bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bivalve shell horizons in seafloor pockmarks of the last glacial‐interglacial transition: a thousand years of methane emissions in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Ambrose William G. , Panieri Giuliana , Schneider Andrea , Plaza‐Faverola Andreia , Carroll Michael L. , Åström Emmelie K. L. , Locke William L. , Carroll JoLynn
Published: November 2015

We studied discrete bivalve shell horizons in two gravity cores from seafloor pockmarks on the Vestnesa Ridge (∼1200 m water depth) and western Svalbard (79°00′ N, 06°55′ W) to provide insight into the temporal and spatial dynamics of seabed methane seeps. The shell beds, dominated by two genera of the family Vesicomyidae: Phreagena s.l. and Isorropodon sp., were 20–30 cm thick and centered at 250–400 cm deep in the cores. The carbon isotope composition of inorganic (δ13C from −13.02‰ to +2.36‰) and organic (δ13C from −29.28‰ to −21.33‰) shell material and a two‐end member mixing model indicate that these taxa derived between 8% and 43% of their nutrition from chemosynthetic bacteria. In addition, negative δ13C values for planktonic foraminifera (−6.7‰ to −3.1‰), concretions identified as methane‐derived authigenic carbonates, and pyrite‐encrusted fossil worm tubes at the shell horizons indicate a sustained paleo‐methane seep environment. Combining sedimentation rates with 14C ages for bivalve material from the shell horizons, we estimate the horizons persisted for about 1000 years between approximately 17,707 and 16,680 years B.P. (corrected). The seepage event over a 1000 year time interval was most likely associated with regional stress‐related faulting and the subsequent release of overpressurized fluids.
Low‐frequency waves in the Martian magnetosphere and their response to upstream solar wind driving conditions
Authors: Ruhunusiri Suranga , Halekas J. S. , Connerney J. E. P. , Espley J. R. , McFadden J. P. , Larson D. E. , Mitchell D. L. , Mazelle C. , Jakosky B. M.
Published: November 2015

We characterize low‐frequency plasma waves in the Martian magnetosphere and in the upstream region by using transport ratios. To compute the transport ratios, we use Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN mission's (MAVEN) solar wind ion analyzer and suprathermal and thermal ion composition instrument measurements of the ion moments and the magnetometer measurements of the magnetic field. We find that the Alfvén waves are the most dominant wave mode in the upstream region and the magnetosheath. Fast waves are found frequently near the bow shock and the magnetic pileup boundary. Mirror and slow waves, on the other hand, occur much less frequently. We also find that the Alfvén and fast wave occurrences vary dominantly near the bow shock in response to the solar wind dynamic pressure.
Comparison of model predictions for the composition of the ionosphere of Mars to MAVEN NGIMS data
Authors: Withers Paul , Vogt Marissa , Mayyasi Majd , Mahaffy Paul , Benna Mehdi , Elrod Meredith , Bougher Stephen , Dong Chuanfei , Chaufray Jean‐Yves , Ma Yingjuan , Jakosky Bruce
Published: November 2015

Prior to the arrival of the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft at Mars, the only available measurements of the composition of the planet's ionosphere were those acquired by the two Viking Landers during their atmospheric entries. Many numerical models of the composition of the ionosphere of Mars have been developed, but these have only been validated for species, altitudes, and conditions for which Viking data exist. Here we compare the ionospheric composition and structure predicted by 10 ionospheric models at solar zenith angles of 45–60° against ion density measurements acquired by the MAVEN Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer (NGIMS). The most successful models included three‐dimensional plasma transport driven by interactions with the surrounding space environment but had relatively simple ionospheric chemistry.
Ionospheric plasma density variations observed at Mars by MAVEN/LPW
Authors: Andrews D. J. , Andersson L. , Delory G. T. , Ergun R. E. , Eriksson A. I. , Fowler C. M. , McEnulty T. , Morooka M. W. , Weber T. , Jakosky B. M.
Published: November 2015

We report on initial observations made by the Langmuir Probe and Waves relaxation soundingexperiment on board the NASA Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission. These measurements yield the ionospheric thermal plasma density, and we use these data here for an initial survey of its variability. Studying orbit‐to‐orbit variations, we show that the relative variability of the ionospheric plasma density is lowest at low altitudes near the photochemical peak, steadily increases toward higher altitudes and sharply increases as the spacecraft crosses the terminator and moves into the nightside. Finally, despite the small volume of data currently available, we show that a clear signature of the influence of crustal magnetic fields on the thermal plasma density fluctuations is visible. Such results are consistent with previously reported remote measurements made at higher altitudes, but crucially, here we sample a new span of altitudes between ∼130 and ∼300 km using in situ techniques.
First results of the MAVEN magnetic field investigation
Authors: Connerney J. E. P. , Espley J. R. , DiBraccio G. A. , Gruesbeck J. R. , Oliversen R. J. , Mitchell D. L. , Halekas J. , Mazelle C. , Brain D. , Jakosky B. M.
Published: November 2015

