bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Impact of Capillary Moisture on Topsoil Carbon Mineralisation in Flemish Cropland Using a Physical Barrier
Authors: Françoys Astrid , Hu Junwei , Dewitte Kevin , Boeckx Pascal , Cornelis Wim , De Neve Stefaan , Sleutel Steven
Published: February 2025

To accurately predict soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks under a changing climate, models must properly integrate soil hydrological controls. In Northwest Europe, prolonged droughts are expected, during which capillary moisture transport may help maintain topsoil moisture. At present, the importance of capillary moisture supply for topsoil moisture during dry summers remains uncertain, and so it is not clear if account thereof during SOC stock simulation is needed. This study aimed to determine whether a ~2‐m deep groundwater table supplies moisture to topsoil during a dry summer and its effect on SOC mineralisation in six croplands across common textures (loamy sand, (sandy) loam and silt loam) in Flanders. We adopted a novel approach by installing repacked topsoil columns in situ within the plough layer, with or without a gravel layer below to act as a hydraulic barrier. In the loamy sand and (sandy) loam soils, groundwater tables of up to 2.3‐m depth appeared too deep to affect topsoil through capillary moisture transport in our setup since topsoil was even slightly wetter in the gravel treatment, likely due to impeded downward water redistribution following rainfall. This artefact could be avoided with deeper barrier placement. In contrast, in the silt loam fields with groundwater tables up to 2‐m depth, soil at a 15‐cm depth was significantly wetter (25% volumetric water content (VWC) and a matric suction of −405 cm water height (WH)) when upward water transport was unobstructed compared to when it was blocked by the gravel barrier (18% VWC and −445 cm WH) during a 1‐month drought period with very limited rainfall (5.8 mm). Surprisingly, this moisture increase via capillary rise did not enhance C mineralisation. Apparently, in these silt loam soils, C mineralization did not strongly depend on moisture, whereas in the coarser loamy sand soil, temporal moisture fluctuations had a greater impact on C mineralisation. This suggests that if capillary rise were to reach the topsoil, for instance with shallower groundwater, it could potentially influence C mineralisation. However, further research is needed to confirm this effect. Overall, whether groundwater moisture supply significantly impacted topsoil moisture and C mineralisation could only be evaluated in the silt loam croplands. Nonetheless, the proposed hydraulic barrier, with a recommended deeper installation, offers a promising tool for further testing conditions where capillary wetting may influence SOC dynamics.
Acute and persistent changes in neural oscillatory activity predict development of epilepsy following acute organophosphate intoxication in adult rats
Authors: MacMahon Jeremy A. , Andrew Peter M. , Izadi Ali , Bruun Donald A. , Saito Naomi H. , Tancredi Daniel J. , Brooks‐Kayal Amy , Lein Pamela J. , Gurkoff Gene G.
Published: February 2025

Objective

Acute organophosphate (OP) intoxication affects a significant number of individuals worldwide. Those who survive OP‐induced cholinergic crisis, which includes status epilepticus, often develop neurological morbidities. Here, we provide a rigorous characterization of the acute and delayed electrophysiological responses to OP intoxication with the goal of identifying early electrophysiological changes that predict later brain changes, including spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS).

Methods

Male and female rats were implanted with electroencephalographic (EEG) and intracranial EEG electrodes prior to acute intoxication with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP). All animals received standard of care therapeutics and were recorded continuously for 70 min post‐DFP, then again for 5 min at 180 min post‐DFP, 1 day postexposure (DPE), 3 DPE, and 7 DPE. Between 7 and 14 DPE, animals were recorded continuously.

Results

In both sexes, acute DFP intoxication produced rapid and robust elevations in broadband power that were reduced but not terminated by midazolam (MDZ). Theta–delta ratio (TDR) was reduced immediately following DFP exposure and was further depressed by MDZ intervention. In the days that followed, broadband power and TDR recovered toward baseline. From 7 to 14 DPE, electrographic spiking was observed in all animals, and 80% developed SRS. Increased broadband power during status epilepticus was positively correlated with spike rate and SRS frequency. Slower recovery of broadband power to baseline in the days following exposure also correlated with increased SRS burden. Finally, a higher acute TDR correlated with increased spike rates at 3 and 7 DPE.

Significance

The data presented in this study provide a rigorous characterization of post‐DFP electrographic sequelae that significantly extends the field's current understanding of electrophysiological shifts caused by acute OP intoxication. Critically, we identified potential EEG‐based biomarkers that may identify at‐risk patients in a clinical setting.
Cybersafety in Conversation: Unifying People and Policy
Authors: MACARTHUR COLIN , BANYARD MELISSA
Published: February 2025

Cybersecurity needs a systems update. How leaders identify and secure against virtual threats has fallen out of sync with how everyday people experience the dangers of the internet. Decision makers frame cybersecurity in dollars and cents lost, while advocates labor to humanize victims of online violence. This space lacks a common definition of safety, which is evident in the growing erosion of public trust in platforms and tech policy makers alike. In this paper, researchers from complementary ends of the cybersecurity space argue that mixed methods and ecosystems approach can lay the groundwork for improved unity between policy and people.
Quit Playing Language Games with My Heart; or, Conversational AI and Knowledge Sharing
Authors: McGRATH LARRY S.
Published: February 2025

