bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Politics and the Sciences of Culture in Germany 1840-1920
Authors: Smith Woodruff D
Published: November 2023

This book traces the roots of German imperialist ideology by examining the German cultural sciences of the 19th century, a group of academic disciplines, such as anthropology, demography, cultural history, and psychology, that blossomed in the nineteenth century and took culture as their primary object of study. Smith analyses the political implications of the patterns of thinking that emerged in the cultural sciences, tracing for example, the evolution of human geography from an attempt to understand human migration patterns to a justification for German expansionism. In so doing, Smith makes dramatically clear the close relationship between elements of Nazi ideology and certain theories of the cultural sciences, irrespective of the political opinions of the proponents of those theories.
The Liberal Theoretical Pattern in Nineteenth-Century German Social Science
Authors: Smith Woodruff D
Published: November 2023

The Staatslexikon stands as the most impressive symbol of the connection between German liberalism and the infant social sciences in the first half of the nineteenth century. A multivolume encyclopedia of matters pertaining to politics and policy, the Staatslexikon helped to shape German public opinion through each of three editions (1834–1843, 1845–1848, and 1856–1866). Leonard Krieger has called it “the most influential organ of political liberalism in pre-March Germany.” James Sheehan refers to it as “that paradigmatic expression of Vormarz liberalism. “2 It was also a broad-ranging compendium of the social science of the time. For this reason, we shall use the Staatslexikon as our main referent in tracing the outlines of the liberal theoretical pattern in German social science through the 1850s. Even though it did not encompass the social thought of all segments of German academic liberalism, it certainly was intended (and believed) to express the consensus of liberals interested in social science.
The Contexts of Cultural Science
Authors: Smith Woodruff D
Published: November 2023

When people like Riehl and Waitz became interested in cultural science after 1849, they were not, of course, moving into terra incognita. Not only were various ideas of culture a part, albeit a secondary part, of the theoretical pattern within which their ideas of social science had originally been framed, but the outlines of what would become the disciplines of the cultural sciences had begun to form in Germany and abroad. Ideas about culture had also been developed outside the liberal theoretical pattern, although their impact was as yet limited. Moreover, the larger contexts of academic organization, public opinion, political and social structure, and the economy within which the cultural sciences would emerge in the second half of the nineteenth century were forming as well.
Berlin Ethnology as Neoliberal Cultural Science
Authors: Smith Woodruff D
Published: November 2023

In September 1869, the Congress of German Natural Scientists and Physicians met in Innsbruck. Included in its program was a section devoted to anthropology and ethnology.1 The section was organized and, in the event, dominated by Rudolf Virchow who had for the past several years been spending increasing amounts of his professional time on anthropological subjects. At one point, the discussion turned to the fact that practically every other major European country except Germany possessed national associations for the advancement of physical anthropology, ethnology, and related subjects. Undoubtedly, this discussion was affected by the nationalist political climate of the late 1860s, by the formation of the North German Confederation, and by the prospect of Germany’s impending complete unification. The section issued a call for the establishment of a German Society for Anthropology, Ethnology and Prehistory-in part for the reason that if other countries had such organizations, Germany ought to have one as well. The society was envisioned as being German in a grossdeutsch sense-incorporating members from north and south Germany and from Austria. It was intended to support research in the three general areas indicated by its title, and it was supposed to coordinate the activities of local societies devoted to those subjects.
Bauer, Volk, and Kultur: The Peasant as the Foundation of Culture
Authors: Smith Woodruff D
Published: November 2023

Some of the most important challenges to the neoliberal theoretical pattern in German cultural science arose from the work of people who originally shared with the neoliberals a foundation in liberalism and traditional liberal social science but who built differently on it. One of the things that many of these people did not share with the neoliberals, one of the things that made their cultural science distinctive, was a working definition of culture that revolved around the notion that the peasant farmer is the main bearer and transmitter of a “real” Volk’s culture. One implication of this view was that social changes and social policies could be judged according to the criterion of whether they benefitted or injured the peasantry.
Cultural Science and Politics
Authors: Smith Woodruff D
Published: November 2023

At the beginning of this book, several questions were raised about the history of the cultural sciences in Germany. The answers that have been given are necessarily only partial-sometimes amounting merely to suggestions. The factors involved in the creation of an intellectual phenomenon such as cultural science are very numerous, and the emphasis that has been placed here on the political side of the process is admittedly somewhat arbitrary. Even if the development of German cultural science could be wholly understood, it is not certain that such an understanding could be automatically applied to parallel events in other countries. Nevertheless, it may be useful to try to summarize the answers to the questions posed at the start.
Introduction
Authors: Cohen Naomi W
Published: November 2023

