bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential Effects of an Early Childhood Care Preventive Intervention Program on Behavior and Emotional Problems
Authors: Zarra-Nezhad Maryam , Moazami-Goodarzi Ali , Muotka Joona , Hess Markus , Havu-Nuutinen Sari , Scheithauer Herbert
Published: August 2023

Early childhood is a crucial time for developing social-emotional skills, offering the opportunity to lay the foundation for healthy development. However, early childhood behavior problems are risk factors for problems and disorders in later life phases, including depression, antisocial behavior, and substance abuse. This study uses a longitudinal design to examine the differential impact of a preventive intervention and social-emotional learning program (Papilio-3to6) on children’s social-emotional development. The program was evaluated using a 1-year-randomized controlled trial design with an intervention (IG) and control group (CG) that provided data at a pretest and post-test. Teachers rated 627 children’s behaviors (MAGE = 56.77 months at pretest) from 50 daycare center groups using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). To investigate differential effectiveness, a latent profile analysis at the pretest identified three distinct subgroups of children with different patterns in SDQ subscales: 1) Internalizers with high internalizing problems, 2) Prosocials with high prosocial behaviors, and 3) Externalizers with high externalizing problems. Latent change score analysis showed significantly reduced externalizing problems and increased prosocial behaviors in the IG compared to the CG. Further, the children categorized as Internalizers, Prosocials, and Externalizers benefited from the program regarding externalizing problems. However, no effect was found regarding internalizing problems.
Scale-preserving automatic concept extraction (SPACE)
Authors: Posada-Moreno Andrés Felipe , Kreisköther Lukas , Glander Tassilo , Trimpe Sebastian
Published: August 2023

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) have become a common choice for industrial quality control, as well as other critical applications in the Industry 4.0. When these CNNs behave in ways unexpected to human users or developers, severe consequences can arise, such as economic losses or an increased risk to human life. Concept extraction techniques can be applied to increase the reliability and transparency of CNNs through generating global explanations for trained neural network models. The decisive features of image datasets in quality control often depend on the feature’s scale; for example, the size of a hole or an edge. However, existing concept extraction methods do not correctly represent scale, which leads to problems interpreting these models as we show herein. To address this issue, we introduce the Scale-Preserving Automatic Concept Extraction (SPACE) algorithm, as a state-of-the-art alternative concept extraction technique for CNNs, focused on industrial applications. SPACE is specifically designed to overcome the aforementioned problems by avoiding scale changes throughout the concept extraction process. SPACE proposes an approach based on square slices of input images, which are selected and then tiled before being clustered into concepts. Our method provides explanations of the models’ decision-making process in the form of human-understandable concepts. We evaluate SPACE on three image classification datasets in the context of industrial quality control. Through experimental results, we illustrate how SPACE outperforms other methods and provides actionable insights on the decision mechanisms of CNNs. Finally, code for the implementation of SPACE is provided.
A global review of marine recreational spearfishing
Authors: Sbragaglia Valerio , Arlinghaus Robert , Blumstein Daniel T. , Diogo Hugo , Giglio Vinicius J. , Gordoa Ana , Januchowski-Hartley Fraser Andrew , Laporta Martín , Lindfield Steven J. , Lloret Josep , Mann Bruce , McPhee Daryl , Nunes José A. C. C. , Pita Pablo , Rangel Mafalda , Rhoades O. Kennedy , Venerus Leonardo A. , Villasante Sebastián
Published: August 2023

Recreational spearfishing is a fishing method that occurs globally, yet receives considerably less attention in the scientific literature relative to other recreational fishing methods, such as angling. Lack of scientific information on spearfishing may negatively affect the development and management of marine recreational fisheries. We conducted a systematic review of 102 peer-reviewed papers published between 1967 and 2022 pertaining to marine recreational spearfishing. Based on this literature review, we provide an overview of key insights across social, economic, and ecological dimensions of marine recreational spearfishing. While spearfishers represent less than 5% of marine recreational fishers, the participants are younger and may differ from recreational anglers in their motivations, with suggestions of increased well-being generated from a close connection with the sea during underwater fishing. Recreational spearfishers mostly target species of moderate to high levels of vulnerability that are mid to high trophic level carnivores. Though spearfishers can deliberately target larger individuals of exploited populations, this is not a generalizable pattern. Despite a growing body of research on the ecological impacts of marine recreational spearfishing, there is limited knowledge of these effects and their mechanisms across biological levels of organization (e.g., individual, population, community and ecosystem) compared with those of other fishing methods. Recreational spearfishers can contribute to advances in marine ecological knowledge, and inclusive participatory management could represent a key step towards transformative sustainable development of marine recreational spearfishing. Throughout the review, we identify gaps in the research and areas where future research is needed to better inform the socio-economic importance, ecosystem impacts and future management of marine recreational spearfishing.
Assessment of cerebral autoregulatory function and inter-hemispheric blood flow in older adults with internal carotid artery stenosis using transcranial Doppler sonography-based measurement of transient hyperemic response after carotid artery compression
Authors: Magyar-Stang Rita , Pál Hanga , Csányi Borbála , Gaál Anna , Mihály Zsuzsanna , Czinege Zsófia , Csipo Tamas , Ungvari Zoltan , Sótonyi Péter , Varga Andrea , Horváth Tamás , Bereczki Dániel , Koller Akos , Debreczeni Róbert
Published: August 2023

