bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indium‐Catalyzed Hydroamination/Hydrosilylation of Terminal Alkynes and Aromatic Amines through a One‐Pot, Two‐Step Protocol
Authors: Sakai Norio , Takahashi Nobuaki , Ogiwara Yohei
Published: July 2014

We demonstrated that indium tribromide effectively functioned as a single catalyst for two successive steps in a one‐pot procedure. First, the hydroamination of alkynes with anilines took place to give the Markovnikov product. Then, hydrosilylation of the imine intermediates by treatment with a hydrosilane substrate afforded the corresponding secondary amines.
Evaluation of the chiral separation ability of single‐isomer cationic β‐cyclodextrins in capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Wang Yiying , Zhou Jie , Liu Yun , Tang Jian , Tang Weihua
Published: July 2014

Eight single‐isomer ammonium‐β‐cyclodextrin derivatives with different side chains were successfully developed as chiral selectors for the chiral separation of selected racemates in capillary electrophoresis. The number of substituted groups at N‐atom as well as the alkyl chain length greatly influenced the chiral separation. With the numbers of hydroxylalkyl groups at N‐atom growing, the aqueous solubility of resolving agents were distinctly decreased and chiral separation ability was also significantly reduced. The apparent complex stability constants between CDs and analytes were further determined. The best enantioseparations of hydroxyl acids was achieved with the use of mono‐6A‐(3‐hydroxypropyl)‐1‐ammonium‐β‐cyclodextrin chloride and mono‐6A‐(3‐methoxypropyl)‐1‐ammonium‐β‐cyclodextrin chloride. The nuclear magnetic resonance experiments were carried out using them with mandelic acid as guest molecules, revealing the inclusion pattern as well as electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding interactions as additional chiral driving force. The contribution of potential interaction sites in the sidearm could enhance the enantioseparations.
Centrifuge modeling of rocking‐isolated inelastic RC bridge piers
Authors: Loli Marianna , Knappett Jonathan A. , Brown Michael J. , Anastasopoulos Ioannis , Gazetas George
Published: July 2014

Experimental proof is provided of an unconventional seismic design concept, which is based on deliberately underdesigning shallow foundations to promote intense rocking oscillations and thereby to dramatically improve the seismic resilience of structures. Termed rocking isolation, this new seismic design philosophy is investigated through a series of dynamic centrifuge experiments on properly scaled models of a modern reinforced concrete (RC) bridge pier. The experimental method reproduces the nonlinear and inelastic response of both the soil‐footing interface and the structure. To this end, a novel scale model RC (1:50 scale) that simulates reasonably well the elastic response and the failure of prototype RC elements is utilized, along with realistic representation of the soil behavior in a geotechnical centrifuge. A variety of seismic ground motions are considered as excitations. They result in consistent demonstrably beneficial performance of the rocking‐isolated pier in comparison with the one designed conventionally. Seismic demand is reduced in terms of both inertial load and deck drift. Furthermore, foundation uplifting has a self‐centering potential, whereas soil yielding is shown to provide a particularly effective energy dissipation mechanism, exhibiting significant resistance to cumulative damage. Thanks to such mechanisms, the rocking pier survived, with no signs of structural distress, a deleterious sequence of seismic motions that caused collapse of the conventionally designed pier. © 2014 The Authors Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The effect of temperature on the sensitivity of Daphnia magna to cyanobacteria is genus dependent
Authors: Hochmuth Jennifer D. , De Schamphelaere Karel A.C.
Published: July 2014

In the present study, the authors investigated the effects of 6 different genera of cyanobacteria on multiple endpoints of Daphnia magna in a 21-d life table experiment conducted at 3 different temperatures (15 °C, 19 °C, and 23 °C). The specific aims were to test if the effect of temperature on Daphnia's sensitivity to cyanobacteria differed among different cyanobacteria and if the rank order from most to least harmful cyanobacteria to Daphnia reproduction changed or remained the same across the studied temperature range. Overall, the authors observed a decrease in harmful effects on reproduction with increasing temperature for Microcystis, Nodularia, and Aphanizomenon, and an increase in harmful effects with increasing temperature for Anabaena and Oscillatoria. No effect of temperature was observed on Daphnia sensitivity to Cylindrospermopsis. Harmful effects of Microcystis and Nodularia on reproduction appear to be mirrored by a decrease in length. On the other hand, harmful effects of Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, and Oscillatoria on reproduction were correlated with a decrease in intrinsic rate of natural increase, which was matched by a later onset of reproduction in exposures to Oscillatoria. In addition, the results suggest that the cyanobacteria rank order of harmfulness may change with temperature. Higher temperatures may increase the sensitivity of D. magna to the presence of some cyanobacteria (Anabaena and Oscillatoria) in their diet, whereas the harmful effects of others (Microcystis, Nodularia, and Aphanizomenon) may be reduced by higher temperatures. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2333–2343. © 2014 SETAC
Stock Market Simulation Using Support Vector Machines
Authors: Rosillo Rafael , Giner Javier , De la Fuente David
Published: July 2014

The aim of this research was to analyse the different results that can be achieved using support vector machines (SVM) to forecast the weekly change movement of different simulated markets. The markets are developed by a GARCH model based on the S&P 500. These simulated markets are grouped by a main parameter: high volatility, bearish trend, bullish trend and low volatility. The inputs retained of the SVM are traditional technical trading rules used in quantitative analysis, such as relative strength index (RSI) and moving average convergence divergence (MACD) decision rules. The outputs of the SVM are the degree of set membership and market movement (bullish or bearish). The design of the SVM algorithm has been developed by Matlab and SVM‐KM. The configuration for the SVM shows that the best results are achieved in simulated markets with high volatility; also results are good in trend simulated markets. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does Mood Explain the Monday Effect?
Authors: Abu Bakar Azizah , Siganos Antonios , Vagenas‐Nanos Evangelos
Published: July 2014

