bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A double-voiced reading of Romans 13:1–7 in light of the imperial cult
Authors: Lim Sung U.
Published: April 2015

Drawing on Mikhail Bakhtin’s theory of double-voicedness and James Scott’s theory of public and hidden transcripts, this essay investigates the colonial context of Romans 13:1–7 with particular attention to the Roman imperial cult. It is my contention that Paul attempts to persuade the audience to resist the imperial cult, whilst negotiating colonial power and authority. It is assumed that colonial discourse is, by nature, a double-voiced discourse in that the public transcript of the dominant and the hidden transcript of the suppressed coexist in a continued state of internal tension and conflict. Seen in this light, Paul as a colonised subject parodies the public transcript of the elites in his own hidden transcript. However, Paul’s doubled-voiced discourse finally turns out to be subversive against the dominant culture by suggesting that ultimate honour, fear, and authority should not be due to the rulers of the Roman Empire but to God.
School environment, socioeconomic status and weight of children in Bloemfontein, South Africa
Authors: Meko Lucia N.M. , Slabber-Stretch Marthinette , Walsh Corinna M. , Kruger Salome H. , Nel Mariette
Published: April 2015

Background: The continued existence of undernutrition, associated with a steady increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents, necessitates identification of factors contributing to this double burden of disease, in order for effective treatment and prevention programmes to be planned.Aim: To determine the nutritional status of 13–15-year-old children in Bloemfontein and its association with socioeconomic factors.Setting: Bloemfontein, Free State Province, South Africa (2006).Methods: This was a cross-sectional analytical study. Randomly selected children (n = 415) completed structured questionnaires on socioeconomic status. The children’s weight and height were measured and body mass index-for-age and height-for-age z-scores were computed according to World Health Organization growth standards in order to determine the prevalence of underweight, overweight, obesity and stunting. Waist circumference was measured to classify the children as having a high or very high risk for metabolic disease.Results: Of the 415 children who consented to participate in the study, 14.9% were wasted and 3.4% were severely wasted. Only 6% of the children were overweight/obese. Significantly more boys (23.0%) were wasted than girls (10%) and severe stunting was also significantly higher in boys than in girls (10.3% and 4.2%, respectively). Children whose parents had graduate occupations were significantly more overweight/obese than those with parents working in skilled occupations. Stunting was significantly higher in low (31.4%) and medium (30.4%) socioeconomic groups compared to the high socioeconomic group (18.1%).Conclusion: A coexistence of underweight and overweight was found and gender and parental occupation were identified as being predictors of nutritional status.
‘If you have a problem with your heart, you have a problem with your life’: Self-perception and behaviour in relation to the risk of ischaemic heart disease in people living with HIV
Authors: Roos Ronel , Myezwa Hellen , Van Aswegen Helena
Published: April 2015

Background: Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is a global health problem and specifically relevant in the African context, as the presence of risk factors for IHD is increasing. People living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (PLWHA) are at increased risk for IHD due to increased longevity, treatment-specific causes and viral effects.Aim: To determine the self-perception and behaviour in relation to risk for IHD in a cohort of South African PLWHA.Methods:A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with a card-sort technique was used to gather data from 30 individuals at an HIV clinic in Johannesburg. Descriptive analysis and conventional content analysis were done to generate the findings.Results: The median age of the cohort was 36.5 (31.8–45.0) years and they were mostly women (n = 25; 83.3%) who were employed (n = 17; 56.7%) and supporting dependents (n = 26; 86.7%). Fifteen (50%) participants did not perceive themselves at risk of IHD and reported having adequate coping behaviour, living a healthy lifestyle and being healthy since initiating therapy. Twelve (40%) did feel at risk because they experienced physical symptoms and had poor behaviour. Knowledge and understanding related to IHD, insight into own risk for IHD and health character in a context of HIV infection were three themes.Conclusion: This study highlights that participants did not perceive themselves to be at risk of IHD due to their HIV status or antiretroviral management. Education strategies are required in PLWHA to inform their personal risk perception for IHD.
Rural Zulu women’s knowledge of and attitudes towards medical male circumcision
Authors: Ikwegbue Joseph N. , Ross Andrew , Ogbonnaya Harbor
Published: April 2015

Background: Medical male circumcision (MMC) is a key strategy in the South African HIV infection prevention package. Women may have a potentially powerful role in supporting such a strategy. Circumcision is not a traditional part of Zulu society, and Zulu women may have limited knowledge and ambivalent or negative attitudes towards MMC.Aim: This study employs quantitative data to expand insight into rural Zulu women’s knowledge of and attitudes towards MMC, and is important as women could potentially yield a powerful positive or negative influence over the decisions of their partners and sons.Setting: A hospital-based antenatal clinic in rural KwaZulu-Natal.Methods: Participants were 590 pregnant, mostly isiZulu-speaking women. Data on their knowledge of and attitude towards MMC were collected using a questionnaire and were analysed descriptively.Results: The majority of the women supported MMC; however, knowledge of the potential benefits was generally poor. Most would encourage their partners and sons to undergo MMC. The preferred place for the procedure was a hospital.Conclusion: Zulu participants supported MMC and would support their partners and children being circumcised. Knowledge around potential benefits was worryingly poor, and further research into disseminating information is essential. The findings highlight the need for an expanded campaign of health education for women, and innovative means are suggested to enhance information accessibility. Reasons for preferring that MMC be carried out in hospital need to be explored further.
Risk factors of community-associated infections in Chinese patients with diabetes: A meta-analysis
Authors: Zhao Guang-Dan , Sun Jia-Ying , Zhao Ming-Jing , Wang Ling-Ling , Li Fang-Zhi , Liu Shuo , Liu Dan , Wang Xiao-Ge
Published: April 2015

