bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Cutting‐Edge View on the Current State of Antiviral Drug Development
Authors: De Clercq Erik
Published: March 2013

Prominent in the current stage of antiviral drug development are: (i) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the use of fixed‐dose combinations (FDCs), the most recent example being StribildTM; (ii) for hepatitis C virus (HCV), the pleiade of direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs) that should be formulated in the most appropriate combinations so as to obtain a cure of the infection; (iii)–(v) new strategies (i.e., AIC316, AIC246, and FV‐100) for the treatment of herpesvirus infections: herpes simplex virus (HSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and varicella‐zoster virus (VZV), respectively; (vi) the role of a new tenofovir prodrug, tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) (GS‐7340) for the treatment of HIV infections; (vii) the potential use of poxvirus inhibitors (CMX001 and ST‐246); (viii) the usefulness of new influenza virus inhibitors (peramivir and laninamivir octanoate); (ix) the position of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) inhibitors [lamivudine, adefovir dipivoxil, entecavir, telbivudine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)]; and (x) the potential of new compounds such as FGI‐103, FGI‐104, FGI‐106, dUY11, and LJ‐001 for the treatment of filoviruses (i.e., Ebola). Whereas for HIV and HCV therapy is aimed at multiple‐drug combinations, for all other viruses, HSV, CMV, VZV, pox, influenza, HBV, and filoviruses, current strategies are based on the use of single compounds.
Technische Chemie 2012
Authors: Güttel Robert , Ziegenbalg Dirk , Greiner Lasse
Published: March 2013

Energie‐ und Rohstoffwandel bestimmen viele aktuelle Forschungs‐ und Entwicklungsthemen der technischen Chemie. Dazu gehört die Frage, wie sich biogene Rohstoffe stofflich und energetisch nutzen lassen. Welche Lösungen sind in absehbarer Zukunft technisch und ökonomisch realisierbar? Wie wird sich vor diesem Hintergrund die technische Photochemie entwickeln?
Chemiedidaktik 2012
Authors: Becker Hans‐Jürgen , Hildebrandt Henry , Kühlmann Jennifer Christin
Published: March 2013

Empirische Forschungen erweitern seit je her den chemiedidaktischen Erkenntnisstand. Ziel sind Theorien und Modelle zum Chemielernen und ‐lehren. Bildungs‐ und Planungsentscheidungen sollen objektiviert werden und vor allem auf Modellen beruhen. Der Anspruch “Voraussage” ist hoch.
Robust multilevel methods for quadratic finite element anisotropic elliptic problems
Authors: Kraus Johannes , Lymbery Maria , Margenov Svetozar
Published: March 2013

This paper discusses a class of multilevel preconditioners based on approximate block factorization for conforming finite element methods employing quadratic trial and test functions. The main focus is on diffusion problems governed by a scalar elliptic partial differential equation with a strongly anisotropic coefficient tensor. The proposed method provides a high robustness with respect to non‐grid‐aligned anisotropy, which is achieved by the interaction of the following components: (i) an additive Schur complement approximation to construct the coarse‐grid operator; (ii) a global block (Jacobi or Gauss–Seidel) smoother complementing the coarse‐grid correction based on (i); and (iii) utilization of an augmented coarse grid, which enhances the efficiency of the interplay between (i) and (ii). The performed analysis indicates the high robustness of the resulting two‐level method. Moreover, numerical tests with a nonlinear algebraic multilevel iteration method demonstrate that the presented two‐level method can be applied successfully in the recursive construction of uniform multilevel preconditioners of optimal or nearly optimal order of computational complexity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonlinear multi‐scale homogenization with different structural models at different scales
Authors: Edmans B.D. , Alfano G. , Bahai H.
Published: March 2013

We present an extension of the computational homogenization theory to cases where different structural models are used at different scales and no energy potential can be defined at the small scale. We observe that volumetric averaging, which is not applicable in such cases unless similarities exist in the macro‐scale and micro‐scale models, is not a necessary prerequisite to carry out computational homogenization. At each material point of the macro‐model, we replace the conventional representative volume element with a representative domain element (RDE). To link the large‐scale and small‐scale problems, we then introduce a linear operator, mapping the smooth part of the small‐scale displacement field of each RDE to the large‐scale strain field and a trace operator to impose boundary conditions in the RDE. The latter is defined on the basis of engineering judgement, analogously to the conventional theory. A generalized Hill's condition, rather than being invoked, is derived from duality principles and is used to recover the stress measures at the large scale. For the implementation in a nonlinear finite‐element analysis, ‘control nodes’ and constraint equations are used. The effectiveness of the procedure is demonstrated for three beam‐to‐truss example problems, for which multi‐scale convergence is numerically analysed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of HIV‐infected children diagnosed with kaposi sarcoma in malawi and botswana
Authors: Cox Carrie M. , El‐Mallawany Nader Kim , Kabue Mark , Kovarik Carrie , Schutze Gordon E. , Kazembe Peter N. , Mehta Parth S.
Published: March 2013

Background

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is the most common HIV‐associated malignancy in sub‐Saharan Africa. The presentation and outcomes of pediatric KS are not well understood.

