bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrating CNNs and ANNs: A Comprehensive AI Framework for Enhanced Breast Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Authors: Oncu Emir
Published: October 2024

Among women globally, breast cancer is a major cause of cancer-related death. Accurate and timely diagnosis is essential, and results can be significantly improved. A new era in image analysis has been brought about by the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI), which has made significant progress in the diagnosis and customization of treatment plans for breast cancer possible. This study aimed to develop a comprehensive AI framework for breast cancer detection by integrating convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for image analysis with an artificial neural network (ANN) for clinical data. Using a dataset of ultrasound and pathology images, along with clinical features from 569 patients, we trained CNN models to classify breast tissue as benign or malignant, and the ANN to process clinical data for the same task. The combined approach significantly enhanced the accuracy of breast cancer diagnosis, achieving over 96% accuracy by leveraging both imaging and clinical data. Class Activation Maps (CAM) and heatmaps provided valuable interpretability for CNN predictions, improving trust and transparency in the model’s decision-making process. The results demonstrate that the fusion of CNNs and ANNs enhances diagnostic accuracy and offers a promising tool for early breast cancer detection, while providing crucial insights for clinical validation.
Use of Sorafenib and Regorafenib in Hepatocellular Cancer Recurrence After Liver Transplantation: Treatment Strategies and Outcomes
Authors: Ozbay Mehmet Fatih , Harputluoglu Hakan , Karaca Mustafa , Tekin Omer , Şendur Mehmet Ali Nahit , Kaplan Muhammed Ali , Sahin Berksoy , Geredeli Caglayan , Teker Fatih teker , Tural Deniz , Saglam Sezer , Çil Timuçin , Bilici Ahmet , Erol Cihan , Kalkan Ziya , Bayram Ertugrul , Selvi Oguzhan , Gültürk İlkay , Göksu Sema Sezgin , Tatlı Ali Murat
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Background andAims: During liver transplantation, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence remains a critical challenge for patient survival. Targeted therapies, such as Sorafenib and Regorafenib, have been utilized to manage relapsed HCC in this unique setting.
This study aimed to assess the efficacy of Sorafenib and Regorafenib in patients with HCC who experienced recurrence after liver transplantation. We focused on survival outcomes, treatment responses, and the management of side effects in this patient group.
Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 73 patients who experienced HCC recurrence post-liver transplantation between 2012 and 2022, across 11oncology centers in Turkey. Patients were categorised according to Child-Pugh classification and treated with Sorafenib as first-line therapy and Regorafenib in case of progression. Survival rates were analysed by Kaplan-Meier method and risk factors were evaluated by Cox regression analysis.
Results: Of the 73 patients included in the study, 62 were male (84,9%) and 11 were female (15,1%) with a mean age of 61,5 ± 10,9 years. All patients received sorafenib as first-line treatment. Among patients who experienced progression with sorafenib or discontinued treatment due to toxicity, 45,2% (n=33) continued treatment with regorafenib. The median progression-free survival (PFS1) time with Sorafenib was 5,6 months and the one-year survival rate was 24,3%. The median progression-free survival (PFS2) time with Regorafenib, which was administered as second-line treatment, was also calculated as 5,9 months. Overall survival (OS) duration was determined as 35,9 months. The most common side effects associated with both drugs included fatigue, hand-foot syndrome and hypertension. Significantly better survival outcomes were shown in the Child-Pugh A group compared to other patients.
Conclusion: These results suggest that Sorafenib and Regorafenib treatments offer a survival advantage in patients with relapsed HCC post-transplantation. However, individualized treatment strategies and close follow-up are crucial for optimizing outcomes. Further studies are needed to refine therapeutic protocols and enhance the care of this specific patient group.
Inorganic Polyphosphate Activates the NLRP3 Inflammasome Signaling Pathway via TRPM8 and Promotes the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Arrè Valentina , Dituri Francesco , Ancona Anna , De Luca Maria , Balestra Francesco , Vincenti Leonardo , Aquilino Fabrizio , Pettinato Giuseppe , Giannelli Gianluigi , Negro Roberto
Published: October 2024

Background: During normal development, epithelial cells can experience alterations at transcriptional and morphological levels, which can trigger a process named the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The EMT underpins changes in cytoskeleton dynamics that are characteristic of neoplastic transformation. Described in many tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC), over the past ten years, although it is an essential process in cancer development it is still poorly understood. Once initiated, the EMT regulates metastasis, the microenvironment and immune system resistance in CRC. Overexpression of the pro-inflammatory molecule inorganic polyphosphate (iPolyP) has been shown to play important role in CRC progression, alongside its binding receptor called transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M (melastatin) member 8 (TRPM8). In this study we tested whether iPolyP/TRPM8 axis regulates EMT changes as well as NLRP3 inflammasome activation within the tumor microenvironment (TME) of CRC. Methods: To investigate these issues, western blotting, fixed and live cells immunofluorescence, 2D and 3D cell culture on CRC-patient derived biopsies, ELISA and wound healing assays were performed. Results: iPolyP triggers the expression of several EMT markers in CRC cell lines compared to control. Pharmacological inhibition of TRPM8 receptor restricts the migratory effects of cancer cells due to the presence of iPolyP. Moreover, the iPolyP/TRPM8 axis also displays an indirect pro-tumorigenic performance through shaping the immune microenvironment. By triggering NLRP3 inflammasome activation, iPolyP ensures high levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1, which foster CRC carcinogenesis. Conclusion: This study suggests that the iPolyP/TRPM8 signaling axis is a promising target for impeding CRC progression and spread.
Genotypes and Scion/Rootstock Combinations Influence Stomatal Behavior and Aquaporin Expression in Grapevines Under Water Deficit
Authors: Galaz Andrea , Perez-Donoso Alonso G. , Gambardella Marina
Published: October 2024

