bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Error Assessment Model for the Inverse Kinematics Problem for Stewart Parallel Mechanisms for Accurate Aerospace Optical Linkage
Authors: Hernández-Gómez J. J. , Medina I. , Torres-San Miguel C. R. , Solís-Santomé A. , Couder-Castañeda C. , Ortiz-Alemán J. C. , Grageda-Arellano J. I.
Published: October 2018

In this work we develop a mathematical model to estimate the error for inverse kinematics problem for Gough-Stewart parallel mechanisms. We propose the estimation error method to include manufacture, assembly, backlash, and sensing errors. We provide the error transmission matrices for the length of each leg of the hexapod, which permits evaluation of the accuracy error in the position of each one, given a desired position and orientation of the mobile platform. We also present numerical modelling in order to estimate the accuracy of the methodology herein proposed, for specific attitude operations corresponding to performing a successful ground-LEO nanosatellite optical link. In such a case, we were able to provide the required tolerances for the actuators in order to guarantee an orientation precision requirement of the order of milliradians.
A Periodic Collaboration and Coexistence Management Model with the Oscillation Effect for Complex Mega Infrastructure Project under the Risk of Infection
Authors: Zhao Na , Cheng T. C. E.
Published: October 2018

In view of the intergroup structural relationships involved with the complex mega infrastructure projects (MIP), we develop a periodic collaboration and coexistence model that can efficiently curb the risk of infection and ensure normal, orderly progress. We conduct a systematic analysis of the periodic collaboration and the coexistence process for mega infrastructure projects. The results suggest that when a complex major engineering project develops the risk of infection and one group keeps expanding, assimilation or disappearance of the other group may occur, impeding the normal project construction process. If a disruption occurs, it is difficult to resume construction, and substantial economic losses can result. Furthermore, the periodic collaboration and coexistence management model with the oscillation effect can effectively prevent the risk of problems from spreading among groups. By doing so, the model stabilizes the intergroup structural balance in a complex major engineering system. In summary, our model and analysis help, to some extent, to elucidate the critical mechanisms influencing the risk of infection in engineering collaborative management and explain the collaboration and coexistence rules for a complex mega infrastructure project that may risk spreading infection to other parts of the project. The research findings, while further verifying and supplementing relevant theories, also provide beneficial references for collaborative management practices.
Immune Effector Functions of Human IgG2 Antibodies against EGFR
Authors: Rösner Thies , Kahle Steffen , Montenegro Francesca , Matlung Hanke L. , Jansen J.H. Marco , Evers Mitchell , Beurskens Frank , Leusen Jeanette H.W. , van den Berg Timo K. , Valerius Thomas
Published: October 2018

Three FDA-approved epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibodies (cetuximab, panitumumab, necitumumab) are clinically available to treat patients with different types of cancers. Interestingly, panitumumab is of human IgG2 isotype, which is often considered to have limited immune effector functions. Unexpectedly, our studies unraveled that human IgG2 antibodies against EGFR mediated effective CDC when combined with another noncross-blocking EGFR antibody. This second antibody could be of human IgG1 or IgG2 isotype. Furthermore, EGFR antibodies of human IgG2 isotype were highly potent in recruiting myeloid effector cells such as M1 macrophages and PMN for tumor cell killing by ADCC. Tumor cell killing by PMN was more effective with IgG2 than with IgG1 antibodies if tumor cells expressed lower levels of EGFR. Additionally, lower expression levels of the “don′t eat me” molecule CD47 on tumor cells enabled ADCC also by M2 macrophages, and improved PMN and macrophage-mediated ADCC. A TCGA enquiry revealed broadly varying CD47 expression levels across different solid tumor types. Together, these results demonstrate that human IgG2 antibodies against EGFR can promote significant Fc-mediated effector functions, which may contribute to their clinical efficacy. The future challenge will be to identify clinical situations in which myeloid effector cells can optimally contribute to antibody efficacy.
Effects of Driving Skill Training on Safe Driving in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Shimada Hiroyuki , Hotta Ryo , Makizako Hyuma , Doi Takehiko , Tsutsumimoto Kota , Nakakubo Sho , Makino Keitaro
Published: October 2018

Background: Driving cessation is strongly associated with adverse health outcomes in the older adults. Although there were numerous documentations of driving rehabilitation in disabled adults, the effects of interventions on safe driving were not clear in older adults with cognitive impairment who had low driving skills. Objective: This randomized controlled trial was designed to determine whether a safe driving skill program consisting of classroom and on-road training could enhance driving performance of older drivers with cognitive impairment in Japan. Methods: A total of 160 community-living older drivers participated in the randomized controlled trial with blinded endpoint assessment. Participants randomized to intervention underwent 10 1-h classroom sessions and 10 1-h on-road sessions focused on common problem areas of older drivers. Controls received 1 classroom education. On-road driving performance was assessed by certified driving school instructors in a driving school. The participants carried out dynamic vision and cognitive performance tests. Results: One hundred and forty-six (intervention group, n = 71) subjects completed the 3-month follow-up. Mean adherence to classroom-based vision training and driving simulator training and on-road training programs, including the 71 participants, was 99.0 ± 6.4 and 99.0 ± 7.2%, respectively. Regarding the safe driving skill score, there were group × time interactions (p < 0.01) indicating benefits of the intervention over time. Although there were no significant group × time interactions in cognitive tests, dynamic vision showed group × time interactions (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The driving skill program significantly improved safe driving performance in older adults with cognitive impairment who were at a potentially high risk of a car accident.
OK-432 Treatment of Early Fetal Chylothorax: Pregnancy Outcome and Long-Term Follow-Up of 14 Cases
Authors: Nørgaard Lone Nikoline , Nygaard Ulrikka , Damm Julie Agner , Esbjørn Barbara Hoff , Pedersen Mette Marie Agner , Rottbøll Amanda , Jørgensen Connie , Sundberg Karin
Published: October 2018

