bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study of Characteristics of Greywater Generated from Different Sources of Residential Buildings
Authors: Shamim S.K.
Published: July 2022

The objective of this study is to show how the characteristics of tap water influences the characteristics of the greywater generated from kitchen, bath shower, wash basin, and laundry apart from the usage pattern. Various quantitative techniques have been used to measure pH, alkalinities, hardness, total solids, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, chloride, and electrical conductivity of greywater and tap water. The study shows that greywater generated from the laundry is more polluted as compared to greywater from other sources, which is due to body fluids. The presence of food particles gives a high level of total suspended solids in the greywater coming from the kitchen. The greywater generated from brushing has a low pollution level and lower quantity of total solids, total suspended solids and total hardness as compared to greywater from other sources. The BOD levels for the greywater samples collected are in the range of 2.5 -20.25 mg/L and their quality is also affected by the quality of tap water. These findings show that greywater generated in residential buildings of Jeddah can be reused for non-potable purposes with simple and inexpensive physical treatment at individual buildings.
The Relationship Between Sulphur Dioxide and Trehalose and Their Effect on Some Biochemical Characteristics of Tomato Plants
Authors: Fahad Majid Jasim , Abdullah Asaad Kadhim
Published: July 2022

Sulphur oxide is one of the most serious problems of air pollution on the environment, especially human and plant health. This study was conducted to clarify the effect of sulphur dioxide (SO2) stress on some of the biochemical characteristics of tomato plant, Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. The plants were exposed to three doses of SO2 (0, 5, 10 mg.m-3), the exposure period was inclusive to 1 and 2 hours for each day. In order to reduce the toxicity of sulphur dioxide, the plants were treated by spraying them with trehalose sugar at concentrations of 0,50 and 100 mg.L-1. The results of the experiment showed that increasing the concentration of SO2 as well as increasing its exposure led to an increase in the activity of enzyme antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, SOD; peroxidase, POD; catalase CAT) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (Proline, Vitamin C, Lycopene), while the antioxidant activities decreased when spraying trehalose, especially at concentration 100 mg.L-1. It also recorded a positive effect in mitigating the negative effects of sulphur dioxide stress.
Analysis of Groundwater Flow for Saltwater Interaction Range Using Visual Modflow: A Case Study of Coastal Belt in Srikakulam District of Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Venkata Rao G. , Shiva Kumar P. , Srinivas K.
Published: July 2022

Groundwater flow modeling is one of the important tools to know the direction and magnitude of groundwater flow along the coastal aquifer. A study carried out in the coastal belt of Srikakulam showed a region where there is a probable mixing of ground water with the sea water. In the present investigation, the ground water flow and velocity are determined by using ModFlow Software. The entire study area has been divided into small grids. The wells are identified and located in eight lines perpendicular to the coastal belt. In this investigation, 97 existing wells are selected for carrying out the study. The distribution of the hydraulic head was estimated through a 20-year simulation. The observed results indicate that a considerable advance in seawater intrusion can be expected in the coastal aquifer of the study area. It is concluded that the average velocity of ground water in the Srikakulam coastal belt is 1.1 m/day. The results help to determine the groundwater flow channels and also help to explain the ground water recharge and flow areas in the aquifer.
LncRNA STK4 antisense RNA 1 (STK4-AS1) promoted osteosarcoma by inhibiting p53 expression
Authors: Yao Weitao , Hou Jingyu , Liu Guoqing , Wu Fangxing , Yan Qiang , Guo Liangyu , Wang Chuchu
Published: July 2022

BACKGROUND: LncRNA STK4 antisense RNA 1 (STK4-AS1) has been identified as a potential biomarker associated with multiple cancers. We proposed that STK4-AS1 plays a role in the proliferation of osteosarcoma by regulating the cell cycle. METHODS: We compared the expression of STK4-AS1, p53, and p21 in osteosarcoma vs normal samples in clinical tissues and cell lines. We determined the effect of overexpression and knockdown of STK4-AS1 in p53 expressing osteosarcoma cells U2OS, p53 muted osteosarcoma cells MG63, and osteoblast cells hFOB on p53 and p21 expression and the cell viability. For U2OS and MG63, the cell cycle was analyzed and the expression of cyclin proteins was determined. We overexpressed p53 or p21 in STK4-AS1 overexpressed cells to explore the association of STK4-AS1 and p53 in U2OS. RESULTS: The STK4-AS1 expression was higher and p53 and p21 expression were lower in osteosarcoma tissue and cells than in their non-cancer counterparts. The expression of STK4-AS1 was negatively correlated with the expression of p53 or p21. Knockdown of STK4-AS1 in U2OS decreased the cell viability, increased cells in the G0/G1 phase, decreased cells in the S and G2/M phase, decreased expression of cyclin A and B, increased p53 and p21, and had no effect on cyclin D and cyclin E, while overexpression of STK4-AS1 did the opposes. Overexpression of p53 or p21 recovered some changes caused by STK4-AS1 overexpression in U2OS. MG63 expressed no p53 and the expression of p21, cyclin A, and cyclin B, cell viability, and cell cycle were not affected by altered STK4-AS1 levels. In hFOB cells, the expression of p53 and p21 was decreased and the cell viability was increased when STK4-AS1 was overexpressed, but they were not affected when STK4-AS1 was knocked down. CONCLUSION: LncRNA STK4-AS1 promoted the cell cycle of osteosarcoma cells by inhibiting p53 expression.
Impact of anti-thyroid peroxidase and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies on the gestational outcome of euthyroid pregnancies: A retrospective study
Authors: Beksac Kemal , Donmez Hanife Guler , Cagan Murat , Beksac Mehmet Sinan
Published: July 2022

