bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Self and Its Transformation in Sūfīsm With Special Reference to Early Literature
Authors: Sviri Sara
Published: November 2023

The question “What is the ‘self’ that is transformed?” has, from the perspective of medieval Arabic literature, an intriguing semantic aspect. The immediate equivalent for “self’’ in Sūfīsm literature, with which this essay is concerned, is nafs. This, as the dictionaries will testify, is a homonym for a variety of meanings, ranging from “soul” and “spirit” to “appetite” and “desire.” It also designates reflexivity; thus, nafsf denotes “myself,” bi-nafsihi - “by himself,” and so on. This equivocalness made possible the employment of the term in two disparate meanings by two disciplines, both interested in psychological questions. In the psycho-philosophical terminology that was coined during the process of translating Greek into Arabic, nafs became the equivalent of psyche (or anima) and was hence understood as soul, essentially a subtle and transcendent substance. Thus, for example, for lbn Sina, one of the most influential Islamic philosophers of the Middle Ages, “nafs, in relation to ‘matter’ in which it resides ... deserves to be called ‘form’ ( ra), and in relation to the perfection of a species which it brings about ... deserves to be called ‘perfection’ (kamal).” In Sūfīsm psychology, on the other hand, nafs became, primarily, the designator of a negative, earth-bound fiery entity that needs to be constantly condemned and watched over. In addition, the reflexive aspect of the term yielded a discourse on nafs that was centered around egocentricity and selfishness. Although classical Sūfīsmsm and medieval Islamic philosophy represent two autonomous disciplines, each with its own distinct terminology, neither can be said to have been impervious to the other.
Sacrificing the Self
Authors: Cormack Margaret
Published: November 2023

Acts of martyrdom have been found in nearly all the worlds major religious traditions. Though considered by devotees to be perhaps the most potent expression of religious faith, dying for ones god is also one of the most difficult concepts for modern observers of religion to understand. This is especially true in the West, where martyrdom has all but disappeared and martyrs in other cultures are often viewed skeptically and dismissed as fanatics. This book seeks to foster a greater understanding of these acts of religious devotion by explaining how martyrdom has historically been viewed in the worlds major religions. It provides the first sustained, cross-cultural examination of this fascinating aspect of religious life. Margaret Cormack begins with an introduction that sets out a definition of martyrdom that serves as the point of departure for the rest of the volume. Then, scholars of Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism, and Islam examine martyrdom in specific religious cultures. Spanning 4000 years of history and ranging from Saul in the Hebrew Bible to Sati immolations in present-day India, this book provides a wealth of insight into an often noted but rarely understood cultural phenomenon.
The Goddesses’ Henchmen
Authors: Harlan Lindsey
Published: November 2023

This book examines the worship of ancestral heroes in Rajasthan, India. Arguing that Rajput hero stories and songs encapsulate and express ideals of perfection and masculinity, it analyzes representations of wives and goddesses as tacit allies dispatching sacrificed heroes to heavenly paradise (Virgati) and rendering them Bherujis, their goddesses’ divine henchmen.
Fallen Blue Knights
Authors: Ivković Sanja Kutnjak
Published: November 2023

Despite its suspected prevalence, no comprehensive analysis of police corruption has been published for nearly three decades. Fallen Blue Knights provides a systematic, in-depth analysis of the subject, while also addressing the question of what can be done to ensure successful corruption control. Ivkovic argues that the current mechanisms for control--the courts, prosecutors, independent commissions, and the media, as well as the internal control mechanisms within a police agency itself--suffer from severe shortcomings that substantially limit their effectiveness. In this much-needed analysis, Ivkovic redefines the roles of major players and develops a novel, comprehensive model of corruption control.
The Critical Reception and the Generation Gap
Authors: Palmer R Barton
Published: November 2023

Pauline Kael, the era’s most influential critic and tastemaker, observed that the largely unforeseen success that Stanley Kubrick’s 2001: A Space Odyssey achieved at the box office was due to the younger viewers who crowded that nation’s theaters to see it, turning the film’s exhibition into one of the signal cultural events of the decade. And yet the enthusiasm of the fifteen- to twenty-five-year-olds for the film, so Kael opined, was not to be explained on purely cinematic grounds. Instead, 2001’s appeal to the young was to be traced to the “new tribalism” that had emerged by the end of the 1960s. Kael suggested that what most commentators at the time termed the “counterculture” had also responded enthusiastically earlier in the decade to European art films that were characterized by ostentatious visual and aural stylizations, which were indisputably prominent elements of Kubrick’s new release as well.
Ecosystem Services
Authors: Melillo Jerry , Sala Osvaldo
Published: November 2023

