bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isoflavones and PPAR Signaling: A Critical Target in Cardiovascular, Metastatic, and Metabolic Disease
Authors: Patel Rakesh P. , Barnes Stephen
Published: February 2011

Isoflavone intake through foods and dietary supplements has both health advocates and critics. The latter come from a concern about the estrogenic effects of isoflavones in certain species. However, careful removal of isoflavones and other estrogens from the diet of rodents leads to the metabolic syndrome. These results suggest that isoflavones have other mechanisms of action, potentially those involving regulation of fatty acid metabolism via the nuclear receptors PPARαand PPARγ. The goal of this paper was to examine the evidence for isoflavone/PPAR signaling and to identify diseases in which such signaling would have an important impact. It is therefore of note that investigators using a chemical structure approach to discover PPAR ligands identified isoflavones as the best structures in the library of compounds that they tested. Future studies will involve careful identification of the underlying mechanisms whereby isoflavones have their action via PPAR signaling.
Extraction of Prostatic Lumina and Automated Recognition for Prostatic Calculus Image Using PCA‐SVM
Authors: Wang Zhuocai , Xu Xiangmin , Ding Xiaojun , Xiao Hui , Huang Yusheng , Liu Jian , Xing Xiaofen , Wang Hua , Liao D. Joshua
Published: February 2011

Identification of prostatic calculi is an important basis for determining the tissue origin. Computation‐assistant diagnosis of prostatic calculi may have promising potential but is currently still less studied. We studied the extraction of prostatic lumina and automated recognition for calculus images. Extraction of lumina from prostate histology images was based on local entropy and Otsu threshold recognition using PCA‐SVM and based on the texture features of prostatic calculus. The SVM classifier showed an average time 0.1432 second, an average training accuracy of 100%, an average test accuracy of 93.12%, a sensitivity of 87.74%, and a specificity of 94.82%. We concluded that the algorithm, based on texture features and PCA‐SVM, can recognize the concentric structure and visualized features easily. Therefore, this method is effective for the automated recognition of prostatic calculi.
Visual Measurement of Suture Strain for Robotic Surgery
Authors: Martell John , Elmer Thomas , Gopalsami Nachappa , Park Young Soo
Published: February 2011

Minimally invasive surgical procedures offer advantages of smaller incisions, decreased hospital length of stay, and rapid postoperative recovery to the patient. Surgical robots improve access and visualization intraoperatively and have expanded the indications for minimally invasive procedures. A limitation of the DaVinci surgical robot is a lack of sensory feedback to the operative surgeon. Experienced robotic surgeons use visual interpretation of tissue and suture deformation as a surrogate for tactile feedback. A difficulty encountered during robotic surgery is maintaining adequate suture tension while tying knots or following a running anastomotic suture. Displaying suture strain in real time has potential to decrease the learning curve and improve the performance and safety of robotic surgical procedures. Conventional strain measurement methods involve installation of complex sensors on the robotic instruments. This paper presents a noninvasive video processing‐based method to determine strain in surgical sutures. The method accurately calculates strain in suture by processing video from the existing surgical camera, making implementation uncomplicated. The video analysis method was developed and validated using video of suture strain standards on a servohydraulic testing system. The video‐based suture strain algorithm is shown capable of measuring suture strains of 0.2% with subpixel resolution and proven reliability under various conditions.
The Lie Group in Infinite Dimension
Authors: Tryhuk V. , Chrastinová V. , Dlouhý O.
Published: February 2011

A Lie group acting on finite‐dimensional space is generated by its infinitesimal
transformations and conversely, any Lie algebra of vector fields in finite dimension
generates a Lie group (the first fundamental theorem). This classical result is adjusted
for the infinite‐dimensional case. We prove that the (local, C∞ smooth) action
of a Lie group on infinite‐dimensional space (a manifold modelled on ℝ∞) may be
regarded as a limit of finite‐dimensional approximations and the corresponding Lie
algebra of vector fields may be characterized by certain finiteness requirements. The
result is applied to the theory of generalized (or higher‐order) infinitesimal symmetries
of differential equations.
FOXQ1 Regulates Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Human Cancers
Authors: Qiao Yuanyuan , Jiang Xia , Lee Shuet Theng , Karuturi R.K. Murthy , Hooi Shing Chuan , Yu Qiang
Published: February 2011

