bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Health Effects of Censored Elongated Mineral Particles: A Critical Review
Authors: Egilman David , Steffen Joan E. , Tran Triet , Clancy Kate , Rigler Mark , Longo William
Published: November 2019

Detection limits for asbestos and elongated mineral particles (EMPs) necessarily depend on what “counts” by a given test method or procedure. Censored data in this context include both fibers that fall below and outside of a laboratory’s counting criteria. For microscopic methods, in particular, counting criteria may be based on health effects, methodological convenience, or geologic definition. For purposes of public health, data censorship for asbestos or EMPs should be predicated on the toxicity of the fibers and not on a geologic definition. Some geologic definitions of EMPs are inconsistent with existing evidence of EMP toxicity. For this study, we used systematic search techniques and grounded theory to review published studies, government records, corporate documents, and public statements. Research links asbestos health effects to fiber dimensions, fiber surface area, biopersistence, chemical composition, and surface properties. We review the evidence that indicate that short fibers (<5 µm long), thin fibers (<0.2 µm wide), some nonasbestos EMPs, and asbestos mineral “cleavage fragments” affect human health. Current EMP test methods allow the censorship of these fibers from reported data. We believe that a health perspective is crucial for determining what data to censor in the measurement of EMPs. Fiber-counting methods should be altered to better encompass health-relevant EMPs by employing transmission electron microscopy, eliminating the requirement for an asbestiform habit, including short fibers (<5 µm long), and removing all minimum fiber width criteria. EMP test methods should explicitly call for counting talc and erionite fibers.
The Foundation for ASTM D6620, Standard Practice for Asbestos Detection Limit Based on Counts and Its Application as a Study Design Parameter
Authors: Price Bertram
Published: November 2019

The statistical foundation that underlies the development of detection limits in ASTM D6620-19, Standard Practice for Asbestos Detection Limit Based on Counts, is described. The roles of, and relationships among, laboratory background asbestos measurement distributions, decision values for classifying a measurement as below detection, and probabilities of classification errors are defined and analyzed. The application of detection limits for asbestos defined by ASTM D6620 for guiding study designs is presented using two examples: (1) compliance with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration permissible exposure limit; and (2) limiting cancer risk associated with asbestos exposure. In addition, the detection limit as a study design parameter is contrasted with an approach to study design using confidence intervals with a specified limit on estimation error.
Censored Data and Statistics: How to Estimate Percentiles
Authors: Lotz Anne , Tulowietzki Justus F. , Kendzia Benjamin , Weiß Tobias , Brüning Thomas , Behrens Thomas , Taeger Dirk
Published: November 2019

The statistical analysis of data, which includes observations below a laboratory’s reporting limit, is challenging. We present an overview of the statistical literature to estimate percentiles for censored data. Furthermore, we compare different methods in a simulation study and show applications of these methods in an example from occupational epidemiology. In the simulation study, we constructed complete datasets of 50, 100, and 250 observations drawn from a log-normal distribution 10,000 times each. Then the proportion of censored observations was set to 10%, 25%, and 50%. The 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th percentiles were estimated using three different naïve methods (simple substitution by one-half times the reporting limit, simple substitution by two-thirds times the reporting limit, and simple substitution by one over the square root of two times the reporting limit), best-case and worst-case scenarios, Kaplan–Meier estimation, maximum likelihood estimation, and multiple imputation. The methods were compared according to their relative bias and root mean square error. The simulation study showed that naïve methods lead to biased estimates and are inferior to other statistical methods. The maximum likelihood estimates were generally the most accurate and precise. With an example from occupational epidemiology, we show that statistical methods for censored data can be readily applied on real datasets.
Bargaining in the Dark
Authors: Schneider Andrea Kupfer , Alkon Cynthia
Published: November 2019

Plea bargaining is the primary, and unavoidable, method for resolving the vast majority of criminal cases in the United States. As more attention is paid to reform and changes in the criminal legal system, plea bargaining has also come into the spotlight. Yet we actually know very little about what happens during that process—a potentially complex negotiation with multiple parties that can, at different times, include prosecutors, defense counsel, judges, defendants, and victims. Using negotiation theory as a framework, we analyze why more information about the process itself can improve this crucial component of the system. More information—more data—would permit informed judicial oversight of pleas, improve lawyers’ capacities to negotiate on behalf of clients and the state, and increase the legitimacy of the bargaining between parties where one side tends to have far more resources and power. Without increased transparency, many of the players in the criminal legal system are just bargaining in the dark.
Managerial Judicial Conflict Resolution (JCR) of Plea Bargaining
Authors: Kanner Sari Luz , Rosen Dana , Zohar Yosef , Alberstein Michal
Published: November 2019

