bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Handle Friction and Inward or Outward Torque on Maximum Axial Push Force
Authors: Seo Na Jin , Armstrong Thomas J. , Chaffin Don B. , Ashton-Miller James A.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To investigate the relationship among friction, applied torque, and axial push force on cylindrical handles. Background: We have earlier demonstrated that participants can exert greater contact force and torque in an “inward” movement of the hand about the long axis of a gripped cylinder (wrist flexion/forearm supination) than they can in an “outward” hand movement. Method: Twelve healthy participants exerted anteriorly directed maximum push forces along the long axis of aluminum and rubber handles while applying deliberate inward or outward torques, no torque (straight), and an unspecified (preferred) torque. Results: Axial push force was 12% greater for the rubber handle than for the aluminum handle. Participants exerted mean torques of 1.1, 0.3, 2.5, and —2.0 Nm and axial push forces of 94, 85, 75, and 65 N for the preferred, straight, inward, and outward trials, respectively. Left to decide for themselves, participants tended to apply inward torques, which were associated with increased axial push forces. Conclusion: Axial push force was limited by hand-handle coupling — not the whole body's push strength. Participants appeared to intuitively know that the application of an inward torque would improve their maximum axial push force. Axial push forces were least when a deliberate torque was requested, probably because high levels of torque exertions interfered with the push. Application: A low-friction handle decreases maximum axial push force. It should be anticipated that people will apply inward torque during maximum axial push.
Behaviors and Attitudes Towards Snowsport Safety in Australia
Authors: Dickson Tracey
Published: April 2008

In order to develop and implement effective snowsport safety strategies, it is essential to understand the behaviors and attitudes of snowsport participants towards snowsport safety. In Australia, there is little published research on snowsport safety even though there are an estimated 2 000 000 skier days annually. This exploratory study, using an on-line survey, seeks to begin to understand the behaviors and attitudes of Australian snowsport participants towards safety upon which further research may be built. The results suggest that additional efforts need to be made to inform people of the real level of risk in snowsports and where, in a resort, the injuries are most likely to occur. In addition, informing people of the benefits of wearing protective equipment will assist protective equipment usage. Key targets for improved safety messages regarding protective equipment usage include alpine skiers, beginners, and females.
Mind Matters
Authors: Halton Eugene
Published: April 2008

The conceit that either mind is reducible to matter or that mind is utterly ethereal is rooted in a mind‐versus‐matter dichotomy that can be characterized as the modern error, a fatally flawed fallacy rooted in the philosophy and culture of nominalism. A Peircean semiotic outlook, applied to an understanding of social life, provides a new and full‐bodied understanding of semiosis as the bridge between mind and matter, and human biology and culture. I begin by first delineating the false divide and showing Charles Sanders Peirce's alternative to it, then explore the implications of a semiotic approach to mind as transaction, then consider the self‐transcending nature of the human body‐mind. Finally I outline my ecological, biosemiotic account of mind, which reveals that, indeed, mind matters, and in ways that unexpectedly resemble the forms of animism that characterized the hunting‐gathering foragers through whom we anatomically modern humans emerged.
Competition Potential between Saugers and Walleyes in Nonnative Sympatry
Authors: Bellgraph Brian J. , Guy Christopher S. , Gardner William M. , Leathe Steven A.
Published: April 2008

Sauger Sander canadensis populations throughout North America have exhibited declines over the past few decades. Various factors may be contribute to the reduced population abundance of saugers in the middle Missouri River of Montana, including interspecific competition with walleyes Sander vitreus. We compared the seasonal migrations, habitat use, and diets of both species in the middle Missouri River to assess competition potential. Before the presumed spawning period, 96% of saugers and 57% of walleyes migrated as far as 264 kilometers downstream. After spawning, both species returned to previously occupied river reaches and demonstrated site fidelity during the nonmigratory season. Habitat use by saugers and walleyes was similar at three hierarchical spatial scales. Diet overlap was high during the spring and summer and moderate during autumn. Resource overlap of saugers and walleyes in the middle Missouri River of Montana suggests that the competition potential between these species is high, which may preclude the recovery of native sauger populations where resources are limiting.
Vascularização na cirrose hepática: estudo imunoistoquímico baseado em necropsias
Authors: Maeda Mariane de Fátima Yukie , Silva Camilla Duarte , Harima Leila Suemi , Silva Luiz Fernando Ferraz da , Ctenas Bruno , Alves Venâncio Avancini Ferreira
Published: April 2008

RACIONAL: O processo patológico mais discutido na gênese da cirrose hepática é a fibrose progressiva, porém alterações na vasculatura do órgão têm sido apontadas como elementos fundamentais na fisiopatologia da doença e de suas complicações, como hipertensão portal, insuficiência hepática e carcinoma hepatocelular. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a densidade microvascular em 35 casos de necropsias de pacientes com cirrose hepática mediante pesquisa imunoistoquímica do marcador endotelial CD34 a fim de comparar os informes obtidos mediante semi-quantificação com aqueles registrados por método quantitativo morfométrico, além de relacionar as alterações vasculares encontradas com os principais agentes causais, padrões de lesão e complicações clínicas da doença. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 35 casos de cirrose obtidos retrospectivamente de necropsias realizadas no SVOC/USP no período de março de 2002 a junho de 2003. Os casos foram reagrupados segundo padrão anatomopatológico em esteatohepatite e hepatite crônica. A microvasculatura foi avaliada através da reação imunoistoquímica com anticorpo anti-endotelio clone CD34, QBend. RESULTADOS: Observou-se associação significativa entre a abordagem semi-quantitativa e a quantificação morfométrica da densidade de vasos no parênquima, o mesmo não ocorrendo no septo. Não foram detectadas associações específicas entre a neovascularização e os tipos de complicação da hepatopatia aqui estudados. O principal achado foi que a neoformação vascular no parênquima é significantemente maior nas cirroses associadas a hepatites crônicas do que nas esteatohepatites. CONCLUSÃO: Todos esses achados requerem necessários estudos clínicos para avaliar a hipótese de que o estudo do rearranjo da microcirculação hepática, através de marcadores como o CD34, pode ser fator prognóstico em pacientes cirróticos.
Efeito terapêutico da fibra goma-guar parcialmente hidrolisada na constipação intestinal funcional em pacientes hospitalizados
Authors: Belo Geise Maria da Silva , Diniz Alcides da Silva , Pereira Ana Paula Campos
Published: April 2008

