bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Issuant Conception of Hell
Authors: Kvanvig Jonathan L
Published: November 2023

In a recent philosophy of religion class, a student queried why, on usual theistic conceptions, God’s desire that we share eternity with him does not violate the Kantian moral requirement: not to treat persons as a mere means to one’s own ends. I responded by outlining the usual theistic reply to this question, that sharing eternity with God is the best thing that could happen to anyone, and one does not treat a person as a mere means to one’s own ends when one is pursuing what is best for that person. This reply left another student troubled. His immediate response was, “But why does he get so angry, then, when we just want to be left alone?” This question succinctly summarizes a host of problems that arise on the standard conception of hell, problems ranging from some apparent vindictiveness on the part of God when sending someone to hell, to an inadequate account of why there is no third alternative, perhaps less blessed than heaven but more convenient than hell. What is most important about the question, however, is not the rang1 of problems it raises, but something deeper. The heart of the question centers on the picture of God’s motivations as presented by Christians who hold a traditional conception of hell in explaining presence in heaven versus presence in hell. The question is rooted in perplexity as to why there is such a dramatic shift from the motivation of love in the one case to the motivation of retribution or vindictiveness in the other.
Moore Proof of an External World
Authors: Stroll Avrum
Published: November 2023

What, then, was Moore trying to do in “Proof of an External World?” As he says explicitly, he is taking up a challenge laid down by Kant, who wrote: “It still remains a scandal to philosophy ... that the existence of things outside of us ... must be accepted merely on faith, and that, if anyone thinks good to doubt their existence, we are unable to counter his doubts by any satisfactory proof’ (Critique of Pure Reason, N.K. Smith, trans., Bxxxix, note, p. 34).
The Oddity of Moores Proof
Authors: Stroll Avrum
Published: November 2023

From Wittgenstein’s perspective Moore’s two papers “A Defense of Common Sense” (1925) and “Proof of an External World” (1939) exhibited a profound difference in philosophical insight. We know that Wittgenstein greatly admired the first of these papers and did not think much of the second. He may well have wondered as he began to write On Certainty whether Moore’s sensitivity to the nature of a philosophical problem had deteriorated in those fourteen years. In “A Defense” Moore had made no effort to prove that the common sense view was true; he merely asserted that he knew it was. The power of Moore’s approach at that time lay in vigorous assertions that had the effect of making others agree that they indeed knew what he knew, including that “external objects” existed. But there was a feature of this paper that particularly impressed Wittgenstein, namely, Moore’s insistence that radical deviations from the common sense view-such as the claims that time does not exist or that all objects are mind-dependent-had paradoxical implications. This insight represented an advance of historic proportions in understanding the nature of philosophical practice.
Quashie to Buccra: The Linguistic Expatriation of Claude McKay
Authors: North Michael
Published: November 2023

When Claude McKay visited England in 1919, he was pleased to find on the London stage four plays by George Bernard Shaw, a writer he had admired since his school days in Jamaica. McKay attended all four and even met Shaw himself,·vho rather stunned his young disciple by suggesting he might be better off as a boxer than as a poet (ALWH, pp. 60, 62). This obtuseness might have cast an ironic light on one of the plays McKay had just seen, namely, Pygmalion, which Shaw was even then proclaiming as a manifesto of equal access to the King’s English and which, for that reason, had special relevance to McKay. As a well spoken young Jamaican, McKay might have seemed to Shaw a signal example of those “many thousands of men and women who have sloughed off their native dialects and acquired a new tongue.” McKay even had his own Henry Higgins in the person of Walter Jekyll, a wealthy Englishman long resident inJamaica. Yet he was a Higgins with a significant difference, for McKay came to him already speaking and writing perfect standard English, which Jekyll urged him to drop, at least on paper, in favor of the Jamaican dialect. In these hands, Eliza Doolittle might have ended up writing something like “Song of the Shirt,” and yet it is doubtful whether she would have been any happier than she was under Higgins’s tutelage. For it is one of the central ironies of McKay’s career that Jekyll’s patronage of dialect, and other patronage like it, did not lessen the pressure of standardization but doubled it.
Myocardial Infarction: Epidemiologic Overview
Authors: Manson JoAnn E , Gaziano J Michael , Ridker Paul M , Hennekens Charles H
Published: November 2023

Coronary heart disease (CHD) remains the leading cause of death in the United States and most western countries despite a dramatic decline in CHD mortality in the past quarter-century. While the former observation underscores the tremendous public health burden that heart disease continues to exact in industrialized countries, the latter suggests that CHD mortality rates can be modified. Advances in the medical treatment of CHD have contributed significantly to the decline in mortality, but preventive measures—both lifestyle changes and improvements in the medical management of coronary risk factors—have been estimated to account for most of the decrease in heart disease mortality (Goldman 1984).

