bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of principal components analysis to 1H‐NMR data obtained from propolis samples of different geographical origin
Authors: Watson D. G. , Peyfoon E. , Zheng L. , Lu D. , Seidel V. , Johnston B. , Parkinson J. A. , Fearnley J.
Published: July 2006

Propolis is a widely used natural remedy and a range of biological activities have been attributed to it. The chemical composition of propolis is highly variable and its quality is often controlled on the basis of one or two marker compounds. In order to progress towards a method for the quality control of this complex material, HPLC and 1H‐NMR approaches as methods of quality control have been compared. HPLC analyses of 43 samples of propolis were carried out and six marker compounds were quantified in each sample. The same samples were analysed using 1H‐NMR and the spectra were then converted into their first derivative forms and digitised using the software application MestRe‐C. The digitised data were subjected to principal component analysis using the software application Simca‐P. It was found that the chemical composition of propolis mapped well according to the geographical origins of the samples studied when the first three principal components were used to display them. In addition, each sample was assessed for anti‐oxidant activity, and the results were then overlaid onto the sample groupings according to 1H‐NMR data. It was observed that anti‐oxidant properties also mapped quite well according to geographical origin. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The determination of huperzine A in european Lycopodiaceae species by HPLC‐UV‐MS
Authors: Borloz A. , Marston A. , Hostettmann K.
Published: July 2006

A rapid qualitative HPLC‐UV‐MS method was developed for the detection of huperzine A in Lycopodiaceae species. HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry experiments allowed the identification of the alkaloid and enabled targeted analysis of complex matrices such as herbal extracts. Huperzine A was detected by single ion monitoring of the pseudomolecular ion [M + H]+ at m/z 243.2. The alkaloid was also detected on TLC in a bioautographic enzyme assay with acetylcholinesterase to show the activity of the compound. Four Lycopodiaceae species collected in Switzerland were tested by these methods and Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank et Martius was the only species found to contain huperzine A. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On‐line identiﬁcation of further flavone C‐ and O‐glycosides from sugarcane (Saccharum ofﬁcinarum L., Gramineae) by HPLC‐UV‐MS
Authors: Colombo Renata , Yariwake Janete H. , Queiroz Emerson F. , Ndjoko Karine , Hostettmann Kurt
Published: July 2006

HPLC‐UV‐MS (APCI‐MS/MS and CID/MS) was utilised for the identiﬁcation of eight additional ﬂavone glycosides from sugarcane (Saccharum ofﬁcinarum L., Gramineae) extracts of bagasse, leaves and juice (‘garapa’). Relevant information about substitution patterns was obtained through UV detection using post‐column addition of shift reagents, while tandem MS provided structural information conﬁrming the proposed structures of the C‐glycosides vitexin, orientin, luteolin‐8‐C‐(rhamnosylglucoside), 4′,5′‐dimethyl‐luteolin‐8‐C‐glycoside and the isomeric pair schaftoside–isoschaftoside, besides the O‐glycosides tricin‐7‐O‐neohesperidoside and tricin‐7‐O‐glycoside. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The concept and measurement of meaning in life in Dutch cancer patients
Authors: Jaarsma Tessa A. , Pool Grieteke , Ranchor Adelita V. , Sanderman Robbert
Published: July 2006

We investigated the psychometric properties of a Dutch translation of the Personal Meaning Profile in a heterogeneous group of cancer patients. Our study resulted in a relatively short scale consisting of 39 of the 57 original items, divided into 5 factors, labeled ‘relation with God’; ‘dedication to life’; ‘fairness of life’; ‘goal‐orientedness’ and ‘relations with other people’, which can be summed to a total score of the experience of meaning in life. The internal consistency of the total scale as well as of its sub dimensions was high. The experience of meaning in life was positively related to feelings of psychological well‐being and negatively to feelings of distress. Furthermore, the experience of meaning in life was also related to trait‐like characteristics as personality. Future research can investigate its appropriateness for other populations than cancer patients, and if and how the experience of meaning in life eventually changes as a result of existential threats. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Continuous ratings of breathlessness during exercise by children and young adults with asthma and healthy controls
Authors: Mahler Donald A. , Waterman Laurie A. , Ward Joseph , Baird John C.
Published: July 2006

Although it is recommended and common practise for adults with respiratory disease to rate symptoms (e.g., dyspnea and/or leg discomfort) during exercise testing, there are no reports on whether children can rate their perception of breathlessness during exercise. Our aims were to evaluate the ability of children and young adults with asthma to continuously rate breathlessness on the 0–10 category‐ratio (CR‐10) scale with a computerized system during cycle ergometry, and to compare their results with those of healthy subjects. At an initial visit, subjects were familiarized with equipment and exercise protocol, and practised rating breathlessness while cycling. At a follow‐up visit (2–4 days later), subjects performed incremental exercise and rated breathlessness using a computer system, mouse, and monitor. Changing the position of the mouse caused movement of a vertical bar located adjacent to the CR‐10 scale to indicate the severity of breathlessness. Baseline characteristics of the 14 subjects with asthma (age, 15 ± 3 years) and 33 healthy subjects (age, 16 ± 2 years) were similar. The two groups had comparable levels of fitness as measured by peak oxygen consumption (VO2). Correlations between exercise physiologic variables (power production, VO2, and minute ventilation) and breathlessness ratings were >0.90. Subjects reported progressively more ratings of breathlessness with increasing exercise intensities. There were no differences between groups for slopes, x‐intercepts, and absolute thresholds relating physiologic variables and breathlessness. In conclusion, children and young adults with asthma as well as healthy individuals of comparable age successfully used the computerized system to rate breathlessness continuously during cycle ergometry. Both groups reported more ratings of breathlessness with this technique as exercise progressed. Pediatr Pulmonol. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Robust Design of Fault Detection and Isolation Systems
Authors: Romano Daniele , Kinnaert Michel
Published: July 2006