Unhealthy vascular aging promotes atherogenesis, which may lead to significant internal carotid artery stenosis (CAS) in 5 to 7.5% of older adults. The pathogenic factors that promote accelerated vascular aging and CAS also affect the downstream portion of the cerebral microcirculation in these patients. Primary treatments of significant CAS are eversion endarterectomy or endarterectomy with patch plasty. Factors that determine adequate hemodynamic compensation and thereby the clinical consequences of CAS as well as medical and surgical complications of carotid reconstruction surgery likely involve the anatomy of the circle of Willis (CoW), the magnitude of compensatory inter-hemispheric blood flow, and the effectiveness of cerebral microcirculatory blood flow autoregulation. This study aimed to test two hypotheses based on this theory. First, we hypothesized that patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic CAS would exhibit differences in autoregulatory function and inter-hemispheric blood flow. Second, we predicted that anatomically compromised CoW would associate with impaired inter-hemispheric blood flow compensation. We enrolled older adults with symptomatic or asymptomatic internal CAS (>70% NASCET criteria; n = 46) and assessed CoW integrity by CT angiography. We evaluated transient hyperemic responses in the middle cerebral arteries (MCA) after common carotid artery compression (CCC; 10 s) by transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD). We compared parameters reflecting autoregulatory function (e.g., transient hyperemic response ratio [THRR], return to baseline time [RTB], changes of vascular resistance) and inter-hemispheric blood flow (residual blood flow velocity). Our findings revealed that CAS was associated with impaired cerebral vascular reactivity. However, we did not observe significant differences in autoregulatory function or inter-hemispheric blood flow between patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic CAS. Moreover, anatomically compromised CoW did not significantly affect these parameters. Notably, we observed an inverse correlation between RTB and THRR, and 49% of CAS patients exhibited a delayed THRR, which associated with decreased inter-hemispheric blood flow. Future studies should investigate how TCD-based evaluation of autoregulatory function and inter-hemispheric blood flow can be used to optimize surgical techniques and patient selection for internal carotid artery revascularization.
Caspase 5 depletion is linked to hyper-inflammatory response and progeroid syndrome
Authors: Hisama Fuki M. , Pillai Renuka Kandhaya , Sidorova Julia , Patterson Karynne , Gokingco Carolina , Yacobi-Bach Michal , Oshima Junko
Published: August 2023

A progeroid family was found to harbor a pathogenic variant in the CASP5 gene that encodes inflammatory caspase 5. Caspase 5-depleted fibroblasts exhibited hyper-activation of inflammatory cytokines in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli. Long-term intermittent hyper-inflammatory response is likely the cause of the accelerated aging phenotype comprised of earlier onset of common aging diseases, supporting inflammaging as a potential common disease mechanism of progeroid syndromes and possibly normative aging.
The social-ecological resilience indicators of organic rice production in Northeastern Thailand
Authors: Panpakdee Chaiteera
Published: August 2023

Uncertainties in agriculture have been posing serious threats to organic farmers, especially the marginal ones in developing countries such as Thailand. Building resilience appears the most workable strategy to help them cope with those threats since its definitions and operation fundamentally focus upon the capacity to adapt to all types of change to be better in consequences. In this study, the author used a participatory principle and qualitative data analysis as tools. Sixty-two experienced organic farmers from four provinces in Northeastern Thailand were purposively selected as the informants. They were asked individually regarding the resilience concepts in agroecological contexts and related theories to generate a specific set of indicators whose qualities can maintain and recover organic rice production against ongoing change. Consequently, guided by three processes of qualitative study and the nominal group technique (NGT) aimed at converting abstract ideas into practical features aligned with resilience theories in agroecosystems, the organic farmers developed 28 indexes known as social-ecological resilience indicators (SERIs). The SERIs capture important components related to diversity and resource accessibility, such as ownership of legal credit sources and types of organic certification, to enhance adaptive capacity. The SERIs can serve as both quantifiable evaluation and qualitative guidance because the informants’ social, ecological, and cultural contexts are integrated. The SERIs are effective to provide empirical insights into practices and assets for building resilience. The SERIs are also vital to propose policies to encourage organic farmers to conduct adaptations and transformation during a period of change.
Commissioning of Aktina SRS cones and dosimetric validation of the RayStation photon Monte Carlo dose calculation algorithm
Authors: Schofield Andy , Newall Matthew , Inwood Dean , Downes Simon , Corde Stéphanie
Published: August 2023

