bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic characteristics of cathode spots during expansion process in a vacuum arc
Authors: Liu Liming , Yuan Zhao , Chen Lixue , Liu Shan , Ye Jingjing , Jiang Wei
Published: September 2022

Cathode spot is the source of plasma and metal vapor which affects the breaking capacity of vacuum circuit breakers. In this paper, the cup-shaped axial magnetic field contacts were used and the images of cathode spots were obtained by an ultra high-speed camera in the experiment. The dynamic characteristics of cathode spots during expansion process in vacuum arc were investigated. Under the conditions of different current amplitudes, different distributions of cathode spots were observed. During the expansion process of cathode spot, there are group spots and individual spots. The group spot only occurs in the cold electrode. The electrons emission characteristics of cathode spot as a function of temperature and electric field was calculated. The formation of group spot is related to the current and electron emission of cathode spot. The cathode spots were identified by Matlab. It was found that the variation of number of cathode spots is consistent with the current. However, at different stages, the reasons for the increase in the number of cathode spots are different, such as the increase in the area of cathode spots in the initial arcing stage and the splitting of cathode spot. It was observed that the cathode spots are not completely evenly distributed on the cathode surface. The farther away from the center of the contact, the longer the distance between the cathode spots. It is mainly effected by the transverse magnetic field (TMF) which is generated by the arc column. The closer to the contact edge, the higher the TMF at the cathode spot and the higher the expansion velocity of cathode spot.
Application of a portable primary standard level graphite calorimeter for absolute dosimetry in a clinical low-energy passively scattered proton beam
Authors: Lourenço A , Lee N , Shipley D , Romano F , Kacperek A , Duane S , Cashmore M , Bass G , Palmans H , Thomas R
Published: September 2022

Objective. A calibration service based on a primary standard calorimeter for the direct determination of absorbed dose for proton beams does not exist. A new Code of Practice (CoP) for reference dosimetry of proton beams is being developed by a working party of the UK Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine (IPEM), which will recommend that ionisation chambers are calibrated directly in their clinical beams against the proposed Primary Standard Proton Calorimeter (PSPC) developed at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL). The aim of this work is to report on the use of the NPL PSPC to directly calibrate ionisation chambers in a low-energy passively scattered proton beam following recommendations of the upcoming IPEM CoP. Approach. A comparison between the dose derived using the proposed IPEM CoP and the IAEA TRS-398 protocol was performed, and

k

Q

values were determined experimentally for three types of chambers. In total, 9 plane-parallel and 3 cylindrical chambers were calibrated using the two protocols for two separate visits. Main results. The ratio of absorbed dose to water obtained with the PSPC and with ionisation chambers applying TRS-398 varied between 0.98 and 1.00, depending on the chamber type. The new procedure based on the PSPC provides a significant improvement in uncertainty where absorbed dose to water measured with a user chamber is reported with an uncertainty of 0.9% (1

σ

), whereas the TRS-398 protocol reports an uncertainty of 2.0% and 2.3% (1

σ

) for cylindrical and plane-parallel chambers, respectively. The

k

Q

values found agree within uncertainties with those from TRS-398 and Monte Carlo calculations. Significance. The establishment of a primary standard calorimeter for the determination of absorbed dose in proton beams combined with the introduction of the associated calibration service following the IPEM recommendations will reduce the uncertainty and improve consistency in the dose delivered to patients.
Male pelvic multi-organ segmentation using token-based transformer Vnet
Authors: Pan Shaoyan , Lei Yang , Wang Tonghe , Wynne Jacob , Chang Chih-Wei , Roper Justin , Jani Ashesh B , Patel Pretesh , Bradley Jeffrey D , Liu Tian , Yang Xiaofeng
Published: September 2022

Objective. This work aims to develop an automated segmentation method for the prostate and its surrounding organs-at-risk in pelvic computed tomography to facilitate prostate radiation treatment planning. Approach. In this work, we propose a novel deep learning algorithm combining a U-shaped convolutional neural network (CNN) and vision transformer (VIT) for multi-organ (i.e. bladder, prostate, rectum, left and right femoral heads) segmentation in male pelvic CT images. The U-shaped model consists of three components: a CNN-based encoder for local feature extraction, a token-based VIT for capturing global dependencies from the CNN features, and a CNN-based decoder for predicting the segmentation outcome from the VIT’s output. The novelty of our network is a token-based multi-head self-attention mechanism used in the transformer, which encourages long-range dependencies and forwards informative high-resolution feature maps from the encoder to the decoder. In addition, a knowledge distillation strategy is deployed to further enhance the learning capability of the proposed network. Main results. We evaluated the network using: (1) a dataset collected from 94 patients with prostate cancer; (2) and a public dataset CT-ORG. A quantitative evaluation of the proposed network’s performance was performed on each organ based on (1) volume similarity between the segmented contours and ground truth using Dice score, segmentation sensitivity, and precision, (2) surface similarity evaluated by Hausdorff distance (HD), mean surface distance (MSD) and residual mean square distance (RMS), (3) and percentage volume difference (PVD). The performance was then compared against other state-of-art methods. Average volume similarity measures obtained by the network overall organs were Dice score = 0.91, sensitivity = 0.90, precision = 0.92, average surface similarities were HD = 3.78 mm, MSD = 1.24 mm, RMS = 2.03 mm; average percentage volume difference was PVD = 9.9% on the first dataset. The network also obtained Dice score = 0.93, sensitivity = 0.93, precision = 0.93, average surface similarities were HD = 5.82 mm, MSD = 1.16 mm, RMS = 1.24 mm; average percentage volume difference was PVD = 6.6% on the CT-ORG dataset. Significance. In summary, we propose a token-based transformer network with knowledge distillation for multi-organ segmentation using CT images. This method provides accurate and reliable segmentation results for each organ using CT imaging, facilitating the prostate radiation clinical workflow.
Nonequilibrium statistical mechanics and optimal prediction of partially-observed complex systems
Authors: Rupe Adam , Vesselinov Velimir V , Crutchfield James P
Published: September 2022

