bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Malayan Union and the Historians
Authors: Stenson M. R.
Published: August 2009

J. de V. Allen's recently published monograph on the Malayan Union will have served its purpose if it redirects the attention of historians to ‘an event whose importance was only possibly exceeded by the things which seem to crowd it out of the historical books — the Japanese occupation of 1943–1945, the emergency which began in 1948, and the declaration of independence from Britain in 1957’.1 In his often fascinating elaboration of what is essentially the accepted, almost traditional, account of the Malayan Union's demise, Allen argues that the scheme (which provided for the amalgamation of the pre-war Federated and Unfederated Malay States and the crown colonies of Periang and Malacca into a unitary colony which would provide the basis for eventual independence by granting citizenship to the great majority of the existing population) represented a recognition by British planners of the advantages of administrative centralisation, of the permanence of settlement of many Chinese and Indian inhabitants and of the loyal support of the Chinese during the Japanese occupation. The scheme failed because it was deliberately foisted upon the Malay Sultans (who were required to cede their sovereignty) in great haste, because it took inadequate consideration of Malay attitudes and political forms, thus arousing united Malay and ex-Malayan Civil Servant opposition, and because it aroused no interest among the Chinese and Indians. Therefore the Malayan Union was replaced by the Federation of Malaya, which safeguarded the traditional leadership role of the Sultans, which allayed Malay fears of ‘alien’ domination and which yet offered ‘generous’ citizenship rights to the non-Malays. In this manner, so the account goes, a gross error of judgement was rectified and the groundwork laid for progress towards independence.
Family Politics in Nineteenth Century Thailand
Authors: Wyatt David K.
Published: August 2009

One of the most arresting periods in modern Thai history is the latter half of the nineteenth century, when a process of social and political development begun in the previous century reached its fruition when a single bureaucratic family obtained a virtual monopoly on high state office in the reign of King Mongkut (1851–68) and the first half of the reign of King Chulalongkorn (1868–1910). This situation had profound effects on the course of modern Thai history; and its study enlightens our understanding of Thailand's foreign relations and of the course of reform and modernization in a period when the successful conduct of these was crucially vital to the survival of the kingdom.
Philippine-Japanese Professorial Exchanges in the 1930's
Authors: Goodman Grant K.
Published: August 2009

During the 1930's the pace of contact between the Philippines and Japan quickened noticeably. This was, of course, the result of the concurrence of the promise of the United States to grant independence to the Philippines, embodied firmly in the Tydings- McDuffie Act of 1934, and of the intensified interest in Southeast Asia at all levels in Japan. One manifestation of this phenomenon was the development of mutual Philippine-Japanese undertakings in what might broadly be called the cultural realm. I have already described elsewhere the establishment and operation of such organizations at the Philippine Society of Japan1 and of Philippine-Japanese student exchanges. However, in the paragraphs which follow I will turn my attention to the inception and subsequent scope of the exchange of university professors between Japan and the Philippines. In so doing, I hope to suggest that these exchanges, though limited in nature, were meaningful cultural interchanges for both countries and that their termination was precipitated not by any lack of enthusiasm on the part of either Japan or the Philippines but rather by the impasse in American-Japanese relations which immediately preceded the outbreak of World War II.
A Preliminary Study of Chinese Leadership in Singapore, 1900–1941
Authors: Fatt Yong Ching
Published: August 2009

Under the direct rule of the British Colonial Government in nineteenth-century Singapore, the Chinese leaders held little political power. They were essentially community leaders, charitable and enterprising. They worked for peace and harmony in a multiracial society and were closely attached to the British Colonial administration. Though the Chinese leadership played various roles in economic, political, diplomatic and social fields, it was in the social arena that it contributed most. These nineteenth-century leaders were essentially social workers who had established no radical traditions nor shaped any unique patterns of leadership.
The Emergence of Towkay Leaders in Party Politics in Sabah
Authors: Lee Edwin
Published: August 2009

Party politics started among the commercial Chinese in Sabah as indeed among the indigenous peoples by way of a reaction to the Malaysia proposal of May 1961. Though Chinese businessmen or towkays at first strongly opposed it they were cautious about how they should organize themselves and their protest. The big businessmen of Sandakan, apparently mindful of the relatively small population of the Chinese advised against a Chinese communal party and proposed a communally open one. Jesselton towkays thought in terms of a North Borneo Chinese Association, along the lines of the Malayan Chinese Association but made no move. Chinese leaders seemed to prefer to wait and see what the indigenous people did. The lead was enthusiastically taken by the United National Kadazan Organization, closely followed by the United Sabah National Party and a third party, Pasok Momogun (Son of the Soil) Organization, consisting of Muruts and those akin to the Kadazans but rejected that regional tribal name. In the event the cautious towkays were overtaken by differentiation among themselves. The lowkays' political organization was not only the last to open shop but did so in two different places under two different auspices. For a variety of reasons, the United Party started in February 1962 in Sandakan and the North Borneo Democratic Party began, after an initial reshuffle, in the same period in Jesselton.
Giovanni de' Marignolli: An Italian Prelate at the Court of the South-East Asian Queen of Sheba
Authors: Colless Brian E.
Published: August 2009

