bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ÆSTIVO-AUTUMNAL MALARIA. THE EXTRACELLULAR RELATION OF THE CRESCENTIC BODIES TO THE RED CORPUSCLE AND THEIR METHOD OF SECURING ATTACHMENT
Authors: Lawson Mary R.
Published: June 2004

Æstivo-autumnal parasites, including the crescentic bodies, are always extracellular; that is, they are attached to the external surface of the red corpuscles.

Crescentic bodies attach themselves to the red corpuscles just as the younger parasites do, by encircling, with their cytoplasm, mounds of hemoglobin substance. These hemoglobin mounds may be seen protruding through various portions of the crescentic bodies, as well as at the periphery of the parasites. The base of the mounds is occasionally outlined by the chromatin or pigment granules.

The hemoglobin mounds protruding through the body proper of the crescentic bodies do not seem to alter the general outline of the parasites. The outline of the parasites may be traced through the transparent mounds.

Whenever attaching pseudopodia are observed they are seen to arise from the cytoplasm of the parasites and may be in the form of loops or strings.

When the crescents are attached they proceed to dissolve the hemoglobin to make it available for utilization, assimilating what is required for nutrition, the waste product being in the form of pigment granules.

After the hemoglobin mounds, to which the crescents are attached, have been decolorized by parasitic action, an appearance is obtained which has been described by most observers as vacuolization of the crescentic body. These observers believe the picture to be one of degeneration.

The decolorized mounds or vacuoles ("achromatic areas") seen in connection with malarial parasites correspond to the nutrition vacuoles of the common amebæ, and possibly the malarial parasite may, like these amebæ, secrete reserve food.
THE LYMPHOCYTE IN NATURAL AND INDUCED RESISTANCE TO TRANSPLANTED CANCER
Authors: Murphy James B. , Taylor Herbert D.
Published: June 2004

Mice artificially immunized against a transplantable carcinoma, inoculated, and proved immune, may be again rendered susceptible to the same tumor by exposure to the x-rays.

The immune animals which have not been treated with the x-rays preserve, to a large degree, their resistance to a second inoculation of the tumor in question.
THE PASSAGE OF NEUTRALIZING SUBSTANCE FROM THE BLOOD INTO THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID IN ACTIVELY IMMUNIZED MONKEYS
Authors: Flexner Simon , Amoss Harold L.
Published: June 2004

For the neutralization of the virus of poliomyelitis by antibodies, active complement is not required.

In carrying out immunity tests it is imperative to choose a virus of established grade of virulence and to make adequate control observations.

The neutralizing substances pass from the blood of actively immune monkeys into the cerebrospinal fluid when the permeability of the meningeal-choroidal complex is increased by an aseptic inflammation such as that induced by an intraspinal injection of horse serum.

The immunity bodies in effective neutralizing quantities can be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid as early as 12 hours and as late as 48 hours after the intraspinal injection of horse serum. Doubtless the passage continues as long as the inflammation persists.

This ability of the neutralizing substances to pass from the blood into the cerebrospinal fluid under conditions of inflammation doubtless plays an important part in arresting the multiplication of the virus on which the cessation and restoration of the poliomyelitic processes depend. The widespread involvement in the inflammatory conditions of the meninges, choroid plexus, and substance of the nervous organs, accompanied by severe lesions of the blood vessels in the last structures especially, opens the way widely for the passage of antibodies into the cerebrospinal fluid, whence all parts of the nervous tissues are reached, and also, probably, for direct transudation into the affected parts of the spinal cord and brain. The neutralization of the virus on which the continuance of the active pathological process depends is thus readily accomplished.

Under these circumstances the use of an alien specific immune serum to anticipate the action of the individual's own immunity products appears logical, while the employment of normal serum has no basis in experiment and would seem not to offer any therapeutic advantage whatever.
THE CLASSIFICATION OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Kinsella Ralph A. , Swift Homer F.
Published: June 2004

1. The hemolytic variety of streptococcus is homogeneous, consisting of members that are nearly identical.

2. This homogeneity is most strikingly displayed in the behavior of these streptococci in the complement fixation reaction, all the strains studied reacting in a nearly identical way with all the antisera.
RENAL FUNCTION IN EXPERIMENTAL HYDRONEPHROSIS
Authors: Johnson Reuben A.
Published: June 2004

Complete obstruction of the ureter causes atrophy of the renal parenchyma, especially marked in the portions lateral to the renal sinus. The longer the duration of the obstruction, the greater is the degree of atrophy.

If the obstruction is removed within 2 weeks the kidney may regain its normal structure except for a varying amount of atrophy in the lateral portions.

Kidneys obstructed for 2 weeks or less may regain their normal function, as measured by the phthalein test.

The longer the period of obstruction, the slower is the rate of recovery. A hydronephrosis of 7 days' duration required 40 days, and one of 14 days' duration required 152 days to recover normal function.
PROTEOSE INTOXICATIONS AND INJURY OF BODY PROTEIN
Authors: Cooke J. V. , Whipple G. H.
Published: June 2004

Sterile abscess formation in the dog is accompanied by a large increase in output of urinary nitrogen and also by a small but definite increase in the blood non-protein nitrogen. All this nitrogenous material of course is derived from body protein injury and autolysis.

