bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and Tolerability of Temozolomide in an Alternating Weekly Regimen in Patients With Recurrent Glioma
Authors: Wick Antje , Felsberg Jörg , Steinbach Joachim P. , Herrlinger Ulrich , Platten Michael , Blaschke Britta , Meyermann Richard , Reifenberger Guido , Weller Michael , Wick Wolfgang
Published: July 2007

Purpose

Evaluation of toxicity and efficacy of an alternating weekly regimen of temozolomide administered 1 week on and 1 week off in patients with recurrent glioma.

Patients and Methods

Ninety adult patients with recurrent gliomas accrued in one center received chemotherapy with temozolomide at 150 mg/m2/d (days 1 through 7 and 15 through 21 every 4 weeks) with individual dose adjustments according to hematologic toxicity.

Results

A total of 906 treatment weeks were delivered. Grade 4 hematotoxicity according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE; version 3.0) was observed in 24 treatment weeks (2.6%). CTCAE grade 4 lymphopenia eventually developed in 11 patients (12%). There were neither cumulative lymphopenias nor opportunistic infections. The progression-free survival (PFS) rate at 6 months for glioblastoma patients was 43.8%. The median PFS in these patients was 24 weeks (95% CI, 17 to 26 weeks), the median survival time from diagnosis of progression was 38 weeks (95% CI, 30 to 46 weeks), and the 1-year survival rate from progression was 23%. O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene promoter methylation in the tumor tissue was not associated with longer PFS (log-rank P = .37).

Conclusion

These data imply that the alternating weekly schedule is feasible, safe, and effective and clearly warrants investigation in randomized studies. Compared with more protracted low-dose temozolomide schedules, the 1-week-on/1-week-off schedule may be less toxic. We provide preliminary evidence that this dose-dense schedule is also active in patients with tumors lacking MGMT gene promoter methylation.
PIEPOC: A New Prognostic Index for Advanced Epithelial Ovarian Cancer—Japan Multinational Trial Organization OC01-01
Authors: Teramukai Satoshi , Ochiai Kazunori , Tada Harue , Fukushima Masanori
Published: July 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to construct a simple and powerful prognostic index (PI) of epithelial ovarian cancer, the PIEPOC.

Patients and Methods

In a retrospective review, data from 768 women with stage III or IV epithelial ovarian cancer from 24 institutions in Japan were evaluated for clinical features predictive of overall survival. A PI and risk groups to predict overall survival after initial surgery were developed using the proportional hazards regression model.

Results

Of six factors, the four prognostic factors that remained independently significant in the analysis of a training sample (538 randomly selected patients) were age, performance status (PS), histologic cell type, and residual tumor size. From the regression function, we derived a PI = 1 (if age 70 and above) + 1 (if PS 1 or 2) + 2 (if PS 3 or 4) + 1 (if mucinous or clear-cell) + 2 (if residual size 0.1 cm and above). Patients were classified into three risk groups (PIEPOC): low risk (PI 0-2), intermediate risk (PI 3), and high risk (PI 4-6). The PIEPOC was equally predictive in a validation sample (n = 230), identifying three groups (5-year survival: 0.67 in low, 0.43 in intermediate, 0.17 in high risk).

Conclusion

Our proposed PI, the PIEPOC, was predictive in our patient population and may have utility in clinical practice. Prospective studies would be needed to confirm the prognostic predictive ability of the PIEPOC for patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer.
Sorafenib With Interferon Alfa-2b As First-Line Treatment of Advanced Renal Carcinoma: A Phase II Study of the Southwest Oncology Group
Authors: Ryan Christopher W. , Goldman Bryan H. , Lara Primo N. , Mack Philip C. , Beer Tomasz M. , Tangen Catherine M. , Lemmon Dianne , Pan Chong-Xian , Drabkin Harry A. , Crawford E. David
Published: July 2007

Purpose

This phase II study evaluated the activity of combined treatment with interferon alfa-2b and sorafenib, a Raf and multiple receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced renal carcinoma.

Patients and Methods

Eligible patients had metastatic or unresectable renal carcinoma with a clear-cell component, no prior systemic therapy, performance status 0 to 1, and measurable disease. Treatment consisted of interferon alfa-2b 10 × 106 U subcutaneously three times weekly and sorafenib 400 mg orally bid. The primary end point was confirmed Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors response rate.

Results

Twelve (19%) of 62 assessable patients achieved an objective confirmed response. An additional 31 (50%) had an unconfirmed partial response or stable disease as best response. The median progression-free survival was 7 months (95% CI, 4 to 11 months). The most common adverse events were fatigue, anorexia, anemia, diarrhea, nausea, rigors/chills, leukopenia, fever, and transaminase elevation. Von Hippel-Lindau gene mutations were detected in four (22%) of 18 archival tumor specimens.

Conclusion

The confirmed response rate for the combination of sorafenib and interferon in advanced renal carcinoma is greater than expected with either interferon or sorafenib alone. The toxicity of this combination is dominated by adverse events common to interferon that limit further development of this regimen.
Recent Major Progress in Long-Term Cancer Patient Survival Disclosed by Modeled Period Analysis
Authors: Brenner Hermann , Gondos Adam , Arndt Volker
Published: July 2007

Purpose

To disclose most recent trends in long-term cancer patient survival.