Avaliação do impacto da fibra goma-guar parcialmente hidrolisada na constipação intestinal funcional em pacientes hospitalizados. Ensaio clínico com 64 adultos, randomizados para duas dietas: grupo 1 dieta laxante (± 30 g de fibras) e grupo 2 mesma dieta + 10 g de fibra goma-guar parcialmente hidrolisada, durante 15 dias. A dieta laxante ou acrescida da referida fibra reduziu em 78% a constipação intestinal funcional, assim como sua adição não provocou efeito adicional na freqüência evacuatória, consistência fecal, uso de laxativos, embora tenha reduzido a sintomatologia gastrointestinal. Fibras devem ser utilizadas no tratamento da constipação intestinal funcional; entretanto, a suplementação com fibra goma-guar parcialmente hidrolisada precisa ser melhor investigada.
Diagnósticos de enfermagem em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca
Authors: Rocha Luciana Alves da , Maia Ticiane Fernandes , Silva Lúcia de Fátima da
Published: April 2008

Pesquisa exploratória e transversal realizada com pacientes no pós-operatório de cirurgia para revascularização do miocárdio. Objetivou-se identificar diagnósticos de enfermagem segundo a Taxonomia II da NANDA e intervenções de enfermagem segundo a Nursing Interventions Classification, associando-os aos resultados de enfermagem segundo a Nursing Outcomes Classification. Os dados foram colhidos de 22 pacientes por um formulário e exame físico. As informações possibilitaram a identificação de quinze diagnósticos de enfermagem, segundo a Taxonomia II NANDA, dentre eles destacam-se: Risco para infecção; Risco para constipação; Déficit no autocuidado para higiene íntima e Integridade de pele prejudicada. O estudo revelou ser fundamental desenvolver estudos sobre diagnósticos de enfermagem, para direcionar análises de problemas nos pacientes demandadoras de ações específicas de enfermagem, que contribuam para o desenvolvimento da Enfermagem.
A comunicação no cuidado: uma questão fundamental na enfermagem
Authors: Ferreira Márcia de Assunção
Published: April 2008

A pesquisa discute a comunicação como instrumento básico do cuidado, articulado à dinâmica de cuidar e aos cuidados no hospital. Foram feitas entrevistas, observações participantes e consultas aos prontuários. Aplicou-se a descrição densa e análise temática. Diversas formas de comunicação foram identificadas: verbais e não-verbais. Sobressaiu a forma como o profissional abordava e se comunicava com o cliente, imprimindo mais ou menos atenção e carinho. A interação no cuidado emergiu dos encontros e conversas entre os profissionais e clientes, integrando-os ao cuidado. O ato de conversar é fundamental no cuidado. Seja de conteúdo técnico ou lúdico, a conversa implica em comunicação, que comporta interação, linguagem, gestos e cognição. Daí a sua importância para a enfermagem, arte e ciência do cuidado.
Idoso vítima de queimaduras: identificação do diagnóstico e proposta de intervenção de enfermagem
Authors: Freitas Maria Célia de , Mendes Maria Manuela Rino
Published: April 2008

Estudo de caso que objetivou identificar os Diagnósticos de Enfermagem (DE) conforme taxonomia II da Nursing American Nursing Association (NANDA), em idoso vítima de queimaduras de 2° e 3° graus e elaborar as intervenções de Enfermagem. Foram identificados oito DE, sendo cinco com presença de características definidoras e fatores relacionados (atuais) e três de risco. Elaborou-se propostas de intervenção iniciando pelas necessidades relacionadas aos sistemas vitais, fisiológicos, base da hierarquia das necessidades humanas básicas. Ao final, observou-se a importância da aplicabilidade do processo de enfermagem na implementação do cuidado e a necessidade do mesmo no exercício do fazer cotidiano.
Movimento do herbicida imazapyr no perfil de solos tropicais
Authors: Firmino L.E. , Tuffi Santos L.D. , Ferreira L.R. , Ferreira F.A. , Quirino A.L.S.
Published: April 2008

