bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KONTRIBUSI MUSYAWARAH KELOMPOK KERJA GURU (KKG) DAN MOTIVASI KERJA TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN MERENCANAKAN PEMBELAJARAN
Authors: Hatala Ridwan
Published: October 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sebarapa besar kontribusi pelaksanaan musyawarah Kelompok Kerja Guru (KKG) dan Motivasi Kerja Guru sebagai variabel bebas terhadap Kemampuan Merencanakan Pembelajaran  sebagai variabel terikat baik secara sendiri-sendiri maupun secara bersama-sama.

Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kecamatan Salahutu Kabupaten Maluku Tengah khususnya terhadap guru-guru SD yang yang aktif sebagai anggota KKG pada Gugus Liang Kecamatan Salahutu Kabupaten Maluku Tengah.  Tipe penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan korelasional.

Hasil pengujian hipotesis pertama menunjukan bahwa  pelaksanaan Muswawarah Kelompok Kerja Guru (KKG)  memiliki Hubungan yang berarti (signifikan) dengan kemampuan merencanakan pembelajaran. Hubungan ini terlihat dari angka korelasi   (ry.1) = 0,502  dengan koefisien diterminasi sebesar   0,2521 pada taraf     a = 0,05.  Pengujian hipotesis kedua juga menunjukkan bahwa motivasi kerja mempunyai Hubungan yang berarti  terhadap kemampuan merencanakan pembelajaran. Hubungan ini terlihat dari angka korelasi   (ry.2) = 0,609  dengan koefisien diterminasi sebesar   0,3718 pada a = 0,05.  Hasil pengujian hipotesis ketiga, pelaksanaan KKG dan  motivasi kerja secara bersama-sama mempunyai hubungan yang berarti terhadap kemampuan merencanakan  pembelajaran. Besarnya hubungan tersebut ditunjukkan oleh koefisien korelasi  r  sebesar 0,703 dengan uji F, di mana F hitung 15,816 > F tabel 3,3403   pada taraf     a = 0,05.
ISLAM DI TENGAH PLURALITAS DAN KEMANUSIAAN DALAM MEMBANGUN SOLIDARITAS DAN TOLERANSI
Authors: Notanubun Erwin
Published: October 2020

Pada hakikatnya posisi manusia terhadap sesamanya adalah sama dan sederajat, sama-sama sebagai ciptaan (makhluq) Allah SWT, dan karenanya di hadapan Allah SWT semuanya sama, yang membedakannya hanyalah amal perbuatannya atau ketakwaannya saja. Oleh karena itu, secara individual hubungan manusia dengan manusia lainnya, masing-masing mempunyai kekuasaan yang sama, setiap individu dengan individu lainnya tidak boleh saling memaksa apalagi merampas hal-haknya. Hak individu untuk mempertahankan miliknya dilindungi oleh hukum apapun, karena hal itu adalah bagian dari hak asasi manusia yang wajib dilindungi. Islam datang tidak hanya bertujuan mempertahankan eksistensinya sebagai agama, tetapi juga mengakui eksistensi agama-agama lain, dan memberinya hak untuk hidup berdampingan sambil menghormati pemeluk-pemeluk agama lain.
Nēsoi. L’immaginario insulare nell’Odissea
Authors: Deriu Morena
Published: October 2020

The aim of this book is to shed new light on the connections between the islands of the Odyssey, setting aside the common perspectives which fully contrast Ithaka to the isles of Odysseus’s travels. Indeed, on a close reading, the idea of ‘otherness’ frequently associated to these isles can be perceived as the result of shared traits. The book first offers an introductory survey on the studies about islands and insularity (not only) in the Odyssey. Then, it analyses how and in which terms the Odyssean representations of the islands are elaborated by means of references to the characters’ senses and actions. These representations are frequently parts of archipelagos of memories, and all bear witness to the fact that fantastic and realistic traits are intermingled and can permeate each other on all the Odyssean islands. Thus, the isles of these travels can be perceived as marginal and mixed places which are also meaningfully part of the archipelago of thematic and formal relations which links all Odyssean islands. The second section of the book examines this archipelagic scenario by using the concepts of utopia and heterotopia. The section shows how the islands of the Odyssey and, especially, the islands the hero encountered on his travels should not be considered utopias in the strict sense of the word. It then goes on to show how M. Foucault’s heterotopia can help to highlight a series of insular aspects, which, otherwise, could pass unnoticed. These lands stand at the margins of the world of the Odyssey and are, at the same time, connected to all the other islands. As a result, they work like mirrors which reflect images of different and possible worlds. In particular, the Odyssean isles of women mirror different and possible relationships between Odysseus and the lady of the island and help to enlighten the place which the hero perceives as the perfect home among all the possible choices. Finally, a brief analysis of the prophecy about the hero’s future last adventure shows that there is no chance of Odysseus feeling at home on that ‘other’ place of this last journey.
KRITERIA IDENTIFIKASI BAHAYA, PENILAIAN DAN PENGENDALIAN RISIKO DEPARTEMEN FABRIKASI PT UNINDO PASIFIK
Authors: Poniman Poniman , Mandati Sri Amaliah
Published: October 2020

