bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extraction and Utilization of Chitin and Chitosan from Waste Yields of Economically Important Crustaceans and Molluscs for Improved Fish Production
Authors: Olugbojo Joseph Abiodun , Akinyemi Adeolu Akanji , Obasa Samuel Olubodun , Dare Enock Olugbenga
Published: August 2024

Background: Every year, about eight million tons of different species of crustacean shells are produced, with several million tons of various mollusc shells world-wide. These shell wastes are usually disposed into the water body or mainland, littered everywhere, with significant impact on the environment.
Aim: To provide a profitable way of reducing and possibly removing shell wastes, and harness them for a better purpose through an eco-friendly and sustainable technological approach.
Main Body of the Abstract: This review underscores a broad list of economically important crustaceans and molluscs, harvestable in Nigeria coastal waters whose shells usually ended up as wastes. Chitin, being the primary component of these wastes can be extracted and deacetylated into chitosan, or synthesized into nanoparticles for better applications in various aspects of aquaculture. Both chemical and biological methods of chitin extraction were discussed, however, bioextraction method was recommended due to its eco-friendliness, biocompatibility, and non-hazardousness. Various ways by which these shell wastes can be processed and utilized for improve aquaculture practices were also discussed. These include fish growth enhancement, pond water treatment, as antioxidant, as immuno-stimulant, as antimicrobial, as drug carrier, and several other purposes.
Conclusion: There are much hidden wealth in these fisheries by-products (Crustacean and Mollusc shells) if properly valorized. It has a great potential to transform aquaculture industry, and bring significant, and sustainable economic development in Nigeria.
Nutritional Properties of Fortified Rice (PDS) Distributed at KGBV Hostels of Telangana State, India
Authors: Pavithra Siradala Shiny , Devi T. Sucharita , Kuna Aparna , Rani R. Neela
Published: August 2024

Rice is a vital staple crop that serves as the primary source of calories for over half of the global population, particularly in Asia. Despite its importance, rice is inherently deficient in several essential micronutrients, and the nutritional value is further diminished through processing. This study examines the nutritional composition of fortified rice provided through the Public Distribution System (PDS) in KGBV hostels, emphasizing its potential to address nutritional deficiencies. The analysis focused on key parameters including moisture, ash, fat, crude fiber, protein, carbohydrates, energy, and iron content. Results revealed that fortified rice contains 11.8% moisture, 1.57% ash, 0.78% fat, and 31.05 mg of iron, crude fiber content was 0.3%, protein levels were 7.7%, carbohydrate content was 77.85g, and energy content was 349.22 kcal. These findings highlight the superior nutritional profile of fortified rice, particularly in terms of its ash, energy, and iron content, making it a highly beneficial option for addressing nutritional deficiencies and improving public health outcomes.
Changes in Livelihood and Utilization Pattern of Farm Pond Owners in Drought Regions of Maharashtra, India
Authors: S. Gireesh, , T. N. Srinatha, , Kumbhare N. V. , M. S. Jagadeesh, , Baruah Debasmita , D. Arun, , Munshi Sahin Aktar , Kumar Pramod
Published: August 2024

The study aimed to assess the impact of farm pond adoption on the livelihood of beneficiaries in drought-prone regions of Maharashtra, India during 2022-23. Data from 160 beneficiaries and 160 non-beneficiaries were collected through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and published sources and data were analysed,  The results shows that a significant increase in various aspects of beneficiary activities, including the utilization of women's productive time (MS 0.43 to 2.47), the regular employment generation index (MS 81.54 to 151.04), the livestock composition index (MS 1.46 to 2.39), the enterprises cost-effectiveness index (MS 17.27 to 48.83), the cultivated land utilization index (MS 0.22 to 0.67), and the irrigability index (MS 2.17 to 16.88). In terms of investment, horticultural crops received the highest allocation (MS 401) followed by animal husbandry (MS 360) and agricultural crops (MS 236). Farm pond income was predominantly directed toward purchasing farm inputs (56.88 %), with a smaller portion allocated to equipment (18.13%) and the least to non-agricultural businesses (1.25 %). Overall, the findings showed a significant improvement in the livelihood component of farm pond owners (MS 84.09), with the employment component exhibiting the highest mean score of 81.33, followed by the economic component (MS 75.97). These findings underscore the transformative potential of farm pond adoption in drought-prone regions, as it enhances livelihoods, empowers gender roles, and promotes diversified and sustainable agricultural practices within the locale of the study.
Analysis of Meteorological Drought for Selected Districts of Saurashtra Region of Gujarat
Authors: Vigneshwari R. , Patel K. C. , Pandya P. A.
Published: August 2024

