bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Car for the Great Asian Multitude
Authors: Volti Rudi
Published: December 2008

Although the vehicles-to-population ratios of China and India are small when compared to Europe, Japan, and the United States, sales of cars and light trucks in the two countries have increased rapidly in recent years. This article documents the growth in the number of vehicles in China and India and compares the expansion of their vehicle fleets to the historical experiences of countries that achieved high levels of automobile ownership decades ago. The article notes some of the problems that are emerging as the extent of vehicle ownership in China and India begins to approach that of the developed countries: pressure on the world’s petroleum supplies, increased levels of carbon dioxide emissions, and a rising toll of automobile-related deaths and injuries. The article concludes with a discussion of some of the cultural and political issues that are accompanying mass motorization in China and India.
Purity and Theory: Theoretical Tools at Ponts et Chaussées, circa 1800
Authors: Graber Frédéric
Published: December 2008

This paper discusses the attitudes toward theory (mathematical knowledge, rational mechanics) that prevailed around 1800 at Ponts et Chaussées, the corps of state engineers in charge of public works in France. Contrary to existing scholarship, it argues that Ponts et Chaussées was not the epicenter of scientific engineering in early-nineteenth-century France and proposes to reassess the role and meaning of theoretical tools in Ponts et Chaussées project-making. It focuses on one of the few projects in which theory played a significant role: the controversy surrounding the Ourcq canal. It considers the epistemological and social questions raised by the (mostly negative) reception of theories in that case. It concludes by drawing a few conclusions about the particular role of theory in the Ourcq case (with a particular influence on the issue of water purity) and, more generally, about the role of theory in the early-nineteenth-century Ponts et Chaussées.
On Climate, Cars, and Literary Theory
Authors: Pinkus Karen
Published: December 2008

Climate change mitigation discourse often centers around decadal timescales, human consumption, and that privileged object of human consumption, the automobile. Invoking literary theory, this essay insists that it is only by undoing certainty, by embracing unfathomability, and by realizing the irreconcilability of the human and the geologic—by thinking otherwise—that we can truly begin to address climate change.
Charles Grafton Page’s Experiment with a Spiral Conductor
Authors: Cavicchi Elizabeth
Published: December 2008

In the 1830s, American experimenter Charles Grafton Page pioneered electromagnetism, developing instruments, experimental practice, and understandings that were foundational for nineteenth-century technologies such as the telegraph and induction coil. While a student, Page detected electricity in a spiral conductor where direct current had not passed and no one expected current to be. He felt bodily shock and saw sparks. This paper explores that experiment through historical accounts and my own reconstruction of it. Page opened up boundaries in the physical circuit and cultural outlook that others treated as closed. New possibilities emerged; by tolerating the ambiguity that accompanied them, Page improvised fluidly and was able to make further discoveries. In recreating his experiment, I encountered variable signals. Like Page, I developed lab techniques that generated unexpected effects and questions. This study shows how opening up physical and cultural boundaries brings to light investigative possibilities not apparent before, possibilities which can become entry points for further exploration.
Collapse and Expand: Architecture and Tuberculosis Therapy in Montreal, 1909, 1933, 1954
Authors: Adams Annmarie , Schwartzman Kevin , Theodore David
Published: December 2008

This paper explores the complex reflexive relationships among technologies associated with tuberculosis care and treatment: the fresh air cure, surgical collapse therapy, architecture, and chemotherapy. We review the architectural histories of the Royal Edward Laurentian Hospital (now the Montreal Chest Institute) to track important transformations of treatment environments. We recount how the rest-cure prevalent at the beginning of the twentieth century started a tradition, lasting until the age of antibiotics, in which architectural settings were deployed as physical agents of treatment. A technology in this sense, then, is a set of resource-using practices marshaled to eradicate the disease. We argue that the endurance of specialized tuberculosis architecture, with its porches, balconies, and sunning galleries, provided crucial material and spatial continuity for therapy, even after chemotherapy’s successes augured the end of dedicated tuberculosis hospitals and sanatoria.
From Progressivism to Engineering Studies: Edwin T. Layton’s The Revolt of the Engineers
Authors: Kline Ronald R.
Published: December 2008

The classic book

The Revolt of the Engineers: Social Responsibility and the American Engineering Profession

(1971), by Edwin T. Layton Jr., still holds a prominent place in the historiography of technology and engineering. But its interpretation of professionalization has been revised and extended beyond the historiographic concerns of postwar scholarship on the progressive era by recent scholarship on class, gender, and politics in a new field called “engineering studies.”
The Atomic Hero: Robert Oppenheimer and the Making of Scientific Icons in the Early Cold War
Authors: Hecht David K.
Published: December 2008

