bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
X-ray Raman scattering study of MgSiO
3
glass at high pressure: Implication for triclustered MgSiO
3
melt in Earth's mantle
Authors: Lee Sung Keun , Lin Jung-Fu , Cai Yong Q. , Hiraoka Nozomu , Eng Peter J. , Okuchi Takuo , Mao Ho-kwang , Meng Yue , Hu Michael Y. , Chow Paul , Shu Jinfu , Li Baosheng , Fukui Hiroshi , Lee Bum Han , Kim Hyun Na , Yoo Choong-Shik
Published: June 2008

Silicate melts at the top of the transition zone and the core-mantle boundary have significant influences on the dynamics and properties of Earth's interior. MgSiO
3
-rich silicate melts were among the primary components of the magma ocean and thus played essential roles in the chemical differentiation of the early Earth. Diverse macroscopic properties of silicate melts in Earth's interior, such as density, viscosity, and crystal-melt partitioning, depend on their electronic and short-range local structures at high pressures and temperatures. Despite essential roles of silicate melts in many geophysical and geodynamic problems, little is known about their nature under the conditions of Earth's interior, including the densification mechanisms and the atomistic origins of the macroscopic properties at high pressures. Here, we have probed local electronic structures of MgSiO
3
glass (as a precursor to Mg-silicate melts), using high-pressure x-ray Raman spectroscopy up to 39 GPa, in which high-pressure oxygen K-edge features suggest the formation of tricluster oxygens (oxygen coordinated with three Si frameworks;
[3]
O) between 12 and 20 GPa. Our results indicate that the densification in MgSiO
3
melt is thus likely to be accompanied with the formation of triculster, in addition to a reduction in nonbridging oxygens. The pressure-induced increase in the fraction of oxygen triclusters >20 GPa would result in enhanced density, viscosity, and crystal-melt partitioning, and reduced element diffusivity in the MgSiO
3
melt toward deeper part of the Earth's lower mantle.
Knowledge-based gene expression classification via matrix factorization
Authors: Schachtner R. , Lutter D. , Knollmüller P. , Tomé A. M. , Theis F. J. , Schmitz G. , Stetter M. , Vilda P. Gómez , Lang E. W.
Published: June 2008

Motivation: Modern machine learning methods based on matrix decomposition techniques, like independent component analysis (ICA) or non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), provide new and efficient analysis tools which are currently explored to analyze gene expression profiles. These exploratory feature extraction techniques yield expression modes (ICA) or metagenes (NMF). These extracted features are considered indicative of underlying regulatory processes. They can as well be applied to the classification of gene expression datasets by grouping samples into different categories for diagnostic purposes or group genes into functional categories for further investigation of related metabolic pathways and regulatory networks.

Results: In this study we focus on unsupervised matrix factorization techniques and apply ICA and sparse NMF to microarray datasets. The latter monitor the gene expression levels of human peripheral blood cells during differentiation from monocytes to macrophages. We show that these tools are able to identify relevant signatures in the deduced component matrices and extract informative sets of marker genes from these gene expression profiles. The methods rely on the joint discriminative power of a set of marker genes rather than on single marker genes. With these sets of marker genes, corroborated by leave-one-out or random forest cross-validation, the datasets could easily be classified into related diagnostic categories. The latter correspond to either monocytes versus macrophages or healthy vs Niemann Pick C disease patients.

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Contact:  elmar.lang@biologie.uni-regensburg.de
An introduction to quantum turbulence
Authors: Vinen W.F
Published: June 2008

This paper provides a brief introduction to quantum turbulence in simple superfluids, in which the required rotational motion in the superfluid component is due entirely to the topological defects that are identified as quantized vortices. Particular emphasis is placed on the basic dynamical behaviour of the quantized vortices and on turbulent decay mechanisms at a very low temperature. There are possible analogies with the behaviour of cosmic strings.
Design of magneto-optical system for imaging of magnetic flux created during a conductor–superconductor phase transition
Authors: Golubchik Daniel , Polturak Emil , Koren Gad
Published: June 2008

According to the Kibble–Zurek model, flux lines are spontaneously created during a fast conductor–superconductor phase transition. The model predicts both the spatial density and the correlations of the flux array. We present the design of a magneto-optical system with a projected single-flux-line resolution. Such a system can allow detailed measurements of the distribution of flux created spontaneously during a conductor–superconductor phase transition.
Introduction. Cosmology meets condensed matter
Authors: Kibble T.W.B , Pickett G.R
Published: June 2008

At first sight, low-temperature condensed-matter physics and early Universe cosmology seem worlds apart. Yet, in the last few years a remarkable synergy has developed between the two. It has emerged that, in terms of their mathematical description, there are surprisingly close parallels between them. This interplay has been the subject of a very successful European Science Foundation (ESF) programme entitled COSLAB (‘Cosmology in the Laboratory’) that ran from 2001 to 2006, itself built on an earlier ESF network called TOPDEF (‘Topological Defects: Non-equilibrium Field Theory in Particle Physics, Condensed Matter and Cosmology’). The articles presented in this issue of
Philosophical Transactions A
are based on talks given at the Royal Society Discussion Meeting ‘Cosmology meets condensed matter’, held on 28 and 29 January 2008. Many of the speakers had participated earlier in the COSLAB programme, but the strength of the field is illustrated by the presence also of quite a few new participants.
Introduction. Extent, processes and evolutionary impact of interspecific hybridization in animals
Authors: Schwenk Klaus , Brede Nora , Streit Bruno
Published: June 2008

