bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Potential of Nightscape Photography For Tourism: Preliminary Insights
Authors: Rodrigues Áurea , Pereira Rosária , Rodrigues Ana Isabel
Published: January 2020

The analysis of photo imagery has all been done based on daytime images, not photographs taken by night. In this sense, it is relevant to study tourists' perceptions of dark night pictures to understand how they can be used by DMOs and advertising agencies to promote the nightscape
of a destination. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to explore the perceptions and the emotions evoked by the nightscape pictures based on the principles of environmental psychology, compared to daytime landscape preferences. It also aims to understand if the elements presented in
daytime pictures, which turn a certain landscape appreciated, apply to nightscape pictures and, consequently, how they can be used in tourism promotion and branding. An exploratory study was carried out based on the photoelicitation method, demonstrating the benefits of the combined use of
textual and pictorial data. Results show that elements that are key during the day are not the same at night, such as complexity and points of reference. On the contrary, the preferred nightscape is based on simple open spaces, where the human eye could prospect security.
Iranian Heritage Sites on Social Media
Authors: Zarezadeh Zohreh (Zara) , Gretzel Ulrike
Published: January 2020

International heritage tourism is the backbone of Iranian tourism. To positively influence the country's destination image and attract more international tourists, World Heritage sites (WHSs) need to be present on social media. This article investigates the representation of Iranian
WHSs on social media based on a content analysis of WHS-related Facebook, Instagram, and TripAdvisor pages. The findings of the study indicate that social media marketing by Iranian WHSs is in its infancy. Iranian WHS information currently available on the three social media platforms is incomplete,
confusing, and mostly provided by other stakeholders, leading to weak and diffused WHS brands that contribute little to a positive destination image. The article thus argues that WHSs in Iran need to urgently recognize the importance of social media for reaching international tourists and
need to overcome their organizational limitations.
Poszukiwanie źródeł odporności na stresy biotyczne w dawnych odmianach i populacjach miejscowych pszenic i pszenżyta
Authors: Pietrusińska Aleksandra , Żurek Monika , Mańkowski Dariusz
Published: January 2020

Sprostanie wzrastającemu popytowi na zboża wymaga wyhodowania odmian wysoko plonujących, odpornych na wzrastającą presję ze strony czynników stresowych. Zubożenie puli genowej nowoczesnych odmian zbóż spowodowało zwrócenie zainteresowania naukowców i hodowców na inne potencjalne źródła genów odporności. Dawne odmiany oraz populacje miejscowe zbóż są jednym z perspektywicznych źródeł pozyskiwania genów odporności. Charakteryzują się one dużą różnorodnością morfologiczną, użytkową i genetyczną. Celem przedstawionych prac była charakterystyka pod kątem możliwości pozyskania z dawnych odmianach i populacji miejscowych, efektywnych i trwałych źródeł odporności na mączniaka prawdziwego zbóż i traw. Przy wykorzystaniu selekcji fenotypowej wytypowano obiekty charakteryzujące się reakcją wrażliwości lub odporności na zastosowane izolaty różnicujące z różnych regionów kraju. W celu opisania zróżnicowania pomiędzy badanymi liniami / odmianami oraz izolatami mączniaka prawdziwego przeprowadzono analizy statystyczne.
Zastosowanie metody Taguchiego do poprawy efektywności androgenezy w zbożowych kulturach in vitro
Authors: Orłowska Renata , Pachota Katarzyna , Machczyńska Joanna , Niedziela Agnieszka , Zimny Janusz , Bednarek Piotr T.
Published: January 2020

W zbożowych kulturach in vitro jednym z najtrudniejszych problemów do przezwyciężenia w trakcie produkcji podwojonych haploidów (DH) jest albinizm. Wydaje się, że dość skutecznym sposobem redukowania albinizmu jest dobór odpowiedniego czynnika stresowego w połączeniu ze zbalansowanym składem pożywek. W prezentowanej pracy zastosowano suplementację pożywek jonami miedzi i srebra (CuSO4, AgNO3) oraz modulowano czas kultur na pożywkach indukujących dla trzech gatunków zbóż: jęczmienia (Hordeum vulgare L.), pszenicy (Triticum aestivum L.) oraz pszenżyta (x Triticosecale spp. Wittmack ex A. Camus 1927). Zastosowanie metody Taguchiego pozwoliło na ograniczenie liczby eksperymentów oraz umożliwiło zoptymalizowanie warunków prowadzenia kultur in vitro, co ostatecznie wpłynęło na poprawę ilości zielonych regenerantów u wszystkich zastosowanych gatunków.
Poszerzenie puli genetycznej jęczmienia
Authors: Piechota Urszula , Czembor Paweł , Czembor Jerzy
Published: January 2020

Przedstawiono badania nad określenie uwarunkowania genetycznego odporności na mączniaka prawdziwego czterech linii jęczmienia jarego. Badane linie wykazały odmienny profil reakcji na zastosowane izolaty, co wskazuje na obecność nowych nieznanych genów odporności. Wykazano że lokalne odmiany jęczmienia są potencjalnym źródłem efektywnej odporności.
Wybrane metody hodowlane wykorzystywane przez DANKO Hodowla Roślin Sp. z o.o. oraz oczekiwania spółki wobec polskich naukowców
Authors: Haremza Jarosław
Published: January 2020