Earth’s mosaic of ecosystems—forests, grasslands, wetlands, streams, estuaries, and oceans—when functioning naturally, provides materials, conditions, and processes that sustain all life on this planet, including human life. The benefits that all living things obtain from ecosystems are called “ecosystem services.” Some are very familiar to us, such as food and timber that are essential for our lives and important parts of the global economy. What are equally important, but certainly less well recognized, are the array of services delivered by ecosystems that do not have easily assigned monetary values but that make our lives possible. These include the purification of air and water, the decomposition of wastes, the recycling of nutrients on land and in the oceans, the pollination of crops, and the regulation of climate.
Threatened Groups of Organisms Valuable to Medicine
Authors: Chivian Eric , Bernstein Aaron
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we look at seven groups of threatened organisms, four from the land and three from the ocean—amphibians, bears, nonhuman primates, gymnosperms (a group of plants that includes the conifers, cycads, and the Ginkgo Tree), cone snails, sharks, and horseshoe crabs—all of which are critically important to human medicine. These case studies are really at the heart of this book, for they provide specific examples of what we are now losing, and what we will be losing to a much greater degree, when we degrade the natural world, and serve to demonstrate concretely some of the many ways that human health depends on biodiversity.
Biodiversity and Food Production
Authors: Hillel Daniel , Rosenzweig Cynthia
Published: November 2023

Human beings, originally children of Nature, representing one species among many that shared the terrestrial environment, have gradually increased in numbers and expanded the extent and range of their activity so that we have now gained dominance over, and drastically modified, entire terrestrial and even marine biomes throughout the world. (Biomes are the world’s major biological communities, defined by their predominant vegetation types, e.g., forests, deserts, and grasslands.) As a result, numerous other species have been deprived of their natural habitats and have been endangered or even eradicated. As mentioned in chapter 1, recent calculations suggest that rates of species extinctions are now on the order of 100 to 1,000 times greater than those before humans dominated Earth. For some well-documented groups, extinction rates have been even greater. Unless checked, the continued increase of human population and the intensified manipulation of the environment for short-term advantage are more than likely to result in serious consequences for human health. Having tampered with Nature in hopes of gaining control over it, humans are now more dependent on Nature than ever, especially on the diversity and intrinsic mutuality of all life forms that are its essential features.
Sterne and the “New Species of Writing”
Authors: Keymer Thomas
Published: November 2023

Of the plurality of discourses and traditions that bump up against one another in Tristram Shandy, two have dominated critical attempts to make generic (and hence interpretative) sense of Sterne’s richly heteroglot text. One strain of criticism reads Tristram Shandy as a belated exercise in Renaissance learned wit; the other as a parody (or, if the implications of its parodic gestures are pursued, a deconstruction) of representational conventions in the modern novel. Each identity, all too often, is presented as exclusive of the other, and the critical dichotomy persists not least because its most evident point of stress—the overtly Cervantic aspect of Tristram Shandy—has been obscured by readings that present Cervantes himself as primarily an exponent of Erasmian satire, or of fideistic skepticism in the vein of Montaigne, rather than in his alternative guise as a proto-novelist.
Laurence Sterne and Literary Celebrity in 1760
Authors: Briggs Peter M
Published: November 2023

On the evening of 31 December 1759, David Garrick presented at Drury Lane a new afterpiece of his own composition called Harlequin’s Invasion, complete with music by William Boyce. Advertised as a “Christmas Gambol, after the manner of Italian comedy,” the piece imagines an invasion from France by Harlequin and the forces of Pantomime, aiming to scale the heights of British Parnassus. Harlequin himself is a protean comic villain, dangerously able to improvise new behaviors and to assume what disguises he will.
Teaching Native American Religious Traditions and Healing
Authors: Talamantez Inés M
Published: November 2023

Living in balance and harmony within one’s Native culture is said to be at the heart of indigenous peoples’ concerns for healing the community, the land, and the natural world. This chapter will discuss an interdisciplinary and comparative course about representative Native cultures of the American Southwest, and their different religiomedical systems. The course introduces students to these cultures’ different understandings of experimentation, the long-term observation of nature, the historical evaluation of changes over time and place, and the sacralization of the biosphere in order to meet human physical and spiritual needs. Through this course, I attempt to guide students toward an understanding of diverse perspectives on the relationship between humans, the numinous, the biosphere and the multiple layers of meaning and experience in which healing is practiced and understood. We also examine the significant role of language in wellbeing, particularly through reestablishing the inter-connectedness between oral traditions and the importance of taking responsibility for our actions. One of my larger objectives is to provide paradigms for decolonizing the minds of native and non-Native students, by deconstructing colonization, missionization and assimilation. In the process, I hope to offer contemporary possibilities for theories of resistance, wellbeing and survival in a multi-ethnic society.
Newtonian Women
Authors: Feingold Mordechai
Published: November 2023

One of the most interesting manifestations of the struggle for hegemony between the Cartesians, Newtonians, and Leibnizians was the campaign for the allegiance of women, who by the late seventeenth century had become consumers of all matters scientific. Descartes had been instrumental in this reorientation of women’s interests, as he was perceived early on as the philosopher of women – a perception he himself fostered. Not only had he composed his Discours de la méthode (“Discourse on Method,” 1637) in French rather than Latin, thereby ensuring its accessibility to a broadly nonacademic audience, but he had simplified his proof of God’s existence, he told a correspondent,so that even women “could understand something.” His 1644 dedication of the Principia philosophiae to Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia gave public voice to this new inclusiveness; after complimenting his royal correspondent for escaping the common fate of women – to be condemned to ignorance – he singled her out asthe only person who had “completely understood” his philosophy.
Changing the Guard
Authors: Bayley David H
Published: November 2023

