bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selection criteria and performance evaluation methods for peripheral array processors
Authors: Karplus Walter J.
Published: March 2007

Peripheral array processors are a class of digital computing devices designed to serve as peripherals for large mainframe, minicom puters, and microcomputers. Through extensive parallelism and pipelining, peripheral array processors greatly enhance the capabilities of the host computer to process numerical data at a very high speed, particularly in simulation and signal proces sing applications. An overview of the peripheral array proces sing field is presented in this paper followed by a discussion of five different approaches to the performance specification and evaluation of these devices.
A similarity transformation for numerical integration of piecewise-linear second-order differential equations without damping*
Authors: Kohn Wolf
Published: March 2007

The rigid and flexible dynamic behavior of many systems in aerospace structures can be modeled by a set of coupled non linear second-order differential equations. In these systems, the mass matrix function of the system, which contains the masses of the different modules in the structure, its moment of inertia tensors, and its bending moment coefficients (finite number of modes), exhibits eigenvalue dispersion between four and nine orders of magnitude. In addition, due to small gravity gradient and aerodynamic forces and moments, these systems are acted on by small or negligible damping forces and moments. The two characteristics alluded to above imply that the differential equa tions representing these systems have poor numerical stability properties. This study is concerned with the development of a similarity transformation on the variables of integration which results in an equivalent system with higher damping and conse quently better numerical stability than the original one.
Large sample sizes for the estimation of multinomial frequencies from simulation studies
Authors: Angers Claude
Published: March 2007

This paper deals with the calculation of large sample sizes for which confidence intervals of given widths for k multinomial frequencies are simultaneously correct at a given significance level. It is shown that a method for determining such sample sizes yields less conservative results than those given by other methods in use. Also, a less conservative empirical bound for sample sizes is proposed for confidence intervals of the same width.
A zero-one stochastic programming model for personnel scheduling solved by a sequential simulation procedure
Authors: Levary Reuven R.
Published: March 2007

A sequential simulation procedure (which requires shorter com puter running time than a nonsequential one) is an effective method for solving stochastic personnel scheduling models. The time needed for a particular employee to perform a given activ ity is assumed to be a random number with a given distribution.
On the equivalence of Dynamo and a financial planning language
Authors: Gray Paul
Published: March 2007

DYNAMO has had a long history as a simulation language. Although usually thought of as a continuous language, it is, in fact, a non-procedural, fixed-time interval language. Non- procedural financial planning languages, such as the Interactive Financial Planning System (IFPS), are equivalent to DYNAMO, but IFPS is preferred because of the greater ease with which models can be described to managers and it has the ability to model a greater variety of situations quite simply.
Dynamic simulation of the SLOWPOKE-3 nuclear heating reactor
Authors: Tseng Cheng-Min , Lepp Rudy M.
Published: March 2007

A 2 MWth nuclear reactor, called SLOWPOKE-3 (Safe LOW- POwer Critical Experiment), is being developed at the Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories (CRNL). This pool-type reactor is cooled by natural circulation and is designed to produce hot water for commercial space heating and perhaps generate some electricity. It is intended for remote locations where the costs of alternative forms of energy are high.

A dynamic simulation of this reactor, without closed-loop con trol, was developed and implemented on a hybrid computer, using the basic equations of reactor kinetics and of conserva tion of mass, energy and momentum. The natural circulation of downcomer flow in the pool was simulated using a special filter, capable of modeling various flow conditions. The simula tion was then used to study the intermediate and long-term tran sient response of SLOWPOKE-3 to large disturbances, such as loss of heat sink, loss of regulation, daily load following, and over- cooling of the reactor coolant.

Results of the simulation show that the reactor is inherently stable and self-regulating and that none of these disturbances produce hazardous transients.
Expert systems and simulation
Authors: Shannon Robert E. , Mayer Richard , Adelsberger Heimo H.
Published: March 2007

Artificial intelligence and expert systems are the latest buzzwords and the hottest topics in the scientific community today Some experts are proclaiming that artificial intelligence (AI) has already emerged as one of the most significant technologies of this cen tury. Proponents are declaring that it will completely revolu tionize management and the way computers are used. If these claims are even half true, then AI is bound to have a profound effect upon the art and science of simulation. This paper will provide an overview of this rapidly evolving field, examine the potential ofAl (and more particularly, expert systems) in simula tion and attempt to explore the probable impact as well as fore cast likely future directions.
Systolic array simulation for quantification of speed/area parameters
Authors: Leung Yu-Ying J. , Shanblatt Michael A.
Published: March 2007

A comprehensive circuit simulation of a VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) systolic array processor for band matrix triangula tion is developed. A systolic array structure is composed of sim ple, regularly connected processing elements configured to rap idly triangulate large, band form, linear equation systems. I/O circuit models are developed which provide operand demulti plexinglmultiplexing necessary to convert serial operand I/O, at the chip boundaries, to a parallel broadcasting of operands to/from the processing cells.

