bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integration of patient‐centered care in nutrition support decision‐making: A case report
Authors: Wedemire Courtney , Brody Rebecca , Ganzer Heidi
Published: June 2021

Patient‐centered care considers a patient's unique needs, values, preferences, and the psychosocial situation at the heart of decisions related to healthcare. Dietitians have reported several barriers to the practice of patient‐centered care, including a lack of time and support and a perception that patients are unable to participate. This is meaningful as decisions regarding nutrition therapy, specifically in adult populations with cancer, influence patient morbidity and mortality and a patient's quality of life. Patient‐centered care is associated with improved decision‐making, patient‐provider communication, and quality of life in patients with cancer. This case report discusses and applies patient‐centered care in conjunction with the best available evidence for an adult patient with a history of head and neck cancer admitted to a critical care unit. Nutrition support clinicians are equipped to use a patient‐centered and evidence‐based approach to help patients navigate through nutrition therapy decisions that may influence both clinical and quality of life outcomes. Further research should be done to determine the association between patient‐centered care and quality of life outcomes in nutrition support practice.
Dexamethasone-Sparing Regimens with Oral Netupitant and Palonosetron for the Prevention of Emesis Caused by High-Dose Cisplatin: A Randomized Noninferiority Study
Authors: Celio Luigi , Cortinovis Diego , Cogoni Alessio Aligi , Cavanna Luigi , Martelli Olga , Carnio Simona , Collovà Elena , Bertolini Federica , Petrelli Fausto , Cassano Alessandra , Chiari Rita , Zanelli Francesca , Pisconti Salvatore , Vittimberga Isabella , Letizia Antonietta , Misino Andrea , Gernone Angela , Bonizzoni Erminio , Pilotto Sara , De Placido Sabino , Bria Emilio
Published: June 2021

Background

To reduce the overall exposure to dexamethasone (DEX) in patients receiving cisplatin-based chemotherapy, we evaluated the noninferiority of DEX on day 1, with or without low-dose DEX on days 2 and 3, combined with an oral fixed-dose combination of netupitant and palonosetron (NEPA), compared with the guideline-consistent use of 4-day DEX.

Patients and Methods

In this open-label, multicenter study, chemotherapy-naïve patients undergoing high-dose cisplatin (≥70 mg/m2), were given NEPA and DEX (12 mg) on day 1 and randomized (1:1:1 ratio) to receive either (a) no further DEX (DEX1), (b) oral DEX (4 mg daily) on days 2–3 (DEX3), or (c) DEX (4 mg twice daily) on days 2–4 (DEX4). The primary efficacy endpoint was complete response (CR: no emesis and no rescue medication) during the 5-day overall phase. The noninferiority margin was set at −15% difference (DEX1 or DEX3 minus DEX4). Secondary efficacy endpoints included complete protection (CP: CR and none or mild nausea).

Results

Two-hundred twenty-eight patients, 76 in each arm, were assessable. Noninferiority was met for both DEX-sparing regimens and the reference arm, with overall phase CR rates of 76.3% in each of the DEX1 and DEX3 arms and 75.0% in the DEX4 arm (95% confidence interval, −12.3% to 15% for each comparison). During the overall phase, CP rates were similar between groups.

Conclusion

A simplified regimen of NEPA plus single-dose DEX offers comparable chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting prevention throughout 5 days post-chemotherapy with the advantage of sparing patients additional doses of DEX in the high–emetic-risk setting of cisplatin-based chemotherapy.

Implications for Practice

Dexamethasone (DEX) has traditionally played an integral role in the management of chemotherapy-induced emesis. Although generally considered safe, even short-term DEX use is associated with various side effects, and some evidence suggests that concurrent steroids may reduce the efficacy of immunotherapies. This study demonstrates comparable antiemetic control during the 5 days post-chemotherapy with a simplified regimen of netupitant/palonosetron plus single-dose DEX versus the standard 4-day DEX reference treatment in high-dose cisplatin. This represents a clinically relevant achievement as it not only simplifies antiemetic prophylaxis but also offers an opportunity to appropriately use in patients where caution with corticosteroid use is advised.
Compression‐after‐impact properties of carbon fiber composites with interlays of Aramid pulp micro‐/nanofibers
Authors: Ye Mingxin , Yuan Bingyan , Hu Yunsen , Hu Xiaozhi
Published: June 2021

The inherent resin‐rich ply interfaces in laminar carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites are toughened by ultrathin interlays formed by Aramid pulp (AP) micro‐/nanofibers, to show that stronger and more impact‐resistant CFRP can be manufactured with minimum disruption to the current composite forming process. Flexible nonwoven AP micro‐/nano‐fibers, less than 1 mm in length, can conveniently fit in the uneven surface profiles or microresin‐rich areas between carbon fiber plies and form in situ quasi‐Z‐directional fiber‐bridging across the ply interfaces. CFRPs with multiple interfacial AP interlays estimated to be around 3 and 6 g/m2 were tested before and after low energy impact. Ultrathin resin‐rich ply‐interface layers in plain CFRP were transformed into ultrathin “Short Aramid Fiber Epoxy” layers by the AP interlays (20–50 μm in thickness), leading to enhanced compressive energy absorption and up to 86.7% increase in Compression‐After‐Impact Strength. Keeping the interlay thin (around 30 μm or thinner if possible), even the compressive strength (without impact) is not compromised, and the energy absorption under compressive loading (without impact) is 130% higher. The distinctly different compressive failure mechanisms, delamination failure of the plain CFRP was transformed into matrix shear failure in AP‐toughened CFRP, as identified by nondestructive X‐ray microcomputed tomography scans. Scanning electron microscopy was performed on the failure surface to inspect the microscopic toughening mechanisms.
ZIF‐8 Derived ZnO Decorated with Polydopamine and Au Nanoparticles for Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B
Authors: Zhang Zijun , Li Mei , Wang Hua
Published: June 2021