Every day the American government, the United Nations, and other international institutions send people into non-English speaking, wartorn, and often minimally democratic countries struggling to cope with rising crime and disorder under a new regime. These assistance missions attempt to promote democratic law enforcement in devastated countries. But do these missions really facilitate the creation of effective policing? Renowned criminologist David H. Bayley here examines the prospects for the reform of police forces overseas as a means of encouraging the development of democratic governments. In doing so, he assesses obstacles for promoting democratic policing in a state-of-the-art review of all efforts to promote democratic reform since 1991. Changing the Guard offers an inside look at the achievements and limits of current American foreign assistance, outlining the nature and scope of the police assistance program and the agencies that provide it. Bayley concludes with recommendations for how police assistance could be improved in volatile countries across the world. This book is required reading as an instruction manual for building democratic policing overseas.
Liturgy and Time
Authors: Bradshaw Paul F
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores two distinct but related areas of early Christian liturgical practice, and considers how changing interpretative frameworks adopted by scholars have opened up quite different ways of viewing the various pieces of evidence. In the first part we look at attempts to reconstruct the custom of regular prayer at certain fixed hours of the day – whether practised individually or collectively – otherwise known as the Divine Office or the Liturgy of the Hours. In the second part of the chapter we shall go on to discuss the evolution of the liturgical year.
Brown v. Board of Education and the Civil Rights Movement
Authors: Klarman Michael J
Published: November 2023

A splendid account of the Supreme Court’s rulings on race in the first half of the twentieth century, From Jim Crow To Civil Rights earned rave reviews and won the Bancroft Prize for History in 2005. Now, in this marvelously abridged, paperback edition, Michael J. Klarman has compressed his acclaimed study into tight focus around one major case--Brown v. Board of Education--making the path-breaking arguments of his original work accessible to a broader audience of general readers and students. In this revised and condensed edition, Klarman illuminates the impact of the momentous Brown v. Board of Education ruling. He offers a richer, more complex understanding of this pivotal decision, going behind the scenes to examine the justices’ deliberations and reconstruct why they found the case so difficult to decide. He recaps his famous backlash thesis, arguing that Brown was more important for mobilizing southern white opposition to change than for encouraging civil rights protest, and that it was only the resulting violence that transformed northern opinion and led to the landmark legislation of the 1960s. Klarman also sheds light on broader questions such as how judges decide cases; how much they are influenced by legal, political, and personal considerations; the relationship between Supreme Court decisions and social change; and finally, how much Court decisions simply reflect societal values and how much they shape those values. Brown v. Board of Education was one of the most important decisions in the history of the U.S. Supreme Court. Klarman’s brilliant analysis of this landmark case illuminates the course of American race relations as it highlights the relationship between law and social reform. Acclaim for From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: “A major achievement. It bestows upon its fortunate readers prodigious research, nuanced judgment, and intellectual independence.” --Randall Kennedy, The New Republic “Magisterial.” --The New York Review of Books “A sweeping, erudite, and powerfully argued book...unfailingly interesting.” --Wilson Quarterly
“What Could Freddie Say?”
Authors: Tidwell John Edgar , Sanders Mark A
Published: November 2023

In Growing Up in the Black Belt, Charles S. Johnson quotes a schoolboy who is retelling a story from his reader: Fred was a little boy. He went to the city to work for a man. The man told him if he worked he would pay him. Fred worked three years. The man paid him only three pennies. Fred said . . . Fred said . . . The man paid him only three pennies. Fred said . . . Dr. Johnson blames rote-teaching for the boy’s going on like a deeply grooved phonograph record. But to me the story illustrates more than the vice of learning by rote. The reciter carried Fred about as far as he could in this subversive story. After all, what could Freddie say? The schools do not supply Freddie with answers. Freddie is supposed to like it; or if he doesn’t he isn’t supposed to have anything to say. To the white South, Negro education is already meaningful enough. The meaning is that Freddie shall never learn the answers. Mississippi educators have recently been blunt on this subject. In 1940, the state legislature in Jackson amended a bill to furnish free textbooks by providing that such subjects as civics shall be taught from texts suitable “for the several types of schools,” that is, that Negro children and white shall use different texts on subjects such as citizenship. The school superintendent of Meridian urged this because if uniform texts were used, Negro children would be taught “the same principles of voting, rights, and responsibilities taught white pupils.” This would never do for, as a planter-senator reasoned:
“The Duke Comes To Atlanta”
Authors: Tidwell John Edgar , Sanders Mark A
Published: November 2023

