bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What's in a Face?
Authors: Berry Diane S. , Zebrowitz-McArthur Leslie
Published: March 2007

Recent research has provided considerable evidence that when facial appearance is the only information provided about a stimulus person, babyfaced adults are perceived to have more childlike qualities than mature-faced adults who are equal in perceived age and attractiveness. The present study utilized a simulated trial format to assess the impact of facial maturity on social perceptions in a more complex situation in which other meaningful information about the stimulus person was available. The fact that babyfaced adults are perceived to be more naive than those with mature features led to the prediction that a babyfaced defendant would be more often found guilty of an offense resulting from negligent actions than would a mature-faced defendant. The fact that babyfaced adults are perceived to be more honest than those with mature features yielded the prediction that babyfaced defendants would less often be perceived as guilty of charges involving intentional criminal behavior. Finally, when defendants were known to be guilty of a negligent crime, it was predicted that subjects would recommend less severe punishment for babyfaced defendants than for mature-faced ones. The pattern of results supported the predictions.
Vicarious Emotional Responsiveness and Prosocial Behavior
Authors: Eisenberg Nancy , McCreath Heather , Ahn Randall
Published: March 2007

Findings in research concerning the association between empathy/sympathy and altruism in children have been inconsistent, probably because (a) concerned reactions have not been distinguished from distressed (anxious) reactions, (b) various modes of prosocial action have not been differentiated, and (c) empathy has been assessed primarily by means of self-report indices. In the present study, preschoolers'sad/concerned and anxious facial/gestural reactions and self-report of emotion in response to others' distresses were obtained, and prosocial behavior (spontaneous and requested) was assessed in peer interaction. Sad/concerned facial/gestural reactions were positively associated with sharing in a situation in which sharing was likely to be altruistically motivated (i.e., spontaneous actions) and, for girls only, with assisting when escape from the other's request was difficult (i.e., requested prosocial behavior). Anxious expressions were positively related to requested assisting, but only for the score indicating frequency (not proportion) of compliance. In addition, children who tended to express anxiety when viewing others in distress elicited more requests for assistance. Self-report measures were unrelated to facial/gestural indices and prosocial behavior. The data are discussed in terms of Batson's theorizing (for which they provide only limited support) and the literature concerning the relation of affect to various modes of prosocial behavior.
Repression Revisited
Authors: Ward Sandra E. , Leventhal Howard , Love Richard
Published: March 2007

This study extends the operational definition of repression (proposed by Weinberger and his colleagues) to negative emotions other than anxiety. It then relates this measure to the responses to cancer of 67 male and female patients. Repressors differed from patients with other coping styles; they reported fewer and less severe side effects of treatment and less information exchange (communication) with significant others. These findings are discussed in relation to other research on differences in the way people tolerate and report physical sensations.
Research Traditions, Analysis, and Synthesis in Social Psychological Theories
Authors: Berkowitz Leonard , Devine Patricia G.
Published: March 2007

The decreased attenttion to dissonance theory in present-day social psychology is used to illustrate extratheoretical considerations that influence acceptance of a formulation in the scientific community. The authors suggest that dissonance theory currently receives less attention because its motivational emphasis is outside the core assumptions in the research tradition of the now dominant cognitive orientation They also believe social psychology currently favors an analytic over a synthetic approach to research and theorizing, leading to a decreased interest in "big picture" formulations covering many apparently different domains. The condition-seeking research strategy favored by many investigators is discussed. Although this strategy does not necessarily preclude a synthetic approach, it does encourage condition seeking because of its concern with conditions limiting the operation of a particular phenomenon. Finally, attention is given to other considerations (e.g., desire to be innovative) lessening the field's interest in existing theories.
Jaywalking as a Function of Model Behavior
Authors: Mullen Brian , Copper Carolyn , Driskell James E.
Published: March 2007

A meta-analytic integration is reported that summarizes the effects of model behavior on pedestrian jaywalking. Results indicate that obedient models (models who do not jaywalk) produce a small but significant decrease in the frequency of pedestrian jaywalking. Disobedient models (models who jaywalk) produce a small but significant increase in the frequency of pedestrian jaywalking. Disobedient models are found to exert a greater effect than obedient models. Crowded sidewalks exaggerate the tendency for a disobedient model to increase jaywalking and undermine the tendency for an obedient model to decrease jaywalking. In addition, the status of the model influences the effect of the model on jaywalking behavior: Specifically, an obedient model is significantly more likely to produce a decrease in jaywalking when the model is of high status. However, a disobedient model is marginally less likely to produce an increase in jaywalking when the model is of high status. Finally, the influence of both obedient and disobedient models is greater in cities of larger size. Discussion considers the theoretical and practical implications of these patterns.
Drawing Familiar or Unfamiliar Cards: Stimulus Familiarity, Chance Orientation, and the Illusion of Control
Authors: Bouts Patrick , Van Avermaet Eddy
Published: March 2007