Background: The treatment options for fetal chylothorax include thoracocentesis, thoracoamniotic shunting, and pleurodesis using OK-432. Knowledge on the long-term outcomes after treatment with OK-432 is limited. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the long-term outcomes of children treated in utero with OK-432. Methods: We performed follow-up on pregnancies and children treated in utero with OK-432 between 2003 and 2009 at Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet for pleural effusions at gestational age (GA) 16+0–21+6 weeks. Anamnestic information, physical examination, pulmonary function test, neuropediatric examination, and intelligence testing using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale were used for evaluation. Results: Fourteen cases, all chylothorax, were treated with OK-432. None had preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), and the median GA at delivery was 38+5 (24+4–41+5) weeks. Twelve children were eligible for follow-up. The median age at follow-up was 11.4 (7.8–13.8) years. Pulmonary function was normal in all children and the mean full-scale IQ did not differ from that of normal children. Four children had a diagnosed medical condition, attention deficit disorder, or genetic syndrome. The remaining children had normal follow-up. Conclusion: Children treated with OK-432 have comparable survival rates and long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes to those treated with thoracoamniotic shunts. There seems to be a lower risk of procedure-related PPROM.
Characteristics of Lung Cancer in Patients Younger than 40 Years: A Prospective Multicenter Analysis in France
Authors: Bigay-Gamé Laurence , Bota Suzanna , Greillier Laurent , Monnet Isabelle , Madroszyk Anne , Corre Romain , Mastroianni Bénédicte , Falchero Lionel , Mazières Julien , Colineaux Hélène , Lepage Benoit , Chouaid Christos ,   GFPC Investigators
Published: October 2018

Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe the demographic and clinico-pathological characteristics of lung cancer in patients younger than 40 years. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study performed within the Groupe Français de Pneumo-Cancérologie. Consecutive patients diagnosed with lung cancer before the age of 40 years were eligible. Data on demographics, medical history, clinico-pathological characteristics, treatment and overall survival were analysed. Results: In total, 146 patients were included from January 2011 to December 2013. Median age was 38 years (IQR: 34–40). Women accounted for 41%. Main histological type was adenocarcinoma (77%). Only 3% had a prior history of cancer, but a family history (first- or second-degree relatives) of cancer was reported in 80 (55%) patients; 85 and 50% were current or past smokers of tobacco and cannabis, respectively; 82% had stage IIIB/IV at diagnosis. Median overall survival was 15.3 (95% CI: 8.1–24.0) months in the whole population, 10.3 (95% CI: 12.5–14.2) months in stage IV and 15 (95% CI: 8.7–35.2) months in stage III. One- and two-year overall survival rates were 57% (95 CI: 49–65) and 31.5% (95 CI: 27–43), respectively. Compared to smokers, non-smokers were significantly younger and more often females. Median overall survival was not statistically different between smokers and non-smokers.
Effect of Fluoride Toothpaste Containing Nano-Sized Sodium Hexametaphosphate on Enamel Remineralization: An in situ Study
Authors: Danelon Marcelle , Garcia Luhana G. , Pessan Juliano P. , Passarinho Amanda , Camargo Emerson R. , Delbem Alberto C.B.
Published: October 2018

Objective: To evaluate the remineralizing potential of a conventional toothpaste (1,100 ppm F) supplemented with nano-sized sodium hexametaphosphate (HMPnano) in artificial caries lesions in situ. Design: This double-blinded crossed study was performed in 4 phases of 3 days each. Twelve subjects used palatal appliances containing 4 bovine enamel blocks with artificial caries lesions. Volunteers were randomly assigned into the following treatment groups: no F/HMP/HMPnano (Placebo); 1,100 ppm F (1100F); 1100F plus 0.5% micrometric HMP (1100F/HMP) and 1100F plus 0.5% nano-sized HMP (1100F/HMPnano). Volunteers were instructed to brush their natural teeth with the palatal appliances in the mouth for 1 min (3 times/day), so that blocks were treated with natural slurries of toothpastes. After each phase, surface hardness post-remineralization (SH2), integrated recovery of subsurface hardness (ΔIHR), integrated mineral recovery (ΔIMR) and enamel F concentration were determined. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and Student-Newman-Keuls’ test (p < 0.001). Results: Enamel surface became 42% harder when treated with 1100F/HMPnano in comparison with 1100F (p < 0.001). Treatment with 1100F/HMP and 1100F/HMPnano promoted an increase of ∼23 and ∼87%, respectively, in ΔIHR when compared to 1100F (p < 0.001). In addition, ΔIMR for the 1100F/HMPnano was ∼75 and ∼33% higher when compared to 1100F and 1100F/HMP respectively (p < 0.001). Enamel F uptake was similar among all groups except for the placebo (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The addition of 0.5% HMPnano to a conventional fluoride toothpaste was able to promote an additional remineralizing effect of artificial caries lesions.
Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 Genomes from RNA-Positive but Serologically Negative Plasma Donors Have CUG as the Start Codon for ORF3
Authors: Norder Heléne , Galli Cristina , Magnil Ellen , Sikora Per , Ekvärn Elisabet , Nyström Kristina , Magnius Lars O.
Published: October 2018

