bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Faustus: Finale
Authors: Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

Wve years later: ‘I liked Hartman when I met him, and wish we could have talked more, but I feel sure we could have done one another no good. He is a good man someone tricked into Yale, and now languishes there, Yaled for life. He really does, fairly often, know what an author felt or intended, but his principles forbid him to mention it. ‘ There is no question but that Empson had come to feel radically out of sympathy, and largely out of touch, with recent critical theory; for years he had been disdainful of New Critical dogmatics, and of late he had set himself against all theory, especially any theory putatively informed by philosophy.
Plato’s Corpus
Authors: Klosko George
Published: November 2023

A set of interrelated problems concerning the interpretation of Plato should be discussed, before we move on to his political thought. These are explored from different points of view in the voluminous scholarly literature. Full discussion could well take a book in itself, and so I will not examine them in detail. But it is advisable briefly to indicate and to justify the positions I assume on some major questions of interpretation. Scholars who discuss Plato necessarily commit themselves to positions on these issues, however aware of this they are. Given the state of the evidence, different positions are defensible. Classical scholars are notorious for the intensity of their disagreements, and many disputes are unlikely ever to be resolved. Because of the variety of issues that are subject to dispute and widely different combinations of positions scholars assume, the result is an often bewildering variety of interpretations in the literature.
The Ascent to the Philosopher
Authors: Klosko George
Published: November 2023

In the central books of the Republic, Plato reveals aspects of his philosophy barely hinted at earlier. The material discussed in Books V–VII touches on the highest reaches of ‘Platonism’ and yields a conception of the just individual, the philosopher, more exalted than anything seen in Book IV. But these books shed light on more than Plato’s moral psychology alone. When we examine the ideal state in the Republic, we see that many of its most distinctive features can be traced back to Plato’s metaphysical and epistemological views. The state’s rigid division between rulers and ruled is justified on the grounds of the former’s superior knowledge. This in turn rests on their exceptional natural endowments and on Plato’s beliefs that knowledge is fundamentally superior to belief and is unattainable by the vast majority of people. These views and others like them are unusual and difficult, but they are among the most important premises of Plato’s political thought.
Moulding Souls
Authors: Klosko George
Published: November 2023

In spite of the important differences between the virtues of the auxiliaries and rulers, there are strong similarities. Both are bound up with harmony between the parts of the soul. In both classes this is implanted through intensive early education, while the superior psychological condition of the rulers is superimposed upon this order through the higher studies described in Republic VII. Plato also holds that both types of virtue are founded on subordination of the appetites. In the souls of the auxiliaries, this is accomplished through political means. The appetites are forcibly suppressed by an alliance of the spirited and reasoning parts. In the souls of the rulers conflict between the parts is largely overcome by the normative rule of reason, as the energy of their appetites is drawn up and focused on the Forms. Plato’s position in the Republic is that the virtue and happiness of all three classes require that their appetites be carefully controlled.
Education and Moral Reform
Authors: Klosko George
Published: November 2023

Having seen the conception of virtue Plato wished to bring into existence, we turn now to the means through which he believed it could be realized. As we have seen, the means Plato advocates in the Republic represent the rejection of the very different means relied on by Socrates in the earlier dialogues. Since Socrates’ belief that people could be persuaded to become virtuous rested on the inadequate, intellectualistic psychology of the early dialogues, once Plato moved to the psychological views discussed in Part II, he could no longer uphold Socrates’ position on moral reform. Of course in the Republic we find a sharply different view. The task of moral reform is given to the philosophically run state and is its most important function.
Multicultural Odysseys
Authors: Kymlicka Will
Published: November 2023

We are currently witnessing the global diffusion of multiculturalism, both as a political discourse and as a set of international legal norms. States today are under increasing international scrutiny regarding their treatment of ethnocultural groups, and are expected to meet evolving international standards regarding the rights of indigenous peoples, national minorities, and immigrants. This phenomenon represents a veritable revolution in international relations, yet has received little public or scholarly attention. In this book, Kymlicka examines the factors underlying this change, and the challenges it raises. Against those critics who argue that multiculturalism is a threat to universal human rights, Kymlicka shows that the sort of multiculturalism that is being globalized is inspired and constrained by the human rights revolution, and embedded in a framework of liberal-democratic values. However, the formulation and implementation of these international norms has generated a number of dilemmas. The policies adopted by international organizations to deal with ethnic diversity are driven by conflicting impulses. Pessimism about the destabilizing consequences of ethnic politics alternates with optimism about the prospects for a peaceful and democratic form of multicultural politics. The result is often an unstable mix of paralyzing fear and naive hope, rooted in conflicting imperatives of security and justice. Moreover, given the enormous differences in the characteristics of minorities (eg., their size, territorial concentration, cultural markers, historic relationship to the state), it is difficult to formulate standards that apply to all groups. Yet attempts to formulate more targeted norms that apply only to specific categories of minorities (eg., “indigenous peoples” or “national minorities”) have proven controversial and unstable. Kymlicka examines these dilemmas as they have played out in both the theory and practice of international minority rights protection, including recent developments regarding the rights of national minorities in Europe, the rights of indigenous peoples in the Americas, as well as emerging debates on multiculturalism in Asia and Africa.
Coffee-House Politicians
Authors: Barrell John
Published: November 2023

