bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Way Leads on to Way
Authors: Barash Isaac
Published: August 2014

In this article, I briefly recount the historical events in my native country that led me to become a plant pathologist. I started as a field pathologist specializing in fungal diseases of legumes, moved to biochemical research on virulence factors, and then on to molecular plant-microbe interactions. I describe the impact my graduate studies at the University of California (UC)-Davis had on my career. My life's work and teaching can be said to reflect the development in plant pathology during the past 40 years. I have included a concise review of the development of plant pathology in Israel and the ways it is funded. Dealing with administrative duties while conducting research has contributed to my belief in the importance of multidisciplinary approaches and of preserving the applied approach in the teaching of plant pathology.
Crossover versus Mutation: A Comparative Analysis of the Evolutionary Strategy of Genetic Algorithms Applied to Combinatorial Optimization Problems
Authors: Osaba E. , Carballedo R. , Diaz F. , Onieva E. , de la Iglesia I. , Perallos A.
Published: August 2014

Since their first formulation, genetic algorithms (GAs) have been one of the most widely used techniques to solve combinatorial optimization problems. The basic structure of the GAs is known by the scientific community, and thanks to their easy application and good performance, GAs are the focus of a lot of research works annually. Although throughout history there have been many studies analyzing various concepts of GAs, in the literature there are few studies that analyze objectively the influence of using blind crossover operators for combinatorial optimization problems. For this reason, in this paper a deep study on the influence of using them is conducted. The study is based on a comparison of nine techniques applied to four well-known combinatorial optimization problems. Six of the techniques are GAs with different configurations, and the remaining three are evolutionary algorithms that focus exclusively on the mutation process. Finally, to perform a reliable comparison of these results, a statistical study of them is made, performing the normal distributionz-test.
MADM Problems with Correlation Coefficient of Trapezoidal Fuzzy Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets
Authors: Robinson John , Amirtharaj Henry
Published: August 2014

This paper discusses on the notion of trapezoidal fuzzy intuitionistic fuzzy sets (TzFIFSs) and some of the arithmetic operations of the same. Correlation coefficient of TzFIFS is proposed based on the membership, nonmembership, and hesitation degrees. The weighted averaging (WA) operator and the weighted geometric (WG) operator are proposed for TzFIFSs. Based on these operators and the correlation coefficient defined for the TzFIFS, new multiattribute decision making (MADM) models are proposed and numerical illustration is given.
A Precise Manufacturing Method of the Composite Structure-Similar Flutter Model
Authors: Yang Rui , Sun Shiyong , Qian Wei , Guo Dongming
Published: August 2014

The composite structure-similar flutter model (ComSSM) not only shows higher structural efficiency but also provides convenience for the purpose of fabrication in the aerodynamic flutter model. The manufacturing process of ComSSM is different from conventional composites structures. The geometry parameters and nongeometry parameters of ComSSM need to be controlled cooperatively and precisely to obtain higher product quality. A method of precise manufacturing is developed based on the error calibration of nongeometry parameters. The accuracy of structural performance of ComSSM is ensured by reducing the manufacturing stiffness, controlling the error of mechanical performance, and calibrating the error of modal frequency.
Mercury and Other Biomedical Waste Management Practices among Dental Practitioners in India
Authors: Singh Raghuwar D. , Jurel Sunit K. , Tripathi Shuchi , Agrawal Kaushal K. , Kumari Reema
Published: August 2014

Objectives. The objective of the study was to assess the awareness and performance towards dental waste including mercury management policy and practices among the dental practitioners in North India.Materials and Methods. An epidemiologic survey was conducted among 200 private dental practitioners. The survey form was composed of 29 self-administered questions frame based on knowledge, attitude, and those regarding the practices of dentists in relation to dental health-care waste management. The resulting data were coded and a statistical analysis was done.Results and Discussion. About 63.7% of the dentists were not aware of the different categories of biomedical waste generated in their clinics. Only 31.9% of the dentists correctly said that outdated and contaminated drugs come under cytotoxic waste. 46.2% said they break the needle and dispose of it and only 21.9% use needle burner to destroy it. 45.0% of the dentists dispose of the developer and fixer solutions by letting them into the sewer, 49.4% of them dilute the solutions and let them into sewer and only 5.6% return them to the supplier. About 40.6% of the dentists dispose of excess silver amalgam by throwing it into common bin.Conclusion. It was concluded that not all dentists were aware of the risks they were exposed to and only half of them observe infection control practices.
Modeling FOG Drift Using Back-Propagation Neural Network Optimized by Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm
Authors: Song Rui , Chen Xiyuan , Shen Chong , Zhang Hong
Published: August 2014

Based on the temperature drift characteristic of fiber optic gyroscope (FOG), a novel modeling and compensation method which integrated the artificial fish swarm algorithm (AFSA) and back-propagation (BP) neural network is proposed to improve the output accuracy of FOG and the precision of inertial navigation system. In this paper, AFSA is used to optimize the weights and threshold of BP neural network which determine precision of the model directly. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, the predicted results of BP optimized by genetic algorithm (GA) and AFSA are compared and a quantitative evaluation of compensation results is analyzed by Allan variance. The comparison result illustrated the main error sources and the sinusoidal noises in the FOG output signal are reduced by about 50%. Therefore, the proposed modeling method can be used to improve the FOG precision.
A Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics Simulation Using NAMD Package to Reveal Aggregation Profile of Phospholipids Self-Assembly in Water
Authors: Hudiyanti Dwi , Radifar Muhammad , Raharjo Tri Joko , Narsito Narsito , Noegrohati Sri
Published: August 2014