This study investigates the impact of water stress on grapevines, specifically examining the role of rootstocks and aquaporins. Two experiments on potted plants were conducted in central Chile during the summer, under conditions of high water demand, involving various rootstock genotypes and combinations of Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) grafted onto rootstocks. Significant differences were observed among plants in terms of stem water potential, stomatal conductance, and growth rate. Notably, the CS/CS combination consistently displayed the slowest growth rate, regardless of the irrigation treatment. The study also analyzed the expression levels of plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) and tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs) aquaporins in the leaves of grafted plants. Specifically, VvPIP2;2 aquaporins showed reduced expression after 14 days without irrigation, whereas VvTIP1;1 and VvTIP2;1 expression levels correlated positively with gs responses in grafted plants, suggesting their role in modulating water content in leaves under water stress. TIP aquaporins likely play a significant role in the differential responses of CS plants towards nearly isohydric or anisohydric behaviour. The CS/CS combination exhibited near isohydric behavior, correlating with lower TIP aquaporin expression, while the combination of CS onto 1103P and 101-14 showed higher expression, indicating anisohydric behavior. The findings suggest that grafted plants are more resilient to water stress, supporting the idea that rootstocks can mitigate the effects of water stress on the scion.
Fluoride Adsorption from Water Using Modified Activated Carbon
Authors: Ergović Ravančić Maja , Habuda-Stanić Mirna
Published: October 2024

Water containing fluoride concentrations greater than 1.5 mg/L is a public health problem. Adsorption on activated carbon is one of the most commonly used methods for removing elevated fluoride concentrations in water. This research was tested the parameters of fluoride adsorption on four modified activated carbons with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. Adsorption properties includes initial fluoride concentrations (2-40 mg/L), pH (4-9), dosage of activated carbon (2-20 g/L), contact time (15-360 min) and temperature (25-45°C). The research results showed a decrease in the proportion of adsorbed fluorides by increasing their initial concentration, while an increase in temperature had a positive effect on the proportion of removed fluorides. The optimal pH value of adsorption at which the largest amount of fluoride is adsorbed is from 4 to 6. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms were used to determine the adsorption mechanism. The experimental data showed the best agreement with the Freundlich model at all temperatures, while the pseudo second-order kinetic model best described the adsorption rate. An increase in the adsorption temperature had a positive effect on the adsorption properties of activated carbons for all tested parameters.
Rapid Acceleration in the Number of Closures of Storm Surge Barriers in the Future: A New Tool for Estimating Barrier Closures
Authors: Haigh Ivan David , D’Arcy Eleanor , Brand James , Inayatillah Addina , Trace-Kleeberg Sunke , Walraven Marc , Saman Krijn , Batchelor Andy , Lewis Clark , Barlow Natasha L.M. , Thompson Phil , O’Brien Patrick , Marzion Rachael
Published: October 2024

Coastal flooding is already one of the most dangerous and costly natural hazards that humanity faces globally and yet it will become even more frequent and challenging to manage because of climate change and other factors. In densely populated estuarine settings, a storm surge barrier is often an attractive and economical solution for flood protection. There are currently many storm surge barriers in operation around the world protecting tens of millions of people and trillions of pounds of property and infrastructure. However, with accelerating rates of sea-level rise being observed, along with changes in storminess, tides and river discharge, surge barriers are closing increasingly often, and closures are now occurring in months when they typically have not occurred in the past. Increased use of surge barriers in the future has critical implications for barrier management, maintenance and operation. In this paper we develop, validate and apply a novel statistical approach to assess how the number of storm surge barrier closures will likely increase in the future and change in frequency throughout the year, that can be used for different climate change scenarios and accounting for forecast errors in water levels. As representative case study examples, we focus on the Eastern Scheldt storm surge Barrier in the Netherlands and the Thames Barrier in the UK. We validate the method, demonstrating it accurately predicts past closure statistics for the Eastern Scheldt and the Thames Barriers over the 38 and 42 years they have been operational, respectively. Then we apply the method to estimate the potential future numbers of barrier closures considering a range of different projections of sea-level rise, along with changes in storm surges, tides and river discharge. We show that there is very likely to be a rapid acceleration in the number of barrier closures in the future, dominated by sea-level rise, with strong influence of the 18.6-year lunar nodal cycle, at both case study barriers. Finally, we illustrate how the tool can be used to help guide future barrier management, maintenance, operation and upgrade/replacement planning and inform adaptative flood management approaches. The tool we have developed could easily be extended to other storm surge barriers around the world.
Theoretical Investigations of Para-Methoxystyrene/Styrene Polymerization Catalyzed by Cationic Methyl- and Dibenzobarrelene-Based α-Diimine Palladium Complexes
Authors: Zhu Ling , Luo Yi , Wen Xin , Zhang Wenzhen , Zhou Guangli
Published: October 2024