In this chapter we discuss (1) the current burden of heart disease in the United States; (2) some of the evidence from cross-cultural investigations and studies of population migration that provides support for the now widely accepted conclusion that CHD risk may be altered by lifestyle changes; (3) temporal trends in CHD mortality that have occurred over the past several decades in the United States and in other industrialized countries; (4) the current prevalence of the major CHD risk factors in the United States and the changes in these factors that have occurred over the past several decades; and, finally, (5) the role of various epidemiologic research strategies in elucidating determinants of CHD and effective preventive interventions.
Can Liberal Ownership Be Justified by Natural Rights?
Authors: Christman John
Published: November 2023

I cant repudiate it. It was never mine to repudiate. It was never Father’s and Uncle Buddy’s to bequeath me to repudiate because it was never Grandfather’s to bequeath them to bequeath me to repudiate because it was never old Ikkemotubbe’s to sell to Grandfather for bequeathment and repudiation. Because it was never Ikkemotubbe’s fathers’ fathers’ to bequeath Ikkemotubbe to sell to Grandfather or any man because on the instant when Ikkemotubbe discovered, realised, that he could sell it for money, on that instant it ceased ever to have been his forever, father to father to father, and the man who bought it bought nothing.
Movzell For Melastomvs, The Cynical! Bayter of, and foule Mouthed Barker against Evahs Sex
Authors: Speght Rachel
Published: November 2023

It was the similie of that wise and learned Lactantius, that if fire, though but with a small sparke kindled, bee not at the first quenched, it may worke great mischiefe and dammage: So likewise may the scandals and defamations of the malevolent in time prove pernicious, if they bee not nipt in the head at their first appearance. The consideration of this (right Honourable and Worship full Ladies) hath incited me (though yong, and the un worthiest of thousands) to encounter with a furious enemy to our sexe, least if his unjust imputations should continue with-out answere, he might insult and account himself a victor; and by such a conceit deale, as Historiographers report the viper to doe, who in the Winter time doth vomit forth her poyson, and in the spring time sucketh the same up again, which becommeth twise as deadly as the former: And this our pestiferous enemy, by thinking to provide a more deadly poyson for women, then already he hath foamed forth, may evaporate, by an addition unto his former illeterate Pamphlet (intituled The Arraignement of Women) a more contagious obtrectation then he hath already done, and indeed hath threatned to doe. Secondly, if it should have had free passage without any answere at all (seeing that Tacere is, quasi consentire) the vulgar ignorant might have beleeved his Diabolical! infamies to be infallible truths, not to bee infringed;
To Dame –Augustin nun
Authors: Wilson Carol Shiner
Published: November 2023

Abandon all, and make that humble change, Betwixt the meek bando, and high fontange. So pious, and so noble was the choice, That France ev’ n glorys that it has Pontoise, And that alone, cause madame you are there, Whose vertues brightens, your illustrious sphere. If English Protestants your beautys saw, They’d add new fury, to their furious law, To keep out Popery with just excuse, Cause fair Fitz James, has made her self recluse Had you been pleas’d to shew your self abrod, With how much transport had you been addor’d Nought in the world had sounded but your fame Your beauty by each man, your vertue by each dame But you bless’d maid, have chose a better place Your name in time, our Kallanders shall grace, Where none shall be rever’d more than the chast Ignace.
To My Dear Cosen Coll
Authors: Wilson Carol Shiner
Published: November 2023

Nor yet versails, the Toileries st. Cloud, T’ admire the works of nature or of art, Since you excell em all in every part, Thus the great world, byth’ little world’s outdone, Not’ only so, but by the heart alone, For the vast universe can never show, So fine a structure, such a motion too, Now though this member’s small, and cloyster’d lives, Yet to the whole, it animation gives, So you bless’d Dames, insensibly dispence, On all your sex, your vertuous influence, Whilst you your selves, gain what this world can’t give A perfect life, heav’ns representative.
BOOK. V
Authors: Sharp Jane
Published: November 2023

There is great differences in Womens constitutions and education; you may kill one with that which will preserve the other; tender women that are bred delicately must not be governed after the same manner that hardy Country women must, for one is commonly weak stomach’d, but the other is strong, if you should give the weak woman presently1 after delivery strong broth, or Eggs, or milk, it will cast her into a Feaver, but the other that is strong will bear it, but tender women must be tenderly fed, and nothing given them that is of hard digestion nor yet what they have no mind to, provided that what she desires be not offensive2; but for the first week she lies in, let her have boil’d and not roast, Jellies, and Juice of Veal, or Capon, but no mutton broth for that may make her Feaverish, let her drink barley water, or boyl one dram3 of Cinnamon in a pint of water, dissolving two ounces of fine Sugar in it, if she will drink wine, mingle twice as much water or two third parts with it, but let it be white wine in the morning, and Claret in the afternoon; she may sometimes drink Almond-milk, but beware of crudities.4
Introduction
Authors: Limon John
Published: November 2023

