bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examining the Influence of RETs on Science Teacher Beliefs and Practice
Authors: ENDERLE PATRICK , DENTZAU MICHAEL , ROSELER KATRINA , SOUTHERLAND SHERRY , GRANGER ELLEN , HUGHES ROXANNE , GOLDEN BARRY , SAKA YAVUZ
Published: October 2014

Following the argument that an explicit focus on teacher thinking is an important outcome for professional development (Capps, Crawford, & Costas, 2012; Desimone, 2009), the research presented here examines the impact of one form of professional development, Research Experiences for Teachers (RETs), has in shaping teachers’ beliefs and affect related to inquiry in the classroom. By examining two distinct forms of RETs, this study incorporates 5 years of data collected from more than 100 RET participants, which include elementary, middle, and high school teachers. Evidence was drawn from analysis of multiple instruments measuring science teachers’ self‐efficacy (STEBI), pedagogical discontentment (STPD), teachers’ beliefs about teaching and learning (TBI), and Contextual Beliefs about Teaching Science (CBATS). The results indicate that both RET programs were successful in shaping teachers’ beliefs and affect—particularly in decreasing pedagogical discontentment and enhancing beliefs about reform. However, the RET program that focused mainly on teacher practice was more successful in shaping teachers’ beliefs and was the only program to show an influence on teachers’ practice.
Prior Experiences Shaping Family Science Conversations at a Nature Center
Authors: McCLAIN LUCY R. , ZIMMERMAN HEATHER TOOMEY
Published: October 2014

Using families as the analytical focus, this study informs the field of informal science education with a focus on the role of prior experiences in family science conversations during nature walks at an outdoor‐based nature center. Through video‐based research, the team analyzed 16 families during walks at a nature center. Each family's prior science learning experience provided conversational strategies for learning together as a social group and when making meaning out of observations in the outdoors. This analysis provides three main findings: (1) families frequently tapped into a vast repertoire of previous experiences during conversations about nature and very often, explicitly sourced a specific prior experience in their dialogue with one another; (2) when families sourced a prior experience, they almost exclusively named an experience from a nonschool setting, with everyday experiences, designed spaces (i.e., informal institutions), and programs for science learning being the most common experiences cited; and (3) families leveraged references to prior experiences during family science conversations to serve four primary facilitation processes in conversation: reminding, prompting, explaining, and orienting. Implications from this study emphasize the importance of referencing previous life experiences during family science conversations as a meaning‐making tool and for additional research on families learning science in outdoor education spaces.
Cranial osteology of Arctognathus curvimola, a short‐snouted gorgonopsian from the Late Permian of South Africa
Authors: Kammerer Christian F.
Published: October 2014

Gorgonopsia is one of the major clades of nonmammalian therapsids and includes the dominant vertebrate predators of the Late Permian. Unfortunately, gorgonopsian taxonomy is extremely problematic, due in large part to the lack of thorough descriptions and clear differential diagnoses for most nominal species. Here, the South African gorgonopsian species Arctognathus curvimola is redescribed based on a well‐preserved skull. Autapomorphies identified for A. curvimola include a characteristic curvature to the alveolar margin of the snout, extremely reduced lacrimal, lengthy upper postcanine tooth row and a unique vomerine morphology. The nominal gorgonopsian species Arctognathoides breviceps and Lycaenodontoides bathyrhinus are considered junior synonyms of A. curvimola. Other referred species of Arctognathus (A. whaitsi, A.? cookei and A.? nasuta) share no unique characters with A. curvimola and are removed from the genus; their generic placement is uncertain at present. Previous reports of Arctognathus from Tanzania and the Middle Permian of South Africa are not referable to this taxon. At present, definitive specimens of A. curvimola are restricted to the Upper Permian Cistecephalus and Dicynodon assemblage zones of South Africa.
Influence of Al2O3 Content on Liquid Phase Proportion and Fluidity of Primary Slag and Final Slag in Blast Furnace
Authors: Wu Shengli , Huang Wei , Kou Mingyin , Liu Xinliang , Du Kaiping , Zhang Kaifa
Published: October 2014

The objective of this study is to understand the influence of Al2O3 on blast furnace operation by studying the properties of primary slag and final slag. The effects of Al2O3 on liquidus temperature, liquid phase proportion and fluidity in the CaO–MgO–SiO2–Al2O3–FeO quinary slag system have been discussed in this paper. The results show that the influence of Al2O3 on primary slag is decreasing the liquidus temperature and increasing the proportion of liquid phase, which lead to a high‐pressure drop in the blast furnace, while the influence of Al2O3 on final slag is increasing the liquidus temperature and degrading the slag fluidity. It indicates that increasing MgO content will optimize the influence of Al2O3 and the proper MgO content ought to be greater than 9% in the primary slag. In addition, improving the value of CaO/SiO2 will also optimize the influence of Al2O3, but it is not obvious.
Demographic parameters of sexes in an elusive insect: implications for monitoring methods
Authors: Le Gouar Pascaline Juliette , Dubois Glenn François , Vignon Vincent , Brustel Hervé , Vernon Philippe
Published: October 2014

