bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic Voting
Authors: Lewis-Beck Michael S. , Stegmaier Mary
Published: February 2019

We examine the economics and elections connection, often referred to as economic voting, via a review of key studies by economists and political scientists, focusing on key generalizations applicable across democracies. Early work (1930s–1960s) was exploratory, seeking to establish whether economics mattered for elections, in the examination of individual country studies. In two strands of later work, one (1970–1990) developed “vote-popularity functions” over time; another (1980–2000) researched micro-level economic voting in national election surveys. Leading, global generalizations began to emerge in the contemporary period (2000s–2010s), such as the following: sociotropic retrospective economic evaluations dominate the economic vote choice, the economic vote itself can vary with clarity of policy responsibility, and the strong research results at the national level mirror results at the individual voter level. Currently, questions of the impact of economic crisis, and further dimensions of the economic vote, such as positional or patrimonial voting, are under serious consideration.
Expressive Voting
Authors: Hamlin Alan , Jennings Colin
Published: February 2019

Just as voting occupies a central role in democratic politics, so a rational choice–theoretic account of voting occupies a central role in public choice theory. Such an account must initially address two questions: under what circumstances is it rational for an individual to vote, and in those circumstances, how will a rational individual cast his or her vote? After reviewing the basic logic of expressive choice, this chapter addresses salient theoretical and empirical themes relating to expressive voting. The theoretical section addresses the debate regarding the probability of causal effect when voting, strategic voting, and institutional design. The empirical section discusses expressiveness as related to identity and moral choice, and the extent to which expressive choice can be distinguished from social pressure and illusion.
Rent Seeking
Authors: Hillman Arye L. , Long Ngo Van
Published: February 2019

Contestable benefits or rents are of primary importance for the study of public finance and public policy. Rents are assigned through decisions about budgetary spending and taxation. Public policy creates and assigns rents through decisions about regulation of competition, international trade, the environment, foreign aid, and more. Contestable rents are also found outside of government, for example in academia, or when contests take place for mates. There is a social loss when resources and initiative used in contesting rents could have been used productively. Lack of data and denial by successful rent seekers that rent seeking took place are obstacles to direct measurement of social loss. Contest models are therefore used to infer magnitudes of social loss. The models show conditions under which the observable value of a rent can be used to approximate the generally unobservable value of resources used in contesting the rent. The generic contest model describes social losses when individuals seek a personal benefit. Social losses are diminished when, as is characteristic of democracies, groups contest collective benefits. Views on the importance of rent seeking can be influenced by ideology. Government as seeking to maximize social welfare is inconsistent with political creation of contestable rents that are assigned for privileged benefit.
Corruption
Authors: Aidt Toke
Published: February 2019

Corruption, understood as a special means by which private agents may seek to pursue their interest in competition for preferential treatment by government officials or politicians and where the “means” are valued by the recipient, is viewed by most social scientists as a major obstacle to economic, political, and social development and a source of inefficiency. This chapter presents a framework and taxonomy for the study of corruption. Within this framework, corruption is conceptualized as a particular instance of the more general social phenomena we call influence-seeking activities. The chapter provides an overview of theoretical models of corruption, summarizes cross-country evidence on the causes and consequences of corruption, and evaluates the recent literature on laboratory, field, and quasi-natural experiments.
The Political Economy of Trust
Authors: Bjørnskov Christian
Published: February 2019

This chapter provides a selective survey of the literature on social trust in public choice and political economy. It outlines the empirical evidence and discusses theoretical channels through which social trust can affect the quality of institutions and policies, and the conditions under which such mechanisms are likely to work. It also addresses the discussion of reverse causality, that is, whether good institutions or policies actively create trust. It then discusses whether trust can be created or destroyed by activist government policy or accidental institutional changes. Its main focus is on the set of theories and evidence of the association between social trust and institutions of governance.
Fairness Concepts
Authors: Klamler Christian
Published: February 2019

Issues of fairness arise in many different situations that involve a certain distribution of resources, an allocation of costs or objects, or any other algorithmic division process. This chapter discusses these issues of fairness. It starts with an introduction to certain general aspects of fairness for the models at stake, dealing especially with the concept of responsibility. In the following sections, the focus lies in particular on some specific fair division settings, such as claims problems, cost sharing, and the division of indivisible items. We introduce various well-known fair division procedures and discuss their normative foundations in terms of widely used axioms in the literature. Several numerical examples are provided.
Social Contract versus Invisible Hand
Authors: Vanberg Viktor J.
Published: February 2019

