bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aporte e decomposição de serapilheira em áreas de floresta secundária, plantio de sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth.) e andiroba (Carapa guianensis Aubl.) na Flona Mário Xavier, RJ.
Authors: Fernandes Milton Marques , Pereira Marcos Gervasio , Magalhães Luis Mauro Sampaio , Cruz Adriano Rosa , Giácomo Rômulo Guimarães
Published: August 2016

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o aporte e a decomposição da serapilheira em áreas de floresta secundária espontânea, plantio de sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth.) e plantio de andiroba (Carapa guianensis Aubl.). Para avaliação do aporte de serapilheira, foram instalados dez coletores cônicos sendo o aporte avaliado durante o período de outubro de 2003 a setembro de 2004. Posteirormente, foi feita a quantificação dos macronutrientes (N, P e K). A avaliação da taxa de decomposição foi realizada utilizando-se o método dos litter bags. A área de plantio de andiroba aportou a maior quantidade de serrapilheira 9,20 Mg ha-1,sendo seguida pelo plantio de sabiá com 9,06 Mg ha-1 e pela floresta secundária espontânea 7,63 Mg ha-1 por ano. A serapilheira das áreas de plantio de sabiá e do plantio de andiroba apresentou maiores valores de nitrogênio e fósforo que a área de floresta secundária. A velocidade de decomposição da serapilheira foi maior nas áreas de plantio de sabiá e andiroba, podendo tal comportamento ter sido influenciado pelo maior conteúdo de nitrogênio na serapilheira. O fósforo foi o nutriente que apresentou maior velocidade de liberação.
Avaliação silvicultural de Tectona grandis L.f., em Cáceres – MT, Brasil: resultados preliminares.
Authors: Passos Carlos Aberto Moraes , Bufulin Junior Leopoldo , Gonçalves Maria Rosa
Published: August 2016

O presente trabalho reporta à avaliação técnica de um povoamento de teca (Tectona grandis L. f.), instalado em Cáceres, MT. As árvores de teca foram plantadas em oito espaçamentos cujas densidades iniciais variaram de 833 a 2.000 plantas por hectare, em fileiras simples e duplas; no delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Os dados foram coletados aos 22 meses de idade, sendo computada a sobrevivência e medido o diâmetro à altura do peito e a altura total das árvores. Ajustou-se uma função para a estimativa do volume do tronco com casca por árvore. Foram estimados, para cada espaçamento o diâmetro médio à altura do peito e as médias da altura, da área basal, do volume do tronco com casca por árvore e por área, e o fator de forma. O modelo de melhor ajuste para avaliação de volume do tronco com casca por árvore foi o logarítmico. O diâmetro médio à altura do peito, as médias da altura total, sobrevivência, volume do tronco com casca por árvore e a forma das árvores não apresentaram diferenças entre os espaçamentos. A altura total, a área basal e o volume do tronco com casca por área foram diretamente proporcionais ao número de árvores por área (densidade).
Análise de algumas alternativas para obter o coeficiente angular da reta no método da altura relativa.
Authors: Andrade Valdir Carlos Lima de , Calegario Natalino , Scolforo José Roberto Soares
Published: August 2016

O método da altura relativa permite caracterizar o perfil do tronco sem precisar do abate de árvores-amostra para cubagem. Emprega-se geometria analítica nas variáveis obtidas partindo de diâmetros tomados a 0,3 metros do terreno e em hr = (h-2)/2, além de d1,3 e h, o que viabiliza a medição destas, simultaneamente, com as demais variáveis mensuradas nas parcelas de inventário florestal. Neste trabalho, foram avaliadas algumas opções para caracterização do perfil do tronco empregando geometria analítica, comparando-se com o seu uso original conforme Andrade (2001). Concluiu-se que o uso de diâmetros relativos ao dap apresentaram melhores resultados para empregar a análise de regressão, a fim de se gerar coeficientes angulares da reta. Também, na expectativa de melhor acurácia, é mais adequado empregar o método da altura relativa utilizando todas as árvores delimitadas pelas parcelas do inventário.
Oxidação fenólica, tipo de explante e meios de cultura no estabelecimento in vitro de canafístula (Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub.).
Authors: Bassan Josiana Scherer , Reiniger Lia Rejane Silveira , Rocha Beatriz Helena Gomes , Severo Cássia Rejane Peiche , Flores Andressa Vasconcelos
Published: August 2016

