bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution Map of Echinococcus Granulosus Sensu Lato Genotypes in Human Cases in Turkey: A Systematic Meta-Analysis
Authors: Akil Mesut , Yilmaz Ozge , Ozturk Eylem , Altintas Nuray , Unver Aysegul
Published: February 2023

Objective: To date, many studies have been performed on genotyping of E. granulosus s.l. in Turkey. However, a systematically analysis of the data human E. granulosus s.l. genotypes in Turkey is lacking. In this context, the aim of this study is to provide summary information about the distribution of E.granulosus s.l. genotypes which have been detected with molecular methods in human isolates in Turkey.
Materials and Methods: Both English and Turkish studies in four international and national databases up to September 2022 were searched with keywords related “Echinococcus” to access the eligible articles for our study. The selected articles were transferred StatsDirect software for performing meta-analysis.
Results: Out of 3497 articles from literature search, 24 records were eligible for inclusion in this meta-analysis. All data were obtained from 34 cities in all regions of Turkey. Total of 815 human cases whose genotypes were sequenced and identified. With the present study, identified species of E. granulosus s.l in Turkey were determined as follows, from most common to the least: E.granulosus sensu stricto (G1-G3): 97.8%, E.equinus (G4): 0.12%, E.canadensis (G6-G10): 2.0%. In addition, according to proportion of the genotypes, while G1(48%; 95%CI: 40-49%) and G1-G3 complex genotype (47%; 95%CI:41-48%) were detected in all regions of the country, G3 (2.8%; 95%CI:1-3%) was detected in Southeast and Eastern Anatolia, G4 (0.12%; 95%CI:0.1-1%) only in Central Anatolia, G6 (0.25%; 95%CI:0.2-1%) only in Eastern Anatolia, G7 (0.25% ; 95%CI: 0.2-1%) in Aegean and Marmara regions, and G6/G7 ( 1.5% ; 95%CI: 0.7-2%) in Aegean, Central Anatolia and Eastern Anatolia.
Conclusion: With this meta-analysis study, it has been revealed that the most predominant E.granulosus genotypes of humans cystic echinococcosis in Turkey were G1 and G1-G3 complex. The present study will be a guide for genotyping studies have not been performed in the other regions of the country. The more in-depth meta-analysis studies are needed to better understand the molecular characterization of E.granulosus s.l in other hosts such as dogs, sheep and cattle in Turkey.
Influence of the High Mobility Group A1 genetic polymorphism on indices of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in the Iraqi population: Case-control study
Authors: Faiq Mirna , Saleh Eman , Fathalla Omar
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT: The high mobility group A1 gene (HMGA1) rs139876191 variant has been related to metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, but data are lacking in Middle Eastern populations. The study aimed to assess whether the HMGA1 rs139876191 variant is associated with metabolic syndrome risk and whether this variant predicts the risk of insulin resistance. This case-control study was carried out at single center in Kirkuk city/ Iraq from February to August 2022. Polymorphisms in HMGA1 and genotyping were identified by Sanger sequencing of genomic DNA obtained from 91 Iraqi participants (61 patients with metabolic syndrome and 30 control). Lipid profile, serum (glucose and insulin), glycated hemoglobin, blood pressure, body mass index, and waist circumference were also measured. The high prevalence of the del/del genotype of rs139876191 was found. Minor allele frequency of rs139876191 was (0.16) in both metabolic syndrome and the control group. A non-significant difference in genotyping was identified between total metabolic syndrome and the control group. The del/ins variant was associated with significantly higher waist circumference, triglyceride(TG), low-density lipoprotein(LDL), very low-density lipoprotein(VLDL), and glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c) (P=0.03, 0.041, 0.007, 0.034, and 0.001 respectively), and with significantly lower high-density lipoprotein(HDL) (p=0.000). Linear regression analysis showed no significant effect of the variant (del/ins) on developing insulin resistance. Thus, rs139876191 polymorphism with del/ins genotype in the HMGA1 gene was not associated with metabolic syndrome risk but it was associated with indices of metabolic syndrome including waist circumference, TG, HDL, LDL, VLDL, and HbA1c. Besides, this variant did not predict the risk of insulin resistance.
Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of Rhizophora Mucronata Mangrove Leaf ExtractAgainst Antibiotic Resistant Pathogens
Authors: M Harini , Roy Anitha , Sivaperumal Pitchiah , T Lakshmi
Published: February 2023