W pracy syntetycznie przedstawiono działalność hodowlaną spółki DANKO Hodowla Roślin Sp. z o. o. Wskazano zakres prowadzonych prac jak i możliwości nawiązania współpracy z nauką. przedstawiono metody i techniki stosowane przez spółkę w pracach hodowlanych.
Badania nad bezpieczeństwem GMO
Authors: Żmijewska Ewelina
Published: January 2020

Zgodnie z prawodawstwem Unii Europejskiej rośliny zmodyfikowane genetycznie, przed wprowadzeniem na rynek muszą zostać ocenione pod względem bezpieczeństwa dla zdrowia ludzi, zdrowia zwierząt i środowiska. Jedyną rośliną GM, autoryzowaną do uprawy w Unii Europejskiej jest kukurydza MON810. Zawiera ona gen cry1Ab z bakterii glebowej Bacillus thuringensis, warunkujący ekspresję białka Cry1Ab. Kukurydza jest często uprawiana w monokulturze, istnieje więc ryzyko akumulacji białka Cry1Ab w glebie w wyniku wieloletniej uprawy.
Reakcja odmian pszenicy jarej na zróżnicowany poziom intensywności technologii produkcji
Authors: Jarecka Aneta , Bobrecka-Jamro Dorota , Buczek Jan , Jarecki Wacław
Published: January 2020

W badaniach oceniono reakcję odmian pszenicy jarej na dwa zróżnicowane poziomy intensywności technologii uprawy. Doświadczenie przeprowadzono w latach 2013–2015 na polach Zakładu Doświadczalnego Oceny Odmian w Skołoszowie. Uzyskane wyniki badań wykazały, że intensywny poziom technologii produkcji powodował wzrost plonu ziarna pszenicy o 1,6 t·ha-1, w porównaniu do plonu uzyskanego w technologii średnio intensywnej. Wzrost plonu ziarna pszenicy uprawianej według technologii intensywnej w odniesieniu do technologii średnio intensywnej wynikał z większej liczby kłosów na jednostce powierzchni. Odmiany pszenicy jarej różniły się poziomem plonowania oraz wartością elementów składowych plonu. Największy plon ziarna uzyskała odmiana KWS Torridon, a najmniejszy Izera. Odmiana Izera, KWS Torridon i Tybalt uzyskały największą obsadę kłosów na jednostce powierzchni, z kolei odmiana Parabola uzyskała największą masę 1000 ziaren, a największą liczbę ziaren z kłosa uzyskała odmiana KWS Torridon.
Okieite, Mg3[V10O28]·28H2O, a new decavanadate mineral from the Burro mine, Slick Rock mining district, San Miguel County, Colorado, USA
Authors: Kampf Anthony R. , Adams Paul M. , Nash Barbara P. , Marty Joe , Hughes John M.
Published: January 2020

Okieite, Mg3[V10O28]·28H2O, is a new decavanadate mineral from the Burro mine, Slick Rock district, San Miguel County, Colorado, USA (type locality); the mineral is also found at the Hummer mine, Paradox Valley, Montrose County, also in Colorado. The mineral is rare; it occurs with dickthomssenite on montroseite- and corvusite-bearing sandstone. Crystals of okieite from the Burro mine are equant to prismatic, commonly appearing like curving columns (up to about 3 mm in length) and often exhibiting rounded faces. The streak of okieite is light orange yellow, and the luster is vitreous. The Mohs hardness is ca. 1½, the tenacity is brittle, the fracture is curved or conchoidal, there is no cleavage, and the measured density is 2.20(2) g/cm3. Okieite is biaxial (–), with α = 1.720(3), β = 1.745(3), γ = 1.765(3) (white light); 2V = 84(2)° with strong r < v dispersion. The optical orientation is X ^ a = 37°, Y ^ c = 28°, Z ^ b = 31°. No pleochroism is observed in okieite. The empirical formula from electron-probe microanalysis (calculated on the basis of V = 10 and O = 56 apfu as indicated by the structure) is Mg2.86[H0.28V5+10O28]·28H2O. Okieite is triclinic, , with a 10.55660(19), b 10.7566(2), c 21.3555(15)Å, α 90.015(6), β 97.795(7), γ 104.337(7)°, and V 2326.30(19)Å3, as determined by single-crystal X-ray diffractometry. The strongest four diffraction lines in the powder diffractograms are [d in Å(I)(hkl)]: 9.71(100); 8.32(19); 11.04(17)(002); and 6.42(12)(110, . The atomic arrangement of okieite [R1 = 0.0352 for 11,327 I > 2σI reflections] consists of a {V10O28}6– (decavanadate) structural unit and a {[Mg(H2O)6]3·10H2O}6+ interstitial complex. Only hydrogen bonding links the structural unit with the components of the interstitial complex. Okieite is isostructural with synthetic Mg3[V10O28]·28H2O. The name okieite is for Craig (“Okie”) Howell of Naturita, Colorado.
Jack London: An Adventurous Mind
Authors: Brandt Kenneth K.
Published: January 2020

