bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Herbicide Mixtures Containing BAS 9052 for Weed Control in Flax (Linum usitatissimum)
Authors: Chow Paul N.P.
Published: May 2019

There was no antagonism between dalapon (2,2-dichloropropionic acid) or TCA (trichloroacetic acid) and BAS 9052 {2 - [1 -(ethoxyimino)butyl] - 5 - [2 -(ethylthio) -propyl] -3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} at 0.3 kg/ha for control of volunteer barley (Hordeum vulgareL. ‘Bonanza’) and wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Neepawa’) in flax (Linum usitatissimumL. ‘Dufferin’). However, MCPA {[(4-chloro-o- tolyl)oxy] acetic acid} amine at 0.2 to 0.6 kg/ha had an antagonistic effect on BAS 9052, especially at 0.1 kg/ha, for control of wild oat (Avena fatuaL.). BAS 9052 at 0.3 kg/ha overcame this antagonistic effect of MCPA. Field results confirmed that wild oat control with BAS 9052 at 0.3 kg/ha was not reduced by the mixtures with each of four broadleaf weed herbicides at 0.6 kg/ha. The mixtures gave excellent control of grass and broadleaf weeds. Flax seed yields were five times that of the unsprayed check and were equal to the yield of the handweeded treatment.
Comparison of Six Cropping Systems for Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) Control
Authors: Keeley P. E. , Thullen R. J. , Miller J. H. , Carter C. H.
Published: May 2019

Six cropping/weed control systems were evaluated from 1978 to 1980 for the control of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.). Supplementing cultivation of cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Acala SJ-2′) with either preplant applications of fluridone {1 - methyl - 3 - phenyl - 5 - [3 - (trifluoromethyl)phenyl] -4(1H-pyridinone} or two hoeings for 2 yr preceding cotton treated with DSMA (disodium methanearsonate) and MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) reduced populations of viable yellow nutsedge tubers 98 to 99% within 3 yr. Dry- or wet - fallowing plus tillage after barley (Hordeum vulgareL. ‘Kombyne’), and double cropping potatoes (Solanum tuberosumL. ‘White Rose’) treated with EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) with soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Williams’] treated with alachlor [2-chloro - 2′, 6’ - diethyl -N- (methoxymethyl)acetanilide] for 2 yr preceding cotton, reduced populations of tubers 98 to 99% within 3 yr. A similar reduction of tubers (97%) was obtained by double cropping potatoes with milo [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench. ‘NK- 265′] for 2 yr preceding cotton.
Effect of Row Spacing on Weed Competition with Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Authors: Teasdale John R. , Frank J. Ray
Published: May 2019

Five field experiments were conducted with snap bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) row spacings of 15, 25, 36, 46, and 91 cm, all of which were seeded at a constant density of 43 plants/m2. When weeds were allowed to emerge with the crop, row spacings of 15 to 36 cm suppressed weed growth by 18% compared to the conventional 91-cm row spacing. When weeds were controlled for the first half of the season, row spacings of 15 to 36 cm suppressed weed growth by 82% compared to the 91-cm row spacing. The effect of the 46-cm row spacing on weed growth was variable. Weed suppression by narrow rows was explained by a higher rate of snap bean canopy closure in narrow rows. Snap beans in row spacings of 15 to 46 cm produced similar yields and were higher by an average of 23% than yields produced by snap beans in 91 - cm rows.
Tolerance of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) to EPTC
Authors: Dawson J. H.
Published: May 2019

EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) did not reduce emergence of alfalfa (Medicago sativaL. ‘Vernal’) seedlings at 3 to 81 kg/ha in the greenhouse nor at 3 to 243 kg/ha in the field. No rate injured roots, but temporary foliar symptoms were present at all rates. Soaking seeds for 40 days in technical grade EPTC or for 8 days in water saturated with EPTC before seeding in untreated soil did not reduce emergence or injure the seedlings. Seedlings from seeds germinated in paper towels moistened with water saturated with EPTC grew normally when transferred to untreated soil. Alfalfa was injured if seedlings were exposed to EPTC after emergence, but it tolerated exposure to high concentrations during imbibition and germination of the seeds and elongation of the seedlings before they emerged from the soil. EPTC delayed seedling emergence by about 1 day. This effect was separate from that causing typical foliar symptoms.
Growth Characteristics of Wild Oat (Avena fatua) in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Morrow Larry A. , Gealy David R.
Published: May 2019

Wild oat (Avena fatuaL.) seedlings from mature seeds emerged in silt loam from depths up to 17.5 cm in the greenhouse or 15 cm under field conditions. No emergence occurred from greater depths. Under field conditions, the greatest percentage of shoots emerged from seeds planted 5 cm deep. Wild oat in a space-planted nursery produced an average of 19 tillers, reached a maximum height of 79 cm, and produced an average of 1072 seeds. The number of tillers per plant, the number of seeds per panicle, and the total number of seeds per plant increased with an increase in annual precipitation. Wild oat seeds harvested as early as 3 days after anther extrusion germinated, but seeds harvested 6 or 7 days after anther extrusion germinated more rapidly.
Weed Management in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Grown in Two Row Spacings
Authors: Miller John H. , Carter Lyle M. , Carter Charles
Published: May 2019

