bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and Bruch’s membrane opening minimum rim width thinning rate in open-angle glaucoma
Authors: Park Donghee , Park Sung Pyo , Na Kyeong Ik
Published: September 2022

This study aimed to compare the rate of thinning between retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) and Bruch’s membrane opening minimum rim width (BMO-MRW) in open-angle glaucoma (OAG) according to glaucoma severity. We retrospectively reviewed subjects with a total of 111 eyes with OAG that had undergone optical coherence tomography more than four times during more than 3 years of follow-up. The subjects were divided into three groups based on the mean deviation (MD) of the baseline visual field test: high MD (MD > − 2 dB), medium MD (− 2 dB ≥ MD > − 6 dB), and low MD (− 6 dB ≥ MD > − 12 dB) groups. A linear mixed model was employed to compare the rate of thinning between RNFLT and BMO-MRW among the three groups. The rate of RNFLT thinning was fastest in the inferotemporal sector in all three groups. The rate of BMO-MRW thinning was fastest in the inferotemporal sector of the high MD group and the superotemporal sector of the other two groups. Among the three groups, the rate of RNFLT thinning was not significantly different in the global sector and all sectors except the nasal sector. The rate of BMO-MRW thinning in the inferotemporal sector showed no significant difference, but that in the superotemporal sector was faster in the medium MD and low MD groups than in the high MD group. The fastest rate of RNFLT thinning was consistently observed in the inferotemporal sector, but BMO-MRW showed a change in the fastest thinning sector from inferotemporal to superotemporal, with increasing severity in early to moderate OAG. The difference in the changes in the two parameters may help understand the pathogenesis of glaucoma and predict its progression.
The relationships between growth rate and mitochondrial metabolism varies over time
Authors: Quéméneur Jean-Baptiste , Danion Morgane , Cabon Joëlle , Collet Sophie , Zambonino-Infante José-Luis , Salin Karine
Published: September 2022

Mitochondrial metabolism varies significantly between individuals of the same species and can influence animal performance, such as growth. However, growth rate is usually determined before the mitochondrial assay. The hypothesis that natural variation in mitochondrial metabolic traits is linked to differences in both previous and upcoming growth remains untested. Using biopsies to collect tissue in a non-lethal manner, we tested this hypothesis in a fish model (Dicentrarchus labrax) by monitoring individual growth rate, measuring mitochondrial metabolic traits in the red muscle, and monitoring the growth of the same individuals after the mitochondrial assay. Individual variation in growth rate was consistent before and after the mitochondrial assay; however, the mitochondrial traits that explained growth variation differed between the growth rates determined before and after the mitochondrial assay. While past growth was correlated with the activity of the cytochrome c oxidase, a measure of mitochondrial density, future growth was linked to mitochondrial proton leak respiration. This is the first report of temporal shift in the relationship between growth rate and mitochondrial metabolic traits, suggesting an among-individual variation in temporal changes in mitochondrial traits. Our results emphasize the need to evaluate whether mitochondrial metabolic traits of individuals can change over time.
Daily preventive zinc supplementation increases the antibody response against pathogenic Escherichia coli in children with zinc insufficiency: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Kewcharoenwong Chidchamai , Sein Myint Myint , Nithichanon Arnone , Khongmee Aranya , Wessells K Ryan , Hinnouho Guy-Marino , Barffour Maxwell A. , Kounnavong Sengchanh , Hess Sonja Y. , Stephensen Charles B. , Lertmemongkolchai Ganjana
Published: September 2022

Zinc deficiency impairs the antibody-mediated immune response and is common in children from lower-income countries. This study aimed to investigate the impact of different zinc supplementation regimens (7, 10 or 20 mg/day elemental zinc)—therapeutic dispersible zinc tablets (TZ), daily multiple micronutrient powder (MNP), daily preventive zinc tablets (PZ) and placebo powder (control)—and compare between baseline and endline antibody production against pathogenic Escherichia coli in Laotian children (aged 6–23 months). Fifty representative plasma samples of each treatment group were randomly selected from 512 children to determine anti-E. coli IgG antibody levels and avidity. Of the 200 children, 78.5% had zinc deficiency (plasma zinc concentration < 65 µg/dL) and 40% had anaemia before receiving zinc supplementation. aAfter receiving the TZ, MNP or PZ regimen, the plasma anti-E. coli IgG levels were significantly increased compared with baseline; the effect on the antibody level was more pronounced in children with zinc deficiency. Interestingly, there was increased anti-E. coli IgG avidity in the control and PZ groups. This study suggests that PZ might be the optimal zinc supplementation regimen to increase both the quantity and quality of antibody responses in children with zinc deficiency. Clinical trial registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02428647 (NCT02428647, 29/04/2015).
A critical role of calcineurin in stress responses, hyphal formation, and virulence of the pathogenic fungus Trichosporon asahii
Authors: Matsumoto Yasuhiko , Yoshikawa Asami , Nagamachi Tae , Sugiyama Yu , Yamada Tsuyoshi , Sugita Takashi
Published: September 2022