Estimating demographic parameters in rare species is challenging because of the low number of individuals and their cryptic behaviour. One way to address this challenge is to gather data from several regions or years through mark‐release‐recapture (MRR) and radio‐tracking monitoring. However, the comparison of demographic estimates obtained using these methods has rarely been investigated. Using 5 years of intensive MRR and radio‐tracking surveys of an elusive and endangered saproxylic insect, the hermit beetle (Osmoderma eremita), in two regions of France, we aimed to estimate population size at the adult stage for each sex separately and to assess differences in demographic parameter estimates between survey methods. We found that males were approximately three times more likely to be recaptured than females. Taking this into account, we determined that the sex ratio was male‐biased in almost all populations, except in Malus trees, where it was female‐biased. Temporal fluctuations of sex ratios were also detected in one region. The radio‐tracking transmitter (450 mg) allowed only the largest individuals (>2 g) to be targeted. However, we found that, among non‐equipped individuals, the larger males survived better than the smaller males. We also confirmed that transmitter‐equipped individuals survived approximately 25 % better than non‐equipped individuals. Extrapolating the estimates from radio‐tracking surveys to the population scale may result in overly optimistic population projections. Our results revealed large temporal and spatial variations in population size and sex ratios. This knowledge is crucial for predicting the persistence of small populations in fragmented landscapes. This study also questioned the representativeness of radio‐tracking surveys for insect species in estimating demographic parameters at the population scale.
Combining Peyton’s four-step approach and Gagne’s instructional model in teaching slit-lamp examination
Authors: Ng Jia Yu
Published: October 2014

Developing skills in performing basic slit-lamp biomicroscopy is an important element of the ophthalmology undergraduate curriculum. As a doctor working in an ophthalmology department, I often provide slit-lamp teaching for medical students. This paper describes a lesson plan for this technique using Gagne’s nine events of instruction. The presented lesson plan is a combination of Gagne’s nine events of instruction and Peyton’s four-step approach. Gagne’s nine events of instruction correlate with and address the mental conditions of learning when adult learners are presented with various stimuli. Peyton’s four-step approach is a model for teaching practical skills that consists of demonstration, deconstruction, explanation, and performance. This article describes a slit-lamp biomicroscopy teaching session using Gagne’s nine events of instruction. Each step is carefully elaborated with relevant activities to suit learners with various learning styles. Peyton’s approach is used to teach the actual skill. This lesson plan is particularly relevant for tutors designing slit-lamp biomicroscopy teaching for undergraduate students, foundation doctors, general practitioners and emergency department staff. Ultimately, this lesson plan also serves as a model that is applicable for acquiring many other practical skills. The flexible adoption of Gagne’s nine events of instruction in combination with other teaching models helps in the planning of effective teaching sessions.
Brief report: Play fighting to curb self‐reported aggression in young adolescents
Authors: Carraro Attilio , Gobbi Erica , Moè Angelica
Published: October 2014

This study investigated the effects of play fighting on aggressive behaviors. It was hypothesized that the teaching of play fighting during physical education lessons could reduce self‐reported aggression in a group of adolescents to a greater extent than playing volleyball (a low physical contact activity). Participants were 210 young adolescents (mean age = 13.27, SD = 0.48 years) from 10 classrooms that were randomly assigned to an 8‐lesson play fighting session or to traditional volleyball lessons. They filled in the 12‐item short version of the Aggression Questionnaire (AQ‐12) pre‐ and post‐interventions. The play fighting group showed a significant reduction in all the four subscales of the AQ‐12 (Cohen d ranging from 0.61 to 0.67), while participants in the volleyball group did not. Results suggest that play fighting might provide useful contents in a physical education curriculum, with possible reduction in aggressive behavior.
THERE IS NO KNOWLEDGE FROM FALSEHOOD
Authors: Schnee Ian
Published: October 2014

A growing number of authors defend putative examples of knowledge from falsehood (KFF), inferential knowledge based in a critical or essential way on false premises, and they argue that KFF has important implications for many areas of epistemology (whether evidence can be false, the Gettier debate, defeasibility theories of knowledge, etc.). I argue, however, that there is no KFF, because in any supposed example either the falsehood does not contribute to the knowledge or the subject lacks knowledge. In particular, I show that if the subject actually has knowledge in putative KFF cases, then there is always a veridical evidential path meeting the basing conditions that accounts for her knowledge; if there is no such path, then the subject is in a type of Gettier case. All the recent arguments that rely on KFF are therefore based on a mistake.
Linear and weakly nonlinear instability of a premixed curved flame under the influence of its spontaneous acoustic field
Authors: Assier Raphaël C. , Wu Xuesong
Published: October 2014

