bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The evolution of root-zone moisture capacities after deforestation: a step towards hydrological predictions under change?
Authors: Nijzink Remko , Hutton Christopher , Pechlivanidis Ilias , Capell René , Arheimer Berit , Freer Jim , Han Dawei , Wagener Thorsten , McGuire Kevin , Savenije Hubert , Hrachowitz Markus
Published: December 2016

Abstract. The core component of many hydrological systems, the moisture storage capacity available to vegetation, is impossible to observe directly at the catchment scale and is typically treated as a calibration parameter or obtained from a priori available soil characteristics combined with estimates of rooting depth. Often this parameter is considered to remain constant in time. Using long-term data (30–40 years) from three experimental catchments that underwent significant land cover change, we tested the hypotheses that: (1) the root-zone storage capacity significantly changes after deforestation, (2) changes in the root-zone storage capacity can to a large extent explain post-treatment changes to the hydrological regimes and that (3) a time-dynamic formulation of the root-zone storage can improve the performance of a hydrological model.A recently introduced method to estimate catchment-scale root-zone storage capacities based on climate data (i.e. observed rainfall and an estimate of transpiration) was used to reproduce the temporal evolution of root-zone storage capacity under change. Briefly, the maximum deficit that arises from the difference between cumulative daily precipitation and transpiration can be considered as a proxy for root-zone storage capacity. This value was compared to the value obtained from four different conceptual hydrological models that were calibrated for consecutive 2-year windows.It was found that water-balance-derived root-zone storage capacities were similar to the values obtained from calibration of the hydrological models. A sharp decline in root-zone storage capacity was observed after deforestation, followed by a gradual recovery, for two of the three catchments. Trend analysis suggested hydrological recovery periods between 5 and 13 years after deforestation. In a proof-of-concept analysis, one of the hydrological models was adapted to allow dynamically changing root-zone storage capacities, following the observed changes due to deforestation. Although the overall performance of the modified model did not considerably change, in 51 % of all the evaluated hydrological signatures, considering all three catchments, improvements were observed when adding a time-variant representation of the root-zone storage to the model.In summary, it is shown that root-zone moisture storage capacities can be highly affected by deforestation and climatic influences and that a simple method exclusively based on climate data can not only provide robust, catchment-scale estimates of this critical parameter, but also reflect its time-dynamic behaviour after deforestation.
A modelling study of eddy-splitting by an Island/Seamount
Authors: Yang Shengmu , Xing Jiuxing , Chen Daoyi , Chen Shengli
Published: December 2016

Abstract. A mesoscale eddy's trajectory and its interaction with topography under the planetary β and nonlinear effects in the South China Sea are examined using the MITgcm. Warm eddies propagate to the southwest while cold eddies propagate to the northwest. The speed of both warm and cold eddies is about 2.4 km/day in the model. The eddy trajectory and its structure are affected by an island or a seamount, in particular, some eddies may split during the interaction with an island/seamount. Eddy-splitting is related to the size of the island and the submergence depth of the seamount. The results of sensitivity experiments of the interaction between an idealized eddy and an island/seamount indicate that the eddy would split in the qualitative range of 1/4
Regional modeling of the Shirase Drainage Basin, East Antarctica:
Full-Stokes vs. shallow-ice dynamics
Authors: Seddik Hakime , Greve Ralf , Zwinger Thomas , Sugiyama Shin
Published: December 2016

Abstract. A hierarchy of approximations of the force balance for the flow of grounded ice exists, ranging from the most sophisticated full-Stokes (FS) formulation to the most simplified shallow ice approximation (SIA). Both are implemented in the ice flow model Elmer/Ice, and we compare them by applying the model to the East Antarctic Shirase Drainage Basin. First, we apply the control inverse method to infer the distribution of basal friction with FS. We then compare FS and SIA by simulating the flow of the drainage basin under present day conditions and for three scenarios 100 years into the future defined by the SeaRISE (Sea-level Response to Ice Sheet Evolution) project. FS reproduces the observed flow pattern of the drainage basin well, in particular the zone of fast flow near the grounding line, while SIA generally overpredicts the surface velocities. As for the transient scenarios, the ice volume change (relative to the constant-climate control run) of the surface climate experiment is nearly the same for FS and SIA, while for the basal sliding experiment (halved basal friction), the ice volume change is 30 % larger for SIA than for FS. This confirms that, in order to model ice sheet areas containing ice streams and outlet glaciers with high resolution and precision, careful consideration must be given to the choice of a suitable force balance.
Blockchain technology as a regulatory technology: From code is law to law is code
Authors: Filippi Primavera De , Hassan Samer
Published: December 2016

“Code is law” refers to the idea that, with the advent of digital technology, code has progressively established itself as the predominant way to regulate the behavior of Internet users. Yet, while computer code can enforce rules more efficiently than legal code, it also comes with a series of limitations, mostly because it is difficult to transpose the ambiguity and flexibility of legal rules into a formalized language which can be interpreted by a machine. With the advent of blockchain technology and associated smart contracts, code is assuming an even stronger role in regulating people’s interactions over the Internet, as many contractual transactions get transposed into smart contract code. In this paper, we describe the shift from the traditional notion of “code is law” (i.e., code having the effect of law) to the new conception of “law is code” (i.e., law being defined as code).
Peer to party: Occupy the law
Authors: Dulong de Rosnay Mélanie
Published: December 2016