Is war beautiful? I have not seen combat, and reading books about war has not had the effect of putting me on intimate terms with it. I agree with Socrates who disputes the paralogism that if the rhapsodes are expert in Homer, and if Homer wrote The Iliad, then the rhapsodes must be expert in war. This book is premised on the faint hope that something may be made of the ignorance and naivete I have managed to retain in the presence of war literature. Why-if the history of literature began with war and has never forsworn it- do I nonetheless feel that literature is a failure in capturing the experience of war for beauty? This book will either justify that judgment or prove that my naivete is congenitally adamant.
The Art of War: The Contest and the Duel
Authors: Limon John
Published: November 2023

Toward the beginning of our anthologies, Rip Van Winkle flees his wife the shrew, the termagant, the virago-to go hunting in the Catskills. Rip’s henpeckedness is no particular credit to his gender, and his hunting is not on a heroic scale (he stalks squirrels and pigeons); nevertheless, even men with a somewhat stronger title to the attributes of traditional masculinity, such as the hardboiled friends of Jake Barnes, know enough to flee women and go fishing rather than confront a superior female ruthlessness. So off in Irving’s tale goes a man with man’s best friend-a henpecked dog with the nostalgic name “Wolf’”-to indulge at least a poor man’s fantasy of a return to the better days of undomesticated hunting and killing.
The Postmodernization of World War II
Authors: Limon John
Published: November 2023

Fifty million people were killed in World War II.1 If that is the first sentence, what could be the second? There is nowhere to go, except to add that writing the sequel is the obligation of postmodernism. I have hardly done justice to war in this bock about, purportedly, war; I notice, for a small example, that I have failed to specify where Hemingway got his war wound, or its nature. It hardly makes sense to evoke, one last time, the wars that have not been so much evoked as evaded to allow the formal development of post-war literary movements. But World War II (as a practical, moral, and aesthetic matter) was inescapable: literati even in America, the landscape of which was not cratered, the towns and cities of which were not gutted, the civilian population of which was never massacred, were unable to conceive of a place free of the war, the literary equivalent of which would be beauty, form, style.
Moral Residues
Authors: Greenspan P S
Published: November 2023

Guilt came into my argument in part I in two connected roles: in its primary form, following action, in response to a contrary-to-duty obligation to feel some appropriate emotion, and in anticipatory form, in advance of action, as the emotional strut of the motivational force of moral “ought.” I have maintained that the two roles allow the emotion to serve as a kind of substitute for action in cases of dilemma. It is by no means an adequate substitute in moral terms but is enough to answer metaethical worries about the sense in which both of the oughts in conflict can be practical. The motivational role of the emotion also serves to justify it as a sometimes problematic after-the-fact reaction-an affective residue of moral failure that persists even when failure is unavoidable. My treatment of dilemmas as cases in which guilt is warranted for all alternatives is essentially a modification of Williams’s claim that their practical resolution leaves a moral “remainder,” not itself a feeling but marked by moral feelings of regret, along with other ways of acknowledging that the act the agent has to perform is still wrong. However, along with most philosophers, Williams has little to say about guilt.
More Changes
Authors: Furman C Sue
Published: November 2023

As a woman nears menopause, declining estrogen levels can cause irregular menstrual periods, hot flashes, “crawly skin,” visual problems, migraines, hair loss, moustache growth, incontinence, as well as a number of other peculiar physical symptoms. What causes estrogen to support so many of a woman’s body functions for 30 or 40 years and then leave them in the lurch? One controversial proposal posits that women are living far in excess of the number of years that nature intended and are thus outliving their reproductive potential. The physiological data have not yet been completely untangled, but certain facts are known.
The Silent Epidemic
Authors: Furman C Sue
Published: November 2023

It is difficult to ignore menopause symptoms like hot flashes and vaginal dryness, but osteoporosis, one of the more serious consequences of menopause, often proceeds unnoticed for years. Unfonunately, what you don’t feel can bun you. Osteoporosis accelerates the gradual rate of bone loss that is normal as one ages. This silent disease eats away at bones, leaving them porous, brittle, and very fragile. The bone that is left is normal, but sometimes there is not enough of it to maintain the integrity of the skeleton and suppon the body’s weight.
Looking Ahead
Authors: Furman C Sue
Published: November 2023

It is unfortunate that research concerning women’s health issues has been sadly neglected for a long time. For obvious reasons, programs designed to study breast and ovarian cancer have concentrated on women volun-teers. However, clinical trials designed by the NIH to study many other diseases and therapies often failed to include enough women. In 1990, the General Accounting Office (GOA) of the federal government issued a report that criticized this shortcoming. The GOA report opened the door to greater awareness of the deficiencies in women’s health care and was one of many positive steps that propelled the cause of women’s health issues into the limelight.
The Mirror Of Evil
Authors: Stump Eleonore
Published: November 2023