Methods

We estimated trends in 5- and 10-year relative survival of cancer patients in the United States in 1998 to 2003 from the 1973 to 2003 database of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program using recently introduced period-analysis modeling techniques that provide the most up-to-date and precise survival estimates.

Results

Statistically significant and partly very substantial improvement in 5- and 10-year relative survival in the 1998 to 2003 period was seen for 14 of 24 of the assessed common forms of cancer, including breast and colorectal cancer. For example, by 2003, 5-year relative survival exceeded 90% for patients with breast cancer and reached levels of about two thirds for patients with colorectal cancer and kidney cancer and patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Unfortunately, 5-year relative survival remained essentially unchanged at approximately 16% for lung cancer patients, and, despite statistically significant improvement, as low as 7% for pancreatic cancer patients. Overall, improvement was most pronounced for patients with regional tumor spread and somewhat less so for patients with localized tumors, whereas hardly any improvement was achieved for patients with distant tumor spread.

Conclusion

Our analysis discloses further major improvement in prognosis for most, but not all forms of cancer in recent years. The largest contribution to this improvement comes from improved prognosis of patients with regional tumor spread.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Gene Copy Number and Clinical Outcome of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Treated With Panitumumab
Authors: Sartore-Bianchi Andrea , Moroni Mauro , Veronese Silvio , Carnaghi Carlo , Bajetta Emilio , Luppi Gabriele , Sobrero Alberto , Barone Carlo , Cascinu Stefano , Colucci Giuseppe , Cortesi Enrico , Nichelatti Michele , Gambacorta Marcello , Siena Salvatore
Published: July 2007

Purpose

In a previous cohort study, we proposed that responsiveness of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) to anti–epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibodies has a genetic basis, being associated with increased EGFR gene copy number (GCN) as measured by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in individual tumors. The present study was aimed at assessing the predictive role of EGFR GCN, in terms of clinical outcome, in patients treated with panitumumab.

Patients and Methods

Patients with mCRC refractory to standard therapies were a subset of patients from a phase III trial of panitumumab plus best supportive care (BSC; n = 58) versus BSC alone (n = 34) who were selected on the basis of availability of tumor samples adequate for FISH.

Results

In patients treated with panitumumab, a mean EGFR GCN of less than 2.5/nucleus or less than 40% of tumor cells displaying chromosome 7 polysomy within the tumor predicted for shorter progression-free survival (PFS; P = .039 and P = .029, respectively) and overall survival (P = .015 and P = .014, respectively). None of the treated patients with mean EGFR GCN of less than 2.47/nucleus or less than 43% of tumor cells displaying chromosome 7 polysomy obtained objective response compared with six of 20 and six of 19 patients with values greater than these cutoff limits, respectively (P = .0009 and P = .0007, respectively). Evaluation of BSC-treated patients showed no correlation between EGFR GCN or chromosome 7 polysomy status and PFS.

Conclusion

In a larger and more homogeneous series than in previous studies, present exploratory data suggest that mCRC patients with tumors distinguishable by FISH analysis of EGFR as homogenously disomic or with low chromosome 7 polysomy have a reduced likelihood of response to panitumumab.
Nickel-promoted Fabrication of Multicreviced Carbon Nanotubes with Improved Electrochemical Capacitance
Authors: Zheng Zhong , Li Dongguo , He Li , Zhang Jiaji , Ni Xiaomin
Published: July 2007

Novel carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with multicreviced tube walls were fabricated by pyrolyzing acetone with single-crystalline nickel nanoflakes as promoter. Thus-prepared CNTs exhibited high specific capacitance and excellent cyclic stability without any activation treatments, which was ascribed to their special structures.
A Facile and Convenient Synthesis of N-Acetyl-2-aryl-1,2-dihydro-(4H)-3,1-benzoxazin-4-ones from the Reaction of Anthranilic Acid Derivatives with Aryl Aldehydes
Authors: Nikpour Farzad , Sheikh Davood , Saraji Mohammad
Published: July 2007

A facile and convenient synthesis of N-acetyl-2-aryl-1,2-dihydro-(4H)-3,1-benzoxazin-4-ones has been reported by cyclization of some 2-(benzylideneamino)benzoic acids in acetic anhydride under reflux condition. High yields of the products were obtained in high purity with simple work-up.
Protective Agent-free Preparation of Gold Nanoplates and Nanorods in Aqueous HAuCl4 Solutions Using Gas–Liquid Interface Discharge
Authors: Furuya Kenji , Hirowatari Yuko , Ishioka Toshio , Harata Akira
Published: July 2007

Gas–liquid interface discharge at atmospheric pressure above HAuCl4 solutions containing no protective agents generates triangular and hexagonal nanoplates and nanorods of gold. Experimental results under several different conditions indicate that the plates and rods rapidly grow on the surface of the solution. In contrast, the spherical nanoparticles slowly grow in the solution.
Asymmetric Sulfimidation with cis-β Ru(salalen)(CO)2 Complexes as Catalyst
Authors: Fujita Hidekazu , Uchida Tatsuya , Irie Ryo , Katsuki Tsutomu
Published: July 2007