Only a subset of degrees of freedom are typically accessible or measurable in real-world systems. As a consequence, the proper setting for empirical modeling is that of partially-observed systems. Notably, data-driven models consistently outperform physics-based models for systems with few observable degrees of freedom; e.g. hydrological systems. Here, we provide an operator-theoretic explanation for this empirical success. To predict a partially-observed system’s future behavior with physics-based models, the missing degrees of freedom must be explicitly accounted for using data assimilation and model parametrization. Data-driven models, in contrast, employ delay-coordinate embeddings and their evolution under the Koopman operator to implicitly model the effects of the missing degrees of freedom. We describe in detail the statistical physics of partial observations underlying data-driven models using novel maximum entropy and maximum caliber measures. The resulting nonequilibrium Wiener projections applied to the Mori–Zwanzig formalism reveal how data-driven models may converge to the true dynamics of the observable degrees of freedom. Additionally, this framework shows how data-driven models infer the effects of unobserved degrees of freedom implicitly, in much the same way that physics models infer the effects explicitly. This provides a unified implicit-explicit modeling framework for predicting partially-observed systems, with hybrid physics-informed machine learning methods combining both implicit and explicit aspects.
The SIDDHARTA-2 calibration method for high precision kaonic atoms x-ray spectroscopy measurements
Authors: Sgaramella F , Miliucci M , Bazzi M , Bosnar D , Bragadireanu M , Carminati M , Cargnelli M , Clozza A , Deda G , De Paolis L , Del Grande R , Fiorini C , Guaraldo C , Iliescu M , Iwasaki M , King P , Levi Sandri P , Marton J , Moskal P , Napolitano F , Niedźwiecki S , Piscicchia K , Scordo A , Shi H , Silarski M , Sirghi D , Sirghi F , Skurzok M , Spallone A , Tüchler M , Zmeskal J , Curceanu C
Published: September 2022

The SIDDHARTA-2 experiment at the DAΦNE collider aims to perform the first kaonic deuterium x-ray transitions to the fundamental level measurement, with a systematic error at the level of a few eV. To achieve this challenging goal the experimental apparatus is equipped with 384 Silicon Drift Detectors (SDDs) distributed around its cryogenic gaseous target. The SDDs developed by the SIDDHARTA-2 collaboration are suitable for high precision kaonic atoms spectroscopy, thanks to their high energy and time resolutions combined with their radiation hardness. The energy response of each detector must be calibrated and monitored to keep the systematic error, due to processes such as gain fluctuations, at the level of 2–3 eV. This paper presents the SIDDHARTA-2 calibration method which was optimized during the preliminary phase of the experiment in the real background conditions of the DAΦNE collider, which is a fundamental tool to guarantee the high precision spectroscopic performances of the system over long periods of data taking, as that required for the kaonic deuterium measurement.
Morphogen gradient formation in partially absorbing media
Authors: Bressloff Paul C
Published: September 2022

Morphogen gradients play an essential role in the spatial regulation of cell patterning during early development. The classical mechanism of morphogen gradient formation involves the diffusion of morphogens away from a localized source combined with some form of bulk absorption. Morphogen gradient formation plays a crucial role during early development, whereby a spatially varying concentration of morphogen protein drives a corresponding spatial variation in gene expression during embryogenesis. In most models, the absorption rate is taken to be a constant multiple of the local concentration. In this paper, we explore a more general class of diffusion-based model in which absorption is formulated probabilistically in terms of a stopping time condition. Absorption of each particle occurs when its time spent within the bulk domain (occupation time) exceeds a randomly distributed threshold a; the classical model with a constant rate of absorption is recovered by taking the threshold distribution

Ψ

(

a

)

=

e

−

κ

0

a

. We explore how the choice of Ψ(a) affects the steady-state concentration gradient, and the relaxation to steady-state as determined by the accumulation time. In particular, we show that the more general model can generate similar concentration profiles to the classical case, while significantly reducing the accumulation time.
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of biomimetic hydroxyapatite/whitlockite inorganic scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration
Authors: Pang Yanyun , Li Dan , Zhou Jing , Liu Xue , Li Min , Zhang Yanling , Zhang Daixing , Zhang Xu , Cai Qing
Published: September 2022