A number of studies have explored the sources of the Monday effect, according to which returns are on average negative on Mondays. We contribute to the literature by exploring whether a direct measure of mood explains the Monday effect. In line with psychological literature, a greater proportion of investors are more pessimistic in the early days of the week, and become more optimistic as the week progresses. We use novel daily mood data from Facebook across 20 international markets to explore the impact of mood on the Monday anomaly. We find that the Monday effect disappears after controlling for mood. In line with our hypothesis that mood drives the Monday effect, we find that the effect is more prominent within small capitalization indices and within collectivist and high‐uncertainty‐avoidance countries. Investors could consider mood levels to forecast Mondays with more (less) pronounced negative returns. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite element analysis of tires in rolling contact
Authors: Nackenhorst Udo
Published: July 2014

In this publication an overview on sophisticated modeling approaches for the finite element computation of rolling tires based on an Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) formulation of the kinematic will be outlined. After a brief introduction into the ALE‐concepts special attention is laid onto the treatment of the tangential contact formulation. As the path‐lines of the material points are not computed directly within the relative kinematics framework, techniques for the treatment of inelastic material properties and the coupled thermo‐mechanical analysis with emphasis to rolling loss analysis will be given. Furthermore a modal superposition approach is suggested for the analysis of the high frequency response of rolling tires excited from the surface roughness of the road. Finally a mesoscopic modeling approach for the transient dynamic analysis of the tread rubber with the rough roads surface is presented. In summary these techniques enable for a broad bandwidth of tire specific behavior in rolling contact. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Interventions for older persons reporting memory difficulties: a randomized controlled pilot study
Authors: Cohen‐Mansfield Jiska , Cohen Rinat , Buettner Linda , Eyal Nitza , Jakobovits Hanna , Rebok George , Rotenberg‐Shpigelman Shlomit , Sternberg Shelley
Published: July 2014

Objective

The objective of this study is to compare three different interventions for persons who report memory difficulties: health promotion, cognitive training, and a participation‐centered course, using a single‐blind, randomized controlled design.

Methods

Participants were 44 Israeli adults with memory complaints, aged 65 years or older. The main outcome variable was the Global Cognitive Score assessed using the MindStreams® mild cognitive impairment assessment, a computerized cognitive assessment. The Mini‐Mental State Examination and the self‐report of memory difficulties were also utilized. To assess well‐being, the UCLA Loneliness Scale‐8 was used. Health was evaluated by self‐report instruments.

Results

All three interventions resulted in significant improvement in cognitive function as measured by the computerized cognitive assessment. All approaches seemed to decrease loneliness. The only variable which showed a significant difference among the groups is the self‐report of memory difficulties, in which the cognitive training group participants reported greater improvement than the other groups.

Conclusion

Multiple approaches should be offered to older persons with memory complaints. The availability of diverse options would help fit the needs of a heterogeneous population. An educational media effort to promote the public's understanding of the efficacy of these multiple approaches is needed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a practice guideline for optimal symptom relief for patients with pneumonia and dementia in nursing homes using a Delphi study
Authors: van der Maaden Tessa , van der Steen Jenny T. , de Vet Henrica C. W. , Achterberg Wilco P. , Boersma Froukje , Schols Jos M. G. A. , van Berkel Jos F. J. M. , Mehr David R. , Arcand Marcel , Hoepelman Andy I. M. , Koopmans Raymond T. C. M. , Hertogh Cees M. P. M.
Published: July 2014

Objective

This study aimed to develop a practice guideline for a structured and consensus‐based approach to relieve symptoms of pneumonia in patients with dementia in nursing homes.

Methods

A five‐round Delphi study involving a panel consisting of 24 experts was conducted. An initial version of the practice guideline was developed with leading representatives of Dutch University Medical Centers with a department for elderly care medicine, based on existing guidelines for palliative care. The experts evaluated the initial version, after which we identified topics that reflected the main divergences. The experts rated their agreement with statements that addressed the main divergences on a 5‐point Likert scale. Consensus was determined according to pre‐defined criteria. The practice guideline was then revised according to the final decisions made by the project group and the representatives.

Results

The response rate for the expert panel was 67%. Main divergences included the applicability of guidelines for palliative care to patients with dementia and pneumonia in long‐term care and the appropriateness of specific pharmacological treatment of dyspnea and coughing. Moderate consensus was reached for 80% of the statements. Major revisions included adding pharmacological treatment for coughing and recommending opioid rotation in the case of opioid‐induced delirium. Two areas of divergent opinion remained: the usefulness of oxygen administration and treatment of rattling breath. The project group made the final decision in these areas.

Conclusions

We developed a mostly consensus‐based practice guideline for patients with dementia and pneumonia and mapped controversial issues for future investigation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of imaging biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease: amyloid imaging with [18F]florbetapir positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging voxel‐based analysis for entorhinal cortex atrophy
Authors: Tateno Amane , Sakayori Takeshi , Kawashima Yoshitaka , Higuchi Makoto , Suhara Tetsuya , Mizumura Sunao , Mintun Mark A. , Skovronsky Daniel M. , Honjo Kazuyoshi , Ishihara Keiichi , Kumita Shinichiro , Suzuki Hidenori , Okubo Yoshiro
Published: July 2014

Objective

We compared amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in subjects clinically diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and older healthy controls (OHC) in order to test how these imaging biomarkers represent cognitive decline in AD.