This paper shares guidance for designing conversational AI based on findings from linguistic and social analysis of core shifts introduced by large language models. When Duolingo and Babbel added AI features to their language learning apps, the games that users play on the apps was transformed, giving us a window into the structure of AI‐driven user interactions in general. Dynamic, turn‐taking dialogues resembling natural conversation now appear alongside multiple‐choice and drag‐and‐drop vocabulary games. The transformation is not just technological: It also lays bare the shifting language games that we have come to play more broadly in our interactions with LLMs such as Chat‐GPT, Claude, and Gemini. People engage with them in back‐and‐forth conversations in which different kinds of speech acts are at play. By contrast, traditional conversational agents based on decision‐tree learning rely on discrete, finite, and close‐ended commands. The paper argues that the future of AI conversation is one in which rule‐based interactions co‐exist with intention‐based interactions powered by generative AI. Design elements on Duolingo, in particular, draw on diverse styles of communication and offer guidance to ensure that conversational AI platforms in general remain open to new forms of dialogue that enrich both artificial and natural conversation alike.
Why Don't We Post (Like We Used To)?: Multidimensional Context Collapse and Teenagers' Generative Responses to the Original Paradigm of Social Media
Authors: SARMIENTO KRISTIN , COTTON ISABELLE , TERRY JOSH , VENTURA LEA , JIMENEZ SHAYLI
Published: February 2025

With insights from original, multinational research and analysis of key social science studies, this paper deepens our understanding of how and why social media is changing. We explore the evolution of social media and “public broadcasting” over the past two decades, arguing that teen participants have shifted away from the original social media paradigm and towards more private and ephemeral forms of sharing. Building on existing theories of “context collapse”, we examining how traditional boundaries of audience, time, and meaning blur on social platforms. Rich ethnographic research shows how teen participants have adapted to multidimensional context collapse through multilayered, generative strategies that challenge the perceived passivity of their “empty profiles”, allowing them to reclaim social media as a place that reflects their generation's values.
Mother Tongue: The Role of Vernacular Knowledge in Chronic Illness and Healthcare
Authors: SALDARRIAGA JULIANA
Published: February 2025

This work demonstrates how and why the expertise of non‐medical actors, such as patients, caregivers, and patient advocacy groups, is essential for improving patient outcomes and quality of life. ‘Vernacular’ knowledge, including community beliefs, values, networks, and practices, both challenge and collaborate with institutional scientific knowledge. The value of this interaction of multiple kinds of knowledge is illuminated through a study of spinal muscular atrophy in Colombia, which explores how mother caregivers develop unique expertise, devices, and care practices, and use online social networks to share and learn both clinical and vernacular information. Supported by a broad body of evidence and theory, this paper makes a powerful case for elevating vernacular knowledge and the people and communities who practice it. It also showcases methods and channels that researchers and medical professionals can use to collaborate with caregivers in these non‐institutional, but medically essential, spaces.
Project WORMS (working to overcome resistance and make for a sustainable future): Horse owner survey of equine parasite control. Part 2. Anthelmintic use
Authors: Shrubb J. , Robinson N. , Rendle D. , Schofield I. , Scott C. , Crabtree J. , Hunter G. , Dean R. , Parker R. , Mair T.
Published: February 2025

Background

Anthelmintic resistance in equine parasites is increasing; frequent anthelmintic use accelerates it.

Objectives

To investigate how horse owners use diagnostic testing and anthelmintics to control intestinal parasites.

Study design

Cross‐sectional study conducted through an online questionnaire of UK horse owners.

Methods

The questionnaire (combination of multiple choice, Likert scale and free text questions) was distributed via practices, equestrian organisations, etc. from December 2021 to October 2022. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed in Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS.

Results

There were 4232 usable responses. Owners of horses on livery yards were less likely to make anthelmintic‐use decisions than those on private properties (p < 0.001); managers made decisions in 39.6% of horses on livery yards. Over half (52.0%) administered anthelmintics based on faecal egg counts (FECs)/tapeworm ELISA results, but 30.0% gave anthelmintics at least annually regardless of any results. Owners who sought veterinary advice were more likely to administer anthelmintics based on test results (both p < 0.001). The frequency of routine worming was higher if they did not test (p < 0.001); 88.9% wormed all horses on pasture at the same time. Moxidectin was the first choice for 82.2% of owners. Regular FECs were performed by 84.7%, higher for those who sought veterinary advice (89.3%, p < 0.001). Tapeworm ELISAs were utilised by 40.8%, higher for those on a health programme (68.1%; p < 0.001); 58.5% were routinely treated for tapeworms regardless of test results.

Main limitations

Selection bias and social desirability bias. Horse owners were asked to complete the survey for one horse only.

