bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pelatihan karya tulis dan majalah dinding bagi siswa madrasah tsanawiyah Al Madaniyah Jempong Ampenan Mataram
Authors: Hakim Lukman
Published: March 2019

[Bahasa]: Kegiatan pengabdian ini dilakukan untuk memberikan Pelatihan Karya Tulis dan Majalah Dinding Bagi Siswa Madrasah Tsanawiyah Al Madaniyah Jempong Ampenan Mataram. Terdapat beberapa tujuan yang ingin dicapai dari kegiatan ini, yaitu; untuk mendeskripsikan potensi menulis dan berkreasi dalam mengekpresikan diri atau kelompok dalam bahasa tulis dan simbol bagi siswa, mendeskripsikan cara membuat dan mengelola majalah dinding sebagai media karya dan komunikasi pada komunitas, dan mendeskripsikan cara pemanfaatan media untuk berekpresi secara positif dan produktif. Pelatihan ini menggunakan metode ceramah dan simulasi serta praktek membuat tulisan karya tulis dan membuat majalah dinding di madrasah. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah adalah (1) secara kognitif ada peningkatan pengetahuan siswa dalam penulisan karya tulis dan majalah dinding, (2) siswa memiliki keterampilan dasar dalam menulis karya tulis dan membuat majalah dinding, (3) siswa dapat menuangkan ide kreatif dalam mengembangkan hasil kreasi dan variasi model keterampilan dalam karya tulis dan majalah dinding, dan (4) siswa dapat menerbitkan hasil karya tulis mereka dalam majalah dinding.

Kata kunci: pelatihan, karya tulis, majalah dinding, madrasah

[English]: This community service is carried out to provide Writing and Wall Magazines Training for Madrasah Tsanawiyah Al Madaniyah Jempong Ampenan Mataram Students. There are several objectives to be achieved from this activity, namely; to describe the potential of writing and being creative in expressing themselves or groups in written language and symbols for students, describe how to make and manage wall magazines as a medium of work and communication in the community, and describe how to use media to express positively and productively. This training uses lecture and simulation methods as well as the practice of writing papers and making wall magazines in the madrasa. The conclusions obtained from this activity are (1) cognitively increasing students' knowledge in writing and wall magazines, (2) students have basic skills in writing papers and making wall magazines, (3) students can put creative ideas in developing the creation and variation of skill models in wall papers and magazines, and (4) students can publish their written work in wall magazines.

Keywords: training, papers, wall magazine, madrasa
Perancangan sistem informasi akademik berbasis web di MTS Nurul Muhsinin Batujai Lombok Tengah
Authors: Nujumuddin Nujumuddin
Published: March 2019

[Bahasa]: Pendidikan adalah jembatan dalam pengembangan retorika dan konstruksi sosial. Pendidikan mempengaruhi perkembangan dan pertumbuhan manusia dan perkembangan peradaban ke arah yang lebih baik. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan peran semua pihak termasuk institusi pendidikan perguruan tinggi dalam mengembangkan pendidikan. Tujuan kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah untuk memberikan pengetahuan, meningkatkan pengalaman dan penguasaan teknologi informasi kepada sumber daya manusia di MTs Nurul Muhsinin. Pengabdian ini dilaksanakan melalui tahapan observasi, sosialisasi, pelatihan, dan pendampingan. Hasil pengabdian menunjukkan bahwa program pelatihan dan pendampingan yang dilakukan dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan dan pengalaman guru dalam merancang dan mendesain website sebagai bagian dari sistem informasi yang bermanfaat bagi pengembangan sekolah.

Kata kunci: perancangan, sistem informasi, website

[English]: Education is a bridge in the development of rhetoric and social construction. Education influences human development and growth and the development of civilization in a better direction. Therefore, the role of all parties, including tertiary educational institutions, is needed in developing education. The purpose of this community service program is to provide knowledge, enhance the experience and mastery of information technology to human resources at MTs Nurul Muhsinin. This program is carried out through stages of observation, socialization, training, and mentoring. The results show that training and mentoring programs carried out can increase the knowledge and experience of teachers in designing and designing websites as part of an information system that is beneficial for school development.

Keywords: design, system of information, website
EXTENDED EXPONENTIATED POWER LINDLEY DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Ranjbar V. , Alizadeh M. , Hamedani G. G.
Published: March 2019

In this study, we introduce a new model called the Extended Exponentiated Power Lindley distribution which extends the Lindley distribution and has increasing, bathtub and upside down shapes for the hazard rate function. It also includes the power Lindley distribution as a special case. Several statistical properties of the distribution are explored, such as the density, hazard rate, survival, quantile functions, and moments. Estimation using the maximum likelihood method and inference on a random sample from this distribution are investigated. A simulation study is performed to compare the performance of the different parameter estimates in terms of bias and mean square error. We apply a real data set to illustrate the applicability of the new model. Empirical findings show that proposed model provides better fits than other well-known extensions of Lindley distributions.
Diversity and abundance of denitrifying bacteria in a simultaneously nitrifying and denitrifying rotating biological contactor treating real wastewater at low temperatures
Authors: Ito Tsukasa , Aoi Toru , Miyazato Naoki , Hatamoto Masashi , Fuchigami Shunji , Yamaguchi Takashi , Watanabe Yoshimasa
Published: March 2019

