bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forecasting residential gas consumption with machine learning algorithms on weather data
Authors: de Keijzer Brian , de Visser Pol , García Romillo Víctor , Gómez Muñoz Víctor , Boesten Daan , Meezen Megan , Salcedo Rahola Tadeo Baldiri
Published: August 2019

Machine learning models have proven to be reliable methods in the forecasting of energy use in commercial and office buildings. However, little research has been done on energy forecasting in dwellings, mainly due to the difficulty of obtaining household level data while keeping the privacy of inhabitants in mind. Gaining insight into the energy consumption in the near future can be helpful in balancing the grid and insights in how to reduce the energy consumption can be received. In collaboration with OPSCHALER, a measurement campaign on the influence of housing characteristics on energy costs and comfort, several machine learning models were compared on forecasting performance and the computational time needed. Nine months of data containing the mean gas consumption of 52 dwellings on a one hour resolution was used for this research. The first 6 months were used for training, whereas the last 3 months were used to evaluate the models. The results showed that the Deep Neural Network (DNN) performed best with a 50.1 % Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) on a one hour resolution. When comparing daily and weekly resolutions, the Multivariate Linear Regression (MVLR) outperformed other models, with a 20.1 % and 17.0 % MAPE, respectively. The models were programmed in Python.
Performance assessment between a ground coupled and air source heat pump used for domestic hot water preparation
Authors: Sebarchievici Calin
Published: August 2019

A ground-coupled heat pump system (GCHP) and an air source heat pump (ASHP) driven by photovoltaic panels are used to provide domestic hot preparation for a NZEB house. The experimental measurements are used to test both the heat pump models in the same conditions of water temperature and volume of domestic hot water. A comparative analysis of the two heat pumps for domestic hot water preparation is performed. In addition, using the software TRNSYS (Transient Systems Simulation), two numerical simulation models of thermal and electrical energy consumption in DHW mode are developed. Finally, the simulations obtained using TRNSYS software are analysed and compared to the experimental data.
Energy metrics for European residential buildings for cities, towns&suburbs and rural areas – the case of Romania
Authors: Dogaru Vasile , Dobosi Ioan Silviu
Published: August 2019

The report of The International Energy Agency summarizes the energy use for European Union cities in 2006 by 1259 Mtoe (3.46 toe per capita) and predicts an yearly increase by 0.73% until 2015 and by 0.4% between 2016-2030. The projection for the first increase has not been reached for EU residential urban buildings. The world energy use for buildings is about 40%. Some EU countries have no disaggregated data for urban-rural areas, for cities, towns and suburbs and rural areas. We are modeling Romania’s residential building energy between 2001-2016 for the three levels mentioned above. In the following period, the rural buildings energy per capita will overcome the urban level of cities, towns and suburbs in Romania, in line with other EU countries. The distinct metrics for employees and pensioners were modeled by policy makers in cities, towns and suburbs and rural areas. The quantity of energy use was also modeled for the three levels. The downwards trend for household energy use in cities as compared to rural areas is identified for the 2001-2016 period for Romania. The EU energy use figures for cities will underline the more efficient allocation of structural funds for the next programming period 2021-2027.
Rationale Therapie chronisch-entzündlicher Darmerkrankungen
Authors: Schmidt Carsten
Published: August 2019

Von Morbus Crohn und Colitis ulcerosa sind in Deutschland etwa 400 000 Menschen betroffen. Der individuell oft sehr variable Erkrankungsverlauf erfordert eine risikoadaptierte Therapie, die sich an Ausdehnung und Erkrankungsaktivität, dem individuellen Verlauf der Erkrankung, Ansprechen und gegebenenfalls Nebenwirkungen vorausgegangener Therapien, möglichen Komorbiditäten, Aspekten der Therapiesicherheit und den jeweiligen Therapiezielen orientieren sollte. Zur Remissionsinduktion wie auch zur Remissionserhaltung stehen eine Vielzahl von Wirkprinzipien und unterschiedlichen Präparaten zur Verfügung, die einer differenzierten Indikationsstellung bedürfen. In diesem Artikel soll basierend auf den aktuellen Leitlinien 1–3 eine Übersicht über die rationale Therapie der CED entworfen werden.
Pseudoaneurysm of Ascending Aorta with Sternal Erosion after Double Valve Replacement—A Case Report
Authors: Kathi Ravi Kumar , Malempati Amaresh Rao , Kollapalli Goutham , Batt Chaitra Krishna , Tarekh Sayyad Sohail
Published: August 2019

Pseudoaneurysm of ascending aorta is a rare complication after aortic surgery. Predisposing factors can be infection, chronic hypertension, connective tissue disorders, or dissection. Chest pain, sternal erosion, dysphagia, or stridor can be the modes of presentation. It can also present as a pulsatile mass. Redo sternotomy in a case of pseudoaneurysm of aorta can cause fatal hemorrhage or air embolism. In such a scenario, femorofemoral bypass and hypothermic circulatory arrest help to simplify the approach to the pseudoaneurysm. The authors present a case of a 23-year-old female with pseudoaneurysm of the ascending aorta causing sternal erosion. Ascending aortic repair was done using Dacron patch with femorofemoral bypass and hypothermic circulatory arrest. Sternum was repaired using pectoralis major muscle flap.
The Fascinating World of Phosphanylphosphonates: From Acetylenic Phosphaalkenes to Reductive Aldehyde Couplings
Authors: Mai Juri , Ott Sascha
Published: August 2019