This chapter provides an overview of Jack London’s life and career and introduces the philosophical influences and literary contexts that shaped and influenced his work. The chapter discusses how London endeavoured to create compelling fiction that was both entertaining and serious, and the methods he used to layer his fiction, crafting gripping surface dramas that overlaid more cerebral motifs to engaged philosophical and socio-political issues. The thematic diversity of his work and his fusional vision are also analysed. The influences of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche are considered in association with London’s major thematic concerns and the development of his “motif under the motif” narrative aesthetic. The chapter also discusses London’s engagement with the problem of meaning and value in a post-Darwinian cultural context. The story “South of the Slot” is closely analysed in relation to London’s primary themes and narrative strategies.
Into and Out of the Wild: The Call of the Wild and White Fang
Authors: Brandt Kenneth K.
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores London’s two famous dog novels. The Call of the Wild and White Fang are analysed in relation to the themes of initiation, adaptation, captivity, and freedom. Particular emphasis is given to the conflict between the formation of social dominance hierarchies and the urge toward solidarity and cooperation—a key conflict that runs throughout London’s work. The two novels are also considered in relation to a phenomenon the fascinated London: The ability of an organism to override biologically inscribed behavioural scripts and adapt to changing environments. The chapter also examines the significant Naturalistic features London stresses and describe how each text depicts crucial distinctions among amorality, immorality, and morality. In addition to these harsher Darwinian themes, this section examines London’s depiction of altruism.
Class Struggle: Socialist Writings and The Iron Heel
Authors: Brandt Kenneth K.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines key features of the author’s political and socialist thought. It offers thematically related analyses of the novel Before Adam and three politically weighted stories—“The Strength of the Strong,” “Goliah,” “The Apostate”—that confront economic exploitation and inequity. This chapter also presents a reading of London’s most overtly political novel, The Iron Heel in which London develops a more idealized Nietzschean superman figure in his protagonist Ernest Everhard. Lucid as Everhard’s arguments may appear, his revolutionary socialist agenda encounters substantial resistance, and these challenges register some of London’s more pessimistic reservations regarding the agenda of the Socialist movement at the beginning of the 20th Century.
Individualism and its Discontents: The Sea-Wolf and Martin Eden
Authors: Brandt Kenneth K.
Published: January 2020

This chapter offers a reading of London’s major sea novel, The Sea-Wolf, and his most celebrated semi-autobiographical novel, Martin Eden. The discussion of The Sea-Wolf focuses on the opposition of Wolf Larsen’s Nietzschean individualism and Humphrey Van Weyden’s collective idealism. This analysis focuses on the ways in which London uses Larsen’s anti-egalitarian materialism and Van Weyden’s more egalitarian idealism to orchestrate an effective and sensational war of ideas. Martin Eden also offers a critique of individualism, but his eponymous writer-hero emerges as a more ambiguous and sympathetic character. Unlike Larsen, Eden is generous and charitable in his social interactions, but his Nietzschean creed manifests itself as severe intellectual malady, which leads to depression, loneliness, and his eventual suicide. London depicts how aesthetic standardization and the popular press also contribute to Eden’s despair.
Sailing West: The Pacific Stories
Authors: Brandt Kenneth K.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines how London’s Pacific stories are most frequently concerned with three interrelated subjects: an anthropologically-oriented interest in indigenous cultures and racial groups; an assessment of imperialism’s detrimental effects on native populations and its Western practitioners; and a search for wholeness and meaning through local mythologies, folklore, and religions—modes of inquiry London hoped might moderate the alienation wrought by the capitalistic marketplace and scientific rationalism. The discussion focuses on how, at times, London replicates the racist norms of the dominant culture, while in other instances he protests against them. “The House of Pride,” “The Heathen,” “Good-By, Jack,” “Koolau the Leper,” “Mauki,” “The Red One,” and “The Water Baby” are closely analysed.
After Nature (1988)
Authors: Schütte Uwe
Published: January 2020

This section considers Sebald’s narrative prose poem and literary debut, After Nature. The first section of the poem is a fragmented literary portrait of German naturalist Georg Wilhelm Steller; the second a profile of Matthias Grünewald, the reclusive German painter. Schütte encourages the reader to see all three sections as self-portraits of the author, the latter being Sebald’s account of his self-exile from Germany to England. He argues all three pilgrimages reflect Sebald’s interest in exile, melancholia, and man’s increasingly troubled relationship with nature.
The Cult of Sebald
Authors: Schütte Uwe
Published: January 2020

This chapter challenges common misconceptions about Sebald, including the assumption that he wrote in English and that Austerlitz was the final work published in his lifetime. It goes on to discuss his misplaced label as a ‘Holocaust author’ and touches on the disappointing film adaptation of The Rings of Saturn. It also addresses controversies surrounding Sebald’s writing: how he deliberately situated himself as an academic outsider, was criticised by those who disliked his confrontation of German history, and his general animosity towards established champions of post-war literature.
Peter Neville Davies: An Appreciation
Authors: Williams David M.
Published: January 2020

An invitation to write an appreciation for a. festschrift represents both a pleasure and obligation. The pleasure is obvious enough; the obligation lies in the récognition that one is writing not merely for oneself but also on behalf of many others. In this instance those others are the host of scholars, world-wide, who would wish to record their appreciation of Peter Davies' friendship, academic judgement and great contribution to maritime history....
Bureaucrats, Businessmen and Bananas: The Colonial Office and Shipping Services in the West Indies, 1895-1925
Authors: Greenhill Robert G.
Published: January 2020

