bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tissue Plasminogen Activator as an Adjuvant Therapy for Pleural Empyema in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Ray Theresa L. , Berkenbosch John W. , Russo Pierantonio , Tobias Joseph D.
Published: April 2004

The authors retrospectively review the clinical course and outcome of 6 pediatric patients, ranging in age from 2 to 13 years, who were treated with TPA for complex empyema. Efficacy was assessed by evaluating pleural fluid drainage for 6 hours prior to and subsequent to each dose of TPA, as well as by resolution of fever and length of hospital stay. The average volume drained for 6 hours before infusion of TPA was 22.5 mL ± 18.4 mL, and the average volume 6 hours after TPA therapy was 141.7 mL ± 28.3 mL, P < .0001. After initiation of TPA therapy, 5 out of 6 patients became afebrile within 48 hours. The median length of stay after initiation of TPA therapy was 6 days, with a range from 4 days to 12 days. A discussion of other current therapies for empyema, along with a comparison of these therapies to TPA regarding the costs of therapies and risk-benefit ratios, is also included.
Critical Care Aspects of Lung Transplantation
Authors: Lau Christine L. , Patterson G. Alexander , Palmer Scott M.
Published: April 2004

Lung transplantation currently is the preferred treatment option for a variety of end-stage pulmonary diseases. Remarkable progress has occurred through refinements in technique and improved understanding of transplant immunology and microbiology. As a result, recipients are surviving longer after their transplant. Despite improvements in short-and intermediate-term survival, long-term success with lung transplantation remains limited by chronic allograft rejection, also known as bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Despite its long-term limitations, lung transplantation remains the only hope for many with end-stage pulmonary disease, and during the past 20 years, it has become increasingly accepted and used. As a result, clinicians working in an intensive care unit (ICU) are more likely to be exposed to these patients both in the immediate postoperative period as well as throughout their remaining lives. It is thus important that the ICU team have a working knowledge of the common complications, when these complications are most likely to occur, and how best to treat them when they do arise. The main focus of this review is to address the variety of potential graft and life-threatening problems that may occur in lung transplant recipients. Because the ICU is also the most common setting where a potential donor is identified, donor issues will briefly be addressed.
Comparative Physico-chemical and in Vitro Properties of Fibrillated Collagen Scaffolds from Different Sources
Authors: Shanmugasundaram Natesan , Ravikumar Thangappan , Babu Mary
Published: April 2004

Collagen from different sources was isolated and designed as scaffolds to act as a three-dimensional substrate for culturing human skin fibroblasts, which can be used as dermal substitutes. The thermodynamic behavior of the scaffolds developed was analyzed through Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Analysis by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed the functional groups in the scaffolds and the mechanical stability of various scaffolds was assessed through tensile strength analysis. Human skin fibroblasts were cultured on the developed scaffolds to assess their cellular interaction and behavior, and the morphological characteristics of the cultured fibroblasts were evaluated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The collagen scaffold exhibited unique features when developed from various sources and it was observed that cells could grow and proliferate well and spread as a monolayer in the reconstituted collagen scaffold.
Fresco Fiasco: Narratives of National Identity and the Bruno Schulz Murals of Drogobych
Authors: Powers Denise V.
Published: April 2004

In May 2001, Yad Vashem's removal of portions of a recently unearthed mural painted during World War II by creative artist Bruno Schulz was enormously controversial, not only because of the questionable circumstances in which they were taken, but also because several parties had a legitimate claim to them. This article examines the dispute over the Schulz murals, illustrating how competing narratives of national identity—Polish, Jewish, and Ukranian—have infused the debate with particular intensity. Claims to the murals have been advanced largely on the basis of moral rights, which are grounded—explicitly or implicitly—in each nation's experience of collective suffering and victimhood. While not an exhaustive discussion of all the national dimensions of the debate, it is a starting point for understanding how the interplay of national identities shapes political claims in general, and underpins specifically the debate over the Schulz murals.
Standing Balance and Functional Recovery of Patients with Right and Left Hemiparesis in the Early Stages of Rehabilitation
Authors: Laufer Yocheved , Sivan Dalia , Schwarzmann Rachel , Sprecher Elliot
Published: April 2004

