bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review of Dispersivities for Transport Modeling in Soils
Authors: Vanderborght Jan , Vereecken Harry
Published: January 2007

The one‐dimensional convection–dispersion equation is often used to estimate the risk of nonpoint source groundwater contamination and the dispersivity in this equation is known to be a sensitive parameter for predicting the mass that leaches through the vadose zone to the groundwater. We derived a database of dispersivities from leaching studies in soils. Besides dispersivities, the database contains information about experimental parameters: transport distance, scale of the experiment, flow rate, boundary conditions, soil texture, pore water velocity, transport velocity, and measurement method. Dispersivities were found to increase with increasing transport distance and scale of the experiment. Considerably larger dispersivities were observed for saturated than for unsaturated flow conditions. No significant effect of soil texture on dispersivity was observed, but the interactive effects of soil texture, lateral scale of the experiment, and flow rate on dispersivity were significant. In coarse‐textured soils, lateral water redistribution may take place across relatively larger distances, which explains the larger dependency of dispersivity on lateral scale of the experiment in coarse‐ than in fine‐textured soils. The activation of large interaggregate pores may explain the increase in dispersivity with increasing flow rate in fine‐textured soils, which was not observed in soils with a coarser texture. The distribution of dispersivities was positively skewed and better described with a lognormal than a normal distribution. Different experimental factors explained 25% of the total variability of loge‐transformed dispersivities. The unexplained variance of the dispersivity was large and its coefficient of variation was 100%.
Development of indirect potable reuse in impacted areas of the United States
Authors: Jansen H.P. , Stenstrom M.K. , de Koning J.
Published: January 2007

This paper demonstrates the development of indirect potable reuse (IPR) in the United States. A legislative review and a survey of plants show that IPR is becoming an integral part of water reclamation. Public resistance is the limiting factor to its development while technology is not.
Relationship of nutrient and residual chlorine concentration in treated wastewater with periphytic algae grown in a stream receiving treated wastewater
Authors: Aratani Y. , Tajima A. , Minamiyama M.
Published: January 2007

The ratio of the amount of treated wastewater to river water is increasing in urban areas due to the spread of sewage systems. Treated wastewater is also sometimes extensively used to create streams and other water environments in urban areas. Rivers, streams and other water environments provide valuable habitats for all kinds of aquatic species, but the relationship between such aquatic species and the quality of treated wastewater they inhabit is not clearly understood. This study was carried out to clarify the effect of the water quality of treated wastewater such as nutrients and residual chlorine on periphytic algae grown in a stream receiving treated wastewater using laboratory-scale experimental channels. The following results were obtained. (1) When the range of phosphate (PO4-P) concentration was 0.04 to 0.09 mg/L, the higher the PO4-P concentration, the higher the biomass of periphytic algae and the more dominant the Chlorophyceae. (2) When the range of total residual chlorine (TRC) concentration was 0.07 to 5.8 mg/L, the higher the TRC concentration, the lower the biomass of periphytic algae. When the range of TRC concentration was 0.93 to 5.8 mg/L, this tendency was more pronounced.
Filtration characteristics of immersed coarse pore filters in an activated sludge system for domestic wastewater reclamation
Authors: Seo G.T. , Moon B.H. , Park Y.M. , Kim S.H.
Published: January 2007

The filtration characteristics of two different module configurations with coarse pore filter (non-woven fabric) were investigated for sludge floc separation in an activated sludge reactor for domestic wastewater reclamation. A polypropylene non-woven fabric filter (35 g/m2) was used for the two different module configurations, one flat and one tubular type, each with a filtration area of 0.052 m2. The different module types, submerged in the oxic compartment of A/O (anaerobic/oxic) type reactors, were operated simultaneously. The filtration fluxes were gradually increased from 0.5 to 1.2 and 1.73 m/d. The filtration pressures were more stably maintained for the tubular type module than the plate type. The tubular type module installed horizontally with two-side suction showed less filtration pressures than the tubular type module installed vertically with one-side suction. The solid separation was significantly high showing less than 5 mg/L effluent solids. The organic and T-N removal efficiencies were around 95 and 50%, respectively. The 85% removal of T-P was achieved with 20 mg/L injection of PAC (poly-aluminum chloride).
Quantitative evaluation and application of Cryptosporidium parvum inactivation with ozone treatment
Authors: Cho M. , Yoon J.
Published: January 2007

Despite a wealth of studies concerning the factors affecting the inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum on ozone disinfection, practical approaches for predicting the inactivation level on ozone treatment system and determining the required ozone dose or contact time to achieve the required inactivation level remain unclear. When modified version of the “Delayed Chick–Watson model” was applied, the results show that Cryptosporidium parvum inactivation was well fitted with one unique line as “C̄Tlag” and “inactivation slope” for several water parameters and water types. Thus, this study suggests quantitative methodology for predicting the Cryptosporidium parvum inactivation level with observation for the contact time of ozone and Cryptosporidium parvum and ozone residual.
Fate of tetracycline resistant bacteria as a function of activated sludge process organic loading and growth rate
Authors: Kim S. , Jensen J.N. , Aga D.S. , Weber A.S.
Published: January 2007

