bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global Leadership Talk
Authors: Goebel Zane
Published: April 2020

This chapter examines leadership talk. Analysis of this talk involves connecting it with emblems of personhood from the different chronotopic formulations discussed in previous chapters. By examining the connections between this talk and signs and ideologies from elsewhere, the chapter highlights how such a focus can make broader contributions to work on leadership talk that rarely look at connection or leadership in multilingual settings. It engages with work on translingualism, while making the case for the concept of “signswitching.” Signswitching refers to the local recognition of movement between signs stereotypically associated with named languages to achieve an “imagined” interactional outcome, and the multimodal nature of other practices that one finds in talk, while inviting one to ethnographically account for how one comes to label talk.
The Downwardly Mobile
Authors: Streib Jessi
Published: April 2020

Downward mobility is common, but we know little about who falls from the upper-middle class, how, and why they don’t see it coming. This chapter provides an overview of how intergenerational downward mobility occurs. It shows that both resources and identities are associated with downward mobility from the upper-middle class. Individuals who inherit relatively high levels of academic knowledge, institutional insights, and money tend to develop an identity that leads them to maintain high levels of these resources. They use these resources to reproduce their class position. Individuals who inherit relatively low levels of academic knowledge, institutional insights, or money tend to develop an identity that encourages them to maintain their resource weaknesses. Without the resources that schools, colleges, and professional workplaces reward, they tend to enter downwardly mobile trajectories. They do not necessarily anticipate their impending downward mobility as they observe times when they or their parents moved toward class reproduction while not having high levels of these resources.
Stay-at-Home Mothers
Authors: Streib Jessi
Published: April 2020

Women who identify as stay-at-home mothers have only one option for class reproduction: through marriage. Most college-educated professional men now marry college-educated women. Women raised with college-educated mothers tend to receive enough academic and institutional knowledge from their mothers to graduate from college, marry a college-educated professional, and reproduce their class position. Women raised without college-educated mothers tend to inherit less academic and institutional knowledge and struggle with or reject college. Wanting to become stay-at-home mothers, they marry young—but to working-class men who further their slide out of the upper-middle class.
Explorers
Authors: Streib Jessi
Published: April 2020

Youth who grow up with conflicting influences from their resources and communities tend to identify as explorers—those who hold multiple identities at once. This causes them to vacillate between various goals rather than to focus on one. Those who vacillate between goals that lead them to become a professional or marry one tend to reproduce their class position. Others pursue goals that take them away from resource acquisition, leading them onto downwardly mobile paths.
The Nation and Its Queers
Authors: Rao Rahul
Published: April 2020

In 2014, the Supreme Court of India endorsed the demand of trans petitioners for recognition as a ‘backward’ class, entitling them to constitutional guarantees of affirmative action. The equation of transness with backwardness seems to reiterate the ascription of primitiveness to the queer in the colonial archive. In Indian politics, backwardness has different connotations arising out of the struggles of subordinate caste groups. This chapter explores the perils and potentials of the trans claim to backwardness, asking what an appeal to Dalit leader Ambedkar’s politics of futurity means for trans politics. On a parallel register, the chapter explores the relationship between gender identity and backwardness in the imagination of the nation itself, demonstrating how an elite drive for great power status is articulated through the idiom of gender transition. Finally, the chapter reflects on the potentials of gender trouble on both the right and left of the Indian ideological spectrum.
Cultivated by Hand
Authors: Goodman Glenda
Published: April 2020

Hundreds of volumes filled with hand-copied music sit in archives and libraries across the United States. Created by amateur musicians who came of age in the years following the American Revolution. These manuscript books reveal the existence of a musical culture that was deeply intertwined in people’s everyday lives and at the same time in powerful historical forces that were shaping the new nation. Cultivated by Hand is a social and material history of musical amateurism. It uncovers the influences that directed amateurs’ experiences, delves into how those influences manifested in individuals’ lives, and reveals the hitherto unknown importance of music book creation and collection in early American musical life. This book argues that amateur music-making played an important and heretofore unacknowledged role in the making of gender, class, race, and nation in the early American republic. Moreover, much of the repertoire collected by relatively elite, white amateurs was imported from Britain, undermining concurrent efforts to foster a national musical style. Cultivated by Hand situates the making of manuscript books in the contexts of technology, handcrafts, and sociaability, exploring manuscript’s relationship to print as well as changes in music consumerism in the late eighteenth century. Creating manuscripts required hours of work, yet the labor of amateur musicians, particularly women, was discursively and economically devalued. The gendered attacks obscured the importance of copying and performing music for the self-fashioning of the first generation of amateurs in the new nation, who used their efforts to cultivate gentility, piety, and erudition, as well as sensible connection to others.
Appearing Tasteful
Authors: Goodman Glenda
Published: April 2020