Objetivou-se, no presente trabalho, avaliar a movimentação ascendente e descendente do imazapyr no perfil de três solos tropicais. Utilizaram-se colunas de PVC, formadas pela junção de seis anéis de 5 cm, perfazendo altura total de 30 cm, as quais foram preenchidas com solos muito argiloso, franco-argilo-arenoso e areia-franca. Após aplicação do imazapyr, na dose de 1 kg ha-1, na superfície das colunas, estas foram submetidas a três condições: simulação de chuva de 14 mm/35 min, seguida de repouso por 48 horas; simulação de chuva de 14 mm/35 min, seguida por repouso de 30 dias; e inversão das colunas após aplicação de imazapyr na superfície, com subirrigação por 20 dias e repouso de 10 dias. Após essa etapa, fez-se o seccionamento das colunas a cada 5 cm de profundidade. Nos solos provenientes de cada profundidade, semeou-se sorgo como bioindicador, sendo avaliada a massa seca da parte aérea das plantas aos 21 dias após a semeadura. A maior movimentação descendente do imazapyr foi observada no solo areia-franca (até 25 cm), seguido pelos solos franco-argilo-arenoso (até 20 cm) e muito argiloso (até 15 cm). A movimentação ascendente desse herbicida ocorreu junto com a água, ocasionando sua distribuição em toda a extensão da coluna (30 cm) nos solos franco-argilo-arenoso e areia-franca. No solo muito argiloso, o herbicida movimentou-se cerca de 25 cm na vertical ascendente. O imazapyr apresentou alta mobilidade nos três solos, junto com o movimento da água no perfil, tanto no sentido ascendente como no descendente. Essa alta mobilidade pode levar à contaminação de corpos d'água, bem como ocasionar ciclos de permanência do produto nas camadas mais superficiais, de acordo com a disponibilidade de umidade no solo.
Escala hassles & uplifts: versão em português
Authors: Silva Maria Teresa Araujo , Franceschini Ana Carolina Trousdell , Manrique-Saade Elizabeth Ann , Carvalhal Layana Guedes , Kameyama Marcia
Published: April 2008

A escala Hassles & Uplifts avalia a intensidade da resposta a pequenos eventos cotidianos, sendo considerada um preditor de sintomas psicológicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar uma tradução da escala Hassles & Uplifts, aqui intitulada Aborrecimentos e Alegrias; para tal, realizou-se a réplica de um estudo norte-americano que mediu o desempenho, nessa escala, de indivíduos cujo padrão de comportamento fosse do tipo A ou B segundo a escala de Jenkins (Escala Aborrecimentos e Alegrias). As escalas Aborrecimentos e Alegrias e A/B foram aplicadas em 145 universitários brasileiros. Os resultados mostraram que: 1) as pontuações médias de Aborrecimentos e Alegrias foram similares às do estudo norte-americano, exceto pelos Aborrecimentos dos participantes tipo B; 2) a intensidade das Alegrias dos participantes tipo A foi significativamente superior à dos tipo B, como na literatura; 3) a intensidade de Alegrias e Aborrecimentos não diferiu entre os dois tipos, provavelmente devido à especificidade da época do teste. Concluiu-se que o padrão e a consistência dos resultados indicam que a tradução pode ser utilizada como instrumento confiável de pesquisa.
O modelo da vigilância à saúde: um estudo exploratório no extremo Sul do Brasil
Authors: Martins Sibele da Rocha , Cezar-Vaz Marta Regina , Soares Maria Cristina Flores , Sassi Raúl Mendoza
Published: April 2008

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o modelo de organização tecnológica da Vigilância à Saúde, nos 22 municípios da 3ª Coordenadoria Regional de Saúde - RS, examinando elementos do seu processo de trabalho e o perfil dos trabalhadores atuantes nos diferentes serviços/ambientes da Vigilância à Saúde. Trata-se de estudo quantitativo que utilizou abordagem exploratória, descritiva e analítica. Os dados foram obtidos através de entrevista estruturada com 82 trabalhadores e analisados estatisticamente, através do cálculo de média e desvio padrão, sendo utilizado teste de post hoc da Diferença Média Significativa. A Vigilância à Saúde possui trabalhadores nas mais diversas áreas do saber, 66% do sexo feminino com idades entre 31 e 50 anos, atuando em sua maioria no ambiente da Vigilância Epidemiológica. Com sua organização tecnológica pautada na promoção da saúde a Vigilância à Saúde busca a construção de um novo modelo de atenção que reoriente as práticas de saúde no Sistema Único de Saúde.
Sobre a (não) adesão ao tratamento: ampliando sentidos do autocuidado
Authors: Camargo-Borges Celiane , Japur Marisa
Published: April 2008

Novos discursos no contexto do Sistema Único de Saúde têm demandado um olhar crítico sobre o autocuidado. Este é um estudo de caráter qualitativo baseado teórico-metodologicamente no construcionismo social. O objetivo foi descrever sentidos de autocuidado produzidos em grupos comunitários num contexto da Estratégia de Saúde da Família. A coleta de dados se deu durante o ano de 2001, totalizando 28 participantes na faixa etária de 50 anos, aproximadamente. As conversas foram gravadas, transcritas e analisadas dando visibilidade às versões de autocuidado. A análise dos dados, utilizando o referencial do construcionismo social, permitiu ampliar os sentidos de autocuidado em referência à adesão ao tratamento, favorecendo uma reflexão sobre sua complexidade e as necessidades mais amplas que vão além da adesão a um medicamento prescrito. Diálogo e foco na relação são apresentados como recursos transformativos das práticas de cuidado e autocuidado, possibilitando a construção de ações numa perspectiva mais integral e co-responsável.
Manual educativo para o autocuidado da mulher mastectomizada: um estudo de validação
Authors: Oliveira Mariza Silva de , Fernandes Ana Fátima Carvalho , Sawada Namiê Okino
Published: April 2008

Pesquisa de desenvolvimento metodológico que objetivou validar manual educativo para o autocuidado da mulher mastectomizada, utilizando a etapa teórica do modelo de Pasquali. Os dados foram coletados em maio-junho de 2006, em dois momentos: 1º) análise de conteúdo por 14 juízes e 2º) análise semântica por 9 mulheres mastectomizadas. Os questionários foram organizados na escala Likert com itens distribuídos em blocos e analisados através da estatística descritiva. A validação proposta foi satisfatória pela análise dos avaliadores, pois a maioria das respostas recebeu conceitos adequados, não apresentando discordância em ambas as avaliações. Quanto ao parâmetro de 80% de concordância nos conceitos, 14 itens atingiram a meta proposta, 4 tiveram índices limítrofes e 4 abaixo do parâmetro. Considera-se que o manual validado pode contribuir para a promoção da saúde, prevenção das complicações, desenvolvimento de habilidades de seus usuários e favorecer a autonomia e a motivação da enfermagem para inventar novas tecnologias extraídas da práxis.
Crânios, corpos e medidas: a constituição do acervo de instrumentos antropométricos do Museu Nacional na passagem do século XIX para o XX
Authors: Sá Guilherme José da Silva e , Santos Ricardo Ventura , Rodrigues-Carvalho Claudia , Silva Elizabeth Christina da
Published: April 2008

