bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new Automated Behavioural Response system to integrate playback experiments into camera trap studies
Authors: Suraci Justin P. , Clinchy Michael , Mugerwa Badru , Delsey Michael , Macdonald David W. , Smith Justine A. , Wilmers Chris C. , Zanette Liana Y.
Published: December 2016

How animals respond to anthropogenic disturbances is a core component of conservation biology and how they respond to predators and competitors is equally of central importance to wildlife ecology. Camera traps have rapidly become a critical tool in wildlife research by providing a fully automated means of observing animals without needing an observer present, permitting data to be collected on rare or elusive species and infrequent events. Snapshots from camera traps revealing a species’ presence have been the principal data used to date to gauge behaviour; but, lacking experimental controls, such data permit only correlational analyses potentially open to confounding effects. Playback experiments provide a powerful means to directly test the behavioural responses of animals, enabling strong inferences and rigorous conclusions not subject to the potential confounds affecting the interpretation of snapshot data; the principal factor to date limiting the use of playback experiments being the need to have an observer present.

We developed an Automated Behavioural Response system (ABR) comprising a custom‐built motion‐sensitive speaker system that can be paired with any commercially available camera trap, providing the means to conduct playback experiments directly testing the behavioural responses of any species that can be ‘caught’ on a camera trap.

We describe field tests in Uganda, Canada and the USA, experimentally testing the effects of anthropogenic disturbances and interactions among large carnivores, in species as diverse as elephants, black bears, chimpanzees and cougars; experiments that would be completely infeasible without the ABR. We evaluate factors affecting the rate of successful data collection in the experiments in Uganda and Canada, and detail how we maximized the system's performance in the USA experiment.

By integrating the power playback experiments provide to directly and rigorously test behavioural responses with the capacity camera trapping affords to study virtually any animal anywhere, the ABR can both greatly expand the range of research questions addressed by conservation biologists and wildlife ecologists and qualitatively improve the rigour of the resulting conclusions. We discuss various ways to optimize the ABR's performance in any circumstance, and the many novel research opportunities made available by this new methodology.
Mutational Analysis of Agxt in Tunisian Population with Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1
Authors: M'dimegh Saoussen , Omezzine Asma , M'barek Ibtihel , Moussa Amira , Mabrouk Sameh , Kaarout Hayet , Souche Geneviéve , Chemli Jalel , Aloui Sabra , Aquaviva‐Bourdain Cécile , Achour Abdellatif , Abroug Saoussen , Bouslama Ali
Published: December 2016

Background

Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by inherited mutations in the AGXT gene encoding liver peroxisomal alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT). PH1 is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder. The aim of our study was to analyze and characterize the mutational spectrum of PH1 in Tunisian patients.

Materials and Methods

Molecular studies of 146 Tunisian patients suspected with PH were performed by PCR/Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) to detect seven mutations described as the most common. Direct sequencing for the 11 exons was performed in patients in whom any mutation was not identified.

Results

The genetic diagnosis of PH1 was confirmed in 62.3% of patients. The first molecular approach based on PCR/restriction enzyme test was positive in 37.6% of patients, whereas the second molecular approach based on whole gene sequencing was successful in 24% of cases. Twelve pathogenic mutations were detected in our cohort. Two mutations were novel, and five were detected for the first time in Tunisians. The three most frequent mutations were p.Ile244Thr, p.Gly190Arg, and c.33dupC, with a frequency of 43.4%, 21.4%, and 13.1%, respectively.

Conclusion

The two novel mutations detected in our study extend the spectrum of known AGXT gene mutations. The screen for the mutations identified in this study can provide a useful, cost‐effective, and first‐line investigation in Tunisian PH1 patients.
Using GIS and remote sensing to explore the influence of physical environmental factors and historical land use on bushland structure
Authors: Mutiti Christine M. , Medley Kimberly E. , Mutiti Samuel
Published: December 2016

Bushland is a vegetation type with a dense cover of woody plants of low stature and a grass understory. We explored the influence of environmental factors (precipitation, topography, geology, hydrology and waterhole density) and historical land use in the Tsavo ecosystem bushland. We mapped vegetation patterns in the region using remote sensing, GIS and field data and tested relationships with physical factors. We used regression analysis to explore the interaction of physical factors and human influence by including a protected and a nonprotected area, representing contrasting historical land use policies, as factors in the regression model. Bushland vegetation had the largest proportion in the region as a whole, but its proportion was notably greater in the nonprotected area. Precipitation, elevation, geology and historical land use were significant predictors of vegetation patterns in the regression models. Higher precipitation and elevation make woody plants superior competitors over grasses, resulting in predominance of bushland in such areas. Geologically, marine deposits result in shallow calcareous soils that favour grasses over trees, hence, absence of bushland. Wildlife management policies such as providing water for wildlife, protective boundaries and controlling wildfires influence distribution of wildlife and result in conditions that prevent regeneration and recruitment of trees.
A Physical Heart Failure Simulation System Utilizing the Total Artificial Heart and Modified Donovan Mock Circulation
Authors: Crosby Jessica R. , DeCook Katrina J. , Tran Phat L. , Betterton Edward , Smith Richard G. , Larson Douglas F. , Khalpey Zain I. , Burkhoff Daniel , Slepian Marvin J.
Published: December 2016