Trichosporon asahii is a conditional pathogenic fungus that causes severe and sometimes fatal infections in immunocompromised patients. While calcineurin, an essential component of a calcium-dependent signaling pathway, is known to regulate stress resistance and virulence of some pathogenic fungi, its role in T. asahii has not been investigated. Here, we demonstrated that calcineurin gene-deficient T. asahii mutants are sensitive to high temperature as well as cell-membrane and cell-wall stress, and exhibit decreased hyphal formation and virulence against silkworms. Growth of T. asahii mutants deficient in genes encoding subunits of calcineurin, cna1 and cnb1, was delayed at 40 °C. The cna1 and cnb1 gene-deficient mutants also showed sensitivity to sodium dodecyl sulfate, Congo red, dithiothreitol, and tunicamycin. On the other hand, these mutants exhibited no sensitivity to caffeine, sorbitol, monensin, CaCl2, LiCl, NaCl, amphotericin B, fluconazole, or voriconazole. The ratio of hyphal formation in the cna1 and cnb1 gene-deficient mutants was decreased. Moreover, the virulence of the cna1 and cnb1 gene-deficient mutants against silkworms was attenuated. These phenotypes were restored by re-introducing each respective gene into the gene-deficient mutants. Our findings suggest that calcineurin has a role in regulating the cellular stress response and virulence of T. asahii.
Atomistic reaction mechanism of CVD grown MoS2 through MoO3 and H2S precursors
Authors: Arafat Abdullah , Islam Md. Sherajul , Ferdous Naim , Islam A. S. M. Jannatul , Sarkar Md. Mosarof Hossain , Stampfl Catherine , Park Jeongwon
Published: September 2022

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) through sulfidation of MoO3 is one of the most important synthesis techniques to obtain large-scale and high-quality two-dimensional (2D) MoS2. Recently, H2S precursor is being used in the CVD technique to synthesize 2D MoS2. Although several studies have been carried out to examine the mechanism of MoS2 growth in the presence of sulfur and MoO3 precursors, the growth of MoS2 in the presence of H2S precursor has largely remained unknown. In this study, we present a Reactive molecular dynamics (RMD) simulation to investigate the reaction mechanism of MoS2 from MoO3 and H2S precursors. The intermediate molecules formation, the reason behind those formations, and the surface compositions of MoOxSyHz during the initial steps of CVD have all been quantified. Surprisingly, a sudden separation of sulfur atoms from the surface was observed in the H2S precursor system due to the substantial oxygen evolution after 1660 K. The sulfur detachments and oxygen evolution from the surface were found to have a linear relationship. In addition, the intermediate molecules and surface bonds of MoS2 synthesized by MoO3 and H2S precursors were compared to those of a system using S2 and MoO3 precursors. The most stable subsidiary formation from the H2S precursor was found to be H2O, whereas in case of S2 precursor it was SO. These results provide a valuable insight in the formation of large-scale and high-quality 2D MoS2 by the CVD technique.
Dipotassium 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2,5-bis(thiolate) as a new S-donor for direct synthesis of symmetrical disulfides
Authors: Soleiman-Beigi Mohammad , Alikarami Mohammad , Kohzadi Homa , Akbari Zahra
Published: September 2022

In this research, a simple, efficient and novel protocol is eveloped for the direct synthesis of symmetrical disulfides using dipotassium 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2,5-bis(thiolate) as a new, low toxicity, inexpensive, stable solid and free of foul-smelling thiols for synthesize symmetric diaryl/dialkyl disulfides from aryl and alkyl halides in presence of MOF-199 and CuO nanoparticles. Significantly, using this method results in obtaining a variety of symmetrical disulfides in moderate to excellent yields (up to 98%).
Molecular pathways enhance drug response prediction using transfer learning from cell lines to tumors and patient-derived xenografts
Authors: Tang Yi-Ching , Powell Reid T. , Gottlieb Assaf
Published: September 2022

Computational models have been successful in predicting drug sensitivity in cancer cell line data, creating an opportunity to guide precision medicine. However, translating these models to tumors remains challenging. We propose a new transfer learning workflow that transfers drug sensitivity predicting models from large-scale cancer cell lines to both tumors and patient derived xenografts based on molecular pathways derived from genomic features. We further compute feature importance to identify pathways most important to drug response prediction. We obtained good performance on tumors (AUROC = 0.77) and patient derived xenografts from triple negative breast cancers (RMSE = 0.11). Using feature importance, we highlight the association between ER-Golgi trafficking pathway in everolimus sensitivity within breast cancer patients and the role of class II histone deacetylases and interlukine-12 in response to drugs for triple-negative breast cancer. Pathway information support transfer of drug response prediction models from cell lines to tumors and can provide biological interpretation underlying the predictions, serving as a steppingstone towards usage in clinical setting.
Structural equation modeling of the effects of psychological distress and a fear of coronavirus disease 2019 on diabetes care in Japan: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Minoura Akira , Sugiyama Takehiro , Koyama Teruhide , Yoshioka Takashi , Tabuchi Takahiro
Published: September 2022

