bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Negative allometric growth during ontogeny in the large pelagic filter-feeding basking shark
Authors: Ahnelt Harald , Sauberer Michael , Ramler David , Koch Laura , Pogoreutz Claudia
Published: October 2019

Many pelagic shark species change body and fin shape isometrically or by positive allometry during ontogeny. But some large apex predators such as the white shark Carcharodon carcharias or the tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier show distinct negative allometry, especially in traits related to feeding (head) or propulsion (caudal fin). In particular, changes in propulsion are attributed to a shift in swimming mode. The more heterocercal caudal fin of younger individuals with its large caudal fin span seemingly aids in hunting small, agile prey. In contrast, the less heterocercal caudal fin with a larger fin area in larger individuals aids a long-distance slow swimming mode. We were interested if negative allometric effects can be observed in a planktivorous shark, the basking shark Cetorhinus maximus, a large species adapted to long-distance slow swimming. To address this question, we compared three size classes, specifically < 260 cm (juveniles), 299–490 cm (subadults), and from adults > 541 cm total length. Comparing literature data, we found negative allometric growth of the head and of the caudal fin, but a more rapid decrease of relative caudal fin size than of relative head length. Hereby, we provide the first evidence for early negative allometric growth of the caudal fin in a large pelagic filter-feeding shark. Our study further demonstrates that ecomorphological approaches may add valuable insight into the life history of animals that are challenging to study in their natural habitat, including large roving sharks such as the basking shark.
Environmental-friendly one-pot cascade synthesis of 3-cyanopiperidin-2,6-diones
Authors: Paprocki Daniel , Berłożecki Stanisław , Ostaszewski Ryszard
Published: October 2019

3-Cyanopiperidin-2,6-diones are key intermediates in the synthesis of several drugs and natural products. We developed  one-pot synthesis of 3-cyanopiperidin-2,6-diones by Knoevenagel condensation of cyanoacetic acid and aldehydes, followed by addition of cyanoacetic acid, Achmatowicz reaction and decarboxylation. We tested a wide range of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. Products were obtained under simple, environmentally friendly conditions and in yields up to 99%. Substrates were stirred in toluene at reflux, and filtered through short pad of silica gel, and the product was purified by recrystallization.
Maternal cannibalism in two populations of wild chimpanzees
Authors: Fedurek Pawel , Tkaczynski Patrick , Asiimwe Caroline , Hobaiter Catherine , Samuni Liran , Lowe Adriana E. , Dijrian Appolinaire Gnahe , Zuberbühler Klaus , Wittig Roman M. , Crockford Catherine
Published: October 2019

Maternal cannibalism has been reported in several animal taxa, prompting speculations that the behavior may be part of an evolved strategy. In chimpanzees, however, maternal cannibalism has been conspicuously absent, despite high levels of infant mortality and reports of non-maternal cannibalism. The typical response of chimpanzee mothers is to abandon their deceased infant, sometimes after prolonged periods of carrying and grooming the corpse. Here, we report two anomalous observations of maternal cannibalism in communities of wild chimpanzees in Uganda and Ivory Coast and discuss the evolutionary implications. Both infants likely died under different circumstances; one apparently as a result of premature birth, the other possibly as a result of infanticide. In both cases, the mothers consumed parts of the corpse and participated in meat sharing with other group members. Neither female presented any apparent signs of ill health before or after the events. We concluded that, in both cases, cannibalizing the infant was unlikely due to health-related issues by the mothers. We discuss these observations against a background of chimpanzee mothers consistently refraining from maternal cannibalism, despite ample opportunities and nutritional advantages. We conclude that maternal cannibalism is extremely rare in this primate, likely due to early and strong mother–offspring bond formation, which may have been profoundly disrupted in the current cases.
Determination of optimal build orientation for additive manufacturing using Muirhead mean and prioritised average operators
Authors: Qin Yuchu , Qi Qunfen , Scott Paul J. , Jiang Xiangqian
Published: October 2019

Build orientation determination is one of the essential process planning tasks in additive manufacturing since it has crucial effects on the part quality, post-processing, build time and cost, etc. This paper introduces a method based on fuzzy multi-attribute decision making to determine the optimal build orientation from a finite set of alternatives. The determination process includes two major steps. In the first step, attributes that are considered in the determination and heterogeneous relationships of which are firstly identified. A fuzzy decision matrix is then constructed and normalised based on the values of the identified attributes, which are quantified by a set of fuzzy numbers. In the second step, two fuzzy number aggregation operators are developed to aggregate the fuzzy information in the normalised matrix. By comparing the aggregation results, a ranking of all alternative build orientations can then be generated. Two determination examples are used to demonstrate the working process of the proposed method. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons between the proposed method and other methods are carried out to demonstrate its feasibility, effectiveness, and advantages.
The Myth of the Stupid Believer: The Negative Religiousness–IQ Nexus is Not on General Intelligence (g) and is Likely a Product of the Relations Between IQ and Autism Spectrum Traits
Authors: Dutton Edward , te Nijenhuis Jan , Metzen Daniel , van der Linden Dimitri , Madison Guy
Published: October 2019