Septic inflammation in the dog (pleurisy, pneumonia, peritonitis, etc.) likewise shows a distinct rise in the blood non-protein nitrogen. This rise is not often so great as that frequently observed in the intoxication of intestinal obstruction.

Many acute infections in man (septicemia, peritonitis, pneumonia, etc.) show a definite rise in the non-protein nitrogen and urea nitrogen of the blood; some cases show a very great rise above normal (over 100 mg. of non-protein nitrogen per 100 cc. of blood). There may be no anatomical change in the kidney beyond the familiar picture of cloudy swelling. This does not exclude the possibility of some transient functional derangement of the kidney epithelium.

Certain obscure intoxications in man may show a considerable rise in the non-protein nitrogen of the blood, indicating a large amount of protein disintegration.

These findings must be taken into account in any clinical analysis and interpretation of high non-protein nitrogen of the blood in pathological conditions.
A NOTE ON THE PRODUCTION OF ACID BY PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Cullen Glenn E. , Chesney Alan M.
Published: June 2004

1. Actively growing pneumococci produce acid at such a rate that change in the pH of the medium parallels change in rate of growth.

2. The death of the pneumococci is not followed by change in the reaction.

3. Acidification during growth in beef infusion media proceeds until a pH of about 7 is reached. At this point growth stops. The increase in hydrogen ion concentration is not the only origin of the injury to the cell that causes lag in a subsequent culture.

4. The increase in hydrogen ion concentration of the medium is not the sole cause of cessation of growth.
STUDIES OF UROBILIN ELIMINATION IN THE NORMAL AND ANEMIC DOG
Authors: Dubin Harry
Published: June 2004

1. The output of urobilin is increased in experimental trypanosome anemia presumably as a result of the increased blood destruction.

2. The administration of salvarsan (arsenobenzol) during the anemic period, if it checks the blood destruction, reduces the urobilin elimination, but this result does not follow unless the blood picture improves.

3. Following splenectomy in the normal dog an increase in the urobilin elimination of varying degree occurs, the significance of which is doubtful.

4. Splenectomy during the period of anemia does not cause a decrease in urobilin elimination.

The experiments support the view that the elimination of urobilin may be considered as an index of blood destruction, but they do not explain the decrease in the elimination occurring in man in certain forms of hemolytic anemia following splenectomy.
THE ENCYSTMENT OF DYSENTERY AMEBÆ IN VITRO
Authors: Yoshida Kazuyoshi
Published: June 2004

Dysentery amebæ may live for 72 hours in vitro.

The transition of the large vegetative forms into the cyst may be observed in vitro.

The large vegetative ameba always passes into an intermediate stage before assuming the small vegetative form.

The atypical forms are dysentery amebas with abnormal nuclei and cytoplasm. When circumstances are unfavorable encystment takes place. Under favorable conditions, on the other hand, they may again change into typical forms. The majority of the "degenerative" forms of Hartmann cannot be so classed. According to our observation, they represent forms which have been described here.

Hartmann's Entamœba histolytica is really a typical transitional form of Entamœba tetragena.

The origin and significance of the central vacuole have been elucidated.

Nuclear division of the dysentery ameba proceeds in three ways. The typical forms divide on the whole mitotically, and the atypical a mitotically or in a primitively mitotic manner.
A REPORT ON ANTIMENINGITIS VACCINATION AND OBSERVATIONS ON AGGLUTININS IN THE BLOOD OF CHRONIC MENINGOCOCCUS CARRIERS
Authors: Gates Frederick L.
Published: June 2004

1. A meningococcus vaccine suspended in salt solution has been given subcutaneously as a prophylactic to about 3,700 volunteers in three injections of 2,000 million, 4,000 million, and 4,000 or 8,000 million cocci at weekly intervals.

2. These doses rarely caused more than the mildest local and general reactions. Exceptionally a more severe reaction emphasized the presence of an unusual individual susceptibility to the vaccine. In such instances the symptoms were in part those of meningeal irritation and sometimes simulated the onset of meningitis.

3. Specific meningococcus agglutinins have been demonstrated in the blood serum of vaccinated men as compared with normal controls.

4. Moreover, agglutinins have been demonstrated in the blood serum of chronic carriers of the meningococcus. Evidence is thus brought forward that the relative immunity of chronic carriers to epidemic meningitis may be due to the presence of specific antibodies in the blood stream.
EFFECTS OF LARGE DOSES OF X-RAYS ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE MONKEY TO EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Amoss Harold L. , Taylor Herbert D. , Witherbee William D.
Published: June 2004

In two series of the experiments here recorded the monkey which had been repeatedly exposed to x-rays responded with typical acute poliomyelitis to an intracerebral inoculation of poliomyelitic virus filtrate, whereas the normal control receiving the same dose showed no symptoms. In another series the x-rayed animal came down with typical poliomyelitis after inoculation with three-fourths of the dose which was not infective for the control. It has been demonstrated that the x-rays diminished both the number of circulating lymphocytes and the resistance of the animal to the weak poliomyelitic virus. Whether the lowered resistance of the animals as the result of the treatment with x-rays is due to the reduction of circulating lymphocytes in each of the x-rayed monkeys is not determined in these experiments.