Drought, in particular, is a complex and recurring phenomenon triggered by insufficient precipitation or changes in its distribution, often resulting in decreased water availability. It evolves slowly, affecting large populations' access to food and water, disrupting the entire hydrological cycle, and causing long-term economic losses. The present study attempts a comprehensive analysis of meteorological drought characteristics for selected districts (Junagadh, Amreli, Jamnagar, and Rajkot) in the semi-arid Saurashtra region of Gujarat. The analysis of meteorological drought was performed using rainfall (RF), maximum temperature (Tmax), and minimum temperature (Tmin) data from four stations (each district has one station) for the 43 years duration (1981–2023). The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) is utilized across multiple timescales to assess the number of drought affected years, occurrence of drought and drought parameters (total drought duration, magnitude, and intensity). The meteorological drought incidence varied significantly across Junagadh, Amreli, Jamnagar and Rajkot, with Junagadh experiencing droughts in 29% of years, Amreli in 32%, and higher rates in Jamnagar (37%) and Rajkot (36%). The most severe drought years in the four districts were 1987 and 2002, with additional major droughts occurred in 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 2002 and 2012. These districts also faced consecutive droughts from 1985 to 1987 and again from 1999 to 2002.Analysis of drought parameters in Junagadh, Amreli, Jamnagar and Rajkot districts showed that drought duration (DD) ranged from 29.46% (Junagadh) to 35.85% (Jamnagar) of months, drought magnitude (DM) varied between -37.58% (Jamnagar) and -34.10% (Junagadh), and drought intensity (DI) spanned from -1.17 (Rajkot) to -1.04 (Junagadh). The analysis of drought occurrence in all districts shows that mild and moderate droughts have been most frequent while severe and extreme droughts have been less common. The study's findings enhance water managers' understanding of how climate change influences drought patterns in the region, thereby assisting policymakers in conducting effective drought risk assessments.
Eruptive Xanthoma as Alarming Sign of Hypertriglyceridemia in Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Almache Oswaldo Núñez , Lama Rómulo Lu de , Tejada Eliana Chávez , Robles Oscar Espinoza , Ibarcena Paola Pinto , Quispe Martha Calagua , Torre Miguel De los Santos La , Tafur Pamela Azabache
Published: August 2024

Eruptive xanthomas may be the phenotypic expression of severe hypertriglyceridemia and are usually located on the surfaces of the extensor areas and buttocks. We present a case of eruptive xanthomas in the extensor areas of the arms and legs associated with severe hypertriglyceridemia in an adolescent diagnosed with diabetes mellitus who was admitted for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). After the management of DKA, the use of maintenance insulin therapy and lipid-lowering agents were initiated with a marked reduction in triglycerides and significant improvement in eruptive xanthomas. Proper management of DM and rapid reduction of triglyceride levels were essential in preventing complications such as acute pancreatitis.
This article highlights the importance of an adequate management of the diabetic patient and the clinical suspicion of severe hypertriglyceridemia in patients with eruptive xanthoma.
Predictors of Poor Adherence to Antiretroviral Treatment among HIV Positive Patients at Tamale West Hospital, Ghana
Authors: Asirifi Samuel Kwame Amoako , Mortoti-Amuzu Joana Akorfa , Yakubu Sualisu
Published: August 2024

Background: Adherence to Antiretroviral therapy is necessary to reduce the viral load of people diagnosed with HIV and help boost the persons’ immunity against opportunistic infections due to the virus. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the level of adherence to ART and its associated factors among HIV clients at the Tamale west hospital.
Methods: The current study employed a descriptive study design, and sampled a total of 104 clients receiving ART in the Tamale West Hospital in the Northern Region of Ghana.
Results: The results showed that weekly adherence was 94.2%, monthly adherence (76%), quarterly adherence (71%), half yearly adherence (51.9%) and only 33.7% have religiously adhered to ART medication from the initiation of their treatment. The treatment profile of the clients revealed that the majority of them (44.7%) had been receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) for a duration of 5 years. Additionally, 25.2% had been on ART for 1 year, while 22.3% had been on the treatment for a period ranging from 6 to 10 years. Educational level [(CI: -0.101, 0.001), p<0.052], forgetfulness [(CI: 0.186, 0.581), p<0.001], side effects [(CI: 0.072, 0.400), p<0.005], education on medication [(CI: 0.015, 0.540), p<0.038], confidentiality of services [(CI: 0.012, 0.543), p<0.041], and cost of transportation to treatment centre [(CI: 0.006, 0.167), p<0.035] were significantly associated with treatment adherence to ART among the clients.
Conclusions: The adherence rate as determined in the current study did not meet the expected target set by the Ghana National AIDS control programme. A continuous friendly ART services and an intervention to cater for the transport cost of clients would have helped improve adherence among the study clients.
Knowledge Based Millet Trainings for Sustainable Nutritional Security in the Tribal Communities of Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Sangappa  , Rafi D. , Meghana G. , Charishma E. , Ramakiran K. , Chandhini K.
Published: August 2024