Procedure

We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of 81 HIV‐infected children with KS at the Baylor Children's Clinical Centres of Excellence in Malawi and Botswana from March 2003 to October 2009.

Results

Eighty‐one children with KS were identified whose median age was 8.0 (inter‐quartile range 5.1–11.3) years. KS lesions were presented primarily on the skin (83%), lymph nodes (52%), and oral mucosa (41%). Occasionally disease was limited to the lymph nodes only (10%). Severe immunosuppression (70%), anemia (29%), and thrombocytopenia (17%) were common laboratory findings. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was administered to 94% of children, including 77% who received HAART plus chemotherapy. KS immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) occurred in 22%. Disease status 12 months after KS diagnosis was determined for 69 children: 43% were alive and 57% had died. Severe immunosuppression was independently associated with mortality in multivariate analysis (OR = 4.3; 95% CI 1.3–14.6; P = 0.02).

Conclusion

KS occurs in a significant number of HIV infected children in sub‐Saharan Africa. Pediatric KS is distinct from KS in adults. Lymph node involvement was a common manifestation of KS in children, and severe immunosuppression was associated with the highest mortality risk. Though overall mortality was high in children with KS, patients did achieve clinical remission in settings with limited diagnostic and therapeutic resources. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;60:1274–1280. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prenatal characteristics of false negative cases from first‐trimester screening of Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
Authors: Simonsen Tanja Schlaikjær , Sørensen Steen , Ekelund Charlotte , Jørgensen Finn Stener ,   the Danish Fetal Medicine Research Group
Published: March 2013

What's already known about this topic?

In DS cases, maternal age, NT and hCGβ (multiples of median) are high, whereas PAPP‐A (multiples of median) is low.

What does this study add?

This study describes in details the distribution of maternal age, NT, crown rump length and biochemical markers of false negative cases from the first‐trimester combined screening for DS.
Using the National Diabetes Inpatient Audit to evaluate the delivery of diabetes education
Authors: Brooks AP , Chong JSW Li Voon , Haynes K , Nero S , Norris AM
Published: March 2013

Evaluation of diabetes education is difficult. This is particularly so when a beneficial clinical outcome may be seen as just a result of good clinical care. The added value of an approach to care using diabetes education concepts is then difficult to see. We believe our diabetes specialist care inpatient team does not only provide focused regular care to patients; the team also intends to educate patients, non‐specialist health care professionals, and ourselves.

We have used audit standards derived from the questions and answers of the National Diabetes Inpatient Audits (NDIAs) for 2009–2011 to evaluate our performance as diabetes educators in the inpatient setting of a small district general hospital in Wessex. The results are favourable. Likewise, we have compared the performance in the 2010 NDIA of five acute trusts, including our own in Wessex, relating diabetes nurse specialist time available, and the presence of a dedicated team, to quality outcomes.

Finally, we discuss some broad concepts of delivering diabetes education to inpatients and non‐specialist health care professionals, trained or in training; we also suggest some possible modifications to the NDIA to strengthen its use as an evaluation tool for diabetes education in the inpatient setting in secondary care. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons.
X‐Ray Reflectometry Characterization of Plasma Polymer Films Synthesized from Triallylamine: Density and Swelling in Water
Authors: Schieda Mauricio , Salah Fethi , Roualdès Stéphanie , van der Lee Arie , Beche Eric , Durand Jean
Published: March 2013

Commercial membranes suitable for solid alkaline membrane fuel cell (SAMFC) have not proved their competitiveness yet, due to poor ionic conductivity and water and fuel retention. Plasma polymers are however promising candidates to meet the SAMFC requirements. In this work, X‐ray reflectometry has been used to determine the thickness, density and water swelling of plasma polymerized films prepared from triallylamine, leading to a bilayer model for the studied thin films. Both film density and water swelling show a bimodal evolution as a function of the average plasma discharge power, which is directly related to the precursor fragmentation mechanism in the plasma phase and can be correlated with the film chemical composition.

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Piezoelectric behavior in Sr1 − xBaxBi2Nb2O9 Aurivillius‐type structure ferroelectric ceramics
Authors: González‐Abreu Y. , Peláiz‐Barranco A. , Guerra J. D. S. , Saint‐Grégoire P.
Published: March 2013

The paper presents a piezoelectric study, carried out at room temperature, for the Sr1 − xBaxBi2Nb2O9 (x = 0, 15, 30, 50, 70, 85, 100 at%) ferroelectric (FE) ceramic system. The structural analysis has shown, for all the compositions, a pure orthorhombic phase with space group A21am. A large electromechanical anisotropy phenomenon has been observed between the electromechanical coupling factors for the thickness and the planar vibrations, which could be very interesting for high‐frequency array transducers. The best values of piezoelectric parameters have been obtained for the Sr0.70Ba0.30Bi2Nb2O9 composition. Our analysis of the X‐ray diffraction patterns around the (200) and (020) planes, before and after the polarization process, has suggested a better polarization process for barium concentrations of 15 and 30 at%, which provides higher piezoelectric properties.
Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of excitation density dependent scintillation in CsI and CsI(Tl)
Authors: Wang Zhiguo , Williams Richard T. , Grim Joel Q. , Gao Fei , Kerisit Sebastien
Published: March 2013