Inspired by the rationale of Robust Design, a novel methodology is presented for the design of diagnostic systems for fault detection and isolation (FDI). Detection/isolation capability and robustness, i.e. sensitivity to faults and insensitivity to noise, are addressed in an integrated way within a fully stochastic framework. Although FDI is a classical problem in control engineering, this new approach improves the current state of the art both in terms of general applicability and optimality of the design solution. It demonstrates the potential of robust design in fostering innovation in a variety of technical sectors. For illustrative purposes, the methodology is applied to the design of a FDI system for a fluid mixer. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing the Hypotheses on the Fixed Effects in the Taguchi Approach with Combined Arrays
Authors: Zanella Angelo , Deldossi Laura , Cantaluppi Gabriele
Published: July 2006

The paper examines a particular aspect of robustness related to the Taguchi approach to off‐line quality control. In particular, the ‘combined array’ approach to experimental design is considered, which requires the noise factors to be reproduced as controllable factors in a laboratory or on a pilot plant level. We propose a statistical method for assessing the existence of controllable factor effects on the mean, in signifying that they are clearly distinguishable from the error random fluctuations even if there are noise factors typically affecting a response of interest in the real production or utilization of some goods. The method has recourse to a statistical test, whose percentage point, defining the acceptance/rejection regions of the hypothesis under study, is the appropriate $(1-\alpha)$ percentile of a doubly non‐central F distribution. The study of the power function of the test suggested the simplification of the latter, which is dealt with in the paper also with regard to an example of application of the proposed method. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A New Statistical Procedure to Support Industrial Research into New Product Development
Authors: Bonnini Stefano , Corain Livio , Salmaso Luigi
Published: July 2006

In recent years, the competitive context in which goods‐producing industrial companies operate has been characterized by strong dynamism and growing attention to strategies capable of maximizing customer satisfaction. In order to reach this objective, the importance of paying particular attention to the initial stages of development of a new product is widely recognized and successful companies therefore invest great resources and competences in industrial research. In this paper we propose a new statistical procedure to support the development of new, successful industrial products on the basis of their experimental performances. New product performances are modelled in a stratified one‐way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) framework and a set of non‐parametric permutation tests are applied to detect significant differences in performances from which we can obtain partial rankings and a final global ranking suitable for identifying the best product. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Customer Satisfaction in the Airline Industry: the Case of British Airways
Authors: Nicolini Giovanna , Salini Silvia
Published: July 2006

In this paper two different non‐classic methods, based on the analysis of qualitative data, are applied to evaluate customer satisfaction. The airline industry is considered with British Airways used as a case study. First, a classification algorithm based on the decision tree theory is performed. By conserving the original ordinal measuring scale for the items, it is possible to rank the dimensions in order to obtain a map of preference, select the groups of subjects more or less satisfied and delineate the peculiar characteristics of each group. Second, a probabilistic model, the Rasch model, is applied with the aim of distinguishing the two components (satisfaction and quality) that influenced the answer to each item and obtaining a numerical interval measure for both components. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reducing Conjoint Analysis Paired Comparisons Tasks by a Random Selection Procedure
Authors: Furlan Roberto , Corradetti Roberto
Published: July 2006

Since the late 1970s conjoint analysis has been applied in estimating consumer preferences in marketing research. This article focuses on paired comparisons of profile design. In particular, it discusses how to reduce the number of pairs to be presented by incomplete comparisons of attributes. First, we present the reductions offered by cyclic designs and by group‐divisible designs. Then, we show that the number of pairs to be presented can effectively be reduced by applying a random selection procedure. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Representation of the Dirac equation and the variational principle
Authors: Karwowski J. , Pestka G. , Stanke M. , Harris F. E.
Published: July 2006

The performance of the variational method applied to the Dirac equation depends on the selected representation of this equation in four‐dimensional spinor space. This dependence is analyzed. It is pointed out that the representations of Weyl and of Biedenharn have several attractive features. The usefulness of the so‐called kinetically balanced Dirac equation is also briefly discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Investigation of polyethylene helical conformations: Theoretical study by vibrational Raman optical activity
Authors: Liégeois Vincent , Quinet Olivier , Champagne Benoît
Published: July 2006

Using theoretical simulations on polyethylene segments, it is demonstrated that vibrational Raman optical activity is highly sensitive to helicity, more than the conventional Raman technique. Therefore, it can be used to probe helicity and conformations of synthetic polymers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Local minima conformations of the Sc3N @C80 endohedral complex: Ab initio quantum chemical study and suggestions for experimental verification
Authors: Yanov Ilya , Kholod Yana , Simeon Tomekia , Kaczmarek Anna , Leszczynski Jerzy
Published: July 2006

