bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Bibliometric Analysis of the Rise of ChatGPT in Medical Research
Authors: Barrington Nikki M. , Gupta Nithin , Musmar Basel , Doyle David , Panico Nicholas , Godbole Nikhil , Reardon Taylor , D’Amico Randy S.
Published: September 2023

The rapid emergence of publicly accessible artificial intelligence platforms such as large language models (LLMs) has led to an equally rapid increase in articles exploring their potential benefits and risks. We performed a bibliometric analysis of ChatGPT literature in medicine and science to better understand publication trends and knowledge gaps. Following title, abstract, and keyword searches of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for ChatGPT articles published in the medical field, articles were screened for inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were extracted from included articles, with citation counts obtained from PubMed and journal metrics obtained from Clarivate Journal Citation Reports. After screening, 267 articles were included in the study, most of which were editorials or correspondence with an average of 7.5 +/− 18.4 citations per publication. Published articles on ChatGPT were authored largely in the United States, India, and China. The topics discussed included use and accuracy of ChatGPT in research, medical education, and patient counseling. Among non-surgical specialties, radiology published the most ChatGPT-related articles, while plastic surgery published the most articles among surgical specialties. The average citation number among the top 20 most-cited articles was 60.1 +/− 35.3. Among journals with the most ChatGPT-related publications, there were on average 10 +/− 3.7 publications. Our results suggest that managing the inevitable ethical and safety issues that arise with the implementation of LLMs will require further research exploring the capabilities and accuracy of ChatGPT, to generate policies guiding the adoption of artificial intelligence in medicine and science.
Valorization of Sour Buttermilk (A Potential Waste Stream): Conversion to Powder Employing Reverse Osmosis and Spray Drying
Authors: Manik Subhadip , Meena Ganga Sahay , Singh Ashish Kumar , Khetra Yogesh , Singh Richa , Arora Sumit , Vishweswaraiah Raghu H.
Published: September 2023

Reverse osmosis (RO) is known for the economic dewatering of dairy streams without any change in phase. At the household level, surplus milk is fermented and churned to obtain butter, which is subsequently heated to obtain clarified milk fat (ghee). The production of 1 kg ghee generates 15–20 kg sour buttermilk (SBM) as a by-product that is mostly drained. This causes a loss of milk solids and environmental pollution. The processing, preservation and valorization of SBM are quite challenging because of its low total solids (TS) and pH, poor heat stability and limited shelf life. This investigation aimed to transform SBM into a novel dried dairy ingredient. SBM was thermized, filtered, defatted and concentrated at 35 ± 1 °C, employing RO up to 3.62× (12.86%). The RO concentrate was subsequently converted into sour buttermilk powder (SBMP) by employing spray drying. SBMP was further characterized for its physicochemical, reconstitution and functional properties; rheological and morphological characteristics; and amino acid and fatty acid profiling, along with FTIR and XRD spectra. SBMP was “instant soluble-3 s” and exhibited excellent emulsion stability (80.70%), water binding capacity (4.34 g/g of protein), flowability (28.36°) and antioxidant properties. In nutshell, a process was developed for the valorization of sour buttermilk to a novel dairy ingredient by employing reverse osmosis and a spray-drying process.
Exploring the Role of Drug Repurposing in Bridging the Hypoxia–Depression Connection
Authors: Correia Ana Salomé , Marques Lara , Cardoso Armando , Vale Nuno
Published: September 2023

High levels of oxidative stress are implicated in hypoxia, a physiological response to low levels of oxygen. Evidence supports a connection between this response and depression. Previous studies indicate that tryptophan hydroxylase can be negatively affected in hypoxia, impairing serotonin synthesis and downstream pathways. Some studies also hypothesize that increasing hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) levels may be a new therapeutic modality for depression. Hence, this study delved into the influence of hypoxia on the cellular response to drugs designed to act in depression. By the induction of hypoxia in SH-SY5Y cells through a hypoxia incubator chamber or Cobalt Chloride treatment, the effect of Mirtazapine, an antidepressant, and other drugs that interact with serotonin receptors (TCB-2, Dextromethorphan, Ketamine, Quetiapine, Scopolamine, Celecoxib, and Lamotrigine) on SH-SY5Y cellular viability and morphology was explored. The selection of drugs was initially conducted by literature search, focusing on compounds with established potential for employment in depression therapy. Subsequently, we employed in silico approaches to forecast their ability to traverse the blood–brain barrier (BBB). This step was particularly pertinent as we aimed to assess their viability for inducing potential antidepressant effects. The effect of these drugs in hypoxia under the inhibition of HIF-1 by Echinomycin was also tested. Our results revealed that all the potential repurposed drugs promoted cell viability, especially when hypoxia was chemically induced. When combined with Echinomycin, all drugs decreased cellular viability, possibly by the inability to interact with HIF-1.
Non-Targeted Metabolomic Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh: Metabolic Adaptive Responses to Stress Caused by N Starvation
Authors: Cadena-Zamudio Jorge David , Monribot-Villanueva Juan Luis , Pérez-Torres Claudia-Anahí , Alatorre-Cobos Fulgencio , Guerrero-Analco José Antonio , Ibarra-Laclette Enrique
Published: September 2023