Methods

Fifteen OHC, 19 patients with MCI, and 19 patients with AD were examined by [18F]florbetapir PET to quantify the standard uptake value ratio (SUVR) as the degree of amyloid accumulation, by MRI and the voxel‐based specific regional analysis system for AD to calculate z‐score as the degree of entorhinal cortex atrophy, and by mini‐mental state examination (MMSE) and Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale–cognitive component—Japanese version (ADAS‐Jcog) for cognitive functions.

Results

Both cutoff values for measuring AD‐like levels of amyloid (1.099 for SUVR) and entorhinal cortex atrophy (1.60 for z‐score) were well differentially diagnosed and clinically defined AD from OHC (84.2% for SUVR and 86.7% for z‐score). Subgroup analysis based on beta‐amyloid positivity revealed that z‐score significantly correlated with MMSE (r = −0.626, p < 0.01) and ADAS‐Jcog (r = 0.691, p < 0.01) only among subjects with beta‐amyloid.

Conclusions

This is the first study to compare [18F]florbetapir PET and MRI voxel‐based analysis of entorhinal cortex atrophy for AD. Both [18F]florbetapir PET and MRI detected changes in AD compared with OHC. Considering that entorhinal cortex atrophy correlated well with cognitive decline only among subjects with beta‐amyloid, [18F]florbetapir PET makes it possible to detect AD pathology in the early stage, whereas MRI morphometry for subjects with beta‐amyloid provides a good biomarker to assess the severity of AD in the later stage. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BIRTH WEIGHT AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: Chatterji Pinka , Kim Dohyung , Lahiri Kajal
Published: July 2014

Research has shown that birth weight has a lasting impact on later‐life outcomes such as educational attainment and earnings. This paper examines the role of health at birth in determining academic achievement in childhood, which may provide the link between birth weight and adult outcomes. Using three waves of the Child Development Supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics data over 1997–2007, we build on the literature by employing the fetal growth rate as a proxy for net nutritional intake in utero and propose a nested error‐component two‐stage least squares estimator that draws on internal instruments from alternative dimensions of the multilevel panel data set. In particular, this alternative estimator allows us to exploit the information on children with no siblings in the sample, which comprise over 40% of the observations in our sample, as well as to obtain coefficient estimates for the time‐invariant variables such as race and maternal education. This would not be feasible with the usual mother fixed effects estimation. We obtain modest but significant effects of both birth weight and the fetal growth rate on math and reading scores, with the effects concentrated in the low birth weight range. Infant health measures appear to explain little of the well‐documented racial disparity in test scores. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drug Launch Timing and International Reference Pricing
Authors: Houy Nicolas , Jelovac Izabela
Published: July 2014

This paper analyzes the timing decisions of pharmaceutical firms to launch a new drug in countries involved in international reference pricing. We show three important features of launch timing when all countries refer to the prices in all other countries and in all previous periods of time. First, there is no withdrawal of drugs in any country and in any period. Second, whenever the drug is sold in a country, it is also sold in all countries with larger willingness to pay. Third, there is no strict incentive to delay the launch of a drug in any country. We then show that the first and third results continue to hold when the countries only refer to the prices of a subset of all countries in a transitive way and in any period. We also show that the second result continues to hold when the reference is on the last period prices only. Last, we show that the seller's profits increase as the sets of reference countries decrease with respect to inclusion. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor R and Z1 expression as independent prognostic indicators in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Duś‐Szachniewicz Kamila , Woźniak Marta , Nelke Kamil , Gamian Elżbieta , Gerber Hanna , Ziółkowski Piotr
Published: July 2014

Background

The actions of tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are controlled by tyrosine kinases and phosphatases. Although substantial previous data have revealed the role of several protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) in various cancers, the function of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor R (PTPRR) and protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor‐type, Z polypeptide 1 (PTPRZ1) proteins in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has not been studied to date.

Methods

The PTPRR and PTPRZ1 immunoreactivity in 67 formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded oral cancer tissues at different stages were analyzed with the technique of immunohistochemistry (IHC). The presence of PTPRR in cancerous tissue was confirmed by Western blotting.

Results

The occurrence of PTPRR and PTPRZ1 proteins in the cancer specimens was more frequent in lower grade tumors. In addition, the association between the immunoreactivity of both examined proteins and improved patients survival was detected. Moreover, the PTPRR expression was found to be related to the absence of synchronous lymph node involvement.

Conclusion

The above results indicate that the PTPRR and PTPRZ1 protein expression should be monitored in oral cancer for patients' prognostic stratification. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 1816–1822, 2015
Root length of aquatic plant, Lemna minor L., as an optimal toxicity endpoint for biomonitoring of mining effluents
Authors: Gopalapillai Yamini , Vigneault Bernard , Hale Beverley A
Published: July 2014