Tillage plus trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) and prometryn [2,4-bis (isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] and tillage plus trifluralin and fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea] applied as soil-incorporated preplanting treatments were compared with tillage alone in cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) grown in 51-cm and 102-cm rows on fine sandy loam soil. Over 3 yr, cotton grown in 51-cm rows yielded 15% more than cotton grown in 102-cm rows. Final cotton emergence was not altered by weed-control treatment or by planting pattern. Weed-control treatments with herbicides provided essentially complete, season-long control of grass and broadleaf weeds. At cotton layby, more weeds were in no-herbicide plots with 51-cm rows compared with 102-cm rows, but at cotton harvest numbers of weeds in both row patterns were essentially equal.
Fate of MBR-18337 in Soybean (Glycine max) and Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) Plants and Cell Cultures
Authors: Swisher Beth A. , Corbin Frederick T.
Published: May 2019

Uptake, translocation, and metabolism of14C-MBR-18337 {[N-[(4-ethylthio)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] methanesulfonamide]} in soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] and johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.] plants and cell cultures were studied. Sixty-five percent of the14C recovered from soybean (65% of applied) was on or in the treated leaf, compared to 81% of the14C recovered from johnsongrass (43% of applied). Translocation of the14C from the treated leaf of soybean was greater than from the treated johnsongrass leaf, and was primarily to the apical leaves of both species. MBR-18337, its sulfoxide, sulfone, and an unidentified polar component(s) were isolated from intact plants and cell cultures of both species. Soybean plants and cells contained greater proportions of the polar component(s) than johnsongrass plants and cells.
Herbicidal Control of Greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus) and Salt Rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosusssp.consimilis)
Authors: Cluff Greg J. , Roundy Bruce A. , Evans Raymond A. , Young James A.
Published: May 2019

The control of greasewood [Sarcobatus vermiculatus(Hook.) Torr.] and salt rabbitbrush [Chrysothamnus nauseosusssp.consimilis(Greene) Hall and Clem.] was investigated with application of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] and a mixture of 2,4-D and picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid). The herbicides were applied at 2-week intervals from May 1 to August 1. Greasewood had accelerated shoot growth and was most susceptible to application of 2,4-D during June. Accelerated shoot growth and maximum susceptibility to 2,4-D of salt rabbitbrush began in June and extended into July. Mortality of greasewood and salt rabbitbrush from 2,4-D at 2.2 kg/ha applied at optimum dates averaged 72 and 87%, respectively. The picloram/2,4-D mixture was more effective for greasewood control than 2,4-D alone in 1 yr at very early and late application dates on a xeric site and only at the last date of application on a mesic site. Reapplication of 2,4-D at 2.2 and 3.3 kg/ha in June to partially controlled stands gave excellent control of both greasewood and rabbitbrush.
Effects of CGA-43089 on Responses of Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor) to Metolachlor Combined by Ozone or Antioxidants
Authors: Hatzios Kriton K.
Published: May 2019

In greenhouse studies, the potential interactive effects of metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] treatments combined with the air pollutant ozone (O3) or the antioxidants, piperonyl butoxide {α-[2-butoxyethyl) ethoxy]-4,5-dimethylenedioxy-2-propyltoluene} andn-propyl gallate, on the growth of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench ‘Funk G522DR’] seedlings that were protected or unprotected with the antidote, CGA-43089 [α-(cyanomethoximino)-benzacetonitrile], were examined. Metolachlor was applied preplant incorporated at rates of 2.2, 3.9, and 5.6 kg/ha, and it was evaluated against fumigation with O3at 0.2 and 0.3 ppmv or against 4.9, 6.7, and 9.0 kg/ha of each antioxidant applied preplant incorporated. In combination treatments, shoot dry weight at 30 days after planting was reduced more than expected by metolachlor in the presence of the protectant CGA-43089 and ozone or some rates of the two antioxidants, suggesting synergism. In the absence of the protectant, CGA-43089, growth responses of sorghum to combination treatments of metolachlor with ozone or propyl gallate suggested an additive effect, although some treatments of metolachlor combined with piperonyl butoxide interacted synergistically.
Promotion of Germination of Dormant Weed Seeds by Substituted Phthalimides and Gibberellic Acid
Authors: Metzger James D.
Published: May 2019

Both gibberellic acid and the substituted phthalimide AC-94377 [1-(3-chlorophthalimido)cyclohexanecarboximide] actively promoted germination of dormant seeds in five species out of nine. The species that responded to both compounds included wild oat (Avena fatuaL.), wild mustard [Brassica kaber(DC.) L.C. Wheeler], curly dock (Rumex crispusL.), field pennycress (Thlapsi arvenseL.) and tansy phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifoliaL. Benth.). on a weight-per-weight basis, the ability of AC-94377 to stimulate germination was equal to, or greater than, GA3. The other two substituted phthalimides tested, AC-92803 [2-(3-chlorophthalimido)-2-methyl-2-isobutyl-acetamide] and AC-99524 [1-tetrahydrophthalimido-cyclohexane-carboximide], had either slight or no stimulatory activity.
Plant Growth Response to Several Allelopathic Chemicals
Authors: Shettel Nancy L. , Balke Nelson E.
Published: May 2019