Introduction: Rhizophora mucronata is a plant of marine origin commonly referred to as asiatic mangrove, red mangrove or
loop root mangrove . R. mucronata species are utilized traditionally for treating various health conditions like haematoma,
hepatitis, hematuria, ulcers, elephantiasis and so on.
Aim: This study aims at evaluating the antibacterial activity of Rhizophora mucronata mangrove leaf extract against the
antibiotic resistant pathogens.
Materials and Methods: The fresh leaves of Rhizophora mucronata were collected, washed, shade dried for 2-3weeks
and turned into a fine powder. For extract preparation, 10g of powdered sample mixed with 100 ml methanol for 24 hours
and passed through Whatman filter paper. It was centrifuged at 3000 rpm and further filtered by 0.45 µm syringe micro
filter and evaporated via rotary evaporator. Drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa collected were cultured in Muller Hinton broth for 24 hours to prepare the bacterial suspension.
The concentration of microbial suspension was fixed at 108 CFU/ml. 1ml of suspension was spread over on Muller Hinton agar
plate and incubated for 24hrs at ambient temperature. Whatman filter paper discs (5mm) were impregnated with various
concentrations (50, 100, 150, 200, 250 & 300 µg/ml) of leaf extract , inhibition zones around the discs were measured.
The MIC of the leaf extract was determined in 5 concentrations (10 μg/ml, 20 μg/ml, 30 μg/ml, 40 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml)
inoculated bacteria in test tubes are incubated for 24 hr and the results are noted as well growth (+) and inhibited (-).
Results: Comparing the zone of inhibition measured against the three bacteria, Rhizophora mucronata leaf extract showed
the maximum zone of inhibition,32 ± 1.24 mm, at the maximum concentration (300 μg/ml) against Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus showed a maximum inhibition of 27± 1.22 and 23 ± 1.32
respectively.The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) produced by Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found out to be 40 μg/ml, 30 μg/ml and 30 μg/ml respectively.
Conclusion: This study presented extensive information about the antibacterial activity of Rhizophora mucronata against
antibiotic resistant pathogens. Infection with drug resistant microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella
pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa may be treated with Rhizophora mucronata after further studies
Dental Practitioners’ Knowledge, Behavior, and Attitude toward Safe Local Anesthesia Practice in Jeddah
Authors: Bassyoni Lojain , Alshehri Maha , Sindi Mohammed , Elias Abdulkarim , Nassar Afnan
Published: February 2023

Objectives: This study aims to assess the knowledge level, behavior, and attitude of dental practitioners regarding the
absolute maximum dose of local anesthetics, their MRD, and systemic complications.
Materials & Method: An electronic survey was distributed through social media platforms to dental practitioners in
Jeddah. The survey consisted of 4 sections: demographic information, knowledge, behavior, and attitude. Cronbach’s
alpha was used to test for the validity 0.86.
Results: A total of 403 participants completed the questionnaire, with a response rate of 60%. Of all, 55.8% were females.
The majority were undergraduate students 42.4%, and below the age of 25 44.9%. For the question “what is the MRD/
kg for 2% lidocaine with Epinephrine?” we found a statistically significant difference between the professional rankings
p=0.001. Although the undergraduate dentists were the least group to answer the questions “What does a 2% local
anesthetic solution mean?”, there was no statistically significant difference between those who answered correctly.
Conclusion: We found many of our participants to have false knowledge regarding the topics of LA, MRD/kg, and LAST. We
believe that the current levels are not acceptable, and that more efforts must be made to raise the knowledge pertaining
to this topic
Surveillance Study on Bacterial Contamination Associated With Automated Teller Machines of Different Banks in Jazan Region
Authors: razik Noha , Alfifi Ragad , Ageel Hanin , Gobri Rahaf , Alfaifi Manal , Nassib Ziya , Almalki Wed , Awaji Omar , Bantun Farkad
Published: February 2023

The environmental surfaces play an important role in the spread of pathogens and infectious diseases. Human are
particularly susceptible to pick up microbes from environmental objects, especially from publicly and regularly used
objects. The Automated teller machines (ATMs) are very likely to be the reservoir of different kinds of microorganisms,
both pathogenic and non-pathogenic.
In our study, we investigated the microbial contamination of multiple ATM machines in Jazan region. This is a descriptive
cross-sectional study which was conducted between September to November, 2021. A sum of 42 sample were collected
which yielded a total of 15 isolated bacterial species that was identified as follows: Bacillus spp. (73%), CoNS. (15%),
Staphylococcus aureus (14%), Pseudomonas luteola (12.5%), Pantoea agglomerans (10%), Acinetobacter baumannii
(7.5%), Escherichia coli (5%), Enterobacter cloacae (5%), and other 5 Gram negative species (total of 12.5%). Antibiotic
susceptibility pattern of the isolates to commonly prescribed antibiotics showed that the highest resistant species are
S. aureus (44%), CNS (48%) and E. coli (40%), while all the other bacteria showed varied degrees of resistance to the
antibiotics tested.
These results suggest that ATMs machines may play a role in transmission of drug resistant bacteria in Jazan, therefore,
creating a public health risk. Intriguingly, our study comes after a large-scale and intense hygienic COVID-19 awareness
programs. Hence, there is an urgent need to implement and improve hygienic practices and regulation when using such
public machines.
Awareness of Female Patients Towards HPV Vaccine and Pap Smear at Maternity and Children Hospital in the City of Makkah, Saudi Arabi
Authors: Bantun Farkad , Alshehri Saad , Khorsan Ahmed , Kelantan Mashael , Barhameen Abeer , Hariri Sumyya , Said Hamdi , Jalal Naif , Momenah Aiman , Ashgar Sami , Qusty Naeem
Published: February 2023

