bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IgG from Adult Atopic Dermatitis (AD) Patients Induces Nonatopic Neonatal Thymic Gamma–Delta T Cells (γδT) to Acquire IL-22/IL-17 Secretion Profile with Skin-Homing Properties and Epigenetic Implications Mediated by miRNA
Authors: Fagundes Beatriz Oliveira , de Sousa Thamires Rodrigues , Nascimento Andrezza , Fernandes Lorena Abreu , Sgnotto Fábio da Ressureição , Orfali Raquel Leão , Aoki Valéria , Duarte Alberto José da Silva , Sanabani Sabri Saeed , Victor Jefferson Russo
Published: June 2022

γδT cells mature in the human thymus, and mainly produce IL-17A or IFN-γ, but can also produce IL-22 and modulate a variety of immune responses. Here, we aimed to evaluate whether IgG from AD patients (AD IgG) can functionally modulate thymic nonatopic γδT cells. Thymic tissues were obtained from 12 infants who had not had an atopic history. Thymocytes were cultured in mock condition, or in the presence of either AD IgG or therapeutic intravenous IgG (IVIg). Following these treatments, intracellular cytokine production, phenotype, and microRNA expression profiles were investigated. AD IgG could downregulate α4β7, upregulate CLA, and induce the production of IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-22 in γδT cells. Although both AD IgG and IVIg could directly interact with γδT cell membranes, AD IgG could reduce γδT cell apoptosis. AD IgG could upregulate nine miRNAs compared to IVIg, and six when compared to the mock condition. In parallel, some miRNAs were downregulated. Target gene prediction and functional analysis indicated that some target genes were enriched in the negative regulation of cellular transcription. This study shows that AD IgG influences the production of IL-17 and IL-22 by intrathymic nonatopic γδT cells, and demonstrates epigenetic implications mediated by miRNAs.
Adaptation of Oxidative Phosphorylation Machinery Compensates for Hepatic Lipotoxicity in Early Stages of MAFLD
Authors: Fahlbusch Pia , Nikolic Aleksandra , Hartwig Sonja , Jacob Sylvia , Kettel Ulrike , Köllmer Cornelia , Al-Hasani Hadi , Lehr Stefan , Müller-Wieland Dirk , Knebel Birgit , Kotzka Jörg
Published: June 2022

Alterations in mitochondrial function are an important control variable in the progression of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), while also noted by increased de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and hepatic insulin resistance. We hypothesized that the organization and function of a mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) in this pathologic condition is a consequence of shifted substrate availability. We addressed this question using a transgenic mouse model with increased hepatic insulin resistance and DNL due to constitutively active human SREBP-1c. The abundance of ETC complex subunits and components of key metabolic pathways are regulated in the liver of these animals. Further omics approaches combined with functional assays in isolated liver mitochondria and primary hepatocytes revealed that the SREBP-1c-forced fatty liver induced a substrate limitation for oxidative phosphorylation, inducing enhanced complex II activity. The observed increased expression of mitochondrial genes may have indicated a counteraction. In conclusion, a shift of available substrates directed toward activated DNL results in increased electron flows, mainly through complex II, to compensate for the increased energy demand of the cell. The reorganization of key compounds in energy metabolism observed in the SREBP-1c animal model might explain the initial increase in mitochondrial function observed in the early stages of human MAFLD.
Trehalose Treatment in Zebrafish Model of Lafora Disease
Authors: Della Vecchia Stefania , Ogi Asahi , Licitra Rosario , Abramo Francesca , Nardi Gabriele , Mero Serena , Landi Silvia , Battini Roberta , Sicca Federico , Ratto Gian Michele , Santorelli Filippo Maria , Marchese Maria
Published: June 2022

Mutations in the EPM2A gene encoding laforin cause Lafora disease (LD), a progressive myoclonic epilepsy characterized by drug-resistant seizures and progressive neurological impairment. To date, rodents are the only available models for studying LD; however, their use for drug screening is limited by regulatory restrictions and high breeding costs. To investigate the role of laforin loss of function in early neurodevelopment, and to screen for possible new compounds for treating the disorder, we developed a zebrafish model of LD. Our results showed the epm2a−/− zebrafish to be a faithful model of LD, exhibiting the main disease features, namely motor impairment and neuronal hyperexcitability with spontaneous seizures. The model also showed increased inflammatory response and apoptotic death, as well as an altered autophagy pathway that occurs early in development and likely contributes to the disease progression. Early administration of trehalose was found to be effective for rescuing motor impairment and neuronal hyperexcitability associated with seizures. Our study adds a new tool for investigating LD and might help to identify new treatment opportunities.
Revision of the World Species of Megaphragma Timberlake (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)
Authors: Polaszek Andrew , Fusu Lucian , Viggiani Gennaro , Hall Andie , Hanson Paul , Polilov Alexey A.
Published: June 2022

