bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ω‐3‐Fettsäuren: Prävention degenerativer Erkrankungen
Authors: Hahn Andreas , Ströhle Alexander
Published: October 2004

Langfristige Gesunderhaltung und Prävention
chronisch‐degenerativer Erkrankungen bilden das moderne
ernährungswissenschaftliche Konzept von Ernährung. Ein häufig
eingesetzter funktioneller Inhaltsstoff von Lebensmitteln sind
ω‐3‐Fettsäuren, insbesondere die langkettigen Vertreter
Eicosapentaensäure (EPA) und Docosahexaensäure
(DHA). ω‐3‐Fettsäuren entfalten eine Vielzahl von physiologischen
Funktionen, u.a. die Modulation der Membranfluidität, die Regulation von
Ionenkanälen und immunologische Effekte. Dieser Umstand bildet die
Grundlage für den therapeutischen Einsatz von ω‐3‐Fettsäuren in
der Ernährungsmedizin. Das bekannteste Einsatzgebiet stellen
atherosklerotische Erkrankungen dar. Ausgehend von den üblichen
Verzehrsgewohnheiten wurde für die Deutsche Bevölkerung eine
Versorgungslücke von rund 1 g EPA und DHA ermittelt. Die Einarbeitung
mikroverkapselter ω‐3‐fettsäurehaltiger Öle in funktionelle
Lebensmittel stellt eine Möglichkeit dar, die Versorgung zu
optimieren.
Teamwork für saubere Luft
Authors: Jacoby Petra
Published: October 2004

Zimmerpflanzen können zahlreiche Schadstoffe aus der Luft entgiften. Eine neue Studie zeigt jetzt, dass dies mit bestimmten Bakterien auf den Blättern noch besser funktioniert.
Die ATP‐Synthase dreht sich im Uhrzeigersinn
Authors: Jaenicke Lothar
Published: October 2004

Die ATP‐Synthase der aeroben und photosynthetischen Energiespeicherung ist der kleinste natürliche Rotationsmotor.
Als der Platin‐Rubel rollte
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: October 2004

Das Edelmetall Platin findet sich heutzutage vor allem in Katalysatoren, in Laborgeräten (Tiegel, Netzelektroden für die Elektrolyse), und in Schmuck. Vor 175 Jahren hingegen fand sich dieses Metall in den Kassen russischer Händler, denn es diente fast zwei Jahrzehnte lang als Münzmetall.
Herausforderung Meerwasserentsalzung
Authors: Borchard‐Tuch Claudia
Published: October 2004

Wasser ist die Quelle des Lebens – und wird zu einem immer größeren Problem: Nur 1% des Wassers auf der Erde ist Trinkwasser, die anderen 99% sind salzhaltig oder kontaminiert. Doch eine Technologie könnte dieses Problem lösen: die Meerwasserentsalzung.
Mangomittel gegen Altern und Aids
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: October 2004

In den letzten 20 Jahren hat Kuba massiv in den Aufbau einer eigenen Biotechnologie‐Forschung und ‐Industrie investiert. Mittlerweile zeichnen sich erste Erfolge ab, darunter ein bahnbrechender neuer Impfstoff und eine industrielle Produktion von Pharmaproteinen, die bereits in mehrere Länder exportiert werden.
Modeling of mono‐feature texture images using the structuring element of morphology filters
Authors: Yashima Syun , Asano Akira , Taguchi Akira
Published: October 2004

When a texture is considered as a set of granular components of various sizes and shapes, it is meaningful to determine its features in the spatial domain. It is known that such granular features in the spatial domain can be calculated by means of the pattern spectrum obtained by morphology operations. The pattern spectrum has the property that a peak exists at the point where the structuring element of the morphology filter agrees with the granular feature composing the texture. Utilizing this property, this paper proposes a method by which the features of the granules (shape and size) composing the texture are represented by a structuring element on the basis of pattern spectrum information. The proposed method restricts the textures to be analyzed to textures composed of granules of a single shape and size. A method of using the obtained model to decide whether the given texture can be analyzed is presented. With this approach, it is possible to decide whether or not the derived model represents the texture feature. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 88(2): 31–40, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10070
Novel routing schemes based on location information for UWB ad‐hoc networks
Authors: Horie Wataru , Sanada Yukitoshi
Published: October 2004

This paper discusses a routing scheme for an autonomous distributed wireless network (mobile ad‐hoc networking) using an ultra‐wideband (UWB) system. The UWB system is a kind of spread‐spectrum communication system which has the function of measuring the distance between the transmitter and the receiver with high accuracy. Using this distance measurement function, the received energy per bit is kept constant by adjusting the spreading factor according to the transmission distance. This paper considers a packet‐forwarding scheme based on the above feature of the UWB system, where the spreading factor is adjusted according to the distance between the transmitter and the receiver. The objective is to realize higher throughput than in single‐hop transmission by using multihop transmission which controls the maximum transmission distance. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 88(2): 22–30, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20082
A proposal of the directional speaker system based on the boundary surface control principle
Authors: Enomoto Seigo , Ise Shiro
Published: October 2004