There are not many first-rate jazz bands in the South. As the musicians develop, scouts from New York and Chicago discover them and put them on big time. A group of college boys at Alabama State, with a few pick-up musicians from the vicinity, were whisked away to New York as Erskine Hawkins’s band; Doc Wheeler’s band, famous in southern Florida, is one of the latest to take to the national road. Negro and white jazz musicians, like many Negro and white writers, artists, professors, and scientists, are drawn away from the South to the better paying North. A few white Southern hotels may have middle-of-the-road jazz orchestras, but for most whites and Negroes, jazz comes back to its native home on radios, phonographs, juke-boxes, and one-night stands. A few years ago, I heard Duke Ellington’s band play a one-night stand at the Atlanta Municipal Auditorium. The city had been agog for weeks over the Duke’s appearance. The vast auditorium was packed. Half of the seats from stage right to the rear of the hall were set aside for whites; the opposite half for Negroes. The Negroes who sat there were upper and middle class: teachers, college professors, students, professional men, all of those whose compunctions about segregation or jazz let them attend. Down on the floor swarmed the Negro hoi polloi. Their garb was of all sorts: full dress, street clothing, work clothing, sweaters, and slacks. Some were cutting up frantically. On the side near the white folks, couples would put on the dog while the whites cheered their foolery and tossed down coins to them. One black Amazon, larger than her sweating partner, was clad in a low-cut, cerise silk gown, bulging and threatening to split at the seams, a cast-off from her employer, probably, who called her by name and offered advice like a fan to a baseball player. “Go to it, Marthy; oh do it!” she screamed almost hysterically, as Marthy billowed and shimmied and spun like a barge in a storm. On the side near the disapproving Negro “dicties,” the showoffs checked their antics, but they resumed them when they danced back to the white folks’ side and the shower of silver. No whites, of course, stepped on the dance floor, and few, if any, of the Negro middle class.
“Farewell To Basin Street”
Authors: Tidwell John Edgar , Sanders Mark A
Published: November 2023

On my last trip to New Orleans, a sergeant got on the train at Anniston and squeezed his bulk into the seat beside me. He was a friendly sort. I learned much of his business, his chance to go to officers’ training camp, his football career at Xavier University, his various jobs before Pearl Harbor. He ran over with praise of his native New Orleans. My tourist’s curiosity about the Creole cuisine fired his language; he described the culinary marvels of all the various gumbos, of Jambalaya (Creole cousin of Hopping-John), of Gombo Zhèbes (a mixture of all the greens on God’s earth), and of the sea foods, until the woman in front threw amused glances at us. He was hastening home on furlough; one of the jobs he anticipated was cooking up some of those fine Creole dishes. I begged off from his hymns of adoration. I had not eaten since above Spartanburg, and we were nearly in Birmingham. I asked him about New Orleans jazz. This was another street that he walked familiarly. His brother, a clarinet player, was a friend of Barney Bigard, and had been in France with Noble Sissle when Barney was there with Duke Ellington. Yes, he knew Sidney Bechet, King Oliver, Kid Ory, Satchmo’, all of them. He looked with greater favor on me; I was a bit more than a traveling schoolteacher now in his eyes. When I spoke of Kid Rena, he corrected my pronunciation but beamed. Maybe I could find Kid Raynyay. I should go to the Fern Dance Hall, on Iberville between Rampart and Burgundy, anytime late at night. Sure I could get in. Just go on in. I’d find plenty my color there, if not my race. If I didn’t find him there, and Rena was known to be irregular, I might have to seek Big Eye Louie, the historic clarinetist. On Derbigny between Columbus and Kelerec, everybody would tell you where Big Eye was; not a soul in that neighborhood but would look out for Big Eye. The sergeant also named his nephew, a hot jazz cat, who could help me find Rena and Louie if these leads failed.
“From Montmartre To Beaver Slide”
Authors: Tidwell John Edgar , Sanders Mark A
Published: November 2023

The Writers’ Project Guide to Atlanta tags on to its list of artists the name of Hale Woodruff, as the city’s exponent of Negro Art. He is, of course, nothing of the kind: he is the best and best known artist in the state, and incidentally a Negro. Years ago Ralph McGill, of the Atlanta Constitution, spoke of Woodruff as a recent discovery only in Atlanta. It is likely that much of dominant Atlanta still is ignorant of his fine work. This is not likely to bother Hale much, in a city whose chief art treasures are the Diorama of the Battle of Atlanta, and such statues as Tom Watson pitching horseshoes in front of the State Capitol or Henry Grady reaching for something at Grady Square. Hale isn’t easily bothered anyway. When I talked with him in the dilapidated library building on Morris Brown’s campus, he didn’t seem abashed by the bare wreck of a place but explained to me how the dome provided ideal light for working. Later his department was moved back to the Spelman College campus. There I found him in a makeshift studio kidding with Smitty, the superintendent of buildings, wheedling him and counterblasting. Smitty is unimpressed by Hale’s international reputation, but I could see that Hale would get his walls fixed right.
“Soldiers Of Construction”
Authors: Tidwell John Edgar , Sanders Mark A
Published: November 2023