Native bone tissue can be formed by developing collagen fibrils coated with hydroxyapatite (HA) and whitlockite (WH) nanoparticles after mineralization. WH has attracted much attention as the second most abundant bone mineral in human bones. It has a negatively charged surface, which can adsorb osteogenesis-related proteins such as bone sialoprotein in vivo, thus having a stronger possibility to induce osteogenesis. However, due to its poor thermodynamic stability and intermediate phases, the preparation of WH is relatively tricky, so WH inorganic scaffolds are still rarely studied. Therefore, this study explored the preparation of WH inorganic scaffolds using the hydrothermal method and prepared pure inorganic WH scaffolds. The prepared scaffolds exhibited apparent WH crystal phases in the x-ray powder diffraction (XRD) characterization. In the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, the WH scaffolds had an apparent hexagonal crystal form, which had a pronounced effect on promoting cell proliferation and differentiation in vitro experiments compared to the HA and HA/WH scaffolds. Furthermore, the scaffolds were used to verify the osteogenic properties of subcutaneous ectopic osteogenesis or repair of the calvarial defect in vivo and proved that the WH inorganic scaffolds have an excellent synergistic osteogenic ability.
Racial-ethnic exposure disparities to airborne ultrafine particles in the United States
Authors: Saha Provat K , Presto Albert A , Hankey Steve , Marshall Julian D , Robinson Allen L
Published: September 2022

Ultrafine particles (‘UFP’; <100 nm in diameter) are a subset of fine particulate matter (PM2.5); they have different sources and spatial patterns. Toxicological studies suggest UFP may be more toxic per mass than PM2.5. Racial-ethnic exposure disparities for PM2.5 are well documented; national exposure disparities for UFP remain unexplored due to a lack of national exposure estimates. Here, we combine high-spatial-resolution (census block level) national-scale estimates of long-term, ambient particle number concentrations (PNC; a measure of UFP) with publicly available demographic data (census block-group level) to investigate exposure disparities by race-ethnicity and income across the continental United States. PNC exposure for racial-ethnic minorities (Asian, Black, Hispanic) is 35% higher than the overall national mean. The magnitudes of exposure disparities vary spatially. Disparities are generally larger in densely populated metropolitan areas. The magnitudes of disparities are much larger for PNC than for PM2.5; PM2.5 exposure for racial-ethnic minorities is 9% higher than the overall national mean. Our analysis shows that PNC exposure disparities cannot be explained by differences in income. Whites of all incomes, including low-income Whites, have substantially lower average PNC exposures than people of color of all incomes. A higher proportion of traffic and other PNC sources are located near many minority communities. This means that the exposure disparities are structural and strongly tied to where certain subsets of the population live and that simply reducing PNC emissions nationwide will not reduce these disparities.
On complementability of 𝑐₀ in spaces 𝐶(𝐾×𝐿)
Authors: Ka̧kol Jerzy , Sobota Damian , Zdomskyy Lyubomyr
Published: September 2022

Using elementary probabilistic methods, in particular a variant of the Weak Law of Large Numbers related to the Bernoulli distribution, we prove that for every infinite compact spaces

K
K

and

L
L

the product

K
×
L

K\times L

admits a sequence

⟨

μ
n

:
n
∈

N

⟩

\langle \mu _n\colon n\in \mathbb {N}\rangle

of normalized signed measures with finite supports which converges to

0
0

with respect to the weak* topology of the dual Banach space

C
(
K
×
L

)
∗

C(K\times L)^*

. Our approach is completely constructive—the measures

μ
n

\mu _n

are defined by an explicit simple formula. We also show that this result generalizes the classical theorem of Cembranos [Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 91 (1984), pp. 556–558] and Freniche [Math. Ann. 267 (1984), pp. 479–486] which states that for every infinite compact spaces

K
K

and

L
L

the Banach space

C
(
K
×
L
)

C(K\times L)

contains a complemented copy of the space

c
0

c_0

.
Diophantine approximation on conics
Authors: O’Dorney Evan
Published: September 2022

Given a conic

C

\mathcal {C}

over

Q

\mathbb {Q}

, it is natural to ask what real points on

C

\mathcal {C}

are most difficult to approximate by rational points of low height. For the analogous problem on the real line (for which the least approximable number is the golden ratio, by Hurwitz’s theorem), the approximabilities comprise the classically studied Lagrange and Markoff spectra, but work by Cha–Kim [Intrinsic Diophantine approximation on the unit circle and its Lagrange spectrum, arXiv: 1903.02882, 2021] and Cha–Chapman–Gelb–Weiss [Monatsh. Math. 197 (2022), pp. 1–55] shows that the spectra of conics can vary. We provide notions of approximability, Lagrange spectrum, and Markoff spectrum valid for a general

C

\mathcal {C}

and prove that their behavior is exhausted by the special family of conics

C

n

:
X
Z
=
n

Y
2

\mathcal {C}_n : XZ = nY^2

, which has symmetry by the modular group

Γ
0

(
n
)

\Gamma _0(n)

and whose Markoff spectrum was studied in a different guise by A. Schmidt and Vulakh [Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 352 (2000), pp. 4067–4094]. The proof proceeds by using the Gross-Lucianovic bijection to relate a conic to a quaternionic subring of

