bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘‘To Die like Freemen Rather than Live like Slaves”: The Problem of South Carolina Reconsidered
Authors: Ford Lacy K
Published: November 2023

Writing to his nephew, J. Calvin Hemphill, the editor of the Charleston News and Courier, in the early 1890s, James Hemphill, a prominent Upcountry lawyer-planter, passed along a sarcastic bit of folk wisdom deploring the violent political convulsions which seemed to grip South Carolina periodically during the nineteenth century. “An old-fashioned, sensible farmer here,” the Chester native recounted, “says that South Carolina has a crazy fit every thirty years, and instances Nullification—1832, Secession—1861, and Tillmanism, 1891.” Doubtless, James Hemphill, a man with a considerable reputation for wry humor and political conservatism, was himself the author of the statement which he attributed to an anonymous farmer-sage. He hoped his influential relative would publish the observation in the News and Courier, but wished to avoid, for political reasons, becoming the target of the public outrage the remark was sure to provoke. In 1892, James Hemphill’s son, John J. Hemphill, was embroiled in a bitter campaign to defend his seat in Congress from the challenge of Thomas Jefferson Strait, the candidate backed by the increasingly powerful Farmers’ Alliance and Ben Tillman. Doubtless the prospect that his son’s ten-year Congressional career might be ended by a group of yeomen insurgents determined to wrest control of the Democratic party away from the “Conservative Regime” colored Hemphill’s view of nullification and secession, but the Hemphill family, with the exception of James’s renegade half-brother John, had long opposed political radicalism in South Carolina. “The idea of nullification,” James Hemphill opined in retrospect, “is so absurd that to my mind it is utterly inconceivable.” The Chester lawyer dismissed the idea “that we [South Carolinians] were the most down-trodden, wretched, oppressed people in the world” as “all imagination and exaggeration.”
Transportation and Commerce
Authors: Ford Lacy K
Published: November 2023

Upcountry entrepreneurs, including both planters looking for easier methods of transporting their staple to market and village merchants eager to increase the commercial traffic in their locales, had long been interested in internal improvements. The canal system constructed during the 1820s had proven both expensive and ineffective. By the late 1830s, when railroad technology became generally available to South Carolina boosters, the state was locked in the grip of a deep recession. Between 1837 and 1848, general economic stagnation dried up local sources of private capital and stymied the efforts of promoters to begin a rail system in the Upcountry. Since the principal obstacle to railroad development was the lack of investment capital, Upcountry promoters were encouraged in 1845 when Governor William Aiken suggested in his message to the legislature that the state’s surplus revenue fund of $1,051,000, money received by South Carolina when the federal government decided to distribute the surplus in the federal treasury to the states in 1836, be used as a revolving fund to supply capital to private railroad companies.
“Resist . . . King or Capital”: The Economic Tensions of the 1850s
Authors: Ford Lacy K
Published: November 2023

Prior to 1850, the South Carolina legislature generally cultivated a reputation for stinginess, but occasionally savaged that reputation with extravagant spending, such as the canal building mania of the 1820s, support for the Louisville, Cincinnati and Charleston Railroad in the 1830s, and aid given to rebuild Charleston after the disastrous fire there in 1837. Internal improvement expenditures were usually financed through bond sales, and interest payments were made with BSSC profits, so that no tax increases were necessary. Proposals for even small increases in state spending often triggered loud cries of protest from legislators. In 1828, public outrage over a $10,000 appropriation made to help relieve the indebtedness of Thomas Jefferson’s daughter enabled Alexander Speer, a representative from Edgefield and a tight-budget crusader, to cut the next year’s spending by 20 percent. In 1846, the ordinarily pragmatic Upcountryman James L. Orr worked hard to defeat a modest $30,000 appropriation earmarked to buy food for those districts ravaged by the severe drought of the previous year, even though his native Anderson was one of the hardest hit areas. Successful in his efforts to kill the measure, Orr publicly deplored “the dangerous consequences which may result from adopting the principle of going to the public crib to supply sufferers from any and every calamity.’’
“Great Love and Good Brotherhood”: Sodomy and Male Sociability
Authors: Rocke Michael
Published: November 2023

In 1476, an informer denounced the carpenter Piero di Bartolomeo for his sexual relations with Bartolomeo di Jacopo, son of a grocer behind Piero’s workshop near the Old Market. When interrogated, fifteen-year-old Bartolomeo confessed not only that Piero had sodomized him “many times, both day and night” in his shop, but that during the past year he had also been sodomized at various times and in different places by thirteen other men, among whom were artisans and shopkeepers, a priest, a notary, a doctor, and a man from the prominent Aldobrandini family. Little in these details sets this case apart, but what is remarkable is how the informer explained Piero’s erotic interest in Bartolomeo: “This he did out of great love and good brotherhood, because they are in a confraternity together, and he did as good neighbors do.”