The ten mile drive from the town of Tuskegee to the Air Base was along a typical Alabama backroad; a winding gravel and dirt road full of holes, crossing streams, some of them unbridged, and others with shaky, narrow bridges that I wondered how Army trucks could get across. There were fields of scraggly cotton, patches of underbrush, and woods, dusty near the road, and shacks and barns weather gray and askew. Chehaw was only slightly stirring from its long sleep. A few piles of Army stores, a barbed wire enclosure of gas and oil tanks, the Primary Field laying over to the right, none too prominent; these were the only signs of the new activity. But at the bridge over the winding creek, the end of one world came, and another world began. On this side of the creek was a typical rural church, unshaded in a bare plot of ground. On the other was the guard post with smart military police stopping cars and trucks and then waving them on. Looking at the air base, I wondered how in the back hills of Alabama such a perfect site for a camp could have been discovered. I was to learn later that the site was man-made. Light yellow buildings with green roofs centering about a large building with streets radiating off as spokes from a wheel were clustered on a slope; at the foot stretched the buildings, hangars, and towers of the line and the long concrete runways. A couple of planes looking like silver fish were aloft, glinting in the sun. Men of War 307
Knowledge Gathering
Authors: Garland-Thomson Rosemarie
Published: November 2023

We have inherited an uneasy tension between seeing and knowing. Philosophy is in part a conversation about the relations between appearances and reality. Plato, for example, warned that truth lies not in the visible, that appearances in fact obfuscate truth. Our insistence that we see things with our own eyes has alternately been punished and rewarded. This chapter addresses the rewards of curiosity, while the next examines its dangers. Curiosity is the itch to know; it shifts desire of the eye to desire of the mind. Like staring, curiosity seeks. Both are acquisitive, grasping, appetitive. Staring is an ocular inquiry; curiosity is an intellectual inquiry. The eye leads; the mind follows.
The Sacraments Of The Church
Authors: Cessario Romanus
Published: November 2023

This chapter complements that by Dr. Pamela Jackson, a recognized scholar on the liturgy of the Catholic Church, whose professional expertise qualifies her to write authoritatively on the history and reception of the conciliar text on the sacred liturgy. The objective of the present chapter is more narrowly conceived to focus on the sacraments of the Church and their presentation in Sacrosanctum concilium. I maintain that the constitution on the sacred liturgy should be read within a hermeneutic of continuity with previous Catholic teaching on worship and sacraments, especially with what the Church teaches about the sacraments in the documents of the sixteenth-century Council of Trent. To argue that the constitution on the sacred liturgy is to be read in continuity with the overall tradition of the Church is not a fancy of twenty-first century revisionism. Cardinal Avery Dulles has reminded us that the 1985 Synod of Bishops had identified continuity and complementarity as the guiding principles of interpretation to employ when reading the documents of the Second Vatican Council. In order to signal the agreement among the contributors to this volume on the hermeneutics of continuity as the preferred way to read the documents of the Second Vatican Council, the editors have chosen as the title for the volume: Vatican II: Renewal within Tradition. It is true, of course, that the liturgical modifications seem to afford, both for those who are old enough to remember the Church’s ceremonies before 1964 and for those who have cultivated an appreciation for the preconciliar liturgical forms, one of the best illustrations of the claim made by some authors that the Second Vatican Council introduced a moment of discontinuity and even of dramatic change into the life and tradition of the Catholic Church. The correct way of looking at the history, however, is to accept Sacrosanctum concilium as a milestone.
Commercial Arbitration in Sweden
Authors: Madsen Finn
Published: November 2023

The Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce has become an important forum for international commercial arbitration, with parties from more than 30 countries, especially Western European countries and increasingly Russia, other Eastern European Countries, and China. The author offers practitioners several background chapters on commercial arbitration in Sweden and a detailed analysis of each section of the Swedish Arbitration Act (SAA). This is a ready-reference handbook analyzing Swedish arbitration- the SAA, the Rules, and cases-and also includes references and commentary with respect to international commercial arbitration in general. The author’s intention is to help practitioners “in search of rapid guidance regarding the interpretation of a particular provision or who wish to solve a practical problem.” “This Third Edition of Commercial Arbitration in Sweden provides us all with a valuable and up-to-date understanding of the Swedish system in operation, and a comprehensive commentary on the SCC Rules, both new and existing. World business has the means, through this work, to see why Sweden and Stockholm are good choices for their international arbitrations.”-- ? Phillip Capper, Head of International Arbitration, Lovells; Nash Professor of Engineering Law, King’s College, University of London; former Chairman of the Faculty of Law, University of Oxford
Explanations for the Increased Recourse to Treaty-Based Investment Dispute Settlement: Resolving the Struggle of Life Against Form?
Authors: Salacuse Jeswald W
Published: November 2023

