bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimum Fracture Design under Transient and Pseudosteady Conditions Using Constant Fracture Volume Concept
Authors: Rueda J. I. , Voronkov A. , Mach J.
Published: December 2007

The Unified Fracture Design (UFD) or constant proppant volume technique introduced by Valko and Economides1,2 was originally developed for pseudo-steady state flow conditions and oil industry has been applying this technique even for low permeability reservoirs where the transient conditions last considerable time. There is nothing in the literature that shows that optimum fracture design using constant-proppant volume concept for pseudo-steady state flow is the same or different than the optimum one for transient flow conditions.

This paper will present an extension of UFD technique (fixed proppant volume technique) to cover not only pseudosteady conditions but also transient flow regime. Results have shown that each "dimensionless time snap shot" presents a similar JD type curve3 with different optimum design curve. Therefore, the optimum fracture design is time dependant until pseudo-steady state condition is reached. Additionally, this paper presents a equivalent pseudo-steady state equation to calculate the dimensionless productivity index (JD) of finite-conductivity fractured wells producing at either transient or pseudo-steady state conditions. The pseudosteady state equation uses the definition of equivalent wellbore radius presented by Rueda3, to take into account the finite conductivity, fracture penetration and time dependency of the solution. Following pseudo-steady state equation concept, new correlations (from 1500 numerical simulation runs) to calculate shape factors and f-functions for a fractured well were developed, where the f-function is an extension of the original Cinco-Ley's function for transient and pseudo-steady state flow period. These correlations are functions of dimensionless fracture conductivity (CFD), fracture penetration ratio (Ix), and dimensionless time (tDA). This pseudo-steady state equivalent equation can be used to generate a series of new JD type curves of a finite-conductivity fractured well for different dimensionless times tDA. Having this equation, a new approach to get the optimum fracture geometry for a specific proppant number (Nprop) for a "fixed period of time" was also developed and presented in this paper.
Pipeline Transportation of Waxy, High Pour Point Crudes as Slurries
Authors: Drayer Dennis E.
Published: December 2007

A novel process for the pipeline transportation of high pour point, highly paraffinic crudes has been developed. The process involved formation of a hydrocarbon slurry after distillation of the crude into two fractions. Small, solid particles of the heavy fraction were formed and dispersed in the light liquid fraction. Experimental flow data for these non-Newtonian slurry systems have been scaled to commercial-size pipelines. The process has been adapted also to several shale oil systems.
Integrated Reservoir Modelling Enhances the Understanding of Reservoir Performance of the Dolphin Gas Field, Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: Sylvester I. F. , Cook R. , Swift R. , Pritchard T. , McKeever J.
Published: December 2007

The Dolphin Field in Trinidad and Tobago has consistently performed better than original Field Development Plan. This has resulted in the static model Gas Initially In Place (GIIP) historically lagging behind the reservoir simulation model GIIP.

Reservoir characterization and modelling studies in 2003/04 has resulted in close alignment of the static GIIP and the dynamic history match GIIP. This paper will describe the modelling work flow and discuss the key lessons learned from applying an integrated reservoir management solution to this significant producing gas field.
An in Situ Coal Quality Prediction Technique
Authors: Norris Janice O. , Thomas Randy
Published: December 2007

The classic method of quantitatively evaluating coal still underground Involves obtaining cores from boreholes and evaluating these cores in the laboratory Since coring is time-consuming and costly, using quantitative log data to calculate coal quality Information without complete dependence on cores is desirable. Quality Information derived from such log data allows a more extensive evaluation of coal beds while decreasing coring costs and allows the Information to be available as soon as the hole is logged. Alhough initial correlation of core with log data for an area is required, later in situ analyses are possible. Initial results show the values generated by the in situ quality model fall within a few percentage points of the core values for moisture and ash and fall within several percent of the core heat content values.
Prospects for Dually Completed Wells in the Northern Appalachian Basin
Authors: Tarr Earl G.
Published: December 2007

Application of a dynamic exploration program in conjunction with increased prices and improved production technology can result in the recovery of significant commercial quantities of the natural gas considered to be entrapped in the fractured Devonian Shales in the northern Appalachian basin.

In February, 1979, under Department of Energy Contract Number DE-AC-21-79MC10389, Tetra Tech, Inc. began work on a Morgantown Energy Technology (METC) program designed to test the natural gas productivity of dually completed wells in the Devonian Shale and Clinton Sandstone in the northern Appalachian Basin.