Nonlinear quenching of electron–hole pairs in the denser regions of ionization tracks created by γ‐ray and high‐energy electrons is a likely cause of the light yield non‐proportionality of many inorganic scintillators. Therefore, kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations were carried out to investigate the scintillation properties of pure and thallium‐doped CsI as a function of electron–hole pair density. The availability of recent experimental data on the excitation density dependence of the light yield of CsI following ultraviolet excitation allowed for an improved parameterization of the interactions between self‐trapped excitons (STE) in the KMC model via dipole–dipole Förster transfer. The KMC simulations reveal that nonlinear quenching occurs very rapidly (within a few picoseconds) in the early stages of the scintillation process. In addition, the simulations predict that the concentration of thallium activators can affect the extent of nonlinear quenching as it has a direct influence on the STE density through STE dissociation and electron scavenging. This improved model will enable more realistic simulations of the non‐proportional γ‐ray and electron response of inorganic scintillators.
Dielectric spectroscopy of Ca2MnO4‐δ ceramics using equivalent circuit analysis
Authors: Chihaoui N. , Bejar M. , Dhahri E. , Costa L. C. , Valente M. A. , Graça M. P. F.
Published: March 2013

In the last years a growing interest in the study of layered perovskites which acquire a wide variety of interesting and useful physical properties such as colossal magnetoresistance, superconductivity, ferroelectricity is quite visible. From those properties, the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) offers an interesting alternative technology for refrigeration. On other hand, their possible use in spintronic devices has also attracted much attention.In this work, the effect of the creation of vacancies in oxygen sites on the structure of Ca2MnO4‐δ Ruddlesden‐Popper (RP) compounds, prepared by sol‐gel method, was studied mainly through their structural, morphologic and dielectric properties. The cationic stoichiometry of the samples was studied using energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDAX). EDAX spectra showed a nominal composition close to the desired one. The structural study, by X‐ray diffraction analysis, confirmed the single‐phase composition of all the samples. The dielectric studies, the temperature range between 80 K and 360 K, showed dielectric relaxation phenomena, which were related to the Mn4+/Mn3+ ratio. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical conductivity of LSMO films on Al2O3 substrates
Authors: Tikhii Alexandr , Gritskih Vladimir , Kara‐Murza Svetlana , Korchikova Natalia , Nikolaenko Yuri , Zhikharev Igor
Published: March 2013

We report on the influence of temperature conditions of deposition and annealing given on the optical conductivity spectra of LSMO films. The investigated films were deposited using DC magnetron sputtering of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 target in argon‐oxygen atmosphere on hot (T = 970 K), and cold (T=300 K) single crystalline substrates of Al2O3 (012). All films were obtained using these technologies are oxygen deficient. Optical transmission was measured in a range 1‐5 eV. The optical conductivity spectra of films with thickness more than 100 nm deposited on hot substrates are slightly dependent on the annealing. These spectra are similar to the corresponding ones of epitaxial films La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 but the typical spectral peaks are slightly shifted to higher energies.

The optical conductivity spectra of unannealed films with the thickness less 100 nm which are deposited on the cold and hot substrates do not have the corresponding peak near 1 eV. We explain this fact by means of size effects and oxygen deficit. These factors suppress the mechanism of eg‐eg transition between Mn3+‐Mn4+ ions within parallel spin manifold. The three‐hour annealing in the air on the temperature interval 1070‐1170 K eliminates the oxygen deficiency in films. As a result all optical properties of all investigated films are unified. Besides, the conductivity spectra of the annealed films are similar to the corresponding ones of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 epitaxial films. But some shift of the low‐energy peak to higher energies can be observed. It may correspond to polycrystallinity of obtained structures. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of swift heavy ion irradiation on transformations of oxide nanoclusters in ODS alloys
Authors: Rymzhanov R. A. , O'Connell J. , Skuratov V. A. , Sohatsky A. S. , Neethling J. H. , Volkov A. E. , Havancsak K.
Published: March 2013

Microstructure of Cr16 ferritic steel reinforced with yttrium oxide particles and KP4 oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloy irradiated with 167 MeV xenon and 700 MeV bismuth ions at 300 K has been studied using high resolution transmission electron microscopy. It was found that Bi ion irradiation at fluences more than 1013 cm‐2 leads to complete amorphization of oxide particles in Cr16 samples, while central regions of large (∼20 nm) particles and small oxides (∼5 nm) in KP4 steel remain crystalline. The Xe ion irradiation effect consists in polycrystallization of single crystalline oxide particles. Small oxide particles at 1.5×1015 Xe×cm‐2 are fragmented to quasi‐amorphous state. No dissolution of nanoparticles has been revealed in all studied samples. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The microscopic model of material excitation in swift heavy ion tracks
Authors: Gorbunov S. A. , Medvedev N. A. , Terekhin P. N. , Volkov A. E.
Published: March 2013

