bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Historical Studies of the Opponents of Church Reform in the 17th – the 1st Quarter of the 18th Century
Authors: Gurianova N. S.
Published: October 2022

The article analyzes the problem of the formation of a historical scheme created by the Old Believers, to include the socio-religious movement in global Christian history. It shows that the monks of the Solovetsky Monastery reproduced the stratagem proposed by the scholars of Ancient Russia for incorporating of Russian history into the world history, accompanying it with the perception of events from an eschatological perspective. At the same time, they put an accent on the events that, in their opinion, led to the crisis of the Russian society. The next generations of opponents of the ecclesiastical reforms tried to improve this scheme, adapted it due to the changing conditions. By the end of the 17th century, internal church opposition began to turn into a broad religious and social movement, which divided into two groups – accepting priests and not accepting (“bespopovcy”), and each of them – into independent communities. The process of improving the historical scheme proposed by the Solovetsky monks manifested itself especially clearly in the works written in the center of the Pomor association of the Vyg community. Based on the results of the analysis of the Vyg historical narrative the article concludes that the Old Believers considered Russia failed as a stronghold of the true faith due to the actions of the reformers. They assumed the defeat of the monks from Solovetsky monastery, who advocated the preservation of the traditions of the Russian Church, as sign of the coming of the kingdom of the Antichrist. In this situation, the proclamation of Vyg as the successor of the Solovetsky Monastery meant that the Vyg Old Believers community inherited the function of preserving the true faith. The eschatological perception of reality, typical for the Old Believers, determined their view, that only the existence of the community was a guarantee of the continuation of the history of mankind. Such interpretation of history gave the members of Vyg community confidence in their own significance and a sense of responsibility for the fate to the world.
Justice of the Peace and the Formation of County Militias in England in the End of the 16th and Beginning of the 17th Century (on the Example of Norfolk County)
Authors: Mitrofanov V. P.
Published: October 2022

The article examines the activities of the justice of peace of the English county of Norfolk Nathaniel Bacon on the formation of the county militia in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Analysis of his “notes”, correspondence with representatives of the central government and other documents shows that the justice of peace was involved in many issues of the formation and armament of the county militias. He reported regularly on these matters to the Privy Coun cil. In the center of his attention was the collection of monies from the population for the acquisition of weapons, the preparation and conduct of military reviews of the militia, the preparation of certificates of military commands, the procedure for conducting military inspections of militias, etc. Bacon had constant contact with both the lordlieutenant of the county and with the captains of military commands, sheriffs and constables of hundreds. One of the difficult tasks that he had to solve was the collection of funds from representatives of various classes for the needs of the military teams of the county militia. In general, the magistrate managed to achieve a good level of provision of firearms for the county militias. The material of the article clearly illustrates, using the example of a separate county, some of the complexities and nuances of the “military revolution” of the early modern times in England and the role of justices of the peace in this.
Polymer Colloids: Moving beyond Spherical Particles
Authors: Lattuada Marco , Dorbic Kata
Published: October 2022

When thinking about colloidal particles, the fist image that comes into mind is that of tiny little polystyrene spheres with a narrow size distribution. While spherical polymer colloids are one of the workhorses of colloid science, scientists have been working on the development of progressively advanced strategies to move beyond particles with spherical shapes, and prepared polymer colloids with more complex morphologies. This short review aims at providing a summary of these developments, focusing primarily on methods applicable to submicron particles, with an eye towards their applications and some discussion about advantages and drawbacks of the various approaches.
Conformational tuning improves the stability of spirocyclic nitroxides with long paramagnetic relaxation times
Authors: Sowiński Mateusz Piotr , Gahlawat Sahil , Warnke Anna-Luisa , Lund Bjarte Aarmo , Hopmann Kathrin Helen , Lovett Janet Eleanor , Haugland Marius Myreng
Published: October 2022

Nitroxides are widely used as probes and polarization transfer agents in spectroscopy and imaging. These applications require high stability towards reducing biological environments, as well as beneficial relaxation properties. While the latter is provided by spirocyclic groups on the nitroxide scaffold, such systems are not in themselves robust under reducing conditions. In this work, we introduce a strategy for stability enhancement through conformational tuning, where incorporating additional substituents on the nitroxide ring effects a shift towards highly stable closed spirocyclic conformations, as indicated by X-ray crystallography and DFT calculations. Closed spirocyclohexyl nitroxides exhibit a dramatically improved stability towards reduction by ascorbate, while maintaining long relaxation times in EPR spectroscopy. These findings have important implications for the future design of new nitroxide-based spin labels and imaging agents.
One-pot approach for multi-step, iterative synthesis of sequence-defined oligocarbamates
Authors: Cwynar Pawel , Pasikowski Pawel , Szweda Roza
Published: October 2022