Conclusions

The uptake of diagnostic testing, particularly FECs, was higher than previously reported, but routine anthelmintic use was still common. Horse owners who sought advice from their veterinarian, or whose horse was enrolled in a health programme, were more likely to take a diagnostic‐led approach to parasite control.
Population pharmacokinetics of sivelestat in Chinese patients with severe pneumonia
Authors: Zhang Xiaolin , Hu Huiliang , Li Ziran , Zhang Peng , Pan Lei , Wang Lei , Mao Jingqin , Li Feng , Zhang Lijun
Published: February 2025

Background

Sivelestat sodium, an inhibitor of neutrophil elastase, was broadly used in the treatment of severe pneumonia. However, the pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of sivelestat in patients with severe pneumonia were still unknown.

Objectives

To understand the PK characteristics of sivelestat for optimizing the dose in Chinese patients with severe pneumonia.

Methods

In this study, we enrolled 15 participants who received sivelestat 300–500 mg every 24 h with an infusion duration of 5 to 14 days. Blood samples of 48 were collected and separated for plasma drug concentration detection by an ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. A population pharmacokinetic (PPK) analysis of sivelestat was performed using a monolix2024R1 software. A Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to assess various dosing schedules and varying covariate levels within the desired therapeutic drug‐monitoring concentration range (Cmin,ss 8–12 mg/L).

Results

The patients had a mean age of 65 years (range, 35–87), with 2 females and 13 males. These data were best described by a one‐compartment model with proportional residual error. The apparent distribution volume and apparent clearance (CL) of sivelestat were 20.88 L and 1.79 L/h, respectively. The clearance of sivelestat is influenced by the covariate total bilirubin (TBIL), prompting a recommendation for a reduced dose in patients with elevated TBIL levels.

Conclusion

In conclusion, our findings suggest that the CL/F in patients with severe pneumonia is similar to that in healthy individuals. TBIL can affect CL/F of sivelestat; therefore, TBIL‐based dosing regimens provide a practical strategy for achieving sivelestat therapy.
Phosphatidic acid induces cytoskeletal rearrangements through the Src‐FAK‐RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway during decidualization
Authors: Jun Hyeon‐Jeong , Lee So Young , Park Shin‐Young , Choi Joong Sub , Yoon Mee‐Sup , Han Joong‐Soo
Published: February 2025

Decidualization, the transformation of human endometrial stromal cells from a fibroblast‐like to a rounded morphology, is crucial for creating a receptive intrauterine environment that supports successful embryo implantation. While decidual markers such as insulin‐like growth factor‐binding protein 1 and prolactin are well studied, the specific signaling mechanisms underlying morphological changes during decidualization remain unclear. In this study, we identified the phosphatidic acid (PA)‐Src‐focal adhesion kinase (FAK)‐RhoA/Rho‐associated protein kinase (ROCK) signaling pathway as a critical regulator of cytoskeletal rearrangement during PA‐induced decidualization in human endometrial stromal cells. PA, a product of phospholipase D1, activates FAK, initiating a cascade of events involving Src‐family kinases and RhoA signaling, ultimately leading to the cytoskeletal changes necessary for decidualization. Our in vitro experiments showed that PA‐induced decidualization involved the formation of stress fibers mediated by ROCK activation. The traditional decidual markers, insulin‐like growth factor‐binding protein 1 and prolactin, did not significantly influence these morphological changes, suggesting that the PA‐induced pathway operates independently of these markers. In vivo studies in ovariectomized mice demonstrated that PA injection into the uterine horn increased the uterine cavity weight and wall thickness, reinforcing the role of PA in promoting decidualization. These findings highlight the importance of the PA‐Src‐FAK‐RhoA‐ROCK pathway in regulating cytoskeletal dynamics during decidualization and suggest potential therapeutic targets for addressing implantation‐associated infertility.
Eye care practitioners and falls prevention for older adults: A scoping review
Authors: Chen Jingyi , Alam Khyber , Lee Si Ye , Hill Anne‐Marie
Published: February 2025

Aim

Eye care practitioners are well‐placed in the community to provide falls prevention advice to older adults, but existing literature offers scant insight into whether this occurs in practice. This scoping review aimed to map and synthesize the evidence for community eye care practitioners' awareness and behaviors in falls prevention in older adults, as well as barriers and enablers to implementation of falls evidence.

Methods

This review process was guided by the Arksey and O'Malley framework for scoping reviews and PRISMA‐ScR guidelines. MEDLINE, CINAHL Complete, Embase, Web of Science and OpenMD were searched for published and gray literature between January 1990 to October 2024. Data were mapped against the World Falls Guidelines framework of: (i) risk stratification, (ii) assessment, and (iii) management, and a barriers and enablers framework.

Results

A total of 19 sources met the inclusion criteria. Few studies directly captured results from eye care practitioners. The results suggested a gap in implementation of falls guideline evidence. Community eye care practitioners had low levels of awareness about falls, and were not routinely implementing falls history taking, risk stratification and assessment of contrast, visual fields, and stereopsis. Eye care practitioners might not be referring patients for exercise and environmental interventions.