The polymerization mechanism of para-methoxystyrene catalyzed by cationic α-diimine palladium complexes with various ancillary ligands was rigorously examined using density functional theory. In the classical methyl-based α-diimine palladium complex [{(2,6-iPr2C6H3)-N=C(Me)-C(Me)=N-2,6-iPr2C6H3)}PdMe]+ (A+), the 2,1-insertion of para-methoxystyrene is favored over the 1,2-insertion, both thermodynamically and kinetically, during the chain initiation step. The resulting thermodynamically favored η3-π-benzyl intermediates face a substantial energy barrier, yielding only trace amounts of polymer, as experimentally verified. In contrast, the dibenzobarrelene-based α-diimine palladium complex [{(2,6-iPr2C6H3)-N=C(R)-C(R)=N-2,6-iPr2C6H3)}PdMe]+ (R = dibenzobarrelene, B+) shows similar energy barriers for both 2,1- and 1,2-insertions. Continuous 2,1/2,1 or 2,1/1,2 insertions are impeded by excessive energy barriers. However, theoretical calculations reveal that the 1,2-insertion product can seamlessly transition into the chain propagation stage, producing a polymer with high 1,2-regioselectivity. The observed activity of complexes A+ or B+ towards para-methoxystyrene polymerization stems from the energy barrier differences between the 1,2- and 2,1-insertions, influenced by the steric hindrance from the ancillary ligands. Further investigation into the effects of steric hindrance on the chain initiation stage involved computational modeling of analogous complexes with increased steric bulk. These studies established a direct correlation between the energy barrier difference ∆∆G (1,2−2,1) and the van der Waals volume of the ancillary ligand. Larger van der Waals volumes correspond to reduced energy barrier differences, thus enhancing the regioselectivity for para-methoxystyrene polymerization. Moreover, the experimental inertness of complex B+ towards styrene polymerization is attributed to the formation of stable kinetic and thermodynamic 2,1-insertion intermediates, which obstruct further styrene monomer insertion due to an extremely high reactive energy barrier. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanistic aspects and offer insights for designing new transition metal catalysts for the polymerization of para-alkoxystyrenes.
Development and Engineering Application of the Mechanized Grooving Device for Slope Protection Grid Beams
Authors: Gu Renguo , LIN Jing-hui , QU Xiao-yu , WEN Jun-quan , YAN Zong-yue , FANG Ying-guang , LI Xiao-long
Published: October 2024

In slope engineering, the foundation grooves of slope protection gird beams are mostly excavated manually. However, manual excavation presents problems, such as low construction efficiency, uneven groove bottoms, inconsistent cross-section groove widths, and curved groove axis, which reduces the quality of cast-in-place grid beams or complicates the installation of prefabricated grid beams. To address these issues, a mechanized grooving device for slope protection grid beams has been developed and successfully applied in the project. The grooving device is composed of interlocking dual spiral cutter heads, a mechanism for the groove width and depth adjustment, a cutter head working platform, a platform azimuth adjuster, a cutter head sliding mechanism, a hydraulic motor, a hydraulic power system and a platform anchoring mechanism. It can be used to groove on soil and strongly weathered rock slopes at different slope angles, and the foundation grooves of slope protection gird beams of different depths and widths can be carved according to the design requirements. Moreover, the grooved trenches feature flat bottoms, consistent widths, and straight axis, making it easy to install prefabricated grid beams and greatly improving the quality of cast-in-place grid beams. According to the construction statistics of a slope project in Guangdong, the grooving speeds of the grooving device on the slope of soil and strongly weathered rock are about 1.5m/min and 0.5m/min respectively, which greatly improves the construction efficiency and quality.
Clinical Study of Vitamin D Levels in Hospitalized Children with Acute Respiratory Infections
Authors: Petkova Gena Stoykova , Mineva Eleonora Nikolaeva , Botsova Venetsia Tsvetkova
Published: October 2024