BACKGROUND: Thyroglobulin (anti-TG) and/or thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) autoantibodies are associated with higher rates of poor gestational outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the impact of anti-TPO and anti-TG autoantibodies on the gestational outcomes of euthyroid pregnant women with a history of poor gestational outcome and thyroid gland disorders. METHODS: This retrospective study included totally 75 euthyroid pregnant, 30 of women with high thyroid autoantibodies (Anti-TPO/Thyroglobulin-positive group) and 45 of them without autoantibodies (control group). RESULTS: We could not demonstrate significant differences between two groups in terms of risk factors/co-morbidities, obstetric complications, gestational outcomes, and birth data (p> 0.05). However, enhanced miscarriage rates were observed among the Anti-TPO/Thyroglobulin-positive and control groups without significance (36.7% and 17.8% respectively, p= 0.116). High neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission rates were found for control and Anti-TPO/Thyroglobulin-positive groups (16.2% and 21.1%, respectively) (p= 0.720). Clinically, we compared the two groups in terms of the existence and the types of goiter (diffuse and nodular), and demonstrated that nodular goiter was statistically more frequent in the control group (40.0% vs. 8.7%, p= 0.015). Alongside, relatively high hereditary thrombophilia and type-2 diabetes mellitus rates were found in the Anti-TPO/Thyroglobulin-positive group (20.0% and 20.0%). CONCLUSION: Thyroid autoantibody positivity is likely a risk factor for early pregnancy loss and NICU admission.
Time-based effects of different duration stretching on calf muscle strength
Authors: Khan Masood , Alghadir Ahmad H.
Published: July 2022

BACKGROUND:

There are conflicting reports on the acute effects of stretching on muscle strength. Some studies report reduction in muscle strength however others report no change following stretching.

OBJECTIVE:

To assess the acute effects of static stretching (SS) of different durations on the isometric maximum voluntary contraction force (MVCF) of the calf muscle.

METHODS:

Pretest-posttest experimental design was used. Ten male participants (mean age 25.4 [Formula: see text] 2.11 years) participated in three experimental trials: SS for 2-minutes (SS[Formula: see text]), 4-minutes (SS[Formula: see text]), and 8-minutes (SS[Formula: see text]). MVCF was measured before, immediately after, at 10- and 20-minutes post-stretch intervals. Each SS trial involved varied repetitions of 30-seconds stretches and 20-seconds relaxation periods. The isometric maximum voluntary contraction force (MVCF) was the outcome measure.

RESULTS:

SS[Formula: see text], SS[Formula: see text], and SS[Formula: see text] did not change the MVCF at 0-, 10- and 20-minutes post stretching intervals ([Formula: see text] 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS:

2-, 4-, and 8-minutes intermittent SS did not change the isometric muscle strength in the calf muscle up to 20-minutes after stretching and thus can safely be performed before those sporting events that require significant muscle strength.
Association of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Burden with Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Non-Demented Elderly: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Cao Qiao-Ling ,   Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Sun Yan , Hu Hao , Wang Zuo-teng , Tan Lan , Yu Jin-Tai
Published: July 2022

Background: The links between cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) burden and neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) have not been fully studied. Objective: We aimed to explore the associations of the CSVD burden with Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) total scores and its subsyndromes in the elderly without dementia. Methods: We investigated 630 non-demented participants from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. All of them had NPI assessments and 3 Tesla MRI scans at baseline and 616 had longitudinal NPI assessments during the follow-up. Linear mixed-effects models were used to investigate the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of CSVD burden with NPI total scores and its subsyndromes. Results: Higher CSVD burden longitudinally predicted more serious neuropsychiatric symptoms, including NPS (p < 0.0001), hyperactivity (p = 0.0006), affective symptoms (p = 0.0091), and apathy (p < 0.0001) in the total participants. Lacunar infarcts (LIs), white matter hyperactivities (WMHs), and cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) might play important roles in the occurrence of NPS, since they were longitudinally associated with specific neuropsychiatric subsyndromes. LIs contributed to hyperactivity (p = 0.0092), psychosis (p = 0.0402), affective symptoms (p = 0.0156), and apathy (p < 0.0001). WMHs were associated with hyperactivity (p = 0.0377) and apathy (p = 0.0343). However, CMBs were only related to apathy (p = 0.0141). Conclusion: CSVD burden was associated with multiple neuropsychiatric symptoms, suggesting the importance of monitoring and controlling vascular risk factors. Different markers of CSVD were associated with specific subsyndromes of NPS, suggesting that different markers tended to occur in different encephalic regions.
Salivary Proteomics Reveals Significant Changes in Relation to Alzheimer’s Disease and Aging
Authors: Contini Cristina , Serrao Simone , Manconi Barbara , Olianas Alessandra , Iavarone Federica , Bizzarro Alessandra , Masullo Carlo , Castagnola Massimo , Messana Irene , Diaz Giacomo , Cabras Tiziana
Published: July 2022