A canafístula, Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub. é uma espécie florestal nativa e com ampla dispersão geográfica, desempenhando um papel pioneiro nas áreas abertas, em capoeiras e matas degradadas. Apresenta um rápido crescimento e se adapta facilmente, sendo muito recomendada para reflorestamento homogêneo. A madeira é utilizada em construções civis, indústria de móveis, construção naval e militar. A micropropagação é uma técnica utilizada com bastante sucesso, apresentando, entre outras vantagens, um rápido aumento no número de plantas geneticamente idênticas partindo de plantas selecionadas. Os objetivos do trabalho são avaliar a influência da luz no controle da oxidação fenólica dos explantes de canafístula (Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.), determinar o meio nutritivo e o tipo de explante mais adequado para o estabelecimento in vitro de canafístula (Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.). Foram realizados dois experimentos. No primeiro, ápices caulinares foram cultivados em meio base MS a 25 ± 3°C, por 7 dias no escuro e, posteriormente, sob fotoperíodo de 16 horas de luz e intensidade luminosa de 20 μmol.m2.s-1, fornecida por lâmpada fluorescente branca durante 21 dias ou permaneceram na câmara de crescimento com exposição à luz durante todo o experimento. Foi empregado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições contendo quatro unidades experimentais (UE). A oxidação fenólica foi observada após 21 dias de cultivo. Não ocorreu oxidação fenólica em nenhum dos tratamentos analisados. No segundo experimento, ápices caulinares e segmentos nodais foram cultivados em meio base MS e meio WPM. Os explantes foram mantidos em sala de crescimento com fotoperíodo de 16 horas de luz e intensidade luminosa de 20 μmol.m2.s-1, fornecidas por lâmpada fluorescente branca fria e temperatura de 25 ± 3°C. A UE foi composta por um frasco de vidro de 150 mL contendo 30 mL de meio nutritivo e um explante. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (meio nutritivo e tipo de explante) com cinco repetições por tratamento, cada repetição consistindo de quatro UE. Aos 49 dias de cultivo avaliaram-se as seguintes variáveis: sobrevivência, estabelecimento, presença de raiz, presença de calos, número de nós, número de folhas e altura da parte aérea (mm). Os dados de presença de raiz, presença de calo, sobrevivência e estabelecimento foram analisados pelo teste qui-quadrado. As demais variáveis foram submetidas à análise de variância. Neste experimento, o meio base MS é mais eficiente que o WPM no estabelecimento in vitro de canafístula (Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.). Não existem diferenças entre a utilização dos explantes ápice caulinar e segmento nodal.
Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze submetidas a diferentes condições de armazenamento e a escarificação.
Authors: Caçola Álvaro Valente , Amarante Cassandro Vidal Talamini do , Fleig Frederico Dimas , Mota Clenilso Sehnen
Published: August 2016

As sementes de Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze (pinheiro-do-Paraná) são recalcitrantes e, portanto, perdem rapidamente a viabilidade após a colheita, o que dificulta a sua utilização na produção de mudas. Este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar os efeitos do tempo de armazenamento refrigerado, do método de conservação e da escarificação na germinação e vigor das sementes de Araucaria angustifolia. As sementes foram submetidas a 0, 60, 120 e 180 dias de armazenamento refrigerado (0-1oC/90-95% de UR), em condições de ar normal (AN), atmosfera modificada (AM) e atmosfera controlada (AC). Em cada período de remoção da câmara fria, as sementes foram escarificadas (pelo do corte de uma pequena parte da ponta do tegumento, sem danificar o endosperma) ou não, e colocadas para germinar em condições controladas de câmara de crescimento, em bandejas contendo vermiculita, durante 60 dias. O trabalho seguiu o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, segundo um fatorial 4 x 3 x 2, correspondendo a quatro tempos de armazenamento (0, 60, 120 e 180 dias), três métodos de conservação (AN, AM e AC), com e sem escarificação, com quatro repetições. Foi observada a manutenção da qualidade fisiológica de sementes de Araucaria angustifolia armazenadas sob diferentes métodos de conservação, em condições de refrigeração, durante o período de até 180 dias. No entanto, a velocidade da germinação e o crescimento inicial das plântulas foi maior em sementes armazenadas em câmara refrigerada durante 60 dias do que em sementes utilizadas imediatamente após a colheita ou armazenadas durante períodos maiores de tempo, de 120-180 dias. O armazenamento de sementes em condições de AN, acondicionadas em embalagem perfurada, mostrou-se igual ou ligeiramente superior aos métodos de armazenamento em AM e AC na preservação da qualidade das sementes. A escarificação das sementes após o armazenamento refrigerado aumentou o vigor e promoveu o crescimento inicial de plântulas de Araucaria angustifolia.
Modelos de crescimento resultantes da combinação e variações dos modelos de Chapman-Richards e Silva-Bailey aplicados em Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit.
Authors: Brito Cícero Carlos Ramos de , Silva José Antonio Aleixo da , Ferreira Rinaldo Luiz Caraciolo , Santos Eufrázio de Souza , Ferraz Ivan
Published: August 2016

O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver novos modelos de crescimento para recursos florestais aplicados à leucena [Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit], tendo como base as hipóteses biológicas propostas por Chapman-Richards e Silva-Bailey. O experimento de leucena foi conduzido na Estação Experimental da Empresa Pernambucana de Pesquisa Agropecuária - IPA, Caruaru, PE. Foram utilizadas 544 árvores de leucena de um experimento com vinte remedições realizadas ao longo de 12 anos. Compararam-se novos modelos de crescimento resultantes da combinação e variações dos modelos de Chapman-Richards e Silva-Bailey, bem como outros comumente usados em recursos florestais. Para a seleção das equações, utilizaram-se o Índice de Ajuste (IA), o erro-padrão da estimativa e a distribuição gráfica dos resíduos. Os resultados indicaram que todos os modelos testados se ajustaram de maneira satisfatória aos dados, podendo ser utilizados para se estimar o crescimento em altura da leucena.
Variação do incremento anual ao longo do fuste de Pinus taeda L. em diferentes idades e densidades populacionais.
Authors: Andrade César Martins , Finger César Augusto Guimarães , Thomas Cláudio , Schneider Paulo Renato
Published: August 2016