With the growth and diversity of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) systems entering clinical use, a need exists for a robust mock circulation system capable of reliably emulating and reproducing physiologic as well as pathophysiologic states for use in MCS training and inter‐device comparison. We report on the development of such a platform utilizing the SynCardia Total Artificial Heart and a modified Donovan Mock Circulation System, capable of being driven at normal and reduced output. With this platform, clinically relevant heart failure hemodynamics could be reliably reproduced as evidenced by elevated left atrial pressure (+112%), reduced aortic flow (−12.6%), blunted Starling‐like behavior, and increased afterload sensitivity when compared with normal function. Similarly, pressure‐volume relationships demonstrated enhanced sensitivity to afterload and decreased Starling‐like behavior in the heart failure model. Lastly, the platform was configured to allow the easy addition of a left ventricular assist device (HeartMate II at 9600 RPM), which upon insertion resulted in improvement of hemodynamics. The present configuration has the potential to serve as a viable system for training and research, aimed at fostering safe and effective MCS device use.
Bilateral tear film alterations in patients with unilateral quiescent herpes simplex keratitis
Authors: Ma Xiao , Lu Yan
Published: December 2016

Purpose

To evaluate bilateral tear function and corneal sensitivity in patients with unilateral quiescent herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) and determine the correlation between corneal sensitivity and tear secretion in both eyes.

Methods

Thirty‐five patients diagnosed with unilateral quiescent HSK and 35 heathy controls were included in this study. Bilateral tear osmolarity, Schirmer's test, the tear break‐up time (TBUT) and corneal sensitivity were measured in all participants.

Results

In the HSK group, both eyes demonstrated a significant increase in tear osmolarity, and a decrease in Schirmer's test and the TBUT compared with healthy controls (All p < 0.001). The bilateral tear osmolarity and Schirmer's test were similar, but the TBUT (4.9 ± 2.1 versus 7.4 ± 2.0 second; p < 0.001) and corneal sensitivity (35.1 ± 1.9 versus 54.3 ± 0.8 mm; p < 0.001) were significantly lower in the affected eyes. The bilateral tear osmolarity, Schirmer's test and the TBUT were significantly correlated with corneal sensitivity of the affected eye (All p < 0.001). When corneal sensitivity of the unaffected eye was treated as a control variable, tear osmolarity (R = −0.626, p < 0.001), Schirmer's test (R = 0.739, p < 0.001) and the TBUT (R = 0.691, p < 0.001) of the unaffected eyes were still significantly correlated with the corneal sensitivity of the affected eyes.

Conclusions

Unilateral quiescent HSK causes bilateral tear impairment, which depends on the loss of corneal sensitivity in the affected eye. In the affected eye with severe corneal sensitivity loss, bilateral dry eye occurred.
Effect of storage on quality traits of the semimembranosus muscle of farmed fallow deer (Dama dama) bucks and does
Authors: Ludwiczak Agnieszka , Stanisz Marek , Bykowska Marta , Składanowska Joanna , Ślósarz Piotr
Published: December 2016

A total of 12 farmed fallow deer bucks and 12 does aged 31–32 months were included in a study on the effect of storage in vacuum packaging on the functionality of venison of the Semimembranosus muscle. All the analyzed meat quality traits were not affected by sex. The storage of meat in vacuum led to: an increase of pH (by 0.13 units; P = 0.001), L* (by 1.85 units; P = 0.002), a* (by 1.15 units; P = 0.013) and chroma (by 1.16 units; P = 0.016), a decrease of free water (by 6.62 percentage points (p.p.); P = 0.001) and water‐holding capacity (cm2) (by 29.61%; P = 0.001), and the increase of dry matter content (by 0.67 p.p.; P = 0.001). The results indicate that the chilled storage of venison caused the stabilization of pH and color, improvement of water‐holding capacity, with no negative effect on the proximate chemical composition. The quality of deer meat obtained from does and bucks was similar.
Combining Item Response Theory with Multiple Imputation to Equate Health Assessment Questionnaires
Authors: Gu Chenyang , Gutman Roee
Published: December 2016

The assessment of patients’ functional status across the continuum of care requires a common patient assessment tool. However, assessment tools that are used in various health care settings differ and cannot be easily contrasted. For example, the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) is used to evaluate the functional status of patients who stay in inpatient rehabilitation facilities, the Minimum Data Set (MDS) is collected for all patients who stay in skilled nursing facilities, and the Outcome and Assessment Information Set (OASIS) is collected if they choose home health care provided by home health agencies. All three instruments or questionnaires include functional status items, but the specific items, rating scales, and instructions for scoring different activities vary between the different settings. We consider equating different health assessment questionnaires as a missing data problem, and propose a variant of predictive mean matching method that relies on Item Response Theory (IRT) models to impute unmeasured item responses. Using real data sets, we simulated missing measurements and compared our proposed approach to existing methods for missing data imputation. We show that, for all of the estimands considered, and in most of the experimental conditions that were examined, the proposed approach provides valid inferences, and generally has better coverages, relatively smaller biases, and shorter interval estimates. The proposed method is further illustrated using a real data set.
Are academics ready for smart learning?
Authors: Raghunath Riyukta , Anker Connie , Nortcliffe Anne
Published: December 2016