This article explores the nature and construction of Robert Oppenheimer’s public image in the early Cold War. It argues that non-scientific attributes were the defining features of his increasingly iconic status, and it traces the evolution of how those non-scientific attributes interacted with scientific achievement in his public image from 1945–1954. Oppenheimer, as the “father of the atomic bomb,” presents a telling case study which sheds light on how the atomic age impacted Americans’ conceptions of science and scientists. In the immediate postwar years, Oppenheimer’s image was that of an individualized scientific hero, much as Albert Einstein had appeared for an earlier generation. The continuing renegotiation of the science-society relationship during the early Cold War, however, changed his cultural role. Oppenheimer became a more ambiguous but still admired figure, suggesting a path of moderate dissent in which nuclear weapons could be critically considered without necessitating broader political or institutional challenges.
New Perspectives on Ancient Technology and Engineering in Greece and Rome
Authors: Koloski-Ostrow Ann Olga
Published: December 2008

The

Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World

(2008), edited by John Peter Oleson, successfully deploys (in thirty-two chapters divided into eight parts) new, critical examinations both of the progress and direction of many debates concerning Greek and Roman technology and engineering. Its 850+ pages cover everything from written sources to architecture to mining and metallurgy, to agriculture, to water power, to war and medical machines, to transport, and much more. Scholars, graduate students, and a serious readership of non-specialists will greatly benefit from its compelling perspectives. The bibliographies at the end of each chapter are invaluable. This handbook sets a very high standard, and it will leave a large and definitive intellectual footprint on a new age of scholarship.
An Image mise en abyme
Authors: Michel Alain P.
Published: December 2008

The essay analyses a 1934 photograph showing the making of a film in a workshop of the Renault Motor Company in Billancourt, France. What can this specific image tell us about photography, filming, and industrial work? It has limited historical value when viewed alone. One approach is to compare it to a corpus of related documents. Like any other historical vestige, images have to be interpreted in relation one to another as well as compared to other sources. They have to be (re)contextualized. A second approach is to investigate its archival origins. Returning as far as possible to the sources of an image, one can identify at least the logic of its conservation, and eventually the process of its making and the context of its usage. Thus, visual documents can become irreplaceable historical sources.
The Impact of International Trade on Democracy: A Long-Run Perspective
Authors: López-Córdova J. Ernesto , Meissner Christopher M.
Published: December 2008

The likely endogeneity between democracy and trade is addressed with an instrumental variables strategy in this article about whether international trade fosters democracy. The authors use a measure of natural openness to obtain estimates of the causal impact of openness on democratization in three separate samples spanning the last 130 years. A positive impact of openness on democracy is apparent in the data over the long run. The post–World War II results suggest that with a rise in trade with other countries equal to a one standard deviation increase, countries such as Indonesia, Russia, and Venezuela could eventually become as democratic as the U.S., Great Britain, or France. There is some variation in the impact of openness by region that may be because trade seems to have a positive impact only when the capital-to-labor ratio is sufficiently high. This is consistent with the idea that openness promotes democracy when it strengthens the economic fortunes of the middle class.
Federalism in Europe and Latin America: Conceptualization, Causes, and Consequences
Authors: Eaton Kent
Published: December 2008

Recent events in Europe and Latin America have triggered serious debate over federalism. In response, political scientists have turned to the new institutionalism literature in the attempt to understand both the causes and the consequences of federal institutions. Continuing a long tradition in the scholarship on federalism, each of the books under review defines the term differently, reflecting a lack of conceptual agreement that may complicate the development of more robust theories.

Despite these conceptual differences, and their focus on very different time periods, the four books under review are alike in the emphasis they place on bargaining between national and subnational politicians. While this interest in bargaining clearly demonstrates the continuing impact of William Riker's work, much of the new research challenges parts of the Rikerian framework. As a measure of their quality, these four books will significantly shape the course of the emerging literature on comparative federalism, but future work should pay greater attention to interests, ideas, and international factors.
Does Landholding Inequality Block Democratization?: A Test of the “Bread and Democracy” Thesis and the Case of Prussia
Authors: Ziblatt Daniel
Published: December 2008

Recent cross-national studies have returned their attention to the structural determinants of political regimes, highlighting in particular the factor of “landholding inequality” as a decisive barrier to democratization. This article provides thefirstsystematic test of such hypotheses at the microlevel and proposes a new account of authoritarianism's durability by examining the crucial case of pre-World War I Prussia. The article analyzes the results of a roll-call vote on a watershed piece of legislation that was defeated on the eve of World War I-legislation that would have democratized suffrage rules in Germany's largest state. When examined systematically, this historically and theoretically important vote reveals two surprising lessons: first, landholding inequality undercuts the prospects of democratization even holding income inequality constant. Second, the nature of elite competition and electoral considerations, shaped by the institutional configuration of nondemocratic regimes, can also thwart democratization, even when socioeconomic conditions may appear to make a society ripe for regime change.
The Political Economy of Women's Support for Fundamentalist Islam
Authors: Blaydes Lisa , Linzer Drew A.
Published: December 2008

