bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subjective Evaluation of Audio Equipment
Authors: Farrimond T.
Published: September 2011

A typical domestic quality tape-recorder was used to provide a sound which could act as an acoustic reference. The sound of music played by this tape-recorder was recorded acoustically to provide a signal source which could then be used for further tests. This recording was played back through the two amplifiers under test, first A (solid state) and then B (tube). 22 subjects compared the sound of the standard with the sound via A and B. This was repeated reversing the order to B, A, until six alternate paired presentations had been given. Subjects were not told which amplifier they were hearing except that it was A or B. Of the subjects 63% considered that the tube amplifier produced a sound closer to the original, even though its laboratory specification was inferior to that of the solid state amplifier. This finding is regarded as predictable in terms of Békésy's inhibitory theory.
Role of Method of Stimulus Presentation in Research on Recognition of Facial Affect
Authors: McCown William George , Dewolfe Alan , Shack John , Maier Richard
Published: September 2011

Previous research regarding recognition of facial affect and personality variables has produced apparently contradictory findings. One reason for these inconsistencies may be varieties of experimental methods employed by different researchers. To investigate this possibility, the relation between three personality variables, Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism, and accuracy in recognition of facial affect was examined with three methods of stimulus presentation: slide presentation, photographic display, and tachistoscopic administration. The nontachistoscopic methods correlated moderately and positively. Extraversion correlated positively with the ability to recognize facial expression with the nontachistoscopic methods. Psychoticism correlated negatively with correct affect recognition, although only for tachistoscopic presentation. Neuroticism did not correlate with recognition of facial affect using any of the methods. Possible explanations and limitations are discussed.
Comparison of Two Tests of Visual-Motor Development Used to Assess Children with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Palisano Robert J. , Dichter Carol G.
Published: September 2011

To examine the validity and sensitivity of the Test of Visual-motor Skills and the Developmental Test of Visual-motor Integration, 38 students with learning disabilities were administered each test twice over a 6-mo. period. Correlations between age-equivalents, percentile ranks, and z-scores ranged from .58 to .71, supporting the construct validity of the Test of Visual-motor Skills. However, mean scores on the Developmental Test of Visual-motor Integration were significantly higher with all three methods of reporting test results and do not support concurrent validity. Subjects made a significantly greater mean change in age-equivalent score on the Test of Visual-motor Skills, suggesting that this score is preferable for measuring change in children receiving remedial programs for visual-motor dysfunction.
Psychological Differentiation and Schizotypal Traits: Negative Results with the Group Embedded Figures Test
Authors: Schuldberg David , London Alan
Published: September 2011

Research on psychological differentiation and psychopathology has indicated that both extremes of differentiation are found in clinical populations. Previous research found that subjects with over-ideational or delusional symptomatology are likely to be field-independent. It was predicted that college students with high scores on measures of Perceptual Aberration and Magical Ideation, particularly those also high on Impulsive Nonconformity, would receive higher scores than control subjects on the Group Embedded Figures Test, a measure of differentiation. It was also predicted that subjects receiving high scores on Physical Anhedonia would show lower differentiation than controls. The results did not support these predictions, calling into question the relevance of the field dependence/independence construct to schizotypal symptoms. Findings are also discussed in terms of the possible heterogeneity of the Perceptual Aberration and Magical Ideation groups, restriction of range in samples of nonclinical subjects with schizotypal experiences, and problems in the measurement of cognitive style.
Developmental Study of the Effect of Dimensionality and Presentation Mode on Original Thinking of Children
Authors: Tegano Deborah W. , Moran James D.
Published: September 2011

A sample of 188 children in three age groups, preschool, first and third grades, were administered the Patterns Task of the Multidimensional Stimulus Fluency Measure in four test conditions. The conditions systematically varied dimension (three or two) and presentation mode (handling or nonhandling). The fluency measure assessed ideational fluency, popular and original responses, as a measure of creative potential in young children. Analysis showed that dimensionality does not play a major role in the generation of original responses for any grade. However, handling 3-dimensional or 2-dimensional stimuli did appear to facilitate original thinking in preschool children. The use of 2-dimensional photographs which depict dimensionality appeared to compensate for the need to have 3-dimensional stimuli.
Dichotic Listening in Children with Serious Language Problems
Authors: Bø Ola , Hugdahl Kenneth , Marklund Eivor
Published: September 2011

20 children with serious language problems (mainly expressive) were tested with the Dichotic Listening (DL) test for language laterality. 16 were right-handed and 4 left-handed. The dichotic test consisted of series of pairwise presentations of CVC-syllables with “target-syllables” that should be detected interspersed among “distractors.” The child pointed to a sheet of paper on which a picture representing the targets (and distractors) was printed. In addition, the children were tested on several expressive and impressive language tests and on finger-tapping. Analysis showed an increased frequency of subjects with a left-ear advantage (LEA) and a reduced amplitude of the right-ear advantage (REA) for those subjects showing a right-ear advantage. Correlations with the language variables and with finger-tapping are presented and discussed.
Referred Children's Cognitive Patterns on the WISC—R
Authors: Grossman Fred M. , Galvin Gloria A.
Published: September 2011