The objective of this research was to elucidate the fate of tetracycline resistant bacteria as a function of activated sludge organic loading rate and growth rate. Techniques employed to evaluate the effect of these factors on the fate of tetracycline resistant bacteria were: (1) resistant bacteria concentrations in the SBR biomass; (2) production of tetracycline resistant bacteria as measured by a combination of effluent efflux and intentional solids wasting; (3) net specific growth rates as determined by an SBR population balance; and (4) percentage of resistance as determined by normalising resistant concentrations to total concentrations. Based on these evaluation parameters, increases in organic loading and growth rate both resulted in amplification of tetracycline resistance. These trends were observed for activated sludge reactors loaded with typical municipal background tetracycline concentrations (∼1 μg/L) and those receiving influent augmented with 250 μg/L tetracycline. Accordingly, biological wastewater treatment plants, such as the activated sludge process, may be significant sources of antibiotic resistance to the environment.
Application of medium class land cover maps to AVSWAT2000 for the prediction of inflow, CBOD, TN and TP for Yongdam Lake, Korea
Authors: Seo D. , Kim J.S. , Chang E.
Published: January 2007

This study tests the efficacy of using medium class land cover maps vs. the large class maps produced by the Korean Ministry of Environment for prediction of flow and CBOD, TN and TP concentrations. AVSWAT2000 was chosen as a model to process information for a sample site, Yongdam Lake watershed area, Korea. The watershed was divided into 11 sub-watersheds, as was done for implementation of the Total Waste Load Management Act by the Korean government. Calibration of AVSWAT2000 was performed using a trial-and-error method, by comparing the root mean square errors of the observed data and calculated results. This study suggests that AVSWAT2000 can be successfully applied in estimating pollutant load considering hydrologic and site-specific conditions of watersheds. With further study, this approach may be applied to improve watershed-scale water quality management strategies, especially for TMDL developments.
Review of water reuse practices and development in China
Authors: Zhang Y. , Chen X. , Zheng X. , Zhao J. , Sun Y. , Zhang X. , Ju Y. , Shang W. , Liao F.
Published: January 2007

The paper reviews existing urban water reuse schemes in north China including existing policies, institutional, technical and financial practices, summarises the data of nine water reclamation plants in six case study cities, highlights key issues and constraints, and presents development trend in water reuse sector. It is based on an intensive study programme financed by the World Bank in 2004/2005.
Treatment of contaminated groundwater in sandy layer under river bank by electrokinetic and ultrasonic technology
Authors: Chung Ha I.
Published: January 2007

A series of laboratory experiments involving simple, ultrasonic, electrokinetic, electrokinetic/ ultrasonic flushing test were carried out for treatment and removal of heavy metal and hydrocarbon from contaminated groundwater in sandy layers under a river bank. The test results show that the electrokinetic/ultrasonic flushing technique is most effective for the removal of heavy metal and hydrocarbon from contaminated sandy layers by the coupling action of their own phenomena. It is shown that the electrokinetic technique is most effective to enhance the removal efficiency of heavy metal contaminants such as cadmium from contaminated sandy soil under the river bank; on the other hand the ultrasonic technique is most effective to enhance the removal efficiency of hydrocarbon contaminant, such as diesel fuel from contaminated soil.
Factors affecting the activity of anammox bacteria during start up in the continuous culture reactor
Authors: Jung J.Y. , Kang S.H. , Chung Y.C. , Ahn D.H.
Published: January 2007

Factors affecting cultivation of extremely slow-growing bacteria (anaerobic ammonium oxidiser, doubling time 11 days) were investigated by using upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors which can maintain high solid retention time. The effects of concentrations of DO, free ammonia (FA), and nitrite on activation of anammox activity were tested during the start-up period. The reactor was inoculated with granular sludge collected from a full-scale UASB reactor used for treating brewery wastewater, and sludge from a piggery wastewater treatment plant and rotating biological contactor treating sewage. Results of continuous operation showed that concentrations of DO, free ammonia (FA) and nitrite in the reactors played a key role in stimulating the anammox activity during start-up period. It is crucial to keep DO below 0.2 ppm, FA below 2 mg/L and nitrite nitrogen below 35 mg/L to cultivate anammox cells in the continuous bioreactor. When the levels of DO, FA and nitrite in the influent were controlled at less than the inhibition levels, the anammox activity increased gradually in the anaerobic condition. Addition of hydrogen sulphide into the reactor enhanced anammox activity in the continuous culture. Through the SEM, TEM and FISH analysis, anammox bacteria were detected in the granular sludge after 3 months of continuous operation.
Application of mulch for treating metals in urban runoff: batch and column test
Authors: Jang A. , Lee S.-W. , Seo Y. , Kim K.-W. , Kim I.S. , Bishop P.L.
Published: January 2007