There are different ways to tell the story of one’s own coming to God. Straightforward autobiography has its merits, but, paradoxically, it can leave out the most important parts. I want to tell my story in a roundabout way that will, I hope, show directly what for me is and always has been the heart of the matter.
Aphasia
Authors: Benson D Frank , Ardila Alfredo
Published: November 2023

In this volume the authors combine two clinically-oriented approaches to language disorder. The clinical aspects of aphasia syndromes are stressed but the authors also review assessment techniques, linguistic analyses, problems of aphasia classification, and frequently occuring related disorders such as alexia, agraphia and acalculia. In addition, commonly encountered speech disorders, neurobehavioral and psychiatric problems commonly associated with apasia, and the language characteristics of aging and dementia reviewed. A neural basis is proposed for aphasia and related problems. Finally, aspects of rehabilitation and recovery are presented.
Hardy: The Archaeology of a Vanishing Life
Authors: Moses Michael Valdez
Published: November 2023

When The Mayor of Casterbridge was first published complete in 1886, England was widely regarded as the most fully modernized nation on earth. To the Igbo villagers of Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, the British missionaries who arrived in Umuofia and Mbanta (at approximately the same time Hardy was completing the final major revision of his novel) were the representatives of Western European modernity.1 The greatest military and industrial power in the world, the global leader in science and commerce with one of the most fully democratized governments, late Victorian England epitomized the future of Europe that Stendhal’s Marquis de la Mole both prophesied and abhorred. When the nineteenth century began, a landed aristocracy still dominated English political and economic life by means of bribery, patronage, and a system of “rotten boroughs” that insured that a small number of families retained control of Parliament. But by the time The Mayor of Casterbridge appeared, the democratization of British political institutions was very far advanced. The Reform Bills of 1832, 1867, and 1884 had abolished the rotten boroughs and extended suffrage to middle and working class men throughout Great Britain.
Epidemiological Research
Authors: Brody Baruch A
Published: November 2023

Research on human subjects normally involves intrusions into their bodies. These may range from modest intrusions such as blood drawing to major intrusions such as surgery. The policies discussed in Chapter Two were developed to shape the conduct of this type of research. One important type of research involving humans, however, is not intrusive research on their bodies. In this type of research, one collects information from such sources as interviews, reviews of medical records, and studies on unused biological material. When used to learn about the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events, such research is central to medical epidemiology. Although other scientific disciplines use this type of research as well, our focus in this chapter will be on epidemiological research using such techniques.
Research And The Drug/Device Approval Process
Authors: Brody Baruch A
Published: November 2023

All medical research is designed to answer scientific and clinical questions, but some is also designed to play a role in securing approval from a regulatory agency to produce and sell a drug or a medical device. Research designed to play that role must meet the ethical standards discussed in Chapters One through Six for all animal and human subjects research. If this research involves a clinical trial, it must also meet the ethical standards discussed in Chapter Seven for all clinical trials. The design and conduct of research relating to securing regulatory approval raises, however, a number of additional ethical issues that will be analyzed in this chapter.
Nozick: Libertarianism without Foundations
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

Liberalism is the conjunction of two ideals. The first is that of individual liberty: liberty of thought, speech, religion, and political action; freedom from government interference with privacy, personal life, and the exercise of individual inclination. The second ideal is that of a democratic society controlled by its citizens and serving their needs, in which inequalities of political and economic power and social position are not excessive. Means of promoting the second ideal include progressive taxation, public provision of a social minimum, and insulation of political affairs from the excessive influence of private wealth. To approach either of these ideals is very difficult. To pursue both of them inevitably results in serious dilemmas. In such cases liberalism tends to give priority to the respect for certain personal rights, even at substantial cost in the realization of other goods such as efficiency, equality, and social stability.
Philadelphia and the First Bands
Authors: Shipton Alyn
Published: November 2023

Gillespie arrived in Philadelphia around the end of May 1935, having returned for a day or two from Laurinburg to Cheraw and then hitching a lift northward with a friend. He joined his mother and other members of his extended family in a smallish apartment at 637 Pine Street, in the black heartland of South Philadelphia, at its junction with Seventh Street. Bill, the husband of John Birks’s oldest sister Mattie, bought him a trumpet at a pawn shop and within a few days of his arrival he had a job with a trio, paying $8 per week.
Cab Calloway and the Dawn of Bebop
Authors: Shipton Alyn
Published: November 2023

Perhaps because of the acrimonious manner in which Dizzy left Calloway’s band just over two years after he joined, he seldom had much of a good word to say about Cab himself in many of the written and recorded interviews that survive. Yet those two years he spent with Calloway from 1939 put Dizzy on the map as a trumpet soloist, as a member of one of the most commercially successful bands in the United States.
Bird, Bi Band, and Ber ‘gs
Authors: Shipton Alyn
Published: November 2023

