bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Supererogatory Moral Risks of Military Service
Authors: Strawser Bradley Jay
Published: January 2024

Revisionist just war theorists argue that soldiers who serve in the military take on a risk that they will act in morally impermissible ways if, for example, they are commanded to fight in a war that is unjust. This is taken as a moral reason against participating in military service, especially in the absence of strong provisions for selective conscientious objection. However, in this chapter, Bradley Strawser turns this reasoning on its head, arguing instead that by voluntarily assuming a risk of moral wrongdoing, soldiers are actually performing a morally supererogatory act. Strawser starts from the premise that state militaries are at least in some cases both necessary and morally justified. Therefore, we require some individuals within our society to assume the risks not only of physical harm, but the risk of wrongdoing that military service entails. Those who serve in the military shoulder this moral burden—knowing they may thereby commit a severe moral wrong. Doing so is morally laudatory because someone from the broader society needs to do it. Strawser calls this the ‘Noble Risk Argument’. Strawser shows how the assumption of moral risk closely tracks the praiseworthy way in which individuals assume risk in other contexts to help society achieve important collective goals. He also examines how the idea of noble risk connects with the way soldiers view their own activity—as well as showing how the Noble Risk Argument provides support for a policy of conscription to more fairly share the burden of moral risk.
Tensions between the Pursuit of Criminal Accountability and Other International Policy Agendas in Situations of Armed Conflict
Authors: Nouwen Sarah M.H.
Published: January 2024

Focusing on one particular manifestation of the individualization of war, Sarah Nouwen illustrates how the pursuit of individual criminal accountability can create tensions with at least nine other policy agendas: the promotion of peace; humanitarian relief; humanitarian law promotion; military action to end atrocities; peacekeeping; economic cooperation; human rights promotion; rule-of-law promotion and democratization. In so doing, she also evaluates the strengths and limitations of the editors’ theoretical framework for conceptualizing both the kinds of tensions that the individualization of war can create (normative; practical-inherent; practical-contingent) and the strategies of resolution that have been adopted by scholars and practitioners. Whereas most of the tensions arising from individualization do not exist at the normative level—the objectives are not conflicting—and the difference between inherent and contingent is hard to draw, one key source of tensions is the diverging log ics of policy agendas: what is deemed necessary to pursue those objectives. With respect to the ‘resolution’ of the tensions, Nouwen argues that some tensions are inherent in the concept of individualization, while others are intentionally created and therefore not meant to be resolved. Finally, the chapter points out that some of the purported strategies for resolution in fact do not ‘resolve’ tensions but prioritize one policy agenda over another. Whether through legal or more ad hoc strategies, these prioritizations are ultimately determined by political choice.
Introduction
Authors: Romano Livio , Traù Fabrizio
Published: January 2024

The book is about industrial development in the years of globalization, focusing on the spreading of manufacturing activities beyond the boundaries of ‘advanced’ economies, which has led to a ‘new’ industrial world as a polycentric entity. It is argued that this has not been driven by the advent of globalization as such (i.e. by the spreading of free multilateral trade all over the world). Consistently with this, manufacturing development has concerned only a relatively limited number of underdeveloped economies (mainly located in Eastern Asia). Such economies found their way searching for dynamic comparative advantages, pursuing them through active and selective investment policies (often on a conditional basis). These policies were grounded on the knowledge and the capabilities these countries had already been able to develop that far, and they were driven by the aim to emulate what already industrialized countries had done in the past. According to the view set forth in this book, globalization has been the fuel, but not the engine, of the emergence of the new industrial world.
A New Landscape for World Manufacturing Production
Authors: Romano Livio , Traù Fabrizio
Published: January 2024

The early 2000s have witnessed a substantial change in the geographical distribution of manufacturing activity all across the world. The most striking feature of such a change is the emergence, at the very same time, of several new industrial economies, i.e. the fact that industrial development has been spreading beyond the narrow boundaries of the ‘advanced’ world. The catching-up process of emerging economies, involving a conspicuous increase in their overall weight on world total output, has led to an increase in their capability to exert an influence on the global economy. But it has also led, in many cases, to a remarkable transformation of their internal economic structure, setting them on the tracks of a new development path. This chapter is aimed at describing such transformations by looking at them from different points of view, providing some measures of the changes occurred and highlighting the important differences that can be observed in the behaviour of individual countries.
The Role of External Demand in Manufacturing Development
Authors: Romano Livio , Traù Fabrizio
Published: January 2024