The stability of premixed flames in a duct is investigated using an asymptotic formulation, which is derived from first principles and based on high-activation-energy and low-Mach-number assumptions (Wu et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 497, 2003, pp. 23–53). The present approach takes into account the dynamic coupling between the flame and its spontaneous acoustic field, as well as the interactions between the hydrodynamic field and the flame. The focus is on the fundamental mechanisms of combustion instability. To this end, a linear stability analysis of some steady curved flames is undertaken. These steady flames are known to be stable when the spontaneous acoustic perturbations are ignored. However, we demonstrate that they are actually unstable when the latter effect is included. In order to corroborate this result, and also to provide a relatively simple model guiding active control, we derived an extended Michelson–Sivashinsky equation, which governs the linear and weakly nonlinear evolution of a perturbed flame under the influence of its spontaneous sound. Numerical solutions to the initial-value problem confirm the linear instability result, and show how the flame evolves nonlinearly with time. They also indicate that in certain parameter regimes the spontaneous sound can induce a strong secondary subharmonic parametric instability. This behaviour is explained and justified mathematically by resorting to Floquet theory. Finally we compare our theoretical results with experimental observations, showing that our model captures some of the observed behaviour of propagating flames.
Undulatory swimming in shear-thinning fluids: experiments withCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Gagnon D. A. , Keim N. C. , Arratia P. E.
Published: October 2014

The swimming behaviour of micro-organisms can be strongly influenced by the rheology of their fluid environment. In this article, we experimentally investigate the effects of shear-thinning (ST) viscosity on the swimming behaviour of an undulatory swimmer, the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans. Tracking methods are used to measure the swimmer’s kinematic data (including propulsion speed) and velocity fields. We find that ST viscosity modifies the velocity fields produced by the swimming nematode but does not modify the nematode’s speed and beating kinematics. Velocimetry data show significant enhancement in local vorticity and circulation and an increase in fluid velocity near the nematode’s tail. These findings are compared with recent theoretical and numerical results.
Reynolds number scaling of inertial particle statistics in turbulent channel flows
Authors: Bernardini Matteo
Published: October 2014

The effect of the Reynolds number on the behaviour of inertial particles in wall-bounded turbulent flows is investigated through large-scale direct numerical simulations (DNS) of particle-laden canonical channel flow spanning almost a decade in the friction Reynolds number, from $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\mathit{Re}_{\tau } = 150$ to $\mathit{Re}_{\tau } = 1000$. Lagrangian particle tracking is used to study the motion of six different particle sets, described by a Stokes number in the range $\mathit{St} = 1\text {--}1000$. At all Reynolds numbers a strong segregation in the near-wall region is observed for particles characterized by intermediate Stokes number, in the range $\mathit{St} =10\text {--}100$. The wall-normal concentration profiles of such particles collapse in inner scaling, thus suggesting the independence of the turbophoretic drift from the large-scale outer motions. This observation is also supported by the spatial organization of the suspended phase in the inner layer, which is found to be universal with the Reynolds number. The deposition rate coefficient increases with $\mathit{Re}_{\tau }$ for a given $\mathit{St}$. Suitable inner and outer scalings are proposed to collapse the deposition curves across the available ranges of Reynolds and Stokes numbers for the different deposition regimes.
Transverse dam-break waves
Authors: Ghannadi S. Karimpour , Chu Vincent H.
Published: October 2014

Numerical simulations of the transverse dam-break waves (TDWs) produced by the sudden removal of a gate on the side of a waterway are conducted based on the shallow-water equations to find solutions to a family of water-diversion problems. The Froude numbers in the main flow identify the members of the family. The depth and discharge profiles are analysed in terms of Ritter’s similarity variable. For subcritical main flow, the waves are comprised of a supercritical flow expansion followed by a subcritical outflow. For supercritical main flow, on the other hand, the waves are analogous to the Prandtl–Meyer expansion in gas dynamics. The diversion flow rate of two-dimensional TDWs on a flat bed is 55 % greater than the one-dimensional flow rate of Ritter in the limiting case of zero main flow, and approaches the rate of Ritter in the other limit when the value of the Froude number in the main flow approaches infinity. The diversion flow rate over a weir is generally higher than the rate over a flat bed depending on the Froude number of the main flow. These numerical simulation results are consistent with laboratory observations.
REFLECTIONS ON RELIGIOUS DIFFERENCE AND PERMISSIVE INCLUSION IN MUGHAL LAW
Authors: Chatterjee Nandini
Published: October 2014

This article investigates the “pre-history” of the colonial and postcolonial personal (status) laws of India, which tie religious identity with legal status, particularly in matters of family law. It examines the concept of law and legal jurisdictions in Mughal India (1526-early eighteenth century; officially 1857): a unique political formation in which an Islamic state ruled over a populace which was predominantly non-Muslim. Using Mughal official orders, Persian-language legal documents produced between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries, and Persian-language legal formularies, the article proposes that despite frequent local delegation, the Mughals, their officials, and their subjects did not conceive of law as divided up into several religion-based jurisdictions. Instead, an inclusive operationalization ofshariʿa1(Islamic moral code, in a more specific sense Islamic law) appears to have popularized Islamic legal concepts and forms, and a host of pragmatic concerns attracted many who were not Muslims to the courts of the imperially appointedqazis(Islamic judges). Based on this evidence, this article proposes that Mughal India represents an instance of widespread “permissive inclusion” intoshariʿa, whereby in non-criminal matters theqazis' courts allowed and attracted, but did not require, all Mughal subjects to avail of their civil jurisdiction. This proposition is examined further in connection with the acrid debates between late Mughal administrators (particularly, Muhammad Reza Khan of Bengal) and their British overlords. It is thus suggested that while instituting colonial rule in the late eighteenth century, British imperialists also introduced a new concept of religion-based distribution of legal authority to India.
Oxytocin and vasopressin levels are decreased in the plasma of male schizophrenia patients
Authors: Jobst Andrea , Dehning Sandra , Ruf Simone , Notz Tobias , Buchheim Anna , Henning-Fast Kristina , Meißner Dominik , Meyer Sebastian , Bondy Brigitta , Müller Norbert , Zill Peter
Published: October 2014