Megaphragma species are important models for basic organismal research, and many are potential biological control agents. We present the first extensive revision of species of the genus Megaphragma based on morphological and molecular data. Our revision includes all previously described species, 6 of which are synonymized, and 22 of which are described here as new. We also provide the first key to all species of the genus and reconstruct their phylogeny based on 28S and CO1 molecular markers. The following species are synonymized with M. longiciliatum Subba Rao: M. aligarhensis Yousuf and Shafee syn. nov.; M. amalphitanum Viggiani syn. nov.; M. decochaetum Lin syn. nov.; M. magniclava Yousuf and Shafee syn. nov.; M. shimalianum Hayat syn. nov.M. anomalifuniculi Yuan and Lou syn. nov. is synonymized with M. polychaetum Lin. The following species are described as new: M. antecessor Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. breviclavum Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. chienleei Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. cockerilli Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. digitatum Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. fanenitrakely Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. funiculatum Fusu, Polaszek, and Viggiani sp. nov.; M. giraulti Viggiani, Fusu, and Polaszek sp. nov.; M. hansoni Polaszek, Fusu, and Viggiani sp. nov.; M. kinuthiae Polaszek, Fusu, and Viggiani sp. nov.; M. liui Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. momookherjeeae Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. nowickii Polaszek, Fusu, and Viggiani sp. nov.; M. noyesi Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. pintoi Viggiani sp. nov.; M. polilovi Polaszek, Fusu, and Viggiani sp. nov.; M. rivelloi Viggiani sp. nov.; M. tamoi Polaszek, Fusu, and Viggiani sp. nov.; M. tridens Fusu, and Polaszek sp. nov.; M. uniclavum Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. vanlentereni Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. viggianii Fusu, Polaszek, and Polilov sp. nov.
Long-Term Outcomes after Aortic Valve and Root Replacement in a Very High-Risk Population
Authors: Hlavicka Jan , Antonov Kiril , Salem Razan , Hecker Florian , Marinos Spiros , Radwan Medhat , Emrich Fabian , Van Linden Arnaud , Moritz Anton , Walther Thomas , Holubec Tomas
Published: June 2022

Background: Aortic valve and root replacement (AVRR) is a standardised procedure to treat patients with aortic valve and root disease. In centres with a well-established aortic valve and root repair program (valve repairs and Ross operations), only patients with very complex conditions receive AVRR; this procedure uses a mechanical or biological composite valve graft (modified Bentall–de Bono procedure). The aim of the study was to evaluate the short- and long-term results after AVRR in a high-risk population with complex pathologies. Methods: Between 2005 and 2018, a total of 273 consecutive patients (mean age 64 ± 12.8 years; 23% female) received AVRR. The indication for surgery was an acute type A aortic dissection in 18%, infective endocarditis in 36% and other pathologies in 46% patients; 39% were redo procedures. The median EuroSCORE II was 11.65% (range 1.48–95.63%). Concomitant surgery was required in 157 patients (58%). Results: The follow-up extended to 5.2 years (range 0.1–15 years) and it was complete in 96% of the patients. The 30-day mortality was 17%. The overall estimated survival at 5 and 10 years was 65% ± 3% and 49% ± 4%, respectively. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed the following risk factors for survival: perioperative neurological dysfunction (OR 5.45), peripheral artery disease (OR 4.4) and re-exploration for bleeding (OR 3.37). Conclusions: AVRR can be performed with acceptable short- and long-term results in a sick patient population. The Bentall–De Bono procedure may be determined to be suitable for only elderly or high-risk patients. Any other patients should receive an AV repair or the Ross procedure in well-established centres.
Salivary Markers of Oxidative Stress in Patients Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment with Clear Aligners versus Self-Ligating Brackets: A Non-Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Menéndez López-Mateos Cristina , Menéndez López-Mateos María Luisa , Aguilar-Salvatierra Antonio , Gómez-Moreno Gerardo , Carreño Javier Carreño , Khaldy Hoda , Menéndez-Núñez Mario
Published: June 2022

The aim of this work was to determine advanced the oxidative protein products (AOPPs), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) in the saliva of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with clear removable aligners in comparison with another group in treatment with fixed passive self-ligating brackets applying light forces, before treatment, after 30 days, and after 90 days of treatment. This non-randomized clinical trial recruited patients consecutively, all of which were over 18 years of age and due to undergo orthodontic treatment. They were divided into two groups according to treatment type: Group A, 48 patients treated with clear aligners (Invisalign®); and Group B, 19 patients treated with Damon System® 0.22″ self-ligating brackets applying light forces. Saliva samples were collected by a single clinician following the same protocol and underwent three analyses—AOPPs, TAC, and MPO levels–at baseline before placing the apparatus, after 30 days, and after 90 days treatment. Orthodontic treatment, whether with clear aligners or fixed self-ligating brackets and light forces, increased AOPPs after the first 30 days of treatment. During the initial phases of orthodontic treatment, neither clear aligners nor fixed self-ligating brackets applying light forces showed changes in TAC and MPO. Orthodontic treatment with both clear aligners and fixed apparatus self-ligating brackets applying light forces increases oxidative stress (AOPPs) after the first 30 days of treatment. There are no differences in AOPP levels between treatment with clear aligners and self-ligating brackets during the first 90 days of treatment. The antioxidative capacity of saliva during the initial phases of orthodontic treatment, whether with self-ligating brackets or clear aligners, does not undergo significant changes. With either orthodontic technique, the patients’ salivary antioxidant capacity is similar.
Epidemiology and Associated Factors in Transfusion Management in Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Juárez-Vela Raúl , Andrés-Esteban Eva María , Santolalla-Arnedo Ivan , Ruiz de Viñaspre-Hernández Regina , Benito-Puncel Carmen , Serrano-Lázaro Ainhoa , Marcos-Neira Pilar , López-Fernández Alba , Tejada-Garrido Clara Isabel , Sánchez-González Juan Luis , Quintana-Díaz Manuel , García-Erce José Antonio
Published: June 2022