The energy profile of self-assembly process of DLPE, DLPS, DOPE, DOPS, DLiPE, and DLiPS in water was investigated by a coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation using NAMD package. The self-assembly process was initiated from random configurations. The simulation was carried out for 160 ns. This study presented proof that there were three major self-assembled arrangements which became visible for a certain duration when the simulation took place, that is, liposome, deformed liposome, and planar bilayer. The energy profile that shows plateau at the time of these structures emerge confirmed their stability therein. Our findings have highlighted the idea that liposomes and deformed liposomes are metastable phases which eventually will turn into planar bilayer, the stable one.
On the Minimum Cable Tensions for the Cable-Based Parallel Robots
Authors: Liu Peng , Qiu Yuanying , Su Yu , Chang Jiantao
Published: August 2014

This paper investigates the minimum cable tension distributions in the workspace for cable-based parallel robots to find out more information on the stability. First, the kinematic model of a cable-based parallel robot is derived based on the wrench matrix. Then, a noniterative polynomial-based optimization algorithm with the proper optimal objective function is presented based on the convex optimization theory, in which the minimum cable tension at any pose is determined. Additionally, three performance indices are proposed to show the distributions of the minimum cable tensions in a specified region of the workspace. An important thing is that the three performance indices can be used to evaluate the stability of the cable-based parallel robots. Furthermore, a new workspace, the Specified Minimum Cable Tension Workspace (SMCTW), is introduced, within which all the minimum tensions exceed a specified value, therefore meeting the specified stability requirement. Finally, a camera robot parallel driven by four cables for aerial panoramic photographing is selected to illustrate the distributions of the minimum cable tensions in the workspace and the relationship between the three performance indices and the stability.
Optical and Electrical Properties of Ag-Doped In2S3Thin Films Prepared by Thermal Evaporation
Authors: Lin Peijie , Lin Sile , Cheng Shuying , Ma Jing , Lai Yunfeng , Zhou Haifang , Jia Hongjie
Published: August 2014

Ag-doped In2S3(In2S3:Ag) thin films have been deposited onto glass substrates by a thermal evaporation method. Ag concentration is varied from 0 at.% to 4.78 at.%. The structural, optical, and electrical properties are characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), spectrophotometer, and Hall measurement system, respectively. The XRD analysis confirms the existence of In2S3and AgIn5S8phases. With the increase of the Ag concentration, the band gap of the films is decreased gradually from 2.82 eV to 2.69 eV and the resistivity drastically is decreased from ~103to5.478×10-2 Ω·cm.
On Solutions of Variational Inequality Problems via Iterative Methods
Authors: Alghamdi Mohammed Ali , Shahzad Naseer , Zegeye Habtu
Published: August 2014

We investigate an algorithm for a common point of fixed points of a finite family of Lipschitz pseudocontractive mappings and solutions of a finite family ofγ-inverse strongly accretive mappings. Our theorems improve and unify most of the results that have been proved in this direction for this important class of nonlinear mappings.
Enhanced Ethanol and Biogas Production from Pinewood by NMMO Pretreatment and Detailed Biomass Analysis
Authors: Shafiei Marzieh , Karimi Keikhosro , Zilouei Hamid , Taherzadeh Mohammad J.
Published: August 2014

N-Methyl morpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) is an environmentally friendly and commercially applied cellulose solvent that is suggested for pretreatment of lignocelluloses to improve biofuel productions. However, the underlying mechanisms of the improvements have been poorly understood yet. In an attempt to investigate the mechanisms, pinewood powder and chips were pretreated with 85% (w/w) NMMO at 120°C for 1–15 h. The pretreatment improved ethanol production yield from 7.2% (g/g) for the untreated wood powder to 68.1–86.1% (g/g) and from 1.7% (g/g) for the untreated wood chips to 12.6–51.2% (g/g) of theoretical yield. Similarly, the biogas yields of untreated wood chips and powder were improved from 21 and 66 (mL/g volatile solids) by 3.5–6.8- and 2.6–3.4-folds, respectively. SEM micrographs indicated major increase in the wood porosity by the pretreatment, which would confirm increase in the water swelling capacity as well as enzyme adsorption. The analysis of X-ray diffraction showed considerable reduction in the cellulose crystallinity by the pretreatment, while FTIR spectroscopy results indicated reduction of lignin on the wood surface by the pretreatment.
Surface Wave Propagation in a Microstretch Thermoelastic Diffusion Material under an Inviscid Liquid Layer
Authors: Kumar Rajneesh , Ahuja Sanjeev , Garg S. K.
Published: August 2014

The present investigation deals with the propagation of Rayleigh type surface waves in an isotropic microstretch thermoelastic diffusion solid half space under a layer of inviscid liquid. The secular equation for surface waves in compact form is derived after developing the mathematical model. The dispersion curves giving the phase velocity and attenuation coefficients with wave number are plotted graphically to depict the effect of an imperfect boundary alongwith the relaxation times in a microstretch thermoelastic diffusion solid half space under a homogeneous inviscid liquid layer for thermally insulated, impermeable boundaries and isothermal, isoconcentrated boundaries, respectively. In addition, normal velocity component is also plotted in the liquid layer. Several cases of interest under different conditions are also deduced and discussed.
Exploring the Impact of Commuter’s Residential Location Choice on the Design of a Rail Transit Line Based on Prospect Theory
Authors: Liu Ding
Published: August 2014