John Frost, a London attorney and Solicitor to the Lottery in the Stamp Office, had been a founder member of the Society for Constitutional Information and one of the most active campaigners for parliamentary reform in the early 1780s. When the reform campaign reawoke in 1792, he was active again—accompanying Tom Paine in his dramatic escape to France in September, and at the end of November presenting, with Joel Barlow, the SCI’s address to the National Convention of the newly declared French republic.1 Between those two events, however, he had returned to London and committed an indiscretion which would result, the following year, in his trial and imprisonment. On 6 November 1792, Frost attended the annual dinner of an agricultural society in a room above the Percy Coffee House, at the corner of Rathbone Place and Percy Street, just north of Oxford Street. At the end of a bibulous evening he went downstairs, intending to walk through the public coffee room to reach the street.
Introduction
Authors: Horsley Lee
Published: November 2023

Raymond Chandler is here referring specifically to the detective or mystery novel, but he would undoubtedly have been happy to include crime fiction as well in his admonition to academics who want to get their dead hands on the genre. Since Chandler ‘s day (he wrote these ‘Casual Notes on the Mystery Novel ‘ in1964), there have been, of course, increasing numbers of academics who have analysed both detective and crime fiction. Inevitably many of these analyses have sought to classify the different shoots of crime writing, to find ways of fixing their characteristics. Some critics, structuralists in particular, have seen the genre itself as functioning to impose its fixed shape on whatever material is put into it (Cobley 2000:123).
Hard-Boiled Detective Fiction
Authors: Horsley Lee
Published: November 2023

Hammett wrote at first (and almost to the end) for people with a sharp, aggressive attitude to life. They were not afraid of the seamy side of things; they lived there.
Crime Fiction as Socio-political Critique
Authors: Horsley Lee
Published: November 2023

Evan Hunter argues that crime fiction is a genre ‘wide enough not to be subverted if you want to make social comments ‘; it is, James Ellroy maintains, ‘the perfect vehicle ‘ for social and political criticism.1 The remainder of this study will focus on writers who, like Ellroy and Hunter, see detective and crime fiction as effective instruments of socio-political critique, using the genre to address issues of class, race and gender, to expose corruption, and to explore the nature of prejudice.
All the Others: Dramatis Personae
Authors: Harper Margaret Mills
Published: November 2023

The Yeatses’ automatic sessions were an interaction between two people with a huge array of figures in the background, some speaking or yielding influence, some silent or weak in spiritual force, some with consistent presence, some fragmentary or fleeting existences. It is not easy to fix attention on this supporting crowd, not least because most of its members are not so much fully realized figures as complex symbolic elaborations of two basic ideas: first, that human beings are not single entities but complexes, on various levels and kinds of self-awareness, at various times and places; and second, that people are always connected to each other, although often the connections take place on one or other of these same levels, and so are almost infinitely complicated.
Introduction
Authors: Lunn-Rockliffe Katherine
Published: November 2023

This study of Tristan Corbière’s poetry aims to show how his innovative use of irony contributed to the general revolution in poetic language that marked the 1870s. Corbière’s idiosyncratic blend of oral diction, quotation, and self-contradiction is often overlooked in mainstream literary histories, but it is at the root of what Edmund Wilson calls the ‘conversational-ironic’ branch of Symbolism,¹ influencing Laforgue in the 1880s, and Pound and Eliot in the twentieth century. This tradition is often overshadowed by the parallel current of ‘seriousaesthetic’ poetry exemplified by Mallarmé, but irony can create effects as oblique and indeterminate as the more rarefied forms of ‘pure poetry’. Like his contemporaries such as Rimbaud, who are so often classed as Symbolists, Corbière is strictly speaking a precursor of the Symbolist movement proper.
Portraits of the Artist: Ironizing Irony
Authors: Lunn-Rockliffe Katherine
Published: November 2023

Some of Corbière’s most self-conscious texts are those which represent artist figures, and these are inextricably linked with the Paris setting. Whereas his Brittany poems present the poet as a generalized figure of exile, his Parisian poems define the artist’s exclusion more specifically as an effect of the destabilizing quality of urban life and the flux of values in an industrial age. Some commentators judge the urban poems inferior to those set in Brittany, and Gustave Kahn even suggests that Corbière, despite his efforts, did not really capture the spirit of ‘parisianisme’. However, the interest of the poems lies in the way Paris is filtered through the optic of an outsider, and descriptions of the urban life are internalized. In the city, appearances are deceptive, and being a poet involves awareness of the artifice of fiction and adopting a mask or pose.
‘Thought-Feeling’: The Language of Sensation
Authors: Lunn-Rockliffe Katherine
Published: November 2023