This study aimed to examine the effects of psychological distress and a fear of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on diabetes care in Japan. We used data from a 2020 nationwide Internet survey in Japan involving 28,000 respondents aged 15–79 years. The question items included psychological factors (Kessler psychological distress scale and fear of COVID-19), employment, trust in neighbors, informal caregiving, and history of diabetes care. After excluding respondents with comorbidities and those who had not visited the hospital, 625 patients with diabetes were analyzed. Statistical mediation was then examined through a path analysis using structural equation modeling (SEM). Discontinued diabetes care was independently associated with psychological distress (risk ratio = 1.44, 95% confidence interval [1.01–2.06]) and a fear of COVID-19 (1.41 [1.01–1.95]). The SEM results indicated that a fear of COVID-19, employment, trust in neighbors, and informal caregiving were indirectly associated with continued diabetes care via psychological distress. These findings suggest that a fear of COVID-19 may affect psychological distress and continued diabetes care among patients with diabetes in Japan, and that trust in neighbors and family caregiving may be related to the discontinuation of diabetes care. Therefore, because psychological factors and socioeconomic status may affect diabetes care, it is important to consider a fear of COVID-19 among patients with diabetes to maintain diabetes treatment.
On-demand reconstitutable hyaluronic acid-doped azathioprine microcrystals effectively ameliorate ulcerative colitis via selective accumulation in inflamed tissues
Authors: Lee Juho , Oshi Murtada A. , Kwak Dongmin , Kim Hyunwoo , Kim Jihyun , Hlaing Shwe Phyu , Saparbayeva Aruzhan , Hwang Seonghwan , Jung Yunjin , Yoo Jin-Wook
Published: September 2022

On-demand reconstitutable hyaluronic acid-doped azathioprine microcrystals showed enhanced therapeutic effects via colitis tissue-selective delivery of azathioprine.
Rapid recognition and quantitative analysis of niobium minerals by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
Authors: Yuan Jiangyan , Li Xiaochun , Chen Yi , Zhang Zhengguang , Li Xiaoguang , Komarneni Sridhar
Published: September 2022

Rapid recognition and quantitative analysis of niobium minerals by multi-stage filtration techniques based on SEM-EDS.
Perovskite-structure TlBO3 (B = Cr, Mn) for thermomechanical and optoelectronic applications: an investigation via a DFT scheme
Authors: Hasan Wakil , Hossain Adeeb Mahamud , Rasheduzzaman Md. , Rahman Md. Atikur , Hossain Md. Mukter , Mohammad K. Rashel , Chowdhury Raihan , Hossain Khandaker Monower , Hossen M. Moazzam , Hasan Md. Zahid
Published: September 2022

Here, we have employed the density functional theory on TlBO3 (B = Cr, Mn) to study the structural, mechanical, electronic, optical, and thermal properties for the first time. Spin polarization causes a metallic-to-semiconducting transition.
Alternating magnetic field and NIR energy conversion on magneto-plasmonic Fe3O4@APTES–Ag heterostructures with SERS detection capability and antimicrobial activity
Authors: Kulpa-Greszta Magdalena , Tomaszewska Anna , Michalicha Anna , Sikora Daniel , Dziedzic Andrzej , Wojnarowska-Nowak Renata , Belcarz Anna , Pązik Robert
Published: September 2022

Fe3O4@APTES–Ag is a potential multipurpose platform for biological applications such as photomagnetic therapies, analytic probes exploiting the SERS effect and antibacterial activity.
The low-temperature synthesis of cation-ordered Ce–Zr-based oxide via an intermediate phase between Ce and Fe
Authors: Murakami Kazuto , Sugawara Yoko , Tomita Junki , Ishii Akihiro , Oikawa Itaru , Takamura Hitoshi
Published: September 2022

Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 is a well-known oxygen storage material used in a three-way catalyst for automobiles to maintain the air–fuel ratio during operation. The ordered structure emerges at lower temperatures in the presence of iron oxides.
Triallyl cyanurate copolymerization delivered nonflammable and fast ion conducting elastic polymer electrolytes
Authors: Zhang Dashan , Shi Yongzheng , An Junwei , Yang Shubin , Li Bin
Published: September 2022

An elastic solid polymer electrolyte is developed based on the unique properties of triallyl cyanurate, which is beneficial for fast lithium-ion conduction and preventing the combustion of polymer electrolyte.
Hollow microneedle array fabrication using a rational design to prevent skin clogging in transdermal drug delivery
Authors: Unver Nur , Odabas Sedat , Demirel Gokcen Birlik , Gul O. Tolga
Published: September 2022

Scalable, bottom-up fabrication of rational bi-level-tip, tapered hollow microneedle array with carbon nanotube microstructures enabled efficient liquid delivery and required less force for skin penetration.
High-pressure synthesis, spin-glass behaviour, and magnetocaloric effects in FexTi2S4 heideite sulphides
Authors: Silva Jr R. S. , Gainza J. , Rodrigues J. E. , Martínez L. , Céspedes E. , Nemes N. M. , Martínez J. L. , Alonso J. A.
Published: September 2022

A rapid high-pressure preparation method (3.5 GPa) yields FexTi2S4 Heideite-type phase. Magnetism offers a complex scenario with AFM to FM-like interactions. The magnetocaloric effect yields significant entropy and relative cooling power.
Role of crown ether in the perovskite precursor for doctor-bladed perovskite solar cells: investigation by liquid-phase scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Huang Kuo-Wei , Li Ming-Hsien , Hsieh Po-Tsung , Lin Chen-Fu , Rajendran Raja , Tung Yung-Liang , Chen Peter
Published: September 2022

Addition of crown ether to the perovskite precursor effectively reduced the size of perovskite-based micelles and retarded the perovskite growth rate in the doctor-bladed perovsktie film.
New alkali lanthanide-free polyoxometalates with remarkable water-responsive turn-off–turn-on luminescence properties
Authors: Bagghi Aurély , Ghena Rania , Gautier Nicolas , Stephant Nicolas , Deniard Philippe , Dessapt Rémi
Published: September 2022