This paper explores the impact of prospect theory based commuter’s residential location choice on the design problem of a rail transit line located in a monocentric city. A closed‐form social welfare maximization model is proposed, with special consideration given to prospect theory based commuter’s residential location choice over years. Commuters are assumed to make residential location choice by a trade‐off between daily housing rent and generalized travel cost to minimize their prospect values. The solutions properties of the proposed model are explored and compared analytically. It is found that overestimation exists for the optimal solutions of rail line length, headway, and fare based on traditional utility theory, compared with the optimal solutions of the proposed prospect theory based model. A numerical example is given to illustrate the properties of the proposed model.
Evaluation of Hemodynamics in Focal Steatosis and Focal Spared Lesion of the Liver Using Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography with Sonazoid
Authors: Shiozawa Kazue , Watanabe Manabu , Ikehara Takashi , Kogame Michio , Shinohara Mie , Shinohara Masao , Ishii Koji , Igarashi Yoshinori , Makino Hiroyuki , Sumino Yasukiyo
Published: August 2014

We aim to investigate the hemodynamics in focal steatosis and focal spared lesion of the liver using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) with Sonazoid. The subjects were 47 patients with focal steatosis and focal spared lesion. We evaluated enhancement patterns (hyperenhancement, isoenhancement, and hypoenhancement) in the vascular phase and the presence or absence of a hypoechoic area in the postvascular phase for these lesions using CEUS. Of the 24 patients with focal steatosis, the enhancement pattern was isoenhancement in 19 and hypoenhancement in 5. Hypoechoic areas were noted in the postvascular phase in 3 patients. Of the 23 patients with focal spared lesions, the enhancement pattern was isoenhancement in 18 and hyperenhancement in 5. No hypoechoic areas were noted in the postvascular phase in any patient. The hemodynamics in focal steatosis and focal spared lesions in nondiffuse fatty liver can be observed using low-invasive procedures in real-time by CEUS. It was suggested that differences in the dynamics of enhancement in the vascular phase of CEUS were influenced by the fat deposits in the target lesion, the surrounding liver parenchyma, and the third inflow.
In VitroandIn VivoEffects of Suppressor of Cytokine Signalling 7 Knockdown in Breast Cancer: The Influence on Cellular Response to Hepatocyte Growth Factor
Authors: Sasi Walid , Ye Lin , Jiang Wen G. , Sharma Anup K. , Mokbel Kefah
Published: August 2014

Purpose. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 7 (SOCS7) is a member of the SOCS family and is known to interact with phospholipase Cγ-1 (PLCγ-1), a key downstream mediator of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/C-MET axis. Here, we report our observations of the effect of knocking down SOCS7 gene on the behaviour of breast cancer cells bothin vitroandin vivoand to elucidate whether this involves HGF/C-MET pathway using the PLCγ-1 blocker U73122.Methods. MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were transfected with anti-SOCS7 ribozymal transgene, to create sublines with SOCS7 knockdown. Thein vitrogrowth and migration of the cells were evaluated in basic conditions and with HGF and U73122 treatment using growth assays, scratch-wound, and electrical cell impedance sensing (ECIS) migration assays. MCF7 and MDA-MB-231in vivotumour xenograft growth were also studied.Results. Basalin vitrogrowth and migration of both cellular lines and thein vivoMCF7 xenograft growth were significantly enhanced with SOCS7 knockdown.In vitroHGF treatment has further influenced the growth and migration when SOCS7 gene was knocked-down in both cellular lines(P<0.05). PLCγ-1 pharmacological inhibition of the HGF/C-MET cascade during theirin vitrogrowth and migration seemed to only occur when SOCS7 gene was knocked down.Conclusions. We report a unique regulatory role for SOCS7 in controlling the malignant behaviour of breast cancer lines MCF7 and MDA-MB-231in vitroand the MCF7 tumour xenograftsin vivo. We also report a regulatory role for SOCS7 during thein vitroHGF-induced growth and migration in these cells as HGF treatment and SOCS7 loss have synergistically enhanced these functions. This SOCS7 knockdown-attributed effect could be due to a precise anti-PLCγ-1 role.
Positive Solutions for Third-Orderp-Laplacian Functional Dynamic Equations on Time Scales
Authors: Guan Wen , Wang Da-Bin
Published: August 2014

We study the following third-orderp-Laplacian functional dynamic equation on time scales:Φp(uΔ∇(t))∇+a(t)f(u(t),u(μ(t)))=0,t∈0,TT,  u(t)=φ(t),  t∈-r,0T,  uΔ(0)=uΔ∇(T)=0, andu(T)+B0(uΔ(η))=0. By applying the Five-Functional Fixed Point Theorem, the existence criteria of three positive solutions are established.
A Two-Stage Fuzzy Logic Control Method of Traffic Signal Based on Traffic Urgency Degree
Authors: Ge Yan
Published: August 2014