Severe traumatic injury is one of the main global health issues which annually causes more than 5.8 million worldwide deaths. Uncontrolled haemorrhage is the main avoidable cause of death among severely injured individuals. Management of trauma patients is the greatest challenge in trauma emergency care, and its proper diagnosis and early management of bleeding trauma patients, including blood transfusion, are critical for patient outcomes. Aim: We aimed to describe the epidemiology of transfusion practices in severe trauma patients admitted into Spanish Intensive Care Units. Material and Methods: We performed a multicenter cross-sectional study in 111 Intensive Care Units across Spain. Adult patients with moderate or severe trauma were eligible. Distribution of frequencies was used for qualitative variables and the mean, with its 95% CI, for quantitative variables. Transfusion programmes, the number of transfusions performed, and the blood component transfused were recorded. Demographic variables, mortality rate, hospital stay, SOFA-score and haemoglobin levels were also gathered. Results: We obtained results from 109 patients. The most transfused blood component was packet red blood cells with 93.8% of total transfusions versus 43.8% of platelets and 37.5% of fresh plasma. The main criteria for transfusion were analytical criteria (43.75%), and acute anaemia with shock (18.75%) and without haemodynamic impact (18.75%). Conclusion: Clinical practice shows a ratio of red blood cells, platelets, and Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) of 2:1:1. It is necessary to implement Massive Transfusion Protocols as they appear to improve outcomes. Our study suggests that transfusion of RBC, platelets and FFP in a 2:1:1 ratio could be beneficial for trauma patients.
Reply to Papageorgopoulou et al. The Aftermath of Bariatric Surgery: Can the Average Emergency Surgeon Deal with Its Complications? Comment on “Zawadzka et al. Current Knowledge and Perceptions of Bariatric Surgery among Diabetologists and Internists in Poland. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 2028”
Authors: Zawadzka Karolina , Więckowski Krzysztof , Stefura Tomasz , Major Piotr , Szopa Magdalena
Published: June 2022

The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified obesity and overweight as an epidemic of the 21st century [...]
Foveal Intraretinal Fluid Localization Affects the Visual Prognosis of Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion
Authors: Sasajima Hirofumi , Zako Masahiro , Maeda Rio , Murotani Kenta , Ishida Hidetoshi , Ueta Yoshiki
Published: June 2022

We investigated whether baseline foveal intraretinal fluid (IRF) localization affects the visual prognosis of branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). Fifty eyes from 50 patients were included in this retrospective study. We classified the eyes with IRF involving and not involving the central foveola on the vertical optical coherence tomography (OCT) image at the initial visit into both-sides (n = 17) and one-side IRF (n = 33) groups, respectively. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that not only the baseline logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) but also the IRF localization significantly correlated with the 12-month logMAR BCVA (p = 0.04 and p = 0.001, respectively), indicating that eyes with better baseline logMAR BCVA and one-side IRF have a significantly better visual prognosis in BRVO. The foveal ellipsoid zone band was significantly more disrupted (p < 0.001) in the both-sides IRF (47.1%) group than in the one-side IRF (3.0%) group. No eyes with decimal BCVA less than 0.5 were detected in the one-side IRF group at 12 months. Thus, baseline foveal IRF localization on vertical OCT images can be considered a novel biomarker for the visual prognosis of BRVO.
Single versus Double Stenting in NSTEMI Patients with Complex Left Main Bifurcation Disease
Authors: Rigatelli Gianluca , Zuin Marco , Gianese Filippo , Adami Dario , Carraro Mauro , Roncon Loris
Published: June 2022