Objective: To identify the common sites and risk factors of community-associated infections in Chinese patients with diabetes. Materials and Methods: The Wanfang, CNKI, PUBMED and VIP databases restricting to Chinese patients with diabetes were queried without restriction to time period. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the risk factors of community-associated infections in Chinese patients with diabetes were considered. Polled odd ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were used for each factor in fixed or random-effect metaanalyses. Results: Twelve studies were identified that investigated seven risk factors of community-associated infections in Chinese patients with diabetes. The average infection incidence was 39.55%. The respiratory tract and urology tract were the predilection sites. Meta-analysis results are as follows: Diabetic patients with chronic complications (OR: 1.63; 95% CI 1.45-1.82), advanced age (OR: 1.30; 95% CI 1.19-1.42), longer duration (OR: 1.47; 95% CI 1.35-1.61) or ketoacidosis (OR: 1.37; 95% CI 1.13-1.66) were more prone to suffer from infections. Those with better glycemic control (OR: 0.68; 95% CI 0.61-0.76) or males (OR: 0.69; 95% CI 0.64-0.75) were less prone to suffer from infections. Conclusion: Chinese patients with diabetes had a high incidence of community-associated infections. We should highlight the risk factors that might provide a reference for the same.
Prioritization of Cancer-Related Genomic Variants by SNP Association Network
Authors: Liu Changning , Xuan Zhenyu
Published: April 2015

We have developed a general framework to construct an association network of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (SNP association network, SAN) based on the functional interactions of genes located in the flanking regions of SNPs. SAN, which was constructed based on protein-protein interactions in the Human Protein Reference Database (HPRD), showed significantly enriched signals in both linkage disequilibrium (LD) and long-range chromatin interaction (Hi-C). We used this network to further develop two methods for predicting and prioritizing disease-associated genes from genome-wide association studies (GWASs). We found that random walk with restart (RWR) using SAN (RWR-SAN) can greatly improve the prediction of lung-cancer-associated genes by comparing RWR with the use of network in HPRD (AUC 0.81 vs 0.66). In a reanalysis of the GWAS dataset of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), SAN could identify more potential AMD-associated genes that were previously ranked lower in the GWAS study. The interactions in SAN could facilitate the study of complex diseases.
Lower Cortisol Activity is Associated with First-Time Driving while Impaired
Authors: Couture Sophie , Ouimet Marie Claude , Gianoulakis Christina , Tremblay Jacques , Kin N. M. K. Ng Ying , Brochu Serge , Pruessner Jens , Dedovic Katarina , Brown Thomas G.
Published: April 2015

Driving while impaired (DWI) is a grave and persistent high-risk behavior. Previous work demonstrated that DWI recidivists had attenuated cortisol reactivity compared to non-DWI drivers. This suggests that cortisol is a neurobiological marker of high-risk driving. The present study tested the hypothesis that this initial finding would extend to first-time DWI (fDWI) offenders compared to non-DWI drivers. Male fDWI offenders ( n = 139) and non-DWI drivers ( n = 31) were exposed to a stress task, and their salivary cortisol activity (total output and reactivity) was measured. Participants also completed questionnaires on sensation seeking, impulsivity, substance use, and engagement in risky and criminal behaviors. As hypothesized, fDWI offenders, compared to non-DWI drivers, had lower cortisol reactivity; fDWI offenders also showed lower total output. In addition, cortisol activity was the most important predictor of group membership, after accounting for alcohol misuse patterns and consequences and other personality and problem behavior characteristics. The findings indicate that attenuated cortisol activity is an independent factor associated with DWI offending risk at an earlier stage in the DWI trajectory than previously detected.
Higher Moments of Fourier Coefficients of Cusp Forms
Authors: Lü Guangshi , Sankaranarayanan Ayyadurai
Published: April 2015

Let Sk(Γ) be the space of holomorphic cusp forms of even integral weight k for the full modular group SL(z, ℤ). Let be the n-th normalized Fourier coefficients of three distinct holomorphic primitive cusp forms , and h(z) ∊ Sk3 (Γ), respectively. In this paper we study the cancellations of sums related to arithmetic functions, such as twisted by the arithmetic function λf(n).
Dengue Serotype-Specific Differences in Clinical Manifestation, Laboratory Parameters and Risk of Severe Disease in Adults, Singapore
Authors: Yung Chee-Fu , Lee Kim-Sung , Thein Tun-Linn , Tan Li-Kiang , Gan Victor C. , Wong Joshua G. X. , Lye David C. , Ng Lee-Ching , Leo Yee-Sin
Published: April 2015

