bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Take up the Man and lay down the Boy’: Defining Rural Childhood in Northern Scotland during the Enlightenment
Authors: Ritchie Elizabeth , Bruce Neil , Barton Helen , Bockoven Jaime , Taylor Hayley
Published: April 2021

Despite the theorising of Enlightenment and Romantic thinkers, no crystallised notion of childhood was particularly widespread or applied in the rural north. However, the evidence does suggest gradual phases, contingent on class, gender and circumstance, which tended to commence between the ages of five and eight and were distinguished by formal education or starting to assist in the family economy in a meaningful way. At the other end of childhood, taking up full-time employment or leaving home to work, study or marry therefore tended to be the rite of passage through which youngsters entered either adolescence or adulthood, but the ages at which this happened were highly circumstantial. The evidence suggests that there was no widespread dominant notion of childhood as a distinct life stage requiring specialised care and attention in rural communities during the period in which it was becoming established among theorists and the urban middle classes. For most the daily realities of labour, challenging economic circumstances, densely populated households, let alone the upheavals of clearance and emigration that affected so many, meant there was little time, energy or mental and emotional space to absorb and implement new philosophies. Rather, the needs of families meant that continuing older practices of gradually increasing responsibilities and responding to circumstances made most sense among the thatched longhouses and blackhouses of Scotland's rural north.
Yükseköğretim Kurumlarında Stratejik Planlama: Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi Üniversitelerinde Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz
Authors: ÖNEN S. Mustafa , UYSAL Gözde
Published: April 2021

Stratejik planlama; yönetimin gelecekte amaç ve hedeflerine ulaşmak için mevcut kaynak ve potansiyellerinin değerlendirildiği bir süreçtir. Bu süreç, yönetimi değişikliklere daha hazır hale getirirken; yönetimin daha dinamik bir yapıya kavuşmasını ve rekabet etme üstünlüğü kazanmasını sağlamaktadır. Türkiye’de 2003 tarihli 5018 sayılı Kamu Mali Yönetimi ve Kontrol Kanunu ile tüm kamu idarelerinin stratejik plan hazırlaması ve bu planlara uyması esası getirilmiştir. Yükseköğretim kurumları ise, stratejik planların uygulanmasında 5018 sayılı Kanun yanında özellikle “Kamu İdarelerinde Stratejik Planlamaya İlişkin Usul ve Esaslar Hakkında Yönetmelik” ile “Üniversiteler İçin Stratejik Planlama Rehberi”ne tabidirler. Bu düzenlemelerle yükseköğretim kurumlarında iç ve dış çevre analizi yapılarak güçlü ve zayıf yönler ile fırsat ve tehditlerin saptaması ve bu bağlamda stratejilerin belirlenmesi öngörülmektedir. Aslında yükseköğretim kurumunda stratejik planlama; eğitim, öğretim, araştırma ve geliştirme faaliyetlerinin iyileştirilmesine yönelik kararları formüle eden özel bir yöntemdir. Bu araştırmanın amacı yükseköğretim kurumu olarak Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi’ndeki 15 devlet üniversitesinin yürürlükteki stratejik planlarında yer alan misyon, vizyon, temel değerler ve GZFT analizini incelemektir. Araştırmada stratejik planlamanın bileşenleri olan misyon, vizyon, temel değerler ve GZFT verileri nitel araştırma yöntemine dayalı içerik analizi kullanılarak açıklanmıştır. Yapılan analiz sonucunda ilgili üniversitelerin yükseköğretim esasları içinde kendi coğrafik konumuna ve ihtiyaçlarına göre kendi misyon, vizyon ve temel değerlerini oluşturdukları, GZFT analizi ile hem iç faktörleri hem de dış faktörleri açık bir şekilde değerlendirdikleri anlaşılmıştır.
Pemodelan dan simulasi boost converter menggunakan Python
Authors: Sirojudin Indrazno , Wibowo Sapto , Ronilaya Ferdian , Rohadi Erfan , Wicaksono Ilham Agung
Published: April 2021

Pada  Paper  ini dirancang  model boost  converter  untuk  charging  kapasitor  pada  robot  sepak  bola  beroda.   Kapasitor pada  kondisi  ini digunakan untuk menyimpan  energi  pada  sistem penendang  robot.    Karena  sistem penendang  membutuhkan energi yang tinggi, tegangan  yang digunakan  untukmengisi kapasitor harus tegangan  tinggi.  Oleh karena itu, pada paper ini akan dibahas pemodelan boost converter  dengan tegangan  output 350V.Pemodelan akan menggunakan metode averaging untuk  membuat 2 persamaan dari 2 kondisi boost converter menjadi 1 persamaan state-space yang mewakili seluruh kondisi dari boost converter tersebut.Dengan  memasukkan parameter-parameter  yang telah  dihitung ke dalam  persamaan state-space tersebut akan  diuji respon  dari sistem boost converter  dengan  menggunakan simulasi python. Pada kondisi awal boost converter akan disimulasikan menggunakan critical value dari setiap komponen dari hasil perhitungan. Selanjutnya, beban kapasitor akan dirubah menjadi 4700µF sesuai dengan  kapasitor yang digunakan  pada robot.  Dari simulasi tersebut didapatkan bahwa boost  converter  dengan  tegangan  output 350V dan menggnakan beban kapasitor 4700uF mampu  menuju keadaan  stabil  pada  waktu  0.6 s.