Neither ghettoized nor recognized officially as a discrete corporate group, Jews in the United States had no reason to fight for emancipation. Unlike the Jewish experience in other Western lands, their absorption as individual citizens into the body politic was a nonissue. But citizenship stopped short of full equality. In a society whose culture was steeped in Christianity, and where the idea and practices of a Christian state still resonated, Jews were the quintessential outsiders. Even the path to legal equality, a less ambi tious goal than social integration, was cluttered with obstacles of a religious nature. The guarantees of federal and state constitutions notwithstanding, Jews encountered laws and public usages that reflected the domination of Christianity, specifically Protestantism.
Separationism Takes Root
Authors: Cohen Naomi W
Published: November 2023

The dramatic resurgence of evangelical Christianity in the first half of the nineteenth century asserted anew the central role of religion in American social and political life. Protestant churches, committed to individual and social regeneration, led a multifaceted crusade to fashion a thoroughly Christian (Protestant) America. On the premise that religious faith was indispensable to the maintenance of American freedom, they worked to arrest the trends of religious apathy, return the unchurched to the fold, and undo the pernicious doctrines of deism and humanistic philosophy. Employing techniques designed to win over the masses-missions, revival meetings, circuit preaching, Sunday schools-they unleashed a rising clamor for a Christian state. The acceptance of denominationalism, or the legitimacy of sectarian theological differences, enabled them to construct a network of Bible, tract, missionary, and educational societies; those, transcending church lines, mobilized resources and reaped advantages that accrued to strong, unified endeavors. Since churches aimed for the salvation of the nation, they spearheaded reform mo ements that attacked immo rality and vice (as they interpreted them), and they grappled with social issues ranging from temperance to education. The result of their labors, if not a godly America, was a de facto establishment of Protestantism and a fusion of Protestantism with American civilization.
Overview: 1945–1965
Authors: Cohen Naomi W
Published: November 2023

In accounts of the postwar Jewish community, the period 1945–65 has been called the “golden age” of American Jewry. Never before had Jews as a group appeared so well integrated in the larger society. Opinion polls registered a sharp decline in anti-Semitic sentiment, and barriers in higher education, the professions, and business management slowly crumbled. Geographical mobility accompanied economic well-being; Jews, now pre dominantly native born, joined the exodus from the urban metropolises. They settled in the suburbs, built new synagogues, and launched programs of Jewish studies at colleges and universities. Like their Christian neighbors, they felt the currents of religious renewal in the late 1940s and 1950s, and synagogue affiliation in the three branches of Judaism rose significantly. Politically, Jewish identification with the causes of civil rights and social welfare, testifying to the viability of the liberal consensus, was eminently respectable as Congress and the courts outlawed discrimination and broadened the dimensions of a welfare state. And, by 1965, key objectives of church-state separationists had become part of American law.
Scripture in the Schools
Authors: Cohen Naomi W
Published: November 2023

Exactly one year after Engel, >the Supreme Court ruled that Bible reading and the recitation of the Lord’s Prayer in the classroom were unconstitutional. The Schempp-Murray >decision, capping what the American Jewish Congress called “A Momentous Year for Church and State,” was part of the Engel >continuum. Logic alone dictated that if the Court struck down a nondenominational exercise like the Regents’ prayer, sectarian practices were doomed a fortiori. As the congressional debates and the hearings on a prayer amendment had revealed, both supporters and opponents of the Engel >decision were fully aware that Bible reading and recitation of the Lord’s Prayer were also at stake. One of the amendments proposed in 1962, anticipating just that outcome, would have permitted both prayer and >Bible reading in the schools. Indeed, the very purpose of the Jewish campaign against an amendment was to ensure the uninterrupted application of the principles set forth in Engel >to pending litigation on Bible reading and the Lord’s Prayer.
William James & a World of Pure Experience
Authors: Crunden Robert M
Published: November 2023

Neither of James Whistler’s parents had ever intended for him a life of exotic exile devoted to art. The needs of the Czar and the ability of a railway engineer had coincided and the resulting circumstances had provided Whistler enough exposure to cosmopolitan tastes and attitudes for him to remain forever dissatisfied with the teachings of either the Presbyterian Church or the American business ethic. He seemed to know his place in life from an early age and never allowed his devotion to his mother to cause him more than mild inconvenience in living as he chose.
Public Health and Clinical Aspects of HIV Infection and Disease in Women and Children in the United States
Authors: Modlin John , Saah Alfred
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we describe the epidemiology and clinical features of HIV infection in women and children in the United States. The first part begins with a brief description of the present-day epidemic in women and children, including geographic and demographic distributions of infection and risk factors for infection. The second part describes various modes of serologic diagnosis of HIV infection in adults and infants. Considerable detail is provided because so much of any screening process rests on appropriate interpretation of a reliable test
‘Other Only’ Images
Authors: Brater Enoch
Published: November 2023

