bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physiological Response to Dolops carvalhoi (Crustacea: Branchiura) Infection by Pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, Subjected to Short Cycles of Food Restriction and Refeeding
Authors: Takahashi Leonardo S. , Biller‐Takahashi Jaqueline D. , Urbinati Elisabeth C.
Published: October 2014

Feeding strategies that reduce feed and promote compensatory growth could be an interesting tool to reduce costs in the fish production. However, fish health must be monitored to evaluate if their physiological response to adverse conditions, such as parasite infection, does not become compromised. A 12‐wk growth trial was conducted to determine the physiological responses of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, that were subjected to different fasting/refeeding cycles and infected with the Dolops carvalhoi. The schemes were: (i) control group fish (FD), (ii) food‐restricted and controlled refeeding group (FR/Rc), and (iii) food‐restricted and refeeding to satiation group (FR/Rs). After 84 d, the fish were exposed to D. carvalhoi for 30 h. The fish subjected to food restriction did not exhibit compensatory growth. Cortisol levels decreased in all groups within 30 h after infection. Glucose levels increased 6 h after the D. carvalhoi in the FR/Rs and 30 h after infection in the FD. In all of the fish groups, the hematocrit values were reduced after infection, and it was associated with a reduction in the mean corpuscular volume and erythrocytes. At 30 h after infection, the number of erythroblasts increased. The use of the feeding schemes does not indicate a failure of the pacu physiological responses.
Salinity of the coastal nesting environment and its association with body size in the estuarine pig‐nosed turtle
Authors: Eisemberg C. C. , Rose M. , Yaru B. , Amepou Y. , Georges A.
Published: October 2014

Extant estuarine and freshwater animals show a variety of adaptations to marine life, which could reflect transitional stages in a gradual evolution from freshwater to the sea. Our aim was to identify the temporal and spatial environment associated with pig‐nosed turtlesCarettochelys insculptacoastal nesting in theKikoriRegion,PapuaNewGuinea (PNG). We also related the use of coastal areas with size within and among different populations ofC. insculptaand species of the superfamilyTrionychoidea. Throughout its range,C. insculptanests during the drier months when suitable sandbanks are exposed. InPNG, rainfall in the drier season dilutes salinities andC. insculptanests in coastal sandbanks. InAustralia, high salinities prevail in the river mouths during the nesting season and no coastal use is observed. Trends toward a larger body size in coastal areas suggest that size is an important factor to explore coastal environments. It is unlikely that femaleC. insculptawith less than 50 cm (curve carapace length) would be able to cope with theKikori coastal environment. Expanding this trend to its superfamilyTrionychoidea, only species larger than 37 cm (leathery carapace length) explore coastal environments. As theAustralian coast is not suitable for nesting, the selection for larger body sizes was probably relieved. Of course, the reverse could be true, but our study provides an example of the caution required when placing evolutionary interpretations on life‐history traits whose manifestation is studied only within a restricted portion of a species range.
From Feminist to Integrationist Literary History: 18th Century Studies 2005–2013
Authors: Schabert Ina
Published: October 2014

Feminist research has explored the specific qualities of female works and the intertextual relations between them. By now, the time has come to transcend the model of ‘a literature of their own’ and to inquire into the influences, interconnections and processes of cooperation between men and women. Ideally, future literary histories would trace patterns of heterosocial interaction. My essay shows how recent scholarship has been working towards this aim. Monographs on individual women writers favour descriptive and interpretative categories with masculine connotations, thus opening up possibilities of relating female to male literary production. Studies of groups of women similarly foreground a collective interest in ‘male’ topics (such as politics, revolution, reason or history) and read the works as feminine‐inflected discussions of subjects of general interest. Case studies of male and female literary cooperation supply samples for the new kind of historiography by exploring the dynamics of transgender creative processes. Most importantly, scholars are beginning to discern communities of male and female writers and heterosocial intertextual lineages, thereby suggesting synchronic and diachronic patterns for integrationist historiography.
Don Delillo's Fiction of Finance Capital
Authors: De Marco Alessandra
Published: October 2014

Over the years, few scholars have focused on the centrality of finance capital and its workings within Don DeLillo's fiction. Indeed, not only does the world of finance capital serve as a background to the actions and the events of some of DeLillo's most famous novels (i.e. Players and Cosmopolis), but it plays a much more systematic and structural role in his entire oeuvre. The present article seeks to offer an overview of DeLillo's works as an expression and critique of the financialization of the US and world economy and to highlight the significance of finance capital as an interpretative paradigm for understanding DeLillo's fiction through the work of mourning and melancholia. The article wishes to contextualise such a materialist reading of DeLillo's oeuvre within a broader, but still very small, strand of ‘DeLillian’ scholarship, which recognises the novelist's preoccupation with the social and cultural effects of a predominantly financial era. Ultimately, this paper stresses that a financial reading of DeLillo's fiction does not only constitute a valuable contribution to DeLillo's scholarship, but that such an investigation of the relationship between literary fiction and economic, especially financial, regimes, can provide a significant insight into the long‐term effects that the global ascent and crisis of finance capital over the last 40 years has had on the current US social and cultural condition.
The bacterial ‘mitochondrium’
Authors: Jogler Christian
Published: October 2014

