bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unraveling genomic diversity and positive selection signatures of Qaidam cattle through whole‐genome re‐sequencing
Authors: Wei Xudong , Li Shuang , Yan Huixuan , Chen Shengmei , Li Ruizhe , Zhang Weizhong , Chao Shengyu , Guo Weixing , Li Wenhao , Ahmed Zulfiqar , Lei Chuzhao , Ma Zhijie
Published: March 2024

Qaidam cattle are a typical Chinese native breed inhabiting northwest China. They bear the characteristics of high cold and roughage tolerance, low‐oxygen adaptability and good meat quality. To analyze the genetic diversity of Qaidam cattle, 60 samples were sequenced using whole‐genome resequencing technology, along with 192 published sets of whole‐genome sequencing data of Indian indicine cattle, Chinese indicine cattle, North Chinese cattle breeds, East Asian taurine cattle, Eurasian taurine cattle and European taurine cattle as controls. It was found that Qaidam cattle have rich genetic diversity in Bos taurus, but the degree of inbreeding is also high, which needs further protection. The phylogenetic analysis, principal component analysis and ancestral component analysis showed that Qaidam cattle mainly originated from East Asian taurine cattle. Qaidam cattle had a closer genetic relationship with the North Chinese cattle breeds and the least differentiation from Mongolian cattle. Annotating the selection signals obtained by composite likelihood ratio, nucleotide diversity analysis, integrated haplotype score, genetic differentiation index, genetic diversity ratio and cross‐population extended haplotype homozygosity methods, several genes associated with immunity, reproduction, meat, milk, growth and adaptation showed strong selection signals. In general, this study provides genetic evidence for understanding the germplasm characteristics of Qaidam cattle. At the same time, it lays a foundation for the scientific and reasonable protection and utilization of genetic resources of Chinese local cattle breeds, which has great theoretical and practical significance.
The risk of delirium after sedation with propofol or midazolam in intensive care unit patients
Authors: van Gelder Thomas G. , van Diem‐Zaal Irene J. , Dijkstra‐Kersten Sandra M. A. , de Mul Nikki , Lalmohamed Arief , Slooter Arjen J. C.
Published: March 2024

Aim

Knowledge of risk factors may provide strategies to reduce the high burden of delirium in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. We aimed to compare the risk of delirium after deep sedation with propofol versus midazolam in ICU patients.

Methods

In this prospective cohort study, ICU patients who were in an unarousable state for ≥24 h due to continuous sedation with propofol and/or midazolam were included. Patients admitted ≤24 h, those with an acute neurological disorder and those receiving palliative sedation were excluded. ICU patients were assessed daily for delirium during the 7 days following an unarousable state due to continuous sedation.

Results

Among 950 included patients, 605 (64%) subjects were delirious during the 7 days after awaking. The proportion of subsequent delirium was higher after midazolam sedation (152/207 [73%] patients) and after both propofol and midazolam sedation (257/377 [68%] patients), compared to propofol sedation only (196/366 [54%] patients). Midazolam sedation (adjusted cause‐specific hazard ratio [adj. cause‐specific HR] 1.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05‐1.66) and propofol and midazolam sedation (adj. cause‐specific HR 1.29, 95% CI 1.06‐1.56) were associated with a higher risk of subsequent delirium compared to propofol sedation only.

Conclusion

This study among sedated ICU patients suggests that, compared to propofol sedation, midazolam sedation is associated with a higher risk of subsequent delirium. This risk seems more apparent in patients with high cumulative midazolam intravenous doses. Our findings underpin the recommendations of the Society of Critical Care Medicine Pain, Agitation/sedation, Delirium, Immobility (rehabilitation/mobilization), and Sleep (disruption) guidelines to use propofol over benzodiazepines for sedation in ICU patients.
MFN2 suppresses the accumulation of lipid droplets and the progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Cai Zhiduan , Luo Wenjun , Wang Haoran , Zhu Rui , Yuan Yaoji , Zhan Xiangyu , Xie Mengyuan , Zhuang Haoquan , Chen Haoyu , Xu Yuyu , Li Xiezhao , Liu Leyuan , Xu Guibin
Published: March 2024

Dissolving the lipid droplets in tissue section with alcohol during a hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain causes the tumor cells to appear like clear soap bubbles under a microscope, which is a key pathological feature of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Mitochondrial dynamics have been reported to be closely associated with lipid metabolism and tumor development. However, the relationship between mitochondrial dynamics and lipid metabolism reprogramming in ccRCC remains to be further explored. We conducted bioinformatics analysis to identify key genes regulating mitochondrial dynamics differentially expressed between tumor and normal tissues and immunohistochemistry and Western blot to confirm. After the target was identified, we created stable ccRCC cell lines to test the impact of the target gene on mitochondrial morphology, tumorigenesis in culture cells and xenograft models, and profiles of lipid metabolism. It was found that mitofusin 2 (MFN2) was downregulated in ccRCC tissues and associated with poor prognosis in patients with ccRCC. MFN2 suppressed mitochondrial fragmentation, proliferation, migration, and invasion of ccRCC cells and growth of xenograft tumors. Furthermore, MFN2 impacted lipid metabolism and reduced the accumulation of lipid droplets in ccRCC cells. MFN2 suppressed disease progression and improved prognosis for patients with ccRCC possibly by interrupting cellular lipid metabolism and reducing accumulation of lipid droplets.
Primary cutaneous NUT carcinoma with BRD4::NUTM1 fusion
Authors: Shah Ahmed , Box Adrian , Brenn Thomas , Flaman Ashley
Published: March 2024