The politics of making an arresting theater image is both the theme and special focus of Catastrophe. Beckett composed this play in French, a departure from his general practice since En attendant Godot and Fin de partie of using English as his original language for the live stage. Dedicated to Vaclav Havel, this short play opened on July 21, 1982, for a single performance at the Avignon Festival in Provence. The low-budget production was mounted by Stephan Meldegg, starring Pierre Arditi as the Protagonist, Gerard Desarthe as the Director, and Stephanie Loik as the Assistant.
Prologue: Gold
Authors: Rorabaugh W J
Published: November 2023

Berkeley is a city of late afternoons. As the sun sinks beyond the Golden Gate Bridge, it casts long shadows across San Francisco Bay, and a golden twilight settles upon Berkeley with exaggerated shadows falling eastward. The light is magical; it draws people out of buildings to a late afternoon drink or snack on a cafe terrace, into the yard of a home, or even to climb high into the Berkeley hills, which rise just east of the densely populated center of this city of 100,000 people nearly two thousand feet above the bay and the flatlands.
Human Handedness
Authors: Corballis Michael C
Published: November 2023

In Outward Appearance, human beings are bilaterally symmetrical, as are most other animals. Except perhaps for the parting of the hair or a twisted smile, each side of the body seems to be almost exactly the mirror image of the other side. As we shall see, however, this is a deceptive impression, since there are many asymmetries that lurk beneath the surface. We share some of these asymmetries with other species, but two are of particular relevance to the theme of this book because they seem to single out human beings as being different. The most obvious asymmetry is that the great majority of human beings are right handed. Less obvious, but no less striking, is the functional asymmetry of the human brain.
Human Language
Authors: Corballis Michael C
Published: November 2023

And Yet They Learn. One of the themes of this chapter is that children acquire language with only a minimum of assistance from their parents, teachers, or other moving objects in their environments. The reason for this is that humans are innately and possibly uniquely equipped with the disposition to speak. Robert Claiborne, in his entertaining book Our Marvellous Native Tongue (1983), writes: Language, our uniquely flexible and intricate system of communication, makes possible our equally flexible and intricate ways of coping with the world around us; in a very real sense, it is what makes us human.
Praxis and the Left Brain
Authors: Corballis Michael C
Published: November 2023

About Nine Out Of Every Ten people are right-handed, and the pro portion who are left-hemispheric for language is probably even higher. Although there may be weak precursors of handedness as well as a left-hemispheric specialization for vocalization in other species, the combination of the two asymmetries seems to be unique to humans. Both asymmetries, moreover, apply to activities that are them selves distinctively human. Our handedness is most clearly evident in intricate skills such as writing or throwing. Although other primates, especially chimpanzees, are also capable of quite delicate manual acts, they do not match human dexterity in either sense of the word.
The Isle of Wight and Its Influence on Hooke’s Earthly Thoughts
Authors: Drake Ellen Tan
Published: November 2023

Most biographical sketches of Robert Hooke mention that he was born on July I 8, 1635, in a village called Freshwater on the western end of the Isle of Wight, England (Fig. 2-1 ). Then, except for noting that his father, John Hooke, had been curate of the Church of All Saints in Freshwater and that his father’s house was located on what is now known as Hook Hill, no more information is given of this geologically fascinating island that so strongly influenced Hooke in developing his hypothesis of the terraqueous globe. Hooke’s hypotheses on the origin of fossils and terrestrial features (discussed in detail in Chapters 4, 5, 6 and in Part II, Hooke’s Discourse of Earthquakes) stemmed from his intimate knowledge of his birthplace. Many of his descriptions of sediments, rocks or fossils are based directly on those features occurring on the Isle of Wight. Also, in Discourse of Earthquakes, he tells us he “often” explored the coastal cliffs of this island.
Hooke’s Concept of Polar Wandering on an Oblate Spheroid Earth
Authors: Drake Ellen Tan
Published: November 2023

In speaking of England being in the Torrid Zone at some time in the past, based on his notion that the huge fossil ammonites found on the southern coast were species that must have produced in hotter climates, Hooke was not describing continental drift. Rather, he was referring to the relative displacement of the poles with respect to the entire surface of the Earth which could have caused England to be successively covered by the sea or to emerge as land. Because this process, known as polar wandering, is referred to as axial displacement, it has been confused with the motion of the spin axis relative to the orbital plane, such as the precession of the Equinoxes. Hooke (Earthquakes, p. 347) offered polar wandering as an additional possible explanation for the redistribution of land and water, because there is a more than ordinary swelling or rising of the Sea in those Parts which are near the !Equinoctial, and a inking and receeding of the Sea from those which arc near the Poles; so that as any Parts do increase in their Latitudes, so will the Sea grow shallower, and as their Latitudes decrease, so must the sea swell and grow high; by which means many submarine Regions must become dry Land, and many other Lands will be overflown by the Sea, and these variations being slow, and by degrees will leave very lasting Remarks of such States and Positions, in the superficial Substances of the Earth.
A Discourse of Earthquakes
Authors: Drake Ellen Tan
Published: November 2023

