bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exemplum Habemus: Reflections on the Judicial Studies Board's Specimen Directions
Authors: Munday Roderick
Published: February 2006

This article examines the increasingly prominent role specimen directions published by the Judicial Studies Board, and even some of the Board's teaching materials, now play in criminal cases. The specimen directions are virtually ignored in the academic literature, yet are symptomatic of those mildly dysfunctional systems that operate with autonomous juries. Evidence abounds that when summing up trial judges lean heavily upon these sometimes flawed materials, that appellate courts make extensive reference to them in their judgments, and that counsel's arguments are often directly shaped by them. Additionally, there is a significant dialogue being conducted between appellate courts and the Board. This article points up the extent to which the specimen directions have come to mediate UK criminal law and criminal evidence.
The Influence of Stimulants, Sedatives, and Fatigue on Tunnel Vision: Risk Factors for Driving and Piloting
Authors: Mills Kenneth C. , Spruill Susan E. , Kanne Roy W. , Parkman Katherine M. , Zhang Ying
Published: February 2006

A computerized task was used in two studies to examine the influence of stimulants, sedatives, and fatigue on single-target and divided-attention responses in different parts of the visual field. The drug effects were evaluated over time with repeated behavioral and subjective measures against ascending and descending drug levels. In the first study, 18 fully rested participants received placebo, alprazolam (0.5 mg), and dextroamphetamine (10 mg). Alprazolam impairs performance, whereas dextroamphetamine induces enhancement and tunnel vision. Study 2 exposed 32 participants to fatigue and no fatigue with a repeated-measures crossover design. Four independent groups subsequently received placebo, dextroamphetamine (10 mg), caffeine (250 mg), or alcohol (.07%). Under fatigue, stimulants have no performance-enhancing effects, whereas impairment from alcohol is severe. Under no fatigue, alcohol has a modest effect, caffeine has no effect, and dextroamphetamine significantly enhances divided-attention performance coincident with tunnel vision. Participants rate all drug effects more stimulating and less sedating while fatigued. Implications for transportation safety are discussed. Actual or potential applications of this research include driver and pilot training.
Asymmetric Performance in the Cocktail Party Effect: Implications for the Design of Spatial Audio Displays
Authors: Bolia Robert S. , Nelson W. Todd , Morley Rebecca M.
Published: February 2006

An experiment was conducted to determine the extent to which hemispheric specialization is manifested in the performance of tasks in which listeners are required to attend to one of several simultaneously spoken speech communications. Speech intelligibility and response time were measured under factorial combinations of the number of simultaneous talkers, the target talker hemifield, and the spatial arrangement of talkers. Intelligibility was found to be mediated by all of the independent variables. Results are discussed in terms of the design of adaptive spatial audio interfaces for speech communications. Actual or potential applications of this research include the design of adaptive spatial audio interfaces for speech communications.
Information Order and Outcome Framing: An Assessment of Judgment Bias in a Naturalistic Decision-Making Context
Authors: Perrin Bruce M. , Barnett Barbara J. , Walrath Larry , Grossman Jeffrey D.
Published: February 2006

Findings that decision makers can come to different conclusions depending on the order in which they receive information have been termed the "information order bias." When trained, experienced individuals exhibit similar behaviors; however, it has been argued that this result is not a bias, but rather, a patternmatching process. This study provides a critical examination of this claim. It also assesses both experts' susceptibility to an outcome framing bias and the effects of varying task loads on judgment. Using a simulation of state-of-the-art ship defensive systems operated by experienced, active-duty U.S. Navy officers, we found no evidence of a framing bias, while task load had a minor, but systematic effect. The order in which information was received had a significant impact, with the effect being consistent with a judgment bias. Nonetheless, we note that patternmatching processes, similar to those that produce inferential and reconstructive effects on memory, could also explain our results. Actual or potential applications of this research include decision support system interfaces or training programs that might be developed to reduce judgment bias.
The United States and Asia in 2005: Managing Troubles, Sustaining Leadership
Authors: Sutter Robert
Published: February 2006

Deepening American preoccupations with other problems at home and abroad saw Bush administration policy toward Asia generally continue along established paths and remain secondary in U.S. policy priorities. The administration stepped up high-level exchanges with Asian counterparts, showed some flexibility over North Korea, and resisted domestic pressures for a tougher China policy.
Nepal and Bhutan in 2005: Monarchy and Democracy, Can They Co-exist?
Authors: Hutt Michael
Published: February 2006

Whether monarchy and democracy can coexist was the key question in both Bhutan and Nepal during 2005. Two developments in Nepal will be major factors in determining the survival of the Shah dynasty and, in the longer term, whether the Nepalese nation-state survives as a sovereign entity at all. These were the “royal coup” of February 1 and the agreement between the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) and seven parliamentary political parties announced on November 22. In Bhutan, a new constitution is out for consultation that would establish a two-party democracy and reduce the powers of the king.
Pakistan in 2005: Surviving Domestic and International Tremors
Authors: Kennedy Charles H.
Published: February 2006

President Pervez Musharraf's regime survived another year despite significant natural, domestic, and international challenges to his rule.
Myanmar in 2005: In a Holding Pattern
Authors: James Helen
Published: February 2006