Ru(salalen)(CO)2 complexes were found to serve as catalysts for asymmetric sulfimidation under irradiation, and high enantioselectivity (up to 90% ee) was obtained. In addition, the structures of two Ru(salalen)(CO)2 complexes that carry the ligands of the same configuration but induce opposite asymmetry to each other, were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis.
Room-temperature Formation of Alkoxide-derived Anatase Nanoparticles by Peroxotitanic Acid Approach
Authors: Liu Yong-Jun , Aizawa Mami , Peng Wen-Qin , Wang Zheng-Ming , Hatori Hiroaki , Uekawa Naofumi , Kanoh Hirofumi
Published: July 2007

A controlled procedure leads to formation of pure anatase nanoparticles from titanium alkoxide near room temperature, without using any organic solvent by the peroxotitanic acid approach. The nanoparticles are highly mesoporous, with the surface covered by peroxo groups, and have excellent photodecomposition activity as compared to those prepared from ordinary procedures.
Organic Paramagnetic Ionic Liquids Based on Anion Containing 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxyl Radical Moiety
Authors: Yoshida Yukihiro , Tanaka Hirofusa , Saito Gunzi
Published: July 2007

A series of genuine organic paramagnetic ionic liquids were prepared utilizing 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxyl-4-sulfate (TEMPO-OSO3) anion with S=1⁄2 radical spin. Their static susceptibilities and EPR spectra can be explained in terms of the paramagnetic spins on the TEMPO radical moieties, although they have much low fluidities and ionic conductivities.
A Simple Route to Coat Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Silica
Authors: Zhu Yong , Pan Yubai , Xu Heng , Xiang Changshu , Kou Huamin , Guo Jingkun
Published: July 2007

The pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) without oxidation or covalent decoration were homogeneously coated with silica through a simple modified sol–gel method.
Regulated Formation of 2D Water Layers with Alternating Six-membered Quasi-planar and Chair Cluster Units by 1D Supramolecular Chain
Authors: Goto Kenta , Shinmyozu Teruo
Published: July 2007

Crystals of 4-methylamino-6-oxopyrimidine (1) grown from aqueous alcohol were found to contain 2D water layers consisting of hexameric water clusters with alternating quasi-planar and chair conformations, which are apparently regulated by interactions with the supramolecular aggregate of 1n through hydrogen bonds.
Design, Synthesis, and Performance of NTA-modified Lipids as Templates for Histidine-tagged Protein Crystallization
Authors: Thompson David H , Zhou Mingkang , Grey Jessica , Kim Hee-kwon
Published: July 2007

Current methods of drug discovery and development typically involve either structure-based drug design approaches or high-throughput screening methods for lead identification. The structure-based discovery process relies heavily upon the labor-intensive determination of three-dimensional protein structures using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and NMR techniques. Although tens of thousands of soluble protein structures have been resolved at the atomic level using these methods, there are many drug targets, particularly integral membrane proteins, whose structures have not been elucidated. In the case of XRD, this limitation often arises from the lack of reliable and predictable methods for protein crystallization. The extensive number of proteins crystallized by the interfacial templating approach suggests that this method may offer great promise for structural biology applications, particularly for proteins that do not readily form X-ray quality crystals from bulk solution. This review highlights the various approaches that have been used for templating of protein crystallization at gas–liquid and solid–liquid interfaces. Special emphasis is placed on the synthesis of NTA- and IDA-conjugated lipids, their use in templating and concentrating proteins at lipid monolayer interfaces, and protein structure elucidations that have been facilitated by these metal-chelating lipids. Current approaches to control the nucleation and growth of protein crystals involving microfluidics, dip pen nanolithography, and non-covalent symmetry-based templating approaches are also discussed. Taken together, the progress in this field suggests that the interfacial templating approach to crystallization can develop into a powerful tool for high-throughput structural analysis by providing a universal, readily controllable method for crystallizing proteins.
Pleiotropy and Heterogeneity in the Expression of Bone Strength-Related Phenotypes in Extended Pedigrees
Authors: Wang Xiaojing , Kammerer Candace M , Wheeler Victor W , Patrick Alan L , Bunker Clareann H , Zmuda Joseph M
Published: July 2007

Genetic analysis in 3535 relative pairs from extended multigenerational families of African heritage showed that volumetric BMD is a highly heritable polygenic trait that is under compartment-specific genetic regulation. The majority of the phenotypic variation in bone size and volumetric BMD also seems to be strongly influenced by distinct genes for each trait.

Introduction: BMD and bone size contribute to bone strength and the risk of fracture. Little is known about the genetic architecture of QCT measures of volumetric BMD and bone size. We studied the contribution of genes, shared genes (pleiotropy), and shared environment to cortical and trabecular volumetric BMD and bone size using variance components analysis.

Materials and Methods: A total of 471 individuals ≥18 yr of age (mean, 43 yr) from eight multigenerational Afro-Caribbean families (mean family size > 50; 3535 relative pairs) underwent a peripheral QCT scan of the radius and tibia and anthropometry.