India, home to the world's largest tribal population of 10.43 crore as per the 2021 census, heavily relies on millet farming for food security in tribal communities. Millets, often termed Nutri-cereals or superfoods, are resilient to poor soil and harsh climates and provide essential nutrients like iron, calcium, and dietary fiber, addressing widespread nutritional deficiencies. Despite their advantages, millet farming faces significant challenges due to climate change, land degradation, water scarcity, and rising food prices. The research sampled with 240 women from three Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) in the Alluri Sitharamaraju (ASR) district was included for the study. Structured interview Schedule and a five-point continuum were used to evaluate the tribal women views towards training given on millet cultivation, post-harvest practices, and value addition techniques. Findings revealed a general positive response to the training, particularly in areas like field preparation and nutrient management. However, challenges persist, such as limited access to resources, modern processing equipment, and proper storage facilities. Addressing these issues is crucial for improving the livelihoods of tribal women and promoting sustainable agricultural practices. Enhanced infrastructure, timely financial support, and continuous capacity-building are essential for maximizing the benefits of millet farming in tribal areas, contributing to food security and economic development.
Femoral Artery Rupture after Sneezing, Presenting to Emergency Department with Haemorrhagic Shock: A Rare Post Operative Complication
Authors: Gupta Kushagra
Published: August 2024

Femoral Artery Rupture is a rather serious and life-threatening complication of surgeries involving the anterior compartment of the thigh and knee.  Here we present a case of a 15-year-old patient, a post-operative case of Bilateral osteotomy for Genu Varus, presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) in Haemorrhagic Shock after merely sneezing and spontaneously rupturing his femoral artery.
Effect of Heat Stress during Reproductive Stage on Plant Growth, Total Biomass Production and their Correlation with Grain Yield in Rice
Authors: Kothari Munmun , Singh Tribhuwan , Shankhdhar S.C. , Guru S.K.
Published: August 2024

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is highly sensitive to high temperature during its reproductive stages. This study aims to elucidate the effects of heat stress during reproductive stage on plant growth, total dry matter accumulation, and their correlation with grain yield in diverse rice genotypes. A field experiment in split plot design was conducted at G.B.P.U.A.& T., Pantnagar during rainy season 2022-23, where high temperature stress was imposed on 15 rice genotypes during reproductive stage (after panicle initiation till maturity) using a polytunnel. The results showed that heat stress lead to reduction in dry matter accumulation and harvest index in 10 genotypes, although with different magnitude. The genotypes were screened into tolerant and susceptible based on yield reduction by comparing with the genotype N-22, which was used as a check for heat stress. It was observed that the genotypes, IET 29415, MTU-1282, MTU-1121, NLR-40042 and US-314 maintaining higher biomass and HI under heat stress conditions were able to maintain grain yield. The identified genotypes with better performance under heat stress conditions offer valuable genetic resources for breeding programs aimed at improving heat tolerance in rice.
Silk Revolution: Redefining Sericulture through Application of Precise Nanotechnologies
Authors: Hazarika Sanjay , C. Harish Reddy , B Karthick Mani Bharathi , B M Bharath Kumar , Jekinakatti Basanagouda , Saini Pawan , Sharan S.P. , R Kishan Kumar
Published: August 2024

Human civilization has been intertwined with sericulture—the art and science of producing silk for centuries. The application of nanotechnology to sericulture techniques has created new opportunities to improve the quantity, quality and use of silk in recent decades. This abstract examines the numerous applications of nanotechnology in sericulture, with particular attention on how it affects the quality of silk fibers, the procedures involved in producing silk and the creation of cutting-edge materials derived from silk. By providing comprehensive control over the properties of silk at the molecular and atomic levels, nanotechnology, defined as the manipulation of matter at the nano scale, has completely transformed the silk industry. Improving the health and growth of silkworms is one of the main application areas. Silver nanoparticles, for example have been used to fight illnesses and strengthen silkworm’s immune systems, boosting the insect’s resilience against illness and optimizing silk yield. Furthermore, silk fiber quality has increased largely in substantial measure by nanotechnology. The mechanical, thermal and optical characteristics of silk fibers have been altered by researchers by adding nanoparticles during the spinning process. For example, adding nanoparticles to silk can increase its tensile strength, making it more durable and appropriate for a variety of industrial uses. Similarly, silk can be given antibacterial qualities by adding nanoscale compounds, increasing its shelf life and possible uses in medical textiles. Furthermore, the production of sophisticated silk-based materials with distinctive functions has been made easier by nanotechnology. Nanocomposites, which consist of nanoparticles embedded in silk matrices, have unique characteristics like improved electrical conductivity, controlled drug release, and greater biocompatibility. Silk-based materials have emerged as a result of these developments, finding use both in wearable electronics and biomedical devices.
Effectiveness of AI-based Machine Learning Algorithms in Predicting Global Market Movements
Authors: Islam Riadul , Chakraborty Debashon , Roy Anup Kumar , Rahman Md Mostafizur , Enam Md Mahfuzur Rahman
Published: August 2024