A variação do crescimento anual em diferentes alturas do fuste de Pinus taeda L. foi estudada por meio da análise de tronco em árvores do estrato dominante e médio. Foram coletadas secções transversais ao longo do fuste de 9 árvores-amostra, tomadas na base, à altura do peito (DAP), e após, a cada metro. A amostragem foi constituída de 4 árvores provenientes de Canela, Rio Grande do Sul, em floresta com 17 anos de idade, submetida a um desbaste, e 5 árvores de Ponte Alta do Norte, Santa Catarina, em floresta com 34 anos, submetida a cinco desbastes. Os resultados, expressos na forma percentual do incremento em área basal na posição "i", sobre o incremento em área basal ao nível do DAP, mostraram a forte variação na deposição anual de lenho ao longo do fuste em função da densidade populacional, caracterizando os efeitos da competição e da liberação pela execução do desbaste. Árvores sujeitas à competição mostraram maior crescimento nas partes superiores do fuste, enquanto que árvores sob menor concorrência apresentaram maior crescimento em posições inferiores, facilmente identificadas pela forma e inclinação das curvas de incremento.
Crescimento em volume de Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze na Serra do Sudeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul.
Authors: Hess André Felipe , Schneider Paulo Renato , Andrade César Martins
Published: August 2016

Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram analisar o crescimento em volume de Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze na região da Serra do Sudeste e ajustar uma equação de crescimento em volume. Os dados foram obtidos por análise de tronco, de seções transversais nas alturas de 0,10 m, 1,30 m e, após, de 2 em 2m, de árvores abatidas de povoamentos naturais, tendo o volume resultado por idade. O trabalho demonstrou que a espécie nessa região tem incrementos significativos, atingindo, aos 60 anos, o volume sem casca médio igual a 0,6866 m³, com um incremento médio anual em volume sem casca de 0,01585 m³/ano.
The meteoric rise of mental illness in America and implications for other countries
Authors: Stolzer Jeanne M.
Published: August 2016

Over the last 20-30 years, proponents of the medical model have hypothesized that mental illness is the result of a “chemical imbalance” in the brain (i.e., neurological atrophy, Breggin, 2011). In spite of the fact that no scientific evidence exists to support this hypothesis, the medical model’s claim that mental illness is the result of neurological malfunctioning has been widely disseminated by the pharmaceutical industry and by the medical community, in general, across the western world (Breggin, 2006; Healy, 2015). As a direct result of the widespread acceptance of the chemical imbalance hypothesis, millions of men, women, and children are prescribed daily doses of dangerous and addictive psychiatric drugs for a plethora of mental illnesses that, just a generation ago, were unheard of (Baughman & Hovey, 2006). This paper will challenge the current medical model’s definition of mental illness, will offer a theoretically sound alternative to psychiatric drug treatment, and will explore in depth the cultural, economic, historical, ideological, and social correlates that can be intrinsically linked to the meteoric rise in psychiatric illness across much of the western world.
Birds of a feather laugh together: An investigation of humour style similarity in married couples
Authors: Hahn Christian Martin , Campbell Lorne John
Published: August 2016

The present research investigated the degree of similarity in humour styles between spouses as assessed with the Humour Styles Questionnaire (HSQ). Furthermore, self-esteem was investigated as a potential moderator of partner humour style similarity. A sample of 116 heterosexual, married couples independently completed questionnaires assessing self-reported humour styles across the 32 item HSQ, as well as global self-esteem. Results indicated that there is significant positive association between the humour styles of married partners. This association was moderated by individual self-esteem. Specifically, participants with high self-esteem were found to have greater humour style similarity with their partners. Similarity was also greater for positive compared to negative types of humour. Implications for the use of dyadic data in investigating the roles of humour within couples are discussed.
Cognitive distortions, humor styles, and depression
Authors: Rnic Katerina , Dozois David J. A. , Martin Rod A.
Published: August 2016

Cognitive distortions are negative biases in thinking that are theorized to represent vulnerability factors for depression and dysphoria. Despite the emphasis placed on cognitive distortions in the context of cognitive behavioural theory and practice, a paucity of research has examined the mechanisms through which they impact depressive symptomatology. Both adaptive and maladaptive styles of humor represent coping strategies that may mediate the relation between cognitive distortions and depressive symptoms. The current study examined the correlations between the frequency and impact of cognitive distortions across both social and achievement-related contexts and types of humor. Cognitive distortions were associated with reduced use of adaptive Affiliative and Self-Enhancing humor styles and increased use of maladaptive Aggressive and Self-Defeating humor. Reduced use of Self-Enhancing humor mediated the relationship between most types of cognitive distortions and depressed mood, indicating that distorted negative thinking may interfere with an individual’s ability to adopt a humorous and cheerful outlook on life (i.e., use Self-Enhancing humor) as a way of regulating emotions and coping with stress, thereby resulting in elevated depressive symptoms. Similarly, Self-Defeating humor mediated the association of the social impact of cognitive distortions with depression, such that this humor style may be used as a coping strategy for dealing with distorted thinking that ultimately backfires and results in increased dysphoria.
Le baby-boom québécois : l’importance du mariage
Authors: Gauvreau Danielle , Laplante Benoît
Published: August 2016

Le baby-boom est un phénomène marquant duxxesiècle dans la plupart des pays industrialisés. Au Québec, il se distingue parce qu’il combine l’augmentation de la fécondité générale et la baisse de la fécondité des couples mariés : ainsi, le baby-boom a lieu parce que plus de gens se marient et se marient plus tôt, même s’ils ont moins d’enfants que leurs parents. Ce paradoxe a été mis en évidence par Jacques Henripin dans sa monographie du recensement de 1961 sur la fécondité au Canada. Nous utilisons les données rétrospectives du recensement de 1981 afin d’analyser plus finement les comportements de nuptialité des femmes et des hommes pendant le baby-boom en nous concentrant sur les différences entre groupes ethnoreligieux et de niveaux de scolarité. Les transformations les plus importantes consistent en un rajeunissement généralisé de l’âge au mariage et, chez les femmes et les francophones les plus scolarisés surtout, en une augmentation de la propension à se marier. Il s’ensuit que les écarts entre groupes ethnoreligieux et entre niveaux de scolarité diminuent considérablement. Le baby-boom québécois semble donc avoir été causé d’abord et avant tout par le mariage plus précoce dans tous les groupes et l’augmentation de la nuptialité dans certains groupes seulement.
Analyse sociodémographique de la fécondité d’après-guerre au Canada, 1947-2011
Authors: Trovato Frank
Published: August 2016