High-yielding and scalable methods for iterative synthesis of sequence-defined macromolecules is a great challenge in modern polymer chemistry. Sequence-defined macromolecules are fabricated by multi-step iterative processes that involve high reagents and solvents consumption. Moreover, every step causes yield losses that result in low overall yield. Despite the envisioned valuable functions and applications of sequence-defined polymers, the synthetic limitations constitute a barrier for the exploitation of their practical potential. Here, we investigated the one-pot synthesis of oligocarbamates without the purification of intermediates. To control monomer sequence without isolation, we introduced a monitoring feedback loop to fuel the exact amount of reagents to the reaction mixture, assuring full conversion of each reaction. Based on a one-pot strategy, we have developed a facile approach for the preparation of uniform, oligocarbamates with full control of monomer order and defined stereochemistry. The great advantage of the presented methodology is the scalability of the process (demonstrated for synthesis of 50 g) and high yield (up to 90%). Oligomers obtained on a large scale can be further used as precursors for the synthesis of polymers with high molar mass. One-pot methods combined with chemoselective reactions bear the potential to overcome existing synthesis limitations and unlock the practical use of sequence-defined macromolecules. The presented concept might be further extended to different multi-step processes.
AN IMPROVED NON-TARGET ANALYSIS AND SUSPECT SCREENING WORKFLOW FOR ORGANIC ACID CONTAMINANTS IN DRINKING WATER
Authors: Ciccarelli Davide , Marczylo Tim , Vineis Paolo , Barron Leon
Published: October 2022

A novel and generalisable analytical workflow for non-target analysis (NTA) and suspect screening (SS) of potentially toxic organic acids in drinking water is presented, featuring selective extraction by silica-based strong anion exchange solid-phase extraction (SAX-SPE), mixed-mode liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometric (LC-HRMS) analysis, non-targeted peak detection, features reduction and SS. To achieve this, a selection of 23 structurally diverse compounds with a broad range of polarities were evaluated. Importantly, the novel introduction of an elution solvent containing ammonium bicarbonate extended the current applicability of SAX-SPE for strong acids and subsequent mass spectrometry analysis. This new method performed with consistently higher recovery (88 ± 7 % at 500 ng L-1), improved selectivity and lower matrix interference (mean = 12%) over a generic mixed-mode weak anion exchange SPE method. In addition, a novel filter for reducing full-scan features from fulvic and humic acids was successfully introduced, reducing workload and potential for false positives. The workflow was then applied to NTA/SS of 10 London municipal drinking water samples, allowing the identification of 22 confirmed substances. Several poorly investigated and potentially harmful compounds were found. In particular, predicted mutagenicity and occurrence frequency indicated the need for further investigation of halogenated hydroxy-cyclopentene-diones (HCDs) and dibromomethanesulfonic acid in drinking water. Overall, this approach demonstrated that employing some selectivity for general molecular properties in NTA overall helped shortlist suspect and potentially toxic chemical contaminants with higher confidence, in this case for organic acids.
Engineering Small Molecule Switches of Protein Function in Zebrafish Embryos
Authors: Brown Wes , Wesalo Joshua , Tsang Michael , Deiters Alexander
Published: October 2022

Precise temporally regulated protein function directs the highly complex processes that make up embryo development. The zebrafish embryo is an excellent model organism to study develop-ment and conditional control over enzymatic activity is desirable to target chemical intervention to specific developmental events and to investigate biological mechanisms. Surprisingly, however, few generally applicable small molecule switches of protein function exist in zebrafish. Genetic code expansion allows for site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins that contain caging groups that are removed through addition of small molecule triggers such as phosphines or tetrazines. This broadly applicable control of protein function was applied to acti-vate several enzymes, including a GTPase and a protease, with temporal precision in zebrafish embryos. Simple addition of the small molecule trigger to the media produces robust and tunable protein activation, which was used to gain insight into the development of a congenital heart de-fect from a RASopathy mutant of NRAS, and to control DNA and protein cleavage events cata-lyzed by a viral recombinase and a viral protease, respectively.
Divergent Mechanistic Pathways for Copper(I) Hydrophosphination Catalysis: Understanding that Allows for Diastereoselective Hydrophosphination of a Tri-substituted Styrene
Authors: Dannenberg Steven , Seth Dennis , Finfer Emma , Waterman Rory
Published: October 2022

Readily available and bench-stable Cu(acac)2 (1) addresses many challenges in exploratory hydrophosphination catalysis. Mechanistic investigations were performed to answer questions that remain about the reactivity of 1, the role of light in the catalysis, and to provide direction for further study. A divergent Hammett plot indicates differing mechanisms based on electron density at the alkene substrate. A radical process was eliminated based on trapping reactions and in-situ EPR experiments. Isotopic labeling experiments, a zwitterionic trapping experiment, stoichiometric model reactions, and catalytic reactions using proxy intermediates indicate that both conjugate addition and insertion-based mechanistic pathways occur with this system, depending on the unsaturated substrate. Computational analysis indicates that the lowest energy transition is a ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) from the phosphido ligand where the LUMO has significant Cu–P antibonding character, suggesting that a weakened Cu–P bond accelerates insertion under photocatalytic conditions. This hypothesis explains the greater activity of 1 compared to copper-catalyzed hydrophosphination reports and appears to be a general phenomenon for copper(I) catalysts. These results have been leveraged to achieve heretofore unknown catalytic hydrophosphination reactivity, namely the diastereoselective hydrophosphination of a tri-substituted styrene substrate.
Actin-binding domain of Rng2 sparsely bound on F-actin strongly inhibits actin movement on myosin II
Authors: Hayakawa Yuuki , Takaine Masak , Ngo Kien Xuan , Imai Taiga , Yamada Masafumi D , Behjat Arash Badami , Umeda Kenichi , Hirose Keiko , Yurtsever Ayhan , Kodera Noriyuki , Tokuraku Kiyotaka , Numata Osamu , Fukuma Takeshi , Ando Toshio , Nakano Kentaro , Uyeda Taro QP
Published: October 2022