Lemna minor, a free-floating macrophyte, is used for biomonitoring of mine effluent quality under the Metal Mining Effluent Regulations (MMER) of the Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) program in Canada and is known to be sensitive to trace metals commonly discharged in mine effluents such as Ni. Environment Canada's standard toxicity testing protocol recommends frond count (FC) and dry weight (DW) as the 2 required toxicity endpoints—this is similar to other major protocols such as those by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)—that both require frond growth or biomass endpoints. However, we suggest that similar to terrestrial plants, average root length (RL) of aquatic plants will be an optimal and relevant endpoint. As expected, results demonstrate that RL is the ideal endpoint based on the 3 criteria: accuracy (i.e., toxicological sensitivity to contaminant), precision (i.e., lowest variance), and ecological relevance (metal mining effluents). Roots are known to play a major role in nutrient uptake in conditions of low nutrient conditions—thus having ecological relevance to freshwater from mining regions. Root length was the most sensitive and precise endpoint in this study where water chemistry varied greatly (pH and varying concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, K, dissolved organic carbon, and an anthropogenic organic contaminant, sodium isopropyl xanthates) to match mining effluent ranges. Although frond count was a close second, dry weight proved to be an unreliable endpoint. We conclude that toxicity testing for the floating macrophyte should require average RL measurement as a primary endpoint. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2014;10:493–497. © 2014 SETAC

Key Points

Root length was the most accurate and precise endpoint for L. minor toxicity with respect to an ecological relevance to mining effluent biomonitoring Frond count was a close second to root length, but dry weight was an unreliable endpoint and should be removed from toxicity protocols The results of this study can be used to improve existing Lemna toxicity testing protocols as these are not only used for regulatory purposes, but also for research studies to better understand the impacts of contaminants on the environment
A PANEL‐REGRESSIONS INVESTIGATION OF EXCHANGE RATE VOLATILITY
Authors: Grossmann Axel , Orlov Alexei G.
Published: July 2014

This paper offers an empirical explanation behind the dynamics of the overall volatility of exchange rates and its high‐frequency, most economically destabilizing components. Spectral methodology is employed to isolate the portion of volatility attributable to high‐frequency components, and panel regressions are used to relate the volatility measures to various macroeconomic and policy variables. Given the estimated panel regressions, the paper suggests policies that may help reduce exchange rate volatility in general and along high‐frequency components in particular, thereby contributing to financial stability. The paper shows that while the macroeconomic and policy variables affecting the high‐frequency components of volatility and overall volatility are generally similar, there are some important differences. The paper also highlights the divergent impacts of policy variables in developed vis‐à‐vis developing economies. The results are robust with respect to using alternative cut‐off frequencies and estimation methods. The presented analysis may help to gain an understanding of the determinants of the most destabilizing components of exchange rate volatility and provide guidance into managing currency crises. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
4.1: Distinguished Paper: Cavity Shape Control of the Roll‐to‐Roll Fabricated Novel Microstructure Film for Improving the Viewing‐Angle Characteristics of LCDs
Authors: Asaoka Yasushi , Kanno Toru , Yamamoto Emi , Maeda Tsuyoshi , Tsuda Yusuke , Shimada Yoshinori
Published: July 2014

A microstructure film with many micro cavities positioned behind small black dots has been developed for improving LCD viewing‐angle characteristics. The micro cavities are fabricated by the self‐alignment photolithography of the transparent photoresist using the black dots as photo masks. The cavity shapes are optimized by controlling the photolithography conditions.
4.4: Vacuumless Lamination of Printable LOCA
Authors: Pennington Brian , O'Hare Jonathan , Stensvad Karl , Carlson Dan , Jerry Glen , Schlepp Arlyn , Campbell Christopher J.
Published: July 2014

Liquid optically clear adhesives (LOCA) are used for direct bonding of displays to touch panels and/or cover lenses. To improve manufacturing cycle time, simplify process steps and enhance yield, 3M Company has developed a printable LOCA that maintains printed shape and enables vacuumless lamination.
5.4L: Late‐News Paper: ALA Mediated Metronomic Photodynamic Therapy in Mouse Gliomas Model using Organic Light Emitting Diode
Authors: Guo Han‐Wen , Wang Hsing‐Wen , Ho Meng‐Huan , Lee Meng‐Ting , Chen Chih‐Lei , Chuang Ching‐Sang , Lin Yusin
Published: July 2014

In this study, we presented a pilot study of metronomic photodynamic therapy (mPDT) by the use of organic light emitting diode (OLED) in treating treatment of brain tumor. The low cost, lightweight, and low fluence rate OLED has significant potential in the clinical mPDT applications. In this study, we treated nude mice with glioblastma by 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA) mediated OLED, mPDT. Afterwards, we investigated the tumor severity though bioluminescenct imaging and recorded survival days. Compared to control group (ALA treatment without illumination), PDT group mice showed increased survival days. This pilot study suggests that OLED is a useful light source for mPDT.
6.3: Application of Nanocomposite Materials in the Backplane Technology of Flexible Displays
Authors: Hsieh Kun‐Lung , Hsu Tsi‐Hsuan , Ke Tsung‐Ying , Wang Pin‐Fan , Hwu Keh‐Long
Published: July 2014

In this paper, we introduced nanocomposite materials as a debonding layer (DBL) in the fabrication of flexible displays. These materials provided flexible substrate with good debonding capability even after 450oC low‐temperature poly‐silicon (LTPS) process. The effect of temperature on debonding force of flexible substrate was investigated. Besides, some characteristics of thin‐film transistors (TFT) were also studied.
7.2: Red Quantum Dots under the Electron Microscope
Authors: Fern George R. , Silver Jack , Coe‐Sullivan Seth , Steckel Jonathan S.
Published: July 2014

Cathodoluminescent imaging of the visible light emitted from quantum dots is reported. The shape and uniformity of individual particles is observed in the STEM electron image and the image of the particles created from their visible light collected simultaneously is shown. Visible light images of the 12‐13nm sized particles are reported for clusters of just 2 particles. Emission spectra collected from small clusters of around 50 nano‐particles are also reported.
7.3: Influence of Layer Thickness on the Performance of Quantum Dots Light Emitting Devices
Authors: Qasim Khan , Chen Jing , Lei Wei , Li Zhi , Pan Jiangyong , Li Qing , Xia Jun , Tu Yan
Published: July 2014