In this paper I infuse political and legal theory with peer to peer decentralized design features. This experiment studies how property and liability, two core legal institutions attached to individual persons, react and can be transformed (like chemical elements) when applied to a peer to peer, distributed design. This empirical and evolutionary approach of hacking the law, seen as a regulatory system, is then applied to the peer production of law itself, as a political advocacy method for achieving legal reform inspired by the peer to peer ethos.
Law encoded: Towards a free speech policy model based on decentralized architectures
Authors: Karanasiou Argyro P.
Published: December 2016

The free exchange of data between many interconnected nodes, in the absence of a central point of control, has been at the heart of the Internet’s architecture since its inception. For its engineering architects “if the Web was to be a universal resource, it had to grow in an unlimited way”, thus “its being ‘out of control’ was very important” (Berners-Lee and Fischetti, 1999). Yet, this simple deign choice has had a serious impact on conventional legal thinking. This paper highlights the importance of online decentralized architecture as the perfect substantiation of the autonomy rational underpinning the right to free speech.In doing so the paper analyses the core principles supporting the Internet’s architecture on their merit to the promote the user’s autonomy and self-realisation through speech. Following the free speech rationale for autonomy, it is observed how some simple engineering decisions for an open decentralised communicatory platform can build a user-centric ecology for speech. To validate this hypothesis two main architectural choices are examined as to the potential they hold for free speech: the principles of Modularity and End-to-End (E2E).The paper concludes that in terms of free speech, law and net architecture should be seen as complementing factors instead of opposite controlling deities. In this respect, Lessig’s mantra that “code is law” is paraphrased to read as “law encoded”, meaning that the law should strive to maintain the core architectural Internet values promoting human rights, and free speech in particular.
Alternative rules for alternative networks? Tort law meets wireless community networks
Authors: Giovanella Federica
Published: December 2016

This paper analyses the existing rules on civil liability in order to test their applicability on wireless community networks (WCNs), with a focus on the European framework. In particular, the paper considers tort liability for three different actors: WCNs users, ISPs (in the case of shared Internet connection), and WCNs themselves; it describes the different situations to which civil liability should be applied in relation to the three mentioned actors. The analysis demonstrates that the structure of WCNs seems irreconcilable with the aims of current legal framework for tort law. The paper attempts to envision possible solutions through a multilayered approach based on social norms and contracts.
Cosmopolitical composition of distributed architectures
Authors: Boullier Dominique
Published: December 2016

This paper tells the story of several distributed architectures “from within” and from personal experience. Using a “cosmopolitical compass”, we shall describe four types of architectures — including P2P — that are currently being debated, and find four other types in P2P as such, from centralized P2P to encrypted P2P. We argue that this approach is helpful to unveil the plurality of choices needed for obtaining a network that works and the composition work required for this purpose (as opposed to any “purist” view of distribution). It is also helpful to understand the agency of these networks, which distribute competencies as much as they are distributed.
Models of Bankruptcy Procedures in European Union
Authors: Dec Pawel , Masiukiewicz Piotr
Published: December 2016

This paper focuses on the analysis of comparative models bankruptcy in selected EU countries and the evaluation of the effectiveness of the insolvency proceedings. These models are quite similar in the countries concerned; also they give the opportunity to the many variants of the bankruptcy procedure. The main thesis of the article is—so far developed and applied models of bankruptcy are still insufficient and need to be improved and reorientation to a greater extent, particularly concerning the taking into account of weak signals from the business environment. The authors analyzed the relevant theories of the firm and its reference to bankruptcy, presented various models of insolvency procedures in selected EU member states, analyzed the so-called European Company for bankruptcy. Complementing the paper detailed research on the effectiveness of insolvency proceedings in many countries. Included in the text of the conclusions show the shortage of both in theory and in practice, a comprehensive solution to the problem of insolvency proceedings.
Logística de implementação de bloco cirúrgico na floresta: atuação do enfermeiro
Authors: Sales Cíntia Rachel Gomes , Sabongi Mona Luisa , Dos Reis Valesca Nunes , Pivatti Aline Salheb Alves , Camisão Agnês Raquel , Kanashiro Filho Genário
Published: December 2016

Objetivo: Relatar a experiência de enfermeiros voluntários na Organização da Sociedade Civil de Interesse Público Expedicionários da Saúde noprocesso de implementação de centro cirúrgico e centro de material e esterilização de hospital de campanha em aldeia indígena na região norte do Brasil.Método: Pesquisa descritiva, narrativa, com abordagem qualitativa, do tipo relato de experiência, realizada entre os meses de setembro e novembro de2015. Resultados: O processo de estruturação e implementação de um centro cirúrgico e centro de material e esterilização em áreas isoladas contevecinco etapas e contou com a participação e o envolvimento de enfermeiros desde o planejamento e gerenciamento das atividades até a etapa de execução.Conclusão: O engajamento e o compromisso dos profissionais enfermeiros em todas as etapas contribuem para a garantia da segurança e da qualidadedas cirurgias realizadas no paciente indígena, por meio de um trabalho que prima pela organização, sistematização e cientificidade dos processos.
Fundamentos para uso seguro das lavadoras termodesinfetadoras com ênfase na liberação para uso após intervenção técnica
Authors: Laranjeira Paulo Roberto , Bronzatti Jeane Aparecida Gonzalez , Souza Rafael Queiroz de , Graziano Kazuko Uchikawa
Published: December 2016