Mat

2
×
2

⁡
(

Z

)

\operatorname {Mat}^{2\times 2}(\mathbb {Z})

and classifying invariant lattices in its

2
2

-dimensional representation.
Refined Rellich boundary inequalities for the derivatives of a harmonic function
Authors: Agrawal Siddhant , Alazard Thomas
Published: September 2022

The classical Rellich inequalities imply that the

L
2

L^2

-norms of the normal and tangential derivatives of a harmonic function are equivalent. In this note, we prove several refined inequalities, which make sense even if the domain is not Lipschitz. For two-dimensional domains, we obtain a sharp

L
p

L^p

-estimate for

1
>
p
≤
2

1>p\leq 2

by using a Riemann mapping and interpolation argument.
Nonabelian Hodge theory for Fujiki class 𝒞 manifolds
Authors: Biswas Indranil , Dumitrescu Sorin
Published: September 2022

The nonabelian Hodge correspondence (also known as the Corlette-Simpson correspondence), between the polystable Higgs bundles with vanishing Chern classes on a compact Kähler manifold

X
X

and the completely reducible flat connections on

X
X

, is extended to the Fujiki class

C

\mathcal C

manifolds.
Microbe-bridged disease-metabolite associations identification by heterogeneous graph fusion
Authors: Feng Jitong , Wu Shengbo , Yang Hongpeng , Ai Chengwei , Qiao Jianjun , Xu Junhai , Guo Fei
Published: September 2022

Motivation

Metabolomics has developed rapidly in recent years, and metabolism-related databases are also gradually constructed. Nowadays, more and more studies are being carried out on diverse microbes, metabolites and diseases. However, the logics of various associations among microbes, metabolites and diseases are limited understanding in the biomedicine of gut microbial system. The collection and analysis of relevant microbial bioinformation play an important role in the revelation of microbe–metabolite–disease associations. Therefore, the dataset that integrates multiple relationships and the method based on complex heterogeneous graphs need to be developed.

Results

In this study, we integrated some databases and extracted a variety of associations data among microbes, metabolites and diseases. After obtaining the three interconnected bilateral association data (microbe–metabolite, metabolite–disease and disease–microbe), we considered building a heterogeneous graph to describe the association data. In our model, microbes were used as a bridge between diseases and metabolites. In order to fuse the information of disease–microbe–metabolite graph, we used the bipartite graph attention network on the disease–microbe and metabolite–microbe bipartite graph. The experimental results show that our model has good performance in the prediction of various disease–metabolite associations. Through the case study of type 2 diabetes mellitus, Parkinson’s disease, inflammatory bowel disease and liver cirrhosis, it is noted that our proposed methodology are valuable for the mining of other associations and the prediction of biomarkers for different human diseases.

Availability and implementation: https://github.com/Selenefreeze/DiMiMe.git
Integrative analysis of enrichment and prognostic value of ferroptosis-related genes and pathways in multiple myeloma
Authors: Su Qi , Li Qi , Zhang Weimin , Li Bingzong , Zhuang Wenzhuo
Published: September 2022

Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic form of cell death caused by excessive iron exposure. The role played by the ferroptosis-related genes and pathways in multiple myeloma (MM) is poorly understood. Here, we show that the ferroptosis-related pathways might be involved in tumorigenesis and are closely correlated with the prognosis of MM. The ferroptosis suppressor genes are progressively enriched with the progression of plasma cell dyscrasias. Furthermore, high expression of ferroptosis suppressor genes is correlated with high International Staging System and Revised-ISS staging of MM, as well as the poor outcomes of poor outcomes in progression-free survival and overall survival . The ferroptosis driver genes and the ferroptosis suppressor genes have the opposite effects on the progression and prognosis of MM. Moreover, we reveal that ferroptosis-related genes are associated with cytogenetic abnormalities in MM. The ferroptosis-related pathways and genes might impact the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells in MM patients. A better understanding of the participation of ferroptosis in MM will pave the way for design of new therapies.
Retrosplenial cortex microglia and perineuronal net densities are associated with memory impairment in aged rhesus macaques
Authors: Gray Daniel T , Khattab Salma , Meltzer Jeri , McDermott Kelsey , Schwyhart Rachel , Sinakevitch Irina , Härtig Wolfgang , Barnes Carol A
Published: September 2022

Synapse loss and altered plasticity are significant contributors to memory loss in aged individuals. Microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, play critical roles in maintaining synapse function, including through a recently identified role in regulating the brain extracellular matrix. This study sought to determine the relationship between age, microglia, and extracellular matrix structure densities in the macaque retrosplenial cortex. Twenty-nine macaques ranging in age from young adult to aged were behaviorally characterized on 3 distinct memory tasks. Microglia, parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons and extracellular matrix structures, known as perineuronal nets (PNNs), were immuno- and histochemically labeled. Our results indicate that microglia densities increase in the retrosplenial cortex of aged monkeys, while the proportion of PV neurons surrounded by PNNs decreases. Aged monkeys with more microglia had fewer PNN-associated PV neurons and displayed slower learning and poorer performance on an object recognition task. Stepwise regression models using age and the total density of aggrecan, a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan of PNNs, better predicted memory performance than did age alone. Together, these findings indicate that elevated microglial activity in aged brains negatively impacts cognition in part through mechanisms that alter PNN assembly in memory-associated brain regions.
Understanding and experience of climate change in rural general practice in Aotearoa—New Zealand
Authors: Glavinovic Krystyna , Eggleton Kyle , Davis Rhoena , Gosman Kim , Macmillan Alexandra
Published: September 2022

Background

Climate change is already affecting Aotearoa New Zealand (Aotearoa-NZ). The public health effects are varied and complex, and rural primary care staff will be at the front line of effects and responses. However, little is known about their understanding and experience.