Since the time of Charles Darwin, studies of interspecific hybridization have been a major focus for evolutionary biologists. Although this phenomenon has often been viewed as problematic in the fields of ecology, taxonomy and systematics, it has become a primary source of data for studies on speciation and adaptation. Effects from genetic/evolutionary processes, such as recombination and natural selection, usually develop over extended periods of time; however, they are accelerated in cases of hybridization. Interspecific hybrids exhibit novel genomes that are exposed to natural selection, thus providing a key to unravel the ultimate causes of adaptation and speciation. Here we provide firstly a historic perspective of hybridization research, secondly a novel attempt to assess the extent of hybridization among animals and thirdly an overview of the reviews and case studies presented in this theme issue.
Increased formation of sister chromatid exchanges, but not of micronuclei, in anaesthetists exposed to low levels of sevoflurane
Authors: Wiesner G. , Schiewe‐Langgartner F. , Lindner R. , Gruber M.
Published: June 2008

We have assessed, for the first time, genotoxicity (i.e. sister chromatid exchanges and micronuclei) in anaesthetists exposed to a single volatile anaesthetic (sevoflurane) without nitrous oxide. The anaesthetists were exposed to an 8‐h time‐weighted average of 0.2 parts per million sevoflurane. Internists served as non‐exposed controls. Mean (SD) sister chromatid exchanges per cell were significantly higher in anaesthetists compared to internists (6.6 (0.9) vs 5.1 (0.8); p < 0.001) whereas median (IQR [range]) micronuclei per 1000 binucleated cells did not differ (9.5 (6.3–10.8 [2.0–15.5]) vs 8.5 (6.0–10.5 [3.0–25.5]), respectively). Although the anaesthetists were exposed to rather low concentrations of sevoflurane, this 30% increase of sister chromatid exchanges is in agreement with a recently reported 300% increase with a high level exposure to sevoflurane and nitrous oxide. Omitting nitrous oxide does not normalise increased rates of sister chromatid exchanges.
Performance of oxygen delivery devices when the breathing pattern of respiratory failure is simulated*
Authors: Sim M. A. B. , Dean P. , Kinsella J. , Black R. , Carter R. , Hughes M.
Published: June 2008

Oxygen is the commonest drug prescribed in hospitals. The inhaled concentration is altered by the administered oxygen flow rate, the characteristics of the delivery device and the patient’s respiratory pattern. Using healthy volunteers we measured the inspired oxygen concentration achieved with different devices both at rest and when the breathing pattern of respiratory failure was simulated by binding the subjects' chests until the forced expiratory volume in 1 s was reduced by > 50% and the respiratory rate was > 25 breaths.min−1. With this respiratory pattern, there was a statistically significant fall in FIo2 while administering oxygen via a Hudson mask at 4 l.min−1 (23.8% (95% CI 17.4–30.3%) reduction), 12 l.min−1, humidified (17.8% (95% CI 8.8–26.7%) reduction) and 24 l.min−1, humidified (12.2% (95% CI 5.0–19.3%) reduction). There was no statistically significant change with a nonrebreathing (reservoir) mask at 15 and 110 l.min−1 or with a Vapotherm 2000i™ at 40 l.min−1, humidified, via nasal prongs. We conclude that the FIo2 delivered by high flow devices is unaffected when the breathing pattern of respiratory failure is simulated. The FIo2 achieved at rest by a nonrebreathing mask (0.68) is less than that often quoted in the literature.
Phase 2, single‐arm trial to evaluate the effectiveness of darbepoetin alfa for correcting anaemia in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Gabrilove Janice , Paquette Ronald , Lyons Roger M. , Mushtaq Chaudhry , Sekeres Mikkael A. , Tomita Dianne , Dreiling Lyndah
Published: June 2008

Patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) often develop anaemia resulting in frequent transfusions and fatigue. Darbepoetin alfa is an erythropoiesis‐stimulating agent (ESA) approved for treating chemotherapy‐induced anaemia. This single‐arm, phase 2 study examined the efficacy of darbepoetin alfa 500 μg every 3 weeks (Q3W) for treating anaemia in low‐risk MDS patients (after 6 weeks, poor responders received darbepoetin alfa 500 μg every 2 weeks). The primary end‐point was the incidence of erythroid responses (International Working Group criteria) after 13 weeks of therapy. Secondary end‐points included the incidence of erythroid responses at weeks 28 and 55, [or weeks 27 and 53 for dose escalations to every two weeks (Q2W)], and safety parameters. Analyses were stratified by the patient’s previous ESA therapy status [ESA‐naïve (n = 144) vs. prior ESA‐treated (n = 62)]. After 13 weeks of therapy, 49% of ESA‐naïve patients and 26% of prior ESA‐treated patients achieved a major erythroid response. After 53/55 weeks, 59% of ESA‐naïve patients and 34% of prior ESA‐treated patients achieved a major erythroid response; 82% of ESA‐naïve patients and 55% of prior ESA‐treated patients achieved target haemoglobin of 110 g/l. Thromboembolic or related adverse events occurred in 2% of patients; no pulmonary embolisms were reported. In conclusion, darbepoetin alfa, 500 μg Q3W appeared well tolerated and increased haemoglobin levels in low‐risk MDS patients.
Prevention and management of BK‐virus associated haemorrhagic cystitis in children following haematopoietic stem cell transplantation – a systematic review and evidence‐based guidance for clinical management
Authors: Harkensee Christian , Vasdev Nikhil , Gennery Andrew R. , Willetts Ian E. , Taylor Clive
Published: June 2008

