bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Novel Approach to Social Media Guideline Design and Its Application to Automated Vehicle Events
Authors: Alambeigi Hananeh , Smith Alec , Wei Ran , McDonald Anthony , Arachie Chidubem , Huang Bert
Published: November 2021

Public perception of and attitudes towards automated vehicle (AV) technologies significantly influence the acceptance and adoption of AVs. Users’ perceptions are increasingly driven by media exposure. Prior studies have observed that major news events such as crashes and technology announcements influence user responses to AVs. Guiding users’ expectations and exposure to information through accessible media resources should lead to calibrated expectations and appropriate use of automation, ultimately leading to fewer safety incidents. We used a two-component analysis of (1) AV event-related tweets, through topic modeling and sentiment analysis, and (2) subject-matter expert interviews, through thematic analysis, to design basic guidelines for AV communication. The use of these guidelines should increase public knowledge of AV capabilities and aid in the proper calibration of public trust and acceptance of AVs.
User Needs of Smart Home Services
Authors: FakhrHosseini Shabnam , Lee Sheng-Hung , Rudnik John , Son Heesuk , Lee Chaiwoo , Coughlin Joseph
Published: November 2021

Technological advances have improved the functionality of smart home systems and services, enabling consumers to automate some of in-home tasks, enhance their safety and security, and save energy. Despite improved functionality, user adoption of many available products and services remains low. This phenomenon suggests that smart home technologies may not be meeting the needs of potential users. Furthermore, continued technological advancement combined with changes in people’s lifestyle and attitudes towards in-home technologies require updated investigations to gain a clear view of current user needs. This study presents findings from a set of semi-structured interviews and card-sorting activities with eleven participants from different socio-demographic backgrounds, with a focus on describing ten challenges commonly experienced in the home environment. Possible technological solutions are discussed from the existing unmet needs within the scope of smart and connected homes.
Using Personas with Visual Impairments to Explore the Design of an Accessible Self-Driving Vehicle Human-Machine Interface
Authors: Brinkley Julian
Published: November 2021

Recent reports have suggested that most self-driving vehicle technology being developed is not currently accessible to users with disabilities. We purport that this problem may be at least partially attributable to knowledge gaps in practice-oriented user-centered design research. Missing, we argue, are studies that demonstrate the practical application of user-centered design methodologies in capturing the needs of users with disabilities in the design of automotive systems specifically. We have investigated user-centered design, specifically the use of personas, as a methodological tool to inform the design of a self-driving vehicle human-machine interface for blind and low vision users. We then explore the use of these derived personas in a series of participatory design sessions involving visually impaired co-designers. Our findings suggest that a robust, multi-method UCD process culminating with persona development may be effective in capturing the conceptual model of persons with disabilities and informing the design of automotive system.
A Diary Study of The Teaching and Learning Experience in A High School Programming Course
Authors: Huﬀ Earl W. , Brinkley Julian
Published: November 2021

Prior research into the accessibility of computing education focused primarily on the curricula and tools used in the classroom and the challenges students with disabilities faced in learning from them. We argue that there is insuﬃcient research that explores these problems through observations in an actual programming course to learn about the learning and teaching processes used in conjunction with such curricula and tools. We address this gap through a four-week diary study involving a teacher and two visually impaired students throughout an ongoing distance learning programming course to examine teacher perceptions of their students’ performance in learning to code and students’ perceptions of the course material, tools, and instruction. Findings reveal that despite challenges encountered, students could achieve their learning outcomes from the teacher’s instructions. Additionally, we learn how online learning could be a viable platform for a more accessible learning experience for visually impaired learners.
Predicting Student Intention to Wear a Mask to Avoid Contracting COVID-19
Authors: Zahed Karim , Arthur Kianna , Engler Solangia , Sasangohar Farzan , Smallman Rachel , Fields Sherecce
Published: November 2021

With governments having enforced mask mandates and stressing the importance of wearing masks to avoid contracting COVID-19, still many individuals do not properly adhere to recommended guidelines. To investigate factors influencing why individuals engage in wearing masks, 578 participants at a university in the southern United States completed a survey, answering questions related to various behavioral change theories, including the Health Belief Model, the Theory of Planned Behavior, and the Transtheoretical Model. Intention was rated high and was positively correlated with Subjective Norms and Self Efficacy. However perceived benefits of wearing a mask and perceived susceptibility were rated low indicating that benefits and susceptibility did not influence intention. The SEM model showed that benefits actually had a negative relationship with intention, whereas susceptibility had no significant relationship. Integrating constructs from the Health Belief Model and the Theory of Planned Behavior increased variance predicted of Intention to wear a mask to 56%.
Tell Me What I Need To Know: Consumers’ Desire for Information Transparency in Self-Driving Vehicles
Authors: Huff Jr Earl W. , Day Grady Siobahn , Brinnkley Julian
Published: November 2021