Nuclear protein in testis (NUT) carcinoma, molecularly defined by the NUTM1 gene rearrangement, is most commonly reported in young adults in the sinonasal tract, nasopharynx, or thorax. At these sites, NUT carcinoma is an extremely aggressive malignancy with dismal prognosis. Recently, five cases of primary cutaneous NUT adnexal carcinoma have been reported with BRD3 and NSD3 fusion partners. Although NUT adnexal carcinomas are shown to have metastatic potential, they may behave less aggressively than extracutaneous NUT carcinomas. We report a case of a 59‐year‐old man who underwent a biopsy of a 3‐cm plantar mass, which showed BRD4::NUTM1 fusion. The tumor was a poorly differentiated dermal neoplasm showing cytologic atypia, large vesicular nuclei with prominent nucleoli, conspicuous mitotic activity, and foci of necrosis. Immunohistochemically, the tumor showed positivity for keratins, EMA, SOX10, and NUT, with patchy smooth muscle actin. Molecular testing revealed BRD4::NUTM1 rearrangement. With no alternative primary identified by imaging, a diagnosis of primary cutaneous NUT carcinoma was favored. We hope to contribute to the limited body of knowledge on this entity, with emphasis on recognition as well as studying and defining its prognostic differences from extracutaneous NUT carcinomas.
Surfactin as an ingredient in cosmetic industry: Benefits and trends
Authors: Bueno‐Mancebo Jose , Barrena Raquel , Artola Adriana , Gea Teresa , Altmajer‐Vaz Deisi
Published: March 2024

Surfactin is a natural surfactant almost exclusively produced by Bacillus species with excellent physical‐chemical, and biological properties. Among innovative applications, surfactin has been recently used as an ingredient in formulations. The antibacterial and anti‐acne activities, as well as the anti‐wrinkle, moisturizing, and cleansing features, are some of the reasons this lipopeptide is used in cosmetics. Considering the importance of biosurfactants in the world economy and sustainability, their potential properties for cosmetic and dermatological products, and the importance of patents for technological advancement in a circular bioeconomy system, the present study aims to review all patents involving surfactin as an ingredient in cosmetic formulas. This review was conducted through Espacenet, wherein patents containing the terms “cosmetic” and “surfactin” in their titles, abstracts, or claims were examined. Those patents that detailed a specific surfactin dosage within their formulations were selected for analysis. All patents, irrespective of their publication date, from October 1989 to December 2022, were considered. Additionally, a comprehensive search was performed in the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases, spanning from their inception until the year 2023. This complementary search aimed to enrich the understanding derived from patents, with a specific emphasis on surfactin, encompassing its associated advantages, efficacy, mechanisms of action on the skin, as well as aspects related to sustainability and its merits in cosmetic formulations. From the 105 patents analysed, 75% belong to Japan (54), China (14), and Korea (9). Most of them were submitted by Asian companies such as Showa Denko (15), Kaneka (11) and Kao Corporation (5). The formulations described are mainly emulsions, skincare, cleansing, and haircare, and the surfactin dose does not exceed 5%. Surfactin appears in different types of formulas worldwide and has a high tendency to be used. Surfactin and other biosurfactants are a promising alternative to chemical ingredients in cosmetic formulations, guaranteeing skin health benefits and minimizing the impact on the environment.
Analysis of treatment‐related adverse events and wound complications of surgical resection after neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy for non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Li Yihang , Hu Xiaodong , Zhang Ruhu , Wu Nan , Xia Qingqing , Gu Peijie
Published: March 2024

Neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy is becoming an increasingly important part of the management of lung cancer to facilitate surgical resection. This study aimed to summarize the treatment‐related adverse events (TRAEs) and wound complications of neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Eligible studies of neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy for NSCLC were identified from PubMed, Embase and Web of Science. The endpoints mainly included TRAEs and wound complications. Stata18 software was used for statistical analysis with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Twenty studies including a total of 1072 patients were eligible for this study. Among the patients who received neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy, the pooled prevalence of any grade TRAEs was 77% (95% confidence interval [CI] [0.64–0.86]), grade 1–2 TRAEs was 77% (95% CI [0.58–0.89]) and grade ≥3 TRAEs was 26% (95% CI [0.16–0.38]). Surgery‐related complications rate was 22% (95% CI [0.14–0.33]). Among the wound complications, the pooled rate of air leakage was 10% (95% CI [0.04–0.23]), pulmonary/wound infection was 8% (95% CI [0.05–0.13]), bronchopleural fistula was 8% (95% CI [0.02–0.27]), bronchopulmonary haemorrhage was 3% (95% CI [0.01–0.05]), pneumonia was 5% (95% CI [0.02–0.10]), pulmonary embolism was 1% (95% CI [0.01–0.03]), pleural effusion was 7% (95% CI [0.03–0.14]) and chylothorax was 4% (95% CI [0.02–0.09]). Overall, neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy in NSCLC results a high incidence of grade 1–2 TRAEs but a low risk of increasing the incidence of ≥3 grade TRAEs and wound complications. These results need to be confirmed by more large‐scale prospective randomized controlled trials and studies.
Effect of inert glass on the physical and mechanical properties of zirconia dental ceramics fabricated by digital light processing
Authors: Zhang Faqiang , Zhang Kesheng , Zuo Yangbo , Jin Xia , Yang Jingzhou
Published: March 2024

