bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel antioxidant therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular dysfunction associated with ageing
Authors: Radovits Tamás
Published: December 2008

Az öregedő szövetekben reaktív szabad gyökök túltermelődése figyelhető meg, ami nitrooxidatív stresszt indukál. Újabb kutatások szerint e folyamat fontos szerepet tölt be a szív- és érrendszeri funkciók időskori hanyatlásában. A toxikus oxidánsok, mint a hidrogén-peroxid vagy a peroxinitrit, a fehérjék károsításán túl megtámadják a DNS-t, és több reakcióutat, köztük a poli(ADP-ribóz)-polimeráz (PARP) utat aktiválva szövetkárosodáshoz vezetnek.
Célkitűzés:
Megvizsgáltuk, hogy a vascularis oxidatív stressz
in vitro
modelljében a PARP gátlása képes-e javítani a hidrogén-peroxid által károsított endothelfunkción. Fő célunk viszont az volt, hogy megvizsgáljuk a PARP akut gátlásának, illetve a peroxinitrit katalitikus lebontásának hatásait az időskori szív- és érrendszeri diszfunkcióra.
Módszer:In vitro
funkcionális mérésekkel izolált patkány-aortagyűrűkön vizsgáltuk az endothelfüggő és nem endothelfüggő vazorelaxációt acetil-kolin, illetve nátrium-nitroprusszid adására. Az endothelkárosodást hidrogén-peroxiddal váltottuk ki. A kezelt csoportban érgyűrűinket előinkubáltuk a PARP gátlószerével. Az időskori cardiovascularis diszfunkció
in vivo
patkánymodelljében fiatal és öreg patkányokat kezeltünk a PARP-gátló egyszeri dózisával, illetve a peroxinitrit lebontásának katalizátorával, FP15-tel. Nyomás-konduktancia mikrokatéter segítségével bal kamrai nyomás-térfogat analízist végeztünk patkányainkban a cardialis funkció megítélésére, valamint izolált aortagyűrűk vascularis funkcióit vizsgáltuk. A szöveti és sejtszintű változásokat immunhisztokémiai módszerekkel tanulmányoztuk.
Eredmények:In vitro
modellünkben hidrogén-peroxid hatására az endothelfunkció dózisfüggő károsodását tapasztaltuk, amely jelentős javulást mutatott PARP-gátlás után. Öreg patkányokban a szívműködés gyengülését figyeltük meg, valamint aortagyűrűikben csökkent endothelfüggő relaxációs választ mértünk. Az akut PARP-gátlás és az FP15-kezelés is szignifikáns javulást eredményezett a szív- és endothelfunkcióban. Öreg állatokban immunhisztokémiai méréseink fokozott nitrooxidatív stressz és PARP-aktiváció jeleit mutatták, amelyek jelentősen csökkentek a kezelések hatására.
Következtetések:
Eredményeink az endogén peroxinitrit-túltermelődés és a PARP reakcióút jelentőségét mutatják a cardiovascularis funkciók időskori hanyatlásában. A peroxinitrit gyors katalitikus lebontása, valamint a PARP gátlása új antioxidáns terápiás lehetőséget jelenthet az időskori szív- és érrendszeri diszfunkció kezelésében.
O papel do comprador no processo de compras em instituições públicas de ciência e tecnologia em saúde (C&T/S)
Authors: Batista Marco Antonio Cavalcanti , Maldonado José Manuel Santos de Varge
Published: December 2008

Este artigo aborda o papel do comprador público nas aquisições de bens e serviços para as instituições públicas de ciência e tecnologia em saúde (C&T/S), tendo como referência o CPqAM/Fiocruz. O estudo contempla características e causas que potencializam os contextos da gestão das compras institucionais, os aspectos da administração pública brasileira, a função administrativa de compra, o papel do comprador público no processo, o seu perfil, o seu comportamento ético, bem como a possibilidade de redução de custos na aquisição de materiais para a pesquisa científica.
Desafios logísticos às redes de negócios no Brasil: o que podem as parcerias público-privadas (PPPs)?
Authors: Mesquita Arlan Mendes , Martins Ricardo S.
Published: December 2008

Este artigo discute a distribuição regional dos investimentos prioritários para parcerias público-privadas (PPPs), tendo por base as condições logísticas para formação de redes de negócios nas regiões e a perspectiva de estratégia de redução das desigualdades regionais, e como foco os sistemas de transporte. Considerando-se os aspectos positivos da regulamentação e o fato de não ter o objetivo de promover uma descentralização da riqueza nacional, conclui-se que além de não se poder esperar das PPPs o efeito de redução das desigualdades regionais no Brasil - uma distorção com repercussões extremamente negativas para o desenvolvimento brasileiro - é bastante possível que o efeito seja no sentido de reforçar as desigualdades.
Estimation of absolute renal uptake with technetium-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid: direct comparison with the radioactivity of nephrectomy specimens
Authors: Lima Mariana da Cunha Lopes de , Ramos Celso Darío , Brunetto Sérgio Quirino , Lima Marcelo Lopes de , Ferreira Ubirajara , Etchebehere Elba Cristina Sá Camargo , Santos Allan de Oliveira , Netto Júnior Nelson Rodrigues , Camargo Edwaldo Eduardo
Published: December 2008