Health and safety risk assessment of PT Unido Pasifik Fabrication department to create a safe and efficient and productive work environment. The fabrication department is the main pillar of company support. The purpose of this study was to analyze the potential hazards in the Production department especially the PT Unindo Pasifik Fabrication Department. In addition this study aims to determine the relationship of knowledge of workers about the potential danger with the behavior of the use of personal protective equipment. This research is an observational descriptive study in which the object of research is the machine, attitude or behavior of the workforce, work processes and work environment. Based on hazard identification, risk assessment and control, there are several hazards and risks that occur with tolerable risk, moderate risk and sustainable risk criteria. Hazard control has been carried out at PT. Unindo Pasifik that is administrative control and the provision of personal protective equipment (PPE). And while the Objective, Target and Program (OTP) are set namely reducing work accidents and reducing occupational diseases in the Fabrication department. Didalam penilaian risiko kesehatan dan keselamatan departemen Fabrikasi PT Unido Pasifik untuk menciptakan lingkugan kerja aman dan efisien serta produktif. Departemen fabrikasi merupakan penopang kegitaan perusahaan yang utama. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis potensi bahaya di bagian Produksi khususnya Departemen Fabrikasi PT Unindo Pasifik. Selain itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan pekerja tentang potensi bahaya dengan perilaku penggunaan alat pelindung diri. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif observasional dimana Objek penelitian adalah mesin, sikap atau perilaku tenaga kerja, proses kerja dan lingkungan kerja. Berdasarkan identifikasi bahaya, penilaian dan pengendalan risiko terdapat beberapa bahaya dan risiko yang terjadi dengan kriteria tolerable risk, moderate risk dan sustainable risk. Pengendalian bahaya sudah dilakukan di PT. Unindo Pasifik yaitu pengendalian bersifat administrative & penyediaan alat pelindung diri (APD). Dan sedangkan Objective, Target dan Program (OTP) yang ditetapkan yaitu mengurangi kecelakaan kerja dan diharapkan dapat mengurangi penyakit yang ditimbulkan akibat kerja di deprtemen fabrikasi tersebut.
ANALISIS BAHAYA COVID-19 UNTUK UPAYA PENCEGAHAN PENYEBARAN PADA FASILITAS UMUM TAMAN KOTA DENGAN MENERAPKAN METODE HAZARD IDENTIFICATION, RISK ASSESSMENT AND RISK CONTROL (HIRARC)
Authors: Taufiqurrohman Alwan , N Firdy Ganjar , Hill Frans , M Irvan Apriadi , P Devi Hadi , Salafudin Salafudin
Published: October 2020

Corona virus or what can be called Covid-19 has become a pandemic throughout the world, many activities such as teaching and learning, work, and even sports were suspended because of the Covid-19. Covid-19 can spread very quickly because this virus makes use of various types of crowds and can cause death. With the termination of various kinds of activities that involve physical contact and human encounters can reduce the spread of the Covid-19 virus significantly. The virus that can develop for 14 days on its host body is very dangerous so that Social Distancing and even Physical Distancing activities are carried out to reduce the spread of Covid-19. With the implementation of Physical Distancing for 14 days, humans who are infected without symptoms can get out of the house but with a health protocol by wearing a mask, not close to each other, and always washing hands. By maintaining health as well as sports, the development of this virus in the body can slow down. Usually sports are carried out in city parks, health protocols and facilities that can help reduce the spread of the Covid-19 virus can be done in city parks.Â Virus Corona atau yang bisa disebut dengan Covid-19 sudah menjadi pandemi di seluruh dunia, banyak kegiatan seperti belajar mengajar, bekerja, bahkan olahraga diberhentikan sementara karena adanya Covid-19 ini. Covid-19 yang dapat menyebar dengan sangat cepat karena virus ini memanfaatkan berbagai jenis keramaian dan dapat menyebabkan kematian. Dengan diberhentikannya berbagai macam kegiatan yang melibatkan kontak fisik dan pertemuan antar manusia dapat membuat penyebaran virus Covid-19 berkurang dengan signifikan. Virus yang dapat berkembang selama 14 hari pada tubuh inangnya ini sangat berbahaya sehingga kegiatan Social Distancing bahkan Physical Distancing dilakukan untuk mengurangi angka penyebaran Covid-19 ini. Dengan diberlakukannya Physical Distancing selama 14 hari, manusia yang tertular tanpa gejala sudah dapat keluar dari rumah tetapi dengan protokol kesehatan dengan cara memakai masker, tidak berdekatan satu sama lain, dan selalu cuci tangan. Dengan menjaga kesehatan pula seperti olahraga, perkembangan virus ini pada tubuh dapat melambat. Biasanya olahraga dilakukan di taman kota, protokol kesehatan dan fasilitas yang dapat membantu mengurangi penyebaran virus Covid-19 ini dapat dilakukan pada taman kota.Â
Cotton Rat Placenta Anatomy and Fc Receptor Expression and Their Roles in Maternal Antibody Transfer
Authors: Martinez Margaret E , Niewiesk Stefan , La Perle Krista M D
Published: October 2020