The purpose of this chapter is to take a closer look at the relation between the invisible hand paradigm that is at the heart of economists’ theoretical outlook at markets and its “visible hand” counterpart, the social contract paradigm as a theory of government. It is argued that in its generalized interpretation as an individualistic model of organized collective action the social contract paradigm consistently complements the invisible hand paradigm as an individualistic theory of spontaneous social order. What Hayek has referred to as “the two kinds of order,” spontaneous order and corporate order, can thus be accounted for within one coherent individualistic theoretical framework.
From Paired Comparisons and Cycles to Arrow’s Theorem
Authors: Saari Donald G.
Published: February 2019

What makes paired comparisons so easy to accept is that they arise everywhere, and an appealing aspect of this approach is that it directly compares the merits of two opponents. However, paired comparisons can generate a wide array of difficulties that can lead to what appear to be paradoxes. Preference aggregation based solely on pairwise comparisons is at the heart of Arrow’s theorem. This chapter indicates that the Arrow impossibility result is a special case of a more generic type of problem involving parts and whole, and it offers an interpretation of it that shows that it does not have the implications for democratic theory that it is commonly assumed to have.
Public Choice and Libertarianism
Authors: Boettke Peter , Piano Ennio E.
Published: February 2019

This chapter investigates the relationship between public choice and libertarianism. Public choice is a positive enterprise, the application of methodological individualism to the study of political processes and institutions. Libertarianism is a political philosophy that stresses individual liberty from the arbitrary power of the state. This chapter argues that public choice has had a substantial influence in the development of libertarian thought in the second half of the twentieth century. First, public choice theory reaches several conclusions that are consistent with libertarian assumptions about politics. Second, some public choice theorists have also directly contributed to the development of libertarianism in their politico-philosophical writings. In particular, this chapter focuses on the work of James Buchanan, one of the founders of the discipline and a major contributor to the philosophical debates in the 1970s about the proper role of the state in a free society. Finally, the chapter argues that some of the major criticisms of public choice, by both professional economists and libertarian purists, fail to understand the distinction between positive and normative in the writing of public choice theorists.
Fair Division in Dispute Resolution
Authors: Brams Steven J.
Published: February 2019

This chapter describes a mechanism, applicable to two-party disputes, for dividing divisible items fairly. The mechanism, called adjusted winner, provides a way to determine which contested items, which may be either goods or issues, each party wins entirely, and which single good or issue must be divided, to satisfy three properties of fair division: envy-freeness, efficiency, and equitability. The mechanism has been applied to disputes ranging from interpersonal to international. This chapter applies it to the dispute between Israel and Egypt that was settled, under the auspices of US President Jimmy Carter, at Camp David in 1978.
Institution-Induced Stability
Authors: Shepsle Kenneth A.
Published: February 2019

Simple majority rule is badly behaved. This is one of the earliest lessons learned by political scientists in the positive political theory tradition. Discovered and rediscovered by theorists over the centuries (including, famously, the Majorcan Franciscan monk Raymon Llull in the thirteenth century, the Marquis de Condorcet in the eighteenth, the Reverend Charles Dodgson (Lewis Carroll) in the eighteenth, and Duncan Black in the twentieth), the method of majority rule cannot be counted on to produce a rational collective choice. In many circumstances (made precise in the technical literature), it is very likely (a claim also made precise) that whatever choice is produced will suffer the property of not being “best” in the preferences of all majorities: for any candidate alternative, there will always exist another alternative that some majority prefers to it. This chapter suggests that while a collection of preferences often cannot provide a collectively “best” choice, institutional arrangements, which restrict comparisons of alternatives, may allow majority rule to function more smoothly. That is, where equilibrium induced by preferences alone may fail to exist, institutional structure may induce stability.
Political Choices in One Dimension
Authors: Grofman Bernard
Published: February 2019

This chapter focuses on applications of majority rule processes for choice of a single alternative from a set of alternatives that can be regarded as locations in one-dimensional space (a line), where the voters who must choose among these alternatives can themselves be viewed as having a most preferred location on this line. In particular, it considers applications of one-dimensional spatial models in areas such as legislative voting, party competition, and coalition formation. The chapter concentrates on results for the proximity model of voting, where utility for the voter falls off with distance from each voter’s ideal point, but it also briefly considers a threshold model of changes in voter turnout across elections as a function of election importance.
The Coup
Authors: Aidt Toke , Leon Gabriel
Published: February 2019