Conclusion

The evidence suggests that eye care practitioners have some awareness of falls prevention, but might benefit from better understanding of evidence‐based falls guidelines. There appeared to be gaps that exist between evidence and translation into practice. Future studies should explore practitioner experiences and implementation efforts to improve falls prevention in community eye care. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2025; ••: ••–••.
Associations between social frailty, use of digital device and depression among community‐dwelling older adults: A population‐based cross‐sectional study
Authors: Hwang Mina , Hwang Yeji
Published: February 2025

Aim

Social frailty is prevalent among community‐dwelling older adults, and it is a leading factor associated with depression in this population. Digital devices can provide opportunities to engage in social or recreational activities, helping to reduce depression in older adults, regardless of their level of social frailty. However, little is known about which specific activities older adults engage in with such devices can lower depression. Therefore, this study aimed to examine which activities are associated with a lower likelihood of developing depression after adjusting for social frailty.

Methods

A secondary data analysis was carried out using the 2020 National Survey of Older Koreans, which includes a nationally representative sample of community‐dwelling older adults in Korea (n = 9920). Depression was measured using the Geriatric Depression Scale, social frailty was measured with the Social Frailty Index and digital device use was measured using 11 items from the survey. The 11 items included sending and receiving text messages, searching for information, taking pictures or videos, watching videos, playing games, and more. The data were analyzed using weighted logistic regressions.

Results

In this study, 13% of participants showed depression. After adjusting for social frailty, the following activities were significantly related to lower odds of depression: playing games (OR 0.618, 95% CI 0.438–0.872, P = 0.006), and searching for and installing applications (OR 0.590, 95% CI 0.372–0.937, P = 0.025).

Conclusions

Older adults engaging in activities using digital devices are less likely to develop depression. Educational programs should be developed to teach older adults about various activities they can perform with digital devices. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2025; ••: ••–••.
Plasma‐Derived von Willebrand Factor/Factor VIII Concentrate (Haemate P) in von Willebrand Disease: A Systematic Review and Pharmacovigilance Update
Authors: Ettingshausen Carmen Escuriola , Lassila Riitta , Escolar Gines , Male Christoph , Schirner Kathrin , Heyder Lisa , Berntorp Erik
Published: February 2025

Background

Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is an inherited bleeding disorder caused by deficient or dysfunctional von Willebrand factor (VWF). VWF replacement therapy is indicated in VWD management.

Methods

This systematic review was conducted to evaluate all available evidence of the efficacy, safety, dosing and consumption of pasteurized plasma‐derived human coagulation FVIII/human VWF (pdVWF/FVIII; Haemate P/Humate‐P) concentrate for on‐demand (OD) treatment, surgical prophylaxis and long‐term prophylaxis of patients with VWD. A systematic search was performed in MEDLINE and Cochrane Library databases to identify studies (7 June 1982–31 May 2023) reporting the use of pdVWF/FVIII in VWD according to predefined selection criteria. Pharmacovigilance data were also retrieved for the same period.

Results

Fifteen studies were identified, 12 being observational and three interventional. Efficacy and safety assessments and treatment protocols varied across the studies which hindered direct comparisons. Haemostatic efficacy of pdVWF/FVIII was rated excellent/good for OD treatment in 95%–98% of bleeds and in 94%–100% of surgeries. In two separate studies, prophylactic efficacy was rated excellent/good in 100% of treatment cycles. Where reported, median annualized bleeding rates decreased from 3–24 prior prophylaxis to 0.5–6 during prophylaxis. Analysis of pharmacovigilance safety reports showed that pdVWF/FVIII was associated with a low rate of adverse events.

Conclusions

This systematic literature review and analysis of pharmacovigilance data summarize evidence of over 40 years of clinical use of pdVWF/FVIII, supporting its safety and efficacy in VWD.
Advances in Helicobacter pylori Antimicrobial Resistance Detection: From Culture‐Based to Multi‐Omics‐Based Technologies
Authors: Kuang Zupeng , Wu Yuwei , Xie Xinqiang , Zhao Xinyu , Chen Huiyuan , Wu Lei , Gao He , Zhao Hui , Liang Tingting , Zhang Jumei , Li Ying , Wu Qingping
Published: February 2025

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a proven carcinogenic microbe, necessitates antimicrobial treatment once infected. However, H. pylori worldwide currently faces serious antibiotic resistance (AMR), requiring infected patients to undergo antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) to guide therapy. Currently, the recommended ASTs for H. pylori are culture‐based methods, which are time‐consuming, complicated, and expensive, impeding their widespread application. With in‐depth researches on the AMR mechanisms of H. pylori, specific gene mutations and novel proteins have been confirmed as the cause of AMR and can serve as targets of ASTs. Accordingly, molecular biology detection has been developed and tremendously shortened the time and reduced difficulty of AST. However, these assays still struggle to meet the enormous testing demand and need for even faster, simpler, and more accurate methods. In recent years, researchers have developed various new platforms based on biosensors, transcriptomics, proteomics, and single‐cell analysis. This review introduces the AMR mechanisms of H. pylori and summarizes the current ASTs from the working principles to application characteristics. Additionally, we draw attention to the potentially applicable techniques for AST of H. pylori from DNA, RNA, protein, and cell perspectives. By systematically recapitulating the past, present, and future of AST for H. pylori, this review provides valuable insights for developing novel assays.
Metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease is a risk factor for gallstones: A multicenter cohort study
Authors: Cho Tomonori , Fukunaga Shuhei , Ohzono Daiki , Tanaka Hiroshi , Minami Shinpei , Nakane Tomoyuki , Mukasa Michita , Yoshinaga Shinobu , Nouno Ryuichi , Takedatsu Hidetoshi , Kawaguchi Takumi
Published: February 2025