Nitrification and denitrification processes occur simultaneously in aerobic wastewater biofilms. Although wide regions of the world have average temperatures of less than 15 °C for a half year, few studies have investigated the nitrogen removal by nitrification and denitrification in a single-stage aerobic biofilm reactor used for treating real wastewater under low-temperature conditions. This study showed successful wastewater treatment in a high average nitrogen removal rate of 78% at low water temperatures by simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in a rotating biological contactor (RBC) biofilm. Batch operations using the RBC to evaluate the rates of ammonium decrease at low temperatures demonstrated that the rate of ammonium decrease at 8 °C was 76% of that at 20 °C. Daily monitoring of nitrification and denitrification rates suggested that the denitrification rate was highly correlated with the nitrification rate. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis revealed the presence of diverse and abundant denitrifying bacteria and aerobic bacteria in the RBC biofilm more than those in the activated sludge samples, which probably enabled the achievement of the high nitrogen removal rates at such low temperatures. Furthermore, correlation with the colony counts showed that the NGS analysis had the quantification range of three orders of magnitude (from 0.001% to 1%).
Nuclear Activation Techniques for Heavy Metal Pollutants
Authors: Jervis R.E. , Tiefenbach B. , LePage W. , Debrun J-L
Published: March 2019

The sensitive radioactivation analysis technique has considerable scope for application in environmental studies. In this paper the use of the applied nuclear method for the determination of nanogram to microgram quantities of several toxic metals (such as F, As, Se, Cd, Hg and Th) in environmental materials, is reported. In typical analyses, samples 0.05 to 0.5 grams in weight have been irradiated for periods up to 50 hours in the McMaster Reactor at approximately 1013 neutrons/cm2 sec thermal neutron flux. With certain samples the identification and determination of trace metal has been accomplished quickly and with high sensitivity by the use of instrumental or non-destructive g-ray spectrometry, while in certain other samples containing metals at lower concentrations, the analysis was facilitated by the use of a few radiochemical separation steps.

The mercury content of fish samples taken from various water bodies in Ontario and elsewhere has been determined in the concentration range from 0.01 to 2 ppm. The levels found have been tentatively related to the particular species of fish and their feeding habits as well as to the pollution level in the water system. Similar pollution levels of Se and As have been determined in areas suspected of industrial pollution, and hair activation analyses have been used to monitor human ingestion of these and other toxic metals. A novel on-stream method for the detection of trace levels of metals such as Th and U is also outlined and its application to water pollutants such as P is discussed.
Chemical Neutralization of Alkaline Wastewater During Activated Sludge Treatment
Authors: Ganczarczyk Jerzy
Published: March 2019

The chemical neutralization of alkaline wastewater during the activated sludge treatment is due mostly to the development of CO2 during such biological treatment.

The full-scale activated sludge treatment of alkaline wastewater without preliminary separate chemical neutralization was studied for the case of an unbleached Kraft pulp mill effluent. The treatment was carried out in limited-mixing aeration tanks at conventional loadings. Maximum pH values of the mixed liquor were 10.2, and the corresponding total alkalinity values reached 23.8 me/l.

It was observed that considerable parts of the waste-water alkalinity were removed during the initial periods of mixed liquor aeration. The practical limit of this type of neutralization seems to be close to pH of 8.
The Environmental and Hygienic Safety of Nitrilotriacetate (NTA)
Authors: Flynn F.G. , Jones P.H.
Published: March 2019

NTA is the prime substitute for detergent phosphates and its use in large quantities, approximately 0.5 × 106 metric tons per year in Canada and the United States, is possible.

This paper is a summary of the literature and of work done at the University of Toronto regarding evaluation of the environmental and hygienic safety of NTA and NTA built detergents.

A large number of topics is covered, the conclusion of each being that NTA is safe to use. Such topics include: aerobic biodegradability, toxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and nitrate contribution.

Areas of doubt regarding NTA are its non-degradability under anaerobic conditions and the possibility of its delivering heavy metals into drinking water supplies.
A Technique for the Mathematical Modelling of Mixing in Natural Streams
Authors: Hudspith R. C. , Norman J. D.
Published: March 2019

Frequency response techniques are employed to characterize the mixing dynamics in a natural stream. Lumped parameter models, consisting of regions of complete mixing and plug flow, are formulated in such a way as to simulate the mechanisms causing mixing in the real system. The models are fitted to the experimental data in the frequency domain using a least squares criteria.

