bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of Chiral Stationary Phases via Continuous Assembly of Polymers for Resolution of Enantiomers by Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Guntari Stefanie N. , Nam Eunhyung , Pranata Nina N. , Chia Kenneth , Wong Edgar H. H. , Blencowe A. , Goh Tor K. , Caruso Frank , Qiao Greg G.
Published: July 2014

Precise stereochemical determination of chiral molecules is highly important, especially in the pharmaceutical industry where one enantiomer may have a therapeutic effect while the other has detrimental effects. Herein, the continuous assembly of polymers (CAP) mediated via ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) is used to fabricate immobilized‐type chiral stationary phases (CSPs) – as cross‐linked thin films on solid supports – for enantiomeric separation. Optically active polysaccharides (chitosan and amylose) with aromatic substituents were pre‐functionalized with pendent norbornene groups and subsequently employed as macrocross‐linkers in the CAPROMP process, building cross‐linked films from initiator‐functionalized mesoporous silica particles. The immobilized cross‐linked films on mesoporous silica particles can act as CSPs. Therefore, the chiral recognition abilities of the CSPs were explored by liquid chromatography (LC). It was found that CSPs with higher amount of polysaccharide cross‐linked films – made from multiple CAP reactions – have better chiral separation capabilities. This work demonstrates the versatility of the CAP approach to fabricate CSPs to tailor specific separation needs.
The biofilm matrix destabilizers, EDTA and DNaseI, enhance the susceptibility of nontypeable Hemophilus influenzae biofilms to treatment with ampicillin and ciprofloxacin
Authors: Cavaliere Rosalia , Ball Jessica L. , Turnbull Lynne , Whitchurch Cynthia B.
Published: July 2014

Nontypeable Hemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is a Gram‐negative bacterial pathogen that causes chronic biofilm infections of the ears and airways. The biofilm matrix provides structural integrity to the biofilm and protects biofilm cells from antibiotic exposure by reducing penetration of antimicrobial compounds into the biofilm. Extracellular DNA (eDNA) has been found to be a major matrix component of biofilms formed by many species of Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, including NTHi. Interestingly, the cation chelator ethylenediaminetetra‐acetic acid (EDTA) has been shown to reduce the matrix strength of biofilms of several bacterial species as well as to have bactericidal activity against various pathogens. EDTA exerts its antimicrobial activity by chelating divalent cations necessary for growth and membrane stability and by destabilizing the matrix thus enhancing the detachment of bacterial cells from the biofilm. In this study, we have explored the role of divalent cations in NTHi biofilm development and stability. We have utilized in vitro static and continuous flow models of biofilm development by NTHi to demonstrate that magnesium cations enhance biofilm formation by NTHi. We found that the divalent cation chelator EDTA is effective at both preventing NTHi biofilm formation and at treating established NTHi biofilms. Furthermore, we found that the matrix destablilizers EDTA and DNaseI increase the susceptibility of NTHi biofilms to ampicillin and ciprofloxacin. Our observations indicate that DNaseI and EDTA enhance the efficacy of antibiotic treatment of NTHi biofilms. These observations may lead to new strategies that will improve the treatment options available to patients with chronic NTHi infections.
Functional interplay between protein arginine methyltransferases in Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Lott Kaylen , Zhu Lu , Fisk John C. , Tomasello Danielle L. , Read Laurie K.
Published: July 2014

Arginine methylation is a common posttranslational modification that has far‐reaching cellular effects. Trypanosoma brucei is an early‐branching eukaryote with four characterized protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs), one additional putative PRMT, and over 800 arginine methylated proteins, suggesting that arginine methylation has widespread impacts in this organism. While much is known about the activities of individual T. brucei PRMTs (TbPRMTs), little is known regarding how TbPRMTs function together in vivo. In this study, we analyzed single and selected double TbPRMT knockdowns for the impact on expression of TbPRMTs and global methylation status. Repression of TbPRMT1 caused a decrease in asymmetric dimethylarginine and a marked increase in monomethylarginine that was catalyzed by TbPRMT7, suggesting that TbPRMT1 and TbPRMT7 can compete for the same substrate. We also observed an unexpected and strong interdependence between TbPRMT1 and TbPRMT3 protein levels. This finding, together with the observation of similar methyl landscape profiles in TbPRMT1 and TbPRMT3 repressed cells, strongly suggests that these two enzymes form a functional complex. We show that corepression of TbPRMT6/7 synergistically impacts growth of procyclic‐form T. brucei. Our findings also implicate the actions of noncanonical, and as yet unidentified, PRMTs in T. brucei. Together, our studies indicate that TbPRMTs display a functional interplay at multiple levels.
HD‐CAB: A cognitive assessment battery for clinical trials in Huntington's disease1,2,3
Authors: Stout Julie C. , Queller Sarah , Baker Kalyca N. , Cowlishaw Sean , Sampaio Cristina , Fitzer‐Attas Cheryl , Borowsky Beth ,   the HD‐CAB Investigators
Published: July 2014