The year 1338 was the occasion of a great event in the life of a certain John of Florence, for in December of that year he set out from Avignon on a journey that was to take him, in his capacity of Papal Legate, to the court of the Great Khan of Cathay in Peking. This Franciscan Friar of aristocratic Florentine lineage is best known to us under the name John Marignolli, sometimes Giovanni de' Marignola, and his importance for the history of South-East Asia lies in the fact that, like Marco Polo, he made his return voyage from China not by the Central Asian overland route again but by sea through the Indies and, what is more, though passing through many perils, survived to tell the tale.
Sixteenth Century Turkish Influence in Western Indonesia
Authors: Reid Anthony
Published: August 2009

The existence of diplomatic and military relations between Ottoman Turkey and some Muslim states of Southeast Asia has been known for centuries. The Portuguese chroniclers, notably Couto and Pinto, kept the idea alive in the West; oral traditions and a few chronicles kept it more vividly before the imagination of the Atjehnese; and in Turkey there has been a revived interest in the connection since at least 1873. An attempt therefore seems overdue to seek greater precision on these remarkable events, by considering at least the most notable of the sources from the three sides.
Achehnese Control over West Sumatra up to the Treaty of Painan, 1663
Authors: Kathirithamby-Wells J.
Published: August 2009

The west Sumatran coast between Barus in the north and Inderapura in the south, which came under Achehnese rule, was originally part of the Minangkabau kingdom which developed in the fourteenth century and reigned supreme in central Sumatra up to about the end of the following century The Padang lowlands and the coastal region up to the northern border of Silebar were considered in the Alam Minangkabau as part of the rantau, or acquired territories, as different from the darat, or nucleus of the kingdom formed by the 3 luaks (or districts) of Agam, Tanah Data and Lima Puloh Kota. The important distinction between the darat and the rantau was that the former was administered on genealogical principles with a penghulu at the head of each negeri in the luak while the rantau was divided into several parts and was under the territorial rule of various rajas who were members of the royal family.2 Beneath the rajas appointed by the central administration at Pagarruyong were minor rajas and penghulus selected from amongst the local inhabitants who were in charge of the various districts. In return for the help and protection provided by the darat, especially in times of trouble, the negeris in the rantau were obliged to pay homage and tribute to Pagarruyong, a duty which they evaded during periods of weak central control, as at the end of the fifteenth century.
The Portuguese Administration in Malacca, 1511–1641
Authors: Sar Desai D. R.
Published: August 2009

With the exception of Alfonso de Albuquerque in the 16th century, Marquis de Pombal in the 18th and Oliveira Salazar in the 20th, Portugal can hardly boast of any special genius for administration, whether of the colonies or of the mother-country. This lack of administrative acumen is matched by lack of interest in administrative matters among Portuguese chroniclers and historians. While the secular historians concentrated on the heroic deeds of a rather limited era, their Jesuit counterparts concerned themselves with exaggerating the scanty exploits in their evangelical enterprise. The administration was not elaborate and, therefore, the records were scanty. Portugal did not have a budgetary system; no systematic accounts were maintained either for Portugal or for the colonies, especially in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Consequently, one might with justification lament with Professor Charles R. Boxer upon the paucity of material for an administrative history of the Portuguese colonial possessions. Even so, one might study the Portuguese colonial administration in the larger context of interests, policies, and prejudices.
‘SHE HAS A WHEEL THAT TURNS …’: CROSSED AND CONTRADICTORY VOICES IN MACHAUT'S MOTETS
Authors: Zayaruznaya Anna
Published: August 2009

The tiered structure of Machaut's motets is often taken for granted: the tenor is the lowest voice, the motetus is in the middle, and the triplum is highest. While this is mostly true of Machaut's work and of Ars nova motets more generally, there are a number of significant exceptions – passages in which the upper voices switch roles and the motetus sings at the top of the texture. The most striking of these are consistently linked with the goddess Fortuna. In Motets 12, 14 and 15, moments of voice-crossing serve to illustrate the actions of the goddess, who traditionally raises the low and lowers the high. While they are certainly symbolic, these instances of voice-crossing are also audible: since the voices retain their distinct rhythmic and textual profiles even while their relative ranges are reversed, voice-crossings allow the listener to hear a musical world turned on its head.
Supplement to “The group E6(q) and graphs with a locally linear group of automorphisms” by V. I. Trofimov and R. M. Weiss
Authors: TROFIMOV V. I.
Published: August 2009