The results of a series of experimental runs on a real stream are presented. A pulse of fluorescent dye is injected at one point and is measured as it passes a second point downstream. The dominant mechanisms causing mixing in the stream studied are irregular velocity profiles and an exchange of mass with relatively stagnant regions along the bottom and shorelines. A model to simulate these mechanisms is presented and the parameters are evaluated as a function of streamflow
Filterability of Lime-Iron Sludges Generated in the Chemical Precipitation of Phosphorus from Treated Sewage
Authors: Wayne Scott G. , Cornwall G. M.
Published: March 2019

Consideration of sludge disposal is an important aspect in the rational selection of the most appropriate phosphorous removal technique. The dewatering of lime-iron sludges (generated by dosing the chemicals to biologically treated municipal wastewater) was studied by means of the Buchner Funnel and the Filter Leaf Apparatus. The results indicate that the sludges dewater more effectively than conventional biological sludges with conditioning. Although the sludge dewaters well, it displays lower filter yields than would be expected because of an inability to form a thick cake during the pick-up portion of the cycle. A number of techniques exist for increasing the filter yield of these sludges
Control of Bulking in an Extended Aeration Sewage Treatment Plant
Authors: Cane D.D.P. , Farguhar G.J.
Published: March 2019

A case of filamentous activated sludge bulking was investigated at an extended aeration plant treating wastes from a highway service centre. The purpose of the study was to find an effective control measure for the bulking and, if possible, to determine the cause of the bulking condition. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects upon bulking of: (a) a controlled copper dosage to the mixed liquor, (b) variations in the organic loading rate, and (c) maintenance of high and low dissolved oxygen concentrations in the mixed liquor.

The microorganism responsible for the bulking condition was tentatively identified as Sphaerotilus natans. Extensive growths of these bacteria occurred in the sludge when the mixed liquor dissolved oxygen concentration dropped below 0.5 mg/1. Such dissolved oxygen levels had frequently occurred at this plant due to the use of timed aeration cycles and the use of insufficient air supply during peak loading periods. Variations in organic loading rates were found to have no adverse effect on sludge settleability.

When bulking was slight, the condition could be improved by increasing the dissolved oxygen level to 1.5 mg/1, or more. The rate at which the filamentous growths could be eliminated from a highly filamentous sludge by increased aeration was very slow, but could be greatly increased by the simultaneous feeding of copper to the mixed liquor at a dosage rate of 1.0 mg/1, based on the raw sewage flows.
Effect of SO2 Removal on the Biodegradability of Arbiso Spent Sulphite Liquor
Authors: Ng K.S. , Jajic J.E. , Manchester D.F. , Ng Y.K.
Published: March 2019

The spent sulphite liquor derived from Abitibi Paper Company, Iroquois Falls Mills Arbiso process contained about 11.3% dissolved solid, 0.52% (W/V) residual SO2 and had a low pH of 4.3. The COD of the liquor was about 109,000 ppm and BOD5 26,000 ppm. The objective of the study was to investigate the technical feasibility of utilizing biodegradation to reduce the BOD5 of the spent liquor to acceptable levels.

Upon first analysis, it appeared that the liquor would be amenable to biological degradation because of the presence of wood sugars. However, biological oxidation was retarded due to the presence of SO2. The maximum SO2 concentration tolerated by the microbes was about 0.32% (W/V). Boiling and lime treatment were found to be effective in reducing the SO2.

Other major factors affecting biological activity were initial pH adjustment and nutrient addition. Nutrients required and optimal operating conditions are discussed. Under optimal conditions, a batch biological system was capable of removing 60% BOD5, in 11 days and 80% BOD5 in 16 days.
Determination of the Size Distribution of Dissolved Organics in Effluents
Authors: Addie L.A. , Murphy K.L. , Robertson J.L.
Published: March 2019

The importance of removing the small amounts of residual organics is increasing as the sources of clean surface water decrease. Knowledge of the nature of these soluble residual organics will be needed in order to assess the type of treatment required for their removal. Residual organics in three different biological treatment plants were analyzed and compared. An attempt was made to characterize these organics by a molecular size distribution on a Sephadex column monitored by differential ultraviolet and refractive index detectors. The organic carbon and chemical oxygen demand of the fractions collected from the column was also determined. An investigation of some of the problems inherent in the monitoring systems was conducted.
Removal of Trace Metals From Wastewater by Activated Carbon
Authors: Netzer A. , Norman J.D.
Published: March 2019

The merits of activated carbon for removal of organic compounds from wastewater have been well documented in the literature. On the other hand there is a lack of published data on the use of activated carbon for the removal of trace metals from wastewater.

Experiments were designed to assess the possibility that activated carbon treatment would remove aluminum, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, silver and zinc from wastewater. All metals studied were tested over the pH range 3-11. Greater than 99.5% removal was achieved by pH adjustment and activated carbon treatment for most of the metals tested.
Studies on the Effects of Pollution on the Diaton Communities of the St Lawrence River Near
Authors: Ahmad Alauddin , Chodorowski Andrzej , Legendre Pierre
Published: March 2019

A study was conducted to establish the physico-chemical and biological characteristics of two water masses (St. Lawrence and Ottawa) just before they meet near Montreal. The two water masses show marked differences in physico-chemical properties and in the composition of algal communities they support. As compared with that of St. Lawrence River, the water of Ottawa River shows lower values of alkalinity, conductivity, total hardness and chlorides. The value of pH is also slightly lower. But the quantity of Silica and Ammonia present in the Ottawa River is much higher. There is a marked difference in the composition of Algal communities supported by the two water masses. Over 100 species of Diatoms were found to colonize the artificial substrates (glass slides), of which only about 40 species were found to be common in both waters. Some 38 species were found only in St. Lawrence River and another 39 species only in Ottawa River. The two water masses also differed in supporting other groups of algae. Cladophora glomerata was very abundant in Ottawa River, whereas, it was absent or very rare in St. Lawrence River. On the other hand, some members of Zygnemaceae (like Sirogonium sticticum, Spirogyra sp., Mougeotia sp., and Zygnema sp.) were very abundant in St. Lawrence River and very rare in Ottawa River.
Degradation of Cellulose and Wood Products in Polluted and Unpolluted Rivers
Authors: Kushner D. J. , Vincent M. , Novitsky C.
Published: March 2019