The complete layout of the model is a tessellated design of pro cessing elements and I/O modules which ideally will be fabri cated on a single chip. Fundamental design parameters which may be manipulated in the simulation include a scalable litho graphic linewidth, the number of bits per word and matrix bandwidth.

Comparisons are made of total propagation delay time and chip size versus matrix bandwidth. These results, in turn, lead to an assessment of the feasibility and advantages of this type of special- purpose VLSI computing structure.
Just-In-Time (JIT), with Kanban, manufacturing system simulation on a microcomputer
Authors: Schroer Bernard J. , Black J.T. , Shou Xiang Zhang
Published: March 2007

A simulation model of a Just-In-Time (JIT) manufacturing system using a two-card and a one-card Kanban inventory control system has been developed using the SIMAN simulation language on the IBM microcomputer. The manufacturing system consists of an assembly line with two assembly cells, one manufacturing cell, and one incoming receiving cell.
Validating the simulation metamodel: Some practical approaches
Authors: Friedman Linda Weiser , Friedman Hershey H.
Published: March 2007

This paper stresses the usefulness of developing a metamodel as an auxilliary model in simulation analysis and emphasizes the importance of validating the metamodel in order to determine whether it accurately approximates the simulation-generated data. A simulation model of the M/M/s queuing system was used for demonstration purposes. Two statistical validation procedures appropriate for simulation metamodels were discussed and demonstrated: use of a holdout sample and double cross- validation. The metamodel developed from the M/M/s queuing system simulation data proved to be valid as an approximation not only to the simulation but also to the real-world system itself.
Software engineering considerations for the design of simulation languages
Authors: Golden Donald G.
Published: March 2007

Software engineering has proven useful in reducing the cost of developing large and complex software systems and improving the quality of the resulting product. Since many simulation models are both large and complex, simulation-oriented pro gramming languages should be designed to support software engineering techniques. Some key concepts of software enginer ing are discussed, with particular emphasis on modular design and structured programming. Fundamental language structures to support the use of these techniques are proposed for inclu sion in simulation-oriented programming languages. Several ex amples demonstrating the use of these language structures are presented, with particular attention given to their use in com bined discrete/continuous simulation.
Simulation of vapour-compression heat pumps
Authors: Parise José A. R.
Published: March 2007

A vapour compression heat pump simulation model has been developed to predict the overall performance of a system by employing a simple model for the components of the heat pump cycle - namely, the compressor, condenser and evaporator.Operating conditions, such as compressor speed, heat source and heat sink temperatures, cooling and heating fluids flow rates, are entered as input data. Predetermined empirical parameters that characterize the components, such as the polytripic index of compression and heat exchangers' overall conductances, are also entered as input data. Predicted results were compared with experimental data. A typical application is presented at the end of the paper.
Modeling neural networks in Scheme
Authors: Eilbert James L. , Salter Richard M.
Published: March 2007

A system for simulating neural networks has been written in the LISP dialect, Scheme, using an object-oriented style of program ming, rather than the standard numerical techniques used in previous studies. Each node in the Scheme network represents either a neuron or a functional group of neurons, and can pass messages which trigger computations and actions in other nodes.

The Scheme modeling approach overcomes two major problems inherent to the standard numerical approach. First, it provides a flexible environment for systematically studying the effects of perturbing a network's structure, response, or updating param eters. In fact, the Scheme system can recreate any previously studied neural network. Second, it allows the construction of hierarchical networks with several interacting levels. This system can handle hierarchical organization in a natural way, because a single node in a Scheme network can contain a model of an entire lower level of neural processing. The implementation of neural networks with hierarchical structure is significant because recent biological data suggests that this is the architecture which supports human cognition.
Function Nets: A comfortable tool for simulating database system architectures
Authors: Schiffner Gerhard , Godbersen Heinrich
Published: March 2007

Simulation models often suffer from a discrepancy between general modeling capabilities and support for efficient ex periments in a particular application field. The Function Net approach represents a tool to bridge this gap. The model, which has been derived from the Petri Net model, provides general but compact modeling capabilities combined with a clear graphic notation. Integrated with the model is a software package to conduct simulation experiments. A number of useful features like predefined elements for statistical analysis are already available in the system. The tool has been successfully applied in a performance evaluation model of database machines. An analysis of a sample architecture is used to illustrate the capabilities of the Function Net approach.
Dynamic simulation and phase plane analysis of entrained coal gasification
Authors: Cheng Shang-I. , Talbot Guy Richard
Published: March 2007

Dynamic simulation and phase plane analysis techniques were used to examine the stability of an entrained coal gasifier. The mathematical model consists of a set of algebraic and ordinary differential equations which represent the time-dependent in terrelationships among reaction kinetics, heat transfers and mass transports; and the variable physical properties of both gaseous mixture and coal particles. For simplicity, the shift-reaction and volatilization were not considered in the study. This model is expected to be valid for dynamic simulation of gasification of char with low iron content and negligible shift reaction.

