bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethnography, interaction and ordinary trouble
Authors: Emerson Robert M.
Published: November 2009

■ With the increased popularity and spread of sociological ethnography, one of the core elements of classic Chicago-style fieldwork — an abiding commitment to examine ongoing social interaction — has sometimes slipped from sight. One fruitful way of increasing sensitivity to and insights into interactional processes is to look at ordinary, small troubles, the often fleeting moments of upset and disruption that arise routinely in many interactions and are often quickly resolved, leading only to small adjustments and changes in life circumstances. By way of example, this article analyzes the ordinary troubles that arise between college roommates, focusing on two distinctive interactional features of these troubles: the obscuring of action components in low-visibility responses, leading to the appearance of passivity or inaction; and the varying and often shifting normative accents that can mark responses to ordinary troubles.
Inhibition of the ER Ca2+ pump forces multidrug-resistant cells deficient in Bak and Bax into necrosis
Authors: Janssen Katja , Horn Sibylle , Niemann Mathis T. , Daniel Peter T. , Schulze-Osthoff Klaus , Fischer Ute
Published: November 2009

Tumor cells deficient in the proapoptotic proteins Bak and Bax are resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs. Here, we demonstrate that murine embryonic fibroblasts deficient for both Bak and Bax are, however, efficiently killed by thapsigargin, a specific inhibitor of ER Ca2+ pumps that induces ER stress by depleting ER Ca2+ stores. In the presence of Bak and Bax, thapsigargin eliminates cells by release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and subsequent caspase activation, which leads to the proteolytic inactivation of the molecular necrosis switch PARP-1 and results in apoptosis. By contrast, in the absence of Bak and Bax, a failure to activate caspases results in PARP-1-mediated ATP depletion. The subsequent necrosis is not prevented by autophagy as an alternative energy source. Moreover, in cells deficient for both Bak and Bax, thapsigargin induces permanent mitochondrial damage by Ca2+ overload, permeability transition and membrane rupture. Thus, even though deficiency in Bak and Bax protects these cells against apoptosis, it does not compromise necrosis induced by SERCA inhibitors. Importantly, thapsigargin induces caspase-independent cell death also in colon and prostate carcinoma cells deficient in Bak and Bax expression. Therefore, targeted application of ER stressors such as thapsigargin might be a promising approach for the treatment of Bak- and Bax-deficient, drug-resistant tumors.
Mediation by illness perceptions of the effect of personality and health threat communication on coping with the diagnosis of diabetes
Authors: Lawson V. L. , Bundy C. , Belcher J. , Harvey J. N.
Published: November 2009

Objectives. (1) To examine the relationship of personality traits and diabetes health threat communication (DHTC) to the coping strategies of newly diagnosed diabetes patients; (2) to determine to what extent these postulated effects are mediated by illness representations (IRs).

Design. A longitudinal prospective study based on the common sense model.

Methods. Patients were assessed shortly after diagnosis and 2 years after the diagnosis of diabetes. Personality traits (Mini‐markers) were assessed at baseline. The DHTC Questionnaire was completed at baseline and 2 years. The Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire and the coping orientation to problems experienced were completed at 2 years. Mediation by IRs of the potential influence of personality and DHTC on coping behaviour was assessed by the method of Baron and Kenny.

Results. Multiple regression analyses showed that educational level, agreeableness, openness/intellect, conscientiousness, and perceptions of a more reassuring health message since diagnosis were related to more adaptive coping (e.g., active coping, planning). The association of openness and perceived reassuring health message with active coping showed complete mediation by illness coherence and personal control. Openness led to seeking emotional support mediated by perceived personal control. Coherence associated with (partial mediation) the relation of openness to planning. Similarly, personal control and coherence mediated the relation of openness to positive reinterpretation and growth (PRG). Agreeableness had a direct relationship with active coping and PRG but led to planning and seeking instrumental support mediated by perceived treatment effectiveness. Perceptions of a threatening health message were associated with seeking instrumental and emotional support and this was mediated by symptom perception but threat had a direct relationship with planning.

Conclusions. Both personality traits and health threat communication predict the way individuals cope with diabetes. The relationships of these factors are largely mediated through measurable IRs. The results suggest targets for intervention to achieve greater problem‐focused coping.
Shape-controlled synthesis of palladium nanocrystals by microwave irradiation
Authors: Yu Yanchun , Zhao Yanxi , Huang Tao , Liu Hanfan
Published: November 2009

The controlled synthesis of Pd icosahedra in tetraethylene glycol (TEG) with H2PdCl4as a precursor and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) as a stabilizer in the presence of an appropriate amount of KOH under microwave irradiation was demonstrated. TEG served as both solvent and reducing agent, and stable Pd icosahedra with uniform sizes and well-defined shapes could be prepared in a yield of over 90 % by microwave heating for 60 s. The sizes of Pd icosahedra can be well controlled by adjusting the concentration of the precursor H2PdCl4.
Darwin and Genetics
Authors: Charlesworth Brian , Charlesworth Deborah
Published: November 2009

