bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Power Law Model for River Flow Velocity in Iowa Basins
Authors: Ghimire Ganesh Raj , Krajewski Witold F. , Mantilla Ricardo
Published: June 2018

This study explores power law relationships to estimate water flow velocity as a function of discharge and drainage area across river networks. We test the model using empirical data from 214 United States (U.S.) Geological Survey gauging stations distributed over the state of Iowa in the U.S. The empirical data are the measurements of the mean cross‐sectional velocity and concurrent discharge. The data are used to estimate parameters for a state‐wide model and to test for spatial variability for 15 large river basins contained within the state. Spatial differences among the basins are small but some parameters significantly differ from the state‐wide model. Using individual station data, the authors also explore a simpler power law model that disregards dependence on the drainage area. Overall, the study shows that including drainage area improves the model. Our study provides parameter values that can be directly incorporated into a regional scale routing model, and provides a framework for developing flow velocity models for hydraulically similar rivers in the U.S. and the world.
Boosting DNA metabarcoding for biomonitoring with phylogenetic estimation of operational taxonomic units’ ecological profiles
Authors: Keck François , Vasselon Valentin , Rimet Frédéric , Bouchez Agnès , Kahlert Maria
Published: June 2018

DNA metabarcoding has been introduced as a revolutionary way to identify organisms and monitor ecosystems. However, the potential of this approach for biomonitoring remains partially unfulfilled because a significant part of the sampled DNA cannot be affiliated to species due to incomplete reference libraries. Thus, biotic indices, which are based on the estimated abundances of species in a community and their ecological profiles, can be inaccurate. We propose to compute biotic indices using phylogenetic imputation of operational taxonomic units (OTUs’) ecological profiles (OTU‐PITI approach). First, OTUs sequences are inserted within a reference phylogeny. Second, OTUs’ ecological profiles are estimated on the basis of their phylogenetic relationships with reference species whose ecology is known. Based on these ecological profiles, biotic indices can be computed using all available OTUs. Using freshwater diatoms as a case study, we show that short DNA barcodes can be placed accurately within a phylogeny and their ecological preferences estimated with a satisfactory level of precision. In the light of these results, we tested the approach with a data set of 139 environmental samples of benthic river diatoms for which the same biotic index (specific sensitivity index) was calculated using (a) traditional microscopy, (b) OTUs with taxonomic assignment approach, (c) OTUs with phylogenetic estimation of ecological profiles (OTU‐PITI) and (d) OTU with taxonomic assignment completed by the phylogenetic approach (OTU‐PITI) for unclassified OTUs. Using traditional microscopy as a reference, we found that the combination of the OTUs’ taxonomic assignment completed by the phylogenetic method performed satisfactorily and substantially better than the other methods tested.
Lower posterior mediastinal benign schwannoma successfully resected with retroperitoneoscopy using a transdiaphragmatic approach: A case report
Authors: Zhu Dongdong , Hong Peng , Chen Shengbin , Fan Yu , Zhang Zhongyuan , Zhang Xiaochun , Yu Wei , Shen Cheng , Jin Jie
Published: June 2018

Lower posterior mediastinal tumors are traditionally excised by conventional thoracotomy or thoracoscopic approaches; however, use of the transdiaphragmatic retroperitoneoscopic approach for these tumors has rarely been reported. Herein, we report a case of a left lower posterior mediastinal paravertebral benign schwannoma in an adult male that was successfully treated with transdiaphragmatic retroperitoneoscopic surgery. The patient presented with no symptoms but had noticed a lesion in the left lower posterior mediastinum two months prior. He underwent transdiaphragmatic retroperitoneoscopic surgery with total resection of the mediastinal mass. To the best of our knowledge, this is the most detailed and challenging case of transdiaphragmatic retroperitoneoscopic surgery to treat a schwannoma in the left lower posterior mediastinum reported to date.
Effects of psilocybin therapy on personality structure
Authors: Erritzoe D. , Roseman L. , Nour M. M. , MacLean K. , Kaelen M. , Nutt D. J. , Carhart‐Harris R. L.
Published: June 2018

Objective

To explore whether psilocybin with psychological support modulates personality parameters in patients suffering from treatment‐resistant depression (TRD).

Method

Twenty patients with moderate or severe, unipolar, TRD received oral psilocybin (10 and 25 mg, one week apart) in a supportive setting. Personality was assessed at baseline and at 3‐month follow‐up using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO‐PI‐R), the subjective psilocybin experience with Altered State of Consciousness (ASC) scale, and depressive symptoms with QIDS‐SR16.

Results

Neuroticism scores significantly decreased while Extraversion increased following psilocybin therapy. These changes were in the direction of the normative NEO‐PI‐R data and were both predicted, in an exploratory analysis, by the degree of insightfulness experienced during the psilocybin session. Openness scores also significantly increased following psilocybin, whereas Conscientiousness showed trend‐level increases, and Agreeableness did not change.