This study examined a condition under which the effect of stimulus familiarity on the illusion of control is suppressed. According to Langer, stimulus familiarity induces a skill orientation even in a chance situation. However, this effect is postulated to obtain only as long as the person's focus of attention remains on the stimulus familiarity. When the focus of attention turns toward the chance elements in the situation, the illusion of control should disappear Subjects participated in a wagering session with an experimenter by picking a card out of a shuffled pack. The cards either were normal looking (familiar cards) or had a striking "Egyptian" look (unfamiliar cards). As predicted, people wagered more money when playing with the familiar cards unless they had to evaluate their probability of winning before placing their bet.
My Life as a Dog (I Mean Editor)
Authors: Zanna Mark P.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author characterizes the editorial review procedures he (and others) employed about a decade ago, comparing them with current, more complex practices. In his opinion, with the allocation of sufficient resources, the earlier, simpler procedures are preferable.
A Curry for Your Thoughts: Empathic Effects on Counterfactual Thinking
Authors: Macrae C. Neil , Milne Alan B.
Published: March 2007

The present research investigated the psychological correlates of counterfactual thinking. Building on existing research in this domain, it was predicted that empathic focus would exert considerable influence on the magnitude of counterfactual effects on social judgments. More specifically, it was predicted that whereas a victim set would amplify the effects of counterfactual thinking on accident-related judgments, a perpetrator set would attenuate them. The results obtained strongly supported this prediction. The implications of these findings are considered, and suggestions are offered for future research.
The Impact of the Transition to Parenthood on Marital Leisure
Authors: Crawford Duane W. , Huston Ted L.
Published: March 2007

A longitudinal study examined whether the transition to parenthood affects the amount of time spouses pursue leisure activities-both together and apart-and the degree to which they pursue leisure activities they particularly enjoy. Results indicated that (a) new parents and childless couples do not differ in the amount of time they spend in leisure activities both spouses like, (b) parenthood reduces the amount of time new fathers engage in leisure activities independently, (c) parenthood increases the amount of time couples pursue activities together that are liked by the wife but not the husband, and (d) parenthood reduces the amount of time wives pursue leisure activities they dislike but their husbands like. The results show that parenthood restricts husbands' independent leisure pursuits and increases the extent to which spouses' leisure activities reflect the preferences of wives rather than husbands.
Effects of Preferential and Meritorious Selection on Performance: An Examination of Intuitive and Self-Handicapping Perspectives
Authors: Turner Marlene F. , Pratkanis Anthony R.
Published: March 2007

Research has documented pervasive adverse consequences of preferential selection for women's self-evaluations of ability and performance. However, virtually no research has examined the effects of selection processes on actual performance. It was theorized that the effects of preferential and meritorious selection on performance are moderated by task conceptualization. Females were told that they were assigned to a position because of either merit (they purportedly passed a qualifying test) or preference (they were female) and that task performance required either effort or inherent capability. Preferentially selected women performed better when they believed the task required capability rather than effort; meritoriously selected individuals displayed the opposite pattern. In addition, preferentially selected subjects evaluated specific components of their performance effectiveness more poorly than meritoriously selected subjects. Self-evaluations of overall performance were unaffected by the manipulations. Results are interpreted using research on self-handicapping and recipient reactions to aid.
Does the Grist Change the Mill? The Effect of the Perceiver's Inferential Goal on the Process of Social Inference
Authors: Krull Douglas S.
Published: March 2007

Previous research suggests that perceives estimate the cause of behavior by (a) identifying the behavior (b) inferring the actor's disposition from the behavior, and (c) correcting this inference for situational constraints. An experiment investigated whether perceivers' inferential goals alter this process. Perceivers viewed a silent videotape of an anxious interview. Some perceivers estimated the target's dispositional anxiety; others estimated the degree of anxiety provoked by the interview questions. Within these conditions, half simultaneously performed a cognitive rehearsal task. Of perceivers who estimated the target's dispositional anxiety, those who performed the rehearsal task inferred more dispositional anxiety. In contrast, of perceivers who estimated the anxiety provoked by the questions, those who performed the rehearsal task inferred less dispositional anxiety. These findings suggest that social inference is more flexible than previously thought.
Narcissism and Self-Evaluation Maintenance: Explorations in Object Relations
Authors: Morf Carolnm C. , Rhodewalt Frederik
Published: March 2007