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer cells plays a pivotal role in determining metastatic prowess, but knowledge of EMT regulation remains incomplete. In this study, we defined a critical functional role for the Forkhead transcription factor FOXQ1 in regulating EMT in breast cancer cells. FOXQ1 expression was correlated with high-grade basal-like breast cancers and was associated with poor clinical outcomes. RNAi-mediated suppression of FOXQ1 expression in highly invasive human breast cancer cells reversed EMT, reduced invasive ability, and alleviated other aggressive cancer phenotypes manifested in 3-dimensional Matrigel (BD Biosciences) culture. Conversely, enforced expression of FOXQ1 in differentiated human mammary epithelial cells (HMLER) or epithelial cancer cell lines provoked an epithelial to mesenchymal morphologic change, gain of stem cell–like properties, and acquisition of resistance to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Mechanistic investigations revealed that FOXQ1-induced EMT was associated with transcriptional inactivation of the epithelial regulator E-cadherin (CDH1). Our findings define a key role for FOXQ1 in regulating EMT and aggressiveness in human cancer. Cancer Res; 71(8); 3076–86. ©2011 AACR.
Phase I Trial of Weekly and Twice-Weekly Bortezomib with Rituximab, Cyclophosphamide, and Prednisone in Relapsed or Refractory Non–Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Gerecitano John , Portlock Carol , Hamlin Paul , Moskowitz Craig H. , Noy Ariela , Straus David , Schulman Philip , Dumitrescu Otilia , Sarasohn Debra , Pappanicholaou Jennifer , Iasonos Alexia , Zhang Zhigang , Mo Qianxing , Horanlli Endri , Rojas Celeste N. , Zelenetz Andrew D. , O'Connor Owen A.
Published: February 2011

Purpose: To determine the safety and efficacy of substituting weekly or twice-weekly bortezomib for vincristine in the R-CVP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone) regimen in patients with relapsed/refractory indolent and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).

Experimental Design: Of the 57 patients in this phase I trial, 55 participated in 1 of 2 dosing schedules that included rituximab (375 mg/m2) and cyclophosphamide (750 or 1,000 mg/m2) administered on day 1 of each 21-day cycle and prednisone (100 mg orally) days 2 to 6. In the once-weekly schedule, bortezomib was administered on days 2 and 8; on the twice-weekly schedule, bortezomib was given on days 2, 5, 9, and 12. Bortezomib and cyclophosphamide were alternately escalated. A separate cohort of 10 patients in the twice-weekly schedule received concurrent pegfilgrastim (PegG) on day 2.

Results: Both schedules of R-CBorP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, bortezomib, and prednisone) were well tolerated. Most toxicities across all dose levels and cycles were grade 1 or 2. The overall response rates for patients on the weekly (n = 13) and twice-weekly (n = 33) schedules were 46% [23% complete response/complete response unconfirmed (CR/CRu)] and 64% (36% CR/CRu), respectively. Concurrent PegG did not increase hematologic toxicities in this regimen. A randomized phase II study is under way to further compare toxicity and efficacy of the 2 dosing schedules.

Conclusions: R-CBorP is a safe and effective regimen in patients with relapsed/refractory indolent and MCLs. Most toxicities were grade 1 or 2, and a promising response rate was seen in this phase I study. Clin Cancer Res; 17(8); 2493–501. ©2011 AACR.
Ventriculosubgaleal Shunting for Post-Haemorrhagic Hydrocephalus in Premature Neonates
Authors: Rizvi Syed Ali A. , Wood Martin
Published: February 2011

Background: The management of hydrocephalus secondary to intraventricular haemorrhage in neonates can be controversial. Temporary diversion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is often required due to the low birth weight and high risks of shunting in these patients. Ventriculosubgaleal (VSG) CSF diversion is an effective way of achieving this goal whilst minimising the risks of complications. It is a well-described technique but is rarely used in contemporary neurosurgical practice. Methods: Nine neonates treated with VSG shunting for post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus were assessed. Gestational age, birth weight, duration of treatment efficacy, requirement for permanent shunting and complications were recorded. Results: In all 9 patients, the VSG shunt controlled the progression of hydrocephalus. A permanent shunt was avoided in 2 patients. One patient required revision of the subgaleal shunt to extend the interval to the insertion of a permanent shunt. None of the patients developed any CSF infection or leak. Conclusion: VSG CSF diversion offers a simple, effective and relatively safe means of treating hydrocephalus in the neonate, with a low risk of complications and the possibility of avoiding permanent shunting.
Experiences with the Telovelar Approach to Fourth Ventricular Tumors in Children
Authors: Zaheer S. Noman , Wood Martin
Published: February 2011

Background: Fourth ventricular tumors are amongst the most common tumors in the pediatric population. Traditionally, these tumors are approached through the cerebellar vermis, but the telovelar approach is now becoming widespread. Posterior fossa syndrome/cerebellar mutism is a complication of surgery for fourth ventricular tumors whose precise cause remains elusive, but may be related to the surgical approach or injury to adjacent cerebellar structures. We present a small series of fourth ventricular tumors and our initial experience in using the telovelar approach for this surgery. Methods: Twenty patients with fourth ventricular tumors were operated on using the microsurgical telovelar approach, sparing the cerebellar vermis. Data were collected prospectively for all patients with respect to the degree of resection achieved, complications and the incidence of posterior fossa syndrome. Results: A complete resection was achieved on postoperative MRI in 70% of the patients. Residual disease <1.5 cm3 remained in 15% and a further 15% had subtotal resection with >1.5 cm3 of residual disease. Thirty percent had evidence of posterior fossa syndrome in the postoperative period, of which 84% had resolved at the last follow-up. Thirty percent of the patients developed symptomatic hydrocephalus requiring shunting. There were no new neurological deficits and no procedure-related deaths. Conclusion: The telovelar approach provides excellent access to tumors of the fourth ventricle with sparing of the vermis in children. The high incidence of cerebellar mutism in our patients confirms that this phenomenon is unlikely to be related to vermian injury and further study is recommended.
Individualised Dialysate Temperature Improves Intradialytic Haemodynamics and Abrogates Haemodialysis-Induced Myocardial Stunning, without Compromising Tolerability
Authors: Jefferies Helen J. , Burton James O. , McIntyre Christopher W.
Published: February 2011