As international investment gained momentum in the immediate post-World War II era, foreign investors seeking the protection of international investment law found an ephemeral structure consisting largely of scattered treaty provisions, a few contested customs and some questionable general principles of law. As late as 1970, the International Court of Justice in Barcelona Traction found it “surprising” that the evolution of international investment law had not gone further and that no generally accepted rules had yet crystallized in light of the growth of foreign investment and the expansion of international activities by corporations in the preceding half-century. For investors at the time, the international legal structure was seriously deficient in at least four respects. First, it was incomplete, for it failed to take account of contemporary investment practices and address important issues of investor concern, such as their rights to make monetary transfers from the host country.
The Growing Diversity and Inconsistency in the IIA System
Authors: Joubin-Bret Anna
Published: November 2023

My comments concern the substantive provisions of international investment agreements and the increased recourse to treaty-based investment dispute settlement. Patrick Juillard highlights the issue of lack of coherence between awards rendered by international arbitral tribunals and explained it with the lack of coherence among the investment treaties that are at the basis of interpretation and application in investor-State dispute settlement cases. He specifically mentions the different approaches taken by the United States and Canada on the one hand and European countries on the other hand. Illustrations of this explanation can be found in the study on Bilateral Investment Treaties 1995–2006: Trends in International Rule-making.
Challenges Facing Investment Disputes: Reconsidering Dispute Resolution in International Investment Agreements
Authors: Franck Susan D
Published: November 2023

Henry Ward Beecher once observed, “[l]aws and institutions are constantly tending to gravitate … [and] like clocks, they must be occasionally cleansed and wound up, and set to true time.”1 Beecher’s comments reflect that, as law, societies and governments evolve, there are inevitably challenging transitional periods that require a re-examination of the foundations upon which a system was founded. Dispute resolution systems are no different. When they undergo fundamental growth, a re-consideration of the system’s efficacy and utility can promote both its integrity and legitimacy to ensure it provides appropriate services to its stakeholders.
Improving the System of Investor-State Dispute Settlement: The OECD Governments’ Perspective
Authors: Yannaca-Small Katia
Published: November 2023

This commentary focuses on the reaction of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) governments to proposals and ideas for change to the current system of investor-State dispute settlement. We will first look at the discussion related to the possibility of introducing an appeal mechanism and continue with the discussion on transparency and third party participation and other measures, such as consolidation of claims, to reduce potential inconsistencies among arbitral awards. The introduction by the United States in its bilateral investment treaties and Free Trade Agreements of the possibility of establishing an appellate mechanism to review investment disputes stirred up an interest in the OECD Investment Committee, which started exploring the feasibility and usefulness of such a mechanism.
Introduction
Authors: Andrews William L , Mason Regina E
Published: November 2023

William Grimes (1784–1865) authored the first fugitive slave narrative in American history in 1825, when he was slightly over fortyears of age. The longest African American autobiography published up to that time,1 the Life of William Grimes, the Runaway Slave, Written by Himself was motivated not so much by a reformist impulse as by personal financial need. Grimes and his family had been rendered homeless and nearly penniless in April of 1824 because of his forced decision to pay$500 for his self-purchase to his menacing Savannah, Georgia, master, from whom Grimes had escaped nine years earlier. Having been enslaved for a little more than thirty years, Grimes recounted a personal history of almost unrelieved anguish, both physical and psychological.
Romantic Poetry by Women
Authors: de J R , Jackson J
Published: November 2023

The contribution of women to Romantic poetry has been generally underestimated. Romantic Poetry by Women: A Bibliography, 1770 - 1835 provides the first complete record of the volumes of verse written by women and reveals the scale of their involvement in the Romantic movement. The Bibliography includes the work of around 900 authors , with biographical headnotes. It is fully indexed and cross-referenced, providing details of publication, indexes of publishers and places of publication, as well as of authors and titles. This will be an indispensable resource for all students of writing by women and of Romantic poetry in general.
Childhood, 1608–1625
Authors: Parker William Riley
Published: November 2023

AMILY that is undistinguished in the world may find encouragement in the fabled or faded eminence of remote ancestors. The sixteenth-century Miltons, for example, evidently told their children that they came of an ancient stock whose seat was formerly a town of Milton (in Berkshire, or Buckinghamshire, or Oxfordshire), where monuments in ‘Milton Church’ still testified to past glories. Unfortunately, one of the family took the wrong side in the Wars of the Roses and, so the story went, lost his entire estate-except what he held by his wife. Ever since this qualified calamity, the Miltons had been respectable, worthy people, hopeful of better things.
Cambridge, 1625–629
Authors: Parker William Riley
Published: November 2023

EVERY boy entering a university expects it to be a wonderful, exciting world, different from anything he has ever known. If he is studious, eager, and serious-minded, he naturally expects a university to be peopled with boys not unlike himself, and with greybeards of rare intellectual powers and personalities to match. If, in addition, he arrives with the applause of schoolteachers still ringing in his ears, with a hunger for learning still unsatisfied, and with an idealistic determination to fulfil the high hopes of doting parents, he will suffer disappointments and heartaches difficult to endure.
Separation, 1642–1645
Authors: Parker William Riley
Published: November 2023

