bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cost‐effectiveness of integrated treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) among people who inject drugs in Norway: An economic evaluation of the INTRO‐HCV trial
Authors: Lim Aaron Guanliang , Aas Christer Frode , Çağlar Ege Su , Vold Jørn Henrik , Fadnes Lars Thore , Vickerman Peter , Johansson Kjell Arne
Published: July 2023

Background and aims

The INTRO‐HCV randomized controlled trial conducted in Norway over 2017–2019 found that integrated treatment, compared with standard‐of‐care hospital treatment, for hepatitis C virus (HCV) with direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs) improved treatment outcomes among people who inject drugs (PWID). We evaluated cost‐effectiveness of the INTRO‐HCV intervention.

Design

A Markov health state transition model of HCV disease progression and treatment with cost‐effectiveness analysis from the health‐provider perspective. Primary cost, utility, and health outcome data were derived from the trial. Costs and health benefits (quality‐adjusted life‐years, QALYs) were tracked over 50 years. Probabilistic and univariate sensitivity analyses investigated DAA price reductions and variations in HCV treatment and disease care cost assumptions, using costs from different countries (Norway, United Kingdom, United States, France, Australia).

Setting and participants

PWID attending community‐based drug treatment centers for people with opioid dependence in Norway.

Measurements

Incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) in terms of cost per QALY gained, compared against a conventional (€70 000/QALY) willingness‐to‐pay threshold for Norway and lower (€20 000/QALY) threshold common among high‐income countries.

Findings

Integrated treatment resulted in an ICER of €13 300/QALY gained, with 99% and 71% probability of being cost‐effective against conventional and lower willingness‐to‐pay thresholds, respectively. A 30% lower DAA price reduced the ICER to €6 900/QALY gained, with 91% probability of being cost‐effective at the lower willingness‐to‐pay threshold. A 60% and 90% lower DAA price had 36% and >99% probability of being cost‐saving, respectively. Sensitivity analyses suggest integrated treatment was cost‐effective at the lower willingness‐to‐pay threshold (>60% probability) across different assumptions on HCV treatment and disease care costs with 30% DAA price reduction, and became cost‐saving with 60%–90% price reductions.

Conclusions

Integrated hepatitis C virus treatment for people who inject drugs in community settings is likely cost‐effective compared with standard‐of‐care referral pathways in Norway and may be cost‐saving in settings with particular characteristics.
Can an acoustic observatory contribute to the conservation of threatened species?
Authors: Schwarzkopf Lin , Roe Paul , Mcdonald Paul G. , Watson David M. , Fuller Richard A. , Allen‐Ankins Slade
Published: August 2023

Observatories are designed to collect data for a range of uses. The Australian Acoustic Observatory (A2O) was established to collect environmental sound, including audible species calls, from 344 recorders at 86 sites around Australia. We examine the potential of the A2O to monitor near threatened, threatened, endangered and critically endangered species, based on their vocal behaviour, geographic distributions in relation to the sites of the A2O and on some knowledge of habitat use. Using IUCN and EPBC lists of threatened and endangered species, we extracted species that vocalized in the audible range, and using conservative estimates of their geographic ranges, determined whether there was a possibility of hearing them at these sites. We found that it may be possible to detect up to 171 threatened species at sites established for the A2O, and that individual sites have the potential to detect up to 40 threatened species. All 86 sites occurred in locations where threatened species could possibly be detected, and the list of detectable species included birds, amphibians, and mammals. We have incidentally detected one mammal and four bird species in the data during other work. Threatening processes to which potentially detectable species were exposed included all but two IUCN threat categories. We concluded that with applications of technology to search the audio data from the A2O, it could serve as an important tool for monitoring threatened species.
Centralisation of specialist cancer surgery: an assessment of patient preferences for location of care in the upper South Island of New Zealand
Authors: Morrow Ahrin Anna , McCombie Andrew , Jeffery Fraser , Frampton Chris , Hore Todd
Published: August 2023

Background

A positive association between volume and outcome for certain operations has led to increasing centralization. The latter is associated with a greater travel burden for patients. This study investigated patient preferences for location of care for cancer surgery.

Methods

Two hundred and one participants were recruited from those who have had recent cancer surgery and from general practice or outpatient clinics in both urban and rural locations in the upper South Island of New Zealand. A questionnaire presented participants with a hypothetical scenario of needing cancer surgery and they were asked to indicate their preference of either a hospital 1 or 5 h away. Scenarios evolved in risk of mortality, complications and need for hospital transfer due to a complication.

Results

The majority of participants preferred surgery at the closer hospital when there was a negligible difference in risk. Preference shifted to the distant hospital in a linear relationship as the risk of mortality or complications at the closer hospital increased. Respondents were more likely to prefer the distant hospital from the outset if there was a risk of requiring transfer.