The paper presents a quantitative model describing the kinetics of the electronic and ionic subsystems of a target along the trajectory of a swift heavy ion (SHI) decelerated in the electronic stopping regime. Electron‐to‐lattice energy and momentum transfer is described within the dynamic structure factor (DSF) formalism which takes into account different extreme cases of dynamic correlations in the ionic system of a target in a relaxing SHI track. The DSF approach gives an ability to merge Monte‐Carlo and Molecular‐Dynamics approaches simulating the kinetics of the electron ensemble and the lattice, respectively, into a unified model. This hybrid model predicts a little heating of the lattice in SHI tracks in LiF crystals that agrees well with the experiment‐based estimation of this heating. The developed tool can be used for modeling of the kinetics of highly exited material states in swift heavy ion tracks and/or laser spots. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Preparation of films from aluminum acetylacetonate by plasma sputtering
Authors: Nielsen Guilherme F. , Silva Luiz H. F. , Cruz Nilson C. , Rangel Elidiane C.
Published: March 2013

Aluminum acetylacetonate has been reported as a precursor for the deposition of alumina films using different approaches. In this work, alumina‐containing films were prepared by plasma sputtering this compound, spread directly on the powered lowermost electrode of a reactor, while grounding the substrates mounted on the topmost electrode. Radiofrequency power (13.56 MHz) was used to excite the plasma from argon atmosphere at a working pressure of 11 Pa. The effect of the plasma excitation power on the properties of the resulting films was studied. Film thickness and hardness were measured by profilometry and nanoindentation, respectively. The molecular structure and chemical composition of the layers were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Surface micrographs, obtained by scanning electron microscopy, allowed the determination of the sample morphology. Grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction was employed to determine the structure of the films. Amorphous organic layers were deposited with thicknesses of up to 7 µm and hardness of around 1.0 GPa. The films were composed by aluminum, carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, their proportions being strongly dependent on the power used to excite the plasma. A uniform surface was obtained for low‐power depositions, but particulates and cracks appeared in the high‐power prepared materials. The presence of different proportions of aluminum oxide in the coatings is ascribed to the different activations promoted in the metalorganic molecule once in the plasma phase. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Council‐Based Approaches to Intimate Partner Violence: Evidence for Distal Change in the System Response
Authors: Allen Nicole E. , Todd Nathan R. , Anderson Carolyn J. , Davis Shara M. , Javdani Shabnam , Bruehler Vernie , Dorsey Heather
Published: March 2013

Communities across the United States are collaborating to create a coordinated response to intimate partner violence (IPV); ideally, this involves promoting best practices in the justice and human service systems and engaging a broad array of community sectors (e.g., human service; criminal justice; faith; business; education) to promote victim safety and batterer accountability (Pence, 1999). The current study examined the extent to which Family Violence Coordinating Councils resulted in change in the systems’ response to IPV. Specifically, we examined judicial order of protection data from 1990 to 2005 to establish whether the formation and development of councils across the state of Illinois promoted the issuance of plenary orders of protection following the initial granting of emergency orders of protection. Such a pattern would indicate implementation of a best practice in the system response to IPV. Utilizing a multilevel logistic modeling approach, we found that the introduction and development of councils was indeed related to the accessibility of plenary orders of protection. The specific ways in which councils may have influenced such an outcome and the implications of this approach for research on council effectiveness are discussed.
Is Health of the Aging Improved by Conditional Cash Transfer Programs? Evidence From Mexico
Authors: Behrman Jere R. , Parker Susan W.
Published: March 2013

Conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs link public transfers to human capital investment in the hopes of alleviating current poverty and reducing its intergenerational transmission. Whereas nearly all studies of their effects have focused on youth, CCT programs may also have an impact on aging adults by increasing household resources or inducing changes in allocations of time of household members, which may be of substantial interest, particularly given the rapid aging of most populations. This article contributes to this underresearched area by examining health and work impacts on the aging for the best-known and most influential of these programs, the Mexican PROGRESA/Oportunidades program. For a number of health indicators, the program appears to significantly improve health, with larger effects for recipients with a greater time receiving benefits from the program. Most of these health effects are concentrated on women.
Asphyxia induced by umbilical cord occlusion alters glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic transmission in neurons of the superior colliculus in fetal rats
Authors: Sakata Yoshiyuki , Endoh Hisashi , Matsushige Takeshi , Furuya Satoko , Nakamura Shoji
Published: March 2013

Using optical recordings, we studied the effects of asphyxia on intracellular Cl− and Ca2+ concentrations ([Cl−]i; [Ca2+]i) in the superior colliculus of fetal rats, which were connected via the umbilical cord to the dam. Acute asphyxia was induced by umbilical cord occlusion. The number of fetal superior colliculus neurons showing GABA‐mediated increases in [Cl−]i (leading to hyperpolarization) following local synaptic electrical stimulation had decreased by 3 h post‐asphyxiation, while the number showing GABA‐mediated decreases in [Cl−]i (leading to depolarization) increased. [Ca2+]i rise, which occurred after acute asphyxiation, was antagonized by both non‐NMDA and NMDA receptor antagonists. The increase in [Ca2+]i following focal superior colliculus stimulation was markedly attenuated at 3 h post‐asphyxiation.