Cette recherche examine les changements de la fécondité au Canada de 1947 à 2011 sous la lentille de propositions tirées de théories sociologiques et économiques des tendances de la fécondité de l’après-guerre dans les sociétés postindustrielles et retient deux questions principales. Dans la perspective économique, l’étude discute du rôle qu’ont le revenu moyen des hommes et les opportunités économiques des femmes (un facteur composé du revenu salarial moyen des femmes et de l’emploi des femmes) dans l’explication de la variation globale de la fécondité au cours de cette période de 65 ans. D’un point de vue sociologique, l’étude explore l’effet de la sécularisation (indice basé sur le pourcentage de la population ne rapportant aucune affiliation religieuse) sur les fluctuations de la fécondité. Le modèle économétrique spécifié postule que l’impact de ces variables sur la fécondité a un décalage de deux ans. Conformément à la théorie économique, les changements dans les opportunités économiques des femmes exercent un fort effet négatif sur l’indice synthétique de fécondité tandis que le revenu des hommes a un impact positif faible. Comme le prévoient aussi les axiomes de la théorie sociologique de la modernisation, la sécularisation est inversement associée à la fécondité. Ces résultats mettent en relief l’importance combinée du changement économique et social dans l’explication de l’évolution de la fécondité d’après-guerre au Canada.
Des conflits conjugaux qui se disent, d’autres qui se taisent. Le rôle des désaccords de couple dans l’attrition de l’enquête ERFI
Authors: Cauchi-Duval Nicolas
Published: August 2016

Les conflits conjugaux sont en partie révélateurs du fonctionnement des interactions conjugales. Aussi, dans le cadre d’enquêtes longitudinales, certains répondants qui souhaitent préserver l’image de leur couple pourraient refuser de renouveler leur participation pour ne plus avoir à faire part des désaccords qu’ils ont avec leur conjoint. Cet article propose alors d’étudier en quoi l’attrition de l’enquête « Étude des relations familiales et intergénérationnelles » — qui touche 35 % de l’effectif initial des répondants — est liée aux désaccords des enquêtés lors de la première vague de l’enquête. Les résultats montrent que ceux qui font le moins mention de leurs désaccords participent plus rarement à la vague suivante, et ce, en raison de moindres capitaux socioculturels leur permettant d’exprimer leurs désaccords. À l’inverse, ceux qui renouvellent l’enquête en profitent pour se délivrer de certaines frustrations et insatisfactions engendrées par les désaccords qu’ils ont eus avec leur conjoint. Ces insatisfactions concernent particulièrement l’éducation des enfants pour les femmes et les relations sexuelles pour les hommes.
Associative learning changes cross-modal representations in the gustatory cortex
Authors: Vincis Roberto , Fontanini Alfredo
Published: August 2016

A growing body of literature has demonstrated that primary sensory cortices are not exclusively unimodal, but can respond to stimuli of different sensory modalities. However, several questions concerning the neural representation of cross-modal stimuli remain open. Indeed, it is poorly understood if cross-modal stimuli evoke unique or overlapping representations in a primary sensory cortex and whether learning can modulate these representations. Here we recorded single unit responses to auditory, visual, somatosensory, and olfactory stimuli in the gustatory cortex (GC) of alert rats before and after associative learning. We found that, in untrained rats, the majority of GC neurons were modulated by a single modality. Upon learning, both prevalence of cross-modal responsive neurons and their breadth of tuning increased, leading to a greater overlap of representations. Altogether, our results show that the gustatory cortex represents cross-modal stimuli according to their sensory identity, and that learning changes the overlap of cross-modal representations.
The exon junction complex regulates the splicing of cell polarity gene dlg1 to control Wingless signaling in development
Authors: Liu Min , Li Yajuan , Liu Aiguo , Li Ruifeng , Su Ying , Du Juan , Li Cheng , Zhu Alan Jian
Published: August 2016

Wingless (Wg)/Wnt signaling is conserved in all metazoan animals and plays critical roles in development. The Wg/Wnt morphogen reception is essential for signal activation, whose activity is mediated through the receptor complex and a scaffold protein Dishevelled (Dsh). We report here that the exon junction complex (EJC) activity is indispensable for Wg signaling by maintaining an appropriate level of Dsh protein for Wg ligand reception in Drosophila. Transcriptome analyses in Drosophila wing imaginal discs indicate that the EJC controls the splicing of the cell polarity gene discs large 1 (dlg1), whose coding protein directly interacts with Dsh. Genetic and biochemical experiments demonstrate that Dlg1 protein acts independently from its role in cell polarity to protect Dsh protein from lysosomal degradation. More importantly, human orthologous Dlg protein is sufficient to promote Dvl protein stabilization and Wnt signaling activity, thus revealing a conserved regulatory mechanism of Wg/Wnt signaling by Dlg and EJC.
Investigation of fatigue behavior of Pb(Zr0.45Ti0.55)O3 thin films under asymmetric polarization switching
Authors: Zhu Hui , Chen Yueyuan , Chu Daping , Feng Shiwei , Zhang Yingqiao , Wang Pengfei
Published: August 2016