The interplay between the Colonial Office and British businessmen around the turn of the last century forms the background of this essay. Although the subject has been well-documented in a number of scholarly books and articles, we still lack an unambiguous definition of the relationship. Wide interpretations are still possible on the limits and the extent of the influence exercised by both officials and entrepreneurs. On the one hand, it is argued that the Colonial Office “had an instinctive dislike of government intervention in economic activity.”...
Shipbuilding at Belfast: Workman, Clark and Company, 1880-1935
Authors: Armitage Andrew
Published: January 2020

Conventionally the development of shipbuilding at Belfast has been discussed almost exclusively in terms of Harland and Wolff, one of Europe's largest maritime enterprises. Perhaps this is understandable, for the firm is the last major survivor of merchant shipbuilding in the United Kingdom. Yet Ulster's industrial base looms so large in the convoluted Anglo-Irish economic relationship that all its aspects deserve attention. This study attempts to redress the balance of historiography by examining the meteoric course of another large-scale shipbuilding business on the European periphery: Workman, Clark and Company....
Liverpool Shipowners, the Mediterranean, and the Transition from Sail to Steam During the Mid-Nineteenth Century
Authors: Cottrell P.L.
Published: January 2020

This section of the journal is comprised of essays exploring the local maritime history of Liverpool and Merseyside. P.L. Cottrell studies Merseyside trade with the Mediterranean; Frank Neal considers the organisation of Liverpudlian ship carpenters and their impact on shipbuilding; Adrian Jarvis examines the role of Alfred Jones in Liverpool's maritime history; and Michael Stammers discusses Professor Davies' extensive study of Liverpool's nautical archaeology.
Bigots or Patriots? The Political and Religious Allegiances of the Liverpool Ships' Carpenters, 1815-1851
Authors: Neal Frank
Published: January 2020

By 1851 Liverpool was one of world's greatest seaports. With a population of 375,000 it was the second largest town in Britain outside of London. In addition to its prominence as a seaport, it was also the place of residence of over eighty-three thousand Irish-born persons, the majority Catholic, poor and unskilled. In that year, large-scale disturbances took place between Irish Catholics and Orangemen, as a result of which three people died. The town had already achieved a national notoriety as the scene of bitter disputes between Irish and English, and in the first half of the century the group of indigenous workers most prominent in the street warfare was the ships' carpenters. This paper sets out to describe that conflict and to offer some possible explanations of the phenomenon of these Tory working men....
Merchants from Sail to Steam: The West Australian Shipping Association and the Evolution of the Conference System, 1884-1910
Authors: Broeze Frank
Published: January 2020

This section of the journal is comprised of essays exploring international maritime history, in fields closely related to Professor Davies' own research. Frank Broeze examines the conferences of the port Fremantle; Anders Fon and Lewis R. Fischer explore Norwegian shipbroking; Helge Nordvik reviews the life of Norwegian shipowner, Lauritz Kloster; and Lars Scholl considers the 1920 re-establishment of the Hamburg-American line.
Entrepreneurship and Risk-Taking in the Norwegian Shipping Industry in the Early Part of the Twentieth Century: The Case of Lauritz Kloster, Stavanger
Authors: Nordvik Helge W.
Published: January 2020

The transition from sail to steam in the Norwegian shipping industry has traditionally been described as slow and hesitant.2 Contrary to the established view in the literature that this was due to entrepreneurial failure, the slow adoption of new steamship technology has recently been defended as a case of rational profit-maximizing behaviour....
Recruitment and Promotion: The Merchant Fleet of Salem, Massachusetts, 1670-1765
Authors: Walsh Vince
Published: January 2020

Vince Walsh examines Salem, Massachusetts, and finds that the market within Salem was efficient yet would only recruit within Salem and suffered as a result.
Pirates and Markets
Authors: Starkey David J.
Published: January 2020

David Starkey studies eighteenth century England, noting a fluctuation between efficiency and inefficiency across markets.
Planet
Authors: Murray Levine Alison J.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines a cluster of high-budget French environmental documentaries that have brought unprecedented attention back to the wildlife genre by reinventing it. It pays particular attention to the films of Claude Nuridsany and Marie Pérennou, as well as those of Jacques Perrin. It argues that these eco-docs depart from conventional notions of “wildlife cinema” in favor of an experiential documentary intention. They share with other films in the book a desire to displace and disturb the viewer, to invite her to co-habit an environmental space with the filmed subjects and share a multisensory experience alongside theirs. The work of Perrin and other French environmental filmmakers has made significant contributions to the development of an approach to nature film that relentlessly seeks innovative technical and narrative strategies to invite the viewer into an experiential relationship with nature, understood as a sense of connectedness between the viewer’s life-world and the world of the film. The chapter proposes close analysis of a few films and a consideration of their afterlives as cultural artifacts, intertwined with environmental discourses and practices in contemporary France.
School
Authors: Murray Levine Alison J.
Published: January 2020

This chapter considers five films from among the rich and diverse archive of French documentaries devoted to school experience from the past twenty years. The filmmakers included are Denis Gheerbrant, Nicolas Philibert, Régis Sauder, Pascale Diez, and Julie Bertucelli. This collection of films by a diverse mix of filmmakers examines life in an equally diverse mix of schools and classes. They share an interest in configuring the space of the school in terms of experiential relationships rather than expository argumentation. They invite viewers to explore a particular space and develop a sense of co-presence with its inhabitants, resulting in a sense of ecological connection within a shared ecosystem rather than identification with, or mastery of, the subjects in the film. The films highlighted in this chapter are considered within the context of contemporary debates about the “school crisis” in France, and viewer responses to two of the films are studied in detail.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Murray Levine Alison J.
Published: January 2020