Americans in the new nation wished not to appear provincial and thus took pains to cultivate refined appearances and good taste. Discernment and the appreciation of beauty was essential for musical taste, which in turn was scrutinized by critics and musical entrepreneurs who espoused a particularly elitist and Anglo-centric view. Much of the popular repertoire was in a galant style that was deemed less than tasteful by critics but which, due to its sentimental song topics and technical accessibility, was agreeable to amateurs. Musical taste was judged by appearances as well as sounds, however. The experiences of Daniel and Harriet Wadsworth demonstrate the importance of tasteful appearances, from penmanship to dress to dancing abilities. The sensibility displayed by their refined tastes was mirrored by the intimacy of their sibling relationship, particularly when Daniel cared for the ailing Harriet leading up to her death at a young age.
The Kingdom Becomes an Independent State
Authors: Roller Duane W.
Published: April 2020

Mithridates I the Founder was succeeded in 266 bc by his little-known son Ariobarzanes, whose son Mithridates II came to the throne in the early 240s bc and became the first powerful king of the new state. During his reign the kingdom reached legitimacy as an international power and expanded its territory. But most importantly, he made an astute marriage alliance, marrying a Seleukid princess; their children became the ancestors of much of the royalty of the eastern Mediterranean well into the Roman period, including Cleopatra of Egypt. Mithridates II became heavily involved in the politics of his era, and was the first Pontic king to strike coinage.
The Collapse of Pergamon
Authors: Roller Duane W.
Published: April 2020

Pharnakes was succeeded by his brother Mithridates IV in the early 150s bc. His reign was brief, and his son, the powerful Mithridates V, became king within a decade. Mithridates V ruled for thirty years; during his reign the important state of Pergamon, to the west of Pontos, came to an end with its territory willed to the Roman Republic. This gave Rome territory on the Asian mainland. At first Pontic policy was to support Roman ambitions: Mithridates V sent aid to them in their third war against Carthage. His international posture was recognized by the island state of Delos and elsewhere in the traditional Greek world. But around 120 bc he was assassinated at Sinope on the Black Sea, which had replaced Amaseia as the Pontic capital; he was the only Pontic king to suffer such a fate.
The Rise of Mithridates VI
Authors: Roller Duane W.
Published: April 2020

Mithridates V was succeeded by the last and greatest of the Hellenistic kings of Pontos, Mithridates VI, who ruled for nearly sixty years. Since his father had been assassinated, his accession to power was not without difficulty, and there were various attempts to do away with the young heir, perhaps even involving his mother, the widow of Mithridates V. It was necessary for the young king to go into hiding and then to institute a purge of a number of his relatives and members of the court. But after a few years his rule became secure, and he embarked on an aggressive policy of bringing the kingdom to the peak of its power.
The Aftermath of the First War
Authors: Roller Duane W.
Published: April 2020

Despite the end of hostilities, before long matters drifted into a second war between Mithridates and the Romans, to a large extent started by Sulla’s legate L. Licinius Murena, who thought such aggression might yield him a triumph. Mithridates complained to Rome but did not receive a reply due to internal issues in the city. Yet there was little Roman support for another war, and Sulla, now the most powerful man in Rome, forced Murena to stand down. Mithridates had greater issues in mind, and he made an alliance in 74 bc with the Roman adventurer Sertorius, who was in Spain, with the thought of an attack on Italy from both east and west. This helped precipitate the third and final war between Mithridates and Rome.
Stranger Danger
Authors: Renfro Paul M.
Published: April 2020

Starting in the late 1970s, a moral panic concerning child kidnapping and exploitation gripped the United States. For many Americans, a series of high-profile cases of missing and murdered children, publicized through an emergent twenty-four-hour news cycle, signaled a “national epidemic” of child abductions perpetrated by strangers. Some observers insisted that fifty thousand or more children fell victim to stranger kidnappings in any given year. (The actual figure was and remains about one hundred.) Stranger Danger demonstrates how racialized and sexualized fears of stranger abduction—stoked by the news media, politicians from across the partisan divide, bereaved parents, and the business sector—helped to underwrite broader transformations in US political culture and political economy. Specifically, the child kidnapping scare further legitimated a bipartisan investment in “family values” and “law and order,” thereby enabling the development and expansion of sex offender registries, AMBER Alerts, and other mechanisms designed to safeguard young Americans and their families from “stranger danger”—and to punish the strangers who supposedly threatened them.
“Save Them or Perish”
Authors: Renfro Paul M.
Published: April 2020