This study examined effects of threat to the sef on efforts to maintain a positive self-evaluation in individuals with varying levels of narcissism. Male students (N= 216) with varying levels of narcissism, as measured by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory, were given feedback that they had been either slightly or substantially outperformed on an ego-relevant task. Subjects completed personality ratings of the better-performing other believing that the other would or would not see the evaluation. According to Tesser's self-evaluation maintenance model, one way to reduce threat from a better-performing other is to derogate the other More narcissistic individuals reacted to such a threat to self by rating the other more negatively than less narcissistic individuals. However, in contrast to prediction, narcissists were somewhat less negative in public than in private. Discussion centers on the utility of translating a psychoanalytic construct into social cognitive processes.
On the Relationship between Stereotypes and Prejudice: An International Study
Authors: Stephan Walter G. , Ageyev Vladimir , Coates-Shrider Lisa , Stephan Cookie White , Abalakina Marina
Published: March 2007

This study examined the hypothesis that emotional reactions to national groups would be associated with evaluative responses to the traits forming the stereotypes of these groups. A hierarchical regression analysis of American and Russian subjects' emotional reactions to Americans, Russians, and Iraqis supported this prediction in four of six cases. In addition, simultaneous regression analyses indicated that self-esteem, ethnocentrism, and authoritarianism were each a significant predictor in two of the six analyses, weakly supporting trends found in other research. In general, the personality traits were not as consistently or as strongly associated with emotional reactions to these groups as were the evaluative aspects of stereotypes. A network model of cognition and affect is used to interpret the findings of this and related studies and to address their implications for changing prejudice.
Truth and Consequences: The Costs and Benefits of Accurate Self-Knowledge
Authors: Brown Jonathon D. , Dutton Keith A.
Published: March 2007

Accurate self-knowledge is widely assumed to be necessary, sought after, and characteristic of most people. In this article, the authors examine the logical and evidentiary basis of these assumptions and reach the opposite conclusions.
Women's "Token Resistant" and Compliant Sexual Behaviors are Related to Uncertain Sexual Intentions and Rape
Authors: Shotland R. Lance , Hunter Barbara A.
Published: March 2007

Muehienhard and Hollabaugh reported that 39% of college women engaged in "token resistance" (said "no" but wanted to have sex). Many of these women's reasons for their behavior explained a sexual refusal but not token resistance. The authors hypothesize that many token resistant women honestly refused but later decided to have sex. Evidence indicates that token resistant behavior occurs on or after the 11th date, whereas resistant behavior (said "no" and meant no) occurs earlier. In addition, 83% of token resistant women had more than one sexual intention during the token resistant episode. They said they resisted or were uncertain before they said "no" and neant yes. The authors conclude that most token resistant behavior is a change of intention that is poorly recalled because of memory consolidation. Women 's compliant sexual behavior (agreeing to unwanted sex) occurs for relationship maintenance reasons. Both behaviors are related to women's histories of rape.
Depression and the Correspondent Inference Bias: Evidence for more Effortful Cognitive Processing
Authors: Yost John H. , Weary Gifford
Published: March 2007

This research tested the hypothesis that because of mildly and moderately depressed and dysphoric individuals' need to reestablish feelings of control, such individuals will be more likely to effort fully process available social information. Using a cognitive load manipulation up within the correspondence bias paradigm, it was found that depressed subjects were less likely than nondepressed subjects to make correspondent inferences (and more likely to process the available social information), but only under the condition of no cognitive load. The results of the study provide evidence for the motivated effortful processing of social information by moderately depressed individuals.
Russian Authoritarianism Two Years after Communism
Authors: McFarland Sam G. , Ageyev Vladimir S. , Djintcharadze Nadya
Published: March 2007

A 1993 survey of Moscow adults explored the on going relevance of the authoritarian personality in Russia following the colapse of communism. Authoritarianism correlated positively with procommunist beliefs and negatively with support for capitalist and democratic reforms, but these relationships were weaker than in 1989 and 1991. Among those low in communist beliefs only, authoritarianism predicted increased religious faith. Russian, like American, authoritarianism predicted negative attitudes toward people with AIDS and environmentalists. However, Russian authoritarianism, opposite to American authoritarianism, provokes blaming society rather than the individual for homelessness and poverty. These results appear compatible with both authoritarianism theory and differing American-Russian conventional norms.
Further Examining the American Dream: Differential Correlates of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Goals
Authors: Kasser Tim , Ryan Richard M.
Published: March 2007

Empirical research and organismic theories suggest that lower well-being is associated with having extrinsic goals focused on rewards or praise relatively central to one's personality in comparison to intrinsic goals congruent with inherent growth tendencies. In a sample of adult subjects (Study 1), the relative importance and efficacy of extrinsic aspirations for financial success, an appealing appearance, and social recognition were associated with lower vitality and self-actualization and more physical symptoms. Conversely, the relative importance and efficacy of intrinsic aspirations for self-acceptance, affiliation, community feeling, and physical health were associated with higher well-being and less distress. Study 2 replicated these findings in a college sample and extended them to measures of narcissism and daily affect. Three reasons are discussed as to why extrinsic aspirations relate negatively to well-being, and future research directions are suggested.
Trait Impressions as Heuristics for Predicting Future Behavior
Authors: Newman Leonard S.
Published: March 2007