This account highlights the versatility of phosphanylphosphonates, which can be used for the preparation of phosphorus-containing π-systems and as reagents for the reductive coupling of carbonyl compounds to alkenes. Phosphanylphosphonates with metal fragments coordinated to the P-lone pair have been known for a long time and they have been used for the synthesis of phosphaalkenes by means of the phospha-Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction. With the original aim of incorporating phosphorus heteroatoms into classical all-carbon ethynylethene scaffolds, we entered the field of phosphanylphosphonates with the discovery that these compounds engage in complex cascade reactions with acetylenic ketones, forming 1,2-oxaphospholes, cumulenes, and bisphospholes. Later, we synthesized the first metal-free phosphanylphosphonate, which reacts with aldehydes to yield phosphaalkenes, but gives phospholones when diacetylenic ketones are used as substrates. In the final part of the account, we outline our discovery and the development of an unprecedented carbonyl–carbonyl cross-coupling reaction. This protocol offers a straightforward method for the synthesis of nonsymmetric 1,2-disubstituted alkenes directly from two dissimilar aldehydes.

1 Combining Acetylenes with Phosphaalkenes

2 Synthetic Examples of Acetylenic Phosphaalkenes

3 The Phospha-Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons Approach to Phosphaalkenes

3.1 Metal-Coordinated Phosphanylphosphonates

3.2 Mechanism of the Phospha-Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons Reaction

3.3 The First Metal-Free Phosphanylphosphonate and Its Reactivity with Aldehydes

4 Reactions with Acetylenic Ketones

4.1 Metal-Coordinated Phosphanylphosphonate and Monoacetylenic Ketones

4.2 Metal-Coordinated Phosphanylphosphonate and Diacetylenic Ketones

4.3 Metal-Free Phosphanylphosphonate and Diacetylenic Ketones

5 Metal-Free Phosphanylphosphonate as a Coupling Reagent for Aldehydes

6 E-Alkenes by the Reductive Coupling of Two Aldehydes

7 Conclusions and Outlook
β-Selective One-Pot Synthesis of Acyl-C-Glycosides via Corey–Seebach Umpolung Reaction
Authors: Boehlich G. Jacob , Schützenmeister Nina
Published: August 2019

C-Glycosides are commonly used as carbohydrate mimics in drug development due to their stability against enzymatic and chemical hydrolysis. In this Synpacts article we elaborate on our fast and efficient β-selective approach towards protected and unprotected acyl glycosides. Application of a Corey–Seebach umpolung reaction enables the exclusive formation of the β-anomer of aromatic acyl-C-glycosides in good to excellent yields.

1 Introduction

2 C-Glycosylation of Benzylated Glycosyl Donors

3 C-Glycosylation of Silylated Glycosyl Donors

4 Conclusion
Gaining Greater Adherence from Patients for Amplification
Authors: Kasewurm Gyl A.
Published: August 2019

Every audiology curriculum features coursework and clinical practicum experiences on the knowledge and skills necessary to complete a basic audiological evaluation, diagnose the source of any abnormalities, and a plan for intervention. More advanced coursework typically includes information on balance disorders, newborn infant hearing screening, hearing conservation, amplification, and other electrophysiological tests. In addition, most programs include at least one course on the basic management principles on how to start and maintain a private practice in audiology. However, educational programs rarely include any type of coursework on how to handle common objections to obtaining help in the form of amplification. This is rather surprising considering that more than 90% of patients whom an audiologist evaluates have sensory neural hearing loss where the primary treatment is amplification, except for people with severe hearing losses who are candidates for cochlear implants. This lack of training and experience often leaves clinicians intimidated by common objections to treatment involving purchasing amplification. This article will discuss common objections that patients voice each day to obtaining amplification and will offer possible solutions.
Identifying Sepsis Populations Benefitting from Anticoagulant Therapy: A Prospective Cohort Study Incorporating a Restricted Cubic Spline Regression Model
Authors: Yamakawa Kazuma , Gando Satoshi , Ogura Hiroshi , Umemura Yutaka , Kabata Daijiro , Shintani Ayumi , Shiraishi Atsushi , Saitoh Daizoh , Fujishima Seitato , Mayumi Toshihiko , Kushimoto Shigeki , Abe Toshikazu , Shiino Yasukazu , Nakada Taka-aki , Tarui Takehiko , Hifumi Toru , Otomo Yasuhiro , Okamoto Kohji , Kotani Joji , Sakamoto Yuichiro , Sasaki Junichi , Shiraishi Shin-ichiro , Takuma Kiyotsugu , Tsuruta Ryosuke , Hagiwara Akiyoshi , Masuno Tomohiko , Takeyama Naoshi , Yamashita Norio , Ikeda Hiroto , Ueyama Masashi , Fujimi Satoshi ,   on behalf of the Japanese Association for Acute Medicine (JAAM) Focused Outcomes Research in Emergency Care in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Sepsis Trauma (FORECAST) Study Group
Published: August 2019

Background Anticoagulant therapy has seldom been achieved in randomized trials targeting nonspecific overall sepsis patients. Although the key components to identify the appropriate target in sepsis may be disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and high disease severity, the interaction and relation of these two components for the effectiveness of therapy remain unknown.