Background: Aging is a risk factor for several pathologies as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Great interest exists, therefore, in discovering diagnostic biomarkers and indicators discriminating biological aging and health status. To this aim, omic investigations of biological matrices, as saliva, whose sampling is easy and non-invasive, offer great potential. Objective: Investigate the salivary proteome through a statistical comparison of the proteomic data by several approaches to highlight quali-/quantitative variations associated specifically either to aging or to AD occurrence, and, thus, able to classify the subjects. Methods: Salivary proteomic data of healthy controls under-70 (adults) and over-70 (elderly) years old, and over-70 AD patients, obtained by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, were analyzed by multiple Mann-Whitney test, Kendall correlation, and Random-Forest (RF) analysis. Results: Almost all the investigated proteins/peptides significantly decreased in relation to aging in elderly subjects, with or without AD, in comparison with adults. AD subjects exhibited the highest levels of α-defensins, thymosin β4, cystatin B, S100A8 and A9. Correlation tests also highlighted age/disease associated differences. RF analysis individuated quali-/quantitative variations in 20 components, as oxidized S100A8 and S100A9, α-defensin 3, P-B peptide, able to classify with great accuracy the subjects into the three groups. Conclusion: The findings demonstrated a strong change of the salivary protein profile in relation to the aging. Potential biomarkers candidates of AD were individuated in peptides/proteins involved in antimicrobial defense, innate immune system, inflammation, and in oxidative stress. RF analysis revealed the feasibility of the salivary proteome to discriminate groups of subjects based on age and health status.
An energy-efficient quorum-based locking protocol by omitting meaningless methods on object replicas
Authors: Enokido Tomoya , Duolikun Dilawaer , Takizawa Makoto
Published: July 2022

In current information systems, a huge number of IoT (Internet of Things) devices are interconnected with various kinds of networks like WiFi and 5G networks. A large volume of data is gathered into servers from a huge number of IoT devices and is manipulated to provide application services. Gathered data is encapsulated along with methods to manipulate the data as an object like a database system. In object-based systems, each application is composed of multiple objects. In addition, each object is replicated on multiple physical servers in order to increase availability, reliability, and performance of an application service. On the other hand, replicas of each object is required to be mutually consistent in presence of multiple transactions. Here, a larger amount of electric energy and computation resources are consumed in physical servers than non-replication approaches to serialize conflicting transactions on multiple replicas. Many algorithms to synchronize conflicting transactions are so far proposed like 2PL (Two-Phase Locking) and TO (Timestamp Ordering). However, the electric energy consumption is not considered. In this paper, an EEQBL-OMM (Energy-Efficient Quorum-Based Locking with Omitting Meaningless Method) protocol is newly proposed to reduce not only the average execution time of each transaction but also the total electric energy consumption of servers by omitting the execution of meaningless methods on replicas of each object. Evaluation results show the total electric energy consumption of servers, the average execution time of each transaction, and the number of aborted instances of transactions in the EEQBL-OMM protocol can be on average reduced to 79%, 62%, and 80% of the ECLBQS (Energy Consumption Laxity-Based Quorum Selection) protocol which is proposed in our previous studies in a homogeneous set of servers, respectively. In addition, the evaluation results show the total electric energy consumption of servers, the average execution time of each transaction, and the number of aborted instances of transactions in the EEQBL-OMM protocol can be on average reduced to 73%, 50%, and 67% of the ECLBQS protocol in a heterogeneous set of servers, respectively. The evaluation results also show at most 48% and 51% of the total number of methods can be omitted as meaningless methods in a homogeneous set and heterogeneous set of servers, respectively, in the EEQBL-OMM protocol.
A comprehensive approach to predict auction prices and economic value creation of cricketers in the Indian Premier League (IPL)
Authors: Malhotra Gaurav
Published: July 2022