Let q be a prime power and let G be a group acting faithfully and vertex transitively on a graph such that for each vertex x, the stabilizer Gx is finite and contains a normal subgroup inducing on the set of neighbours of x a permutation group isomorphic to the linear group L5(q) acting on the 2-dimensional subspaces of a 5-dimensional vector space over Fq. In a companion paper, it is shown, except in some special situations where q = 2, that the kernel of the action of a vertex stabilizer Gx on the ball of radius 3 around x is trivial. In this paper we show that these special situations cannot occur.
Black-fly and the Environment
Authors: Asibey Emmanuel O. A.
Published: August 2009

Black-fly (Simulium spp.) occurs practically through out the world. It poses biting problems wherever it is found. In Africa, black-fly carries a human disease called Onchocerciasis or river blindness. The World Health Organization has decided on a £50 million project, spreading over 20 years, to control this disease. They propose to apply, very extensively and protractedly, larvicides which are non-selective, reasonably persistent, and only mildly toxic to Man and other higher animals but fatally toxic to Simulium larvae (the target) and some other forms of aquatic life (non-target). This will result in the reduction of the already small quantities of fish available to the people. It will also put at risk the lives of the animals that constitute the major source of the scanty protein supply of the local populace, and hence conceivably jeopardize their own lives.

The decision to go ahead with the project was based on the grounds that chemical control of Simulium breeding is the only sure method of dealing with Onchocerciasis, and that the areas of West Africa to be affected are among the least developed. But foreseeable consequences of the project alone are considered serious enough to justify its reconsideration, while quite likely consequences are powerful enough in themselves to make such as review seem necessary.

Until such a time as the world is able to devise a universally acceptable method of controlling black-fly, the current method of treatment preventing Onchocerciasis from causing blindness should be extended to all areas where the disease is present.
Conservation of the California Coast Redwood and its Environment
Authors: Simmons Ian G. , Vale Thomas R.
Published: August 2009

The genus Sequoia has existed since Mesozoic times, and early Tertiary Redwoods occurred practically throughout the northern hemisphere. Today, the Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) is the only living species of the genus, and it is restricted to the coastal environments of California and the southern extremity of Oregon. Climatic factors determine the outer limits of Redwood distribution, while edaphic, biotic, and hydrologic, variables influence the occurrence of Redwood within the climatic range.

Human use of Redwood forests has altered the environmental conditions under which the Sequoia now grows. Logging has exposed the forest floor to increased light and higher temperatures, while in some places it has exposed the soil to accelerated erosion. Recent floods in the major watersheds of north-western California have been particularly disastrous in undercutting large trees along the river banks. Increased degradation rates on upper slopes have resulted in delivery of coarse sediments to floodplains, with possibly deleterious effects on living old-growth Redwoods.
Lead, Zinc, and Manganese, in Dredge-spoil Pond Ecosystems
Authors: Drifmeyer Jeffrey E. , Odum William E.
Published: August 2009

Pb, Zn, and Mn, levels in sediment and common estuarine plants and animals colonizing dredge-spoil disposal areas were compared with levels occurring in the same materials from a natural salt-marsh. Finegrained dredge-spoil had considerabily higher levels of all three metals than did natural salt-marsh sediment, and large differences in the metals content of the spoil were observed, depending on sediment type.

Pb levels in the Grass Shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio), Mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus), Common Reed (Phragmites communis), Saltmarsh Cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), and Saltmeadow Hay (Spartina patens), from dredge-spoil areas, were significantly higher at the 0.01 confidence level than in these species from the natural salt-marsh. Zn concentrations were significantly higher at this confidence level in the three plant species growing in dredge-spoil compared with those from the natural marsh. Mn content in Grass Shrimp from ponds in dredge-spoil disposal areas was significantly higher (0.05 confidence level) than in those from the natural marsh. Thus, dredge-spoil containing heavy metals, even though disposed of in specially designed diked containment areas, may act as a source of certain heavy metals that are potentially toxic to the biota.