Aim

Gallstone formation is associated with metabolic dysfunction. Recently, new definitions of steatotic liver disease (SLD) have been proposed, including metabolic dysfunction‐associated SLD (MASLD) and moderate alcohol intake (MetALD). We investigated the effects of MASLD/MetALD on gallstone formation.

Methods

This multicenter observational cohort study enrolled 8766 consecutive health‐check examinees who underwent abdominal ultrasonography between 2008 and 2021 (total observation period 39,105.9 person‐years). All patients were classified into non‐SLD, MASLD, or MetALD groups. The effect of MASLD on gallstone development was evaluated using multivariate Cox regression analysis.

Results

Age, male sex, and MASLD were identified as independent risk factors for gallstone development. MASLD was associated with a significantly higher risk of developing gallstones than non‐SLD (hazard ratio [HR] 1.7112; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4294–2.0486; p < 0.0001) and MetALD (HR 1.3516, 95% CI 1.0130–1.8033, p = 0.0406). However, the risk of MetALD did not significantly differ between the SLD and non‐SLD groups. Hypertension was the only significant independent cardiometabolic risk factor for gallstone development in the MASLD group (HR 1.4350, 95% CI 1.0545–1.9528; p = 0.0216). Random forest analysis and directed acyclic graphs identified hypertension as the most important direct factor affecting gallstone development in patients with MASLD.

Conclusions

MASLD was an independent risk factor for gallstone development, whereas MetALD presented a similar risk as non‐SLD. Moderate alcohol consumption may reduce the risk of gallstone formation in patients with MASLD. Hypertension may be the most significant cardiometabolic risk factor for gallstone development in patients with MASLD.
Effects of Li+ and/or F− modification methods on the sintering behaviors, microstructures of Mg2SiO4 ceramics
Authors: Bian J. J. , Liu Q. R.
Published: February 2025

In this paper, we prepared four different Mg2SiO4 samples modified by LiF‐addition, LiF‐doping, Li2CO3‐addition, and purely F−doping, respectively to comparatively investigate the effects of the Li+ and/or F− modification methods on the sintering behaviors, microstructures, and microwave dielectric properties of the Mg2SiO4 ceramics. It was found that the sintering behaviors, reactions involved in the process, and corresponding microstructures of the modified Mg2SiO4 ceramics are sensitive to the Li+ and/or F− modification methods. The 2 wt% LiF‐doped, F‐doped, Li2CO3‐added, and LiF‐added samples could be densified at 1575°C/2 h, 1525°C/2 h, 1400°C/2 h, and 900°C/2 h, respectively. The liquid phase sintering justified the enhancement of sinterability by the LiF or Li2CO3‐addition. The lower sintering temperature of the LiF‐added sample than that of the Li2CO3‐added one could be understood by considering the lower melting point (∼800°C) and viscosity of the LiF–SiO2–SiF4 ternary eutectic liquid phase than that of Li2SiO3–SiO2 binary liquid phase (∼1350°C). The easy evaporation of SiF4 for the LiF‐added Mg2SiO4 results in a high porosity of ∼5% after sintering at 900°C. All modified samples demonstrate similar optimized relative dielectric permittivities (εr) of ∼7 and Q × f values of ∼83000 GHz despite slight differences in the porosities and phase assemblages.
Ion sputtering resistance of dense h‐BN thick film prepared via a chemical vapor deposition technique
Authors: Chen Lei , Yao Dongxu , Zhu Ming , Zhao Jun , Xia Yongfeng , Zeng Yu‐Ping
Published: February 2025

Hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) ceramics are promising materials for Hall thruster acceleration channel walls due to their high heat resistance, low thermal expansion, superior thermal shock resistance, and appropriate secondary electron emission coefficients. Nevertheless, its utility is considerably curtailed by a limited service life due to inadequate densification and suboptimal ion sputtering resistance. In this work, dense h‐BN ceramics were fabricated through hot‐press sintering utilizing Y2O3‐Al2O3 as a sintering additive. A chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique was then employed to create a dense h‐BN thick film on the ceramic surface. Furthermore, an assessment of the sputtering resistance of the obtained h‐BN ceramic and the dense h‐BN thick film is conducted through focused ion beam sputtering. Results show that the sputtering depth of the dense h‐BN thick film is only 50% of that of the h‐BN ceramics under identical conditions. Following the depletion of the thick film, the sputtering loss rate of the h‐BN ceramics with the film matches that of those without. These results underscore the efficacy of depositing a dense h‐BN thick film through CVD, offering a potent strategy for substantially enhancing the ion sputtering resistance of h‐BN ceramics without necessitating alterations in composition.
Cutaneous Side Effects of PD‐1 Inhibitors: A Single‐Center Retrospective Study
Authors: Pozsgai Melánia , Sebastian Udoh Frieda‐Rex , Oláh Péter , Németh Viktória , Gyulai Rolland , Lengyel Zsuzsanna
Published: February 2025