Fully autonomous or “self-driving” vehicles are an emerging mobility technology with a host of potential benefits over conventional motor vehicles. Proponents argue that widespread adoption of self-driving vehicles may save countless lives and millions of dollars annually by minimizing the likelihood of deadly vehicle crashes. However, for such benefits to be realized, widespread consumer adoption of self-driving technologies is a prerequisite. Prior research suggests that while consumers are broadly optimistic about the potential of vehicle automation, there are significant concerns that may undermine consumer adoption, such as the transparency of vehicle operation. There is insufficient research into consumers’ desire to understand a self-driving vehicle’s intent and decision-making process and its impact on their willingness to adopt. We conducted a study using a 63-question internet-based survey distributed in the United States to licensed drivers 18 years of age and older (n= 996) to examine consumer preferences of the information transparency of self-driving vehicles. Our findings suggest that middle-aged and older consumers of high household income were generally optimistic about the information sharing behavior and transparency of self-driving vehicles upon availability.
Studying Battery Range and Range Anxiety for Electric Vehicles based on Real Travel Demands
Authors: Zhang Zhengming , Tian Renran
Published: November 2021

Determination of appropriate battery ranges is critical for developing and utilizing electric cars, which remains an active research topic. In particular, the issues of range anxiety have not been well studied concerning the battery design. Towards these research gaps, this study firstly investigates the baseline battery ranges based on the actual travel data collected from a large-scale longitudinal naturalistic driving study in the Midwestern USA. The occurrences and severity levels of range anxiety are then studied given the baseline, which leads to an augmented optimization model to eliminate such issues. Results show that in the baseline model, 60% of drivers can replace their gas cars entirely with 400-mile battery ranges, and less than 40% can do so with 200-mile battery ranges. Even when all the travel needs are satisfied, the optimal battery ranges can still cause range anxiety issues for all the drivers. An additional 25 miles of battery range can help solve the problem based on the improved optimization results.
A FORENSIC CASE STUDY: Human Factors Issues Involved in a Fall Down an Elevator Shaft
Authors: Hartman Leah S. , Whetsel Borzendowski Stephanie A. , Campbell Alan O.
Published: November 2021

This case study involves a woman (Mrs. V) who was renting a beach property for a vacation with her family. The rental property included a residential elevator that connected the garage to the three different levels of the property. On the second night of the vacation, Mrs. V fell asleep on the first-floor couch. After waking in the early hours of the night, she went to utilize the first-floor restroom. After opening the door, she believed was the restroom, she stepped across the threshold. Unbeknownst to her, she had been able to open the elevator door and fell down the empty shaft. It was determined that a failed locking mechanism allowed her to access the elevator shaft without the car being at the same level. The Human Factors consultants had to address numerous factors including hazard management, warnings, human capabilities navigating in low-level lighting, and the effect of alcohol.
Modeling the Effects of Machine Rigidities on Joint Work Strategies
Authors: Albert Kathleen , IJtsma Martijn
Published: November 2021

One of the challenges in designing resilient human-machine systems is that machine capabilities are inherently rigid. A resilient joint cognitive system can anticipate and adapt to changing work demands effectively, but limitations of machines can make this adaptation constrained and less fluid. By identifying and accommodating for these rigidities in the design of human-machine system architectures, developers can build human-machine systems that support multiple contexts. This paper proposes a work-modeling approach for analyzing joint human-machine work strategies, focusing on identifying interdependencies that would support opportunistic adaptation and reduce the risk of machine rigidity leading to brittle failures of a human-machine system. The approach is applied to a case study in space operations to demonstrate how interdependencies can be identified and evaluated. The results of this analysis provide early insight into how team adaptation and machine limitations can be systematically accounted for in system architecture design.
Comparing Blood Loss Estimates by Medical Laypeople in Online and In-person Formats using SABLE
Authors: Phillips Rachel , Friberg Marc , Cronqvist Mattias Lantz , Prytz Erik
Published: November 2021

To design interventions for teaching laypeople how to respond in hemorrhage situations, it is necessary to understand factors that influence their perception of blood loss. Although lab-based research offers more experimental control, it limits access to certain kinds of participants. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare results from an online administration of a web-based application (SABLE) to data collected using the same application in a lab. Participants viewed 78 5-second video clips of simulated bleeding injuries with a male or female victim and different volumes of blood loss. They estimated the volume of blood loss after each video. The results replicated the general findings from prior research and revealed no significant differences in estimations or estimation accuracy between the online and lab-based administration of SABLE. Results are discussed in terms of applicability to research practice.
Applying Cognitive Load Theory to Examine STEM Undergraduate Students’ Experiences in An Adaptive Learning Environment: A Mixed-Methods Study
Authors: Bounajim Dolly , Rachmatullah Arif , Hinckle Madeline , Mott Bradford , Lester James , Smith Andy , Emerson Andrew , Morshed Fahid Fahmid , Tian Xiaoyi , Wiggins Joseph B. , Elizabeth Boyer Kristy , Wiebe Eric
Published: November 2021