Among the many methods available for the removal of heavy metals in urban nonpoint source pollution (NSP), adsorption has been shown to be an economically feasible alternative. To adsorb the amount of heavy metals in runoff, filtration of runoff through a specially constructed filter system is one possible treatment method. The mulch layer in a specially constructed filter system functions through adsorptive-filtration, where some pollutants are immobilised through sorption and some pollutants associated with suspended solids are immobilised through filtration. Therefore, the major interest of this study was to investigate the possibility of utilising mulch for the adsorption of heavy metals such as cadmium, copper, lead and zinc for a solution typical of those found in urban runoff using the flask-type adsorption batch tests and laboratory column tests. From the equilibrium sorption batch tests, it was observed that the adsorption of heavy metals on mulch with the same initial concentrations of metals in the solution decreased in the order Pb(II)> Cu(II)> Zn(II)> Cd(II) regardless of changes in pH. In column tests, the breakthrough curves for various heavy metals' adsorption by mulch showed that the binding strength of the following metal ions onto mulch was as follows: Pb(II)> Cu(II)> Zn(II)> Cd(II).
Fluidised pellet bed bioreactor: a promising technology for onsite wastewater treatment and reuse
Authors: Wang X.C. , Yuan H.L. , Liu Y.J. , Jin P.K.
Published: January 2007

A pilot-scale fluidised pellet bed (FPB) bioreactor, which combines chemical coagulation, biological degradation, particle pelletisation and separation in one unit, was applied for onsite wastewater treatment and reuse. As a result of rational use of inorganic coagulant and organic polymer and moderate mechanical agitation, spherical particles were generated in the upflow column and a well-fluidised bed was formed. With a continuous supply of dissolved oxygen through a recycling loop, an aerobic condition was kept in the bottom section of the FPB column. Under such conditions the pellets in the FPB column showed the following characteristics: (1) compact structure and high density; (2) rich in microorganisms; and (3) high MLSS and MLVSS concentrations. Therefore, the FPB bioreactor achieved more than 90% removal of SS, COD, BOD and TP from raw domestic wastewater within a total hydraulic retention time (HRT) of only about 30 minutes. It also showed nitrification and denitrification ability and the TN removal could be about 50% as the recycling ratio was increased to 1:1. The treated water quality is generally competitive with the secondary effluent from a conventional activated sludge process. With these advantages the FPB bioreactor is recommendable as a compact system for onsite wastewater treatment and reuse.
Effect of external organic matter on nutrient removal and growth of Phragmites australis in a laboratory-scale subsurface-flow treatment wetland
Authors: Karunarathna A.K. , Tanaka N. , Jinadasa K.B.S.N.
Published: January 2007

Coconut dust, which is used intensively in horticultural applications, was tested as an external organic additive in a series of laboratory-scale subsurface-flow constructed wetlands planted with Phragmites australis. The systems were fed with a mixture of NO−3-N, NH+4-N, and SRP in tap water to simulate high nutrient loads. In the absence of plants, TN removal efficiency was 66%, and the efficiency increased to >80% in the microcosm wetlands. TN and NO−3 removal efficiencies were marginally increased by coconut-dust treatment in comparison with sand-bed microcosms. Analysis by ANOVA showed that the TN removal from a coconut dust-supplemented sand-bed microcosm was significantly different from a sand-bed microcosm (0.0437 < p<0.05). All the systems showed an equal capacity to treat NH+4 nitrogen under low influent concentration levels. Phosphorus removal efficiencies were >98% in all three systems, and a difference between planted and unplanted systems was not observed. Shoot height and shoot densities of P. australis grown in the coconut dust-supplemented medium were significantly higher than those grown in the sand-bed medium. The difference in P. australis growth in response to the coconut dust addition revealed that the added material has the potential to create favourable conditions for plant growth.
Evaluation of agricultural reuse practices and relevant guidelines for the Alba Rancho WWTP (primary and secondary facultative ponds) in Cochabamba, Bolivia
Authors: Zabalaga J. , Amy G. , von Münch E.
Published: January 2007

Many cities in developing countries are experiencing high population growth, which is generating chaotic and unplanned development, reducing land areas available for agriculture, and polluting surface and groundwater. Consequently, the reuse of untreated or partially treated wastewater for agricultural irrigation is increasing in arid and semi-arid regions in developing countries. Cochabamba city in Bolivia also has a high population growth. The climatic characteristics and the lack of clean water sources in this city are forcing the agriculture sector to use treated and untreated wastewater for irrigation. We investigated the effluent quality of the Alba Rancho Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in Cochabamba, Bolivia, and the existing effluent reuse practices for irrigation of fodder crops in the surrounding agricultural land (La Mayca area). The plant uses primary and secondary facultative ponds, and does not achieve the required effluent quality (according to Bolivian environmental law) for effluent BOD, COD, TDS and faecal coliforms. This paper also includes a brief comparison of guidelines for wastewater reuse in agriculture from several developing and developed countries, comparing the parameters measured as pollution indicators. It appears that for developed countries, the main concern is the health risk that reuse can cause to the farmers and consumers. For developing countries on the other hand, pollution reduction is currently the major aim in their guidelines and standards.
Possibility of sewage and combined sewer overflow reuse with biological aerated filters
Authors: Kim S.W. , Park J.B. , Choi E.
Published: January 2007