New anhydrous alkali lanthanide-free polyoxometalates have been elaborated by thermal decomposition of their parent hydrates, and they exhibit remarkable reversible turn-off-on luminescence properties at room temperature in the presence of humidity.
A magnetohydrodynamic simulation of the dayside magnetic reconnection between the solar wind and the Martian crustal field
Authors: Wang M. , Xu X. , Lee L. C. , Lu J. Y. , Xie L. , Wang J. , Jiang Y. , Ye Y. , Zhou Z. , Xu Q. , Chang Q. , Wang X. , Luo L. , Fu S. , Sui H. Y. , Guan Z. J. , Li L.
Published: September 2022

Using a three-dimensional multispecies magnetohydrodynamic model, we study the effects of the orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), solar wind dynamic pressure (Pd), and the location of the intense crustal field, on the dayside magnetic reconnection between the solar wind and the Martian crustal field. Our main results are as follows: (1) Different IMF orientations result in different magnetic field configurations and reconnection conditions on the Martian dayside. When the intense crustal field is located on the dayside, the dayside magnetic reconnection tends to occur in the region with solar zenith angles (SZA) ≈45° in the southern hemisphere for the IMF with a southward component. When the IMF has a northward component, the magnetic field lines are piled up in the same place and the Martian magnetic pileup boundary (MPB) appears as a local bulged “mini-magnetopause”. Under the pure radial IMF, the magnetic reconnection is absent, which might be due to the presence of additional outward magnetic tension and kinetic effects. (2) Dayside reconnection can change the shape of the Martian MPB, while the bow shock is weakly affected. When the IMF has a southward component, the dayside magnetic reconnection happens and the MPB is located closer to Mars with a “cusp” shape. When the IMF has a northward component, the Martian MPB expands with a local bulged “mini-magnetopause”. For the pure radial IMF condition, the subsolar region of the MPB is located closer to Mars than that under other IMF directions. The influence of the IMF cone angles on the Martian bow shock is much less than that on the MPB, and the bow shock locations are very close to the model results of another author found in the literature. (3) With increasing Pd, the size of the crustal field region decreases and the draped fields correspondingly move to lower altitudes where the IMF and crustal field have the same direction. When the IMF has a southward component and the magnetic reconnection occurs at SZA ≈ 45°, the reconnection site, the region of the closed topology of the crustal field, and the draped IMF, do not change much with increasing Pd. We suggest that the multipolar crustal magnetic fields can protect the solar wind IMF from further reconnecting with the crustal field to a lower altitude when Pd is enhanced.
Post-Zoster-Neuralgie
Authors: Corts Magga , Dichtl Karoline , Vigl Sebastian , Blume Ralf
Published: September 2022

Vier Experten stellen Behandlungsansätze bei Post-Zoster-Neuralgie mithilfe von Osteopathie, Schüßler-Salzen, Phytotherapie und Homöopathie vor.
Retrospektive Versorgungsstudie von d-uo zur Therapie des mCRPC mit Radium-223-dichlorid
Authors: Jores Charlotte , König Frank , Hellmis Eva , Grund Christina , Klier Jörg , Zillmann Roger , Eichenauer Rolf , Schönfelder Robert , Johannsen Manfred , Schröder Jörg , Hempel Elke , Doehn Christian
Published: September 2022

Im Rahmen der Phase III-Studie ERA-223 wurde bei Patienten mit einem metastasierten
kastrationsresistenten Prostatakarzinoms (mCRPC) unter einer Kombinationstherapie mit
Radium-223 und Abirateron ein erhöhtes Fraktur- und möglicherweise auch ein erhöhtes
Sterberisiko festgestellt. Dies hat im Jahr 2018 zu einer Änderung des Zulassungstextes
geführt. Radium-223 darf in Deutschland erst in der 3. Therapielinie als Monotherapie neben
der Androgendeprivations-Therapie (ADT) beim mCRPC mit symptomatischen Knochenmetastasen ohne
bekannte viszerale Metastasen oder bei Patienten mit mCRPC, für die keine andere verfügbare
systemische Therapie geeignet ist, eingesetzt werden. Da zur Versorgungrealität in Deutschland
kaum Daten existieren, wurden in der vorliegenden Studie die Mitglieder von d-uo (Deutsche Uro-Onkologen) bezüglich ihres Therapieverhaltens befragt. Es konnten Daten von 123
Patienten analysiert werden, welche zwischen 2014 und 2019 eine Behandlung mit Radium-223
erhielten. Es zeigte sich, dass knapp 50% der mCRPC-Patienten bereits vor der Label-Änderung
Radium-223 erst nach 2 Vortherapien erhalten haben. Etwa die Hälfte der Patienten erhielt
parallel eine der neuen Androgenrezeptor- gerichteten Therapien (Androgen Receptor Targeting
Agents, ARTA). Das führte jedoch im Gegensatz zur ERA-223 nicht zu einer erhöhten Frakturrate.
Allerdings erhielten ein Großteil der Patienten zeitgleich eine Osteoprotektion. Trotz des
späten Einsatzes von Radium-223 zeigten noch knapp die Hälfte der Patienten ein Ansprechen auf
die Therapie.
Recent Advances on the Development of Synthetic Strategies to Access Dibenzoxepine Derivatives
Authors: Suresh Surisetti , Yadav Sanjay , Ramarao Jakkula
Published: September 2022

Dibenzoxepines have gained privileged status in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery due to their appearance in various natural products and life-saving drug molecules. Dibenzoxepine-based molecules, such as artocarpols, asenapine, and pacharin, possess a wide range of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antihypertensive, antiestrogenic, and insecticidal activities. Therefore, designing and developing new methodologies to access the dibenzoxepine­ core has become a paramount research topic for organic/ medicinal chemists. Herein, we reviewed various synthetic methods to access dibenzoxepine derivatives. The total syntheses of dibenzoxepine-based natural products and biologically/medicinally important molecules have also been reviewed.

