bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel equine conceptus–endometrial interactions on Day 16 of pregnancy based on RNA sequencing
Authors: Klein C.
Published: May 2015

Maintenance of pregnancy is dependent on the exchange of signals between the conceptus and the endometrium. The objective of this study was to use next-generation sequencing to determine transcriptome blueprints of the conceptus and endometrium 16 days after ovulation in the horse. There were 7760 and 10 182 genes expressed in the conceptus and endometrium, respectively, of which 7029 were present in both. Genes related to developmental processes were enriched among conceptus-specific transcripts, whereas many endometrium-specific genes had known roles in cell communication, cell adhesion and response to stimuli. The integrin signalling pathway was overrepresented in both transcriptomes. In that regard, it was hypothesised that integrins ITGA5B1 and ITGAVB3 interact with conceptus-derived fibrinogen, potentially contributing to cessation of conceptus mobility. That several growth factors and their corresponding receptors (e.g. HDGF, NOV, CYR61, CTGF, HBEGF) were expressed by conceptus and endometrium were attributed to cross-talk. In addition, Cytoscape interaction analysis revealed a plethora of interactions between genes expressed by the conceptus and endometrium, during a period when the former had substantial movement within the uterus. This is the first report of concurrent transcriptome analysis of conceptus and endometrium in the mare, with numerous findings to provide rationale for further investigation.
Activation of the bacterial thermosensor DesK involves a serine zipper dimerization motif that is modulated by bilayer thickness
Authors: Cybulski Larisa Estefanía , Ballering Joost , Moussatova Anastassiia , Inda Maria Eugenia , Vazquez Daniela B. , Wassenaar Tsjerk A. , de Mendoza Diego , Tieleman D. Peter , Killian J. Antoinette
Published: May 2015

Significance

The ability to sense and respond to environmental signals is essential for cell survival. Unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying signaling processes remains a challenge, however. Here we present a model for the mode of action of a bacterial thermosensor. The physical stimulus for activation appears to be a temperature-induced increase in membrane thickness, to which the sensor responds by elongation of its transmembrane helix. This leads to exposure of three serine residues on one side of the helix, inducing reorientation of adjacent helices to allow the formation of a serine zipper, which then acts as trigger for kinase activation. The reversible formation of a serine zipper represents a novel mechanism by which membrane-embedded sensors may detect and transmit signals.
Dictyostelium discoideum
has a highly Q/N-rich proteome and shows an unusual resilience to protein aggregation
Authors: Malinovska Liliana , Palm Sandra , Gibson Kimberley , Verbavatz Jean-Marc , Alberti Simon
Published: May 2015

Significance

Proteins carrying aggregation-prone prion-like domains cause many neurodegenerative diseases. The presence of prions in yeast has provided important insights into these disease processes and mechanisms of cellular proteostasis. However, it is not known whether these findings extend to other organisms. In this paper, we show that
Dictyostelium discoideum
has the highest content of prion-like proteins of all organisms investigated to date. Remarkably, overexpressed prion-like proteins remain soluble and are innocuous to
D. discoideum
, in contrast to yeast and other organisms, where they form cytotoxic cytosolic aggregates. However, when exposed to conditions that compromise proteostasis, these proteins aggregate and become cytotoxic. This indicates that
D. discoideum
has undergone specific adaptations in its proteostasis machinery to control its highly aggregation-prone prion-like proteome.
Mechanical stimulation induces formin-dependent assembly of a perinuclear actin rim
Authors: Shao Xiaowei , Li Qingsen , Mogilner Alex , Bershadsky Alexander D. , Shivashankar G. V.
Published: May 2015

Significance

Cells can sense and adapt to their physical microenvironment through specific mechanosensing mechanisms. These properties are often mediated by the actin cytoskeleton, which can be affected by a wide range of forces, including fluid shear stress, cyclic stretch, and optical or magnetic force. However, the immediate effects of force on the assembly of actin structures distal from the sites of force application were not assessed. Our work reveals a previously unidentified actin structure, a perinuclear actin rim, which is induced by mechanical stimulation of cells. We show that, on local force application to the cell periphery, a distal effect emerges at the perinuclear region. Such distal effects have potential implications in modulating nuclear functions by local mechanical signals from the cell periphery.
Carbon sequestration and animal-agriculture: relevance and strategies to cope with climate change.
Authors: Devendra C.
Published: May 2015