Conclusion

The majority of participants preferred surgery at the closer hospital if risks were comparable but chose to travel as the risk increased and to avoid hospital transfer due to a complication. New Zealand's unique geography and population make it impossible to replicate centralization models from other countries. The drive for improved outcomes must take equity and patient values into consideration.
Presence of meaning in life and meaning confusion mediate the effects of adverse childhood experiences on mental health among university students
Authors: Kwok Sylvia Y. C. L. , Jiang Jingwen , Fang Siqi
Published: August 2023

Few studies have explored meaning in life as a mediator between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and mental health. This study examined the protective and risk factors associated with meaning in life, as they mediate the effect of ACEs on mental health. The sample was 293 university students in Hong Kong (mean age = 21 years). The results of analyses based on three‐wave longitudinal data and structural equation modeling demonstrated that the presence of meaning mediated the negative association between ACEs and happiness, and that meaning confusion mediated the positive association between ACEs and depression and anxiety. This study provides evidence that the presence of meaning may play a protective role and that meaning confusion may be a risk factor for the effects of ACEs on mental health. This study's results have implications for the development of prevention and intervention strategies to alleviate the detrimental impact of ACEs and promote mental health in young adults.
Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and mortality in chronic viral hepatitis in an Asian population with and without HIV infection
Authors: Lui Grace Chung‐Yan , Hui Vicki Wing‐Ki , Sze Shun‐Fung , Wong Bonnie Chun‐Kwan , Cheung Catherine , Lee Man‐Po , Yip Terry Cheuk‐Fung , Tse Yee‐Kit , Lai Jimmy Che‐To , Chan Henry Lik‐Yuen , Wong Vincent Wai‐Sun , Hui Yee‐Tak , Wong Grace Lai‐Hung
Published: July 2023

Background

It is uncertain whether people with HIV infection have a higher incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) than the general population.

Aims

To compare the incidence of HCC between people infected with HBV and/or HCV with and without HIV

Methods

We performed a retrospective population‐based cohort study, involving people with HBV and/or HCV infection from 2001 to 2018. The primary endpoint was incidence of HCC; secondary endpoint was all‐cause mortality. We performed Cox proportional hazard regression models to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) of HIV for the primary and secondary endpoints.

Results

We identified 1374 people infected with HIV and 39,908 people without HIV with HBV and/or HCV infection. Among those with HIV, 654 (47.6%) had HBV, 649 (47.2%) HCV and 71 (5.2%) HBV‐HCV‐co‐infection; they were younger, and had a higher prevalence of HCV and a lower prevalence of cirrhosis. The incidence rate estimates of HCC were, respectively, 1.5 (95% CI: 0.8–2.5) and 7.6 (95% CI 7.3‐8.0) per 1000 person‐years for those with and without HIV infection. Using multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models, among people with HBV, HIV was associated with lower risk of HCC (adjusted HR: 0.376, 95% CI: 0.201–0.704, p = 0.01) and death (adjusted HR: 0.692, 95% CI: 0.552–0.867, p = 0.007). Risks of HCC were similar for HCV and HBV‐HCV co‐infection for people with and without HIV.

Conclusions

Among individuals with HBV infection, the Incidence of HCC was lower in those with HIV. For HCV infection, incidence of HCC was similar between those with and without HIV.
Fast, slow, ongoing: Female academics' experiences of time and change during COVID‐19
Authors: Carruthers Thomas Kate
Published: July 2023

This paper reports on an investigation into female academics' experiences of living and working through the COVID‐19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (UK). A diary, diary‐interview method (DDIM) was used to gather qualitative data from 25 participants about their lives during the period March 2020–September 2021 and diary and interview data have since been curated and published in an open access digital archive. The paper argues firstly that in recording and interpreting change over time in the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic, the methodology constitutes a qualitative longitudinal research (QLLR) approach. Secondly, that the method has the capacity to convey temporal disruption and complexity, aligned with notions of crisis as fast, slow and ongoing. Thirdly, that Nixon's theorising of ‘slow violence’ can be used to frame the impacts of the pandemic as gradual, unseen and banal despite potentially negative implications for female academics' career progression. Finally, the paper argues that gathering this data through DDIM and publishing it in a publicly accessible digital archive represents a necessary form of witness with the potential to be utilised for future interventions.
Altered properties of amyloidogenic prion protein in genetic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease with PRNP V180I mutation in response to pentosan polysulfate
Authors: Shijo Masahiro , Yoshimura Motoi , Omae Tsuyoshi , Hashimoto Go , Mizoguchi Tadataka , Kuwashiro Takahiro , Komori Takashi , Tsuboi Yoshio , Saito Tomoko , Nakagawa Masanori , Itoh Kyoko , Honda Hiroyuki
Published: August 2023