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Studies using radionuclides are the most appropriate method for estimating renal function. Dimercaptosuccinic acid chelate labeled with technetium-99m (99mTc-DMSA) is the radiopharmaceutical of choice for high-resolution imaging of the renal cortex and estimation of the functional renal mass. The aim of this study was to evaluate a simplified method for determining the absolute renal uptake (ARU) of 99mTc-DMSA prior to nephrectomy, using the radioactivity counts of nephrectomy specimens as the gold standard. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective study at the Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas. METHODS: Seventeen patients (12 females; range 22-82 years old; mean age 50.8 years old) underwent nephrectomy for various reasons. Renal scintigraphy was performed three to four hours after intravenous administration of a mean dose of 188.7 MBq (5.1 mCi) of 99mTc-DMSA, which was done six to 24 hours before surgery. The in vivo renal uptake of 99mTc-DMSA was determined using the radioactivity of the syringe before the injection (measured using a dose calibrator) and the images of the syringe and kidneys, obtained from a scintillation camera. After surgery, the reference value for renal uptake of 99mTc-DMSA was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the nephrectomy specimen using the same dose calibrator. RESULTS: The ARU measurements were very similar to those obtained using the reference method, as determined by linear regression (r-squared = 0.96). CONCLUSION: ARU estimation using the proposed method before nephrectomy seems to be accurate and feasible for routine use.
VARIABILITY IN THE RESPONSE OF THE SYMPHYSIS PUBIS OF THE GUINEA-PIG TO RELAXIN
Authors: TALMAGE R. V. , HURST W. R.
Published: December 2008

A revised method of assay for relaxin is described, based on a combination of the previously used palpation method and a procedure in which the increase in interpubic distance caused by relaxin is recorded by X-raying the guinea-pig before and 6 hr. after the administration of relaxin. A guinea-pig X-ray unit has been defined as that amount of relaxin which when given to fifty animals will cause an average symphysial spread of 0·35 mm. within 6 hr., the animals being held down when X-rayed by 500 g. weights on the rear legs.

A critical examination of the response of the guinea-pig pubic symphysis to relaxin has been made, and the high degree of variability has been statistically analysed and discussed.
RICKETS AND OSTEOPOROSIS IN XENOPUS LAEVIS
Authors: BRUCE H. M. , PARKES A. S.
Published: December 2008

Gross deformities appeared in Xenopus laevis maintained for about 2 yr. under laboratory conditions on a diet containing no live food. Radiographs of the affected animals revealed defective calcification of the skeleton. All animals bred in the colony were defective, and only the original adults taken from the wild had normal bones. A description of the different types of skeleton found, and later produced experimentally, is given. An analysis of the conditions under which the defects became manifest showed X. laevis to be very susceptible to lack of vitamin D. Calcification in this species is greatly affected by the nature of the basal food. Normal bones are formed when the toads are fed on a diet of rabbit liver (or ox liver) supplemented with cod-liver oil and calcium. Horse liver is toxic, causing a depression of growth and a failure of calcification even with the supplements. With guinea-pig muscle a far larger supplement of vitamin D is required to prevent the development of general calcium deficiency and to permit normal bone formation. The failure of calcification is identified as rickets with osteoporosis and its relation to these diseases in other species is discussed.
PREGNANCY IN INSULIN-TREATED ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
Authors: FERRET P. , LINDAN O. , MORGANS MARGARET E.
Published: December 2008

1. The fertility and outcome of pregnancy have been studied in alloxan diabetic rats treated with insulin. The diabetes was only partly controlled, but the general condition of the diabetic mothers was good.

2. Fertility rate was increased compared with that in animals in which the diabetes was not treated with insulin. Stillbirth rate and neonatal death rate (5% combined loss) and the percentage of weaned animals (89%) were normal, as contrasted with a 37% combined stillbirth and neonatal mortality rate and 50% death-rate before weaning in the offspring of untreated diabetic mothers.

3. It is concluded that alloxan diabetes does not adversely affect the foetal mortality, neonatal death-rate or the feeding of young animals unless it impairs the general health of the mother.
ASSAY OF DIABETOGENIC PITUITARY PREPARATIONS
Authors: REID E.
Published: December 2008

1. Procedures are described for the approximate assessment, in the intact cat, of the diabetogenic potency of growth hormone preparations from ox anterior-pituitary glands (section A).

2. Partially depancreatized rats (three strains) and alloxan-diabetic rats (two strains) were insufficiently sensitive to such preparations to be of use as test animals (section B).
THE QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF URINARY PHENOLS AND OESTROGENS
Authors: BOSCOTT R. J.
Published: December 2008

Typical urinary phenols and oestrogens have been converted into azo dyes by coupling with diazotized I.C.I. M5091.

The dyes have been characterized from the following data:

(a) partition properties;

(b) solubility properties in a phosphate buffer;

(c) adsorption properties;

(d) absorption spectra data 310–600 mμ.

Decalso, after treatment with barium acetate solution, has been introduced as a new adsorbent in chromatography.

The removal of indigoid pigments from urinary oestriol fractions by a new procedure is described.

The addition of thiourea and benzene to urines during acid hydrolysis affords some protection to oestradiol-3:17α.
THE ANTERIOR LOBE OF THE CATTLE PITUITARY
Authors: BASSETT E. G.
Published: December 2008

A histological examination has been made of the anterior lobe of the pituitaries from forty-five female and fifteen male cattle classified into groups according to reproductive condition.

Differential counts for the two main secretory cell types have been made on sections at three levels and values for each group compared by analysis of variance.

Statistical treatment of results has shown that the method in which cell counts are made on one, or at the most two representative sections only from each of a number of glands is sufficiently accurate for comparative investigations, covering groups of cattle.

Only one type of acidophil cell was observed, but both 'strong' and 'weak' basophils were found. 'Strong' basophils appeared to be more frequent in glands from pregnant and stilboestrol-treated cows but were virtually absent in those from steers.