During simulation the coupled differential equations are solved by the Adams-Moulton numerical integration technique.

After the simulation is run to a steady state, the temperatures and composition of this system were perturbed in many com binations. The trajectories of variable changes were plotted in phase planes. It was noted that the system was stable for all the variable combinations tested.

The effects of pure proportional control on the dynamics of the gasifier were examined. Such control resulted in a faster return to the steady-state conditions.
A graphical simulation tool with off-line robot programming
Authors: Schroer Bernard J. , Teoh William
Published: March 2007

HELGA, a graphical simulation program of the IBM 7535 robot, uses animation to simulate the motion of the robot. A feature of HELGA is its off-line programming capability which has been designed specifically for use as an educational tool. Included in this paper are a description of the HELGA simulation program, some of its commands, and an example of the system's off-line programming capability.
Activity scanning and the three-phase approach
Authors: Hooper James W.
Published: March 2007

In an earlier paper ,3 the three generally recognized simulation strategies were described, and their implications for discrete simulation languages and models were discussed. O'Keefe's technical comment4 takes issue with the portrayal of the ac tivity scanning (AS) strategy in Reference 3 and presents the "three-phase approach." This technical comment responds to O'Keefe's objections and further considers the role of AS in cur rent discrete simulation languages.
Integration of artificial intelligence and simulation in a comprehensive decision-support system
Authors: Moser Jorge G.
Published: March 2007

In the increasingly complex world of modern management deci sion making, the availability of sophisticated, but at the same time user-friendly, decision-support systems has become crucial. Business simulation and corporate models are already widely used as management planning tools and relatively user-friendly software is commercially available. However, one area that has been neglected is the interpretation of the highly complex sim ulation results, which often can only be done by experts. How ever, an expert system can be used to analyze the simulation results, draw inferences and issue recommendations, making the advantages of simulation fully available to non-expert users.
The Surface of Cotton Fibers
Authors: Tripp Verne W. , Moore Anna T. , Rollins Mary L.
Published: March 2007

Microscopical studies of surface replicas of chemically finished or modified cotton fibers have shown that the characteristic surface of native cotton is often altered by various commercial and experimental treatments. While removal of the wax from the fiber sur face has little effect, scouring usually uncovers the fine cellulose fibrils of the primary or even secondary walls. Mercerization does not eliminate the rugosities of the native fiber surface. Additive finishes, including starch, carboxymethyl cellulose, colloidal silica, and acrylic polymer resins change the original fiber topography to an extent dependent on the amount applied. In general, particulate additives tend to concentrate in the grooves of the fiber surface when applied in dilute formulations, but cover most of the fiber surface at higher concentrations.

Chemical modifications which increase the fiber cross sectional area make the fiber surface smoother, hut extensive swelling of the cellulose derivative during its preparation appears to create roughness in some modifications. Crease resistant finishes do not alter the fiber topography significantly.
Estimation of Cortical Components in Various Wools
Authors: Thorsen W.J.
Published: March 2007

Wools varying widely in diameter and crimp. from sheep of several breeds and ages. were stained with various reagents chosen to give high contrast between ortho- and paracortical segments. The brown to black sulfide stain produced in wools by sodium plumbite, selective for the paracortex, was measured quantitatively and observed to in crease with diameter. The greatest rate of change occurs in the fine diameter region. Wools shorn from sheep at different ages show lead sulfide staining increasing with age at shearing. Wool fibers which have been elongated or supercontracted show increased staining, which reflects the mechanical damage. The same wools were stained with acid nickelous nitrite, preferentially staining the ortho segment. It was verified that in this case the order of staining of the various wools is the reverse of that with plumbite. Solubility in an aqueous solution of urea and monothioglycol is shown to increase regularly with the degree of staining in the nickel solution. Bromine water also preferentially stains the orthocortex. Finally, paralleling the staining behavior, the stress in wool at 30% extension (wet) increases generally with diameter as well as with increasing maturity of the sheep.
Durable Creasing of Wrinkle Resistant Cotton1
Authors: Reid J. David , Reinhardt Robert M. , Kullman Russell M. H.
Published: March 2007

Research is under way at the Southern Regional Research Laboratory to improve cotton by resin treatment to strengthen its competitive position with respect to other fibers. In preliminary stages of the work, garments were finished using improved formulations and improved methods of curing which yielded garments which are truly wash and wear in that they may be machine laundered, dried, and worn without ironing. Attention is now being concentrated on attempting to perfect a finish aimed particularly at men's "no muss" summer weight dress cotton suits and slacks, an 180 million square yard per year market of which cotton now holds only about 11%.