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis and viral pneumonia in infants and young children worldwide. Currently no vaccine is available to prevent RSV infection, but virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies can be given prophylactically, emphasizing the
protective potential of antibodies. One concept of RSV vaccinology is mothers' immunization to induce high antibody titers, leading to passive transfer of high levels of maternal antibody to the fetus through the placenta and to the neonate through colostrum. Cotton rats are an excellent small
animal model for RSV infection and have been used to test maternal immunization. To mechanistically understand antibody transfer in the cotton rat model, we characterized the cotton rat placenta and Fc receptor localization. Placentas from cotton rats at midgestation (approximately day 14)
and at late gestation (approximately day 25) and neonatal (younger than 1 wk) gastrointestinal tracts were collected for light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy. The cotton rat placenta is hemotrichorial and has 5 distinct layers: decidua, junctional zone,
labyrinth, chorionic plate, and yolk sac. Consistent with the transfer of maternal antibodies, the majority of the Fc receptors are present in the yolk sac endoderm and fetal capillary endothelium of the chorionic plate, involving 10% of the cells within the labyrinth. In addition, Fc receptors
are present on duodenal and jejunal enterocytes in cotton rats, similar to humans, mice, and rats. These findings provide the structural basis for the pre- and postnatal transfer of maternal antibodies described in cotton rats.
¿Prudencia o Sabiduría? Sinonimia e interacción visual
Authors: Montesinos Castañeda María
Published: October 2020

Tanto la Sabiduría como la Prudencia han sido tratadas como términos sinónimos desde la Antigüedad. Ambos conceptos se personificaban mediante la diosa Atenea/Minerva. Estas correspondencias han dado lugar a un intercambio de papeles, siendo considerada la Sabiduría como una de las Virtudes Cardinales. Asimismo, en las alegorías de la Prudencia y la Sabiduría encontramos atributos idénticos que responden al mismo significado y función, concretamente: el aspecto armado, el libro, la lechuza, la criba o cedazo y la presencia de algún objeto lumínico.
Romera y Romero (Brest). La construcción de un espacio de comunicación artística entre Chile y Argentina (1942-1964)
Authors: Gutiérrez Viñuales Rodrigo , Zamorano Pérez Pedro Emilio
Published: October 2020

La elaboración de este ensayo se enmarca dentro de un proyecto de investigación concebido en torno al archivo documental del crítico de arte hispano-chileno Antonio Romera (1908-1975). Entre las numerosas cartas de que consta dicho acervo, hemos localizado un total de catorce cartas dirigidas, entre 1943 y 1964, por el crítico de arte argentino Jorge Romero Brest (1905-1989) a Romera, que, aunque de manera intermitente, permiten trazar un panorama de los vínculos que mantuvieron al menos en esos más de veinte años. Atravesando el contenido de dichas misivas, extrajimos aquellos temas que aparecían como centrales y reiterados en las mismas, definiendo los propios epígrafes de este artículo; ellos son: a) comentarios vinculados con otra de las actividades prioritarias de Antonio Romera, su tarea como caricaturista; b) la contribución (y no contribución) de Romera a la revista fundada y dirigida por Romero Brest (con la colaboración de sus discípulos), Ver y Estimar (1948-1955); c) los comentarios y reseñas mutuos entre Romera y Romero Brest al hilo de los libros que fueron publicando entre los años 40 y 50.
Entre la página y la escena. ¿Dónde encuadrar la traducción teatral?
Authors: Carrero Martín José Fernando , L. Lapeña Alejandro
Published: October 2020

El debate sobre si la traducción teatral pertenece a la traducción literaria ha evolucionado de la misma forma que el propio concepto de traducción teatral. Así pues, frente a posturas más «tradicionales» que siguen considerando a la teatral como parte de la traducción literaria por su posibilidad de lectura surgen otras voces que la acercan más a la traducción audiovisual por el carácter más «práctico» del texto. Por ende, este artículo, que busca ser una revisión teórica de trabajos previos, intenta dar a conocer ambas posturas y dejar al lector su propia consideración ante un tema más intrincado de lo que pudiera parecer aparentemente.
The Literary Characteristics of the Visions of Levi (so-called Aramaic Levi Document)
Authors: Drawnel Henryk
Published: October 2020

Scholarly treatments of the Visions of Levi have tended not to address the individual literary units of the text. An overview of the history of scholarship on this text reveals that neither the term “Aramaic Testament of Levi” nor the more neutral Aramaic Levi Document offers particular insights into the content of the text. Close attention to the literary forms of the text – which include an autobiographical narration, a petitionary prayer, a visionary dream, rewritten/reinterpreted Bible, sapiential/professional instruction, a birth account, a subsequent onomastic midrash, and a didactic poem, that concludes with a prophetic speech with apocalyptic overtones – reveal that the Visions of Levi should be understood as Jewish priestly didactic literature.
Liturgical Poetry in the Late Antique Near East
Authors: Münz-Manor Ophir
Published: October 2020

The article presents a contemporary view of the study of piyyut, demonstrating that Jewish poetry of late antiquity (in Hebrew and Aramaic) was closely related to Christian liturgical poetry (both Syriac and Greek) and Samaritan liturgy. These relations were expressed primarily by common poetic and prosodic characteristics, derived on the one hand from ancient Semitic poetry (mainly biblical poetry), and on the other from innovations of the period. The significant connections of content between the different genres of poetry reveal the importance of comparative study. Thus the poetry composed in late antiquity provides additional evidence for the lively cultural dialogue that took place at that time.
How Many Judaisms Were There?
Authors: Schwartz Seth
Published: October 2020