The results of an ab initio quantum chemical study of the Sc3N@C80 endohedral complex are reported. The Hartree–Fock (HF) and B3LYP levels of theory were employed in conjunction with STO‐3G and 6‐31G(d) basis sets to determine the geometry and properties of the local minima conformations of Sc3N cluster inside the C80 cage. Weak bonding between the Sc3N and C80 molecule and a number of very close geometry and nearly identical by energy local minima structures can explain the large mobility of the endohedral cluster, but complicate determination of the global minimum structure. The effect of the endohedral cluster on the vibrational spectrum of Sc3N@C80 is revealed. Based on the theoretical infrared (IR) spectra, the experimental method to distinguish local minima structures of Sc3N@C80 is proposed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Searching for the minimum energy path in the sulfuryl transfer reaction catalyzed by human estrogen sulfotransferase: Role of enzyme dynamics
Authors: Lin Ping , Yang Weitao , Pedersen Lars C. , Negishi Masa , Pedersen Lee G.
Published: July 2006

The enzymatic transfer of a sulfuryl group from the ubiquitous biological source of sulfate 3′‐phosphoadenosine 5′‐phosphosulfate (PAPS) to estrogen is investigated by the pseudo‐bond quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical method (QM/MM) method. Calculations of the reaction path are performed starting with models based on two crystal structures, which differ in information about the cofactor and substrates. In addition, a subsequent relaxation of the enzyme was performed with the found transition state frozen, followed by redetermination of the path. An activation barrier of 22 kcal/mol is estimated. The reaction mechanism features a proton transfer from the estrogen to a catalytic histidine followed by the rate determining SO3 transfer. The mechanism found is largely dissociative. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Phantom Nanoparticles as Probes of Biomolecular Interactions
Authors: Prosperi Davide , Morasso Carlo , Mantegazza Francesco , Buscaglia Marco , Hough Loren , Bellini Tommaso
Published: July 2006

A new light‐scattering‐based method to detect molecular interactions at the surface of low‐refractive‐index nanoparticles was recently proposed. Water‐dispersed nanoparticles functionalized with receptors typical of immature bacteria cell walls were used to study the activity of the antibiotic vancomycin. This method subtly depends on the specific properties of the nanoparticles. Here we discuss, by comparative experiments and through theoretical evaluation, the effects of size, refractive index, electric charge, and dilution on the reliability and accuracy of the method. Quite surprisingly, perfect index matching and minimal size (i.e., maximum surface), which is almost attained in one of the colloids here employed, do not represent the ideal conditions. Rather, we show that a nanoparticle radius of 100 nm and a refractive index slightly below that of water yields the best signal/background amplitude. We also show that repulsive interactions can lead to artifacts in the adsorption isotherm, thus indicating that electrostatic stabilization should be kept at a minimum. The close agreement between the interaction strengths, as measured with two different nanoparticle systems, testifies to the reliability of the method.
Optical Properties of ZnO Nanostructures
Authors: Djurišić Aleksandra B. , Leung Yu Hang
Published: July 2006

We present a review of current research on the optical properties of ZnO nanostructures. We provide a brief introduction to different fabrication methods for various ZnO nanostructures and some general guidelines on how fabrication parameters (temperature, vapor‐phase versus solution‐phase deposition, etc.) affect their properties. A detailed discussion of photoluminescence, both in the UV region and in the visible spectral range, is provided. In addition, different gain (excitonic versus electron hole plasma) and feedback (random lasing versus individual nanostructures functioning as Fabry–Perot resonators) mechanisms for achieving stimulated emission are described. The factors affecting the achievement of stimulated emission are discussed, and the results of time‐resolved studies of stimulated emission are summarized. Then, results of nonlinear optical studies, such as second‐harmonic generation, are presented. Optical properties of doped ZnO nanostructures are also discussed, along with a concluding outlook for research into the optical properties of ZnO.
Fibrosis in Non‐cancerous Tissue is the Unique Prognostic Factor for Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma Without Hepatitis B or C Viral Infection
Authors: Tomimaru Yoshito , Sasaki Yo , Yamada Terumasa , Eguchi Hidetoshi , Ohigashi Hiroaki , Ishikawa Osamu , Imaoka Shingi
Published: July 2006

Background:

The relationship between the state of non‐cancerous tissues in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who are negative for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb), and hepatitis C antibody (HCVAb) (NBNC‐HCC) and the prognosis has not yet been resolved.

Methods:

We examined the clinicopathological features of these patients and performed statistical analysis for the prognosis of recurrence following curative hepatic resection.

Results:

Disease‐free survival (DFS) revealed that only the degree of fibrosis was a significant prognostic factor (P = 0.0374). On the basis of the degree of fibrosis (New Inuyama Classification), patients with NBNC‐HCC were divided into a non‐fibrotic liver group (NF group; F0,n = 10) and a fibrotic liver group (FL group; F1–4,n = 34). The DFS rate in the NF group was significantly better than that in the FL group (P = 0.0408). In the NF group, only one patient recurred, while in the FL group, 21 patients had recurrences. In the FL group, intra‐hepatic recurrence was frequently seen in both lobes within 2 years after the initial hepatic resection, while recurrences more than 2 years after the initial operation were mainly seen in the contralateral lobe.

