bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Choice of Epistles
Authors: Cain Andrew
Published: November 2021

This chapter begins by elaborating on the circumstances under which Jerome composed his four Pauline commentaries in Bethlehem during the summer and early autumn of 386, ostensibly in response to a formal commission by his literary patrons Paula and her daughter Eustochium. The chapter focuses on the impetuses behind Jerome’s work on Paul and addresses several vital questions related to his authorial intent. Why did Jerome, who by inclination and research output was overwhelmingly a Hebrew Bible scholar, comment on Paul at all? Why did he do so at this particular juncture in his literary career, given that there are no real traces of a prior interest in Paul’s writings? Why, moreover, did he compose commentaries on the seemingly miscellaneous quartet of Galatians, Ephesians, Titus, and Philemon?
Ad fontes
Authors: Cain Andrew
Published: November 2021

In the years leading up to his work on Paul, Jerome had become hardened in the conviction that biblical scholars should possess a mastery of the biblical languages, Hebrew and Greek, so that they can read Scripture in its original form. During his stay in Rome between 382 and 385, he had experimented with this back-to-the-sources approach in a number of shorter exegetical set pieces, but it was not until he embarked on his opus Paulinum that he was able finally to apply it systematically in the context of commentaries on whole biblical books. This chapter explores, through detailed case studies, how he develops his ad fontes methodology in the four Pauline commentaries and cumulatively builds the case for Hebrew and Greek philology being absolutely vital to serious study of the Bible, all the while attempting to demonstrate by example that he is the model biblical scholar.
Orthodoxy and Heresy
Authors: Cain Andrew
Published: November 2021

Throughout his literary career, which spanned some four decades, Jerome consistently projected to readers the image of a mighty champion of theological orthodoxy. Rhetorically speaking, he curated this idealized image in part by defining himself in stark opposition to “heretics” whom he relentlessly cast as the damnable “other.” He adopts this same literary persona to the hilt in the four Pauline commentaries. This chapter first reviews his anti-heretical strategies in them before moving on to case studies in his three main heresiological preoccupations as an interpreter of Paul: Marcionite theology, anti-Nicene Christologies, and the Gnostic doctrine of fixed natures.
Absence of Consent
Authors: Macklem Timothy
Published: November 2021

Consent has come to be the guardian and gatekeeper of significant elements of our personal integrity. Yet there remains uncertainty as to exactly what consent means. This paper argues that consent marks the divide between the active and the passive. We tend to assume that in our engagements with others, active and passive, there are only two possibilities, consent and non-consent, when in fact there are three. When an agent engages with a patient consent is vital, because the alternative is non-consent. When two people interact, however, consent has nothing to contribute. The law, for excellent reasons, ignores this nuance, so as to treat every absence of consent as non-consent. It does so in order to arm potential victims with a weapon for their protection. To grasp the full significance of that weapon, and to secure proper scrutiny of interaction in other settings, we need to be alive to the reality that the law dispenses with.
The High Middle Ages, 1100–1350
Authors: Mileson Stephen , Brookes Stuart
Published: November 2021

This chapter deals with the richly documented high medieval period, in which we can trace the landscape and economy of the hundred in very considerable detail. The nature of settlements and agriculture is set out, including the strong contrast between vale and Chiltern communities. The chapter includes a map of the hundred’s landscape in 1300, as well as the first of a series of maps of parish fields and field names. The chapter argues that this period saw an increasing divergence between the vale and the Chiltern parts of the hundred in terms of population, settlement patterns, and everyday life. The implications for perceptions are explored through an analysis of open and closed space in different settlements, and the period’s many and rich field names and peasant bynames.
Conclusion
Authors: Mileson Stephen , Brookes Stuart
Published: November 2021

A conclusion sets out the book’s main findings, emphasizing their wide applicability, in England and beyond. It is argued that the study has shown the possibility of gaining real insights into peasant perceptions thanks to closely grounded analysis of what is often almost incidental evidence.
Framing Financialization and the State
Authors: Copley Jack
Published: November 2021