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a pathogen that causes hepatitis worldwide. Molecular studies have identified HEV RNA in blood products although its significance is not understood. This study was undertaken to characterize HEV genomes in asymptomatic plasma donors from Sweden and Germany lacking anti-HEV. Complete open reading frames (ORFs) were obtained from HEV strains in 5 out of 18 plasma donors who tested positive for HEV RNA. All strains had CUG as the start codon of ORF3, while 147 GenBank strains all had AUG as the start codon (p < 0.0001). This substitution was found in both interrelated and unrelated strains belonging to different phylogenetic clades. The HEV strains from the seronegative plasma donors had no other substitution in common, which may be why the CUG substitution seems to explain the seronegativity.
Deletions in SERPING1 Lead to Lower C1 Inhibitor Function: Lower C1 Inhibitor Function Can Predict Disease Severity
Authors: Mete Gökmen Nihal , Gülbahar Okan , Onay Hüseyin , Peker Koc Zeynep , Özgül Semiha , Köse Timur , Gelincik Aslı , Büyüköztürk Suna , Sin Aytül Zerrin
Published: October 2018

Background: How genotype affects phenotype in hereditary angioedema with C1 inhibitor deficiency (C1-INH-HAE) has not been totally clarified. In this study, we investigated the relationship between different types of mutations and various phenotypic characteristics. Methods: Clinical data from 81 patients from 47 families were recorded. Complement proteins were analyzed from 61 untreated patients. The coding exons and the exon-intron boundaries of the SERPING1 gene were sequenced, and deletion/duplication analysis with multiple ligation dependent probe amplification was performed. The relationship of complement protein with the mutation type was analyzed by using generalized estimating equations. Results: Thirty-five different mutations (15 novel and 2/15 homozygous) were identified. There was no causative mutation in 6 patients (7.4%). Patients with deletion and large deletion had the lowest (5.05%, 0–18.7; 5.8%, 0–16.5%, respectively), and the none mutation group had the highest C1 inhibitor function (23.3%, 11–78%, p < 0.001). C1 inhibitor function levels decreased as the age of the disease progressed (r = –0.352, p = 0.005). Lower C1 inhibitor function levels caused severer disease (r = –0.404, p = 0.001) and more frequent annual attacks (r = –0.289, p = 0.024). In the off-attack period, C1q levels were lower than normal in 9.8% of the patients. Conclusion: Deletion mutations may represent the most unfavorable effect on C1 inhibitor function. The earlier disease onset age could be a sign for lower C1 inhibitor function levels in adult life. C1q levels could also be low in C1-INH-HAE patients, as in acquired angioedema. Lower C1 inhibitor function can predict disease severity and may have negative impacts on the course of C1-INH-HAE.
Circular RNA Expression Profile in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Revealed by Microarray
Authors: Fan Yue , Xia Xin , Zhu Yingying , Diao Wenwen , Zhu Xiaoli , Gao Zhiqiang , Chen Xingming
Published: October 2018

Background/Aims: A growing body of evidence has suggested that circular RNAs (circRNAs) have crucial functions in the regulation of gene expression, and their dysregulation has been implicated in various types of cancers. However, the roles of circRNAs in laryngeal cancer remain largely unknown. This study investigated the global changes in the expression pattern of circRNAs in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) to identify potential differentially expressed circRNAs. Methods: Microarray-based circRNA expression was determined in LSCC and paired normal laryngeal tissues. Pathway analyses of the genes producing differentially expressed circRNAs were performed to predict the function of circRNAs using standard enrichment computational methods. Expression levels of candidate circRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs) were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. The circRNA/ miRNA interactions were constructed using bioinformatics methods to predict the binding of miRNA with circRNA. Results: We identified 506 differentially expressed circRNAs from human LSCC and normal laryngeal mucosa tissues. We confirmed that hsa_circ_0044520 and hsa_circ_0044529 were significantly upregulated in LSCC tissues. The most likely potential target miRNAs for hsa_ circ_0044520 and hsa_circ_0044529 were hsa-miR-4726-5p and hsa-miR-4640-5p, respectively. Functional analysis showed that hsa_circ_0044520 and hsa_circ_0044529 were involved in the process of collagen synthesis. Conclusion: Competitive endogenous RNA network prediction and bioinformatics functional analysis revealed that hsa_circ_0044520 and hsa_circ_0044529 play important regulatory roles by sponging hsa-miR-4726-5p and hsa-miR-4640-5p, thereby providing novel insights into the tumorigenesis of LSCC.
Contesting the Boundaries between Civil and Religious Marriage
Authors: Bredal Anja
Published: October 2018

