bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Marrubium Incanum Desr. (Lamiaceae) Essential Oil
Authors: Petrović Silvana , Pavlović Milica , Maksimović Zoran , Milenković Marina , Couladis Maria , Tzakou Olga , Niketić Marjan
Published: March 2019

The essential oil from the aerial parts of Marrubium incanum Desr. (Lamiaceae), obtained by hydrodistillation, was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Forty-six compounds were identified, representing 96.3% of the total oil. The main components of the oil were ( E)-caryophyllene (27.0%), germacrene D (26.2%) and bicyclogermacrene (11.5%). The microbial growth inhibitory properties of the isolated essential oil were determined using the agar diffusion and broth microdilution method against seven bacterial species ( Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, S. epidermidis ATCC 12228, Micrococcus flavus ATCC 10240, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae NCIMB 9111, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853), and two strains of the yeast Candida albicans (ATCC 10259 and ATCC24433). The essential oil showed activity against all the microorganisms tested, but differences in microbial susceptibility were registered.
Alkaloid Synthesis and Accumulation in Leucojum Aestivum in Vitro Cultures
Authors: Berkov Strahil , Pavlov Atanas , Georgiev Vasil , Bastida Jaume , Burrus Monique , Ilieva Mladenka , Codina Carles
Published: March 2019

The alkaloids of intact plants, calli and shoot-clump cultures of L. aestivum were analyzed by GC-MS. Twenty-four alkaloids were detected. Calli appeared to produce sparse alkaloid profiles in stark contrast to shoot-clumps that had similar profiles to those of the intact plant. Seven shoot-clump strains produced galanthamine predominantly whereas another three were dominated by lycorine. Shoot-clump strains cultivated under light accumulated about two-times more galanthamine (an average of 74 μg/g of dry weight) than those cultivated in darkness (an average of 39 μg/g of dry weight). In comparison to intact plants, the shoot-clumps accumulated 5-times less galanthamine. The high variability of both the galanthamine content (67% and 75% of coefficient of variation under light and darkness conditions, respectively) and alkaloid patterns indicates that the shoot-clump cultures initiated from callus could be used as a tool for improvement of the in vitro cultures.
First Evidence for an Anxiolytic Effect of a Diterpenoid from Salvia Cinnabarina
Authors: Maione Francesco , Bonito Maria Camela , Colucci Mariantonella , Cozzolino Virginia , Bisio Angela , Romussi Giovanni , Cicala Carla , Pieretti Stefano , Mascolo Nicola
Published: March 2019

The potential anxiolytic and anti-depressive activity of CMP1 was studied in the elevated plus-maze test and in the forced swimming test. Furthermore, CMP1 sedative activity was evaluated in pentobarbital treated animals; the effect of CMP1 on spontaneous motor activity (total locomotion) was also evaluated. Our data show that CMP1, at doses that did not affect locomotion, was able to induce anxiolytic and sedative, but not anti-depressive effects. In conclusion, our results represent first evidence for an anxiolytic activity of this diterpenoid from Salvia cinnabarina.
HPLC and NMR Studies of Phenoxazone Alkaloids from Pycnoporus Cinnabarinus
Authors: Dias Daniel A. , Urban Sylvia
Published: March 2019

Crude extracts of the red-orange, bracket fungus Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, collected from five distinct Australian localities were subjected to a chemical and biological profiling study. Subsequent detailed investigation of two of these specimens resulted in the isolation of the new phenoxazone alkaloid, pycnoporin (8), together with cinnabarin (1), tramesanguin (2), and cinnabarinic acid (3). Ergosterol peroxide (11) was also identified from one of the specimens studied. Compounds 1-3 and 8 were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analyzes, which included the application of elevated temperature-controlled NMR experiments. In addition to the isolation and characterization of 8, this study describes the first successful HPLC purification strategy and complete 2D NMR spectroscopic characterization of compounds 1-3. Also reported are the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the crude extracts of one of the P. cinnabarinus specimens. Compounds 1-3, 8 and 11 displayed varying degrees of antitumor activity while ergosterol peroxide (11) also showed slight antimicrobial and antiviral activities. This is the first report documenting the significant antitumor activity of cinnabarin (1).
New Benzophenone O-Glucoside from Hypericum Ellipticum
Authors: Petrunak Elyse , Kester Andrew C. , Liu Yunbao , Bowen-Forbes Camile S. , Nair Muraleedharan G. , Henry Geneive E.
Published: March 2019

Examination of the acetone extract of the aerial parts of Hypericum ellipticum afforded a new acetylated benzophenone glucoside (3′- O-β-D-3″,4″,6″-triacetylglucopyranosyl-2,4,5′,6-tetrahydroxybenzophenone) together with catechin and epicatechin. The structure of the benzophenone glucoside was determined by 2D NMR spectroscopic data. The compound inhibited the proliferation of CNS tumor cell line (SF-268) and lipid peroxidation in in vitro assays.
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Cardanol Based Benzoxazines
Authors: Minigher Andrea , Benedetti Elena , De Giacomo Ornela , Campaner Pietro , Aroulmoji Vincent
Published: March 2019

Benzoxazines are a class of phenolic compounds extensively studied in polymer science because of their properties as fiber reinforcements, fire-retardants and curing agents. In this article is described a solvent-less process, based on a Mannich reaction involving a primary amine and an aldehyde, for the preparation of new benzoxazines deriving from cardanol (a well known phenol obtained as a renewable organic resource and harmful by-product of the cashew industry). Particular attention is given to the synthesis and chemical characterization (both by 1H NMR spectroscopy and HPLC), while the thermal polymerization process has been monitored by differential scanning calorimetry.
Essential Oil Composition of Tanacetum vulgare Subsp. Siculum (Guss.) Raimondo et Spadaro (Asteraceae) from Sicily
Authors: Formisano Carmen , Senatore Felice , Bruno Maurizio , Rosselli Sergio , Bellone Gabriella , Spadaro Vivienne
Published: March 2019