Haemorrhagic cystitis (HC) is a common and, in its severe form, potentially life‐threatening complication of Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in children. Recent data indicate an important role of BK virus reactivation during the time of maximal post‐transplant immune suppression in the pathogenesis of late‐onset HC. Treatment of HC is mainly symptomatic and often frustrating. To give clinicians guidance on prevention and treatment options and their backing by scientific evidence, we have systematically assessed the available literature and devised evidence‐based guidelines. Our comprehensive review demonstrates that evidence for the most commonly used interventions (such as cidofovir, oestrogen, hyperbaric oxygen, bladder instillation with formalin, alum salts or prostaglandin) is very limited. Some of these interventions also carry significant risks. Higher level evidence exists only for 2‐mercaptoethane sodium (MESNA) and hyperhydration as a preventative intervention, and for systemic recombinant Factor VII as a treatment to stop acute haemorrhage. Further high‐quality studies are required to establish effective and safe prevention and treatment options for HC.
One‐stage and chromogenic FVIII:C assay discrepancy in mild haemophilia A and the relationship with the mutation and bleeding phenotype
Authors: CID A. R. , CALABUIG M. , CORTINA V. , CASAÑA P. , HAYA S. , MORET A. , CABRERA N. , AZNAR J. A.
Published: June 2008

Summary.  The discrepancy of the levels of factor VIII activity (FVIII:C) by different assays in some mild and moderate haemophilic A patients has been long known. Specific mutations affecting FVIII:C discrepancies have been described. No consensus exit as to which method most accurately represents the FVIII cofactor function in vivo and which has a better correlation with the haemorrhagic clinical expression. We studied 163 mild A haemophiliacs, and detected discrepancies in 20% of the patients, most of whom presented higher levels of FVIII:C with the one‐stage assay. In nine families, the FVIII mutation was found, while three showed mutations not previously described (Leu1978Phe and Ser1791Pro associated with higher levels of FVIII:C by one‐stage method; Arg1639His in a patient with low level of FVIII:C by the one‐stage, but normal, chromogenic assay). Assessing the level of FVIII:C by different methods could help to learn the possible haemorrhagic expressions of patients.
Toll‐like receptor signalling on Tregs: to suppress or not to suppress?
Authors: Van Maren Wendy W. C. , Jacobs Joannes F. M. , De Vries I. Jolanda M. , Nierkens Stefan , Adema Gosse J.
Published: June 2008

To balance self‐tolerance and immunity against pathogens or tumours, the immune system depends on both activation mechanisms and down‐regulatory mechanisms. Immunologists have long been focusing on activation mechanisms, and a major breakthrough was the identification of the Toll‐like receptor (TLR) family of proteins. TLRs recognize conserved molecular patterns present on pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. Pathogen recognition via TLRs activates the innate as well as the adaptive immune response. The discovery of a suppressive T‐cell subset that constitutively expresses the interleukin (IL)‐2 receptor α‐chain (CD25) has boosted efforts to investigate the negative regulation of immune responses. It is now well appreciated that these regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a pivotal role in controlling immune function. Interestingly, recent studies revealed that TLR2 signalling affects Treg expansion and function. This review will focus on the presence and influence of different TLRs on T lymphocytes, including Tregs, and their role in cancer.
Enzyme‐assisted hexane extraction of Ricinodendron heudelotii (Bail.) Pierre ex Pax seeds oil
Authors: Dandjouma Almeck K. Aboubakar , Tchiégang Clergé , Kapseu César , Linder Michel , Parmentier Michel
Published: June 2008

The effects of an enzymatic pretreatment with a protease and a cellulase in the Ricinodendron heudelotii seeds oil extraction process were studied. This was done in a factorial experiment involving three enzyme concentrations and three treatment times for each enzyme. Measured variables were oil extraction yield and quality. Enzymatic hydrolysis significantly (P < 0.05) increased the oil extraction yield. The highest improvement was obtained for R. heudelotii seeds treated with Protamex (Protease) which gave 15% (w/w) increase. Notwithstanding the increase in free fatty acids, mono, diglycerides, peroxide and acid values, the quality of the oil was not significantly (P < 0.05) altered by the enzymatic treatments, suggesting the possibility of using enzyme‐assisted oil extraction methods to improve upon R. heudelotii processing.
Effect of microwave heating of wheat grains on the browning of dough and quality of chapattis
Authors: Yadav Deep Narayan , Patki Prakash Eknathrao , Sharma Gopal Kumar , Bawa Amarinder Singh
Published: June 2008

Studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of microwave (900 W, 2450 MHz) heating of wheat grains conditioned to different moisture levels on the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and subsequent colour changes during storage of wheat dough. The results showed that microwave heating of wheat grains for 80 s decreased the PPO activity significantly (P ≤ 0.05) with an increase in moisture level from 12 to 18%. Whole wheat flour milled from microwave treated wheat grains (80 s, 18% MC) had 93.39% less activity of PPO. The dough balls (40 g), pressed and rolled into circular form (150.00 mm diameter and 2.00 mm thickness) and stored at 5–6 °C for 72 h. The colour of flattened circular dough was measured using Hunter Colour Meter and it was found that L‐value (lightness) decreased from 64.21 to 60.23 in treated and from 64.79 to 47.93 in control samples after 72 h of storage. The results showed that the microwave heating effectively controlled the enzymatic browning in dough and improved the consumer acceptability of chapattis prepared from the same during refrigerated (5–6 °C) storage for 72 h.
Convective hot air drying of blanched yam slices
Authors: Sobukola Olajide Philip , Dairo Olawale Usman , Odunewu Adebayo Victor
Published: June 2008