To insure success of the concept, an exploration program was initiated in August, 1979, under Modification A002, to identify prospective trends and prospects for dual completion in the Devonian and other stratigraphic zones. This work is now culminating in the drilling and testing phase to substantiate the results of the exploratory work.

A single well producing from more than a single reservoir is a multiple completion technique for handling flowing production and maximizing daily output. Factors to be considered when implementing multiple completions are: (1) higher producing rate, (2) faster payout, and (3) multi-reservoir control requirements.

With the exception of the commingling of production from several zones in certain localized areas, multiple zone well completions are not used in the Appalachian basin. Of the numerous possible multiple completion configurations, the Single String-Single Packer is a simple low-cost dual completion technique having the most practicality for use in the Appalachian region. An excellent opportunity to utilize this method is afforded in wells that are drilled to objectives overlying and underlying the Devonian Shale sequence.

Operators and industrial users that are willing to include dual completions in their drilling programs will not only realize the cost effectiveness of dual completions in the Devonian Shale and another reservoir, but provide an effective low-cost means of exploiting the Devonian Shale and other reservoirs.

Pricing requirements governing tight sands and unconventional reservoirs under the Natural Gas Policy Act, may necessitate the segregation of producing intervals.
Appraisal and Development of a Heavy Oil Field in Glacial Clastics
Authors: de La Grandville Baudoin F. , Howells Martyn
Published: December 2007

The paper outlines appraisal of the Marmul field in South Oman from discovery in 1956 to its coming on stream in 1980.

Appraisal drilling has revealed a combination of two traps: a structural trap of late Palaeozoic glacial clastics and a peripheral stratigraphic trap of fluviatile sands. From geological, seismic and petrophysical data, a model has been developed to describe this complex field, to predict trends of good reservoir development and to allow a better estimate of the oil in place.

The properties of the oil determine that primary and even conventional secondary recovery processes would only recover a small fraction of the oil in place. Consequently, enhanced oil recovery methods involving steam and/or polymer injection are proposed for field testing.
The Application of Natural Gamma Ray Spectrometry Log as an Aid in Log Evaluation in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Youngblood William E.
Published: December 2007

The Natural Gamma Spectrometry log (NGS) was first introduced in Saudi Arabia in late 1976. Initially, the NGS log was used primarily to solve the stratification problems associated with the offshore fields. Using conventional logs, correlation has always been a problem due to lenticularities in bedding. Identification of continuous shales by the NGS has improved correlation from well to well.

Examples will be shown where log calculated porosities have been improved by using a corrected gamma ray (the amount of uranium subtracted out) which gives a more accurate percentage of shale and consequently improved reservoir description.

The NGS has also been used to differentiate between carbonaceous layers (uranium rich) and true shales (Thorium/Potassium rich) which may determine the probability of lateral continuity.

The ratios of TH/K may help in establishing marine and non-marine environments as well as changes in clay type.

Other uses will be found when geological information can be viewed with the NGS response in sedimentary rocks.
Reservoir Simulation on Vector Processing Computers
Authors: Nolen James S. , Stanat Patricia L.
Published: December 2007

Vector processing computers have been designed so that carefully designed FORTRAN programs can achieve large speed increases relative to existing scalar computers. Since traditional approaches to various aspects of reservoir simulation are not amenable to vectorization, the methods used in reservoir simulators should be evaluated for possible change.

This paper examines the distribution of CPU use in a three-dimensional, three-phase reservoir simulator that uses finite difference approximations which are fully implicit in both saturation and solution gas-oil ratio. Results are presented for operation in both scalar and vector mode on the CYBER 203 computer.

It was found that vectorization reduced scalar run times by a factor of 3.7 for a problem using a grid of 25 × 20 × 4. The distribution of work in the simulator was so broad that all repeatedly executed code, except well performance and output routines, had to be vectorized to achieve this result. Estimates of run times for a simulator with explicit saturations suggest that the highly stable, implicit formulation increases run times by only 50-80% compared to the relatively unstable IMPES method.
United States Drilling – An Analysis of Characteristics and Trends Leading to and Now Evident in All Time Record Levels of Activity
Authors: Dougherty Tom
Published: December 2007

An all time record for the number of wells drilled for oil and gas in one year was set in 1980. This continued an unbroken trend commenced in 1973.