Carbon sequestration is an important pathway to stabilize the environment with minimum effects of climate change. Farming systems provide a non-compensated service to society by removing atmospheric carbon generated from fossil fuel combustion, feed production, land restoration, deforestation, biomass burning and drainage of wetlands. The resultant increase in the global emissions of carbon is calculated at 270 Gt, and increasing at the rate of 4 billion tonnes year-1. Strategies to maximize carbon sequestration through enhanced farming practices, particularly in crop-animal systems, are thus an important priority to reduce global warming. These pathways also respond to agricultural productivity in the multifaceted, less favoured rainfed environments. Sustainable animal-agriculture requires an understanding of crop-animal interactions and integrated natural resource management (NRM), demonstrated in the development of underestimated silvopastoral systems (tree crops and ruminants). It has been reported that mitigation can potentially sequester carbon by 0.70-3.04 t carbon dioxide (CO2)-equivalent (eq) ha-1 year-1, reduce methane (CH4) emission by 0.02 t CO2-eq ha-1 year-1 and reduce nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions by 0.02-2.30 t CO2-eq ha-1 year-1. Good agronomic practices potentially enhance carbon sinks and soil organic matter through leguminous trees (e.g. Leucaena), integrated nutrient management, regulation of grazing pressure and use of animal manure. These interventions significantly increase ecosystem services, crop and animal productivity, reduce CH4 emissions and mitigate N2O emissions and ammonia volatilization. Research and development (R&D) efforts on the characterization of forages and research on heat stress and economic animal productivity are urgently needed. Multinational interdisciplinary R&D, investment to reduce the effects of climate change, enhancement of the value of C sinks and food security are high priorities. These issues are rarely and inadequately researched in South-east Asia, West and East Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean and merit collective action.
Climate change: effects on animal reproduction.
Authors: Jyotirmoy Ghosh Jyotirmoy Ghosh , Dhara S. K. , Malik P. K.
Published: May 2015

The amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have been increased as a result of human activity, causing rise in climatic temperature. In recent times, climate has been changing faster than ever; as a result, plants and animals are exposed to more adverse conditions and are finding it difficult to adjust in temperate and tropical regions. The existence of some animals and plants is threatened. Threat to existence is due mostly to low or no reproduction. Photoperiodic action is mediated through the hypothalamus; however, nutrition and stress affect the entire hypothalamus-pituitary and gonadal axis of both male and female systems. The effects are: aberrant gametogenesis, folliculogenesis and ovulation, reduced male and female sexual behaviour, low conception rates, increased embryo and pregnancy loss, delayed post-partum recovery, increased calving intervals, lowered perinatal vigour and increased perinatal mortality and morbidity, etc. These losses are difficult to recognize and diagnose, and the consequence is expensive maintenance of animals with reduced reproductive efficiency. Low productive-reproductive performance of animals after birth is related to the epigenetic changes in the maternal womb due to nutritional deficiency and exposure to stressors. Therefore, animal farming activities are facing, and will continue to face, a tough challenge until some steps are taken to counteract these anticipated damages. Slow adoptive animals would be endangered, as they will face more problems with successful reproduction. It needs a coordinated effort for faster identification of allelic variation of important genes and transfer of adoptive variability to existing animal population by cross-breeding or any other suitable breeding policy. This chapter describes in detail the climatic factors, the mechanisms of their effect and the way forward to counter these effects.
Successes and failures of transgenic Bt crops: global patterns of field-evolved resistance.
Authors: Tabashnik B. E. , Carrière Y.
Published: May 2015

Farmers planted genetically engineered crops that produce insecticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) on a cumulative total of 570 million ha worldwide from 1996 to 2013. These Bt crops kill some key insect pests, yet they are not toxic to most other organisms, including people. Bt crops can suppress pests, reduce the use of insecticide sprays and increase farmer profits, but their benefits are diminished or lost when pests evolve resistance. Here we review data monitoring resistance to seven Bt proteins in 13 major pest species targeting Bt maize and Bt cotton on six continents. Of the 27 sets of monitoring data analysed, seven show severe field-evolved resistance in 2 to 8 years with practical consequences for pest control (i.e. practical resistance), eight show statistically significant but less severe field evolved resistance and 12 show no evidence of decreased susceptibility after 2 to 15 years. The surge in cases of practical resistance since 2005 is associated with increased planting of Bt crops, increased cumulative exposure of pests to Bt crops and increased monitoring. In addition, practical resistance to Bt crops is associated with a scarcity of refuges, which consist of host plants that do not produce Bt proteins. To maximize the benefits of Bt crops, we encourage collaboration between growers and scientists in industry, academia and government to implement large refuges of non-Bt host plants, particularly when the inheritance of resistance is not recessive and alleles conferring resistance are not rare.
Resistance of cabbage loopers to Btk in a greenhouse setting: occurrence, spread and management.
Authors: Janmaat A. , Franklin M. , Myers J. H.
Published: May 2015

Resistance to the microbial insecticide Btk occurred in a number of laboratory populations of Lepidoptera before it was discovered in field populations. Therefore, it is not surprising that cabbage loopers (Trichoplusia ni) in semi-contained vegetable greenhouses were among the first examples of Btk resistance in agricultural situations. We have studied the occurrence of Btk resistance in cabbage loopers in greenhouse populations and the movement of resistance among greenhouse populations of moths. Migratory populations of cabbage loopers remained highly susceptible to Btk sprays in fields in the vicinity of greenhouses. Complete clean-up of greenhouses to remove any overwintering moths is necessary to reduce selection for resistance. Cabbage loopers represent a model system for the study of Btk resistance in contained, seasonal environments.
Different models of the mode of action of Bt 3d-Cry toxins.
Authors: Bravo A. , Gómez I. , Mendoza G. , Gaytán M. , Soberón M.
Published: May 2015