This chapter reflects on the collection of films included in the book, suggesting the terms cadre (frame) and bonne distance (appropriate distance) as productive springboards for this reflection. It suggests directions for future research in the vast and rich archive of contemporary and recent French documentary film.
Introduction
Authors: May Adrian
Published: January 2020

Lignes is introduced as the most useful review through which to provide a narrative of French intellectual culture and the preservation of French Theory (or la pensée 68) since the 1980s. After a brief introduction to both intellectuals and reviews, a history of the significant developments in French intellectual culture throughout the twentieth century is provided. The methodological approach to Lignes and its editor Michel Surya is then delineated, and the book is situated between intellectual, cultural history approaches and previous studies of periodical publications before a summary of the coming chapters is provided.
Power without Politics
Authors: May Adrian
Published: January 2020

Around 1996, the review re-orientated its political critique to examine how the globalisation of financial capitalism had hamstrung the progressive left. Michel Surya’s De la domination described capitalism as a form of domination that exercised a form of power without politics, and decried the moralisation of economics which suggested that as long as businesses behaved well, the global financial system itself was unimpeachable. The chapter demonstrates that Surya’s work was influenced by Jean Baudrillard, but that this latter thinker’s account of a now entirely virtual financial economy increasingly seemed inadequate, and the review turned back to Guy Debord for a more Marxist critique of the alienation produced by contemporary capitalism. After exploring this historical genealogy, the chapter explores the Lignes contributions of Groupe Krisis to see how this Frankfurt School-inspired group both predicted the 2008 financial crisis and provided an apocalyptic account of capitalism’s inevitable demise. Yet this account is also seen to be inherently de-politicising and foreclosing political action, and the chapter closes by contrasting it to the analyses of other Lignes contributors, such as Daniel Bensaïd, especially when discussing the EU treatment of Greece after the financial crisis.
Combatting the Crisis
Authors: May Adrian
Published: January 2020

This chapter charts the political responses of Lignes in the new millennium, as securitisation methods, crises and states of exception replaced consensual liberalism as the dominant modes of governance after 9/11. Rather than the review’s normal pessimistic stance, a reshuffled editorial board instead emphasised the need to reconstruct active, political agency to resist the governments of Jacques Chirac and Nicolas Sarkozy. An issue devoted to the militant Trotskyist David Rousset set the tone at the start of the new millennium, as Rousset’s experience in combatting concentration camps prompted the review to investigate the controversial use of migrant retention centres on French soil and theories of the State of Exception between Michel Foucault and Giorgio Agamben. New routes to active political agency are then produced, firstly via Jacques Ranciere’s account of the eruption of new political voices and sans papiers activism. Lastly, Alain Badiou’s emphasis on extra-parliamentary politics the Idea of Communism is contrasted to Daniel Bensaïd’s stress on the need for a new, militant political party in the run-up to the 2012 presidential elections.
Excluded from Thought?
Authors: May Adrian
Published: January 2020

This chapter takes a more critical stance towards the review to examine its cultural conservatism and reticence towards identity politics. The review’s literary tastes, largely shaped by the legacies of Georges Bataille and Maurice Blanchot, are shown to harbour a sense of artistic exceptionalism which often precludes representations of the everyday, and therefore also limits political solidarity with those usually defended by Lignes. Despite the racial or gendered exclusions it can produce, literary elitism or conservatism is in itself not necessarily criticised, but the hostility to mass culture inculcated by some aesthetic Marxist approaches is seen to be politically unhelpful in the present moment and other approaches to cultural politics in Lignes are sought. After Alain Badiou’s Circonstances 3 caused a row over anti-Semitism and the critique of Israel, it is suggested that the strategic essentialism of Judith Butler provides a more appropriate stance compared to Badiou’s strategic universalism. Lastly, Lignes’ virtual silence on gender and sexuality issues (a stance softening in recent issues) is contrasted to the Parti Socialiste’s progressive measures on parity, PACs and gay marriage.
Conclusion
Authors: May Adrian
Published: January 2020

The conclusion brings together the different threads of the book to highlight the significant contributions of Lignes in the present moment. Whilst French politics has drifted ceaselessly to the right since the 1980s, some intellectuals have of late seemed to re-embrace Marxism and the radical left, Lignes helping this rejuvenation to a large degree. Lignes is described as having preserved two major strains of la pensée 68, a literary deconstruction similar to Jacques Derrida’s (though one more focused on the opaque and material nature of language than abstract, conceptual deconstruction), and a post-Althusserian Marxism. Politically, the review is shown to have consistently carried out a dual critique of liberalism and the extreme right, providing a coherent account of the rise of the FN and the growing crises of liberal capitalism in the new millennium. Along with the review’s new interest in feminism, gay rights and the environment, suggestions are made to the future lines of thought Lignes could pursue in coming years.
Unionist Visits to America
Authors: Flewelling Lindsey
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines three transatlantic visits by unionist propagandists between 1886 and 1920. These visits emphasized the unionists’ concerns for the cultivation of Anglo-American friendship and Protestant unity, as well as their focus on countering Irish-American influence. They hoped to foster the development of a transatlantic unionist community with resultant moral and financial support against Home Rule, and to diminish Irish-American nationalist credibility. These three cases reveal how the unionists marketed themselves while overseas, their approaches to the opposition of nationalist influence in America, and their views of the United States. These visits also show the pitfalls in the unionists’ American tactics which help to explain the limited success of their movement.
The Idea of America
Authors: Flewelling Lindsey
Published: January 2020

