bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why UG Needs a Learning Theory: Triggering Verb Movement*
Authors: Lightfoot David
Published: November 2023

For more than a decade generativists have viewed the linguistic genotype or “Universal Grammar” (UG) as consisting of principles and a set of option-points or parameters. Correspondingly, language acquisition proceeds as children set those parameters, sometimes characterized as switches with ON and OFF positions. And languages change over time as parameters come to be set differently. The notion of a parameter has stolen the limelight, but particular parameters are surprisingly evanescent.
The Democratic Corporation
Authors: Ackoff Russell L
Published: November 2023

We all know that American business needs fixing, and there is no shortage of prescriptions: imitate the Japanese, or follow the example of successful firms, or practice right-sizing. But these approaches do not work very well, says Russell Ackoff, because they only attack the problem piecemeal--and it is the entire system of American business that is flawed. In this revolutionary new book by a widely respected business thinker and pioneer in the fields of operations research and systems thinking, Ackoff underscores the urgent need to overhaul the kinds of systems found in America, from our business schools to our boardrooms. And he shows how firms can break out of the mold--and leapfrog the competition in today’s volatile economy. To give managers insight into the concept of organizations, Ackoff shows how they have been viewed since the Renaissance: first as machines, later as organisms, and today as social systems. As social systems, companies produce and distribute wealth and raise our standard of living. They are also responsible for facilitating and encouraging the development of the larger systems that contain them and all their stakeholders. The quality of worklife within an organization is key. Work has to be challenging and enjoyable if workers are to give it their full commitment, and Ackoff outlines major ways to achieve this goal. Along the way, Ackoff explodes a number of fashionable business notions. He asserts that firms that try to imitate successful competitors are doomed to play catch-up forever. He attacks the idea of continuous improvement, showing that it has failed to make quantum leaps in quality, and he demonstrates how to re-orient the pursuit of quality. After revealing the weakness in many current practices, Ackoff describes three organizational schemes that will lead to success. In the Circular Organization, a democratic hierarchy, everyone participates directly or indirectly in decisions that affect their work. In the Internal Market Economy, organizations treat their different parts like a collection of firms doing business with each other--which promotes cooperation and eliminates wasteful internal competition. And with the Multidimensional Organization, a company becomes so powerful and flexible that continuous adaptation can happen without reorganization. Ackoff caps off the book with an incisive critique of business schools, describing how they must be transformed to turn out the leaders we need for the competitive American organization of the 21st century. Enabling managers to understand the profound interrelationships in the American economy and to tap into them for success, The Democratic Corporation is a major work by an innovative thinker that is certain to cause ripples throughout the business community.
Innovation
Authors: Kay John
Published: November 2023

Innovation is the third principal distinctive capability, and yet firms often fail to gain a competitive advantage from it. In this chapter, I explain why. I describe the costs and uncertainties associated with the process of innovation and the difficulties that firms encounter in securing the returns to innovation for themselves. What appear to be the rewards of innovation are often really the product of the firm’s architecture. Some firms have established an architecture that stimulates a continuous process of innovations. Other firms have created an architecture that enables them to implement an innovation particularly effectively.
Strategic Assets
Authors: Kay John
Published: November 2023

Some competitive advantages are based not on the distinctive capabilities of firms but on their dominance or market position. These are the strategic assets for the firm concerned. Strategic assets are of three main types. Some companies may benefit from a natural monopoly because they are established in a market that will not readily accommodate more than one firm. In some other markets, incumbent firms have already incurred many of the costs of supply, but entrants have not. In these, the firms’ cost structure may give them a competitive advantage. Still other firms benefit from market restrictions that are the product of licenses and regulation. What distinguishes all these from true distinctive capabilities is that any other firm that had entered the industry at the same time or had already made that expenditure or held that license would have enjoyed the same competitive advantage.
Why National Economies Succeed
Authors: Kay John
Published: November 2023

Although most of this book is concerned with the implications of my analysis for business policy, in this chapter I consider the relationship between business and public policy. What are the connections between competitive advantage in the firm and competitive advantage in the national economy? The free-market system succeeds when the pursuit of the former secures the latter, but there is no necessary equivalence between the two. I begin by looking at the reasons that markets may fail to produce efficient outcomes. I identify these as inequality of information, externalities, and the existence of natural or strategic monopoly. When these conditions exist, firms may add value for themselves, but this added value may represent an appropriation of existing value rather than an increment to national wealth. I go on to explore some implications for business ethics, suggesting that modern corporations have both classical and relational contracts between themselves and the communities in which they operate and that business behavior is governed by the terms of both types of contracts.
Suffixaufnahme in Hurrian and Urartian
Authors: Wilhelm Gernot
Published: November 2023