Natural rates of degradation of cellulose and of wood products were studied by enclosing this material in nylon sacs with 20 um diameter pores and suspending the sacs in different parts of the Gatineau and Ottawa Rivers, for periods of up to 90 days. White spruce chips and sawdust were studied, either without treatment or after chemical conversion to holocellulose or cellulose. Untreated wood was almost entirely resistant to degradation, as measured by weight loss. Conversion to holocellulose made wood quite susceptible to degradation, but conversion of holocellulose to cellulose did not increase the rate of degradation. Cotton fibres (almost pure cellulose) were less rapidly degraded than treated wood.

Little or no degradation occurred in the Gatineau River, which is relatively unpolluted by sewage or industrial wastes. Much more occurred in both water and sediments of the heavily polluted Ottawa River. An especially active site was found just below the Canadian International Paper Company. These results emphasize the importance of lignin in protecting cellulose from biodegradation and suggest in which natural sites we might expect biodegradation of wood products to occur most rapidly.
Effect of Starch on the Flocculation and Settling Behaviour of Titanium Dioxide Suspensions
Authors: Ray S.N. , Hsi C. , Lu B.C. -Y.
Published: March 2019

This study concerns the problem of removal of suspended solids from the effluent streams of paper mills by chemical treatment.

As titanium dioxide is one of the ingredients used in paper mills and present in the effluent streams, its flocculation and settling behaviour were investigated. Jar test experiments were conducted using alum and organic polyelectrolyte as the flocculants. As starch is also used in the paper making process, its influence on the flocculation and settling behaviour of titanium dioxide was conducted with the concentration of starch varying between 0–3% of the dry solids.

The experimental results on flocculation are expressed in terms of dimensionless function Gθϕ and flocculation rate constants. The fraction of solids settled is presented in terms of the settling velocity. Concentration of starch was found to have a significant influence. The amount of alum required could be reduced by 75% by using starch 0.6% of the amount of titanium dioxide in the suspension and at the same time improving the settling velocity two folds. A possible application of this finding in pollution abatement is discussed.
A Study of Nutrients from Sludge Applied to Land
Authors: Aldridge T. E.
Published: March 2019

As part of experiments relating to the application of liquid digested sludge to cropland, four small plots bearing couch grass (Agropyrons repens) were treated at four rates ranging from 7.5 ins. to 0.9 in. in seven weeks. The nitrogen phosphorus and carbon content of each inch of the sludge was equivalent to: total nitrogen, 210 lb./ac.; ammonia nitrogen, 140 lb./ac.; total phosphate, 235 lb./ac; easily soluble phosphate, 45 lb./ac; total carbon, 1,800 lb./ac. Soil samples from the 0–3 in. level and from the 10–12 in. level of the uppermost soil horizon were analyzed for changes in the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter. Also growth and crop yield in terms of dry weight were determined at the various rates. By the end of eight weeks at the highest rate, the increases in nutrients in the top 3 inches were: ammonia nitrogen, 105 mg./Kgm; nitrate nitrogen, 50 mg./Kgm.;total phosphate, 1,450 mg./Kgm.; easily soluble phosphate, 50 mg./Kgm; organic carbon, 1.7%. The corresponding increases at the lowest rate were: ammonia nitrogen, 15 mg./Kgm.; nitrate nitrogen, 4.5 mg./Kgm.; total phosphate, 325 mg./Kgm.; easily soluble phosphate, 0; total carbon 0.1%. At the higher rates the nutrients were well in excess of requirements for a growing season and the excess was liable to leaching and transport in surface runoff. At the lower rates there appeared to be a fair balance between nutrients supplied and nutrients that would be taken up by the grass over a full growing season.
Activated Sludge Exocellular Material Extraction Methods and Problems
Authors: Carr D.F. , Ganczarczyk J.
Published: March 2019

Activated sludge samples from two Toronto sewage treatment plants were subjected to the extraction of exocellular material by means of 9 different methods suggested for this purpose. Some of those methods, originally developed for pure bacterial cultures, were modified for the application to activated sludge.

The amount of exocellular material obtained varied for Lakeview sludges from 0.4 to 3.2% of their dry volatile solids, and for Humber sludges from 0.3 to 5.3%. It has been found that extractions by the use of sulphuric acid, high-speed centrifugation and sodium hydroxide, were not suitable for the studied material. Especially surprising was the ineffectiveness of high-speed centrifugation to yield any measurable amounts of extract. The boiling water extraction is recommended for further studies on activated sludge exocellular material.

