALFHa-4, SAA, ProPO, Tgase and CP). Spiny lobster immunity increased by 2.60 to 42.7 times after challenging with MHD (Milky Haemolymph Disease). The supplementation of probiotics and prebiotics (MOS) could increase immune response by 2.10 to 25.75 times, respectively after challenging with MHD.
Effect of shelter net sizes on growth, survivality, and health of scalloped spiny lobster, Panulirus homarus (Linnaeus 1758) reared in fiberglass tank
Authors: Slamet B , Rusdi I , Giri A , Haryanti
Published: November 2021

Scalloped spiny lobster (Panulirus homarus) is an export commodity with high economic value in Asian-Pacific markets. Addition of artificial shelter for spiny lobster grow out reduces cannibalism while addition of net in spiny lobster rearing tank can increase mobility space. This study aimed to determine the optimum of shelter net size on growth, survival rate and health of spiny lobster grow out. This study used completely randomized design with three treatments and three replications; analyzed by ANOVA. The rearing was conducted using 9 fiberglass tank 1000 liter in volume. This research used scalloped spiny lobster, with average body weight (BW) 8.56±1.23 g and total length (TL) 7.39±0.114 cm, in stocking density 50 lobster/tank. Three shelter net sizes as treatments, i.e.: A: shelter net size of 4 time of bottom area (4 m2), B: size of 2 time of bottom area (2 m2) and C: without net addition. Feeding were twice a day, with dry pellet 1% biomass/day and trash fish and mussel meat (2:1) 10% biomass/day. The sampling of survival rate, total length and body weight were conducted every 15 days; while total haemocyte (THC) and BRIX index on the end of experiment. For supporting data was observed of water quality parameters: salinity, temperature, pH, DO, nitrite and ammonia. The result show that the survival rate on experiment during 75 days rearing, was significant different (P<0.05) among treatments. The best survival rate was on treatment A (4 time of bottom area) with survival rate (93.94±2.62%), followed by treatment B (2 time of bottom area) (80.56±2.88%: and treatment C (without net addition) (68.78±4.67 %). The grow of body weight and total length show that highest on treatment B with body weight and total length in the end of experiment was 37.77±1.896 g and 10.30 ±0.361a cm; followed by treatment A (35.58±0.405 g and 10.15 ±0.146 cm) and lowest in C (35.34±2.061 g and 10.04 ±0.265 cm); but from statistic analyze not significant different among treatment (p>0.05). Addition for shelter net size of 4 time of bottom area net more suitable for scallop spiny lobster reared in fiberglass tank; because can increased the survival rate and reduced the cannibalism.
The effect of chitosan concentration on flocculation efficiency microalgae Porphyridium cruentum (Rhodhophyta)
Authors: Endrawati H , Widianingsih W , Nuraini RAT , Hartati R , Redjeki S , Riniatsih I , Mahendrajaya RT
Published: November 2021

Porphyridium cruentum is a species of red microalgae belongs to the family Porphyridiophyceae, divisi Rhodophyta. P. cruentum contains a lot of nutrients which are very useful as functional food. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of chitosan concentration on the flocculation efficiency of P. cruentum. In this study, there were two treatments, namely the concentration of chitosan and the time of flocculation with 3 replications. Chitosan used were 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 ppm. The flocculation efficiency were carried out at 10, 20, 30 and 40 minutes. The highest density was reached on the seventh day as amount 1720x104cell/mL. The results showed that there was an effect of Chitosan concentration on flocculation efficiency (Anova two way; Fcount = 4.109; df (9; 80); p=0.01). In addition, there was an effect of flocculation time on flocculation efficiency (Anova two way, Fcount = 4.498; df (3;80)). Furthermore, there was an interaction effect between the chitosan concentration and the time of flocculation. (Anova two way; Fcount = 26.635; df (2;80)). The greater the value of chitosan concentration given the greater the value of flocculation efficiency.
Isolation of Aeromonas sobria JC18 from milkfish (Chanos chanos) intestine with proteolytic and cellulolytic activities for fish probiotic
Authors: Rohman A F , Atitus I N , Heraswati D D , Istiqomah I , Isnansetyo A
Published: November 2021