Clinical implementation of SRS cones demands particular experimental care and dosimetric considerations in order to deliver precise and safe radiotherapy to patients. The purpose of this work was to present the commissioning data of recent Aktina cones combined with a 6MV flattened beam produced by an Elekta VersaHD linear accelerator. Additionally, the modelling process, and an assessment of dosimetric accuracy of the RayStation Monte Carlo dose calculation algorithm for cone based SRS was performed. There are currently no studies presenting beam data for this equipment and none that outlines the modelling parameters and validation of dose calculation using RayStation’s photon Monte Carlo dose engine with cones. Beam data was measured using an SFD and a microDiamond and benchmarked against EBT3 film for cones of diameter 5–39 mm. Modelling was completed and validated within homogeneous and heterogeneous phantoms. End-to-end image-guided validation was performed using a StereoPHAN™ housing, an SRS MapCHECK and EBT3 film, and calculation time was investigated as a function of statistical uncertainty and field diameter. The TPS calculations agreed with measured data within their estimated uncertainties and clinical treatment plans could be calculated in under a minute. The data presented serves as a reference for others commissioning Aktina stereotactic cones and the modelling parameters serve similarly, while providing a starting point for those commissioning the same TPS algorithm for use with cones. It has been shown in this work that RayStation’s Monte Carlo photon dose algorithm performs satisfactorily in the presence of SRS cones.
Comprehensive cell surface protein profiling of human mesenchymal stromal cells from peritoneal dialysis effluent and comparison with those from human bone marrow and adipose tissue
Authors: Shi Ganggang , Yang Chong , Zhou Lan , Zong Ming , Guan Qiunong , da Roza Gerald , Wang Hao , Qi Hualin , Du Caigan
Published: August 2023

Peritoneal mesenchymal stromal cells (pMSCs) are isolated from peritoneal dialysis (PD) effluent, and treatment with the pMSCs reduces peritoneal membrane injury in rat model of PD. This study was designed to verify the identity of the pMSCs. pMSCs were grown in plastic dishes for 4–7 passages, and their cell surface phenotype was examined by staining with a panel of 242 antibodies. The positive stain of each target protein was determined by an increase in fluorescence intensity as compared with isotype controls in flow cytometrical analysis. Here, we showed that pMSCs predominantly expressed CD9, CD26, CD29, CD42a, CD44, CD46, CD47, CD49b, CD49c, CD49e, CD54, CD55, CD57, CD59, CD63, CD71, CD73, CD81, CD90, CD98, CD147, CD151, CD200, CD201, β2-micoglobulin, epithelial growth factor receptor, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class 1, and, to a lesser extent, CD31, CD45RO, CD49a, CD49f, CD50, CD58, CD61, CD105, CD164, and CD166. These cells lacked expression of most hematopoietic markers such as CD11b, CD14, CD19, CD34, CD40, CD80, CD79, CD86, and HLA-DR. There was 38.55% difference in the expression of 83 surface proteins between bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs and pMSCs, and 14.1% in the expression of 242 proteins between adipose tissue (AT)-derived MSCs and pMSCs. The BM-MSCs but not both AT-MSCs and pMSCs express cytokine receptors (IFNγR, TNFI/IIR, IL-1R, IL-4R, IL-6R, and IL-7R). In conclusion, pMSCs exhibited a typical cell surface phenotype of MSCs, which was not the same as on BM-MSCs or AT-MSCs, suggesting that the pMSCs may represent a different MSC lineage from peritoneal cavity.
Data Processing Strategies to Determine Maximum Oxygen Uptake: A Systematic Scoping Review and Experimental Comparison with Guidelines for Reporting
Authors: Nolte Simon , Rein Robert , Quittmann Oliver Jan
Published: August 2023

Background

Gas exchange data from maximum oxygen uptake ($$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\max }$$

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) testing typically require post-processing. Different processing strategies may lead to varying $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\max }$$

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values affecting their interpretation. However, the exact processing strategies used in the literature have yet to be systematically investigated. Previous research investigated differences across methods at the group level only.

Methods

Out of a random sample, we investigated 242 recently published articles that measured $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\max }$$

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during ramp tests. Reported data processing methods and their rationale were extracted. We compared the most common processing strategies on a data set of 72 standardized exercise tests in trained athletes.

Results

Half of the included studies did not report their data processing strategy and almost all articles failed to provide a rationale for the particular strategy chosen. Most studies use binned time averages to determine $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\max }$$

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, with a minority using moving time or moving breath averages. The processing strategies found in the literature can lead to mean differences in $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\max }$$

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of more than 5% (range 0–7%) with considerable variation at the individual level.

Conclusions

We advise researchers to change their processing strategy and use moving averages or digital filters instead of binned averages. Researchers should report their data processing strategy used to determine $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\max }$$

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. We provide a reporting checklist of seven items that can function as a template for reporting.
DCCAFN: deep convolution cascade attention fusion network based on imaging genomics for prediction survival analysis of lung cancer
Authors: Jia Liye , Ren Xueting , Wu Wei , Zhao Juanjuan , Qiang Yan , Yang Qianqian
Published: August 2023