Conclusion

Our observation of changes in personality measures after psilocybin therapy was mostly consistent with reports of personality change in relation to conventional antidepressant treatment, although the pronounced increases in Extraversion and Openness might constitute an effect more specific to psychedelic therapy. This needs further exploration in future controlled studies, as do the brain mechanisms of postpsychedelic personality change.
Dual use of alcohol and marijuana and condomless sex in young adult men and women: A within‐subject day‐level analysis
Authors: Hayaki Jumi , Anderson Bradley J. , Stein Michael D.
Published: June 2018

Background and Objectives

Unprotected sex has been linked independently to alcohol and marijuana use, but few studies have examined associations with dual use or gender differences in these associations.

Methods

This study examined day‐level associations between unprotected sex, defined as condomless vaginal sex with an opposite‐sex partner, and use of alcohol, marijuana, neither, or both substances among 290 young adults (18–25 years, 52.3% female) who reported either alcohol or marijuana use. Participants reported demographics, alcohol use, marijuana use, and at least one episode of condomless sex as defined above in the past 90 days (Timeline Follow‐Back). The likelihood of condomless sex was examined for days when alcohol, marijuana, neither, or both were used. Gender differences were also explored.

Results

For females, compared to days with no substance use, the estimated risk of condomless sex increased by a factor of 2.12 on alcohol use days, 1.89 on marijuana use days, and 3.39 on dual use days. Among males, the odds of condomless sex increased only slightly on alcohol use (odds ratio [OR] = 1.03) or marijuana use (OR = 1.08) days, but increased by a factor of 1.71 on dual use days.

Discussion and Conclusions

Young persons who use alcohol and/or marijuana experience heightened likelihood of condomless sex. This increased likelihood is greater for women than for men on days with alcohol or marijuana use, each alone but especially when combined.

Scientific Significance

Young women may be especially susceptible to the influence of alcohol and/or marijuana use on sexual behavior. (Am J Addict 2018;27:413–418)
Mechanical oscillations superimposed on the pelvic floor muscles during Kegel exercises reduce urine leakage in women suffering from stress urinary incontinence: A prospective cohort study with a 2‐year follow up
Authors: Nilsen Ingard , Rebolledo Guillermo , Acharya Ganesh , Leivseth Gunnar
Published: June 2018

Introduction

New methods of conservative treatment of female stress urinary incontinence are needed. We investigated whether superimposed vibration mechanosignals during Kegel exercises could reduce the amount of urinary leakage after 4 and 6 weeks of training.

Material and methods

Sixty women with stress urinary incontinence were included in this prospective cohort study. Vibration mechanosignals were superimposed during Kegel exercises using an intravaginal device. Each training session consisted of 15 maximal contractions of pelvic floor muscles for 5 s. The women performed training (5 min/day) at home for 4 (n = 60) and 6 (n = 36) weeks. Urine leakage (g) during stress test with standardized bladder volume, and contraction force without and with superimposed mechanical stimulations were measured at inclusion (T0), and after 4 (T2) and 6 (T3) weeks of training using an intravaginal device. Incontinence Questionnaire—Short Form was recorded at T0, and in a sub‐cohort of women (n = 36) at 2 years follow up.

Results

Mean urine leakage reduced significantly from 20.5 (± 12.2) g at T0 to 4.8 (± 6.7) g at T2 and 1.5 (± 6.7) g at T3. After 4 and 6 weeks of training, urinary leakage was ≤ 4 g on stress test in 44 and 49 of the 60 women, respectively. At T0, the mean Incontinence Questionnaire—Short Form score was 13 (± 2.4), and at 2 years follow up, the score was 6.3 (± 3.75).

Conclusions

Superimposed mechanical stimulation with Kegel exercises significantly reduced urinary leakage in women with stress urinary incontinence.
Challenges in the identification of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus argenteus by routine diagnostics
Authors: Tunsjø Hege Smith , Kalyanasundaram Sumana , Charnock Colin , Leegaard Truls Michael , Moen Aina E. F.
Published: June 2018

Current clinical diagnostic procedures have shortcomings in the differentiation of Staphylococcus argenteus from Staphylococcus aureus. This article presents three cases of Staphylococcus argenteus obtained from clinical samples. The initial results from biochemical and molecular methods led to an incorrect identification of the isolates as methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Whole genome sequencing and real‐time PCR targeting the nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene led to their correct identification as methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus argenteus. The study shows that real‐time PCR can be used to differentiate the two species in routine diagnostics. For purposes of identification based on whole genome sequencing, the MinION portable sequencer is a simple and affordable approach which could be used by many laboratories.
IgG4‐related disease: review of the histopathologic features, differential diagnosis, and therapeutic approach
Authors: Bledsoe Jacob R. , Della‐Torre Emanuel , Rovati Lucrezia , Deshpande Vikram
Published: June 2018

Immunoglobulin G4‐related disease (IgG4‐RD) is an uncommon disorder that demonstrates characteristic clinicopathologic features including sclerosing lesions with storiform fibrosis, increased IgG4+ plasma cells with an increased IgG4+/IgG+ plasma cell ratio, obliterative phlebitis, and often an increased serum IgG4 level. This review summarizes the characteristic histopathologic and clinical features of IgG4‐RD with detailed discussion of the histopathologic characteristics of the most commonly involved anatomic sites. We also present recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of IgG4‐RD and discuss updates on the treatment, prognosis, and outcomes of this rare disease, including discussion of the possible association between IgG4‐RD and malignancy.
Induction of strong immune response against a multicomponent antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in BALB/c mice using PLGA and DOTAP adjuvant
Authors: Khademi Farzad , Sahebkar Amirhossein , Fasihi‐Ramandi Mahdi , Taheri Ramezan Ali
Published: June 2018