Hurrian is an Ancient Near Eastern language written in syllabic Babylonian cuneiform and to a lesser extent also in Ugaritic alphabetic script. It was widely spoken in the northern parts of the Fertile Crescent at least from the last quarter of the third millennium BCE on until the end of the second millennium BCE. For another half millennium it survived in small pockets in Kurdistan, whence the language originally came. Together with Sumerian, Akkadian, and Hittite, Hurrian was one of the most important written languages of the Ancient Near East. Among the Hurrian texts so far discovered are letters, myths, incantations, prayers, offering rituals, omens, examples of wisdom literature, and scribal tools such as word-lists and god-lists.
Suffixaufnahme and Apparent Ellipsis in Martuthunira
Authors: Dench Alan
Published: November 2023

This has certainly been something of a perceived tradition in the description of Australian languages, as Plank notes. But the defining away of Suffixaufnahme by recourse to the “genitive is an adjective” ploy crucially depends on there being a clear distinction between noun and adjective, and then on the principled assignment of genitive constructions to the adjective class. Of course, if there is no clear distinction between adjective and noun, then the ploy fails, in a trivial fashion.
Binder-Anaphors and the Diachrony of Case Displacement
Authors: Aristar Anthony Rodrigues
Published: November 2023

In certain languages case marking that properly belongs to the head noun of an NP and defines the case relation which that head noun has in a higher phrase or clause appears affixed to the modifying noun or NP. In the majority of relevant languages (Moravcsik, this volume), case markers appear not merely on the dependent noun, but on the head noun as well.
Policy Crisis and Environmental Degradation
Authors: Southgate Douglas , Whitaker Morris
Published: November 2023

Does mounting derived demand for land, water, and other resource inputs to the rural economy imply that environmental degradation must accelerate? Certainly not. Indeed, the opposite result is entirely conceivable. That is, people might use and manage resources more, not less, carefully as scarcity values rise. Unfortunately, this response is unlikely under the policy regime applied in many Latin American nations, including Ecuador. By suppressing economic activity in the countryside, distorted macroeconomic and sectoral policies have probably caused some renewable resources to sit idle. But at the same time, those policies have weakened conservation incentives and have discouraged the use of human-made substitutes for environmental inputs.
Guidelines For Good Health: The Do’s And Don’ts
Authors: Janowitz Henry D
Published: November 2023

According to the “Dietary Guidelines for Americans”-a joint venture of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Department of Health and Human Services, and the American Heart Association-our total dietary fat intake should not exceed 30 percent of our daily calories. This translates into 90 grams for active men and teenage boys (where the daily intake of calories is 2800 calories), 70 grams for children, active women, and most men (in a 2200-calories-per-day diet), and 50 grams for many women and older adults (in a 1600-calories per-day diet).
Diet And Disorders Of The Pancreas
Authors: Janowitz Henry D
Published: November 2023

The pancreas is an important gland in the digestive process and pours its external secretions, the pancreatic juice, into the upper duodenum. The enzymes of this fluid digest fat, protein, and starch into smaller units, a vital step in the digestion and absorption of our foodstuffs and a crucial one in the digestion of fats. The pancreas works in conjunction with the bile salts of the liver, which, as we learned in the previous chapter, are stored in the gallbladder and liberated into the duodenum at just the right time to meet up with pancreatic lipase-the fat splitting enzyme.
Malabsorption: Starvation In The Midst Of Plenty
Authors: Janowitz Henry D
Published: November 2023

The most dramatic form of malabsorption is celiac disease, often called celiac sprue or nontropical sprue, and more recently, gluten enteropathy. First appearing in young children, this disease can flare up in adulthood or even appear later in life. The clinical picture is a dramatic one-weakness, weight loss, diarrhea and bloating, distention and cramping, muscle wasting, fatigue, and loss of energy. These symptoms can all be explained by the failure of the intestine to absorb calories, especially fat calories, and minerals such as iron and calcium, which is associated with a slow protein leak in the intestine from the blood.
The Curse Of Ham A Case of Rabbinic Racism?
Authors: Goldenberg David M
Published: November 2023

Who can deny that in the descendants of the Jews there persists and endures the evil inclination of their ancient ingratitude and lack of understanding, just as in the Negroes [there persists} the inseparable quality of their blackness.1 His linking of Jew and Black was not unusual. Indeed, the explicit and implicit comparison of these two peoples is found throughout western literature over many centuries. Leslie Fiedler may have been right when he said, “Surely the Negro cannot relish ... this improbable and unwanted yoking any more than the Jew.” Nevertheless, yoked they are, at least in the minds of the rest of the world. At various times and in various places, both peoples were said to be genetically diseased, physically and intellectually inferior, cursed by God, oversexed, more animal than human, ugly, smelly, and, of course, associated with the devil. From Jerome and Augustine, who saw biblical Ham as typologically the Jew while bio logically the Black, to the 1930s American graffito “A nigger is a Jew turned inside out,” these two peoples have been typecast as reflections of one another, and as substitutes for one another in society ‘s categorization of the Other. Voltaire put it succinctly: “One regards the Jews the same way as one regards the Negroes, as a species of inferior humanity.”
Negotiating Coalition: Black and Jewish Civil Rights Agencies in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Greenberg Cheryl
Published: November 2023