Organelles are membrane‐enclosed compartments that serve a dedicated physiological purpose. While eukaryotic organelles are common textbook knowledge, bacteria were long thought to lack such subcellular organization. However, Planctomycetes were proposed to comprise a compartmentalized cell plan, including membrane‐enclosed organelles such as the paryphoplasm, the pirellulosome, a nucleus‐like membrane system and the anammoxosome. The latter is the hallmark of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing (anammox) bacteria, which gain energy by coupling the oxidation of ammonium to the reduction of nitrite. Since calculations indicate that 50% of nitrogen gas in the earth atmosphere results from anammox activity, this process is key for the global nitrogen cycle. Despite strong evidence for a confined compartment housing this reaction, the concept of planctomycetal compartmentalization in general is currently under debate and the presence of organelles in these bacteria was questioned. However, Neumann et al. (2014) report the isolation of physiological functional anammoxosomes from ‘Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis’. Subsequent proteomic and microscopic analysis revealed a confined organelle, paralleling eukaryotic mitochondria. This advance is of major importance for the understanding of bacterial compartmentalization in general and of the Planctomycetes in particular. Furthermore, the work of Neumann et al. leads to a better understanding of the anammox process.
Motivational Dynamics in Language Learning: Change, Stability, and Context
Authors: Waninge Freerkien , Dörnyei Zoltán , De Bot Kees
Published: October 2014

Motivation as a variable in L2 development is no longer seen as the stable individual difference factor it was once believed to be: Influenced by process‐oriented models and principles, and especially by the growing understanding of how complex dynamic systems work, researchers have been focusing increasingly on the dynamic and changeable nature of the motivation process. In this study we micro‐map the motivational dynamics of 4 language learners during their language lessons over a period of 2 weeks, using a novel instrument—the Motometer—combined with classroom observations and a questionnaire on motivation and attitude. The article answers three current questions concerning L2 motivation: (a) Can we demonstrate variability in students' L2 motivation in class; (b) Is there a detectable stable level of students' in‐class motivation; and (c), If both of these are demonstrated, can they be accounted for by the classroom context? The results affirm that student motivation can be successfully explored using a dynamic systems framework. Our findings demonstrate how motivation changes over time on an individual level, while also being characterised by predictable and stable phases, and how it is inseparable from the learner's individual learning context. The data also show that motivation can be meaningfully studied at different interacting time scales.
Reframing the Debate on Language Separation: Toward a Vision for Translanguaging Pedagogies in the Dual Language Classroom
Authors: Palmer Deborah K. , Martínez Ramón Antontio , Mateus Suzanne G. , Henderson Kathryn
Published: October 2014

The policy of strict separation of languages for academic instruction dominates dual language bilingual education programming. This article explores the dynamic bilingual practices of two experienced bilingual teachers in a two‐way dual language public school in Texas and contributes to current research problematizing language separation. Data included interviews, field notes, and classroom interaction video in a pre‐kindergarten and a first grade classroom. The instructional practices of the two teachers suggested powerful strategies to promote bilingual identities. Drawing on identity theory, particularly the notions of positioning and investment, we attempt to contribute to recent research offering teachers potential translanguaging instructional strategies. These strategies include: (a) modeling dynamic bilingual language practices, (b) positioning students as bilingual (even before they are), and (c) celebrating and drawing attention to language crossing. In combining these strategies, teachers move toward using students' bilingual language practices as a resource for academic instruction.
The Effect of Radical‐Based Grouping in Character Learning in Chinese as a Foreign Language
Authors: Xu Yi , Chang Li–Yun , Perfetti Charles A.
Published: October 2014

The logographic nature of the Chinese writing system creates a huge hurdle for Chinese as a foreign language (CFL) learners. Existing literature (e.g., Shen, 2010; Taft & Chung, 1999) suggests that radical knowledge facilitates character learning. In this project, we selected 48 compound characters in eight radical groups and examined how grouping characters based on their radicals affected the form, sound, and meaning representations of characters and radical knowledge development. We found that for beginning learners, learning radical‐sharing characters in groups consistently led to better recall and better radical generalization than learning in distribution. For intermediate level learners, the grouping factor did not lead to significant differences, while participants in both conditions made improvement in radical perception and radical semantic awareness generalization. We concluded that there is a benefit to presenting learners with recurring radicals in compound characters in groups in character learning and in the autonomous generalization of radical knowledge. We also noted the differences between beginning and intermediate learners in their character perception and learning, and put forward implications for CFL pedagogy.
Oxaloacetate acetylhydrolase gene mutants of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum do not accumulate oxalic acid, but do produce limited lesions on host plants
Authors: Liang Xiaofei , Liberti Daniele , Li Moyi , Kim Young‐Tae , Hutchens Andrew , Wilson Ron , Rollins Jeffrey A.
Published: October 2014