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces insecticidal proteins that are active against different insect orders. In particular, the family of the three domain-Cry toxins (3d-Cry) have important applications in controlling insect pests as spray products or in transgenic Bt plants. At least three different models account for the mode of action of these proteins. Two of them are based on the pore formation activity of the toxin and propose that larvae are killed by osmotic shock to their midgut cells. Differences in these models are related to the processes of receptor interactions and membrane insertion. The third model proposes that midgut cells are killed through a signal transduction mechanism that is triggered after the binding of 3d-Cry toxins to a cadherin receptor. In this chapter, we will review these models in light of the different resistance mechanisms to Cry toxins that have been documented so far in several insect species.
Insect resistance management and integrated pest management for Bt crops: prospects for an area-wide view.
Authors: Hutchison W. D.
Published: May 2015

Throughout this book, several authors have reviewed the pest resistance challenges within the context of the use of genetically modified (GM) crops, the solutions that are necessary to mitigate the evolution of insect pest resistance and the continued need for effective insect resistance management (IRM). Clearly, the current selection pressure has resulted from the extensive adoption of GM crops by millions of farmers worldwide due, in part, to their real or perceived benefits. Many of the benefits of GM maize and cotton have been well documented. They include increased yields, reduced yield variability, increased economic returns to farmers, reductions in insecticide use, reductions in pesticide exposure to farm workers, the subsequent conservation of beneficial insects, and the environmental benefits resulting from less tillage. These benefits, however, are not universal for all GM crops, and several important insect pests have exhibited 'field-evolved resistance' to crops engineered to express toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). In several cases, 'practical resistance' and yield losses have been confirmed. From these case studies, we can review the factors that often contribute to resistance and thereby develop more proactive IRM programmes that are not only compatible with integrated pest management (IPM), but are fully integrated with IPM. Several compatible IPM tactics, such as biological control and cultural controls (e.g. crop rotation) can be quite effective with Bt crops and should further reduce selection pressure. Within the context of IRM and IPM, a primary question remains: what can we learn from the case studies of Bt resistance versus longer term success in order to better design future IRM plans? In this chapter, the benefits of Bt crops are reviewed as a basis for understanding grower decision making and the rationale for Bt crop use. I then summarize the key IRM elements that are necessary to facilitate the sustainability of Bt crop use within an IPM context, and subsequently review several reasons why the goals of IRM and IPM may be best understood and implemented from a landscape, or area-wide, management perspective.
Axonal autophagosomes recruit dynein for retrograde transport through fusion with late endosomes
Authors: Cheng Xiu-Tang , Zhou Bing , Lin Mei-Yao , Cai Qian , Sheng Zu-Hang
Published: May 2015

Efficient degradation of autophagic vacuoles (AVs) via lysosomes is an important cellular homeostatic process. This is particularly challenging for neurons because mature acidic lysosomes are relatively enriched in the soma. Although dynein-driven retrograde transport of AVs was suggested, a fundamental question remains how autophagosomes generated at distal axons acquire dynein motors for retrograde transport toward the soma. In this paper, we demonstrate that late endosome (LE)–loaded dynein–snapin complexes drive AV retrograde transport in axons upon fusion of autophagosomes with LEs into amphisomes. Blocking the fusion with syntaxin17 knockdown reduced recruitment of dynein motors to AVs, thus immobilizing them in axons. Deficiency in dynein–snapin coupling impaired AV transport, resulting in AV accumulation in neurites and synaptic terminals. Altogether, our study provides the first evidence that autophagosomes recruit dynein through fusion with LEs and reveals a new motor–adaptor sharing mechanism by which neurons may remove distal AVs engulfing aggregated proteins and dysfunctional organelles for efficient degradation in the soma.
IFN-λ resolves inflammation via suppression of neutrophil infiltration and IL-1β production
Authors: Blazek Katrina , Eames Hayley L. , Weiss Miriam , Byrne Adam J. , Perocheau Dany , Pease James E. , Doyle Sean , McCann Fiona , Williams Richard O. , Udalova Irina A.
Published: May 2015

The most studied biological role of type III interferons (IFNs) has so far been their antiviral activity, but their role in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases remains largely unexplored. Here, we show that treatment with IFN-λ2/IL-28A completely halts and reverses the development of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and discover cellular and molecular mechanisms of IL-28A antiinflammatory function. We demonstrate that treatment with IL-28A dramatically reduces numbers of proinflammatory IL-17–producing Th17 and γδ T cells in the joints and inguinal lymph nodes, without affecting T cell proliferative responses or levels of anticollagen antibodies. IL-28A exerts its antiinflammatory effect by restricting recruitment of IL-1b–expressing neutrophils, which are important for amplification of inflammation. We identify neutrophils as cells expressing high levels of IFN-λ receptor 1 (IFNLR1)–IL-28 receptor α (IL28RA) and targeted by IL-28A. Our data highlight neutrophils as contributors to the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis and present IFN-λs or agonists of IFNLR1–IL28RA as putative new therapeutics for neutrophil-driven inflammation.
Nonclearing Markets and Imperfect Competition
Authors: Bénassy Jean-Pascal
Published: May 2015

