bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study of the Lack of Slow Magnetic Relaxation in Mononuclear Trigonal Bipyramidal Cobalt(II) Complexes
Authors: Świtlicka Anna , Machura Barbara , Cano Joan , Lloret Francesc , Julve Miguel
Published: January 2021

Two complexes of formula [Co(H2tba)(N3)]⋅MeOH (1) and [Co(H2tba)(NCS)] ⋅ 2DMF (2) [H3tba=tris(2‐benzimidazolylmethyl)amine] were prepared and characterized aiming at investigating the influence of the structural and chemical effects on the Ising‐type magnetic anisotropy in mononuclear trigonal bipyramidal cobalt(II) complexes. Each cobalt(II) ion in 1 is five‐coordinate by a monodentate azide ligand and a tetradentate monodeprotonated H2tba‐ group building a slightly distorted trigonal bipyramidal surrounding. Compound 2 is also a mononuclear species whose structure was previously reported and only some of its structural data are considered in this work for comparative purposes. Detailed dc and ac cryomagnetic measurements of 1 and 2 show the lack of slow magnetic relaxation both in the presence and absence of applied dc fields. The profile of the χMT against T plots together with the non‐superimposable M against H/T curves for 1 and 2 support the occurrence of high‐spin Co(II) ions with an appreciable magnetic anisotropy. Q‐band EPR studies on polycrystalline samples of these compounds at low temperatures confirm the positive value of the zero‐field splitting (D), a strong asymmetry in the g‐tensors and hence an easy plane of magnetization indicating stabilization of MS=±1/2 sublevels of the S=3/2 spin state. A comparison of our results with previous magneto‐structural reports on mononuclear trigonal bipyramidal cobalt(II) complexes that exhibit slow relaxation of the magnetization is carried out in order get deeper insights about the electronic and structural factors that would be at the origin of the lack of Single‐Ion Magnet (SIM) behaviour for 1 and 2.
Direct Growth of Si, Ge, and Si–Ge Heterostructure Nanowires Using Electroplated Zn: An Inexpensive Seeding Technique for Li‐Ion Alloying Anodes
Authors: Kilian Seamus , McCarthy Kieran , Stokes Killian , Adegoke Temilade Esther , Conroy Michele , Amiinu Ibrahim Saana , Geaney Hugh , Kennedy Tadhg , Ryan Kevin M.
Published: January 2021

A scalable and cost‐effective process is used to electroplate metallic Zn seeds on stainless steel substrates. Si and Ge nanowires (NWs) are subsequently grown by placing the electroplated substrates in the solution phase of a refluxing organic solvent at temperatures >430 °C and injecting the respective liquid precursors. The native oxide layer formed on reactive metals such as Zn can obstruct NW growth and is removed in situ by injecting the reducing agent LiBH4. The findings show that the use of Zn as a catalyst produces defect‐rich Si NWs that can be extended to the synthesis of Si–Ge axial heterostructure NWs with an atomically abrupt Si–Ge interface. As an anode material, the as grown Zn seeded Si NWs yield an initial discharge capacity of 1772 mAh g−1 and a high capacity retention of 85% after 100 cycles with the active participation of both Si and Zn during cycling. Notably, the Zn seeds actively participate in the Li‐cycling activities by incorporating into the Si NWs body via a Li‐assisted welding process, resulting in restructuring the NWs into a highly porous network structure that maintains a stable cycling performance.
A proposed medication score for long‐term trials of treatment of canine atopic dermatitis sensu lato
Authors: Saridomichelakis Manolis N. , Favrot Claude , Jackson Hilary A. , Bensignor Emmanuel , Prost Christine , Mueller Ralf S.
Published: January 2021

Background: The use of concurrent medications is necessary in trials of treatment of canine atopic dermatitis. Our aim was to use the best available evidence to construct and then to validate a medication score (MS) formula that will estimate the impact of concurrent medications on trial outcomes.

Methods: Trials of 15 interventions were scrutinized to find those that were consistent in terms of specific medication, administration route and dosage regimen. A MS was constructed in five steps, starting from assigning a score of 1 for each day on oral prednisone, prednisolone or methylprednisolone at 0.5–1.0 mg/kg. The MS score was validated using the clinical records of 35 dogs with atopic dermatitis that had been treated for a period of 12 ± 2 weeks with six of these medications and compared with a previously published non‐validated MS.

Results: A MS could be assigned to eight treatments, six of which had been administered to the 35 dogs. A positive correlation was seen with the previously published MS and a negative correlation with changes in lesional and pruritus scores.