Objective

Impaired social functioning and autistic symptoms are characteristics of schizophrenia. The social hormones oxytocin (OT) and arginine-vasopressin (AVP) both modulate social interaction and therefore may be involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. We investigated whether men with schizophrenia show altered OT and AVP levels compared with healthy controls (HC) and whether autism symptoms are associated with OT levels.

Methods

Forty-one men with non-acute schizophrenia and 45 matched HC were enroled. Schizophrenia was assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Blood samples were collected on 2 days, and plasma OT and AVP levels were measured by ELISA immunoassay.

Results

The schizophrenia patients had significantly lower plasma OT levels than the HC; a similar trend was found for AVP. Plasma OT levels were associated with severe life events, fewer important attached persons, and a higher score on the PANSS negative scale; the most dominant PANSS items were ‘preoccupation’, ‘emotional withdrawal’, and ‘passive/apathetic social withdrawal’.

Conclusion

These findings support an association between the social hormones OT and AVP and schizophrenia. We suggest that OT metabolism may be altered in schizophrenia, but other possible causes for decreased plasma OT levels in schizophrenia patients include decreased OT synthesis, mRNA expression, and translation. Especially the ‘autistic’ symptoms of schizophrenia seem to be closely linked to an altered metabolism of OT, the ‘attachment’ hormone.
The Circulation of Interpersonal Credit in Renaissance Florence
Authors: McLean Paul D. , Gondal Neha
Published: October 2014

We analyze a network of 3,590 interpersonal credit ties among Renaissance Florentine elite households to determine how Florentine personal credit was socially structured. We assess the network in light of various social and economic motivations Florentines might have had to exchange credit with each other. We explore the extent of participation by people from different categories, such as neighborhoods, factions, and guilds, and we determine whether loans flowed primarily within or between such groupings. We observe considerable homophily within families and neighborhoods, but also extensive circulation of credit among the most commercially and politically active Florentines. The overall connectivity of this network of interpersonal credit transactions resembles the social structure of other contemporaneous Florentine networks, such as marriage and business, suggesting that interpersonal credit was an important and distinct domain in which elite membership was confirmed and elite social solidarity achieved.
Associations between the dietary intake of antioxidant nutrients and the risk of hip fracture in elderly Chinese: a case–control study
Authors: Sun Li-li , Li Bao-lin , Xie Hai-li , Fan Fan , Yu Wei-zhong , Wu Bao-hua , Xue Wen-qiong , Chen Yu-ming
Published: October 2014

The role of oxidative stress in skeletal health is unclear. The present study investigated whether a high dietary intake of antioxidant nutrients (vitamins C and E, β-carotene, animal-derived vitamin A, retinol equivalents, Zn and Se) is associated with a reduced risk of hip fracture in elderly Chinese. This 1:1 matched case–control study involved 726 elderly Chinese with hip fracture and 726 control subjects, recruited between June 2009 and May 2013. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to determine habitual dietary intakes of the above-mentioned seven nutrients based on a seventy-nine-item FFQ and information on various covariates, and an antioxidant score was calculated. After adjustment for potential covariates, dose-dependent inverse associations were observed between the dietary intake of vitamin C, vitamin E, β-carotene, and Se and antioxidant score and the risk of hip fracture (P for trend ≤ 0·005). The OR of hip fracture for the highest (v. lowest) quartile of intake were 0·39 (95 % CI 0·28, 0·56) for vitamin C, 0·23 (95 % CI 0·16, 0·33) for vitamin E, 0·51 (95 % CI 0·36, 0·73) for β-carotene, 0·43 (95 % CI 0·26, 0·70) for Se and 0·24 (95 % CI 0·17, 0·36) for the antioxidant score. A moderate-to-high dietary intake of retinol equivalents in quartiles 2–4 (v. 1) was found to be associated with a lower risk of hip fracture (OR range: 0·51–0·63, P< 0·05). No significant association was observed between dietary Zn or animal-derived vitamin A intake and hip fracture risk (P for trend >0·20). In conclusion, a higher dietary intake of vitamins C and E, β-carotene, and Se and a moderate-to-high dietary intake of retinol equivalents are associated with a lower risk of hip fracture in elderly Chinese.
DOES LOWER SUBJECTIVE SOCIAL STATUS YIELD RISKIER BIOMARKER PROFILES?
Authors: GERSTEN OMER , TIMIRAS PAOLA S. , BOYCE W. THOMAS
Published: October 2014