This chapter characterizes the Walrasian model and defines how it has to be generalized to deal with nonclearing markets and imperfect competition. It simply describes microfoundations of the more general theories already delineated. It also provides a simple macroeconomic example of price and quantity determination under assumptions on price and wage formation using: (1) Walrasian equilibrium, (2) rigid prices and wages, and (3) imperfect competition in the goods and labor markets. Lastly, the chapter reveals that the response to stochastic shocks and the resulting correlations between various variables depend in a fundamental manner on the assumptions on price and wage rigidities.
Money
Authors: Bénassy Jean-Pascal
Published: May 2015

This chapter explains the nature of money as a unit of account, medium of exchange, and as a store of value, and addresses the problem of introducing money using rigorous dynamic models. It begins by showing that there are good economic reasons for the adoption of monetary exchange for both information and transactions costs. It then presents two Dynamic Equilibrium models, namely Money in the Utility Function (MIUF) and Cash in Advance (CIA) to prevent puzzles and paradoxes from arising from the use of Overlapping Generations (OLG) models. This chapter also includes sample problems regarding OLG money, inflation and determinacy; naäve versus rational expectations in the monetary OLG model; money process and nominal interest rate; and synthesis between MIUF and CIA.
Consumption, Investment, Inventories, and Credit
Authors: Bénassy Jean-Pascal
Published: May 2015

This chapter provides an exposition on the facets of consumption, investments, inventories, and credit using a partial equilibrium approach. It begins by discussing features of consumption such as consumption smoothing and Milton Friedman’s “permanent income”. It then moves on to discuss investments with respect to the application of profit maximization at the partial equilibrium level which eventually leads to high investment demand. It also introduces issues with inventories such as potential consumer rationing and production smoothing. Lastly, this chapter presents a study on credit rationing and includes sample problems regarding consumption and financial investment, investment and installation costs, and inventory and output with autocorrelated demand.
Introduction
Authors: Zimi Eleni
Published: May 2015

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the range of silver plates discovered from Macedonia and of its functions underlying its importance as a symbol of status and wealth. It looks into the development of the study of Macedonian silver plate artefacts by citing previous discoveries, emphasizing Donald Strong’s 1966 research Greek and Roman Gold and Silver Plate as the first broad study of Greek silver plate. It takes on two key questions in the study: Does silver plate primarily circulate in Macedonia after the death of Alexander and, if so, only for a short span of time? What was the function of silverware in the Macedonian kingdom? The chapter attempts to answer these by analysing both archaeological evidence of the material itself and of other arts in association with relevant records of written sources, both literary and epigraphically.
Chronology
Authors: Zimi Eleni
Published: May 2015

This chapter attempts to establish a sound chronology for silver plate in Macedonia. It describes the problems that emerge in studying the material, even in those cases when the objects were found during systematic and controlled excavations or belonging to unplundered tomb assemblages for which a date of the disposition of the burial is given. It looks into how the silver plate’s preservation as family heirlooms, the slow rate of change in metalware fashion trends, and the standardization of certain forms, such as ladles and strainers, impedes the process of determining a precise date. It highlights the Great Tumulus at Vergina as reference for discussion.
Epilogue
Authors: Zimi Eleni
Published: May 2015

This epilogue raises the issue of the provenance of silverware found inside graves of the Macedonian ruling class. It describes the common ‘Macedonian’ features found in small-scale sculptures that differentiate them from others. It considers the Macedonians’ desire for sophistication in the form of their vessels more than in other instruments. It also places forward a re-examination of the process of mercury gilding done by the Macedonians, a technique widely known to come from Rome. It highlights the notion of a certain degree of independence brought by the willing Macedonian craftsmen to be open to inspiration from other centres beyond the Greek world, giving them a repertoire with variety that is also distinct.
The Dependence of Crops for Pollinators and the Economic Value of Pollination in Brazil
Authors: Giannini T. C. , Cordeiro G. D. , Freitas B. M. , Saraiva A. M. , Imperatriz-Fonseca V. L.
Published: May 2015

Food production is challenged by changes in climate and land use and expanding human population growth. Proper pollination can increase the production and quality of fruit, nut, oil, and fiber crops. We reviewed crop dependence on pollinators and estimated the economic value of pollination per year for each crop in Brazil. We analyzed 141 crops and found that 85 depend on pollinators. Almost one-third of these crops have an essential or great dependence on pollinators. The economic contribution of pollinators totals ∼30% (∼US$12 billion) of the total annual agricultural income of the dependent crops (totalizing almost US$45 billion). However, half of these figures includes soybean crop (US$5.7 billion of pollinators’ contribution and US$22 billion of annual income). Soybean was considered as having a modest dependence on pollinators, but this remains controversial because pollinator dependence might vary among different varieties cultivated in Brazil. Moreover, we have no information about pollinator dependence regarding some important crops, showing the urgent need for basic research into reproductive biology and pollination ecology.
Nationwide epidemiology and healthcare utilization of spine tumor patients in the adult Korean population, 2009–2012
Authors: Sohn Seil , Kim Jinhee , Chung Chun Kee , Lee Na-Rye , Park Eunjung , Chang Ung-Kyu , Sohn Moon Jun , Kim Sung Hwan
Published: May 2015

Background

The aim of this nationwide study was to describe the incidence and health care utilization of adult Korean patients with primary malignant, primary nonmalignant, and metastatic spine tumors between 2009 and 2012.