Why do some Muslim women adopt fundamentalist Islamic value systems that promote gender-based inequalities while others do not? This article considers the economic determinants of fundamentalist beliefs in the Muslim world, as women look to either marriage or employment to achieve financial security. Using cross-national public opinion data from eighteen countries with significant Muslim populations, the authors apply a latent class model to characterize respondents according to their views on gender norms, political Islam, and personal religiosity. Among women, lack of economic opportunity is a stronger predictor of fundamentalist belief systems than socioeconomic class. Cross-nationally, fundamentalism among women is most prevalent in poor countries and in those with a large male-female wage gap. These findings have important implications for the promotion of women's rights, the rise of political Islam, and the development of democracy in the Muslim world.
Autocrine Regulation of Interferon γ in Mesenchymal Stem Cells Plays a Role in Early Osteoblastogenesis
Authors: Duque Gustavo , Huang Dao Chao , Macoritto Michael , Rivas Daniel , Yang Xian Fang , Ste-Marie Louis Georges , Kremer Richard
Published: December 2008

Interferon (IFN)γ is a strong inhibitor of osteoclast differentiation and activity. However, its role in osteoblastogenesis has not been carefully examined. Using microarray expression analysis, we found that several IFNγ-inducible genes were upregulated during early phases of osteoblast differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). We therefore hypothesized that IFNγ may play a role in this process. We first observed a strong and transient increase in IFNγ production following hMSC induction to differentiate into osteoblasts. We next blocked this endogenous production using a knockdown approach with small interfering RNA and observed a strong inhibition of hMSC differentiation into osteoblasts with a concomitant decrease in Runx2, a factor indispensable for osteoblast development. Additionally, exogenous addition of IFNγ accelerated hMSC differentiation into osteoblasts in a dose-dependent manner and induced higher levels of Runx2 expression during the early phase of differentiation. We next examined IFNγ signaling in vivo in IFNγ receptor 1 knockout (IFNγR1−/−) mice. Compared with their wild-type littermates, IFNγR1−/− mice exhibited a reduction in bone mineral density. As in the in vitro experiments, MSCs obtained from IFNγR1−/− mice showed a lower capacity to differentiate into osteoblasts. In summary, we demonstrate that the presence of IFNγ plays an important role during the commitment of MSCs into the osteoblastic lineage both in vitro and in vivo, and that this process can be accelerated by exogenous addition of IFNγ. These data therefore support a new role for IFNγ as an autocrine regulator of hMSC differentiation and as a potential new target of bone-forming cells in vivo.
Learning Preferences and ProbLem-based discussion sessions: a study with turkish university maritime students
Authors: Kalkan Mustafa
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this study was twofold: analyzing any likely effects of problem-based discussion sessions on promoting the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domain; and scrutinizing the effects of individual learning preferences on this promotion. A two-part questionnaire was administered.
The first set of questions was based on the Higher-Order Thinking and Problem Solving Checklist (Borich, 2004). The second had 13 statements derived from Visual/Aural/Reading-Writing/Kinesthetic (VARK) Learning Preferences Questionnaire (Fleming, 2001). The data showed that problem-based discussion
sessions contribute to promoting cognitive and metacognitive domains and also that the prevailing individual learning preference of the randomly chosen sample was kinesthetic, learning through self-practicing and self-experiencing.
Validity and Reliability of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support-Revised, with a Turkish Sample
Authors: Başol Gülşah
Published: December 2008

An examination was carried out of the reliability and validity of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support-Revised (MSPSS-R; Eker, Arkar, & Yaldız, 2001) with 433 Turkish school administrators. Although it has been used often, there were no studies on the reliability
and validity of the MSPSS-R for this group. The MSPSS-R measures social support from Family (FA), Friends (FR), and Significant Other (SO). An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is conducted to examine the factor structure underlying the data and a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to confirm
the three-factor structure of the scale. In our study, the internal consistency of the total and subscale scores were satisfactory (Cronbach's alpha = .93) confirming three dimensions and satisfactory reliability.
Persuasion and relational versus Personal bases of self-esteem: does the message need to be one- or two-sided?
Authors: Hesapçı Sanaktekın Özlem , Sunar Dıane
Published: December 2008

The link between audience characteristics and persuasion has been examined in extant research but there has not been a focus on message variables. In the present study message sidedness effects are explored in relation to the link between self-esteem and persuasibility. Results indicated that self-esteem does not have a simple, direct effect on persuasibility. Rather, relational and personal bases of self-esteem provide better explanations for the complex relationship between self-esteem and persuasibility. Relational bases of self-esteem, but not general self-esteem, showed a main effect on attitude change. In addition, the two types of bases of self esteem showed an interaction with message sidedness in their effect on persuasibility. Message sidedness, bases of self-esteem, and gender interactions are also explored in explaining susceptibility to persuasion attempts.
The Influence of a Pay Increase on Job Satisfaction: a Study with the Chinese Army
Authors: Yang Hai , Miao Danmin , Zhu Xia , Sun Yunfeng , Liu Xufeng , Wu Shengun
Published: December 2008