Salicylic acid,p-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeine, hydroquinone, and umbelliferone were evaluated in the greenhouse for their effects on shoot dry-weight accumulation of several crop and weed species. With the exception of caffeine, all the chemicals reduced shoot growth in oats (Avena sativaL. ‘Goodfield’). Chemicals applied preplant incorporated, preemergence, or postemergence were effective, depending upon the rate of chemical. When applied preplant incorporated at rates as high as 56.0 kg/ha, most of the chemicals reduced growth of corn (Zea maysL. ‘B73 × Mo17′), soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Corsoy’], velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.), and wild proso millet (Panicum miliaceumL.). Exceptions were caffeine on corn and soybean and hydroquinone on soybean. At 11.2 kg/ha the chemicals inhibited the weed species more than the crop species. Postemergence applications of caffeine and hydroquinone inhibited growth of the weed species more than the crop species. Hydroquinone at 1.1 kg/ha inhibited redroot pigweed, but rates as high as 11.2 kg/ha did not inhibit soybean. These experiments show that growth of agronomically important crops and weeds can be inhibited differentially by allelopathic chemicals.
Determination of Herbicide Inhibition of Photosynthetic Electron Transport by Fluorescence
Authors: Richard Edward P. , Goss John R. , Arntzen Charles J. , Slife Fred W.
Published: May 2019

The kinetics of chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence was used as a tool for detecting herbicide inhibition in studies using intact soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] leaves. The terminal level of fluorescence (FT), obtained 150 s after the onset of illumination of the abaxial leaf surface, was found to be independent of the dark preadaptation interval and to vary little between leaflets and leaves within and among untreated plants. Increases in FTwere detected in plants following the foliar application of herbicides which inhibit photosynthetic electron transport. Fluorescence measurements indicated significant electron transport inhibition in leaves following treatment with 40-mM solutions of either atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropyiamino)-s-triazine] or diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] after 0.5 and 1 h, respectively. Results of this study indicate that Chl fluorescence can be used to measure injury qualitatively by photosynthetic electron transport-inhibiting herbicides in intact plants long before visual symptoms of injury occur. Possible uses of this sensitive, rapid, and non-destructive technique for studying herbicide penetration as affected by adjuvants and environmental factors are discussed.
Adsorption of Five Phenylurea Herbicides by Selected Soils of Czechoslovakia
Authors: Kozak Josef , Weber Jerome B.
Published: May 2019

Adsorption of five phenylurea herbicides, metobromuron [3-(p-bromophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea], monolinuron [3-(p-chlorophenyl)-1-methoxyl-1-methylurea], linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea], chlorbromuron [3-(4-bromo-3-chlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea], and CGA-15646 [3-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] by eight selected soils of Czechoslovakia were studied. Constants from Freundlich and Langmuir equations were calculated and correlated with the major soil properties. Freundlich K values ranged from 1.84 to 128, and the Freundlich equation was better fitted to the adsorption isotherms than was the Langmuir equation. Soil organic-matter content was the most important factor influencing the range of adsorption.
Enhanced Response of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) to Bentazon or Glyphosate by Gibberellin
Authors: Sterrett John P. , Hodgson Richard H.
Published: May 2019

Gibberellin-enhanced response of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgarisL. ‘Black Valentine’) and Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.] to bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] and glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] was determined on both species under controlled photoperiods in the growth chamber and on Canada thistle under natural conditions in the field. Pretreatment of bean plants in the growth chamber with 10 mg/L gibberellin (GA3or GA4/7) more than doubled the herbicidal effect of 1600 mg/L bentazon treatments. Pretreatment of Canada thistle plants in the growth chamber with 100 mg/L GA4/7increased the herbicidal effect of 50 mg/L bentazon applications more than four-fold, and that of 400 mg/L glyphosate applications by more than two-fold. The phytotoxicity of bentazon to field-grown Canada thistle increased 10% or more in populations pretreated with 25 g/ha gibberellin; and that of 840 g/ha glyphosate was similarly increased. The effectiveness of a higher glyphosate dosage (1680 g/ha) was not significantly increased by GA pretreatment. Plants induced to bolt with gibberellin (GA4/7) were injured more by bentazon than were plants that bolted naturally.
Road to Nowhere? A Critical Consideration of the Use of the Metaphor ‘Care Pathway’ in Health Services Planning, Organisation and Delivery
Authors: CHECKLAND KATH , HAMMOND JON , ALLEN PAULINE , COLEMAN ANNA , WARWICK-GILES LYNSEY , HALL ALEX , MAYS NICHOLAS , SUTTON MATT
Published: May 2019

Metaphors are inescapable in human discourse. Policy researchers have suggested that the use of particular metaphors by those implementing policy changes both influences perceptions of underlying reality and determines what solutions seem possible, and that exploring ‘practice languages’ is important in understanding how policy is enacted. This paper contributes to the literature exploring the generative nature of metaphors in policy implementation, demonstrating their role in not just describing the world, but also framing it, determining what is seen/unseen, and what solutions seem possible. The metaphor ‘care pathway’ is ubiquitous and institutionalised in healthcare. We build upon existing work critiquing its use in care delivery, and explore its use in health care commissioning, using evidence from the recent reorganisation of the English NHS. We show that the pathways metaphor is ubiquitous, but not necessarily straightforward. Conceptualising health care planning as ‘designing a pathway’ may make the task more difficult, suggesting a limited range of approaches and solutions. We offer an alternative metaphor: the service map. We discuss how approaches to care design might be altered by using this different metaphor, and explore what it might offer. We argue not for a barren language devoid of metaphors, but for their more conscious use.
GOVERNO DEI PARTITI E RIPRODUCIBILITÀ DEMOCRATICA: IL DILEMMA DELLE NUOVE DEMOCRAZIE
Authors: Di Palma Giuseppe
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