A variety of theoretically and clinically derived WISC—R subtest regroupings have been proposed to provide clinicians with alternative methods by which to interpret children's individual cognitive profiles. The present study was conducted to examine selected subtest groupings for a sample of 105 children referred for psychological evaluation because classroom learning problems were suspected. The statistical analyses used were repeated-measures analysis of variance for comparison across a set of four subtest regroupings proposed by Bannatyne in 1974 and dependent t tests for comparisons of several dichotomous sets of subtest regroupings proposed by Kaufman in 1979. A number of significant cognitive pattern differences with these referred children showed marked similarity to learning disabled and conduct-problem children. Implications and suggestions for research are provided.
Attitude toward Physical Education and Self-Concepts of Asthmatic and Nonasthmatic Children Taught by Physical Education Specialists
Authors: Routon J. Randy , Sherrill Claudine
Published: September 2011

50 asthmatic and 741 nonasthmatic children in Grades 4 to 6 were compared on attitudes toward physical education and self-concept. Data were collected using the Children's Attitude Inventory Toward Physical Education, a paired-comparison inventory for indicating preferences among 10 school subjects, and the Children's Self-concept Scale. Analysis of variance and χ2 indicated no significant differences between asthmatic and nonasthmatic children on the three measures.
Attention and the Müller-Lyer Illusion: Simulation of an Experiment by Larsen and Garn
Authors: Pressey Alexander W. , Kersten Bernd
Published: September 2011

An assimilation theory of visual distortion which emphasizes the role of attention was used to explain results obtained by Larsen and Garn (1988). A computer simulation of their experiment showed a close relationship ( r = .81) between obtained and predicted patterns of results in Müller-Lyer configurations. It was deemed unnecessary to postulate a separate effect in which fins of Müller-Lyer figures interfere with the ability to make a veridical comparison between shafts.
Wechsler Digit Span Subtest: Diagnostic Usefulness with Dyslexic Children
Authors: Spafford Carol S.
Published: September 2011

The current study supports Levinson's contention (1988) that the diagnosis of dyslexia cannot be based solely on neurophysiological evidence but must be made in conjunction with reading and educational test scores. Contrary to much current research, in the present study specific WISC—R profiles are identified within a stringently defined subgroup of 57 9- to 12-yr.-old dyslexic children. Well-defined subtest scatter can differentiate dyslexics from proficient readers. In particular, the Digit Span subtest, which is not routinely administered by psychologists or included in computing Verbal IQ, can be considered an important component of a diagnostic battery. Unexpectedly, Coding emerged with Digit Span as a third factor in a principal component analysis; statistically significant sex differences appeared on the Coding task. Findings appear to confirm the phonological encoding deficiencies displayed by dyslexics on the Digit Span subtest. This study strongly supports consideration of WISC—R subtest differences, along with correlated factors, neurophysiological and perceptual evidence, when diagnosing dyslexic children. Cross-validation is planned.
Do Redundant Visual and Auditory Target Variables Facilitate Control Behavior?
Authors: McCord David M.
Published: September 2011

The compensatory tracking paradigm has been used extensively in pioneering work on Control Theory, a cybernetic model of behavior. In most studies subjects have been asked to control or maintain at a steady state a single variable or aspect of the stimulus display. The present study utilized three groups of subjects, comparing their performance effectiveness in controlling: (1) a visual stimulus (cursor) versus (2) an auditory stimulus (tone) versus (3) a combined, redundant-cue condition employing both cursor and tone. Freshman volunteers responded to a computer display using a joystick controller; their task was to keep stationary a stimulus that was subject to a smoothed, quasirandom disturbance. Contrary to predictions, subjects in the cursor-alone group performed more effectively than subjects in the combined cursor-tone group. While speculative interpretations are offered, further research is needed to clarify these results.
The Old English Rune Poem: Elements of Mnemonics and Psychoneurological Beliefs
Authors: Bradley Daniel J.
Published: September 2011

Some rune verses are, apparently, thematically derived from Chinese Radical sequences. The 33 runes are, like the Sanskrit letters, mnemonically valenced and formally associated with the nervous system.
Visual-Motor Ability of Children with Articulation Disorders
Authors: Carroll James L. , Fuller Gerald B. , Lindley Katherine E.
Published: September 2011

The present study was done to assess differences between children with diagnosed functional articulation disorders and a control group on the variable of visual-motor ability. A group of 34 elementary children with articulation problems were matched with a control group of 34 for sex, age, and grade. Both groups were administered the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation and the Minnesota Percepto-Diagnostic Test—Revised. Analysis indicated that children with articulation problems performed significantly lower on visual-motor skills.
Comparison between a Performance Test and Criteria of Instructor Effectiveness
Authors: Borg Walter R. , Hamilton Ernest R.
Published: September 2011