The aim of our research was to evaluate and analyze serum 25(OH) vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels to investigate whether vitamin D deficiency serves as a risk factor for an increased incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children. Serum PTH levels were used as an indicator of vitamin D sufficiency, as normal PTH levels require an optimal concentration of 25(OH) vitamin D. The study included 129 children, divided into five subgroups: children with acute bronchopneumonia (n=42), acute laryngotracheitis (n=7), acute bronchiolitis (n=32), acute bronchitis (n=18), and a control group (n=30). No statistically significant differences in 25(OH)D levels were observed between the overall population of children with ARI and the control group (p=0.073). However, significant differences in 25(OH)D levels were identified between the control group and children with bronchopneumonia, acute bronchitis, and laryngotracheitis (p<0.01, p<0.05). Vitamin D insufficiency was found in 28.3% of children with ARIs and 10% in the healthy group. Sufficient levels were present in 60% of healthy children and 48.5% of those with ARIs. Deficiency was observed in 4% of ARI patients and 3.3% of the control group. Regarding PTH levels, statistical significance was found between the control group and the acute bronchiolitis group, due to the high percentage of children with hypervitaminosis in this subgroup. These results highlight the crucial role of vitamin D in the onset and progression of acute respiratory tract infections in children, emphasizing its impact on their overall respiratory health.
A Novel High Vacuum Msf/Med Hybrid Desalination System for Simultaneous Production of Water, Cooling and Electrical Power, Using Two Barometric Ejector Condensers
Authors: Caballero-Talamantes Francisco Javier , Velázquez-Limón Nicolás , Aguilar-Jiménez Jesús Armando , Casares-De la Torre Cristian Ascención , López-Zavala Ricardo , Ríos-Arriola Juan , Islas-Pereda Saul
Published: October 2024

This work presents an innovative tri-generation system for the simultaneous production of desalinated water, electrical energy, and cooling, aimed at addressing the growing challenges of water scarcity and climate change. The system integrates an 8-stage MSF process and a 6-effect MED process, along with an expander-generator that improves cycle efficiency by utilizing and reintroducing steam within the desalination stages. A parametric study was conducted using ASPEN PLUS to evaluate the system’s performance. The analysis showed that the system operates over a broader pressure and temperature range than conventional MED systems, from 28.3 to 0.8 kPa and from 68 to 4°C, thanks to a dual ejector-condensation process. In cogeneration mode, the system achieves a PR of 12.06 and an RR of 54%0.54, producing 67,219.2 L/day of desalinated water and reducing electrical consumption by 12.03%. In tri-generation mode, it achieves a PR of 17.81 and an RR of 0.80%, with a cooling capacity of 1225 kW (COP of 3.278), producing 99,273.6 L/day of desalinated water while reducing electrical consumption by 3.69%. This system offers an efficient solution to meet the growing water and energy needs of coastal communities, combining water desalination, energy production, and cooling in a single integrated process.
A Dual Challenge: Coxiella burnetii Infection in the Context of a Familial Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm -Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Cozlac Alina-Ramona , Streian Caius Glad , Boca Marciana-Ionela , Crișan Simina , Lazar Mihai-Andrei , Virtosu Mirela-Daniela , Ionac Adina , Staicu Raluca Elisabeta , Dugaci Daniela - Carmen , Chirita-Emandi Adela , Lascu Ana , Gaita Dan , Luca Constantin - Tudor
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA) represent medical conditions having causes that can range from genetic determinations to various risk factors, having potential life-threatening complications, the familial TAA (FTAA) being a cluster of non-syndromic thoracic aortic aneurysms. This review aims to emphasize the importance of genetic testing in patients diagnosed with thoracic aortic aneurysms, the genetic implications accounting for roughly 20% of these cases. The reported case presents a patient who was genetically tested 10 years after a Bentall procedure, which was performed for acute DeBakey type I aortic dissection developed in her second pregnancy, when the patient started presenting recurrent prolonged febrile syndrome. She was tested positive for a missense variant in the actin alpha-2 (ACTA2) gene, in heterozygous status, but also serological tests revealed the presence of an infection with Coxiella burnetii. Methods: For a better understanding of both conditions, our research was conducted on two directions, one reviewing the literature on patients with Coxiella burnetii blood culture-negative infective endocarditis (BCNIE) and the other one, focusing on patients having familial thoracic aortic aneurysm (FTAA) due to ACTA2 mutation. This review incorporates studies found on PubMed and ResearchGate up to August 2024. Conclusions: BCNIE represents a condition with several diagnosis challenges and may lead to severe complications if timely treatment is not initiated. Also, diagnosing FTAA requires more frequent genetic testing, enabling a better follow-up and management.
Pan African Vivax and Ovale Network (PAVON) Malaria Diagnostic Competency Training: Offering Training Opportunities to Impact Malaria Elimination Strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Diarra Amidou , Ayivase John , Mompati Dolen Goitseone , Soulama Issiaka , CISSE Mamoudou , Duah-Quashie Nancy O , Gyan Ben , Dongdem Anthony Z , Takramah Wisdom K , Ababio Grace K , Oeuvray Claude , Mulry James , Greco Beatrice , Reinhard-Rupp Jutta , Quaye Isaac K.
Published: October 2024