This article examines the role of the criminal judge in light of the vanishing trial phenomenon and the emergent reality of many doors to process legal conflicts in both the civil and criminal domains. It focuses on judicial conflict resolution (JCR), which is any activity conducted by judges in order to promote consensual disposition of legal cases, in “Plea Bargains Facilitating Days” (moqed) in Tel-Aviv Magistrate’s Court. We conducted quantitative and qualitative analyses of data collected from observations of 717 hearings in 704 criminal cases and found that, on average, 5.55 (SD = 3.62) hearings were required for disposing of a case, and the average duration of a legal proceeding from indictment to closure was 548.55 (SD = 323.17) days. In most of the hearings the judges’ role was confined to managerial-bureaucratic decisions intended to enable the negotiation between the parties. JCR activities occurred in only 16.9 percent of the hearings, and we identified six types of JCR practices in the promotion of plea bargains: narrow and broad facilitation of negotiations between the parties, forecasting the legal outcome, negatively presenting the judicial process, using lawyer-client relations to promote agreement, and using Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) techniques. These findings are compared to previous findings on the roles of judges in civil pretrial proceedings, and the more active role of the civil judge in promoting settlements is discussed. We further discuss the possibility of expanding a therapeutic and rehabilitative approach in the framework of criminal JCR during preliminary hearing days, which become today the main door of criminal justice.
Nanošenje fotokatalitičkih ZnO slojeva na podloge različite geometrije
Authors: Macan Jelena , Grčić Ivana , Medić Mihovil , Lipovski Maja , Kovačević Monika
Published: November 2019

Ispitivan je način priprave fotokatalitički aktivnog ZnO sloja taloženjem iz otopine. Slojevi bazičnog cinkova acetata (LBZA) uspješno su naneseni na podloge različitih morfologija, a prethodna hidroliza podloge pogoduje dobivanju debljih i čvršće vezanih slojeva. No postupak priprave znatno je osjetljiv na varijacije u uvjetima što čini prevlačenje većih površina zahtjevnijim. Reproducibilnost fotokatalitičke aktivnosti ZnO slojeva dobivenih žarenjem LBZA slaba je i varira do 50 %, bez jasne pravilnosti.
Controversias sobre los usos forestales en Cantabria durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII
Authors: Fernández Flórez Marina
Published: November 2019

Las décadas centrales del siglo XVIII en Cantabria estuvieron caracterizadas por un episodio particularmente intenso de deforestación, que coincidió con las políticas borbónicas de rearme naval. Las pretensiones madereras de los asentistas de Marina y artillería se superpusieron a las necesidades del campesinado y de los empresarios locales, generando un escenario de conflictividad social en torno al acceso y explotación de los recursos forestales cántabros. El presente artículo ahonda en el interés histórico del bosque para la observación de los distintos discursos sociales, productivos y conflictivos formulados por los diferentes colectivos involucrados en su aprovechamiento.
Pureza y fidelidad versus corrupción y cohecho. el ejemplo del embargo general de 1598
Authors: Rodriguez Grajera Alfonso
Published: November 2019

El buen fin de cualquier iniciativa pública dependía de la adecuada selección de quienes habían de ejecutarla. Los ministros reales debían estar cualificados y ser honestos y leales. Ignorancia, infidelidad y deslealtad se consideraban causa del fracaso. La actuación del Auditor de galeras durante el embargo general de 1598 es un ejemplo de cómo las malas prácticas condicionaron, junto a otros factores, el éxito de esta iniciativa.
Recursos forestales, proyectos de extracción y asientos de maderas en la Nueva España durante el siglo XVIII
Authors: Reichert Rafal
Published: November 2019

El objetivo de este artículo es estudiar los recursos forestales novohispanos y su aprovechamiento para el desarrollo de la construcción naval española en el siglo XVIII. Un aspecto poco conocido por las historiografías española y latinoamericana, que, sin embargo, es importante a la hora de conocer y entender las visiones, proyectos y estrategias que adoptó el Estado borbónico con vistas a reestablecer la Marina Real; unos proyectos que no solamente se quedaron en la etapa de planificación, sino que también fueron puestos en marcha, como lo demuestran los contratos para el corte de madera. En el trabajo se aporta nueva información sobre los bosques y maderas americanas, con sus descripciones detalladas, además de la relativa a las inspecciones de montes realizadas por oficiales de la armada, cuya meta era la búsqueda de las mejores áreas madereras para la construcción de navíos. Finalmente, nos referiremos asimismo a la cuestión de los asientos novohispanos de la segunda mitad de la centuria, los cuales fueron monopolizados por las elites locales criollas.
Élites y política en el astillero de La Habana durante el siglo XVIII
Authors: Serrano Alvarez Jose Manuel
Published: November 2019

La madera no solo era el elemento estructural básico e indispensable de los buques del siglo XVIII, sino que además constituía un factor decisivo en el progreso técnico-tecnológico que encerraba la construcción naval. Sin embargo, el acceso al maderamen no siempre fue fácil ya que se trataba de un recurso necesitado por la práctica totalidad de la población. Con una demanda alta y una crónica carencia de infraestructura de accesos y comunicaciones en las zonas productoras de madera, este vital aspecto de la construcción se transformó en un objetivo estratégico de primer orden, tanto en España como en Cuba. Este artículo tratará de profundizar en el rol de la madera cubana para la renaciente Armada española en el siglo XVIII y el subsiguiente problema político (y económico) con las élites locales para que la Monarquía lograra el ansiado equilibrio entre ambas facciones.
Algunas consideraciones en torno a la transdisciplinariedad y a la educación superior
Authors: Arias Alpízar Luz Mary , Abarca Hernández Oriester
Published: November 2019

Durante los últimos dos siglos se ha venido sosteniendo la neutralidad y apoliticidad de la ciencia, pero se ha pasado por alto que esta, como construcción humana, no puede ostentar un estatus especial. Es decir, está condicionada históricamente al igual que cualquier otra actividad. La ciencia moderna adquirió su actual división disciplinaria en el siglo XIX, en gran parte por el desarrollo del capitalismo industrial que cubrió el orbe y la conformación de estados-nación y su organización dentro del sistema interestatal, de modo que es una particular forma de entender y estudiar la realidad, pero no la única posible. Las elecciones teóricas y metodológicas hechas desde entonces se han impuesto como la forma natural de aprehender la realidad.