The material extracted from activated sludge is very complex in nature. Generally more polysaccharide than protein was extracted, but the remaining volatile material may form up to 70% of the dry weight.
The Effects of Thermal Pollution on the Egg Survival of Lake Whitefish (Coregonus Clupeaformis [Mitchill])
Authors: Ash Gary R.
Published: March 2019

Lake Wabamun, located approximately 64 km west of Edmonton, Alberta, has two thermal electric generating stations situated upon it which utilize lake water for cooling purposes. The fishery for lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis [Mitchill]) in the lake is important due to its high commercial and sport value. Since lake whitefish eggs require low temperatures throughout the winter for successful incubation, and since the major spawning area in the lake is located across a small bay from one of the power plants, it was feared that the heated water discharge would reduce lake whitefish egg survival on the spawning grounds. Since the whitefish are subject to heavy fishing pressure in the lake, it was thought that such a reduction in egg survival might cause a gradual reduction in the whitefish population.

During preliminary fishery investigation in the lake it was discovered that large numbers of lake whitefish were spawning on an organic ooze substrate in the heated area.

To determine the survival of eggs spawned on the ooze substrate in one of the heated areas , and also on the major spawning grounds (a rock and sand shoal), fertilized lake whitefish eggs were incubated in situ in enclosed trays in these areas and at control sites located in the portion of the lake not influenced by the power plants. The effects of substrate type, water temperature, and siltation on egg survival and their relation to the heated water discharge areas are discussed.
Polyelectrolytes in Wastewater Treatment the Settleability of Iron Precipitated Phosphorus Flocs
Authors: Bancsi J.J. , Benedek A.
Published: March 2019

This paper presents fundamental data on the settling of the iron phosphate precipitate in the presence and the absence of polyelectrolytes. Supernatant “equilibrium” phosphorus concentrations are also examined. Tests were conducted with model phosphate solutions in a modified jar test apparatus. The results show that adequate phosphorus removal (greater than 90%) required a minimum molar iron to phosphorus ratio of 1.5. The settling rate of iron phosphate flocs is such that complete settling in clarifiers operated at overflow rates of 600-800 igpd/ft2 cannot be ensured. The addition of a polyelectrolyte increases settling rate at least 5 fold. Phosphorus removal was less effective in the presence of condensed phosphates. Both ultimate phosphorus removal and settling rates were adversely affected by the presence of SO4= ions. An equation is developed to predict the maximum permissible iron dosage for a given initial solution alkalinity.
Biological Consequences in Streams of Aerial Spraying with Fenitrothion Against Spruce Budworm in New Brunswick
Authors: Hall H.A. , Eidt D.C. , Symons P.E.K. , Banks D.
Published: March 2019

The effects of the organophosphate insecticide fenitrothion in streams in New Brunswick from operational spraying against spruce budworm larvae, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), have been investigated for four years. A number of streams have been studied and several agencies have documented insecticide concentrations in streams, effects of the insecticide on benthos drift and mortality, changes in benthos standing crop, and changes in fish populations, biomass, and growth.

The concentration of fenitrothion found in streams immediately following forest spraying by aircraft varies greatly and is influenced by spray regime, weather conditions, forest cover, and water depth. At application rates of 210 g/ha or two applications of 140 g/ha, fenitrothion concentrations in streams with one exception were less than 15 ppb. Concentrations in streams usually peaked within the first hour following spray application and diminished to less than 1.0 ppb within 24 to 48 hrs. Insecticide applications at 210 g/ha have resulted in measurable concentrations of fenitrothion in streams as far as 4.0 km from the area of application.

Using nets, sharply increased numbers of drifting Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera were measured in several streams that had peak fenitrothion concentrations up to 7 .6 ppb, following operational sprays over all or part of the drainage basins.

Benthic sampling in one stream sprayed with fenitrothion in 1971, 1972, and 1973, but not in 1974, indicated a substantial decline in benthos between 1971 and 1972, and that recovery had not occurred by 1974. Kill of arthropods in another stream, containing a peak fenitrothion concentration of 6.38 ppb, was measured using drift nets. The stoneflies Leuctra spp. , Amphinemoura spp., and the mayflies, Baetis spp. were most strongly affected, although benthos sampling did not indicate a decline in numbers.

Field studies in three sprayed streams suggested that early summer increases in fish biomass may be slowed by the spray program. In field and laboratory experiments, extreme doses were necessary to affect fish behaviour and survival. Evidence indicates that at worst the forest spray program in New Brunswick may sometimes reduce normal summer increases in fish biomass through a reduction in fish-food organisms.

It is concluded that in streams the consequences of spruce budworm spraying with fenitrothion by the methods and rates studied in New Brunswick are environmentally tolerable.
A Quantitative Study of Nitrogen Loss From Water of a Small, Spring-Fed Stream
Authors: Kaushik N.K. , Robinson J.B. , Sain P. , Whiteley H.R. , Stammers W.
Published: March 2019

With a view to determining nitrogen sink processes, if any, in streams and the factors that govern these processes, nitrogen transport was studied in a 2 km-long, perennial, spring-fed stream during the summer months of 1973 and 1974. Concentrations of ammonium, nitrite and Kjeldahl nitrogen were small but those of nitrate nitrogen were unusually high. However, as the water moved downstream it progressively lost nitrate N. This loss represented 59.4% and 46.7% of the respective inputs during 1973 and 1974. The decrease in the concentration of nitrate N could neither be attributed to dilution nor to nitrogen immobilization during decomposition of organic matter nor to the uptake by aquatic macrophytes. Laboratory experiment showed that the stream sediments have significant, capacity for denitrification of nitrate in water overlying them, even when the water is thoroughly oxygenated. Although the role of riparian plants in the uptake of nitrogen has not been fully elucidated, it seems that denitrification in the stream sediment may act as an important permanent nitrogen sink.
The Effects of Chronic Cyanide Poisoning on the Tolerance of Rainbow Trout to Varying Salinity
Authors: Leduc Gérard , Chan Kenneth K.S.
Published: March 2019

The effects of cyanide on iono- and osmoregulation are soon established and last long after the period of exposure to the toxicant is over. The effects are of the order of 4 to 8 percent changes in blood plasma osmolality and chloride ions, changes which are indicative of serious physiological impairment, having costly energetic implications. The deleterious effects of cyanide were detected at concentrations as low as 0.01 mg/l HCN in water of pH 7.5.