City intersection traffic signal control is an important method to improve the efficiency of road network and alleviate traffic congestion. This paper researches traffic signal fuzzy control method on a single intersection. A two-stage traffic signal control method based on traffic urgency degree is proposed according to two-stage fuzzy inference on single intersection. At the first stage, calculate traffic urgency degree for all red phases using traffic urgency evaluation module and select the red light phase with large traffic urgency as the next phase to switch. At the second stage, green delay of the current green phase is determined by fuzzy inference based on the amount of vehicles of current green phase and next green phase. The average vehicle delays are used to evaluate the performance of the fuzzy signal controller. Finally, comparisons have been made with pretimed controller and fuzzy logic controller without considering the urgency of red phase. Simulation results show the performance of our proposed method.
Intrapartum Ultrasound Assessment of Fetal Spine Position
Authors: Gizzo Salvatore , Andrisani Alessandra , Noventa Marco , Burul Giorgia , Di Gangi Stefania , Anis Omar , Ancona Emanuele , D'Antona Donato , Nardelli Giovanni Battista , Ambrosini Guido
Published: August 2014

We investigated the role of foetal spine position in the first and second labour stages to determine the probability of OPP detection at birth and the related obstetrical implications. We conducted an observational-longitudinal cohort study on uncomplicated cephalic single foetus pregnant women at term. We evaluated the accuracy of ultrasound in predicting occiput position at birth, influence of fetal spine in occiput position during labour, labour trend, analgesia request, type of delivery, and indication to CS. The accuracy of the foetal spinal position to predict the occiput position at birth was high at the first labour stage. At the second labour stage, CS (40.3%) and operative vaginal deliveries (23.9%) occurred more frequently in OPP than in occiput anterior position (7% and 15.2%, resp.), especially in cases of the posterior spine. In concordant posterior positions labour length was greater than other ones, and analgesia request rate was 64.1% versus 14.7% for all the others. The assessment of spinal position could be useful in obstetrical management and counselling, both before and during labour. The detection of spinal position, more than OPP, is predictive of successful delivery. In concordant posterior positions, the labour length, analgesia request, operative delivery, and caesarean section rate are higher than in the other combination.
Uncoupling Protein 2 Regulates Palmitic Acid-Induced Hepatoma Cell Autophagy
Authors: Lou Jiaxin , Wang Yunjiao , Wang Xuejiang , Jiang Ying
Published: August 2014

Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) is suggested to have a role in the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, the mechanism remains unclear. Autophagy is an important mediator of many pathological responses. This study aims to investigate the relationship between UCP2 and hepatoma cells autophagy in palmitic acid- (PA-) induced lipotoxicity. H4IIE cells were treated with palmitic acid (PA), and cell autophagy and apoptosis were examined. UCP2 expression, in association with LC3-II and caspase-3, which are indicators of cell autophagy and apoptosis, respectively,was measured. Results demonstrated that UCP2 was associated with autophagy during PA-induced hepatic carcinoma cells injury. Tests on reactive oxygen species (ROS) showed that UCP2 overexpression strongly decreases PA-induced ROS production and apoptosis. Conversely, UCP2 inhibition by genipin or UCP2 mRNA silencing enhances PA-induced ROS production and apoptosis. Autophagy partially participates in this progress. Moreover, UCP2 was associated with ATP synthesis during PA-induced autophagy. In conclusion, increasing UCP2 expression in hepatoma cells may contribute to cell autophagy and antiapoptotic as result of fatty acid injury. Our results may bring new insights for potential NASH therapies.
Breast Conserving Treatment for Breast Cancer: Dosimetric Comparison of Sequential versus Simultaneous Integrated Photon Boost
Authors: Van Parijs Hilde , Reynders Truus , Heuninckx Karina , Verellen Dirk , Storme Guy , De Ridder Mark
Published: August 2014

Background. Breast conserving surgery followed by whole breast irradiation is widely accepted as standard of care for early breast cancer. Addition of a boost dose to the initial tumor area further reduces local recurrences. We investigated the dosimetric benefits of a simultaneously integrated boost (SIB) compared to a sequential boost to hypofractionate the boost volume, while maintaining normofractionation on the breast.Methods. For 10 patients 4 treatment plans were deployed, 1 with a sequential photon boost, and 3 with different SIB techniques: on a conventional linear accelerator, helical TomoTherapy, and static TomoDirect. Dosimetric comparison was performed.Results. PTV-coverage was good in all techniques. Conformity was better with all SIB techniques compared to sequential boost (P= 0.0001). There was less dose spilling to the ipsilateral breast outside the PTVboost (P= 0.04). The dose to the organs at risk (OAR) was not influenced by SIB compared to sequential boost. Helical TomoTherapy showed a higher mean dose to the contralateral breast, but less than 5 Gy for each patient.Conclusions. SIB showed less dose spilling within the breast and equal dose to OAR compared to sequential boost. Both helical TomoTherapy and the conventional technique delivered acceptable dosimetry. SIB seems a safe alternative and can be implemented in clinical routine.
Concomitant Bifocal Urothelial Carcinoma and Breast Tumor: Second Primary Cancer or Metastatic Spread to the Breast?
Authors: Dumont Clément , Gauthier Hélène , Vérine Jérôme , Lehmann-Che Jacqueline , de Cremoux Patricia , Pouessel Damien , Culine Stéphane
Published: August 2014

