bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photocatalysis Approach for Energy and Environmental Challenges at Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
Authors: Valluri Durga Kumari , Subrahmanyam Machiraju , Mangalampalli Venkata Phanikrishna Sharma , Jakkidi Krishna Reddy , Kannekanti Lalitha
Published: June 2009

The R & D developments in several aspects of catalysis area require cleaner and clean up technologies. Catalysts are used for energy conversion and to convert environmentally hazardous materials into harmless compounds. This presentation reviews the work currently under exploration at IICT that illustrates the perspective of photocatalyst technologies for solving energy and environmental issues for providing sustainable development. Studies on development of photocatalytic materials for degradation of phenolic wastes, common industrial effluent, H-acid, Calmagite (an azodye), Isopruturon (herbicide) and for E-coli disinfection are highlighted. Materials like Natrotantite, Ce-modified zeolites, Ag2O/TiO2, CuO/TiO2 and C,N-doped TiO2 are designed and evaluated for photocatalytic splitting of water for generation of hydrogen energy. Furthermore, potential applications of photo catalysts in the chemical synthesis of N-containing heterocyclic compounds like pyrazines and piperazines which are useful intermediates in the synthesis of various drugs, perfumes, herbicides and dyes are new interesting aspects in the presentation. Thus the present review describes the emerging trends in using photocatalysts for energy and environmental applications.
Novel Room-temperature Ferromagnetic Semiconductors Pb1-x-yCaxCryTe
Authors: Skipetrov Evgeny P. , Zvereva Elena A. , Pichugin Nikolay A. , Primenko Alexey E. , Slyn'ko Evgeny I. , Slyn'ko Vasily E.
Published: June 2009

The galvanomagnetic and magnetic properties of novel diluted magnetic semiconductors Pb1-x-yCaxCryTe (x=0.06-0.20, y=0.003-0.045) have been investigated. Temperature dependencies of the resistivity and the Hall coefficient have a metallic character indicating the pinning of Fermi level by the chromium impurity level on the background of the conduction band states. Magnetization curves display a clear hysteresis loop over the whole temperature range investigated. The Curie temperature, determined from the temperature dependencies of magnetization, achieves 345 K. Possible mechanisms of ferromagnetic ordering were discussed.
Study of electron beam irradiation induced defectivity in mono and bi layer graphene and the influence on Raman band position and line-width
Authors: Rao Gayathri , Mactaggart Sarah , Lee Ji Ung , Geer Robert
Published: June 2009

Nanoscale metrology of graphene-based devices is a substantial challenge. The investigation of defects and stacking order is essential for graphene-based device development. Raman spectroscopy is a useful approach in this regard. The defect-induced Raman D band yields substantial insights regarding defect density and, consequently, can serve as in important tool to quantify impact of defects on eventual graphene-based device performance. Toward this end an investigation of electron beam-induced defects in bi-layer and mono layer graphene samples has been undertaken via the examination of the Raman D, and G bands. The evolution of the aforementioned Raman spectra as a function of electron beam dose was characterized via Raman spectroscopy and compared with spectra from the same samples prior to irradiation. Defect generation in the graphene as a function of electron beam dose was characterized via the change in the intensity ratios of the Raman D and G bands (ID/IG) and the broadening of the G band line width. Continued irradiation at very high flux and very low accelerating voltages have also revealed charge accumulation evident from the narrowing of G band line-widths.
Correlation between Activation Volume and Pillar Diameter for Mo and Nb BCC Pillars
Authors: Schneider Andreas S. , Clark Blythe G. , Frick Carl P. , Arzt Eduard
Published: June 2009

Compression tests with varying loading rates were performed on [001] and [235] oriented small-scale bcc Mo and Nb pillars to determine the contribution of thermally activated screw dislocation motion during deformation. Calculated activation volumes were shown to be in the range of 2 - 9 b3 and by further examination were found to decrease with pillar diameter. This suggests that the kink-pair nucleation of screw dislocations is enhanced by surface effects in the micron and submicron range.
Strengthening by plastic corrugated reinforcements: an efficient way for strain-hardening improvement by architecture
Authors: Bouaziz Olivier , Allain S. , Barcelo D. , Niang R.
Published: June 2009