In the phase of the work reported here, both fundamental and practical studies have been conducted on a "recuring" process, proposed by the National Cotton Council of America, in which cotton goods, already treated with resin and cured, are made into garments and aftercured by careful introduction of catalyst. The creases, pleats, cuffs, and so forth are then set by heat curing. Creases so introduced are not as durable to laundering as those which can be set in the fabric on an initial cure, but they compare favorably with those found in worsted wool garments. Two possible mechanisms for the recuring process are suggested and evidence in favor of each hypothesis is given. Results on the recuring of both laboratory and commercially resin-treated cotton fabrics are reported.
Progress Reports on Use and Application of the Nepotometer: Some Factors that Affect Test Results 1
Authors: Markezich Anthony R. , Tallant John D. , Worner Ruby K.
Published: March 2007

The Nepotometer is in many respects a miniature card designed to simulate on laboratory samples of cotton the effects of actions encountered during the carding opera tion which are largely responsible for nep formation. It was developed at the North Carolina State College School of Textiles. under a contract with the U. S. Department of Agriculture, to predict the nepping potential of cottons.

The use of a standard-weight test specimen does not necessarily produce a standard weight web. There may be considerable differences in this respect among different cot tons. For each of eight cottons tested, the web weight and log of neps per grain increased with increase in specimen weight in the region tested between 17.5 and 27.5 grains in clusive, the increases being linear with no indication of curvilinearity. Since evaluations are based on comparison of the webs with appearance standards, the production of a constant weight web in the test is believed to be necessary. The possibility of controlling web weight by consideration of some readily determined property such as Micronaire reading or Fibrograph upper half mean length, or a combination of these, appears promising. Two simple equations have been derived for determining the specimen weight to use for a fixed web weight—one based on Micronaire reading and the other on upper half mean length.

Good correlation was found between the log of neps per grain and the photographic standards when the web weights were approximately constant. The regression curve above Grade 1 was essentially a straight line. Neppiness stindards following a regular progression can be obtained from the present photographic grades by adding another grade between the present Grades 1 and 2.
Transmission of Cotton Fiber Strength and Extensibility1.2
Authors: Rebenfeld L.
Published: March 2007

The breaking tenacities and breaking elongations of six experimental cottons are compared in several textile structures. These structures include single fibers, fiber Pressley bundles, yarns, and fabrics in two constructions.

It is shown that the breaking tenacity of single fibers is not fully transmitted to more complex textile structures. The degree of transmission of single fiber strength is not constant for the six cottons, hut is dependent upon the breaking tenacity of the single fibers. The transmission of fiber breaking elongation to more complex textile structures also is found to vary for the six cottons and to be inversely proportional to the single fiber breaking elongation.

It is concluded that while the differences among the experimental cottons in fiber strength and extensibility are clearly evident in the textile structure properties, these differences tend to be leveled out by the textile manufacturing operations.
A Study of the Effect of Half Lap Needling on Combing Efficiency 1
Authors: Sperling P.E.
Published: March 2007

The functions of the comber half lap needle, segment and the effect of its design on waste removal are described. Results of some mill trials using different needling specifications are given.
Predicting Ends Down From Small Lot Spinning Tests1
Authors: Woo Henry K. C.
Published: March 2007

The Poisson frequency function was used to translate the end breakage rate of 35 and 75, 1000 spindles hr, into a series of critical values which would be used to judge spinning performance in small lot spinning tests for various numbers of spindles used. The critical values for various numbers of spindles used were determined graphically from the cumulative frequency of Poisson distribution.

A graph of these critical values for various numbers of spindles for the two levels of end-breakage has been constructed for a rapid evaluation of spinning performance.
A Study of Blended Woolen Structures Part V: Methods of Within-Section Blend Analysis1
Authors: Coplan Myron J. , Klein William G.
Published: March 2007

Statistical implications of the index of blend irregularity have been elaborated, with consequent improved utility of this measure.

A more complete characterization of within-section blend distribution is now possible by two new techniques developed.

Some new light is shed on the characteristics of fiber clustering and blend irregularity within the sections of woolen wool-nylon yarn.
The Effects of Wear and Laundering on the Wrinkling of Fabrics1
Authors: Wilkinson P.R. , Hoffman R.M.
Published: March 2007

In a garment, freedom from wrinkling depends upon the ability of the fabric to recover from bending deformations which occur during wear and laundering. During wear, the important variables are the ambient temperature and humidity and the activity of the wearer. Fabrics next to the wearer's body are exposed to temperatures of 90-95° F., to relative humidities of 60-95%, and to pressures up to 2 psi for various times. During laundering, the important conditions are temperatures of 100-140° F. while wet, pressure of 1-2 psi, and deformation times of 4-6 min. followed by temperature changes which may either set wrinkles in or remove them as in tumble drying.

The mechanical agitation during washing does not cause wrinkling; it actually assists the fabric to recover from wear wrinkles. Centrifugal spinning to remove water is the major cause of wrinkling in automatic washing machines.

