bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiscale models of habitat use by mule deer in winter
Authors: Coe Priscilla K. , Clark Darren A. , Nielson Ryan M. , Gregory Sara C. , Cupples Jacqueline B. , Hedrick Mary Jo , Johnson Bruce K. , Jackson Dewaine H.
Published: May 2018

Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) populations have experienced widespread declines in much of western North America and alteration or loss of habitat could be contributing to these declines. Consequently, understanding habitat features that are important to mule deer is necessary for effective management of the species and their habitat. From 2005–2012 we radio‐marked 452 mule deer with global positioning system collars across 9 distinct winter ranges to evaluate winter habitat use along the east slope of the Cascade Range in south‐central Oregon, USA. Using data from 357 mule deer across 9 analysis areas, we developed regional habitat use models for mule deer on winter range at 3 spatio‐temporal scales: herd range based on 100% minimum convex polygons around deer locations, home range based on 90% kernel density estimates of deer locations, and foraging range based on locations obtained within 2 hours of sunrise or sunset within the boundaries of the home range scale. We assessed habitat use of mule deer using a generalized linear model with a negative‐binomial link function. We validated our models with locations from an independent dataset of 95 deer that wintered within 8 of our analysis areas. Model validation indicated that regional models for all spatio‐temporal scales predicted probability of use moderately to very well. At all spatio‐temporal scales, predicted use by mule deer was greater in areas with forest canopy cover. These findings call into question large‐scale removal of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) in Oregon and other portions of western United States to enhance habitat for sagebrush‐dependent wildlife species. Across all spatio‐temporal scales, we documented increased probability of use of areas farther from roads open to motorized vehicle use by mule deer, highlighting the importance of limiting motorized vehicle use and access on mule deer winter range. We also documented increased use of areas with lower snow depth and on moderate slopes by mule deer. Our models can be used in land management planning to spatially predict mule deer distribution and probability of use under alternative management scenarios that affect forest canopy cover or motorized vehicle use on roads while accounting for other physical features of the landscape. Additionally, our models can be used to develop juniper removal projects to mitigate effects on mule deer winter range habitat while benefiting other wildlife. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Appropriateness criteria predict outcomes for sinus surgery and may aid in future patient selection
Authors: Beswick Daniel M. , Mace Jess C. , Soler Zachary M. , Ayoub Noel F. , Rudmik Luke , DeConde Adam S. , Smith Timothy L.
Published: May 2018

Objectives

Appropriateness criteria to determine surgical candidacy for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) have recently been described. This study stratified patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) according to these new appropriateness criteria and evaluated postoperative improvements among appropriateness categories.

Methods

Adult patients with uncomplicated CRS electing ESS were prospectively enrolled in a multi‐institutional cohort study between March 2011 and June 2015 to assess outcomes. Subsequently, appropriateness criteria that consider preoperative medical therapy, 22‐item SinoNasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22) scores, and Lund‐Mackay computed tomography scores were retrospectively applied.

Results

A total of 92.6% (436 of 471) were categorized as “appropriate” ESS candidates, 3.8% (18 of 471) as “uncertain,” and 3.6% (17 of 471) as “inappropriate.” Among uncertain patients, two‐thirds (12 of 18) had identifiable reasons for undergoing ESS, most commonly oral corticosteroid intolerance (n = 6). Postoperative follow‐up was available for 79% (n = 372). Clinically significant SNOT‐22 improvements occurred in both appropriate and uncertain groups (all P < 0.050) but not among the inappropriate group. The inappropriate group reported less mean improvement in SNOT‐22 total score compared to appropriate (P = 0.008) and uncertain (P = 0.006) groups.

Conclusion

The vast majority of patients (∼93%) who underwent ESS in a multi‐institutional research program were identified as appropriate candidates for surgical intervention, as defined by current appropriateness criteria. Valid considerations frequently exist for offering ESS to patients categorized as uncertain. Appropriate and uncertain candidates report similar, clinically significant SNOT‐22 improvements following surgery. Patients classified as inappropriate reported significantly less improvement following ESS. Surgical appropriateness criteria may assist in predicting outcomes of ESS.

Level of Evidence

2b. Laryngoscope, 2448–2454, 2018
Safety of preoperative ibuprofen in pediatric tonsillectomy
Authors: Michael Alexander , Buchinsky Farrel J. , Isaacson Glenn
Published: May 2018

Objective

Oral ibuprofen is believed to be safe and effective after pediatric adenotonsillectomy. There has been little study of its use as a preoperative analgesic. We attempt to document its safety in this setting.

Study Design

Individual case control study.

Methods

Children who underwent tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy from January 2013 to December 2015 did not receive preoperative ibuprofen. Those who underwent tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy from January 2016 to December 2017 received oral ibuprofen 7 mg/kg preoperatively. Pre‐ and postoperative records were reviewed. Intraoperative bleeding > 50 mL or early postoperative bleeding requiring surgical control were outcome measures. Delayed bleeding events were also recorded.

Results

A total of 217 children met inclusion criteria. Of those, 112 patients did not receive preoperative ibuprofen, and 105 patients did receive preoperative ibuprofen. Mean age was 8.7 years (range: 1–18) in the control/non‐ibuprofen cohort and 8.3 years (range: 1–18) in the ibuprofen cohort. No child experienced significant intraoperative or early postoperative bleeding in the non‐ibuprofen (95% confidence interval [CI] 0–0.027) or in the ibuprofen cohort (95% CI 0– 0.029). Delayed bleeding rates were similar in both groups.