The second chapter focuses on the 1979–1981 kidnappings and murders of twenty-nine black youths in Atlanta. These abductions and killings, which primarily targeted young males from Atlanta’s poor and working-class neighborhoods, exacerbated African American anxieties about racial violence and raised the specters of Southern racism and the myth of gay pedophilia. Some responses to these murders emphasized the victims’ “street smarts,” “hustling,” and even their alleged same-sex sex work, thereby depriving them of the individualized innocence so readily lavished upon Etan Patz and other missing or murdered white youth. Moreover, in an effort to preserve Atlanta’s reputation as progressive and business-friendly, the city’s biracial political and economic establishment sought to downplay the racial and class dimensions of the abductions and slayings. The Atlanta tragedies thus exposed the racial and class limitations of the image of endangered childhood and illustrated how notions of white child-victimhood grounded the child safety regime.
Kids in Custody
Authors: Renfro Paul M.
Published: April 2020

The fifth chapter shows how the child safety issue further splintered federal juvenile justice and youth policy along racial fault lines. Tracing the movements of rightwing luminary Alfred S. Regnery, chapter 5 illustrates how public fears about stranger danger served to lengthen the punitive, policing arm of the federal welfare state, to undercut the children’s rights gains of the 1960s and 1970s, and to bolster the politics of “family values.” As OJJDP director, Regnery used the child safety scare to “toughen” juvenile justice policies targeting working-class, nonwhite youth, while simultaneously embellishing the severity of moral threats facing “innocent” children (coded as white and middle-class). To that end, Regnery employed racialized language that cast virtually all juvenile offenders as nonwhite. The “typical candidate for juvenile arrest,” he claimed, was “most likely black, possibly Hispanic.” Such rhetoric prefigured the “superpredator” discourse that crystallized in the 1990s and helped exacerbate racialized mass incarceration.
Russia’s Forgotten Parks and the Crisis of Environmental Protection in the Russian Federation
Authors: Roe Alan D.
Published: April 2020

Since Vladimir Putin came to power, the Russian Federation has continued to establish national parks. However, although there are some exceptions, most of Russian national parks exist in a state of neglect and are mired in conflicts with local populations, unequipped for large numbers of tourists, and frequently unable to clean up litter that has accumulated within their boundaries. At the same time, some remote parks with little tourist traffic still provide the sort of wilderness experience that an infrastructurally-developed park could not. While American environmental historians have suggested that particular cultural traditions in the United States have encouraged Americans to seek out wild places, during the late twentieth century, Russians seemed no less interest in such experiences than Americans. This suggests, perhaps, that seeking out such experience is better explained by the general impulse for people in urban areas to deliberately escape to wild places than by particular cultural traditions.
The Biological Determinants of Dementia Communication
Authors: Wray Alison
Published: April 2020

This chapter asks, how do the brain changes associated with diseases of dementia affect communication? The biological diseases leading to dementia are termed ‘hard’ causes. The main types of dementia (Alzheimer’s, vascular, frontotemporal including semantic, and Lewy body) are reviewed, with a focus on their impact on language and communication capabilities. Differences in people’s susceptibility to developing dementia-causing diseases are considered (e.g., genetic and environmental factors). For instance, individuals’ brains may differ in the level of physical resilience to damage (brain reserve). Individuals may also have greater or lesser resilience to the effects of damage on their cognitive function (cognitive reserve). Rementia (symptom reversal) and temporary lucidity are also discussed.
The Social Construction of Dementia
Authors: Wray Alison
Published: April 2020

This chapter considers how social attitudes and contexts shape interaction with people living with a dementia. These factors are termed ‘soft’ causes of dementia, because they affect people’s experience of the disease but are potentially open to change. Topics covered include the ‘medicalization’ and the commodification of dementia, the limitations of diagnostic testing, the nature of Mild Cognitive Impairment, and social attitudes towards dementia in the West and around the world. A new concept, social reserve, is introduced to capture the roles that culture and society can play in reducing the impact of dementia on people’s day-to-day experience.
The Domestic Implementation of International Women’s Rights Norms
Authors: Medie Peace A.
Published: April 2020

The study’s theoretical framework is explicated in this chapter. The chapter draws on the international relations, gender and politics, public administration, and African studies literatures to develop a framework that explains implementation at the national and street levels. It shows that an interplay of external and domestic factors shape implementation but specifies that domestic actors and conditions become more essential at the institutionalization stage. While high international pressure is sufficient for the creation of specialized mechanisms, domestic pressure and conditions become more important at the institutionalization state. Thus, low domestic pressure and unfavorable political and institutional conditions hinder implementation, even when combined with high international pressure.
Violence against Women in Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Medie Peace A.
Published: April 2020