As sessile organisms, plants develop the ability to respond and survive in changing environments. Such adaptive responses maximize phenotypic and metabolic fitness, allowing plants to adjust their growth and development. In this study, we analyzed the metabolic plasticity of Arabidopsis thaliana in response to nitrate deprivation by untargeted metabolomic analysis and using wild-type (WT) genotypes and the loss-of-function nia1/nia2 double mutant. Secondary metabolites were identified using seedlings grown on a hydroponic system supplemented with optimal or limiting concentrations of N (4 or 0.2 mM, respectively) and harvested at 15 and 30 days of age. Then, spectral libraries generated from shoots and roots in both ionization modes (ESI +/−) were compared. Totals of 3407 and 4521 spectral signals (m/z_rt) were obtained in the ESI+ and ESI− modes, respectively. Of these, approximately 50 and 65% were identified as differentially synthetized/accumulated. This led to the presumptive identification of 735 KEGG codes (metabolites) belonging to 79 metabolic pathways. The metabolic responses in the shoots and roots of WT genotypes at 4 mM of N favor the synthesis/accumulation of metabolites strongly related to growth. In contrast, for the nia1/nia2 double mutant (similar as the WT genotype at 0.2 mM N), metabolites identified as differentially synthetized/accumulated help cope with stress, regulating oxidative stress and preventing programmed cell death, meaning that metabolic responses under N starvation compromise growth to prioritize a defensive response.
A Mesh Space Mapping Modeling Method with Mesh Deformation for Microwave Components
Authors: Yan Shuxia , Li Chenglin , Li Mutian , Li Zhimou , Wang Xu , Wang Jian , Xie Yaocong
Published: September 2023

In this study, a low-cost space mapping (SM) modeling method with mesh deformation is proposed for microwave components. In this approach, the coarse-mesh model with mesh deformation is developed as the coarse model, and the fine-mesh model is simulated as the fine model. The SM technique establishes the mapping relationship between the coarse-mesh model and the fine-mesh model. This approach enables us to combine the computational efficiency of the coarse model with the accuracy of the fine model. The automatic mesh deformation technology is embedded in the coarse model to avoid the discontinuous change in the electromagnetic response. The proposed model consisting of the coarse model and two mapping modules can represent the features of the fine model more accurately, and predict the electromagnetic response of microwave components quickly. The proposed mesh SM modeling technique is applied to the four-pole waveguide filter. The value for the training and test errors in the proposed model is less than 1%, which is lower than that for the ANN models and the existing SM models trained with the same data. Compared with HFSS software, the proposed model can save about 70% CPU time in predicting a set of 100 data. The results show that the proposed method achieves a good modeling accuracy and efficiency with few training data and a low computational cost.
Characterization of Microbial Diversity of Two Tomato Cultivars through Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing 16S rRNA and ITS Techniques
Authors: Abdulsalam Rukayat Abiola , Ijabadeniyi Oluwatosin Ademola , Cason Errol D. , Sabiu Saheed
Published: September 2023

Even though the nutritional and economic values of Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) are substantially impacted by microbial spoilage, the available data on its microbial community, particularly during spoilage, are limited and have primarily been characterized using conventional culture-dependent methods. This study employed a targeted high-throughput next-generation sequencing method to longitudinally characterize the microbial diversity of two South African tomato cultivars (jam and round) at varied storage intervals (1, 6, and 12 days). Throughout the storage period, the bacterial communities of the two cultivars were more diverse than the fungal communities. The microbial diversity of both bacteria and fungi was greater and comparable between the cultivars on day 1, but becomes distinct as the storage period increases, with round tomatoes being more diverse than jam tomato, though, on day 12, jam tomato develops greater diversity than round tomato. Overall, the most abundant phyla (though Proteobacteria was most dominant) were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteriodota in the bacterial communities, while Ascomycota and Basidiomycota formed most fungal communities with Ascomycota being dominant. At the genus level, Pantoea and Klebsiella (bacteria), Hanseniaspora, Stemphylium, and Alternaria (fungi) were prevalent. Taken together, this study casts light on a broad microbial diversity profile thus, confirms the cultivars’ diversity and abundance differences.
Drug Discovery Based on Fluorine-Containing Glycomimetics
Authors: Wei Xingxing , Wang Pengyu , Liu Fen , Ye Xinshan , Xiong Decai
Published: September 2023

Glycomimetics, which are synthetic molecules designed to mimic the structures and functions of natural carbohydrates, have been developed to overcome the limitations associated with natural carbohydrates. The fluorination of carbohydrates has emerged as a promising solution to dramatically enhance the metabolic stability, bioavailability, and protein-binding affinity of natural carbohydrates. In this review, the fluorination methods used to prepare the fluorinated carbohydrates, the effects of fluorination on the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of natural sugars, and the biological activities of fluorinated sugars are presented.
Residual Change of Four Pesticides in the Processing of Pogostemon cablin and Associated Factors
Authors: Liu Yuanxi , Zheng Zuntao , Liu Hongbin , Hou Dongjun , Li Hailiang , Li Yaolei , Jing Wenguang , Jin Hongyu , Wang Ying , Ma Shuangcheng
Published: September 2023