Conclusion

In this series, children treated with preoperative ibuprofen did not experience increased bleeding during or soon after tonsillectomy compared to controls. Pain control was not studied in these patients. These favorable safety data argue for a future prospective randomized study of preoperative ibuprofen's effectiveness in reducing pain and opioid requirement after pediatric tonsillectomy.

Level of Evidence

3b. Laryngoscope, 128:2415–2418, 2018
A prospective study for treatment of nasal valve collapse due to lateral wall insufficiency: Outcomes using a bioabsorbable implant
Authors: Stolovitzky Pablo , Sidle Douglas M. , Ow Randall A. , Nachlas Nathan E. , Most Sam P.
Published: May 2018

Objective

To examine 6‐month outcomes for treatment of lateral nasal wall insufficiency with a bioabsorbable implant.

Study Design

Prospective, multicenter, nonrandomized, single‐blinded study.

Methods

One hundred and one patients with severe‐to‐extreme class of Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scores were enrolled at 14 U.S. clinics (September 2016–March 2017). Patients were treated with a bioabsorbable implant designed to support lateral wall, with or without concurrent septoplasty and/or turbinate reduction procedure(s). NOSE scores and visual analog scale (VAS) were measured at baseline and month 1, 3, and 6 postoperatively. The Lateral Wall Insufficiency (LWI) score was determined by independent physicians observing the lateral wall motion video.

Results

Forty‐three patients were treated with implant alone, whereas 58 had adjunctive procedures. Seventeen patients reported 19 adverse events, all of which resolved with no clinical sequelae. Patients showed significant reduction in NOSE scores at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively (79.5 ± 13.5 preoperatively, 34.6 ± 25.0 at 1 month, 32.0 ± 28.4 at 3 months, and 30.6 ± 25.8 at 6 months postoperatively; P < 0.01 for all). They also showed significant reduction in VAS scores postoperatively (71.9 ± 18.8 preoperatively, 32.7 ± 27.1 at 1 month, 30.1 ± 28.3 at 3 months, and 30.7 ± 29.6 at 6 months postoperatively; P < 0.01 for all). These results were similar in patients treated with the implant alone compared to those treated with the implant and adjunctive procedures. Consistent with patient‐reported outcomes, postoperative LWI scores were demonstrably lower (1.83 ± 0.10 and 1.30 ± 0.11 pre‐ and postoperatively; P < 0.01).

Conclusion

Stabilization of the lateral nasal wall with a bioabsorbable implant improves patients' nasal obstructive symptoms over 6 months.

Level of Evidence

2b. Laryngoscope, 2483–2489, 2018
Vitamin D intake and survival and recurrence in head and neck cancer patients
Authors: Yokosawa Eva B. , Arthur Anna E. , Rentschler Katie M. , Wolf Gregory T. , Rozek Laura S. , Mondul Alison M.
Published: May 2018

Objectives/Hypothesis

With an unacceptably low 5‐year survival rate and few identified modifiable factors that affect head and neck cancer (HNC) outcomes, HNC survival remains an important public health problem. Vitamin D has been shown to be associated with immune reactivity and improved outcomes for some cancer sites, but findings are mixed, and few studies have examined vitamin D in relation to HNC. This study aimed to assess the association between vitamin D intake and survival outcomes in HNC patients.

Study Design

Prospective cohort study.

Methods

This study utilized data on 434 HNC patients with valid pretreatment food frequency questionnaire data who participated in the University of Michigan Head and Neck Specialized Program of Research Excellence epidemiology project. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the associations between total, dietary, and supplemental vitamin D intake and HNC outcomes, while adjusting for other known prognostic factors.

Results

After multivariable adjustment, we found a statistically significant inverse trend between total vitamin D intake and recurrence (Q4 vs. Q1 hazard ratio: 0.47, 95% confidence interval: 0.20‐1.10, P trend = .048). We observed no association with dietary or supplemental intake separately, and no association was observed with all‐cause or HNC‐specific mortality.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that HNC patients with lower levels of vitamin D intake are at higher risk of recurrence. If borne out in future studies, our results suggest that increased vitamin D intake through dietary intervention or the use of supplements may be a feasible intervention for prevention of recurrence in HNC patients.

Level of Evidence

2b. Laryngoscope, E371–E376, 2018
Outcomes after cricotracheal resection for idiopathic subglottic stenosis
Authors: Carpenter Patrick S. , Pierce Jenny L. , Smith Marshall E.
Published: May 2018

Objectives

Idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS) is a rare disease in which patients develop airway narrowing and dyspnea from relapsing subglottic and tracheal granulation and scar tissue that narrows the airway. Definitive management has involved surgical resection and reconstruction of the subglottis and trachea. However, treatment options remain highly variable at different institutions. Here, we present our outcomes and experience after cricotracheal resection (CTR) for iSGS at a high‐volume tertiary care center.

Methods

A review of one surgeon's experience with a population of iSGS patients who underwent CTR between the years 1999 and 2017. The diagnosis of iSGS was one of exclusion and was based on history and microlaryngoscopy and bronchoscopy exams. Recurrence of subglottic stenosis was evaluated using Kaplan–Meier survival estimate analysis.