No cotidiano dos Centros de Material e Esterilização (CMEs), observa-se que as lavadoras termodesinfetadoras submetidas a intervenções técnicaspara correção de falhas são liberadas para uso sem evidência de operação conforme os parâmetros requeridos para realizar limpeza e termodesinfecçãoeficientes. Considerando a importância da prevenção das infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde, este estudo apresenta como inovação a sistematizaçãodos ensaios requeridos para a liberação de termolavadoras após intervenções técnicas, assim como as informações necessárias para a conservaçãodesses equipamentos em condições ótimas de operação. A liberação segura do equipamento deve incluir a avaliação dos parâmetros de temperatura etempo em comparação aos dados obtidos na qualificação, a conferência do volume de detergente admitido durante a limpeza, a avaliação da eficácia dalimpeza com monitores comercialmente disponíveis, o estabelecimento de um controle de mudanças e um protocolo para direcionar a requalificação,atendendo à legislação nacional e Às recomendações internacionais.
ANÁLISE DOS MOTIVOS PARA USO DO SERVIÇO DE URGÊNCIA E EMERGÊNCIA PELO PACIENTE NÃO GRAVE
Authors: Pimentel Silvania Klug , Soares Mariana Collodetto , Mazepa Melissa Mello , Kato Paulo Victor Kioshima , De Lima Rebeca Ludmila , Soares Maryella Eduarda Correa
Published: December 2016

Objetivo: Este estudo tem como objetivo reconhecer os motivos pelos quais pacientes que possuem problemas de saúde não graves procuram atendimento médico em serviço de PS, não optando pelos serviços de Unidades Básicas de Saúde ou Unidades de Pronto Atendimento 24 horas.  Métodos: A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa em Seres Humanos do Hospital do Trabalhador. Foi aplicado um questionário objetivo em uma amostra aleatória de 197 pacientes classificados como não urgentes ou pouco urgentes segundo o MTS. Resultados: Dos pacientes entrevistados 65% eram homens. Apenas 47% entendiam a real função do pronto socorro. Sobre o MTS, 52% conheciam o sistema e sabiam que seriam triados, mas mesmo assim a maioria destes veio buscando melhor resolutividade para seus problemas. Mesmo após esclarecimento sobre a função do pronto socorro em atender os casos graves, 73% afirmaram que teriam vindo da mesma forma ao PS e 83% consideram a aplicação do MTS um sistema justo de triagem.  Conclusão: Concluímos que não é somente a falta de informação que faz pacientes não graves se direcionarem ao PS, mas sim a falta de confiança na capacidade resolutiva da UBS e UPA 24horas.
Understanding Contextual Relation in Promotion Physical Exercise from Autonomy Support
Authors: Moreno-Murcia Juan Antonio , Huescar Hernandez Elisa , Pedreno Noelia Belando , Neipp Lopez Mari Carmen
Published: December 2016

To analyze the relationship between perception of support for student autonomy and the interaction of different motivational contexts of the intention to do physical exercise from the framework of the trans-contextual model of motivation (Hagger & Chatzisarantis, 2016) was the aim of this study. The sample consisted of 441 adolescents in physical education classes aged between 12 and 16 (Mage = 14.74, SD = .80), who responded to various questionnaires on perceived autonomy support, motivation in the education and leisure contexts, and intention to do exercise. The model was tested using a structural equation model. The results of structural equation modeling [χ2 (48, N = 441) = 489,69, p = .001, χ2/d.f = 3.98, CFI = .94, IFI = .94, TLI = .93, RMSEA = .08] marked that perceived autonomy support from the teacher was positively relacionated with intrinsic motivation in physical education classes, which in turn was positively associated with intrinsic motivation in leisure time. Perceived autonomy support from family and peers was positively associated with motivation in leisure time, which in turn positively associated with the attitude and control standards. While the intention to practice physical activity was positively associated with the main concepts of the theory of planned behavior. Results are discussed in view of the importance of considering the importance of social models in the stage of adolescence, highlighting the role of promoting autonomy and their influence on inter-contextual motivation in physical exercise.
De zeven levens van de (gemeentelijke) bestuurswetenschappen
Authors: Reussing Rik
Published: December 2016

The seven lives of the (municipal) administrative sciences in the Netherlands

This essay contains a short history of the municipal and other administrative sciences in the Netherlands. This history is divided into seven lives. Each life has its own specific characteristics and approaches. The story starts in 1914 with the dissertation of Gerrit van Poelje and the aldermanship of Floor Wibaut (for the Dutch Labour Party) in Amsterdam. Nevertheless, the authors make a plea to view 1921 as the actual starting point, because it is the year of the introduction to municipal administration written by Van Poelje and the first Dutch academic magazine on municipal administration (‘Gemeentebestuur’). This means that we can prepare for the celebration of 100 years of (municipal) administrative sciences in 2021. A great challenge for all universities, but certainly for the Public Administration programme of the University of Twente, which is now celebrating its 40th anniversary. The challenge is to work on current topics such as the relationship between public administration and technology in smart, sustainable and resilient cities.
A percepção de apoio social e a sintomatologia depressiva em mulheres jovens atendidas em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família
Authors: Silva-Rocha Viviane Vedovato , Oliveira Cassiana Morais de , Shuhama Rosana
Published: December 2016