89 Air Force tactical instructors were rated for performance on team problems, and by basic trainees under their supervision, by supervisors, by other tactical instructors, and by themselves for overall teaching effectiveness. Intercorrelations of ratings indicated that: (a) none of the ratings of teaching effectiveness was significantly correlated with performance test ratings; (b) the teaching effectiveness ratings showed fairly high intercorrelations; and (c) supervisor, self, and peer ratings were not significantly correlated with student ratings.
Rethinking the Selection of Intellectually Gifted Children
Authors: Levinson Boris M.
Published: September 2011

There is general agreement that intellectually gifted children should be encouraged to develop their potentialities. However, a great deal of evidence indicates that currently used intelligence tests are not equally efficient in detecting high levels of ability in the various social classes. It is proposed that the highest in each class should be selected for special training.
Psychometric Data and Survival in a College of Nursing
Authors: Beaver Alma P.
Published: September 2011

A comparison of abilities and personality attributes of nursing students on the basis of pre-entrance testing data is made for a successful graduating group and an unsuccessful drop-out group. 89 students admitted to the college of nursing in 1949, 1950, and 1951 were studied. 49 graduated; 40 dropped out. Of these 40, 18 were dismissed for “scholastic failure”; 6 dropped out reportedly because they “disliked nursing.” For the remainder, marriage, personal reasons, college attendance, and illness are the reasons listed in the college records. 51% of the 40 drop-out students were identified as “poor risks” in the recommendation of the psychologist, while only 4% of the 49 who graduated were similarly identified. Since academic success at college level is essential for remaining in training, it is not surprising that L or the T percentile of the ACE is the most effective single index in predicting success or failure. The CRs for the mean percentile difference are 3.07 and 2.96 for the L and T factors respectively, significant at the .01 level of confidence. Although group differences on the Kuder Preference Record are not statistically significant, the CRs for three scales, Literary, Social Service, and Clerical, approached significance (1.97, 1.87, and 1.76). Mean scores for all scales on the MMPI were almost identical for the two groups. Careful screening through various means for identification of gross personality defects before admission is suggested as a reason for negative findings.
Note on Authoritarianism, Confinement, and Scholastic Aptitude
Authors: Jones Marshall B.
Published: September 2011

The Pensacola Z Scale was adopted as a measure of authoritarianism and administered to 761 men undergoing training for submarine duty and 407 naval retrainees confined for “delinquent” behavior. Significantly higher levels of authoritarianism were found among confined Ss. However, the difference was not significant when scholastic aptitude (GCT) was held constant. The results suggest that the frequently observed relationship between authoritarianism and confinement for “delinquent” behavior may be mediated by scholastic aptitude.
Relationship between Avoidance Conditioning and Maze Learning
Authors: Robustelli Francesco , McGaugh James L. , Bovet Daniel
Published: September 2011

No significant correlation was found between avoidance conditioning and maze learning in a sample of 52 male albino rats of an heterogeneous strain of the Wistar type. Psychopharmacological implications are discussed on the basis of large independence of the performances in the two tasks.
Stimulus Intensity, Stimulus Satiation, and Optimum Stimulation with Light-Contingent Bar-Press
Authors: Harrington Gordon M.
Published: September 2011

Three groups of hooded rats were tested in a Skinner box with light reinforcement, using two intensity levels and both fixed and variable light locations after dark operant pretests. The results lend support both to a stimulus satiation hypothesis and to an optimal stimulation hypothesis. It is suggested that intensity and light location are potent variables which have opposite effects on response level, intensity showing relatively more rapid effects.
Brightness Discrimination Learning under Conditions of Simultaneous and Successive Presentation of Stimuli with Punishment
Authors: Lachman Sheldon J. , Taylor Donald H.
Published: September 2011

Under relational conditions with electric shock punishment for incorrect responses, all 9 rats learned to choose the dimmer of two stimuli; no Ss in a parallel group of rats ( N = 6) given equivalent training under absolute conditions reached the learning criterion. Results are interpreted as supporting the Gestalt theory of discrimination learning rather than the theory of Spence.
Assessing the Temporal Stability of Profile Groups in a Comparative Experiment or Survey
Authors: McHugh Richard B. , Sivanich George
Published: September 2011

Statistical procedures for treating several problems of profile group stability are described.
A Note on Generalization by Schizophrenics
Authors: Morris James R. , Hannon John E. , Dinoff Michael
Published: September 2011

Six chronic, regressed schizophrenic Ss who had been identified as “poor” generalizers in an earlier operant conditioning experiment designed to foster interaction behavior, e.g., other-oriented speech, were Ss. By partially reinstating the cues from the original operant conditioning situation, generalization of interaction behavior appeared in five of the six Ss.
Effects of Positive and Negative Faking Sets on the Survey of Interpersonal Values
Authors: Braun John R.
Published: September 2011