Darwin's theory of natural selection lacked an adequate account of inheritance, making it logically incomplete. We review the interaction between evolution and genetics, showing how, unlike Mendel, Darwin's lack of a model of the mechanism of inheritance left him unable to interpret his own data that showed Mendelian ratios, even though he shared with Mendel a more mathematical and probabilistic outlook than most biologists of his time. Darwin's own “pangenesis” model provided a mechanism for generating ample variability on which selection could act. It involved, however, the inheritance of characters acquired during an organism's life, which Darwin himself knew could not explain some evolutionary situations. Once the particulate basis of genetics was understood, it was seen to allow variation to be passed intact to new generations, and evolution could then be understood as a process of changes in the frequencies of stable variants. Evolutionary genetics subsequently developed as a central part of biology. Darwinian principles now play a greater role in biology than ever before, which we illustrate with some examples of studies of natural selection that use DNA sequence data and with some recent advances in answering questions first asked by Darwin.
Estimating the effects of detection heterogeneity and overdispersion on trends estimated from avian point counts
Authors: Etterson Matthew A. , Niemi Gerald J. , Danz Nicholas P.
Published: November 2009

Point counts are a common method for sampling avian distribution and abundance. Although methods for estimating detection probabilities are available, many analyses use raw counts and do not correct for detectability. We use a removal model of detection within anN‐mixture approach to estimate abundance trends corrected for imperfect detection. We compare the corrected trend estimates to those estimated from raw counts for 16 species using 15 years of monitoring data on three national forests in the western Great Lakes, USA. We also tested the effects of overdispersion by modeling both counts and removal mixtures under three statistical distributions: Poisson, zero‐inflated Poisson, and negative binomial. For most species, the removal model produced estimates of detection probability that conformed to expectations. For many species, but not all, estimates of trends were similar regardless of statistical distribution or method of analysis. Within a given combination of likelihood (counts vs. mixtures) and statistical distribution, trends usually differed by both stand type and national forest, with species showing declines in some stand types and increases in others. For three species, Brown Creeper, Yellow‐rumped Warbler, and Black‐throated Green Warbler, temporal patterns in detectability resulted in substantial differences in estimated trends under the removal mixtures compared to the analysis of raw counts. Overall, we found that the zero‐inflated Poisson was the best distribution for our data, although the Poisson or negative binomial performed better for a few species. The similarity in estimated trends that we observed among counts and removal mixtures was probably a result of both experimental design and sampling effort. First, the study was originally designed to avoid confounding observer effects with habitats or time. Second, our time series is relatively long and our sample sizes within years are large.
Uncertainty analysis of least‐cost modeling for designing wildlife linkages
Authors: Beier Paul , Majka Daniel R. , Newell Shawn L.
Published: November 2009

Least‐cost models for focal species are widely used to design wildlife corridors. To evaluate the least‐cost modeling approach used to develop 15 linkage designs in southern California, USA, we assessed robustness of the largest and least constrained linkage. Species experts parameterized models for eight species with weights for four habitat factors (land cover, topographic position, elevation, road density) and resistance values for each class within a factor (e.g., each class of land cover). Each model produced a proposed corridor for that species. We examined the extent to which uncertainty in factor weights and class resistance values affected two key conservation‐relevant outputs, namely, the location and modeled resistance to movement of each proposed corridor. To do so, we compared the proposed corridor to 13 alternative corridors created with parameter sets that spanned the plausible ranges of biological uncertainty in these parameters. Models for five species were highly robust (mean overlap 88%, little or no increase in resistance). Although the proposed corridors for the other three focal species overlapped as little as 0% (mean 58%) of the alternative corridors, resistance in the proposed corridors for these three species was rarely higher than resistance in the alternative corridors (mean difference was 0.025 on a scale of 1–10; worst difference was 0.39). As long as the model had the correct rank order of resistance values and factor weights, our results suggest that the predicted corridor is robust to uncertainty. The three carnivore focal species, alone or in combination, were not effective umbrellas for the other focal species. The carnivore corridors failed to overlap the predicted corridors of most other focal species and provided relatively high resistance for the other focal species (mean increase of 2.7 resistance units). Least‐cost modelers should conduct uncertainty analysis so that decision‐makers can appreciate the potential impact of model uncertainty on conservation decisions. Our approach to uncertainty analysis (which can be called a worst‐case scenario approach) is appropriate for complex models in which distribution of the input parameters cannot be specified.
Identifying and prioritizing ungulate migration routes for landscape‐level conservation
Authors: Sawyer Hall , Kauffman Matthew J. , Nielson Ryan M. , Horne Jon S.
Published: November 2009

As habitat loss and fragmentation increase across ungulate ranges, identifying and prioritizing migration routes for conservation has taken on new urgency. Here we present a general framework using the Brownian bridge movement model (BBMM) that: (1) provides a probabilistic estimate of the migration routes of a sampled population, (2) distinguishes between route segments that function as stopover sites vs. those used primarily as movement corridors, and (3) prioritizes routes for conservation based upon the proportion of the sampled population that uses them. We applied this approach to a migratory mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) population in a pristine area of southwest Wyoming, USA, where 2000 gas wells and 1609 km of pipelines and roads have been proposed for development. Our analysis clearly delineated where migration routes occurred relative to proposed development and provided guidance for on‐the‐ground conservation efforts. Mule deer migration routes were characterized by a series of stopover sites where deer spent most of their time, connected by movement corridors through which deer moved quickly. Our findings suggest management strategies that differentiate between stopover sites and movement corridors may be warranted. Because some migration routes were used by more mule deer than others, proportional level of use may provide a reasonable metric by which routes can be prioritized for conservation. The methods we outline should be applicable to a wide range of species that inhabit regions where migration routes are threatened or poorly understood.
Study on Mold Filling Behaviors of Micro Channels in Injection Molding
Authors: Li J.-H. , Young W.-B.
Published: November 2009