Before use as medicines, most traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) plants are processed and decocted. During processing, there may be some changes in pesticide residues in TCM. In recent years, reports have studied the changes of pesticides during the processes of boiling, drying and peeling of TCM materials but have rarely involved special processing methods for TCM, such as ethanol extraction and volatile oil extraction. The changes of carbendazim, carbofuran, pyridaben and tebuconazole residues in common processing methods for P. cablin products were systemically assessed in this study. After each processing step, the pesticides were quantitated by UPLC-MS/MS. The results showed amount decreases in various pesticides to different extents after each processing procedure. Processing factor (PF) values for the four pesticides after decoction, 75% ethanol extraction and volatile oil extraction were 0.02~0.75, 0.40~0.98 and 0~0.02, respectively, which indicated that residual pesticide concentrations may depend on the processing technique. A risk assessment according to the hazard quotient with PF values showed that residual pesticide amounts in P. cablin were substantially lower than levels potentially posing a health risk. Overall, these findings provide insights into the safety assessment of P. cablin.
Revealing the Adsorption Mechanisms of Methanol on Lithium-Doped Porous Carbon through Experimental and Theoretical Calculations
Authors: Luo Yiting , Fang Muaoer , Wang Hanqing , Dai Xiangrong , Su Rongkui , Ma Xiancheng
Published: September 2023

Previous reports have shown that it is difficult to improve the methanol adsorption performance of nitrogen and oxygen groups due to their low polarity. Here, we first prepared porous carbon with a high specific surface area and large pore volume using benzimidazole as a carbon precursor and KOH as an activating agent. Then, we improved the surface polarity of the porous carbon by doping with Lithium (Li) to enhance the methanol adsorption performance. The results showed that the methanol adsorption capacity of Li-doped porous carbon reached 35.4 mmol g−1, which increased by 57% compared to undoped porous carbon. Molecular simulation results showed that Li doping not only improved the methanol adsorption performance at low pressure, but also at relatively high pressure. This is mainly because Li-modified porous carbon has higher surface polarity than nitrogen and oxygen-modified surfaces, which can generate stronger electrostatic interactions. Furthermore, through density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we determined the adsorption energy, adsorption distance, and charge transfer between Li atom and methanol. Our results demonstrate that Li doping enhances the adsorption energy, reduces the adsorption distance, and increases the charge transfer in porous carbon. The mechanism of methanol adsorption by Li groups was revealed through experimental and theoretical calculations, providing a theoretical basis for the design and preparation of methanol adsorbents.
A Review of Yarn-Based One-Dimensional Supercapacitors
Authors: Han Duri , Kim Minju , Lee Sojung , Choi Changsoon
Published: September 2023

Energy storage in a one-dimensional format is increasingly vital for the functionality of wearable technologies and is garnering attention from various sectors, such as smart apparel, the Internet of Things, e-vehicles, and robotics. Yarn-based supercapacitors are a particularly compelling solution for wearable energy reserves owing to their high power densities and adaptability to the human form. Furthermore, these supercapacitors can be seamlessly integrated into textile fabrics for practical utility across various types of clothing. The present review highlights the most recent innovations and research directions related to yarn-based supercapacitors. Initially, we explore different types of electrodes and active materials, ranging from carbon-based nanomaterials to metal oxides and conductive polymers, that are being used to optimize electrochemical capacitance. Subsequently, we survey different methodologies for loading these active materials onto yarn electrodes and summarize innovations in stretchable yarn designs, such as coiling and buckling. Finally, we outline a few pressing research challenges and future research directions in this field.
Is There a Role of Inferior Frontal Cortex in Motor Timing? A Study of Paced Finger Tapping in Patients with Non-Fluent Aphasia
Authors: Andronoglou Chrysanthi , Konstantakopoulos George , Simoudi Christina , Kasselimis Dimitrios , Evdokimidis Ioannis , Tsoukas Evangelos , Tsolakopoulos Dimitrios , Angelopoulou Georgia , Potagas Constantin
Published: September 2023

The aim of the present study was to investigate the deficits in timing reproduction in individuals with non-fluent aphasia after a left hemisphere lesion including the inferior frontal gyrus, in which Broca’s region is traditionally localised. Eighteen stroke patients with non-fluent aphasia and twenty-two healthy controls were recruited. We used a finger-tapping Test, which consisted of the synchronisation and the continuation phase with three fixed intervals (450 ms, 650 ms and 850 ms). Participants firstly had to tap simultaneously with the device’s auditory stimuli (clips) (synchronisation phase) and then continue their tapping in the same pace when the stimuli were absent (continuation phase). Patients with aphasia demonstrated less accuracy and greater variability during reproduction in both phases, compared to healthy participants. More specifically, in the continuation phase, individuals with aphasia reproduced longer intervals than the targets, whereas healthy participants displayed accelerated responses. Moreover, patients’ timing variability was greater in the absence of the auditory stimuli. This could possibly be attributed to deficient mental representation of intervals and not experiencing motor difficulties (due to left hemisphere stroke), as the two groups did not differ in tapping reproduction with either hand. Given that previous findings suggest a potential link between the IFG, timing and working memory, we argue that patients’ extra-linguistic cognitive impairments should be accounted for, as possible contributing factors to timing disturbances.
Front-of-Pack Nutrition Labelling Schemes: Where Are We Now?
Authors: Zampelas Antonis
Published: September 2023