The chapter discusses the relationship between industrial development and structural change in the Globalization Age. In particular, it sets within the same framework the fact that both the sectoral concentration of activities within the manufacturing sector and the internal structure of the whole economy do change in the course of industrial development and shows that both these phenomena are characterized by important differences among different groups of countries. Such differences are claimed to depend upon the time at which industrial development has taken place. It is showed that for late industrializing countries the intra and inter-sectoral structural adjustment has been significantly faster as compared to that of those nations that built their manufacturing base earlier. This has involved in former countries an early increasing sectoral concentration of manufacturing activities as compared to those economies whose industrialization occurred previously, and an earlier decline in the manufacturing share on the total economy.
Defining Cinema
Authors: Slowik Michael
Published: January 2024

Defining Cinema: Rouben Mamoulian and Hollywood Film Style, 1929–1957 is an in-depth study of Mamoulian’s films, the ideas behind them, and their place within the history of sound cinema. Though Mamoulian was a filmmaker of startling originality in the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, his contributions to film history have gone underexamined, and Mamoulian remains badly undervalued and insufficiently understood. A close look at Mamoulian reveals a largely untold story of a director who possessed a consistent and ambitious vision of cinema throughout his career. Armed with specific theories of cinema that he wrote and spoke about at length, Mamoulian innovated ways of making sound express ideas about the story; showcased methods for increasing the pace of cinema during its transition to sound and beyond; did foundational work in various forms of the musical, fairy-tale, and folk musical subgenres; presented experimental and influential approaches to color design; and was a central figure for pushing the boundaries of studio-era censorship. By understanding Mamoulian’s theories, his films, and the contexts within which he worked, we gain nothing less than a clearer picture of the stylistic history of American cinema.
Mamoulian and Rhythm
Authors: Slowik Michael
Published: January 2024

The chapter “Mamoulian and Rhythm” examines how Rouben Mamoulian’s theories of rhythm played out across his career. Rhythm was Mamoulian’s most prized artistic concept, and he explored it first on the stage before applying it to film. After covering his early stage work, the chapter examines how his debut film, Applause (1929), used methods that gave the film a sense of momentum and vitality at a time when many industry professionals were complaining about the era’s turgidly paced films. The chapter’s second half then examines Mamoulian’s rhythmic methods beyond the early sound period, including the literal use of an on-set metronome and conductor’s baton, and the employment of musical performance within many of the non-musicals that he directed. Doing so demonstrates that Mamoulian often was essentially a director of musicals even when he was not technically directing one.
Mamoulian and the Musical
Authors: Slowik Michael
Published: January 2024

The chapter “Mamoulian and the Musical” chronologically examines Rouben Mamoulian’s musicals in film and theater from the 1920s through the 1950s. In cinema, Mamoulian did pioneering work in the show, fairy-tale, and folk-musical subgenres, and his integration of music, dance, speech, and movement—and more generally his methods for stylizing the genre—displayed considerable foresight. Applause (1929) explored ways of making Hollywood’s stage-bound musical numbers more cinematic and offered an unprecedently forceful examination of performer-spectator dynamics. Love Me Tonight (1932) provided an early model for extreme stylization in the genre, while High, Wide and Handsome (1937) offered a prototype for grounding musical numbers in land-based work. Mamoulian’s stage productions of Oklahoma! (1943) and Carousel (1945) pushed him more fully into folk musicals and fueled his belief in tight narrative-number integration, ideas he explored further in the experimental Summer Holiday (1948). The history of the American film musical cannot be written without acknowledging Mamoulian as one of its central innovators.
Mamoulian and Color
Authors: Slowik Michael
Published: January 2024

The chapter “Mamoulian and Color” takes a chronological look at the four Technicolor films Rouben Mamoulian directed—Becky Sharp (1935), Blood and Sand (1941), Summer Holiday (1948), and Silk Stockings (1957)—and how his color methods fit his broader theories of artistry. Becky Sharp was the first three-strip Technicolor feature, yet it was only an opening volley for Mamoulian, who formulated a more carefully controlled and rigorous color plan for Blood and Sand and Summer Holiday. Blood and Sand demonstrated the value of basing color design off the palettes of famous painters, while Summer Holiday featured one of the first overt experiments with subjective color. Taken together, Mamoulian’s films offered early pathbreaking approaches for three-strip color design.
Mamoulian and Filmmaking under Censorship
Authors: Slowik Michael
Published: January 2024

The chapter “Mamoulian and Filmmaking under Censorship” examines four films directed by Rouben Mamoulian—Applause (1929), Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931), The Song of Songs (1933), and Queen Christina (1933)—whose sexual content pushed against censorship boundaries. Drawing extensively upon Production Code documents and Mamoulian’s personal papers, it examines the debates, excisions, and stakes behind these four films and demonstrates that Mamoulian was one of the central forces in pressing the industry to define what kind of entertainment a censored sound film could offer. By stylizing sound and image, Mamoulian showed how a salient sound-era style could address sex frankly, convey a particular stance toward it, and render it subjective and exciting—all while generally avoiding the display of censorable images in the early sound years.
The Invented State
Authors: Thorson Emily
Published: January 2024