Two educational psychology classes ( Ns = 26, 23) took the Survey of Interpersonal Values under normal instructions and under faking instructions. Under the fake-good top management set, scores increased on Conformity and Leadership, and decreased on Support and Independence. The fake-bad top management set produced increase in Independence and decrease in Leadership. Results indicate that research designs using simulated guidance instructions versus simulated employment instructions underestimate the fakability of forced-choice inventories.
Varieties of Failure and Assumed Similarity
Authors: Goldberg Philip A.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects of initial set for assumed similarity on the perception of similarity following a variety of failure experiences. The procedures utilized were effective in creating contrasted groups on the dimension of assumed similarity. The conditions of failure were not effective in producing post-task changes in assumed similarity, although the failure experiences apparently did alter attitudes not tied to the initial experimental set. It is suggested that the ambiguity of the interpersonal judgmental task maximized set effects.
Effects of Social Environment on Mortality to Whole Body X-Irradiation in the Rat
Authors: Ader Robert , Hahn Eric W.
Published: September 2011

Group- and individually-reared rats were exposed to 750 r of whole body x-irradiation and then subdivided into group- and individually-housed samples. There were no differential effects of housing on mortality rate among males. Among females there was an apparent interaction between the pre- and post-irradiation conditions of housing such that for the group-reared females there was a significantly greater mortality rate in the animals housed in groups than in those housed individually.
Pressure to Conform and Logical Problem Solving
Authors: Rosenhan David , de Wilde Daniel , McDougal Stuart
Published: September 2011

Twenty-one Ss were exposed to pressures to conform in an Asch-type situation employing logical syllogisms as test materials. Ss erred on 49% of the items, while 15 control Ss erred on 0.5% of the items. The results were interpreted in terms of the effects of anxiety on logical thought processes.
Vanity, Publication and the Social Order
Authors: Heckel R. V. , Brennan M. J.
Published: September 2011

Problems relating to the publishing of articles in the field of psychology are considered and some possible remedies for these problems are described.
Effects of Prolactin, Progesterone and Estrogen on Reactions of Nonpregnant Rats to Foster Young
Authors: Beach Frank A. , Wilson James R.
Published: September 2011

In one experiment 3 virgin rats were given 5 daily injections of 20 mg. of prolactin, 3 were given 5 injections of 10 mg. of the same hormone, and 3 received control injections of sterile water. At the end of treatment each female was tested on 3 days for tendencies to retrieve foster young a few days old. Some retrieving occurred, but it was confined to 2 of the 3 control females. The 3 rats previously serving as controls were next injected for 5 days with 20 mg. of prolactin, while the 6 animals that had received prolactin were shifted to water injections. The reversal of treatment conditions was not accompanied by any change in responsiveness to foster young. In a second experiment 9 multiparous females were given 20 daily injections of estrogen followed by 10 daily injections of 10 mg. of prolactin (4 rats) or control injections of water (5 rats). These treatments were followed by 3 daily tests for retrieving behavior. Estrogen followed by prolactin or by water had no clear-cut effect upon the responses to foster young. The same 9 females were placed with fertile males for impregnation which occurred in 8 of the 9 animals. The tendency to retrieve their own litters was tested on the first day postpartum. Seven of the 8 mothers retrieved part or all of the young within 10 min. The litters of these 7 were removed after the test and the females were re-tested with foster young 4 weeks later. No retrieving occurred. Finally, the 7 females which had previously shown postpartum retrieving were given 21 daily injections of estrogen followed by 7 injections of prolactin plus progesterone. None of these rats retrieved foster young during the test conducted one day after the final injection. It is evident (1) that some nulliparous rats will retrieve foster young without special treatment and (2) that this tendency is not induced in other females by prolactin, estrogen, or progesterone as used in the present experiment.
Adjustment of the Rat to 23-, 47-, and 71-Hour Water-Deprivation Schedules
Authors: Dufort Robert H.
Published: September 2011

This experiment examined the adjustment of rats to three different schedules of water-deprivation. Three groups of animals were placed on either 23-hr. deprivation (1 hr. of water every day), 47-hr. deprivation (1 hr. of water every second day), or 71-hr. deprivation (1 hr. of water every third day) for an 18-day period. A non-deprived control group was also employed. Body weight, as well as weight gain and water intake during the time when water was available, were recorded and treated as measures of adjustment. The results showed that rats adjust to the 23-hr. schedule in 2 to 3 days and to the 47-hr. schedule in 10 to 12 days. Animals on the 71-hr. schedule approached, but did not reach, adjustment; however, projection of the weight and intake trends for these Ss suggested that rats can adjust to this schedule in 27 to 30 days.
Increased Rate of Avoidance Responding Associated with Non-Contingent Auditory Stimulus
Authors: Stone George C. , Maclean Marilyn
Published: September 2011