Conclusion: This MS may be a useful tool in new studies evaluating the efficacy of treatments in canine atopic dermatitis
Renal pH Imaging Using Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) MRI: Basic Concept
Authors: Longo Dario Livio , Irrera Pietro , Consolino Lorena , Sun Phillip Zhe , McMahon Michael T.
Published: January 2021

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has been actively explored in the last several decades for assessing renal function by providing several physiological information, including glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, tissue oxygenation and water diffusion. Within MRI, the developing field of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) has potential to provide further functional information for diagnosing kidney diseases. Both endogenous produced molecules as well as exogenously administered CEST agents have been exploited for providing functional information related to kidney diseases in preclinical studies. In particular, CEST MRI has been exploited for assessing the acid-base homeostasis in the kidney and for monitoring pH changes in several disease models. This review summarizes several CEST MRI procedures for assessing kidney functionality and pH, for monitoring renal pH changes in different kidney injury models and for evaluating renal allograft rejection.

This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This introduction chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the experimental procedure and data analysis.
Functional Imaging Using Fluorine (19F) MR Methods: Basic Concepts
Authors: Waiczies Sonia , Prinz Christian , Starke Ludger , Millward Jason M. , Delgado Paula Ramos , Rosenberg Jens , Nazaré Marc , Waiczies Helmar , Pohlmann Andreas , Niendorf Thoralf
Published: January 2021

Kidney-associated pathologies would greatly benefit from noninvasive and robust methods that can objectively quantify changes in renal function. In the past years there has been a growing incentive to develop new applications for fluorine (19F) MRI in biomedical research to study functional changes during disease states. 19F MRI represents an instrumental tool for the quantification of exogenous 19F substances in vivo. One of the major benefits of 19F MRI is that fluorine in its organic form is absent in eukaryotic cells. Therefore, the introduction of exogenous 19F signals in vivo will yield background-free images, thus providing highly selective detection with absolute specificity in vivo. Here we introduce the concept of 19F MRI, describe existing challenges, especially those pertaining to signal sensitivity, and give an overview of preclinical applications to illustrate the utility and applicability of this technique for measuring renal function in animal models.

This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This introduction chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the experimental procedure and data analysis.
Assessment of Renal Volume with MRI: Experimental Protocol
Authors: Müller Andreas , Meier Martin
Published: January 2021

Renal length and volume are important parameters in the clinical assessment of patients with diabetes mellitus, kidney transplants, or renal artery stenosis. Kidney size is used in primary diagnostics to differentiate between acute (rather swollen kidneys) and chronic (rather small kidney) pathophysiology. Total kidney volume is also an established biomarker in studies for the treatment of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). There are several factors influencing kidney size, and there is still a debate on the value of the measured kidney size in terms of renal function or cardiovascular risk. The renal volume is most often calculated by measuring the three axes of the kidney, on the assumption that the organ resembles an ellipsoid. By default, the longitudinal and transverse diameters of the kidney are measured. In animal models renal length and volume1are also important parameters in the assessment of organ rejection after transplantation and in determination of kidney failure due to renal artery stenosis, recurrent urinary tract infections, or diabetes mellitus. In general total kidney volume (TKV) is a valuable parameter for predicting prognosis and monitoring disease progression in animal models of human diseases like polycystic kidney disease (PKD) or acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD).

This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This analysis protocol is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and experimental procedure.
Dynamic Contrast Enhanced (DCE) MRI-Derived Renal Perfusion and Filtration: Experimental Protocol
Authors: Irrera Pietro , Consolino Lorena , Dastrù Walter , Pedersen Michael , Zöllner Frank G. , Longo Dario Livio
Published: January 2021

Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) can provide a noninvasive way for assessing renal functional information following the administration of a small molecular weight gadolinium-based contrast agent. This method may be useful for investigating renal perfusion and glomerular filtration rates of rodents in vivo under various experimental (patho)physiological conditions. Here we describe a step-by-step protocol for DCE-MRI studies in small animals providing practical notes on acquisition parameters, sequences, T1 mapping approaches and procedures.

This chapters is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and data analysis.
Fluorine (19F) MRI for Assessing Inflammatory Cells in the Kidney: Experimental Protocol
Authors: Ku Min-Chi , Schreiber Adrian , Delgado Paula Ramos , Boehm-Sturm Philipp , Kettritz Ralph , Niendorf Thoralf , Pohlmann Andreas , Waiczies Sonia
Published: January 2021

Inflammation is one underlying contributing factor in the pathology of acute and chronic kidney disorders. Phagocytes such as monocytes, neutrophils and dendritic cells are considered to play a deleterious role in the progression of kidney disease but may also contribute to organ homeostasis. The kidney is a target of life-threatening autoimmune disorders such as the antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides (AAV). Neutrophils and monocytes express ANCA antigens and play an important role in the pathogenesis of AAV. Noninvasive in vivo methods that can quantify the distribution of inflammatory cells in the kidney as well as other organs in vivo would be vital to identify the causality and significance of inflammation during disease progression. Here we describe an noninvasive technique to study renal inflammation in rodents in vivo using fluorine (19F) MRI. In this protocol we chose a murine ANCA-AAV model of renal inflammation and made use of nanoparticles prepared from perfluoro-5-crown-15-ether (PFCE) for renal 19F MRI.