«In ultima analisi», esordivo anni or sono su questa rivista, «i partiti politici servono a governare». Ma sarà poi vero? Stando ad una definizione minima dei partiti sembrerebbe di sì. Non sono forse i partiti il meccanismo di base tramite il quale le moderne democrazie formano e scelgono i propri governanti? Se optiamo, però, per una concezione più ambiziosa dei partiti politici, se guardiamo cioè ad essi come alla struttura principale che determina non solo chi governa ma anche i contenuti di governo e il loro ricambio, allora non abbiamo più una definizione certa ma una semplice ipotesi. Il fatto che i partiti siano al governo non garantisce quello che la letteratura anglosassone chiama party government (nell'ambiziosa accezione di cui sopra). Il che significa che il party government è una variabile, o se vogliamo un tipo ideale a cui solo alcune democrazie possono avvicinarsi, e neanche poi tanto.
L'OPPOSIZIONE POLITICA NEI SISTEMI NON COMPETITIVI: UNA PREMESSA ANALITICA
Authors: Grilli Pietro
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Quando si parla di «opposizione politica» ci si riferisce a quello che è probabilmente il criterio distintivo più valido e significativo per un'analisi tipologica dei regimi politici moderni. Il punto da approfondire, e che apre le porte alle analisi più interessanti, consiste nella valutazione dei motivi che sono a base dell'assenza o della presenza, e in questo secondo caso delle specificità di un'opposizione in un particolare sistema politico. Quali sono, in altre parole, le ragioni storiche, politiche, sociali e culturali che influiscono sulle caratteristiche delle opposizioni? E, prima ancora di tutto ciò, cosa è «opposizione»? Nell'analisi empirica il termine può avere una quantità di referenti molto diversi tra loro: un partito politico ostile al governo in carica, un sindacato, un gruppo di intellettuali dissidenti, un reparto di guerriglieri, un gruppo di pressione, e così via. Un quesito da risolvere è vedere se queste esperienze hanno abbastanza punti in comune da poter essere incluse in un medesimo quadro concettuale. Risolto questo primo problema sarà utile verificare a cosa vanno ascritte le loro diversità più evidenti.
Improving Access to High-Cost Technologies in the Asia Region
Authors: Mundy Linda , Trowman Rebecca , Kearney Brendon
Published: May 2019

Objectives

Discussions at the Health Technology Assessment International (HTAi) Asia Policy Forum (HAPF) aimed to understand the meaning of “high-cost technologies,” and to explore mechanisms to increase access to these technologies in publicly funded health systems in the Asia region.

Methods

Discussions and presentations at the 2018 HAPF, informed by a literature review and a premeeting survey of HTA agencies and industry, form the basis of this paper.

Results

Challenges payers in the public health system face when investing in high-cost technologies include a lack of data, especially real-world data, affordability, and the budgetary impact of high-cost technologies. Managed entry schemes (MES) are one means to enable earlier access to high-cost technologies, or at reduced cost to the system. Most countries surveyed had used an MES to introduce a new health technology and most industry representatives had experience with financial-based MES, such as discounts or rebates, with most put in place to increase access to pharmaceuticals. Little experience of outcome-based or evidence-generation MES was reported.

Conclusions

Although it is early days in the implementation of MES in Asia, they have the potential to play an important role enabling access to new, mainly pharmaceutical, health technologies. The development of a “road map” of MES in the region should outline the intent and need for a MES, articulating the “rules of engagement” for all stakeholders—patients, providers, payers, and industry—which will assist countries to clearly identify the problem trying to be solved, and how an MES can be part of the solution.
GivingTshuveto the sick: correspondence columns of the Yiddish medical press in Poland
Authors: Tuszewicki Marek
Published: May 2019

Argument

Several Yiddish medical publications of various profiles appeared in independent Poland until 1939. These print media were associated with OZE and TOZ organizational structures and aimed to promote modern concepts of health and healthcare among the Jewish population in its native tongue. Some of these magazines offered space for direct consultations, which took the form of a correspondence corner. Questions sent in by readers ranged from apparently neutral topics, such as a healthy diet or hygiene, to controversial matters tormenting individuals in provincial milieus. The correspondence gives us an insight into popular ways of thinking about health and disease and indicates issues of high importance for a society in the process of modernization. The present paper discusses the questions and answers as they appeared in the Yiddish medical press (particularly in theFolksgezuntandDer Doktor), and presents the most crucial aspects of Jewish life they shed light on, including the historical and cultural background.
The course of professionalization: Jewish nursing in Poland in the interwar period
Authors: Zalashik Rakefet , Davidovitch Nadav
Published: May 2019

Argument

This paper focuses on the Jewish nursing profession in Poland during the interwar period. We argue that the integration of Jewish women in medical activity under the AJDC (American Jewish Distribution Committee) and TOZ (Towarzystwa Ochrony Zdrowia Ludności Żydowskiej [the Society for the Protection of the Health of the Jewish People]) emerged in Poland less from the adoption of gender equality and more out of necessity. On the one hand, JDC and TOZ needed Jewish nurses and public health nurses to carry out their health campaigns and build a public health infrastructure. On the other hand, a new generation of Jewish women needed job opportunities that would enable them to make a living and be independent. More broadly this case study shows that the implementation of American “reformative” ideals into the local Polish reality, including in the newly emerging public health field, involved adaptation, negotiation, and in some cases, resentment.
Print exposure predicts pronoun comprehension strategies in children
Authors: ARNOLD Jennifer E. , CASTRO-SCHILO Laura , ZERKLE Sandra , RAO Leela
Published: May 2019