PAVON has developed a malaria microscopy competency training scheme to augment competency in malaria microscopy. Here data accrued from training activities between 2020 – 2023 in Botswana are presented. Three trainings were done for 37 central and peripheral level technicians for a two-week period. The scheme consisted of basic theory on Plasmodium parasites, malaria epidemiology and diagnosis. Practicals focused on standard slide preparation, staining, parasite detection, speciation and counting. Scores were assessed by the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Participants who excelled joined the WHO External Competency Assessment for Malaria Microscopy (ECAMM). The median competency scores for the 3 trainings were: detection: (100, IQR=94, 100), (100, IQR=94, 100), and (92, IQR=92, 100) respectively, from pretest scores of (40, IQR=27, 54), (44, IQR=32, 52), and (20, IQR=10, 40); (z = 2.937, p<0.003); (z = 3.110, p=0.002); and (z = 2.251, p=0.024) respectively. Speciation: (93, IQR=86, 96), (81, IQR=73, 96) and (88, IQR=88, 100), from pretest scores of (50, IQR=30, 50), (36, IQR=20, 45) and (17, IQR=17, 50)(z = 2.936, p<0.003); (z = 3.152, p=0.002); (z = 3.237, p=0.001). Competency scores achieved in the ECAMM were 98/98; and 97/98, for sensitivity and specificity pre and post-tests. The training was effective in raising the competency skills of participants and is open to NMPs for critical capacity building.
Safetrucks Heavy Vehicle-Specific Road Weather and Safety Services
Authors: Sukuvaara Timo , Mäenpää Kari , Honkanen Hannu , Pikkarainen Ari , Hippi Marjo , Karsisto Virve
Published: October 2024

Accidents involving heavy road vehicles are often destructive, causing operational losses, human casualties, infrastructure losses, and negative environmental impacts. The risk is especially high in wintertime traffic. Eureka Xecs SafeTrucks-project (Heavy traffic safety improvements by advanced dynamics and road weather services) develops real-time vehicle-specific weather and safety services tailored to each vehicle, based on the vehicle’s own sensor observations combined with data from the service systems and an analysis of the vehicle's own dynamics. The services are also analyzed by Digital Twin modelling, in order evaluate and refine them in a controlled environment. The pilot services are ultimately tested in pilot system within operative heavy traffic. This paper presents the concept and architecture of the platform, with preliminary results of pilot services operation and system evaluation.
CCW-YOLO: A Modified YOLOv5s Network for Pedestrian Detection in Complex Traffic Scenes
Authors: Wang Zhaodi , Yang Shuqiang , Qin Huafeng , Liu Yike , Ding Jinyan
Published: October 2024

In traffic scene, pedestrian target detection faces significant issues of misdetection and omission due to factors such as crowd density and obstacle occlusion. To address these challenges and enhance detection accuracy, we propose an improved CCW-YOLO algorithm. The algorithm first introduces a lightweight convolutional layer using GhostConv and incorporates an enhanced C2f module to improve the network's detection performance. Additionally, it integrates the Coordinate Attention module to better capture key points of the targets. Next, the bounding box loss function CIoU Loss at the output of YOLOv5 is replaced with WiseIoU Loss to enhance adaptability to various detection scenarios, thereby further improving accuracy. Finally, we develop a pedestrian count detection system by using PyQt5 to enhance human-computer interaction. Experimental results on the INRIA public dataset show that our algorithm achieves a detection accuracy of 95.6%, representing a 8.7% improvement over the original YOLOv5s algorithm. This advancement significantly enhances the detection of small objects in images and effectively addresses misdetection and omission issues in complex environments. These findings have important practical implications for ensuring traffic safety and optimizing traffic flow.
Mechanistic Insights into the Interaction of Kinin and Histamine H2 Receptor Pathways in Oxidative Stress
Authors: Gregnani Marcos Fernandes , Martins Leonardo , Fogel Wieslawa Agnieszka
Published: October 2024

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) encompass various molecular oxygen derivatives naturally produced during aerobic metabolism, including superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical. Excessive ROS production leads to oxidative distress, causing cellular damage and contributing to various pathologies, often alongside inflammation. Endogenous sources of ROS include mitochondrial activity and NADPH oxidases. The antioxidant system, comprising enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, peroxiredoxin, and catalase, mitigates ROS-induced damage. This review explores the regulation of ROS by membrane receptors, focusing on B1 and B2 kinin receptors and histamine H2 receptors, which are implicated in vasodilation, angiogenesis, inflammation, and gastric acid secretion. Understanding these interactions provides insights into ROS modulation and its role in disease mechanisms.
The Mesozoic Split: Biogeographical and Evolutionary Consequences of the South America-Africa Continental Separation on Vertebrate Fauna

Authors: Montgomery Richard Murdoch
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This review examines the progressive separation of South America and Africa, which began approximately 145 million years ago during the Early Cretaceous and completed 100 million years ago. The rifting process created the South Atlantic Ocean and profoundly influenced vertebrate evolution on both continents. Initially connected as part of Gondwana, the gradual separation led to vicariant speciation and distinct evolutionary trajectories for previously continuous vertebrate populations. The separation particularly affected terrestrial vertebrates, resulting in parallel evolution of similar ecological niches on both continents, while creating opportunities for endemic lineages to develop. This process explains many modern distribution patterns and evolutionary relationships between South American and African vertebrate taxa, including parallel radiations in groups such as titanosaur dinosaurs during the Cretaceous and later parallel developments in mammals during the Cenozoic. The isolation also contributed to unique characteristics in each continent's modern vertebrate assemblages, such as the distinctive nature of South American primates and African ungulates.
Effects of Primary Energy Consumption and Alternative Energy Patents on CO2 Emissions in China using Canonical Correlation Analysis
Authors: Lai Lina , Qiao Yongzhong
Published: October 2024