I Have formerly endeavour’d lo explain several Observations I had made concerning the Figure, Form, Position, Distance, Order, Motions and Operations of the Celestial Bodies, both as to themselves, and one with another, and likewise with respect to the Body of the Earth on which we inhabit. But conceiving it may more nearly concern us to know more paricularly the Constitution, Figure, Magnitude and Properties of the Body of the Earth itself, and of its several constituent Parts, I have endeavour’d to collect such Observations and Natural Histories of others, as may serve to give some Light toward the making a compleat Discovery of them, so far as the Power, Faculties, Organs, and other helps that Nature has furnish’d Man with, may assist us in performing and perfecting thereof. The Subject is large, as extending as far as the whole Bulk included within the utmost limits of the Atmosphere: And ‘tis not less copious and repleat with variety, as containing all the several Parts and Substances included within those Limits, namely, The aerial, watery and earthy Parts thereof, whether Superficial or Subterraneous, whether Exposed or Absconded, whether Supraterraneal, Superterraneal, or Subterraneal, whether Elemental or Organical, Animate or Inanimate, and all the Species and kinds of them, and all the constituent Parts of them, and the Composits constituted of them; of which also there will fall under Consideration, the Artificial as well as the Natural Causes and Powers effective of things; then their Generation, Production, Augmentation, Perfection, Vertue, Power, Activity, Operation, Effect, Conservation, Duration, Declination, Destruction, Corruption, Transformation, and in one word, the motion or progression of Nature sensibly exprest, or any other ways disccrnahle in each of those Species. Which Subject, if we consider as it is thus represented, doth look very like an Impossibility to be undertaken even by the whole World, to be gone through within an Age, much less to be undertaken by any particular Society, or a small number of Men.
The Role of Agr and The Licensing of Nominative DPs within VP
Authors: Holmberg Anders , Platzack Christer
Published: November 2023

Having studied the role of Agr for the posmon of the tensed verb (chapter three) and the possibility of using null subjects (chapter four), we will now proceed to discuss the role played by Agr for licensing nominative DPs within VP. There are two properties of Agr in 1° which are of importance in this respect. The first property is its nominative status, which forces Agr to be in a position where nominative can be licensed, at the same time as it discharges a nominative licenser: recall that we argue for a biunique relation between the licenser and its licensee. The second property of importance is the status of Agr as an element of the category [+N]: this property will make 1° with Agr a lexical head governor. All the Scandinavian languages may have nominative DPs within the predicate. The few differences found between !Sc. and MSc. in this respect are of two types. Firstly, as already noticed in chapter four, !Sc. but not MSc. may have a definite nominative object in sentences with an oblique subject. See the examples in (5.1) below. Secondly, nominative DPs are allowed in Spec-VP in !Sc. but not in MSc., due to the presence of nominal Agr in !Sc. This is illustrated in (5.2). In (5.3) we exemplify the fact that both !Sc. and MSc. may have a nominative DP in the position following the main verb, i.e. presumably in the complement of V. The occurrence of a nominative DP in the complement of a past participle in both !Sc. and MSc.
Object Shift and the Role of Case
Authors: Holmberg Anders , Platzack Christer
Published: November 2023

In previous chapters we have dealt primarily with the role of subject verb agreement in the Scandinavian languages, showing the effects of presence or absence of agreement in a range of syntactic constructions. In this and the following chapter we shall deal with certain other constructions in the Scandinavian languages which show the effects of presence or absence of morphological Case (m-case): the present chapter focuses on constructions involving so-called Object Shift, while chapter 7 focuses on the double object construction. To be able to pinpoint the effects of one variable, in this case presence or absence of m-case, we need to have a theory of the whole network of grammatical relations in the relevant constructions, and thus by necessity many controversial issues besides m-case will be discussed in the following two chapters In all the Scandinavian languages an object may occur in sentence medial position, preceding the negation word and other predicate adjuncts, under certain conditions. In MSc. only pronominal objects may occur in this position, while in Icelandic any definite DP object may do so. Following Holmberg (1986) we refer to this phenomenon as Object Shift.
The Foundations: 1689-1725
Authors: LeDonne John P
Published: November 2023

When Tsar Peter was carried to the throne at the age of 17 by the tumultuous events of the summer of 1689, the Romanov dynasty was three generations old, and the men who governed Russia were the grandsons of those who had guided its early steps, strengthened its confidence, and intermarried with it. They were for the most part the relatives of the two wives of Tsar Alexei, Peter’s father, who had died when his son was only 4 years old and left the ruling elite in a state of disarray generated by the vicious struggle between the Miloslavskiis and the Naryshkins over control of the tsar’s household and, by extension, of the political spoils.
Budget Making
Authors: LeDonne John P
Published: November 2023