The objective was to determine the effects of the side of brain lesion on recovery of functional abilities and balance control among subjects 2 months following a stroke. There were 104 patients admitted consecutively to a geriatric rehabilitation center following their first stroke to the anterior brain circulation who were followed for 2 months. Fifteen age-matched individuals with no known impairments served as the control group. Functional ability was assessed with the Barthel Index and the Functional Ambulation Category. Posturographic testing was used to determine total sway and symmetry of weight distribution with eyes open and closed. Tests were performed 1 and 2 months poststroke. The results show that lesion side affects the recovery of independent stance 2 months following a stroke, with more patients with right hemiparesis able to reach this milestone. However, no difference was found in functional ability and balance control between patients with left and right hemiparesis who are able to stand independently by 1 month poststroke. Function and mobility improve during the 2nd month of rehabilitation (P = 0.001), but stance unsteadiness and asymmetry do not. The side of brain lesion seems to affect recovery of independent stance with an advantage to patients with right hemiparesis. However, there is no difference between balance control of individuals with left versus right hemiparesis in patients who reach independent stance by the end of the 1st month following their stroke.
Treatment Interventions for the Paretic Upper Limb of Stroke Survivors: A Critical Review
Authors: Barreca Susan , Wolf Steven L. , Fasoli Susan , Bohannon Richard
Published: April 2004

Despite a threefold increase in treatment interventions studies during the past 10 years, “best practice” for the rehabilitation of the paretic upper limb is still unclear. This review aims to lessen uncertainty in the management of the poststroke upper limb. Two separate searches of the scientific literature from 1966-2001 yielded 333 articles. Three referees, using strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, selected 68 relevant references. Cohort studies, randomized control trials, and systematic reviews were critically appraised. Mean randomized control trial quality (n = 33) was 17.1/27 (SD = 5.2, 95% CI = 15.2–19.0, range = 6–26). Mean quality of cohort studies (n = 29) was 11.8/27 (SD = 3.8, 95% CI = 10.4–13.2, range = 4–19). Quantitative syntheses were done using theZ -statistic. This systematic review indicated that sensorimotor training; motor learning training that includes the use of imagery, electrical stimulation alone, or combined with biofeedback; and engaging the client in repetitive, novel tasks can be effective in reducing motor impairment after stroke. Furthermore, careful handling, electrical stimulation, movement with elevation, strapping, and the avoidance of overhead pulleys could effectively reduce or prevent pain in the paretic upper limb. Rehabilitation specialists can use this research synthesis to guide their selection of effective treatment techniques for persons with impairments after stroke.
The Battle of Zborov and the Politics of Commemoration in Czechoslovakia
Authors: Wingfield Nancy M.
Published: April 2004

The Battle of Zborov was the main commemorative site of Czechoslovakia's heroic military cult during the interwar era. The shifting fortunes of its commemoration reveal political attempts to reframe national questions for ideological ends. Zborov was an important symbol, because it was the nexus of the military and diplomatic-political efforts to found the state. The festivities on 2 July provided members of the military with the opportunity to demonstrate their prowess in the name of Zborov and to reassert their role in the creation of Czechoslovakia. The communist coup d'état in February 1948 spelled the end of the Czechoslovak national-military tradition that included Zborov. After 1989, the Battle of Zborov, like other historic events that had been downplayed or ignored under communism, enjoyed renewed interest. The “spirit of Zborov” has not been, however, an important part of a “usable past” in the post-communist Czech Republic or Slovakia, perhaps because it was so intimately associated with the formation of the First Czechoslovak Republic.
Association of Depression with Agitation in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Heeren Oscar , Borin Luda , Raskin Allen , Gruber-Baldini Ann L. , Menon A. Srikumar , Kaup Bruce , Loreck David , Ruskin Paul E. , Zimmerman Sheryl , Magaziner Jay
Published: April 2004

Agitation is a serious problem for elderly individuals with dementia. It is often the major reason for admission to a restrictive environment such as a nursing home or hospital. The objectives of the current study were to (1) identify the components of agitation embedded in the Psychogeriatric Dependency Rating Scale (PGDRS) and (2) find race, gender, depression, and cognitive deficits associated with the factors extracted from the PGDRS in demographic variables and clinical variables. The study sample comprised 2285 subjects who were admitted to 59 nursing homes across Maryland. The factor analysis of the PGDRS confirmed that agitation is made up of a number of different elements ranging from physical and/or verbal aggression to wandering. Correlates of these elements varied, as did possible treatments. For example, physical and/or verbal aggression often accompanied severe depression, suggesting that treating the depression may alleviate this problem. However, wandering and psychotic behavior may be less amenable to existing treatments as these behaviors were associated with severe cognitive impairment. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2003; 16:4-7).
Herbal Products and Other Supplements: Use by Elderly Veterans with Depression and Dementia and Their Caregivers
Authors: Kales Helen C. , Blow Frederic C. , Welsh Deborah E. , Mellow Alan M.
Published: April 2004