Genetic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (gCJD) with V180I prion protein gene (PRNP) mutation shows weaker prion protein (PrP) deposition histologically compared with sporadic CJD, and it is more difficult to detect protease‐resistant prion protein in immunoblotting. However, we previously reported the autopsy case of a patient with V180I gCJD who was treated with pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS); this case had increased protease‐resistant PrP deposition. It has been suggested that PPS might reduce protease‐resistant PrP; however, the detailed pharmacological and histopathological effects of PPS in humans remain unknown. We examined autopsied human brain tissue from four cases with V180I gCJD that were added to our archives between 2011 and 2021: two cases treated with PPS and two cases without PPS. We conducted a neuropathological assessment, including immunohistochemistry for PrP. We also performed immunoblotting for PrP on homogenate samples from each brain to detect protease‐resistant PrP using both a conventional procedure and size‐exclusion gel chromatography for the purification of oligomeric PrP. Both PPS‐treated cases showed long survival time over 5 years from onset and increased PrP deposition with a characteristic pattern of coarse granular depositions and congophilic PrP microspheres, whereas the cases without PPS showed around 1‐year survival from onset and relatively mild neuronal loss and synaptic PrP deposition. Although cortical gliosis seemed similar among all cases, aquaporin 4‐expression as a hallmark of astrocytic function was increased predominantly in PPS cases. Immunoblotting of non‐PPS cases revealed protease‐resistant PrP in the oligomeric fraction only, whereas the PPS‐treated cases showed clear signals using conventional procedures and in the oligomeric fraction. These unique biochemical and histopathological changes may reflect the progression of V180I gCJD and its modification by PPS, suggesting the possible existence of toxic PrP‐oligomer in the pathophysiology of V180I gCJD and beneficial effects of PPS toward the aggregation and detoxication of toxic PrP‐oligomer.
How displacement analysis may aid fault risking strategies for CO2 storage
Authors: Michie Emma Alexandra Harrower , Braathen Alvar
Published: July 2023

Developing an accurate understanding of the ways in which faults have grown within a particular region and stratigraphy can aid risk management for CO2 storage sites. Areas of fault interaction lead to differences in the stress field, resulting in an increased strain, which is often accommodated by a high intensity of deformation bands and/or fracturing, dependent on host rock properties. These structures alter the permeability surrounding faults. Hence, detecting areas of interaction of structures throughout the fault growth history allows the identification of locations where high risk may occur in terms of the hydraulic properties of a fault zone. The Vette Fault Zone (VFZ), bounding the Alpha prospect within the potential CO2 Smeaheia storage site, Northern Horda Platform, is shown to have grown from a minimum of seven fault segments. By utilising a comparison with the adjacent Tusse Fault Zone (TFZ), we can identify potential areas of high risk, where fluids may have the ability to flow across or along the VFZ. The high seal strength of the TFZ holding back a large gas column is likely to be created by shale juxtaposition and smearing with cataclastic processes. The same could be assumed for the VFZ, associated with similar tectonics and displaced stratigraphy. However, rather than membrane breaching causing fluids to flow across the fault, potential areas of high risk have been identified at locations of relict breached relay zones, where the initial displacement of the intersecting faults and area of overlap was high. These areas appear to correspond with the location of hydrocarbon contact depth (spill point) along the TFZ. Using the same assumptions for the VFZ, we can observe one potential area of high risk, which lies within the area of suggested CO2 accumulation.
Metastasis and immunosuppression promoted by mtDNA and PD‐L1 in extracellular vesicles are reversed by WGP β‐glucan in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Ko Hui‐Hsin , Peng Hsin‐Hui , Cheng An Ning , Chou Han‐Yi Elizabeth , Hou Hsin‐Han , Kuo Wei‐Ting , Liu Wei‐Wen , Kuo Mark Yen‐Ping , Lee Alan Yueh‐Luen , Cheng Shih‐Jung
Published: August 2023

The suppressive regulatory T cells (Treg) are frequently upregulated in cancer patients. This study aims to demonstrate the hypothesis that arecoline could induce the secretion of mitochondrial (mt) DNA D‐loop and programmed cell death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) in extracellular vesicles (EVs), and attenuate T‐cell immunity by upregulated Treg cell numbers. However, the immunosuppression could be reversed by whole glucan particle (WGP) β‐glucan in oral squamous cell (OSCC) patients. Arecoline‐induced reactive oxygen specimen (ROS) production and cytosolic mtDNA D‐loop were analyzed in OSCC cell lines. mtDNA D‐loop, PD‐L1, IFN‐γ, and Treg cells were also identified for the surgical specimens and sera of 60 OSCC patients. We demonstrated that higher mtDNA D‐loop, PD‐L1, and Treg cell numbers were significantly correlated with larger tumor size, nodal metastasis, advanced clinical stage, and areca quid chewing. Furthermore, multivariate analysis confirmed that higher mtDNA D‐loop levels and Treg cell numbers were unfavorable independent factors for survival. Arecoline significantly induced cytosolic mtDNA D‐loop leakage and PD‐L1 expression, which were packaged by EVs to promote immunosuppressive Treg cell numbers. However, WGP β‐glucan could elevate CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell numbers, mitigate Treg cell numbers, and promote oral cancer cell apoptosis. To sum up, arecoline induces EV production carrying mtDNA D‐loop and PD‐L1, and in turn elicits immune suppression. However, WGP β‐glucan potentially enhances dual effects on T‐cell immunity and cell apoptosis and we highly recommend its integration with targeted and immune therapies against OSCC.
Medicarpin suppresses proliferation and triggeres apoptosis by upregulation of BID, BAX, CASP3, CASP8, and CYCS in glioblastoma
Authors: Ying Lu , Hao Mingxuan , Zhang Zichen , Guo Rui , Liang Youfeng , Yu Changyuan , Yang Zhao
Published: July 2023