Metastases to the mammary gland are an uncommon event in the natural history of most malignant tumors. We report the case of a 60-year-old woman who presented initially with bifocal urothelial carcinoma with a single breast tumor, raising the issue of a primary cancer or a metastatic spread to the breast. The diagnosis of breast metastasis was aided by identity of pathology, immunochemistry, and molecular biology findings between the primary tumor and the breast lesion, among which are the p.K120M mutation, a very rare TP53 mutation, and HER2 overexpression with underlying polysomy of chromosome 17.
Navigating the Maize between Red Meat and Oncomirs
Authors: Thompson Patricia A.
Published: August 2014

High red meat consumption is associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer. Various mechanisms have been proposed, including mutagenesis, alterations of the gut microbiome, and effects on local immunity and inflammation. This lack of well-defined mechanistic explanations for diet and cancer associations coupled with our inability to derive causal inferences from population-based studies allows us to rationalize that burger we ate at lunch or that steak we ate at dinner. The preparation and consumption of red meat is a major social and dining pleasure in the Western culture, so there is resistance to concern ourselves with the cancer risk associated with red meat. In fact, advertisements do not add a rapid-fire statement that consumption of more than half a portion of red meat per day has been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and even death, because these data are not from randomized controlled trials? Would we heed a warning if there was evidence that burgers and steaks induced the expression of small noncoding RNAs that inhibit the expression of tumor-suppressor genes in our enterocytes? What level of evidence is necessary to convince ourselves that a dietary exposure is sufficiently causal to put a warning label on it? How do we experimentally obtain such evidence? If we knew the mechanism, perhaps we could modify the risk sufficiently such that we can have our steak and eat it too—without the warnings. Cancer Prev Res; 7(8); 777–80. ©2014 AACR.
Drapely-o-lightment: An Algorithmic Approach to Designing for Drapability in an E-Textile Garment
Authors: Feijs Loe , Toeters Marina
Published: August 2014

Drapely-o-lightment is a skirt created as an exploration of the integration of electronics and clothing. This prototype was made as a tool for research into design techniques that work well with components that conform to today’s standards for the manufacturing of electronics. The design takes into account not only the inclusion of squares in the visual design but also the tactile and visual properties of hard components in a traditionally soft medium. The fabric colors were chosen based on the OLED light effects. The skirt is the result of a collaboration between hightech fashion, corporate electronics and academic industrial design.
A DJ in the Library
Authors: Norton D.A.
Published: August 2014

Disc Jockeys (DJs) have worked with large collections of electronic media since the advent of file sharing in the 1990s. Each week, or more often, they generate fresh sets of material from the collection and present them publicly. The DJ’s interaction with the digital collection has to support recall and encounter in a creative flow. Their system for retrieving and using information enables learning, stimulates creativity, and allows responsive presentation and publication. The DJ’s model of information interaction is a read/write engagement in the archive: a system of authorship that reuses pre-authored material. It is transferable to other data-representations.
Species-richness in the Oriental fungus-feeding thrips of the genus Azaleothrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae)
Authors: OKAJIMA SHÛJI , MASUMOTO MASAMI
Published: August 2014

Azaleothrips, a phlaeothripine genus of fungus-feeding species, is presumably endemic to the Oriental Region between India and Japan. Although only 10 species have been known in this genus until now, a total of 35 species is recorded here, of which 26 are newly described: from Indonesia—A. bali sp.n., A. bulelengi sp.n., A. dentatus sp.n., A. dorsalis sp.n., A. floresi sp.n., A. inflavus sp.n., A. simulans sp.n., A. sulawesicus sp.n., from the Philippines—A. apoensis sp.n., A. bifidius sp.n., A. luzonensis sp.n., A. mindanaoensis sp.n., A. philippinensis sp.n., from Taiwan—A. atayal sp.n., A. formosae sp.n., A. taiwanus sp.n., from Thailand—A. flavicollis sp.n., A. phuketanus sp.n., A. pulcher sp.n., A. toshifumii sp.n., from Vietnam—A. laocai sp.n., A. vietnamensis sp.n., from W. Malaysia—A. malaya sp.n., A. reticulatus sp.n., A. richardi sp.n., A. templeri sp.n. In addition A. magnus Chen, described from Taiwan, is newly synonymized with A. moundi. Azaleothrips laevigatus, described from southern Japan, is newly recorded more widely in Southeast Asia. A key to 33 species is provided, but A. bhattii and A. lineus cannot be recognized because of the poor information in the original descriptions.
Description of Ektaphelenchoides fuchsi n. sp. (Nematoda: Ektaphelenchinae) from western Iran
Authors: ESMAEILI MEHRAB , HEYDARI RAMIN , POURJAM EBRAHIM , ATIGHI MOHAMMAD REZA
Published: August 2014