Numerous studies have found a negative relationship between religiousness and IQ. It is in the region of − 0.2, according to meta-analyses. The reasons for this relationship are, however, unknown. It has been suggested that higher intelligence leads to greater attraction to science, or that it helps to override evolved cognitive dispositions such as for religiousness. Either way, such explanations assume that the religion–IQ nexus is on general intelligence (g), rather than some subset of specialized cognitive abilities. In other words, they assume it is a Jensen effect. Two large datasets comparing groups with different levels of religiousness show that their IQ differences are not on g and must, therefore, be attributed to specialized abilities. An analysis of the specialized abilities on which the religious and non-religious groups differ reveals no clear pattern. We cautiously suggest that this may be explicable in terms of autism spectrum disorder traits among people with high IQ scores, because such traits are negatively associated with religiousness.
Video Advance Directives: A Turning Point for Advance Decision-Making? A Consideration of Their Roles and Implications for Law and Practice
Authors: Chan Hui Yun
Published: October 2019

Questions regarding making and implementing care preferences through advance directives have become increasingly significant as the greying population grows with rising numbers of people experiencing incapacity. Currently, there is no consensus in the format for making advance directives. Recent developments highlighted the use of recording technology as an option to counter the challenges of written forms. Services offering video and audio recording available for online and offline storage are emerging in the United States. These services presumably strengthen a person’s expression of care preferences for healthcare providers in making treatment decisions compared to written advance directives. This article examines the role video advance directives play in advance decision-making and their legal and practical implications to the existing framework. An appreciation of the legal challenges presented by this development facilitates an understanding of their use in contemporary advance directives and enables appropriate recommendations for implementing safeguards in their use.
Propidium monoazide–polymerase chain reaction for detection of residual periprosthetic joint infection in two-stage revision
Authors: Askar Mohamed , Sajid Mariam , Nassif Yassar , Ashraf Waheed , Scammell Brigitte , Bayston Roger
Published: October 2019

False negative culture results in periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) are not uncommon particularly when patients have received long term antibiotics. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has a lower specificity partly due to detection of residual DNA from dead bacteria. Propidium monoazide (PMA) prevents DNA from dead bacteria from being amplified during the PCR. This study aimed to determine the role of PMA in PCR for diagnosis of PJI. Clinical samples were tested by PCR with and without prior treatment with PMA and compared to conventional microbiological culture. The PCR assay included genus-specific primers for staphylococci and enterococci and species-specific primers for Cutibacterium acnes. The validated conditions of PMA treatment used in this study were 20 μM concentration and 5 and 10 min of dark incubation and photo-activation respectively. 202 periprosthetic tissues and explanted prostheses from 60 episodes in 58 patients undergoing revision arthroplasties for either PJI or non-infective causes were tested, by culture, PCR, and PMA-PCR. 14 of the 60 episodes satisfied the Musculoskeletal Infection Society (MSIS) criteria for PJI and 46 did not. Sensitivity of culture, PCR, and PMA-PCR were 50%, 71%, and 79% respectively. Specificities were 98%, 72%, and 89% respectively. All figures were calculated for episodes rather than samples. PMA-PCR enhanced both the specificity and the sensitivity of PCR. It has the potential to detect residual bacterial viability prior to reimplantation in the two-stage revision for PJI.
Metabolomics: a search for biomarkers of visceral fat and liver fat content
Authors: Boone Sebastiaan , Mook-Kanamori Dennis , Rosendaal Frits , den Heijer Martin , Lamb Hildo , de Roos Albert , le Cessie Saskia , Willems van Dijk Ko , de Mutsert Renée
Published: October 2019

Intoduction

Excess visceral and liver fat are known risk factors for cardiometabolic disorders. Metabolomics might allow for easier quantification of these ectopic fat depots, instead of using invasive and costly tools such as MRI or approximations such as waist circumference.

Objective

We explored the potential use of plasma metabolites as biomarkers of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and hepatic triglyceride content (HTGC).

Methods

We performed a cross-sectional analysis of a subset of the Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity study. Plasma metabolite profiles were determined using the Biocrates AbsoluteIDQ p150 kit in 176 individuals with normal fasting plasma glucose. VAT was assessed with magnetic resonance imaging and HTGC with proton-MR spectroscopy. We used linear regression to investigate the associations of 190 metabolite variables with VAT and HTGC.

Results

After adjustment for age, sex, total body fat, currently used approximations of visceral and liver fat, and multiple testing, three metabolite ratios were associated with VAT. The strongest association was the lysophosphatidylcholines to total phosphatidylcholines (PCs) ratio [− 14.1 (95% CI − 21.7; − 6.6) cm2 VAT per SD of metabolite concentration]. Four individual metabolites were associated with HTGC, especially the diacyl PCs of which C32:1 was the strongest at a 1.31 (95% CI 1.14; 1.51) fold increased HTGC per SD of metabolite concentration.