Three of the labels that sprang up in the wake of the AFM ban concerned themselves with the new jazz played by the beboppers. These were Continental, Manor, and Guild, the last of which lived and died between January and December 1945. Dizzy had recorded for Continental with Sarah Vaughan and Leonard Feather on New Year’s Eve 1944, and he went on to make further sessions for all three companies as 1945 got under way.
Introduction
Authors: Sreenivasan Gopal
Published: November 2023

Though its initial reception was less than encouraging, John Locke’s theory of property was soon regarded as one of the foremost treatments of the subject. Its influence in the eighteenth century, both philosophical and practical, was profound and far-reaching, and by the early twentieth century Hastings Rash dall was able to observe that Locke’s theory had ‘become the basis of almost all the attempts of modem philosophers to base the justification of private property upon some a priori principle, and not upon the ground of general utility and convenience.’ To judge by the recent literature, contemporary interest in Locke’s argument for the legitimacy of private property remains as high as ever. In part, this interest is historical, but Locke’s theory also continues to function as a central point of reference for ongoing examinations of the legitimacy of the institution of private property.
Property without Consent
Authors: Sreenivasan Gopal
Published: November 2023

John Locke’s classic treatment of the question of property is presented in chapter 5 of his Second Treatise of Government. For Locke, as for his seventeenth-century contemporaries, the question of property is the problem of acquisition. Agreement on this single problem, Richard McKeon has argued, distinguishes the writing of this period from traditional discussions of property-oriented to the twin problems of acquisition and of use, in the case of Plato and Aristotle, and only to the problem of use in the case of medieval thinkers-and constitutes the hallmark of modern theories of property.
Limitations of the Original Theory
Authors: Sreenivasan Gopal
Published: November 2023

Thus far I have concentrated on interpreting Locke’s argument for the legitimacy of private property. I turn now to consider what kind of private property right can be established with this argument. In order to do this I shall have to take account of two different sets of considerations. To begin with, there is the question of which particular kind(s) of determinate private property right, if any, Locke’s argument sanctions. I have to this point been employing ‘private property’ in the general sense of a right entitling an individual to decide what is to be done with a thing. But, as we have seen in chapter 1, private property in this sense is an indeterminate right. It is, then, as yet an open question whether a more determinate private property regime is legitimated by Locke’s argument. It will prove convenient, if somewhat artificial, to distinguish two aspects of this question: first, whether Locke’s argument legitimates any specific rights in property, and second, whether Locke’s argument imposes any conditions of its own on the legitimacy of the private property rights it establishes.
Introduction
Authors: Kelly Kevin T
Published: November 2023

Inquiry begins with ignorance and aims to replace it with true belief. Scientific method is supposed to be our best means for effecting this change. But success is not supposed to be a matter of mere luck or accident. A reliable method is in some sense guaranteed to converge to the truth, given the scientist’s assumptions. Guarantees come in various grades. The subject of this book is logical reliability, which requires that the method converge to the truth in each possible circumstance consistent with the background assumptions of the scientist. In other words, logical reliability demands that the scientist’s background assumptions logically entail that the method will in some sense converge to the truth.
The Demons of Computability
Authors: Kelly Kevin T
Published: November 2023

Formal learning theory has been invented and developed to a large extent by experts in the theory of computability. This is no accident. The theory of computability suggests a strong analogy between the situation of a computer working on a purely formal problem and that of an empirical scientist working on a purely empirical problem, and learning theorists have instinctively followed this analogy when thinking about inductive inference. I will argue, in fact, that uncomputability and empirical underdetermination have the same, underlying logical structure, so that it is difficult to dismiss the demons of induction while acknowledging the significance of uncomputability. On the one hand, this analogy counters the tendency in traditional epistemology to study ideal norms for agents free of all computational limitations.
Computerized Discovery
Authors: Kelly Kevin T
Published: November 2023

If philosophers have been unhappy with the idea of a normative logic of discovery, they have been all the less enthusiastic about the idea of discovery machines.

The same point has sometimes been formulated by saying that it is not possible to construct an inductive machine. The latter is presumably meant as a mechanical contrivance that, when fed an observational report, would furnish a suitable hypothesis, just as a computing machine when supplied with two factors furnishes their product. I am completely in agreement that an inductive machine of this kind is not possible.
Prediction
Authors: Kelly Kevin T
Published: November 2023

Since the time of Francis Bacon, a popular, pragmatic conception of science has been that discovery and assessment are means toward the end of predicting what will happen next. On this view, assessment is a means toward discovery, and discovery is a means for finding predictive hypotheses. It is therefore of interest to determine just how prediction relates to discovery. It turns out that the pragmatic conception of science works fine for ideal methods, but it breaks down in the computable case in the following sense: there are problems for which it is possible for a Turing machine to discover a correct, predictive theory in the limit, but for which it is nonetheless impossible for a Turing machine to eventually predict what will happen next. Hence, prediction cannot in general be the motive for discovering the truth.
Probability and Reliability
Authors: Kelly Kevin T
Published: November 2023