Zirconia dental ceramics incorporated with inert dental glass (IDG) were fabricated by digital light processing (DLP). The effects of the amount of added IDG on the physical properties and microstructure of sintered samples were investigated. Highly dense zirconia dental ceramic samples with a relative density of 98.9% were obtained by adding different amounts of IDG sintered at 1500°C. With the addition of 1 wt% IDG, the Vickers hardness, fracture toughness, and wear resistance increased to 13.03 GPa, 6.33 MPa m1/2, and 0.03 mg/(mm2 min), respectively. However, with the incremental addition of IDG at 3 and 5 wt%, a slight reduction in Vickers hardness, fracture toughness, and wear resistance was observed. The values recorded were 12.68 GPa, 5.90 MPa m1/2, and 0.05 mg/(mm2 min) for the former, and 11.86 GPa, 5.48 MPa m1/2, and 0.06 mg/(mm2 min) for the latter. Scanning electron microscopy observation suggested that 1 wt% IDG incorporated into zirconia dental ceramic samples resulted in an optimal microstructure, with IDG existing at triple junctions of zirconia grains to form a discrete secondary phase. The broken surface revealed transgranular fracture features. This investigation indicates that adding a proper amount of IDG is an effective method to enhance the properties of DLP‐fabricated zirconia dental ceramics.
Expression of immuno‐transcriptome response in red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) hindgut following vaccination with feed‐based bivalent vaccine
Authors: Ali Nur Shidaa Mohd , Ngalimat Mohamad Syazwan , Saad Mohd Zamri , Azmai Mohammad Noor Amal , Salleh Annas , Zulperi Zarirah , Md Yasin Ina Salwany
Published: March 2024

Streptococcosis and aeromoniasis are the main obstacles to sustainable tilapia production. Vaccination offered an effective method to control microbial infections. Previously, a feed‐based bivalent vaccine (FBBV) containing killed whole organisms of Streptococcus agalactiae and Aeromonas hydrophila mixed with 10% palm oil was successfully developed, which provided good protection against streptococcosis and aeromoniasis in Oreochromis sp. However, the mechanisms of immunities in vaccinated fish still need clarification. Here, the hindgut transcriptome of vaccinated and control fish was determined, as the gut displays higher affinity towards antigen uptake and nutrient absorption. The efficacy of FBBV to improve fish immunity was evaluated according to the expression of immune‐related genes in the vaccinated fish hindgut throughout the 8‐week experimental period using RT‐qPCR. The vaccinated fish hindgut at week 6 was further subjected to transcriptomic analysis due to the high expression of immune‐related genes and contained killed whole organisms. Results demonstrated the expression of immune‐related genes was in correlation with the presence of killed whole organisms in the vaccinated fish hindgut. Transcriptomic analysis has allowed the prediction of robust immune‐related pathways, including innate and adaptive immunological responses in vaccinated fish hindgut than control fish. Pathways related to the regulation of lipid metabolism and modulation of the immune system were also significantly enriched (p ≤ .05). Overall, results offer a fundamental study on understanding the immunological response in Oreochromis sp. following vaccination with the FBBV pellet and support further application to prevent bacterial diseases in aquaculture.
Regulation of astrocyte metabolism by mitochondrial translocator protein 18 kDa
Authors: Firth Wyn , Robb Josephine L. , Stewart Daisy , Pye Katherine R. , Bamford Rosemary , Oguro‐Ando Asami , Beall Craig , Ellacott Kate L. J.
Published: March 2024

The mitochondrial translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) has been linked to functions from steroidogenesis to regulation of cellular metabolism and is an attractive therapeutic target for chronic CNS inflammation. Studies in Leydig cells and microglia indicate that TSPO function may vary between cells depending on their specialized roles. Astrocytes are critical for providing trophic and metabolic support in the brain. Recent work has highlighted that TSPO expression increases in astrocytes under inflamed conditions and may drive astrocyte reactivity. Relatively little is known about the role TSPO plays in regulating astrocyte metabolism and whether this protein is involved in immunometabolic processes in these cells. Using TSPO‐deficient (TSPO−/−) mouse primary astrocytes in vitro (MPAs) and a human astrocytoma cell line (U373 cells), we performed extracellular metabolic flux analyses. We found that TSPO deficiency reduced basal cellular respiration and attenuated the bioenergetic response to glucopenia. Fatty acid oxidation was increased, and lactate production was reduced in TSPO−/− MPAs and U373 cells. Co‐immunoprecipitation studies revealed that TSPO forms a complex with carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a in U373 and MPAs, presenting a mechanism wherein TSPO may regulate FAO in these cells. Compared to TSPO+/+ cells, in TSPO−/− MPAs we observed attenuated tumor necrosis factor release following 3 h lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, which was enhanced at 24 h post‐LPS stimulation. Together these data suggest that while TSPO acts as a regulator of metabolic flexibility, TSPO deficiency does not appear to modulate the metabolic response of MPAs to inflammation, at least in response to the model used in this study.

