bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Caracterização da resposta hipotensora pós-exercício
Authors: Kolb Giuliane De Cássia , Abreu Luiz Carlos de , Valenti Vitor Engrácia , Alves Thales Biffe
Published: May 2014

Introdução: A hipertensão arterial é uma doença que atinge grande parte da população mundial. Seu tratamento consiste na modificação de hábitos de vida, os quais incluem dieta, diminuição de peso e cessação do tabagismo, entre outros. A atividade física é uma das recomendações de destaque, sustentada pelos seus positivos efeitos sobre a manutenção dos níveis pressóricos dentro dos limites de normalidade. Objetivo: Caracterizar a resposta hipotensora pós-exercício sobre indivíduos com hipertensão. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura realizada por meio do levantamento bibliográfico de 1990 a 2011 junto às bases eletrônicas de dados MEDLINE, ScIELO, Cochrane e Lilacs. Foram selecionados artigos a partir das palavras-chave hipertensão, exercício físico e pressão alta. Resultados: Após a realização de uma sessão de atividade física ocorre a redução da hipertensão arterial, denominada hipotensão pós-exercício. Porém, esse fenômeno dependerá de fatores relacionados como o tipo, a intensidade e a duração do exercício. Conclusão: A realização de atividade e/ou exercício físico é importante no tratamento não farmacológico para a redução da pressão arterial, contudo, ainda não está definido qual o melhor tipo de exercício.
Dissertações e teses do Programa de Pós- Graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciências da Saúde da Faculdade de Medicina do ABC
Authors: FMABC Programa de Pós- Graduação
Published: May 2014

Não disponível
Avaliação da qualidade de vida em idosos pósfratura da extremidade proximal do fêmur
Authors: Machado Amauri Milton , Braga Alfésio Luís Ferreira , Garcia Maria Lúcia Bueno , Martins Lourdes Conceição
Published: May 2014

Introdução: A fratura proximal do fêmur é causa de alta morbimortalidade tardia, comprometendo a funcionalidade e podendo afetar a qualidade de vida, principalmente em idosos. Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade de vida de idosos após alta hospitalar por cirurgia de fratura proximal do colo do fêmur da região do Grande ABC paulista. Método: Estudo transversal com pacientes seis meses pós-cirurgia de fratura da extremidade proximal do fêmur realizada em dois hospitais pertencentes ao sistema de saúde suplementar no município de Santo André (SP) no período de 2006 a 2009, por meio de dois questionários: um sociobiodemográfico e o de qualidade de vida SF-36. Os dados foram submetidos à análise descritiva e teste U de Mann-Whitney. O nível de significância foi 5%. Resultados: Foram entrevistados 50 pacientes entre 60 e 97 anos, média de 74,5 (desvio padrão=10,8). Houve predominância do sexo feminino (68%), viúvas (52%), na cor branca (70%) e com nível de instrução até o Ensino Fundamental incompleto (62%). As doenças mais prevalentes foram a hipertensão arterial sistêmica e osteoartrite. Com relação à qualidade de vida, houve diferença entre os sexos. Os homens apresentaram melhor escore para os domínios capacidade funcional (p<0,001), dor (p=0,025), aspectos físicos (p=0,023) e aspectos sociais (p=0,050), enquanto as mulheres pontuaram melhor em saúde mental (p=0,024). Conclusão: Entre os idosos da região do Grande ABC paulista, após longo período do procedimento cirúrgico para fratura de colo de fêmur, observou-se melhor qualidade de vida para pacientes do sexo masculino quando comparados ao feminino.
Estado atual da terapia farmacológica para a dependência de álcool: enfoque nas futuras direções para os pesquisadores brasileiros
Authors: Castaldelli-Maia João Mauricio , Andrade Arthur Guerra de
Published: May 2014

Não disponível.
Dissertações e teses do Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciências da Saúde da Faculdade de Medicina do ABC
Authors: FMABC Programa de Pós-Graduação
Published: May 2014

Não disponível
Structure of cellular ESCRT-III spirals and their relationship to HIV budding
Authors: Cashikar Anil G , Shim Soomin , Roth Robyn , Maldazys Michael R , Heuser John E , Hanson Phyllis I
Published: May 2014

The ESCRT machinery along with the AAA+ ATPase Vps4 drive membrane scission for trafficking into multivesicular bodies in the endocytic pathway and for the topologically related processes of viral budding and cytokinesis, but how they accomplish this remains unclear. Using deep-etch electron microscopy, we find that endogenous ESCRT-III filaments stabilized by depleting cells of Vps4 create uniform membrane-deforming conical spirals which are assemblies of specific ESCRT-III heteropolymers. To explore functional roles for ESCRT-III filaments, we examine HIV-1 Gag-mediated budding of virus-like particles and find that depleting Vps4 traps ESCRT-III filaments around nascent Gag assemblies. Interpolating between the observed structures suggests a new role for Vps4 in separating ESCRT-III from Gag or other cargo to allow centripetal growth of a neck constricting ESCRT-III spiral.
A strategy for diagnosing and interpreting hydrological model nonstationarity
Authors: Westra Seth , Thyer Mark , Leonard Michael , Kavetski Dmitri , Lambert Martin
Published: May 2014