Ownership of smartphones and tablets among the student population is growing. Students are using their devices to support their learning. Employers and employees are increasingly bringing their own smart devices into private and public organisations to support their business. This is leading to employees driving the Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) agenda in organisations. It is not clear the extent to which academics are embracing smart technology to manage their workload or to enhance the student experience of learning. This paper presents a qualitative study of how engineering academics are using their own BYOD or institutionally provided smart devices. A 6Cs (connect, communicate, collaborate, curate, create and coordinate) framework has been used to analyse the results. The findings indicate that academics are primarily using devices to create materials, second to coordinate their work and third to communicate with students about their learning. However, there are a number of inhibiting and enabling factors that need to be addressed by academic institutions to develop the effective adoption of smart technologies for academic practice. Infrastructure, including developing widespread access to WiFi, and the prioritisation of opportunities to support staff to learn how to apply the technology to enhance student learning and experience are key areas of necessary development.
Mannich bases of 1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐thione containing adamantane moiety: Synthesis, preliminary anticancer evaluation, and molecular modeling studies
Authors: Milošev Milorad Z. , Jakovljević Katarina , Joksović Milan D. , Stanojković Tatjana , Matić Ivana Z. , Perović Milka , Tešić Vesna , Kanazir Selma , Mladenović Milan , Rodić Marko V. , Leovac Vukadin M. , Trifunović Snežana , Marković Violeta
Published: December 2016

A series of 18 novelN‐Mannich bases derived from 5‐adamantyl‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐thione was synthesized and characterized usingNMRspectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction technique. All derivatives were evaluated for their anticancer potential against four human cancer cell lines. Several tested compounds exerted good cytotoxic activities on K562 andHL‐60 cell lines, along with pronounced selectivity, showing lower cytotoxicity against normal fibroblastsMRC‐5 compared to cancer cells. The effects of compounds5b,5e,and5jon the cell cycle were investigated by flow cytometric analysis. It was found that these compounds cause the accumulation of cells in the subG1 and G1 phases of the cell cycle and induce caspase‐dependent apoptosis, while the anti‐angiogenic effects of5b,5e,and5jhave been confirmed inEA.hy926 cells using a tube formation assay. Further, the interaction of Bax protein with compound5bwas investigated by means of molecular modeling, applying the combined molecular docking/molecular dynamics approach.
Implementation Gap between the Theory and Practice of Biodiversity Offset Multipliers
Authors: Bull Joseph W. , Lloyd Samuel P. , Strange Niels
Published: December 2016

Emerging policies worldwide require biodiversity gains as compensation for losses associated with economic development, seeking to achieve “no net loss” (NNL). Multipliers – factors by which gains are larger than associated losses – can be crucial for true NNL. Here, we review the theoretical literature on multipliers. Then, we collate data on multipliers implemented in practice, representing the most complete such assessment to date. Finally, we explore remaining design gaps relating to social, ethical, and governance considerations.

Multiplier values should theoretically be tens or hundreds when considering, for example, ecological uncertainties. We propose even larger multipliers required to satisfy previously ignored considerations – including prospect theory, taboo trades, and power relationships. Conversely, our data analyses show that multipliers are smaller in practice, regularly <10.0, and have not changed significantly in magnitude over time.

We recommend that NNL policymakers provide explicit multiplier guidelines, require larger multipliers where appropriate, and ensure transparent reporting of multipliers used. Further research is necessary to determine reasons for the implementation gap we have identified. At the same time, there is a need to explore when and where the social, ethical, and governance requirements for NNL reviewed here can be met through approaches other than multipliers.
Leishmaniasis in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients
Authors: Gajurel Kiran , Dhakal Reshika , Deresinski Stan
Published: December 2016

Leishmaniasis occurs in <1% of solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients in endemic countries in which transplants are performed. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) makes up the bulk of reported cases. The onset generally occurs months after transplantation and the mode of acquisition is often impossible to determine, but de novo vector‐borne infection and reactivation of inapparent infection are thought to be the principal means. The potential role of clinically inapparent donor infection is uncertain and screening is not currently recommended, nor is it recommended for recipients from endemic areas, some of whom may have detectable circulating protozoan nucleic acid. While transplant recipients with VL often present with the non‐specific findings of fever and cytopenia, the additional presence of hepatosplenomegaly in patients from endemic areas should lead to a directed diagnostic evaluation with bone marrow examination and PCR testing of marrow and peripheral blood having a high yield. Management may often be complicated by the presence of concomitant infections. A lipid formulation of amphotericin B is the preferred treatment, especially for VL, but the relapse rate in transplant recipients is approximately 25%. PCR monitoring of blood for either secondary prophylaxis or preemptive therapy requires further study.
Long‐term health‐related quality of life in living liver donors: A south Asian experience
Authors: Cherian P. Thomas , Mishra Ashish Kumar , Mahmood S. M. Faisal , Sathyanarayanan Mohan , Raya Ravichandra , Kota Venugopal , Rela Mohamed S.
Published: December 2016

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate long‐term health‐related quality of life (HRQOL), changes in lifestyle, and complications in living liver donors at a single transplant center from southern India.

Methods

A total of 64 consecutive living liver donors from 2008 to 2011 were evaluated; 46 of 64 donors completed the short form 36 (SF‐36) via telephonic interviews or clinic consultations. Mean follow‐up was 48 months (range: 37‐84 months).