Background

The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) opened a new era in cancer immunotherapy. In particular, PD‐1 inhibitors have shown remarkable efficacy in various cancers, most notably melanoma. However, the widespread use of immune checkpoint inhibitors comes with the challenge of immune‐related adverse events (irAEs), with cutaneous toxicities being the most prevalent.

Methods

A retrospective, single‐center study was carried out to investigate the cutaneous side effects in patients diagnosed with melanoma and treated with PD‐1 inhibitors (pembrolizumab or nivolumab) at the Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Oncodermatology, University of Pécs, Hungary. The study included patients with stage III or IV melanoma who received PD‐1 inhibitor monotherapy, either for metastatic or adjuvant purposes, from August 2015 to May 2022.

Results

A cohort of 174 patients was examined, with 29% experiencing cutaneous adverse events (cAEs). The most prevalent cutaneous toxicities were vitiligo (n = 18; 27%), maculopapular rash (n = 14; 21%), pruritus (n = 14; 21%), xerostomia (n = 8; 12%), and lichenoid dermatitis (n = 4; 6%). Treatment primarily involved topical corticosteroids and emollients, with a few cases requiring systemic therapy. Notably, the occurrence of dermatologic adverse events was associated with improved progression‐free survival (PFS) (p = 0.007) and overall survival (OS) (p = 0.026) compared to those without any skin toxicity (p < 0.0001), emphasizing their potential prognostic significance. Our data were not influenced by any well‐known prognostic factors of melanoma.

Conclusion

Our study contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting the prognostic value of cutaneous adverse events in patients treated with PD‐1 inhibitors. Optimizing treatment strategies while maintaining oncologic therapy is essential, highlighting the role of dermatologists in multidisciplinary cancer care.
‘Charge what you think you're worth’: a qualitative study exploring the gender pay gap in medicine and the role of price transparency
Authors: La Brooy Camille , Sabanovic Hana , Méndez Susan J. , Yong Jongsay , Scott Anthony , Elshaug Adam G. , Prang Khic‐Houy
Published: February 2025

Background

The gender pay gap in medicine is entrenched and has a negative impact on economic growth, institutional reputation and financial success, recruitment, retention and job satisfaction of female specialists and patient care. It also discourages women from entering specialist fields of medicine. In the Australian unregulated market setting, female specialists are not simply getting paid less, they are choosing to set lower fees than their male counterparts.

Aims

We examine how implicit and explicit gender biases affect how fees are set and the potential role of price transparency in addressing the gender pay gap.

Methods

We conducted 27 semi‐structured interviews with medical specialists recruited via social media and medical society newsletters between June 2021 and March 2022. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Twenty surgeons and seven anaesthetists, 15 of whom identified as male and 12 as female, participated in this study. The primary outcomes and measures focused on the perspectives of surgeons and anaesthetists regarding fee‐setting practices.

Results

A combination of contextual and market‐ and gender‐related factors was the source of the biases that determine fee setting. Further, information asymmetry in medicine in Australia underlies current fee‐setting practices, exacerbating and entrenching false perceptions about women's skills as surgeons and anaesthetists. Women tend to internalise these biases, self‐regulating their behaviours and how they set their fees.

Conclusion

The gender pay gap is pervasive. Greater transparency on fees and quality could be explored as a potential solution to reduce pay inequality.
Faculty‐Led Action Research on Simulation‐Based Learning: Enhancing Mental Health Nursing Competency in Undergraduate Education at a Public University in Oman
Authors: Prabha Valsaraj Blessy , K. Y. Divya , Al Gharibi Koukab , Qutishat Mohammed
Published: February 2025