The dispositionist bias manifests itself when (a) behavior is over attributed to dispositions and (b) contextual factors are underused when predicting behavior. The psychological processes underlying the former bias have been more thoroughly examined than the latter. Three studies support the hypothesis that the trait implications of past behavior function as heuristics used to predict high levels of cross-situational consistency. Subjects in Experiment 1 used both dispositional and situational information to predict behavior, but the level of consistency predicted was inversely related to how much time was spent integrating the available information. In Experiment 2, attributionally complex subjects were less likely to predict high levels of behavioral consistency and were more sensitive to the context in which behavior was to occur. Imposing a cognitive load in Experiment 3 increased noncomplex subjects' tendency to predict consistency across situations.
When it is Embedded, it is Potent: Effects of General Attitude Embeddedness on Formation of Specific Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions
Authors: Prislin Radmila , Ouellette Judith
Published: March 2007

Attitude embeddedness, defined as the degree of connectedness of an attitude to other cognitive elements, was operationalized as the number of free associations subjects produced in relation to the attitude issue. Two experiments demonstrated that embeddedness moderated the effects of general attitudes on specific attitudes in situations that were ambiguously related to general attitudes. Highly embedded general attitudes but not low-embedded general attitudes toward capital punishment or the right to die served as a basis for the formation of specific evaluations of situations that were only moderately relevant for the broader issue. A third experiment demonstrated that highly embedded attitudes toward preservation of the environment were more strongly related to behavioral intentions than low-embedded attitudes were.
The Role of Self-Schema in Linking Intentions with Behavior
Authors: Kendzierski Deborah , Whitaker Daniel J.
Published: March 2007

It was hypothesized that self-schema would moderate the relationship between dieting female undergraduates' dieting intentions and their behavior. The predicted pattern was found: Schematics showed a significant correlation between their intentions and theirdietingbehaviorover8 weeks, but aschematics did not. This finding held even when dieting experience was taken into account. Although the groups showed similar stability of specific dieting intentions, schematics had more stable general dieting intentions. The pattern of correlations over time showed that schematics and aschematics were comparable in initial attempts to act on their intentions, both lapsed during semester break, but only schematics recovered from their lapse. Implications for the role of the self in the implementation of "costly" intentions are discussed.
Optimism and Unrealistic Optimism have an Interacting Impact on Health-Promoting Behavior and Knowledge Changes
Authors: Davidson Karina , Prkachin Kenneth
Published: March 2007

A general predisposition toward hopefulness (optimism) and a negation of relative risk of later health problems (unrealistic optimism) have both been thought to predict health-promoting behavior, albeit in differing directions. In Study 1 ( n = 72), unrealistic optimism and optimism interacted to predict changes in exercise behavior across 6 weeks; those high on both dimensions showed the largest decrease in their reports of exercise. In Study 2 (n = 60), those high on both dimensions showed the smallest increase in their coronary heart disease (CHD) prevention knowledge after attending a CH1D prevention lecture. The results support the discriminant validity of the two optimism personality constructs while also implicating their joint importance as determinants of health-promoting behaviors.
Self-Efficacy and Counterfactual Thinking: Up a Creek with and without a Paddle
Authors: Sanna Lawrence J.
Published: March 2007

Two studies examined self-efficacy as a moderator of the consequences of upward and downward counterfactual thinking. In both studies, self-efficacy was manipulated by false feedback after performing an anagram task. In Study 1, low-self-efficacy participants felt worse than high-self-efficacy participants when generating upward counterfactuals, but there were no differences when generating downward counterfactuals if the task was repeatable. When there was no repeat, reactions to counterfactual direction did not differ by self-efficacy level. Study 2 further clarified the results of the first study by including self-efficacy and counterfactual controls. Differences in affect and preparation again occurred primarily when generating upward counterfactuals. Relationships between antecedents and consequences of self-efficacy and counterfactual thinking are discussed.
Emotional Reactivity to Everyday Problems, Affective Inertia, and Neuroticism
Authors: Suls Jerry , Green Peter , Hillis Stephen
Published: March 2007

A naturalistic diary recording study was conducted to assess affective responses to everyday stress. Community-residing male participants made diary recordings regarding problem occurrence and mood several times a day for 8 days. In addition to reporting more frequent daily problems, persons scoring high in neuroticism were more reactive to stressors and were more distressed by recurrent problems than were persons scoring low in neuroticism. New problems affected everyone comparably. There was also evidence of affective inertia, such that bad mood was more likely to carry over to the next assessment. This lag effect tended to be stronger among more neurotic individuals.
Matching Versus Mismatching Attitude Functions: Implications for Scrutiny of Persuasive Messages
Authors: Petty Richard E. , Wegener Duane T.
Published: March 2007