Conclusion

Metabolomics may be a useful tool to identify biomarkers of visceral fat and liver fat content that have added diagnostic value over current approximations. Replication studies are required to validate the diagnostic value of these metabolites.
Deep resistivity “turnover” effect at oil generation “peak” in the Woodford Shale, Anadarko Basin, USA
Authors: Wang Ting , David Jacobi
Published: October 2019

The Devonian Woodford Shale in the Anadarko Basin is a highly organic, hydrocarbon source rock. Accurate values of vitrinite reflectance (Ro) present in the Woodford Shale penetrated by 52 control wells were measured directly. These vitrinite reflectance values, when plotted against borehole resistivity for the middle member of the Woodford Shale in the wells, display a rarely reported finding that deep resistivity readings decrease as Ro increases when Ro is greater than 0.90%. This phenomenon may be attributed to that aromatic and resin compounds containing conjugated pi bonds generated within source rocks are more electrically conductive than aliphatic compounds. And aromatic and resin fractions were generated more than aliphatic fraction when source rock maturity further increases beyond oil peak. The finding of the relationship between deep resistivity and Ro may re-investigate the previously found linear relationship between source rock formation and aid to unconventional play exploration.
Business cycle synchronization: is it affected by inflation targeting credibility?
Authors: Delgado Carlos , Araya Iván , Pino Gabriel
Published: October 2019

We empirically study the impact of inflation targeting credibility on business cycle synchronization with G-7 economies. To do this, we use a sample of 15 inflation targeting countries to develop and calculate a reputation-based credibility measure for long- and short-term memory. By using dynamic multipliers through a panel vector autoregressive model, our main findings indicate that greater credibility allows for greater anchoring of inflation expectations by economic agents. This would lead to a greater effectiveness of monetary policy in stabilizing the evolution of prices, allowing the output gap to be more sensitive to external aggregate demand shocks. Therefore, countries with inflation targeting regimes must develop and maintain credibility for their monetary policy if they want to encourage greater interactions with the rest of the world.
Lie theory for symmetric Leibniz algebras
Authors: Jibladze Mamuka , Pirashvili Teimuraz
Published: October 2019

Lie algebras and groups equipped with a multiplication $$\mu $$μ satisfying some compatibility properties are studied. These structures are called symmetric Lie $$\mu $$μ-algebras and symmetric $$\mu $$μ-groups respectively. An equivalence of categories between symmetric Lie $$\mu $$μ-algebras and symmetric Leibniz algebras is established when 2 is invertible in the base ring. The second main result of the paper is an equivalence of categories between simply connected symmetric Lie $$\mu $$μ-groups and finite dimensional symmetric Leibniz algebras.
Memory effect in silicon nitride deposition using ICPCVD technique
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Rawal D. S. , Malik Hitendra K. , Sanwal Rajeev , Khan S. A. , Vinayak Seema
Published: October 2019

In this study, a plasma-based low-temperature, low-pressure SiN film deposition is investigated for device applications. Ammonia, nitrogen and silane are being used for optimization of the quality of SiN film for device passivation by ICPCVD. Characterization of SiN film is done using elastic recoil detection analysis, AFM, FTIR and ellipsometry. The effect of previous process parameters on subsequent process is called memory effect, which has been investigated by all the characterization techniques. During deposition, this effect has been observed for the same parameters that are used to maintain the stoichiometry of the film. It has been observed that some of the residues of gases used for SiN deposition remain present even after the deposition in the chamber and are carried over for the next deposition process and alter the film property, though parameters such as flow rate, temperature, pressure and time remain fixed. This memory effect alters the film surface roughness and stoichiometry thus affecting device characteristics after passivation.
A new class of skew-logistic distribution
Authors: Mirzadeh Saeed , Iranmanesh Anis
Published: October 2019

In this study, the researchers introduce a new class of the logistic distribution which can be used to model the unimodal data with some skewness present. The new generalization is carried out using the basic idea of Nadarajah (Statistics 48(4):872–895, 2014), called truncated-exponential skew-logistic (TESL) distribution. The TESL distribution is a member of the exponential family; therefore, the skewness parameter can be derived easier. Meanwhile, some important statistical characteristics are presented; the real data set and simulation studies are applied to evaluate the results. Also, the TESL distribution is compared to at least five other skew-logistic distributions.
Sites of secretion of bioactive compounds in leaves of Dracocephalum moldavica L.: anatomical, histochemical, and essential oil study
Authors: Dmitruk Marta , Sulborska Aneta , Żuraw Beata , Stawiarz Ernest , Weryszko-Chmielewska Elżbieta
Published: October 2019