“Great love” and “good brotherhood,” fraternity and neighborly ties—to this particular Florentine, the outlawed behavior of sex between males seemed a natural outgrowth of and complement to the intense bonds of affect and obligation among males in his society, bonds that were nourished in part through formal associations and neighborhood.
Nazi Doctors, German Medicine, and Historical Truth
Authors: Pross Christian
Published: November 2023

One purpose of research during the past decade has been to destroy German postwar legends of Nazism. This work has contributed to a better and deeper understanding of health policy in Nazi Germany, and of the motives and actions of Nazi physicians, by uncovering new, hitherto unknown material and by putting old material into a new context. Anti-Semitism and racism can no longer be identified as the sole driving forces behind Nazi politics, nor can the Nazi power elite be viewed as a small group of deviant monsters who misled a supposedly passive constituency. What for us today appears contradictory in the nature of Nazism was the reason for its success: the connection between destruction and modernization. Auschwitz cannot be seen without the Volkswagen plant in Wolfsburg, or the SS regime of terror without the social security, health, and recreation programs provided by the Nazi trade union Deutsche Arbeitsfront. The so-called Neue deutsche Seelenheilkunde (new German psychotherapy) for the “superior” members of the Volk complemented the mass sterilizations of the “inferior.” The destruction of the latter created social guarantees for the former, and thus secured the standard of living of the productive community of a conformist petit burgeoisie and working class at the expense of excluded minorities.
The Mengele Twins and Human Experimentation: A Personal Account
Authors: Mozes-Kor Eva
Published: November 2023

To look back at my childhood is to remember my experiences as a human guinea pig in the Birkenau laboratory of Dr. Josef Mengele. To recount such painful memories is to relive the horrors of human experimentation, where people were used as merely objects or means to a scientific end. I envision the chimneys, the smell of burning flesh, the medical injections, the endless blood taking, the tests, the dead bodies all around us, the hunger, and the rats. Nothing that is close to human existence existed in that place.
The Nuremberg Code: An International Overview
Authors: Perley Sharon , Fluss Sev S , Bankowski Zbigniew , Simon Françoise
Published: November 2023

The Nuremberg Code has often been cited as one of the leading influences on the subsequent development of international and national codes governing the ethical aspects of research involving human subjects.2 Indeed, the Encyclopedia of Bioethics, in the appendices presenting “Directives for Human Experimentation,” starts with the Nuremberg Code, as do most compilations of codes of conduct in this area.3 Many regulations or guidelines governing human experimentation refer to the Nuremberg Code as one of their sources. Countless articles and books written about the ethics of biomedical research note the Code’s importance in the development of the field.
The Nuremberg Principles in International Law
Authors: Drinan Robert F
Published: November 2023

I lived through the Nuremberg trials years ago when Father Edmond Walsh, a distinguished Jesuit from Georgetown University, spent several months at Nuremberg investigating all of the atrocities against priests, ministers, and nuns. I learned at that time of the potential impact that Nuremberg would have on international human rights law. This chapter addresses the legal background of Nuremberg, the difference between the Nuremberg Principles and the Nuremberg Code, the impact the Nuremberg Principles have had on protecting human rights in world law, and, most importantly, what we can do to construct a permanent Nuremberg.
Eunuchs, Children, and Time
Authors: Marmon Shaun
Published: November 2023

The Hijaz, and especially Madina, should, of all places in “the two worlds” of heaven and earth, be untouched by change. Bia a (“innovation,” but often mistranslated as “heresy”) has always been seen by the pious as a potential threat to the community of Islam. Traditionally, while all but the most conservative I:Ianballs have conceded that there might be such a thing as a good bid a, given certain specific conditions, the word itself is pejorative and loaded with negative connotations, not the worst of which is summed up in the statement that “bid’a is a cause of fitna.”226
The α-Amylase Genes: AmyA, AmyB
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

α-Amylase is a monomeric enzyme of Mr 54.5 kD, which acts in the hydrolysis of starch. The mature protein is thought to be 476 amino acids long, with its N terminus, a derivatized Gin, being the 19th amino acid of the translation product. The first 18 amino acids of the translation product are thought to constitute the transport signal peptide. There is 55% identity between Drosophila α-amylase and α-amylase of the mouse pancreas (Fig. 4.1) (Boer and Hickey 1986).
The Andropin and Cecropins Gene Cluster: Anp, CecAl, CecA2, CecB, CecC
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

Sequence analysis suggests that each polypeptide may fold into two amphipathic α-helices separated by a four-amino-acid loop (Samakovlis et al. 1991). By analogy to the better-characterized cecropins of the moth Hyalophora cecropia, processing is predicted to include the removal of the signal peptide and of an additional dipeptide at the N-terminus, and cleavage of the terminal Gly plus amidation at the C-terminus. These changes would give rise to mature cecropins 39 amino acids long (Kylsten et al. 1990, see Sequences).
Blastoderm-Specific Gene at 25D: Bsg25D
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

Unidentified. Codon translation yields a 741-ammo-acid protein with two regions of similarity to known products. A 95-amino-acid stretch (positions 250-344) shows significant similarity (22%) to a portion of the product of the fos oncogene. The other segment is 21 amino acids long (509-529) and shows similarity to the repeating segments of rabbit tropomyosin that are thought to bind F actin molecules (Boyer et al. 1987).
Hairy: h
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