Objective This article identifies the optimal target of anticoagulant therapy in sepsis.

Methods We used a prospective nationwide cohort targeting consecutive adult severe sepsis patients in 59 intensive care units in Japan to assess associations between anticoagulant therapy and in-hospital mortality according to DIC (International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis [ISTH] overt and Japanese Association for Acute Medicine DIC scores) and disease severity (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II [APACHE II] and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores). Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression analysis with nonlinear restricted cubic spline including a two-way interaction term (treatment × each score) and three-way interaction term (treatment × ISTH overt DIC score × APACHE II score) was performed.

Results The final study cohort comprised 1,178 sepsis patients (371 received anticoagulants and 768 did not). The regression model including the two-way interaction term showed significant interaction between intervention and disease severity as indicated by the ISTH overt DIC score and APACHE II score (p = 0.046 and p = 0.101, respectively). Three-way interaction analysis revealed that risk hazard was suppressed in the anticoagulant group compared with the control group in the most severe subset of both scores.

Conclusion Anticoagulant therapy was associated with better outcome according to the deterioration of both DIC and disease severity, suggesting that anticoagulant therapy should be restricted to patients having DIC and high disease severity simultaneously.
Decrease of Thrombosis in Microsurgical Anastomoses: The Use of Intraoperative Pure Intraluminal Unfractionated Heparin
Authors: Ramelli Eloi , Durry Anastasia , Ruffenach Laetitia , Bruant-Rodier Catherine , Bodin Fredéric
Published: August 2019

Background Unfractionated heparin has anticoagulant properties by catalyzing antithrombin III, which inactivates coagulation enzymes. Used in microsurgery, it would prevent the occurrence of thrombosis during microsurgical anastomoses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of intraoperative irrigation of the vascular lumen with pure sodium heparin to prevent vascular thrombosis after end-to-end microsurgical anastomoses.

Methods End-to-end anastomoses were performed on rats by 21 operators. Three surgical sites were studied (cervical, femoral, and rat tail). The first vessel was irrigated with physiological salt solution (0.9%) before, during, and before the end of the anastomosis. Whenever possible, the contralateral vessel was irrigated with pure unfractionated heparin 5,000 UI/mL. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of thrombosis 60 minutes after anastomosis.

Results From November 2015 to April 2018, 247 anastomoses were performed on 229 arteries and 18 veins. One hundred twenty-five anastomoses were irrigated with physiological salt solution, 122 with pure unfractionated heparin. A 60-minute thrombosis was found on 31 anastomoses (25%) irrigated with physiological salt solution compared with 16 anastomoses (13%) irrigated with heparin, that is, a decrease in the thrombosis rate of 2.6 (p = 0.01).

Conclusion The use of pure unfractionated heparin in intraoperative lumen irrigation during microsurgical end-to-end anastomoses reduces the rate of vascular 60-minute thrombosis compared with physiological salt solution irrigation. It is an effective intraoperative procedure for the prevention of microsurgical thrombosis.
Turbulent mixing and transition criteria of flows induced by hydrodynamic instabilities
Authors: Zhou Ye , Clark Timothy T. , Clark Daniel S. , Gail Glendinning S. , Aaron Skinner M. , Huntington Channing M. , Hurricane Omar A. , Dimits Andris M. , Remington Bruce A.
Published: August 2019

In diverse areas of science and technology, including inertial confinement fusion (ICF), astrophysics, geophysics, and engineering processes, turbulent mixing induced by hydrodynamic instabilities is of scientific interest as well as practical significance. Because of the fundamental roles they often play in ICF and other applications, three classes of hydrodynamic instability-induced turbulent flows—those arising from the Rayleigh-Taylor, Richtmyer-Meshkov, and Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities—have attracted much attention. ICF implosions, supernova explosions, and other applications illustrate that these phases of instability growth do not occur in isolation, but instead are connected so that growth in one phase feeds through to initiate growth in a later phase. Essentially, a description of these flows must encompass both the temporal and spatial evolution of the flows from their inception. Hydrodynamic instability will usually start from potentially infinitesimal spatial perturbations, will eventually transition to a turbulent flow, and then will reach a final state of a true multiscale problem. Indeed, this change in the spatial scales can be vast, with hydrodynamic instability evolving from just a few microns to thousands of kilometers in geophysical or astrophysical problems. These instabilities will evolve through different stages before transitioning to turbulence, experiencing linear, weakly, and highly nonlinear states. The challenges confronted by researchers are enormous. The inherent difficulties include characterizing the initial conditions of such flows and accurately predicting the transitional flows. Of course, fully developed turbulence, a focus of many studies because of its major impact on the mixing process, is a notoriously difficult problem in its own right. In this pedagogical review, we will survey challenges and progress, and also discuss outstanding issues and future directions.
The role of surface wettability on the heat transfer in liquid-liquid two-phase flow in a microtube
Authors: Moezzi Mahsa , Kazemzadeh Hannani Siamak , Farhanieh Bijan
Published: August 2019