Conclusion:

Histological assessment of the degree of fibrosis in the non‐cancerous regions of NBNC‐HCC may be useful not only for the selection of the appropriate treatment but also for the prediction of postoperative prognosis.
“To Afford the Wounded Speedy Assistance”: Dominique Jean Larrey and Napoleon
Authors: Skandalakis Panagiotis N. , Lainas Panagiotis , Zoras Odyseas , Skandalakis John E. , Mirilas Petros
Published: July 2006

Dominique Jean Larrey (1766–1842) has been described as the father of modern military surgery and is considered even today as the model military surgeon. He developed a plan of rapid evacuation of wounded soldiers from the battlefield during combat, using flexible medical units which he named ambulances volantes (“flying ambulances”). He won the admiration of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821), who was amazed by the results of Larrey’s sanitary system. Larrey spent almost 18 years with Napoleon, accompanying him in 25 campaigns, 60 battles, and more than 400 engagements. Napoleon’s enormous military success was due not only to his strategy and skill but also to the medical services provided by Larrey. The surgeon became a master of wound management and limb amputation. In his vivid battlefield journals, Larrey documented the course of tetanus, the pathophysiology of cold injury, the effective control of hemorrhage, the drainage of empyema and hemothorax, the aspiration of pericardial effusion or hemopericardium, and the packing of sucking chest wounds. Larrey established a categorical rule for the triage of war casualties, treating the wounded according to the observed gravity of their injuries and the urgency for medical care, regardless of their rank or nationality.
Incurable Stenosing Colorectal Carcinoma: Endoscopic Stent Implantation or Palliative Surgery?
Authors: Ptok Henry , Marusch Frank , Steinert Ralf , Meyer Lutz , Lippert Hans , Gastinger Ingo
Published: July 2006

Background

Palliative surgery for the treatment of incurable obstructive colorectal carcinoma is associated with a considerable perioperative morbidity and mortality but no substantial improvement of the prognosis. The aim of the present study was to study the effectiveness of colorectal stenting compared with palliative surgery in incurable obstructive colorectal carcinoma.

Patients and Methods

From April 1999 to April 2005, data of consecutive patients with incurable stenosing colorectal carcinoma, either treated with stent implantation or palliative surgical intervention, were prospectively recorded with respect to age, sex, tumor location (including metastases), ASA‐score, peri‐interventional morbidity, mortality, rates of complications, and re‐interventions as well as survival.

Results

Of 40 patients, 38 (95%) were successfully treated with a stent. Two patients (5%) underwent surgical intervention after stent dislocation. In contrast, 38 patients primarily underwent palliative surgical intervention. Stent patients were significantly older (P = 0.020), had a higher ASA‐score (P = 0.012), and had more frequently distant metastases (P = 0.011). After successful stent implantation, no early complications were observed, but late complications occurred in 11 subjects (29%). Following palliative surgical intervention, postoperative complications occurred in 12 individuals (32%). Postoperative mortality was 5% in the surgery group, whereas no patient died following stent implantation. There was no significant differences in the survival of both groups (9.9 vs. 7.8 months, respectively; log rank: 0.506).

Conclusions

Palliative treatment of incurable obstructive colorectal carcinoma using stents is an effective and suitable alternative to palliative surgery with no negative impact on the survival but less peri‐interventional morbidity and mortality as well as comparable overall morbidity.
Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy for Cancer: Prospective Evaluation of Laparoscopic Gastric Mobilization
Authors: Godiris‐Petit Gaelle , Munoz‐Bongrand Nicolas , Honigman Isabelle , Cattan Pierre , Sarfati Emile
Published: July 2006

Background

Esophagectomy carries high morbidity, mainly respiratory. Minimally invasive surgery has been demonstrated to improve postoperative outcome in digestive surgery, without impairment of oncological results. A prospective study was conducted to evaluate feasibility, postoperative outcome, and mid‐term oncological results of minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) in cancer.

Methods

From July 2001 to August 2005, 25 patients underwent esophagectomy with laparoscopic gastric mobilization (LGM) for epidermoid carcinoma (n = 15) or adenocarcinoma (n = 10). Tumors were located on the cardia (n = 6), on the lower third (n = 14), or on the median third (n = 5) of the esophagus. Following LGM, transthoracic esophagectomy was performed.

Results

Complete LGM was achieved in all patients but 1. Mean operative time for LGM was 191 ± 49 minutes. Fifteen patients (60%) developed complications, mainly respiratory. Anastomotic leakage occurred in 2 patients, with a favorable outcome. Pylorospasm (n = 1) was the only intra‐abdominal complication. Median hospital stay was 18 days. Two patients died (8%). Twenty‐three patients underwent R0 resection. A mean of 12 ± 4 lymph nodes (range 4–19 nodes) were analyzed. With a mean follow‐up of 14 months (1–46 months), actuarial survival at 1 and 2 years was, respectively, 73% and 56%.

Conclusion

Esophagectomy with LGM is feasible with few specific complications. However, no decrease in morbidity and hospital stay could be observed. Mid‐term oncological results seem comparable to those of conventional surgery. Further studies are required to evaluate the extent of lymphadenectomy and the oncologic safety of MIE.
Gastric Cancer Surgery in Elderly Patients
Authors: Gretschel Stephen , Estevez‐Schwarz Lope , Hünerbein Michael , Schneider Ulrike , Schlag Peter M.
Published: July 2006

Background

To investigate the value of individual risk‐adapted therapy in geriatric patients, we performed a consecutive analysis of 363 patients undergoing potentially curative surgery for gastric cancer.