Data on the transfer of Pb and Mn in simple foodchains of the dredge-spoil pond ecosystem are presented and discussed in relation to feeding behaviour. Decreasing concentrations with increasing tropic level were observed for Pb and Mn, but no consistent pattern was noted with Zn.
Persisting Natural Vegetation in Northern Queens County, New York, With Proposals for its Conservation
Authors: Greller Andrew M.
Published: August 2009

Northern Queens County, on western Long Island, has approximately 5% or less of its 145 km2 area occupied by vegetation that is still essentially natural. The history, climate, geology, and soil, of the region are discussed, and the importance of glacial geology in an understanding of the vegetation is emphasized. Vegetation is outlined for a series of upland, freshwater, and salt-influenced, types. The variants of the oak-dominated forest are presented in a table. The following freshwater vegetation types are listed: swamp and riparian forest, shrub swamp, marshes, and floating and submerged aquatic vegetation. Salt-influenced types include: tall cordgrass, salt meadow, and salt shrub swamp. The antiquity of this vegetation is suggested by its uniformity over a time-span of 50–60 or more years since its original description as natural vegetation. Extinct and endangered types are mentioned, and general sources of human impact on all persisting types are discussed. Recommendations are made for preservation, reclamation, and re-creation, of natural vegetation. Specifically, it is recommended that all persisting areas harbouring natural vegetation be preserved immediately and in perpetuity. It will be interesting to see, in due course, how effective this can be within the confines of one of the world's greatest conurbations. Consideration of topo-edaphic variation in planning for preservation is emphasized. This point is illustrated with reference to the major vegetation of northern Queens County, namely oak forest. Almost all of the typical ‘plateau upland’ forest has been lost, even though preservation of the diversity of the rich, but atypical, end moraine forests seems adequate.

It is hoped that this article will stimulate investigation into means of re-creating some of the original vegetation types, in order to provide as great a representation as possible, and to alleviate the human impact on the endangered surviving types.
Inland Waterways—A New Environmental Dimension
Authors: Doerflinger Frederic
Published: August 2009

Inland waterways provide more opportunities for the conservation and improvement of the environment and the provision of amenity, sports, and recreation, facilities than do any other means of transport. The demand for more space for leisure pursuits is world-wide, and is accompanied by a growing appreciation of the need for environmental quality and conservation of Nature in catering for this demand. Thus in seeking solutions to related leisure, environmental, energy, and transport problems, authorities everywhere are coming to recognize the unique potential of inland water in meeting the concerns and wishes of modern society.

Britain, with an unparalleled exclusively amenity waterways network, leads the world in the amenity development and utilization of inland waterways. The United States is broadening its objectives to encompass amenity development within the framework of traditional commercial-priority development of its waterways. Canada has launched the most sweeping and spectacular amenity waterway corridor development in history. France has begun actively to promote ‘tourisme fluvial’, while the Netherlands is progressing with integrated planning to harmonize the interests of commercial navigation with recreation and Nature conservation. The projected waterways link between the North and Black Seas has fostered amenity waterway development by all states along the Danube. Russia, too, is beginning to cater to the requirements of increasing numbers of water-oriented leisure seekers. Many other countries, including Portugal, are looking to the development of navigable waterways for leisure pursuits to help solve mounting national problems.
Determination of the Priorities of ‘Actors’ in the Framework of Environmental Management
Authors: Royston Michael G. , Perkowski Joseph C.
Published: August 2009

One major source of uncertainty in industrial planning is due to the conflicting uses of environmental components by the proponent of an action and the various ‘actors’ who share the proponent's environment. These actors may be government agencies, health authorities, conservancy organizations, or individual citizens. As they all share the environment with the proponent of the action, there should also be a sharing of the decision-making process.

Difficulties of identifying potential actors at the non-governmental level can be reduced by undertaking a rigorous analysis of the environmental components, of the uses which they serve, of the way in which the uses may be impaired by proposed activities, and hence of which users are most likely to be concerned.

The result of such an approach, which constitutes a new style of management ‘from the outside–in’ rather than ‘from the inside–out’, is that industry must involve itself in a broader-based and more imaginative planning process than hitherto. Failure by industry to do this will result in either a progressive erosion of the freedom of decision-making (by increased government interference) or in progressive blocking of industry's plans and consequently a reduction in its ability to achieve its corporate objectives of profit–growth–security in the face of conflict over its operations, its siting proposals, and its products.

Suitable realization by managements of the interdependence of their actions with those of others should lead to the addition of a truly environmental dimension to their traditional function—even without the governmental intervention and pressure-group counteractivity which have become increasingly evident with the growth of the environmental movement in recent years.
Integrating Scientific Knowledge for Professional Education in Environmental Management
Authors: Matthews William H. , Perkowski Joseph C.
Published: August 2009

A major challenge in developing programmes for professional education in environmental management is presented by the need to determine how the vast amount of scientific and professional knowledge required for effective environmental management can be efficiently transmitted to prospective or practising ‘environmental coordinators’ in the private and public sectors of society. This paper describes the work conducted at M.I.T., in collaboration with C.E.I., to provide a conceptual and substantive base for such programmes.

The conceptual framework is based on a simplified model of the decision-making steps in environmental management processes. Such a model can be used for isolating certain types of decisions and roles in different social, cultural, administrative, or political, contexts. When once this has been done, the responsibilities and the educational needs of specific classes of ‘environmental managers’ can be identified through studies and interviews.