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant brain tumor and incurable. Medicarpin (MED), a flavonoid compound from the legume family, has multiple targets and anticancer properties. However, the role of MED in GBM remains unclear. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of MED on the apoptosis of GBM and to explain the potential molecular mechanisms. We found that the IC50 values of U251 and U‐87 MG cells treated with MED for 24 h were 271 μg/mL and 175 μg/mL, and the IC50 values for 48 h were 154 μg/mL and 161 μg/mL, respectively. Additionally, the cell cycle of U251 and U‐87 MG cells were arrested at the G2/M phase. Furthermore, the apoptosis rate of U251 and U‐87 MG cells increased from 6.26% to 18.36% and 12.46% to 31.33% for 48 h, respectively. The migration rate of U251 and U‐87 MG decreased from 20% to 5% and 25% to 15% for 12 h and these of U251 and U‐87 MG decreased from 50% to 28% and 60% to 25% for 24 h. MED suppressed GBM tumorigenesis, and improved survival rate of tumor‐bearing mice. Taken together, MED triggered GBM apoptosis through upregulation of pro‐apoptotic proteins (BID, BAX, CASP3, CASP8, and CYCS), showed strong inhibitory effects on cell proliferation and cell migration, and displayed anti‐tumor activity in nude mice.
Dental caries in children in Ireland: A systematic review
Authors: Sharma Vinay , Crowe Michael , Cassetti Oscar , Winning Lewis , O'Sullivan Aifric , O'Sullivan Michael
Published: July 2023

Background

Dental caries is the most common childhood disease worldwide. In the mid‐1960s, mandatory Community Water Fluoridation (CWF) was introduced in the Republic of Ireland (RoI) aimed at reducing the prevalence and severity of dental caries in the population. In 2017, approximately, 71% of the Irish population was supplied with fluoridated drinking water.

Objectives

To review all children's dental health surveys at National, Regional and County‐levels conducted in the Republic of Ireland from 1950 to 2021 and describe trends in dental caries prevalence. The secondary objective was to compare dental caries experience in children living in areas with and without CWF.

Methods

Seven databases (Embase, Medline Ovid, PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, Scopus and Lenus Ireland) were systematically searched followed by lateral searches from reference lists. Studies reporting the caries experience of Irish children were eligible for inclusion. Two authors independently evaluated the quality of included studies using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist.

Results

Thirty‐one studies were included. Over the last 70 years, at National, Regional and County levels, mean dmft/DMFT (decayed, missing and filled teeth) scores have decreased and the percentage of caries‐free children has increased in 5, 8, 12, and 15‐year‐olds. The decline in dental caries indices observed throughout the country was greater in children living in areas with CWF. Between the 1960s and 2002, the mean dmft scores for 5‐year‐olds living in the RoI were reduced by approximately 82% and 69% for the fluoridated and non‐fluoridated groups respectively. Reduction in the mean DMFT scores for the 12‐year‐olds were 75% and 71%, respectively, for the fluoridated and non‐fluoridated groups. Between 1961 and 2014, reductions in the mean dmft/DMFT scores among 5 and 12‐years‐olds living in County Dublin were approximately 88% and 90% respectively. These results should be interpreted in the context of widespread use of fluoridated toothpaste in the RoI.

Conclusions

Large reductions in the prevalence of dental caries in Irish children have been observed over the last seven decades. Greater dental caries reductions have been reported among children living in areas with CWF compared to those without CWF.
Enhancing domestic violence risk assessments with children's perspectives: Exploring risk, vulnerability and protective factors through forensic interviews
Authors: Vikander Martina , Strand Susanne
Published: July 2023

Effective risk management strategies for victims of domestic violence require an adequate risk assessment. While risk assessments for domestic violence typically focus on the adult victim, the risk of children who are exposed to such violence is often overlooked. This study aims to explore what risk, vulnerability and protective factors can be identified through forensic interviews with children exposed to domestic violence. A qualitative latent content analysis was conducted on documented forensic interviews with 41 children. The results show that children reported factors that should be taken into consideration when managing the risk of violence for their mother. In addition, the children's responses suggest the need for a separate risk management plan to address their needs and to protect them from re‐victimization. Direct communication with children is crucial to identify factors that are unique to them. These results emphasize the significance of including their perspective in risk assessments for domestic violence to influence the risk management that includes both mothers and their children.
Colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection with a calibrated, small‐caliber tip, transparent hood for tumors in the appendiceal orifice
Authors: Nomura Tatsuma , Sugimoto Shinya , Ito Keiichi
Published: August 2023

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Caregiver perspectives on powered mobility devices and participation for children with cerebral palsy in Gross Motor Function Classification System level V
Authors: Sloane Bethany M. , Kenyon Lisa K. , Logan Samuel W. , Feldner Heather A.
Published: July 2023

Aim

To describe caregiver experiences, perceptions, and device preferences between a modified ride‐on car (MROC) and an Explorer Mini, including perceived changes in participation, barriers, and benefits for young children with cerebral palsy (CP) classified in Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level V.