The Indian Premier League (IPL), the most successful cricket tournament in India, has immensely grown in popularity. Unlike similar tournaments like Major League Baseball and the UEFA Champions League, their models cannot be replicated due to the dynamic pricing nature of player auctions. The research intends to generate a predictive model that predicts the auction price of a player using key quantitative variables. The players were categorised by batsmen, bowlers, and all-rounders. Due to the holistic hedonic nature of the model, equations were formed to predict a player’s future performance, in terms of measurable points, and to extrapolate economic value creation given a budget constraint. This study provides insights on the player’s economic value by comparing the auction price paid vs. the player’s actual performance. This new approach to modelling in cricket games not only aims to produce more accurate results using the hedonic pricing method, but also enlightens an introduction to a more holistic modelling process to intricately understand the profiting avenues for team owners to reverse-engineer value additions of players at each level and position. Finally, this model, which considers the factors an IPL franchise would, is being designed to be utilised in future IPL auctions.
Computer-usage and associated musculoskeletal discomfort in college students
Authors: Pattath Priyadarshini , Webb Lisa
Published: July 2022

BACKGROUND: High use of computers among college students and the resulting musculoskeletal disorders raises concerns regarding healthy usage patterns. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to examine college student’s computer usage and related musculoskeletal discomfort. METHODS: A sample of 338 college students completed a cross-sectional survey consisting of demographic questions, musculoskeletal discomfort indicators and questions regarding computer use. RESULTS: The sample included 232 (68.6%) females and 106 (31.3%) males. 61% students had reported discomfort during or after working using computers with greatest discomfort in the neck (68.5%) and lower back (66%). Female students were more likely than male students to report any musculoskeletal discomfort (66% vs 51%), p < .05. Sitting duration, awkward postures and length of time (more than eight hours) were significantly associated with musculoskeletal discomfort (R2 = 0.24, p < .01). CONCLUSION: Most female college students reported musculoskeletal discomfort during or after computer use. Daily use of computer for more than eight hours, assuming awkward postures and sitting for long duration without breaks were found to be significantly related to musculoskeletal discomfort. Emphasizing good computing habits in college students to avoid musculoskeletal symptoms in the future will prevent morbidity in future workforce.
Assessment of the elementary school students’ schoolbag weight in the urban environment in Poland: A cross-sectional study carried out as a part of the ‘Lightweight Schoolbag’ and ‘Let’s Get the Kids Moving’ projects
Authors: Górna Sara , Pazdro-Zastawny Katarzyna , Basiak-Rasała Alicja , Krajewska Joanna , Kolator Mateusz , Łesiuk-Krajewska Agnieszka , Kozłowska-Panek Katarzyna , Cichy Ireneusz , Rokita Andrzej , Zatoński Tomasz
Published: July 2022

BACKGROUND: Carrying a properly weighted schoolbag is an important factor in preventing the occurrence of muscular skeletal disorder in early school age children. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this cross- sectional observational study was to examine the schoolbag weight and to determine the percentage of children were carrying overloaded schoolbag. METHODS: The study group included pupils from five primary public schools in Wrocław, Poland. Anthropometrical measurements such body weight (BW) and height were conducted on 650 children (51.1% of boys). Children’s age, gender, Cole’s Index was juxtaposed with schoolbag weight. The mean age of the examined students was 8.7±0.8 years (range 7 to 10 years). RESULTS: The mean schoolbags weight was 3.7±0.92 kg, which represented 13.0±3.8% of pupils’ BW. The percentage of pupils carry the schoolbags weighing more than 10% of their BW was 77.9%. More than a quarter of Polish children carry school backpack above 15% of their BW. The majority (96.8%) had schoolbags which may be carried on both shoulders. A significant negative correlation was observed between relative schoolbag weight and Cole’s Index (rho = –0.44, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The problem of overloaded schoolbags among elementary school children was frequent. Pupils ought to be educated in the proper packing of their school backpacks. Additionally, parents and teachers should pay attention regarding the contents carried by children in their respective schoolbags.
Analysis of the auricles and auricular shape types for ear-related wearables: A study of mainland Chinese sample aged 15–79
Authors: Wang Mengcheng , Fan Hao , Yu Suihuai , Wang Long , Chu Jianjie , Tang Xing , Li Wenhua , Zhao Xiao , Zhang Shuai , Chen Dengkai
Published: July 2022

BACKGROUND: Comprehension of the complex shape of the auricle and how it differs in terms of factors such as sex, age, and side have become an imperative aspect of the fabrication and service delivery of products that are natural, functional, and healthy for users. OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed at providing a clear understanding of the anthropometric characteristics based on age, sex, size, and side and shape type of the auricles of mainland Chinese samples. METHODS: Casting and 3D scanning were employed to obtain eighteen auricular measurement variables from 1120 subjects (aged 15–79). Examination of sex-related and bilateral differences were conducted. Furthermore, factor analysis was employed to establish the factors associated with the variations in auricular shape. Also, hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to classify the auricular shapes of individuals. RESULTS: The auricular inclination angle, conchal depth and tragal height did not exhibit any specific trend across the age groups. No significant bilateral difference was observed in both genders. The auricular shapes were classified into five types according to six major factors. CONCLUSIONS: It was observed that measurement variables of the Chinese auricles changed continuously with age, with most of the linear variables exhibiting a steady increase. The apparent strong association between the auricular types and age groups indicate that a person’s auricular shape may change with age.
Retrieving, Translating, and Archiving, Hubert Ogunde’s Aye
Authors: Aguoru Adedoyin
Published: July 2022