This article discusses the relation between civil and religious marriage, at the interface between the state’s legal discourse and the discourses and practices of Norwegian mosques. A central question is what kinds of effects the governance of Islam in Norway has had in the field of marriage. Against the background of political debates on the system of marriage authorization of faith communities, the analysis draws on interviews with public officials and administrative leaders of mosques, the majority of whom are authorized to perform legal marriage. While the Norwegian state concept of marriage authorization is based on a separation of the civil act and the religious act, mosque administrators rather highlight the similarity and continuity between the two. Contrary to state concerns, though, the analysis suggests that the civil marriages have affected the religious, rather than vice versa. What is interesting is that this reasoning actually results in Norwegian marriage certificates replacing or suppressing the Islamic marriage contract, although agreements on mahr (dower) are still made more informally. Thus, our findings suggest that there has been a secularizing effect.
Beyond Non-Registration: Women Opting for Cohabitation in Tunis
Authors: Kolman Iris
Published: October 2018

In light of the negative social and legal consequences they might face, women in Muslim majority countries who enter into an intimate relationship without concluding a state-registered marriage are often considered victims of unscrupulous men. Usually this refers to unregistered‘urfi(religious-only) marriages, as very little attention is paid to women engaging in cohabitation. Whereas non-marriage is generally framed as ‘waithood’ (the inability to marry) and hence as a negative choice, some women in Tunis opt for cohabitation, as they expect this to positively influence their relationship and potential future marriage as more equal and honest. These women express an ethical stance that does not fit society’s dominant normative framework and present themselves as liberal secular Tunisians. They take an ambivalent position on state-registered marriage, as they are critical of how Tunisian marriages are currently lived, but they do recognize the value of registration. Their rejection of‘urfimarriage as against the law, gender unequal, and Salafi-inspired confirms their liberal secular sense of personhood.
Unwatchable Violence: Historical Affects and the Legacy of the Vietnam War in Vietnamese American Feminist Film
Authors: Nguyễn Linh Thuỷ
Published: October 2018

Historians and cultural scholars of the Vietnam War have explored how structures of war and racism continue to shape filmmaking and media (under)representations of Vietnamese in the United States. This examination of structure, however, has inadvertently overlooked the social dimension of representational practices as they are lived and felt by the Vietnamese diaspora. In this article, I analyze Viette (2012), an independent film by filmmaker Mye Hoang which depicts a young Vietnamese American woman coming of age through Orientalized sexual violence, familial domestic violence, and state violence. I argue that Vietnamese American women’s experience as subjects in the United States is informed by relations of domination, as their bodies become sites for competing individual, familial, and national desires. Rather than offering authentic truths about the experiences of refugees from that war, the film deploys unwatchability as an affective register of the historicity of the War and its violent legacies.
How the West Lost Russia: Explaining the Conservative Turn in Russian Foreign Policy
Authors: Petro Nicolai N.
Published: October 2018

A decade ago many Russian analysts concluded that the West’s efforts to preserve its global superiority would be futile and the emergence of a polycentric world was inevitable. To benefit from this transition Russia should adopt a strategy that combined great power realism and “traditional” Russian values. This strategy, first elaborated in Vladimir Putin’s Valdai Speech of 2013, is known as ‘Civilizational Realism’. This article describes the emergence of Russia’s new sense of self-worth, how and why Russia gradually lost faith in the West as a potential partner, and how, through the internal adoption and external projection of conservative multicultural values, Russia hopes to forge a new, and more pluralistic, world order.
How Russian Electoral Legislation has Changed
Authors: Lyubarev Arkadii E.
Published: October 2018

The article is devoted to the history of changes in the Russian electoral legislation from the beginning of alternative elections in 1989 to 2017. In the first period (1989–1995), the legislation was mainly adapted to the conditions of competitive elections. In 1997–2003, work was carried out to fill the gaps and overcome the negative phenomena that have manifested themselves in practice. The prevailing desire was to make election laws meet international democratic standards. In 2005–2007, a counter-reform took place, which was marked by the introduction of a number of restrictions and prohibitions aimed at ensuring the dominance of one political party. In 2009–2011, along with the introduction of new restrictions, a number of concessions were made to the opposition. After not too successful for the “United Russia” elections of 2011 and mass protests, the legislation was somewhat liberalized, but then again there was a tendency to restrictions and prohibitions. Only in 2017 began to manifest a timid trend towards democratization. The conclusion is made about the need for radical comprehensive electoral reform.
The Institutional Impact on Voter Turnout: The Case of Russia and its Regions (2011–2016)
Authors: Turovsky Rostislav , Korneeva Elizaveta
Published: October 2018