This article assesses two hypotheses connected with ancient Judaism: the view that Judaism was so diverse in antiquity that it is best understood as a multiple phenomenon (“Judaisms”), and the view that “Judaism” itself is a problematic concept for antiquity, in that there was no disembedded category for religion in antiquity, and thus ancient Jewishness can be understood only in ethnic, and not religious, terms. The dual concepts of “Judaisms” and “Judaismlessness” reflect larger assumptions with respect to definition, treatment of ancient sources, and scholarly commitments. Attention to the contributions of Jacob Neusner, Jonathan Z. Smith, Steve Mason, and Daniel Boyarin provide a context for analysis and critique, culminating in the argument for a radical narrowing of the scholarly definition of “religion.”
Deuteronomy and Numbers
Authors: MacDonald Nathan
Published: October 2020

The books of Numbers and Deuteronomy narrate a number of the same stories; Deut 1–3 even covers the same narrative space as the book of Numbers: the forty years or so from Sinai to the plains of Moab. This article will examine the complex relationship between these two books by considering the narratives about that time in the wilderness. These will be addressed in the following clusters: narratives told in Numbers and Deuteronomy; narratives told in Numbers and alluded to in Deuteronomy; and narratives in Numbers that are not told in Deuteronomy. These will be examined in order to shed light on the individual books of Numbers and Deuteronomy, the relationship between them, and the question of whether there was a pre-Deuteronomic narrative that retold how Israel went from the desert to the edge of the promised land. I will argue that there is no evidence for a continuous narrative tracing Israel’s journey from Sinai to Moab prior to the composition of Deut 1–3. The authors of the narratives in Numbers are indebted to this Deuteronomistic account. However, for the readers of the Pentateuch, Deut 1–3 appears as a concise summary of what has preceded, with the most important issues highlighted.
Extirpating the Dragon
Authors: Friesen Courtney J. P.
Published: October 2020

In its translation of Second Isaiah’s Ode to Yahweh’s Arm (Isa 51:9–11), LXX Isaiah lacks the Book of Isaiah’s most explicit reference to primordial divine combat – “Was it not you who hewed Rahab to pieces, who pierced the dragon?” (Isa 51:9b). This article suggests that this minus should not simply be attributed to the demythologizing tendency of the translator – many other “mythological” features are retained – or to an accidental omission. Rather, it should be understood within the larger literary context of the pericope and the translation as a whole. The representations of creation in LXX Isaiah consistently reflect the linguistic and conceptual influence of LXX Genesis. Thus, it is argued that the translation’s reinterpretation of divine combat results in a view of creation more in harmony with Genesis.
Inventing Synagogue Conversion
Authors: Lander Shira L.
Published: October 2020

Historians of the ancient synagogue often use the term “conversion” to describe any kind of adaptation of a building once designated as a synagogue into a church. This label oversimplifies and misconstrues complex processes, both rhetorical and architectural, that were at work in transforming the landscape of the late antique Mediterranean. I explore the dynamic of this triumphalist rhetoric and architectural strategy, showing that Christian writers meant something very specific by the term “conversion,” and that they invented the paradigm of synagogue conversion in order to interpret the changing landscape to their readers. The architectural program of replacement as a strategy for converting subject populations to Christianity emerged in the sixth century. By characterizing changes made to building structures and changes in religious belief as “conversion,” imperial policy concretized the association of sacred space transformation with the victory of Christianity over Judaism and paganism.
Protected Sects
Authors: Krause Andrew R.
Published: October 2020

As the self-proclaimed “Sons of Light,” the Qumran Movement became obsessed with their battle against the forces of evil, allowing this polarity to pervade their literature. This paper will compare two sectarian apotropaic liturgies (4QSongs of the Maskila–b and 4QIncantation) with the Hodayot psalms in terms of function and ritual performance. We will demonstrate that the same prophylactic elements that unite the apotropaic texts are present in the Hodayot, especially their “magical” elements, demonology, anthropology, and sapiential elements used for defense against evil spirits. While examples will be drawn broadly, we will conclude with a case study of the hymn of 1QHa IV.
Giving up the Godfearers
Authors: Kraemer Ross S.
Published: October 2020

The category of Godfearers, or Gentiles who took on Judean (and later Jewish) practices without formally converting to Judaism, is based upon suspect evidence and problematic assumptions. Close attention to literary and epigraphical evidence for so-called Godfearers (including inscriptional references to theosebes and metuens or metuentes [deum]) demonstrates that these expressions do not reflect a single, static meaning across historical periods. Nor does the Gentile practice of engaging in Jewish religious observance reflect a unique religious dynamic. Rather it should be understood in the larger context of Roman-period ritual practice.
Uncomparable Buildings? The Synagogues in Priene and Sardis
Authors: Burkhardt Nadin
Published: October 2020

In 2009 research extending over three campaigns began on the synagogue of Priene in Turkey and generated new results about its building phases and interior. This building, incorporated in a Hellenistic prostas house in the city’s western residential district, is smaller and less richly equipped than the large synagogue in Sardis. But a comparison of the two buildings, so unalike, shows on the one hand similarities in general structure which are independent of the size, and on the other hand the special status of the synagogue of Sardis.
The Legal Context of the Findings of Limyra
Authors: Synek Eva M.
Published: October 2020