The drawbacks of low utilization efficiency of solar energy and high recombination rate of photogenerated charge carriers limit the application of ZnO in photocatalytic reaction. In this study, a novel photocatalyst of ZnO decorated with polydopamine (PDA) and Au nanoparticles was successfully fabricated, using zeolite imidazolate frameworks (ZIF‐8) as ZnO precursor, followed by decorating with PDA and Au nanoparticles. The photocatalytic performance in degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) demonstrated that ZnO@PDA‐Au‐3 exhibited the most excellent photocatalytic activity. It could degrade 99 % of RhB in 24 min under UV‐vis light irradiation, in contrast with the degradation rate of 40 % and 16 % on ZnO@PDA and ZnO, respectively. The excellent catalytic activity was attributed to the contribution of PDA and Au. Particularly, Au not only promoted the absorption of visible light through localized surface plasmonic resonance (LSPR) effect, but also effectively facilitated the separation of photogenerated charge carriers though the Schottky barrier.
The Role of a Nitro Substituent in C‐Phenylcalix[4]resorcinarenes to Enhance the Adsorption of Gold(III) Ions
Authors: Priyangga Krisfian Tata Aneka , Kurniawan Yehezkiel Steven , Yuliati Leny
Published: June 2021

Nitro‐substituted C‐phenylcalix[4]resorcinarene derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for gold(III) ions adsorption. All the nitro‐substituted C‐phenylcalix[4]resorcinarenes showed higher maximum adsorption capacity as compared to the bare C‐phenylcalix[4]resorcinarene. A remarkable high adsorption capacity of up to 272.70 mg g−1 was obtained after 2 h on the C‐2‐nitrophenylcalix[4]resorcinarene (Calix‐2NO2), which was two times higher than that of the C‐phenylcalix[4]resorcinarene. The adsorption capacity was affected by the position of the nitro group. The highest adsorption capacity observed on the Calix‐2NO2 was closely related to the strongest supramolecular interactions between the gold(III) ions and the Calix‐2NO2, as supported by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR) spectroscopies as well as the desorption study. This study demonstrated that the macrocyclic material, namely nitro‐substituted C‐phenylcalix[4]resorcinarenes, were effective adsorbents having good reusability, and thus, applicable for gold(III) ions recovery.
Three Luminescent Dinuclear Copper(I) Complexes with P˄N Ligands: Synthesis, Photophysical Properties, DFT Calculations and AIE Behavior
Authors: Dou Shao‐Bin , Xiao Lu , Li Fan , Zhang Yi‐Zheng , Lu Xue , Yang Jian‐Ming , Yang Jie , Wu Min , Niu Zhi‐Gang , Li Gao‐Nan
Published: June 2021

Three new BPTA‐bridged binuclear copper(I) complexes bearing three different diphosphine ligands, namely, [(CuI)2(Xantphos)2(BPTA)](BF4)2 (Cu1), [(CuI)2(Dppp)2(BPTA)](BF4)2 (Cu2), and [(CuI)2(Binap)2(BPTA)](BF4)2 (Cu3), have been synthesized and characterized. The X‐ray structure analyses of complex Cu3 show that the central copper(I) ion adopts a distorted tetrahedral geometry. Complexes Cu1 and Cu2 exhibit greenish‐yellow emission with excited‐state lifetime (13μs and 27μs) and photoluminescence quantum yields (6.86 % and 0.62 %) at room temperature in the solid state. Emission decay measurement and theoretical calculation suggest that the transition nature of their emission could be assigned to 3MLCT/3LC excited states. More interesting, complexes Cu1‐Cu3 are weakly emissive in solution but become strongly luminescent in solid state, so it has the aggregation induced emission (AIE) behavior.
Current status and limitations of artificial intelligence in colonoscopy
Authors: Hann Alexander , Troya Joel , Fitting Daniel
Published: June 2021

Background

Artificial intelligence (AI) using deep learning methods for polyp detection (CADe) and characterization (CADx) is on the verge of clinical application. CADe already implied its potential use in randomized controlled trials. Further efforts are needed to take CADx to the next level of development.

Aim

This work aims to give an overview of the current status of AI in colonoscopy, without going into too much technical detail.

Methods

A literature search to identify important studies exploring the use of AI in colonoscopy was performed.

Results

This review focuses on AI performance in screening colonoscopy summarizing the first prospective trials for CADe, the state of research in CADx as well as current limitations of those systems and legal issues.
Efficient Metal‐free ZIF‐8 Derived B, N‐codoped Carbon Electrocatalyst toward Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Li Wei‐Si , Sun Zhi‐Yuan , Yang Jin‐Meng , Huang Gao‐Yuan , Zhu Hai‐Bin
Published: June 2021

Metal‐free carbon materials doped with multiple nonmetal heteroatoms (e. g. N, B, S, P) have emerged as a promising class of electrocatalysts toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, B, N‐codoped carbon electrocatalysts are conveniently prepared by use of ZIF‐8 precursor, which involves cage‐encapsulation of PhB(OH)2 before high‐temperature pyrolysis. By modulating the B‐doping amount and pyrolysis temperature, an optimal B, N‐codoped carbon electrocatalyst toward ORR is achieved, which shows ORR activity (Eonset=0.95 V, and E1/2=0.83 V vs RHE) comparable to the Pt/C benchmark, with a good methanol tolerance and long‐term stability.
Correlation functions in finite temperature CFT and black hole singularities
Authors: Rodriguez-Gomez D. , Russo J.G.
Published: June 2021