The results of the preceding chapters make no reference whatever to probability. Since probability and induction have long been viewed as inseparable, it is interesting to relate the probabilistic perspective to the purely logical point of view of the preceding chapters. Of particular interest are the limiting reliability claims made for probabilistic methods. For example, it is often said that the process of updating probabilities by Bayes’ theorem will almost surely approach the truth in the limit:

The person learns by experience. The purpose of the present section is to explore with a moderate degree of generality how he typically becomes almost certain of the truth, when the amount of his experience increases indefinitely.
Relativism and Reliability
Authors: Kelly Kevin T
Published: November 2023

Neither principle implies the other. Correctness could change spontaneously through time in a way that the scientist cannot affect, and correctness could depend on what the scientist does in the limit without changing through time. The nonexperimental inductive setting considered in chapters 1 through 13 satisfies both axioms, since correctness is taken to be a fixed relation between data streams and hypotheses in that setting. Experimental investigation of structural hypotheses also satisfies both axioms, since structural relations in the system under study are not altered by the manipulation of variables. But there are circumstances in which both axioms can fail.
Etudes for Piano Teachers Reflections on the Teacher's Art
Authors: Gordon Stewart
Published: November 2023

This is a collection of essays reflecting on the piano teacher's art and the many challenges involved in piano teaching and performance. The topics range from the role of the piano teacher in contemporary society to basic skills such as inner hearing, improvisation, and sight-reading. Filled with useful practical advice as well as more philosophical artistic guidance, these essays are designed to provoke thoughtful reaction and act as catalysts for creative thinking.
Neglected Rudiments
Authors: Gordon Stewart
Published: November 2023

AS musicians and teachers, we constantly talk about the necessity of listening. We exhort our students to listen to what they are doing: to a melodic inflection, a harmonic change, an inner voice, the balance between the left hand and right hand or, in collaborative music making, the other musicians’ parts. In almost all of our urgency, we are sensitizing our students’ perception to sound which has been or is being produced. Obviously, such a procedure well grounded, and its efficacy, as far as it goes, cannot be contested. Listening, however, in its inception must begin as an inner process, and a powerful inner generation of sound will directly influence both technical security and success in projecting a musical idea. Inner hearing is, however, a private thought process and, like any such mental activity, is carried on without immediate outward signs as to its speed, clarity or strength.
Repeated Notes
Authors: Gordon Stewart
Published: November 2023

THE subject of practice procedures is one over which serious musicians seem to agonize constantly. As in religion and morality, we feel as if we fall short of ideal standards no matter how good the intentions or how frequent the striving for excellence. We must, in fact, come to the realization that one of our professional hazards is a feeling that we will never completely master the art of efficient learning. But by the same token, we are constantly stimulated by the challenge of improving, and regular reexamination of what we do during that time set aside for practice becomes a way of life. In the spirit of that reexamination, let us consider three aspects of practice: the balance between confidence and criticism; the maintenance of concentration; and the important points in the learning process at which we need to effect a change of approach.
At the Hop
Authors: Jackson John A
Published: November 2023

Rhythm and blues acts were traditionally shunned by network television, so when the Five Satins plugged their pop—styled ballad“To the Aisle“ before a national audience of millions during an American Bandstand appearance in 1957, the group did not dare contemplate how, if at all, their anomalous national TV spot boded their future. Fred Paris, the founding member of the group whose “In the Still of the Night“ has become one of the best—remembered ballads of the 1950s, called rhythm and bluesoriented groups such as the Five Satins the true “pioneers“ of rock ‘n’ roll. ‘‘And pioneers always get kicked in the ass.“ As the rock ‘n’ roll era began to flourish and white acts came to the forefront, classic rhythm and blues groups such as the Five Satins, the Moonglows, the Spaniels, and the Flamingos continued to take care of business on the black entertainment circuit, staking their careers on local theatre gigs throughout the East and Midwest, and on radio airplay from black disc jockeys across the country. Paris emphasized that it was local radio, and not television, that “kept our music going“ in the 1950s. “How often [could the Five Satins] get on a national TV show?“ he rhetorically stated.
Keeping Cool
Authors: Morgan Elaine
Published: November 2023

In the above quotation Montagna was referring specifically to human sweating, which is in some respects unique; Some commentators speak of it as if it were an inexplicable burden we have to bear. Others praise it as an evolutionary innovation so brilliant that it was well worth losing our fur in order to improve its efficiency still further.
Explaining the Fat Layer
Authors: Morgan Elaine
Published: November 2023