This paper presents a strategy for diagnosing and interpreting hydrological nonstationarity, aiming to improve hydrological models and their predictive ability under changing hydroclimatic conditions. The strategy consists of four elements: (i) detecting potential systematic errors in the calibration data; (ii) hypothesizing a set of “nonstationary” parameterizations of existing hydrological model structures, where one or more parameters vary in time as functions of selected covariates; (iii) trialing alternative stationary model structures to assess whether parameter nonstationarity can be reduced by modifying the model structure; and (iv) selecting one or more models for prediction. The Scott Creek catchment in South Australia and the lumped hydrological model GR4J are used to illustrate the strategy. Streamflow predictions improve significantly when the GR4J parameter describing the maximum capacity of the production store is allowed to vary in time as a combined function of: (i) an annual sinusoid; (ii) the previous 365 day rainfall and potential evapotranspiration; and (iii) a linear trend. This improvement provides strong evidence of model nonstationarity. Based on a range of hydrologically oriented diagnostics such as flow‐duration curves, the GR4J model structure was modified by introducing an additional calibration parameter that controls recession behavior and by making actual evapotranspiration dependent only on catchment storage. Model comparison using an information‐theoretic measure (the Akaike Information Criterion) and several hydrologically oriented diagnostics shows that the GR4J modifications clearly improve predictive performance in Scott Creek catchment. Based on a comparison of 22 versions of GR4J with different representations of nonstationarity and other modifications, the model selection approach applied in the exploratory period (used for parameter estimation) correctly identifies models that perform well in a much drier independent confirmatory period.
Microstructural Development and Mechanical Properties for Reactive Air Brazing of ZTA to Ni Alloys Using AgCuO Braze Alloys
Authors: Prevost Erica , DeMarco A. Joseph , MacMichael Beth , Joshi Vineet V. , Meier Alan , Hoffman John W. , Walker William J.
Published: May 2014

In the current study, nickel (Ni) alloys were heat treated to form an oxide layer prior to reactive air brazing (RAB) joining to zirconia‐toughened alumina (ZTA). In the current study five Ni alloys were evaluated. The ZTA studied had compositions of 0–15 wt% zirconia and 0–14 wt% glass. Four point‐bend tests were performed to evaluate the joint strength of ZTA/ZTA and ZTA/nickel alloys brazed with Ag 2 wt% CuO braze alloys. The joint strength is not a function of the ZTA composition, but the strength is a strong function of the chemistry and microstructure of the oxide layer formed on the nickel alloy. An increase in the aluminum content of the Ni alloy resulted in an increase of the thickness of alumina in the oxide layer and was directly proportional to the bond strength.
Self‐Healing Polyurethanes with Shape Recovery
Authors: Heo Yunseon , Sodano Henry A.
Published: May 2014

Two new thermoresponsive self‐healing polyurethanes (1DA1T and 1.5DA1T) based on the Diels–Alder (DA) reaction between furan and maleimide moieties are developed that use the shape‐memory effect to bring crack faces into intimate contact such that healing can take place. Unlike other self‐healing polymers, these polymers do not require external forces to close cracks but rather they use the shape‐memory effect to autonomously close the crack. Both polyurethanes have a stable polymer structure and comparable mechanical properties to commercial epoxies. A differential scanning calorimeter is employed to check the glass transition temperature of the polymers as well as the DA and retro‐DA (rDA) reaction temperatures. These DA and rDA reactions are confirmed with variable‐temperature proton nuclear magnetic resonance. Healing efficiency is calculated using a measurement of the failure load from compact tension testing. The results show that the shape‐memory effect can replace external forces to close two crack surfaces and the DA reaction can be repeatedly employed to heal the cracks.
From Membrane to Skin: Aqueous Permeation Control Through Light‐Responsive Amphiphilic Polymer Co‐Networks
Authors: Schöller Katrin , Küpfer Sabrina , Baumann Lukas , Hoyer Patrick M. , de Courten Damien , Rossi René M. , Vetushka Aliaksei , Wolf Martin , Bruns Nico , Scherer Lukas J.
Published: May 2014

The functionalization of amphiphilic polymer co‐networks with light‐responsive spiropyran and spirooxazine derivatives leads to a new type of light‐responsive materials. The material consisting of hydrophilic nanochannels shows desirable properties such as light‐responsive permeability changes of aqueous caffeine solutions, an exceptional repeatability of the photochromism, and tunable basic permeability rates. The versatility of the system is demonstrated by using different functionalization routes such as copolymerization of light‐responsive monomers or crosslinker as well as postmodification of the preformed amphiphilic network. Moreover, light‐responsive spirobenzopyran and novel spirooxazine derivatives are synthesized, which changes the properties of the light‐responsive membranes after inclusion into the amphiphilic co‐networks. Finally, the permeability of the delivery membrane can be tailored to match the properties of porcine skin, an in vitro model of human neonatal skin. One possible application might be the use of the light‐responsive membranes as key‐unit of a transdermal caffeine‐delivery system for preterm neonates.
Electrospun Nanofibers‐Mediated On‐Demand Drug Release
Authors: Chen Menglin , Li Yan‐Fang , Besenbacher Flemming
Published: May 2014

A living system has a complex and accurate regulation system with intelligent sensor‐processor‐effector components to enable the release of vital bioactive substances on demand at a specific site and time. Stimuli‐responsive polymers mimic biological systems in a crude way where an external stimulus results in a change in conformation, solubility, or alternation of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance, and consequently release of a bioactive substance. Electrospinning is a straightforward and robust method to produce nanofibers with the potential to incorporate drugs in a simple, rapid, and reproducible process. This feature article emphasizes an emerging area using an electrospinning technique to generate biomimetic nanofibers as drug delivery devices that are responsive to different stimuli, such as temperature, pH, light, and electric/magnetic field for controlled release of therapeutic substances. Although at its infancy, the mimicry of these stimuli‐responsive nanofibers to the function of the living systems includes both the fibrous structural feature and bio‐regulation function as an on demand drug release depot. The electrospun nanofibers with extracellular matrix morphology intrinsically guide cellular drug uptake, which will be highly desired to translate the promise of drug delivery for the clinical success.
Methods for SAXS‐Based Structure Determination of Biomolecular Complexes
Authors: Yang Sichun
Published: May 2014