Recently, lung cancer prediction based on imaging genomics has attracted great attention. However, such studies often have many challenges, such as small sample size, high-dimensional information redundancy, and the inefficiency of multimodal fusion. Therefore, in this paper, a deep convolution cascade attention fusion network (DCCAFN) based on imaging genomics is proposed for the prediction of lung cancer patients’ survival. The network consists of three modules: an image feature extraction module (IFEM), a gene feature extraction module (GFEM), and an attention fusion network (AFN). In the IFEM, a pretrained residual network based on transfer learning is used to extract deep image features to fully capture the computed tomography (CT) image information conducive to prognosis prediction. In the GFEM, the F-test is first used for gene screening to eliminate redundant information, and then, a cascade network with the convolution cascade module (CCM) that contains a convolution operation, a pooling operation, and an ensemble forest classifier is designed to better extract the gene features. In the AFN, a bimodal attention fusion mechanism is proposed to fuse deep image features and gene features to improve the performance of predicting lung cancer survival. The experimental results show that the DCCAFN model achieves good performance, and its accuracy and AUC are 0.831 and 0.816, respectively. It indicates that the model is an effective multimodal data fusion method for predicting the survival prognosis of lung cancer, which can greatly help physicians stratify patients' risks, and achieve personalized treatment for improving the quality of patients' lives.
Source identification via contact tracing in the presence of asymptomatic patients
Authors: Ódor Gergely , Vuckovic Jana , Ndoye Miguel-Angel Sanchez , Thiran Patrick
Published: August 2023

Inferring the source of a diffusion in a large network of agents is a difficult but feasible task, if a few agents act as sensors revealing the time at which they got hit by the diffusion. One of the main limitations of current source identification algorithms is that they assume full knowledge of the contact network, which is rarely the case, especially for epidemics, where the source is called patient zero. Inspired by recent implementations of contact tracing algorithms, we propose a new framework, which we call Source Identification via Contact Tracing Framework (SICTF). In the SICTF, the source identification task starts at the time of the first hospitalization, and initially we have no knowledge about the contact network other than the identity of the first hospitalized agent. We may then explore the network by contact queries, and obtain symptom onset times by test queries in an adaptive way, i.e., both contact and test queries can depend on the outcome of previous queries. We also assume that some of the agents may be asymptomatic, and therefore cannot reveal their symptom onset time. Our goal is to find patient zero with as few contact and test queries as possible. We implement two local search algorithms for the SICTF: the LS algorithm, which has recently been proposed by Waniek et al. in a similar framework, is more data-efficient, but can fail to find the true source if many asymptomatic agents are present, whereas the LS+ algorithm is more robust to asymptomatic agents. By simulations we show that both LS and LS+ outperform previously proposed adaptive and non-adaptive source identification algorithms adapted to the SICTF, even though these baseline algorithms have full access to the contact network. Extending the theory of random exponential trees, we analytically approximate the source identification probability of the LS/ LS+ algorithms, and we show that our analytic results match the simulations. Finally, we benchmark our algorithms on the Data-driven COVID-19 Simulator (DCS) developed by Lorch et al., which is the first time source identification algorithms are tested on such a complex dataset.
A Simple Method to Measure the Contact Angle of Metal Droplets on Graphite
Authors: Wu Bozhao , Kang Yongping , Lu Cai , Shui Langquan , Ouyang Wengen , Peng Qi , He Qiankun , Liu Ze
Published: August 2023

The determination of solid–liquid interfacial tension plays an important role in science and technology. Here, we propose a simple method to directly measure the contact angle between metal droplets and a graphite substrate for the determination of metal–graphite interfacial tension. The proposed method involves the synthesis of micro- and nanosized metal droplets on graphite by arc melting. Owing to its small volume, the rapid cooling of the prepared metal droplets on the graphite substrate leads to the freezing of equilibrium contact configuration after solidification. We observe that the measured contact angle between micro- and nanosized Au (or Ag) particles and the graphite substrate is almost size independent, even though the size of the particles synthesized herein is 1–3 orders of magnitude smaller than that studied in previous works. In addition, the interfacial tensions of Au and Ag on the step edges (edge plane) of graphite are found to be larger than that on the (0001) plane (basal plane). The proposed method provides a simple approach to determine the solid–liquid interfacial tension and may be effective in the study of interface related science and technology.
Mitigating cadmium accumulation in rice without compromising growth via modifying the regulatory region of OsNRAMP5
Authors: Luo Zhenling , Liu Chao-Lei , Yang Xiaofei , Zhu Jian-Kang , Huang Chao-Feng
Published: August 2023

Cadmium (Cd) intake poses a significant health risk to humans, and the contamination of rice grains with Cd is a major concern in regions where rice is a staple food. Although the knockout of OsNRAMP5, which encodes a key transporter responsible for Cd and manganese (Mn) uptake, can significantly reduce Cd accumulation in rice grains, recent studies have revealed that this knockout adversely affects plant growth, grain yield, and increases vulnerability to abiotic and biotic stresses due to reduced Mn accumulation. In this study, we employed CRISPR/Cas9 technology to modify the regulatory region of OsNRAMP5 with the aim of reducing Cd accumulation in rice grains. Our findings demonstrate that mutations in the regulatory region of OsNRAMP5 do not impact its expression pattern but result in a reduction in translation. The decreased translation of OsNRAMP5 effectively decreases grain Cd accumulation while leaving Mn accumulation and important agronomic traits, including yield, unaffected. Thus, our study presents a practical and viable strategy for reducing Cd accumulation in rice grains without compromising Mn accumulation or overall rice production.
Ex vivo models for intestinal translocation studies of cellulose nanocrystals
Authors: Müller Michelle , Drexel Roland , Burkhart Marie , Dähnhardt-Pfeiffer Stephan , Wien Lena , Herrmann Christine , Knoll Thorsten , Metzger Christoph , Briesen Heiko , Wagner Sylvia , Meier Florian , Kohl Yvonne
Published: August 2023

Purpose

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) play a promising role in the development of new advanced materials. The growing demand of CNC-containing products in the food industry will lead to an increased human exposure through oral uptake. To date, there is a dearth of studies reporting on the risks which CNC pose to human health following ingestion. In vitro models, which lack physiological accuracy, are often used to justify animal experiments in the field of nanosafety assessment. Nevertheless, ex vivo models of the intestine pose promising alternatives to in vivo experiments.