Sequence comparisons indicate that the HLH motif extends from Ala-45 to Arg-90 (h Sequence), with 26% identity to a region of the mammalian oncogene myc. The helices have the amphipathic nature characteristic of dimer-forming regulatory proteins such as the products of the genes daughterless (da), Enhancer of split [E(spl)j, extramacrochaetae (emc), twist and of the achaetescute complex genes ac, sc, Isc and ase. In the h and E(spl) proteins, the sequences of the basic regions, adjacent to and upstream of the HLH domain are more closely related to each other than to those in the da and AS-C proteins (Rushlow et al. 1989; Harrison 1991; Van Doren et al. 1991).
Aggression as a Well-integrated Part of Primate Social Relationships: A Critique of the Seville Statement on Violence
Authors: Waal Frans B M De
Published: November 2023

The message of the Seville Statement on Violence (see Appendix, this volume) is summed up in one of its closing lines: “The same species who invented war is capable of inventing peace.” The emphasis is on the verb, to invent. While welcoming the spirit of the Statement (SSV), I shall use this space to question the wisdom of its signatories in downplaying the importance of biology (read: genetics) relative to other influences on human behavior. Admittedly, biologists have promoted a rather narrow view of human and animal nature, with great emphasis on competition. Their world is filled with winners and losers. The risks and costs associated with overtly aggressive competition are often ignored, and it is only recently that principles of peaceful coexistence are beginning to be studied. Partly as a result of this one-sidedness in biology, the self-image of our species is often quite cynical. A more balanced and moderate view can be achieved, however, without abandoning previous valuable insights.
Dominance Hierarchies as Partial Orders. A New Look at Old Ideas
Authors: Sade Donald Stone
Published: November 2023

When agonism is observed among individual monkeys living in social groups, the observer can rank any two monkeys by the frequency of wins over losses in their fights, the most frequent winner being termed dominant. An overall pattern of interaction often becomes apparent in which all animals come to be ranked in order of such wins and losses of fights. The monkey who usually beats each other monkey is called the alpha (or dominant) animal. The monkey who usually loses to each other monkey is the omega (or most subordinate) animal. The order itself, the agonistic network, is often called a dominance hierarchy.
The Arab Federation
Authors: Mayers David
Published: November 2023

Abdel Nasser was dragged into the union with Syria by the momentum created by Ba’thi jitters in reaction to Ba’thi rhetoric. Based on his rational convictions, he would have preferred a Syria whose Arab and global affairs he could control, without also having to manage Syria’s domestic politics. However, once Abdel Nasser had allowed himself to be involved, his self-view or his vanity and lust for power were introduced, and so he committed to his role as president of the United Arab Republic (UAR) all the resources of his position, prestige, and person. This propensity to let himself be swept to the head of the current is a recurring pattern in Abdel Nasser’s career.
In the Sign of the PLO
Authors: Mayers David
Published: November 2023

The day came when Shuqayri answered Hussein’s customary assertion, “Jordan is Palestine, Palestine is Jordan,” with the counterclaim that the annexation of the West Bank after 1948 had in fact annexed the East Bank to Palestine.1 It was malicious repartee, but it also made it clear how well the contestants understood what separated them. At that time, Shuqayri complained in an interview to a Lebanese paper that “certain Arab states” had as yet done nothing for the PLO; the context pinpointed Jordan.2 This combination of resentment with an unwillingness to advertise the break was a significant stage on the road downhill. The ambiguity was not based on courtesy on either side.
Introduction:A Different Kind of War
Authors: Mosse George L
Published: November 2023

This book is about how men confronted modem war and the political consequences of that confrontation. The encounter with mass death is perhaps the most basic war experience; it stands at the center of this confrontation and of our analysis as well. Through modem war many met organized mass death for the first time face to face. The history of that encounter is crucial to an understanding of attitudes toward the large-scale taking of life-through war or state-sanctioned mass murder-which has repeatedly scarred our century. The consequences of this confrontation are more far-reaching still, penetrating and polarizing much of public life, marking a new stage in the history of nationalism.
Youth and the War Experience
Authors: Mosse George L
Published: November 2023

Much has been written about the “generation of 1914,” the young men who joined the armies at the outbreak of the First World War with enthusiasm and high hopes. They were conscripted in France and Germany, though there were many volunteers among them who joined up before they were called. However, whether young men in 1914 were conscripted or volunteered, most of them in their enthusiasm stood in the tradition of earlier volunteers. The motives we have discussed before were operative once more: patriotism, the search for a purpose in life, love of adventure, and ideals of masculinity. Yet among these themes which run throughout the history of volunteers we find specific emphases which were either not present earlier or not so strongly expressed as in 1914. Through their writings the volunteers of 1914 determined many of the myths which would emerge from the war, and therefore their state of mind and reasons for enlistment are of special importance.
Building on War
Authors: Mosse George L
Published: November 2023