Additions to the U.S. rotary rig fleet exceeded predictions. There was no significant seasonal downtrend in active rigs. The count, which started below 2,600 ended the year at 3,328. The previous record for rigs at work was broken in September.

As 1981 began there appeared to be virtually no doubt that the 1980 completion record would stand for one year only, and drilling in 1981 is expected to pass the 70,000 well mark.

Completions in 1980 increased by nearly 28 percent over 1979. The increase in footage cut amounted to 21.5 percent. Average total depth of wells dropped almost five percent.

At the same time there was a significant increase in deep drilling…wells bottomed below 15,000 feet.

Reflecting economic improvement, despite Federal excise taxes imposed on crude oil at the wellhead, oil well completions increased sharply, some 54.5 percent.

Gas well completions continued their upward trend, with a gain of some nine percent.

At 8.57 million barrels daily, crude and condensate production exceeded all years since 1974 except 1974 itself, and 1978. Production of natural gas was sustained at about 56 billion cubic feet daily.
Accident Control During Deep Drilling Operations
Authors: Goolsby Bill M.
Published: December 2007

The wheels begin to turn when a drilling contractor is chosen to drill a well. Checks must be made to see that the location is ready for the move in and arrangements must be made for trucks to begin the move. This seems simple, but there always seems to be a rush because of the operator's obligation to spud by a certain hour and day. With this rush, accident prevention becomes an afterthought with the move, rig up, nipple up, spud and drilling being of prime importance. Deeper drilling has brought forth problems that have not been experienced in the drilling of a majority of the shallow wells. The problems deal with heavier pipe strings, abnormal pressure, blowouts, fire, poison gas, loss circulation, fishing jobs, etc. Closer supervision of the operation and the training of people to prevent the development of problems is becoming more important in the petroleum industry.

A burden has been placed on the drilling contractor to provide training to cope with the loss of experienced employees through retirement and to other companies. Deeper drilling mistakes are more costly and the need for better management, planning and closer supervision of operations are most important in the prevention of errors that can result in costly losses.
Jurisdictional Agency Certification of Tertiary Oil Recovery Projects under the Windfall Profits Tax - The Texas Approach
Authors: Sullivan Brian R.
Published: December 2007

This article is intended to cover one area of the Crude Oil Windfall Profits Tax Act of 1980, the Qualified Tertiary Oil Recovery Projects. The Tax Act provides for the lowest tax rate of 30 percent on tertiary oil. This article will first cover the incremental tertiary oil portion of the Tax Act (26 USC 4993). Next it will cover the different ways of qualifying a project, the Railroad Commission's experience in handling these projects and finally some recommendations and a checklist for preparing cases.

Certification as a qualified tertiary oil recovery project under the Windfall Profits Tax Act entitles an operator to the lowest permissible tax rate of 30%. The 30% rate applies to the incremental oil production attributable to the tertiary oil recovery project. The certification also accelerates the base level decline, thus freeing up more oil faster for the lower tax treatment.

Incremental tertiary oil is the amount of oil produced in excess of the base level production. The base level production is defined as the average monthly production removed from the property for the six month period prior to March 31, 1979 (October 1, 1978 through March 31, 1979), reduced by one percent for each month after 1978 up to the date the project begins. After the project beginning date the base level decreases by two and one-half (2-1/2) percent per month. The graph (Attachment A) shows the tax calculation for a project with a base level production of 900 BOPD and a project beginning date of January 1, 1983. The incremental oil production is allocated pro rata between the tier 1 (70% tax rate) and tier 2 (60% tax rate) oil production from the project.
Design of Preflush for Commercial Scale Polymerflood in the North Burbank Unit
Authors: Pang Hwi W. , Fleming Paul D. , Boneau Dave F.
Published: December 2007

Optimum preflush size for a 1440-acre polymerflood in the North Burbank Unit, Osage County, Oklahoma was estimated as 120 days at 63,000 BWPD (0.073 pore volumes) with a cross-sectional reservoir simulator that incorporates a realistic treatment of the compositional dependencies of resistance and residual resistance effects. The optimum preflush size differs from tract to tract, varying from 150 days to less than 30 days of fresh water injection. These differences can be attributed to the different degrees of brine crossflow which are associated with the layer structures of the nine different tracts. Brine cross-flow reduces the incremental oil recovery due to the polymer since resistance and residual resistance effects are significantly reduced in the presence of high-salinity brine. The detrimental effects of salinity can result in a loss of up to 20% of the incremental oil.