A significant difference has been found in the numbers of acidophil cells, between pituitaries from cows with normal ovaries and from those with ovarian follicular cysts.

In the first trimester of pregnancy the number of basophils was significantly higher than in normal non-pregnant cows. The relative numbers of these two cell types in pituitaries from cows treated with large doses of stilboestrol were comparable with those in pregnant cows.

There was a significantly greater acidophil number for both bulls and steers than for any of the cows. The basophil number for steers was significantly less than that for bulls or cows.
CHANGES IN OVARIAN STRUCTURE FOLLOWING THE INJECTION OF CARBOLIC ACID INTO THE OVARIAN BURSA
Authors: MANDL ANITA M. , ZUCKERMAN S.
Published: December 2008

Carbolic acid injected directly into the ovarian bursa of twenty-one adult female rats greatly reduced the total number of oocytes in the ovaries. The germinal epithelium was usually hyperplastic, although mitoses were not seen. The problem of post-pubertal oogenesis is discussed in the light of the present findings.
THE MODIFICATION OF LACTATION IN THE ALBINO RAT BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Authors: EAYRS J. T.
Published: December 2008

The growth and food consumption of mature female rats and of lactating rats and their litters reared under various conditions of illumination have been measured.

Mature female rats grew less when kept in the dark than in the light.

Newborn rats reared in total darkness by does which were allowed in the light for only 1½ hr. daily grew less during the first 18 days of life than their litter-mate controls.

Newborn rats reared under natural lighting by does with both eyes removed did not grow as well as litter-mates reared by does with one eye removed.

The mean weight of food eaten daily by mature female rats when in the dark did not differ significantly from that eaten when in natural lighting. Lactating does and their litters confined in total darkness and bilaterally enucleated does ate significantly less food than their controls. The reduction in food intake was apparent by the third day after parturition. On the other hand, when the doe received 1½ hr. illumination daily, the daily food intake of the experimental litters was depressed only during the latter part of lactation.

The discussion suggests a possible way in which the effects of darkness on the normal adult female rat and on the lactating rat may be interrelated.
ESTIMATION OF CORTICOSTEROID-LIKE SUBSTANCES IN HUMAN URINE
Authors: ROBINSON ALICE M. , NORTON JACQUELINE M.
Published: December 2008

A technique for the extraction of urinary corticosteroids and their estimation by copper reduction is described.

Results of the application of this technique to the determination of corticosteroid excretion in normal and diseased subjects are given.

The method may be of value in clinical investigations in revealing gross abnormality in the excretion of corticosteroids.
STUDIES OF THE HUMAN THYROID FUNCTION, MEASURED BY RADIO-IODINE, AND ITS RELATION TO THE BASAL METABOLIC RATE
Authors: REISS M. , HAIGH C. P. , HEMPHILL R. E. , MAGGS R. , REISS JEAN M. , SMITH S.
Published: December 2008

A method of estimating thyroid function with carrier-free radio-iodine which provides an arbitrary numerical scale of thyroid activity is described. It is suitable for investigating borderline thyroid dysfunction.

The results on over 500 psychiatric patients are given in the form of histograms, and arbitrary limits of normality are defined on the basis of these results.

While there is usually a correlation between the tracer method and the basal metabolic rate, cases exist in which increased thyroid activity, determined by the radio-active method, is associated with normal or subnormal b.m.r. and vice versa. This is explained as a disturbance of the sensitivity of body tissues to thyroid hormone.

The significance of under-sensitivity to thyroid hormone and related problems is discussed, and the importance of considering peripheral sensitivity of the tissues of the body in evaluating an abnormal thyroid activity is emphasized.
DIABETOGENIC ACTIVITY AS AN INHERENT PROPERTY OF GROWTH HORMONE
Authors: REID E.
Published: December 2008

The ratio of diabetogenic activity (in the cat) to growth-promoting activity (in the rat) of growth hormone (GH) preparations obtained by various purification procedures is constant within the limits of experimental error.

Purified GH preparations were partially inactivated in a variety of ways, and the products assayed for diabetogenic and for growth-promoting activity. It appeared that the two activities were lost to the same degree.

The biological activity of the GH molecule appears to depend on the integrity of the ε-amino groups (lysine), but not on that of the α-amino groups (alanine and phenylalanine).
THE EFFECT OF ADRENALINE ON THE CELL CONTENT OF BLOOD AND SALIVA OF NORMAL MAN
Authors: GHADIALLY F. N.
Published: December 2008

The effect of a single dose of 1 ml. 1:1000 adrenaline hydrochloride on the peripheral blood picture of fourteen normal human subjects was studied and an erythrocytosis and leucocytosis was seen in all the subjects. The magnitude of the variations observed have been recorded. No increase in the percentage of reticulocytes or a left shift in the granulocytes was noted.

As the size of the post-adrenaline erythrocytosis and leucocytosis did not diminish in four splenectomized subjects, it is suggested that splenic contraction is not the causal factor of these phenomena in man.

It seems that the post-adrenaline erythrocytosis in man is due to haemoconcentration, the granulocytosis to a mobilization of cells from the bone marrow and the lymphocytosis to a mobilization of cells from the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues in the body.

The variations in the salivary leucocytes after adrenaline show that, when the effect of the drug begins to wear off and the blood leucocyte level begins to fall, leucocytes are eliminated in the saliva.