However, the great reduction in lymphocytes in human cases and in monkeys during the acute stage of experimental poliomyelitis and the gradual return of the cells to their former numbers during recovery strongly suggest a definite relation between these cells and one factor of resistance in poliomyelitis.

On the other hand, the reduction in resistance by x-rays, while definite, is not sufficiently great to warrant the conclusion that we are dealing with major factors governing infection or non-infection.

Another experiment in this paper deals with the survival of a subinfective dose of the virus in the normal monkey brain. A monkey receiving the subinfective dose of the virus was exposed to x-rays at 28 days, another at 15 days after injection, but neither animal showed symptoms of poliomyelitis. It is concluded that within this period the virus did not remain unchanged in the normal monkey brain.

An attempt to reduce the immunity in a monkey acquired by an attack of experimental poliomyelitis was unsuccessful.
THE ACTION OF CHLORINATED ANTISEPTICS ON BLOOD CLOT
Authors: Taylor Herbert D. , Stebbins Marianne G.
Published: June 2004

This work demonstrates that the chlorinated antiseptics have no power to penetrate blood clots and destroy bacteria therein contained. Correspondingly, blood clots may protect virulent bacteria for a long period of time and the organisms properly planted will be able to proliferate in a normal manner.
EFFECT OF EXPOSURE TO THE SUN ON THE CIRCULATING LYMPHOCYTES IN MAN
Authors: Taylor Herbert D.
Published: June 2004

Chronic solar dermatitis was accompanied, in 25 of the 38 individuals studied, by an appreciable increase, percentage and absolute, in the number of circulating lymphocytes.

In eight there was a definite decrease and in five no appreciable change after prolonged exposure to the rays of the summer sun.

Of the thirteen subjects with no increase in blood lymphocytes, six failed to tan, three were so dark originally that to determine an increase was impossible, and five had an extremely high lymphocyte count at the first count.

Blood counts on white persons living in the Philippines indicate that the blood lymphocytes are likewise increased after a prolonged period of residence in the tropical zone.

Because of the parallelism between the tanning and the blood changes it seems probable that the lymphocytosis observed in the majority of instances, which is similar to the response of the blood of animals to small doses of the x-rays, is due to the effects of the ultra-violet rays contained in the solar spectrum.
STUDIES ON X-RAY EFFECTS
Authors: Hill Elsa , Morton John J. , Witherbee William D.
Published: June 2004

These experiments indicate that the direct action of x-rays in more powerful doses than can be applied therapeutically is somewhat injurious to tumor cells, but by no means destroys them. Experiment 1 also indicates that the cancer cells establish a resistance to the x-rays after repeated doses. This harmonizes with the experience of clinicians who have succeeded in checking cancerous growths for some time but reach a point where no response can be effected by repeated doses. The rays of low penetration used in Experiment 2 are apparently more harmful to tumor cells than the penetrating rays used in Experiment 1.
BLOOD COUNTS IN EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS IN THE MONKEY
Authors: Taylor Herbert D.
Published: June 2004

Blood counts were made on six series of monkeys before and at various intervals after the injection of active poliomyelitic virus. From the data thus obtained the variations in the circulating white cells have been followed in the several stages of the disease (a) before injection, (b) during the incubation period, (c) during the acute stage, including the stage of prostration, and (d) during recovery. On account of experimental conditions not all the monkeys were observed during the four periods, so that averages of counts in several monkeys are used for comparison.

Averages of 121 counts on 40 normal monkeys are recorded.

Immediately following the injection of the virus the relative and actual numbers of lymphocytes are slightly diminished. In many cases the curve continues sharply downward. In others from the 4th to the 6th day there is an actual increase for a brief period to a point somewhat in excess of the original count. With the onset of symptoms a lymphocytic crisis takes place. The curve then continues slightly downward, while the polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leucocytes are relatively and actually increased at approximately the same time. During the stage of prostration the curve of the polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leucocytes returns to almost normal, while the lymphocytic curve continues slightly downward. With recovery the lymphocytes slowly return to normal after several weeks. There is no evidence of lymphocytic stimulation after recovery.

Eosinophilic, basophilic, large mononuclear, and transitional leucocytes follow the depressions and stimulations exhibited by the neutrophilic cells of the same series.

The results here recorded are consistent with the observations of Peabody, Draper, and Dochez on human cases.

The increase in the total number of circulating lymphocytes after the lymphocytic crisis is coincident with the passing of the acute stage.

Additional evidence is presented to indicate that Smillie produced atypical but definite poliomyelitis in the monkey with cultivated virus.
THE TEMPERATURE OF ACUTELY INFLAMED PERIPHERAL TISSUE
Authors: Segàle Mario
Published: June 2004

The experiments set forth here establish the fact that the heat of the inflamed part has its origin primarily in the local biochemical activity of the cellular elements which participate in the inflammatory process. The inflammatory hyperemia, instead of being the necessary and constant source of the inflammation must be considered a natural physiological compensation for the abnormal local calorification.

