bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Versatile on-chip light coupling and (de)multiplexing from arbitrary polarizations to controlled waveguide modes using an integrated dielectric metasurface
Authors: Meng Yuan , Liu Zhoutian , Xie Zhenwei , Wang Ride , Qi Tiancheng , Hu Futai , Kim Hyunseok , Xiao Qirong , Fu Xing , Wu Qiang , Bae Sang-Hoon , Gong Mali , Yuan Xiaocong
Published: January 2020

Metasurfaces have found broad applicability in free-space optics, while its potential to tailor guided waves remains barely explored. By synergizing the Jones matrix model with generalized Snell’s law under the phase-matching condition, we propose a universal design strategy for versatile on-chip mode-selective coupling with polarization sensitivity, multiple working wavelengths, and high efficiency concurrently. The coupling direction, operation frequency, and excited mode type can be designed at will for arbitrary incident polarizations, outperforming previous technology that only works for specific polarizations and lacks versatile mode controllability. Here, using silicon-nanoantenna-patterned silicon-nitride photonic waveguides, we numerically demonstrate a set of chip-scale optical couplers around 1.55 μm, including mode-selective directional couplers with high coupling efficiency over 57% and directivity about 23 dB. Polarization and wavelength demultiplexer scenarios are also proposed with 67% maximum efficiency and an extinction ratio of 20 dB. Moreover, a chip-integrated twisted light generator, coupling free-space linear polarization into an optical vortex carrying

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orbital angular momentum (OAM), is also reported to validate the mode-control flexibility. This comprehensive method may motivate compact wavelength/polarization (de)multiplexers, multifunctional mode converters, on-chip OAM generators for photonic integrated circuits, and high-speed optical telecommunications.
Strong mechanical squeezing in an optomechanical system based on Lyapunov control
Authors: Xiong Biao , Li Xun , Chao Shi-Lei , Yang Zhen , Zhang Wen-Zhao , Zhang Weiping , Zhou Ling
Published: January 2020

We propose a scheme to generate strong squeezing of a mechanical oscillator in an optomechanical system through Lyapunov control. Frequency modulation of the mechanical oscillator is designed via Lyapunov control. We show that the momentum variance of the mechanical oscillator decreases with time evolution in a weak coupling case. As a result, strong mechanical squeezing is realized quickly (beyond 3 dB). In addition, the proposal is immune to cavity decay. Moreover, we show that the obtained squeezing can be detected via an ancillary cavity mode with homodyne detection.
Cartografia, turismo e propaganda: o mapa ROTEP do Entre Douro e Minho, 1959.
Authors: Moreira Luís Miguel
Published: January 2020

Desde cedo, a prática de viajar vinculou-se ao uso de mapas e, se numa fase inicial, eram usados mapas gerais de ampla circulação comercial, à medida que o Turismo se generalizou, surgiu um novo tipo de mapa mais específico: os mapas turísticos. Mais do que a representação cartográfica/geográfica do espaço, estes mapas, pelas suas características iconográficas e pictóricas, constituem uma forma de construção e de promoção de identidades territoriais. Neste sentido, constituem objetos do discurso propagandístico veiculado pelas autoridades responsáveis, tal como se constata na análise ao mapa do Entre Douro e Minho editado pela Rotep.
Una revisión de los estudios sobre las discapacidades en el aprendizaje a través del análisis de contenidos
Authors: Uzunboylu Huseyin , Oz Aysegul Sukran
Published: January 2020

La discapacidad en el aprendizaje está asociada con la incapacidad para hablar, escuchar, razonar, leer o escribir o con los problemas con las habilidades aritméticas y matemáticas; además, su prevalencia ha aumentado notablemente entre los niños en edad escolar, especialmente en los últimos años. Este estudio tiene como objetivo determinar la situación actual y las tendencias en la investigación sobre la discapacidad en el aprendizaje a través del análisis de contenidos. Se ha utilizado el análisis de contenido como método de investigación cualitativa. Los datos del estudio se obtuvieron de Web of Science utilizando las palabras clave “learning disability”. Para analizar los datos obtenidos se utilizaron criterios de análisis de contenido previamente determinados. Estos criterios incluían el año de publicación, el tipo de documento, la organización, los organismos de financiación, los autores, el nombre de la revista, el país, el idioma y el área de investigación de las investigaciones. Los datos se analizaron y se proporcionaron con frecuencia y porcentajes y se mostraron con tablas y gráficos. Los resultados se presentan en detalle con referencia a la literatura anterior y se proporcionan recomendaciones para investigaciones y prácticas adicionales.
Latin America: Reduced S&T Investment Puts Sustainable Development at Risk
Authors: Bolaños-Villegas Pablo , Cabrerizo Franco , Brown Federico , Zancan Patricia , Barrera John F. , González-Muñoz Pablo A. , Grecco Hernán , Kalergis Alexis , Paula-Lima Andrea , Vargas-Balda Ronald , Gittens Rolando , López Vergès Sandra , Wilson Christian
Published: January 2020