Background: Among patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) the presence of a bifurcation left main (LM) disease represents a particular subset graved by both clinical and technical challenges. We sought to assess the long-term outcomes of patients with NSTEMI treated either by single or double stent strategy, having an LM bifurcation culprit lesion. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the procedural and medical data of consecutive patients referred to our center for NSTEMI due to complex LM bifurcation disease as the culprit lesion, treated using either single or dual stenting (provisional stenting, T or T-and-Protrusion (TAP), Culotte, and Nano-inverted-T (NIT)) techniques between January 2008 and May 2018. Target lesion failure (TLF) was defined as the composite of cardiovascular death, target-vessel myocardial infarction (MI), and clinically driven target lesion revascularization (TLR). Results: Four hundred and forty-five patients (54.1% males, mean age 70.3 ± 12.8 years, mean Syntax score 31.6 ± 6.3) were evaluated. Of these, 155 patients (34.8%) were treated using a single stent while the remaining were treated with a double stent strategy. After a mean follow-up of 37.1 months (IQR 22.1-39.3), TLF rate was 8.7% (n = 39): 5/155 (3.2%) in the crossover group; 10/53 (18.8%) in T/TAP group, 14/89 (15.7%) in the culotte group, and 10/148 (6.7%) in the NIT group of patients. Cardiovascular mortality rate was 2.9% (n = 13) while stent thrombosis was 0.89% (n = 4). On multivariate analysis dyslipidemia, Syntax score > 25, triple vessel disease, additional LM ostial, or LM body lesions and the use of Rotablator, were independent predictors of TLF. Conclusions: Either a single or double stent strategy resulted in low rates of TLF, cardiovascular death, and stent thrombosis in the long-term period in NSTEMI LM patients with contraindications or refusal of surgery. A single stent strategy appeared to have a slightly better outcome compared to a 2-stent strategy.
Nonlinear Reconstruction of Images from Patterns Generated by Deterministic or Random Optical Masks—Concepts and Review of Research
Authors: Smith Daniel , Gopinath Shivasubramanian , Arockiaraj Francis Gracy , Reddy Andra Naresh Kumar , Balasubramani Vinoth , Kumar Ravi , Dubey Nitin , Ng Soon Hock , Katkus Tomas , Selva Shakina Jothi , Renganathan Dhanalakshmi , Kamalam Manueldoss Beaula Ruby , John Francis Rajeswary Aravind Simon , Navaneethakrishnan Srinivasan , Inbanathan Stephen Rajkumar , Valdma Sandhra-Mirella , Praveen Periyasamy Angamuthu , Amudhavel Jayavel , Kumar Manoj , Ganeev Rashid A. , Magistretti Pierre J. , Depeursinge Christian , Juodkazis Saulius , Rosen Joseph , Anand Vijayakumar
Published: June 2022

Indirect-imaging methods involve at least two steps, namely optical recording and computational reconstruction. The optical-recording process uses an optical modulator that transforms the light from the object into a typical intensity distribution. This distribution is numerically processed to reconstruct the object’s image corresponding to different spatial and spectral dimensions. There have been numerous optical-modulation functions and reconstruction methods developed in the past few years for different applications. In most cases, a compatible pair of the optical-modulation function and reconstruction method gives optimal performance. A new reconstruction method, termed nonlinear reconstruction (NLR), was developed in 2017 to reconstruct the object image in the case of optical-scattering modulators. Over the years, it has been revealed that the NLR can reconstruct an object’s image modulated by an axicons, bifocal lenses and even exotic spiral diffractive elements, which generate deterministic optical fields. Apparently, NLR seems to be a universal reconstruction method for indirect imaging. In this review, the performance of NLR isinvestigated for many deterministic and stochastic optical fields. Simulation and experimental results for different cases are presented and discussed.
Baroque Gardens in Transylvania: A Historic Overview
Authors: Fekete Albert , Sárospataki Máté
Published: June 2022

For over more than 20 years, Transylvanian ensembles, gardens and parks have been investigated, described and analysed by a research group from Hungary, led by Albert Fekete. The goal of this study of Transylvanian ensembles is to get background information, insight for developing a strategy for landscape preservation and development in the long run that comprises the cultural and historical values and the demands from society on what to do with them in the contemporary context. The goal of the article is to give an overview of what is already known and what could be done from the viewpoint of protection, planning and design. The research methods are mixed, but are largely based on the case study approach, supplemented by experimental design, fieldwork and research by design. The conclusion is that, given the state of what is left over from these historical artefacts, restoration in the strict sense will be impossible. This will be a major challenge for landscape architecture to take into account the historical values, integrate them with new functions and use and the recent demands of improving water management, energy transition and the creation of comfort and healthy living environments for people.
A Framework for Cloud to Coast Adaptation: Maturity and Experiences from across the North Sea
Authors: Sayers Paul , Gersonius Berry , Özerol Gül , Nugraha Erwin , Schipper Cor A.
Published: June 2022

The low-lying coastal areas of the countries around the North Sea are exposed to flooding and the influence of sea level rise. The countries in the North Sea Region need to continue to adapt if the associated risk is to be well-managed into the future. In addition to reducing flood risk, adaptation measures can bring development opportunities for those same places. These opportunities, however, are unlikely to be achieved through a ‘defence only’ paradigm, and instead a new approach is needed that simultaneously reduces risk and promotes liveable places, ecosystem health and social well-being. The building blocks of this new approach are promoted here and are based on an adaptation process that is collaborative and takes a whole-system, long-term perspective. The approach developed through the Interreg funded project, C5a, brings together governments, practitioners and researchers from across the North Sea to share policies, practices and the emerging science of climate change adaptation and enabling sustainable development. The new approach reflects a Cloud to Coast management paradigm and emerged through a combination of knowledge exchange and peer-to-peer learning across seven case studies. Central to the case studies was a maturity analysis of existing capabilities across the North Sea countries and their ability to adopt the new approach. This paper presents the results of this analysis, including the common challenges that emerged and the methods and examples of good practice to overcome them. Building upon these findings, the paper concludes by presenting four priority policy directions to support the uptake of the Cloud to Coast approach.
Labor Structure, Land Fragmentation, and Land-Use Efficiency from the Perspective of Mediation Effect: Based on a Survey of Garlic Growers in Lanling, China
Authors: Sui Fujia , Yang Yinsheng , Zhao Shizhen
Published: June 2022