Language development requires children to learn how to understand ambiguous pronouns, as in Panda Bear is having lunch with Puppy. He wants a pepperoni slice. Adults tend to link he with Panda Bear, the prior grammatical subject, but young children either fail to exhibit this bias (Arnold, Brown-Schmidt & Trueswell, 2007) or do so more slowly than adults (Hartshorne et al., 2015a; Song & Fisher, 2005). In the current study, we test whether language exposure affects this bias in elementary-school-age children. Children listened to stories like the one above, and answered questions like “Who wants a pepperoni slice?” which reveal their pronoun interpretation. Individual variation in the rate of selecting the subject character correlated with measures of print exposure, such that children who read more are more likely to follow the subject bias. This is the first study to establish that print exposure affects spoken pronoun comprehension in children.
Not All Killings Are Equally Wrong
Authors: Karhu Todd
Published: May 2019

Many people believe that the wrongness of killing a person does not depend on factors like her age, condition, or how much she has to lose by dying – a view Jeff McMahan calls the ‘Equal Wrongness Thesis’. This article argues that we should reject the Equal Wrongness Thesis on the basis of the moral equivalence between killing a person and knocking her unconscious.
Organization of a School for Direct Instruction – A Principal’s View –
Authors: Parr Claudine
Published: May 2019

This paper describes the introduction and continuing evolution of Direct Instruction programmes in Language, Reading and Arithmetic, in a School for developmentally delayed children in an institutional setting. An account is given of: the reasons for adopting Direct Instruction as a teaching method; staff training before and since the introduction of the system; detailed planning and implementation of the programmes; immediate results within the first six months; assessment procedures; and reactions by staff and outside observers. Cognitive and intellectual development achieved after two and a half years is analysed with the help of research data and audiovisual materials. This demonstrates a significant narrowing of the gap between ‘normal’ and ‘retarded’ functions and points to some likely longer term implications.
Treating Obesity in Retarded Persons: A Review of Research
Authors: Jackson Henry J.
Published: May 2019

Studies dealing with weight reduction in retarded persons are reviewed. While successful results have been obtained in six of the eight studies, methodological shortcomings similar to those of the parent field are indicated and discussed. Models of weight reduction are briefly reviewed; and, finally, guidelines for future programmes are outlined.
Stimulating Cognitive Development in a Case of Hyperactive Aphasia
Authors: Jackson Merrill , Badenhop Anne
Published: May 2019

“Devin” is a case of hyperactive aphasia. He presented with no discernible language, no imitative skills and marked hyperactivity. This paper records the attempts that were made to generate language, stimulate imitation and curb hyperactivity.
Daily Data Based Instructional Procedures in Arithmetic With Skill Deficient Students
Authors: Neal Dagmar
Published: May 2019

Mildly mentally handicapped students are commonly assumed to have not only low general ability, but also slow rates of learning. It is likewise held that current skill deficits of mildly handicapped students predict low potential. A classroom implementation of data based instruction or precision teaching, showed that groups of skill deficient children were able to progress and substantially change their current level of functioning along a series of teacher developed task analysed arithmetic sequences, after instruction.
Instructional Technology and Special Education
Authors: Wilton Keri
Published: May 2019

The term instructional technology’ refers to two relatively distinct classes of phenomena which have been described by Saettler (1968) as“the physical science concept”— the application of physical science and engineering technology (movie projectors, television, teaching machines, computers, etc.) to the presentation of instructional materials, and“the behavioural science concept”— the application of behavioural science (especially psychology and sociology) to problems of learning and instruction. While both of these classes of phenomena clearly have considerable potential for improving the content and conduct of education — including special education, it is the writer’s belief that the extent to which “the physical science concept” can be effectively utilised in education/special education will be limited — indeed constrained by the current spate of knowledge which has been derived from “the behavioural science concept”. The present paper reflects this belief and is thus primarily concerned with “the behavioural science concept” — in particular with the application of psychology and sociology to problems of learning and instruction in special education.

An initial clarification of the term “special education” also seems necessary. Following Kirk and Gallagher (1979), the term “special education” in the present paper will refer to those aspects of education required for handicapped or gifted children which are “unique and/or in addition to the instructional programme for all children [p. 13]” ‘Handicapped or gifted children’ being those who “deviate from the average or normal child (1) in mental characteristics, (2) in sensory abilities, (3) in neuro-motor or physical characteristics, (4) in social behaviour, (5) in communication abilities, or (6) in multiple handicap … to such an extent that modifications of school practices, or special educational services are required for the children to develop to maximum capacity” (Kirk & Gallagher, 1979 [p. 3].)
How adolescents cope with food insecurity in Baltimore City: an exploratory study
Authors: Mmari Kristin , Offiong Asari , Gross Susan , Mendelson Tamar
Published: May 2019

Objective:

To increase our understanding about food insecurity among urban adolescents, we conducted a qualitative study in Baltimore City with adolescents to: (i) explore how adolescents experience and cope with food insecurity; and (ii) identify community-based approaches or interventions for addressing food insecurity.

Design:

A total of eight focus groups were conducted across six neighbourhoods. To gather sociodemographic characteristics and personal data on food insecurity, all consented adolescents completed a brief questionnaire.

