bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of some 3,5-diarylisoxazoline derivatives in ionic liquids media
Authors: Safaei-Ghomi Javad , Ghasemzadeh Ali
Published: January 2012

Biologically active isoxazoline derivatives were efficiently synthesized in
excellent yields and in less reaction time using mild, effective and
environmentally friendly butylmethylimidazolium bromide as solvent and
catalyst. By use of this catalyst isoxazoline derivatives are produced via
cyclization reaction of chalcone and hydroxylamine hydrochloride in ionic
liquids media. The separation of the product was facile and the catalyst
could be separated and recycled. Our method is very quick, safe and avoids
the use of hazardous and expensive reagents and solvents.
Predicting early academic achievement: The role of higher-versus lower-order personality traits
Authors: Zupancic Maja , Kavcic Tina
Published: January 2012

The study explored the role of children?s (N = 193) individual differences
and parental characteristics at the beginning of the first year of schooling
in predicting students? attainment of academic standards at the end of the
year. Special attention was paid to children?s personality as perceived by
the teachers? assistants. Along with parents? education, parenting practices
and first-graders? cognitive ability, the incremental predictive power of
children?s higher-order (robust) personality traits was compared to the
contribution of lower-order (specific) traits in explaining academic
achievement. The specific traits provided a somewhat more accurate prediction
than the robust traits. Unique contributions of maternal authoritative
parenting, children?s cognitive ability, and personality to academic
achievement were established. The ratings of first-graders? conscientiousness
(a higher-order trait) improved the prediction of academic achievement based
on parenting and cognitive ability by 12%, whereas assistant teacher?s
perceived children?s intelligence and low antagonism (lower-order traits)
improved the prediction by 17%.
Morpho-semantic properties of Serbian nouns: Animacy and gender pairs
Authors: Radanovic Jelena , Milin Petar
Published: January 2012

In this study we investigated whether and how the cognitive system uses
morphological markedness of animacy and gender pairs. In the Serbian language
masculine nouns are marked for animacy (i.e., genitive-accusative
syncretism), while for feminine nouns the animacy distinction is purely
semantic. Thus, in Experiment 1 we used this natural, linguistic
differentiation to test whether morphological markedness of animacy
influences lexical processing. In the same experiment, we tested whether the
cognitive system is sensitive to the fact that some animate nouns have a
sibling in the other gender (e.g., decak /?boy?/ - devojcica /?girl?/), while
others do not have it (e.g., vojnik /?soldier?/ or zirafa /?giraffe?/). We
labeled this indicator sibling presence. The analysis did not confirm the
effect of animacy, neither between nor within genders. However, animate nouns
with a sibling were processed faster than those without a sibling. Since the
majority of sibling nouns are morphologically related (like konobar
/?waiter?/ - konobarica /?waitress?/), while the rest are not (e.g., petao
/?rooster?/ - kokoska /?hen?/), in Experiment 2 we tested whether
morphological relatedness contributed to the effect of sibling presence.
Results showed that this is not the case: morphologically related and
unrelated masculine-feminine pairs of nouns (siblings) were processed equally
fast. Furthermore, an interaction between the target?s frequency and the
frequency of its sibling was observed: nouns with a more frequent sibling
benefited more from their own frequency than those with a less frequent
sibling. We argue that sibling support is realized through semantic, not
morphological relations. Taken together, our findings suggest that
morphological markedness is not used in lexical processing, which is in line
with an amorphous approach to lexical processing.
Isolation and Characterization of Bacterial Endophytes from Lycopersicon esculentum Plant and their Plant Growth Promoting Characteristics
Authors: Patel Hardik A , Patel Rajesh K , Khristi Sunil M , Parikh Kruti , Rajendran Geetha
Published: January 2012

The study was designed to isolate and characterize bacterial endophytes from root and stem of Lycopersicon esculentum plant which was collected form different region of Gujarat. Total 18 isolates of endophytic bacteria were selected in which, all the endophytic bacteria produced one or the other different characteristics involved in plant growth promotion. They either produced phytohormones like indole acetic acid, siderophore, protease, pectinase, organic acid showed antifungal activity, chromium tolerance and solubilized phosphate. Four of the strains among the 18 showed maximum positive results of plant growth promoting regulators (PGPR) test and among them best probable isolate was selected and thus its 16SrDNA was amplified and sequenced. Only HR7 endophyte of tomato turned out to be Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It’s a gram negative coccobacili, sporeforming motile bacilli and show maximum PGPR activity. The results of our present studies indicated that above strains might be endophytic and therefore, were associated with the plant growth. Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum; endophytic bacteria; PGPR; IAA; 16SrDNA DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njb.v2i1.5679   Nepal Journal of Biotechnology Jan.2012, Vol.2(1): 37-52
An Overview of Computational Approaches in Structure Based Drug Design
Authors: Singh Dipali , Tripathi Anushree , Kumar Gautam
Published: January 2012