Cervical cancer is one of the leading life-threatening cancers around the globe. In fact, it is the fourth most common
reported cancer in women with an estimate of 530,000 cases every year. In Saudi Arabia, a recent report from the Human
papilloma virus (HPV) information centre has indicated annual cases of 358 diagnosed cervical cancer, placing it as the
eighth most frequent cancer in the country. Such disease has been found to have a strong association with HPV infection
as the primary risk factor. HPV is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) around the world, where
certain oncogenic types of the infection can result in serious consequences in the female above 15 years of age, mainly
cervical cancer. Nevertheless, there is an obvious limitation in data from Saudi Arabia regarding such infection and its
complications. In Saudi Arabia, HPV vaccine has been available since 2010 for all women upon request or if prescribed by
their physicians. However, despite its availability to public, statistics showed low rates of vaccine endorsement as well
as Pap smear test among Saudi women. This study aimed to assess the knowledge gap and attitude of women in Makkah
city towards HPV vaccine along with Pap smear screen test. Our results have shown a remarkable lack of awareness from
the participants in regards to the HPV vaccine and Pap smear, although their awareness about the cervical cancer was
high. The data also pointed out a possible malpractice of some physicians toward the recommendation of Pap smear test
to their patients. In conclusion, there is still a clear gap in the knowledge and attitude from our participants towards
the prevention measures of HPV infection and cervical cancer, which would possibly affect the roll out of HPV vaccine
program. Therefore, more health promotion programs and campaign are needed to ensure success of the vaccine roll out
and help avoid further complication of such disease
Female Awareness about Gestational Diabetes and its Health Risk Effect on Pregnancy Outcome among Women in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Tahir Fadwah
Published: February 2023

Uncontrolled gestational diabetes mellitus causes severe maternal and fetal complications such as pre-eclampsia,
macrosomic baby, fetal demise, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, and hypoglycemia and also increases obesity and type 2 DM
risk in offspring later in life.
This study aimed to assess awareness of women in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia regarding diabetes and its health risk
effect on pregnancy outcome and to measure the prevalence of gestational DM among them.
This is a comparative cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty
of Medicine Umm Al Qura University involving 480 women living in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during June 2021- June
2022. Data was collected through an online questionnaire formulated to survey saudi women due to covid 19 pandemics
measures.
About 20% had DM. Prevalence of gestational DM was 11.5% among currently pregnant participants. 76% of participants
had family history of diabetes. After doing linear regression of predictors for knowledge about gestational DM, gravidity
and parity became non-significant, however being in medical field, husband in medical field, having DM, past or family
history of DM remained significant (p<0.001, 0.045, <0.001, 0.002 and 0.006 respectively). The highest predictor is being
in medical field (β =7.218), followed by having DM (β =2.697), followed by husband in medical field (β =2.159), past
history of DM (β =1.945), then family history of DM (β =1.727).
Health care efforts and interventions are required to increase the awareness especially about the importance of screening
for gestational DM due to the bad sequences of gestational DM.
Oral Hygiene Measures as a Preventive Measure in The Field Of Maintaining the General Health of the Patient
Authors: Sokolov Alexey , Chichenkova Barbara , Stegacheva Ekaterina , Yumashev Alexey , Urtenova Alina
Published: February 2023

The article studies oral hygiene measures as a preventive measure in the field of maintaining the general health of the
patient. According to the author, oral health is much more than beautiful and healthy teeth. This is of fundamental
importance for the general state of health and affects the well-being and quality of life of each person. Oral health
affects oral function and human social interactions and is closely related to overall health and quality of life.
Oral health is an integral part of overall health, and one affects the other. Improper nutrition, smoking, alcohol
consumption and poor oral hygiene are the most significant factors affecting the occurrence of various diseases of the
oral cavity. Diet affects the development of caries, tooth erosion, periodontitis, oral cancer and many other diseases of
the soft tissues of the oral cavity. Smoking is associated with oral cancer, gum and periodontal diseases, periimplantitis,
discoloration of teeth, bad breath, changes in taste buds and difficulties healing wounds after surgery. High alcohol
consumption is associated with an increased risk of developing oral cancer or other potentially malignant diseases,
periodontitis, caries and xerostomia. Poor oral hygiene can lead to the development of caries and periodontitis, and is
also associated with heart disease, cancer and diabetes.
Many of these oral diseases can be prevented by informing about risk factors. Oral hygiene is a critical factor in
maintaining good oral health and is therefore linked to overall health and quality of life. The most effective method of
preventing caries or periodontitis is the removal of plaque by regular and proper mechanical brushing of teeth, which is
a key step in maintaining oral health.
Influence of Earth magnetic field on animal nervous system evolution
Authors: Ahmed Kamila , jaoui B , Sahnoun Wafa , Mechouk Noureddine , Abdelmelek Hafedh , Bouslama Zihad
Published: February 2023