This study analyzes the effects of primary energy consumption and alternative energy patents on CO2 emission intensity and CO2 emissions per capita, and their relationship using canonical correlation analysis. Our results are as follows. First, CO2 emissions from natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas have positive effects, while CO2 emissions from gasoline, fuel oil, diesel, and kerosene have negative effects on CO2 emission intensity. Second, patents for devices for producing mechanical power from muscle energy have large positive effects. Finally, the more the patents use waste heat, geothermal energy, hydro energy, and wind energy, the higher the CO2 emissions from liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, and crude oil and the lower the CO2 emissions from diesel, which are conducive to controlling CO2 emissions. Therefore, energy policies will be more effective based on the CO2 “emissions” level from primary energy consumption and the “control” degree of CO2 emissions by alternative energy.
Application of Discrete Exterior Calculus Methods for the Path Planning of Manipulator Performing Thermal Plasma Spray-ing of Coatings
Authors: Kussaiyn-Murat Assel , Kadyroldina Albina , Krasavin Alexander , Tolykbayeva Maral , Orazova Arailym , Nazenova Gaukhar , Krak Iurii , Haidegger Tamás , Alontseva Darya
Published: October 2024

The paper presents a new method of path planning for an industrial robot manipulator performing thermal plasma spraying of coatings. Path planning and automatic generation of the manipulator motion program are performed using preliminary 3D surface scanning data from a laser trian-gulation distance sensor installed on the same robot arm. The new path planning algorithm is based on constructing a function of the geodesic distance from the starting curve. A new method for constructing a geodesic distance function on a surface is proposed based on the application of discrete exterior calculus methods characterized by high computational efficiency. The developed algorithms and their software implementation were experimentally tested through robotic mi-croplasma spraying of a protective coating on the surface of a jaw crusher plate, which was then successfully operated for crushing mineral raw materials.
Effect of the Association of Standardized Extracts of Cannabis sativa L. (CBD) with Bixa orellana L. (Chronic® and Chronic In®) on Pain Models in Wistar Rats
Authors: Santos Alicia de Melo , Carvalho Helison de Oliveira , Gonçalves Danna Emanuelle Santos , Gomes Luciana Paes , Colares Nayara Nílcia Dias , dos Santos Abrahão Victor Tavares de Lima Teixeira , dos Santos Adrielly Yasmin Sousa , Teixeira Thiago Afonso , Carvalho José Carlos Tavares
Published: October 2024

The present study aimed to evaluate the potential synergy between pharmaceutical formulations containing Bixa orellana L. (granulated – CHR OR and injectable nanodispersion – CHR IN) in conjunction with a cannabidiol (CBD)-rich extract of Cannabis sativa L. (CSE) on experimental pain models in Wistar rats, including acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin, hot plate, and cold-water tail withdrawal tests. Chemical analyses by chromatography confirmed that the oil from B. orellana is rich in δ-tocotrienol (72.0 ± 1.0%), while the oil from Cannabis sativa highlighted the presence of cannabidiol (CBD). The results from the experimental pain tests indicated that the combined administration of formulations containing Bixa orellana and C. sativa, such as the granulated CHR OR (400 mg/kg, orally) with CSE (40 mg/kg, orally) or the nanodispersion CHR In (10 mg/kg, intramuscularly) with CSE (40 mg/kg, orally), demonstrated significant results (p < 0.001) in pain reduction. Although the formulations containing Bixa orellana extract showed statistical significance in the tests when used in isolation, their effects were inferior compared to the combined use with CSE or the isolated use of CSE. These findings suggest that combining formulations containing extracts of these plant species may represent a viable therapeutic option, considering the synergistic action in reducing pain under the experimental conditions employed. These results imply that combining the phytocomplexes present in B. orellana and C. sativa may be a promising approach for pain treatment.
Analyzing Archive Transit Multibeam Data for Nodule Occurrences
Authors: Mussett Mark Edward , Naar David F. , Caress David W. , Conrad Tracey A. , Graham Alastair G.C. , Kaufmann Max , Maia and Marcia
Published: October 2024

We show that analyzing archived and future multibeam backscatter and bathymetry data, in tandem with regional environmental parameters, can help identify polymetallic nodule fields in the world’s oceans. Extensive archived multibeam transit data through remote areas of the world’s oceans are available for data mining. New multibeam data will be made available through the Seabed 2030 Project. Uniformity of along and across track backscatter, backscatter intensity, angular response, water depth, nearby ground-truth data, and local slope, sedimentation rate, and seafloor age provide thresholds for discriminating areas permissive for nodule presence. A case study of this methodology is presented using archived multibeam data from a remote section of the South Pacific along the Foundation Seamounts between the Selkirk paleomicroplate and East Pacific Rise that were collected in 1997 during the Hotline cruise. The 12 kHz Simrad EM12 DUAL multibeam and the forementioned data strongly suggest a previously unknown nodule occurrence exists. Methods include comparing analyses using three different backscatter products to further determine if scanned backscatter products, rather than primary digital multibeam files can be used for analysis, and comparing results from using digitized 8-bit images, or 8-bit and decibel-value surfaces derived from the MB-SystemTM software. We show this expeditious analysis of broad areas of multibeam data could characterize benthic habitat types efficiently in remote deep ocean areas prior to more time consuming and expensive video and sample acquisition surveys. Additionally, utilizing software other than specialty sonar processing programs during this research explores how multibeam data products could be interrogated by a broader range of scientists and data users. Future mapping, video, and sampling cruises in this area would test our prediction and investigate how far it might extend to the north and south.
Exploring Network Curvature Differences in Gene Expression Networks
Authors: Guzzi Pietro Hiram , milano marianna
Published: October 2024