Both objective and, more recently, subjective measures of low social status have been linked to poor health outcomes. It is unclear, however, through which precise physiological mechanisms such standing may influence health, although it has been proposed that those of lower status may have biomarker profiles that are more dysregulated (and hence pose a greater risk for poorer health). The main objective of this study was to investigate whether lower subjective social standing is associated with riskier neuroendocrine biomarker profiles. Data were from the Social Environment and Biomarkers of Aging Study (SEBAS), a nationally representative survey of Taiwanese men and women (ages 54–91) conducted in Taiwan in 2000. Five neuroendocrine markers (cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine) were analysed both separately and collectively in an index termed neuroendocrine allostatic load (NAL) in relation to status – both self-reported and as measured through objective socioeconomic status (SES) indicators. For the biomarker DHEAS, some connection was found between its levels and the measures of status, but for the other markers and the NAL index almost no connection was found. The overall negative finding of this paper would be further supported with more and different measures of neuroendocrine system function and a reordering of the subjective social status questions in the survey such that the one probing about status in the community (that has no prompt) was asked before the one probing about status in all of Taiwan (which has a SES prompt).
Dusty plasmas over the Moon
Authors: Popel Sergey I. , Zelenyi Lev M.
Published: October 2014

The results on dusty plasmas over the Moon are reviewed. The problems concerning the dusty plasma over the lunar surface are formulated.
Redescription ofTerebellides stroemii(Polychaeta, Trichobranchidae) and designation of a neotype
Authors: Parapar J. , Hutchings P.A.
Published: October 2014

Terebellides stroemiiSars, 1835, the type species of the genus, was originally described from the south-west coast of Norway. Over the past 170 plus years this species has been reported from around the world often without a detailed description; in some cases, schematic illustrations of the anterior end with the distinctive branchiae were given. Identifications were likely based mainly on the branchiae consisting of 4–5 lobes but recent work has shown that this character alone has led to misidentifications and confusion of a number of morphologically similar species. Michael Sars (1835) did not designate type specimens for this species. In order to provide an accurate definition of the genus it is necessary to redescribe and characterize the type species including the designation of a neotype. This will provide a baseline against which the potentially undescribed sibling species in the area can be compared and fully described. A large collection of specimens identified asT. stroemiifrom locations along the coasts of Norway was studied in the Natural History Museum, University of Oslo. This has prompted us to locate material collected by M. Sars (1835) from the vicinity of the type locality and to designate a neotype and provide a comprehensive description of the type species of the genus.
Material deprivation and social exclusion of children: lessons from measurement attempts among children in Israel
Authors: GROSS-MANOS DAPHNA
Published: October 2014

Measuring child poverty using a ‘poverty threshold’ has many drawbacks. Thus, this study sought to develop two alternative measures, a material deprivation index and a social exclusion measure. These new measures were developed and tested using data from the first wave of the International Survey of Children's Well-Being in Israel among twelve-year-olds. The results show it is possible to develop child-centered material deprivation and social exclusion measures that are valid and reliable. The measures can help policy makers decide on priorities and create policies that better meet the needs of children.
Adaptive backstepping control for parallel robot with uncertainties in dynamics and kinematics
Authors: Zou Jing , Schueller John K.
Published: October 2014

It is common in robot tracking control that controllers are designed based on the exact kinematic model of the robot manipulator. However, because of measurement errors and changes of states in practice, the original kinematic model is often no longer accurate and will degrade the control result. An adaptive backstepping controller is designed here for parallel robot systems with kinematics and dynamics uncertainties. Backstepping control is used to manage the transformation between the errors in task space and joint space. Adaptive control is utilized to compensate for uncertainties in both dynamics and kinematics. The controller demonstrated good performance in simulation.
An adaptive actuator failure compensation scheme for a cooperative manipulator system
Authors: Rugthum Thummaros , Tao Gang
Published: October 2014

This paper develops a new adaptive actuator failure compensation algorithm for the control of a cooperative robotic system subject to uncertain actuator failures. The benchmark robotic system has two manipulators to balance a rigid platform, and the right-side manipulator contains one actuator and the left-side manipulator has two actuators (one of which may fail during system operation, but it is uncertain how much, when and which actuator may fail). The developed adaptive actuator failure compensation scheme, based on adaptive integration of three individual failure compensators and direct adaptation of controller parameters, is capable of ensuring desired closed-loop stability and asymptotic output tracking, despite the failure uncertainties. Such an adaptive actuator failure compensation method is extended to control of a general cooperative robotic system. Simulation results are shown to verify the desired adaptive failure compensation control performance.
The Genesis of the Decca Navigator System
Authors: Blanchard Walter
Published: October 2014

The Decca Navigator System was very unusual among radio-navigation systems in that the entire system was championed and marketed by a commercial company. How it came about was also unusual – it was neither the product of market research nor a military specification. It was a solution to one of the major problems of the 1930s facing those who attempted to use radio methods for the location of vehicles, that of measuring extremely small time intervals. The problem was eventually solved by pulse methods (radar), which were kept very secret at the time, but Decca offered an alternative particularly suited to marine navigation because of its use of low frequencies. No matter how good a technical solution, many systems fail if they are not actively supported by proper marketing and in this Decca Navigator was fortunate to have the backing of a major British company, the Decca Record Company. This paper describes the inception, wartime trials and eventual acceptance into general marine use of Decca Navigator. Some previously unpublished historical material from the company archives is included.
Hydrography of Marian Cove, King George Island, West Antarctica: implications for ice-proximal sedimentation during summer
Authors: Yoo Kyu-Cheul , Kyung Lee Min , Il Yoon Ho , Il Lee Yong , Yoon Kang Cheon
Published: October 2014