Abstract

We compute thermal 2-point correlation functions in the black brane AdS5 background dual to 4d CFT’s at finite temperature for operators of large scaling dimension. We find a formula that matches the expected structure of the OPE. It exhibits an exponentiation property, whose origin we explain. We also compute the first correction to the two-point function due to graviton emission, which encodes the proper time from the event horizon to the black hole singularity.
Versorgungsforschung in der Zahnmedizin in Deutschland
Authors: Huettig Fabian , Schwendicke Falk
Published: June 2021

In den letzten 8 Jahren wurde in Deutschland nicht nur „mehr Versorgungsforschung in der Zahnmedizin“ gefordert, sondern auch geleistet. Insgesamt finden sich an 12 Medizinischen Fakultäten themenbezogene Aktivitäten der Zahn‑, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde in der Versorgungsforschung; deutschlandweit werden 9 Großprojekte verortet, die vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung oder vom Innovationsfonds gefördert werden. Gleichwohl ist der Bedarf an Versorgungsforschung größer als die jetzige Leistungsfähigkeit der universitären und außeruniversitären Zahnmedizin: Um eine nachhaltige, bedarfsgerechte und zukunftssichere zahnärztliche Versorgung aller Menschen in Deutschland gewährleisten zu können, bedarf es strukturierter, methodisch versierter und in die Versorgung hinein vernetzter Verbünde, die das wissenschaftliche Fundament für erwartete Versorgungsumbrüche legen können.

Der vorliegende Beitrag soll den Stand der Versorgungsforschung in der Zahn‑, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde in Deutschland beschreiben. Die wesentlichen Herausforderungen werden adressiert: Methodenkompetenz, Zugang zu Daten und deren Nutzung sowie die langfristige Perspektive dieses Forschungsbereichs. Derzeitige Forschungsaktivitäten und Infrastruktur inklusive Förder- und Fortbildungsinstrumente werden dargestellt.

Die Erkenntnisse aus der zahnärztlichen Versorgungsforschung in Deutschland können auch für andere Länder richtungsweisend sein; umgekehrt kann Versorgungsforschung Ansätze aus anderen Ländern sinnvoll in das deutsche Gesundheitssystem übertragen. Versorgungsforschende sollten sich professionalisieren und vernetzen. Nachhaltige Strukturen (Professuren, Mittelbau) und Rahmenbedingungen (Datennutzung, Förderung) sollten geschaffen und Forschungsergebnisse zeitnah verwertet werden.
Safety and efficacy of polydimethylsiloxane (Macroplastique®) in women with stress urinary incontinence: analysis of data from patients who completed three years follow-up
Authors: Ghoniem Gamal , Farhan Bilal , Chowdhury Mashrin Lira , Chen Yanjun
Published: June 2021

Introduction and hypothesis

This study aimed to report 3-year completed follow-up of the safety and efficacy of Macroplastique® (MPQ) in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) due to intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD).

Methods

This is a retrospective analysis of all women who completed 3-year follow-up post-MPQ injection(s) at ten medical centers. We used the ROSE registry data report of Macroplastique® [Macroplastique® Real-time Observation of Safety and Effectiveness (ROSE) registry P040050/PAS001 on 2017]. Subjective incontinence outcome and adverse effects were assessed.

Results

The study included all patients (n = 70) who completed 3-year follow-up after the last MPQ injection. Twenty-four of 70 (34%) patients had two injections; 21/70 (30%) patients reported Stamey grade 0 and 28/70 (40%) reported Stamey grade 1. The overall patient satisfaction was 68% who completed 3-year follow-up. The composite success rate (I-QoL, PGI-S, and Stamey grade improvement) was 51.4%. No serious adverse events (AE) were reported within the completed 3-year follow-up.

Conclusions

MPQ was found to be safe and efficacious for the treatment of SUI secondary to ISD in women. The overall high satisfaction rate was sustained from baseline to 3 years post-injection. Most complications were minor and transient without sequelae.
Existence and non-existence for time-dependent mean field games with strong aggregation
Authors: Cirant Marco , Ghilli Daria
Published: June 2021

We investigate the existence of classical solutions to second-order quadratic Mean-Field Games systems with local and strongly decreasing couplings of the form$$-\sigma m^\alpha $$-σmα,$$\alpha \ge 2/N$$α≥2/N, wheremis the population density andNis the dimension of the state space. We prove the existence of solutions under the assumption that$$\sigma $$σis small enough. For large$$\sigma $$σ, we show that existence may fail whenever the time horizonTis large.
The Resurgent Structure of Quantum Knot Invariants
Authors: Garoufalidis Stavros , Gu Jie , Mariño Marcos
Published: June 2021

The asymptotic expansion of quantum knot invariants in complex Chern–Simons theory gives rise to factorially divergent formal power series. We conjecture that these series are resurgent functions whose Stokes automorphism is given by a pair of matrices of q-series with integer coefficients, which are determined explicitly by the fundamental solutions of a pair of linear q-difference equations. We further conjecture that for a hyperbolic knot, a distinguished entry of those matrices equals to the Dimofte–Gaiotto–Gukov 3D-index, and thus is given by a counting of BPS states. We illustrate our conjectures explicitly by matching theoretically and numerically computed integers for the cases of the $$4_1$$