That the war played a crucial role in the memory of people between the wars needs no demonstration. Whether such memory led to a glorification of war, or sheer indifference and resignation, it was frequently based on a feeling that the First World War had not really ended at all. That feeling was strongest in those nations where normalcy was slow to return. This sense of continuing war could be shared by friend and enemy alike, those who abhorred war and those who held to the Myth of the War Experience. Thus in 1934, after the Nazis’ seizure of power, the newly exiled German theatre critic Alfred Kerr wrote that what he was witnessing was not war once more, but a mental confusion and universal chaos which were an extension of the First World War.1 A few years later one of his Nazi persecutors wrote that the war against the German people continued.2
Getting There
Authors: Vogel Steven
Published: November 2023

‘Before penetrating further into the mechanics of circulation, let’s take a brief look at how we got to know about a few of these things. While this isn’t a book about the history of science, there’s no denying that it’s about hard-won knowledge gained by some impressive people. Giving them a little attention gives me a chance to say some things about how science actually happens. The process is a great deal less steady and stodgy and far more fraught with human foibles than one might judge from its results.
How Blood Moves
Authors: Vogel Steven
Published: November 2023

Fluid mechanics is the branch of physical science that ;assures us that airplanes can fly, that flags must flap, and that you’ll fall no faster after a 1-mile drop than after just a few hundred feet. The subject treats both gases and liquids and thus the two fluids, air and water, that are of special concern to biologists. In particular, it’s the source of the rules that constrain the ways blood can flow.
Alternative Paths
Authors: McFadden David W
Published: November 2023

Between 1917-1920 - from the Bolshevik Revolution to the definitive statement of American opposition to Bolshevik Russia - Soviets and Americans searched for ways to effect meaningful interaction between the nations in the absence of formal diplomatic relations. During these years wide-ranging discussions occurred on a variety of serious issues, from military collaboration and economic relations to the comprehensive settlement of political and military disputes. At the same time extensive debates took place in both countries about the nature of the relations between them. As McFadden shows in this pathbreaking book, based on research in Soviet archives, as well as previously unused private collections and government archives in the United States and Great Britain, a surprising number of concrete agreements were reached between the two countries, including continued operation of the American Red Cross in Russia, the transfer of war materials from the Russian army to the Americans, the sale of strategic supplies of platinum from the Bolsheviks to the United States, the exemption of a number of American corporations from Soviety nationalization, and the numerous trade contracts betwen the Soviet government and American firms. Numerous imkportant diplomats and politicians were involved in these negotiations. Most of the details, characters and nature of these discussions and their efforts have previously been overlooked or downplayed by historians. In the post-Cold War era, such a re-evaluation should have special relevance. re-evaluation of this critical period, McFadden shows how a surprising number of concrete agreements were reached between the two nations, and the relevance of this in light of current events such as glasnost.
The Bolsheviks and Economic Diplomacy, 1919-1920
Authors: McFadden David W
Published: November 2023

With the collapse of the Bullitt m1ss10n and the close of the Paris Peace Conference. Lenin and the Bolsheviks intensified their efforts to achieve a breakthrough with the United States. But now they shifted to a concentration on a predominantly economic strategy. Ludwig C. A. K. Martens had been appointed in January 1919 as the representative of the People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs for the purpose of economic and diplomatic contact in New York. He attempted to present his credentials to the State Department in late March, at nearly the time the Bullitt proposals were pending.4 Following a rebuff by the State Department, Martens devoted almost his entire attention to contacts with American businessmen. Bolshevik attempts to reach the United States State Department during the remainder of 1919 and 1920 were limited to occasional press interviews, radio, and written appeals. The waning months of the Wilson administration only strengthened this Bolshevik tendency to emphasize economic approaches, as the Soviets devoted their attention to preparation for what they believed would be a new Republican administration, motivated by the primacy of economic considerations.5
“Good Intentions, a Clear Conscience, and to Hell with Everybody”: May 1954–December 1960
Authors: Schulzinger Robert D
Published: November 2023

In late 1955 Graham Greene, an English novelist, published The Quiet American, a bitter story of a love triangle involving a youthful and apparently naive American embassy official, a world-weary British journalist, and a beautiful young Vietnamese woman attempting to survive the chaos of the final days of French rule in Indochina. The names of Greene’s characters seemed to leap from the pages of the works of Charles Dickens. The endlessly soliloquizing American named Alden Pyle was indeed an unrelenting pain to many of the people he encountered in Saigon. Thomas Fowler, the cynical, disengaged British reporter, was Pyle’s rival for Phuong, the Vietnamese woman. Phuong pronounced Fowler’s name Fowl-aire, representing the stale and fetid attitudes of old European powers. For her part, Phuong’s name called to mind a phoenix, rising from the ashes of colonial rule. Greene drew a devastating portrait of an American innocent marching down the road to hell. Pyle had studied Asian history at Harvard University, and he had come to Vietnam, “determined,” Fowler recalled, “to do good, not to any individual person but to country, a continent, a world.”
Days of Reckoning: August 1964-July 1965
Authors: Schulzinger Robert D
Published: November 2023