Results

There was no mortality in the donors evaluated. Overall morbidity was 23%, which included wound infections (4.3%), incisional hernia (2.1%), biliary leak (4.3%), and nonspecific complaints regarding the incision site (15.2%). All 46 donors who completed the SF‐36 had no change in career path or predonation lifestyle. A total of 40 of 46 (87%) donors had no limitations, decrements, or disability in any domain, while six of 46 (13%) had these in some domains of which general health (GH) was most severely affected.

Conclusions

Living donor hepatectomy is safe with acceptable morbidity and excellent long‐term HRQOL with no change in career path or significant alteration of lifestyle for donors.
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy after heart transplantation: Is it really ominous?
Authors: Lim Ju Yong , Jung Sung Ho , Kim Min Seok , Park Jeong‐Jun , Yun Tae‐Jin , Kim Jae Joong , Lee Jae Won
Published: December 2016

Objectives

Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) remains a major impediment to long‐term survival after heart transplantation (HT). We investigated the incidence, disease course, and risk factors for CAV.

Methods

Among 399 patients who underwent HT between November 1992 and July 2014, 297 survivors were reviewed. Endpoints were CAV development and the composite outcome of death or re‐HT.

Results

During 5.6±5.2 years, CAV was detected in 54 patients: 45 (83.3%), 8 (14.8%), and 1 (1.8%) patients for CAV 1, 2, and 3, respectively. At 1, 5, and 10 years, 99.0%, 82.4%, and 60.3% of patients were free of CAV, respectively. Only four patients (7.4%) showed progression over 4.8±2.1 years’ follow‐up. The presence of CAV did not affect the composite outcome (P=.89). Predictors of CAV included donor age (HR1.06, 95% CI: 1.03‐1.10: P<.001), recipient age (1.03 [1.003‐1.06]; P=.03), ischemic time >240 minutes (3.15 [1.36‐7.28], P=.007), postoperative renal replacement therapy (RRT) (7.1 [2.3‐21.8]; P=.001), and triglyceride level at 1 year post‐HT (1.005 [1.002‐1.008], P=.003).

Conclusions

CAV incidence after HT appears acceptable, with most cases being stationary and inconsequential for survival. Development of CAV seems to be influenced by donor and recipient age, ischemic time, postoperative RRT, and high triglyceride level.
Small‐for‐size syndrome in live donor liver transplantation—Pathways of injury and therapeutic strategies
Authors: Goldaracena Nicolas , Echeverri Juan , Selzner Markus
Published: December 2016

Due to the severe organ shortage and the increasing gap between the supply and demand for donor grafts, live donor liver transplantation (LDLT) has become an accepted and alternative technique for the expansion of the donor pool. However, donor safety and good recipient outcomes must be balanced regarding risk stratification and decision‐making within this patient population. Small‐for‐size syndrome (SFSS) is one of the complications encountered after LDLT, thus increasing the burden of optimizing donor graft selection and effective treatments during its occurrence. A graft‐to‐recipient weight ratio (GRWR) <0.8 predisposes the graft to SFSS. However, other factors may induce this complication even without a graft‐to‐patient size mismatch. Several strategies to prevent this complication include portal vein flow and liver outflow modulation, as well as pharmacological treatment. Also, as an entity with a multifactorial etiology, outcomes vary between right‐lobe, left‐lobe, and posterior‐lobe donation among series encountered in the literature. In this review, we analyze the pathophysiology and classification of this complication, the state‐of‐the‐art on management of SFSS, and the outcomes regarding the best treatment strategy on this patient population.
Most ‘global’ reviews of species’ responses to climate change are not truly global
Authors: Feeley Kenneth J. , Stroud James T. , Perez Timothy M.
Published: December 2016

It is critical that we understand the effects of climate change on natural systems if we ever hope to predict or mitigate consequent changes in diversity and ecosystem function. In order to identify coherent ‘fingerprints’ of climate change across Earth's terrestrial and marine ecosystems, various reviews have been conducted to synthesize studies of climate change impacts on individual species, assemblages and systems. These reviews help to make information about climate change impacts accessible for researchers as well as for the general public and policymakers. As such, these reviews can be highly influential in setting the direction of policy and research. Unfortunately, due to limited data availability, the majority of reviews of climate change impacts suffer from severe taxonomic and geographic biases. In particular, tropical and marine systems are grossly underrepresented, as are plants and endothermic animals. These biases may preclude a comprehensive understanding of how climate change is affecting Earth's natural systems at a global scale. In order to advance our understanding of climate change impacts on species and ecosystems, we need to first assess the types of data that are and are not available and then correct these biases through directed studies and initiatives.
Treatment with a novel agent combining docosahexaenoate and metformin increases protectin DX and IL‐6 production in skeletal muscle and reduces insulin resistance in obese diabetic db/db mice
Authors: Mitchell Patricia L. , Nachbar Renato , Lachance Dominic , St‐Pierre Philippe , Trottier Jocelyn , Barbier Olivier , Marette André
Published: December 2016

Aims

To compare the therapeutic potential of TP‐113, a unique molecular entity linking DHA with metformin, for alleviating insulin resistance in obese diabetic mice through the PDX/IL‐6 pathway.