Myanmar in 2005 experienced the aftermath of the purge of Khin Nyunt's Military Intelligence Faction, withdrew from chairing the Association of Southeast Asian Nations in 2006, and expanded relations with China and India. The aborted domestic reform program (1997–2004) and deteriorating relations with the ethnic minority ceasefire groups showed the State Peace and Development Council's inability to come to grips with Myanmar's severe economic and social problems.
Laos in 2005: 30 Years of the People's Democratic Republic
Authors: Forbes Dean , Cutler Cecile
Published: February 2006

The Lao People's Democratic Republic celebrated its 30th birthday in 2005. The government is stable, although dissent is still repressed, and minorities express persistent concerns about their treatment. The economy shows consistent growth amid a policy of relaxation, and investors are looking at Laos with greater interest. Trade links with the U.S. have also improved. Poverty remains a serious issue but is slowly declining.
Singapore in 2005: “Vibrant and Cosmopolitan” without Political Pluralism
Authors: Rodan Garry
Published: February 2006

Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong's controversial decision to introduce casinos as part of the “remaking” of Singapore's economy was accompanied by officially tolerated public criticism of that decision. Yet, other attempts at organized protests and political expression on a range of issues were subjected to the customary suppression that underlines the government's continued resistance to political pluralism.
North Korea in 2005: Maximizing Profit to Save Socialism
Authors: Woo Meredith Jung-en
Published: February 2006

The most important changes that relate to North Korea in 2005 were the great strides in the inter-Korean relationship and the economic “reform” since 2002, which grafts “profit maximization” to the heart of what is arguably the most rigid planned economy the world has ever known.
South Korea in 2005: Economic Dynamism, Generational Conflicts, and Social Transformations
Authors: Lie John , Park Myoungkyu
Published: February 2006

South Korea experienced steady economic growth and relative political stability in 2005. The surface calm, however, belies massive transformations in the economy, politics, and society.
India in 2005: India Rising, but Uphill Road Ahead
Authors: Nayar Baldev Raj
Published: February 2006

Propelled by an impressive economic performance in recent years, India engaged actively as a global player in international affairs, particularly in relation to the United States. Sustaining this drive for engagement will, however, require both deft geopolitical management and overcoming continuing serious challenges at home.
Effectively Equivalent
Authors: JÖTTKANDT SIGI
Published: February 2006

Walter Pater's theoretical "come-back" over the past forty years or so has been dominated by the competing claims of the new historicism and deconstruction, both of which discover prescient forerunners of their own, seemingly mutually exclusive, theoretical concerns in Pater's aesthetic criticism and in his historical novel Marius the Epicurean(1885). Yet despite their obvious differences, both critical approaches share one thing in common: the same post-humanist denigration of the trope of metaphor in favor of the seemingly more ethically responsive (because inclusive) trope of metonymy. In this essay I observe how the new historicism's and deconstruction's privilegings of metonymy as the prime trope of difference poses an immediate problem for ethical thought that, largely under the influence of Alain Badiou, has become increasingly cognizant of the need for a workable conception of sameness (or universality), traditionally supplied by metaphor. Accordingly, this close reading of the metaphorical dialectic of one of Pater's surprisingly underread Imaginary Portraits, "Sebastian van Storck" (1887), explores the basic charge against metaphor-namely, that it is an essentially"theological" trope insofar as it invariably pre-posits the "identity" that it modestly claims to have merely discovered. Employing the central figure of Sebastian's idealism-equation-I venture that, once rethought as a relation not of identity but of equivalence, metaphor is capable of shouldering the rhetorical burden of similarity without relinquishing its ethical claim as a primary producer of new differences in the world and is, hence, deserving of a central place in a post-deconstructive ethics.
Stability of Large Segmental Duplications in the Yeast Genome
Authors: Koszul Romain , Dujon Bernard , Fischer Gilles
Published: February 2006

The high level of gene redundancy that characterizes eukaryotic genomes results in part from segmental duplications. Spontaneous duplications of large chromosomal segments have been experimentally demonstrated in yeast. However, the dynamics of inheritance of such structures and their eventual fixation in populations remain largely unsolved. We analyzed the stability of a vast panel of large segmental duplications in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (from 41 kb for the smallest to 268 kb for the largest). We monitored the stability of three different types of interchromosomal duplications as well as that of three intrachromosomal direct tandem duplications. In the absence of any selective advantage associated with the presence of the duplication, we show that a duplicated segment internally translocated within a natural chromosome is stably inherited both mitotically and meiotically. By contrast, large duplications carried by a supernumerary chromosome are highly unstable. Duplications translocated into subtelomeric regions are lost at variable rates depending on the location of the insertion sites. Direct tandem duplications are lost by unequal crossing over, both mitotically and meiotically, at a frequency proportional to their sizes. These results show that most of the duplicated structures present an intrinsic level of instability. However, translocation within another chromosome significantly stabilizes a duplicated segment, increasing its chance to get fixed in a population even in the absence of any immediate selective advantage conferred by the duplicated genes.
Population Genetics of Translational Robustness
Authors: Wilke Claus O , Drummond D Allan
Published: February 2006