Coups, understood as attempts to overthrow the sitting executive government by a group inside the state apparatus that includes part of the military, shape competition for office in authoritarian regimes. They do that both directly through actual coups and indirectly through the threat of a coup, which forces incumbent autocrats to balance loyalty and repression to pre-empt being overthrown. The chapter presents a framework for the study of coups and uses it to examine how coups can help select autocrats and to some extent keep them accountable. It presents a number of stylized facts about coups and summarizes the theoretical and empirical literature on the role of coups in autocracies.
Policy Differences Among Parliamentary and Presidential Systems
Authors: Saiegh Sebastian M.
Published: February 2019

This chapter examines how the organization of power and authority affects policy outcomes. The focus is on: (1) statutory law; (2) public spending; and (3) policy reversals. The empirical evidence suggests that, compared to prime ministers, presidents enjoy lower levels of legislative success. Yet, deadlocks or stalemates are rare events, even in the case of single-party minority governments under presidential democracies. Regarding public spending, the results suggest that one should look at governments’ partisan composition rather than constitutional structures. Government spending over GDP is lower in countries with single-minority governments. This is a common situation under presidentialism. As such, the negative relationship between presidentialism and public spending previously documented in the literature might be spurious. Finally, in terms of the connection between constitutional structures and policy reversals, there is a concrete policy choice: sovereign debt repayment. The analysis reveals that parliamentary democracies are less likely to reschedule their sovereign debts than presidential regimes.
The Least Dangerous Branch?
Authors: Vanberg Georg
Published: February 2019

Courts with the power of constitutional review have become a central, and often powerful, institution in democratic politics. At the same time, the influence of courts is often seen to be in tension with democratic governance and popular sovereignty—a tension identified with the “countermajoritarian difficulty” by legal scholars. This chapter considers constitutional courts through the lens of public-choice theory from a normative and a positive perspective. First, I demonstrate that a public-choice perspective resolves the apparent tension between judicial review and popular sovereignty. Second, I offer a positive theory that conceives of judicial power as a consequence of the need to resolve derived problems of coordination in the (contested) application of constitutional norms to specific governmental actions. This perspective suggests that judges—like leaders more generally—exercise significant, but constrained, power.
Institutions for Solving Commons Problems
Authors: Aligica Paul Dragos , Cox Michael E.
Published: February 2019

The public-choice–inspired research program associated with Elinor Ostrom and her collaborators identified eight design principles, noting that they characterize robust institutions for communities managing common-pool resources such as forests or fisheries. Ostrom’s principles for sustainable community-based natural resource management have emerged as an important contribution to applied research on governance in general. Since then, many studies have explicitly or implicitly assessed these design principles. This chapter reviews the principles, surveys the studies that have revisited and evaluated them, and discusses some of the implications of this line of research, at both the theoretical-methodological level and the applied level.
The Political Economy of International Organizations
Authors: Dreher Axel , Lang Valentin F.
Published: February 2019

The chapter reviews the literature on the political economy of international organizations (IOs). Considering IOs as products of the preferences of various actors rather than monolithic entities, the authors focus on national politicians, international bureaucrats, interest groups, and voters. By looking into the details of decision-making in IOs, the literature shows that a focus on states as the prime actors in IOs overlooks important facets of the empirical reality. Mainly focusing on empirical research, the authors discuss the four main actors involved and examine how they influence, use, and shape IOs. They find that IO behavior often reflects the interests of politicians, bureaucrats, and interest groups, while the impact of voters is limited. The final section reviews proposals for reforms addressing this weak representation of voter preferences.
Estimates of the Spatial Voting Model
Authors: Hare Christopher , Poole Keith T.
Published: February 2019

In this chapter, the authors survey the empirical success of the spatial (or geometric) theory of voting. Empirical work lagged behind the development of theory until about 30 years ago and since then has exploded, with ideal-point estimation emerging as an important methodological subfield in political science. Empirical applications of spatial theory are now legion, and the basic news is that the spatial model has been enormously successful in explaining observed political choices and outcomes at both the elite and mass levels. In the United States, empirical estimates of the spatial model also help to explain incongruities between the median voter theorem and party polarization. These empirical estimates have demonstrated that the theory is extremely powerful on a number of levels—indeed, that it is one of the most successful mathematical theories in the social sciences.
Constitutional Review
Authors: Garoupa Nuno
Published: February 2019

Constitutional review has been studied by legal scholars, economists, political scientists, and other social scientists. In this chapter, the author reviews the theory and practice of constitutional review around the world, taking into account institutional variations, judicial politics, and recent empirical evidence. Ideology plays an important role in constitutional interpretation. However, constitutional judges face a multiplicity of additional goals that dilute their party alignment. Current empirical work on constitutional review seems to confirm such a theory. Understanding the politicization of the courts usually follows a more complex framework than a simple conservative–progressive division.
French and Canadian Jesuit History Writing
Authors: Ruiu Adina
Published: February 2019