In the context of China’s agricultural labor shortage and the pressure of aging, this paper uses the land fragmentation index and the intermediary efficiency model to measure the degree of land fragmentation based on farmer-level data from the main garlic producing area in Lanling County in Shandong Province in 2020. The direct effect of labor structure on land-use efficiency and the mediating effect through land fragmentation are analyzed. The research results show that: (1) the average land-use efficiency of the sample farmers is relatively low; (2) the change in labor structure has an “inverted U”-shaped direct effect on land-use efficiency; and (3) the change in land fragmentation in the labor structure has a direct effect on land-use efficiency. The influence of land-use efficiency played a nonlinear mediating effect. The change in labor structure with the degree of land fragmentation showed an “inverted U”-shaped relationship, and the degree of land fragmentation and land-use efficiency had a “U”-shaped relationship. In order to improve land-use efficiency, two aspects of policy support should be increased: encouraging farmers to integrate land and supporting specialized and diversified planting.
First Steps towards the Development of Epigenetic Biomarkers in Female Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus)
Authors: Weyrich Alexandra , Guerrero-Altamirano Tania P. , Yasar Selma , Czirják Gábor Á. , Wachter Bettina , Fickel Jörns
Published: June 2022

Free-ranging cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) are generally healthy, whereas cheetahs under human care, such as those in zoological gardens, suffer from ill-defined infectious and degenerative pathologies. These differences are only partially explained by husbandry management programs because both groups share low genetic diversity. However, mounting evidence suggests that physiological differences between populations in different environments can be tracked down to differences in epigenetic signatures. Here, we identified differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between free-ranging cheetahs and conspecifics in zoological gardens and prospect putative links to pathways relevant to immunity, energy balance and homeostasis. Comparing epigenomic DNA methylation profiles obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from eight free-ranging female cheetahs from Namibia and seven female cheetahs living in zoological gardens within Europe, we identified DMRs of which 22 were hypermethylated and 23 hypomethylated. Hypermethylated regions in cheetahs under human care were located in the promoter region of a gene involved in host-pathogen interactions (KLC1) and in an intron of a transcription factor relevant for the development of pancreatic β-cells, liver, and kidney (GLIS3). The most canonical mechanism of DNA methylation in promoter regions is assumed to repress gene transcription. Taken together, this could indicate that hypermethylation at the promoter region of KLC1 is involved in the reduced immunity in cheetahs under human care. This approach can be generalized to characterize DNA methylation profiles in larger cheetah populations under human care with a more granular longitudinal data collection, which, in the future, could be used to monitor the early onset of pathologies, and ultimately translate into the development of biomarkers with prophylactic and/or therapeutic potential.
Production and Characterization of a Bioemulsifier Derived from Microorganisms with Potential Application in the Food Industry
Authors: Thraeib Jaffar Z. , Altemimi Ammar B. , Jabbar Abd Al-Manhel Alaa , Abedelmaksoud Tarek Gamal , El-Maksoud Ahmed Ali Abd , Madankar Chandu S. , Cacciola Francesco
Published: June 2022

There is a growing interest in the development and use of natural emulsifiers, which provide biodegradability as well as non-toxicity along with giving better performance compared to existing emulsifying agents used in the food industry. A large variety of sources of starting material, i.e., the microorganisms, are available to be used, hence giving a diverse range of applications. The focus of this review paper is on the production of bioemulsifiers, which are said to be “green surfactants”, from fungi, bacteria and yeasts; furthermore, an overview pertaining to the knowledge gained over the years in terms of characterization techniques is reported. The methods used for the characterization and isolation such as TLC, GC-MS, HPLC, NMR have also been studied. The end-application products such as cookies, muffins, and doughs along with the methods used for the incorporation of bioemulsifiers, microorganisms from which they are derived, properties imparted to the product with the use of a particular bioemulsifier and comparison with the existing food grade emulsifiers has been discussed in detail. The future prospects indicate that newer bioemulsifiers with anti-microbial, anti-oxidant and stabilization properties will prove to have a larger impact, and emphasis will be on improving the performance at an economically viable methodology.
Effect of Sulfur Content in Sulfate-Rich Copper Tailings on the Properties of MgO-Activated Slag Materials
Authors: Chen Peiyuan , Yang Fan , Qian Xin , Fang Yi , Li Jin , Chen Xueyan , Wang Yonghui
Published: June 2022