Computational simulation model has been used extensively in studying the filling flow in injection molding process. Most of the models are based on the assumption of a no-slip boundary condition and are verified by the experiments of filing flow in macro scale. This study is to investigate the flow behaviors during the micro channel filling of an injection molding process. Flow distances were measured on products from series of short shots to understand the relationship between the injection pressure and flow distance. It was found that cavity size variation due to mold deformation is important in the micro injection molding. By adjusting the cavity size due to mold deformation, the C-Mold simulation provides reasonable results compared to the experimental data for cavity thickness in 150 μm or 200 μm. On the other hand, the simulation will not give accurate prediction of filling flow for a micro cavity that has a depth below 100 μm. The wall slip effect is believed to the major reason and must be considered in the analysis for a cavity size below 100 μm.
ON TAYLOR'S SCRAPING PROBLEM AND FLOW OF A SISKO FLUID
Authors: Siddiqui Abdul M. , Ansari Ali R. , Ahmad Ahmed , Ahmad N.
Published: November 2009

The aim of the present investigation is to study the properties of a Sisko fluid flowing between two intersecting planes. The problem is similar to Taylor's scraping problem for a viscous fluid. We determine the solution of the complicated set of non‐linear partial differential equations describing the flow analytically. The analysis is carried out in detail reflecting the effects of varying the angle of the scraper on the flow. In addition, the tangential and normal stress are also computed. We also show the well known Taylor scraper problem as a special case.
The larval development of Pilumnoides hassleri (Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnoididae) reared in the laboratory, with a review of pilumnoidid systematics using larval characters
Authors: Luppi Tomás A. , Farías Nahuel , Spivak Eduardo D.
Published: November 2009

The genus Pilumnoides is an interesting taxon because its systematic position, based on adult characters, remains unclear. These xanthoid crabs have been related to the Carpiliidae, Goneplacidae and Eriphioidea. P. hassleri A. Milne Edwards, 1880 lives in Brazilian, Uruguayan and Argentinian coasts as far south as the Magellan Strait (southwestern Atlantic). Larvae of P. hassleri from females collected in the harbour of Mar del Plata were reared in the laboratory from zoea I to megalopa and the first larval stage, and described. The species passed through 5 zoeal stages and a megalopa. Larval characters were compared with the previous description of larvae from the southeastern Pacific species P. perlatus and with species of Carpilius, Goneplax and Eriphia in order to review the relationships between these taxa.
Effect of fertilizer nitrogen management and phosphorus placement on canola production under varied conditions in Saskatchewan
Authors: Lemke R. L. , Mooleki S. P. , Malhi S. S. , Lafond G. , Brandt S. , Shoenau J. J. , Wang H. , Thavarajah D. , Hultgreen G. , May W. E.
Published: November 2009

No-till (NT) requires all fertilizer nutrients to be applied during planting, but high rates of fertilizer nitrogen (N) in close proximity to the seed can negatively affect seedling development; therefore, different placement technologies have been developed to place seed and N in a single operation while maintaining an adequate separation between them. We conducted a 3-yr field study (2000 to 2002) at four sites in Saskatchewan. The objective was to determine the effects of N fertilizer form [urea (U) and anhydrous ammonia (AA)], placement [broadcast, side-band (SB) and mid-row band (MRB)], timing (fall vs. spring), rate (0 to 90 or 120 kg N ha-1), and P fertilizer placement on yield, seed protein content and N uptake in canola. The N fertilizer managements had no significant effect on crop emergence. Yield, seed protein concentration and N uptake increased with increasing N fertilizer rate. Seed protein was significantly higher on SB compared with MRB and on U compared with AA. Seed yield and seed and straw N uptake were higher when U was SB compared with broadcast. Plant density was higher when P was placed in SB rather than with the seed, but the reverse was true for seed yield and seed N uptake. Key words: Anhydrous ammonia, N timing, N form, N and P placement, N uptake, yield
Characterization of monoclonal antibodies specific to wheat glutenin subunits and their correlation with quality parameters
Authors: Li Qiaoyun , Ji Kangmin , Zhang Yanzhen , An Xueli , He Zhonghu , Xia Xianchun , Yan Yueming
Published: November 2009