Between late 1964 and the middle of 1965 the U.S. passed the point of no return in Vietnam. The number of U.S. troops in Vietnam rose from fifty thousand to ninety thousand with a promise of another hundred thousand by the end of 1965. Their role changed from advisers to combatants. In the fall of 1964 President Johnson and his principal advisers on Vietnam policy watched in horror as a succession of unstable governments in Saigon failed to develop popular support and wage the war effectively. The United States took a series of steps designed to bolster the flagging morale of the South Vietnamese authorities, but nothing seemed to work. For both political and military reasons, in early 1965 the United States escalated the air war over North Vietnam. By June, Johnson had taken a series of decisions that irrevocably transformed the Vietnam conflict into an American war. In July the President presided over a celebrated discussion with his key advisers about whether to increase the number of U.S. ground forces. By the time these discussions took place, Johnson had so deeply committed the United States to the fighting that it seemed far easier to go forward than to diminish American involvement.

Throughout this period of gradually increasing American participation in the fighting, the Johnson administration struggled to limit the U.S. role.
“Americans Must Rule America”: The Ideology of the Know Nothing Party
Authors: Anbinder Tyler
Published: November 2023

While the aura of secrecy surrounding their organization helped the Know Nothings attract members, leaders of the Order recognized that their furtive ness also impeded the spread of their message. Since few newspapers had been willing to support the Know Nothings or their candidates overtly in 1854, nativists had been unable to circulate propaganda beyond the confines of the councils. Enemies had taken advantage of the Order’s secrecy during these first campaigns, spreading false rumors about the organization that the Know Nothings could not publicly refute. Realizing that they could not allow their opponents’ charges and criticisms to go unanswered, and hoping as well to make their organization appear more like a conventional political party, Know Nothings decided after the election of 1854 to break their code of secrecy and disseminate their ideology to the nation.
Reactionary Populism: The Politics of Class
Authors: Maclean Nancy
Published: November 2023

“For the first time in the history of our country,” E. D. Rivers, a Great Titan of the Klan, state senator, and now candidate for governor, warned in 1930, “we are faced with being ruled by an oligarchy [of] centralized wealth.” Rivers joined other Klansmen as spoke speople in a campaign being waged in Clarke County against “the invasion of these minions of monopoly-the alien chain stores.” Employing a traditional idiom of popular protest, Rivers identified chain stores with “the taking away of the freedom of government from the masses.” “The Little Group of Kings in Wall Street,” one campaign advertisement admonished, is “very deliberately wiping out your independence.” Another prominent Klan speaker expressed concern for the “young men of the country who will become ‘automatons’” with no choice but to work for such monopolies. “Are your Sons and Daughters for sale?” the Citizens’ Protective League demanded of local parents.
The Beauty of Deep Structure
Authors: Harris Randy Allen
Published: November 2023

Chomsky’s work very quickly rippled into neighboring academic ponds. One of the first, naturally, was psychology. Behaviorists and Bloomfieldians had been getting together since the brink of the fifties, the latter finally deciding to disregard the warnings of the master. There were hybrid conferences and seminars at linguistic strongholds like Cornell and Indiana, a growing stream of publications, and a shiny new word, psycholinguistics. Almost all of this work shared a positivist philosophy of science and a commitment to stimuli and responses as the principal components for modeling language behavior, parole. Chomsky, first very directly, through conversations, colloquia, and collaborations with the emergent cognitive community in Cambridge, then somewhat indirectly, through his deadly assault on Verbal Behavior, had a huge impact in clearing away the positivism and the stimulusresponse models.
Generative Semantics 2: The Heresy
Authors: Harris Randy Allen
Published: November 2023

Almost everyone who talks about the beginnings of generative semantics uses the same image about Lakoff and Ross, even if only to downplay its applicability; in Lees’s phrasing, “it may well not have been so important that the cat was away while those two mice played, but only that the two had come together.” That is, almost everyone involved sees a significant correlation between Chomsky’s 1966 sabbatical visit to Berkeley and the dramatic rise in the fortunes of abstract syntax as it segued into generative semantics. The reasons for this correlation are clear, and by this point, very familiar. I’ll let Ross say it this time: “Chomsky is extremely intellectual, brilliant, amazingly quick in debate, and hard working, and reads everything, at huge speed, and retains everything: just an overwhelming intellect”—qualities whose effect on the MIT community is to make it “very much a one-man show.” Chomsky sets the agenda whenever he is there, and setting the agenda at MIT in the first half of the sixties was tantamount to setting the agenda for transformational grammar. When he left, there was a vacuum.
The Vicissitudes of War
Authors: Harris Randy Allen
Published: November 2023