This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and data analysis.
Subsegmentation of the Kidney in Experimental MR Images Using Morphology-Based Regions-of-Interest or Multiple-Layer Concentric Objects
Authors: Riazy Leili , Milani Bastien , Periquito João S. , Cantow Kathleen , Niendorf Thoralf , Pruijm Menno , Seeliger Erdmann , Pohlmann Andreas
Published: January 2021

Functional renal MRI promises access to a wide range of physiologically relevant parameters such as blood oxygenation, perfusion, tissue microstructure, pH, and sodium concentration. For quantitative comparison of results, representative values must be extracted from the parametric maps obtained with these different MRI techniques. To improve reproducibility of results this should be done based on regions-of-interest (ROIs) that are clearly and objectively defined.

Semiautomated subsegmentation of the kidney in magnetic resonance images represents a simple but very valuable approach for the quantitative analysis of imaging parameters in multiple ROIs that are associated with specific anatomic locations. Thereby, it facilitates comparing MR parameters between different kidney regions, as well as tracking changes over time.

Here we provide detailed step-by-step instructions for two recently developed subsegmentation techniques that are suitable for kidneys of small rodents: i) the placement of ROIs in cortex, outer and the inner medulla based on typical kidney morphology and ii) the division of the kidney into concentrically oriented layers.

This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers.
Analysis Protocols for MRI Mapping of the Blood Oxygenation–Sensitive Parameters T2* and T2 in the Kidney
Authors: Periquito João S. , Starke Ludger , Santos Carlota M. , Freitas Andreia C. , Loução Nuno , Polo Pablo García , Nunes Rita G. , Niendorf Thoralf , Pohlmann Andreas
Published: January 2021

Renal hypoxia is generally accepted as a key pathophysiologic event in acute kidney injury of various origins and has also been suggested to play a role in the development of chronic kidney disease. Here we describe step-by-step data analysis protocols for MRI monitoring of renal oxygenation in rodents via the deoxyhemoglobin concentration sensitive MR parameters T2* and T2—a contrast mechanism known as the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) effect.

This chapter describes how to use the analysis tools provided by vendors of animal and clinical MR systems, as well as how to develop an analysis software. Aspects covered are: data quality checks, data exclusion, model fitting, fitting algorithm, starting values, effects of multiecho imaging, and result validation.

This chapter is based upon work from the PARENCHIMA COST Action, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and data analysis.
Analysis of Renal Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI) Using Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) and Intravoxel Incoherent Motion (IVIM) Models
Authors: Jerome Neil Peter , Periquito João S.
Published: January 2021

Analysis of renal diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) data to derive markers of tissue properties requires careful consideration of the type, extent, and limitations of the acquired data. Alongside data quality and general suitability for quantitative analysis, choice of diffusion model, fitting algorithm, and processing steps can have consequences for the precision, accuracy, and reliability of derived diffusion parameters. Here we introduce and discuss important steps for diffusion-weighted image processing, and in particular give example analysis protocols and pseudo-code for analysis using the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) models. Following an overview of general principles, we provide details of optional steps, and steps for validation of results. Illustrative examples are provided, together with extensive notes discussing wider context of individual steps, and notes on potential pitfalls.

This publication is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This analysis protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concepts and experimental procedure.
Analysis Protocol for Dynamic Contrast Enhanced (DCE) MRI of Renal Perfusion and Filtration
Authors: Zöllner Frank G. , Dastrù Walter , Irrera Pietro , Longo Dario Livio , Bennett Kevin M. , Beeman Scott C. , Bretthorst G. Larry , Garbow Joel R.
Published: January 2021

Here we present an analysis protocol for dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) data of the kidneys. It covers comprehensive steps to facilitate signal to contrast agent concentration mapping via T1 mapping and the calculation of renal perfusion and filtration parametric maps using model-free approaches, model free analysis using deconvolution, the Toft’s model and a Bayesian approach.

This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This analysis protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and experimental procedure.
Preparation of Ex Vivo Rodent Phantoms for Developing, Testing, and Training MR Imaging of the Kidney and Other Organs
Authors: Millward Jason M. , Periquito João S. , Delgado Paula Ramos , Prinz Christian , Niendorf Thoralf , Waiczies Sonia
Published: January 2021

Here we describe a simple and inexpensive protocol for preparing ex vivo rodent phantoms for use in MR imaging studies. The experimental animals are perfused and fixed with formaldehyde, and then wrapped with gauze and sealed with liquid latex. This yields a phantom that preserves all organs in situ, and which avoids the need to keep fixed animals and organs in containers that have dimensions very different from living animals. This is especially important for loading in MR detectors, and specifically the RF coils, they are usually used with. The phantom can be safely stored and conveniently reused, and can provide MR scientists with a realistic phantom with which to establish protocols in preparation for preclinical in vivo studies—for renal, brain, and body imaging. The phantom also serves as an ideal teaching tool, for trainees learning how to perform preclinical MRI investigations of the kidney and other target organs, while avoiding the need for handling living animals, and reducing the total number of animals required.