Objetivo: O estudo buscou identificar a percepção de apoio social em 55 mulheres de 20 a 39 anos, cadastradas em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família de uma cidade de médio porte localizada no interior do Estado de São Paulo, verificando possível associação com sintomas depressivos e características sociodemográficas, clínicas e de configuração familiar. Métodos: Estudo observacional de corte transversal realizado com auxílio de um Roteiro de Entrevista Estruturado, Inventário de Depressão de Beck e Escala de Apoio Social da Medical Outcomes Study. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e submetidos a testes não paramétricos. Resultados: Os resultados indicaram sintomas sugestivos de depressão em 25,5% da amostra; correlação negativa entre as dimensões de apoio social e depressão, bem como evidências de associação da percepção de apoio social em relação às características sociodemográficas (renda) e de configuração familiar (estado civil e número de filhos). Não foram encontradas evidências estatísticas na associação com as características clínicas. Conclusão: Estes resultados corroboram os achados da literatura nacional e internacional, indicando a necessidade do cuidado com mulheres jovens independentemente da vulnerabilidade específica.
Atrofia de Múltiplos Sistemas: gestão de caso complexo em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família
Authors: Magela Natalia Rocha Henriques , Santos Luciane Loures dos , Batistela Tiago , Fukui Marcela Stabile da Silva , Ferreira Janise Braga Barros
Published: December 2016

A Atrofia de Múltiplos Sistemas é uma doença neurodegenerativa grave, caracterizada por falência autonômica progressiva, com características parkinsonianas, cerebelares e piramidais em diferentes combinações. É a terceira causa de Parkinsonismo, atingindo 7,8% dos maiores de 40 anos, de evolução rápida e com média de 6 a 10 anos de vida após o início dos sintomas. O objetivo do estudo foi relatar um caso complexo de Atrofia de Múltiplos Sistemas acompanhado em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família. Reforça a importância da longitudinalidade para a coordenação do cuidado, o diagnóstico diferencial e a integralidade da atenção. O olhar global da equipe de saúde da família influenciou o manejo do caso, favorecendo o trabalho em rede com a abordagem especializada. Destaca a magnitude da gestão do cuidado praticada na Atenção Primária à Saúde na condução dos casos complexos.
O significado paleoambiental de palinomorfos de fungos em turfas quaternárias do médio vale do rio Paraíba do Sul, SP, Brasil
Authors: Silva Raimundo Souza , Garcia Maria Judite , Santos Rudney de Almeida , De Oliveira Paulo Eduardo , Giannini Paulo César Fonseca , Bernardes-de-Oliveira Mary Elizabeth C. , Medeiros Vanda Brito de , Bistrichi Carlos Alberto , Fernandes Rosana Saraiva , Raczka Marco Felipe
Published: December 2016

O presente trabalho trata do estudo de esporos de fungos provenientes de um testemunho obtido numa das turfeiras do distrito de Eugênio de Melo, médio vale do rio Paraíba do Sul, estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Com idades entre 11.240 e 300 cal. anos AP, o testemunho mostrou dois ciclos sedimentares, separados por um hiato de cerca de 7.000 anos. A extração dos palinomorfos seguiu o protocolo de processamento de sedimentos quaternários, com dissolução dos silicatos e silicofluoretos, eliminação dos ácidos húmicos e acetólise. Identificaram-se 210 tipos de palinomorfos de fungos, baseado na comparação com gêneros e espécies fósseis afins e modernas, com a finalidade de estabelecer seu significado ecológico; destes, os 40 mais representativos foram selecionados para elaboração de diagramas, que permitiram estabelecer três intervalos. O Intervalo I entre as profundidades de 360 e 190 cm e idades entre 11.240 cal. anos AP e 8.930 anos AP (idade interpolada); o Intervalo II entre as profundidades de 191 e 110 cm e idades entre >718 e 550 anos AP (interpolada); e o Intervalo III entre as profundidades de 110 e 0 cm e idades entre 550 anos AP (interpolada) e atual. Constatou-se que os espécimes dominantes são os de hábito saprófito (decompositores de matéria orgânica em putrefação), seguidos pelos parasitas, especialmente de folhas e de animais (menos comum), além daqueles patógenos de vegetais e coprófitos. A assembleia de esporos de fungos ao longo do perfil sedimentar indica desenvolvimento e preservação em ambiente redutor, com farta disponibilidade de matéria orgânica. Alguns tipos de esporos micorrízicos evidenciam presença de vegetação rasteira (Cyperaceae e Poaceae) associada a locais úmidos e/ou alagados. A ocorrência de Ascodesmisites malayensis, saprófito de folhas mortas de Cyperaceae, encontrado nos sedimentos datados entre 11.240 cal. anos AP e 10.800 (idade interpolada), confirma substrato encharcado ou com nível de água mais elevado. Anatolinites, gênero patógeno hospedeiro em folhas de vegetais vivas, ocorre no início do intervalo II, após o hiato temporal (± 7.000 anos AP), quando a área deve ter sido retomada por matas. Parasitas de vegetais, como Diporicellaesporites cf. D. liaoningensis e Diporicellaesporites sp. 9, habitam substratos lenhosos e indicam existência de vegetação arbórea no primeiro ciclo de deposição. Monoporisporites sp. 6, decompositor de excrementos, tem sido relacionado com esterco de animais herbívoros e ocorre nos últimos 300 anos. Sua abundância nesse intervalo provavelmente está relacionada à ação antrópica nas áreas hoje constituídas por turfeiras.
Vulnerabilidade e risco em um assentamento urbano na planície de inundação do rio Tietê no município de São Paulo (SP)
Authors: Malagodi Camila Capassi , Peloggia Alex Ubiratan Goossens
Published: December 2016