The use of herbal products and other “natural” supplements among the US population is on the rise. Limited data suggest that such use among the elderly may correlate with higher education levels as well as psychiatric symptoms. The authors examined herbal/supplement use among elderly veterans with depression and/or dementia (n = 82) and their primarily elderly caregivers (n = 56). Eighteen percent of subjects and 16% of caregivers used herbals/supplements. Seventy-five percent of subjects who used these products during the study period were also taking potentially interacting medications. Given the prior association of herbal/supplement use with higher education levels, a surprising number of elderly veterans with depression and/or dementia (the majority of whom had high school or less education) used these products. As evidenced by missing documentation in many physician notes, subjects may not have discussed their usage of herbals/supplements with their physicians. In light of the possibility of potentially harmful drug interactions, physicians who treat elderly patients should regularly inquire about the use of these products.
The Cardinal of Farringdon Road
Authors: Goodman Geoffrey
Published: April 2004

The BJR's chairman emeritus recalls the man known as "The cardinal of Farringdon Road", who died recently. Writes Goodman: "I knew and admired Hugo Young not only as a superb professional colleague and crucial founding figure in the birth of this magazine, but as a wonderful human being and friend." Young was, Goodman remembers, a wonderful role model for young journalists.
Say Goodnight, Nurse
Authors: Winston Brian
Published: April 2004

Since the arrival of multi-channel television, there has been considerable debate about whether broadcasting still needs to be under the restraint of so much content regulation. Why should broadcast programmes be treated any differently from other forms of media content? Much of the debate has centred round the impartiality regulations, which some also consider will impede broadcasting's ability to deal effectively with changed political realities, while others argue that these are all that prevent broadcasting from becoming as opinion-driven as much of the press. Here two distinguished academics find themselves on opposite sides of the fen...
Propaganda versus Professionalism
Authors: Evans Harold
Published: April 2004

"War correspondents can be heroes - but can they be patriots?" asks the former editor of The Sunday Times and The Times. "Put it another way: is the first duty of the correspondent to truth or to his country?" In an extract from his new book, Evans examines when, if ever, if it permissible for newsmen to "take sides" when reporting armed conflicts around the world. His conclusion: "One's first duty is to humanity, and there are exceptional occasions when that duty overrides the canons of any profession."
Looking and Feeding in the People’s Republic of China
Authors: Hughes Alex
Published: April 2004

This article deals with French travel texts concerned with China and published in the mid-twentieth century, at a moment when the PRC was opening up to the West and was the object of a proliferation of narratives produced by French ideological tourists bent on celebrating the merits of the Maoist regime. It positions the authors of the texts in question, René Étiemble and Jules Roy, not as typical voyageurs idéologiques but rather as travellers driven by a desire to extract from China a form of sustenance that is finally withheld, and examines the effect on their travellers’ tales of the PRC’s refusal of various sorts of gratification. More broadly, it contributes to investigations of the particular variant of culture-contact that has obtained between France and China in the twentieth century and after.
Entrée des Harkis dans L’Histoire de France?
Authors: Enjelvin Géraldine D.
Published: April 2004

Since the beginning of the 1990s, France has attempted to deal with both the ‘syndrome de Vichy’ (Rousso, 1987) and the ‘syndrome de l’Algérie’ (Horne, 2001) so as to reconcile differences between official historio-graphy, individual/group memories and collective memory. This paper focuses on selected monuments (such as the December 2002 French memorial to the Algerian war), commemorations (such as the September 2001 Day of National Homage to the Harkis) and especially Jacques Chirac’s presidential speeches (since 1995) with a view to analysing how these official verbal and symbolic measures have endeavoured to foster not only national reconciliation but also the historicisation of the Vichy years and the Algerian war in general and that of the plight of the Harkis in particular.
From Alchemy to Artificial Intelligence: Stereotypes of the Scientist in Western Literature
Authors: Haynes Roslynn
Published: April 2004

Throughout Western culture, the master narrative of the scientist is of an evil and dangerous man. This simplification underlying contemporary mythology of knowledge arises from fear of the power and change that science entails, leaving many people feeling confused and disempowered. It reemerges in the media, most often under the name of “Frankenstein, ” with any new discovery that appears to threaten social equilibrium. This is not a new phenomenon. From medieval stories about alchemists to films about computer hackers, good scientists are in the minority, and the number of recurring stereotypes is small. Seven are identified: the evil alchemist; the noble scientist as hero or savior of society; the foolish scientist, whether the gullible, seventeenth-century virtuoso or the absent-minded professor; the inhuman researcher of romanticism; the scientist as adventurer, transcending boundaries of space and time; the mad, bad, dangerous scientist, unscrupulous in the exercise of power; and the helpless scientist, unable to control the outcome of his or her work. These archetypes offer writers and filmmakers a convenient shorthand, a matrix in which to slot contemporary scientists and their projects, simplifying the issues. Like all myths, they appear simple but represent complex ideas and suppressed fears, which transcend time, place, and race.
God’s Formula and Devil’s Contribution: Science in the Press
Authors: Schnabel Ulrich
Published: April 2004