The high-value utilization of sulfate-rich tailings (SRCTs) can accelerate their mass consumption, so the many problems caused by the massive accumulation of SRCTs can be alleviated, such as environmental pollution, land occupation, security risk, etc. This study proposes using SRCTs to replace fine natural aggregates in MgO-activated slag materials (MASMs) and investigate the influence of the sulfur content in SRCTs on the properties of MASMs. The experimental results showed that the 28 d compressive strength of MASM mortars was increased by up to 83% using SRCT composites. Two major mechanisms were discovered: additional hydration product formation and pore structure refinement. The results of XRD suggested that incorporating SRCT composite into MASMs increased the production of expansive sulfate-containing hydration products, such as ettringite, gypsum, and hydroxyl-Afm. The results of element mapping showed that the oxidation of pyrite in SRCTs could release sulfates into the surrounding area and participate in the hydration of MASM, indicating that SRCTs can work as an auxiliary activator for MASMs. Furthermore, the addition of SRCT significantly refined the pore structure of MASMs, leading to the reduction in porosity by up to 37.77%. These findings confirm a synergistic effect on activating the slag between SRCTs and MgO, promoting the mass utilization of SRCTs. As a result, the additional expansive hydration products contribute to the enhanced compressive strength and refined pore structure.
Influence of Alkaline Earth Metals on Structure Formation and Magnesium Alloy Properties
Authors: Shalomeev Vadym , Tabunshchyk Galyna , Greshta Viktor , Nykiel Marek , Korniejenko Kinga
Published: June 2022

The main aim of this work is to improve the structure and properties of the magnesium alloy ML5 by modifying it with alkaline earth metals (ALM). The separate and joint influence of calcium and barium on the macrostructure and microstructure of the alloy of Mg-Al-Zn system was investigated. The qualitative and quantitative estimation of the structural components was carried out. Alkali earth metals were included in complex intermetallic phases and serve as additional crystallization centers. Modification of magnesium alloys with alkaline earth metals is established in an amount of 0.05 to 0.1 wt. % increased the bulk percentage of intermetallic phases by ~1.5 times, shifting them towards smaller size groups while simultaneously forming spherical intermetallic phases located in the grain centre and serving as additional crystallization centers. In this case, grain size reduction and significant refinement of the alloy structural components were provided. The dependency of the separate and joint influence of alkali earth metals on the castings complex of properties of the magnesium alloy has been established. Thus, a separate modification of the ML5 alloy provided the maximum level of its strength and ductility with the addition of 0.1% Ca or Ba. The modification of the complex (0.1% Ca + 0.1% Ba) of the magnesium alloy decreased the dimensions of its structural components 1.5 times and increased the strength of the alloy by 20%, the ductility by 2 times and the long-term heat resistance 1.5 times due to the formation of the intermetallic phases of the complex composition. Linear dependences were obtained that describe the influence of the characteristics of the structural components of the modified magnesium alloy on its mechanical properties. The developed technology for modifying cast magnesium alloys with alkaline earth elements provides an improvement in casting quality and allows the reliability and durability of responsible casting operation.
The Influence of Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of the Ultrafine-Grained AA7075 Obtained by Hydrostatic Extrusion
Authors: Orłowska Marta , Ura-Bińczyk Ewa , Śnieżek Lucjan , Skudniewski Paweł , Kulczyk Mariusz , Adamczyk-Cieślak Bogusława , Majchrowicz Kamil
Published: June 2022

In this paper, the corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of the 7075 aluminum alloy are studied. The alloy was deformed by hydrostatic extrusion and then aged both naturally and artificially. Results are compared with those of coarse-grained material subjected to T6 heat treatment. The aim of the research is to find the optimal correlation between the mechanical properties and the corrosion resistance of the alloy. To this end, static tensile tests with subsequent fractography, open circuit potential, and potentiodynamic polarization tests in 0.05 M NaCl were conducted. Obtained results show that a combination of precipitate hardening and a deformed microstructure leads to increased mechanical strength with high anisotropy due to the presence of fibrous grains. Plastic deformation increases susceptibility to corrosion due to the increased number of grain boundaries, which act as paths along that corrosion propagates. However, further artificial aging incurs a positive effect on corrosion resistance due to changes in the chemical composition of the matrix as a result of the precipitation process.
Predictions and Experiments on the Distortion of the 20Cr2Ni4A C-ring during Carburizing and Quenching Process
Authors: Yan Yongming , Xue Yanjun , Yu Wenchao , Liu Ke , Wang Maoqiu , Wang Xinming , Ni Liuqing
Published: June 2022

This paper focuses on the effect of gear steel on distortion due to phase transformation in carburizing and quenching. The carburizing and quenching process of C-rings under suspension was studied by using the finite element method based on the thermo-mechanical theory, considering phase transformation. The phase transformation kinetics parameters, depending on different carbon contents, were measured by Gleeble-3500. The distortion behavior of the carburized C-ring during the cooling stage was analyzed, as well as the carbon concentration distribution and martensite volume fractions. The accuracy of the simulation was also verified by comparing the experimental data with the simulated result of the distortion and microstructure. A reliable basis is provided for predicting the distortion mechanism of gear steels in carburizing and quenching.
The Influence of the Structure Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Cylindrically Mapped Gyroid TPMS Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting with 316L Stainless Steel Powder
Authors: Szatkiewicz Tomasz , Laskowska Dorota , Bałasz Błażej , Mitura Katarzyna
Published: June 2022