This chapter mirrors the Liberian case in Chapter 3 by tracing the problem of violence against women in Côte d’Ivoire and the effect of the country’s 11-year conflict on this violence. As in Liberia, patriarchal gender norms were at the root of this violence and contributed to Ivoirian’s reluctance to turn to the state for help. It is, however, explains that while the Liberian conflict led to widespread sexual violence, the dynamics of the Ivoirian conflict resulted in sexual violence that was less widespread and was more concentrated in certain regions of the country. Nonetheless, this violence led to shifting attitudes, such that the reporting of domestic violence and rape increased after the conflict.
Street-Level Implementation in Liberia and Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Medie Peace A.
Published: April 2020

This chapter draws on interviews with police officers in Liberia and Côte d’Ivoire and gendarmes in Côte d’Ivoire to show how international and domestic factors changed how the rape and domestic violence laws were enforced. It demonstrates how the greater degree of institutionalization of the specialized unit led to a deeper salience of the international women’s justice norm in Liberia. However, in both countries, there were substantial deficiencies in how laws were enforced and how the norm was implemented. This chapter explains how a lack of resources for policing, combined with the social and economic pressures that survivors face, hindered law enforcement and norm implementation.
Valuing Grief
Authors: Shneer David
Published: April 2020

This chapter traces Baltermants’s entry into the art photography market. In the mid-1960s, he had his first New York City exhibition alongside other well-known photojournalists, including Robert Doisneau and Irving Penn. From there his work was included in a Metropolitan Museum show, and he was often the lone Soviet representative in major photography shows. In the 1970s, Baltermants began giving Grief visual context by exhibiting other images taken that same wartime day in Kerch. In 1983, Baltermants had his first solo show in New York City, and although reviewers loved his wartime work, reviewers panned the overall show. The critical appreciation for his wartime work and disappointment at his postwar Soviet “propaganda” did not dampen a few intrepid collectors’ interest in bringing him to the Western art photograph market and adding financial value to the list of values his photography possessed.
Epilogue
Authors: Shneer David
Published: April 2020

In this final section of the book, the author describes the process of trying to learn more about the subject of Dmitri Baltermants’s iconic photograph Grief, P. Ivanova. Technology allowed him to conduct research in Russia even though he has not been to the country since 2008, when he felt unsafe returning to Putin’s Russia, which had become increasingly xenophobic and homophobic. The epilogue closes with a meditation on how wartime photographs from the antitank trench are used in contemporary rituals of the Kerch Jewish community. The author ponders whether Grief will one day be incorporated into these local rituals.
Sounding Carnival
Authors: Dirksen Rebecca
Published: April 2020

Carnival is the biggest musical event of the year in Haiti, in terms of musicians involved, crowds gathered, and money spent. It is also caught up in a complex web of political, economic, and social maneuverings, and thus creates an ideal space for venting against power alongside the various acts of play associated with the festival. This chapter introduces both carnival history in Haiti and the sonic environment that shapes this study, while establishing a conceptual frame for the book. This theoretical frame is built around two major avenues of inquiry that underline the entire text: a view of sounding as sonified mobility that can be studied through musical cartography, and a consideration of carnival and the carnivalesque in terms of vagabondage. Both avenues lead to broader discussions about performing citizenship and defending national sovereignty.
The Konpa President’s Government on Parade
Authors: Dirksen Rebecca
Published: April 2020

Returning focus to the political realm, this chapter demonstrates how Martelly campaigned on a populist platform and used his musical skills to guide his path to office by employing polemics and a politics based on carnivalesque festivities and parties. On becoming Haiti’s president, Martelly reinstituted the Carnaval des Fleurs that had been popular during the Duvalier regime, which offered the public a second chance at celebrating carnival each year. Martelly, like Duvalier, proved himself adept at using carnival, and large public musical displays, as a distraction for the population from politics. During the run-up to his election, Martelly organized mega concerts with big-name celebrities to entice young people to his platform. Throughout his presidency, he maintained his flair for show business, which he would often bring to the political stage—sometimes vacillating between disarming charm and insult within the same appearance. This attribute gained him many admirers and many critics.
The Population’s Bacchanalia
Authors: Dirksen Rebecca
Published: April 2020

Some of Haiti’s most beloved musicians raised their voices to counter the antics of President Martelly and his associates. This chapter studies the carnival songs of two anti-establishment artists who captured the public’s imagination through their alternate approaches to political activism. The first is musician-comedian Matyas, around whom a protracted and preposterous storyline was constructed about his unlikely candidacy for the presidency, subsequent win, and the havoc he is able to bring about as a result of his high-powered fictitious position. Second, the roots-reggae group Brothers Posse released a consecutive series of acerbically critical music videos for each carnival during which Martelly was in office, before Brothers Posse’s lead Don Kato took his musical engagement to a literal conclusion and was elected to the Senate in 2015. As senator, Don Kato delivered a pointed warning in a carnival song about the PetroCaribe scandal, in which several billion dollars have gone missing.
Re-Sounding Mizik Angaje
Authors: Dirksen Rebecca
Published: April 2020