Corbière′ is a poetry of sensations rather than ideas, and concrete phenomena, whether the body itself or the physical environment. These sensations frequently represent emotions and ideas indirectly, as Eliot recognizes when he describes Corbière’s poetry as a ‘product of thought-feeling and feeling-thought’. This is the hallmark of metaphysical poetry for Eliot, who argues that where poetry in general merely fixes emotions, metaphysical poetry fuses ideas into emotions. Corbière’s ironic language constantly explores the interplay between thought and feeling, and his distinctive orality plays an instrumental role in this process. His dialogue sometimes conveys the raw immediacy of emotion, but he also frequently plays on the intonational ambiguity of print to suggest detachment. Double-voiced utterances and wordplay are devices used variously to protect against the rawness of emotions, to scrutinize and dissect them, and to convey their complexity.
‘Rondels pour après’: Circular Suggestion
Authors: Lunn-Rockliffe Katherine
Published: November 2023

The sprawl of ‘Litanie du Sommeil’ was one way of liberating poetry within the constraints of verse, but the final section of Les Amours jaunes, the ‘Rondels pour après’, represents a very different kind of departure. It comprises six poems experimenting with a traditional verse form, which proves to be a new form of liberation. Corbière pushes his style to the limits in these short texts which are very different from the rest of his work, aptly described by Laforgue as ‘la plus fine, la plus ténue, la plus pure partie comme art. Rondels pour après — de fines mauves pâles filigranées d’ironie sur un ton posthume.’¹ They are a discrete sequence, and marked out by their italic type. Since the rest of Les Amours jaunes is in roman type punctuated with italicized words, the rondels function as a ghostly typographic negative of the book.
Using the Data
Authors: Klingemann Hans-dieter , Volkens Andrea , Bara Judith L , Budge Ian , McDonald Michael d.
Published: November 2023

This chapter moves on to a discussion of the material contained in the CD-ROM and of the ways in which this may be utilized and extended. The CD-ROM contains the data described in the earlier chapters, organized so as to facilitate the further analyses suggested there or in other appropriate investigations. We begin by describing data organization, and continue with suggestions about how this could be utilized to answer questions about party policy positions within and among the countries discussed in the text. We conclude with procedures for coding other party manifestos or related documents for MRG-type analyses.
Standard Designs
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D
Published: November 2023

The examples in Chapter 6 show that it is not always possible to find a design that is simultaneously optimum for several criteria. When there are only one or two factors, plots of the variance function, similar to those in Chapter 6, can be used to assess different aspects of a design’s behaviour. But, when there are several factors and the model is more complicated, such plots become more difficult to interpret. 6.4 provide another graphical means of design comparison. But, in general, designs satisfying one or several criteria are best found by numerical optimization of a design criterion, a function of the design points and of the number of trials.
The Analysis Of Experiments
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D
Published: November 2023

This book is primarily concerned with the design of experiments rather than with their analysis. We have typically assumed a linear model for uncorrelated observations of constant variance E(y) = Fβ, var(y) = σI (8.1) and have been concerned with designs that optimize aspects of a least squares fit for this model. However, in this chapter we use several sets of data in order to illustrate other components of a complete analysis for a typical experiment.
Non-Linear Models
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D
Published: November 2023

The experimental designs derived in the previous chapters for linear models do not depend on the values of the parameters β of the linear model. On the other hand, an important feature of designs for non-linear models is that they do depend on the values of the parameters. In general the values of these parameters will be unknown. In this chapter we describe locally optimum designs that depend on a point prior estimate of the unknown parameter. In the next chapter we extend the designs to include more general prior distributions of the parameters.
Design Augmentation
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D
Published: November 2023

Inadequacies of the model should be revealed during the analysis of the data using the methods described in Chapter 8. If the model is inadequate, the investigated relationship may be more complicated than was expected. Systematic departures from the model are often detected by plots of residuals against explanatory variables and by the use of added and constructed variable plots. These can suggest the inclusion of higher-order polynomial terms in the model, whereas systematic trends in the magnitude of the residuals may suggest the need for transformations (Atkinson 1985; Atkinson and Riani 2000, Chapter 4).
Time-Dependent Models With Correlated Obse Rvations
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D
Published: November 2023

Observations that occur as a time series may not be independent. In this chapter we see how the methods of optimum design have to be adapted if there is indeed correlation between observations at different time points. The nonlinear examples of Chapter 17 illustrate the general point. In Example 17.3 with two consecutive first-order reactions, the concentrations of chemicals evolved over time. On the assumption that the errors were independent we found the D-optimum design for the two parameters, which consisted of taking observations at just two time points.
Exercises
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D
Published: November 2023