This chapter investigates the links between the “old” and the “new” Society, as forged through the writing of history. More specifically, it focuses on the historiographical methods that were theorized and put into practice by French and Canadian Jesuit historians, active between the 1830s and the 1920s, in studying the history of their seventeenth- and eighteenth-century predecessors, with special attention to the writing of the history of the Canadian missions. The bibliographical and historiographical laboratory from which inventories (and categories) of sources, as well as general or specialized studies, were produced emerges by looking at both the correspondence of Jesuit historians and missionaries and their published works. Thus are revealed the constraints weighing on historical projects, the overlap between different objects and scales of analysis (the general history of the Order; histories of assistancies, missions, residences, etc.; the relationship with national history and history of empires), the blurred boundaries between hagiography and history (especially within the genre of life writing), and the necessary adjustments to different readerships.
Conceptualizing the Victim within Criminal Justice Processes in Common Law Tradition
Authors: Manikis Marie
Published: February 2019

This chapter considers the various philosophical underpinnings of victim involvement in the criminal justice processes of common law jurisdictions. It first examines the role of the victim in criminal justice processes, focusing on an individualized and private conception of the victim instead of the public interest and public harm as defined by these actors rather than themselves, as well as conceiving the victim as part of the public interest. It then discusses various types of victim participation in criminal justice processes before proceeding with an analysis of the relationship between victims and the actors of criminal justice processes, namely, law enforcement (police and prosecutors) and defendants. The article also proposes a theoretical framework that enables a pluralistic view of victim participation and concludes by highlighting how the foundation and conception of victim involvement can affect the relationship among victims, prosecutors, and the defendant.
Prosecution-Led Investigations and Measures of Procedural Coercion in the Field of Corruption
Authors: Kaiafa-Gbandi Maria
Published: February 2019

This chapter deals with prosecution-led investigations and measures of procedural coercion designed to tackle corruption. It first provides an overview of the institutional framework surrounding the international legal instruments against corruption, along with the purpose and principles underlying pretrial proceedings in light of fair trial guarantees, before analyzing prosecution-led special investigative measures against corruption and the challenges in adhering to a fair trial. The freezing of criminal proceeds and its adverse impact on fair trial guarantees are also considered. The article concludes by arguing for an international—or at least an European Union—framework of special procedural rights and principles that will safeguard against the onerous investigative and coercive authority employed during criminal proceedings concerning crimes of corruption, along with other serious offenses.
Double Jeopardy and Ne Bis in Idem in Common Law and Civil Law Jurisdictions
Authors: Stuckenberg Carl-Friedrich
Published: February 2019

This chapter explores the main issues as well as the principal commonalities and differences found in the civil law and common law traditions with regard to the legal doctrine of double jeopardy (ne bis in idem). It begins with an overview of double jeopardy, along with the related concepts of res judicata and lis pendens. It then considers the supporting and conflicting rationales for the prohibition of multiple criminal procedures and the historical origins of the double jeopardy rule. It also discusses the prohibition of double jeopardy as embedded in international human rights law, along with the idem factum approach and the idem crimen approach to addressing the double jeopardy prohibition. The chapter also examines exceptions to res judicata and concludes with an analysis of other legal tools that can effectuate the protection against multiple prosecutions for the same criminal occurrence.
Trial Procedures in Response to Terrorism
Authors: McGarrity Nicola
Published: February 2019

This chapter examines trial procedures aimed at preventing and responding to terrorism, focusing on the influence of the executive branch of government upon terrorism prosecutions. It first provides an overview of the various fora in which a terrorism trial might be held, namely, trials conducted before the ordinary civilian criminal courts, specialist civilian terrorism courts, and military courts. It then considers the different categories of individuals and entities who might be tasked to decide the question of guilt or innocence, with emphasis on the abolition of trial by jury in favor of trial by judge alone. It also analyzes some of the modifications made to criminal trial procedure and the consequences of these in terms of executive control of the trial proceedings, taking into account open justice, access to legal representation, presumption of innocence, and procedural fairness.
Restorative Justice as an Alternative to Penal Sanctions
Authors: Symeonidou-Kastanidou Elisavet
Published: February 2019