The United States played a significant role in unionist political thought and rhetoric throughout the Home Rule era. Ulster unionists used American examples to emphasize the need to maintain unity between Great Britain and Ireland, and to provide historical justification for unionist actions. This chapter examines the ways in which the American Revolutionary War, Civil War, and Constitution were utilized in unionist rhetoric. Unionists drew upon these American historical and constitutional examples to highlight ethnic connections to the United States, underscore the failed obligations of the British government to fight to save the Union, and legitimize Ulster militancy.
The Black Male Body in Early African American Science Fiction
Authors: Allen Marlene D.
Published: January 2020

Marlene Allen’s essay explores the bodies of Belton Piedmont and Bernard Belgrave through the focus of late nineteenth-century debates about race determinism. Sutton Grigg’s Imperium in Imperio extrapolates the nature and nurture dichotomy into a fantastical counter-history of race war in America, refuting pseudo-scientific discourses of black intellectual inferiority.
‘Intellectual suicides’
Authors: Sharp Christine Crockett
Published: January 2020

In her essay Christine Crockett Sharp addresses the body as afflicted by a debilitating search for knowledge and truth, which runs against the doctrine of Victorian muscular masculinity. Masturbation, Sharp demonstrates, provoked horror in the nineteenth-century mind because of its association with a deliberate self-incapacitation. The weakness and impotence that it was believed to induce, allied to its suspiciousness as a solitary pursuit, runs counter to the imperatives underpinning imperial and commercial vigour. In Middlemarch, Casaubon is an etiolated husk of a man not primarily because of the impossibility of his intellectual task but because of his self-inflicted moral wound.
The Cacophony of Disaster
Authors: Kaminsky Inbar
Published: January 2020

In this essay Inbar Kaminsky examines the physical dislocations that followed the emotional trauma of 9/11. Robbed of his ability to process the monumental collapse of meaning represented by the attack, DeLillo’s protagonist is projected into what Kaminsky terms a ‘metaphorical body of sound’ – a dissonant and omnipresent soundscape of memories whose refractions prevent him from accommodating his trauma both physically and mentally. Here the body becomes consumed by the sensorium, dispersed and fractured by the disconnect created by the possibility of survivorship in the midst of mass death. Kaminksy explores how the American nation, as much as its citizens, has become disembodied and is still searching for ways to reconnect to the physical weight of history.
‘’Tis My Father’s Fault’
Authors: Buckley Jenifer
Published: January 2020

Jenifer Buckley commences her analysis of Sterne from the notion, influenced by the findings of Leeuwenhoek, that the thoughts of a father at the point of ejaculation could positively affect the child that was produced. In contrast to the imaginative transit of the mother, which, it was believed, if negative or destructive during the period of pregnancy could result in birth defects, the male imagination bore the responsibility for producing hale and hearty offspring. Sterne’s satirical dismissal of such ‘imaginationist’ theories of reproduction proceeds through Tristram’s father, who bemoans his distraction at the moment of his son’s conception, which, he believes, was responsible for all his child’s failings. The comic calamities of this bullishness belies, for Buckley, a more serious debate about the relative male and female contributions to the domestic sphere, and about the workings of imaginative causation that would soon be more rigorously interrogated by the Romantic movement.
Introduction: Smeathmania
Authors: Coleman Deirdre
Published: January 2020

The Introduction describes the setting up of Smeathman’s collecting expedition in London in 1771, including details of his main sponsors, Dru Drury, Joseph Banks, and the Quaker physician John Fothergill. The recent and celebrated return of the Endeavour, laden with exotic naturalia, provided a dramatic instance of what a well-equipped expedition to unknown parts might achieve. The presence of Smeathman’s archive in Uppsala, Sweden, indicates his importance as one of Linnaeus’ lesser known disciples. His journals, plus his Shandyesque letters to friends and sponsors, are testimony to the collaborative dimension of knowledge-making in this period, rivalling in importance the insects, plants, and shells he sent home to Liverpool and London.
Prospects
Authors: Coleman Deirdre
Published: January 2020

Chapter 2 begins with the intellectual stimulus of Smeathman’s voyage through tropical waters to West Africa. His powers of close observation are exercised on creatures such as the polyp, an exemplary case of the plant-animal continuum which was so perplexing to naturalists. Upon arriving at the Isles de Los, Smeathman is affronted by the sights and sounds of slavery. Pity for the enslaved, especially the women nursing babies, is accompanied by admiration of the scale and efficiency of the slave trade’s organization. In comparison his fieldwork equipment looks puny to the slave traders who consider their ‘collections’ to be far more significant, and certainly more profitable.
Currency
Authors: Coleman Deirdre
Published: January 2020