The development of nutritional policies plays a vital role in health promotion [...]
Dietary Intake of Protein and Essential Amino Acids for Sustainable Muscle Development in Elite Male Athletes
Authors: Baranauskas Marius , Kupčiūnaitė Ingrida , Stukas Rimantas
Published: September 2023

Athletes need to develop a relatively high muscle mass and low body adipose tissue for the sake of better athletic performance. A full range of nine essential amino acids and eleven non-essential amino acids have to attend in appropriate amounts for protein biosynthesis. The aim of the observational comparative cross-sectional study was to assess the association between the diet quality profile and training-induced muscle mass estimated by bioelectrical impedance among elite male athletes. The research sample comprised 18.1 ± 3.1 year-old Lithuanian professional male athletes (n = 234). The study participants were enrolled to complete 24-h dietary recalls of three non-consecutive days. The body composition was assessed using the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method. The present study showed a significant insufficiency of the mean carbohydrate intake of 5.7 g/kg/day in a group of aerobic male athletes. The lower muscle mass of aerobic male athletes was related to the lower-carbohydrate diet (adjusted odd ratio (ORadj) 0.3; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.1–0.7). The mean protein intake of 1.8 g/kg/day was optimal for anabolism in the samples of both anaerobic and aerobic male athletes. The protein intake in appropriate doses was potentially associated with an increase in muscle mass only in anaerobic male athletes (ORadj 2.2; 95% CI: 1.3–3.7). The positive relationship was revealed between the possible muscle mass gain and the increased intakes of amino acids such as isoleucine and histidine among anaerobic athletes (ORadj 2.9; 95% CI: 1.1–4.7 and ORadj 2.9; 95% CI: 1.0–4.3, respectively). An inverse feasible association was indicated between a higher intake of valine and lower muscle mass quantities among anaerobic male athletes (ORadj 0.1; 95% CI: 0.1–0.5). The recommendations for sports nutritionists should emphasize the necessity of advising professional athletes on dietary strategies on how to manipulate dietary amino acid composition with respect to achieving long-term body composition goals.
Elevated Erythritol: A Marker of Metabolic Dysregulation or Contributor to the Pathogenesis of Cardiometabolic Disease?
Authors: Mazi Tagreed A. , Stanhope Kimber L.
Published: September 2023

Erythritol is a non-nutritive sugar replacement that can be endogenously produced by humans. Witkowski et al. reported that elevated circulating erythritol is associated with adverse cardiovascular events in three independent cohorts, demonstrated in vitro and ex vivo that erythritol promotes platelet activation, and showed faster clotting time in mice injected with erythritol. It was concluded that erythritol fosters enhanced thrombosis. This narrative review presents additional evidence that needs to be considered when evaluating these data and conclusions. We conducted a search of all studies related to erythritol exposure with focus on those that reported vascular health outcomes. Patients with chronically elevated erythritol levels due to inborn errors of metabolism do not exhibit higher platelet activation or thrombosis risk. Most long-term studies in which animals consumed high levels of erythritol do not support its role in platelet activation and thrombosis formation. Clinical data on the effects of chronic intake of erythritol are limited. Erythritol may be merely a marker of dysregulation in the Pentose Phosphate Pathway caused by impaired glycemia. However, this suggestion and the findings of Witkowski et al. need to be further examined. Clinical trials examining the long-term effects of erythritol consumption on cardiometabolic outcomes are required to test the causality between dietary erythritol and cardiometabolic risk. Until supportive data from these trials are available, it cannot be concluded that dietary erythritol promotes platelet activation, thrombosis, and cardiometabolic risk.
Validity and Applicability of the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) Criteria in Patients Hospitalized for Acute Medical Conditions
Authors: Fontane Laia , Reig Maria Helena , Garcia-Ribera Sonika , Herranz Miriam , Miracle Mar , Chillaron Juan Jose , Estepa Araceli , Toro Silvia , Ballesta Silvia , Navarro Humberto , Llaurado Gemma , Pedro-Botet Juan , Benaiges David
Published: September 2023

(1) Background: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the concurrent and predictive validity and the applicability of the global leadership initiative on malnutrition (GLIM) criteria in patients hospitalized for acute medical conditions. (2) Methods: prospective cohort study with patients hospitalized for acute medical conditions. For validation, the methodology proposed by the GLIM group of experts was used. Sensitivity and specificity values greater than 80% with respect to those for the subjective global assessment (SGA) were necessary for concurrent validation. The time necessary to complete each nutritional assessment test was determined. (3) Results: A total of 119 patients were evaluated. The SGA was applied to the entire cohort, but the GLIM criteria could not be applied to 3.4% of the patients. The sensitivity and specificity of the GLIM criteria with respect to those for the SGA to detect malnutrition were 78.0 and 86.2%, respectively. The GLIM predictive validity criterion was fulfilled because patients with malnutrition more frequently had a hospital stay >10 days (odds ratio of 2.98 (1.21–7.60)). The GLIM criteria required significantly more time for completion than did the SGA (p = 0.006). (4) Conclusion: The results of this study do not support the use of the GLIM criteria over the SGA for the diagnosis of malnutrition in patients hospitalized for acute medical conditions.
Nutrition and Regulation of Muscle Protein Synthesis
Authors: Salucci Sara
Published: September 2023