This study examined undergraduate STEM students’ experiences using an online introductory computer programming learning environment equipped with an automated hint generation system. Following a convergent parallel mixed methods design, this study utilized both quantitative and qualitative data from student experiential data. Analysis by level of prior knowledge demonstrated that elements of the learning environment did not cater to their learning needs and cognitive architecture. Cognitive Load Theory was used to contextualize system elements against both higher and lower prior experience learners, ultimately pointing to a need to design better scaffolds and hints to the needs of novice CS learners.
Comparison of ergonomic risk factors and work-related musculoskeletal disorders among dismantler and burners of electronic waste in Agbogbloshie, Accra Ghana
Authors: Acquah Augustine A. , D’Souza Clive , Martin Bernard J. , Arko-Mensah John , Basu Niladri , Quakyi Isabella A. , Robins Thomas G. , Fobil Julius N.
Published: November 2021

Rudimentary methods for electronic waste (e-waste) recycling employed in developing countries are a source of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs). A summarized comparison of WRMSDs and preliminary exposure assessment among e-waste dismantlers (D) and burners (B) in Agbogbloshie, Ghana is presented. A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate WRMSDs and associated risk factors using the Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire and a newly developed ergonomic assessment tool. Results indicated higher WRMSDs prevalence in the lower back (68% D vs. 52% B; p = 0.172), shoulder (41% D vs. 29% B; p = 0.279) and upper arm (33% D vs 5% B; p = 0.010). Moderate to severe trunk flexion, high force exertion, repetition and vibration were prevalent risk factors among workers and were significantly higher in dismantlers than burners ( p ≤ 0.001). Detailed ergonomic studies investigating the relationship between physical exposures and WRMSDs are needed to provide a deeper understanding of WRMSD causation in e-waste workers and more particularly in unstructured, unregulated work.
Identifying and Categorizing Positive Behaviors in Unexpected Events in Aviation
Authors: Gruber Mira E. , Cruit Jessica , Kochan Janeen A. , Arias Hannah , Diaz Yazmin , Pruchnicki Shawn , Hancock P. A.
Published: November 2021

Unexpected aviation events pose a challenge in training for aviation safety. Since unexpected events, by definition, cannot be specifically trained, one suggestion is to train pilots for the skills necessary to respond to unexpected events. We attempted to better understand positive behaviors in unexpected events in aviation through post hoc analysis of aviation accidents with good outcomes. We conducted a pilot study—an open card sort—with human factors experts to (1) evaluate the utility of the method and (2) create the category names to be used in the full-scale study. Upon completion of the pilot study, we propose a full-scale study with a closed card sort methodology. Understanding what behaviors led to positive outcomes in the past will help in designing training programs to maximize positive outcomes in the future.
The Biomechanical Evaluation of a Human-Robot Collaborative Task in a Physically Interactive Virtual Reality Simulation Testbed
Authors: Srinivasan Manoj , Mubarrat Syed T. , Humphrey Quentin , Chen Thomas , Binkley Kieran , Chowdhury Suman K.
Published: November 2021

In this study, we developed a low-cost simulated testbed of a physically interactive virtual reality (VR) system and evaluated its efficacy as an occupational virtual trainer for human-robot collaborative (HRC) tasks. The VR system could be implemented in industrial training applications for sensorimotor skill acquisitions and identifying potential task-, robot-, and human-induced hazards in the industrial environments. One of the challenges in designing and implementing such simulation testbed is the effective integration of virtual and real objects and environment, including human movement biomechanics. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the movement kinematics (joint angles) and kinetics (center of pressure) of the human participants while performing pick-and-place lifting tasks with and without using a physically interactive VR testbed. Results showed marginal differences in human movement kinematics and kinetics between real and virtual environment tasks, suggesting the effective transfer of training benefits from VR to real-life situations.
Engineering Prone Patient Positioning for Spine Surgery to Reduce Risk of Clinician Injury
Authors: Lowndes Bethany R. , Kraft Sarah , Asiedu Gladys B. , Woolley Sandra , Loynes Lynn , Huddleston Paul H. , Hallbeck M. Susan
Published: November 2021

Operating room throughput variability with spinal procedures revealed task inefficiency and potential safety concerns. Using the DMAIC framework (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control), a transdisciplinary team conducted a quality improvement (QI) research project to identify and address safety concerns with prone patient positioning. The main problem with patient positioning was undefined standard practice. Clinicians reported prone patient positioning for spinal surgery patients is physically demanding. Thus, the team conducted a rapid upper limb assessment for injury risk during patient positioning and identified a greater risk of clinician injury in the manual transfer process. The QI research team recommended the mechanical process of rotating patients with the Jackson Table to improve workload for the Surgical Team and developed training and design enhancements to support this workflow. The DMAIC quality framework enabled clinician collaboration with researchers to develop interventions to support a standardized process during prone patient positioning with the Jackson Table.
Unrealistic Promises and Urgent Wording Differently Affect Suspicion of Phishing and Legitimate Emails
Authors: Tornblad McKenna K. , Armstrong Miriam E. , Jones Keith S. , Siami Namin Akbar
Published: November 2021