Material and methods

We utilized the generically obese diabetic db/db mouse model for all experiments. Initial studies investigated both a dose and time course response. These results were then utilized to design a long‐term (5 week) treatment protocol. Mice were gavaged twice daily with 1 of 3 treatments: 200 mg/kg BW TP113, an equivalent dose of metformin alone (70 mg/kg BW) or water. Whole‐body insulin sensitivity was measured using the hyperinsulinaemic‐isoglycaemic clamp procedure in awake unrestrained mice.

Results

We first confirmed that acute TP‐113 treatment raises PDX and IL‐6 levels in skeletal muscle. We next tested the long‐term glucoregulatory effect of oral TP‐113 in obese diabetic db/db mice and compared its effect to an equivalent dose of metformin. A 5‐week oral treatment with TP‐113 reduced insulin resistance compared to both vehicle treatment and metformin alone, revealed by the determination of whole‐body insulin sensitivity for glucose disposal using the clamp technique. This insulin‐sensitizing effect was explained primarily by improvement of insulin action to suppress hepatic glucose production in TP‐113‐treated mice. These effects of TP‐113 were greater than that of an equivalent dose of metformin, indicating that TP‐113 increases metformin efficacy for reducing insulin resistance.

Conclusion

We conclude that TP‐113 improves insulin sensitivity in obese diabetic mice through activation of the PDX/IL‐6 signaling axis in skeletal muscle and improved glucoregulatory action in the liver.
Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion as a marker of right ventricular dysfunction in pediatric patients with dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: McLaughlin Ericka S. , Travers Curtis , Border William L. , Deshpande Shriprasad , Sachdeva Ritu
Published: December 2016

Background

Right ventricular systolic dysfunction (RVSD) is a predictor of outcomes in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in adults, but little is known in children. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) has emerged as a reliable tool to assess RVSD. We sought to determine the prevalence and prognostic significance of RVSD using TAPSE in children with DCM.

Methods

The first echocardiogram at the time of diagnosis with DCM was analyzed to obtain left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and 2D TAPSE. RVSD was defined as TAPSE age‐based z‐score ≤−2. The association of a composite primary endpoint including death, mechanical support, or transplantation with RVSD was analyzed using LVEF and TAPSE.

Results

Of the 96 patients, RVSD was noted in 84 (88%). During a median follow‐up of 17.5 months (IQR 1.4, 76.2), the primary endpoints were reached in 59%. There was a lower LVEF in patients with RVSD (P=.016). Moderate or severe RVSD showed a significant association with the composite primary endpoint (unadjusted OR 2.7 [95% CI: 1.15–6.33], P=.023). Kaplan‐Meier analysis showed that the event‐free survival was significantly lower in patients with LVEF ≤30% and TAPSE z‐score ≤−4.

Conclusion

Children with DCM have a high prevalence of RVSD based on reduced TAPSE, and those with moderate or severe RVSD have worse clinical outcomes.
ECG‐gated pulmonary artery CTA for evaluation of right ventricular function in patients with acute pulmonary embolism
Authors: Liang Hong‐Wei , Zhao De‐Li , Liu Xin‐Ding , Chen Peng , Zhou Hai‐Ting , Zhao Cheng‐Lei , Wang Guo‐Kun , Xu Mei‐Ling , Zhang Jin‐Ling
Published: December 2016

Objective

To evaluate right ventricular function in patients with acute pulmonary embolism (APE) using electrocardiogram‐gated CTA and to discuss the clinical value of pulmonary artery CTA

Patients and methods

Based on death risk evaluation, 86 APE patients were divided into high‐risk group (n=46) and non–high‐risk group (n=40). The CT pulmonary embolism (PE) index and parameters of right ventricular function were analyzed from the CTPA images and compared between the two groups. Potential correlation between the two was also discussed.

Result

CT PE index (median 24.69%) of the high‐risk group was obviously higher than that of the non–high‐risk group (median 8.58%) (P<.05). Except the diameter of superior vena cava, all other parameters of right ventricular function were significantly different between the two groups (P<.05). CT PE index was correlated with the parameters of right ventricular function.

Conclusion

ECG‐gated pulmonary artery CTA is suitable for assessing the severity of APE and right ventricular function.
Left ventricular rotational mechanics in infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and preterm infants at 36 weeks postmenstrual age: A comparison with healthy term controls
Authors: Breatnach Colm R. , Forman Eva , Foran Adrienne , Monteith Cathy , McSweeney Lisa , Malone Fergal , McCallion Naomi , Franklin Orla , El‐Khuffash Afif
Published: December 2016

Background and Aims

There is a paucity of data on left ventricle (LV) rotational physiology in neonates. We aimed to assess rotational mechanics in infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and premature infants (<32 weeks) at 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) (preterm group) and compare them with healthy term controls (term controls). We also compared the parameters in preterm infants with and without chronic lung disease (CLD).

Methods

Echocardiography was performed within 48 hours of birth or at 36 weeks PMA. LV basal and apical rotation, twist (and torsion=twist/LV length), twist rate (LVTR), and untwist rate (LVUTR) were measured. One‐way ANOVA was used to compare values.