Recent work has shown that expression level is the main predictor of a gene's evolutionary rate and that more highly expressed genes evolve slower. A possible explanation for this observation is selection for proteins that fold properly despite mistranslation, in short selection for translational robustness. Translational robustness leads to the somewhat paradoxical prediction that highly expressed genes are extremely tolerant to missense substitutions but nevertheless evolve very slowly. Here, we study a simple theoretical model of translational robustness that allows us to gain analytic insight into how this paradoxical behavior arises.
Trans-specificity at Loci Near the Self-Incompatibility Loci in Arabidopsis
Authors: Charlesworth Deborah , Kamau Esther , Hagenblad Jenny , Tang Chunlao
Published: February 2006

We compared allele sequences of two loci near the Arabidopsis lyrata self-incompatibility (S) loci with sequences of A. thaliana orthologs and found high numbers of shared polymorphisms, even excluding singletons and sites likely to be highly mutable. This suggests maintenance of entire S-haplotypes for long evolutionary times and extreme recombination suppression in the region.
Genotype-by-Environment Interactions Influencing the Emergence of rpoS Mutations in Escherichia coli Populations
Authors: King Thea , Seeto Shona , Ferenci Thomas
Published: February 2006

Polymorphisms in rpoS are common in Escherichia coli. rpoS status influences a trade-off between nutrition and stress resistance and hence fitness across different environments. To analyze the selective pressures acting on rpoS, measurement of glucose transport rates in rpoS+ and rpoS bacteria was used to estimate the role of Fnc, the fitness gain due to improved nutrient uptake, in the emergence of rpoS mutations in nutrient-limited chemostat cultures. Chemostats with set atmospheres, temperatures, pH's, antibiotics, and levels of osmotic stress were followed. Fnc was reduced under anaerobiosis, high osmolarity, and with chloramphenicol, consistent with a reduced rate of rpoS enrichment in these conditions. Fnc remained high, however, with alkaline pH and low temperature but rpoS sweeps were diminished. Under these conditions, Fsp, the fitness reduction due to lowered stress protection, became significant. We also estimated whether the fitness need for the gene was related to its regulation. No consistent pattern emerged between the level of RpoS and the loss of rpoS function in particular environments. This dissection allows an unprecedented view of the genotype-by-environment interactions controlling a mutational sweep and shows that both Fnc and Fsp are influenced by individual stresses and that additional factors contribute to selection pressure in some environments.
Evolution of Class III Homeodomain–Leucine Zipper Genes in Streptophytes
Authors: Floyd Sandra K , Zalewski Christopher S , Bowman John L
Published: February 2006

Land plants underwent tremendous evolutionary change following the divergence of the ancestral lineage from algal relatives. Several important developmental innovations appeared as the embryophyte clade diversified, leading to the appearance of new organs and tissue types. To understand how these changes came about, we need to identify the fundamental genetic developmental programs that are responsible for growth, patterning, and differentiation and describe how these programs were modified and elaborated through time to produce novel morphologies. Class III homeodomain–leucine zipper (class III HD–Zip) genes, identified in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, provide good candidates for basic land plant patterning genes. We show that these genes may have evolved in a common ancestor of land plants and their algal sister group and that the gene family has diversified as land plant lineages have diversified. Phylogenetic analysis, expression data from nonflowering lineages, and evidence from Arabidopsis and other flowering plants indicate that class III HD–Zip genes acquired new functions in sporophyte apical growth, vascular patterning and differentiation, and leaf development. Modification of expression patterns that accompanied diversification of class III HD–Zip genes likely played an important role in the evolution of land plant form.
The Cotranscribed Salmonella enterica sv. Typhi tsx and impX Genes Encode Opposing Nucleoside-Specific Import and Export Proteins
Authors: Bucarey Sergio A , Villagra Nicolas A , Fuentes Juan A , Mora Guido C
Published: February 2006

The Salmonella enterica tsx gene encodes a nucleoside-specific outer membrane channel. The Tsx porin is essential for the prototrophic growth of S. enterica sv. Typhi in the absence of nucleosides. RT–PCR analysis shows that the tsx gene is cotranscribed with an open reading frame unique to S. enterica, impX (STY0450), which encodes an inner membrane protein 108 amino acids in length, which is predicted to have only two transmembrane α-helices. Fusions of the lacZ gene to both tsx and impX reveal that the transcription of both genes is induced in the presence of adenosine. A null mutation in the S. Typhi impX gene suppresses the induced auxotrophy for adenosine or thymidine resulting from a tsx mutation and confers sensitivity to high concentrations of adenosine or thymidine. The ImpX protein, when tagged with a 3xFLAG epitope, is functional and associates with the inner membrane; impX mutants are defective in the export of 3H-radiolabeled thymidine. Taken together, these and other results suggest that the S. Typhi Tsx porin and ImpX inner membrane protein facilitate competing mechanisms of thymidine influx and efflux, respectively, to maintain the steady-state levels of internal nucleoside pools.
Distribution of Microsatellites in the Genome ofMedicago truncatula: A Resource of Genetic Markers That Integrate Genetic and Physical Maps
Authors: Mun Jeong-Hwan , Kim Dong-Jin , Choi Hong-Kyu , Gish John , Debellé Frédéric , Mudge Joanne , Denny Roxanne , Endré Gabriella , Saurat Oliver , Dudez Anne-Marie , Kiss Gyorgy B , Roe Bruce , Young Nevin D , Cook Douglas R
Published: February 2006