This chapter considers the music examined in this text from a broader lens, pointing out that angaje (politically engaged) expressive forms have been tied to defining moments in Haitian history when sovereignty has been challenged and fought for, including the Haitian Revolution, the US Occupation, and the downfall of Duvalier. This radical activist energy is intrinsic to mizik angaje (politically engaged music) and associated with artists such as Auguste Linstant de Pradines (Kandjo) and Manno Charlemagne. Reflections from musicians today who are widely thought of in terms of their serious engagement with social and political issues, from Matyas to Manzè to BIC (Roosevelt Saillant), suggest the wide array of current perspectives on what constitutes mizik angaje, or, alternatively, mizik sosyal (socially engaged music). This chapter goes on to underscore the deeper and more sustained cultural and political work that has to take place beyond the lyrics and musical performance for sustained change in society.
Variation in P
Authors: Garzonio Jacopo , Rossi Silvia
Published: April 2020

This introduction presents a brief overview of the major achievements on the internal syntax of spatial prepositional phrase (PPs) as developed in the generative literature of the past two decades. The most important ingredients of the Split-PP hypothesis identified by the works in Cinque and Rizzi (2010) are described, and integrated with new proposals on the basis of novel macro- and micro-comparative data presented in the chapters collected in the volume.
Case Variation in Eastern Polynesian Spatial PPs
Authors: Medeiros David J.
Published: April 2020

This chapter examines variation in terms of case marking within complex spatial prepositions in Hawaiian and Māori. A dialect difference is proposed such that post-revitalization Māori patterns with Hawaiian in the realization of genitive case within spatial prepositions (the cross-linguistically more common pattern), to the exclusion of pre-revitalization Māori. Working within a model in which genitive case within spatial prepositions follows from syntactic structure, the unexpected non-genitive marking in pre-revitalization Māori is linked to the grammar of possession in that language, as contrasted with Hawaiian and post-revitalization Māori. The specific case marking variation is modeled in terms of morphological feature matching in a Distributed Morphology framework. Therefore, independent properties of the grammar of possession accounts for the observed micro-variation.
AxParts and Case in Complex PPs
Authors: Garzonio Jacopo , Rossi Silvia
Published: April 2020

This chapter considers complex PPs involving a lexical/axial item such as under, over, and a small functional P (e.g., sotto (a)l tavolo “under (to) the table”) in Italian and some Italo-Romance varieties. It investigates in particular the types and the realization conditions of small functional Ps appearing in these structures. Adopting a Split-PP framework and the idea that all spatial PPs embed a null PLACE element, the authors argue that the small Ps are possessive case markers. The microcomparative differences across Italo-Romance varieties are linked to the different strategies to encode possession in the DP, and to different categorization (hence Merge positions) of lexical Ps/Axial items.
Prepositional “where” in Southern Italian Dialects
Authors: Munaro Nicola , Poletto Cecilia
Published: April 2020

This chapter investigates a phenomenon attested in some Southern Italian varieties, where a form identical to the wh-item meaning “where” can be used as a locative preposition. Since most of the dialects considered here only use P-where in cases of quasi-inalienable locative possession, this chapter adopts the recent proposal that the structural configuration of inalienable possession is to be interpreted as a RelatorP whose predicative head functions as the relator between the possessor, located in the specifier position, and the possessee, that is, the locative noun, sitting in the complement position. It also proposes that P-where exploits a sort of reduced relative in which the null classifier-like element PLACE located in the internal structure of the wh-item undergoes raising to the highest functional specifier; the reduced relative clause is taken to occupy the specifier of a bigger small clause, whose complement is represented by the RelatorP containing the actual lexical nouns.
Comitative P
Authors: Sciullo Anna Maria Di , Nicolis Marco , Somesfalean Stanca
Published: April 2020

This chapter investigates the diachronic development of the Italian comitative preposition con “with” and its pronominal complement. The authors verify the predictions of the Directional Asymmetry Principle, an independently motivated developmental universal, in the diachrony of Italian and argue that symmetry breaking reduces the choice between a valued and an unvalued variant of a functional feature associated with a functional head, here comitative P. As predicted by the hypothesis, this choice, which was available in earlier stages of Italian, is gradually reduced in Modern Italian. The authors relate variation in language to variation in evolutionary developmental biology. Because language variation is biologically grounded, and variation is a central concept in biology, a deeper understanding of linguistic diversity can be foreseen, that is, an understanding that goes beyond explanatory adequacy.
The Meaning of Property in Things
Authors: Wilson Bart J.
Published: April 2020