There was no national budget in Russia until the 1780s, and there could be none until funds collected by fiscal agents were deposited in a central treasury from which most, if not all, expenditures were defrayed until the traditional concept of the specialization of revenues was first abandoned in favor of their concentration in a single general fund: until the treasury had become, in Stourm’s words, the banker of the budgets.1 It is nevertheless true that the constituent elements of such a national budget were in place year after year, even if they were not collated and integrated into a single comprehensive document. This failure to complete the budget process and to establish a unified budgetary procedure reflects certain assumptions on how public funds should be collected and spent.
Neuronal Aging and Age-related Disorders of the Human Nervous System
Authors: Strong Michael J , Garruto Ralph M
Published: November 2023

As different populations worldwide age en block and average life expectancy increases, dramatic increases in the prevalence of age-related neurodegenerative disorders can be expected, and with it massive social and economic burdens to society (Eveleth, this volume; Miles and Brody, this volume). This is true not only for Western cosmopolitan populations but also for many third world populations and many semi-isolated populations undergoing a “health transition” as they move into the modern world (Baker and Garruto, 1992; Miles and Brody, this volume). Among those who do develop a late onset neurodegenerative disorder, the majority will develop one or more of the dementias (Alzheimer’s disease being the most predominant), parkinsonism or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Pfeffer et al,. 1987; Schoenberg et al,. 1987; Evans et al,. 1989).
Video Display Terminals and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
Authors: Schnorr Teresa
Published: November 2023

Video display terminals (VDTs) were first associated with adverse reproductive outcomes in 1980, when a cluster of birth defects was observed among women using VDTs at the Toronto Star newspaper. This report was followed by a number of other adverse pregnancy outcome clusters, primarily spontaneous abortion, but including other adverse outcomes such as stillbirths, low birthweight, and preterm birth (Berquist, 1984). Three different hypotheses were proposed as possible explanations for the clusters: (1) physical stress (defined as prolonged sitting), (2) psychological stress due to the demands of the work environment, and (3) electromagnetic energy emissions (Tell, 1990). As of 1984, no epidemiologic studies of VDT and pregnancy outcome study were underway in the United States, and the literature contained little information on the potential hazards of VDTs. While physical stress, defined as heavy lifting, had been associated with an increased risk of preterm birth (Mamelle et al., 1984), the association with work posture (sitting versus standing) had not been studied. There was little information about the potential effect of workplace psychological stress on reproductive function, although two studies had shown an association between a measure of occupational mental stress and premature birth (Mamelle et al., 1984; Naeye and Peters, 1982). No animal or human studies had been conducted of the potential reproductive hazards of electromagnetic fields produced by VDTs. These electromagnetic fields were of two types, ELF (extra-low frequency) and VLF (very low frequency). These two frequencies are in the lower end of the electromagnetiic spectrum, below radio waves or microwaves. ELF fields are also produced by common 60 Hz wiring in houses and appliances. Studies of the reproductive effects in animals exposed to ELF and VLF were just beginmng.
A Case-Control Study of Lung Cancer within the Teamsters Union
Authors: Steenland Kyle
Published: November 2023

In the mid-1980s several rodent studies showed that inhaled diesel exhaust caused lung tumors when the exposure levels were relatively high (5-10 mg/cubic meter of diesel particulate) and the exposure period was sufficiently long (NIOSH, 1988). In addition, two studies of railroad workers exposed to diesel fumes suggested an excess lung cancer risk (Howe et al., 1983; Schenker et al., 1984). Given this background, in the mid-1980s investigators at NIOSH decided to study lung cancer risk in another population exposed to diesel exhaust.
lmagining the Other: First Encounters in North America
Authors: Axtell James
Published: November 2023

The Following Essay Has Had A Long Evolution. It sprang from a twelve-page invitation from a Spanish foundation to contribute a paper on North America to a tripartite conference called “In Word and Deed: Interethnic Encounters and Cultural Developments in the New World.” I was recruited for a session intriguingly entitled “Asombro y duda ante los otros” (Amazement and doubt in the presence of the other). Further more, two parts of the conference were to be held in Trujillo, Spain, and a princely sounding honorarium of pesetas was held out as an additional carrot. So I signed on with unseemly haste, even after learning that the site of the initial conference of which I was to be a part was Albany, New York, more than familiar to me from fifteen years of attending the annual meetings of the Conference on Iroquois Research.
Humor in Ethnohistory
Authors: Axtell James
Published: November 2023

The Occasions When A Scholar Can Publicly “Let It all hang out,” can write about the subjects closest to his heart with relative disregard for the niceties and proscriptions of scholarly discourse, are rare. We simply don’t expect our button-down scholars to operate with the abandon of poets, novelists, and satirists, to drop the mask of cool, dispassionate reason to reveal the warm or silly humanness beneath. I can think of only three places where scholarly writing is allowed such latitude (and then only after the granting of tenure): book acknowledgments (where purple prose is tolerated if not expected), inaugural lectures of endowed chairs (when it is too late to retract the prize), and presidential addresses (preferably at the end of one’s tenure rather than the beginning).
The Medium of Reason
Authors: Cottom Daniel
Published: November 2023