A promising strategy for preventing illness and death caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is vaccination. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the capacity of a multicomponent vaccine comprising HspX/EsxS‐fused protein, PLGA (poly (lactide‐co‐glycolide)) and DOTAP (1, 2‐dioleoyl‐3‐trimethylammonium propane) in eliciting immune responses against Mtb in BALB/c mice. A preparation of PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) containing fused protein and DOTAP adjuvant was made using double emulsion solvent evaporation (w/o/w) and lipid film hydration methods, respectively. After three subcutaneous immunization of BALB/c mice with various formulations, ELISA technique was used to measure interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) cytokines levels in splenocytes as well as serum anti‐HspX/EsxS IgG1 and IgG2a titers. The results of the current study showed that PLGA/HspX/EsxS/DOTAP formulation was able to induce higher levels of FN‐γ, IgG1, and IgG2a responses compared with BCG as the positive control, HspX/EsxS, HspX/EsxS/DOTAP and PLGA/HspX/EsxS formulations. Our results suggest that PLGA NPs, as delivery system, and DOTAP, as adjuvant, have a good potential to enhance immune responses against HspX/EsxS antigen after subcutaneous immunization of BALB/c mice.
Cellular expression of CD markers in immune thrombocytopenic purpura: implications for prognosis
Authors: Behzad Masumeh Maleki , Asnafi Ali Amin , Jalalifar Mohammad Ali , Moghtadaei Mostafa , Jaseb Kaveh , Saki Najmaldin
Published: June 2018

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune bleeding disorder associated with platelet destruction. Abnormalities in frequency and function of different immune cells can play a crucial role in this disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of CD markers’ expressions by immune cells in ITP. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 25 ITP patients before and after treatment. The expression of CD markers was evaluated by flow cytometry technique. The expression of CD38 and CD56 was significantly lower before treatment than after it (p = 0.025 and p = 0.036, respectively). Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between CD38 expression with platelet count before (r = 0.496, p = 0.012) and after treatment (r = 0.404, p = 0.045). No significant relationship was found between this marker and platelet count while CD4 expression was higher before treatment than after it (p = 0.002). In conclusion, CD38 may have independent prognostic value in ITP and we suggest that it can be a prognostic marker for this disease.
Evaluation of TLR2,TLR4, and TOLLIP polymorphisms for their role in tuberculosis susceptibility
Authors: Wu Shouquan , Huang Weiwei , Wang Dan , Wang Yu , Wang Minggui , Zhang Miaomiao , He Jian‐Qing
Published: June 2018

Previous studies indicated that single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes coding for toll‐like receptors (TLRs) and toll‐interacting protein (TOLLIP) may be involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). This study was designed to investigate potential associations between the polymorphisms in TLR2, TLR4, and TOLLIP and susceptibility to latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) or subsequent PTB in a Chinese Han population. A total of 209 PTB and 201 LTBI patients and 204 healthy control subjects (HCS) were enrolled in our study. We performed a logistic regression including sex and age as covariates to test the effect of genotype. Genotyping was conducted using the improved multiplex ligase detection reaction (iMLDR). Eleven markers in TLR2, TLR4, and TOLLIP were assessed. No significant association between polymorphisms of TLR2 and TLR4 with PTB or LTBI was detected. For TOLLIP, rs5743899 (p = 0.005, OR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.20–2.80) CC genotype were risk factors for PTB progression. Moreover, rs5743867 under addictive (p = 0.005, OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.14–2.07) and recessive model (p = 0.004, OR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.22–2.83) were also risk factors for PTB susceptibility. Our results indicate that polymorphisms in TOLLIP affected the risk of PTB disease.
Effects of Monetary Policy during Financial Market Crises and Regime Changes: An Empirical Evaluation Using a Nonlinear Vector Autoregression Model
Authors: Kim Seewon
Published: June 2018

Using monthly data for Korea, this study examines nonlinear effects of monetary policy in association with financial market distress. The study uses a nonlinear vector autoregression model and finds that monetary policy becomes ineffective for addressing huge demand contractions in times of financial market turmoil or severe economic downturn, implying a structural change from a non‐Keynesian to a Keynesian regime, such as a liquidity trap. Monetary contractions have stronger output effects than monetary expansions, particularly in times of financial distress. We found no evidence in favor of asymmetric effects of monetary shocks of different sizes. Finally, we also found financial shocks to have stronger effects on the real economy in times of financial distress than in normal times. The results have important policy implications for periods of financial turmoil or economic crisis.
Characterization of the LH peak after short and long fixed‐time artificial insemination protocols in sheep raised in the tropics
Authors: Soriano Gabriela Azenha Milani , de Ruediger Felipe Rydygier , Zundt Marilice , Gomes Marco Aurélio da Cruz Nobre , de Souza Lilian Francisco Arantes , Giometti Ines Cristina , de Paula Nogueira Guilherme , Zanelli Gustavo Ricci , de Almeida Rego Fabiola Cristiane , Castilho Caliê
Published: June 2018