When repeated injections of adrenaline were given to two normal subjects the magnitude of the lymphocytosis was no greater than after a single injection; on the other hand, a very large cumulative granulocytosis occurred, but no left shift was detected. It is suggested that the difference is probably due to the different rates of elimination and/or destruction of these cells in the body.
THE ROLE OF THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS IN THE MILK-EJECTION REFLEX
Authors: CROSS B. A. , HARRIS G. W.
Published: December 2008

1. Nursing and suckling behaviour of rabbits is described, and evidence given that an active process of milk ejection ('let-down') occurs in this as in other species.

2. Intravenous injection of posterior pituitary extracts in anaesthetized rabbits resulted in ejection of milk from a cannulated teat duct. The threshold dose was about 5 mU. and maximal responses were produced by 200 mU. of extract. Whole posterior pituitary extract was more effective than the oxytocic fraction, which was in turn more effective than the vasopressor fraction.

3. Stimulation of the supraopticohypophysial (s.o.h.) tract in anaesthetized rabbits also resulted in ejection of milk from a cannulated duct. Kymographic records of this response were similar to those obtained after injection of appropriate doses of posterior pituitary extract.

4. Lesions in the s.o.h. tract in lactating rabbits caused a marked diminution in the quantity of milk obtained by their litters in standard suckling tests, and incomplete evacuation of the mammary glands. Intravenous injection of posterior pituitary extract (30–200 mU.) into the does immediately before nursing gave a marked increase in the amount of milk obtained by the young and complete evacuation of the mammary glands. Stimulation of the region of the s.o.h. tract in these animals failed to elicit milk ejection from cannulated teat ducts.

5. Rabbits with hypothalamic lesions that did not involve the s.o.h. tract showed a normal milk-ejection reflex when suckled by their young, and a milk-ejection response after electrical stimulation of the s.o.h. tract.
THE EFFECTS OF OESTRADIOL ON THE SKELETAL MUSCLE AND LIVER OF THE RAT
Authors: COLE D. F.
Published: December 2008

The chemical composition of the liver and skeletal muscle in rats which had been treated with 1·0 μg. oestradiol has been investigated. The water and electrolyte content, creatine and creatinine phosphorus fractions and total nucleoproteins were studied. The changes in the water content are reciprocal to those already described for the uterus. The creatine and creatinine content and the total nucleic acid do not change significantly. There is an increase of the acid-soluble phosphorus in the first phase of the water increase in skeletal muscle which is related to some of the changes of intracellular potassium. In the liver there is an increase of the total water content between 28 and 36 hr. after injection, which is also associated with changes of acid-soluble phosphorus and cell electrolytes.
THE ASSAY OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF ANTIDIURETIC ACTIVITY BY INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS INTO MICE
Authors: HELLER H. , BLACKMORE K. E.
Published: December 2008

Antidiuretic activity has been assayed by intravenous injection of the test fluid into unanaesthetized mice to which three doses of water had been given by stomach tube. The method seems to be suitable for doses of the approximate range of 10 to 50 μU. vasopressin 10 g./body weight.
A TRANSPALATAL APPROACH TO THE HYPOTHALAMIC AREA IN THE FERRET
Authors: THOMSON A. P. D.
Published: December 2008

A transpalatal approach to the hypothalamic area in the ferret is described.

In 1932 Hill & Parkes published an account of a technique for parapharyngeal hypophysectomy in the ferret, an animal which is eminently suited for certain experimental studies on the pituitary because of the nature of its reproductive cycle. Because of the thickness of the tissue between the neck and the base of the skull the approach described by Hill & Parkes does not permit any delicate manipulations of the pituitary. The technique outlined in the present paper allows more delicate surgical manoeuvres on the hypothalamic area, from the pituitary posteriorly to the chiasma in front, and also reduces the time to reach the pituitary from about 60 min. to less than 10 min. An additional advantage is that the services of a surgical assistant are not required.
A COMPARISON OF PLASMA INORGANIC PHOSPHATE LEVELS IN NORMAL AND DIABETIC PREGNANCIES
Authors: MORGANS MARGARET E.
Published: December 2008

Plasma inorganic phosphate has been estimated in normal and diabetic non-pregnant women. Maternal and cord values have been estimated at delivery in normal and diabetic women.

There is no significant difference in the fasting levels obtained for normal and diabetic non-pregnant women.

A significantly lower level of plasma inorganic phosphate was found in normal women delivered naturally, probably accounted for by the repeated intake of glucose during labour.

No abnormally high levels for plasma inorganic phosphate were found in the maternal or cord blood of diabetic women.
RELAXATION OF THE PELVIS IN GUINEA-PIGS FOLLOWING IMPLANTATION OF PITUITARY GLANDS
Authors: EMERY F. E.
Published: December 2008

Relaxation of the pubic symphysis and sacro-iliac ligaments in guinea-pigs was obtained with implants from pituitary glands of rats and guinea-pigs. The extent of relaxation was more pronounced than any previously described for other methods. These changes were not produced unless the ovaries were present.
THE EXCRETION OF DEHYDROISOANDROSTERONE AND SOME OF ITS DERIVATIVES BY HEALTHY SUBJECTS
Authors: BRAY BARBARA M. , MERIVALE W. H. H.
Published: December 2008

1. The urinary excretion of dehydroisoandrosterone by nineteen healthy women and twenty-one healthy men has been estimated by the method of Munson, Jones, McCall & Gallagher [1948].

2. Men excreted a mean of 4·4 mg±2·4 (s.d.)/24 hr and women a mean of 4·0 mg ± 1·5/24 hr. The mean percentages of total neutral 17-ketosteroids, excreted as dehydroisoandrosterone, were 32·8 ± 8·8 and 36·3% ± 8·4, respectively.