Cognitive dysfunction is central to Huntington's disease (HD) and undermines quality of life. Clinical trials are now targeting cognitive outcomes in HD; however, no cognitive battery has been optimized for HD clinical trials. We evaluated 16 cognitive tests in a 20‐site, five‐country, observational study designed to mimic aspects of a clinical trial (e.g., data collection managed by a contract research organization, repeated testing, prespecified statistical analyses). Fifty‐five early HD, 103 premanifest HD (pre‐HD), and 105 controls were tested at visit 1, visit 2 (1‐3 days later), and visit 3 (5‐7 weeks after visit 1). For inclusion in a recommended battery, tests were evaluated for sensitivity, practice effects, reliability, domain coverage, feasibility, and tolerability. Most tests differentiated controls from pre‐HD and early HD and showed excellent psychometric properties. We selected six tests to constitute the Huntington's Disease Cognitive Assessment Battery (HD‐CAB): Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Paced Tapping, One Touch Stockings of Cambridge (abbreviated), Emotion Recognition, Trail Making B, and the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test. These tests demonstrated sensitivity to disease status (Cohen's d effect sizes: early HD= −1.38 to −1.90 and pre‐HD= −0.41 to −0.78), and acceptable reliability (r's 0.73‐0.93). A composite score yielded large effect sizes (early HD = −2.44 and pre‐HD = −0.87) and high reliability (r = 0.95). HD‐CAB is the first cognitive battery designed specifically for use in late premanifest and early HD clinical trials. Adoption of the HD‐CAB will facilitate evaluation of treatments to improve cognition in HD. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Proton T2 measurement and quantification of lactate in brain tumors by MRS at 3 Tesla in vivo
Authors: Madan Akshay , Ganji Sandeep K. , An Zhongxu , Choe Kevin S. , Pinho Marco C. , Bachoo Robert M. , Maher Elizabeth M. , Choi Changho
Published: July 2014

Purpose

To evaluate the T2 relaxation time of lactate (Lac) in brain tumors and the correlation of the T2 and concentration with tumor grades.

Methods

Eight pairs of the subecho time sets of point‐resolved spectroscopy were selected between 58 and 268 ms, with numerical and phantom analyses, for Lac T2 measurement. In vivo spectra were acquired from 24 subjects with gliomas (13 low grade and 11 high grade) and analyzed with LCModel using numerically‐calculated basis spectra. The metabolite T2 relaxation time was obtained from monoexponential fitting of the multi‐echo time (TE) signal estimates versus TE. The metabolite concentration was estimated from the zero‐TE extrapolation of the T2 fits.

Results

The Lac T2 was estimated to be approximately 240 ms, without a significant difference between low and high grade tumors. The Lac concentration was estimated to be 4.1 ± 3.4 and 7.0 ± 4.7 mM for low and high grades respectively, but the difference was not significant.

Conclusion

The Lac T2 was similar among gliomas regardless of their tumor grades. This suggests that the T2 value from this study may be applicable to obtain the T2 relaxation‐free estimates of Lac in a subset of brain tumors. Magn Reson Med 73:2094–2099, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Studying the effect of non‐spherical micro‐particles on Hoek–Brown strength parameter mi using numerical true triaxial compressive tests
Authors: Zhang Qi , Zhu He‐Hua , Zhang Lianyang
Published: July 2014

The strength parameter mi in the Hoek–Brown strength criterion is empirical and was developed by trial and error. To better understand the fundamental relationship between mi and the physical characteristics of intact rock, this paper presents a systematic study of mi by representing intact rock as a densely packed cemented particle material and simulating its mechanical behavior using particle flow modeling. Specifically, the three‐dimensional particle flow code (PFC3D) was used to conduct numerical true triaxial compression tests on intact rock and to investigate the effect of non‐spherical micro‐particle parameters on mi. To generate numerical intact rock specimens containing non‐spherical micro‐particles, a new genesis process was proposed, and a specific loop algorithm was used based on the efficiency of the process and the acceptability of generated specimens. Four main parameters—number, aspect ratio, size, and shape—of non‐spherical micro‐particles were studied, and the results indicated that they all have great effect on mi. The strength parameter mi increases when the number, aspect ratio, or size is larger or the shape becomes more irregular, mainly as a result of the higher level of interlocking between particles. This confirms the observations from engineering experience and laboratory experiments. To simulate the right strength parameter mi, it is important to use appropriate non‐spherical micro‐particles by controlling these four parameters. This is further demonstrated by the simulation of two widely studied rocks, Lac du Bonnet granite and Carrara marble. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomic investigation of Vibrio alginolyticus challenged Caenorhabditis elegans revealed regulation of cellular homeostasis proteins and their role in supporting innate immune system
Authors: Durai Sellegounder , Singh Nirpendra , Kundu Suman , Balamurugan Krishnaswamy
Published: July 2014