These findings suggest that asphyxia induced by umbilical occlusion induces changes in glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic transmission in the fetal brain.
Diagnosis and management of Müllerian adenosarcoma of the uterine cervix
Authors: Chin Pui‐See , Chia Yin‐Nin , Lim Yong‐Kuei , Yam Kwai‐Lam
Published: March 2013

Objective

To report on the diagnosis and management of Müllerian adenosarcoma of the uterine cervix at a gynecologic oncology unit in Singapore.

Methods

Nine cases (1992–2008) were identified from the unit registry. All hospital records were retrospectively analyzed.

Results

Mean age at diagnosis was 45 ± 12 years (range, 17–61 years). Presenting symptoms were abnormal vaginal bleeding (5 [55.6%] patients), introital mass (3 [33.3%] patients), and foul‐smelling vaginal discharge (1 [11.1%] patient). Two (22.2%) patients were asymptomatic, with cervical polyps discovered incidentally on routine gynecologic check‐up. All women had benign‐looking cervical polyps and underwent polypectomy. Histology showed increased stromal cellularity with periglandular cuffs in all patients, and heterologous differentiation in 1(11.1%) patient. All 9 women had FIGO stage 1B disease. Seven (77.8%) patients underwent radical hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. One (11.1%) woman underwent cervical wedge resection and 1 (11.1%) refused definitive surgery. There was no recurrence in the 6 patients for whom complete follow‐up data were available.

Conclusion

Clinical diagnosis of Müllerian adenosarcoma of the uterine cervix may be challenging owing to the benign gross appearance of the cervical polyps. Surgery provides a good chance of cure with no recurrence.
Today's evidence, tomorrow's agenda: Implementation of strategies to improve global reproductive health
Authors: Mbizvo Michael Takura , Chou Doris , Shaw Dorothy
Published: March 2013

The Alliance for Women's Health deliberated on critical gaps and emerging issues related to women's health, focusing on contraception, safe abortion care, HIV, and cervical cancer prevention. Despite the health, socioeconomic, and development benefits of family planning, up to 222 million women have an unmet need for modern contraception. The number of unsafe abortions increased globally, 98% of which occurred in low‐resource countries. Fragmentation of services for HIV and cervical cancer prevention and treatment fail to maximize opportunities to reach women within reproductive, maternal, and child health services. The FIGO 2012 PreCongress Workshop elaborated the role of societies of obstetricians‐gynecologists in implementation of actions to increase access to modern methods of contraception to help individuals meet family planning intentions. Human rights principles underpin the imperative to ensure equitable access to a wide range of modern methods of contraception. The role of task shifting/sharing in different models of service delivery was elaborated. Actions from the International Conference on Population and Development on safe abortion care and integration of effective contraception were reaffirmed. A call was made to increase access to integrated HIV and cervical cancer prevention, screening, and management. Cross‐cutting strategic approaches to accelerate progress include evidence‐based information to stakeholders and continued education in these areas at all levels of training. A call was made to advocate for a budget line item for sexual and reproductive health, including family planning and engaging the demand side of family planning, while involving men to enhance uptake and continuation.
Does a Fibronectin and Aggrecan Complex Play a Role in Painful Vertebral Disks?
Authors: Cuellar Jason M. , Golish S. Raymond , Leroux Eric J. , Reuter Merrill W. , Carragee Eugene J. , Hanna Lewis S. , Scuderi Gaetano J.
Published: March 2013

Objective

To determine the presence of a fibronectin‐aggrecan complex (FAC) in the disk space of persons with chronic low back pain as relates to provocative diskography.

Design

A single‐center prospective consecutive case series.

Setting

A single private practice setting.

Patients

Thirty‐seven patients with symptomatic degenerative disk disease of the cervical, thoracic, or lumbar spine undergoing provocative diskography to identify a source of pain.

Methods

Diskographic lavage for analysis was simultaneously performed at each disk level injected during diskography.

Main Outcome Measures

Visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores, Pfirrmann magnetic resonance imaging grade, and biochemical analysis of disk material were statistically analyzed.

Results

A total of 105 levels in 37 patients had a complete set of data (mean age 43.2 ± 11.9 years; 15 male/22 female). The FAC was present in 43 of 108 levels and in at least one level in 25 of 37 patients. The Pfirrmann magnetic resonance imaging grade did not differ between complex‐positive and negative levels (P = .125), nor did the intraoperative VAS (IO‐VAS) score for pain by level (P = .206). A significant but loose correlation was found between Pfirrmann grade and IO‐VAS (R2 = 0.4, P < .001), but no significant correlation was found between VAS or IO‐VAS and complex concentration (R2 = 0.08, P = .11 and R2 = 0.003, P = .5).