Methods

Patients with primary and metastatic spine tumors were identified from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2012. Demographics, incidence rate, annual medical cost, and annual hospital stay of each new patient were reviewed.

Results

Of 1600 primary spine tumors diagnosed from 2009 to 2012, 373 (23.3%) were malignant, and 1227 (76.7%) were nonmalignant. The most common tumor type was neoplasm of spinal cord among primary malignant (C72.0, 51.5%) and primary nonmalignant (D33.4, 66.2%) spine tumors. Differences in primary malignant, primary nonmalignant, and metastatic spine tumor incidence by sex were significant (P = .004, <.001, and <.001, respectively). The annual incidence rate of primary nonmalignant and metastatic spine tumors increased significantly over the study period (P = .005 and <.001, respectively). Lung, liver/biliary, and breast were the most prevalent original tumor sites for metastatic spine tumors. In 2011, average annual medical costs associated with treatment of primary malignant, primary nonmalignant, and metastatic tumors were US $15 223, $6502, and $16 038, respectively. Average annual hospital stay durations for primary malignant, primary nonmalignant, and metastatic spine tumors in 2011 were 103.4, 61.7, and 79.6 days, respectively.

Conclusions

This is the first nationwide analysis of spine tumors, including metastatic spine tumors, in Asia.
Fatal Human Meningoencephalitis due to Halicephalobus Nematodes, Germany
Authors: Monoranu Camelia-Maria , Müllges Wolfgang , Keppler Marc , Brehm Klaus , Ondrejka Sarah L. , Muntau Birgit , Tannich Egbert , Müller-Hermelink Hans Konrad , Tappe Dennis
Published: May 2015

Infections with Halicephalobus nematodes, causative agents of severe meningoencephalitis in horses, have rarely been reported in humans. In this study, the clinical, serological, cytokine, and histopathological findings of a rapidly progressive and eventually fatal meningoencephalitis in a previously healthy human are described. The helminth was finally diagnosed by specific polymerase chain reactions from post mortem tissue.
Metabolic Signature Profiling as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Tool in Pediatric Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
Authors: Surowiec Izabella , Orikiiriza Judy , Karlsson Elisabeth , Nelson Maria , Bonde Mari , Kyamanwa Patrick , Karenzi Ben , Bergström Sven , Trygg Johan , Normark Johan
Published: May 2015

Background.  Accuracy in malaria diagnosis and staging is vital to reduce mortality and post infectious sequelae. In this study, we present a metabolomics approach to diagnostic staging of malaria infection, specifically Plasmodium falciparum infection in children.

Methods.  A group of 421 patients between 6 months and 6 years of age with mild and severe states of malaria with age-matched controls were included in the study, 107, 192, and 122, individuals, respectively. A multivariate design was used as basis for representative selection of 20 patients in each category. Patient plasma was subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, and a full metabolite profile was produced from each patient. In addition, a proof-of-concept model was tested in a Plasmodium berghei in vivo model where metabolic profiles were discernible over time of infection.

Results.  A 2-component principal component analysis revealed that the patients could be separated into disease categories according to metabolite profiles, independently of any clinical information. Furthermore, 2 subgroups could be ide.jpegied in the mild malaria cohort who we believe represent patients with divergent prognoses.

Conclusions.  Metabolite signature profiling could be used both for decision support in disease staging and prognostication.
Blebitis After EX-PRESS Glaucoma Filtration Device Implantation—A Case Series
Authors: Yarovoy Dmitry , Radhakrishnan Sunita , Pickering Terri-Diann , Iwach Andrew G.
Published: May 2015

Purpose:

To present the management and outcomes of blebitis in patients who underwent EX-PRESS Glaucoma Filtration Device (GFD) implantation.

Design:

Retrospective case series.

Participants:

The study included 5 patients who developed blebitis following EX-PRESS GFD implantation.

Methods:

Charts of all patients who underwent EX-PRESS GFD implantation at the Glaucoma Center of San Francisco between 2007 and 2013 were reviewed. Five patients with blebitis were identified and their clinical course was recorded.

Main Outcome Measures:

Clinical course of blebitis.

Results:

Of 325 eyes that underwent EX-PRESS GFD implantation, 5 eyes (1.5%) with blebitis were identified. The mean interval between EX-PRESS GFD surgery and blebitis was 2.3±0.8 years. Four of the 5 eyes with blebitis had potential risk factors for bleb-related infection; 1 had chronic blepharitis, 2 had contact lens use, and one had 2 episodes of bleb leak before blebitis. All patients were treated with topical antibiotics; in addition, 3 received oral antibiotics and 1 received intravitreal antibiotics. None of the patients developed endophthalmitis. One patient had recurrent blebitis, which was treated with topical, oral, and intravitreal antibiotics. None of the patients had the device removed. The mean follow-up time after blebitis was 16.8±8.9 months (range, 10 to 32 mo).