1 Introduction

2 Transition-Metal-Free Approaches

2.1 Acid-Mediated Transformations

2.2 Base-Mediated Transformations

2.3 NHC-Organocatalyzed Transformations

2.4 Miscellaneous

3 Metal-Mediated Approaches

4 Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Approaches

4.1 Iron-Catalyzed Transformations

4.2 Copper-Catalyzed Transformations

4.3 Ruthenium-Catalyzed Transformations

4.4 Palladium-Catalyzed Transformations

4.5 Other Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Transformations

5 Total Syntheses

6 Conclusion
A Metal-Free TBHP-Triggered Cascade Cyclization of 2-Arylindoles with Alcohols: Synthesis of Hydroxyalkylated Indolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline Derivatives
Authors: Tang Yucai , Li Min , Xiang Xingxian , Yang Yiting , Zhou Qian , Dai Kaiming , Wang Feifei
Published: September 2022

A practical method for the synthesis of hydroxyalkylated indolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline derivatives through the metal-free cascade cyclization of 2-arylindoles with alcohols in the presence of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) is disclosed. The present method features transition-metal-free conditions and exceptional functional group tolerance. A series of valuable hydroxyalkylated indolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline derivatives bearing various functional groups is synthesized in moderate to excellent yields.
A Novel Model of Perifascial Areolar Tissue Transplant in Rats
Authors: Oshima Junya , Sasaki Kaoru , Shibuya Yoichiro , Sekido Mitsuru
Published: September 2022

Background Perifascial areolar tissue (PAT) transplant is a method of transplanting loose connective tissue harvested in a sheet form from above the fascia to the wound bed and is effective for wounds with exposed ischemic tissue. However, the engraftment mechanism is unknown, and no animal models of PAT transplant for wound healing exist.

Methods In this study, we harvested connective tissue from the backs of Wistar rats in a sheet form to simulate a human PAT transplant. The PAT was affixed to exposed bone of the head.

Results In the PAT(+) group, the wound areas gradually decreased due to epithelialization and contraction. The wound area of the PAT(+) group was significantly smaller than that of the PAT(−) group.

Conclusions This clinically relevant rat model is useful for elucidating the mechanism of the PAT transplant and establishing a reliable surgical method.
Tailoring of defects dependent magnetic properties of swift heavy ion irradiated CeO2 for spintronics application
Authors: Singh Anshu , Saini Richa , Kumar Pawan , Kandasami Asokan
Published: September 2022

The present investigation reports the swift heavy ion induced effects on cerium oxide (CeO2) thin films. These thin films were deposited on Si (111) substrates by the electron-beam evaporation method and irradiated by a 100 MeV O7+ ion beam with different ion fluences. X-ray diffraction analysis of these films confirms the stable fluorite phase of CeO2 even after the higher fluence of irradiations. Raman measurement also supports the presence of the F2g phase of CeO2 and the presence of defect states. The Gaussian deconvolution of photoluminescence (PL) spectra reveals various defect-associated peaks. The broad peaks in the PL spectra are associated with oxygen vacancies and are red-shifted (494–520 nm) with ion fluences. The surface morphological images show the modification in the surface roughness with ion irradiation and the re-growth of smaller circular-formed nanoparticles on the surface is observed at the fluence of 5 × 1011 ions/cm2. Magnetic measurements show an enhancement in magnetic ordering with ion irradiation. All the samples demonstrate room temperature ferromagnetism with magnetic saturation (Ms) up to 14.57 emu/cm3. The saturation magnetization in irradiated thin films is directly correlated to the area under the peak of defect-associated PL emission. The mechanism such as the oxygen vacancy-based F-center exchange model is considered to understand the enhancement of ferromagnetism in ion irradiated CeO2 thin films. Some popular theoretical models are also employed to determine various magnetic parameters.
Fragility in glassy liquids: A structural approach based on machine learning
Authors: Tah Indrajit , Ridout Sean A. , Liu Andrea J.
Published: September 2022

The rapid rise of viscosity or relaxation time upon supercooling is a universal hallmark of glassy liquids. The temperature dependence of viscosity, however, is quite nonuniversal for glassy liquids and is characterized by the system’s “fragility,” with liquids with nearly Arrhenius temperature-dependent relaxation times referred to as strong liquids and those with super-Arrhenius behavior referred to as fragile liquids. What makes some liquids strong and others fragile is still not well understood. Here, we explore this question in a family of harmonic spheres that range from extremely strong to extremely fragile, using “softness,” a structural order parameter identified by machine learning to be highly correlated with dynamical rearrangements. We use a support vector machine to identify softness as the same linear combination of structural quantities across the entire family of liquids studied. We then use softness to identify the factors controlling fragility.
Phase-field model of grain boundary diffusion in nanocrystalline solids: Anisotropic fluctuations, anomalous diffusion, and precipitation
Authors: L’vov Pavel E. , Sibatov Renat T.
Published: September 2022