Aborda o processo de constituição do acervo de instrumentos científicos do Setor de Antropologia Biológica (antiga Divisão de Antropologia Física) do Museu Nacional. Prioriza-se a análise da coleção de instrumentos de antropometria. Pensar o instrumental de medição antropométrica relacionando-o com as demais coleções do acervo de antropologia biológica e com a atuação dos pesquisadores do Museu Nacional, em seus respectivos contextos sociopolíticos e acadêmicos, oferece uma visão privilegiada do panorama científico na passagem do século XIX para o XX.
Perda auditiva hereditária: relato de casos
Authors: Amorim Aline Mizozoe de , Carvalho Carolina Alves Ferreira de , Azevedo Marisa Frasson de , Longhitano Silvia Bragagnolo
Published: April 2008

OBJETIVO: descrever os resultados da avaliação auditiva de uma família com perda auditiva de caráter hereditário autossômico dominante. MÉTODOS: foram avaliados 17 indivíduos, por meio da audiometria tonal, audiometria vocal, timpanometria e pesquisa dos reflexos acústicos, além de acompanhamento genético. RESULTADOS: Dos 17 sujeitos avaliados, 11 apresentaram algum grau de perda auditiva neurossensorial (64,7%), sendo oito do sexo feminino (73%) e três do sexo masculino (27%). A idade dos sujeitos avaliados variou de cinco a 68 anos (média=29,6) e a idade do aparecimento da queixa variou de 20 a 38 anos (média=26,1). Ocorreu a progressão da perda auditiva com o aumento da idade, sendo que a partir dos 41 anos, não houve indivíduos com audição normal na família. CONCLUSÃO: a investigação audiológica de todos os membros da família, independentemente da queixa, é imprescindível, pois a perda auditiva pode existir, mesmo que esta ocorra em freqüências isoladas.
Accuracy study on "Osteorisk": a new osteoporosis screening clinical tool for women over 50 years old
Authors: Steiner Marcelo Luis , Fernandes César Eduardo , Strufaldi Rodolfo , Azevedo Lucia Helena de , Stephan Cristina , Pompei Luciano Melo , Peixoto Sérgio
Published: April 2008

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Osteoporosis is the greatest cause of quality-of-life reductions, morbidity and mortality among postmenopausal women, with growing incidence as populations age. Clinical tools like Osteorisk provide an easy-access and low-cost alternative method that helps physicians to reduce the need for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), the expensive gold standard examination for diagnosing osteoporosis. The aim here was to study the accuracy of Osteorisk using heel ultrasonography for bone mineral density (BMD). DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study, at Faculdade de Medicina do ABC. METHODS: A structured questionnaire was applied to 615 postmenopausal women, with anthropometric measurements, Osteorisk calculations and quantitative ultrasound on the heel using Sonost 2000 equipment. RESULTS: 461 women were included, with mean age 60 ± 9 years, weight 67.6 ± 12.9 kg and body mass index (BMI) 28.8 ± 5.0 kg/m². Their Osteorisk classifications were: 61.0% low-risk, 28.4% medium-risk and 10.6% high-risk. Quantitative ultrasound showed 81.3% low-risk, 10.0% medium-risk and 8.7% high-risk regarding osteoporosis. Statistically significant results were observed (p < 0.001) when Osteorisk was correlated with age, years since menopause and BMI. Correlating these same variables with quantitative ultrasound, statistically significant results were observed for age (p < 0.001), years since menopause (p < 0.001) and BMI (p < 0.006). The sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value and positive predictive value for Osteorisk were 64%, 6.7%, 89% and 30.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Osteorisk is a valid tool for screening for women at low risk of osteoporosis, making it possible for these women not to have to undergo densitometry.
Protocolo para Observação do Desenvolvimento Cognitivo e de Linguagem Expressiva (PODCLE)
Authors: Bühler Karina Elena Bernardis , Flabiano Fabíola Custódio , Limongi Suelly Cecilia Olivan , Befi-Lopes Debora Maria
Published: April 2008

OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi a proposição de protocolo para observação do desenvolvimento cognitivo e de linguagem expressiva, referente ao período sensório-motor e início do pré-operatório, que pudesse ser utilizado como instrumento de análise objetiva das realizações observadas em crianças, possibilitando assim, a localização e acompanhamento das mesmas nesse processo de construção. MÉTODOS: O Protocolo para Observação do Desenvolvimento Cognitivo e de Linguagem Expressiva (PODCLE) foi elaborado com base na literatura a respeito dos indicadores que caracterizam os estágios iniciais do desenvolvimento cognitivo e de linguagem expressiva, considerando-se o modelo proposto pela Epistemologia Genética. O Protocolo foi aplicado em crianças com desenvolvimento típico para verificação de sua viabilidade e levantamento de possíveis dúvidas ou dificuldades durante sua aplicação ou análise dos dados. Juízes foram utilizados para a seleção dos componentes deste Protocolo. RESULTADOS: O Protocolo é constituído por quatro quadros contendo os indicadores do desenvolvimento cognitivo e de linguagem expressiva em seus estágios iniciais, bem como a pontuação correspondente às realizações apresentadas pela criança. CONCLUSÃO: O Protocolo para Observação do Desenvolvimento Cognitivo e de Linguagem Expressiva apresentado neste estudo é uma proposta de sistematização da observação de dados longitudinais referentes ao desenvolvimento cognitivo e de linguagem expressiva, durante o período sensório-motor e início do pré-operatório. Tal Protocolo permite, não apenas a localização, como também o acompanhamento da criança em seu processo de construção do conhecimento e da linguagem expressiva nos estágios iniciais do desenvolvimento.
Gamma-ray spectrometry sensor and geochemical prospecting in an area of sugar cane plantation
Authors: Becegato Valter Antonio , Ferreira Francisco José Fonseca , Cabral João Batista Pereira , Rafaelli Neto Sílvio Luis
Published: April 2008