4
1

and the $$5_2$$

5
2

knots.
In situ high-temperature behaviour of fluor-elbaite: breakdown conditions and products
Authors: Celata Beatrice , Ballirano Paolo , Andreozzi Giovanni B. , Bosi Ferdinando
Published: June 2021

The thermal behaviour of a fluor-elbaite from Minas Gerais (Brazil) was investigated at room pressure through in situ high-temperature X-ray powder diffraction (HT-XRPD), until the breakdown conditions were reached. The variations of fluor-elbaite structural parameters (unit-cell parameters and mean bond distances) were monitored together with site occupancies, and two main internal reactions were identified: the thermally-induced Fe oxidation process counterbalanced by (OH)–deprotonation, which starts at 500 °C (773 K), followed by a partial intracrystalline Fe–Al exchange between the octahedrally-coordinatedYandZsites. The fluor-elbaite breakdown reaction occurs between 850 °C (1123 K) and 900 °C (1173 K). The breakdown products were identified at room temperature by XRPD and the breakdown reaction can be described by the following reaction: tourmaline → B-bearing mullite + hematite + spinel + B-poor (Na, Li, H2O)-bearing glass. Boromullite itself was not observed in the final heating products, and the B-bearing mullite from the breakdown reaction exhibited unit-cell parametersa = 7.5382(2) Å,b = 7.6749(2) Å,c = 2.8385(1) Å,V = 164.22(1) Å3(space groupPbam) consistent with an approximate Al8.5B1.5Si2O19composition.
Politischer Missbrauch in der Psychiatrie der DDR
Authors: Erices Rainer
Published: June 2021

Hintergrund

Noch immer finden sich in Publikationen Zweifel an Forschungen, die zeigten, dass es in der DDR keinen systematischen und politisch motivierten Missbrauch der Psychiatrie gab. Seit den 1990er-Jahren liegen Ergebnisse von Untersuchungskommissionen und eine detaillierte Auswertung der Stasiakten zu dieser Thematik vor. Nachgewiesen wurde, dass Menschen in der DDR aus politischen Motiven psychiatrisiert wurden – jedoch lediglich in Einzelfällen. Unklar ist bis heute das genaue Ausmaß politischer Psychiatrisierung.

Fragestellung

Welche Forschungslücken bestehen hinsichtlich des mutmaßlichen Missbrauchs der Psychiatrie in der DDR?

Material

Neue Aktenfunde belegen, dass die Behörden in der Bundesrepublik Aussagen über eine Strafpsychiatrie in der DDR sammelten.

Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerung

Der Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND) ging von einem politischen Missbrauch in der DDR aus. Er stützte sich dabei auf die Aussagen von DDR-Flüchtlingen. Was mit den Erkenntnissen geschah, ist nicht überliefert. Zur Bewertung der Erkenntnisse und auch zur Einschätzung des Ausmaßes psychiatrischen Missbrauchs in der DDR fehlen bis heute Detailanalysen. So gibt es v. a. kaum Studien zur medizinischen Verwaltungsebene. Es fehlen übergreifende Untersuchungen zur Qualität der Ergebnisse psychiatrischer Begutachtung von Regimegegnern oder zur außerklinischen Registrierung von psychisch Kranken in der DDR.
Electroanalysis with a single microbead of phosphate binding resin (FerrIX™) mounted in epoxy film
Authors: Thompson Abigail K. , Mathwig Klaus , Fletcher Philip J. , Castaing Rémi , Marken Frank
Published: June 2021

Commercial resin microbeads are widely applied in ion exchange and extraction. Here, a single anion-selective and phosphate binding resin microbead (FerrIX™) is mounted into an epoxy membrane and investigated by 4-electrode membrane voltammetry and membrane impedance spectroscopy. Anion transport properties are observed to dominate associated with three distinct potential domains: (I) a low bias ohmic potential domain (dominant at high electrolyte concentration), (II) a concentration polarisation potential domain, and (III) an over-limiting potential domain. Voltammetric responses show transient diffusion-migration features at higher scan rates and quasi-steady state features at lower scan rates. Inherent microbead conductivity is shown to be linked to two resistive elements, electrolyte concentration dependent and independent, in series. The effects of phosphate binding are revealed as transient pattern in impedance spectroscopy data. Preliminary data suggest phosphate concentration-dependent peak features in the imaginary impedance versus frequency plot due to phosphate binding into the microbead.

Graphical abstract
The Agent Web Model: modeling web hacking for reinforcement learning
Authors: Erdődi László , Zennaro Fabio Massimo
Published: June 2021

Website hacking is a frequent attack type used by malicious actors to obtain confidential information, modify the integrity of web pages or make websites unavailable. The tools used by attackers are becoming more and more automated and sophisticated, and malicious machine learning agents seem to be the next development in this line. In order to provide ethical hackers with similar tools, and to understand the impact and the limitations of artificial agents, we present in this paper a model that formalizes web hacking tasks for reinforcement learning agents. Our model, namedAgent Web Model, considers web hacking as a capture-the-flag style challenge, and it defines reinforcement learning problems at seven different levels of abstraction. We discuss the complexity of these problems in terms of actions and states an agent has to deal with, and we show that such a model allows to represent most of the relevant web vulnerabilities. Aware that the driver of advances in reinforcement learning is the availability of standardized challenges, we provide an implementation for the first three abstraction layers, in the hope that the community would consider these challenges in order to develop intelligent web hacking agents.
Towards real-time in-situ monitoring of hot-spot defects in L-PBF: a new classification-based method for fast video-imaging data analysis
Authors: Bugatti Matteo , Colosimo Bianca Maria
Published: June 2021