Data and information on the above factors can be used in the design of laboratory tests which can currently prediet the performance of wash-wear fabrics. Several new and modified test procedures which are being developed along these lines are described.
Factors Affecting the Drying of Apparel Fabrics
Authors: Steele Richard
Published: March 2007

The hanging strip water gradient determination and its interpretation on the basis of a capillary bundle model have been applied to a study of the effect of finishing agents on the water-holding capacity of cotton printcloth. Water repellents, cross-linking reactive resins, and surface resins all reduce the water capacity to varying degrees and thereby should make them easier to dry. However, the effect of water repellents is negligible if the fabric is wet out with a surface active agent or by mechanical action, both of which are normally met with in laundering. The reductions in capacity pro duced by reactive or surface resins are not affected by these factors.
Cross-Linking of Partially Cyanoethylated Cotton
Authors: Negishi Michiharu , Aida Nobuo
Published: March 2007

By means of the hydrogen peroxide method, the carbamoylethylation of partially cyanoethylated cotton containing a low percentage of nitrogen appeared to be achieved to some extent without almost any damage. By formaldehyde-curing (110-150° C.) in the presence of acid catalyst such as ammonium chloride or dimethylaniline hydrochloride, the crease resistance of partially carbamoylethylated cotton fabrics, accompanied by a corresponding loss in the tensile strength and elongation, was improved over that of the cyanoethylated cotton. However, the improvement was less than that of the unmodified cured cotton. By curing (110-130° C.) with a moderately weak acid catalyst such as secondary ammonium phosphate, the crease resistance of the carbamoylethylated cotton was improved to some extent without so great a decrease in the tensile strength and elongation. Therefore, in the formaldehyde-curing of partially carbamoylethylated cotton fabrics the formation of a long chain of N-methylene bis ethyleneamide cross link between different cellulose molecules was deduced. An ammonium acetate catalyst was too weak to give any improvement. The good dyeing properties of cyanoethylated cot ton have been retained after carbamoylethylation and formaldehyde-curing.
The Mechanism of the Loss of Copper from Cotton Fabric During Actinic Breakdown under Conditions of Wetting
Authors: Rose G.R.F. , Clifford J.B. , Bayley C.H.
Published: March 2007

The factors responsible for the rapid loss of most fungicidal compounds from treated cotton fabric subjected to weathering outdoors include water-solubility of the compound. actinic breakdown of the compound or the substrate, reaction between compound and substrate, migration of compound, and mechanical loss of compound.

Experiments designed to study the above factors are described in which bleached cotton fabric untreated and treated with copper carbonate was subjected to the action of continuous water leaching and to intermittent leaching and drying; the loss of copper and amount of chemical deterioration were determined. Intermittent leaching and drying increased both breakdown and loss of copper.

In experiments in which similar samples were exposed to light containing moderate amounts of radiation in the region of 3000-4000 Å the presence of copper was found to enhance the deterioration. Loss of copper caused by water leaching following ex posure, or by intermittent exposure and leaching, increased with increasing exposure to light.

Exposure of similar samples to light with intermittent dampening with water, with or without drying prior to re-exposure, increased the tendency of the copper to be removed by subsequent water leaching. There is evidence of marked migration of copper in these experiments. the loss of copper noted in these experiments appears to involve solubilization of the copper by the oxidation products of the cotton cellulose.
Static Electrification of Filaments: Effect of Filament Diameter
Authors: Montgomery D.J. , Smith A.E. , Wintermute E.H.
Published: March 2007

- A study was made of the effect of filament diameter on the charge transferred between filaments rubbed together under controlled ambient and mechanical conditions. Filaments of various diameters and of medium resistivity (nylon, ∼ 1012 ohm-cm.) were rubbed against a filament of low resistivity (tantalum, ∼ 10-5 ohm-cm.) and one of high resistivity (polyethylene, ∼ 1015 ohm-cm. ) at different normal forces between the fila ments. For nylon against tantalum, the charge transferred was found to be proportional to the square root of the product of the diameter and the normal force between the filaments. For nylon against polyethylene, the charge transferred was ound to be proportional to the square root of the normal force, but nearly independent of the diameter. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the charge transferred is proportional to the true area of contact (that is, the area over which interpenetration of molecular fields occurs) swept out on the object of lower conductivity.
Blending Cottons Differing in Fiber Bundle Break Elongation
Authors: Louis Gain L. , Fiori Louis A. , Sands Jack E.
Published: March 2007

Two long staple cottons, differing in fiber bundle break elongation but having other pertinent fiber properties substantially equal, were blended in different percentages to permit a study of the effects of break-elongation on yarn properties and spinning etbciency.

Yarn strength and elongation were affected by fiber elongation, with fibers having the highest fiber elongation exerting the greatest influence. Furthermore, nep formation increased linearly as the percentage of higher elongation cotton increased in the blend, indicating that neps are directly influenced by average fiber stiffness.