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Witnessed trauma exposure induces fear in mice through a reduction in endogenous neurosteroid synthesis
Authors: Evans‐Strong Aidan , Walton Najah , Blandino Katrina , Roper Abigail T. C. , Donaldson S. Tiffany , Lewis Mike , Maguire Jamie
Published: March 2024

Neurosteroids have been implicated in the pathophysiology of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Allopregnanolone is reduced in subsets of individuals with PTSD and has been explored as a novel treatment strategy. Both direct trauma exposure and witnessed trauma are risk factors for PTSD; however, the role of neurosteroids in the behavioral outcomes of these unique experiences has not been explored. Here, we investigate whether observational fear is associated with a reduced capacity for endogenous neurosteroidogenesis and the relationship with behavioral outcomes. We demonstrated that mice directly subjected to a threat (foot shocks) and those witnessing the threat have decreased plasma levels of allopregnanolone. The expression of a key enzyme involved in endogenous neurosteroid synthesis, 5α‐reductase type 2, is decreased in the basolateral amygdala, which is a major emotional processing hub implicated in PTSD. We demonstrated that genetic knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of 5α‐reductase type 2 exaggerates the behavioral expression of fear in response to witnessed trauma, whereas oral treatment with an exogenous, synthetic neuroactive steroid gamma‐aminobutyric acid‐A receptor positive allosteric modulator with molecular pharmacology similar to allopregnanolone (SGE‐516 [tool compound]) decreased the behavioral response to observational fear. These data implicate impaired endogenous neurosteroidogenesis in the pathophysiology of threat exposure, both direct and witnessed. Further, these data suggest that treatment with exogenous 5α‐reduced neurosteroids or targeting endogenous neurosteroidogenesis may be beneficial for the treatment of individuals with PTSD, whether resulting from direct or witnessed trauma.
Interprofessional teams with and without nurse practitioners and the level of adherence to best practice guidelines in cardiac surgery: A retrospective study
Authors: Audet Li‐Anne , Lavoie‐Tremblay Mélanie , Tchouaket Éric , Kilpatrick Kelley
Published: March 2024

Aim

To examine the level of adherence to best‐practice guidelines of interprofessional teams with acute care nurse practitioners (ACNPs) compared to interprofessional teams without ACNPs.

Design

A retrospective observational study was conducted in 2023.

Method

A retrospective cohort was created including 280 patients who underwent a coronary artery bypass graft and/or a valve repair and hospitalised in a cardiac surgery unit of a university affiliated hospital in Québec (Canada) between 1 January 2019 to 31 January 2020.

The level of adherence to best‐practice guidelines was measured from a composite score in percentage. The composite score was created from a newly developed tool including 99 items across six categories (patient information, pharmacotherapy, laboratory tests, post‐operative assessment, patient and interprofessional teams' characteristics). Multivariate linear and logistic regression models were computed to examine the effect of interprofessional teams with ACNPs on the level of adherence to best‐practice guidelines.

Results

Most of the patients of the cohort were male and underwent a coronary artery bypass graft procedure. Patients under the care of interprofessional teams with ACNP were 1.72 times more likely to reach a level of adherence higher than 80% compared to interprofessional teams without ACNPs and were 2.29 times more likely to be within the highest quartile of the scores for the level of adherence to best‐practice guidelines of the cohort.

Impact

This study provides empirical data supporting the benefits of ACNP practice for patients, interprofessional teams and healthcare organisations.

Relevance for Practice

Our findings identify the important contributions of interprofessional teams that include ACNPs using a validated instrument, as well as their contribution to the delivery of high quality patient care.

Reporting Method

This study followed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies guidelines.

Patient or Public Contribution

No patient or public contribution.
Effect of silk fibroin microparticles on cellular immunity and liver of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) with and without experimental skin injuries
Authors: Albaladejo‐Riad N. , Espinosa‐Ruiz C. , Esteban M. Ángeles
Published: March 2024

Silk fibroin (SF) microparticles were administered in the diet of gilthead seabream with or without experimental skin wounds to study the effects on cellular immunity and liver. A commercially available diet was enriched with varying amount of SF: 0, 50 and 100 mg kg−1 (representing the control, SF50 and SF100 diets respectively). The animals were fed for 30 days and half of them were sampled. Similar experimental wounds were then performed on the rest of fish, and they continued to be fed the same diet. At 7 days post‐wounding, samples were taken from the wounded fish. Cellular immunity was studied on head kidney leucocytes (phagocytosis, respiratory and peroxidase content) and liver status (histological study and gene expression) were studied. Our results showed that experimental wounds affect both cellular immunity (by decreasing leucocyte respiratory burst and peroxidase activity) and altered liver histology (by inducing vascularisation and congestion of blood vessels). In addition, it influences the expression of genes that serve as markers of oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis. The highest dose of SF (SF100) increased the phagocytic capacity of leucocytes the most, as well as the expression of genes related to blood vessel formation in the liver. Furthermore, increased expression of antioxidant genes (cat and gsr) and decreased expression of genes related to reticulum endoplasmic stress (grp94 and grp170) and apoptosis (nos and jnk) were detected in these fish fed with SF100 and wounded. In conclusion, fed fish with SF100 had many beneficial effects as cellular immunostimulant and hepatoprotection in wounded fish. Its use could be of great interest for stress management in farmed fish conditions.
Direct‐acting antivirals in women of reproductive age infected with hepatitis C virus
Authors: Dobrowolska Krystyna , Pawłowska Małgorzata , Zarębska‐Michaluk Dorota , Rzymski Piotr , Janczewska Ewa , Tudrujek‐Zdunek Magdalena , Berak Hanna , Mazur Włodzimierz , Klapaczyński Jakub , Lorenc Beata , Janocha‐Litwin Justyna , Parfieniuk‐Kowerda Anna , Dybowska Dorota , Piekarska Anna , Krygier Rafał , Dobracka Beata , Jaroszewicz Jerzy , Flisiak Robert
Published: March 2024