The central claim of the book is that property is a universal and uniquely human custom. Contra cultural relativists, every human society has property tools, utensils, and ornaments. Contra biologists, only Homo sapiens has property in things other than food, mates, and territories. Contra philosophers and legal scholars, the bedrock of property is custom, not rights. Contra social scientists and ordinary people, property is indeed a custom and not something that must be instituted by government. Property operates at the three levels. At the micro-level core of property is an organism that perceives the physical world through its body. The meso-level of property is the community within which the organism resides. At the macro-level of property are the institutions that unite strangers of different communities through the modern democratic concept of rights. Whereas the custom of property is ancient, moral, and universal to all people, property rights are modern, amoral, and majoritarian.
Primates Socially Transmit Tool Practices, but Humans Share Meaning-Laden Customs
Authors: Wilson Bart J.
Published: April 2020

The custom of property emerges out of the social practice of tool use in primates when symbolic thought is applied to it. Primates socially transmit tool practices, but humans share meaning-laden customs. The thingness of property as a custom comes from tools. Tool use is embodied knowledge, and property embodies the claim, “This is mine!” Humans socially transmit property with moral force. With symbolic thought, we can think about our actions, or others’, in the past and in the future, and we can evaluate them to be good or bad. We contemplate our conduct and our character in regards to the connections we make with things.
The Custom of Property Is Physically Contained
Authors: Wilson Bart J.
Published: April 2020

The class of words most likely to be overlooked in a title is the preposition. While this chapter briefly touches on of, as well as to and for, as examples of the mighty unsung and inversely proportional work that prepositions do in language, the focus in this chapter is on the cognitive contribution of the little word in. The chapter posits that an English language convention arose, and now has largely fallen out of use, for dealing with the formidable, yet beautiful, complexity of the meaning of property. The burden of the argument is to show that while this convention lasted for only 500 years, less than 1% of the time our modern species has roamed the planet, it provides an insight into how humans universally and uniquely cognize property. And the argument is this: Humans locate the meaning of property within a thing. Property is contained within the thing.
Disputes Explicate How We Cognize Property, Out of Which We Discover a Clear General Rule
Authors: Wilson Bart J.
Published: April 2020

This chapter reconsiders several prominent court cases involving property to work through how the book’s theory can be used to think about property disputes. Such disputes explicate how people cognize property, out of which a clear rule emerges. The custom for created goods is first-in-hand, especially if the thing is someone’s creation, but also if the thing is in the common state placed by nature. The custom may evolve to first-to-work-upon if, as the property law scholar Robert Ellickson clearly explains, the costs are high. Firstness, however, doesn’t matter if location priorly matters. Out of this discussion emerges a testable implication of the theory. If someone has property in Y and X is in Y, that person has property in X in Y. The rule is that simple, and a difficult case indicates how to test the rule.
Broad Focus
Authors: Devine A. M. , Stephens Laurence D.
Published: April 2020

This chapter identifies the neutral word order used for broad scope focus sentences in Latin and proposes a syntax-semantics interface for them. The semantics of adverbial adjuncts, directional arguments and nonreferential objects is also discussed. Other issues covered include existential and presentational sentences, verum focus and discourse cohesion operators.
Topics, Scrambling and Tails
Authors: Devine A. M. , Stephens Laurence D.
Published: April 2020

This chapter analyzes the syntax and semantics of information structure within the cofocus. In particular, it covers simple and contrastive topics, scrambling (which plays an import role in Latin syntax), tail subjects and tail objects. Various types of verb raising are also analyzed.
Nominals
Authors: Devine A. M. , Stephens Laurence D.
Published: April 2020

In Latin information structure is syntactically represented within noun and adjective phrases as well as at the clausal level. This chapter gives a syntax-semantics interface for topic and focus structures in nominal phrases, covering nomina agentis, nomina actionis, quantifiers, and continuous and discontinuous modifiers. Hyperbaton is treated as a syntactic, rather than purely prosodic, construction.
Water Security and Gender Inequality
Authors: Larson Rhett B.
Published: April 2020

The burden of water insecurity is often disproportionately borne by girls and young women. In many parts of the developing world, girls and young women spend hours every day in water-gathering work for their households, often under dangerous conditions and even more often in ways that effectively prevent them from pursuing an education or other employment. Additionally, cultural taboos surrounding menstruation and inadequate hygiene and sanitation facilities add to the burden of water insecurity borne by women. Advancing water security is one of the most important goals for improving gender equality. While water laws can aggravate gender inequality in the water, sanitation, and hygiene sector, human rights laws can also help address those challenges. Additionally, legal reforms to encourage greater stakeholder participation and broader access to landownership can further improve water security and the vital role women play in its advance.
Water Security and Technological Innovation
Authors: Larson Rhett B.
Published: April 2020