3. The day-to-day variation in excretion was studied in two men and one woman.

4. These results are contrasted with those of other workers.
THE EFFECT OF 'AGENE-INDUCED' CONVULSIONS ON ADRENAL STEROID EXCRETION IN NORMAL AND CASTRATE DOGS
Authors: COSTA P. J. , BONNYCASTLE D. D.
Published: December 2008

A study of the excretion of urinary 17-ketosteroids and reducing corticoids has been carried out in male dogs, during the exposure to convulsant doses of 'agene-treated' protein. It was observed that a decrease in urinary 17-ketosteroid excretion occurred during the pre-fit and fit phases. The dogs that survived the convulsive episodes showed a decrease in corticoid excretion beginning with the first pre-fit day. Those animals that ultimately died exhibited, first an increase in urinary corticoid excretion (first pre-fit day), and then a decrease. In castrate animals the same patterns of reaction were noted.

This study indicates that 'agene' intoxication produces an imbalance in adrenocortical steroid excretion. This imbalance is different from that expected after acute stress, and seen following exposure to some other convulsant agents.
SPECIES DIFFERENCES IN ADRENOCORTICAL SECRETION
Authors: BUSH I. E.
Published: December 2008

1. The secretion of the adrenal cortex in several mammalian species has been studied by direct analysis of samples of adrenal venous blood, using paper chromatography.

2. All the species examined were found to secrete large amounts of 17-hydroxycorticosterone and/or corticosterone, and some a third compound, provisionally identified as 11-hydroxy- androst-4-ene-3:17-dione.

3. The ratio of 17-hydroxycorticosterone to corticosterone secreted, varied from < 0·05 in rats to > 20 in rhesus monkeys, but did not vary appreciably between members of any one species.

4. In any individual, changes in total secretion rate produced no change in the relative amounts of the different components of the secretion.

5. ACTH increased the secretion rate of all components of the secretion.

6. It is suggested that the species differences observed in adrenocortical secretion are genetically determined, and cannot at present be related to any known differences of adrenocortical function in these species. Observable physiological differences may, however, be discovered, and caution should be exercised in generalizing from the results of ACTH treatment in the rat and rabbit.
THE BEHAVIOUR OF SKIN AUTOGRAFTS AND SKIN HOMOGRAFTS IN THE GUINEA-PIG, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE EFFECT OF CORTISONE ACETATE AND ASCORBIC ACID ON THE HOMOGRAFT REACTION
Authors: SPARROW ELIZABETH M.
Published: December 2008

1. The behaviour and fate of skin autografts and skin homografts in guinea-pigs is described.

2. In general the homograft reaction in the guinea-pig resembles that of the rabbit, but the inflammatory changes that accompany breakdown are less pronounced.

3. The survival time of skin homografts transplanted between genetically diverse guinea-pigs ranged from 5 to 17 days in different individuals.

4. Skin homografts transplanted to guinea-pigs that had been immunized beforehand by grafts of skin from the same donor underwent accelerated breakdown.

5. The daily subcutaneous administration of 5 mg of cortisone acetate is ineffective in prolonging the life of skin homografts in guinea-pigs, but the daily subcutaneous injection of 25 mg of cortisone acetate at least doubles their survival time.

6. Daily intraperitoneal injections of as much as 20 mg of cortisone were ineffective in prolonging the life of skin homografts. The route of injection is therefore a significant variable.

7. Cortisone did not retard the healing of autografts or homografts.

8. The oral administration of extra ascorbic acid had no appreciable effect on the skin homograft reaction and did not improve the healing of grafts transplanted to guinea-pigs maintained on a diet of oats and hay with supplementary cabbage.
A COMPARISON OF THE DIFFERENCES IN THE TOTAL NITROGEN CONTENT OF THE MUSCLES OF THE RAT, RESULTING FROM TREATMENT WITH GROWTH HORMONE AND FROM INANITION
Authors: GREENBAUM A. L. , YOUNG F. G.
Published: December 2008

1. The distribution of nitrogen in the bodies of rats treated with purified growth hormone for 23 days, and of rats starved for 6 days, has been studied.

2. Some of the extra nitrogen of the growth hormone-treated animals was found deposited in all the tissues examined, with the exception of the heart and the soleus muscle, but the rate at which the individual muscles grew was not uniform. Pectoralis major, masseter, quadriceps, acromiotrapezius, deep spinal muscle, supraspinatus and the diaphragm grew significantly faster than the body as a whole.

3. All the tissues studied, except the masseter and the soleus muscles, were found to lose nitrogen during inanition. It was observed that, with the exception of the masseter muscle, those tissues gaining protein most rapidly under the influence of growth hormone were those that lost it most rapidly during starvation, and conversely.

4. These results reveal the existence of a group of muscles with protein of greater lability than that of the rest of the body tissues. These muscles respond most vigorously to the deposition of protein during treatment with growth hormone, and suffer most depletion of protein during inanition.
THE FLOW PROPERTIES OF CERVICAL SECRETIONS IN THE COW AS RELATED TO CERTAIN PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Authors: GLOVER F. A. , BLAIR G. W. SCOTT
Published: December 2008

The flow properties of bovine cervical secretions were measured in a constant speed emptying capillary micro-rheometer (the 'rheoscope'). Ten cows were studied for three oestrous cycles and onwards through the complete gestation period (875 readings). In a subsidiary special study of the changes in secretions occurring during the first 2 months of pregnancy, forty animals were examined (480 readings).

The variations in the flow properties so measured were found to be correlated with the physiological changes accompanying the oestrous cycle and pregnancy. Characteristic differences were noted in cases of abortion and subfertility.