MI LTON’s pamphlet quarrel with the bishops, his first taste of public controversy, had more or less occupied his mind for a period of about twelve months. For the first time, he had enjoyed the satisfaction of putting his knowledge and skill to practical use. For the first time, he had experimented with various forms of prose. He had been busy, extremely busy. The sheer labour of composition had consumed countless hours; reading and research had made unexpected demands upon his leisure. Nevertheless, during this same period he had continued the training of John and Edward Phillips, trying out his personal theories of education. And always, in the back or forefront of his mind, he had nourished his exciting new plans for poetry. Once, when he had been at work on his Reason of Church Government, those plans for poetry had seemed so compelling that he had allowed them to obtrude themselves into religious controversy.
Secretaryship, 1649–1652
Authors: Parker William Riley
Published: November 2023

UNCOMPREHENDED forces of gravity, released by an anonymous figure in a black mask, plunged England sharply into a Republic. All tradition, all precedent, all nerve-links with the reassuring past were severed with the royal head of Charles. The great crowd that had gathered outside Whitehall, eyes focused on the black-draped scaffold, greeted the falling axe with a universal and involuntary groan. It was the bleak afternoon of Tuesday, 30 January 1649.
Self-Defence, 1652–1656
Authors: Parker William Riley
Published: November 2023

LIKE any other father, a blind man can take pride in the growth of a son. More than other fathers, surely, he feels helpless and crushed when a son falls ill and dies. Milton’s boy, the baby John, was fifteen months old when this happened. The tragedy struck about six weeks after the mother’s death. We do not know the exact date, or the cause. Long afterwards, Edward Phillips blamed ‘the ill-usage or bad constitution of an ill-chosen nurse’. If either was the case, there was reason for remorse as well as sorrow. A most pathetic aspect of the event is the fact that Milton himself did not know exactly when he lost his only son. After Mary’s death his children were almost certainly put under the care of Mrs. Powell or someone else, and were temporarily separated from their blind father.
Hellenistic Engraved Gems
Authors: Plantzos Dimitris
Published: November 2023

Engraved gems were used by the Greeks as seals and amulets, but were primarily valued as ornaments. Their iconography was drawn from a wide range of motifs and standard devices current in other art forms. In the Hellenistic period gem cutters remained faithful to the classical tradition, but were able to develop new subjects and styles. Portraits, especially of royalty, became the commonest subject in glyptic after Alexander, a practice that continued through the Roman period and was still popular with patrons and artists of the Renaissance and even later. This volume follows the development of gem engraving from Alexander's conquest of the East to the Augustan period. Hellenistic gems are studied in their archaeological and historical context: evidence on their use, significance, and value; questions of technique and style; and problems of chronology and distribution. Special sections have been devoted to patronage of gem-engravers and the relationship of gem-cutting with other miniaturist arts and coinage.
The Epistle of Sālim Ibn Dhakwān
Authors: Crone Patricia , Zimmermann Fritz
Published: November 2023

The epistle ascribed to Salim Ibn Dhakwan is a tract against 'wrong' doctrines regarding the classification and treatment of opponents. Written by an Ibadi before AD 800 and taking issue with both Kharijite extremists and Murji'ites, it was brought to the attention of Western Islamicists in the early 1970s by Amr Khalifa Ennami, and is here edited, translated, and discussed in full for the first time. The early centuries of Islamic religious thought have become a dynamic field in the last few years, and there is renewed interest in the attempt to use the early literature of the Muslim sects as windows onto the wider scene of doctrinal discussion in the period before the mainstream tradition becomes plentiful. In addition to making available a new source, this study seeks to open up the Ibadi tradition for future research on early Islamic thought, partly by making heavy use of Ibadi sources in its interpretation of Salim's epistle and by partly by offering systematic information about the Ibadi figures and literary works involved in the appendices and bibliography.
Images of the Algerian War
Authors: Dine Philip
Published: November 2023

This is the first full-length survey in any language of the fiction and film generated in France by the Algerian war (1954-1962). Although part of a much wider process of decolonization, the conflict was so traumatic that it brought France to the verge of civil war and its memory continues to haunt French society today. Like America's experience in Vietnam, it has been understood as a paradigm of the collapse of Western certainties in the post-war period. Philip Dine's ground-breaking study examines the novels and films which deal with the war in an attempt to understand the lasting impact of the conflict. By locating texts within institutional and public discourses, it addresses issues of historical agency and ideological dissemination and casts light on the mechanics of literary mystification. Among the writers discussed are Camus, Etecherelli, Marie Cardinal, Genet, Millecam, Perec, and Jules Roy, and the book also explores the films of directors including Godard, Ophuls, Varda, Schoendorffer, Marker, Resnais, and Demy. All quotations in French are accompanied by English translations. Innovative and accessible, Images of the Algerian War will interest all teachers and students of the culture and politics of modern France, together with all those concerned with issues of decolonization.
Allegory, Sorcery, And Historical Rewriting: Moi, Tituba, Sorcière Noire De Salem
Authors: Suk Jeannie
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I address Condé’s most widely-read and perhaps most ambitious work, a historical fiction which addresses ideas of origin, discontinuity, exile, and return, within a powerful allegorical framework provided by sorcery. Gayatri Spivak reminds us that ‘the general mode for the post-colonial is citation, re-inscription, rerouting the historical’.
Music and Merchants
Authors: Wilson Blake
Published: November 2023