Scientists often complain, that journalists do not describe the “real” scientific work, but rather present an exaggerated—often alarmistic—negative image of science. But the contrary is also true: There is a tendency in the press to report about science in a very positive, even ecstatic way. In fact, there are two types of exaggeration: Scientists are either described as heroic figures, that bring “God’s formula” down to earth. Or they are portrayed as some form of fallen angel, whose science has turned into something evil and frightening—which is the devil’s contribution to the story of scientific glory. But this is not a unique feature of science-journalism; popular articles often carry an emotional message to attract attention. While politicians know (and use) this knowledge for a long time, it seems especially hard for scientists to accept it. But in order to make Public Understanding of Science successful, scientists should try to understand the laws and mechanisms of journalism. Recommendations as the Guidelines of the Royal Society can be helpful.
Lay Experts and the Politics of Breast Implants
Authors: Kent Julie
Published: April 2004

This paper discusses the controversy around breast implants in the United States and Europe. It focuses on the emergence of consumer and support groups for women and offers an analysis of the role they have played in recent policy developments in UK and Europe. The politics of breast implants is seen as a politics of knowledge in which scientific expertise has consistently been deployed in ways that minimize the credibility and legitimacy of women’s accounts of their bodies and illness experiences. These women have been doubly disadvantaged in a policy debate that turns on scientific controversy and uncertainty. This implies a gendered dynamic to the changing relations of knowledge and expertise. The paper contributes to an understanding of the relations between regulators, manufacturers, users, and clinicians in the global medical device industry and to wider debates around the public understanding of science.
Bibliography
Authors: Evans William
Published: April 2004

Here is our bibliography of recent scholarly publications on (1) public attitudes regarding science and technology, (2) the role of mass and interactive media in science, health, and risk communication, and (3) science and technology museums, zoos, and natural history centers. In addition, this bibliography aims to guide readers to relevant bibliographic resources available via the Internet. We welcome comments, and hope that readers will call our attention to materials that appear outside of the mainstream of journals in science communication, science studies, mass communication, health communication, and risk communication.
Protective Isolation in Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplants: A Review of the Literature and Single Institution Experience
Authors: Dadd Gaye , McMinn Peter , Monterosso Leanne
Published: April 2004

Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, is a pediatric bone marrow transplant center. This center has both laminar flow and HEPA- (high-efficiency particulate air-)filtered rooms for children under-going allogeneic and autologous transplantation. HEPA-filtered rooms on negative pressure are used to nurse oncology children with infectious diseases. Over the winter months of 2001, there was an increased demand for single rooms for children with infectious diseases. Over the same period, a number of transplants were planned. Consequently, to guide practice decisions, a review of the literature and a survey of nursing practice in Australian and North American pediatric oncology units were undertaken. Findings showed that protective isolation measures such as positive-pressure single rooms, low microbial diets, and strict hand washing should be used only for children requiring allogeneic transplants. Use of other isolation measures were found to be of no added value for transplantation. As autologous transplants are increasingly performed in outpatient clinics, these children should not require the same level of protective isolation.
Insuflon Versus Subcutaneous Injection for Cytokine Administration in Children and Adolescents: A Randomized Crossover Study
Authors: Dyer Susan L. , Collins Carmel T. , Baghurst Peter , Saxon Ben , Meachan Brooke
Published: April 2004

Pain is a frequent complication of subcutaneous cytokine injections in children. A randomized crossover trial was conducted to determine the least painful and preferred method of cytokine administration for children and young people. The current standard practice of subcutaneous injection was compared with the use of Insuflon (Maersk Medical, Roskilde, Denmark), a subcutaneous indwelling catheter. Children aged between 1 month and 18 years undergoing treatment within the oncology/hematology unit of a single tertiary hospital and receiving cytokines were eligible for the study. Twenty children participated in the study, each child receiving both administration methods in random order during sequential cytokine treatment courses. There was a trend toward higher pain scores when using subcutaneous injections for drug administration compared to Insuflon. Seventy-five percent (n = 15) of the children who completed the trial and their families preferred using Insuflon for subcutaneous drug administration. Consideration needs to be given, however, to those who refused to enter the study, withdrew, or continued because of a preference for subcutaneous injections. Current practice at the Women’s and Children’s Hospital is to allow the child and parents to choose their preferred treatment modality for subcutaneous drug administration.
Adventure Therapy: A Mental Health Promotion Strategy in Pediatric Oncology
Authors: Epstein Iris
Published: April 2004