We report a case in which sub-stoichiometric binding of an actin-binding protein has profound structural and functional consequences, providing an insight into the fundamental properties of actin regulation. Rng2 is an IQGAP contained in contractile rings in the fission yeastSchizosaccharomyces pombe. Here, we used high-speed atomic force microscopy and electron microscopy and found that sub-stoichiometric binding of the calponin-homology actin-binding domain of Rng2 (Rng2CHD) induces global structural changes in skeletal muscle actin filaments, including shortening of the filament helical pitch. Sub-stoichiometric binding of Rng2CHD also reduced the affinity between actin filaments and muscle myosin II carrying ADP and strongly inhibited the motility of actin filaments on myosin II in vitro. On skeletal muscle myosin II–coated surfaces, Rng2CHD stopped the actin movements at a binding ratio of 11%. Rng2CHD also inhibited actin movements on myosin II of the amoebaDictyostelium, but in this case, by detaching actin filaments from myosin II–coated surfaces. Thus, sparsely bound Rng2CHD induces apparently cooperative structural changes in actin filaments and inhibits force generation by actomyosin II.
Optic properties of ZnO films grown by sol-gel technique
Authors: Katrich G. S. , Petrushenko S. I. , Botsula O.V.
Published: October 2022

Background. Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a promising material for designing the semiconductor radiation sources and detectors in the region of short wavelengths of the optical range. Films based on ZnO are considered as possible elements of optoelectronic devices that can be used to influence their optical properties. Nowadays, the methods of making such films are quite diverse, however, obtaining high-quality and inexpensive ZnO films remains an actual scientific and engineering task that needs to be solved. Thus, the research in this direction and the development of recommendations on the synthesis of ZnO films is urgent. Purpose of Work. The aim of the work is to obtain ZnO films by the sol-gel technique, to evaluate their structure and optical properties and to estimate the affect of ultraviolet radiation on the structure and optical characteristics of the obtained films. Techniques and Methodology. The process of obtaining ZnO films is considered. The process of obtaining such films by sol-gel technique is described. A visual analysis of the experimentally obtained films has been carried out. The optical properties of ZnO films were experimentally examined. In particular, the influence of ultraviolet radiation used at the stage of obtaining films on the features of their ability to absorb radiation in the optical range is analyzed. Results. ZnO films were grown experimentally by sol-gel technique. ZnO films were formed on quartz substrates. The formation of ZnO nanoparticles is observed in the films obtained without the influence of radiation. The usage of ultraviolet radiation at the stage of the final heat treatment at a temperature of 480 °C leads to the formation of a higher quality ZnO film and a decrease in the size of the granules. Analysis of the chemical composition of the films using X-ray fluorescence analysis shows the presence of zinc and oxygen in the formed films, as well as insignificant carbon content, which is associated with the use of quartz as substrates. The dependencies of the transmission capacity of ZnO films on the wavelength of radiation incident on the film in the range of 200-450 nm are obtained. It is shown that in films exposed to ultraviolet radiation at the stage of heat treatment, there is a shift in the value of the cut-off wavelength corresponding to the absorption edge and, accordingly, a decrease in the band gap calculated from the results of the experiment. Conclusions: To summarize the results of the research we can highlight that the influence of ultraviolet radiation at the stage of the final heat treatment on ZnO films formed by sol-gel method leads to an improvement in the quality of the films and to a change in their optical properties, in particular, a decrease in the energy corresponding to the absorption threshold.
Norm of iegnfunction of one-dimension photonic crystal
Authors: Kazanko О. V. , Penkina О. E.
Published: October 2022

Relevance. In recent decades (about the 90-s ХХ century) there has been rapid development of photonic. Thus, to arise scientific interest to optic range of electromagnetic radiation. Currently, the diffraction problem about scattering electromagnetic waves on such object as photonic crystal is impotent problem. As well known, this problem can be reduced to a solution of wave equation. The need to calculate the norm iegnfunction spectral iegnfunction Sturm-Liouville problem, however, to arise in the transition from one complete orthogonal system to another complete orthogonal system of functions by separating variables method, correspondingly, for a wave equation solving.

The purpose of the work. We indicate a direct approach to calculating of the norm of iegnfunction of spectral Sturm-Liouville problem for the tow-layer infinite one-dimension photonic crystal (a direct approach to calculating of the norm that is presuppose a direct integration); and propose a methodologically different approach, which is based on the marginal transition in the scalar product, which accordingly sets this norm.