The fatigue of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films was measured under repetitive switching using asymmetric square waves. The remnant polarization and coercive voltage were found to present regular changes in the initial 10 s, independent of the asymmetry or frequency of switching waves. We attributed the change to the relaxation of stress in the film and identified a coercive voltage V
0 of 0.6 V for the stress-free film. By comparing the coercive voltage and V
0, we found that a built-in electric field was induced by asymmetric switching, where the direction and magnitude were dependent on the degree of waveform asymmetry. Furthermore, the fatigue speed was suggested to be closely related to the generation rate of oxygen vacancies. It was confirmed by our result that a faster decay of remnant polarization can be obtained by applying square waves with a higher degree of asymmetry or symmetry of square waves with a lower frequency.
Diet of otters (Lutra lutra) in various habitat types in the Pannonian biogeographical region compared to other regions of Europe
Authors: Lanszki József , Lehoczky István , Kotze Antoinette , Somers Michael J.
Published: August 2016

Knowledge of the effect of habitat type and region on diet and feeding behaviours of a species facilitates a better understanding of factors impacting populations, which contributes to effective conservation management. Using spraint analysis and relative frequency of occurrence data from the literature, we described the dietary patterns of Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) in 23 study sites within the Pannonian biogeographical region in Hungary. Our results indicated that diet composition varied by habitat type and is therefore context dependant. The differences among habitat types were however lower than expected. We noticed a decline in the fish consumption with a concomitant increase in trophic niche breadth and amphibian consumption in rivers, ponds (fish farms), backwaters, marshes and small watercourses. The main differences in diet were not attributed to the consumption of primary and secondary food types (fish and amphibians), but rather to differences in other, less important food types (mammals, birds). Using hierarchical cluster analysis, rivers and ponds could clearly be separated from other habitat types. We found the main fish diet of otters in most of these areas consisted of small (<100 g), eurytopic, littoral and non-native, mostly invasive species. Dietary studies from 91 sites in six European biogeographical regions showed that fish are consumed most frequently in the Atlantic and Boreal, less in the Continental and Pannonian, and least in the Alpine and Mediterranean regions. Comparative analysis indicated that the Mediterranean region (with frequent crayfish consumption) and Alpine region (frequent amphibian consumption) cluster separate from the other regions.
Microbe-ID: an open source toolbox for microbial genotyping and species identification
Authors: Tabima Javier F. , Everhart Sydney E. , Larsen Meredith M. , Weisberg Alexandra J. , Kamvar Zhian N. , Tancos Matthew A. , Smart Christine D. , Chang Jeff H. , Grünwald Niklaus J.
Published: August 2016

Development of tools to identify species, genotypes, or novel strains of invasive organisms is critical for monitoring emergence and implementing rapid response measures. Molecular markers, although critical to identifying species or genotypes, require bioinformatic tools for analysis. However, user-friendly analytical tools for fast identification are not readily available. To address this need, we created a web-based set of applications called Microbe-ID that allow for customizing a toolbox for rapid species identification and strain genotyping using any genetic markers of choice. Two components of Microbe-ID, named Sequence-ID and Genotype-ID, implement species and genotype identification, respectively. Sequence-ID allows identification of species by using BLAST to query sequences for any locus of interest against a custom reference sequence database. Genotype-ID allows placement of an unknown multilocus marker in either a minimum spanning network or dendrogram with bootstrap support from a user-created reference database. Microbe-ID can be used for identification of any organism based on nucleotide sequences or any molecular marker type and several examples are provided. We created a public website for demonstration purposes called Microbe-ID (microbe-id.org) and provided a working implementation for the genusPhytophthora(phytophthora-id.org). InPhytophthora-ID, the Sequence-ID application allows identification based on ITS orcoxspacer sequences. Genotype-ID groups individuals into clonal lineages based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for the two invasive plant pathogen speciesP. infestansandP. ramorum. All code is open source and available on github and CRAN. Instructions for installation and use are provided athttps://github.com/grunwaldlab/Microbe-ID.
Pacific sea level rise patterns and global surface temperature variability
Authors: Peyser Cheryl E. , Yin Jianjun , Landerer Felix W. , Cole Julia E.
Published: August 2016

During 1998–2012, climate change and sea level rise (SLR) exhibit two notable features: a slowdown of global surface warming (hiatus) and a rapid SLR in the tropical western Pacific. To quantify their relationship, we analyze the long‐term control simulations of 38 climate models. We find a significant and robust correlation between the east‐west contrast of dynamic sea level (DSL) in the Pacific and global mean surface temperature (GST) variability on both interannual and decadal time scales. Based on linear regression of the multimodel ensemble mean, the anomalously fast SLR in the western tropical Pacific observed during 1998–2012 indicates suppression of a potential global surface warming of 0.16° ± 0.06°C. In contrast, the Pacific contributed 0.29° ± 0.10°C to the significant interannual GST increase in 1997/1998. The Pacific DSL anomalies observed in 2015 suggest that the strong El Niño in 2015/2016 could lead to a 0.21° ± 0.07°C GST jump.
How predictable is the timing of a summer ice‐free Arctic?
Authors: Jahn Alexandra , Kay Jennifer E. , Holland Marika M. , Hall David M.
Published: August 2016