For many, the promise of technological innovation is a source of optimism in the pursuit of water security. Improved technologies allow us to use water more efficiently and conserve our water resources. But some of these technologies face legal obstacles, or else, in the case of smart appliances and meters, cultural opposition. Water augmentation technologies could conceivably increase our water supply, through desalination or cloud seeding. But these technologies have environmental costs and raise complex questions regarding water allocation and equity as wealthy countries and communities augment their water supplies through costly means. Additionally, water represents both our hope and greatest challenge for a future among the stars. This chapter discusses the role of water law in advancing technologies for water conservation, managing technologies for water augmentation, and imagining the future legal regimes associated with water rights on other planets.
Perception and Perceptual Belief
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: April 2020

This chapter shows how perception is experiential, relational, and representational: in broad terms, a phenomenally representational, discriminative, non-deviant causal relation to an object. In seeing, we have visual experience; in visual experience that is perceptual and not merely sensory, as in hallucinations, some object is visually represented as having certain properties; and genuinely seeing an object entails that it exists. This view of perception is a version of realism. It is realistic about both the objects of perception and the phenomenal properties we instantiate in perceptual experience. The view leaves open, however, the ultimate ontological status of those objects and properties. The properties, however, must be understood to have a character that enables us both to experience what, phenomenologically, it is like to see and what, externally, the things seen are like physically.
Reasons, Perceptual Grounds, and Normative Explanation
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: April 2020

Reasons come in many forms. There are reasons to believe, for believing, for which one believes, and why one believes; and some are internal reasons we have, others external reasons we lack. This chapter clarifies how we have normative reasons for beliefs in virtue of certain experiential states that ground those reasons: these states, including sense-experiences and hedonic experiences, are the kinds that ground the rationality of beliefs or the desirability of acts. Normative reasons, practical as well as theoretical, are themselves grounded in certain experiential elements, including perceptions as a central kind. Normative reasons for belief are unified by their explanatory scope: they can explain propositional justification—roughly, justification that at least permits our properly believing propositions adequately supported by our experience. These normative explanations parallel causal explanations that hold between the experiential elements, such as perceptions, that ground the reasons and the doxastically justified beliefs that reflect those experiences.
Knowing, Reasoning, and Doing
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: April 2020

This chapter draws on earlier ones in developing a critique of intellectualism, especially as applied to the philosophy of action. For intellectualism, theoretical knowledge is more basic than practical knowledge, and action, at least if performed for a good reason, must be knowledge-guided and not just guided by otherwise appropriate beliefs. Intellectualism is shown too strong on at least three counts. Knowing how is not reducible to knowing that; knowledge is not required for premises of practical reasoning; and (normative) reasons for action need not be factive, much less constituted by known propositions. These conclusions by no means imply that knowledge is not important for understanding action and practical reasoning, especially rational action and good practical reasoning. It is also true that intentional actions correspond to (possibly hypothetical) practical reasoning; but this point is shown to be very different from the intellectualist view that they are based on actual practical reasoning.
The Revolution in Freedoms of Press and Speech
Authors: Bird Wendell
Published: April 2020

This book discusses the revolutionary broadening of concepts of freedoms of press and speech in Great Britain and in America during the quarter century before the First Amendment and Fox’s Libel Act. The conventional view of the history of freedoms of press and speech is that the common law since antiquity defined those freedoms narrowly. In that view, Sir William Blackstone in 1769, and Lord Chief Justice Mansfield in 1770, faithfully summarized that common law in giving very narrow definitions of those freedoms as mere liberty from prior restraint and not as liberty from punishment after printing or speaking (the political crimes of seditious libel and seditious speech). Today, that view continues to be held by neo-Blackstonians, and remains dominant or at least very influential among historians. Neo-Blackstonians claim that the Framers used freedom of press “in a Blackstonian sense to mean a guarantee against previous restraints” with no protection against “subsequent restraints” (punishment) of seditious expression. Neo-Blackstonians further claim that “[n]o other definition of freedom of the press by anyone anywhere in America before 1798” existed. This book, by contrast, concludes that a broad definition and understanding of freedoms of press and speech was the dominant context of the First Amendment and of Fox’s Libel Act. Its basis is hundreds of examples of a broad understanding of freedoms of press and speech, in both Britain and America, in the late eighteenth century. For example, a book published in London in 1760 by a Scottish lawyer, George Wallace, stated that it is tyranny “to restrain the freedom of speculative disquisitions,” and because “men have a right to think for themselves, and to publish their thoughts,” it is “monstrous … under the pretext of the authority of laws, which ought never to have been enacted … attempting to restrain the liberty of the press” (seditious libel law). This book also challenges the conventional view of Blackstone and the neo-Blackstonians. Blackstone and Mansfield did not find any definition in the common law, but instead selected the narrowest definition in popular essays from the prior seventy years. Blackstone misdescribed it as an accepted common law definition, which in fact did not exist, and a year later Mansfield inserted a similar definition into the common law for the first time. Both misdescribed that narrow definition and the unique rules for prosecuting sedition as ancient. They were leading a counter-revolution, cloaked as a summary of a narrow and ancient common law doctrine that was neither.
Introduction
Authors: Bird Wendell
Published: April 2020