Materials and methods. Taking the limit in calculation the norm of the iegnfunction of spectral Sturm-Liouville problem for the tow-layer infinite one-dimension photonic crystal encounters difficulties, associated with the emergence of species uncertainty . Such infinitive investigates by the Lopital's rule. In turn, Lopital's rule entails the need to find a derivative of solution of spectral equation by a spectral param. In this way we have to face the solution a linear inhomogeneous differential equation 2-nd order.

Results. We propose a methodic of calculating of norm of iegnfunction of spectral Sturm-Liouville problem for the tow-layer infinite one-dimension photonic crystal.

Conclusion. Unlike the direct approach, proposed methodic to make it possible to understand the character of dependencies the required norm of iegnfunction itself (ending expression containing the iegnfunction itself). Further work in this direction of development of this approach may be aimed at simplifying the final expression for the norm.
STUDY OF THE CURRENT STATE OF THE CREDIT PORTFOLIO OF UKRAINIAN BANKS AND THE EFFICIENCY OF ITS MANAGEMENT
Authors: Kovalenko Victoria , Kochorba Valeria , Koval Nelya
Published: October 2022

In conditions of intensified competition, banks, expecting a profit, can place their assets in high-risk instruments, which can lead to loss of liquidity and solvency. The responsibility of the bank's management for the strategic goals of the bank's financial development is growing. Under these circumstances, the role of theoretical and practical aspects of the formation of the bank's financial strategy increases. But it should be remembered that the basis of financial stability and strategic development is the formation of an effective credit policy, which can provide a clear strategy.

The strategy is a tool for implementing the strategic management of the bank, which is an activity related to defining the goals and objectives of the organization and ensuring the relationship between the organization and the external environment and, in turn, meets its internal capabilities and allows it to remain receptive to external requirements.

The significance of the essence of the loan portfolio was investigated, in particular, the concept of "bank loan portfolio" and its role were clarified. The peculiarities of the concepts of "size" and "structure" of the loan portfolio are determined. The article analyzes the dynamics of the loan portfolio of banks and their number as of January 1, 2018-2021, outlines the factors that have a direct impact.

In addition, the loan portfolio of one of the largest systemic banks in Ukraine - JSC CB "PrivatBank" was studied and an assessment of its structure and quality was provided.

To improve measures to prevent credit risk, the bank should take into account the cost of credit resources in credit risk management. This will determine the time interval and the appropriateness of adjusting interest on loans, crucial for improving the tools of analysis in the process of credit risk management

The conclusions present recommendations for the banking sector of Ukraine in order to further improve lending and improve the loan portfolio of Ukrainian banks.
FINANCIAL REPORTING AS PART OF THE SYSTEM OF INFORMATION SUPPLY OF MODERN ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT
Authors: Shubina Svitlana , Miroshnyk Oleksii , Rudenko Alona , Karapetyan Ruzanna , Shevchuk Dmytro
Published: October 2022

This article presents financial statements as the main source of information support of modern business management. It is noted that financial reporting is a set of reporting forms, compiled on the basis of financial accounting data in order to provide external and internal users with generalized information about the financial condition of the enterprise in a convenient and understandable way for these users to take certain business decisions. The main aspects of accounting information, which serves as information support for making management decisions, are determined in this article. Attention is focused on the importance of internal reporting, which is formed at the enterprise with the purpose of operative provision of objective management information in order to satisfy information needs of internal users, whose management decisions significantly affect the results of enterprise activities. It considers and summarizes the theoretical aspects of the adaptation of financial reporting in Ukraine in accordance with the terms, principles and requirements of International Financial Reporting Standards. It is noted that the choice of methods of IFRS reporting depends first of all on the purposes of further use, periodicity of preparation, qualification of specialists. The advantages and disadvantages of parallel accounting, which makes possible to promptly generate reports according to international standards for the needs of both internal and external users, are determined. Considering the importance of accounting policy as a set of rules adopted by the enterprise for the preparation and presentation of financial statements, a list of the main sections of the Order on Accounting Policy is provided in this article. Also, the article considers and summarizes the main features of the presentation of information in the financial statements according to international standards, which characterize it as accessible to a wide range of consumers and allow making objective and balanced management decisions.
STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT OF FINANCIAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE ECONOMY OF UKRAINE
Authors: Zhytar Maksym , Samorodov Borys , Sosnovska Olga
Published: October 2022

The article considers the strategic directions of development of the financial architecture of the Ukrainian economy. It is proved that it is necessary to pay close attention to the following areas: the use of specific accounting standards; promoting the increase of the level of transparency of domestic capital markets in the context of introduction of complex market segments and financial instruments for coordinated regulation, first of all, including relevant derivatives; organization of effective prudential regulation and control over banking institutions; systemic risk management of the banking sector; increasing the effectiveness of control over institutions that are insured in a single system of insurance of their deposits; consolidation of supervision in the context of the use of a wider range of diversified instruments in order to control and limit the relevant financial risks that are directly related to the activities of a particular consolidated group; development of special programs to control companies with a complex structure, on the basis of using a system of indicators to identify possible problems and imbalances, corporate risks that arise directly, the formation of a strict regime of control over all functionally strategic financial organizations.
THE IMPACT OF THE COVID 19 GLOBAL PANDEMIC ON THE FINANCIAL CONDITION OF BANKS IN UKRAINE: DETERMINATION OF PROBABILITY OF DEFAULT IN MODERN CONDITIONS
Authors: Nitsenko Vitalii , Sementsov Roman
Published: October 2022

This article analyzes the current financial condition of Ukrainian banks, identifies the quantitative impact of the global pandemic COVID 19 on the overall level of financial condition of a particular bank; a simplified algorithm for determining the probability of default of a particular bank in practice is presented. It is emphasized that the quality of bank management, the level of its financial condition can be given only in the context of comparing its financial profile with other banks in the banking sector.