Many Americans hold substantial misperceptions about what the government actually does. However, they get the facts wrong not because they are lazy, stupid, or blinded by partisan loyalty. Rather, information about existing policy is largely unavailable to them. News coverage instead prioritizes strategy, novelty, and change. Faced with these gaps in their knowledge, people often engage in inductive reasoning about public policies, especially when they care deeply about a particular issue. They draw on cues from the environment (sometimes including misleading information from elites) and their own cognitive heuristics to make inferences about what the government does. Many of these inferences are incorrect, and together they make up what I call the “invented state”: widespread misperceptions about public policy. However, correcting these policy misperceptions is highly effective at reducing false beliefs. In addition, providing people with corrective information has downstream effects on attitudes. When they learn how policies—including Social Security, refugee policy, and TANF—really work, their approval of these policies increases, and they also shift their policy priorities. Contrary to pundits’ assumptions of a public who is largely indifferent to policy, there is a deep public desire to learn basic facts about how the government works.
The construction of beliefs about policy
Authors: Thorson Emily
Published: January 2024

This chapter answers two questions about how inductive reasoning creates policy misperceptions. The first asks why we engage in inductive reasoning around some policies but not others. In a world where attention is limited and political interest is often minimal, under what circumstances do people bother engaging in the cognitive work of making inferences about a particular policy? The chapter answers this question with an experiment, showing how personal relevance can spur inductive reasoning. The second question is descriptive: When we engage in inductive reasoning, what kinds of explanations do we invent, and why are some so wrong? I draw on the responses to open-ended survey questions to explore how specific strategies of inductive reasoning can lead people astray. Finally, I conclude by highlighting the importance of these findings for our understanding of what citizens know—and get wrong—about policy.
Final Cause
Authors: Thomas Peter D.
Published: January 2024

The first chapter focuses on the relation of emancipatory politics to the state. It argues that revisiting Nicos Poulantzas’s “democratic road to socialism” and his (missed) engagement with Gramsci’s notion of the “integral state” can help to clarify the limitations of recent strategical proposals of exodus, distancing, or subtraction from the state. It is by means of a hegemonic form of politics, Gramsci argues, that the integral state can be dissolved into the “non-place” of a political relation. This practical and critical deconstructive relation opens the way for the emergence of a form of political power “of a completely different type.” Such a perspective enables us to rethink the theoretical foundations of the notion of “dual power,” a tradition of critical reflection that is particularly capable of illuminating key dynamics in contemporary extra-parliamentary mobilizations and movements focused on the construction of alternative institutions of emancipatory political engagement.
Formal Cause
Authors: Thomas Peter D.
Published: January 2024

The fourth chapter advocates for the renewal of the political party as a coherent expression of the intersections of the multiplicity of contemporary radical, emancipatory political movements. Recent debates regarding the nature of political organization, horizontalism, and the party-form are analyzed in relation to the notion of the “compositional party,” derived from the experiences of Italian workerism in the 1960s and 1970s, and the conceptualization of the party as a form in which a unitary “political subject” could be forged—theorized most coherently by Lukács in the early 1920s. In this chapter, both models are argued to participate in the Janus-faced problematic of political (in)formalism. Gramsci’s notion of the modern Prince instead is presented as a form of organization that can comprehend the “constituent assemblying beyond constitutionalization” of contemporary movements. The modern Prince therefore represents a practice of organization able to extend the expansive horizon of real movements of historical self-emancipation.
Conclusion
Authors: Thomas Peter D.
Published: January 2024

The conclusion argues that the radical movements of the early twenty-first century should be viewed as an intergenerational learning process in practices of de-subalternization. It also provides a programmatic summary of the main arguments of Radical Politics regarding the final, material, efficient, and formal causes of contemporary emancipation. The pervasive logic of the integral state’s separation of association and organization must be deconstructed in the midst of struggles against it, just as representative “politics as usual” must be challenged by alternative practices of delegation. Hegemony, conceived as the openness to innovation of an experimental risk, is argued to represent a shared method by means of which contemporary, intersectional sociopolitical movements can actualize their capacities for self-organization and self-governance. The open question of the political party, finally, appears as a challenge to empower a diversity of interests and experiences through the categorical imperative that has always governed radical politics: self-emancipation.
The School of Revolution
Authors: Holmes Amy Austin
Published: January 2024

This chapter will explain how the new education system, set up by the Autonomous Administration, contributed to deradicalization after Baathist and ISIS rule, empowered ethnic and religious minorities by introducing a new Kurdish and Aramaic language curriculum, and also expanded the state-like bureaucracy. In establishing a new education system, the Administration was confronted with seven challenges, and I explain how officials have attempted to overcome each of them. One problem for which they do not yet have a solution is the refusal of the Syrian regime to recognize the degrees from their schools.
Equity and Gender Roles in Marriage
Authors: Wetzel Grace M. , Sanchez Diana T.
Published: January 2024