The exercises in this chapter are designed to help readers consolidate their understanding of the basic ideas of optimum experimental design. Unlike the SAS tasks of earlier chapters, the use of computers is not necessary, except for data analysis. Set up a scenario for a new response surface investigation. It could either be a hypothetical problem or a problem that is related to your work. Determine what response variables need to be measured and which factors could influence the results. Which factors could be regarded as nuisance variables? Is it possible to control the variation due to these variables? Identify which of the factors will be varied and which of them will be kept fixed.
Taxonomy and curation of insects
Authors: Samways Michael J , New Tim R , McGeoch Melodie A
Published: November 2023

Many insect species are unknown to science. Even species that have been described are often difficult to recognize and identify. This is the basis of the taxonomic challenge raised in the previous chapter. This dearth of knowledge is a major consideration for much of what we do in insect ecology and conservation. Whereas surveys of birds or mammals can often be undertaken without collecting and keeping specimens, this is usually not the case for insects. Apart from some well-known groups, such as certain butterflies and dragonflies, generally it is necessary to capture and preserve voucher specimens for identification by a specialist.
Negritude
Authors: Newell Stephanie
Published: November 2023

On the Left Bank of the River Seine in the 1930s and 1940s, a powerful theory of racial difference emerged among students and intellectuals immersed in French culture. What distinguished this movement from the many previous theorizations of the African’s racial characteristics was that the proponents of ‘ negritude> ’ were themselves black. Gathered together from diverse colonial lands, including ‘French West Africa’ and the ‘French Caribbean’, these young intellectuals had been selected by the French administration to complete their studies in Paris and enter the ruling elites of their countries as bureaucrats and state functionaries.
Lost and Found in Translation
Authors: Newell Stephanie
Published: November 2023

In 1964 Chinua Achebe insisted that his use of the ex-colonial language did not, in itself, exclude African readers from consuming his work. Rather, his choice to write in English served to widen readers’ access to literature across regional and national boundaries, and did not limit texts to localized ethnic groups (1994: 434). Adopting a pragmatic rather than an idealistic position, he wrote, ‘for me there is no other choice. I have been given this [English] language and I intend to use it’ (ibid.).
Feminism and the Complex Space of Women’s Writing
Authors: Newell Stephanie
Published: November 2023

This chapter revolves around a tension, for as Mercy Amba Oduyoye observes, above, there is no ‘authentic ‘‘African woman’’ ‘ available for isolation and discussion as a singular entity: as she says, ‘all women are not one’ (ibid.). Nevertheless, Oduyoye’s refusal of African women’s singularity occurs in a book entitled Daughters of Anowa: African Women and Patriarchy (1995), in which she addresses women’s shared positionality as women and the ways in which they have been (mis)represented in patriarchal African discourses.
Conclusion: West Africa in Postcolonial Theory
Authors: Newell Stephanie
Published: November 2023

West African authors and intellectuals have exercised a powerful influence over the direction of postcolonialism since the 1960s. A striking feature of their work is their repeated insistence on the importance of the local and particular dimensions of African culture: their work tends to highlight culturally specific West African spaces which are situated ‘within and between things’, not easily rendered general or universally applicable to other disciplines, locations, or discourses (Jeyifo, 1994: 19).
Coming to Terms with the Past in Australia
Authors: Thompson Janna
Published: November 2023

Reparative justice, as it is traditionally understood, requires that the perpetrators of injustice return what they have taken from their victims and/or compensate them for harm done, with the objective of returning them, so far as possible, to the situation that existed before the injustice was done. Aristotle, for example, thought of reparation as a matter of righting the moral balance by ensuring that perpetrators would not profit from ill-gotten gains and that victims would recoup their losses.1 My brief is to describe and discuss issues of reparative justice in respect to injustices done to Aborigines and their communities during the course of Australian history.
Atomic Structure
Authors: Budker Dmitry , Kimball Derek F , Demille David P
Published: November 2023

One of the most important topics in atomic physics is the description of atomic energy levels. The study of atomic structure continues to be an exciting field, with increasingly precise measurements and improved calculational tools allowing ever more detailed comparisons between experiment and theory. The first few problems in this chapter deal with some of the basic features of atomic energy levels in multi-electron atoms.
Interaction Of Light With Atoms In External Fields
Authors: Budker Dmitry , Kimball Derek F , Demille David P
Published: November 2023

When linearly polarized light propagates through a medium immersed in a magnetic field, the plane of light polarization at the output is rotated (Fig. 4.1); this effect was observed by Michael Faraday almost one hundred and fifty years ago (Faraday 1855). In 1898, the Italian physicists D. Macaluso and O. M. Corbino discovered that Faraday rotation was resonantly enhanced near atomic absorption lines (Macaluso and Corbino 1898).
Molecules
Authors: Budker Dmitry , Kimball Derek F , Demille David P
Published: November 2023