In adventure therapy (AT), health professionals and adolescents with cancer come together to explore the wilderness of nature. One goal of this therapy is to encourage the adolescents to enhance their self-concept as part of an overall physical, cognitive, emotional or spiritual, social and psychological, or developmental rehabilitation that promotes health. The adolescents with cancer who participate in AT also learn about themselves through self-evaluation, self-exploration, self-reevaluation, self-acceptance, and self-realization. Mental health promotion (MHP) is considered a perspective and a strategy to promote health. An AT experience could be an example of an MHP initiative in which nurses can take a leadership role in participating, and further investigating, the health effects of AT on adolescents with cancer.
The Adolescent/Young Adult Experience
Authors: Haase Joan E. , Phillips Celeste R.
Published: April 2004

Adolescents and young adults with cancer (AYA) have strikingly poorer outcomes when compared to younger or older patients. Contributing reasons include low rates of enrollment in clinical trials and the “invisibility” of the AYA perspectives in research reports. We recommend a shift in research perspectives away from function-based studies that focus on morbidity and mortality outcomes to meaning-based models that will very likely rely upon qualitative methods and findings as the basis for developing psychosocial interventions that are sensitive to the AYA cancer experience. In addition, research on positive health concepts such as hope, spirituality, and positive coping are recommended as a way to learn about the effective strategies used by AYA to adjust to the cancer experience.
A Model of Care for Childhood Cancer Survivors That Facilitates Research
Authors: Hudson Melissa M. , Hester Allison , Sweeney Teresa , Kippenbrock Sarah , Majcina Ryan , Vear Susan , Wiard Sally , Kaplan Stuart
Published: April 2004

The majority of children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer will achieve long-term survival after contemporary therapy. Consequent to this success are challenges inherent in coordinating lifelong health care for a group predisposed to a variety of cancer-related complications. With increasing numbers of aging adult survivors of childhood cancer, clinicians now face the additional challenge of studying delayed effects of childhood cancer in the context of organ senescence. Clinicians must also address the transition of survivor health care from the pediatric oncology setting to the adult community. Salient issues influencing health care of long-term childhood cancer survivors are summarized, and a model for monitoring late treatment effects used at a pediatric cancer facility is presented. This model is remarkable for its ability to enhance optimal delivery of long-term survivor care, facilitate the transition of survivor care from the pediatric treatment center to community providers, and support investigations of late cancer-related morbidity and mortality.
Improvement of the Design Process through Knowledge Capitalization: an Approach by Know-how Mapping
Authors: Renaud Jean , Lefebvre Arnaud , Fonteix Christian
Published: April 2004

The remark most often made about knowledge capitalization is that the tools and approaches used take a long time to implement. Today, time is of the essence and products have to be designed rapidly with simple, less determinist tools that are not only more communicative and operational but also favor collective rather than individual learning. For a number of years we have focused on designing a generic method of knowledge capitalization that would contribute to shortening the time needed to design products. We integrated three steps in our approach: identification and extraction of knowledge, modeling, and validating. We tested this approach from five different points of view which enabled us to build five specific approaches. This paper presents one of these approaches, based on the point of view of an expert in manufacturing. At each phase of the approach we propose tools and models for knowledge capitalization.
Integrated Product and Process Modeling for Collaborative Design Environment
Authors: Nahm Yoon-Eui , Ishikawa Haruo
Published: April 2004

Concurrent engineering (CE) has been widely accepted as an effective engineering practice for decreasing product development time, improving quality, decreasing manufacturing costs, and improving customer satisfaction. Since CE philosophy is intended to consider all elements of product life cycle from the outset, CE approach increases the complexity of design problem and makes it more difficult to manage. In addition, the advances in computer networks and information technology have brought engineering design into a new era. Although a considerable number of studies have been made on design decomposition (e.g., product and process (or perspective) decomposition) as a means to reduce the complexity of a large scale design problem, relatively little attention has been given to the computational framework for dynamic and systematic design integration in a computer network-oriented design environment. This paper describes an integrated product and process modeling (IPPM) framework for collaborative product design through the Internet. Here, the hierarchical and heterarchical dependencies between the decomposed smaller design problems are addressed. An agent-based approach is proposed for the computer support of hierarchical and heterarchical design topologies. In our framework, a smaller design problem is dynamically modeled in terms of interacting and pluggable design agents that represent a specific aspect of the design problem and provide the interoperability between heterogeneous design agents or software applications, and the results of these smaller problems are recursively integrated to formulate solutions to the larger problems in a systematic manner. Finally, the proposed framework forms a global design network through which a number of design possibilities are explored.
Mindfulness Training for Teachers: A Pilot Program
Authors: Napoli Maria
Published: April 2004

This article discusses the results of three elementary school teachers’ feedback from a mindfulness-training program. Mindfulness is the ability to pay attention to what’s happening now without judgment. The training consisted of breathwork, bodyscan, movement, and sensorimotor activities. Results of interviews with the teachers revealed that teachers used the mindfulness skills to (a) aid in curriculum development and implementation, (b) deal with conflict and anxiety, (c) improve the quality of their personal lives, and (d) facilitate positive changes in the classroom.
Physical Activity and Health: Becoming Mainstream
Authors: Stone William J.
Published: April 2004