In the age of financialization, it appears that financial elites dominate both the economy and politics. Indeed, much of the academic literature on the state’s role in propelling financialization argues that states liberated finance precisely due to the political power of finance capital and the influence of pro-finance, neoliberal ideas. This chapter, however, argues that during the 1970s and 1980s, when the most important financial liberalizations were passed, British policymakers were not directly dominated by an ascendant class of financiers. Rather, they found themselves indirectly dominated by the pressures of the global profitability crisis upon Britain’s economic balances with the rest of the world. This chapter theorizes this form of impersonal domination through an interpretation of Marx’s value theory. When the market-dependent agents of capitalist society interact through money-mediated commodity exchange, they unleash a dominating, competitive logic that sets them against one another in a race to raise labour productivity while pushing the economy into crises of falling profitability. Within this system, policymakers must simultaneously respond to the impersonal pressures of world market competition and maintain domestic legitimacy. In order to balance these contradictory imperatives, especially during crises, policymakers employ strategies of depoliticized discipline and palliation—the former seeking to impose competitive discipline on the domestic economy in a politically insulated manner, and the latter seeking to delay competitive market pressures so as to protect governing legitimacy. This chapter argues that the policies of financial liberalization pursued by the British state in this era can be understood through this lens.
Neural Networks
Authors: El-Nasr Magy Seif , Dinh Truong Huy Nguyen , Canossa Alessandro , Drachen Anders
Published: November 2021

This chapter will introduce the use of Neural Networks (NN) in game data science. Due to the availability of game data and the increase in computational power, the use of NNs and deep networks is on the rise in data science in general, and specifically within the field of game data science. Complex deep networks are used as they can generalize to highly complex relationships over unseen data and, as a result, provide better performance than traditional models. Such networks have been used to serve many purposes within the game production cycle, including churn predicting, predicting and measuring customer lifetime value, recommending items, as well as discovering and forecasting player behavior patterns. Deep learning has shown good performance and results on these problems. This chapter will detail different types of algorithms used for both Feedforward Neural Networks (FNNs) as well as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). It also includes several case studies and examples of game projects to show the utility of these methods for game design and development. This chapter was written in collaboration with Sabbir Ahmed, a PhD student at Northeastern University.
Stories of a Certain Gravity
Authors: Bertone Gianfranco
Published: November 2021

Before delving into gravitational waves, I illustrate, with nine short stories, the fascinating history of gravity, shedding light on the actual lives and contributions of leading scientists and astronomers, from Tycho Brahe’s adventurous life and grotesque death, to Johannes Kepler’s intuitions and passionate prose. And from Newton’s resolution to cut the Gordian knot of the origin of gravity with his theory of universal gravitation, to Einstein’s heroic struggle to derive the equations of general relativity. Gravity is the weakest of the fundamental forces in nature, yet it subjugates us from the moment we are born. After nine months floating in the womb, suspended in the enveloping heat of the amniotic fluid, we are suddenly confronted with the gravitational pull of our planet. Gravity thus manifests itself as weight, and forces our helpless bodies to the ground, establishing a universal and defining aspect of the human condition.
Dark Energy
Authors: Bertone Gianfranco
Published: November 2021

I discuss here black holes, extreme astronomical objects that swallow all forms of matter and radiation surrounding them, and leave behind, as physicist John A. Wheeler said, only their ‘gravitational aura’. These endlessly fascinating objects are the gates where gravity meets quantum physics. Since the pioneering work of scientists like S. Hawking, black holes have become ‘theoretical laboratories’ to explore new physics theories. I discuss how the discovery of gravitational waves from black holes, and the first image of a black hole revealed in 2019, have transformed the study of black holes, and may soon lead to new ground-breaking discoveries. The Universe will disappear. Slowly, it will grow dimmer and dimmer, until it disappears completely.
From Chronology to Genealogy
Authors: Macfarlane Kirsten
Published: November 2021

Broughton’s interests in chronology and translation converged in one final field that, despite being the most obscure to a modern reader, had a surprising impact on one of the most famous texts of the period: the King James Bible (or Authorized Version, 1611). This field is the academic study of biblical genealogy, and it is represented in the extensive genealogical diagrams that begin the AV. These diagrams have long remained mysterious to historians. It is commonly presumed that Broughton, along with the antiquarian John Speed, was responsible for their production, but many other questions about their creation and meaning have yet to be answered. In answering such questions, this chapter offers the first account of the purpose and sources of the AV genealogies, as well as introducing previously unknown drafts that testify to their composition. Moreover, it argues that this early genealogical work with Speed represented the beginning of a broader, more persistent concern that would preoccupy Broughton for the rest of his life: how to make cutting-edge biblical scholarship accessible to a wider public.
Jewish Conversion in Europe and Constantinople
Authors: Macfarlane Kirsten
Published: November 2021