Climate model simulations give a large range of over 100 years for predictions of when the Arctic could first become ice free in the summer, and many studies have attempted to narrow this uncertainty range. However, given the chaotic nature of the climate system, what amount of spread in the prediction of an ice‐free summer Arctic is inevitable? Based on results from large ensemble simulations with the Community Earth System Model, we show that internal variability alone leads to a prediction uncertainty of about two decades, while scenario uncertainty between the strong (Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5) and medium (RCP4.5) forcing scenarios adds at least another 5 years. Common metrics of the past and present mean sea ice state (such as ice extent, volume, and thickness) as well as global mean temperatures do not allow a reduction of the prediction uncertainty from internal variability.
Air‐sea interaction at the Southern Brazilian Continental Shelf: In situ observations
Authors: Pezzi L. P. , Souza R. B. , Farias P. C. , Acevedo O. , Miller A. J.
Published: August 2016

The influence of the cross‐shelf oceanographic front occurring between the Brazil Current (BC) and the Brazilian Coastal Current (BCC) on the local Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer (MABL) is investigated here. This front is typical of wintertime in the Southern Brazilian Continental Shelf (SBCS) and this is the first time that its effects are investigated over the above MABL. Here we analyze variability, vertical structure, and stability of MABL as well as heat fluxes at air‐sea interface, across five oceanographic transects in the SBCS made during a winter 2012 cruise. Local thermal gradients associated with mixing between distinct water masses, play an essential role on MABL modulation and stability. Although weaker when compared with other frontal regions, the cross‐shelf thermal gradients reproduce exactly what is expected for open ocean regions: Stronger (weaker) winds, lower (higher) sea level pressure, and a more unstable (stable) MABL are found over the warm (cold) side of the oceanographic front between the BC (warm) and coastal (cold) waters. Our findings strongly support the coexistence of both known MABL modulation mechanisms: the static and hydrostatic MABL stability. This is the first time that these modulation mechanisms are documented for this region. Turbulent fluxes were found to be markedly dependent on the cross‐shelf SST gradients resulting in differences of up to 100 W.m−2 especially in the southernmost region where the gradients were more intense.
Autumn CO2 chemistry in the Japan Sea and the impact of discharges from the Changjiang River
Authors: Kosugi Naohiro , Sasano Daisuke , Ishii Masao , Enyo Kazutaka , Saito Shu
Published: August 2016

We made comprehensive surface water CO2 chemistry observations in the Japan Sea during each autumn from 2010 to 2014. The partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in surface water, 312–329 μatm, was 10–30 μatm lower in the Japan Sea than in the same latitude range of the western North Pacific adjacent to Japan. According to the sensitivity analysis of pCO2, the lower pCO2 in the Japan Sea was primarily attributable to a large seasonal decrease of pCO2 associated with strong cooling in autumn, particularly in the northern Japan Sea. In contrast, the lower pCO2 in relatively warm, freshwater in the southern Japan Sea was attributable to not only the thermodynamic effect of the temperature changes but also high total alkalinity. This alkalinity had its origin in Changjiang River and was transported by Changjiang diluted water (CDW) which seasonally runs into the Japan Sea from the East China Sea. The input of total alkalinity through CDW also elevated the saturation state of calcium carbonate minerals and mitigated the effects of anthropogenic ocean acidification, at least during autumn. These biogeochemical impacts of CDW in the Japan Sea last until November, although the inflow from the East China Sea to the Japan Sea almost ceases by the end of September. The long duration of the high saturation state of calcium carbonate benefits calcareous marine organisms.
Atmospheric radiation modeling of galactic cosmic rays using LRO/CRaTER and the EMMREM model with comparisons to balloon and airline based measurements
Authors: Joyce C. J. , Schwadron N. A. , Townsend L. W. , deWet W. C. , Wilson J. K. , Spence H. E. , Tobiska W. K. , Shelton‐Mur K. , Yarborough A. , Harvey J. , Herbst A. , Koske‐Phillips A. , Molina F. , Omondi S. , Reid C. , Reid D. , Shultz J. , Stephenson B. , McDevitt M. , Phillips T.
Published: August 2016

We provide an analysis of the galactic cosmic ray radiation environment of Earth's atmosphere using measurements from the Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER) aboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) together with the Badhwar‐O'Neil model and dose lookup tables generated by the Earth‐Moon‐Mars Radiation Environment Module (EMMREM). This study demonstrates an updated atmospheric radiation model that uses new dose tables to improve the accuracy of the modeled dose rates. Additionally, a method for computing geomagnetic cutoffs is incorporated into the model in order to account for location‐dependent effects of the magnetosphere. Newly available measurements of atmospheric dose rates from instruments aboard commercial aircraft and high‐altitude balloons enable us to evaluate the accuracy of the model in computing atmospheric dose rates. When compared to the available observations, the model seems to be reasonably accurate in modeling atmospheric radiation levels, overestimating airline dose rates by an average of 20%, which falls within the uncertainty limit recommended by the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU). Additionally, measurements made aboard high‐altitude balloons during simultaneous launches from New Hampshire and California provide an additional comparison to the model. We also find that the newly incorporated geomagnetic cutoff method enables the model to represent radiation variability as a function of location with sufficient accuracy.
DNA‐Responsive Polyisocyanopeptide Hydrogels with Stress‐Stiffening Capacity
Authors: Deshpande Swapneel R. , Hammink Roel , Das Rajat K. , Nelissen Frank H. T. , Blank Kerstin G. , Rowan Alan E. , Heus Hans A.
Published: August 2016