The challenging yet traditional field of stock market forecasting has garnered significant interest from data scientists and economists. Given the high risks associated with trading, where investors can lose part or all of their initial capital, there is a growing need for advanced methods to support investment decisions. By leveraging the capability to predict future stock performance patterns by machine learning or AI, the return on investment for short-term trading can potentially be increased. This research reviews the structures of various AI-based machine learning techniques with a case study of Apple stock data spanning from 2010 to 2021 and the effectiveness of the algorithms in terms of various real-time factors. Among several machine learning algorithms, the SVM algorithm is shown to be the most accurate, with an accuracy rate of 76% for the case study. However, the effectiveness of machine learning systems in predicting stock prices is influenced by several factors. The inherent volatility and unpredictability of financial markets make it challenging for models to anticipate sudden, unforeseen events. Overfitting is a common issue where models that perform well on historical data fail to generalize to new, unseen data because they capture noise instead of genuine market trends. Data quality issues, such as noisy or incomplete data, further complicate predictions. Additionally, the complexity of machine learning models can hinder interpretability, making it easier for analysts to trust and utilize their outcomes. This research underscores the necessity for careful and ongoing refinement of ML techniques in stock price forecasting.
Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Methanol Extracts of Usteria guineensis and Sphaerocoryne gracilipes on Pathogens and ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli
Authors: P. A. Idowu, , E. D. Amali , O. L. Okunye, , E. O. Adeyemo
Published: August 2024

Antibiotic resistance of microbial pathogens has become a threat to public health, with observed increase in outbreak of infections, therapeutic failure, morbidity and mortality. Pathogenic Escherichia coli and other extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria causes serious health challenges due to antimicrobial resistance. This has caused an increasing research on medicinal plants as a source of alternative potential therapeutic agents.  In this study, antimicrobial activity of Usteria guineensis (UG) and Sphaerocoryne gracilipes (SG) was investigated on standard organisms and clinical isolates of ESBL-producing E. coli.
The leaves of Usteria guineensis and Sphaerocoryne gracilipes were extracted using methanol. Phytochemical analysis was carried out on the medicinal plants according to standard procedure. The clinical isolates of E. coli were screened for the production of ESBL using double disc synergy test, with E. coli ATCC 25922 as standard. Agar well diffusion method was used to determine antibacterial activity of the extracts at 100 and 25 mg/mL while Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were assessed using broth micro-dilution method. Statistical analysis was done using ANNOVA.
The two plants contain cardiac glycoside, alkaloids and saponin and 11/15 (80%) of the E. coli isolates show the production of the ESBL. The extracts of the two plants showed antibacterial activity against ESBL E. coli with zone of inhibition ranging between 11 to 18 mm for Usteria guineensis and 12 to 15 mm for Sphaerocoryne gracilipes. The MIC of the extracts ranged between 0.78 to 50 mg/mL and MBC from 12.5 to >50 mg/mL for the ESBL producers and the standard strains.
Therefore, the two plants, especially Usteria guineensis have potentials to be developed as alternative therapeutic agents for the treatment of infections caused by ESBL-producing pathogens like Escherichia coli.
Influence of Pre-harvest Application of NAA, Ca, and B on Fruit Drop, and Yield of Thailand Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana)
Authors: Paswan Karishma , Saikia Ananta , Hazarika Bikash , Das Kaushik
Published: August 2024

The present study was carried out to investigate the beneficial effects of the pre-harvest spray of NAA, calcium, and boron on fruit drop and yield of Thailand ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) at the Experimental Farm, Department of Horticulture, AAU, Jorhat-13 during 2022-2023. The treatment T4 i.e. spraying with NAA @ 20 ppm + B @ 0.5% resulted in maximum fruit set (4.68%), lesser fruit drop (53.28%), the highest yield per tree (18.12 kg/tree), yield per hectare (24.16 t), the maximum thickness of pulp (1.94 mm) and pulp weight (62.25 g). Spraying of NAA 20 ppm in combination with Boron 5% is the most profitable approach for minimizing fruit drop and maximizing production.
Extension of an Ice Shelf Water plume model beneath sea ice with application in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica
Authors: Hughes K. G. , Langhorne P. J. , Leonard G. H. , Stevens C. L.
Published: November 2014

A one‐dimensional, frazil‐laden plume model predicts the properties of Ice Shelf Water (ISW) as it evolves beneath sea ice beyond the ice shelf edge. An idealized background ocean circulation, which moves parallel to the plume, imitates forcings other than the plume's own buoyancy. The size distribution and concentration of the plume's suspended frazil ice crystals are affected by the background circulation velocity, the root‐mean square tidal velocity, the drag coefficient, and the efficiency of secondary nucleation. Consequently, these variables are the key physical controls on the survival of supercooled water with distance from the ice shelf, which is predicted using several realistic parameter choices. Starting at 65 m thick, the in situ supercooled layer thins to 11 ± 5 and 4 ± 3 m at distances of 50 and 100 km, respectively. We apply the extended model in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, along the expected path of the coldest water. Three late‐winter oceanographic stations along this path, in conjunction with historical data, provide initial conditions and evaluation of the simulations. Near the ice shelf in the western Sound, the water column consisted entirely of ISW, and the subice platelet layer thickness exceeded 5 m with platelet crystals dominating the sea ice structure suggesting that ISW persisted throughout winter. Presuming a constant ISW flux, the model predicts that the plume increases thermodynamic growth of sea ice by approximately 0.1 m yr−1 (∼5% of the average growth rate) even as far as 100 km beyond the ice shelf edge.
IMF control of the location of Venusian bow shock: The effect of the magnitude of IMF component tangential to the bow shock surface
Authors: Chai Lihui , Fraenz Markus , Wan Weixing , Rong Zhaojin , Zhang Tielong , Wei Yong , Dubinin Eduard , Zhong Jun , Han Xiuhong , Barabash Stas
Published: November 2014

The interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) frozen in the solar wind, together with the solar EUV radiation, can significantly affect the location of Venusian bow shock. To recognize the IMF effect on the Venusian bow shock, we investigated 1680 bow shock crossings recorded by Venus Express during the unusually long‐lasting solar minimum (May 2006 to December 2010), of which the effect of solar EUV variation was significantly decreased. Our analysis shows that during the unusually long‐lasting solar minimum, the effect of the solar EUV flux on the Venusian bow shock location is negligible. Neither solar wind dynamic pressure nor solar wind velocity has observable effect on the Venusian bow shock location. However, the IMF magnitude has a strong control of the Venusian bow shock location. We found that the size of Venusian bow shock linearly increases with the magnitude of the IMF component tangential to the bow shock surface, and this relationship can account for the perpendicular‐parallel asymmetry and magnetic pole‐equator asymmetry found in previous researches, as well as the magnetic dawn‐dusk asymmetry discerned in this study.
CME front and severe space weather
Authors: Balan N. , Skoug R. , Tulasi Ram S. , Rajesh P. K. , Shiokawa K. , Otsuka Y. , Batista I. S. , Ebihara Y. , Nakamura T.
Published: November 2014

Thanks to the work of a number of scientists who made it known that severe space weather can cause extensive social and economic disruptions in the modern high‐technology society. It is therefore important to understand what determines the severity of space weather and whether it can be predicted. We present results obtained from the analysis of coronal mass ejections (CMEs), solar energetic particle (SEP) events, interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), CME‐magnetosphere coupling, and geomagnetic storms associated with the major space weather events since 1998 by combining data from the ACE and GOES satellites with geomagnetic parameters and the Carrington event of 1859, the Quebec event of 1989, and an event in 1958. The results seem to indicate that (1) it is the impulsive energy mainly due to the impulsive velocity and orientation of IMF Bz at the leading edge of the CMEs (or CME front) that determine the severity of space weather. (2) CMEs having high impulsive velocity (sudden nonfluctuating increase by over 275 km s−1 over the background) caused severe space weather (SvSW) in the heliosphere (failure of the solar wind ion mode of Solar Wind Electron Proton Alpha Monitor in ACE) probably by suddenly accelerating the high‐energy particles in the SEPs ahead directly or through the shocks. (3) The impact of such CMEs which also show the IMF Bz southward from the leading edge caused SvSW at the Earth including extreme geomagnetic storms of mean DstMP < −250 nT during main phases, and the known electric power outages happened during some of these SvSW events. (4) The higher the impulsive velocity, the more severe the space weather, like faster weather fronts and tsunami fronts causing more severe damage through impulsive action. (5) The CMEs having IMF Bz northward at the leading edge do not seem to cause SvSW on Earth, although, later when the IMF Bz turns southward, they can lead to super geomagnetic storms of intensity (Dstmin) less than even −400 nT.
A refined classification of SPEs based on the multienergy channel observations
Authors: Kim R.‐S. , Cho K.‐S. , Lee J. , Bong S.‐C. , Park Y.‐D.
Published: November 2014

We have investigated characteristics of solar proton events (SPEs) and their association with other types of solar eruption using 42 SPEs observed with SOlar and Heliospheric Observatory/Energetic and Relativistic Nuclei and Electron detector from 1997 to 2012. A velocity dispersion analysis was performed to correctly estimate the onset times of proton flux increase at the solar vicinity. These SPE onset times were compared with those of associated flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and interplanetary type II radio bursts. We found that (i) the proton flux of 13 SPEs (31%) increase during the flare X‐ray intensity is increasing, and the rest 29 SPEs (69%) show onsets well coincident with the first appearance of CMEs in Large Angle and Spectrometric COronagraph field of view. (ii) All flare‐associated SPEs show the flux enhancements starting from the lower energy, while the CME‐associated SPEs show the flux enhancements starting from either the higher or the lower energies. In the other events, the flux enhancement occurs simultaneously at all energies within 10 min. (iii) For the former, large flux enhancements occur in a short time, while the latter tend to show relatively weak and slow flux enhancements. Our classification uses two criteria, SPE onset timing relative to flares and energy‐dependent flux enhancement, unlike the conventional classification of SPEs based on whether the flux time profile is impulsive or gradual. Nevertheless our classification scheme refines the distinction between the flare‐associated SPEs and the CME‐associated SPEs in terms of the onset timing. Additional information on the proton acceleration as implied by the energy‐dependent patterns of flux enhancement is briefly discussed.
Approximate analytical solutions for the trapped electron distribution due to quasi‐linear diffusion by whistler mode waves
Authors: Mourenas D. , Artemyev A. V. , Agapitov O. V. , Krasnoselskikh V. , Li W.
Published: November 2014