Those for whom the aquatic hypothesis is unacceptable have to seek some other way of dealing with the problem. The simplest ploy is to ignore its existence. The two text books on physical anthropology, mentioned at the beginning of Chapter 6, which between them devote three words to the loss of body hair, devote none at all to subcutaneous fat. It is another illustration of Medawar’s dictum that scientists tend not to ask themselves a question until they have a glimmering of the answer.
Stress Physiology
Authors: Fuchigami Leslie H , Maas Eugene V , Lyons James M , Rains D William , Raison John K , Shackel Kenneth A
Published: November 2023

The field of stress physiology is not only of considerable theoretical importance; it is highly significant to agriculture. In practice, researchers tend to specialize within at least four subfields: chilling injury, cold stress, water stress, and salinity stress. Yet, these subfields have several basic terms in common. Thus, this chapter begins with the terms common to study of all plant stresses and is then divided into four sections representing the four subfields. Some bold-face terms are also defined in the context of other definitions; words in italics are defined elsewhere or are botanical names. See Chapter 6 for terms, units, and symbols used to describe plant water relations (e.g., water potential and osmotic, matric, and pressure potentials, etc.).
Holism and the Causal Requirement on Representation
Authors: Rocca Michael Della
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I want to go some distance toward answering the question I raised at the very end of chapter 3:

Why is content mind-relative, according to Spinoza?

This question is specifically about Spinoza’s claim that the content of certain ideas insofar as they are in the human mind differs from the content of those very same ideas insofar as they are in God’s mind. Notice that the thesis of the mind-relativity of content presupposes that a given idea can be in both God’s mind and the human mind, that is, it presupposes the containment thesis. In the first section of this chapter, I will argue that given the containment thesis, Spinoza has very good reasons for espousing the general mind-relativity of content. In the second section, I will show how these reasons reveal an important affinity between Spinoza’s views on mind-relativity and Quine’s views on the indeterminacy of meaning.
Composers at Work
Authors: Owens Jessie Ann
Published: November 2023

How did Renaissance composers write their music? In this revolutionary look at a subject that has fascinated scholars for years, musicologist Jessie Ann Owens offers new and striking evidence that contrary to accepted theory, sixteenth-century composers did not use scores to compose--even to write complex vocal polyphony.L L Drawing on sources that include contemporary theoretical treatises, documents and letters, iconographical evidence, actual fragments of composing slates, and numerous sketches, drafts, and corrected autograph manuscripts, Owens carefully reconstructs the step-by-step process by which composers between 1450 and 1600 composed their music. The manuscript evidence--autographs of more than thirty composers--shows the stages of work on a wide variety of music--instrumental and vocal, sacred and secular--from across most of Renaissance Europe. Her research demonstrates that instead of working in full score, Renaissance composers fashioned the music in parts, often working with brief segments, according to a linear conception. The importance of this discovery on editorial interpretation and on performance cannot be overstated.L Lhe book opens with a broad picture of what has been known about Renaissance composition. From there, Owens examines the teaching of composition and the ways in which musicians and composers both read and wrote music. She also considers evidence for composition that occurred independent of writing, such as composing “in the mind “ or composing with instruments. In chapters on the manuscript evidence, she establishes a typology both of the sources themselves and of their contents (sketches, drafts, fair copies). She concludes with case studies detailing the working methods of Francesco Corteccia, Henricus Isaac, Cipriano de Rore, and Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina.L L This book will change the way we analyze and understand early music. Clear, provocative, and painstakingly researched, Composers at Work: The Craft of Musical Composition 1450-1600 makes essential reading for scholars of Renaissance music as well as those working in related fields such as sketch studies and music theory.
Chapter Two
Authors: Owens Jessie Ann
Published: November 2023

My teacher Josquin ... never gave a lecture on music or wrote a theoretical work, and yet he was able in a short time to form complete musicians, because he did not keep back his pupils with long and useless instructions but taught them the rules in a few words, through practical application in the course of singing. And as soon as he saw that his pupils were well grounded in singing, had a good enunciation and knew how to embellish melodies and fit the text to music, then he taught them the perfect and imperfect intervals and the different methods of inventing counterpoints against plainsong. If he discovered, however, pupils with an ingenious mind and promising disposition, then he would teach these in a few words the rules of three-part and later of four-, five-, six-part, etc. writing, always providing them with examples to imitate. Josquin did not, however, consider all suited to learn composition; he judged that only those should be taught who were drawn to this delightful art by a special natural impulse.
Erasable Tablets
Authors: Owens Jessie Ann
Published: November 2023

While composers were certainly able to hear and work out music in their minds without recourse to writing, at some point the music had to assume a graphic form so that it could be preserved, transmitted, and performed. The evidence suggests that composers employed two different kinds of surfaces for writing down their music: (1) an erasable surface such as slate that could be used many times and (2) paper. In the period we are considering, the pencil had not yet been invented, so writing on paper meant using pen and ink; “erasure “ could be achieved only by scraping the ink from the surface of the paper (often resulting in holes in the paper).1 Paper could therefore be used only once.
Henricus Isaac
Authors: Owens Jessie Ann
Published: November 2023