The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the impacts of earth magnetic field (ErMF) on animal nervous system evolution especially electric and histological properties of nerves. We have applied for the first time, as far as we know, a correlation betwen the influence of ErMF and temperature on supraconductor-like behavior in the siatic nerves of four species. Our question point to answer to the a possible link between magnetic change and climate change and to explain in part the possible implication of both parameters in animal nervous system adaptation and evolution. Our results seem to support the existence of a link between ErMF variation and superconductor-like behavior in nerves. The found link does not mean that the ErMF is fully responsible of the histological, electric properties of nerves and climate changes. The data reveal a decrease in nerve resistivity in chameleon and frog, chick and rabbit; showing a superconductor-like behaviour. Analysis of electrical properties demonstrated a clear grade shift at critical temperature (Tc) from poikilotherm (average of ΔT = 11.50) to homeotherm (average of ΔT = 38.00); indicating adaptive nerves changes during evolution confirmed by the increase of Schwann cells number.
Evaluation of ethanolic extract of leaves of Abutilon indicum on carrageenan-induced rat paw edema
Authors: Ksheerasagar Vinay , Narapogu Venkatanarayana , Bgheal Princ , Chaganti Nagesh
Published: February 2023

Background: Inflammation is described as a localized physical condition whereat part of the body becomes swollen, reddened, hot, and consistently painful, largely as a response to injury or infection.

Aim and Objectives: The current study is designed to study the Abutilon indicum for its anti-inflammatory activity in albino rats-induced paw edema by carrageenan.

Materials and Methods: Randomly 30 albino rats from both sexes were taken and divided into five groups, six in each. Normal saline 25 mL/kg (control), diclofenac 9 mg/kg (standard), and three different doses of plant extract (EEAI) such as 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg (3 test groups) were given in respective groups, after 1-h injection of 0.1 mL of 0.2% carrageenan solution into the sub plantar region of the right hind paw. At 0 h, after 1, 2, and 3 h, paw edema volume was measured by mercury displacement method using plethysmograph. The percentage of edema inhibition was measured in all five groups.

Results: The percentage of edema inhibition for EEAI 500 mg/kg was 6.20%, 17.8%, and 26.72% after 1st, 2nd and 3rd h respectively and for EEAI 1000 mg/kg was 8.26%, 20.7%, 31.61% after 1st, 2nd, and 3rd h, respectively. Significant edema inhibition was observed after 2nd and 3rd h of drug administration (P < 0.05) in both groups treated with EEAI 500 and 1000 mg/kg.

Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of A. indicum had shown dose dependent anti-inflammatory activity.
Innovation in teaching-learning methods with an effective application of adult learning principles for the first year of allied health science courses
Authors: Jared Silviya , Faith Minnie , Selvakumar Dhayakani , Vyas Rashmi
Published: February 2023

Background: In Indian context, most of the allied health science (AHS) courses are taught using an “apprenticeship model” rather than, structured, planned teaching methodologies.

Aims and Objectives: This study was focused to reform the teaching methodology guidelines for faculty, to afford enthusiastic learning of AHS students in the classroom environment and evaluating their performance through formative and summative assessments.

Materials and Methods: AHS students from Christian Medical College, Vellore, India (n = 33) were inducted into the study. The traditional lectures for gastro-intestinal tract had completed by physiology faculty. The diet-nutrition topic chose for horizontal integration between physiology and biochemistry subjects. This integrated module was handled by one of the biochemistry faculty and sessions were observed by two other faculties as observers from departments of physiology and biochemistry. The observers followed the guidelines to evaluate the teaching methodology through prevalidated checklist used a modified Likert scale. The degree of agreement between two observers was determined using Cohen’s kappa statistics. The students’ performance was evaluated with students paired “t” test for written test and viva voce marks based.

Results: The results demonstrated that the inter-rater reliability calculated by the observers for teaching methodology on integrated session of the biochemistry faculty was significant with a score of 93%, with total criterion score of 28 and a matched criteria score of 26. As well proved an improvement in the students’ learning process, evidenced by better performance in the post-test and structured viva voce.

Conclusion: The new innovative teaching methods exercised by the faculty, demonstrated enhanced performance of the students with horizontal integration, proving the robustness of this module.
Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Costus speciosus leaves on cognitive deficits induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus models
Authors: DS Sushma , M Natesh , Sayeli Vinay , D Sheetal
Published: February 2023

Background: Linear association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and cognitive decline is documented in various epidemiological studies.

Aims and Objectives: The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Costus speciosus leaves (CSL) on cognitive deficits induced by type 2 DM models.

Materials and Methods: Wistar rats were used for the study. We had seven groups of six rats each. Type 2 diabetes was induced in thirty six Wistar rats and the other six rats were kept as normal control. For induction, first, one dose of nicotinamide 110 mg/kg was injected, after 15 min streptozotocin (STZ) 50 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally. Seven days after induction, from the dorsal vein of the tail, blood sample was collected and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels were estimated. Rats with FBG > 200 mg/dl were randomly assigned to six groups of six rat each – Diabetic control (DC) – Negative control, Glibenclamide group – standard control, piracetam group, glibenclamide + piracetam group, CSL 200 mg, CSL 400 mg. Baseline values for learning and memory were recorded on day 1 before starting the treatment. With Hebb-William maze, Time taken to reach reward chamber (TRC), with Shuttle box avoidance test, Step through latency (STL) and with Elevated plus maze, Transfer latency (TL) were recorded. The means of five sessions were recorded for each rat. FBG and cognitive parameters such as TRC, STL, and TL were recorded on day 30 of treatment for all the groups. Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test.