This chapter examines Broughton’s engagements with early modern Jewish communities which, like the rest of his interactions, were fraught with polemic, tension, and controversy. It starts with Broughton’s excitement at receiving a letter from an Abraham Reuben of Constantinople, whom Broughton believed to be a learned and authoritative Rabbi; whom Broughton’s enemies believed to be a convenient fiction of his own making; and who was in fact a minor poet with no religious authority. Despite the rumours of its forgery, Reuben’s letter pushed Broughton into a spree of missionary activity, leading to the first Hebrew printings in Amsterdam (1605–1606), and a public debate with David Farar, a Portuguese converso physician who had settled in the Netherlands. Beyond the confusions and miscommunications of these events, this chapter examines the broader impact they had on Broughton’s scholarship. Specifically, it argues that Broughton’s obsession with Jewish conversion deeply informed the approach he took to theological controversy and scholarship, by orientating him towards unusually historical and philological methods that were radically stripped of doctrinal and dogmatic concerns.
Unrealized Ambitions: The New Testament
Authors: Macfarlane Kirsten
Published: November 2021

Towards the end of his life, Broughton sought funding for a monograph on the New Testament that, he felt sure, would counter-balance all his past failings. It would convert both Jews and Catholics; it would prove his beliefs about scriptural incorruption; and, most of all, it would demonstrate the need for a new English Bible. This project never materialized, and its drafts are scattered across Europe and North America. Using these sources, this chapter reconstructs Broughton’s ambitious New Testament studies and brings the book’s arguments to culmination. Firstly, it examines the relationship between Broughton’s scholarly practices and theological beliefs. Broughton’s New Testament scholarship demonstrates his involvement in one of the most exciting areas of biblical criticism in his lifetime: the study of the New Testament’s Jewish contexts. It argues that Broughton’s desire to prove his beliefs about the Bible pushed him further than his more liberal colleagues into this area, and enabled his most innovative insights into the historical and linguistic contexts of the New Testament. Secondly, this chapter shows how Broughton attempted to make this highly complex, elite scholarship accessible to the unlearned believer in his New Testament translations. Finally, by examining the political, confessional, and personal obstacles that thwarted Broughton’s plans to publish this work, this chapter concludes the complicated picture of his scholarly life offered by the book so far.
Conclusion
Authors: Macfarlane Kirsten
Published: November 2021

The conclusion summarizes the new picture of Broughton offered by this book and concludes by offering reflections on three more general points arising from its analysis. The first concerns the highly prominent role that Jewish literature and languages played in Broughton’s thought. While Broughton undeniably took his interest in this area further than most scholars, the conclusion argues that he was not entirely anomalous, but rather representative of a broader tendency among reformed scholars to cultivate high levels of philological and linguistic expertise in languages of relevance to biblical scholarship, particularly Hebrew, Aramaic, Ethiopic, and Arabic. The second concerns the role of anti-Jewish controversy in the development of Christian biblical scholarship. The importance of interfaith polemics in pushing Broughton towards historical, philological argumentation is clear throughout the book, and raises a broader possibility worthy of further exploration: that anti-Jewish priorities might have played a hitherto underappreciated role in promoting historical, philological methods in Christian theology and biblical criticism. Finally, the conclusion dwells on the significance of the book’s repeated demonstration of the extent to which scholarly culture, at least in Broughton’s lifetime, was still dominated by exegetical priorities, i.e., by the demands, habits, and expectations of biblical interpretation. It concludes by arguing that it is this ‘embedded exegetical culture’, rather than any degree of historicism or critical method, that represents the most significant difference between early modern and modern biblical scholarship.
General Remarks
Authors: Nardini Luisa
Published: November 2021

Part III discusses prosulas according to their placement in the liturgical calendar. It is structured into three chapters, the first providing a general discussion of prosulas as glosses and a complete liturgical table of all Beneventan prosulas, the second examining the prosulas of the Temporal (the feasts connected with the life and mission of Jesus), and the third analyzing those of the Sanctoral (the feasts of the Saints). Prosulas of the Temporal were particularly abundant in manuscripts copied in female establishments, possibly as a reflection of the special devotion to Jesus as the nuns’ spiritual spouse; those of the Sanctoral tend to favor saints from Africa or West Asia, the perceived cradles of Christianity, to emphasize the prestige of the local Church.
Feasts of the Sanctorale
Authors: Nardini Luisa
Published: November 2021

This chapter presents special cases of prosulas tied to Sanctoral feasts of special devotion in the Beneventan region. It places prosulas in connection with hagiographical literature and provides a combined textual and musical analysis of the pieces, occasionally displaying special rhythmic patterns. Subsections are dedicated to feasts of the Temporal, St. Bartholomew, St. Michael, SS. Agatha and Stephen, the Assumption, St. Nicholas, and others. It finally emphasizes that with few exceptions, the focus on universal saints of ancient lineage was meant to stress the links with the perceived cradles of Christianity, Africa and West Asia, and the center of papal power, Rome.
Born into Jazz
Authors: Hill Constance Valis
Published: November 2021