During the summer, from 1996–2000, vertical profiles of conductivity, temperature and transmissivity were obtained near the tidewater glacier of Marian Cove, King George Island, Antarctic Peninsula. The aims for the study were to determine the short-term variations of water structure due to hydrographic forcings and to understand sedimentation of suspended particulate matter in Antarctic fjord environments. Four distinct water layers were identified in the ice-proximal zone of the cove: i) a surface layer composed of cold and turbid meltwater, ii) a relatively warm Maxwell Bay inflow layer with characteristics of outer fjord water, iii) a turbid/cold mid-depth layer (40–70 m) originating from subglacial discharge, and iv) a deep layer comprised of the remnant winter water. The main factor influencing the characteristics of glacial meltwater layers and driving deposition of suspended particles in the cove is tidal forcing coupled with wind stress. The relatively small amount of meltwater discharge in Marian Cove yields low accumulation rates of non-biogenic sedimentary particles in the cove. The response to north-western and western winds, coupled with flood tide, may promote settling and sedimentation of suspended particles from turbid layers in the ice-proximal zone of the cove.
Water from fruit or the river? Examining hydration strategies and gastrointestinal illness among Tsimane’ adults in the Bolivian Amazon
Authors: Rosinger Asher , Tanner Susan
Published: October 2014

Objective

Water is an essential nutrient overlooked in many cross-cultural studies of human nutrition. The present article describes dietary water intake patterns among forager-horticulturalist adults in lowland Bolivia, compares daily intake with international references and examines if variation in how people acquire water relates to gastrointestinal illness.

Design

Cross-sectional observational study used survey, anthropometric and qualitative methods with Tsimane’ adults selected by age and sex stratification sampling in one community.

Setting

Research occurred in one Tsimane’ village in the Beni department, Bolivia with limited access to clean water. The 24 h diet and health recalls were conducted in July–August 2012 and qualitative interviews/ethnographic observation in September–October 2013.

Subjects

Forty-five Tsimane’ household heads (49 % men) took part in the first data collection and twenty-two Tsimane’ (55 % men) were included in the follow-up interviews.

Results

Men and women reported consuming 4·9 litres and 4·4 litres of water daily from all dietary sources, respectively. On average, water from foods represented 50 % of total water intake. Thirteen per cent of participants reported symptoms of gastrointestinal illness. In a logistic regression model adjusted for age, BMI, sex and raw water consumed, each percentage increase in water obtained from foods was associated with a reduced risk of gastrointestinal illness (OR=0·92; 95 % CI 0·85, 0·99).

Conclusions

Both total water intake and percentage of water from foods were higher than averages in industrialized countries. These findings suggest that people without access to clean water may rely on water-rich foods as a dietary adaptation to reduce pathogen exposures.
Dynamic Modeling and Simulation of Rough Cylindrical Micro/Nanoparticle Manipulation with Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Korayem Moharam H. , Badkoobeh Hezaveh Hedieh , Taheri Moein
Published: October 2014

In this paper, the process of pushing rough cylindrical micro/nanoparticles on a surface with an atomic force microscope (AFM) probe is investigated. For this purpose, the mechanics of contact involving adhesion are studied first. Then, a method is presented for estimating the real area of contact between a rough cylindrical particle (whose surface roughness is described by the Rumpf and Rabinovich models) and a smooth surface. A dynamic model is then obtained for the pushing of rough cylindrical particles on a surface with an AFM probe. Afterwards, the process is simulated for different particle sizes and various roughness dimensions. Finally, by reducing the length of the cylindrical particle, the simulation condition is brought closer to the manipulation condition of a smooth spherical particle on a rough substrate, and the simulation results of the two cases are compared. Based on the simulation results, the critical force and time of manipulation diminish for rough particles relative to smooth ones. Reduction in the aspect ratio at a constant cross-section radius and the radius of asperities (height of asperities based on the Rabinovich model) results in an increase in critical force and time of manipulation.
A New Method for Morphometric Analysis of Opal Phytoliths from Plants
Authors: Out Welmoed A. , Pertusa Grau José F. , Madella Marco
Published: October 2014

Micro-morphometry has substantially gained ground in the field of phytolith analysis, but the comparability of results is limited due to the use of different methods. This paper presents a new, user-friendly method based on open-source software (FIJI) that is proposed as a step towards the introduction of a standard method. After obtaining a mask of a phytolith by making a digital drawing, 27 commonly used variables of size and shape are measured automatically. This method is not only useful for phytolith analysis, but may also be used for other fields of morphometric research. Users can furthermore customize the software tool when additional variables are required.
Sainfoin seeds in organic diets for weaned piglets—utilizing the protein-rich grains of a long-known forage legume
Authors: Baldinger L. , Hagmüller W. , Minihuber U. , Matzner M. , Zollitsch W.
Published: October 2014

Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) is a tanniniferous legume that has been used as non-bloating forage for horses and ruminants for centuries, but so far its protein-rich seeds have not been utilized as a feedstuff for monogastric animals. In Europe, the main protein sources in diets for organic pigs are the grain legumes faba beans (Vicia faba) and peas (Pisum sativum), alongside the expensive high-quality components soybean cake, skimmed milk powder and potato protein. Because of the scarce supply of organic soybean cake and the highly variable yield of peas, alternative and locally produced protein sources are of great interest. As part of the EU Core Organic II research project ICOPP (improved contribution of local feed to support 100% organic feed supply to pigs and poultry), sainfoin seeds have been tested as a protein source for organic weaned piglets. In a feeding trial, a control diet, one diet containing 10% sainfoin seeds with hulls and two diets with 10 and 16% dehulled seeds, respectively (as fed basis) were fed to 137 piglets (crosses of [Pietrain×Duroc]×[Landrace×Large White]) during the 4-week post-weaning phase. The protein-rich components of the control diet were peas and soybean cake, which were partly substituted for sainfoin seeds in the experimental diets. Sainfoin seeds were found to contain 279 g kg−1 crude protein (388 g kg−1 when dehulled, as fed basis) with an amino acid profile suitable for pig feeding. Neither feed intake and body weight gain nor feed conversion ratio differed between treatments. It is concluded that sainfoin seeds can be a valuable protein source in moderate percentages of 10–16% in organic diets for weaned piglets. Where sainfoin can be cultivated easily and the seeds are harvested, using them as feed for piglets can therefore be recommended.
SELF-REFERENCE IN ARITHMETIC I
Authors: HALBACH VOLKER , VISSER ALBERT
Published: October 2014

A Gödel sentence is often described as a sentence saying about itself that it is not provable, and a Henkin sentence as a sentence stating its own provability. We discuss what it could mean for a sentence of arithmetic to ascribe to itself a property such as provability or unprovability. The starting point will be the answer Kreisel gave to Henkin’s problem. We describe how the properties of the supposedly self-referential sentences depend on the chosen coding, the formulae expressing the properties and the way a fixed points for the formulae are obtained. This paper is the first of two papers. In the present paper we focus on provability. In part II, we will consider other properties like Rosser provability and partial truth predicates.
Improved polarization purity for circular microstrip antenna with defected patch surface
Authors: Ghosh Abhijyoti , Ghosh Sudip Kumar , Ghosh Dia , Chattopadhyay Sudipta
Published: October 2014

A simple and compact microstrip antenna of circular geometry with circular cut defected patch surface has been proposed for significant suppression of cross-polarized (XP) radiation compared with maximum co-polarized gain without affecting the co-polarized radiation pattern at its dominant mode. This will enhance the polarization purity in the radiation performance of the proposed antenna. About 27–28 dB isolation between co-polarized and XP radiations is achieved with the proposed structure. The present structure is simple and easy to develop commercially. The investigation of the new structure is carried out with a view to eliminate orthogonal resonance, which is generally attributed for high XP radiation from the microstrip patch antenna with conventional circular geometry. Comprehensive study on the resonance and radiation characteristics of the new geometry is presented. The present investigation provides an insightful visualization-based understanding of XP suppression with the present structure.
p204‐mediated innate antiviral responses in mouse adipose cells and their effects on cell functions
Authors: Yu Lili , Liu Peng , Liu Zhenghui , Zhu Weiwei , Yan Keqin , Chen Qiaoyuan , Han Daishu
Published: October 2014

Viruses can infect adipose tissues. However, innate antiviral responses in adipose cells and their effects on adipocyte function have not yet been intensively investigated. In this study, p204‐initiated innate antiviral responses in mouse adipose cells were examined. Cytosolic DNA sensor p204 and its signaling adaptor stimulator of interferon (IFN) genes (STING) were constitutively expressed in primary preadipocytes. Synthetic herpes simplex viral DNA (HSV60), a p204 ligand, induced type I IFN expression by activating IFN regulatory factor 3. Major antiviral proteins, including IFN‐stimulating gene 15, 2′,5′‐oligoadenylate synthetase and Mx GTPase 1, in preadipocytes were upregulated by HSV60. HSV60‐triggered innate antiviral responses were significantly reduced by inhibition of p204 signaling with specific small interfering RNA targeting p204 or STING. HSV60 inhibited the differentiation of preadipocytes to mature adipocytes and enhanced the proliferation of adipose cells. Moreover, HSV60 induced innate antiviral responses in mature adipocytes and inhibited expressions of several adipokines, including leptin, adiponectin and resistin. These results indicated that p204 initiated innate antiviral responses in adipose cells, thereby modulating adipocyte function.
Overexpression of Jagged‐1 combined with blockade of CD40 pathway prolongs allograft survival
Authors: Lin Yingying , Chen Weili , Li Jiali , Yan Guoliang , Li Chun , Jin Ning , Chen Jie , Gao Chang , Ma Pengfei , Xu Shuangyue , Qi Zhongquan
Published: October 2014