“For base men,” Empedocles warns us, “it is indeed possible to withhold belief from strong proofs” (fragment 55), but baseness, like beauty and contact lenses, is in the eye of the beholder. When scientists across the way refuse to grant the force of an argument that its sponsor finds compelling, they are base by definition, which is why the most common accusations in science are forms of ad hominems—implications of personal failings, like stupidity, sloppy scholarship, and often, dishonesty. Personal attacks are far more common in science than is generally thought (suggesting, among other things, that thin veils such as x is confused, or y fails to understand the issue, or z misrepresents my position actually work). Even the parched and stolid pages of professional journals are full of them, and they cluster fructiferously around paradigm disputes. It isn’t difficult to see why.
Applied Psychoanalysis
Authors: Caldwell Richard
Published: November 2023

It is not necessary to know all or even most of psychoanalytic theory in order to use the theory to interpret myth since the aspects of psychoanalysis most relevant for this undertaking are, for the most part, the basic and early discoveries Freud referred to as the cornerstones of psychoanalysis: the existence of the unconscious, the role of repression, and the importance of childhood events and fantasies.
May We Kill in Nonabortion Cases?
Authors: Kamm F M
Published: November 2023

In 1971 Judith Thomson suggested that it would be helpful when discussing abortion to consider the following analogy: Imagine, she said, that you have been kidnapped by a group of people who want to save a dying violinist. The only way to save him is to plug him into your kidneys for nine months. (No one else is available for use.) You have nothing to do with the fact that he is dying or that he needs your kidneys; nevertheless, the group plugs him in to you. In order for you to be freed from the violinist before the nine months are over, he must die, either because he will die without support from you or because we must actively kill him in the process of, or even as a means of, detaching him from you. Thomson concluded that it would be morally permissible to kill the innocent violinist in any of these ways.
Micrometeorological and Microhabitat Factors Affecting Maintenance and Dissemination of Tick-borne Diseases in the Environment
Authors: Daniel Milan , Dusbabek Frantisek
Published: November 2023

The geographical distribution of ticks, their life history, hosts, and ability to transmit the infection are determined by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The intrinsic factors are the biochemical and physiological properties of the tick that determine its reaction to the external conditions of its habitat. The extrinsic factors are the abiotic and biotic components of the habitat that influence tick biology.
Geographic Dissemination of Tick-borne Zoonoses
Authors: Korch George W
Published: November 2023

The recent discovery of new tick-borne human illnesses caused by spirochetes (Lyme disease), sporozoans (human babesiosis) and rickettsia (human ehrlichiosis), as important public health threats has refocused attention on ticks, their basic ecology and the epidemiology of the diseases they transmit. In addition to newly identified tick-borne pathogens, the emergence of other infectious diseases (Legionnaire’s disease, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, etc.) has heightened the sensitivity of the general public and the media to public health issues. The question the scientific community is frequently faced with by the public and media is “where did this new disease come from?” At the outset, we can usually only provide best possible guesses, however, new technologies and advancements in such diverse fields as molecular biology, remote sensing, and geographic information systems, combined with existing disciplines, are hastening our ability to respond to these queries and may help in uncovering answers to the more complex issues involved in identifying origins.
The Unionization Process
Authors: Barling Julian , Fullagar Clive , Kelloway E Kevin
Published: November 2023

Just why employees vote for or against union representation in certification elections has captured the attention of researchers and practitioners alike for many decades. Most of the research on unionization has been conducted in the United States, where its extent in the private sector has decreased from 35.7% in 1953 to only 17.8% in 1983 (Troy, 1986). (Union membership in the public sector increased from 11.6% to 34.4% during the same period.) The decline in American union membership is in sharp contrast with increases in unionism in most other Western countries, including Canada (see Table 1.1). Several reasons have been posited for this decline: The shift in employment away from traditionally heavily unionized industries in the manufacturing sector toward less unionized, service industries; the population and employment swing away from heavily unionized Northeastern and North Central regions to the less unionized South; the effects of foreign competition from countries that have undercut American labor costs; and the influx of nontraditional workers into the labor force, such as professional women. The trend is also reflected in the significant decline in the number of workers organized through the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) representation elections. Freeman (1985) reports that the success rate of unions in NLRB elections has dropped from 60% in the mid-1950s and 1960s, to 45% in the early 1980s. He attributes this to increased management opposition, reduced organizing efforts on behalf of unions, and economic structural changes such as the ones we have outlined above.
Union Leadership: The Role of the Shop Steward
Authors: Barling Julian , Fullagar Clive , Kelloway E Kevin
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter we considered the predictors and consequences of members’ participation in union activities. This chapter now extends that discussion by focusing specifically on the topic of union leadership and its influence on the unionization process. There are several reasons why a specific focus on union leadership is warranted. First, union leadership is the highest form of participation in union activities. Acceptance of a leadership role within the union implies a greater involvement in union activities than do other forms of participation such as voting in union elections or attending union meet­ings (Nicholson, 1976). Moreover, participation in a leadership role in the union necessitates participation in other union activities including decision making (Anderson, 1979). Second, union leaders facilitate the involvement of rank and file members in the union. Members’ participation in union activities varies with shop stewards’ interpersonal skills (Kahn & Tannenbaum, 1954) and accessibility (Nicholson et al., 1980). Attitudes toward the union, such as union commitment, predict members’ participation and, in themselves, are influenced by the leadership styles of union officials (Fullagar, McCoy, & Shull, 1992). As the individuals responsible for the orientation of new members and the dissemination of information to members, union leaders are critical for the development of union relevant attitudes and behaviors and union democracy (Kahn & Tannenbaum, 1954).
Emergence of Chronic Diseases (II)
Authors: Young T Kue
Published: November 2023