Liquid-liquid two-phase flow is capable of boosting heat transfer in microdevices compared to the single-phase and gas-liquid flows. A thorough investigation is performed here to characterize the heat transfer in water-oil flow in a microtube. Finite element method along with the level-set model is employed for numerical simulation. A main part of this paper is devoted to studying the effect of wettability on the heat transfer performance. Four contact angles of 0°, 30°, 150°, and 180° are investigated, which revealed that the contact angle of 150° produces the highest Nusselt number (Nu). Triple points form at this contact angle, and the slugs slide on the wall, which results in more significant wall shear and slip velocity on the wall. Based on the observed flow configuration, a novel idea is developed to use the nonuniform distribution of contact angle to augment the local Nu. It is observed that changing the wall from hydrophobic to hydrophilic will locally increase Nu around the transition point. In addition to the contact angle, the slug length, frequency of slug generation, and the film thickness around the slugs affect Nu. Three Weber numbers (We) at four contact angles are examined by varying the flow rate of the oil phase in the next part of the paper. We affects Nu by changing the frequency of slug generation and consequently its length. Finally, the effect of film thickness is scrutinized at various capillary numbers (Ca). The film thickness increases with Ca which reduces the heat removal rate.
Basis set convergence of Wilson basis functions for electronic structure
Authors: Brown James , Whitfield James D.
Published: August 2019

There are many ways to numerically represent chemical systems in order to compute their electronic structure. Basis functions may be localized in real-space (atomic orbitals), in momentum-space (plane waves), or in both components of phase-space. Such phase-space localized basis functions in the form of wavelets have been used for many years in the electronic structure. In this paper, we turn to a phase-space localized basis set first introduced by Wilson [Generalized Wannier Functions (Cornell University, 1987), preprint]. We provide the first full study of this basis and its numerical implementation. To calculate electronic energies of a variety of small molecules and states, we utilize the sum-of-products form, Gaussian quadratures, and introduce methods for selecting sample points from a grid of phase-space localized Wilson basis. Both full configuration interaction and Hartree-Fock implementations are discussed and implemented numerically. As with many grid based methods, describing both tightly bound and diffuse orbitals is challenging so we have considered augmenting the Wilson basis set as projected Slater-type orbitals. We have also compared the Wilson basis set against the recently introduced wavelet transformed Gaussians (gausslets). Throughout, we give comments on the implementation and use small atoms and molecules to illustrate the convergence properties of the Wilson basis.
Spindle-like Fe3O4 nanoparticles for improving sensitivity and repeatability of giant magnetoresistance biosensors
Authors: Guan Mengjie , Mu Xuejian , Zhang Hao , Zhang Yang , Xu Jie , Li Qiang , Wang Xia , Cao Derang , Li Shandong
Published: August 2019

Magnetic labels are one of the most important components in giant magnetoresistance (GMR) biodetection systems and affect detection signals directly. Many researchers have improved the detection performance of GMR biosensors by optimizing the properties of their magnetic labels, including size, shape, coercivity, and magnetization. In most studies, magnetic labels are usually spherical, and there is little research involving alternative shapes. In this work, we prepared spindlelike Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) by hydrothermal and heating reduction. The as-prepared magnetic NPs were incorporated in the GMR biodetection system. An ultralow limitation of detection concentration of 0.05 ng/ml was achieved, which can be attributed to the shape anisotropy of the spindlelike magnetic particles. A wide linear work range, 0.05–1000 ng/ml, can be achieved by the use of the spindlelike Fe3O4 NPs in GMR biodetection. Moreover, the NPs exhibit good repeatability after multiple measurements, which can be attributed to the NPs’ stable and effective magnetic diffusion field. The use of spindlelike Fe3O4 NPs as magnetic labels in this work provides a new method for improving the sensitivity and repeatability of GMR biodetection.
Discrete conservation laws based on micropolar theory considering lattice-scale-director during phase transformation
Authors: Muramatsu Mayu , Shizawa Kazuyuki
Published: August 2019

In this paper, the conventional conservation laws are formulated by modeling the lattice behavior during phase transformation as the rotation of a director. More precisely, a crystal lattice in a metal is modeled during the recrystallization process as an elastic bar element subject to stretching. Using this model, the discrete conservation laws for micropolar theory are finally derived. These conservation laws are the basis of the governing equations of Kobayashi–Warren–Carter (KWC)-type phase-field models. Hence, the derivation of this theory is significant in gaining a deeper comprehension of KWC-type phase-field models. First, balance laws for the mass, momentum, angular momentum, and energy of a lattice element are formulated. These laws are summed over a phase in a representative volume element (RVE) and averaged over the RVE. This enables the development of macroscopic balance laws for a continuum mixture consisting of several phases. When the RVE is reduced to a material point in the final formulation, the present model can be regarded as a director model whose direction vector expressing the crystal orientation is attached to a material point of a simple body. By performing an order estimation, the balance law of angular momentum can be separated into bulk and lattice parts. The bulk part results in the usual form and the latter corresponds to the evolution equation of the crystal orientation in a KWC-type phase-field model.
Glass transition of LiCl aqueous solutions confined in mesoporous silica
Authors: Longinotti M. Paula , Fuentes-Landete Violeta , Loerting Thomas , Corti Horacio R.
Published: August 2019