Attention on the probiotic application for the improvement of fish resident intestinal microbiota has risen in the last decades. It is demonstrated that probiotics may function not only by direct inhibition of pathogenic bacteria or manipulation of enzymatic digestion of feed but also by modulation of immunity in fish. In the present study, we aimed to isolate the autochthonous microbiota of marine fish intestines as probiotic candidates based on cellulolytic and proteolytic activity. Bacteria were isolated and purified on a cellulose agar with 24h of incubation. A total of 18 bacterial strains were purified and stored in -80°C. Phenotypic screening based on the antibiotic resistance, antagonistic activity against pathogenic bacteria, resistance to an acidic environment, and ability of colonization in fish intestine found a selected strain, namely JC18. Infection test, molecular and phenotypic characterizations revealed that the JC18 isolate was a non-pathogenic Aeromonas sobria. It is hence revealed that the milkfish intestine is a potent source of proteolytic bacteria for fish probiotic screening.
Effectiveness of different admixtures on Atterberg limit and compaction characteristics of stabilized soil
Authors: Jit C E L , Nujid M , Idrus J , Tholibon D A , Bawadi N F
Published: November 2021

Index properties of soared are the most crucial part of the soil, which impact construction activities due to the rapid growth of urbanization and industrialization. Soft soil is one of the most unstable soil which has a low strength and stiffness index due to its high liquid limit. Stabilization of soil by adding chemical or non-chemical based such as lime and cockle shell powder have proven to improve the index properties of soft soil. Lime and cockle shell powder is the most popular reinforcement materials used in the study on the soil reinforcement for soft soil. The use of lime and cockle shell powder as reinforcement materials in soil are proven effective. The study’s objective is to investigate the effectiveness of different admixtures used in the soil stabilization compared to lime and cockle shell powder on the effect of Atterberg limit and compaction characteristics of soft soil. It is shown the soil reinforcement in soil stabilization is functionally in improving mechanical properties of the soft soil. Meanwhile, the admixture in powder formed to act as a fine binder between soil and stabilizer agents. This will enhance the index properties of original soft soil such as Atterberg limit and compaction characteristics.
Water Quality Assessment – River Trail Project of Asasi, UiTM Dengkil
Authors: Kasmuri N , Ismail N A , Zaini N , Abdullah S , Yaacob Z
Published: November 2021

Environmental sustainability is one of the important agendas in the development of the community and the country. In supporting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) initiatives, the pilot project consists of environmental appreciation development activities involving the students and academicians that have been organized in the river tributary beside Pusat Asasi, UiTM Dengkil. The preliminary project consists of a water quality assessment for the river. The parameters of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, temperature, and ammonia-nitrogen have been determined to evaluate the water quality index (WQI) of the river and wastewater treatment plant of Pusat Asasi, UiTM Dengkil. From the results obtained, the river downstream has been classified in Class III (extensive treatment required) as the WQI calculated is 52.49%. Therefore, rehabilitation works need to be considered to improve the water quality in the river. Moreover, extensive wastewater treatment is required to enhance the quality of the effluent discharge into the river. The outcome of this project is educating the students of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics - STEM based on living lab concepts of sustainable management in environmental engineering. Furthermore, the students can be disclosed on SDGs 6 to achieve clean water and sanitation for all.
Hydrodynamic modelling of historical flood event using one dimensional HEC-RAS in Kelantan basin, Malaysia
Authors: Armain M Z S , Hassan’ Z , Mohd Remy Rozainy M A Z , Kamarudzaman A N
Published: November 2021

Hydraulic simulation models are critical tools for analysing the hydraulic properties of a river’s system flow. The work focuses on the simulation of a river flow in a Kelantan basin using the one-dimensional (1D) Hydrologic Engineering Center - River Analysis System (HECRAS). In the present study, cross-sections from survey data were utilised into the RAS Mapper provided in HEC-RAS 5.0 to simulate the river flow in the region. This study highlights the modelling methodology with a focus on data collection and its importance during the calibration and validation process. The model was used to discover the expected peak flood levels based on historical flood events. Simulated flows were utilised to examine the potential of the model during the model development procedure. The simulation outcomes reveal that the simulated flows are in excellent agreement during the model development as the obtained R2 value was between 0.95 to 1.0 during both model calibration and validation. This demonstrates the applicability of the HEC-RAS 1D model in simulating precise river flow, especially for flood events.
Absorption study on the effect of mixed cation on tin and germanium-based perovskite solar cells
Authors: William M A , Azhari A W , Hassan N S B N , Hasan N , Halin D S C , Thottoli A K
Published: November 2021