This protocol chapter is part of the PARENCHIMA initiative “MRI Biomarkers for CKD” (CA16103), a community-driven Action of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers.
MRI Mapping of Renal T1: Basic Concept
Authors: Hectors Stefanie J. , Garteiser Philippe , Doblas Sabrina , Pagé Gwenaël , Van Beers Bernard E. , Waterton John C. , Bane Octavia
Published: January 2021

In renal MRI, measurement of the T1 relaxation time of water molecules may provide a valuable biomarker for a variety of pathological conditions. Due to its sensitivity to the tissue microenvironment, T1 has gained substantial interest for noninvasive imaging of renal pathology, including inflammation and fibrosis. In this chapter, we will discuss the basic concept of T1 mapping and different T1 measurement techniques and we will provide an overview of emerging preclinical applications of T1 for imaging of kidney disease.

This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This introduction chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the experimental procedure and data analysis.
Bereichsethiken im Überblick
Authors: Werner Micha H.
Published: January 2021

Der funktionalen Differenzierung der Gesellschaft in spezifische Praxisbereiche (z. B. Wirtschaft, Recht, Politik) korrespondiert die Ausdifferenzierung spezifischer Verhaltenswissenschaften, die auf die Untersuchung dieser Praxisbereiche spezialisiert sind (Ökonomie, Rechtswissenschaft, Politikwissenschaft). Wie schon erwähnt, haben sie sich teils erst spät von der allgemeinen Moralphilosophie abgegrenzt, wobei die Frage ihrer jeweiligen Abhängigkeit oder Unabhängigkeit von normativ-ethischen Prämissen kontrovers diskutiert wird (siehe Kap.10.1007/978-3-476-05293-3_1). Die Bereichsethiken nehmen ebenfalls die Besonderheiten spezifischer Praxisbereiche in den Blick und setzen sich mit deren normativen Eigenlogiken und den sie tragenden Institutionen und Traditionen auseinander.
Was bedeuten moralische Äußerungen und (wie) lassen sie sich begründen? Metaethische Landkarte
Authors: Werner Micha H.
Published: January 2021

Ausgelöst vor allem durch George Edward Moores 1903 erschienenes BuchPrincipia Ethicaverdichten sich Diskussionen über die Interpretation der moralischen Sprache und die Grundlagen ethischen Denkens zu einer eigenen Subdisziplin der Moralphilosophie, die als Metaethik bezeichnet wird. Die im Rahmen der Metaethik diskutierten Fragen und Probleme sind nicht grundsätzlich neu, sondern wurden zuvor vielfach im Kontext der allgemeinen Moralphilosophie mitdiskutiert. Durch die Anwendung vonMethoden der sprachanalytischen Philosophieerhalten sie jedoch neue Prägnanz.
Temperature, climate change, and human conception rates: evidence from Hungary
Authors: Hajdu Tamás , Hajdu Gábor
Published: January 2021

In this paper, we examine the relationship between temperature and human conception rates and project the impacts of climate change by the mid-twenty-first century. Using complete administrative data on 6.8 million pregnancies between 1980 and 2015 in Hungary, we show that exposure to hot temperatures reduces the conception rate in the first few weeks following exposure, but a partial rebound is observed after that. We project that with absent adaptation, climate change will increase seasonal differences in conception rates and annual conception rates will decline. A change in the number of induced abortions and spontaneous fetal losses drives the decline in conception rates. The number of live births is unaffected. However, some newborns will experience a shift in the timing of conception that leads to changes in in utero temperature exposure and therefore might have further consequences.
Auctioning risk: the all-pay auction under mean-variance preferences
Authors: Klose Bettina , Schweinzer Paul
Published: January 2021

We analyse the all-pay auction with incomplete information and variance-averse bidders. We characterise the unique symmetric equilibrium for general distributions of valuations and any number of bidders. Variance aversion is a sufficient assumption to predict that high-valuation bidders increase their bids relative to the risk-neutral case while low types decrease their bid. Considering an asymmetric two-player environment with uniformly distributed valuations, we show that a variance-averse player always bids higher than her risk-neutral opponent with the same valuation. Utilising our analytically derived bidding functions we discuss all-pay auctions with variance-averse bidders from an auction designer’s perspective. We briefly consider possible extensions of our model, including noisy signals, type-dependent attitudes towards risk, and variance-seeking preferences.
Poincaré duality for $$L^p$$ cohomology on subanalytic singular spaces
Authors: Valette Guillaume
Published: January 2021

We investigate the problem of Poincaré duality for $$L^p$$

L
p

differential forms on bounded subanalytic submanifolds of $$\mathbb {R}^n$$

R

n

(not necessarily compact). We show that, when p is sufficiently close to 1 then the $$L^p$$

L
p

cohomology of such a submanifold is isomorphic to its singular homology. In the case where p is large, we show that $$L^p$$