The substantive base for new educational programmes requires the development of outlines and the identification of reference material for the major bodies of knowledge that comprise the ‘field’ of environmental management. This paper briefly describes the major subject-areas treated in this study: values and perceptions, ecology, environmental effects, environmental indicators, environmental impact assessment methodology, modelling, monitoring, growth and its implications for the future, economics of externalities, environmental law, and administrative processes.

The approach and materials described in this paper are now being used at C.E.I, in the development of educational programmes for practising professionals, and at M.I.T. for graduate and undergraduate students in a variety of disciplines. Thus far, these efforts have been well received and have provided additional information with which to continue designing additional programmes.
The Collection, Maintenance, and Environmental Importance, of the Genetic Resources of Wild Plants
Authors: Thompson Peter A.
Published: August 2009

Plants are major factors conditioning an environment, and conservation of particular environments depends fundamentally on the maintenance of existing plant communities. In many parts of the world, the destruction of such communities is occurring so rapidly and so completely that entire natural systems are subject to, or threatened with, total destruction. In such cases artificial methods of conserving plant germplasm for ultimate regeneration, for supplementing natural populations, for study, or for use by Man as an economic resource, may be of great significance as one possible means of averting total loss. Under less extreme pressures, the availability of representative propagules of significant taxa or populations may be of crucial assistance as an aid to research directed towards a better understanding of factors affecting survival or competitive advantage in the wild, or as a means of providing stocks for assessment of the potential economic value of existing reserves of wild species.

This paper discusses methods of recording, maintaining, and evaluating, collections of populations of wild species. Plant resources of this kind are extremely vulnerable when maintained under artificial conditions, and a very high proportion of collections are lost within a few years, remain unavailable for general use, or fail to be used owing to inadequate documentation. Conservation of plant germ-plasm as an international resource, in a usable form, depends on a wide acceptance and practice of greatly improved methods of documentation, and requires the creation of effective organizations for surveying, maintaining, and coordinating, plant resources on an international scale.
Population Explosions ofAcanthaster planciand Associated Destruction of the Hard-coral Cover of Reefs of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia
Authors: Endean Robert , Stablum William
Published: August 2009

Population explosions of the Crown-of-thorns Starfish,Acanthaster planci, first reported on reefs of the Great Barrier Reef in the Cairns region near lat. 17° S during the early 1960s, have since spread to numerous other reefs. The spread has been predominantly southwards, the principal region of infestation currently lying between lat. 19° S and lat. 19°20' S. South of this region, scattered infestations of reefs have recently been reported. Available data indicate that most reefs in the middle third of the Great Barrier Reef were infested during the last decade, and it is postulated that most reefs in the southernmost third will be infested during the next decade.

The bulk of the hard-coral cover of most of the inner platform reefs infested, and a lower but significant percentage of the hard-coral cover of the outer platform reefs affected by the infestations, have been devastated. Recovery of devastated reefs is in progress but is slow.

TheA. planciinfestations appear to the authors to be man-induced, and it is suggested that international action be taken to assess the magnitude of theA. planciproblem and to coordinate possible control activities in the Indo-West Pacific region.
Environment and Human Evolution
Authors: Cloudsley-Thompson John L.
Published: August 2009

The suggestion is made that Man evolved orthograde posture and bipedal locomotion at the fringe of tropical forest rather than in open savanna. The primary adaptive function of bipedal locomotion was for walking and stalking game from the cover of trees, in the absence of undergrowth. Hairlessness was thermally advantageous when Man emerged from the trees, yet would have imposed no great hardship on our hominid ancestors while they were inside the forest, where the climate was constantly warm. Man's primitive skin-colour was probably pale-brown. It is thought that dark skins were later acquired primarily as a protection against ultraviolet radiation in tropical regions, whereas depigmentation occurred as an adaptation that enhanced the synthesis of calciferol in regions of low light-intensity.

Man's so-called ‘racial’ adaptations occurred when his scavenging and hunter-gathering technology was unable to counter natural selection. Recently, however, he has ceased to respond to environmental feed-back. Unless he begins to do so again soon, degradation of the environment may accelerate beyond the point of no return and our species be doomed.
Pelagic Tar in the Mediterranean Sea, 1974–75
Authors: Morris Byron F. , Butler James N. , Zsolnay Adam
Published: August 2009

During the period 6 December 1974 to 20 January 1975, the R/V Westward circumnavigated the Mediterranean Sea and took quantitative samples of pelagic tar at 48 stations. These have been compared with a similar survey made in 1969 by the R/V Atlantis II and with some data published in the USSR. In the ‘Ionian Sea’ (between Crete and the Strait of Sicily) the geometric mean of tar concentration has decreased significantly—from 60 mg/m2 in 1969 to 5 mg/m2 in 1974–75. In other regions of the Mediterranean, no significant changes were found. However, in both the ‘Tyrrhenian Sea’ west of Italy and the ‘Alboran Sea’ along the Algerian-Moroccan coast, tar concentrations have increased by about a factor of two, roughly corresponding to the relative increase in tanker traffic in the Mediterranean as a whole. In the ‘Balearic Sea’, 1975 levels were lower than those of 1969, but the data may not be comparable because of the different geographic regions covered.