The thermal transitions of confined LiCl aqueous solutions were studied by differential scanning calorimetry for solutions with salt concentrations with eutectic (R = 7) and subeutectic (R > 7) compositions (R = moles of water/moles of LiCl). The confinement media consist of mesoporous silica with pore diameters between 2 nm and 58 nm, with a small negative surface charge density. The vitrification of confined LiCl aqueous solutions was observed in all samples, expanding the vitrification region up to R = 15, and probably beyond for cooling rates of ≈1000 K/min. Ice crystallization was observed in some samples, except for those confined in the narrower pores. The onset and endpoint glass transition temperatures for the confined eutectic samples increase by 2 K and 5 K, respectively, for the smallest pore diameters (2 nm), which is equivalent to the effect of applying a pressure of up to 100 MPa to the bulk sample. This behavior is opposite of that reported for aqueous subeutectic NaCl solutions confined in silica glasses of similar sizes. We speculate that this is due to the fact that the mechanism of double confinement of the NaCl solution, between the pore wall and the precipitated ice, is not operative for LiCl solutions. Instead, the Li+ ions might force the hydration water in to a high-density state.
Experimental study of ion heating in obliquely merging hypersonic plasma jets
Authors: Langendorf Samuel J. , Yates Kevin C. , Hsu Scott C. , Thoma Carsten , Gilmore Mark
Published: August 2019

In this experiment, we measure ion temperature evolution of collisional plasma shocks and colliding supersonic plasma flows across a range of species (Ar, Kr, Xe, and N), Mach numbers, and collisionalities. Shocks are formed via the collision of discrete plasma jets relevant to plasma-jet-driven magneto-inertial fusion (PJMIF). We observe nearly classical ion shock heating and ion-electron equilibration, with peak temperatures attained consistent with collisional shock heating. We also observe cases where this heating occurs in a smooth merged structure with reduced density gradients due to significant intepenetration of the plasma jets. In application to PJMIF liners, we find that Mach number degradation due to ion shock heating will likely not be significant at the typical full-scale conditions proposed, and that a degree of interpenetration may be an attractive condition for PJMIF and similar approaches which seek to form uniform merged structures from discrete supersonic plasma jets.
Reversal of turbulent gyroBohm isotope scaling due to nonadiabatic electron drive
Authors: Belli E. A. , Candy J. , Waltz R. E.
Published: August 2019

The influence of kinetic electrons on the isotope scaling of gyrokinetic turbulent energy flux is assessed. A simple framework is used to study the transition from ion-dominated turbulence regimes to regimes where electron and ion transport levels are comparable. In the ion-dominated regime, the turbulent ion energy flux increases as the ion mass increases, in agreement with simple gyroBohm scaling arguments. Conversely, in the latter regime for which the influence of electrons is significant, a strong reversal of the gyroBohm scaling is observed which cannot be captured by mixing length estimates. In this reversed regime, the turbulent ion energy flux decreases as ion mass increases. The reversal is controlled by the finite electron-to-ion mass-ratio dependence of the nonadiabatic electron response. This mass-ratio dependence is dominated by the parallel motion terms in the electron gyrokinetic equation and provides a correction to the bounce-averaged-electron limit which is independent of the mass ratio. The finite-mass correction is larger for light ions and explains the observed gyroBohm reversal for hydrogen plasmas. An implication is that isotope scaling may not be properly described by simplified fluid or bounce-averaged electron equations.
Electrically tuneable exciton energy exchange between spatially separated 2-dimensional semiconductors in a microcavity
Authors: Fernandez H. A. , Withers F. , Russo S. , Barnes W. L.
Published: August 2019

Electrical control over the energy exchange between exciton states mediated by cavity-polaritons at room temperature is demonstrated. A field-effect device, based on a monolayer of WS2, is built on the bottom metallic mirror of a tuneable Fabry–Pérot microcavity; on the top mirror, a monolayer of MoS2 is placed leaving a controllable gap of ∼1 μm between the top and bottom semiconductors. This device is specially designed for the multiple hybridization of microcavity modes with the two exciton species supported by WS2 and MoS2, allowing for polariton-mediated exciton energy exchange. It is further shown that the tuning of the free carrier density in the WS2 film through field-effect gating leads to strong modulation of the Rabi splitting that modifies the excitonic and photonic nature of exciton-polaritons. Electrical control of polaritonic devices may lead to technological applications using switchable quantum states.
Coupling of electronic and nuclear motion in a negative ion resonance: Experimental and theoretical study of benzene
Authors: Allan Michael , Čurík Roman , Čársky Petr
Published: August 2019