The anisotropic phase-filed model of grain boundary diffusion and precipitation of solute in nanocrystalline solids has been developed. In this model, the Cahn–Hilliard equation is generalized for the anisotropic phase-field diffusion of solute and anisotropic compositional fluctuations. It is found that dynamics of solute concentration profile demonstrates the anomalous diffusion behavior with scaling parameters depending on the mobility ratio and microstructure of a solid solution. It is noteworthy that the increase in source concentration can slow down the concentration front propagation due to uphill diffusion or formation of a new phase. Parameters of grain boundary diffusion control the precipitation dynamics. In particular, a decrease in transverse diffusion coefficient is responsible for longer incubation time, and lower rates of nucleation and nuclei growth in comparison with the case of isotropic solute transport near grain boundaries. Transport properties of boundary and bulk are responsible for the formation of the bimodal size distribution function of second phase particles and specific kinetics of average radius and number density.
Micro-fabricated components for cold atom sensors
Authors: McGilligan J. P. , Gallacher K. , Griffin P. F. , Paul D. J. , Arnold A. S. , Riis E.
Published: September 2022

Laser cooled atoms have proven transformative for precision metrology, playing a pivotal role in state-of-the-art clocks and interferometers and having the potential to provide a step-change in our modern technological capabilities. To successfully explore their full potential, laser cooling platforms must be translated from the laboratory environment and into portable, compact quantum sensors for deployment in practical applications. This transition requires the amalgamation of a wide range of components and expertise if an unambiguously chip-scale cold atom sensor is to be realized. We present recent developments in cold-atom sensor miniaturization, focusing on key components that enable laser cooling on the chip-scale. The design, fabrication, and impact of the components on sensor scalability and performance will be discussed with an outlook to the next generation of chip-scale cold atom devices.
Deep reinforcement learning for large-eddy simulation modeling in wall-bounded turbulence
Authors: Kim Junhyuk , Kim Hyojin , Kim Jiyeon , Lee Changhoon
Published: September 2022

The development of a reliable subgrid-scale (SGS) model for large-eddy simulation (LES) is of great importance for many scientific and engineering applications. Recently, deep learning approaches have been tested for this purpose using high-fidelity data such as direct numerical simulation (DNS) in a supervised learning process. However, such data are generally not available in practice. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) using only limited target statistics can be an alternative algorithm in which the training and testing of the model are conducted in the same LES environment. The DRL of turbulence modeling remains challenging owing to its chaotic nature, high dimensionality of the action space, and large computational cost. In this study, we propose a physics-constrained DRL framework that can develop a deep neural network-based SGS model for LES of turbulent channel flow. The DRL models that produce the SGS stress were trained based on the local gradient of the filtered velocities. The developed SGS model automatically satisfies the reflectional invariance and wall boundary conditions without an extra training process so that DRL can quickly find the optimal policy. Furthermore, direct accumulation of reward, spatially and temporally correlated exploration, and the pre-training process are applied for efficient and effective learning. In various environments, our DRL could discover SGS models that produce the viscous and Reynolds stress statistics perfectly consistent with the filtered DNS. By comparing various statistics obtained by the trained models and conventional SGS models, we present a possible interpretation of better performance of the DRL model.
On finite amplitude solitary waves—A review and new experimental data
Authors: Wang Yufei , Liu Philip L.-F.
Published: September 2022

The existing analytical solutions for finite amplitude solitary waves, including the perturbation solutions, based on either the nonlinearity parameter, α=H/h, or the dispersion parameter, ε=k2h2, and the closed form solutions, are reviewed. The convergence characteristics of the perturbation solutions are discussed, showing that the perturbation solutions for the velocity field diverge for large wave amplitude. The relationships between three existing closed form solutions are discussed. The analytical solutions are then compared with exact numerical solutions. The agreement is generally good for the free surface profiles, but not for the velocity field. One of the closed form solutions [Clamond, D. and Fructus, D., “Accurate simple approximation for the solitary wave,” C. R. Mec. 331, 727 (2003)] is in almost perfect agreement with the exact numerical solutions for both the free surface profiles and the velocity fields. New laboratory experiments, measuring both free surface profile and velocity field over a wide range of α values (up to 0.6) are then presented. High speed particle image velocimetry is used to measure the velocity field in the entire water column. Detailed comparisons among the experimental data, analytical theories, and numerical solutions show that for relatively small amplitude solitary waves, say, α≤0.2, all theories and numerical results agree very well with the experimental data. However, when α≥0.3 only [Clamond, D. and Fructus, D., “Accurate simple approximation for the solitary wave,” C. R. Mec. 331, 727 (2003)]'s solution and the numerical agree with the experimental data.
Output error behavior for discretizations of ergodic, chaotic systems of ordinary differential equations
Authors: Frontin Cory V. , Darmofal David L.
Published: September 2022

The use of numerical simulation for prediction of characteristics of chaotic dynamical systems inherently involves unpredictable processes. In this work, we develop a model for the expected error in the simulation of ergodic, chaotic ordinary differential equation (ODE) systems, which allows for discretization and statistical effects due to unpredictability. Using this model, we then generate a framework for understanding the relationship between the sampling cost of a simulation and the expected error in the result and explore the implications of the various parameters of simulations. Finally, we generalize the framework to consider the total cost—including unsampled spin-up timesteps—of simulations and consider the implications of parallel computational environments to give a realistic model of the relationship between wall-clock time and the expected error in simulation of a chaotic ODE system.
Deformation and necking of liquid droplets in a magnetic field
Authors: Poulose Sruthy , Quirke Jennifer A. , Stamenov Plamen , Möbius Matthias E. , Coey J. M. D.
Published: September 2022