At present, the total standing stock of pelagic tar in the Mediterranean is lower than in 1969, due to the decrease in pollution of the eastern basin. With the reopening of the Suez Canal, changes in the amounts of tar should be carefully monitored as a measure of pollution control effectiveness.
Possible Means of Large-scale Use of Wind as a Source of Energy
Authors: Bockris John O'M.
Published: August 2009

To circumvent the coming energy crisis the development of new sources is popularly associated with the gasification of coal and with atomic breeder reactors, although solar and nuclear fusion sources are distant possibilities. But coal is limited in supply and breeders will not be ready in time to replace the remaining oil and natural gas; wind offers a more likely possibility.

The practical equation for electricity obtained after conversion to hydrogen, passage, and reconversion to electricity, is:

for a rotor of 100 m radius in a location where the mean annual wind is v k.p.h. Thus, for v = 30, Pelec≃ 5 MW per rotor.

The concept of large sea-borne rotors in high-velocity wind-belts with long-distance hydrogen transmission offers a more readily attainable (and more environmentally acceptable) prospect than atomic, or solar, possibilities.
World Models, Resources, and Environment
Authors: Biswas Asit K.
Published: August 2009

World models are still in the early phases of development, and the majority of the ones built so far do not deal with the resources and environment sectors adequately. Of the models available, only the Leontief input-output model considers these two sectors in some detail. Even then the results should be taken as ordersof-magnitude guesses rather than as figures that can be used in an operational sense. Furthermore, the Leontief model suffers from a basic defect: it is a pollution abatement model. From the resources and environmental standpoint, it would be much more preferable to consider this as a sector within an overall management framework in which pollution control could play an important part.

Modelling of world problematique is still in an early stage of development, and much work remains to be done to improve its basic structures, underlying assumptions, and data availability. Because of the difficulties—both conceptual and practical—many important areas are not considered in the resources and environment fields, or, if considered, are dealt with only superficially. An example is the consideration of the extent of recycling, conservation, and materials substitution, as prices of individual resources increase—owing either to economic market forces or man-made factors. While the general direction of the main thrusts are known, it is still difficult to define limits and determine interlinkages with any high degree of confidence. Much further work will be necessary to establish these interrelationships, the components of which will also need to have an adequate data-base.
The Extent of Salvinia Infestation in Kerala (S. India): Its Impact and Suggested Methods of Control
Authors: Thomas K. J.
Published: August 2009

The aquatic weed Salvinia molesta (syn. S. auriculata) has spread to many parts of the tropics and subtropics. In Kerala, it has become established as a dreadful weed occupying large areas of open water, causing navigational problems, interfering with irrigation and fishing, rendering the water unfit for human consumption, and facilitating mosquito breeding, etc. The H2S generated in the decaying weed-mass in the water is destructive of generative equipment in hydroelectric installations, blocks intake apertures of ships, and damages engines of small motor-boats. In addition, the weeds cause reduction in the stored water of reservoirs, owing to excessive evapotranspiration, while thick mats of Salvinia, which later form large floating islands supporting secondary and tertiary colonizers, may be instrumental in the gradual drying up of natural and man-made water-bodies. These are very serious matters which have to be tackled effectively.
Persistent Pollutants in Audouin's Gull (Larus audouinii) in the Western Mediterranean: A Case-study with Wide Implications?
Authors: Bijleveld M. F. I. J. , Goeldlin P. , Mayol J.
Published: August 2009

The possibility of persistent pollutants playing an adverse role in the reproductive success of Audouin's Gull in the western Mediterranean was examined through chemical analyses of 7 eggs of this species that did not hatch. Residues of organochlorine compounds and mercury were found.