According to the boundary surface control principle, it is possible to reflect the flow of acoustic energy at a boundary if a boundary surface with impedance 0 can be formed by controlling the sound pressure and the particle velocity at an arbitrary position in space. If this principle is used in such a way that a boundary surface is formed only in the direction not intended for radiation of the sound, then a directional speaker system can be realized. In the conventional design method of the directional speaker array system, in order to achieve sharp directivity in the low frequencies, it is necessary to enlarge the array length. On the other hand, in our proposed system, it is easy to achieve sharp directivity in the low frequencies, since the boundary surface control principle can achieve high performance in the low frequencies. Moreover, by changing the control sound source spacing for each bandwidth, rather flat characteristics can be obtained over the entire control range. In this paper, the basic characteristics constituting guidelines for system design and the effect of control are confirmed by numerical calculations and experiments. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 88(2): 1–9, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20122
Acoustic model adaptation by selective training using two‐stage clustering
Authors: Sato Shoei , Segi Hiroyuki , Onoe Kazuo , Miyasaka Eiichi , Isono Haruo , Imai Toru , Ando Akio
Published: October 2004

In speech recognition systems where the speaker and utterance environment cannot be designated, the drop in recognition precision due to the incompatibility of the input speech and acoustic model's training data is a problem. Although this problem is normally solved by speaker adaptation, sufficient precision cannot be achieved for speaker adaptation unless good‐quality adaptation data can be obtained. In this paper, the authors propose a method of efficiently clustering large‐scale data using the likelihoods of a cluster model that was created from small‐scale data as the criteria to obtain a high‐precision adapted acoustic model. They also propose a method of using the cluster model to automatically determine the adapted acoustic model during recognition from only the beginning of the sentences of the input speech. The results of applying the proposed technique to news speech recognition experiments show that the adapted acoustic model selection precision can be ensured by using only 0.5 second of data of the beginnings of sentences of the input speech and that the proposed technique achieves a reduction rate for invalid recognitions of 20% and a reduction in the time required for recognition of 23% compared with when the adapted acoustic model for each cluster is not used. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 88(2): 41–51, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20157
Mitigation of third‐harmonic voltage for three‐phase four‐wire distribution system based on a series active filter for neutral conductor
Authors: Wada Keiji , Inoue Shigenori , Shimizu Toshihisa
Published: October 2004

This paper proposes a series active filter for mitigation of the third‐harmonic voltage in a three‐phase four‐wire power distribution system in a building. The active filter which consists of a single‐phase inverter can suppress the harmonic voltage of the system. The active filter is characterized by acting not only as a capacitor but also as a resistor for the third‐harmonic components. A Hilbert transformer is applied to the controller of the active filter in order to realize accurate third‐harmonic detection on a single‐phase active filter. Measurement results of harmonic distortion of source voltage in a building is also shown in this paper. It is clarified in a simulation and experiment that the active filter can suppress the third‐harmonic voltage without increasing neutral conductor current. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 150(1): 62–70, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10379
A novel robust current control approach using adaptive line enhancer for three‐phase current‐source active power filter
Authors: Nishida Katsumi , Konishi Yoshihiro , Nakaoka Mutsuo
Published: October 2004

An effective system control method is presented for applying a three‐phase current‐source PWM converter with a deadbeat controller to active power filters (APFs). In the shunt‐type configuration, the APF is controlled such that the current drawn by the APF from the utility is equal to the current harmonics and reactive current required for the load. To attain the time‐optimal response of the APF supply current, a two‐dimensional deadbeat control scheme is applied to APF current control. Furthermore, in order to cancel both the delay in the two‐dimensional deadbeat control scheme and the delay in DSP control strategy, an Adaptive Line Enhancer (ALE) is introduced in order to predict the desired value three sampling periods ahead. ALE has another function of bringing robustness to the deadbeat control system. Due to the ALE, settling time is made short in a transient state. On the other hand, total harmonic distortion (THD) of source currents can be minimized compared to the case where ideal identification of the controlled system can be made. The experimental results obtained from the DSP‐based APF are also reported. The compensating ability of this APF is very high in accuracy and responsiveness although the modulation frequency is rather low. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 150(1): 50–61, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20014
Electrostatic fluctuation measurements in the periphery of reversed field pinch plasma
Authors: Yambe Kiyoyuki , Maki Shinsuke , Arimoto Hideki , Sato Koichi
Published: October 2004

Peripheral plasma electrostatic fluctuations are studied with an inserted electrostatic probe array in the STP‐3(M) Reversed Field Pinch, and radial profiles of electron density, electron temperature, and plasma space potential are measured. The particle flux driven by electrostatic fluctuation is calculated with the correlation between the fluctuation of electron density and fluctuation of plasma space potential, yielding the result that the increase of electrostatic fluctuation at the edge causes particle diffusions. The agreement between the Er × B drift velocity of the radial electric field by the gradient of plasma space potential and the ion thermal velocity at the edge indicates ion motion dominates the particle diffusion. The decrease of the toroidal phase velocity at the edge and the confinement degradation shows the radial outside flow of the Er × Bp drift, where Et is generated by the toroidal flow fluctuation of the Er × B drift. Therefore, the electrostatic fluctuation caused by the radial propagation of plasma space potential is thought of as the dominance of the radial particle flux. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 150(1): 1–7, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ eej.20019
Study of flashover model on overhead distribution lines
Authors: Asano Kentaro , Miyazato Kenji , Hara Kazuhiko , Shimomura Tetsuro , Horinouchi Yusaku
Published: October 2004