The particular plastic behaviour of corrugated metallic strips under tension has been investigated and it has been exploited to propose a new design of structural material using strengthening by plastic corrugated reinforcement. It is reported that the proposed approach is suitable to strongly improve the strain-hardening by this specific architecture.
Metallic Sandwich Structures with Hollow Spheres Foam Core
Authors: Lhuissier Pierre , Fallet Alexandre , Salvo Luc , Bréchet Yves , Fivel Marc
Published: June 2009

Sandwich structures and foamed materials are typical architectured materials. Their combination provides potentially very performant solutions combining stiffness, strength, energy absorption and acoustic damping. The present contribution deals with the integration of a special type of foams, namely hollow spheres stackings, into sandwich structures.
Stainless steel hollow spheres main advantage relies on their smooth stress-strain curves and their very good repeatability, compared to other closed cell metallic foams. Therefore these foams are interesting alone but also in sandwich design.
A parametric study of the macroscopic behaviour of random stainless steel hollow spheres packing in uniaxial compression was carried out. Scaling laws for the Young's modulus, and for yield strength were established, and they are used to calculate sandwich properties.
Then one of the studied metallic hollow spheres packing has been integrated in a sandwich structure with stainless steel faces. Four point bending tests have been performed on various sandwich structures with four core thicknesses and three face thicknesses up to large deflection. We obtained thus the stiffness, the critical load where first damage occurs, the maximum load as a function of the sandwich parameters (core and face thickness). We compared this to classical analytical models.
Biohybrid Photoelectrochemical Nanoengineered Interfaces
Authors: Sridharan Arati , Muthuswamy Jit , Pizziconi Vincent B.
Published: June 2009

Incorporation of biophotonic components in artificial devices is an emerging trend in exploring biomimetic approaches for green technologies. In this study, highly efficient, nanoscaled light antenna structures from green photosynthetic bacteria, known as chlorosomes, comprised of bacteriochlorophyll-c pigment arrays that are stable in aqueous environments are studied in an electrochemical environment for their photoelectrogenic capacity. Biohybrid electrochemical cells containing chlorosomes coupled to the native bacterial photosynthetic apparatus have a higher dark charge storage density (at least 10-fold) than electrochemical cells with decoupled chlorosomes. Nevertheless, upon light stimulation, the charge storage density, also known as charge injection capacity, for both electrochemical systems increased the charge stored near the electrode. Decoupled chlorosome-based systems showed a light-intensity dose-dependent response reaching a maximum change of ˜300 nC/cm2at near sunlight intensities (˜80-100mW/cm2). Chronoamperometric studies under light stimulation conditions confirmed the photo-induced effect. Current studies are focused on optimization of the electrode/chlorosome interfacial properties across various heterogeneous interfaces. Successful implementation of harvesting photo-energy using the chlorosome or its derivatives may lead to substantial innovations in current biophotonic technologies, such as biofuel cells and retinal prosthetics.
Bio-inspired Microfluidic Propulsion Through Magnetically-actuated Cilia
Authors: Khaderi Syed , Baltussen Michiel , Anderson Patrick , Ioan D. , den Toonder Jaap , Onck Patrick
Published: June 2009

Manipulation of bio-fluids in microchannels faces many challenges in the development of lab-on-a-chip devices. We propose magnetically actuated artificial cilia which can propel fluids in microchannels. These cilia are magnetic films which can be actuated by an external magnetic field, leading to an asymmetric motion like that of natural cilia. The coupling between different physical mechanisms (magnetostatics, solid mechanics and fluid dynamics) is numerically established. In this work we quantify the flow through a microfluidic channel as a function of its geometry for a characteristic set of dimensionless parameters.
Repercussões da violência na saúde mental de trabalhadores do Programa Saúde da Família
Authors: Lancman Selma , Ghirardi Maria Isabel Garcez , Castro Eliane Dias de , Tuacek Tatiana Amodeo
Published: June 2009