Patients and Methods

All patients underwent extensive preoperative workup to assess surgical risk. The following criteria were evaluated in 3 age groups (< 60 years, 60–75 years, and > 75 years): comorbidity, tumor characteristics, type of resection, postoperative morbidity and mortality, recurrence rate, overall survival, and disease‐free survival.

Results

There was an increased rate of comorbidity in the higher age groups (51% vs 76% vs 83%; P < 0.05). Cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases were most common. There was a decrease in the rate of both total gastrectomy (74%, 54%, 46%; P < 0.05) and D2 lymphadenectomy (78%, 53%, 31%; P <0.05). The 30‐day mortality in the 3 age groups was 0%, 1%, and 8%, respectively (P < 0.05). There was only a slight difference in tumor recurrence rate (35%, 37%, and 27%; P = 0.437), with no significant difference in 5‐year cancer‐related survival (61%, 53%, 61%; P = 0.199).

Conclusions

Patient selection and risk‐adapted surgery in elderly patients can result in acceptable therapeutic results comparable to younger patients. Limited surgery in elderly gastric cancer patients with high comorbidity does not necessarily compromise oncological outcome.
Preoperative Positron Emission Tomography with Fluorine‐18‐Fluorodeoxyglucose is Predictive of Prognosis in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Resection
Authors: Hatano Etsuro , Ikai Iwao , Higashi Tatsuya , Teramukai Satoshi , Torizuka Tatsuo , Saga Tsuneo , Fujii Hideaki , Shimahara Yasuyuki
Published: July 2006

Background:

Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) accumulate fluorine‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) to various degrees. The standardized uptake values (SUVs) of FDG‐positron emission tomography (PET) in high‐grade HCCs are significantly higher than those in low‐grade HCCs.

Aim:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible usefulness of FDG‐PET in predicting the prognosis of HCC patients after resection. We analyzed the relationship between the tumor to non‐tumor SUV ratios (SUV ratio) and surgical outcome in 31 patients.

Results:

Of the 31 cases of HCC studied, seven (23%) exhibited SUV ratios greater than 2, as the cutoff value. The percentage of patients with poorly differentiated HCC was greater in the higher SUV ratio group (SUV ratio >2) than in the lower SUV ratio group (SUV ratio <2) (57 vs. 32%). The overall survival was significantly longer in the lower SUV ratio group than in the higher SUV ratio group (5‐year‐survival rate: 63 vs. 29% P = 0.006) (median survival time: 2310 vs.182 days).

Conclusion:

The SUV ratio was related significantly to disease‐related death as well as other predictive factors, including the number of tumors, the size, stage, and involvement of vessels, and the involvement of the capsule. Consequently, we conclude that the SUV ratio provides information of prognostic relevance in patients with HCC before surgery.
DRD2/DARPP‐32 Expression Correlates with Lymph Node Metastasis and Tumor Progression in Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Li Li , Miyamoto Masaki , Ebihara Yuma , Mega Seiji , Takahashi Ryo , Hase Ryunosuke , Kaneko Hiroyuki , Kadoya Masatoshi , Itoh Tomoo , Shichinohe Toshiaki , Hirano Satoshi , Kondo Satoshi
Published: July 2006

Background

Dopamine receptors (DRs) are members of seven transmembrane domain trimeric guanosine 5’‐triphosphate (GTP)‐binding protein‐coupled receptor family. Through dopamine receptor activation, dopamine plays a significant role in regulating gene expression, such as induced tumor cell migration.

Materials and Methods

We investigated DRD1 and DRD2 expressions in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) for immunohistochemistry and analyzed differences between DRD1, DRD2, and DARPP‐32 expressions of clinicopathological features in 122 patients with ESCC.

Results

DRD1 immunostaining correlated with the pathologic grade (P = 0.0127), and DRD2 immunostaining correlated with the pathologic stage (P = 0.0432) and pN classification (P = 0.0112). A significant correlation was found between DRD1 and DRD2 expression (P = 0.0292). However, no correlation was observed between DRD1/DRD2 expression and DARPP‐32 expression (P = 0.4555 and 0.4774, respectively). No correlation was observed between the DRD1/DRD2 expression and patient prognosis. To find the cooperative role between DRD1, DRD2, and DARPP‐32 expressions, patients were classified into the different groups. In the DRD2/DARPP‐32 combination, the (+/−) group was significantly correlated with pathologic stage (P = 0.0006), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.0001), pT (P = 0.0287), and tumor size (P = 0.0202). Moreover, patients with this combination showed a lower survival rate compared with the other three groups (P = 0.0287).

Conclusions

We conclude that DRD2/DARPP‐32 expression is associated with tumor progression and that DRD2/DARPP‐32 expressions may help predict prognosis in patients with ESCC.
Outcomes of Surgery for Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms of the Pancreas
Authors: Fujino Yasuhiro , Suzuki Yasuyuki , Yoshikawa Takuro , Ajiki Tetsuo , Ueda Takashi , Matsumoto Ippei , Kuroda Yoshikazu
Published: July 2006

Background

Our objective was to evaluate outcomes of surgery for intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas (IPMN) in terms of the clinicopathological features.

Methods

Fifty‐seven patients with IPMN were examined using clinicopathological analyses to evaluate appropriate surgical treatment, including total pancreatectomy (TP). IPMN was classified into two types: main‐duct type (MD, n = 33) and branch‐duct type (BD, n = 24).