American and Jewish American communities have long sought to organize for their own advancement through a variety of institutions, from mass to elite, from nationalist to integrationist, from conservative to radical. During the middle-twentieth century agencies advocating liberalism, coalition building, and integration into the political, economic, and social mainstream have been the most prominent. Examining the relationships between these organizations in the Black and Jewish communities, therefore, offers a profitable approach to Black-Jewish relations during the period of the modern civil rights movement. Such a study avoids the dangers of generalizing from the actions of a few (the “but Goodman and Schwerner were Jewish” argument) and has the added advantage of allowing us to trace developments over time, as organizational decisions and tactics changed. Budgets and staff allocation reveal the priorities of these groups, and are thus invaluable in understanding the extent to which Black Jewish collaboration went beyond rhetoric or good intentions. Furthermore, these agencies may in fact be the clearest representation of their communities that can be identified. Organizations that were economically supported by their community and claimed to speak for it constantly monitored their community ‘s feelings because moving too far ahead or behind group sentiment spelled financial and political disaster. Tracing the positions and priorities of successful ethnic organizations not only reveals the level of commitment the organized community felt toward civil rights questions, but almost as reliably also uncovers broader com munity views.
African Americans and Jews in Hollywood: Antagonistic Allies
Authors: Cripps Thomas
Published: November 2023

Ethnic groups in America have enjoyed such a close association in the popular mind as have African Americans and Jews. And yet their shared affinities have often been clouded by ambiguities. From the earliest days of the alliance-such as in the heavily Jewish founding of the NAACP in 1909 or in the origins of Black-oriented Jewish foundations such as the Rosenwald Fund-lack of mutual trust has often blurred the shared goals of their common cause: the struggle to end racial and ethnic discrimination. Among Blacks in particular the alliance has been strained by a lingering sense that however philanthropic Jews had been, they also possessed the power to push buttons that allowed them to dictate the terms of the alliance. In such cases, stereotypes regain their ability to define diverse groups as one dimensional demons-Jewish conspirators or moneygrubbers as against Black wastrels and criminals.
Separate Paths: Blacks and Jews zn the Twentieth-Century South
Authors: Moore Deborah Dash
Published: November 2023

Third of the population of the South is of the Negro race. No enterprise seeking the material, civil, or moral welfare of this section can disregard this element of our population and reach the highest success.” With these words Booker T. Washington began his Atlanta Exposition Address in 1895, a speech that catapulted him from a position as an innovative educator and builder of the Tuskegee Institute to the forefront of African American leadership. By the beginning of the twentieth century, Washington was widely acclaimed as America’s preeminent Black man, with more influence than any of his peers. His views on questions of race and relations of whites and Blacks gained him access to the White House as well as to the homes of wealthy white men. As for immigrants, Washington did not see them as integral to the South. “To those of the white race who look to the incoming of those of foreign birth and strange tongue and habits for the prosperity of the South,” he observed in the same address, “were I permitted I would repeat what I say to my own race, ‘Cast down your bucket where you are. ‘ Cast it down among the eight millions of Negroes whose habits you know....” Washington concluded the paragraph with a metaphor that would become as famous as his call to cast down your bucket: “In all things purely social,” he assured his listeners, “we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress.”
“Nation Time!”: Black Nationalism, The Third World, and Jews
Authors: Hartin Waldo E
Published: November 2023

Early December 1968, a few weeks before SNCC’s flamboyant Stokely Carmichael left for a fourteen-month sojourn in Africa, he spoke to an enthusiastic and overflow audience of mostly Black college students at the historically Black A&T State University in Greensboro, North Carolina. Carmichael argued forcefully that a crucial element of the accelerating Black Power phase of the Black liberation struggle was the need for Blacks to define themselves more accurately as a people. He contended that they had to see themselves more geopolitically. This call for a diasporic and Pan-African sense of group awareness was pointed and clear. “We are Africans,” he intoned.
African Americans and Israel
Authors: Rubin Gary E
Published: November 2023