Skeletal muscles are an indispensable actor for daily activities, playing an essential role in locomotion through both the control of posture and position and by joint stabilization [...]
Gallation and B-Ring Dihydroxylation Increase Green Tea Catechin Residence Time in Plasma by Differentially Affecting Tissue-Specific Trafficking: Compartmental Model of Catechin Kinetics in Healthy Adults
Authors: Hodges Joanna K. , Sasaki Geoffrey Y. , Vodovotz Yael , Bruno Richard S.
Published: September 2023

Catechins in green tea extract (GTE) (epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG)) vary in bioactivity. We developed a physiologically relevant mathematical model of catechin metabolism to test the hypothesis that fractional catabolic rates of catechins would be differentially affected by their structural attributes. Pharmacokinetic data of plasma and urine catechin concentrations were used from healthy adults (n = 19) who ingested confections containing 0.5 g GTE (290 mg EGCG, 87 mg EGC, 39 mg EC, 28 mg ECG). A 7-compartmental model of catechin metabolism comprised of the gastrointestinal tract (stomach, small and large intestine), liver, plasma, extravascular tissues, and kidneys was developed using a mean fraction dose of EGCG, ECG, EGC, and EC. Fitting was by iterative least squares regression analysis, and goodness of fit was ascertained by the estimated variability of parameters (FSD < 0.5). The interaction of gallation and B-ring dihydroxylation most greatly extended plasma residence time such that EGC > EC = EGCG > EGC. The interaction between gallation and B-ring dihydroxylation accelerated the transfer from the upper gastrointestinal tract to the small intestine but delayed subsequent transfers from the small intestine through the liver to plasma and from kidneys to urine. Gallation and B-ring dihydroxylation independently delayed the transfer from plasma to extravascular tissues, except the uptake to kidneys, which was slowed by gallation only. This multi-compartment model, to be validated in a future study, suggests that gallation and B-ring dihydroxylation affect catechin catabolism in a tissue-specific manner and thus their potential bioactivity.
Insights into the Chemical Compositions and Health Promoting Effects of Wild Edible Mushroom Chroogomphus rutilus
Authors: Han Bincheng , Luo Jinhai , Xu Baojun
Published: September 2023

Chroogomphus rutilus is an edible mushroom that has been an important food source since ancient times. It is increasingly sought after for its unique flavor and medicinal value. It is one of the most important wild mushrooms for its medicinal and economic value. C. rutilus contains a variety of active ingredients such as vitamins, proteins, minerals, polysaccharides, and phenolics. C. rutilus and its active compounds have significant anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, immunomodulatory, anti-fatigue, hypoglycemic, gastroprotective, hypolipemic, and neuronal protective properties. This paper summarizes the fungal chemical compositions and health-promoting effects of C. rutilus by collecting the literature on the role of C. rutilus through its active ingredients from websites such as Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. Current research on C. rutilus is limited to the cellular and animal levels, and further clinical trials are needed to conduct and provide theoretical support for further development.
Association of Oral and General Health with Nutritional Status of Older Adults Attending Two Medical Centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Alghofaili Alghaliyah A. , Aladel Alanoud I. , Alsoghier Abdullah M. , Othman Fatmah , Shoqeair Mustafa M. , Alqahtani Saud M. , Alnughaimish Ali M. , Alanazi Badryh A. , AI Mosallam Sara A. , Alharbi Azzam S. , Alquraishi Mohammed
Published: September 2023

Malnutrition could profoundly affect older adults’ oral health and quality of life, whereas oral health might, in turn, impact dietary intake and nutritional status. The present study aimed to investigate the association between general and oral health and nutritional status among older adults attending nutrition clinics at two main medical centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A cross-section study was carried out among adult patients (≥60 years) who attended a geriatric clinic or nutrition clinic at King Khalid University Hospital or King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh. A validated clinician’s Mini Nutritional Assessment Short-Form (MNA-SF), Oral Health Impact Profile-5 (OHIP-5), and 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36) were collected from each participant. A total of 261 participants with a mean age of 72.14 (±8.97) years were recruited. Diabetes (71%) and hypertension (80%) were present in the majority of patients. The overall MNA-SF score was (10 ± 3). Based on the categorization of the MNA-SF score, 65.9% were classified as malnourished or at risk of malnutrition. Participants with OHIP-5 scores higher than the median (>5) were more likely to be malnourished than those with scores at or lower than 5 (p < 0). The adjusted odd ratio for the MNA-SF score categories indicated that for a one-unit increase in the total SF-36 score, the odds of the malnourished category are 0.94 times less than the risk of malnutrition and normal nutritional status, with OR 0.97 (95% CI 0.94–0.95). Malnutrition or being at risk of malnutrition is likely associated with poor general and oral health. Healthcare providers need to incorporate dietitians into care plans to promote the nutritional health of older adults.
Effects of Lactoferrin on Oral and Throat Conditions under Low Humidity Environments: A Randomized, Double-Blind, and Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial
Authors: Kubo Shutaro , Oda Hirotsugu , Tanaka Miyuki , Koikeda Takashi , Tomita Shinichi
Published: September 2023