A expansão horizontal periférica dos grandes centros urbanos é caracterizada pela conjugação da ocupação de terrenos frágeis do ponto de vista geológico-geotécnico por contingentes populacionais econômico e socialmente desprivilegiados. O resultado comum dessa interação é o surgimento de áreas de risco, que se caracterizam por apresentarem gravidade e complexidade variável, e que exigem, por parte dos gestores públicos, medidas de caráter diferenciado, sendo necessária uma gestão de risco eficaz, subsidiada por ferramentas que auxiliem na tomada de decisões. Nesse contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivo determinar a vulnerabilidade social, o perigo e o risco associados à ocorrência de inundações no Jardim Pantanal, um assentamento urbano localizado na planície aluvial do rio Tietê no município de São Paulo, efetivamente atingido, e de forma recorrente, por tal fenômeno. O índice de vulnerabilidade social foi obtido pela soma de fatores relacionados ao bem-estar humano que integra os indivíduos expostos e afetadospor um perigo, por meio de dados do censo demográfico de 2010, disponibilizados pelo IBGE por setor censitário. Os valores assumidos pelo perigo, ou aqui denominado nível de suscetibilidade à inundação (NS), referem-se à cota topográfica predominante em cada setor da área, definidos pela elevação do terreno. Correlacionando-se tais índices a partir de técnicas de geoprocessamento, foi possível determinar e hierarquizar setores de maior ou menor risco de inundação. De maneira geral, os setores que apresentam os grupos mais frágeis são também os localizados mais próximos à várzea do rio, portanto em áreas altamente suscetíveis à ocorrência de inundações. Ao todo mais de 10 mil pessoas, sendo que mais da metade são mulheres e aproximadamente 2.500 são crianças, estão sob alto risco de ocorrência de novos desastres. A pobreza nesses setores também é um fator em destaque, o que intensifica a dificuldade ao acesso à água potável e saneamento, infraestrutura e abrigo seguro. Considera-se que a metodologia desenvolvida, aplicável a outras áreas em situações análogas, possa fornecer critérios de gestão de risco, notadamente no que tange ao planejamento e priorização de intervenções, e que ainda, em estudos futuros, devam ser realizados novos testes com outras variáveis.
Mamíferos fósseis do limite Pleistoceno/Holoceno do estado de Goiás
Authors: Paulo Pedro Oliveira , Bertini Reinaldo José
Published: December 2016

Embora o estado de Goiás possua significativas áreas de depósitos sedimentares potencialmente fossilíferas, registros de vertebrados fósseis foram pouco explorados até agora, especialmente os mamíferos. Esta contribuição compila as ocorrências de mamíferos fósseis e subfósseis pleistocênicos e holocênicos de Goiás a partir da bibliografia disponível e dos materiais depositados em coleções brasileiras. Expressivas coberturas superficiais pleistocênicas ocorrem nos interflúvios dos principais rios. Nesse contexto, nos municípios de Goiânia e Niquelândia foi registrada uma quantidade expressiva de restos atribuíveis à Megafauna Pleistocênica. Em cavernas de Goiás foi encontrada uma grande diversidade de vertebrados, com destaque para as famílias Didelphidae, Dasypodidae, Phyllostomidae, Natalidae, Vespertilionidae, Procyonidae, Tayassuidae, Cervidae, Cuniculidae, Dasyproctidae, Echimyidae e Cricetidae, além de restos indeterminados de Chiroptera. Adicionalmente, estudos arqueológicos conduzidos na região do município de Serranópolis forneceram expressiva variedade biótica com representantes de peixes, anfíbios, répteis, aves e mamíferos do Neo-Pleistoceno/Eo-Holoceno. Nesse âmbito encontram-se representantes das famílias Felidae, Canidae, Mustelidae, Mephitidae, Myrmecophagidae, Hydrochoeridae, Erethizontidae, Caviidae, Atelidae, Cebidae e Tapiridae. Esta contribuição evidencia o potencial fossilífero do rico e variado registro pleistocênico-holocênico no estado de Goiás para fornecer importantes informações paleobiogeográficas, paleoambientais e paleoclimáticas, que permitirão conhecer melhor a evolução do bioma Cerrado e sua paleomastofauna.
Characterization of insulated-gate bipolar transistor temperature on insulating, heat-spreading polycrystalline diamond substrate
Authors: Umezawa Hitoshi , Shikata Shin-ichi , Kato Yukako , Mokuno Yoshiaki , Seki Akinori , Suzuki Hiroshi , Bessho Takeshi
Published: December 2016