Two Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN magnetic field sensors sample the ambient magnetic field at the outer edge of each solar array. We characterized relatively minor spacecraft‐generated magnetic fields using in‐flight subsystem tests and spacecraft maneuvers. Dynamic spacecraft fields associated with the power subsystem (≤1 nT) are compensated for using spacecraft engineering telemetry to identify active solar array circuits and monitor their electrical current production. Static spacecraft magnetic fields are monitored using spacecraft roll maneuvers. Accuracy of measurement of the environmental magnetic field is demonstrated by comparison with field directions deduced from the symmetry properties of the electron distribution function measured by the Solar Wind Electron Analyzer. We map the bow shock, magnetic pileup boundary, the V × B convection electric field and ubiquitous proton cyclotron, and 1 Hz waves in the ion foreshock region.
Multifluid MHD study of the solar wind interaction with Mars' upper atmosphere during the 2015 March 8th ICME event
Authors: Dong Chuanfei , Ma Yingjuan , Bougher Stephen W. , Toth Gabor , Nagy Andrew F. , Halekas Jasper S. , Dong Yaxue , Curry Shannon M. , Luhmann Janet G. , Brain David , Connerney Jack E. P. , Espley Jared , Mahaffy Paul , Benna Mehdi , McFadden James P. , Mitchell David L. , DiBraccio Gina A. , Lillis Robert J. , Jakosky Bruce M. , Grebowsky Joseph M.
Published: November 2015

We study the solar wind interaction with the Martian upper atmosphere during the 8 March 2015 interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) by using a global multifluid MHD model. Comparison of the simulation results with observations from Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft shows good agreement. The total ion escape rate is increased by an order of magnitude, from 2.05 × 1024 s−1 (pre‐ICME phase) to 2.25 × 1025 s−1 (ICME sheath phase), during this time period. Two major ion escape channels are illustrated: accelerated pickup ion loss through the dayside plume and ionospheric ion loss through the nightside plasma wake region. Interestingly, the tailward ion loss is significantly increased at the ejecta phase. Both bow shock and magnetic pileup boundary (BS and MPB) locations are decreased from (1.2RM, 1.57RM) at the pre‐ICME phase to (1.16RM, 1.47RM), respectively, during the sheath phase along the dayside Mars‐Sun line. Furthermore, both simulation and observational results indicate that there is no significant variation in the Martian ionosphere (at altitudes ≲ 200 km, i.e., the photochemical region) during this event.
How did ocean warming affect Australian rainfall extremes during the 2010/2011 La Niña event?
Authors: Ummenhofer Caroline C. , Sen Gupta Alexander , England Matthew H. , Taschetto Andréa S. , Briggs Peter R. , Raupach Michael R.
Published: November 2015

Extreme rainfall conditions in Australia during the 2010/2011 La Niña resulted in devastating floods claiming 35 lives, causing billions of dollars in damages, and far‐reaching impacts on global climate, including a significant drop in global sea level and record terrestrial carbon uptake. Northeast Australian 2010/2011 rainfall was 84% above average, unusual even for a strong La Niña, and soil moisture conditions were unprecedented since 1950. Here we demonstrate that the warmer background state increased the likelihood of the extreme rainfall response. Using atmospheric general circulation model experiments with 2010/2011 ocean conditions with and without long‐term warming, we identify the mechanisms that increase the likelihood of extreme rainfall: additional ocean warming enhanced onshore moisture transport onto Australia and ascent and precipitation over the northeast. Our results highlight the role of long‐term ocean warming for modifying rain‐producing atmospheric circulation conditions, increasing the likelihood of extreme precipitation for Australia during future La Niña events.
Complicated rupture process of theMw7.0 intraslab strike‐slip earthquake in the Tohoku region on 10 July 2011 revealed by near‐field pressure records
Authors: Kubota Tatsuya , Hino Ryota , Inazu Daisuke , Ito Yoshihiro , Iinuma Takeshi
Published: November 2015

We examined fault models of the Tohoku strike‐slip intraslab earthquake (Mw 7.0) on 10 July 2011 using near‐field tsunami data. After constraining the strike and location of the fault from tsunami source distribution, we investigated fault models assuming simple rupture of one fault, and simultaneous rupture of two conjugate faults. The estimated single fault reached >30 km down into the slab from the plate interface, suggesting bending stress enhancement after the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake, but the depth extent was inconsistent with the aftershock activity. The model involving conjugate faults extended ~20 km below the slab surface and was more consistent with the aftershocks. We concluded that it is more plausible that this earthquake involved two conjugate strike‐slip faults, and the enhancement of the downdip extensional stress after Tohoku‐Oki earthquake was not large enough to allow rupture to propagate deeply into the slab beneath the landward slope of the Japan Trench.
Preimpact porosity controls the gravity signature of lunar craters
Authors: Milbury C. , Johnson B. C. , Melosh H. J. , Collins G. S. , Blair D. M. , Soderblom J. M. , Nimmo F. , Bierson C. J. , Phillips R. J. , Zuber M. T.
Published: November 2015

We model the formation of lunar complex craters and investigate the effect of preimpact porosity on their gravity signatures. We find that while preimpact target porosities less than ~7% produce negative residual Bouguer anomalies (BAs), porosities greater than ~7% produce positive anomalies whose magnitude is greater for impacted surfaces with higher initial porosity. Negative anomalies result from pore space creation due to fracturing and dilatant bulking, and positive anomalies result from destruction of pore space due to shock wave compression. The central BA of craters larger than ~215 km in diameter, however, are invariably positive because of an underlying central mantle uplift. We conclude that the striking differences between the gravity signatures of craters on the Earth and Moon are the result of the higher average porosity and variable porosity of the lunar crust.
A simplified wave enhancement criterion for moving extreme events
Authors: Kudryavtsev Vladimir , Golubkin Pavel , Chapron Bertrand
Published: October 2015