This study investigates the institutional influence on Russia’s regional voter turnout and establishes differences between federal and regional voter participation. Given the regional turnout in the 2011–2016 national and regional elections, the authors test the hypothesis that Russia’s turnout largely hinges on institutional rather than socio-economic factors. For a deeper analysis of electoral behavior, the researchers consider a range of institutional aspects applicable to the country’s regional peculiarities. Such an empirical approach demonstrates that different types of elections are conditioned by different indicators and metrics. Consequently, the analysis proves the relevance of institutional factors to voter turnout.
Understanding the Abrupt Climate Change in the Mid-1970s from a Phase-Space Transform Perspective
Authors: Dai Tanlong , Dong Wenjie , Guo Yan , Hong Tao , Ji Dong , Yang Shili , Tian Di , Wen Xiaohang , Zhu Xian
Published: October 2018

Abrupt climate change may cause heat, drought, and flood disasters. In this study, we find that many climate factors [e.g., the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM), the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO)] show a decadal-scale abrupt change in the 1970s. To analyze this phenomenon thoroughly, a new method of pedigree clustering combined with phase-space analysis (PCPSA) is used to establish two-dimensional phase-space coordinate systems of EASM–AO, EASM–PDO, and AO–PDO and the three-dimensional phase-space coordinate system of EASM–AO–PDO. By using the PCPSA method, it is found that all of the phase-space coordinate systems have a significant abrupt change in the mid-1970s, with a transition period, and the fit to the abrupt change of the phase-space coordinate system is better than 80%, which indicates excellent fit. By analyzing the correlation of EASM, AO, and PDO with sea level pressure (SLP) and sea surface temperature (SST), it is found that SLP has an obvious weakening trend in the high latitudes and an increasing trend in the tropics while SST has an increasing trend in most of the Southern Hemisphere waters and a minor weakening trend in the North Pacific Ocean waters between 30° and 40°N. Therefore, the abrupt climate change of the 1970s may well be a global abrupt change of the climatic system.
Interaction between the Black Carbon Aerosol Warming Effect and East Asian Monsoon Using RegCM4
Authors: Zhuang B. L. , Li S. , Wang T. J. , Liu J. , Chen H. M. , Chen P. L. , Li M. M. , Xie M.
Published: October 2018

Black carbon aerosol (BC) has a significant influence on regional climate changes because of its warming effect. Such changes will feed back to BC loadings. Here, the interactions between the BC warming effect and the East Asian monsoon (EAM) in both winter (EAWM) and summer (EASM) are investigated using a regional climate model, RegCM4, that essentially captures the EAM features and the BC variations in China. The seasonal mean BC optical depth is 0.021 over East Asia during winter, which is 10.5% higher than that during summer. Nevertheless, the BC direct radiative forcing is 32% stronger during summer (+1.85 W m−2). The BC direct effect would induce lower air to warm by 0.11–0.12 K, which causes a meridional circulation anomaly associated with a cyclone at 20°–30°N and southerly anomalies at 850 hPa over East Asia. Consequently, the EAM circulation is weakened during winter but enhanced during summer. Precipitation is likely increased, especially in southern China during summer (by 3.73%). Relative to BC changes that result from EAM interannual variations, BC changes from its warming effect are as important but are weaker. BC surface concentrations are decreased by 1%–3% during both winter and summer, whereas the columnar BC is increased in south China during winter. During the strongest monsoon years, the BC loadings are higher at lower latitudes than those during the weakest years, resulting in more southerly meridional circulation anomalies and BC feedbacks during both winter and summer. However, the interactions between the BC warming effect and EAWM/EASM are more intense during the weakest monsoon years.
Ocean–Atmosphere Dynamical Coupling Fundamental to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation
Authors: Wills Robert C. J. , Armour Kyle C. , Battisti David S. , Hartmann Dennis L.
Published: October 2018

The North Atlantic has shown large multidecadal temperature shifts during the twentieth century. There is ongoing debate about whether this variability arises primarily through the influence of atmospheric internal variability, through changes in ocean circulation, or as a response to anthropogenic forcing. This study isolates the mechanisms driving Atlantic sea surface temperature variability on multidecadal time scales by using low-frequency component analysis (LFCA) to separate the influences of high-frequency variability, multidecadal variability, and long-term global warming. This analysis objectively identifies the North Atlantic subpolar gyre as the dominant region of Atlantic multidecadal variability. In unforced control runs of coupled climate models, warm subpolar temperatures are associated with a strengthened Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and anomalous local heat fluxes from the ocean into the atmosphere. Atmospheric variability plays a role in the intensification and subsequent weakening of ocean overturning and helps to communicate warming into the tropical Atlantic. These findings suggest that dynamical coupling between atmospheric and oceanic circulations is fundamental to the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) and motivate approaching decadal prediction with a focus on ocean circulation.
Generating Calibrated Ensembles of Physically Realistic, High-Resolution Precipitation Forecast Fields Based on GEFS Model Output
Authors: Scheuerer Michael , Hamill Thomas M.
Published: October 2018