Phishing emails have certain characteristics, including wording related to urgency and unrealistic promises (i.e., “too good to be true”), that attempt to lure victims. To test whether these characteristics affected users’ suspiciousness of emails, users participated in a phishing judgment task in which we manipulated 1) email type (legitimate, phishing), 2) consequence amount (small, medium, large), 3) consequence type (gain, loss), and 4) urgency (present, absent). We predicted users would be most suspicious of phishing emails that were urgent and offered large gains. Results supporting the hypotheses indicate that users were more suspicious of phishing emails with a gain consequence type or large consequence amount. However, urgency was not a significant predictor of suspiciousness for phishing emails, but was for legitimate emails. These results have important cybersecurity-related implications for penetration testing and user training.
Developing an Integrated Virtual Assistant (IVA): Feasibility of a Behavior Tracking and Reminder Prototype Solution to Assist Persons with Dementia and Their Care Partners
Authors: Collette Bailey , Shotwell Jessica , Shepherd Adam , Shepherd Karen , Renzi-Hammond Lisa M. , Beer Jenay M.
Published: November 2021

The number of people living with Alzheimer’s and related dementias is increasing worldwide. Much of the care that persons with dementia receive is from informal, family care partners, and solutions that help support the dyad are needed. The purpose of this study was to design and test the feasibility of an application that can track behavior and provide reminders for persons with cognitive impairment or dementia and their care partners. Participants (N=20) included ten family care partners and ten persons with mild cognitive impairment. Participants engaged in a presentation of the application user interface (UI) and accompanying care reports that aggregate data collected by the software. Reactions to the UI and care reports were generally positive, with most participants expressing they would find the application useful. Qualitative themes were identified based on improving the application and care reports’ usability. Overall, results support utilizing this technology to facilitate aging in place and reduce care partner strain.
Inter-individual variability in a repetitive lifting task
Authors: Tetteh Emmanuel , Sarker Pramiti , Fales Colten , Mettler Jeff , Mirka Gary
Published: November 2021

Trunk kinematics directly impact the biomechanical loading of the tissues of the low back. Quantifying the variability in trunk kinematics may provide deeper insights into biomechanical loading and low back injury risk. Inter-lifter variability in trunk kinematics was assessed as twenty participants performed a repetitive lifting task at three levels of the NIOSH Lifting Index. Trunk kinematics were captured and Levene’s test of homogeneity of variance was used to test the hypothesis that variance in kinematic parameters increased as a function of level of lifting index. Results showed considerable levels of variability in all kinematics parameters, and for sagittal range of motion, mean sagittal velocity, transverse range of motion, and mean transverse velocity the variance was significantly affected (p<0.05) by level of lifting index. The results of this study demonstrate that variability (both inter- and intra-lifter) should be considered as one considers the relative risk of a lifting task.
Impacts of Social Distancing on Pedestrian Behavior and Risk Perception
Authors: Phillips Kyra B. , Byrne Kelly N. , Kolarik Branden S. , Krake Audra K. , Bui Young C. , Krauss David A.
Published: November 2021

Since COVID-19 transmission accelerated in the United States in March 2020, guidelines have recommended that individuals wear masks and limit close contact by remaining at least six feet away from others, even while outdoors. Such behavior is important to help slow the spread of the global pandemic; however, it may require pedestrians to make critical decisions about entering a roadway in order to avoid others, potentially creating hazardous situations for both themselves and for drivers. In this survey study, we found that while overall patterns of self-reported pedestrian activity remained largely consistent over time, participants indicated increased willingness to enter active roadways when encountering unmasked pedestrians since the COVID-19 pandemic began. Participants also rated the risks of encountering unmasked pedestrians as greater than those associated with entering a street, though the perceived risk of passing an unmasked pedestrian on the sidewalk decreased over time.
Gaze and pupil size variability predict difficulty-level and safe intersection crosses in a driving simulator
Authors: Martin Matthew S. , Huard-Nicholls Brandon , Johnson Aaron P.
Published: November 2021

Western populations are ageing. With age comes an increased risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and fragility that leads to higher fatal car crashes. This study develops a driving simulation paradigm that seeks to detect unsafe drivers, particularly among older drivers with MCI. The paradigm includes repeated urban intersection crossings at three difficulty levels while eye movements are tracked. The internal validity of this part of the paradigm was tested with young adults ( N = 7). Results indicated that the simulator tests elicited unsafe driving behaviors that varied across difficulty and avoided ceiling and floor effects. Eye movement metrics associated with cognitive load also varied with difficulty and predicted safe crosses. The strongest predictors were gaze transition entropy, gaze variability, and pupil size entropy. These findings indicate internal validity of the tests. Future research should test the external validity of this paradigm with a larger, more diverse sample.
Learning Affordances: Theoretical Considerations for Design of Immersive Virtual Reality in Training and Education
Authors: McGowin Gregory , Fiore Stephen M. , Oden Kevin
Published: November 2021