This article surveys both canon and imperial law for legislation regarding Jews and Judaism until the 8th cent. C. E. Judaism was recognized by Roman law as a religio licita and Jewish rights were thus protected. But with the rise of Christianity to the official religion of the Roman empire imperial legislation disadvantaged Jews increasingly. Nevertheless Judaism remained a religio licita and different from pagans or heretics, Jews retained certain rights and a limited protection of the Roman state. The legislative situation in Roman imperial law reflects Christian canon law.
The Wilderness Camp Paradigm in the Holiness Source and the Temple Scroll: From Purity Laws to Cult Politics
Authors: Feder Yitzhaq
Published: October 2020

This paper explores the socio-historical implications of the levitical purity laws as they are understood in the Holiness Source (H) and the Temple Scroll (TS). Though these sources show a similarity in rhetoric, closer examination reveals fundamental differences between them. In particular, I focus on the manner in which these sources understand the wilderness camp model, which serves as the primary framework for the application of the biblical purity laws. In H, we find a repeated emphasis on the danger of polluting the Tabernacle (e. g., Lev 15:31; Num 5:4; 19:13, 20). From a strict philological analysis of these sources, it becomes clear that these statements focus on the purity of the centralized sanctuary. Interestingly, this attitude finds echoes in the rabbinic view, which restricted the application of the purity laws almost exclusively to Jerusalem. In comparison, the interpretation of these verses in TS construes them as requiring purity in other cities throughout the land. The comparison of these sources and the relationship between purity and the cult establishment implied by them can serve as a basis for contextualizing them historically. This analysis can enable us to trace the development of attitudes towards purity in Israel in the periods before and after cult centralization.
The Hegemony of the Biblical in the Study of Second Temple Literature
Authors: Mroczek Eva
Published: October 2020

Despite growing recognition that early Jewish culture was far broader than the Bible, the biblical retains its hegemony in the study of early Jewish literature. Often, non-biblical materials are read either as proto-biblical, para-biblical, or biblical interpretation, assimilated into an evolutionary narrative with Bible as the telos. But ancient Jewish literature and culture are far more than proto-biblical. Through a case study of psalmic texts and Davidic traditions, this article illustrates how removing biblical lenses reveals a more vibrant picture of the resources and interests of early Jews. First, it discusses evidence showing that despite a common perception about its popularity, the “Book of Psalms” was not a concrete entity or well-defined concept in Second Temple times. Instead, we find different genres of psalm collection with widely varied purposes and contents, and a cultural consciousness of psalms as an amorphous tradition. Second, it demonstrates how David was remembered as an instructor and founder of temple and liturgy, rather than a biblical author, a notion that, despite common assumptions, is not actually attested in Hellenistic and early Roman sources. Third, it reconsiders two Hellenistic texts, 4QMMT and 2 Maccabees, key sources in the study of the canonical process that both mention writings linked with David. While their value to the study of the canon has been challenged, the assumption that they use “David” to mean “the Psalms” has remained largely unquestioned. But when we read without assuming a biblical reference, we see a new David, and the possibility that the ancient writers were alluding to other discourses associated with him – namely, his exemplary, liturgical, and calendrical legacy – that better fit their purposes. Early Jews were not marching toward the biblical finish line, but lived in a culture with diverse other traditions and concerns that cannot always be assimilated into the story of scripture. Recognizing this fact allow us to see Second Temple literature more clearly on its own terms.
Iudaica Romana
Authors: Wendt Heidi
Published: October 2020

This article situates expulsions of Jews/Judeans from Rome within a broader pattern of legislation aimed at freelance experts in foreign or otherwise novel religious teachings and practices. Such experts proliferated in the early imperial period and seem to have spurred an escalation in the frequency and severity of measures issued to suppress their activities. However, whenever Judeans appear in this context, scholars tend to attribute the incidents not to the activities of individual specialists, but to concerns about Judaism or the Roman Jewish community. In this article I argue, to the contrary, that freelance experts in Judean religion were the intended recipients of these expulsions and proscriptions, an interpretation that locates some Judeans within a salient and multi-ethnic class of activity and contributes to a more diversified picture of Judean religiosity in the first century.
“Who is Rich”?
Authors: Rosenfeld Ben Zion , Perlmutter Haim
Published: October 2020

This article analyzes the wealthy strata of Jewish society in Roman Palestine in the first centuries after the destruction of the Temple in 70 C. E. It examines the use of the term “wealthy” in Jewish literature of the time, demonstrating that the authors of this literature used it differently than modern use. “Rich” for them is primarily “not poor,” and may reflect differing levels of property possession. One level is a person who is wealthy compared to his neighbors. Another use of the word relates to those perceived to be objectively wealthy. The use of the term in the Hebrew Bible and the Second Temple literature serves as a background for discussion of its use in the New Testament and in rabbinic literature. In addition, this article surveys the archaeological finds that help to determine the various kinds of “wealth” in contemporary society. This analysis aids in our understanding of the distribution of wealth in Roman Palestine and can even serve as a paradigm for wealth distribution elsewhere in the Roman East.
A view from the Greek side
Authors: Ekroth Gunnel
Published: October 2020