At a remarkable gathering between the years 1854 and 1857-the exact date does not come down to us-Robert Owen met with His Royal Highness the Duke of Kent, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin. Also in attendance, according to Owen’s record of the event, were William Ellery Channing, Alexander Chalmers, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Lord Byron, and “several old prophets.” Owen’s account continues:[O]n this occasion the spirits of eight of my deceased relatives were also present. Each one communicated with me through distinct different raps, in their strongly marked characters as when in life upon earth.
Wording the Subject of Spiritualism
Authors: Cottom Daniel
Published: November 2023

Modern spiritualism was a messy business. It seems exceptionally difficult to pin down even in comparison to the other cultural movements with which it consorted: mesmerism, abolitionism, Fourierism, Unitarianism, transcendentalism, all the rest. As spiritualists often remarked, their movement seemed to have a genius for disorganization. Trying to judge it today is like trying to nail Jello to a tree. It was not just a monstrous fraud, although trickery and charlatanism played a large part in it. Certainly it was not reasonable, and yet it cannot be dismissed as a wholly irrational belief unless one appeals to an unreasonable image of reason.
“Love and Patriotism”: Gender and Politics in the Life and Work of Louvet de Couvrai
Authors: Norberg Kathryn
Published: November 2023

“Love and patriotism”—the “maxture” invoked in this passage might at first seem strange. Historians of the Revolution of 1789 have long been prisoners of the distinction between private nad public, a distinction largely created by the revolution itself. They have been wont to ignore the “private” (that which pertains to women and sexuality) in favor of the “public” (that which deals with factional struggle).
Sociological and Historical Perspectives
Authors: Ross Bruce M
Published: November 2023

In considering the complexities of autobiographical memory, the point of view that restricts itself to the study of single individuals at one point in time has definite limitations. Previous chapters have dealt only indirectly with the social interactions between child and parent and between patient and psycho­ therapist, both societally ordained relationships, and the main concern has been the manner in which social contacts help or hinder individual memoric endeavors. This chapter and the next deal with larger societal perspectives. However they are restricted, out of necessity, to only a limited sampling of theoretical ideas about personal memory in extended temporal contexts. Most of the ideas discussed are meant to supplement concepts and theories already presented.
Foundations of Language Development in Deaf Children
Authors: Marschark Marc
Published: November 2023

For psychologists interested in language development of deaf or hearing children, there are two basic questions: How do children learn language? and Do children acquire language in the same ways as they acquire other abilities? Both questions are associated with a variety of obvious and not so obvious “subquestions” (although they can hardly be considered small). These related questions concern such issues as: (1) whether language is a uniquely human ability, i.e., distinct from communication and whatever it is that “language-trained” chimpanzees do (Greenfield, 1991; Hockett & Altmann, 1968); (2) the extent to which language learning involves an innate language acquisition device (McNeill, 1966), bioprogram (Bickerton, 1984), or predisposition toward symbolic communication (Macnamara, 1972); (3) the extent to which language learning, especially the earliest language learning, can be accounted for in terms of maturation or behavioral principles, in contrast to the obvious cognitive underpinnings of later language, problem-solving, and information-processing abilities (Lenneberg, 1967; Meier & Newport, 1990); and (4) the interaction of language learning with the complexity of the vernacular (Slobin, 1973) and the richness of the linguistic corpus available to the child (Abrahamsen, Cavallo, & McCluer, 1985; Chomsky, 1965).
Language Acquisition
Authors: Marschark Marc
Published: November 2023

Meadow (1980) suggested that the most serious problem imposed by deafness is not the lack of hearing per se but the fact that it impairs or eliminates acquisition of language via sound. There is room for argument on this point, as beyond the lack of aural-oral language the lack of hearing has significant implications for social and cognitive development as well as for the pragmatics of day-to-day living. Meadow’s point nevertheless underscores the centrality of language acquisition both in the normal course of child development and in the literature concerning deaf children.
Short-Term Memory: Development of Memory Coding
Authors: Marschark Marc
Published: November 2023

Studies of human cognition have revealed a distinction between short-term memory (working memory) and long-term memory. Most generally, short-term memory refers to the dynamic system that “contains” new information for several seconds after input and from which that information either is “transferred” to some more permanent memory store or is forgotten. Short-term memory is also the “work space” into which information is retrieved from “storage” and manipulated in contexts that require the use of existing knowledge. Long-term memory, in contrast, refers to that “permanent memory store,” the “residence” of existing knowledge to which new information may pass after its brief stay in short-term memory. Descriptions of this sort, of course, represent oversimplifications of rather complex mechanisms and issues. Nevertheless, these definitions suit the present purposes until they are filled in with more detail in this chapter and the following one.
Learning to Read and Write
Authors: Marschark Marc
Published: November 2023