Juvenile rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, were first exposed to various concentrations of cyanide ranging from 0.01 to 0.037 mg/1 HCN for 28 days in fresh water in flow-through aquaria at 10?C. After this exposure period the fish together with untreated fresh water controls were transferred into 18.9 ppt salt water for 260 hours during which blood plasma osmolality and chloride were monitored. By the end of the salinity tolerance tests the poisoned fish had experienced greater loss of water than the controls but no change of chloride were observed. Upon return to fresh water for 100 hours all the fish lost chloride ions, the effect being much greater in the cyanide exposed fish. When the fish were first adapted to salt water then transferred to fresh water cyanide they also experienced loss of chloride and dilution of plasma greater than the controls did.
Colour and Heavy Metal Removal From Dyebath Effluents by Lime Precipitation
Authors: Netzer A. , Beszedits S.
Published: March 2019

Effluents from textile mills, carpet and hat dyeing operations create some of the worst industrial pollution. Not only are these discharges characterized by the presence of obnoxious and persistent colours, but they also contain high concentrations of dissolved organics and considerable amounts of such heavy metals as Zn, Cr, Hg, Pb, Cu and Co. An effective and economical reduction in the colour intensity and heavy metals concentration of these wastes can often be achieved with lime precipitation.

Ten different dyebath effluents from various dyeing operations were treated with both massive lime dosages as well as controlled lime dosages to study the effect of pH upon decolourization and the removal of soluble organics and heavy metals. Colour intensity was evaluated by a novel approach proposed recently by the American Dye Manufacturers' Institute.

The results indicate that all free heavy metals present in these wastewaters can be removed virtually 100% by lime precipitation. In some cases, excellent colour and good TOC removals were attained as well. Therefore, very often, but not always, treatment of dyebath effluents with lime can achieve a substantial degree of purification.
Effect of Wheat Starch Plant Waste on Biological Treatment of Domestic Wastewater
Authors: Rosehart R.G. , Chu R. , Breeze R.
Published: March 2019

An activated sludge pilot plant has been operated on a feed consisting of mixtures of domestic and starch plant wastes. The effects of the industrial waste addition on the performance of the biological treatment system have been monitored. Results indicate that the optimal plant performance is obtained with a 1% (V/V) starch waste addition to domestic sewage. It was observed that the addition of the starch plant effluent improved the efficiency of BOD5 removal and also improved settling characteristics of the activated sludge. A shock loading did not affect the plant performance.

The results of the study indicate that it is feasible to combine the treatment of municipal sewage and wheat starch waste in a biological treatment process.
Biological and Physical-Chemical Treatment of Leachate From Sanitary Landfills
Authors: Spencer G.S. , Farquhar G.J.
Published: March 2019

This research was undertaken to study the treatability of leachate from sanitary landfills using aerobic biological processes and physical-chemical treatment methods. Treatment for polishing effluents from aerobic biological systems was also evaluated.

To ensure uniform characteristics throughout these treatability studies, leachate was collected from a laboratory lysimeter in the Water Resources Laboratory at the University of Waterloo.

The effectiveness of aerobic biological treatment was investigated using both batch and continuous flow bench-scale reactors for COD concentrations in the range of 8000 to 12000 mg/l. Removal of COD efficiencies greater than 95% was achieved. The mean hydraulic residence time was of the order of 10 days and mixed liquor suspended solids ranged from 2500 to 5500 mg/1. Phosphorus was found to be deficient and supplements were required to promote sludge growth. Design parameters were developed to model process performance and unit costs were estimated for a range of flow rates and influent COD concentrations.

Physical-chemical treatment studies were performed using a conventional jar test apparatus. Lime and alum were found to be ineffective in treating raw leachate. Lime, used in conjunction with polyelectrolyte coagulant aids, was effective for removal of suspended solids from the effluents of the biological reactor.

Activated carbon adsorption was evaluated as a tertiary process for polishing biological effluents and was shown to be effective for removing residual concentrations of COD, colour, suspended solids and trace concentrations of metallic ions.
Removal of Soluble Phosphates From Water
Authors: Wan Chia-Su , Adelman Maurice
Published: March 2019

Chemical treatment using ferric chloride or aluminum sulfate in combination with calcium hydroxide has been studied for the purpose of removing phosphorus from ortho-phosphate, ortho-and pyro-phosphate and ortho- pyro- and tripoly-phosphate solutions in the pH range 7.5 to 9.5.