Dracocephalum moldavica L. is an aromatic plant emitting intense lemon scent. The aboveground parts of the plants constitute raw material for medicine and food industry. In contrast to the comprehensively investigated trichomes, there are only few studies of the histochemical characteristics of the leaves of essential oil-bearing plants from the family Lamiaceae. The present study shows the micromorphology, anatomy, and histochemistry of the leaves of the analysed species. The research aimed to determine the location of essential oil and other specialised metabolites in leaf tissues. The investigations of fresh and fixed material were carried out with the use of light, fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, the content and composition of essential oil in the leaves were determined with the GC/MS method. The leaf epidermis had non-glandular unbranched trichomes and three types of glandular trichomes: peltate as well as long and short capitate trichomes. The results of the histochemical assays showed positive reactions to lipids and to some secondary compounds such as essential oil, terpenes, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids in all types of the glandular and non-glandular trichomes. The same compounds were found in the epidermis cells of the leaves. The results of the present study indicate that the intense smell of the leaves is associated with emission of essential oil not only by the glandular and non-glandular trichomes but also by the leaf epidermis cells. The main components in the essential oil (0.10%) include geranial, neral, geraniol, nerol, and trans-myrtanol acetate. Since D. moldavica has been used as an adulterant of Melissa officinalis L., the anatomical traits of leaves and the essential oil composition in both species were compared in the study.
An Acid Test for Europeanization: Public Cyber Security Procurement in the European Union
Authors: Ruohonen Jukka
Published: October 2019

Public procurement refers to processes through which national, regional, and local public authorities, state-owned enterprises, or other related bodies governed by public law, purchase products, services, and public work. Such purchases have been a particularly important element in developing the Internal Market of the European Union (EU). Given recent procurement reforms in the EU, including the 2009 reform on defense procurement, this paper examines public cyber security procurement in Europe. Two questions are examined: (1) whether cyber security procurement differs from public procurement in general, and (2) whether there are any noteworthy signs of Europeanization in terms of cyber security procurement. According to the empirical results, cyber security procurement tends to differ from general public procurement. In particular, competition obstacles are visible in terms of bids for cyber security procurement tenders. This result is accompanied with a visible lack of Europeanization, although the same observation generalizes to public procurement in the EU generally. With these results and the accompanying discussion, the paper contributes to the recent lively discussion about European security and its relation to marketization.
Treatment of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder for a teenager with typical development within the home setting
Authors: Taylor Tessa , Haberlin Alayna , Haberlin Jill
Published: October 2019

Introduction

Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) can occur in children with typical development and persist past childhood. This significantly impacts most areas of children's lives, but may become more evident in teenage years, especially socially. There is an empirically supported treatment for ARFID with 40 years of research backing, this being behaviour‐analytic feeding interventions. However, application to individuals over age 12 is lacking, and needs to be investigated for effectiveness. This is important as the addition of ARFID (formerly called feeding disorders) to the DSM‐V has seen an increase in new treatments for ARFID by attempting to apply eating disorder treatments to this population including children. More research is needed to identify if already established behavioural intervention procedures are effective for ARFID in individuals with selectivity, without disabilities, older ages, and in settings outside of intensive specialised feeding hospital admissions in the United States.

Method

A 13‐year‐old female with ARFID and years of failed treatment attempts participated in her home in Australia. We conducted multiple stimulus without replacement preference assessments and used a changing criterion design with multiple baseline probes. Treatment consisted of demand fading, choice, differential attention, and contingent access. We did not use cognitive or family based treatment.

Results

Consumption increased to 100%. Variety reached 61 foods across all food groups. She met 100% of goals and ate at a restaurant. Caregivers reported high satisfaction and social acceptability. Gains were maintained at 9 months.

Conclusion

This brief, behaviour‐analytic in‐home treatment was effective in increasing food group variety consumption.
Trait anxiety and bystander motivation to defend victims of school bullying
Authors: Jungert Tomas , Perrin Sean
Published: October 2019

Introduction

School‐based bullying is an omnipresent problem, but is less frequent when bystanders are inclined to defend victims. This makes it important to focus on motivation to intervene in bullying.

Methods

202 students (Mage = 16.44 years, 52% boys) from public Swedish high schools participated in a vignette experiment. Students were randomized to one of two vignettes (victim belonging to/not belonging to ingroup). Self‐report measures of motivation to defend and trait anxiety were used.

Results

Participants reported more autonomous motivation when the victim belonged to the ingroup and more extrinsic motivation when the victim did not belong to the ingroup. Trait anxiety interacted with the manipulation: bystanders high in anxiety reported low levels of autonomous motivation when the victim did not belong to the ingroup and low levels of extrinsic motivation when the victim belonged to the ingroup.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that anti‐bullying‐programs should focus on how defender motivation is influenced by the way in which victim ingroup status is perceived and address the bystander's level of anxiety as this interacts with such perceptions.
Adaptive effects of gestational caloric restriction in the mitochondria of Wistar rats' brain: A DOHaD approach
Authors: Stone Vinícius , Maciel August Pauline , Scortegagna Crestani Mariana , Brum Saccomori André , dal Magro Bárbara Mariño , Moura Maurmann Rafael , dos Santos Bernardo Gindri , Peres Klein Caroline , Matté Cristiane
Published: October 2019

Developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) is a field of biological science dedicated to investigating how different interventions during development affect an individual's life. Diet is an essential way to interact with the environment, and during pregnancy affects not only the mother but also can impact the next generations. One of these interventions is caloric restriction (CR), which has shown positive redox modulation in rats' offspring when malnutrition is responsibly controlled. Considering that mitochondrial metabolism is determinant for redox status, we investigated parameters related to mitochondrial functionality and reactive species levels in offspring's brain from rats delivered to pregnant caloric restricted dams. Therefore, pregnant rats were divided between control (ad libitum food) and CR (20% food restriction plus micronutrients supplementation) groups, and offspring's brain was analyzed on post‐natal days (PND) 0, 7, 21, and 60. Mitochondrial function, as well as superoxide content, were decreased in most brain areas on PND0 and went through adaptation, showing increased mass and membrane potential in adulthood. Concerning mitochondrial electron transport system (METS), the most affected area was the cerebellum, which was impaired at birth and activated at adulthood. In conclusion, our results show that gestational CR promotes adaptation from impaired mitochondrial parameters at birth, improving mitochondrial function when compared to control, without increasing superoxide generation, at adult age. More studies are necessary in order to support the use of CR as a clinical approach.
Mechanisms in Molecular Biology
Authors: Baetu Tudor
Published: October 2019

The new mechanistic philosophy is divided into two largely disconnected projects. One deals with a metaphysical inquiry into how mechanisms relate to issues such as causation, capacities and levels of organization, while the other deals with epistemic issues related to the discovery of mechanisms and the intelligibility of mechanistic representations. Tudor Baetu explores and explains these projects, and shows how the gap between them can be bridged. His proposed account is compatible both with the assumptions and practices of experimental design in biological research, and with scientifically accepted interpretations of experimental results.
Freshwater Pools Show Antarctica Is More Vulnerable Than We Thought
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: October 2019

East Antarctica’s lakes cluster in patterns similar to those on Greenland’s ice sheet, which is melting rapidly.
Glypican-3 (GPC3) targeted Fe3O4 core/Au shell nanocomplex for fluorescence/MRI/photoacoustic imaging-guided tumor photothermal therapy
Authors: Tian Rui , Zhu Lei , Qin Zainen , Wang Guohao , Wang Jingjing , Zhang Hui
Published: October 2019

PA/FI/MRI imaging guided Glypican-3 targeted hepatocellular carcinoma photothermal therapy mediated by Fe3O4 Core/Au shell nanocomplex.
Suppressing lithium dendrite formation by slowing its desolvation kinetics
Authors: Yang Huicong , Yin Lichang , Shi Huifa , He Kuang , Cheng Hui-Ming , Li Feng
Published: October 2019

A higher desolvation energy barrier and slower lithium electrodeposition kinetics tends to inhibit dendrite formation.
Manganese doping mechanism in a CsPbI2Br photovoltaic material: a first-principles study
Authors: An Junpeng , Jiang Haiyan , Tian Ying , Xue Hongtao , Tang Fuling
Published: October 2019

The substitutional and interstitial Mn doped CsPbI2Br are intermediate band and n-type semiconductors, respectively.
Occurrence and trophic transfer of nanoparticulate Ag and Ti in the natural aquatic food web of Taihu Lake, China
Authors: Xiao Bowen , Zhang Yinqing , Wang Xiaolei , Chen Meng , Sun Binbin , Zhang Tong , Zhu Lingyan
Published: October 2019

Nanoparticulate Ti was biodiluted while nanoparticulate Ag was biomagnified in the fish food web in Taihu Lake, China.
Simple basic zirconium carbonate: low temperature catalysis for hydrogen transfer of biomass-derived carboxides
Authors: Ma Mingwei , Hou Pan , Cao Jingjie , Liu Hui , Yan Xinyu , Xu Xingliang , Yue Huijuan , Tian Ge , Feng Shouhua
Published: October 2019

Simple basic zirconium carbonate exhibits high catalytic activity at low temperatures for hydrogen transfer of biomass-derived carboxides.
Large-scale synthesis of size- and thickness-tunable conducting polymer nanosheets via a salt-templated method
Authors: Huang Liang , Guo Zhengfeng , Liu Kaisi , Xiong Liukang , Huang Liwei , Gao Xiang , Wu Jiabin , Wan Jun , Hu Zhimi , Zhou Jun
Published: October 2019

Large-scale conducting polymer nanosheets (PPy, PANi and PEDOT) with tunable thicknesses and sizes have been successfully fabricated using CuCl2·2H2O salt as the oxidant and template via the vapor phase polymerization method.
A high-mobility, high-luminescence and low-threshold pentacene-doped cyano-substituted distyrylbenzene crystal
Authors: Zhao Yang , Wang Liyan , Chen Xi , Zhang Biao , Shen Fangzhong , Song Hua , Wang Huan
Published: October 2019

A 2-CSB⊂Pc crystal showed a carrier mobility of 0.51 cm2 V−1 s−1, luminescence efficiency of 50%, and an amplified spontaneous emission threshold of 46 kW cm−2.
Dinuclear Ir(iii) complexes with asymmetrical bridging ligands as highly efficient phosphors for single-layer electroluminescent devices
Authors: Mao Hui-Ting , Cui Yang , Li Guang-Fu , Shan Guo-Gang , Zeng Qun-Ying , Li Fu-Shan , Su Zhong-Min
Published: October 2019

Highly efficient single-layer nondoped devices have been realized through an ingenious molecule design to adjust the solid-state packing motifs and intrinsic carrier transport abilities of dinuclear Ir(iii) complexes.
Spectral Line Identification and Modelling (SLIM) in the MAdrid Data CUBe Analysis (MADCUBA) package
Authors: Martín S. , Martín-Pintado J. , Blanco-Sánchez C. , Rivilla V. M. , Rodríguez-Franco A. , Rico-Villas F.
Published: October 2019

Context. The increase in bandwidth and sensitivity of state-of-the-art radio observatories is providing a wealth of molecular data from nearby star-forming regions up to high-z galaxies. Analysing large data sets of spectral cubes requires efficient and user-friendly tools optimised for astronomers with a wide range of backgrounds.