In a series of experiments the effects of deprivation of food or water on nondiscriminated avoidance responding and of irrelevant auditory stimulation upon avoidance responding and responding for water were investigated. Ss were 16 male, Long-Evans rats. Deprivation of food for periods of up to 48 hr. was not found to influence rate of responding in the avoidance situation. Deprivation of water up to 36 hr. similarly had no effect. Presentation of an irrelevant auditory stimulus during portions of the test session produced significant elevation in response rate when the responding was maintained by shock avoidance, but had no effect when the response was reinforced by presentation of water. It was concluded that drive must be divided into at least two categories.
Learning Set Development: Trials to Criterion vs Six Trials per Problem
Authors: Sterritt Graham M. , Goodenough Eva , Harlow And Harry F.
Published: September 2011

Learning set development was studied in 2 groups of 6 rhesus monkeys, 10 to 15 mo. old when started in adaptation. One group received 900 trials with 6 trials per problem, while the other group was given each problem to a criterion of 20 correct out of 25 or fewer consecutive responses, also for a total of 900 trials. On Trials 901 to 1200, both groups were given 50 new problems with 6 trials per problem. It was found that the 2 groups developed learning sets with equal efficiency. The group given trials to criterion received a much smaller number of problems, as compared with the 6 trials per problem group; hence, it was concluded that learning set development is a simple function of number of trials, at least when the total number of trials is held constant and when the numbers of trials per problem are in the range studied here.
Conventional Sex Role Stereotypes and Actual Perceptions
Authors: Kogan Kate L. , Jackson Joan K.
Published: September 2011

Theoretical constructs of marital sex-role differentiation have not generally been substantiated in studies sampling the role perceptions and expectations of groups of married Ss. In an initial phase of the study reported here, masculinity-femininity scale values were obtained for the items of the Interpersonal Check List, and from these values a Femininity Score was derived. The ICL responses of two samples of wives of alcoholics were compared with the role perceptions of two samples of wives of non-alcoholics. In neither group of comparison Ss was there any significant sex-role differentiation between the wife's perception of herself and her husband. However, in both samples of wives of alcoholics there was significant role differentiation in the wife's perception of herself and her spouse, residing almost entirely in the wife's tending to view herself as highly feminine. The data were construed as lending support to the view that in the “normal” family of today the roles of husband and wife are more likely to be analogous than they are to be differentiated.
Psychology of the Scientist: VIII. Seven Rules for Producing Barely Intelligible Prose in Scientific Writing
Authors: Anonymous J. D.
Published: September 2011

Seven explicit rules, often illustrated, are presented. Adherence to the rules guarantees barely intelligible prose in scientific writing.
Edge-Punched Cards: A Method for Storing and Retrieving Social Science References
Authors: Lansky Leonard M. , Rebelsky Freda Gould
Published: September 2011

This paper has presented a system which will enable social scientists to classify and store references to professional literature and to accurately, quickly, completely, and economically retrieve the information when it is needed. The procedure for setting up an edge-punched card system is described. The limitations and advantages of this system, compared with other possible systems, are explored.
Conditioning of Self-Reinforcing Responses: An Analogue to Self-Confidence Training
Authors: Kanfer Frederick H. , Marston Albert R.
Published: September 2011

Sixty Ss guessed words flashed on a screen. No stimuli were actually presented. When Ss thought their response was correct, they asked for a token (reward) from E. SR-positive Ss were encouraged and SR-negative Ss were discouraged for judging their responses as accurate. After training, rate of “I am correct” responses was 58% in the former and 0.2% in the latter group. On a subsequent learning task, generalization of these responses was tested. Ss learned to a low criterion; half were asked to take tokens when thinking they were correct, half were on extinction. SR-positive Ss reinforced themselves more often than SR-negative Ss. Accuracy of performance did not significantly differ among the groups.
The Disease Controversy: Closing Open Issues
Authors: Herron William G.
Published: September 2011

This discussion explores the controversy surrounding the term, “mental disease,” and attempts to resolve the issues involved. These issues are accuracy of the term, relationship between the name used and treatment agents. “Mental disease” is accepted as an accurate term describing a relationship between experiential structure and adjustive behavior, distinguishing it from physical disease and separating it from the exclusive control of an individual discipline. The distortions involved in mental disease are considered inevitable, rather than name-dependent, yet their presence requires an explicative use of the disease concept, translating mental illness into meaningful terms regarding descriptive accuracy and the related aspect of who shall treat mental illness.
Magnitude of Reward and Differential Stimulus Consequences
Authors: Capaldi E. J. , Cogan Dennis
Published: September 2011