L
p

cohomology is dual to intersection homology. As a consequence, we can deduce that the $$L^p$$

L
p

cohomology is Poincaré dual to $$L^q$$

L
q

cohomology, if p and q are Hölder conjugate to each other and p is sufficiently large.
Unbounded solutions of models for glycolysis
Authors: Brechmann Pia , Rendall Alan D.
Published: January 2021

The Selkov oscillator, a simple description of glycolysis, is a system of two ordinary differential equations with mass action kinetics. In previous work the authors established several properties of the solutions of this system. In the present paper we extend this to prove that this system has solutions which diverge to infinity in an oscillatory manner at late times. This is done with the help of a Poincaré compactification of the system and a shooting argument. This system was originally derived from another system with Michaelis–Menten kinetics. A Poincaré compactification of the latter system is carried out and this is used to show that the Michaelis–Menten system, like that with mass action, has solutions which diverge to infinity in a monotone manner. It is also shown to admit subcritical Hopf bifurcations and thus unstable periodic solutions. We discuss to what extent the unbounded solutions cast doubt on the biological relevance of the Selkov oscillator and compare it with other models for the same biological system in the literature.
Art Gallery Problem with Rook and Queen Vision
Authors: Alpert Hannah , Roldán Érika
Published: January 2021

How many chess rooks or queens does it take to guard all squares of a given polyomino, the union of square tiles from a square grid? This question is a version of the art gallery problem in which the guards can “see” whichever squares the rook or queen attacks. We show that$$\lfloor {\frac{n}{2}} \rfloor $$⌊n2⌋rooks or$$\lfloor {\frac{n}{3}} \rfloor $$⌊n3⌋queens are sufficient and sometimes necessary to guard a polyomino withntiles. We then prove that finding the minimum number of rooks or queens needed to guard a polyomino is NP-hard. These results also apply tod-dimensional rooks and queens ond-dimensional polycubes. Finally, we use bipartite matching theorems to describe sets of non-attacking rooks on polyominoes.
Multi-method geochemical characterization of groundwater from a hypogene karst system
Authors: Temovski Marjan , Túri Marianna , Futó István , Braun Mihály , Molnár Mihály , Palcsu László
Published: January 2021

An approach, combining several geochemical methods, was used to determine the groundwater properties and components of a hypogene karst system, where sampling is restricted only to the spring sites, and with a limited number of available sampling locations. Radiogenic isotopes (3H, 14C) were used to constrain the groundwater mean residence time and separate different groundwater components. Noble gases, stable isotopes of water (δ18O, δ2H), dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13C) and dissolved sulfate (δ34S, δ18O), and major ion and trace element composition were used to identify the source of water, its chemical evolution and water–rock interactions, as well as to identify the contribution and composition of endogenic gases. This approach was applied to three low-temperature thermal springs located in Mariovo (North Macedonia) associated with fossil hypogene caves, previously identified by morphological and geochemical studies of caves and cave deposits. Based on the obtained results, the main studied springs represent an output part of a regional hypogene karst groundwater system with a deep-circulating (~1 km), old (~15 ka), thermal (≥60 °C) water, which mixes with young (<50 years), cold (<14 °C) and shallow epigene karst groundwater. The output parts are structurally controlled, at the interception of low topography and deep faults, along which the groundwater interacts with deep-seated gases, dominantly CO2 of metamorphic origin (δ13C of +4.5‰ VPDB), with some contribution of mantle helium. The thermal karst groundwater interacts at depth with volcanic rocks from the nearby Neogene-Quaternary volcanic complex, as well as with metamorphic basement rocks and granitoids.
Correction to: Budget impact of botulinum toxin treatment for spasticity after stroke — a German perspective
Authors: Neusser Silke , Kreuzenbeck Cordula , Pahmeier Kathrin , Lux Beate , Wilke Alexander , Wasem Jürgen , Neumann Anja
Published: January 2021

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-020-01470-1
Study of a Premixed Turbulent Counter-Flow Flame with a Large Eddy Simulation Method
Authors: Gong Y. , Jones W. P. , Marquis A. J.
Published: January 2021

The turbulent counter-flow flame (TCF) has proven to be a useful benchmark to study turbulence-chemistry interactions, however, the widely observed bulk flow fluctuations and their influence on the flame stability remain unclear. In the present work, premixed TCFs are studied numerically using a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) method. A transported probability density function (pdf) approach is adopted to simulate the sub-grid scale (sgs) turbulence-chemistry interactions. A solution to the joint sgs-pdf evolution equation for each of the relative scalars is obtained by the stochastic fields method. The chemistry is represented using a simplified chemical reaction mechanism containing 15 reaction steps and 19 species. This work compares results with two meshing strategies, with the domain inside nozzles included and excluded respectively. A conditional statistical approach is applied to filter out the large scale motions of the flame. With the use of digital turbulence, the velocity field in the flame region is well reproduced. The processes of local extinction and re-ignition are successfully captured and analysed together with the strain rate field, and local extinctions are found correlated to the turbulent structures in the reactant stream. The predicted probability of localised extinction is in good agreement with the measurements, and the influence of flame stoichiometry are also successfully reproduced. Overall, the current results serve to demonstrate the capability of the LES-pdf method in the study of the premixed opposed jet turbulent flames.
Vicarious Stigma and Self-Stigma Experienced by Parents of Children with Mental Health and/or Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Authors: Serchuk Marisa D. , Corrigan Patrick W. , Reed Sarah , Ohan Jeneva L.
Published: January 2021