The rapid circulation of the blood in the inflamed part tends to moderate the increase in local temperature and to equalize the temperature with that of other parts of the body.
THE OCCURRENCE OF BACILLUS INFLUENZÆ IN THROATS AND SALIVA
Authors: Pritchett Ida W. , Stillman Ernest G.
Published: June 2004

1. Oleate hemoglobin agar is a good selective culture medium for Bacillus influenzæ.

2. Bacillus influenzæ has been cultivated from the mouth of 93 per cent of cases of influenza and bronchopneumonia.

3. Bacillus influenzæ was present at the time of this study in the mouths of 43 per cent of normal individuals.

4. The types of pneumococci found associated with the complicating bronchopneumonias of influenza are the types which are usually found in normal mouths.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE PRODUCTION OF SPECIFIC ANTISERA FOR INFECTIONS OF UNKNOWN CAUSE
Authors: Rous Peyton , Robertson Oswald H. , Oliver Jean
Published: June 2004

Attempts to produce antisera in animals to combat specific infections are usually deferred until the cause of the infection has been isolated and grown in pure culture to furnish antigen. It has seemed to us that the fulfillment of these conditions might in some cases be rendered unnecessary through the use of infected tissue itself as an antigen, combined with selective absorption of the antiserum to rid it of elements injurious to the species furnishing the tissue. In order to test this possibility type experiments have been carried out with immune sera effective against known antigens of three different sorts:

1. Sera resulting from the injection of rabbits and a goat with normal guinea pig tissues and a bacterial hemotoxin, the megatheriolysin described by Todd, which hemolyzes guinea pig cells. The sera possessed strong antitoxins for the megatheriolysin but were fatal to guinea pigs. By the method of selective absorption they were rendered innocuous to these animals and were successfully used to protect them from lethal doses of the megatheriolysin.

2. Anti-rabbit dog sera containing antibodies protective against pneumococcus infection. Such sera, subjected to repeated absorption with rabbit red cells, proved capable of protecting mice from pneumococcus infection in exactly the same degree as the unexhausted serum; that is to say, they protected against 100 times the dose of pneurnococci that was fatal with normal dog serum.

3. The serum of a monkey recovered from poliomyelitis and repeatedly injected with human red cells and extract of placental tissue. This serum, after selective absorption with human red cells, protected a monkey against an intracerebral dose of poliomyelitic virus fatal to eight other monkeys given it with normal monkey or human serum.

The results in these instances, purposely chosen for their simplicity, would seem to indicate for the absorption method some usefulness in the study of immunity to infections of unknown cause. In Part II of our paper the method is applied to one such infection; namely, a sarcoma of the fowl engendered by a filterable agent. A general discussion will be found in connection with this portion of the work.
THE EFFECT OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE CULTIVATION OF THE MENINGOCOCCUS
Authors: Gates Frederick L.
Published: June 2004

The meningococcus is not a "microaerophile." It grows equally well in atmospheres containing from 15 to 40 per cent oxygen.

If small amounts of carbon dioxide affect the growth of the meningococcus on an artificial medium it is by changing the reaction of the medium, not by slightly reducing the oxygen tension of the surrounding air.

The fallibility of titrating the total acidity of a medium is again clearly demonstrated. A reaction favorable to the meningococcus cannot be determined from the total titratable acidity but depends solely upon the hydrogen ion concentration of the medium. The optimum for the meningococcus is approximately at pH 7.4.

The value of a moist chamber in the cultivation of the meningococcus is shown by unusually luxuriant growth when other conditions are also favorable.
MIGRATION OF PARASITES AS THE CAUSE OF ANEMIA IN ÆSTIVO-AUTUMNAL MALARIAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Lawson Mary R.
Published: June 2004

The anemia in malarial infections is explained by the fact that each parasite destroys several red corpuscles.

Reduction of hemoglobin out of proportion to the loss of red corpuscles is explained by the fact that there is always a partial loss of hemoglobin in certain of the surviving corpuscles due to parasitic action.

Migration of parasites occurs in all æstivo-autumnal infections. If one wishes to observe, migrations, it will save time to study the heavy infections.

Free parasites have been frequently noted by many observers, who have failed to interpret properly their presence in the blood.
THE FUNCTIONAL VALUE OF NEWLY FORMED CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Authors: Lewis Paul A. , Newcomer H. S.
Published: June 2004

1. A method has been revived which enables the connective tissue factor in wound healing to be studied quantitatively.

2. It has been found that the functional value of connective tissue formed in response to traumatism as represented by its tensile strength varies widely in different animals.

3. It is suggested that the method may find application in the study of extraneous influences which may affect wound healing either through local or systemic application.

4. It has been determined that there is no parallelism between an active connective tissue response to traumatism and natural resistance to inoculation tuberculosis in the rabbit.
PERSISTENCE OF THE VIRUS OF POLIOMYELITIS IN THE NASOPHARYNX
Authors: Flexner Simon , Amoss Harold L.
Published: June 2004

The virus of poliomyelitis occurs in the nasopharynx of man and monkeys.