La fase actual del proceso de la globalización ha puesto de manifiesto que el marco epistemológico decimonónico –y como parte de él, el nacionalismo metodológico– resulta insuficiente en el presente para explicar ciertos fenómenos sistémicos y ha revelado la necesidad de su superación.

En el presente contexto histórico se hace más necesario que nunca superar la dependencia académica y la adopción de una actitud crítica para que la división internacional del trabajo académico y la estructuración de una agenda transnacional para la educación no operen en contra de las zonas y poblaciones pobres del mundo. Ello supone que la universidad defina su papel con respecto a la sociedad desde una dimensión política, antes de que decida y realice su propia reforma. La transdisciplinariedad juega un papel principal en la superación de los viejos modelos de la ciencia y la universidad.
Una vivencia de gestión ambiental en el marco del proyecto: mejora de la oferta educativa en gestión ambiental rural, en centros educativos de Guápiles y Sarapiquí
Authors: León León Giselle
Published: November 2019

Recibido 09 de abril de 2010 • Aceptado 24 de junio de 2010 • Corregido 08 de agosto de 2010

 

Un aspecto de suma importancia para la educación mundial y en particular para la educación costarricense es la gestión ambiental como estrategia educacional, por lo que a continuación se describe la vivencia del proyecto Mejora de la oferta educativa en gestión ambiental rural (MOE-GAR) en su primer etapa 2009, cuya población estuvo conformada por docentes de primaria y secundaria de diferentes áreas de las Direcciones Regionales Educativas de Guápiles y Sarapiquí de Costa Rica.

El proyecto se desarrolló a lo largo del ciclo lectivo de 2009, mediante un trabajo conjunto entre los docentes involucrados, diferentes instituciones gubernamentales y no gubernamentales, Dio como resultado un proceso de construcción de conocimientos en gestión ambiental, a partir del cual se plantearon y desarrollaron propuestas en los diferentes centros educativos.
Creencias, práctica docente y propuestas para la atención de la diversidad cultural: el caso de una docente costarricense y tres infantes nicaragüenses
Authors: Ruiz Guevara Lilian Susana
Published: November 2019

Recibido 19 de abril de 2010 • Aceptado 24 de junio de 2010 • Corregido 13 de setiembre de 2010

 

 

 

Este artículo presenta los datos obtenidos en un proceso de investigación acerca de las creencias de una docente en relación con tres estudiantes de origen nicaragüense. Específicamente se presentan los datos de la categoría de análisis sobre el manejo de la práctica docente y su relación con las propuestas de educación en diversidad. Para el desarrollo de esta categoría se incluye un análisis de las subcategorías que se indican a continuación: Dinámica del trabajo diario de una maestra que trabaja con infantes de otra cultura, evaluación de los estudiantes en el salón de clases, estrategias para el desarrollo de la disciplina con niños, y ereencias y propuestas en diversidad.

Los datos evidencian que, en la práctica de aula, la maestra no demuestra un trato diferenciado entre niños nicaragüenses y costarricenses, lo que hace pensar que el trato igualitario es la estrategia “per se utilizada por la docente para resolver el tema de la diversidad cultural en el aula. Por otra parte, la disciplina es asumida por la docente, en su práctica de trabajo diario, como un asunto que se aborda con criterios de regaño, utilizando tonos de voz fuerte y vocabulario agresivo.
La enseñanza y aprendizaje de la geometría en secundaria, la perspectiva de los estudiantes
Authors: Gamboa Araya Ronny , Ballestero Alfaro Esteban
Published: November 2019

Recibido 25 de marzo de 2010 • Aceptado 24 de junio de 2010 • Corregido 30 de julio de 2010

 

 

 

El propósito de este artículo es presentar los resultados obtenidos con la aplicación de un cuestionario dirigido a estudiantes de secundaria de Costa Rica para conocer su percepción sobre la enseñanza y aprendizaje de la geometría. Los resultados muestran que las clases de geometría en la educación secundaria se han basado en un sistema tradicional de enseñanza, donde docentes presentan la teoría, desarrollan ejemplos y aportan los ejercicios que deben ser resueltos por estudiantes. Estas actividades enfatizan en la aplicación de fórmulas y aspectos memorísticos, lo que trae como consecuencia que procesos de visualización, argumentación y justificación no tengan un papel preponderante en la enseñanza de la disciplina.La geometría se presenta a las estudiantes y los estudiantes como un conjunto de definiciones, fórmulas y teoremas totalmente alejado de su realidad y donde los ejemplos y ejercicios no poseen ninguna relación con su contexto, consecuentemente, la geometría se percibe como poco importante, ya que no es aplicable a la vida cotidiana, cuando la realidad es otra. Además, el grupo estudiantil considera que para tener éxito en geometría hay que saber utilizar la calculadora para realizar cálculos, tener capacidad para memorizar definiciones, fórmulas y teoremas, poseer capacidad para entender los dibujos geométricos y realizar listas de ejercicios para desarrollar la habilidad práctica.
Ejercicio físico, salud y supuestos en el cálculo de la frecuencia cardíaca máxima estimada
Authors: Reyes Rodríguez Alixon David
Published: November 2019