1993, the prominent Jewish writer Cynthia Ozick reviewed the course of African American-Jewish relations in the twenty years since the publication of her essay, “Literary Blacks and Jews.” She claimed that “uninformed assaults on Israel by black Americans (who are certainly not alone in this), and a willed misunderstanding of Middle Eastern events since 1967, have done more to destroy Jewish confidence in black goodwill and fairness than any number of homegrown ‘Hymietown ‘ quips.” Ozick there made a claim found frequently in recent Jewish analyses of Black-Jewish relations since the heyday of the civil rights movement in the mid-1960s. Several writers have argued that hostile African American attitudes toward Israel were a major factor in increasing tensions between Blacks and Jews in the late 1960s and remain a serious impediment to coalition today.
Background
Authors: Ravid Dorit Diskin
Published: November 2023

The study of language acquisition has taken on a new meaning in the last decade. When seen as part of the study of other forms of language variation across time and space, such as dialects and sociolects, as well as the study of pidgins and creoles, it provides us with a new understanding of how language evolves and what directs its development.
Structural Opacity
Authors: Ravid Dorit Diskin
Published: November 2023

The discussion of the central role of structural opacity in processes of language change focuses on five constructions in Modern Hebrew that most clearly demonstrate different causes, manifestations, and results of opacity: Weak Syllables, Stop ! Spirant Alternation, Hif’il e/a Alternation, Case-Marked Pronouns and Junction. Each represents a distinct instance of current instability in morphological structure, deriving from both diachronic sources and from the unique position of spoken Modern Hebrew as a revived language. And all five alike highlight the initiation of change in a linguistic community (Baron 1977).
Principles and Strategies in Language Acquisition and Language Processing
Authors: Ravid Dorit Diskin
Published: November 2023

In discussing the task-specific tactical measures in Chapter 4 above we saw that children used such ad-hoc strategies differently from adults, and that there were certain similarities between the measures of children and of low SES adults. Young children typically used context-dependent strategies, relying on semantic and pragmatic cues rather than on structural ones. These findings are compatible with early strategies demonstrated by various researchers (e.g. Clark 1973a, Cromer 1976, Wilcox & Palermo 1974/5), as based on broad cognitive principles that are not necessarily linguistic in nature, e.g. the Probable Event Strategy (Strohmer & Nelson 1974) or the Appropriate/Inappropriate Contexts Strategy (Dewart 1975).
Null Subject Phenomena
Authors: Franks Steven
Published: November 2023

This chapter surveys the range of problems associated with the analysis of null subjects in the Slavic languages.1 In it are explored some of the ramifications of recent proposals within GB theory about the factors motivating case assignment to subject position. Section 7.1 introduces the issue of null subjects in general and presents a range of related Slavic problems. Section 7.2 treats null theta-marked subjects, and section 7.3 treats null expletive subjects. It is argued that case plays a crucial role in both morphological visibility at the level of Phonetic Form and semantic visibility at the level of Logical Form. The issue of which null and overt subjects are assigned case is addressed, and it is concluded that whereas all overt nominals require case, only those null nominals that must be semantically visible do. The implications of this model are then applied to the Slavic languages in section 7.4, where the problem of whether null expletives receive case is examined in detail.
Summary and Conclusions
Authors: Franks Steven
Published: November 2023

In this book, I have surveyed a comprehensive range of major aspects of Slavic syntax from the general perspective of Principles and Parameters theory. I would like in this final chapter briefly to summarize the results of this survey. The core topics covered the case-theoretic properties of numeral phrases, secondary predication, null subjects, and voice. Treatment of these problems led inevitably to discussion of a host of related issues and phenomena, as well as to the proposal of diverse mechanisms for expressing the differences among Slavic languages. The specific areas were of course selective and are by no means meant to provide an exhaustive account of Slavic syntax. My intent instead has been to demonstrate that by reconsidering familiar puzzles from the parametric perspective one can arrive at novel insights. In investigating, cataloguing, and analyzing related syntactic constructions across the Slavic languages, I have come to understand that on the one hand fundamental differences often lie beneath superficially similar constructions, and on the other that simple oppositions often tum out to explain a host of superficially umelated phenomena. The areas studied are representative of the kinds of problems that can be addressed and the solutions Government and Binding has to offer.
What Do the Police Do?
Authors: Bayley David H
Published: November 2023

The radio call came to the patrol officer late on a warm spring afternoon, directing him to investigate an automobile accident in a suburban residential neighborhood. At the scene he found a tow truck and its disgruntled operator gazing at the remains of an accident. According to the tow-truck driver, the driver of a 20-year-old Plymouth sedan had lost control of the vehicle at the intersection, crashed into a street sign, knocked over two newspaper vending machines, and careened through a bush onto the front lawn of a house. Muddy car tracks could be seen, and the broken vending machines were lying on the lawn. The driver of the car, who was drunk and abusive, had refused to wait for the police after the tow truck arrived. He and his car disappeared down the street and around a comer. The tow-truck operator supplied the license plate number and a full description of the car and driver. Checking by radio with radio dispatch, the police officer confirmed what he had suspected: The driver lived only a few blocks away.
The View from Inside
Authors: Bayley David H
Published: November 2023