Setting:

Six purposively selected neighbourhoods in Baltimore City, USA.

Participants:

A total of fifty-three adolescents between the ages of 14 and 19 years participated in the study.

Results:

Although half of our sample was classified as food insecure, everyone in the focus groups was aware of adolescents who engaged in risky behaviours to get money for food. Among girls, prostituting was the most commonly mentioned behaviour, whereas for boys, it was selling drugs or stealing to get money for food. Adolescents also described tremendous stigma associated with food insecurity and agreed that food insecurity has to be viewed within a broader set of economic challenges.

Conclusions:

Addressing food insecurity among adolescents in disadvantaged neighbourhoods should be a high priority for policy makers and practitioners. Current feeding programmes are not addressing the needs of adolescents; as a result, adolescents are at risk for a variety of harmful behaviours and outcomes, with long-term negative health and social consequences.
Women's International Thought and the New Professions, 1900–1940
Authors: Huber Valeska , Pietsch Tamson , Rietzler Katharina
Published: May 2019

This article examines the “new professions” as alternative settings where women thought and wrote about the international. Presenting the case studies of Fannie Fern Andrews, Mary Parker Follett and Florence Wilson, it shows that, in emerging professional and disciplinary contexts that have hitherto lain beyond the purview of historians of international thought, these women developed their thinking about the international. The insights they derived from their practical work in schools, immigrant communities and libraries led them to emphasize the mechanics of participation in international affairs and caused them to think across the scales of the individual, the local group and relations between nations. By moving beyond the history of organizations and networks and instead looking for the professional settings and audiences which enabled women to theorize, this article shifts both established understandings of what counts as international thought and traditional conceptions of who counts as an international thinker.
The MERiT Onboard the CeREs: A Novel Instrument to Study Energetic Particles in the Earth's Radiation Belts
Authors: Kanekal S. G. , Blum L. , Christian E. R. , Crum G. , Desai M. , Dumonthier J. , Evans A. , Greeley A. D. , Guerro S. , Livi S. , LLera K. , Lucas J. , MacKinnon J. , Mukherjee J. , Ogasawara K. , Paschalidis N. , Patel D. , Pollack E. , Riall S. , Schiller Q. , Suarez G. , Summerlin E. J.
Published: May 2019

The Miniaturized Electron pRoton Telescope, MERiT, is a low‐mass, low‐power, compact instrument using an innovative combination of particle detectors, sensor electronics, and onboard processing. MERiT is flying on the Compact Radiation belt Explorer, CeREs, a 3U CubeSat launched into a low earth orbit of 500‐km altitude and inclination of 85° on 16 December 2018. The primary and secondary science goals of CeREs are to investigate electron microbursts and to study solar particles. MERiT comprises a stack of solid state detectors (SSD) behind space facing avalanche photo diodes (APDs) surrounded by W‐Al shielding to reduce side‐penetrating particle background. The APD‐SSD combination enables measurement of electrons from  5 to 200 keV and  1 to 8 MeV; protons from  200–400 keV and 7–100 MeV in differential channels with energy resolution ΔE/E≈30% for both electrons and protons. MERiT measures microbursts with a high time resolution ranging from 4 to 16 ms and solar particles with a cadence of 1 s. MERiT energy channels and cadences are software configurable via algorithms and lookup tables residing on a field‐programmable gate array. The lookup tables can be changed via ground commands. MERiT geometry factor is 31 cm2‐sr and optimized to measure microbursts with the instrument viewing the local zenith in orbit. MERiT enables investigation of dynamical processes of radiation belt electron energization and loss, solar electron and proton transport, and their access to the Earth's polar caps. We describe the MERiT sensor design, calibration, operational modes, data products, and science goals.
Green and Grand: John Wesley Powell and the West That Wasn’t
Authors: Howley Korena
Published: May 2019

One hundred fifty years ago, the explorer and scientist argued that the West needed smart development. Now the fast-growing region is playing catch-up.
Understanding ENSO in a Changing Climate
Authors: McPhaden Michael , Santoso Agus , Cai Wenju
Published: May 2019

Centre for Southern Hemisphere Oceans Research (CSHOR) ENSO Science Symposium; Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, 29–31 January 2019
Celebrating a Century of Nonlinearity Across the Geosciences
Authors: Cook Terri
Published: May 2019

Nonlinear concepts have evolved and become increasingly applicable to a wide range of geoscience inquiries, thus setting the stage for exciting new advances during AGU’s next 100 years.
Unveiled feather microcosm: feather microbiota of passerine birds is closely associated with host species identity and bacteriocin-producing bacteria
Authors: Javůrková Veronika Gvoždíková , Kreisinger Jakub , Procházka Petr , Požgayová Milica , Ševčíková Kateřina , Brlík Vojtěch , Adamík Peter , Heneberg Petr , Porkert Jiří
Published: May 2019