The thin film industry has been introduced with an invention of lead-based perovskite solar cells which eventually has gained a huge attention throughout the years. As the concern arises, this lead-based perovskite solar cells contributed towards both the environmental and human health issues due to the high level of toxicity. This then carve the paths into the research in finding suitable alternative for lead-free perovskite where tin and germanium are proposed as possible substitute, but the long-term durability and stability of both perovskites are still a challenge to be improved and maintained. In this study, tin and germanium-based solutions are fabricated individually with mixed cations of FA-MA; FAxMA1–xSnI3and FAxMA1–xGeI3in variations (1⩽ x ⩽0). The UV-Vis spectroscopy was analyzed in 400-1100nm range to measure the light intensity absorption of full encapsulated fabricated perovskite solar cells after 30 days of exposure to surrounding conditions and recorded highest peak of absorption at the wavelength of 400 nm and 550 nm for tin based and germanium-based perovskite respectively.
Study on the effect of headspace on biohydrogen production using palm oil mill effluent (POME) via immobilized and suspended growth
Authors: Tan J B , Lutpi N A , Wong Y S , Rahmat N R , Siripatana Chairat
Published: November 2021

The world has been using fossil fuels to generate energy for centuries and has had adverse effects on the environment; hence renewable energy needs to be discovered and developed. Biohydrogen production is renewable energy since it emits no greenhouse gases and may provide clean energy. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the optimum headspace ratio and biohydrogen production for suspended and immobilized cells using Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) as the fermentation substrate, while its anaerobic sludge acted as the inoculum. Five different ratios were investigated, which are 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6. These are equivalent to working volume (WV) of 80 mL, 70 mL, 60 mL, 50 mL, and 40 mL, respectively. The solution contained 10 % of inoculum and 90 % (v/v) of the feedstock. For immobilized cells, additional of glass beads as carrier material was added into the solution, using the ratio of 1:1 for anaerobic sludge (mL) to support carrier (g). The kinetic study was investigated using a modified Gompertz equation whereby for suspended cells, the best ratio was 0.3, with the highest biohydrogen concentration of 357.6 ppm. Meanwhile, the optimum ratio for the immobilized cell was 0.2, with the highest biohydrogen concentration of 479.3 ppm. Based on the kinetic studies, the kinetic parameters for suspended cells were: Hm = 89.8 mL, Rm = 6.8 mL/h, and λ = 0.1 hr. Meanwhile for immobilized cell, the kinetic parameters were: Hm = 73.6 mL, Rm = 6.9 mL/h and X λ 0 hr. In conclusion, selecting the suitable headspace ratio could affect the biohydrogen quality and improve the effectiveness of the production rate.
Biosorption of Copper (II) from Aqueous Solution using a Combination of Orange Peels and Tea Waste
Authors: Noordin N N , Kamarudzaman A N , Rahmat N R , Hassan Z , Abdul Wahab M , Mohd Zaini Makhtar S , Abu Seman N , Ab Jalil M F
Published: November 2021

The ability of biosorbents, which are a combination of orange peels and tea waste to treat copper (II) using the biosorption method was examined. The experiment was performed under batch biosorption studies with various operating parameters. The pH, biosorbent dosage, contact time, and initial copper (II) concentration were optimized from pH 3 - 8, 0.25 - 1.0 g, 2 - 20 minutes and 10 - 100 mg/L, respectively. The findings found that a pH of 5.5, a biosorbent dosage of 0.75 g, a contact period of 5 minutes, and an initial copper (II) concentration of 10 mg/L were shown to be the best operating parameters for copper (II) biosorption. For isotherm models, the experimental data for copper (II) biosorption was fitted to the Langmuir isotherm with R2 value of 0.7775 compared to the Freundlich isotherm model with R2 value of 0.1073. The value for RL was 0.4, indicating that copper (II) biosorption using the combination of orange peels and tea waste is favourable. For kinetic models, the experimental data for copper (II) biosorption was well fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with R2 value of 0.9865 compared to the pseudo-first-order kinetic model with R2 value of 0.1006. In conclusion, the combination of orange peels and tea waste functions very well for biosorption of copper (II).
Exploring the Properties of Mortar Containing Incineration Fly Ash
Authors: Ibrahim N M , Abdul Malek R , Rahim N L , Abdul Rahim M , Che Amat R , Mohammed S A , Badri N A
Published: November 2021