OBJETIVO:Descrever formas de violência externa e indireta que afetam a saúde mental de trabalhadores de programa de saúde da família, bem como as estratégias desenvolvidas pelos trabalhadores para viabilizar seu trabalho e se proteger psicologicamente. MÉTODOS: Estudo qualitativo do processo de trabalho no Programa Saúde da Família, realizado nos municípios de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto e Embu (SP), em 2005. Foi utilizada a abordagem teórica da psicodinâmica do trabalho, que propõe a criação de grupos de reflexão com os trabalhadores. Buscou-se identificar aspectos subjetivos do trabalho, situações de sofrimento psíquico e estratégias utilizadas pelos trabalhadores para lidar com o sofrimento e continuar a trabalhar. RESULTADOS: A organização do trabalho no Programa expôs os trabalhadores a: situações de violência, por vezes invisível; sentimentos de impotência frente às situações de precariedade; não-reconhecimento dos esforços realizados; falta de fronteiras entre aspectos profissionais e pessoais; convívio intenso com situações de violência doméstica e social; medo do risco de exposição; sensação de integridade moral e física ameaçadas e temor de represália. Foram observadas situações de sofrimento psíquico decorrente da violência no trabalho, intensificados no Programa Saúde da Família pelo convívio cotidiano com situações de violência que geram medo e sentimento de vulnerabilidade. CONCLUSÕES: As repercussões psicológicas geradas pela violência no trabalho, nem sempre expressas sob a forma de transtornos psíquicos, foram observadas em situações de elevado sofrimento. Os trabalhadores desenvolvem estratégias para minimizar esse sofrimento, se protegem psiquicamente e continuam a trabalhar; buscam construir redes de solidariedade e de proteção com a população visando à diminuição da vulnerabilidade. Aprendem, na experiência acumulada, a detectar situações de risco evitando aquelas que acreditam serem ameaçadoras.
¿Ética ecológica o medioambiental?
Authors: Costa Carlos Alberto Franco da
Published: June 2009

La emergencia y la magnitud que los problemas ambientales han ganado en las tres ultimas décadas han posibilitado una gran producción científica acerca del tema de la ecología y el medio ambiente, principalmente en relación a como la humanidad se debe comportar delante de la naturaleza. Es frecuente en las ciencias sociales la utilización de los términos ecológico y medioambiental como sinónimos. Todavía, desde el punto de vista de la ética es necesario hacer distinciones debido a las concepciones teóricas que dan sostenibilidad a las discusiones, una vez que existen divergencias conceptuales fundamentales que deben ser aclaradas para que no se cometa el error de mezclar concepciones y teorías que son fundamentalmente distintas y deben dar la profundidad teórica que la problemática exige. Así, este trabajo se propone a aclarar las dos concepciones haciendo la distinción entre lo que debe ser tratado como ética medioambiental y ética ecológica, dando énfasis en este ultimo concepto y haciendo una recopilación de los principales autores que fundamentan esta corriente teórica, de forma a servir de texto orientador para quien necesite de estudiar la ética ecológica con profundidad, incluso dando soporte para estudios en áreas como la sociología y la economía.
Aspectos reprodutivos e dieta alimentar dos ninhegos de Rhinoptynx clamator (Aves: Strigidae) no campus Marco Zero da Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá-AP
Authors: Aguiar Kurazo Mateus Okada , Naiff Rafael Homobono
Published: June 2009