The secondary effluent from municipal plants in Korea generally represents higher BOD with lower SS. Therefore, more soluble forms of organics and NH4-N need to be removed to improve its effluent for reuse. In this study reuse possibility of secondary effluent and CSO (combined sewer overflow) using BAF (biological aerated filter) was evaluated. The tertiary application with 1.2 h EBCT, SS, BOD and COD showed stable concentrations less than 1.3, 1.3 and 6.2 mg/L, respectively. Nitrogen could be nitrified even at 7° suggesting BAF can be used for a water reuse method as well as an effective add-on facility in cold regions. However, BAF was not stable with CSO application at increased flow rates suggesting CSO must be equalised prior to application. Disinfection was necessary even during normal weather conditions.
Phosphorus recovery by mesoporous structure material from wastewater
Authors: Lee S.H. , Lee B.C. , Lee K.W. , Lee S.H. , Choi Y.S. , Park K.Y. , Iwamoto M.
Published: January 2007

This study was designed to investigate the fundamental aspects of a possible removal of phosphorous from wastewater by using the mesoporous structure materials for wastewater reuse. The zirconium sulphate with mesoporous structure as a new type of ion exchangers was synthesised by hydrothermal reaction. From the results of X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope, it was discovered that the synthesised material had hexagonal mesoporous structure with a pore size of approximately 40–50Å. Experimental results showed that the zirconium sulphate with mesoporous structure had very high sorption capacity for the phosphorus. The novel ion exchange occurred between PO43− and SO42−, OH−. The amount of phosphate ions exchanged into the solid was as great as 3.4 mmol/g-ZS. Furthermore, it is possible to obtain a higher removal efficiency than other ion exchange media and adsorbents.
Rapid and comprehensive indicator for evaluation of performance of treatment processes and of river waters
Authors: Kim H.K. , Lee B.C. , Kim S.D. , Kamei T. , Magara Y.
Published: January 2007

Naturally occurring UV active compounds, commonly present in almost all source waters, can be rapidly monitored by their ultraviolet absorbance at 260 nm (E260). Herein, the extent of correlation between the E260 and the removal efficiency of the hazardous contaminants, endocrine disrupters and dioxins, were investigated using various treatment and river source waters. The detection of various types of hazardous contaminants using sophisticated analytical methods, such as high resolution gas chromatography (HRGC)/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/inductively coupled plasma (ICP)/mass spectrometry (MS), as well as various short-term bioassays, can require hours or even days for results to be obtained. The removal of the E260 correlated well with those of individual contaminants, such as endocrine disruptor chemicals and dioxins, with the various treatment processes employed. In the plots of the endocrine disrupters against the DOC/E260, a correlation was found with the endocrine activity of the Korean/Japanese river waters employed in this study.
Aspects of municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse for future water resource shortages in Taiwan
Authors: Chiou R.J. , Chang T.C. , Ouyang C.F.
Published: January 2007

The Water Resources Agency (WRA), Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA) has predicted that the annual water demand in Taiwan will reach approximately 20 billion m3 by 2021. However, the present water supply is only 18 billion m3 per year. This means that an additional 2 billion m3 have to be developed in the next 17 years. The reuse of treated wastewater effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants could be one target for the development of new water resources. The responsible government departments already have plans to construct public sewerage systems in order to improve the quality of life of the populace and protect the environment. The treated wastewater effluent from such municipal wastewater treatment plants could be a very stable and readily available secondary type of water resource, different from the traditional types of water resources. The major areas where reclaimed municipal wastewater can be used to replace traditional fresh water resources include agricultural and landscape irrigation, street cleaning, toilet flushing, secondary industrial reuse and environmental uses. However, necessary wastewater reclamation and reuse systems have not yet been established. The requirements for their establishment include water reuse guidelines and criteria, the elimination of health risks ensuring safe use, the determination of the wastewater treatment level appropriate for the reuse category, as well as the development and application of management systems reuse. An integrated system for water reuse would be of great benefit to us all by providing more efficient ways to utilise the water resources.
Wastewater reuse in central Asia: implications for the design of pond systems
Authors: Heaven S. , Banks C.J. , Pak L.N. , Rspaev M.K.
Published: January 2007

The paper examines the potential of waste stabilisation ponds to provide water for reuse in extreme continental climates such as those of central Asia, where precipitation is low and summer evaporation rates are high. A simple model is used to predict water availability, BOD and faecal coliform removal for different configurations and operating regimes. The results show a significant proportion of flows could be saved for irrigation or river and aquifer replenishment: if current standard designs can be modified for these climates, the outcome is likely to be both more robust and more flexible in terms of types of reuse. The paper concludes with three case studies of evaporation pond systems in Kazakhstan, assessing their potential for conversion to full biological treatment systems for water conservation and reuse.
Kinetics for a Membrane Reactor Reducing Perchlorate
Authors: Padhye Lokesh , Rainwater Ken , Jackson W. Andrew , Morse Audra
Published: January 2007