Ektaphelenchoides fuchsi n. sp., recovered from a soil sample around the rhizosphere of Cucurbita maxima in western Iran, is described and illustrated based on morphological and molecular characters. The new species is characterized by its body length of 529–712 µm, continuous lip region, lateral fields with three incisures, total stylet length of 14–18 µm with rounded basal knobs, excretory pore 70–84 µm and hemizonid 87–96 µm from the anterior end, post-uterine sac short, 6–9 µm long in female and tail conoid with long filiform terminus in male. Based on morphological and molecular characters, the new species is close to E. kelardashtensis, E. attenuata, and E. musae. It differs from the closest species E. kelardashtensis by its longer sylet (14–18 vs 13–16 µm) and stylet with basal knobs vs not, longer post uterine sac (6–9 vs 3–6 µm), more posterior position of excretory pore and hemizonid (70–84 vs 55–66 and 87–96 vs 67–78 µm, respectively), and longer spicules (12–13 vs 8–10 µm). Comparisons with other species of Ektaphelenchoides are also discussed. Molecular analyses were performed based on 631 bp of the partial ribosomal RNA large subunit gene (D2/D3 of LSU) and showed that E. fuchsi n. sp. is unique when compared with other species of the genus for which sequences of that region are available.
Laomenes albonigrus sp. nov., (Crustacea: Decapoda; Pontoniinae) from Ashmore Reef, Western Australia
Authors: BRUCE A. J.
Published: August 2014

One specimen of an un-described species of pontoniine shrimp of the genus Laomenes Clark, 1919, Laomenes albonigrus sp. nov., was collected from a crinoid host from Ashmore Reef, Western Australia, and is now described and illustrated.
A Probabilistic Approach to Adaptive Covariance Localization for Serial Ensemble Square Root Filters
Authors: Zhen Yicun , Zhang Fuqing
Published: August 2014

This study proposes a variational approach to adaptively determine the optimum radius of influence for ensemble covariance localization when uncorrelated observations are assimilated sequentially. The covariance localization is commonly used by various ensemble Kalman filters to limit the impact of covariance sampling errors when the ensemble size is small relative to the dimension of the state. The probabilistic approach is based on the premise of finding an optimum localization radius that minimizes the distance between the Kalman update using the localized sampling covariance versus using the true covariance, when the sequential ensemble Kalman square root filter method is used. The authors first examine the effectiveness of the proposed method for the cases when the true covariance is known or can be approximated by a sufficiently large ensemble size. Not surprisingly, it is found that the smaller the true covariance distance or the smaller the ensemble, the smaller the localization radius that is needed. The authors further generalize the method to the more usual scenario that the true covariance is unknown but can be represented or estimated probabilistically based on the ensemble sampling covariance. The mathematical formula for this probabilistic and adaptive approach with the use of the Jeffreys prior is derived. Promising results and limitations of this new method are discussed through experiments using the Lorenz-96 system.
Gender Differences in the Effectiveness of Delinquency Prevention Programs
Authors: Fagan Abigail A. , Lindsey Andrea M.
Published: August 2014

Empirical research indicates that males are more likely than females to be delinquent, yet it is unclear why this gender gap exists. This uncertainty can impede gender-responsive prevention efforts to implement programs that target the criminogenic factors most salient for each sex. However, information from experimental evaluations of gender differences in the effectiveness of prevention services can guide gender-responsive approaches. This article provides a systematic review of such literature. The results demonstrated some evidence of gender differences in the ability of community-based preventive interventions to reduce substance use, delinquency, and/or violence, although no clear patterns emerged regarding the types of programs that are most effective for each sex. In addition, some programs had similar effects on females and males and others evidenced harmful effects for one sex or the other. These findings suggest that practitioners should carefully review evaluation evidence prior to targeting females, males, or both sexes for prevention services.
Exploring Anti-LGBT Homicide by Mode of Victim Selection
Authors: Gruenewald Jeff , Kelley Kristin
Published: August 2014

This study extends previous research by comparatively examining variations in situational circumstances of bias homicide targeting lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) victims. Rather than conceptualize categories of homicide by offender motive, this study disaggregates anti-LGBT homicide based on observable characteristics of victim selection by offenders. Anti-LGBT homicides are conceptualized as predatory and responsive offenses, which capture planned, unprovoked homicides and unplanned crimes in which victims play a role in the escalation of violence. Further situational distinctions are conceptualized within these categories of anti-LGBT homicide, and comparative analyses reveal important differences across these situational circumstances. Considering the large amount of variation found within anti-LGBT homicide, which often goes unrecognized by studies relying on official bias crimes data, these findings suggest that open-source crime data and nuanced examinations of anti-LGBT homicide may be useful tools for fashioning informed policy discussions of victim-based legal protections and law enforcement responses to bias crime.
Comparison of Multisystemic Therapy and Functional Family Therapy Effectiveness
Authors: Baglivio Michael T. , Jackowski Katherine , Greenwald Mark A. , Wolff Kevin T.
Published: August 2014

Propensity score matching (PSM) is used to examine the effectiveness of Multisystemic Therapy compared with Functional Family Therapy (FFT) in a multiyear statewide sample of juvenile offenders. Outcomes include offenses and violations of probation during service and 12-month recidivism. Salient selection effects including delinquent peer associations, substance use, and lack of adherence to parental rules, as well as strong correlates of the outcome measures (risk assessment scores, age at first offense, most serious prior offense) and pertinent demographics, were controlled for in the PSM. Results indicate few significant differences in the effectiveness of the two modalities, with the exception that female youth receiving FFT have lower recidivism and low risk youth receiving FFT have fewer offenses/violations of probation during service provision.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Bokor Gyula , Anderson Peter D.
Published: August 2014