Dendritic cells (DCs) have the tolerogenic potential to regulate adaptive immunity and induce allografts acceptance. Here we investigated whether blockade of the CD40 pathway could enhance the immune tolerance induced by DC2.4 cells modified to express Jagged‐1 (JAG1‐DC) in heart transplantation. Results showed that JAG1‐DC treatment combined with anti‐CD40L monoclonal antibody (mAb) administration significantly prolonged cardiac allograft survival in mice, with long‐term survival (>110 days) of 50% of the allografts in the recipients. The therapy specifically inhibited the immune response, induced alloantigen‐specific T‐cell hyporesponsiveness, upregulated transforming growth factor‐β synthesis and increased the population of regulatory T cells (Tregs) driven by Jagged‐1‐Notch activation. These results highlight the potential application of gene therapy to induce alloantigen‐specific Tregs effectively by providing the Jagged‐1 stimulation.
Adhesion as a weapon in microbial competition
Authors: Schluter Jonas , Nadell Carey D , Bassler Bonnie L , Foster Kevin R
Published: October 2014

Microbes attach to surfaces and form dense communities known as biofilms, which are central to how microbes live and influence humans. The key defining feature of biofilms is adhesion, whereby cells attach to one another and to surfaces, via attachment factors and extracellular polymers. While adhesion is known to be important for the initial stages of biofilm formation, its function within biofilm communities has not been studied. Here we utilise an individual-based model of microbial groups to study the evolution of adhesion. While adhering to a surface can enable cells to remain in a biofilm, consideration of within-biofilm competition reveals a potential cost to adhesion: immobility. Highly adhesive cells that are resistant to movement face being buried and starved at the base of the biofilm. However, we find that when growth occurs at the base of a biofilm, adhesion allows cells to capture substratum territory and force less adhesive, competing cells out of the system. This process may be particularly important when cells grow on a host epithelial surface. We test the predictions of our model using the enteric pathogen Vibrio cholerae, which produces an extracellular matrix important for biofilm formation. Flow cell experiments indicate that matrix-secreting cells are highly adhesive and form expanding clusters that remove non-secreting cells from the population, as predicted by our simulations. Our study shows how simple physical properties, such as adhesion, can be critical to understanding evolution and competition within microbial communities.
CACNA1C risk variant affects reward responsiveness in healthy individuals
Authors: Lancaster T M , Heerey E A , Mantripragada K , Linden D E J
Published: October 2014

The variant at rs1006737 in the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (alpha 1c subunit)CACNA1Cgene is reliably associated with both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. We investigated whether this risk variant affects reward responsiveness because reward processing is one of the central cognitive-motivational domains implicated in both disorders. In a sample of 164 young, healthy individuals, we show a dose-dependent response, where the rs1006737 risk genotype was associated with blunted reward responsiveness, whereas discriminability did not significantly differ between genotype groups. This finding suggests that theCACNA1Crisk locus may have a role in neural pathways that facilitate value representation for rewarding stimuli. Impaired reward processing may be a transdiagnostic phenotype of variation inCACNA1Cthat could contribute to anhedonia and other clinical features common to both affective and psychotic disorders.
Binding studies and anion-selective electrodes with neutral isophthalamide-based receptors
Authors: Más-Montoya Miriam , Cuartero María , Curiel David , Ortuño Joaquín A. , Soledad García M. , Tárraga Alberto
Published: October 2014

The incorporation of neutral and structurally simple isophthalamide-based receptors into plasticised polymeric membrane anion-selective electrodes has afforded devices with a good sensing ability.
Open column, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection and chemometric strategy for investigation of metabolic fingerprints of complex systems
Authors: Justo Raquel , Afonso Sabrina , Bruns Roy E. , Scarminio Ieda S.
Published: October 2014

A new strategy for investigation of metabolic fingerprints in complex systems was developed based on a combination of open column chromatography, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and k-means clustering.
A local proton source in a [Mn(bpy-R)(CO)3Br]-type redox catalyst enables CO2 reduction even in the absence of Brønsted acids
Authors: Franco Federico , Cometto Claudio , Ferrero Vallana Federico , Sordello Fabrizio , Priola Emanuele , Minero Claudio , Nervi Carlo , Gobetto Roberto
Published: October 2014

A novel bromotricarbonyl Mn(i) complex with a local proton source shows strong redox catalytic properties in acetonitrile homogeneous solution even in the absence of Brønsted acids.
Morphological self-assembly of enantiopure allenes for upstanding chiral architectures at interfaces
Authors: Zhang Yi-Qi , Öner Murat Anil , Lahoz Inmaculada R. , Cirera Borja , Palma Carlos-Andres , Castro-Fernández Silvia , Míguez-Lago Sandra , Cid M. Magdalena , Barth Johannes V. , Alonso-Gómez José Lorenzo , Klappenberger Florian
Published: October 2014

Upstanding chiral architectures (UCAs) were fabricated from chiroptically active allenes under surface-confined conditions with morphological complementarity being central to the self-assembly process.