Methods

Two ex vivo models, a microfluidic chip based on porcine intestinal mucus and the Ussing chamber apparatus with tissue from abattoirs, which aim to complement in vitro models, are characterized by investigating the transport and toxicity of CNC through them in comparison to an in vitro triple co-culture model. Silver nanoparticles were included in this study as well-known and characterized nanomaterials for comparative purposes.

Results

Study results show that CNC cross the intestinal mucus layer but do not pass the intestinal tissue barrier ex vivo and in vitro; furthermore, no toxic effects were observed under exposure conditions tested.

Conclusion

These ex vivo models present complementary methods to the existing standardized in vitro and in silico methods to support data generation under physiologically relevant conditions without the use of animals. This multi-model approach offers an enhanced understanding of the complex interaction between new materials and human tissue and aligns with the flexible approach of IATA (Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment) and NAMs (New Approach Methods) for chemical and drug safety assessment.
ICF in der Pflege
Authors: Malek Manuela , Nickel Ingrid , Seidel Andreas
Published: August 2023

Die Internationale Klassifikation der Funktionsfähigkeit, Behinderung und Gesundheit (ICF) der WHO ist das weltweit anerkannte Rahmenkonzept für das Verständnis und die Dokumentation von Funktionsfähigkeit und Behinderung. Sie ergänzt das Konzept der ICD (Internationale Klassifikation der Krankheiten), mit der die medizinische Diagnose und Gesundheitsstörungen beschrieben werden. Erst durch das Einbeziehen der ICF gelingt es individuelle Therapie- oder Pflegekonzepte abzuleiten. In den deutschsprachigen Ländern findet die ICF zunehmende Verbreitung im Gesundheits- und Sozialwesen und wird dabei als gemeinsame interdisziplinäre Sprache angewendet. Da Pflege ein zentraler Bestandteil der sozialen Infrastruktur darstellt und Fachkräfte in den Pflegeberufen mit allen Akteur_innen im Gesundheits- und Sozialwesen kooperieren, ist die Kenntnis und praktische Anwendung der ICF in der Pflege unverzichtbar. Dieses Praxishandbuch: führt anschaulich in das biopsychosoziale Modell der ICF ein beschreibt die Komponenten der ICF, wie Körperfunktion, -struktur, Aktivität, Partizipation/Teilhabe sowie umwelt- und personenbezogene Faktoren setzt die dargestellten Inhalte praxisorientiert in Fallbeispielen um und zeigt Möglichkeiten der Pflegedokumentation auf bietet für Pflegefachpersonen eine praxisnahe und verständliche Anleitung für ein ICF-orientiertes Arbeiten stärkt den Professionalisierungsprozess in der Pflege und trägt dazu bei, die interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit zu verbessern kann in der Ausbildung und Praxis von Pflegefachpersonen genutzt werden.
Effects of the 10 September 2017 Solar Flare on the Density and Composition of the Ionosphere of Mars: Significance of Thermospheric Changes
Authors: Cramer A. G. , Withers P.
Published: August 2023

The impact of solar flares on the upper atmosphere of Mars presents an opportune environment for investigating the ionosphere's response to the rapid and high‐energy dynamics of our Sun, with implications for characterizing atmospheric escape and evolution. The ionosphere of Mars is strongly influenced both by the levels of ionizing solar irradiance it receives and the associated behavior of the neutral thermosphere within which it is embedded. Here, we characterize density and composition changes in the topside ionosphere of Mars due to the X8.2‐class solar flare on 10 September 2017 from MAVEN spacecraft observations roughly 90 min after the onset of flare irradiance at Mars, by which time the neutral thermosphere had experienced significant thermal expansion. By contrasting altitude and pressure‐based representations of the ionospheric changes during the flare with the neutral thermospheric changes in both representations and basic photochemical expectation, we interpret and quantify the ionospheric behavior through a lesser explored lens of the neutral thermosphere's response to a flare. We find that the high‐altitude ionospheric density enhancements during this flare are larger than many identified from other flares, and that the neutral thermosphere's expansion accounts for a majority of the cumulative ion density changes observed. The ion density and compositional changes exhibit corresponding behavior with the neutral thermosphere's changes from both thermal expansion and photochemical effects. The identified characteristics of the ionosphere's response to a solar flare provide observational benchmarks for assessing and aiding numerical modeling efforts in accurately reproducing the behavior of the environment of Mars.
Geometrical Relations Between Slab Dip and the Location of Volcanic Arcs and Back‐Arc Spreading Centers
Authors: Ha Goeun , Montési Laurent G. J. , Zhu Wenlu
Published: August 2023