In man it has been detected by the inoculation test in washings from acute cases, rarely in similar washings from healthy contacts, in the nasopharyngeal tissues obtained from fatal cases in the 1st week of infection, but rarely, if ever, from nasopharyngeal tissues removed surgically at later periods in the course of the disease.

In monkeys, also, the virus has been detected in the secretions from acute experimental infections, in the nasopharyngeal tissues derived from early cases, and rarely from cases several weeks or months after recovery from the acute symptoms.

The inoculation of tonsils and adenoids obtained from cases of undoubted poliomyelitis either yielded definite results in the form of typical paralysis and histological lesions in the central nervous organs of the monkeys injected, or no symptoms or lesions which could be confounded with poliomyelitis. The indefinite symptoms and atypical lesions described in a certain class of inoculated animals by Kling, Pettersson, and Wernstedt were not encountered in our experiments.

The deduction from the experiments reported is to the effect that the virus is regularly present in the nasopharynx in cases of poliomyelitis in the first days of illness, and especially in fatal cases; that it diminishes relatively quickly as the disease progresses, except in rare instances; and that it is unusual for a carrier state to be developed. Hence the period of greatest infectivity of patients would appear to be early in the disease, which is probably the time at which communication of the virus from person to person takes place.

Available evidence proves that healthy carriers of the virus occur. We do not, however, possess data which indicate the frequency with which carriage arises. The fact that even after a severe and wide epidemic, such as occurred in the United States in 1916, the disease may virtually disappear within 2 or 3 years, points to the probability that enduring carriers of the active virus, whether healthy or chronic, are of exceptional occurrence.
EFFECT OF BILE ON THE CLOTTING TIME OF BLOOD
Authors: Haessler Herbert , Stebbins Marianne G.
Published: June 2004

1. Within certain limits the clotting time of blood, of blood plasma, and of solutions of fibrin to which bile salts have been added, is proportional to the quantity of bile present.

2. The bile interferes with the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin and not with the formation of thrombin.
THE ACTION OF STROPHANTHIN ON THE LIVING CAT'S HEART
Authors: Levine Samuel A.
Published: June 2004

1. Cats vary considerably in their susceptibility to strophanthin and in the extent of the difference between the minimum lethal dose and the minimum toxic dose.

2. The amount of strophanthin necessary to produce a toxic effect in a given cat is independent of the speed of administration to a period of 4 hours. An improvement in the clinical administration of the drug is thereby indicated.

3. A theory of the action of strophanthin is formulated which reconciles the results which point to the importance of the total amount taken up by the heart with those inidicate that the concentration of the drug is the determining factor.
THE AGGLUTINATION REACTIONS OF THE MORGAN BACILLUS NO. 1
Authors: Kligler I. J.
Published: June 2004

The study of the cultural and agglutinating reactions of seventeen strains of Morgan bacilli is reported. The cultures were obtained from different sources. Culturally all the strains were identical. Antigenically they were highly diversified. The sera produced against some strains have marked agglutinating power for other strains, but absorption tests showed that the cross-agglutinations were often due to group agglutinins. While no conclusion can be drawn regarding the pathogenic significance of this bacillus, the wide diversities of antigenic properties raise the question as to the specific relationship of the various cultures met with as well as their relation to a definite class of pathological processes in man.
ETIOLOGY OF YELLOW FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

Studies are reported on the type of disease induced in guinea pigs, dogs, and monkeys by inoculating them (1) with the blood or organ emulsions of guinea pigs or other susceptible animals experimentally infected with Leptospira icteroides, and (2) with a pure culture of the organism. Particular attention has been given in these experiments to the clinical features of the experimental infection in the various animals and to the pathological changes resulting from the infection.

The symptoms and pathological lesions induced in guinea pigs are much more pronounced than those observed in dogs or marmosets. The period of incubation is nearly the same in all three species, 72 to 96 hours with intraperitoneal or subcutaneous inoculation, and a day or more longer when the infection is induced percutaneously or per os. The febrile reaction in the guinea pig and marmoset is about the same; in the dog there is less fever. The amount of albumin, casts, and bile pigments in the urine is more abundant in the guinea pig and marmoset than in the dog, and these animals also appear on the whole to become more intensely icteric. The black or bilious vomit, however, though occurring frequently in dogs during life, is observed in the guinea pig and marmoset at autopsy. The hemorrhagic diathesis is most pronounced in guinea pigs, less so in marmosets, and least in dogs. In dogs) for example, subcutaneous hemorrhages almost never occur, and the lungs usually show only a few minute ecchymoses. The pleurse, pericardium, and other serous surfaces of the thorax and abdomen remain free from ecchymoses, which, however, with hyperemia, are very marked along the gastrointestinal tract.

The symptoms and lesions observed in animals experimentally infected with Leptospira icteroides closely parallel those of human yellow fever.