The increasing interest towards additive manufacturing (AM) is pushing the industry to provide new solutions to improve process stability. Monitoring is a key tool for this purpose but the typical AM fast process dynamics and the high data flow required to accurately describe the process are pushing the limits of standard statistical process monitoring (SPM) techniques. The adoption of novel smart data extraction and analysis methods are fundamental to monitor the process with the required accuracy while keeping the computational effort to a reasonable level for real-time application. In this work, a new framework for the detection of defects in metal additive manufacturing processes via in-situ high-speed cameras is presented: a new data extraction method is developed to efficiently extract only the relevant information from the regions of interest identified in the high-speed imaging data stream and to reduce the dimensionality of the anomaly detection task performed by three competitor machine learning classification methods. The defect detection performance and computational speed of this approach is carefully evaluated through computer simulations and experimental studies, and directly compared with the performance and computational speed of other existing methods applied on the same reference dataset. The results show that the proposed method is capable of quickly detecting the occurrence of defects while keeping the high computational speed that would be required to implement this new process monitoring approach for real-time defect detection.
MPCC: Strong Stability of M-stationary Points
Authors: Günzel Harald , Hernández Escobar Daniel , Rückmann Jan-J.
Published: June 2021

In this paper we study the class of mathematical programs with complementarity constraints MPCC. Under the Linear Independence constraint qualification MPCC-LICQ we state a topological as well as an equivalent algebraic characterization for the strong stability (in the sense of Kojima) of an M-stationary point for MPCC. By allowing perturbations of the describing functions up to second order, the concept of strong stability refers here to the local existence and uniqueness of an M-stationary point for any sufficiently small perturbed problem where this unique solution depends continuously on the perturbation. Finally, some relations to S- and C-stationarity are briefly discussed.
Imaging retinal microvascular manifestations of carotid artery disease in older adults: from diagnosis of ocular complications to understanding microvascular contributions to cognitive impairment
Authors: István Lilla , Czakó Cecilia , Élő Ágnes , Mihály Zsuzsanna , Sótonyi Péter , Varga Andrea , Ungvári Zoltán , Csiszár Anna , Yabluchanskiy Andriy , Conley Shannon , Csipő Tamás , Lipecz Ágnes , Kovács Illés , Nagy Zoltán Zsolt
Published: June 2021

Carotid artery stenosis (CAS) is a consequence of systemic atherosclerotic disease affecting the aging populations of the Western world. CAS is frequently associated with cognitive impairment. However, the mechanisms contributing to the development of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) associated with CAS are multifaceted and not fully understood. In addition to embolization and decreased blood flow due to the atherosclerotic lesion in the carotid artery, microcirculatory dysfunction in the cerebral circulation also plays a critical role in CAS-related VCI. To better understand the microvascular contributions to cognitive decline associated with CAS and evaluate microvascular protective effects of therapeutic interventions, it is essential to examine the structural and functional changes of the microvessels in the central nervous system (CNS). However, there are some limitations of in vivo brain vascular imaging modalities. The retinal microvasculature provides a unique opportunity to study pathogenesis of cerebral small vessel disease and VCI, because the cerebral circulation and the retinal circulation share similar anatomy, physiology and embryology. Similar microvascular pathologies may manifest in the brain and the retina, thus ocular examination can be used as a noninvasive screening tool to investigate pathological changes in the CNS associated with CAS. In this review, ocular signs of CAS and the retinal manifestations of CAS-associated microvascular dysfunction are discussed. The advantages and limitation of methods that are capable of imaging the ocular circulation (including funduscopy, fluorescein angiography, Doppler sonography, optical coherence tomography [OCT] and optical coherence tomography angiography [OCTA]) are discussed. The potential use of dynamic retinal vessel analysis (DVA), which allows for direct visualization of neurovascular coupling responses in the CNS, for understanding microvascular contributions to cognitive decline in CAS patients is also considered.
Price competition and nominal illusion: experimental evidence and a behavioural model
Authors: Morales Antonio J. , Fatas Enrique
Published: June 2021

The standard approach to nominal illusion in Economics sees it as a transitory phenomenon, as economic agents eventually see through the nominal veil, making the right choices. Recent empirical studies suggest that money illusion may persist, distorting real prices in a variety of economic environments, including the housing market and the stock market. In this paper, we explore the emergence and persistence of nominal illusion in an experimental entry game where firms must choose which local market to enter, and then compete in prices. All local markets are equivalent in real terms and they only differ in the currency the price competition is run under. Our experimental results show a positive, persistent and monotone effect of the nominal exchange rate on market prices, statistically significant for large enough exchange rate. We provide an explanation in terms of players simplifying the choice set using discrete grids.
The social brain of social media – a physiological boundary to the number of online relations
Authors: Perret J. K.
Published: June 2021

Based on the research done by Dunbar and the resulting Social Brain Hypothesis, the present study introduced a mathematical model for the development of follower numbers and the number of followed accounts regarding users/influencers of Social Media platforms. Under very simple assumptions the mathematical model suggests that an universal upper bound to follower and followed numbers exists. The theoretical upper bound is then empirically validated by using a representative data set of 255 influencers on Instagram from the field of women’s fashion. The follower numbers show convergence to a common boundary for the years 2018 to 2019 and stagnation for 2019 to 2020, while the number of followed accounts show stagnation for 2018 to 2019 and convergence for 2019 and 2020. The model in conjunction with its empirical validation therefore provides the mathematical background to establish the socio-biological Social Brain Hypothesis in the field of influencer marketing in regards to Social Media platforms.
Discrimination of hospital isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii using repeated sequences and whole genome alignment differential analysis
Authors: Kotłowski Roman , Nowak-Zaleska Alicja , Węgrzyn Grzegorz
Published: June 2021