To evaluate the effects of a single ingestion of bovine lactoferrin (bLF) on oral and throat conditions under a low-humidity environment. A randomized, double-blind, 2-sequence, 2-treatment, and 2-period placebo-controlled crossover trial was conducted. Healthy adult subjects orally ingested bLF dissolved in water, or placebo water, followed by exposure to low humidity (20 °C, 20% relative humidity (RH)) for 2 h. The primary endpoint was subjective oral and throat discomfort assessed by a visual analog scale (VAS), which positively correlated with the discomfort. Secondary endpoints were unstimulated whole salivary flow rate (UWSFR) and salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretion rate. Overall, 40 subjects were randomly assigned to two sequences (20 each) and 34 were analyzed. The VAS values for oral and throat discomfort in the bLF treatment were significantly lower than in the placebo treatment, whereas UWSFR and IgA secretion rates were comparable between the two treatments. Adverse drug reactions were not observed. Subjective oral and throat discomfort associated with low humidity is suppressed by a single ingestion of bLF. Our findings demonstrate the novel use of bLF in a clinical situation that leverages its unique characteristics.
Role of Dietary Fibre in Managing Periodontal Diseases—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Intervention Studies
Authors: Swarnamali Hasinthi , Medara Nidhi , Chopra Aditi , Spahr Axel , Jayasinghe Thilini N.
Published: September 2023

Background: Periodontitis is a chronic multifactorial inflammatory disease, that leads to tooth loss and is associated with other systemic diseases. The role of dietary fibre in the prevention and management of periodontal diseases is not well understood. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess how an intake of dietary fibre affects periodontal diseases in humans and any concomitant effects on systemic inflammation. Methodology: Human interventional studies investigating the effects of oral fibre intake on various clinical parameters of periodontal diseases were included. Search strategy with MeSH and free-text search terms was performed on the following database: CINAHL Complete, EMBASE, MEDLINE, SciVerse Scopus®, and Web of Science Core Collection on 21 October 2021 and updated on 19 February 2023 to identify relevant studies. Articles were filtered using the Covidence© web-based platform software. Data were pooled using random effects meta-analysis. Results: From all databases, a total of 19,971 studies were obtained. Upon title and abstract screening, 101 studies were included for full-text screening. Upon full-text screening, six studies were included for analysis. Of these, five were randomised controlled trials, and one was a sequential feeding trial involving fibre-rich daily diet for a 4–8 weeks period. Fibre-rich dietary intervention significantly reduced Clinical Attachment Loss/Level by 0.48 mm/tooth (95% CI, −0.63 to −0.33, p < 0.001), Bleeding On Probing by 27.57% sites/tooth (95% CI −50.40 to −4.74, p = 0.02), Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area by 173.88 mm2 (95% CI −288.06 to −59.69, p = 0.003), Plaque Index by 0.02 (95% CI −0.04 to −0.00, p = 0.04), and Gingival Index by 0.41 (95% −0.67 to −0.16, p= 0.002). A non-significant reduction was observed for Probing Depth (−0.17 mm/tooth; 95% CI, −0.37 to 0.02, p = 0.09). Conclusions: Fibre-rich dietary interventions are associated with a reduction of clinical and particularly inflammatory markers of periodontal diseases. This shows a promising effect of dietary fibre as an intervention for inflammatory conditions like periodontal diseases.
Acute Intake of Sucrose but Not of the Intense Sweetener Sucralose Is Associated with Post-Prandial Endotoxemia in Healthy Young Adults—A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Staltner Raphaela , Sánchez Victor , Bergheim Ina , Baumann Anja
Published: September 2023

Sugar-rich diets, but also the use of intense sweeteners, may alter intestinal barrier function. Here, we assessed the effect of sucrose and sucralose on post-prandial endotoxemia in a randomized placebo-controlled single-blinded crossover-designed study. Following a 2-day standardization of their diet, healthy men and women received a beverage containing either sucrose, sucralose (iso-sweet) or an isocaloric combination of sucralose + maltodextrin. Plasma endotoxin levels were measured after consumption of the respective beverages. Moreover, the effect of sucrose and sucralose on intestinal permeability was assessed in Caco-2 cells and ex vivo in an everted gut sac model. The nutritional standardization recommended by nutrition societies was associated with a significant decrease in plasma endotoxin levels. The intake of the sucrose-sweetened beverage resulted in a significant increase in plasma endotoxin levels while being unchanged after the intake of sucralose-sweetened beverages. In Caco-2 cells, the challenge with sucrose but not with sucralose significantly increased the permeation of the bacterial endotoxin across the cell monolayer. Xylose permeation in small intestinal everted tissue sacs was significantly higher upon the challenge with sucrose while remaining unchanged in sucralose-challenged sacs. Our data suggest that an acute intake of physiologically relevant amounts of sucrose but not of sucralose can result in post-prandial endotoxemia.
Maternal Intake of Vitamin D Supplements during Pregnancy and Pubertal Timing in Children: A Population-Based Follow-Up Study
Authors: Gaml-Sørensen Anne , Brix Nis , Lunddorf Lea Lykke Harrits , Ernst Andreas , Høyer Birgit Bjerre , Toft Gunnar , Henriksen Tine Brink , Ramlau-Hansen Cecilia Høst
Published: September 2023