The aim of this study was to evaluate the peak in luteinizing hormone (LH) and the pregnancy rate of sheep (Texel × Santa Inês) in the tropics using short‐ (6 days) and long‐term (12 days) progesterone protocols followed by artificial insemination (AI) both in and out of the breeding season. Experiment 1 was conducted within (IN) the breeding season (autumn, n = 36), and experiment 2 was conducted outside (OUT) of the breeding season (spring, n = 43). In each experiment, the sheep were divided into two groups (6 or 12 days) according to the duration of treatment with a single‐use progesterone release vaginal device (CIDR®, Pfizer, São Paulo, SP, Brazil), and blood samples were collected from 10 animals per group every 4 hr to measure the LH and progesterone concentrations. In the spring, the characteristics of the LH peak did not differ between groups; but in the autumn, there were differences between groups at the beginning (G‐6 IN: 36.44 ± 5.46 hr; G‐12 IN: 26.57 ± 4.99 hr) and end of the LH peak (G‐6 IN: 46.22 ± 7.51 hr; G‐12 IN: 34.86 ± 8.86 hr). The results showed alterations in the LH peak during the breeding season only in the sheep undergoing the short‐term protocol.
Medicinal cannabinoids in palliative care
Authors: Agar Meera
Published: June 2018

The treatment of symptoms in people with palliative diagnoses begins with meticulous clinical assessment with treatment choice(s) selected based on an understanding of the symptom aetiology and the evidence which underpins its treatment. Increasingly, the merits of palliative care have been established earlier in the disease trajectory where treatment outcomes may include increased survival and maintenance of function. There is strong public support for the availability of medicinal cannabis, particularly for people with palliative diagnoses. There are several areas where there is potential for symptom benefits through modulation of the endocannabinoid system, though clinical data to date has been inconclusive in key symptoms such as pain and nausea, and data from other settings such as chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting not readily extrapolated. Ideally exploration of medicinal cannabinoids should occur within a clinical trial to accelerate the evidence base to inform practice. In people with refractory symptoms, the consideration of unregistered products or off‐label prescribing should be guided by the potential influences of pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and drug–drug interactions, supported by an informed discussion with the patient, and regular review of net clinical benefit.
Augmented NRF2 activation protects adult sickle mice from lethal acute chest syndrome
Authors: Ghosh Samit , Hazra Rimi , Ihunnah Chibueze A. , Weidert Frances , Flage Bethany , Ofori‐Acquah Solomon F.
Published: June 2018

Acute chest syndrome (ACS) mortality in sickle cell disease (SCD) rises sharply in young adult patients and mechanism‐based prophylaxis is lacking. In SCD, haem oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) declines with age and ACS is associated with low HO‐1. To test if enhanced HO‐1 can reduce ACS mortality, young SCD mice were treated with D3T (3H‐1,2‐dithiole‐3‐thione), an activator of nuclear‐factor erythroid 2 like 2, which controls HO‐1 expression, for 3 months. Following haem‐induced ACS, all vehicle‐treated mice succumbed to severe lung injury, while D3T‐treated mice had significantly improved survival. Blocking HO‐1 activity abrogated the D3T effect. Thus HO‐1 may be targeted to reduce ACS severity in adult patients.
Remember your crimes: How an appeal to ingroup wrongdoings fosters reconciliation in separatist conflict
Authors: Mashuri Ali , van Leeuwen Esther , van Vugt Mark
Published: June 2018

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of appeals to ingroup wrongdoings, as opposed to ingroup rightdoings, on reconciliation between groups in a real‐world conflict. We conducted an experiment in Indonesia, where separatist conflict in the province West Papua is currently unresolved. Participants were a sample of Javanese residents (N = 502), representing the majority group in Indonesia. Compared to ingroup rightdoings, being reminded of ingroup wrongdoings significantly increased participants’ sense of perpetratorhood. These feelings of being a perpetrator in turn fostered participants’ reconciliatory attitudes towards the separatist group. These findings reveal that an appeal to ingroup wrongdoings can be effective in promoting intergroup reconciliation. In addition to theoretical implications, we discuss practical implications in terms of highlighting the importance of acknowledging ingroup wrongdoings as part of an intervention programme.
Rural Community‐Based Tourism and its Impact on Ecological Consciousness, Environmental Stewardship and Social Structures
Authors: Raftopoulos Malayna
Published: June 2018

Since rural community‐based tourism (RCBT) emerged, it has been widely considered to be an effective means of promoting development and conserving natural resources. Through a political ecology approach, this article explores the potential of RCBT to foster long‐term stewardship and transformations in ecological consciousness among campesino communities in unprotected areas. Using Cocachimba as a case study, the article reveals that while RCBT can increase environmental consciousness, stewardship and conservation practices, it also reshapes human‐environmental relations, changing both the value and the meaning of environment, as well as altering societal structures and changing relationships within communities.
Influence of clay licks on the diversity and structure of an Amazonian forest
Authors: Molina Eduardo , Espelta Josep Maria , Pino Joan , Bagaria Guillem , Armenteras Dolors
Published: June 2018