Results

There was no difference in gestation (40.0 [39.1–40.3] vs 39.9 [39.0–40.9], P>.05) or birthweight (3.7 [3.4–4.1] vs 3.5 [3.2–3.9], P>.05) between the HIE group (n=16) and term controls (n=30). The preterm group (n=35) had a gestation and weight of 36.0 [34.6–36.3] weeks and 2.3 [2.0–2.4] kg. The HIE group had lower twist, torsion, LVTR, and LVUTR than the other two groups. The preterm group had a more negative (clockwise) basal rotation while the term group had a more positive (counterclockwise) apical rotation. Preterm infants with CLD had higher apical rotation, twist, and torsion when compared to infants without CLD.

Conclusion

Infants with HIE have reduced rotational mechanics. Preterm infants at 36 weeks PMA have comparable measurements of twist to term infants. This is achieved by predominant basal rather than apical rotation. Infants with CLD have increased apical rotation.
Light asymmetry explains the effect of nutrient enrichment on grassland diversity
Authors: DeMalach Niv , Zaady Eli , Kadmon Ronen
Published: December 2016

One of the most ubiquitous patterns in plant ecology is species loss following nutrient enrichment. A common explanation for this universal pattern is an increase in the size asymmetry of light partitioning (the degree to which large plants receive more light per unit biomass than smaller plants), which accelerates the rates of competitive exclusions. This ‘light asymmetry hypothesis’ has been confirmed by mathematical models, but has never been tested in natural communities due to the lack of appropriate methodology for measuring the size asymmetry of light partitioning in natural communities. Here, we use a novel approach for quantifying the asymmetry of light competition which is based on measurements of the vertical distribution of light below the canopy. Using our approach, we demonstrate that an increase in light asymmetry is the main mechanism behind the negative effect of nutrient enrichment on species richness. Our results provide a possible explanation for one of the main sources of contemporary species loss in terrestrial plant communities.
Total magnetic resonance imaging burden of cerebral small‐vessel disease is associated with post‐stroke depression in patients with acute lacunar stroke
Authors: Zhang X. , Tang Y. , Xie Y. , Ding C. , Xiao J. , Jiang X. , Shan H. , Lin Y. , Li C. , Hu D. , Li T. , Sheng L.
Published: December 2016

Background and purpose

Despite extensive studies on post‐stroke depression (PSD), the role of the total burden of cerebral small‐vessel disease (cSVD) in its pathogenesis remains unclear.

Methods

We conducted a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐based cohort study to investigate the relationship between total MRI burden of cSVD and PSD among patients with first‐ever lacunar stroke. From June 2013 to January 2016, 374 patients were consecutively recruited. PSD was identified using the Chinese version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV. Brain MRI presence of silent lacunar infarcts, white‐matter lesions, cerebral microbleeds and enlarged perivascular spaces was summed to an ordinal score between 0 and 4. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the contribution of total MRI cSVD burden in the prediction of PSD.

Results

Ninety patients (24.1%) were diagnosed with PSD at 3 months after stroke. Only two MRI markers of cSVD, asymptomatic lacunar infarcts and white‐matter lesions, were related to PSD [odds ratio (OR), 3.167; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.879–5.338; P = 0.001 and OR, 2.284; 95% CI, 1.403–3.713; P = 0.001, respectively]. Moreover, higher total MRI cSVD burden was an independent predictor for PSD (high tertile OR, 4.577; 95% CI, 2.400–8.728; P = 0.001) after adjusting for individual cSVD MRI marker and other potential confounders.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that greater total MRI burden of cSVD may predict the presence of PSD in patients with acute lacunar stroke.
Interictal epileptiform discharges impair word recall in multiple brain areas
Authors: Horak Peter C. , Meisenhelter Stephen , Song Yinchen , Testorf Markus E. , Kahana Michael J. , Viles Weston D. , Bujarski Krzysztof A. , Connolly Andrew C. , Robbins Ashlee A. , Sperling Michael R. , Sharan Ashwini D. , Worrell Gregory A. , Miller Laura R. , Gross Robert E. , Davis Kathryn A. , Roberts David W. , Lega Bradley , Sheth Sameer A. , Zaghloul Kareem A. , Stein Joel M. , Das Sandhitsu R. , Rizzuto Daniel S. , Jobst Barbara C.
Published: December 2016

Objectives

Interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) have been linked to memory impairment, but the spatial and temporal dynamics of this relationship remain elusive. In the present study, we aim to systematically characterize the brain areas and times at which IEDs affect memory.

Methods

Eighty epilepsy patients participated in a delayed free recall task while undergoing intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring. We analyzed the locations and timing of IEDs relative to the behavioral data in order to measure their effects on memory.

Results

Overall IED rates did not correlate with task performance across subjects (r = 0.03, p = 0.8). However, at a finer temporal scale, within‐subject memory was negatively affected by IEDs during the encoding and recall periods of the task but not during the rest and distractor periods (p < 0.01, p < 0.001, p = 0.3, and p = 0.8, respectively). The effects of IEDs during encoding and recall were stronger in the left hemisphere than in the right (p < 0.05). Of six brain areas analyzed, IEDs in the inferior‐temporal, medial‐temporal, and parietal areas significantly affected memory (false discovery rate < 0.05).

