bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence of augmented central pain processing in idiopathic chronic low back pain
Authors: Giesecke Thorsten , Gracely Richard H. , Grant Masilo A. B. , Nachemson Alf , Petzke Frank , Williams David A. , Clauw Daniel J.
Published: February 2004

Objective

For many individuals with chronic low back pain (CLBP), there is no identifiable cause. In other idiopathic chronic pain conditions, sensory testing and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have identified the occurrence of generalized increased pain sensitivity, hyperalgesia, and altered brain processing, suggesting central augmentation of pain processing in such conditions. We compared the results of both of these methods as applied to patients with idiopathic CLBP (n = 11), patients with widespread pain (fibromyalgia; n = 16), and healthy control subjects (n = 11).

Methods

Patients with CLBP had low back pain persisting for at least 12 months that was unexplained by MRI/radiographic changes. Experimental pain testing was performed at a neutral site (thumbnail) to assess the pressure‐pain threshold in all subjects. For fMRI studies, stimuli of equal pressure (2 kg) and of equal subjective pain intensity (slightly intense pain) were applied to this same site.

Results

Despite low numbers of tender points in the CLBP group, experimental pain testing revealed hyperalgesia in this group as well as in the fibromyalgia group; the pressure required to produce slightly intense pain was significantly higher in the controls (5.6 kg) than in the patients with CLBP (3.9 kg) (P = 0.03) or the patients with fibromyalgia (3.5 kg) (P = 0.006). When equal amounts of pressure were applied to the 3 groups, fMRI detected 5 common regions of neuronal activation in pain‐related cortical areas in the CLBP and fibromyalgia groups (in the contralateral primary and secondary [S2] somatosensory cortices, inferior parietal lobule, cerebellum, and ipsilateral S2). This same stimulus resulted in only a single activation in controls (in the contralateral S2 somatosensory cortex). When subjects in the 3 groups received stimuli that evoked subjectively equal pain, fMRI revealed common neuronal activations in all 3 groups.

Conclusion

At equal levels of pressure, patients with CLBP or fibromyalgia experienced significantly more pain and showed more extensive, common patterns of neuronal activation in pain‐related cortical areas. When stimuli that elicited equally painful responses were applied (requiring significantly lower pressure in both patient groups as compared with the control group), neuronal activations were similar among the 3 groups. These findings are consistent with the occurrence of augmented central pain processing in patients with idiopathic CLBP.
The TNF‐863A allele strongly associates with anticentromere antibody positivity in scleroderma
Authors: Sato Hiroe , Lagan Anna L. , Alexopoulou Christina , Vassilakis Dimitris A. , Ahmad Tariq , Pantelidis Panagiotis , Veeraraghavan Srihari , Renzoni Elisabetta , Denton Chris , Black Carol , Wells Athol U. , du Bois Roland M. , Welsh Kenneth I.
Published: February 2004

Objective

Scleroderma is characterized by the presence of 3 predominant, yet almost mutually exclusive, antibodies: anticentromere antibody (ACA), antitopoisomerase antibody, and anti–RNA polymerase antibody. The purpose of this study was to investigate tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polymorphisms in scleroderma, with the specific aim of determining whether TNF polymorphisms would prove to be stronger markers for ACA than class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC).

Methods

We studied 214 UK white scleroderma patients and 354 healthy controls. All subjects were investigated for 5 TNF promoter region polymorphisms by sequence‐specific polymerase chain reaction.

Results

We showed that an NF‐κB binding site polymorphism (known to be functionally relevant) in the TNF promoter region was present in 51.8% of patients with ACA and 16.3% of patients without ACA (χ2 = 25.1, P = 0.000004 [corrected P = 0.00002]). Using haplotype mapping, we showed that this was a primary TNF association that could explain the previous weak links between ACA production and class II MHC alleles. In marked contrast to our ACA results, HLA class II (especially DRB1*11) appeared to be primary in that it could explain the weaker TNF association with antitopoisomerase production. Further, we observed a separate TNF haplotype to be associated with scleroderma per se, although the level of significance was much lower (χ2 = 8.7, P = 0.003 [corrected P = 0.02]).

Conclusion

We believe these findings may have importance both for the directional pathogenesis of scleroderma progression and for the treatment of scleroderma with anti‐TNF agents.
Validity of self‐administered quality of well‐being scale in musculoskeletal disease
Authors: Frosch Dominick L. , Kaplan Robert M. , Ganiats Theodore G. , Groessl Erik J. , Sieber William J. , Weisman Michael H.
Published: February 2004

Objective

To evaluate the self‐administered Quality of Well‐Being (QWB‐SA) Scale for patients with rheumatic diseases.

Methods

Family medicine patients (n = 562) and rheumatology patients (n = 334) were assessed using the following tools: QWB‐SA, Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales (AIMS), and Rapid Assessment of Disease Activity in Rheumatology (RADAR).

Results

Patients with arthritis had significantly lower QWB‐SA scores and significantly higher HAQ scores than family medicine patients with and without adjustment for covariates. The QWB‐SA was significantly associated with quartiles from the RADAR, AIMS, and HAQ, providing evidence for the validity of the generic measure in patients with arthritis. Discriminant function analysis was used to create an arthritis‐specific scoring system for the QWB‐SA. Analyses demonstrated systematic relationships between the Quality of Well‐Being arthritis composite and the disease‐specific RADAR, AIMS, and HAQ.