Enhancements of multivariate postprocessing approaches are presented that generate statistically calibrated ensembles of high-resolution precipitation forecast fields with physically realistic spatial and temporal structures based on precipitation forecasts from the Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS). Calibrated marginal distributions are obtained with a heteroscedastic regression approach using censored, shifted gamma distributions. To generate spatiotemporal forecast fields, a new variant of the recently proposed minimum divergence Schaake shuffle technique, which selects a set of historic dates in such a way that the associated analysis fields have marginal distributions that resemble the calibrated forecast distributions, is proposed. This variant performs univariate postprocessing at the forecast grid scale and disaggregates these coarse-scale precipitation amounts to the analysis grid by deriving a multiplicative adjustment function and using it to modify the historic analysis fields such that they match the calibrated coarse-scale precipitation forecasts. In addition, an extension of the ensemble copula coupling (ECC) technique is proposed. A mapping function is constructed that maps each raw ensemble forecast field to a high-resolution forecast field such that the resulting downscaled ensemble has the prescribed marginal distributions. A case study over an area that covers the Russian River watershed in California is presented, which shows that the forecast fields generated by the two new techniques have a physically realistic spatial structure. Quantitative verification shows that they also represent the distribution of subgrid-scale precipitation amounts better than the forecast fields generated by the standard Schaake shuffle or the ECC-Q reordering approaches.
A Model for the Wind-Driven Current in the Wavy Oceanic Surface Layer: Apparent Friction Velocity Reduction and Roughness Length Enhancement
Authors: Teixeira Miguel A. C.
Published: October 2018

A simple analytical model is developed for the current induced by the wind and modified by surface wind waves in the oceanic surface layer, based on a first-order turbulence closure and including the effect of a vortex force representing the Stokes drift of the waves. The shear stress is partitioned between a component due to shear in the current, which is reduced at low turbulent Langmuir number Lat, and a wave-induced component, which decays over a depth proportional to the dominant wavelength λw. The model reproduces the apparent reduction of the friction velocity and enhancement of the roughness length estimated from current profiles, detected in a number of studies. These effects are predicted to intensify as Lat decreases and are entirely attributed to nonbreaking surface waves. The current profile becomes flatter for low Lat owing to a smaller fraction of the total shear stress being supported by the current shear. Comparisons with the comprehensive dataset provided by the laboratory experiments of Cheung and Street show encouraging agreement, with the current speed normalized by the friction velocity decreasing as Lat decreases and λw increases if the model is adjusted to reflect the effects of a full wave spectrum on the intensity and depth of penetration of the wave-induced stress. A version of the model where the shear stress decreases to zero over a depth consistent with the measurements accurately predicts the surface current speed. These results contribute toward developing physically based momentum flux parameterizations for the wave-affected boundary layer in ocean circulation models.
From ethnic group boundary demarcation to deprovincialization: The interplay of immigrant presence and ideological climate
Authors: Green Eva GT , Visintin Emilio Paolo , Sarrasin Oriane
Published: October 2018

Intergroup contact (i.e. personal encounters with and presence of immigrants) has frequently been related to improved immigration attitudes among the national majority. The impact of ideological climates, in turn, has received scant attention. Drawing on the notion of deprovincialization, we argue that, in proximal geographical contexts, contact with immigrants as well as progressive (vs conservative) ideological climates engender a reappraisal of national ingroup boundaries by attenuating ethnic views of nationhood. As expected, multilevel regression analyses with the Swiss ISSP 2013 data ( N = 1019 Swiss respondents living in 136 districts) revealed that personal encounters with immigrants related to reduced ethnic boundary making. Importantly, on the district level, immigrant presence buffered the impact of conservative ideological climates.
Bearing Witness: Exploring the End-of-Life Needs of Homeless Persons and Barriers to Appropriate Care
Authors: West Keri J. , Wrobel Brittany , Pallotta Stefania , Coatsworth Alex
Published: October 2018

Traditional models of palliative care are largely inaccessible to homeless persons, and their preferences regarding end-of-life care are poorly understood. The purpose of the present scoping review is to summarize the burgeoning gray and academic literature on end-of-life care for homeless persons. Five medical databases, seven social science databases, and four gray literature databases were searched, resulting in 57 relevant titles. Six themes emerged: (a) Characteristics of homeless persons who require end-of-life care; (b) preferences and concerns of homeless persons approaching the end of life; (c) the role of spirituality for homeless persons at the end of life; (d) barriers to care at the patient, provider, and institutional or structural levels; (e) inclusive models of palliative care; and (f) implications for policy and practice. Practitioners and homeless persons must negotiate many obstacles in the provision and receipt of palliative care. However, there is tremendous potential and opportunity to improve the quality of life at the end of life for this vulnerable population.
Engaged and Interactive Peer Review: Introducing Peer Review Circles
Authors: Manning Shaun Justin , Jobbitt Todd
Published: October 2018