A global study of subduction zone dynamics indicates that the thermal structure of the overriding plate may control arc location. A fast convergence rate and a steep slab dip bring a hotter mantle further into the wedge corner, forming arc volcanoes closer to the trench. Separately, laboratory and numerical experiments showed that the development of a back‐arc spreading center (BASC) is driven by the migration of the subducting hinge, especially following changes in the slab geometry. As both arc location and the deformation regime of the overriding plate depend on slab kinematics and geometry, we investigate the possible correlations between BASC, the position of volcanic arcs, and slab dip at the scale of individual subduction zones. To do this, we compare the distance from trench to arc and trench to BASC at the Mariana, Scotia, Vanuatu, Tonga, and Kermadec subduction zones. In most cases, the arc and BASC are closer to the trench when the slab is dipping steeply. The correlation could result from an interplay between progressive changes in slab geometry and overriding plate deformation. This assumes, on the one hand, that the isotherm at the apex of which the arc forms is tied to a constant slab decoupling depth and, on the other hand, that back‐arc opening accommodates a change in slab dip. As slab dip decreases, both the BASC and the apex of the isotherm controlling the melt focusing move further from the trench. The observed trends are consistent with a slab anchored at 660 km depth.
How Is Spatial Homogeneity in Precipitation Extremes Changing Globally?
Authors: Ghanghas Ankit , Sharma Ashish , Dey Sayan , Merwade Venkatesh
Published: August 2023

The effect of climate change on precipitation intensity is well documented. However, findings regarding changes in spatial extent of extreme precipitation events are still ambiguous as previous studies focused on particular regions and time domains. This study addresses this ambiguity by investigating the pattern of changes in the spatial extent of short duration extreme precipitation events globally. A grid‐based indicator termed Spatial‐Homogeneity is proposed and used to assess the changes of spatial extent in Global Precipitation Measurement records. This study shows that (a) rising temperature causes significant shrinking of precipitation extent in tropics, but an expansion of precipitation extent in arid regions, (b) storms with higher precipitation intensity show a faster decrease in spatial extent, and (c) larger spatial extent storms are associated with higher total precipitable water. Results imply that in a warming climate, tropics may experience severe floods as storms may become more intense and spatially concentrated.
Multiple Sulfur Isotopes of Iron Sulfides From Thick Greigite‐Bearing Sediments Indicate Anaerobic Oxidation and Possible Leakages of Coastal Methane
Authors: Yu Xiaoxiao , Mei Xi , Liu Jianxing , Lin Jiarui , Wei Gangjian , Shi Xuefa , Bai Jianghao , Lin Mang
Published: August 2023

Magnetic greigite may be a valuable indicator for methane emissions in the geological past, if its formation pathway and diagenetic environment can be unambiguously defined. Here, we investigate sulfur isotopic compositions of iron sulfides and ferrous iron concentrations of thick greigite‐bearing sediments (TGBSs) in the South Yellow Sea, a shallow marginal sea with strong methane emissions. For the first time, isotopically heavy iron sulfides (up to 28.7‰ in δ34S and 0.19‰ in Δ33S) and enrichments of ferrous iron in the TGBSs are observed. We interpret the data as indicating synchronic occurrences of anaerobic oxidation of methane coupled to sulfate and iron reductions, which occur in coastal methanic zones with limited sulfate availability and therefore probably imply leakages of methane. Consequently, we suggest that greigite is a promising geological indicator for tracing methane liberated from coastal sediments, accounting for ∼60% of the currently rising global marine methane budget.
Dynamics and Deposits of Pyroclastic Density Currents in Magmatic and Phreatomagmatic Eruptions Revealed by a Two‐Layer Depth‐Averaged Model
Authors: Shimizu Hiroyuki A. , Koyaguchi Takehiro , Suzuki Yujiro J.
Published: August 2023

A pyroclastic density current (PDC) is characterized by its strong stratification of particle concentration; it consists of upper dilute and lower dense currents, which generally control the dynamics and deposits of PDCs, respectively. To explain the relationship between the dynamics and deposits for magmatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions in a unified way, we developed a two‐layer PDC model considering thermal energy conservation for mixing of pyroclasts, external water, and air. The results show that the run‐out distance of dilute currents increases with the mass fraction of external water at the source (wmw) owing to the suppression of thermal expansion of entrained air. For wmw ∼ 0.07–0.38, the particle concentration in the dilute current becomes too low to generate the dense current so that the deposits directly form at the bottom of the dilute current in the entire area. These results capture the diverse features of natural PDCs in magmatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions.
Observations of Kolmogorov Turbulence in Saturn's Magnetosphere
Authors: Xu S. B. , Huang S. Y. , Sahraoui F. , Yuan Z. G. , Wu H. H. , Jiang K. , Zhang J. , Lin R. T.
Published: August 2023