Biological materials have evolved to combine a number of functionally relevant properties. They are sensitive to chemical and mechanical signals and respond to these signals in a highly specific manner. Many biological hydrogels possess the ability to stress‐stiffen, a property that is difficult to mimic in synthetic systems. A novel synthetic hydrogel is described that possesses stress‐stiffening behavior in the biologically relevant stress regime and, at the same time, contains DNA cross‐links as stimuli‐responsive elements. The hydrogel scaffold is composed of oligo(ethylene glycol)‐functionalized polyisocyanopeptides (PIC), which show a sol‐to‐gel transition upon increasing the temperature. It is shown that the mechanical properties of the hybrid hydrogel depend on DNA cross‐linker concentration and temperature. At high temperature, a hydrophobically bundled stress‐stiffening PIC network forms. By contrast, gel formation is controlled by DNA cross‐linking at temperatures below the PIC sol‐to‐gel transition. The DNA cross‐linked hydrogel also exhibits stress‐stiffening behavior and its properties are controlled by the DNA cross‐linker concentration. The hydrogel properties can further be tuned when using DNA cross‐linkers with different melting temperature or when breaking cross‐links by strand displacement. This clearly shows the potential of DNA cross‐links as stimuli‐responsive elements, highlighting the possible applications of this hybrid hydrogel as a new sensor.
Sirtuin 6 suppresses hypoxia‐induced inflammatory response in human osteoblasts via inhibition of reactive oxygen species production and glycolysis—A therapeutic implication in inflammatory bone resorption
Authors: Hou Kuo‐Liang , Lin Sze‐Kwan , Chao Ling‐Hsiu , Hsiang‐Hua Lai Eddie , Chang Cheng‐Chi , Shun Chia‐Tung , Lu Wan‐Yu , Wang Jyh‐Horng , Hsiao Michael , Hong Chi‐Yuan , Kok Sang‐Heng
Published: August 2016

Elevated glycolytic activity and redox imbalance induced by tissue hypoxia are common phenomena of chronic inflammation, including inflammatory bone diseases such as arthritis. However, relation between glycolysis and redox signaling in the inflammatory milieu is unclear. The histone deacetylase sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) is a crucial modulator of inflammation and glucose metabolism, and it is also involved in cellular protection against oxidative injury. The aims of the study were to examine the connection between glycolysis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in human osteoblastic cells (HOB) and whether SIRT6 modulates inflammatory response via regulation of glycolytic activity and ROS generation. In HOB cultured under hypoxia, expression of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), lactate production and ROS generation were examined. The reciprocal effects between lactate and ROS production and their impact on inflammatory cytokine induction were assessed. The action of SIRT6 on the above reactions was determined. In a rat model of collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA), the relation between inflammatory activity and osteoblastic expression of LDHA, level of oxidative lesions, Cyr61 synthesis and macrophage recruitment were examined in joints with or without lentiviral‐SIRT6 gene therapy. Results showed that hypoxia stress enhanced lactate and LDHA production in HOB. ROS generation was also increased, and there was a positive feedback between glycolysis and ROS formation. Overexpression of SIRT6 attenuated hypoxia‐enhanced glycolysis and ROS generation. Hypoxia‐induced expressions of Cyr61, TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and IL‐6 were suppressed by SIRT6 and the inhibitory effects overlapped with antiglycolytic and antioxidation mechanisms. In the model of CIA, forced expression of SIRT6 ameliorated disease progression, osteoblastic synthesis of Cyr61, and macrophage recruitment. More importantly, expression of LDHA and oxidative lesions were decreased in osteoblasts of SIRT6‐treated joints. Our findings suggest that SIRT6 suppresses inflammatory response in osteoblasts via modulation of glucose metabolism and redox homeostasis. SIRT6‐based strategy may possess therapeutic potential for inflammatory bone resorption. © 2016 BioFactors, 43(2):170–180, 2017
Saphenous vein graft near‐infrared spectroscopy imaging insights from the lipid core plaque association with clinical events near‐infrared spectroscopy (ORACLE‐NIRS) registry
Authors: Danek Barbara A. , Karatasakis Aris , Alame Aya J. , Nguyen‐Trong Phuong‐Khanh J. , Karacsonyi Judit , Rangan Bavana , Roesle Michele , Atwell Amy , Resendes Erica , Martinez‐Parachini Jose Roberto , Iwnetu Rahel , Kalsaria Pratik , Siddiqui Furqan , Muller James E. , Banerjee Subhash , Brilakis Emmanouil
Published: August 2016

Objectives

We sought to examine near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) imaging findings of aortocoronary saphenous vein grafts (SVGs).

Background

SVGs are prone to develop atherosclerosis similar to native coronary arteries. They have received little study using NIRS.

Methods

We examined the clinical characteristics and imaging findings from 43 patients who underwent NIRS imaging of 45 SVGs at our institution between 2009 and 2016.

Results

The mean patient age was 67 ± 7 years and 98% were men, with high prevalence of diabetes mellitus (56%), hypertension (95%), and dyslipidemia (95%). Mean SVG age was 7 ± 7 years, mean SVG lipid core burden index (LCBI) was 53 ± 60 and mean maxLCBI4 mm was 194 ± 234. Twelve SVGs (27%) had lipid core plaques (2 yellow blocks on the block chemogram), with a higher prevalence in SVGs older than 5 years (46% vs. 5%, P = 0.002). Older SVG age was associated with higher LCBI (r = 0.480, P < 0.001) and higher maxLCBI4 mm (r = 0.567, P < 0.001). On univariate analysis, greater annual total cholesterol exposure was associated with higher SVG LCBI (r = 0.30, P = 0.042) and annual LDL‐cholesterol and triglyceride exposure were associated with higher SVG maxLCBI4 mm (LDL‐C: r = 0.41, P = 0.020; triglycerides: r = 0.36, P = 0.043). On multivariate analysis, the only independent predictor of SVG LCBI and maxLCBI4mm was SVG age. SVG percutaneous coronary intervention was performed in 63% of the patients. An embolic protection device was used in 96% of SVG PCIs. Periprocedural myocardial infarction occurred in one patient.