The COVID-19 injection was brought to the financial stand of banks. After an hour of lockdowns and coronavirus cases, it is possible to prevent an increase in bank default rates, it is possible to promote a very clean penny rate (NCF) on the application. Rip out the indicators of banks until the ear of COVID-19, try to get out, but for a large bank market, the stench will not be enough for a short amount of money.

The dynamics of income indicators, as the bull was analyzed by the nobility, encouraged the BKG matrix to bring the matrix to the bottom, so that it could reach the bottom of the market of quiet banks, as there might be lack of indicators of profitability and to achieve the bottom line.

It is clear from the analysis that the banking sector sees two groups of banks: the first group I’ll make a pre-crisis assessment of the BCA - “ca”, my friend - the insha group of banks, as I’m able to assess the financial statements “caa2” Do not be astonished at an increase in bank defaults in advance of the COVID-19 pandemic, or an increase in negative flows (NCF), in an increase in negative flows (NCF), so that the banking sector is overwhelmed in the minds of a recession of the end of the forecast.
TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN UKRAINE AT THE PRESENT STAGE
Authors: Iziumtseva Natalia , Korobka Vladislava
Published: October 2022

The article considers the issue of foreign economic activity (FEA) of Ukraine. Today, the Ukrainian economy is deeply integrated into the global system of international division of labor both as a seller and as a buyer of goods and services. In such circumstances, the issue of foreign trade is extremely important for economic development and that is why the development of such an area as foreign economic activity is one of the main tasks assigned to the state bodies of our state.
In this work, in order to reveal the main trends in foreign economic activity at the present stage, the dynamics of exports and imports of goods and services for the period 2016-2020 was analyzed, the commodity structure of exports and imports of goods and services and the most influential partner countries. Foreign trade significantly affects the growth of the country's GDP as the main source of income for financial entities. Scholars and practitioners have proven that the export-import activity of the state has a positive impact on the country's GDP growth, especially in conditions of high productivity and competitiveness of domestic products.
The results of this study were obtained through the collection and analysis of analytical information posted on the official website of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine (Gosstat) and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Agriculture of Ukraine (Ministry of Economy), and other scientific publications.
The research allowed to identify the main problems that have a negative impact on the development of export-import operations and, as a result, the economy as a whole and offer some recommendations for further development and improvement of the current state of foreign economic activity of domestic enterprises and, in general, states.
DEVELOPMENT OF CONSULTING IN THE CONDITION OF INDUSTRY 4.0
Authors: Shkodina Iryna , Yengibaryan Monica
Published: October 2022

Digitalization of business within the framework of the Industry 4.0 concept is becoming an urgent task for businesses. Digital transformations of business change the structure of demand of businessmen for consulting services, which, in turn, necessitates the transformation of business consulting, as business models of consulting should be focused on qualitative satisfaction of demand among new digital enterprises. The purpose of the article is to identify priority areas for the development of consulting business in the conditions of Industry 4.0.
It was determined that in the conditions of Industry 4.0 at the global level, the market of consulting services is well developed in all business segments, including digital. Based on the analysis of the consulting services market, it was concluded that the most important factors in the growth of demand in consulting will be not only the traditional needs of customers in business process automation, but also digitalization of their business, digital development strategies with the introduction of modern innovative technologies and managerial business processes.
Transforming business into a digital model is a complex thing that requires companies not only financial and technical resources, but also visionary thinking. When consulting companies develop digital strategies for their clients, the main ways to transform a business into a digital one are to fill the existing gaps in the client's business between business functions and IT functions (this method should be used for analog companies just starting digital transformation) and establish a new user experience (Digital Transformation Service) for companies that already use digital tools.
Given that the need to adapt to the digital economy remains a major challenge for most businesses, it is expected that the market will continue to move towards the digitalization of consulting services, which will give consulting the opportunity to increase revenue in the coming years.
INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF MANAGING ITS OWN CAPITAL ENTERPRISE
Authors: Hnyp Nataliya , Yatsyna Konstantyn
Published: October 2022