A plot of predicted tertiary oil versus preflush size for the total project shows that a preflush does not significantly improve the performance of the polymer. The amount of tertiary oil is almost constant for preflushes between 60 and 180 days with a broad maximum at 120 days. A fresh water preflush of 120 days was recommended to maximize incremental oil from these tracts and to fit the construction schedule for the required facilities. The observed dependence of predicted recovery on preflush size resulted from a realistic treatment of the effects of salinity, polymer adsorption and polymer concentration on polymer performance in the computer model.

Injection of fresh water preflush began on September 1, 1980.
Measurement and Correlation of CO2 Miscibility Pressures
Authors: Johnson James P. , Pollin James S.
Published: December 2007

At sufficiently high injection pressures, non-hydrocarbon gases become miscible with crude oil and are capable of displacing petroleum fluids from a porous rock matrix with high efficiency. This report details the experimental methods used to determine CO2 minimum dynamic miscibility pressures (MDMP) and describes the relationship between the onset of miscible fluid flow and static-cell PVT behavior.

An accurate empirical correlation will be presented which predicts the MDMP for a wide variety of live oils and stock oils with both pure and diluted CO2. This correlation, requiring only the oil gravity, molecular weight, reservoir temperature and injection gas composition, shows substantially better agreement with experiment than methods previously published. To the extent that the MDMP represents an optimum field operating pressure during tertiary oil recovery processes, the correlation can be used for rapid estimation of injection gas costs.
Micellar-Polymer Oil Recovery Demonstration in the Bell Creek Field
Authors: Goldburg Arnold , Stevens Phillip D.
Published: December 2007

Gary Energy Corporation is conducting a DOE Pilot Demonstration to determine whether micellar-polymer waterflooding is an economically feasible technique for enhanced oil recovery at the Bell Creek Field, Powder River County, Montana. The pilot is a contained 40-acre 5-spot embedded in a representative watered-out portion of the field. The reservoir is sandstone with an average net pay of 6.4 feet, air permeability of 1050 md, porosity of 29%, and water TDS of 4000 ppm. The pilot has four injectors (Wells MPP-1, MPP-2, MPP-3 and MPP-4) and one producer (Well 12-1). The overall micellar-polymer oil recovery is estimated at 47% of the remaining oil at the initiation of the micellar-polymer flood.

Since the last review of this project* the micellar slug and approximately one-half of the polymer slug have been injected. Problems encountered during chemical injection and their treatment are discussed. A review of the produced fluid data is presented; and the numerical simulator prediction of oil recovery, completed prior to initiation of chemical injection, is compared to field data. Pilot costs and derived economic ratios are set forth. Finally, the evolution and structure of a post-pilot analysis are presented.
Potential Effects of The Windfall Profits Tax On Ehanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Verleger Philip K.
Published: December 2007

The windfall profits tax passed by Congress in April 1980 is an ad valorem tax on a fraction of the selling price of the oil. Tax rates and the fraction of the selling price vary by type of oil with older vintages of oil paying the highest tax. Generally, it has been argued that the tax will discourage exploration and production of oil. However, one provisior of the tax enables oil which would otherwise be taxed at a high 70 percent rate to be taxed at a 30 percent rate when aggregate production is increased. It is shown here that this provision has an intertemporal effect which causes the present discounted value of marginal revenue from incremental production to exceed prevailing world prices, with the ratio of marginal revenue to the world price varying with the expected rate of increase in world oil prices, the size of the incremental project, and the tax status of the producer. This conclusion may imply that U.S. oil production will be stimulated to levels which exceed those which would prevail in the absence of a tax or controls. However, this determination must await further research on the marginal cost of enhanced recovery.
Pressure Drop In Two-Phase Flow Of A Flashing Fluid
Authors: McLeod W.R. , Buthod A.P. , Wieland Denton R.
Published: December 2007

Publication Rights Reserved

This paper is to be presented at the 39th Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers on Oct. 11–14, 1964, in Houston, Tex., and is considered the property of the Society of Petroleum Engineers. Permission to publish is hereby restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words, with no illustrations, unless the paper is specifically released to the press by the Editor of JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the Executive Secretary. Such abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is granted on request, providing proper credit is given that publication and the original presentation of the paper.

Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines with the paper.

Presented are experimental results obtained for pressure drop in a two-phase flow of a flashing fluid. Liquid propane, the flashing fluid, and kerosene were mixed at different pressures and flashed in a one-half inch insulated horizontal copper line 140.3 feet in length. Twenty-six test runs were performed. Initial saturation pressures varied from 35 to 65 psia, and mass flow rates varied from 281 to 412 lb/ft sec.

An equation based on a homogeneous model and including the kinetic energy term was developed. The data obtained when using this equation were compared with results obtainable when using the original Lockhart-Martinelli and the University of Houston correlations, as well as modifications of these two equations which included the kinetic energy term.

It was observed from the flow tests that the friction factor for a flashing fluid is a function of the position in the line. It is recommended that a two-phase friction factor should be used when computing pressure losses in two-phase flow.

Introduction

Today more than ever before, there is an intensified need for a reliable method of predicting pressure drop in two-phase flow.

Previous investigators have attempted to correlate frictional pressure drop with fluid properties, mass velocities, conduit diameter, and length in two-phase flow. Of these approaches the most widely accepted correlations have utilized the following methods,

The Homogeneous Model

In this method the two phases are treated as an equivalent single-phase having average properties. Typical of this approach is the work of Bankoff.

The Annular Flow Model

In this approach the liquid occupies the outer ring and the gas flows as a central core in the conduit. Most noteworthy of this approach is the experimental work of Lockhart and Martinelli and the theoretical approach by Levy.
Calibrating a watershed simulation model involving human interference: an application of multi-objective genetic algorithms
Authors: Hejazi Mohamad I. , Cai Ximing , Borah Deva K.
Published: December 2007

We calibrate a storm-event distributed hydrologic model to a watershed, in which runoff is significantly affected by reservoir storage and release, using a multi-objective genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). This paper addresses the following questions: What forms of the objective (fitness) function used in the optimization model will result in a better calibration? How does the error in reservoir release caused by neglected human interference or the imprecise storage–release function affect the calibration? Reservoir release is studied as a specific (and popular) form of human interference. Two procedures for handling reservoir releases are tested and compared: (1) treating reservoir releases to be solely determined by the hydraulic structure (predefined storage or stage-discharge relations) as if perfect, a procedure usually adopted in watershed model calibration; or (2) adding reservoir releases that are determined by the storage–discharge relation to an error term. The error term encompasses a time-variant human interference and a discharge function error, and is determined through an optimization-based calibration procedure. It is found that the calibration procedure with consideration of human interference not only results in a better match of modeled and observed hydrograph, but also more reasonable model parameters in terms of their spatial distribution and the robustness of the parameter values.
Variation of biofilm formation on distribution pipe depending on water treatment processes and pipe materials
Authors: Shin J.E. , Jang M.J. , Koo J.Y. , Ahn S.K. , Yu M.J.
Published: December 2007

Biofilms may appear as a patchy mass in some pipe sections and may lead to deterioration of bacterial water quality, amplification of corrosion, and generation of bad tastes and odors. Characteristics of biofilm formation were studied depending on pipe materials, water treatment processes and temperature. From the results of this study, on the whole, HPC (heterotrophic plate count) increased with lapse of time and decreased according to decrease of temperature. The highest HPC showed on CIP (cast iron pipe) material for all treatment processes. The lowest HPC showed on CIPP (cured in place pipe) liner and SSP (stainless steel pipe) material. The high HPC showed in the pipe feeding tap water. The mean HPC of room temperature was higher than that of low temperature. The results of pilot test, the HPC of DCIP (ductile cast iron pipe) was higher than that of CIPP. The results of investigation on the field, we could see correlation between AOC concentration of tap water on the field and the HPC in tubercle. In the identification of species in biofilm, on the whole, Pseudomonas spp. dominated.
Effect of municipal sewage on chemical build-up in soils and vegetables
Authors: Malla R. , Mori K. , Totawat K.L.
Published: December 2007