The oxaloacetate acetylhydrolase (OAH, EC 3.7.1.1)‐encoding gene Ss‐oah1 was cloned and functionally characterized from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Ss‐oah1 transcript accumulation mirrored oxalic acid (OA) accumulation with neutral pH induction dependent on the pH‐responsive transcriptional regulator Ss‐Pac1. Unlike previously characterized ultraviolet (UV)‐induced oxalate‐deficient mutants (‘A’ mutants) which retain the capacity to accumulate OA, gene deletion Δss‐oah1 mutants did not accumulate OA in culture or during plant infection. This defect in OA accumulation was fully restored on reintroduction of the wild‐type (WT) Ss‐oah1 gene. The Δss‐oah1 mutants were also deficient in compound appressorium and sclerotium development and exhibited a severe radial growth defect on medium buffered at neutral pH. On a variety of plant hosts, the Δss‐oah1 mutants established very restricted lesions in which the infectious hyphae gradually lost viability. Cytological comparisons of WT and Δss‐oah1 infections revealed low and no OA accumulation, respectively, in subcuticular hyphae. Both WT and mutant hyphae exhibited a transient association with viable host epidermal cells at the infection front. In summary, our experimental data establish a critical requirement for OAH activity in S. sclerotiorum OA biogenesis and pathogenesis, but also suggest that factors independent of OA contribute to the establishment of primary lesions.
U.S.–Iran Nuclear Track Two from 2005 to 2011: What Have We Learned? Where Are We Going?
Authors: Jones Peter
Published: October 2014

This article reviews and assessesUnitedStates–Iran track two diplomacy over the nuclear issue from 2005 to 2011. It asks why during what should have been a “ripe” moment for discussions, in the first years of theObamaAdministration, track two processes were able to contribute so little to any official progress on the issue. The article concludes that the moment was not so ripe, after all, and that officials on each side were less willing to receive the ideas generated by track two than their rhetoric would have indicated.
The Reflexive Mediator
Authors: Rothman Jay
Published: October 2014

In this article, I describe a reflexive approach to mediation, which I see as a promising corrective to two positivist ideas in our field that are slow to fade: that we should be neutral as third parties and that parties should seek solutions based on objective truth. Grounded in a more constructionist approach using findings from qualitative social research and drawing analogies from those findings as they apply to mediation, a reflexive praxis accepts the reality that a third party cannot be neutral and that constructive outcomes to conflicts are rarely rooted just in “the facts.” Rather this view holds that an intersubjective rendering of reality in and out of the mediation room constitutes a large part of the collaborative effort of mediation.
Development of a Social Activities Scale for Community‐Dwelling Older Women Requiring Support in Japan: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Hirano Michiyo , Kawahara Kayoko , Saeki Kazuko
Published: October 2014

Objective

The purpose of this study was to develop a scale for measuring the social activities of community‐dwelling older women requiring support in Japan.

Design and Sample

A methodological study was performed of 118 older women (>65 years old) requiring support and residing in region A of Japan.

Measures

An anonymous questionnaire was administered through individual interviews, and valid responses were obtained from 110 people. The construct validity of the resulting scale was assessed by exploratory factor analysis. Criterion‐related validity was tested by calculating Spearman's rank correlation coefficient between the resulting scale and the existing Social Activity Index for Elderly People (SAI‐E). Reliability was tested by Cronbach's alpha coefficient.

Results

The Social Activity Scale for Community‐Dwelling Older Women Requiring Support (SASOWS) was created. This scale comprised the following three subscales: “interactions with familiar people,” “consulting with care service providers,” and “performing proactive creative activities at home”. Correlation of SASOWS with the existing SAI‐E resulted in a correlation coefficient of .521 (p < .01). Cronbach's alpha for the entire scale was .772, and internal consistency was observed.

Conclusions

SASOWS appears to be a reliable, valid, and useful scale to measure social activities specific for older women requiring support. Future studies should continue to examine the items and usefulness of this scale.
Iron allocation in leaves of Fe‐deficient cucumber plants fed with natural Fe complexes
Authors: Zanin Laura , Tomasi Nicola , Rizzardo Cecilia , Gottardi Stefano , Terzano Roberto , Alfeld Matthias , Janssens Koen , De Nobili Maria , Mimmo Tanja , Cesco Stefano
Published: October 2014

Iron (Fe) sources available for plants in the rhizospheric solution are mainly a mixture of complexes between Fe and organic ligands, including phytosiderophores (PS) and water‐extractable humic substances (WEHS). In comparison with the other Fe sources, Fe‐WEHS are more efficiently used by plants, and experimental evidences show that Fe translocation contributes to this better response. On the other hand, very little is known on the mechanisms involved in Fe allocation in leaves. In this work, physiological and molecular processes involved in Fe distribution in leaves of Fe‐deficient Cucumis sativus supplied with Fe‐PS or Fe‐WEHS up to 5 days were studied combining different techniques, such as radiochemical experiments, synchrotron micro X‐ray fluorescence, real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. In Fe‐WEHS‐fed plants, Fe was rapidly (1 day) allocated into the leaf veins, and after 5 days, Fe was completely transferred into interveinal cells; moreover, the amount of accumulated Fe was much higher than with Fe‐PS. This redistribution in Fe‐WEHS plants was associated with an upregulation of genes encoding a ferricIII‐chelate reductase (FRO), a Fe2+ transporter (IRT1) and a natural resistance‐associated macrophage protein (NRAMP). The localization of FRO and IRT1 transcripts next to the midveins, beside that of NRAMP in the interveinal area, may suggest a rapid and efficient response induced by the presence of Fe‐WEHS in the extra‐radical solution for the allocation in leaves of high amounts of Fe. In conclusion, Fe is more efficiently used when chelated to WEHS than PS and seems to involve Fe distribution and gene regulation of Fe acquisition mechanisms operating in leaves.
Evaluating the efficiency and productivity change within government subsidy recipients of a national technology innovation research and development program
Authors: Park Sungmin
Published: October 2014