Measurements from small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) are highly informative to determine the structures of bimolecular complexes in solution. Here, current and recent SAXS‐driven developments are described, with an emphasis on computational modeling. In particular, accurate methods to computing one theoretical scattering profile from a given structure model are discussed, with a key focus on structure factor coarse‐graining and hydration contribution. Methods for reconstructing topological structures from an experimental SAXS profile are currently under active development. We report on several modeling tools designed for conformation generation that make use of either atomic‐level or coarse‐grained representations. Furthermore, since large, flexible biomolecules can adopt multiple well‐defined conformations, a traditional single‐conformation SAXS analysis is inappropriate, so we also discuss recent methods that utilize the concept of ensemble optimization, weighing in on the SAXS contributions of a heterogeneous mixture of conformations. These tools will ultimately posit the usefulness of SAXS data beyond a simple space‐filling approach by providing a reliable structure characterization of biomolecular complexes under physiological conditions.
All‐Solid‐State Z‐Scheme Photocatalytic Systems
Authors: Zhou Peng , Yu Jiaguo , Jaroniec Mietek
Published: May 2014

The current rapid industrial development causes the serious energy and environmental crises. Photocatalyts provide a potential strategy to solve these problems because these materials not only can directly convert solar energy into usable or storable energy resources but also can decompose organic pollutants under solar‐light irradiation. However, the aforementioned applications require photocatalysts with a wide absorption range, long‐term stability, high charge‐separation efficiency and strong redox ability. Unfortunately, it is often difficult for a single‐component photocatalyst to simultaneously fulfill all these requirements. The artificial heterogeneous Z‐scheme photocatalytic systems, mimicking the natural photosynthesis process, overcome the drawbacks of single‐component photocatalysts and satisfy those aforementioned requirements. Such multi‐task systems have been extensively investigated in the past decade. Especially, the all‐solid‐state Z‐scheme photocatalytic systems without redox pair have been widely used in the water splitting, solar cells, degradation of pollutants and CO2 conversion, which have a huge potential to solve the current energy and environmental crises facing the modern industrial development. Thus, this review gives a concise overview of the all‐solid‐state Z‐scheme photocatalytic systems, including their composition, construction, optimization and applications.
Tailoring Thickness of Conformal Conducting Polymer Decorated Aligned Carbon Nanotube Electrodes for Energy Storage
Authors: Lachman Noa , Xu Haiping , Zhou Yue , Ghaffari Mehdi , Lin Minren , Bhattacharyya Dhiman , Ugur Asli , Gleason Karen K. , Zhang Q. M. , Wardle Brian L.
Published: May 2014

Aligned Carbon nanotubes (A‐CNT) based electrodes have emerged as high‐performance elements in electric energy storage and conversion devices. Morphological tailoring of conformal coatings of poly(ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) conductive polymer (CP) on the A‐CNT scaffold is demonstrated by controlling CP thickness at the nm scale. Results show that the CP nano‐films dominate the electrode capacitance in a supercapacitor application, contributing as much as 10x (pseudo)capacitance over the electric double layer of pristine A‐CNT due to volumetric vs. surface charge storage. Comparison to theoretical ion mobilities shows that the conformal CP films have active sites at ∼30% doping, indicating the CP quality is similar to thin films on flat substrates and that all these sites are accessed at all CP thickness values (up to 10 nm PEDOT thickness) and do not limit the rate of ion transport in and out of the CP film volume. Supercapacitor electrodes fabricated from these novel morphology‐controlled nanostructured composites provide a new route towards high‐performance next generation energy storage devices.
Efficiency Improvement of Solution‐Processed Dithienopyrrole‐Based A‐D‐A Oligothiophene Bulk‐Heterojunction Solar Cells by Solvent Vapor Annealing
Authors: Wessendorf Cordula D. , Schulz Gisela L. , Mishra Amaresh , Kar Prasenjit , Ata Ibrahim , Weidelener Martin , Urdanpilleta Marta , Hanisch Jonas , Mena‐Osteritz Elena , Lindén Mika , Ahlswede Erik , Bäuerle Peter
Published: May 2014

The extension of a series of dithienopyrrole containing A‐D‐A oligothiophenes for application in solution‐processed bulk heterojunction solar cells is described. Using solvent vapor annealing, power conversion efficiencies up to 6.1% are obtained. Exposure of the photoactive layer to chloroform vapor results in increased absorption and ordering of the donor:acceptor blend, as is evident from UV‐vis absorption spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The type and position of the solubilizing alkyl chains influences the dissolution, optical, and packing properties of the oligomers. However, despite subtle differences in molecular structure, all electron donors could be implemented in solar cells demonstrating power conversion efficiencies between 4.4 and 6.1%. Upon further optimization of these in‐air, processed devices, it is expected that additional improvements in photovoltaic performance can be achieved.
Selection of control configurations for economic model predictive control systems
Authors: Ellis Matthew , Christofides Panagiotis D.
Published: May 2014