Studies on serotype-specific features of dengue and disease severity on adults are limited. We prospectively recruited adult febrile patients without alternate diagnosis to dengue from April 2005 to December 2011. Outcomes were defined using both the World Health Organization (WHO) 1997 and 2009 criteria; Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and severe dengue (SD). Infecting serotype was identified in 469 dengue-confirmed patients comprising 22.0% dengue virus serotype 1 (DENV-1), 57.1% DENV-2, 17.1% DENV-3, and 3.8% DENV-4. Cases infected with DENV-1 were more likely to present with red eyes whereas presence of joint pain and lower platelet count was associated with DENV-2 cases. After adjusting for potential confounders, DENV-1 was associated with both DHF (adjusted Relative Risk [aRR] = 1.74) and SD (aRR = 2.1) whereas DENV-2 had a lower risk of DHF (aRR = 0.5). DENV-1 genotype 1 and DENV-2 cosmopolitan were the predominant genotypes identified. Infecting dengue serotype and possibly genotype may play an important role in disease severity among adult dengue patients in Singapore.
Differential Clinical Outcome of Dengue Infection Among Patients With and Without HIV Infection: A Matched Case–Control Study
Authors: Pang Junxiong , Thein Tun-Linn , Lye David C. , Leo Yee-Sin
Published: April 2015

Clinical characteristics and outcome among dengue patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remain elusive. A total of 10 dengue virus (DENV)–HIV Chinese patients were compared with 40 Chinese dengue patients without HIV, who were matched for age, gender, type of care received, methods, and year of dengue diagnosis from 2005 to 2008. Univariate and multivariate conditional logistics regression were applied. DENV-HIV patients were significantly associated with the World Health Organization (WHO) 2009 severe dengue (conditional odds ratio [COR] = 5.72; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01–32.64) but not with the WHO 1997 dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (COR = 0.40; 95% CI = 0.09–1.71). This is mainly due to severe plasma leakage and the lack of hemorrhagic manifestations. Hospitalization duration was longer for DENV-HIV patients (10.5 days; interquartile range [IQR] = 5.5–26.3 days) compared with dengue patients (5 days; IQR = 4–6 days). There were no significant differences in presentation of clinical warning signs and symptoms at admission and during hospitalization, except for rash (adjusted COR [ACOR] = 0.06; 95% CI = 0.03–0.92). DENV-HIV patients were associated with higher pulse rate (ACOR = 1.13; 95% CI = 1.02–1.25), eosinophils proportion (ACOR = 3.07; 95% CI = 1.12–8.41) and lower hematocrit level (ACOR = 0.79; 95% CI = 0.64–0.98) compared with dengue patients. Even though DENV-HIV patients may present similarly to dengue patients, they may be more likely to have severe dengue outcome. Hence, close monitoring of DENV-HIV patients is highly recommended as part of dengue clinical care and management.
Bridging the Gap
Authors: Clements K. , Garrie R.L. , Houser S.H. , Berner E.S , Dorsey A.D.
Published: April 2015

Background: Health Information Management (HIM) and Health Informatics (HI) were very separate professions when they were first formed. However, with the increasing adoption of electronic health records, the interests of the two fields have become more aligned.

Objectives: To describe the evolution of a joint master’s program in health informatics(HI) and health information management (HIM)

Methods: After analyzing workforce needs, and reviewing both CAHIIM accreditation requirements and existing curricular offerings in separate programs in HIM and HI, a joint program was developed.

Results: An HI master’s program with a core curriculum for all students and tracks in Data Analytics, User Experience and Advanced Practice HIM was developed. A model for a comprehensive examination, based on the CAHIIM competencies, to be administered prior to and after the core curriculum was also developed.

Conclusions: A core and track curriculum that incorporates HIM education as part of the Master of Science of Health Informatics provides a feasible roadmap for the future as HIM and HI become more closely aligned.

Citation: Dorsey AD, Clements K, Garrie RL, Houser SH, Berner ES. Bridging the gap – a collaborative ppproach to health information management and informatics education. Appl Clin Inf 2015; 6: 211–223