Background/Aims: Haemodialysis-induced myocardial stunning is associated with intradialytic hypotension, increased likelihood of cardiovascular events and death. Dialysis at 35°C reduces stunning, but adverse thermal symptoms limit technique adoption. This study investigated whether individualised body temperature dialysis improves haemodynamic stability and abrogates stunning. Methods: Randomised crossover study of 11 patients compared LV regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMAs) at 37°C (HD37) and body temperature (‘individualised’, HDind). Regional systolic function was quantitatively assessed by echocardiography. Haemodynamics were assessed using continuous pulse wave analysis. Thermal symptoms were scored by questionnaire. Results: Mean predialysis body temperature was 36.0 ± 0.1°C. Mean number of peak stress RWMAs per patient was lower with HDind (3.9 ± 1.4 vs. 5.3 ± 1.5, p = 0.03). Intradialytic systolic BP was higher during HDind versus HD37 (p < 0.001). Individualised body temperature dialysis demonstrated symptomatic tolerability comparable to HD37. Conclusions: Individualised-temperature haemodialysis abrogates stunning, providing effective haemodynamic stabilisation at no additional therapy cost.
InTml: A Dataflow Oriented Development System for Virtual Reality Applications
Authors: Figueroa Pablo , Bischof Walter F. , Boulanger Pierre , Hoover H. James , Taylor Robyn
Published: February 2011

This paper presents our research on the Interaction Techniques Markup Language (InTml). Our final goal in this work is to find ways to evolve and fit virtual reality (VR) applications over heterogeneous hardware platforms, a process we call retargeting. Toward this goal, we have developed a hardware-independent, component-based, formal model that describes the execution of VR applications; an XML language for describing complex and implementation-independent VR applications; a methodology for InTml-based development; a manual way to isolate and replace interaction techniques as a contribution to VR retargeting; and a set of tools for development support. This paper describes these topics and states future directions of our research.
Under the Tip of the Iceberg: Absorptive Capacity, Environmental Strategy, and Competitive Advantage
Authors: Delmas Magali , Hoffmann Volker H. , Kuss Matthias
Published: February 2011

Although existing research evaluates how the adoption of proactive environmental strategies affects corporate performance, there is little understanding of the organizational mechanisms that link such strategies to competitive advantage. It is, therefore, unclear how environmental strategies relate to other management strategies that could lead to a competitive advantage. In this article, we analyze the organizational capabilities that underlie a firm’s ability to generate competitive advantage from the adoption of proactive environmental strategies. We develop and test a model where absorptive capacity facilitates the development of proactive environmental strategies that result in competitive advantage. Results from a survey of 157 German chemical firms strongly support the model.
Domesticating Radical Rant and Rage: An Exploration of the Consequences of Environmental Shareholder Resolutions on Corporate Environmental Performance
Authors: Lee Min-Dong Paul , Lounsbury Michael
Published: February 2011

This article examines the effect of social shareholder activism on one of the most visible aspects of corporate social behavior, namely corporate pollution management practice. Social shareholder activism is a distinct form of social movement that engages firms “in the suites.” We theorize the effect of social shareholder activism using three social movement mechanisms: (a) disruption of routines, (b) reframing of issues using extant institutional logics, and (c) mobilization of relevant third-party constituents. Our empirical analysis using 13-year panel data of 58 public corporations strongly confirm the positive effect of environmental shareholder resolutions on the targeted firm’s pollution management practice. We have also found that certain firms targeted by social shareholder activism are more likely to respond positively to the demands than others. In particular, firms that can potentially incur higher disruption costs and are more dependent on reputation for critical resources such as larger firms as well as firms in industries that are closer to end-user consumers are more likely to concede to the demands from shareholder activists.
Green Governance: Boards of Directors’ Composition and Environmental Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Post Corinne , Rahman Noushi , Rubow Emily
Published: February 2011