Results

Ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT) examinations easily revealed the main site of the lesions. Intraoperative US was the most useful device for diagnosis of lateral spreading, and accuracy rates were 74% for MD and 96% for BD. TP was performed on 16 patients and was appropriate for removing neoplastic lesions with malignancy or malignant potential in 12. Three patients who underwent partial pancreatectomy with involved cancer died of progressive disease. MD is a strong predictive factor in malignancy and indicative of TP. Concerning long‐term outcomes, 5 of 16 patients suffered from severe hypoglycemia, and 2 of 16 died from this condition.

Conclusion

Partial resection with cancer clearance was applied for BD‐type IPMN. TP should be performed on selected patients with MD‐type IPMN.
Binding Studies of Bile Acids using the Native Fluorescence of the Tryptophan Residue Of Bax Protein
Authors: Zhang Wei , Steer Clifford J. , Douglas Kenneth T. , Rodrigues Cecilia M. P.
Published: July 2006

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and its taurine-conjugate, tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), play a unique role in modulating the apoptotic threshold in cells. The mechanism is thought to involve, in part, inhibition of translocation for Bax from the cytosol to mitochondria. Here, we attempted to use the native fluorescence of the tryptophan residues of Bax to determine whether bile acids bind directly to recombinant Bax protein. The results showed that UDCA had no effect on the tryptophan fluorescence of Bax. Similarly, there was no evidence of direct binding between Bax protein and the more hydrophobic bile acid, deoxycholic acid (DCA). In contrast, the fluorescence change detected for Bax solution titrated against TUDCA in dimethylsulfoxide was greater than that observed with solvent alone. In conclusion, data from fluorescence spectroscopy does not support a direct interaction of UDCA or DCA with Bax protein, whereas it suggests that there may be some potential interaction with TUDCA.
What Do We Tell the Children? Contrasting the Disclosure Choices of Two HD Families Regarding Risk Statusand Predictive Genetic Testing
Authors: Holt Kathryn
Published: July 2006

Above all else, predictive genetic testing provides information. Gaining insight into the psychosocial effects of this information is a primary goal of genetic counseling. For individuals utilizing predictive genetic testing, the acquisition of genetic information requires choices regarding disclosure within the family. This study uses a phenomenological methodology to explore the contrasting choices of two sets of HD parents regarding the disclosure of genetic risk status to their children. Additionally, the children (now adults) discuss their lived experience growing up with contrasting disclosure dynamics, and their current views regarding the use of predictive genetic testing for themselves. The primary finding of this study is that all of the adult children now express preference for early disclosure of genetic risk and an open/supportive communication style regarding HD. This finding has value for clinicians working with HD families who must make decisions regarding disclosure issues related to predictive genetic testing.
An experimental system to study ecophysiological responses of submerged macrophytes to temperature and light
Authors: Imamoto Hiroomi , Horiya Kenji , Yamasaki Mitsuo , Washitani Izumi
Published: July 2006

An experimental growth system was devised to study the ecophysiological responses of submerged macrophytes to temperature and light. Using the system, a pilot study was conducted to compare responses to light of three representative species common to the littoral zone of Lake Biwa: Vallisneria asiatica Miki var. biwaensis Miki, which is endemic to Japan, Potamogetonmaackianus A. Benn., a dominant submerged macrophyte in Lake Biwa, and Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) St. John, one of the most influential submerged exotic macrophytes naturalized in Japan. Different relative growth rate responses and other growth parameters among the species were observed. We ascertained the experimental system to be useful for the comparison of ecophysiological responses of submerged macrophytes.
Logistic Approximation to the Normal: The KL Rationale
Authors: Savalei Victoria
Published: July 2006

A rationale is proposed for approximating the normal distribution with a logistic distribution using a scaling constant based on minimizing the Kullback-Leibler (KL) information, that is, the expected amount of information available in a sample to distinguish between two competing distributions using a likelihood ratio (LR) test, assuming one of them is true. The new constant 1.749, computed assuming the normal distribution is true, yields an approximation that is an improvement in fit of the tails of the distribution as compared to the minimax constant of 1.702, widely used in item response theory (IRT). The minimax constant is by definition marginally better in its overall maximal error. It is argued that the KL constant is more statistically appropriate for use in IRT.
On the Asymptotic Distribution of Pearson’s X2 in Cross-Validation Samples
Authors: Joe Harry , Maydeu-Olivares Albert
Published: July 2006

In categorical data analysis, two-sample cross-validation is used not only for model selection but also to obtain a realistic impression of the overall predictive effectiveness of the model. The latter is of particular importance in the case of highly parametrized models capable of capturing every idiosyncracy of the calibrating sample. We show that for maximum likelihood estimators or other asymptotically efficient estimators Pearson’s X2 is not asymptotically chi-square in the two-sample cross-validation framework due to extra variability induced by using different samples for estimation and goodness-of-fit testing. We propose an alternative test statistic, X2xval, obtained as a modification of X2 which is asymptotically chi-square with C - 1 degrees of freedom in cross-validation samples. Stochastically, X2xval≤ X2. Furthermore, the use of X2 instead of X2xval with a χ2C - 1 reference distribution may provide an unduly poor impression of fit of the model in the cross-validation sample.
Interactions of Synphilin‐1 with phospholipids and lipid membranes
Authors: Takahashi Tetsuya , Yamashita Hiroshi , Nagano Yoshito , Nakamura Takeshi , Kohriyama Tatsuo , Matsumoto Masayasu
Published: July 2006