It was also found that yarn toughness index correlated closely with yarn impact data, thus suggesting its possible substitution for yarn impact data.

The inconsistency of end breakage of the warp and hlling yarns during spinning offered no conclusive evidence as to the relative spinnability of the cottbns and cotton blends investigated.
The in Situ Polymerization of Ethylene Ureas and Ethylene Amides Within the Fibers of Cotton
Authors: Jones F.B. , Hammon H.G. , Leininger R.I. , Heiligmann R.G.
Published: March 2007

A research program has been carried out to investigate a new approach to cotton finishing. This approach has involved a study of various diaziridinyl compounds, such as those obtained by reacting ethylene imine with org-anic diisocyanates, diacid chlorides, and bischloroformates as potential cross-linking agents for cotton cellulose to produce "minimum care" or "wash-wear" fabric finishes. Over 25 different aziridinyl com pounds were prepared experimentally and screened for utility on the basis of water solubility and effect on such fabric properties as crease-recovery angle, tear strength, breaking strength and elongation, flex abrasion, washfastness, and chlorine retention. The experimental finishes were applied to an 80 X 80-count cotton print cloth, using . laboratory-size padding and drying equipment.

The diaziridinyl compounds based on aliphatic diisocyanates and bischloroformates were found to demonstrate the greatest utility for the contemplated application, particu larly those compounds prepared from hexaniethylene-1,6-diisocyanate and mono- and diethylene glycol bischloroformate precursors. Increases in crease-recovery angle in the range of 30-60% were achieved with these finishes under conditions of application generally similar to those employed for commercial polymethylol type finishes.

While these particular diaziridinyl finishes impart considerable crease resistance to cotton cloth, they were found to generally cause less impairment of other fabric prop erties than an experimentally applied commercial polymethylol cotton finish (CEU resin). The diaziridinyl finishes, being nitrogen-containing compounds, demonstrate a strong tendency to retain chlorine after chlorine bleaching. Further development of curing techniques for application of these finishes should be considered as a possible means of reducing chlorine retention.
Response of Cottons to Chemical Treatments Part I: Fiber Mercerization and Urea Treatments 1
Authors: Rebenfeld L.
Published: March 2007

In order to determine whether different cottons respond differently to identical chemi cal treatments, single fibers from six carefully selected cottons were subjected to four treatments under a tensile force of 0.1 g. The treatments which were investigated were water, 10 M urea, mercerization, and a combination of 10 M urea and mercerization. The initial, nondestructive portion of the fiber stress-strain curve was evaluated for each fiber prior to the treatment and the entire stress-strain curve was evaluated after the chemical treatments. Thus it was possible to determine the changes in fiber properties on a fiber-to-fiber basis at least as far as the non-rupture fiber characteristics are con cerned. Fiber length, elastic modulus, breaking extension, and breaking tenacity were considered in this research. Many changes in fiber properties due to the chemical treat ments could be interpreted in terms of fibrillar orientation of the six cottons as estimated by the X-ray angle. Under mercerizing conditions, it was observed that cottons with high X-ray angles underwent greater increases in fiber length and elastic modulus and greater decreases in fiber breaking extension than did cottons with low X-ray angles. Changes in fiber breaking tenacity could not be related to known structural features of the cotton fiber.
On Changes in the Weight Distribution Function of Artificial Fibers Due to Random Fiber Breakage
Authors: Byatt W.J.
Published: March 2007

It is possible to prepare artificial fibers so that each of them has, initially, the same length. This possibility simplifies the mathematical treatment of the subsequent ran dom time breakage, as in ginning. Upper and lower bounds to an exact expression for the time-dependent weight distribution function, W(l, t), are found. Under certain conditions, the bounds coalesce to the exact solution W(l, t).

The usefulness of the approximations found for testing the theory and in finding cer tain transition probabilities associated with fiber decay is discussed.
The Theory of Shrinkproofing of Wool
Authors: Bradbury J.H.
Published: March 2007

Lincoln 36's top and Merino fabric were subjected to eight different chemical treat ments, each at several levels, which included three well-known shrinkproofing treatments. The shrinkage of the treated material was compared with surface modification observed microscopically and frictional coefficients measured by the capstan method. Shrinkproofing can be brought about by a variety of chemical and physical surface treatments. The chemical composition of the surface of the treated fiber and its topography (as observed microscopically) vary according to the type of surface treat ment. There is good correlation between the amount of surface modification and the change in frictional coefficients. In agreement with the generally accepted theory of shrinkproofing, it is considered that the latter is the basic cause of shrinkproofing. This theory is adequate for most treatments but may have to be modified to account for anomalous cases such as occur on treatment with permanganate in water or on ethanol extraction.
Twist and Tension as Factors in Yarn Characteristics
Authors: Sreenivasan K. , Shankaranarayana K.S.
Published: March 2007