Conclusions

The FAC was identified in some painful disks by diskography. There was no significant correlation between the Pfirrmann grade or pre/intraoperative pain scores during diskography and complex concentrations within the disk measured by disk lavage.
A Summer in Greenland
Authors: Seward A. C.
Published: March 2013

The author of the standard early twentieth-century textbook on fossil plants, A. C. Seward (1863–1941) was Professor of Botany at Cambridge, Master of Downing College and Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge University. This account of his first research trip to Greenland is an evocative portrait of the country, its immense and sublime landscape, its people, and life on the Danish scientific station. This little book, written in an engaging conversational tone, conveys Seward's enthusiasm for Greenland. It includes an explanation for non-specialists of some of Seward's findings relating to fossil plants found there, which provide evidence that the country had a much milder climate in previous geological periods. Seward's own photographs are a fascinating record of the traditional life of the Inuit population as it then survived, as well as the rugged scenery of icebergs and glaciers.
Complex Analysis
Authors: Kodaira Kunihiko
Published: March 2013

Written by a master of the subject, this text will be appreciated by students and experts for the way it develops the classical theory of functions of a complex variable in a clear and straightforward manner. In general, the approach taken here emphasises geometrical aspects of the theory in order to avoid some of the topological pitfalls associated with this subject. Thus, Cauchy's integral formula is first proved in a topologically simple case from which the author deduces the basic properties of holomorphic functions. Starting from the basics, students are led on to the study of conformal mappings, Riemann's mapping theorem, analytic functions on a Riemann surface, and ultimately the Riemann-Roch and Abel theorems. Profusely illustrated, and with plenty of examples, and problems (solutions to many of which are included), this book should be a stimulating text for advanced courses in complex analysis.
Consciousness
Authors: Hill Christopher S.
Published: March 2013

This book presents a comprehensive theory of consciousness. The initial chapter distinguishes six main forms of consciousness and sketches an account of each one. Later chapters focus on phenomenal consciousness, consciousness of, and introspective consciousness. In discussing phenomenal consciousness, Hill develops the representational theory of mind in new directions, arguing that all awareness involves representations, even awareness of qualitative states like pain. He then uses this view to undercut dualistic accounts of qualitative states. Other topics include visual awareness, visual appearances, emotional qualia, and meta-cognitive processing. This important work will interest a wide readership of students and scholars in philosophy of mind and cognitive science.
Nerve and Muscle
Authors: Keynes R. D. , Aidley D. J.
Published: March 2013

An understanding of the physiology and function of nerve and muscle is fundamental to our knowledge of how the human body and the bodies of other animals function. In the third edition of this highly readable and concise introductory textbook, the authors begin with a discussion of the nature of nerve impulses as electrical events. They go on to consider communication between nerve cells via synaptic transmission, and finally discuss the nature of muscular contraction, relating muscle cellular structure to contractile function. This is a subject that continues to generate exciting discoveries and this edition includes new material that reflects this, including some of the experimental evidence. The reader will find up-to-date detail of the molecular structure of ion channels and the molecular basis of muscular contraction. Nerve and Muscle is essential reading for all students taking university courses in neurobiology, physiology, cell biology and preclinical medicine.
Elementary Differential Geometry
Authors: Bär Christian
Published: March 2013

The link between the physical world and its visualization is geometry. This easy-to-read, generously illustrated textbook presents an elementary introduction to differential geometry with emphasis on geometric results. Avoiding formalism as much as possible, the author harnesses basic mathematical skills in analysis and linear algebra to solve interesting geometric problems, which prepare students for more advanced study in mathematics and other scientific fields such as physics and computer science. The wide range of topics includes curve theory, a detailed study of surfaces, curvature, variation of area and minimal surfaces, geodesics, spherical and hyperbolic geometry, the divergence theorem, triangulations, and the Gauss–Bonnet theorem. The section on cartography demonstrates the concrete importance of elementary differential geometry in applications. Clearly developed arguments and proofs, colour illustrations, and over 100 exercises and solutions make this book ideal for courses and self-study. The only prerequisites are one year of undergraduate calculus and linear algebra.
Thermodynamics
Authors: Klein Sanford , Nellis Gregory
Published: March 2013

This book differs from other thermodynamics texts in its objective which is to provide engineers with the concepts, tools, and experience needed to solve practical real-world energy problems. The presentation integrates computer tools (e.g., EES) with thermodynamic concepts to allow engineering students and practising engineers to solve problems they would otherwise not be able to solve. The use of examples, solved and explained in detail, and supported with property diagrams that are drawn to scale, is ubiquitous in this textbook. The examples are not trivial, drill problems, but rather complex and timely real world problems that are of interest by themselves. As with the presentation, the solutions to these examples are complete and do not skip steps. Similarly the book includes numerous end of chapter problems, both typeset and online. Most of these problems are more detailed than those found in other thermodynamics textbooks. The supplements include complete solutions to all exercises, software downloads, and additional content on selected topics. These are available at the book web site www.cambridge.org/KleinandNellis.
Global Optimization Methods in Geophysical Inversion
Authors: Sen Mrinal K. , Stoffa Paul L.
Published: March 2013