Technological advances have led to a rapid increase in the implementation of virtual reality (VR) across multiple sectors of society. Further, we are seeing more researchers explore how the technology can be used to promote learning and training in a variety of domains. But there is a problematic gap between development of VR for training and education and learning theory to ensure its efficacy. We address this need by providing a theoretical lens through which to evaluate existing research in VR. We consider technology developments that have made VR more sophisticated and draw from research in the learning and cognitive sciences to evaluate their utility as learning affordances. With this, we examine existing research as a way to illustrate the practical value of theoretical evaluation. We conclude with a discussion how this theoretical framing can point the way for both better designed studies to accelerate learning and training as well as for more innovative adaptations for accelerating learning in immersive virtual reality.
Takeover Request Design in Automated Driving: A Systematic Review
Authors: Salubre Kevin Joel , Nathan-Roberts Dan
Published: November 2021

Autonomous vehicles (AV) with “level 3” automation and above are expected to take full longitudinal and lateral control, which relinquishes the driver from manual control and allows for engagement with non-driving-related tasks. Despite the advance nature of a level 3 vehicle, system limitations can occur, and the driver is expected to re-engage in manual driving at a moment’s notice. Current literature has been focused on takeover performance during a takeover request (TOR) and the effects of multimodal warnings, but there is little consensus on how modality stimulus is presented. This systematic review summarizes the current designs and implementations of TORs of level 3 AVs and above. Identified themes in the review were categorized into three sections: non-driving-related tasks, driving scenarios, and takeover modality. A summary of how researchers utilized these themes in the current literature are discussed as well as implications and further research.
Non-Invasive Brain–Computer Interfaces: Development and Rehabilitation for Motor Disability
Authors: Das Ayushi , Nathan-Roberts Dan
Published: November 2021

Around 61 million people in the United States suffer from different forms of disability; of these, 13.7% suffer from a motor disability. Research in brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) has focused on curbing communication disabilities due to motor impairment. Many challenges and future developments lie ahead in the BCI world. The research on paradigms that guide the way to make communication easy for a person with motor impairment is the pillar of the BCI system. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize the developments in non-invasive brain–computer interface and evaluate them. The authors discuss components of the BCI system and how it is formed. Neurofeedback based on different modalities is also analyzed. The results from initial studies have been successful, but paradigms and neurofeedback technologies have immense development potential, which can change the face of BCI systems for rehabilitation of motor disability.
Driver Confidence and Level of Automation Influencing Trust in Automated Driving Features
Authors: Miele Daniela , Ferraro James , Mouloua Mustapha
Published: November 2021

The goal of this study was to empirically examine the relationship between individuals’ reported trust in automated driving features and their level of self-confidence when driving. This study utilized a series of vignettes to depict three different levels of automation in accordance with the SAE International levels of Automation. The three levels portrayed low (level 1), moderate (level3), and high (level 5) functioning autonomous driving features. A driving self-efficacy scale and trust in automation scale were utilized to collect data about individuals attitudes towards the automation. It was hypothesized that self-confidence and level of automation would be significantly related to operator’s trust. In addition to this, it was also hypothesized that the level of automation would significantly affect the amount of trust placed in the autonomous features. Results indicated that there are significant relationships between self-confidence and trust, as well as level of automation and trust.
“Human Error” Isn’t Enough. Marine Accident Evaluation Methods: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ward Alexandria D. , Nathan-Roberts Dan
Published: November 2021

The commercial shipping industry continues to be responsible for a vast majority of the world’s trade, yet it remains behind similar transport industries in terms of safety and accident prevention. The regulation of safety systems and naval architecture have led to significantly fewer accidents, but human error remains a constant factor and has been identified as the most likely cause of a marine accident. A systematic review of the methods used to investigate latent factors regarding human error in marine accidents has been conducted in an effort to further examine casual factors which lead to human error. Widely accepted methods or modified methods from other high-risk industries such as Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) and Bayesian Networks have been utilized, but few have taken into account all of the sociotechnical macroergonomics of such a complex industry, leaving significant research and engineering potential.
If You’re Happy and You Know it Stay Alert: The Effects of Lighting on Vigilance Performance and Affective State
Authors: Monroe Lauren E. , Smith Samantha L.
Published: November 2021