Two studies were conducted to examine the hypothesis that matching the content of a persuasive message to the functional basis of people's attitudes enhances message scrutiny. In Study 1, high and low self-monitors were exposed to a message that matched or mismatched the functional basis of their attitudes (i.e., image appealfor high self-monitors and quality appealfor low self-monitors) and that -contained either strong or weak arguments. Attitudes were more strongly affected by message strength when the message arguments matched rather than mismatched thefunctional basis of the attitude. In Study 2, this outcome was especially characteristic of individuals who typically do not enjoy thinking (those low in need for cognition). These studies show that matching arguments to the functional basis of an attitude is not invariably beneficialfor persuasion but can enhance or reduce attitude change (compared to mismatched arguments) depending on the cogency of the matched information.
When Social Role Salience Leads to Social Role Rejection: Modest Self-Presentation among Women and Men in Two Cultures
Authors: Cialdini Robert B. , Wosinska Wilhelmina , Dabul Amy J. , Whetstone-Dion Robin , Heszen Irena
Published: March 2007

Resistance to the traditional gender role expectation for modest self-presentation among women was examined in a pair of studies. In the first-which included U. S. and Polish college students of both sexes-making traditional gender role expectations explicitly salient led to a significant reversal of traditional modest responding only among American women. A second study supported a role rejection account of this finding by demonstrating that (a) U.S. women reacted much more negatively to the traditional gender role expectations for modesty than did comparable men, and (b) those women who reacted most negatively also evidenced the greatest role-inconsistent intentions. The possibility is discussed that seemingly ambivalent role behavior may not be a result of role conflict but instead to the presence or absence of salient role-related stimuli.
The Effect of Guessing on Item Reliability under Answer-Until-Correct Scoring
Authors: Kane Michael , Moloney James
Published: March 2007

The answer-until-correct (AUC) procedure re quires that examinees respond to a multiple-choice item until they answer it correctly. The examinee's score on the item is then based on the number of responses required for the item. It was expected that the additional responses obtained under the AUC procedure would improve reliability by pro viding additional information on those examinees who fail to choose the correct alternative on their first attempt. However, when compared to the zero- one (ZO) scoring procedure, the AUC procedure has failed to yield consistent improvements in relia bility. Using a modified version of Horst's model for examinee behavior, this paper compares the ef fect of guessing on item reliability for the AUC pro cedure and the ZO procedure. The analysis shows that the relative efficiency of the two procedures de pends strongly on the nature of the item alterna tives and implies that the appropriate criteria for item selection are different for each procedure. Conflicting results reported for empirical compari sons of the reliabilities of the two procedures may result from a failure to control for the characteris tics of the items.
Construction Strategies for Multiscale Personality Inventories
Authors: Burisch Matthias
Published: March 2007

In a replication of the well-known Goldberg (1972) study, sets of inventory scales were con structed from a common item pool, using variants of what are here called the Inductive, Deductive, and External strategies, respectively. Two addi tional scales were also written. Peer ratings for 21 traits, employing two different scale formats, served as criteria. Subjects were 138 students of both sexes. In spite of a number of procedural dif ferences, most notably a concentration on "trait- relevant" criteria and the use of zero-order correla tions as indices of validity, Goldberg's main finding stood unchallenged: Very little variation in validity was attributable to construction strategies. It is pointed out, however, that the Deductive strategy accomplishes its feats with much less effort and considerably shorter scales. Further work with this methodology is urged, as is increased attention to the measurement of criterion variables.
Some Psychometric Properties of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory
Authors: Moreland John R. , Gulanick Nancy , Montague Eileen K. , Harren Vincent A.
Published: March 2007

In Study I responses to the 60 BSRI items from 580 college students were factor analyzed. Four fac tors were rotated to the Varimax criterion and la beled Emotional Expressiveness, Instrumental Ac tivity, Sex of Subject, and Social Immaturity. These factors were virtually identical to those found earlier by Gaudreau (1977). In Study II, another sample of 600 college students was employed to compare the internal consistency of the three BSRI original scales with that of the four factor scales de rived from Study I. Even with their shorter length, the factor scales were more internally consistent than those originally constructed by Bem. Some logical problems in the labeling of the scales in the BSRI are discussed.
A Note on "Planning an Experiment in the Company of Measurement Error" by Levin and Subkoviak
Authors: Forsyth Robert A.
Published: March 2007

Levin and Subkoviak (1977) contend that experi menters should consider the reliability of their measures when comparing the power of fixed-ef fects completely randomized designs with that of randomized block designs. The two major purposes of this note are (1) to show that under the condi tions specified by Levin and Subkoviak, it is not necessary to consider the reliabilities when compar ing these two designs and (2) to identify certain er rors in the illustrative example used by Levin and Subkoviak.
A Test of the Theoretical Model of the Revised Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities
Authors: Ramanaiah Nerella V. , O'Donnell James P. , Adams Michael
Published: March 2007