Research indicates that there are gender disparities between men and women that continue to persist across numerous domains of marital life. These include household responsibility, child care, financial contribution, mental load, and sexual pleasure. For example, as women have entered the workforce in steadily increasing numbers, their status as the primary caretakers at home has not shifted as quickly (a phenomenon called the “second shift”). This chapter will cover current research on the gender discrepancies in each of these areas, and how they are upheld by heteronormative gender roles. We will assess the strides that modern society has taken toward progress, as well as the areas where there is still work to be done to achieve true equity in marriage.
Transforming Choral Singing
Authors: Beale Charles W.
Published: January 2024

Transforming Choral Singing: An Activist’s Guide for Choir Directors argues that choral singing is ripe for change. It proposes four main principles that should guide its goals, musical practices, and social practices. These are connection, impact, social justice, and stylistic openness. Together, these principles offer a provocative and contemporary paradigm shift, grounded in the idea of what choral singing is for, and how it functions in the world. This paradigm shift clears away notions of canon, and enables a largely white, older, cisgender, straight-acting, ableist, and neurotypical field, to become more equitable and inclusive. It has profound implications for why we sing, what we sing, how we sing, and how choral directors should conduct, teach, rehearse, and lead a choral community. The main body of the book is in nine chapters, covering mission, vocal sound, rhythm and groove, improvising, programming, conducting and leading a choral community, teaching and learning, and the daily practice of equity and inclusion. Each chapter consists of an opening text that explains how the four principles can be applied in that area, and a second section that demonstrates their application through a lively mix of practical workshops, tips, and suggestions, that are applicable in school, college, church, and community choir contexts. Offering a new direction of travel, the book closes with a series of calls to action, and lays out a potentially transforming “activist” vision for the whole field, which conceives of all choral singing primarily as a powerful catalyst for musical and social change.
The Daily Practice of Equity and Inclusion
Authors: Beale Charles W.
Published: January 2024

Focusing on choirs as social spaces, this chapter lays out key concepts underlying Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) work, including equity, privilege, and intersectionality. Workshops demonstrate how to apply those concepts systematically in choirs and choruses, in ways that make a choir a braver space, where clear and proactive structures are in place to ensure fairness and respect, and marginalized and vulnerable singers can feel more comfortable and bring their full selves to their singing. Issues around being white in charge of an inclusive and equitable choir are explicitly addressed, as is getting beyond white fragility. The workshops cover respect protocols; “Oops” and “Ouch”; microaggressions; welcome, engagement, and belonging; and how privilege is systemic. Suggestions and tips cover the trans and non-binary voice, inclusive auditioning, the older voice, accommodating and adapting for singers with disabilities, and the retention of BIPOC singers.
Doctor, Teacher, Terrorist
Authors: Gohel Sajjan M.
Published: January 2024

This is the definitive account of al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri. It traces his role in the growth and evolution of transnational terrorism, which spanned more than half a century in total. Having grown up in an illustrious Egyptian family of doctors, lawyers, clergy, and politicians, al-Zawahiri rebelled against his own society, which he deemed had deviated from its religious identity. Whilst studying medicine, al-Zawahiri dedicated his life to sedition and violent rebellion against the international order. Ayman al-Zawahiri led an incomparable life. The Egyptian found himself in many of the places history was being determined in real time. His journey takes us across Egypt, Sudan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, as well as the United States and Russia. With the deft touch of a teacher, al-Zawahiri delegated numerous murderous assignments globally. He engaged in the assassination of political leaders, sought to develop chemical and biological weapons, recruited double and triple agents, turned the tables on his enemies, and pioneered the use of new media technology to convey al-Qaeda’s zealotry. In 2011, al-Zawahiri succeeded his close ally Osama bin Laden to head al-Qaeda, with a shrewd understanding of what was needed to rebuild and reform his organisation. Of all fugitives worldwide, al-Zawahiri had the highest reward on his head. After decades on the run, al-Zawahiri was killed in a drone strike in Afghanistan in 2022. But against the background of the Arab Spring and Western withdrawal from Afghanistan, his legacy left a foundation for al-Qaeda’s future on the terrorist world stage for years to come.
On Rheostasis
Authors: Stevenson Tyler John
Published: January 2024