Estimate the root-mean-square (r.m.s.) value of δr = r—r  e, where r is the internuclear separation, and r  e is its equilibrium value, for a diatomic molecule in a low vibrational state. The equilibrium separation between nuclei in a typical diatomic molecule is on the order of several Bohr radii, r  e∽ 4a  0, and the dissociation energy D  0 is on the order of where R∞ is the Rydberg constant.
Experimental Methods
Authors: Budker Dmitry , Kimball Derek F , Demille David P
Published: November 2023

A beam of monochromatic light of wavelength λ  0 propagates (through vacuum) at an angle ϕ to the vertical. A part of this beam is reflected by a semitransparent stationary mirror M 1 (Fig. 8.1) and directed into a remote photodetector. The part of the beam transmitted though M 1 is reflected onto the same photodetector by a horizontally oriented mirror M 2 which moves in the vertical direction with velocity v c .
Algebraic inequalities and mathematical induction
Authors: Zawaira Alexander , Hitchcock Gavin
Published: November 2023

Here arc three appetizer problems that you should be able to solve when you have worked through this Tookhcst, although you may of course give them a go now. The answers to the first two can easily be found by trial and error, or by guesswork, but the tools in this Toolchest supply the means of proving them beyond doubt.
Combinatorics (counting techniques)
Authors: Zawaira Alexander , Hitchcock Gavin
Published: November 2023

Here is a typical problem of the kind you should be able to solve when you have worked through this Toolchest. You are invited to try it as soon as you wish. You will probably find it hard for now, but by the end of Section 3, where its solution is given, it should not look difficult to you.
‘Mahatma-Magic’: Gandhi and Literary India
Authors: Gopal Priyamvada
Published: November 2023

On 30 January 1948, less than six months after he had proclaimed India free in a now famous ‘midnight’ speech, Jawaharlal Nehru, the independent nation’s first prime minister, addressed the new nation again, this time in sorrow: Friends and comrades, the light has gone out of our lives and there is darkness everywhere. Bapu, as we called him, the Father of the Nation, is no more . . . The light has gone out, I said, and yet I was wrong. For the light that shone in this country was no ordinary light. The light that has illumined this country for these many, many years will illumine this country for many more years and, a thousand years later, that light will still be seen in this country and it will give solace to innumerable hearts.
Midnight’s Legacies: Two Epic Novels of Nation
Authors: Gopal Priyamvada
Published: November 2023

The twentieth century can be described in broad terms as the age of nationalism, particularly in those vast areas of the globe, in Asia and Africa, that came out from under the yoke of imperialism. Even as many might describe themselves in terms of identities other than their nationality, it remains the case that nation-formation has affected the lives of millions in manifold and, often, contradictory ways. If, on the one hand, nation-formation through decolonization has spelled political liberation and hope for a better life, on the other, it has often resulted in mass migration, misery, and bloodshed.
Family Matters: Domesticity and Gender in the Novel
Authors: Gopal Priyamvada
Published: November 2023

This book has argued that since its inception, the anglophone novel in India was markedly preoccupied with questions of nation and history, events necessarily played out in the public sphere even as they infected domestic spaces and personal relations. Critical observations to the effect that ‘all Third World texts’ are ‘national allegories’ are, to some extent, underpinned by readings of such texts, more widely available and read, certainly in the Anglo-American literary establishment, than works in Hindi or Bengali. Aijaz Ahmad (1991: 118) claims that modern literature in indigenous languages such as Urdu is far less concerned with the ‘nation’ as a category or ‘primary ideological problematic’ and much more with ‘our class structures, our familial ideologies, our management of our bodies and sexualities, our idealisms, our silences’. While it is certainly true that epic narratives of nation and history are particularly salient in anglophone Indian fiction, transformations of the public sphere made their presence felt in private lives and fiction inevitably engaged with these. As Tagore suggested almost a century ago, the world and the home can impact each other in strong, often unexpected ways, and out of this emerge unique stories. It is also true that as the anglophone novel diversifies across readerships and writers its concerns have also proliferated.
Conclusion: The Contemporary Scene
Authors: Gopal Priyamvada
Published: November 2023

The anglophone novel of India and its diaspora continues to flourish, as each year scores of titles emerge out of presses in India and abroad. As is to be expected with such productivity, many of these titles are interesting, others are unexceptional or mediocre, while a small number constitute real achievements. Many of the most significant works that have emerged in recent years pick up and rework the themes discussed in this study, albeit in fresh ways and in different contexts. History and historical consciousness, far from receding as concerns, are, if anything, even more central. Stories of family and community continue to compel the writer’s imagination.
Prologue
Authors: Wu Duncan
Published: November 2023