Objectives

To determine understanding, experiences and preparedness of rural general practice staff in Aotearoa-NZ about climate change and health equity.

Methods

A mixed-methods national cross-sectional survey of rural general practice staff was undertaken that included Likert-style and free-text responses. Quantitative data were analysed with simple descriptive analysis and qualitative data were thematically analysed using a deductive framework based on Te Whare Tapa Whā.

Results

A proportion of survey respondents remained unsure about climate science and health links, although many others already reported a range of negative climate change health impacts on their communities, and expected these to worsen. Twenty to thirty percent of respondents lacked confidence in their health service’s capability to provide support following extreme weather. Themes included acknowledgement that the health effects of climate change are highly varied and complex, that the health risks for rural communities combine climate change and wider environmental degradation and that climate change will exacerbate existing health inequities.

Conclusions

The study adds to sparse information on climate change effects on health in rural primary care. We suggest that tailored professional education on climate change science and rural health equity is still needed, while urgent resourcing and training for interagency disaster response within rural and remote communities is needed.
Improving rural White men’s attitudes toward clinical trial messaging and participation: effects of framing, exemplars and trust
Authors: Hu Sisi , Kirkpatrick Ciera E , Hong Yoorim , Lee Namyeon , Lee Sungkyoung , Hinnant Amanda
Published: September 2022

This study examined whether framing, exemplar presence and exemplar race in social media news posts influence rural White men’s perceptions, attitudes and behavioral intentions toward clinical trial participation, and if so, how individual trust in doctors moderates the effects of these three factors. An experiment with a 2 within (framing: cognitive versus psychological barriers) × 2 within (exemplar: present versus absent) × 2 between (exemplar race: White versus Black) subjects mixed factorial design was conducted among rural White men (N = 208). Twelve social media news posts about clinical trial participation were created for the experiment. Results revealed that respondents had greater behavioral intentions to participate in clinical trials after seeing posts with exemplars present (versus absent). When news posts addressed cognitive barriers (e.g. lacking knowledge about the value of clinical trials), the presence of exemplars enhanced perceived self-efficacy to participate in clinical trials. Participants with lower trust in doctors reported more favorable attitudes to posts with exemplars, and the posts with Black exemplars were perceived as more effective (approaching statistical significance). When communicating about clinical trials to rural White men, health professionals should consider including exemplars and addressing cognitive barriers to participation.
Remain or Resign? Jewish Leaders’ Dilemmas in the Netherlands and Belgium under Nazi Occupation
Authors: Vastenhout Laurien
Published: September 2022

Why did the chairman of the “Jewish Council” in Belgium decide to resign from his position in late 1942 while his counterparts in the Netherlands, operating in a seemingly similar context, decided to remain in place until the council was dissolved? The choices and motivations of Jewish leaders during Nazi rule have been a persistent subject of discussion in Holocaust historiography for decades. To this day, research has overwhelmingly been conducted in national contexts, which has obscured a thorough understanding of the distinctive circumstances in which Jewish leaders operated. By exploring the different socio-historical premises on which the Jewish organizations in the Netherlands and Belgium were built, this article argues that the level of (dis)continuation with prewar communal structures played a significant role in the posture and choices of Jewish functionaries under Nazi occupation in these two countries.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Helicobacter pylori: Protective or Present?
Authors: Tanner Samuel , Katz Jeffry , Cominelli Fabio , Regueiro Miguel , Cooper Gregory , Mansoor Emad
Published: September 2022

Lay Summary

This article describes the prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in patients with gastritis, duodenitis, and peptic ulcer disease, stratified by Helicobacter pylori infection. Inflammatory boweld is less prevalent in patients with H. pylori, and no increased risk of IBD is seen after H. pylori eradication therapy.
Contrasting impacts of the landing obligation at fleet scale: impact assessment of mitigation scenarios in the Eastern English Channel
Authors: Lehuta S , Vermard Y
Published: September 2022