It is broadly accepted that the principles of homeostasis apply to all forms of physiological stability. This book presents an alternative interpretation and reviews evidence indicating that multiple forms of physiological stability exist in a hierarchical manner. The concept of rheostasis is described and shown to be a distinct mechanism to govern regulated changes in physiological stability. Using three decades of data at genetic, cellular, hormonal, neural, and behavioral levels the concept of a single fixed homeostatic set point is challenged and instead shown to vary predictably over time. Examples used to illustrate that homeostasis and rheostasis are distinct physiological mechanisms include biological rhythms, reproduction, energy balance, and the innate immune response. A theoretical framework for the hierarchical control of physiological stability, supported by mathematical modeling is described and includes homeostasis, rheostasis, and allostasis. The concepts outlined provide a fresh perspective of physiological control of healthy animals and a new understanding of the underlying causes and consequences of disruption or damage to any level of physiological stability.
Price and Income Effects in Insurance
Authors: Nyman John A.
Published: January 2024

This chapter reviews the studies that demonstrate the importance of the income effect in insurance. These studies represent the findings of surveys, empirical analyses, and theoretical work. The chapter also includes a section that discusses unintended impact of policies designed to reduce moral hazard and the welfare of moral hazard if viewed as a transactions cost. It also includes a section on the demand for insurance that covers the loss of consumer products by their replacement. An appendix discusses the RAND Health Insurance Experiment, as its findings have had an outsized influence on policy. It suggests that rather than a gold standard study, attrition from the experiment by participants in the cost-sharing arms who became ill has biased the RAND results and is responsible for the finding that cost-sharing could be imposed with no substantial effect on health.
The Class Politics in Postcommunist Europe
Authors: Snegovaya Maria
Published: January 2024

This chapter helps explain the book’s focus on working-class electorates across the postcommunist region. First, working-class electorates are precisely the groups that are typically associated with traditional left support and the classic alignment of left parties on the left side of the political spectrum along the economic axis. Just as in Western Europe, in the postcommunist region more redistributionist positions along the economic dimension tend to correspond to economic preferences of working-class electorates. Second, in the Eastern European context, working-class groups are particularly important electorally. Unlike in Western Europe, where structural change in the economy has led to a reduction in the sheer size of working-class groups, in the postcommunist context working-class groups still constitute a disproportionally high share of voters. This fact explains why in Eastern Europe the programmatic rebranding of ex-communist left parties (which followed the Western European model) tended to have such a consequential impact on their fortunes.
Anarchy or Chaos
Authors: Laursen Ole Birk
Published: January 2024

In this fascinating biography of the Indian revolutionary M. P. T. Acharya (1887–1954), Ole Birk Laursen uncovers the remarkable transnational networks, movements, and activities of India’s most important anticolonial anarchist in the twentieth century. Driven by the urge for complete freedom from colonialism, authoritarianism, fascism, and militarism, which are rooted in the idea and politics of the nation-state, Acharya fought for an international vision of socialism and freedom. During the tumultuous opening decades of the 1900s--marked by the globalization of radical inter-revolutionary struggles, world wars, the rise of communism and fascism, and the growth of colonial independence movements—Acharya allied himself with pacifists, anarchists, radical socialists, and anticolonial fighters in exile, championing a future free from any form of oppression, whether by colonial rulers or native masters. Drawing on a wealth of archival material, private correspondence, and other primary sources, Laursen demonstrates that, among his contemporaries, Acharya’s turn to anarchism was unique and pioneering in the struggle for Indian independence. Anarchy or Chaos is the first comprehensive study of M. P. T. Acharya. It offers a new understanding of the global and entangled history of anarchism and anticolonialism in the first half of the twentieth century.
Exile in Europe
Authors: Laursen Ole Birk
Published: January 2024

This chapter takes us beyond the centre–periphery dichotomy of anticolonialism. After M. P. T. Acharya embarked on a misguided venture to Morocco in an act of anticolonial solidarity with the Rifs, he spent time in Lisbon, before arriving in Paris in October 1909, and the chapter investigates the politics of Indian anticolonialism in Europe beyond the reach of the British authorities. It brings to light tales of arms smuggling, printing seditious literature, and the formation of anticolonial alliances with Egyptian nationalists in exile in Paris. The chapter examines Acharya’s sojourn in Berlin and Munich, attempting to start new nationalist groups, while living precariously and with great uncertainty. Set against the Italo-Turkish war of 1911, the chapter concludes with Acharya’s activities in Turkey, where he sought to foment transnational anti-British alliances with the Young Turks and foster connections between India’s Muslims and the Islamic world. The chapter unveils the ways in which anticolonial politics in exile was often simultaneously militant and precarious, characterized by mobility and uncertainty, while consciously building anticolonial and inter-revolutionary alliances in the greater struggle against imperialism.
International Socialism and World Peace
Authors: Laursen Ole Birk
Published: January 2024