http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2014-09-RA-0083
Step changes in persistent organic pollutants over the Arctic and their implications
Authors: Zhao Y. , Huang T. , Wang L. , Gao H. , Ma J.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. While some persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been declining globally due to their worldwide ban since the 1980s, the declining trends of many of these toxic chemicals become less significant and in some cases their ambient air concentrations, e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), showed observable increase during the 2000s, disagreeing with their declining global emissions and environmental degradation. As part of the efforts to assess the influences of environmental factors on the long-term trend of POPs in the Arctic, step change points in the time series of ambient POP atmospheric concentrations collected from four arctic monitoring sites were examined using various statistical techniques. Results showed that the step change points of these POP data varied in different years and at different sites. Most step change points were found in 2001–2002 and 2007–2008. In particular, the step change points of many PCBs for 2007–2008 were coincident with the lowest arctic sea ice concentration occurring during the 2000s. The perturbations of air concentration and water–air exchange fluxes of several selected POPs averaged over the Arctic, simulated by a POP mass balance perturbation model, switched from negative to positive during the early 2000s, indicating a tendency for reversal of POPs from deposition to volatilization which coincides with a positive to negative reversal of arctic sea ice extent anomalies from 2001. Perturbed ice–air exchange flux of PCB 28 and 153 showed an increasing trend and a negative to positive reversal in 2007, the year with the lowest arctic sea ice concentration. On the other hand, perturbed ice–air exchange flux of α-hexachlorocyclohexane decreased over the period of 1995 to 2012, likely owing to its lower Henry's law constant which indicates its relatively lower tendency for volatilization from ice to air.
The MCM v3.3 degradation scheme for isoprene
Authors: Jenkin M. E. , Young J. C. , Rickard A. R.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. The chemistry of isoprene degradation in the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) has been systematically refined and updated to reflect recent advances in understanding, with these updates appearing in the latest version, MCM v3.3. The complete isoprene degradation mechanism in MCM v3.3 consists of 1935 reactions of 605 closed shell and free radical species, which treat the chemistry initiated by reaction with OH radicals, NO3 radicals and ozone (O3). A detailed overview of the updates is provided, within the context of reported kinetic and mechanistic information. The revisions mainly relate to the OH-initiated chemistry, which tends to dominate under atmospheric conditions, although these include updates to the chemistry of some products that are also generated from the O3 - and NO3-initiated oxidation. The revisions have impacts in a number of key areas, including HOx recycling, NOx recycling and the formation of species reported to play a role in SOA-formation mechanisms. The performance of the MCM v3.3 isoprene mechanism has been compared with those of earlier versions (MCM v3.1 and MCM v3.2) over a range of relevant conditions, using a box model of the tropical forested boundary layer. The results of these calculations are presented and discussed, and are used to illustrate the impacts of the mechanistic updates in MCM v3.3.
A review of approaches to estimate wildfire plume injection height within large scale atmospheric chemical transport models – Part 1
Authors: Paugam R. , Wooster M. , Freitas S. R. , Val Martin M.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Landscape fires produce smoke containing a very wide variety of chemical species, both gases and aerosols. For larger, more intense fires that produce the greatest amounts of emissions per unit time, the smoke tends initially to be transported vertically or semi-vertically close by the source region, driven by the intense heat and convective energy released by the burning vegetation. The column of hot smoke rapidly entrains cooler ambient air, forming a rising plume within which the fire emissions are transported. This characteristics of this plume, and in particular the height to which it rises before releasing the majority of the smoke burden into the wider atmosphere, are important in terms of how the fire emissions are ultimately transported, since for example winds at different altitudes maybe quite different. This difference in atmospheric transport then may also affect the longevity, chemical conversion and fate of the plumes chemical consituents, with for example very high plume injection heights being associated with extreme long-range atmospheric transport. Here we review how such landscape-scale fire smoke plume injection heights are represented in larger scale atmospheric transport models aiming to represent the impacts of wildfire emissions on component of the Earth system. The use of satellite Earth observation (EO) data is commonly used for this, and detail the EO datasets capable of being used to remotely assess wildfire plume height distributions and the driving characteristics of the causal fires. We also discus both the physical mechanisms and dynamics taking place in fire plumes, and investigate the efficiency and limitations of currently available injection height parameterizations. Finally, we conclude by suggestion some future parameterization developments and ideas on EO data selection that maybe relevant to the instigation of enhanced methodologies aimed at injection height representation.
How to create a very-low-cost, very-low-power, credit-card-sized and real-time-ready datalogger
Authors: Bès de Berc M. , Grunberg M. , Engels F.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. In order to improve an existing network, a field seismologist would have to add some extra sensors to a remote station. However, additional ADCs (analogue-to-digital converters) are not always implemented on commercial dataloggers, or, if they are, they may already be used. Installing additional ADCs often implies an expensive development, or the purchase of a new datalogger. We present here a simple method to take advantage of the ADCs of an embedded computer in order to create data in a seismological standard format and integrate them within the real-time data stream from the station. Our first goal is to plug temperature and pressure sensors on the ADCs, read data and record them in mini-seed format (seed stands for Standard for the Exchange of the Earthquake Data), and eventually transfer them to a central server together with the seismic data, by using seedlink, since mini-seed and seedlink are standard for seismology.