Maternal vitamin D may be important for several organ systems in the offspring, including the reproductive system. In this population-based follow-up study of 12,991 Danish boys and girls born 2000–2003, we investigated if maternal intake of vitamin D supplements during pregnancy was associated with pubertal timing in boys and girls. Information on maternal intake of vitamin D supplements was obtained by self-report in mid-pregnancy. Self-reported information on the current status of various pubertal milestones was obtained every six months throughout puberty. Mean differences in months at attaining each pubertal milestone and an average estimate for the mean difference in attaining all pubertal milestones were estimated according to maternal intake of vitamin D supplements using multivariable interval-censored regression models. Lower maternal intake of vitamin D supplements was associated with later pubertal timing in boys. For the average estimate, boys had 0.5 months (95% CI 0.1; 0.9) later pubertal timing per 5 µg/day lower maternal vitamin D supplement intake. Maternal intake of vitamin D supplements was not associated with pubertal timing in girls. Spline plots and sensitivity analyses supported the findings. Whether the observed association with boys’ pubertal timing translates into an increased risk of disease in adulthood is unknown.
How Should We Prepare Our Pharmacist Preceptors? Design, Development and Implementation of a Training Program in a Regional Australian University
Authors: Knott Gillian J. , Mylrea Martina F. , Glass Beverley D.
Published: September 2023

Increased experiential learning within pharmacy education has highlighted the need for quality preceptors, leading to a recent focus on their development and training. This study describes the design, development and implementation of a pharmacist preceptor training program in a regional Australian University. The design of this program utilized the results of a previously conducted scoping review of preceptor training programs and a comprehensive preceptor training needs analysis. In addition, participation was sought from an expert advisory group, comprising preceptors and pharmacy professional organizations. Program materials were developed and transferred onto a suitable online learning platform for implementation. Post-training program evaluation will follow Kirkpatrick’s model of training evaluation criteria, gaining feedback from both preceptors and students. The four flexible online modules that were designed are aligned with the main preceptor roles: role model, educator, mentor and assessor. The program also included a small-group online interactive networking session and an online discussion forum. Following implementation, 28 pharmacist preceptors completed the training. Preliminary feedback on the training program was extremely positive, particularly to the interactive networking activity. Future programs will continue to be adapted to reflect stakeholder feedback and optimize student placement experiences.
Using Detached Industrial Hemp Leaf Inoculation Assays to Screen for Varietal Susceptibility and Product Efficacy on Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Kirkby Karen , Roser Sharlene , Plett Krista
Published: September 2023

In greenhouse production, grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. is one of the most widespread and damaging diseases affecting medicinal cannabis (MC). Fungicide options to control this disease are extremely limited due to the regulations surrounding fungicides and chemical residues as the product end users are medical patients, often with compromised immune systems. Screening for alternative disease control options, such as biological and organic products, can be time-consuming and costly. Here, we optimise and validate a detached leaf assay as a quick and non-destructive method to evaluate interactions between plants and pathogens, allowing the assessment of potential pathogens’ infectivity and product efficacy. We tested eight industrial hemp varieties for susceptibility to B. cinerea infection. Using detached leaves from a susceptible variety, we screened a variety of chemical or organic products for efficacy in controlling the lesion development caused by B. cinerea. A consistent reduction in lesion growth was observed using treatments containing Tau-fluvalinate and Myclobutanil, as well as the softer chemical alternatives containing potassium salts. The performance of treatments was pH-dependent, emphasizing the importance of applying them at optimal pH levels to maximise their effectiveness. The detached leaf assay differentiated varietal susceptibility and was an effective method for screening treatment options for diseases caused by Botrytis. The results from the detached leaf assays gave comparable results to responses tested on whole plants.
Pre-Harvest Salicylic Acid Application Affects Fruit Quality and Yield under Deficit Irrigation in Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Plants
Authors: González-Villagra Jorge , Bravo León A. , Reyes-Díaz Marjorie , Cohen Jerry D. , Ribera-Fonseca Alejandra , López-Olivari Rafael , Jorquera-Fontena Emilio , Tighe-Neira Ricardo
Published: September 2023