We have carried out analysis of lightning surge on overhead distribution lines by means of EMTP. We made a model for electric breakdown of a 14‐m concrete pole with impulse voltage (rise time: 2 μ s) applied to the outer surface at the top of the concrete pole. We found that the transient impedance of the breakdown increased linearly before the breakdown and decreased exponentially after the breakdown. The measured voltage and current waveforms correspond to the calculated waveforms by regarding the impedance of the breakdown as resistance. Also we examined the impedance of flashover of an insulator with impulse voltage applied to the lines. The transient impedance of flashover is expressed approximately by the formula: Z(t) = A × exp(−(t − t0)/τ) (A = 1500 to 5000, τ = 3 × 10−8 to 5 × 10−8 s, t: time, t0: starting time of flashover). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 150(1): 34–41, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20022
Parallelization of genetic algorithm with sexual selection
Authors: Omori Kiyohiro , Maekawa Satoshi , Tamaki Hisashi , Kitamura Shinzo
Published: October 2004

We propose a parallel genetic algorithm with sexual selection. In genetic algorithms with sexual selection with one population, females keep their traits around local optima by using a lower mutation rate than that of the males, while the males change their traits actively. When a runaway process takes place, the transitions of the males' traits are biased toward a certain direction which depends on the bias of the females' preferences. If the population size is large, the search converges quickly. However, the large population size causes a decrease in search performance. In the proposed method with parallelization, the population size of each subpopulation is maintained adequately, and each subpopulation seeks its own direction of evolution independently. As a result, the proposed method makes a search converge quickly because the runaway process which leads to intermittent evolution tends to take place more quickly than one population model. We applied the proposed method to some test problems. In these problems, while the performance of conventional genetic algorithms was decreased by parallelization, the proposed method exhibited better performance with parallelization. Moreover, the performance of the proposed method is better than that of conventional methods. This capability of parallelization is a remarkable characteristic of sexual selection. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 150(1): 42–49, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20029
Influence of distribution voltage control methods on maximum capacity of distributed generators
Authors: Kubota Yoshiyuki , Genji Takamu , Takayama Shinichi , Fukuyama Yoshikazu
Published: October 2004

Recently, the number of distributed generators (DGs) connected to distribution systems has been increasing. It is important to know how large a generator output is permitted when the generators are connected to a distribution system with regulation of the line voltage, the line current, and the power factor of the generator connection point. The authors demonstrate differences of maximum output of the DGs caused by various voltage control systems in a short‐length system and a long‐length system by load flow calculation. The voltage regulation systems include the following six types: no control equipment, SVC (Static Var Compensator), existing SVR (Step Voltage Regulator), reverse flow type SVR which operates even in reverse flow, existing SVR and SVC, and reverse flow type SVR and SVC. A synchronous generator is considered as a DG in this paper.

The calculation results show that the DG's maximum output is about 3300 kW in a short‐length system and about 540 kW in a long‐length system. However, the DG's maximum output increases to about 3750 kW on installing a SVC, and the SVC's capacity decreases on replacing an existing SVR with a reverse power flow type SVR in the long‐length system. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 150(1): 8–17, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20050
Uptake of membrane molecules from T cells endows antigen‐presenting cells with novel functional properties
Authors: Nolte‐‘t Hoen Esther N. M. , Wagenaar‐Hilbers Josée P. A. , Peters Peter J. , Gadella Bart M. , van Eden Willem , Wauben Marca H. M.
Published: October 2004

Although intercellular transfer of cell surface molecules has been observed between several cells of the immune system, the physiological relevance of this phenomenon remained obscure. Until now the transfer of molecules between antigen‐presenting cells (APC) and T cells has been described as a unidirectional process from APC to T cells. However, here we show that T cells in turn donate molecules to APC, and that T cell‐derived vesicles can mediate this transfer. The transferred proteins are incorporated into the APC as active molecules. Our data provide evidence that T cells use intercellular molecule transfer to mediate cell contact‐dependent regulation of T cell responses via modulation of the APC.
Parenteral exposure to high HIV viremia leads to virus‐specific T cell priming without evidence of infection
Authors: Missale Gabriele , Papagno Laura , Penna Amalia , Pilli Massimo , Zerbini Alessandro , Vitali Piero , Pieroni Giovanni , Urbani Simona , Uggeri Jacopo , Pinheiro Susana , Rowland‐Jones Sarah , Ferrari Carlo
Published: October 2004