Latin America is home to more than 600 million people and has considerable natural and human resources. However, investment in science and technology (S&T) lags far behind that in developed countries. This gap represents a barrier to the development of economies based on knowledge and hampers the region's ability to tackle environmental and social problems. This lack of investment is evident in the extreme case of Venezuela, where much of the science workforce has fled economic chaos, but also in every Latin American country, including science powers such as Brazil and Argentina, where federal budgets in science, technology and education have been drastically reduced in recent years. Investments in S&T foster cooperation, commerce and good will and enhance resilience in the face of environmental and social turmoil. Therefore, scientists must start to actively engage governments and encourage long-term spending in S&T to support the development of Latin American societies.
A Jump Start
Authors: Townsend Sylvia
Published: January 2020

This chapter details the finding of a home for the film, and describes contracts signed and last-minute preparations. Universal Studios had set up a youth unit to attract younger audiences, and the unit’s executives, Ned Tanen and Daniel Selznick, gave the green light to Two-Lane Blacktop. Executives higher up had reservations about the filmmakers’ long hair and how they would be perceived in Southern states and were concerned about the filmmakers’ ability to shoot entirely on location while travelling across country. Universal’s attorneys were concerned about 17-year-old Laurie Bird playing nude scenes described in the script. Not only would Bird, Monte Hellman’s girlfriend, come along and play the heroine, but his wife would join the travelling set and serve as dialogue coach to the three untrained lead actors. They were hippies, but producer Michael Laughlin foresaw trouble (and he and the studio suits turned out to be right).
The Wreck
Authors: Townsend Sylvia
Published: January 2020

This chapter, about Two-Lane Blacktop’s post-production and release, relates how Monte Hellman cut together a European-style, slow-paced film. Esquire magazine had put the movie on its cover, calling it “the movie of the year,” and raising expectations. Universal executives ask for a more traditional ending and want James Taylor to sing in the movie or at least contribute a tune to the soundtrack, but Hellman refuses to budge. Preview audiences are confused by the film, and Universal doesn’t market the movie to people who actually would appreciate it. Audiences at theatres, who expect another fast-paced Easy Rider, are disappointed and reviews are mixed. Hellman blames the failure on Universal’s animosity to the film and excessive publicity, and others blame Hellman for using untrained actors, failing to use a finger-snapping soundtrack and making the film too slow and quiet for American audiences.
The Finish Line: The Film Catches Fire
Authors: Townsend Sylvia
Published: January 2020

Two-Lane Blacktop becomes a cult classic, honoured with inclusion in the National Film Registry and released by the prestigious Criterion Collection. This chapter features interviews with some directors who say Monte Hellman and his most famous movie influenced their work – Kelly Reichardt, Richard Linklater and Wes Anderson. Reichardt says she admires the film’s rigor, construction and realism. Linklater says he likes the movie because it defies expectations, and he has paid tribute to it in some of his films by featuring a GTO. Anderson says he admires the film because it is like a genre movie with the genre taken out. This chapter also features interviews with musicians who have paid tribute to the film, one with a mock soundtrack album, and the other with a video remake. Many hip young people think Two-Lane Blacktop is cool.
Introduction
Authors: Ryan Tom
Published: January 2020

An overview of Sirk’s methods and concerns and of the critical response to his work between the 1960s and the present day. Also includes details of his personal life in Germany and America and an account of my meetings with him.
Detlef Sierck in Europe
Authors: Ryan Tom
Published: January 2020

Detailed analysis and contextualisation of Sirk’s work in Germany, when he was employed by UFA studios during Hitler’s rise to power. And afterwards, when he worked elsewhere in Europe, prior to his flight to America.
The Uncomfortable Comedies
Authors: Ryan Tom
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the subversive aspects of Sirk’s comedies, especially regarding the ways in which their emphasis is on the situation rather than the resolution, on the problems that divide the characters rather than on the contrivances that suggest that all will be well after the final credits have rolled.
Hollywood, Rock Hudson, and the Idea of the Hero
Authors: Ryan Tom
Published: January 2020

Like his better-known work, these adventure films point to Sirk’s love affair with American populist art, which he took very seriously. All are genre films about men who find themselves in positions of leadership in times of turmoil, characters whom one might conventionally regard as heroes. And they’re all played by Rock Hudson who brings to them a distinct and very human vulnerability.
Sirk, the Family Melodrama, and the Production Code
Authors: Ryan Tom
Published: January 2020

For Sirk, all that the Motion Picture Production Code disallowed served as a stimulus to creativity, a challenge he didn’t exactly welcome but that turned out to be beneficial. His melodramas about families and would-be lovers become tales of ideological entrapment, of characters locked behind bars that they can’t see and so can’t escape.
Postscript
Authors: Ryan Tom
Published: January 2020

“Although Sirk is uncredited on Never Say Goodbye and disowned the movie, he did work on it, and there are so many similarities and points of reference in it to other Sirk movies, both thematically and emotionally, I feel it should be counted [as part of his work].”...
Out of the Past
Authors: Ryan Tom
Published: January 2020