The distribution of trapped energetic electrons inside the Earth's radiation belts is the focus of intense studies aiming at better describing the evolution of the space environment in the presence of various disturbances induced by the solar wind or by an enhanced lightning activity. Such studies are usually performed by means of comparisons with full numerical simulations solving the Fokker‐Planck quasi‐linear diffusion equation for the particle distribution function. Here we present for the first time approximate but realistic analytical solutions for the electron distribution, which are shown to be in good agreement with exact numerical solutions in situations where resonant scattering of energetic electrons by whistler mode hiss, lightning‐generated or chorus waves, is the dominant process. Quiet time distributions are well recovered, as well as the evolution of energized relativistic electron distributions during disturbed geomagnetic conditions. It is further shown that careful comparisons between the analytical solutions and measured distributions may allow to infer important bounce‐ and drift‐averaged wave characteristics (such as wave amplitude). It could also help to improve the global understanding of underlying physical phenomena.
Source and structure of bursty hot electron enhancements in the tail magnetosheath: Simultaneous two‐probe observation by ARTEMIS
Authors: Wang Chih‐Ping , Xing Xiaoyan , Nakamura T. K. M. , Lyons Larry R. , Angelopoulos Vassilis
Published: November 2014

Bursty enhancements of hot electrons (≳0.5 keV) with duration of minutes sometimes occur in the tail magnetosheath. In this study we used the unique simultaneous measurements from the two Acceleration Reconnection Turbulence and Electrodynamics of Moon's Interaction with the Sun probes to investigate the likely sources, spatial structures, and responsible processes for these hot electron enhancements. The enhancements can be seen at any distance across the magnetosheath, but those closer to the magnetopause are more often accompanied by magnetosheath density and flow magnitudes changing to more magnetosphere‐like values. From simultaneous measurements with the two probes being on either side of magnetopause or both in the magnetosheath, it is evident that these hot electrons come from the magnetosphere near the current sheet without further energization and that the enhancements are a result of bursty lateral magnetosphere intrusion into the magnetosheath, the enhancements and changes in the magnetosheath properties becoming smaller with increasing outward distance from the intrusion. From limited events having specific separation distances and alignments between the probes, we estimated that a single isolated enhancement can have a thin and elongated structure as narrow as 2 RE wide in the X direction, as long as over 7 RE in the Y direction, and as thin as 1 RE in the Z direction. We propose that Kelvin–Helmholtz perturbations at the magnetopause and subsequent magnetosphere‐magnetosheath particle mixing due to reconnection or diffusion can plausibly play an important role in generating the bursty magnetosphere intrusion into the magnetosheath and the hot electron enhancements.
Optical and ionospheric phenomena at EISCAT under continuous X‐mode HF pumping
Authors: Blagoveshchenskaya N. F. , Borisova T. D. , Kosch M. , Sergienko T. , Brändström U. , Yeoman T. K. , Häggström I.
Published: November 2014

We present experimental results from multiinstrument observations in the high‐latitude ionospheric F2 layer at the EISCAT (European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association) heating facility. The results come from a set of experiments, when an X‐polarized HF pump wave at high heater frequencies (fH > 6.0 MHz) was injected into the F region of the ionosphere toward the magnetic zenith. Experiments were carried out under quiet magnetic conditions with an effective radiated power of 458–548 MW. HF pumping was produced at different heater frequencies, away from electron gyroharmonic frequencies, and different durations of heater pulses. We show the first experimental evidence of the excitation of artificial optical emissions at red (630 nm) and green (557.7 nm) lines in the high‐latitude ionospheric F2 layer induced by an X‐polarized HF pump wave. Intensities at red and green lines varied in the range 110–950 R and 50–350 R, respectively, with a ratio of green to red line of 0.35–0.5. The results of optical observations are compared with behaviors of the HF‐enhanced ion and plasma lines from EISCAT UHF incoherent scatter radar data and small‐scale field‐aligned artificial irregularities from Cooperative UK Twin Located Auroral Sounding System observations. It was found that the X‐mode radio‐induced optical emissions coexisted with HF‐enhanced ion and plasma lines and strong artificial field‐aligned irregularities throughout the whole heater pulse. It is indicative that parametric decay or oscillating two‐stream instabilities were not quenched by fully established small‐scale field‐aligned artificial irregularities excited by an X‐mode HF pump wave.
Pressurized groundwater outflow experiments and numerical modeling for outflow channels on Mars
Authors: Marra Wouter A. , Hauber Ernst , McLelland Stuart J. , Murphy Brendan J. , Parsons Daniel R. , Conway Susan J. , Roda Manuel , Govers Rob , Kleinhans Maarten G.
Published: November 2014

