bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low grade of osteoarthritis development after Latarjet procedure with a minimum 5 years of follow-up: a systematic review and pooled analysis
Authors: Menon Alessandra , Fossati Chiara , Magnani Mauro , Boveri Sara , Compagnoni Riccardo , Randelli Pietro Simone
Published: October 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this systematic review and pooled analysis was to evaluate incidence and risk factors for glenohumeral osteoarthritis (OA) in patients who underwent Latarjet procedure with a minimum of 5-year follow-up.

Methods

The PRISMA guidelines were followed to perform this systematic review. PubMed and EMBASE were searched up to February 29, 2020 for English, human in vivo studies that evaluated glenohumeral OA in patients undergoing Latarjet procedure at least 5 years after surgery. A pooled analysis on the included databases sent by authors was performed to evaluate the risk factors influencing the development or progression of dislocation arthropathy after the Latarjet procedure.

Results

Four studies, including a total of 280 patients (213 males and 67 females), were analysed. In our study population, the median age at surgery was 25.0 years (range 20.8–32.6 years). and 92.1% were athletes. In 90% of the cases, the number of dislocations before surgery were fewer than 5. The recurrence of instability after Latarjet procedure was observed only in seven patients (2.5%). The position of the bone graft resulted flush to the anterior glenoid rim in 238 cases (85.3%), medial in 8 (2.9%) and overhanging in 33 (11.8%). Radiological signs of development or progression of shoulder OA were observed in 25.8% of the patients, of which 88.6% presented a grade 1 of OA according to Samilson and Prieto classification. The overhanging position of the bone graft resulted statistically significant for onset or worsening of OA. The age at surgery, the number of dislocations before surgery and the Hill–Sachs lesion were not significantly associated with joint degeneration. Instead, hyperlaxity showed a prevention role in the development of OA after open Latarjet procedure.

Conclusion

The Latarjet procedure is a valid and safe surgical treatment in recurrent anterior shoulder instability with a low risk of developing moderate or severe OA also at long-term follow-up. The overhanging position of the bone graft represents the principal risk factor of joint degeneration, whereas the hyperlaxity seems to be protective. Finally, age, gender, time between first dislocation and surgery, and number of dislocations do not seem to affect the onset of OA after Latarjet procedure. Therefore, an accurate execution of the Latarjet procedure can be considered a valid treatment even in young and athletes thanks to the low recurrence rates and the low development of major long-term complications.

Level of evidence

IV.
Detection of epimuscular myofascial forces by Golgi tendon organs
Authors: Maas Huub , Noort Wendy , Smilde Hiltsje A. , Vincent Jacob A. , Nardelli Paul , Cope Timothy C.
Published: October 2021

Skeletal muscles embed multiple tendon organs, both at the proximal and distal ends of muscle fibers. One of the functions of such spatial distribution may be to provide locally unique force feedback, which may become more important when stresses are distributed non-uniformly within the muscle. Forces exerted by connections between adjacent muscles (i.e. epimuscular myofascial forces) may cause such local differences in force. The aim of this exploratory study was to investigate the effects of mechanical interactions between adjacent muscles on sensory encoding by tendon organs. Action potentials from single afferents were recorded intra-axonally in response to ramp-hold release (RHR) stretches of a passive agonistic muscle at different lengths or relative positions of its passive synergist. The tendons of gastrocnemius (GAS), plantaris (PL) and soleus (SO) muscles were cut from the skeleton for attachment to servomotors. Connective tissues among these muscles were kept intact. Lengthening GAS + PL decreased the force threshold of SO tendon organs (p = 0.035). The force threshold of lateral gastrocnemius (LG) tendon organs was not affected by SO length (p = 0.371). Also displacing LG + PL, kept at a constant muscle–tendon unit length, from a proximal to a more distal position resulted in a decrease in force threshold of LG tendon organs (p = 0.007). These results indicate that tendon organ firing is affected by changes in length and/or relative position of adjacent synergistic muscles. We conclude that tendon organs can provide the central nervous system with information about local stresses caused by epimuscular myofascial forces.
Work Characteristics of Acute Care Surgeons at a Swiss Tertiary Care Hospital: A Prospective One‐Month Snapshot Study
Authors: Di Pietro Martinelli Claudine , Haltmeier Tobias , Lavanchy Joël L. , Perrodin Stéphanie F. , Candinas Daniel , Schnüriger Beat
Published: October 2021

Background

Multiple acute care surgery (ACS) working models have been implemented. To optimize resources and on‐call rosters, knowledge about work characteristics is required. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the daily work characteristics of ACS surgeons at a Swiss tertiary care hospital.

Methods

Single‐center prospective snapshot study. In February 2020, ACS fellows prospectively recorded their work characteristics, case volume and surgical case mix for 20 day shifts and 16 night shifts. Work characteristics were categorized in 11 different activities and documented in intervals of 30 min. Descriptive statistics were applied.

Results

A total of 432.5 working hours (h) were documented and characterized. The three main activities ‘surgery,’ ‘patient consultations’ and ‘administrative work’ ranged from 30.8 to 35.9% of the documented working time. A total of 46 surgical interventions were performed. In total, during day shifts, there were 16 elective and 15 emergency interventions, during night shifts 15 emergency interventions. For surgery, two peaks between 10:00 a.m.–02:00 p.m. and 08:00 p.m.–11:00 p.m. were observed. A total of 225 patient were consulted, with a first peak between 08:00 a.m. and 11:00 a.m. and a second, wider peak between 02:00 p.m. and 02:00 a.m.