It is suggested that the flow properties are governed by the ovarian hormones and that the measurements represent the resultant effect of the levels of oestrogen and progesterone in the body.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE STERILIZATION OF FEMALE ALBINO MICE WITH OESTROGEN
Authors: EMMENS C. W.
Published: December 2008

Monogamously-mated female albino mice were injected with 0·02–0·50 μg of oestradiol benzoate twice weekly for from 1 to 4 months, and then rested until 6 months had elapsed from the start of the test. All were then injected with 0·20 μg of oestradiol benzoate twice weekly for 2 months. Various control groups were also maintained. The test was then continued for a total period of 12 months, and the fertility of all groups recorded throughout.

During the first injection period, a dose of 0·10 μg or less did not affect fertility. A dose of 0·50 μg delayed the first appearance of litters by approximately 1 month from the cessation of injections.

During the second injection period, the uniform dose of 0·20 μg also caused a delay in the first appearance of a litter by from 10 to 49 days after stopping injections in different groups, but no correlation was found between the magnitude of this delay and previous treatment.

Although litter sizes were somewhat reduced after treatment, fertility seemed otherwise to have been completely regained after each course of injections, and there were no significant histological findings in the reproductive organs at the end of the test period.
ANTIDIURETIC ACTIVITY IN BLOOD OBTAINED FROM VARIOUS PARTS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Authors: GINSBURG M. , HELLER H.
Published: December 2008

1. The antidiuretic potencies of blood, serum and plasma obtained from various parts of the cardiovascular system of rats were compared.

2. External jugular blood was found to have higher activity than blood from the other sites. After hypophysectomy the antidiuretic potency of external jugular blood was much diminished.

3. The antidiuretic activity of hepatic and renal venous blood was lower than that of arterial blood, suggesting that antidiuretic hormone is removed from blood during passage through the splanchnic vascular area or the kidneys, or both.

4. The antidiuretic potency of blood was shown to increase with the volume of blood withdrawn.

5. Ether anaesthesia increased the antidiuretic activity of external jugular blood.

6. The antidiuretic activity of carotid serum when given subcutaneously was higher than that of carotid plasma. This difference was not seen after intravenous injections.

7. In sheep and in mice, plasma of blood from the external jugular veins had more antidiuretic effect than plasma from other sites.
THE EFFECT OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY ON THE NUMBER OF OOCYTES IN THE ADULT ALBINO RAT
Authors: INGRAM D. L.
Published: December 2008

A comparison of the number of oocytes in fourteen pairs of hypophysectomized and litter-mate control rats showed that the number was greater in nine of the fourteen comparisons, and less in only five. This ratio is not significantly different from one of 7: 7. The mean total number of oocytes was, on the other hand, about 20 % greater in the operated animals, the statistical significance of the difference falling between P = 0·05–0·02. If any physiological significance attaches to this difference, the most likely explanation is that the rate of decline in the number of oocytes is less after removal of the pituitary than in normal animals.
THE EFFECT OF SEX STEROIDS ON THE RESPIRATION OF THE RAT VENTRAL PROSTATE IN VITRO
Authors: BERN H. A.
Published: December 2008

A study of the respiration of rat ventral prostate has been carried out with special reference to the effect of added carbohydrate and certain sex steroids.

The average Qo2 value for rat ventral prostate was 9·1. When this tissue was examined 48 hr after castration, there was a significant decrease in the average Qo2 value to 7·1. The rate of respiration remained the same in the absence and in the presence of added glucose or fructose.

A high concentration of testosterone, 50 μg/ml., inhibited the oxygen consumption of ventral prostate; oestradiol had a less pronounced effect. With lower concentrations of testosterone, such as 0·5 μg/ml. or 0·005 μg/ml., variable results were obtained, but the average Qo2 value did not differ significantly from that established for the ventral prostate alone. The addition of testosterone to the ventral prostate from castrate rats did not increase the respiration.
ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIN IN RELATION TO THE DIABETOGENIC ACTIVITY OF GROWTH-HORMONE PREPARATIONS: FURTHER OBSERVATIONS
Authors: REID E.
Published: December 2008

As previously reported [Reid, 1953a], ACTH preparations do not readily enhance the diabetogenic potency (in cats) of purified preparations of growth hormone (GH), in contrast to that of crude ox-pituitary extracts. It is now postulated that crude extracts are rich in a 'co-factor' which enables, or helps, ACTH to enhance the diabetogenic activity of GH. Some evidence has been found for the presence of such a 'co-factor' in crude chorionic gonadotrophin, in semipurified LH, and in crude 'albumin fractions' obtained as by-products in the isolation of GH from crude extracts.

It was previously shown that the effectiveness of different ACTH preparations, in enhancing the diabetogenic potency of crude GH preparations, bore little relation to their activity in the Sayers test (ascorbic acid depletion). It now appears that this lack of correlation is not attributable to differences in the rate of absorption after injection into cats.

The diabetogenic potency of an alkaline pituitary extract was found to be enhanced when a preparation of ox 'crude corticotropin' (containing some GH), or of pig GH, was given concurrently at an acidic pH so that its intrinsic diabetogenic activity was low. This ' ACTH-like activity' was not found with purified ox GH under these conditions.
EFFECT OF STORAGE ON THE POTENCY OF PREPARATIONS OF GROWTH HORMONE
Authors: REID E.
Published: December 2008

During storage for 3 years in the dry state, the growth-promoting potency (in rats) of a crude pituitary extract or of purified preparations of growth hormone did not show any detectable change. Storage did not impair the diabetogenic potency (in cats) of the purified preparations, but may have impaired that of the crude extract.
THE RELATION OF ADRENOCORTICAL FUNCTION TO SCURVY IN GUINEA-PIGS. THE EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS ACTH AND ADRENALECTOMY
Authors: CLAYTON BARBARA E. , PRUNTY F. T. G.
Published: December 2008

1. When adrenal ascorbic acid is minimal in scurvy, the gland is still capable of responding to exogenous ACTH as shown by an increase in urinary 17-ketosteroid excretion.

