bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemically Binding Scaffolded Anodes with 3D Graphene Architectures Realizing Fast and Stable Lithium Storage
Authors: Wu Ping , Fang Zhiwei , Zhang Anping , Zhang Xiao , Tang Yawen , Zhou Yiming , Yu Guihua
Published: August 2019

Three-dimensional (3D) graphene has emerged as an ideal platform to hybridize with electrochemically active materials for improved performances. However, for lithium storage, current anodic guests often exist in the form of nanoparticles, physically attached to graphene hosts, and therefore tend to detach from graphene matrices and aggregate into large congeries, causing considerable capacity fading upon repeated cycling. Herein, we develop a facile double-network hydrogel-enabled methodology for chemically binding anodic scaffolds with 3D graphene architectures. Taking tin-based alloy anodes as an example, the double-network hydrogel, containing interpenetrated cyano-bridged coordination polymer hydrogel and graphene oxide hydrogel, is directly converted to a physical-intertwined and chemical-bonded Sn−Ni alloy scaffold and graphene architecture (Sn−Ni/G) dual framework. The unique dual framework structure, with remarkable structural stability and charge-transport capability, enables the Sn−Ni/G anode to exhibit long-term cyclic life (701 mA h g
−1
after 200 cycles at 0.1 A g
−1
) and high rate performance (497 and 390 mA h g
−1
at 1 and 2 A g
−1
, respectively). This work provides a new perspective towards chemically binding scaffolded low-cost electrode and electrocatalyst materials with 3D graphene architectures for boosting energy storage and conversion.
Como falam os personagens de Nelson Rodrigues
Authors: Rabelo Adriano De Paula
Published: August 2019

Do ponto de vista da linguagem, o teatro de Nelson Rodrigues se realiza como a culminância de um processo histórico de apropriação da linguagem brasileira pela literatura. Em vários momentos, houve tentativas de abrasileiramento da linguagem por nossos escritores, tendo as elaborações críticas de José de Alencar e Mário de Andrade marcado essa discussão nos contextos do Romantismo e do Modernismo. Este artigo objetiva mostrar, através de um levantamento extensivo e uma amostragem significativa, como o dramaturgo brasileiro, no contexto da modernização do teatro no Brasil e seus desdobramentos, promoveu uma revolução na linguagem falada nos palcos, realizando ainda aquela que talvez seja a mais completa recriação plástica da prosódia brasileira em nossa literatura, como o levantamento e a amostragem mostrarão.
ANALISIS PENGARUH INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY SET, FREE CASH FLOW, RETURN ON ASSET, FIRM SIZE, DEBT TO EQUITY RATIO TERHADAP DIVIDEND PAYOUT RATIO (Studi pada Perusahaan Sektor Keuangan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) periode 2012-2016)
Authors: Ratnasari Rara Ayu
Published: August 2019

This research was conducted to examine the effect of Investment Opportunity Set, Free Cash Flow, Return On Asset, Firm Size, Debt To Equity Ratio to Dividend Payout Ratio in Financial Sector Companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) Period 2012-2016. Sampling technique was taken by purposive sampling method. The data were obtained based on the publication of Indonesian Capital Market Directory (ICMD 2017). Obtained a number of samples of 34 companies from 91 companies of the financial sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2012-2016. The analysistechnique used is multiple linear regression with the least squares equation and the classical assumption test. Hypothesis test was using f-statistic to test the influence between variables simultaneously and t-statistic to test the partial regression coefficient with 5% confidence level. The results showed that the research data is normally distributed and there is no deviation of classical assumption, it means that the available data have been qualified to use multiple linear regression equation model. Simultaneous analysis result shows that IOS, FCF, ROA, SIZE and DER have an effect on DPR. Partial analysis result show that ROA have a significant positive effect, DER have negative significant effect because the value of significance both < 0,05 whereas IOS, FCF and SIZE have no effect against DPR.
PERBEDAAN PSYCHOLOGICAL CAPITAL PADA KARYAWAN GENERASI Y DAN Z SERTA PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP KOMITMEN ORGANISASI
Authors: Putra Yanuar Surya
Published: August 2019

Generation Y is a group of generations that currently dominate the work environment, while generation Z is a generation that starts entering the work environment, both generations have different psychological capital characteristics and will affect organizational commitment. The purpose of this study was to compare and find out the psychological capital differences of employees from generation Y and generation Z, as well as testing the effect on organizational commitment. The sample of this study were 30 employees from generation Y and 30 employees from generation Z who worked in companies in Salatiga. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling, while the analytical tool used in this study was Mann-Whitney Test and Chow test and  to see the differences in psychological capital characteristics in generations Y and Z, and also regression analysis with sub – groups anlaysis to see the psychological capital influence on it’s organizational commitment. The results showed that there were differences in psychological capital characteristics (self efication, hope, and resilience) in generations Y and Z in Salatiga, and differences in these characteristics had a significant influence on the organizational commitment of each generations.
PENGARUH IDENTITAS ETIS ISLAM DAN MARKET SHARE TERHADAP KINERJA KEUANGAN PERBANKAN SYARIAH YANG TERDAFTAR DI OTORITAS JASA KEUANGAN INDONESIA TAHUN 2014-2017
Authors: Barkhowa Mokhammmad Khukaim , Utomo Hardi
Published: August 2019