Method

A subset of data were analyzed from a larger multisite study. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 10 caregivers of children with CP in GMFCS level V across a 16‐week trial with two mobility devices. Each interview was audio‐recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using constant comparison methods.

Results

Seven of 10 caregivers preferred the Explorer Mini over the MROC. Four themes emerged. One related to the perceived benefits and barriers of each device (ease and convenience is essential) and three related to perceived changes in participation: (1) autonomy enacted through mobility; (2) belonging and being present; and (3) participation recognized as an area of growth.

Interpretation

Despite limited consideration of powered mobility for this population, caregivers of children in GMFCS level V reported similar benefits and barriers compared to children in other GMFCS levels shown in the literature. Particularly, caregivers perceived positive changes in their child's participation and recognized the ability for continued improvements in participation when using powered mobility.

What this paper adds

Children with cerebral palsy classified in Gross Motor Function Classification System level V are often excluded from powered mobility use and research.

Despite this, caregivers reported positive experiences for their children.

Caregivers felt that participation in powered mobility led to increased autonomy and overall sense of inclusion and belonging for their children.

Most caregivers preferred the Explorer Mini over the modified ride‐on car but recognized that both devices had benefits and barriers to use.
Washed microbiota transplantation improves haemoglobin levels in anaemia of chronic disease
Authors: Zhong Hao‐Jie , Chen Wei‐Ran , Lu Xin‐Jian , Hu Dong‐Xia , Lin De‐Jiang , Liu Tao , Wu Lei , Wu Li‐Hao , He Xing‐Xiang
Published: July 2023

Background

Anaemia of chronic disease (ACD) is the second most common type of anaemia and lacks an effective treatment. Patients with anaemia are reported to have altered gut microbial profiles, which may affect erythropoiesis. Here, we investigated the gut microbial features of patients with ACD and determined whether regulating gut microbiota using washed microbiota transplantation (WMT) was effective in treating ACD.

Methods

We compared the gut microbiota profile of patients with ACD and healthy controls, evaluated the efficacy of WMT on haematological parameters in the patients, and analysed the alterations in gut microbiota after WMT treatment.

Results

Patients with ACD had lower gut microbial richness, and differences in microbial composition and function, relative to healthy controls. Additionally, the relative abundances of two butyrate‐producing genera Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group and Butyricicoccus, were positively correlated with the haemoglobin (HGB) level and lower in patients with ACD than controls. WMT significantly increased HGB levels in patients with ACD. After the first, second and third WMT rounds, normal HGB levels were restored in 27.02%, 27.78% and 36.37% (all p < .05) of patients with ACD, respectively. Moreover, WMT significantly increased the abundance of butyrate‐producing genera and downregulated gut microbial functions that were upregulated in patients with ACD.

Conclusions

Patients with ACD exhibited differences in gut microbial composition and function relative to healthy controls. WMT is an effective treatment for ACD that reshapes gut microbial composition, restores butyrate‐producing bacteria and regulates the functions of gut microbiota.
The importance of long‐term post‐release studies in classical biological control: Insect–plant monitoring and public awareness of water hyacinth management (Pontederia crassipes) in Dique Los Sauces, Argentina
Authors: Faltlhauser Ana C. , Jiménez Nadia L. , Righetti Tomas , Visintin Andrés M. , Torrens Javier , Salinas Nicolás A. , Mc Kay Fernando , Hill Martin , Cordo Hugo A. , Sosa Alejandro J.
Published: August 2023

Several components of classical biological control (CBC) programmes are necessary to assess the success of the management strategy (e.g., post‐release monitoring) and also help prevent reintroductions or resurgences of invasive species (e.g., public awareness). Water hyacinth, Pontederia (= Eichhornia) crassipes (Mart.) Solms (Pontederiaceae) is an aquatic plant naturally distributed in the north‐eastern region of the Del Plata basin in Argentina. In the 1960s it was introduced into the Dique Los Sauces reservoir located outside of its native range in La Rioja Province, in western Argentina, where it became invasive. The natural enemy, Neochetina bruchi Hustache (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), was intentionally introduced in 1974 to control the weed. To assess the success of this CBC programme, a long‐term post‐release study was conducted. Between 1965 and 2023, we monitored plant coverage, estimated N. bruchi densities, and quantified the associated damage by reanalysing previously published data and incorporating new sampling. We also conducted an online survey to analyse public knowledge and perception about this programme. Water hyacinth coverage fluctuated from its first record in 1965 (maximum coverage 90%) until the control of germinated plants (coverage 0%) in 2018. The plant decline was accompanied by an increase in the weevil population. In our survey, out of 325 respondents only a small group of mostly middle‐aged and elderly people knew that the restoration had been achieved through a management strategy and even fewer were aware of the biocontrol approach taken. Respondents who had a positive approach to biological control were more aware of the management plan than respondents who had neutral or negative opinions. Neochetina bruchi has played a key factor in the control of P. crassipes. The intrinsic dynamics of these populations, the dormant seed bank, and the lack of public awareness support the need for long post‐release evaluations including outreach campaigns to make a sustainable successful management programme.
The 5‐HT2A/2C inverse agonist nelotanserin alleviates L‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia in the MPTP‐lesioned marmoset
Authors: Kwan Cynthia , Frouni Imane , Bédard Dominique , Hamadjida Adjia , Nuara Stephen G. , Gourdon Jim C. , Huot Philippe
Published: July 2023