The large area quantum dots light diode assays were fabricated by using CdSe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots (QDs) as light emitting layer, ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) as an electron transport/injection layer (ETL) and organic polymers as hole transport layer (HTL). The performance of the device was measured for samples of different thicknesses of QDs layer. By optimizing the constituent layers thicknesses, light emitting diode arrays (10 cm×10 cm active area, 32×32 pixel) were fabricated with improved electroluminance efficiency (1 to 1.8 Cd/A), low turn‐on voltages (3.2 V) and pure QDs emission. These findings suggest that such simple tuning techniques in these LEDs will be promising for use in practical flat panel displays (FPDs).
7.5L: Late‐News Paper: Cathodoluminescence Quantum Efficiency of Quantum Dot Thin Films
Authors: Yoon Heayoung P. , Bohn Christopher D. , Lee Youngmin , Ko Seung‐Hyeon , Steckel Jonathan S. , Coe‐Sullivan Seth , Zhitenev Nikolai B.
Published: July 2014

A thin film of quantum dots (QD) was used to visualize the local photo‐response of polycrystalline CdTe solar cells by down‐converting an electron beam of high energy to photons of visible light. The efficient photon generation in the QD film is compared to cathodoluminescence of the high‐purity bulk semiconductors and phosphor.
8.3: Invited Paper: Advantages of IGZO Oxide Semiconductor
Authors: Matsuo Takuya , Mori Shigeyasu , Ban Atsushi , Imaya Akihiko
Published: July 2014

Oxide semiconductors as represented by InGaZnO have been developed and used for driving TFT of LCD. Since there have been discussions on comparison of oxide semiconductors with amorphous and/or poly‐silicon which have been conventionally used for LCD, this paper will summarize pros and cons of each semiconductor material, deepen discussions for future developments, and clarify advantages of oxide semiconductors.
9.1: Invited Paper: Fast High Resolution Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Displays
Authors: Chigrinov Vladimir , Srivastava Abhishek , Pozhidaev Eugene , Qi Guo , Ying Ma , Kwok Hoi Sing
Published: July 2014

Fast response time, high contrast ratio various FLC electrooptical modes, are achieved through the application of photoaligning layers in FLC cells. Fast FLCD with a high resolution can be used in the screens field sequential color (FSC) FLC microdisplays, which are now one of the most advanced technologies for pico‐projectors. The switchable goggles and lenses based on new FLC prototypes can be efficiently applied in the new generation of switchable 2D/3D LCD TVs.
9.2: High Image Quality Reflective Color LCD Using Novel RGBW Technology
Authors: Mitsui Masashi , Fukunaga Yoko , Tamaki Masaya , Sakaigawa Akira , Harada Tsutomu , Takasaki Naoyuki , Nakamura Takashi , Aoki Yoshiro , Tsunashima Takanori , Hayashi Hirotaka , Nagatsuma Toshiyuki
Published: July 2014

In this paper, the performance of a new RGBW reflective display for mobile devices is described, including high reflectance and wide color gamut.

In addition, a newly developed 7‐inch WUXGA (1200 times 1920) prototype reflective color LCD using a new RGBW technology is described.
9.4: Invited Paper: Highly Birefringent Nematic Liquid Crystals and Mixtures
Authors: Kula P. , Dziaduszek J. , Herman J. , Dąbrowski R.
Published: July 2014

Highly birefringent liquid crystals have always been desired by many applications in visible, infrared and recently other spectral regions such as THz and GHz as a active medium for various devices fabrication eg. light shutters, shifters, attenuators, filters, electronic lenses, delay lines, antennas, varactors and laser beam steerers.

Our own results in the field have been combined with more important ones from literature and have been summarized and reviewed. Special attention will be given to compounds with oligophenyl and tolane based rigid cores for which dual approach of dipol moment generation have been applied (see figure below).

image

For such molecular design the extension of conjugated π electron system leads to high birefringence but simultaneously promotes strongly the presence of smectic phases and increases melting point and enthalpy. Therefore lateral substituents have to be introduced to the rigid core of molecules. The number, volume and position of lateral substituents depends of the length of the rigid core. Molecular engineering leading to compounds with high birefringence Δn, different value of dielectric anisotropy, low viscosity, and a broad temperature range of the nematic phase will be discussed. The properties of broad temperature range nematic mixtures with positive dielectric anisotropy (Δn=0.3‐0.5) will be presented. Additional attention will be given to the development of low losses materials designed for THz and GHz applications.
10.4: A Delamination Method and Ultra‐High‐Reliable Gas Barrier Film for Flexible OLED Displays
Authors: Lin Yu‐Ling , Ke Tsung‐Ying , Liu Chan‐Jui , Huang Chen‐Shuo , Lin Po‐Yang , Tsai Chih‐Hung , Tu Chia‐Hsun , Wang Pin‐Fang , Lu Hsueh‐Hsing , Lee Meng‐Ting , Hwu Keh‐Long , Chuang Ching‐Sang , Lin Yu‐Hsin
Published: July 2014