This paper addresses the animal bone material from ancient Qumran, from the comparative perspective of zooarchaeological evidence recovered in ancient Greek cult contexts. The article offers an overview of the paramount importance of animal bones for the understanding of ancient Greek religion and sacrificial practices in particular, followed by a review of the Qumran material, taking as its starting point the zooarchaeological evidence and the archaeological find contexts. The methodological complications of letting the written sources guide the interpretation of the archaeological material are explored, and it is suggested that the Qumran bones are to be interpreted as remains of ritual meals following animal sacrifices, as proposed by Jodi Magness. The presence of calcined bones additionally supports the proposal that there was once an altar in area L130, and it is argued that the absence of preserved altar installations in many ancient sanctuaries cannot be used as an argument against their ever having been present. Finally, the similarities between Israelite and Greek sacrificial practices are touched upon, arguing for the advantages of a continued and integrated study of these two sacrificial systems based on the zooarchaeological evidence.
Reading Genesis Through Chronicles: The Creation of the Sons of Jacob
Authors: Tobolowsky Andrew
Published: October 2020

Scholars are increasingly aware of the dynamic nature of the interaction between the nine-chapter-long genealogy that begins the book of Chronicles and its source material. However, little attention has been paid to the role this interaction might have played in the creation of some key biblical ideas, particularly in the “eponymous imagination” of the tribes as literally the sons of Jacob. Through comparison with scholarly approaches to the pseudo-Hesiodic Catalogue of Women and an investigation into the ramifications for biblical studies of ethnic theory and historical memory on the fluidity of ethnicity and memory over time, this article seeks to reassess the dynamic power of the Chronicles genealogy as an ethnic charter for the elites of Persian Yehud. Focus on the distinctive imagination of Israel in the crucial narratives in the book of Genesis, as compared with narratives elsewhere in the primary history, and the contributions of the Chronicles genealogy to their redefinition, allows us to address the Bible’s dependence upon the lens the Chronicles genealogy imposes upon it.
Creating a Synthesis of Torah-centered and Proverbial Admonitions
Authors: Pajunen Mika S.
Published: October 2020

The article primarily deals with a textual connection between two admonitory texts 4QSapiential Admonitions B (4Q185) and 4QAdmonition on the Flood (4Q370). Beside the existence of this connection very little has been done to explore it and even the direction of the influence is still open to question. This connection will be thoroughly analyzed here, in order to appreciate fully its importance for understanding the purpose of the fragmentary individual texts and the applied editing practices. It will be shown that 4QAdmonition on the Flood was one of the main sources used in the composition of 4QSapiential Admonitions B that was radically edited (e. g., additions, omissions and recontextualizing) and combined with Proverbial wisdom traditions. The purpose of this editorial activity was to create a synthesis out of the more traditional wisdom thinking and the Torah-oriented deuteronomic parenesis, as was also done by, for example, Ben Sira in his own wisdom composition around the same time period.
Die Erkenntnisverheißung im Buch Exodus
Authors: Riecker Siegbert
Published: October 2020

The impact of the Exodus tradition on ancient Judaism has been subject of various investigations, leading to further questions about the formative and normative force (J. Assmann) of the Exodus narrative. Rather than focus on the effect of this force, this article employs a speech-act analysis of the biblical text in order to shed light on the causation of it. Following the doctrine of infelicities (J. Austin, R. Grimes), this study examines why the promise of knowledge of Yahweh by Pharaoh apparently did not succeed. Five possible points of a “happy” fulfilment of the promise can be determined. At each of these points a particular form of infelicity can be detected. 1. The guilt confessions of Pharaoh (hitch), 2. his release of the people of Israel (flaw) and even 3. the outcry of his drowning army (non-play) do not show convincing signs of knowledge. In the end, it is not 4. the people of Egypt (contagion), but 5. the Midianite Jethro (substitution), who is described as getting to know Yahweh substitutionally. It is the tenth of ten recognition formulas concerning non-Israelites that seems to provide a fitting answer to the promise of knowledge in the book of Exodus. This has consequences for the structure of the narrative as well as for the intended effect on the reader of each new generation.
Maskil among the Hellenistic Jewish Sages
Authors: Uusimäki Elisa
Published: October 2020

While the Hebrew word משכיל has multiple meanings, many of the Dead Sea Scrolls suggest that it designates a specific sage and wisdom teacher. This is indicated by diverse rule, wisdom, and liturgical texts that associate the figure with various tasks and portray him as a first-person speaker. Previous studies include insightful analyses of the Maskil as a leader in the sectarian movement. This paper aims at providing a complementary approach and exploring the wider intellectual context of this character beyond those Jews who produced, used, and collected the Qumran corpus. The following questions will be asked: How is the Maskil’s role imagined in the texts from Qumran? How does the figure embody wisdom, i. e., what kinds of exercises does he undertake to attain, perform, and/or retain his wisdom? What does his portrayal look like in comparison with other ancient data on sages? Following a survey of the Qumran corpus, the Maskil accounts are compared with descriptions of Jewish sages in selected sources that originate from the Hellenistic and early Roman era, including Qoheleth, Ben Sira, Wisdom of Solomon, and Philo of Alexandria’s texts. Finally, the evidence for the Maskil is contextualized in relation to the Greek phenomenon of philosophy, which involved the performance of spiritual exercises in the Graeco-Roman period. It will be argued that the Maskil materials are part of the ancient Mediterranean discussion on the search for wisdom and the ideal sage to be emulated.
The Population of Sepphoris
Authors: Schumer Nathan
Published: October 2020