Ninety-four components of the essential oils from aerial parts and capitula of Tanacetum vulgare subsp. siculum (Guss.) Raimondo et Spadaro were detected. α-Thujone, β-thujone and 1,8-cineole were the main constituents of the oils. The analysis allows the assignment of this Tanacetum species to the thujone chemotype.
Bioactive Compounds of Selected Fruit Juices
Authors: Wojdyłto Aneta , Oszmiański Jan
Published: March 2019

Fruits are one of the most important sources of phenolic compounds in our diet. Many of these compounds exhibit a wide range of biological activities, especially antioxidant activity. The objective of this study was to determine the composition and antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds found in fruit juice obtained from buckthorn, flowering quince, rowanberry and hawthorn. Hydroxycinnamic acids (neochlorogenic and chlorogenic acid) and procyanidins were the main phenolics in rowanberry juice. The highest level of flavonols (quercetin derivatives) was found in sea buckthorn. All juices showed strong free-radical scavenging activity against ABTS•+ radicals and ferric reducing ability measured by the FRAP method. The strongest antioxidant activity was found in rowanberry juice, but the lowest was measured in hawthorn and sea buckthorn juices.
Vitamin C and the Role of Citrus Juices as Functional Food
Authors: Martí Nuria , Mena Pedro , Cánovas Jose Antonio , Micol Vicente , Saura Domingo
Published: March 2019

The literature on the content and stability of vitamin C (ascorbic acid, AA) in citrus juices in relation to industrial practices is reviewed. The role of vitamin C from citrus juices in human diet is also reviewed. Citrus fruits and juices are rich in several types of bioactive compounds. Their antioxidant activity and related benefits derive not only from vitamin C but also from other phytochemicals, mainly flavonoids. During juice processing, temperature and oxygen are the main factors responsible for vitamin C losses. Nonthermal processed juices retain higher levels of vitamin C, but economic factors apparently delay the use of such methods in the citrus industry. Regarding packing material, vitamin C in fruit juice is quite stable when stored in metal or glass containers, whereas juice stored in plastic bottles has a much shorter shelf-life.

The limiting step for vitamin C absorption in humans is transcellular active transport across the intestinal wall where AA may be oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA), which is easily transported across the cell membrane and immediately reduced back to AA by two major pathways. AA bioavailability in the presence of flavonoids has yielded controversial results. Whereas flavonoids seem to inhibit intestinal absorption of AA, some studies have shown that AA in citrus extract was more available than synthetic ascorbic acid alone. DHAA is reported to possess equivalent biological activity to AA, so recent studies often consider the vitamin C activity in the diet as the sum of AA plus DHAA. However, this claimed equivalence should be carefully reexamined.

Humans are one of the few species lacking the enzyme (L-gulonolactone oxidase, GLO) to convert glucose to vitamin C. It has been suggested that this is due to a mutation that provided a survival advantage to early primates, since GLO produces toxic H2O2. Furthermore, the high concentration of AA (and DHAA) in neural tissues could have been the key factor that caused primates (vertebrates with relative big brain) to lose the capacity to synthesize vitamin C.

Oxidative damage has many pathological implications in human health, and AA may play a central role in maintaining the metabolic antioxidant response. The abundance of citrus juices in the Mediterranean diet may provide the main dietary source for natural vitamin C.
Phenolic Contribution of South African Herbal Teas to a Healthy Diet
Authors: Joubert Elizabeth , Gelderblom Wentzel C. A. , De Beer Dalene
Published: March 2019

South African herbal teas, rooibos and honeybush, are increasingly enjoyed as healthy alternatives to Camellia sinensis teas. They contribute to the diet with bioactive phytochemicals not commonly found in foods. Major compounds of rooibos are the unique dihydrochalcone, aspalathin, and its flavone isomers, orientin and isoorientin. Honeybush contributes the xanthones, mangiferin and isomangiferin and the flavanones, eriocitrin, narirutin and hesperidin. All these compounds are either C-glucosides or O-rhamnoglucosides, which are poorly absorbed. Phase II metabolism and degradation by intestinal bacteria are important factors in their absorption. Modulation of drug metabolising enzymes is indicated which not only could affect the therapeutic window of drugs, but also the bioavailability of other dietary flavonoids.
Ingredients for Functional Drinks in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review
Authors: Zafrilla Pilar , Morulas Juana M , Rubio-Perez José M. , Villar Emma Cantos
Published: March 2019

Several studies have indicated that oxidative stress is a major risk factor for the initiation and progression of neurological disorders like Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's (AD). Therefore, reducing oxidative stress appears to be a rational choice for the prevention and reduction in the rate of progression of these neurological disorders. The brain utilizes about 25% of respired oxygen even though it represents only 5% of the body weight. Free radicals are generated during the normal intake of oxygen, during infection, and during normal oxidative metabolism of certain substrates. Although experimental data are consistent in demonstrating the neuroprotective effects of antioxidants in vitro and in animal models, the clinical evidence that antioxidant agents may prevent or slow the course of these diseases is still relatively unsatisfactory, and insufficient to strongly modify clinical practice.