Simply defined, obesity is the excess of body fat. While fat or adipose tissue is essential for a variety of physiological functions. its excess can lead to significant health problems. Many of the chronic di. eases discussed in this and the previous chapter are associated with obesity: ischemic heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, gallbladder disease, and certain cancers. Obesity is associated with an increase in the size of fat cells (i.e., hypertrophy), and in cases of extreme obesity, an increase in the number of fat cells, or hyperplasia (National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Panel, 1985).
The Politics of Yeoman Households in South Carolina
Authors: McCurry Stephanie
Published: November 2023

Sometime in the fall of 1855, on the coast of South Carolina, Ralph Elliott, the son of a very wealthy planter, and a “vulgar” neighbor named Price came to blows over Price’s relationship to the slaves on Elliott’s “PonPon” plantation. Convinced that Price had been engaged in illegal trade with the PonPon slaves, Elliott had “knocked him down,” an insult Price had answered with two pistol shots in Elliott’s face, “so close as to burn him with the powder,” but which missed their mark and “shot through his hat.” The yeoman Price had refused to play slave to Elliott’s master.
Soldiering, Manhood, and Coming of Age: A Northern Volunteer
Authors: Mitchell Reid
Published: November 2023

When Abraham Lincoln first ran for President, Cyrus F. Boyd was already twenty-four years old. Nevertheless he would later say that he and the other Republican boys of Palmyra, Iowa, “organized a company of young men just young enough and strong enough to do some tall yelling.” They must have been a sight—each one wearing blue overalls, white shirts, and “a chip hat,” riding horseback to electioneer for Lincoln. “We were supposed to be assisting Abraham Lincoln to be elected President and everybody now knows that he was elected.” The horses, he later confessed, were really colts. “We not only had to break and drill ourselves but had to break the colts also and at the same time.”
Arranging a Doll’s House: Refined Women as Union Nurses
Authors: Ross Kristie
Published: November 2023

At the end of July 1862, Katharine Wormeley wrote to a friend from her home in Newport, Rhode Island, lamenting the end of her twelve weeks as a nurse on the hospital ships sponsored by the United States Sanitary Commission during the three months of the Peninsular Campaign. She looked back on her experience as a time when she and others aboard the transports had “worked together under the deepest feelings, and to the extent of our powers, shoulder to shoulder, helping each other to the best of our ability, no one failing or hindering another.” Wormeley was sad, she said, “to feel that it is all over.”
Acting Her Part: Narratives of Union Women Spies
Authors: Sizer Lyde Cullen
Published: November 2023

Raising her glass on stage in the middle of her performance in Union-controlled Louisville, Kentucky, Pauline Cushman toasted Jefferson Davis and earned hearty applause from Confederates in the audience. She thus made her debut, not into acting, but into spying for the Union army.

In her 1864 pamphlet The Romance of the Great Rebellion, Cushman described the incident that launched her new career. Just before the performance, two paroled Confederate officers waiting for an exchange had dared her to make a toast for Davis. Shocked by the proposition, she immediately went to a Union marshal. “That gentleman received me very kindly,” she wrote, “and after an interview which satisfied him of my earnest loyalty to the Union, he suggested to me that my patriotism and nerve might be well employed as a ‘detective’ in the secret army service.”
Wartime Dialogues on Illicit Sex: White Women and Black Men
Authors: Hodes Martha
Published: November 2023

In the wartime and Reconstruction climate of social upheaval in the American South, sex between white women and black men became a highly charged political issue, spurring whites to a level of public violence unknown under slavery. The subject of sex between white women and black men entered the national political arena during the Civil War in the presidential election campaign of 1864. It was then that the Democratic party coined the pejorative term “miscegenation” (from the Latin miscere, “to mix”; and genus, race) and asserted that Lincoln’s Republican party advocated sex and marriage across the color line. Posing as Republicans, a group of Democrats distributed an anonymous booklet advocating political and social equality, and specifically the mixture of black and white. The authors wrote that although the “frenzy of love in the white Southern woman for the negro” was rarely acted upon, plantation mistresses had a stake in slavery because it permitted them sexual access to black men.
Intemperate Men, Spiteful Women, and Jefferson Davis
Authors: Silber Nina
Published: November 2023