The conclusion has been reached that a further increase of present levels of DDE may well lead to a decline of the reproductive success of the species in the western Mediterranean, especially in the northern part. These observations, although limited, could have implications for further species as is already indicated by other work cited.
Range Expansion in Southern Florida of the Introduced Spotted Tilapia, with Comments on its Environmental Impress
Authors: Courtenay Walter R. , Hensley Dannie A.
Published: August 2009

The Spotted Tilapia, Tilapia mariae, apparently introduced to Dade County, Florida, between 1972 and 1974, has expanded its range dramatically. This exotic fish is now established in three counties (Broward, Collier, and Dade) in canals and lakes in an area encompassing approximately 2,000 km2.
Land-use Conflicts with Natural Vegetation in the United States
Authors: Klopatek Jeffrey M. , Olson Richard J. , Emerson Craig J. , Joness Jan L.
Published: August 2009

There exists no current inventory of how much of the United States is occupied by natural vegetation, nor how much area is covered by particular plant communities. In this study, the potential existing vegetation-cover of the United States was determined by using a computer algorithm that was developed to subtract extant landuse data from the potential natural vegetation. This was done on a county-by-county basis for the 48 conterminous States.
West European Institutional Arrangements for Environmental Policy Implementation—Especially Air and Water Pollution Control
Authors: Mangun William R.
Published: August 2009

A comparative study of institutional arrangements for the implementation of environmental policies serves several purposes. First, it provides a better understanding of the governmental systems of the respective countries which are examined. Second, it provides a basis for the potential formulation of more effective environmental protection policies; this can be accomplished through a detailed analysis of the implementation efforts of countries which experience similar environmental problems, but may use different implementation strategies to deal with such problems. Third, it prompts the analyst to consider the effect of varying political cultures on the policy implementation process (Enloe, 1975). Fourth, such study often identifies the need for greater harmonization of environmental laws between different countries (Lutz, 1975). In sum, such study can reveal the key relationships between governmental structures and environmental policies which account for successful policy implementation (Lundqvist, 1974).
Patterns of Landscape Modification in Relation to Agricultural Practice in Central Chile
Authors: Fuentes Eduardo R. , Hajek Ernst R.
Published: August 2009

On the basis of published information and the Authors' own experience in the field, a schema of land deterioration in 5 major sub-areas of Central Chile is proposed. The 5 sub-areas are: 1. Coastal Marine terraces; 2. Coastal ranges; 3. Andean foothills; 4. Central valley and river valleys; and 5. Norte Chico.
Dutch Elm Disease: A Review of the History, Environmental Implications, Control, and Research Needs
Authors: Karnosky David F.
Published: August 2009

Elms have long been important components of the forests and cities around the world. In the little-more-than-sixty years since it was first found in Europe in 1918, Dutch Elm Disease (DED) has killed millions of elms in Europe, Western Asia, and North America (Figs 6 & 7). The Far East is the only major area in the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere that has not had a DED problem. For this reason, and because many species that are native to the Far East are resistant to the Disease, it is thought that DED may have originated in the Orient.
Human Population and Environmental Problems
Authors: Ehrlich Paul R.
Published: August 2009

Human population growth is clearly outstripping the possibilities of increasing the supply of food and other prerequisites for satisfactory existence. Already, with around four thousand million people on Earth, the race appears to have been lost by agriculture. The prospect of doubling this population by shortly after the turn of the century is bleak indeed. It is the belief of many, however, that zero population growth will be reached earlier by a catastrophic increase in the number of deaths—most probably from starvation. This also bodes ill for conservation; for as people get more and more hungry, their behaviour towards wildlife and what remains of the natural environment is going to become more and more reckless. The destruction of both wildlife and its habitat may be expected to extend to quite devastating proportions, which will require understanding action in both over- and under-developed countries to counter with any degree of success.

Man is inexorably changing the face of the Earth and weather patterns in directions which could have all manner of widespread ill-effects, and already have had some catastrophic local ones. Yet more and more of the world's productive lands are being paved with concrete, and the productivity of even wider areas is being permanently lost through erosion and laterization following the clearing of forests and other binding vegetation. Simultaneously, many strains of crop plants are being lost which are essential to humanity because they enable plant breeders to develop new agricultural varieties to help keep abreast of changes in pests and weather, and to raise production levels.
Hazards of Nuclear Fission Power and the Choice of Alternatives
Authors: Edsall John T.
Published: August 2009

Nuclear fission reactors are widely regarded as the chief energy source of the future. This article holds that the hazards of such reactors, in comparison with other prospective energy sources, are unacceptably high. The biological effects of ionizing radiations, as analyzed in the recent BEIR Report (1972) of a committee of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, are briefly reviewed; the effects include genetic mutations, induction of cancer, and developmental abnormalities. Hazards are encountered at many stages in the process of nuclear power production: in the mining and processing of uranium, in the design and operation of the reactors, and in the handling, shipping, and storage, of the huge quantities of radioactive wastes produced by the reactors. Grave questions have been raised concerning the safety of the emergency core-cooling systems of present reactors; and the planned breeder reactors, which will contain great quantities of plutonium-239, are likely to be even more hazardous. Storage of radioactive wastes, away from all risks of environmental contamination, in order to be acceptable must be secure for about half-a-million years. No place on Earth has yet been found for which such safety can be guaranteed. Hazards of theft, sabotage, and war, are formidable threats to the future of nuclear fission power.