We present calculated and measured elastic and vibrational excitation cross sections in benzene with the objective to assess the reliability of the theoretical method and to shed more light on how the electronic motion of the incoming electron is coupled with the nuclear motion of the vibrations. The calculation employed the discrete momentum representation method which involves solving the two-channel Lippmann-Schwinger equation in the momentum space. The electron-molecule interaction was described by the exact static-exchange potential extended by a density-functional theory correlation-polarization interaction that models the molecular response in the field of the incoming electron. Cross sections were calculated for all 20 vibrational modes from near threshold until 20 eV. They were convoluted with a simulated instrumental profile for comparison with electron energy-loss spectra or appropriately summed for overlapping vibrations for comparison with measured cross sections plotted as a function of electron energy. An electron spectrometer with hemispherical analyzers was employed for the measurements. Good agreement of theory with experiment was obtained for the spectral profiles at 8 eV, and a nearly quantitative agreement was obtained at 3 and 4.8 eV. The theoretical results provided new insight into the excitation process, and it showed that more modes are excited than predicted by simple symmetry rules. Spectra showing the details of boomerang structure in the 1.15 eV π* resonance were recorded and are presented, although this aspect of experiment cannot be compared with the current theory.
Magnetic skyrmion field-effect transistors
Authors: Hong Ik-Sun , Lee Kyung-Jin
Published: August 2019

Magnetic skyrmions are of considerable interest for low-power memory and logic devices because of high speed at low current and high stability due to topological protection. We propose a skyrmion field-effect transistor based on a gate-controlled Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. A key working principle of the proposed skyrmion field-effect transistor is a large transverse motion of skyrmions, caused by an effective equilibrium dampinglike spin–orbit torque due to spatially inhomogeneous Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. This large transverse motion can be categorized as the skyrmion Hall effect but has been unrecognized previously. The proposed device is capable of performing multibit operation and Boolean functions and thus is expected to serve as a low-power logic device based on magnetic solitons.
Large deviations and dynamical phase transitions in stochastic chemical networks
Authors: Lazarescu Alexandre , Cossetto Tommaso , Falasco Gianmaria , Esposito Massimiliano
Published: August 2019

Chemical reaction networks offer a natural nonlinear generalization of linear Markov jump processes on a finite state-space. In this paper, we analyze the dynamical large deviations of such models, starting from their microscopic version, the chemical master equation. By taking a large-volume limit, we show that those systems can be described by a path integral formalism over a Lagrangian functional of concentrations and chemical fluxes. This Lagrangian is dual to a Hamiltonian, whose trajectories correspond to the most likely evolution of the system given its boundary conditions. The same can be done for a system biased on time-averaged concentrations and currents, yielding a biased Hamiltonian whose trajectories are optimal paths conditioned on those observables. The appropriate boundary conditions turn out to be mixed so that, in the long time limit, those trajectories converge to well-defined attractors. We are then able to identify the largest value that the Hamiltonian takes over those attractors with the scaled cumulant generating function of our observables, providing a nonlinear equivalent to the well-known Donsker-Varadhan formula for jump processes. On that basis, we prove that chemical reaction networks that are deterministically multistable generically undergo first-order dynamical phase transitions in the vicinity of zero bias. We illustrate that fact through a simple bistable model called the Schlögl model, as well as multistable and unstable generalizations of it, and we make a few surprising observations regarding the stability of deterministic fixed points and the breaking of ergodicity in the large-volume limit.
Vortex dynamics during acoustic-mode transition in channel branches
Authors: Wang Peng , Deng Yifan , Liu Yingzheng
Published: August 2019

The vortex dynamics during acoustic mode transition in channel branches were experimentally investigated with phase-locking particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements. Particularly, a real-time waveform recognition approach, based on an offline pressure analysis by dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) and a real-time computation by field programmable gate array, was established. In the offline DMD analysis, energetic pressure DMD modes during acoustic mode transition were extracted from pressure data measured by a pressure transducer array and found to agree well with the natural acoustic standing-wave modes numerically determined from an acoustic modal analysis. The acoustic mode transition process was classified into three successive phases: Phase-I: hybrid acoustic modulations, Phase-II: no acoustic modulation, and Phase-III: third-order acoustic modulation. Subsequently, the vortex dynamics corresponding to Phase-I and Phase-III were determined by phase-locking PIV measurements with the real-time waveform recognition approach. The results are summarized as follows. (1) The vortex dynamics coupled with the first acoustic standing-wave mode in Phase-I were related to the first shear layer hydrodynamic mode in channel branches. (2) The vortex dynamics coupled with the second acoustic standing-wave mode in Phase-I were recognized as the signatures of the second shear layer hydrodynamic mode. (3) However, in Phase-III of the acoustic mode transition, modulated by the third acoustic standing-wave mode, the corresponding vortex dynamics fully developed into a second shear layer hydrodynamic mode. This work provides a better understanding of the complex vortex dynamics of channel flows with broad implications for industrial piping systems.
A productivity collapse to end Earth’s Great Oxidation
Authors: Hodgskiss Malcolm S. W. , Crockford Peter W. , Peng Yongbo , Wing Boswell A. , Horner Tristan J.
Published: August 2019

Significance

The Great Oxidation Event (GOE) ca. 2,400 to 2,050 Ma caused the first significant accumulation of free oxygen in the atmosphere and potentially a dramatic growth of oxidant reservoirs on the Earth’s surface in a suggested “oxygen overshoot.” However, the termination of this event remains poorly understood. Here, we present geochemical data suggesting a drastic decline in gross primary productivity across the end-GOE transition, delineating a shift from “feast” to “famine” conditions characteristic of the next 1 billion y.
Dynamic regulation of chromatin topology and transcription by inverted repeat-derived small RNAs in sunflower
Authors: Gagliardi Delfina , Cambiagno Damian A. , Arce Agustin L. , Tomassi Ariel H. , Giacomelli Jorge I. , Ariel Federico D. , Manavella Pablo A.
Published: August 2019