This chapter presents a historiography of jazz music and dance in the first two decades of the twentieth century as the musical-cultural foundation from which the Nicholas Brothers emerged: Fayard Nicholas, born in Mobile, Alabama, on October 20, 1914, twelve weeks before the declarations of war by European countries that exploded into World War I; Harold Nicholas, born in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, on March 17, 1921, in the wake of the Great War. In the span of time between the Nicholas brothers’ births, with its mixed moods of anxiety and optimism over what the future would bring, a new form of music emerged—jazz—that reshaped American culture and influenced European culture, with its sudden turns, shocks, and swift changes of pace. Fayard and Harold Nicholas were instrumental in bringing the black vernacular form of jazz tap dancing to its penultimate expression.
Brothers
Authors: Hill Constance Valis
Published: November 2021

This chapter tells the story of the early years of the Nicholas family; the Nicholas Collegians, the highly skilled and musically versatile ten-piece orchestra directed by Viola Nicholas, playing piano, and Ulysses Nicholas, on drums; young Fayard’s musical orientation; and the decision by Ulysses and Viola that their sons would perform as the Nicholas Kids. The success of the Nicholas brothers was a family affair. Love and respect, perfection and professionalism had been instilled by parents who not only guided and managed their sons’ career but modeled a supreme form of partnership at home that the brothers would celebrate together on stage. It was at the Standard Theater, where the Nicholas Collegians were installed, that young Fayard watched tap dance in live performance, memorized the steps, and taught them to his young brother Harold.
Class Act and Challenge
Authors: Hill Constance Valis
Published: November 2021

This chapter gives a historic explication of the Nicholas Brothers’ style of jazz tap dancing that was simultaneously a class act—a precision-style dancing of impeccable execution—and a mode of call-and-response interplay in which the brothers challenged each other in playful camaraderie to “up” each other in steps. At the turn of the century, concurrent with musical comedy dance teams working in the blackface tradition, an elite group of black performers rejected the minstrel show stereotype of the grinning-and- shuffling blackface clown, insisting upon the perfection of sound, step, and manner. Such pioneering class-act teams as Cole and Johnson, Johnson and Dean, and Greenlee and Drayton aspired to a purely artistic expression that was driven by the desire for respectability and equality on the American concert stage. The Nicholas Brothers transformed the fierce competition of the challenge dance by combining their specialties in building their routine to a climax; and trading rhythms back and forth in a lively and witty dialog that developed complex rhythmical ideas.
Swing to Bop
Authors: Hill Constance Valis
Published: November 2021

This chapter narrates the radical change in musical tastes and musical revolution of swing to bop, and the challenging positioning of the Nicholases within that musical revolution: the brothers’ insistence on remaining within the swing dance tradition and a musical aesthetic that was aligned with the classic jazz of Duke Ellington. This choice ran counter to the choices of such tap dancers as Teddy Hale, Jimmy Slyde, and members of the Hoofers, who forged a transition to the cadences of bebop. The Nicholas brothers carved a path between these two musical traditions, demonstrating a full-bodied expressiveness in their dancing that was steeped in classical jazz and the quintessence of swing.
Introduction
Authors: Senior Donald
Published: November 2021

The New Testament is among the most significant and influential literature in all of human history. For Christians, the New Testament stands as a central and inspired resource for the origin, content, and spirit of Christian faith. While recognizing that for Christians it is a sacred text, such a faith stance is not shared by all who have an interest in the history, content, and interpretation of the New Testament writings. Some will approach the New Testament from a purely historical, cultural, or literary point of view. For such scholars pursing what might be called “secular” interests in the New Testament, the term “sacred” might still be applied to the biblical texts, not reflecting a motivation of their own inquiry but as a respectful recognition that for other readers these texts have a unique religious authority. But in the pursuit of knowledge, the religious claims of the New Testament cannot be viewed as imposing any limitations on historical, scientific, or literary inquiry. The object of this study is to be attentive to both these fundamentally different perspectives about the New Testament writings.
Managing Performance Anxiety
Authors: Woody Robert H.
Published: November 2021

Unfortunately, musicians do not always enthusiastically welcome all opportunities to perform for an audience of people. Instead of sensing excitement to share their music with an audience, musicians sometimes feel apprehensive and anxious. This anxiety, commonly called “stage fright,” can be a serious and debilitating problem. Unfortunately, the problem can start in youth and continue into the performance lives of adult musicians. The fact that even successful musicians struggle with performance anxiety shows that it is fundamentally unwarranted; it does not stem from being untalented or ill-equipped to perform. From a psychological perspective, a proper treatment strategy cannot be prescribed without first diagnosing the source of anxiety. This chapter looks beyond the physiological symptoms to define performance anxiety by its causes and the conditions that produce it. The three broad sources of performance anxiety, the person, the situation, and the task, are explained in detail, with treatment suggestions made for each.
Conclusions
Authors: Faraone Christopher Athanasious
Published: November 2021