Eliminating hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in the population of women of reproductive age is important not only for the health of women themselves but also for the health of newborns. This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of this goal by analysing the effectiveness of contemporary therapy in a large cohort from everyday clinical practice along with identifying factors reducing therapeutic success. The analysed population consisted of 7861 patients, including 3388 women aged 15–49, treated in 2015–2022 in 26 hepatology centres. Data were collected retrospectively using a nationwide EpiTer‐2 database. Females were significantly less often infected with HCV genotype 3 compared to males (11.2% vs. 15.7%) and less frequently showed comorbidities (40.5% vs. 44.2%) and comedications (37.2% vs. 45.2%). Hepatocellular carcinoma, liver transplantation, HIV and HBV coinfections were reported significantly less frequently in women. Regardless of the treatment type, females significantly more often reached sustained virologic response (98.8%) compared to males (96.8%). Regardless of gender, genotype 3 and cirrhosis were independent factors increasing the risk of treatment failure. Women more commonly reported adverse events, but death occurred significantly more frequently in men (0.3% vs. 0.1%), usually related to underlying advanced liver disease. We have demonstrated excellent effectiveness and safety profiles for treating HCV infection in women. This gives hope for the micro‐elimination of HCV infections in women, translating into a reduced risk of severe disease in both women and their children.
Performance of HCV core antigen and PCR testing in a predominantly genotype 3 population
Authors: Naveed Ammara , Khalid Abdullah , Janjua Naveed , Cloherty Gavin A. , Akhter Saeed
Published: March 2024

Hepatitis C core antigen (HCVcAg) is becoming increasingly recognized as an alternative to molecular testing for the confirmation of chronic hepatitis C. However, there are limited data on the performance of this assay in a genotype 3 (GT3) predominant country like Pakistan. We conducted a study to evaluate the diagnostic performance of HCVcAg against the HCV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) molecular test. HCV antibody‐positive patients requiring confirmatory testing were recruited from August to October 2018 at the Pakistan Kidney and Liver Institute and Research Center (PKLI&RC), Lahore, Pakistan. Patients with previously known diagnoses or treatment histories were excluded. The Abbott HCV Ag assay was used for HCVcAg testing. Results ≥3.00 fmol/L were considered positive for HCVcAg. The Abbott RealTime HCV assay was used for PCR testing with a lower detection limit of ≥12 IU/mL. We computed the sensitivity, specificity and correlation of HCVcAg against HCV PCR. A total of 394 patients were recruited. The median age of the patients was 42 years. Most participants were females (51.5%, n = 203), 30.7% (n = 121) had HTN, 10.4% DM (n = 41) and 5% had APRI ≥2. The overall sensitivity was 98.0% and the specificity was 98.6%. The lowest detection limit of cAg was an HCV RNA value of 4657 IU/mL. The levels of cAg were highly correlated with those of HCV RNA by Spearman's rank correlation test (r = 0.935, p < .001). HCVcAg represents a suitable alternative with high sensitivity and specificity compared with HCV PCR in the GT3‐predominant population and can be incorporated into algorithms to improve linkage to care.
Prognosis in meningoencephalitis of unknown origin in dogs: Risk factors associated with survival, clinical relapse, and long‐term disability
Authors: Gonçalves Rita , De Decker Steven , Walmsley Gemma , Maddox Thomas W.
Published: March 2024

Background

Meningoencephalitis of unknown origin (MUO) comprises a group of noninfectious inflammatory diseases affecting the central nervous system of dogs. Previous studies have reported individual risk factors for survival but prognostication for MUO remains challenging.

Objectives

Identify clinical prognostic variables in dogs with MUO.

Animals

A retrospective study of 447 dogs presented to 2 UK referral hospitals and diagnosed with MUO.

Methods

Medical records of dogs diagnosed with MUO were retrospectively reviewed. Multivariable logistic regression was used for the identification of risk factors for survival and Cox proportional hazards analysis for the identification of risk factors for clinical relapse.