Networks and their properties have been used to study complex biological systems. Recently, network curvature measures have demonstrated the ability to capture relevant net- work properties. This study employs network curvature measures to analyse gene expression correlations in various human tissues for identifying unique topological features that differentiate these groups. Preliminary findings suggest that curvature measures offer novel insights that could enhance our understanding of the biological systems.
Comparative Analysis of LSTM and Traditional Time Series Models on Oil Price Data
Authors: Brown Michael , Chen Emily , Lee Sophia , Taylor James , Kim Anna , Johnson Robert
Published: October 2024

Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks have gained attention for their forecasting capabilities, especially in volatile markets like oil. This study compares LSTM networks with traditional time series models such as ARIMA and Exponential Smoothing in predicting oil prices. We analyze a comprehensive dataset of historical oil price movements and apply preprocessing techniques to ensure the reliability of our model training and evaluation processes. The models are evaluated using metrics like Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) to measure their forecasting performance. The results demonstrate that LSTM networks significantly outperform traditional time series models, effectively capturing price trends and fluctuations. Additionally, LSTM shows enhanced adaptability to sudden changes in the market, while traditional models tend to struggle in such scenarios. This comparative analysis underscores the significance of model selection in time series forecasting, especially for industries characterized by high volatility, and suggests a shift towards utilizing LSTM for enhanced financial forecasting accuracy. Future research may further investigate hybrid models that combine the strengths of both LSTM and traditional methodologies.
Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: A Potential Key to Understanding Cognitive Deficit
Authors: Fernandes Rúbia Aparecida , de Oliveira Matheus Silva , Castro Olagide Wagner de , Santos Victor Rodrigues
Published: October 2024

Contrary to a prevailing dogma in twentieth-century neuroscience, emerging evidence suggests that the generation of new neurons continues throughout life, contributing significantly to crucial life functions owing to their robust ability to enhance neuroplasticity. Hippocampal neurogenesis occurs in the subgranular layer of the dentate gyrus, a region characterized by a specific microenvironment conducive to the proliferation of neuronal cells. A substantial body of evidence supports the belief that this phenomenon impacts various functions, including learning, emotional responses, and the formation of new memories. Diseases affecting these areas can significantly disrupt cognition and general behavior. For instance, in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, aberrant neurogenesis has been observed, leading to increased cell proliferation, altered patterns of cellular integration, errors in information processing, and the formation of abnormal synaptic connections and transmissions. These abnormalities have the potential to generate epileptic seizures, underscoring the profound impact of these diseases on cognitive functions. Conversely, the chronic recurrence of seizures, can result in chronic recurrence of seizures, which can lead to a persistent reduction of neurogenesis in the epileptic brain. This reduction directly impacts various learning processes and the formation of hippocampus-dependent declarative memory. The mechanisms behind these processes remain fully elucidated and involve the delicate balance between neuronal excitation and inhibition, directly influencing brain performance and potentially leading to a decline in cognitive functions. In mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, this condition stands out as one of the most severe disorders affecting the well-being of epileptic patients. While memory is highlighted as one of the most affected functions, it is not the sole cognitive function compromised by this comorbidity. The alterations can extend from language to executive and spatial functions.
Identification of a Novel Conserved Antigenic Epitope by Specific Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting the African Swine Fever Virus Capsid Protein p17
Authors: Xia Nengwen , Cao Qi , Liu Anjing , Zhang Jiajia , Han Hongjian , Jiao Jun , He Ping , Sun Ziyan , Xu Zijian , Zheng Wanglong , Jiang Sen , Chen Nanhua , Bai Jianfa , Zhu Jianzhong
Published: October 2024

African swine fever (ASF) has widely spread around the world in the last 100 years since its discovery. The African swine fever virus (ASFV) particles are composed of more than 150 proteins, with the p17 protein encoded by the D117L gene serving as one of the major capsid proteins and playing a crucial role in the virus's morphogenesis and immune evasion. Therefore, monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting p17 is useful for the research and detection of ASFV infection. Here, we generated two specific mAbs against p17, named 1G2 and 6G3, respectively, both of which have been successfully applied in ELISA, Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay. Moreover, we found that both 1G2 and 6G3 mAbs recognize a new epitope of 72–78 amino acids of p17 protein, which is highly conserved across different ASFV strains, including all genotype I and II strains. Based on the recognized epitope, an indirect ELISA has been established to effectively detect antibodies during ASFV infection, and it exhibits high consistency with commercial ASFV ELISA kit. In summary, the production of the specific p17 mAbs and the identification of the corresponding epitope will significantly promote the serological diagnosis of ASFV and vaccine research.
The Importance of Solving Subglaciar Hydrology in Modeling Glacier Retreat: A Case of Study for Hansbreen, Svalbard
Authors: De Andrés Eva , Muñoz-Hermosilla José Manuel , Shahateet Kaian , Otero Jaime
Published: October 2024