The functional relevance of microbiota is a key aspect for understanding host–microbiota interactions. Mammalian skin harbours a complex consortium of beneficial microorganisms known to provide health and immune-boosting advantages. As yet, however, little is known about functional microbial communities on avian feathers, including their co-evolution with the host and factors determining feather microbiota (FM) diversity. Using 16S rRNA profiling, we investigated how host species identity, phylogeny and geographic origin determine FM in free-living passerine birds. Moreover, we estimated the relative abundance of bacteriocin-producing bacteria (BPB) and keratinolytic feather damaging bacteria (FDB) and evaluated the ability of BPB to affect FM diversity and relative abundance of FDB. Host species identity was associated with feather bacterial communities more strongly than host geographic origin. FM functional properties differed in terms of estimated BPB and FDB relative abundance, with both showing interspecific variation. FM diversity was negatively associated with BPB relative abundance across species, whereas BPB and FDB relative abundance was positively correlated. This study provides the first thorough evaluation of antimicrobial peptides-producing bacterial communities inhabiting the feather integument, including their likely potential to mediate niche-competition and to be associated with functional species-specific feather microbiota in avian hosts.
LncRNA H19 initiates microglial pyroptosis and neuronal death in retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: Wan Peixing , Su Wenru , Zhang Yingying , Li Zhidong , Deng Caibin , Li Jinmiao , Jiang Nan , Huang Siyu , Long Erping , Zhuo Yehong
Published: May 2019

Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is a common pathology when the blood supply to an organ was disrupted and then restored. During the reperfusion process, inflammation and tissue injury were triggered, which were mediated by immunocytes and cytokines. However, the mechanisms initiating I/R-induced inflammation and driving immunocytes activation remained largely unknown. In this study, we identified long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)-H19 as the key onset of I/R-induced inflammation. We found that I/R increased lncRNA-H19 expression to significantly promote NLRP3/6 inflammasome imbalance and resulted in microglial pyroptosis, cytokines overproduction, and neuronal death. These damages were effectively inhibited by lncRNA-H19 knockout. Specifically, lncRNA-H19 functioned via sponging miR-21 to facilitate PDCD4 expression and formed a competing endogenous RNA network (ceRNET) in ischemic cascade. LncRNA H19/miR-21/PDCD4 ceRNET can directly regulate I/R-induced sterile inflammation and neuronal lesion in vivo. We thus propose that lncRNA-H19 is a previously unknown danger signals in the molecular and immunological pathways of I/R injury, and pharmacological approaches to inhibit H19 seem likely to become treatment modalities for patients in the near future based on these mechanistic findings.
Targeting HDAC/OAZ1 axis with a novel inhibitor effectively reverses cisplatin resistance in non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Sun Yuhong , Bao Xuefei , Ren Yong , Jia Lina , Zou Shenglan , Han Jian , Zhao Mengyue , Han Mei , Li Hong , Hua Qixiang , Fang Yi , Yang Jingyu , Wu Chunfu , Chen Guoliang , Wang Lihui
Published: May 2019

Cisplatin yields significant efficacy and is generally used as a frontline therapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, acquired resistance strongly limits its application. Here, we identified that a novel histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor S11, with P-glycoprotein inhibitory activity, could obviously suppress cell growth in cisplatin-resistant NSCLC cell lines. In addition, S11 could increase the expression of Ac-H4 and p21, which confirmed its HDAC inhibitory action, suppress colony formation, and block cell migration of cisplatin-resistant NSCLC cells. Notably, co-treatment with S11 and cisplatin exhibited synergistically inhibitory efficacy in cisplatin-resistant NSCLC cells. Gene microarray data showed that OAZ1 was downregulated in resistant cells but upregulated after S11 treatment. Further study indicated that knockdown of OAZ1 by siRNA resulted in the decrease of sensitivity of resistant cells to cisplatin treatment and contributed to the increase of resistant cell migration. Additionally, ChIP assay data demonstrated that HDAC inhibitor S11 could increase the accumulation of Ac-H4 in OAZ1 promoter region, suggesting the direct regulation of OAZ1 by HDAC. Importantly, the combination of S11 and cisplatin overcome resistance through inhibiting HDAC activity and subsequently increasing the OAZ1 expression in preclinical model. Moreover, we observed that positive expression of HDAC1 was associated with the downregulation of OAZ1 in NSCLC patients with platinum-based treatment, and predicted drug resistance and poor prognosis. In summary, we demonstrated a role of HDAC/OAZ1 axis in cisplatin-resistant NSCLC and identified a promising compound to overcome cisplatin resistance.
Memory strength gates the involvement of a CREB-dependent cortical fear engram in remote memory
Authors: Matos Mariana R. , Visser Esther , Kramvis Ioannis , van der Loo Rolinka J. , Gebuis Titia , Zalm Robbert , Rao-Ruiz Priyanka , Mansvelder Huibert D. , Smit August B. , van den Oever Michel C.
Published: May 2019

Encoding and retrieval of contextual memories is initially mediated by sparsely activated neurons, so-called engram cells, in the hippocampus. Subsequent memory persistence is thought to depend on network-wide changes involving progressive contribution of cortical regions, a process referred to as systems consolidation. Using a viral-based TRAP (targeted recombination in activated populations) approach, we studied whether consolidation of contextual fear memory by neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is modulated by memory strength and CREB function. We demonstrate that activity of a small subset of mPFC neurons is sufficient and necessary for remote memory expression, but their involvement depends on the strength of conditioning. Furthermore, selective disruption of CREB function in mPFC engram cells after mild conditioning impairs remote memory expression. Together, our data demonstrate that memory consolidation by mPFC engram cells requires CREB-mediated transcription, with the functionality of this network hub being gated by memory strength.
Absorbable hemostatic hydrogels comprising composites of sacrificial templates and honeycomb-like nanofibrous mats of chitosan
Authors: Leonhardt Eric E. , Kang Nari , Hamad Mostafa A. , Wooley Karen L. , Elsabahy Mahmoud
Published: May 2019