Economic model predictive control (EMPC) is a feedback control method that dictates a potentially dynamic (time‐varying) operating policy to optimize the process economics. The objective function used in the EMPC system may be a general nonlinear function that describes the process/system economics. As this function is not derived on the sole basis of classical control considerations (stabilization, tracking, and optimal control action calculation) but rather on the basis of economics, selecting the appropriate control configuration, and quantifying the influence of a given input on an economic cost is an important task for the proper design and computational efficiency of an EMPC scheme. Owing to these considerations, an input selection methodology for EMPC is proposed which utilizes the relative degree and the sensitivity of the economic cost with respect to an input to identify and select stabilizing manipulated inputs with the most dynamic and steady‐state influence on the economic cost function to be assigned to EMPC. Other considerations for input selection for EMPC are also discussed and integrated into a proposed input selection methodology for EMPC. The control configuration selection method for EMPC is demonstrated using a chemical process example. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 3230–3242, 2014
Water consumption in Iron Age, Roman, and Early Medieval Croatia
Authors: Lightfoot E. , Šlaus M. , O'Connell T.C.
Published: May 2014

Patterns of water consumption by past human populations are rarely considered, yet drinking behavior is socially mediated and access to water sources is often socially controlled. Oxygen isotope analysis of archeological human remains is commonly used to identify migrants in the archeological record, but it can also be used to consider water itself, as this technique documents water consumption rather than migration directly. Here, we report an oxygen isotope study of humans and animals from coastal regions of Croatia in the Iron Age, Roman, and Early Medieval periods. The results show that while faunal values have little diachronic variation, the human data vary through time, and there are wide ranges of values within each period. Our interpretation is that this is not solely a result of mobility, but that human behavior can and did lead to human oxygen isotope ratios that are different from that expected from consumption of local precipitation. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:535–543, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Probing the nature of dark energy through galaxy redshift surveys with radio telescopes
Authors: Duffy Alan R.
Published: May 2014

Galaxy redshift surveys using optical telescopes have, in combination with other cosmological probes, enabled precision measurements of the nature of dark energy. It is shown that radio telescopes are rapidly becoming competitive with optical facilities in spectroscopic surveys of large numbers of galaxies. Two breakthroughs are driving this change. Firstly, individual radio telescopes are more efficient at mapping the sky thanks to the large field‐of‐view of new phased‐array feeds. Secondly, ever more dishes can be correlated in a cost‐effective manner with rapid increases in computing power. The next decade will see the coming of age of the radio wavelength as a cosmological probe as first the Pathfinders then, ultimately, the Square Kilometre Array is constructed. The latter will determine precise 3D positions for a billion galaxies, mapping the distribution of matter in the Universe over the last 12 billion years. This radio telescope will be able to constrain the equation of state of dark energy, and its potential evolution, to a precision rivalling that of future optical facilities such as DESI and Euclid.
Base‐Controlled Selectivity in the Synthesis of Linear and Angular Fused Quinazolinones by a Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylation/Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution Sequence
Authors: Chen Jianbin , Natte Kishore , Spannenberg Anke , Neumann Helfried , Langer Peter , Beller Matthias , Wu Xiao‐Feng
Published: May 2014

A new approach for the facile synthesis of fused quinazolinone scaffolds through a palladium‐catalyzed carbonylative coupling followed by an intramolecular nucleophilic aromatic substitution is described. The base serves as the key modulator: Whereas DBU gives rise to the linear isomers, Et3N promotes the preferential formation of angular products. Interestingly, a light‐induced 4+4 reaction of the product was also observed.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Stereoselective Amination of Thioethers with N‐Mesyloxycarbamates: DMAP and Bis(DMAP)CH2Cl2 as Key Additives
Authors: Lebel Hélène , Piras Henri , Bartholoméüs Johan
Published: May 2014

A stereoselective Rh‐catalyzed intermolecular amination of thioethers using a readily available chiral N‐mesyloxycarbamate to produce sulfilimines in excellent yields and diastereomeric ratio is described. A catalytic mixture of 4‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) and bis(DMAP)CH2Cl2 proved pivotal in achieving high selectivity. The X‐ray crystal structure of the (DMAP)2⋅[Rh2{(S)‐nttl}4] complex was obtained and mechanistic studies suggested a RhII‐RhIII complex as the catalytically active species.
Heterogeneous Solution NMR Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange
Authors: Shi Fan , Coffey Aaron M. , Waddell Kevin W. , Chekmenev Eduard Y. , Goodson Boyd M.
Published: May 2014

A novel variant of an iridium‐based organometallic catalyst was synthesized and used to enhance the NMR signals of pyridine in a heterogeneous phase by immobilization on polymer microbead solid supports. Upon administration of parahydrogen (pH2) gas to a methanol mixture containing the HET‐SABRE catalyst particles and the pyridine, up to fivefold enhancements were observed in the 1H NMR spectra after sample transfer to high field (9.4 T). Importantly, enhancements were not due to any residual catalyst molecules in solution, thus supporting the true heterogeneity of the SABRE process. Further significant improvements may be expected by systematic optimization of experimental parameters. Moreover, the heterogeneous catalyst is easy to separate and recycle, thus opening a door to future potential applications varying from spectroscopic studies of catalysis, to imaging metabolites in the body without concern of contamination from expensive and potentially toxic metal catalysts or accompanying organic molecules.
Monolithically Integrated Spinel MxCo3−xO4 (M=Co, Ni, Zn) Nanoarray Catalysts: Scalable Synthesis and Cation Manipulation for Tunable Low‐Temperature CH4 and CO Oxidation
Authors: Ren Zheng , Botu Venkatesh , Wang Sibo , Meng Yongtao , Song Wenqiao , Guo Yanbing , Ramprasad Ramamurthy , Suib Steven L. , Gao Pu‐Xian
Published: May 2014