Vigilance, or sustained attention tasks involve detecting critical signals, embedded amid more frequent neutral signals, over an extended period of time. A decline in performance, engagement, and arousal over time, as well as high workload and stress, are common outcomes of such tasks. Exposure to broad-spectrum or short wavelength bright light has been found to positively impact alertness, speed of information processing, and mood, but has not been extensively explored in the vigilance domain. The present study explored whether a light therapy lamp could mitigate the negative vigilance outcomes found in both performance and affective state. Results indicated that the therapy light did not prevent a decline in detection of critical signals over time, nor significantly impact workload, sleepiness, or subjective stress state compared to a dim light condition. However, mood questionnaire results suggest that lighting may impact separate constructs of arousal and tiredness, warranting further research.
Dark Patterns: Social Media, Gaming, and E-Commerce
Authors: Karagoel Ilayda , Nathan-Roberts Dan
Published: November 2021

Dark Patterns are defined as “tricks used in websites and apps that make you do things that you didn’t mean to” (Bringull, 2017). They are implemented to manipulate users with deceptive design tactics using studies on human behavior, and are coined as “anti-user”, since the marginal benefit of corporations are being prioritized over users. This proceeding specifically studies the prevalent dark patterns in the fields of Social Media, Gaming, and E-Commerce platforms. Though Grey et al. initially characterized dark patterns into 12 types of dark patterns (Gray et al., 2018), there are plenty of studies where more categorizations of dark patterns are found in different fields. Finally, this paper sheds light on what could be the next steps for the stakeholders, such as designers, engineers and the overall socio technical system, to better regulate dark patterns in order to minimize user concerns, as well as reduce unethical design practices.
A Multidimensional Scaling Approach to Technology Categorization
Authors: Scott-Sharoni Sidney T. , Stuck Rachel E. , Walker Bruce N.
Published: November 2021

The increasing reliance on and advancement of technology requires an in-depth exploration into how users interact with mechanical and virtual devices. To explore how individuals categorize different technologies, we conducted a multidimensional scaling (MDS) study to analyze the perceived similarity or dissimilarity between technologies. In the exploratory study on 23 devices, we found items rated similarly based on two dimensions – technological sophistication and size. Technology categorization, specifically with the use of MDS, is an under investigated approach in human factors that, through further exploration, may yield a better understanding of users’ mental models and acceptance, with utility for both designers and researchers.
Developing a new human-autonomy team cohesion Scale
Authors: Neubauer Catherine , Forster Daniel E. , Blackman Jordan , Lakhmani Shan , Fitzhugh Sean M. , Krausman Andrea , Schaefer Kristin E. , Berg Samantha , Rovira Ericka
Published: November 2021

Cohesion is an important construct in understanding human-autonomy team dynamics and effectiveness, yet methods to adequately measure this construct are still being developed. Here we describe the initial steps of the development of a new human-autonomy team cohesion scale: item development, content validation, and preliminary scale item evaluation. The initial item pool was developed resulting in 134 items and underwent content validation with subject matter experts to reduce the item pool to 82. For the content validation, participants watched a set of video clips displaying examples of high and low human-autonomy team cohesion and rated the clips using the new human-autonomy team cohesion scale. Preliminary results revealed that our new human-autonomy team cohesion scale is a reliable and valid measure of cohesion in these contexts. Additionally, ratings for the high cohesion clips were somewhat higher than the low cohesion clips. Further analyses will determine if each of the items are contributing to the overall validity of the scale and will be further evaluated for possible removal.
Effect of Driver Distraction on Vehicle Speed Control
Authors: Emily Parcell M.S. , Shivani Patel M.S. , Severin Cameron , Cho Yoona , Chaparro Alex
Published: November 2021

Performing a secondary task while driving impairs various performance measures, including speed control. Distraction is associated with reductions in driving speed; however, this is often based on global measures of performance, such as course completion time or mean speed. This study investigated how a secondary task affected granular speed variation. Participants (N=16, ages 18-43) performed a secondary task of mentally subtracting pairs of numbers while negotiating a simulated road course. Various driving performance measures were obtained but only results for longitudinal velocity are reported. The results reveal that drivers exhibited significant increases and decreases (>2+/- SD) in vehicle speed under distraction, with participants showing a stronger tendency to decrease their speed (60% of the observed speed violations). This may explain why global measures of driving speed under distraction reveal a slowing down. These results may increase our understanding of the nuanced effects of distraction on driving and be useful for predicting/diagnosing distracted driving behavior.
Effects of Experience on Gymnasts’ Kinematics and Performances
Authors: Middelcoop Courtney , Fales Colten , Stone Richard T. , Kim Joseph , Schaffhausen Kristina , Mgaedeh Fatima
Published: November 2021