This study analyzes the efficiency and productivity change within government subsidy recipients of a national technology innovation research and development (R&D) program. We examine 6,990 government‐sponsored, completed R&D projects during the last three performance follow‐up survey years from 2010 to 2012, and present a design of the sample of panel data to cope with the typical R&D performance time lag using a set of massive observations associated with completed R&D projects for the past 7 years from 2005 to 2011. In particular, data envelopment analysis is adopted to measure the efficiency and productivity change, which is measured in the Malmquist index. Parametric and nonparametric statistical tests are carried out to check for statistically significant differences among the characteristics regarding the types of government subsidy recipients. This study's major findings are as follows. First, during the entire period analyzed (2010–2012), there was a similar yearly pattern of statistically significant differences in the government subsidy means among the recipient types. In contrast, there were no obviously equivalent differences in the efficiency and productivity change. Second, the productivity had increased year on year, but the increments were reduced from year to year. Third, the productivity change was induced mainly by the Frontier‐shift, which indicates overall technology innovation progress, compared with the Catch‐up, which only indicates a simple increase in the efficiency. In particular, in this empirical analysis, the recipient types of ‘national laboratory’ and ‘large company’ had relatively larger sizes of government subsidies per project. However, the efficiency and productivity change of these types was not better than the others. This implies, therefore, that the government should control the ratio of the subsidy to the total R&D budget with an appropriate upper limit.

I empirically evaluate the productivity change within a national technology innovation R&D program.

I design a sample of panel data to cope with the typical R&D performance time lag using massive observations.

There is no obvious relationship between the government subsidy size and R&D productivity change.

Some particular types of government subsidy recipient are inferior in terms of R&D productivity change.

It practically implies that the government should control the ratio of the subsidy to the total R&D budget.
Novel Functions for the Endocytic Regulatory Proteins MICAL‐L1 and EHD1 in Mitosis
Authors: Reinecke James B. , Katafiasz Dawn , Naslavsky Naava , Caplan Steve
Published: October 2014

During interphase, recycling endosomes mediate the transport of internalized cargo back to the plasma membrane. However, in mitotic cells, recycling endosomes are essential for the completion of cytokinesis, the last phase of mitosis that promotes the physical separation the two daughter cells. Despite recent advances, our understanding of the molecular determinants that regulate recycling endosome dynamics during cytokinesis remains incomplete. We have previously demonstrated that Molecule Interacting with CasL Like‐1 (MICAL‐L1) and C‐terminal Eps15 Homology Domain protein 1 (EHD1) coordinately regulate receptor transport from tubular recycling endosomes during interphase. However, their potential roles in controlling cytokinesis had not been addressed. In this study, we show that MICAL‐L1 and EHD1 regulate mitosis. Depletion of either protein resulted in increased numbers of bi‐nucleated cells. We provide evidence that bi‐nucleation in MICAL‐L1‐ and EHD1‐depleted cells is a consequence of impaired recycling endosome transport during late cytokinesis. However, depletion of MICAL‐L1, but not EHD1, resulted in aberrant chromosome alignment and lagging chromosomes, suggesting an EHD1‐independent function for MICAL‐L1 earlier in mitosis. Moreover, we provide evidence that MICAL‐L1 and EHD1 differentially influence microtubule dynamics during early and late mitosis. Collectively, our new data suggest several unanticipated roles for MICAL‐L1 and EHD1 during the cell cycle.
Method for perfusion decellularization of porcine whole liver and kidney for use as a scaffold for clinical‐scale bioengineering engrafts
Authors: Wang Yujia , Bao Ji , Wu Qiong , Zhou Yongjie , Li Yi , Wu Xiujuan , Shi Yujun , Li Li , Bu Hong
Published: October 2014

Background

Whole‐organ engineering provides a new alternative source of donor organs for xenotransplantation. Utilization of decellularized whole‐organ scaffolds, which can be created by detergent perfusion, is a strategy for tissue engineering. In this article, our aim is to scale up the decellularization process to human‐sized liver and kidney to generate a decellularized matrix with optimal and stable characteristics on a clinically relevant scale.

Methods

Whole porcine liver and kidney were decellularized by perfusion using different detergents (1% SDS, 1% Triton X‐100, 1% peracetic acid (PAA), and 1% NaDOC) via the portal vein and renal artery of the liver and kidney, respectively. After rinsing with PBS to remove the detergents, the obtained liver and kidney extracellular matrix (ECM) were processed for histology, residual cellular content analysis, and ECM components evaluation to investigate decellularization efficiency, xenoantigens removal, and ECM preservation.

Results

The resulting liver and kidney scaffolds in the SDS‐treated group showed the most efficient clearance of cellular components and xenoantigens, including DNA and protein, and preservation of the extracellular matrix composition. In comparison, cell debris was observed in the other decellularized groups that were generated using Triton X‐100, PAA, and NaDOC. Special staining and immunochemistry of the porcine liver and kidney ECMs further confirmed the disrupted three‐dimension ultrastructure of the ECM in the Triton X‐100 and NaDOC groups. Additionally, Triton X‐100 effectively eliminated the residual SDS in the SDS‐treated group, which ensured the scaffolds were not cytotoxic to cells. Thus, we have developed an optimal method that can be scaled up for use with other solid whole organs.