As the rapid evolution into a globalised community progresses, translation across languages becomes a major tool of cross cultural and transnational negotiation. This study is conceived more as a translation of the libretto of Hubert Ogunde’s Ayé for archival and literary purposes.  This is with the understanding that as the contemporary world continues to move centripetally towards globalisation, translation across languages becomes more important than ever. The significance of Hubert Ogunde’s works as precursor to the Nigerian Operatic Alarinjo (Travelling) theatre can only be preserved in translated forms that makes the performance texts retrievable. This paper is divided into five parts: An introduction to the Opera of the Alarinjo School, a synopsis of the opera, Ayé, by Hubert Ogunde, the Translation of the Text of Ayé, the full text of Ayé as produced by Hubert Ogunde in his earliest performance of the opera on stage and a few pictures from the stage performance of Ayé. Hubert Ogunde’s theory, art and performance defined the earliest professional theatrical movement in Nigeria. The preservation of this national theatrical form through translations and storing it in a retrievable format will enhance the preservation of this national treasure.
Az USA fölénye az űrversenyben 2.
Authors: Rezsneki Zsombor
Published: July 2022

Az előző részben kifejtettek alapján biztosan állíthatjuk, hogy az űrprogramokat és az alkalmazott eszközöket tekintve minden ország egy bizonyos ponton rá van utalva egy másik ország erőforrásaira. Ugyanakkor az Egyesült Államok vezető szerepe megkérdőjelezhetetlen. Jelen tanulmányomban ezt a vezető szerepet kívánom gazdasági és egyéb strukturális elemzésekkel bizonyítani, elsődlegesen a fő rivális, Kína szempontjából, egyúttal előkészíteni a tudományos vizsgálatát egy titkos befutónak. Tanulmányomban a gazdasági szerkezet mellett a katonai erő számbavételének jelentőségét, valamint az űrutazással kapcsolatos eszközök globális ellátottságát is bevezetem. A tanulmány célja tovább mélyíteni, bizonyítani a vezető ország és annak imitálói és követői közötti kapcsolat fennállását.
Factors Affecting the Outcome of Lumbar Canal Stenosis Surgery: A Two-year Follow-up Study
Authors:   Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Mirzashahi Babak , Yaseen Khan Furqan Mohammed ,   Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Besharaty Saied ,   Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Bagheri Nima ,   Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Moaveni Amir Kian ,   Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Hasani Satehi Sadegh ,   Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Zarei Mohammad ,   Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Published: July 2022

Background: Lumbar Canal Stenosis (LCS) is the most common reason for spinal surgery in older patients. Identifying factors influencing the outcome of surgical management is important in clinical research. Objectives: This study aims to identify the factors affecting the outcome of surgical management for LCS. Materials & Methods: This prospective non-randomized cohort study was conducted at the spine center of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran, Iran from March 2017 to January 2019 on 135 patients with symptomatic LCS, confirmed by MRI. Clinical and functional outcomes were measured using the 12-Item Short form Health Survey (SF-12), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) the day before surgery, and 12 and 24 months after surgery. Radiographical parameters was assessed by measuring lumbar lordosis, sacral slope, pelvic tilt and pelvic incidence. Results: Of 135 patients, 120 completed the follow-up. Patients treated surgically had significantimprovement in SF-12, ODI and VAS scores after 2 years of follow-up. Higher values of BMI(P=0.031), symptom duration >1 year (P=0.045 for SF-12, P=0.031 for ODI), and smoking(P=0.033 for SF-12, P=0.028 for ODI) were associated with poor outcome. Patients with higher pre-operative SF-12, ODI and VAS scores (P=0.007 for SF-12, P=0.003 for ODI, P=0.050 for VAS) and lower lumbar lordosis (P=0.055) showed significant improvement after surgery. Conclusion: Patients with LCS showed significant improvement in outcomes afterdecompression surgery. Higher values of BMI, symptom duration >1 year, and smokingare associated with poor outcome, while higher pre-operative disability score and lowerlumbar lordosis are associated with better outcome after surgery.
Functional Balance Tests for Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Review Study
Authors:   Department of Corrective Exercises and Sports Injury, Faculty of Physical Education & Sport sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran, Sedaghti Parisa Sedaghti , Asgharzadeh Gita ,   Department of Corrective Exercises and Sports Injury, Faculty of Physical Education & Sport sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran, Zarei Hamed ,   Department of Corrective Exercises and Sports Injury, Faculty of Physical Education & Sport sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
Published: July 2022