Results: CSL 200 and CSL 400 groups showed decrease in FBG level in comparison to the DC which was significant (P < 0.001). CSL 200 group showed decrease in TRC, STL, and TL in comparison to DC which was significant (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P < 0.003, respectively). There was significant decrease in TRC and STL in comparison to DC (P < 0.001) in CSL 400 group. CSL 400 group also showed decrease in STL compared to glibenclamide, piracetam and CSL 200 group which was statistically significant.

Conclusion: Hydro-alcoholic extract of CSL showed antihyperglycemic and dose dependent cognitive improvement in models of type 2 diabetes.
Detection and species determination of malaria parasites by microscopy, antigen detection, polymerase chain reaction, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay in a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Sahoo Pradipta , Mohanty Dibya , Priyadarshini Preet , Sarangi Gitanjali , Mishra Dharma
Published: February 2023

Background: Malaria is a major health issue in tropical and subtropical areas. Out of all subtypes, Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) is the most dangerous form accounting for high mortality and morbidity. It is transmitted by infected female anopheles mosquitoes and infected blood transfusions.

Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study is to establish correct diagnosis by direct microscopy, Immunochromatographic test (ICT), and molecular studies.

Materials and Methods: This prospective study was conducted in the PG Department of Microbiology, SCB Medical College, Cuttack. Thick blood smears were drawn and then stained with Leishman’s stain to visualize falciparum rings. DNA was extracted from infected blood samples by phenol chloroform method with some modification as described by Sambrook and Russel for molecular analysis.

Results: In the present study, 150 cases of malaria were analyzed. The male: female ratio was 1.7:1 and age ranged from 0 to 56 years. The Plasmodium vivax positivity was compared with thin smear to 21 (84%) in ICT, 100% both polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and loop mediated isothermal amplification assay (LAMP) assays followed by the Pf positivity as 76 (92.7%) in ICT, 82 (100%) both PCR and LAMP assays, respectively. The results obtained were statistically significant with P < 0.001. The PCR and LAMP showed 100% response to specificity and positive predictive value.

Conclusion: The present study established the role of molecular tests such as PCR and LAMP are highly specific for diagnosis of Plasmodium species whereas they are more or less similar in sensitivity as compared to other diagnostic methods such as ICT and microscopy.
Factors influencing the recovery of anosmia in young medical students with COVID-19
Authors: Chaudhary Divya , Teli Anita , Patil Anjali
Published: February 2023

Background: One of the most prevalent signs of COVID-19, accounting for 30–86% of cases, is olfactory impairment. Various researches have been carried out on anosmia due to COVID-19 based on self-reported questionnaires. To the best of our knowledge, very few studies have been done by conducting the olfactory function test to better understand and clarify the clinical outcomes.

Aim and Objective: The present study aims to assess the recovery of anosmia and the factors affecting it among COVID-19-recovered individuals.

Materials and Methods: An observational study was conducted from November 2021 to January 2022. RT-PCR-proven COVID-19 adult patients (17–25 years of age) with a positive history of anosmia were included in this study. Anosmia was assessed by performing an objective olfactory function test. The recovery of anosmia after 6 weeks was evaluated, and the relationship between the patient’s recovery and their clinical, demographic data, and medication use was assessed. A univariate cox proportional regression model was carried out for individual variables, variables with P < 0.10 in univariate cox proportional were considered for multivariate analysis, and P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results: A total of 50 students were included in the study, out of which females were 40% and males were 60%. Their mean age was 20.18 ± 1.224 years. 30 (60%) out of 50 individuals reported complete recovery of anosmia, 17 (34%) reported partial recovery and 3 (6%) reported no recovery. The result of univariate and multivariate cox proportional hazard regression showed that those who consumed antihistamines had early recovery (2.475 [1.153–5.316], P = 0.020) and those who had associated cough showed a delay in the recovery of anosmia (0.408 [0.205–0.814] P = 0.011).

Conclusion: The study concludes that the use of antihistamines is associated with early recovery from COVID-19-related anosmia. Cough associated with anosmia in COVID-19 decelerates the recovery from anosmia. Overall, there is an excellent prognosis in nearly complete recovery from anosmia in the population studied.
Impact of antimicrobial stewardship program on clinical outcomes in multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections at a tertiary care hospital from South India
Authors: Rayadurgam Venkata , Konda Vijaya , R Jayaprada , V Manolasya , N Ramakrishna
Published: February 2023

Background: Increasing bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents is resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs aim at rationale use of antimicrobial agents in clinical settings by development and implementation of antibiotic policy. As the patterns of antimicrobial resistance vary with organism and time, there is a need for periodic surveillance.

Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to study the impact of AMS program on appropriate use of antimicrobial agents and clinical outcomes in patients with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial (MDR GNB) infections.

Materials and Methods: This is a prospective observational study that included patients diagnosed with multidrug-resistance Gram-negative bacterial infections during June to July 2019. Identification of multidrug-resistant organisms was performed as per clinical and laboratory standards institute guidelines 2016. Information on the use of empirical antibiotic and other antimicrobial agents after culture and sensitivity report were collected and assessed for appropriateness. All the patients were followed up till discharge.

Results: From 170 patients, there were 211 specimens sent for culture and sensitivity and 249 pathogens were isolated. The most frequent pathogen isolated was Escherichia coli (42.6%) followed by Klebsiella spp. (22.9%). Isolates were most resistant to cefazolin (86.7%) and ceftriaxone (83.9%), and most sensitive to polymyxin B (100%) and tigecycline (97.2%). All patients were administered antimicrobial agents as per antibiotic policy of the institute and 154 (90.6%) patients have recovered from illness with a mean length of hospital stay of 19.4 ± 6.6 days.

Conclusion: Adherence to antimicrobial policy helps in improved outcomes in patients with MDR GNB infections. Hence, the need to implement AMS program in all hospitals.
Knowledge, awareness, and attitude toward leprosy among undergraduate medical students in India
Authors: Rastogi Siddhant , Narang Ranchit , Goyal Parul , Gupta Sharang , Shanker Vinay , Singh Rajwinder
Published: February 2023

Background: Leprosy is a communicable illness that is notorious for causing gradual and lifelong physical impairment. It affects peripheral nerves, the epidermis, and the mucosa of the upper respiratory tracts. The prevalence rate and yearly new case detection ratio in Haryana State are 0.23 and 1.57, respectively. Since, medical students are the future doctors of the society, it is vital that undergraduate medical students to be well rehearsed in the signs and symptoms and management of leprosy and National program for leprosy running in India. Therefore, survey is being conducted to study knowledge and attitude of undergraduate medical students toward leprosy and leprosy affected patients and compare knowledge and attitude among the recently admitted students and the outgoing students.

Aims and Objectives: Evaluation of knowledge and attitude of undergraduate medical students toward leprosy.

Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted at medical college in Himachal Pradesh between July and December with total of 600 UG medical students selected randomly for the study. Data were gathered using a self-administered, pre-designed, and pre-tested questionnaire.

Results: Out of the total 600 participants of the study, 329 (54.8%) were male students and 271 (45.2%) were female students. Maximum male students were in 3rd professional part II (58.7%). Students of 2nd prof., 3rd prof part I and 3rd Prof part II gave more correct answers to the questions assessing the knowledge about leprosy as compared to the 1st prof students. A significant difference was found between the knowledge, awareness, and attitude of recently admitted and outgoing undergraduate students.

Conclusion: In the present study, majority of the participants, that is, around 54.8% were males and rest were females. In comparison to 1st-year students, students in the second and third Prof gave more accurate responses to questions concerning leprosy, including those testing knowledge of the disease’s common name, its cause, its mode of transmission, its kinds, its treatments, and its deformities. Most students across all professions gave negative answers when asked about their attitude, demonstrating their favorable feelings about leprosy sufferers.
Impact of yoga on lipid parameters in different age groups
Authors: Meher Arati , Mishra Tapaswini , Panda Priyambada , Mohapatra Dipti
Published: February 2023

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) rise first among the causes of death occurring due to non-communicable diseases in the world. The majority of cardiovascular deaths are due to ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. Among the major risk factors, dyslipidemia is an important risk factor. Hence, the prevention of dyslipidemia results in the prevention of ischemic heart disease. Dyslipidemia can be corrected by drugs but more importantly, it can be prevented by lifestyle modification.

Aim and Objectives: Our aim is to observe the impact of yoga on lipid parameters in different age groups.

Materials and Methods: We included 54 subjects between the age group of 30 and 60 years for this study. They were categorized into two groups: Group I having ages between 30 and 45 years (n = 23) and Group II having ages between more than 45 years and <60 years (n = 31). The lipid parameters were measured afore of yoga training, at the end of 2 months and after 6 months of yogic practices. Statistical analysis was done using the SPSS version of 20.0. A P value of less than 0.05 is considered as statistically significant.

Results: Our study revealed that yoga induces a decrease in total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and very LDL cholesterol and an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in both Group I and Group II subjects which were statistically significant.

Conclusion: Yoga tends to improve dyslipidemia, a major risk factor for CVDs. A yoga lifestyle can be considered a preventive measure for CVDs.
Correlation of pulse pressure to demographic, anthropometric, hemodynamic, and biochemical variables governing cardiovascular health
Authors: Kanawjia Preeti , Saha Saurabh , Kumar Atosh
Published: February 2023

Background: A parameter of arterial stiffness, the pulse pressure (PP) gets adversely affected by serum low-density lipoprotein but to know how do other indicators of cardiovascular health such as cholesterol ratio, adiposity, and serum endothelin are correlated to it, we planned this study.

Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to study the correlation of PP to demographic, anthropometric, hemodynamic, and biochemical variables.

Materials and Methods: This was an analytical, observational, and pilot study with 30 overweight/obese subjects as cases and 30 non-obese subjects as controls. Informed consent was duly taken. History and clinical examination helped to exclude cases with secondary cause of abnormal blood flow. Blood pressure measurement along with venous blood sampling for biochemical tests was done.

Results: The two groups varied significantly in age, in hemodynamic parameters (systolic blood pressure [SBP], diastolic blood pressure and PP), and in anthropometric measurements (waist to hip ratio [WHR], body mass index) (P < 0.001). The lipid profile did not differ significantly in the two groups except the cholesterol ratio (P = 0.001) but it was not significantly correlated to PP. A good proportion of cases had raised PP in comparison to control who mostly had low PP. No significant difference in serum endothelin levels was observed. A significant positive correlation of PP with SBP and WHR in both groups (weakened on controlling the age variable), and with age, only in cases was recorded.

Conclusion: Visceral adiposity, SBP, and ageing are independent predictors of PP but with no endothelial damage. Partial correlation revealed a major role of ageing in causing arterial stiffness.
A study on the impact of repeated examinations on the performance of 1st-year medical students
Authors: K Chethan , Sasi Bhajan
Published: February 2023

Background: Examinations are the tools for assessing medical students. Traditional summative assessment helps in assessing knowledge and success of the student at the end of the year whereas formative assessments help in giving timely feedback.

Aims and Objectives: This study was done to compare the effect of repeated examinations otherwise formative assessment with the assessment done after 3 months on the performance of medical students.

Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, ESIC Medical College, Hyderabad. A total of 98 students were taken, they were assessed in the physiology first internals with the essay type questions without any weekly tests then weekly tests were given and assessed in the physiology second internals with the essay type questions after 3 months.

Results: Results of first internal and second internals were compared using Student’s test. It was found that there was a significant improvement in the performance of the medical students (P < 0.001) after conducting weekly tests.

Conclusions: This study revealed that there is a link between the regular weekly test and increase in the performance of the medical students. It also builds confidence among the medical students.
A randomized comparative study of preoperative fentanyl and dexmedetomidine nebulization on the hemodynamic response to endotracheal intubation
Authors: Chaudhary Asmita , Vaishnav Barkha , Chaudhary Prasant , Sanghavi Kinjal , Shah Bipin , Chudasama Sangeeta
Published: February 2023

Background: Intense sympathetic activity is linked to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation, which could lead to intraoperative problems. We undertook this study to compare the effects of preoperative nebulized Fentanyl and Dexmedetomidine on hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation, taking advantage of their high bioavailability and better absorption through nasal mucosa.

Aim and Objectives: The objectives of the study were (i) to compare the effect of preoperative nebulization on the hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and intubation; and (ii) to assess intraoperative requirement of anesthetic agents.

Materials and Methods: This prospective, randomized, and comparative study was conducted among 100 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I, II patients (of either gender) undergoing elective surgeries and requiring tracheal intubation, were randomized in two groups. Group A was given Fentanyl Nebulization (2 μg/kg in 4 ml of 0.9% saline) and Group B was given Dexmedetomidine nebulization (1 μg/kg in 4 ml of 0.9% saline) 10 min before anesthesia induction. Hemodynamic parameters were noted before and immediately after induction, 1 min, 5 min and 10 min after intubation. The main goal was to assess how Fentanyl and dexmedetomidine nebulization affect the laryngoscopy and intubation-induced stress response. The secondary outcome was to assess the intraoperative requirement of anesthetic agents, observe adverse effects of study drug and sedation score.

Results: Dexmedetomidine nebulization was found to be more effective in blunting rise in heart rate post laryngoscopy compared to Fentanyl Nebulization (P < 0.0001) as well as in MAP after 10 min of intubation (P < 0.0001). Requirement of propofol was seen to be significantly reduced in Group B compared to Group A (P < 0.05). Sedation scores were significantly higher in Group B (P < 0.05). No evidence of side effects was observed in any group.

Conclusion: Nebulisation of dexmedetomidine was found to be more effective in attenuation of stress response of laryngoscopy and intubation compared to nebulisation of fentanyl, with stable intraoperative hemodynamic and no significant side effects.
Pattern of cutaneous adverse drug reactions in an adverse drug monitoring center at a tertiary care hospital in Kerala
Authors: Parvathy Shobha , Sunitha Messaline
Published: February 2023

Background: Pre-marketing clinical trials can filter only about 50% of the drug reaction. Hence, to prevent the morbidity and mortality due to severe cutaneous reactions early detection, evaluation and monitoring of adverse drug reaction (ADR) especially cutaneous ADR (CADR) are mandatory. Hence, it is imperative that we update our knowledge of the precise nature of ADR which will prevent the reactions as well as to find the offending drug.