Caenorhabditis elegans has been the preferred model system for many investigators to study pathogenesis. In the present investigation, regulation of C. elegans proteome was explored against V. alginolyticus infection using quantitative proteomics approach. Proteins were separated using 2D‐DIGE and the differentially regulated proteins were identified using PMF and MALDI TOF/TOF analysis. The results thus obtained were validated using Western blotting for candidate proteins. The corresponding transcriptional regulation was quantified subsequently using real‐time PCR. Interaction network for candidate proteins was predicted using search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins (STRING) and functional validation was performed using respective mutant strains. Out of the 25 proteins identified, 21 proteins appeared to be upregulated while four were downregulated. Upregulated proteins included those involved in stress‐response (PDI‐2, HSP‐6), immune‐response (protein kinase ‐18, GST‐8) and energy‐production (ATP‐2) while proteins involved in structural maintenance (IFB‐2) and lipid metabolism (SODH‐1) were downregulated. The roles of these players in the host system during Vibrio infection was analyzed in vivo using wild type and mutant C. elegans. Survival assays using mutants lacking pdi‐2, ire‐1, and xbp‐1 displayed enhanced susceptibility to V. alginolyticus. Cellular stress generated by V. alginolyticus was determined using ROS assay. This is the first report of proteome changes in C. elegans against V. alginolyticus challenge and highlights the significance of unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway during bacterial infection.
Nanocrystalline diamond on Si solar cells for direct photoelectrochemical water splitting
Authors: Ashcheulov Petr , Kusko Martin , Fendrych František , Poruba Aleš , Taylor Andrew , Jäger Aleš , Fekete Ladislav , Kraus Ivo , Kratochvílová Irena
Published: July 2014

This article presents a study of a boron‐doped nanocrystalline diamond (B‐NCD) and crystalline silicon solar cell (c‐Si SC) heterostructure designed for direct photoelectrochemical water splitting application. A system is proposed which generates voltages sufficient for water‐splitting via light absorption by solar cells. The rear side (photo‐anode) of the c‐Si solar cell was shielded with the B‐NCD layer intended to serve as a protective coating to eliminate corrosion of the Si and operate as a p‐type conductive electrode suited for water decomposition. Information on the efficiency of the c‐Si/B‐NCD heterostructure and the distribution of the electric potential has been gained through investigation of minority carrier recombination mapping. The results of the B‐NCD layer characterization by Raman spectroscopy, AFM, SEM and optical reflection measurements are presented. It is demonstrated that inclusion of a boron (p+) diffusion layer into a c‐Si solar cell structure prevents lifetime (LT) degradation caused by the B‐NCD deposition process. In addition it is shown that the B‐NCD deposition temperature has a substantial effect on the properties of c‐Si solar cell.
Effects of Al–Mn co‐doping on magnetic properties of semiconducting oxide thin films
Authors: Hong Nguyen Hoa , Shaidiuk Viacheslav , Atabaev Timur Sh. , Ciftja Orion , Kurisu Makio , Kim Hyung‐Kook , Hwang Yoon‐Hwae
Published: July 2014

We conducted an experimental investigation of the structural and magnetic properties of Al–Mn‐doped ZrO2 and ZnO thin films. It was found that, even though additional Al doping does not substantially enhance ferromagnetism (FM), it influences surface magnetism by enhancing it. Increase of the Al concentration slightly improves the overall magnetization of the Al–Mn‐doped ZrO2 sample, however, this effect is also accompanied by a deterioration of the crystallinity of the sample. On the other hand, we found that by co‐doping the Mn‐doped ZnO samples with Al, the result is a significant increase of the magnetic moment. Apart from the surface effects, the data clearly indicate that the observed FM originates from defects. Our results confirm that co‐doping with Al can be an efficient way to enhance magnetism and control the distribution of defects for certain transition‐metal‐doped semiconducting oxides.
Impact of sub‐pixel rainfall variability on spaceborne precipitation estimation: evaluating the TRMM 2A25 product
Authors: Kirstetter Pierre‐Emmanuel , Hong Y. , Gourley J. J. , Schwaller M. , Petersen W. , Cao Qing
Published: July 2014

Rain intensity spectra as seen by space sensors feed numerous applications at global scales ranging from water budget studies to forecasting natural hazards related to extreme rainfall events. Rainfall variability at scales finer than what is resolved by current space sensors affects their detection capabilities, the characterization of rainfall types, as well as the quantification of rainfall rates. A high‐resolution surface rainfall product is used to evaluate the impact of rainfall variability within the field of view (FOV) of the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) at ground. The primary contribution of this study is to assess the impact of rainfall variability in terms of occurrence, types and rate at PR's pixel resolution on PR precipitation detection, classification and quantification. Several aspects of PR errors are revealed and quantified including sensitivity to non‐uniform beam filling. While the error structure of the PR is complicated because of the interaction of these factors, simple error models are developed to describe the PR performances. The methodology and framework developed herein applies more generally to rainfall rate estimates from other sensors on board low Earth‐orbiting satellites such as microwave imagers and dual‐frequency radars such as with the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission.
Comparison of objective Bayes factors for variable selection in parametric regression models for survival analysis
Authors: Cabras Stefano , Castellanos Maria Eugenia , Perra Silvia
Published: July 2014

This paper considers the problem of selecting a set of regressors when the response variable is distributed according to a specified parametric model and observations are censored. Under a Bayesian perspective, the most widely used tools are Bayes factors (BFs), which are undefined when improper priors are used. In order to overcome this issue, fractional (FBF) and intrinsic (IBF) BFs have become common tools for model selection. Both depend on the size, Nt, of a minimal training sample (MTS), while the IBF also depends on the specific MTS used. In the case of regression with censored data, the definition of an MTS is problematic because only uncensored data allow to turn the improper prior into a proper posterior and also because full exploration of the space of the MTSs, which includes also censored observations, is needed to avoid bias in model selection. To address this concern, a sequential MTS was proposed, but it has the drawback of an increase of the number of possible MTSs as Nt becomes random. For this reason, we explore the behaviour of the FBF, contextualizing its definition to censored data. We show that these are consistent, providing also the corresponding fractional prior. Finally, a large simulation study and an application to real data are used to compare IBF, FBF and the well‐known Bayesian information criterion. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Graphene Field‐Effect Transistor and Its Application for Electronic Sensing
Authors: Zhan Beibei , Li Chen , Yang Jun , Jenkins Gareth , Huang Wei , Dong Xiaochen
Published: July 2014