Drug design is a costly and difficult process. Drug must fulfill several criteria of being active, nontoxic and bioavailable. The conventional way of synthesizing drugs is a monotonous process. But computer aided drug design is a proficient way to overcome the tedious process of conventional method. Drugs can be designed computationally by structure or target based drug designing (SBDD). This review summarizes the methods of structure based drug design, usage of related softwares and a case study that explores to find a suitable drug (lead) molecule for the mutated state of H-Ras protein in order to prevent complex formation with Raf protein.Keywords: computer aided drug design; structure based drug design; Ras-proteinDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njb.v2i1.5680Nepal Journal of Biotechnology Jan.2012, Vol.2(1): 53-61
A Facile Solvent Free Claisen-Schmidt Reaction: Synthesis of α,α′-bis-(Substituted-benzylidene)cycloalkanones and α,α′-bis-(Substituted-alkylidene)cycloalkanones
Authors: Rahman A. F. M. Motiur , Ali Roushown , Jahng Yurngdong , Kadi Adnan A.
Published: January 2012

Solvent-free Claisen-Schmidt reactions of cycloalkanones with various substituted benzaldehydes (aryl aldehydes) using solid NaOH (20 mol%) and applying a grinding technique were studied. Quantitative yields (96–98%) of α,α-bis-(substituted-benzylidene)cycloalkanones were obtained. Aliphatic aldehydes also provided α,α-bis-(substituted-alkylidene)cycloalkanones in very good yields with minor amounts of a-(substituted-alkylidene)cycloalkanones. The catalytic performance of solid NaOH was examined. The molar ratio of NaOH was optimized. The catalytic effect of solid NaOH was also evaluated by comparing it with KOH, NaOAc, and NH4OAc and it turns out that 20 mol% of solid NaOH was good enough to catalyze the Claisen-Schmidt reactions of cycloalkanones with various substituted benzaldehydes. Additionally, the regioselectivity of the Claisen-Schmidt reaction of acetone with benzaldehyde was examined. Using the same method, we could synthesize the corresponding bis-benzylidene- and mono-benzylideneacetone separately in 98% and 96% yields, respectively.
Antimicrobial Polymers in Solution and on Surfaces: Overview and Functional Principles
Authors: Siedenbiedel Felix , Tiller Joerg C.
Published: January 2012

The control of microbial infections is a very important issue in modern society. In general there are two ways to stop microbes from infecting humans or deteriorating materials—disinfection and antimicrobial surfaces. The first is usually realized by disinfectants, which are a considerable environmental pollution problem and also support the development of resistant microbial strains. Antimicrobial surfaces are usually designed by impregnation of materials with biocides that are released into the surroundings whereupon microbes are killed. Antimicrobial polymers are the up and coming new class of disinfectants, which can be used even as an alternative to antibiotics in some cases. Interestingly, antimicrobial polymers can be tethered to surfaces without losing their biological activity, which enables the design of surfaces that kill microbes without releasing biocides. The present review considers the working mechanisms of antimicrobial polymers and of contact-active antimicrobial surfaces based on examples of recent research as well as on multifunctional antimicrobial materials.
Preparation and Applications of Amylose Supramolecules by Means of Phosphorylase-Catalyzed Enzymatic Polymerization
Authors: Kadokawa Jun-ichi
Published: January 2012

This paper reviews preparation and applications of amylose supramolecules by means of phosphorylase-catalyzed enzymatic polymerization. When the enzymatic polymerization of α-d-glucose 1-phosphate (G-1-P) as a monomer was carried out in the presence of poly(tetrahydrofuran) (PTHF) of a hydrophobic polyether as a guest polymer, the supramolecule, i.e., an amylose-PTHF inclusion complex, was formed in the process of polymerization. Because the representation of propagation in the polymerization is similar to the way that vines of plants grow twining around rods, this polymerization method for the preparation of amylose-polymer inclusion complexes was proposed to be named “vine-twining polymerization”. Various hydrophobic polyethers, polyesters, poly(ester-ether), and polycarbonates were also employed as the guest polymer in the vine-twining polymerization to produce the corresponding inclusion complexes. To obtain the inclusion complex from a strongly hydrophobic guest polymer, the parallel enzymatic polymerization system was developed as an advanced extension of the vine-twining polymerization. In addition, it was found that amylose selectively includes one side of the guest polymer from a mixture of two resemblant guest polymers, as well as a specific range in molecular weights of the guest PTHF. Amylose also exhibited selective inclusion behavior toward stereoisomers of poly(lactide)s. Moreover, the preparation of hydrogels through the formation of inclusion complexes of amylose in vine-twining polymerization was achieved.
Aptamers and Their Biological Applications
Authors: Song Kyung-Mi , Lee Seonghwan , Ban Changill
Published: January 2012

Recently, aptamers have attracted the attention of many scientists, because they not only have all of the advantages of antibodies, but also have unique merits, such as thermal stability, low cost, and unlimited applications. In this review, we present the reasons why aptamers are known as alternatives to antibodies. Furthermore, several types of in vitro selection processes, including nitrocellulose membrane filtration, affinity chromatography, magnetic bead, and capillary electrophoresis-based selection methods, are explained in detail. We also introduce various applications of aptamers for the diagnosis of diseases and detection of small molecules. Numerous analytical techniques, such as electrochemical, colorimetric, optical, and mass-sensitive methods, can be utilized to detect targets, due to convenient modifications and the stability of aptamers. Finally, several medical and analytical applications of aptamers are presented. In summary, aptamers are promising materials for diverse areas, not just as alternatives to antibodies, but as the core components of medical and analytical equipment.
Animal Models of Dengue Virus Infection
Authors: Zompi Simona , Harris Eva
Published: January 2012