Providing an up-to-date overview of the most popular global optimization methods used in interpreting geophysical observations, this new edition includes a detailed description of the theoretical development underlying each method and a thorough explanation of the design, implementation and limitations of algorithms. New and expanded chapters provide details of recently developed methods, such as the neighborhood algorithm, particle swarm optimization, hybrid Monte Carlo and multi-chain MCMC methods. Other chapters include new examples of applications, from uncertainty in climate modeling to whole earth studies. Several different examples of geophysical inversion, including joint inversion of disparate geophysical datasets, are provided to help readers design algorithms for their own applications. This is an authoritative and valuable text for researchers and graduate students in geophysics, inverse theory and exploration geoscience, and an important resource for professionals working in engineering and petroleum exploration.
Web Data Management
Authors: Abiteboul Serge , Manolescu Ioana , Rigaux Philippe , Rousset Marie-Christine , Senellart Pierre
Published: March 2013

The Internet and World Wide Web have revolutionized access to information. Users now store information across multiple platforms from personal computers to smartphones and websites. As a consequence, data management concepts, methods and techniques are increasingly focused on distribution concerns. Now that information largely resides in the network, so do the tools that process this information. This book explains the foundations of XML with a focus on data distribution. It covers the many facets of distributed data management on the Web, such as description logics, that are already emerging in today's data integration applications and herald tomorrow's semantic Web. It also introduces the machinery used to manipulate the unprecedented amount of data collected on the Web. Several 'Putting into Practice' chapters describe detailed practical applications of the technologies and techniques. The book will serve as an introduction to the new, global, information systems for Web professionals and master's level courses.
The Forms of Water in Clouds and Rivers, Ice, and Glaciers
Authors: Tyndall John
Published: March 2013

John Tyndall (1820–93) was an Irish physicist who became fascinated by mountaineering after a scientific expedition to Switzerland in 1856. He traversed the summit of the Matterhorn in 1868 and climbed Mount Blanc three times. Alongside this love of mountains was a scientific interest in glaciers and ice formations. Tyndall was also well-regarded for his ability to communicate with the public about science. Many of his books, such as this one, published in 1872 as part of the International Scientific Series, are aimed at the general reader. Tyndall uses this work to explain many aspects of water, beginning with cloud formation and rain before moving on to ice, snow and glaciers. He also discusses the principles behind phenomena ranging from tropical rains to glacial movement. Illustrated and organised into 493 different points under themed headings, this book gives clear explanations of the complexity of the earth's water system.
On the Anatomy of Vertebrates
Authors: Owen Richard
Published: March 2013

Richard Owen F.R.S. (1804–92) was a controversial and influential palaeontologist and anatomist. Owen studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh and at London's St Bartholomew's Hospital. He grew interested in anatomical research, and after qualifying he became assistant conservator in the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, and then superintendent of natural history in the British Museum. He quickly became an authority on comparative anatomy and palaeontology, coining the term 'dinosaur' and founding the Natural History Museum. He was also a fierce critic of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, and engaged in a long and bitter argument with Darwin's 'Bulldog', Thomas Huxley. Published in 1866, this is the first book in a highly illustrated three-volume set that comprises a thorough overview of vertebrate anatomy. This volume focuses on the anatomy of fishes and reptiles, and includes a preface that outlines the author's views on anatomical methodology.
Collected Essays
Authors: Huxley Thomas Henry
Published: March 2013

Known as 'Darwin's Bulldog', the biologist Thomas Henry Huxley (1825–95) was a tireless supporter of the evolutionary theories of his friend Charles Darwin. Huxley also made his own significant scientific contributions, and he was influential in the development of science education despite having had only two years of formal schooling. He established his scientific reputation through experiments on aquatic life carried out during a voyage to Australia while working as an assistant surgeon in the Royal Navy; ultimately he became President of the Royal Society (1883–5). Throughout his life Huxley struggled with issues of faith, and he coined the term 'agnostic' to describe his beliefs. This nine-volume collection of Huxley's essays, which he edited and published in 1893–4, demonstrates the wide range of his intellectual interests. Volume 1 begins with a brief autobiography, and examines the development and progress of scientific practice and knowledge.
Collected Essays
Authors: Huxley Thomas Henry
Published: March 2013

Known as 'Darwin's Bulldog', the biologist Thomas Henry Huxley (1825–95) was a tireless supporter of the evolutionary theories of his friend Charles Darwin. Huxley also made his own significant scientific contributions, and he was influential in the development of science education despite having had only two years of formal schooling. He established his scientific reputation through experiments on aquatic life carried out during a voyage to Australia while working as an assistant surgeon in the Royal Navy; ultimately he became President of the Royal Society (1883–5). Throughout his life Huxley struggled with issues of faith, and he coined the term 'agnostic' to describe his beliefs. This nine-volume collection of Huxley's essays, which he edited and published in 1893–4, demonstrates the wide range of his intellectual interests. In Volume 4, Huxley turns to the issue of faith and science, examining the apparent conflict between theology and evolution.
Semantics
Authors: Lyons John
Published: March 2013