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of a pay increase on job satisfaction among junior officers in the Chinese Army. A job satisfaction questionnaire was devised for the study and was used both before and after a raise in pay with junior military officers from one
military region to detect changes in job satisfaction. Before the pay increase, job satisfaction was at a comparatively low level; after the pay raise, it improved significantly. This improvement also occurred in all facets of job satisfaction. It was concluded that pay satisfaction plays
an important role in job satisfaction for Chinese junior military officers.
Adult Attachment, Social Support, and Depression Level of Poststroke Patients
Authors: Li Tonggui , Li Jia , Dai Qiyan
Published: December 2008

This study investigated the relationship between adult attachment, social support, and depression of post-stroke patients. A total of 100 post-stroke patients were recruited to complete 4 questionnaires, which include 2 widely used measurements of adult attachment – the Relationship
Questionnaire (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991) and the Experiences of Close Relationships Inventory (Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998) – to measure patients' attachment style, the Social Support Inventory (Xiao, 1994) measuring four aspects of social support, and the Beck Depression
Inventory (Beck, 1967) measuring their depression level. The results suggested that patients differ in adult attachment styles and varied significantly in all indices of social support and depression. Secure subjects got higher scores in social support and lower scores of depression. Their
depression level had significant positive correlations with attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety, and was negatively correlated to all indices of social support. Furthermore, both attachment-anxiety and subjective social support can predicate the depression level of poststroke patients.
Predictors of Volunteer Time: the Changing Contributions of Motive Fulfillment and Role Identity
Authors: Finkelstein Marcia A
Published: December 2008

Relationships among constructs from the functional analysis and role identity theories of volunteerism were examined at 3 and 12 months into the volunteer process. Fulfillment of motives for helping and the strength of a volunteer role identity were assessed in a sample of hospice volunteers.
Results showed that associations between motive fulfillment and amount of time devoted to hospice volunteering changed over time. Conversely, the correlations between time and role identity varied little between 3 and 12 months. The changes that were observed may explain some apparent discrepancies
in the volunteer literature. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies can both yield invaluable insights into the contributions of motive and identity to sustaining volunteers. The challenge is understanding that time can change those conclusions.
The Impact of Adult Attachment and Parental Rearing on Subjective Well-Being in Chinese Late Adolescents
Authors: Yang Anbo , Wang Dengfeng , Li Tonggui , Teng Fei , Ren Zhen
Published: December 2008

In this study the relationships between attachment to parents, parental rearing, and adolescent subjective well-being were investigated. A total of 448 senior high school students completed the Adult Attachment Relationship Questionnaire (RQ; Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991), the Experiences
in Close Relationships Scale (ECR; Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998), EMBU (Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran, or "Own memories of parental rearing"), the Index of Well-Being (IWB) and the Face Subjective Well-Being (FSWB; Andrews & Withey, 1976). The results suggested that the subjective
well-being of securely attached adolescents was higher than that of insecurely attached adolescents. Avoidance of parents negatively predicted adolescents' subjective well-being. Maternal punishment was negatively associated with Chinese adolescents' subjective well-being. However, paternal
care and warm emotion, as well as paternal overprotection, were positively associated with Chinese adolescents' subjective well-being. Furthermore, maternal negative rearing and paternal positive rearing predicted male adolescents' subjective well-being.
The Role of Personality Traits and Perceived Values in Persuasion: an Elaboration Likelihood Model Perspective on Online Shopping
Authors: Chen Shu -Hui , Lee Kuan -Ping
Published: December 2008

In this study of online shopping the influences of consumers' beliefs and perceived values on attitude, trust, and approach behavior were examined. The moderating effects of personality traits were taken into account. Twenty cosmetics and 20 hotel websites were selected for participants to randomly link to and read, and the students were then asked to fill in a 48item questionnaire via the internet. It was found that when consumers have higher levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness, central route website contents would be more favorable for eliciting utilitarian shopping value; whereas when consumers have higher levels of emotional stability, openness, and extraversion, peripheral route website contents would be more critical in facilitating experiential and hedonic shopping value.
Determining Erciyes University Students' Knowledge About and Attitudes Toward Sexuality
Authors: Özkan Tülay , Başer Mürüvvet , Gün Iskender
Published: December 2008

This descriptive study was conducted in order to determine the behaviors and knowledge of Erciyes University students in terms of sexuality. A total of 1,500 final year students from Erciyes University comprised the study group. The data were collected via a questionnaire designed by
the researchers. The Chi-square test and student t test were used for statistical analysis. The findings of the study showed 10.9% of the female students and 51.7% of the male students had had a sexual intercourse experience. The average age of the first sexual intercourse experience
of the students was 18.2 ± 2.1 years. It was observed that 44.7% of the female students and 36% of the male students were definitely opposed to sexual intercourse before marriage.
Personality Styles That Either Protect or Make Individuals' Health More Vulnerable in a Portuguese Sample
Authors: Dresch Virginia , Sánchez-López María Pilar , Aparicio García Marta Evelia
Published: December 2008