Polycrystalline diamond films have been utilized as direct bonding aluminum (DBA) substrates to improve cooling efficiency. A diamond film with a high quality factor was characterized by Raman spectroscopy and showed a high thermal conductivity of more than 1800 W m−1 K−1 and a low leakage current, even at an applied bias of 3 kV, because of the suppression of electrical conduction through the grain boundaries. The operating temperatures of Insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) on diamond DBAs were 20–28% lower than those on AlN DBAs. The thermal resistivity of the diamond DBA module was 0.32 °C/W. The uniformity of the temperature distribution on a diamond DBA was excellent.
Mg-compensation effect in GaN buffer layer for AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors grown on 4H-SiC substrate
Authors: Ko Kwangse , Lee Kyeongjae , So Byeongchan , Heo Cheon , Lee Kyungbae , Kwak Taemyung , Han Sang-Woo , Cha Ho-Young , Nam Okhyun
Published: December 2016

The present study investigated the Mg doping effect in the gallium nitride (GaN) buffer layers (BLs) of AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) structures grown on semi-insulating 4H-SiC substrates by metal organic chemical vapor deposition. When the Mg concentration was increased from 3 × 1017 to 8 × 1018 cm−3, the crystal quality slightly deteriorated, whereas electrical properties were significantly changed. The buffer leakage increased approximately 50 times from 0.77 to 39.2 nA at −50 V with the Mg doping concentration. The Mg-compensation effect and electron trapping effect were observed at Mg concentration of 3 × 1017 and 8 × 1018 cm−3, respectively, which were confirmed by an isolation leakage current test and low-temperature photoluminescence. When the BL was compensated, the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) mobility and sheet carrier concentration of the HEMTs were 1560 cm2 V−1 s−1 and 5.06 × 1012 cm−2, respectively. As a result, Mg-doped GaN BLs were demonstrated as a candidates of semi-insulating BLs for AlGaN/GaN HEMT.
The influence of carbon on the seismic properties of solid iron
Authors: Caracas Razvan
Published: December 2016

The mechanical properties of C‐doped hexagonal close‐packed (hcp) iron are studied at high pressure from first‐principles calculations. The energy required for doping with C as an interstitial impurity is 246 meV/1 wt % C at 120 GPa for one unit cell of hcp Fe and increases almost linearly with pressure. The density deficit of the inner core can be matched for 1 to 2.5 wt % in hcp Fe, depending on the thermal profile. Carbon doping in hcp iron increases the compressional seismic wave velocity, decreases the shear wave velocity, while increasing the shear wave splitting and seismic anisotropy. In general, the presence of C in the inner core helps in explaining the observed seismic properties, though it cannot be considered the only light element.
Large CO2 and CH4 emissions from polygonal tundra during spring thaw in northern Alaska
Authors: Raz‐Yaseef Naama , Torn Margaret S. , Wu Yuxin , Billesbach Dave P. , Liljedahl Anna K. , Kneafsey Timothy J. , Romanovsky Vladimir E. , Cook David R. , Wullschleger Stan D.
Published: December 2016

The few prethaw observations of tundra carbon fluxes suggest that there may be large spring releases, but little is known about the scale and underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon. To address these questions, we combined ecosystem eddy flux measurements from two towers near Barrow, Alaska, with mechanistic soil‐core thawing experiment. During a 2 week period prior to snowmelt in 2014, large fluxes were measured, reducing net summer uptake of CO2 by 46% and adding 6% to cumulative CH4 emissions. Emission pulses were linked to unique rain‐on‐snow events enhancing soil cracking. Controlled laboratory experiment revealed that as surface ice thaws, an immediate, large pulse of trapped gases is emitted. These results suggest that the Arctic CO2 and CH4 spring pulse is a delayed release of biogenic gas production from the previous fall and that the pulse can be large enough to offset a significant fraction of the moderate Arctic tundra carbon sink.
Characterizing near‐surface firn using the scattered signal component of the glacier surface return from airborne radio‐echo sounding
Authors: Rutishauser Anja , Grima Cyril , Sharp Martin , Blankenship Donald D. , Young Duncan A. , Cawkwell Fiona , Dowdeswell Julian A.
Published: December 2016

We derive the scattered component (hereafter referred to as the incoherent component) of glacier surface echoes from airborne radio‐echo sounding measurements over Devon Ice Cap, Arctic Canada, and compare the scattering distribution to firn stratigraphy observations from ground‐based radar data. Low scattering correlates to laterally homogeneous firn above 1800 m elevation containing thin, flat, and continuous ice layers and below 1200 m elevation where firn predominantly consists of ice. Increased scattering between elevations of 1200–1800 m corresponds to firn with inhomogeneous, undulating ice layers. No correlation was found to surface roughness and its theoretical incoherent backscattering values. This indicates that the scattering component is mainly influenced by the near‐surface firn stratigraphy, whereas surface roughness effects are minor. Our results suggest that analyzing the scattered signal component of glacier surface echoes is a promising approach to characterize the spatial heterogeneity of firn that is affected by melting and refreezing processes.
Sea‐ice retreat controls timing of summer plankton blooms in the Eastern Arctic Ocean
Authors: Janout Markus A. , Hölemann Jens , Waite Anya M. , Krumpen Thomas , von Appen Wilken‐Jon , Martynov Fedor
Published: December 2016