In this paper, natural possible substances that could be added to a beverage to prevent or decrease the developing of neurodegenerative diseases are reviewed.
Cytotoxic Action of Triterpene Glycosides from Sea Cucumbers from the genus Cucumaria on Mouse Spleen Lymphocytes. Inhibition of Nonspecific Esterase
Authors: Aminin Dmitry L. , Silchenko Alexandra S. , Avilov Sergey A. , Stepanov Vadim G. , Ralmin Vladimir I.
Published: March 2019

Four triterpene glycosides from sea cucumbers belonging to the genus Cucumaria, okhotoside A1-1 (1), cucumarioside A0-1 (2), frondoside A (3) and cucumarioside A2-2 (4) inhibit the activity of nonspecific esterase of mouse spleen lymphocytes. The dependence of the inhibitory activity of the glycosides on their structure is similar to that for hemolytic activity. The absence of inhibitory activity for the preparation Cumaside, which is a complex of cucumarioside A2-2 and related compounds with cholesterol, shows a cholesterol-dependent character of the inhibitory action of the glycosides. The effective inhibitory concentrations of frondoside A and cucumarioside A2-2 are significantly higher than the immunomodulatory doses of these glycosides.
Inhibition of Mast Cell Degranulation by Saponins from Gleditsia Sinensis- Structure-Activity Relationships
Authors: Chong Wang , Feng Xia Yu , Zhen Gao Zheng , Dan Lu , Yue Dai
Published: March 2019

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of saponins from the anomalous fruits of Gleditsia sinensis on mast cell degranulation triggered by compound 48/80 and to determine possible structure-activity relationships. Among the eleven saponins tested, four effectively inhibited β-hexosaminidase release from rat peritoneal mast cells. Studies of structure-activity relationships indicated that saponins with an aglycone of echinocystic acid instead of oleanolic acid were more effective. A sugar chain at C-3 was essential for the inhibitory effects, and a single sugar chain was the most effective. The length and structures of the oligosaccharide chain at C-28 were also critical for the activity of the compounds, and introduction of monoterpene units to the oligosaccharide chain substantially decreased the activity. To gain insight into the mechanisms responsible for preventing mast cell degranulation, the effects of saponins on intracellular cAMP were examined. After preincubation with mast cells for different times, the four active saponins significantly increased the intracellular cAMP content. These findings suggested that the four saponins might be the active constituents of the anomalous fruits of G. sinensis for antiallergic activities, and they prevented mast cell degranulation probably by elevating intracellular cAMP levels.
DMD Mediated Formal Synthesis of (±)-Coerulescine
Authors: Suárez-Castillo Oscar R. , Meléndez-Rodríguez Myriam , Contreras-Martínez Yaneth M. A. , Álvarez-Hernández Alejandro , Morales-Ríos Martha S. , Joseph-Nathan Pedro
Published: March 2019

A highly efficient method for the formal synthesis of the natural product (±)-coerulescine 1 from tetrahydro-β-carboline 3, mediated by dimethyldioxirane (DMD), is described. Compound 15, the N9-demethylated precursor of 1, was prepared from 3 in 4 steps with an overall yield of 95%. The effect of electron withdrawing groups at the N2, N9 atoms of 3 was explored for the oxidative rearrangement step.
Compositional Variation of the Essential Oils of Artemisia Afra Jacq. from Three Provinces in South Africa - A Case Study of its Safety
Authors: Oyedeji Adebola O. , Afolayan Anthony J. , Hutchings Anne
Published: March 2019

Safety of Artemisia afar has been a controversial issue due to its high thujone content. Despite the declaration of the World Health Organization in the 1970s of the plant being unsafe for consumption, it is still commonly used in folklore medication in South Africa, especially in winter. Essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation from the twigs of A. afra plants from different locations in the Eastern Cape, Free State and KwaZulu-Natal. Analyses of the oils by GC and GCMS revealed compositional variations in the levels of α-and β-thujone, 1,8-cineole and camphor. α-Thujone was the major component of the essential oils of A. afra from Philippolis (Free State) and Keiskammahoek (Eastern Cape) (62-74%), while the camphor content was very low (≤ 0.1-0.6%). The samples from Gqumahshe, Hogsback (Eastern Cape) and Empangeni (KwaZulu Natal) had low α-thujone contents (3.7-20.0%) while 1,8-cineole (13.0-49.5%) and camphor (13.9-21.2%) were the main components of the essential oils. It was further observed that the concentration of α-thujone increased significantly in the dry leaves when compared with the fresh leaves. This implies that fresh leaves are better used for infusion than dry leaves. This study reveals that not all A. afra contain high concentrations of α- and β- thujone.
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils from Schinus Areira L. and Schinus Longifolia (Lindl.) Speg
Authors: Murray Ana P. , Gurovic María S. Vela , Rodriguez Silvana A. , Murray María G. , Ferrero Adriana A.
Published: March 2019

The essential oils of Schinus areira L. and S. longifolia (Lindl.) Speg. (Anacardiaceae) have been studied for their in vitro anti-acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant activities. The chemical composition of the oils obtained by hydrodistillation was determined by GC-MS. Fruit and leaf oils of S. areira were analyzed separately. The essential oil from S. longifolia elicited marked enzymatic inhibition (IC50 = 20.0 ± 1.0 μg/mL) and showed radical scavenger activity (IC50 = 25.2 ± 2.4 μg/mL). The essential oil from S. areira leaves was more active than that of the fruits in both bioassays.
Bis-Diterpenoid Alkaloids from Aconitum Tanguticum Var. Trichocarpum
Authors: Lin Ling , Chen Dong-Lin , Liu Xiao-Yu , Chen Qiao-Hong , Wang Feng-Peng , Yang Chong-Yi
Published: March 2019

Two new, rare heteratisine-hetidine-type bisditerpenoid alkaloids designated as trichocarpines A 1 and B 2, together with twelve known compounds have been isolated from the whole plants of Aconitum tanguticum var. trichocarpum. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data interpretation and chemical transformation.
Chemical Composition and in Vitro Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil of Minthostachys Mollis (Kunth) Griseb Vaught from the Venezuelan Andes
Authors: Mora Flor D. , Araque María , Rojas Luis B. , Ramírez Rosslyn , Silva Bladimiro , Usubillaga Alfredo
Published: March 2019