Conclusions

Evidence supports the validity of the QWB‐SA for patients with rheumatic diseases. QWB‐SA items can be used to calculate an arthritis‐specific score. The QWB‐SA can be used to gain generic information for cost‐utility analysis and disease‐specific outcomes information for patients with arthritis.
Treatment of fibromyalgia with cyclobenzaprine: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Tofferi Jeanne K. , Jackson Jeffrey L. , O'Malley Patrick G.
Published: February 2004

Objective

To systematically review the effectiveness of cyclobenzaprine in the treatment of fibromyalgia.

Methods

Articles describing randomized, placebo‐controlled trials of cyclobenzaprine in people with fibromyalgia were obtained from Medline, EMBase, Psyclit, the Cochrane Library, and Federal Research in Progress Database. Unpublished literature and bibliographies were also reviewed. Outcomes, including global improvement, treatment effects on pain, fatigue, sleep, and tender points over time, were abstracted.

Results

Five randomized, placebo‐controlled trials were identified. The odds ratio for global improvement with therapy was 3.0 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.6–5.6) with a pooled risk difference of 0.21 (95% CI 0.09–0.34), which calculates to 4.8 (95% CI 3.0–11) individuals needing treatment for 1 patient to experience symptom improvement. Pain improved early on, but there was no improvement in fatigue or tender points at any time.

Conclusion

Cyclobenzaprine‐treated patients were 3 times as likely to report overall improvement and to report moderate reductions in individual symptoms, particularly sleep.
Positive affect and disability among older Mexican Americans with arthritis
Authors: Fisher Michielle N. , Snih Soham Al , Ostir Glenn V. , Goodwin James S.
Published: February 2004

Objective

To examine the relationship between positive affect and subsequent functional disability in older Mexican Americans with self‐reported physician‐diagnosed arthritis.

Methods

We conducted a 2‐year prospective cohort study using a population‐based sample of 1,084 noninstitutionalized Mexican American subjects aged ≥65 years residing in 5 southwestern states. Measures included self‐reported diagnoses of various medical conditions, functional ability, body mass index, and ratings of positive and negative affect.

Results

For 937 subjects with arthritis who reported no limitations in activities of daily living (ADLs) at baseline, 697 remained ADL independent, 84 became ADL dependent, 41 died, and 115 were lost to followup 2 years later. There was a significant association between high positive affect (score = 12) and reduced risk of ADL disability 2 years later, controlling for baseline sociodemographic variables, medical conditions, and negative affect (odds ratio 0.46, 95% confidence interval 0.22–0.94). There was an interaction effect between positive affect and sex, with positive affect having a larger effect in reducing risk of ADL dependence in men than in women.

Conclusion

High positive affect was associated with lower incidence of ADL disability in older Mexican Americans with self‐reported physician‐diagnosed arthritis. The strength of the positive affect is stronger in men than in women.
Quadriceps activation failure as a moderator of the relationship between quadriceps strength and physical function in individuals with knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Fitzgerald G. Kelley , Piva Sara R. , Irrgang James J. , Bouzubar Fawzi , Starz Terence W.
Published: February 2004

Objective

To determine if quadriceps activation failure (QAF) moderates the relationship between quadriceps strength and physical function in individuals with knee osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

Quadriceps strength and QAF were measured in 105 subjects (80 females) with radiographically confirmed knee OA using a burst‐superimposition maximum voluntary isometric quadriceps torque test procedure. Subjects performed the Get Up and Go test as a physical performance measure of function and completed the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) as a self‐report measure of function. A principal component analysis was performed to combine the Get Up and Go score and the WOMAC subscores into a single function score. Hierarchical regression analysis was performed to examine the ability of 3 models to predict physical function (strength = function; strength + QAF = function; strength + QAF + [strength × QAF] = function). Partial F tests were used to compare differences in R2values between each model.

Results

Each model independently predicted the principal component score for function. Adding the strength × QAF interaction term with strength to the model resulted in the highest prediction of function. The strength × QAF interaction indicated that subjects with lower levels of quadriceps strength and higher levels of QAF had lower levels of function than those with comparable levels of weakness but low levels of QAF.

Conclusion

The magnitude of QAF serves to moderate the relationship between quadriceps strength and physical function. Physical function may be more severely affected by weakness of the quadriceps muscles in individuals with knee OA who have higher degrees of QAF than those who may have quadriceps weakness, but do not have QAF.
Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups. XIV. Poverty, wealth, and their influence on disease activity
Authors: Alarcón Graciela S. , McGwin Gerald , Sanchez Martha L. , Bastian Holly M. , Fessler Barri J. , Friedman Alan W. , Baethge Bruce A. , Roseman Jeffrey , Reveille John D. ,   The Lumina Study Group
Published: February 2004

Objective

To determine the impact of wealth on disease activity in the multiethnic (Hispanic, African American, and Caucasian) LUMINA (Lupus in Minorities, Nature versus nurture) cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and disease duration ≤5 years at enrollment.