For all that has been written about Renaissance Florence, we know relatively little about its musical life, its religious life, and the aspirations of its average citizens. This book contributes significantly to an understanding of all of these by documenting and interpreting the corporate patronage of an important Florentine musical repertory over a period of some 200 years. From the late thirteenth to the early sixteenth centuries at least twelve lay confraternities sponsored a widespread musical activity involving a specialized network of singers and instrumentalists. The meticulous records kept by these companies reveal a wealth of information about the musicians' conditions and patterns of activity, the central role of music in the companies' vernacular liturgy (especially as conditioned by bequests), and vital performance practice issues such as the role of instruments in vocal performance, the shift from monophonic to polyphonic practice, and the interaction of written and unwritten musical traditions. Because the companies were, in many respects, both a microcosm and characteristic manifestation of this remarkable Renaissance city, the author also seeks to explain how mendicant spirituality, guild society, and devotional images and imagination provide the essential context for understanding the function and significance of laudesi practice and repertoire. This book will be welcomed not only by musicologists, but by It alianists and late medieval and early modern scholars in general.
Late Medieval Plainchant For The Divine Office
Authors: Hughes Andrew
Published: November 2023

For seven hundred years, from the ninth to the sixteenth century, church musicians all over Europe were composing and adapting plainsong for the services of the Roman Catholic Church. This chapter deals only with the offices. The following paragraphs review the services and the genres within them, summarizing, with a few additional details, the excellent account of the standard repertory and its liturgical setting to be found in the second volume of the revised New Oxford History of Music. Rather than referring to, say, the third responsory of Matins, I shall use abbreviations established elsewhere. Within the liturgical day, the relevant services are: First Vespers, Matins, Lauds, Prime, Terce, Sext, None, Second Vespers, and Compline.
Music Theory Of The Fourteenth And Early Fifteenth Centuries
Authors: Herlinger Jan
Published: November 2023

The modern study of medieval music theory began with the collections of treatises published during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries by Gerbert, La Fage, and Coussemaker. Though Gerbert and particularly Coussemaker (in contrast to La Fage, who generally presented his texts on the basis of single sources) were sometimes aware of multiple copies of the treatises they published, they were often unfortunate in choosing which sources to present, inaccurate in transcribing them, and haphazard in reporting variant readings. Though the contributions of these scholars have been and remain indispensable for students of medieval theory, it is only in the last fifty years that critical editions of medieval theoretical works have begun to appear in quantity. Even in these there is considerable variation in procedure and accuracy.
Music, Humanism, And The Idea Of A ‘Rebirth’ Of The Arts
Authors: Strohm Reinhard
Published: November 2023

The following contribution seeks to identify the beginnings of the idea of a musical ‘Renaissance’ by evaluating testimonies of fifteenth-century humanists and musicians. That European music experienced a ‘Renaissance’ comparable to that of literature and the other arts is a proposition both familiar and controversial. It will be argued here that this idea originated as a by-product of humanist reflections on the arts in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries; its anchorage in musical repertoires and discussions is more speculative. The earliest statements apparently suggesting a musical ‘renewal’, those of Martin Le Franc (c.1410–61) and Johannes Tinctoris (c.1435–1511), are well known.
Mozart’s ‘Haydn’ Quartets: An Evaluation of the Autographs and First Edition, with Particular Attention to mm. 125-42 of the Finale of K. 387
Authors: Seiffert Wolf-Dieter
Published: November 2023

Measures 125 42 of the last movement of Mozart’s String Quartet in G major K. 387 command special attention for two reasons. First, the composition of this passage, which occurs at the beginning of the development, caused Mozart problems: the four different autograph versions not only document his difficulties, but also provide a fascinating, and virtually unique, glimpse into the composer’s workshop. Second, these specific measures give rise to a significant and thorny editorial problem. Curiously enough, the first edition, published in 1785 and with the famous dedication to Haydn, supplies a fifth version that differs slightly from the four autograph versions.
Representing the Audience in the Age of Reform: Critics and the Elite at the Italian Opera in London
Authors: Hall-Witt Jennifer L
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I examine what lay behind written representations of the listening habits of the elite audience for Italian opera in London from the 1820s to the 1850s. music critics and aristocrats witnessed many of the same operas, at the King’s Theatre in the Haymarket (renamed Her Majesty’s Theatre in 1837) and the Royal Italian Opera at Covent Garden, established in 1847.