This study aims to find out and explain: the influence of Islamic ethical identity and market share on sharia banking financial performance registered with the Indonesian financial services authority in 2014-2017. The population in this study is a sharia public bank registered in the Financial Services Authority 2014-2017. The sample of this study was 11 sharia public banks sent at the Financial Services Authority 2014-2017 which were taken using purposive sampling. Analysis of the data used is multiple linear regression analysis. The results of hypothesis testing that prove ethical ethical identity are not significantly related to financial performance seen from the return of assets so that these results are not in accordance with the hypothesis proposed in this research. The results of hypothesis testing show a positive and significant statistical market share of financial performance seen from the return of assets so that these results are in accordance with the hypothesis proposed in this research.
WOMEN AND SOCIAL MOVEMENT IN INDIA: HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY DIMENSION
Authors: Ghatak Seema
Published: August 2019

Indian society represented a conflicting position of women vacillating between extremes of patriarchy and matriarchy. In this Indian society, the coming of British rule again led to usage of the women question which figured prominently in their colonial discourses. The colonized society was considered to be “effeminate” in character, as opposed to “colonial masculinity” which was held to be a justification for its loss of independence. The journey of confluence and conflict of gender and colonialism in India was multidimensional and multilayered. Indian women congested for their legitimate space in society challenging the overarching patriarchal set up and also participated in the national struggle for independence. Women’s participation in the Indian national movement expended base of women’s movement in India. The freedom struggle saw the participation of women from passive to active to an activist’s role. The involvement of a really large number of women in freedom struggle began with Gandhi who gave special role to women. The participation of women in public domain started during Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM), 1920 when Gandhi mobilized a large number of women. Though the domestic sphere and its fetter proved detrimental for women to participate in public space but this very segregation helped to organize their activities in the domestic sphere. In the absence of the male who would be jailed for his involvement in nationalist activity, women become the emotional support. The female activism in Quit India movement was visible most significantly. Sucheta Kripalini coordinated the non-violent Satyagraha while women also participated in underground revolutionary activities. Aruna Asaf Ali provided leadership for these activities. Mahila Atmaraksha Samiti or Women Self Defense was formed in 1942 in Bengal by leftist women leaders who mobilized the rural women to fright against colonial policies. Subhash Chandra Bose also added a womens regiment to his INA(1943) called the Rani of Jhansi Regiment. Muslim women leaders like Bi Amman, mother of Shaukat and Muhammad Ali, who participated in Khilafat & Non Cooperation Movement at a meeting in Punjab. In 1938, Muslim league started women Sub-Committee to engage Muslim women.
TiO2/GO-coated functional separator to suppress polysulfide migration in lithium–sulfur batteries
Authors: Liu Ning , Wang Lu , Tan Taizhe , Zhao Yan , Zhang Yongguang
Published: August 2019

Lithium–sulfur batteries render a high energy density but suffer from poor cyclic performance due to the dissolution of intermediate polysulfides. Herein, a lightweight nanoporous TiO2 and graphene oxide (GO) composite is prepared and utilized as an interlayer between a Li anode and a sulfur cathode to suppress the polysulfide migration and improve the electrochemical performance of Li/S batteries. The interlayer can capture the polysulfides due to the presence of oxygen functional groups and formation of chemical bonds. The hierarchically porous TiO2 nanoparticles are tightly wrapped in GO sheets and facilitate the polysulfide storage and chemical absorption. The excellent adhesion between TiO2 nanoparticles and GO sheets resulted in enhanced conductivity, which is highly desirable for an efficient electron transfer process. The Li/S battery with a TiO2/GO-coated separator exhibited a high initial discharge capacity of 1102.8 mAh g−1 and a 100th cycle capacity of 843.4 mAh g−1, which corresponds to a capacity retention of 76.48% at a current rate of 0.2 C. Moreover, the Li/S battery with the TiO2/GO-coated separator showed superior cyclic performance and excellent rate capability, which shows the promise of the TiO2/GO composite in next-generation Li/S batteries.
Perspektyvinių vėjo elektrinių plėtros teritorijų parinkimas Alytaus rajono savivaldybėje
Authors: Urbelytė Rimantė , Stanionis Arminas
Published: August 2019

Straipsnyje analizuojama sparčiai populiarėjanti tema – atsinaujinančios energijos naudojimo galimybės. Ty-rime pristatomi darbų metodai įvairiais projektavimo etapais, reikalingi planuojant vėjo elektrinių statybą. Aptariamas Alytaus rajono teritorijos skaitmeninio ortofotografinio žemėlapio naudojimas, pristatoma, į ką atsižvelgiant išdėstomos vėjo elektrinės, įvardijama, kokiais kriterijais remiantis rengiamas poveikio aplinkai atrankos vertinimo dokumentas.
Augmenijos biomasės sąvartyno teritorijoje įvertinimas pagal vegetacijos indeksą, nustatytą artimo infraraudoniesiems spindulių spektro nuotraukose
Authors: Daugėla Ignas , Sužiedelytė Visockienė Jūratė
Published: August 2019

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas NDVI indekso taikymas komunalinių atliekų sąvartynų priežiūros kontekste. Nagri-nėjamas konkretus uždarytas Kariotiškių sąvartynas, esantis Trakų rajone, Lietuvoje. Aprašoma galimybė naudojant bepi-ločių orlaivių sistemas gauti NIR duomenis, iš jų suskaičiuoti NDVI indeksą kiekvienam pikseliui bei atrinkti vietas, ku-riose augmenijos gyvybingumas galimai prastas dėl metano išsiskyrimo. Šis metodas neinvazinis, nuotolinis, ekonomiškas ir greitas. Siūlomas metodas yra efektyvesnis už klasikinį, kai paviršių tiria žmogus pėsčiomis.
The Nuclear Source of the Galactic Wind in NGC 253
Authors: Günthardt G. I. , Díaz R. J. , Agüero M. P. , Gimeno G. , Dottori H. , Camperi J. A.
Published: August 2019