An analytical model is derived to efficiently describe the wave energy distribution along the main transects of a moving extreme weather event. The model essentially builds on a generalization of the self‐similar wave growth model and the assumption of a strongly dominant single spectral mode in a given quadrant of the storm. The criterion to anticipate wave enhancement with the generation of trapped abnormal waves defined as
, with
,
, and
, radial distance, average sustained wind speed, and translation velocity, respectively. Constants
and
follow the fetch‐law definitions. If forced during a sufficient time scale interval, also defined from this generalized self‐similar wave growth model, waves can be trapped and large amplification of the wave energy will occur in the front‐right storm quadrant. Remarkably, the group velocity and corresponding wavelength of outrunning wave systems will become wind speed independent and solely related to the translating velocity. The resulting significant wave height also only weakly depends on wind speed, and more strongly on the translation velocity. Compared to altimeter satellite measurements, the proposed analytical solutions for the wave energy distribution demonstrate convincing agreement. As analytically developed, the wave enhancement criterion can provide a rapid evaluation to document the general characteristics of each storm, especially the expected wavefield asymmetry.
Multidecadal change in the dissolved inorganic carbon in a long‐term ocean state estimation
Authors: Doi Toshimasa , Osafune Satoshi , Sugiura Nozomi , Kouketsu Shinya , Murata Akihiko , Masuda Shuhei , Toyoda Takahiro
Published: October 2015

By using a four‐dimensional variational data assimilation system capable of estimating physical and biogeochemical variables for the global ocean, we investigated multidecadal changes in the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the ocean. The system was newly constructed with a pelagic ecosystem model and an oceanic general circulation model to integrate available ocean observations obtained with a wide range of observation tools. The distribution of estimated DIC was by and large consistent with previous reports. We validated the changes in DIC along the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) Hydrographic Program sections. The correlation coefficients of the modeled versus observed decadal difference patterns of DIC ranged from 0.25 to 0.51 in the Pacific Ocean, from 0.36 to 0.62 in the Atlantic Ocean, and from 0.23 to 0.57 in the Indian Ocean, and were significant at the 95% confidence level. Thus, at basin scale, the reproducibility of long‐term climate change was similar. Estimation of vertical DIC fluxes in each basin showed that the fluxes changed on a multidecadal time scale in our system. These changes were possibly due to changes in the dynamical state of CO2 absorption and to changes in ocean circulation. Our integrated data set on the basis of a dynamically self‐consistent ocean state is a promising tool for examining long‐term changes in the ocean carbon cycle.
Plasmonic Lipid Bilayer Membranes for Enhanced Detection Sensitivity of Biolabeling Fluorophores
Authors: Bhattacharya Rupak , Indukuri Chaitanya , Begam Nafisa , Seeck Oliver H. , Basu Jaydeep K.
Published: October 2015

Plasmonics based sensing, using the surface plasmon resonance of metal nanoparticles, has been effectively demonstrated in various applications. Extending this methodology to cell and artificial lipid bilayer membranes is extremely beneficial in enhancing the sensitivity of the detection of binding and cellular transport of molecules across such membranes. Here, the creation of an artificial plasmonic biomembrane template is demonstrated and used to show the enhanced detection sensitivity of certain widely used biomarker molecules. The efficacy of these templates is explained in terms of the ability of the hydrophobic polymer grafted gold nanoparticles used to organize, penetrate, and fluidize the membranes. The enhancement of photoluminescence of the dye molecules used occurs over a reasonably large spectral range as compared to the plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles. The results could, possibly, be extended to cellular membranes with relevant modifications, as well as to the detection of any other biological molecule appropriately labeled with fluorescent dye molecules, and demonstrate the versatility of these plasmonic bioinspired platforms as potential biochemical sensors.
Biomimetic Carbon Nanotube Films with Gradient Structure and Locally Tunable Mechanical Property
Authors: Lin Zhiqiang , Gui Xuchun , Zeng Zhiping , Liang Binghao , Chen Wenjun , Liu Ming , Zhu Yuan , Cao Anyuan , Tang Zikang
Published: October 2015

Naturally existing materials often acquire unique functions by adopting a gradient structure with gradual change in their microstructure and related properties. Imparting such an elegant structural control into synthetic materials has been a grand challenge in the field. Here, the concept of gradient structure into macroscopic carbon nanotube (CNT) films is employed and the CNT arrangement from well‐aligned array to completely random distribution, in a continuous and smooth way, is changed. Gradient films with tailored aligned‐to‐random transition rate or multilevel hierarchical structures with repeated transition have been fabricated. Local deformation and mechanical properties are directly related to the arrangement of CNTs and can be tailored by Herman's orientation factor; in particular, the elastic modulus and stiffness span over several orders of magnitude from aligned to random regions within a single monolithic film. Controlled synthesis of macroscopic CNT gradient structures with tunable mechanical properties opens a potential route toward manufacturing biomimetic functional materials with locally optimized design.
Dual‐Salt Mg‐Based Batteries with Conversion Cathodes
Authors: Zhang Ye , Xie Junjie , Han Yanlin , Li Chilin
Published: November 2015