Immunochemical methods are very useful in predicting the quality of wheat and differentiating alleles. In order to prepare appropriate monoclonal antibodies, HMW-GS 1Bx13 and 1By16 from spelt wheat were used as antigens to immunize BALB/C mice. Four monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were obtained and designated 24231, 24245, 14588 and 14587, respectively. Results of Western blot showed that mAbs 24231 and 24245 prepared against 1Bx13 bound only to LMW-GS. The mAb 14588 prepared against 1By16 bound strongly to LMW-GS, but weakly to 1By and some 1Dy type HMW-GS. The mAb 14587 prepared against 1By16 bound only to 1Dx HMW-GS. The results of indirect ELISA and statistical analysis showed that correlations between mAb 24231 and development time and stability were significantly (P < 0.05) and highly significantly (P < 0.01) negative, respectively, whereas those of mAb 24245 with development time and extensibility were highly significantly (P < 0.01) and significantly (P < 0.05) negative, respectively. Significantly (P < 0.05) and highly significantly (P < 0.01) positive correlations were observed between mAb 14588 and stability and development time. Mean differential binding of mAb 14587 with 1Dx5t and 1Dx2t subunits from Aegilops tauschii was highly significant (P < 0.01), suggesting that ELISA could potentially be used as an effective screening tool during direct genetic transfer of desirable glutenin subunits from Aegilops tauschii to hexaploid wheat. Key words: Glutenin subunits, monoclonal antibodies, ELISA, wheat quality
Efficacy of imazethapyr application timing on the control of long-spined sandbur [Cenchrus longispinus (Hack. in Kneuck.] Fernald) in soybean
Authors: Soltani N. , Vyn J. D. , Kramer C. , Sikkema P. H.
Published: November 2009

An experiment was conducted in 2005 and 2006 in southwestern Ontario to examine the efficacy of imazethapyr application timing on the control of long-spined sandbur in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Imazethapyr (100 g a.i. ha-1) was applied early and delayed preemergence (PRE), and postemergence (POST) at the spike to five-leaf stage of the weed. Soybean was not injured by any treatment. Imazethapyr applied PRE did not control long-spined sandbur; POST treatments resulted in up to 72, 66, 78, 91, 78, and 71% weed control when applied at the spike, one-, two-, three-, four-, and five-leaf stage, respectively, and crop yield increased 44, 28, 39, 24, 38, and 20%, respectively. Therefore, imazethapyr should be applied at the three-leaf stage of the weed to optimize control and crop yield. Key words: Weed control, soybean, preemergence herbicide, postemergence herbicide
Core/shell pH‐sensitive micelles self‐assembled from cholesterol conjugated oligopeptides for anticancer drug delivery
Authors: Guo Xin Dong , Zhang Li Juan , Chen Yun , Qian Yu
Published: November 2009

A doxorubicin (DOX) delivery system of pH‐sensitive micelles self‐assembled from cholesterol conjugated His5Arg10 (HR15‐Chol) and His10Arg10 (HR20‐Chol) has been described in this article. The amphiphilic molecules have low critical micelle concentrations of 17.8 and 28.2 μg/mL for HR15‐Chol and HR20‐Chol, respectively, even at a low pH of 5.0. The pH‐sensitive histidine segment of the polypeptide block is insoluble at pH 7.4 but becomes positively charged and soluble via protonation at pH lower than 6.0. The size and zeta potential of DOX‐loaded micelles increases with the decrease in pH. Coarse‐grained simulations were performed to verify the structure of DOX‐loaded micelles and pH sensitivity of HR15/20‐Chol. The in vitro DOX release from the micelles is significantly accelerated by decreasing pH from 7.4 to 5.0. Furthermore, DOX release from the micelles is controlled by a Fickian diffusion mechanism. These micelles have great potential applications in delivering hydrophobic anticancer drugs for improved cancer therapy. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
The effects of finite rectangular pulses in NMR: Phase and intensity distortions for a spin‐1/2
Authors: Gregory Rebecca M. , Bain Alex D.
Published: November 2009

Pulses in NMR spectrometers have a finite length, but the usual hard‐pulse assumption ignores it, and treats the pulse as a rotation of the frame of reference about the direction of the radiofrequency (RF) magnetic field. However, at frequency offsets comparable to the size of the RF field, there are substantial distortions, mainly in the phase of the signal. This effect is well known and can be easily calculated to show that, despite the complex geometry, the phase distortion is almost linear with the offset. This means that it can be corrected by a first‐order phase correction or by small corrections to pulse‐sequence timing. In this article, we give an analysis of these effects. The deviations from a linear phase correction are analyzed for a general rectangular pulse and illustrated with experimental spectra. The split‐operator approximation for the evolution of this system provides a mathematical foundation and a useful method for this analysis. Furthermore, the relationship between the exact behavior of a signal is compared to the Fourier transform of a rectangular pulse. For typical offsets, the match between these approaches is not good, but it improves as the offset increases. Overall, the detailed analysis of the finite pulse effects gives exact results of the response of a spin system, but also some mathematical and physical insights. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 34A: 305–314, 2009.
We need better randomized comparison trials of prostate cancer
Authors: Lee W. Robert
Published: November 2009

More than 50 years after the first randomized oncology trial, the number of randomized trials comparing differing primary treatments for prostate cancer is disappointing. One of these rare, randomized primary treatment comparisons appears in this edition of Cancer, and the investigators are to be congratulated for their efforts comparing cryotherapy with external beam radiotherapy.
Medium to long‐term results after reconstruction of bone defects at the knee with tumor endoprostheses
Authors: Kinkel S. , Lehner B. , Kleinhans J.A. , Jakubowitz E. , Ewerbeck V. , Heisel C.
Published: November 2009

Background and Objectives

Limb salvage and reconstruction with tumor endoprostheses is considered as therapeutic standard in the treatment of bone defects at the knee. Few studies report long‐term results so far.