Microsatellites are tandemly repeated short DNA sequences that are favored as molecular-genetic markers due to their high polymorphism index. Plant genomes characterized to date exhibit taxon-specific differences in frequency, genomic location, and motif structure of microsatellites, indicating that extant microsatellites originated recently and turn over quickly. With the goal of using microsatellite markers to integrate the physical and genetic maps of Medicago truncatula, we surveyed the frequency and distribution of perfect microsatellites in 77 Mbp of gene-rich BAC sequences, 27 Mbp of nonredundant transcript sequences, 20 Mbp of random whole genome shotgun sequences, and 49 Mbp of BAC-end sequences. Microsatellites are predominantly located in gene-rich regions of the genome, with a density of one long (i.e., ≥20 nt) microsatellite every 12 kbp, while the frequency of individual motifs varied according to the genome fraction under analysis. A total of 1,236 microsatellites were analyzed for polymorphism between parents of our reference intraspecific mapping population, revealing that motifs (AT)n, (AG)n, (AC)n, and (AAT)n exhibit the highest allelic diversity. A total of 378 genetic markers could be integrated with sequenced BAC clones, anchoring 274 physical contigs that represent 174 Mbp of the genome and composing an estimated 70% of the euchromatic gene space.
Euchromatin and Pericentromeric Heterochromatin: Comparative Composition in the Tomato Genome
Authors: Wang Ying , Tang Xiaomin , Cheng Zhukuan , Mueller Lukas , Giovannoni Jim , Tanksley Steve D
Published: February 2006

Eleven sequenced BACs were annotated and localized via FISH to tomato pachytene chromosomes providing the first global insights into the compositional differences of euchromatin and pericentromeric heterochromatin in this model dicot species. The results indicate that tomato euchromatin has a gene density (6.7 kb/gene) similar to that of Arabidopsis and rice. Thus, while the euchromatin comprises only 25% of the tomato nuclear DNA, it is sufficient to account for ∼90% of the estimated 38,000 nontransposon genes that compose the tomato genome. Moreover, euchromatic BACs were largely devoid of transposons or other repetitive elements. In contrast, BACs assigned to the pericentromeric heterochromatin had a gene density 10–100 times lower than that of the euchromatin and are heavily populated by retrotransposons preferential to the heterochromatin—the most abundant transposons belonging to the Jinling  Ty3/gypsy-like retrotransposon family. Jinling elements are highly methylated and rarely transcribed. Nonetheless, they have spread throughout the pericentromeric heterochromatin in tomato and wild tomato species fairly recently—well after tomato diverged from potato and other related solanaceous species. The implications of these findings on evolution and on sequencing the genomes of tomato and other solanaceous species are discussed.
Design of a Photostabilizer Having Built‐in Antioxidant Functionality and Its Utility in Obtaining Broad‐spectrum Sunscreen Formulations†
Authors: Chaudhuri Ratan K. , Lascu Zoia , Puccetti Germain , Deshpande Anant A. , Paknikar Sashikumar K.
Published: February 2006

Di‐2,2′‐diethylhexyl‐3,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐hydroxy‐benzylidenemalonate (INCI name diethylhexyl syringylidene malonate, DESM), the target photostabilizer, was synthesized in one step by condensation of 3,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐hydroxy benzaldehyde (Syringaldehyde) with di‐2,2′‐diethylhexyl malonate. Photo‐stability data in sunscreen formulations showed that DESM is photostable and improves the photostability of avobenzone significantly when compared to control (without a photostabilizer). Photostable broad‐spectrum sunscreen formulations with high SPF (>30) have been achieved by combining avobenzone, DESM and UV‐B sunscreens, such as homosalate, octisalate or other UV‐B sunscreens. It seems that (a) triplet‐state energy transfer from avobenzone to DESM and (b) scavenging of reactive species are responsible for the observed stabilization of avobenzone. In vitro study of the two formulations containing DESM clearly showed critical wavelength of well over 370 nm and can thus be categorized as broad‐spectrum sunscreens. DESM does not have any contribution to in vivo SPF; instead it boosts SPF by about 5 units in high‐SPF products. DESM was found to be an excellent singlet‐oxygen quencher, thereby reducing photodegradation of avobenzone caused by singlet oxygen. In short, the multiplicity of effects and formulation benefits seen with DESM makes it an ideal choice as a unique antioxidant photostabilizer for a variety of cosmetic products targeting young and mature skin alike.
Treatment and Management of Bacterial Vaginosis in Pregnancy: Current and Future Perspectives
Authors: Nelson Deborah B
Published: February 2006