The development of animal models of dengue virus (DENV) infection and disease has been challenging, as epidemic DENV does not naturally infect non-human species. Non-human primates (NHPs) can sustain viral replication in relevant cell types and develop a robust immune response, but they do not develop overt disease. In contrast, certain immunodeficient mouse models infected with mouse-adapted DENV strains show signs of severe disease similar to the ‘vascular-leak’ syndrome seen in severe dengue in humans. Humanized mouse models can sustain DENV replication and show some signs of disease, but further development is needed to validate the immune response. Classically, immunocompetent mice infected with DENV do not manifest disease or else develop paralysis when inoculated intracranially; however, a new model using high doses of DENV has recently been shown to develop hemorrhagic signs after infection. Overall, each model has its advantages and disadvantages and is differentially suited for studies of dengue pathogenesis and immunopathogenesis and/or pre-clinical testing of antiviral drugs and vaccines.
Potential Conservation Benefits of Wildlife Festivals
Authors: Hvenegaard Glen T.
Published: January 2012

Wildlife festivals promote a variety of social, educational, economic, recreational, and community development goals. As ecotourism activities, wildlife festivals should also promote conservation goals. This article examines five potential conservation benefits of wildlife festivals
which can be generated by providing: 1) incentives to establish protected areas; 2) revenue for wildlife and habitat management; 3) economic impact to nearby areas, encouraging residents to conserve wildlife; 4) alternatives to other uses that cause more environmental damage; and 5) support
for conservation by educating local and nonlocal participants. The discussion includes wildlife festival examples, along with research and management needs.
Community Involvement in Festivals: Exploring Ways of Increasing Local Participation
Authors: Rogers Phil , Anastasiadou Constantia
Published: January 2012

Despite the existence of measurement indicators for the social impacts of festivals, there has been limited research on how communities feel part of and contribute to the festival experience. This study examines how festivals involve local people and identifies ways of appraising and
widening community participation. To this end, the organizers of four community-based festivals in edinburgh were interviewed and a focus group discussion featuring members of the public with a community interest was held. By combining relevant literature with the primary research findings,
a framework to assess community involvement in festivals is proposed consisting of five indicators: involvement of schools; volunteering opportunities; participation in decision making; accessibility; and business cooperation. After further development and testing, the proposed framework could
help organizers, councils, and tourism bodies improve their understanding and identify better ways of involving local people in the festivals that impact on their communities.
Binding of group 15 and group 16 oxides by a concave host containing an isophthalamide unit
Authors: Eckelmann Jens , Saggiomo Vittorio , Fischmann Svenja , Lüning Ulrich
Published: January 2012

A bi-macrocycle with an incorporated isophthalamide substructure was synthesized by double amide formation between an isophthaloyl dichloride and two equivalents of a bis(alkenyloxy)aniline, followed by ring-closing metathesis and hydrogenation. In contrast to many related isophthalamides, the concave host exhibits a better binding for oxides, such as DMSO or pyridine-N-oxide, than for halide anions. A general method for a quick estimation of the strength of binding derived from only a few data points is presented and gives an estimated Kass of pyridine-N-oxide of ca. 40 M−1, NMR titration confirms 25 M−1.
PREDICTION FOR TRAFFIC ACCIDENT SEVERITY: COMPARING THE ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK, GENETIC ALGORITHM, COMBINED GENETIC ALGORITHM AND PATTERN SEARCH METHODS
Authors: Kunt Mehmet Metin , Aghayan Iman , Noii Nima
Published: January 2012

This paper focuses on predicting the severity of freeway traffic accidents by employing twelve accident-related parameters in a genetic algorithm (GA), pattern search and artificial neural network (ANN) modelling methods. The models were developed using the input parameters of driver's age and gender, the use of a seat belt, the type and safety of a vehicle, weather conditions, road surface, speed ratio, crash time, crash type, collision type and traffic flow. The models were constructed based on 1000 of crashes in total that occurred during 2007 on the Tehran–Ghom Freeway due to the fact that the remaining records were not suitable for this study. The GA evaluated eleven equations to obtain the best one. Then, GA and PS methods were combined using the best GA equation. The neural network used multi-layer perceptron (MLP) architecture that consisted of a multi-layer feed-forward network with hidden sigmoid and linear output neurons that could also fit multi-dimensional mapping problems arbitrarily well. The ANN was applied during training, testing and validation and had 12 inputs, 25 neurons in the hidden layers and 3 neurons in the output layer. The best-fit model was selected according to the R-value, root mean square errors (RMSE), mean absolute errors (MAE) and the sum of square error (SSE). The highest R-value was obtained for the ANN around 0.87, demonstrating that the ANN provided the best prediction. The combination of GA and PS methods allowed for various prediction rankings ranging from linear relationships to complex equations. The advantage of these models is improving themselves adding new data.
ANALYSIS AND MODELING TIME HEADWAY DISTRIBUTIONS UNDER HEAVY TRAFFIC FLOW CONDITIONS IN THE URBAN HIGHWAYS: CASE OF ISFAHAN
Authors: Abtahi Sayyed Mahdi , Tamannaei Mohammad , Haghshenash Hosein
Published: January 2012