Recibido 11 de noviembre de 2010 • Aceptado 09 de marzo de 2011 • Corregido 03 de junio de 2011

 

En tiempos en los que se habla ya de nanociencia, de nanotecnología, de biología sistémica, de reingeniería genética, de ecoalfabetización, de ecoeconomía, de revolución biotecnológica, etc., pareciera que aún permanecen viejas escuelas con supuestos científicos y referentes teóricos que en su momento dieron respuestas a necesidades científicas, pero que ya hoy son insuficientes. Se menciona esto porque resulta un atraso para la ciencias de la educación y para las ciencias del deporte el hecho de que aún se sigan enseñando en congresos nacionales e internacionales, seminarios, jornadas de investigación, en nuestras universidades y en cualquier tipo de reuniones científicas, algunos supuestos que han perdido vigencia y que, por lo tanto, han caducado en cuanto a su legitimidad y validez. Reconocemos los avances que para la ciencia del ejercicio físico y la fisiología del ejercicio representaron, en su momento, algunas fórmulas predictivas para el cálculo de la frecuencia cardíaca máxima estimada (FCME), hay aspectos dignos de considerar que atienden a la necesidad. No que las despreciemos, lo que se pretende a través del presente trabajo es mostrar y desmitificar el hecho de la fórmula tradicional como casi el único patrón de medición y cálculo de la FCME, y más allá ofrecer, desde la perspectiva de otros investigadores, posibilidades para una mejora en cuanto a la dosificación del ejercicio físico para ciertos tipos de poblaciones con especificidades singulares.
Influence of Soret and Dufour effects on unsteady 3D MHD slip flow of Carreau nanofluid over a slendering stretchable sheet with chemical reaction
Authors: Reddy Reddy Reddisekhar , Reddy Polu Bala Anki , Chamkha J.
Published: November 2019

This paper presents a numerical exploration on the unsteady three-dimensional hydromagnetic flow of Carreau nanofluid over a slendering stretchable sheet in the presence of thermal radiation and chemical reaction. Furthermore, the effects of velocity slip, thermal slip, solutal slip, Soret and Dufour are taken into account. The prevailing time-dependent partial differential equations are metamorphosed into a system of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations by using the appropriate similarity transformations. The resultant nonlinear coupled differential equations are solved numerically by using the Runge–Kutta fourth-order method along with shooting scheme. The sway of sundry parameters on velocity, temperature, concentration, shear stress, temperature gradient and concentration gradient has been premeditated, and numerical results are presented graphically and in tabular form. Comparison amid the previously published results, and the current numerical results are made for the limiting cases, which are found to be in a virtuous agreement.
The features of business activity in sports sphere
Authors: Lukashchuk Vitalii
Published: November 2019

The necessary prerequisites of development of business activity in sports sphere are considered in the article. Different kinds and functions of business in the field of physical culture and sports are analyzed. The distinctive features of different organizational-legal forms of the sports commercial organizations a recharacterized.
The author’s definition of business activity in sports sphere is offered. It is underlined that the business in the field of physical culture and sports will be effective only in the conditions of the favorable business environment.
Safety of the 9-Valent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine
Authors: Shimabukuro Tom T. , Su John R. , Marquez Paige L. , Mba-Jonas Adamma , Arana Jorge E. , Cano Maria V.
Published: November 2019

BACKGROUND:

The 9-valent human papillomavirus vaccine (9vHPV) was approved for females and males aged 9 to 26 years in 2014. We analyzed postlicensure surveillance reports to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS).

METHODS:

We searched VAERS data for US reports of adverse events (AEs) after 9vHPV from December 2014 through December 2017. We calculated reporting rates and conducted empirical Bayesian data mining to identify disproportional reporting. Physicians reviewed reports for selected prespecified conditions.

RESULTS:

VAERS received 7244 reports after 9vHPV: 31.2% among females, 21.6% among males, and for 47.2%, sex was not reported. Overall, 97.4% of reports were nonserious. Dizziness, syncope, headache, and injection site reactions were most commonly reported; the most commonly reported AEs were similar between females and males. Two reports of death after 9vHPV were verified; no information in autopsy reports or death certificates suggested a causal relationship with vaccination. Approximately 28 million 9vHPV doses were distributed during the study period; crude AE reporting rates were 259 reports per million 9vHPV doses distributed for all reports and 7 per million doses distributed for serious reports. Syncope (a known AE associated with human papillomavirus vaccination) and several types of vaccine administration errors (eg, administered at wrong age) exceeded the statistical threshold for empirical Bayesian data mining findings.