The major objectives of this work were to operate and construct an autohydrogenotrophic reactor and estimate perchlorate degradation kinetics. The results show that autohydrogenotrophic bacteria were cultured in the reactor and capable of removing 3.6 mg/d of perchlorate in the presence of excess hydrogen (99% removal). The reactor was successful in treating the average influent perchlorate concentration of 532 μg/L to the level of 3 μg/L. A first‐order relationship was obtained between the concentration of active biomass in the reactor and the hydraulic retention time for the given amount of substrate. During the kinetic loading study, perchlorate removal ranged from 100 to 50%. The kinetic rate of perchlorate degradation observed in this study was 1.62 hr −1. The significant degradation of perchlorate in these samples indicates the ubiquity of perchlorate‐reducing organisms. Additionally, nitrate was simultaneously removed during water treatment (greater than 90% removal). Because of the excess levels of hydrogen, simultaneous removal of nitrate was not believed to significantly affect perchlorate removal. The area of concern was the lack of complete control over biological treatment. The growth of sulfate‐reducing organisms in the reactor negatively affected perchlorate removal efficiency. There were no significant effects observed on the dissolved organic carbon and total suspended solids concentration of the effluent, suggesting that the treatment did not produce a large amount of biomass washout.
Coagulation and Precipitation as Post‐Treatment of Anaerobically Treated Primary Municipal Wastewater
Authors: Diamadopoulos Evan , Megalou Konstantina , Georgiou Maria , Gizgis Nikolaos
Published: January 2007

The main objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of coagulation as a post‐treatment method of anaerobically treated primary municipal wastewater. Both mesophilic and ambient (20°C) temperature conditions were investigated in a laboratory‐scale upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor. In addition, optimization of the coagulant, both in terms of type and dose, was performed. Finally, phosphorus removal by means of aluminum and iron coagulation and phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen removal by means of struvite precipitation were studied. Anaerobic treatment of primary effluent at low hydraulic retention times (less than 15 hours) resulted in mean chemical oxygen demand (COD) removals ranging from 50 to 70%, while, based on the filtered treated effluent, the mean removals increased to 65 to 80%. Alum coagulation of the UASB effluent gave suspended solids removals ranging from approximately 35 to 65%. Turbidity removal reached up to 80%. Remaining COD values after coagulation and settling were below 100 mg/L, while remaining total organic carbon (TOC) levels were below 50 mg/L. Filterable COD levels were generally below 60 mg/L, while filterable TOC levels were below 40 mg/L. All coagulants tested, including prepolymerized aluminum and iron coagulants, demonstrated similar efficiency compared with alum for the removal of suspended solids, COD, and TOC. Regarding struvite precipitation, optimal conditions for phosphorus and nitrogen removal were pH 10 and molar ratio of magnesium: ammonia‐nitrogen: phosphate‐phosphorus close to the stoichiometric ratio (1:1:1). During struvite precipitation, removal of suspended solids reached 40%, while turbidity removal reached values up to 80%. The removal of COD was approximately 30 to 35%; yet, when removal of organic matter was based on the treated filterable COD, the removal increased to approximately 65%. In addition, nitrogen was removed by approximately 70%, while phosphorus removal ranged between approximately 30 and 45% on the basis of the initial phosphorus concentration. Finally, size fractionation of the organic matter (COD) showed that the various treatment methods were capable of removing different fractions of the organic matter.
Bioretention Column Studies of Phosphorus Removal from Urban Stormwater Runoff
Authors: Hsieh Chi‐hsu , Davis Allen P. , Needelman Brian A.
Published: January 2007

This study investigated the effectiveness of bioretention as a stormwater management practice using repetitive bioretention columns for phosphorus removal. Bioretention media, with a higher short‐term phosphorus sorption capacity, retained more phosphorus from infiltrating runoff after 3 mg/L phosphorus loading. A surface mulch layer prevented clogging after repetitive total suspended solids input. Evidence suggests that long‐term phosphorus reactions will regenerate active short‐term phosphorus adsorption sites. A high hydraulic conductivity media overlaying one with low hydraulic conductivity resulted in a higher runoff infiltration rate, from 0.51 to 0.16 cm/min at a fixed 15‐cm head, and was more efficient in phosphorus removal (85% mass removal) than a profile with low conductivity media over high (63% mass removal). Media extractions suggest that most of the retained phosphorus in the media layers is available for vegetative uptake and that environmental risk thresholds were not exceeded.
Thought Suppression and Meaning in Life: A Longitudinal Investigation
Authors: Krause Neal
Published: January 2007

The purpose of this study is to see if older adults who experience problems with thought suppression tend to encounter greater difficulty deriving a sense of meaning in life. Data from a longitudinal nationwide survey of older people ( N = 988) indicate that greater difficulty with thought suppression is associated with a decline in meaning over time. However, the findings further reveal that the relationship between thought suppression and meaning is nonlinear. More specifically, the results suggest that a sense of meaning in life declines at an accelerating rate across progressively higher levels of difficulty with thought suppression.
Frequency of Attendance at Religious Services, Cardiovascular Disease, Metabolic Risk Factors and Dietary Intake in Americans: An Age-Stratified Exploratory Analysis
Authors: Obisesan Thomas , Livingston Ivor , Trulear Harold Dean , Gillum Frank
Published: January 2007

Background:

Few data have been published on the association of attendance at religious services with cardiovascular morbidity and dietary and metabolic risk factors in representative samples of populations despite a known inverse association with mortality and smoking.