In this paper, a boost converter model is designed for charging capacitors on wheeled soccer robots. Capacitors in this condition are used to store energy in the robotic kicking system. Because the system requires high energy, the voltage used to charge the capacitor must be high. Therefore, this paper will discuss the boost converter modeling with 350V output voltage. The modeling will use the averaging method to create 2 equations from 2 boost converter conditions to 1 state-space equation that represents all conditions of the boost converter. By entering the calculated parameters into the state-space equation, the response of the boost converter system will be tested using python simulation. In the initial conditions, the boost converter will be simulated using the critical value of each component from the calculation results. Furthermore, the capacitor charge will be changed to 4700µF according to the capacitor used in the robot. From the simulation, it was found that the boost converter with an output voltage of 350V and using a 4700uF capacitor load was able to go to a stable state in 6s.
Aplikasi RFID sebagai pendeteksi kehadiran pada perkuliahan terkait perhitungan kompensasi bagi mahasiswa Politeknik Negeri Malang
Authors: Rasyid Abdul , Waluyo Waluyo , Mustafa Lis Diana , Kurniawati Ellen , Aditya Malika
Published: April 2021

Abstrak

Banyak cara untuk mengetahui keberadaan para dosen dan mahasiswa pada saat aktifitas perkuliahan, mulai dari cara lama menggunakan kertas lembar presensi, menggunakan barcode hingga cara yang sudah terkomputerisasi. Dan permasalahan yang sering timbul dalam Politeknik Negeri Malang adalah perhitungan absensi yang memakan waktu lama dan membutuhkan usaha ekstra untuk merekap data dari lembar absensi mahasiswa pada setiap kelas. Pada penelitian ini, sistem absensi akan menggunakan teknologi RFID (Radio Frequency Identification). Dimana setiap dosen dan mahasiswa akan memliki tag RFID dengan nomor identitas masing-masing yang akan digunakan untuk melakukan absensi. Tag RFID tersebut akan dipindai dan data yang didapat akan disimpan pada database berupa nama, tanggal, hari, jam hadir dan jam keluar. Dari data tersebut akan diolah shingga dapat diketahui jumlah kehadiran dosen, absensi, dan jumlah kompensasi dari mahasiswa. Pada penelitian ini kinerja, kecepatan, jarak jangkau dan ketahanan dari noise diteliti menggunakan aplikasi Wireshark. Dan didapatkan bahwa sistem dapat berjalan dengan waktu yang sangat singkat, waktu rata-rata yang digunakan untuk mengirimkan data adalah 447ms dan masih dapat bekerja meskipun terhalang oleh kertas dengan ketebalan dibawah 2.8cm. Sehingga dengan menggunakan aplikasi ini, proses absensi dan proses perhitungan kompensasi yang semula cukup lama dan membutuhkan usaha ekstra dapat dilakukan dengan cepat dan efisien.  

 

Abstract

There are many ways to find out the whereabouts of lecturers and students during lecture activities, like using old method by writing in presence sheet paper, using barcodes or using computerized methods. And the problem that often arises in the State Polytechnic of Malang is the calculation of attendance which takes a long time and requires extra effort to recap the data from student attendance sheets in each class. In this study, the attendance system will use RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology. Where each lecturer and student will have an RFID tag with their respective identity numbers which will be used for attendance. The RFID tag will be scanned and the data obtained will be stored in the database in the form of name, date, day, time of attendance and time out. From this data, it will be processed so that it can be seen the number of lecturers' attendance, attendance, and the amount of compensation for each students. In this study, the performance, speed, range and resistance of noise were examined using the Wireshark application. And it was found that the system can run in a very short time, the average time used to transmit data is 447ms and can still work even though it is hindered by paper with a thickness below 2.8cm. so that by using this application, the attendance process and the process of calculating compensation, which were quite long and required extra effort, can be done quickly and efficiently.
Rancang bangun driver inverter 1000 Watt dengan kendali EGS - 002
Authors: Luqman Mohammad , Herwandi Herwandi , Radianto Donny
Published: April 2021

Abstrak

Penelitian ini dimulai dengan penentuan spesifikasi sistem yang akan dibuat, yaitu sebuah inverter sinusoida pada tegangan output 220Vac pada  frekuensi 50 Hz dengan daya sekitar 1000 Watt. Kontrol utama menggunakan EGS-002 sebagai pembangkit sinyal SPWM dan sekaligus driver transistor switching. Sebagai peranti switching adalah 8 buah transistor MOSFET IRF 3205 dengan konfigurasi full-bridge. Sebagai pengubah sinyal SPWM menjadi sinyal sinusoida sekaligus penaik tegangan output digunakan trafo step-up 24V/220V 10A. Hasilnya berupa inverter dengan luaran berupa gelombang sinusoida dengan spesifikasi sebagai berikut: Tegangan masukan 24 VDC. Tegangan luaran 221 VAC dengan bentuk gelombang sinusoida murni pada frekuensi 50 Hz. Daya luaran sampai dengan 905 Watt. Dimensi alat adalah: Panjang 30,5 cm x Lebar 18,5 cm x tinggi 12 cm, dengan berat kurang lebih 3 kg, yang dilengkapi dengan terminal masukan 24Vdc dan 2 buah terminal output 220 Vac (stop kontak).