Methods

Seventy‐seven patients who had a cementless or cemented MUTARS® endoprosthesis implanted were followed‐up for a mean period of 46 months (3–128 months). The defects were due to primary tumor lesions in 69 cases or metastases in 8 cases. The distal femur (n = 49) or the proximal tibia (n = 28) was reconstructed predominantly with cementless implants (femur: 69%, tibia: 92%). The resection of the tumor was intraarticular in 46 and extraarticular in 31 patients.

Results

After 10 years probability of limb salvage was 92% with a recurrence rate of 3%. Complications were frequent with a revision rate of 58% and lead to a cumulative probability of survival of the initially implanted prosthesis of 57% after 5 years. Locking mechanism failure (n = 15) and aseptic loosening (n = 13) were the most frequent failure modes.

Conclusions

Regardless of achieving a low recurrence rate and satisfactory functional results, we found a high complication rate after implantation of a megaprosthesis. This was particularly evident for extraarticular resections and cemented fixation, which should be avoided when possible. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;101:166–169. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Representing ontogeny through ontology: A developmental biologist's guide to the gene ontology
Authors: Hill David P. , Berardini Tanya Z. , Howe Douglas G. , Van Auken Kimberly M.
Published: November 2009

Developmental biology, like many other areas of biology, has undergone a dramatic shift in the perspective from which developmental processes are viewed. Instead of focusing on the actions of a handful of genes or functional RNAs, we now consider the interactions of large functional gene networks and study how these complex systems orchestrate the unfolding of an organism, from gametes to adult. Developmental biologists are beginning to realize that understanding ontogeny on this scale requires the utilization of computational methods to capture, store and represent the knowledge we have about the underlying processes. Here we review the use of the Gene Ontology (GO) to study developmental biology. We describe the organization and structure of the GO and illustrate some of the ways we use it to capture the current understanding of many common developmental processes. We also discuss ways in which gene product annotations using the GO have been used to ask and answer developmental questions in a variety of model developmental systems. We provide suggestions as to how the GO might be used in more powerful ways to address questions about development. Our goal is to provide developmental biologists with enough background about the GO that they can begin to think about how they might use the ontology efficiently and in the most powerful ways possible. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 77: 314–329, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Trichostrongyle Genus Graphidioides
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M.
Published: November 2009

In 1923, the writer in studying some species of the family Trichostrongylidæ, had occasion to create a new genus Graphidioides to receive the form previously known as Graphidium affine (Megnin, 1895), Railliet and Henry, 1909. This species differs from the type species of the genus Graphidium on the following points: absence of cervical papillæ, shape of bursa and disposition of ventro-ventral rays, shape of accessory piece and spicules, shape of the ovejectors and vagina and posterior extremity of the female. In an addendum on the remaining species of Graphidium, G. rudicaudatum the following statement was made:—

“Graphidium rudicaudatus R. & H., 1909, from Viscacia viscacia from Argentina resembles G. affinis very closely. It differs mainly by its smaller size, equal ovejectors, sharply pointed externo-dorsal ray and absence of an accessory piece. Its affinities to Graphidioides are so close, that the latter point requires re-investigation. The other points are only of specific value, and it is proposed to include it in this new genus. Should the absence of an accessory piece be confirmed, its position would require re-determination.”
Ozolaimus Dujardin, 1845 (= Macracis Gedoelst, 1916), a little known Nematode genus from the cæcum of Iguana tuberculata
Authors: Thapar Gobind Singh
Published: November 2009

Rudolphi (1819) first described a nematode from the intestine of Iguana tuberculata under the title, Ascaris megatyphlon. Since then considerable progress has been made in our knowledge of the parasitic Nematodes and most of the forms described by Rudolphi under Ascaris have been placed in new genera. Dujardin (1845) re-examined these forms and created a new genus, Ozolaimus, for Ascaris megatyphlon and removed certain other forms to the genus Oxyuris. He differentiated the two genera of Oxyuris and Ozolaimus by the presence of two simple lips in Ozolaimus and three simple or lobed lips in Oxyuris.
Observations on the Tropisms of Dorylaimus saprophilus and Rhabditis succaris
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: November 2009

(1) The reactions of Dorylaimus under ordinary conditions of life are noted, especially its mode of progression and its burrowing habit.

(2) Some experiments were carried out with a view to finding out what physical and chemical stimuli are responsible for bringing about these reactions.

(3) The possibility of hydrotropism, thermotropism, geotropism, stereotropism, heliotropism and chemotropism are considered.

(4) The conclusion to be drawn from the data is, that taken on the whole, eelworms do not exhibit well marked tropic responses except in the case of stereotropism. It is obvious here, however, that they do everything in their power to put their body surface in contact with some solid object. This need explains why the worms are always found in the interstices of the zoogloeal film round the clinker. No other tropic response is needed to explain this habitat.
Observations on the Immunity Response in Experimental Ascariasis in Rabbits
Authors: Blackie W. K.
Published: November 2009

1. A preliminary account is given of certain serological investigations carried out on a rabbit fed with the embryonated eggs of Ascaris megalocephala.