The development of additive manufacturing techniques has made it possible to produce porous structures with complex geometry with unique properties as potential candidates for energy absorption, heat dissipation, biomedical, and vibration control application. Recently, there has been increased interest in additively manufacturing porous structures based on triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) topology. In this paper, the mechanical properties and energy absorption abilities of cylindrical mapped TPMS structures with shell gyroid unit cells fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) with 316L stainless steel under compression loading were investigated. Based on the experimental study, it was found that tested structures exhibited two different deformation modes. There is also a relationship between the number and shapes of unit cells in the structure and the elastic modulus, yield strength, plateau stress, and energy absorption. These results can be used to design and manufacture more efficient lightweight parts lattices for energy absorbing applications, e.g., in the field of biomedical and bumpers applications. The deformation mode for each tested sample was also presented on the records obtained from the ARAMIS system.
Optimisation on the Performance of Bubble-Bursting Atomisation for Minimum Quantity Lubrication with Vegetable Oil Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Yap Pin Han , Ghani Jaharah A. , Wan Mahmood Wan Mohd. Faizal
Published: June 2022

Sustainable and green machining technologies have become a welcomed topic in the manufacturing industries. One of the emerging sustainable technologies is minimum quantity lubrication (MQL). In this study, the optimisation and study of the bubble-bursting atomisation system applied to MQL machining is carried out through the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation approach. Vegetable oil is selected as the cooling lubricant in this study. The performance of the bubble-bursting atomisation system is improved by alternating air inlet velocity and the gap distance between the inlets of bubble production. A velocity of 0.1 ms−1 is suitable for the air at the inlets for the bubble production, whereas 10 ms−1 is suitable for the velocity of the air at the inlet, where the droplets of vegetable oil are guided to the nozzle. Besides that, a 50 mm gap distance between the air inlets for the production of bubbles is able to avoid the occurrence of bubble coalescence. Under these conditions, optimal bubble sizes of 2–3 mm can be achieved, with a higher probability of nano-sized droplets being present in these ranges. Furthermore, a higher rate and smaller size of vegetable oil droplets escaping the atomisation chamber and reaching the machining zone will be generated. Thus, the performance of the MQL machining can be improved.
Effect of Cooling Rate on Mechanical Properties, Translucency, Opalescence, and Light Transmission Properties of Monolithic 4Y-TZP during Glazing
Authors: Jeong Ji-In , Shin Hye-Jeong , Kwon Yong Hoon , Seol Hyo-Joung
Published: June 2022

A standard cooling rate has not been established for glazing; therefore, the effects of the cooling rate on the properties of zirconia need to be evaluated to predict outcomes in clinical practice. 4Y-TZP glazed at three different cooling rates was analyzed to estimate the effect of cooling rate during glazing on the mechanical and optical properties. Hardness tests, field-emission scanning electron microscopy analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, flexural strength measurement, and optical property evaluations were performed. When 4Y-TZP was glazed at a higher cooling rate (Cooling-1) than the normal cooling rate (Cooling-2), there was no significant difference in grain size, flexural strength, average transmittance, and translucency parameters. The hardness was slightly reduced. The opalescence parameter was reduced for the 2.03 mm thick specimens. When 4Y-TZP was glazed at a lower cooling rate (Cooling-3) than the normal cooling rate, there was no significant difference in hardness, grain size, flexural strength, and translucency parameters. In addition, the average transmittance and opalescence parameters were slightly reduced for the 0.52 and 2.03 mm specimens, respectively. The effects of the cooling rate during glazing on the mechanical and optical properties of 4Y-TZP appear to be minimal and clinically insignificant. Therefore, even if the cooling rate cannot be strictly controlled during glazing, the clinical outcomes will not be significantly affected.
Investigation of Surface Micro-Mechanical Properties of Various Asphalt Binders Using AFM
Authors: Hou Yueqin , Chen Yun , Zou Haiwei , Ji Xiaoping , Shao Dongye , Zhang Zhengming , Chen Ye
Published: June 2022

The microstructure of asphalt affects the micro-mechanical properties. In this study, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to investigate the surface elastic modulus and nanohardness of asphalt binder. Relevant mechanical indexes were quantitatively evaluated by contact mechanical model. Five types of asphalts, including different grades, oil sources, and before and after modification, were selected as test objects, and the effects of asphalt binder type, aging, water, and anti-stripping agent on the asphalt micromechanics were explored. The results showed that the micromechanical properties of asphalt binder are affected by grade, oil source, and modification. The aging resistance of modified asphalt binder is better than that of unmodified asphalt binder. Water immersion reduces the surface micromechanical properties of the asphalt binder. The effect of the anti-stripping agent on the modified asphalt binder is greater than that of the unmodified asphalt binder.
An Experimentally Based Micromechanical Framework Exploring Effects of Void Shape on Macromechanical Properties
Authors: Eliasson Sara , Karlsson Hagnell Mathilda , Wennhage Per , Barsoum Zuheir
Published: June 2022