The Worcester stagecoach clattered along the Shrewsbury road. It was a cold January night in 1798 and the occupants of the vehicle would normally have been shivering as well as uncomfortable. But on this occasion they were warmed by the non-stop conversation of the young, dark-haired man before them. It was the 26-year-old Samuel Taylor Coleridge, already a noted figure in the intellectual world, renowned for his political and religious lectures as well as his poetry. He was to take up the position of Unitarian minister at Shrewsbury in succession to John Rowe, recently appointed to a new position in Bristol.
Chapter 6
Authors: Wu Duncan
Published: November 2023

The year 1804 brought sad news of old friends. Halfway through February the Hazlitts heard of Joseph Fawcett’s death at the age of 46, probably from alcoholism. The star turn of the Old Jewry had subsided into despair when the Revolution failed. Perhaps Hazlitt saw the obituary in the Gentleman’s Magazine, which described him as ‘an eccentric character’. Wordsworth did, and wrote saying so: ‘I was sorry to see from the Papers that your Friend poor Fawcett was dead; not so much that he was dead but to think of the manner in which he had sent himself off before his time.’ It was later proposed that Hazlitt write his biography—a Fawcettiad, as Lamb put it—but that was not to be. Instead Wordsworth portrayed him in The Excursion as the Solitary, whose life was blighted by disillusionment. That was not how his friends remembered him, and Hazlitt put the record straight when describing him as ‘one of the most enthusiastic admirers of the French Revolution’.
chapter 9
Authors: Wu Duncan
Published: November 2023

There were certain speakers Hazlitt loved. Listening on 25 February 1813 to the Irish politician William Plunket, Hazlitt was so carried away ‘that he omitted to take any notes at all’. Plunket’s ‘eloquence swept along like a river, “Without o’erflowing, full.” Every step told: every sentence went to account.’ Similarly, Sir Francis Burdett spoke in a manner ‘I could not enough admire’. Samuel Whitbread was a ‘true parliamentary speaker. He had no artifices, no tricks, no reserve about him. He spoke point-blank what he thought, and his heart was in his broad, honest, English face.’
chapter 20
Authors: Wu Duncan
Published: November 2023

In July 1822 Hazlitt moved into the heart of Mayfair, which retained the unofficial status of a village within the West End, having its own shops, marketplace, and amenities. From his doorstep on Chapel Street West he could see Chesterfield House, the Palladian-style mansion built in 1748 for Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl Chesterfield, author of one of Hazlitt’s favourite books, Letters to his Son. It brought to mind the Revolutionary period, as he observed: ‘Here, as I look down Curzon-street, or catch a glimpse of the taper spire of South Audley Chapel, or the family-arms on the gate of Chesterfield-House, the vista of years opens to me, and I recall the period of the triumph of Mr. Burke’s “Reflections on the French Revolution”, and the overthrow of “The Rights of Man”!’ Residents of nearby Curzon Street included the inoculator Edward Jenner (a subscriber to the History of English Philosophy) and sculptor Sir Francis Chantrey. Here, decayed gentlefolk could scrape by, the most appropriate abode for Becky Sharp in chapter 36 of Vanity Fair, ‘How to Live Well on Nothing a Year’.
chapter 25
Authors: Wu Duncan
Published: November 2023

By July 1829 Hazlitt occupied the first floor of 3 Bouverie Street, a small terraced building to the immediate south of Fleet Street, looking down towards the river. He could not have guessed that in 1845 an admirer by the name of Charles Dickens would issue The Daily News from number 19—or that, just over a century later, The Sun and The News of the World would publish at number 30. Bouverie Street was then, as for years to come, at the heart of the newspaper world, a good vantage point from which to witness the carnage caused by the recession. Some papers went out of business while others, such as The Examiner and The London Weekly Review, changed hands. Even that Midas of publishers Henry Colburn was not immune to difficulty. Nearly half the novels published in Britain bore his imprint, but were no longer selling; in fact, he was so far in debt to his printer that he could continue only by making a partner of him. Accordingly, on 1 September 1829 they printed a circular, a copy of which they probably sent to Hazlitt, announcing that ‘in future the Business will be carried on in the joint names of Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley.’
towards a more reflective political realism
Authors: Spegele Roger
Published: November 2023

This chapter is conceived as an intellectual adventure, a bumpy ride across the seemingly obscure terrain barely hinted at in the title. Its ostensible value lies in teasing out and evaluating different conceptions of theory, practice, and the relations they comport. Although the ride may have all the drawbacks of taking a roller coaster when one wanted a Ferris wheel, its intention is to shake up orthodox assumptions about the topics considered. In international political theory as currently conceived each contending discourse—positivism, postmodernism, international critical theory, feminist international relations—insists that it is the only valid conception of international relations, leading to inevitable despair at the self-evident unreasonableness of any such claim. This chapter may, at the end of the ride, have something of enduring value to offer in its examination of theory and practice for those scholars who are looking for a way out of the current stasis of international political theory.
By Way of Introduction
Authors: Novotny Vojtech
Published: November 2023