The time headway of vehicles is an important microscopic traffic flow parameter which affects the safety and capacity of highway facilities such as freeways and multi-lane highways. The present paper intends to provide a report on the results of a study aimed at investigating the effect of the lane position on time headway distributions within the high levels of traffic flow. The main issue of this study is to assess the driver's behavior at different highway lanes based on a headway distribution analysis. The study was conducted in the city of Isfahan, Iran. Shahid Kharrazi six-lane highway was selected for collecting the field headway data. The under-study lanes consisted of passing and middle lanes. The appropriate models of headway distributions were selected using a methodology based on Chi-Square test for each lane. Using the selected models, the headway distribution diagrams were predicted for high levels of traffic flow in both the passing and middle lanes and the relationship between statistical criteria of the models and the driver's behaviors were analyzed. The results certify that the appropriate model for the passing lane is different than the one for the middle lane. This is because of a different behavioral operation of drivers which is affected by specific conditions of each lane. Through car-following conditions in the passing lane, a large number of drivers adopt unsafe headways. This shows high risk-ability of driver population which led to considerably differences in capacities and statistical distribution models of two lanes.
RSU LOCALIZATION MODEL AND SIMULATION OPTIMIZATION FOR VII NETWORK
Authors: Sun Jian , Yang Yuwei
Published: January 2012

While facing the needs for Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII) applications in traffic management, the paper deals with the problem of locating Road Side Units (RSU) for VII deployment. After analyzing the difference between traditional problems of locating traffic information detector and the problem of RSU location, a significance ranking model for RSU localization and three kinds of Significance Degree (SD) computing strategies are put forward. A VII simulation environment for the purpose of RSU localization optimization within VISSIM microscopic traffic simulation software is established developing add-on functions using VISSIM's Component Object Model (COM). A VII test bed of the Olympic Park network in Beijing is taken as an example to evaluate the performance of RSU localization model. The results of simulation experiments indicate that the mixed SD strategy considering both speed and route monitoring is superior to the other two SD strategies. Then, the impact of RSU number and OBE market penetration rate on the evaluation measures of traffic monitoring are studied with reference to the proposed mixed SD strategy. In this case, the evaluation measures of optimized RSU configurations generated by the ranking algorithm are always better than those of random RSU configurations. In addition, the benefits of optimized RSU configurations increase along with RSU number and market penetration rate while the benefits of random RSU configurations are more fluctuant.
Dilemmes éthiques et logiques dans l'action. Réflexion à partir d'un projet de recherche clinique en Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Gobatto Isabelle , Lafaye Françoise
Published: January 2012

Résumé Les grands principes éthiques, formulés dans les déclarations internationales régissant la recherche sur le vivant, restent attachés à une représentation figée de l’éthique. Par contre, si l’on considère le fonctionnement d’un projet, l’éthique devient un processus dynamique sans cesse renouvelé. C’est à cette éthique en acte que se confrontent les acteurs, c’est-à-dire à des situations souvent paradoxales qui les placent dans des dilemmes où chacun des termes du débat peut soutenir une position éthique. Leur manière de trancher, de trouver une solution aux dilemmes se fonde dans des logiques, de natures diverses, qu’ils vont mobiliser tour à tour en fonction de leur conception du projet, du sida, de la transmission mère-enfant du VIH, de leur proximité au terrain, de leurs conceptions professionnelles et de leur propre histoire. Cet article se veut une tentative de participation à l’analyse des modes de fonctionnement de ces logiques et des situations paradoxales qui impliquent des questionnements et des conséquences éthiques.
Anthropologie et recherche biomédicale: le cas yanomami (Venezuela et Brésil)
Authors: Albert Bruce
Published: January 2012

Résumé Les recherches biomédicales sans bénéfice sanitaire direct pour les communautés qu’elles étudient sont de plus en plus contestées par les représentants des peuples autochtones. Cet article présente, en premier lieu, une synthèse critique du débat qui s’est développé aux États-Unis autour du livre Darkness in El Dorado [Tierney, 2000], à propos des recherches génétiques et anthropologiques menées chez les Indiens Yanomami du Venezuela et du Brésil depuis la fin des années soixante. Il propose, ensuite, un réexamen bioéthique et ethnographique des procédures de consentement éclairé mises en œuvre dans la collecte d’échantillons sanguins auprès de ce groupe amérindien alors isolé. Il analyse, enfin, les justifications et conséquences de l’absence de telles procédures dans le cadre des recherches génomiques récentes menées à partir de l’extraction d’ADN de ces échantillons anciens, considérés comme des « échantillons anthropologiques d’archives » ( archival anthropological samples ).
Pauvreté et inégalités en Belgique
Authors: Guio Anne-Catherine , Fusco Alessio , Marlier Éric
Published: January 2012

Résumé Dans cet article, nous mobilisons les indicateurs sociaux agréés au niveau de l’Union européenne (UE), qui nous semblent les plus pertinents pour, d’une part, décrire de façon synthétique les performances de la Belgique en matière de lutte contre la pauvreté et diverses inégalités, et, d’autre part, comparer ces performances avec celles des autres États de l’UE. Afin d’affiner le portrait que nous dressons de ces performances belges, nous complétons cette analyse par l’examen de divers indicateurs nationaux portant sur des domaines importants non couverts par les indicateurs UE actuellement disponibles. Un portrait social des régions belges est également fourni dans les limites permises par les données disponibles.
Comparative Study of the Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation Versus the Reconstruction Nail in the Treatment of Comminuted Proximal Femoral Fracture
Authors: Huang Fu-Ting , Lin Kai-Cheng , Yang Shan-Wei , Renn Jenn-Huei
Published: January 2012