The landscape of Mars shows incised channels that often appear abruptly in the landscape, suggesting a groundwater source. However, groundwater outflow processes are unable to explain the reconstructed peak discharges of the largest outflow channels based on their morphology. Therefore, there is a disconnect between groundwater outflow processes and the resulting morphology. Using a combined approach with experiments and numerical modeling, we examine outflow processes that result from pressurized groundwater. We use a large sandbox flume, where we apply a range of groundwater pressures at the base of a layer of sediment. Our experiments show that different pressures result in distinct outflow processes and resulting morphologies. Low groundwater pressure results in seepage, forming a shallow surface lake and a channel when the lake overflows. At intermediate groundwater pressures, fissures form and groundwater flows out more rapidly. At even higher pressures, the groundwater initially collects in a subsurface reservoir that grows due to flexural deformation of the surface. When this reservoir collapses, a large volume of water is released to the surface. We numerically model the ability of these processes to produce floods on Mars and compare the results to discharge estimates based on previous morphological studies. We show that groundwater seepage and fissure outflow are insufficient to explain the formation of large outflow channels from a single event. Instead, formation of a flexure‐induced subsurface reservoir and subsequent collapse generates large floods that can explain the observed morphologies of the largest outflow channels on Mars and their source areas.
Bulk or modal parameterizations for below‐cloud scavenging of fine, coarse, and giant particles by both rain and snow
Authors: Wang Xihong , Zhang Leiming , Moran Michael D.
Published: November 2014

Bulk or modal parameterizations for below‐cloud mass and number scavenging coefficients Λm (s−1) and Λn (s−1) of three aerosol modes—fine (PM2.5), coarse (PM2.5–10), and giant (PM10+)—for both rain and snow scavenging are developed for use in modal‐approach aerosol transport models. The new bulk parameterizations are based on the size‐resolved Λ(d) parameterization of Wang et al. (2014), using assumed lognormal mass and number size distributions for PM2.5, PM2.5–10, and PM10+. The resulting modal‐mean formulas for Λm and Λn follow power law relationships with precipitation intensity R, consistent with most existing studies. The empirical parameters in the power law relationships obtained in this study are also within the range of parameter values obtained in previous field and theoretical studies. Uncertainties in Λm due to the size distribution or size range assumed for each aerosol mode are generally smaller than 30% for PM2.5–10 and PM10+ but could be on the order of factor of 2 for PM2.5. These uncertainties, however, are much smaller than other known uncertainties in existing Λ formulations, which are typically larger than 1 order of magnitude. Moreover, the new bulk parameterizations are believed to be more representative than most existing schemes because the size‐resolved parameterization of Wang et al. (2014), which they are based on, was developed with consideration of all available theoretical formulations and field‐derived estimates for size‐resolved Λ and their associated uncertainties.
Risk Classification, Practical Aspects
Authors: Finger Robert J.
Published: December 2014

Risk classification involves the formulation of different premiums for the same coverage based on group characteristics. That is, the task is to price an individual insured, but the available claim data for that individual is insufficient for the purpose. The recourse is to measure group costs and assume that the individual belongs to a certain group. The grouping process may proceed in several dimensions (e.g. class, territory, use).

Premiums should vary because underlying costs vary. Costs may vary because of different claim frequency or average claim size, different administrative expense requirements, different investment income potential, or differing assessments of risk. Risk classification proceeds by identifying variables that distinguish these costs among different insureds. In addition to classification variables, premiums can also vary because of the choice of different exposure bases, individual risk rating methods, and marketing or underwriting strategies.

Various criteria, actuarial, operational, social, and legal, have been suggested for formulating classification variables. Actuarial criteria attempt most accurately to group individual insureds into groups that (1) are relatively homogeneous, (2) are sufficiently large to estimate relative cost differences (credibility), and (3) maintain stable mean costs over time (reliability).

Operational criteria include objective definitions, reasonable administrative expense, and verifiability. Social criteria include privacy, causality, controllability, and affordability.
Proportional Reinsurance
Authors: Dickson David C.M.
Published: December 2014

Proportional reinsurance is described in this article.
Biostatistics, History of
Authors: Matthews J. Rosser
Published: December 2014

Methodologic developments since the seventeenth century work of Graunt are considered in four phases: nineteenth century developments in social and medical statistics; the work of Karl Pearson and the biometric school; Fisher's methods of hypothesis testing; and the postwar rise of epidemiologic studies.
Identifying cognitive predictors of reactive and proactive aggression
Authors: Brugman Suzanne , Lobbestael Jill , Arntz Arnoud , Cima Maaike , Schuhmann Teresa , Dambacher Franziska , Sack Alexander T.
Published: December 2014

The aim of this study was to identify implicit cognitive predictors of aggressive behavior. Specifically, the predictive value of an attentional bias for aggressive stimuli and automatic association of the self and aggression was examined for reactive and proactive aggressive behavior in a non‐clinical sample (N = 90). An Emotional Stroop Task was used to measure an attentional bias. With an idiographic Single‐Target Implicit Association Test, automatic associations were assessed between words referring to the self (e.g., the participants' name) and words referring to aggression (e.g., fighting). The Taylor Aggression Paradigm (TAP) was used to measure reactive and proactive aggressive behavior. Furthermore, self‐reported aggressiveness was assessed with the Reactive Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ). Results showed that heightened attentional interference for aggressive words significantly predicted more reactive aggression, while lower attentional bias towards aggressive words predicted higher levels of proactive aggression. A stronger self‐aggression association resulted in more proactive aggression, but not reactive aggression. Self‐reports on aggression did not additionally predict behavioral aggression. This implies that the cognitive tests employed in our study have the potential to discriminate between reactive and proactive aggression. Aggr. Behav. 41:51–64 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structured Reduced Graphene Oxide/Polymer Composites for Ultra‐Efficient Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
Authors: Yan Ding‐Xiang , Pang Huan , Li Bo , Vajtai Robert , Xu Ling , Ren Peng‐Gang , Wang Jian‐Hua , Li Zhong‐Ming
Published: December 2014