The basic resource of the police is its people. If police are to be more successful in preventing crime, then police personnel will have to operate in new ways. This is easy to say but difficult to achieve. Large organizations develop customary ways of organizing activities, making decisions, and managing people. These habits constitute what is called the organizational culture of an institution. Organizational culture is like the water that fish swim in-it affects all that police do even though they are not aware of it. The organizational culture of the police is distinctive in four ways that powerfully shape what they are capable of doing. These are (1) the privileges of detectives, (2) the character of management, (3) the ethos of the occupation, and (4) the status of the police officer.
Agendas for Change
Authors: Bayley David H
Published: November 2023

Police are in a bind. They are costly without being clearly effective. The usefulness of their core strategies-mobile patrolling, visible presence, and deterrent criminal investigations-is doubtful. Understandably, therefore, during the 1980s, as crime and the costs of policing both rose inexorably, the police came urider acute political pressure to demonstrate that they were giving value for money. Their legitimacy was no longer guaranteed by their mission and their authority under law. The question naturally arises, then, What should the police be held responsible for doing? Both the public and the police seem to agree in general terms. The performance of the police should be judged in terms of three criteria: effectiveness, efficiency, and rectitude.
Taking Crime Prevention Seriously
Authors: Bayley David H
Published: November 2023

The police are supposed to prevent crime, but they are not demonstrably doing so. This is not because they think crime prevention is not their mission. Police do judge themselves by the standards of crime containment and crime reduction. The problem is that their strategies-deterrence through a visible patrol presence and through prompt apprehension and punishment of criminals-are not working. During the 1980s police began to recognize the limitations of these strategies. The result was an intensive, widespread effort to devise more effective approaches.
Options for Policing
Authors: Bayley David H
Published: November 2023

The most critical decision modern societies must make concerning the police is whether they should be held responsible for preventing crime. For most people the answer is obvious: of course, what else? But the issue is not as simple as it seems. There are two reasons why making crime prevention central to the mission of the police may not be a good idea. First, the police may not be able to prevent crime. This is a matter of capability. Is it reasonable to expect that crime can be prevented by the actions of a single government agency whose main activity, at least until now, has been law enforcement? The answer depends on what is required to prevent crime. Furthermore, even if crime could be prevented through the focused effort of the police, can the police, as police departments are currently constituted, adapt enough to do it? The customary practices of the police have great institutional momentum, which will not be easy to change. Like aircraft carriers, police organizations may be capable of only wide and slow turns.
The Structure of Particle Constructions
Authors: Dikken Marcel den
Published: November 2023

Particle constructions are an important probe into the structure of various secondary predicative constructions, as I shall try to show in what follows. Chapter 3 argues that the properties of particle constructions shed light on the analysis of triadic constructions. Before proceeding to this discussion, however, we should first of all establish the structure of particle constructions in general. To this end, I shall present in the pages to follow an in-depth investigation of the structure of COMPLEX PARTICLE CONSTRUCTIONS in English. The central claim to be defended is that, in any event in complex particle constructions, the particle is an ergativesmall clause (SC) head, selecting another SC as its complement. Towards the end of this chapter, the results of our case study of English complex particle constructions will be considered against the back ground of similar constructions in Dutch, and simplex particle constructions in both languages.
Movement and Structural Ambiguity in Double Object Constructions
Authors: Dikken Marcel den
Published: November 2023

The discussion in chapter 3 was primarily concerned with the D-structure representation of triadic constructions, and the nature of Dative Shift. In this chapter, a number of S-structure phenomena associated with double object constructions will be addressed. These will be shown to lend further support to a number of ingredients of the analysis of Dative Shift presented in chapter 3. Some will moreover be seen to constitute arguments for the view that double object constructions are in principle structurally ambiguous between ‘‘genuine’’ Dative Shift constructions and “covert” prepositional dative constructions featuring an empty dative preposition. In this section I shall be concerned with the restrictions on A’-movement of the double object Goal. It will be shown that, while overt wh-movement of the indirect object in a double object construction is generally possible, this constituent resists being the input to EMPTY OPERATOR MOVEMENT. Given a number of independently plausible assumptions, we can derive from this an important argument in favour of the inclusion of an empty dative preposition in the structure of the double object construction (cf. also Kayne 1984; Czepluch 1982). In the literature on double object constructions, applicatives and Dative Shift, a recurrent theme is the fact that, in many languages, indirect (or applied) objects appear to resist being A’-moved. Since so much attention has been paid to it, and since its weight as an argument for or against a particular analysis of triadic constructions is generally considerable, it is important to first present a concise inventory of the relevant data.
Conclusions
Authors: Dikken Marcel den
Published: November 2023