In this study the K, U and Th radionuclide concentrations were determined in a sugar cane plantation that received large quantities of fertilizer and gypsum. Geochemical data were obtained for the clay, iron and organic matter in the soil samples, taken from depths of 0-20 and 20-40 cm. The average radionuclide concentrations were 71 Bq Kg-1 for K; 5.97 Bq Kg-1 for U, and 11.26 Bq Kg-1 for Th, and the uranium was variable (56%). The radionuclide average concentrations for the different fertilizer compositions varied in the range of 603.5 - 8855.0 Bq Kg-1 for K; 27.3 - 684.4 Bq Kg-1 for U, and 58 - 788.5 Bq Kg-1 for Th, and it was most variable for K (53%). Gypsum average concentrations were 82.6 Bq Kg-1 for K, 641.5 Bq Kg-1 for U, and 201.7 Bq Kg-1 for Th, and it was most variable for K (46%). Average organic matter, clay and iron concentrations for both the depths were 0.71 and 0.68 %; 16.2 and 16.9 %, and 29.0 and 26.8 mg/l respectively.
Predation rate of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae with and without defense by Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)
Authors: Zanuncio José Cola , Silva Carlos Alberto Domingues da , Lima Eraldo Rodrigues de , Pereira Fabrício Fagundes , Ramalho Francisco de Souza , Serrão José Eduardo
Published: April 2008

The effect of the defense of the prey Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on predation rates of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) females was studied. P. nigrispinus preyed 1.0, 1.4, 1.2, 3.8 and 3.0 and 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 2.8 and 3.2 third instars of S. frugiperda larvae with and without defense, respectively, with the densities of one, two, four, six and eight larvae. The attack rate and the manipulation time were, respectively, 0.67 ± 0.39-h and 6.72 ± 2.88 h for P. nigrispinus females fed with larvae with defense and 2.51 ± 0.16-h and 0.51 ± 0.77 h for those without defense. The functional response of the predator P. nigrispinus varies with the defense and the density of the prey S. frugiperda, with larger consumption of prey without defense at higher densities.
Spatio-temporal study and population structure of Daptonema Oxycerca (Nematoda: Xyalidae) in Coroa Grande, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Maria Tatiana F. , Silva Neyvan R. R. da , Wandeness Adriane P. , Esteves André M.
Published: April 2008

Daptonema oxycerca was originally described from the North Sea and, up to now, nothing is known of this species in tropical regions. The spatio-temporal distribution and the population structure of this species was studied during one-year period (from May 1998 through April 1999) in Coroa Grande, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. For sampling, two fixed, parallel transects were established perpendicularly to the shoreline, and at each transect, four, equally spaced levels were marked to represent the upper and the low intertidal zones. The lowest temperatures occurred in the end of the austral winter and first month of the spring and the highest temperatures occurred in the austral summer. The density of D. oxycerca varied during the year, with a peak in August. This tendency was observed for males, ovigerous females, and non-ovigerous females. The species density was negative correlated with temperature. The sex ratio was not statistically significant. D. oxycerca was most abundant at the upper intertidal level in both transects. This work provides the first record of D. oxycerca in Brazil, and confirms the influence of temperature in regulating its population density.
Highly fouling resistant ultrafiltration membranes for water and wastewater treatments
Authors: Susanto H. , Ulbricht M.
Published: April 2008

Control of fouling is a critical issue to increase the competitiveness of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes for drinking water and wastewater treatments. Highly fouling resistant UF membranes synthesized by photo-graft copolymerization of a water soluble monomer, poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA), onto a polyethersulfone UF membrane have been evaluated with respect to the adsorptive as well as the ultrafiltration fouling. Protein, humic substance and polysaccharide solutions were used as the model for foulants occurring in the water sources for drinking water as well as in wastewater effluents. The results show that the modified membranes exhibited a much higher fouling resistance for all foulants than the unmodified membranes. Their combined high fouling resistance and high rejection suggests that the obtained modified membranes are very promising as a new generation of thin-layer composite low fouling UF membranes for drinking water and wastewater treatment applications.
Modeling NOM fouling of low pressure membranes: impact of membrane properties and NOM characteristics
Authors: Lee NoHwa , Pellegrino John , Amy Gary
Published: April 2008

This research attempted to identify characteristic coordinates responsible for significant flux decline in low pressure membrane filtration, and to explain relationships among those coordinates with a modeling approach. A Pearson's correlation matrix supported that significant flux decline over a short time frame (low delivered DOC) is highly correlated with high molecular weight (MW) components of NOM. Simulations of flux decline by model equations were close to the experimental results revealing that low pressure membrane fouling is dominantly affected by NOM characteristics and membrane properties. One source water, exhibiting the highest flux decline, showed mostly cake formation as a fouling mechanism. The results indicate that significant flux decline is caused by high MW components leading to formation of a cake layer. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that high MW polysaccharides are the most important NOM component affecting significant membrane fouling.
Gong-ju WTP, the first full-scale membrane plant for drinking water treatment in Korea: the result of detailed design
Authors: Chun H. K. , Han S. Y. , Kim B. S. , Jin K. H. , Kim M. N. , Son Y. G.
Published: April 2008