This chapter examines restorative justice as an alternative to penal sanctions, but also as a comprehensive proposal to tackle criminality, which includes interventions in criminal prosecution and criminal proceedings as well. The goal of restorative justice is to resolve the conflict between offenders and victims by redressing the harm within a voluntary and organized process. However, restorative justice does not seem to have the position it deserves. Before explaining why this is so, the chapter considers how restorative justice has developed in practice by describing the main models of restorative justice processes, the crimes to which they may be applied and the internal coherence of existing relevant provisions in national legislations. It then highlights the advantages of restorative justice as well as the problems of its implementation. It also describes the interventions made by international and European institutions to support restorative justice and concludes with proposals to promote restorative justice in practice.
Exceptional Procedures to Correct Miscarriages of Justice in Common Law Systems
Authors: Roach Kent
Published: February 2019

This chapter examines exceptional procedures that are used to correct miscarriages of justice in common law systems. Exceptional procedures refer to second or subsequent appeals or extraordinary forms of collateral review after the ordinary appellate or collateral review process has been exhausted. The chapter first provides a historical background on the Criminal Cases Review Commission (CCRC), which has been operating for England, Wales, and Northern Ireland since 1997, before discussing its composition, powers, applications, how it makes referrals to the court, and systemic reforms designed to reduce wrongful convictions. It also considers the Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission (SCCRC), the North Carolina Innocence Inquiry Commission (NCIIC), other exceptional American procedures tied to innocence, the creation of a second right of appeal based on “fresh and compelling evidence” in two Australian states, and Canada’s 2002 reform of a system that allows the political executive to grant relief on applications for mercy and clemency.
Evidence Discovery and Disclosure in Common Law Jurisdictions
Authors: Brown Darryl K.
Published: February 2019

This chapter examines issues surrounding evidence disclosure and discovery in common law jurisdictions, focusing primarily on the disclosure regimes in England and Wales and in the United States. It first traces the evolution of pretrial evidence disclosure rules and provides an overview of common law approaches to disclosure obligations. In particular, it considers three kinds of evidence: evidence that the prosecution plans to present at trial to prove the defendant’s guilt, government evidence that does not favor the prosecution’s case, and evidence in possession of the defense that it plans to present at trial. The article proceeds by discussing the rationales and structural choices that adversarial justice systems are required to make in their disclosure schemes. One such choice is how much to empower judges, rather than the parties, to make decisions about disclosure requirements.
Assertion of Knowledge
Authors: Rysiew Patrick
Published: February 2019

Assertions of knowledge—that is, assertions which constitute ascriptions of knowledge—have served both as a central source of data in the epistemological theorizing and as an important target of such theorizing themselves. This chapter considers three issues concerning knowledge ascriptions that have figured prominently in recent discussion: their use as evidence for specific epistemological claims and theories, the pragmatics and psychology of knowledge ascriptions, and the social role(s) that the relevant assertions might play. There are important interactions among these topics; and they, and positions taken in response to them, interact as well with central questions about both assertion and linguistic communication generally. One central point on which epistemologists divide, however, is over how closely tied various features of our knowledge-attributing behavior are to semantics, or to (presumed) facts about assertion per se.
Paradoxes: Baroque Science
Authors: Gal Ofer
Published: February 2019

From Copernicus’s claim that the earth is engaged in three different motions—none of which we can experience—to Newton’s claim that the planetary motions are disorderly—and it is the philosopher’s task to enforce a pattern on them—early modern science made paradoxes the core of its inquiry. Rather than marking the limits of reason or laying foundations for playful skepticism, paradoxes were explicitly sought, carefully elaborated and seriously inquired into, scientifically and philosophically. This entry will string together the most crucial of these paradoxes, one often leading to the other: Tycho demonstrated that the heavens are changing; Kepler showed that vision is a causal process with no inherent cognitive value; Descartes concluded that the passions are the conduits of knowledge; and Bernard Mandeville, already a proud disciple of a self-confident Newtonian science, argued that public virtue arises for private vice. The acknowledged, reflective, and fertile paradoxical nature of its claims and techniques turns the New Science into a representative and a shaping force of Baroque culture.
Line and Trait of the Baroque River
Authors: Conley Tom
Published: February 2019

In the Baroque era in France (1580–1660), poetry and cartography are of similar measure. Together, they attest to how the nation crafts an image of itself. Lyrical forms are drawn to sinuous description of the tenor and flow of rivers, while topographical maps proudly display the lines and swaths of a national hydrography. Map, river, and writing become synonymous. This essay compares the literary canon (Montaigne, Saint-Amant, d’Urfé, Scudéry) to maps by Jean de Gourmont, François de la Guillotière, Christophe Tassin, Nicolas Sanson and, as it should, ends with François Chauveau’s Carte de Tendre.
The Modern State and Its Monopoly on Violence
Authors: Anter Andreas
Published: February 2019