 

Abstract

This research begins with determining the specifications of the system to be made, namely a sinusoidal inverter at an output voltage of 220Vac at a frequency of 50 Hz with a power of about 1000 Watts. The main control uses the EGS-002 as the SPWM signal generator as well as the switching transistor driver. As a switching device are 8 MOSFET transistors IRF 3205 with a full-bridge configuration. To convert the SPWM signal into a sinusoidal signal as well as to increase the output voltage, a 24V / 220V 10A step-up transformer is used. The result is an inverter with a sine wave output with the following specifications: 24 VDC input voltage. Output voltage 221 VAC with pure sinusoidal waveform at a frequency of 50 Hz. Output power up to 905 Watts. The dimensions of the tool are: Length 30.5 cm x Width 18.5 cm x height 12 cm, weighing approximately 3 kg, equipped with a 24Vdc input terminal and 2 220 Vac output terminals (electric socket).
Kajian Karakteristik dan Energi pada Pirolisis Limbah Plastik Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
Authors: Novarini  , Kurniawan Sigit , Rusdianasari  , Bow Yohandri
Published: April 2021

Low-Density Poly Ethylene (LDPE), plastic waste cannot be broken down by microorganisms in the soil, has no sale value, so it is buried in the final waste disposal site. One of the plastic waste treatment methods is the pyrolysis process. The purpose of this study was to determine the type of fuel oil from pyrolysis products and to determine the energy efficiency produced against the highest fuel use. The pyrolysis equipment used is 1 reactor unit and 1 condenser unit. The characteristics of the fuel oil product analyzed are the cetane index, density, sulfur content, kinematic viscosity, flash point, and caloric value of the pyrolysis process which varies the combustion temperature in the reactor by 200°C, 250°C, 300°C and the process in the reactor, with and without the use of natural zeolite catalysts 1% against 2.5 kg of LDPE plastic waste for 6 hours. After the type of fuel produced is identified, an energy efficiency assessment of the fuel product is carried out on the use of fuel in the pyrolysis process. The results analysis show that the all product of fuel oil is a kerosene-type of fuel. The highest efficiency of 72.51% is the kerosene produced in pyrolysis using a catalyst at a temperature of 250°C with an energy value ratio of 20,402 kcal for kerosene from pyrolysis of LDPE plastic waste and 28,137 kcal for the use of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) fuel in the pyrolysis process. Pyrolysis using a 1% zeolite catalyst at 250°C has proven to be an efficient and sustainable way to treat LDPE waste into kerosene fuel.
Teknologi Pengolahan Kandungan Kromium dalam Limbah Penyamakan Kulit Menggunakan Proses Adsorpsi: Review
Authors: Maryudi  , Rahayu Aster , Syauqi Refah , Islami Muhammad Kresna
Published: April 2021

The waste management issue is one of the biggest problems in the industries recently. Every industry has a high probability of releasing toxic by-product to the environment in the form of waste. One example is in the leather tanning industry. Leather tanning waste still removes harmful metals in its waste, such as heavy metal chromium (Cr). Chromium is used to produce finer skin products. About 30-40% chromium will be carried in the tanning liquid waste. The high chromium levels remaining and carried away in the waste can cause acute and chronic toxicity to the environment and even very harmful to living things. Adsorption is one of the highly recommended methods available to overcome this problem. Relatively low handling costs, simple processes, and the possibility of being recycled are some of the adsorption process's advantages. In addition, the adsorption process can be maximized by using adsorbents that have specific potential specifications for chromium absorption. This article reviews batch and continuous adsorption methods in the processing of chromium content in tannery waste.
Pemanfaatan Precipitated Calcium Carbonat dari Batu Kapur dalam Pembuatan β- TCP sebagai Bahan Dasar Implan Tulang
Authors: Azkiya Noor Isnaini , Prasetia Fanny , Chrisnandari Rosita Dwi , Witasari Wianthi Septia
Published: April 2021

One of the biocompatible materials that are often used as a basic materials for bone and dental implants is tricalcium phosphate. This material can be produced from precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) limestone because it has a very high calcium content. The method used to synthesize tricalcium phosphate was deposition of CaO and H3PO4 precursors in ethanol media. The results of the synthesis was characterized using FT-IR instruments, AAS, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and XRD. Based on the results of the UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis, the Ca/P ratio of the synthesis results obtained was 1.87. FT-IR test showed the presence of a Ca-O group at wave number 1400 cm-1 and PO43- group at wave numbers 561 cm-1 and 1041 cm-1. XRD test showed highest peaks of β-TCP (tricalcium phosphate) according to JCPDS no. 09-0169.
Pengaruh Jenis Komposter dan Waktu Pengomposan terhadap Pembuatan Pupuk Kompos dari Activated Sludge Limbah Industri Bioetanol
Authors: Witasari Wianthi Septia , Sa'diyah Khalimatus , Hidayatulloh Mohammad
Published: April 2021