An optimized method for bacterial strain differentiation, based on combination of Repeated Sequences and Whole Genome Alignment Differential Analysis (RS&WGADA), is presented in this report. In this analysis, 51 Acinetobacter baumannii multidrug-resistance strains from one hospital environment and patients from 14 hospital wards were classified on the basis of polymorphisms of repeated sequences located in CRISPR region, variation in the gene encoding the EmrA-homologue of E. coli, and antibiotic resistance patterns, in combination with three newly identified polymorphic regions in the genomes of A. baumannii clinical isolates. Differential analysis of two similarity matrices between different genotypes and resistance patterns allowed to distinguish three significant correlations (p < 0.05) between 172 bp DNA insertion combined with resistance to chloramphenicol and gentamycin. Interestingly, 45 and 55 bp DNA insertions within the CRISPR region were identified, and combined during analyses with resistance/susceptibility to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Moreover, 184 or 1374 bp DNA length polymorphisms in the genomic region located upstream of the GTP cyclohydrolase I gene, associated mainly with imipenem susceptibility, was identified. In addition, considerable nucleotide polymorphism of the gene encoding the gamma/tau subunit of DNA polymerase III, an enzyme crucial for bacterial DNA replication, was discovered. The differentiation analysis performed using the above described approach allowed us to monitor the distribution of A. baumannii isolates in different wards of the hospital in the time frame of several years, indicating that the optimized method may be useful in hospital epidemiological studies, particularly in identification of the source of primary infections.
Schülerinnen und Schüler als Subjekte und Akteure von Schule
Authors: Eder Ferdinand , Paseka Angelika
Published: June 2021

In der Schul- und Bildungsforschung ist in den letzten Jahrzehnten der Blick auf das konkrete Erleben und Handeln der Kinder und Jugendlichen in ihrer Rolle als Schüler:innen und im Lebensraum Schule gegenüber der Fokussierung auf ihre fachlichen Leistungen in den Hintergrund getreten. Demgegenüber sieht der Zugang über die Subjekt- und Akteursperspektive die Schüler:innen als Akteure, die sich im Umfeld und unter dem Einfluss der Schule zu (selbst-)bewussten, denkenden und handelnden Individuen entwickeln und so „Subjektstatus“ erwerben.

Der Beitrag expliziert die begrifflichen Grundlagen dieses Zugangs, gibt einen kurzen Überblick über die darauf bezogene Entwicklung der Schule (und der Schulforschung) in den letzten Jahrzehnten, und umreißt die Konturen einer Bildungsforschung in der Akteurs- und Subjektperspektive. Abschließend werden die Beiträge des Schwerpunktheftes in diesen Forschungszugang eingeordnet.
Der Diskurs um Unterrichtsqualität in der Musikdidaktik zwischen generischen und fachspezifischen Dimensionen
Authors: Kranefeld Ulrike
Published: June 2021

Der Artikel gibt Einblick in die Diskussion um Unterrichtsqualität in der Musikdidaktik. Dazu werden sowohl theoretische als auch empirische Beiträge gesichtet und begründet, warum aufgrund der Pluralität der Konzeptionen und Ansätze in der Musikdidaktik bislang kein verbindliches oder breit geteiltes Modell zur Unterrichtsqualität vorliegt. Am Beispiel der Zielperspektive einer „ästhetischen Musikpraxis“ wird gezeigt, wie theoretische Zugänge vor allem die Fachspezifik von Unterrichtsqualität herausarbeiten. Empirische Beiträge und hier besonders qualitative Videostudien stellen dagegen expliziten Bezug auch zu generischen Dimensionen von Unterrichtsqualität her, bemühen sich dabei aber um eine fachspezifische Modifikation. Vor dem Hintergrund des aktuellen musikdidaktischen Diskurses erfolgt abschließend ein Ausblick auf mögliche Kandidaten für weitere fachspezifische Ergänzungen und Ausdifferenzierungen für das Syntheseframework von Praetorius et al. (2020). Hier wird insbesondere die Ergänzung durch eine Dimension einer „ästhetischen Aktivierung“ angeregt und auf die Berücksichtigung der materialen Dimension eines sinnvollen Umgangs mit Artefakten im Unterricht verwiesen.
Formyl peptide receptor 2, as an important target for ligands triggering the inflammatory response regulation: a link to brain pathology
Authors: Tylek Kinga , Trojan Ewa , Regulska Magdalena , Lacivita Enza , Leopoldo Marcello , Basta-Kaim Agnieszka
Published: June 2021

Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) belong to the family of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors. Among them, FPR2 is a low affinity receptor for N-formyl peptides and is considered the most promiscuous member of FPRs. FPR2 is able to recognize a broad variety of endogenous or exogenous ligands, ranging from lipid to proteins and peptides, including non-formylated peptides. Due to this property FPR2 has the ability to modulate both pro- and anti-inflammatory response, depending on the nature of the bound agonist and on the different recognition sites of the receptor. Thus, FPR2 takes part not only in the proinflammatory response but also in the resolution of inflammation (RoI) processes. Recent data have indicated that the malfunction of RoI may be the background for some central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Therefore, much interest is focused on endogenous molecules called specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), as well as on new synthetic FPR2 agonists, which kick-start the resolution of inflammation (RoI) and modulate its course. Here, we shed some light on the general characteristics of the FPR family in humans and in the experimental animals. Moreover, we present a guide to understanding the “double faced” action of FPR2 activation in the context of immune-related diseases of the CNS.
Scientific access into Mercer Subglacial Lake: scientific objectives, drilling operations and initial observations
Authors: Priscu John C. , Kalin Jonas , Winans John , Campbell Timothy , Siegfried Matthew R. , Skidmore Mark , Dore John E. , Leventer Amy , Harwood David M. , Duling Dennis , Zook Robert , Burnett Justin , Gibson Dar , Krula Edward , Mironov Anatoly , McManis Jim , Roberts Graham , Rosenheim Brad E. , Christner Brent C. , Kasic Kathy , Fricker Helen A. , Lyons W. Berry , Barker Joel , Bowling Mark , Collins Billy , Davis Christina , Gagnon Al , Gardner Christopher , Gustafson Chloe , Kim Ok-Sun , Li Wei , Michaud Alex , Patterson Molly O. , Tranter Martyn , Venturelli Ryan , Vick-Majors Trista , Elsworth Cooper ,   The SALSA Science Team
Published: June 2021

The Subglacial Antarctic Lakes Scientific Access (SALSA) Project accessed Mercer Subglacial Lake using environmentally clean hot-water drilling to examine interactions among ice, water, sediment, rock, microbes and carbon reservoirs within the lake water column and underlying sediments. A ~0.4 m diameter borehole was melted through 1087 m of ice and maintained over ~10 days, allowing observation of ice properties and collection of water and sediment with various tools. Over this period, SALSA collected: 60 L of lake water and 10 L of deep borehole water; microbes >0.2 μm in diameter from in situ filtration of ~100 L of lake water; 10 multicores 0.32–0.49 m long; 1.0 and 1.76 m long gravity cores; three conductivity–temperature–depth profiles of borehole and lake water; five discrete depth current meter measurements in the lake and images of ice, the lake water–ice interface and lake sediments. Temperature and conductivity data showed the hydrodynamic character of water mixing between the borehole and lake after entry. Models simulating melting of the ~6 m thick basal accreted ice layer imply that debris fall-out through the ~15 m water column to the lake sediments from borehole melting had little effect on the stratigraphy of surficial sediment cores.
APPROXIMATING TREES AS COLOURED LINEAR ORDERS AND COMPLETE AXIOMATISATIONS OF SOME CLASSES OF TREES
Authors: KELLERMAN RUAAN , GORANKO VALENTIN
Published: June 2021

We study the first-order theories of some natural and important classes of coloured trees, including the four classes of trees whose paths have the order type respectively of the natural numbers, the integers, the rationals, and the reals. We develop a technique for approximating a tree as a suitably coloured linear order. We then present the first-order theories of certain classes of coloured linear orders and use them, along with the approximating technique, to establish complete axiomatisations of the four classes of trees mentioned above.
Understanding and Reducing Biases in Elite Beliefs About the Electorate
Authors: PEREIRA MIGUEL M.
Published: June 2021

To be responsive, politicians have to rely on beliefs about public will. Previous research suggests that perceptions of public opinion are often distorted. However, it remains unclear (1) why reelection-seeking officials misperceive public preferences and (2) how to mitigate these distorted beliefs. I argue that misperceptions result from unequal exposure to different subconstituencies and a tendency of legislators to project their own preferences on voters. I find support for these arguments in a six-wave panel of Swedish MPs combined with mass surveys. Elite beliefs disproportionately reflect the preferences of privileged voters and the personal positions of legislators. Additionally, an experiment with Swiss representatives leveraging real political events reveals how misperceptions can be reduced by encouraging a more balanced exposure to voters. The study concludes that economic and political inequalities are rooted in elite beliefs about the electorate and reveals ways to bolster the links between voters and their representatives.
Hamiltonian reduction of Vlasov–Maxwell to a dark slow manifold
Authors: Miloshevich George , Burby Joshua W.
Published: June 2021

We show that non-relativistic scaling of the collisionless Vlasov–Maxwell system implies the existence of a formal invariant slow manifold in the infinite-dimensional Vlasov–Maxwell phase space. Vlasov–Maxwell dynamics restricted to the slow manifold recovers the Vlasov–Poisson and Vlasov–Darwin models as low-order approximations, and provides higher-order corrections to the Vlasov–Darwin model more generally. The slow manifold may be interpreted to all orders in perturbation theory as a collection of formal Vlasov–Maxwell solutions that do not excite light waves, and are therefore ‘dark’. We provide a heuristic lower bound for the time interval over which Vlasov–Maxwell solutions initialized optimally near the slow manifold remain dark. We also show how the dynamics on the slow manifold naturally inherits a Hamiltonian structure from the underlying system. After expressing this structure in a simple form, we use it to identify a manifestly Hamiltonian correction to the Vlasov–Darwin model. The derivation of higher-order terms is reduced to computing the corrections of the system Hamiltonian restricted to the slow manifold.
On the Roman-Byzantine adoption of the stirrup once more: a new find from seventh-century Aphrodisias
Authors: Penn Tim , Russell Ben , Wilson Andrew
Published: June 2021