Results

Sixty‐one patients met criteria for iSGS and underwent CTR. Our population was 97% female and had an average of 4.3 balloon dilations prior to CTR. Mean follow‐up time after CTR was 7.14 years. Eight (13%) patients developed recurrence of subglottic stenosis after CTR. Mean and median time to recurrence after CTR was 12.5 years and 14.1 years, respectively.

Conclusion

Cricotracheal resection is associated with a small, long‐term recurrence rate of stenosis. It remains an important option for individuals with refractory iSGS. It may be reasonable to consider early CTR in the management of certain patients with iSGS. Further research should investigate risk factors that predispose patients to recurrence after CTR.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 128:2268–2272, 2018
Is weight a predictive risk factor of postoperative tonsillectomy bleed?
Authors: Ordemann Allison G. , Hartzog Anna Jade , Seals Samantha R. , Spankovich Christopher , Stringer Scott P.
Published: May 2018

Objective

To determine if a correlation exists between weight‐for‐age percentile and post‐tonsillectomy hemorrhage in the pediatric population.

Study Design

Retrospective study.

Methods

1418 patients under the age of 15 who underwent tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy at a tertiary children's hospital between June 2012 and March 2015 were included in this retrospective study. Patient demographic information, operative and postoperative variables, as well as category and day of postoperative tonsillectomy bleed, if one occurred, were recorded. Fisher's exact and ordinal logistic regression analyses were performed on the full cohort.

Results

The overall post‐tonsillectomy hemorrhage prevalence was found to be 2.2%, with primary and secondary rates of 0.78% and 1.34%, respectively. Weight‐for‐age percentile, sex, indication for or method of tonsillectomy, or postoperative use of NSAIDs, antibiotics or narcotics were not significantly associated with post‐tonsillectomy hemorrhage. There was a significant relationship between postoperative use of dexamethasone and higher rate of Category 3 post‐tonsillectomy hemorrhage (P = .028).

Conclusion

The post‐tonsillectomy hemorrhage rate in our study is consistent with that cited in the literature. No correlation was demonstrated between weight‐for‐age percentile and occurrence of post‐tonsillectomy hemorrhage. Postoperative administration of dexamethasone was associated with a significant increased rate of post‐tonsillectomy hemorrhage requiring surgical intervention, a novel finding.

Level of Evidence

4
LASER treatment for women with high‐grade vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia: A propensity‐matched analysis on the efficacy of ablative versus excisional procedures
Authors: Bogani Giorgio , Ditto Antonino , Martinelli Fabio , Mosca Lavinia , Chiappa Valentina , Rossetti Diego , Leone Roberti Maggiore Umberto , Sabatucci Ilaria , Lorusso Domenica , Raspagliesi Francesco
Published: May 2018

Objective

To investigate the long‐term effectiveness of LASER treatment in women affected by high‐grade vaginal intra‐epithelial neoplasia.

Methods

Data of consecutive women treated for high‐grade vaginal intra‐epithelial neoplasia were retrieved. Efficacy and long‐term effectiveness of ablative and excisional procedures were tested using a propensity‐matched algorithm. Risk of recurrence over the time was assessed using Kaplan–Meier and Cox models.

Results

Overall, 204 patients met the inclusion criteria. LASER ablation and exicision were performed in 169 (82.8%) and 35 (17.2%) patients. A total of 41 (20%) patients developed high‐grade vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia at a median follow‐up of 65 (range, 6–120) months. We observed that only HPV persistence (HR: 2.37 [95%CI:1.03, 5.42]; P = 0.04) was associated with the risk of recurrence at multivariate analysis. Seven (3.4%) invasive cancers of the lower genital tract were observed in our population. Considering the efficacy of type of procedure (after we applied the propensity‐matched analysis), we observed that type of procedure did not influence persistence of HPV infection (22.8% after excision and 15.7% after ablation; P = 0.424). Similarly, recurrence (17.1% vs. 18.6%; P = 1.00) and lower genital tract (2.8% vs. 1.4%; P = 1.00) rates were similar between groups.

Conclusions

Women affected by high‐grade vaginal intra‐epithelial neoplasia are at high risk of recurrence. LASER ablation seems to be equivalent to excision in term of long‐term effectiveness. Lasers Surg. Med. 50:933–939, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pitting corrosion on anodized titanium: Effect of halides
Authors: Prando Davide , Nicolis Davide , Pedeferri MariaPia , Ormellese Marco
Published: May 2018

Titanium corrosion resistance is high in the majority of environments. However, titanium is susceptible to different forms of corrosion, if exposed to high concentrated halides containing solutions. To face this corrosion problem, expensive titanium alloys are used. An alternative method, consisting of electrochemical anodizing treatment, which promote the formation of a compact titanium oxide on the surface, could be applied to increase titanium corrosion resistance. In this work, titanium samples anodized at 20 V in H2SO4 0.5 M have been tested in sodium fluorides, chlorides, bromides, and iodides at 0.5 and 2.0 M in order to define halides aggressiveness.
An “Off‐the‐Shelf” Shape Memory Hydrogel Based on the Dynamic Borax‐Diol Ester Bonds
Authors: Zhang Yu‐chong , Le Xiao‐xia , Lu Wei , Jian Yu‐kun , Zhang Jia‐wei , Chen Tao
Published: May 2018