Methods

Variables (socioeconomic, demographic, clinical, immunologic, immunogenetic, behavioral, and psychological) were measured at enrollment and annually thereafter. Four questions from the Women's Health Initiative study were used to measure wealth. Disease activity was measured with the Systemic Lupus Activity Measure (SLAM). The relationship between the different variables and wealth was then examined. Next, the impact of wealth on disease activity was examined in regression models where the dependent variables were the SLAM score and SLAM global (physician). Variables previously found to impact disease activity plus the wealth questions were included in the models.

Results

Questions on income, assets, and debt were found to distinguish patients into groups, wealthier and less wealthy. Less wealthy patients tended to be younger, women, noncaucasian, less educated, unmarried, less likely to have health insurance, and more likely to live below the poverty line. They also tended to have more active disease, more abnormal illness‐related behaviors, less social support, and lower levels of self reported mental functioning. None of the wealth questions was retained in the regression models, although other socioeconomic features (such as African American ethnicity, poverty, and younger age) did.

Conclusions

Wealth, per se, does not appear to have an additional predictive value, over and above traditional measures of socioeconomic status, in SLE disease activity.
A home‐based two‐year strength training period in early rheumatoid arthritis led to good long‐term compliance: A five‐year followup
Authors: Häkkinen Arja , Sokka Tuulikki , Hannonen Pekka
Published: February 2004

Objective

To evaluate the impact of a 2‐year home‐based strength‐training program on physical function in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) after a subsequent 3‐year followup.

Methods

Seventy patients with early RA were randomized to perform either strength training (experimental group [EG]) or range‐of‐motion exercises (control group [CG]). Maximal strength values were recorded by dynamometers. The Modified Disease Activity Score (DAS28), pain, Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), walking speed, and stair‐climbing speed were also measured.

Results

The maximum strength of assessed muscle groups increased by 19–59% in the EG during the training period and remained at the reached level throughout the subsequent 3 years. Muscle strength improved in the CG by 1–31%, but less compared with the EG. During the 2‐year training period, DAS28 decreased by 50% and 45% and pain by 67% and 39% in the EG and CG, respectively. The differences in muscle strength, DAS28, and HAQ were significantly in favor of the EG both at the 2‐year and 5‐year followup assessments.

Conclusions

The improvements achieved during the 2‐year strength‐training period were sustained for 3 years in patients with early RA.
Translation and validation of Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales 2 into Chinese: CAIMS2
Authors: Chu E. M. Y. , Chiu K. Y. , Wong R. W. S. , Tang W. M. , Lau C. S.
Published: February 2004

Objective

To evaluate the validity, reliability, and cultural relevance of the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales 2 (AIMS2) as a health assessment tool for Chinese‐speaking patients with arthritis.

Methods

The cultural relevance, language equivalency, and content validity of the AIMS2, Chinese version (CAIMS2) were evaluated by an expert panel. Measurement performance was tested on 240 subjects (rheumatoid arthritis = 81, osteoarthritis = 77, healthy = 82). Subjects (n = 175) were retested within 2 weeks for testing of reliability.

Results

Three items were modified and 2 items were added, as suggested by the expert panel. Interitem reliability was satisfactory (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.8552–0.9594). Test–retest reliability of the CAIMS2 subscales ranged from 0.770 to 0.952 in subjects in whom the CAIMS2 was self administered. Significant score differences between patients with arthritis and healthy subjects were found in all 12 subscales, except for the support from family and friends and tension subscales. CAIMS2 subscale scores correlated with clinical and laboratory measures of disease activity and patients' perceived quality of life as measured using the Chinese version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life instrument.

Conclusion

Empirical data support CAIMS2 is a valid and reliable health status measure for Chinese speaking patients with arthritis.
Patient quality of life during the 12 months following joint replacement surgery
Authors: Fitzgerald John D. , Orav E. John , Lee Thomas H. , Marcantonio Edward R. , Poss Robert , Goldman Lee , Mangione Carol M.
Published: February 2004

Objective

To determine whether preoperative characteristics influence quality of life outcomes 1, 6, and 12 months after joint replacement surgery.

Methods

Patients (n = 222) with osteoarthritis undergoing primary joint replacement surgery at a university hospital between November 1990 and March 1993 were prospectively studied. Bodily pain and physical function were assessed preoperatively and at the 3 postoperative time points using the Medical Outcomes Study 36 Item Short Form Health Survey.

Results

Bodily pain and physical function improved after joint replacement. At 1 month after surgery, despite improvements in bodily pain, physical function deteriorated. Preoperative bodily pain and physical function, demographic characteristics, and social support were significant correlates of improvement in bodily pain and physical function.

Conclusions

Patients experienced dramatic improvements in bodily pain and physical function after joint replacement. However, decline in physical function at 1 month implies significant need for prolonged informal or formal patient assistance with basic physical function after surgery. Greater preoperative social support was associated with improved bodily pain and physical function outcomes.
Issues in cross‐cultural validity: Example from the adaptation, reliability, and validity testing of a Turkish version of the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire
Authors: Küçükdeveci Ayse A. , Sahin Hülya , Ataman Sebnem , Griffiths Bridget , Tennant Alan
Published: February 2004

Objective

Guidelines have been established for cross‐cultural adaptation of outcome measures. However, invariance across cultures must also be demonstrated through analysis of Differential Item Functioning (DIF). This is tested in the context of a Turkish adaptation of the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ).