The stigma of young children with mental health and/or neurodevelopmental disorders is experienced by their parents in at least two ways: self-stigma and vicarious stigma. Secrecy may diminish stigma through impression management or strategic disclosure. The present study explores the relationship between vicarious stigma, self-stigma, secrecy coping, depression, and quality of life. Additionally, we examine the structure of a novel measure of vicarious stigma. Fifty parents of children with mental health and/or neurodevelopmental disorders completed measures. Self-stigma and sadness due to vicarious stigma were significantly associated with greater depression and diminished quality of life. Higher secrecy coping was also associated with higher depression and lower quality of life, supporting the benefits of disclosure. This research meaningfully adds to our understanding of stigma in general, and as experienced by parents of children with mental health and/or neurodevelopmental disorders. Implications for ongoing stigma change development and evaluation are discussed.
Advances in anti-BRAF therapies for lung cancer
Authors: Roviello Giandomenico , D’Angelo Alberto , Sirico Marianna , Pittacolo Matteo , Conter Felipe Umpierre , Sobhani Navid
Published: January 2021

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most frequent causes of mortality in the western world. v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) is a member of the Raf kinase family and plays a critical role in cellular growth, proliferation, and differentiation through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. The incidence of BRAF mutations in NSCLC is low, accounting for 0–3% of all cases of lung cancer. Given the results obtained in metastatic melanoma, several studies have reported the efficacy of anti-BRAF therapies in NSCLC treatment. In this review, we describe changes in the landscape of BRAF-mutated lung cancer treatment and analyze insights from major clinical trials in the context of future therapeutic prospects.
Linear sets and MRD-codes arising from a class of scattered linearized polynomials
Authors: Longobardi Giovanni , Zanella Corrado
Published: January 2021

A class of scattered linearized polynomials covering infinitely many field extensions is exhibited. More precisely, the q-polynomial over $${{\mathbb {F}}}_{q^6}$$

F

q
6

, $$q \equiv 1\pmod 4$$

q
≡
1

(
mod

4
)

described in Bartoli et al. (ARS Math Contemp 19:125–145, 2020) and Zanella and Zullo (Discrete Math 343:111800, 2020) is generalized for any even $$n\ge 6$$

n
≥
6

to an $${{{\mathbb {F}}}_q}$$

F
q

-linear automorphism $$\psi (x)$$

ψ
(
x
)

of $${{\mathbb {F}}}_{q^n}$$

F

q
n

of order n. Such $$\psi (x)$$

ψ
(
x
)

and some functional powers of it are proved to be scattered. In particular, this provides new maximum scattered linear sets of the projective line $${{\,\mathrm{{PG}}\,}}(1,q^n)$$

PG

(
1
,

q
n

)

for $$n=8,10$$

n
=
8
,
10

. The polynomials described in this paper lead to a new infinite family of MRD-codes in $${{\mathbb {F}}}_q^{n\times n}$$

F
q

n
×
n

with minimum distance $$n-1$$

n
-
1

for any odd q if $$n\equiv 0\pmod 4$$

n
≡
0

(
mod

4
)

and any $$q\equiv 1\pmod 4$$

q
≡
1

(
mod

4
)

if $$n\equiv 2\pmod 4$$

n
≡
2

(
mod

4
)

.
Effect of silane/amine-based dopants on polymer-metal interaction of sub-surface silver nanoparticulate films
Authors: Jolly Anju , Uday Anjana , Gurumurthy S. C. , Shilpa M. P. , Surabhi Srivathsava , Mundinamani Shridhar , Ramam Koduri , Gedda Murali , Murari M. S. , Jeong Jong-Ryul
Published: January 2021

The optical and morphological properties of the vacuum-evaporated silver (Ag) nanoparticulate films on softened polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) modified with the 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane (MPTMS) and 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (APTMS) dopants are reported. The topography of the particulate films is characterized by the field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The optical spectra broadening, red-shift, and the increase in the intensity values of the plasmonic resonance peak with the nature of dopant have a strong dependence on the particle size, shape, and inter-particle separation. The conducted experimental optical studies are supported by Finite Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) simulation results. Quantitative analysis of the Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman Spectroscopy studies confirm the surface modification of Ag nanoparticulate films on doped PVA substrates. The amount of polymer-metal interaction caused by the strongly interacting silane groups of the dopants and their influence on the morphology and optical properties are discussed.
The effect of synthetic bone graft substitutes on bone formation in rabbit calvarial defects
Authors: Saulacic Nikola , Fujioka-Kobayashi Masako , Kimura Yasushi , Bracher Ava Insa , Zihlmann Claudio , Lang Niklaus P.
Published: January 2021