A highly reliable ultra‐high gas barrier (UGB) was developed and applied on the fabrication of 4.3‐inch flexible AMOLED. The water vapor transmission rate of the UGB on flexible substrate could achieve ∼ 10−6 g/m2‐day under a calcium test (60°C and 90%RH). In addition, a delamination method to remove the flexible AMOLED from the glass carrier was proposed where the mechanical strain during the delamination is controlled within 0.2%. With the incorporation of a metallic interlayer, the damage of TFT due to the electrostatic discharges from the delaminated surfaces can be prevented.
11.1: A 4‐mm Radius Curved Display with Touch Screen
Authors: Ikeda Takayuki , Nakamura Daiki , Ikeda Masataka , Iwaki Yuji , Ikeda Hisao , Watanabe Kazunori , Miyake Hiroyuki , Hirakata Yoshiharu , Yamazaki Shunpei , Kurosaki Daisuke , Ohno Masakatsu , Bower Chris , Cotton Darryl , Matthews Andrew , Andrew Piers , Gheorghiu Catalin , Bergquist Johan
Published: July 2014

We discuss the steps for obtaining a curved touch‐enabled display by using a c‐axis aligned crystalline oxide semiconductor, OLEDs, a flexible‐display technology, and a capacitive touch screen. This result is a side‐roll display in which the front and side surfaces are a single curved surface with a 4 mm radius.
11.2: Invited Paper: Imperceptible Electronic Skin
Authors: Sekitani Tsuyoshi , Kaltenbrunner Martin , Yokota Tomoyuki , Someya Takao
Published: July 2014

We present the fabrication and electrical and mechanical characteristics of a 1‐μm‐thick ultraflexible organic transistor and demonstrate the imperceptible organic electronic systems for “Electronic Skins.” Ultraflexible and lightweight electronics, e.g., organic solar cells, polymer light‐emitting diodes and active matrix amplifiers, are manufactured on 1‐μm‐thick plastic substrates
12.2: Invited Paper: Colloidal Quantum Rods and Wells for Lighting and Lasing Applications
Authors: She Chunxing , Fedin Igor , Boles Michael A. , Dolzhnikov Dmitriy S. , Schaller Richard D. , Pelton Matthew , Talapin Dmitri V.
Published: July 2014

Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals, also known as “quantum dots” (QDs), represent an example of a disruptive technology for display and lighting applications. Their high luminescence efficiency and tunable, narrow emission are nearly ideal for achieving saturated colors and enriching the display or TV color gamut. Our contribution will discuss the next generation of inorganic nanostructures with electronic structure optimized for achieving emission characteristics beyond traditional near‐spherical QDs. For example, nano‐heterostructures with spherical CdSe QDs epitaxially integrated into CdS quantum rods combine high luminescence efficiency with giant extinction coefficients, large Stokes shifts, and linearly polarized emission. Such a set of characteristics can be ideal for LCD backlighting. The other class of emitters includes colloidal quantum wells (QWs) whose ensemble luminescence is significantly narrower than emission spectra of the best QD samples. Moreover, we show that colloidal QWs produce amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) with pump‐fluence thresholds as low as 6 μJ/cm2 and gain as high as 600 cm−1, on par with the best values for any solution‐processed material.
13.1: Invited Paper: Excimer‐Laser Annealing: Microstructure Evolution and a Novel Characterization Technique
Authors: van der Wilt Paul C.
Published: July 2014

Recent commercial success of high‐resolution AMLCDs and AMOLED displays has led to accelerated adoption and scale‐up of ELA, the preferred technique for creating LTPS films. Here, key aspects of the process are discussed; in particular, the formation of laser‐induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) and the super‐lateral growth (SLG) phenomenon. Also, a novel upright‐microscopy technique is described for characterization of ELA‐processed films.
13.2: Invited Paper: LTPS vs Oxide Backplanes for AMOLED Displays: System Design Considerations and Compensation Techniques
Authors: Chaji Reza , Nathan Arokia
Published: July 2014

The two major backplane technologies for AMOLED displays are LTPS and oxides. Despite their similarities, the differences are significant requiring intricate design considerations and compensation techniques to achieve good display uniformity and lifetime while eliminating second order effects associated with IR drop, ground bouncing, and parasitic capacitance. This paper presents a study in contrasts between LTPS and oxide backplane technologies from the standpoint of system design and compensation techniques.
13.4: Flexible Low Temperature Solution Processed Oxide Semiconductor TFT Backplanes for Use in AMOLED Displays
Authors: Cobb Brian , Rodriguez Francisco Gonzalez , Maas Joris , Ellis Tim , van der Steen Jan‐Laurens , Myny Kris , Smout Steve , Vicca Peter , Bhoolokam Ajay , Rockelé Maarten , Steudel Soeren , Heremans Paul , Marinkovic Marko , Pham Duy‐Vu , Hoppe Arne , Steiger JüRgen , Anselman Ralf , Gelinck Gerwin
Published: July 2014

AMOLED backplanes were fabricated on both rigid glass and flexible plastic substrates using a solution processed oxide semiconductor processed at temperatures <250C with mobilities greater than 2 cm2/Vs. The backplanes were integrated onto a thin film moisture barrier and QQVGA AMOLED displays were successfully fabricated.
16.2: Reverse‐Offset Printed Single‐layer Metal‐Mesh Touch Screen Panel
Authors: Choi Young‐Man , Kim Kwang‐Young , Lee Eonseok , Lee Taik‐Min
Published: July 2014

Touch screen panel is one of the most innovative parts in modern electronic devices. We developed a single‐layer printed metal‐mesh touch screen sensor using projective capacitive touch sensing. The sensing electrodes and routing electrodes are printed at once forming a single layer by reverse‐offset printing using Ag nanoparticle ink. Each sensing electrode is composed of rectangular metal mesh. In this paper, we described the manufacturing process of 5“ single‐layer printed metal‐mesh touch sensor implemented on transparent plastic film.
17.1: Distinguished Student Paper: Origin of Short Statistical Delay of an AC PDP with MgO Nano‐Powders
Authors: Yang Seung‐Yeol , Kim Yong‐Seog , Kim Joong‐Kyun , Weber Larry F.
Published: July 2014