The pathological changes occurring in human cases of yellow fever are similar to those induced by inoculation in guinea pigs and marmosets and in respect to their intensity stand intermediate between those arising in the two animals mentioned.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF FAT STARVATION WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PRODUCTION OF SEROUS ATROPHY OF FAT
Authors: Herter C. A.
Published: June 2004

The following inferences may be made from the foregoing study:

1. The lesions resulting from fat starvation, at least in the case of pigs, do not resemble or even suggest those of rickets.

2. Prolonged fat starvation leads to the entire disappearance of fat from the adipose tissues. The form of fat atrophy observed as the result of experimental fat starvation corresponds to the serous fat atrophy described by Flemming, and is essentially the same type of fat atrophy as that found in the epicardial and perirenal fat in the human subject as the result of wasting disease.

3. The. lecithins of the brain and the fat of the liver are not materially reduced by fat starvation.

4. Fat starvation does not lead to advanced serous fat atrophy of the subcutaneous fat if the animal be given a large excess of carbohydrate food or a considerable excess of the carbohydrate and proteid constituents of milk.

5. Fat starvation causes a very imperfect absorption of the salts of P2O5 from the intestine.
THE FATE OF THE GIANT CELLS WHICH FORM IN THE ABSORPTION OF COAGULATED BLOOD SERUM IN THE ANTERIOR CHAMBER OF THE RABBIT'S EYE
Authors: Hektoen Ludvig
Published: June 2004

The conclusion seems warranted that the giant cells formed in the absorption of coagulated blood serum inserted into the anterior chamber of the rabbit's eye subdivide again into uninuclear small cells that take part with other new-formed cells derived from the lining of this space to form a densely fibrillated mass of tissue that resembles quite closely the cornea in its structure.

This demonstration materially strengthens the opinion expressed by the writer in his previous article in this Journal,* that the giant cells in healing non-degenerated tuberculous tissue may separate into small living cells, and that the giant cells of tuberculosis are not necrobiotic elements from the very moment and from the very mode of their formation, as has been the general teaching, especially in Germany.
ETIOLOGY OF YELLOW FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

The majority of guinea pigs inoculated with the blood of yellow fever patients escaped a fatal infection.

There were a number of instances in which the inoculation of yellow fever blood induced in these animals a temporary febrile reaction on the 4th or 5th day, followed in some cases by slight jaundice, but with a rapid return to normal. Most of these guinea pigs when later inoculated with an organ emulsion of a passage strain of Leptospira icteroides resisted the infection. On the other hand, the animals which had previously been inoculated with the blood of malaria patients or normal guinea pigs died of the typical experimental infection after being inoculated with the infectious organ emulsion.

It appears from the results just described that a number of nonfatal, mild, or abortive infections follow the inoculation of blood of yellow fever patients into guinea pigs. The fact that such animals manifested refractoriness to a subsequent attempt to infect with a highly virulent passage strain of Leptospira icteroides is an indication, judging from the reciprocal immunity reaction, that they actually passed through an infection with the same organism, or a strain closely related to it, as that which was used for the second infection experiment
STUDIES ON ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: Kawamura K.
Published: June 2004

Seven autoplastic transplantations and one homoplastic transplantation of the spleen of dogs were made. One autotransplantation was successful, the gland being normal at the end of 88 days.
ETIOLOGY OF YELLOW FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

Examinations of fresh blood from yellow fever patients by means of the dark-field microscope, made in more than twenty-seven cases, revealed in three cases the presence of Leptospira icteroides. In no instance was a large number of organisms found, a long search being required before one was encountered. The injection of the blood into guinea pigs from two of the three positive cases induced in the animals a fatal infection, while the blood from the third positive case failed to infect the guinea pigs fatally. Careful but by no means exhaustive dark-field searches for the leptospira with fresh specimens of blood from the remaining cases of yellow fever ended without positive findings, although four of the specimens, when injected into guinea pigs, caused a fatal leptospira infection.

Stained blood film preparations from the corresponding cases were also examined, but the percentage showing the leptospira in the blood was no greater than that found by examination in the fresh state with the dark-field microscope. In fact, owing to the defective stains that were available at the time of the investigation a great many slides did not take the proper coloration with Giemsa's or Wright's stain and could not be relied upon.

Regarding the presence of Leptospira icteroides in various organs both dark-field and stained films were examined. In only one instance so far a few organisms were detected in the emulsion of liver taken shortly after death from a case dying on the 4th day of yellow fever. This part of the work will be reported later upon completion.

Examinations of the urine from different cases of yellow fever were made both by dark-field microscope and by inoculation into guinea pigs. The results were totally negative in thirteen cases, including many convalescents, but in one case one of the guinea pigs inoculated with 10 cc. of the urine came down on the 15th day with suggestive symptoms (suspicion of jaundice, and some hemorrhagic and parenchymatous lesions of the lungs and kidneys). This specimen showed no leptospira by dark-field examination.