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobiological condition of childhood onset with the hallmarks of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Inattention includes excessive daydreaming, disorganization, and being easily distracted. Impulsivity manifests as taking an action before fully thinking of the consequences. Hyperactivity includes an excessive rate of speech and motor activity. Complications of ADHD include academic failure, low self-esteem, poor work performance, substance abuse, criminal justice issues, and social problems. ADHD is predominately due to decreased activity in the frontal lobe. Dopamine and norepinephrine are the main neurotransmitters involved in the pathophysiology of ADHD. Pharmacological treatment of ADHD includes psychostimulants, norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, α2 agonists, bupropion, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. The most effective medications are the psychostimulants. Nonpharmacological treatment of ADHD includes coaching, providing structure, academic accommodations, and work accommodations.
Liberal Peace and South Asia
Authors: Chakma Bhumitra
Published: August 2014

Following the end of the Cold War, South Asia has been in transition in a number of ways. Based on the Kantian tripod of democracy, economic interdependence and institution, this article assesses whether liberal peace has taken root in South Asia. It concludes that although an incipient liberal order may be discerned in the region, South Asia has yet to change fundamentally to become a zone of liberal peace. Particularly the Indo-Pakistani relationship remains frosty which constrains the building of a liberal order in the region.
Mediating War and Peace: Mass Media and International Conflict
Authors: Joseph Teresa
Published: August 2014

Technological developments over recent years have ensured that the mainstream mass media will play a growing role in social and political processes, and in shaping perceptions and policies relating to domestic as well as international conflicts. Keeping in perspective the potential capability of the news media in situations of conflict and conflict resolution, this article maps the underlying trends in the role of the mainstream international news media in contemporary conflicts, and the issues and challenges that characterise media coverage of such issues. Identifying some of these trends to be—the reflection of the dominant discourse, framing of news along official lines, dehumanising language of war, media management by governments, selective reporting, demonisation of enemies, and so on—the article throws light on the concept of ‘peace journalism’ as an alternative to conventional news coverage of conflict.
Book Review: Bhatia, Rajiv, Singh, Swaran and Marwah, Reena, 2014. Transforming South Asia: Imperatives for Action
Authors: Hazarika Obja Borah
Published: August 2014

Bhatia, Rajiv, Singh, Swaran and Marwah, Reena, Transforming South Asia: Imperatives for Action (New Delhi: KW Publishers Pvt. Ltd, 2014). Pp. 227, Price ₹ 880.
Book Review: Jayatilleka, Dayan, 2013. Long War, Cold Peace, Conflict and Crisis in Sri Lanka
Authors: de Silva Kingsley M.
Published: August 2014

Jayatilleka, Dayan, Long War, Cold Peace, Conflict and Crisis in Sri Lanka (Colombo: Vijitha Yapa, 2013). Pp. xii + 508, Price £17.95.
Media and the limits of transnational solidarity: Unanswered questions in the relationship between diaspora, communication and community
Authors: Budarick John
Published: August 2014

In this article, I critically analyse the relationship between media and conceptualisations of diaspora as a form of imagined transnational community. Despite the central place of transnational media in understandings of diasporic communities, there is yet to be a sustained dialogue between theoretical understandings of diaspora and diaspora media studies. I argue that the role of transnational media in conceptualisations of diaspora is too often reduced to the facilitation of cross-border communities. Not enough attention is paid to the alternative possibilities, including the potential of media to challenge cross-border solidarities in ways that fundamentally undermine prevalent understandings of the media and diaspora relationship. As a way to address this issue, it is important that studies of diaspora and media incorporate non-diasporic media into their analyses.
Operational definitions of asthma in recent epidemiological studies are inconsistent
Authors: Sá‐Sousa Ana , Jacinto Tiago , Azevedo Luís Filipe , Morais‐Almeida Mário , Robalo‐Cordeiro Carlos , Bugalho‐Almeida António , Bousquet Jean , Fonseca João Almeida
Published: August 2014

Objective

The best combination of questions to define asthma in epidemiological asthma studies is not known. We summarized the operational definitions of asthma used in prevalence studies and empirically assess how asthma prevalence estimates vary depending on the definition used.

Methods

We searched the Thomson Reuters ISI Web of knowledge and included (1) cross‐sectional studies (2) on asthma prevalence (3) conducted in the general population and (4) containing an explicit definition of asthma. The search was limited to the 100 most‐cited papers or published since January 2010. For each paper, we recorded the asthma definition used and other variables. Then we applied the definitions to the data of the Portuguese National Asthma survey (INAsma) and of the 2005–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) computing asthma prevalence estimates for the different definitions.

Results

Of 1738 papers retrieved, 117 were included for analysis. Lifetime asthma, diagnosed asthma and current asthma were defined in 8, 12 and 29 different ways, respectively. By applying definitions of current asthma on INAsma and NHANES data, the prevalence ranged between 5.3%‐24.4% and 1.1%‐17.2%, respectively.