Reviews the basic argument of the book that there existed in ancient Greece a number of short genres of hexametrical poetry, most of them performed in ritual contexts, for example, hymn, oracle, incantation and lament, whose history can be traced to a large degree in how they are embedded in Homeric and (to a lesser degree) Hesiodic poetry, how they are imitated by Hellenistic poets and how they are reflected in other ways in the parodies of comedy and in the survivals of other kinds of texts on papyrus, metal and stone.
Traditional Philosophical Foundations of Curriculum
Authors: Regelski Thomas A.
Published: November 2021

Chapter Two outlines the three major traditional philosophies: Idealism (Plato), Realism (Aristotle), and Neo-Scholasticism (ancient and medieval precedents and origins of schooling). Each is briefly sketched, then critiqued for its ill-effects when serving as a contemporary basis of music curriculum as aesthetic education (MEAE). While perhaps suited to the schools of the past, those of nobles and aristocrats before the rise of “public” (or “common”) schools for all children, the strong legacy of each is often ill-suited to contemporary life, students, and music. These three traditional philosophies share a usually abstract, “merely academic,” and detached approach to schooling. For all three, questions about reality, truth, and beauty are not questions at all! They are eternal and unchanging claims that exist independently of and, therefore, logically prior to the experiences, needs, and musical interests of particular students.
Where We Live, Work, and Play
Authors: Galea Sandro
Published: November 2021

This chapter focuses on place, which is one of the key factors that determines whether or not we can live a healthy life, for the simple fact that place is a ubiquitous exposure. It first provides an overview of the link between place and health, before looking at the physical spaces where we live and work, our communities and transportation networks, and the condition of our global home. COVID-19 showed that for all the segregation in our society, for all the difference between high- and low-income neighborhoods, for all the variety of spaces we navigate, there is really only one place to truly speak of—the world we share. The story of place and health is ultimately the story how we can support the long-term sustainability of our planet. Just as it is not enough to have nice homes if they are situated in dangerous neighborhoods, it is not enough to make our communities more conducive to health if we neglect the broader environmental challenges that shape the health of our fragile, indispensable world. This means, centrally, mitigating the effects of climate change by designing healthier, more sustainable cities.
Social, Racial, and Economic Justice
Authors: Galea Sandro
Published: November 2021

This chapter assesses social, racial, and economic injustice. The marginalization of communities of color in the United States is of unique concern, particularly the marginalization of Black Americans. While it is true that many communities of color have suffered from deep-seated structural injustice, it is Black Americans who have, since before the country's founding, been the group most vulnerable to racial injustice. The emergence of some excellent scholarship in the past few years that has highlighted the place of anti-Blackness specifically as a detrimental force that influences health cannot, and should not, be swept up into broader generalizations around the pernicious influence of racial injustice overall. COVID-19 revealed how the institution of slavery has, over hundreds of years, continued to shape racial injustice and consequent poor health for Black Americans. Before changes to this status quo can be achieved, movements must change public opinion around issues of injustice. Once we understand injustice, we have a responsibility to not look away, to fix the racial, social, and economic inequities which generate poor health. But the path to justice does not end with changes in public attitudes and the passage of civil rights legislation. Achieving this goal takes pursuing not just social, but economic justice.
Working in Complexity and Doubt
Authors: Galea Sandro
Published: November 2021

This chapter studies how, when we are faced with complexity and doubt, we can make decisions about health that align with the approach of the Cherokee Nation and avoid some of the mistakes made by other leadership teams during COVID-19. Working in complexity and doubt requires, above all, balance. On one hand, we must be able to identify what we do know and respect the science enough to integrate this information into the choices we make. On the other hand, we must appreciate the limits of our understanding while not being paralyzed by them. It is important to cultivate a comfort with ambiguity and doubt, so we can position ourselves to make decisions that support health. Operating in a grey area between knowledge and ignorance is, in many ways, a common practice in science and public health. The chapter then raises the issue of cancel culture, polarization, and political groupthink, arguing that they reflect something core to the collective relationship to ambiguity, doubt, and complexity. They suggest how uncomfortable many of us are with these fundamental elements of life.
Epilogue
Authors: Galea Sandro
Published: November 2021