Results

Eighty‐two percent (366/447) of dogs with presumptive MUO survived to discharge and 63.5% (284/447) were alive at 6 months; 36% of the latter (103/284) had persistent neurological deficits. Breed (pugs; P = .03), epileptic seizures (P < .001), paresis (P < .001), and higher neurodisability scale (NDS) score (P < .001) at presentation were negatively associated with survival to 6 months. Dogs with persistent deficits had higher NDS scores on presentation (P = .001). Median follow‐up time was 11 months (interquartile range [IQR], 1‐24) and 50.6% (160/316) relapsed during treatment (median time to relapse, 7 months; IQR, 2‐15). Incomplete resolution of the clinical signs during the 6 months after diagnosis (P < .001), higher NDS score (P < .001), and longer duration of the clinical signs (P < .001) were associated with relapse.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Knowledge of risk factors associated with survival, incomplete recovery and clinical relapse in MUO can help guide monitoring and treatment and improve owner communications regarding prognosis for this debilitating disease.
The binding affinity‐dependent inhibition of cell growth and viability by DNA sulfur‐binding domains
Authors: Wang Yuli , Ge Fulin , Liu Jinling , Hu Wenyue , Liu Guang , Deng Zixin , He Xinyi
Published: March 2024

Increasing evidence suggests that DNA phosphorothioate (PT) modification serves several purposes in the bacterial host, and some restriction enzymes specifically target PT‐DNA. PT‐dependent restriction enzymes (PDREs) bind PT‐DNA through their DNA sulfur binding domain (SBD) with dissociation constants (KD) of 5 nM~1 μM. Here, we report that SprMcrA, a PDRE, failed to dissociate from PT‐DNA after cleavage due to high binding affinity, resulting in low DNA cleavage efficiency. Expression of SBDs in Escherichia coli cells with PT modification induced a drastic loss of cell viability at 25°C when both DNA strands of a PT site were bound, with one SBD on each DNA strand. However, at this temperature, SBD binding to only one PT DNA strand elicited a severe growth lag rather than lethality. This cell growth inhibition phenotype was alleviated by raising the growth temperature. An in vitro assay mimicking DNA replication and RNA transcription demonstrated that the bound SBD hindered the synthesis of new DNA and RNA when using PT‐DNA as the template. Our findings suggest that DNA modification‐targeting proteins might regulate cellular processes involved in DNA metabolism in addition to being components of restriction‐modification systems and epigenetic readers.
SreC‐dependent adaption to host iron environments regulates the transition of trophic stages and developmental processes of Curvularia lunata
Authors: Sun Jiaying , Zhao Jiamei , Liu Miaomiao , Li Jiayang , Cheng Jie , Li Wenling , Yuan Mingyue , Xiao Shuqin , Xue Chunsheng
Published: March 2024

Plant pathogens are challenged by host‐derived iron starvation or excess during infection, but the mechanism of plant pathogens rapidly adapting to the dynamic host iron environments to assimilate iron for invasion and colonization remains largely unexplored. Here, we found that the GATA transcription factor SreC in Curvularia lunata is required for virulence and adaption to the host iron excess environment. SreC directly binds to the ATGWGATAW element in an iron‐dependent manner to regulate the switch between different iron assimilation pathways, conferring adaption to host iron environments in different trophic stages of C. lunata. SreC also regulates the transition of trophic stages and developmental processes in C. lunata. SreC‐dependent adaption to host iron environments is essential to the infectious growth and survival of C. lunata. We also demonstrate that CgSreA (a SreC orthologue) plays a similar role in Colletotrichum graminicola. We conclude that Sre mediates adaption to the host iron environment during infection, and the function is conserved in hemibiotrophic fungi.
Histological analysis of bone grafts fixed with ethyl‐cyanoacrylate and fixed with titanium screw: An experimental study on rats
Authors: Chandretti Paula Carolina de Souza , Santos Rodrigo Falci , Júlio Isabelle Cristina Garcia , Rocha Ana Gabriela Carvalho , Medeiros Yuri de Lima , Gollner Ângela Maria , Assis Neuza Maria Souza Picorelli
Published: March 2024

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate, through qualitative and semi‐quantitative histological analysis, onlay autologous bone grafts fixed with ethyl‐cyanoacrylate adhesive and titanium screw, in order to verify whether the method of applying the adhesive would interfere with the graft incorporation.

Materials and Methods

Fourteen rats underwent bone graft surgery: seven grafts were fixed with ethyl‐cyanoacrylate (SB group, n = 7) and seven grafts were fixed with titanium screws (TS group, n = 7). After 30 days, the grafts were histologically analysed for vitality, adhesive presence, tissue reaction with formation of osteoid matrix, bone resorption presence, capillaries formation, inflammatory infiltrate, fibroblastic proliferation, presence of osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts. The data were submitted to non‐parametric tests, Mann–Whitney, Fisher's Test, Wilcoxon and McNemar and to statistical analysis (p < 0.05).

Results

No significant differences were found in the qualitative evaluations. While findings of more osteocytes (p = 0.035) in the TS group in greater inflammation (p = 0.030) and more osteoclasts (p = 0.048) in the SB. Despite the fact that the titanium screw has presented bone neoformation with welding points, there was no complete incorporation and the adhesive affected the bone repair in a way that not even neoformation points could be seen in 30 days.