Side product of the waste water treatment plant in the bioethanol industry produces solid waste in the form of activated sludge.This waste can cause problems if not handled properly. Among them are reducing the nutrient content in the soil and polluting clean water sources when they enter river bodies. Activated sludge waste from the anaerobic biodigester process in the bioethanol industry can be used as organic fertilizer by composting. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of composter design and composting time in making compost from activated sludge of bioethanol industrial waste on the content of compost produced. In composting process used an EM4 as bioactivator. The composter design used is an aerated composter and a non-aerated composter. The composting time used is blank, week 1, week 2, week 3 and week 4. From the analysis, it was found that the physical characteristics of compost were temperature, pH, humidity, C organic, total N, total P, total K, and theC / N ratio according to SNI 19-7030-2004. The use of aerated and non aerated design composters produces quality compost that meets SNI 19-7030-2004. The longer composting time will provide better quality compost.
The Liquid Diet Composition Affects the Fecal Bacterial Community in Pre-weaning Dairy Calves
Authors: Virgínio Júnior Gercino Ferreira , Coelho Marina Gavanski , de Toledo Ariany Faria , Montenegro Horácio , Coutinho Luiz Lehmann , Bittar Carla Maris Machado
Published: April 2021

Feeding a liquid diet to the newborn calf has considerable implications for developing the intestinal microbiota, as its composition can shift the population to a highly adapted microbiota. The present work evaluated 15 Holstein calves individually housed and fed one of the three liquid diets: I – whole milk (n = 5), II – milk replacer (22.9% CP; 16.2% fat; diluted to 14% solids; n = 5) and III – acidified whole milk to pH 4.5 with formic acid (n = 5). All animals received 6 L of liquid diet, divided into two meals, being weaned at week 8 of life. Calves also had free access to water and starter concentrate. After weaning, all calves were grouped on pasture, fed with starter concentrate, and hay ad libitum. The fecal samples were collected at birth (0) and at weeks 1, 2, 4, 8, and 10 of life. The bacterial community was assessed the through sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene on the Illumina MiSeq platform and analyzed using the DADA2 pipeline. Diversity indices were not affected by the liquid diets, but by age (P < 0.001) with weeks 1 and 2 presenting lower diversity, evenness, and richness values. The bacterial community structure was affected by diet, age, and the interaction of these factors (P < 0.01). Twenty-eight bacterial phyla were identified in the fecal samples, and the most predominant phyla were Firmicutes (42.35%), Bacteroidota (39.37%), and Proteobacteria (9.36%). The most prevalent genera were Bacteroides (10.71%), Lactobacillus (8.11%), Alloprevotella (6.20%). Over the weeks, different genera were predominant, with some showing significant differences among treatments. The different liquid diets altered the fecal bacterial community during the pre-weaning period. However, differences in the initial colonization due to different liquid diets are alleviated after weaning, when animals share a common environment and solid diet composition.
Use of Hybrid PEDOT:PSS/Metal Sulfide Quantum Dots for a Hole Injection Layer in Highly Efficient Green Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes
Authors: Zhu Wenqing , Ding Kuangyu , Yi Chen , Chen Ruilin , Wei Bin , Huang Lu , Li Jun
Published: April 2021

In this study, we have synthesized the molybdenum sulfide quantum dots (MoS2 QDs) and zinc sulfide quantum dots (ZnS QDs) and demonstrated a highly efficient green phosphorescent organic light-emitting diode (OLED) with hybrid poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly (styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/QDs hole injection layer (HIL). The electroluminescent properties of PEDOT:PSS and hybrid HIL based devices were explored. An optimized OLED based on the PEDOT:PSS/MoS2 QDs HIL exhibited maximum current efficiency (CE) of 72.7 cd A−1, which shows a 28.2% enhancement as compared to counterpart with single PEDOT:PSS HIL. The higher device performance of OLED with hybrid HIL can be attributed to the enhanced hole injection capacity and balanced charge carrier transportation in the OLED devices. The above analysis illustrates an alternative way to fabricate the high efficiency OLEDs with sulfide quantum dots as a HIL.
pH-Driven Reversible Assembly and Disassembly of Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Liu Yun , Fu Weihua , Xu Zhongsheng , Zhang Liang , Sun Tao , Du Mengmeng , Kang Xun , Xiao Shilin , Zhou Chunyu , Gong Mingfu , Zhang Dong
Published: April 2021

Owing to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), dynamic manipulation of optical properties through the structure evolution of plasmonic nanoparticles has been intensively studied for practical applications. This paper describes a novel method for direct reversible self-assembly and dis-assembly of Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) in water driven by pH stimuli. Using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) as the capping ligand and pH-responsive agent, the APTES hydrolyzes rapidly in response to acid and then condenses into silicon. On the contrary, the condensed silicon can be broken down into silicate by base, which subsequently deprotonates the APTES on AuNPs. By controlling condensation and decomposition of APTES, the plasmonic coupling among adjacent AuNPs could be reversible tuned to display the plasmonic color switching. This study provides a facile and distinctive strategy to regulate the reversible self-assembly of AuNPs, and it also offers a new avenue for other plasmonic nanoparticles to adjust plasmonic properties via reversible self-assembly.
Vaginal Microbiome Composition in Early Pregnancy and Risk of Spontaneous Preterm and Early Term Birth Among African American Women
Authors: Dunlop Anne L. , Satten Glen A. , Hu Yi-Juan , Knight Anna K. , Hill Cherie C. , Wright Michelle L. , Smith Alicia K. , Read Timothy D. , Pearce Bradley D. , Corwin Elizabeth J.
Published: April 2021

Objective

To evaluate the association between the early pregnancy vaginal microbiome and spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) and early term birth (sETB) among African American women.