The construction of Gong-ju WTP (30,000 m3/day), the first practical full-scale integrated membrane system in Korea, has been launched after 6 months of pilot plant operation and 10 months of detailed design. Powdered activated carbon process was applied in order to remove taste and odor caused by algae and coagulation process was applied in consideration of reducing membrane fouling in this micro filtration system. Pilot testing concluded that the pressure type of hollow fiber membrane was more suitable for the raw water characteristic and economical aspects than submerged type membrane system. For the best flow distribution of each unit, CFD (computational fluid dynamics) analysis was performed on aspects of pipe arrangement and daily integrity test system was applied to ensure the safety for leakage under the criteria of 5-log removal. In view of the complicated and equipment-intensive nature of this membrane system, a 3D CAD system was utilized to minimize trial and errors of construction in accordance with combination of each equipments rendered by 3D CAD, and also optimised operation and maintenance were verified through the simulation of 3D rendering.
Kinetic analysis of PAC cake-layer formation in hybrid PAC-MF systems
Authors: Takizawa S. , Zhao P. , Ohgaki S. , Katayama H.
Published: April 2008

Experimental studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of backwashing and air-scouring to prevent cake-layer formation on the membranes in a hybrid PAC-MF process. The membrane filtration chamber used in this study was separated into two zones; namely, the PAC adsorption zone (PAZ) and the membrane filtration zone (MFZ). In MFZ tubular ceramic membranes were installed, and powdered activated carbon (PAC) was suspended in PAZ at a concentration of 20 g/L by aeration. Air-scouring and backwashing rates were gradually increased to see if these physical cleaning measures can reduce or maintain the filtration resistance due to formation of PAC cake layer on the membrane. Two types of saw-dust PAC having different sizes were used to find the difference of the effects of air-scouring and backwashing. A smaller PAC (Shirasagi C1, Japan EnviroChemicals, Co.) showed a slower increasing rate of filtration resistance than the larger PAC (Shirasagi S-10, Japan EnviroChemicals, Co.). It was found that air-scouring didn't reduce the rate of cake fouling formation of PAC S-10, but can quite effectively reduce the rate of PAC C-1 attachment to the membrane. On the contrary, backwashing was not effective for PAC C-1, but quite effective for PAC S-10. PAC C1 formed a porous cake with low specific resistance, which can be easily removed by air-scouring, but cannot be removed by backwashing. On the other hand, PAC S-10 formed a tight cake layer because suspended particles get in to the void space between the PAC S-10. A dynamic model was proposed to explain the effect of air-scouring and backwashing to removal cake layer from the membranes.
Rainwater storage tank as a remedy for a local urban flood control
Authors: Kim Youngjin , Han Mooyoung
Published: April 2008

Surcharge runoff over the capacity of drainage pipes is one of main flood breaking factors in urban area. Change into larger pipes is costly and time consuming solution. Rainwater tanks can be a sustainable solution for the control of heavy runoff.

The Rainfall-Storage-Drain(RSD) model is developed for the design of rainwater tanks of flood control. Design rainfall of Huff's distribution and runoff analysis on building rooftop makes inflow curves into the tanks. Through a water balance equation, tank volume versus peak flow curves can determine the minimum tank volume needed for controlled peak flow value of a design period. The case study in Seoul City shows a tank of 29 L/m2 can control the runoff of 30-years with the drainage pipes of 10-years design period. The RSD model can give simple and easy curves to understand for tank capacity determination in a local flood condition.
Expertise in water loss control applied to extreme problems of water distribution management
Authors: Waldron Tim
Published: April 2008

The application of International Water Association guidelines to control water losses provides a foundation for new methods and psychologies for controlling Water Distribution Systems. Best management techniques utilizing International Water Association water loss control methodologies compared to totally open distribution networks can now be supported for analysis scenarios using both network analysis and genetic algorithms.
The Two Faces of Empowerment in Conflict
Authors: Evans Rosalind
Published: April 2008

This article problematises Bush & Saltarelli's call for a new and comprehensive peacebuilding education which empowers children through demonstrating that alternatives to conflict exist, that they have choices and the capacity to change their own and their society's situation. It does so by exploring the various possibilities for empowerment available to young Bhutanese refugees living in Nepal, which are advanced by agencies administering services in the refugee camps and promoted by refugee political groups. Fieldwork demonstrates that some children simultaneously engage in humanitarian agency projects, which promote human rights and peaceful values, and with political groups advocating violence. Through their participation in agency projects, children learn awareness-raising methods, such as poetry and street theatre, which they also employ in their work with political groups. This article will consider the relationship between children's empowerment through their involvement in agency-initiated non-formal education projects and their engagement in violent political activities, suggesting that, like education, empowerment may show two faces in situations affected by conflict.
Plasma C5 Glucose–to–2H2O Ratio Does Not Provide an Accurate Assessment of Gluconeogenesis During Hyperinsulinemic-Euglycemic Clamps in Either Nondiabetic or Diabetic Humans
Authors: Basu Rita , Chandramouli Visvanathan , Dicke Betty , Landau Bernard R. , Rizza Robert A.
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE—Measurement of plasma C2 glucose enrichment is cumbersome. Therefore, the plasma C5 glucose–to–2H2O rather than the plasma C5-to-C2 glucose ratio commonly has been used to measure gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. The validity of this approach is unknown.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Ten nondiabetic and 10 diabetic subjects ingested 2H2O the evening before study. The following morning, insulin was infused at a rate of 0.6 mU · kg−1 · min−1 and glucose was clamped at ∼5.3 mmol/l for 5 h. Plasma C5 glucose, C2 glucose, and 2H2O enrichments were measured hourly from 2 h onward.