Conclusion

The method of applying the adhesive did not show an advantage according to the histological aspects studied, as there was the formation of a dead space at the interface of the SB group and the adhesive acted as a barrier.
Coordination of pinna, petiole, and root anatomical traits in 24 tropical‐subtropical fern species
Authors: Huang Dong‐Liu , Xiang Wei , Liu Hui , Zhu Shi‐Dan
Published: March 2024

Ferns are primitive vascular plants with diverse morphologies and structures. Plant anatomical traits and their linkages can reflect adaptation to the environment; however, these remain are still poorly understood in ferns. The main objective of this study was to explore whether there was structural coordination among and within organs in fern species. We measured 16 hydraulically related anatomical traits of pinnae, petioles, and roots of 24 representative fern species from the tropical and subtropical forest understory and analyzed trait correlation networks. In addition, we examined phylogenetic signals for the anatomical traits and analyzed co‐evolutionary relationships. These results indicated that stomatal density and all petiole anatomical traits exhibited significant phylogenetic signals. Evolutionary correlations were observed between the tracheid diameter and wall thickness of the petiole and between the water transport capacity of the petiole and stomatal density. Conversely, anatomical traits of roots (e.g., root diameter) showed no phylogenetic signals and were not significantly correlated with those of the pinnae and petioles, indicating a lack of structural coordination between the below‐ and above‐ground organs. Unlike angiosperms, vein density is unrelated to stomatal density or pinna thickness in ferns. As root diameter decreased, the cortex‐to‐stele diameter ratio decreased significantly (enhanced water absorption) in angiosperms but remained unchanged in ferns. These differences lead to different responses of ferns to climate change and improve our knowledge of the water adaptation strategies of ferns.
Poverty convergence clubs
Authors: Marrero Ángel S. , Marrero Gustavo A. , Servén Luis
Published: March 2024

Global eradication of extreme poverty requires absolute convergence of poverty rates worldwide towards zero. Empirical analysis of poverty data for 100 emerging and developing countries over four decades reveals that such a goal is likely to remain elusive. Rather than absolute convergence, we find club convergence: countries' long‐run poverty rates cluster into several distinct clubs, whose number depends on the specific poverty dimension considered. Only the lowest‐poverty club exhibits poverty rates approaching zero by the end of the sample. In contrast, the highest‐poverty club, which accounts for nearly half the world's poor, evokes a poverty trap: its average poverty barely budged over the entire period examined. Overall, income—its initial level and, especially, its growth rate—matters more than inequality for shaping countries' club membership, particularly for the highest‐poverty club. Nevertheless, inequality plays a substantive role for membership in the intermediate‐poverty clubs, which achieved the greatest poverty reduction.
Bone pattern changes in post liver transplant patients using bisphosphonates
Authors: Bueno Marcus Vinícius , Munhoz Luciana , Ortega Karem L. , Peres Maria Paula Siqueira de Melo , Franco Juliana Bertoldi
Published: March 2024

Objective

To identify radiographic findings suggestive of drug‐induced osteonecrosis and evaluate radiomorphometric patterns indicative of changes in bone mineral density in individuals transplanted for liver disorders using bisphosphonates.

Study Design

The study group included panoramic x‐rays of liver transplant patients who are being monitored and who present a clinical status of osteoporosis and use bisphosphonates. The control group was made up of liver transplant patients who did not have osteoporosis. On panoramic radiographs, mental index (MI) and mandibular cortical index (MCI) and the presence of radiographic anomalies suggestive of osteonecrosis were evaluated.

Results

There were significant statistical results when comparing the groups in relation to the decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) with MCI‐C3 (p = 0.036), however, there were none in relation to MI (p = 0.14). There were no valid statistical results when relating MCI (p = 0.94) and MI (p = 0.66) with reduced BMD and use of bisphosphonates.

Conclusion

Liver transplant individuals using bisphosphonates present greater radiographic signs of bone sclerosis suggestive of a greater propensity to develop osteonecrosis of the jaw and an increased risk of presenting changes suggestive of reduced bone mineral density on panoramic radiographs when compared to liver transplant individuals not using bisphosphonates.
Influence of a 7‐day Transalpine Trail Run on cardiac biomarkers and myocardial function
Authors: Esefeld Katrin , Geisberger Marisa , Dinges Sophia Marie‐Theres , Hambrecht Johanna , Stegmüller Felix , Rasper Michael , Nadjiri Jonathan , Roeschenthaler Franz , Holdenrieder Stefan , Scharhag Jürgen , Halle Martin
Published: March 2024

Intense physical exercise is known to increase cardiac biomarkers; however, it is unclear, whether this phenomenon is physiological, or if it indicates myocardial tissue injury. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of seven consecutive days of excessive endurance exercise on continuous assessment of cardiac biomarkers, function, and tissue injury. During a 7‐day trail‐running competition (Transalpine Run, distance 267.4 km, altitude ascent/descent 15556/14450 m), daily blood samples were obtained for cardiac biomarkers (hs‐TnT, NT‐proBNP, and suppression of tumorigenicity‐2 protein (ST2)) at baseline, after each stage and 24–48 h post‐race. In addition, echocardiography was performed every second day, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) before (n = 7) and after (n = 16) the race. Twelve (eight males) out of 17 healthy athletes finished all seven stages (average total finish time: 43 ± 8 h). Only NT‐proBNP increased significantly (3.6‐fold, p = 0.009) during the first stage and continued to increase during the race. Hs‐TnT revealed an incremental trend during the first day (2.7‐fold increase, p = 0.098) and remained within the pathological range throughout the race. ST2 levels did not change during the race. All cardiac biomarkers completely returned to physiological levels post‐race. NT‐proBNP kinetics correlated significantly with mild transient reductions in right ventricular function (assessed by TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic function; r = −0.716; p = 0.014). No significant echocardiographic changes in LV dimensions, LV function, or relevant alterations in CMR were observed post‐race. In summary, this study shows that prolonged, repetitive, high‐volume exercise induced a transient, significant increase in NT‐proBNP associated with right ventricular dysfunction without corresponding left ventricular functional or structural impairment.
Penetration rates into the stratum corneum layer: A novel quantitative indicator for assessing skin barrier function
Authors: Yoo Suji , Kim Jongwook , Jeong Eui Taek , Hwang Seung Jin , Kang Nae‐Gyu , Lee Jinyong
Published: March 2024