2. By means of the complement-fixation test it has been shown that a definite immunity response occurs in the first five weeks of the infection.
A Preliminary Note on Bilharzia margrebowiei, a new Parasite of Ruminants and possibly of Man in Northern Rhodesia
Authors: Leroux P. L.
Published: November 2009

During the examination of numerous specimens of Bilharzia collected from domesticated and wild ruminants in this Territory a species of bloodfluke, closely related to the vector of intestinal bilharziasis in the Far East, was observed. For this species the name Bilharzia margrebowiei sp. nov. is designated in honour of my wife, Dr. Margaret Gregor Leroux (née Bowie), for the self sacrificing way in which she has assisted me in the past.
A Morphological Study of Bovine Schistosomes
Authors: van den Berghe Louis
Published: November 2009

In a memoir on human and animal schistosomiasis (1934c), I reported the presence of bovine schistosomes for the first time in the Belgian Congo (Elisabethville). I also expressed the opinion that the bovine schistosomiasis in Katanga was of Rhodesian origin. It came from that same region from which Veglia & Leroux in 1929 described a new schistosome of Bovidae and Ovidae under the name Schislosoma mattheei, a species which has since given rise to some controversy. The material I brought back from Elisabethville readily lent itself to a morphological study of the two African bovine schistosomes.
On Anguillulina multicincta (Cobb) and Other Species of Anguillulina associated with the Roots of Plants
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

Since the publication of the writer's (1932) paper on the nematode genus Anguillulina, opportunities have occurred from time to time for making further observations on the morphology and anatomy of some of the species of the genus found associated with the roots of plants. Certain of them are parasitic in roots, at least during part of their life, at other times occurring free in the soil. Others have not been found within roots but have been obtained only in water extracts of turf and their exact relation to the roots of plants is at present undetermined.
Anguillulina dipsaci on onion seed and its control by fumigation with methyl bromide
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

Further investigations on the occurrence of Anguillulina dipsaci on onion seed are presented. It is shown by the examination of 2,000 seeds individually that the parasite is usually located on the seed in the region of the hilum. A given seed may have as many as 4·7 worms or only 1 worm attached to it.

A method of seed fumigation with methyl bromide is described whereby the parasites attached to seeds are killed but the seed is unharmed. By the use of a test-bottle technique it has been found that a minimum dosage of 600, i.e. a concentration-time product of 600 involving an exposure to the fumigant of 18 to 24 hours at 24°C. is necessary for the destruction of the parasites attached to the seeds and in such flower-part débris as may be mixed with it.

The fumigant has no harmful effect on the vitality of the seed at dosages sufficient to destroy the parasite nor at much higher dosages. There is thus a wide upper margin of safety in its use. Two practical methods for the fumigation of large quantities of seed are described.

The probable origin of seed-borne infection from lightly infected parent bulbs is discussed. It is shown that at the present time seedborne infection is fairly widespread and has been found to occur on at least 9 different varieties of onion seed as distributed by seed merchants. Recommendations as to control are made which it is suggested would go far to reduce the incidence of the disease in this country.
Some Helminths from West Africa
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: November 2009

The material described consists of two small collections. One composed mainly of helminths from birds, was collected by Major T. A. Cockburn, M.D., D.P.H., on the Gold Coast in 1943. The other was collected from mammals by Dr. K. Morris, of the medical department, Kumasi, in 1939. To both of these collectors and to Dr. R. T. Leiper, C.M.G., F.R.S., who kindly put the material at my disposal, I am much indebted.

The bird material contained 8 different genera, of which one is a tremtftode, three are cestodes and the others are nematodes. The Acanthocephala are not represented.

A Squacco Heron, Ardeola ralloides, yielded a number of specimens of the trematode Clinostomum complanatum (Rud., 1814), Braun, 1899. They were taken from the oesophagus where they were actively moving about at the post-mortem examination. It is a small worm between 3 and 4 mm. long, strongly muscular with comparatively large suckers. The vitellaria are abundant and so deeply staining as somewhat to obscure the other organs. It has previously been recorded as a parasite of Ardea cinerea and Nycticorax griseus in Europe, but apparently both this host and this geographical distribution are new records. The vector is a fish; Ciurea in 1911 having implicated Perca fluviatilis.
The Effect of Light on the Emergence of Cercaria pygocytophora, a Furcocercaria from Planorbis carinatus
Authors: Frankland Helga M. T.
Published: November 2009

C. pygocytophora emerges from P. carinatus predominantly in the dark, independently of the time of day, and in the absence of temperature variation.

C. Pygocytophora shows strong negative phototaxis.
On Four New Trematodes of the Genus Strigea from Central African Birds of Prey
Authors: Bisseru B.
Published: November 2009

Four new species of Strigeid Trematodes are described from Central African Birds of Prey. They are: Strigea neotidis from Neotis cafra denhami, Strigea lilensis and Strigea rhodesiensis from Pseudogyps africanus and Strigea cuncumae from Cuncuma vocifer vocifer. The relationships of these new forms to other species in the genus Strigea are discussed.
Hymenolepis miniopteri n.sp., (Cestoda), from an Australian Bat, Miniopterus blepotis (Temminck, 1840)
Authors: Sandars Dorothea F.
Published: November 2009

A new species, Hymenolepis miniopteri is described. The specimens studied were recovered from the ileum of the bat, Miniopterus blepotis (Temminck, 1840) from South Queensland.