Mg batteries as the most typical multivalent batteries are attracting increasing attention because of resource abundance, high volumetric energy density, and smooth plating/stripping of Mg anodes. However, current limitations for the progress of Mg batteries come from the lack of high voltage electrolytes and fast Mg‐insertable structure prototypes. In order to improve their energy or power density, hybrid systems combining Li‐driven cathode reaction with Mg anode process appear to be a potential solution by bypassing the aforementioned limitations. Here, FeS
x
(x = 1 or 2) is employed as conversion cathode with 2–4 electron transfers to achieve a maximum energy density close to 400 Wh kg−1, which is comparable with that of Li‐ion batteries but without serious dendrite growth and polysulphide dissolution. In situ formation of solid electrolyte interfaces on both sulfide and Mg electrodes is likely responsible for long‐life cycling and suppression of S‐species passivation at Mg anodes. Without any decoration on the cathode, electrolyte additive, or anode protection, a reversible capacity of more than 200 mAh g−1 is still preserved for Mg/FeS2 after 200 cycles.
Fully Drawn All‐Organic Flexible Transistors Prepared by Capillary Pen Printing on Flexible Planar and Curvilinear Substrates
Authors: Kang Boseok , Park Namwoo , Min Honggi , Lee Junghwi , Jeong Heejeong , Baek Seolhee , Cho Kilwon , Lee Hwa Sung
Published: October 2015

Printing technologies are instrumental to the fabrication of low‐cost lightweight flexible electronic devices and circuits, which are necessary to produce wearable electronic applications. However, attaining fully printed devices on flexible films over large areas has typically been a challenge. Here, the fabrication of fully drawn all‐organic field‐effect transistor (FET) arrays on mechanically flexible substrates using a capillary‐pen printing method is demonstrated. A highly crystalline organic semiconductor (active layer), a smooth insulating polymer (dielectric layer), and a conducting polymer (source, drain, and gate electrodes) are deposited from solution sequentially. The bottom‐gate bottom‐contact FETs drawn onto flexible substrates exhibit superior field‐effect mobilities of up to 0.54 cm2 V−1 s−1, good reproducibility, operational stability, and mechanical bendability. Furthermore, to emphasize the methodological advantages of the capillary‐pen printing, an organic FET (OFET) array on a curvilinear substrate of a plastic straw and the repairing concept for a broken electrical circuit are demonstrated. These results indicate that capillary pen printing shows promise as a manufacturing technique for a wide range of large‐area electronic applications.
Multicycle investigation of a sol‐gel‐derived Fe2O3/ATP oxygen carrier for coal chemical looping combustion
Authors: Guo Qingjie , Yang Mingming , Liu Yongzhuo , Yang Qinqin , Zhang Yunpeng
Published: November 2015

Fe‐based oxygen‐carrier particles with attapulgite (ATP) as a support material for coal chemical looping combustion (CLC) have been prepared using a sol‐gel approach. The multiredox characteristics of the prepared Fe4ATP6 (Fe2O3 to ATP mass ratio of 40:60) were experimentally examined in a batch fluidized bed reactor at 900°C. The experimental results indicated that the synergistic reactions between ATP and Fe2O3 increased the coal conversion. Fe4ATP6 exhibited high reactivity, particularly for low‐rank coals, in the CLC process. The improved pore structure and surface area were responsible for the high reactivity of Fe4ATP6. In 60 redox cycles, H2 was mainly generated in the outlet gas as the carbon conversion efficiency had reached 95%, and both the coal combustion efficiency and CO2 capture efficiency were greater than 95%. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 996–1006, 2016
The effect of interparticle cohesion on powder mixing in a ribbon mixer
Authors: Halidan Musha , Chandratilleke Ganga R. , Dong Kejun , Yu Aibing
Published: November 2015

The effect of interparticle cohesion on powder mixing in a ribbon mixer was studied by means of the discrete element method. It is shown that with an increase in the cohesion, the mixing rate and uniformity of mixing deteriorate, the coordination number increases indicating the loss of the ability of particles to be engaged in free flowing motion, and a majority of particles have a stronger tangential velocity allowing bulk angular motion of particles. Conversely, with a decrease in the cohesion, more particles have larger axial velocities, which will increase convective motion in the axial direction. When the cohesion is reduced, the number of particles having large radial stresses increases, and normal stress in the axial direction remains mostly unchanged. The ribbon mixer can mix cohesive particles in a wide range of the Bond numbers without causing large stresses. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 1023–1037, 2016
The primatologist as a behavioral engineer
Authors: Martin Allison L.
Published: November 2015

The field of primate behavior management has had only limited success in preventing and treating abnormal behaviors, such as stereotypy and self‐injury, in captive non‐human primates (NHP). In contrast, applied behavior analysts have had great success in treating similar topographies of behavior in human clinical settings. By adapting and adopting the behavioral principles and methodologies commonly used by applied behavior analysts, primatologists may be able to develop more effective ways to analyze, reduce, and prevent these aberrant behaviors in NHP. This article reviews studies that have used behavior analytic techniques to successfully address problem behaviors in NHP. Additionally, relevant literature from the field of applied behavior analysis is reviewed to illustrate how adopting a theoretical framework that emphasizes the determination of the underlying operant functions of behavior could lead to new behavioral technologies and advance the field of captive primate management. Am. J. Primatol. 79:e22500, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phenotypic plasticity and constraint along the upper and lower limb diaphyses of Homo sapiens
Authors: Nadell Jason A. , Shaw Colin N.
Published: November 2015

Objectives

Morphological variation along the human limb reflects complex structural trade‐offs between bone strength and mass. Here we assess how varying levels of plasticity and constraint affect this structure and influence the response to habitual loading along the diaphysis.