Conclusions:

This case series suggests that blebitis after EX-PRESS GFD implanted under a scleral flap may be treated without removal of the device. Further study is required to determine the optimal method of treating this condition.
No Evidence of Association of Heterozygous Galactosylceramidase Deletion With Normal-Tension Glaucoma in a Korean Population
Authors: Shin Hye-Young , Park Sung-Won , Jung Seung-Hyun , Park Hae-Young Lopilly , Jung Kyoung-In , Chung Yeun-Jun , Park Chan Kee
Published: May 2015

Purpose:

A significant association between primary open-angle glaucoma risk and copy-number variation in the galactosylceramidase (GALC) gene was reported recently. This study investigated whether a heterozygous deletion of the GALC gene plays a significant role in normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) in Koreans.

Methods:

A 3-primer polymerase chain reaction assay was used to examine the heterozygous deletion of GALC in all Korean NTG cases (n=276) and controls (n=135).

Results:

We did not identify any deletion variant of GALC gene in the NTG patients.

Conclusions:

This is the first copy-number variation study of the GALC gene in the Korean population with NTG. We demonstrated that a heterozygous GALC deletion does not play a significant role in the pathogenesis of NTG in a representative clinic-based population of South Koreans, unlike whites.
Choroidal Thickness and Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review
Authors: Zhang Zhengwei , Yu Mengxi , Wang Feng , Dai Ying , Wu Zhifeng
Published: May 2015

Purpose:

Numerous studies have detected choroidal thickness abnormalities and changes in open-angle glaucoma (OAG), as measured by enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography technologies, but the results have not always been consistent. Therefore, a meta-analysis and systematic review was performed to evaluate the choroidal thickness in OAG.

Materials and Methods:

A comprehensive literature search was performed on Medline, Embase, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Google Scholar, and Chinese databases including Wangfang and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure). Eligible articles were identified by reviewing the retrieved results. For continuous outcomes, we calculated the weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Statistical analysis was performed using STATA 12.0 software.

Results:

Twenty-two case-control or cross-sectional studies were included in the present meta-analysis. The results of our study showed that there was no significant difference in subfoveal choroidal thickness between patients with OAG and controls (WMD=−7.94; 95% CI, −26.01 to 10.13; P=0.389). Similar findings were obtained for the average peripapillary choroidal thickness (WMD=−14.24; 95% CI, −30.20 to 1.73; P=0.08).

Conclusions:

Our meta-analysis found no significant difference in the choroidal thickness both under the fovea and around the optic nerve head between OAG patients and controls. On the basis of the anatomic features of blood supply in optic nerve head, it is plausible that the choroidal thickness is not an appropriate parameter to evaluate the damage of OAG, and choroidal thinning may not be an important component of glaucomatous optic neuropathy.
How little data is enough? Phase-diagram analysis of sparsity-regularized X-ray computed tomography
Authors: Jørgensen J. S. , Sidky E. Y.
Published: May 2015

We introduce phase-diagram analysis, a standard tool in compressed sensing (CS), to the X-ray computed tomography (CT) community as a systematic method for determining how few projections suffice for accurate sparsity-regularized reconstruction. In CS, a phase diagram is a convenient way to study and express certain theoretical relations between sparsity and sufficient sampling. We adapt phase-diagram analysis for empirical use in X-ray CT for which the same theoretical results do not hold. We demonstrate in three case studies the potential of phase-diagram analysis for providing quantitative answers to questions of undersampling. First, we demonstrate that there are cases where X-ray CT empirically performs comparably with a near-optimal CS strategy, namely taking measurements with Gaussian sensing matrices. Second, we show that, in contrast to what might have been anticipated, taking randomized CT measurements does not lead to improved performance compared with standard structured sampling patterns. Finally, we show preliminary results of how well phase-diagram analysis can predict the sufficient number of projections for accurately reconstructing a large-scale image of a given sparsity by means of total-variation regularization.
Motion-compensated cone beam computed tomography using a conjugate gradient least-squares algorithm and electrical impedance tomography imaging motion data
Authors: Pengpen T. , Soleimani M.
Published: May 2015

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is an imaging modality that has been used in image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT). For applications such as lung radiation therapy, CBCT images are greatly affected by the motion artefacts. This is mainly due to low temporal resolution of CBCT. Recently, a dual modality of electrical impedance tomography (EIT) and CBCT has been proposed, in which the high temporal resolution EIT imaging system provides motion data to a motion-compensated algebraic reconstruction technique (ART)-based CBCT reconstruction software. High computational time associated with ART and indeed other variations of ART make it less practical for real applications. This paper develops a motion-compensated conjugate gradient least-squares (CGLS) algorithm for CBCT. A motion-compensated CGLS offers several advantages over ART-based methods, including possibilities for explicit regularization, rapid convergence and parallel computations. This paper for the first time demonstrates motion-compensated CBCT reconstruction using CGLS and reconstruction results are shown in limited data CBCT considering only a quarter of the full dataset. The proposed algorithm is tested using simulated motion data in generic motion-compensated CBCT as well as measured EIT data in dual EIT–CBCT imaging.
Introduction: a brief overview of iterative algorithms in X-ray computed tomography
Authors: Soleimani M. , Pengpen T.
Published: May 2015