Weber defines the state as a political institution that claims successfully on the monopoly of violence. The chapter shows that this definition is a result of Weber’s historical studies revealing the monopoly as the decisive criterion, which distinguishes the modern occidental state from all other historical forms of domination. The monopolization of violence by the occidental state was the result of a long-term process in which the local holders of powers were expropriated by a central force. Comparing the worldwide situation of present political communities, however, the Weberian state is rather the exception than the rule. State-free territories are facing political communities with a high degree of statehood. The chapter points out that particularly for democracies the maintaining of the monopoly of violence is of fundamental importance since it guarantees that legitimate decisions have the chance to be enforced.
Is There a Future for Bourgeois Liberalism?
Authors: Antonio Robert J.
Published: February 2019

Distinguished by extreme, systematized rationalism, Weber argued, bourgeois culture makes the social world in some ways more predictable and more comfortable but precludes a widely shared good life and social justice. He stressed emphatically that free-market capitalism, by maximizing formal rationality oriented to capital accounting and profitability, produces substantively “irrational” consequences that undermine the sociocultural and material fabric needed to sustain it. More than forty years of neoliberal restructuring, designed to accelerate capital accumulation at almost any cost, has generated massive corporate scandals, extreme economic inequalities, and global environmental problems that threaten its political legitimacy and social and ecological foundations. This chapter explores how Weber anticipated the types of substantive irrationalities suffered by today’s neoliberal regimes.
Young People and Consumption
Authors: Theodoridis Konstantinos , Miles Steven
Published: February 2019

In the last decades, sociologists and anthropologists of consumption have been increasingly interested in emotions and in the seemingly contradictory concurrence of rational and emotional ideas and practices. Drawing on Illouz (2018a), this article suggests understanding the mutual enhancement of rationalization, commodification, and emotionalization as the outcome of an accelerating co-production of consumerist actions, commodities, and emotional lives. The article offers a historical analysis of the configuration of emotions and consumption, emphasizing the influence of psychological theories on the marketing sciences. It is demonstrated that it was throughout this process that consumers became increasingly defined in emotional terms and emotional experiences converted into commodities.
State Constitutional Analysis in School Finance Litigation
Authors: Thro William E.
Published: February 2019

Although education is not a fundamental right under the U.S. Constitution, every state constitution has a provision mandating, at a minimum, that the state provide a system of free public schools. In school finance litigation, the plaintiffs claim that the state legislature has violated the state constitution by failing to fund the public schools in an equitable (“equity suit”) or adequate (“adequacy suit”) manner. Despite scores of cases and a significant amount of academic commentary, “there are few certainties in the school funding litigation process.”

This chapter explores, in three parts, how courts have analyzed state constitutional provisions in school finance litigation. The first part demonstrates how states finance the public schools and why there are often disparities between school districts. The second part discusses state constitutional theories behind school finance litigation. The third part examines considerations involved in the jurisdictional, merits, and remedial phases of school finance litigation.
Equality, Liberty, and Education
Authors: Kiel Daniel
Published: February 2019

This chapter traces the arc of American education, describing how the tension between liberty and equality has shaped education law and policy every step of the way. The chapter begins by exploring the origins of American education, including the equality-minded adoption of compulsory education and common schools and the liberty-minded desire for parents to control elements of their children’s education. Next, the chapter expands to consideration of equality and liberty in the education of groups. This includes the equality revolutions of the 1960s and 1970s during which schooling became more inclusive of multiple groups of students, and also the liberty-based backlash to those revolutions pursuing greater local control and self-determination. The chapter then highlights the liberty and equality-based tensions impacting contemporary education reform, such as the standards and choice movements. Finally, the chapter looks to the future, arguing that advances in technology, increasing student diversity, and unprecedented flux in the structure of American education will force continued balancing of the values of liberty and equality. Ultimately, the chapter argues that these core democratic impulses—liberty and equality—form a double helix at the core of many of the conflicts in American education law and policy and that management of the relationship between them will continue to drive how Americans respond to educational challenges of the future.
International NGOs, Transnational Civil Society, and Global Public Policy
Authors: Krawczyk Kelly Ann
Published: February 2019