Results: Strong positive genetic correlations were observed for trabecular or cortical BMD measured at the tibia and radius (ρG > 0.82, p < 0.01), but not between trabecular and cortical BMD measured within the same anatomical site. Genetic correlations between volumetric BMD and bone length and circumference were also not statistically significant.

Conclusions: BMD is a highly heritable polygenic trait that is under compartment-specific genetic regulation. The majority of the phenotypic variation in skeletal size and density seems to be strongly influenced by distinct sets of genes for each trait.
Imatinib Promotes Osteoblast Differentiation by Inhibiting PDGFR Signaling and Inhibits Osteoclastogenesis by Both Direct and Stromal Cell-Dependent Mechanisms
Authors: O'Sullivan Susannah , Naot Dorit , Callon Karen , Porteous Fran , Horne Anne , Wattie Diana , Watson Maureen , Cornish Jill , Browett Peter , Grey Andrew
Published: July 2007

Several lines of evidence suggest that imatinib may affect skeletal tissue. We show that inhibition by imatinib of PDGFR signaling in osteoblasts activates osteoblast differentiation and inhibits osteoblast proliferation and that imatinib inhibits osteoclastogenesis by both stromal cell-dependent and direct effects on osteoclast precursors.

Introduction: Imatinib mesylate, an orally active inhibitor of the c-abl, c-kit, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) tyrosine kinases, is in clinical use for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and gastrointestinal stromal cell tumors. Interruption of both c-kit and c-abl signaling in mice induces osteopenia, suggesting that imatinib might have adverse effects on the skeleton. However, biochemical markers of bone formation increase in patients with CML starting imatinib therapy, whereas bone resorption is unchanged, despite secondary hyperparathyroidism. We assessed the actions of imatinib on bone cells in vitro to study the cellular and molecular mechanism(s) underlying the skeletal effects we observed in imatinib-treated patients.

Materials and Methods: Osteoblast differentiation was assessed using a mineralization assay, proliferation by [3H]thymidine incorporation, and apoptosis by a TUNEL assay. Osteoclastogenesis was assessed using murine bone marrow cultures and RAW 264.7 cells. RT and multiplex PCR were performed on RNA prepared from human bone marrow samples, osteoblastic cells, and murine bone marrow cultures. Osteoprotegerin was measured by ELISA.

Results: The molecular targets of imatinib are expressed in bone cells. In vitro, imatinib increases osteoblast differentiation and prevents PDGF-induced inhibition of this process. Imatinib inhibits proliferation of osteoblast-like cells induced by serum and PDGF. In murine bone marrow cultures, imatinib inhibits osteoclastogenesis stimulated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and partially inhibits osteoclastogenesis induced by RANKL and macrophage-colony stimulating factor. Imatinib partially inhibited osteoclastogenesis in RANKL-stimulated RAW-264.7 cells. Treatment with imatinib increases the expression of osteoprotegerin in bone marrow from patients with CML and osteoblastic cells.

Conclusions: Taken together with recent in vivo data, these results suggest a role for the molecular targets of imatinib in bone cell function, that inhibition by imatinib of PDGFR signaling in osteoblasts activates bone formation, and that the antiresorptive actions of imatinib are mediated by both stromal cell-dependent and direct effects on osteoclast precursors.
Bisphosphonate-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: Report of a Task Force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Authors: Khosla Sundeep , Burr David , Cauley Jane , Dempster David W , Ebeling Peter R , Felsenberg Dieter , Gagel Robert F , Gilsanz Vincente , Guise Theresa , Koka Sreenivas , McCauley Laurie K , McGowan Joan , McKee Marc D , Mohla Suresh , Pendrys David G , Raisz Lawrence G , Ruggiero Salvatore L , Shafer David M , Shum Lillian , Silverman Stuart L , Van Poznak Catherine H , Watts Nelson , Woo Sook-Bin , Shane Elizabeth
Published: July 2007

ONJ has been increasingly suspected to be a potential complication of bisphosphonate therapy in recent years. Thus, the ASBMR leadership appointed a multidisciplinary task force to address key questions related to case definition, epidemiology, risk factors, diagnostic imaging, clinical management, and future areas for research related to the disorder. This report summarizes the findings and recommendations of the task force.

Introduction: The increasing recognition that use of bisphosphonates may be associated with osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) led the leadership of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR) to appoint a task force to address a number of key questions related to this disorder.

Materials and Methods: A multidisciplinary expert group reviewed all pertinent published data on bisphosphonate-associated ONJ. Food and Drug Administration drug adverse event reports were also reviewed.