Salicylic acid (SA) application is a promising agronomic tool. However, studies under field conditions are required, to confirm the potential benefits of SA. Thus, SA application was evaluated under field conditions for its effect on abscisic acid levels, antioxidant related-parameters, fruit quality, and yield in Aristotelia chilensis subjected to different levels of irrigation. During two growing seasons, three-year-old plants under field conditions were subjected to full irrigation (FI: 100% of reference evapotranspiration (ETo), and deficit irrigation (DI: 60% ETo). During each growth season, a single application of 0.5 mM SA was performed at fruit color change by spraying fruits and leaves of both irrigation treatments. The results showed that DI plants experienced moderate water stress (−1.3 MPa), which increased ABA levels and oxidative stress in the leaves. The SA application facilitated the recovery of all physiological parameters under the DI condition, increasing fruit fresh weight by 44%, with a 27% increase in fruit dry weight, a 1 mm increase in equatorial diameter, a 27% improvement in yield per plant and a 27% increase in total yield, with lesser oxidative stress and tissue ABA levels in leaves. Also, SA application significantly increased (by about 10%) the values of fruit trait variables such as soluble solids, total phenols, and antioxidant activity, with the exceptions of titratable acidity and total anthocyanins, which did not vary. The results demonstrated that SA application might be used as an agronomic strategy to improve fruit yield and quality, representing a saving of 40% regarding water use.
Impacts of Plastics on Plant Development: Recent Advances and Future Research Directions
Authors: Mészáros Enikő , Bodor Attila , Kovács Etelka , Papp Sarolta , Kovács Kamilla , Perei Katalin , Feigl Gábor
Published: September 2023

Plastics have inundated the world, with microplastics (MPs) being small particles, less than 5 mm in size, originating from various sources. They pervade ecosystems such as freshwater and marine environments, soils, and the atmosphere. MPs, due to their small size and strong adsorption capacity, pose a threat to plants by inhibiting seed germination, root elongation, and nutrient absorption. The accumulation of MPs induces oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity in plants, which also impacts plant development, mineral nutrition, photosynthesis, toxic accumulation, and metabolite production in plant tissues. Furthermore, roots can absorb nanoplastics (NPs), which are then distributed to stems, leaves, and fruits. As MPs and NPs harm organisms and ecosystems, they raise concerns about physical damage and toxic effects on animals, and the potential impact on human health via food webs. Understanding the environmental fate and effects of MPs is essential, along with strategies to reduce their release and mitigate consequences. However, a full understanding of the effects of different plastics, whether traditional or biodegradable, on plant development is yet to be achieved. This review offers an up-to-date overview of the latest known effects of plastics on plants.
Exogenous Salicylic Acid Alleviates NO2 Damage by Maintaining Cell Stability and Physiological Metabolism in Bougainvillea × buttiana ‘Miss Manila’ Seedlings
Authors: Liang Yuxiang , Li Dalu , Sheng Qianqian , Zhu Zunling
Published: September 2023

Exogenous substances can alleviate plant damage under adverse conditions. In order to explore whether different concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) can play a role in the resistance of Bougainvillea × buttiana ‘Miss Manila’ to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) stress and the relevant mechanisms of their effects, different concentrations of SA were applied locally under the control experiment condition of 4.0 μL·L−1 NO2, and the role of SA in alleviating injury was studied. The findings noted a significant increase in metabolic adaptations and antioxidant enzyme activities following 0.25–0.75 mM SA application (p < 0.05), except 1 mM. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in particular increased by 21.88% and 59.71%, respectively. Such an increase led to effective control of the reduction in photosynthetic pigments and the photosynthetic rate and protection of the structural stability of chloroplasts and other organelles. In addition, the activity of nitrate reductase (NR) increased by 83.85%, and the content of nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N) decreased by 29.23% in nitrogen metabolism. Concurrently, a principal component analysis (PCA) and a membership function analysis further indicated that 0.75 mM SA provided the most notable improvement in NO2 resistance among the different gradients. These findings suggest that 0.25–0.75 mM SA can relieve the stress at 4 μL·L−1 NO2 injury by effectively improving the antioxidant enzyme activity and nitrogen metabolizing enzyme activity, protecting the photosynthetic system and cell structure, but 1 mM SA had the opposite effect. In the future, the specific reasons for inhibition of SA at high concentrations and the comprehensive effects of the application of other exogenous compounds should be further studied.
Total Flavonoid Contents and the Expression of Flavonoid Biosynthetic Genes in Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) Scions Growing on Lakoocha (Artocarpus lakoocha) Rootstocks
Authors: Zhou Yuchan , Underhill Steven J. R.
Published: September 2023

Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) is a traditional fruit tree of 15–30 m height in the tropics. The presence of size-controlling rootstock in the species is not known. A small tropical tree species, lakoocha (Artocarpus lakoocha), was recently identified as a potential vigor-controlling rootstock, conferring over a 65% reduction in breadfruit tree height. To better understand the intriguing scion/rootstock interactions involved in dwarfing, we investigate flavonoid accumulation and its regulation in breadfruit scions in response to different rootstocks. To this end, we isolated a chalcone synthase cDNA, AaCHS, and a full-length bifunctional dihydroflavonol 4-reductase cDNA, AaDFR, from breadfruit scion stems. The expression of both AaCHS and AaDFR genes was examined over the period of 16 to 24 months following grafting. During the development of the dwarf phenotype, breadfruit scion stems on lakoocha rootstocks display significant increases in total flavonoid content, and show upregulated AaCHS expression when compared with those on self-grafts and non-grafts. There is a strong, positive correlation between the transcript levels of AaCHS and total flavonoid content in scion stems. The transcript levels of AaDFR are not significantly different across scions on different rootstocks. This work provides insights into the significance of flavonoid biosynthesis in rootstock-induced breadfruit dwarfing.