Two of Sirk’s last three films were driven by the experiences of earlier times. The Tarnished Angels, adapted from William Faulkner’s Pylon, was a project he’d originally planned to make at UFA; A Time to Love and a Time to Die is a drama about Germany in a state of collapse towards the end of World War II and tells a story that was very close to Sirk’s heart. Both provide evidence of a filmmaker working at the peak of his art.
Souths as Prologues: Indigeneity, Race, and the Temporalities of Land; or, Why I Can’t Read William Faulkner
Authors: Byrd Jodi A.
Published: January 2020

Reading Faulkner as a Chickasaw scholar can, at times, be disorienting in the juxtapositions of history, remembrance, family, and fiction; the experience itself relocates and displaces as much as it coheres a sense of the past or of a place. Mired in the scenes of settlement, Faulkner’s world-building helped set into motion contradictory and cacophonous discourses of blackness, whiteness, and indigeneity in the American South, and in doing so, provided the imaginative terrains through which we continue think about the intersections of slavery and colonialism. Taking up Absalom, Absalom! alongside critical work in indigenous studies, black feminism, and queer of color critique, this chapter will consider how indigeneity interrupts the temporalities and spatialities that are often taken for granted in how we understand the South as prologue for race in America.
“Land! Hold On! Just Hold On!”
Authors: Caison Gina
Published: January 2020

This essay interrogates William Faulkner’s “Old Man” section of The Wild Palms (1939), with its depiction of the 1927 flood, alongside Houma filmmaker Monique Verdin’s documentary My Louisiana Love (2012), which recounts Hurricane Katrina and the BP oil spill, to examine the ways that the two texts present ecological disaster in the Native South. In many cases, Faulkner takes liberties and makes mistakes in his use of Native history, but to catalogue his successes or failures means to remain fixed upon Faulkner’s tapestry alone, imagining that the “Native” runs through his fictional Yoknapatawpha like a single thread. Rather, this essay examines the ways in which Faulkner’s work forms part of a larger fabric of a region still deeply imbued with the concerns of indigenous land claim and how contemporary Indigenous artists represent this landscape.
Introduction: Familial Fallacies
Authors: Honeyman Susan
Published: January 2020

Perils of Protection utilizes literary and historical parallels to identify a deep structure of protectionism that, through a history of privatizing childhood, has infact left minors increasingly isolated indwindling (and sometimes none xistent) social units such as "nuclear family," vulnerable to multiple in justices made possible by eroded or unrecognized participatory rights. Tracing the ideologies used to rationalize protective encroachment on child participation, the author links these shifts to premise shidden but in herent to industrial modernization, privatized property, and the nuclearized family. This pattern of oppressivelogic will be exposed in the varied contexts of "women and children first "policy in ship wrecks, geographic restriction through enclosing child spaces, abandonment practices, censorship, and medical consent. The authoral so highlights pervasivemotifs of chivalry, fragility, and manipulation through containment: ships in bottles, enclosures, islands, babies in boxes, baskets, playpens, and the "prison-houses" of language and pretense.
No Child Is an Island
Authors: Honeyman Susan
Published: January 2020

This chapter turn sattention to the shrinking territory young people are permitted to roam in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, due to protection is teliding of participation. "Islanding" in 1920s and 1930s comic strips and later Robins on adesis contextualized with in analysis of protections. By the twenty-first century the sentimentalized suppression of youth was fascinatingly demonstrated by the popularity and corporate sponsorship of competitive teensailors attempting global circumnavigation, as well as a corresponding protectionist legal and media backlash. In the failure of Abby Sunder land's global venture (with much parent-blaming) and Laura Dekker's success (inspite of immensepersecution from child protectionists), the author considers these subtler consequences of protectionist premises.
Babies in Boxes
Authors: Honeyman Susan
Published: January 2020

This chapter will setup a temporal contrast for twenty-first-century tendencies by reaching further into a generalized past, beginning with folklore and traditions of child a bandonment and adoption, to connect and compare them with familiar modern parallels like baby boxes and foster care, reflected more lightly in 1920s comic-strips like Frank King's Gasoline Alley (1918-1959), Elzie Segar's Thimble Theatre (1919-1938), and Harold Gray's Little Orphan Annie (1924-1968). Woven in with "real world" examples will be representations from popular narratives like Pullman's Golden Compass (1995) and Neal Shusterman's Unwind (2007). This chapter should setup recognition of ways in which participation was actually greater forsome children before industrialization peaked, revealing through contrast adominant modern motif of child containment.
A Last Note on the Nuclear Family
Authors: Honeyman Susan
Published: January 2020

Against confining practices, young persons have always demonstrated ademocratic capacity that needs not only to be expressed, but exercised at will. Ending on a positive note with one fictional model of a radical peer public from Louise Fitzhugh's Nobody's Family is Going to Change, the conclusion reasserts that children should have the right to a public and participatory identity. Children can form fair, self-governing youth publics when given the chance. We, as the public, need to stepup in providing community connections as well as greater collective support forchildcare beyond the traditional nuclear family.
Fishing with Purpose: The Big Stories
Authors: Groth Charlie
Published: January 2020