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the intensity of the biomimetic hydroxyapatite (HA) coating of α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) on biomaterial degradation and bone formation. Twenty-four female NZW rabbits of approximately 12 weeks of age were used. Critical size defects were randomly treated with 3%:97% HA:α-TCP (BBCP1), 12%:88% HA:α-TCP (BBCP2), and 23%:77% HA:α-TCP (BBCP3), respectively or sham. All defects were covered with a resorbable collagen membrane. Animals were euthanized after 3 and 12 weeks of healing and samples were investigated by micro-CT and histologic analysis. Ingrowth of newly formed woven bone from the original bone at 3-week healing period was observed in all samples. At the 12-week healing period, the new bone in the peripheral area was mainly lamellar and in the central region composed of both woven and lamellar bone. New bony tissue was found on the surface of all three types of granules and at the interior of the BBCP1 granules. Samples with 3% HA showed significantly less residual biomaterial in comparison to the other two groups. Furthermore, BBCP1 significantly promoted new bone area as compared to other three groups and more bone volume as compared to the control. Within its limitations, this study indicated the highest degradation rate in case of BBCP1 concomitant with the highest rate of bone formation. Hence, formation of new bone can be affected by the level of biomimetic HA coating of α-TCP.
Language policy and linguistic landscaping in a contemporary blue-collar workplace in the Dutch–German borderland
Authors: Hovens Daan
Published: January 2021

This article argues that an expanded view of linguistic landscapes provides a useful metaphor for exploring language policies. Following this view, “language policy” is defined as “linguistic landscaping” (i.e., placing language policy mechanisms which, together with already placed mechanisms, construct a metaphorical landscape). The application of this landscaping metaphor has several advantages, as it provides a way to imagine language policy as a continuously ongoing construction process, and as it provides a way to imagine the historical layers of a landscape, the overlap and connections between different landscapes, and the complex hierarchical positions within a landscape. The article is based on linguistic-ethnographic fieldwork in a metal foundry in the Dutch province of Limburg, within walking distance from the Dutch–German border. Specifically, it discusses why a group of senior production workers from Limburg were dissatisfied with the linguistically diverse landscape that had emerged in the foundry over time, even though the foundry’s management tried to place Dutch-speaking workers in the company’s sociolinguistic norm centre. Confirming the usefulness of the landscaping metaphor, the article shows that a full consideration of diverse historical and contemporary acts of both linguistic and semiotic landscaping helps explain why these workers experienced that their position in the foundry had become peripheralised over time. In conclusion, the article calls for more attention to the complex human experience, rather than just the detection, of sociolinguistic inequalities.
Surgery on giant meningiomas in very old patients entails frequent postoperative intracranial hemorrhages and atypical histopathology
Authors: Haeren Roel H.L. , Rautalin Ilari , Schwartz Christoph , Korja Miikka , Niemelä Mika
Published: January 2021

Purpose

Surgical resection of intracranial meningiomas in patients that are 80 years old and older, i.e. very old patients, is increasingly considered. Meningiomas with a largest diameter of at least 5 cm—‘giant meningiomas’—form a distinct entity, and their surgical resection is considered more difficult and prone to complications. Here, we evaluated functional outcome, morbidity and mortality, and the prognostic value of tumor size in very old patients who underwent resection of giant supratentorial meningiomas.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed clinical and radiological data, functional performance (Karnofsky Performance Score), histopathological diagnosis and complications of very old patients who underwent surgery of a supratentorial meningioma at the Helsinki University Hospital between 2010 and 2018.

Results

We identified 76 very old patients, including 28 with a giant meningioma. Patients with a giant meningioma suffered from major complications more commonly than those with a non-giant meningioma (36% vs. 17%, p = 0.06), particularly from postoperative intracranial hemorrhages (ICH). At the 1-year follow-up, functional performance and mortality rate were comparable between patients with giant meningiomas and those with non-giant meningiomas. An exceptionally high rate of giant meningiomas were diagnosed as atypical meningiomas (WHO II) at an (11 out of 28 cases).