Conclusion

The three main activities ‘surgery,’ ‘patient consultations’ and ‘administrative work’ were comparable with approximately one third of the working time each. There was a bimodal temporal distribution for both surgery and patient consultations. These results may help to improve hospital resources and on‐call rosters of ACS services.
Eine interaktive Beteiligungskarte für innovatives Klimahandeln in Europa
Authors: Steinhaus Norbert , Hoff Hannah , Churski Pawel , Coquard Charlotte , Pfleger Axel
Published: October 2021

Hitze, Trockenheit, Starkregen – viele Menschen in Europa spüren bereits die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen und Prognosen zeigen, mit welchen konkreten Klimawandelfolgen auch in Europa in den kommenden Jahren zu rechnen sein wird. Trotz intensivem Klimaschutz werden bestimmte Folgen nicht mehr abwendbar sein. Daher muss das Thema Klimafolgenanpassung in den Fokus rücken. Hier setzt das von der EU im Programm Horizont 2020 geförderte Projekt TeRRIFICA an: Mithilfe einer interaktiven Beteiligungskarte, dem Crowd-Mapping-Tool, wird die Bevölkerung in das Sammeln relevanter Daten einbezogen und kann sich auch in weiteren co-kreativen Prozessen beteiligen. Die Markierungen in der interaktiven Karte sind Erfahrungen und Beobachtungen rund um die Folgen des Klimawandels und dienen als Grundlage, um zunächst auf lokaler Ebene passgenaue Maßnahmen zur Anpassung und weiterführende Aktionspläne zu entwickeln. Darauf aufbauend bilden die Markierungen auch die Grundlage für europaweite Empfehlungen und tragen so direkt zu einem verstärkten innovativem Klimahandeln auf europäischer Ebene bei.
Automatic energy demand and system simulation at district level
Authors: Weiler Verena , Eicker Ursula
Published: October 2021

The importance of climate protection and sustainability is steadily increasing all over the world. However, there is a large potential for reducing emissions in the heating demand reduction and renewable heat supply of buildings that needs to be addressed. Therefore, a method was developed within the scope of this work that allows local decision-makers such as energy supply companies, project developers and the public sector to calculate, evaluate and compare different scenarios to make buildings and city districts more sustainable based on few and widely available input data. It includes both the determination of the heat demand and measures for its reduction as well as the selection and simulation of centralised and decentralised supply systems. A combination of different methods from the fields of geoinformatics, heuristic decision-making and object-oriented modelling is used. The latter forms a focal point in the work with the development of a data model for energy system components to enable automatic simulation. The applicability as well as the transferability of the method is shown in several case studies. Based on the simulations results, which can be related to CO2emissions as well as costs, recommendations for the implementation of measures can be given and implemented.

The paper is a summary of the dissertation with the title “Automatische Simulation von Wärmebedarf und -versorgung auf Quartiersebene” by the first author at Karlsruhe Institute for Technology.
Too Blind to See the Elephant? Why Neuroscientists Ought to Be Interested in Tinnitus
Authors: Knipper Marlies , Mazurek Birgit , van Dijk Pim , Schulze Holger
Published: October 2021

A curative therapy for tinnitus currently does not exist. One may actually exist but cannot currently be causally linked to tinnitus due to the lack of consistency of concepts about the neural correlate of tinnitus. Depending on predictions, these concepts would require either a suppression or enhancement of brain activity or an increase in inhibition or disinhibition. Although procedures with a potential to silence tinnitus may exist, the lack of rationale for their curative success hampers an optimization of therapeutic protocols. We discuss here six candidate contributors to tinnitus that have been suggested by a variety of scientific experts in the field and that were addressed in a virtual panel discussion at the ARO round table in February 2021. In this discussion, several potential tinnitus contributors were considered: (i) inhibitory circuits, (ii) attention, (iii) stress, (iv) unidentified sub-entities, (v) maladaptive information transmission, and (vi) minor cochlear deafferentation. Finally, (vii) some potential therapeutic approaches were discussed. The results of this discussion is reflected here in view of potential blind spots that may still remain and that have been ignored in most tinnitus literature. We strongly suggest to consider the high impact of connecting the controversial findings to unravel the whole complexity of the tinnitus phenomenon; an essential prerequisite for establishing suitable therapeutic approaches.
Human and environmental associates of local species-specific abundance in a multi-species deer assemblage
Authors: Zini Valentina , Wäber Kristin , Hornigold Karen , Lake Ian , Dolman Paul M.
Published: October 2021