Aim and Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the pattern of CADR, the suspected drugs and to perform the causality assessment using WHO casualty assessment scale.

Materials and Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was done using the data reported to ADR monitoring center in the Department of Pharmacology by the health-care professionals. Suspected CADR was diagnosed by the consultants concerned. The CADRs collected were categorized according to their morphology into maculopapupar rash (MPR), fixed drug eruptions (FDE), urticaria, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis. The causality assessment was done using WHO Causality assessment scale.

Results: The mean age was 47.20 + 22.31. The most common CADR reported was Urticaria 65.5% followed MPR 23%, FDE 8.8%, and Steven Johnsons Syndrome 2.2%. Anti-microbial drugs were the most frequent cause of the adverse reactions with Amoxicillin clavulinic acid combination being the most frequent suspected drug producing CADR (13.3%). The WHO causality assessment for majority of CADR was Possible (73.5%).

Conclusion: Clinical Patterns of CADRs in this set up have some minor variations when compared to studies done across India. Amoxicillin clavulinic acid is the most common suspected drug in this study which was not frequently reported in other ADR monitoring centers.
A retrospective and comparative study between quick sequential organ failure assessment, CURB-65, and early warning scorings in COVID-19 patients to predict the disease severity and outcome
Authors: Thakur Indranil , Ghosh Ashis , Jatua Sanat , Haldar Debdutta , Dan Utpal , Panja Tanmay
Published: February 2023

Background: Predicting the severity of COVID-19 infection in advance is the key to success of its treatment outcome. Various scoring systems are used to detect the severity of this disease but this study targets three simple scoring systems based on the vital parameters and basic routine laboratory tests.

Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the predictability of three scoring systems (Quick sequential organ failure assessment [q SOFA], CURB-65, and Early Warning scoring system) for disease severity at presentation in a rural-based tertiary care center.

Materials and Methods: An observational, descriptive, retrospective, and cross-sectional study was conducted at Diamond Harbour Government Medical College Covid Hospital from January 2021 to January 2022 to assess the predictability of q SOFA, CURB-65, and Early Warning scoring system for disease severity at presentation.

Results: The total number of participants was 561 among total admitted 1367 patients. A short descriptive analysis obtained from the variables to analyze the scorings howed among total sample collected, 57% were male and 43% were female. In this study, 87% of patients were survived and the rest 13% succumbed (death). There is no statistically significant difference in mortality between both genders. Age, pulse rate, and respiratory rate have a significant correlation with the outcome and altered sensorium is also highly associated with mortality. The accuracy was also found to be little higher for National Early Warning score (NEWS) score than CURB-65 scoring and q SOFA scoring (0.919, 0.914 and 0.907). Although all the scoring systems have high sensitivity (>90%) (CURB 65: Most sensitive [0.99]), the specificities of all three scoring systems are below 50%. Among these three-scoring systems, NEWS showed the highest specificity (0.492) than q SOFA (0.423) and CURB 65 (0.394).

Conclusion: We suggest NEWS score and CURB-65 as a better predictor for in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients as it is significantly sensitive and reasonably specific. It can be recommended in less equipped hospitals where only basic laboratory facilities are available. qSOFA can be utilized where no laboratory facility is available like in safe home and isolation centers.
RNA-Approached technology applications in forensic genetics
Authors: Yukseloglu Emel
Published: February 2023

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid which is structurally different from DNA. DNA is the most used and approved nucleic acid in routine applications in forensic caseworks. In this article, giving an information about which RNA types are chosen for which forensic applications is aimed. RNA technologies are developing in the concept of forensic genetics and they can be adapted into routine case works in the case of well conditions are supplied. Both coding and non-coding RNAs are investigated for forensic purposes and most examined ones are messenger RNAs, and microRNAs. There are some researches on circular RNAs and piwi-interacting RNAs but they are in low number when compared with first two RNA types. Forensic studies based on RNA technologies are body fluid identification, post mortem interval determination, determination of stain age, estimation of an individual’s age and sex, identification of organ tissues, wound age estimation, and determination of drug abuse. Lastly, different RNA based technologies can be used in these studies and some of them are micro-array, Nano-String technology, real time PCR, end point PCR, high resolution melt (HRM) analysis and next generation sequencing (NGS) technology.
Usage areas of microrna (miRNA) in forensic genetics
Authors: Holumen Nazli
Published: February 2023

Interest in molecular based techniques increases in every field of forensic sciences. Use of microRNAs (miRNA) in forensic genetics is one of them. The aim of this article is giving a brief information about microRNAs and their use in forensic genetic applications. MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs and because of their important features such as tissue-specificity and high stability in specific conditions, they are used in various studies for forensic purposes. In the article, usage areas of miRNAs and promising results obtained from these studies are mentioned. Body fluid identification, organ tissue identification, determination of stain age, wound age determination, post mortem interval (PMI) identification, age estimation of an individual, lesion assessment in strangulation cases, identification of brain damage and determination the abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids are the subjects which potential use miRNA are examined. The limitations of miRNAs in the forensic genetics applications are also mentioned in the article.