Methods

Internal construct validity of the adapted HAQ is assessed by Rasch analysis; reliability, by internal consistency and the intraclass correlation coefficient; external construct validity, by association with impairments and American College of Rheumatology functional stages. Cross‐cultural validity is tested through DIF by comparison with data from the UK version of the HAQ.

Results

The adapted version of the HAQ demonstrated good internal construct validity through fit of the data to the Rasch model (mean item fit 0.205; SD 0.998). Reliability was excellent (α = 0.97) and external construct validity was confirmed by expected associations. DIF for culture was found in only 1 item.

Conclusions

Cross‐cultural validity was found to be sufficient for use in international studies between the UK and Turkey. Future adaptation of instruments should include analysis of DIF at the field testing stage in the adaptation process.
Is osteoarthritis a systemic disorder of bone?
Authors: Rogers Juliet , Shepstone Lee , Dieppe Paul
Published: February 2004

Objective

To describe the osteologic findings associated with osteoarthritis (OA) of a variety of joints.

Methods

We performed visual examination of 563 skeletons of which ≥80% of the skeleton was available, from an archaeologic site in England. The surfaces and margins of several different joints (shoulders, elbows, wrists, hips, hands, knees, and ankles) were studied for evidence of eburnation and osteophytes, respectively, and the entire skeleton was examined for evidence of generalized enthesophyte formation. Associations between changes in different joint sites and between enthesophyte formation and evidence of OA were sought.

Results

Eburnation and osteophyte formation at the hand, hip, and knee were strongly associated with eburnation and osteophytes at other joint sites not commonly thought to be prone to OA, including the elbow and wrist. Only the ankle was rarely involved. There was also a strong relationship between both bone eburnation and osteophytes and generalized enthesophyte formation. These findings remained statistically significant after adjustment for the age, sex, and historical period of the skeletons.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that skeletal OA is more widespread in the body than is apparent from clinical studies and are consistent with other data suggesting that OA is a disease that is primarily dependent on systemic predisposition to a particular type of bone response to mechanical stress.
How rheumatologists and patients with rheumatoid arthritis discuss exercise and the influence of discussions on exercise prescriptions
Authors: Iversen Maura D. , Eaton Holley M. , Daltroy Lawren H.
Published: February 2004

Objective

To describe how patients and their rheumatologists discuss exercise, and to identify predictors of exercise prescriptions.

Methods

Twenty‐five rheumatologists and 132 patients with rheumatoid arthritis completed questionnaires and were audiotaped during a subsequent clinic visit. Chi‐square andt‐tests assessed associations between variables. Principal components analysis identified patterns of talk about exercise. Multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of an exercise prescription.

Results

Seventy of the 132 patients (53%) discussed exercise. Of these, 18 (26%) received an exercise prescription. Principal components analysis identified 3 patterns of talk about exercise. Aerobic exercise discussions contained more information about drawbacks, side effects, pain, and bargaining than did discussions about general exercises, and referral to physical therapy for exercise. Significant predictors of a prescription included rheumatologist‐initiated discussion about exercise (odds ratio [OR] 4.6;P= 0.03); talk about exercise in improving function, exercise instructions, opinions about the usefulness of exercise (OR 3.1;P= 0.01); and discussions about non‐exercise treatments (OR 1.6;P= 0.01).

Conclusion

Exercise and referral to physical therapy for exercise are discussed differently and are 4 times more likely to occur when the rheumatologist initiates the discussion. These discussions strongly impact on the likelihood a patient receives an exercise prescription.
Psychopathic traits in adolescent offenders: an evaluation of criminal history, clinical, and psychosocial correlates
Authors: Campbell Mary Ann , Porter Stephen , Santor Darcy
Published: February 2004

Although a large body of research has established the relevance of psychopathy to adult offenders, its relevance to adolescent offenders is far less clear. The current study evaluated the clinical, psychosocial and criminal correlates of psychopathic traits in a sample of 226 male and female incarcerated adolescent offenders. According to an 18‐item version of the Psychopathy Checklist—Youth Version (PCL‐YV; Forth, Kosson, & Hare, 2003), only 9.4% exhibited a high level of psychopathic traits (PCL‐YV≥25). Consistent with past research, higher PCL‐YV scores were positively associated with self‐reported delinquency and aggressive behavior and were unrelated to emotional difficulties. Although higher PCL‐YV scores were associated with the experience of physical abuse, the only psychosocial factor to predict PCL‐YV scores was a history of non‐parental living arrangements (e.g. foster care). In terms of criminality, a violent/versatile criminal history was positively associated with psychopathic traits. However, PCL‐YV scores were unrelated to participants' official criminal records for total, non‐violent, violent, and technical violation convictions. In conclusion, the data partially support the construct validity of psychopathy with adolescent offenders, but some inconsistencies with prior adult and adolescent psychopathy research were evident. These issues are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors affecting clinical referral of young children with a subdural haemorrhage to child protection agencies
Authors: Sanders Tom , Cobley Cathy , Coles Lisa , Kemp Alison
Published: February 2004