In studying the effects of expertise on different performance aspects of the gymnastic vault event, various springboard types with similar compression forces were evaluated between expert and novice-level gymnasts. Surface EMGs (sEMG) were placed on four major muscles (biceps femoris, rectus femoris, gastrocnemius medialis, and tibialis anterior) to find each gymnasts’ maximum voluntary contraction. Similarly, board compression and knee flexion angles were also captured at various phases of the performed vaults. Given that gymnasts with more expertise were more consistent in their landing spot on the various vault boards, they had more consistent performance outputs as a result. Expert gymnasts did this by more accurately hitting the sweet spot, more consistently activating their hamstring and gastrocnemius, and decreasing variability during the initial contact phase. By doing this, board compression and performance were both optimized. Coaches can use this information to accelerate the development of novice gymnasts by targeting these aspects.
Development and evaluation of an Agricultural Cumulative Risk Evaluation System (ACRES): An ergonomic tool usability study across various lifting and postural assessment systems for novice users
Authors: Fales Colten , Stone Richard T. , Abdelall Esraa Saleh , Baumann Steffen
Published: November 2021

This paper aims to compare agreeance of four of most commonly used ergonomics assessment tools as well as introduce the Agriculture Cumulative Risk Evaluation Systems (ACRES), a tool that assesses both lifting and posture. ACRES discretizes factors to evaluate ergonomic risk. Participants lacked substantial experience with ergonomic tools, but were given instruction guides for each tool and tasked with evaluating various lifting and repetitive tasks to help evaluate initial perceptions. Results showed that REBA, QEC, and ACRES all had significant correlations with a more linear relationship between REBA and ACRES than REBA and QEC. The NIOSH lifting equation and the Snook and Cirello tables were too different to have significant correlation whereas ACRES was able to correlate with RNLE. In all cases REBA and the RNLE were found to be more difficult to use to novices and ACRES was perceived to be more appropriate for the lifting tasks.
Automated identification of insight seeking behaviours, strategies and rules: a preliminary study
Authors: Hepenstal Sam , Zhang Leishi , Wong B.L. William
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we demonstrate how insight seeking strategies and rules can be captured from analyst interactions with a question-answer system, as they perform an investigation. We present our analysis of an interactive investigation exercise undertaken by 14 experienced intelligence analysts. We propose that our approach to model the abstract higher order cognition involved in insight seeking provides a means to design intelligent systems that can reward and optimise potential lines of inquiry, ultimately creating the environment from which insights can be derived.
Articulating the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Collective Intelligence: A Transactive Systems Framework
Authors: Gupta Pranav , Woolley Anita Williams
Published: November 2021

Human society faces increasingly complex problems that require coordinated collective action. Artificial intelligence (AI) holds the potential to bring together the knowledge and associated action needed to find solutions at scale. In order to unleash the potential of human and AI systems, we need to understand the core functions of collective intelligence. To this end, we describe a socio-cognitive architecture that conceptualizes how boundedly rational individuals coordinate their cognitive resources and diverse goals to accomplish joint action. Our transactive systems framework articulates the inter-member processes underlying the emergence of collective memory, attention, and reasoning, which are fundamental to intelligence in any system. Much like the cognitive architectures that have guided the development of artificial intelligence, our transactive systems framework holds the potential to be formalized in computational terms to deepen our understanding of collective intelligence and pinpoint roles that AI can play in enhancing it.
Anger and Attention Problems as Mechanisms Linking Maltreatment Subtypes and Witnessed Violence to Social Functioning Among Children in Out-of-Home Care
Authors: Cooley John L. , Taussig Heather N.
Published: November 2021

Research has consistently shown that child maltreatment and witnessed violence lead to disrupted patterns of social functioning, yet the mechanisms underlying these pathways remain unclear. This cross-sectional study evaluated whether anger and/or attention problems mediated the links from abuse, neglect, and witnessed violence to peer problems and aggressive behavior. Participants included a diverse sample of 470 children (ages 8–11; 52.1% boys) living in out-of-home care. Subtype and severity of maltreatment exposure were coded using Child Protection Services’ intake reports and court records. Witnessed violence and anger were assessed using child-reports, and caregivers provided ratings of attention problems and social functioning. Indirect effects were tested using a series of structural equation path analysis models. Results indicated that anger fully mediated the links from witnessed violence to both peer problems and aggressive behavior. Further, attention problems fully mediated the links from physical abuse and physical neglect to both peer problems and aggressive behavior. These findings highlight the need for interventions to target anger regulation and attentional control among children in out-of-home care in order to mitigate their risk for social maladjustment.
“Drinking Too Much, Fighting Too Much”: The Dual “Disasters” of Intimate Partner Violence and Alcohol Use in South Africa
Authors: Backe Emma L. , Bosire Edna , Mendenhall Emily
Published: November 2021

The intersecting issues of intimate partner violence (IPV) and alcohol abuse in South Africa are often characterized as “disasters.” Ethnographic research among women in Soweto demonstrates the different manifestations of IPV, perceptions of abuse, and coping mechanisms to manage harmful domestic relationships. Findings suggest a consistent relationship between excessive drinking patterns and IPV—most significantly, physical and emotional abuse—while indicating that domestic violence measures should include questions about stress. The authors also argue against pathologizing the relationship between IPV and alcohol abuse, to instead center the structured, sedimented ways that violence within the home has become a “normalized” disaster.
A Community Pharmacy-Based Intervention in the Matrix of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Outcomes (CPBI-T2DM): A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Farag Mohamed Hassan , Allam Magdy Mohamed , Hamdy Noha Alaa , Ghazy Ramy Mohamed , Emara Rana Hassan
Published: November 2021

Introduction:

Egypt has the ninth highest diabetes mellitus (DM) prevalence in the world. There is a growing interest in community involvement in DM management.