Nursing programs provide holistic education in caring for people with various health conditions, including mental health conditions. This study aimed to explore the experience of faculty regarding planning and implementing mental health simulation as a method for enhancing the mental health nursing competency training of undergraduate students. The researchers have adopted an action research design under the qualitative paradigm to find answers to the research questions. A purposive sample of nine participants, including mental health nursing faculty and simulation unit staff working in a public university in Oman were included in the study. Ethical clearance was obtained from the institutional ethics committee. Data were collected through in‐depth individual interviews with the faculty. Thematic analysis was done synchronously with the steps of action research through the process of coding, categorising and organising the data into meaningful themes. Member checking was done to ensure the transparency and correctness of the themes and subthemes. Seven themes were derived from thematic analysis of the transcripts, such as ‘Need for creating innovative mental health nursing learning experiences for students’, ‘Perceived readiness for simulation’, ‘Experience in developing mental health simulation’, ‘Arrangement of resources’, ‘The zeal for implementing simulation’, ‘Challenges in the simulation experience’, and ‘Gaining momentum and confidence’. A conceptual framework for simulation in mental health nursing was developed by the authors based on the findings and by referring to existing models. Faculty can effectively plan and implement simulation experiences for their students. Simulation‐based training can become an effective means to make the students more confident and competent in mental health nursing. Implementation of simulation‐based teaching will enhance the quality of nursing education and, thereby, the standard of mental health care in clinical settings.
Interactive Effects of CO2 Enrichment and Nitrogen Levels on Leaf Gas Exchange Capacities of Sweet Potato
Authors: Kumar J. Suresh , Saravanan R. , Ravi V. , Sreekumar J. , Sunitha S. , More Sanket J.
Published: February 2025

Different nitrogen (N) doses may stimulate the photosynthetic responses of sweet potato under CO2‐enriched environment (ECO2). The photosynthetic responses of two varieties, Sree Arun and Sree Kanaka, were adjudicated under varying nitrogen levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 100%, and 125% of the recommended N dose), exposed to ambient CO2 (400 ppm) and elevated CO2 (600 and 800 ppm). The results indicated that, compared to ambient CO2, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and intercellular CO2 (Ci) were significantly increased at ECO2, while stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration (E) were significantly exacerbated. This resulted in an improved intrinsic (Pn/gs) and instantaneous water use efficiency (Pn/E). Relative humidity and vapour pressure deficit during the time of measurements remained at 73%–85% and ~0.95–1.42 kPa, respectively, at 28°C ± 2°C leaf temperature. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that higher N doses increased photosynthesis and improved plant water relations by modulating stomatal conductance and transpiration rate. Overall, the responses of sweet potato plants to ECO2 and N supply were genotypic‐dependent, and nitrogen application could play an important role in modulating these responses under ECO2. The findings from this study provide valuable insights for tailoring nitrogen‐based management practices for sweet potato in a carbon‐enriched environment.
Artivist Childhoods
Authors: Lasczik Tahlia , Lasczik Alexandra , Cutter‐Mackenzie‐Knowles Amy
Published: February 2025

The rise in the number of young people disengaged from mainstream schooling is reaching critical proportions. This paper explores a child‐framed participatory inquiry known as The Walking A/r/tography Project, which sought to challenge, empower and engage youth at risk in one Special Assistance Secondary School in Southeast Queensland through a/r/tographic mappings of place and subsequent critical and creative experiences in the classroom studio. The young people were invited to the project as researchers, who collected, generated and analysed data, resulting in agentic activist positionings. Extensive literature supports the benefits of an Arts‐rich environment, which can enable impactful social justice learnings and a deep awareness of social and political activism, particularly when they are experienced through contemporary artworks and artmaking practices. Such experiences and knowings can tie learning in, through and with the Arts directly to educational activism, where student voice and agency are foregrounded for the purposes of empowerment and disruptive, transformational learning. The findings of this study assert that young people at risk can co‐create and reimagine their educational experiences to engage in schooling more positively as Artivists.
Impact of Traumatic Stress on Nurses' Work Ability, Job Satisfaction, Turnover and Intention to Leave: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Comparcini Dania , Simonetti Valentina , Totaro Melania , Apicella Alessia , Galli Francesco , Toccaceli Andrea , Di Lorenzo Antonio , Tafuri Silvio , Cicolini Giancarlo , Tomietto Marco
Published: February 2025

Aims

This study aimed to explore the direct and indirect effects of secondary traumatic stress (STS) on nurses' perceived work ability and the effect of these two variables on job satisfaction, organisational turnover intention and intention to leave the nursing profession.

Design

A cross‐sectional study was conducted from June to November 2023.

Method

Data were collected by sending an online survey to a convenience sample of nurses. Instruments for data collection included a 37‐item questionnaire divided into three sections: (i) socio‐demographics, job satisfaction, organisational turnover intention, and intention to leave the profession; (ii) perceived work ability assessed through the Work Ability Index (WAI); (iii) STS measured with the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale.

Results

Two hundred seventy‐one nurses completed the questionnaire. STS negatively and statistically impacted on WAI, and it was a direct determinant of intention to leave the nursing profession. WAI showed a direct, positive and significant impact on job satisfaction and it was a significant partial mediator in the relationship between STS and job satisfaction. Job satisfaction mediated between WAI, the intention to leave the nursing profession, and the organisational turnover intention.

Conclusion

STS negatively impacted nurses' work ability, influencing their job satisfaction through the mediation of WAI, whereas job satisfaction independently affected nurses' organisational turnover intention. Moreover, STS was a positive and direct determinant of the intention to leave the nursing profession.