This chapter charts M. P. T. Acharya’s and Virendranath Chattopadhyaya’s two years among international socialists in the Second International. With the tides of the war turning, Acharya and Chatto sought out new allies in the freedom struggle and relocated to Stockholm in May 1917 to bring the question of Indian independence into the discussions of peace. They set up the Indiska Nationalkommittén (Indian National Committee, INK), found a small office, published propaganda in Scandinavian newspapers, and set to work among and within other colonial and subject peoples in the Swedish capital. The chapter explores how Stockholm became a hub of anticolonialism in the last years of the First World War, and how they engaged with social democrats and the limits of international socialism. The 1917 Russian revolution set in motion new directions, and at the end of the war it was clear to Acharya and Chattopadhyaya that they could not rely on help from Europe’s socialist leaders in the struggle for Indian freedom.
The Indian Communist Party
Authors: Laursen Ole Birk
Published: January 2024

This chapter offers detailed insight into the collaboration between the Indian revolutionaries in Russia, the formation of the Indian Communist Party (ICP), its relation to the Comintern, and early activities. While Acharya remained a member of the Indian Revolutionary Association, he was also instrumental in the formative months of the ICP, leading missions to Andijan, Skobelev, and Bukhara, and recruiting new members into the party. Roy’s grip on the party and Acharya’s continued membership of the IRA became a contentious issue, and only two months after the formation of the ICP the Indians discussed Acharya’s allegiance to the Bolsheviks. Expelled from the ICP in late December 1920, the division between the Indian revolutionaries grew wider as Virendranath Chattopadhyaya and a group of Indians from Berlin arrived in the spring of 1921 to propose an alternative to M. N. Roy’s group. Focusing on rivalries and counter-revolution, the chapter brings to light a fascinating and problematic history of the birth of Indian communism in exile.
Return to India
Authors: Laursen Ole Birk
Published: January 2024

This chapter charts M. P. T. Acharya’s first years back in India. Where his time in Berlin and exile were marked by close friendships and associations, his return to Bombay was characterized by isolation. While he still corresponded with anarchists across the world and engaged with the Spanish Civil War from an Indian perspective, he also found time to reflect on his long career as an Indian anticolonial revolutionary and wrote his memoirs as well as several articles on figures such as Chatto, Madame Cama, and Savarkar. In many ways, as the chapter makes clear, these accounted for his turn to and engagement with anarchism and utopianism. In Bombay, as the chapter illuminates, Acharya found new ways to bring anarchism into libertarian, left-wing debates in India through his association with Ranchoddas Bhavan Lotvala and the Indian Institute of Sociology (IIS). The outbreak of the Second World War, however, put a stop to Acharya’s efforts to spread anarchism in India.
Towards Freedom
Authors: Laursen Ole Birk
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines M. P. T. Acharya’s attempts to reconnect with old friends in the anarchist movement, while also building a movement at home and looking eastwards towards Asia for new connections, as well as his involvement with Commission for International Anarchist Relations (CRIA). Now in his late fifties and suffering from health issues, Acharya worked tirelessly to build up an anarchist movement in India and to connect it to a global movement. This involved setting up a library in Bombay, asking friends to send anarchist literature for the reading room, and publishing a new libertarian socialist journal with Ranchoddas Bhavan Lotvala. At the same time, Acharya debated internationalism and the future of anarchist relations within CRIA and with Asian anarchists, as the chapter concludes, thus reorienting global intellectual conversations away from Europe and the Americas.
Epilogue
Authors: Laursen Ole Birk
Published: January 2024

This chapter reflects on how M. P. T. Acharya was remembered, initially, and subsequently forgotten as India’s most important anarchist theoretician and proponent. Obituaries and tributes soon poured in from anarchists across the world, but only a few years after his death, Acharya’s contribution to anti-imperialist and anarchist debates about the true meaning of freedom had been overlooked. This biography, then, is a recovery of a unique history with broader implications and histories; a journey through anticolonialism, communism, pacifism, and anarchism in the pursuit of freedom over imperialism. Indeed, if, as Adom Getachew notes, ‘the universalization of the nation-state marked an important triumph over European imperialism, it has also come to represent a political form incapable of realizing the ideals of a democratic, egalitarian, and anti-imperial future,’ it is instructive to look to anticolonial freedom fighters such as Acharya, who rejected the universalization of the nation-state. That is, as the chapter argues, Acharya made a major contribution to the historiography and intellectual history of resistance to oppression, be it imperialist, authoritarian, totalitarian, fascist, or racist, as embodied by the nation-state.
Introduction
Authors: Thafer Dania
Published: January 2024