The spatial heterogeneity of resource availability is a major driver of biodiversity patterns. Some environmental conditions and resources are characterized by large‐scale patterns of variation within the landscape. Clumped local discontinuities or discrete elements also increase spatial heterogeneity, promoting local ‘biodiversity hot spots’ by modifying habitat characteristics and promoting plant–animal interactions. Clay licks are faunal attractors owing to their role in the nutritional ecology of the user species; nevertheless, the effect of their presence on the surrounding vegetation has been poorly quantified. Here, we use data from 100 × 10 m transects and evaluate the effects of the presence of clay licks on forest diversity and structure at local and landscape scales. In clay lick areas, there was a higher abundance of certain species, which helps to homogenize species composition between localities counteracting the natural distance‐decay of compositional similarity between transects without clay lick influence (controls). Compared to control sites, clay lick′s forests had higher palm densities, shorter but more variable individuals in the canopy and understory, a thinner canopy layer, and denser herbaceous and ground level covers. These differences were found along the whole length of transects in both sampled areas types. These results reveal that the presence of discrete elements (i.e., clay licks) may help to explain the compositional and structural heterogeneity of Amazonian forests influencing ecological processes such as seed dispersal and trampling. These considerations may be relevant for other biomes where clay licks are present and give weight to their inclusion in conservation initiatives in tropical forests.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of new tetramethylpyrazine‐based chalcone derivatives as potential anti‐Alzheimer agents
Authors: Wang Meng , Qin Hua‐Li , Leng Jing , Ameeduzzafar  , Amjad Muhammad Wahab , Raja Maria Abdul Ghafoor , Hussain Muhammad Ajaz , Bukhari Syed Nasir Abbas
Published: June 2018

In the current study, a series of new ligustrazine‐based chalcones was synthesized. For insertion of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP, also designated as ligustrazine) in chemical backbone of chalcone, a new ligustrazine‐based aldehyde was prepared. New ketones were synthesized for inclusion of quinazolin‐4‐yl amino and pyrazin‐2‐yl amino moieties. The newly synthesized compounds were screened for acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and monoamine oxidases (MAO) inhibitory activities and also for in vitro cytotoxicity on PC12 cells. The effect of these compounds against amyloid β‐induced cytotoxicity and aggregation was also investigated. The synthesized compounds effectively inhibited the related enzymes and also exhibited neuroprotective effects. Most of the compounds displayed better inhibitory potencies against Aβ aggregation than reference compounds. Some compounds such as 11e and 16b showed very potent effects on multiple targets exhibiting behavior as multifunctional anti‐Alzheimer agents.
Targeting matrix metalloproteinase‐13 in bronchial epithelial repair
Authors: Howell Christopher , Smith James R. , Shute Janis K.
Published: June 2018

Background

Viral infection of the bronchial epithelium disrupts the barrier properties of the epithelium in healthy individuals and those with lung disease. Repair of the bronchial epithelium is dependent of the formation of a provisional fibrin matrix and migration of epithelial cells to cover denuded areas, followed by proliferation and differentiation.

Objective

The objective was to test the hypothesis that poly I:C, a model of viral infection, limits epithelial repair through the stimulated release of matrix metalloproteinase‐13 (MMP‐13).

Methods

Confluent layers of cultured normal human primary bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) and SV‐40 virus‐transformed 16HBE14o‐ bronchial epithelial cells were mechanically wounded, and video microscopy used to measure the rate of wound closure over 2 hours, in the absence and presence of poly I:C (1‐20 μg/mL). MMP‐13, tissue factor and endothelin release were measured by ELISA. The effect of inhibitors of MMP‐13 activity and expression and a nonspecific endothelin receptor antagonist, bosentan, on the rate of epithelial repair was investigated.

Results

Poly I:C limited the rate of epithelial repair, and NHBE were significantly more sensitive to poly I:C effects than 16HBE14o‐ cells. NHBE, but not 16HBE14o‐, released MMP‐13 in response to poly I:C. Inhibitors of MMP‐13 activity (WAY 170523) and expression (dimethyl fumarate) significantly enhanced the rate of repair. Bosentan enhanced the rate of bronchial epithelial repair by a mechanism that was independent of MMP‐13.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

Bronchial epithelial repair is limited by endothelin and by MMP‐13, a protease that degrades coagulation factors, such as fibrinogen, and matrix proteins essential for epithelial repair. Further studies with primary cells from patients are needed to confirm whether repurposing bosentan and inhibitors of MMP‐13 expression or activity, for inhalation may be a useful therapeutic strategy in diseases where repeated cycles of epithelial injury and repair occur, such as asthma and COPD.
Moral injury and the priesthood of all believers1
Authors: Childs James M.
Published: June 2018