This study contributes to the work on board composition and firm corporate social responsibility by extending it to the environmental domain. It evaluates the relationship between boards of directors’ composition and environmental corporate social responsibility (ECSR) by integrating literatures on board composition, firm corporate social responsibility, and individual differences in attitudes toward and information about environmental issues. Using disclosed company data and the natural environment ratings data from Kinder Lydenberg Domini (KLD) Inc. for 78 Fortune 1000 companies, the study finds that a higher proportion of outside board directors is associated with more favorable ECSR and higher KLD strengths scores. Firms with boards composed of three or more female directors received higher KLD strengths scores. And, boards whose directors average closer to 56 years in age and those with a higher proportion of Western European directors are more likely to implement environmental governance structures or processes. Our results also reinforce growing concerns around unidimensional KLD measures.
Theft in Price-Volatile Markets: On the Relationship between Copper Price and Copper Theft
Authors: Sidebottom Aiden , Belur Jyoti , Bowers Kate , Tompson Lisa , Johnson Shane D.
Published: February 2011

Recently, against a backdrop of general reductions in acquisitive crime, increases have been observed in the frequency of metal theft offences. This is generally attributed to increases in metal prices in response to global demand exceeding supply. The main objective of this article was to examine the relationship between the price of copper and levels of copper theft, focusing specifically on copper cable theft from the British railway network. Results indicated a significant positive correlation between lagged increases in copper price and copper cable theft. No support was found for rival hypotheses concerning U.K. unemployment levels and the general popularity of theft as crime type. An ancillary aim was to explore offender modus operandi over time, which is discussed in terms of its implications for preventing copper cable theft. The authors finish with a discussion of theft of other commodities in price-volatile markets.
Experimental application of particle imaging to fluid velocity analysis in building drainage systems
Authors: Campbell DP
Published: February 2011

Previous research into the hydraulic and pneumatic conditions in the pipework associated with building drainage waste and ventilation (DWV) systems has been interpreted as suggesting that the flow regime within the vertical stack consists of an annular water flow entraining a central air core with an associated pressure drop. However, previous evidence had suggested that a significant proportion of the water was found in the air core by Pink [A study of the effect of stack length on airflow in drainage stacks. BRE Current Paper, 1973; 38/73] and Wyly and Eaton [1961. Capacity of stacks in sanitary drainage systems for buildings. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Monograph 3]. A new model has recently been proposed by Campbell and MacLeod [Investigation of the causative factors of airflow entrainment in building drainage-waste-ventilation (DWV) systems. Building Services Engineering Research Technology 1999; 20(3): 99—104] which suggests that the airflow entrainment is due to the distribution of work between the water annulus and the droplets falling in the central air core. This article describes the investigation of the velocity profile of mixed-phase fluid flow in building DWV systems utilising the particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) flow measurement technique previously established by Campbell [The application of particle tracking velocimetry as a velocity measurement technique. Building Services Engineering Research Technology 2006; 27(4): 327—40]. PTV is a non-intrusive optical flow measurement technique that supplies an instantaneous sample of velocity throughout a two-dimensional plane in the flow field. The results of the PTV investigation support the assumption that water droplets exist in the air core and have a velocity greater than that of the water annulus.

Practical application: This article describes the application of particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) to the interaction between air and water in typical building drainage waste and ventilation (DWV) systems. Results indicate an unexpected distribution of mass across the stack discharge which, together with the nature of the air/water interface, governs air movement. The technique of PTV is particularly suited to this area, and represents the first steps towards eventual refinement of mathematical models designed to simulate building DWV system behaviour.
The Importance of Accounting Information in Portfolio Optimization
Authors: Hand John R. M. , Green Jeremiah
Published: February 2011

We study the economic importance of accounting information as defined by the value that a sophisticated investor can extract from publicly available financial statements when optimizing a portfolio of U.S. equities. Our approach applies the elegant new parametric portfolio policy method of Brandt, Santa-Clara, and Valkanov (2009) to three simple and firm-specific annual accounting characteristics-accruals, change in earnings, and asset growth. We find that the set of optimal portfolio weights generated by accounting characteristics yield an out-of-sample, pre-transact ions-costs annual information ratio of 1.9 as compared to 1.5 for the standard price-based characteristics of firm size, book-to-market, and momentum. We also find that the delevered hedge portion of the accounting-based optimal portfolio was especially valuable during the severe bear market of 2008 because unlike many hedge finds it delivered a hedged return in 2008 of 12 percent versus only 3 percent for price-based strategies and −38 percent for the value-weighted market.
“Marriage Is More Than Being Together”: The Meaning of Marriage for Young Adults
Authors: Kefalas Maria J. , Furstenberg Frank F. , Carr Patrick J. , Napolitano Laura
Published: February 2011

Based on 424 qualitative interviews with a racially, ethnically, and socio-economically diverse population of young people ranging in age from 21 to 38, the authors ponder the paradox of the evolving role for contemporary marriage within the developmental perspective of the transition to adulthood. The authors identify two groups: marriage naturalists and marriage planners. Naturalists comprise one fifth of the sample, are largely from rural America, and follow the fast-track into marriage that defined the mid-twentieth century. Planners comprise the remainder of the sample, are based in metropolitan areas, and follow an elongated transition to adulthood. The authors examine the views of each group on commitment and the nature of relationships, and apply their findings to the debates about whether marriage is resilient, in decline, or becoming deinstitutionalized.
Religious Differences in Modernization of the Family
Authors: Heaton Tim B. , Darkwah Akosua
Published: February 2011