Bacterial vaginosis accounts for the majority of cases of vaginal discharge and has been consistently linked to an increased risk of preterm delivery. Bacterial vaginosis is characterized by the reduced number or absence of hydrogen peroxide-producing Lactobacillus spp., which promotes the overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria, including Gardnerella vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, Bacteroides spp., and Mobiluncus spp. Black race, higher-risk sexual activity, frequent vaginal douching and the substantial reduction of hydrogen peroxide-producing Lactobacillus spp. are the main predictors of bacterial vaginosis development. Clinical- and laboratory-based bacterial vaginosis diagnostic tests are widely used to screen for bacterial vaginosis but, more recently, office-based bacterial vaginosis screening tools have been developed. Although systemic treatment for bacterial vaginosis with metronidazole or clindamycin has been demonstrated to be effective in the short-term cure of bacterial vaginosis, recurrence of bacterial vaginosis within 3 months of treatment is common, and treatment for bacterial vaginosis using these strategies has not been effective in reducing the risk of preterm delivery.
Vulvodynia: A Therapeutic Challenge
Authors: Paavonen Jorma
Published: February 2006

Vulvodynia is a poorly understood, distressing and debilitating disorder. The management of this disorder remains insufficient and the lack of consistent terminology is confusing. The management of classic dysesthetic vulvodynia is fairly straightforward, using drugs effective against chronic neuropathic pain. However, vulvar vestibulitis syndrome remains a therapeutic challenge. A pragmatic approach is recommended for the management of patients with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome. In refractory cases, vestibulectomy has a high success rate, although the evidence is based mainly on small, descriptive studies. Comparative studies of conservative versus surgical management of vulvar vestibulitis syndrome are needed.
A bioactive collagen-β tricalcium phosphate scaffold for tissue engineering
Authors: Oprita Elena , Moldovan Lucia , Craciunescu Oana , Buzgariu Wanda , Tardei Christu , Zarnescu Otilia
Published: February 2006

Collagen-phosphate composites (COL/β-TCP) are novel materials that have the potential to be used as bone analogues. The aim of our study was to develop a porous bioactive material composed of type I collagen, the main bone protein and tricalcium phosphate, the mineral phase of natural bone, and investigate their in vitro biocompatibility in a human dermal fibroblast culture system. In order to obtain the bioactive materials, type I collagen was isolated from bovine tendon and characterized by physicochemical methods. β-TCP was obtained from calcium carbonate by thermal decomposition at 900 °C temperature. The powder was examined with X-ray diffraction. Two variants of COL/β-TCP scaffolds (P1 and P2) were prepared and examined by scanning electron microscopy. Our results revealed a microporous structure with small white aggregates of β-TCP, non-homogenous scattered in the collagen framework without any preferential orientation. The biocompatibility of the obtained scaffolds was tested by biochemical and histological methods on human fibroblast cultures. Both materials acted as good subtrates for human dermal fibroblast proliferation and migration.
Emerging concept of cancer as a stem cell disorder
Authors: Ratajczak Mariusz , Kucia Magda , Dobrowolska Hanna , Wanzeck Jens , Reca Ryan , Ratajczak Janina
Published: February 2006

Evidence has accumulated that malignancy arises from maturation arrest of stem cells — rather than the dedifferentiation of somatic cells. To support this notion, stem cells in contrast to somatic cells are long lived cells and thus may become the subject of accumulating mutations that are crucial for the initiation/progression of cancer. More importantly they may maintain these mutations and pass them to daughter stem cells. Cancer stem cells (CSC) that derive from transformed normal stem cells (NSC) are responsible not only for tumor initiation, but also for its re-growth and metastasis. Accumulating evidence also indicates that adult tissues may contain a population of very small embryonic like (VSEL) stem cells that may give rise to some very immature tumors e.g., pediatric sarcomas. Similar molecular mechanisms operating in NSC and CSC regulate resistance to radio-chemotherapy and promote migration/metastasis. Thus, by studying the biology of NSC we can learn more about cancer.
Aggressive behavior among girls and boys during middle childhood: predictors and sequelae of trajectory group membership
Authors: Harachi Tracy W. , Fleming Charles B. , White Helene R. , Ensminger Margaret E. , Abbott Robert D. , Catalano Richard F. , Haggerty Kevin P.
Published: February 2006

Using longitudinal data spanning early elementary through middle school, aggression behavior trajectory groups were identified for boys and girls. Early elementary school predictors of trajectory group membership were examined as well as whether trajectory group predicted physical aggression, covert delinquency, and substance use in 9th grade. Semiparametric group modeling identified aggression behavior trajectory groups. We identified four aggression trajectory groups for both genders described as “not involved,” “low,” “moderate,” and “high.” Attention problems, family conflict, and low school commitment and attachment were predictors of membership in higher aggression groups for both boys and girls. Low family involvement and low parental education predicted membership in higher aggression groups for boys; while depression, low‐income status, and having a single parent predicted higher aggression group membership for girls. For both boys and girls, few risk predictors distinguished between the moderate and high aggression trajectories except that low school commitment and having a teen mother were significant predictors of being in the high group for girls, and low parental education and income were significant predictors of being in the high group for boys. Membership in the higher aggression trajectory groups predicted involvement in violent behaviors, covert delinquency, and substance use in 9th grade. Findings suggest that children who display an early trajectory of high levels of aggressive behavior are more likely to continue involvement in later problem behaviors. Second‐grade predictors suggest commonality of risk across genders and provide evidence of modifiable targets for preventive interventions. Aggr. Behav. 32:1–15. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
“We're not friends anymore! unless…”: the frequency and harmfulness of indirect, relational, and social aggression
Authors: Coyne Sarah M. , Archer John , Eslea Mike
Published: February 2006