In experimental infection of guinea pigs with Leptospira icteroides the blood became infective in many instances 48 hours after inoculation, and was always infective after 72 hours. The liver and kidney become infective simultaneously with the blood. Detection of the organism by means of the dark-field microscope has seldom been accomplished before the 5th day. The organisms are most abundant on the 6th to the 7th day, but become fewer or completely disappear before death. In the meanwhile the number of organisms increases in the liver and kidney, from which they disappear as the jaundice and other symptoms become aggravated. When death occurs these organs seem to have lost most of the leptospira) and positive transfer by means of them is less certain. At the later stage of the disease the blood is often free from the organisms and ceases to be infective. Positive transmission with blood obtained from moribund animals is not impossible, however, even when no leptospira can be detected under the dark-field microscope.
STUDIES ON CYANOSIS
Authors: Lundsgaard Christen
Published: June 2004

1. The primary cause of cyanosis is an increase in the reduced hemoglobin, or oxygen unsaturation, of the blood in the peripheral capillaries.

2. When the mean capillary oxygen unsaturation, which is calculated as the mean between venous and arterial unsaturation, and is normally about 2 to 3 volumes per cent, is increased to about 6 to 7 volumes per cent, cyanosis appears. For this reason 6 to 7 volumes per cent may be called the threshold value of mean capillary oxygen unsaturation for the incidence of cyanosis.

3. The increased mean capillary oxygen unsaturation is produced in two ways (secondary causes of cyanosis), either by an abnormally great reduction during passage through the capillaries (Text-fig. I, Diagram II) or by a state of partial reduction in the arterial blood entering the capillaries (Text-fig. I, Diagram III). The first condition (abnormally great reduction) occurs during exercise, or when the blood flow is retarded, as in decompensated heart condition. The second condition (partial arterial unsaturation) occurs in certain lung and heart diseases, and when the alveolar oxygen tension is greatly decreased, as at high altitudes.

4. If the blood is completely saturated with oxygen in the lungs, the oxygen unsaturation of the venous blood may increase to 13 to 14 volumes per cent before cyanosis appears.

5. If cyanosis appears at a venous oxygen unsaturation less than 13 to 14 volumes per cent, some arterial oxygen unsaturation may be assumed, and the more the lower the venous oxygen unsaturation is.

6. Even if neither râles nor dullness can be detected in the lungs, conditions may exist which prevent complete oxidation of the arterial hemoglobin. This is especially frequent in patients with mitral lesions.

7. Cyanosis cannot be produced in patients whose hemoglobin percentage is below 35 per cent on the Haldane scale (oxygen capacity of 6.5 volumes per cent).
THE BACTERIOLOGY OF BOVINE ABORTION, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
Authors: Smith Theobald
Published: June 2004

In a large herd of dairy cattle and young stock the bacteriological examination of 109 cases of abortion which included a relatively thorough study of the fetus and a study of the membranes, or swabs from the uterus whenever obtainable, gave the following results. 62, or 57 per cent, were associated with Bacillus abortus. 26, or 23.8 per cent, were associated with spirilla. 2, or 1.8 per cent, were associated with Bacillus pyogenes. 19, or 17.4 per cent, were either sterile or else the digestive and respiratory tracts had been invaded during or after birth with miscellaneous bacteria. Bacillus abortus was absent according to cultures and animal tests.

Such a relatively large proportion of cases of abortion without Bacillus abortus as the inciting agent is noteworthy. In general Bacillus abortus was associated with first pregnancies. Its presence diminished rapidly in frequency in later pregnancies. Assuming in a general way that purchased cows coming from small herds were free from any immunity and that their first pregnancy in the new herd is equivalent to that of a native heifer and may be counted as the first, we have Bacillus abortus associated with the first pregnancy in 42, with the second in 14, with the third in 5, and with the fourth in 1. Spirilla were distributed as follows: (a) in purchased cows, first pregnancy, 6; second pregnancy, 9; third pregnancy, 5; and fourth pregnancy, 3; (b) in native cows, first pregnancy, 0; third pregnancy, 1; sixth pregnancy, 1; and eighth pregnancy) 1. The relation of infection with spirilla to acquired immunity is not clear and more data from large herds are needed to define both etiological and immunological bearings of the spirilla.

Thus far spirilla have not been encountered in native heifers of the herd giving birth the first time. A tentative explanation to be offered is that the young stock is kept segregated from the older and purchased cows until shortly before calving. The occasional discharge of a fetus among the young stock in pasture tends to keep up the disease due to Bacillus abortus. Later on association with older cows brings about infection with spirilla (Vibrio fetus) and more rarely with other possible agencies of fetal disease. On the other hand, abortions may occur among the pastured stock from time to time and remain unrecognized. Not until both groups of animals are subjected to the same daily scrutiny will it be possible to affirm that abortion associated with spirilla does or does not occur among young stock.
AN INTERPRETATION OF THE AGGLUTINATION REACTION TO BACILLUS ABORTUS IN 75 CASES OF BOVINE ABORTION BACTERIOLOGICALLY CONTROLLED
Authors: Smillie Ernest W. , Little Ralph B. , Florence Laura
Published: June 2004

The agglutination test when carried out so as to give the entire range of serum dilutions to the limit of clumping is a delicate test which reflects a variety of conditions involved in infection with Bacillus abortus. Among these conditions are its time relation to the act of abortion and the length of time the abortion bacilli live and multiply in the pregnant uterus. It is obvious that if a uterus be infected in the 8th month of pregnancy, the opportunity for agglutinins to accumulate are poorer than if the uterine infection lasts 3 or 4 months. The presence of Bacillus abortus in the udder determines in many cases the intensity of the reaction. No definite rules can therefore be formulated for the interpretation of the agglutination reaction quantitatively, since it is bound up with a complicated process varying from case to case. In the individual cow in general a titer of 1:40 or less may be regarded as indicating that the cow is not infected with Bacillus abortus at the time of the blood examination. It does not exclude former infections in the case of older cows, nor does it absolutely exclude very recent infection (Nos. 278 and 351).