The research on which this paper is based aimed to identify the social and legal consequences when young children sustain a suspected non‐accidental subdural haemorrhage; and to examine the clinical and social factors that impact on clinical referral decisions. Data were collected from medical, social services, police and court ﬁles for information on the management of children with these injuries by various agencies in the South West of England and South Wales. Data were collected on the case management of young children from time of presentation to hospital through to referral to police and social services. The paper shows that children who are most at risk of shaking injuries are likely to be very young babies between 3 and 5 months of age. They are most likely to come from deprived households where parental stability is weak and where social support for the carers is limited. Referral of children by paediatricians to child protection agencies is not always carried out in cases where coexisting signs indicate a strong reason for referral. It is recommended that paediatricians and other clinicians involved in the care of young children should embark on a multidisciplinary process of assessment and training in the identiﬁcation of non‐accidental head injury in very young children and babies, to reduce their risk of future harm. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fractures in infants: one in four is non‐accidental
Authors: Hoskote Aparna U. , Martin Katherine , Hormbrey Philip , Burns E. Claire
Published: February 2004

The study examines the cause of fractures in infants under a year of age presenting to an Accident and Emergency (A&E) department in order to ascertain the proportion of non‐accidental (NA) to accidental fractures. It also considers whether there were any child protection concerns in either group in the 4–5 years following the fracture. The study involved a retrospective review of notes of infants presenting with fractures over a 2‐year period. Health visitors (HV) completed a questionnaire regarding the well‐being of these children 4–5 years after the fracture occurred. The study identiﬁed 28 infants with fractures, seven NA and 21 accidental. Of the seven NA cases, ﬁve were diagnosed on presentation but two only on subsequent referral (2 days and 5 weeks later). On second presentation, one of these had more severe injuries. Six of the seven with NA fractures were male, ﬁve were less than 4 months of age and in four a skeletal survey revealed other fractures. Information from the HV questionnaire revealed that one of those considered to have had an accidental fracture in infancy was later put on the Social Services child protection register. It was concluded that fractures in infants under a year of age have a high risk of being NA and distinguishing these cases from accidental fractures can be difﬁcult. The younger the infant, the greater the risk of a fracture being NA. A missed diagnosis may result in a child sustaining more severe injuries. A&E departments should have clear guidelines on the assessment of infants with fractures. Liaison with HVs and general practitioners is important to ensure primary care advice on accident prevention and to allow for surveillance regarding possible neglectful care. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systematic review of instruments designed to predict child maltreatment during the antenatal and postnatal periods
Authors: Peters Rebecca , Barlow Jane
Published: February 2004

The purpose of this review was to identify instruments designed to predict future child maltreatment and to evaluate their predictive accuracy. A number of electronic databases were searched to identify published studies. Only studies that had utilized a prospective methodology and tested at least one standardized instrument designed to identify families during the antenatal or postnatal periods who are at increased risk of maltreatment were included in the review. Eight studies were included that had prospectively tested a standardized instrument to predict child maltreatment during the antenatal or postnatal periods. Only six of the included studies followed up the entire sample, and of these only two did not provide an intervention for some or all of the high‐risk group. While many of the included instruments obtained sensitivity and speciﬁcity above 80%, only two of the included instruments combined speciﬁcity over 80% with a positive predictive value above 25%. Currently available instruments have limited accuracy, suggesting that they should only be used to focus non‐punitive interventions. These ﬁndings, in conjunction with other issues such as the stigma attached to the use of such instruments and difﬁculties in their application within a clinical and research context, suggest the need for a new approach to the identiﬁcation of parents in need of higher levels of intervention. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shaken baby syndrome—an introduction to the literature
Authors: Wheeler Philip L.
Published: February 2004

Shaken baby syndrome is not a new phenomenon, with changes in the brains of abused children having been described as early as the nineteenth century. It is, however, a complex condition in which controversies abound. This introduction to the literature includes both medical and sociolegal perspectives on the history, prevalence and nature of shaken baby syndrome. Both diagnosis and management require a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach, including input from ophthalmology and radiology. All professionals involved in managing shaken baby syndrome need to be aware of the many debates on the subject, including issues around a lucid interval following the trauma; the degree of trauma required; the mechanism of the injury; and differential diagnoses that need to be considered. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Potential of Surfactant Modified Supercritical Fluids for Dissolving Polar Dyes
Authors: Lewin‐Kretzschmar U. , Harting P.
Published: February 2004

The solubility of different polar dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide and ethane (scCO2 and scC2H6), both modified and unmodified with various surfactants and solvents was determined at temperatures from 323–373 K and in pressure range from 10–45 MPa. The solubility data were correlated with some empirical equations. Furthermore, dyeing experiments with wool and cotton dyes were conducted in order to characterize the impact of modifiers on the dyeing procedure and coloring properties and to prove the practicability of modified fluid systems for commercial procedures.
Investigation of Liquid Flow in Adjacent Permeable Conduits
Authors: Aliev M.R. , Aliev R.Z. , Aliev A.R.
Published: February 2004