This research examines trends in a broad set of reproductive and marital behaviors in Ghana, focusing on religious group differences. These comparisons provide evidence of how family trends are constrained by religious identity in a less developed country. Three waves of the Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys are used to track trends in the age at family formation, marital status, contraceptive use, and family size. Results indicate that women are waiting longer to begin sexual relationships, to marry, and have children. At the same time, the frequency of informal unions, polygamy, and marital disruption show modest declines. Contraceptive use is increasing and family size is declining. Although religious group differences in these behaviors are substantial, some religious group differences appear to be widening over time, others are narrowing, and others remain relatively stable. Collectively, these measures provide evidence that family structure is being transformed in Ghana and that religion is an important context for family trends.
The self-perceived status of school librarians
Authors: Sacco Ritchie Cristina
Published: February 2011

This study investigated how school librarians perceive their status within the school by looking at factors suggested by the literature as either impacting on, or impacted by, status: their relationships with their colleagues and supervisors, their role within the school, job satisfaction, and views on their careers and their training. Most respondents reported a high self-perceived status, on a par with a head of department, and they believed that teachers and their supervisors supported the library, they always felt welcome in the staff rooms, they felt regarded as both an important and a professional member of staff, and they were satisfied with their jobs. Those who identified themselves as having a low status within the school were far less likely to exhibit extra-role behaviour within the school and were far more likely to be planning on leaving their jobs within two years. This research fills a gap on what is known about the current picture of school librarianship, particularly in Scotland. Further research building upon this might further examine the relationship between head teachers, school management teams, and school librarians, as management emerged as the most influential factor of one’s self-perceived status.
An exploration of the collaborative processes of making theatre inspired by science
Authors: Dowell Ellen , Weitkamp Emma
Published: February 2011

This research examined the collaborative processes of making theatre inspired by science through the analysis of 16 semi-structured interviews with individual collaborators (eight theatre practitioners and eight scientists). Interviews explored experiences, including their motivations, working processes, challenges, learning and understanding. Roles of scientists in the collaboration ranged from expert advisor to equal creative collaborator. Factors affecting partnerships included curiosity for each other’s practice, social interaction and mutual respect. The research suggests that scientists could be motivated to undertake ‘Sci-Art’ collaborations through personal interest, as well as previously identified motives such as encouragement from their department. The project also identified benefits to researchers from such collaborations, including developing new perspectives on their own practice.
Development of Adaptive Helicopter Seat for Aircrew Vibration Reduction
Authors: Yong Chen  , Wickramasinghe Viresh , Zimcik David G.
Published: February 2011

The high level vibration of helicopter flight can cause physiological harm to the aircrew and may lead to occupational health issues. This article presents the development of an adaptive helicopter seat mount to reduce the vibration levels transmitted to the aircrew body. Flight test on a Bell-412 helicopter was conducted to measure the aircrew body vibration levels and vibration transmission through the seat structures. Experimental modal analysis on a Bell-412 co-pilot seat equipped with a mannequin was carried out to investigate the seat/aircrew dynamics and identify critical vibration modes. Based on observations from the configuration, an adaptive helicopter seat mount has been developed. Two stacked piezoelectric actuators were installed on the seat frame as active struts to provide effective control authority to the critical mannequin vibration modes. A proof-of-concept adaptive helicopter seat has been retrofitted on a full-scale Bell-412 co-pilot seat and the performance has been evaluated through extensive closed-loop control experiments. Test results demonstrated simultaneous suppression of the critical mannequin vibration modes and achieved significant global reduction of the body vibration levels, which verified the effectiveness of the adaptive helicopter seat mount concept for helicopter aircrew vibration reduction applications.
Intercultural Couples: Coping With Culture-Related Stressors
Authors: Bustamante Rebecca M. , Nelson Judith A. , Henriksen Richard C. , Monakes Sarah
Published: February 2011

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to identify potential culture-related stressors in intercultural marriages and uncover some of the conscious and unconscious strategies applied by couples to cope with these stressors. In-depth ethnographic interviews were conducted with five intercultural couples. Interview data were then analyzed using a phenomenological reduction process to synthesize the meanings and essences of participant experiences. Results revealed that the intercultural couples studied used similar coping strategies to manage marital stressors that might be attributed to or accentuated by cultural differences. Six primary coping strategies were identified: (a) gender-role flexibility; (b) humor; (c) cultural deference by one partner; (d) recognition of similarities; (e) cultural reframing or the development of blended values and expectations that redefined the intercultural relationship; and (f) a general appreciation for other cultures. These intercultural coping strategies were supported by prior empirical research in the fields of intercultural communication and marital counseling. Further research is needed to understand better the unique stressors and coping mechanisms experienced by intercultural couples. Practical considerations for therapists who counsel intercultural couples are discussed.
Culturally, Clinically, and Ethically Competent Practice With Individuals and Families Dealing With Medical Conditions
Authors: Sperry Len
Published: February 2011