Verbal particles, independent or affixal, are numerous and cross-linguistically pervasive. Their distribution and placement are subject to constraints, a proper understanding of which yields insight into the structure of various secondary predicative constructions. Starting out from a detailed analysis of the properties of complex particle constructions, this study has brought forth accounts of triadic constructions and Dative Shift, and the relationship between dative and transitive causative constructions, all of them built on the basic structural template proposed for complex particle constructions. The foundations of this study are laid in chapter 2, in which the structure of constructions containing a verbal particle and an additional secondary predicate, illustrated in (1), is developed. The chapter is opened by presenting evidence for the two central tenets of the analysis, the view that particles are small clause (SC) predicates, and that the same holds for the boldface phrases in the examples in (1). Eliminating an analysis of complex particle constructions according to which the SCs projected by the boldface constituents are generated in the subject position of the particle headed SC (cf. Kayne 1985), chapter 2 proceeds to fleshing out an account built on the premise that the particles occurring in these constructions are unaccusativeSC heads, taking the additional SC as their complement, as in (2):
Introduction
Authors: Halpern Ben , Reinharz Jehuda
Published: November 2023

This study is intended as a complement to The Idea of the Jewish State, published by Ben Halpern in 1961 (second edition 1969). In that volume, historical and sociological analyses are applied to the study of Jewish nationalism. Some of the methodology problems of such an attempt, with its combination of approaches, were dealt with briefly in the appendix to the first edition of The Idea of the Jewish State as well as in the prefatory note to the second edition. I will add here only comments necessary to clarify the differences in the problem and approach of this book in comparison with the earlier study. The Idea of the Jewish State deals with the development of “the idea.” It describes the emergence of a central conception-the notion of Jewish sovereignry-in the ideological complex that defines the historic purpose that present-day Israel seeks to realize. It is, then, a study in social and intellectual history, employing primarily standard historiographical methods, but with such additional minimum sociological assumptions as the problem seems to require. This volume, as indicated by its tide, Zionism and the Creation of a New Society, deals with the emerging society that the Zionist movement sought to organize in accordance with its historically defined ideological purpose-in accordance, that is, with “the idea” and its varied institutional expressions.
Settlers and Patrons
Authors: Halpern Ben , Reinharz Jehuda
Published: November 2023

In three years, 1882-84, eight permanent Jewish settlements were founded in Palestine, including the rebuilt villages of Rosh Pina and Petah Tikvah. Then the movement came to a temporary halt under the pressure of Turkish opposition to the influx of Jews. It was not immediately clear how decisive was the policy adopted by the Turkish government; nor was it evident from the start that Jewish immigrants would face a focused hostility from the Arabs. Anti-Western hostility in the nineteenth century had led primarily to attacks against Christians; Jews suffered in such upheavals mostly as an effect of violence directed against others. As for the government, some officials showed an appreciation of the argument that Jews, as well as Muslim immigrants, could prove to be a safe and useful resource for economic development that would expand the imperial tax base.
The Conflict of Tradition and Idea
Authors: Halpern Ben , Reinharz Jehuda
Published: November 2023

Early Zionism had a history of continual frustration. Yet oppressive conditions in Russia and Rumania, together with the corrupt inefficiency of the Ottoman administration, kept the philZionist movement alive, and traditional sentiments, together with the responsibility for a common project of social and economic reform, bolstered the uneasy union of its disparate elements. Theodor Herzl’s World Zionist Organization, committed as it was to a strategy of open politics, was hampered by the same legal difficulties as the Hovevei Zion in Russia. Special circumstances induced the government to sanction a national convention of Russian Zionists in Minsk in 1902. Thenew minister of the interior, Vyacheslav Konstantinovich von Plehve, was visited by Herzl in the following year and gave him the impression that public Zionist activity would be permitted, on condition that it be confined to removing Jews from Russia (which the government considered desirable) and refrain from nationalist activity within the country (which the government considered dangerous). In spite of Herzl’s hopes, however, legal sanction was then ordered withdrawn from the Zionists. They were unable to function freely until the 1905 uprisings, which for a time brought broader political liberties to all Russian parties.
Zionism and the Left
Authors: Halpern Ben , Reinharz Jehuda
Published: November 2023