Nelotanserin is a serotonin 2A and 2C (5‐HT2A/2C) inverse agonist that was previously tested in the clinic for rapid‐eye movement sleep behaviour disorder and psychosis in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) dementia. Its effect on L‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐DOPA)‐induced dyskinesia has however not been investigated. As 5‐HT2A antagonism/inverse agonism is a validated approach to alleviate dyskinesia, we undertook the current study to evaluate the anti‐dyskinetic potential of nelotanserin in the 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)‐lesioned marmoset. Parkinsonism was induced in six common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus, three females and three males) that were then chronically treated with L‐DOPA to induce dyskinesia. On experimental days, they were administered L‐DOPA in combination with vehicle or nelotanserin (0.1, 0.3 and 1 mg/kg) subcutaneously, in a randomised fashion. Dyskinesia and parkinsonism were rated post hoc by a blinded observer. In comparison to vehicle, the addition of nelotanserin 0.3 and 1 mg/kg to L‐DOPA diminished peak dose dyskinesia by 47% (P < 0.05) and 69% (P < 0.001). Nelotanserin 0.3 and 1 mg/kg also reduced the severity of global dyskinesia, by 40% (P < 0.01) and 55% (P < 0.001), when compared to vehicle. Nelotanserin 0.1 mg/kg did not alleviate peak dose or global dyskinesia severity. Nelotanserin had no impact on the anti‐parkinsonian action of L‐DOPA. Our results highlight that nelotanserin may represent an efficacious anti‐dyskinetic drug and provide incremental evidence of the potential benefit of 5‐HT2A/2C antagonism/inverse agonism for drug‐induced dyskinesia in PD.
Fatigue crack growth behavior in an aluminum alloy Al–Mg–0.3Sc produced by wire based directed energy deposition process
Authors: Ye Jin , Syed Abdul Khadar , Zhang Xiang , Eimer Eloise , Williams Stewart
Published: July 2023

Additive manufacturing (AM) of Al–Mg–Sc alloys has received considerable interest from the aerospace industry owing to their high specific strength and suitability for AM processes. This study has investigated the fatigue crack growth behavior in an Al–Mg–0.3Sc alloy made by wire and arc additive manufacturing. Tests were conducted with two different crack orientations at cyclic load ratios of 0.1 and 0.5. At the lower load ratio, the horizontal crack showed a faster growth rate owing to the smaller grains and coarser second‐phase particles that the crack tip had encountered when it propagated along the material build direction. The anisotropy in crack growth rate was mainly caused by the grain size effect. When the applied stress intensity factor range exceeded the value of 10 MPa m1/2, an isotropic crack growth rate between the two crack orientations was measured. This is due to the microstructural influence being overcome by the governing parameter of fracture mechanics. At the higher load ratio of 0.5, crack growth rate is isotropic, and the threshold stress intensity factor range was much lower than that tested under load ratio 0.1. Finally, the modified Hartman–Schijve equation has been successfully employed to represent the crack growth rates in all three regions.
Family carers' experiences and perceived roles in interprofessional collaborative practice in primary care: A constructivist grounded theory study
Authors: Davidson Alexandra R. , Zigori Bekhinkosi D. , Ball Lauren , Morgan Mark , Gala Devanshi , Reidlinger Dianne P.
Published: July 2023

Background

Chronic conditions can lead to physical, cognitive and social decline; thus, increasing an individual's dependence on family who assist with activities of daily living. Interprofessional collaborative practice (IPCP), involving two or more health professionals working with the patient and their family, is one model of care for the high‐quality management of individuals with chronic conditions in primary care. Nevertheless, family carers have reported a disconnect between themselves and healthcare providers in previous research. This study aimed to explore the experiences and perspectives of family carers for individuals with chronic conditions, regarding their involvement in IPCP.

Methods

Aspects of constructivist grounded theory methodology were used. Family carers of individuals with chronic conditions were invited to participate in a one‐on‐one, semistructured interview about their experiences with IPCP in the care of their loved one. Interview transcripts were analysed using Charmaz's four‐step iterative process: (1) line‐by‐line coding, (2) focused coding, (3) categorisation of codes and (4) potential theme and subtheme development with memo writing to support each phase of analysis. The research team collaborated on reflexivity exercises, the conceptualisation of categories and the development of themes.

Results

Constructivist data analysis of interviews (average 40 min) with 10 family carers resulted in two themes. (1) Stepping in for my loved one represents the notion that carers take on external roles on behalf of their loved ones (subthemes: working with interprofessional teams, supporting independence and learning as I go). (2) Taking on the carer role, represents the internal factors that influence the external roles described in theme 1 (subthemes: feeling obligated to be involved and changing relationship dynamics).