An “off‐the‐shelf” hydrogel with high‐efficiency shape memory property is designed on the basis of the dynamic borax‐diol chemistry. The system is facilely prepared from only several unmodified commercially available components: acrylamide (AAm), bis‐acrylamide (Bis), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), and borax. The chemically crosslinked poly(acrylamide) network works to fix the permanent shapes of the hydrogel, while the dynamic PVA–borax boronate ester bonds serve as the reversible crosslinks to memorize the deformed temporary shapes. Retreatment of the hydrogel in acid/glucose solutions dissipates the PVA–borax ester bonds to recover its permanent shape. Because of the highly invertible nature of borax‐diol chemistry, the developed hydrogel system is characterized by high shape memory/recovery ratios, continuously adjusted shape memory/recovery rates, thus having a wealth of potential applications.
Seed‐Surface Grafting Precipitation Polymerization for Preparing Microsized Optically Active Helical Polymer Core/Shell Particles and Their Application in Enantioselective Crystallization
Authors: Zhao Biao , Lin Jiangfeng , Deng Jianping , Liu Dong
Published: May 2018

Core/shell particles constructed by polymer shell and silica core have constituted a significant category of advanced functional materials. However, constructing microsized optically active helical polymer core/shell particles still remains as a big academic challenge due to the lack of effective and universal preparation methods. In this study, a seed‐surface grafting precipitation polymerization (SSGPP) strategy is developed for preparing microsized core/shell particles with SiO2 as core on which helically substituted polyacetylene is covalently bonded as shell. The resulting core/shell particles exhibit fascinating optical activity and efficiently induce enantioselective crystallization of racemic threonine. Taking advantage of the preparation strategy, novel achiral polymeric and hybrid core/shell particles are also expected.
The genetic nomenclature of recessive cerebellar ataxias
Authors: Rossi Malco , Anheim Mathieu , Durr Alexandra , Klein Christine , Koenig Michel , Synofzik Matthis , Marras Connie , van de Warrenburg Bart P. ,   on behalf of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society Task Force on Classification and Nomenclature of Genetic Movement Disorders
Published: May 2018

The recessive cerebellar ataxias are a large group of degenerative and metabolic disorders, the diagnostic management of which is difficult because of the enormous clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Because of several limitations, the current classification systems provide insufficient guidance for clinicians and researchers. Here, we propose a new nomenclature for the genetically confirmed recessive cerebellar ataxias according to the principles and criteria laid down by the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society Task Force on Classification and Nomenclature of Genetic Movement Disorders. We apply stringent criteria for considering an association between gene and phenotype to be established. The newly proposed list of recessively inherited cerebellar ataxias includes 62 disorders that were assigned an ATX prefix, followed by the gene name, because these typically present with ataxia as a predominant and/or consistent feature. An additional 30 disorders that often combine ataxia with a predominant or consistent other movement disorder received a double prefix (e.g., ATX/HSP). We also identified a group of 89 entities that usually present with complex nonataxia phenotypes, but may occasionally present with cerebellar ataxia. These are listed separately without the ATX prefix. This new, transparent and adaptable nomenclature of the recessive cerebellar ataxias will facilitate the clinical recognition of recessive ataxias, guide diagnostic testing in ataxia patients, and help in interpreting genetic findings. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Egg Yolk Provides Th2 Adjuvant Stimuli and Promotes Sensitization to Egg White Allergens in BALB/c Mice
Authors: Pablos‐Tanarro Alba , Lozano‐Ojalvo Daniel , Martínez‐Blanco Mónica , Molina Elena , López‐Fandiño Rosina
Published: May 2018

Scope

Egg is the second most frequent source of allergic reactions in children. Egg yolk (EY) amounts to one‐third in weight of a fresh whole egg, but its contribution to egg allergy has not been investigated in depth. This study assesses whether EY influences the capacity of egg white (EW) to sensitize and trigger allergic responses.

Methods and results

BALB/c mice were exposed to EW, EY, and their mixture, using models of orally (with and without adjuvant) and adjuvant‐free intraperitoneally induced allergy. In vitro assays were also conducted to examine epithelial and dendritic cell (DC) functions. Results showed that EY played a role during the sensitizing phase of allergy. EY exerted local Th2‐biasing effects through the upregulation of intestinal IL‐33 expression and it also favored Th2 polarization directly during DC presentation of allergens to T cells.

Conclusion

The results obtained reveal that EY provides Th2‐adjuvant stimuli to the immune system that may increase the susceptibility to develop egg allergy. The joint administration of EW and EY may be a trigger for initiation or maintenance of egg allergy with implications in prevention strategies regarding egg introduction in the diet of susceptible children.
Rapid and quantitative chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging with magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF)
Authors: Cohen Ouri , Huang Shuning , McMahon Michael T. , Rosen Matthew S. , Farrar Christian T.
Published: May 2018

Purpose

To develop a fast magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) method for quantitative chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging.

Methods

We implemented a CEST‐MRF method to quantify the chemical exchange rate and volume fraction of the Nα‐amine protons of L‐arginine (L‐Arg) phantoms and the amide and semi‐solid exchangeable protons of in vivo rat brain tissue. L‐Arg phantoms were made with different concentrations (25–100 mM) and pH (pH 4–6). The MRF acquisition schedule varied the saturation power randomly for 30 iterations (phantom: 0–6 μT; in vivo: 0–4 μT) with a total acquisition time of ≤2 min. The signal trajectories were pattern‐matched to a large dictionary of signal trajectories simulated using the Bloch‐McConnell equations for different combinations of exchange rate, exchangeable proton volume fraction, and water T1 and T2 relaxation times.