Graphene, because of its excellent mechanical, electrical, chemical, physical properties, sparked great interest to develop and extend its applications. Particularly, graphene based field‐effect transistors (GFETs) present exciting and bright prospects for sensing applications due to their greatly higher sensitivity and stronger selectivity. This Review highlights a selection of important topics pertinent to GFETs and their application in electronic sensors. This article begins with a description of the fabrications and characterizations of GFETs, and then introduces the new developments in physical, chemical, and biological electronic detection using GFETs. Finally, several perspective and current challenges of GFETs development are presented, and some proposals are suggested for further development and exploration.
The IPCC and treatment of uncertainties: topics and sources of dissensus
Authors: Adler Carolina E. , Hirsch Hadorn Gertrude
Published: July 2014

Characterizing uncertainty in the assessment of evidence is common practice when communicating science to users, a prominent example being the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Reports (ARs). The IPCC guidance note is designed to assist authors in the assessment process by assuring consistent treatment of uncertainties across working groups (WGs). However, debate on this approach has surfaced among scholars on whether applying the guidance note indeed yields the desired consistent treatment of uncertainties thus facilitating effective communication of findings to users. The IPCC guidance note is therefore a paradigmatic case for reviewing concerns regarding treatment of uncertainties for policy. We reviewed published literature that outline disagreement or dissensus on the guidance note in the IPCC assessment process, structured as three distinct topics. First, whether the procedure is reliable and leads to robust results. Second, whether the broad scope of diverse problems, epistemic approaches, and user perspectives allow for consistent and appropriate application. Third, whether the guidance note is adequate for the purpose of communicating clear and relevant information to users. Overall, we find greater emphasis placed on problems arising from the procedure and purpose of the assessment, rather than the scope of application. Since a procedure needs to be appropriate for its purpose and scope, a way forward entails not only making deliberative processes more transparent to control biases. It also entails developing differentiated instruments to account for diversity and complexity of problems, approaches, and perspectives, treating sources of uncertainty as relevant information to users. WIREs Clim Change 2014, 5:663–676. doi: 10.1002/wcc.297

This article is categorized under:

Integrated Assessment of Climate Change > Integrated Assessment by Expert Panels

Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge > Climate Science and Decision Making
Integrative analysis of ‘‐omics’ data using penalty functions
Authors: Zhao Qing , Shi Xingjie , Huang Jian , Liu Jin , Li Yang , Ma Shuangge
Published: July 2014

In the analysis of omics data, integrative analysis provides an effective way of pooling information across multiple datasets or multiple correlated responses, and can be more effective than single dataset (response) analysis. Multiple families of integrative analysis methods have been proposed in the literature. The current review focuses on the penalization methods. Special attention is paid to sparse meta‐analysis methods that pool summary statistics across datasets, and integrative analysis methods that pool raw data across datasets. We discuss their formulation and rationale. Beyond ‘standard’ penalized selection, we also review contrasted penalization and Laplacian penalization that accommodate finer data structures. The computational aspects, including computational algorithms and tuning parameter selection, are examined. This review concludes with possible limitations and extensions. WIREs Comput Stat 2015, 7:99–108. doi: 10.1002/wics.1322

This article is categorized under:

Applications of Computational Statistics > Genomics/Proteomics/Genetics
Effects of male‐biased harvest on mule deer: Implications for rates of pregnancy, synchrony, and timing of parturition
Authors: Freeman Eric D. , Larsen Randy T. , Peterson Mark E. , Anderson Charles R. , Hersey Kent R. , Mcmillan Brock R.
Published: July 2014

Evaluating how management practices influence the population dynamics of ungulates may enhance future management of these species. For example, in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), changes in male/female ratio due to male‐biased harvest may alter rates of pregnancy, timing of parturition, and synchrony of parturition if inadequate numbers of males are present to fertilize females during their first estrous cycle. If rates of pregnancy or parturition are influenced by decreased male/female ratios, recruitment may be reduced (e.g., fewer births, later parturition resulting in lower survival of fawns, and a less synchronous parturition that potentially increases susceptibility of neonates to predation). Our objectives were to compare rates of pregnancy, synchrony of parturition, and timing of parturition between exploited mule deer populations with a relatively high (Piceance, CO, USA; 26 males/100 females) and a relatively low (Monroe, UT, USA; 14 males/100 females) male/female ratio. We determined rates of pregnancy via ultrasonography and timing of parturition via vaginal implant transmitters. We found no differences in rates of pregnancy (98.6% and 96.6%; z = −0.821; P = 0.794), timing of parturition (estimate = 1.258; SE = 1.672; t = 0.752; P = 0.454), or synchrony of parturition (F = 1.073 P = 0.859) between Monroe Mountain and Piceance Basin, respectively. The relatively low male/female ratio on Monroe Mountain was not associated with a protracted period of parturition. This finding suggests that relatively low male/female ratios typical of heavily harvested populations do not influence population dynamics because recruitment remains unaffected. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Six Pentanuclear and Tetranuclear Mo/W‐Cu‐S Clusters with Bis(diphenylphosphanyl) Methane
Authors: Li Zhongfeng , Li Jianbao , Fan Weiwei , Xue Xiaonan , Wang Rong , Jiang Yuhan , Wu Manhua , Jin Qionghua
Published: July 2014