A high‐performance electromagnetic interference shielding composite based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and polystyrene (PS) is realized via high‐pressure solid‐phase compression molding. Superior shielding effectiveness of 45.1 dB, the highest value among rGO based polymer composite, is achieved with only 3.47 vol% rGO loading owning to multi‐facet segregated architecture with rGO selectively located on the boundaries among PS multi‐facets. This special architecture not only provides many interfaces to absorb the electromagnetic waves, but also dramatically reduces the loading of rGO by confining the rGO at the interfaces. Moreover, the mechanical strength of the segregated composite is dramatically enhanced using high pressure at 350 MPa, overcoming the major disadvantage of the composite made by conventional‐pressure (5 MPa). The composite prepared by the higher pressure shows 94% and 40% increment in compressive strength and compressive modulus, respectively. These results demonstrate a promising method to fabricate an economical, robust, and highly efficient EMI shielding material.
Tropoelastin Incorporation into a Dermal Regeneration Template Promotes Wound Angiogenesis
Authors: Wang Yiwei , Mithieux Suzanne M. , Kong Yvonne , Wang Xue‐Qing , Chong Cassandra , Fathi Ali , Dehghani Fariba , Panas Eleni , Kemnitzer John , Daniels Robert , Kimble Roy M. , Maitz Peter K. , Li Zhe , Weiss Anthony S.
Published: December 2014

Severe burn injury results in substantial skin loss and cannot be treated by autografts. The Integra Dermal Regeneration Template (IDRT) is the leading synthetic skin substitute because it allows for wound bed regeneration and wound healing. However, all substitutes suffer from slow blood vessel ingrowth and would benefit considerably from enhanced vascularization to nurture tissue repair. It is shown here that by incorporating the human elastic protein tropoelastin into a dermal regeneration template (TDRT) we can promote angiogenesis in wound healing. In small and large animal models comprising mice and pigs, the hybrid TDRT biomaterial and IDRT show similar contraction to autografts and decrease wound contraction compared to open wounds. In mice, TDRT accelerates early stage angiogenesis by 2 weeks, as evidenced by increased angiogenesis fluorescent radiant efficiency in live animal imaging and the expression of endothelial cell adhesion marker CD146. In the pig, a full thickness wound repair model confirms increased numbers of blood vessels in the regenerating areas of the dermis closest to the hypodermis and immediately below the epidermis at 2 weeks post‐surgery. It is concluded that including tropoelastin in a dermal regeneration template has the potential to promote wound repair through enhanced vascularization.
Tailoring Functional Interlayers in Organic Field‐Effect Transistor Biosensors
Authors: Magliulo Maria , Manoli Kyriaki , Macchia Eleonora , Palazzo Gerardo , Torsi Luisa
Published: November 2014

This review aims to provide an update on the development involving dielectric/organic semiconductor (OSC) interfaces for the realization of biofunctional organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs). Specific focus is given on biointerfaces and recent technological approaches where biological materials serve as interlayers in back‐gated OFETs for biosensing applications. Initially, to better understand the effects produced by the presence of biomolecules deposited at the dielectric/OSC interfacial region, the tuning of the dielectric surface properties by means of self‐assembled monolayers is discussed. Afterward, emphasis is given to the modification of solid‐state dielectric surfaces, in particular inorganic dielectrics, with biological molecules such as peptides and proteins. Special attention is paid on how the presence of an interlayer of biomolecules and bioreceptors underneath the OSC impacts on the charge transport and sensing performance of the device. Moreover, naturally occurring materials, such as carbohydrates and DNA, used directly as bulk gating materials in OFETs are reviewed. The role of metal contact/OSC interface in the overall performance of OFET‐based sensors is also discussed.
Tau, amyloid, and hypometabolism in a patient with posterior cortical atrophy
Authors: Ossenkoppele Rik , Schonhaut Daniel R. , Baker Suzanne L. , O'Neil James P. , Janabi Mustafa , Ghosh Pia M. , Santos Miguel , Miller Zachary A. , Bettcher Brianne M. , Gorno‐Tempini Maria L. , Miller Bruce L. , Jagust William J. , Rabinovici Gil D.
Published: December 2014

Determining the relative contribution of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles to brain dysfunction in Alzheimer disease is critical for therapeutic approaches, but until recently could only be assessed at autopsy. We report a patient with posterior cortical atrophy (visual variant of Alzheimer disease) who was studied using the novel tau tracer [18F]AV‐1451 in conjunction with [11C]Pittsburgh compound B (PIB; amyloid) and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography. Whereas [11C]PIB bound throughout association neocortex, [18F]AV‐1451 was selectively retained in posterior brain regions that were affected clinically and showed markedly reduced [18F]FDG uptake. This provides preliminary in vivo evidence that tau is more closely linked to hypometabolism and symptomatology than amyloid. Ann Neurol 2014.