Results and Conclusions: A case definition was developed so that subsequent studies could report on the same condition. The task force defined ONJ as the presence of exposed bone in the maxillofacial region that did not heal within 8 wk after identification by a health care provider. Based on review of both published and unpublished data, the risk of ONJ associated with oral bisphosphonate therapy for osteoporosis seems to be low, estimated between 1 in 10,000 and <1 in 100,000 patient-treatment years. However, the task force recognized that information on incidence of ONJ is rapidly evolving and that the true incidence may be higher. The risk of ONJ in patients with cancer treated with high doses of intravenous bisphosphonates is clearly higher, in the range of 1–10 per 100 patients (depending on duration of therapy). In the future, improved diagnostic imaging modalities, such as optical coherence tomography or MRI combined with contrast agents and the manipulation of image planes, may identify patients at preclinical or early stages of the disease. Management is largely supportive. A research agenda aimed at filling the considerable gaps in knowledge regarding this disorder was also outlined.
Sheath-Flow Cuvette for High-Sensitivity Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection in Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Sobhani Kimia , Michels David A. , Dovichi Norman J.
Published: July 2007

The sheath-flow cuvette is a key component in a high-sensitivity post-column laser-induced fluorescence detector for capillary electrophoresis. Most designs are based on commercial cuvettes originally manufactured for use in a flow cytometer. In these devices, a quartz flow chamber is held in a stainless-steel fixture that is difficult to machine and subjects the cuvette to a torque when sealed, which frequently leads to damage of the flow chamber. In this report we present a design for a cuvette that may easily be constructed. This design uses compression to hold and seal the quartz flow chamber without applying torque. The system produces detection limits (3σ) of 115 yoctomoles (70 copies) for FQ-labeled carbonic anhydrase.
Discrimination of Bacteria and Bacteriophages by Raman Spectroscopy and Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Goeller Lindsay J. , Riley Mark R.
Published: July 2007

Detection of pathogenic organisms in the environment presents several challenges due to the high cost and long times typically required for identification and quantification. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based methods are often hindered by the presence of polymerase inhibiting compounds and so direct methods of quantification that do not require enrichment or amplification are being sought. This work presents an analysis of pathogen detection using Raman spectroscopy to identify and quantify microorganisms without drying. Confocal Raman measurements of the bacterium Escherichia coli and of two bacteriophages, MS2 and PRD1, were analyzed for characteristic peaks and to estimate detection limits using traditional Raman and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). MS2, PRD1, and E. coli produced differentiable Raman spectra with approximate detection limits for PRD1 and E. coli of 109 pfu/mL and 106 cells/mL, respectively. These high detection concentration limits are partly due to the small sampling volume of the confocal system but translate to quantification of as little as 100 bacteriophages to generate a reliable spectral signal. SERS increased signal intensity 103 fold and presented peaks that were visible using 2-second acquisitions; however, peak locations and intensities were variable, as typical with SERS. These results demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy and SERS have potential as a pathogen monitoring platform.
Requirements for Relative Intensity Correction of Raman Spectra Obtained by Column-Summing Charge-Coupled Device Data
Authors: Hurst Wilbur S. , Choquette Steven J. , Etz Edgar S.
Published: July 2007

The relative intensity correction of Raman spectra requires the measurement of a source of known relative irradiance. Raman spectrometers that employ two-dimensional charge-coupled device (CCD) array detectors may be operated in two distinct modes. One mode directly measures the counts in each CCD pixel, but more commonly for the collection of spectra, the counts in the CCD row pixels are summed for a given column. If distortions in the corrected spectral shapes are to be avoided, operation in the mode where rows are summed places restrictions on the spatial intensity profile of the source of known irradiance that is used for the relative intensity correction procedure and, in some cases, also on the spatial intensity profile of the measured Raman light. Numerical expressions are given from which these restrictions can be derived. Magnitudes of distortions that can arise when intensity-correcting spectra obtained with CCD data where rows in a column are summed are estimated by modeling different cases. Data are given showing the inherent pixel quantum efficiency variation that exists in CCDs. Spectra are given showing the effects of a local area of significant change in pixel quantum efficiency that was found to be present on one CCD detector.
Developing Micro-Raman Mass Spectrometry for Measuring Carbon Isotopic Composition of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Arakawa Masashi , Yamamoto Junji , Kagi Hiroyuki
Published: July 2007

We investigated the applicability of micro-Raman spectroscopy for determining carbon isotopic compositions (13C/12C) of minute CO2 fluid inclusions in minerals. This method is nondestructive and has sufficiently high spatial resolution (1 μm) to measure each fluid inclusion independently. Raman spectra of CO2 fluid have 12CO2-origin peaks at about 1285 cm−1 and 1389 cm−1 (v12− and v12+) and a 13CO2-origin peak at about 1370 cm−1 (v13+). The relationship between carbon isotopic compositions and peak intensity ratios of v12+ and v13+ was calibrated. Considering several factors affecting the peak intensity ratio, the error in obtained carbon isotopic composition was 2% (20‰). The reproducibility of the intensity ratio under the same experimental environment was 0.5% (5‰). Within these error values, we can distinguish biogenic CO2 from abiogenic CO2.
Structure Analysis of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Generalized Two-Dimensional Correlation Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Sun Bingjie , Lin Yinan , Wu Peiyi
Published: July 2007