Transposable elements (TEs) are extremely abundant in complex plant genomes. siRNAs of 24 nucleotides in length control transposon activity in a process that involves de novo methylation of targeted loci. Usually, these epigenetic modifications trigger nucleosome condensation and a permanent silencing of the affected loci. Here, we show that a TE-derived inverted repeat (IR) element, inserted near the sunflower
HaWRKY6
locus, dynamically regulates the expression of the gene by altering chromatin topology. The transcripts of this IR element are processed into 24-nt siRNAs, triggering DNA methylation on its locus. These epigenetic marks stabilize the formation of tissue-specific loops in the chromatin. In leaves, an intragenic loop is formed, blocking
HaWRKY6
transcription. While in cotyledons (Cots), formation of an alternative loop, encompassing the whole
HaWRKY6
gene, enhances transcription of the gene. The formation of this loop changes the promoter directionality, reducing IR transcription, and ultimately releasing the loop. Our results provide evidence that TEs can act as active and dynamic regulatory elements within coding loci in a mechanism that combines RNA silencing, epigenetic modification, and chromatin remodeling machineries.
Essential
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
genome instability suppressing genes identify potential human tumor suppressors
Authors: Srivatsan Anjana , Li Binzhong , Sanchez Dafne N. , Somach Steven B. , da Silva Vandeclecio L. , de Souza Sandro J. , Putnam Christopher D. , Kolodner Richard D.
Published: August 2019

Significance

By performing a targeted genetic screen of temperature-sensitive mutations, this study identified 94 essential
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
genome instability suppressing (eGIS) genes and 38 candidate eGIS genes. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas data demonstrated that mutations in the human homologues of the
S. cerevisiae
eGIS genes were significantly enriched in 10 different human cancers. These results provide insights into the origin of genome instability in human cancers and provide tools for identifying and evaluating mutations that contribute to the development of cancer.
Competing national memories of World War II
Authors: Roediger Henry L. , Abel Magdalena , Umanath Sharda , Shaffer Ruth A. , Fairfield Beth , Takahashi Masanobu , Wertsch James V.
Published: August 2019

We assessed the knowledge of 1,338 people from 11 countries (8 former Allied and 3 former Axis) about World War II. When asked what percentage their country contributed to the war effort, across Allied countries, estimates totaled 309%, and Axis nations’ estimates came to 140%. People in 4 nations claimed more than 50% responsibility for their country (Germany, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States). The overclaiming of responsibility reflected in these percentages was moderated when subjects were asked to consider the contributions of other countries; however, Russians continued to claim great responsibility, the only country that remained well over 50% in its claim of responsibility for the Allied victory. If deaths in the war are considered a proxy of a nation’s contributions, the Soviet Union did carry much of the burden. This study points to sharp differences in national memory even across nations who fought on the same side in the war. Differing national perspectives shape diverse memories of the same complex event.
Comparing diadochokinetic performances of stuttering and non-stuttering children between 7–12 ages
Authors: Çiyiltepe Müzeyyen Müge , Çifçi Betül
Published: August 2019

Introduction:

It is important to evaluate oral motor skills, make appropriate diagnosis and develop appropriate intervention plans for individuals who stutter. One of the measures used to evaluate oral motor skills is diadochokinesia (DDK). Diadochokinesia or diadochokinesis is the ability to make antagonistic movements in quick succession, alternately bringing a limb into opposite positions, as of flexion and extension or of pronation and supination. Diadochokinetic analysis examines the speed, accuracy and continuity measures of speech production in monosyllabic /pΛ/, /tΛ/, /kΛ/and multisyllabic /pΛtΛkΛ/ sequences.

Purpose:

This study aimed to compare the diadokinetic performance of children aged 7–12 with and without stuttering.

Method:

Participants were composed of girls and boys with and without stuttering from each age group. The data of the diadokinetic measurements of stuttering children were compared to the data of the typically developing children.

Results:

It was found that there was a significant difference in favor of children who do not stutter during production of /pΛ/ and /kΛ/ syllables. Syllable repetition rates are quicker in these syllables. Results of the research between the genders found there was a significant difference in favor of girls. The average of girls is higher than males. In addition, there was a significance in favor of 10–12 age groups for /pΛ/ syllable that syllable repetition rate is slower in these groups.
Apical polarity proteins recruit the RhoGEF Cysts to promote junctional myosin assembly
Authors: Silver Jordan T. , Wirtz-Peitz Frederik , Simões Sérgio , Pellikka Milena , Yan Dong , Binari Richard , Nishimura Takashi , Li Yan , Harris Tony J.C. , Perrimon Norbert , Tepass Ulrich
Published: August 2019