Use of fission power is not compulsory; present supplies of coal are adequate for two or three centuries, though its mining and use will require drastic steps to protect the environment, thereby raising costs. Alternative, and far less dangerously polluting, sources of large-scale energy production exist or can be developed: notably solar energy and probably nuclear fusion, where intensive research gives high promise of adequate systems for large-scale energy production within 20–30 years. Geothermal energy, though more limited in amount, is also promising. Great savings can also be made by reducing the extravagant use of energy, especially in such countries as the United States; and various conservation measures are indicated.
Man-made Ecosystems and Nature Conservation, with Special Reference to Matsalu Bay, Estonian SSR
Authors: Kumari Erik
Published: August 2009

Besides areas with primeval Nature, it is also necessary to protect man-made ecosystems. Under European conditions it is particularly important to turn into protected areas some near-natural landscapes which have never undergone great changes in land-use. One of these territories in the eastern Baltic region is the area of Matsalu Bay, which since 1957 has been the site of the largest Baltic nature reserve, possessing highly specific and valuable ecosystems. The Matsalu landscape is characterized by pasture lands, moist meadows, vast reed-beds, wooded meadows, and juniper groves, which have all been subjected to extensive human influence in the course of several centuries. Under contemporary conditions of management the preservation of these landscape types is somewhat difficult, but it is necessary to find suitable measures to effect it.
An Ecosystem Model in Practice
Authors: Adams Michael S. , Dettmann Edward H. , Abbott Barbara A.
Published: August 2009

The Lake Wingra Study is an integrated, interdisciplinary programme which has been developing mathematical models of the hydrological, biological, and nutrient, cycles in a man-modified lake-basin in Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Computer simulations based on these models promise to aid in the prediction of urban impact on the land-water systems within the Lake Wingra basin. Such information should also increase the effectiveness of environmental quality management in Lake Wingra and similar watersheds. So far, the greatest success has been the development of process models which describe individual components of highly complex ecosystems. Examples include models of nutrient cycling and the growth of Algae, aquatic weeds, and fish. Further work on synthesizing individual process models of the Lake, and integrating this information with data from other United States and foreign sites, will receive top priority from the Lake Wingra scientists during 1974.
Effects of Vehicles on Arctic Tundra
Authors: Rickard Warren E. , Brown Jerry
Published: August 2009

Travel in the Arctic is nowadays predominantly by aircraft or by specifically designed overland vehicles, as few roads exist. Terrain damage resulting from off-road vehicular movement in arctic areas is potentially serious—particularly in the wetter, ice-rich permafrost terrain. Detailed examinations of vehicle trails made in the 1940s indicate that natural recovery and stabilization of these trails has been relatively slow. Several recent controlled tests using a variety of vehicles suggest that long-term impact of the vehicles on the terrain is a function of time of year, type of substrate, vegetation, soil moisture, ground-contact pressure, type of vehicle propulsion (i.e. tracks, air-cushion, etc.), and operator technique.
Forestry Operations in the Canadian Subarctic: an Ecological Argument Against Clear-cutting
Authors: Gill Don
Published: August 2009

Environmental and floristic evidence is presented to show that, after removal of the White Spruce (Picea glauca) and willow-alder (Salix spp.–Alnus crispa) canopies from exposed sites within the boreal woodland of the Mackenzie River Delta, Northwest Territories, Canada, environmental degradation is such that secondary succession of low-arctic tundra heath, mosses, and lichens, takes place. The extreme exposure of cleared sites enables a hardy group of tundra plants to compete with the local flora and invade the previously forested location.
Conservation Problems and Progress in Equatorial African Countries
Authors: Curry-Lindahl Kai
Published: August 2009

The conservation movement in Africa during the 1960s has worked along many front lines. Failures and successes have been registered. As a whole one may say that there has been tremendous progress for conservation in Africa when the situation in 1974 is compared with what it was in 1960, but nevertheless at present there are still more productive waters and land areas that are being destroyed than are being saved or restored. The conservation fight has to go on, and it is a battle against time and human misconceptions. Particularly are there some countries in which the values of menaced Nature have been considered to be of such exceptional importance that special efforts have been undertaken within the meagre means available to the international organizations most concerned.

The present paper constitutes a review of significant environmental conservation measures, proposals, and failures, in various regions and countries of equatorial Africa. It is hoped to follow with a similar treatment of northern and southern Africa. Emphasis will be laid on national parks and nature reserves, because at present it is particularly in this field that African states show their conservation consciousness. It is to be hoped that the time will soon come when the necessity for conservation, management, and wise utilization, of renewable natural resources, will be fully realized also outside the national parks and equivalent reserves.