Complementary health practices and physical activity share some common origins. In the early stages of development, neither was widely practiced or recognized as a valuable contributor to health. Systematic research on physical activity and health began in the 1950s, focusing on occupational exertion. That work was criticized as methodologically flawed, leading in time to more controlled research, longitudinal studies, and the adoption of an exercise epidemiology model. In 1996, the Surgeon General’s Report on Physical Activity and Health clearly documented that physical activity reduced morbidity and mortality. Physical activity had become part of mainstream health and medicine. In 2002, the White House Commission on Complementary and Alternative Medicine Policy suggested ways of strengthening the growing body of evidence that supports a number of complementary health practices. With improved methodology, complementary health practices researchers can provide stronger documentation of the beneficial impact of those practices on health.
Patient Motivations for Using Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Authors: Testerman John K. , Morton Kelly R. , Mason Rachel A. , Ronan Ann M.
Published: April 2004

Although use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is widespread, the underlying reasons patients choose CAM are not clearly understood. Several explanatory models have been suggested, including desire for personal control, compatibility with holistic beliefs, and dissatisfaction with conventional care. Methods: The relationship between CAM use and health functional status, desire for personal control over health, holistic beliefs, spirituality, and patient satisfaction were assessed in a mailed survey of 230 family practice outpatients using validated, multi-item measures. Patients with osteoarthritis, depression, or both were compared to healthy patients. Results: Holistic health beliefs, higher spirituality scores, and lower health functional status were predictive of more CAM use. Personal control over health and satisfaction with physicians were not. Conclusion: Patients use CAM when it is consistent with their worldview and conventional care is not relieving their symptoms.
The Evolution of Family Studies Research
Authors: Emery Beth C. , Lloyd Sally A.
Published: April 2004

This article reviews the emerging methodological, theoretical, and topical trends in the field of family studies across the 20th century. We discuss transitions in the definitions and methods of studying families and analyze the changes in marriage and intimate partnerships, parent‐child relationships, and the social ecology of the family. These general topics include issues such as marital satisfaction, violence, the social construction of gender, the interface of family and work, conceptualizations of parenting roles and socialization processes, poverty, diversity, and multiculturalism.
An Overview of the Theses and Dissertations Completed in Family and Consumer Sciences: 2000
Authors: Smith Terra L. , Barron‐Krog Jennifer
Published: April 2004

This article summarizes the 635 titles of theses and dissertations completed in family and consumer sciences in colleges and universities from all four regions of the United States in 2000. The tables represent the information by reporting institution and by subject matter.
Anthropometrics, Bone Mineral Density, and Dietary Intake in a Group of Young Adult Females
Authors: Beiseigel Jeannemarie M. , Nickols‐Richardson Sharon M.
Published: April 2004

Associations between anthropometric, body composition, and dietary intake and measures of bone mineral density (BMD) in young‐adult females were explored. Positive associations were found between body weight and TB (p < .05), lumbar spine (LS) (L2‐L4, p < .01), and total proximal femur (TPF) BMD (p < .0001); body mass index and LS (p < .05), TPF (p < .0001), and total forearm BMD (p < .01); FFST mass and TB (p < .001), LS (p < .01), and TPF BMD (p <.0001), and fat mass and LS (p < .05) and TPF BMD (p < .01). LS BMD had negative associations with protein, magnesium, and iron intake (all p < .05). Average vitamin D intake had a positive association with ultradistal forearm BMD (p < .01). Findings support the positive influence of body weight and soft‐tissue mass on BMD in young adult females.
Factors Influencing the Likelihood of Leaving Self‐Employment in Korea
Authors: Kim Sung‐Hee , Sharpe Deanna L. , Kim Hye‐Yeon
Published: April 2004

Self‐employed business owners in Korea are likely to be male with at least a high school education and no young children in the home. Evidence is that businesses of the self‐employed in Korea are small, primarily focused on sales and trade, and financially vulnerable. Willingness to leave self‐ employment is less likely for those who are male, enjoy work, have high household expenditures, are satisfied with the work of the business, and are optimistic about the future potential of their business.
Family Diversity in 50 Years of Storybook Images of Family Life
Authors: Rodman Nancy M. , Hildreth Gladys J.
Published: April 2004

Storybooks are cultural artifacts and part of children's normative socialization. Content analysis of the 100‐book sample of picture storybooks about daily family life published between 1943 and 1993 revealed no significant differences among time periods in frequency of appearance of different family types nor of different ethnicities. The dominant family images portrayed across 50 years and in each time period were the traditional nuclear and the Caucasian family. The diversity in families of real children should be reflected in fictional picture storybooks about family life.
Gender Differences in Use of Alternative Full‐Time Work Arrangements by Married Workers
Authors: Sharpe Deanna L. , Hermsen Joan M. , Billings Jodi
Published: April 2004