Since slaves are the chief currency on the coast, and the Banana islands were an important holding place prior to shipping, Smeathman starts trading in them, revealing in his letters the intertwining of natural history with the slave trade and the rise of racial science, the latter bolstered by Linnean classification. Most of this chapter is set on the slave factories of Bunce Island and the Isles de Los, where the Linnaean botanist Anders Berlin dies and where Smeathman further observes the ships’ captains, sailors and surgeons as they load their human cargoes. He also comments on the vicious guns-for-slaves cycle, composing a gothic set-piece on the horror of slavery, but including in this picture the trade’s orderly economy.
Prodigal Returns
Authors: Coleman Deirdre
Published: January 2020

After nearly nine years’ absence Smeathman returns to London in late 1779. Since he sent his subscribers mainly insects from West Africa, they are unhappy with him, and he argues with Banks, now President of the Royal Society. Nevertheless Banks supports Smeathman in publishing his landmark essay on the West African termite in the Transactions of the Royal Society (1781). Smeathman also provides Drury with life histories of the African insects featured in volume 3 of his Illustrations of Natural History (1782). Other roles include working as an elocutionist, public lecturer, and British Museum guide. In 1783 he travels to Paris where he moves in Benjamin Franklin’s circle and participates in the craze for ballooning. Since he is finding it difficult to get sponsors to finance a return trip to West Africa, he hopes to make enough money for that purpose from his aeronautical experiments. He publishes his ideas for a mixed-race society of free planters entitled Plan of a Settlement to be made near Sierra Leona (1786), secures funding from the British Government and the Committee for the Black Poor, but dies on the eve of setting out.
Decolonizing Consumption and Postcoloniality: A Theory of Allegory in Oswald de Andrade’s Antropofagia
Authors: Silva Daniel F.
Published: January 2020

This chapter provides an exploration of the decolonial possibilities in works by the Brazilian Modernist movement of the early twentieth century – Antropofagia [Anthropophagy] – namely key works by its most acclaimed writers, Mário de Andrade and Oswald de Andrade. The first chapter, ‘Decolonizing Consumption and Postcoloniality: a Theory of Allegory in Oswald de Andrade’s Antropofagia,’ interrogates what I argue to be a central aspect of the works and political project of the movement – the deployment of a particular mode of allegory, one of consumption. I explore this allegory of consumption beyond canonical readings of the movement’s cannibal metaphor in relation to Oswald de Andrade’s collection of poetry, Pau Brasil [Brazilwood], in addition to his seminal manifesto, ‘Manifesto Antropófago’ [‘Antropophagic Manifesto’] (1928).
Imperial Cryptonomy: Colonial Specters and Portuguese Exceptionalism in Isabela Figueiredo’s Caderno de Memórias Coloniais
Authors: Silva Daniel F.
Published: January 2020

In opposing mainstream metropolitan narratives of the imperial past, Figueiredo’s memoir retells many of her traumatic experiences growing up in the colony, beginning with her formation as a gendered and racialized subject and the teaching of desire by her social and familial circles of colonists. She, in other words, utilizes her own placement into Empire’s discursive field in order to contest the metropolis’s dominant post-imperial narrative regarding its colonial past. Of the different characters that emerge from her memoir, her father is undoubtedly the most prevalent. For instance, Figueiredo notably equates her father with colonialism, as the embodiment and voicing of race, gender, and class-based power. The ubiquity of the father in her narrating of the past urges us to think of him as a specter, one that repeatedly destabilizes the present, both hers and that of the former metropolis. This chapter thus utilizes Jacques Derrida’s concept of spectrality in dialogue with his engagement with Maria Torok and Nicholas Abraham’s notion of cryptonomy. The goal of this particular inquiry is to understand the ideological relationship between the field of racial, socio-economic and sexual meaning experienced by Figueiredo as a colonist and the official political narrative of Portuguese pluri-continentality and amicable colonialism promoted during and after the final three decades of Portuguese imperialism.
Decolonizing Hybridity through Intersectionality and Diaspora in the Poetry of Olinda Beja
Authors: Silva Daniel F.
Published: January 2020

This chapter considers how Beja, born in 1946 in the African archipelago of São Tomé and Príncipe, seeks to produce a signifying chain that emerges from the centuries-long impact of imperial power on the world, particularly on disenfranchised peoples and spaces. Beja, in this sense, takes a further step by reflecting on ways to enunciate identity and collective struggle in a decolonial fashion. The chapter reads select poems from three of her collections spanning her poetic trajectory and oeuvre: Bô Tendê? [Do You Understand?] (1992), No País do Tchiloli [In the Country of Tchiloli] (1996), and Aromas de Cajamanga [Aromas of Ambarella] (2009). In doing so, we shall examine what we may call a decolonial remapping; one that Beja carries out, I argue, in a poetic narrating/signifying of movement through time and space that re-orders imperial signifiers.
Transgendering Jesus: Mário Lúcio Sousa’s O Novíssimo Testamento and the Dismantling of Imperial Categories
Authors: Silva Daniel F.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines how the novel combines the religious with elements of the fantastic in staging the reincarnation of Jesus Christ. Placed within an existing field of global meanings, especially pertaining to notions of morality and propriety underpinned by racial and sexual discourses, Jesus confronts a world of stigma and suffering. As millions of people flock to Lém to seek out the messiah, many of which requesting miracles, Jesus comes face to face with imperial categorizations of bodies in terms of not only race and gender, but also of disease and disability. In doing so, she is forced to grapple with the construction and lived consequences of particular notions of normativity – of corporal ability, skin color, and gender – that inform privilege within Empire. The resolutions she seeks reveal a mission against what Michel Foucault and Gayatri Spivak call the epistemic violence of power, namely that of Empire.
Conclusion
Authors: Silva Daniel F.
Published: January 2020