Pendant droplets of water and paramagnetic solutions are studied in the presence of uniform and nonuniform magnetic fields produced by small permanent magnet arrays, both in static conditions and during dynamic pinch-off. Static measurements of the droplet shape are analyzed in terms of an apparent surface tension γapp or an effective density ρeff. The change of surface tension of deionized water in a uniform field of 450 mT is insignificant, 0.19 ± 0.21 mNm−1. Measurements on droplets of compensated zero-susceptibility solutions of Cu2+, Mn2+, and Dy3+, where the shape is unaffected by any magnetic body force, show changes of surface tension of about −1% in 500 mT. Magnetic field gradients of up to 100 T2 m−1 deform the droplets and lead to changes of ρeff that are negative for diamagnetic solutions (buoyancy effect) and positive for paramagnetic solutions. The droplet profile of strongly paramagnetic 0.1 molar DyCl3 solution is analyzed, treating the nonuniform vertical field gradient as a spatial variation of gravity. The influence of Maxwell stress on the droplet shape is discussed. In dynamic measurements, the droplet shape at pinch-off is recorded by high-speed photography and analyzed in terms of a relative change of dynamic surface tension in the presence of a magnetic field. The surface-tension-dependent prefactor of the scaling law that governs the pinch-off dynamics shows no difference for pure water or 0.11 M DyCl3 solutions in the field. The nonuniform field has no influence in the pinch-off region because the filament diameter is much less than the capillary length.
Two- and three-body dissociations of C3H6 isomer dications investigated by 4 keV/u Ar8+ impact
Authors: Guo D. L. , Lin K. Z. , Zhu X. L. , Zhang R. T. , Gao Y. , Zhao D. M. , Zhu X. B. , Zhang S. F. , Ma X.
Published: September 2022

The fragmentation dynamics of two isomers of C3H6, cyclopropane and propene, induced by 4 keV/u Ar8+ are investigated employing a reaction microscope. Four two-body and two three-body dissociation channels of C3H62+ dications are identified for each isomer, among which the channels involving CC bond breaking are found to be much more favored than H3+ and H2+ formation channels. The observation of the CH3+ or H3+ formation channels from cyclopropane are direct evidence of the proton migration within the carbon skeleton before dissociation. Obvious isomer effects are revealed by comparing the relative branching ratios of different channels of the two isomers. Moreover, it was shown that a sequential dissociation mechanism with H elimination prior to CC bond cleavage may be dominant for the two three-body dissociation channels for both isomers.
Plasma breakdown in bubbles passing between two pin electrodes
Authors: Pillai Naveen , Sponsel Nicholas L , Mast J T , Kushner Mark J , Bolotnov Igor A , Stapelmann Katharina
Published: September 2022

The ignition of plasmas in liquids has applications from medical instrumentation to manipulation of liquid chemistry. Formation of plasmas directly in a liquid often requires prohibitively large voltages to initiate breakdown. Producing plasma streamers in bubbles submerged in a liquid with higher permittivity can significantly lower the voltage needed to initiate a discharge by reducing the electric field required to produce breakdown. The proximity of the bubble to the electrodes and the shape of the bubbles play critical roles in the manner in which the plasma is produced in, and propagates through, the bubble. In this paper, we discuss results from a three-dimensional direct numerical simulation (DNS) used to investigate the shapes of bubbles formed by injection of air into water. Comparisons are made to results from a companion experiment. A two-dimensional plasma hydrodynamics model was then used to capture the plasma streamer propagation in the bubble using a static bubble geometry generated by the DNS The simulations showed two different modes for streamer formation depending on the bubble shape. In an elliptical bubble, a short electron avalanche triggered a surface ionization wave (SIWs) resulting in plasma propagating along the surface of the bubble. In a circular bubble, an electron avalanche first traveled through the middle of the bubble before two SIWs began to propagate from the point closest to the grounded electrode where a volumetric streamer intersected the surface. In an elliptical bubble approaching a powered electrode in a pin-to-pin configuration, we experimentally observed streamer behavior that qualitatively corresponds with computational results. Optical emission captured over the lifetime of the streamer curve along the path of deformed bubbles, suggesting propagation of the streamer along the liquid/gas boundary interface. Plasma generation supported by the local field enhancement of the deformed bubble surface boundaries is a mechanism that is likely responsible for initiating streamer formation.
A localization method for subsea pipeline based on active magnetization
Authors: Huang Xinjing , Wang Yuan , Ma Jinyu , Wu Jialin , Li Jian , Zhang Yu , Feng Hao
Published: September 2022