RESULTS—Plasma C2 glucose and plasma 2H2O enrichment were equal in both groups before the clamp, resulting in equivalent estimates of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. In contrast, plasma C2 glucose and plasma C5 glucose enrichments fell throughout the clamp, whereas plasma 2H2O enrichment remained unchanged. Since the C5 glucose concentration and, hence, the C5 glucose–to–2H2O ratio is influenced by both gluconeogenesis and glucose clearance, whereas the C5-to-C2 glucose ratio is only influenced by gluconeogenesis, the C5 glucose–to–2H2O ratio overestimated (P < 0.01) gluconeogenesis during the clamp. This resulted in biologically implausible negative (i.e., calculated rates of gluconeogenesis exceeding total endogenous glucose production) rates of glycogenolysis in both the nondiabetic and diabetic subjects.

CONCLUSIONS—Plasma C5 glucose–to–2H2O ratio does not provide an accurate assessment of gluconeogenesis in nondiabetic or diabetic subjects during a traditional (i.e., 2–3 h) hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. The conclusions of studies that have used this approach need to be reevaluated.
Esthetic Restorative Materials and Opposing Enamel Wear
Authors: Olivera A. B. , Marques M. M.
Published: April 2008

Clinical Relevance

The data obtained in this study can help practitioners with selection of the appropriate restorative materials to minimize further tooth and restoration wear, which is an important consideration during treatment planning.
Effect of Surface Treatments and Different Adhesives on the Hybrid Layer Thickness of Non-carious Cervical Lesions
Authors: Eliguzeloglu E. , Omurlu H. , Eskitascioglu G. , Belli S.
Published: April 2008

Clinical Relevance

The quality of the hybrid layer created in non-carious cervical sclerotic lesions may determine the longevity of cervical composite restorations.
Kinetic study of the decomposition of Prussian Blue electrocatalytic layer during cathodic reduction of hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Araminaitė Rūta , Garjonytė Rasa , Malinauskas Albertas
Published: April 2008

Kinetic study on the decomposition of Prussian Blue electrocatalytic layer during electrochemical reduction of hydrogen peroxide has been studied in relation to biosensor application of this electrocatalyst. The decomposition has been shown to proceed as a nearly exponential decay process and the corresponding first-order rate coefficients were determined. It has been shown that the decomposition proceeds about 10 times faster in pH 7.3 buffer solution as compared to pH 5.5 buffer. A linear dependence of the decomposition rate on the concentration of hydrogen peroxide has been found.
Fabrication of biaxial textured NiO on Ni in a one-step process
Authors: Staller Oliver , Gritzner Gerhard
Published: April 2008

A novel method for the preparation of biaxial textured nickel oxide on commercially available nickel via a modified surface oxidation epitaxy (SOE) process has been developed. Following studies of different heat-treatment procedures for both texturing of nickel and for the fabrication of nickel oxide the following method was found to yield the best results. Nickel was first textured under an argon — hydrogen atmosphere at 1000°C for 120 min, then the temperature was lowered to 800°C and the atmosphere was changed to argon with 3 ppm oxygen. Smooth and crack free c-axis textured and a–b aligned NiO buffer layers with an out-of-plane texture of 7.8° and an in-plane texture of 9.4° were successfully produced. Higher oxygen partial pressure and temperatures resulted in increased surface roughness and excessive grain growth.
Calorimetric study of melts in the System KF - K2NbF7
Authors: Nerád Ivan , Mikšíková Eva
Published: April 2008

The relative enthalpies of melts in the system KF - K2NbF7 were measured by drop-calorimetry at the temperatures 1058, 1140 and 1208 K as a function of composition. Heat capacities of melted mixtures and enthalpies of mixing were determined using the experimental data. The molar heat capacity of melts diverges slightly from additivity. The molar enthalpy of mixing of melts shows small negative deviation from ideality which decreases with decreasing temperature. The thermal effect at mixing was assigned predominantly to association reactions producing more complex fluoroniobate anions.
Applicability of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis for the treatment of wastewater of different origin
Authors: Cséfalvay Edit , Imre Péter , Mizsey Péter
Published: April 2008

Membrane separations are finding greater use in wastewater treatment because of their efficiency. In order to prove the effectiveness of membrane filtration an applicability study is carried out. Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes are tested under quite different conditions to reduce the chemical oxygen demands (COD) of wastewaters to meet the Council Directive 76/464/EEC release limit. Two kinds of real wastewaters were selected for the investigation. The wastewaters represent extreme different circumstances since the difference between their COD is two orders of magnitude. All of the membranes tested can be applied either to the treatment of wastewater of high COD (pharmaceutical wastewater) or wastewater of low COD (dumpsite leachate), since the different conditions do not change the membrane characteristics. The experimental data show that none of the membranes can decrease the COD to the release limit in one step. However, if two-stage filtrations (nanofiltration followed by reverse osmosis) are accomplished for both of the wastewaters, a total COD reduction of 94% can be achieved. With the application of the two-stage filtration the COD of the wastewater of low COD can be decreased below the release limit but in case of wastewater of the high COD further treatment will be required.
Ion Exchangers
Authors: de Dardel François , Arden Thomas V.
Published: April 2008