This research was aimed at analyzing the personality styles that either protect an individual's health or make it more vulnerable, from the viewpoint of Theodore Millon's personality model (2004). Personality and physical health (health complaints and self-perceived health), as well as psychological health (anxiety, self-esteem, and personal satisfaction) were examined in 300 Portuguese participants. Correlational analysis and the analysis of differences of means both revealed statistically significant associations between personality scales measuring more adapted aspects with high health status, whereas the personality scales that assess less adapted aspects are associated with poor health. A maladapted personality with a background of emotional instability, as well as a tendency to inhibit these emotions in social interaction, constitutes a fertile field for poor health and, perhaps, for the appearance and development of disease. On the other hand, the personality styles associated with good health are characterized by facing life with optimism and determination, turning to others for information, and maintaining healthy interpersonal relationships based on self-confidence.
A Social Landslide: Social Inequalities of Lottery Advertising in Taiwan
Authors: Lee Yu -Kang , Chang Chun -Tuan
Published: December 2008

Lottery advertising is focused on fantasies of winning which may mislead the general public. As a result, there could be severe social impacts with mounting lottery sales. In this study, conducted in Taiwan, it was found that lottery purchase is contingent on not only demographic and socioeconomic variables, but also on effects of lottery advertising. There are greater influences of lottery advertising on people who purchase lottery tickets than on those who do not. There is strong convergence between purchase behavior and attitudes, highlighting a correspondence between positive attitudes towards lottery advertising and a high level of engagement in lottery purchase. Socioeconomic status also has an effect on reaction to lottery advertising and may further perpetuate social inequality. The results validate ongoing criticism that lottery advertising is more influential on individuals with lower incomes and schooling.
The Adequacy of Retirement Savings: Subjective Survey Reports by Retired Canadians
Authors: Alan Sule , Atalay Kadir , Crossley Thomas F.
Published: December 2008

We examine retired Canadians’ subjective survey reports of satisfaction with finances, and with life, relative to the period before retirement. Many more retired Canadians report enjoying life more than before retirement than the converse, and in 2002 three-quarters of retired Canadians reported being either as satisfied or more satisfied with their finances than they were in the year prior to retirement. The most significant correlate of financial dissatisfaction that our analysis uncovers is involuntary retirement and, in particular, involuntary retirement associated with poor health.
New records of phytoplankton for Bangladesh. 8. Trachelomonas Ehr. (Euglenophyceae)
Authors: Khondker Moniruzzaman , Bhuiyan Rauf Ahmed , Yeasmin Jenat , Alam Munirul , Sack R Bradley , Huq Anwar , Colwell Rita R
Published: December 2008

Investigation of pelagic plankton communities from some freshwater ponds of Pirojpur and Barisal districts revealed the presence of 17 species under the genus Trachelomonas Ehr. for the first time in Bangladesh. Key words: Phytoplankton, Trachelomonas, New records, Ponds, Bangladesh doi:10.3329/bjb.v37i2.1719 Bangladesh J. Bot. 37(2): 133-139, 2008 (December)
Cylindrocystis Menegh. (Chlorophyta) - A new record for Bangladesh
Authors: Khondker Moniruzzaman , Alfasane Md Almujaddade , Bhuiyan Rauf Ahmed
Published: December 2008

Cylindrocyctis brebissonii Menegh. and C. crassa var. elliptica West and West have beenillustrated and discribed in this paper as new report for Bangladesh. Key words: Phytoplankton, Cylindrocystis brebissonii, Cylindrocystis crassa var. elliptica, Saccoderm desmid, New record, Bangladesh doi:10.3329/bjb.v37i2.172 Bangladesh J. Bot. 37(2): 189-191, 2008 (December)
Chlorophytum nepalense (Lindley) Baker (Liliaceae) - A new angiospermic record for Bangladesh
Authors: Afroz Sumona , Tutul Ershad , Uddin Mohammad Zashim , Hassan Md Abul
Published: December 2008

Chlorophytum nepalense (Lindley) Baker, a perennial herb, belonging to the family Liliaceae has been described and illustrated as a new genus and species record for Bangladesh. Key words: Chlorophytum nepalense, New record, Bangladesh doi:10.3329/bjb.v37i2.1730 Bangladesh J. Bot. 37(2): 193-194, 2008 (December)
Generalized Measure of Departure from No Three-Factor Interaction Model for 2 x 2 x K Contingency Tables
Authors: Yamamoto Kouji , Ban Yohei , Tomizawa Sadao
Published: December 2008

For 2 x 2 x K contingency tables, Tomizawa considered a Shannon entropy type measure to represent the degree of departure from a log-linear model of no three-factor interaction (the NOTFI model). This paper proposes a generalization of Tomizawa's measure for 2 x 2 x K tables. The measure proposed is expressed by using Patil-Taillie diversity index or Cressie-Read power-divergence. A special case of the proposed measure includes Tomizawa's measure. The proposed measure would be useful for comparing the degrees of departure from the NOTFI model in several tables.
Thermal Contact
Authors: Morriss Gary P. , Chung Tony , Angstmann Christopher
Published: December 2008