The purpose of our study was to compare the proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA; Synthes, Paoli, Pennsylvania) with a reconstruction nail (Recon; Zimmer, Warsaw, Indiana) in the treatment of comminuted proximal femoral fractures. Between 2003 and 2010, twenty-three consecutive patients with AO/Orthopaedic Trauma Association 31-A3 fractures combined with proximal 32 fractures who had a minimum 18-month follow-up were evaluated retrospectively. There were 10 patients (age range, 18–74 years) in the Recon nail group and 13 patients (age range, 22–90 years) in the PFNA nail group. Patients treated with Recon nails experienced a longer operation time (
P
=.006) and more blood loss (
P
=.012) than patients treated with the PFNA nail. On postoperative radiographs, the change in the neck-shaft angle was 8.8° in the Recon nail group and 4.7° in the PFNA nail group (
P
=.048). The fracture union time averaged 31.8 weeks in the Recon nail group and 21.5 weeks in the PFNA nail group (
P
=.148). More patients in the Recon nail group underwent major or minor reoperation (
P
=.038) compared with the PFNA nail group. No implant failure occurred in either group. The functional results were similar in the 2 groups. For the treatment of comminuted proximal femoral fractures, use of either the PFNA and Recon nail is clinically effective. However, the PFNA nail provides a shorter operation time, less blood loss, and better realignment ability and reduces the incidence of reoperation. Therefore, the PFNA nail can be considered a better device than the Recon nail.
Use of the Reamer–Irrigator–Aspirator May Reduce Tumor Dissemination During Intramedullary Fixation of Malignancies
Authors: Cipriano Cara A. , Arvanitis Leonidas D. , Virkus Walter W.
Published: January 2012

Intramedullary nail fixation is the treatment of choice for impending and pathologic fractures secondary to metastatic cancer; however, this procedure has been shown to cause systemic embolization of intramedullary contents. This article reports the use of the reamer–irrigator–aspirator (RIA) (Synthes, Paoli, Pennsylvania) instead of a standard femoral reamer to decrease tumor intravasation during femoral intramedullary nail fixation for impending or pathologic fractures.

Twenty-one consecutive patients indicated for fixation of malignant femoral lesions were treated with intramedullary nail placement. The RIA was used for canal preparation, and solid reamings were collected and submitted for analysis by a single pathologist. The volume of each specimen was recorded, and representative samples were examined histologically to determine their percent tumor content. These data were then used to estimate the volume of tumor retrieved by the RIA in each case. The mean volume of reamings collected by the RIA was 75.0 cc per case (range, 23.4–196.0 cc), and the mean tumor content was 24.8% (range, 1.0%–60.0%). The mean estimated volume of tumor retrieved in each case was 16.7 cc (range, 0.35–36.0 cc). In 2 cases, the tip of the RIA dissociated from the device intraoperatively but was retrieved without adverse consequence to the patient. Use of the RIA in cases of femoral intramedullary nail fixation for pathologic lesions or fractures effectively retrieves variable amounts of intramedullary contents, including tumor. By preventing the systemic dissemination of malignant cells, this technique may reduce the risk of distant metastases.
Hemiarthroplasty in a Patient With Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis of the Shoulder
Authors: Park Jung Ho , Park Jong Woong , Shin Jae Seung , Lee Jae Moon , Lee Jung Il
Published: January 2012

We report the 2-year follow-up results of a hemiarthroplasty in a 29-year-old patient with pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) with extra-articular extension and severe bony destruction. The patient presented with diffuse pain and swelling of the right shoulder for several years. Radiographs showed severe osteolytic lesions in the humeral head and neck, greater tuberosity, and a small osteolytic lesion in the glenoid neck area. Further examination with magnetic resonance imaging of the shoulder joint showed a large, lobulated soft tissue mass extending from the subdeltoid area to the chest wall invading the adjacent bony structures. The operative findings included a large, multilobulated, yellowish-brown mass extending from the subdeltoid area to the axillary pouch, subacromial space, and thoracic wall. The mass invaded the anatomical neck area of the humeral head and caused a fracture of the humeral head. We observed a complete rupture of the long head of the biceps tendon, supraspinatus tendon, and infraspinatus tendon, but the subscapularis tendon was partially ruptured. We performed the complete excision and cemented hemiarthroplasty. At 2-year follow-up, no signs of local recurrence were present. The patient had no significant pain and achieved a good functional result.