Understanding how habitat, landscape context, and human disturbance influence local species-specific deer density provides evidence informing strategic management of increasing deer populations. Across an extensive (187 km2) heterogeneous forest-mosaic landscape in eastern England, spatially explicit density surface models of roe deerCapreolus capreolusand introduced muntjacMuntiacus reevesiwere calibrated by thermal imaging distance sampling (recording 1590 and 400 muntjac and roe deer groups, respectively, on 567 km of driven transects). Models related deer density to local habitat composition, recreational intensity, and deer density (roe deer models controlled for muntjac density and vice versa) at a local grain across 1162 composite transect segments, incorporating geographical coordinates accounting for spatial autocorrelation. Abundance of both species was lower in localities with more grasslands (inter-quartile, IQ, effect size: roe −2.9 deer/km2; muntjac −2.9 deer/km2). Roe abundance (mean = 7 deer/km2, SD = 6) was greater in localities with more young stands (IQ effect size, + 1.3 deer/km2) and lower at localities with more recreationists (−1.1 deer/km2). Muntjac density (mean = 21 deer/km2, SD = 10) was greater in localities with more recreationists (+ 2.4 deer/km2), with more mature (≥ 46 years) stands (+ 1.5 deer/km2), or calcareous soil (+ 7.1 deer/km2). Comparison of models incorporating candidate variables and models comprising geographical coordinates only shows candidate variables to be weak predictors of deer densities. Adapting forest management to manipulate habitat and recreational access may influence local deer densities, but only subtly: effect sizes are not sufficient to mitigate deer impacts through planting vulnerable tree crops in areas avoided by deer. Effective culling remains the most viable management option.
Tomato leaves under stress: a comparison of stress response to mild abiotic stress between a cultivated and a wild tomato species
Authors: Reimer Julia J. , Thiele Björn , Biermann Robin T. , Junker-Frohn Laura V. , Wiese-Klinkenberg Anika , Usadel Björn , Wormit Alexandra
Published: October 2021

Tomato is one of the most produced crop plants on earth and growing in the fields and greenhouses all over the world. Breeding with known traits of wild species can enhance stress tolerance of cultivated crops. In this study, we investigated responses of the transcriptome as well as primary and secondary metabolites in leaves of a cultivated and a wild tomato to several abiotic stresses such as nitrogen deficiency, chilling or warmer temperatures, elevated light intensities and combinations thereof. The wild species responded different to varied temperature conditions compared to the cultivated tomato. Nitrogen deficiency caused the strongest responses and induced in particular the secondary metabolism in both species but to much higher extent in the cultivated tomato. Our study supports the potential of a targeted induction of valuable secondary metabolites in green residues of horticultural production, that will otherwise only be composted after fruit harvest. In particular, the cultivated tomato showed a strong induction in the group of mono caffeoylquinic acids in response to nitrogen deficiency. In addition, the observed differences in stress responses between cultivated and wild tomato can lead to new breeding targets for better stress tolerance.
Asymmetric Structures of a Squall-Line MCS over Taiwan with Significant Hydraulic Jumps
Authors: Pan Yu-Tai , Yang Ming-Jen
Published: October 2021

On 19 April 2019, a mature squall-line mesoscale convective system (MCS) with the characteristics of a leading convective line and trailing stratiform landed on Taiwan, resulting in strong gust wind and heavy rainfall. This squall-line MCS became asymmetric after landfall on Taiwan. Two sets of idealized numerical simulations (mountain heights and low-level vertical wind shear) using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model were conducted to examine the impacts of realistic Taiwan topography on a squall-line MCS. Results showed numerous similarities between the idealized simulations and real-case observations. The low-level Froude number which considered the terrain height (Fmt) was calculated to examine the blocking effect of the Taiwan terrain, and the cold pool (determined by − 1.5 K isotherm) was found to be completely blocked by the 500-m height contour. The northeast-southwest orientation of the Snow Mountain Range (SMR), and the north–south orientation of the Central Mountain Range (CMR) led to the upwind side asymmetry. On the other hand, the lee-side asymmetry was associated with different intensities and occurrence locations of the hydraulic jump between the SMR and southern CMR, and the cold-pool Froude number (Fcp) indicated the flow-regime transition from subcritical to supercritical.
Sedimentary organic matter as a proficient tool for the palaeoenvironmental and palaeodepositional settings on Gondwana coal deposits
Authors: Aggarwal Neha
Published: October 2021

Palynofacies is based on the different types of the dispersed/sedimentary organic matter (DOM/SOM) and has been used as a proficient proxy for the palaeoclimatic reconstructions in sedimentary deposits of various time spans. It has also been acknowledged as an effective tool in the different domains like sequence biostratigraphy, palyno-biostratigraphy, palaeodepositional history, identification for depositional processes, oxic–anoxic environment, and variations in the water depth. It has been emerged as an analytical tool in palaeoclimatic reconstruction, which could complement geophysical and geochemical datasets. Since long palynofacies analysis has been exclusively applied in the marine sediments, it has recently dragged the attention of many researchers as a significant parameter for palaeoclimatic interpretation in continental deposits. In the last few decades, more consideration was focused on palynofacies that have become an essential proxy in the biostratigraphic and other non-biostratigraphic fields due to its requirement in the petroleum industries. The present study provides a basic idea of dispersed organic matter characterization, methodology, interpretations, and its application with special emphasis on the Gondwana deposits. The study also includes the summary of the worldwide distribution of the Gondwana sediments, especially for palaeodepositional settings through palynofacies along with other parameters.
Nursing rescheduling problem with multiple rescheduling methods under uncertainty
Authors: Long Zhiren , Wen Xianxiu , Lan Mei , Yang Yongjian
Published: October 2021