Chemical constituents of the essential oil from the leaves of Minthostachys mollis (Kunth) Griseb Vaught var. mollis collected in January 2008 at Tuñame, Trujillo State, Venezuela, were separated and identified by GCMS analysis. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and thirteen components (98.5% of the sample) were identified by comparison with the Wiley GCMS library data base. The two major components were pulegone (55.2%) and trans-menthone (31.5%). The essential oil showed a significant inhibitory effect against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, especially Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhi (4 μg/mL).
Chemical Composition, Olfactory Evaluation and Antioxidant Effects of Essential Oil from Mentha Canadensis
Authors: Jirovetz Leopold , Wlcek Katrin , Buchbauer Gerhard , Stoilova Ivanka , Atanasova Teodora , Stoyanova Albena , Krastanov Albert , Schmidt Erich
Published: March 2019

The chemical composition of the essential oil from cornmint ( Mentha canadensis L.) was analyzed by GC/FID and GCMS. The main constituents were menthol (41.2%) and menthone (20.4%). It was established that cornmint oil had antiradical activity with respect to the DPPH and hydroxyl (OH•) radicals. The concentrations necessary for 50% neutralization of the respective radicals (IC50) were 365.0 μg/mL for DPPH and 0.3 μg/mL for OH•, which was indicative that the antioxidant activity in terms of OH• was higher than that of quercetin. Cornmint oil chelated the Fe3+ ions present in the solution. The oil demonstrated antioxidant activity in a linoleic acid emulsion model system, where at 0.1% concentration it inhibited the formation of conjugated dienes by 57.1% and the generation of secondary oxidized products of linoleic acid by 76.1%.
Antiproliferative Activities of Five Chinese Medicinal Herbs and Active Compounds in Elephantopus scaber
Authors: Su Miaoxian , Wu Xia , Chung Hau Yin , Li Yaolan , Ye Wencai
Published: March 2019

Extracts and fractions prepared from five medicinal herbs used to treat cancer in Chinese folk medicine were tested for their antiproliferative activities on five cancer cell lines using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The MTT results revealed that the ethanolic extracts possessed stronger antiproliferative activities than the corresponding aqueous ones. The bioactive fractions of the ethanolic extracts were mostly found in n-hexane and/or ethyl acetate fractions, which by TLC analysis were shown to contain terpenes and/or phenolic compounds. The ethyl acetate fraction from the ethanolic extract of Elephantopus scaber showed the highest effect with IC50 values of less than 25 μg/mL on three susceptible cell lines, namely, PC-3 (human prostate carcinoma cell), CNE (human nasopharyngeal carcinoma epithelial cell) and HL-60 (human acute promyelocytic leukemia cell). Further isolation and analysis of this fraction led to the identification of three sesquiterpene lactones, two flavonoids and five triterpenes. MTT results showed that the sesquiterpene lactones were the most effective group with IC50 values ranging from 0.9 to 7.5 μM while the flavonoids possessed moderate to strong effect with IC50 values ranging from 17.3 to 42.6 μM. However, the triterpenes displayed weak effect with IC50 values larger than 50 μM. Among the active compounds, deoxyelephantopin, a sesquiterpene lactone, exhibited the strongest effect on the PC-3, CNE and HL-60 cells, with IC50 values of 4.6, 2.6 and 0.9 μM, respectively. Flow cytometric analysis showed that treatment with deoxyelephantopin caused subG-1 population augmentation in PC-3, CNE and HL-60 cells, suggesting apoptosis was induced in these cells.
Determination of Phytoestrogen Composition in Soybean Cultivars in Serbia
Authors: Cvejić Jelena , Malenčić Đorđe , Tepavčević Vesna , Poša Mihalj , Miladinović Jegor
Published: March 2019

The growing clinical interest and use of soybean-based food products and extracts to increase dietary phytoestrogen intake have led to medical interest in the precise determination of the phytoestrogen composition of soybean products. We have analyzed the composition of these compounds in 20 domestic and introduced varieties of genetically non-modified soybean genotypes grown under the same agroecological conditions. The isoflavone content of soybeans cultivated in this region of Serbia has not been previously reported. The assays were performed, after extraction with methanol-water (8:2, v/v), by C18 reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection. The total phytoestrogen concentration was found to be between 2.24 and 3.79 mg g−1 dry bean weight. The total concentration of daidzein and its derivatives ranged from 0.96 to 1.82 mg g−1, total glyciteines from 0.34-0.53 mg g−1, and all genistein derivatives from 0.86-1.67 mg g−1 dry bean weight. Given the high biological potency of phytoestrogens and their metabolic conversion products, our data suggest that phytoestrogen content screening could be a useful tool in the selection of soybean genotypes with improved health promoting characteristics.
Antilonomic Effects of Brazilian Brown Seaweed Extracts
Authors: Domingos Thaisa Francielle Souza , Carvalho Carla , de Andrade Moura Laura , Teixeira Valéria Laneuville , Pereira Renato Crespo , Bianco Έverson Miguel , Ferreira Wilton José , Ramos Carlos José Brito , de Miranda Ana Luiza Palhares , Melo Paulo Assis , Guimarães Jorge Almeida , Fuly André Lopes
Published: March 2019