Este trabalho tem como objetivo relatar os aspectos comportamentais de nidificação, alimentação e desenvolvimento dos ninhegos de Rhinoptynx clamator (Strigidae) em um fragmento florestal no Campus Marco Zero da Universidade Federal do Amapá. Apenas um ninho foi encontrado, no solo e na base de um tucumã Astrocaryum oleatum. Três ovos brancos com manchas marrons foram observados, cuja medida foi de 41 x 35 mm em média. A incubação durou 28 dias e foi efetuada pela fêmea, e o último filhote a nascer viveu apenas dois dias. Os filhotes sobreviventes foram medidos durante o seu desenvolvimento. Durante a estação reprodutiva foram coletadas algumas pelotas de regurgitação, sendo encontrados três tipos de vertebrados: Rattus sp., Micoureus cf. regina e Columbina talpacoti.
Uso de álcool e drogas e sua influência sobre as práticas sexuais de adolescentes de Minas Gerais, Brasil
Authors: Bertoni Neilane , Bastos Francisco I. , Mello Maeve Brito de , Makuch Maria Yolanda , Sousa Maria Helena de , Osis Maria José , Faúndes Anibal
Published: June 2009

Os achados provêm de um estudo transversal de 5.981 estudantes de escolas públicas de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Avaliou-se a influência do uso de drogas sobre as práticas sexuais. Dos rapazes com relacionamento casual que referiram ter utilizado drogas ilícitas, 55,7% disseram usar preservativos de forma consistente (em todas as relações sexuais), enquanto entre os que nunca fizeram uso de tais substâncias, esse percentual foi de 65,4%. Entre os rapazes com relacionamento fixo, que utilizaram droga ilícita, o uso consistente de preservativos foi referido por 42,7%, ao passo que, para os que nunca fizeram uso dessas substâncias, esse percentual foi de 64,1%. No subgrupo dos rapazes com parceria fixa que nunca utilizaram drogas ilícitas, o uso consistente do preservativo foi menos freqüente entre os que utilizaram cigarro e/ou álcool do que entre os que não referiram este uso (60,7% vs. 71,1%). As moças apresentaram menor proporção de uso consistente do preservativo do que os rapazes, independentemente do tipo de parceria, sem influência aparente dos padrões de consumo. Os achados sugerem a necessidade de integrar a prevenção do uso de drogas à de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis/gravidez indesejada.
Advisor-advisee relationship: the multiplier knowledge
Authors: Ferreira Lydia Masako , Furtado Fabianne , Silveira Tiago Santos
Published: June 2009

The article captures the essence of the advisor-advisee relationship as the fulcrum of the graduate program, and its influence and implications in the present formation process of new researchers.
Iloprost, a prostacyclin (PGI2) analogue, reduces liver injury in hepatic ischemiareperfusion in rats
Authors: Gedik Ercan , Girgin Sadullah , Obay Basra Deniz , Ozturk Hayrettin , Ozturk Hulya , Buyukbayram Huseyin
Published: June 2009

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of iloprost a prostacyclin analogue on the hepatic IR injury in rats. METHODS: Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g) were divided into four groups each containing 10 rats;(1)- controls: data from unmanipulated animals; (2) sham group: rats subjected to the surgical procedure, except for liver I/R, and given saline; (3) I/R group: rats that underwent liver ischemia for 45 min followed by reperfusion for 45 min; (4) IR/ Iloprost group: rats pretreated with iloprost (10 µg kg-1, i.v). Liver tissues were taken to determine SOD, CAT, GSH, and MDA levels and for biochemical and histological evaluation. RESULTS: The plasma ALT and AST levels were increased in group 3 than in group 4. MDA values and the liver injury score decreased, while the SOD, CAT, and GSH values increased in group 4 compared to group 3. In group 3, hepatocytes were swollen with marked vacuolization. In group 4, there were regular sinusoidal structures with normal morphology without any signs of congestion. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated hepatoprotective effects of iloprost against severe ischemia and reperfusion injury in rat liver.
Influência da variação da produtividade das usinas hidroelétricas no cálculo da energia firme
Authors: Oliveira Edimar J. de , Rocha Rafael Santos , Silva Jr Ivo Chaves da , Marcato André Luis Marques , Oliveira Leonardo Willer de , Pereira José L. R.
Published: June 2009