Aims. In this paper we present the detailed formalism at the core of Spectral Line Identification and Modelling (SLIM) within the MAdrid Data CUBe Analysis (MADCUBA) package and their main data-handling functionalities. These tools have been developed to visualise, analyse, and model large spectroscopic data cubes.

Methods. We present the highly interactive on-the-fly visualisation and modelling tools of MADCUBA and SLIM, which includes a stand-alone spectroscopic database. The parameters stored therein are used to solve the full radiative transfer equation under local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). The SLIM package provides tools to generate synthetic LTE model spectra based on input physical parameters of column density, excitation temperature, velocity, line width, and source size. It also provides an automatic fitting algorithm to obtain the physical parameters (with their associated errors) better fitting the observations. Synthetic spectra can be overlayed in the data cubes/spectra to ease the task of multi-molecular line identification and modelling.

Results. We present the Java-based MADCUBA and its internal module SLIM packages which provide all the necessary tools for manipulation and analysis of spectroscopic data cubes. We describe in detail the spectroscopic fitting equations and make use of this tool to explore the breaking conditions and implicit errors of commonly used approximations in the literature.

Conclusions. Easy-to-use tools like MADCUBA allow users to derive physical information from spectroscopic data without the need for simple approximations. The SLIM tool allows the full radiative transfer equation to be used, and to interactively explore the space of physical parameters and associated uncertainties from observational data.
Dyadic Associations Between Body Mass Index and the Development of Type 2 Diabetes in Romantic Couples: Results From the Health and Retirement Study
Authors: Burns Rachel J
Published: October 2019

Background

Body mass index (BMI) is linked to Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Although romantic partners influence each other's health outcomes, it is unclear if partner's BMI is related to the development of T2D.

Purpose

To test prospective, dyadic associations between BMI and the development of T2D in middle-aged and older adult couples over 8 years.

Methods

Data came from 950 couples in the Health and Retirement Study. Neither partner had diabetes at baseline (2006). The actor–partner interdependence model was used to examine dyadic associations between BMI at baseline and the development of T2D during the next 8 years.

Results

After adjusting for covariates, a significant actor effect was observed such that one's BMI at baseline was positively associated with one's own odds of developing T2D during follow-up (odds ratio [OR] = 1.08, p < .001). A significant partner effect was also observed such that the BMI of one's partner at baseline was positively associated with one's own odds of developing T2D during follow-up above and beyond one's own baseline BMI (OR = 1.04, p = .003). These associations were not moderated by sex. This pattern of results held when BMI was coded categorically (not overweight/obese; overweight; obese).

Conclusions

Partner's BMI was prospectively associated with the likelihood of developing T2D. Future research should consider interpersonal risk factors for chronic health conditions, such as T2D. There is an opportunity to develop theoretical models that specify how and when partner characteristics are linked to physical morbidity.
Characterization of changes in medication complexity using a modified scoring tool
Authors: Newsome Andrea Sikora , Anderson Daniel , Gwynn Morgan E , Waller Jennifer L
Published: October 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to characterize dynamic changes in medication regimen complexity over time in critically ill adults and to validate a modified version of the medication regimen complexity–intensive care unit (MRC-ICU) scoring tool.

A single-center, retrospective, observational chart review was conducted with a primary aim of assessing changes in medication regimen complexity over time, as measured by both the 39-item MRC-ICU scoring tool and a modified version (the mMRC-ICU) containing just 17 items. Secondary aims included validation of the mMRC-ICU and exploration of relationships between medication regimen complexity and ICU length of stay (LOS), inpatient mortality, and patient acuity. Adults admitted to a medical ICU from November 2016 through June 2017 were included. The medication regimens of a total of 130 patients were scored in order to test, modify, and validate the MRC-ICU and mMRC-ICU tools. The modified tool was validated by evaluating correlation of mMRC-ICU scores with MRC-ICU scores and with patient outcomes including patient acuity, ICU LOS, and inpatient mortality. mMRC-ICU scores were collected at 24 and 48 hours after admission and at ICU discharge to evaluate changes over time. Significant changes in medication regimen complexity over time were observed, with the highest scores observed at 24 hours after admission.