This chapter is the first of four chapters that set up a folk narrative typography: Big Stories; character anecdotes; microlegends; and everyday storying. It begins with a definition of “Big Stories” and its relationship to “myth” and “theme.” The chapter overviews the thematic content of the Big Stories at work on Lewis Island: tradition, environment, civility and community (including sharing the island), springtime, and the island as a sacred, spiritual place. It also covers how big stories are told in different situations during fishing, on the island, and at other times and places, including through the media. Some telling is not only performed, but also enacted: for example, through the sales method which redistributes fish equitably; in hosting visitors to watch fireworks on the river, and other ways which sharing the island rides the line between private and public property. Chapter 2 also discusses how these stories overlap and intertwine.
Talking the Walk: Processional Storytelling
Authors: Groth Charlie
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores the detail of how stories are connected to landscape to create what Ryden calls “invisible landscape,” Casey calls “thickening,” and Johnstone calls “narrative texture.” The chapter traces how the narrative genres explored in the previous four genres appear in conversation on the island during very particular times in particular places, between particular people in the course of a regular night or morning of fishing. In discussing narrative’s role in sense of place, the chapter presents the idea that the river itself, an anti-structural force, influences storytelling. At the same time, when family, crew, customers, and other visitors break into smaller groups and rejoin at various stages, they collaboratively create narratives of the individual haul, the current year’s fishing season, and the emerging spring season. This activity is called “processional storytelling,” alluding to both the process of the fishing haul and ritual processions.
Graphic Satire in the Soviet Union
Authors: Etty John
Published: January 2020

Krokodil produced state-sanctioned satirical comments on Soviet and international affairs from 1922 onward. Authored by professional and non-professional contributors, and published by Pravda in Moscow, it became the satirical magazine with the largest circulation in the world. Every Soviet citizen and every scholar of the USSR was familiar with Krokodil as the most significant and influential source of graphic satire in the USSR. This book uses an original framework for reconsidering the forms, production, consumption, and functions of Krokodil magazine. It considers the magazine's content, structures and conventions; it also uses modern cultural and media theory to look beyond content analysis to consider visual language and the performative construction of character. Empirical analysis of Krokodil is thus used to extend and nuance our understanding of Soviet graphic satire beyond state-sponsored propaganda.
In several ways, this book challenges existing approaches. It conducts close readings of a large range of different types of cartoons that have not before been discussed in depth, and it does so in ways that reveal new insights. It shows that Krokodil's satire was complex, subtle and intermedial. It highlights the importance of Krokodil's readers' and artists' collaborative exploration and shaping of the boundaries of permissible discourse, and it argues that Krokodil's cartoons simultaneously affirmed, refracted and critiqued official discourses, counterposing them with visions of Soviet citizens' responses. Ideology, Krokodil's satire suggests, is an interpretive tool for negotiating everyday reality and official discourses, and it was not always to be taken seriously.
Krokodil’s Format and Visual Language
Authors: Etty John
Published: January 2020

The first half of the chapter considers six political, cultural and social traditions-pre-revolutionary satirical literature, pre-revolutionary satirical journals, the lubok, Orthodox iconography, Soviet satire theory, and Soviet theatre-that influenced Krokodil. Tracing a fuller picture of Krokodil's heritages than previous literature provides, this chapter shows that Krokodil was the progeny of a complex system of satirical legacies, and it was also engaged in a mutually productive relationship with contemporary satirical forms.

The chapter's second half analyzes Krokodil's visual language that is intended to move beyond the support/criticism binary vision of the magazine proposed by previous interpretations, and it thus proposes a tripartite model for explaining Krokodil's visual language. Considering all of Krokodil's graphic schemata-cartoons "contesting" anti-Soviet ideology, those "affirming" Soviet ideology, and images depicting the process of "becoming" Soviet-this chapter reveals how the magazine's cartoons dialogically and self-reflexively commented on serious Soviet discourses on graphic satire.
Participatory Reading: The Forms and Consumption of Soviet Satire
Authors: Etty John
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses on Krokodil's transmediality. Krokodil was always more than just a magazine. As this chapter shows, the magazine was surrounded by various "extensions", ranging from parallel publications to an aircraft, and the examples discussed in this chapter demonstrate that Krokodil editors had significant authority to conceive and explore transmedia extensions, and they were given material resources and assistance where necessary. This insight reveals the roles that publications like Krokodil adopted in the USSR. Rather than simply functioning as mouthpieces for official points of view, they had genuine authorial agency and were allowed a degree of freedom that is not always acknowledged. We may also challenge certain assumptions about the passivity of Soviet readers, and re-imagine Krokodil's readership as active consumers in a participatory culture.
Making the Risible Visible: The Performative Construction of Non-Soviet Ideology in Krokodil
Authors: Etty John
Published: January 2020