Two full‐year mooring records of sea‐ice, physical, and bio‐optical parameters illuminate tight temporal coupling between the retreating seasonal ice edge and the summer phytoplankton bloom on the Laptev Sea shelf. Our records showed no sign of pelagic under‐ice blooms despite available nutrients and thinning sea ice in early summer, presumably because stratification had not yet developed. Chlorophyll blooms were detected immediately after the ice retreated in late May 2014 and late July 2015. Despite radically different timing, the blooms were similar in both magnitude and length, interpreted as community‐level nutrient limitation. Acoustic backscatter records suggest the delayed 2015 bloom resulted in lower zooplankton abundance, perhaps due to a timing mismatch between ice algal and pelagic blooms and unfavorable thermal conditions. Our observations provide classical examples of ice‐edge blooms and further emphasize the complexity of high‐latitude shelves and the need to understand vertical mixing processes important for stratification and nutrient fluxes.
New Martian climate constraints from radar reflectivity within the north polar layered deposits
Authors: Lalich D. E. , Holt J. W.
Published: December 2016

The north polar layered deposits (NPLD) of Mars represent a global climate record reaching back millions of years, potentially recorded in visible layers and radar reflectors. However, little is known of the specific link between those layers, reflectors, and the global climate. To test the hypothesis that reflectors are caused by thick and indurated layers known as “marker beds,” the reflectivity of three reflectors was measured, mapped, and compared to a reflectivity model. The measured reflectivities match the model and show a strong sensitivity to layer thickness, implying that radar reflectivity may be used as a proxy for short‐term accumulation patterns and that regional climate plays a strong role in layer thickness variations. Comparisons to an orbitally forced NPLD accumulation model show a strong correlation with predicted marker bed formation, but dust content is higher than expected, implying a stronger role for dust in Mars polar climate than previously thought.
Ice flow dynamics forced by water pressure variations in subglacial granular beds
Authors: Damsgaard Anders , Egholm David L. , Beem Lucas H. , Tulaczyk Slawek , Larsen Nicolaj K. , Piotrowski Jan A. , Siegfried Matthew R.
Published: December 2016

Glaciers and ice streams can move by deforming underlying water‐saturated sediments, and the nonlinear mechanics of these materials are often invoked as the main reason for initiation, persistence, and shutdown of fast‐flowing ice streams. Existing models have failed to fully explain the internal mechanical processes driving transitions from stability to slip. We performed computational experiments that show how rearrangements of load‐bearing force chains within the granular sediments drive the mechanical transitions. Cyclic variations in pore water pressure give rise to rate‐dependent creeping motion at stress levels below the point of failure, while disruption of the force chain network induces fast rate‐independent flow above it. This finding contrasts previous descriptions of subglacial sediment mechanics, which either assume rate dependence regardless of mechanical state or unconditional stability before the sediment yield point. Our new micromechanical computational approach is capable of reproducing important transitions between these two end‐member models and can explain multimodal velocity patterns observed in glaciers, landslides, and slow‐moving tremor zones.
Prompt injections of highly relativistic electrons induced by interplanetary shocks: A statistical study of Van Allen Probes observations
Authors: Schiller Q. , Kanekal S. G. , Jian L. K. , Li X. , Jones A. , Baker D. N. , Jaynes A. , Spence H. E.
Published: December 2016

We conduct a statistical study on the sudden response of outer radiation belt electrons due to interplanetary (IP) shocks during the Van Allen Probes era, i.e., 2012 to 2015. Data from the Relativistic Electron‐Proton Telescope instrument on board Van Allen Probes are used to investigate the highly relativistic electron response (E > 1.8 MeV) within the first few minutes after shock impact. We investigate the relationship of IP shock parameters, such as Mach number, with the highly relativistic electron response, including spectral properties and radial location of the shock‐induced injection. We find that the driving solar wind structure of the shock does not affect occurrence for enhancement events, 25% of IP shocks are associated with prompt energization, and 14% are associated with MeV electron depletion. Parameters that represent IP shock strength are found to correlate best with highest levels of energization, suggesting that shock strength may play a key role in the severity of the enhancements. However, not every shock results in an enhancement, indicating that magnetospheric preconditioning may be required.
Vortex Rossby wave propagation in baroclinic tropical cyclone‐like vortices
Authors: Gao Cen , Zhu Ping
Published: December 2016

This study extends the vortex Rossby wave (VRW) propagation theory into baroclinic tropical cyclone‐like vortices. Dispersion relation, group velocities, and stagnation radius/height of propagating wave packets in baroclinic conditions are derived using the Wenzel‐Kramers‐Brillouin approximation. It is found that the VRW dispersion relation in baroclinic vortices in isentropic coordinates has the same mathematical form as that in barotropic vortices in pseudoheight coordinates. However, baroclinicity causes the vertical wave number to increase as wave packets propagate upward, resulting in different wave propagation features from those in barotropic vortices. The stagnation radius and level are constrained by a “critical” surface where the initial central angular phase velocity equals the angular velocity of the vortex. Depending on the specific structure of vortex basic‐state baroclinicity and positions where asymmetries are located, the excited waves can either be trapped vertically and behave like those in barotropic conditions or effectively propagate upward but with their radial propagation largely suppressed.
Sources of cosmic dust in the Earth's atmosphere
Authors: Carrillo‐Sánchez J. D. , Nesvorný D. , Pokorný P. , Janches D. , Plane J. M. C.
Published: December 2016