We present Brγ emission line kinematics of the nuclear region of NGC 253, recently known to host a strong galactic wind that limits the global star formation of the galaxy. We obtained high-resolution long-slit spectroscopic data with PHOENIX at Gemini South, positioning the slit on the nucleus infrared core (IRC), close to the nuclear disk major axis. The spatial resolution was 0.″35 (∼6 pc) and the slit length was 14″ (∼240 pc). The spectral resolution was ∼74,000, unprecedentedly high for galactic nuclei observations at ∼2.1 μm. The line profiles appear highly complex, with blue asymmetry up to 3.″5 away of the IRC, and red asymmetries further away to northeast. Several Gaussian components are necessary to fit the profile, nevertheless a narrow and a wide one predominate. The IRC presents kinematic widths above 700 km s−1 (FWZI), and broad component FWHM ∼ 400 km s−1, the highest detected in a nearby galaxy. At the IRC, the blueshifted broad component displays a 90 km s−1 bump in radial velocity distribution, a feature we previously detected in molecular gas kinematics. The narrow component velocity dispersion (∼32 km s−1) is within the expected for normal galaxies and luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs). Intermediate components (FWHM ∼ 150 km s−1, redshifted to the northeast, blueshifted to the southwest) appear at some positions, as well as weaker blue (−215 km s−1) and red line wings (+300 km s−1). The IRC depicts a large broad-versus-narrow line flux ratio (F(B)/F(N) ∼ 1.35), and the broad component seems only comparable with those observed at very high star-forming rate galaxies. The results indicate that the IRC would be the main source of the galactic winds originated in the central region of NGC 253.
Electron Mirror-mode Structure: Magnetospheric Multiscale Observations
Authors: Yao S. T. , Shi Q. Q. , Yao Z. H. , Guo R. L. , Zong Q. G. , Wang X. G. , Degeling A. W. , Rae I. J. , Russell C. T. , Tian A. M. , Zhang H. , Hu H. Q. , Liu J. , Liu H. , Li B. , Giles B. L.
Published: August 2019

The small-scale mirror mode excited by electron dynamics is a fundamental physical process, attracting research interest in space, laboratory, and astrophysical plasma physics over the past half century. However, the investigations of this process were mostly limited to theories and numerical simulations, with no direct observational evidence for their existence. In this study we present clear observations of electron mirror-mode using Magnetospheric Multiscale data at unprecedented high temporal cadence. These structures are train-like, compressible, nonpropagating, and satisfy the theoretical excitation and electron trapping conditions. They were observed near the Earth's foreshock and its downstream turbulence during the corotating interaction region events, which could be involved with the interaction between solar wind and Earth.
Anetoderma Schweninger-Buzzi: Two Case Reports
Authors: Wollina Uwe , Mühle Diana , Lotti Torello , Vojvodic Aleksandra
Published: August 2019

BACKGROUND: Anetodermas are rare disorders of connective tissue with a focal loss of elastic fibres in the upper and mid dermis. Two types are separated, inflammatory and non-inflammatory.
CASE REPORTS: We report two cases of acquired anetoderma Schweniger-Buzzi type. This non-inflammatory subtype is characterised by skin-coloured or whitish atrophic sac-like protrusions of trunk skin in adult males. Chronic infections and autoimmune disorders have been excluded. The diagnosis had been confirmed by characteristic histopathology.
CONCLUSIONS: Anetodermas are symptomless disorders. They can be easily overlooked. The knowledge of such conditions is of importance to identify patients with a risk of thromboembolic events and underlying infections or autoimmune connective tissue diseases.
Les instabilités institutionnelles d’une discipline émergente
Authors: Laurens Jean-Paul
Published: August 2019

Ce texte contribue à l’histoire de la sociologie par le biais d’une monographie locale. Il explore plus précisément les conditions d’institutionnalisation des premiers enseignements universitaires de sciences sociales à Montpellier à la fin du XIXe siècle. Deux séquences sont décrites. Une première durant laquelle Comte ne peut développer sa philosophie positive. Une seconde qui débouche sur l’ouverture de cours de sciences sociales par Vacher de Lapouge et Gide puis Bernès et Bouglé. Outre sa dimension historiographique, cet article rend compte de l’extrême sensibilité aux contingences biographiques et institutionnelles locales des organisations scientifiques émergentes. Il illustre enfin une situation de bifurcation lorsqu’une nomination imprévisible transforme durablement la situation de la sociologie montpelliéraine.
Impact de la diaspora dans la biotechnologie argentine
Authors: Córdoba María Soledad , Hernández Valeria
Published: August 2019