This article introduces Peer Review Circles (PRC), a classroom task that fully engages learners in the peer review process. The authors had observed their undergraduate students were reluctant to do peer review and even more reluctant to use the comments received. To improve the peer review process, the authors decided to change it into a multi-party oral, opinion gap task. Mimicking literature circles, we put students into teams of three and asked them to follow an expanding sequence of Monologue-Dialogue- Discussion (MDD) to discuss each essay. First, one reviewer gave a brief monologue about the writing, then another reviewer joined in and they had a dialogue about the writing while the writer remained silent. Finally, only after listening to the monologue and dialogue could the writer enter the discussion to ask the reviewers about what was said, get further feedback, or explain themselves more fully. This article first explains how to run a PRC and then justifies doing PRCs by using classroom data that demonstrates how interaction during the MDD sequence refines peer feedback from vague/general to specific/detailed and encourages peer review.
‘Leaving Dublin’: Photographic portrayals of post-Celtic Tiger emigration – a sociological analysis
Authors: Gray Breda
Published: October 2018

This article analyses David Monahan’s photographic portrait series of over 120 people before emigrating from post-Celtic Tiger Ireland, entitled ‘Leaving Dublin’. As a digital series that circulates across multiple media channels, it moves beyond the tradition of documentary photography into a more hybrid aesthetic, political and media environment. As well as inserting these images in multiple circulatory platforms and replicable formats, the series disrupts the dominant visual culture of emigration by expressively recasting how it is seen and thought. This article argues that the highly stylised and unsentimental aesthetic adopted by Monahan pushes the images beyond the established visual culture of sentimental departure, visualising instead transnational and multicultural histories and politics through complex circuits of migration. As such, it highlights what Mieke Bal sees as the instability of migratory culture in the city landscape. At the same time, however, it re-enacts particular social distinctions and divisions. Just as new trajectories, relationalites and stories ‘appear’ as constitutive of Dublin and contemporary mobility, so also other trajectories, relationalities and mobilities are disappeared in ways that keep an exclusionary topography and politics of mobility in place. This is evident in the insistent and persistent separation between Irish asylum-seeking/immigration and emigration-focused digital photographic projects. So, although digitisation facilitates reflexive ways of communicating contemporary migration, and Monahan’s project succeeds in forging subtle connections, it also re-enacts structured disconnection and forgetting.
Integrating Urban Schools in a Modern Context: Roadblocks and Challenges With the Use of Magnet Schools
Authors: Harris Julie C.
Published: October 2018

It has been 50 years since magnet schools were first used to address segregation in public schools. The context of magnet schools has changed dramatically during this time, raising questions about the role of magnet schools in a modern context. This study utilized data from a large urban district with more than 100 magnet schools to assess integration from magnet schools in a modern context. The results point to integration in magnet schools, but this integration comes at the cost of segregating the traditional public schools in the district. Interdistrict transfers could improve the integrative capacity of magnet schools.
Mediating role of caregiver burden among family caregivers of patients with Parkinson’s disease in Mexico
Authors: Trapp Stephen , MacKenzie Justin , Gonzalez-Arredondo Susana , Rodriguez-Agudelo Yaneth , Arango-Lasprilla Juan Carlos
Published: October 2018

Objective

This study examined the mediating role of caregiver distress on family factors and caregiver life satisfaction among an understudied population of Parkinson’s disease caregiver in Mexico.

Methods

A cross-sectional design was used to examine psychosocial factors pertinent to caregiver of individuals with Parkinson’s disease ( n = 95). Guided by a caregiver stress process model, relations among family factors (e.g., cohesion, flexibility, quality of functioning), gender, distress, and satisfaction with life among caregiver were examined. Mediation analyses were performed to test the role of caregiver distress on the associations between family factors, gender, and caregiver satisfaction with life.

Results

Mediation models demonstrated that caregiver distress fully mediated the relation between quality of family functioning and caregiver satisfaction with life and partially mediated the association between family flexibility and caregiver satisfaction with life. Caregiver gender did not emerge as a significant covariate, and null results were found in the model examining family cohesion as a predictor.

Conclusion

These results underscore the critical role of caregiver distress and family factors on features of caregiver well-being, notably satisfaction with life. This evidence also offers cross cultural evidence for the caregiver stress process model, which has primarily been observed in Western samples. Accordingly, the need to build and disseminate empirically supported family-based treatments that emphasize caregiver distress is warranted.
Peripheral Vestibular System Histopathologic Changes following Head Injury without Temporal Bone Fracture
Authors: Knoll Renata M. , Ishai Reuven , Trakimas Danielle R. , Chen Jenny X. , Nadol Joseph B. , Rauch Steven D. , Remenschneider Aaron K. , Jung David H. , Kozin Elliott D.
Published: October 2018

Objective

Vestibular symptoms such as dizziness and vertigo are common after head injury and may be due to trauma to the peripheral vestibular system. The pathophysiology of peripheral vestibular symptoms following head injury without temporal bone (TB) fracture, however, is not well understood. Herein, we investigate the histopathology of the peripheral vestibular system of patients who sustained head injury without a TB fracture.

Study Design

Otopathology study.

Setting

Otopathology laboratory.

Subjects and Methods

TB of subjects with a history of head injury without TB fractures were included and evaluated by light microscopy. Specimens were assessed for qualitative and quantitative characteristics, such as number of Scarpa's ganglion cells in the superior and inferior vestibular nerves, vestibular hair cell and/or dendrite degeneration in vestibular end organs, presence of vestibular hydrops, and obstruction of the endolymphatic duct.