Archaeological evidence and the text of the Strategikon show that it was only in the late sixth century AD that the Roman-Byzantine military adopted the stirrup. It is now widely argued that the Avars, who settled in the Carpathian basin in the sixth century, played a key role in introducing iron stirrups to the Roman-Byzantine world. However, the evidence to support this assertion is limited. Although hundreds of stirrups have been found in Avar graves in the Carpathian basin, very few stirrups of sixth- or seventh-century date are known from the Roman-Byzantine empire - no more than seven - and only two of these are of definitively Avar type. The text of the Strategikon, sometimes argued to support this Avar source, can be interpreted differently, as indeed can the archaeological evidence. While the debate about the Roman-Byzantine adoption of the stirrup has focused mostly on finds from the Balkans, two early stirrups are known from Asia Minor, from Pergamon and Sardis. This paper presents a third, previously unpublished stirrup, from a seventh-century deposit at Aphrodisias in Caria; this is the first stirrup found in Asia Minor from a datable context. Here we present this find and its context, and use it to reconsider the model of solely Avar stirrup transmission that has dominated scholarship to date. So varied are the early stirrups that multiple sources of influence, Avar and other, and even a degree of experimentation, seem more likely to underpin the Roman-Byzantine adoption of this technology.
Firstde novotranscriptome analysis of the Antarctic springtailCryptopygus terranovus(Collembola:Isotomidae) following mid-term heat exposure
Authors: Cucini Claudio , Leo Chiara , Nardi Francesco , Greco Samuele , Manfrin Chiara , Giulianini Piero G. , Carapelli Antonio
Published: June 2021

Global human activities, such as greenhouse emissions and pollution, are promoting global warming, environmental changes and biodiversity reduction. Pristine environments such as those of Antarctica are not immune to these phenomena, as is noticeable from the increasing pace of the temperature shift registered within the continent in recent decades. In this study, we describe the firstde novotranscriptome analysis of the endemic Antarctic springtail (= collembolan)Cryptopygus terranovusand we evaluate its global gene expression response following a mid-term exposure of 20 days to 18°C. Expression data are compared with wild specimens sampled from their native environment to outline the molecular mechanisms triggered by the thermal exposure. Although individual plasticity in transcript modulation is assessed, several pathways appear to be differentially modulated in springtails subjected to the heat treatmentvswild specimens. Through enrichment analysis, we show that protein catabolism, fatty acid metabolism and a sexual response characterized by spermatid development are induced, while carbohydrate consumption, lipid catabolism and tissue development are downregulated in treated samples compared to controls.
Malnutrition in early life and its neurodevelopmental and cognitive consequences: a scoping review
Authors: Suryawan A. , Jalaludin M.Y. , Poh B.K. , Sanusi R. , Tan V.M.H. , Geurts J.M. , Muhardi L.
Published: June 2021

The negative impact of stunting and severe underweight on cognitive neurodevelopment of children is well documented; however, the effect of overweight/obesity is still unclear. The 2018 Global Nutrition Report reported that stunting and overweight concurrently affect 189 million children worldwide. As existing reviews discuss undernutrition and overweight/obesity separately, this scoping review aims to document the impact of mild/moderate and severe underweight, stunting, and overweight/obesity among children aged 0–60 months on their cognitive neurodevelopmental trajectories. Twenty-six articles were analysed to extract significant information from literature retrieved from PubMed and Cochrane databases published from 1 January 2009 to 31 October 2019. Length gain is associated with cognitive neurodevelopment in normo-nourished and stunted children aged under 24 months. Among stunted children, it seems that cognitive and neurodevelopmental deficits can potentially be recovered before 8 years of age, particularly in those whose nutritional status has improved. The impact of overweight/obesity on cognitive neurodevelopment appears to be limited to attention, gross motor skills and executive control. Parental education level, birth weight/length, breastfeeding duration, and sanitation level are some identifiable factors that modify the impact of undernutrition and overweight/obesity on cognitive and neurodevelopment. In conclusion, underweight, stunting and overweight/obesity have a significant impact on cognitive neurodevelopment. Multidimensional approaches with various stakeholders should address all issues simultaneously, such as improving sanitation levels, assuring parental job security and adequate social welfare, and providing access to adequate nutrients for catch-up growth among underweight or stunted children and to affordable healthy foods for those who are overweight/obese and from low socio-economic status.
Major depression, temperament, and social support as psychosocial mechanisms of the intergenerational transmission of parenting styles
Authors: Abraham Eyal , Letkiewicz Allison M. , Wickramaratne Priya J. , Bunyan Maya , van Dijk Milenna T. , Gameroff Marc J. , Posner Jonathan , Talati Ardesheer , Weissman Myrna M.
Published: June 2021

In this three-generation longitudinal study of familial depression, we investigated the continuity of parenting styles, and major depressive disorder (MDD), temperament, and social support during childrearing as potential mechanisms. Each generation independently completed the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), measuring individuals’ experiences of care and overprotection received from parents during childhood. MDD was assessed prospectively, up to 38 years, using the semi-structured Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS). Social support and temperament were assessed using the Social Adjustment Scale – Self-Report (SAS-SR) and Dimensions of Temperament Scales – Revised, respectively. We first assessed transmission of parenting styles in the generation 1 to generation 2 cycle (G1→G2), including 133 G1 and their 229 G2 children (367 pairs), and found continuity of both care and overprotection. G1 MDD accounted for the association between G1→G2 experiences of care, and G1 social support and temperament moderated the transmission of overprotection. The findings were largely similar when examining these psychosocial mechanisms in 111 G2 and their spouses (G2+S) and their 136 children (G3) (a total of 223 pairs). Finally, in a subsample of families with three successive generations (G1→G2→G3), G2 experiences of overprotection accounted for the association between G1→G3 experiences of overprotection. The results of this study highlight the roles of MDD, temperament, and social support in the intergenerational continuity of parenting, which should be considered in interventions to “break the cycle” of poor parenting practices across generations.