Background

The stratum corneum (SC), the outermost layer of the skin epidermis, acts as an effective bi‐directional barrier, preventing water loss (inside–outside barrier) and entry of foreign substances (outside–inside barrier). Although transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is a widely‐used measure of barrier function, it represents only inside‐outside protection. Therefore, we aimed to establish a non‐invasive method for quantitative evaluation of the outside–inside barrier function and visually present a skin barrier model.

Materials and methods

Skin barrier damage was induced by applying a closed patch of 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate to the forearms of eight participants; they were instructed to apply a barrier cream on a designated damaged area twice daily for 5 days. The SC barrier was evaluated by measuring TEWL and fluorescein sodium salt penetration rate before, immediately after, and 5 days after damage. The penetration rate was assessed using tape‐stripping (TS) technique and fluorescence microscopy.

Results

The rates of fluorescein sodium salt penetration into the lower layers of SC differed significantly based on the degree of skin barrier damage. The correlation between penetration rate and TEWL was weak after two rounds of TS and became stronger after subsequent rounds. Five days after skin barrier damage, the penetration rate of all layers differed significantly between areas with and without the barrier cream application.

Conclusion

Our findings demonstrated that the penetration rate was dependent on skin barrier conditions. The penetration rate and corresponding fluorescence images are suitable quantitative indicators that can visually represent skin barrier conditions.
The Dynamics of Inequality and Mobility: A Panel Data Analysis of the Spanish Income Tax
Authors: Martín‐Legendre Juan Ignacio , Castellanos‐García Pablo , Sánchez‐Santos José Manuel
Published: March 2024

Objective

This article aims to analyze the evolution of income inequality and mobility in Spain during the period 1999–2011 by exploiting data from personal income tax returns.

Methods

To assess the evolution of inequality over the period analyzed, we have used some of the many metrics developed for this purpose, each of which offers a different approach depending on the segment of the income distribution they focus on (Gini coefficient, income shares, generalized entropy index, and the Atkinson class of measures).

Results

Our results suggest that, after a period of slightly declining income inequality, Spain experienced a rise in inequality in the years immediately preceding the Great Recession, before falling back to precrisis levels. With regard to income mobility, during this period, it was more common for individuals in the middle of the distribution to experience changes, while those at the top and bottom maintained a more stable position.

Conclusions

The economic boom of the late 1990s and early 2000s, as well as the Great Recession, had a significant impact on income inequality and mobility.
On greenhouse and icehouse climate regimes over the Phanerozoic
Authors: Vérard Christian
Published: March 2024

Throughout the Phanerozoic and more, the Earth has experienced cold and hot periods, which are typically associated with long‐lasting (hundreds of million years, Ma) greenhouse and icehouse climate regimes. Now, most published sea‐level curves report two main maxima in the Cretaceous and Ordovician superimposed on a multitude of short‐term fluctuations. The big humps are shown to be predominantly the results of the plate tectonic configuration, not icehouse and greenhouse regimes, suggesting that the small oscillations are related to continental ice variations. From this point of view, it can be inferred that polar ice caps are present almost all the time, and climate regime changes appear much more frequent and shorter than usually considered and are not well‐documented from glaciogenic deposits. Relying on short‐term oscillations, the volume of continental ice can be retrieved over the Phanerozoic.
Global status of chiropractic education research: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Johnson Claire D. , Green Bart N. , Arar Ilija , Holzinger Weston , Kolberg Carolina , Naidoo Sharné , Snow Gregory J. , Wong Yi Kai
Published: March 2024

Objective:

The objective of this scoping review is to map the volume and nature (topics, study designs, regions) of chiropractic education research relating to chiropractic learners and programs worldwide.

Introduction:

Education of the health workforce is critical to reach population health goals. Chiropractic educational programs are expanding globally; however, the state of chiropractic education research is not known. A better understanding of the volume and nature of chiropractic education research will inform education research priorities and development of chiropractic programs, and assist with preparing a stronger chiropractic workforce to address world health goals.

Inclusion criteria:

This scoping review will consider articles that study students, faculty, administration, staff, graduates, and programs in any chiropractic education setting, including graduate, clinical, postgraduate, and specialty training, in any country. Articles on non-educational topics or clinical research will be excluded.

Methods:

This review will follow the JBI scoping review methodology and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). The databases to be searched include PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, Index to Chiropractic Literature, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, and Educational Resources Information Center, from their inception. All languages will be considered. Two reviewers will independently screen records using predefined eligibility criteria and extract data using tables. Data extracted from eligible articles will include study design, participants, region, and topics. The results will be presented in a narrative summary, with data presented in tabular and diagrammatic formats.

Review registration:

Open Science Framework https://osf.io/9b3ap