Materials and Methods

Cross‐sectional geometric properties including total area, cortical area, and rigidity were compared from the upper (humerus: 50% of length, radius: 66%, 50%, 4%) and lower (tibia: 50%, 38%, 4%) limbs of male varsity‐level athletes and matched controls with distinct habitual loading histories.

Results

Geometric properties among cricketers and swimmers were significantly greater at the humeral midshaft, mid‐proximal radius, and radial midshaft compared to controls. By contrast, no significant differences were found among athletes or controls at the distal radius. The tibial midshafts of hockey players and runners also displayed greater area and rigidity compared to controls. Differences in geometry among the three groups became less pronounced distally, where structure was comparable among athletes and controls at 4% of tibial length. Additionally, coefficients of variation revealed that variation among athletes of the same sport was highest distally in both the upper and lower limb and lowest at midshaft, where structure most closely reflected the activity pattern of each loading group.

Discussion

These results support previous research suggesting that distal limb sections are more tightly constrained by safety factors compared to midshafts and proximal sections. Overall, it appears that plasticity and constraint vary not only between limb segments in correspondence to known activity patterns, but also along specific sections of the diaphysis. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:410–422, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development and characterization of chitosan bionanocomposites containing oxidized cellulose nanocrystals
Authors: Souza Vanderlei C. , Niehues Eduardo , Quadri Mara G. N.
Published: October 2015

In this research, cellulose nanocrystals (CNs) were extracted from corn cobs by 2,2,6,6,‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl radical‐mediated oxidation combined with ultrasonic treatment for the first time. These CNs were then used as a mechanical reinforcement agent and barrier in chitosan‐based bionanocomposite films. Birefringence analyses under crossed polarizers indicated the presence of isolated nanocrystals in suspension, which was later confirmed by TEM analysis. The crystallinity index obtained from X‐ray diffraction was 92.4%. The incorporation of these nanoparticles into a filmogenic matrix of chitosan made it possible to obtain bionanocomposite films with improved properties. The water‐vapor permeability was reduced by 70%, whereas the tensile strength and Young's modulus increased by up to 136 and 224% respectively. The developed films were applied as interleaving of sliced cheese, and the efficiency was assessed by investigation of adhesion between the surfaces and by comparing its properties with two commercial interleaving products (polyethylene (PE), and Greasepel paper (GP)). Concluding, the developed films showed a substantial potential to be exploited as an interleaving film, owing to its excellent mechanical properties, permeability, hydrophobicity, and low surface adhesion compared to pure chitosan, PE, and GP films. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43033.
Experimental study of the rheological, mechanical, and dielectric properties of MgO/LDPE nanocomposites
Authors: Lin Xiang , Wu YunHui , Tang Lu Yang , Yang Min Hao , Ren Dong Yun , Zha Jun Wei , Dang Zhi Min
Published: October 2015

The properties of the polymer nanocomposites (PNCs), consisting low density polyethylene (LDPE) and magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO‐NPs), were systematically discussed in this paper. The shear mixing time and MgO concentration were considered as the two factors affecting the dispersion state, which was found to be effective to change the crystallinity and the mechanical performance of MgO/LDPE PNCs. A reduction in the dynamic shear viscosity was observed when the concentration of MgO‐NPs at a relative low level, which was also dominant by the dispersion states of MgO‐NPs. Evident enhancement of the static yield stress was revealed only by introducing a minute amount of MgO‐NPs (0.25 wt %). Meanwhile, the elastic and loss modulus were also found to be dependent on the dispersion state of MgO‐NPs. A positive increase in dielectric permittivity was identified by uniaxial stretching the MgO/LDPE PNCs strips owing to the orientation enhancement of internal microstructure. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 43038.
BODIPY/Nile‐Red‐Based Efficient FRET Pair: Selective Assay of Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane Fluidity
Authors: Yang Zhigang , Wi Youngjin , Yoon Young‐Min , Verwilst Peter , Jang Joo Hee , Kim Tae Woo , Kang Chulhun , Kim Jong Seung
Published: November 2015

We synthesized a boron‐dipyrromethene (BODIPY)/Nile Red hybrid probe capable of selectively recognizing fluidity changes in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane due to its preferential localization to the ER and strong energy transfer from BODIPY to the Nile Red moiety, emitting only in nonaqueous environments. ER membrane fluidity in HepG2 cells was markedly reduced by a cell model of metabolic syndrome.
Modeling short‐term post‐offering price–volume relationships using Bayesian change‐point panel quantile regression
Authors: Wang Xinyu , Wang Yuandi , Wang Deqing , Liu Xiangling
Published: November 2015