The conclusion brings together the fundamental questions raised in each chapter and the interventions proposed by the texts analysed. In joining these, the book closes with a final concise reflection on possible trajectories against Empire.
Frontier Politics French, Portuguese and Amerindian Alliances between the Amazon and Cayenne, 1680–1697
Authors: Espelt-Bombin Silvia
Published: January 2020

While the territory we know today as Guyane was in the end claimed by France, initial attempts to establish a colony there were unsuccessful for several reasons. Highly significant amongst these reasons were the attacks made by indigenous people on settlements which were already precarious. In interdisciplinary studies of the Guianese plateau, Neil Whitehead, Stéphen Rostain, Pierre Grenand and Françoise Grenand—amongst others—have discussed processes of tribalisation and the degree of influence that indigenous warfare had on the establishment and development of European enclaves in the region. Following and building on this existing research as well as drawing upon archival sources, this chapter addresses a small number of specific ‘frontier’ contacts, wars and alliances between different indigenous groups, the French and the Portuguese. By exploring these cases, the chapter sheds light on the negotiations of power that took place in the area over time. It addresses the question of how alliances changed over time depending on interests and circumstances. Rather than using these cases to define the ‘colonial frontier’ between Portugal and France in northeast South America, its aim is to focus on the degree and power of negotiation that the different indigenous groups had on territorial control.
Producing the Periphery
Authors: Yarrington Jonna M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses the impact that changes in the French national sugar market—caused by the introduction of French-grown beet sugar—made on the conceptualisation of Guyane between 1800 and 1860. It addresses a specific historical lacuna: the conjunction between the penal colony and other colonial activity such as the cane complex. The penal colony has too often been studied as a thing in isolation. More broadly, the chapter seeks to explain how Guyane can be used as a means to question the reification of ‘national’ territory.
The chapter first outlines how, after being claimed as a colony by France in the early seventeenth century, Guyane came to differ from other locations in the French Antilles, although all Caribbean cane colonies were still perceived as external to the nation that built them. Secondly, the chapter focuses on the period between 1812 and 1860, which it defines as the sugar ‘conjunction’ and which is part of the reason why Guyane provides a prime illustrative case of colonial change.
A School in Boniville? Political Skills and ‘Primitives’ in Guyane (1930–1969)
Authors: Maurice Edenz
Published: January 2020

This chapter argues that debates over the construction or non-construction of a school at Boniville between 1930 and the end of the 1960s demonstrate the threefold originality of this colonial space. Guyane was at the same time peripheral, contested, and autonomous. It explores how, for the Boni, the school served as an instrument by which the educative norms of the coastal colonial society could be appropriated. The actions of Gran Man Difou, who initiated the school project in the 1930s, are considered in terms of strategic action and alliances. The chapter considers what material and symbolic advantages were at stake in the school’s construction—and for whom—particularly given the proximity of Dutch state actions across the river. By their support for the school project, I conclude, the Boni were able to reinforce their collective identity during a period marked by great social disruption, as they were gradually integrated into the French departmental system.
The chapter, then, sheds light on a space of mediation at the heart of a territory which itself was marginal—even to the ‘peripheral’ colony of Guyane. Via the negotiations between centre and periphery taking place there during this period, this space became the terrain for the construction of both national and regional identities.
Reclaiming Félix Éboué Departmentalization and the Politics of Commemoration in Guyane, 1944–2012
Authors: Wood Sarah
Published: January 2020

This chapter locates the figure of Félix Éboué in the cultural politics of commemoration in Guyane. It offers a cultural history of the production of memorials to Éboué in Guyane (his birthplace) and beyond, assessing the role of these markers of national power in the local landscape. The chapter focuses first on the monument located in central Cayenne, produced at the instigation of a local committee and inaugurated in 1957, towards the end of the Fourth Republic. It then addresses the revival of 'memory' of Éboué and the renewal of his presence in Guyane which occurred during the 2000s. Instigated in part by Christiane Taubira, this culminated in the renaming of the only international airport in the Département — the key point of arrival and departure between Paris and Cayenne. The chapter concludes by asking how the vision of Guyane asserted in the act of ‘remembering’ Éboué has changed or been adapted in the twenty-first century.
Maroon Art in Guyane New Forms, New Discourses
Authors: Price Sally
Published: January 2020

This chapter looks at the way Maroons who enjoy either French citizenship or legal residence permits have responded to the rapidly changing opportunities, turning to the production of new art forms (essentially, painting rather than woodcarving). The chapter foregrounds the role of the cooperatives (often directed by Europeans rather than Maroons) that profit from their eligibility for government subsidies and ties with other financial supporters. And it shows how young Maroons, with help from the cooperatives, have created a new narrative of both the meaning and the history of Maroon art that sells well in the context of longstanding Western stereotypes. The greater part of the chapter, then, is concerned with delineating these changes in form and discourse. The final part develops a critique of imposed interpretations of the meanings of symbols. It debunks the claim (by men) that Maroon art transmits messages from the male artist to the female recipient of the finished product, showing how women have never participated in the promotion of this idea and that, in fact, they unanimously deny knowing what meaning any of the motifs might carry.