Objective:

To test the null hypothesis that frequency of attendance at religious services is unrelated to prevalence or levels of cardiovascular disease, dietary and metabolic risk factors.

Design:

Cross-sectional survey of a large national sample.

Participants:

American men and women aged 20 years and over with complete data in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( n = 14,192).

Measurements:

Self-reported frequency of attendance at religious services, history of doctor-diagnosed diseases, food intake frequency, 24-hour dietary intake, health status, socio-demographic variables and measured serum lipids and body mass index.

Results:

Weekly attenders were significantly less likely to report stroke, even after adjusting for multiple variables only in African American women OR=0.35, 95% CI 0.19–0.66, p < 0.01. No association was seen for heart attack or diabetes. Fish intake at least weekly was more common in weekly attenders, significantly so only in African American women (odds ratio 1.24, 95% CI 1.01–1.58, p < 0.05) and in older Mexican American men (odds ratio 2.57, 95% CI 1.45–2.57, p < 0.01). In linear regression analyses, no significant independent associations were seen between attendance frequency and serum lipid levels or dietary intake of energy, or fat in g and % of kcal.

Conclusion:

Hypotheses generated by these analyses are that in African American women stroke is less prevalent and weekly fish intake more prevalent among weekly attenders than others and that there are no significant independent associations of serum lipids, dietary intake, prevalent CHD, or diabetes with frequency of attendance of religious services. Independent testing of these hypotheses in other samples is needed.
Is Pain Suffering? A Case Study
Authors: Black Helen K.
Published: January 2007

In this article, the case study of an elderly woman shows how bodily pain and suffering meld in her narrative, not as the subjective and objective sides of the same event, but as distinct experiences in which both constructs emerge separately or come together based on the meaning she imputes to the event. The case study shows the clear methodological fit of qualitative narrative research with the lived experiences of pain and suffering. The narrator recalled the “tremendous” pain she experienced almost 60 years previously as both suffering and not-suffering, depending on the outcome of the circumstances that surrounded her pain. This case shows how a significant aspect of the aging experience—suffering—is medicalized, yet remains resistant to both categorization and medicine.
Small area estimation with auxiliary survey data
Authors: Lohr Sharon L. , Prasad N. G. N.
Published: January 2007

Large governmental surveys typically provide accurate national statistics. To decrease the mean squared error of estimates for small areas, i.e., domains in which the sample size is small, auxiliary variables from administrative records are often used as covariates in a mixed linear model. It is generally assumed that the auxiliary information is available for every small area. In many cases, though, such information is available for only some of the small areas, either from another survey or from a previous administration of the same survey. The authors propose and study small area estimators that use multivariate models to combine information from several surveys. They discuss computational algorithms, and a simulation study indicates that if quantities in the different surveys are sufficiently correlated, substantial gains in efficiency can be achieved.
Influence of metal and ligand types on stacking interactions of phenyl rings with square-planar transition metal complexes
Authors: Sredojević Dušan , Tomić Zoran , Zarić Snezana
Published: January 2007

In order to find out whether metal type influences the stacking interactions of phenyl rings in square-planar complexes, geometrical parameters for Cu, Ni, Pd and Pt complexes, with and without chelate rings, were analyzed and compared. By searching the Cambridge Structural Database, 220 structures with Cu complexes, 211 with Ni complexes, 285 with Pd complexes, and 220 with Pt complexes were found. The results show that the chelate ring has a tendency to make the stacking interaction with the phenyl ring independent of metal type in the chelate ring. However, there are some differences among metals for complexes without a chelate ring. There are a number of structures containing Pd and Pt complexes, without chelate rings, that have short carbon-metal distances and parallel orientations of the phenyl ring with respect to the coordination plane. It was found that some of these complexes have a common fragment, CN, as a part of the ligands. This indicates that the CN supports stacking interactions of square planar complexes with the phenyl ring.
Copper(II) complexes of the antihypertensive drug nadolol
Authors: Getova Valentina , Pantcheva Ivayla , Ivanov Darvin , Mehandjiev Dimitar , Skumryev Vassil , Bontchev Panayot
Published: January 2007

The complexation of the non-selective β-blocker nadolol, HL, 1 with copper(II) leads to formation of mono-and dinuclear complexes depending mainly on the metal-to-ligand molar ratio. The mononuclear violet complex CuL2·2Solv, 2, was obtained in a soluble form at metal-to-ligand molar ratio Cu(II): HL ≤ 1: 10 in methanolic or slightly alkaline aqueous solutions. The dinuclear green complex Cu2L2Cl2·H2O, 3 was synthesized at Cu(II): HL ≥ 1: 2 molar ratio in methanolic solutions. The complexes were studied using spectral (UV-Vis, FT-IR, EPR), magnetochemical, thermogravimetric methods and elemental analysis. In the complexes nadolol acts as a monoanionic bidentate ligand coordinated to copper(II) through the NH-and the deprotonated OH-groups of its aminoalcohol fragment.
Carbon sequestration in community forests: an eligible issue for CDM (A case study of Nainital, India)
Authors: Mandal R.A. , Van Laake P.
Published: January 2007