A series of large scale MxCo3−xO4 (M=Co, Ni, Zn) nanoarray catalysts have been cost‐effectively integrated onto large commercial cordierite monolithic substrates to greatly enhance the catalyst utilization efficiency. The monolithically integrated spinel nanoarrays exhibit tunable catalytic performance (as revealed by spectroscopy characterization and parallel first‐principles calculations) toward low‐temperature CO and CH4 oxidation by selective cation occupancy and concentration, which lead to controlled adsorption–desorption behavior and surface defect population. This provides a feasible approach for scalable fabrication and rational manipulation of metal oxide nanoarray catalysts applicable at low temperatures for various catalytic reactions.
Activation of Carboxylic Acids in Asymmetric Organocatalysis
Authors: Monaco Mattia Riccardo , Poladura Belén , Diaz de Los Bernardos Miriam , Leutzsch Markus , Goddard Richard , List Benjamin
Published: May 2014

Organocatalysis, catalysis using small organic molecules, has recently evolved into a general approach for asymmetric synthesis, complementing both metal catalysis and biocatalysis.1 Its success relies to a large extent upon the introduction of novel and generic activation modes.2 Remarkably though, while carboxylic acids have been used as catalyst directing groups in supramolecular transition‐metal catalysis,3 a general and well‐defined activation mode for this useful and abundant substance class is still lacking. Herein we propose the heterodimeric association of carboxylic acids with chiral phosphoric acid catalysts as a new activation principle for organocatalysis. This self‐assembly increases both the acidity of the phosphoric acid catalyst and the reactivity of the carboxylic acid. To illustrate this principle, we apply our concept in a general and highly enantioselective catalytic aziridine‐opening reaction with carboxylic acids as nucleophiles.
Induced‐Fit Mechanism in Class I Terpene Cyclases
Authors: Baer Philipp , Rabe Patrick , Fischer Katrin , Citron Christian A. , Klapschinski Tim A. , Groll Michael , Dickschat Jeroen S.
Published: May 2014

We present crystallographic and functional data of selina‐4(15),7(11)‐diene synthase (SdS) from Streptomyces pristinaespiralis in its open and closed (ligand‐bound) conformation. We could identify an induced‐fit mechanism by elucidating a rearrangement of the G1/2 helix‐break motif upon substrate binding. This rearrangement highlights a novel effector triad comprising the pyrophosphate sensor Arg178, the linker Asp181, and the effector Gly182‐O. This structural motif is strictly conserved in class I terpene cyclases from bacteria, fungi, and plants, including epi‐isozizaene synthase (3KB9), aristolochene synthase (4KUX), bornyl diphosphate synthase (1N20), limonene synthase (2ONG), 5‐epi‐aristolochene synthase (5EAT), and taxa‐4(5),11(12)‐diene synthase (3P5R). An elaborate structure‐based mutagenesis in combination with analysis of the distinct product spectra confirmed the mechanistic models of carbocation formation and stabilization in SdS.
Highly regioselective synthesis of chiral diamines via a Buchwald–Hartwig amination from camphoric acid and their application in the Henry reaction
Authors: Uzarewicz‐Baig Magdalena , Koppenwallner Maximilian , Tabassum Sobia , Wilhelm René
Published: May 2014

In this work the synthesis of new asymmetric diamine ligands from camphoric acid is described. The new diamines can be directly prepared in a regioselective arylation of the less hindered primary amine group of (+)‐cis‐1,2,2‐trimethylcyclopentane‐1,3‐diamine via a Buchwald–Hartwig amination in high yields. The resulting diamines incorporate a secondary and primary amine group and were successfully applied as ligands in a copper‐catalyzed Henry reaction. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spurious transcription factor binding: Non‐functional or genetically redundant?
Authors: Spivakov Mikhail
Published: May 2014

Transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) on the DNA are generally accepted as the key nodes of gene control. However, the multitudes of TFBSs identified in genome‐wide studies, some of them seemingly unconstrained in evolution, have prompted the view that in many cases TF binding may serve no biological function. Yet, insights from transcriptional biochemistry, population genetics and functional genomics suggest that rather than segregating into ‘functional’ or ‘non‐functional’, TFBS inputs to their target genes may be generally cumulative, with varying degrees of potency and redundancy. As TFBS redundancy can be diminished by mutations and environmental stress, some of the apparently ‘spurious’ sites may turn out to be important for maintaining adequate transcriptional regulation under these conditions. This has significant implications for interpreting the phenotypic effects of TFBS mutations, particularly in the context of genome‐wide association studies for complex traits.
Preparing a cell for nuclear envelope breakdown: Spatio‐temporal control of phosphorylation during mitotic entry
Authors: Álvarez‐Fernández Mónica , Malumbres Marcos
Published: May 2014