Impact

Nurses, as helping professionals, are exposed to extreme stressful events resulting from the traumatic experiences of patients. STS in nurses can lead to emotional exhaustion, turnover intention, job dissatisfaction and reduced work ability. The findings from this study offer insights that can help shape organisational health policies aimed at reducing STS, preserving nurses' work ability, enhancing job satisfaction and mitigating turnover intentions within and outside the nursing profession.

Reporting Method

This study followed the STROBE checklist guidelines for cross‐sectional studies.

Patient or Public Contribution

No Patient or Public Contribution.
Exposure to Violence for Nurses Across Ethnic Groups: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Chui Zoe , Caton Emma , Naqvi Habib , Baker Edward , Onwumere Juliana , Lee Geraldine A. , Hatch Stephani L.
Published: February 2025

Aim

To explore the social context of violence for hospital‐based and community nurses from different ethnic groups, the types of violence experienced or witnessed both in and outside the workplace, and its impact on mental and physical health.

Design

Cross‐sectional, qualitative study using semi‐structured interviews.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted online with 12 hospital‐based and community nurses recruited from London, England, between May and August 2021. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.

Results

The sample comprised seven hospital nurses and five community nurses. Four themes were identified: (i) the social context in which nurses from different ethnic groups are exposed to community violence; (ii) types of workplace violence experienced or witnessed by hospital‐based and community nurses from different ethnic groups; (iii) perceptions of the factors contributing to workplace violence; (iv) impacts of violence on mental and physical health outcomes. Using the social ecological framework and sociological theory of stress, these findings informed a conceptual stress process model of violence exposure for nurses.

Conclusion

Nurses from different ethnic groups are exposed to violence both in and outside the workplace which negatively affects their mental and physical health. Effective violence prevention requires a multi‐factorial approach that addresses the social and institutional factors contributing to violence, shifting the focus from individual measures to systemic organisational changes.

Impact

The NHS workforce is currently more diverse than ever, and healthcare leaders must improve access to mental health and well‐being resources for staff affected by workplace violence, particularly for those who hold multiple social identities at the intersection of ethnicity, gender and age. Prioritising this support is essential not only to safeguard against negative health outcomes but also to improve the recruitment and retention of healthcare professionals.

Patient or Public Contribution

No patient or public contribution.
The Impact of Thriving at Work and Occupational Supports: Early Career Nurse Intentions to Leave an Organisation and Profession
Authors: Terry Daniel , Jacobs Stephen , Moloney Willoughby , East Leah , Ryan Liz , Elliott Jessica , Tulleners Tracey , Masamba Hilda , Peck Blake
Published: February 2025

Aim

To examine the direct and indirect predictors of thriving at work and its impact on intention to leave the organisation or profession among early career nurses.

Design

A repeated cross‐sectional design.

Methods

A sub‐study of early career nurses as part of an Australian longitudinal follow up study, commenced in 2018, was conducted. The sub‐study asked early career nurses between their second and sixth year after graduating to complete a structured online questionnaire assessing thriving at work and several predictor variables. Data were analysed using Pearson's correlation, multiple linear regression, and path analysis.

Results

Among the 67 participants (response rate of 42.9%), thriving at work was positively correlated with occupational hardiness, social support from colleagues, and wellbeing, while negatively correlated with compassion fatigue. Thriving at work and perceived organisational support were the significant predictors of intention to leave the organisation, while perceived organisational support was the only significant predictor of intention to leave the profession.

Conclusion

The importance of strong collegial relationships, compassion fatigue, and improving wellbeing to enhance thriving at work are highlighted. Fostering an environment where employees can thrive is crucial to reduce the intentions to leave an organisation. Relationships with the managers and quality of care provision also play a crucial role in reducing turnover and leave intentions. Perceived organisational support enhances employee wellbeing, thereby reducing turnover intentions. Future strategies should focus on comprehensive support systems to retain nurses in their organisation and the profession.

Implications for the Profession

Enhancing thriving at work and perceived organisational support can reduce early career nurses' intention to leave their organisation. However, job stressors and interpersonal conflicts also influence professional leave decisions.

Reporting Method

This study has adhered to the STROBE guidelines.

Patient or Public Contribution

No Patient or Public Contribution.
How Do Investors Value Tax Avoidance Under the Imputation Tax System?
Authors: Chou Ting‐Kai , Kuo Nan‐Ting , Lee Cheng‐Few
Published: February 2025

This study investigates how the imputation tax system affects investor valuation of corporate tax avoidance. We find that under the full imputation tax system, investors assign a lower value to corporate tax avoidance, compared to the classical tax system, as tax avoidance reduces imputation credits available to shareholders, effectively transferring cash flows from shareholders to firms. Additionally, under the full imputation tax system, this negative valuation effect on corporate tax avoidance is more pronounced in firms with higher dividend payouts. We also find that stronger investor protection and greater firm growth opportunities mitigate the negative valuation of the cash flow transfer induced by tax avoidance, suggesting that investors are concerned about whether the transferred cash is efficiently utilized by the firm. These results challenge the traditional view that corporate tax avoidance enhances shareholder value and highlight the importance of tax system characteristics when evaluating the financial implications of tax avoidance.