This study tested the theoretical model underly ing the Revised Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA). The ITPA model is a hierarchical factor model which includes five first-order factors (Receptive Process, Organizing Process, Expressive Process, Closure, and Sequential Memory); two sec ond-order factors (Representational Level and Automatic Level); and one third-order factor (Psy cholinguistic Ability). Results from correlated mul tiple-group component analyses of the ITPA subtest intercorrelations for each age group in the standardization sample provided strong support for the theoretical model.
The Hierarchical Structure of Formal Operational Tasks
Authors: Bart William M. , Mertens Donna M.
Published: March 2007

The hierarchical structure of the formal opera tional period of Piaget's theory of cognitive develop ment was explored through the application of or dering theoretic methods to a set of data that sys tematically tapped the various formal operational schemes. The results suggest that the tasks within some schemes are empirically equivalent. While the response patterns were quite varied, the results do suggest that some common structure may underlie performance on the tasks, thus supporting Piaget's notion of the integrative structure of the period.
Standard Errors of the Kernel Equating Methods Under the Common-Item Design
Authors: Liou Michelle , Cheng Philip E. , Johnson Eugene G.
Published: March 2007

Simplified equations are derived to compute the standard error of the frequency estimation method for studies indicate that the simplified equations work equating score distributions that are continuized using a uniform or Gaussian kernel function (Holland, King, & Thayer, 1989; Holland & Thayer, 1987). The simplified equations can be used to equate both observed- and smoothed-score distributions (Rosenbaum & Thayer, 1987). Results from two empirical reasonably well for moderate-size samples (e.g., 1,000 examinees).
A Method for Obtaining Standard Errors and Confidence Intervals of Composite Reliability for Congeneric Items
Authors: Raykov Tenko
Published: March 2007

A method for obtaining standard errors and confidence intervals of composite reliability co-efficients based on the bootstrap method is proposed. Using a structural equation modeling framework for estimating composite reliability of congeneric measures (Raykov, 1997), the approach takes repeated samples from a given sample and then estimates reliability. This approach extends earlier research on the distribution of scale reliability that is primarily concerned with Cronbach's coefficient alpha, and represents a general method based on fewer assumptions. It also permits testing hypotheses about composite reliability. Its use is demonstrated on simulated data.
A Causal Model of Behavioral Commitment: Evidence From a Study of Australian Blue-collar Employees
Authors: Iverson Roderick D. , Roy Parimal
Published: March 2007

This study examines the behavioral commitment ( intent to stay) of a sample of blue-collar employees from a manufacturing firm in Australia. The purpose was to test an integrated causal model of behavioral commitment based on four general classes of variables: structural, pre-entry, environmental, and employee orientations. The LISREL results indicate that variables rank ordered in terms of importance for their total causal effects on the decision process of employees to stay or leave an organization is as follows: job search, job satisfaction, job security, attitudinal commitment, union participation, environmental opportunity, physical conditions, job hazards, met expectations, equity, family responsibility, centraliza tion, supervisory support, and work group cohesion.
Classifying Regions: A Conceptual Approach
Authors: Guttenberg Albert Z.
Published: March 2007

USING A MODEL BASED ON THE FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE, THIS ARTICLE EXPLORES THE MAJOR DIMENSIONS OF THE CONCEPT OF REGION. THE CONCEPT IS SHOWN TO INVOLVE AN ELEMENT OF SOCIAL EVALUATION, OF PRACTICAL SOCIAL ACTION, AND OF VISIONARY REFORM AS WELL AS AN ELEMENT OF SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY. CORRESPONDING TO THESE ELEMENTS FOUR MODES OF REGIONALIZATION AND OF REGIONAL CLASSIFICATION ARE IDENTIFIED. BY NAMING THESE MODES THE VOCABULARY OF REGIONAL STUDIES IS BOTH EXPANDED AND REFINED. EXAMPLES OF THE TYPES OF REGION PRODUCED BY EACH REGIONALIZATION MODE ARE PRESENTED AND DISCUSSED.
The State of Regional Economics: A Survey Article
Authors: Richardson Harry W.
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews regional economics research of recent years under the three categories of theory, methods, and policy. The theoretical topics analyzed include spatial prices, location, regional growth, and spatial diffusion. The methods section focusses on the five most popular techniques: economic base, regional input-output, regional econometric models, shift-share, and the gravity model. Policy issues discussed include the efficiency vs. equity trade-off, the case for subsidized migration, the relative merits of subsidies of capital, labor, and infrastructure, growth centers, and regional policy evaluation. It is suggested that many of the unresolved questions in regional economics spill over disciplinary boundaries and require the interdisciplinary skills of the regional scientist rather than those of the mainstream economist.
The Functional Form of the Gravity Model
Authors: Kau James B. , Sirmans C.F.
Published: March 2007