Results

The chemical exchange rates of the Nα‐amine protons of L‐Arg were significantly (P < 0.0001) correlated with the rates measured with the quantitation of exchange using saturation power method. Similarly, the L‐Arg concentrations determined using MRF were significantly (P < 0.0001) correlated with the known concentrations. The pH dependence of the exchange rate was well fit (R2 = 0.9186) by a base catalyzed exchange model. The amide proton exchange rate measured in rat brain cortex (34.8 ± 11.7 Hz) was in good agreement with that measured previously with the water exchange spectroscopy method (28.6 ± 7.4 Hz). The semi‐solid proton volume fraction was elevated in white (12.2 ± 1.7%) compared to gray (8.1 ± 1.1%) matter brain regions in agreement with previous magnetization transfer studies.

Conclusion

CEST‐MRF provides a method for fast, quantitative CEST imaging.
Lower Lethal Temperatures for Nonnative Freshwater Fishes in Everglades National Park, Florida
Authors: Schofield Pamela J. , Kline Jeffrey L.
Published: May 2018

Temperature is an important factor that shapes biogeography and species composition. In southern Florida, the tolerance of nonnative freshwater fishes to low temperatures is a critical factor in delineating their geographic spread. In this study, we provide empirical information on experimentally derived low-temperature tolerance limits of Banded Cichlid Heros severus and Spotfin Spiny Eel Macrognathus siamensis, two nonnative Everglades fishes that were lacking data, and African Jewelfish Hemichromis letourneuxi and Mayan Cichlid Cichlasoma urophthalmus, species for which previous results were derived from studies with small sample sizes. We also provide a literature review summarizing the current state of knowledge of low-temperature tolerances for all 17 nonnative freshwater fishes that have been found in Everglades National Park. Mean lower lethal temperature tolerances ranged from 4°C (Orinoco Sailfin Catfish Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus) to 16.1°C (Butterfly Peacock Bass Cichla ocellaris). These low-temperature limits may inform the understanding of the ecological role or influence of nonnative fishes and may lead to potential management opportunities and applications.
A prospective “bottom up” study of the costs of faecal incontinence in ambulatory patients
Authors: Patton Vicki , Parkin Katrina , Moore Kate H.
Published: May 2018

Background and Aim

The few studies that have examined direct costs of faecal incontinence are limited in that they employed retrospective databases, postal surveys, and focused upon institutionalised patients or post partum women. The aim of the current study was to identify the direct pre‐treatment costs of faecal incontinence expended by a range of home dwelling patients and identify relationships between costs and severity of incontinence.

Methods

Consecutive patients attending an outpatient clinic for treatment of faecal incontinence were interviewed using a questionnaire, modeled on the Dowel Bryant Incontinence Cost Index. The information collected included costs of: (i) basic personal hygiene: pads, laundry, wipes, cleansers; (ii) medication: loperamide, creams and stool bulking agents; and (iii) diagnostic: medical attendance, anorectal physiology, colonoscopy. Costs were broken down into personal expenses, government costs, and costs to health funds. A St Mark's Faecal Incontinence Severity Score was recorded.

Results

A total of 100 consecutive patients consented (15 males, 85 females) mean age 70.8 (SD12) years. Mean St Mark's score was 12 (SD4.5). The median total patient cost was $437.72 AUD (range 0‐2807) per annum. Government costs were $537AUD (range 135‐1657), and health fund median $0 AUD (0‐1628). Incontinence severity correlated with personal expense only median $283.75AUD (range 0‐2350). The aged were more incontinent but costs did not increase in relation to age.

Conclusion

Faecal incontinence results in a substantial financial burden for both patients and Government. Effective treatments which relieve the financial burden of faecal incontinence, are likely to be economically advantageous into the future for both patients and Government.
Integrating the DNA damage and protein stress responses during cancer development and treatment
Authors: Gorgoulis Vassilis G , Pefani Dafni‐Eleftheria , Pateras Ioannis S , Trougakos Ioannis P
Published: May 2018

During evolution, cells have developed a wide spectrum of stress response modules to ensure homeostasis. The genome and proteome damage response pathways constitute the pillars of this interwoven ‘defensive’ network. Consequently, the deregulation of these pathways correlates with ageing and various pathophysiological states, including cancer. In the present review, we highlight: (1) the structure of the genome and proteome damage response pathways; (2) their functional crosstalk; and (3) the conditions under which they predispose to cancer. Within this context, we emphasize the role of oncogene‐induced DNA damage as a driving force that shapes the cellular landscape for the emergence of the various hallmarks of cancer. We also discuss potential means to exploit key cancer‐related alterations of the genome and proteome damage response pathways in order to develop novel efficient therapeutic modalities. © 2018 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Highly renewable, thermoplastic tetrapolyesters based on hydroquinone,p‐hydroxybenzoic acid or its derivatives, phloretic acid, and dodecanedioic acid
Authors: Bloom Michael E. , Vicentin Jeferson , Honeycutt Daniel S. , Marsico Joseph M. , Geraci Tullio S. , Miri Massoud J.
Published: May 2018