Methods

Vaginal samples collected in early pregnancy (8-14 weeks’ gestation) from 436 women enrolled in the Emory University African American Vaginal, Oral, and Gut Microbiome in Pregnancy Study underwent 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the V3-V4 region, taxonomic classification, and community state type (CST) assignment. We compared vaginal CST and abundance of taxa for women whose pregnancy ended in sPTB (N = 44) or sETB (N= 84) to those who delivered full term (N = 231).

Results

Nearly half of the women had a vaginal microbiome classified as CST IV (Diverse CST), while one-third had CST III (L. iners dominated) and just 16% had CST I, II, or V (non-iners Lactobacillus dominated). Compared to vaginal CST I, II, or V (non-iners Lactobacillus dominated), both CST III (L. iners dominated) and CST IV (Diverse) were associated with sPTB with an adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 4.1 (1.1, infinity) and 7.7 (2.2, infinity), respectively, in multivariate logistic regression. In contrast, no vaginal CST was associated with sETB. The linear decomposition model (LDM) based on amplicon sequence variant (ASV) relative abundance found a significant overall effect of the vaginal microbiome on sPTB (p=0.034) but not sETB (p=0.320), whereas the LDM based on presence/absence of ASV found no overall effect on sPTB (p=0.328) but a significant effect on sETB (p=0.030). In testing for ASV-specific effects, the LDM found that no ASV was significantly associated with sPTB considering either relative abundance or presence/absence data after controlling for multiple comparisons (FDR 10%), although in marginal analysis the relative abundance of Gardnerella vaginalis (p=0.011), non-iners Lactobacillus (p=0.016), and Mobiluncus curtisii (p=0.035) and the presence of Atopobium vaginae (p=0.049), BVAB2 (p=0.024), Dialister microaerophilis (p=0.011), and Prevotella amnii (p=0.044) were associated with sPTB. The LDM identified the higher abundance of 7 ASVs and the presence of 13 ASVs, all commonly residents of the gut, as associated with sETB at FDR < 10%.

Conclusions

In this cohort of African American women, an early pregnancy vaginal CST III or IV was associated with an increased risk of sPTB but not sETB. The relative abundance and presence of distinct taxa within the early pregnancy vaginal microbiome was associated with either sPTB or sETB.
Boundary Work and Interpretations in the IPCC Review Process of the Role of Bioenergy With Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) in Limiting Global Warming to 1.5°C
Authors: Hansson Anders , Anshelm Jonas , Fridahl Mathias , Haikola Simon
Published: April 2021

Paris Agreement-compatible emissions pathways produced by integrated assessment models (IAMs) often rely on large amounts of carbon dioxide removals, especially afforestation and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). These pathways feature prominently in the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), to the extent that the IAMs have been granted an interpretative privilege at the interface between climate science, economics, and policymaking. The privilege extends to and influences climate governance, including governance of BECCS. This paper contributes to recent debates about the role of the IPCC, and its framing of BECCS, at the science-policy interface. By analyzing all BECCS-related expert review comments and author responses on the IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C, the paper shows that boundary work influences the representation of BECCS by authors referring to: (1) a limited scope or capacity; (2) a restrictive mandate; (3) what constitutes legitimate science, and; (4) relativizing uncertainties. The responses to the review comments indicate a significant degree of compliance on behalf of the authors. Yet, the revisions do not seem to go to the heart of the unease that runs through many of the reviewer comments, i.e., that BECCS seems to be presented as a viable CDR technology at grand scale. While several revisions serve to clarify uncertainties surrounding BECCS, some fundamental aspects of the critique are deflected, through the boundary work identified. What the analysis reveals, beyond a dissatisfaction among many reviewers with the focus on integrated assessment modeling, the associated pathway literature, and analysis of BECCS, is a disagreement about how model results should be interpreted and communicated. While acknowledging the herculean task of the IPCC and the efforts to improve the pathway literature that the SR1.5 triggered within the IAM communities, we argue that the identified boundary work also risks entrenching rather than problematize dominant framings of the feasibility of BECCS. Such entrenchment can counteract the ambition of opening up the scientific work of the IPCC to include more diversity in the process of drafting reports, and arguably also influence the governance of CDR.
Rock Physical Modeling and Seismic Dispersion Attribute Inversion for the Characterization of a Tight Gas Sandstone Reservoir
Authors: Jin Han , Liu Cai , Guo Zhiqi , Zhang Yiming , Niu Cong , Wang Di , Ling Yun
Published: April 2021

Gas identification using seismic data is challenging for tight gas reservoirs with low porosity and permeability due to the complicated poroelastic behaviors of tight sandstone. In this study, the Chapman theory was used to simulate the dispersion and attenuation caused by the squirt flow of fluids in the complex pore spaces, which are assumed to consist of high aspect-ratio pores (stiff pores) and low aspect-ratio microcracks (soft pores). The rock physics modeling revealed that as the gas saturation varies, P-wave velocity dispersion and attenuation occurs at seismic frequencies, and it tends to move to high frequencies as the gas saturation increases. The velocity dispersion of the tight gas sandstone causes a frequency-dependent contrast in the P-wave impedance between the tight sandstone and the overlying mudstone, which consequently leads to frequency-dependent incidence reflection coefficients across the interface. In the synthetic seismic AVO modeling conducted by integrating the rock physics model and the propagator matrix method, the variations in the amplitudes and phases of the PP reflections can be observed for various gas saturations. The tests of the frequency-dependent AVO inversion of these synthetic data revealed that the magnitude of the inverted P-wave dispersion attribute can be used to indicate gas saturation in tight sandstone reservoirs. The applications of the frequency-dependent AVO inversion to the field pre-stacked seismic data revealed that the obtained P-wave dispersion attribute is positively correlated with the gas production from the pay zone at the well locations. Thus, the methods of the rock physics modeling and the frequency-dependent AVO inversion conducted in this study have good potential for the evaluation of the gas saturation in tight gas sandstone reservoirs.
Accounting for Population Structure and Phenotypes From Relatives in Association Mapping for Farm Animals: A Simulation Study
Authors: Mancin Enrico , Lourenco Daniela , Bermann Matias , Mantovani Roberto , Misztal Ignacy
Published: April 2021