Large reinforcement trials were regularly alternated with small reinforcement trials in the straight alley. In the later stages of training, the 15 rats ran relatively rapidly on the large reinforcement trials, relatively slowly on the small reinforcement trials.
Associative Learning and Differential Information in Knowledge of Results
Authors: Mosel James N. , Grossnickle William F.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis is tested that the greater S‘s uncertainty concerning his response in paired-associate learning, the greater is the amount of “information” (in the information-theory sense) contained in knowledge of results, and hence the greater the amount of learning. An exploratory experiment confirmed the hypothesis at the .05 level.
“Success” in First Grade as Seen by Teachers: Gough's Adjective Check List and Teachers' Ratings
Authors: Anastasiow Nicholas J.
Published: September 2011

As part of a larger study teachers were asked to check adjectives on the Gough Adjective Check List which describe the boys they had rated high and low on a teacher rating scale, Success in First Grade. Sixty positive items and 20 neutral items were checked significantly more for high boys than they were for low boys. Sixteen negative and 36 neutral items were significantly more often checked for low boys. The possible halo effect and/or behavioral characteristics of the child were discussed.
Stimulus “Fractionation” in Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: Jenkins James J.
Published: September 2011

It has been suggested that Ss may use only a portion of the nominal stimulus as a cue in paired-associate learning. Non-overlapping consonant trigram stimuli were used in such learning with numerals as responses. When the pairs had been learned, individual letters were presented and Ss were required to respond with the appropriate number. Results support the hypothesis that Ss had learned to respond to only part of the stimulus compound. Responses to letters which had been in the initial and final positions in the trigrams were correct significantly more often than responses to medial letters.
Effects of Response Scales on the Expected Distribution of Judgments of Social Stimuli
Authors: Weiss Walter
Published: September 2011

A 4 × 3 factorial experiment was conducted in which 60 Ss perused briefly a list of occupations, holding in mind one of four types of scales, and then estimated the total number that would fall into each category of one of three types of scales. The perusal scales had three discriminating categories on one or the other side of the “average” category and a single nondiscriminating category on the opposite side or had three categories on each side of the “average” one; or no designated scale was kept in mind during perusal. For estimation, one of the two unbalanced scales or the balanced one was used. The results indicated that the expected distribution of judgments was not differentially affected by the type of scale used during perusal but was by the type used for estimation. The unbalanced scales produced distributions weighted in the direction of the side of the scale containing the three discriminating categories.
Temporal Analysis of Relevant and Irrelevant Behavior Components in Partial Reinforcement and Extinction
Authors: Bindra Dalbir
Published: September 2011

Several time measures describing the essential or relevant and the irrelevant behavior components in a water-reinforced lever-pressing situation were studied in 30 rats as a function of four reinforcement ratios (1:1, 4:1, 8:1 and 16:1) and of extinction procedure. Although the traditional frequency measures were affected in the expected way, the distributions of time taken to perform the relevant components of the lever-pressing response were minimally affected by the transitions either from one ratio to another or from any ratio to the extinction procedure. This was contrasted by marked changes in the incidence of irrelevant activities (sniffing and grooming). The implications of these findings for the current views of the nature of partial-reinforcement and extinction effects are discussed.
Electroencephalographic Relations between Sleep and Acute Neurosis
Authors: Yoshii Naosaburo
Published: September 2011

From analysis of electroencephalograms of animals and humans, relations between patterns during sleep and acute neurosis become apparent.
Deprivation and the Canalization of Responses to Food
Authors: Hartley Eugene L. , Perelman Marvin A.
Published: September 2011

The present study, under somewhat more rigorous conditions, has confirmed Lukomnik's original testing of the canalization hypothesis. Within the limits of the procedure employed, sheer familiarization had relatively little effect in modifying S's liking for esoteric foods; but, when S came to the training session hungry, statistically significant changes in the later ratings of the foods then tested were induced. Clearly, Murphy's canalization hypothesis with respect to the increase in liking for one among several potential ways of satisfying a need is supported. It should be noted (as Murphy has commented in a personal communication) that in both the Lukomnik and the present studies, the relation between the amount of food taken to taste and the amount needed for satisfying the hunger has not been established. Whether there has been true need-satisfaction or drive-reduction is as yet an unsolved question, the answer to which seems crucial to the clarification of the basic mechanisms involved in the phenomenon demonstrated.
Man and Woman: Social Schemata of Males and Females
Authors: Kuethe James L. , Stricker George
Published: September 2011

Male and female college students placed human figures cut from felt on a felt field. Ss were free to arrange the figures in any manner. Both male and female Ss used the same generic social schemata; human figures were kept together, male figures were placed with female figures, and figures were rarely paired with same-sex figures. Differences between the male and female Ss included the tendency of the female Ss to form male-female pairings separated away from other figures. The use of aggressive schemata was studied as were preferences for non-social orderings.
Secondary Reinforcement and the Discrimination Hypothesis: The Role of Discrimination Training
Authors: Paige A. B. , McNamara H. J.
Published: September 2011