Gravity models have been used extensively in regional planning and transportation studies in order to examine spatial interaction. These models have been criticized, however, because their precise functional form is difficult to determine empirically. In this paper an application of a maximum likelihood method, developed by Box and Cox, is presented that allows an investigator to choose the most appropriate functional form from a general class of alternatives. This method, which imposes no additional information requirements, is applied to 1970 data on 489 trip flows among approximately 700 different travel nodes in Georgia. The log-linear functional form for the gravity model performs best in this context.
Assessing Prospects for the Adequacy of Agricultural Land in the United States
Authors: Brown David L. , Brewer Michael F. , Boxley Robert F. , Beale Calvin L.
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews current information on the supply of and demand for agricultural land in the United States. It describes the size and composition of the agricultural land base, discusses shortcomings of data by which use of this base is measured, and evaluates various estimates of future demands for the resource. Available data and analysis provide only a limited body of verifiable information on the future supply and demand of U.S. agricultural land. This lack of adequate data and analysis permits widely differing perceptions of the situation. How. ever, available empirical information supports the conclusion that a sufficient supply of agricultural land will be available through the year 2000 to meet both agricultural and nonagricultural demands.
A Hybrid Top-Down, Bottom-Up Regional Computable General Equilibrium Model
Authors: Higgs Peter J. , Parmenter B. R. , Rimmer Russell J.
Published: March 2007

This article compares top-down and bottom-up methods for obtaining regional projections for policy analysis using computable general equilibrium models. In view of the computing and data problems of bottom-up, multisectoral models, a hybrid approach is proposed in which a partially regionalized computable general equilibrium model is used to drive a top-down regional equation system. The hybrid avoids some of the serious theoretical shortcomings of the top-down approach but is much less data demanding than a complete bottom-up model. An application, based on the ORANI computable general equilibrium model of Australia, is presented with comparative top-down and hybrid results.
Spatial Impact Analysis in Developing Countries: Method and Application
Authors: Nijkamp Peter , van Pelt Michiel
Published: March 2007

This article presents a systematic method for spatial impact analysis in Third World countries. After a discussion of spatial development issues in this setting, a systems approach to spatial impact analysis is introduced that emphasizes qualitative information. Some analytical tools for soft data are presented as well. The method is illustrated by means of an extensive case study for the city of Bhubaneswar, India.
Economic Independence and Regional Cost-Accounting Relations in the Former Soviet Union
Authors: Shnieper Ruvin I.
Published: March 2007

Central to the former Soviet Union's successful transition to a market economy is the economic independence of both enterprises and regions. Market relations require that enterprises be self-financing, dependent only on their own productivity. Regional economic independence, however, must be balanced with the government's responsibilities. Self-financing at the local government level would inhibit the regional redistribution of income to reverse inequalities created under central planning. While enterprises should be independent in matters of production, the public sector should be able to provide the social infrastructure necessary for economic independence.
Interregional Interdependence and Regional Economic Growth in Japan: An Input-Output Analysts
Authors: Akita Takahiro
Published: March 2007

This article examines the sources of regional economic growth in Japan by using an extended growth-factor decomposition method based on an interregional input-output model. The extended formula avoids some problems of shift-share analyses and measures the roles played by interregional and interindustry linkages in the growth of a regional economy. This method can identify growth factors that originate outside a region as well as those that originate from within. Applying the method to Japanese interregional input-output tables reveals that interregional interdependence has exerted notable effects on regional economic growth in Japan and that regions are becoming more interdependent.
Office Automation, Gender, and Change: An Analysis of the Management Literature
Authors: Kraft Joan F. , Siegenthaler Jurg K.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the consequences of computerization for women who do information work. Syntheses of research findings from both the general social science literature and the business and management periodical literature are compared with each other. The two bodies of research results converge with respect to employment consequences and shifts in work, but differ markedly when it comes to control of the labor process and training. In contrast to social scientists, management researchers pay scant attention to differential gender effects of microcomputer deployment. Similarities and differences between the two research traditions show that social science and business research, if combined, yield a better understanding of the changes prompted by new information technology.
The Turn to Technology in Social Studies of Science
Authors: Woolgar Steve
Published: March 2007

This article examines how the special theoretical significance of the sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) is affected by attempts to apply relativist-constructivism to technology. The article shows that the failure to confront key analytic ambivalences in the practice of SSK has compromised its original strategic significance. In particular, the construal of SSK as an explanatory formula diminishes its potential for profoundly reconceptualizing epistemic issues. A consideration of critiques of technological determinism, and of some empirical studies, reveals similar analytic ambivalences in the social study of technology (SST). The injunction to consider "technology as text" is critically examined. It is concluded that a reflexive interpretation of this slogan is necessary to recover some of the epistemological significance lost in the constructivist move from SSK to SST.
New Light on Old Boys: Cognitive and Institutional Particularism in the Peer Review System
Authors: Travis G.D.L. , Collins H.M.
Published: March 2007