L’article analyse l’impact de la diaspora scientifique et technique sur le développement du secteur des biotechnologies en Argentine. Ce secteur se caractérise par un grand dynamisme économique, un réseau d’acteurs publics et privés en synergie, et des politiques d’État qui soutiennent son développement par des moyens financiers et différents types d’action spécifique. Les analystes des marchés augurent d’importantes perspectives de croissance pour ce secteur à condition de pouvoir compter sur des ressources humaines qualifiées et des politiques publiques qui les stimulent. À partir d’une recherche réalisée entre octobre 2009 et avril 2011 auprès des entreprises et des laboratoires argentins de biologie moléculaire et de biotechnologie, nous avons pu identifier leurs principales caractéristiques et qualifier le rôle de la diaspora scientifique et technique dans cette croissance. L’article présente quelques cas emblématiques à travers lesquels nous rendons compte de la relation entre la diaspora et le domaine des biotechnologies en Argentine, tant dans le secteur privé que dans le secteur public.
The Socialist World in Global Polio Eradication
Authors: Vargha Dora
Published: August 2019

Tandis que l’éradication mondiale de la poliomyélite est le plus souvent associée au « philanthrocapitalisme », le programme a ses racines dans l’Est de la guerre froide. Cet article déplace les débuts de l’éradication de la poliomyélite de trois décennies, et soutient que le vaccin s’est développé dans le cadre de l’internationalisme libéral et des réseaux internationaux socialistes. Fruit d’une collaboration entre Albert Sabin, virologistes soviétiques et d’Europe de l’Est et responsables de la santé publique, le vaccin à virus vivant utilisé aujourd’hui dans les programmes d’éradication de la poliomyélite a commencé son voyage mondial en Union soviétique, en Tchécoslovaquie, en Hongrie et à Cuba. L’article soutient que les idées et les pratiques de santé socialistes ont fourni un terrain fertile pour un programme d’élimination de la maladie qui reposait sur une combinaison de structures de santé primaires et d’initiatives descendantes. S’appuyant sur l’exemple du vaccin de Sabin, il analyse le rôle des systèmes politiques dans l’éradication de la maladie.
Crisscrossing the Iron Curtain
Authors: Grosse Pascal
Published: August 2019

Cet article est consacré à l’histoire des essais cliniques menés en République démocratique allemande (RDA) par des sociétés pharmaceutiques occidentales entre 1983 et 1990. À partir de 2010, cette histoire a été l’objet de vifs débats dans les médias allemands. Un système de soins de santé publique centralisé comme celui de la RDA correspondait mieux aux exigences de l’industrie pharmaceutique internationale qu’un système de santé privé organisé et plus décentralisé. C’est peut-être moins la nature coercitive de l’État d’Allemagne de l’Est qui attirait les entreprises occidentales, qu’un système de soins de santé réellement centralisé. Quoi qu’il en soit, l’arrangement a permis une situation gagnant-gagnant pour les deux partenaires pendant la « Guerre froide ».
Politiques du secret et inefficacité politique
Authors: Blum Alain
Published: August 2019

La politique du secret a été particulièrement développée en URSS, conduisant à mettre en place un ensemble toujours plus complexe de règles d’accès aux divers documents administratifs. Cet article étudie cette politique vis-à-vis de la statistique démographique, qui conduit à une circulation de l’information des plus parcellaires, non seulement vers le grand public, mais à l’intérieur même des administrations directement concernées. Nous faisons alors l’hypothèse que l’augmentation de la mortalité observée jusqu’à la chute de l’URSS doit être rapprochée de cette politique qui a conduit à une méconnaissance de ce phénomène tant dans la population que dans les milieux politiques qui auraient dû réagir. Les limitations extrêmement importantes à la circulation de l’information sont probablement l’un des facteurs expliquant le retard considérable pris par les pays de la sphère soviétique en termes de baisse de mortalité durant le dernier quart du xx e siècle.
“Dangerous Play”
Authors: Solomon Susan Gross
Published: August 2019

Les récits historiques célèbrent généralement les rôle des intermédiaires dans la circulation des idées par-delà les frontières ; cet article, en revanche, met l’accent sur les risques encourus par un intermédiaire entre son pays d’origine et son pays d’adoption. L’article s’articule autour d’un débat sur la dépopulation en France qui a retenu l’attention de l’Académie française de médecine entre l’hiver et le printemps 1935. Alexandre Nikolaïevitch Roubakine, sans doute l’intermédiaire le plus important dans le domaine médical entre la Russie soviétique et la France entre 1921 et 1941, est devenu la cible de ce débat, non pas tant pour ses opinions sur le dépeuplement que pour sa défense de la légalisation soviétique de l’avortement. Comment un intermédiaire russe est-il devenu la cible d’un débat parmi l’élite médicale française ? Comment la question de l’avortement légalisé par les Soviétiques s’est-elle invitée dans la discussion de l’Académie ? L’article suit la façon dont les lieux d’échanges interagissent dans différents pays, indépendamment des efforts de l’intermédiaire pour les garder hermétiquement scellés.
Engagés volontaires de la guerre du Donbass
Authors: Mikheieva Oksana , Shukan Ioulia , Colin Lebedev Anna
Published: August 2019