The aim of this work was to investigate the hemolysis and blood clotting activity of Lomonia obliqua venom and the ability of some Brazilian marine algal extracts ( Canistrocarpus cervicornis, Stypopodium zonale and Dictyota pfaffi) to antagonize such biological activities. L. obliqua caterpillars are dangerous to human beings and envenomation symptoms are characterized by hemorrhagic, hemolytic and blood clotting disorders, and acute renal failure, which sometimes lead to the death of the victims. Through in vitro experiments we have shown that L. obliqua venom is able to clot human plasma and hemolize human erythrocytes and that the coagulation activity of the venom is inhibited by the extracts of C. cervicornis, S. zonale and D. pfaffi. In contrast, C. cervicornis and S. zonale extracts did not inhibit the hemolytic activity of L. oblqua, as did the extract of D. pfaffi. These finding indicate that marine algae may be used as antivenoms or may contribute to the development of compounds with antilonomic effects.
Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oils of Leaves, Roots and Bark of Glossocalyx staudtii
Authors: Agnaniet Huguette , Makani Thomas , Bikanga Raphaël , Obame Louis Clément , Lebibi Jacques , Menut Chantal
Published: March 2019

The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from air dried leaves, bark and roots of Glossocalyx staudtii Engl. grown in Gabon was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The essential oil content was 0.84% (w/w), 0.28% (w/w), and 0.74% (w/w), respectively. The leaf oil was characterized by a high content of monoterpene hydrocarbons (64.8%), with β-pinene (30.6%) and α-pinene (22.6%) as the major constituents. The oil obtained from the bark contained 30.5% of oxygenated monoterpenes with cryptone as the main constituent (11.5%) and 28.9% of aliphatic compounds, with 9.3% of 2-tridecanone; in the roots oil, the main component was 2-tridecanone (55.2%). The antimicrobial activity of the oils was studied by means of the agar disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The Gram positive bacteria were the most sensitive to the essential oils. A significant anticandidal effect of the bark essential oil was observed.
Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of the Essential Oil of Marrubium deserti
Authors: Laouer Hocine , Yabrir Benalia , Djeridane Amar , Yousfi Mohamed , Beldovini Nicolas , Lamamra Mebarka
Published: March 2019

The essential oil from aerial part of Marrubium deserti De Noé (Lamiaceae), obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and evaluated for in vitro antimicrobial activity. The antioxidant activity was determined using three in vitro assays: scavenging effect on DPPH, the ABTS test and the phosphomolybdenum method. Thirty-seven compounds were identified in the oil, with germacrene D as the major component (45.7%). This oil was characterized by an important hydrocarbon fraction (78.1%) and by the predominance of sesquiterpenes (67.4%). M. deserti essential oil had no activity on the tested microorganisms ( Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Echerichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus). However the oil presented an antioxidant activity.
Anti-HIV Diterpenes from Coleus forskohlii¶
Authors: Bodiwala Hardik S. , Sabde Sudeep , Mitra Debashis , Bhutani Kamlesh Kumar , Singh Inder Pal
Published: March 2019

Various extracts of the aerial parts of Coleus forskohlii (Labiatae) were prepared and evaluated at their non cytotoxic concentration against HIV-1 NL4-3. Chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts showed 45.6, 66.5 and 37.7% inhibition of HIV, respectively in CEM-GFP cells infected with HIV-1NL4-3 at 5 μg/mL. Four diterpenes, 1-deoxyforskolin, 1,9-dideoxyforskolin, forskolin and isoforskolin were isolated from the chloroform extract and tested against the virus. Six semi-synthetic derivatives of forskolin have been prepared to study SAR. 1-Deoxyforskolin and forskolin were found to be active against HIVNL4-3. This is first report of anti HIV activity of this plant and its isolated constituents.
Design, Synthesis and Biological Activity of New Strobilurin Derivatives with a 1H-Pyrazol-5-oxy Side Chain
Authors: Li Miao , Liu Chang-Ling , Yang Ji-Chun , Li Lin , Li Zhi-Nian , Zhang Hong , Li Zheng-Ming
Published: March 2019

A series of new strobilurin derivatives with a substituted pyrazole side chain (5 and 6) were designed and synthesized. The new derivatives were synthesized from substituted phenones as starting material via esterification, cyclization and condensation reactions. All compounds were identified by 1H NMR and IR spectral and elemental analyses. Preliminary biological evaluation showed that some of the compounds had good fungicidal activity against cucumber downy mildew (CDM) and wheat powdery mildew (WPM) at 6.25 and 1.56 mg L−1, respectively. Some of the compounds showed insecticidal activity against armyworm (AW), green peach aphid (GPA) and culex mosquitoes at 600 mg L−1.
Composition of the Essential Oil of Chaerophyllum aromaticum (Apiaceae) Growing Wild in Austria
Authors: Chizzola Remigius
Published: March 2019

The composition of the essential oil from the leaves and fruits of Chaerophyllum aromaticum L. collected in two consecutive years has been studied. The leaf oil was domintaed by γ-terpinene, followed by p-cymenene and p-cymene, as well as germacrene D. The fruit oil had γ-terpinene and β-phellandrene as main compounds, and β-pinene, α-pinene and 2,6-dimethyl-1,3,5,7-octatetraene as further major constituents. The relative amounts of the individual compounds varied with the sampling year. Additionally, leaf and fruit samples have been analyzed by spME. In these volatile fractions γ-terpinene and germacrene D dominated in the leaves and germacrene D, β-phellandrene and γ-terpinene in the fruits.
Evaluation of Chemical Variability of Cured Vanilla Beans (Vanilla tahitensis and Vanilla planifolia)
Authors: Brunschwig Christel , Collard François Xavier , Bianchini Jean-Pierre , Raharivelomanana Phila
Published: March 2019