The concepts of temperature and entropy as applied in equilibrium thermodynamics do not easily generalize to nonequilibrium systems and there are transient systems where thermodynamics cannot apply. However, it is possible that nonequilibrium steady states may have a thermodynamics description. We explore the consequences of a particular microscopic thermostat-reservoir contact needed to both stabilize and measure the temperature of a system. One particular mechanical connection mechanism is considered in detail and a contact resistance is observed in the numerical simulations. We propose a microscopic mechanism to explain this effect for both equilibrium and nonequilibrium systems. These results emphasize the difficulty in identifying a microscopic expression for the thermodynamic temperature. It is evident that the kinetic temperature is not necessarily equal to the thermodynamic temperature, especially when used to define the local temperature.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Photovoltaic Properties of Soluble TiOPc Derivatives
Authors: Kim Young-Keun , Kang Hyo-Jin , Jang Young-Wook , Lee Su-Bin , Lee Seung-Min , Jung Ki-Suck , Lee Jin-Kook , Kim Mi-Ra
Published: December 2008

We have synthesized soluble TiOPc derivatives containing alkoxy groups for use as additives in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The DSSC devices containing these TiOPc derivatives exhibited short-circuit current densities of 8.49~10.04 mA/cm2 and power conversion efficiencies of 2.73~3.62 % under AM 1.5 illumination and 100 mW/cm2 irradiation.
Immunomodulatory Effects of Domoic Acid Differ Between In vivo and In vitro Exposure in Mice
Authors: Levin Milton , Leibrecht Heather , Ryan James , Van Dolah Frances , De Guise Sylvain
Published: December 2008

The immunotoxic potential of domoic acid (DA), a well-characterized neurotoxin, has not been fully investigated. Phagocytosis and lymphocyte proliferation were evaluated following in vitro and in vivo exposure to assay direct vs indirect effects. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of DA (2.5 µg/g b.w.) and sampled after 12, 24, or 48 hr. In a separate experiment, leukocytes and splenocytes were exposed in vitro to 0, 1, 10, or 100 µM DA. In vivo exposure resulted in a significant increase in monocyte phagocytosis (12-hr), a significant decrease in neutrophil phagocytosis (24-hr), a significant decrease in monocyte phagocytosis (48-hr), and a significant reduction in T-cell mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation (24-hr). In vitro exposure significantly reduced neutrophil and monocyte phagocytosis at 1 µM. B- and T-cell mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation were both significantly increased at 1 and 10 µM, and significantly decreased at 100 µM. Differences between in vitro and in vivo results suggest that DA may exert its immunotoxic effects both directly and indirectly. Modulation of cytosolic calcium suggests that DA exerts its effects through ionotropic glutamate subtype surface receptors at least on monocytes. This study is the first to identify DA as an immunotoxic chemical in a mammalian species.
Voltammetric Behaviour of Sulfamethoxazole on Electropolymerized-Molecularly Imprinted Overoxidized Polypyrrole
Authors: Ozkorucuklu Sabriye Perçin , Sahin Yücel , Alsancak Güleren
Published: December 2008

In this work, preparation of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) film and its recognition properties for sulfamethoxazolewere investigated. The overoxidized polypyrrole (OPPy) film was prepared by the cyclic voltammetric deposition of pyrrole (Py) in the presence of supporting electrolyte (tetrabutylammonium perchlorate-TBAP) with and without a template molecule (sulfamethoxazole) on a pencil graphite electrode (PGE). The voltammetric behaviour of sulfamethoxazole on imprinted and non-imprinted (NIP) films was investigated by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in Britton-Robinson (BR) buffer solutions prepared in different ratio of acetonitrile-water binary mixture, between the pH 1.5 and 7.0. The effect of the acetonitrile-water ratio and pH, monomer and template concentrations, electropolymerization cycles on the performance of the MIP electrode was investigated and optimized. The MIP electrode exhibited the best reproducibility and highest sensitivity. The results showed that changing acetonitrile-water ratio and pH of BR buffer solution changes the oxidation peak current values. The highest anodic signal of sulfamethoxazole was obtained in BR buffer solution prepared in 50% (v/v) acetonitrile-water at pH 2.5. The calibration curve for sulfamethoxazole at MIP electrode has linear region for a concentration range of 25.10-3 to 0.75 mM (R2=0.9993). The detection limit of sulfamethoxazole was found as 3.59.10-4 mM (S/N=3). The same method was also applied to determination of sulfamethoxazole in commercial pharmaceutical samples. Method precision (RSD87%) were satisfactory. The proposed method is simple and quick. The polypyrrole (PPy) electrodes have low response time, good mechanical stability and are disposable simple to construct.
Estimation of Atmospheric Path Delays in TerraSAR-X Data using Models vs. Measurements
Authors: Jehle Michael , Perler Donat , Small David , Schubert Adrian , Meier Erich
Published: December 2008

Spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) measurements of the Earth’s surface depend on electromagnetic waves that are subject to atmospheric path delays, in turn affecting geolocation accuracy. The atmosphere influences radar signal propagation by modifying its velocity and direction, effects which can be modeled. We use TerraSAR-X (TSX) data to investigate improvements in the knowledge of the scene geometry. To precisely estimate atmospheric path delays, we analyse the signal return of four corner reflectors with accurately surveyed positions (based on differential GPS), placed at different altitudes yet with nearly identical slant ranges to the sensor. The comparison of multiple measurements with path delay models under these geometric conditions also makes it possible to evaluate the corrections for the atmospheric path delay made by the TerraSAR processor and to propose possible improvements.
The meaning and role of emotions in adult learning
Authors: Dirkx John M.
Published: December 2008

This chapter describes different ways of understanding emotions and their role in adult learning. The author suggests that our understanding of emotions is shifting from one where they are viewed as an obstacle to reason and knowing to more holistic and integral ways of knowing one's self and the world.
Adults in programs for the “academically underprepared”
Authors: Isserlis Janet
Published: December 2008

This chapter considers strengths‐based approaches to supporting learning for adults facing challenges in their abilities to engage in and commit to adult learning programs, and offers directions for policy and practice.
Emotional challenges of adult learners in higher education
Authors: Kasworm Carol E.
Published: December 2008

Through acts of hope, adults face four challenges of emotion in their pursuits of collegiate learning.
Fostering awareness of diversity and multiculturalism in adult and higher education
Authors: Baumgartner Lisa M. , Johnson‐Bailey Juanita
Published: December 2008

The authors use personal stories to discuss how race affects classroom dynamics and student interactions. In this chapter they focus on the role of emotions in the teaching‐learning exchange, providing recommendations and strategies for fostering multiculturalism in the classroom.
Adult learning in the workplace: Emotion work or emotion learning?
Authors: Bierema Laura L.
Published: December 2008

The chapter examines learning and emotion at work and how emotional intelligence and emotion work affect well‐being, identity development, and power relations. The chapter also considers how human resource development and emotion interact in learning, training, and change initiatives.
Powerful feelings: Exploring the affective domain of informal and arts‐based learning
Authors: Lawrence Randee Lipson
Published: December 2008

The arts engage our senses, provoking strong, affective responses for both the creator and the witness of art. Our emotions can provide a catalyst for informal adult learning beyond traditional, cognitive ways of knowing.
The emotional self in adult learning
Authors: Clark M. Carolyn , Dirkx John M.
Published: December 2008

In this chapter, the authors reflect on the ways in which the preceding chapters contribute to a deeper understanding of the role of emotions in adult learning.
A General Strategy to Disperse and Functionalize Carbon Nanotubes Using Conjugated Block Copolymers
Authors: Zou Jianhua , Khondaker Saiful I. , Huo Qun , Zhai Lei
Published: December 2008

A general strategy to disperse and functionalize pristine carbon nanotubes in a single‐step process is developed using conjugated block copolymers. The conjugated block copolymer contains two blocks: a conjugated polymer block of poly(3‐hexylthiophene), and a functional non‐conjugated block with tunable composition. When the pristine carbon nanotubes are sonicated with the conjugated block copolymers, the poly(3‐hexylthiophene) blocks bind to the surface of de‐bundled carbon nanotubes through non‐covalent π–π interactions, stabilizing the carbon nanotube dispersion, while the functional blocks locate at the outer surface of carbon nanotubes, rendering the carbon nanotubes with desired functionality. In this paper, conjugated block copolymers of poly(3‐hexylthiophene)‐b‐poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(3‐hexylthiophene)‐b‐poly(acrylic acid), and poly(3‐hexylthiophene)‐b‐poly(poly(ethylene glycol) acrylate) are used to demonstrate this general strategy.
Combined Effect of Nitrogen‐ and Oxygen‐Containing Functional Groups of Microporous Activated Carbon on its Electrochemical Performance in Supercapacitors
Authors: Hulicova‐Jurcakova Denisa , Seredych Mykola , Lu Gao Qing , Bandosz Teresa J.
Published: December 2008

Microporous activated carbon originating from coconut shell, as received or oxidized with nitric acid, is treated with melamine and urea and heated to 950 °C in an inert atmosphere to modify the carbon surface with nitrogen‐ and oxygen‐containing groups for a systematic investigation of their combined effect on electrochemical performance in 1 M H2SO4 supercapacitors. The chemistry of the samples is characterized using elemental analysis, Boehm titration, potentiometric titration, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Sorption of nitrogen and carbon dioxide is used to determine the textural properties. The results show that the surface chemistry is affected by the type of nitrogen precursor and the specific groups present on the surface before the treatment leading to the incorporation of nitrogen. Analysis of the electrochemical behavior of urea‐ and melamine‐treated samples reveal pseudocapacitance from both the oxygen and the nitrogen containing functional groups located in the pores larger than 10 Å. On the other hand, pores between 5 Å and 6 Å are most effective in a double‐layer formation, which correlates well with the size of hydrated ions. Although the quaternary and pyridinic‐N‐oxides nitrogen groups have enhancing effects on capacitance due to the positive charge, and thus an improved electron transfer at high current loads, the most important functional groups affecting energy storage performance are pyrrolic and pyridinic nitrogen along with quinone oxygen.
Tuning and Transcription of the Supramolecular Organization of a Fluorescent Silsesquioxane Precursor into Silica‐Based Materials through Direct Photochemical Hydrolysis–Polycondensation and Micropatterning
Authors: Sallenave Xavier , Dautel Olivier J. , Wantz Guillaume , Valvin Pierre , Lère‐Porte Jean‐Pierre , Moreau Joel J. E.
Published: December 2008