Previous studies on CTL responses in HIV‐exposed uninfected individuals assumed that the patients were exposed to replicating HIV, but the possibility that the immune responses detected were primed by exposure to a defective virus or viral antigen could not be excluded. Epidemiological and laboratory analysis of a nosocomial outbreak of acute hepatitis B unequivocally allowed the identification of an HIV‐1‐ and HBV‐co‐infected patient with high plasma levels of both viruses, as the source case of the epidemics. This clinical setting provided a natural model for testing the HIV‐specific T cell response in patients exposed to blood from a patient with highly replicating HIV. Parenteral exposure to both viruses led to acute hepatitis B in five subjects without evidence of HIV‐1 infection. Cryopreserved lymphocytes derived from three exposed patients were tested ex vivo in an ELISPOT assay for IFN‐γ release upon stimulation with peptides from structural and non‐structural HIV proteins; one of the patients was also tested with four HLA/class I tetramers. Circulating HIV‐specific CD8 cells were detected by tetramer staining and a high frequency of T cells were able to release IFN‐γ upon stimulation with HIV peptides, showing in vivo T cell priming by HIV. These results unequivocally demonstrate a HIV‐specific cell‐mediated immune response in the absence of infection after exposure to highly replicating HIV.
A mouse model of human adaptive immune functions: HLA‐A2.1‐/HLA‐DR1‐transgenic H‐2 class I‐/class II‐knockout mice
Authors: Pajot Anthony , Michel Marie‐Louise , Fazilleau Nicolas , Pancré Véronique , Auriault Claude , Ojcius David M. , Lemonnier François A. , Lone Yu‐Chun
Published: October 2004

HLA‐A2.1‐/HLA‐DR1‐transgenic H‐2 class I‐/class II‐knockout mice were created and their immunological potential evaluated in response to hepatitis B DNA vaccine. Every single immunized mouse developed hepatitis B virus‐specific antibodies, HLA‐DR1‐restricted helper, and HLA‐A2.1‐restricted cytolytic T cell responses directed at the same immunodominant epitopes as those identified in naturally infected or vaccinated humans. These mice were specifically protected against a hepatitis B‐recombinant vaccinia virus infection with a 10,000‐fold or more reduction of the virus load at day 4 post‐challenge. These mice represent a unique in vivo experimental model for human immune function studies without any interference with mouse MHC response which dwarfed the prediction of human responses. Furthermore, they enable the complete monitoring of immune adaptative responses for preclinical screening of candidate vaccines.
Novel Dy(III) Sensor Based on a New Bis‐Pyrrolidene Schiff's Base
Authors: Ganjali Mohammad Reza , Ravanshad Jaafar , Hosseini Morteza , Salavati‐Niasari Masoud , Pourjavid Mohammad Reza , Baezzat Mohammad Reza
Published: October 2004

In this work a dysprosium [Dy(III)]‐selective solvent polymeric membrane sensor based on N,N‐bis(pyrrolidene) benzne‐1,2‐diamine, poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC), the plasticizer benzylacetate (BA), and anionic site is described. This sensor responds to Dy(III) activity in a linear range from 1.0×10−5 to 1.0×10−1 M, with a slope of 20.6±0.2 mV per decade and a detection limit of 6.0×10−6 M at the pH range of 3.5–8.0. It has a fast response time of<20 s in the entire concentration range, and can be used for at least 2 months without any considerable divergence in the electrode potentials. The proposed sensor revealed comparatively good selectivity with respect to common alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions. It was used as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of fluoride ions and in determination of concentration of F – ions in some mouth washing solutions.
Electrochemical Behavior of Parallel Opposed Dual Electrode in a Microchannel
Authors: Ito Takeshi , Maruyama Kenichi , Sobue Kazuharu , Ohya Seishiro , Niwa Osamu , Suzuki Koji
Published: October 2004

The electrochemical behavior dependent on the microchannel depth is discussed using a parallel opposed dual electrode in the microchip. The microchannel depth was controlled easily by the thickness of the photoresist. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was carried out with conventional mode and the generation‐collection mode. High collection efficiency (max: 98%) and high current amplification (max: 5.2) were achieved without miniaturizing the dual electrode by micromachining techniques, when the microchip with the microchannel depth of 30 μm was used in the generation‐collection mode at low sweep rates. Quantitative analysis was applied to electrochemically reversible species with a quicker response time of around a few seconds for the same microchannel depth on chronoamperometry (CA). We observed good linearity on the calibration plot of dopamine (2×10−6 – ca. 1×10−3 mol dm−3 ).
Spatial distribution of surface properties, runoff generation and landscape development in the Zin Valley Badlands, northern Negev, Israel
Authors: Kuhn Nikolaus J. , Yair Aaron , Grubin Milica Kasanin
Published: October 2004

Inﬁltration tests, soil mapping and soil property analysis were used to assess the effect of within‐storm rainfall conditions on spatial patterns of surface characteristics relevant for runoff generation, continuity and erosion in the Zin Valley Badlands. Runoff and erosion differ strongly between ridges and slopes. Soils at both locations are susceptible to sealing, but on the sideslopes deep desiccation cracks inhibit continuous ﬂow, even during high magnitude rainstorms. The discontinuous nature of runoff has a feedback on surface conditions. Erosion on the ridges maintains shallow soils prone to sealing while inﬁltration and deposition on the sideslopes enhance soil depth, a prerequisite for stable desiccation cracks. Some runoff generated on the ridges is transmitted to the valley via rills. On straight sideslopes, rills are single and often discontinuous, indicating limited frequency of continuous runoff. Along concave valley heads, rill systems are well integrated and continuous, concentrating runoff and reducing inﬁltration losses along slopes.