As I set off for the island I was on tenterhooks, my nerves as taut as the bamboo string of a palm-wood bow. The very name, New Guinea, was full of promise, since ‘new’ countries are usually more colourful than their older forerunners. New York is far more vibrant than the reserved York of Britain, while New Britain, Nova Scotia, or even New South Wales are definitely wilder than their counterparts in the United Kingdom. The fact that the more boring prototype of New Guinea was Guinea in Africa, covered in jungle and washed by equatorial seas, added nothing to my peace of mind. I had never visited that African idyll, which might have been a mistake. Perhaps I should have let myself be bored by conditions there before jumping foursquare into its doughtier counterpart.
Old and New Customs of a Tribal Society
Authors: Novotny Vojtech
Published: November 2023

Most of the population of Papua New Guinea live in tribal societies, as they have for thousands of years. Enduring tribal land-ownership patterns based on traditional unwritten rules, surviving tribal languages, and the remoteness of many parts from the centres of civilization are what keep the old ways alive. Papua New Guinea is at the same time a modernizing country with a parliamentary democracy, a free press, expanding towns, and proliferating modern technologies. The intertwining of the two has given rise to a heady mix of the pre-industrial and the post-modern, which often combine in unexpected ways, leaving the observer of the outcomes thunderstruck—whether from disbelief or admiration depends on his situation and character. And what about the resultant destruction of traditional New Guinean society, as some natives and outsiders bemoan it? I’m not sure that that is quite right. Life in New Guinea is changing fast, but in its own way. New Guinean Christianity is genuinely New Guinean, and so it is with everything else.
Introduction to Blindsight after 35 years
Authors: Weiskrantz Lawrence
Published: November 2023

One purpose of producing a new edition is to record the subsequent findings with the patient, D.B., as well as to discuss the theoretical and methodological issues beyond those recorded in the original 1986 book and in the paperback edition of 1998. The intention is to have a long-term, more or less complete chronicle of his original capacities, plus any new ones that have emerged. The last recorded tests with D.B. were carried out almost 25 years ago, described and summarized in the first edition of Blindsight in 1986, which covered a period of some 10 years of research after the very first published summary in 1974 (Weiskrantz et al., 1974). It is rare to have any empirical and quantitative account of a patient extending over such a long period – from 1973 until the present. The updated paperback edition of the book in 1998 did not include any further information on D.B. because we had temporarily lost contact with him, but it did review information on other blindsight subjects, on new methodologies, and also discussed some of the lively issues that had emerged since blindsight first hit the scientific community. The first section of the present new volume summarizes findings on D.B. since the last published account in 1986.
Double Dissociations between form and Detection
Authors: Weiskrantz Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Given that the existence of many features of residual visual capacity in D.B. was undetected by clinical examination or his own experience, it would hardly be surprising if his residual visual capacity was normal quantitatively. Leaving aside the question of his own awareness of his capacity, most of the objective measures reveal at least some loss compared to visual thresholds in his good right half-field. But the question is whether the residual function is qualitatively similar to normal vision — merely degraded in its capacity — or whether there are differences in kind. One’s impression, no doubt fostered as well by animal evidence and ‘two visual system’ theorizing, is that his ability to discriminate or identify forms, especially those that cannot be reduced to another type of discrimination, may be degraded disproportionately in relation to his ability to detect, to locate, or to discriminate orientations. One valuable approach to the question of whether there are qualitative differences is to see whether it is possible to demonstrate double dissociation of function, i.e., whether there are some conditions under which the left field is relatively superior to the right and others under which the opposite is true.
Standard Situation
Authors: Weiskrantz Lawrence
Published: November 2023