Perhaps more than any other area relating to deafness, the reading and writing abilities of deaf children have been the focus of attention from deaf educators, educational psychologists, and language researchers for decades. Although the empirical studies on reading and writing may number no more than those on short- and longterm memory, they have been accompanied by numerous surveys and evaluations of standardized test scores for schoolchildren and young adults in high schools or college. Taken together, these investigations present an enlightening, if disappointing, picture of deaf children who typically begin school with a language disadvantage and then consistently lose ground from there on in terms of their reading and writing abilities.
Japan: From Enemy To Ally, 1945-50
Authors: Schaller Michael
Published: November 2023

IN the spring of 1946, as Japanese diplo mat Yoshida Shigeru formed his first postwar cabinet, he remarked to a friend that “history provides examples of winning by diplomacy after losing in war.” As ambassador to London during the 1930s, Yoshida viewed with alarm Japan’s aggression in Asia. The ruin later visited on his country seemed proof of the folly sewn by reckless militarism. In 1945, Yoshida joined those urging the emperor to negotiate an end to the war before a Soviet invasion or leftist revolution. Although this led to his arrest by the military police, it paid a handsome dividend when the Americans exempted him from the postwar purge.
Southeast Asian Dominos And Japanese-American Trade, 1953-60
Authors: Schaller Michael
Published: November 2023

THE belief that a Communist advance in Southeast Asia represented a dagger thrust at Japan arose before the Korean War and gained credence during the 1950s. Beginning during the Truman administration and continuing under Eisenhower, officials invoked this specter as a virtual mantra, justifying the deepening American commitment to Vietnam.
Simple Vibrators
Authors: Fletcher Neville H
Published: November 2023

Synopsis. The simple vibrator, or simple harmonic oscillator, is perhaps the most important system in all of physics. In particular, it is vital for the understanding of acoustic phenomena, and for this reason we treat it in some detail. Essentially it consists of a small mass, able to move only along a line and bound to a fixed point on that line by a spring that exerts a restoring force proportional to the displacement. Such a system vibrates about the fixed point with a natural frequency which is determined by the mass of the particle and the strength of the spring. This behavior is illustrated in Fig. 2.1.
Acoustic Waves
Authors: Fletcher Neville H
Published: November 2023

Synopsis. Acoustic waves will propagate in any medium that possesses some form of elasticity. In solids, which have both a bulk modulus (the reciprocal of the compressibility) and a shear modulus (or rigidity) wave propagation is complex, involving both longitudinal and transverse waves. Liquids and gases have no rigidity, and acoustic waves are simply longitudinal. Plane sound waves propagate in fluids with a speed equal to the square root of the bulk modulus divided by the density. This gives a wave speed of about 340 m/s in air and about 1480 m/s in water, though both values depend on temperature and, in the case of sea water, on salinity. The main parameters for a sinusoidal wave are illustrated in Fig. 6.2.
Richard III
Authors: Wood Charles T
Published: November 2023

Deposition is a risky business at best, but for Richard of Gloucester it was uniquely so. As Hastings’ conspiracy had shown, fears about his intentions were already causing widespread opposition, and the situation as it existed on June 16 should have given him further cause for worry. Although he now controlled both of his nephews, the most powerful men in England had long been summoned to London, and he had little reason to suppose that, once there, they would support his cancellation of Edward’s coronation and of the following parliament. The only grounds for hope lay in his knowledge that Buckingham and others of the old nobility continued to support him and that the appearance of northern troops would give him military superiority. Yet even so, he could not know just when this help would arrive, and in what numbers.
Making Problems: Preoccupations and Controversy over Sodomy in the Early Fifteenth Century
Authors: Rocke Michael
Published: November 2023

Domenico of Prato, a notary and rather old-fashioned poet from a small town near Florence, depicted this evocative scenario of men competing fiercely for the attentions of boys in a poem he composed “in opprobrium of sodomy” probably in the 1410s or 1420s. Not content to follow the divinely ordained example of Adam and Eve, he lamented, men were abandoning “just matrimony” to pursue this “filthy infamy,” and “it seems that blessed is he who most satiates himself.” According to the poet, the love of men for boys was so widespread, and not only in Florence, that it no longer troubled anyone. Now more than ever before, as he put it, everyone visited the seductive lands of Sodom and Gomorrah.