The nursing rescheduling problem is a challenging decision-making task in hospitals. However, this decision-making needs to be made in a stochastic setting to meet uncertain demand with insufficient historical data or inaccurate forecasting methods. In this study, a stochastic programming model and a distributionally robust model are developed for the nurse rescheduling problem with multiple rescheduling methods under uncertain demands. We show that these models can be reformulated into an integer program. To illustrate the applicability and validity of the proposed model, a study case is conducted on three joint hospitals in Chengdu, Chongzhou, and Guanghan, Sichuan Province. The results show that the stochastic programming model and the distributionally robust model can reduce the cost by 78.71% and 38.92%, respectively. We also evaluate the benefit of the distributionally robust model against the stochastic model and perform sensitivity analysis on important model parameters to derive some meaningful managerial insights.
Extending the Ring Theory of Personhood to the Care of Dying Patients in Intensive Care Units
Authors: Chan Natalie Pei Xin , Chia Jeng Long , Ho Chong Yao , Ngiam Lisa Xin Ling , Kuek Joshua Tze Yin , Ahmad Kamal Nur Haidah Binte , Hanifah Marican Abdurrahman Ahmad Bin , Ong Yun Ting , Chiam Min , Lee Alexia Sze Inn , Chin Annelissa Mien Chew , Mason Stephen , Radha Krishna Lalit Kumar
Published: October 2021

It is evident, in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic that has physicians confronting death and dying at unprecedented levels along with growing data suggesting that physicians who care for dying patients face complex emotional, psychological and behavioural effects, that there is a need for their better understanding and the implementation of supportive measures. Taking into account data positing that effects of caring for dying patients may impact a physician’s concept of personhood, or “what makes you, ‘you’”, we adopt Radha Krishna’s Ring Theory of Personhood (RToP) to scrutinise the experiences of physicians working in intensive care units (ICU) using a fictional scenario that was inspired by real events. The impact of death and dying, its catalysts, internal constituents, external factors, dyssynchrony, and buffers, specific to ICU physicians, were identified and explored. Such a framework allows for ramifications to be considered holistically and facilitates the curation of strategies for conflict resolution. This evaluation of the RToP acknowledges the experience and wide-ranging effects it has on ICU physicians. As such, our findings provide insight into their specific needs and highlight the importance of support on a personal and organisational level. Although further research needs to be conducted, the RToP could serve as the basis for a longitudinal assessment tool supported by the use of portfolios or mentorship due to their provision of personalised, appropriate, specific, timely, accessible and long-term support.
Macht im Cyberspace: Eine Übersicht der bisherigen Forschung und künftiger Perspektiven anhand des Proxy-Konzepts
Authors: Zettl Kerstin
Published: October 2021

Entgegen seiner ursprünglichen Gründungshistorie erscheint das Internet zunehmend seitens staatlicher Akteure instrumentalisiert zu werden. Vor allem Autokratien nutzen dabei verstärkt den Cyberspace als offensiven Konfliktaustragungsraum. Jedoch entwickelten auch demokratische Staaten vor allem auf Grundlage ihrer technologischen Überlegenheit genuine Machtressourcen im digitalen Raum. Der vorliegende Literaturbericht liefert eine Analyse des bisherigen Zugangs der politikwissenschaftlichen Forschungslandschaft zu Macht im Cyberspace. Bisherige Konzeptualisierungen werden miteinander verglichen und zu einem integrativen Modell zusammengefügt, welches zwischen Machtressourcen und Machtfunktionen differenziert. Für deren empirische Sichtbarmachung wird das Konzept des Proxys zunächst hinsichtlich seiner theoretischen Implikationen diskutiert und im Folgenden als analytische Referenzkategorie für die Diskussion spezifischer Debatten um Macht im Cyberspace verwendet. Diese beziehen sich erstens auf die Nutzung offensiver Cyberproxies seitens autokratischer Staaten, zweitens auf die Instrumentalisierung defensiver Cyberproxies seitens demokratischer Staaten und drittens auf die jeweilige Rolle staatlicher Proxies für beide Regimetypen im Rahmen einer Agenda-Setting-Funktion auf internationaler Ebene. Dabei wird jeweils zwischen den zwei benannten Kategorien auf der Hard- sowie Softpower-Ebene unterschieden, wodurch die eingeschränkte, in Teilen jedoch vorhandene Bedeutung materieller Machtfunktionen, welche durch Proxies im Cyberspace verfolgt werden können, expliziter herausgearbeitet werden kann. Macht im Cyberspace bezieht sich in allen drei empirischen Themenfeldern überwiegend auf Informationen als zentrale Ressource, welche vor allem zur Manipulation bestehender Asymmetrien gegenüber externen sowie internen Akteuren seitens autokratischer und demokratischer Regierungen variant zum Einsatz kommt. Dabei spielt Macht zur offensiven sowie defensiven Eskalationskontrolle im Rahmen von Konflikten eine bedeutende Rolle, jedoch auch Machtressourcen nichtstaatlicher Akteure, welche auf die diskursive Beeinflussung internationaler Verregelungsbemühungen des Cyberspace als Konfliktaustragungsraum ausgerichtet sind.
Interprofessional Ethics
Authors: McAuliffe Donna
Published: October 2021