Six heterothiometalic clusters, namely, [WS4Cu4(dppm)4](ClO4)2·2DMF·MeCN (1), [MoS4Cu4(dppm)4](NO3)2·MeCN (2) [MoS4Cu3(dppm)3](ClO4)·4H2O (3), [WS4Cu3(dppm)3](NO3)·4H2O (4), [WS4Cu3(dppm)3]SCN·CH2Cl2 (5), and [WS4Cu3(dppm)3]I·CH2Cl2 (6) [dppm = bis (diphenylphosphanyl)methane] were synthesized. Compounds 1–4 were obtained by the reactions of (NH4)2MS4 (M = Mo, W) with [Cu2(μ2‐dppm)2(MeCN)2(ClO4)2] {or [Cu(dppm)(NO3)]2} in the presence of 1,10‐phen in mixed solvent (CH3CN/CH2Cl2/DMF for 1 and 2, CH2Cl2/CH3OH/DMF for 3 and 4. Compounds 5 and 6 were obtained by one‐pot reactions of (NH4)2WS4 with dppm and CuSCN (or CuI) in CH2Cl2/CH3OH. These clusters were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction as well as IR, 1H NMR, and 31P NMR spectroscopy. Structure analysis showed that compounds 1 and 2 are “saddle‐shaped” pentanuclear cationic clusters, whereas compounds 3–6 are “flywheel‐shaped” tetranuclear cationic clusters. In 1 and 2, the MS42– unit (M = W, Mo) is coordinated by four copper atoms, which are further bridged by four dppm molecules. In compounds 3–6, the MS42– unit is coordinated by three copper atoms and each copper atom is bridged by three dppm ligands.
Review of Our Experience With Neuroblastoma and Ganglioneuroblastoma in Adults
Authors: Jrebi Nezar Y. , Iqbal Corey W. , Joliat Gaëtan‐Romain , Sebo Thomas J. , Farley David R.
Published: July 2014

Background

Neuroblastomas and ganglioneuroblastomas (NB/GNB) are malignant tumors that rarely occur in adults. Their disease progression and appropriate treatment are unclear.

Methods

All adults (age ≥18 years) were evaluated for histologically confirmed NB/GNB within our institution. Data were collected via chart review and direct patient contact.

Results

From 1980 to 2009, a total of 15 adult patients with NB/GNB were evaluated: six men (mean age 23 years, range 19–33 years) and nine women (mean 34 years, range 20–66 years). Their overall average age at diagnosis was 30 years. Tumor‐related symptoms occurred in ten patients: Pain (abdominal 3, back 2, pelvic 1, groin 1) was more common than a mass (abdominal 2) or dysmenorrhea (1). Five patients had tumors found incidentally by computed tomography (4) or chest radiography (1). Primary tumor origins were in the pelvis (4), mediastinum (3), abdomen (2), adrenal gland (2), retroperitoneum (2), and mixed locations (2). Altogether, 12 patients underwent surgical resection (biopsy in 3; resections of R0 in 5, R1 in 3, R2 in 4). Ten underwent chemotherapy. Histology showed four GNBs and 11 NBs. Five patients with stage I disease survived a mean of 21 years (range 10–40 years). Two are alive today. Three stage III patients died at 2, 6, and 9 years after diagnosis (mean 5.7 years). Six of seven patients (one was lost to follow‐up) with initial stage IV neuroblastoma died within 5 years (mean 2.7 years). NB and GNB patients had similar survivals.

Conclusions

Adult‐onset NB/GNB is rare. Symptoms appear to occur later when incurable stage IV disease is detected. Complete surgical resection can lead to long‐term, disease‐free survival in stage I patients.
Impact of Preoperative Risk Factors on Morbidity after Esophagectomy: Is There Room for Improvement?
Authors: Mantziari Styliani , Hübner Martin , Demartines Nicolas , Schäfer Markus
Published: July 2014

Background

Despite progress in multidisciplinary treatment of esophageal cancer, oncologic esophagectomy is still the cornerstone of therapeutic strategies. Several scoring systems are used to predict postoperative morbidity, but in most cases they identify nonmodifiable parameters. The aim of this study was to identify potentially modifiable risk factors associated with complications after oncologic esophagectomy.

Methods

All consecutive patients with complete data sets undergoing oncologic esophagectomy in our department during 2001–2011 were included in this study. As potentially modifiable risk factors we assessed nutritional status depicted by body mass index (BMI) and preoperative serum albumin levels, excessive alcohol consumption, and active smoking. Postoperative complications were graded according to a validated 5‐grade system. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify preoperative risk factors associated with the occurrence and severity of complications.

Results

Our series included 93 patients. Overall morbidity rate was 81 % (n = 75), with 56 % (n = 52) minor complications and 18 % (n = 17) major complications. Active smoking and excessive alcohol consumption were associated with the occurrence of severe complications, whereas BMI and low preoperative albumin levels were not. The simultaneous presence of two or more of these risk factors significantly increased the risk of postoperative complications.