This chapter considers Krokodil as a site for the historically grounded reiterative and discursive co-creation of ideological meanings. It interprets Krokodil's vision of ideology as performative in that it is enacted corporeally on the surface of characters in cartoons and is taken to be expressive of an ideological core. The approach in this chapter is to investigate character construction through visual ideologemes and visual metaphors related to different modes of seeing in all three schemata, and to explore how ideological meaning and political critiques were deposited in cartoons in the process. This method reveals that in Krokodil, ideology was regarded as a "political thought-practice". A performative reading of Krokodil's cartoons reveals how Krokodil engaged satirically with all ideologies and highlights how Krokodil explored divergences between thought and practice. Furthermore, performativity provides a theoretical framework for understanding how cartoons explored what was acceptable subject matter for Soviet satirists.
Krokodil’s Hollow Center: The Performance of Affirmation
Authors: Etty John
Published: January 2020

This chapter investigates the reasons for, and implications of, the apparent absence in Krokodil's affirmative cartoons of positive character types, including Soviet political leaders. Without overstating their significance, it traces their "absent presence" by considering how, even when Soviet leaders were physically absent, their presence was still implied. Consequently, since images of those at the centre were so rare, we may describe Krokodil's affirmation of Soviet ideology visual discourse, de-centered. A performative reading of Krokodil's cartoons about ordinary citizens enables us to interpret the journal's own performance of its own acts of engagement with all the dominant popular-official themes of the Thaw era, notably the Space Race. By analyzing the graphic construction of cartoons affirming Soviet ideology from the post-Stalin period, we may understand more fully the magazine's performances of memory and critiquing present and past achievements.
Julie Doucet’s “Monkey and the Living Dead” as Subliminal Autobiography
Authors: Pendergast Natalie
Published: January 2020

This chapter compares two of Julie Doucet’s comics stories: “The First Time” and “Monkey and the Living Dead.” Focusing on genre conventions, the chapter investigates the classification of the former comic as auto biography and of the latter as fiction. Side by side, the two stories of sexual becoming are in dialogue with one another, yoked by common visual symbols such as faucets, grates,and other abstract phallic and vaginal references. Building on Philippe Lejeune and Paulde Man, the chapter demonstrates Ann Miller’s theory of autobiographical bande dessinée. This chapter ultimately argues that while “The First Time” follows traditional, generic norms of auto biography, this reading of the fictional “Monkey and the Living Dead” reveals an alternative, subliminal account of the author’s feelings about her virginity loss, there by challenging the concept of auto biographical truth.
“At This Point I Become Real”
Authors: Kohlert Frederik Byrn
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines Julie Doucet and MichelGondry’scoll aborative comics/video hybrid My New NewYork Diary, which consists of drawings made by Doucet and a shortfilm by Gondry. After outlining the claims made on behalf of the two forms in terms of their perceived ability to represent reality and “truth,” the chapter argues that the collaboration is a highly experimental engagement with issues such as realism, authenticity, and autobiography that playfully unsettles each category through a shrewd employment of the medium-specific properties inherent to comics as well as cinema. By calling the relationship between reality and representation into question, the hybridity built into the project serves not only to challenge accepted models of autobiography and author ship in comics as well as film, but also to interrogate issues of mediated autobiographical absence and presence more broadly.
Gabrielle Bell
Authors: Cometbus Aaron
Published: January 2020

From Cometbus no. 57, 2016; Reprinted by permission Aaron Cometbus; © 2016 Aaron Cometbus

Aaron Cometbus:

Maybe I’m idealizing it from the outside, but when cartoonists get together it seems like an unusually supportive scene.

Gabrielle Bell:

Well, it’s hard to relate to people who aren’t cartoonists when you’re spending all your time drawing comics and no one understands how hard it is. That’s really pathetic sounding, but if you’re a violinist or even a writer, there’s some respect for it. So we get together, and we’re the only ones that understand. Maybe it’s that way with other mediums, like with writers. But with writers there seems to be a lot of jealousy. There’s jealousy among cartoonists too, but there’s also camaraderie because we have less....
Inverted Spaces
Authors: Çetiner-Öktem Züleyha
Published: January 2020

This chapter analyzes how specific spaces function in Gaiman's mirror-worlds in Neverwhere, MirrorMask, in conjunction with the main characters in each. A brief theoretical framework compares the general aspects of the two texts, and then moves forward to explore what space does in Gaiman's narratives along with how the main characters interact with specific, unique spaces. The results show impossible, almost unmappable spaces are the places where otherwise distinct and problematic characters can best thrive.
Damsels in Deep Rest no More
Authors: Russell Danielle
Published: January 2020

In this chapter, Danielle Russell suggests usingGaiman's more self-reflexive work as a cypher to decoding his literary fictions. She concludes thatGaiman incites his young women readers to be the fearless, confident blueberry girls he sees in his children and friend's children. As such, she uses the poem a cypher into the investigation of girlhood in two of his works for children and young adults, The Wolves in the Walls and The Sleeper and the Spindle. As such, Gaiman crafts an empowering, if not dangerous, vision of girlhood for those who would become future women.
A Short Conversation With Neil Gaiman on Comics
Authors: Somers Joseph Michael
Published: January 2020