Based on a detailed study of the fundamental vibrations in the mid-infrared (MIR) region and supported by NH-proton deuteration results, the assignment of the overtone and combination bands in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) is presented. Variable-temperature experiments and two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy are used to determine the chemical mechanism and changing sequence of groups in PNIPAM; we conclude that bonded NH groups turn into free NH groups during the heating process, while the CH groups on the side-chains change prior to those on the main chains. A heterospectral dynamical correlation between the NIR and MIR regions or H-included groups in both regions was also performed. The temperature-induced dissociation of the hydrogen-bonded NH groups is found to proceed earlier than the conformational changes in the hydrocarbon chains.
Importance of Prediction Outlier Diagnostics in Determining a Successful Inter-Vendor Multivariate Calibration Model Transfer
Authors: Guenard Robert D. , Wehlburg Christine M. , Pell Randy J. , Haaland David M.
Published: July 2007

This paper reports on the transfer of calibration models between Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) instruments from four different manufacturers. The piecewise direct standardization (PDS) method is compared with the new hybrid calibration method known as prediction augmented classical least squares/partial least squares (PACLS/PLS). The success of a calibration transfer experiment is judged by prediction error and by the number of samples that are flagged as outliers that would not have been flagged as such if a complete recalibration were performed. Prediction results must be acceptable and the outlier diagnostics capabilities must be preserved for the transfer to be deemed successful. Previous studies have measured the success of a calibration transfer method by comparing only the prediction performance (e.g., the root mean square error of prediction, RMSEP). However, our study emphasizes the need to consider outlier detection performance as well. As our study illustrates, the RMSEP values for a calibration transfer can be within acceptable range; however, statistical analysis of the spectral residuals can show that differences in outlier performance can vary significantly between competing transfer methods. There was no statistically significant difference in the prediction error between the PDS and PACLS/PLS methods when the same subset sample selection method was used for both methods. However, the PACLS/PLS method was better at preserving the outlier detection capabilities and therefore was judged to have performed better than the PDS algorithm when transferring calibrations with the use of a subset of samples to define the transfer function. The method of sample subset selection was found to make a significant difference in the calibration transfer results using the PDS algorithm, while the transfer results were less sensitive to subset selection when the PACLS/PLS method was used.
Spectroscopic Study of the Uranyl—Acetohydroxamate Adduct with Tributyl Phosphate
Authors: Tkac Peter , Paulenova Alena , Gable Kevin P.
Published: July 2007

The ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic studies carried out for the system UO2(NO3)/AHA/TBP (uranyl–acetohydroxamate–tributyl phosphate) confirmed the presence of the adduct of UO2(NO3)(AHA) ·2TBP with 1:1 stoichiometry for UO2:AHA (acetohydroxamic acid). The spectrum of this complex is identical to the infrared spectrum of the organic phase formed in the uranium distribution experiments with 30% TBP/n-dodecane and AHA present in aqueous phase. Disappearance of the hydroxyl stretching band and a shift in the position of the carbonyl band in the infrared spectra revealed that both the hydroxyl and the carbonyl group of acetohydroxamic acid are involved in the chelate ring with uranium. Also, acetic acid, accrued after acidic hydrolysis of acetohydroxamic acid, was identified in the extraction organic phase.
Subsurface and Transcutaneous Raman Spectroscopy and Mapping Using Concentric Illumination Rings and Collection with a Circular Fiber-Optic Array
Authors: Schulmerich Matthew V. , Dooley Kathryn A. , Vanasse Thomas M. , Goldstein Steven A. , Morris Michael D.
Published: July 2007

Different spatial separations between an illumination ring and a bundle of 50 collection fibers focused to collect light in the center of the ring were used to investigate the recovery of subsurface Raman spectra. The depth of Raman signal recovery and the preservation of spatial information in the recovered signal were investigated using polymer blocks stacked in different geometries. The illumination rings were then combined into a single data set to increase variation in the signal. Multivariate data analysis was used to recover the Raman spectra of the subsurface component. The Raman spectrum of a Delrin target was recoverable at depths up to 22.6 mm of overlying Teflon. Spatial information was lost at approximately 6.5 mm below the Teflon surface. The same protocols were used to recover canine bone spectra transcutaneously at depths up to 5 mm below the skin's surface. The recovered bone spectra were validated by exposed bone measurements.
Spectral Renormalization for Multi-Component Fourier Transform Infrared Absorbance Data: Importance to Multivariate Calibration and Quantitative Exploratory Chemometrics Studies
Authors: Chew Wee , Widjaja Effendi , Garland Marc
Published: July 2007

Although infrared spectroscopy is a very common analytical tool in the chemical sciences, quantitative infrared spectroscopic studies of multi-component solutions (particularly on-line or in-line studies) have been hampered by the lack of a concise and robust numerical approach. Using an inert chemical species as internal standard, the usual absorbance ratio analysis is generalized into a mathematical form that converts typical absorbance measurement A into its renormalized absorbance Arenorm, with the latter directly relating to the absolute moles rather than the concentration of the constituents. The renormalized absorbance has a number of very important properties, including (1) insensitivity to path length changes due to variations in temperature or pressure of the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) cell and (2) insensitivity to solution volume changes arising from reaction, chemical transport, or thermodynamic conditions. The methodology is first applied to a simple model test system to demonstrate its utility for multivariate calibration, and then re-applied to a real problem: the calibration of the rhodium carbonyl hydride HRh(CO)4, a long-sought species in organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis (Angewandte Chemie Int. Ed., vol. 41, 3786 (2002)). The utility of the developed methodology for multivariate calibration and exploratory chemometric studies is demonstrated. Emphasis is placed on providing a numerical recipe for the practicing analytical chemist.
Population Measurement of the 3p54s Configuration Levels in an Argon Microwave Plasma at Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Santiago I. , Calzada M. D.
Published: July 2007