A mini-lysimeter study conducted showed that use of lower dilution of sewage water improved the physico-chemical properties and nutrient status of the soils but resulted higher per cent build up of metallic cations in them, particularly Zn, Pb and Ni in sandy clay loam soil and Cu and Cd in sandy loam soil. Indian spinach (Beta vulgaris var. bengalensis) irrigated with lower dilution of sewage water improved OC content of the soils, while cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) and carrot (Daucus carota L.) decreased the CaCO3 content. Metallic cations content in the leaves and roots of the crops increased when irrigated with lower dilution sewage water but the level of metallic cations contamination was quite below the maximum permissible limits suggested. However, contamination of the soils and phyto-toxicity cannot be ruled out if such sewage irrigation is used on long-term basis.
Identification of opportunities to improve efficiency by water consumption assessment
Authors: Diás S.L. , Lucas H. , Almeida M.do Céu , Alegre H. , Vriato M. , Loureiro D.
Published: December 2007

Characterization of water demand can be of large value for the management of water supply systems. Especially when water resources are limited, permanently or seasonally, the identification of the types of consumers and its characteristics are essential to identify opportunities to promote efficiency and demand management options. For each customer category, information to be obtained includes individual uses, typical daily usage patterns (average and dispersion), specific characteristics and magnitude. Knowledge and systematization of water uses also provides data to improve water balance and thus allows reducing uncertainty in losses estimation. In this paper, a study carried out in Algarve, a region where stress on water supply resources has been increasing, is presented aiming at better characterise water consumption in the region to improve response both to normal and in emergency situations.
The effect of tariff on water demand management: implications for Bahrain
Authors: Smith M. , Al-Maskati H.
Published: December 2007

Water is now considered a scarce but essential resource that should be managed in an integrated manner. The traditional approaches of resource development are now considered as unsustainable. Water demand management (WDM) is a new approach that aims at influencing demand & thus improving distribution efficiency. Economic measure through water tariff is one of the WDM tools. Water tariffs are recognized to be one way of curbing growth in water demand, and encouraging more efficient use of water. It is essential for the effective and equitable allocation of water resources. This paper investigates different water tariff structures & seeks to identify the factors affecting WDM through tariffs. The paper pays particular attention to the situation in Bahrain through preliminary exploration of price elasticity of demand for water and its comparison with figures from other countries.
Influence of natural organic matter (NOM) fouling on the removal of pharmaceuticals by nanofiltration and activated carbon filtration
Authors: Heijman S.G.J. , Verliefde A.R.D. , Cornelissen E.R. , Amy G. , van Dijk J.C.
Published: December 2007

The influence of natural organic matter (NOM) fouling on the rejection of micro pollutants in nanofiltration (NF) and the adsorption during granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration is investigated for a diverse group of pharmaceuticals. These pharmaceuticals were first spiked in feed waters filtered through a virgin NF-membrane and a corresponding NOM fouled membrane. The differences in rejection were never larger than 5%. The rejection of the negatively charged molecules on the fouled membrane slightly decreased and the rejection of the positively charged molecules slightly increased. These trends can be explained by a decrease of the repulsion of negative compounds and a decrease of the attraction of positive compounds by the fouled membrane. The sequential combination of NF and GAC was very effective in removing all types of pharmaceuticals. Compounds not well rejected by nanofiltration were more readily adsorbed by the GAC.
Effect of axial variation of flux on filtration characteristics of hollow fiber membrane for drinking water treatment
Authors: Oh Hyun-je , Choi June-Seok , Choi Byong-Bo , Lee Sangho , Hwang Tae-Mun
Published: December 2007

Understanding the fouling phenomena in submerged membrane systems is challenging because the efficiency of hollow fiber membrane highly depends on the dimensions of the fibers as well as filtration conditions. Thus, modeling filtration behavior of hollow fibers is important for improving the performance of hollow fiber system. In this work, a theoretical model based on critical flux concept was developed to simulate filtration resistance and axial pressure drop along the fiber in drinking water treatment.

The application of a model for experimental data indicated that the model matches the experiments quite well. Thus, simulation of membrane system was carried out under various conditions using the parameters from the model fit. The axial distribution of pressure and flux affect the filtration characteristics of hollow fiber membranes. The effect of model parameters (specific cake resistance and critical flux) and module geometry were theoretically also investigated using the model.
CFD modelling of floc transport and coating layer build-up in single UF/MF membrane capillaries driven in inside-out mode
Authors: Lerch A. , Uhl W. , Gimbel R.
Published: December 2007