Conclusion

This study outlines the external actions and internal influences on family carer involvement in an interprofessional team. The required knowledge and support to care for their loved ones is currently learned in an ad hoc manner, and carers' resources should be better promoted by health professionals. Additionally, the relationship dynamics between a carer and their loved one change as the carer becomes more involved in IPCP and influences how and the extent health professionals involve family carers.

Patient or Public Contribution

Carers were the study population involved in this qualitative study. Patient advocates who have chronic conditions, and are informal family carers, were involved in the creation and design of this study, including a review of the research question, participant information sheet and the interview guide.
Women's experiences of care after stillbirth and obstetric fistula: A phenomenological study in Kenya
Authors: Nendela Anne , Farrell Sarah , Wakasiaka Sabina , Mills Tracey , Khisa Weston , Omoni Grace , Lavender Tina
Published: August 2023

Background

Stillbirth and (obstetric) fistula are traumatic life events, commonly experienced together following an obstructed labour in low‐ and middle‐income countries with limited access to maternity care. Few studies have explored women's experiences of the combined trauma of stillbirth and fistula.

Aim

To explore the lived experiences of women following stillbirth and fistula.

Methods

Qualitative, guided by Heideggerian phenomenology. Twenty women who had experienced a stillbirth were interviewed while attending a specialist Hospital fistula service in urban Kenya. Data were analysed following Van Manen's reflexive approach.

Results

Three main themes summarised participants' experiences: ‘Treated like an alien’ reflected the isolation and stigma felt by women. The additive and multiplying impacts of stillbirth and fistula and the ways in which women coped with their situations were summarised in ‘Shattered dreams’. The impact of beliefs and practices of women and those around them were encapsulated in ‘It was not written on my forehead’.

Conclusion

The distress women experienced following the death of a baby was intensified by the development of a fistula. Health professionals lacked an understanding of the pathophysiology and identification of fistula and its association with stillbirth. Women were isolated as they were stigmatised and blamed for both conditions. Difficulty accessing follow‐up care meant that women suffered for long periods while living with a constant reminder of their baby's death. Cultural beliefs, faith and family support affected women's resilience, mental health and recovery. Specialist services, staff training and inclusive policies are needed to improve knowledge and awareness and enhance women's experiences.

Patient or Public Contribution

A Community Engagement and Involvement group of bereaved mothers with lived experience of stillbirth and neonatal death assisted with the review of the study protocol, participant‐facing materials and confirmation of findings.
Validation of the Croatian version of the short form of the Burnout Assessment Tool: Findings from a nationally representative sample
Authors: Tomas Jasmina , Maslić Seršić Darja , Mikac Una , Rebernjak Blaž , Buško Vesna , De Witte Hans
Published: August 2023

Burnout poses severe health‐related and financial risks. However, valid and reliable measurement of this occupational phenomenon has been impeded by the conceptual, psychometric and pragmatical shortcomings of the extant burnout instruments. The Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT) is a new measure of burnout that was developed to overcome these deficiencies. The purpose of this study was to validate the Croatian version of its short form, BAT‐12, using a representative sample of the Croatian working population. To do so, we examined the factor structure and measurement invariance of BAT‐12 across gender, age, and occupational type, as well as convergent and discriminant data on BAT‐12 vis‐à‐vis an alternative burnout measure, the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory, job resources, job demands and job outcomes. The results obtained on online survey data from 966 employees supported the hierarchical structure of BAT‐12, although with slight modifications. We also found comparable loading structure across age, gender, and occupational type, whereas the intercept invariance depended on the moderator. Convergent and discriminant validity was supported in relation to all examined variables. Therefore, the psychometric soundness of the Croatian version of BAT‐12 adds new evidence to the current validation process of the BAT‐12 and supports the application of this measure on the Croatian working population.
Responses of rice cultivars with different cold tolerance to chilling in booting and flowering stages: An experiment in Northeast China
Authors: Ma Haoyu , Zhu Xi , Cao Tiehua , Li Shanlong , Guo Erjing , Shi Yanyin , Guan Kaixin , Li E. , Sun Ridan , Wang Xi , Li Tao , Zhang Tianyi , Yang Xiaoguang
Published: July 2023