The social work, health and human services sectors employ a variety of professionals to provide care to people. There is an increasing need for practitioners to be skilled in ethical decision making as the professional practice context becomes more complex and concerned with risk management. Interprofessional Ethics explores the ethical frameworks, policies and procedures of professional practice for multidisciplinary teams in health, government and community-based workplaces. The second edition includes content on criminology, environmental practice, youth work practice, the intersection of law and ethics, and cultural content, including non-Western philosophies and Indigenous worldviews. New 'Through the eyes of a practitioner' boxes provide insight into the professional experiences of practitioners in the field, while reflection points and links to further readings encourage students to think critically about the content. Interprofessional Ethics encourages readers to better understand the perspectives, approaches and values of others, preparing them to work within collaborative teams.
Electric Field Measurements in the Antarctic Reveal Patterns Related to the El Niño—Southern Oscillation
Authors: Slyunyaev Nikolay N. , Frank‐Kamenetsky Alexander V. , Ilin Nikolay V. , Sarafanov Fedor G. , Shatalina Maria V. , Mareev Evgeny A. , Price Colin G.
Published: October 2021

Electric field measurements at Vostok station in Antarctica reveal that the El Niño—Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has a statistically significant effect on the global electric circuit, as earlier predicted by simulations. Analysis of 10 October‐February periods during 2006–2016 indicates that the shape of the diurnal variation of the surface electric field is significantly different for El Niño and La Niña years, with an especially pronounced deviation during the super El Niño of 2015/16. During strong El Niños the potential gradient relative to the diurnal mean is generally higher than usual around 8:00–14:00  UTC and lower than usual around 16:00–0:00 UTC; La Niñas are characterized by the opposite behavior. Simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting model imply that the observed patterns are the result of changes in the global distribution of electrified clouds over the Pacific Ocean, Maritime Continent, and South America during ENSO events.
What Controls the Interannual Variability of Extreme Precipitation?
Authors: Dai Panxi , Nie Ji
Published: October 2021

The controlling factors of the interannual variability of extreme precipitation (EP) are examined on a global scale. We quantify the moisture (thermodynamic) and vertical motion (dynamic) contributions to the interannual variability of EP by applying a physical scaling diagnosis. The thermodynamic contribution is small and the dynamic contribution dominates the interannual variability of EP. We further apply a quasi‐geostrophic diagnosis on EP to decompose the vertical motion and its variability into components due to the large‐scale adiabatic perturbations (dry dynamics) and the diabatic heating feedback (moist dynamics). The variability of vertical motion associated with large‐scale adiabatic perturbations is approximately twice that of the diabatic heating feedback. These results highlight the dominant role of the large‐scale adiabatic perturbations on the year‐to‐year variability of EP, in contrast to the responses of EP to global warming, in which both the large‐scale adiabatic perturbations and diabatic heating feedback are important.
Enhanced Summertime Surface Warming Effects of Long‐Term Urbanization in a Humid Urban Agglomeration in China
Authors: Han Longfei , Yu Xiaoqin , Xu Youpeng , Deng Xiaojun , Yang Liu , Li Zhongwu , Lv Dianqing , Xiao Mu
Published: October 2021

In this study, we examined the summertime climatic effects of urban expansion during 1990–2010 in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region by analyzing station observations and performing numerical simulations with the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model. Long‐term observations showed that urban area experienced a larger increase in summertime 2‐m air temperature than rural part during 1980–2018, and the influence of urbanization on the urban‐rural contrast was greater in the late stage (after 2000) than the early stage (before 2000). We applied the WRF model incorporated with historical land surface cover data (year 1990, 2000, and 2010) to further evaluate the climatic effects of long‐term urbanization. On average, urban expansion over 1990–2010 led to 0.75°C increase in daily average temperature (1.06°C in daily minimum and 0.45°C in daily maximum) during the summer. The summertime daily temperature range decreased by 0.61°C in urban environment during the same period. Compared to the warming effect of urbanization in the 1990s, both the magnitude and affected area have increased after the millennium. Also, urban expansion reduced moisture in low‐level atmosphere, and this urban dry island (UDI) effect was enhanced in the late stage. Less moisture in the atmosphere offset heat stress index induced by the warming temperature. We also found that the partitioning of net radiation between sensible and latent heat was the key factor that controlled urban warming effect.
Photochemistry of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Yellow River Delta, China: Formation of O3 and Peroxyacyl Nitrates
Authors: Lee Y. , Huey L. G. , Wang Y. , Qu H. , Zhang R. , Ji Y. , Tanner D. J. , Wang X. , Tang J. , Song W. , Hu W. , Zhang Y.
Published: October 2021