Covid-19 was not just a virus. It was a story: of our collective health, our vulnerability, and our resilience. This overarching narrative emerged from many smaller narratives. There was the political narrative of the pandemic, the story of governments working to respond to an unprecedented threat. There was the economic narrative, lived across a variety of scales, from multinational corporations scrambling to adapt to changing workplace realities to the dinner tables around which many people, newly unemployed, worked out monthly expenses. It was a global story, as an epidemic that started in China crossed provincial and then international borders to engulf the world. At a deeper level, it was the story of individuals, each trying to navigate the difficulties of the moment. The sick and the well, those who recovered from the disease and those who succumbed to it. And just as the broader narrative of Covid-19 is anchored in these individual stories, each of these stories has something to say about the foundational forces that shaped the arc of the pandemic....
Understanding the Political Landscape in Schools
Authors: Collins Lainey , DuCassé Wendy , Forsyth Rachel
Published: November 2021

This chapter examines the unique internal and external political landscape of public schools and its relevance to the practice of school social work. The chapter focuses on four key concepts essential for new school social workers to navigate the politics of schools: (1) developing an understanding of the internal and external systems in which they interact; (2) clearly defining the role of school social worker, often within systems that are unclear or are new to the social worker’s role; (3) collaborating across all of the disciplines; and (4) sharing resources and information. Navigating the political landscape in schools is never easy and requires school social workers to be attuned to all of the nuances and complexities of the political landscape both inside and outside of schools.
A Brief History of Public Education and Its Impact on Marginalized Populations
Authors: Butler Timmesha A. , Dixon-Brown Shelbie , Glass-Dixon Rena′ , McLaurin Jennifer
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this chapter is to provide new school social workers with an understanding of the inequality that is rooted in public education and how it relates to their professional practices. An overview of the history of the U.S. public school system and the history of school social work is provided, focusing on the public school system’s role in the academic achievement gaps that continue to exist between marginalized populations and their peers. The school social worker’s roles as advocate and connector, facilitator, and clinician are outlined. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, and strengths-based practice theories are discussed. Evidence-based strategies and resources that can be used to address the needs of marginalized populations are explained.
Understanding Federal Law and State Regulations Relevant to School Social Work
Authors: Johnson Annette , Grumbach Giesela , van de Water Maureen
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses the interconnectedness between education policy and practice and provides an overview of historical and emerging policies vital to school social work practice. The chapter covers milestones such the Brown v. Board of Education case, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, Title XI of the Education Amendments Act of 1972, the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act, and the McKinney–Vento Homeless Assistance Act of 1987. New and emerging policies, including gender and LGBTQ+ rights, social-emotional learning standards, mental health supports, and restorative discipline are explored. Finally, given the elevation of virtual schooling during the COVID-19 pandemic, the chapter highlights emerging policies around technology, privacy, and confidentiality.
Multitiered Systems of Supports, Response to Intervention, and Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports
Authors: Bates Samantha , Linnen LaShonda , Columbia Stephanie , Anderson-Butcher Dawn
Published: November 2021

This chapter covers the Response to Intervention framework, Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports, and multitiered systems of supports (MTSS). The Response to Intervention framework is a central step in implementing a successful MTSS framework. MTSS delivers school-based supports across three tiers: tier 1 (universal), tier 2 (targeted), and tier 3 (individualized). The MTSS framework is a resource that enables schools to use data not only to identify students at risk for poor learning outcomes but also to monitor student progress and deliver evidence-based interventions. The chapter provides examples of ways social workers can maximize the utility of these models and school teams to improve student outcomes.
Evidence-Based Practice, Data Collection, and Progress Monitoring
Authors: Freund Whitney , Lindsey Brenda Coble , Tan Kevin
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses how school social workers can apply evidence-based practice to help meet the academic, social, and emotional needs of all children. Evidence-based practice broadly refers to two different approaches: infusing research and data use into school social work and applying empirically supported interventions in practice. The chapter details how school social workers can find and use effective evidence-based interventions. The process of implementing evidence-based interventions includes a cyclical process of assessing students’ needs, selecting the interventions, and monitoring progress by collecting data. Examples of interventions at tiers 1, 2, and 3 are presented, along with case examples that illustrate how school social workers have been successful at implementing these interventions. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the application of evidence-based practice as it relates to contemporary challenges with the COVID-19 pandemic and diversity, inclusion, and equity concerns in educational contexts.
Professional Development, Supervision, and Mentoring
Authors: DeLuca-Acconi Robin , Campbell Denise
Published: November 2021