The type and cotype specimens are lodged in the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Australia.
Immunological Studies on Experimental Infection of Pigs with Ascaris suum Goeze, 1782. V.—The Antibody Response to the Oral Administration of Third- and Fourth-Stage Larvae
Authors: Taffs L. F.
Published: November 2009

Following the oral administration of third- and fourth-stage A. suum larvae, which had previously completed nine or ten days somatic migration in guineapigs, rabbits or a pig, six out of eight pigs showed a rise of serum antibody titre, as measured by the conglutinating complement absorption test using a saline extract of Ascaris worm as antigen. Four of these pigs had negative titres before infection, and in these animals antibodies were first detected between the 14th and 20th days. Maximum serum antibody concentration was reached between the 14th and 34th days of infection, and antibodies were detected for at least as long as 68 days.

Larvae were recovered from the faeces on the 23rd and 29th days of infection, and in two pigs out of eight the larvae reached maturity, eggs first being seen in the faeces on the 42nd day.

The results suggest that (1) Ascaris larvae, on their return to the intestine, release antigenic substances which are then absorbed by the gut wall to stimulate the production of antibodies; (2) the secondary antibody rise, which occurs about the sixth or seventh week of an infection with Ascaris eggs, is due to the absorption of this larval antigen; and (3) the moulting process (fourth moult) is not only an important stage for stimulating this further antibody production, but is also the time when maturing larvae are affected by the immune mechanisms of the host.

On reinfection with Ascaris eggs the phenomenon of “self-cure” was noticed. A fall in the faecal egg count, which became negative on the 21st day, was accompanied by a sharp rise in antibody titre. An increase in the number of infertile eggs in the faeces, rising from 11% on the day of reinfection to 100% on the 14th day, was also observed.
Paronchocerca mansoni sp.nov. from Pica pica sericea (Gould) and Caynopica cyana interposita Hartert, Peking, China, with Observations on the Genus Paronchocerca Peters, 1936
Authors: Faust Ernest Carroll
Published: November 2009

A new species of filarial worm, Paronchocerca mansoni, a cardiac parasite of Pica pica sericea (Gould) and Cyanopica cyana interposita Hartert, is reported from Peking, China. The thread-like adults of both species taper towards anterior and posterior ends. The cuticle exhibits superficial rugae, with multiple transverse striations underneath. The lipless mouth is surrounded by 4 paired submedian papillae and one lateral pair of amphids. The posterior end of the body is curved ventrad; the post-anal region is short. The male measures 17 mm. long and 0·14 mm. in diameter; the female, 35·8 mm. long by 0·23 mm. in diameter. In both sexes the anterior muscular oesophagus is short, the posterior glandular portion much longer. In the male, there are two pairs of pre-anal and one pair of post-anal papillae, likewise one pair of subterminal caudal papillae. There are neither caudal alae nor gubernaculum. The longer left spicule and the shorter right one have distinct species-characteristic morphological patterns. In the female, the vulva opens approximately 2·0 mm. from the anterior end. The microfilariae are sheathless; immature ones preponderate in heart blood; mature ones, present in heart blood and exclusively in circulating blood, measure 147 to 184 by 6·0 to 6·5 microns.
On the Morphology of Schistosoma rodhaini from Kenya
Authors: Saoud M. F. A.
Published: November 2009

The original description of Schistosoma rodhaini was based on the examination of one adult male, two adult females and one young male (Brumpt, 1931). Fain et al. (1953) reported that the measurements of worms from natural infections in Ruanda-Urundi did not correspond to those given by Brumpt in 1931. They maintained that, in experimental infections, the variations in the length of the worms were more notable; being generally smaller than those collected from natural infections. Also they reported similar differences in the measurements of eggs.
On the Life History, Growth and Development from the Metacercarial Stage to Adulthood, of Clinostomum tilapiae Ukoli, 1966
Authors: Ukoli F. M. A.
Published: November 2009

The experimental infection of young cattle egrets with metacercarial cysts of Clinostomum tilapiae Ukoli, 1966 from Tilapia spp. is described.

A table showing the duration of infection, the number of parasites recovered, the percentage of infection and the location of the parasites within the host is constructed and the results discussed.

A graph of mean length and breadth of body, oral and ventral suckers, cirrus pouch, ovary and anterior testis, is plotted against the duration of infection in days. Most of these dimensions are found to attain a peak two days after infection. It is also found that while the ovary increases in size with age, the cirrus pouch remains constant, so that in mature adults, both are about equal in size,

It is shown, by plotting length of organs against length of body and by expressing mean measurements of certain dimensions as percentages of body length, that apart from the testes, all the other organs in both the metacercariae and the adults maintain a constant relationship both with one another and with body length as they grow older.
In vivo efficacy and ultrastructural effects of mitomycin C against experimental alveolar hydatid disease
Authors: Marchiondo Alan A. , Andersen Ferron L.
Published: November 2009