Though community forests have a vital role in environmental services and sustainable development in developing countries such as in India and Nepal, the credit cannot yet to be claimed under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). It is due to difficulties of assessing the biomass and carbon storage in the community forests for monitoring and verification. However, forest carbon monitoring is possible by the use of advanced technology such as Leaf Area Index (LAI) that is derived from hemispherical photographs using Gap Light Analyser by establishing the relation with the biophysical characteristics of the vegetation. Therefore, the study stepped towards the assessment of carbon sequestration in community forests using LAI. To meet research tasks, which were to establish the relationship between biomass and LAI and explore environmental benefit of community forest management approach, 70 samples from Dhaili and 73 samples from Guna Chautara community forests were collected using stratified random sampling. The sample data included girth, height and canopy photos. Canopy photographs were taken by use of hemispherical cameras. After biomass was estimated using allometric equations, LAI values from canopy photos were analyzed by the use of Gap Light Analyser. Furthermore, for relationship development, the linear regressions analyses were carried out and CDM criteria were incorporated with forest management practice. Main outputs of the research were carbon sequestration model based on LAI and justification of CDM criteria with community forest management practice.

Key words: Carbon Sequestration, Leaf Area Index (LAI), Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Community Forest, Gap Light Analyser, Hemispherical photographs

Banko Janakari Vol.15(2) 2005 pp53-61
Digital Dialogue—How Youth Are Interacting With Chatbots
Authors: Pratt Nicholas , Madhavan Ricky , Weleff Jeremy
Published: March 2024

This Viewpoint describes the use of large language model chatbots in social, educational, and therapeutic settings and the need to assess when children are developmentally ready to engage with them.
Scaling up Simultaneous Exfoliation and 2H to 1T Phase Transformation of MoS2
Authors: Kiran Patlolla Sai , Kumar Krishnappagari Vijay , Pandit Niranjan , Indupuri Satish , Kumar Rahul , Wagh Vedant Vinod , Islam Aminul , Keshri Anup Kumar
Published: March 2024

Large‐scale production of high‐quality ultrathin layers (1–3 nm) of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) with absolute (≈100%) 1T‐phase is still in its infancy. Therefore, it is extremely crucial to have a technique for the mass production of ultrathin 1T‐MoS2 layers. Here, a direct, single‐step, and ultra‐fast technique that produces high‐quality ultrathin layers of 1T‐MoS2 with a production rate as high as 58 g h−1 without the usage of any intercalates or solvents is demonstrated. The exfoliated ultrathin 1T‐MoS2 layers exhibited ≈100% 1T‐phase with a large specific surface area (67 m2 g−1), higher electrical conductivity (140 S m−1), high thermal stability (up to 500 °C) and hydrophilicity (water contact angle (WCA): ≈23.4⁰). The ultrathin 1T‐MoS2 layers showed a higher specific capacitance of 420 F g−1; perhaps an ideal candidate for the electrodes of supercapacitors. Moreover, the ultrathin 1T‐MoS2 layer exhibited better mechanical flexibility and retained its original performance on bending between 0 and 180⁰ angles. Further, to assess the adeptness of the protocol, An initial trial is done on other transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) i.e., tungsten disulfide (WS2), and observe similar results. The work sheds light on the simultaneous exfoliation and phase transformation of TMDs in large quantities, and detailed proofs‐of‐concept demonstrate its application in next‐generation energy storage devices.
Dynamic Ionic Liquids‐Based Conductive Coatings for Customizable, Integrated and Recyclable Printed Circuit Boards
Authors: Chen Zhiwu , Song Chenhao , Lian Xiaodong , Xu Beihang , Wang Yapei
Published: March 2024

Given the pollution and waste of resources caused by electronic waste, the search for recyclable alternatives to printed circuit boards (PCBs) is an attractive approach to alleviating this situation. For the next generation of recyclable integrated PCBs, it is imperative to further consider both the recyclability of the integrated electronics and the appropriate welding technique. Herein, a fully dynamic ionic network based on dynamic ionic liquids and dynamic cross‐linkers is developed as the host of PCBs, while liquid metal droplets, which can be easily recycled, are selected as conductive fillers. By virtue of concentration‐induced polymerization, a conductive coating can be obtained after solvent evaporation, which exhibits outstanding adhesion to multiple substrates. Furthermore, conductive circuits can be customized by activating the conductivity of liquid metal droplets under patterned pressure. The fully dynamic ionic network can also function as versatile electronics that can be easily integrated into PCBs through healing welding. It demonstrates the ability to provide 2D imaging of pressure and temperature distributions. Owing to the multiple stimulation responses of the abundant disulfide bonds, the fully dynamic ionic network exhibits intrinsic recyclability, and the disulfide bonds can also be degraded by reducing reagents to achieve the recycling of the embedded liquid metal.
Elastic Polarization Configuration Coupled with Activity Rattling Space Boosts Energy Harvesting Performance of Lead‐Free Piezoceramic
Authors: Xi Kaibiao , Hou Yudong , Zheng Mupeng , Zhu Mankang
Published: March 2024