It goes without saying that Neil Gaiman is an incredibly busy man of late. Between acting as executive producer on the television adaptation of American Gods and performing similar duties on Good Omens—in addition to writing all the scripts for the BBC adaptation of his and Terry Pratchett’s much-beloved 1990 novel, crafting sequels to ...
The Tradition of no Tradition
Authors: Haworth Kevin
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores the origins of Israeli comics, with a particular focus on three early women comics creators: Leah Goldberg, Friedel Stern, and Elisheva Nadal. It then explores the work of three influential artists from the 1970s-1980s: Dudu Geva, Uri Fink, and Michel Kichka. It then describes Modan's entry into comics, including her army service, her training at Bezalel Academy of Art and Design, her first newspaper comics, and her short-lived editorship of Israeli Mad magazine.
The Property and the Possibilities of Post-Holocaust Europe
Authors: Haworth Kevin
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses Modan's second graphic novel, The Property, which embeds a taboo love affair within a quest to identify Jewish property lost in Warsaw during the Holocaust. The chapter explores the unresolved narratives around the war that envelop both Poles and Jews, and shows how Modan's book distances itself from both Israeli literature about Poland and from other contemporary Holocaust graphc novels. The chapter reveals Modan's process for creating the book, which involved hiring actors to stage each panel of the book's script.
Race and Supremacy Contaminated Media
Authors: Baptiste Bala J.
Published: January 2020

Racism was the dominant concept encapsulating black experiences with white supremacy in the United States. Whites considered people of European descent as being superior. Caucasians in media produced content presenting white cultural products as the norm. The bombardment of the constructed images convinced the public, including blacks, that Eurocentricity represented the standard of cultural productions. Similarly, ideological hegemony explained why blacks in media were initially presented as negative stereotypes. The theory suggested that whites intended to maintain the status quo. Non-whites needed to not be taken seriously. Whites in decision-making positions in mass media also marginalized or silenced voices of opposition. They regulated people of color to reside outside of mainstream thought. Marginalization suggested that only the ideals of the elite were worthy. W. E. B. Du Bois found the existence of a double consciousness in which African Americans navigated between a black world and a white world. Blacks mostly saw themselves through Caucasian lens and therefore accepted and internalized westernized culture.
Radio Forum Evolved from Religion to Negro
Authors: Baptiste Bala J.
Published: January 2020

Before the first broadcast of a black show in May 1946, a white local daily, the Times Picayune, identified the program in its radio schedule as the “Religious Forum.” After the first broadcast, the paper unilaterally changed the listing to “Negro Services,” effectively marginalizing the show. Approximately nine months later, WNOE attempted to change the talk show's time slot from 10 a.m.-10:15 a.m. Sundays to 11 a.m. Sundays. Taylor rebuffed. A wave of black support to keep the time slot poured into the station. Management relented. After approximately one year, Taylor changed the show's name to the “Negro Forum of the Air.” More muted Afrocentric topics, such as the significance of the black press, were added to the repertoire. As Taylor expanded to nearby cities and towns, white public officials sent notices to him warning against communist influence infiltrating his broadcasts.
War, Labor, and Gasoline in “Carcassonne”
Authors: Zeitlin Michael
Published: January 2020

The story's poetic vision of a young man who sees a horse has often been associated with Faulkner's personal privacy, a mysterious and opaque realm that Faulkner criticism has long attempted to penetrate. In this chapter,Michael Zeitlin reads the story's representation of privacy and poetic subjectivity as an "ideological reflex and echo," in Marx's phrase, of material and economic realities dominated by the Standard Oil Company.A young vagrant, a veteran aviator of the Great War, lies in his garret and dreams of "a buckskin pony with eyes like blue electricity and a mane like tangled fire, galloping up the hill and right off into the high heaven of the world."The Pegasus pony, the knight-aviator, the dream of soaring free from earth toward apotheosis-these motifs from Faulkner circa 1918-1927 all promise a transcendence that never fully arrives, ultimately yielding to the exigencies of the mundane, the immanent, the economic:earthbound labor, earthbound energy, earthbound modernity.
What Price a “Cheap Idea”?: Money, Sanctuary, and Its Intertexts
Authors: Godden Richard
Published: January 2020

In declaring Sanctuary (1931) "a cheap idea," "deliberately conceived" to make money, Faulkner announced the novel's preoccupation with circulation ("Maybe 10,000 of them will buy it"). The essay focuses on how, in writing for money, Faulkner wrote through money, doing so when "more and more of the aspects of living are coming to be strained through the bars of a dollar sign" (Middletown, Robert and Helen Lynd [1929]). Following Marx's account of the logic of circulation, whereby the commodity (here, the novel), "thrown into the alchemist's retort of circulation," must "shape-shift," "changing its skin" in order to "transubstantiate" into price, the paper tracks how Faulkner explores the monetization not only of his subject (Temple Drake's rape and exchange) but of his self-conception as author.
Racial Debts, Individual Slights, and Sleights of Hand in Faulkner’s Intruder in the Dust
Authors: Knighton Mary A.
Published: January 2020