The introduction discusses the nexus between creative security and state-business relations, underscoring connections between security dynamics and a state’s degree of autonomy for conducting reform and achieving innovation. Next, it provides a brief excursus on how achieving the demographic dividend has become increasingly central to the GCC states’ reform agenda and state longevity. It also delves into how spurring innovation and achieving the demographic dividend are integral to national security as the GCC states transition into the post-oil era. Third, it investigates the concept of state autonomy in relation to the GCC economies and contextualize it within each state’s developmental structures and capacity for reform. Finally, it will explain the conceptual approach and investigation strategies that support the analysis, and it will sketch out the argument developed over the course of the book.
The Nexus between Creative Insecurity, Market Dominance, and Institutions
Authors: Thafer Dania
Published: January 2024

The first chapter of this book outlines the predicament of creative insecurity in the GCC states, with an emphasis on institutional pitfalls that hinder innovation-led development in the context of the region’s current youth bulge combined with high unemployment levels. I then proceed to the primary impetus of this book, which is to assess how the influence of the business elites impairs the state’s ability to implement the reforms necessary for the majority youth population. Additionally, it reviews competing explanations of state-business relations and different taxonomies of state structures in the GCC, with an emphasis on obstacles to diversification through innovation in light of the growing youth majority entering the workforce. The chapter sets the stage for observing how different political institutions in GCC states interact with varying levels of business elite dominance.
How Some Countries can Avert Creative Insecurity
Authors: Thafer Dania
Published: January 2024

Chapter 2 examines the Asian “miracle” economies to show that the successful achievement of the demographic dividend is linked to a coherent and cohesive state apparatus that has the autonomy to influence the economic elite in a manner that can produce positive economic outcomes. The chapter highlights how innovation is linked to both institutional quality and the state’s autonomy to implement reforms in the context of state-business relations. Through assessing these two variables within case studies of the United Arab Emirates’ (UAE) and Saudi Arabia’s development of green technologies, I find that, as with the Asian case studies, they show a degree of innovation since they have higher levels of centralized state-led capitalism.
Global Trends of Innovation and Elite Dominance in Rentier States
Authors: Thafer Dania
Published: January 2024

Chapter 3 applies a global quantitative, longitudinal analysis, assessing variables important to creative insecurity. The statistical analysis examines data from 2007 to 2016 and indicates how the degree of business elite market dominance and institutional performance in resource-wealthy countries affects innovation, which is a necessary component to achieve the demographic dividend.
How Institutional Development Pathways Affected State Autonomy
Authors: Thafer Dania
Published: January 2024

Chapter 4 contextualizes the institutional dynamics that affect creative security by examining the onset of path dependencies during the pre-oil era that affected the varying levels of state-led capitalism in the post-oil era in Bahrain, Kuwait, and Qatar. The chapter explores how diversification in the pearl-trading era set important sociopolitical precedents for the GCC states’ political economies.
Origins of Merchant Coalitions and Their Role in Contemporary GCC Political Economies
Authors: Thafer Dania
Published: January 2024

Chapter 5 examines how the converging timelines of state formation and the critical juncture of the discovery of oil crystallized institutional characteristics that influence the variance in the present-day political and economic logic of state-business relations in the Gulf states. With the recognition that a modernized form of patrimonialism underpins state institutions and paralyzes economic reform, this study highlights how Gulf economies with low state autonomy and higher levels of business elite dominance are more susceptible to creative insecurity.
Creative Insecurity and the Future of the Gulf
Authors: Thafer Dania
Published: January 2024

Chapter 8 argues that, at this critical juncture for the future of the Gulf economies, states must swiftly implement reforms to foster innovation and achieve the demographic dividend. The youth majority entering the workforce find themselves sandwiched between the regime and the dominant business elite. To hedge against some of the negative endemic characteristics of Gulf states, this chapter discusses, policymaking strategies in both elite- and state-dominated GCC economies can be implemented to achieve the demographic dividend. In light of this, it becomes clear that institutional performance and the reaction of policymakers will affect the political and economic stability of the Gulf states for decades to come. In sum, the conclusion provides a summary of findings, as well as recommendations for how to achieve the demographic dividend through innovation-led development. This book heralds a new area of research through a CPE lens, evaluating the security dynamics of a state’s autonomy when it comes to conducting reform and how it affects the ability of Gulf petrostates to concurrently foster innovation and achieve the demographic dividend.
Introduction
Authors: Lacher Wolfram , Collombier Virginie
Published: January 2024

Violence has transformed Libyan society in multiple ways since the uprising against the regime of Muammar al-Qadhafi in 2011. Violent conflict has shaped new political identities, drawn deep societal rifts between and within regions and communities, propelled the rise of new elites, and remade gender relations as well as generational hierarchies. This chapter surveys the state of research on social transformation through violence, and finds that such work remains largely compartmentalized into disparate literatures. It outlines the advantages in analyzing a society’s overall transformation as a result of violent conflict, and identifies three distinct types of effects at work: first, changes in the distribution of control over the means of violence render social transformation across a wide range of domains possible. Second, the use of violence creates and maintains new social relations in ways that are both intended and unintended, both temporary and irreversible. Third, both types of effects also have second-order effects that foment further social change. This introduction also highlights the volume’s contributions to filling important empirical gaps in research on Libya.
‘Changed Utterly’ How the 2014–18 War Transformed Benghazi’s Social Fabric
Authors: Fitzgerald Mary
Published: January 2024