Piezoelectric energy harvesting technology is drawing substantial attention as an eco‐friendly method to promote energy transformation, which is at the forefront of current scientific research. However, the difficulties involved in obtaining a stable output voltage (Vout) and a controllable output current density (Iout) represent bottlenecks in the development of piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) for practical applications. Here, a novel strategy that couples elastic polarization configuration with activity rattling space in lead‐free potassium sodium niobate‐based piezoceramics is proposed to break through this barrier. The cantilever beam‐type PEHs assembled using the rationally designed piezoceramic system show a stable Vout (≈22 V) and a controllable Iout over the range from 6.09 to 20.16 µA cm−2, which is sufficient to drive multiple types of wireless sensors that have the same rated voltage but different rated current requirements. These fantastic power generation performances are associated with a stable piezoelectric voltage coefficient (g33), an increasing piezoelectric charge coefficient (d33), and a weakened electrostrictive coefficient (Q33) that stem from polarization configuration optimization in combination with introduction of the activity rattling space design. This work provides a good approach to modulation of the overall performance of piezoelectric materials to meet the demands of advanced PEH applications.
Achieving Zero‐Temperature Coefficient Point Behavior by Defect Passivation for Temperature‐Immune Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Qi Jiannan , Tie Kai , Ma Yue , Huang Yinan , Gong Wenbing , Sun Shougang , Wang Zhongwu , Li Zhiyun , Huang Rong , Bi Jinshun , Li Liqiang , Chen Xiaosong , Hu Wenping
Published: March 2024

Organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) have broad prospects in biomedical, sensor, and aerospace applications. However, obtaining temperature‐immune OFETs is difficult because the electrical properties of organic semiconductors (OSCs) are temperature‐sensitive. The zero‐temperature coefficient (ZTC) point behavior can be used to achieve a temperature‐immune output current; however, it is difficult to achieve in organic devices with thermal activation characteristics, according to the existing ZTC point theory. Here, the Fermi pinning in OSCs is eliminated using the defect passivation strategy, making the Fermi level closer to the tail state at low temperatures; thus threshold voltage (VT) is negatively correlated with temperature. ZTC point behaviors in OFETs are achieved by compensation between VT and mobility at different temperatures to improve its temperature immunity. A temperature‐immune output current can be realized in a variable‐temperature bias voltage test over 50000 s by biasing the device at the ZTC point. This study provides an effective solution for temperature‐immune OFETs and inspiration for their practical application.
Large‐Scale, Stretchable, Self‐Protective, and Multifunctional Perovskite Luminescent Filament with Ultra‐High Stability
Authors: Yang Liyan , Liu Yunpeng , Li Xiaofang , Li Mufang , Li Wei , Wang Tao , Wang Dong
Published: March 2024

Lead halide perovskites possess great application potential in flexible displays and wearable optoelectronics owing to their prominent optoelectronic properties. However, the intrinsic instability upon moisture, heat, and ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation hinders their development and application. In this work, an ultra‐stable CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite luminescent filament (PLF) with high stretchability (≈2400%) and luminescence performance (photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 24.5%, tunable emission spectrum, and high color purity) is introduced by a facile environmental‐friendly wet‐spinning technology via solvent extraction. Benefiting from the in situ encapsulation of the hydrophobic thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and the chelation of Lewis base CO in TPU with Lewis acid Pb2+, the CsPbBr3 PLF demonstrates ultra‐high photoluminescence (PL) stability when stored in ambient air and high humidity circumstance, annealed at 50 °C, and dipped in water for 30 days, illuminated under ultraviolet light for 300 min, and immersed in organic solvents and solutions with pH of 1‐13 for 5 min, respectively. Impressively, it retains 80% of its initial PL after being recycled five times. Overall, the CsPbX3 PLF demonstrates promising prospects in multifunctional applications, including organic dyes and tensile strain sensing, flexible pattern displays, secondary anti‐counterfeiting, and hazard warning systems.
Floating Solar Materials and their Devices for Energy Conversion and Environment Remediation
Authors: Liu Xinyi , Pan Junan , Huang Hao , Sun Ning , Gu Chen , Zhuang Yanling , Wang Longlu
Published: March 2024

Floating solar materials and their devices, which can effectively solve the problems faced by powder solar materials, such as difficult recycling, poor stability, and difficult maintenance, have received widespread attention in recent years. However, it is still in the early stage of development and still faces many challenges in material design, device preparation, and systematic application. Therefore, it is particularly necessary to summarize the research progress of related aspects to promote the development of this field (To achieve large‐scale applications, it is necessary to develop devices that can be applied on a large scale). In this review, the systematic construction methods of floating materials are reviewed from the aspects of lightweight carrier integration as well as functionalization and surface modification. Subsequently, the recent studies on floating solar materials and their devices are categorized and summarized. Their applications in the purification of polluted seawater, water splitting, CO2 reduction, and prevention of water bloom are reviewed in detail. Finally, the outlook for future development is critically discussed.