Conclusions

Our SDS‐perfusion protocol can be used for porcine liver and kidney decellularization to obtain organ scaffolds cleared of cellular material, xenoimmunogens, and preserved vital ECM components.
A Deuring criterion for abelian varieties
Authors: Blake Chris
Published: October 2014

We give several generalizations of the Deuring reduction criterion for elliptic curves to abelian varieties of higher dimension. In particular, the Newton polygon of the reduction of an abelian variety with complex multiplication (CM) by at a prime above can be explicitly computed in terms of the CM type of and the decomposition group of a suitable prime above in a Galois closure of . Conversely, it is shown that the formal isogeny type of the reduction of at a prime above places certain restrictions on the decomposition of in .
Canonical bases and higher representation theory
Authors: Webster Ben
Published: October 2014

This paper develops a general theory of canonical bases and how they arise naturally in the context of categorification. As an application, we show that Lusztig’s canonical basis in the whole quantized universal enveloping algebra is given by the classes of the indecomposable 1-morphisms in a categorification when the associated Lie algebra is of finite type and simply laced. We also introduce natural categories whose Grothendieck groups correspond to the tensor products of lowest- and highest-weight integrable representations. This generalizes past work of the author’s in the highest-weight case.
College Exercise Class Climates, Physical Self-Concept, and Psychological Well-Being
Authors: Brown Theresa C. , Fry Mary D.
Published: October 2014

This study examined the relationship between college students’ perceptions of the motivational climate (i.e., caring, task- and ego-involving) in physical activity courses to their physical self-concept, hope, and happiness. Midwestern university undergraduates (N = 412), enrolled in group physical activity classes, completed the following measures: class climate, physical self-concept, hope, and happiness. Canonical correlation analysis revealed that students who perceived a caring, task-involving climate were more likely to report high physical self-concept, hope, and happiness. A gender comparison found that while perceptions of the ego-involving climate were significantly higher for males, the ego climate did not significantly contribute to the males’ canonical correlation. In addition, while physical self-concept was positively associated with climate for both genders, males were more likely to experience higher physical self-concept than females. Results suggest positive and supportive exercise environments may not only help individuals reap the physical benefits of exercise but also the psychological benefits.
Sport Psychology Interventions With Young Athletes: The Perspective of the Sport Psychology Practitioner
Authors: Henriksen Kristoffer , Larsen Carsten Hvid , Storm Louise Kamuk , Ryom Knud
Published: October 2014

Young competitive athletes are not miniature elite athletes; they are a distinct client group to whom sport psychology practitioners (SPPs) increasingly deliver services. Interventions with this client group are often undertaken by newly educated SPPs who are in need of good guiding principles. Yet, there is a lack of research informing SPPs’ work with this group. In this current study, semistructured qualitative interviews were conducted with four experienced practitioners about their most successful interventions in competitive youth sport. Analysis showed three major themes: (a) young athletes should be equipped with a holistic skills package that enables them to handle a number of existential challenges; (b) young athletes are embedded in an environment (coaches, experts, teammates etc.) that should be involved in the interventions; and (c) interventions with young athletes should maintain a long-term focus. These themes are discussed in the context of current literature on sport psychology service delivery.
Psychological Responses of Division I Female Athletes Throughout Injury Recovery: A Case Study Approach
Authors: Madrigal Leilani , Gill Diane L.
Published: October 2014

Using the Integrated Model of Response to Sport Injury as a theoretical framework, athletes’ psychological strengths and emotional responses were explored throughout the injury process using a case study approach. Four Division I athletes completed measures of mental toughness, hardiness, and optimism before their season (time 1), once they became injured (time 2), midway through rehabilitation (time 3), and when they were cleared to participate (time 4). Coping behavior, psychological response, and rehabilitation adherence were recorded at time 2–time 4, while recovering. In addition, interviews were conducted after time 4. Mental toughness, hardiness, and optimism varied over time and across cases, with broad individual differences in response to injury. Athletes experienced a loss of athletic identity combined with feelings of guilt and helplessness over the initial stages of injury, but positive experiences were also found. All cases also reported playing through injury. Understanding the psychological strengths and responses of athletes can help professionals work with injured athletes.
Distinct Integrin-Dependent Signals Define Requirements for Lytic Granule Convergence and Polarization in Natural Killer Cells
Authors: Hsu Hsiang-Ting , Orange Jordan S.
Published: October 2014

Elucidation of integrin signaling networks in natural killer cells defines the mechanisms required for lytic granule clustering and polarization.
The Tao of IGF-1: Insulin-Like Growth Factor Receptor Activation Increases Pain by Enhancing T-Type Calcium Channel Activity
Authors: Stemkowski Patrick L. , Zamponi Gerald W.
Published: October 2014

A new target for treating chronic pain is identified.
Resident Memory T Cells Sound the Alarm
Authors: Mueller Kristen L.
Published: October 2014