The frequency of items of indirect, relational, social, verbal, and physical aggression was assessed in the school environment of 422 adolescents, using the Indirect/Social/Relational Aggression scale (ISRA), a measure that combined items from indirect, relational, and social aggression research. We also assessed the perceived harmfulness of each item. Comparing these findings with the occurrence of aggression on television, we found that adolescents were exposed to nearly 10 times more indirect, relational, and social aggression on television than they are in school. Overall, there was no sex difference in the amount of aggression reported by boys and girls. However, when examining specific items, girls reported more gossiping and boys more hitting. Girls perceived indirect, direct relational, and verbal aggression as more harmful than did boys. Limited evidence was found for a distinction between indirect, relational, and social aggression, although it was clear that they were more similar than different. Aggr. Behav. 32:1–14, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of physical provocations on heart rate reactivity and reactive aggression in children
Authors: Juujärvi Petri , Kaartinen Jukka , Laitinen Tomi , Vanninen Esko , Pulkkinen Lea
Published: February 2006

This article presents complementary data on the relationship between the intensity of offensive and defensive aggression that was investigated by means of the computerised Pulkkinen Aggression Machine (PAM) paradigm [Juujärvi et al., 2001; Aggr. Behav. 27:430–445]. The recording of the electrocardiogram was conducted in a sample of 109 children (61 boys and 48 girls) while they completed the PAM. Across the conditions of controlled aggression, the simulated attack and defence evoked a mean increase of HR by 2.7 beats per minute (bpm), but the variation between children was substantial (−10.9 to+11.4 bpm). Children who showed a strong HR increase, moderate HR increase, or HR decrease were compared on heart rate variability (HRV) and intensity of (defensive) reactive aggression. Variation of mean HR reactivity was generally related to changes in parasympathetic activity since the power of HRV changed in the high (0.15–0.40 Hz) rather than the low (0.04–0.15 Hz) frequency band. The correspondence between the intensity of offensive and defensive aggression was weakest among those children who displayed either a strong increase or a decrease of HR as compared to those children who exhibited only moderate increase of mean HR. The stronger the children displayed an increase of HR during the PAM, the lower they were rated on the teacher rating scales for depressive symptoms, social anxiety, and aggression. Together, these results suggest that the relationship between the intensity of physical provocations and reactive aggression was moderated by dispositional negative emotionality and its regulation. Aggr. Behav. 32:99–109, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CFD and kinetic methods for mass transfer determination in a mesh microreactor
Authors: Abdallah Radwan , Magnico Pierre , Fumey Bruno , de Bellefon Claude
Published: February 2006

The global gas‐liquid‐solid volumetric mass‐transfer coefficient KLa of a catalytic multiphase microstructured film contactor, featuring 5 μm dimensions, a 155 μm liquid film thickness, and a 15 μm thin catalytic layer is determined, using the very fast hydrogenation of α‐methylstyrene with a Pd/γ‐alumina catalyst. The volumetric mass‐transfer coefficients measured experimentally fall in the range 0.8 – 1.6 s−1 above that predicted by the film model and those obtained from a CFD (3‐D model) simulation, and from an analytical solution. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Asymmetrische Katalyse durch chirale Wasserstoffbrückendonoren
Authors: Taylor Mark S. , Jacobsen Eric N.
Published: February 2006

Wasserstoffbrücken bestimmen die Struktur eines großen Teils der uns umgebenden Materie. Die ungewöhnlichen Eigenschaften von flüssigem Wasser, die Faltung von Proteinen zu stabilen dreidimensionalen Strukturen, die DNA‐Basenpaarung und die Bindung von Liganden an Rezeptoren beruhen auf dieser nichtkovalenten Wechselwirkung. Neben ihrer strukturgebenden Rolle haben Wasserstoffbrücken auch entscheidende Funktionen bei katalytischen Prozessen. Enzyme beschleunigen viele biochemische Reaktionen, indem sie die Elektronendichte eines Elektrophils durch Bildung einer Wasserstoffbrücke verringern und es so für den nucleophilen Angriff aktivieren. In der organischen Synthese hat man das Potenzial dieser Strategie erkannt, und niedermolekulare Verbindungen, insbesondere chirale Wasserstoffbrückendonoren, wurden als Katalysatoren für enantioselektive Synthesen entwickelt. Dieser Aufsatz zeigt, welche strukturellen und mechanistischen Merkmale in wasserstoffbrückenvermittelten Katalyseprozessen zu hohen Enantioselektivitäten führen.
Titelbild: A Supramolecular Bundling Approach toward the Alignment of Conjugated Polymers (Angew. Chem. 10/2006)
Authors: Kubo Yohei , Kitada Yumiko , Wakabayashi Rie , Kishida Takanori , Ayabe Masatsugu , Kaneko Kenji , Takeuchi Masayuki , Shinkai Seiji
Published: February 2006