Fly Ash (FA) is one of the waste materials generated from the combustion of solid waste through incinerator and contains hazardous substances. Further treatment to the ash needs to be done to avoid further environmental destruction. As an alternative solution for this problem, FA is used as a replacement material for cement in the mortar. The main objective of this study is to explore the potential use of FA as partial replacement of cement in mortar. The percentage of FA used to replace the cement in this study is 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. Several important tests were conducted to identify main properties of the mortar such as compressive strength, water absorption, density and ultra-pulse velocity. Mortar containing 15% of fly ash has the highest of compression strength which is 35 MPa after 28 days. Besides, the mortar containing 5% of fly ash has the highest result of water absorption test and density test whereas mortar containing 20% of fly ash has the highest value for pulse velocity after 28 days. Thus, mortar containing fly ash has good physical and mechanical properties.
Prediction of Soil Settlement using Numerical Modelling Based on Shear Wave Velocity Measurement
Authors: Bawadi N F , Teoh K C , Mansor A F , Nujid M M , Rahim M A , Anudai@Anuar S
Published: November 2021

The method of Spectral Analysis of Surface Wave (SASW) is a seismic method that consider as a non-destructive geotechnical technique to determine the soil profile based on the shear wave velocity profile by utilizing the dispersive characteristic of Rayleigh wave through the soil medium. The shear wave velocity was found to be directly proportional to the strength of the soil. In this research, SASW measurement had been proposed to predict the soil settlements using numerical modelling. The frequency responses from SASW were acquired for shear wave profile analysis using WinSASW software. Thus, the borehole information which near to the conventional pile method and SASW were taken as the reference of the study. In obtaining the correlated N-value, equation that developed from previous research was used with the reference of N-SPT value. Hence, the correlated N-values were carried forward to obtaining the bearing capacity of foundation. Meanwhile, the numerical modelling has been developed in PLAXIS software in obtaining the soil settlement. The prediction of soil settlements of Site 1, Site 2 and Site 3 that calculated by conventional equation and modelled using PLAXIS were 0.003mm and 0.001mm, 0.002mm and 0.004mm, 0.003mm and 0.004m respectively. Based on the result obtained, this research has shown the potential used of shear wave velocity in the prediction of soil settlement.
Economic Analysis of Thyme (Origanum Syriacum) Production for Smallholder Farmers
Authors: Almansour Baraa Munir , Ali Ghaith Amin
Published: November 2021

Cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants significantly contribute to affordable healthcare and livelihood security. This study aims to investigate the economic analysis of Syrian oregano (Origanum syriacum) production with total area of 1000 m2, depending on some standard economic indicators. The results showed that the annual net profit constitutes 56% of the total annual revenues. Furthermore, the net present value after six years was a positive value, and the index of profitability was 2.71, which confirms the economic viability of this project. The internal rate of return (IRR) reached 90.67%, which is a good number compared to the bank interest rate. Although this project does not occupy large areas, (a small possession 500-2000 m2is sufficient for its establishment), but it is able to achieve guaranteed profits within a short period. Therefore, Thyme cultivation should be expanded by providing small farmers the necessary technical support and drawing their attention to economic efficiency of such project.
Biological Effect of Different Concentrations of Bacillus Thurngensis Isolated From The Soils of Sawa Lake, Al Muthanna Governorate on The of Hypera postica at Different Time Periods
Authors: Al-Fatlawi Meeri Kadhim , Jasim Iktifaa Naeem , AlShammary Nidaa Saud , Alnomani Khudheyer A. A.
Published: November 2021