Resident memory CD8
+
T cells orchestrate a broad immune response in response to reinfection.
Mutant Protein in Tumors Hits the DEK
Authors: Kiberstis Paula A.
Published: October 2014

Mutations in human prostate tumors impair degradation of a protein that helps cancer cells invade into surrounding tissue.
Metallo-β-Lactamase-Producing Bacteroides Species Can Shield Other Members of the Gut Microbiota from Antibiotics
Authors: Stiefel Usha , Tima Mary Ann , Nerandzic Michelle M.
Published: October 2014

Antibiotics disrupt the intestinal microbiota, rendering patients vulnerable to colonization by exogenous pathogens. Intermicrobial interactions may attenuate this effect. Incubation with ceftriaxone-resistant,
ccrA
-positive, β-lactamase-producing
Bacteroides
strains raised the minimum bactericidal concentration of ceftriaxone required to kill a susceptible
Escherichia coli
strain (mean change, <0.25 to 29 mg/liter;
P
= 0.009); incubation with ceftriaxone-resistant but non-β-lactamase-producing
Bacteroides
strains had no effect. The production of β-lactamase by common members of the intestinal microbiota (
Bacteroides
) can protect susceptible fellow commensals from β-lactams.
In Vitro
Activity of AZD0914, a Novel DNA Gyrase Inhibitor, against Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae
Authors: Kohlhoff Stephan A. , Huband Michael D. , Hammerschlag Margaret R.
Published: October 2014

The
in vitro
activities of AZD0914, levofloxacin, azithromycin, and doxycycline against 10 isolates each of
Chlamydia trachomatis
and
Chlamydia pneumoniae
were tested. For AZD0914, the MIC
90
s for
C. trachomatis
and
C. pneumoniae
were 0.25 μg/ml (range, 0.06 to 0.5 μg/ml) and 1 μg/ml (range, 0.25 to 1 μg/ml), respectively, and the minimal bactericidal concentrations at which 90% of the isolates were killed (MBC
90
s) were 0.5 μg/ml for
C. trachomatis
(range, 0.125 to 1 μg/ml) and 2 μg/ml for
C. pneumoniae
(range, 0.5 to 2 μg/ml).
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains Lacking Surface Lipid Phthiocerol Dimycocerosate Are Susceptible to Killing by an Early Innate Host Response
Authors: Day Tracey A. , Mittler John E. , Nixon Molly R. , Thompson Cullen , Miner Maurine D. , Hickey Mark J. , Liao Reiling P. , Pang Jennifer M. , Shayakhmetov Dmitry M. , Sherman David R.
Published: October 2014

The innate immune response plays an important but unknown role in host defense against
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
. To define the function of innate immunity during tuberculosis, we evaluated
M. tuberculosis
replication dynamics during murine infection. Our data show that the early pulmonary innate immune response limits
M. tuberculosis
replication in a MyD88-dependent manner. Strikingly, we found that little
M. tuberculosis
cell death occurs during the first 2 weeks of infection. In contrast,
M. tuberculosis
cells deficient in the surface lipid phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM) exhibited significant death rates, and consequently, total bacterial numbers were reduced. Host restriction of PDIM-deficient
M. tuberculosis
was not alleviated by the absence of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), or the phagocyte oxidase subunit p47. Taken together, these data indicate that PDIM protects
M. tuberculosis
from an early innate host response that is independent of IFN-γ, reactive nitrogen intermediates, and reactive oxygen species. By employing a pathogen replication tracking tool to evaluate
M. tuberculosis
replication and death during infection, we identify both host and pathogen factors affecting the outcome of infection.
Aeromonas salmonicida Binds Differentially to Mucins Isolated from Skin and Intestinal Regions of Atlantic Salmon in an
N
-Acetylneuraminic Acid-Dependent Manner
Authors: Padra János T. , Sundh Henrik , Jin Chunsheng , Karlsson Niclas G. , Sundell Kristina , Lindén Sara K.
Published: October 2014

Aeromonas salmonicida
subsp.
salmonicida
infection, also known as furunculosis disease, is associated with high morbidity and mortality in salmonid aquaculture. The first line of defense the pathogen encounters is the mucus layer, which is predominantly comprised of secreted mucins. Here we isolated and characterized mucins from the skin and intestinal tract of healthy Atlantic salmon and studied how
A. salmonicida
bound to them. The mucins from the skin, pyloric ceca, and proximal and distal intestine mainly consisted of mucins soluble in chaotropic agents. The mucin density and mucin glycan chain length from the skin were lower than were seen with mucin from the intestinal tract.
A. salmonicida
bound to the mucins isolated from the intestinal tract to a greater extent than to the skin mucins. The mucins from the intestinal regions had higher levels of sialylation than the skin mucins. Desialylating intestinal mucins decreased
A. salmonicida
binding, whereas desialylation of skin mucins resulted in complete loss of binding. In line with this,
A. salmonicida
also bound better to mammalian mucins with high levels of sialylation, and
N
-acetylneuraminic acid appeared to be the sialic acid whose presence was imperative for binding. Thus, sialylated structures are important for
A. salmonicida
binding, suggesting a pivotal role for sialylation in mucosal defense. The marked differences in sialylation as well as
A. salmonicida
binding between the skin and intestinal tract suggest interorgan differences in the host-pathogen interaction and in the mucin defense against
A. salmonicida
.
Gene Deletions in Mycobacterium bovis BCG Stimulate Increased CD8+T Cell Responses
Authors: Panas Michael W. , Sixsmith Jaimie D. , White KeriAnn , Korioth-Schmitz Birgit , Shields Shana T. , Moy Brian T. , Lee Sunhee , Schmitz Joern E. , Jacobs William R. , Porcelli Steven A. , Haynes Barton F. , Letvin Norman L. , Gillard Geoffrey O.
Published: October 2014