Synthetische bündelnde Moleküle überführen in Lösung konjugierte Polymere in geordnete supramolekulare Ensembles. Der Ansatz ist inspiriert durch Actinfilamente bündelnde Proteine. In der Zuschrift auf S. 1578 ff. schildern M. Takeuchi, S. Shinkai et al., wie die Verwendung dieser “Ausrichtermoleküle” herkömmliche Techniken ergänzt und eine neue Möglichkeit bietet, komplexe, definiert angeordnete Ensembles konjugierter Polymere zu erzeugen, wie sie im Titelbild gezeigt sind.
Asymmetric Catalysis by Chiral Hydrogen‐Bond Donors
Authors: Taylor Mark S. , Jacobsen Eric N.
Published: February 2006

Hydrogen bonding is responsible for the structure of much of the world around us. The unusual and complex properties of bulk water, the ability of proteins to fold into stable three‐dimensional structures, the fidelity of DNA base pairing, and the binding of ligands to receptors are among the manifestations of this ubiquitous noncovalent interaction. In addition to its primacy as a structural determinant, hydrogen bonding plays a crucial functional role in catalysis. Hydrogen bonding to an electrophile serves to decrease the electron density of this species, activating it toward nucleophilic attack. This principle is employed frequently by Nature's catalysts, enzymes, for the acceleration of a wide range of chemical processes. Recently, organic chemists have begun to appreciate the tremendous potential offered by hydrogen bonding as a mechanism for electrophile activation in small‐molecule, synthetic catalyst systems. In particular, chiral hydrogen‐bond donors have emerged as a broadly applicable class of catalysts for enantioselective synthesis. This review documents these advances, emphasizing the structural and mechanistic features that contribute to high enantioselectivity in hydrogen‐bond‐mediated catalytic processes.
Cover Picture: A Supramolecular Bundling Approach toward the Alignment of Conjugated Polymers (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 10/2006)
Authors: Kubo Yohei , Kitada Yumiko , Wakabayashi Rie , Kishida Takanori , Ayabe Masatsugu , Kaneko Kenji , Takeuchi Masayuki , Shinkai Seiji
Published: February 2006

Synthetic bundling molecules organize conjugated polymers into aligned supramolecular assemblies in an approach inspired by actin‐filament bundling proteins. In their Communication on page 1548 ff., M. Takeuchi, S. Shinkai, and co‐workers describe how the use of these “aligner molecules” complements existing techniques in supramolecular assembly and provides a new means of generating complex and programmed assemblies of conjugated polymers with defined arrangements, as shown in the cover picture.
On the development of name search techniques for Arabic
Authors: Aqeel Syed Uzair , Beitzel Steve , Jensen Eric , Grossman David , Frieder Ophir
Published: February 2006

The need for effective identity matching systems has led to extensive research in the area of name search. For the most part, such work has been limited to English and other Latin‐based languages. Consequently, algorithms such as Soundex and n‐gram matching are of limited utility for languages such as Arabic, which has vastly different morphologic features that rely heavily on phonetic information. The dearth of work in this field is partly caused by the lack of standardized test data. Consequently, we have built a collection of 7,939 Arabic names, along with 50 training queries and 111 test queries. We use this collection to evaluate a variety of algorithms, including a derivative of Soundex tailored to Arabic (ASOUNDEX), measuring effectiveness by using standard information retrieval measures. Our results show an improvement of 70% over existing approaches.
Probabilistic topic decomposition of an eighteenth‐century American newspaper
Authors: Newman David J. , Block Sharon
Published: February 2006

We use a probabilistic mixture decomposition method to determine topics in thePennsylvania Gazette, a major colonial U.S. newspaper from 1728–1800. We assess the value of several topic decomposition techniques for historical research and compare the accuracy and efficacy of various methods. After determining the topics covered by the 80,000 articles and advertisements in the entire 18th century run of theGazette, we calculate how the prevalence of those topics changed over time, and give historically relevant examples of our findings. This approach reveals important information about the content of this colonial newspaper, and suggests the value of such approaches to a more complete understanding of early American print culture and society.
Combined Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopic approach for identification of multidrug resistance phenotype in cancer cell lines
Authors: Krishna C. Murali , Kegelaer Gregory , ADT Isabelle , Rubin Sylvain , Kartha Vasudevan B. , Manfait Michel , Sockalingum Ganesh D.
Published: February 2006

Cancer cells escape cytotoxic effects of anticancer drugs by a process known as multidrug resistance (MDR). Identification of cell status by less time‐consuming methods can be extremely useful in patient management and treatment. This study aims at evaluating the potentials of vibrational spectroscopic methods to perform cell typing and to differentiate between sensitive and resistant human cancer cell lines, in particular those that exhibit the MDR phenotype. Micro‐Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra have been acquired from the sensitive promyelocytic HL60 leukemia cell line and two of its subclones resistant to doxorubicin (HL60/DOX) and daunorubicin (HL60/DNR), and from the sensitive MCF7 breast cancer cell line and its MDR counterpart resistant to verapamil (MCF7/VP). Principal components analysis (PCA) was employed for spectral comparison and classification. Our data show that cell typing was feasible with both methods, giving two distinct clusters for HL60‐ and MCF7‐sensitive cells. In addition, phenotyping of HL60 cells, i.e., discriminating between the sensitive and MDR phenotypes, was attempted by both methods. FTIR could not only delineate between the sensitive and resistant HL60 cells, but also gave two distinct clusters for the resistant cells, which required a two‐step procedure with Raman spectra. In the case of MCF7 cell lines, both the sensitive and resistant phenotypes could be differentiated very efficiently by PCA analysis of their FTIR and Raman point spectra. These results indicate the prospective applicability of FTIR and micro‐Raman approaches in the differentiation of cell types as well as characterization of the cell status, such as the MDR phenotype exhibited in resistant leukemia cell lines like HL60 and MCF7. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 82: 462–470, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Influence of sequential oligopeptide carriers on the bioactive structure of conjugated epitopes: Comparative study of the conformation of a Herpes simplex virus glycoprotein gD‐1 epitope in the free and conjugated form, and protein “built‐in” crystal structure
Authors: Krikorian Dimitrios , Stavrakoudis Athanassios , Biris Nikolaos , Sakarellos Constantinos , Andreu David , de Oliveira Eliandre , Mezö Gábor , Majer Zsuzsa , Hudecz Ferenc , Welling‐Wester Sytske , Cung Manh Thong , Tsikaris Vassilios
Published: February 2006