This study conduct in Al-Muthanna governorate to assess five concentrations of Bacillus thurngensisagonist Hyperapostica. The results showed the presence of Bacillus thurngensisin all the studied sites of Lake Sawa in Muthanna Governorate, and the rates of its presence were close to the same sites, and the rate of its presence in those sites was 35%, and its highest rate was recorded in the north and east of the lake, as it reached 40% and the lowest amounted to 30% in the two sites south and west site. The results of the study showed that five concentrations were taken from bacterial isolates of B. thuringiensisdiffered in the rates of killing larvae, pupae and adults of the insect Hyperapostica in vitro, Where the concentrate 1.7 × 103 spore/ml was characterized by a higher killing ratecompared to the four studied concentrations, the killing rates were (75.750, 71.080, 69.79, 64,361, 49.117 and 42,060)% for the first larval instar, the second larval instar, the third larval instar, the fourth larval instar, and the pupae, respectively, and the lowest killing rate recorded 6.873% at concentration 0.64 × 107after 24 hours of treatment.
Effect of Auxin Spraying and Plant Extracts on Two Cultivars of Bean (Vicia Faba L.)
Authors: Abotlasha Jaber Jassim , Issa Falah Hasan , Al-Burki Fouad Razzaq
Published: November 2021

The field-based experiment was conducted during the 2020 – 2021 cropping season to evaluate the response of two types of bean (Vicia faba L.): Luz De Otono (C1) and Aquadulce (C2 for different spray treatments namely, control (T1), 40mg IAA.L-1 (T2) and 10gm of licorice with yeast.L-1 (T3),. The treatments were assigned to experimental plots following a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D). Each treatment replicated trice time. Means were compared based on least significant differences (LSD) at 0.05 of probability. Plant height, leaves area, chlorophyll, N and K content in leaves were recorded as parameters. Results showed that the Aquadulce variety significantly increased in most studied measurements. T3 was significant and superior compare to other treatments in plant height (68.28cm), leaves the area (51.5dcm2), chlorophyll (23.98 SPAD), N(4.623%), and K(3.120%). Results also indicated that the interaction of C2T3 had a significant increase in plant height(68.95cm), leaves the area (57.0 dcm2), chlorophyll, N(4.88%), and K(2.68%).
Estimation of Population Density and Percentage of Infection with Two Species of Aphids in Wheat Fields in Muthanna Desert For The Season 2020-2021
Authors: Al-Fatlawi Meeri Kadhim , Al Hamadani Alaa Hussein , Kareem Ali Abdulhusien , Alhar Maysaa A.
Published: November 2021

The field study included estimating the population density of two species of aphids belonging to Hemiptera: Aphididae, which infect the wheat crop in the Samawah desert in Muthanna Governorate and included the areas of Al-Salhoubi, Al-Sheikhiya, Al-Rehab, Al-Shawiya, Al-Radmiah and Al-Salman. The study showed the presence of two species, Rhopalosiphium padi L. and Schizaphis graminium.

The results of the field survey of the species R. padi showed that the highest infection rate and number density reached 87.53 insects/leaf during March in the Al-Rehab area and 49.88 insects/leaves during the same month in the Al-Shawiya area, respectively, while the infection rate and the number density of the same species decreased to 19.80% during January in Al-Salman and 17.75 insects/leaves during the same month in Al-Shikiya, respectively. However, S. graminium, found at the highest rate of infection at 49.33% in the Al-Salman area during March, and it decreased to 21% during January, and the highest rate of population density of the same species was 39.22 insects/leaf in Al-Shawiya during March, and the lowest rate was 8.45 insects/leaf in the Salhoubiyeh area during January.

It was noted that the highest rate of infection with R. padi during January and February reached 42 and 59.24%, respectively, in the Al-Rehab area, and the highest rate of population density was recorded during January and February in the Al-Salman area, which reached 25.37 and 39.12 insects/leaf, respectively.
Influence of Different Rates of Seaweed Extract on Chlorophyll Content, Vegetative Growth and Flowering Traits of Gerbera (Gerbera Jamesonii L.) Grown Under The Shade Net House Conditions
Authors: Alhasan Ali Sabah , Aldahab Emad A.M. , Al-Ameri Dalal Tareq
Published: November 2021

The experiment was carried out under the shade net house conditions in a private farm located in Al-Diwaniyah city, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq to investigate the influence of applying different rates of seaweed extract (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 g/L) on different plant growth parameters and flowers production of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii L.) plant. Results showed that there were statistically differences in the levels of seaweed extract that applied as a source of organic fertilizer, and also applying seaweed fertilizer has been increased the agronomic traits and number of flowers produced per plant. It can be concluded that applying of seaweed fertilizer at 3.0 (g/L) had beneficial influenced on the growth and flowering production of gerbera plant grown under the shade net house conditions.
Effect of Silver Nanoparticles in Stimulating Some Active Compounds in Garlic Callus Under Salt Stress, in Vitro
Authors: Al-Taie Ali Abdulkhudhur Ghalib , Aboohanah Mansoor Abed , Issa Falah Hasan
Published: November 2021