Estimating bias in the OCO-2 retrieval algorithm caused by 3-D radiation scattering from unresolved boundary layer clouds
Authors: Merrelli A. , Bennartz R. , O'Dell C. W. , Taylor T. E.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Due to the complexity of the multiple scattering problem for shortwave radiative transfer in Earth's atmosphere, operational physical retrieval algorithms commonly use a plane parallel radiative transfer model (RTM). This so-called one-dimensional (1-D) assumption allows practical retrieval algorithms to be implemented. In order to understand the impacts of this assumption for low altitude, unresolved clouds observed by OCO-2, the three-dimensional (3-D) radiative transfer model SHDOM is used to generate synthetic observations which are then processed by the operational retrieval algorithm based on a 1-D RTM. Simulations are performed over three realistic surface spectral albedos, corresponding to snow, vegetation, and bare soil. The results show that the existing cloud screening algorithm has difficulty identifying sub-field of view (FOV), unresolved clouds that fill less than half of the FOV. The unresolved clouds introduce a bias in the retrieved CO2 concentration, as quantified by the dry air mole fraction (XCO2). The biases are relatively small (less than 1 ppm) when the albedo at 2.1 μm is high, which is common over bare land surfaces. For cases with low 2.1 μm albedo, such as snow, the bias becomes much larger, up to 5 ppm. These results indicate that the XCO2 retrieval appears robust to 3-D scattering effects from unresolved low level clouds when the short wave infrared surface albedo is large, but for darker surfaces these clouds can introduce significant biases.
Transitions between states of magnetotail–ionosphere coupling and the role of solar wind dynamic pressure: the 25 July 2004 interplanetary CME case
Authors: Sandholt P. E. , Farrugia C. J. , Denig W. F.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. In a case study, we investigate transitions between fundamental magnetosphere–ionosphere (M-I) coupling modes during storm-time conditions (SYM-H between −100 and −160 nT) driven by an interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME). We combine observations from the near tail, at geostationary altitude (GOES-10), and electrojet activities across the auroral oval at postnoon-to-dusk and midnight. After an interval of strong westward electrojet (WEJ) activity, a 3 h long state of attenuated/quenched WEJ activity was initiated by abrupt drops in the solar wind density and dynamic pressure. The attenuated substorm activity consisted of brief phases of magnetic field perturbation and electron flux decrease at GOES-10 near midnight and moderately strong conjugate events of WEJ enhancements at the southern boundary of the oval, as well as a series of very strong eastward electrojet (EEJ) events at dusk, during a phase of enhanced ring current evolution, i.e., enhanced SYM-H deflection within −120 to −150 nT. Each of these M-I coupling events was preceded by poleward boundary intensifications and auroral streamers at higher oval latitudes. We identify this mode of attenuated substorm activity as being due to a magnetotail state characterized by bursty reconnection and bursty bulk flows/dipolarization fronts (multiple current wedgelets) with associated injection dynamo in the near tail, in their braking phase. The latter process is associated with activations of the Bostrøm type II (meridional) current system. A transition to the next state of M-I coupling, when a full substorm expansion took place, was triggered by an abrupt increase of the ICME dynamic pressure from 1 to 5 nPa. The brief field deflection events at GOES-10 were then replaced by a 20 min long interval of extreme field stretching (Bz approaching 5 nT and Bx ≈ 100 nT) followed by a major dipolarization (Δ Bz ≈ 100 nT). In the ionosphere the latter stage appeared as a "full-size" stepwise poleward expansion of the WEJ. It thus appears that the ICME passage led to fundamentally different M-I coupling states corresponding to different levels of dynamic pressure (Pdyn) under otherwise very similar ICME conditions. Full WEJ activity, covering a wide latitude range across the auroral oval in the midnight sector, was attenuated by the abrupt dynamic pressure decrease and resumed after the subsequent abrupt increase.
Inorganic carbon dynamics of melt-pond-covered first-year sea ice in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Geilfus N.-X. , Galley R. J. , Crabeck O. , Papakyriakou T. , Landy J. , Tison J.-L. , Rysgaard S.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Melt pond formation is a common feature of spring and summer Arctic sea ice, but the role and impact of sea ice melt and pond formation on both the direction and size of CO2 fluxes between air and sea is still unknown. Here we report on the CO2–carbonate chemistry of melting sea ice, melt ponds and the underlying seawater as well as CO2 fluxes at the surface of first-year landfast sea ice in the Resolute Passage, Nunavut, in June 2012. Early in the melt season, the increase in ice temperature and the subsequent decrease in bulk ice salinity promote a strong decrease of the total alkalinity (TA), total dissolved inorganic carbon (TCO2) and partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) within the bulk sea ice and the brine. As sea ice melt progresses, melt ponds form, mainly from melted snow, leading to a low in situ melt pond pCO2 (36 μatm). The percolation of this low salinity and low pCO2 meltwater into the sea ice matrix decreased the brine salinity, TA and TCO2, and lowered the in situ brine pCO2 (to 20 μatm). This initial low in situ pCO2 observed in brine and melt ponds results in air–ice CO2 fluxes ranging between −0.04 and −5.4 mmol m−2 day−1 (negative sign for fluxes from the atmosphere into the ocean). As melt ponds strive to reach pCO2 equilibrium with the atmosphere, their in situ pCO2 increases (up to 380 μatm) with time and the percolation of this relatively high concentration pCO2 meltwater increases the in situ brine pCO2 within the sea ice matrix as the melt season progresses. As the melt pond pCO2 increases, the uptake of atmospheric CO2 becomes less significant. However, since melt ponds are continuously supplied by meltwater, their in situ pCO2 remains undersaturated with respect to the atmosphere, promoting a continuous but moderate uptake of CO2 (~ −1 mmol m−2 day−1) into the ocean. Considering the Arctic seasonal sea ice extent during the melt period (90 days), we estimate an uptake of atmospheric CO2 of −10.4 Tg of C yr−1. This represents an additional uptake of CO2 associated with Arctic sea ice that needs to be further explored and considered in the estimation of the Arctic Ocean's overall CO2 budget.