There are four known sources of dust in the inner solar system: Jupiter Family comets, asteroids, Halley Type comets, and Oort Cloud comets. Here we combine the mass, velocity, and radiant distributions of these cosmic dust populations from an astronomical model with a chemical ablation model to estimate the injection rates of Na and Fe into the Earth's upper atmosphere, as well as the flux of cosmic spherules to the surface. Comparing these parameters to lidar observations of the vertical Na and Fe fluxes above 87.5 km, and the measured cosmic spherule accretion rate at South Pole, shows that Jupiter Family Comets contribute (80 ± 17)% of the total input mass (43 ± 14 t d−1), in good accord with Cosmic Background Explorer and Planck observations of the zodiacal cloud.
Spinning, breathing, and flapping: Periodicities in Saturn's middle magnetosphere
Authors: Ramer K. M. , Kivelson M. G. , Sergis N. , Khurana K. K. , Jia X.
Published: December 2016

In Saturn's magnetosphere, ubiquitous fluctuations with a period of ~10.7 h have been observed in Saturn kilometric radiation (SKR), auroral emissions, the magnetic field, the electron density, and energetic particle fluxes. Here we characterize previously unstudied periodicities in plasma properties inside of 15 RS near the equatorial plane. Although periodically varying magnetic perturbations rotate relatively smoothly (spinning), plasma properties do not. The phase of the peak value of plasma density or pressure perturbations can change substantially across a few hours of local time or RS. As a means of interpreting observations, we use a magnetohydrodynamic simulation that generates field‐aligned currents centered at 70° invariant latitude in Saturn's southern ionosphere and rotating at the SKR period. The simulation reproduces many periodic features of the data including not only spinning perturbations but also global‐scale compression and expansion (breathing). Simulated plasma properties are also modulated by periodic large‐scale north‐south motion (flapping) in regions beyond ~15 Saturn radii (RS), which we do not analyze here. Inside of 15 RS, plasma responds to a superposition of spinning and breathing at the spin period, developing perturbations that peak at different phases depending on what is measured and where. Strong compressional effects act impulsively over a limited range of rotation phase. Superposition of local and global‐scale variations produces phase jumps across short distances and can introduce multiple peaks in the variation of plasma properties within one rotation period, accounting for anomalies in the phase dependence of periodic fluctuations identified in the sparse data available.
Inner magnetosphere coupling: Recent advances
Authors: Usanova M. E. , Shprits Y. Y.
Published: December 2016

The dynamics of the inner magnetosphere is strongly governed by the interactions between different plasma populations that are coupled through large‐scale electric and magnetic fields, currents, and wave‐particle interactions. Inner magnetospheric plasma undergoes self‐consistent interactions with global electric and magnetic fields. Waves excited in the inner magnetosphere from unstable particle distributions can provide energy exchange between different particle populations in the inner magnetosphere and affect the ring current and radiation belt dynamics. The ionosphere serves as an energy sink and feeds the magnetosphere back through the cold plasma outflow. The precipitating inner magnetospheric particles influence the ionosphere and upper atmospheric chemistry and affect climate. Satellite measurements and theoretical studies have advanced our understanding of the dynamics of various plasma populations in the inner magnetosphere. However, our knowledge of the coupling processes among the plasmasphere, ring current, radiation belts, global magnetic and electric fields, and plasma waves generated within these systems is still incomplete. This special issue incorporates extended papers presented at the Inner Magnetosphere Coupling III conference held 23–27 March 2015 in Los Angeles, California, USA, and includes modeling and observational contributions addressing interactions within different plasma populations in the inner magnetosphere (plasmasphere, ring current, and radiation belts), coupling between fields and plasma populations, as well as effects of the inner magnetosphere on the ionosphere and atmosphere.
Diamond Devices for High Acuity Prosthetic Vision
Authors: Ahnood Arman , Meffin Hamish , Garrett David J. , Fox Kate , Ganesan Kumaravelu , Stacey Alastair , Apollo Nicholas V. , Wong Yan T. , Lichter Samantha G. , Kentler William , Kavehei Omid , Greferath Ursula , Vessey Kirstan A. , Ibbotson Michael R. , Fletcher Erica L. , Burkitt Anthony N. , Prawer Steven
Published: December 2016

Retinal implants restore a sense of vision, for a growing number of users worldwide. Nevertheless, visual acuities provided by the current generation of devices are low. The quantity of information transferable to the retina using existing implant technologies is limited, far below receptor cells' capabilities. Many agree that increasing the information density deliverable by a retinal prosthesis requires devices with stimulation electrodes that are both dense and numerous. This work describes a new generation of retinal prostheses capable of upscaling the information density conveyable to the retina. Centered on engineered diamond materials, the implant is very well tolerated and long‐term stable in the eye's unique physiological environment and capable of delivering highly versatile stimulation waveforms – both key attributes in providing useful vision. Delivery of high‐density information, close to the retina with the flexibility to alter stimulation parameters in situ provides the best chance for success in providing high acuity prosthetic vision.