This paper presents a brief overview of some basic iterative algorithms, and more sophisticated methods are presented in the research papers in this issue. A range of algebraic iterative algorithms are covered here including ART, SART and OS-SART. A major limitation of the traditional iterative methods is their computational time. The Krylov subspace based methods such as the conjugate gradients (CG) algorithm and its variants can be used to solve linear systems of equations arising from large-scale CT with possible implementation using modern high-performance computing tools. The overall aim of this theme issue is to stimulate international efforts to develop the next generation of X-ray computed tomography (CT) image reconstruction software.
Research into the corrosion behavior of carbon steel in simulated reverse osmosis product water and seawater using a wire beam electrode
Authors: Zhang Min , Ge Hong-Hua , Wang Xue-Juan , Meng Xin-Jing , Zhao Yu-Zeng , Liao Qiang-Qiang
Published: May 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this study was to explore the differences in the corrosion behavior of carbon steel in simulated reverse osmosis (RO) product water, and in seawater.

Design/methodology/approach

– The wire beam electrodes (WBE) and coupons made from Type Q235 carbon steel and were immersed in simulated reverse osmosis product water, and in seawater, for fifteen days. The corrosion potential distribution on the WBE at different times was measured. The corrosion rates of the carbon steel in different solutions were obtained using weight loss determinations. The different corrosion behavior of carbon steel in the two kinds of solution was analyzed.

Findings

– The results showed that the average corrosion potential, micro-cathode potential and micro-anode potential of the WBE decreased with time in simulated RO product water. During this period, the maximum potential difference between micro-cathodes and micro-anodes on the WBE surface also decreased with time. The potential difference was more than 260mV at the beginning of the test and was still greater than 110mV after fifteen days of immersion. The positions of cathodes and anodes remained basically unchanged and corrosion took place on the localized anode during the experiments. The average corrosion potential, micro-cathode potential and micro-anode potential on the WBE surface also decreased with time in the simulated seawater. However, the maximum potential difference between micro-cathode and micro-anode on the WBE surface in the simulated seawater was much smaller than was the case in simulated RO product water. It was 37.8 mV at the beginning of the test and was no more than 12mV after two days immersion. The positions of cathode region and anode kept changing, leading to overall uniform corrosion. The actual corrosion rate on the corroded anode region in simulated RO product water was greater than was the case in simulated seawater.

Originality/value

– The corrosion behavior differences of carbon steel between in RO product water and in seawater were revealed by using wire beam electrodes (WBE). From the micro point of view, it explained the reason why the actual corrosion rate of carbon steel in RO product water was greater than that in sea water. The results can be helpful to explore future corrosion control methods for carbon steel in RO product water.
Correlation study on general and accelerated corrosion of the welded structure of aluminum alloy 2219 in N2O4
Authors: Feng Yuanbo , Huang Zhiyong , Tian Gan , Jin Guofeng
Published: May 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to present a correlation study on general and accelerated corrosion of the welded structure of aluminum alloy 2219 in N2O4.

Design/methodology/approach

– Corrosion experiments of the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG)-welded aluminum alloy structure were conducted under both mild and accelerated corrosion conditions by changing the water content in N2O4.

Findings

– The experimental results indicated that both general and accelerated corrosion processes of the TIG-welded structure of aluminum alloy 2219 in N2O4followed the linear equation ΔW = A + Bt, and the corrosion products were unchanged regardless of the water content in the N2O4solution.

Originality/value

– The weight loss comparison method is used to identify the structure of the conventional aluminum welding and aluminum welding structure corrosion dinitrogen tetroxide in nitric acid accelerated corrosion relationship.
SEC charges broker-dealer for failure to protect against insider trading by employees
Authors: Nathan Daniel A. , Rowe Tiffany
Published: May 2015

Purpose

– To alert broker-dealers to Securities and Exchange Commission charges brought against a broker-dealer for ineffective controls over employee use of confidential information and to provide guidance regarding development and implementation of controls to protect against improper use of material non-public information by employees.

Design/methodology/approach

– Reviews Securities and Exchange Commission settlement order with broker-dealer for violations of securities laws for failure to adequately prevent insider trading by employees and provides guidance for implementing control to prevent insider trading.

Findings

– The Securities and Exchange Commission’s charges are the first to be brought against a broker-dealer for failure to adequately protect against insider trading. A broker used a customer’s confidential information regarding an impending acquisition by a private equity firm to purchase stock in the target company. The broker-dealer settled charges of violations of the federal securities laws for failing to adequately establish, maintain, and enforce policies and procedures to protect against insider trading by employees with access to confidential client information.