Socialist and labor Zionist groupings appeared in Russia and Austria during the turbulent years that bridged the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. At the Seventh Zionist Congress, in 1905, they were no longer represented merely by individual delegates, but appeared as organized factions in the WZO. Jewish labor parties arose out of the same anomalous situation that produced Zionism itself, as well as all other modern Jewish ideologies. Because Jews were both a dissident religion and a depressed group, the liberal leaders of Western Jewries found they could not rely solely on civic emancipation and religious toleration to solve the Jewish problem. They had to develop programs of cultural, social, and economic amelioration. The late-nineteenth-century leftist ideologues, who were concerned primarily with social and economic issues, similarly found that they could not deal with the problems of Eastern and East-Central European Jewries without confronting the issues of emancipation and antisemitism. Because liberals and leftists focused on different aspects of the same anomalous general-Jewish situation, and they arose in different regions at different periods, they developed their views in response to characteristically different gentile counterparts or adversaries.
Growth of the Zionist Parties
Authors: Halpern Ben , Reinharz Jehuda
Published: November 2023

World War I radically altered all current presuppositions of the Zionist enterprise. The British Balfour Declaration of November 2, 1917, and similar statements of other Allies held out the promise, at the war’s end, of a new legal status explicitly favorable to the idea of a “national home for the Jewish people.” The Mandate for Palestine, which recognized Zionist historic claims and granted the WZO the rights and powers that embodied essential elements of the charter that Herzl envisioned, made good this pledge.
The Transition from Yishuv to State
Authors: Halpern Ben , Reinharz Jehuda
Published: November 2023

l”he new State of Israel, born to independence on May 14, 1948, arose upon the foundation of a society that was itself young and incomplete. In the first years of its existence, Israel absorbed a mass of immigrations equal in number to its original population but sharply different in many significant social, economic, and cultural traits. What does it mean, then, if under these circumstances one speaks of the social structure of the new Jewish state? Obviously, an analysis of the structure of a society implies a description of its stable elements. But only the future can really tell us how far and in what respects Israel today exhibits the elements of stability characteristic of older, better-established societies. Thus, a description of Israel’s social structure is necessarily a venture in prediction. The best approach may be to analyze Israel’s most significant unsolved social problems-that is, those, whose solution is likely to have the most significant historic effect.
Classificatory Particles in Kilivila: Grammatical and Discourse Functions
Authors: Senft Gunter
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we will look at the grammatical and discourse functions of the Kilivila system of CPs, including the morphological relevance of CPs with respect to Kilivila inflectional morphology and the functions that are assigned to CPs in Kilivila. The Kilivila system of CPs contains at least 177 formatives. (Section 3.3.1 lists these CPs in detail.) I assume that with all the subtle and very specific differentiations possible, there are probably more than 200 CPs in Kilivila. Moreover, if we keep in mind all the pragmatic functions CPs can serve, the Kilivila CP system can even be regarded as basically open; here it has to be noted, however, that at least so far no loanword has been incorporated completely or in part into the inventory of Kilivila CPs (see G. Senft 1991a, 1992a).
Excursus: Language, Culture, and Cognition?
Authors: Senft Gunter
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I will discuss possible interdependencies between language, culture, and cognition as they relate to the CP system in Kilivila. This is a venture that requires great caution. I am certaintly aware that most of what will be said in this chapter is highly speculative; nevertheless, I dare to set out on the rather uncertain ground of speculation recalling Albert Szent-Gyorgyi’s statement, quoted by Koestler (1978:154): “There is but one safe way to avoid mistakes: to do nothing “ The discussion of human categorization has a long philosophical tradition. Royen (1929:1), for example, emphasizes that even the linguistic problem this volume addresses, namely, the question of nominal classification, can be traced back to the Greek sophistic philosopher Protagoras (485-414 B.C.). Obviously, the problems of “category” and “categorization” and especially the interdependencies between category, categorization, and classification, on the one hand, and naming, language.
Trust and the Decision Process
Authors: Zand Dale E
Published: November 2023

Trust enriches relationships, fostering cooperation, creativity, and commitment. Mistrust weakens relationships, bringing to them suspicion and deception. Part of the leader’s task has been, and continues to be, working with people to find and solve problems, but whether leaders gain access to the knowledge and creative thinking they need to solve problems depends on how much people trust them. Trust and trust worthiness modulate the leader’s access to knowledge and cooperation.