Synphilin‐1 is an α‐synuclein binding protein that is involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. The present study investigated the phospholipid‐binding capacity of Synphilin‐1. The C‐terminus of Synphilin‐1 was found to selectively bind to acidic phospholipids, including phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylglycerol, but not to naturally charged phospholipids. Synphilin‐1 was targeted to cytoplasmic lipid droplets in mammalian cells. The amino acid sequence 610–640 was found to represent the primary determinant site for phospholipid binding. Moreover, the R621C mutation identified in Parkinson's disease abolished Synphilin‐1 association with lipid droplets. The lipophilicity of Synphilin‐1 might prove relevant to its physiologic function.
Comparative pharmacology and cloning of two novel arachnid sodium channels: Exploring the adaptive insensitivity of scorpion to its toxins
Authors: Zuo Xiao-Pan , He Hui-Qiong , He Ming , Liu Zhi-Rui , Xu Qing , Ye Jian-Guo , Ji Yong-Hua
Published: July 2006

Scorpion toxins have been found lacking effect on Na+ current of its own sodium channel, whereas the molecular mechanism remains mystery. In this study, the binding affinity of pharmacologically distinct scorpion toxins was found much weaker to scorpion (Buthus martensii) nerve synaptosomes than to spider (Ornithoctonus huwena) ones. The sodium channel cDNA from these two species were further cloned. The deduced proteins contain 1871 and 1987 amino acids respectively. Several key amino acid substitutions, i.e., A1610V, I1611L and S1617K, are found in IVS3–S4 constituting receptor site‐3, and for receptor site‐4, two residues (Leu‐Pro) are inserted near IIS4 of scorpion sodium channel.
Exopolysaccharides of Pantoea agglomerans have different priming and eliciting activities in suspension‐cultured cells of monocots and dicots
Authors: Ortmann Imke , Conrath Uwe , Moerschbacher Bruno M.
Published: July 2006

Induced disease resistance of plants is often associated with an enhanced capacity to activate cellular defense responses to pathogen attack, named the “primed” state of the plant. Exopolysaccharides of Pantoea agglomerans have recently been reported as the first priming active component of bacterial origin in wheat cells. We now show that Pantoea exopolysaccharides also prime rice cells for better elicitation of a rapid oxidative burst. In contrast, in tobacco and parsley cell cultures Pantoea exopolysaccharides activate the oxidative burst response directly. Our results point to a different recognition and/or mode of action of Pantoea exopolysaccharides in monocot and dicot plants.
Neuronal damage and changes in the expression of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes in the neonatal rat cerebral cortical upon exposure to sparteine, a quinolizidine alkaloid
Authors: Flores‐Soto M.E. , Bañuelos‐Pineda J. , Orozco‐Suárez S. , Schliebs R. , Beas‐Zárate C.
Published: July 2006

Sparteine is a quinolizidine alkaloid (QA) produced by Lupine species that has generated much interest due to its anti‐hypertensive, anti‐pyretic, and anti‐inflammatory properties. In the nervous system, sparteine has been shown to display anti‐cholinergic and depressive activity, although how sparteine exerts its toxic effects in the brain remains unclear. We have addressed this issue by administering subcutaneous injections of sparteine (25 mg/kg of body weight) to rats on postnatal days 1 and 3, and then examining the expression of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) subunits m1–m4 in the brains of the neonatal rats 14–60 days later. Administration of sparteine to neonatal rats caused neuronal damage in the cerebral motor cortex accompanied by transient changes in the expression of m1–m4 mAChR subunits as revealed by both RT‐PCR and Western blotting. This effect could be prevented by pre‐treatment with atropine (10 mg/kg) 1 h prior to the injection of sparteine, suggesting that the cytotoxic activity of sparteine is mediated through mAChRs.
“Good obstetrics” revisited: Too many evidence‐based practices and devices are not used
Authors: Fauveau V. , de Bernis L.
Published: July 2006

Introduction: As countries are designing and implementing strategies to address maternal and newborn mortality and morbidity (Millennium Development Goals 5 and 4), it appears that a large number of evidence‐based obstetric practices are not used in many settings, and this is a major obstacle to the improvement of quality obstetric care. Objectives: To remind readers of the existing, relatively easy‐to‐implement, evidence‐based interventions that are currently not being universally applied in obstetric care and, second, to foster research to expand the evidence base further for obstetric care practices and devices, especially those that could be used in resource‐poor settings. Methods: We review possible reasons why changes into practices are difficult to obtain, and we list the key evidence‐based interventions known to effectively deal with the main obstetric complications, with supporting references and sources of documentation. We also list some promising interventions that require more research before being recommended. Conclusion: Professionals and health services managers have a crucial role in producing the best quality obstetric and neonatal care through implementing the listed evidence‐based interventions and make them accessible to all pregnant women and their newborns without delay, even in poor settings. Reasons for which progress is slow should be addressed. One of these reasons being the lack of access to scientific knowledge from the part of professionals in developing countries, we give the key references and also websites which are freely accessible through the Internet. It is hoped that this paper will stimulate the discussion on the dissemination and use of good obstetric practices, and contribute to better maternal and newborn health.
Komorbidität organisch und nichtorganisch bedingter psychischer Störungen
Authors: Bodenburg Sebastian , Koenig Stefanie
Published: July 2006