Volume 1 provides a general and comprehensive introduction to semantics, synthesizing work on meaning and communication from many disciplines and setting semantics in the larger framework of semiotics.
Biotechnology
Authors: Smith John E.
Published: March 2013

Biotechnology will undoubtedly be the major technology of the twenty-first century. It concerns the practical application of biological organisms or their various components to the benefit of humankind, and spans a multitude of modern and traditional industries. The rise of genetic engineering, genomics, proteomics and the creation of transgenic crops and animals has revolutionised activities as varied as brewing beer, the treatment of sewage and wastewater, to drug development and agriculture. In this expanded fourth edition of his popular textbook, John Smith once again demystifies biotechnology, and especially genetic manipulation, clearly and accessibly explaining the history, techniques, and applications of modern biotechnology for students and the general reader. All aspects of biotechnology are covered and a positive stance is taken concerning the potential benefits to human society. In this edition, greater emphasis is given to the public perception of biotechnology and the ethical and safety questions raised.
Program Construction
Authors: Stone R. G. , Cooke D. J.
Published: March 2013

This textbook is an introduction to the design and writing of computer programs. It leads the reader through all the stages of program construction from the original specifications through to the final program. The formal verification of intermediate versions of the program is studied in considerable detail. The authors show how, given the formal specification of a program, data structure and program structure diagrams are drawn and then converted into a procedural program in a program design language (PDL). They demonstrate the conversion of PDL into a variety of real programming languages including Pascal, FORTRAN, COBOL, and Assembler. The book also includes chapters on abstract data types, analysing existing programs, and a small case study. First-year undergraduates in computer science and graduates taking courses in computing will find this a comprehensive introduction to program construction.
Nonlinear Systems
Authors: Drazin P. G.
Published: March 2013

The theories of bifurcation, chaos and fractals as well as equilibrium, stability and nonlinear oscillations, are part of the theory of the evolution of solutions of nonlinear equations. A wide range of mathematical tools and ideas are drawn together in the study of these solutions, and the results applied to diverse and countless problems in the natural and social sciences, even philosophy. The text evolves from courses given by the author in the UK and the United States. It introduces the mathematical properties of nonlinear systems, mostly difference and differential equations, as an integrated theory, rather than presenting isolated fashionable topics. Topics are discussed in as concrete a way as possible and worked examples and problems are used to explain, motivate and illustrate the general principles. The essence of these principles, rather than proof or rigour, is emphasized. More advanced parts of the text are denoted by asterisks, and the mathematical prerequisites are limited to knowledge of linear algebra and advanced calculus, thus making it ideally suited to both senior undergraduates and postgraduates from physics, engineering, chemistry, meteorology etc. as well as mathematics.
Persistent Inequality? Trade, Factor Endowments, and Inequality in Republican Latin America
Authors: Abad Leticia Arroyo
Published: March 2013

Using a new data set, this article presents new evidence on inequality in Latin America for the nineteenth century and studies the effects of factor endowments and trade on inequality. Recent research has highlighted the link between the colonial origins of inequality and its persistence in Latin America. We find that inequality varied substantially throughout the century and across the region. We identify the impact of changing factor endowments and trade on inequality using a simple theoretical framework. This work suggests that the role of initial colonial origins has been overemphasized as important changes took place during postcolonial times.
Configuring Financial Markets in Preindustrial Europe
Authors: van Bochove Christiaan
Published: March 2013

Secondary markets for public debt in Europe's most advanced preindustrial markets, Britain and the Dutch Republic, differed markedly. They were liquid in Britain, but not in the Republic. This article demonstrates that economic geography determined the shape of primary markets and the secondary markets that were based on them. Configuring financial markets in preindustrial Europe was thus not a uniform process leading to one ideal-type market structure. The development of markets with advanced financial institutions did not naturally produce liquid markets. While financial markets in preindustrial Europe were rooted in local circumstances, they functioned well while adapting to them.
Synthesis and crystal structure of (Ag,Pd)22Se6
Authors: Laufek F. , Vymazalová A. , Chareev D.A. , Kristavchuk A.V. , Drahokoupil J. , Voronin M.V.
Published: March 2013

The (Ag,Pd)22Se6 phase was synthesized from individual elements by silica glass tube technique and structurally characterized from powder X-ray diffraction data. The (Ag,Pd)22Se6 phase crystallizes in Fm$\overline3$m symmetry, unit-cell parameters: a = 12.3169(2) Å, V = 1862.55(5) Å3, Z = 4, and Dc = 10.01 g/cm3. The crystal structure of the (Ag,Pd)22Se6 phase represents a stuffed 3a.3a.3a superstructure of the Pd structure (fcc), where only 4 from 108 available octahedral holes are occupied. Its crystal structure is related to the Cr23C6 structure type.