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Structures of Ion‐Exchange Resins2.1.Polymer Matrices2.2.Functional Groups2.2.1.Cation‐Exchange Resins2.2.2.Anion‐Exchange Resins2.2.3.Other Types of Ion‐Exchange Resins2.3.Adsorbent Resins and Inert Polymers3.Properties3.1.Degree of Cross‐Linking and Porosity3.2.Exchange Capacity3.3.Stability and Service Life3.4.Density3.5.Particle Size3.6.Moisture Content4.Ion‐Exchange Reactions4.1.Cation Exchange4.2.Anion Exchange4.3.Cation and Anion Exchange in Water Treatment5.Ion‐Exchange Equilibria5.1.Dissociation and pK Value5.2.Mono ‐ Monovalent Exchange5.3.Mono ‐ Divalent Exchange (Water Softening)5.4.General Case6.Exchange Kinetics6.1.Principles6.2.Kinetic Curves6.3.Strongly Acidic or Strongly Basic Resins6.3.1.Film Diffusion6.3.2.Particle Diffusion6.4.Weakly Acidic or Weakly Basic Resins7.Practical Consequences of Ion‐Exchange Equilibrium and Kinetics7.1.Operating Capacity, Regeneration Efficiency, and Regenerant Usage7.2.Permanent Leakage7.3.Water Analysis7.4.Calculations in the Design of Ion‐Exchange Plants for Water Purification7.5.Example of Calculation7.5.1.Principle7.5.2.Basic Data7.5.3.Demineralization Unit7.5.4.Polishing Unit8.Industrial Use of Ion Exchange8.1.Description of the Ion‐Exchange Cycle8.2.Methods for Overcoming Equilibrium Problems9.Ion‐Exchange Resin Combinations9.1.Pretreatment9.2.Softening9.3.Demineralization (Primary System)9.4.Polishing9.5.Choice of Resin10.Plant Design10.1.General Considerations10.2.Fixed‐Bed Ion‐Exchange Units10.2.1.Column Diameter and Bed Depth10.2.2.Small‐Scale Units10.2.3.Industrial Co‐ and Counterflow Plants10.2.4.Mixed Beds10.2.5.Other Ion‐Exchange Polishers10.3.Continuously Circulated Ion‐Exchange Resins10.4.External Valves and Pipework10.5.Control Systems11.Special Processes in Water Treatment11.1.Removal of Organic Matter11.2.Treatment of Potable Water11.3.Treatment of Brackish Water11.4.Processes Involving Sea Water11.5.Treatment of Condensates11.5.1.Conventional Resins11.5.2.Powdered Resins11.6.Water Treatment in the Nuclear Industry11.7.Production of Ultrapure Water12.Special Applications of Ion Exchange12.1.Processing Steps12.1.1.Purification12.1.2.Ion Substitution12.1.3.Recovery and Concentration12.1.4.Separation12.1.5.Diffusion12.1.6.Catalysis12.1.7.Dehydration12.1.8.Coalescence on Oleophilic Resins12.1.9.Liquid Ion Exchangers12.1.10.Ion‐Exchange Membranes12.2.Technical Considerations
Robust fault detection using zonotope‐based set‐membership consistency test
Authors: Ingimundarson Ari , Bravo José Manuel , Puig Vicenç , Alamo Teodoro , Guerra Pedro
Published: April 2008

This article proposes a robust fault detection method that takes advantage of a recently proposed set‐membership identification procedure based on zonotopes for systems linear in the parameters. It is shown that consistency checks indicating faults can be performed in a natural manner with a zonotope description of the feasible parameter set. A zonotope‐based fault detection algorithm that is able to handle systems with invariant parameters, with parameter variation bounded between samples and with unbounded variation is presented. Finally, two application examples are given, which demonstrate how the algorithm works on a simulated process (a four‐tank system) and a real application example (a section of a sewer network). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive repetitive control for resonance cancellation of a distributed solar collector field
Authors: Álvarez J. D. , Yebra L. J. , Berenguel M.
Published: April 2008

This paper deals with modelling and control of the outlet temperature in a distributed solar collector field. The resonance dynamics characteristics of this kind of system are similar to those of tubular heat exchangers in the closed‐loop system bandwidth when fast responses are required. Simple low‐order rational models are unable to capture the resonance dynamics, which can be excited by changes in both the heat transfer fluid flow and solar irradiation.

This paper proposes a new model derived from a similar model for a tubular heat exchanger. This model allows the use of low‐order controllers, which can be extended to an adaptive control scheme to account for varying resonance frequencies, as a new functionality achieving fast, well‐damped responses. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Biomimetic Actuator Based on an Ionic Networking Membrane of Poly(styrene‐alt‐maleimide)‐Incorporated Poly(vinylidene fluoride)
Authors: Lu Jun , Kim Sang‐Gyun , Lee Sunwoo , Oh Il‐Kwon
Published: April 2008

A novel electro‐active polymer actuator employing the ionic networking membrane of poly(styrene‐alt‐maleimide) (PSMI)‐incorporated poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) was developed to improve the electrical and mechanical performance of the artificial muscles. The main drawback of the previous ionic polymer‐metal composite actuator was the straightening‐back and relaxation under the constant voltage excitation. The present ionic networking membrane actuator overcomes the relaxation of the ionic polymer‐metal composite actuator under the constant voltage and also shows much larger tip displacement than that of the Nafion‐based actuator. Under the simple harmonic stimulus, the measured mechanical displacement was comparable to that of the Nafion‐based actuator. The excellent electromechanical response of the current polymer actuator is attributed to two factors: the inherent large ionic‐exchange capacity and the unique hydrophilic nano‐channels of the ionic networking membrane. The electro‐active polymer actuator of PSMI‐incorporated PVDF can be a promising smart material and may possibly diversify niche applications in biomimetic motion.