This article proceeds from the conviction that moral injury suffered by many combat veterans is a deeply spiritual matter requiring spiritual resources for healing. The tradition of the care of souls commends itself. It takes into account that the “soul” is an expression of the whole person in all its physical, spiritual, and social realities. Moral injury affects all those dimensions of personhood or soul. Since the Reformation the care of souls has been a vocation for the ministry of the whole people of God under the theology of the priesthood of all believers. A caring community is essential to healing for many dealing with moral injury. Indeed, the veterans themselves, in sharing their stories and their pain, become part of that ministry of the priesthood of all believers and may well find healing in the meaningfulness of their mutual ministry.
Sex differences in management and outcomes of patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: A report from TECOS
Authors: Alfredsson Joakim , Green Jennifer B. , Stevens Susanna R. , Reed Shelby D. , Armstrong Paul W. , Angelyn Bethel M. , Engel Samuel S. , McGuire Darren K. , Van de Werf Frans , Hramiak Irene , White Harvey D. , Peterson Eric D. , Holman Rury R. ,   on behalf of the TECOS Study Group
Published: June 2018

Aim

To examine sex differences in baseline characteristics and outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic vascular disease.

Materials and methods

Cox models were used to analyse the association between sex and outcomes in the Trial Evaluating Cardiovascular Outcomes with Sitagliptin (TECOS), a randomized, placebo‐controlled trial assessing the impact of sitagliptin on cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic vascular disease.

Results

A total of 4297 women and 10 374 men were followed for a median of 3.0 years. Women were slightly older and more often had cerebrovascular disease and peripheral arterial disease but less often coronary heart disease than men. At baseline, women were less likely to use aspirin or statins. The primary composite outcome of CV death, myocardial infarction, stroke, or hospitalization for unstable angina occurred in 418 women (9.7%) and 1272 men (12.3%; 3.48 vs 4.38 events/100 participant‐years, crude hazard ratio [HR] 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.71‐0.89, adjusted HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.55‐0.74; P < .0001). Women also had a significantly lower risk of secondary CV outcomes and all‐cause death.

Conclusions

In this large prospective study of people with type 2 diabetes and CV disease, women had different CV disease burden, worse CV risk factor profiles, and less use of indicated medications than men. Despite this, women had significantly lower risk of CV events, suggesting that the cardioprotective effects of female sex extend to populations with type 2 diabetes.
Short‐term effects of dapagliflozin on insulin sensitivity, postprandial glucose excursion and ketogenesis in type 1 diabetes mellitus: A randomized, placebo‐controlled, double blind, cross‐over pilot study
Authors: Melmer Andreas , Kempf Patrick , Lunger Lukas , Pieber Thomas R. , Mader Julia K. , Stettler Christoph , Tilg Herbert , Ebenbichler Christoph F. , Laimer Markus
Published: June 2018

We investigated the short‐term effects of dapagliflozin as adjunct to insulin on insulin sensitivity, postprandial glucose excursions and ketone body production in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). A total of seven male patients completed the randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled cross‐over trial, receiving 10 mg of dapagliflozin daily for 3 days, followed by placebo, or the reverse. At Day 3, hyperinsulinaemic, euglycaemic clamps and oral glucose tolerance test clamps with repeated blood sampling were performed. Required glucose infusion and blood glucose excursions did not differ significantly between dapagliflozin treatment and placebo (P = 0.491; P = 0.342). Prior to oral glucose, total ketone bodies showed a higher trend following dapagliflozin treatment (P = 0.051). Following oral glucose, total ketone bodies decreased while concentrations of total GLP‐1 were higher following dapagliflozin (P = 0.009). Non‐esterified free fatty acids did not differ between dapagliflozin treatment and placebo and ketonuria was absent under both conditions. In T1DM, short‐term addition of dapagliflozin to insulin influenced neither postprandial glucose excursions nor insulin sensitivity. Following oral glucose, total ketone bodies decreased in parallel with an increase in GLP‐1 concentrations, which were higher under dapagliflozin treatment as compared with placebo.
Efficacy of a novel herbal formulation for weight loss demonstrated in a 16‐week randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial with healthy overweight adults
Authors: Dixit Kashinath , Kamath Dinesh V. , Alluri Krishnaraju V. , Davis Barbara A.
Published: June 2018

Aim

To re‐evaluate the weight loss efficacy of LI85008F in healthy overweight adults via a 16‐week randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical study.

Materials and Methods

One hundred and forty overweight participants (body mass index [BMI] 27‐29.9 kg/m2, 29.3% male; ages 21‐50 years) were randomized into placebo (n =70) and LI85008F (n =70) groups. The participants received either 900 mg/d of LI85008F in two divided doses or two identical placebo capsules. In addition, participants were counselled to follow an ~1800 kcal/d diet and to engage in walking for 30 min, 5 d/wk throughout the study.

Results

At the end of the trial period, the LI85008F supplemented group showed significant reductions in body weight (5.36 ± 1.769 vs. 0.87 ± 1.381 kg; P < 0.0001) and BMI (2.05 ± 0.693 vs. 0.34 ± 0.559 kg/m2; P < 0.0001), compared with placebo. Significant reductions in waist and hip circumferences, and a 2.08‐fold reduction of waist/hip ratio, were noted in the LI85008F supplemented group. LI85008F supplementation also resulted in significant improvements in lipid profiles, compared with the placebo; low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol decreased, while high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol increased, resulting in a significantly improved LDL/HDL ratio. No major adverse events were reported by the participants during the study.