Chromosome segregation requires the ordered separation of the newly replicated chromosomes between the two daughter cells. In most cells, this requires nuclear envelope (NE) disassembly during mitotic entry and its reformation at mitotic exit. Nuclear envelope breakdown (NEB) results in the mixture of two cellular compartments. This process is controlled through phosphorylation of multiple targets by cyclin‐dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1)‐cyclin B complexes as well as other mitotic enzymes. Experimental evidence also suggests that nucleo‐cytoplasmic transport of critical cell cycle regulators such as Cdk1‐cyclin B complexes or Greatwall, a kinase responsible for the inactivation of PP2A phosphatases, plays a major role in maintaining the boost of mitotic phosphorylation thus preventing the potential mitotic collapse derived from NEB. These data suggest the relevance of nucleo‐cytoplasmic transport not only to communicate cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments during interphase, but also to prepare cells for the mixture of these two compartments during mitosis.
One hundred million adenosine‐to‐inosine RNA editing sites: Hearing through the noise
Authors: Ulbricht Randi J. , Emeson Ronald B.
Published: May 2014

The most recent work toward compiling a comprehensive database of adenosine‐to‐inosine RNA editing events suggests that the potential for RNA editing is much more pervasive than previously thought; indeed, it is manifest in more than 100 million potential editing events located primarily within Alu repeat elements of the human transcriptome. Pairs of inverted Alu repeats are found in a substantial number of human genes, and when transcribed, they form long double‐stranded RNA structures that serve as optimal substrates for RNA editing enzymes. A small subset of edited Alu elements has been shown to exhibit diverse functional roles in the regulation of alternative splicing, miRNA repression, and cis‐regulation of distant RNA editing sites. The low level of editing for the remaining majority may be non‐functional, yet their persistence in the primate genome provides enhanced genomic flexibility that may be required for adaptive evolution.
A new spectrofluorimetric method for determination of losartan potassium in rabbit plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Demirkaya‐Miloglu Fatma , Yaman Mehmet Emrah , Kadioglu Yucel
Published: May 2014

A new spectrofluorimetric method to determine losartan potassium (LP) in rabbit plasma is described. The method was based on measuring the native fluorescence of LP in acidic medium. Optimum excitation and emission wavelengths were found to be 248 nm and 410 nm, respectively, in methanol that was diluted with a sulfurous acid solution LP was extracted from rabbit plasma by methyl‐tertiary‐butyl‐ether in acidic media and then back extracted with NaOH. The calibration curves were linear between 0.025 and 0.5 µg/mL with a lower limit of detection 0.004 µg/mL. Precision and accuracy values of the method were calculated as lower than 4.97% and ± 5.68, respectively and the recovery of LP from rabbit plasma was higher than 91.1%. In addition, stability studies of LP in rabbit plasma were carried out and demonstrated its good stability at − 20 °C and at room temperature. The developed and validated method was successfully applied for estimating the pharmacokinetic parameters of LP following oral administrations of a single 10 mg LP/kg to rabbits and it could be concluded that the method can be applied to clinical trials. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabonomic study of biochemical changes in urinary of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients after the treatment of sulfonylurea antidiabetic drugs based on ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Huo Taoguang , Xiong Zhili , Lu Xiumei , Cai Shuang
Published: May 2014

A metabonomic study on biochemical changes in the urine of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients after the treatment of sulfonylurea (SU) antidiabetic drugs was performed. An ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS) method was used to generate metabolic fingerprints for the metabonomic analysis of urinary samples obtained from 20 T2DM patients without any drug treatment and 20 T2DM patients treated with SU antidiabetic drugs and 20 normal glucose tolerance subjects. The resulting data were subjected to chemometric analysis (principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis) to investigate the effect of SU antidiabetic drugs on urinary metabolite profiles of T2DM patients. Biomarkers such as xanthine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, hippurate, phenylacetylglutamine, carnitine C8:1, carnitine C10:3, uric acid and citrate were found to be responsible for the separation of T2DM and SU‐treated groups, which indicates a potential effect of SU on energy metabolism, Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, gut microflora metabolism and oxidative stress. The study may be helpful to the understanding of the action of mechanism of SU antidiabetic drugs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Urokinase‐type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) on tumor‐associated macrophages is a marker of poor prognosis in colorectal cancer
Authors: Illemann Martin , Laerum Ole Didrik , Hasselby Jane Preuss , Thurison Tine , Høyer‐Hansen Gunilla , Nielsen Hans Jørgen ,   the Danish Study Group on Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer, Christensen Ib Jarle
Published: May 2014

Patients were identified from a population‐based prospective study of 4990 individuals with symptoms associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). A total of 244 CRC tissue samples were available for immunohistochemical staining of uPAR, semiquantitatively scored at the invasive front, and in the tumor core on cancer cells, macrophages, and myofibroblasts. In addition, the levels of the intact and cleaved uPAR‐forms in blood from the same patients are evaluated in this study. In a univariate analysis, the number of uPAR‐positive versus uPAR‐negative macrophages (HR = 2.26, [95% CI: 1.39–3.66, P = 0.0009]) and cancer cells (HR=1.49, [95% CI: 1.01–2.20, P = 0.047]) located in the tumor core were significantly associated to overall survival. In a multivariate analysis, uPAR‐positive versus uPAR‐negative macrophages located in the tumor core showed the best separation of patients with positive score associated to poor prognosis (HR = 1.84 [95% CI: 1.12–3.04, P = 0.017]). In a multivariate analysis including clinical covariates and soluble uPAR(I), the latter was significantly associated to overall survival (HR = 2.68 [95% CI: 1.90–3.79, P < 0.0001]) and uPAR‐positive macrophages in the tumor core remained significantly associated to overall survival (HR = 1.81 [95% CI: 1.08–3.01, P = 0.023]). Membrane‐bound uPAR showed additive effects with the circulating uPAR(I) and stage, giving a hazard ratio of 12 between low and high scores. Thus, combining stage, uPAR(I) in blood and uPAR on macrophages in the tumor core increase the prognostic precision more than tenfold, as compared to stage alone.
Distinct effects of Disabled‐2 on transferrin uptake in different cell types and culture conditions
Authors: Chu Hui‐Chun , Tseng Wei‐Lien , Lee Hsing‐Ying , Cheng Ju‐Chien , Chang Shy‐Shin , Yung Benjamin Yat‐Ming , Tseng Ching‐Ping
Published: May 2014