Professionals are increasingly expected to provide services that are clinically, ethically, and culturally competent. Counselors and other professionals working with individuals and families in counseling as well as consultation contexts, where medical concerns are a focus, would do well to consider the implications of clinical, ethical, and cultural competence in their work. The article describes clinical, ethical, and cultural competence—and their components—and illustrates them with case material.
Racial/Ethnic Income Inequality Responses to a Government Maintenance Program in the United States
Authors: Hoover Gary A. , Yaya Mehmet E.
Published: February 2011

In this study, the authors investigate the income inequality responses of Blacks, Whites, and Hispanics in the United States to the income maintenance program Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) using cross sections of state-level data. The results show that this program indeed reduces income inequality but the impacts are not uniform across racial/ethnic groups. Specifically, the authors find that Blacks have results that differ from those of the other two groups or those of the United States as a whole. These results are robust when using either the Gini or Theil measure of inequality.
From the ground up: The challenge of indigenous party consolidation in Latin America
Authors: Rice Roberta
Published: February 2011

To predict the electoral fate of the new cohort of indigenous-based political parties in Latin America, and the impacts on their respective party systems, we need to understand their prospects for consolidation. The central task of this article is to determine whether indigenous peoples’ parties are developing solid party roots in society or if they are merely benefiting from a protest vote against the system. The study of political party consolidation requires an examination of local level successes and failures. Based on a quantitative analysis of municipal election results in Ecuador (1996—2004) and Bolivia (1999—2004), the author finds mixed support for indigenous party consolidation. Clearly, the governing indigenous-based Movement Toward Socialism (MAS) party in Bolivia has solidified its base of support. Ecuador’s indigenous-based Pachakutik (MUPP) party, however, has lost its support at the national level, though it continues to make impressive gains at the local level. As such, it represents a case of incomplete consolidation.
Asthma and cigarette smoking in a representative sample of adults
Authors: McLeish Alison C , Cougle Jesse R , Zvolensky Michael J
Published: February 2011

The current study examined the association between asthma and both smoking and nicotine dependence in the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication (NCS-R) as well as the temporal patterning between smoking and asthma onset ( N = 5692; 53% female; Mage = 45.01, SD = 17.9). Results indicated lifetime history of daily smoking and nicotine dependence were both significantly associated with asthma diagnosis and half of individuals with asthma reported that their asthma diagnosis preceded smoking onset. These data suggest that nicotine dependence may maintain a stronger relation with asthma than smoking and that there may be distinct developmental trajectories for asthma—smoking relations.
Social capital and health in a national cohort of 82,482 Open University adults in Thailand
Authors: Yiengprugsawan Vasoontara , Khamman Suwanee , Seubsman Sam-ang , Lim Lynette L-Y , Sleigh Adrian C.
Published: February 2011

We report associations between social capital and health among 82,482 adults in a national cohort of Open University students residing throughout Thailand.After adjusting for covariates, poor self-assessed health was positively associated with low social trust (OR = 1.88; 95% CI 1.76—2.01) and low social support (OR = 1.79; 95% CI 1.63—1.95). In addition, poor psychological health was also associated with low social trust (OR = 2.52; 95% CI 2.41—2.64) and low social support (OR = 1.80; 95% CI 1.69—1.92). Females, elderly, unpartnered, low income, and urban residents were associated with poor health. Findings suggest ways to improve social capital and heath in Thailand and other middle-income countries.
Sooner or later? Young Australian men’s perspectives on timing of parenthood
Authors: Thompson Rachel , Lee Christina
Published: February 2011

Postponed parenthood has been identified as a significant driver of the trends towards smaller families and underachieved fertility aspirations. Understanding men’s preferred timing and circumstances for fatherhood is needed to complement existing research among young women and increase understanding of postponed parenthood. We collected quantitative and qualitative data on attitudes regarding the timing of parenthood from 382 young Australian men attending university. Participants valued having a stable relationship and personal maturity before having children, with completed studies, financial security and a permanent yet flexible job also important. Programmes and policies which facilitate the establishment of important ‘preconditions’ for parenthood would support individuals to achieve their reproductive aspirations.
Pathologic mechanisms of type 1 VWD mutations R1205H and Y1584C through in vitro and in vivo mouse models
Authors: Pruss Cynthia M. , Golder Mia , Bryant Andrea , Hegadorn Carol A. , Burnett Erin , Laverty Kimberly , Sponagle Kate , Dhala Aly , Notley Colleen , Haberichter Sandra , Lillicrap David
Published: February 2011