Aim of the study:

The aim of the study was to evaluate the tailored diabetes care model (DCM) implementation in Alexandria governorate by community pharmacy-based intervention (CPBI) from a clinical, humanistic, and economic aspect.

Methods:

This is a 6-month period cross-over cluster randomized control trial conducted in Alexandria. Ten clusters owing 10 community pharmacies (CPs) recruited 100 health insurance-deprived T2DM patients with >7% HbA1c in 6-months. The study was divided into 2 phases (3 months for each period) with a 1-month washout period in between. After CPs training on DCM, the interventional group received pictorial training for 45 minutes in first visit, and 15 minutes in weekly visits, whereas the control group patients received the usual care (UC). At baseline and end of each phase (3 months), patients had clinical and physical activity assessments, filled all forms of study questionnaire (knowledge, self-management, satisfaction, and adherence) and did all laboratory investigations (Fasting Blood Glucose [FBG]), HbA1c, protein-creatinine clearance (PCR), creatine clearance (GFR), and lipid profile.

Results:

There was no significant difference in the basal systolic and diastolic blood pressure between patients in the CBPI and UC groups, but the CBPI had significantly decreased the mean SBP and DBP by ( P = .008, .040, respectively). Also, significant waist circumference and BMI reductions (−5.82 cm and −1.86 kg/m2, P = .001) were observed in the CBPI. The CBPI patients achieved a greater reduction in FBG and HbA1C than the UC patients (102 mg/dL and 1.9%, respectively P < .001). Also, significant reductions in total cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride (−6.4, −15.4, and −6.3 mg/dL respectively, P = .001) were achieved in the CBPI group. No significant differences were found in HDL, GFR, and PCR. Moreover, significant improvements of behavior, score of knowledge, self-management, satisfaction, and adherence were observed in CBPI patients. After multivariate analysis, HbA1C readings were significantly influenced by baseline HbA1C and eating habits. The cost saving for CPBI was −1581 LE per 1% HbA1c reduction.

Conclusion:

This is the first study in Egypt that illustrated the positive impact of pictorial DCM delivered by CPBI collaborative care on clinical, humanistic, laboratory, and economic outcomes to local T2DM patients.
Analytical simulation of influential parameters affecting grooved wet clutches performance underdisengagement condition
Authors: Nasiri Hossein , Delprete Cristiana , Brusa Eugenio , Razavykia Abbas , Esmaeilzadeh Alireza
Published: November 2021

Innovating new approaches and effective methods to improve the efficiency of mechanical systems in terms of energy losses and environmental effects serve as an attractive domain for researchers and industries. Wet clutches are widely used in power transmission systems in automotive and other tribological mechanisms. The wet clutch has two functional modes; under the engaged state, in which two disks come into contact to each other, and under disengagement the plates are located at a very short distance from each other, and oil flows between them. In disengaged state, the differential speed of driving and driven units causes oil shearing within the clearance which leads to transmission of certain amount of drag torque from the driving to the output shaft. This transferred drag torque is distinguished as power loss in form of heat. The governing physical relation based on continuity equation and Navier–Stokes equations reveals that in a certain rotational velocity, the pressure gradient at the outer radius of the clutch becomes null, and, in this circumstance, aeration occurs that is known as critical rotation speed. Experimental findings provide evidence that geometry manipulation and considering grooves over the frictional disk, reduces the critical rotational speed. But there is a shortage of physical analytical relations to predict the pressure gradient in grooved wet clutches. Therefore, this article is aimed to introduce analytical model to evaluate grooved wet clutches performance in terms of drag torque and critical rotational speed under single-phase flow condition.
The gender gap in voter turnout: An artefact of men’s over-reporting in survey research?
Authors: Stockemer Daniel , Sundstrom Aksel
Published: November 2021

Is there a gender gap in voting? Most cross-national survey research on gender inequalities in voter turnout finds that men have a higher probability to vote than women. Yet, some studies using validated turnout data shed some doubt on this finding. We revisit the question of a gender gap in voting using official records. In more detail, we compare the gender gap in turnout between survey data and official electoral figures across 73 elections. Our results highlight that in surveys, men still report higher turnout in most countries. However, official electoral figures reveal contrasting trends: across countries, women are, on average, more likely to vote. We also test two explanations for this difference in turnout between official figures and surveys: (1) men over-report voting more than women and (2) the survey samples of men and women are different. We find some, albeit very moderate, evidence for the first explanation and no support for the second explanation. All in all, our research nevertheless suggests that scholars should be careful in using surveys to detect gender differences in voting.