À partir de récits collectés auprès des combattants de bataillons de volontaires pro-ukrainiens et prorusses, l’article dresse le portrait sociologique de ces engagés, en mettant en exergue des similitudes et des différences de leurs trajectoires. Il rend aussi compte de leurs sentiments d’appartenance respectifs, entre un attachement profond à l’Ukraine pour les premiers et des identifications floues et régionales pour les seconds. Il reconstitue également les représentations de la guerre du Donbass dans les deux corps armés ayant motivé la décision de s’engager. Ainsi, si les combattants pro-ukrainiens partagent l’image de la Russie comme pays agresseur, les combattants prorusses appréhendent la guerre en termes géopolitiques d’une confrontation globale entre l’Occident et la Russie où cette dernière était « forcée » à intervenir en Ukraine. Enfin, si les membres des deux groupes ont tendance à décrire leur propre participation comme l’accomplissement d’un devoir patriotique, dans une veine proprement idéaliste, ils disqualifient la participation d’autres membres de leur propre groupe, mais surtout des combattants du groupe d’en face, en l’occurrence déshumanisés et présentés comme aveuglés par la propagande, et l’attribuent à des motifs économiques.
“I am a man and an active citizen… I did not betray my state!”
Authors: Sereda Viktoriya
Published: August 2019

Cet article interroge l’opinion courante sur la faiblesse de la société civile dans les sociétés postcommunistes en examinant des formes non conventionnelles d’activisme politique et protestataire en Ukraine et tenant compte dans l’analyse des modes informels de participation citoyenne. L’étude déplace l’angle de recherche des formes d’activisme de l’échelle nationale à l’échelle locale. Cette approche contribue à la reconceptualisation du régionalisme en Ukraine et produit des cartes plus nuancées de l’activisme citoyen en Ukraine après l’Euromaïdan. Il s’attache également à la question des déplacements de population en Ukraine, provoqués par l’annexion de la Crimée par la Russie et par le conflit militaire dans le Donbass, et à leur rôle dans la constitution de réseaux informels et de groupes de volontaires qui ont rassemblé les efforts des populations locales et des personnes déplacées.
Diplomaties publiques concurrentielles dans la crise ukrainienne
Authors: Audinet Maxime
Published: August 2019

La crise ukrainienne a révélé le rôle central des réseaux d’information internationaux comme instruments de diplomatie publique en temps de guerre. Le présent article aborde le versant médiatique de ce conflit dissymétrique entre la Russie et l’Ukraine au prisme de deux canaux médiatiques, RT et Ukraine Today. Il analyse le fonctionnement et les stratégies de diffusion des deux organisations, ainsi que les logiques narratives et politiques antagonistes qui les régissent. L’étude de cas cherche à mettre en lumière, parmi une pluralité d’acteurs, deux facettes d’un conflit narratif et informationnel qualifié par les acteurs et de multiples observateurs de « guerre de l’information ».
Discovering the Homeland
Authors: Darieva Tsypylma
Published: August 2019

Centré sur certains aspects de la diaspora arménienne et de la République d’Arménie, cet article met en lumière l’émergence de modes d’engagement relativement nouveaux entre la « diaspora » et la « patrie » au xxi e siècle. Il examine en particulier le rôle d’un type spécifique d’organisation de la diaspora qui se positionne comme un intermédiaire facilitant les voyages des jeunes Arméniens de la diaspora dans le pays promu comme leur patrie ancestrale. Les organisations en question affichent une certaine ambivalence vis-à-vis de l’État arménien lui-même, en contournant largement les structures politiques et bureaucratiques de ce dernier. Ces organisations opèrent plutôt dans une « zone grise », une zone intermédiaire entre les acteurs étatiques, les organisations internationales et les agences communautaires locales, offrant un modèle d’activisme transnational décentralisé. À l’aide de trois exemples distincts d’organisations de ce type, l’article montre que, tout en promouvant des activités très similaires, elles créent une diversité de cadres idéologiques de mobilisation de la diaspora et de construction de la « patrie ». En outre, l’article oppose ces méthodes à celles de l’État arménien visant à « enraciner » la diaspora. L’article conclut que la politique d’enracinement par un engagement transnational entre les communautés de la diaspora arménienne et la République d’Arménie tend à rester plurielle et décentralisée, compte tenu de la nature disparate de la diaspora arménienne et de la faiblesse relative de l’État arménien.
Russian-Speakers in Finland
Authors: Viimaranta Hannes , Protassova Ekaterina , Mustajoki Arto
Published: August 2019

Les russophones constituent en Finlande le groupe d’immigrants le plus important, et il s’accroît. Malgré leur diversité ethnique et leur volonté de s’intégrer à la société finlandaise, ils sont souvent décrits dans le discours finlandais comme des « représentants » de la Russie dotés d’une double loyauté. Ils sont également considérés par différents agents politiques comme une minorité culturelle aussi bien finlandaise que russe. L’article examine les tensions entre ces différents cadres, décrit les offres éducatives et culturelles destinées aux russophones de Finlande et passe en revue différentes institutions qu’ils ont eux-mêmes créées. La question des droits linguistiques et du maintien de la culture est plus particulièrement traitée.
Faut-il autoriser des aides d’exploitation pérennes versées par les aéroports régionaux aux compagnies à bas coûts ?
Authors: Malavolti Estelle , Marty Frédéric
Published: August 2019

Les lignes directrices sur les aides publiques, modifiées en 2014, ouvrent désormais la possibilité d’aides à l’exploitation. Nous analysons économiquement ces mesures de soutien pour montrer qu’elles peuvent s’avérer rationnelles pour le gestionnaire d’une infrastructure aéroportuaire, et donc être compatibles avec le critère de l’investisseur privé en économie de marché. À cette fin, nous proposons une modélisation de l’aéroport comme une plate-forme biface, exploitant les externalités présentes entre activités aéronautiques et activités commerciales. Nous montrons en outre qu’un lien existe entre l’intensité de l’aide et le mode de régulation ex ante des redevances aéroportuaires. Si ces dernières sont régulées par prix plafonds, la compagnie aérienne dont le pouvoir de négociation est plus élevé pourra s’approprier la plus large part des gains de l’échange. Classification JEL  : D43, K23, L13, L43, L93.
Discipline de marché par la dette subordonnée
Authors: Distinguin Isabelle
Published: August 2019