In this study, a laboratory convective hot air dryer was used for the thin layer drying of blanched yam slices and experimental moisture ratio was compared with Newton, Logarithmic, Henderson and Pabis, modified Henderson and Pabis, approximation of diffusion, modified page 1, two‐term exponential, Verma et al. and Wang and Singh models. Among all the models, the approximation of diffusion model was found to satisfactorily describe the kinetics of air‐drying of blanched yam slices. The increase in air temperature significantly reduced the drying time with no constant rate period but drying occurs in falling rate period. The effective diffusivity values varied between 7.62 × 10−8 to 9.06 × 10−8 m2 s−1 and increased with increase in temperature. An Arrhenius relation with an activation energy value of 8.831 kJ mol−1 showed the effect of temperature on moisture diffusivity.
Gluten contamination of cereal foods in Canada
Authors: Gélinas Pierre , McKinnon Carole M. , Mena Mari Carmen , Méndez Enrique
Published: June 2008

Persons suffering from celiac disease (CD) must avoid foods containing gluten or those contaminated with wheat, barley, or rye. This study was designed to estimate gluten contamination of cereal‐based foods available in Canada, whether labelled gluten‐free or not. About half of the 148 foods sampled were labelled as gluten‐free. According to R5‐enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), twenty‐three cereal‐based foods (or 15%) contained more than 20 mg of gluten per kg, including sixteen regular and seven gluten‐free foods, the latter being the least contaminated. When used in combination with R5‐ELISA, AOAC‐ELISA (not detecting barley) was a simple and efficient tool to roughly estimate the nature of the gluten contamination, which was later confirmed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction for barley, and wheat/barley/rice. Rice‐, corn‐ or quinoa‐based foods were the safest for celiac patients. In addition to misleading food labelling for both gluten‐rich and gluten‐free foods, critical issues for persons with CD included foods made with oats or buckwheat (contaminated with wheat and barley gluten) in addition to those, such as breakfast cereals, specifically enriched with barley malt ingredients.
Effect of storage at 0 °C on mantle proteins and functional properties of jumbo squid
Authors: De La Fuente‐Betancourt Gabriela , García‐Carreño Fernando , Toro María de los Ángeles Navarrete del , Pacheco‐Aguilar Ramón , Córdova‐Murueta Julio H.
Published: June 2008

Effect of iced storage of jumbo squid mantle with fin on gelling capacity and changes in protein fractions and functional properties of jumbo squid mantle protein during storage at 0 °C were assessed. Most values of texture variables in gels did not significantly change during storage. On average, they were: strength 65.07 ± 4.71 N; elasticity 68.14 ± 5.3%, fracturability 52.97 ± 1.28 N and cohesiveness 36.6 ± 0.1%. Protein solubility increased more than 40%. Whippability increased during storage for 16 days at 0 °C (81–162%), as did foam stability (73–94%). Results suggest that iced squid mantle protein is a suitable ingredient for food products where these functional properties are desirable. Muscle fibres of squid mantle undergo various changes during storage. At 0 °C, they are disrupted, whereas at −20 °C, they aggregate and develop empty spaces in the tissue.
Spoilage potential of ice‐stored whole musky octopus (Eledone moschata)
Authors: Lougovois Vladimiros P. , Kolovou Maria K. , Savvaidis Ioannis N. , Kontominas Michael G.
Published: June 2008

The spoilage potential of fresh musky octopus (Eledone moschata) was determined by evaluating the changes in biochemical and physical properties, microbial growth and sensory quality of the mantle and tentacles, over a period of 18 days. Whole musky octopus, stored in melting ice from the time of harvest, had a storage life of 10 days. Early deterioration in the sensory quality resulted primarily from autolytic reactions. Pseudomonas spp. dominated the spoilage flora, reaching an average count of 108 CFU g−1 at the end of the trial. The bacterial metabolic end products (trimethylamine, total volatile bases) were not useful as objective indicators of freshness, and measurements of pH would only provide an indicator of decomposition. Changes in the dielectric properties of the mantle were reflective of quality deterioration, but could not yield precise information on the storage history of the cephalopod. The common sulphide producer, Shewanella putrefaciens, was not a major spoiler of ice‐stored musky octopus.
Long‐Term Ovarian Hormone Deprivation Alters the Ability of Subsequent Oestradiol Replacement to Regulate Choline Acetyltransferase Protein Levels in the Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex of Middle‐Aged Rats
Authors: Bohacek J. , Bearl A. M. , Daniel J. M.
Published: June 2008