Climate change has led to an increasing trend in the intensity of global extreme weather events, including chilling. Breeding cultivars with high cold tolerance could be an important pathway to mitigate the negative effects of climate change. For rice, few studies have been focusing on the responses of different cold‐tolerance cultivars on chilling stress. In this study, we selected four japonica rice cultivars and conducted a chilling treatment experiment (with three chilling temperatures and three chilling durations) at the booting and flowering stages in 2020 and 2021 in Northeast China. The results showed that chilling treatment at the booting stage affected the biomass allocation and yield traits more than the chilling treatment at the flowering stage did. Overall, the chilling treatment affected the cold‐sensitive cultivars more than the cold‐tolerant cultivars. Among all the study yield traits, chilling treatment affected spikelet fertility the most, followed by the number of grains per panicle. For every 10°C day increase in CDD at the booting (flowering) stage, the grain yield per plant and spikelet fertility decreased by 4.8–12.8% and 3.6–10.8% (2.1–5.3% and 2.2–4.9%), respectively. Even with the intense chilling treatment, the cold‐tolerant cultivars had relatively high number of effective spikes per plant, grain weight, and stable spikelet fertility, hence they maintained relatively high grain yield. Therefore, it is important to factor in the cold tolerance of the cultivars when assessing the chilling effects on biomass allocation and yield traits for rice. In order to combat the negative effects of extremely low temperature at the reproductive stage on rice grain yield, the future breeding technology could focus on improving the spikelet fertility, grain filling size, and number of spikes per plant.
Noninvasive ECG imaging of the intrinsic atrial pacemaker and atrial activation in surgically repaired or palliated congenital heart disease
Authors: Moore Benjamin M. , Al‐Kaisy Ahmed , Joshi Subodh B. , Lui Elaine , Grigg Leanne E. , Kalman Jonathan M.
Published: August 2023

Introduction

Sinus node location, function, and atrial activation are often abnormal in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD), due to anatomical, surgical, and acquired factors. We aimed to perform noninvasive electrocardiographic imaging (ECGI) of the intrinsic atrial pacemaker and atrial activation in patients with surgically repaired or palliated CHD, compared with control patients with structurally normal hearts.

Methods and Results

Atrial ECGI was performed in eight CHD patients with prespecified diagnoses (Fontan circulation, dextro transposition of the great arteries post Mustard/Senning, tetralogy of Fallot), and three controls. Activation and propagation maps were constructed in presenting rhythm. Wavefront propagation was analyzed to identify (1) intrinsic atrial pacemaker breakout site, (2) morphological right atrial (RA) activation pattern, (3) morphological left atrial (LA) breakout sites (i.e., interatrial connections), (4) LA activation pattern, and (5) putative lines of block. Physiologically appropriate atrial activation and propagation maps were able to be constructed. In the majority of patients, atrial breakouts were in keeping with the sinus node, observed in a crescent‐shaped distribution from the anterior superior vena cava to the posterior RA. Ectopic atrial pacemaker sites were demonstrated in the atriopulmonary (AP) Fontan patient (very diffuse posterolateral RA) and Mustard patient (very posterior RA competing with a low RA focus). RA propagation was laminar in controls, but suggested either a line of block or conduction slowing consistent with an atriotomy scar in the tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) patients. Putative lines of block were more complex and RA propagation more abnormal in the atrial switch and AP Fontan patients, compared with the TOF patients. RA activation in the extracardiac Fontan patients was relatively laminar. Earliest LA breakout was most commonly observed in the region of Bachmann's Bundle in both controls and CHD patients, except for posterior LA breakouts in two patients. LA activation was typically more homogeneous than RA activation in CHD patients.

Conclusion

ECGI can be utilized to create a noninvasive mapping model of atrial activation in postsurgical CHD, demonstrating atrial pacemaker location, putative lines of block and interatrial connections. Once validated invasively, this may have clinical implications in predicting risk of sinus node dysfunction and atrial arrhythmias, or in guiding catheter ablation.
Adjunct posterior wall isolation reduces the recurrence of atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing cryoballoon ablation: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Mumtaz Mishal , Jabeen Sidra , Danial Ahmad , Chaychi Muhammad Tayyab Muzaffar , Zaheer Muhammad Kashan , Mumtaz Aymen , Mumtaz Tayebah , Herweg Bengt
Published: August 2023

Background

Recurrence rates of atrial fibrillation (AF) remain high even after complete wide area circumferential pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). In recent years adjunct posterior wall isolation (PWI) has been performed in patients with more persistent forms of AF but the benefits remain unclear.

Aim

The objective of this meta‐analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of adjunct posterior wall isolation in reducing recurrence rates of AF using cryoballoon ablation (CBA).

Methods

We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Clinicaltrials.gov and Cochrane CENTRAL. We included studies comparing PVI to PVI + PWI in patients with either persistent or paroxysmal AF (PAF) undergoing CBA. After data extraction and quality assessment of the studies, we assessed recurrence rates of atrial tachy‐arrhythmias (AF, atrial flutter, and atrial tachycardia) as well as total ablation time and procedural adverse events. Risk ratio (RR), mean difference (MD), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using Review Manager.

Results

Concomitant PWI exhibited a substantial reduction in the risk of AF recurrence (RR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.42–0.63, p < .00001), as well as all atrial arrhythmias (RR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.49–0.68, p < .00001). On subgroup analysis, in patients with only PAF, adjunct PWI resulted in significant reduction in recurrence risk of AF (RR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.41–0.76, p = .0002) as well. There was no significant difference in adverse events between both groups (RR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.44–1.86; p = .78), whereas total ablation time was significantly increased in PVI + PWI group (MD: 21.75; 95% CI: 11.13–32.37, p < .0001).

Conclusion

Adjunct PWI when compared to PVI alone decreases recurrence rates of atrial fibrillation after CBA of patients with persistent as well as paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.