This study was conducted in tissue culture laboratory, Faculty of agriculture, University of Kufa in 2020. The experiment included study the effect of two factors: First, different concentrations of Silver nanoparticles(0, 1, and 2 mg.L−1), and second factor : different concentrations of NaCl (0, 25 and 50 mmol.L−1) in Allicin, Di-allyldisulfide and Vinyldithiin content in callus garlic, In vitro. A Completely Randomized Design (C.R.D). Silver nanoparticles showed a significant increase in the active compounds. The concentration (2 mg.L−1) gave highest rate in Allicin, Di-allyldisulfide and Vinyldithiin content (261.36, 529.23 and 309.41μg.g−1 F.W.) respectively. Also, three are significant increased between concentrations of NaCl. The concentration (50 mmol.L−1) gave highest rate in Allicin, Di-allyldisulfide and Vinyldithiin content (250.17, 521.57 and 279.15μg.g−1 F.W.) respectively. While, the interaction tretment (2 mg.L−1 of Silver nanoparticles and 50 mmol.L−1 NaCl) recorded significant increase in Allicin, Di-allyldisulfide and Vinyldithiin content (316.18, 619.06 and 379.39μg.g−1 F.W) respectively.
Enhancement of Growth, Flowering and Corm Freesia Hybrida Plant via Rice Organic Residue Application and Chelated Zinc Spray
Authors: Al-Zurfi Mushtaq T. , Abbass Jamal A. , Al-Bayati Ammar S. , Alhur Ghadeer H. Abd , Hadi Haneen A.
Published: November 2021

A pot trial was conducted to identify the effect of adding rice organic residues (ROR) to the potting soil and spraying chelated zinc (CZn) on the growth, flowering, and corm characteristics of theFreesia hybridaplant. An RCBD experiment was adopted with two factors and three replicates. ROR comprised three levels (0, 4, and 8%), and CZn included three concentrations (0, 20, and 40) mg.L−1. The findings revealed that applying ROR at 8% and spraying CZn at 20 mg.L−1significantly increased leaf number, shoot dry weight, total chlorophyll content in fresh leaves, and total soluble carbohydrate content in dry leaves (6.66 leaves. plant−1, 8.76 g DW, 48.79 mg.100 g−1FW, and 1.50 g DW) respectively. Also, the same treatment combination realized significant results for the number of florets per inflorescence, floret diameter, floret vase life, number of corms per plant, and corm diameter by (12.85 florets. inflorescence−1, 7.03 cm, 8 days, 3.66 corms. plant−1, and 2.33 cm) consecutively. Further, adding ROR at 8% and spraying CZn at 40 mg.L−1significantly increased the number of inflorescences (5.33 inflorescences. plant−1) and inflorescence length (39.10 cm).
The Relationship Between The PIT-1 Gene at The Rate of Daily Milk Production and Some of Its Components in Buffaloes
Authors: Zghairand Zinah Saad , Hassooni Hadi Awad
Published: November 2021

This study was conducted at the College of Agriculture/University of Al-Muthanna for the period between 1/10/2020 until 30/6/2020, 60 buffaloes were used in the experiment with the aim of determining the genotypes and their distribution ratios for the PIT-1 gene. The genotypes were altered (P<0.01), which amounted to 18.52 and 81.48 respectively, and the allelic frequency was 0.10 and 0.90 for each of the two alleles A, B, respectively. Daily milk production and fat percentage were not significantly affected, milk protein percentage was significantly affected (P<0.05) in the eleventh week, reaching a maximum of 3.88±0.28 (BB), as well. Significant differences (P<0.05) were found in the percentage of genetic non-fatty solids in the first week of the study, with a maximum of 23.28 (BB). BB genotype.
Effect of Partial and Total Replacement of Broken Rice Instead Wheat on Some Economic Traits of Laying Hen
Authors: Al-Husseiny Ali Hussein Ahmed , Al-Gharawi Jassim Kassim , Al-Kaaby Hayder Hamed
Published: November 2021