High-resolution leaf wax carbon and hydrogen isotopic record of the late Holocene paleoclimate in arid Central Asia
Authors: Aichner B. , Feakins S. J. , Lee J. E. , Herzschuh U. , Liu X.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Central Asia is located at the confluence of large-scale atmospheric circulation systems. It is thus likely to be highly susceptible to changes in the dynamics of those systems; however, little is still known about the regional paleoclimate history. Here we present carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions of n-alkanoic acids from a late Holocene sediment core from Lake Karakuli (eastern Pamir, Xinjiang Province, China). Instrumental evidence and isotope-enabled climate model experiments with the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique Zoom model version 4 (LMDZ4) demonstrate that δ D values of precipitation in the region are influenced by both temperature and precipitation amount. We find that these parameters are inversely correlated on an annual scale, i.e., the climate has varied between relatively cool and wet and more warm and dry over the last 50 years. Since the isotopic signals of these changes are in the same direction and therefore additive, isotopes in precipitation are sensitive recorders of climatic changes in the region. Additionally, we infer that plants use year-round precipitation (including snowmelt), and thus leaf wax δ D values must also respond to shifts in the proportion of moisture derived from westerly storms during late winter and early spring. Downcore results give evidence for a gradual shift to cooler and wetter climates between 3.5 and 2.5 cal kyr BP, interrupted by a warm and dry episode between 3.0 and 2.7 kyr BP. Further cool and wet episodes occur between 1.9 and 1.5 and between 0.6 and 0.1 kyr BP, the latter coeval with the Little Ice Age. Warm and dry episodes from 2.5 to 1.9 and 1.5 to 0.6 kyr BP coincide with the Roman Warm Period and Medieval Climate Anomaly, respectively. Finally, we find a drying tend in recent decades. Regional comparisons lead us to infer that the strength and position of the westerlies, and wider northern hemispheric climate dynamics, control climatic shifts in arid Central Asia, leading to complex local responses. Our new archive from Lake Karakuli provides a detailed record of the local signatures of these climate transitions in the eastern Pamir.
A new approach for modeling Cenozoic oceanic lithium isotope paleo-variations: the key role of climate
Authors: Vigier N. , Goddéris Y.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. The marine record of ocean lithium isotope composition may provide important information constraining the factors that control continental weathering and how they have varied in the past. However, the equations establishing links between the continental flux of Li to the ocean, the continental Li isotope composition and the ocean Li isotope composition are under-constrained, and their resolution are related to significant uncertainties. In order to partially reduce this uncertainty, we propose a new approach that couples the C and Li cycles, such that our proposed reconstruction of the Cenozoic Li cycle is compatible with the required stability of the exospheric carbon cycle on geological timescales. The results of this exercise show, contrary to expectations, that the Cenozoic evolution of the Li isotope composition of rivers did not necessarily mimic the oceanic δ7Li rise. In contrast, variations in the continental flux of Li to the ocean are demonstrated to play a major role in setting the ocean δ7Li. We also provide evidence that Li storage in secondary phases is an important element of the global Li cycle that cannot be neglected, in particular during the early Cenozoic. Our modeling of the published foraminifera record highlights a close link between soil formation rate and indexes recording the climate evolution during the Cenozoic, such as foraminifera δ18O and pCO2 reconstructions. This leads us to conclude that the Li isotope record does not provide persuasive, unique evidence for erosional forcing of Cenozoic change because it could alternatively be consistent with a climatic control on soil production rates.
The simulated climate of the Last Glacial Maximum and the insights into the global carbon cycle
Authors: Matear R. J. , Lenton A. , Etheridge D. , Phipps S. J.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Global climate models (GCMs) provide an important tool for simulating the earth's climate. Here we present a GCM simulation of the climate of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), which was obtained by setting atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations and the earth's orbital parameters to the values which prevailed at 21 000 years before present (BP). During the LGM, we simulate a significant cooling of the ocean and a dramatic expansion of the sea-ice extent. This behaviour agrees with reconstructions from paleoclimate archives. In the ocean, the LGM simulation produces a significant redistribution of dissolved oxygen and carbon. The oxygen levels rise and the volume of anoxic water declines by more than 50%, which is consistent with paleoclimate reconstructions of denitrification. The simulated LGM climate also stores more carbon in the deep ocean (below 2000 m), but with a reduced atmospheric CO2 level the total carbon stored in the ocean declines by 600 Pg C. The LGM ocean circulation preconditions the ocean to store carbon in the deep; however, the ocean circulation and sea-ice changes are insufficient alone to increase the total carbon stored in the ocean and modifications to the ocean biogeochemical cycles are required. With modifications to organic and inorganic carbon export and organic carbon remineralization one can increase ocean carbon storage (240 Pg C) to a level that is sufficient to explain the reduction in atmospheric and land carbon during the LGM (520 ± 400 Pg C). With the modified biogeochemical cycling in the ocean, the simulated aragonite lysocline depth and dissolved oxygen become more consistent with paleo-reconstructions.