Scholarship on early Roman Galilee has characterized the construction of the cities of Sepphoris and Tiberias during the reign of Herod Antipas as a transformative event for the region’s social and economic life. This paper questions this narrative of urbanization by reevaluating the population size of Sepphoris. It demonstrates that the population of early Roman Sepphoris ranged from 2,000–4,300 people (about half the size of previous estimates) and uses the city’s depiction in Josephus’ Vita and the Gospels to contextualize this proposed population size. A smaller Sepphoris influenced the surrounding Galilee to a lesser extent, suggesting that urbanization in early Roman Galilee was fairly moderate and not fundamentally transformative for the region. Next, the paper calculates the city’s population in the middle Roman period, arguing that Roman provincialization was the cause of Sepphoris’s demographic growth and cultural transformation after 70 C. E. The paper identifies this later period as the major moment of urbanization in Galilee.
Part of the Scene
Authors: Bloch René
Published: October 2020

This article points to the complexities of Jewish engagement with theater; thus, despite frequent condemnation of the theater by rabbis we find also more nuanced voices. The article reviews the evidence for Jewish theater attendance in ancient Palestine and the Diaspora, outlines the views on theater in the works of Philo of Alexandria and Flavius Josephus, discusses evidence for Jewish actors and actresses, and takes a look at Ezekiel’s Exagoge, the clearest case of a Jewish drama handed down from antiquity.
Tragic Elements in Josephus
Authors: Swoboda Sören
Published: October 2020

While the discussion on how to classify Josephus’ works within ancient historiography is not new and attention is increasingly being paid to the genre of “tragic history,” more recently there have been attempts to draw parallels between the Jewish War and Greek tragedy (e. g., Chapman and Feldman). Following a sociological definition of “Hellenism,” my paper argues not only that optimal conditions existed in Flavian Rome after 70 C. E. for Josephus to use in his account of the Jewish War certain elements of tragedy and that at least in reference to some aspects a bridge can be constructed from Aeschylus, Euripides and Sophocles to Josephus via the Exagoge of the Jewish tragedian Ezekiel, but also that the Jewish War, among other goals, in many ways pursues the same goal as the influential theory of the Aristotelian Poetics defined for the tragedy and that was already named by Gorgias of Leontini: Pity is to be aroused by scenes that cause horror. In discussing this theory of tragedy, which is controversial in many details and must be brought into relation with other statements by Aristotle on awakening pity, this paper presents arguments for the thesis outlined above, which is based on the observation that Josephus’ horrific representation of suffering is without parallel in the context of Greco-Roman historiography, that he embeds the motif of pity in the work in various ways, and that in the proem he himself problematizes the classification of the account as historiography by justifying the pathetic elements, which ancient historians like Polybius criticized as being only suitable for the tragedy. Of critical importance in all of this is a clear distinction between tragedy and ancient drama on the one hand and pathetic and horrible elements of ancient historiographies and tragedies on the other. With reference to the key text, Ant. 7.127–129, this paper concludes that the generally accepted intentions of the Jewish War—to sketch the Jewish people as inherently noble and for the most part not to blame for the insurrection—can in some respects also to be understood against the background of the theory of tragedy, according to which pity can only result from the staging of a suffering “tragic hero.”
Actors and Theaters, Rabbis and Synagogues
Authors: Weiss Zeev
Published: October 2020

The paper discusses the opposition of the rabbis in late antique Palestine to Roman public spectacles and their intentional incorporation of references to the theater, hippodrome, and amphitheater, and their performances, into their sermons. By speaking about these very same issues in their sermons, the rabbis essentially, and perhaps deliberately, became actors in their own communal theater – the synagogue. Based on a careful reading of the literary sources, it is argued that with the ironic use of the same tools and props employed in the theater the rabbis not only sought to condemn public entertainment, including theatrical performances, but also urged their communities to shun this leisure activity in favor of other “spectacles” more conducive and appropriate to the religious realm.
Feeding the Jerusalem Temple
Authors: Lapin Hayim
Published: October 2020

Although the Jerusalem Temple plays a central role in Jewish/Judaean society in both ancient sources and scholarly assessments, we have little direct evidence for how it functioned as an institution. Rather than work outward from the literary sources, this article works with a hypothetical model of the Temple’s minimal requirements. This approach helps to concretize the factors that we need to understand further, to identify areas where we can find substantiating or comparative evidence, and to provide a framework for critique of this and other treatments and for further research. The article presents an assessment of the economic scale of such a modeled Jerusalem Temple, suggesting that it mobilized resources comparable to those of a city, almost certainly exceeding the scale of operations of any individual enterprise. In addition, the article considers questions of provisioning a Temple operating on this scale with animals and other resources, and the local economic and social implications of sacrifice and pilgrimage for Jerusalem and its hinterland.
The Concentric Structure of the Wisdom Poem in Job 28
Authors: Henderson Ruth
Published: October 2020