The highest titers, 1:640 and above, generally indicate recent infection and in the absence of recent premature births infection of the udder. Even when abortion has just occurred, it may be due to other agencies and the high titer maintained by a chronic infection of the udder dating from an earlier uterine infection with Bacillus abortus. Intermediate titers may indicate a gradual rise or decline of agglutinins preceding or following abortion without infection of the udder. They may also stand for a relatively high resistance or partial immunity of the cow.

In any herd a uniformly low titer (1:40 or less) in all animals may be regarded as indicating the entire absence of Bacillus abortus. A high titer in any one cow serves to indicate quite definitely the presence of infection in the herd. To determine more accurately the character of the infection in any individual cow there is needed in addition to the quantitative agglutination test a bacteriological study of the milk and of any prematurely discharged calf or fetus.
CHEMOTHERAPY OF TRYPANOSOME AND SPIROCHETE INFECTIONS
Authors: Pearce Louise , Brown Wade H.
Published: June 2004

N-PhenyIglycineamide-p-arsonic acid is an agent of marked therapeutic action in the treatment of experimental trypanosomiasis of mice, rats, and guinea pigs. It possesses an average curative range of from 0.2 to 0.3 gm. per kilo of body weight of the sodium salt against a 24 hour infection in mice and rats produced by several species of pathogenic trypanosomes. Since the lethal dose for mice is from 2 to 2.25 gm. and for rats 0.75 gm. per kilo of body weight, we have curative ratios of 1:8 and 1:3 respectively. The curative dose for guinea pigs is 0.15 gm. per kilo of body weight, thus giving a curative ratio of 1:10. The trypanocidal activity of this compound is relatively rapid in all three animal species, for the peripheral blood is cleared of organisms within 24 hours after its administration, and in addition, the lower limits of the curative range are comparatively sharply defined. Intraperitoneal, intravenous, and subcutaneous routes of administration for all practical purposes may be considered equally efficacious in Tr. brucei infections of mice both as regards the speed of action of the drug and the average curative range. The administration of the drug in therapeutic amounts in all three animal species is not followed by manifestations of organic or functional injury, but, on the contrary, the genera] physical condition of the treated animals shows an immediate and continued marked improvement.

The therapeutic activity in trypanosomiasis of mice, rats, and guinea pigs as evidenced by the relative speed and sharpness of action, together with the curative ratio as expressed in fractions of the minimum lethal dose, and the absence of organic injury or functional disturbance following therapeutic doses are significant and characteristic features of the amide of N-phenylglycine-p-arsonic acid.
CHEMOTHERAPY OF TRYPANOSOME AND SPIROCHETE INFECTIONS
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise
Published: June 2004

To summarize the results obtained from these experiments, one may say that N-phenylglycineamide-p-arsonic acid is capable of exercising a very definite effect upon the course of infections produced by spirochetes of the recurrens group and by Treponema pallidum. It is more difficult to say, however, just how these effects should be interpreted. In the case of the blood spirochetes, the infection is ameliorated, and even though the spirochetes are not immediately destroyed, the infection is frequently brought to a termination which leaves the animal in a condition not unlike that produced by more powerful spirocheticidal agents. That is, the infecting organisms are either affected in such a way that they eventually die off or are destroyed by the host in such a way that no lasting immunity is developed in consequence of their destruction.

Apparently much the same type of reaction occurs in the treatment of rabbits infected with Treponema pallidum. It is possible that when very large doses of the drug are used, these organisms may be completely destroyed, but it is certain that in other cases, where complete healing of the lesions is accomplished as a result of treatment, the organisms are not destroyed. Moreover, it appears that such a result can be accomplished in the presence of numerous actively motile spirochetes, and once the effect of the drug has reached this point, either the capacity of the spirochetes for stimulating reaction on the part of the tissues is lowered or else the reactivity of the tissues is reduced. At any rate., living spirochetes may remain in the tissues for considerable periods of time without giving rise to the usual tissue reaction which characterizes these infections.

With either group of organisms, therefore, N-phenylglycineamide-p-arsonic acid appears to act in a manner somewhat different from that of the usual spirocheticidal agents. While it does possess a considerable degree of spirocheticidal action, its chief effect is seen in the peculiar manner in which it modifies or controls the course of these infections.

Further than this, we shall not attempt to go at present. As set forth in the literature, the facts and principles upon which such experiments depend are so few as to offer almost no basis for an interpretation of these experiments. When we have had an opportunity of reporting our own experience in dealing with these infections, we may return to a consideration of the facts here reported.