Population structure or genetic relatedness should be considered in genome association studies to avoid spurious association. The most used methods for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) account for population structure but are limited to genotyped individuals with phenotypes. Single-step GWAS (ssGWAS) can use phenotypes from non-genotyped relatives; however, its ability to account for population structure has not been explored. Here we investigate the equivalence among ssGWAS, efficient mixed-model association expedited (EMMAX), and genomic best linear unbiased prediction GWAS (GBLUP-GWAS), and how they differ from the single-SNP analysis without correction for population structure (SSA-NoCor). We used simulated, structured populations that mimicked fish, beef cattle, and dairy cattle populations with 1040, 5525, and 1,400 genotyped individuals, respectively. Larger populations were also simulated that had up to 10-fold more genotyped animals. The genomes were composed by 29 chromosomes, each harboring one QTN, and the number of simulated SNPs was 35,000 for the fish and 65,000 for the beef and dairy cattle populations. Males and females were genotyped in the fish and beef cattle populations, whereas only males had genotypes in the dairy population. Phenotypes for a trait with heritability varying from 0.25 to 0.35 were available in both sexes for the fish population, but only for females in the beef and dairy cattle populations. In the latter, phenotypes of daughters were projected into genotyped sires (i.e., deregressed proofs) before applying EMMAX and SSA-NoCor. Although SSA-NoCor had the largest number of true positive SNPs among the four methods, the number of false negatives was two–fivefold that of true positives. GBLUP-GWAS and EMMAX had a similar number of true positives, which was slightly smaller than in ssGWAS, although the difference was not significant. Additionally, no significant differences were observed when deregressed proofs were used as pseudo-phenotypes in EMMAX compared to daughter phenotypes in ssGWAS for the dairy cattle population. Single-step GWAS accounts for population structure and is a straightforward method for association analysis when only a fraction of the population is genotyped and/or when phenotypes are available on non-genotyped relatives.
Melatonin Synergizes With Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Attenuates Chronic Allograft Vasculopathy
Authors: Qin Ya-fei , Kong De-jun , Qin Hong , Zhu Yang-lin , Li Guang-ming , Sun Cheng-lu , Zhao Yi-ming , Wang Hong-da , Hao Jing-peng , Wang Hao
Published: April 2021

Background

Chronic rejection characterized by chronic allograft vasculopathy (CAV) remains a major obstacle to long-term graft survival. Due to multiple complicated mechanisms involved, a novel therapy for CAV remains exploration. Although mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been ubiquitously applied to various refractory immune-related diseases, rare research makes a thorough inquiry in CAV. Meanwhile, melatonin (MT), a wide spectrum of immunomodulator, plays a non-negligible role in transplantation immunity. Here, we have investigated the synergistic effects of MT in combination with MSCs in attenuation of CAV.

Methods

C57BL/6 (B6) mouse recipients receiving BALB/c mouse donor aorta transplantation have been treated with MT and/or adipose-derived MSCs. Graft pathological changes, intragraft immunocyte infiltration, splenic immune cell populations, circulating donor-specific antibodies levels, cytokine profiles were detected on post-operative day 40. The proliferation capacity of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, populations of Th1, Th17, and Tregs were also assessed in vitro.

Results

Grafts in untreated recipients developed a typical pathological feature of CAV characterized by intimal thickening 40 days after transplantation. Compared to untreated and monotherapy groups, MT in combination with MSCs effectively ameliorated pathological changes of aorta grafts indicated by markedly decreased levels of intimal hyperplasia and the infiltration of CD4+ cells, CD8+ cells, and macrophages, but elevated infiltration of Foxp3+ cells. MT either alone or in combination with MSCs effectively inhibited the proliferation of T cells, decreased populations of Th1 and Th17 cells, but increased the proportion of Tregs in vitro. MT synergized with MSCs displayed much fewer splenic populations of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, Th1 cells, Th17 cells, CD4+ central memory T cells (Tcm), as well as effector memory T cells (Tem) in aorta transplant recipients. In addition, the percentage of splenic Tregs was substantially increased in the combination therapy group. Furthermore, MT combined with MSCs markedly reduced serum levels of circulating allospecific IgG and IgM, as well as decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, and MCP-1, but increased the level of IL-10 in the recipients.