The creation and normal functioning of enterprises of any form of ownership is impossible without the formation of sufficient volume of equity. Equity is one of the main indicators during the assessment of creditworthiness, as well as the level of financial security of the enterprise.
Factors of internal and external environment are affected by its capital management. The factors of the internal environment reflect the impact of the financial condition and financial results of economic activity on the effectiveness of managing its own capital of the enterprise, they include: payables and receivables; revenue from sales of products; profit; fixed assets and current liabilities.
Factors of the external environment, which are determined by the influence of the environment on the efficiency of managing its own capital of the enterprise and characterize the conditions in which the enterprise operates, in particular: inflation rate (consumer price index); Level of registered unemployment; the growth rate of gross domestic product of Ukraine; the growth rate of gross domestic product of Ukraine; The magnitude of the main means of Ukraine.
To increase the efficiency of managing its own capital, the enterprise proposes a methodical approach that differs from the existing use of two groups of indicators: absolute and relative. This will contribute to a more in-depth assessment of the influence of internal and external environments on the efficiency of managing its own capital of the enterprise, and will allow adapting the enterprise to crisis situations.
The management of own capital is the main component of the financial support of the enterprise. Sustainable financial condition, effective management of its own capital positively affects the implementation of production plans and ensuring the needs of production with the necessary resources (financial, material, labor, informational).
MANAGEMENT OF THE BANK'S CREDIT ACTIVITY AS A FACTOR ENSURING ITS STABILITY
Authors: Golovko Elena , Danylchenko Iryna , Pohorelenko Anastasiia , Sytnyk Borys
Published: October 2022

Now we see that the financial stability of banks is an essential condition for the effective functioning of Ukraine's economy as a whole. Strengthening the stability of banks, their dynamic development, increasing confidence, as well as increasing the positive impact of the country's banking system on various economic development processes, show the following that it is necessary to improve banking to ensure maximum profitability of banking and anticipate all possible risks.

Today, it is the supply of credit resources that is significantly hampering the overcoming of the crisis and the improvement of economic development indicators, as well as the lack of stability in ensuring the fulfillment of obligations to their depositors by banks. Based on this, we see that monitoring the functioning of banks in relation to sustainable development is one of the most important tasks.

The concepts of "credit", "credit activity" and "financial stability", methods of credit management to achieve financial stability and conditions for improving the efficiency of credit management were studied.

Based on the data of JSC CB "PrivatBank", the article analyzes the level of financial stability and features of the bank's lending activities from 2018 to the present.

In order to support any economic system, including the bank, or to achieve more significant results, or in a certain state, a necessary condition is coordinated action. The financial stability of a bank is a multifaceted and complex process that is carried out through the interaction of various levers, tools, forms, methods and ways of influencing the subject of management on its object, based on a well-developed concept.

The conclusions provide recommendations for managing the bank's lending activities to ensure its stability.
INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION: PROBLEMS AND WAYS OF THEIR SOLUTION
Authors: Sytnik Ludmila , Bisha Kateryna
Published: October 2022

With the rapid development of scientific and technological progress and the formation of new directions of development and optimization of the economy, the education sector needs a particularly rapid response to economic and social changes. Changes in society entail the need for a rapid change in approaches to education management and the effective involvement and use of tangible assets. The Covid-19 pandemic has revealed the low readiness of most educational institutions to use modern technical means in the educational process. The outdated approach to the management of educational institutions, in particular their financial component, is the cause of inefficient use of funds and, as a consequence, hinders the development of the education sector and society in particular.

The article considers the problem of high-quality material and technical support of institutions and establishments of the education system of Ukraine, the problem of legislative regulation of the functioning of the education sector in the conditions of technical progress and the Covid-19 pandemic. The current state of the network of institutions and establishments of the education system, in particular preschool, general secondary, vocational and higher education, is characterized. The structure and nature of education expenditures in the context of the last three years are described. The article describes the current state of investment in science, technology and innovation. Since the education sector is non-profit in nature and completely dependent on external funding, the issue of logistics of education depends entirely on the public mood and skills of educational managers.

In the process of analyzing the current state of the education sector, the problems of legislative regulation of out-of-school education, including distance education, were revealed.

The need to reform approaches to training and retraining of management staff of the education system, in order to form the latest skills of financial and project management. The need to optimize the network of educational institutions and change approaches to training managers in the education system, and the need to reform approaches to financing education and science and technology, as factors that directly affect the rate of economic growth and development of society as a whole.
KUALITAS MINYAK JELANTAH HASIL PEMURNIAN MENGGUNAKAN VARIASI ABSORBEN DITINJAU DARI SIFAT KIMIA MINYAK
Authors: Mulyani HRA , Sujarwanta Agus
Published: October 2022

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat variasi adsorben terbaik (ampas kelapa, ampas tebu dan jerami) yang dapat digunakan untuk memurnikan minyak jelantah. Dalam sebuah penelitian eksperimental pemurnian minyak jelantah dengan menggunakan beberapa adsorben yang mengandung selulosa akan mendapatkan perbedaan dalam  hasil data yang terkait dengan karakterisasi kimia. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Laboratorium Politeknik Negeri Lampung, yaitu analisis sifat kimia minyak. Metode penelitian terdiri dari tiga tahap, yaitu tahap persiapan, tahap implementasi dan tahap pengolahan data. Dalam meneliti pemurnian minyak goreng limbah menggunakan variasi sifat kimia adsorben meliputi: kadar air, bilangan penyabunan, bilangan peroksida, bilangan iodium dan asam lemak bebas (ALB). Sifat kimia dari minyak dalam penelitian ini yang menghasilkan kualitas kadar air, asam lemak bebas, bilangan Peroksida, bilangan iodium adalah adsorben tunggal: ampas kelapa, dengan kata lain bahwa adsorben ampas kelapa memberikan perubahan positif untuk kualitas peningkatan pada pemurnian minyak jelantah.
KAJIAN LAMA FERMENTASI TERHADAP KONSENTRASI GLUKOSA DAN ALKOHOL PADA PEMBUATAN TAPE ONGGOK
Authors: Huda Muhammad Khoirul , Dewi Rosa Ratna , Prakas Muhammad Yuda , Cahyanti Antonio Nani
Published: October 2022