The chapter discusses the complexities involved in the supervision and mentoring process for school social workers. The orientation and training of social workers is often in contrast to that of their school colleagues and administrators, so they may need to educate their supervisors and colleagues about a variety of social work topics. This chapter explains the importance of connecting with professional organizations for continued professional development. It explores ways to bridge the gap between orientation and training and offers tips and tools to help new social workers become leaders in their profession and in their district. The experiences of the chapter authors, an educator and a social worker, are highlighted.
Behind the Scenes
Authors: Chaturvedi Neilan S.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 5 looks at the behind-the-scenes maneuvering by senators on three bills debated and voted on in 2013: the debt-ceiling bill known commonly as “No Budget, No Pay,” the “Gang of Eight” comprehensive immigration reform bill, and an agriculture bill. It looks at interview data collected in 2013 from legislative directors for nineteen senators examining responses to how much time and effort legislators put into each bill and their overall satisfaction of the outcome. While conventional wisdom would expect to see moderates prioritize the No Budget No Pay Act and the immigration bill, spending most of their time and resources on these bills and report satisfaction with each bill’s final content and legislative process, I find that on average, moderate respondents were less likely to report satisfaction with the overall outcome of the legislative process, despite the time and effort put into the process.
Conclusion
Authors: Chaturvedi Neilan S.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 7 summarizes that while moderates are often considered to be the power players in Senate politics, in reality they are minimizing their traceability to salient legislation. Indeed, moderates rarely offer amendments or speak in support or opposition of legislation, and frequently vote against their preferences. Behind the scenes, while they work about as hard as their colleagues, they are frequently unsatisfied with the legislative outcome and are not viewed as particularly influential by their colleagues. With increased polarization, the skyrocketing use of the filibuster, and leadership concerned more with winning elections than legislating, we should expect to see fewer broad coalitions built as moderates are unwilling and incapable of playing a pivotal role. Still, moderates are not ineffective legislators—they are about as effective as their colleagues; they are simply not the pivotal players that the media and political science scholarship views them to be.
Who Migrates, Who Stays?
Authors: Lucas Robert E.B.
Published: November 2021

This chapter provides a descriptive investigation into who migrates. Reasons for concern about the gender balance in migration are set out, including the empowerment of women. Gender differences in education are estimated to be an important contributor shaping this balance. Autonomous migration by women is broadly stigmatized but shown to vary widely across countries of Africa and Asia. The long-standing evidence of positive selection on education in rural-urban migration is reaffirmed, though the more recent depiction of negative selection on urban-rural migration is less uniform. Claims that migrations between the rural and urban zones result in sorting of labor by skills are not supported. Rural-urban migration is lowering education of the labor force in towns; urban-rural migration is raising that in the countryside. Minority ethnolinguistic groups typically undertake less rural-urban and more urban-rural migration. The context in which these communities live and the policies toward them contribute to these migration patterns and are detailed in the chapter.
Economic Motives and Barriers to Internal Migration1
Authors: Lucas Robert E.B.
Published: November 2021

A literature review and fresh evidence are presented on economic motives for migration and barriers to moving. Given urban income opportunities, higher rural incomes are shown to deter decisions to move from countryside to town. Rural-urban migrants enjoy substantial gains on average, though selection into migration is estimated to be negative on unobserved traits and skills. Those who do not move forego substantial, potential gains. Ethnolinguistic minorities, those living at greater distances from cities, and the socially disadvantaged with lower levels of schooling forego the most. Thus, very real barriers to migrating arise for these populations, though it remains unclear to what extent the constraints are financial, discomfort with the prospects of urban life, or concern to be near kith and kin. However, the amount of potential gain to nonmigrants does not decline at higher income levels of countries, suggesting financial barriers may not be paramount.
Conclusion
Authors: Woodly Deva R.
Published: November 2021

The concluding chapter considers what it means to repoliticize public life and how a public politicized by racial justice, and specifically a political philosophy oriented toward the radical imagination of pragmatic futures, promises to revolutionize the terms on which the twenty-first century will be lived. It explores the idea of futurity, the conviction that the part of the story one is living in is not and cannot be the whole of it. It argues that the Black Lives Matter movement provides a template of ideas and ideals to overturn the twentieth-century paradigms of what constitutes proper and reasonable ways to arrange our political, social, and economic lives.
Introduction
Authors: Siderits Mark
Published: November 2021

This chapter provides a general introduction to the work’s investigation of Indian Buddhist metaphysics. It places Buddhist philosophical theory construction within the larger Buddhist soteriological project, explaining why metaphysical theorizing might have so important a place in Buddhist practice. It provides summary accounts of the metaphysics of two important non-Buddhist systems, Sāṃkhya and Nyāya, that served as important sources of objections to the key Buddhist thesis of non-self. It also contains brief sketches of the major Buddhist schools in India and some of the major figures in its history, from Gautama (the Buddha) through Nāgārjuna, Vasubandhu, and Dharmakīrti, to Ratnakīrti. There is also some discussion of the motivation for examining philosophical traditions other than one’s own.
Non-Self II
Authors: Siderits Mark
Published: November 2021