The longitudinal, V‐shaped valley morphology of small catchments in the Zin Valley Badlands reﬂects the long‐term effect of different erosion rates in valley heads and on sideslopes. Over time, valley incision lengthened the sideslopes, reducing the portion of annual rainfall that was runoff‐effective. Once sideslopes reached a critical length that inhibited frequent continuous ﬂow, a colluvium with an increased inﬁltration capacity developed, reducing runoff frequency even further. Consequently, erosion on the valley sideslopes decreased. Continuous ﬂow from ridges to the valley channel remained more common in integrated rill systems in concavities and valley heads, leading to more erosion and retreat of the valley heads.

The spatial patterns of runoff and erosion in the Zin Valley Badlands demonstrate that landscape development is strongly affected by processes that lead to differentiation of soil properties on hillslopes with uniform lithology. The patterns of surface characteristics and their role in landscape development are strongly dependent on rainfall conditions, highlighting the need for geomorphologists to identify the dynamic spatial and temporal scales relevant for landscape development. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Notes on South American Valerianaceae II
Authors: Weberling F.
Published: October 2004

Entre Valeriana potopensis Briq., descripta para Bolivia, y Valeriana humahuacensis Borsini, descripta para Jujuy, la provincia contigua de la Argentina, no se han encontrado características morfológicas para distinguir ambas especies, por eso éstas estarían unidas bajo del nombre Valeriana potopensis Briq.

Por otra parte Valeriana boliviana Britton y Valeriana bangiana Graebn., serían según Graebner (1906) dos especies distintas, pero no dió caracteres seguros para diferen‐ciarlas. En este trabajo se observa que la forma de los frutos de los materiales tomados como tipo y paratipos es diferente, frutos ovados, como descripto para V. boliviana, se observan en unos paratipos, también se ven frutos ancho‐ovados con un margen grueso, pero los del lectotipo V. boliviana (Rusby 871 NY) tienen un contorno casi circular como una lenteja, con un margen tenue, casi membranoso como los del lectotipo de V. bangiana (Bang 2415 G). Ni los caracteres vegetativos ni los caracteres de los frutos serían suficientes para poder distinguir V. bangiana Graebn. 1906 de V. boliviana Britton 1891 como especies separadas.

Se observa también que Valeriana variabilis Graebn. sería una forma de Valeriana warburgii Graebn. La primera especie solo se distinguiría por caracteres poco manifiestos como el indumento de los frutos y los pelos frecuentemente se pierden durante de la maduración de los mismos, estos caracteres no serían suficientes para separar las dos especies. Por lo tanto se considera una nueva combinación, Valeriana warburgii Graebn. subsp. variabilis (Graebn.) Weberling stat. nov. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Function of discoidin domain receptor I in HGF‐induced branching tubulogenesis of MDCK cells in collagen gel
Authors: Wang Chau‐Zen , Hsu Yuei‐Mei , Tang Ming‐Jer
Published: October 2004

Discoidin domain receptor I (DDR1) is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and serves as the receptor for collagen in addition to integrins. It has been well established that Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells develop branching tubules in three‐dimensional collagen gel in the presence of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). MDCK cells normally express DDR1. However, the function of DDR1 in this in vitro model system has not been understood. We established stable‐transfected MDCK cells harboring DDR1a, DDR1b, or dominant‐negative (DN) DDR1 and cultured these transfectants in collagen gel with HGF (2 ng/ml) for the studies of branching tubule morphogenesis. Whether DDR1 played roles in cell growth, apoptosis, and migration was examined. We found that cells over‐expressing DDR1a and DDR1b developed shorter tubules with fewer branches in collagen gel. In contrast, DN DDR1 over‐expressed cells could not form tubule structure, but instead developed mostly cell aggregates with multiple long extended processes. Over‐expression of DDR1a and 1b in MDCK cells resulted in reduction of cell growth when cells were cultured on collagen gel‐coated dishes or collagen gel. On the other hand, DN DDR1 enhanced cell death on collagen gel, suggesting that DDR1 is involved in maintenance of cell survival. Moreover, over‐expression of DDR1a and DDR1b markedly reduced collagen‐induced migration capability, whereas DN DDR1 enhanced it, suggesting that DDR1a and 1b may serve as a negative regulator for α2β1 integrin during migration on collagen substratum. These results indicate that DDR1 plays important role in regulation of HGF‐induced branching tubulogenesis by modulating cell proliferation, survival, and cell migration. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
TGF‐β‐induced expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases‐3 gene in chondrocytes is mediated by extracellular signal‐regulated kinase pathway and Sp1 transcription factor
Authors: Qureshi Hamid Yaqoob , Sylvester Judith , Mabrouk Mohammed El , Zafarullah Muhammad
Published: October 2004