A series of tetrapolyesters were obtained by polymerizing phloretic acid, hydroquinone,p‐hydroxybenzoic acid, or its derivatives, that is, vanillic acid or syringic acid, and dodecanedioic acid. Each monomer was polymerized in its acetylated form, except for the diacid to undergo polymerization by acidolysis. Initial polymerizations had shown that the use of phloretic acid resulted in better polymer properties than withp‐coumaric acid. The predominantly renewable polymers were obtained by melt polymerization using a two‐stage condensation process whereby antimony(III) oxide was applied as catalyst. Monomer conversions were typically close to 90%.1H and13C NMR, DSC, TGA, solution viscometry, and GPC were applied, as well as polarized microscopy to determine polymer microstructure and composition, transition temperatures, decomposition temperatures, intrinsic viscosities, and other molecular weight properties, and when applicable the liquid crystalline behavior of the polymers. All peaks, including end group peaks in the13C NMR spectra were assigned, the monomer sequence distribution was verified to be random, and a complete dyad analysis involving nine dyads and eight peaks was performed. By usingp‐hydroxybenzoic acid and its derivatives without any, one or two methoxy groups and varying the copolymer compositions, melting temperatures could be tuned between 106 and 181 °C. The tetrapolyesters, which included residues ofp‐hydroxybenzoic acid, formed nematic liquid crystals. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem.2018,56, 1498–1507
Supramolecular complexes of poly(3‐Hexylthiophene)‐block (and random)‐poly[3‐(2‐(6‐carboxyhexyl)methyl)thiophene] copolymers with perylene bisimide
Authors: Shinde Shekhar , Vijayan Raaghesh , Narayan K. S. , Asha S. K.
Published: May 2018

Block and random copolymers of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) and poly[3‐(2‐(6‐carboxyhexyl)methyl)thiophene] with side‐chain carboxylic functionality ((P3HT‐b‐P3COOH) and (P3HT‐r‐P3COOH) were developed by Grignard Metathesis (GRIM) polymerization. The carboxylic functionality was introduced in the side chain via the oxazoline route. Both the block and random polythiophene copolymers were complexed with pyridine functionalized perylene bisimide to obtain supramolecular block and random polymer complexes. The complex formation in both systems was confirmed by 1H NMR, WXRD and SAXS studies. An expansion of d spacing upon complex formation was observed in both the block and random copolymer, which could be traced by WXRD. Hole and electron mobilities measured for the supramolecular complexes indicated values which were higher by an order of magnitude for the supramolecular block complex (μh ≈ 2.9 × 10−4 cm2/Vs; μe ≈ 3.1 × 10−6 cm2/Vs) as compared to the random (μh ≈ 1.4 × 10−5 cm2/Vs; μe ≈ 4.7 × 10−7 cm2/Vs) copolymer. These results are indicative of the higher degree of disorder prevailing in the films of random copolymer system compared to the block copolymer. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 1574–1583
Gender role conflict, emotional approach coping, self‐compassion, and distress in prostate cancer patients: A model of direct and moderating effects
Authors: Lennon Jennifer , Hevey David , Kinsella Louise
Published: May 2018

Objective

Gender role conflict or the negative consequences of male socialization may compromise men's adjustment to prostate cancer by shaping how patients perceive and cope with their illness. Given mixed findings regarding how gender role conflict interacts with emotional approach coping to regulate distress in prostate cancer patients, the present study examined the effects of emotional approach coping, when considered alongside self‐compassion, the ability to be kind and understanding of oneself.

Method

Ninety‐two prostate cancer patients completed questionnaires measuring gender role conflict, emotional approach coping, self‐compassion, and distress. A moderated mediation model was tested, where emotional approach coping mediated the path between gender role conflict and distress and self‐compassion moderated paths between (1) gender role conflict and emotional approach coping, and (2) gender role conflict and distress.

Results

Results partially supported this model with all study variables predicting distress in the expected directions. Emotional approach coping did not mediate associations between gender role conflict and distress; however, self‐compassion did moderate the pathway between these variables.

Conclusion

Results indicated that higher levels of self‐compassion might protect men from distress related to emasculating aspects of the cancer experience. Further investigation is required to understand how self‐compassion interacts with emotionality and subsequently influences distress in prostate cancer patients. To better understand the effectiveness of emotional approach coping in reducing distress in prostate cancer patients, it is recommended that future research accounts for the receptiveness of social environments to men's emotional displays.
Exploring rare chemical phenomena using fractional nuclear charges: Thecis‐effect in N2F2
Authors: Teixeira Filipe , Melo André , Cordeiro M. Natália D. S.
Published: May 2018

The so calledcis‐effect, in which thecisform of an ethylenic compound is more stable than itstrans‐isomer, is a good example of a rare phenomenon described only for a few isomeric pairs. In this work, a novel approach to the study of this rare effect is attempted by changing the nuclear charges of the fluoride and nitrogen incis‐andtrans‐N2F2. This allowed the survey of a large number of isomeric pairs composed sharing the same molecular topology, while varying the electronegativity of selected atoms. The results show an increasing stabilization of thecis‐isomers when increasing the electronegativity of the fluoride atoms, in line with the accepted zeitgeist linking this effect to the electronegativity of the peripheral groups. However, a similar behavior was also found when varying the nuclear charge of the nitrogen atoms. This prompted a more in‐depth look at the electronic structure of these compounds, gathering descriptors from Bader's Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules. A descriptive linear model was derived from these descriptors using a two‐stage stepwise linear regression. Further inspection of the model linked the destabilization of thetrans‐isomers with a deviation from the idealized trigonal planar geometry predicted by the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion model. This tendency was explained by an increase in the ionic character of the NF bonds. Furthermore, the current model suggests that the Coulombic repulsion between the two peripheral atoms in thecis‐isomers prevents such large deviations from the idealized geometry, thus, contributing to their relative stabilization. The qualitative rules governing thecis‐effect in N2F2were further tested on other compounds with a similar bond topology.
Insights into the luminescent properties of anionic cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes with ligands derived from natural products
Authors: Cortés‐Arriagada Diego , Dreyse Paulina , Salas Felipe , González Iván
Published: May 2018