The Kolmogorov scaling in the inertial range of scales is a distinct characteristic of fully developed turbulence, and studying it offers valuable insights into the evolution of turbulence. In this work, we perform a statistical survey of the power spectra with the Kolmogorov scaling in Saturn's magnetosphere using Cassini measurements. Two cases study show that both magnetic‐field and electron density spectra exhibit f −5/3 at the MHD scales. The statistical analysis reveals a wide‐ranging and abundant presence of Kolmogorov spectra throughout magnetosphere, observed across all local times. Interestingly, the occurrence rate of these Kolmogorov‐like events within Saturn's magnetosphere surpasses that observed in the planetary magnetosheath. The measurements of magnetic compressibility for the Kolmogorov‐like events show the dominance of incompressible Alfvénic turbulence (44.64%) with respect to magnetosonic‐like one (6.94%). In addition, the source and evolution of the turbulent fluctuations are further discussed.
Direct Observation of Low‐Energy Electron Precipitation in the Subauroral Region
Authors: Zhou Su , Luan Xiaoli , Han Desheng , Teng Shangchun
Published: August 2023

This study used data collected by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) and the Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) to identify a unique subauroral arc in the duskside, which is associated with precipitations of both ions and electrons. The auroral arc was found to be separated from the auroral oval, extending from 14 to 19 magnetic local time hours. Subauroral arcs are usually generated by energetic protons with energies above approximately 10 keV, while enhanced fluxes of low‐energy (<200 eV) electrons were revealed to occur and last for a few hours in this arc region from in situ observations by the DMSP satellite. The observations from RBSP‐B indicate that the low‐energy electron fluxes, with pitch angles near the loss cone, were accompanied by intensified electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves. It is suggested that the enhanced fluxes of cold electrons were heated by the Landau damping of the observed H+ band EMIC waves, which was in the frequency range below the local H+ gyrofrequency and above the local He+ gyrofrequency. Additionally, both electron density and temperature in the ionosphere increased significantly. This study, using conjugate observations of magnetospheric and ionospheric spacecraft, providing evidence of precipitation of low‐energy electrons within the subauroral arc region, thereby offering new insight into understanding the ionospheric effects of cold electron heating by EMIC waves.
Chromium Isotope Behavior During Serpentinite Dehydration in Oceanic Subduction Zones
Authors: Xiong Jia‐Wei , Chen Yi‐Xiang , Shen Ji , Marchesi Claudio , Scambelluri Marco , Qin Li‐Ping , López Sánchez‐Vizcaíno Vicente , Padrón‐Navarta José Alberto , Menzel Manuel D. , Garrido Carlos J.
Published: August 2023

Fluids released through the dehydration of serpentinite can be rich in Cl−, which enables the significant mobility of Cr in subduction zones. However, the Cr isotope behavior accompanying the mobility of Cr during serpentinite dehydration is still poorly constrained. Here, we report high‐precision Cr isotope data for a unique suite of serpentinites that represent metamorphic products at different depths in oceanic subduction zones. Low‐grade serpentinites affected by significant Cr loss during serpentinization exhibit remarkably higher δ53Cr, while samples with Cr contents >∼1,800 ppm typically preserve mantle‐like δ53Cr. Antigorite serpentinites have an average δ53Cr value of −0.17‰ ± 0.19‰ (n = 12, 2SD), which is statistically lower than those of low‐grade serpentinite (−0.05‰ ± 0.30‰, n = 80, 2SD) and higher‐grade chlorite harzburgite (−0.10‰ ± 0.27‰, n = 22, 2SD). This suggests that resolvable Cr isotope fractionation occurs during serpentinite dehydration, which is explained by the variability of Cr isotope behavior in the presence of Cl‐bearing fluids at different dehydration stages. No obvious Cr isotope fractionation was found during chlorite harzburgite dehydration, probably related to the limited Cr mobility in a Cl‐poor fluid. Other processes, such as melt extraction, external fluid influx and retrograde metamorphism, have negligible effects on the Cr isotope systematics of meta‐serpentinites. Fluids released by serpentinite dehydration may have a great effect on the Cr isotope heterogeneity of mantle wedge peridotites and arc magmas.
Multiple Equilibria and Soil Moisture‐Precipitation Feedbacks in Idealized Convection‐Permitting Simulations With an Open Hydrological Cycle
Authors: Abbott Tristan H. , Cronin Timothy W.
Published: August 2023

Soil moisture‐precipitation feedbacks are influenced by both small‐scale land‐atmosphere coupling and large‐scale atmospheric circulations, and their sign has important implications for the stability of regional hydroclimate. However, the importance of both local and non‐local processes makes it difficult to model soil moisture‐precipitation feedbacks with high fidelity, limiting our ability to use models to understand controls on their sign. Here, we address this challenge by exploring a promising but seldom‐used approach to studying soil moisture‐precipitation feedbacks over tropical land: coupling small‐domain convection‐permitting simulations to a land‐like surface and a parameterization of large‐scale dynamics. The large‐scale dynamics parameterization, based on the weak temperature gradient (WTG) approximation, is a key component that produces an open hydrological cycle with interactive moisture convergence. We first show that WTG‐constrained simulations coupled to a freely‐evaporating land surface support both precipitating and non‐precipitating equilibria across a wide range of insolation. We then leverage this bistability to probe the influence of soil moisture feedbacks on dry spells by asking whether non‐precipitating equilibria remain stable as the underlying surface dries out. We find that surface drying can trigger transitions from dry equilibria back to precipitating equilibria—a negative soil moisture‐precipitation feedback—and attribute this transition to increasingly inefficient boundary layer ventilation by the parameterized large‐scale circulation. In sensitivity experiments, alternative versions of the WTG scheme modify the parameter space where the negative feedback occurs, but none eliminate it entirely. Our results provide a foundation for leveraging the rich behavior of WTG‐constrained simulations to probe controls on soil moisture‐precipitation feedbacks over tropical land.
Machine Learning Solutions to Regional Surface Ocean δ18O‐Salinity Relationships for Paleoclimatic Reconstruction
Authors: Murray N. K. , Muñoz A. R. , Conroy J. L.
Published: August 2023