Originality/value

– Practical guidance regarding internal controls at broker-dealers from experienced securities litigation and regulation lawyers.
What does it take to make the SEC happy? SEC criticism of broker-dealers’ due diligence for sales of unregistered securities leaves more questions than answers
Authors: Bettigole Bruce , Kruly Charlie
Published: May 2015

Purpose

– To highlight the insufficient guidance offered by a recent Securities and Exchange Commission settlement regarding a broker-dealer’s obligation to inquire into its customers’ sales of unregistered securities.

Design/methodology/approach

– Discusses the traditional interpretation of Section 4(a)(4) of the Securities Act of 1933, which requires broker-dealers to conduct a reasonable inquiry into the basis for their customers’ proposed sales of unregistered securities. Then reviews a recent SEC settlement that appears to suggest the SEC believes there is a more stringent obligation on broker-dealers to inquire into their customers’ proposed sales of unregistered securities.

Findings

– The SEC’s recent settlement states that various inquiries conducted by a broker-dealer into its customers’ claimed registration exemptions were insufficient to satisfy the broker-dealer’s obligation under Section 4(a)(4). However, the settlement does not address why these inquiries were insufficient or what inquiries, if any, would have satisfied the broker-dealer’s obligations under Section 4(a)(4).

Originality/value

– This article analyses an SEC settlement that may, either intentionally or inadvertently, have used an enforcement action to attempt to heighten broker-dealers’ obligations under Section 4(a)(4).
FATCA violation underlies latest US tax and securities fraud charges
Authors: Fisher Miriam , McManus Brian
Published: May 2015

Purpose

– To explain the details and implications of a September 9, 2014 federal indictment, US v. Robert Bandfield, the first time a Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) violation has been charged as an “overt act” in furtherance of a tax conspiracy and securities fraud.

Design/methodology/approach

– Provides background, including the enactment of FATCA and the details of the indictment; describes an undercover investigation conducted by President Obama’s Financial Fraud Enforcement Task Force; and discusses the warnings this indictment sends to the global financial community.

Findings

– The indictment confirms the coordinated and aggressive tactics US law enforcement is now employing to investigate and prosecute offshore financial fraud.

Practical implications

– Banks and financial service providers need to be aware of the impact of enhanced US regulatory obligations and implement appropriate compliance measures. These institutions must also remain sensitive to risks presented by unscrupulous customers. Finally, they must be ready to manage appropriately information-gathering and investigatory inquiries originating with US authorities.

Originality/value

– Practical guidance from experienced tax controversy lawyers.
Recent key Bitcoin and virtual currency regulatory and law enforcement developments
Authors: Greebel Evan L. , Moriarty Kathleen , Callaway Claudia , Xethalis Gregory
Published: May 2015

Purpose

– To explain and draw conclusions from six recent bitcoin and virtual currency regulatory and law enforcement developments.

Design/methodology/approach

– Discusses and draws conclusions from six recent, important developments: two administrative rulings from the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), recent remarks by New York State Department of Financial Services Superintendent Benjamin Lawsky, remarks by Mark Wetjen of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), a recent Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) informational sweep of crowdsales of crypto-equity, and the US Department of Justice proceedings against Trendon Shavers.

Findings

– Rather than trying to stifle or control virtual currencies, US governmental entities recognize the long-term value of virtual currencies and are trying to create a regulatory regime to foster growth and development, and an atmosphere where institutional and retail investors are protected.

Originality/value

– Provides an overview of the key United States regulatory issues facing companies engaged in Bitcoin-related businesses.
Prepare for the magnifying glass: SEC hikes scrutiny of asset managers – 4 steps to consider
Authors: Weiner Perrie Michael , Hunnius Patrick , Alexander Grant
Published: May 2015

Purpose

– To discuss the Securities and Exchange Commission’s (SEC’s) likely preparation of new rules to increase the monitoring and oversight of various asset funds, including hedge funds and alternative mutual funds, and recommends protective measure for fund managers to take.

Design/methodology/approach

– Discusses the SEC’s increasing concerns about risks related to the asset management industry and how those concerns may lead to additional scrutiny and regulation. Recommends four steps for alternative mutual fund managers to take at this time to protect their interests.

Findings

– The SEC’s potential regulatory action is in response to apparent increasing concern that the multitrillion-dollar asset management industry could create substantial instability to the financial system with the occurrence of a significant event, such as a sudden change in interest rates or widespread investor redemptions. It has been suggested that the proposed sweep of alternative mutual funds is part of a larger strategy by the SEC to bring the alternative mutual funds, and similarly situated entities such as asset managers and hedge funds, under the same regulatory umbrella imposed upon large banks and similarly situated financial institutions in response to the 2008 recession.

Practical implications

– Preparation will go a long way in dealing with what appears to be a developing mine field of new regulations, and potential enforcement actions, from the federal government.

Originality/value

– Knowing that increasing SEC scrutiny, such as inquiries and subpoenas, may be just around the corner, the precautionary measures outlined in this article will help alternative mutual fund managers protect their interests.