Stationary liquid flow in long (to l/d = 1250) adjacent conduits separated by a permeable membrane was studied for Π and Z flow geometries and input Reynolds numbers from 2870 to 9363. The distributions of water pressure along and pressure difference between the conduits were obtained. Experimental data were compared with the numerical solution of equations derived from the momentum equation and the three‐range formula for the friction coefficient. Changes in the liquid flow regimes in the conduits are taken into account; the boundary‐layer Re numbers for three ranges where the friction coefficient was calculated – Re < 2500, 2500 < Re < 4000, and Re > 4000 – are given.
Temperature Effect on Removal of Sulfur Dioxide and Benzene in Humid Air by DC Corona Discharge
Authors: Sano N. , Fukuoka M. , Kanki T. , Tanthapanichakoon W. , Charinpanitkul T. , Tamon H.
Published: February 2004

A DC corona discharge reactor was applied to remove sulfur dioxide (SO2) and benzene (C6H6) from N2‐O2‐H2O mixed gas in the temperature range from room temperature to 400 °C. When SO2 was removed, the temperature elevation caused the decrease of the removal efficiency of SO2. On the other hand, the removal efficiency of C6H6 was not significantly influenced by the temperature elevation. In the simultaneous removal of SO2 and C6H6 in the relatively low temperature range below 200 °C, the removal efficiency of SO2 is significantly inhibited by coexisting C6H6. When the simultaneous removal was conducted in the high temperature range, the removal efficiency of SO2 was not sensitive against the coexisting C6H6. On the other hand, the removal efficiency of C6H6 was almost independent of coexisting SO2 at all temperatures. A hypothesis of reaction mechanism was discussed based on radical reactions with SO2 and C6H6 to explain the trend observed in the experiment.
Microwave‐Assisted Heterogeneous Gas‐Phase Catalysis
Authors: Will Heiko , Scholz Peter , Ondruschka Bernd
Published: February 2004

This article reviews microwave‐assisted heterogeneous gas‐phase catalysis. To date, this special means of non‐classical energy input by microwave radiation is still a fringe area of catalysis research, and alternative reaction engineering in chemistry and chemical engineering. However, microwave‐assisted heterogeneous gas‐phase catalysis is expected to gain significant popularity in academia and industry in the near future. Experimental set‐ups that have been described in literature are critically reviewed, and concepts for the design of improved experimental set‐ups are provided in this article. Historical developments, current tendencies, and a short introduction to the theory of dielectric heating are discussed.
Kinetics of Photocatalyzed Gas Reactions Using Titanium Dioxide as the Catalyst – Part I: Photocatalyzed Total Oxidation of Olefines with Oxygen
Authors: Haeger A. , Kleinschmidt O. , Hesse D.
Published: February 2004

In order to obtain a useful expression for the kinetics of the photocatalyzed total oxidation reaction of olefines with TiO2 as the catalyst, the dependence of reaction rate on the concentration of the educt species, the absorbed irradiation intensity, the wavelength of the light and the temperature was investigated. The experiments were performed in a CSTR system. The results obtained for steady‐state conditions showed that besides the photocatalytic activity, the TiO2 powder fixed on one wall of the reactor has, in addition, a thermal activity for higher temperature. Although the reaction behavior of the system is relatively complex, it can be modeled straightforward by a concept proposing a cooperative coadsorption of oxygen and the olefine species mediated by the electron/hole pairs generated by the absorbed light on the semiconductor's surface.
The Role of Mass Transfer in the Kinetics of Chemical Oxidation of Anthracine Slurry to Anthraquinone in a Batch Stirred Tank Reactor
Authors: Amin N.K. , Nosier S.A. , Hassan M.S.M. , Sedahmed G.H.
Published: February 2004

The kinetics of chemical oxidation of anthracine powder by acidified dichromate in a batch agitated vessel stirred by a 45° four pitched blade turbine impeller was studied under different conditions. Variables studied were impeller rotation speed, solution physical properties and temperature. The rate of anthracine oxidation was found to increase with temperature according to the Arrhenius equation with an activation energy of 3.98 cal/mole. The rate of anthracine oxidation was found to increase with 0.56 power of impeller rotation speed. The value of the activation energy and the sensitivity of the rate of oxidation to stirring lend support to the diffusion‐controlled nature of the reaction. The data were correlated by the equation:

Sh = 0.5 · 10–3 Sc0.33 · Fr0.33

Implication of the above equation for the operation of industrial reactors was noted.
Effect of Ultrasound on the Production Reaction Kinetics of Sodium Thiosulfate
Authors: Ingeç T. , Tekin T.
Published: February 2004