Conclusions

A combination of malnutrition, active smoking and alcohol consumption were found to have a negative impact on postoperative morbidity rates. Therefore, preoperative smoking and alcohol cessation counseling and monitoring and improving the nutritional status are strongly recommended.
Aluminum Overload Hampers Symptom Improvement Following Parathyroidectomy for Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Cheng Shih‐Ping , Lee Jie‐Jen , Liu Tsang‐Pai , Chen Han‐Hsiang , Wu Chih‐Jen , Liu Chien‐Liang
Published: July 2014

Background

Aluminum overload and accumulation in tissues may lead to skeletal, hematological, and neurological toxicity. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of serum aluminum levels on presentations, postoperative recovery, and symptom improvement in patients undergoing parathyroidectomy for secondary hyperparathyroidism.

Methods

From 2008 to 2013, all patients with end‐stage renal disease undergoing initial parathyroidectomy were included in the study. Serum aluminum level was measured preoperatively and/or within 1 week after surgery. Preoperative and postoperative biochemical profile and symptoms were compared between the low and high aluminum groups.

Results

A total of 176 patients were included in the study. Of these, 38 (22 %) patients had serum aluminum levels higher than 20 μg/L. A higher percentage of patients in the high aluminum group were on peritoneal dialysis than in the low aluminum group (24 vs. 4 %, p = 0.001). Both groups had similar bone mineral density and changes in biochemical profiles. The preoperative parathyroidectomy assessment of symptoms (PAS) score was not associated with serum aluminum levels (p = 0.349), whereas the postoperative PAS score showed positive association (p = 0.005). There was a negative association between serum aluminum levels and the improvement of total PAS scores (p = 0.001). The high aluminum group had more residual symptoms in three aspects: bone pain (p = 0.038), difficulty getting out of a chair or car (p = 0.045), and pruritus (p = 0.041).

Conclusions

A high serum aluminum level was associated with reduced symptom improvement in patients undergoing parathyroidectomy for secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Parafibromin, Galectin‐3, PGP9.5, Ki67, and Cyclin D1: Using an Immunohistochemical Panel to Aid in the Diagnosis of Parathyroid Cancer
Authors: Truran Peter P. , Johnson Sarah J. , Bliss Richard D. , Lennard Thomas W. J. , Aspinall Sebastian R.
Published: July 2014

Background

Parathyroid cancer is rare. Differentiating parathyroid carcinoma from degenerative changes at histopathology can be difficult and studies investigating the value of single immunohistochemical markers have had variable results. In this study we aimed to investigate whether a panel of immunohistochemistry markers could aid the diagnosis of parathyroid cancer.

Methods

All cases of parathyroid cancer at our institution from 1998 to 2012 were identified retrospectively. Cases were classified as definite cancers (those with evidence of metastatic spread) or histological cancers (those with features of carcinoma without evidence of metastasis). Controls with benign parathyroid disease were included for comparison. Immunohistochemistry for parafibromin, galectin‐3, PGP9.5, Ki67, and cyclin D1 was analysed by an experienced endocrine pathologist.

Results

There were 24 cases and 14 benign adenomas. Four cases had evidence of metastatic spread and 20 were diagnosed on histological criteria alone. Sixteen of the 24 cases had further surgery with ipsilateral thyroid lobectomy and 15 also had a prophylactic level VI lymph node dissection. Apart from one patient with distant metastases at presentation, none developed recurrence at follow‐up (median = 38 months). Immunohistochemistry results associated with parathyroid cancer were seen in 11/24 parafibromin, 13/24 galectin‐3, 8/24 PGP9.5, 5/24 Ki67, and 2/24 cyclin D1. None of the controls had immunohistochemical staining suggestive of cancer. Nineteen of the 24 patients had at least one immunohistochemical result associated with parathyroid cancer (sensitivity 79 %, specificity 100 %). Cyclin D1 did not suggest malignancy in any case that did not already have another abnormal marker, and so did not add value to the panel in this study.

Conclusion

A panel of immunohistochemistry (PGP9.5, galectin‐3, parafibromin, and Ki67) is better than any single marker and can be used to supplement classical histopathology in diagnosing parathyroid cancer.
Gastritis cystica polyposa in an unoperated stomach
Authors: Huang Ting‐Chun , Tu Tien‐Chien , Huang Shih‐Hung , Lee Chia‐Long , Wu Chi‐Hwa
Published: July 2014