Type 1 VWD is the mild to moderate reduction of VWF levels. This study examined the mechanisms underlying 2 common type 1 VWD mutations, the severe R1205H and more moderate Y1584C. In vitro biosynthesis was reduced for both mutations in human and mouse VWF, with the effect being more severe in R1205H. VWF knockout mice received hydrodynamic injections of mouse Vwf cDNA. Lower VWF antigen levels were demonstrated in both homozygous and heterozygous forms for both type 1 mutations from days 14-42. Recombinant protein infusions and hydrodynamic-expressed VWF propeptide to antigen ratios demonstrate that R1205H mouse VWF has an increased clearance rate, while Y1584C is normal. Recombinant ADAMTS13 digestions of Y1584C demonstrated enhanced cleavage of both human and mouse VWF115 substrates. Hydrodynamic-expressed VWF shows a loss of high molecular weight multimers for Y1584C compared with wild-type and R1205H. At normal physiologic levels of VWF, Y1584C showed reduced thrombus formation in a ferric chloride injury model while R1205H demonstrated similar thrombogenic activity to wild-type VWF. This study has elucidated several novel mechanisms for these mutations and highlights that the type 1 VWD phenotype can be recapitulated in the VWF knockout hydrodynamic injection model.
Characterization of immune-matched hematopoietic transplantation in zebrafish
Authors: de Jong Jill L. O. , Burns Caroline Erter , Chen Aye T. , Pugach Emily , Mayhall Elizabeth A. , Smith Alexandra C. H. , Feldman Henry A. , Zhou Yi , Zon Leonard I.
Published: February 2011

Evaluating hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function in vivo requires a long-term transplantation assay. Although zebrafish are a powerful model for discovering the genetics of hematopoiesis, hematopoietic transplantation approaches have been underdeveloped. Here we established a long-term reconstitution assay in adult zebrafish. Primary and secondary recipients showed multilineage engraftment at 3 months after transplantation. Limiting dilution data suggest that at least 1 in 65 000 zebrafish marrow cells contain repopulating activity, consistent with mammalian HSC frequencies. We defined zebrafish haplotypes at the proposed major histocompatibility complex locus on chromosome 19 and tested functional significance through hematopoietic transplantation. Matching donors and recipients dramatically increased engraftment and percentage donor chimerism compared with unmatched fish. These data constitute the first functional test of zebrafish histocompatibility genes, enabling the development of matched hematopoietic transplantations. This lays the foundation for competitive transplantation experiments with mutant zebrafish HSCs and chemicals to test for effects on engraftment, thereby providing a model for human hematopoietic diseases and treatments not previously available.
IL-27 renders DC immunosuppressive by induction of B7-H1
Authors: Karakhanova Svetlana , Bedke Tanja , Enk Alexander H , Mahnke Karsten
Published: February 2011

IL-27, an IL-12 family member, was initially described as a proinflammatory cytokine. Nevertheless, it also poses anti-inflammatory activity, being involved in suppressing development of TH-17 cells as well as in the induction of inhibitory Tr1 cells. Recent data obtained in mice suggest that it can down-modulate the function of APCs. However, until now, nothing was known about the influence of IL-27 on human DCs. We investigated the effect of IL-27 on in vitro human MoDCs and on ex vivo blood DCs. Our results show that treatment of mDCs with IL-27 led to specific up-regulation of surface expression of several molecules, including B7-H1, in the absence of general DC maturation. Moreover, we demonstrated that IL-27-treated DCs exhibit a reduced capacity to stimulate proliferation and cytokine production of allogeneic T cells as compared with control DCs. Decisively, we identified B7-H1 as a crucial molecule, responsible for suppressive effects of “IL-27 DC” on T cells. Our data demonstrate for the first time that in addition to the dual role of IL-27 in the modulation of T cell activation and differentiation, human IL-27 modulates an immune response through DCs, i.e., by inducing immunosuppressive B7-H1 molecules and reducing the stimulatory potential of DCs.
Citrus Polyphenol Hesperidin Stimulates Production of Nitric Oxide in Endothelial Cells while Improving Endothelial Function and Reducing Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Rizza Stefano , Muniyappa Ranganath , Iantorno Micaela , Kim Jeong-a , Chen Hui , Pullikotil Philomena , Senese Nicoletta , Tesauro Manfredi , Lauro Davide , Cardillo Carmine , Quon Michael J.
Published: February 2011

Context:

Hesperidin, a citrus flavonoid, and its metabolite hesperetin may have vascular actions relevant to their health benefits. Molecular and physiological mechanisms of hesperetin actions are unknown.

Objective:

We tested whether hesperetin stimulates production of nitric oxide (NO) from vascular endothelium and evaluated endothelial function in subjects with metabolic syndrome on oral hesperidin therapy.

Design, Setting, and Interventions:

Cellular mechanisms of action of hesperetin were evaluated in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) in primary culture. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover trial examined whether oral hesperidin administration (500 mg once daily for 3 wk) improves endothelial function in individuals with metabolic syndrome (n = 24).

Main Outcome Measure:

We measured the difference in brachial artery flow-mediated dilation between placebo and hesperidin treatment periods.