Arctic tidewater glaciers are retreating, serving as key indicators of global warming. This study aims to assess how subglacial hydrology affects glacier front retreat by comparing two glacier-fjord models of Hansbreen glacier: one incorporating a detailed subglacial hydrology model and another simplifying subglacial discharge to a single channel centered in the flow line. We first validate the subglacial hydrology model by comparing its discharge channels with observations of plume activity. Simulations conducted from April to December 2010 revealed that the glacier front position aligns more closely with observations in the coupled model than in the simplified version. Furthermore, mass loss due to calving and submarine melting is greater in the coupled model, with calving mass loss reaching 6 Mt by the end of the simulation, compared to 4 Mt in the simplified model. These findings highlight the critical role of subglacial hydrology in predicting glacier dynamics and emphasize the importance of detailed modeling in understanding the responses of Arctic tidewater glaciers to climate change.
Understanding Market Actors’ Perspectives on Agri-Food Data Sharing: Insights from the Digital Food Passports Pilot in Poland
Authors: Kosior Katarzyna , Młodawska Paulina
Published: October 2024

This study explored market actors’ perspectives on data sharing within Poland’s food passports pilot, which tested the feasibility of a digital system that provides reliable and comprehensive information on the origin, journey, and quality of agri-food products. Using thematic analysis, we identified factors influencing stakeholders’ willingness and motivations to share data. Our findings highlight the necessity of a clear value proposition for all actors within the production and distribution chain to invest resources and time in additional data exchange systems. For farmers, reducing burdensome reporting procedures and providing direct financial incentives were key motivators. Agri-food processing, transport and packaging companies viewed data collaboration as a practical tool to ensure high-quality raw materials and promote premium-priced food. Appropriate data management policies were critical for all stakeholders. While sustainability was recognized as important, opportunities for collaboration going beyond economic considerations were not widely explored. Additionally, concerns about data interpretation emerged as a significant issue. These findings suggest the need for data-sharing strategies that better align economic benefits with broader sustainability goals. Further research is also needed to examine how concerns about potential data misinterpretation limit stakeholders’ willingness to engage in data sharing initiatives.
Statistics for Hidden Markov Models
Authors: Huang Ziqian , Sclove Stanley L.
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses stochastic processes known as "hidden Markov models". In these models, there are states or phases. In applications to statistical process control, for example, the states could correspond to "in control" or "out of control". In applications to the market and the economy, there are states of the market conventionally called "Bull" and "Bear", for up and down markets, resp. The states of the economy are often referred to as recession, recovery, expansion, contraction. Questions arise as to how many such states to use, and whether the nature of the states detected by statistical methods correspond to conventional notions about the phases of the market or the economy. The models considered involve a bivariate time series {Yt, St}; where Y is observed and S is the state, or label. "Hidden" means that the state is unobserved and must be inferred. For example, Yt may be the rate of return (ROR) of the S&P 500 index in month t and St may be 1 or 0, for Bull or Bear for that month. One definition of Bull and Bear is that St = 1 if the ROR Yt > 0 and St = 0; otherwise. In that case, St is directly derivable from the data. In other cases, the labels are unobserved and then are estimated from the observed process by more complicated means. The act of estimating St for each t, that is, labeling each time point of a time series with the name of its estimated state, is called time series segmentation, sequences of 0s or 1s being called segments. Thus a segment (regime, epoch) is a sequence of time points with the same label. Some definitions of phases are in terms of patterns; others are obtained in terms of fitting models in which the states are explicit elements of the model, albeit unobservable. Patterns are considered first, and then hidden state models. Use of model selection criteria for choosing between alternative models is illustrated. For example, it was found that for the stock market use of two states (corresponding to Bull and Bear) is indeed better than three states or a single state.
The Rich Diversity of Brazilian Reptiles: Historical Research Centers and Ecological Adaptations Across Biomes
Authors: Montgomery Richard Murdoch
Published: October 2024

Brazil hosts one of the world's most diverse reptilian faunas, with over 800 species distributed across its various biomes. This paper examines the historical development of herpetological research in Brazil, particularly focusing on two pioneering institutions: the Vital Brazil Institute and the Butantan Institute. These centers have been instrumental in both the scientific study of reptiles and the development of antivenoms since the early 20th century. We explore the remarkable morphological adaptations of Brazilian reptiles across different biomes, from the Amazon rainforest to the Caatinga desert, highlighting how these adaptations reflect the country's diverse ecological pressures. This review synthesizes current knowledge while identifying gaps in our understanding of Brazilian herpetofauna.