2. Adrenalectomized guinea-pigs deprived of ascorbic acid lose weight rapidly and die in a few days with early manifestations of acute scurvy but without any increase in urinary 17-ketosteroids.

3. Adrenalectomized guinea-pigs do not show an increase of 17-ketosteroids in response to ACTH.
THE EFFECT OF SEX HORMONES ON COMB GROWTH IN IMMATURE PULLETS
Authors: BOLTON W.
Published: December 2008

1. The effects of injecting oestradiol dipropionate (ODP), testosterone propionate (TP) and progesterone (P) in immature pullets have been studied.

2. TP evoked hypertrophy of the comb and wattles, but ODP and P were without effect.

3. The greatest comb growth was observed when all three hormones were injected; next in order were combs from birds receiving TP alone and then those given TP with either ODP or P.

4. Injections of all three hormones produced a slight increase in proliferative activity of the stratum germinativum and a decrease in the density of the connective tissue of the corium of the combs when compared with those of birds injected with TP alone. The combs of birds treated with ODP showed prominent blood capillaries in the peripheral layers of the corium when frozen sections were stained with Scharlach R. This is thought to have been due to the marked affinity of their red blood cells for the stain and indicates a high lipid content of the cell membrane. Similar differences were also noted in the combs of normal laying female as compared with normal male birds.

5. These histological differences provide a possible explanation for the known differences in shape, colour and texture between female and male combs.

6. It is suggested that the histological examination of the comb provides a means of establishing the validity of an assay of a hormonal preparation by the comb growth technique.
THE INFLUENCE OF HYPOTHERMIA ON THE UPTAKE OF 131I BY THE THYROID
Authors: VERZÁR F. , VIDOVIC V. , HAJDUKOVIC S.
Published: December 2008

1. Thyroid activity was studied with 131I injected intraperitoneally. The uptake of 131I was followed in the living animal. The animals were brought into a state of hypoxic hypothermia by Giaja's method [1940].

2. The thyroid gland is completely inactive at body temperatures of between 15 and 20° C.

3. At body temperatures of between 23 and 28° C, thyroid activity is decreased, but is large enough, over a sufficiently long period of time, to concentrate normal quantities of iodine.

4. Thyroid activity is unchanged when a normal body temperature is regained after a single or four to six successive phases of hypothermia.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RESPONSE OF THE UTERUS TO SEROTONINE
Authors: ROBSON J. M. , TROUNCE J. R. , DIDCOCK K. A. H.
Published: December 2008

1. The sensitivity of the rat uterus to serotonine (5-hydroxy-tryptamine) is high in oestrus, but appears to diminish in dioestrus.

2. The sensitivity of the rat uterus to serotonine is high in pregnancy, but diminishes in the immediate post-partum period.

3. Ovariectomy diminishes the sensitivity of the rat uterus to serotonine. Sensitivity can be restored by oestradiol and stilboestrol, but not by some other steroid hormones.

4. Some blocking agents so far described do not appear to be specific for serotonine.

5. An inhibiting effect of parachlorometacresol on the spontaneous activity and response of the uterus to serotonine is described.
THE EFFECT OF ADRENALINE ON THE MILK-EJECTION RESPONSE OF THE SOW
Authors: WHITTLESTONE W. G.
Published: December 2008

The effect of adrenaline on the normal milk-ejection response of the lactating sow to oxytocin has been examined for a limited range of concentrations. Both the duration of ejection and the change in intramammary pressure have been used as measures of the responses produced. The effects of 0·5 i.u. of oxytocin may be suppressed by 200 μg of adrenaline injected just before the oxytocin. This inhibiting action decreases as the period between the injections increases until after about 2 min the response is normal.
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS ACTH EXTRACTS ON THE GONADS
Authors: BRIMBLECOMBE R. W. , HALKERSTON I. D. K. , REISS M.
Published: December 2008

ACTH extracts showing inhibition of the stimulatory action of PMS on follicular maturation in infantile female rats and slight stimulation of the growth of the testes and accessory sex organs in infantile male rats and day-old chicks have been investigated.

The action of these extracts on the gonads was found to be independent of the adrenal ascorbic acid depleting principle, as ACTH fractions free from inhibitory or stimulatory influence on the gonads could be prepared.

The nature of the factor described is discussed.
A STUDY OF HUMAN THYROID FUNCTION BY MEANS OF RADIOACTIVE IODINE
Authors: CHAKRABORTY K. P. , BOSE A. , BHATTACHARYA K. L. , GUPTA N. N. DAS
Published: December 2008

1. When the state of the thyroid is classified as euthyroid or hyperthyroid from a previous estimation of clinical symptoms, B.M.R. and plasma-bound iodine concentration (P.B.I.), there is no appreciable overlap in either the maximum uptake, the time to reach the maximum, or in the mean rate of iodine accumulation by the thyroid, during the first 3 hr following oral administration of 100 μc. 131I.

2. The line of demarcation between the hyperthyroid and the euthyroid lies at a maximum uptake of 40% of the administered dose or at a maximum average rate of accumulation of 6%/hr during the first 3 hr.