In April 1865 the American Civil War concluded in much the same way that it had begun—in a flurry of chaos and confusion in which the emotions of the participants swung between dramatic highs and lows. For the people of the North, it was a thrilling, but ultimately unsettling, victory. The fall of the Confederate capital in Richmond, Virginia, on April 3 signaled an intense joy and optimism among northerners that would be surpassed only by the excitement of April 10—the day that most Americans learned of Lee’s surrender to Grant at Appomattox. But the northerners’ initial euphoria was soon shattered. With the news of Appomattox only five days old, they awoke to the news of the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. Reeling from the heights of joy to the depths of grief, northerners re-ignited long-standing hatreds of the Confederacy and its leaders.
The Biographical Encyclopedia of Jazz
Authors: Feather Leonard , Gitler Ira
Published: November 2023

Do you want to know when Duke Ellington was king of The Cotton Club? Have you ever wondered how old Miles Davis was when he got his first trumpet? From birth dates to gig dates and from recordings to television specials, Leonard Feather and Ira Gitler have left no stone unturned in their quest for accurate, detailed information on the careers of 3.300 jazz musicians from around the world. We learn that Duke Ellington worked his magic at The Cotton Club from 1927 to 1931, and that on Miles Davis's thirteenth birthday, his father gave him his first trumpet. Jazz is fast moving, and this edition clearly and concisely maps out an often dizzying web of professional associations. We find, for instance, that when Miles Davis was a St. Louis teenager he encountered Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie for the first time. This meeting proved fateful, and by 1945 a nineteen-year-old Davis had left Juilliard to play with Parker on 52nd Street. Knowledge of these professional alliances, along with the countless others chronicled in this book, are central to tracing the development of significant jazz movements, such as the "cool jazz" that became one of Miles Davis's hallmarks. Arranged alphabetically according to last name, each entry of this book chronologically lists the highlights of every jazz musician's career. Highly accessible and vigorously researched, The Biographical Encyclopedia of Jazz is, quite simply, the most comprehensive jazz encyclopedia available.
n
Authors: Feather Leonard , Gitler Ira
Published: November 2023

Nakasian, (patricia) stephanie, voc; b. Washington, DC, 8/29/54. Mother sang w. Meyer Davis for troops in WWII. Grew up in Bronxville, N.Y. Stud. classical pno., vln., sang in church choirs for 13 yrs. Stud. voice w. Joe Scott, NYC 1980–5. Degrees from Northwestern U. in economics; worked in banks in Chi. and NYC and as consultant at NY Stock Exchange. Met Hod O’Brien ’80 and began working w. him. In ’81 she quit finance job to become full-time jazz singer, working w. O’Brien (whom she married) into ’90s.; also w. Andy LaVerne’s Paradise, various bbs ’81–2; Jon Hendricks voc. gp. ’83–4. Annual trips to Eur.; tour. Den. w. Danish Radio Band ’90. Has taught singers priv. and at clinics in US; in ’90s at U. of Virginia; Va. Commonwealth U. Eur. Favs: E. Fitzgerald, B. Holiday, Chet Baker, Nat Cole, Irene Kral. Fests: many in Eur., US incl. North Sea; Kool; Delaware Water Gap; Columbia, So. Carolina. Rec. debut w. O’Brien on Criss Cross ’85. CD: VSOP; w. O’Brien (CC).
p
Authors: Feather Leonard , Gitler Ira
Published: November 2023

Page, hot lips (oran thaddeus), tpt, voc,lead; b. Dallas, TX 1/27/08; d. NYC, 11/5/54. Started pl. at age 12; was member of children’s brass band w. Budd Johnson; pl. in band that accomp. Bessie Smith, Ma Rainey. With Walter Page’s Blue Devils 1927–30; Bennie Moten, KC ’31–5; briefly w. Basie ’35–6; then led own bands in NYC. Rec. “Blues in the Night”; “Take Your Shoes Off, Baby”; “Motherless Child”; “St. James Infirmary” w. Artie Shaw in ’41–2. Pl. the Paris JF ’49. Page, who was infl. by Armstrong, both as singer and player (but certainly was his own man), perf. in a febrile style that was at its most impressive on his many successful blues records. Although no one truly posed a threat to Armstrong’s throne, it has been said that Joe Glaser, Armstrong’s mgr., signed Page in order to keep him out of his top client’s way. CDs: High.; Story.; tracks on 52nd Street Swing (Dec.); w. Billie Holiday (Col.; Story.); Bennie Moten; Artie Shaw (BB); Joe Turner (Dec.); Pete Johnson (Milan); Eddie Condon (Stash); M. Mezzrow (Story.); Ben Webster (Prog.); w. Basie in Spirituals to Swing (Vang.).
r
Authors: Feather Leonard , Gitler Ira
Published: November 2023

Rabinowitz, michael harris, bsn, pno,bs-cl; b. New Haven, CT, 11/27/55. Mother pl. vln. Started on pno., cl. Stud. in New Haven at Neighborhood Mus. Sch., Educ. Ctr. for the Arts. Pl. w. Eddie Buster Trio, then w. jazz sxt. at SUNY-Purchase 1974–8 (B.F.A. in music ’78). Pl. w. Blow Band on streets of Amsterdam; Paris; Scotland ’80–2. While in Eur. perf. w. Ed Thigpen; Horace Parlan; Kenny Drew. Led own duo, trio, qt. in NYC fr. ’83.