An extensive set of primary and secondary pollutants was measured at a ground site in a remote location in the Yellow River Delta, China during the Ozone Photochemistry and Export from China Experiment (OPECE) from March to April 2018. The measurements include volatile organic compounds (VOCs), peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs), ozone (O3), particulate species, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and SO2. Observed VOC mixing ratios were comparable to those measured in heavily polluted cities in the U.S. and China. The VOC source signatures suggest a strong influence from Oil and Natural Gas (O&NG) emissions with potentially large contributions from Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) sources as well. Consistently elevated concentrations of O3, PAN, and its rarely measured homologs peroxybenzoylic nitric anhydride (PBzN) and peroxyacrylic nitric anhydride (APAN) at the OPECE site indicate complex photochemistry in a heterogeneous VOC environment. Diagnostic 0‐D box model simulations are used to investigate the budgets of ROx (OH + HO2 + RO2), and the rate and efficiency of O3 production. Model sensitivity calculations indicate that O3 production at OPECE site is VOC limited in spring. This suggests that reduction in VOCs should be a priority for reducing O3, where production and fugitive emissions from O&NG provide an attractive target. While initial reductions in NOx might increase O3 production, reduction of NOx along with VOCs will be a necessary step to achieve long‐term ozone reduction.
Box Model Intercomparison of Cloud Chemistry
Authors: Barth Mary C. , Ervens Barbara , Herrmann Hartmut , Tilgner Andreas , McNeill V. Faye , Tsui William Gang , Deguillaume Laurent , Chaumerliac Nadine , Carlton Annmarie , Lance Sara M.
Published: October 2021

Chemical processes in clouds and fogs can substantially alter atmospheric oxidant budgets and lead to aerosol mass formation. However, many regional and global models do not include detailed aqueous‐phase chemical mechanisms due to the (a) lack of complete understanding of the chemical processes and (b) computational burden of adding constituents. Current gas‐aqueous chemistry 0‐dimensional models were evaluated in a cloud‐chemistry box model intercomparison based on a mid‐September 2016 cloud chemistry event at Whiteface Mountain, New York. Multiphase mechanisms in the five participating models ranged from those appropriate for 3‐d models to highly complex with thousands of reactions. This study focused on oxidant levels in both phases and aqueous‐phase sulfate and organic acid formation. Comparison of gas‐phase‐only chemistry gives very similar oxidant predictions at night but shows significant differences during daytime with the hydroxyl radical (OH) variability of about an order of magnitude. The variability in the model results increases substantially with aqueous chemistry due to different Henry's Law constants, aqueous‐phase reaction rate constants, and chemical mechanisms. Using a prescribed liquid water content and pH value of 4.5, modeled aqueous OH, aldehyde, and organic acid concentrations differ by over an order of magnitude in daytime. Simulations were also conducted at a pH = 5.1, predicted variable pH, and with added transition metal ion chemistry. While we compare predicted and measured inorganic anions and water‐soluble organic carbon, we cannot do so for aqueous‐phase oxidant concentrations due to the lack of measurements. We highlight a need for recommended equilibrium and aqueous‐phase rate constants.
Improving Constraints on Planetary Interiors With PPs Receiver Functions
Authors: Kim D. , Lekić V. , Irving J. C. E. , Schmerr N. , Knapmeyer‐Endrun B. , Joshi R. , Panning M. P. , Tauzin B. , Karakostas F. , Maguire R. , Huang Q. , Ceylan S. , Khan A. , Giardini D. , Wieczorek M. A. , Lognonné P. , Banerdt W. B.
Published: October 2021

Seismological constraints obtained from receiver function (RF) analysis provide important information about the crust and mantle structure. Here, we explore the utility of the free‐surface multiple of the P‐wave (PP) and the corresponding conversions in RF analysis. Using earthquake records, we demonstrate the efficacy of PPs‐RFs before illustrating how they become especially useful when limited data is available in typical planetary missions. Using a transdimensional hierarchical Bayesian deconvolution approach, we compute robust P‐to‐S (Ps)‐ and PPs‐RFs with InSight recordings of five marsquakes. Our Ps‐RF results verify the direct Ps converted phases reported by previous RF analyses with increased coherence and reveal other phases including the primary multiple reverberating within the uppermost layer of the Martian crust. Unlike the Ps‐RFs, our PPs‐RFs lack an arrival at 7.2 s lag time. Whereas Ps‐RFs on Mars could be equally well fit by a two‐ or three‐layer crust, synthetic modeling shows that the disappearance of the 7.2 s phase requires a three‐layer crust, and is highly sensitive to velocity and thickness of intra‐crustal layers. We show that a three‐layer crust is also preferred by S‐to‐P (Sp)‐RFs. While the deepest interface of the three‐layer crust represents the crust‐mantle interface beneath the InSight landing site, the other two interfaces at shallower depths could represent a sharp transition between either fractured and unfractured materials or thick basaltic flows and pre‐existing crustal materials. PPs‐RFs can provide complementary constraints and maximize the extraction of information about crustal structure in data‐constrained circumstances such as planetary missions.
Rotating Shallow Water Flow Under Location Uncertainty With a Structure‐Preserving Discretization
Authors: Brecht Rüdiger , Li Long , Bauer Werner , Mémin Etienne
Published: October 2021

We introduce a physically relevant stochastic representation of the rotating shallow water equations. The derivation relies mainly on a stochastic transport principle and on a decomposition of the fluid flow into a large‐scale component and a noise term that models the unresolved flow components. As for the classical (deterministic) system, this scheme, referred to as modeling under location uncertainty (LU), conserves the global energy of any realization and provides the possibility to generate an ensemble of physically relevant random simulations with a good trade‐off between the model error representation and the ensemble's spread. To maintain numerically the energy conservation feature, we combine an energy (in space) preserving discretization of the underlying deterministic model with approximations of the stochastic terms that are based on standard finite volume/difference operators. The LU derivation, built from the very same conservation principles as the usual geophysical models, together with the numerical scheme proposed can be directly used in existing dynamical cores of global numerical weather prediction models. The capabilities of the proposed framework is demonstrated for an inviscid test case on the f‐plane and for a barotropically unstable jet on the sphere.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Hydrology and Water Management: Applications, Challenges, and Perspectives
Authors: Acharya Bharat Sharma , Bhandari Mahendra , Bandini Filippo , Pizarro Alonso , Perks Matthew , Joshi Deepak Raj , Wang Sheng , Dogwiler Toby , Ray Ram L. , Kharel Gehendra , Sharma Sadikshya
Published: October 2021