During the last few years of work with D.B., it became possible to test subjects with visual defects in a constant environment (space kindly made available by the National Hospital, Queen Square, London) and with a fixed procedure, so that a spectrum of capacities could be measured for comparative purposes. D.B. was tested on some of these procedures on three occasions, in September 1979, April 1982, and lastly in August 1983. The room was light-proofed, and surfaces that might be reflective were draped with black velvet. The front wall was covered with dark green hessian material, providing the tangent screen of 100° × 100°, with a subject sitting 1 metre from the fixation point in the centre of the screen. Eight Type Q3D projectors were positioned 2.44 metres from the screen, behind the subject, with two directed to each of the four quadrants of the screen. All stimuli for testing were presented by a projecting tachistoscope (Forth Instruments), consisting of a Kodak Carousel projector fitted with a beam interrupter in the focal plane, driven by an electronically timed solenoid. A zoom lens was fitted to adjust the size of each stimulus set precisely. The projector was situated 2.44 metres from the screen, on an adjustable elevated rack.
Status, Issues, and Implications
Authors: Weiskrantz Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Leaving aside for the moment the question of D.B.’s verbal commentaries, and restricting ourselves to the objectively determined capacities, we can summarize D.B.’s discriminative skills as follows: He can detect and locate stimuli in his impaired field by pointing or, less well, by eye movements. He appears to be differentially sensitive to detection per se as compared to shape discrimination, in contrast to his performance in the intact, normal half-field. He can discriminate the orientation of a grating in the frontal plane, with an accuracy that is surprisingly good (a difference of about 10° at a position 45° distant from the fixation point, which is approximately his capacity at that eccentricity in his good half-field). He can discriminate movement from stationary stimuli. Detection does not appear to be based on a special sensitivity to transient onset or offset properties of the stimulus events, because he can discriminate presence vs. absence even with a very slow rise time. His detection of a grating allows one, by varying spatial frequency, to measure his visual acuity; it is inferior to that of the intact field but quite creditable (2.6 cycles/degree at 30° eccentricity). His ability to discriminate orientation may be the basis of his skill in discriminating simple shapes, such as X vs. O, because he is poor at distinguishing between squares and rectangles matched in flux and also at other discriminations in which orientation differences are small or non-existent. On the other hand, he is excellent at discriminating squares from rectangles, where the principal cue is orientation.
Dynamic Programming
Authors: Roff Derek A
Published: November 2023

Many, if not most, traits display phenotypic plasticity, that is, the phenotypic expression of the trait is contingent on the environment. In some cases, such as adult morphology, the development of the trait is determined in part by the environment but does not vary once the trait is established. On the other hand, other traits, particularly behavioral traits, may be extremely labile. For example, foraging, oviposition, migration, and parental allocation decisions are all traits that are typically state-dependent. The techniques presented in Chapter 2 may be used to analyze such models in some cases (e.g., Scenario 12, which examined the relationship between propagule size and age), but more frequently a dynamic programming approach is required, or is at least more efficient. For detailed discussions on dynamic programming, see Mangel and Clark (1988), Houston and McNamara (1999), and Clark and Mangel (2000). To illustrate the method I shall use the patch-foraging model described by Mangel and Clark (1988). As in the previous chapters I shall set the scenario both in general terms and then with specific mathematical functions. MATLAB code is provided at the end of the chapter.
Laboratory fermenters
Authors: Irvine Thomas S
Published: November 2023

The vast majority of industrial fermentation companies have at least a research and development section dedicated to laboratory fermentation. These laboratories are used for pure research for new products, screening for new fermentation cultures, developing new raw materials for fermentation, process trouble-shooting, and scale-up. Examples are to be found in the pharmaceutical industry where new antibiotics are developed, in the brewing industry, or in the food industry where new fermented foods such as protein substitutes are developed.
pH, dissolved oxygen and related sensors
Authors: Halling Peter J
Published: November 2023

The growth and behaviour of cells in a fermenter are obviously much dependent on the chemical composition of the environment that surrounds them in the culture medium. Knowledge of chemical concentrations is therefore of great value in understanding the course of the fermentation and their control may be necessary for reproducible operation. Clearly instruments that can continuously monitor chemical characteristics of the broth are desirable, but very few reliable sensors that can be directly inserted into the broth are available. (A major problem is the requirement to survive heat sterilization.) The probes that are available, to measure pH and dissolved oxygen, are thus of great importance. The pH often tends to vary during culture growth and its control is usually desirable. Equally, too low levels of dissolved oxygen are a frequent cause of poor performance in aerobic fermentations. Hence both these probes would normally be considered essential for any use of fermenters other than routine growth of cells to a defined recipe (and even there they would provide a useful check!). In very low-oxygen or anaerobic cultures, the redox probe may be useful instead of a dissolved oxygen sensor. Most of the hints and tips in this chapter are given without citation. This does not imply that they are my own original discoveries. The majority have been passed on to me at various times by friends and colleagues who work with fermenters-the way most of us have learned the practice of laboratory fermentation. In many cases I cannot remember who told me, and in most I do not know who originated the idea. However, I would like to record my thanks to a series of friends and colleagues who have been generous with their time and knowledge, particularly in University College London, Unilever Research, PHLS Parton Laboratory and here at Strathclyde. I hope in turn that in the future this chapter can help some of those starting out in the fermentation game.
Instrumentation and control
Authors: Dusseljee Peter J B , Feijen Jan
Published: November 2023

Laboratory fermenters are used for fermentation process research and for fundamental microbiological research. The main goal of this research is to acquire the characteristics of a given fermentation process and/or microorganism. These characteristics are derived from monitored process variables and biochemical and physicochemical analyses. The research objective will determine the essential process variables to be monitored and/or controlled and the necessary analytical measurements to be performed. These introductory remarks implicity determine the demands for instrumentation and control of a laboratory fermenter. This chapter is concerned with the elaboration and the practical realization of these demands.