The purposes of this experiment are further investigation of: the discrimination hypothesis vs secondary reinforcement positions with respect to resistance to extinction; the role of explicit vs non-explicit discrimination training in resistance to extinction. One group of 32 rats was given explicit discrimination training in an L-type runway involving two goal boxes of different brightness. A second group of 32 Ss had non-explicit discrimination training, i.e., an unfastened card in the goal box entrances concealed the cues until S entered the goal box. Ss were always reinforced in the goal box of one brightness and never reinforced in the goal box of the other brightness. During extinction 16 Ss in each of the above groups were extinguished with the positive cue and 16 with the negative cue. Half of these positive cue and negative cue Ss encountered a card in the goal box entrance, and the rest did not. The results showed no significant difference in alley-running or arm-running times in extinction between the positive and negative cue Ss. Using number of trials to a criterion of two successive running times, Ss extinguished with the positive cue showed greater resistance to extinction. The type of discrimination training did not influence extinction results significantly, using running time or number of trials as a criterion. The results were interpreted as generally incompatible with the discrimination hypothesis prediction and only partially in support of a secondary reinforcement position.
How People Predict Three Balls Fall into Three Cells
Authors: Lieberman Bernhardt
Published: September 2011

Ss completed a questionnaire, requiring them to predict how three balls fall into three cells as the result of a random process. They predicted that three balls fall into one cell, and that one ball falls into each of three cells, more often than would actually occur as the result of a random process. They predicted that two balls fall into one cell and the third falls into a second cell less often than would occur by chance.
Overtraining and Frustration
Authors: Wagner Allan R.
Published: September 2011

An interpretation of the effects of overtraining on resistance to extinction, in terms of differences in frustration, is called into question by the extinction behavior of Ss trained or overtrained with different schedules of reinforcement.
Instrumental Escape Conditioning in a Water Tank: Preliminary Report
Authors: Woods Paul J.
Published: September 2011

Rats must learn to swim down a tank of water, and motivation (drive stimulus intensity) is manipulated by means of the water temperature. Reinforcement (reduction in drive stimulus intensity) is manipulated independently by means of the differential temperature between the alley tank and a separate goal tank. The purpose of this note is to generally describe the technique and indicate its usefulness for the study of instrumental escape conditioning.
Differential Eyeblink Conditioning in Voluntary and Nonvoluntary Subjects
Authors: Goodrich Kenneth P. , Markowitz Joseph , Wall A. Martin
Published: September 2011

41 Ss in an eyeblink conditioning experiment underwent 60 trials of continuous reinforcement followed by 90 trials of differential conditioning. For neither of 2 indices of differential responding to the positive and negative stimuli during differential conditioning was there a difference between “voluntary” and “nonvoluntary” Ss. This was true whether the classification of Ss was based on data obtained during continuous reinforcement or during differential conditioning.
Influence of Distribution Shape on Variable Reinforcement Effects in Eyelid Conditioning
Authors: Passey George E. , Hoelle Donald F.
Published: September 2011

Four groups of 15 Ss each acquired conditioned eyelid responses to a 1024-cps tonal stimulus delivered at 40 db above threshold. While the arithmetic mean intensity of the reinforcing airpuff was held constant, reinforcement was varied about the mean in distributions which varied in shape. Seventy acquisition trials were given. Distribution shape differences failed to produce differences in the form of acquisition curves or in the total number of anticipatory responses during acquisition.
Resistance to Extinction as a Function of Instrumental Training under Two Levels of Food Deprivation and a Shift in Incentive
Authors: Marx Melvin H.
Published: September 2011

Four groups of 8 albino rats each were magazine trained under high or low drive, barpress trained with the same 32% sucrose incentive or water (designed to produce “frustration”), and tested in extinction with an inoperative magazine. The results confirmed earlier ones obtained with an inaccessible-food training operation in that the major factor determining extinction performance was terminal level of reinforced responding in training.
Some Connotations of Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Authors: Myers Albert E.
Published: September 2011

16 psychologists were asked to make two predictions about the volunteering behavior of Ss who had participated in a psychological experiment. The first prediction was to be based upon each psychologist's personal opinion about the outcome. They were encouraged to use any psychological theory which seemed appropriate to them. The second prediction was to be based upon what the respondents thought cognitive dissonance theory would predict in the situation. A comparison of these predictions yielded some results which reflected upon the connotative status of cognitive dissonance theory. The relationship between these predictions and the actual outcome was also noted.
Machiavellian Scores of Volunteer Student Counselors and Student Government Officers
Authors: Exline Ralph V. , Eldridge Clark
Published: September 2011

Two groups of students, campus counselors and campus officers, were given Christie's (1962) scale of Machiavellianism in interpersonal orientation. Campus officers made significantly higher (more machiavellian) scores than did campus counselors, and a significant interaction effect suggests that the major difference was between female counselors and officers. It is suggested that Christie's scale taps different value orientations toward working with others.
Roles of Consumer and Psychology in Consumer Psychology
Authors: Perloff Robert
Published: September 2011