Mycobacteria, the etiological agents of tuberculosis and leprosy, have coevolved with mammals for millions of years and have numerous ways of suppressing their host's immune response. It has been suggested that mycobacteria may contain genes that reduce the host's ability to elicit CD8+T cell responses. We screened 3,290 mutantMycobacterium bovisbacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) strains to identify genes that decrease major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I presentation of mycobacterium-encoded epitope peptides. Through our analysis, we identified 16 mutant BCG strains that generated increased transgene product-specific CD8+T cell responses. The genes disrupted in these mutant strains had disparate predicted functions. Reconstruction of strains via targeted deletion of genes identified in the screen recapitulated the enhanced immunogenicity phenotype of the original mutant strains. When we introduced the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)gaggene into several of these novel BCG strains, we observed enhanced SIV Gag-specific CD8+T cell responsesin vivo. This study demonstrates that mycobacteria carry numerous genes that act to dampen CD8+T cell responses and suggests that genetic modification of these genes may generate a novel group of recombinant BCG strains capable of serving as more effective and immunogenic vaccine vectors.
Cyclic AMP-Mediated Suppression of Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation and Apoptosis by the Bordetella pertussis Adenylate Cyclase Toxin
Authors: Eby Joshua C. , Gray Mary C. , Hewlett Erik L.
Published: October 2014

The adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) ofBordetella pertussisintoxicates target cells by generating supraphysiologic levels of intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP). Since ACT kills macrophages rapidly and potently, we asked whether ACT would also kill neutrophils. In fact, ACT prolongs the neutrophil life span by inhibiting constitutive apoptosis and preventing apoptosis induced by exposure to liveB. pertussis. Imaging ofB. pertussis-exposed neutrophils revealed thatB. pertussislacking ACT induces formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), whereas wild-typeB. pertussisdoes not, suggesting that ACT suppresses NET formation. Indeed, ACT inhibits formation of NETs by generating cAMP and consequently inhibiting the oxidative burst. Convalescent-phase serum from humans following clinical pertussis blocks the ACT-mediated suppression of NET formation. These studies provide novel insight into the phagocyte impotence caused by ACT, which not only impairs neutrophil function but also inhibits death of neutrophils by apoptosis and NETosis.
Simultaneous Exposure to Escherichia coli Heat-Labile and Heat-Stable Enterotoxins Increases Fluid Secretion and Alters Cyclic Nucleotide and Cytokine Production by Intestinal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Read Lisa T. , Hahn Rachel W. , Thompson Carli C. , Bauer David L. , Norton Elizabeth B. , Clements John D.
Published: October 2014

Enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli
(ETEC) is a significant cause of diarrheal disease and death, especially in children in developing countries. ETEC causes disease by colonizing the small intestine and producing heat-labile toxin (LT), heat-stable toxin (ST), or both LT and ST (LT+ST). The majority of ETEC strains produce both ST and LT. Despite the prevalence of LT+ST-producing organisms, few studies have examined the physiologic or immunologic consequences of simultaneous exposure to these two potent enterotoxins. In the current report, we demonstrate that when LT and ST are both present, they increase water movement into the intestinal lumen over and above the levels observed with either toxin alone. As expected, cultured intestinal epithelial cells increased their expression of intracellular cyclic GMP (cGMP) when treated with ST and their expression of intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) when treated with LT. When both toxins were present, cGMP levels but not cAMP levels were synergistically elevated compared with the levels of expression caused by the corresponding single-toxin treatment. Our data also demonstrate that the levels of inflammatory cytokines produced by intestinal epithelial cells in response to LT are significantly reduced in animals exposed to both enterotoxins. These findings suggest that there may be complex differences between the epithelial cell intoxication and, potentially, secretory outcomes induced by ETEC strains expressing LT+ST compared with strains that express LT or ST only. Our results also reveal a novel mechanism wherein ST production may reduce the hosts' ability to mount an effective innate or adaptive immune response to infecting organisms.
Intracellular Trafficking of AIP56, an NF-κB-Cleaving Toxin from Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida
Authors: Pereira Liliana M. G. , Pinto Rute D. , Silva Daniela S. , Moreira Ana R. , Beitzinger Christoph , Oliveira Pedro , Sampaio Paula , Benz Roland , Azevedo Jorge E. , dos Santos Nuno M. S. , do Vale Ana
Published: October 2014