Over the last three decades, transnational civil society (TCS) gained status as a legitimate player in the global policy arena, across policy issues such as health, human rights, and development, and in stages of the global policy process, including agenda setting, problem definition, and monitoring/evaluation. However, TCS grapples with challenges related to power and authority relationships, democratic structures and values, and long-term effectiveness and accountability. These challenges impede the ability of TCS to exert direct influence in global policy making. By increasing its capacity as a local, bridging actor, and by expanding participation across more policy issues and in additional stages of the policy process, TCS can achieve greater influence in global policy.
The Potential and Limits of Administrative Sovereignty
Authors: Muth Karl T.
Published: February 2019

For the last two millennia, administrative sovereignty has focused on the performance of specific administrative functions and whether that performance is independent, exclusive, and uniform within a particular physical boundary, homogeneous area, treaty-described jurisdiction, or ethno-linguistic context. To be effective and recognized as administration, the state or quasi-state’s behaviour must be operational rather than merely aspirational, must administer rather than merely involve the functions in question, and must be independent rather than merely complementary relative to the activities of nearby states and state-like actors. Only through more nuanced and more flexible definitions of what ‘countries’ are will we be able to write the next generation of legal, treaty, policy, and administrative rules.
The Importance of Informal Intergovernmental Organizations
Authors: Vabulas Felicity
Published: February 2019

International Relations and public administration scholars are now recognizing that formal intergovernmental organizations (FIGOs) are no longer the only way that states cooperate across borders. This chapter shows that states are increasingly interacting through informal intergovernmental organizations (IIGOs) which have neither a treaty nor an independent secretariat. This chapter opens the black box of IIGOs and explores how they ‘administer the global’ without a large degree of delegation to an independent secretariat. IIGOs illustrate how states utilize a taxonomy of different administrative designs. Organizational structures without a high degree of delegation include leveraging the bureaucratic structure of existing organizations, leaning on a state for technocratic functions, and setting up a rotating Chair. Each choice preserves sovereignty while also accepting the downsides of maintaining control. This chapter utilizes a state- and civil servant focus to examine how intergovernmental organizations work, showing the promise and benefits of crossing disciplinary boundaries.
International Policy Transfer
Authors: Evans Mark
Published: February 2019

The policy transfer literature has evolved from its nation state, bureaucracy-centred origins to encompass a broad range of governance institutions and actors operating at difference levels of governance and sectors, from the local to the global. This chapter evaluates the implications of this change in scope for both the study and the practice of policy transfer and provides an understanding of the relationship between systemic globalizing forces and the increasing scope and intensity of policy transfer activity. Its contribution is threefold. it provides: (1) an explanation of policy transfer as a process of organizational learning; (2) an insight into how and why such processes are studied by policy scientists from different disciplinary perspectives; and (3), an evaluation of its use by policy practitioners. It concludes by arguing that the limits of policy transfer analysis can be addressed through democratizing policy transfer practice through ‘action learning’, ‘co-design’, and ‘experimentation’.
Compliance in Transnational Regulation
Authors: Cafaggi Fabrizio
Published: February 2019

Transnational regulation, both private and public, requires compliance instruments different from those deployed in domestic regulations. These policy tools are one key facet of transnational administration. The chapter addresses three fundamental questions. Which global standards should be monitored? Who should monitor compliance with global standards? How should compliance with global standards be monitored? The unit of analysis for compliance monitoring should be global supply chains that adopt compliance programmes applied to internal business units, subsidiaries, and independent suppliers, operating across different jurisdictions. The objective of effective compliance monitoring is to minimize costs of governance and transactions, and maximize effective oversight. Monitoring compliance of business units within large corporations and independent suppliers calls for different yet coordinated instruments including corporate, employment, and contract law. The structure of the chains, their composition, and the allocation of power significantly influence the architecture of compliance and the mix of hierarchical, peer, and delegated control.
Domestic Capacity to Deliver Innovative Solutions for Grand Social Challenges
Authors: Borrás Susana
Published: February 2019

During the past decade, there has been a rapid emergence of new global governance architectures at the meta-level seeking to address grand social challenges. At the meso-level, a set of specific global partnerships (between international organizations, national governments, and other strong actors) have been addressing concretely those social challenges. In a sense, these partnerships can be seen as innovative solutions to address some of those challenges. However, the extent to which these partnerships are able to generate the expected impact at the domestic level is an empirical question that remains open. This chapter provides a framework for analysing impact by focusing on three mediating factors at the domestic level; namely, the knowledge absorptive capacity of domestic actors, their organizational capacity, and the communicative capacity with which they articulate specific needs, as well as their visions for reform.
Meanings and Dirty Work
Authors: Simpson Ruth , Slutskaya Natasha , Hughes Jason
Published: February 2019