The development of hemostatic technologies that suit a diverse range of emergency scenarios is a critical initiative, and there is an increasing interest in the development of absorbable dressings that can be left in the injury site and degrade to reduce the duration of interventional procedures. In the current study, β-cyclodextrin polyester (CDPE) hydrogels serve as sacrificial macroporous carriers, capable of degradation under physiological conditions. The CDPE template enables the assembly of imprinted chitosan honeycomb-like monolithic mats, containing highly entangled nanofibers with diameters of 9.2 ± 3.7 nm, thereby achieving an increase in the surface area of chitosan to improve hemostatic efficiency. In vivo, chitosan-loaded cyclodextrin (CDPE-Cs) hydrogels yield significantly lower amounts of blood loss and shorter times to hemostasis compared with commercially available absorbable hemostatic dressings, and are highly biocompatible. The designed hydrogels demonstrate promising hemostatic efficiency, as a physiologically-benign approach to mitigating blood loss in tissue-injury scenarios.
Poly(bis-arylimidazoliums) possessing high hydroxide ion exchange capacity and high alkaline stability
Authors: Fan Jiantao , Willdorf-Cohen Sapir , Schibli Eric M. , Paula Zoe , Li Wei , Skalski Thomas J. G. , Sergeenko Ania Tersakian , Hohenadel Amelia , Frisken Barbara J. , Magliocca Emanuele , Mustain William E. , Diesendruck Charles E. , Dekel Dario R. , Holdcroft Steven
Published: May 2019

Solid polymer electrolyte electrochemical energy conversion devices that operate under highly alkaline conditions afford faster reaction kinetics and the deployment of inexpensive electrocatalysts compared with their acidic counterparts. The hydroxide anion exchange polymer is a key component of any solid polymer electrolyte device that operates under alkaline conditions. However, durable hydroxide-conducting polymer electrolytes in highly caustic media have proved elusive, because polymers bearing cations are inherently unstable under highly caustic conditions. Here we report a systematic investigation of novel arylimidazolium and bis-arylimidazolium compounds that lead to the rationale design of robust, sterically protected poly(arylimidazolium) hydroxide anion exchange polymers that possess a combination of high ion-exchange capacity and exceptional stability.
Pax3 cooperates with Ldb1 to direct local chromosome architecture during myogenic lineage specification
Authors: Magli Alessandro , Baik June , Pota Pruthvi , Cordero Carolina Ortiz , Kwak Il-Youp , Garry Daniel J. , Love Paul E. , Dynlacht Brian D. , Perlingeiro Rita C. R.
Published: May 2019

Chromatin looping allows enhancer-bound regulatory factors to influence transcription. Large domains, referred to as topologically associated domains, participate in genome organization. However, the mechanisms underlining interactions within these domains, which control gene expression, are not fully understood. Here we report that activation of embryonic myogenesis is associated with establishment of long-range chromatin interactions centered on Pax3-bound loci. Using mass spectrometry and genomic studies, we identify the ubiquitously expressed LIM-domain binding protein 1 (Ldb1) as the mediator of looping interactions at a subset of Pax3 binding sites. Ldb1 is recruited to Pax3-bound elements independently of CTCF-Cohesin, and is necessary for efficient deposition of H3K4me1 at these sites and chromatin looping. When Ldb1 is deleted in Pax3-expressing cells in vivo, specification of migratory myogenic progenitors is severely impaired. These results highlight Ldb1 requirement for Pax3 myogenic activity and demonstrate how transcription factors can promote formation of sub-topologically associated domain interactions involved in lineage specification.
Reversal of transmission and reflection based on acoustic metagratings with integer parity design
Authors: Fu Yangyang , Shen Chen , Cao Yanyan , Gao Lei , Chen Huanyang , Chan C. T. , Cummer Steven A. , Xu Yadong
Published: May 2019

Phase gradient metagratings (PGMs) have provided unprecedented opportunities for wavefront manipulation. However, this approach suffers from fundamental limits on conversion efficiency; in some cases, higher order diffraction caused by the periodicity can be observed distinctly, while the working mechanism still is not fully understood, especially in refractive-type metagratings. Here we show, analytically and experimentally, a refractive-type metagrating which can enable anomalous reflection and refraction with almost unity efficiency over a wide incident range. A simple physical picture is presented to reveal the underlying diffraction mechanism. Interestingly, it is found that the anomalous transmission and reflection through higher order diffraction can be completely reversed by changing the integer parity of the PGM design, and such phenomenon is very robust. Two refractive acoustic metagratings are designed and fabricated based on this principle and the experimental results verify the theory.
Author Correction: A cell-free platform for the prenylation of natural products and application to cannabinoid production
Authors: Valliere Meaghan A. , Korman Tyler P. , Woodall Nicholas B. , Khitrov Gregory A. , Taylor Robert E. , Baker David , Bowie James U.
Published: May 2019

In the original version of this Article, the genotype of the M30 mutant presented in Fig. 3b was given incorrectly as Y288V/A232S, and the M31 mutant was given incorrectly as M1/A232S. The correct genotype of the M30 mutant is Y288A/A232S and for M31 it is Y288V/A232S. In addition, to keep consistency in genotype formatting, the genotype of the M27 mutant should be Y288V/G286S. The errors have been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.