Conclusions

These data suggest that MT has synergy with MSCs to markedly attenuate CAV and provide a novel therapeutic strategy to improve the long-term allograft acceptance in transplant recipients.
In the Wrong Place at the Wrong Time: Identifying Spatiotemporal Co-occurrence of Bycaught Common Dolphins and Fisheries in the Bay of Biscay (NE Atlantic) From 2010 to 2019
Authors: Peltier Helene , Authier Matthieu , Caurant Florence , Dabin Willy , Daniel Pierre , Dars Cecile , Demaret Fabien , Meheust Eleonore , Van Canneyt Olivier , Spitz Jerome , Ridoux Vincent
Published: April 2021

The first Unusual Mortality Event (UME) related to fishing activity along the Atlantic coast recorded by the French Stranding Network was in 1989: 697 small delphinids, mostly common dolphins, washed ashore, most of them with evidence of having been bycaught. Since then, UMEs of common dolphins have been observed nearly every year in the Bay of Biscay; unprecedented records were broken every year since 2016. The low and unequally distributed observation efforts aboard fishing vessels in the Bay of Biscay, as well as the lack of data on foreign fisheries necessitated the use of complementary data (such as stranding data) to elucidate the involvement of fisheries in dolphin bycatch. The aim of this work was to identify positive spatial and temporal correlations between the likely origins of bycaught stranded common dolphins (estimated from a mechanistic drift model) and fishing effort statistics inferred from Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) data on vessels >12 m long. Fisheries whose effort correlated positively with dolphin mortality areas after 2016 included French midwater trawlers, French Danish seiners, French gillnetters, French trammel netters, Spanish bottom trawlers, and Spanish gillnetters. For the French fleet only, logbook declarations, sales, and surveys carried out by Ifremer were integrated into fishing effort data. Six fleets were active in common dolphin bycatch areas at least twice between 2016 and 2019: gillnetters fishing hake, trammel netters fishing anglerfish, bottom pair trawlers fishing hake, midwater pair trawlers fishing sea bass and hake, and Danish seiners fishing whiting. Except for changes in hake landings in some fisheries, there were no notable changes in total fishing effort practice (gear or target species) based on the data required by the ICES and Council of the European Union that could explain the large increase in stranded common dolphins recorded along the French Atlantic coast after 2016. Small scale or unrecorded changes could have modified interactions between common dolphins and fisheries, but could not be detected through mandatory data-calls. The recent increase in strandings of bycaught common dolphins could have been caused by changes in their distribution and/or ecology, or changes in fishery practices that were undetectable through available data.
Multiplex Immunofluorescence Tyramide Signal Amplification for Immune Cell Profiling of Paraffin-Embedded Tumor Tissues
Authors: Hernandez Sharia , Rojas Frank , Laberiano Caddie , Lazcano Rossana , Wistuba Ignacio , Parra Edwin Roger
Published: April 2021

Every day, more evidence is revealed regarding the importance of the relationship between the response to cancer immunotherapy and the cancer immune microenvironment. It is well established that a profound characterization of the immune microenvironment is needed to identify prognostic and predictive immune biomarkers. To this end, we find phenotyping cells by multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) a powerful and useful tool to identify cell types in biopsy specimens. Here, we describe the use of mIF tyramide signal amplification for labeling up to eight markers on a single slide of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissue to phenotype immune cells in tumor tissues. Different panels show different markers, and the different panels can be used to characterize immune cells and relevant checkpoint proteins. The panel design depends on the research hypothesis, the cell population of interest, or the treatment under investigation. To phenotype the cells, image analysis software is used to identify individual marker expression or specific co-expression markers, which can differentiate already selected phenotypes. The individual-markers approach identifies a broad number of cell phenotypes, including rare cells, which may be helpful in a tumor microenvironment study. To accurately interpret results, it is important to recognize which receptors are expressed on different cell types and their typical location (i.e., nuclear, membrane, and/or cytoplasm). Furthermore, the amplification system of mIF may allow us to see weak marker signals, such as programmed cell death ligand 1, more easily than they are seen with single-marker immunohistochemistry (IHC) labeling. Finally, mIF technologies are promising resources for discovery of novel cancer immunotherapies and related biomarkers. In contrast with conventional IHC, which permits only the labeling of one single marker per tissue sample, mIF can detect multiple markers from a single tissue sample, and at the same time, deliver extensive information about the cell phenotypes composition and their spatial localization. In this matter, the phenotyping process is critical and must be done accurately by a highly trained personal with knowledge of immune cell protein expression and tumor pathology.
Effects of APOE ε2 on the Fractional Amplitude of Low-Frequency Fluctuation in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Study Based on the Resting-State Functional MRI
Authors: Liu Xiaocao , Zeng Qingze , Luo Xiao , Li Kaicheng , Hong Hui , Wang Shuyue , Guan Xiaojun , Wu Jingjing , Zhang Ruiting , Zhang Tianyi , Li Zheyu , Fu Yanv , Wang Tao , Wang Chao , Xu Xiaojun , Huang Peiyu , Zhang Minming ,   for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI)
Published: April 2021

Background

Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε2 is a protective genetic factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the potential interaction effects between the APOE ε2 allele and disease status on the intrinsic brain activity remain elusive.

Methods

We identified 73 healthy control (HC) with APOE ε3/ε3, 61 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects with APOE ε3/ε3, 24 HC with APOE ε2/ε3, and 10 MCI subjects with APOE ε2/ε3 from the ADNI database. All subjects underwent a resting-state functional MRI and Fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). We used a fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) to explore the spontaneous brain activity. Based on the mixed-effects analysis, we explored the interaction effects between the APOE ε2 allele versus disease status on brain activity and metabolism in a voxel-wise fashion (GRF corrected, p < 0.01), followed by post hoc two-sample t-tests (Bonferroni corrected, p < 0.05). We then investigated the relationship between the mean imaging metrics and cognitive abilities.