Transforming growth factor (TGF‐β1) is a potent inducer of chondrogenesis and stimulant of cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases‐3 (TIMP‐3) is located in ECM and is the major inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and aggrecanase, the principal enzymes implicated in collagen and aggrecan degradation in arthritis. We investigated the role of extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)‐mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) and Sp1 transcription factor in TGF‐β‐induced TIMP‐3 gene in chondrocytes and chondrosarcoma cells. TGF‐β time‐dependently induced a sustained phosphorylation of ERK‐MAPKs in primary human or bovine chondrocytes. Inhibitors of this pathway, PD98059 and U0126, downregulated TGF‐β‐induced expression of TIMP‐3 RNA and protein. Since the ERKs can phosphorylate Sp1, and the promoter of human TIMP‐3 gene contains four Sp1‐binding sites, we investigated whether Sp1 is a downstream target of this pathway. Mithramycin and WP631, the agents that prevent binding of Sp1 to its consensus site, downregulated TGF‐β‐inducible TIMP‐3 expression. Indeed, mithramycin blocked TGF‐β‐stimulated Sp1 binding activity. Transfection of cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter‐Sp1 plasmid increased TIMP‐3 promoter (−940 to +376)‐driven luciferase activity. Depletion of Sp1 by transfection of an antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide suppressed TGF‐β‐induced TIMP‐3 protein expression, while its sense homolog had no effect. These results suggest that activation of ERK‐MAPK pathway and Sp1 transcription factor play a pivotal role in the induction of TIMP‐3 by TGF‐β in chondrocytes. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
2000 Year‐old ancient equids: an ancient‐DNA lesson from pompeii remains
Authors: Di Bernardo Giovanni , Del Gaudio Stefania , Galderisi Umberto , Cipollaro Marilena
Published: October 2004

Ancient DNA extracted from 2000 year‐old equine bones was examined in order to amplify mitochondrial and nuclear DNA fragments. A specific equine satellite‐type sequence representing 3.7%–11% of the entire equine genome, proved to be a suitable target to address the question of the presence of aDNA in ancient bones. The PCR strategy designed to investigate this specific target also allowed us to calculate the molecular weight of amplifiable DNA fragments. Sequencing of a 370 bp DNA fragment of mitochondrial control region allowed the comparison of ancient DNA sequences with those of modern horses to assess their genetic relationship. The 16S rRNA mitochondrial gene was also examined to unravel the post‐mortem base modification feature and to test the status of Pompeian equids taxon on the basis of a Mae III restriction site polymorphism. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 302B:000000, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative analysis of the P‐glycoprotein inhibitor Elacridar (GF120918) in human and dog plasma using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection
Authors: Stokvis Ellen , Rosing Hilde , Causon Roger C. , Schellens Jan H.M. , Beijnen Jos H.
Published: October 2004

A liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) method for the determination of the P‐glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein inhibitor Elacridar in human and dog plasma is described. The internal standard was stable isotopically labelled Elacridar. Sample pretreatment involved liquid–liquid extraction with tert‐butyl methyl ether. Analysis of Elacridar and internal standard was performed by reversed‐phase LC on a basic stable minibore analytical column with an eluent consisting of acetonitrile and aqueous ammonia. An API‐2000 triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometer with an electrospray ion source was used in the positive‐ion multiple reaction monitoring mode. The run time per sample was only 6 min. The method is sensitive and specific, with a dynamic range from 1 to 500 ng ml−1 from 100 µl of human or dog plasma. The accuracy of the method was within 15% bias and the precision was lower than 15% for all tested concentration levels and in both matrices. The method is simple and the liquid–liquid extraction produces clean samples. This method was successfully applied to support the pharmacokinetics of a clinical trial in which orally applied Elacridar was used as a bioavailability enhancer. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of quadrupole ion storage mass spectrometric conditions for the analysis of selected polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Comparative approach with negative chemical ionization and electron impact mass spectrometry
Authors: Larrazábal David , Ángeles Martínez Ma. , Eljarrat Ethel , Barceló Damiá , Fabrellas Begoña
Published: October 2004

Gas chromatography coupled to quadrupole ion storage mass spectrometry (QISTMS) operating in the non‐resonant mode is presented as an innovative approach for the analysis of selected polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Although reductions in complexity and time needed for optimization are achieved in comparison with the resonant option, precise adjustment of the mass spectrometric conditions is required. Differences in isolation and fragmentation patterns of target species with degree of bromination were observed. The reliability of the method was confirmed by using standard solutions through the evaluation of certain quality parameters such as accuracy (92–108%), injection repeatability and reproducibility (coefficient of variation below 10% and 15%, respectively). Detection limits ranged from 62 to 621 fg, providing sensitivity similar to that of negative chemical ionisation (NCIMS) and greater than that of electron ionization mass spectrometry. The applicability of QISTMS method to real samples and matrix effects were evaluated through the analysis of some PBDE congeners in a sewage sludge sample from a Spanish waste‐water treatment plant. Comparable results were obtained using QISTMS and NCIMS. According to these observations, QISTMS performed in the non‐resonant mode may constitute a low‐cost, rapid and reliable alternative to high‐resolution devices for the analysis of selected PBDEs in environmental samples. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct assignment of positional isomers by mass spectrometry: ortho, meta and para acyl and amidyl anilines and phenols and derivatives
Authors: da Rocha Lilian Lúcia , Sparrapan Regina , Augusti Rodinei , Eberlin Marcos N.
Published: October 2004