Conclusions

Giant meningioma surgery entails a high complication rate in frail, very old patients. The prevention of postoperative ICH in this specific patient group is of utmost importance. An atypical histopathology was notably frequent among very old patients with a giant meningioma, which should be taken into account when planning the surgical strategy.
A CUDA-powered method for the feature extraction and unsupervised analysis of medical images
Authors: Rundo Leonardo , Tangherloni Andrea , Cazzaniga Paolo , Mistri Matteo , Galimberti Simone , Woitek Ramona , Sala Evis , Mauri Giancarlo , Nobile Marco S.
Published: January 2021

Image texture extraction and analysis are fundamental steps in computer vision. In particular, considering the biomedical field, quantitative imaging methods are increasingly gaining importance because they convey scientifically and clinically relevant information for prediction, prognosis, and treatment response assessment. In this context, radiomic approaches are fostering large-scale studies that can have a significant impact in the clinical practice. In this work, we present a novel method, called CHASM (Cuda, HAralick & SoM), which is accelerated on the graphics processing unit (GPU) for quantitative imaging analyses based on Haralick features and on the self-organizing map (SOM). The Haralick features extraction step relies upon the gray-level co-occurrence matrix, which is computationally burdensome on medical images characterized by a high bit depth. The downstream analyses exploit the SOM with the goal of identifying the underlying clusters of pixels in an unsupervised manner. CHASM is conceived to leverage the parallel computation capabilities of modern GPUs. Analyzing ovarian cancer computed tomography images, CHASM achieved up to $$\sim 19.5\times $$

∼
19.5
×

and $$\sim 37\times $$

∼
37
×

speed-up factors for the Haralick feature extraction and for the SOM execution, respectively, compared to the corresponding C++ coded sequential versions. Such computational results point out the potential of GPUs in the clinical research.
Towards a research base for implementation strategies addressing mathematics teachers and facilitators
Authors: Roesken-Winter Bettina , Stahnke Rebekka , Prediger Susanne , Gasteiger Hedwig
Published: January 2021

Implementing innovations in mathematics education relies on scaling up professional development (PD) for mathematics teachers. Within the German Center of Mathematics Teacher Education (DZLM), the complexities involved in scaling-up processes are addressed with three implementation strategies: a material, a personnel, and a systemic strategy. For each of them, the research base is empirically established by design research and intervention studies. The personnel strategy focuses on preparing teachers for innovative teaching approaches and on preparing PD facilitators for conducting PDs on the content involved. The empirical research required for creating a research base for the personnel strategy investigates what teachers and facilitators need to know about their learners (students on the classroom level, teachers on the PD level) with regard to a specific (PD) content. The main focus of the material strategy is to provide support for teachers and facilitators by adaptable curriculum materials for classrooms and PD sessions. The empirical research on the material strategies focuses on how such material needs to be constructed to ensure both flexibility and fidelity for impactful quality implementation. The systemic strategy involves considering the systemic contexts on each level and cooperating with the respective stakeholders (e.g., school principals or regional PD authorities). The corresponding empirical research focuses on the interplay of processes and systemic conditions. In this paper, we present the implementation strategies on different levels, and typical research approaches and results for strengthening their empirical and theoretical bases.
Intracerebral Hemorrhage with Intraventricular Extension Associated with Loss of Consciousness at Symptom Onset
Authors: Witsch Jens , Falcone Guido J. , Leasure Audrey C. , Matouk Charles , Endres Matthias , Sansing Lauren , Woo Daniel , Sheth Kevin N.
Published: January 2021

Background

In patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), pre-hospital markers of disease severity might be useful to potentially triage patients to undergo early interventions.

Objective

Here, we tested whether loss of consciousness (LOC) at the onset of ICH is associated with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) on brain computed tomography (CT).

Methods

Among 3000 ICH cases from ERICH (Ethnic/Racial Variations of Intracerebral Hemorrhage study, NS069763), we included patients with complete ICH/IVH volumetric CT measurements and excluded those with seizures at ICH onset. Trained investigators extracted data from medical charts. Mental status at symptom onset (categorized as alert/oriented, alert/confused, drowsy/somnolent, coma/unresponsive/posturing) and 3-month disability (modified Rankin score, mRS) were assessed through standardized interviews of participants or dedicated proxies. We used logistic regression and mediation analysis to assess relationships between LOC, IVH, and unfavorable outcome (mRS 4–6).

Results

Two thousand seven hundred and twenty-four patients met inclusion criteria. Median admission Glasgow Coma Score was 15 (interquartile range 11–15). 46% had IVH on admission or follow-up CT. Patients with LOC (mental status: coma/unresponsive, n = 352) compared to those without LOC (all other mental status, n = 2372) were younger (60 vs. 62 years, p = 0.005) and had greater IVH frequency (77 vs. 41%, p < 0.001), greater peak ICH volumes (28 vs. 11 ml, p < 0.001), greater admission systolic blood pressure (200 vs. 184 mmHg, p < 0.001), and greater admission serum glucose (158 vs. 127 mg/dl, p < 0.001). LOC was independently associated with IVH presence (odds ratio, OR, 2.6, CI 1.9–3.5) and with unfavorable outcome (OR 3.05, CI 1.96–4.75). The association between LOC and outcome was significantly mediated by IVH (beta = 0.24, bootstrapped CI 0.17–0.32).

Conclusion

LOC at ICH onset may be a useful pre-hospital marker to identify patients at risk of having or developing IVH.