Synthetic carriers play an important role in immunogen presentation, due to their ability of inducing improved and specific responses to conjugated epitopes. Their influence on the bioactive conformation of the epitope, though admittedly crucial for relevant in vitro and in vivo applications, is difficult to evaluate, given the usual lack of information on the complex conformational features determined by the nature of the carrier and the mode of ligation. Using the Herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D‐1 epitope (Leu9–Lys–Nle–Ala–Asp–Pro–Asn–Arg–Phe–Arg–Gly–Lys–Asp–Leu22) as a model, we have performed a detailed conformational analysis on the free epitope peptide in solution and on three constructs in which the epitope was conjugated to sequential oligopeptide carriers {Ac–[Lys–Aib–Gly]4–OH (SOC4)} (through either a thioether or an amide bond; Ac: acetyl) and polytuftsin oligomers {H–[Thr–Lys–Pro–Lys–Gly]4–NH2 (T20)}, (through a thioether bond). The analysis of the epitope conformation in the parent protein, in carrier‐conjugated and free form, suggests that the β‐turn structure of the –Asp13–Pro–Asn–Arg16– segment is highly conserved and independent of the epitope form. However, small conformational variations were observed at the C‐terminal part of the epitope, depending on the nature of the carrier. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 84: 383–399, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Mechanism of Action of Tubulysin, an Antimitotic Peptide from Myxobacteria
Authors: Khalil Mohamed W. , Sasse Florenz , Lünsdorf Heinrich , Elnakady Yasser A. , Reichenbach Hans
Published: February 2006

Tubulysin A is a highly cytotoxic peptide with antimitotic activity that induces depletion of cell microtubules and triggers the apoptotic process. Treated cells accumulated in the G2/M phase. Tubulysin A inhibited tubulin polymerization more efficiently than vinblastine and induced depolymerization of isolated microtubule preparations. Microtubule depolymerization could not be prevented by preincubation with epothilone B and paclitaxel, neither in cell‐free systems nor in cell lines. In competition experiments, tubulysin A strongly interfered with the binding of vinblastine to tubulin in a noncompetitive way; the apparent Ki was 3 μM. Electron microscopy investigations showed that tubulysin A induced the formation of rings, double rings, and pinwheel structures. The mode of action of tubulysin A resembled that of peptide antimitotics dolastatin 10, phomopsin A, and hemiasterlin. Efforts are underway to develop this new group of compounds as anticancer drugs.
Cyclodextrin‐Derived Mimic of Glutathione Peroxidase Exhibiting Enzymatic Specificity and High Catalytic Efficiency
Authors: Dong Ze‐Yuan , Huang Xin , Mao Shi‐Zhong , Liang Kai , Liu Jun‐Qiu , Luo Gui‐Min , Shen Jia‐Cong
Published: February 2006

To elucidate the relationships between molecular recognition and catalytic ability, we chose three assay systems using three different thiol substrates, glutathione (GSH), 3‐carboxyl‐4‐nitrobenzenethiol (CNBSH), and 4‐nitrobenzenethiol (NBSH), to investigate the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities of 2,2′‐ditellurobis(2‐deoxy‐β‐cyclodextrin) (2‐TeCD) in the presence of a variety of structurally distinct hydroperoxides (ROOH), H2O2, tert‐butyl peroxide (tBuOOH), and cumene peroxide (CuOOH), as the oxidative reagent. A comparative study of the three assay systems revealed that the cyclodextrin moiety of the GPx mimic 2‐TeCD endows the molecule with selectivity for ROOH and thiol substrates, and hydrophobic interactions are the most important driving forces in 2‐TeCD complexation. Furthermore, in the novel NBSH assay system, 2‐TeCD can catalyze the reduction of ROOH about 3.4×105 times more efficiently than diphenyl diselenide (PhSeSePh), and its second‐order rate constants for thiol are similar to some of those of native GPx. This comparative study confirms that efficient binding of the substrate is essential for the catalytic ability of the GPx mimic, and that NBSH is the preferred thiol substrate of 2‐TeCD among the chosen thiol substrates. Importantly, the proposed mode of action of 2‐TeCD imitates the role played by several possible noncovalent interactions between enzymes and substrates in influencing catalysis and binding.