Accurate location of subsea pipelines is a prerequisite for real-time tracking and detailed inspections by underwater robots. The magnetic anomalies generated by ferromagnetic pipelines can be used to locate both exposed and buried pipelines. However, due to the low signal ratio and model inconsistencies under weak and variable ambient magnetization, there is currently no intuitive and reliable pipeline detection method for pipeline tracking. This paper proposes a method capable of immediately and accurately locating pipelines via active magnetization and vertical magnetic measurements. Finite element simulations show that a magnet array can significantly enhance the magnetic anomaly, and that the vertical magnetic component alone can accurately indicate the pipeline’s position, avoiding the inconvenience of magnetic three-component alignment in the field. It is experimentally demonstrated that the magnetic detection signal-to-noise ratio can be significantly increased by 5 dB–20 dB for a Φ219 mm steel pipe using the magnet array, and the maximum lateral positioning error is 0.03 m and much smaller than that without the magnet array.
A method for using Josephson voltage standards for direct characterization of high performance digitizers to establish AC voltage and current traceability to SI
Authors: Ireland J , Reuvekamp P G , Williams J M , Peral D , Díaz de Aguilar J , Sanmamed Y A , Šíra M , Mašláň S , Rzodkiewicz W , Bruszewski P , Sadkowski G , Sosso A , Cabral V , Malmbekk H , Pokatilov A , Herick J , Behr R , Coşkun Öztürk T , Arifoviç M , Ilić D
Published: September 2022

A method for traceability to SI for ac voltage and current based on high performance digitizers is presented. In contrast to the existing thermal-based methods, the proposed method utilizes direct traceability to quantum-based waveforms via the use of Josephson voltage systems. This allows not only a simplification of the traceability chain and reduced measurement times but also offers the potential for analysis of the ac voltage and current waveform spectral content, a feature which is not possible using thermal methods. Scaling of current and voltage is achieved by the use of current shunts and resistive voltage dividers respectively. Target operating ranges are up to 1 A and 100 V with a frequency range up to 1 kHz for both. The corresponding target uncertainty for this traceability route is 1 μV V−1and 2 μA A−1up to frequencies of 1 kHz. The traceability chain is described and various components are characterized to validate their suitability for this task. It is demonstrated that these uncertainty targets can be met under certain conditions. The use of multi-tone calibration waveforms is investigated to further reduce measurement time. An uncertainty analysis method based on simulation using real component performance data is demonstrated.
Smart optical coordinate and surface metrology
Authors: Catalucci Sofia , Thompson Adam , Eastwood Joe , Zhang Zhongyi Michael , Branson III David T , Leach Richard , Piano Samanta
Published: September 2022

Manufacturing has recently experienced increased adoption of optimised and fast solutions for checking product quality during fabrication, allowing for manufacturing times and costs to be significantly reduced. Due to the integration of machine learning algorithms, advanced sensors and faster processing systems, smart instruments can autonomously plan measurement pipelines, perform decisional tasks and trigger correctional actions as required. In this paper, we summarise the state of the art in smart optical metrology, covering the latest advances in integrated intelligent solutions in optical coordinate and surface metrology, respectively for the measurement of part geometry and surface texture. Within this field, we include the use of a priori knowledge and implementation of machine learning algorithms for measurement planning optimisation. We also cover the development of multi-sensor and multi-view instrument configurations to speed up the measurement process, as well as the design of novel feedback tools for measurement quality evaluation.
A little excitement across the horizon
Authors: Ng Keith K , Zhang Chen , Louko Jorma , Mann Robert B
Published: September 2022

We analyse numerically the transitions in an Unruh-DeWitt detector, coupled linearly to a massless scalar field, in radial infall in (3 + 1)-dimensional Schwarzschild spacetime. In the Hartle–Hawking and Unruh states, the transition probability attains a small local extremum near the horizon-crossing and is then moderately enhanced on approaching the singularity. In the Boulware state, the transition probability drops on approaching the horizon. The unexpected near-horizon extremum arises numerically from angular momentum superpositions, with a deeper physical explanation to be found.
Enhanced quantum efficiency in flexible AlGaN deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes by external strain
Authors: Wang Jin , He Yunjing , Tong Jiaming , Cai Qing , Zhi Ting , Xue Junjun
Published: September 2022

Flexible electronic devices have great application potential in the field of next-generation consumer electronics. In this paper, we have demonstrated that applying external bending on AlGaN-based flexible deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (DUV LEDs) can modulate the electrical characteristics of the quantum-well heterostructures. The internal quantum efficiency of DUV LEDs can be significantly improved by applying external strain on the device in bend-up mode. In addition, the peak emission of the DUV LEDs can be significantly tuned by bending the device into concave or convex curvatures. This desirable feature allows a single device to be applied in different environments and fields by applying external strain.
Securocratic state-building: the rationales, rebuttals, and risks behind the extraordinary rise of Rwanda after the genocide
Authors: McDoom Omar Shahabudin
Published: September 2022

Both popular perspectives and theoretical characterizations of Rwanda’s remarkable trajectory following the genocide remain polarized more than a generation after the violence. The country has been hailed as a developmental state and denounced as an authoritarian ‘ethnocracy’. I introduce the concept of securocratic state-building in response to this polarization. The construct is intended to capture, first, the regime’s developmental but non-doctrinaire ambitions, synthesizing liberal and illiberal precepts; and second its prioritization of security over liberty, favouring stability over peace. I then draw on a set of interviews with key Rwandan opinion-makers drawn from across the country’s principal political and social divides to elicit the competing rationales given for each of three grand strategic choices made by the regime: why it eschewed competitive politics; why it sought to re-engineer society and efface ethnicity; and why it moved to modernize the state and the economy. The juxtaposition of these opposing opinions exposes a fundamental tension at the heart of the securocratic state-building model: the regime’s aspiration for unity is at odds with its preoccupation with security. This strategic contradiction, I argue, places a question mark over the long-term sustainability of the Rwanda model.