We propose a special panel quantile regression model with multiple stochastic change‐points to analyze latent structural breaks in the short‐term post‐offering price–volume relationships in China's growth enterprise market where the piecewise quantile equations are defined by change point indication functions. We also develop a new Bayesian inference and Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation approach to estimate the parameters, including the locations of change points, and put forth simulation‐based posterior Bayesian factor tests to find the best number of change points. Our empirical evidence suggests that the single change point effect is significant on quantile‐based price–volume relationships in China's growth enterprise market. The lagged initial public offering (IPO) return and the IPO volume rate of change have positive impacts on the current IPO return before and after the change point. Along with investors' gradually declining hot sentiment toward a new IPO, the market index volume rate of change induces the abnormal short‐term post‐offering IPO return to move back to the equilibrium. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concepts first, jargon second improves student articulation of understanding
Authors: McDonnell Lisa , Barker Megan K. , Wieman Carl
Published: November 2015

In this experiment, students in a large undergraduate biology course were first exposed to the concepts without new technical vocabulary (“jargon”) in a pre‐class reading assignment. Their learning of the concepts and jargon was compared with that of an equivalent group of students in another section of the same course, whose pre‐class reading presented both the jargon and concepts together in the traditional manner. Both groups had the same active‐learning classes with the same instructor, and then completed the same post‐test. Although the two groups performed the same on the multiple choice questions of the post‐test, the group exposed to concepts first and jargon second included 1.5 times and 2.5 times more correct arguments on two free‐response questions about the concepts. The correct use of jargon between the two groups was similar, with the exception of one jargon term that the control group used more often. These results suggest that modest instructional changes whereby new concepts are introduced in a concepts‐first, jargon‐second manner can increase student learning, as demonstrated by their ability to articulate their understanding of new concepts. © 2015 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 44:12–19, 2016.
Defining the surface anatomy of the central venous system in children
Authors: Tarr Gregory P. , Pak Neda , Taghavi Kiarash , Iwan Tom , Dumble Charlotte , Davies‐Payne David , Mirjalili S. Ali
Published: October 2015

Pediatric emergency physicians, pediatric critical care specialists, and pediatric surgeons perform central venous catheterization in many clinical settings. Complications of the procedure are not uncommon and can be fatal. Despite the frequency of application, the evidence‐base describing the surface landmarks involved is missing. The aim of the current study was to critically investigate the surface markings of the central venous system in children. The superior vena cava/right atrial (SVC/RA) junction, superior vena cava (SVC) formation, and brachiocephalic vein (BCV) formation were examined independently by two investigators. Three hundred computed tomography (CT) scans collected across multiple centers were categorized by age group into: 0–3 years, 4–7 years, and 8–11 years. Scans with pathology that distorted or obscured the regional anatomy were excluded. The BCV formation was commonly found behind the ipsilateral medial clavicular head throughout childhood. This contrasts with the variable levels of SVC formation, SVC length, and SVC/RA junction. In the youngest group, SVC formation was most commonly at the second costal cartilage (CC), but moved to the first CC/first intercostal space (ICS) as the child grew. The SVC/RA junction was at the fourth CC in the youngest group and moved to the third CC/third ICS as the child grew. This study demonstrates the variable anatomy of SVC formation and the SVC/RA junction with respect to rib level. This variability underscores the unreliability of surface anatomical landmarks of the SVC/RA junction as a guide to catheter tip position. Clin. Anat. 29:157–164, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tin Silsesquioxanes as Models for the “Open” Site in Tin‐Containing Zeolite Beta
Authors: Brand Stephen K. , Labinger Jay A. , Davis Mark E.
Published: November 2015

The use of biomass as a resource to produce value‐added products has garnered significant interest as a means of reducing reliance on fossil fuels. This task is complicated by the complex, highly functionalized nature of abundant biomass derivatives, such as glucose. Tin‐containing zeolite Beta (Sn‐Beta) can selectively isomerize glucose to fructose through a 1,2‐intramolecular hydride shift (1,2‐HS) or selectively produce mannose through a 1,2‐intramolecular carbon shift (1,2‐CS) by titration of the silanol groups with sodium (Na‐Sn‐Beta). To understand the structure–activity relationships between the conditions of the active sites in the zeolite, two molecular models (tin silsesquioxanes) of the tin sites in the zeolite were synthesized. Tin silsesquioxanes that contain an octahedral tin site with and without an adjacent silanol group selectively form fructose through a 1,2‐HS and mannose through a 1,2‐CS, respectively, and provide further evidence for the nature of the active sites in Sn‐Beta.
Runtime‐aware adaptive scheduling in stream processing
Authors: Liu Yuan , Shi Xuanhua , Jin Hai
Published: October 2015