How the implementation of the European Commission's landing obligation (LO) would affect French vessels of the mixed demersal fishery in the Eastern English Channel was hardly foreseen because of the diversity of vessel characteristics and strategies in the area. Assessing whether the vessels would be able to mitigate the bio-economic impacts of LO and avoid choke situations through exemptions, by changing their fishing patterns or by avoiding areas, required fine scale spatio-temporal modelling of fish and fleet dynamics and of resulting technical interactions. We conducted a bio-economic impact assessment for seven scenarios of mitigation focussing on the differences across fleets and the impact of fleet spatial behavioural flexibility. We found that netters rapidly benefited from the LO as opposed to trawlers and that exemptions helped mitigate the economic loss with limited biomass loss. The avoidance strategies proved to be efficient in reducing unwanted catch of whiting and enabled unexpected protection of juvenile sole. Sensitivity analysis on the drivers of fishing behaviour indicated that the ability and efficiency of adapting fishing patterns depended on main gear and vessel size. Results evidenced the difficult trade-offs LO implies among stocks, fish stages, fleets, and even sub-regions, beyond the usual biological vs. economic contrasts.
A no-take zone and partially protected areas are not enough to save the Kattegat cod, but enhance biomass and abundance of the local fish assemblage
Authors: Sköld Mattias , Börjesson Patrik , Wennhage Håkan , Hjelm Joakim , Lövgren Johan , Ringdahl Katja
Published: September 2022

To supplement catch and effort regulations with the purpose to rebuild the cod (Gadus morhua) stock in Kattegat, Sweden and Denmark established a large (426 km2) year-round no-take zone (NTZ) surrounded by partially protected areas (PPAs) in 2009. The purpose of these spatial regulations was to prohibit cod fishing on the spawning grounds and to displace fisheries bycatch of cod from areas where mature cod aggregate in the Kattegat. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of the established NTZ and PPAs on the local fish assemblage, including cod. Based on a spatially high-resolution bottom trawl survey in the Kattegat (covering 2008–2021), multivariate analyses revealed significant shifts in the fish assemblage. A closer analysis indicated that six to seven fish species, including cod increased in the NTZ relative to control areas depending on if abundance or biomass was used as dependent variable. Univariate analysis showed that two flatfish species dab (Limanda limanda) and lemon sole (Microstomus kitt), and Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) significantly increased in biomass in the NTZ, and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) in the PPA relative to the control areas. These results suggest that the NTZ protected even relatively mobile species in an open sea system, such as the Kattegat. However, neither cod abundance nor biomass showed a significant increase as an effect of the NTZ and PPA despite two relatively strong year classes in 2012 and 2013, which possibly would have helped the recovery of the cod stock. As assessed by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea in 2022, Kattegat cod continuously suffer from being severely overfished with low recruitment, and high discard rates in the mixed N. norvegicus fishery, is considered the major driver behind the reinforced depletion of the stock.
The importance of complexities of scale and context in fisheries research and management
Authors: Ommer Rosemary E , Perry R Ian
Published: September 2022

Problems with spatial (geographical) and temporal scales in fisheries research and management have become better known over the past few years. However, technological and some institutional scales, along with essential contextual dimensions (policy, intellectual, and academic) are also important. We discuss fisheries management in general with respect to these matters and their interactions. We also provide recommendations for addressing these issues, both in general and with particular reference to local fisheries. These are: (1) recognize the importance of fishers’ knowledge across all scales; (2) recognize fishers’ motivations, especially at the local/community scale; (3) thus expand the nature of the information used for management; (4) match the spatial management scales to those of the fish and the fishers; (5) recognize the limitations of large institutions to manage fisheries at local scales; (6) recognize the limits of time-series data; and (7) develop better indicators for fishing effort.
From guidebook to guest book
Authors: Darnton Kate
Published: September 2022

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Netherlands was rightly considered ‘the land of collections’. By the end of the century, a new museum culture had emerged, altering for ever both the role and the relevance of private art collections. This essay collects data from two sources – contemporary travel guides and the guest books of the Six collection in Amsterdam – to understand how public access to private collections worked; to determine the social composition of the private art collection visiting public; and to illustrate how that public changed over the course of the nineteenth century.
Pugilism in Petticoats: Women and Prize-Fighting in Victorian Britain
Authors: Di Méo Grace
Published: September 2022

Prize-fighting culture in the Victorian period was a male-dominated arena. As such, women’s involvement in pugilism – save for their role as spectators – has been largely overlooked by historians. This article casts light on the neglected experiences of nineteenth-century female prize-fighters, drawing attention to the ways in which women engaged in pugilism as well as the methods used by reporters, police officers and magistrates to shape public perceptions of female violence. It is argued that female prize-fighters received an overwhelmingly hostile reception, their very involvement in the masculine fighting environment resonating with contemporary anxieties over public immorality, violent crime, and the emergent movement for women’s emancipation.
A logic of interactive proofs
Authors: Lehnherr David , Ognjanović Zoran , Studer Thomas
Published: September 2022

We introduce the probabilistic two-agent justification logic $\textsf {IPJ}$, a logic in which we can reason about agents that perform interactive proofs. In order to study the growth rate of the probabilities in $\textsf {IPJ}$, we present a new method of parametrizing $\textsf {IPJ}$ over certain negligible functions. Further, our approach leads to a new notion of zero-knowledge proofs.
Strict computability models over categories and presheaves
Authors: Petrakis Iosif
Published: September 2022