Twist and tension during spinning play an important part in deciding the yarn char acteristics. The dual effect of twist and tension on yam characteristics—their effect after the yarn leaves the front roller nip and before it is wound on the cop—has not received as much attention as it deserves. This effect has been studied here by varying the twist multiplier from 0.65 to 9 on roving and 3.5 to 7 on 32s yarn at different tensions.
A Study of Reactions between Cotton Cellulose and Difunctional Epoxides
Authors: Benerito Ruth R. , Webre Beverly G. , McKelvey J.B.
Published: March 2007

Four diepoxides, namely, the diglycidyl ether of 1,4-butanediol, meso-butadiene diepoxide, Eponite 100, and vinylcyclohexene dioxide have been applied to cotton print cloth (80 X 80) from methanolic and aqueous solutions in the presence of zinc fluoborate as catalyst. Physical properties imparted to cotton by these diepoxides under various conditions of reaction and cure have been evaluated. Data are presented to show varia tion of fabric properties with mole ratios of diepoxide: Zn(BF4) 2: AGU ( anhydroglucose units of cotton cellulose). It has been found for all except butadiene diepoxide that a given add-on does not result in like fabric properties and that for a certain percentage improvement in dry crease resistance, a higher retention in tensile properties is obtained at the higher AGU: Zn(BF4)2 mole ratio.
The Use of Unheated Air in the Drying of Wool
Authors: Downes J.G. , McMahon G.B.
Published: March 2007

In drying wool by forced air flow to a uniform regain in the range 8% to 16%, the amount of water removed per unit volume of air used is almost independent of the air temperature. , In view of this, the paper examines the practicability and economics of using unheated air for wool drying. Running costs depend on the atmospheric humidity , at the location of the dryer, but usually are appreciably lower than those of an efficient steam-heated dryer. The air intake per pound of water removed is much greater than in conventional dryers but the blower power required is approximately the same. No circulation is used, and this permits close control of the regain of the wool leaving the dryer.
A New Staining Technique for the Study of Skin, and Core of Nylon Yarns
Authors: Berry W. Rhett
Published: March 2007

A new technique for the differential staining of skin and core structure of nylon 6 and 66 yarn cross-sections has been developed. The technique requires the use of two water-soluble dyes, Kiton Pure Blue V, an acid dye, and Methyl Violet 2B Supra I, a basic dye. With these two dyes there is no chemical swelling of the cross-section as with ZnCl2, iodine staining. Also the skin of an undrawn filament, which is reported by some investigators to be undetectable, can be stained.
Cross-Linking Etherified Cottons with Dimethylol Ethyleneurea
Authors: Kullman Russell M. H. , Frick John G. , Reinhardt Robert M. , Reid J. David
Published: March 2007

The effects of cross-linking with dimethylol ethyleneurea on several etherified cotton fabrics—carboxymethylated, hydroxyethylated, methylated, and cyanoethylated cottons— were studied and compared with its effects on unmodified cotton. The effect of re placing cellulosic hydroxyl groups on the reactivity toward dimethylol ethyleneurea is dependent on the nature of the substituent and the swellability of the etherified fiber. Hydroxyethylated and methylated cottons exhibit greater cross-linking efficiency with dimethylol ethyleneurea than does unmodified cotton. High moisture regain in con junction with high wet and conditioned wrinkle recovery is possible with hydroxy ethylated cotton. Increased extensibility observed in etherified cottons is directly re lated to the alkali concentration used in the etherifying reaction. The rate of strength loss on cross-linking, with unit improvement in crease recovery, is greater for etherified cottons, except hydroxyethylated, than for unmodified cotton.
Physical Properties of Wool Fibers at Various Regains-
Authors: West G.W. , Haly A.R. , Feughelman M.
Published: March 2007

Both direct absorption curves and derivative curves due to proton magnetic resonance absorption in wool have been obtained. Peak heights and widths of the absorption lines were measured for wool samples equilibrated at a number of relative humidities in the range 0 to 90%. All water protons in wool appear to be less firmly bound than the keratin protons, but less mobile than liquid water. It seems clear that an increment of absorbed water changes the binding energies of previously absorbed water. No evi dence was obtained of a subdivision of water in wool into two or three fractions with different binding energies which are successively bound as the equilibrium regain is increased.
X-Ray Diffractometer Thermal Technique for Study of Structural Changes in Cellulosic Compounds1
Authors: Creely Joseph J. , Conrad Carl M.
Published: March 2007

Previous x-ray diffraction studies of cellulose derivatives and other organic com pounds have shown that heat often has important effects, facilitating crystallization, transitions, and polymorphic transformations. However, the application of heat treat ments in conjunction with x-ray diffraction studies has usually been laborious, inexact, and at times ambiguous because of limitations of the technique. The present paper describes the adaptation of an x-ray furnace in conjunction with a two-pen potentiometer recorder and temperature-program controller to overcome some of the previous limita tions. A specially designed specimen holder is described. Thermal diffractograms of cellulose acetate and of benzyl and cyanoethyl cellulose are reproduced to demonstrate some of the advantages and possibilities of this technique.
The Power Requirements for Reciprocating Yarn Traverses
Authors: Hebberling F.
Published: March 2007