William Faulkner's novel Intruder in the Dust (1948) thematizes racial debt as a form of racial reparations. Racial debt and its repayment emerge as the white boy Chick Mallison's obsession with defining and ridding himself of a debt he owes Lucas Beauchamp, a black man. When a lynch mob threatens Lucas, it becomes Chick's responsibility to save his life. Guided by Lucas in how to do so, Chick learns about cross-racial family ties and the collective profits and debts of history. Contemporary civil rights and anti-lynching movements, the actual lynching of Ellwood Higginbotham, as well as the shooting of the film version of Intruder in Faulkner's own Oxford, Mississippi in 1949 amplify the novel's debt and reparations theme. Despite publisher and studio warnings, Faulkner and director Clarence Brown render lynching central to Intruder's story while Kauffer's cover art encodes artists' resistance to censorship and marketing demands.
Answering the Call: Telephonic Fascism and Faulkner’s Angel of History
Authors: Tucker-Abramson Myka
Published: January 2020

As Nazism was securing its grip on Germany, Walter Benjamin wrote of the "necessity of a theory of history from which fascism can become visible." With the election of Trump and the resurgence of hyper-nationalist and far-right politics globally, we too need a theory that can bring the neofascism of the present into relief. This chapter suggests that William Faulkner's post-war fiction can help generate such a theory, by illuminating the path from the Cold War to the neofascism of Trumpism. Drawing on AiméCésaire's insights that fascism's origins lie in colonialism, and critical scholarship that reads the post-Reconstruction South as emblematic of US necolonial policy, this chapter argues that it is in Faulkner's literary engagements with the post-World War II modernization of the South via the genres of the noir and the road novel that Faulkner's most important engagements with fascism are to be found.
“A Refractory and Turbulent Spirit”: Origins of Mississippi Law
Authors: Ranney Joseph A.
Published: January 2020

Mississippi operated under a civil-law system for more than a century as a French and Spanish colony, a system very different from the common-law system that replaced it after the United States acquired Mississippi. Important elements of civil law were preserved in the new territory’s law and in its first legal code, created by governor Winthrop Sargent (1798-99). After statehood (1817) political power shifted away from Natchez planters and merchants to the small planters and farmers who settled the rest of the state. Mississippi’s legal system likewise evolved from one that favored the Natchez aristocracy to one based on popular democracy and the promotion of economic opportunity. The state’s second constitution (1832) vividly expressed these ideals.
Legal Legacies of War and Reconstruction
Authors: Ranney Joseph A.
Published: January 2020

The Civil War destroyed Mississippi’s slave system and its antebellum economy. From 1865 to 1890, lawmakers struggled to define the legal status and rights of newly-freed slaves and to build a new, more diversified economy. The era was marked by sharp legal shifts. Mississippi created one of the nation’s harshest postwar black codes (1866) but then followed a more liberal course during Reconstruction, enacting one of the nation’s first anti-segregation laws (1873). After Reconstruction, the state’s 1890 constitutional convention showed other Southern states how they could prevent blacks from voting while avoiding federal scrutiny. The shifting times were exemplified by Horatio Simrall, a legislator and judge who helped create the 1866 black code and 1890 anti-suffrage provisions but also upheld the 1873 anti-segregation law; and Isaiah Montgomery, who fought for black economic independence but, to the surprise of both races, supported the 1890 suffrage restrictions and urged his fellow blacks not to resist.
Thresholds of Change: Mississippi Law in the Progressive and New Deal Eras
Authors: Ranney Joseph A.
Published: January 2020

During the Progressive (1890-1915) and New Deal eras (1929-41), Mississippi’s economic liberalism stood in sharp contrast to its reactionary racial policies. The state was an early supporter of Progressive measures such as open primaries, lawmaking by initiative and referendum and child labor laws. During the Depression, Mississippi created the Balance Agriculture with Industry (BAWI) program of municipal subsidies to business. BAWI was upheld by Mississippi’s supreme court against constitutional challenge and became a national model. But the early twentieth century also marked the height of Mississippi’s Jim Crow era. Judges such as William Anderson and Virgil Griffith and black lawyers such as Sidney Redmond tried to preserve a measure of due process for black criminal defendants but too often, whites viewed those efforts as a threat to the racial order and responded with lynchings. After 1930, an aroused U.S. Supreme Court forced a stricter observance of due process in Mississippi.
The Practice of Folklore
Authors: Bronner Simon J.
Published: January 2020

This book proposes to answer the pressing philosophical as well as psychological question of why people repeat themselves. It redefines folklore as traditional knowledge that serves this need in human lives and develops a "practice theory" around this idea. Practice, more than other suggested keywords of performance or enactment in social theory, connects localized culture with the vernacular idea that "this is the way we do things around here." The term invites study of what people do repeatedly to understand what they have in "mind." Demonstrating the application of this theory in folkloristic studies, Bronner offers four provocative case studies of psychocultural meanings that arise from traditional "frames of action" and address issues of the day: labeling of boogiemen to express fear of sexual molestation, connecting "wild child" beliefs to school shootings, identifying the crisis of masculinity in adolescent expression. Turning his analysis to the analysts of tradition, Bronner uses practice theory to evaluate the agenda of folklorists in shaping perceptions of tradition-centered "folk societies" such as the Amish, unpacking the culturally based rationale of public folklore programming, interpreting the evolving idea of folk museums in a digital world, and assessing how the terms folklorists use and the things they do affect how people think about tradition. This is a book intended to think about what people do in the name of tradition, and why.
Toward a Definition of Folklore in Practice
Authors: Bronner Simon J.
Published: January 2020