A model was developed, based on finite element method (FEM), here as computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for the description of the complete flow field and concentration distribution inside a membrane capillary, driven in inside-out mode. Particle or floc transport and deposition was described by superimposing the calculation of forces and torques equilibria on the previously modelled fluid flow field. The model is used to give an overview of deposition behaviour of flocs of certain size in dead-end filtration. Results are exemplarily shown for different sized flocs. The results can be used to derive appropriate operation and cleaning procedures.
Removal of fuel oxygenates by advanced oxidation processes
Authors: Baus Ch. , Sona M. , Brauch H.-J.
Published: December 2007

MTBE has come into focus of water suppliers since raw water sources had to be closed down in Santa Monica, California, at the beginning of the 1990s. Since then many studies have been undertaken to investigate the removal of MTBE from water. Other ethers which are under discussion as substitutes for MTBE have lately been developed and have to be assessed for their relevance for drinking water production. The present study shows that ethers used as oxygenates in fuel are not easily eliminated by advanced treatment technologies. Neither pure ozonation nor UV irradiation results in a significant concentration decline. The formation of highly reactive OH radicals is necessary to yield a decisive removal of the ethers from water. The application of combined UV/H2O2 or UV/ozone showed in all cases good results. The findings of the lab-scale experiments are verified by measurements in waterworks which have trace concentrations of MTBE in their raw water. Though the elimination process is better with the ethers under discussion as substitutes for MTBE, the removal efficiency is still very low compared to many other substances. A small improvement could be achieved by the substitution but in the end no real progress is made. Therefore, from the point of view of water suppliers the use of other ethers as a substitute for MTBE is posing the same problems as with MTBE.
Equity Matters: Doing Fairness in the Context of Family Caregiving
Authors: Lashewicz Bonnie , Manning Gerald , Hall Margaret , Keating Norah
Published: December 2007

Although family scholars conceptualize caregiving in terms of networks of carers, little attention has been given to equity within these groups. Siblings comprise a prevalent caregiving network of members who feel responsible for parent care, expect to share these responsibilities with each other, and look to each other to evaluate the fairness of their sharing. In this paper, a multidisciplinary approach is used to examine sibling views of equity in relation to disputes over giving parent care and receiving parent assets. A literary perspective is offered through analysis of stepsibling tensions depicted in the novelFamily Matters. Real life disputes among biological siblings that have been pursued through the courts are also examined. Issues arising from these examples are then analysed through the lens of legal doctrines of equity. Siblings evaluating fairness undertake careful comparisons of their respective relationships with parents in terms of biological links to parents and type and extent of influence in interactions with parents.
Asymmetric Organocatalysed [1,3]‐Sigmatropic Rearrangements
Authors: Kobbelgaard Sara , Brandes Sebastian , Jørgensen Karl Anker
Published: December 2007