Nous analysons l’impact de l’opacité des banques et de la crédibilité de l’absence d’intervention des autorités en cas de défaillance d’une banque sur l’efficacité de la discipline de marché. Nous montrons que pour les banques les plus opaques, pour celles perçues comme «  too-big-to-fail  » ou en période de forte incertitude, la mise en place d’une politique de dette subordonnée peut s’avérer contreproductive et conduire la banque à choisir un monitoring insuffisant. Pour favoriser la discipline de marché, les régulateurs devraient imposer plus de transparence et faire en sorte que des créanciers soient, de manière crédible, soumis à des pertes potentielles. L’utilisation de la dette subordonnée convertible pourrait ainsi être une solution. Classification JEL : G21, G28.
Low Vitamin D Status Is Associated with Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Fei Jun , Fu Lin , Cao Wei , Hu Biao , Zhao Hui , Li Jia-Bin
Published: August 2019

Vitamin D deficiency is correlated with the increased morbidity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the mechanisms underlying these effects have largely remained elusive. This study analyzed the correlations among COPD, vitamin D concentration, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Ninety-five patients with newly diagnosed COPD and 190 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects were recruited for this research. Serum 25(OH)D levels were detected, and pulmonary EMT biomarkers and TGF-β/Smad signaling were evaluated. Serum 25(OH)D level was remarkably decreased in COPD patients compared with that in control subjects. Furthermore, serum 25(OH)D concentration gradually decreased in COPD patients ranging from grade 1–2 to 4. However, reduced expression of the epithelial biomarker E-cadherin and increased expression of the mesenchymal biomarkers vimentin and α-SMA were found in COPD patients. Mechanistic analysis showed that pulmonary nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR) was decreased in patients with COPD. In contrast, TGF-β/Smad signaling was obviously activated in COPD patients. Furthermore, the level of serum TGF-β in COPD patients increased in parallel with COPD severity. Serum 25(OH)D concentration was inversely associated with TGF-β levels in COPD patients. In vitro experiments showed that active vitamin D3 inhibits TGF-β–induced Smad2/3 phosphorylation in MRC-5 cells. Furthermore, vitamin D concentration was inversely correlated with TGF-β/Smad signaling and EMT in COPD patients, suggesting EMT as a vital mediator of COPD development in patients with low vitamin D concentrations.
Seasonal occurrence of metazoan parasites in Tigerfish, Hydrocynus vittatus Castelnau, 1861 (Characiformes: Alestidae) from Sanyati Basin, Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe
Authors: Mabika Nyasha , Barson Maxwell , Van Dyk Cobus , Avenant-Oldewage Annemarie
Published: August 2019

Lake Kariba is a tropical lake with slight variations in seasonal temperature. Temperature is an important physical variable in the biology of both fish and their parasites. Currently, there is no information on the seasonal occurrence of fish parasites in Lake Kariba. The objective of this study was to investigate the seasonal occurrence of metazoan parasites in Hydrocynus vittatus in Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe. Twenty fish specimens were collected by seine netting per season between October 2014 and July 2015 in the Sanyati Basin, Lake Kariba, and examined for metazoan parasites. Mean water temperatures ranged from 24.1 °C to 31.2 °C with slight variations between the seasons. Metazoan parasites consisting of Monogenea (Annulotrema pikei, Annulotrema pseudonili, Annulotrema bracteatum), Nematoda (Contracaecum larvae), Copepoda (Lamproglena hemprichii), Cestoda (larval cestodes, Ichthybothrium sp.) and Pentastomida (pentastomid larvae) were recorded. Larval cestodes were recorded in autumn and spring, while pentastome larvae were recorded in summer and spring. The Ichthybothrium sp. was recorded once in winter. Annulotrema pikei and A. pseudonili were observed on the gills and A. bracteatum on both the gills and the skin. Contracaecum larvae, L. hemprichii and A. bracteatum (from the skin) were recorded in all the seasons, with slight variations in prevalence, mean abundance and mean intensity. However, these variations were not statistically significant (analysis of variance or ANOVA, p > 0.05). The slight variations in occurrence of the parasites were probably because of the thermal stability of the lake where variation in temperature was small between seasons. Both A. bracteatum and Contracaecum larvae were aggregated on the fish host, whereas L. hemprichii exhibited a random distribution. Parasite diversity was at its highest during winter.
Workstation design and postural stress
Authors: Golding Anthony
Published: August 2019

The growing incidence of occupational musculoskeletal disorders gives cause for concern about the effectiveness of traditional awareness programmes in preventing such problems. Overseas there has been a move towards evaluating work-related factors in an attempt to deal with complaints at their source. This paper outlines the hypothesis that postural constraint, as a result of work design, contributes towards muscular fatigue which is accompanied by an increased likelihood of developing chronic musculoskeletal disorders. Methods of studying the problem and measures used to improve the situation are discussed.
Characteristics and sources of aerosol aminiums over the eastern coast of China: insights from the integrated observations in a coastal city, adjacent island and surrounding marginal seas
Authors: Zhou Shengqian , Li Haowen , Yang Tianjiao , Chen Ying , Deng Congrui , Gao Yahui , Chen Changping , Xu Jian
Published: August 2019