Onggok merupakan salah satu limbah dari industri tapioca, yang mengandung pati, sehingga berpotensi untuk diolah lebih lanjut, salah satunya dengan dimanfaatkan untuk dibuat tape melalui proses fermentasi. Senyawa yang berperan menentukan mutu tape antara lain glukosa dan alcohol, yang jumlahnya dipengaruhi oleh lama fermentasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh lama fermentasi terhadap kadar glukosa dan kadar alcohol yang dihasilkan. Digunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap satu faktor yaitu lama fermentasi (dengan taraf perlakukan 0 jam, 24 jam, 48 jam, dan 96 jam) dengan 2 kali ulangan. Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa kadar glukosa dan alcohol tertinggi diperoleh pada jam ke-72 yaitu pada kadar glukosa 3,708% dan kadar alcohol 2,916%.

 
BERBAGAI KONSENTRASI KAPPA KARAGENAN (Kappaphycus alvarezii) TERHADAP SIFAT FISIKOKIMIA, MIKROBIOLOGI DAN ORGANOLEPTIK NUGGET SURIMI ITOYORI
Authors: Haryati Sri , Istiqomah Istiqomah , Sudjatinah Sudjatinah
Published: October 2022

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi kappa karagenan terhadap awal kebusukan melalui sifat fisikokimia dan organoleptik. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap satu faktor dengan 5 perlakuan 4 kali ulangan. Pengamatan meliputi kadar air, total bakteri, awal kebusukan, kekenyalan,   dan organoleptik yaitu tekstur. Data dianalisis dengan sidik  ragam,  dan  dilanjutkan  uji    Beda  Nyata  Jujur  (BNJ)  pada  taraf  5%. Kosentrasi kappa karagenan pada nugget surimi berpengaruh nyata (F hit > F tabel) pada total bakteri, awal kebusukan, dan organoleptik tekstur, namun tidak berpengaruh nyata (F hit < F tabel) terhadap kadar air dan kekenyalan (TA). Nugget surimi dengan hasil yang terbaik pada perlakuan P4 dengan konsentrasi kappa paragenan 1,5% yaitu kadar air 63,42%, total bakteri 1,6x105  cfu/koloni, awal kebusukan terjadi pada 367,39 menit, kekenyalan 1032,16 gf, dan pengujian organoleptik tekstur nugget surimi dengan nilai tertinggi yaitu 5,9 (sangat kenyal)
Penetapan Kadar Aflatoksin B1, B2, G1, dan G2 pada Olahan Kacang Tanah dengan Metode HPLC
Authors: Salsabila Andalusia Trisna , Wardhani Rike Maya , Chodijayanti Ary , Puryani Puryani , Damat Damat , Anggriani Rista
Published: October 2022

Kacang tanah (Arachis hypogaea L) memiliki banyak manfaat seperti mencegah peningkatan kadar kolesterol, pencegahan keriput, kandungan serat tinggi, sumber energi dan pencegahan kanker. Akan tetapi jika dalam proses pemanenan, penyimpanan serta pengolahannya yang tidak sesuai, maka kacang tanah terkontaminasi aflatoksin yang berbahaya bagi kesehatan. Batas kadar cemaran aflatoksin pada kacang tanah dan hasil olahannya diatur dalam Peraturan Badan POM Nomor 18 Tahun 2018. Penelitian ini bertujuan menetapkan kadar kontaminasi aflatoksin B1, B2, G1 dan G2 pada olahan kacang tanah dengan prinsip ekstraksi menggunakan immunoaffinity column dengan instrumen High Performance Liquid Cromatogram (HPLC) detektor fluoresen. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kromatogram baku kerja Aflatoksin G1, G2, B1, dan B2 berturut-turut menunjukkan respon terbentuknya peak pada waktu retensi 6,966 menit, 8,395 menit, 12,806 menit dan 10,395 menit. Hasil kromatogram sampel yang diuji tersebut memberikan respon terbentuknya peak pada waktu retensi yang berbeda dengan baku aflatoksin. Sehingga kedua sampel tersebut dapat disimpulkan tidak terdeteksi mengandung aflatoksin B1, B2, G1 dan G2 dengan nilai LOD aflatoksin G1 sebesar 0,8311 ng/mL, aflatoksin G2 sebesar 0,0941 ng/mL, aflatoksin B1 sebesar 0,3046 ng/mL dan aflatoksin B2 sebesar 0,3143 ng/mL.
Analisis Kadar Pati Dan Impurities Tepung Tapioka
Authors: Wijayanti Nanda Rizky Amalia , Rahmadhia Safinta Nurinda
Published: October 2022