The first organocatalysed enantioselective [1,3]‐sigmatropic O‐ to N‐rearrangement reactions are presented. The reactions take place under regio‐ and enantioselective control, and are catalysed by cinchona alkaloids. Two reactions have been developed the first one is the rearrangement of imidates to amides, while the other rearrangement occurs from carbamates to amines via a decarboxylation. Both transformations give nitrogen protected β‐amino acid derivatives as the product. These novel asymmetric organocatalysed [1,3]‐sigmatropic O‐ to N‐rearrangement reactions provide a reliable and efficient synthetic method for obtaining enantioenriched β‐amino acid derivates in good yield from racemic starting materials.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Pillared Lithium Bismuth Phosphate, LiBi7.37P3O19, with Elliptical Channels.
Authors: Arumugam Nachiappan , Lynch Vincent , Steinfink Hugo
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Indium‐Rich Indides SrTIn4 (T: Ni, Pd, Pt).
Authors: Muts Ihor , Zaremba Vasyl' I. , Baran Volodymyr V. , Poettgen Rainer
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Mono‐Dimensional Thallium Ion Conduction of TlFe0.22Al0.78As2O7.
Authors: Ouerfelli Najoua , Guesmi Abderrahmen , Mazza Daniele , Madani Adel , Zid Mohamed Faouzi , Driss Ahmed
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: [NH3CH2CHCH3NH3] [B8O11(OH)4]×H2O: Synthesis and Characterization of the First 1D Borate Templated by 1,2‐Diaminopropane.
Authors: Pan Chun‐Yang , Wang Guo‐Ming , Zheng Shou‐Tian , Yang Guo‐Yu
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Calcium Borohydride for Hydrogen Storage: Catalysis and Reversibility.
Authors: Roennebro Ewa , Majzoub Eric H.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel C2‐Symmetric Planar Chiral Diphosphine Ligands and Their Application in Pd‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Substitutions.
Authors: Liu Delong , Xie Fang , Zhang Wanbin
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Effect of Fluorine on Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Aryl Bromides with Trifluoromethyl Aryl Ketones via Difluorenol Silyl or Monofluoroenol Silyl Ethers.
Authors: Guo Yong , Shreeve Jean'ne M.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: p‐Toluenesulfonic Acid Mediated Zinc Chloride: Highly Effective for the Beckmann Rearrangement.
Authors: Xiao Lin‐fei , Xia Chun‐gu , Chen Jing
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Continuous Catalytic “One‐Pot” Multistep Synthesis of 2‐Ethylhexanal from Crotonaldehyde.
Authors: Seki Tsunetake , Grunwaldt Jan‐Dierk , Baiker Alfons
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Regioselective Coupling of Allylic Halides and Alkynes Promoted by Weak Inorganic Bases.
Authors: Bieber Lothar W. , da Silva Margarete F.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐ and Catalyst‐Free Conjugate Additions of Organozinc to β‐Nitroalkene.
Authors: Huang Danfeng , Wang Jin‐Xian
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Intriguing Behavior of Cinchona Alkaloids in the Enantioselective Organocatalytic Hydroxyamination of α‐Substituted‐α‐cyanoacetates.
Authors: Lopez‐Cantarero Jesus , Belen Cid M. , Poulsen Thomas B. , Bella Marco , Garcia Ruano Jose Luis , Joergensen Karl Anker
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Organo‐Catalytic Approach to the Enantioselective Synthesis of (R)‐Selegiline.
Authors: Talluri Siva Kumar , Sudalai Arumugam
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A General Method for the Direct α‐Arylation of Aldehydes with Aryl Bromides and Chlorides.
Authors: Martin Ruben , Buchwald Stephen L.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Synthesis of β,γ‐Unsaturated Esters from Three Components, Aldehydes, Chloromethyl p‐Tolyl Sulfoxide, and tert‐Butyl Acetate, via Magnesium Carbenoid 1,2‐CH and 1,2‐CC Insertion as the Key Reaction.
Authors: Satoh Tsuyoshi , Yamashita Hironori , Musashi Jun
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Thioalkylation of Phenols Based on Mannich‐Type Phenol.
Authors: Liu Peng , Zhu Lunyu , Fang Yan , Zhang Huaiping , Chen Dehong , He Tao , Chen Mingcai , Xu Kai
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The First Use of Porphyrins as Catalysts in Cross‐Coupling Reactions: A Water‐Soluble Palladium Complex with a Porphyrin Ligand as an Efficient Catalyst Presursor for the Suzuki—Miyaura Reaction in Aqueous Media under Aerobic Conditions.
Authors: Kostas Ioannis D. , Coutsolelos Athanassios G. , Charalambidis Georgios , Skondra Aggeliki
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reversible Friedel—Crafts Acylations of Phenanthrene: Rearrangements of Acetylphenanthrenes.
Authors: Levy Liron , Pogodin Sergey , Cohen Shmuel , Agranat Israel
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of an Anthracyclinone Bearing an Unprecedented Aromatic Ring‐Fused Bridgehead‐Hydroxylated Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanol (I).
Authors: Kelso Celine , Beck Jennifer L. , Kelso Michael J.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A TBAF‐Mediated Chemoselective Method for Synthesis of 4‐Methylbutenolides and 4‐Hydroxy‐4‐methylbutenolides from 3‐Hydroxy‐4‐(tert‐butyldimethylsilyloxy)pentanoates.
Authors: Li Chunhong , Xue Jijun , Xu Baiyan , Xie Zhixiang , Li Ying
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies in Microwave Mediated Solvent‐Free Synthesis of 5‐Aryl‐2,3‐diphenylpyrroles from 4‐Aryl‐1,2‐diphenyl‐2‐butene‐1,4‐diones.
Authors: Rao H. Surya Prakash , Gorityala Bala Kishan , Vasantham K.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Enantioselective Friedel—Crafts Alkylation at the 2‐Position of Indole with Simple Enones.
Authors: Blay Gonzalo , Fernandez Isabel , Pedro Jose R. , Vila Carlos
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.