Peer review of grant applications, it has been suggested, might be distorted by what is popularly termed old boyism, cronyism, or particularism. We argue that the existing debate emphasizes the more uninteresting aspects of the peer review system and that the operation of old boyism, as currently understood would have little effect on the overall direction of science. We identify a phenomenon of cognitive particularism, which we consider to be more important than the institutional cronyism analyzed in previous studies. We illustrate with material drawn from observation of grant-awarding commit tees of the (British) Science and Engineering Research CounciL In the concluding discussion, we explore some of the possible implications for the peer review system.
From One Dependency to Another
Authors: Yearley Steven
Published: March 2007

The literature on the politics of science and on science policy is dominated by information about large and highly industrialized countries. For example, models of the different forms of science policy administration and management tend to derive from French, U.S., and British exemplars. Yet in the mid-1990s there is a growing number of small nations, all of which are seeking to harness research communities to the cause of socioeconomic development, while still extracting "value for money" from science budgets. This article uses the case study approach—focusing on the political economy of the politics of science in the Irish Republic, chiefly since the 1950s-to analyze the problems faced by science policy agencies and the scientific community in small nations. The study offers analogies and possible insights into the politics of research policy in other small nations (such as the smaller countries of the European Union and Scandinavia, and small countries in the East of Europe); it also aims to throw light on emerging research policy trends even in bigger countries as the "bargain" between the funders and the performers of research becomes more and more explicit and increasingly subject to economic justifications.
Feminism and Ecology: Realism and Rhetoric in the Discourses of Nature
Authors: Soper Kate
Published: March 2007

Ecology and constructivism are motivated by broadly shared political aspirations and subscribe to similar critiques of technocratism, patriarchy. and "instrumental rational ity." But they diverge considerably in respect to the discourses they offer on "nature." By staging an encounter between ecological argument and feminist comtructivist theory, this article seeks to illuminate, and to indicate the means of resolving, the ontological tensions between these respective critiques of modernity. It recognizes that the constructivist emphasis on the "discursivity" of nature offers an important corrective to the more simplistic, and potentially reactionary, aspects of ecological rhetoric but defends a realist perspective as essential to the coherence of any gender theory and politics.
Where Is Science Going?
Authors: Hicks Diana M. , Katz J. Sylvan
Published: March 2007

Do researchers produce scientific and technical knowledge differently than they did ten years ago? What will scientific research look like ten years from now? Addressing such questions means looking at science from a dynamic systems perspective. Two recent books about the social system of science, by Ziman and by Gibbons, Limoges, Nowotny, Schwartzman, Scott, and Trow, accept this challenge and argue that the research enterprise is changing. This article uses bibliometric data to examine the extent and nature of changes identified by these authors, taking as an example British research. We use their theoretical frameworks to investigate five characteristics of research said to be increasingly pervasive—namely, application, interdisciplinarity, networking, internationalization, and concentration of resources. Results indicate that research may be becoming more interdisciplinary and that research is increasingly conducted more in networks, both domestic and international; but the data are more ambiguous regarding application and concentration.
Is There a “Best” Way to Detect and Minimize Publication Bias?
Authors: Pham Ba’ , Platt Robert , McAuley Laura , Klassen Terry P. , Moher David
Published: March 2007

Using 14 meta-analyses that included both published (n = 199) and unpublished (n = 50) randomized trials, we evaluated the utility of different analytical approaches to detect, assess robustness, and minimize publication bias in meta-analysis. The rank correlation and graphical tests indicated funnel plot asymmetry in 3 and 7 of the 14 meta-analyses, respectively. The file drawer number estimates using Iyengar-Greenhouse method were between 1.5 and 4.7 times smaller compared to Rosenthal’s estimates. The median difference between the Trim and Fill estimates and the actual number of missing studies was 1 (range -4, 6). Weighted estimation methods adjusted for publication bias and provided estimates of intervention effect close to the reference standard, on average. We showed there are differences in the conclusions one would reach clinically based on the different analytical approaches dealing with publication bias. Our results also suggest that the appropriate use of these methods improves the reliability and accuracy of meta-analysis.
The User Satisfaction Survey:
Authors: Love Robert E. , Caid Charlene D. , Davis Abraham
Published: March 2007

The consumer movement has become a recognized force in American society. Yet consumer evaluation of community mental health services has largely been ignored or avoided particularly when users lack political or social power. As a first step toward increasing the accountability of providers to community users, a User Satisfaction Survey was developed. The 30-item scale is straightforward and requires 15 to 20 minutes to complete. The scale was field tested by 114 users of the adult outpatient services of an inner city community mental health center in Washington, D.C.