The role of oestrogen replacement therapy in preventing or delaying age‐associated cognitive decline is controversial. Therapy success may critically depend on the time of treatment initiation following cessation of ovarian function. The present study aimed to assess, in middle‐aged rats, whether the ability of oestradiol to modulate the cholinergic system depends on the timing of treatment initiation following ovariectomy. Using western blotting, protein levels of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) were measured in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC), which are both important areas with respect to cognitive function. In an initial experiment, we established the effects of oestradiol delivered via implanted capsules on ChAT levels in the hippocampus and PFC of young adult animals. In a second experiment, we tested the ability of the same oestradiol treatment paradigm to affect ChAT protein in 15‐month‐old middle‐aged rats that had been ovariectomised either at the age of 10 months or at 15 months. In both experiments, rats were sacrificed 10 days after receiving implants and ChAT protein levels were measured. In both young adult and middle‐aged animals, oestradiol treatment initiated immediately after ovariectomy significantly increased ChAT levels in the hippocampus but not in the PFC compared to cholesterol control treatment. However, when oestradiol treatment was initiated 5 months after ovariectomy, it failed to significantly increase ChAT levels in the hippocampus, but did so in the PFC. These data indicate that, after prolonged ovarian hormone deprivation, the ability of subsequent oestradiol treatment to modulate ChAT protein levels is altered in a site‐specific manner.
Global properties of the rich cluster ABCG 209 at z∼ 0.2. Spectroscopic and photometric catalogue
Authors: Mercurio A. , La Barbera F. , Haines C. P. , Merluzzi P. , Busarello G. , Capaccioli M.
Published: June 2008

This paper is aimed at giving an overview of the global properties of the rich cluster of galaxies ABCG 209. This is achieved by complementing the already available data with new medium-resolution spectroscopy and near-infrared (NIR) photometry which allow us to (i) analyse in detail the cluster dynamics, distinguishing among galaxies belonging to different substructures and deriving their individual velocity distributions, using a total sample of 148 galaxies in the cluster region, of which 134 belonging to the cluster; (ii) derive the cluster NIR luminosity function; (iii) study the Kormendy relation and the photometric plane of cluster early-type galaxies (ETGs). Finally we provide an extensive photometric (optical and NIR) and spectroscopic data set for such a complex system to be used in further analyses investigating the nature, formation and evolution of rich clusters of galaxies.

The present study shows that the cluster is characterized by a very high value of the line-of-sight velocity dispersion: σv= 1268+93−84 km s−1, that results in a virial mass of Mvir= 2.95+0.80−0.78× 1015h−170 M⊙ within Rvir= 3.42 h−170 Mpc. The analysis of the velocity dispersion profile shows that such high value of σv is already reached in the central cluster region. There is evidence of three significant substructures, the primary one having a velocity dispersion of σv= 847+52−49 km s−1, which makes it consistent with mass estimates from weak lensing analyses.

This observational scenario confirms that ABCG 209 is presently undergoing strong dynamical evolution with the merging of two or more subclumps. This interpretation is also supported by the detection of a radio halo suggesting that there is a recent or ongoing merging.

Cluster ETGs follow a Kormendy relation whose slope is consistent with previous studies both at optical and NIR wavelengths. We investigate the origin of the intrinsic scatter of the photometric plane due to trends of stellar populations, using line indices as indicators of age, metallicity and α/Fe enhancement. We find that the chemical evolution of galaxies could be responsible for the intrinsic dispersion of the photometric plane.
Glucan, water dikinase phosphorylates crystalline maltodextrins and thereby initiates solubilization
Authors: Hejazi Mahdi , Fettke Joerg , Haebel Sophie , Edner Christoph , Paris Oskar , Frohberg Claus , Steup Martin , Ritte Gerhard
Published: June 2008

Starch phosphorylation by glucan, water dikinase (GWD; EC 2.7.9.4) is an essential step in the breakdown of native starch particles, but the underlying mechanisms have remained obscure. In this paper, the initial reactions of starch degradation were analyzed using crystallized maltodextrins as model carbohydrates. As revealed by X‐ray diffraction analysis, the crystallized maltodextrins represent the B‐type starch allomorph. Recombinant GWD phosphorylated crystalline maltodextrins with a high specific activity (55–60 nmol mg−1 protein min−1), but exhibited very little activity with the same maltodextrins that had been solubilized by heat treatment. Recombinant phosphoglucan, water dikinase (PWD; EC 2.7.9.5) utilized the crystalline maltodextrins only when pre‐phosphorylated by GWD. Phosphorylation of crystalline maltodextrins, as catalyzed by GWD, initiated solubilization of neutral as well as phosphorylated glucans. In both the insoluble and the soluble state, mono‐, di‐ and triphosphorylated α‐glucans were observed, with wide and overlapping ranges of degree of polymerization. Thus, the substrate specificity of the GWD is defined by the physical arrangement of α‐glucans rather than by structural parameters, such as the distribution of branching points or degree of polymerization. Unlike GWD and PWD, recombinant β‐amylase isozyme 3 (BAM3), which has been shown to be essential for plastidial starch degradation, preferentially degraded soluble maltodextrins rather than crystallized glucans. In summary, two conclusions were reached. Firstly, carbohydrate targets of GWD are primarily defined by the molecular order of glucan helices. Secondly, GWD‐catalyzed phosphorylation mediates the phase transition of glucans from a highly ordered to a less ordered and hydrated state.
Hepatitis E virus as an etiology of acute exacerbation of previously unrecognized asymptomatic patients with hepatitis B virus‐related chronic liver disease
Authors: Kumar Manoj , Sharma Barjesh C , Sarin Shiv K
Published: June 2008

Background and Aim:  Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has recently been implicated in episodes of acute decompensation in patients having underlying chronic liver disease (CLD) of varying etiology. However, HEV as a cause of acute exacerbation of previously asymptomatic and unrecognized hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐infected patients is less well described. The aim of the present study was to investigate the etiology of acute exacerbation of previously asymptomatic and unrecognized HBV‐infected patients and to evaluate the relative role of HEV. We also investigated the effect of superinfection on the clinical spectrum of underlying HBV infection.