Henricus Isaac was one of the most prominent and prolific composers of his time.1 Born in Flanders probably in about 1450, he was called to Florence by Lorenzo de’ Medici in 1485 to serve as composer and singer; he remained in Medici service until 1494. During these years, Florence must have become his real home; he married an Italian and purchased property there. After the expulsion of the Medici he left Florence and went to Pisa, probably in 1495. In 1496 he joined the chapel of the Emperor Maximilian I, and remained in imperial service until about 1512. During these years, Isaac traveled extensively, partly with Maximilian’s court; there were frequent visits to Florence as well as sojourns in Torgau, Ferrara, and Constance. He retired to Florence in 1512 and died there in 1517.
Tropical Forestecology A Viewfrom Barro Colorado Island
Authors: Leigh Egbert Giles
Published: November 2023

In Tropical Forest Ecology, Egbert G. Leigh, Jr., one of the world’s foremost tropical ecologists, introduces the reader to the tropical forest, and describes the intricate web of interdependence among the great diversity of tropical plants and animals. Focusing on the tropical forest on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, Leigh shows what Barro Colorado can tell us about other tropical forests--and what tropical forests can tell us about Barro Colorado. This book considers three essential questions for understanding the ecological organization of tropical forests. How do they stay green with their abundance of herbivores? Why do they have such a diversity of plants and animals? And what role does mutualism play in the ecology of tropical forests? Beautifully written and abundantly illustrated, Tropical Forest Ecology, will certainly appeal to a wide variety of scientists in the fields of evolution, tropical biology, botany, zoology, and natural history.
Tropical Climates
Authors: Leigh Egbert Giles
Published: November 2023

The latitudinal line passing through New York City crosses a great variety of climates, each with its characteristic vegetation (Schimper 1903: p. 543). Near New York, summers are wet enough to support mesic deciduous forest which, mature and fully leafed, bears some striking structural resemblances to rainforest. West of the Mississippi, the native vegetation of the Great Plains is a spacious grassland subject to sporadic fires which exclude trees. Between the Rockies and the Cascades is a dry zone, a desert world of saltbush and sagebrush. Near the Pacific Coast, summers are dry, and winters are wet and not very harsh. Here the native vegetation is an evergreen, coniferous forest of giant trees, much larger, older, thicker, and more widely spaced than the trees of any tropical forest.
The Seasonal Rhythm of Fruiting and Leaf Flush and the Regulation of Animal Populations
Authors: Leigh Egbert Giles
Published: November 2023

The most conspicuous herbivores are vertebrates. In Panama many of these herbivores eat leaves (especially young leaves), which are sugar factories the plants depend on; other herbivores eat seeds and seedlings. In the Neotropics, consumption of twigs, bark, and the like is less than in the United States, or in Madagascar or New Zealand in the days of elephant birds and moas. To what extent the restricted diets of modern vertebrate herbivores of Neotropical forests is an artifact of the human presence is not yet known.
The Rainforest Endangered
Authors: Leigh Egbert Giles
Published: November 2023

This story began in Panama so that our knowledge of Barro Colorado Island could be fashioned into a lens through which to view the tropical rainforests, seasonal and aseasonal, of the world. It ends in Madagascar. Dry season is drawing to a close. A Malagasy graduate student, three Malagasy botanical technicians, a chauffeur, and I are in a bright new Toyota Land Cruiser, jolting over a rough laterite track from the forestry station where we sleep, toward the Foret d’Ambohitantely, 8 km and 30 minutes away. This forest, with roughly the same acreage as Barro Colorado Island, is one of the largest tracts left of the “plateau forest “ that used to cover perhaps a quarter of Madagascar.
Rupture: The Shattering of Meaning
Authors: Schwartzberg Steven
Published: November 2023

With its relentless barrage of illness, loss, and grief, AIDS has the devastating power to shatter peoples’ views of life as meaningful. In the style of adaptation I call Rupture, a person bears the full brunt of HIV’s despair and trauma. For these men, grief is too weighty to be countered by hope. Sorrow may cut too deep to allow for stability, much less growth.

Here loss, not growth, is key. Gone is the comfort of a safe and orderly world. Gone is the expectation of a lengthy lifespan. Gone is the soothing and helpful illusion of immortality. Gone, often, are the very lovers and friends with whom one would otherwise seek shelter from the steadily mounting losses. In one dire flash—or, more commonly, in painful, inexorable increments of loss — AIDS has robbed these men of the inner beliefs and external bonds on which they based their lives. It has unceremoniously yanked the rug of meaning out from under their feet.

Rupture results from losing your prior framework for understanding the world, with no new beliefs to take their place. Victor and Ron are examples of this style of adaptation.