A micromechanical simulation approach in a Multi-Scale Modeling (MSM) framework with the ability to consider manufacturing defects is proposed. The study includes a case study where the framework is implemented exploring a cross-ply laminate. The proposed framework highlights the importance of correct input regarding micromechanical geometry and void characteristics. A Representative Volume Element (RVE) model is developed utilizing true micromechanical geometry extracted from micrographs. Voids, based on statistical experimental data, are implemented in the RVE model, and the effects on the fiber distribution and effective macromechanical properties are evaluated. The RVE algorithm is robust and maintains a good surrounding fiber distribution around the implemented void. The local void fraction, void size, and void shape affect the effective micromechanical properties, and it is important to consider the phenomena of the effective mechanical properties with regard to the overall void fraction of an RVE and the actual laminate. The proposed framework has a good prediction of the macromechanical properties and shows great potential to be used in an industrial implementation. For an industrial implementation, weak spots and critical areas for a laminate on a macro-level are found through combining local RVEs.
A Comprehensive Review of Types, Properties, Treatment Methods and Application of Plant Fibers in Construction and Building Materials
Authors: Amin Muhammad Nasir , Ahmad Waqas , Khan Kaffayatullah , Ahmad Ayaz
Published: June 2022

Sustainable development involves the usage of alternative sustainable materials in order to sustain the excessive depletion of natural resources. Plant fibers, as a “green” material, are progressively gaining the attention of various researchers in the field of construction for their potential use in composites for stepping towards sustainable development. This study aims to provide a scientometric review of the summarized background of plant fibers and their applications as construction and building materials. Studies from the past two decades are summarized. Quantitative assessment of research progress is made by using connections and maps between bibliometric data that are compiled for the analysis of plant fibers using Scopus. Data refinement techniques are also used. Plant fibers are potentially used to enhance the mechanical properties of a composite. It is revealed from the literature that plant-fiber-reinforced composites have comparable properties in comparison to composites reinforced with artificial/steel fibers for civil engineering applications, such as construction materials, bridge piers, canal linings, soil reinforcement, pavements, acoustic treatment, insulation materials, etc. However, the biodegradable nature of plant fibers is still a hindrance to their application as a structural material. For this purpose, different surface and chemical treatment methods have been proposed in past studies to improve their durability. It can be surmised from the gathered data that the compressive and flexural strengths of plant-fiber-reinforced cementitious composites are increased by up to 43% and 67%, respectively, with respect to a reference composite. In the literature, alkaline treatment has been reported as an effective and economical method for treating plant fibers. Environmental degradation due to excessive consumption of natural resources and fossil fuels for the construction industry, along with the burning of waste plant fibers, can be reduced by incorporating said fibers in cementitious composites to reduce landfill pollution and, ultimately, achieve sustainable development.
About Inverse Laplace Transform of a Dynamic Viscosity Function
Authors: Urbanowicz Kamil , Bergant Anton , Grzejda Rafał , Stosiak Michał
Published: June 2022

A dynamic viscosity function plays an important role in water hammer modeling. It is responsible for dispersion and decay of pressure and velocity histories. In this paper, a novel method for inverse Laplace transform of this complicated function being the square root of the ratio of Bessel functions of zero and second order is presented. The obtained time domain solutions are dependent on infinite exponential series and Calogero–Ahmed summation formulas. Both of these functions are based on zeros of Bessel functions. An analytical inverse will help in the near future to derive a complete analytical solution of this unsolved mathematical problem concerning the water hammer phenomenon. One can next present a simplified approximate form of this solution. It will allow us to correctly simulate water hammer events in large ranges of water hammer number, e.g., in oil–hydraulic systems. A complete analytical solution is essential to prevent pipeline failures while still designing the pipe network, as well as to monitor sensitive sections of hydraulic systems on a continuous basis (e.g., against possible overpressures, cavitation, and leaks that may occur). The presented solution has a high mathematical value because the inverse Laplace transforms of square roots from the ratios of other Bessel functions can be found in a similar way.
Multiobjective Optimization of Cutting Parameters for TA10 Alloy Deep-Hole Drilling
Authors: Feng Yazhou , Zheng Huan , Han Xiaolan , Liu Zhanfeng
Published: June 2022

In order to obtain better quality TA10 pipes, the Boring and Trepanning Association (BTA) deep-hole drilling process is used. However, this type of machining leads to difficult chip removal, tool wear, and poor hole-surface quality. In this study, a deep-hole drilling experiment was conducted on TA10 workpieces using the designed tool with different process parameters, and the process parameters were optimized by machining results with multiple objectives such as chip morphologies, tool wear, hole-axis deflection, and hole surface roughness. The results show that different process parameters have a great impact on the cutting process, with a higher feed resulting in smoother chip removal and a lower spindle speed resulting in lighter tool wear and less hole axis deflection. When the spindle speed is 145 r/min and the feed is 0.12 mm/r, the machined TA10 pipe meets both the accuracy requirement of roughness and the machining efficiency.