Zusammenfassung. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass psychische Störungen, die durch eine unmittelbare Hirnsubstanzschädigung bedingt sind, gemeinsam mit weiteren psychischen Störungen bei Patienten mit erworbenen Hirnschädigungen auftreten, ist aufgrund der jeweiligen Häufigkeitsraten groá. Es wird eine Patientin vorgestellt, die infolge einer Schädelhirnverletzung an Aufmerksamkeits- und Exekutivfunktionsstörungen litt. Nach Entlassung aus der stationären Behandlung entwickelte die vor dem Unfall psychisch gesunde Patientin Angststörungen und eine Depression, die nicht durch die physikalisch-mechanische Hirnsubstanzschädigung bedingt sein konnten. Die komorbiden psychischen Störungen erforderten nicht nur den Einsatz neuropsychologischer und modifizierter verhaltenstherapeutischer Interventionen, sondern auch den mehrfachen Wechsel beider Interventionsformen während der Behandlung. Es wird dargelegt, dass die Behandlung aus “einer Hand” zu einem erfolgreichen Behandlungsoutcome führte, da erst die Berücksichtigung der durch die physikalisch-mechanische Hirnsubstanzschädigung bedingten psychischen Störungen in der Therapieplanung eine Besserung auch der Ängste und der Depression möglich machte. Gleichzeitig wurde die Auftretenswahrscheinlichkeit von Komplikationen bei dieser besonderen Störungskonstellation vermindert.
Prävalenz hyperkinetischer Symptome und Störungen im Vorschulalter - ein Vergleich zweier Diagnoseinstrumente
Authors: Kuschel Annett , Ständer Dagmar , Bertram Heike , Heinrichs Nina , Naumann Sebastian , Hahlweg Kurt
Published: July 2006

Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: Das Hauptziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Klärung der Frage, wie hoch die Prävalenzraten von Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörungen (ADHS) bzw. hyperkinetischer Symptome bei drei- bis sechsjährigen Kindergartenkindern sind. Dabei wird ein Vergleich der Prävalenzraten mittels zweier unterschiedlicher Messinstrumente vorgenommen sowie deren Gütekriterien und Übereinstimmungsraten berichtet. Methodik: Untersucht wurden im Rahmen des Forschungsprojekts «Zukunft Familie» N = 280 Kinder im Alter zwischen 3 und 6 Jahren mit dem Elternfragebogen über das Verhalten von Klein- und Vorschulkindern (CBCL 11/2-5; Achenbach & Rescorla, 2000 ) und dem für diese Altersgruppe leicht modifizierten Fremdbeurteilungsbogen für Hyperkinetische Störungen (FBB-HKS; Döpfner & Lehmkuhl, 1998 ). Ergebnisse: Die Gesamtprävalenzraten für hyperkinetische Störungen bei Kindergartenkindern liegen zwischen 2.7% und 9.9%, wobei am häufigsten eine Diagnose überwiegend hyperaktiv-impulsiver Typ vergeben wurde. Es zeigten sich keine signifikanten Geschlechtsunterschiede. Nur jedes vierte Kind mit einer DSM-IV-Diagnose im FBB-HKS bekommt diese auch in der CBCL zugewiesen. Schlussfolgerungen: Für den deutschen Sprachraum liefert die Studie erste Erkenntnisse und Entscheidungshilfen zum Einsatz neuer Verfahren in der Diagnostik von Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörungen und hyperkinetischer Auffälligkeiten im Vorschulalter. Abschließend werden die Ergebnisse und deren Implikationen vor allem für die epidemiologische Forschung und Prävention hyperkinetischer Verhaltensauffälligkeiten diskutiert.
Schwere frühkindliche Zwangsstörung - Kasuistik eines 4-jährigen Mädchens
Authors: Renner Tobias , Walitza Susanne
Published: July 2006

Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: Nur sehr selten werden Zwangsstörungen unter einem Alter von 6 Jahren diagnostiziert. Die Möglichkeit von Diagnose und Behandlung einer Zwangsstörung mit Beginn im frühen Kindesalter ist Gegenstand der Kasuistik. Methodik: Kasuistisch wird ein 4-jähriges Mädchen vorgestellt, welches zum Zeitpunkt der stationären Aufnahme im Alter von vier Jahren ausgeprägte Zwangshandlungen aufwies. Die Einschränkungen im Lebensalltag waren für Kind und Eltern gravierend. Ergebnis: Das Mädchen litt familiär und außerfamiliär an Symmetrie- und Ordnungszwängen in extremen Ausmaß und zeigte sehr starken Leidensdruck. Eine verhaltenstherapeutische stationäre Behandlung ohne Medikation konnte die Symptomatik deutlich reduzieren. Während des Aufenthaltes erfolgten eine intensive Elternberatung und deren Einbeziehung in die Therapie. Es gelang dem Kind die Wiederaufnahme von altersadäquaten Aktivitäten sowie die Wiedereingliederung in Familie und Kindergarten. Schlussfolgerung: Bereits im Alter von 4 Jahren kann das Vollbild einer Zwangserkrankung vorliegen. Für die Diagnose eines solchen «very early onset» sind die Diagnosekriterien von ICD-10 und DSM-IV anwendbar. Die verhaltenstherapeutischen Prinzipien sind auch für diese frühe Manifestation der Zwangsstörung effektiv. Besondere Bedeutung kommt der co-therapeutischen Einbeziehung der Eltern zu.