CONCLUSIONS:

No new or unexpected safety concerns or reporting patterns of 9vHPV with clinically important AEs were detected. The safety profile of 9vHPV is consistent with data from prelicensure trials and from postmarketing safety data of its predecessor, the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine.
Chronic, Gross Hematuria Caused by Idiopathic Ureteric Stricture
Authors: Myette Robert L. , Acker Amy
Published: November 2019

An otherwise healthy, 10-year-old boy presented with chronic, gross hematuria. This persisted daily for 5 years despite extensive multidisciplinary workup with renal biopsy and resulted in severe iron deficiency anemia. The extensive workup and requirement for routine follow-up, investigations, and procedures led to significant psychosocial distress for the patient. Initially, it was thought the patient had a nutcracker phenomenon, but on closer inspection of his ureters, an idiopathic, unilateral ureteric stricture was discovered and, after 8 weeks of stenting, resulted in complete resolution of the hematuria. Importantly, the patient’s psychosocial distress resolved after resolution of the hematuria and with the closure that came with a diagnosis.
Neonatal Provider Workforce
Authors: Keels Erin L. , Goldsmith Jay P. ,   COMMITTEE ON FETUS AND NEWBORN, Cummings James J. , Adams-Chapman Ira S. , Aucott Susan Wright , Hand Ivan L. , Juul Sandra E. , Poindexter Brenda Bradley , Puopolo Karen Marie , Stewart Dan L. , Barfield Wanda D.
Published: November 2019

This technical report reviews education, training, competency requirements, and scopes of practice of the different neonatal care providers who work to meet the special needs of neonatal patients and their families in the NICU. Additionally, this report examines the current workforce issues of NICU providers, offers suggestions for establishing and monitoring quality and safety of care, and suggests potential solutions to the NICU provider workforce shortages now and in the future.
Consumo de alimento balanceado en reemplazos de lechería desde el nacimiento hasta las 8 semanas de edad.
Authors: Elizondo-Salazar Jorge Alberto , Monge-Rojas Cynthia Rebeca
Published: November 2019

Las terneras nacen con un rumen sin desarrollarse física y metabólicamente, lo que las clasifica como pre-rumiantes que dependen de la leche para obtener los nutrientes necesarios para crecer. Estimular el consumo de materia seca se convierte por lo tanto en una parte vital en la alimentación de terneras con el fin de llenar sus requerimientos de crecimiento y a la vez estimular el desarrollo del rumen desde temprano y así convertirse en un rumiante funcional. El consumo adecuado de materia seca es el principal objetivo de cualquier programa de alimentación ya que de este depende que los animales adquieran los nutrientes necesarios para desarrollar su potencial productivo, por lo que es importante conocer la concentración de energía de la dieta, la digestibilidad de la ración, palatabilidad, procesamiento, ambiente y consumo de agua, con el fin de estimular el consumo en los animales. Debido a que en Costa Rica existen pocas referencias de los niveles de consumo o ganancia de peso diarios para los animales en la etapa pre-destete, este trabajo pretende analizar algunas de las investigaciones realizadas en los últimos años con el fin de determinar el consumo de alimento en la etapa de predeste. Después de analizar cinco estudios en condiciones similares se encontraron variaciones en el consumo de alimento balanceado a la semana ocho, donde osciló entre 527 y 1017 g, con ganancias de peso que variaron desde los 513 hasta los 714 g/d. Las variaciones en los consumos se pueden deber a algunas diferencias en el desarrollo de las investigaciones, factores raza o la variabilidad entre individuos por lo que es necesario desarrollar más investigaciones para lograr establecer datos de referencia bajo las condiciones del país.
STUDI PENGELOLAAN ZAKAT DI MALAYSIA
Authors: WIRA AHMAD
Published: November 2019

The study of zakat in Malaysia is very interesting when it is associated with the way it is managed. Malaysia is one of the countries that regulates the issue of zakat, even though it is determined by the power of each country. In Malaysia there is no zakat law in the rank of nationality which can unite the zakat management system. In addition, the management of zakat is also still based on the policies of the territories of the fellowship and their respective countries. The management of zakat in Malaysia must determine the direction and have clear ownership in the management of zakat assets collected from muzakki. The objectives in the management of zakat are always directed to: First, increase zakat and payers levies. Secondly, it facilitates the rules of zakat payment. Third, educating Muslims about the obligation to pay alms. Fourth, introducing corporate management in zakat collection by using information and communication technology (ICT).
DINAMIKA STRUKTUR KOMUNITAS LAMUN KEPULAUAN KARIMUNJAWA, KABUPATEN JEPARA
Authors: Rustam Agustin
Published: November 2019

Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi struktur komunitas lamun adalah kondisi lingkungan tempat lamun tumbuh yang dipengaruhi musim. Penelitian ini dilakukan tahun 2016 dan 2018 di perairan kepulauan Karimunjawa, Kabupaten Jepara, Jawa Tengah. Tujuan penelitian ini mendapatkan dinamika kondisi eksisting ekosistem lamun melalui pendekatan struktur komunitas di empat pulau dan monitoring di dua pulau pada dua musim yang berbeda. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan survei lapangan, penentuan titik sampling secara purposive sampling dan dianalisis struktur komunitas lamun serta metode skoring/bobot untuk mengestimasikan kondisi lamun. Hasil penelitian ada sepuluh spesies lamun yang ditemukan di empat pulau dengan 15 titik sampling. Dua pulau dilakukan monitoring terlihat adanya kecenderungan penurunan prosentase penutupan lamun dan berkurangnya spesies lamun namun ada peningkatan keanekaragaman lamun berdasarkan jumlah individu yang ditemukan. Jenis lamun yang berperan penting di Kepulauan Karimunjawa adalah jenis Thalassia  hemprichii, Cymodocea rotundata dan Enhalus acoroides. Peningkatan jumlah individu lamun dikarenakan adanya pergantian peran lamun di lokasi monitoring dengan lamun yang  berukuran lebih kecil dari sebelumnya. Berdasarkan sistem pembobotan dan baku mutu kondisi lingkungan  ekosistem lamun rata-rata menunjukkan kondisi dalam keadaan rusak, kurang kaya dan kurang sehat. Hal ini dapat disebabkan ada potensi pencemaran limbah domestik yang  terperangkap di ekosistem lamun sehingga terjadi penurunan struktur komunitas lamun, ditunjukkan dengan adanya hamparan makro alga di beberapa lokasi, mengindikasikan adanya pengayaan nutrien. Diperlukan pemantauan yang berkelanjutan untuk ekosistem lamun, dan kesadaran masyarakat untuk tidak membuang sampah ke laut, sehingga lingkungan perairan terjaga dengan baik.
Weakly prime ideals issued from an amalgamated algebra
Authors: MAHDOU Najib , ABDOU SALAM MOUTUİ Moutu , ZAHİR Youssef
Published: November 2019

Let $R$ be a commutative ring with identity. A proper ideal $P$ is said to be weakly prime ideal of $R$ if for every $0\neq ab\in P$ where $a,b\in R,$ implies $a\in P$ or $b\in P$. The notion of weakly prime ideal was introduced by Anderson et al. in [Weakly prime ideals, Houston J. Math., 2003] as a generalization of prime ideals. The purpose of this paper is to study the form of weakly prime ideals of amalgamation of $A$ with $B$ along $J$ with respect to $f$ (denoted by $A\bowtie^{f}J$), introduced and studied by D'Anna et al. in [Amalgamated algebras along an ideal, Commutative Algebra and Its Applications, 2009]. Our results provide new techniques for the construction of new original examples of weakly prime ideals. Furthermore, as an application of our results, we provide an upperbound for the weakly Krull dimension of amalgamation.
Anti-Helicobacter pylori vaccine: mith or reality?
Authors: Uspenskiy Yu. P. , Baryshnikova N. V. , Ermolenko E. I. , Suvorov A. N. , Svarval A. V.
Published: November 2019

Here we review the data on the current studies aimed at developing anti-Helicobacter pylori vaccines. Unfortunately, no vaccines recommended for use in human are available now, despite a more than 30-year history of their development and a great body of evidence on vaccine efficiency in animals. Mechanisms underlying vaccine-related effects in animals and human are poorly determined and expect to be further clarified. Moreover, side effects related to vaccines have not investigated in detail. A long-lasting stay of H. pylori in the gastric lumen restricts potential protective effects of host cellular immunity (an effect is mainly associated with antibodies and antimicrobial peptides), that results in low efficacy of systemic immunization and weak immune response. In addition, further complications in developing natural and artificial (vaccination) immune response may be due to the high pathogen variability and low immunogenicity of related antigens. A choice of antigen is crucial upon generating any vaccine. The data on the main pathogen-derived antigens is of high importance while generating both mono- and multicomponent H. pylori vaccines. A number of various antigens was proposed for immunization against H. pylori, some of which are involved in the pathogenetic mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori infection: VacA, CagA, NapA, BabA, SabA and urease. Such vaccines turned out to be efficient in preventing experimental infection in animals. The use of purified microbial antigens successfully induces protective mechanisms to fight against infection, as demonstrated in animal studies (preventive and therapeutic protocols). Compared to using a single antigen, an association of two or three antigens can trigger stronger immune response. Currently, bacterial urease is considered as the most promising candidate antigen, which has been proved to be a valuable a vaccine antigen in numerous studies with mice, ferrets and primates. It remains unclear which route of administration for Helicobacter pylori vaccine would be superior compared to the remainder. Comparing various routes of vaccine administration demonstrated that that mice immunized intranasally and intrarectally resulted in markedly higher protection against Helicobacter pylori infection compared to oral vaccination. Development of H. pylori vaccine faced substantial obstacles due to the pathophysiological, immunological and technological challenges noted above, still remaining an issue so far. At present, a promising approach in advancing H. pylori vaccines is based on using mucosal adjuvants and generation of recombinant probiotics expressing H. pylori-derived antigens for triggering specific immune response upon vaccination.
Enterovirus infection in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Authors: Golitsyna L. N. , Nguyen T. T.T. , Romanenkova N. I. , Luong M. T. , Vu L. T. , Kanaeva O. I. , Bichurina M. A. , Novikova N. A.
Published: November 2019