On studying relations between time series in climatology
Authors: Privalsky V.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. In climatology, relationships between time series are often studied on the basis of crosscorrelation coefficients and regression equations. This approach is generally incorrect for time series irrespective of the crosscorrelation coefficient value because relations between time series are frequency-dependent. Multivariate time series should be analyzed in both time and frequency domains, including fitting a parametric (preferably, autoregressive) stochastic difference equation to the time series and then calculating functions of frequency such as spectra and coherent spectra, coherences, and frequency response functions. The example with a bivariate time series "Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) – sea surface temperature in Niño area 3.4 (SST3.4)" proves that even when the crosscorrelation is low, the time series' components can be closely related to each other. A full time and frequency domain description of this bivariate time series is given. The AMO − SST3.4 time series is shown to form a closed feedback loop system. The coherence between AMO and SST3.4 is statistically significant at intermediate frequencies where the coherent spectra amount up to 55% of the total spectral densities. The gain factors are also described. Some recommendations are offered regarding time series analysis in climatology.
Modelling atmospheric dry deposition in urban areas using an urban canopy approach
Authors: Cherin N. , Roustan Y. , Musson-Genon L. , Seigneur C.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Atmospheric dry deposition is typically modelled using an average roughness length, which depends on land use. This classical roughness-length approach cannot account for the spatial variability of dry deposition in complex settings such as urban areas. Urban canopy models have been developed to parametrise momentum and heat transfer. We extend this approach here to mass transfer, and a new dry deposition model based on the urban canyon concept is presented. It uses a local mixing-length parametrisation of turbulence within the canopy, and a description of the urban canopy via key parameters to provide spatially distributed dry deposition fluxes. Three different flow regimes are distinguished in the urban canyon depending on the height-to-width ratio of built areas: isolated roughness flow, wake interference flow and skimming flow. Differences between the classical roughness-length model and the model developed here are investigated. Sensitivity to key parameters are discussed. This approach provides spatially distributed dry deposition fluxes that depend on surfaces (streets, walls, roofs) and flow regimes (recirculation and ventilation) within the urban area.
A simple object-oriented and open-source model for scientific and policy analyses of the global climate system – Hector v1.0
Authors: Hartin C. A. , Patel P. , Schwarber A. , Link R. P. , Bond-Lamberty B. P.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Simple climate models play an integral role in the policy and scientific communities. They are used for climate mitigation scenarios within integrated assessment models, complex climate model emulation, and uncertainty analyses. Here we describe Hector v1.0, an open source, object-oriented, simple global climate carbon-cycle model. This model runs essentially instantaneously while still representing the most critical global-scale earth system processes. Hector has a three-part main carbon cycle: a one-pool atmosphere, land, and ocean. The model's terrestrial carbon cycle includes primary production and respiration fluxes, accommodating arbitrary geographic divisions into, e.g., ecological biomes or political units. Hector actively solves the inorganic carbon system in the surface ocean, directly calculating air–sea fluxes of carbon and ocean pH. Hector reproduces the global historical trends of atmospheric [CO2], radiative forcing, and surface temperatures. The model simulates all four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) with equivalent rates of change of key variables over time compared to current observations, MAGICC (a well-known simple climate model), and models from the 5th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. Hector's flexibility, open-source nature, and modular design will facilitate a broad range of research in various areas.
Climate elasticity of streamflow revisited – an elasticity index based on long-term hydrometeorological records
Authors: Andréassian V. , Coron L. , Lerat J. , Le Moine N.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. We present a new method to derive the empirical (i.e., data-based) elasticity of streamflow to precipitation and potential evaporation. This method, which uses long-term hydrometeorological records, is tested on a set of 519 French catchments. We compare a total of five different ways to compute elasticity: the reference method first proposed by Sankarasubramanian et al. (2001) and four alternatives differing in the type of regression model chosen (OLS or GLS, univariate or bivariate). We show that the bivariate GLS regression is the most robust solution, because it accounts for the co-variation of precipitation and potential evaporation anomalies. We also compare empirical elasticity estimates with theoretical estimates derived analytically from the Turc–Mezentsev formula. Empirical elasticity offers a powerful means to test the extrapolation capacity of those hydrological models that are to be used to predict the impact of climatic changes.
Flood warnings in coastal areas: how do experience and information influence responses to alert services?
Authors: Pescaroli G. , Magni M.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Many studies discuss the economic and technical aspects of flood warnings. Less attention has been given to the social and behavioural patterns that affect alert services. In particular, the literature focuses on warnings activated in river basins or marine environments without providing clear evidence on Mediterranean coastal areas, even though these are subjected to growing flood risk related to climate change. This paper is a first attempt to bridge this gap. Our research develops an in-depth analysis of the village of Cesenatico on the Adriatic Sea coast. Here the municipality adopted two complementary warning systems: a siren and an alert via short message service (SMS). The analysis focuses on a survey conducted in 2011 and 2012 with 228 participants. The relationships between social and behavioural variables and warning services are investigated as well as flood preparedness and information dissemination. Qualitative evidence from informal interviews is used to support the understanding of key responses. The conclusions show how different social and behavioural patterns can influence the effectiveness and use of warning systems, regardless of the technology adopted and the structural mitigation measures implemented. Education, training and accountability are seen to be critical elements for implementation. Finally, the statistical output is used to suggest new questions and new directions for research.