Exo‐electron currents emitted from MgO Nano‐powders sprayed on MgO thin film were measured using a highly‐sensitive and fast‐responding measuring apparatus. The results indicated that the short statistical delay with the MgO nano‐powders is mainly due to increased exo‐electron currents from MgO nano‐powders.
17.3: First‐Principles Study on Secondary Electron Emission of MgO (200) and (111) Surfaces
Authors: Dai Kai , Tu Yan , Yang Lanlan , Li Qiaofen , Tolner Harm
Published: July 2014

The electronic structures of flat (200), flat (111) and hydrogenated (111) surfaces are investigated based on first‐principles calculations. The results reveal that SEE coefficients γ increase in the following order: flat(111)< flat(200)< hydrogenated(111). It is also found that hydrogenation on the MgO (111) surface can reduce band gap and increase the γ value.
20.2L: Late‐News Paper: A 4‐inch QVGA Flexible AMOLED Driven by Solution‐Processed Metal Oxide TFTs
Authors: Lin Liang‐Yu , Cheng Chun‐Cheng , Liu Chu‐Yu , Chiang Min‐Feng , Wu Po‐Hsien , Lee Meng‐Ting , Chen Chien‐Ying , Chan Chih‐Cheng , Lin Chen‐Chi , Chang Chih‐Hsiang
Published: July 2014

A 4“ QVGA flexible AMOLED display driven by the developed solution‐processed metal oxide TFTs was presented in this work. The spin coating technology was introduced to deposit the metal oxide semiconductor film. The highest carrier mobility of the solution‐processed metal oxide TFTs is 4.02 cm2/Vs, and the electrical reliability is also discussed in this work.
21.2: Invited Paper: MOTFT Backpanel for 880 ppi White and 440 ppi, True Full‐Color AMOLED
Authors: Yu Gang , Shieh Chan‐Long , Musolf Juergen , Foong Fatt , Xiao Tian , Wang Guangming , Ottosson Kristoffer , Chen Zhao , Chang Frankie , Yu Cooper , Park Jung‐Woo
Published: July 2014

MOTFT‐based backpanels and corresponding manufacture related issues are discussed for a 2.5“ diagonal, 880 ppi FHD white color AMOLED. The same design can be used for a 2.5” QFHD and 5“ FHD True‐FC AMOLED Displays with 440 ppi. We demonstrate high mobility and stability MOTFT with dimensions reach the design rules of existing manufacture line. Good TFT output impedance and long‐range uniformity over large size glass substrate enables 2T1C pixel driver circuit. Such MOTFT based AMOLED backpanel can be fabricated with 5‐6 mask steps, 2 mask steps less than those used for IPS AMLCD displays with similar pixel density. Integrating an OLED array onto the MOTFT backpanel, high pixel density AMOLED display are demonstrated with performance and form factors best fit with portable and wearable electronic devices.
22.2: WITHDRAWN: 22.3: Invited Paper: Intra‐Panel Interface Technology for High‐Resolution Tablet PC Applications
Authors: Lee Jae‐Youl , Pae Hansu , Lee Kil‐Hoon , Lee Dongmyung , Lim Jung‐Pil , Tak Wonho , Choi Yoonkyung , Hwang Gyoocheol
Published: July 2014

This paper has reviewed several key features of intra‐panel interfaces for high‐resolution tablet personal computers to satisfy essential requirements such as high‐speed operation, low power consumption, and low radio frequency interference (RFI). The clock‐embedding scheme and the type of transmitter driver affect maximum data rate and minimum power consumption. Power saving can be achieved through physical layer implementation as well as protocol layer design by optimizing current consumption of column drivers. RFI from signal channels on PCB can be effectively suppressed by modified data scrambling scheme with low toggle ratio and pattern randomization. These techniques of intra‐panel interfaces will realize future tablets with high display resolution.
22.4: Invited Paper: A 1.8‐Gbps Intra‐Panel Interface with Power Reduction and EMI Suppression Schemes for Tablet PC Applications
Authors: Lee Kil‐Hoon , Lee Dongmyung , Lim Jung‐Pil , Tak Wonho , Pae Hansu , Lee Jae‐Youl , Choi Yoon‐Kyung , Hwang Gyoocheol
Published: July 2014

An enhanced reduced voltage differential signaling (eRVDS) intra‐panel interface addressing both low‐power and low‐EMI requirements for tablet PC applications is presented. The proposed interface features a novel function called scrambled transition‐minimized coding (STMC) to perform both data pattern randomization and toggle reduction. Additionally, automatic skew calibration (ASC) is proposed to further reduce dynamic power and EMI radiation in the eRVDS interface. For verification, a WQXGA (2560times1600) TFT‐LCD system is implemented with the timing controller and source driver ICs that are fabricated using 65‐nm and 180‐nm CMOS processes, respectively. At the maximum operation speed of 1.8‐Gbps, the display module adopting the eRVDS interface demonstrated 24.3% power saving and 6.2‐dB suppression in EMI level.
24.1: A Method for Analyzing the Eye Strain in Fringe‐Field‐Switching LCD under Low‐Frequency Driving
Authors: Chu Kung‐Ching , Huang Ching‐Wen , Lin Rong‐Fu , Tsai Cheng‐Hsun , Yeh Jin‐Nan , Su Sung‐Yu , Ou Cheng‐Jeng , Jiang Shih‐Chyuan Fan , Tsai Wen‐Ching
Published: July 2014