Iron uptake by the transferrin (Tf)‐transferrin receptor (TfR) complex is critical for erythroid differentiation. The mechanisms of TfR trafficking have been examined, but the adaptor proteins involved in this process are not fully elucidated. We have investigated the role of the adaptor protein, Disabled‐2 (Dab2), in erythroid differentiation and Tf uptake in the cells of hematopoietic lineage. Dab2 was upregulated in a time‐dependent manner during erythroid differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells and human K562 erythroleukemic cells. Attenuating Dab2 expression in K562 cells diminished TfR internalization and increased surface levels of TfR concomitantly with a decrease in Tf uptake and erythroid differentiation. Dab2 regulated Tf uptake of the suspended, but not adherent, cultures of K562 cells. In contrast, Dab2 is not involved in TfR trafficking in the HeLa cells with epithelial origin. These differential effects are Dab2‐specific because attenuating the expression of adaptor protein 2 μ subunit inhibited the uptake of Tf regardless of culture condition. We offer novel insight of Dab2 function in iron uptake and TfR internalization for the suspended culture of hematopoietic lineage cells.
Role of autophagy and mTOR signaling in neural differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Li Yanfei , Wang Cuiqin , Zhang Guangyu , Wang Xiaohan , Duan Ranran , Gao Huili , Peng Tao , Teng Junfang , Jia Yanjie
Published: May 2014

Autophagy is involved in cell differentiation. We present evidence that autophagy is activated during β‐mercaptoethanol (β‐ME)‐induced neuronal differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), in which mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is important. mTOR activity declined after being transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Using 3‐methyladenine (3‐MA) and rapamycin to regulate the activity of mTOR, it was found that the efficiency of neuronal differentiation was affected.
Maternal caffeine exposure impairs insulin secretion by pancreatic β‐cells and increases the risk of type II diabetes mellitus in offspring
Authors: Sun Tingting , Guo Jinghui , Chen Hui , Zhang Jieting , Zhang Xiaohu , Jiang Xiaohua , Wang Fuqiang , Xu Zhiyang , Huang Xiaoyan , Sha Jiahao , Chan Hsiao Chang
Published: May 2014

Maternal caffeine exposure may be one of the causes for intrauterine growth retardation and low birth weight (LBW), and increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the adulthood has been associated with LBW. However, whether maternal caffeine exposure contributes to T2DM development of her offspring has not been fully investigated. We have investigated the influence of maternal caffeine exposure on glucose homeostasis in vivo and effects of long‐term caffeine load on insulin secretion of β‐cells. The intake of caffeine during gestation markedly decreases birth weight and postnatal body weight of the offspring. Serum insulin levels of adult offspring after oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were significantly lower in the caffeine group compared to the control, although plasma glucose levels were not significantly altered. Proteome analysis of pancreas of adult offspring identified 24 proteins that were differentially expressed between the caffeine and control groups, including proteins involved in energy metabolism. In a rat pancreatic β‐cell line Rin‐5f cells, caffeine downregulated expression of one of the proteins involved in insulin synthesis, P4hb, and there was reduced transcriptional expression of insulin. While basal insulin secretion of caffeine‐treated cells was elevated, insulin secretion after glucose challenge in long‐term caffeine‐treated cells was significantly reduced, with increased apoptosis of β‐cells. These results indicate that maternal caffeine exposure may result in potentially abnormal glucose homeostasis and increase the risk of T2DM in the offspring adulthood.
Abnormal differentiation of intestinal epithelium and intestinal barrier dysfunction in diabetic mice associated with depressed Notch/NICD transduction in Notch/Hes1 signal pathway
Authors: Min Xiao‐Hui , Yu Tao , Qing Qing , Yuan Yu‐Hong , Zhong Wa , Chen Guang‐Cheng , Zhao Li‐Na , Deng Na , Zhang Li‐Fa , Chen Qi‐Kui
Published: May 2014

Proliferative change and intestinal barrier dysfunction in intestinal mucosa of diabetes have been described, but the differentiation characteristics of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and the mechanisms in the IECs development remain unclear. To explore the intestinal epithelial constitution patterns and barrier function, the diabetic mouse model was induced by streptozotocin. Tight junctions between IECs were significantly damaged and the serum level of D‐lactate was raised in diabetic mice (P < 0.05). The expression of Zo1 and Ocln in the small intestine of diabetic mice were lower, while the markers for absorptive cell (SI) and Paneth cell (Lyz1) were significantly higher than in control mice (P < 0.05). The expression of Msi1, Notch1, and Dll1 in small intestine gradually increased throughout the course of hyperglycemia in diabetic mice (P < 0.05). However, the expression of NICD, RBP‐jκ, Math1, and Hes1 had a reverse trend compared with Msi1 and Notch1. Intestinal absorptive cells and Paneth cells had a high proliferation rate in diabetic mice. However, the intestinal barrier dysfunction associated with the decreased expressions of Zo1 and Ocln was detected throughout hyperglycemia. In conclusion, downregulation of Notch/Hes1 signal pathway caused by depressed Notch/NICD transduction is associated with the abnormal differentiation of IECs and intestinal barrier dysfunction in diabetic mice.
Titania‐Supported Gold Nanoparticles as Efficient Catalysts for the Oxidation of Cellobiose to Organic Acids in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Amaniampong Prince N. , Li Kaixin , Jia Xinli , Wang Bo , Borgna Armando , Yang Yanhui
Published: May 2014