This chapter discusses how Benghazi’s societal dynamics were affected by the 2014–18 war in the city. It argues that the killings, social divisions, and displacement that marked the conflict brought about the city’s most significant transformation in its modern history. The chapter details how disagreements over how to tackle Benghazi’s growing extremist presence ultimately paved the way for Khalifa Haftar’s 2014 offensive which sparked the war. It examines three areas of Benghazi as case studies, detailing how each one was changed by years of violence. It also explores how narratives of the war were contested from the outset and remain so today, thus hampering reconciliation, particularly among a younger generation that cleaves to a more brittle and regionally focused identity.
Afterword
Authors: Anderson Lisa
Published: January 2024

This chapter places Libyan society’s post-2011 transformation in historical and regional perspective. In some respects, the violence since 2011 was an extension of Libya’s unhappy century-long experience of modernity, and particularly the depredations of the Qadhafi regime. Foreign intervention in the war, while exhibiting patterns seen in other globalized conflicts, also occurred against the background of a long history of meddling by external powers. Seen in regional perspective, the privatization of state functions by the actors in Libya’s conflicts was part of a wider transformation of statehood. Amidst prolonged disorder, Libyans invented and reinvented social networks, political connections, and economic ties. But this transformation also displayed important continuities, as tribe and town remained sources of powerful, portable, and sustainable identities, a refuge and resort when all else was uncertain.
Introduction
Authors: Byala Sara
Published: January 2024

The introduction opens with the author describing a personal anecdote that piqued her interest in this topic twenty years earlier. It then describes how the spread of knowledge about the kola nut from West Africa and the creation of carbonated water set the stage for the birth of Coca-Cola. The introduction also explores the global spread of soda fountains that set the stage for the explosion of a nineteenth-century American soda across the world. The introduction then lays out the research methodology and the theoretical framework for the book.
All That Sparkles
Authors: Byala Sara
Published: January 2024

Chapter One traces the arrival of Coca-Cola in South Africa before the advent of the apartheid state, explaining how the company’s method of doing business in that tumultuous climate helped create a blueprint for it to use elsewhere on the continent. It also investigates the question of when Coca-Cola first arrived on the African continent and explores the ways in which Coca-Cola’s growth happened alongside that of Johannesburg. Chapter One explores how a B-Brand, Sparletta, was formed to help launch Coca-Cola in South Africa. This chapter establishes the method the company would use elsewhere on the continent and explains key threats to the business (such as sugar and waste) that are echoed in later chapters.
From Cape to Cairo
Authors: Byala Sara
Published: January 2024

Chapter Two begins with Coca-Cola’s arrival in Morocco and Egypt to set the stage for the company’s continent-wide expansion around WWII, describing the multiple logistical difficulties that it faced along the way. This chapter explores how Coca-Cola Export, the foreign branch of the company, operated, and enumerates how the company landed in various African countries (including the Rhodesias, Nigeria, Ghana, and Kenya), establishing locally-owned bottling plants everywhere. Much evidence is drawn from Coca-Cola’s internal publications, such as Coca-Cola Overseas, to show that the company spread across the continent by becoming local in all manner of ways.
On Mach On Time
Authors: Gryb Sean , Thébault Karim P. Y.
Published: January 2024

The mature Machian view on the nature of time can be rationally reconstructed as follows. All temporal structure should be functionally integrated with chronobservable structure. Chronometric and chronordinal structure is locally determinate and dynamically relative given a stable environment. Chronometric and chronordinal structure is spatially globally determinate and dynamically relative if it can be connected to chronobservable structure via the change in entropy of the universe. Approximate dynamically absolute chronometric and chronordinal structure is meaningful to the extent to which sufficiently isolated bodies can be assumed to play the role of inertial clocks.
Structure and Possibility
Authors: Gryb Sean , Thébault Karim P. Y.
Published: January 2024

The structure of a theory is specified in terms of three types of structure: constitutive structure, nomic structure, and spatiotemporal structure. Constitutive structure is the most basic structure of a theory. This is the structure that one must assume in order to build the space of kinematically possible models. Nomic structure is the structure that represents the dynamical laws of a particular theory. Nomic structure serves to pick out a partition in the space of kinematically possible models and provides an equivalence relation between dynamically possible models. Regular nomic structure is nomic structure that enforces a partition but not a projection. Irregular nomic structure is nomic structure that enforces a partition and a projection.