An argument is presented for incorporating formally and explicitly the study of consumer behavior in the graduate training program. Consumer psychology is defined and its relationships with other branches of psychology are indicated. Illustrative consumer research problems are proposed, including the criteria of advertising and communications effectiveness, the psychological parameters of taste and offensiveness, and investigations dealing with product hierarchies.
Prediction of Susceptibility to Hypnosis
Authors: Dana Richard H. , Cooper George W.
Published: September 2011

A literature review indicates that hypnosis can be measured reliably. The various predictors include general S-variables, test variables, and personality variables. There are no cross-validated predictors and little positive correlation between the common personality and S-variables. Consequently, hypnotizability may be an independent variable. A two-factor hypothesis is suggested, tranceability, the ability to have hypnotic experiences, and a non-ability factor composed of needs, motives, and attitudes toward hypnosis.
Dogmatism and Individual Differences in Reduction of Dissonance
Authors: Fillenbaum Samuel
Published: September 2011

The relation between individual differences in amount of dissonance reduction and open-closed mindedeness as indexed by Dogmatism score was determined. In line with expectation, a significant correlation was obtained between these variables ( r = .39, p < .01), the more dogmatic Ss showing greater tendency to dissonance reduction. However, a correlation coefficient of comparable size was also obtained in a control condition. Consideration of some features of the control condition led to the suggestion that this too might well be considered a dissonant situation, from the standpoint of S.
Conformity to Masculinity-Femininity Stereotypes and Ego Identity in Adolescents
Authors: Heilbrun Alfred B.
Published: September 2011

Erikson's theory of ego identity was explored by relating a masculinity-femininity measure to perceived social role consistency (RC), one criterion of identity. Male adolescents whose behaviors tended to conform to cultural stereotypes of masculinity showed higher RC than less masculine males. This was consistent with the hypothesis that social reward for conformity should tend to strengthen interpersonal habits, whereas social punishment for nonconformity should have a weakening effect. Females who were either high or low feminine were more consistent than girls who were only moderately feminine. Combining elements of both the traditional feminine and “modern” masculine roles was considered contributory to lower RC for the latter group.
“Awareness” in Chronic Schizophrenics: I. Awareness of Recent Events
Authors: Heckel R. V. , Wiggins S. L.
Published: September 2011

This study attempted to determine differences between normal and chronic schizophrenic males in their ability to receive stimuli from the mass media of communication and to report this information. When matched for educational level and age, no differences were discernible.
Role of Knowledge of Results in Programed Instruction
Authors: Moore J. William , Smith Wendell I.
Published: September 2011

A two-way analysis of variance design was used to compare the effects of knowledge of results, knowledge of results plus knowledge of what the correct response should be, knowledge of results plus an extrinsic reward, no knowledge of results, and the effects of using a teaching machine as a programed text for two modes of responding (multiple choice vs constructed response) in a programed instructional format on the achievement and attitudes of introductory psychology students. Results indicated that the type of reinforcement, mode of presentation, and mode of responding did not significantly affect achievement. Lower error rates on the programed lessons were noted for those groups which had knowledge of what the correct response should be and also for those who received an extrinsic reward. Responses of Ss concerning their attitudes toward the reported advantages of using programed materials were generally in a positive direction; however, most groups favored the traditional method of teaching, using programed materials as a supplement.
Maudsley Personality Inventory, Neurosis, and Stress
Authors: Tauss W.
Published: September 2011

Using the MPI and a questionnaire measure of neurotic manifestation, it appears that both stress and underlying neuroticism personality are characteristics of neuroses.
A Duoprocess Model for Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: Nahinsky Irwin D.
Published: September 2011

A mathematical model for paired-associate learning is presented. It accounts for both the learning of correct alternatives and elimination of incorrect alternatives on an all-or-none basis. The model derives prediction equations for error curve, proportion of errors for unlearned associations, and number of occurrences of specific wrong alternatives.
Pre-Irradiation Saccharin Habituation: A Factor in Avoidance Behavior
Authors: Farley John A. , McLaurin William A. , Scarborough Barron B. , Rawlings Travis D.
Published: September 2011

Seven groups each with eight albino rats were habituated to a 0.1% sodium saccharin solution for either 8, 4, 2, 1, or 0 days prior to x-irradiation or sham-irradiation. The saccharin habituated groups showed a significant decrease in the degree of conditioned saccharin avoidance response as compared with the non-habituated group, but the degree of avoidance response was still significantly different from that of the sham-irradiated group. A group given water to drink prior to irradiation showed no significant difference in post-irradiation saccharin avoidance from the group given saccharin to drink. The results support previous evidence that prior experience with the CS (saccharin solution) significantly affects the intensity of the conditioned saccharin avoidance response in the trace conditioning paradigm using x-irradiation as the US, and also support previous work indicating that avoidance behavior to a preferred solution can be obtained without presentation of this solution prior to or during the radiation exposure.