Titania‐supported gold nanoparticles were prepared by using the deposition–precipitation method, followed by reduction under a hydrogen flow. The catalytic activity of these as‐prepared catalysts was explored in the oxidation of cellobiose to gluconic acid with molecular oxygen, and the properties of these catalysts were examined by using XRD, TEM, temperature‐programmed desorption of NH3, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, UV/Vis, and X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). The catalyst sample reduced at high temperature demonstrated an excellent catalytic activity in the oxidation of cellobiose. The characterization results revealed the strong metal–support interaction between the gold nanoparticles and titania support. Hydrogen reduction at higher temperatures (usually >600 °C) plays a vital role in affording a unique interface between gold nanoparticles and titania support surfaces, which thus improves the catalytic activity of gold/titania by fine‐tuning both the electronic and structural properties of the gold nanoparticles and titania support.
Stereoselective Transformations of α‐Trifluoromethylated Ketoximes to Optically Active Amines by Enzyme–Nanometal Cocatalysis: Synthesis of (S)‐Inhibitor of Phenylethanolamine N‐Methyltransferase
Authors: Cheng Guilin , Wu Qi , Shang Zeyu , Liang Xinhua , Lin Xianfu
Published: May 2014

One‐pot cascade synthesis of optically active α‐trifluoromethylated amines directly from ketoximes was accomplished with the use of Candida antarctica lipase B and catalysts prepared by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Compared to the commercial palladium catalyst, the ALD‐prepared catalysts showed much higher activity and afforded various α‐trifluoromethylated amides in good yields and with high enantioselectivity. One of the enantiopure amides was further hydrolyzed into the corresponding amine, which was treated as a crucial starting material for total synthesis of (S)‐inhibitor of phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase without loss of chiral information.
Light‐Harvesting Photocatalysis for Water Oxidation Using Mesoporous Organosilica
Authors: Takeda Hiroyuki , Ohashi Masataka , Goto Yasutomo , Ohsuna Tetsu , Tani Takao , Inagaki Shinji
Published: May 2014

An organic‐based photocatalysis system for water oxidation, with visible‐light harvesting antennae, was constructed using periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO). PMO containing acridone groups in the framework (Acd‐PMO), a visible‐light harvesting antenna, was supported with [RuII(bpy)32+] complex (bpy=2,2′‐bipyridyl) coupled with iridium oxide (IrOx) particles in the mesochannels as photosensitizer and catalyst, respectively. Acd‐PMO absorbed visible light and funneled the light energy into the Ru complex in the mesochannels through excitation energy transfer. The excited state of Ru complex is oxidatively quenched by a sacrificial oxidant (Na2S2O8) to form Ru3+ species. The Ru3+ species extracts an electron from IrOx to oxidize water for oxygen production. The reaction quantum yield was 0.34 %, which was improved to 0.68 or 1.2 % by the modifications of PMO. A unique sequence of reactions mimicking natural photosystem II, 1) light‐harvesting, 2) charge separation, and 3) oxygen generation, were realized for the first time by using the light‐harvesting PMO.
Thermally Induced Growth of ZnO Nanocrystals on Mixed Metal Oxide Surfaces
Authors: Inayat Alexandra , Makky Ayman , Giraldo Jose , Kuhnt Andreas , Busse Corinna , Schwieger Wilhelm
Published: May 2014

An in situ method for the growth of ZnO nanocrystals on Zn/Al mixed metal oxide (MMO) surfaces is presented. The key to this method is the thermal treatment of Zn/Al layered double hydroxides (Zn/Al LDHs) in the presence of nitrate anions, which results in partial demixing of the LDH/MMO structure and the subsequent crystallization of ZnO crystals on the surface of the forming MMO layers. In a first experimental series, thermal treatment of Zn/Al LDHs with different fractions of nitrate and carbonate in the interlayer space was examined by thermogravimetry coupled with mass spectrometry (TG‐MS) and in situ XRD. In a second experimental series, Zn/Al LDHs with only carbonate in the interlayer space were thermally treated in the presence of different amounts of an external nitrate source (NH4NO3). All obtained Zn/Al MMO samples were analysed by electron microscopy, nitrogen physisorption and powder X‐ray diffraction. The gas phase formed during nitrate decomposition turned out to be responsible for the formation of crystalline ZnO nanoparticles. Accordingly, both interlayer nitrate and the presence of ammonium nitrate led to the formation of supported ZnO nanocrystals with mean diameters between 100 and 400 nm, and both methods offer the possibility to tailor the amount and size of the ZnO crystals by means of the amount of nitrate.
Indirect Photochemistry in Sunlit Surface Waters: Photoinduced Production of Reactive Transient Species
Authors: Vione Davide , Minella Marco , Maurino Valter , Minero Claudio
Published: May 2014

This paper gives an overview of the main reactive transient species that are produced in surface waters by sunlight illumination of photoactive molecules (photosensitizers), such as nitrate, nitrite, and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). The main transients (.OH, CO3−., 1O2, and CDOM triplet states) are involved in the indirect phototransformation of a very wide range of persistent organic pollutants in surface waters.