We have presented the brightness changes in positive and negative dielectric anisotropy liquid crystal (P‐LC and N‐LC) with different alignment materials for no eye‐strain at low frequencies. We propose a method for analyzing the brightness changes and find that flexoelectric effect (FEE) is a dominant factor to affect the eye‐strain in P‐LC, and the other crucial part is brightness holding ratio effect (BHRE). This work offers an easy approach to analyze the eye‐strain quantitatively, which indicates a way to solving the problem.
24.3: Viewing‐Angle Property of Single‐Domain AH‐IPS Liquid‐Crystal Mode Optimized with Polymer‐Stabilized Polystyrene Alignment Layer
Authors: Lee Joun‐Ho , Lee Dong‐Jin , Oh Seong‐Woo , Park Min‐Kyu , Park Kyoung Ho , Kim Byeong Koo , Kim Hak‐Rin
Published: July 2014

We investigated the origins of the viewing angle problems caused in single‐domain AH‐IPS LC mode. To enhance the viewing angle property, we applied polystyrene which is well known for realizing zero pretilt angle. But polystyrene has poor alignment stability due to its low anchoring energy. In this paper, we improved alignment stability by employing UV‐curable reactive mesogen and enhanced the viewing angle property by realizing zero pretilt angle with rubbing process.
24.4L: Late‐News Paper: High Performance Advanced Super Dimension Switch (ADS) Mode LCD with Negative Dielectric Anisotropy LC Optimization
Authors: Yang Falu , Zhang Junrui , Xiang Xi , Ko Youngyik , Bai Feng
Published: July 2014

ADvanced Super Dimension Switch (ADS) mode LCD device with negative dielectric anisotropy LC was known to exhibit bad image sticking and reliability performance. Recently we have developed ADS device with negative LC optimization and special polyimide material matching. We obtained high performance ADS LCD with negative LC, exhibiting high transmittance, high contrast ratio, real color shift free, excellent pressure‐resistance property, stable flicker and good image sticking & reliability performance. This research brings to much advantage to ADS LCD device especially for high resolution ADS LCD device.
25.1: Tri‐Fold Flexible AMOLED with High Barrier Passivation Layers
Authors: Jimbo Yasuhiro , Aoyama Tomoya , Ohno Naoto , Eguchi Shingo , Kawashima Susumu , Ikeda Hisao , Hirakata Yoshiharu , Yamazaki Shunpei , Nakada Masataka , Sato Masataka , Yasumoto Seiji , Bower3 Chris , Cotton Darryl , Matthews Andrew , Andrew Piers , Gheorghiu Catalin , Bergquist Johan
Published: July 2014

A folding screen type OLED display was developed (Fig. 1) to demonstrate the application of a flexible display. The display surface can be bent with a curvature radius of 4 mm To protect an OLED against moisture, inorganic passivation layers are provided on the upper and lower sides of the flexible display. Using our transfer technology, dense passivation layers can be obtained The measured water vapor transmission rate of the layer is 7 × 10−6 g/m2.day or less, which improves OLED reliability.
25.2: Repeatedly Foldable Book‐Type AMOLED Display
Authors: Komatsu Ryu , Nakazato Ryo , Sasaki Takeru , Suzuki Akio , Senda Naoyuki , Kawata Takuya , Ikeda Hisao , Eguchi Shingo , Hirakata Yoshiharu , Yamazaki Shunpei , Shiraishi Takashi , Yasumoto Seiji , Bower Chris , Cotton Darryl , Matthews Andrew , Andrew Piers , Gheorghiu Catalin , Bergquist Johan
Published: July 2014

In this study, a 5.9‐inch foldable Book‐Type AMOLED display was developed. A folding test was performed repeatedly. The display survived the folding test (100,000 folds) with a curvature radius of 2 mm.
25.3: A 9.55‐inch Flexible Top‐Emission AMOLED with a‐IGZO TFTs
Authors: Shi Shiming , Wang Dawei , Yang Jing , Zhou Weifeng , Li Yunfei , Sun Tao , Nagayama Kazuyoshi
Published: July 2014

By using a‐IGZO TFT backplane fabricated on polyimide foil, and top emission OLED structure, full color 9.55‐inch flexible AMOLED display is developed. The process and the experiment results are introduced. The Vth shift of a‐IGZO TFTs was described before and after laser lift‐off. The Vth shift of a‐IGZO TFT after 5,000 times bending test at 20mm curvature radius is less than 1.0V. We also introduce laser affections to the transfer characters of a‐IGZO TFTs by different energies.
26.3: Edge Adaptive Method of Image Resampling and Enhancement
Authors: Lachine Vladimir , Smith Gregory , Lee Louie
Published: July 2014

An edge adaptive method for image resampling and enhancement is presented. The developed method increases resolution of an image by generating additional pixels without introducing jagging artifacts. This is accomplished by making interpolation along a detected local edge.
27.2: Distinguished Paper: Modeling Visible Differences: The Computational Observer Model
Authors: Farrell Joyce E. , Jiang Haomiao , Winawer Jonathan , Brainard David H. , Wandell Brian A.
Published: July 2014

We describe a new approach to the design of visible difference metrics that is based on calculating the information available at different points in the visual pathway and determining whether an ideal linear classifier can use this information to reliably predict the difference between two stimuli. This approach, referred to as the computational observer model, establishes a near upper bound on performance by assessing whether the information necessary to make discrimination is present in the visual system. We describe the implementation of a software framework that embodies the computational observer and illustrate how this framework can be used to address specific questions about display design.