Human enterovirus infections comprise a group of infectious diseases caused by viruses of Enterovirus A-D species (genus Enterovirus, family Picornaviridae). Enterovirus infections can vary in clinical manifestations and severity, from asymptomatic infection to serious multisystem diseases. During evolution, enterovirus strains with increased neurovirulence or atypical pathogenicity may emerge exhibiting an epidemic potential. Recently, outbreaks of enterovirus infection with an increased rate of neurological manifestations, a significant percentage of severe cases and lethal outcomes have been observed worldwide, which were associated with enteroviruses EV-A71, EV-D68 etc. The World Health Organization has included EV-A71 and EV-D68 enterovirus infection together with some other dangerous viral diseases considered for inclusion in the List of Blueprint Priority Diseases. In connection with this, global enterovirus surveillance is important for controlling emergence and spread of epidemic enterovirus variants, prediction of establishing epidemic situation, timely conduction of preventive measures and vaccine development. A growing multi-field cooperation between Russia and Vietnam leads to increased two-way population migration, which actualizes scientific and practical collaboration in surveillance and control of infectious disease spread, including enterovirus infection. Currently, epidemiological surveillance of enterovirus infection in Vietnam is based on monitoring hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) rate, laboratory diagnostics of enterovirus infection and identification of enterovirus strains, mainly detected in severe patients. In 2001–2016, 34 non-polio virus types were identified in patients with enterovirus infection, largely represented by viruses EV-A71, CVA6, CVA10, and CVA16. Moreover, the peak incidence of enterovirus infection and related mortality rate were associated with the increased activity of EV-A71 virus. In Vietnam, EVA71 enterovirus of genotypes C1, C4, C5 and B5 circulated at different times. Over the last years, a new pandemic genotype virus CVA6 has been dominating as a causative agent of enterovirus infection in Vietnam as well as the majority of other countries. The data on phylogenetic relation between Vietnamese epidemic EV-A71 and CVA6 strains allowed to find that they underwent multiple betweencountry spreads, whereas their subsequent in-country dissemination resulted in 2011–2012 enterovirus outbreak and sustained high-level HFMD morbidity.
Features of immune response against influenza infection in animals vaccinated with recombinant cross-protective vaccine
Authors: Tsybalova L. M. , Stepanova L. A. , Korotkov A. V. , Shuklina M. A. , Zaitseva M. V. , Grishchenko V. I. , Kotlyarov R. Yu.
Published: November 2019

Generating cross-reactive vaccines aimed at targeting all human influenza A virus subtypes is among high priority tasks in contemporary vaccinology. Such vaccines will be primarily demanded during pre-pandemic period as well as used to prime some population cohorts prior to vaccination with standard vaccines containing area-relevant epidemic virus. Unlike routine approach universal vaccines do not induce a sterilizing immunity, but significantly ameliorate overt infection and probable complications. Our study was aimed at evaluating characteristics of immune response in experimental animals primed with a candidate universal vaccine challenged with sublethal influenza A virus infection. Mice were immunized intranasally with the recombinant protein FlgH2-2-4M2e containing conservative peptides derived from two influenza A virus proteins: M2 protein ectodomain and 76–130 amino acid sequence from the second hemagglutinin (HA2) subunit genetically linked to bacterial flagellin protein, which is a ligand for Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5). Control mice received saline. Two weeks after immunization, mice from both groups were infected with a sublethal dose of A/Aichi/2/68 AN3N2 influenza virus strain. Level of immunoglobulins G and A in the blood sera and bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) were determined two weeks after immunization and 1 month post infection. Percentage of lung CD4+ T and CD4+ Tem (CD44+CD62L–) cells secreting cytokines TNFα, IFNγ, IL-2 was determined. Immunized vs. control mice responded to sublethal infection with the influenza virus by insignificant weight loss and more pronounced production of vaccine peptide-specific (M2e and aa76–130 HA2) and pan-influenza A/Aichi/2/68 virus IgG and A in the blood sera and BAL. After challenge the number of CD4+ T cells secreting cytokines TNFα and/or IL-2 in immunized mice significantly exceeded counterpart T cells in unimmunized animals that was true for both CD4+T and CD4+ Tem cells. Memory CD4+ T cells were previously shown to play a key role in the prime-boost event and heterosubtypic immune response. Thus, we were able to demonstrate a priming effect for recombinant cross-protective vaccine used in our experiment.
Tuberculosis outcomes related to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotype
Authors: Pasechnik O. A. , Vyazovaya A. A. , Dymova M. A. , Blokh A. I. , Stasenko V. L. , Tatarintseva M. P. , Mokrousov I. V.
Published: November 2019

Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains of different phylogenetic lineages and genetic families differ in biological properties that determine, to some extent, epidemiological features and clinical manifestation in tuberculosis (TB) patients.The aim of the study was to assess the risk of an adverse outcome of the disease in TB patients caused by various M. tuberculosis genotypes.Materials and methods. A total of 425 patients with respiratory TB were enrolled in this study. They were registered at phthisiatric facilities in the Omsk region from March 2015 to June 2017 period and included: males — 73.1%, mean age 39.9 years, females — 26.9%, mean age 42.0 years. M. tuberculosis culture and drug susceptibility testing and DNA extraction were performed in accordance with standard methods. Strains were assigned to the M. tuberculosis Beijing genotype and its epidemiologically relevant clusters B0/W148 and 94-32 by PCR based detection of specific markers. Non-Beijing strains were subjected to spoligotyping.Results. We found that 66.5% isolates belonged to the Beijing genotype, 12.8% — to LAM, 10.1% — to T, and 4.7% — to the Ural genotype. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) to anti-TB drugs was observed in 195 M. tuberculosis strains (45.9%). Moreover, Beijing genotype was more often isolated from patients with MDR-TB infection (PR = 2.09 (95% CI 1.6–2.74) and TB infection associated with HIV infection (PR = 1.14 (95% CI 1.01–1.31). Lethal outcome was double higher in patients infected with Beijing vs. non-Beijing strains, 28.6% vs. 14.0% (PR = 2.03; 95% CI 1.3–3.17). The risk factors were identified as follows: young age 18–44 years (RR = 1.7; 95% CI 1.18–2.7), co-morbidity with HIV (RR = 5.0; 95% CI 3.39–7.45), multiple (RR = 1.7; 95% CI 1.14–2.55) and extensive drug resistance (RR = 2.57; 95% CI 1.35–4.92), and association with the Beijing genotype (RR = 2.0, 95% CI 1.3–3.17).Conclusion. M. tuberculosis spread in the Omsk region is characterised by significant prevalence of the Beijing genotype, associated with multiple and extensive drug resistance. A significant association of adverse clinical outcomes and various factors, including association with the Beijing genotype, requires development of new approaches in the fight against tuberculosis.
Assessing efficiency of epidemiological security system for the medical organization
Authors: Stepanova T. F. , Bakshtanovskaya I. V. , Rebeshchenko A. P. , Mazurkevich V. V.
Published: November 2019