Abstract. An integrated observation of aerosol aminiums was
conducted in a coastal city (Shanghai) in eastern China, a nearby island
(Huaniao Island), and over the Yellow Sea and East China Sea (YECS).
Triethylaminium (TEAH+) was abundant over Shanghai but not detected
over the island and the open seas, suggesting its predominantly terrestrial
origin. By contrast, relatively high concentrations of dimethylaminium
(DMAH+) and trimethylaminium + diethylaminium (TMDEAH+) were
measured over the ocean sites, indicating the significant marine source
contribution. Environmental factors, including boundary layer height (BLH),
temperature, atmospheric oxidizing capacity and relative humidity, were
found to be related to aminium concentrations. All the detected aminiums
demonstrated the highest levels in winter in Shanghai, consistent with the
lowest BLH and temperature in this season. Aminiums mainly existed in fine
particles and showed a bimodal distribution, with two peaks at 0.18–0.32 µm and 0.56–1.0 µm, indicating that condensation and cloud
processing were the main formation pathways for aminiums in analogy with
NH4+ and non-sea-salt SO42- (nss-SO42-).
Nonetheless, a unimodal distribution for aerosol aminiums was usually
measured over the YECS or over Huaniao Island when influenced mainly by
the marine air mass, which suggested that aminiums in marine aerosols may
undergo different formation pathways from those on the land. Terrestrial
anthropogenic sources and marine biogenic sources were both important
contributors for DMAH+ and TMDEAH+, and the latter exhibited a
significantly higher TMDEAH+ to DMAH+ ratio. By using the mass
ratio of methanesulfonate (MSA) to nss-SO42- as an indicator of
marine biogenic source, we estimated that marine biogenic source contributed
to 26 %–31 % and 53 %–78 % of aerosol aminiums over Huaniao Island in the
autumn of 2016 and summer of 2017, respectively. Due to the important role
of atmospheric amines in new particle formation, the estimation results
highlighted the importance of marine biogenic emission of amines on the
eastern coast of China, especially in summer.
Effect of changing NOx lifetime on the seasonality and long-term trends of satellite-observed tropospheric NO2 columns over China
Authors: Shah Viral , Jacob Daniel J. , Li Ke , Silvern Rachel F. , Zhai Shixian , Liu Mengyao , Lin Jintai , Zhang Qiang
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Satellite observations of tropospheric NO2 columns are extensively used to infer trends in anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx ≡ NO + NO2), but this may be complicated by trends in NOx lifetime. Here we use 2004–2018 observations from the OMI satellite-based instrument (QA4ECV and POMINO v2 retrievals) to examine the seasonality and trends of tropospheric NO2 columns over central-eastern China, and we interpret the results with the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model. The observations show a factor of 3 increase in NO2 columns from summer to winter, which we explain in GEOS-Chem as reflecting a longer NOx lifetime in winter than in summer (21 h versus 5.9 h in 2017). The 2005–2018 summer trends of OMI NO2 closely follow the trends in the Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC), with a rise over the 2005–2011 period and a 25 % decrease since. We find in GEOS-Chem no significant trend of the NOx lifetime in summer, supporting the emission trend reported by MEIC. The winter trend of OMI NO2 is steeper than in summer over the entire period, which we attribute to a decrease in NOx lifetime at lower NOx emissions. Half of the NOx sink in winter is from N2O5 hydrolysis, which counterintuitively becomes more efficient as NOx emissions decrease due to less titration of ozone at night. Formation of organic nitrates also becomes an increasing sink of NOx as NOx emissions decrease but emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) do not.
Testing the near-field Gaussian plume inversion flux quantification technique using unmanned aerial vehicle sampling
Authors: Shah Adil , Pitt Joseph R. , Ricketts Hugo , Leen J. Brain , Williams Paul I. , Kabbabe Khristopher , Gallagher Martin W. , Allen Grant
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Methane emission fluxes from facility-scale sources may be poorly quantified, leading to uncertainties in the global methane budget. Accurate atmospheric measurement based flux quantification is urgently required to address this. This paper describes the test of a new near-field Gaussian plume inversion (NGI) technique, suitable for facility-scale flux quantification, using a controlled release of methane gas. Two unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms were used to perform 22 flight surveys downwind of a point-source release of methane gas from a regulated and flow-metered cylinder. One UAV was tethered to an instrument on the ground, while the other UAV carried an on-board high-precision prototype instrument, both of which used the same near-infrared laser technology. The performance of these instruments from UAV sampling is described. Both instruments were calibrated using certified standards, to account for variability in the instrumental gain factor. Furthermore, a modified approach to correcting for the effect of water vapour applied and is described here in detail. The NGI technique was used to derive emission fluxes for each UAV flight survey. We found good agreement of most NGI fluxes with the known controlled emission flux, within uncertainty, verifying the flux quantification methodology. The lower NGI flux uncertainty bound was, on average, 17 % ± 10(1σ) % of the controlled emission flux and the upper NGI flux uncertainty bound was, on average, 218 % ± 100(1σ) % of the controlled emission flux. These highly conservative uncertainty ranges incorporate factors including the variability in the position of the plume and the potential for under-sampling. While these average uncertainties are large compared to methods such as tracer dispersion, we suggest that UAV sampling can be highly complementary to a toolkit of flux approaches and may perform well in situations where site access for tracer release is problematic. We see tracer release applied to UAV sampling as an effective combination in future flux quantification studies. Successful flux quantification using this UAV sampling methodology demonstrates its future utility in identifying and quantifying emissions from methane sources such as oil and gas infrastructure facilities, livestock agriculture and landfill sites, where site access may be difficult.