To the best of our knowledge, 1 report with shoulder hemiarthroplasty in PVNS of the shoulder has been published in the English literature. For PVNS of the shoulder with a large extra-articular extension and bony destruction, shoulder arthroplasty with total synovectomy produces the lowest recurrence rates because of better access and excision to the posterior location of the PVNS lesion.
Multi-Pass Nanometric Machining Simulation Using the Molecular Dynamics (MD)
Authors: Oluwajobi Akinjide , Chen Xun
Published: January 2012

The multi-pass nanometric machining of copper with diamond tool was carried out using the Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation. The copper-copper interactions were modelled by the EAM potential and the copper-diamond interactions were modelled by the Morse potential. The diamond tool was modelled as a deformable body and the Tersoff potential was applied for the carbon-carbon interactions. It was observed that the average tangential and the normal components of the cutting forces reduced in the consecutive cutting passes. Also, the lateral force components are affected by atomic vibrations and the cross sectional area during the cutting process.
The Parameterization of All Disturbance Observers for Discrete-Time Plants with Input Disturbance
Authors: Yamada Kou , Murakami Iwanori , Ando Yoshinori , Hagiwara Takaaki , Gong Da Zhi , Nakui Yuki , Sakanushi Tatsuya
Published: January 2012

Disturbance observers have been used to estimate the disturbance in the plant. Several paperson design methods of disturbance observers have been published. Recently, the parameterizationof all disturbance observers for discrete-time plants with any output disturbance was clarified. However,no paper examines the parameterization of all disturbance observers for discrete-time plants withany input disturbance. In this paper, we clarify existance conditions of a disturbance observer and ofa linear functional disturbance observer for discrete-time plants with any input disturbance. Underthese conditions, we propose parameterizations of all disturbance observers and all linear functionaldisturbance observers for discrete-time plants with any input disturbance.
Study on the Model Feedback Control System for a Class of Non-Minimum Phase Systems
Authors: Mai Nghia Thi , Yamada Kou , Moki Takayuki , Hagiwara Takaaki , Kanno Fuminori
Published: January 2012

In the present paper, we examine model feedback control systems (MFCSs). Because MFCSis simple, the MFCS has been applied in many applications such as the trajectory control of robotmanipulators, serially connected water tanks, etc. The control structure of the MFCS is limited, butYamada and Moki reported about whether or not MFCS can represent all of the stabilizing controllersof a minimum phase plant. However, no research has been reported whether or not MFCS can representall of the stabilizing controllers of a non-minimum phase plant. The purpose of the present paper isto give a solution to the question as to whether or not all of the stabilizing controllers for a plantare expressible in the MFCS structure. The relation between MFCS and the parameterization of allstabilizing controllers for a class of non-minimum phase plants is shown. A simple design method tospecify control characteristics is also presented.
Fatigue Crack Growth on FSW AA2024-T3 Aluminum Joints
Authors: Moreira Pedro Miguel Guimarães Pires , de Castro Paulo Manuel Salgado Tavares
Published: January 2012

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state joining process which emerged as an alternative technology to join high strength alloys that were difficult to weld with conventional techniques, [1]. Developments of this technique are being driven by aeronautic, aerospace and railway industries. An advantage of this joining technique is its low heat input when compared with arc welding processes. This feature allows the achievement of high mechanical properties, low distortion and low residual stresses, [2]. Also, since it is a solid-state welding process, hydrogen cracking or heat affected zone (HAZ) softening phenomena are limited. This paper presents a study of fatigue crack growth behaviour of friction stir welded butt joints of AA2024-T3, aluminium commonly used in riveted aeronautic fuselage structures. Crack growth studies are often carried out using uniform thickness joints, ASTM E647 [3]. Nevertheless, for some applications there is a need to join components with different thicknesses, which, under certain limits, can be welded using FSW. Crack growth tests on these joints are not standard. The present study concerns butt joints made using two plates with different thicknesses, 3.8mm and 4.0mm. The joints’ mechanical behaviour was studied performing static (tensile) and fatigue tests. The fatigue crack growth rate of cracks growing in different zones of the welded joint (nugget, heat affected zone - HAZ) and in base material was analysed. The microhardness profile was assessed in order to analyse the influence of the welding process in each weld zone. Further to higher static properties, welded joints present lower crack growth rate when compared with its base material.
The Law Technology Study and the Mechanism Analysis of Small-Size Machined by Electro Jet Machining
Authors: Yin Zhi Bo , Li Fu Yuan , Wang C.X.
Published: January 2012

In order to research the Law technology and the equipment performance of Electro Jet, The institute developed an electro jet machine. Through a large number of experiments on this machine, the author concluded its process law and analysis the corrosion mechanism to the removed process. The results show that, duty cycle and frequency have a certain effect on the machine accuracy, and duty cycle is the main factor of aperture morphology. When duty cycle varies from 30%~40%, the stray corrosion is less. Frequency affects the depth seriously, based on the original experiment, voltage, duty cycle. Frequencies were not interactive within the scope of the study. The corrosion of anodic workpiece satisfies Faraday law by the study of material removal mechanism. Current efficiency is less than 1, and it’s 40%~60%.current density is 2~4.5A/mm2, that is larger than ordinary electrochemical machining.
Review of Quick-Point Grinding Technology
Authors: Wang X.W. , Guo Pei Quan , Zhao Hao Dong , Cao Y.K.
Published: January 2012

Quick-point grinding technology, suitable to be applied in automobile manufacturing, cemented carbide and ceramic material processing industry, was an advanced ultra-high-speed grinding technology. It is the integration of super-high speed grinding, CBN super-abrasive and CNC flexible manufacturing and so on. The characteristics of quick-point grinding were systematically illustrated. Applications of this technology to process hard-machining materials and shaft parts were also given in this paper. Some problems and solutions corresponding to quick-point grinding technology were presented finally.
Design and Simulation of the Hydraulic System for the Disc Cutter of the Rock Hob Test-Bed
Authors: Wu Yu Hou , Sun Jian , Sun Hong , Shih Albert J. , Zhao X.Q.
Published: January 2012