Methods:  Forty‐three patients presented with the following were retrospectively analyzed: (i) clinical features suggestive of acute hepatitis; (ii) with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (+); (iii) IgM hepatitis B core antibody (IgM anti‐HBc) (−); (iv) no previous history of liver disease; (v) no features suggestive of CLD at presentation; (vi) HBsAg remaining (+) for at least 12 months on follow up; and (vii) having a follow‐up biopsy during the convalescent phase showing evidence of chronic hepatitis B.

Results:  Of the 43 patients, 21 were hepatitis e antigen (HBeAg) (+) (Gr.1) and 22 HBeAg (−) (Gr.2) at presentation. In Gr.1, only two (9.5%) had superinfection (both with hepatitis A virus), whereas in Gr.2, 11 (50%) had superinfection (27.3% hepatitis E, 13.6% hepatitis A and 9.1% both) (P = 0.007). In Gr.1, the remaining 19 (90.5%) patients had spontaneous exacerbation (immune clearance with spontaneous seroconversion) whereas in Gr.2, the remaining 11 (50%) had spontaneous exacerbation (due to reactivation). Overall, HEV superinfection contributed to 20% of acute exacerbation episodes and, in particular, 36% of episodes in initially HBeAg (−) patients. Time to alanine aminotransferase normalization was longer in patients with superinfection (n = 13) as compared to spontaneous exacerbation (n = 30) (median [range] 36 [8–48]vs 16 [6–36] weeks, P = 0.001). During convalescence, there was no significant difference between histological activity index score (median [range] 8 [4–11]vs 8 [4–16] weeks, P = 0.629) and fibrosis scores (median [range] 3.5 [1–4]vs 2 [1–4] weeks, P = 0.099] on liver biopsy after recovery among patients with acute exacerbation due to superinfection and spontaneous exacerbation.

Conclusions:  Acute exacerbations in HBeAg (+) patients are most often due to spontaneous viral activation, while in HBeAg (−) patients, superinfection with non‐B hepatitis viruses and spontaneous viral activation are equally common. HEV is an important cause of acute exacerbation in previously asymptomatic and unrecognized patients with HBV‐related CLD.
Role of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma (PPARγ) during liver regeneration in rats
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshio , Ono Takashi , Dhar Dipok Kumar , Yamanoi Akira , Tachibana Mitsuo , Tanaka Tsuneo , Nagasue Naofumi
Published: June 2008

Background and Aim:  Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma (PPARγ), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is widely expressed in adipocytes and other tissues, including the liver. Several reports have shown that PPARγ activation induced cell‐cycle arrest and apoptosis in tumor cells. We investigated the role of the PPARγ/ligand system and the effect of the PPARγ agonist during liver regeneration.

Methods:  Expression of PPARγ and serum levels of 15‐deoxy‐Δ12,14‐prostaglandin J2 (15d‐PGJ2) by enzyme immunoassay were evaluated in rats following partial hepatectomy (PH group). Further, the effect of the PPARγ agonist, pioglitazone, on liver regeneration (PH + PGZ group) was evaluated by proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index, relative liver weight, and expression of cell‐cycle regulators.

Results:  The number of PPARγ‐stained hepatocytes decreased at 24 h (PH, 15.8 ± 2.2%; sham, 35.5 ± 2.4%; P < 0.001) and increased in the late phase of liver regeneration compared to the sham‐operated group (P < 0.001 at 48–120 h). The peaks of serum 15d‐PGJ2 (627.0 ± 91.1 pg/ml) and PPARγ expression (90.6 ± 3.1%) coincided in the late phase of liver regeneration. Also, oral administration of pioglitazone inhibited hepatocyte proliferation, in terms of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labeling index and p27 expression during the late phase of liver regeneration, and caused a transient reduction in liver mass when compared to the PH group.

Conclusions:  These results indicate that the PPARγ/ligand system may be one of the key negative regulators of hepatocyte proliferation and may be responsible for the inhibition of liver growth in the late phase of liver regeneration.
Mutation of Drosophila focal adhesion kinase induces bang‐sensitive behavior and disrupts glial function, axonal conduction and synaptic transmission
Authors: Ueda Atsushi , Grabbe Caroline , Lee Jihye , Lee Jisue , Palmer Ruth H. , Wu Chun‐Fang
Published: June 2008

The role of the conserved focal adhesion kinase (FAK) family of protein tyrosine kinases in the development and physiological functions of the CNS has long been an area of interest among neuroscientists. In this report, we observe that Drosophila mutants lacking Fak56 exhibit a decreased lifespan, accompanied by a bang‐sensitive phenotype, which is characterized by sensitivity to mechanical and high‐frequency electrical stimulation. Fak56 mutant animals display lower thresholds and higher rates of seizures in response to electroconvulsive stimuli. Direct measurements of action potential conduction in larval segmental nerves demonstrate a slowed propagation speed and failure during high‐frequency nerve stimulation. In addition, neuromuscular junctions in Fak56 mutant animals display transmission blockade during high‐frequency activity as a result of action potential failure. Endogenous Fak56 protein is abundant in glial cells ensheathing the axon bundles, and structural alterations of segmental nerve bundles can be observed in mutants. Manipulation of Fak56 function specifically in glial cells also disrupts action potential conduction and neurotransmission, suggesting a glial component in the Fak56 bang‐sensitive phenotype. Furthermore, we show that increased intracellular calcium levels result in the dephosphorylation of endogenous Fak56 protein in Drosophila cell lines, in parallel with our observations of highly variable synaptic potentials at a higher Ca2+ level in Fak56 mutant larvae. Together these findings suggest that modulation of Fak56 function is important for action potential propagation and Ca2+‐regulated neuromuscular transmission in vivo.
Anatomical approach for surgery of the male posterior urethra
Authors: Dalpiaz Orietta , Mitterberger Michael , Kerschbaumer Andrea , Pinggera Germar M. , Bartsch Georg , Strasser Hannes
Published: June 2008