Conclusions

Older SVG age and greater lipid exposure are associated with higher SVG lipid burden. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Discordant monoamniotic twins with Pena–Shokeir phenotype
Authors: Adam Sumaiya , Lombaard Hennie , Spencer Careni
Published: August 2016

Key Clinical Message

Pena–Shokeir phenotype is a rare disorder. However, its etiology is incompletely understood. It may be familial or may be due to anoxic–ischemic etiology. Although rare, it can affect one twin in a monoamniotic pregnancy, most likely due to early cord entanglement.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of HDDA‐Derived Benzynes with Sulfides: Mechanism, Modes, and Three‐Component Reactions.
Authors: Chen Junhua , Palani Vignesh , Hoye Thomas R.
Published: August 2016

Thermally generated benzynes react with a range of alkyl sulfides by hexadehydro‐Diels—Alder (HDDA) cycloisomerization.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterogeneous Rhodium‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Dehydrogenative Cross‐Coupling: Nonsymmetrical Biaryl Amines.
Authors: Matsumoto Kenji , Yoshida Masahiro , Shindo Mitsuru
Published: August 2016

The first heterogeneously catalyzed oxidative dehydrogenative cross‐coupling of aryl amines is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Concise Total Syntheses of Pyrido[4,3‐b]carbazole Alkaloids Using Copper‐Mediated 6π‐Electrocyclization.
Authors: Itoh Tomoki , Abe Takumi , Choshi Tominari , Nishiyama Takashi , Yanada Reiko , Ishikura Minoru
Published: August 2016

Cu‐catalyzed 6π‐electrocyclization of triene‐substrates of type (I) provides a facile access to pyrido[4,3‐b]carbazoles, which represent advanced intermediates for the construction of various ellipticine and olivacine alkaloids.
ChemInform Abstract: A Strategy for the Synthesis of Hydrophobic Proteins and Glycoproteins
Authors: Hojo Hironobu
Published: August 2016

Review: 31 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments in Oxidative Esterification and Amidation of Aldehydes
Authors: Gaspa Silvia , Porcheddu Andrea , De Luca Lidia
Published: August 2016

Review: [33 refs.
ChiuZ – damals und heute
Authors: Schumacher Elke
Published: August 2016

Im März 1967 erschien das erste Heft des ersten Jahrgangs der “Chemie in unserer Zeit”. Es liegt heute wieder vor mir und ich versuche mich zu erinnern, was ich empfand, als ich vor 50 Jahren dieses Heft zum ersten Mal in der Hand hielt. Es gelingt mir nicht im Detail – aber in Erinnerung ist geblieben, dass ich die ChiuZ von Anfang an stets mit Interesse gelesen und als große Bereicherung empfunden habe. Diese Zeitschrift hat mich mit ihrem breiten Spektrum und den Anregungen, sich auch mit schwierigen Themen auseinanderzusetzen, ein halbes Jahrhundert lang kontinuierlich bei Studium, Beruf und ehrenamtlicher Tätigkeit begleitet. Alle Hefte wurden von mir sorgfältig aufbewahrt, so dass sich nun die komplette Ausgabe in Bücherregalen zu Hause aufreiht. Inwieweit ist sich die ChiuZ über die Jahrzehnte hinweg treu geblieben? Hierzu ein kurzer Rückblick:
Ways to define a tristimulus value
Authors: Brill Michael H.
Published: August 2016

Tristimulus values are spectrum integrals, involving a test light, that predict the quantities of three primary lights that when mixed together will match the test light. As described widely elsewhere, tristimulus values depend on the selected primary lights. However, tristimulus values are invariant to change of the integrand's domain (e.g., from wavelength to frequency), and also to change of range (e.g., from quanta to energy units). Starting with that invariance, this tutorial note explains how to transform the factors in the tristimulus‐value integrand so as to obtain consistency among these representations of the tristimulus value. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 42, 305–307, 2017
Pulsed Chronopotentiometric Detection of Thrombin Activity Using Reversible Polyion Selective Electrodes
Authors: Cahill Kaitlin , Suttmiller Rebecca , Oehrle Melissa , Sabelhaus Andrew , Gemene Kebede L.
Published: August 2016

A simple and rapid electrochemical method for the detection of thrombin activity is presented here for the first time using a synthetic polypeptide substrate and a pulsed chronopotentiometry transduction protocol with polyion selective electrodes. A cathodic current applied across a polyion selective membrane electrode causes the extraction of the polypeptides from the sample into the membrane and the membrane potential, which is a function of the concentration of these polypeptides in the sample, is measured at the same time. Since the polyion extraction is a diffusion‐controlled mass transfer process, depletion of the polypeptides at the membrane‐sample interface at a characteristic transition time occurs. The square root of the transition time is directly proportional to the concentration of the polypeptide substrate according to the Sand equation. Upon addition of thrombin, the polypeptide substrate undergoes proteolysis and yields smaller peptide fragments that exhibit smaller measured electromotive force (emf) responses since they are less preferred by the membrane, and the transition times become shorter. The rate of change of the square root of the transition time is directly proportional to the change in the polypeptide concentration, which in turn relates to the polypeptide hydrolysis time, and can be used for monitoring enzyme activity. Indeed, the square root of transition time was found to be linear with the proteolysis time with R2=0.98. The activity of thrombin was determined to be 3.6 μg substrate per μg thrombin per Min.