Rock tunnel boring machine is one of the main machineries and equipments for underground engineering, and the failure of its disc cutter is the main failure form of this machinery. The experiment on the failure and wear of the disc cutter is difficult. In this paper, a rock hob test-bed is designed, and the hydraulic-driven system of its disc cutter of rock hob test-bed is simulated; the effect of load and flow rate of hydraulic oil in this hydraulic system on characteristics of this disc cutter system is analyzed. The results show that the vertical movement speed of disc cutter is directly proportional to the flow rate; the effect of the load on this speed and the vertical pressure can be ignored; the delay time of the movement of the disc cutter to the flow rate of hydraulic oil is proportional to the load. These results are very helpful to the structure optimization of disc cutter system of rock tunnel boring machine and the improvement of working efficiency.
Experimental Study on Transverse Stability of Wheel Loader
Authors: Zhou J.Z. , Chu W.J. , Cheng J.H. , Dai J.Y. , Li C.
Published: January 2012

The hinge-type turning fashion has been widely adopted in wheel loader. During the process of design, two kinds of parameters, stability and stability coefficient, have been thought out to evaluate a loader’s transverse stability. Majority of cultural documentary adopts the evaluation method of stability currently.In this paper, the opinion that the stability coefficient can be used to evaluate transverse stability is more reasonable and viable, which is proved and analyzed through experiments.It is certificated by theory and practice: Using the stability coefficient to evaluate a loader’s transverse stability is more scientific and exact. It has some significance to direct the design, manufacture and use of the wheel loader.
Determination of Failure Causes of a Steam Turbine Casing
Authors: Cwiek Janusz , Łabanowski Jerzy , Topolska Santina , Sozańska Maria
Published: January 2012

The paper presents results of research and failure analysis undertaken to determine failure causes of a steam turbine casing. After 130,000 hours of service the crack in a outer shell of the turbine casing was found. The inner shell of the casing was made of cast steel grade G21CrMoV5-7, and the outer shell of grade G20CrMo4-5. Following research were performed in order to determine causes of the casing failure: chemical analysis; microstructure examinations with the use of light microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM); mechanical properties examinations using the Charpy impact test, and Vickers hardness test; fracture mode evaluation with SEM.
Interaction Potential between a Dislocation and a Pinning Atom in FCC Metals
Authors: Kosugi T. , Kogure Yoshiaki , Nishino Yoichi , Ide N. , Nakamichi I.
Published: January 2012

Amplitude dependent internal friction (ADIF) was measured on 4N and 6N Cu crystals at 4K–40 K to study the interaction between a dislocation and a pinning atom. The temperature dependence of the stress amplitude necessary to produce a constant ADIF was well explained by assuming the Cottrell type interaction potential based on linear elasticity. This is clearly different from the case of Al crystals where it was necessary to consider a modified Cottrell potential including a deviation from linear elasticity near the dislocation center.
Investigation of Defect Dynamics in Al-Si-Mg Polycrystals by Simultaneous Measurements of Internal Friction and Acoustoplastic Effect
Authors: Sapozhnikov K. , Golyandin S. , Kustov Sergey
Published: January 2012

Dynamics of structural defects was investigatedin situduring quasistatic deformation of polycrystalline Al-1wt.%Si-0.3wt.%Mg and Al-12wt.%Si-0.3wt.%Mg alloys by means of simultaneous measurements of internal friction and acoustoplastic effect. The alloys were subjected to different heat treatments after quenching: natural ageing at room temperature (T4 treatment) and peak ageing at 433 K for 8 hrs (T6 treatment). This enabled us to study the effect of different microstructure components – solute clusters (for the T4 treatment), GP zones and β (( precipitates (for the T6 treatment), coarse Si particles (for Al-12wt.%Si-0.3wt.%Mg) – on the irreversible and reversible components of dislocation motion under the combined action of oscillatory and quasistatic stress. Based on the data obtained, conclusions have been drawn about microstructural mechanisms of the acoustoplastic effect.
Clinico-Pathological Characteristics of Triple Negative and Non Triple Negative High Grade Breast Carcinomas with and without Basal Marker (CK5/6 and EGFR) Expression at a Rural Tertiary Hospital in India
Authors: Choccalingam Chidambharam , Rao Lakshmi , Rao Sruti
Published: January 2012

Aims of the study were to evaluate the expression Cytokeratin 5/6(CK5/6) and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) among triple negative breast cancers and high grade infiltrating duct carcinomas. Further to probe if triple negative phenotype can be a surrogate marker for basal phenotype and to correlate the expression of basal markers with disease free survivals among triple negative phenotype and high grade infiltrating duct carcinomas.

Methods

Expression of CK5/6 and EGFR were studied by Immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 31 triple negative and 19 non-triple negative high grade breast carcinomas.

Results

21 of the 31 triple negative phenotype (67.7%) breast carcinomas and 7 out of 19 non-triple negative (36.8%) breast carcinomas showed expression of basal markers (CK5/6 and/or over-expression of EGFR). There were statistically significant associations of all the basal-like tumors with negative hormonal status. The basal markers positive phenotype subjects had a shorter disease free interval as compared to basal markers negative phenotype subjects.