3. The rate of disappearance of iodine from the blood is not so sharply defined in the two groups. In the euthyroid group it varies from 8 to 19%/hr, while in the hyperthyroid it ranges between 16 and 34%/hr.
THE EFFECT OF PREGNANCY ON THE SURVIVAL OF SKIN HOMOGRAFTS IN RABBITS
Authors: HESLOP R. W. , KROHN P. L. , SPARROW ELIZABETH M.
Published: December 2008

1. Rabbit-skin homografts transplanted to recipients that are between 20 and 24 days pregnant survive for about twice as long as do homografts transplanted to pregnant rabbits early or late in pregnancy or to normal males or females.

2. Pregnancy does not interfere with the manifestation of a pre-existing immunity to a donor's skin.

3. The results are taken to provide evidence that the production of corticosteroids is increased during pregnancy. Possible sources of such increased production are discussed.

4. It is suggested that adrenocortical hormones may help to protect the foetus from the immunological consequences of its genetic incompatibility with the mother.
A STUDY OF THE VARIATION IN RESPONSE OF OVARIECTOMIZED MICE TO THE INTRAVAGINAL AND SUBCUTANEOUS ADMINISTRATION OF OESTROGENS
Authors: BIGGERS J. D. , CLARINGBOLD P. J. , EMMENS C. W.
Published: December 2008

From the results of two successive intravaginal tests with oestrone, mice were classified into groups having different sensitivities. These groups were more homogeneous in their responses than the parent colony, and hence the slope of the within-group dose-response lines was increased. The slope of the within-group dose-response lines to oestradiol-3:17β was also found to be increased.

The groups retained their homogeneity when tested by the intravaginal method over an experimental period of 3 months, but when tested by the subcutaneous method, there were no significant differences between them.

Mice were also classified by using the subcutaneous route of administration with the same results as above. When they were tested by the intravaginal method, no significant differences were found between them.

The significance of these findings to the study of the action of oestrogens is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF CORTISONE ALCOHOL AND ACTH (ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE) ON SKIN HOMOGRAFTS IN THE GUINEA-PIG
Authors: SPARROW ELIZABETH M.
Published: December 2008

1. Subcutaneous injection twice daily of 5 mg of cortisone alcohol is as effective in prolonging the life of skin homografts in the guinea-pig as the daily administration of 25 mg of cortisone acetate, under the conditions of administration.

2. A preparation equivalent to 12·5 mg of ACTH (Armour), when given daily subcutaneously in a slow-release medium (beeswax and arachis oil), gave a prolongation of epithelial survival not less than that obtained with cortisone.

3. The course of the homograft reaction in guinea-pigs treated with cortisone alcohol, and in some of those receiving ACTH, was not exactly the same as that produced bycortisone acetate. There was a strong inflammatory reaction in the grafts at an early stage, while the graft epithelium showed vigorous proliferative activity. The grafts on other animals receiving ACTH showed delayed vascularization and leucocytic infiltration with relative quiescence of the epithelium in the early stages. Nevertheless, the general course of the reaction in both cases was of a prolonged vacillating type.

4. It is suggested that large supplementary doses of cortisone are required to produce an appreciable prolongation in the survival time of skin homografts in guinea-pigs, because their normal output of 'glucocorticoids' is high and their tissues are relatively insensitive. The efficacy of ACTH in the guinea-pig as compared with other animals, e.g. the rabbit, is at present unexplained.
THE EFFECTS OF HIGH EPIDIDYMAL OBSTRUCTION UPON THE LEYDIG CELL VOLUME OF THE RAT TESTIS
Authors: HARRISON R. G. , MACMILLAN E. W.
Published: December 2008

1. A quantitative estimation of the total interstitial cell content of experimental and control testes was undertaken in nine mature albino rats killed at periods ranging from 7 to 342 days, following experimental interruption of arteries supplying the right caput epididymidis. In each animal testicular atrophy was substantial, and histological examination confirmed that the vasa efferentia and initial segment of the caput epididymidis were impervious to the passage of spermatozoa. The left testis was used as a control and remained in situ until the time of autopsy.

2. An increase in the total volume of the interstitial cells was recorded at 28 and 189 days after operation, by 24% in the former and 45% in the latter. The increase in total volume apparent at 28 days is almost certainly associated with the disposal of large quantities of shed germinal epithelium. The absolute increase at 189 days appears to be associated with the occurrence of a patchy necrosis of the seminiferous tubules.

3. The results recorded compare favourably with the experimental evidence assembled by Slotopolsky & Schinz [1925], and accord with other evidence which fails to substantiate Steinach's claim that the interstitial cells undergo hyperplasia and hypertrophy when the vasa efferentia are ligated.
THE RELATIVE ACTIVITIES OF TRIIODOTHYRONINE AND THYROXINE
Authors: TOMICH E. G. , WOOLLETT E. A.
Published: December 2008

The biological activity of 3: 5: 3′-l-triiodothyronine (TIT) has been compared with that of l-thyroxine (THX) by three different methods.

1. The first compared increases in oxygen consumption rate in rats and showed that TIT had 3·7 and 7·5 times the activity of THX when administered subcutaneously and orally. Although the onset of action appeared to be more rapid with TIT, the overall effects of the two compounds on oxygen consumption in intact rats were qualitatively similar.

2. The second, a mouse anoxia method involving subcutaneous injection, gave a ratio of 4·5 in favour of TIT.

3. In the third, the effects of the two compounds in preventing goitre formation were studied in rats given thiouracil. The relative activity of TIT established by this method was 7·4 times that of THX.