OBJECTIVE

To investigate, in a morphological study, the anatomy of the male rhabdosphincter and the relation between the membranous urethra, the rhabdosphincter and the neurovascular bundles (NVBs) to provide the anatomical basis for surgical approach of the posterior urethra as successful outcomes in urethral reconstructive surgery still remain a challenging issue.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In all, 11 complete pelves and four tissue blocks of prostate, rectum, membranous urethra and the rhabdosphincter were studied. Besides anatomical preparations, the posterior urethra and their relationship were studied by means of serial histological sections.

RESULTS

In the histological cross‐sections, the rhabdosphincter forms an omega‐shaped loop around the anterior and lateral aspects of the membranous urethra. Ventrally and laterally, it is separated from the membranous urethra by a delicate sheath of connective tissue. Through a midline approach displacing the nerves and vessels laterally, injuries to the NVBs can be avoided. With meticulous dissection of the delicate ventral connective tissue sheath between the ventral wall of the membranous urethra and the rhabdosphincter, the two structures can be separated without damage to either of them. This anatomical approach can be used for dissection of the anterior urethral wall in urethral surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on precise anatomical knowledge, the ventral wall of the posterior urethra can be dissected and exposed without injuring the rhabdosphincter and the NVBs. This approach provides the basis for sparing of the rhabdosphincter and for successful outcomes in urethral surgery for the treatment of bulbo‐membranous urethral strictures.
Surgical management of large adrenal tumours: the University of Miami experience using liver transplantation techniques
Authors: Delis Spiros G. , Bakogiannis Andreas , Ciancio Gaetano , Soloway Mark
Published: June 2008

OBJECTIVE

To report our experience in the surgical management of patients with large adrenal masses and describe the key steps in performing radical resections, which are especially demanding where thrombi extend into the inferior vena cava (IVC).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

From 2003 to 2007, 14 patients presented with large adrenal mass, and underwent surgical extirpation. In five patients thrombi extended into the IVC, causing Budd–Chiari syndrome in one.

RESULTS

The median (range) patient age was 48  (40–58) years. The excision was radical with negative tumour margins in all cases. Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was required in one case with adherent intra‐atrial thrombus. The mean blood loss was 500 (250–1500) mL except in the patient who required CPB. Morbidity included pleural effusion (three patients) and postoperative pneumonia (two), which responded to conservative management. All patients were alive and free of disease at a median follow‐up of 12 (5–42) months.

CONCLUSIONS

Surgical extirpation of large adrenal masses requires technical experience to optimize outcome. Total tumour excision is the only therapeutic option in such cases and provides acceptable results in survival and quality of life.
621. ASTER PEDUNCULARIS
Authors: Hind Nicholas
Published: June 2008

Summary The taxonomy, conservation status and cultivation requirements of Aster peduncularis Wall. ex Nees are discussed. A description, colour plate and black and white line drawings of the dissections of this species are provided.
A REFUTATION OF THE COMMODITY EXPLOITATION THEOREM
Authors: Fujimoto Takao , Fujita Yukihiko
Published: June 2008

This note is to show that the generalized commodity exploitation theorem put forward by Bowles and Gintis and Roemer is nothing but an alternative form of the Hawkins–Simon condition for given technical data, and that it has nothing to do with exploitation. That is, the Hawkins–Simon condition means a mere possibility of an economic system to produce a surplus in each commodity, and as such does not guarantee the existence of positive profits. To consider exploitation or the existence of positive profits, we need to introduce prices at which unequal exchanges may be carried out.
Diagnosed and undiagnosed HIV‐infected populations in Europe
Authors: Hamers FF , Phillips AN
Published: June 2008

This article aims to build a picture of HIV epidemiology in Europe by combining existing surveillance data to mathematical modelling to achieve observations closer to the dynamic reality of HIV infections across different parts of Europe. In the European Union (EU), where it is estimated that 30% of HIV‐infected persons have not been diagnosed, the number of new HIV diagnoses has risen in recent years. However, trends must be interpreted with some caution around the differences and variations in surveillance systems and testing rates among affected populations and regions. By introducing mathematical models, we can build an overall picture from the pieces of information available. We present a mathematical model of the course of infection and the effect of ART which has been developed to fit as closely as possible to observed data from HIV cohorts. The preliminary estimates for the entire WHO European Region are that around 2.3 million people were living with HIV in Europe at the end of 2006, of whom around 50% have not been diagnosed. The model can also be used to assess the potential impact of earlier diagnoses. Observations show how a combination of surveillance data and modelling allows an estimation of the current state of the epidemic in Europe, though further developments in both areas are needed.
Barriers to HIV testing for migrant black Africans in Western Europe
Authors: Fakoya I , Reynolds R , Caswell G , Shiripinda I
Published: June 2008