In order to establish a chemical fingerprint of vanilla diversity, thirty samples of V. planifolia J. W. Moore and V. tahitensis G. Jackson cured beans from seven producing countries were examined for their aroma and fatty acid contents. Both fatty acid and aroma compositions were found to vary between vanilla species and origins. Vanillin was found in higher amounts in V. planifolia (1.7-3.6% of dry matter) than in V. tahitensis (1.0-2.0%), and anisyl compounds were found in lower amounts in V. planifolia (0.05%) than in V. tahitensis (1.4%-2.1%). Ten common and long chain monounsaturated fatty acids (LCFA) were identified and were found to be characteristic of the vanilla origin. LCFA derived from secondary metabolites have discriminating compositions as they reach 5.9% and 15.8% of total fatty acids, respectively in V. tahitensis and V. planifolia. This study highlights the role of the curing method as vanilla cured beans of two different species cultivated in the same country were found to have quite similar fatty acid compositions.
Secondary Metabolites from the Mangrove Endophytic Fungus Penicillium sp. (SBE-8)
Authors: Guo Zhiyong , Cheng Fan , Zou Kun , Wang Junzhi , She Zhigang , Lin Yongcheng
Published: March 2019

A new metabolite, 7-hydroxyjanthinone (1), was isolated from the mangrove endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. (SBE-8), together with two known compounds, janthinone (2) and citrinin (3). The structures of these compounds were identified by spectroscopic methods. Compounds 1 and 2 showed no cytotoxicity against KB and KBv cell lines when tested by the MTT method, but compound 3 was weakly active.
Chemical Composition and in Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of the Volatile Oils from Gliomastix murorum and Pichia guilliermondii, Two Endophytic Fungi in Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis
Authors: Zhao Jianglin , Shan Tijiang , Huang Yongfu , Liu Xili , Gao Xiwu , Wang Mingan , Jiang Weibo , Zhou Ligang
Published: March 2019

Volatile oils were obtained by hydrodistillation from Gliomastix murorum and Pichia guilliermondii, two endophytic fungi isolated from the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis. The oils were analyzed for their chemical composition by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Palmitic acid (15.5%), (E)-9-octadecenoic acid (11.6%), 6-pentyl-5,6-dihydropyran-2-one (9.7%), and (7Z,10Z)-7,10- hexadecadienoic acid (8.3%) were the major compounds of the 40 identified components in G. murorum volatile oil. 1,1,3a,7-Tetramethyl-1a,2,3,3a,4,5,6,7b-octahydro-1H-cyclopropa[a]- naphthalene (25.9%), palmitic acid (15.5%), 1-methyl-2,4-di- (prop-1-en-2-yl)-1- vinylcyclohexane (7.9%), (E)-9-octadecenoic acid (7.3%), and (9E,12E)-ethyl-9,12-octadecadienoate (5.2%) were the major compounds of the 27 identified components in P. guilliermondii volatile oil. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the volatile oils was also investigated to evaluate their efficacy against six bacteria and one phytopathogenic fungus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the volatile oils against the test bacteria ranged from 0.20 mg/mL to 1.50 mg/mL. One of the most sensitive bacteria was Xanthomonas vesicatoria with an MIC of 0.20 mg/mL and 0.40 mg/mL for G. murorum and P. guilliermondii, respectively. The mean inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the volatile oils against spore germination of Magnaporthe oryzae was 0.84 mg/mL for G. murorum and 1.56 mg/mL for P. guilliermondii. These results indicated that the volatile oils from the endophytic fungi have strong antimicrobial activity and could be a potential source of antimicrobial ingredients.
Different Isolation Methods for Determination of Composition of Volatiles from Nigella damascena L. Seeds
Authors: Wajs Anna , Bonikowski Radoslaw , Kalemba Danuta
Published: March 2019

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from seeds of Nigella damascena L. were isolated using different techniques. The yield, as well as the qualitative and quantitative composition of the oils, was strongly influenced by the isolation method. In the hydrodistilled essential oil, the major components were the sesquiterpene hydrocarbons β-elemene (59.1%), β-selinene (12.8%) and α-selinene (12.6%). Conventional solvent extraction, followed by hydrodistillation, resulted in a volatile oil with a different composition than that of the hydrodistilled oil. The extracted oils predominantly contained sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, but also methyl anthranilate derivatives. By means of HS-SPME, it was possible to analyze not only sesquiterpenes and anthranilates, but also monoterpenes and the most volatile compounds, for example, the lower fatty acid (butyric, capronic) esters, which determine the characteristic sweet scent of N. damascena seeds. Using all testing methods, 55 compounds were identified, 40 of which are new for N. damascena seed VOCs.
Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil of Monticalia andicola (Asteraceae) Collected in Venezuela
Authors: Baldovino Shirley , Rojas Janne , Rojas Luis B. , Lucena María , Buitrago Alexis , Morales Antonio
Published: March 2019

The essential oil from the leaves of Monticalia andicola Turcz., collected in November 2008, was analyzed by GC/MS. A yield of 0.15% oil was obtained by hydrodistillation. Thirty-six components were identified by comparison of their mass spectra with those in the Wiley GC-MS Library data base. The major components were α-pinene (19.6%), β-pinene (10.5%), α-longipinene (6.5%), δ-3-carene (6.2%), cyperene (5.4%) and β-phellandrene (5.2%). The antibacterial activity of the essential oil was evaluated against Gram- positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli ATCC 25992, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 23357, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853) bacteria, using the disc diffusion agar method. The results showed a broad spectrum of activity with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 10 to150 μg/mL.
New Phenolic Glycosides from Securinega virosa and Their Antioxidant Activity
Authors: Sanogo Rokia , Vassallo Antonio , Malafronte Nicola , Imparato Salvatore , Russo Alessandra , Piaz Fabrizio Dal
Published: March 2019