The spatio-temporal regulation of small Rho GTPases is crucial for the dynamic stability of epithelial tissues. However, how RhoGTPase activity is controlled during development remains largely unknown. To explore the regulation of Rho GTPases in vivo, we analyzed the Rho GTPase guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RhoGEF) Cysts, the Drosophila orthologue of mammalian p114RhoGEF, GEF-H1, p190RhoGEF, and AKAP-13. Loss of Cysts causes a phenotype that closely resembles the mutant phenotype of the apical polarity regulator Crumbs. This phenotype can be suppressed by the loss of basolateral polarity proteins, suggesting that Cysts is an integral component of the apical polarity protein network. We demonstrate that Cysts is recruited to the apico-lateral membrane through interactions with the Crumbs complex and Bazooka/Par3. Cysts activates Rho1 at adherens junctions and stabilizes junctional myosin. Junctional myosin depletion is similar in Cysts- and Crumbs-compromised embryos. Together, our findings indicate that Cysts is a downstream effector of the Crumbs complex and links apical polarity proteins to Rho1 and myosin activation at adherens junctions, supporting junctional integrity and epithelial polarity.
Commensurability and quantum interference magnetotransport oscillations in a two-dimensional electron gas sandwiched by superconductors
Authors: Takagaki Y
Published: August 2019

Magnetic-field dependence of the transport properties of ballistic two-dimensional electrons in a planar superconductor–normal-conductor–superconductor structure is numerically investigated. In the circumstance where the Andreev reflection from the normal-conductor–superconductor interfaces is almost perfect, two oscillatory behaviors occur for magnetic fields higher and lower than that for the coincidence of the cyclotron diameter with the separation between the superconductors. The oscillation period for the former and latter cases is proportional to the magnetic field and inverse of the magnetic field, respectively. The low-field oscillation originates from commensurability-driven guiding of Andreev-reflected trajectories along the interfaces between the normal conductor and the superconductors. If the Andreev reflection probability is considerably less than unity, the commensurability oscillation is suppressed in amplitude and is dwarfed by additionally emerged oscillations originating from the quantum interference between the Andreev- and normal-reflected components.
Effective second-order correlation function and single-photon detection
Authors: Grünwald P
Published: August 2019

Quantum-optical research on semiconductor single-photon sources puts special emphasis on the measurement of the second-order correlation function g
(2)(τ), arguing that g
(2)(0) < 1/2 implies the source field represents a good single-photon light source. We analyze the gain of information from g
(2)(0) with respect to single photons. Any quantum state, for which the second-order correlation function falls below 1/2, has a nonzero projection on the single-photon Fock state. The amplitude p of this projection is arbitrary, independent of g
(2)(0). However, one can extract a lower bound on the single-to-multi-photon-projection ratio. A vacuum contribution in the quantum state of light artificially increases the value of g
(2)(0), cloaking actual single-photon projection. Thus, we propose an effective second-order correlation function

g

˜

(
2
)

(
0
)

, which takes the influence of vacuum into account and also yields lower and upper bounds on p. We consider the single-photon purity as a standard figure of merit in experiments, reinterpret it within our results and provide an effective version of that physical quantity. Besides comparing different experimental and theoretical results, we also provide a possible measurement scheme for determining

g

˜

(
2
)

(
0
)

.
The Roles of Physical Activity and Inflammation in Mortality, Cognition, and Depressive Symptoms Among Older Mexican Americans
Authors: Shih I-Fan , Haan Mary N , Paul Kimberly C , Yu Yu , Sinsheimer Janet S , Ritz Beate
Published: August 2019

A higher level of physical activity (PA) is associated with decreased risk of mortality, dementia, and depression, yet the mechanisms involved are not well understood, and little evidence exists for Mexican Americans. With data from the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging (1998–2007), we used Cox proportional hazards regression to separately evaluate associations of baseline PA level with mortality, dementia/cognitive impairment without dementia (CIND), and depressive symptoms, and we estimated the mediating effects of inflammatory markers in additive hazard models. A low level of PA (<35 metabolic equivalent of task–hours/week) was associated with increased mortality (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.50, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.20, 1.88), dementia/CIND (HR = 1.37, 95% CI: 0.96, 1.96), and depressive symptoms (HR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.52). A low PA level added 512 (95% CI: −34, 1,058) cases of dementia/CIND per 100,000 person-years at risk (direct effect), while, through a mediating path, interleukin 6 (IL-6) added another 49 (95% CI: 5, 94) cases, or 9% of the total effect. For mortality, 8%–10% of the PA total effect was mediated through IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), or TNF-α receptors. None of the inflammatory markers mediated the association between PA and depressive symptoms. Our results suggest that antiinflammation (especially as assessed by IL-6 and TNF-α levels) may partly explain how PA protects against dementia/CIND and mortality.
De novo variants in PAK1 lead to intellectual disability with macrocephaly and seizures
Authors: Horn Susanne , Au Margaret , Basel-Salmon Lina , Bayrak-Toydemir Pinar , Chapin Alexander , Cohen Lior , Elting Mariet W , Graham John M , Gonzaga-Jauregui Claudia , Konen Osnat , Holzer Max , Lemke Johannes , Miller Christine E , Rey Linda K , Wolf Nicole I , Weiss Marjan M , Waisfisz Quinten , Mirzaa Ghayda M , Wieczorek Dagmar , Sticht Heinrich , Abou Jamra Rami
Published: August 2019

Using trio exome sequencing, Horn et al. identify de novo gain-of-function mutations in PAK1 in four unrelated individuals with intellectual disability, macrocephaly and seizures. PAK1 encodes a p21-activated kinase, which has been implicated in brain development and control of brain size.