Stable isotope‐based reconstructions of past ocean salinity and hydroclimate depend on accurate, regionally constrained relationships between the stable oxygen isotopic composition of seawater (δ18Osw) and salinity in the surface ocean. An increasing number of δ18Osw observations suggest greater spatial variability in this relationship than previously considered, highlighting the need to reassess these relationships on a global scale. Here, we use available, paired δ18Osw and salinity data (N = 11,119) to create global interpolations of each variable. We then use a self‐organizing map, a specialized form of machine learning, to define 19 regions with unique δ18Osw‐salinity relationships in the surface (<50 m) ocean. Inclusion of atmospheric moisture‐related variables and oceanic tracer data in additional self‐organizing map experiments indicates global surface δ18Osw‐salinity spatial patterns are strongly forced by the atmosphere, as the SOM spatial output is highly similar despite no overlapping input data. Our approach is a useful update to the previously delimited regions, and highlights the utility of neural network pattern extraction in spatiotemporally sparse data sets.
One‐Parameter Analytical Derivation in Modified Budyko Framework for Unsteady‐State Streamflow Elasticity in Humid Catchments
Authors: Han Peng‐Fei , Sankarasubramanian Arumugam , Wang Xu‐Sheng , Wan Li , Yao Lili
Published: August 2023

The changes in climate and catchment properties have altered the hydrological processes significantly at different spatiotemporal scales around the world. In particular for finer time scales, changes in water storage, which has been commonly neglected for long‐term temporal scales, may play an important role on hydrological processes. Nevertheless, few studies addressed this question in modifying the Budyko framework, with most of them remaining a steady‐state assumption on catchment characteristics. Here, we derive new analytical formulas of unsteady‐state streamflow elasticity in a modified Budyko framework, incorporating both storage change and one specific parameter for catchment properties. We study 78 humid catchments in the USA with simulation data of daily hydrological processes from a probability‐distribution‐based hydrological model (the modified HyMOD). As indicated by results, the annual storage change ratio is linearly correlated with the annual aridity index, and this relationship can be used to estimate elasticity coefficients with our formulas. The estimated elasticity coefficients perform well in simulating the annual streamflow with the power‐law model. For different catchments, variability of the unsteady‐state elasticity is higher than that of the steady‐state elasticity. Unsteady‐state streamflow coefficients show significant linear correlation with catchment properties, such as the average slope, average elevation, and catchment area. This study provides a new analytical approach to investigate the interannual stability of catchments with varying climate and catchment properties.
Atp6i deficient mouse model uncovers transforming growth factor-β1 /Smad2/3 as a key signaling pathway regulating odontoblast differentiation and tooth root formation
Authors: Wang Jue , McVicar Abigail , Chen Yilin , Deng Hong-Wen , Zhao Zhihe , Chen Wei , Li Yi-Ping
Published: August 2023

The biomolecular mechanisms that regulate tooth root development and odontoblast differentiation are poorly understood. We found that Atp6i deficient mice (Atp6i−/−) arrested tooth root formation, indicated by truncated Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath (HERS) progression. Furthermore, Atp6i deficiency significantly reduced the proliferation and differentiation of radicular odontogenic cells responsible for root formation. Atp6i−/− mice had largely decreased expression of odontoblast differentiation marker gene expression profiles (Col1a1, Nfic, Dspp, and Osx) in the alveolar bone. Atp6i−/− mice sample RNA-seq analysis results showed decreased expression levels of odontoblast markers. Additionally, there was a significant reduction in Smad2/3 activation, inhibiting transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling in Atp6i−/− odontoblasts. Through treating pulp precursor cells with Atp6i−/− or wild-type OC bone resorption-conditioned medium, we found the latter medium to promote odontoblast differentiation, as shown by increased odontoblast differentiation marker genes expression (Nfic, Dspp, Osx, and Runx2). This increased expression was significantly blocked by anti-TGF-β1 antibody neutralization, whereas odontoblast differentiation and Smad2/3 activation were significantly attenuated by Atp6i−/− OC conditioned medium. Importantly, ectopic TGF-β1 partially rescued root development and root dentin deposition of Atp6i−/− mice tooth germs were transplanted under mouse kidney capsules. Collectively, our novel data shows that the prevention of TGF-β1 release from the alveolar bone matrix due to OC dysfunction may lead to osteopetrosis-associated root formation via impaired radicular odontoblast differentiation. As such, this study uncovers TGF-β1 /Smad2/3 as a key signaling pathway regulating odontoblast differentiation and tooth root formation and may contribute to future therapeutic approaches to tooth root regeneration.