Auroral ionospheric E region parameters obtained from satellite-based far ultraviolet and ground-based ionosonde observations: Effects of proton precipitation
Authors: Knight Harold K.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Coincident auroral far ultraviolet (FUV) and ground-based ionosonde observations are compared for the purpose of determining whether auroral FUV remote sensing algorithms that assume pure electron precipitation are biased in the presence of proton precipitation. Auroral particle transport and optical emission models, such as the Boltzmann 3-Constituent (B3C) model, predict that maximum E region electron density (NmE) values derived from auroral Lyman-Birge-Hopfield (LBH) emission assuming electron precipitation will be biased high by up to ~ 20 % for pure proton aurora, while comparisons between LBH radiances and radiances derived from in situ particle flux observations (i.e., Knight et al., 2008, 2012) indicate that the bias associated with proton aurora should be much larger. Surprisingly, in the comparisons with ionosonde observations described here, no bias associated with proton aurora is found in FUV-derived auroral NmE, which means that auroral FUV remote sensing methods for NmE are more accurate in the presence of proton precipitation than was suggested in the aforementioned earlier works. Possible explanations for the discrepancy with the earlier results are discussed.
A spatially downscaled sun-induced fluorescence global product for
enhanced monitoring of vegetation productivity
Authors: Duveiller Gregory , Filipponi Federico , Walther Sophia , Köhler Philipp , Frankenberg Christian , Guanter Luis , Cescatti Alessandro
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) retrieved from satellite spectrometers can be a highly valuable proxy for photosynthesis. The SIF signal is very small and notoriously difficult to measure, requiring sub-nanometer spectral resolution measurements, which to-date are only available from atmospheric spectrometers sampling at coarse spatial resolution. For example, the widely used SIF dataset derived from the GOME-2 mission is typically provided in 0.5 decimal degree composites. This paper presents a new SIF dataset based on GOME-2 satellite observations with an enhanced spatial resolution of 0.05 decimal degrees and an 8-day time step covering the period 2007–2018. It leverages on a proven methodology that relies on using a light use efficiency (LUE) modelling approach to establishing a semi-empirical relationship between SIF and various explanatory variables derived from remote sensing at finer spatial resolution. An optimal set of explanatory variables is selected based on an independent validation with OCO-2 SIF observations, which are only sparsely available but have a high accuracy and spatial resolution. After a bias-correction, the resulting downscaled SIF data shows high spatio-temporal agreement with the first SIF retrievals from the new TROPOMI mission, opening the path towards establishing a surrogate archive for this promising new dataset. We foresee that this new SIF dataset should be a valuable asset for Earth System Science in general, and for monitoring vegetation productivity in particular. The dataset is available at: https://doi.org/10.2905/21935FFC-B797-4BEE-94DA-8FEC85B3F9E1 (Duveiller et al., 2019).
Hyperspectral ultraviolet to shortwave infrared characteristics of marine-harvested, washed ashore and virgin plastics
Authors: Garaba Shungudzemwoyo P. , Dierssen Heidi M.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Combating the imminent environmental problems associated with plastic litter requires a synergy of monitoring strategies, clean-up efforts, policymaking and interdisciplinary scientific research. Lately, remote sensing technologies have been evolving into a complementary environmental monitoring approach that might have future applications in the operational detection and tracking of plastic litter at repeated intervals covering wide geo-spatial areas. We therefore present a dataset of spectral reflectance measurements from the ultraviolet (350 nm) to shortwave infrared (2500 nm) of synthetic hydrocarbons (plastics). Spectral reflectance of wet and dry marine-harvested, washed ashore and virgin plastics was measured outdoors with a hyperspectral spectroradiometer. Samples were harvested from the major accumulation zones in the Atlantic and Pacific ocean suggesting a near representation of plastic litter in global oceans. We determined a representative bulk average spectral reflectance for the dry marine-harvested microplastics and identified common absorption features at ~ 931, 1215, 1417 and 1732 nm, dataset available at https://doi.org/10.21232/jyxq-1m66 (Garaba and Dierssen, 2019a). Similar absorption features were identified in the dry samples of washed ashore plastics, dataset available at https://doi.org/10.21232/ex5j-0z25 (Garaba and Dierssen, 2019b). The virgin pellets samples consisted of eleven polymer types typically found in floating aquatic plastic litter, dataset available at https://doi.org/10.21232/C27H34 (Garaba and Dierssen, 2017). Magnitude and shape features of the spectral reflectance collected were also evaluated for two scenarios involving dry and wet marine-harvested microplastics, dataset available at https://doi.org/10.21232/r7gg-yv83 (Garaba and Dierssen, 2019c). Reflectance of wet marine-harvested microplastics was noted to be lower in magnitude but had similar spectral shape to the one of dry marine-harvested microplastics. In addition, we include metrics for microplastic particle morphology including sphericity and roundness. These open-access datasets will be useful in radiative transfer analyses exploring the effect of plastics to ocean colour remote sensing and developing algorithms applicable to remote detection of floating plastic litter. The dataset is expected to improve and expand the scientific evidence-based knowledge on optical characteristics of common plastics found in aquatic litter.