In the search of remarkable anionic electroluminescent semiconductors to be applied in energy conversion devices such as Light Emitting Electrochemical Cells, we report the electronic, photophysical, and charge injection/transfer properties of a series of cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes through a DFT/TD‐DFT procedure. The proposed semiconductors involve bidentated ligands based on natural products (salicylic acid and boldine), and phenylpyridine and phenylpyrazole as the cyclometalating units. The proposed compounds emit in the range of 446 to 571 nm, where the boldine based compounds have red‐shifted emissions compared to their analogs with salicylic acid. Blue phosphors were obtained by the use of phenylpyrazole units; however, the ligand field is weak in these cases compared to the ligand field exerted by the phenylpyridine ligands. The latter allows the accessibility to the radiationless states for emitters below 495 nm as a result of the increased stability of the metal centered excited states; consequently, the luminescent quantum yield could be decreased. Conversely, the semiconductors with phenylpyridine units show a restricted accessibility to radiationless processes, which could result in emitters with a high luminescent quantum yield and low non‐radiative constants. Finally, the proposed anionic semiconductors show a better balance between hole/electron transfer rate compared to related cationic Ir(III) complexes; while, the easier hole‐electron injection is favored for semiconductors with salicylic acid and phenylpyridine units.
An Easy and Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Quinoxalines Using Recyclable and Heterogeneous Nanomagnetic‐Supported Acid Catalyst under Solvent‐Free Condition
Authors: Harsha Kachigere B. , Rangappa Shobith , Preetham Habbanakuppe D. , Swaroop Toreshettahally R. , Gilandoust Maryam , Rakesh Kodgahally S. , Rangappa Kanchugarakoppal S.
Published: May 2018

Synthesis of quinoxalines from o‐phenylenediamines (o‐PDs) with electronically diversified 1,2‐diketones and α‐bromoketones via simple cyclocondensation reaction using an heterogeneous nano‐ϒ‐Fe2O3‐SO3H catalyst has been reported under solvent free condition. Low cost, easy workup, high yield, operational simplicity, less reaction time, environmentally benign nature and catalyst is magnetically retrievable and can be reused up to five catalytic cycles without significant loss in the product yields are the noteworthy features of this protocol.
Novel Phenothiazine‐5‐oxide Based Push‐Pull Molecules: Synthesis and Fine‐Tuning of Electronic, Optical and Thermal Properties
Authors: Chaudhary Shweta , Mukherjee Madhubani , Paul Tanmoy K. , Bishnoi Swati , Taraphder Srabani , Milton Marilyn D.
Published: May 2018

A series of eight acceptor‐donor‐acceptor (A‐D‐A) type small push‐pull compounds based on non‐planar phenothiazine‐5‐oxide as central donor building block end‐capped with different accepting groups were synthesized and characterized. These A‐D‐A systems were evaluated for their electronic, optical and thermal properties by density functional theory (DFT), UV‐Vis, fluorescence, thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) methods. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and DFT studies revealed near‐planar geometry for N‐aryl substituted over N‐alkyl substituted phenothiazine moiety in these A‐D‐A molecules leading to better orbital overlap and stabilization through intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) transition. The HOMO‐LUMO energy gap was observed in the range of 3.70‐4.28 eV. Photoluminescence (PL) studies showed triple as well as dual fluorescence with red‐shifted spectra. Also, TGA and DTA studies indicated moderate to good thermal stability with decomposition temperature (Td) in the range of 159–302 °C.
Quantum Chemical Studies of Methane Oxidation to Methanol on a Biomimetic Tricopper Complex: Mechanistic Insights
Authors: Yeh Chen‐Hao , Yu Steve S.‐F. , Chan Sunney I. , Jiang Jyh‐Chiang
Published: May 2018

Particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) is known to be the most efficient oxidizer for the conversion of methane (CH4) into methanol (CH3OH) at room temperature. Recently, the tricopper cluster complex [Cu3(7‐N‐Etppz)]1+ has been shown to mediate facile CH4 oxidation upon activation by dioxygen (O2) just like the pMMO enzyme. In this work, we investigate by unrestricted density functional theory (DFT) calculations the oxidation of CH4 on the biomimetic tricopper complex. We find that CH4 can interact with the activated tricopper complex to form a C−H⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bond between one of the C−H bonds of CH4 and the O2 molecule activating the tricopper cluster complex. We consider both the direct “oxene insertion” mechanism as well as the “hydrogen‐atom abstraction geminal radical rebound” mechanism for the process. Our calculations indicate low kinetic barriers for both reaction pathways, accounting for why the tricopper cluster of the biomimetic complex [Cu3(7‐N‐Etppz)]1+ is a good functional model of the active site in pMMO.
Metal‐Free Selective C2‐H Amidation of 8‐Amidoquinolines by Using Isocyanide as the Source of Amide
Authors: Hao Wenyan , Wang Yuyun , Miao Jiankang , Liu Yunyun
Published: May 2018