Conclusions

The unique herbal extract blend LI85008F, combined with modest calorie restriction and physical activity, is well tolerated, safe, and effective for weight management in overweight men and women.

Video Abstract

A free Video Abstract to accompany this article is available at: https://player.vimeo.com/video/288617068.
HOW IS THE PRO‐CAPITALIST MENTALITY GLOBALLY DISTRIBUTED?
Authors: Czeglédi Pál , Newland Carlos
Published: June 2018

This article demonstrates the existence of conglomerates of nations that seem to have similar ideological attitudes towards capitalism. The main finding is the existence of relatively homogeneous global cultural clusters, the Anglosphere and Northern European nations showing the highest appreciation for free markets, followed by the Sinosphere. The rest of the world tends to be more anti‐capitalist, with the Middle East and Eastern Europe standing out for being at the end of the spectrum. Statistical analysis suggests that the capitalist mentality is to some extent autonomous, and does not seem to be determined strongly by other variables such as income, growth or inequality. At the same time, the capitalistic mentality appears to correlate with economic freedom, as measured by the Economic Freedom of the World index. If a pro‐capitalist ideology is connected to institutional development, then some conglomerates seem to be in a better position to attain or maintain economic growth in the future.
USING LEGISLATION TO REDUCE ONE‐TIME PLASTIC BAG USAGE
Authors: Kish Richard J.
Published: June 2018

Plastic bag litter generates serious environmental concerns and poses a risk to wildlife. As this does not seem to be a problem which can be resolved by the private sector alone, or by ‘Coasean’ negotiation, legislation is proposed, particularly focusing on ‘one‐use’ bags. This article surveys legislation worldwide, while concentrating on lessons from the United States and the United Kingdom. The issues are more complex than is often assumed. While environmentalists argue for restriction and ultimate elimination of one‐use bags, manufacturers, especially those that have reformulated the composition of their bags, see legislation as an overreaction to a problem that is already being addressed within the industry. They cite evidence that, when used within a comprehensive recycling programme, plastic bags are not only cost‐effective but a sound use of our limited resources. Bans or restrictions can have knock‐on effects which can create new problems.
Stress echocardiography using real‐time three‐dimensional imaging
Authors: Berbarie Rafic F. , Dib Elie , Ahmad Masood
Published: June 2018

Two‐dimensional (2D) stress echocardiography is well established in the assessment of patients with ischemic heart disease. However, in a number of patients, this technique results in nondiagnostic tests due to limited time available at peak stress to capture wall motion abnormalities. In order to obtain all segments of the left ventricle, the sonographer is expected to acquire multiple echocardiography views from multiple windows. The changes in heart rate during acquisition and the technical challenges in exactly matching the stress with the baseline 2D echocardiographic views may adversely impact the sensitivity of the test. Real‐time three‐dimensional (3D) stress echocardiography offers advantages in acquisition of all images from one echo window in a single capture, with the technique relatively easy to master. The current review will describe the 3D stress echocardiography technique, its advantages, and limitations. Additionally, the future direction of 3D stress echocardiography in detecting ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease will be discussed.
Environmental risk factors and nonpharmacological and nonsurgical interventions for obesity: An umbrella review of meta‐analyses of cohort studies and randomized controlled trials
Authors: Solmi Marco , Köhler Cristiano A. , Stubbs Brendon , Koyanagi Ai , Bortolato Beatrice , Monaco Francesco , Vancampfort Davy , Machado Myrela O. , Maes Michael , Tzoulaki Ioanna , Firth Joseph , Ioannidis John P. A. , Carvalho André F.
Published: June 2018

Background

Multiple environmental factors have been implicated in obesity, and multiple interventions, besides drugs and surgery, have been assessed in obese patients. Results are scattered across many studies and meta‐analyses, and they often mix obese and overweight individuals.

Materials and methods

PubMed and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched through 21 January 2017 for meta‐analyses of cohort studies assessing environmental risk factors for obesity, and randomized controlled trials investigating nonpharmacological and nonsurgical therapeutic interventions for obesity. We excluded data on overweight participants. Evidence from observational studies was graded according to criteria that included the statistical significance of the random‐effects summary estimate and of the largest study in a meta‐analysis, the number of obesity cases, heterogeneity between studies, 95% prediction intervals, small‐study effects and excess significance. The evidence of intervention studies for obesity was assessed with the GRADE framework.

Results

Fifty‐four articles met eligibility criteria, including 26 meta‐analyses of environmental risk factors (166 studies) and 46 meta‐analyses of nondrug, nonsurgical interventions (206 trials). In adults, the only risk factor with convincing evidence was depression, and childhood obesity, adolescent obesity, childhood abuse and short sleep duration had highly suggestive evidence. Infancy weight gain during the first year of life, depression and low maternal education had convincing evidence for association with paediatric obesity. All interventions had low or very‐low‐quality evidence with one exception of moderate‐quality evidence for one comparison (no differences in efficacy between brief lifestyle primary care interventions and other interventions for paediatric obesity). Summary effect sizes were mostly small across compared interventions (maximum 5.1 kg in adults and 1.78 kg in children) and even these estimates may be inflated.