Gastritis cystica polyposa is relatively rare and characterized by polypoid hyperplasia and cystic dilatation of the gastric glands in stomach. Most cases are related to previous gastric surgeries, but a few cases have been reported in unoperated stomachs. We present a 34‐year‐old man who had anemic symptoms with melena and exertional dyspnea for 3 weeks. He denied any surgical history. An esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed diffuse giant folds extending from the lower to the upper body of the stomach with nodularity and no obvious bleeding site. A pathologic diagnosis of a punch biopsy specimen from the giant folds revealed only moderately active chronic inflammation with a high Helicobacter pylori density. After serial studies, the patient received a whole layer gastric biopsy during a laparoscopy. Gastritis cystica polyposa was diagnosed on the pathology report. Our present case highlights the rare clinical and endoscopic condition of gastritis cystica polyposa in an unoperated stomach.
Taking simulation semantics out of the laboratory: towards an interactive and multimodal reappraisal of embodied language comprehension
Authors: KOK KASPER , CIENKI ALAN
Published: July 2014

abstract

Recent embodied theories of meaning known as ‘simulation semantics’ posit that language comprehension engages, or even amounts to, mental simulation. What is meant here by ‘language comprehension’, however, deviates from the perspectives on interpersonal communication adhered to by researchers in social psychology and interactional linguistics. In this paper, we outline four alternative perspectives on comprehension in spoken interaction, each of which highlights factors that have remained largely outside the current purview of simulation theories. These include perspectives on language comprehension in terms of (i) striving for inter-subjective conformity; (ii) recognition of communicative intentions; (iii) prediction and anticipation in a dynamic environment; and (iv) integration of multimodal cues. By contrasting these views with simulation theories of comprehension, we outline a number of fundamental differences in terms of the kind of process comprehension is assumed to be (passive and event-like versus active and continuous), as well as the kind of stimulus that language is assumed to be (comprising unimodal units versus being multimodal and distributed across conversational turns). Finally, we discuss potential points of connection between simulation semantics and research on spoken interaction, and touch on some methodological implications of an interactive and multimodal reappraisal of simulation semantics.
Improvements in growth performance, bone mineral status and nutrient digestibility in pigs following the dietary inclusion of phytase are accompanied by modifications in intestinal nutrient transporter gene expression
Authors: Vigors Stafford , Sweeney Torres , O'Shea Cormac J. , Browne John A. , O'Doherty John V.
Published: July 2014

Phytase (PHY) improves growth performance, nutrient digestibility and bone structure in pigs; however, little is known about its effects on intestinal nutrient transporter gene expression. In the present study, a 44 d experiment was carried out using forty-eight pigs (11·76 (sem0·75) kg) assigned to one of three dietary treatment groups to measure growth performance, coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID), coefficient of apparent total tract nutrient digestibility (CATTD) and intestinal nutrient transporter gene expression. Dietary treatments during the experimental period were as follows: (1) a high-P (HP) diet containing 3·4 g/kg available P and 7·0 g/kg Ca; (2) a low-P (LP) diet containing 1·9 g/kg available P and 5·9 g/kg Ca; (3) a PHY diet containing LP diet ingredients+1000 phytase units (FTU)/kg of PHY. The PHY diet increased the average daily gain (P< 0·05) and final body weight (P< 0·01) and decreased the feed conversion ratio (P< 0·05) compared with the LP diet. Pigs fed the PHY diet had a higher CAID of gross energy compared with those fed the HP and LP diets (P< 0·001). Pigs fed the PHY diet had increased CAID of P (P< 0·01) and CATTD of Ca and P (P< 0·001) compared with those fed the LP diet. The PHY diet increased the gene expression of the peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1/SLC15A1) (P< 0·05) in the ileum compared with the LP diet. The LP diet decreased the gene expression of the sodium–glucose-linked transporter 1 (SGLT1/SLC5A1) andGLUT2/SLC2A2(P< 0·05) and increased the expression of membrane Ca channel (TRPV6) and calbindin compared with the HP diet (P< 0·001). In conclusion, feeding a diet supplemented with PHY improves growth performance and nutrient digestibility as well as increases the gene expression of the peptide transporterPEPT1.
In vivomeasurement of the absorption of strontium in the rumen and small intestine of sheep as an index of calcium absorption capacity
Authors: Hyde Michelle L. , Fraser David R.
Published: July 2014

In the present study, a method was developed for determining the alimentary tract Ca absorption capacity of ruminant animals by measuring the absorption rate of Sr after the administration of an oral dose of strontium chloride acting as a tracer analogue of Ca. A close correlation between the absorption rates of the two tracers was observed upon simultaneous administration of an oral dose of stable Sr and radioactive calcium (r0·98). The Ca absorption capacity of the rumen and small intestine was determined separately by either directing the solution into the rumen or by diverting it into the post-ruminal tract by vasopressin-induced closure of the ruminoreticular groove. The animals were treated with 1α-hydroxyvitamin D3administered via subcutaneously implanted mini-osmotic pumps. The effect of elevated plasma 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol concentrations on the Ca absorption capacity of the alimentary tract was then determined. An increased rate of Sr absorption was observed in both the rumen and small intestine of sheep after treatment, although it is unclear whether the rumen possesses the same vitamin D-dependent Ca absorption pathway as the small intestine.
Is there an association between food portion size and BMI among British adolescents?
Authors: Albar Salwa A. , Alwan Nisreen A. , Evans Charlotte E. L. , Cade Janet E.
Published: July 2014