Generalizing slightly the notions of a strict computability model and of a simulation between them, which were elaborated by Longley and Normann (2015, Higher-Order Computability), we define canonical strict computability models over certain categories and appropriate presheaves on them. We study the canonical total computability model over a category $\mathcal {C}$ and a covariant presheaf on $\mathcal {C}$ and the canonical partial computability model over a category $\mathcal {C}$ with pullbacks and a pullback preserving, covariant presheaf on $\mathcal {C}$. These strict computability models are shown to be special cases of a strict computability model over a category $\mathcal {C}$ with a so-called base of computability and a pullback preserving, covariant presheaf on $\mathcal {C}$, connecting in this way Rosolini’s theory of dominions with the theory of computability models. All our notions and results are dualized by considering certain (contravariant) presheaves on appropriate categories.
The chemical abundance pattern of the extremely metal-poor thin disc star 2MASS J1808−5104 and its origins
Authors: Mardini Mohammad K , Frebel Anna , Ezzeddine Rana , Chiti Anirudh , Meiron Yohai , Ji Alexander P , Placco Vinicius M , Roederer Ian U , Meléndez Jorge
Published: September 2022

We present a high-resolution (R ∼ 35 000), high signal-to-noise (S/N = 350) Magellan/MIKE spectrum of the bright extremely metal-poor star 2MASS J1808−5104. We find [Fe/H] = −4.01 (spectroscopic LTE stellar parameters), [Fe/H] = −3.8 (photometric stellar parameters), and [Fe/H] = −3.7 (spectroscopic NLTE stellar parameters). We measured a carbon-to-iron ratio of [C/Fe] = 0.38 from the CH G-band. J1808−5104 is thus not carbon-enhanced, contrary to many other stars with similarly low-iron abundances. We also determine, for the first time, a barium abundance ([Ba/Fe] = −0.78), and obtain a significantly reduced upper limit for the nitrogen abundance ([N/Fe] < −0.2). For its [Ba/Fe] abundance, J1808−5104 has a lower [Sr/Ba] ratio compared to other stars, consistent with behaviour of stars in ultra-faint dwarf galaxies. We also fit the abundance pattern of J1808−5104 with nucleosynthesis yields from a grid of Population III supernova models. There is a good fit to the abundance pattern that suggests J1808−5104 originated from gas enriched by a single massive supernova with a high explosion energy of E = 10 × 1051 erg and a progenitor stellar mass of M = 29.5 M⊙. Interestingly, J1808−5104 is a member of the Galactic thin disc, as confirmed by our detailed kinematic analysis and calculated stellar actions and velocities. Finally, we also established the orbital history of J1808−5104 using our time-dependent Galactic potential the ORIENT. J1808−5104 appears to have a stable quasi-circular orbit and been largely confined to the thin disc. This unique orbital history, the star’s very old age (∼13.5 Gyr), and the low [C/Fe] and [Sr/Ba] ratios suggest that J1808−5104 may have formed at the earliest epoch of the hierarchical assembly of the Milky Way, and it is most likely associated with the primordial thin disc.
Tracing Bai-Yue Ancestry in Aboriginal Li People on Hainan Island
Authors: Chen Hao , Lin Rong , Lu Yan , Zhang Rui , Gao Yang , He Yungang , Xu Shuhua
Published: September 2022

As the most prevalent aboriginal group on Hainan Island located between South China and the mainland of Southeast Asia, the Li people are believed to preserve some unique genetic information due to their isolated circumstances, although this has been largely uninvestigated. We performed the first whole-genome sequencing of 55 Hainan Li (HNL) individuals with high coverage (∼30–50×) to gain insight into their genetic history and potential adaptations. We identified the ancestry enriched in HNL (∼85%) is well preserved in present-day Tai-Kadai speakers residing in South China and North Vietnam, that is, Bai-Yue populations. A lack of admixture signature due to the geographical restriction exacerbated the bottleneck in the present-day HNL. The genetic divergence among Bai-Yue populations began ∼4,000–3,000 years ago when the proto-HNL underwent migration and the settling of Hainan Island. Finally, we identified signatures of positive selection in the HNL, some outstanding examples included FADS1 and FADS2 related to a diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. In addition, we observed that malaria-driven selection had occurred in the HNL, with population-specific variants of malaria-related genes (e.g., CR1) present. Interestingly, HNL harbors a high prevalence of malaria leveraged gene variants related to hematopoietic function (e.g., CD3G) that may explain the high incidence of blood disorders such as B-cell lymphomas in the present-day HNL. The results have advanced our understanding of the genetic history of the Bai-Yue populations and have provided new insights into the adaptive scenarios of the Li people.
Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD): update 2023
Authors: Davis Allan Peter , Wiegers Thomas C , Johnson Robin J , Sciaky Daniela , Wiegers Jolene , Mattingly Carolyn J
Published: September 2022