AIP56 (apoptosis-inducing protein of 56 kDa) is a metalloprotease AB toxin secreted by
Photobacterium damselae
subsp.
piscicida
that acts by cleaving NF-κB. During infection, AIP56 spreads systemically and depletes phagocytes by postapoptotic secondary necrosis, impairing the host phagocytic defense and contributing to the genesis of infection-associated necrotic lesions. Here we show that mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (mBMDM) intoxicated by AIP56 undergo NF-κB p65 depletion and apoptosis. Similarly to what was reported for sea bass phagocytes, intoxication of mBMDM involves interaction of AIP56 C-terminal region with cell surface components, suggesting the existence of a conserved receptor. Biochemical approaches and confocal microscopy revealed that AIP56 undergoes clathrin-dependent endocytosis, reaches early endosomes, and follows the recycling pathway. Translocation of AIP56 into the cytosol requires endosome acidification, and an acidic pulse triggers translocation of cell surface-bound AIP56 into the cytosol. Accordingly, at acidic pH, AIP56 becomes more hydrophobic, interacting with artificial lipid bilayer membranes. Altogether, these data indicate that AIP56 is a short-trip toxin that reaches the cytosol using an acidic-pH-dependent mechanism, probably from early endosomes. Usually, for short-trip AB toxins, a minor pool reaches the cytosol by translocating from endosomes, whereas the rest is routed to lysosomes for degradation. Here we demonstrate that part of endocytosed AIP56 is recycled back and released extracellularly through a mechanism requiring phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity but independent of endosome acidification. So far, we have been unable to detect biological activity of recycled AIP56, thereby bringing into question its biological relevance as well as the importance of the recycling pathway.
Refluxing supernumerary kidney: easy to overlook
Authors: Chawla Arun
Published: October 2014

Supernumerary kidney is a rare anomaly and most of the times it is incidentally detected. On occasions it may present with symptoms due to stones, tumours and infections. Supernumerary unit if small and dysplastic may easily escape detection. In this case report, supernumerary kidney presented as vesicoureteric reflux in a 4-year-old male child.
Inflammatory myopathy and interstitial lung disease in antisynthetase syndrome with PL-7 antibody
Authors: Aguiar Rosa Sílvia , Barreto Paulo , Mariano Marisa , Baptista Isabel
Published: October 2014

We report a case of a 72-year-old Caucasian woman with PL-7 positive antisynthetase syndrome. Clinical presentation included interstitial lung disease, myositis, ‘mechanic's hands’ and dysphagia. As lung injury was the main concern, treatment consisted of prednisolone and cyclophosphamide. Complete remission with reversal of pulmonary damage was achieved, as reported by CT scan, pulmonary function tests and functional status.
Spontaneous acalculous gallbladder perforation
Authors: Sheridan David , Qazi Almas , Lisa Selina , Vashisht Rajiv
Published: October 2014

An 86-year-old woman, 4 days post-operative following a right-sided Austin-Moore arthroplasty, reported abdominal pain around a known umbilical hernia and became increasingly confused. A diagnosis of incarcerated umbilical hernia was made. At surgery, on entering the peritoneal cavity, bile was immediately noted. The operation was converted to a laparotomy and a perforation was noted in the gallbladder. An open cholecystectomy was performed. Macroscopically the gallbladder was perforated in multiple places, was thin walled and did not contain gallstones. This case demonstrates the difficulty in diagnosing an apparently spontaneous gallbladder perforation in a cognitively frail patient.
Benign sinonasal capillary haemangioma
Authors: Stubbs Darren , Poulios Aristotelis , Khalil Hisham
Published: October 2014

Haemangiomas are benign fibrovascular tumours relatively that are common in the head and neck, where 60% of them occur Among the various categories of haemangiomas, lobular capillary haemangiomas (LCH) occur frequently on the skin, lips, buccal mucosa, tongue and gingiva. However, they are vanishingly rare in the paranasal sinuses. The imaging features of LCH are non-specific. The histological characteristics of LCH can also make diagnosis difficult as sometimes resemble highly vascular malignant tumours. This leads to the false preoperative diagnosis of suspected malignancy in many cases, which places the patient under unnecessary distress and anxiety. We present a case of LCH appearing as a suspicious nasal lesion of the lateral nasal wall with unilateral nasal obstruction, necrotic centre and epistaxis. The tumour was excised endoscopically in one operation including endoscopic medial maxillectomy. Further education about this lesion is deemed important as preoperative embolisation may be needed for a safe operation.
Effect of footing width on Nγ and failure envelope of eccentrically and obliquely loaded strip footings on sand
Authors: Tang Chong , Phoon Kok-Kwang , Toh Kim-Chuan
Published: October 2014

This paper thoroughly investigates the bearing capacity of strip footings on sand under combined loading by using a lower-bound limit analysis in conjunction with finite elements and second-order cone programming (SOCP). Two analyses were performed: one using a constant friction angle and the other using a variable friction angle. The analyses with a constant friction angle were used to calibrate the existing results, including the classical solutions commonly used in foundation design practice and other numerical or experimental solutions. The analyses with a variable friction angle allow us to investigate the effect of footing width B on the bearing capacity of strip footings. An iteration computational procedure is employed to account for the dependency of the friction angle on the stress level. According to the numerical results, it is found that the bearing capacity factor Nγ for eccentrically or obliquely loaded strip footings linearly decreases with the increase of B on a log–log scale, where the range 0.3–5 m of footing width was considered in this paper. In addition, it is found that the footing width has a negligible effect on the shape and size of the normalized failure envelopes.