The data showed that pyro- and tripoly-phosphate could be more easily removed than ortho-phosphate in the experimental pH range. The data also showed that the combination of ferric chloride and calcium hydroxide had better settling ability than the combination of aluminum sulfate and calcium hydroxide.

With a molar ratio of 1:1 between iron or aluminum and phosphorus as ortho-phosphate and 150 mg/1 of calcium hydroxide, a supernatant of about 1 mg/1 P was obtained from a phosphorus solution of 10 mg/1 P as ortho-phosphate, 4 mg/1 P as pyro-phosphate and 6 mg/1 P as tripoly-phosphate near pH 9. After filtration through a sand column, the residual phosphorus was reduced to about 0.6 mg/1 P. The residual phosphorus could be further reduced to less than 0.2 mg/l P during the first eight hours and about 0.3 mg/1 P even after 24 hours by using a mixed column of sand and soil to replace the sand column.
Computer Simulation of P Removal From Wastewater Using Lime
Authors: Witteman J.P. , Kramer J.R.
Published: March 2019

A simplistic equilibrium, computer model was devised to simulate the removal of orthophosphates from wastewater. Data from laboratory experiments were tested in the model to determine the apparent solubility constants (activity products) of calcite, hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate and brucite. It was found that the degree of supersaturation of hydroxyapatite was between 15 to 20 orders of magnitude dependent on the aqueous species included in the calculations. The pK values for different sets of data showed the mean activity products ranging from 95 to 102.5, standard deviations 2.0 to 5.0. The inclusion of aqueous ion complexes Ca2.HPO4.Co30 and Ca2.PO4.CO3− when calculating the apparent activity products results in a pK value of 102.5 which does not vary with pH or the presence of magnesium. The pK mean of beta tricalcium phosphate was 26.8 which compared favourably with the pK of 27.0 quoted in the literature. When hydroxyapatite precipitated, there was a minimum residual phosphate between pH 8.5-9.0, followed by an increase of phosphates in solution due to calcium being removed by the precipitation of calcite. Beyond pH 10, the phosphate concentration in solution decreased as there was an increase in the precipitation of hydroxyapatite. The use of apparent activity products compared to literature solubility products results in 2 to 3 orders of magnitude greater phosphate residuals in solution.
Toxicity of Oil Sands Plant Wastewaters and Associated Organic Contaminants
Authors: Hrudey S.E. , Sergy G.A. , Thackeray T.
Published: March 2019

Acute toxicity testing using rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) was conducted on two wastewater streams from an oil sands extraction and upgrading plant. The main effluent stream from the upgrading plant was non-acutely toxic in flow-through bioassay while the construction drainage from the tailings pond dyke was acutely lethal in static bioassay with an extrapolated LC50 of 11% (by volume). With no obvious toxicant present, trace organic analysis was undertaken based on the high indeterminate organic carbon content of the sample. Analysis by GC-MS of the sample was able to identify four compounds: 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, (BHT); di-n-butyl phthalate, (DBP); bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate, (BEHA); and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, (BEHP). Toxicity testing of the compounds required the evaluation of various schemes for the preparation of the test mixtures. Direct emulsion of the test compounds in water was ultimately adopted. Ninety-six hour static bioassays with rainbow trout indicated LC50 values of 540 mg/l for BEHP, 3 mg/l for BHT, 1.2 mg/l for DBP, and an approximate range of 54–110 mg/l for BEHA. Loss of emulsified components from the test mixture during the bioassays suggested that calculated LC50 values likely underestimate the actual toxicity of the compounds. The contribution by BEHA and BEHP to the whole effluent toxicity was likely minor while BHT and DBP indicated sufficient acute lethal toxicity to warrant further consideration. The feasibility of trace organic analysis and component toxicity testing as a means for conducting longer term research on oil sands wastewaters was demonstrated.
Treatment of Dyebath Effluents by Polymeric Resin Adsorbents and Ion-Exchange Resins
Authors: Netzer A. , Beszedits S.
Published: March 2019

Exhausted dyebath effluents were collected from various textile mills. The samples were characterized by high levels of TOC, COD, colour and various heavy metals, most notably copper, zinc and chromium. Contacting these wastewater samples with polymeric adsorbent and ion-exchange resins indicated that very of ten excellent treatment results can be obtained. Removal of TOC by the adsorbent resins varied from about 15 to 65%, while COD removals ranged from 15 to 85%. The ion-exchange resins seldom provided significant TOC or COD removal. Zinc was not only present in the highest concentrations, but was also the most difficult to remove. Most importantly, for virtually every effluent there was at least one adsorbent or ion-exchange resin which was capable of attaining almost 100% decolourization.
The Effects of pH on Lake Water Chemistry and Phytoplankton in a LaCloche Mountain Lake
Authors: Yan N.D. , Stokes P.M.
Published: March 2019

Some LaCloche Mountain Lakes and other soft water Shield lakes in the vicinity of Killarney Provincial Park (some 50–310 km south west of Sudbury, Ontario) have for the last decade been the subject of research on lake acidification. Acid precipitation (mainly from sulphur oxides) and lake waters of low buffering capacity apparently compound the problem. Typical pH values for such lakes range from 6.0–6.5, but pH values over the range 3.8–5.0 are not now uncommon. Loss of fish populations especially as a result of reproductive failure and changes in Zooplankton species composition have accompanied the lowering of pH which has occurred rapidly over the last two decades.