The enigmatic wisdom poem of Job 28:1–28 stands apart from the rest of the book of Job in style and structure. Most read this poem in linear progression as three strophes (vv. 1–11; 15–19; 23–28) with an intervening refrain (vv. 12–14; 20–22). In this study, it is suggested that the poem has been presented in the form of a concentric or compositional ring structure, which juxtaposes arguments rather than presenting them in a linear fashion. According to this structure there are five compositional units, the centre of which holds the main point of the text (A, B, C, B1, A1). A central section (C vv. 15–19), maintains the traditional view of the supreme value of wisdom. The central unit is surrounded by two inner parallel sections each beginning with a rhetorical question concerning the location of wisdom (Sections B vv. 12–14 and B1 vv. 20–22), and two outer sections (A vv. 1–11 and A1 vv. 23–28) in which two contrasting ways of acquiring wisdom are presented: by independent human effort presented in the form of a mining metaphor (A vv. 1–11); or by contemplation of God’s omnipotent creative power and reverence for Him resulting in right behaviour (A1). Each of the major units also follows a concentric pattern.
Visual Catechism in Third-Century Mesopotamia
Authors: Gulácsi Zsuzsanna
Published: October 2020

This study explores a previously overlooked aspect of the Mesopotamian context of the synagogue at Dura-Europos. It considers the function of the Jewish murals together with that of the contemporaneous pictorial art of the Manichaeans and thus brings a fundamentally new perspective to the most famous and commented-upon aspect of the synagogue. While the archeological records of the painted synagogue are silent, various characteristics of the mid-third-century Manichaean paintings are documented in literary records, including what they portrayed and the pedagogical reasons for how and why they were used. As evidenced by Iranian, Coptic, and Syriac textual sources from between the mid 3rd and the late 4th/early 5th centuries, the founding prophet of Manichaeism, Mani (active from 240 to 274 or 277 C. E.), wrote down his teachings and commissioned visual representations of them on a solely pictorial scroll – the Book of Pictures – used for oral instructions while missionizing across greater West Asia and the East Mediterranean region. When accessed together, the available evidence demonstrates that correlations between the religious function of Durene Jewish and Sasanian Manichaean art go beyond surface similarities: they both displayed a visual library of doctrinal subjects, that is, they capture in the pictorial form a large sample of core tenets, which were also recorded in the sacred texts of their respective religions; and they both fulfilled a primarily instructional role since their scenes were sermonized about and discussed in light of living interpretations.
Psalms of Solomon as Resistance Poetry
Authors: Gordley Matthew E.
Published: October 2020

Two trends in recent scholarship provide a new set of lenses that enable contemporary readers to appreciate more fully the contents and genre of Psalms of Solomon. On the one hand, scholars such as Richard Horsley, Anathea Portier-Young, and Adela Yarbro Collins have now explored the ways in which early Jewish writers engaged in a kind of compositional resistance as they grappled with their traditions in light of the realities of oppressive empires. These approaches enable us to consider the extent to which Psalms of Solomon also may embody a kind of resistant counterdiscourse for the community in which it was edited and preserved. On the other hand, scholars within biblical studies (e. g., Hugh Page) and beyond have examined the dynamics of the poetry of resistance. Such poetry has existed in many times, places, and cultures, giving a voice to the oppressed, protecting the memory of victims, and creating a compelling vision of a possible future in which the oppression is overcome. In this article the poetry of Guatemalan poet Julia Esquivel is interwoven with Psalms of Solomon to illustrate these dynamics and to illuminate the kinds of concerns that scholars like Barbara Harlow and Caolyn Forché have highlighted within the poetry of witness. Since Psalms of Solomon has yet to be explored through these dual lenses of resistance and resistance poetry, this article examines these early Jewish psalms in light of these scholarly trends. I argue that Psalms of Solomon can be understood as a kind of resistance poetry that enabled a community of Jews in the first century B. C. E. to resist the dominant discourse of both the Roman Empire and its client king, Herod the Great. The themes of history, identity, and possibility that pervade resistance poetry in other times and places are central features of Psalms of Solomon.
Unique Jewish Funerary Practices in the Jericho Cemetery of the Second Temple Period
Authors: Hachlili Rachel
Published: October 2020

Several unique types of finds from the Jericho cemetery of the Second Temple period are the sub¬ject of this article. Among these finds are unusual inscriptions (an inscribed memorial bowl from Jericho; personal names articulated in the Goliath tomb; and an abecedary with mystical hints), funerary art (a wall painting and a nefesh, or funerary marker), and evidence for the use of wooden coffins as a form of burial. The customs exhibited at the Jewish cemetery at Jericho reveal previ¬ously unknown data that contribute significantly to our knowledge of Jewish burial practices of the Second Temple Period. In addition to addressing this archaeological evidence, the article takes up how the burial practices at this site reveal the diversity among the deceased and designated roles associated with the deceased.
The Vitae Prophetarum and the Archaeology of Jewish Burials: Exploring Class Distinctions in Early Roman Palestine
Authors: Anthony Keddie G.
Published: October 2020

Modern commentators on the Vitae Prophetarum have tended to assume that every prophet’s bur-ial in this text was considered monumental in scale. A close examination of the language used to describe each burial yields a different, more nuanced picture. Vitae Prophetarum features prophets being buried in one of three ways: in a more-or-less monumental rock-cut tomb just outside Jerusalem, in a rock-cut tomb on the prophet’s own property, or in an indistinct field grave. This typology agrees with the emerging archaeological record of socioeconomic distinctions in burial practices. Whereas Jewish elites were buried in rock-cut tombs around Jerusalem or, more modestly, on their own estates, non-elites were interred in simple trench graves. This study demonstrates that the Vitae Prophetarum corroborates this relationship between burial types and socioeconomic distinctions, placing priestly elites and landowners in rock-cut tombs but the humbler prophets in trench graves.