Conclusions

There is considerable heterogeneity in the definitions of asthma used in epidemiological studies leading to highly variable estimates of asthma prevalence. Studies to inform a standardized operational definition are needed. Meanwhile, we propose a set of questions to be reported when defining asthma in epidemiological studies.
Perception of fattening foods in Italian children and adolescents
Authors: Toselli Stefania , Brasili Patricia , Di Michele Rocco , Spiga Federico
Published: August 2014

The present study aimed to analyze, in Italian children and adolescents, the beliefs about which foods are fattening, the appreciation of fattening foods, and the perception of some socio-cultural attributes of them. 244 children (F: 125, M: 119, aged 8–11) and 305 adolescents (F: 153; M: 152, aged 11–14) from Bologna, Northern Italy, were asked to indicate five fattening foods. For each of the indicated foods, a yes-no answer was required to the question: “is this food special for you?”, and to six questions concerning socio-cultural attributes of the food, which were modelled using a latent variable with two classes named “traditional” and “modern”. Pearson’s chi square tests revealed, both in boys and girls, significant associations between the age class and the foods indicated as fattening: lean meat, condiments, non-sweet fruit and vegetables were more often indicated as fattening by children than by adolescents. Overall, boys showed higher appreciation and perception of fashionability of fattening foods. Girls appreciated less bread and pasta, and indicated more often than boys these foods as fattening. The different food perception of between age classes and sexes can be respectively explained by a better dietary awareness of adolescents, and by girls worrying about their look more than boys.
Intermolecular Aryl Ligands Transfer of the Diarylplatinum(II) Complexes with a Cyclooctadiene Ligand
Authors: Yoshigoe Yusuke , Suzaki Yuji , Osakada Kohtaro
Published: August 2014

An equimolar mixture of diarylplatinum(II) complexes, [PtPh2(cod)] and [Pt(C6H4F)2(cod)] (cod: 1,5-cyclooctadiene), is turned into an unsymmetrical diaryl complex, [PtPh(C6H4F)(cod)], upon heating at 50 °C via intermolecular aryl ligand exchange. The reaction occurs reversibly to afford an equilibrated mixture of the complexes.
Vapor-phase Catalytic Dehydration of 2,3-Butanediol into 3-Buten-2-ol over Sc2O3
Authors: Duan Hailing , Yamada Yasuhiro , Sato Satoshi
Published: August 2014

Vapor-phase catalytic dehydration of 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BDO) was investigated over rare earth oxide (REO) catalysts as well as In2O3. In the dehydration of 2,3-BDO, 3-buten-2-ol (3B2OL) was produced together with 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (3H2BO), butanone (MEK), 2-methylpropanal (IBA), 2-methyl-1-propanol (IBO), etc. Sc2O3 and In2O3 showed higher 3B2OL selectivities than other REOs. In particular, Sc2O3 converted 2,3-BDO into 3B2OL with an excellent selectivity of 85.0% at 99.9% conversion.
Delivering care to oncology patients in the community: an innovative integrated approach
Authors: Hanan Terry , Mullen Louise , Laffoy Marie , O'Toole Eve , Richmond Janice , Wynne Mary
Published: August 2014

A community oncology nursing programme was developed in Ireland between the hospital and community health services for patients receiving systemic cancer therapy, in response to a service need. A robust evaluation of the pilot programme was undertaken, which found that defined clinical procedures traditionally undertaken in hospitals were safely undertaken in the patient's home with no adverse effects. There was a dramatic decrease in hospital attendances for these defined clinical procedures, and hospital capacity was consequently freed up. Patients valued having aspects of their care delivered at home and reported that it improved their quality of life, including reduced hospital visits and travel time. Community nurses expanded their scope of practice and became partners with oncology day-ward nurses in caring for these patients. Community nurses developed the competence and confidence to safely deliver cancer care in the community. This initiative shows that defined elements of acute cancer care can be safely delivered in the community so long as the training and support are provided. The findings and recommendations of the evaluation resulted in university accreditation and approval for national roll-out of the programme. Integration of services between primary and secondary care is a key priority. This innovative programme is a good example of shared integrated care that benefits both patients and health-care providers.
Community nursing and intermittent self-catheterisation
Authors: Woodward Sue
Published: August 2014

Clean intermittent self-catheterisation (CISC) is a treatment option for people with urinary incontinence—particularly those with neurogenic bladder dysfunction. When used for appropriate patients it has been shown to promote continence, maintain safe bladder function and improve quality of life. There is a range of different products available on prescription for patients, and community nurses are ideally placed to advise them regarding products and to offer choice to those performing CISC. CISC can promote privacy and dignity for patients with urinary incontinence due to impaired bladder emptying, and community nurses should offer this intervention to patients for whom it is suitable and support them in learning the technique.
Stoma care in the community
Authors: Burch Jennie
Published: August 2014

There are over 100 000 people in the UK with a stoma. For nurses working within the community and dealing with a variety of conditions, making a decision regarding the most appropriate stoma appliance to use on ostomates can be a challenge. This article gives a general overview of stomas and stoma appliances. It then discusses the various stoma accessories and gives recommendations for when and how they should be used.
Caring for hepatitis B
Authors: Peate Ian , Jones Noleen
Published: August 2014

This article provides an overview of hepatitis and concentrates predominantly on hepatitis B (HBV); this infection is of a global concern. The healthcare assistant and assistant practitioner (HCA and AP) need to understand the function of the liver and the cause of this condition if they are to offer care in a confident and competent manner.

An overview of the liver and its functions is presented, and a discussion of hepatitis is given. The signs and symptoms of chronic hepatitis B are described; the investigations and tests needed to make a diagnosis and the various treatment options are discussed.

The use of hepatitis B vaccination and who should be vaccinated are outlined. A glossary of terms is included.