Leaders distill their attitudes and impressions into one powerful belief: how much they cah trust other people. Others, in turn, make their own estimates of how trustworthy the leader is. The quality and the implementation of decisions ultimately depends on how much leaders and those they work with trust each other. When they trust one another, decision quality and implementation improve. When they mistrust, decision quality and implementation suffer.
Laws of Trust
Authors: Zand Dale E
Published: November 2023

Weather systems exhibit patterns of behavior that are sufficiently predictable to allow scientists to forecast the weather. Meteorologists know, for example, that high-pressure weather systems displace low-pressure systems and that wind speed and the amount of turbulence depend on the pressure and temperature gradient along the boundary between two weather systems. As with weather systems, there are reliable patterns of behavior in trust systems that lead to predictable outcomes. The laws of trust say that a particular outcome is likely if leaders do not change the level of trust, and reliable predictions can be made about how trust affects behavior. In this chapter we describe several of these laws of trust. One of the most important laws states that mistrust drives out trust. Other laws state that trust increases cohesion, mistrusting groups self-destruct, trust stimulates productivity, mistrust depresses productivity, and rapid growth masks mistrust. We also discuss the steps leaders can take to deal with the complex and challenging process of increasing trust. These include installing integrative reward systems, initiating reciprocal increases in trust, and analyzing relationships.
The Power of Leaders as Consultants
Authors: Zand Dale E
Published: November 2023

Leaders use consultation much as a photographer uses a wide-angle or zoom lens—to change range and focus, to get a clear image of a fuzzy situation. Leaders consult to find the knowledge they and their subordinates need to understand their complex, changing environment, to diagnose ambiguous problems, and to generate creative solutions. Using consultation, leaders gain the insight to make high-quality decisions. By acting as consultants rather than as commanders, effective leaders use power tactfully, helping people develop perspective and insight. They are also competent clients, seeking the perspective and counsel of their subordinates when shaping decisions.

Consultation, a form of legitimate power, sets aside the barriers of formal authority and allows leaders to explore the knowledge and to promote the trust they need to solve problems. It also increases participation, circumvents the wall of power differences, releases knowledge and increases trust, making it the preferred leadership mode in highly adaptive organizations. When used by effective leaders, consultation is a potent and extremely sensitive exercise of power. Poor leaders, on the other hand, believe that power should be exercised through command, or some variation of command, in which the leader directs and controls dependent followers.
Introduction
Authors: Ferguson Charles A
Published: November 2023

Few linguists in the world today have not been influenced in some way by the work of Charles A. Ferguson. In areas of study ranging from Arabic linguistics to applied linguistics, from child language acquisition to language planning, from language and religion to language universals, from Bengali syntax to American sports announcer talk, seminal papers bear his authorship. He has held academic appointments at universities on five continents (North America, Asia, Europe, Australia, and South America). A festschrift on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday (Fishman et al. 1986) had editors from five continents, and as he has often pointed out with no small degree of satisfaction, from four different religious traditions.
“The Steam Roller Will Have to Grind Me Under”
Authors: Tushnet Mark V
Published: November 2023

The Supreme Court in 1967 was the “right place” and the “right time” for Mar shall in part because it was the heyday of the Warren Court. When Marshall took his seat on the Court at the start of the 1967 Term, he might have expected to. participate in a continuing series of liberal decisions. Chief Justice Earl Warren, appointed by President Dwight Eisenhower in 1953, and Associate Justice William J. Brennan, appointed by Eisenhower three years later, had become the leaders of the Court’s liberal wing. They were regularly joined by Justices William O.
“Vital Interests of a Powerless Minority”
Authors: Tushnet Mark V
Published: November 2023

The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in 1868. Five years later, the Supreme Court “doubt[ed] very much whether any action of a State not directed by way of discrimination against the negroes as a class, or on account of their race, will ever be held” to violate the amendment’s equal protection clause. In 1927 Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes called arguments based on equality “the usual last resort” in constitutional litigation.1 By 1967, however, the Court had suggested that the equal protection clause might provide the basis for more vigorous judicial review in the service of equality in areas other than race. The Court’s hints never quite developed into a full-fledged doctrine.
“Now, When a State Acts to Remedy Discrimination’
Authors: Tushnet Mark V
Published: November 2023

Affirmative action programs increased the controversy over the jurisprudence of equality that arose after Brown v. Board of Education. As school desegregation cases shifted focus from desegregation to integration, they also changed from cases dealing with violations of the rights of particular individual students to cases dealing with claimed violations of the rights of African-Americans as a group. Conservatives asserting sympathy with the aims of the civil rights movement criticized affirmative action programs, which they saw as aimed at protecting group rights. Such programs, these critics charged, were inconsistent with the fundamental commitments to individual rights that Marshall made during the segregation litigation.
“Compassion in Time of Crisis”
Authors: Tushnet Mark V
Published: November 2023

As a law student, Marshall worked with his mentor Charles Hamilton Houston to defend George Crawford in a celebrated case in Virginia’s “hunt country.” Craw ford was charged with murder and faced a death sentence. Supported by some legal research Marshall did, Houston succeeded in securing only a life sentence for Crawford, and Houston regarded the outcome as quite favorable because he had concluded Crawford was indeed guilty. Marshall himself defended W. D. Lyons in an Oklahoma murder case that reached the Supreme Court. Marshall’s experiences in these and other death penalty cases made him a committed opponent of capital punishment.