PT Sinar Pematang Mulia II terletak di daerah Mataram Udik, Lampung Tengah merupakan perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang industri tepung tapioka dengan kapasitas produksi 500 ton/ hari. Proses pembuatan tapioka melalui beberapa tahapan yaitu root peeler, washer, chopper, rasper, extractor, separator, dewatering centrifugal, dryer, shifter, selanjutnya masuk ke dalam proses packing. Tujuan pengamatan pada kerja praktik ini adalah untuk mengetahui analisis kadar pati dan impurities tepung tapioka di PT Sinar Pematang Mulia II. Metode yang digunakan analisis , observasi lapangan, studi pustaka dan wawancara. Analisis kadar pati selama 7 hari dan diperoleh hasil yaitu 86,86% ; 86,87% ; 86,78% ; 86,87% ; 86,88% ; 86,89%; 86,88%. Berdasarkan hasil analisis kada pati tersebut sudah memenuhi standar mutu produk tepung tapioka SNI 3451:2011 dengan kadar minimal tepung tapioka minimal 75%. Jumlah Impurities tepung tapioka di PT Sinar Pematang Mulia II selama 7 hari diperoleh hasil yaitu 0,17, 0,17, 0,14, 0,22, 0,15, 0,17, 0,14 Berdasarkan hasil analisis impurities tersebut sudah memenuhi standar mutu produk tepung tapioka yang ditentukan oleh perusahaan yaitu < 1% dan hasil tersebut juga sudah memenuhi standar SNI 1994 dengan kadar maksimal 0,60 %.
Analisis Pindah Panas pada Pengeringan Kulit Biji Kopi (Cascara) dengan Mengunakan Mesin Pengering Tipe Flash Dryer_Cum UV
Authors: Novita Sari Elok Kurnia , Hermanuadi Didiek , Brilliantina Aulia
Published: October 2022

Limbah kulit kopi, dengan penanganan lebih lanjut dapat diolah menjadi Cascara. Cascara merupakan minuman yang terbuat dari bagian luar kulit kopi, karena warna minuman cascara cenderung seperti teh sehingga disebut sebagai teh cascara. Metode pembuatan kulit kopi menjadi cascara yaitu dengan metode pengeringan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui performa alat pengering tipe flash dryer_Cum UV. Umumnya, pengeringan dilakukan secara konvensional di bawah terik matahari dengan lama pengeringan 7 – 8 jam, serta tingkat higienitasnya kurang terjaga. Oleh karenanya, dalam penelitian ini, dilakukan pengeringan dengan penggunaan mesin pengering tipe flash. Debit udara masuk pada blower sebesar 68m3/s, dengan temperature udara pada heater dikondisikan sebesar 50 dan 600C. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa kadar air cascara terendah adalah sebesar 11,6% pada suhu perlakuan 600C, dan kadar air tertinggi sebesar 19,4% pada suhu perlakuan sebesar 600C.
Dynamics of the cellular composition of lymphoid nodules in the lungs of guinea pigs sensitized with ovalbumin
Authors:  Popko S.S.
Published: October 2022

The article discusses the morphological aspects of the dynamics of the cellular composition of lymphoid nodules in the lungs of guinea pigs as a result of an experimental ovalbumin-induced allergic process. We studied the reactivity of immunocompetent cells of lymphoid formations of the lungs after three times subcutaneous sensitization and subsequent 8-day intranasal aeroallergization with ovalbumin in the early and late stage period of the allergic inflammatory process by microscopic, morphometric and statistical methods. By help of morphometric analysis we demonstrate the general regularity of reactivity of a local specific link of the pulmonary immune system to the action of an allergen, which consists in the elevation of the average amount of immune cells of lymphoid nodules of the lungs, starting from the 30th to the 44th day after the start of the experiment. The maximal coefficient of increase by 5.8 times was observed in counting plasma cells among all types of immunocompetent cells of lymphoid nodules in the lungs during the experiment. It has been statistically proven that the implementation of the ovalbumin-induced allergic inflammatory process in the lungs proceeds according to the humoral type and the duration of its course is not limited by the direct influence of the allergen, it also continues after the end of its action, which is a manifestation of changes in compensatory-adaptive processes in the pulmonary immune system with ovalbumin-induced allergic inflammation.
Enghlish-language educational models in medical university
Authors: Kryshinska T.Y. , Sharun A.V. , Zakharov S.V. , Stepanskyi D.A.
Published: October 2022

The article considers two approaches to training in high medical school: 1) using English as a Medium of Instruction and 2) Content and Language Integrated Learning the emergence of which was related to a wide spread of bilingualism in society, importance of increase in competitiveness of graduates of domestic universities on international labor market. The authors present the models of teaching within the stated approaches which promote the efficiency of professional training of future doctors in solving professional problems on the basis of implementation of foreign language competence. The paper defines the conditions of content and language integrated models implementation into the learning process. In conclusion, it is noted that the integration of subject and language experience contributes to the optimization of foreign language training and  significant improvement of the quality of the educational process. The most pressing issues requiring additional research are identified.