An unanticipated and highly efficient selective amidation in the C2 position of 8‐amidoquinolines has been developed via C‐H bond elaboration. The method is transition‐metal‐free, operationally simple with broad functional group tolerance. In this work, isocyanide has been successfully utilized as the source of amide. Furthermore, various kinds of 8‐amidoquinolines in combination with different substituted isocyanides under oxidative condition resulted in direct access to N‐quinoline‐2‐carboxamides in good yields.
Mo0.42C0.58 Nanoparticles Embedded in Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon as Electrocatalyst towards Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Wang Hongru , Yu Yue , Wei Jiatong , Yu Xiaodan , Chen Gang , Ma Jicheng , Xing Shuangxi
Published: May 2018

Highly dispersible Mo0.42C0.58 nanoparticles in nitrogen‐doped carbon is achieved via pyrolyzing one‐dimensional NH4Ni2Mo2O8(OH)H2O@polypyrrole nanocomposites. The formation of the Mo0.42C0.58 is realized via the reaction between the NH4Ni2Mo2O8(OH)H2O nanorod as core and the carbonized polypyrrole at a high temperature. The Mo0.42C0.58@N‐doped carbon presents satisfied catalytic activity towards oxygen reduction reaction with the half‐wave potential of 0.828 V vs. RHE (reversible hydrogen electrode), comparable to that of the commercial Pt/C catalyst. Furthermore, the sample illustrates superior stability and methanol tolerance to Pt/C. The excellent catalytic activity of the Mo0.42C0.58@N‐doped carbon can be attributed to the existence of Mo0.42C0.58 nanoparticles, the N doping in carbonized polypyrrole, and the well‐maintained one‐dimensional nanostructure.
Synthesis and in vitro Antifungal Evaluation of Novel N‐Substituted 4‐Aryl‐2‐methylimidazoles
Authors: Elejalde Nerith‐Rocio , Macías Mario , Castillo Juan‐Carlos , Sortino Maximiliano , Svetaz Laura , Zacchino Susana , Portilla Jaime
Published: May 2018

An efficient and regioselective synthesis of novel 4‐aryl‐2‐methyl‐N‐phenacylimidazoles 5 by a microwave‐assisted pseudo‐tricomponent reaction between acetamidine hydrochloride (3) and α‐bromoacetophenones 2 has been developed. The reduction of the carbonyl group of the ketones 5 offered the corresponding N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)imidazoles 6 in good yields. Novel N‐substituted imidazoles 5 and 6 were tested for antifungal activity against two clinically important fungi Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. The results showed that all compounds displayed very low activity against C. albicans. In contrast, compounds 5 and 6 were active against C. neoformans. Among them, ketones 5 showed better activity than alcohols 6, with IC50 values as low as 15.6 μg/mL for some of them. The difluorinated compound 5 e showed the best activity against C. neoformans, followed by the dichlorinated derivative 5 b. The difluorinated compound 5 e showed the best activity against C. neoformans, followed by the dichlorinated derivative 5 b.
First Example of White Organic Electroluminescence Utilizing Perylene Ester Imides
Authors: Gupta Ravindra K. , Das Dipjyoti , Iyer Parameswar K. , Achalkumar Ammathnadu S.
Published: May 2018

Utilizing a series of bay‐annulated perylene ester imides (PEIs) doped in polyvinylcarbzole (PVK) as emissive layer, host‐guest organic light emitting diodes were fabricated and the electroluminescence behaviors of these devices have been explored. The devices exhibited emission from both PVK as well as PEI mainly due to the partial Förster resonance energy transfer from PVK to the emissive dopant. In order to achieve better device performance, two different electron transport layers, BPhen and TPBi were used. A remarkable improvement in the emission brightness and lower turn on voltage was observed, when TPBi was used as an electron‐transporting layer instead of BPhen. Incorporation of TPBi resulted in a lower electron injection barrier of TPBi‐PVK interface, which facilitates more electron injection into the emissive layer thus resulting in an increased recombination at a comparatively lower voltage. Also, the intensity of blue emission from PVK was enhanced in the case of TPBi based devices, resulting in an overall white electroluminescence, which is of high technological importance.
Biotransformation and Biological Interaction of Graphene and Graphene Oxide during Simulated Oral Ingestion
Authors: Guarnieri Daniela , Sánchez‐Moreno Paola , Del Rio Castillo Antonio Esaú , Bonaccorso Francesco , Gatto Francesca , Bardi Giuseppe , Martín Cristina , Vázquez Ester , Catelani Tiziano , Sabella Stefania , Pompa Pier Paolo
Published: May 2018

The biotransformation and biological impact of few layer graphene (FLG) and graphene oxide (GO) are studied, following ingestion as exposure route. An in vitro digestion assay based on a standardized operating procedure (SOP) is exploited. The assay simulates the human ingestion of nanomaterials during their dynamic passage through the different environments of the gastrointestinal tract (salivary, gastric, intestinal). Physical–chemical changes of FLG and GO during digestion are assessed by Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, the effect of chronic exposure to digested nanomaterials on integrity and functionality of an in vitro model of intestinal barrier is also determined according to a second SOP. These results show a modulation of the aggregation state of FLG and GO nanoflakes after experiencing the complex environments of the different digestive compartments. In particular, chemical doping effects are observed due to FLG and GO interaction with digestive juice components. No structural changes/degradation of the nanomaterials are detected, suggesting that they are biopersistent when administered by oral route. Chronic exposure to digested graphene does not affect intestinal barrier integrity and is not associated with inflammation and cytotoxicity, though possible long‐term adverse effects cannot be ruled out.