Many firms now offer alternative work arrangements to help full‐time employees resolve time conflicts between work and family. The 1997 Current Population Survey supplement on work schedules is used to investigate gender differences in personal, family, and work factors associated with flextime use among married full‐time workers. Data collected from a local firm are also used to explore gender differences in flextime and other alternative work arrangements, the reasons behind these choices, and the degree of satisfaction workers have with such schedules. Some gender differences are found in the determinants of flextime use as well as in the reasons employees give for using other alternative work arrangements. Women are more likely to use alternative work schedules to reduce work‐family conflict, whereas men are more likely to use them to enhance personal productivity.
Promoting Female Weight Management in 1920s Print Media: an Analysis ofLadies' Home JournalandVogueMagazines
Authors: Fangman Tamara D. , Ogle Jennifer Paff , Bickle Marianne C. , Rouner Donna
Published: April 2004

This study explored if and how editorial and advertising content published in 1920s women's magazines promoted the thin female body ideal of that time. The work was guided by symbolic convergence theory, which suggests that rhetorical visions within the media contribute to audience perceptions of social reality.Ladies' Home JournalandVoguewere selected for analysis. Qualitative content analysis revealed three overarching rhetorical visions concerning female weight management. Through these visions, advertisement and editorial content achieved the rhetorical aims of promoting external and internal means of body control; constructing weight loss as readily achievable, safe, and valuable; and constructing body size as indicative of youthfulness, beauty, and fashionability. The role of visual images in supporting these rhetorical visions is discussed, and findings are situated within their social context. In addition, the relevance of the findings to the recurring popularity of the slim female ideal in the 20th century is explored.
Leisure Time: Do Married and Single Individuals Spend It Differently?
Authors: Lee Yoon G. , Bhargava Vibha
Published: April 2004

Using data from the 1998–1999 Family Interaction, Social Capital, and Trends in Time Use Study, the authors estimated the time use of 1,151 respondents on various leisure activities (e.g., active leisure, passive leisure, and social entertainment). Onaverage, the most time was spent on active sports (12 minutes) in the active leisure category, TVuse (119 minutes) in the passive leisure category, and socializing with people (27 minutes) in the social entertainment category. Single individuals spent more time playing musical instruments, singing, acting, and dancing than married individuals. Single individuals also spent more time listening to the radio, watching TV, socializing with people, going to bars/lounges, and traveling for social activities than married individuals. Married individuals spent significantly less time for leisure activities than did single individuals. Among the sociodemographic factors, income, employment status, age, gender, and race of respondents were significant determinants of their time use for leisure.
Making the Paradigm Shift: Enhancing Communication for Clients With Alzheimer’s Disease Using a Client-Centered Approach
Authors: Romano Donna M.
Published: April 2004

Dementia has become a leading health concern as the population ages, with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) being the most common cause of dementia. Despite the changes that may occur in individuals with AD, they continue to be social beings in need of communicating. Client-centered care and the impact it has on enhancing communication for individuals withADis an emerging issue. In this article, strategies aimed at enhancing communication for clients in the early stage of AD will be explored.
Assessment of Depression and Cognitive Impairment Among Elders in Rural Housing Facilities
Authors: Fisher Kathleen , Shumaker Linda
Published: April 2004

BACKGROUND: Psychiatric disorders are estimated to be 50% higher among elder public housing residents than among the general elderly population. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to assess for depression and cognitive impairment among rural elders in public housing. STUDY DESIGN: Assessments with 20 rural elders were completed using the PRIMEMD, Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression Scale (CES-D), the MedicalOutcomes Study–12-Item Short Form (SF-12), andMini-Mental State Exam. Data were analyzed using SYSTAT software. RESULTS: Major depression (25%,n = 5), minor depression (10%,n = 2), and cognitive impairment (25%,n = 5) were identified in this sample. Using the CES-D, depressive symptoms were reported by 50% of seniors in the previous week. Comparative analysis of instruments showed strong correlations for assessing for depression in this elderly sample. CONCLUSIONS:Because depression and cognitive impairment can often herald nursing home placements, nurses need to assess this at-risk population. The instruments used are reliable and can easily be used by nurses in clinical practice. Nursing case management including assessment, referrals, identification of community services, and patient and family education are critical to address these underrecognized disorders.
Suicide and Other Risk Monitoring in Inpatient Psychiatry
Authors: Temkin Ted M. , Crotty Margaret
Published: April 2004