A new fluorescent silsequioxane precursor with tuned optical properties and controlled aggregation properties is designed. The two cyclohexyl moieties introduced in the molecular structure allow the formation of very good quality films. The J‐aggregated structure is transcribed into the solid by photoacid‐catalyzed hydrolysis–polycondensation. Aggregation of the chromophores is reduced and highly fluorescent materials are obtained. The photoacid generator lies on the surface of the homogeneous layer of the sol–gel precursor. This phase separation presents several advantages, including UV protection of the chromophore and easy removal of the PAG. The first example of chemical amplification in the photolithography of the conjugated silsesquioxane precursor is demonstrated. As hydrolysis–polycondensation could be achieved in a controlled way by UV exposure, chemically amplified photolithography is achieved by irradiating a composite film (∼110 nm thick) on silicon wafer by using a copper TEM grid as shadow mask. The pattern is produced uniformly on a miscroscopic scale of 3 mm, the photopatterned pixels remaining highly fluorescent. The sizes of the photolithographed pixels correspond to the sizes of the rectangular holes of the 300 × 75 mesh grid (hole: 63 <$>μ<$>m × 204 <$>μ<$>m).
Increased gas solubility in nanoliquids: Improved performance in interfacial catalytic membrane contactors
Authors: Pera‐Titus Marc , Miachon Sylvain , Dalmon Jean‐Alain
Published: December 2008

The kinetics of gas‐liquid catalytic reactions can be strongly promoted when these are performed in interfacial catalytic membrane reactors instead of other three‐phase reactors such as slurry stirrers or trickle beds. The well‐defined gas‐liquid‐catalyst contact in this system avoiding diffusional limitations is usually argued as the main reason for such enhancement. In this work, using nitrobenzene hydrogenation as a model reaction, we propose that this increased catalytic performance might also be attributed, at least partially, to increased gas solubilities in mesoconfined solvents (or simply “nanoliquids”) in interfacial contactors overcoming the values predicted by Henry's Law. To support this hypothesis, we provide experimental evidence of a dramatic increase of H2 solubility in confined ethanol using mesoporous γ‐Al2O3 as confining solid. Gas‐liquid solubilities can be enhanced up to five times over the corresponding bulk values for nanoliquid sizes lower than 15 nm as long as the gas‐liquid interface is confined in a mesoporous array. In such a situation, the volume of the gas‐liquid interface is no longer negligible compared to the total volume of the confined liquid, and the high surface excess concentrations of the gas adsorbed on the liquid surface make solubility grow up dramatically. According to these measurements, we discuss how nanoliquids might form in catalytic membrane contactors, which gas‐liquid configuration in the reactor appears to be more appropriate, and how the structure of the mesoporous catalytic layer contributes to their increased gas solubilization performance. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
The effect of natural flow of aquifers and associated dispersion on the onset of buoyancy‐driven convection in a saturated porous medium
Authors: Hassanzadeh Hassan , Pooladi‐Darvish Mehran , Keith David W.
Published: December 2008

Carbon dioxide injection into deep saline aquifers is an important option for managing CO2 emissions. Injected CO2 dissolves into formation brines from above, increasing brine density and creating an unstable hydrodynamic state favorable for natural convection. Long‐term buoyancy‐driven flow of high‐density CO2‐saturated brine leads to faster trapping through improved dissolution and can reduce the risk of CO2 leakage from storage sites. We investigate the role of natural flow of aquifers and associated dispersion on the onset of convection. A linear stability analysis of a transient concentration field in a laterally infinite, horizontal, and saturated porous layer with steady horizontal flow is presented. The layer is subjected to a sudden rise in CO2 concentration from the top and is closed from the bottom. Solution of the stability equations is obtained using a Galerkin technique and the resulting equations are integrated numerically. We found simple scaling relationships that follow tDc∼60(1 + PeT)Ra‐2 for the onset time of convection and a∼0.05Ra/(1 + PeT) for the wavenumber of the initial instabilities. Results reveal that transverse dispersion increases the time to onset of convection for the entire range of Ra. Furthermore, transverse dispersion decreases the critical wavenumber of the instabilities. These results facilitate screening candidate sites for geological CO2 storage. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009