The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD; http://ctdbase.org/) harmonizes cross-species heterogeneous data for chemical exposures and their biological repercussions by manually curating and interrelating chemical, gene, phenotype, anatomy, disease, taxa, and exposure content from the published literature. This curated information is integrated to generate inferences, providing potential molecular mediators to develop testable hypotheses and fill in knowledge gaps for environmental health. This dual nature, acting as both a knowledgebase and a discoverybase, makes CTD a unique resource for the scientific community. Here, we report a 20% increase in overall CTD content for 17 100 chemicals, 54 300 genes, 6100 phenotypes, 7270 diseases and 202 000 exposure statements. We also present CTD Tetramers, a novel tool that computationally generates four-unit information blocks connecting a chemical, gene, phenotype, and disease to construct potential molecular mechanistic pathways. Finally, we integrate terms for human biological media used in the CTD Exposure module to corresponding CTD Anatomy pages, allowing users to survey the chemical profiles for any tissue-of-interest and see how these environmental biomarkers are related to phenotypes for any anatomical site. These, and other webpage visual enhancements, continue to promote CTD as a practical, user-friendly, and innovative resource for finding information and generating testable hypotheses about environmental health.
Association of Non-Cigarette Tobacco Advertisements and Racial Discrimination With Non-Cigarette Tobacco Product Use Among Black Adults
Authors: Jackson Asti , Fleischli Mary E , Haeny Angela M , Rose Shyanika W , Fagan Pebbles , Krishnan-Sarin Suchitra , Gerrard Meg , Gibbons Frederick X
Published: September 2022

Introduction

Black communities are targeted by more cigarette advertisements than White communities and racial discrimination among Black people is related to cigarette use. However, little is known about these factors with non-cigarette tobacco product use among Black adults. Therefore, this study assessed the association of non-cigarette advertisement exposure and racial discrimination with use of non-cigarette tobacco products among Black adults.

Aims and Methods

Black adults (n = 533) from The Family and Community Health Study in 2016 were asked if they had seen advertisements for e-cigarettes, snus pouches, filtered cigars, large cigars, cigarillos, dissolvable tobacco, smokeless tobacco, hookah, and tobacco pipe and if they used these in the past month. For products with the highest past month use and significant correlations with advertisement exposure, separate logistic regression models were performed that evaluated the association between advertisement exposure, racial discrimination, and non-cigarette tobacco product use while controlling for cigarette use, sex, socioeconomic status, and age.

Results

Use of cigarillos, large cigars, and hookah were higher than other non-cigarette tobacco products assessed. Logistic regressions revealed that more advertisement exposure in the past month was associated with higher odds of using cigarillos, large cigars, and hookah (p < .01). More experiences of racial discrimination were associated with past month cigarillo use, but not hookah or large cigars (p < .01).

Conclusions

Non-cigarette tobacco advertisement exposure was associated with the use of non-cigarette tobacco products. Experiences of racial discrimination were associated with the most used non-cigarette tobacco product among Black adults, cigarillos.

Implications

This is the first time that a specific type of cigar (ie cigarillos) has been associated with experiences of racial discrimination among Black adults. Efforts to reduce non-cigarette tobacco marketing and eradicate exposure to racial discrimination among Black adults may aid in eliminating tobacco-related health disparities.
Financial Oversight Boards in the U.S. Federal System: Insights from the Puerto Rican Debt Crisis
Authors: López-Santana Mariely
Published: September 2022

Recent fiscal crises in Detroit and Puerto Rico have brought Financial Oversight Boards (FOBs) to the forefront. In spite of these developments, there is a notable gap in the literature as social scientists have barely studied this type of oversight organization and its implications. This article highlights intergovernmental and political dynamics that arise with the imposition of FOBs in localities facing fiscal distress by studying the case of the Puerto Rican FOB, commonly known as la junta. By focusing on the governance of the largest debt restructuring in the history of the U.S. bond market, in the context of a newly established territorial bankruptcy regime, this article explores how the presence of the Puerto Rican FOB has been linked to contentious dynamics that challenge local autonomy and democratic principles. By analyzing a variety of legal cases, this article shows how the creation of the Puerto Rican FOB has also put into question the foundations of the unincorporated territory’s self-governance status.
Pathogenicity, Molecular Characterization, and Mycotoxigenic Potential of Alternaria spp. Agents of Black Spots on Fruit and Leaves of Pyrus communis in Italy
Authors: Prencipe Simona , Meloni Giovanna Roberta , Nari Luca , Schiavon Giada , Spadaro Davide
Published: September 2022

Brown and black spots, caused by Stemphylium and Alternaria species, are important fungal diseases affecting European pear ( Pyrus communis) in orchards. Both fungal genera cause similar symptoms, which could favor misidentification, but Alternaria spp. are increasingly reported due to the changing climatic conditions. In this study, Alternaria spp. were isolated from symptomatic leaves and fruits of European pear, and their pathogenicity was evaluated on pear fruits from cultivar Abate Fétel, and molecular and chemical characterization were performed. Based on maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis, 15 of 46 isolates were identified as A. arborescens species complex (AASC), 27 as A. alternata, and four as Alternaria sp. Both species were isolated from mature fruits and leaves. In pathogenicity assays on pear fruits, all isolates reproduced the symptoms observed in the field, by both wound inoculation and direct penetration. All but one isolate produced Alternaria toxins on European pears, including tenuazonic acid and alternariol (89.1% of the isolates), alternariol monomethyl ether (89.1%), altertoxin I (80.4%), altenuene (50.0%), and tentoxin (2.2%). These isolates also produced at least two mycotoxins, and 43.5% produced four mycotoxins, with an average total concentration of the Alternaria toxins exceeding 7.58 × 106 ng/kg. Our data underline the potential risks for human health related to the high mycotoxin content found on fruits affected by black spot. This study also represents the first report of AASC as an agent of black spot on European pear in Italy.