Healthcare workers comprise a high-risk cohort of developing diverse infections caused by opportunistic and pathogenic microbes. Among medical workers of the Russian Federation the first rank place in occupational diseases is held by tuberculosis of respiratory organs accounting for more than half of all registered occupational diseases. Moreover, its high incidence is particularly noted among forensic specialists and medical workers in anti-tuberculosis institutions. The organization of epidemiological surveillance and tuberculosis prevention medical workers so far remains unsolved both scientifically and practically. On one hand, high TB incidence in pattern of clinical TB forms may be due to higher percentage of patients suffering from common, advanced and complicated forms of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection as well as rise of socially significant co-infections (HIV+tuberculosis) among the population. Specialists from the Regional Bureau of Forensic Medicine were examined during 2009–2018 time period by using molecular genetic approaches to analyze 4948 wash samples (2009–2013 — 3649 samples; 2014–2018 — 1299 swabs) collected from various environmental objects, medical overalls and hands of medical specialists while performing professional duties in autopsy rooms, laboratories as well as facilities housekeeping department. It was demonstrated that M. tuberculosis DNA was detected in 353 and 81 swabs in 2009–2013 and 2014–2018 time period. Based on intensity of contacting with pathogenic biological agents, production technologies applied in the Regional Bureau of Forensic Medicine were divided into two groups. M. tuberculosis contamination in diverse facilities or any item as well as a contamination risk for medical worker hands and medical overalls were evaluated in accordance with professional duties assigned to individual specialists, followed by calculating significant differences in groups exami ned. It was found that some facilities and environmental items most exposed to a high-risk M. tuberculosis contamination were identified, which are involved in pathogen spreading from autopsy rooms outside to the remainder of facilities. It allowed for autho rities to improve performance of activities ensuring epidemiological security for attending specia lists that not only resulted in significantly decreased incidence of M. tuberculosis DNA detection, but also lowered TB incidence rate among them from 292.4 down to 280.9 cases and 46.3 per 10 thousand workers during 2007–2009 and 2017–2018 time period, respectively.
Assessing survival rate of HPV-positive and HPV-negative cervical cancer patients
Authors: Ibragimova M. K. , Tsyganov M. M. , Churuksaeva O. N. , Kolomiets L. A. , Litviakov N. V.
Published: November 2019

Currently, studies highlighting features of emergence, development, clinical score and prognosis for patients with HPV-negative cervical cancer are scarce. However, the data regarding high recurrence rate and mortality in patients with HPV-negative head and neck cancer are demonstrated. Here, cervical canal and exocervical scraping samples collected from 116 patients with primary cervical cancer, I–IV stages, aged 24 to 79 years, were examined with real-time PCR assay for assessing prevalence of 12 high oncogenic risk human papillomavirus (HPV) strains, genotyping and viral load. It was found that 84 (72.4%) and 32 cervical cancer patients (27.6%) were positive and negative, respectively, for high oncogenic risk (HR) HPV strains. Based on these data, patients were further subdivided into two groups: HPV-positive and HPVnegative patient group. Genotyping HPV-positive samples revealed that HPV genotype 16 was found in 67.8% of cases that agrees with data published worldwide. In addition, relapse-free and overall survival (HPV-positive and HPV-negative patients) rate were also evaluated in both groups. It was demonstrated that survival rate was significantly decreased in HPVnegative cervical cancer patients additionally characterized by less favorable prognosis. Moreover, length of relapse-free survival as well as overall survival for HPV-positive vs. HPV-negative patients was 102 vs. 68 months as well as 52 vs. 83 months, respectively. On the other hand, it was demonstrated that recurrence rate, clinical score and progression of cervical cancer directly depend on cancer spread observed at primary medical examination. Of note, the majority of primary cervical cancer relapses are diagnosed within the first 2 years after completing treatment. In addition, an increasing relapse rate has been documented in cervical cancer patients at advanced stages. Upon that, biological cancer behavior remains poorly predictable even in patients at similar disease stage. Therefore, it is essential that HPV as an important prognostic factor would be taken into account for choosing proper therapeutic strategy for treatment of patients with cervical cancer.