The power required to drive a reciprocating yarn traverse increases with the cube of traverse velocity and wind angle. Equations to compute the power requirements are derived. Mechanical amplification of the traverse stroke reduces the power require ments substantially ; the basic equations are expanded for this case.
Structure and Properties of a New Polyester Fiber
Authors: Martin E.V.
Published: March 2007

An epitome of data obtained in the Research Laboratories of Tennessee Eastman Company on the structure and properties of polymers and fibers of poly (1,4-cyclohex ylenedimethylene terephthalate) is reported. Special attention is given to the effect on properties of varying the proportion of cis and trans isomers of the 1,4-cyclohexanedi methanol used in making the polymers. Solubility, density, and those properties of polymers that are associated with temperature are affected by the cis/trans ratio, but the tensile properties of fibers and fabrics are not. The conformational forms in which these isomers might occur are considered. The crystal structures, deduced from x-ray diffraction data, are unusual in that the crystal lattice in polymer composed wholly of either isomer is distorted by addition to the polymer of an appreciable proportion of the other isomer. Melting point data show no evidence for the existence of a eutectic composition. Kodel polyester fiber is at present manufactured of polymer in which the ratio of trans and cis isomers is approximately 2 to 1. This fiber has a very low degree of susceptibility to water. It is also highly resilient at room and laundering tempera tures, whether wet or dry. These factors probably account for its excellent behavior in wash-and-wear fabrics.
The Effect of Speed of Drafting, in Terms of Spindle Speed, on Skein Breaking Strength of Cotton Yarns Spun on the Double-Apron System
Authors: Audivert R. , Vidiella J.E.
Published: March 2007

This is an account of work primarily intended to find the effect of speed of drafting, associated with spindle speed, on yarn breaking strength. To this end, yarns were spun from a series of rovings widely different in size, with a series of twist multipliers, and a range of spindle speeds.

The results showed that, for the 6000 to 12,000 rpm range there was an increase in strength with increasing spindle speed. At speeds below this range a minimum in strength was found between 4000 and 5000 rpm. Other findings: strength decreased with increase in roving twist above normal values, and thinner rovings gave stronger yarns under the particular conditions of these experiments.
Fiber Properties Responsible for Garment Comfort
Authors: Mehrtens David G. , McAlister Kenneth C.
Published: March 2007

Numerous articles have appeared in the literature on such factors involved in garment comfort as moisture porosity and wickability. However, the only way to determine the relative importance of such factors is to conduct a subjective comfort test. This has been done for knitted sport shirts of "Orlon,"1 nylon, and rayon staple fibers, and of cotton, worn next to the skin under hot and humid conditions (90° F and 80% RH). The fabrics were identically made as far as possible, in order to determine the comfort characteristics inherent in the fiber. It was found that the greatest advantage in com fort was through lower scratchiness, exhibited by fibers of lower bending or flexural rigidity and lower friction. The combination of lower fabric weight and thickness also led to better comfort. Fabric wickability had no detectable influence on comfort under the test conditions. Objective measurements of fiber and fabric properties allowed close prediction of observed comfort.
The Relationship between Fabric Structure and Ease-of-Care Performance of Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Abbott N.J.
Published: March 2007

The study described herein was undertaken to determine the extent to which the ease- of-care performance of resin-treated cotton fabrics was affected by changes in fabric construction. Ease-of-care performance was estimated by measuring wrinkling during automatic wash-tumble dry cycles: wrinkle recovery and fabric stiffness under a wide variety of atmospheric conditions including two temperatures, three relative humidities, and, in the case of wet wrinkle recovery, two water temperatures: and, finally, tearing strength,

Twenty-one cotton fabric constructions were treated both in the unmercerized and mer cerized states with DMEU and APO wash-wear resins. When resin treatment followed mercerization, substantial improvements in tearing strength were obtained. The best cotton fabric construction for all-round ease-of-care performance is one which permits the maximum degree of yarn mobility without excessive loss of hand.

Ten of the fabrics were selected for a study of the interrelationships among wash-wear performance, wrinkle recovery and flexural rigidity. The best correlation between wash-wear rating and wrinkle recovery was obtained when the wrinkle recovery meas urements were made at 120° F, 15% RH. However, although the ability to recover from wrinkling is of prime importance in determining wash-wear performance, it is shown that fabric stiffness also has an important influence. the higher the fabric stiff ness, for a given fiber type, the lower the wrinkle recovery angle may be, for the same wash-wear performance. Because an inverse correlation exists between wrinkle recovery and flexural rigidity for tightly woven fabrics, the evaluation of both characteristics before estimating wash-wear performance is desirable.