Conclusion

Medication regimen complexity may provide valuable insights into pharmacist activity and resource allocation. Further validation of the MRC-ICU and mMRC-ICU scoring tools in other critically ill populations and at external sites is required.
Multiple intrinsic markers identify carry-over effects from wintering to breeding sites for three Nearctic–Neotropical migrant swallows
Authors: Imlay Tara L , Angelier Frédéric , Hobson Keith A , Mastromonaco Gabriela , Saldanha Sarah , Leonard Marty L
Published: October 2019

Carry-over effects from one stage of the annual cycle to subsequent stages can have profound effects on individual fitness. In migratory birds, much research has been devoted to examining such effects from the nonbreeding to the breeding period. We investigated potential carry-over effects influencing spring body condition, breeding phenology, and performance for 3 species of sympatric, declining Nearctic–Neotropical migratory swallows: Bank Swallow (Riparia riparia), Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica), and Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota). To examine carry-over effects, we used structural equation modeling and several intrinsic markers, including stable isotope (δ 2H, δ 13C, and δ 15N) and corticosterone (CORTf) values from winter molted-feathers, and changes in telomere length between breeding seasons. We found support for carry-over effects for all 3 species, however, the specific relationships varied between species and sexes. Effects leading to lower breeding performance were only observed in male Bank, female Barn, and female and male Cliff Swallows. In most cases, carry-over effects were attributed to differences in stable isotope values (most commonly with δ 2H) presumably related to differences in winter habitat use, but, for Cliff Swallows, negative carry-over effects were also linked to higher CORTf values and greater rates of telomere shortening. This work provides further support for the potential role of nonbreeding conditions on population declines, and indicates how multiple intrinsic markers can be used to provide information on ecological conditions throughout the annual cycle.
Reversible solid-oxide cells for clean and sustainable energy
Authors: Mogensen M B , Chen M , Frandsen H L , Graves C , Hansen J B , Hansen K V , Hauch A , Jacobsen T , Jensen S H , Skafte T L , Sun X
Published: October 2019

This review gives first a brief view of the potential availability of sustainable energy. It is clear that over 100 times more solar photovoltaic energy than necessary is readily accessible and that practically available wind alone may deliver sufficient energy supply to the world. Due to the intermittency of these sources, effective and inexpensive energy-conversion and storage technology is needed. Motivation for the possible electrolysis application of reversible solid-oxide cells (RSOCs), including a comparison of power-to-fuel/fuel-to-power to other energy-conversion and storage technologies is presented. RSOC electrochemistry and chemistry of H2O, CO2, H2, CO, CnHm (hydrocarbons) and NH3, including thermodynamics and cell performance, are described. The mechanical strength of popular cell supports is outlined, and newly found stronger materials are mentioned. Common cell-degradation mechanisms, including the effect of common impurities in gases and materials (such as S and Si), plus the deleterious effects of carbon deposition in the fuel electrode are described followed by explanations of how to avoid or ease the consequences. Visions of how RSOCs powered by sustainable energy may be applied on a large scale for the transportation sector via power-to-fuel technology and for integration with the electrical grid together with seasonal storage are presented. Finally, a brief comparison of RSOCs to other electrolysis cells and an outlook with examples of actions necessary to commercialize RSOC applications are sketched.
Inactive Rhomboid Protein 2 Mediates Intestinal Inflammation by Releasing Tumor Necrosis Factor–α
Authors: Kim Jee Hyun , Hwang Sung Wook , Koh Jaemoon , Chun Jaeyoung , Lee Changhyun , Im Jong Pil , Kim Joo Sung
Published: October 2019

Inactive rhomboid 2 (iRhom2) is an essential molecule required for the maturation of tumor necrosis factor–α–converting enzyme in immune cells, which regulates TNF-α release. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of iRhom2 in intestinal inflammation.
Murine Model of Maternal Immunization Demonstrates Protective Role for Antibodies That Mediate Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity in Protecting Neonates From Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2
Authors: Kao Carol M , Goymer Jessica , Loh Lip Nam , Mahant Aakash , Aschner Clare Burn , Herold Betsy C
Published: October 2019

Background

Neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) disease results in unacceptable morbidity and mortality. The primary humoral immune response to natural infection is neutralizing antibodies (Abs). However, Abs that activate Fc gama receptors (FcγRs) and mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) may play a dominant role in protection. In adult mice, a single-cycle HSV candidate vaccine deleted in glycoprotein-D (ΔgD-2) that induces ADCC provided complete protection against HSV disease and prevented the establishment of latency. Passive transfer studies showed that Abs were sufficient for protection. The current study tested the hypothesis that maternal immunization with ΔgD-2 would protect neonates.

Methods

C57BL/6 female mice were vaccinated 3 weeks apart with ΔgD-2, and pups were challenged at different times postnatally with lethal doses of HSV-1 or HSV-2. Concentration and functionality of Abs and immune cells were assessed.

Results

Maternal ΔgD-2 immunization provided significant protection and reduced viral dissemination after lethal challenge with HSV-1 or HSV-2. Protection correlated with Abs acquired transplacentally or from breastmilk that mediated ADCC. Protection was reduced when pups were challenged on Day 1 of life, and this was associated with decreased ability of newborn cells to mediate Ab-dependent cell killing.