Metastable atoms, due to their intrinsic properties, are very useful to characterize plasma and to control the scientific and technological applications carried out with it. This paper describes the implementation of a method to determine the densities of the argon 3p54s metastable and resonant levels in a microwave plasma at atmospheric pressure. Because the method is based on the self-absorption of the radiation emitted by the plasma, no external radiation source is needed. Using this method, the populations of the four levels of the 3p54s argon configuration were found to be in the range 1010–1012 cm−3, in agreement with the values found in the literature.
Thermal Degradation of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) in Nitrogen and Oxygen Studied by Thermogravimetric–Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Vogel Christian , Morita Shigeaki , Sato Harumi , Noda Isao , Ozaki Yukihiro , Siesler Heinz W.
Published: July 2007

The thermal degradation behavior of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (P(HB- co-HHx), HHx = 12 mol%) has been studied under different environmental conditions by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. It is reported that at higher temperature (>400 °C) carbon dioxide and propene are formed from the decomposition product crotonic acid in a nitrogen atmosphere, whereas in an oxygen atmosphere propene oxidizes in a further step to carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen. It was also found that PHB and P(HB- co-HHx) have a similar thermal degradation mechanism. The analysis of the FT-IR-spectroscopic data was performed with 2D and perturbation-correlation moving-window 2D (PCMW2D) correlation spectroscopy.
Potential of Far-Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy as a Highly Sensitive Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis Method for Polymer Films, Part I: Classification of Commercial Food Wrap Films
Authors: Sato Harumi , Higashi Noboru , Ikehata Akifumi , Koide Noriko , Ozaki Yukihiro
Published: July 2007

The aim of the present study is to propose a totally new technique for the utilization of far-ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy in polymer thin film analysis. Far-UV spectra in the 120–300 nm region have been measured in situ for six kinds of commercial polymer wrap films by use of a novel type of far-UV spectrometer that does not need vacuum evaporation. These films can be straightforwardly classified into three groups, polyethylene (PE) films, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films, and polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) films, by using the raw spectra. The differences in the wavelength of the absorption band due to the σ–σ* transition of the C–C bond have been used for the classification of the six kinds of films. Using this method, it was easy to distinguish the three kinds of PE films and to separate the two kinds of PVDC films. Compared with other spectroscopic methods, the advantages of this technique include nondestructive analysis, easy spectral measurement, high sensitivity, and simple spectral analysis. The present study has demonstrated that far-UV spectroscopy is a very promising technique for polymer film analysis.
Single Particle Fluorescence: A Simple Experimental Approach to Evaluate Coincidence Effects
Authors: Wu Xihong , Omenetto Nicoló , Smith Benjamin W. , Winefordner James D.
Published: July 2007

Real-time characterization of the chemical and physical properties of individual aerosol particles is an important issue in environmental studies. A well-established way of accomplishing this task relies on the use of laser-induced fluorescence or laser ionization mass spectrometry. We describe here a simple approach aimed at experimentally verifying that single particles are indeed addressed. The approach has been tested with a system consisting of a series of aerodynamic lenses to form a beam of dye-doped particles aerosolized from a solution of known concentration with a medical nebulizer. Two independent spectral detection channels simultaneously measure the fluorescence signals generated in two different spectral regions by the passage of a mixture of two dye-doped particles through a focused laser beam in a vacuum chamber. Coincidence effects, arising from the simultaneous observation of both fluorescence emissions, can then be directly observed. Both dual-color fluorescence and pulse height distribution have been analyzed. As expected, the probability of single- or multiple-particle interaction strongly depends on the particle flux in the chamber, which is related to the concentration of particles in the nebulized solution. In our case, to achieve a two-particle coincidence smaller than 10%, a particle concentration lower than 1.2 × 105 particles/mL is required. Moreover, it was found that the experimental observations are in agreement with a simple mathematical model based on Poisson statistics. Although the results obtained refer to particle concentrations in solution, our approach can equally be applicable to experiments involving direct air sampling, provided that the number density of particles in air can be measured a priori, e.g., with a particle counter.
Atrial natriuretic peptide and related peptides
Authors: Akashi Yoshihiro J. , Springer Jochen , Lainscak Mitja , Anker Stefan D.
Published: July 2007

In recent years, biomarkers have been recognized as important tools for diagnosis, risk stratification, and therapeutic decision-making in cardiovascular diseases. Currently, the clinical potential of several natriuretic peptides is under scientific investigation. The well-known counter-regulatory hormones are atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), dendroaspis natriuretic peptide (DNP) and urodilatin, which play an important role in the homeostasis of body fluid volume. ANP and BNP have already been demonstrated to have diagnostic usefulness in a great number of studies, which have progressed from bench to bedside. This article summarizes existing data on ANP and related peptides in cardiovascular and other disorders, and outlines the potential clinical usefulness of these markers.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:1259–67.
Measurement of arginine derivatives in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Wang Sihe , Vicente Faye B. , Miller Alan , Brooks Ellen R. , Price Heather E. , Smith Frederick A.
Published: July 2007

Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:1305–12.
La préhistoire de la controverse filioquiste
Authors: Morales Xavier
Published: July 2007

The article draws the origins of the filioquist controversy back to the theology of Asterius the Sophist and his refutation by Marcellus of Ancyra (condemned in 336). The oriental theology of the Fourth century provides a sort of prehistorical background to the formula: “The Spirit proceeds from the Father by the Son”. The first systematical pneumatology, delivered by Athanasius of Alexandria in his Letters to Serapion (ca. 360), similarly expresses a intermediary role of the Son in the mission of the Spirit, in trying to respect literally the johannine data. Athanasius' attempt is of particular interest, in as much as it has been later advocated as a testimony for the filioquist formula, singularly by Nicephorus Blemmydes (1197-1272) and George of Cyprus (1241-1290). Actually, later interpretations reveal the ambiguity of Athanasius' own formulations.
LED-Temperatursensor (LED Temperature Sensor)
Authors: Lange Volker , Tüfekcidere Hannan , Kühlke Dietrich
Published: July 2007

Eine einfache Methode der Temperaturmessung mithilfe einer Lumineszenzkonversions-LED wird vorgestellt. Das Verfahren wurde an einer Standard-Weißlicht-LED erprobt und weist eine Genauigkeit von ca. 2 °C auf. Es wird gezeigt, dass bei Verwendung anderer Lumineszenzstoffe die Genauigkeit signifikant erhöht werden kann. Ein Ausblick auf weitere LED-Sensoranwendungen wird gegeben.
Charles de Gaulle und das Scheitern einer europäischen Diplomatie
Authors: Dunlea Claudia
Published: July 2007

Vorspann

Die Gründung eines Europäischen Auswärtigen Dienstes ist mit dem Scheitern des Europäischen Verfassungsvertrages an den Referenden in Frankreich und den Niederlanden 2005 nicht zum ersten Mal mißlungen. Bereits 1960 hat es in der Ära Walter Hallstein einen Versuch gegeben, die bestehenden Vertretungen der Hohen Behörde der Europäischen Gemeinschaft für Kohle und Stahl (EGKS) zu europäischen Botschaften der drei Gemeinschaften (EWG, EAG und EGKS) weiterzuentwickeln. Gründe und Hintergründe für das damals vor allem aus Frankreich kommende „Nein“ zu einer europäischen Diplomatie analysiert Claudia Dunlea auf der Basis neu erschlossener Quellen.
A Statistical Framework for Expression Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping
Authors: Chen Meng , Kendziorski Christina
Published: July 2007

In 2001, Sen and Churchill reported a general Bayesian framework for quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping in inbred line crosses. The framework is a powerful one, as many QTL mapping methods can be represented as special cases and many important considerations are accommodated. These considerations include accounting for covariates, nonstandard crosses, missing genotypes, genotyping errors, multiple interacting QTL, and nonnormal as well as multivariate phenotypes. The dimension of a multivariate phenotype easily handled within the framework is bounded by the number of subjects, as a full-rank covariance matrix describing correlations across the phenotypes is required. We address this limitation and extend the Sen–Churchill framework to accommodate expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping studies, where high-dimensional gene-expression phenotypes are obtained via microarrays. Doing so allows for the precise comparison of existing eQTL mapping approaches and facilitates the development of an eQTL interval-mapping approach that shares information across transcripts and improves localization of eQTL. Evaluations are based on simulation studies and a study of diabetes in mice.
Association of Candidate Genes With Flowering Time and Water-Soluble Carbohydrate Content in Lolium perenne (L.)
Authors: Skøt Leif , Humphreys Jan , Humphreys Mervyn O , Thorogood Danny , Gallagher Joe , Sanderson Ruth , Armstead Ian P , Thomas Ian D
Published: July 2007

We describe a candidate gene approach for associating SNPs with variation in flowering time and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content and other quality traits in the temperate forage grass species Lolium perenne. Three analysis methods were used, which took the significant population structure into account. First, a linear mixed model was used enabling a structured association analysis to be incorporated with the nine populations identified in the structure analysis as random variables. Second, a within-population analysis of variance was performed. Third, a tree-scanning method was used, in which haplotype trees were associated with phenotypes on the basis of inferred haplotypes. Analysis of variance within populations identified several associations between WSC, nitrogen (N), and dry matter digestibility with allelic variants within an alkaline invertase candidate gene LpcAI. These associations were only detected in material harvested in one of the two years. By contrast, consistent associations between the L. perenne homolog (LpHD1) of the rice photoperiod control gene HD1 and flowering time were identified. One SNP, in the immediate upstream region of the LpHD1 coding sequence (C-4443-A), was significant in the linear mixed model. Within-population analysis of variance and tree-scanning analysis confirmed and extended this result to the 2118 polymorphisms in some of the populations. The merits of the tree-scanning method are compared to the single SNP analysis. The potential usefulness of the 4443 SNP in marker-assisted selection is currently being evaluated in test crosses of genotypes from this work with turf-grass varieties.