Background: Knowledge of the functional balance tests for the patients with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS) may provide useful and accurate information about the balance function of these patients under different situations. Objectives: This study aims to review the functional balance tests for PwMS. Materials and Methods: This is a systematic review. The search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, LILACS, CINAHL, CENTRAL, Web of Science, PEDro, and Google Scholar databases on relevant studies published until November 2021. Results: Twenty-five articles and 25 different tests were found to evaluate the functional balance of PwMS. It was found that the studies used 6 tests to assess the static balance, 13 tests to assess dynamic balance, and 6 multi-item tests to assess functional balance in PwMS. Single-leg stance test, balance error scoring system test and steady stance test is a test battery for static balance; six-spot step test, timed up and go test, and figure-of-8 hop test are better for dynamic balance, and the balance evaluation systems test is a better multiitem test to assess the balance of PwMS by examining the postural control components. Conclusion: Single-limb standing test, balance error scoring system (BESS) test and steady stance test provide accurate data on static balance; six spot step test, Timed Get up and go test and figure-of-8 hop test provide valuable data on the dynamic balance and Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) is a valid test to assess the balance of PwMS from the perspective of the review of posture control components.
Olfactory Dysfunction and Phantosmia in Patients With COVID-19 in Northern Iran
Authors:   Oto-Rhinolaryngology Research Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Amiralmomenin Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran, Nemati Shadman , Faghih Habibi Ali ,   Oto-Rhinolaryngology Research Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Amiralmomenin Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran, Shalchizadeh Makan ,   Oto-Rhinolaryngology Research Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Amiralmomenin Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran, Yaghubi Kalurazi Tofigh ,   Department of Health, Nutrition and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran, Balou Heydar Ali ,   Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical, Sciences, Rasht, Iran, Mashouf Mehryar ,   International Fellow of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons, Arya Hospital, Rasht, Iran, Bagheri Seyed Hamidreza ,   Oto-Rhinolaryngologist, Pars Hospital, Rasht, Iran, Aghsaghloo Vahid ,   Oto-Rhinolaryngology Research Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Amiralmomenin Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran, Lakhani Yasaman Hosseinzadeh ,   Oto-Rhinolaryngology Research Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Amiralmomenin Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Published: July 2022

Background: One of the most common symptoms of COVID-19 infection is Olfactory Dysfunction (OD). Objectives: This study aims to investigate OD and phantosmia in COVID-19 cases from northern Iran. Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, participants were 400 patients with COVID-19 infection in Rasht, Iran from March 2019 to September 2020. All the patients were evaluated in terms of OD and then followed up for 3 months face-to-face, by telephone call, or online. Results: Among 400 patients, 37.75% had OD (19% hyposmia, 10.75% primary phantosmia, and 8% anosmia) during the initiation of the disease, but 121 (30.25%) including nearly 65% of anosmic and/or hyposmic cases reported phantosmia at different time intervals of followup visits. Moreover, 65.38% of patients reported acute onset of OD. The prevalence of OD was significantly higher in patients aged <40 years (P=0.001) and in females (P=0.002). OD improved in about 90% of patients within 3 months. Peripheral oxygen saturation was better in anosmic cases and C-reactive protein level was higher in normosmic cases at their first visit. No significant difference was found in terms of other laboratory results. Conclusion: OD is a common complication of COVID-19 infection, but seems not to be permanent. It is more common in young patients, females, and those with mild COVID-19 infection.
Association Between Serum Electrolyte Disturbances and Glasgow Coma Scale Score in Patients With Diffuse Axonal Injury
Authors:   Department of Neurosurgery, Poursina Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran, Behzadnia Hamid , Dibavand Mesbah ,   Department of Neurosurgery, Poursina Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran, Emamhadi Mohammadreza ,   Brachial Plexus and Peripheral Nerve Injury Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran., Andalib Sasan ,   Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark, Pakseresht Mogharab Mahsa ,   Department of Neurosurgery, Poursina Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran., Khoshsima Naghmeh ,   Department of Neurosurgery, Poursina Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran, Reihanian Zoheir ,   Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Published: July 2022

Background: Appropriate clinical measures to prevent secondary brain damage in traumatic brain injury are of critical importance. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the relationships between serum electrolyte disturbances and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score in patients with Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI) at the time of admission and discharge. Materials & Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, we evaluated 101 patients with DAI having GCS score <15 admitted to Poursina Hospital in Rasht, Iran from 2019 to 2020. Based on the presence or absence of serum potassium (K), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), and zinc (Zn), disturbances on the first day of hospitalization, patients were divided into two study groups of with and without abnormal electrolyte levels. The GCS scores of the two groups at the time of admission and discharge were recorded and the relationship between electrolyte disturbances and GCS score was evaluated. Results: There were no significant differences in the mean GCS score at the time of admission and discharge between patients with and without disturbances in serum Na, K, Zn and Mg levels based on the crude analysis. Regarding the simultaneous effects of the study variables on the GCS score, only Mg serum level exerted a significant impact on the GCS score at the time of admission (P=0.041) and discharge (P=0.017). Conclusion: The GCS score in patients with DAI at the time of admission and discharge has an association with the Mg serum level but not with Na, K, and Zn levels.
Potential Ameliorating Role of Spironolactone in Trastuzumab-induced Cardiotoxicity: A Narrative Review
Authors:   Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran., Ghabousian Amir , Alizadehasl Azin ,   Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Shaheed Rajaie, Tehran, Iran., Ansari Niloufar ,   Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran., Haghazali Mehrdad ,   Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Shaheed Rajaie, Tehran, Iran.
Published: July 2022