It is known that the production reaction of sodium thiosulfate which consists of the reaction of Na2SO3 with sulfur is considerably slow. Ultrasound energy was used to increase the conversion fraction of sulfur and to accelerate the production reaction of Na2S2O3, and the effect of ultrasonic energy on the reaction kinetics was investigated. The particle size, reaction temperature, concentration of Na2SO3 solution and amplitude of ultrasound power were chosen as parameters. The experiments were performed in the absence and presence of ultrasound. Considering the results the reaction is chemically controlled first order and the activation energy is equal to 42 kJ/mol in both cases. The results indicated that the ultrasound energy increased the reaction speed but it did not vary the activation energy. The effect of ultrasound is on the pre‐exponential factor A. Finally, an empirical relation is given which relates the rate constant to ultrasound power.
Comparative cellular distribution of GABAA and GABAB receptors in the human basal ganglia: Immunohistochemical colocalization of the α1 subunit of the GABAA receptor, and the GABABR1 and GABABR2 receptor subunits
Authors: Waldvogel Henry J. , Billinton Andy , White Julia H. , Emson Piers C. , Faull Richard L.M.
Published: February 2004

The GABAB receptor is a G‐protein linked metabotropic receptor that is comprised of two major subunits, GABABR1 and GABABR2. In this study, the cellular distribution of the GABABR1 and GABABR2 subunits was investigated in the normal human basal ganglia using single and double immunohistochemical labeling techniques on fixed human brain tissue. The results showed that the GABAB receptor subunits GABABR1 and GABABR2 were both found on the same neurons and followed the same distribution patterns. In the striatum, these subunits were found on the five major types of interneurons based on morphology and neurochemical labeling (types 1, 2, 3, 5, 6) and showed weak labeling on the projection neurons (type 4). In the globus pallidus, intense GABABR1 and GABABR2 subunit labeling was found in large pallidal neurons, and in the substantia nigra, both pars compacta and pars reticulata neurons were labeled for both receptor subunits. Studies investigating the colocalization of the GABAA α1 subunit and GABAB receptor subunits showed that the GABAA receptor α1 subunit and the GABABR1 subunit were found together on GABAergic striatal interneurons (type 1 parvalbumin, type 2 calretinin, and type 3 GAD neurons) and on neurons in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata. GABABR1 and GABABR2 were found on substantia nigra pars compacta neurons but the GABAA receptor α1 subunit was absent from these neurons. The results of this study provide the morphological basis for GABAergic transmission within the human basal ganglia and provides evidence that GABA acts through both GABAA and GABAB receptors. That is, GABA acts through GABAB receptors, which are located on most of the cell types of the striatum, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra. GABA also acts through GABAA receptors containing the α1 subunit on specific striatal GABAergic interneurons and on output neurons of the globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata. J. Comp. Neurol. 470:339–356, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative morphological analysis of the motoneurons innervating muscles involved in tongue movements of the frog Rana esculenta
Authors: Birinyi András , Szekely George , Csapó Krisztina , Matesz Clara
Published: February 2004

We give an account of an effort to make quantitative morphological distinctions between motoneurons of the frog innervating functionally different groups of muscles involved in the movements of the tongue. The protractor, retractor, and inner muscles of the tongue were considered on the basis of their major action during the prey‐catching behavior of the frog. Motoneurons were selectively labeled with cobalt lysin through the nerves of the individual muscles, and dendritic trees of successfully labeled neurons were reconstructed. Each motoneuron was characterized by 15 quantitative morphological parameters describing the size of the soma and dendritic tree and 12 orientation variables related to the shape and orientation of the dendritic field. The variables were subjected to multivariate discriminant analysis to find correlations between form and function of these motoneurons. According to the morphological parameters, the motoneurons were classified into three functionally different groups weighted by the shape of the perikaryon, mean diameter of stem dendrites, and mean length of dendritic segments. The most important orientation variables in the separation of three groups were the ellipses describing the shape of dendritic arborization in the horizontal, frontal, and sagittal planes of the brainstem. These findings indicate that characteristic geometry of the dendritic tree may have a preference for one array of fibers over another. J. Comp. Neurol. 470:409–421, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunoreactive TRPV‐2 (VRL‐1), a capsaicin receptor homolog, in the spinal cord of the rat
Authors: Lewinter Robin D. , Skinner Kate , Julius David , Basbaum Allan I.
Published: February 2004