Significance

These findings reveal a network of brain areas sensitive to IEDs with key nodes in temporal as well as parietal lobes. They also demonstrate the time‐dependent effects of IEDs in this network on memory.
Polyarthritis secondary to septic thrombophlebitis in an Arabian mare
Authors: Lores M. , Cantos J. , De Rijck M. , O'Shea C.
Published: December 2016

A 3‐year‐old Arabian mare presented with diarrhoea and depression. During hospitalisation, the mare developed septic thrombophlebitis associated with a jugular catheter. One week later, she developed secondary bilateral tarsocrural joint septic arthritis. Following surgical intervention and intensive medical therapy, the mare recovered successfully. The case highlights an unusual and previously unreported complication of septic thrombophlebitis.
Analysis of temozolomide resistance in low‐grade gliomas using a mechanistic mathematical model
Authors: Ollier Edouard , Mazzocco Pauline , Ricard Damien , Kaloshi Gentian , Idbaih Ahmed , Alentorn Agusti , Psimaras Dimitri , Honnorat Jérôme , Delattre Jean‐Yves , Grenier Emmanuel , Ducray François , Samson Adeline
Published: December 2016

Understanding how tumors develop resistance to chemotherapy is a major issue in oncology. When treated with temozolomide (TMZ), an oral alkylating chemotherapy drug, most low‐grade gliomas (LGG) show an initial volume decrease but this effect is rarely long lasting. In addition, it has been suggested that TMZ may drive tumor progression in a subset of patients as a result of acquired resistance. Using longitudinal tumor size measurements from 121 patients, the aim of this study was to develop a semi‐mechanistic mathematical model to determine whether resistance of LGG to TMZ was more likely to result from primary and/or from chemotherapy‐induced acquired resistance that may contribute to tumor progression. We applied the model to a series of patients treated upfront with TMZ (n = 109) or PCV (procarbazine, CCNU, vincristine) chemotherapy (n = 12) and used a population mixture approach to classify patients according to the mechanism of resistance most likely to explain individual tumor growth dynamics. Our modeling results predicted acquired resistance in 51% of LGG treated with TMZ. In agreement with the different biological effects of nitrosoureas, none of the patients treated with PCV were classified in the acquired resistance group. Consistent with the mutational analysis of recurrent LGG, analysis of growth dynamics using mathematical modeling suggested that in a subset of patients, TMZ might paradoxically contribute to tumor progression as a result of chemotherapy‐induced resistance. Identification of patients at risk of developing acquired resistance is warranted to better define the role of TMZ in LGG.
Environmental and spatial controls of taxonomic versus trait composition of stream biota
Authors: Göthe Emma , Baattrup‐Pedersen Annette , Wiberg‐Larsen Peter , Graeber Daniel , Kristensen Esben A. , Friberg Nikolai
Published: December 2016

The spatial organisation of biotic communities derives from factors operating at a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Despite strong scientific evidence of prevalent spatial control of community composition in freshwater ecosystems, local environmental factors are often considered as the main drivers of community change. Furthermore, taxonomic approaches are most frequently used, and few studies have compared the relative importance of local and regional control of trait versus the taxonomic composition in stream ecosystems.

Using a spatially dense data set covering all stream sizes in a lowland European region of c. 42 000 km2 and three organism groups (macrophytes, macroinvertebrates and fishes), we compared the relative importance of spatial and environmental determinants of species and trait composition in the study streams, classified into headwaters (stream order 1–2) and downstream sites (stream order >2).

We hypothesised that (i) there is a higher correspondence between environmental conditions and trait composition than with species composition, (ii) dispersal limitation (pure spatial structuring) is greater in headwaters than in downstream sites and (iii) dispersal limitation (pure spatial structuring) is weakest for macroinvertebrates, intermediate for macrophytes and strongest for fishes.

The most consistent pattern across organisms and stream order groups was a higher correspondence between environmental variation and trait composition as well as a higher number of environmental variables significantly related to trait composition than with species composition (hypothesis 1). Spatial structuring peaked in headwater macrophyte communities and downstream fish communities (hypotheses 2 & 3) – a pattern that was amplified when separate analyses of traits describing species dispersal potential were undertaken.

Our study highlights the potential of traits to capture multiple environmental changes in stream ecosystems and illustrates how organism‐specific and highly context‐dependent patterns in community organisation can emerge as a consequence of interactions between habitat connectivity (i.e. top versus lower parts of the stream network) and organism dispersal potential.
Zooplankton allochthony is spatially heterogeneous in a boreal lake
Authors: Grosbois Guillaume , del Giorgio Paul A. , Rautio Milla
Published: December 2016

The proportion of consumer biomass from terrestrial origin (i.e. allochthony) has been shown to vary greatly among lakes and also seasonally, but has been assumed to be spatially homogeneous within a lake. Given that the distribution of different organic carbon (C) sources tends to be spatially patchy in most lakes, this assumption may not be warranted.

We tested this hypothesis using a spatially intensive sampling designed to capture the in‐lake heterogeneity in terrestrial inputs, phytoplankton, benthic algae and a dominant aquatic macrophyte (Brasenia schreberi: Cabombaceae) in a medium‐sized boreal lake, and used a dual‐isotope Bayesian mixing approach (δ13C, δ2H) to establish the degree of allochthony of the dominant copepod Leptodiaptomus minutus (Diaptomididae) across these sites. Samples were collected in spring when tributaries had high flow rates and aquatic primary producers (phytoplankton, macrophytes) had rapid growth rates, and in mid‐summer when tributary flows were at the lowest.