The hydrologic sciences and water resources management have long depended on a combination of in situ measurements and remotely sensed data for research and regulatory purposes. In situ measurements are constrained in their spatial distribution by both logistics and costs. Satellite‐ and manned aircraft‐based remote sensing provide spatially broad data, but often of a coarse resolution. Furthermore, all these data collection methods are often limited in their ability to respond to specific short‐term events when the data and imagery could inform real‐time assessment and decision‐making, especially during and immediately after natural disasters. Researchers and regulators are increasingly using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to fill these gaps in both spatial and temporal data resolution. UAVs are often more cost‐effective than traditional remote sensing or in situ data collection methodologies and the availability of new advancements in UAV design, power supply, payload capacity, and sensors has been driving rapid innovations in their use in the hydrological sciences. This in‐depth review explores these UAV technologies and how they are being employed for on‐demand and cost‐effective characterization, monitoring, assessment, and modeling of soil and water resources. Our discussion addresses both key opportunities and challenges in surface water and groundwater studies, land‐atmosphere interaction studies, water management in agriculture and forestry, ecosystem monitoring, and hydrological modeling.
Effect of inoculum size and antibiotics on bacterial traveling bands in a thin microchannel defined by optical adhesive
Authors: Liu Yang , Lehnert Thomas , Gijs Martin A. M.
Published: October 2021

Phenotypic diversity in bacterial flagella-induced motility leads to complex collective swimming patterns, appearing as traveling bands with transient locally enhanced cell densities. Traveling bands are known to be a bacterial chemotactic response to self-generated nutrient gradients during growth in resource-limited microenvironments. In this work, we studied different parameters of Escherichia coli (E. coli) collective migration, in particular the quantity of bacteria introduced initially in a microfluidic chip (inoculum size) and their exposure to antibiotics (ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin). We developed a hybrid polymer-glass chip with an intermediate optical adhesive layer featuring the microfluidic channel, enabling high-content imaging of the migration dynamics in a single bacterial layer, i.e., bacteria are confined in a quasi-2D space that is fully observable with a high-magnification microscope objective. On-chip bacterial motility and traveling band analysis was performed based on individual bacterial trajectories by means of custom-developed algorithms. Quantifications of swimming speed, tumble bias and effective diffusion properties allowed the assessment of phenotypic heterogeneity, resulting in variations in transient cell density distributions and swimming performance. We found that incubation of isogeneic E. coli with different inoculum sizes eventually generated different swimming phenotype distributions. Interestingly, incubation with antimicrobials promoted bacterial chemotaxis in specific cases, despite growth inhibition. Moreover, E. coli filamentation in the presence of antibiotics was assessed, and the impact on motility was evaluated. We propose that the observation of traveling bands can be explored as an alternative for fast antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
Positive feedback between ROS and cis-axis of PIASxα/p38α-SUMOylation/MK2 facilitates gastric cancer metastasis
Authors: Wang Qian , Xu Ci , Fan Qiang , Yuan Haihua , Zhang Xin , Chen Biying , Cai Renjie , Zhang Yanjie , Lin Moubin , Xu Ming
Published: October 2021

MAPK/p38 is an important mammalian signaling cascade that responds to a variety of intracellular or extracellular stimuli, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), and participates in numerous physiological and pathological processes. However, the biological function of p38 in different tumors, and even at different stages of the same tumor, remains elusive. To further understand the regulatory mechanism of p38 and oxidative stress in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer, we report SUMOylation as a novel post-translational modification occurring on lysine 152 of MAPK14/p38α through immunoprecipitation and series of pull-down assays in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, we determine that p38α-SUMOylation functions as an authentic sensor and accelerator of reactive oxygen species generation via interaction with and activation of MK2 in the nucleus, and the ROS accumulation, in turn, promotes the SUMOylation of p38α by stabilizing the PIASxα protein. This precise regulatory mechanism is exploited by gastric cancer cells to create an internal environment for survival and, ultimately, metastasis. This study reveals novel insights into p38α-SUMOylation and its association with the intracellular oxidative stress response, which is closely related to the processes of gastric cancer. Furthermore, the PIASxα/p38α-SUMOylation/MK2 cis-axis may serve as a desirable therapeutic target in gastric cancer as targeting PIASxα, MK2, or a specific peptide region of p38α may reconcile the aberrant oxidative stress response in gastric cancer cells.
Approaching the ultimate superconducting properties of (Ba,K)Fe2As2 by naturally formed low-angle grain boundary networks
Authors: Iida Kazumasa , Qin Dongyi , Tarantini Chiara , Hatano Takafumi , Wang Chao , Guo Zimeng , Gao Hongye , Saito Hikaru , Hata Satoshi , Naito Michio , Yamamoto Akiyasu
Published: October 2021