A direct MS/MS method for the ortho, meta or para configuration assignment of any single molecule that forms reference ions upon ionization and dissociation is demonstrated. Gas‐phase structure diagnostic ion–molecule reactions with acetonitrile are shown to distinguish the isomeric 2‐, 3‐ and 4‐hydroxybenzoyl cations and the 2‐ from the 3‐ and 4‐aminobenzoyl cations. These reference ions, which display indistinguishable 15 eV collision‐induced dissociation product ion mass spectra, react with acetonitrile to yield characteristic ratios of product ions, most particularly for the 2‐isomers. The reactivity of the 2‐benzoyl cations is the most characteristic since the ortho configuration allows for [4+ + 2] polar cycloaddition that yields relatively stable heterocycles in N‐protonated forms. Distinction of the reference isomeric 2‐, 3‐ and 4‐hydroxy‐ and aminobenzoyl cations permits, therefore, partially or completely, direct ‘MS‐only’ positional assignment of either ortho, meta or para configuration for any single molecule that forms such reference ions upon ionization and dissociation. This “class‐universal” method for direct MS assignment of a single positional isomer should therefore be applicable to many members of the homologous series of isomeric ortho, meta and para acyl and amidyl anilines and phenols and derivatives. Such molecules dissociate, or are likely to dissociate, after or during ionization processes to form the reference and structurally diagnostic ortho, meta or para hydroxy‐ or aminobenzoyl cations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In situ thermo‐TOF‐SIMS study of thermal decomposition of zinc acetate dihydrate
Authors: Ghule Anil Vithal , Ghule Kalyani , Chen Chin‐Yuan , Chen Wen‐Yin , Tzing Shin‐Hwa , Chang Hua , Ling Yong‐Chien
Published: October 2004

Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS) was used for an in situ thermal decomposition study of Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O forming ZnO nanoparticles. TOF‐SIMS spectra were recorded at regular temperature intervals of 25 °C in positive and negative detection modes in a dynamic thermal process. Controlled heating (5 °C min−1) of Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O was also carried out using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in an oxygen atmosphere (20 ml min−1). Nearly spherical ZnO nanoparticles with no agglomeration and a narrow size distribution (diameter ∼50 nm) were observed, which were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and x‐ray diffraction. In situ thermo‐TOF‐SIMS was used to monitor the 64Zn+ and 66Zn+ ion abundances as a function of temperature, which showed a similar profile to that observed for weight loss in TGA during decomposition. Based on the experimental results, a possible decomposition mechanism for the formation of ZnO is proposed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leading and managing extreme projects
Authors: DeCarlo Doug
Published: October 2004

When it comes to today's demanding projects, few managers know how to cope.
Management by intent
Authors: McLagan Patricia A.
Published: October 2004

Taking management seriously requires a shift in perspective.
Building a company of leaders
Authors: Cohen Allan R.
Published: October 2004

How to foster leaders at every level.
Inside Kraft's leadership corridor
Authors: Vishwanath Vijay , Blenko Marcia W.
Published: October 2004

Strategies for building deep bench strength in leadership.
Substructure lattices and almost minimal end extensions of models of Peano arithmetic
Authors: Schmerl James H.
Published: October 2004

This paper concerns intermediate structure lattices Lt(𝒩/ℳ︁), where 𝒩 is an almost minimal elementary end extension of the model ℳ︁ of Peano Arithmetic. For the purposes of this abstract only, let us say that ℳ︁ attains L if L ≅ Lt(𝒩/ℳ︁) for some almost minimal elementary end extension of 𝒩. If T is a completion of PA and L is a finite lattice, then:

(A) If some model of T attains L, then every countable model of T does.

(B) If some rather classless, ℵ1‐saturated model of T attains L, then every model of T does. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On Schnorr and computable randomness, martingales, and machines
Authors: Downey Rod , Griffiths Evan , Laforte Geoffrey
Published: October 2004

We examine the randomness and triviality of reals using notions arising from martingales and prefix‐free machines. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Uniform versions of some axioms of second order arithmetic
Authors: Sakamoto Nobuyuki , Yamazaki Takeshi
Published: October 2004

In this paper, we discuss uniform versions of some axioms of second order arithmetic in the context of higher order arithmetic. We prove that uniform versions of weak weak König's lemma WWKL and Σ01 separation are equivalent to (∃2) over a suitable base theory of higher order arithmetic, where (∃2) is the assertion that there exists Φ2 such that Φf1 = 0 if and only if ∃x0(fx = 0) for all f. We also prove that uniform versions of some well‐known theorems are equivalent to (∃2) or the axiom (Suslin) of the existence of the Suslin operator. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Semi‐proper forcing, remarkable cardinals, and Bounded Martin's Maximum
Authors: Schindler Ralf
Published: October 2004