Results

There are no significant differences in gender, age, or education among the four groups. The interaction effect on brain activity was located in the inferior parietal lobule (IPL). Post hoc analysis showed that APOE ε2/ε3 MCI had an increased IPL fALFF than APOE ε3/ε3 MCI. Regarding the APOE ε2 allele effects, we found that ε2 carriers had a decreased fALFF in the transverse temporal gyrus than non-carriers. Also, FDG-PET results showed a lower SUVR of the frontal lobe in APOE ε2 carriers than non-carriers. Furthermore, fALFF of IPL was correlated with the visuospatial function (r = −0.16, p < 0.05).

Conclusion

APOE ε2 carriers might have a better brain reservation when coping with AD-related pathologies.
Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) Does Not Affect Sports People’s Explosive Power: A Pilot Study
Authors: Giustiniani Andreina , Battaglia Giuseppe , Messina Giuseppe , Morello Hely , Guastella Salvatore , Iovane Angelo , Oliveri Massimiliano , Palma Antonio , Proia Patrizia
Published: April 2021

Purpose: This study is aimed to preliminary investigate whether transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) could affect explosive power considering genetic background in sport subjects.

Methods: Seventeen healthy sports volunteers with at least 3 years of sports activities participated in the experiment. After 2 weeks of familiarization performed without any stimulation, each participant received either 50 Hz-tACS or sham-tACS. Before and after stimulation, subjects performed the following tests: (1) the squat jump with the hands on the hips (SJ); (2) countermovement jump with the hands on the hips (CMJ); (3) countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJ-AS); (4) 15-s Bosco’s test; (5) seated backward overhead medicine ball throw (SBOMBT); (6) seated chest pass throw (SCPT) with a 3-kg rubber medicine ball; and (7) hand-grip test. Additionally, saliva samples were collected from each participant. Genotyping analysis was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results: No significant differences were found in sport performance of subjects after 50 Hz-tACS. Additionally, we did not find any influence of genetic background on tACS-related effect on physical performance. These results suggest that tACS at gamma frequency is not able to induce an after-effect modulating sport performance. Further investigations with larger sample size are needed in order to understand the potential role of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques (NIBS) in motor performances.

Conclusions: Gamma-tACS applied before the physical performance fails to improve explosive power in sport subjects.
Mutant PRPF8 Causes Widespread Splicing Changes in Spliceosome Components in Retinitis Pigmentosa Patient iPSC-Derived RPE Cells
Authors: Arzalluz-Luque Ángeles , Cabrera Jose Luis , Skottman Heli , Benguria Alberto , Bolinches-Amorós Arantxa , Cuenca Nicolás , Lupo Vincenzo , Dopazo Ana , Tarazona Sonia , Delás Bárbara , Carballo Miguel , Pascual Beatriz , Hernan Imma , Erceg Slaven , Lukovic Dunja
Published: April 2021

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a rare, progressive disease that affects photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells with blindness as a final outcome. Despite high medical and social impact, there is currently no therapeutic options to slow down the progression of or cure the disease. The development of effective therapies was largely hindered by high genetic heterogeneity, inaccessible disease tissue, and unfaithful model organisms. The fact that components of ubiquitously expressed splicing factors lead to the retina-specific disease is an additional intriguing question. Herein, we sought to correlate the retinal cell-type-specific disease phenotype with the splicing profile shown by a patient with autosomal recessive RP, caused by a mutation in pre-mRNA splicing factor 8 (PRPF8). In order to get insight into the role of PRPF8 in homeostasis and disease, we capitalize on the ability to generate patient-specific RPE cells and reveal differentially expressed genes unique to RPE cells. We found that spliceosomal complex and ribosomal functions are crucial in determining cell-type specificity through differential expression and alternative splicing (AS) and that PRPF8 mutation causes global changes in splice site selection and exon inclusion that particularly affect genes involved in these cellular functions. This finding corroborates the hypothesis that retinal tissue identity is conferred by a specific splicing program and identifies retinal AS events as a framework toward the design of novel therapeutic opportunities.
Decoding Covert Speech From EEG-A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Panachakel Jerrin Thomas , Ramakrishnan Angarai Ganesan
Published: April 2021

Over the past decade, many researchers have come up with different implementations of systems for decoding covert or imagined speech from EEG (electroencephalogram). They differ from each other in several aspects, from data acquisition to machine learning algorithms, due to which, a comparison between different implementations is often difficult. This review article puts together all the relevant works published in the last decade on decoding imagined speech from EEG into a single framework. Every important aspect of designing such a system, such as selection of words to be imagined, number of electrodes to be recorded, temporal and spatial filtering, feature extraction and classifier are reviewed. This helps a researcher to compare the relative merits and demerits of the different approaches and choose the one that is most optimal. Speech being the most natural form of communication which human beings acquire even without formal education, imagined speech is an ideal choice of prompt for evoking brain activity patterns for a BCI (brain-computer interface) system, although the research on developing real-time (online) speech imagery based BCI systems is still in its infancy. Covert speech based BCI can help people with disabilities to improve their quality of life. It can also be used for covert communication in environments that do not support vocal communication. This paper also discusses some future directions, which will aid the deployment of speech imagery based BCI for practical applications, rather than only for laboratory experiments.