The prevalence of obesity has increased simultaneously with the increase in the consumption of large food portion sizes (FPS). Studies investigating this association among adolescents are limited; fewer have addressed energy-dense foods as a potential risk factor. In the present study, the association between the portion size of the most energy-dense foods and BMI was investigated. A representative sample of 636 British adolescents (11–18 years) was used from the 2008–2011 UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey. FPS were estimated for the most energy-dense foods (those containing above 10·5 kJ/g (2·5 kcal/g)). Regression models with BMI as the outcome variable were adjusted for age, sex and misreporting energy intake (EI). A positive association was observed between total EI and BMI. For each 418 kJ (100 kcal) increase in EI, BMI increased by 0·19 kg/m2(95 % CI 0·10, 0·28;P< 0·001) for the whole sample. This association remained significant after stratifying the sample by misreporting. The portion sizes of a limited number of high-energy-dense foods (high-fibre breakfast cereals, cream and high-energy soft drinks (carbonated)) were found to be positively associated with a higher BMI among all adolescents after adjusting for misreporting. When eliminating the effect of under-reporting, larger portion sizes of a number of high-energy-dense foods (biscuits, cheese, cream and cakes) were found to be positively associated with BMI among normal reporters. The portion sizes of only high-fibre breakfast cereals and high-energy soft drinks (carbonated) were found to be positively associated with BMI among under-reporters. These findings emphasise the importance of considering under-reporting when analysing adolescents' dietary intake data. Also, there is a need to address adolescents' awareness of portion sizes of energy-dense foods to improve their food choice and future health outcomes.
Human-adaptive control of series elastic actuators
Authors: Calanca Andrea , Fiorini Paolo
Published: July 2014

Force-controlled series elastic actuators (SEAs) are the widely used components of novel physical human–robot interaction applications such as assistive and rehabilitation robotics. These systems are characterized by the presence of the “human in the loop” so that control response and stability depend on uncertain human dynamics. A common approach to guarantee stability is to use a passivity-based controller. Unfortunately, existing passivity-based controllers for SEAs do not define the performance of the force/torque loop. We propose a method to obtain predictable force/torque dynamics based on adaptive control and oversimplified human models. We propose a class of stable human-adaptive algorithms and experimentally show advantages of the proposed approach.
Nair–Tenenbaum uniform with respect to the discriminant–ERRATUM
Authors: HENRIOT KEVIN
Published: July 2014

In this note we wish to correct several mistakes which appeared in our paper [1]. Fortunately, all the results claimed in that reference may be recovered, with small modifications to the statements and the argument. We are grateful to Nathan Ng for drawing our attention to an issue in the application of Theorem 6 to divisor sums, and to Régis de la Bretèche for helpful discussions on the problem addressed here.
Modelling seed germination in response to continuous variables: use and limitations of probit analysis and alternative approaches
Authors: Hay Fiona R. , Mead Andrew , Bloomberg Mark
Published: July 2014

Probit-based models relating a proportional response variable to a temporal explanatory variable, assuming that the times to response are normally distributed within the population, have been used in seed biology for describing the rate of loss of viability during seed ageing and the progress of germination over time in response to environmental signals (e.g. water, temperature). These models may be expressed as generalized linear models (GLMs) with a probit (cumulative normal distribution) link function, and, using GLM fitting procedures in current statistical software, parameters of these models are efficiently estimated while taking into account the binomial error distribution of the dependent variable. The fitted parameters can then be used to calculate the ‘traditional’ model parameters, such as the hydro- or hydrothermal time constant, the mean or median response of the seeds (e.g. mean time to death, median base water potential), and the standard deviation of the normal distribution of that response. Furthermore, through consideration of the deviance and residuals, performing model evaluation and modification can lead to improved understanding of the underlying physiological/ecological processes. However, fitting a binomial GLM is not appropriate for the cumulative count data often collected from germination studies, as successive observations are not independent, and time-to-event/survival analysis should be considered instead. This review discusses well-known probit-based models, providing advice on how to collect appropriate data and fit the models to those data, and gives an overview of alternative analysis approaches to improve understanding of the underlying mechanisms of seed dormancy and germination behaviour.
Lessons learned with the use of CentriMag as short-term ventricular assist device in a child
Authors: Kumar Thittamaranahalli Kariyappa S. , Ballweg Jean , Knott-Craig Christopher J.
Published: July 2014

The CentriMag ventricular assist device is an extracorporeal, third-generation, continuous flow device. The rapidity and simplicity of operation along with low priming volume make it attractive for use in children with refractory heart failure. We report the successful use of CentriMag as a bridge to recovery in a child and discuss issues that are unique to its use in children.
Evaluating the Role of Coping Style as a Moderator of Fatigue and Risk for Future Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Ukueberuwa Dede M. , Arnett Peter A.
Published: July 2014

Approximately 50% of persons with multiple sclerosis experience cognitive impairment, which adversely affects daily functioning. Although patients report that fatigue contributes to cognitive difficulties, previous empirical studies do not show a clear association. This study assessed coping style as a moderator of the relationship between fatigue and cognition in a 3-year longitudinal sample. Scores on the Fatigue Impact Scale and the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (COPE) at baseline were modeled to predict later performance on a composite of cognitive tests to investigate the hypothesis that coping would have a significant moderating effect on fatigue in predicting cognitive performance. Findings partially supported hypotheses by showing that avoidant coping moderated the relationship between fatigue and cognitive performance. Patients who experienced relatively high fatigue performed better on cognitive tests if they used less avoidant coping. Those who reported lower fatigue had relatively good cognitive performance regardless of their coping style. This study provides evidence that coping style is associated with the ability to deal with stress, like fatigue, and their interaction can impact functional outcomes of disease. These results could benefit understanding of prognosis and improve treatment for patients with MS. (JINS, 2014, 20, 1–5.)