The vanilloid receptor‐like 1 protein (VRL‐1, also called TRPV2) is a member of the TRPV family of proteins and is a homolog of the capsaicin/vanilloid receptor (VR1, or TRPV1). Although VRL‐1 does not bind capsaicin, like VR1 it is activated by noxious heat (>52°C). Unlike VR1, however, VRL‐1 is primarily expressed by medium‐ and large‐diameter primary afferents, which suggests that nociceptive processing is but one of the functions to which VRL‐1 contributes. To provide information on the diverse spinal circuits that are engaged by these VRL‐1‐expressing primary afferents, we completed a detailed immunocytochemical map of VRL‐1 in rat spinal cord, including light and electron microscopic analysis, and generated a more comprehensive neurochemical characterization of VRL‐1‐expressing primary afferents. Consistent with previous reports, we found that VRL‐1 and VR1 are expressed in different dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cell bodies. Almost all VRL‐1‐expressing cells labeled for N52 (a marker of myelinated afferents), consistent with VRL‐1 expression in Aδ and Aβ fibers. EM analysis of the DRG and dorsal roots confirmed this and revealed two categories of neurons based on the intensity of immunolabeling. The densest VRL‐1 immunoreactivity in the spinal cord was found in lamina I, inner lamina II, and laminae III/IV. This is consistent with the expression of VRL‐1 by myelinated nociceptors that target laminae I and IIi and in nonnociceptive Aβ fibers that target laminae III/IV. Dorsal rhizotomy reduced, but did not eliminate, the immunostaining in all dorsal horn laminae, which indicates that VRL‐1 expression derives from both DRG cells and from neurons intrinsic to the brain or spinal cord. Spinal hemisection reduced immunostaining of the ipsilateral dorsal columns in segments rostral to the lesion and in the dorsal column nuclei, presumably from the loss of ascending Aβ afferents, but there was no change caudal to the lesion. Thus, supraspinal sources of dorsal horn VRL‐1 immunoreactivity are likely not significant. Although we never observed VRL‐1 immunostaining in cell bodies in the superficial dorsal horn, there was extensive labeling of motoneurons and ventral root efferents—in particular, in an extremely densely labeled population at the lumbosacral junction. Finally, many ependymal cells surrounding the central canal were intensely labeled. These results emphasize that VRL‐1, in contrast to VR1, is present in a diverse population of neurons and undoubtedly contributes to numerous functions in addition to nociceptive processing. J. Comp. Neurol. 470:400–408, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Studies on the growth and optical characterization of dysprosium gadolinium oxalate single crystals
Authors: Elizebeth A. , Thomas V. , Jose G. , Jose G. , Unnikrishnan N. V. , Joseph C. , Ittyachen M. A.
Published: February 2004

Preparation and optical characterization of dysprosium gadolinium oxalate (DGO) single crystal is reported. The crystals were grown using silica gel technique, by the controlled reaction of rare earth nitrates with oxalic acid. Crystals were characterized using X‐ray powder diffraction, optical absorption and fluorescence studies. Radiative transition probability, fluorescence branching ratio and radiative lifetime of Dy3+ in the crystal are evaluated by the parameterization of the absorption spectrum by the Judd‐Ofelt theory. The recorded fluorescence spectrum showed two well resolved peaks at 480 nm and 571 nm and are assigned to the transitions from 4F9/2 → 6H15/2 and 6H13/2 of Dy3+. Stimulated emission crossection and optical gain of these transitions are also evaluated. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ca for Er substitution in tetragonal ErPO4 · H2O crystallised from phosphoric acid solution
Authors: Kijkowska R.
Published: February 2004

Erbium phosphate monohydrate with limited Ca for Er substitution, obtained through crystallisation from boiling phosphoric acid solution has been characterised by X‐ray diffraction, Ir‐spectroscopy and thermal analysis (TGA‐DTA) methods. The difference in the electric charge between di‐valent calcium and tri‐valent erbium in the solid crystallised was compensated by simultaneous substitution of HPO42‐ for PO43‐. Ca incorporation in erbium phosphate made expansion of tetragonal ErPO4 · H2O unit cell. After ignition at 900 °C the tetragonal crystal modification was maintained but the unit cell parameters of all the investigated phosphates, whether Ca‐substituted or Ca‐free, contracted to the same level. The unique contraction of the unit cell was resulted from recrystallisation of Ca‐substituted into Ca‐free erbium phosphate, while Ca was transferred into Ca(PO3)2 formed as a separate phase. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fluctuation of crystallization at center part of floating molten zone under reduced gravity condition
Authors: Kimura H. , Miyazaki A. , Maiwa K. , Nakamura H.
Published: February 2004

Fluctuation of crystallization was observed at floating molten zone under reduced gravity condition on airplane. The zone material was Ba(B0.9Al0.1)2O4. A pair of Pt tubes was used at the upper and the lower positions, and the molten zone was formed between two Pt tubes. Double peak temperature profile could be performed using two Pt tubes. Crystallization of the molten Ba(B0.9Al0.1)2O4 was started at center part of side surface of floating molten zone under reduced gravity condition. The formed crystal was melted again during the crystallization by the gravity fluctuation at the center part of the floating molten zone. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Crystallization of phosphogypsum in continuous phosphoric acid industrial plant
Authors: Abdel‐Aal E. A.
Published: February 2004

Understanding crystallization of phosphogypsum is generally of basic importance for industrial wet‐process phosphoric acid production. In this paper, measuring the phosphogypsum crystal size distribution during primary and secondary nucleation is reported. The results show that, secondary nucleation was occurred at 5 hr run time (12.5% solid content). Crystal growth rates were about 18.4 μm/hr at 2.5% solid content and about 4.5 μm at 30% solid content. At steady state (16 hr run time and 30% solid content), the mean diameter of the crystals and the average specific surface area are about 25 μm and 0.69 m2/g, respectively. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Studies on a new Rb3H9(PO4)4 crystal
Authors: Fukami T. , Chen R. H.
Published: February 2004

A new type of trirubidium nonahydrogen tetraphosphate, Rb3H9(PO4)4, crystal has been crystallized. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X‐ray diffraction measurements have been performed on the title compound. The crystal does not undergo any structural phase transition in the temperature range from 120 to 440 K except a melting transition at 399 K. The compound belongs to a monoclinic system with space group C2/c at room temperature. The structure is built on a framework of PO4 tetrahedra linked by five types of OH‐O hydrogen bonds in the length range from 2.472(4) to 2.679(4) Å. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)