The second of two chapters on the central Buddhist thesis of non-self, this chapter explores the Buddhist claim that the person, as the mereological sum of a causal series of sets of psychophysical elements, is a mere conceptual fiction, something thought to exist only due to our use of an opaque enumerative expression. Buddhists use the doctrine of the two truths to express this: persons are only conventionally and not ultimately real, and it is conventionally but not ultimately true that there are persons. The device of the tetralemma as a tool for surveying all the logical possibilities on a given issue is introduced; denial of all four lemmas is shown to involve presupposition failure. The heterodox Buddhist position known as Personalism is introduced, and its refutation explored.
The External World
Authors: Siderits Mark
Published: November 2021

The Yogācāra school of Mahāyāna Buddhism denies the existence of external objects, holding that only mental entities are ultimately real. This chapter examines the arguments developed by Yogācāra philosophers for that thesis, as well as objections raised by Buddhist realists. It begins with examination of Buddhist arguments against physicalism, which were principally aimed at the Cārvāka school of Indian materialism. It then discusses the route to idealism by way of the representationalist theory of sense perception that was supported by a time-lag argument. Idealism as such was subsequently supported by appeal to parsimony, as well as by considerations to do with infinite divisibility, and arguably by the claim that physical objects and cognitions are never grasped separately.
Anti-Realisms Local and Global
Authors: Siderits Mark
Published: November 2021

The Madhyamaka school of Buddhist philosophy rejects the metaphysical realist thesis that there is such a thing as how things are anyway, independently of the concepts we happen to use. While other Buddhist schools claim that such things as persons, trees, and tables are mere useful fictions, they maintain that these fictions are usefully grounded in facts about the ultimate nature of reality. Not so Mādhyamikas, who are pan-fictionalists. They support this stance by seeking to demonstrate that various hypotheses concerning things with intrinsic nature (things that are thus purported to be ultimately real) lead to absurdities. The conclusion one is invited to draw is that all things are empty, that is, devoid of intrinsic nature. Some sample reductios are examined, and various realist objections are considered. Several different interpretations of Madhyamaka anti-realism are discussed, with a semantic non-dualist reading, to the effect that the very idea of ultimate truth is incoherent, being judged the most plausible.
A Rough Account of Substantive Rationality
Authors: Worsnip Alex
Published: November 2021

This chapter gives a rough account of substantive rationality, the kind of rationality that contrasts with the book’s main topic, structural rationality. On this account, which mirrors some recently popular accounts in the literature, substantive rationality consists in responding to evidence-relative, right-kind reasons. It also argues against further restrictions on the kinds of reasons relevant to structural rationality—such as a “practical condition” and a condition excluding moral reasons—and introduces the distinction between ex ante and ex post substantive rationality. Finally, it explores accounts of structural rationality that closely mirror the offered account of substantive rationality by understanding the former as responsiveness to “subjective” or belief-relative reasons and argues that these accounts fail.
Introduction
Authors: Schultz William Todd
Published: November 2021

The Introduction provides an overview of the author’s background in research on creativity and proposes that, with rare exceptions, there is an artist type, revealed by decades of scientific research on personality and creativity. Two particular questions are introduced, each followed up later in the book in more detail. One concerns whether art is therapeutic for the person making it. That is, does making art solve emotional problems? The other is whether there is any real, proved connection between art and mental illness. Are artists really more likely to be “crazy” in some particular sense, or not?
“There Is No National without the Local”
Authors: Warren Mark R.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 3 charts the development of the movement to dismantle the school-to-prison pipeline as a national movement with deep local roots. It documents the beginnings of the movement in places like Holmes County, Mississippi, where African American parents first raised the alarm. It shows how national actors played important roles in spreading local victories, while both strengthening local organizing and working to influence federal policy. It discusses the struggle in the Dignity in Schools Campaign to create a coalition in which community groups would have a majority say and keep the coalition focused on supporting local organizing rather than Washington politics. It charts the movement’s victories, shifting discourse away from zero tolerance and getting the federal government to issue guidelines warning against zero-tolerance discipline. These victories became resources to groups in local- and state-level campaigns, creating a rolling series of policy wins across the country.
Media coverage of Muslims
Authors: Bleich Erik , van der Veen Maurits
Published: November 2021

Existing research largely concurs that coverage of Muslims is negative. Yet this masks how much remains unknown. In particular, there has been no clear or consistent way to gauge precisely how much negativity is present in stories about Muslims. This chapter introduces a systematic way to assess the tone of articles and discusses how this allows for answers to six important questions about coverage of Muslims. The chapter also outlines the structure of the book and summarizes the key findings. In particular, it argues that coverage of Muslims is strikingly negative by every comparative measure examined.