The present study was on Carlyle Lake (Killarney Provincial Park) during the spring, summer, fall and winter of 1974–75. The pH values of water in cylinders floating in the lake were maintained at 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 and 6.5 respectively, for periods of six weeks, by additions of sulphuric acid or sodium hydroxide. Phytoplankton biomass was estimated by utermöhl technique, species identified and quantified at regular intervals during experiments.

Maximum algal biomass in the cylinders occurred at pH 5.0 (close to the present pH of the lake). All major taxa had biomass maxima close to pH 5.0, with the exception of Cryptomonas ovata Ehrenberg, Chroomonas caudata Geit and Peridinium limbatum (Stokes) Lemm. which had maxima at pH 4.0.

A preliminary comparison between the species composition and diversity of phytoplankton populations in LaCloche Lakes and in recently acidified lakes in similar geological rock basins in Western Europe is made.
A Standard Primary Toxicity Bioassay Using Daphnia Magna as a Test Species
Authors: Behie L.A. , Zajic J.E. , Berk D. , Brouzes R.J.P. , Naish V.A.
Published: March 2019

Although Daphnia magna have been widely used in the determination of the toxicity of various substances, there are no reports in the literature that describe a rigorous bioassay method using this organism as a test species. The test described herein involves the standariza-tion of various important aspects of the method such as the age of the test organisms, and the dilution water used for the preparation of the various toxicant concentrations. Also described is a simple method for the statistical analysis of the results. The sensitivity of the proposed bioassay is demonstrated by determining the toxicity of various pulp and paper effluents. Finally, extensive bioassays were carried out simultaneously with rainbow trout and Daphnia magna indicating that Daphnia are as good a biological indicator of acute toxicity as fish.
Experimental Studies of Sedimentation Basin Dynamics
Authors: Cordoba-Molina J.F. , Silveston P.L. , Hudgins R. R.
Published: March 2019

A simple Flow Model is proposed to describe the dynamic response of sedimentation basins. The response predicted by this model is linear as opposed to the real response of the basin which is nonlinear. However, the real response of the basin is highly correlated with its densimetric Froude number, and as a consequence our linear model effectively predicts the response of the basin in a restricted densimetric Froude Number range. Our experiments show that the response of the basin becomes more sluggish and erratic as the densimetric Froude number decreases.
Methylation du plomb en milieu aquatique
Authors: Dumas J.-P. , Pazdernik LeRoy , Belloncik S. , Bouchard D. , Vaillancourt G.
Published: March 2019

Une équipe du Centre Canadien des Eaux Intérieures publia en janvier 1975, un article dans lequel ils font mention de la synthèse de Me4Pb à partir de sédiments provenant des Grands-Lacs et de Pb (NO3)2 De plus, ils affirment que des cultures bactériennes isolées des sédiments, et ensemencées sur un bouillon nutritif additionné de Me3PbAc, donnent dans tous les cas du Me4Pb. La méthylation selon eux, serait biologique. Suite à ces résultats, une équipe anglaise publie en mai, 1975, un article dans lequel ils affirment que des échantillons de sédiments provenant des îles britanniques, additionnés de Pb(NO3)2 ne donnent en aucun cas du tétraméthyl. Par contre, le remplacement du Pb(NO3)2 par du Me3PbAc donnait dans tous les cas du Me4Pb. Voulant aller plus loin, ils avançaient l’hypothèse que la transformation du triméthyl acétate en tétraméthyl était une réaction chimique catalysée par des ions sulfures. Nous avons donc voulu vérifier les assertions de ces deux équipes et nous avons pu observer que des bactéries de quelques échantillons de sédiments provenant du fleuve Saint-Laurent: a) dégagent des sulfures qui catalysent la disproportionation de Me3Pb+ en Me4Pb; b) transforment le plomb ionique en Me4 Pb via Me3Pb+. Comme le plomb ionique ne peut être méthylé par la méthyl-cobalamine et que le Me2Pb++ une fois formé peut, par disproportionnation, donner finalement du Me4Pb, nous devons conclure que la fixation des 2 premiers groupes méthyles sur l’ion Pb++ doit se faire par un mécanisme biologique qui est actuellement inconnu.
Formulation and Testing of a New Water Quality Index
Authors: Ibbotson B. , Adams B.J.
Published: March 2019

The necessity of protecting our environment has promoted the development of new ways to communicate environmental information to both policy makers and the general public. In response to an increased interest in environmental indices, this paper forwards a new formulation which translates water quality parameter values into simple numerical results which can then be summed to give water quality index scores. The mechanism uses the matrix format to organize and display results with water quality parameters on one axis and common water activities on the other. The mechanism's task is then to assess the suitability of each parameter to each activity, and subsequently, to render the results into simple scores. The index can be applied to any situation in which water quality is a consideration. Its applicability lies in its offering to the perspective user the opportunity to calibrate the index to the needs of a specific situation.

The procedure offers a systematic approach that is highly flexible and that generates results which are easily understood. The principal reasons for developing this index mechanism are to enable presentation of a simplified measure of water quality and to augment expert assessment of raw water quality data, not to supplant this important aspect of water quality management.