Migrant black Africans are disproportionately affected by HIV in Western Europe; we discuss the barriers to HIV testing for sub‐Saharan migrants, with particular emphasis on the UK and the Netherlands. Cultural, social and structural barriers to testing, such as access to testing and care, fear of death and disease and fear of stigma and discrimination in the community, can be identified. Lack of political will, restrictive immigration policies and the absence of African representation in decision‐making processes are also major factors preventing black Africans from testing. HIV testing strategies need to be grounded in outreach and community mobilisation, addressing fear of diagnosis, highlighting the success of treatment and tackling HIV‐related stigma among black African migrant communities.
Sumatriptan Does Not Affect Arteriovenous Oxygen Differences in Jugular and Cubital Veins in Normal Human Subjects
Authors: Wienecke T , Hansen JM , Petersen J , Olsen KS , Ashina M , Tfelt-Hansen P
Published: June 2008

Arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs) may open up during migraine attacks. In studies with anaesthetized and bilaterally vagosympatectomized pigs, triptans reduce AVA blood flow and increase the arteriovenous O2 difference (AVDO2). To investigate whether subcutaneous sumatriptan 6 mg could induce changes in the AVDO2, we measured the AVDO2 in the external jugular vein in healthy subjects. We also measured the AVDO2 in the internal jugular and cubital veins. There were no changes in AVDO2 after subcutaneous sumatriptan, probably because AVA blood flow is limited in humans with an intact sympathetic nervous system.
StabiEL: Stabilization of skin condition with Elidel – a patients’ satisfaction observational study addressing the treatment, with pimecrolimus cream, of atopic dermatitis pretreated with topical corticosteroid
Authors: Gollnick Harald , Luger Thomas , Freytag Siegfried , Bräutigam Matthias ,   for the STABIEL study group
Published: June 2008

Background  The objective of this 4‐month multicentre observational study was to evaluate safety and efficacy of intermittent long‐term treatment of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) with pimecrolimus cream 1% in the daily practice and to compare it with the preceding topical corticosteroid‐based therapy in retrospective.

Patients and methods  Overall severity of AD and individual symptoms were assessed in 3200 patients by the physician, whereas acceptance of treatment and satisfaction of patients was investigated using a patient questionnaire.

Results  The percentage of patients clear or almost clear of symptoms increased from 12% to 82%. Seventy‐four per cent of physician rated the treatment better than the preceding therapy, and 21% noted no difference. Seventy‐seven per cent of the patients asserted that long‐term intermittent treatment with pimecrolimus reduces the frequency of flares as opposed to less than 27% for topical corticosteroids. Patients also felt that pimecrolimus results in a higher improvement in quality of life; 84% stated that pimecrolimus stabilized the skin compared with 27% for topical steroids.

Conclusion  Intermittent treatment of AD patients with pimecrolimus cream 1% is effective and well tolerated, and results in higher patient satisfaction compared with topical corticosteroids in retrospective.
Bonbon toffee sign: a new dermatoscopic feature for sebaceous hyperplasia
Authors: Oztas P , Polat M , Oztas M , Alli N , Ustun H
Published: June 2008

Introduction  Sebaceous hyperplasia is a benign proliferation of the sebaceous gland. In this study, we tried to define the dermatoscopic features of sebaceous hyperplasia, which will help to minimize misdiagnoses.

Material and method  Seventeen patients with 30 sebaceous hyperplasia lesions were included in the study. All the lesions were evaluated dermatoscopically.

Results  Cumulus sign, crown vessels, and milia‐like cysts were detected in 100%, 86.6%, 53.3% of the lesions, respectively. In 80% of the lesions, the bonbon toffee sign was detected.

Conclusion  During this study, we observed a feature with central umbilication surrounded by cumulus sign in 80% of our cases, and we named this entity as the ‘Bonbon toffee sign’, which resembled us ‘bonbon toffee’. We think the ‘bonbon toffee sign’ is a simple and easily recognizable phrase, and it can be used as a new terminology in dermatoscopic diagnosis of sebaceous hyperplasia.
QUANTIFICATION AND DISCRIMINATION OF LITHIC USE‐WEAR: SURFACE PROFILE MEASUREMENTS AND LENGTH‐SCALE FRACTAL ANALYSIS*
Authors: STEMP W. J. , CHILDS B. E. , VIONNET S. , BROWN C. A.
Published: June 2008

This experimental programme employs length‐scale analysis of measured profiles to quantitatively discriminate the surface textures of stone flakes manufactured from East Anglian chalk flint used on four contact materials (shell, wood, dry hide and soaked antler). It presents a method for evaluating texture characterization parameters based on their ability to discriminate wear types, and to determine a level of confidence to the discrimination, using the F‐test. The results of this experimental work demonstrate that relative lengths, over certain scale ranges, can discriminate the stone tool surface wear profiles produced by the different contact materials.
Influence of dichloro‐s‐triazinyl reactive dyes on the fibrillation propensity of lyocell fibres
Authors: Phillips D A S , Reisel R , Renfrew A H M
Published: June 2008

Four dichloro‐s‐triazinyl dyes and 2,4‐dichloro‐6‐p‐sulphoanilino‐1,3,5‐triazine have been applied by exhaustion methods to dried lyocell fibres. The method of application, of both dyes and agent, influenced the cross‐linking performance and, in turn, the wet abrasion resistance of the treated fibre. However, dyeing alone, with any of the MX dyes used in this study, was insufficient to protect the fibre from wet abrasion problems during laundering. A comparison between one of the MX dyes, Chloranyl Orange MX‐2R, and 2,4‐dichloro‐6‐p‐sulphoanilino‐1,3,5‐triazine on a mol‐for‐mol fixed basis, showed 2,4‐dichloro‐6‐p‐sulphoanilino‐1,3,5‐triazine to be greatly superior at protecting lyocell against wet abrasion.