In the digital age, the twentieth-century definition of folklore as "artistic communication in small groups" is problematic. This chapter cites a need for a practice-oriented definition to account for various phenomena involving tradition that are not limited to small groups or face-to-face communication.It proposes "traditional knowledge drawn from and put into practice" to draw attention to thesource of cognition for repeated, variable activities, or practices.
Rethinking the Boogieman
Authors: Bronner Simon J.
Published: January 2020

The boogieman is known by various names in many cultures and is usually associated with parental transmission to infants to get them to sleep. The conventional functional explanation for its persistence in modern life is as a form of social control.This chapter finds in the usage of the belief from childhood into adulthood an alternative explanation in the projection of anxieties over sexual molestation.
“The Shooter Has Asperger’s”
Authors: Bronner Simon J.
Published: January 2020

A common belief, or folk psychology, expressed in press reports about shootings in schools is that the perpetrators have Asperger's syndrome or disorder. Redefined in diagnostic guides on the autism spectrum, Asperger's has entered popular parlance as a metaphor for fears of hidden threats in a post-modern world of strangers, as an explanation for the apparently inexplicable acts of violence against children, and a frustration with parenting of uncontrollable boys.
The Year of Folklore and Other Lessons of Public Heritage
Authors: Bronner Simon J.
Published: January 2020

This chapter is a case study of a state-declared "Year of Folklore" program in the Netherlands to provide a comparison with American views of public heritage. The program addressed a legacy of multicultural tolerance in the Netherlands that had been challenged by a rising refugee crisis. Questions arose as to how cultural presentations meant to increase nationalism could also be inclusive with rapid social change.
Are Folk Museums Still Relevant?
Authors: Bronner Simon J.
Published: January 2020

During the 1970s the folk, or open-air, museum was hailed as a revolutionary change in museology and a great opportunity for folklorists to exert influence on public education about regional-ethnic-occupational traditions and a changing historical profession. With the advent of the digital age these museums are struggling to bring visitors in and folklorists have had an uneasy relationship with predominantly rural museums. This chapter advocates for a different kind of folk museum that is action rather than object focused, looks to industrial and post-industrial interpretation, and engages integrative programming to respond to needs of local communities.
Check Snopes: Cyborg Folklore in the Internet Age
Authors: Mullins Willow G.
Published: January 2020

“Check Snopes” has become the clarion call of doubters everywhere, from the chalkboard to the chat room. Yet Snopes.com also presents an interesting problem within folklore studies, a problem common to folklore’s relationship with the internet. Certainly Snopes.com demonstrates a breakdown of the clear lines between academic scholarship and popular scholarship, but it points towards other breakdowns as well: between single authorship and community production, between what folklorists study and folklore itself, between human and machine.
Where Have All the Hoaxes Gone?
Authors: Mullins Willow G.
Published: January 2020

As folklorists know, one way to gain understanding of a group is through the folklore they produce. In this essay, folklorists are the group, and the hoaxes perpetrated by and on them, or the lack of such hoaxes, offer some insight into the culture of folklore studies. Looking at a series of alleged hoaxes, including the Tasaday tribe, MacPhearson's Ossian, and Leland's Aradia, the essay probes folklorists' desire to believe and disbelieve. Folklorists have historically proven difficult to hoax, to intentionally deceive, but that disciplinary skepticism may come with a cost.
Peculiar Voice
Authors: Stillion Southard Bjørn F.
Published: January 2020

In response to the creation of the American Colonization Society, a Counter Memorial against the group was published by a purported group of free blacks in the District of Columbia. The exact authorship was called into question by the editors in the paper. This chapter uses the Counter Memorial and the question of authorship to explore the instability of voice as it pertained to blackness and colonization.
Peculiar Planning
Authors: Stillion Southard Bjørn F.
Published: January 2020

Louis Sheridan was a wealthy merchant and free black man. This chapter examines his negotiations with the American Colonization Society and other groups for passage to Liberia. Despite his willingness and resources, the negotiations were fraught. The analysis of the correspondence illuminates deeper concerns of black identity related to notions of Afro-Pessimism and black optimism.
Peculiar Proposal
Authors: Stillion Southard Bjørn F.
Published: January 2020

Abraham Lincoln was a life-long supporter of colonization. Even after issuing the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, but before it took effect, Lincoln offered a plan for compensated emancipation and colonization in his second Annual Message. This chapter puts Lincoln’s second Annual Message in context with decades of colonization advocacy to show how Lincoln refined the arguments in a last effort for the scheme before the Emancipation Proclamation rendered such efforts moot.
Downtown Mardi Gras
Authors: Wade Leslie A.
Published: January 2020

Mardi Gras functions as the city’s principle synecdoche; yet, the holiday can also serve as a barometer or indicator of fluctuating civic tensions, as Carnival has remained fluid and changeable, sensitive to the altering complexions of the city—its demographics, politics, economics, and social organization.