Background: Around 20% of breast cancers (BCs) overexpress Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER-2). HER-2 overexpression is associated with increased tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis. Trastuzumab (an anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody) has been reported to improve overall survival in early-stage and metastatic BCs, but at the expense of increasing cardiac morbidity. In the current review study, we aims to discuss the pathogenesis of trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity and the potential ameliorating role of spironolactone in this regard. Methods: The search strategy aimed to identify both published and unpublished studies. First off, we identified keywords and index terms, including trastuzumab, cardiotoxicity, heart failure, and spironolactone to conduct a broad search in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science, using the aforementioned keywords either individually or in combination. Lastly, the reference list of all identified articles was also evaluated. Our study included observational and interventional studies, case-reports, and systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Results: Trastuzumab could deteriorate mitochondrial function and subsequently leads to the accumulation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in cardiomyocytes. Published clinical studies offered conflicting results regarding the efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers in respect of trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity. On the other hand, spironolactone was found to have both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Recent in-vivo studies supported the cardioprotective effect of spironolactone through maintaining mitochondrial ultrastructure and reducing ROS production. Conclusion: Although spironolactone mitigates oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, there is a lack of clinical evidence to support the effectiveness of spironolactone in trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity. Design and implementation of clinical trials are recommended to determine the potential beneficial effects of spironolactone on trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity.
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome: An Unusual Complication of Benzodiazepine Poisoning: A Case Report
Authors:   Department of Medicine, Sharda Hospital, Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India., Punia Vedpal Singh , Mittal Shaavi ,   Department of Medicine, Sharda Hospital, Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India., Shetty Apoorva ,   Department of Medicine, Sharda Hospital, Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India., Bansal Naman ,   Department of Medicine, Sharda Hospital, Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India., Garg Prashant ,   Department of Medicine, Sharda Hospital, Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India., Kumar Prem ,   Department of Medicine, Sharda Hospital, Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India., Pratap Neelabh ,   Department of Medicine, Sharda Hospital, Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Published: July 2022

Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES), also known as Reversible Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome, presents with rapid onset symptoms, including headache, seizures, altered consciousness, and visual disturbance. It is seen most frequently in settings of acute hypertension and is usually related to eclampsia. Only a few cases in the literature described PRES syndrome following benzodiazepines. We present a young male with benzodiazepine poisoning brought to the hospital in a deep coma, hypoxia, acidosis, and shock. Diagnosis of PRES was made on history, clinical examination, and radiologic findings of symmetric bilateral hyperintensities on T2 weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRIs) representing vasogenic edema.
X-ray macromorphological and biochemical assessment of consolidation of fractures of long tubular bones under conditions of osteoreplacement with calcium-phosphate ceramics doped with germanium for osteoporosis in rab-bits
Authors: Todosiuk T. P. , Rublenko M. V. , Vlasenko V. M. , Ulanchych N. V.
Published: July 2022

Among several factors that can cause a violation of the course of reparative osteogenesis, previous diseases associated with a change in the structural and functional state of bone tissue and primarily osteoporosis are considered significant. Osteoporotic fractures are difficult to treat. Along with systemic therapy, locally applied bone substitute materials, particularly unalloyed and alloyed calcium phosphate ceramics with pronounced osteoconductive, osteoinductive, and osteointegration properties. The work aims to evaluate the effect of calcium-phosphate ceramics doped with germanium on post-traumatic bone regeneration in conditions of secondary osteoporosis in rabbits. Experimental osteoporosis in rabbits was induced by administration of 0.4 % dexamethasone solution (KRKA, Slovenia) for 21 days at a dose of 1.2 mg/kg of body weight. Experimental (n = 9) and control (n = 9) groups of animals were formed. Animals of the experimental group had defects replaced with granules of hydroxyapatite ceramics, synthesized based on hydroxyapatite and β-tricalcium phosphate, doped with germanium. In rabbits of the control group, bone defects healed under a blood clot. Blood samples to determine the level of total calcium (Ca) and inorganic phosphorus (P) were taken before surgery and on 7-,14th, 30th, and 60th day of the study. X-ray studies were performed on the RUM-20 X-ray machine on the 14th, 30th, and 60th day of reparative osteogenesis. Radiologically and macromorphologically, it was established that reparative osteogenesis in the experimental animals proceeds more dynamically compared to the control group and is characterized by a high density of bone tissue at the site of the defect already on the 14th day after the injury, a moderate periosteal and early appearance of the endosteal reaction. The content of total calcium in the animals of the experimental group on the 14th day after the injury was 1.3 times (P < 0.001) higher than that of the control and animals before the operation, and on the 30th day, it was 1.2 times (P < 0.001) in accordance. The concentration of inorganic phosphorus (P) on the 14th and 30th days of reparative osteogenesis in animals of the experimental group was 1.1 times (P < 0.05) lower than in control animals, and on the 60th day in 1.4 times (P < 0.01), respectively. Systemic osteoporosis in experimental animals causes a violation of reparative osteogenesis due to the prolongation of the inflammatory-resorptive stage and cartilaginous callus and complicated mineralization of bone regeneration. Calcium-phosphate ceramics is a promising material for replacing bone defects in animals with systemic secondary osteoporosis.
Toxicological evaluation of feeds with different levels of heavy metals using luminescent microorganisms Photobacterium рhosphoreum
Authors: Kurbatska O. V. , Orobchenko O. L.
Published: July 2022