Results

Five cases (n = 5 TBs) had evidence of vestibular pathology. There was a decrease of 48.6% (range, 40%‐59%) in the mean count of Scarpa's ganglion cells as compared with that of normative historical age‐matched controls. Moderate to severe degeneration of the vestibular membranous labyrinth was identified in the posterior, superior, and lateral canals in several cases (50%, n = 4 TBs). The maculae utriculi and sacculi showed mild to severe degeneration in 2 cases. Additional findings include vestibular hydrops (25%, n = 2 TBs) and blockage of the endolymphatic duct (n = 1 TB).

Conclusions

Otopathologic analysis of patients with a history of head injury without TB fracture demonstrated peripheral vestibular otopathology. Future studies are necessary to determine if otopathology findings are directly attributable to head injury.
The Matchmaking Activity: An Experiential Learning Exercise on Influencer Marketing for the Digital Marketing Classroom
Authors: Kemp April , Randon McDougal Elizabeth , Syrdal Holly
Published: October 2018

Influencer marketing is an emerging technological disruptor for marketing across a wide range of industries. This tactic allows companies to promote products in a more organic, trust-affirming manner compared with other forms of paid advertising. As the use of influencer marketing is rapidly growing, marketing educators have a unique opportunity to prepare students to perform this in-demand marketing skill. This article outlines a classroom exercise, called the Matchmaking Activity, which introduces the concept of influencer marketing, provides hands-on experience, and encourages critical thinking to solve a simulated marketing dilemma. The end goal is for students to gain confidence that can be applied to a real-world marketing environment. To assess the effectiveness of the Matchmaking Activity, the exercise was conducted with students in digital marketing classes. Based on findings from a post-activity reflection survey completed by students, the Matchmaking Activity results in the achievement of several desirable learning outcomes. Ideas for adapting this exercise for use in a variety of other marketing courses are also provided.
Classification, Scoring, and Quantification of Cell Death in Tissue Sections
Authors: Janke Laura J. , Ward Jerrold M. , Vogel Peter
Published: October 2018

The analysis and description of the appearance of cell death in tissue sections can add valuable information to research studies. The scoring/grading and quantification of cell death can be used either as part of a larger scoring scheme or as the final end point of a study. The degree of precision needed is study dependent and will be determined by the question being addressed and the complexity of the model. The methods one uses to quantify cell death are often guided by the tissue of interest. For example, in the brain, it is sometimes necessary to examine death of specific neuronal populations, whereas in more homogeneous tissue such as a tumor xenograft, quantification can be done on a whole-slide basis. In addition to examination of hematoxylin and eosin (HE)–stained sections, immunohistochemistry can be employed to highlight areas of cell death or to identify specific types of cell death, for example, when differentiating apoptosis from necrosis. Automated quantification can be useful in generating statistically comparable data from HE-stained or immunolabeled samples. The rapidly expanding classification of cell death requires the use of multiple techniques to identify them in vivo. This article will provide examples of how different methods of examining and quantifying cell death are used in a variety of research areas, ranging from semiquantitative evaluation in HE-stained intestine to automated quantification of immunohistochemistry-immunolabeled brain and tumor xenografts. The recently described process of necroptosis will be discussed briefly, with the description and example of the methods used to differentiate this from apoptosis.
An investigation of the efficiency of heat stabilisers Bisphenol-5 and Vulcanox BKF in the production of nitrile butadiene rubber*
Authors: Akhmadullin R.M. , Karimov I.A. , Akhmetshin I.F. , Kotyrev E.A. , Alimanov D.V. , Nadelyaev K.L.
Published: October 2018

The properties of heat stabilisers Bisphenol-5 [4,4′-bis(2,6-di- tert-butylphenol)] and Vulcanox BKF [2,2-methylene-bis(4-methyl-6- tert-butylphenol)] and their efficiency in stabilising nitrile butadiene rubbers (SKN-1865 and SKN-2665) were investigated. The efficiency of the antioxidants was assessed from the thermooxidative ageing of the rubbers at 150°C over the course of 1 and 3 h. The Mooney viscosity and solubility of specimens with Bisphenol-5 change less during oxidation than those of specimens with Vulcanox BKF. The good stability of the Bisphenol-5 dispersion after additional treatment in a ball mill for 12 h was shown. Stability was assessed from the sedimentation rate of antioxidant particles and from the ratio of sediment to dispersion volume. The vulcanisation time and physicomechanical properties of compounds based on rubbers containing Bisphenol-5 and Vulcanox BKF were compared. The recommended content of Bisphenol-5 in SKN-1865 rubber is 0.23 parts, and in SKN-2665 rubber 0.3 parts. Bisphenol 5 can be recommended as a replacement for imported Vulcanox BKF for the stabilisation of nitrile butadiene rubbers.
Principles of the parametric definition of rubbers with allowance for their functional possibilities*
Authors: Kablov V.F. , Gamlitskii Yu.A.
Published: October 2018

This review describes existing methods of parametric definition of rubbers as structural materials, including the authors’ own methods. The principal features of the non-linear mechanical behaviour of elastomer composites are set out.