A total of 105 laying hens (ISA Brown), 60 weeks age, were used in the experiment. They were divided into five treatments with three replicates, were as the following T1: without replacement of the rice broken. T2: replaced 25% of the broken rice instead by 75% of the wheat. T3: replaced 50% of the broken rice instead by 75% of the wheat. T4: replaced 75% of the broken rice instead by 25% of the wheat. T5: replaced 100% of the broken rice instead by 0% of the wheat. The best measure of economic profit, the highest net cash income, and the shortest period of capital recovery was in T3 compare with other treatments. All replacement treatments of rice broken instead of wheat in the diet achieved the best economic profit, net cash income, and the shortest period of capital recovery compared to the control treatment.
Chemical Changes The Spent Hen Meat After A Tenderization Process Solution of Sodium Chloride
Authors: Al-Dhalimi Hussain Mohammed , Al-Gharawi Jassim Kassim , Al-Yaseri Ahmed Jawad
Published: November 2021

In this study, the old chicken meat found in the market after slaughtering and cleaning was carried out by the saline application, which was as follows T: the control treatment. T2, T3 and T4 were tenerized spent hen meat with sodium chloride by 10, 20 and 30 g/L water for 12 hours respectively. Results show that the collagen was a significant increase (P≤0.05) in T2, T3, T4 compared with the control of white muscle control and the total concentration of collagen was a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in saline annulus coefficients compared to control of dark muscle. The total concentration of soluble nitrogen was a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in saline-induced salinity coefficients compared with white muscle control. It is also noted that the concentration of protein nitrogen in the white muscle has decreased significantly (P≤0.05) in the coefficients of the antigen compared to the control treatment.
Effect of Follicle Diameter and Culture Medium on The in Vitro Maturation of Sheep Oocytes Using Culture Media Supplemented With Different Concentrations of Sucrose in Local Sheep (Ovis Aries)
Authors: Alsaadoon Ali Abdullah , Atiyah Safaa Sabbar , Shanshoul Nawal Jumaah
Published: November 2021

The current study was conducted in the postgraduate laboratory of the college of Agriculture/University of Al-Muthanna/Department of Animal Production, which aimed to find out the effect of follicle diameter and the culture medium on the percentage of in vitro maturation of sheep oocytes (Ovis Aries). The experiment included in vitro maturation of sheep oocytes aspirated from large, medium and small follicles in different culture media (named A, B and C). In vitro maturation of oocytes was carried out using three culture media that differed only in the concentration of sucrose, which were 0. M, 0.25 M and 0.5 M for A, B and C culture media respectively. The results of the current study showed significant superiority (P ≤ 0.05) of culture medium C than the two media A and B in the percentages of in vitro maturation, which were to 38.0 ± 1.71 %, 27.37±1.47 % and 21.902±0.76 % for C, A and B respectively. The results also indicated significant effect (P ≤ 0.05) of follicle diameter in the percentages of in vitro maturation of sheep oocytes which were 38.0±1.71 %, 29.57±2.06 % and 18.5± 0.27 % for large, medium and small follicles respectively. It could be conclusion from the present study that the follicle diameter and culture medium had a significant effect on the percentage of in vitro maturation of sheep oocytes.
Nutritional and Chemical Compositions of The Desert Truffle (Terfezia Claveryi) in Samawa City of Iraq
Authors: Khlaif Duaa Khalid , Kadum Hana , Abod Noor Sami
Published: November 2021

The present study was conducted to investigate the nutritional and phytochemical composition (amino acids, phenolic compounds) of Terfezia claveryi collected from Samawa city. The macro-Kjeldahl technique was used to determine the crude protein content (N6.25) of the samples. A Soxhlet device was used to determine the crude fat content. The identification of free amino acids and individual phenolic compounds were performed by an amino acid analyzer and High-Performance Liquid chromatography (HPLC). Terfezia claveryi rich in carbohydrates, proteins and low in fat. protein percentage was 17.64%. Terfezia claveryi contain twelve amino acids, nine phenolic compounds, Rutin, Gallic acid, Sinapic acids and Chlorogenic acid were 6479.035, 3737.48, 1263.303, 1151.521 μg/gm identified as the major phenolic compound respectively. The protein content is significantly higher than most vegetables, which can use as a well-balanced diet. Owing to rich amino acids and phenolic profile Terfezia claveryi can be considered as a source of therapeutic agents.