The most effective way to enhance the dissipation-free supercurrent in the presence of a magnetic field for type II superconductors is to introduce defects that act as artificial pinning centers (APCs) for vortices. For instance, the in-field critical current density of doped BaFe2As2 (Ba122), one of the most technologically important Fe-based superconductors, has been improved over the last decade by APCs created by ion irradiation. The technique of ion irradiation has been commonly implemented to determine the ultimate superconducting properties. However, this method is rather complicated and expensive. Here, we report a surprisingly high critical current density and strong pinning efficiency close to the crystallographic c-axis for a K-doped Ba122 epitaxial thin film without APCs, achieving performance comparable to ion-irradiated K-doped Ba122 single crystals. Microstructural analysis reveals that the film is composed of columnar grains with widths of approximately 30–60 nm. The grains are rotated around the b- (or a-) axis by 1.5° and around the c-axis by −1°, resulting in the formation of low-angle grain boundary networks. This study demonstrates that the upper limit of in-field properties reached in ion-irradiated K-doped Ba122 is achievable by grain boundary engineering, which is a simple and industrially scalable manner.
Sympathetic cooling of positrons to cryogenic temperatures for antihydrogen production
Authors: Baker C. J. , Bertsche W. , Capra A. , Cesar C. L. , Charlton M. , Mathad A. Cridland , Eriksson S. , Evans A. , Evetts N. , Fabbri S. , Fajans J. , Friesen T. , Fujiwara M. C. , Grandemange P. , Granum P. , Hangst J. S. , Hayden M. E. , Hodgkinson D. , Isaac C. A. , Johnson M. A. , Jones J. M. , Jones S. A. , Jonsell S. , Kurchaninov L. , Madsen N. , Maxwell D. , McKenna J. T. K. , Menary S. , Momose T. , Mullan P. , Olchanski K. , Olin A. , Peszka J. , Powell A. , Pusa P. , Rasmussen C. Ø. , Robicheaux F. , Sacramento R. L. , Sameed M. , Sarid E. , Silveira D. M. , Stutter G. , So C. , Tharp T. D. , Thompson R. I. , van der Werf D. P. , Wurtele J. S.
Published: October 2021

The positron, the antiparticle of the electron, predicted by Dirac in 1931 and discovered by Anderson in 1933, plays a key role in many scientific and everyday endeavours. Notably, the positron is a constituent of antihydrogen, the only long-lived neutral antimatter bound state that can currently be synthesized at low energy, presenting a prominent system for testing fundamental symmetries with high precision. Here, we report on the use of laser cooled Be+ ions to sympathetically cool a large and dense plasma of positrons to directly measured temperatures below 7 K in a Penning trap for antihydrogen synthesis. This will likely herald a significant increase in the amount of antihydrogen available for experimentation, thus facilitating further improvements in studies of fundamental symmetries.
The flashfm approach for fine-mapping multiple quantitative traits
Authors: Hernández N. , Soenksen J. , Newcombe P. , Sandhu M. , Barroso I. , Wallace C. , Asimit J. L.
Published: October 2021

Joint fine-mapping that leverages information between quantitative traits could improve accuracy and resolution over single-trait fine-mapping. Using summary statistics, flashfm (flexible and shared information fine-mapping) fine-maps signals for multiple traits, allowing for missing trait measurements and use of related individuals. In a Bayesian framework, prior model probabilities are formulated to favour model combinations that share causal variants to capitalise on information between traits. Simulation studies demonstrate that both approaches produce broadly equivalent results when traits have no shared causal variants. When traits share at least one causal variant, flashfm reduces the number of potential causal variants by 30% compared with single-trait fine-mapping. In a Ugandan cohort with 33 cardiometabolic traits, flashfm gave a 20% reduction in the total number of potential causal variants from single-trait fine-mapping. Here we show flashfm is computationally efficient and can easily be deployed across publicly available summary statistics for signals in up to six traits.
Hedgehog artificial macrophage with atomic-catalytic centers to combat Drug-resistant bacteria
Authors: Long Yanping , Li Ling , Xu Tao , Wu Xizheng , Gao Yun , Huang Jianbo , He Chao , Ma Tian , Ma Lang , Cheng Chong , Zhao Changsheng
Published: October 2021

Pathogenic drug-resistant bacteria represent a threat to human health, for instance, the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). There is an ever-growing need to develop non-antibiotic strategies to fight bacteria without triggering drug resistance. Here, we design a hedgehog artificial macrophage with atomic-catalytic centers to combat MRSA by mimicking the “capture and killing” process of macrophages. The experimental studies and theoretical calculations reveal that the synthesized materials can efficiently capture and kill MRSA by the hedgehog topography and substantial generation of •O2− and HClO with its Fe2N6O catalytic centers. The synthesized artificial macrophage exhibits a low minimal inhibition concentration (8 μg/mL Fe-Art M with H2O2 (100 μM)) to combat MRSA and rapidly promote the healing of bacteria-infected wounds on rabbit skin. We suggest that the application of this hedgehog artificial macrophage with “capture and killing” capability and high ROS-catalytic activity will open up a promising pathway to develop antibacterial materials for bionic and non-antibiotic disinfection strategies.