Conclusions

Depression, obesity in earlier age groups, short sleep duration, childhood abuse and low maternal education have the strongest support among proposed risk factors for obesity. Furthermore, there is no high‐quality evidence to recommend treating obesity with a specific nonpharmacological and nonsurgical intervention among many available, and whatever benefits in terms of magnitude of weight loss appear small.
The neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio as a marker of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its exacerbations: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Paliogiannis Panagiotis , Fois Alessandro G , Sotgia Salvatore , Mangoni Arduino A , Zinellu Elisabetta , Pirina Pietro , Carru Ciriaco , Zinellu Angelo
Published: June 2018

Introduction

The main white blood cell populations, neutrophils and lymphocytes, are involved in the pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of studies investigating the relationship between the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR, a marker of subclinical inflammation), presence of COPD, and its exacerbations.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search was conducted in Pubmed, Web of Science and Scopus databases; two investigators independently reviewed suitable studies.

Results

Nine studies, from 247 initially identified, were included in the meta‐analysis. Seven studies, in 775 COPD patients with stable disease and 496 healthy controls, showed a significant increase in NLR values in stable COPD (standardised mean difference, SMD, 0.773, 95% CI 0.410‐1.136; P < 0.001). Furthermore, in six studies in 527 COPD patients with acute exacerbation and 620 COPD patients with stable disease, NLR values were significantly higher in patients with exacerbations (random effects SMD 0.850, 95% CI 0.549‐1.151; P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Our meta‐analysis showed that NLR values are significantly higher in stable COPD patients when compared to healthy individuals, although the magnitude of the difference is reduced after trim and fill adjustment, and in patients with COPD exacerbations when compared to patients with stable disease. Further studies, in larger cohorts, are needed to confirm whether the NLR is a useful tool in discriminating between COPD patients with stable disease, those with acute exacerbations, and subjects without the disease.
Obesity impairs leukocyte‐endothelium cell interactions and oxidative stress in humans
Authors: López‐Domènech Sandra , Bañuls Celia , Díaz‐Morales Noelia , Escribano‐López Irene , Morillas Carlos , Veses Silvia , Orden Samuel , Álvarez Ángeles , Víctor Víctor M. , Hernández‐Mijares Antonio , Rocha Milagros
Published: June 2018

Background

To evaluate the relationship between leukocyte‐endothelial cell interactions and oxidative stress parameters in non‐diabetic patients with different grades of obesity.

Material and methods

For this cross‐sectional study, 225 subjects were recruited from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2016 and divided into groups according to BMI (<30 kg/m2, 30‐40 kg/m2 and >40 kg/m²). We determined clinical parameters, systemic inflammatory markers, soluble cellular adhesion molecules, leukocyte‐endothelium cell interactions—rolling flux, velocity and adhesion—, oxidative stress parameters—total ROS, total superoxide, glutathione—and mitochondrial membrane potential in leukocytes.

Results

We verified that HOMA‐IR and hsCRP increased progressively as obesity developed, whereas A1c, IL6 and TNFα were augmented in the BMI > 40 kg/m² group. The cellular adhesion molecule sP‐selectin was increased in patients with obesity, while sICAM, total ROS, total superoxide and mitochondrial membrane potential were selectively higher in the BMI > 40 kg/m² group. Obesity induced a progressive decrease in rolling velocity and an enhancement of rolling flux and leukocyte adhesion.

Conclusion

Our findings reveal that endothelial dysfunction markers are altered in human obesity and are associated with proinflammatory cytokines and increased oxidative stress parameters.
Dispersal capacity of Monochamus saltuarius on flight mills
Authors: Kwon Hyuk Jun , Jung Jong‐Kook , Jung Chansik , Han Hyerim , Koh Sang‐Hyun
Published: June 2018

Pine wilt disease (PWD) is caused by pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle, transmitted by Monochamus saltuarius (Gebler) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) to healthy Korean white pine, Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc. (Pinaceae). It is a serious threat to forest ecosystems worldwide. To better understand and predict the spread of PWD in Korean white pine forests, we investigated flight distance, time, and velocity of M. saltuarius adults using computer‐linked flight mills under laboratory conditions. In addition, we investigated the impact of biological characteristics on flight distance of this vector insect. Flight distance and time were individually measured during flight mill experiments (30 min per session) and repeatedly measured twice a week. Our results revealed large variation in flight distance within the population. Half of the beetles tested in this study flew more than 1 km and no difference was found between males and females when only fliers were considered. The average flight velocity of females was higher than that of males, but intermittent flights were observed more frequently in males compared to females. Both unmated male and female M. saltuarius adults can fly more than 5 km during their entire lifespan based on these flight mill experiments. Consequently, guidelines for managing dead pines in infected areas should consider a large buffer zone around PWN‐invaded areas so that uninfected areas are beyond the dispersal capacity of M. saltuarius.