We show that L(ℝ) absoluteness for semi‐proper forcings is equiconsistent with the existence of a remarkable cardinal, and hence by [6] with L(ℝ) absoluteness for proper forcings. By [7], L(ℝ) absoluteness for stationary set preserving forcings gives an inner model with a strong cardinal. By [3], the Bounded Semi‐Proper Forcing Axiom (BSPFA) is equiconsistent with the Bounded Proper Forcing Axiom (BPFA), which in turn is equiconsistent with a reflecting cardinal. We show that Bounded Martin's Maximum (BMM) is much stronger than BSPFA in that if BMM holds, then for every X ∈ V , X# exists. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Corrigendum to “Weak Arithmetics and Kripke Models”
Authors: Moniri Morteza
Published: October 2004

We give a corrected proof of the main result in the paper [2] mentioned in the title. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mammary ECM composition and function are altered by reproductive state
Authors: Schedin Pepper , Mitrenga Terry , McDaniel Shauntae , Kaeck Mark
Published: October 2004

To address whether reproductive state alters mammary gland extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and function, ECM was isolated from nulliparous, pregnant, lactating, involuting, and regressed rat mammary glands. The ECM composition of fibronectin, tenascin, laminin, clusterin, and MMPs was found to vary dramatically with reproductive state. In 3‐dimensional (3‐D) culture, we identified novel effects of these endogenous mammary matrices on mammary epithelial cells. Specifically we found that (1) matrix isolated from nulliparous animals promoted the formation of epithelial ducts with bifurcation, (2) matrix isolated from mid‐involuting mammary glands induced cell death, (3) matrix isolated from late‐stage involuting glands restored glandular development, while (4) matrix isolated from parous animals restricted glandular morphogenesis. Our data were consistent with mammary gland ECM facilitating epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation, death, and glandular reorganization that occur during the pregnancy and involution cycle. Further, we show that the parous gland has persistent changes in ECM function. Cumulatively, our data demonstrated that the microenvironment of the normal adult mammary gland is highly plastic, which has important implications for mammary tumor cell progression and dormancy. These data also raised the possibility of targeting mammary matrix production with preventive or therapeutic interventions. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of the potential allergenicity of the enzyme microbial transglutaminase using the 2001 FAO/WHO Decision Tree
Authors: Pedersen Mona H. , Hansen Tine K. , Sten Eva , Seguro Katsuya , Ohtsuka Tomoko , Morita Akiko , Bindslev‐Jensen Carsten , Poulsen Lars K.
Published: October 2004

All novel proteins must be assessed for their potential allergenicity before they are introduced into the food market. One method to achieve this is the 2001 FAO/WHO Decision Tree recommended for evaluation of proteins from genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It was the aim of this study to investigate the allergenicity of microbial transglutaminase (m‐TG) from Streptoverticillium mobaraense. Amino acid sequence similarity to known allergens, pepsin resistance, and detection of protein binding to specific serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) (RAST) have been evaluated as recommended by the decision tree. Allergenicity in the source material was thought unlikely, since no IgE‐mediated allergy to any bacteria has been reported. m‐TG is fully degraded after 5 min of pepsin treatment. A database search showed that the enzyme has no homology with known allergens, down to a match of six contiguous amino acids, which meets the requirements of the decision tree. However, there is a match at the five contiguous amino acid level to the major codfish allergen Gad c1. The potential cross reactivity between m‐TG and Gad c1 was investigated in RAST using sera from 25 documented cod‐allergic patients and an extract of raw codfish. No binding between patient IgE and m‐TG was observed. It can be concluded that no safety concerns with regard to the allergenic potential of m‐TG were identified.
Correlation of non‐invasive urodynamics with International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and prostate volume
Authors: Huang Foen Chung J.W.N.C. , van Mastrigt R.
Published: October 2004

Aim

To study the correlation between non‐invasive urodynamic data, the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and the prostate volume.

Materials and Methods

Data of 667 healthy volunteers participating in a longitudinal study of changes in urinary bladder contractility secondary to BPE were analyzed. The prostate volume was assessed by transabdominal ultrasonography. Uroflowmetry followed to verify if a minimum free flow rate of 4.5 ml/sec could be achieved. While (re)filling the bladder by drinking, the subjects completed the Dutch version of the IPSS. Next, the bladder pressure was non‐invasively measured using the condom catheter method. The urethral resistance (URR) was calculated from the maximum condom pressure and the maximum free flow rate.

Results

The IPSS ranged from 0 to 29, (6.1 ± 4.8) (mean ± SD), whereas the prostate volumes ranged from 8 to 140 cm3, (34 ± 18). Twenty eight percent (185/667) of the subjects had a non‐invasively quantified high URR and a significantly higher IPSS (7.3 ± 5.2) than those with a low URR (IPSS (5.7 ± 4.6)), Mann–Whitney U‐test: P < 0.001. The IPSS and the URR were significantly correlated, Spearman's rho (ρ) = 0.20, P < 0.001. A significant difference between the prostate volumes, 36 ± 21 cm3 in the high URR versus 33 ± 17 cm3 in the low URR group, was not found, P = 0.18.

Conclusions

A weak though statistically significant correlation was found between the non‐invasively quantified URR and the IPSS. This suggests that an elevated resistance is a necessary, but not a sufficient condition for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). No correlation was found between the URR and the prostate volume. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.