This article describes the development and implementation of a new tool for suicide and other monitoring for inpatient psychiatry. The tool provides a telemetry-like representation of the patient’s risk based on clinical observations of his or her behavior during and across shifts. The tool represents an increase in the sophistication of the information collected for patients on suicide and other precautions. A variation of the tool is adapted to monitoring lower risk patients at less frequent time intervals. This allows for consistency of conceptualization and documentation about risk and consequently fits into an overall documentation approach for psychiatric inpatient care. The limitations of the previously used monitoring tool and procedures previously used are described. Potential application of the tool to nonpsychiatric medical settings is briefly discussed.
Informatics Competencies: Essential for Psychiatric Nursing Practice
Authors: Repique Renee John R.
Published: April 2004

Computers and information technologies (IT) are rapidly changing health care. At present, health care settings are becoming more sophisticated and technologically driven. As psychiatric nurses are faced with the challenge of acquiring computer knowledge and skills in order to effectively practice, informatics competencies are essential to this acquisition. In this article, the importance of informatics knowledge and skills to the contemporary practice of psychiatric nursing is discussed, and informatics competencies deemed relevant to psychiatric nursing practice at the generalist level are presented.
The Instructor as Stagehand
Authors: Blokzijl Wim , Naeff Roos
Published: April 2004

In this article, the authors present the results of a survey of students at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands concerning the students’ opinions about how PowerPoint should be used in university lectures. The most important outcome of the survey is that a vast majority of the respondents prefer a modest layout. Most students dislike sounds and animations in a slide show. Another outcome, however, is that audiences may be inclined to evaluate as positive any feature they were exposed to. Still, this apparent compliance does not mean that speakers can do whatever they like. Audience preferences do affect their evaluation of a lecture, and thus instructors should, as always, keep their audience in mind when they choose to use PowerPoint.
The Effectiveness of Thermal Insulation in Different Types of Buildings in Hot Climates
Authors: Al-Homoud Mohammad S.
Published: April 2004

Buildings are large consumers of energy in all countries. In harsh climatic conditions, a substantial share of energy goes to the air-conditioning of buildings. This air-conditioning load can be reduced through many means; notable among them is the proper design and selection of building envelope and its components.

The use of thermal insulation in building walls and roof does not only contribute in reducing the required air-conditioning system size but also in reducing the annual energy cost. Additionally, it helps in extending the periods of thermal comfort without reliance on mechanical air-conditioning especially during interseasons periods. Therefore, proper use of thermal insulation in buildings enhances thermal comfort at less operating cost. However, the magnitude of energy savings as a result of using thermal insulation vary according to the building type, the climatic conditions at which the building is located as well as the type, thickness, and location of the insulating material used. The question now is no longer should insulation be used but rather which type and how much.

The objective of this paper is to address the impact of building envelope thermal design on the effectiveness of thermal performance of buildings in hot climates. It emphasizes the role of proper material selection in achieving the desired objectives as a function of building type and climatic conditions.
The Urban Ethos
Authors: Bæck Unn Doris
Published: April 2004

The purpose of this article is to study adolescents’ attitudes to rural living in relation to a dominant urban ethos.The question is raised whether processes of urbanization and individualization have left ‘place’ with a less important frame of reference than before. Are young people from the provinces nowdrawn towards the same values as city youth? If this is true, it is consistent with sociological theories about central developmental traits of our time,but in opposition to common assumptions among Norwegian researchers concerning special characteristics of growing up in local communities, especially in north Norway. The empirical analyses demonstrate that groups of pupils relate to these questions along different dimensions. District pupils have a more negative outlook on where they live and on settling there than do city pupils. Irrespective of geographical background, youth express similar preferences in relation to their home place. This leads to a discussion about the diminishing significance of place for the orientations of the modern individual. Even though local attachment and local identity may still be valid concepts, many young people today express values and preferences that are attached to urban settings, which indicates the existence of what I call an urban ethos.
Runaway or Thrown Out?
Authors: Sjöblom Yvonne
Published: April 2004

The purpose of this article is to present a case study of one teenager’s story of leaving home. The point of analysing this particular narrative is to gain more knowledge and understanding of how young people present and account for such a dramatic event as running away from home or being thrown out. A further aim is to see how social services’ efforts are reflected in the narratives. I intend in the article to focus on three issues. How does this young person present himself in his narrative? How is the situation in itself (being thrown out/running away) represented? In what light do the social services appear? The empirical material underlying this article consists of two studies treating the subject of running away from home/being thrown out:one from the youth and the parent perspectives (Sjöblom,1995) and one from a social services point of view (Sjöblom, 2002). The article discusses the importance and consequences for these adolescents in their development towards adulthood and the lack of a young people’s perspective and emphasis on the sanctity of the family within the social services.Social services dominated by a family perspective with the aim of reintegrating adolescents into an often dysfunctional family appear in a mainly controlling and disciplinary role, where the young people’s individual survival strategies are not given enough attention or taken seriously.