The in vivo efficacy and ultrastructural effects of mitomycin C were determined against alveolar hydatid disease in experimentally infected animals and compared to mebendazole treatment. Mitomycin C inhibited tne mean cyst mass of treated versus control animals by 84·1% which was statistically significant at the α=0·01 level. Mebendazole given daily inhibited the mean cyst mass by 80·1%, while mebendazole administration on the same treatment schedule as that used for mitomycin C inhibited the mean cyst mass by 74·4% Ultrastructurally, mitomycin C was not observed to affect the tegumental microtriches (microvilli) or ine microtubular system. However, an increase in the number and accumulation of round to oval electronaense vesicles was observed within the subtegument. These inclusion bodies became vacuolated, osequently degenerated, and formed myelin-like figures. Mitomycin C, like mebendazole, was only cystistatic in its effects on the cyst stage of Echinococcus multilocularis as evidenced by the growth of treated cyst material following inoculation into helminth-free animals.
Hunger als Ursache der Leberzirrhose
Authors: Kalk H.
Published: November 2009

Von 19 Heimkehrern aus Gefangenschaft wurden, da ein Teil eine Leber- und Milzvergrößerung aufwies und die Leberfunktionsproben nicht eindeutig ausfielen, 13 einer Laparoskopie und Leberpunktion unterzogen.

Viermal fand sich dabei eine Leberzirrhose. Die vier entsprechenden Krankheitsgeschichten und eine weitere Krankengeschichte eines früher beobachteten Heimkehrers mit Zirrhose werden gebracht. Die Ursache der Zirrhose wird in den schweren Hungerzuständen mit Ödemen gesehen, die vier von den fünf Heimkehrern durchgemacht hatten.

Es wird angenommen, daß der schwere Hungerzustand zu einer Fettleber führt, die in Zirrhose übergeht, ähnlich wie das in Tierversuchen angelsächsischer Autoren beschrieben wurde.

Tatsächlich fanden sich bei drei Heimkehrern mit lipophiler Dystrophie (von den restlichen neun Heimkehrern) Zeichen mehr oder weniger starker Leberverfettung.

Von fünf der beschriebenen Zirrhosen bei Heimkehrern hatten drei eine Hämochromatose. Die Ursache dieser Hämochromatose bleibt vorläufig ungeklärt.

Auf die Bedeutung der Laparoskopie und Leberpunktion für die Diagnose der Zirrhose und Hämochromatose wird hingewiesen. Heimkehrer, die schwere Hungerzustände durchgemacht haben, sollten eiweißreich und fettarm unter Zusatz von Methionin und Cholin ernährt werden.
Large radiation fields from nonlocal interaction between terahertz waves and quantum wells with an applied electric field
Authors: Wang Guanghui , Guo Qi
Published: November 2009

The effects of pump intensities and applied electric fields on radiation fields excited by the nonlocal interaction between terahertz waves and AlGaAs/GaAs quantum wells (QWs) are investigated. The numerical results show the resonant radiation fields are very large in the confinement direction, and their spectra and spatial distributions are tunable by the applied electric field. In addition, it is clarified that the second-order and third-order nonlinearities will emerge when the pump intensity reaches 108 and 109 W/m2 orders of magnitude, respectively, and the latter makes the second-harmonic (SH) intensity derivate from the expected square law dependence on the pump intensity, even induces the system into saturation. The maximum SH conversion efficiency is 4.3×10−4. These results are helpful for the accurate observations on the nonlinear optical effects in the QWs by experiment.
Differential requirements of MHC and of DCs for endogenous proliferation of different T-cell subsets in vivo
Authors: Do Jeong-su , Min Booki
Published: November 2009

T cells transferred into severe lymphopenic hosts undergo rapid proliferation known as “endogenous proliferation” that are distinct from conventional homeostatic proliferation. Unlike homeostatic proliferation, cytokines, such as IL-7 are dispensable, yet TCR:MHC interaction is essential for this process to occur. However, cell types inducing the proliferation have not formally been addressed. In this study, we report that CD11c+ conventional DCs play irreplaceable roles in inducing endogenous proliferation of both naive and memory phenotype CD4 T cells via TCR-MHC II interaction. By contrast, CD8 T-cell endogenous proliferation was independent of MHC I or CD11c+ DCs. Interestingly, MHC II was necessary to support naive CD8 T-cell proliferation within MHC I-deficient hosts. Depletion of both B cells and DCs was sufficient to abrogate the proliferation of naive but not of memory CD8 T cells. These results suggest that depending on the T-cell lineages, as well as the differentiation status, different mechanisms control endogenous proliferation, revealing in vivo complexity of T-cell proliferation under lymphopenic conditions.
Phonemic representations in morphological segmentation of written English words
Authors: Widmann Cintia S. , Morris Robin K.
Published: November 2009

We addressed the issue of the kinds of representations involved in morphological segmentation during visual word recognition. Specifically, we asked whether morphological segmentation operates on phonemic representations. The results of two masked priming experiments indicated that words with appearance of morphological complex structure (ponder) primed their apparent embedded roots (POND) as much as actual morphologically complex words (dreamer) primed their actual embedded roots (DREAM). However, the effect was significantly reduced in naming and it became inhibitory in lexical decision for primes (caper) whose phonemic representations did not completely overlap with those of their potential roots (CAP) but whose orthographic representations did. This suggests that morphological segmentation is not restricted to orthographic representations, but that it also engages phonemic representations.