Long‐running stream applications usually share the same fundamental computational infrastructure. To improve the efficiency of data processing in stream processing systems, a data analysis operator could be partitioned into n parallel tasks. The partitioned tasks are usually deployed on m nodes coexisting with other application operators. Because the node performance can vary in unpredictable ways (i.e., (1) stream input rates may fluctuate and (2) computational resource availability varies as other applications are affected), the nodes have different processing steps, and the slow node determines the operator performance. Hence, the tasks should be redistributed at runtime for stream applications to meet their strict latency requirements. Our key idea is to redistribute the tasks to the best node dynamically adaptive to resource or load fluctuations. In this paper, we present a runtime‐aware adaptive schedule mechanism that aims at minimizing the operator processing latency and minimizing the latency difference between different nodes' tasks. We propose a new abstraction called performance cost ratio (PCR) that evaluates the node performance. The higher the node's PCR is, the less cost the node will pay for processing one tuple, and the more tasks should be deployed on it. In a scheduling, we first sort tasks descendingly by their loads and sort nodes by their PCR. Then we reassign the amount of computation according to the node's PCR to keep the node's PCR and its input rate the same or in similar proportion in all PCRs. The PCR‐based quantitative algorithm applies itself to make tasks loads quantized to the processing capacity of nodes, move the minimum amount of operator's tasks, and keep the tasks local at the same time. We have implemented a runtime‐aware adaptive scheduler as an extension to Storm and evaluated this strategy. We achieve the optimization goal using less computational resources. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Making the Case for Systematic, Gender‐Based Analysis in Sustainable Peace Building
Authors: Sandole Dennis J. D. , Staroste Ingrid
Published: October 2015

In this article, we address protracted, often recurring violent conflict, arguing that the failure to solve entrenched conflicts and build sustainable peace is due in part to the absence of women from peace‐building processes. To change this negative status quo, we put forward three essential instruments: gender mainstreaming to make gender relations the foundation of any analysis and decision making, the three‐pillar framework of conflict mapping, and the New European Peace and Security System model of conflict intervention. When these tools are employed together, they can establish conceptual and operational coherence and positive systemic change by empowering women to work with men as equal partners to build and maintain sustainable peace in fragile, postconflict environments.
Is self‐reported physical functioning associated with incident cardiometabolic abnormalities or the metabolic syndrome?
Authors: Ylitalo Kelly R. , Karvonen‐Gutierrez Carrie , McClure Candace , El Khoudary Samar R. , Jackson Elizabeth A. , Sternfeld Barbara , Harlow Siobán D.
Published: October 2015

Background

Physical functioning may be an important pre‐clinical marker of chronic disease, used as a tool to identify patients at risk for future cardiometabolic abnormalities. This study evaluated if self‐reported physical functioning was associated with the development of cardiometabolic abnormalities or their clustering (metabolic syndrome) over time.

Methods

Participants (n = 2,254) from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation who reported physical functioning on the Short Form health survey and had a metabolic syndrome assessment (elevated fasting glucose, blood pressure, triglycerides and waist circumference; reduced HDL cholesterol) in 2000 were included. Discrete survival analysis was used to assess the 10‐year risk of developing metabolic syndrome or a syndrome component through 2010.

Results

At baseline, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 22.0%. Women with substantial limitations (OR = 1.60; 95% CI: 1.12, 2.29) in physical functioning were significantly more likely to develop the metabolic syndrome compared with women reporting no limitations. Self‐reported physical functioning was significantly associated with incident hypertension and increased waist circumference.

Conclusions

Simple screening tools for cardiometabolic risk in clinical settings are needed. Self‐reported physical functioning assessments are simple tools that may allow healthcare providers to more accurately predict the course of chronic conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elevated and cross‐responsive CD1a‐reactive T cells in bee and wasp venom allergic individuals
Authors: Subramaniam Sumithra , Aslam Aamir , Misbah Siraj A. , Salio Mariolina , Cerundolo Vincenzo , Moody D Branch , Ogg Graham
Published: October 2015

The role of CD1a‐reactive T cells in human allergic disease is unknown. We have previously shown that circulating CD1a‐reactive T cells recognize neolipid antigens generated by bee and wasp venom phospholipase, and here tested the hypothesis that venom‐responsive CD1a‐reactive T cells associate with venom allergy. Circulating T cells from bee and wasp venom allergic individuals, before and during immunotherapy, were exposed to CD1a‐transfected K562 cells in the presence of wasp or bee venom. T‐cell response was evaluated based on IFNγ, GM‐CSF, and IL‐13 cytokine production. Venom allergic individuals showed significantly higher frequencies of IFN‐γ, GM‐CSF, and IL‐13 producing CD1a‐reactive T cells responsive to venom and venom‐derived phospholipase than healthy individuals. Venom‐responsive CD1a‐reactive T cells were cross‐responsive between wasp and bee suggesting shared pathways of allergenicity. Frequencies of CD1a‐reactive T cells were initially induced during subcutaneous immunotherapy, peaking by weeks 5, but then reduced despite escalation of antigen dose. Our current understanding of venom allergy and immunotherapy is largely based on peptide and protein‐specific T cell and antibody responses. Here, we show that lipid antigens and CD1a‐reactive T cells associate with the allergic response. These data have implications for mechanisms of allergy and approaches to immunotherapy.
Dynamic regulation of permissive histone modifications and GATA3 binding underpin acquisition of granzyme A expression by virus‐specific CD8+ T cells
Authors: Nguyen Michelle L. T. , Hatton Lauren , Li Jasmine , Olshansky Moshe , Kelso Anne , Russ Brendan E. , Turner Stephen J.
Published: October 2015