Whether the erotjic desires of Florentine men were undergoing the dramatic transformati6n Domenico of Prato imagined is hard to determine. But the preoccupations his verses manifest expressed well a current of fear and anxiety over sodomy that had been gaining force in his society since the beginning of the fifteenth century. A sense of urgency about the “abominable vice” troubled a generation of civic leaders and moralists, producing, over three decades, numerous laws against it and leading in 1432 to the creation of the Office of the Night, the special commission charged with policing sodomy.
Even-Skipped: Eve
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

The homeodomain occurs toward the N-terminus (Val-70 to Arg-129). The Gln residue in position 9 of the third homeodomain helix (eve Sequence, H3) makes EVE a homeoprotein of the Antennapedia (Antp) class (Hanes and Brent 1991). Another noteworthy sequence feature is the Ala-rich segment spanning Ala-146 to Ala-179. Similar Ala repeats have been found in the genes caudal, engrailed (en), Ultrabithorax (Ubx) and Kruppel (Kr); in the Kr product the Ala-rich region seems to be associated with the repressor function of that protein (Macdonald et al. 1986; Hoey et al. 1988; Biggin and Tjian 1989; Licht et al. 1990; Harrison 1991).
Fushi-Tarazu: Ftz
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

The homeodomain occurs between Ser-257 and Arg-316 (Laughon and Scott

1984). Like Antennapedia’s (Antp) homeodomain (ANTP-HD), the ftz homeodomain (FTZ-HD) has a Gln in position 9 of helix 3 (ftz Sequence, H3); this gives FTZ a binding specificity that distinguishes it from the bicoid ( b c d ) and paired (prd) products, in which Lys and Ser respectively occupy position 9 (Treisman et al. 1989). FTZ occurs as a family of phosphorylated isoforms; 19 differently charged forms were detected. Given the numerous Ser and Thr residues available for modification, the total number of specific isoforms could be much larger. Some isoforms are specific to certain embryonic stages (Krause and Gehring 1989).
Hunchback: hb
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

The amino acid sequence of HB suggests that there are two Zn-finger domains, one with four fingers, the other with two. Two short segments near the N-terminus (boxes A and B, hb Sequence) have some similarity to the Kr ppel (Kr) protein (KR, another finger protein) and to the retrovirus HIV-1 pol product (Tautz et al. 1987; Evans and Hollenberg 1988; Harrison 1991).
The Hsp70 Gene Family: Hsp70A7d, Hsp70A7p, Hsp70Cldl, Hsp70Cld2, Hsp70C1p
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

The sequence of Drosophila HSP70s is 70-80% identical to heat-shock proteins of groups as distant as vertebrates and vascular plants (Fig. 18.1), and some of the properties discussed below are from studies in other organisms. The different members of the Drosophila HSP70 family are no less than 97% identical. Two distinct regions have been identified in these proteins. The more highly conserved region is near the N-terminus; it contains an ATP-binding site and has weak ATPase activity. The other region, closer to the C-terminus, is more variable, and it has sites important for nucleolar localization. It has been suggested that a hydrophobic pocket on the protein surface is the site of HSP70 binding to hydrophobic residues of partly denatured proteins (Lindquist and Craig 1988; Schlesinger 1990 and references therein).
Janus: JanA, JanB
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

janus is a small but complex locus that includes two partly overlapping transcription units: janA is upstream and its 3’ untranslated region contains the transcription initiation site of janB (jan Sequences and The Serendipity Gene Cluster Fig. 28.1) genes probably originated by duplication, judging from their sequence similarities and the comparable positions of two of the three introns in each gene (Yanicostas et al. 1989).
6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase Gene: pgd
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

The sequence of Drosophila 6-PGD is 50% identical to prokaryotic 6-PGD and 60-70% identical to the porcine and ovine enzymes (Fig. 24.1) (Scott and Lucchesi 1991). 6-PGD is a homodimer; the monomer has a Mr of approximately 53 kD (Williamson et al. 1980).
UHrabithorax: Ubx
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

A family of at least five related polypeptides of approximately 40 kD, translated from alternatively spliced mRNAs (see Fig. 29.1B and discussion under Gene Organization and Expression). They all share the sequences encoded in exons at the 5’ and 3’ ends of the transcription unit; but they differ from each other with respect to whether they include one or more of three short internal segments, one nine amino acids long and the other two 27 amino acids each.
Violence and Peacefulness as Behavioral Potentialities of Primates
Authors: Silverberg James , Gray J Patrick
Published: November 2023

The Seville Statement on Violence (SSV) was launched to counteract the aura of pessimism that its authors believe afflicts discussions on the possibility of eliminating or, at least, controlling war. The Statement (see Appendix, this volume) was to help that endeavor by refuting, as logically and scientifically invalid, the popular notion that we can blame war and violence on a genetically driven, precultural, human nature.
Determinants of Aggression in Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri)
Authors: Baldwin John D
Published: November 2023

A broad-based biosocial theory of aggression would integrate evolutionary, physiological, and environmental-developmental determinants of behavior: Evolutionary processes select various physiological mechanisms that influence and are influenced by behavior during the developmental processes in each individual’s unique environmental setting. To date, there has been considerable research on and theory proposed for the physiological and environmental-developmental determinants of aggression in Saimiri, but no integration of the evolutionary perspective relevant to this behavior. Coe and Levine (1983), Coe et al. (1985), and others present good analyses of the role of hormones in Saimiri aggression; and the social and environmental determinants of the development of aggressive behavior have been described by Ploog et al. (1967), Baldwin (1969), Rosenblum (1974), Hopf et al. (1985), and others.