Assessment of the toxicity of pollutants is an integral part of the quality and safety control of the animal feed. Today, when determining the toxicity of a particular substance, alternative methods are increasingly being used, which involve using cell cultures, protozoa, and photobacteria in a toxicological experiment. The bioluminescence effect of bacteria makes it possible to use them as a substitute for laboratory animals or as an additional test to determine the effect of toxicants, which significantly reduces the cost of work due to the simplicity and speed of research, high sensitivity, and reproducibility. This work aimed to conduct a toxicological assessment of feeds with different levels of heavy metals using the luminescent microorganisms Photobacterium phosphoreum. Under the study of heavy metals, corn grits, which did not possess toxic properties, were used as a “matrix.” Heavy metals were used in the form of State standard samples: Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Mercury, Copper, and Zinc. Before adding heavy metals to the feed, the “matrix” was previously examined for their content (background). Toxicants were added to the “matrix” in different concentrations, taking into account the “background” indicators (5 series each), which were prepared by diluting in distilled water, depending on the maximum residue limits (MRL). As a result of the work, the possibility of using luminescent microorganisms Photobacterium phosphoreum (strain IMV B-7071; Sq3) was established for rapid toxicological evaluation of feeds with different levels of heavy metals based on the decrease in the intensity of the glow. However, if for Cd, Hg, Zn, Cu under the conditions of the study of feed with the content of heavy metals at the MRL (0.4; 0.1; 25.0 and 120.0 mg/kg, respectively), the feed was characterized as “non-toxic,” then for Pb and As according to the MRL (5.0 and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively), the feed was characterized as “toxic,” which indicates the need for further studies on the toxicological characteristics of heavy metals in the body of laboratory and productive animals, possibly with a further revision (downward) of the MRL of the relevant pollutants in feed in Ukraine.
KONSEP DIKLAT DALAM PANDANGAN NOTOATMODJO
Authors: Karimah Saidatul
Published: July 2022

Bahwa pendidikan dan pelatihan merupakan bagian terpenting dalam memberikan penguatan pembejaran dan percepatan pemahaman pendidikan terutama peningkatan SDM dalam satuan pendidikan/ organisasi dan institusi. Diklat menempatkan diri sebagai pembelajaran yang spesifik dengan waktu yang lebih pendek dari pada pendidikan formal di sekolah dengan pendekatan praktek dari pada penguasaan teori. Dan dengan menejmen pengelolaan tertentu yang telah dijabarkan di atas.Kemudian ruang lingkup diklat meliputi semua aspek aspek pendidikan dengan tujuan menguatkan dan penguasaan serta pembentukan SDM yang professional
POLA ASUH ORANG TUA DALAM MEMBENTUK KEDISIPLINAN ANAK SELAMA PANDEMI COVID 19 DI DUSUN SALAMREJO KABUPATEN TULUNGAGUNG
Authors: Mutiara Dennis , Alam Nafisa' , Yardho Muhammad
Published: July 2022

Pandemi memberi banyak dampak pada segala sektor dan membawa pengaruh pada perubahan tingkat disiplin anak. Terlebih anak- anak yang masih butuh pengawasan orang tua dalam kegiatannya. Penerapan pola asuh oleh orang tua merupakan sebuah admisi dalam penanaman kedisiplinan pada anak. Terdapat dua teori mengenai pola asuh orang tua yakni pola asuh positif dan demokratif. Teori- teori yang diterapkan oleh orang tua akan membentuk tingkat disiplin anak yang berbeda- beda. Tingkat disiplin anak juga tergantung pada beberapa faktor lain, seperti lingkungan tempat mereka berkembang. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pola asuh orang tua di Dusun Salamrejo dalam membentuk disiplin anak  pada masa pandemi covid- 19. Sedangkan, metode yang digunakan adalah kualiltatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi. Seluruh data yang diperoleh pada penelitian ini mencakup observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasilnya, tipe pola asuh yang diterapkan oleh para orang tua di Dusun Salamrejo adalah pola demokratif dan otoriter tergantung dengan kondisi anak- anak mereka untuk membentuk kedisiplinan anak selama pandemic