Numerous studies have focused on the molecular regulation of perforin (PFP) and granzyme B (GZMB) expression by activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), but little is known about the molecular factors that underpin granzyme A (GZMA) expression. In vitro activation of naïve CD8+ T cells, in the presence of IL‐4, enhanced STAT6‐dependent GZMA expression and was associated with GATA3 binding and enrichment of transcriptionally permissive histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs) across the Gzma gene locus. While GZMA expression by effector influenza A virus specific CTLs was also associated with a similar permissive epigenetic signature, memory CTL lacked enrichment of permissive histone PTMs at the Gzma locus, although this was restored within recalled secondary effector CTLs. Importantly, GZMA expression by virus‐specific CTLs was associated with GATA3 binding at the Gzma locus, and independent of STAT6‐mediated signaling. This suggests regulation of GZMA expression is underpinned by differentiation‐dependent regulation of chromatin composition at the Gzma locus and that, given GATA3 is key for CTL differentiation in response to infection, GATA3 expression is regulated by a distinct, IL‐4 independent, signaling pathway. Overall, this study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms that control transcription of Gzma during virus‐induced CD8+ T‐cell differentiation.
Modulating Relaxation Dynamics of Dy2 Compounds through Carboxylate Coordination Modes
Authors: Lin Shuang‐Yan , Wu Jianfeng , Wang Chao , Zhao Lang , Tang Jinkui
Published: November 2015

The reaction of the rigid polydentate Schiff‐base H3L with different dysprosium carboxylates afforded two novel centrosymmetrical dinuclear DyIII compounds, [Dy2(HL)2(CH3COO)2(DMF)2] (1) and [Dy2(HL)2(PhCOO)2(DMF)2]·4DMF (2) with differing carboxylate groups. The two differing carboxylate groups affect the magnetic interaction and/or local anisotropy of the Dy ion, and therefore we have two compounds showing dissimilar magnetic behaviour. The acetato bridging groups with a syn‐syn η1:η1:μ2 mode in compound 1 lead to the disappearance of slow magnetic relaxation under zero dc field. Nevertheless, typical SMM behaviour is observed for compound 2 with η2‐chelating benzoate ligands.
Astrocytes spatially restrict VEGF signaling by polarized secretion and incorporation of VEGF into the actively assembling extracellular matrix
Authors: Egervari Kristof , Potter Gael , Guzman‐Hernandez Maria Luisa , Salmon Patrick , Soto‐Ribeiro Martinho , Kastberger Birgit , Balla Tamas , Wehrle‐Haller Bernhard , Kiss Jozsef Zoltan
Published: November 2015

The spatial organization of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling is a key determinant of vascular patterning during development and tissue repair. How VEGF signaling becomes spatially restricted and the role of VEGF secreting astrocytes in this process remains poorly understood. Using a VEGF‐GFP fusion protein and confocal time‐lapse microscopy, we observed the intracellular routing, secretion and immobilization of VEGF in scratch‐activated living astrocytes. We found VEGF to be directly transported to cell‐extracellular matrix attachments where it is incorporated into fibronectin fibrils. VEGF accumulated at β1 integrin containing fibrillar adhesions and was translocated along the cell surface prior to internalization and degradation. We also found that only the astrocyte‐derived, matrix‐bound, and not soluble VEGF decreases β1 integrin turnover in fibrillar adhesions. We suggest that polarized VEGF release and ECM remodeling by VEGF secreting cells is key to control the local concentration and signaling of VEGF. Our findings highlight the importance of astrocytes in directing VEGF functions and identify these mechanisms as promising target for angiogenic approaches. GLIA 2016;64:440–456
Clinicopathological and molecular alterations in early gastric cancers with the microsatellite instability‐high phenotype
Authors: Sugimoto Ryo , Sugai Tamotsu , Habano Wataru , Endoh Masaki , Eizuka Makoto , Yamamoto Eiichiro , Uesugi Noriyuki , Ishida Kazuyuki , Kawasaki Tomonori , Matsumoto Takayuki , Suzuki Hiromu
Published: November 2015

The relevance of the clinicopathological and molecular features of early gastric cancers (EGCs) having the microsatellite instability (MSI)‐high phenotype has not been clearly defined in sporadic gastric carcinogenesis. Here, we examined the clinicopathological and molecular characteristics of EGC according to MSI status in 330 patients with EGC (intestinal‐type adenocarcinoma). Tumors were classified as MSI‐high (45 cases), MSI‐low (9 cases), or microsatellite stable (MSS; 276 cases). The specimens were examined using a combination of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐microsatellite assays and PCR‐pyrosequencing to detect chromosomal allelic imbalances in multiple cancer‐related chromosomal loci, MSI, gene mutations (KRAS and BRAF) and methylation status [high methylation epigenome (HME), intermediate methylation epigenome and low methylation epigenome]. In addition, the expression levels of various target proteins were examined using immunohistochemistry. Interestingly, EGC with the MSI phenotype showed distinct papillary features. The expression of gastric mucin was more frequent in EGC with the MSI phenotype, while p53 overexpression was common in EGCs, irrespective of MSI status. The frequency of HME was significantly higher in EGCs with the MSI phenotype than in EGCs with the MSS phenotype. Although there was a low frequency of allelic imbalance in EGCs with the MSI phenotype, some markers of allelic imbalance were more frequently detected in EGCs with the MSI‐high phenotype than in EGCs with the MSS phenotype. KRAS and BRAF mutations were rare in EGCs. Thus, the MSI phenotype in EGC is a major precursor lesion in gastric cancer and is characterized by distinct clinicopathological and molecular features.