Results:

Treatment of BAEC with hesperetin acutely stimulated phosphorylation of Src, Akt, AMP kinase, and endothelial NO synthase to produce NO; this required generation of H2O2. Increased adhesion of monocytes to BAEC and expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in response to TNF-α treatment was reduced by pretreatment with hesperetin. In the clinical study, when compared with placebo, hesperidin treatment increased flow-mediated dilation (10.26 ± 1.19 vs. 7.78 ± 0.76%; P = 0.02) and reduced concentrations of circulating inflammatory biomarkers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A protein, soluble E-selectin).

Conclusions:

Novel mechanisms for hesperetin action in endothelial cells inform effects of oral hesperidin treatment to improve endothelial dysfunction and reduce circulating markers of inflammation in our exploratory clinical trial. Hesperetin has vasculoprotective actions that may explain beneficial cardiovascular effects of citrus consumption.
The Individualization of the Family in Rural China
Authors: Yan Yunxiang
Published: February 2011

This article reveals that in response to the dramatic social changes since the 1949 revolution, Chinese rural families have undergone a process of profound transformation, which I refer to as the “individualization of the family.” This transformation took place at two interlocking yet differing domains: the family as a social institution and the family as a process of individual experiences, that is, the lived experience of family life. While the individualization of the family institution is mostly reflected in the weakening of the bonds between the family and the larger kinship/community organization, the individualization of family life manifests itself through the disembedment of the individual from previously all-encompassing social ties, especially that of the patriarchal order. In the first section, I review the institutional changes in family structure and size. Next, I examine the rising importance of the individual in family life and how it in turn transforms the family as an institution. In the last section, I discuss the new challenges that the more individualized family faces in the larger context of China's transition toward a more open, mobile, and modern society.
Archibald Billing (1791–1881) MD FRCP FRS: bedside teaching at the London Hospital (1822)
Authors: Breathnach Caoimhghín S , Moynihan John B
Published: February 2011

After graduation at Trinity College Dublin in 1814 Archibald Billing, who was born in County Dublin, settled in London. His Dublin MD (1818) was incorporated at Oxford and he taught at the London Hospital where, when appointed Senior Physician in 1822, he introduced teaching at the patients' bedsides. He ceased to lecture in 1836 when he was invited to become a member of the Senate of the University of London. He published papers on a variety of clinical subjects but is remembered for First Principles of Medicine (1831) that went through six editions. His friends among the operatic artists included Niccolo Paganini, and The Science of Jems, Jewels, Coins and Medals (1867) was the work of a connoisseur. He lived in retirement for many years before he died at the age of 90 at 34 Park Lane, London, on 2 September 1881.
Sir Michael Francis Addison Woodruff (1911–2001) FRS DSc MD MS FRCS
Authors: Leigh Winston
Published: February 2011

Michael Woodruff performed the first successful renal transplant in the UK and described the technique of joining the ureter of the transplant to the bladder. He contributed to all aspects of transplantation biology and was responsible for the design of the first purpose-built transplant unit in the world. As a Japanese prisoner of war at Changi in Singapore, Michael Woodruff studied the effects of malnutrition and devised a machine for extracting vitamins and trace elements from grass. After the war he demonstrated that the anterior chamber of the eye was an immunologically privileged site. He was the first person to describe ‘adaptation’. He showed that antilymphocytic serum was effective as an immunosuppressive agent for homografts.
Using Organizational Economics to Study Organizational Capability Development and Strategy
Authors: Argyres Nicholas
Published: February 2011

There is a consensus among strategy scholars that heterogeneous firm capabilities are at the root of firms' competitive advantages. Organizational economics does not address such capabilities directly, and some have suggested that it therefore offers little insight into them. In this essay, I argue that organizational economics can shed light on how firm capabilities are developed and sustained.
Rapid Detection of Myocardial Infarction With a Sensitive Troponin Test
Authors: Scharnhorst Volkher , Krasznai Krisztina , van’t Veer Marcel , Michels Rolf
Published: February 2011

Rapid identification and treatment of patients with a myocardial infarction (MI) is mandatory. We studied the diagnostic capacities of a sensitive troponin assay for detection of MI in emergency department patients within 2 hours after arrival.

The study included 157 patients suspected of having non–ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome. Blood was drawn on arrival (T0) and 2 (T2), 6, and 12 hours later. At T2, a troponin concentration above the MI cutoff is 87% sensitive and 100% specific for MI detection (positive predictive value [PPV], 100%; negative predictive value [NPV], 96%). If a difference of more than 30% between the troponin measurements at T0 and T2 in the absence of an absolute troponin increase above the 99th percentile of a reference population is also considered indicative of MI, the sensitivity increases to 100% and specificity decreases to 87% (PPV, 70%; NPV, 100%). Sensitivity and specificity of creatine kinase–MB and myoglobin are lower than those of troponin.

By using a sensitive troponin assay and simple algorithms, the diagnosis of MI can be determined within 2 hours after arrival at the emergency department. Measurement of myoglobin and creatine kinase–MB has no added value.