The “father of the Bill of Rights,” James Madison, described the unqualified words protecting freedoms of speech and press as embodying a broad definition rather than a narrow definition of those liberties. Upon offering those provisions, he said that “freedom of the press and rights of conscience . . . are unguarded in the British constitution,” including the common law, and that “every government should be disarmed of powers which trench upon those particular rights.” In Madison’s draft and in the final First Amendment, each clause was worded to modify or to reject the English common law on point in order to provide for far greater protection of individual liberties; no clause was worded with the restrictions that the common law imposed. Was Madison right? Are freedoms of press and speech in the First Amendment broad or narrow protections?
A Court of Specialists
Authors: Hanretty Chris
Published: April 2020

This book explains how judges on the UK Supreme Court behave. It looks at different stages in the court's decision-making process—from the initial selection of cases, to the choice of judges to sit on panels, to the final outcome. The main argument of the book is that judges' behavior is strongly affected by their specialism in different areas of law. Cases in tax law (or family law, or public law) are more likely to be heard by specialists in that area, and those specialists are more likely to write the court's decision—or disagree with the decision when there is dissent. Legal factors like specialization in areas of law explains more of the court's work than do political differences between judges.
Who Wins?
Authors: Hanretty Chris
Published: April 2020

This chapter looks at whether appellants succeed before the Supreme Court. Around half of appellants succeed, and these rates of success vary by area of law and by the type of appellant. The strongest predictors of success, however, have to do with the route the case took to the court. Appellants are more likely to succeed if the Supreme Court itself granted permission to appeal (rather than having leave granted by the lower court), and if appellants were able to convince at least some judges in lower courts. Success is not wholly determined by what happens in lower courts, however: litigants who employ one additional senior lawyer are more likely to succeed.
To Recognize or Not?
Authors: King Elisabeth
Published: April 2020

This introductory chapter presents the book’s driving questions, introduces the term “ethnic recognition,” explains the book’s focus on institutions in post-conflict contexts, and lays out the plan of the rest of the book. The book asks: Under what conditions do governments manage internal violent conflicts by formally recognizing different ethnic identities? Moreover, what are the implications for peace? This introduction reviews the book’s theoretical arguments in brief, motivating a focus on ethnic power configurations and especially leaders’ status as minority or non-minority group members as a key condition for both the adoption and effects of recognition. It introduces our mixed-methods approach, then reviews the key findings. Recognition is adopted about 40 percent of the time; it is much more likely when the leader is from the largest ethnic group, as opposed to an ethnic minority; and it generally promotes peace better than non-recognition under plurality leadership.
The Two-Degree Solution
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro
Published: April 2020

This chapter highlights possible solutions to avoid global warming and its consequences for health. An energy policy firm, Energy Innovation, created a model on how current energy policies would impact future carbon emissions. Industry has the greatest potential for cutting back on global emissions through policies focused on more efficient energy production and stricter emissions standards. Power sector (electricity) emissions would decline with renewable energy incentives and improving the grid's capacity to accommodate multiple energy sources. Transportation sector emissions would drop with stricter fuel economy standards and more green urban transportation systems. The energy consumption of buildings could decrease with more efficient building codes and appliance standards. Meanwhile, carbon pricing is a cross-sector policy that would create carbon taxes and caps, while land use emissions could be reduced through policies aimed at reducing deforestation and forest degradation.
Pseudoscience and Abortion Policy
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro
Published: April 2020

This chapter demonstrates how arguments against abortion are often based on pseudoscience. Twenty-nine states, home to 88 million women, have implemented at least two state-wide abortion restrictions not backed by scientific evidence. For example, Texas’s “A Woman’s Right to Know” booklet, offered to patients before having an abortion, uses deceptive language to lead readers to believe that abortion increases the risk of breast cancer. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists released a statement in 2009 concluding that there is “no association between induced abortion and breast cancer.” Meanwhile, Kentucky’s Senate Bill 5, passed in 2017, made it illegal to have an abortion after the twentieth week of pregnancy. The sponsor of the bill cited fetal pain as justification for the law, calling abortion after 20 weeks an “awful painful experience” for the fetus. However, a review of fetal pain evidence found that fetuses are unlikely to feel pain before the third trimester (around 29 weeks). Overall, Kansas, Texas, and South Dakota have the highest number of these types of pseudoscientific information policies in place.