There was substantial spatial variability in the stable‐isotope composition of the copepod and consequently in its levels of allochthony in both seasons. Allochthony in L. minutus varied from 34 to 50% in spring and from 45 to 65% in summer, and this range was linked to the spatial variability in the main sources of organic C (terrestrial inputs via tributaries, B. schreberi and phytoplankton). Allochthony in L. minutus was lowest in areas dominated by macrophytes, and further influenced by the distribution of tributary‐derived terrestrial C across the lake. Macrophyte and phytoplankton carbon contributed, respectively, up to 28 and 38% during growing season (spring) to the diet of the L. minutus, while benthic algae contribution was negligible.

Our results clearly show that the reliance of zooplankton on terrestrial C may be spatially heterogeneous even in a relatively small lake and, in particular, that macrophytes, whose distribution is typically patchier than that of phytoplankton, may play a major role in shaping the spatial patterns of zooplankton allochthony in lakes.
Pain management intervention targeting nursing staff and general practitioners: Pain intensity, consequences and clinical relevance for nursing home residents
Authors: Dräger Dagmar , Budnick Andrea , Kuhnert Ronny , Kalinowski Sonja , Könner Franziska , Kreutz Reinhold
Published: December 2016

Aim

Although chronic pain is common in older adults, its treatment is frequently inappropriate. This problem is particularly prevalent in nursing home residents. We therefore developed an intervention to optimize pain management and evaluated its effects on pain intensity and pain interference with function in nursing home residents in Germany.

Methods

In a cluster‐randomized controlled intervention, 195 residents of 12 Berlin nursing homes who were affected by pain were surveyed at three points of measurement. A modified German version of the Brief Pain Inventory was used to assess pain sites, pain intensity and pain interference with function in various domains of life. The intervention consisted of separate training measures for nursing staff and treating physicians.

Results

The primary objective of reducing the mean pain intensity by 2 points was not achieved, partly because the mean pain intensity at baseline was relatively low. However, marginal reductions in pain were observed in the longitudinal assessment at 6‐month follow up. The intervention and control groups differed significantly in the intensity sum score and in the domain of walking. Furthermore, the proportion of respondents with pain scores >0 on three pain intensity items decreased significantly.

Conclusions

Given the multifocal nature of the pain experienced by nursing home residents, improving the pain situation of this vulnerable group is a major challenge. To achieve meaningful effects not only in pain intensity, but especially in pain interference with function, training measures for nursing staff and physicians need to be intensified, and long‐term implementation appears necessary. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 1534–1543.
Walkable Neighborhood Systems
Authors: Lewis Sherman L. , Adhikari Kris
Published: December 2016

This essay defines walkable neighborhood systems, summarizes the negative impacts of suburbia on the economy as a whole, and presents indirect pricing as a major cause of suburbia. The paper proposes several pricing reforms and green mobility as solutions based on prices that reflect full costs. Several hypotheses are presented concerning the performance of walkable neighborhood systems and the concept of an inflection point for the takeoff of non‐auto modes when density within a walkable area reaches economies of scale. It proposes research on old neighborhoods as a way to quantify relationships in the absence of pricing reforms. The paper discusses building types and high rise, and how at highest densities there may be diminishing returns. While it is natural for most scholars to study dominant land uses, there is a need to understand better dense walking neighborhoods as solutions to the costs of suburbia and to enhance their functioning to show a path to a sustainable future.
CK2 phospho‐independent assembly of the Tel2‐associated stress‐signaling complexes in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Inoue Haruna , Sugimoto Shizuka , Takeshita Yumiko , Takeuchi Miho , Hatanaka Mitsuko , Nagao Koji , Hayashi Takeshi , Kokubu Aya , Yanagida Mitsuhiro , Kanoh Junko
Published: December 2016

An evolutionarily conserved protein Tel2 regulates a variety of stress signals. In mammals, TEL2 associates with TTI1 and TTI2 to form the Triple T (TTT: TEL2‐TTI1‐TTI2) complex as well as with all the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase‐like kinases (PIKKs) and the R2TP (Ruvbl1‐Ruvbl2‐Tah1‐Pih1 in budding yeast)/prefoldin‐like complex that associates with HSP90. The phosphorylation of TEL2 by casein kinase 2 (CK2) enables direct binding of PIHD1 (mammalian Pih1) to TEL2 and is important for the stability and the functions of PIKKs. However, the regulatory mechanisms of Tel2 in fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe remain largely unknown. Here, we report that S. pombe Tel2 is phosphorylated by CK2 at Ser490 and Thr493. Tel2 forms the TTT complex with Tti1 and Tti2 and also associates with PIKKs, Rvb2, and Hsp90 in vivo; however, the phosphorylation of Tel2 affects neither the stability of the Tel2‐associated proteins nor their association with Tel2. Thus, Tel2 stably associates with its binding partners irrespective of its phosphorylation. Furthermore, the Tel2 phosphorylation by CK2 is not required for the various stress responses to which PIKKs are pivotal. Our results suggest that the Tel2‐containing protein complexes are conserved among eukaryotes, but the molecular regulation of their formation has been altered during evolution.