Conclusions

Antibodies mediating ADCC provide significant protection against neonatal HSV.
Effects of dietary energy level on appetite and central adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in broilers
Authors: Hu Xiyi , Wang Yufeng , Sheikhahmadi Ardashir , Li Xianlei , Buyse Johan , Lin Hai , Song Zhigang
Published: October 2019

Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) acts as a sensor of cellular energy changes and is involved in the control of food intake. A total of 216 1-d-old broilers were randomly allotted into 3 treatments with 6 replicates per treatment and 12 broilers in each cage. The dietary treatments included 1) high-energy (HE) diet (3,500 kcal/kg), 2) normal-energy (NE) diet (3,200 kcal/kg), and 3) low-energy (LE) diet (2,900 kcal/kg). The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary energy level on appetite and the central AMPK signal pathway. The results showed that a HE diet increased average daily gain (ADG), whereas a LE diet had the opposite effect (P < 0.05, N = 6). The average daily feed intake (ADFI) of the chickens fed the LE diet was significantly higher than that of the control (P < 0.05, N = 6). Overall, the feed conversion rate gradually decreased with increasing dietary energy level (P < 0.05, N = 6). Moreover, the chickens fed the LE and HE diets demonstrated markedly improved urea content compared with the control group (P < 0.0001, N = 8). The triglyceride (TG) content in the LE group was obviously higher than that in the HE group but showed no change compared with the control (P = 0.0678, N = 8). The abdominal fat rate gradually increased with increased dietary energy level (P = 0.0927, N = 8). The HE group showed downregulated gene expression levels of liver kinase B1 (LKB1), neuropeptide Y (NPY), cholecystokinin (CCK), and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the hypothalamus compared with the control group (P < 0.05, N = 8). However, LE treatment significantly increased the mRNA level of AMP-activated protein kinase α2 (AMPKα2) compared with other groups (P = 0.0110, N = 8). In conclusion, a HE diet inhibited appetite and central AMPK signaling. In contrast, a LE diet activated central AMPK and appetite. Overall, the central AMPK signal pathway and appetite were modulated in accordance with the energy level in the diet to regulate nutritional status and maintain energy homeostasis in birds.
Purification, biochemical and molecular study of lipase producing from a newly thermoalkaliphilic Aeribacillus pallidus for oily wastewater treatment
Authors: Ktata Ameni , Krayem Najeh , Aloulou Ahmed , Bezzine Sofiane , Sayari Adel , Chamkha Mohamed , Karray Aida
Published: October 2019

Treatment of oily wastewater is constantly a challenge; biological wastewater treatment is an effective, cheap and eco-friendly technology. A newly thermostable, haloalkaline, solvent tolerant and non-induced lipase from Aeribacillus pallidus designated as GPL was purified and characterized of biochemical and molecular study for apply in wastewater treatment. The GPL showed a maximum activity at 65°C and pH 10 after 22 h of incubation, with preference to TC4 substrates. Pure enzyme was picked up after one chromatographic step. It displayed an important resistance at high temperature, pH, NaCl, at the presence of detergents and organic solvents. In fact, GPL exhibited a prominent stability in wide range of organic solvents at 50% (v/v) concentration for 2 h of incubation. The efficiency of the GPL in oil wastewater hydrolysis was established at 50°C for 1 h, the oil removal efficiency was established at 96, 11% and the oil biodegradation was confirmed through fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The gene that codes for this lipase was cloned and sequenced and its open reading frame encoded 236 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acids sequence of the GPL shows an important level of identity with Geobacillus lipases.
The Effect of Entomopathogenic Fungi on Enzymatic Activity in Chlorpyrifos-Resistant Mosquitoes, Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Ismail Haji Muhammad , Freed Shoaib , Naeem Afifa , Malik Shahjahan , Ali Najaf
Published: October 2019

Culex quinquefasciatus Say is an important pest species and a vector of multiple pathogens. Insecticide applications are necessary for the effective control of mosquitoes. In the current study, a laboratory population of Cx. quinquefasciatus was exposed to chlorpyrifos for 15 consecutive generations and then assessed for the changes in detoxification enzyme activities before and after exposure to Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin and Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. during 14th–15th generations. Activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), esterase (EST), acid phosphatases (ACP), and alkaline phosphatases (ALP) were increased in the chlorpyrifos-selected (Chlor-SEL) population in relation to an unselected (Un-SEL) population. The resistance ratio of Chlor-SEL 15th generation (G15) was increased 3,583-fold against first generation (G1) and 6,026-fold against the Un-SEL population. The results depicted maximum activities of ACP (83.48), ALP (65.54), GST (13.047), EST (10.42), and AChE (4.86) μmol/min of mg/ml protein at G15 after consecutive chlorpyrifos applications. The Chlor-SEL populations at G14–G15 were treated with different concentrations of M. anisopliae and B. bassiana for possible suppression of enzymatic activities. Activities of ACP were suppressed to 24.22 μmol/min of mg/ml protein at G15 when exposed to B. bassiana and 22.40 μmol/min of mg/ml protein at G14 after exposure to M. anisopliae. The suppression of detoxification enzymes by application of fungi in resistant population of Cx. quinquefasciatus will aid in the mosquito’s management programs.