One new flavonoid glycoside, 3-O-kaempferol 4-O-(galloyl)-β-D-glucoside, one new bergenin derivative, 11-0-caffeoylbergenin, along with other known flavonoids and phenolic derivatives, were isolated from the leaves of Securinega virosa. Their structures were established on the basis of detailed spectral analysis. In vitro biological analysis of the isolated compounds showed that they were able to quench DPPH radicals and had a direct scavenging activity on superoxide anion. Kaempferol 3-O-(4-galloyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), 11-0-caffeoylbergenin (2), and glucogallin (6) exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity, being also able to modulate hydroxyl radical formation more efficiently than the other compounds, acting as direct hydroxyl radical scavengers and chelating iron.
Phenolics in Aerial Parts of Persian Clover: Trifolium resupinatum
Authors: Janda Bogdan , Stochmal Anna , Montoro Paula , Piacente Sonia , Oleszek Wieslaw
Published: March 2019

The nutritional quality of Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum), an important pasture crop, depends not only on a high protein content but also on the occurrence of animal health and welfare promoting phytochemicals. Nine phenolic constituents present in the aerial parts of this species were isolated and their structures confirmed by NMR and ESI-MS analyses. The compounds included two chlorogenic acids, four quercetin and two kaempferol glycosides, as well as the isoflavone formononetin-7-glucoside. The concentration of isoflavone was low, not exceeding 1.2 mg/g of dry matter. The concentration of flavonols ranged between 5.9 and 11.8 mg/g, depending on the sampling dates, with the highest concentration occurring in the first cut. A similar trend in the concentration was found for chlorogenic acids, which ranged from 2 mg/g in summer to 7.3 mg/g in spring.
Antimicrobial Activity of Inga fendleriana Extracts and Isolated Flavonoids
Authors: Pistelli Luisa , Bertoli Alessandra , Noccioli Cecilia , Mendez Jeanette , Musmanno Rosa Anna , Di Maggio Tiziana , Coratza Grazietta
Published: March 2019

The EtOAc and n-BuOH extracts of Inga fendleriana inhibited Gram-positive, but not Gram-negative bacteria; a narrow spectrum of activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis was detected. The MIC values of the extracts ranged from 125 to 850 μg/mL. Quercetin 3-methylether, myricetin 3-O-rhamnoside and tricetin showed antibacterial activity against the same bacterial strains with MICs in the range from 31 to 250 μg/mL. In time-kill kinetic studies, the flavonoids showed bactericidal effects at the concentrations corresponding to four times the MICs.
A New Eudesmane Sesquiterpene from Pluchea arguta
Authors: Saba Nikhat , Khatoon Rasheeda , Ahmad Viqar Uddin , Khan Saleha Suleman
Published: March 2019

A new eudesmane sesquiterpene, pluchargen A (3-β-[3′-chloro-2′-hydroxy-2′-methyl butyroyl]-cuauhtemone), was isolated from the whole plant of Pluchea arguta, and the structure was elucidated on the basis of 1- and 2-D NMR spectroscopic studies.
Bioactive Diterpenes from Clerodendrum kaichianum
Authors: Xu Mingfeng , Shen Lianqing , Wang Kuiwu , Du Qizhen , Wang Nan
Published: March 2019

Bioassay-guided isolation studies of the extract of Clerodendrum kaichianum Hsu., a new rearranged abietane diterpene and five known diterpene compounds were isolated by various chromatography methods. Their structures were identified by means of spectroscopic methods, including 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopy, as (16 R)-12,16-epoxy-11,14,17-trihydroxy-17(15→16)- abeo-8,11,13-abietatrien-7-one (1), villosin A (2), salvinolone (3), 14-deoxyloleon U (4), 5,6-dehydrosugiol (5), and coleon U (6). Compounds 1, 2, 3, and 5 are reported for the first time for this genus. Compounds 1, 2, and 6 demonstrated potent cytotoxic activities against the HL-60 tumor cell line.
Facile Synthesis of Chrysin-derivatives with Promising Activities as Aromatase Inhibitors†
Authors: Mohammed Hamdoon A. , Ba Lalla A. , Burkholz Torsten , Schumann Elena , Diesel Britta , Zapp Josef , Kiemer Alexandra K. , Ries Christina , Hartmann Rolf W. , Hosny Mohammed , Jacob Claus
Published: March 2019

Flavones such as chrysin show structural similarities to androgens, the substrates of human aromatase, which converts androgens to estrogens. Aromatase is a key target in the treatment of hormone-dependent tumors, including breast cancer. Flavone-based aromatase inhibitors are of growing interest, and chrysin in particular provides a (natural) lead structure. This paper reports multicomponent synthesis as a means for facile modification of the chrysin core structure in order to add functional elements. A Mannich-type reaction was used to synthesize a range of mono- and disubstituted chrysin derivatives, some of which are more effective aromatase inhibitors than the benchmark compound, aminoglutethimide. Similarly, the reaction of chrysin with various isonitriles and acetylene dicarboxylates results in a new class of flavone derivatives, tricyclic pyrano-flavones which also inhibit human aromatase. Multicomponent reactions involving flavones therefore enable the synthesis of a variety of derivatives, some of which may be useful as anticancer agents.
In vitro Antioxidant Activities of Maillard Reaction Products Produced in the Steaming Process of Polygonum multiflorum Root
Authors: Liu Zhenli , Liu Yuanyan , Chao Zhimao , Song Zhiqian , Wang Chun , Lu Aiping
Published: March 2019