Configuration of the Northern Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet at LGM based on a new synthesis of seabed imagery
Authors: Lavoie C. , Domack E. W. , Pettit E. C. , Scambos T. A. , Larter R. D. , Schenke H.-W. , Yoo K. C. , Gutt J. , Wellner J. , Canals M. , Anderson J. B. , Amblas D.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. We present a new seafloor map for the northern Antarctic Peninsula (AP), including swath multibeam data sets from five national programs. Our map allows for the examination and interpretation of Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) paleo-ice-flow paths developed on the seafloor from the preservation of mega-scale glacial lineations, drumlinized features, and selective linear erosion. We combine this with terrestrial observations of flow direction to place constraints on ice divides and ice domes on the AP continental shelf during the LGM time interval. The results show a flow bifurcation as ice exits the Larsen B embayment. Flow emanating off the Seal Nunataks (including Robertson Island) is directed toward the southeast, then eastward as the flow transits toward the Robertson Trough. A second, stronger "streaming flow" is directed toward the southeast, then southward as ice overflowed the tip of the Jason Peninsula to reach the southern perimeter of the embayment. Our reconstruction also refines the extent of at least five other distinct paleo-ice-stream systems that, in turn, serve to delineate seven broad regions where contemporaneous ice domes must have been centered on the continental shelf at LGM. Our reconstruction is more detailed than other recent compilations because we followed specific ice-flow indicators and have kept tributary flow paths parallel.
Interaction of katabatic wind and local surface mass balance at Scharffenbergbotnen Blue Ice Area, Antarctica
Authors: Zwinger T. , Malm T. , Schäfer M. , Stenberg R. , Moore J. C.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. We model the wind causing the formation of a blue ice area in Scharffenbergbotnen valley, Antarctica, using the finite element code Elmer. The high resolution numerical simulations of the local wind flow from katabatic wind fronts show highly spatially variable wind impact patterns and good congruence between places of enhanced wind-impact and the blue ice area. The results were fortuitously confirmed by the destruction of a field camp located in a high wind speed area and its subsequent redistribution to low velocity areas. In addition we perform wind simulations on an altered glacier geometry that resembles the thicker ice cover at the Late Glacial Maximum (LGM). These simulations indicate that the pronounced spatial wind-impact patterns depend on present day geometry and did not occur during the LGM. This leads to the conclusion that the formation of the blue ice area that is situated more inside the valley of Scharffenbergbotnen started only after the lowering of the ice surface, later than the LGM. Experiments with smoothed surface topography suggest that detailed positions of the high wind regions and hence individual blue ice fields, may have varied as the ice sheet lowered. The experiments and the field observations are consistent with localized violent katabatic events, rather than synoptic scale storms, playing the dominant role in the formation and maintenance of this, and perhaps many blue ice areas.
Initiatives for the improvement of continuous management training
Authors:   Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Dpto. Economía Financiera II, Avda. Lehendakari Aguirre, 83, 48015, Bilbao (Bizkaia). jon.landeta@ehu.es, Landeta Jon , Barrutia Jon ,   Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Dpto. Economía Financiera II, Avda. Lehendakari Aguirre, 83, 48015, Bilbao (Bizkaia). jon.barrutia@ehu.es, Hoyos Jon ,   Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Dpto. Economía Financiera II, Avda. Lehendakari Aguirre, 83, 48015, Bilbao (Bizkaia). jon.hoyos@ehu.es, Araujo Andrés ,   Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Dpto. Economía Financiera II, Avda. Lehendakari Aguirre, 83, 48015, Bilbao (Bizkaia). andres.araujo@ehu.es
Published: April 2015

Purpose. This work aims to present, from the company viewpoint, a structured account of management proposals and practices directed toward improving the intensity and effectiveness of continuous management training (CMT). Design/methodology/approach. The article takes as its main theoretical referents the Theory of Human Capital, the Resource-Based Vision and the contributions made via the new institutional economy with regard to the problems of information asymmetry between companies, employees and training providers and completes the proposals that derive from this theoretical approach. To do this, experience-based contributions are collected from a selection of company training and HR managers from twelve Basque companies characterised by their strong investment in management training. The methodology used was qualitative and obtained by different qualitative techniques: Focus Groups, Nominal Groups and the Delphi Method, which make up the so-called Hybrid Delphi. Findings and implications. The proposals are aimed at the main agents in training activity: training providers, associations and public agents engaged in management training and, particularly, companies themselves. The initiatives seek above all to increase training market transparency, to improve mutual commitments between companies and managers, and to link training and development with culture and strategic management, so that firms make optimal investment in management training. Originality/value. The methodology used is original, and the contributions are consistent with the theory, have a proven practical utility, and are presented in a hierarchy, which facilitates decision making.