Conclusion

Basal-like breast carcinomas constitute a unique clinical and pathological entity, characterized by high tumor grade and a propensity for lack of ER, PR and HER2 expression. Basal phenotypes have a more aggressive course than non-basal phenotype. “Triple negative” status cannot be used as a surrogate for “basal marker expression”.
Evolutionary Genomics of Genes Involved in Olfactory Behavior in the Drosophila melanogaster Species Group
Authors: Lavagnino Nicolás , Serra François , Arbiza Leonardo , Dopazo Hermán , Hasson Esteban
Published: January 2012

Previous comparative genomic studies of genes involved in olfactory behavior in Drosophila focused only on particular gene families such as odorant receptor and/or odorant binding proteins. However, olfactory behavior has a complex genetic architecture that is orchestrated by many interacting genes. In this paper, we present a comparative genomic study of olfactory behavior in Drosophila including an extended set of genes known to affect olfactory behavior. We took advantage of the recent burst of whole genome sequences and the development of powerful statistical tools to analyze genomic data and test evolutionary and functional hypotheses of olfactory genes in the six species of the Drosophila melanogaster species group for which whole genome sequences are available. Our study reveals widespread purifying selection and limited incidence of positive selection on olfactory genes. We show that the pace of evolution of olfactory genes is mostly independent of the life cycle stage, and of the number of life cycle stages, in which they participate in olfaction. However, we detected a relationship between evolutionary rates and the position that the gene products occupy in the olfactory system, genes occupying central positions tend to be more constrained than peripheral genes. Finally, we demonstrate that specialization to one host does not seem to be associated with bursts of adaptive evolution in olfactory genes in D. sechellia and D. erecta, the two specialists species analyzed, but rather different lineages have idiosyncratic evolutionary histories in which both historical and ecological factors have been involved.
Evaluation of canola meal as a protein supplement for dairy cows: A review and a meta-analysis
Authors: Huhtanen P. , Hetta M. , Swensson C.
Published: January 2012

Huhtanen, P., Hetta, M. and Swensson, C. 2011. Evaluation of canola meal as a protein supplement for dairy cows: A review and a meta-analysis. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 529–543. A review and a meta-analysis were conducted to compare the feeding value of soybean meal (SBM) and canola meal (CM) in dairy cows and to evaluate the effects of heat-treatment of CM (TCM) on the performance of dairy cows. The dataset included in total 292 treatment means from 122 studies, in which dietary crude protein (CP) concentration was increased by replacing energy supplements with protein supplements. A mixed model regression analysis with random study effect was used to estimate the marginal production responses to different protein sources. The differences between the slopes were compared by t-test. All protein sources increased dry matter intake, but the responses were greater (P<0.01) for CM and TCM compared with SBM. Feeding CM or TCM produced greater (P<0.01) daily milk yield responses than SBM (3.4±0.19 and 3.7±0.25 vs. 2.1±0.25) kg kg−1increase in CP intake. Marginal milk protein yield responses (g kg−1increase in CP intake) were greater (P<0.01) for CM (136±5.4) and TCM (133±8.5) compared with SBM (98±8.0). Smaller response to incremental CP intake can partly be related to the higher average dietary CP concentration in SBM studies. Literature data on rumen ammonia N concentration and omasal protein flow did not support the higher ruminal tabulated ruminal CP degradability of CM compared with SBM. It is concluded that CM can successfully be substituted for SBM on isonitrogenous basis and that most feed evaluation systems overestimate metabolizable protein concentration of SBM relative to CM.
An evaluation of extractants for assessment of metal phytoavailability to guide reclamation practices in acidic soilscapes in northern regions
Authors: Abedin Joinal , Beckett Peter , Spiers Graeme
Published: January 2012

Abedin, J., Beckett, P. and Spiers, G. 2012. An evaluation of extractants for assessment of metal phytoavailability to guide reclamation practices in acidic soilscapes in northern regions. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 253–268. Although soil organic matter and nutrient bioavailability in metal-impacted soilscapes of Sudbury, Ontario, are potentially limiting full ecological recovery, total metal content was used as the critical driver for a 2008 ecological risk assessment. The current greenhouse study evaluated chemical extractants to predict bioavailability of nutrients and contaminant metals to indigenous grasses (Deschampsia). Single extraction methods (0.01 M strontium nitrate, water, 0.01 M calcium chloride, 0.1 M sodium nitrate, 1.0 M ammonium nitrate, 0.1 M lithium nitrate, 1.0 M magnesium chloride, 0.11 M acetic acid, 1.0 M ammonium acetate, 0.05 M ammonium-EDTA, pore water) were examined to assess availability of potentially phytotoxic metals and nutrients in smelter-impacted soils. Extraction procedures to predict phytoavailability were either soil concentration or plant tissue concentration and element dependent. Total and extractable metal concentrations were more correlated for regional contaminant metals (e.g., copper, lead, arsenic, selenium) released by the smelting industry than non-contaminant ones (e.g., iron, calcium, potassium, boron, zinc, molybdenum). The lack of relationship between total and extractable concentrations for most non-contaminant metals suggests total concentration is not a good indicator of phytoavailability for nutrient elements. Stronger correlations between shoot tissue and extractable concentrations were observed for less aggressive extractants (pore water, water, lithium nitrate) reflecting their suitability in predicting phytoavailability over most aggressive ones (except ammonium nitrate).