This chapter examines the provocative nature of “dirty” or “tainted work” as a source of meaningful work. It considers different sources of meaningful work, including work characterized by intersubjective, self-actualized, or stigmatized dimensions. To explore this further, it draws on Bourdieu’s concepts of habitus (predispositions), hexus (character), and doxa (beliefs) to propose a scheme of meaning-making in which tainted work serves as a source of meaningfulness. However, where many approaches often focus on the career choices people make, here the wider contextual factors are also considered of two “dirty” jobs in the UK—street sweeping and refuse collecting. The chapter examines the traditional meaning-systems in these roles that echo agential choices but also structural constraints within a neoliberal system that places lower symbolic value on this work and those who do it.
Does My Engagement Matter?
Authors: Shuck Brad
Published: February 2019

This chapter articulates the link between employee engagement and meaningful work, acknowledging the complexity of this task against a backdrop of confusion over the precise meaning of engagement, which remains a contested and potentially exploitative construct. The chapter highlights the limitations of the predominant conceptualization of engagement as a positive, active, work-related psychological state, arguing that this encourages a focus on performance-related outcomes at the expense of a deeper understanding of the individual experience, context, and processes of engagement. Reverting to William Kahn’s original theory of personal role engagement as being fostered by the experience of meaningfulness, it is argued that individual engagement is associated with the fluctuating interpretation of whether or not a situation can be construed as meaningful. Thus, engagement and meaningfulness, while not synonymous, are symbiotically linked.
Accounting for Meaningful Work
Authors: Hall Matthew
Published: February 2019

Although the concept of meaningful work has not been addressed in accounting research, accounting scholars and practitioners have long grappled with how to reflect the value of employees and human capital in organizational accounts. This chapter examines how the features of a typical accounting system are likely to impact the treatment of meaningful work in organizations, including consideration of only its potential financial value, the exclusion of unpaid forms of meaningful work, and the limits on recognizing meaningful work as an organizational asset because quantifying its value is typically considered too subjective. It also examines how internal accounting and control practices, such as performance measurement and reward systems, tend to either ignore the possibility of meaningful work or focus on controlling and harnessing its instrumental value to improve organizational performance, thus downplaying its role in expressing values, fulfilling personal needs, and generating and sustaining meaning in our lives.
Bringing Political Economy Back In
Authors: Thompson Marc
Published: February 2019

This chapter argues that the current literature on meaningful work underplays and mostly overlooks the importance of institutional arrangements in structuring opportunities for meaningful work. It sets out different theories of comparative institutionalism (rational choice, historical, sociological, and constructivist) and explores their implications for future research on meaningful work. Three pathways are identified for promoting meaningful work: (1) develop institutional arrangements that encourage social actors to cooperate to develop meaningful work as a societal goal, supported by an enabling state; (2) strengthen collective bargaining and employee representation; and (3) develop social movement strategies drawing together academics, policymakers, employer organizations, consultants, social media, and commentators to shape a new discourse and wider societal narrative on the importance of opportunities for meaningful work.
Work and the Meaning of Being
Authors: Mei Todd S.
Published: February 2019

Western philosophical accounts of work tend to focus on necessity as its chief defining attribute. The relation of work to the question of the meaning of being is therefore circumscribed by the ways in which work can be said to fulfill necessary ends. There are two consequences of this view which delineate the philosophy of work. Work is either merely necessary for existence in order for us to be able to engage in higher activities—a view attributed to Aristotle. Or, work is the principal activity defining human existence as such—the thesis advocated by Karl Marx. This chapter examines the arguments of each view. The chapter concludes with an alternative account attempting to forge a more substantial role for work in relation to the meaning of being: work is essentially metaphorical in nature as opposed to being only necessary.
Adaptive Expertise
Authors: Bohle Carbonell Katerina , van Merrienboer Jeroen J. G.
Published: February 2019

The increasing number of changes at the workplace created through automation, political upheavals, and new technology frequently exposes individuals to unfamiliar situations. Mastering these situations requires individuals to possess adaptive expertise. By being an adaptive expert, individuals are able to deal with novel situations and remain performing at their original level. By drawing on recent literature, the goal of this chapter is to describe what adaptive expertise is. We contrast it with routine expertise to clarify when adaptive expertise produces superior performance to routine expertise. Subsequently we compare adaptive expertise to other expertise concepts. Following this, we describe how adaptive expertise can be developed and measured. The chapter ends with a number of recommendations of how individuals can be stimulated to develop adaptive expertise.