The root of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (Heshouwu in Chinese) is one of the most popular herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). However, after steam processing (Zhi-heshouwu in Chinese), the root is known to have different properties and medicinal values compared with Heshouwu. Eleven volatile Maillard reaction products were identified in the extract of Zhi-heshouwu, but not in that of Heshouwu. The new products were four furanones, two furans, two nitrogen compounds, one pyran, one alcohol and one sulfur compound. The antioxidant activities were compared between the extracts from Zhi-heshouwu and Heshouwu. The results showed that the extract from Zhi-heshouwu presented a higher 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity than the extract from Heshouwu, with IC50 values of 0.43 mg/mL and 2.9 mg/mL, respectively ( p<0.05). The hydroxyl radical scavenging activities of the two were similar (IC50 0.98 mg/mL and 1.45 mg/mL, respectively; p > 0.05). 5-Hydroxymethyl-furfural, a main compound in the extract of Zhi-heshouwu, showed IC50 values for scavenging DPPH radicals and hydroxyl radicals of 1.6 mg/mL and 0.24 mg/mL, respectively. The antioxidant activities of the extract from Zhi-heshouwu could partly explain the different therapeutic effects of Heshouwu and Zhi-heshouwu in TCM.
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Croton gossypiifolius from Venezuela
Authors: Suárez Alírica I. , Oropeza Marly , Vásquez Luís , Tillett Stephen , Compagnone Reinaldo S.
Published: March 2019

The essential oil from leaves of Croton gossypiifolius Vahl. (Euphorbiaceae) was obtained by hydrodistillation, and analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. The constituents were identified by their mass spectra and Kovats’ indices. Fifty-one compounds accounting for 92% of the oil were detected, and 47 of them were identified. The oil was dominated by oxygenated sesquiterpenes with the major presence of α-cedrene oxide (18.6%), spathulenol (16.3%), valencene (5.8%), geranyl-pentanoate (5.3%), α-cadinol (4.0%), germacrene D (3.5%) and longifolene (3.3%).
Volatile Constituents of Festuca nigrescens, Phleum alpinum and Poa alpina from N.W. Italian Alpine Pastures
Authors: Tava Aldo , Cecotti Roberto , Grecchi Maris , Falchero Luca , Coppa Mauro , Lombardi Giampiero
Published: March 2019

The composition of the volatile fractions of three important grasses from subalpine N.W. Italian pastures, namely Festuca nigrescens Lam. non Gaudin (chewing fescue), Phleum alpinum L. (alpine timothy) and Poa alpina L. (alpine bluegrass) was investigated. The fresh aerial parts were collected at the flowering stage during the summer season. The volatile oils obtained from green tissues by steam distillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus, were analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. The oil yield was 0.04 ± 0.01% weight/fresh weight bases for each of the investigated species. Several classes of compounds were found in the volatile fractions, including aldehydes, alcohols, acids, hydrocarbons, esters, ketones, terpenes, and phenolics. Qualitative and quantitative differences were observed.
Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of the Leaves of Feronia elephantum (Rutaceae) from North West Karnataka
Authors: Joshi Rajesh K. , Badakar Vijayalaxmi M. , Kholkute Sanjiva D. , Khatib Nayeem
Published: March 2019

The essential oil of the leaves of Feronia elephantum Corr. was analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The main constituents were β-pinene (28.4%), Z-anethole (22.1%), methyl chavicol (12.0%) and E-anethole (8.1%), among thirty-three identified compounds, which represented 92.6% of the total oil. The antimicrobial activity was tested against five Gram-positive and eight Gram-negative bacteria, and four fungi. The oil was active against Micrococcus luteus (Gram-positive bacterium), Proteus mirabilis (Gram-negative bacterium), Penicillium chrysogenum and Aspergillus niger (fungi) with MIC values of 0.31±0.06, 0.52±0.10, 0.20±0.50 and 0.26±0.52 mg/mL, respectively.
Intraspecific Variation in the Essential Oils from Drimys brasiliensis Leaves and Stem Barks
Authors: Lago João Henrique G. , Carvalho Larissa Anastácio C. , Ferreira Marcelo J. P. , Romoff Paulete , Zanin João Luiz B. , Soares Marisi G. , Fávero Oriana A.
Published: March 2019

The essential oils from leaves and stem barks of Drimys brasiliensis Miers (Winteraceae), collected in July and December 2008, were analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. The stem bark oils were composed mainly of monoterpenes (July, 45±3%; December, 92±4%), while the oils from leaves showed the predominance of sesquiterpenes (July, 47±1%; December, 55±1%). The variation in the relative amount of constituents could be associated, at least in part, to several microclimatic parameters such as precipitation, temperature and/or phenological state, which were different for each collection of D. brasiliensis.
GC/MS Analysis and Analgesic Effect of the Essential Oil of Matricaria pubescens from Algeria
Authors: Boutaghane Naima , Kabouche Ahmed , Touzani Rachid , Maklad Yousriya Ahmad , El-Azzouny Aida , Bruneau Christian , Kabouche Zahia
Published: March 2019

The essential oil of Matricaria pubescens (Asteraceae) collected at Ghardaia (Algerian Septentrional Sahara) was studied by GC and GC-MS. Isochrysanthemic acid ethyl ester (26.5%), spathulenol (19.4%), α-cadinol (12.9%) and geranylisovalerate (8.2%), were identified as the major components of the essential oil, which was investigated for its analgesic effect.
Composition and Antimicrobial Activities of the Leaf Essential Oil of Machilus kusanoi from Taiwan
Authors: Ho Chen-Lung , Hsu Kuang-Ping , Tseng Yen-Hsueh , Wang Eugene I-Chen , Liao Pei-Chun , Chou Ju-Ching , Lin Chien-Nan , Su Yu-Chang
Published: March 2019

The hydrodistillated leaf essential oil of Machilus kusanoi was analyzed to determine its composition and yield. Twenty-three compounds were identified, the main components being β-caryophyllene (23.3%), β-eudesmol (17.1%), α-terpineol (16.0%), n-dodecanal (14.2%), and n-decanal (10.4%). Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (28.1%) and non-terpenoids (25.0%) were the predominant groups of compounds. The leaf oil exhibited excellent antimicrobial and anti-wood-decay fungal activities.