No presente trabalho, o problema associado ao cálculo da energia firme é tratado como um modelo não linear de otimização, o que permite a representação da variação da produtividade das usinas. No modelo proposto é considerada a representação individualizada das usinas bem como a série histórica de vazões desde o mês de janeiro de 1931. O problema de otimização proposto é resolvido através do método primal-dual de pontos interiores. Adicionalmente, é apresentado um estudo de caso abrangendo o Sistema Interligado Nacional Brasileiro. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a metodologia proposta é promissora, tendo em vista que apresenta um valor de mercado de energia mais realista quando comparado com outras metodologias.
Processos de aprendizagem de empresas inovadoras em aglomerações produtivas: uma análise exploratória dos dados da Pintec para Santa Catarina
Authors: Bittencourt Pablo Felipe , Campos Renato Ramos
Published: June 2009

Na literatura neo-schumpeteriana atual que ressalta o processo de inovação como um fenômeno sistêmico destaque-se uma linha de pesquisa que enfatiza a proximidade geográfica como indutora de processos de aprendizagem virtuosos, capazes de impulsionar a competitividade da firmas, em particular, de suas estratégias tecnológicas. O ambiente local é "aproveitado" pela firma individual conforme suas competências acumuladas e suas estratégias atuais de aprendizado. Nesse artigo, utilizamos uma tabulação especial regionalizada dos dados da Pesquisa brasileira de Inovação Tecnológica (PINTEC, II) para inferir sobre os processos locais de aprendizagem de firmas inovadoras inseridas em 9 (nove) aglomerações produtivas do estado de Santa Catarina. Os resultados apontam a localização como um componente central aos processos de aprendizagem mais virtuosos.
Absorção de 1-metilciclopropeno aplicado em maçãs 'Royal Gala' armazenadas em atmosfera refrigerada juntamente com madeira
Authors: Brackmann Auri , Both Vanderlei , Pinto Josuel Alfredo Vilela , Weber Anderson , Pavanello Elizandra Pivotto
Published: June 2009

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a interferência da madeira utilizada na construção das caixas, denominadas de bins, utilizadas no armazenamento comercial, sobre a eficiência da aplicação de doses de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) em maçãs da cultivar Royal Gala. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: controle (sem 1-MCP e sem madeira); 1-MCP (625nL L-1); 1-MCP (625nL L-1) + madeira de eucalipto (Eucaliptus sp); 1-MCP (625nL L-1) + madeira de cedrinho (Erisma uncinatum Warm); 1-MCP (1.250nL L 1); 1-MCP (1.250nL L-1) + eucalipto e 1-MCP (1.250nL L-1) + cedrinho. Após quatro meses de armazenamento a 0,5°C mais sete dias a 20°C, não foi observada diminuição da qualidade dos frutos tratados com 1-MCP e armazenados na presença e ausência de madeira, evidenciando que as madeiras de eucalipto e cedrinho não absorvem o 1-MCP a ponto de influenciar a eficiência do produto. A atividade da ACC oxidase, a síntese de etileno, a respiração, a firmeza da polpa e a cor da epiderme não diferiram entre as maçãs tratadas com 1-MCP e armazenadas na presença ou não de madeira. Também não houve diferença entre as doses de 1.250nL L-1 e 625nL L-1 de 1-MCP na maturação dos frutos. Conclui-se que os dois tipos de madeira utilizados na construção das embalagens e que são utilizados para o armazenamento de maçãs em câmaras frigoríficas comerciais não interferiram na eficiência de 1-MCP sobre a maturação dos frutos.
Abordagem nas doenças sexualmente transmissíveis
Authors: Belda Junior Walter , Shiratsu Ricardo , Pinto Valdir
Published: June 2009

As doenças sexualmente transmissíveis estão entre os problemas de saúde pública mais comuns em todo o mundo. Entre suas consequências estão a infertilidade feminina e masculina, a transmissão de mãe para filho, determinando perdas gestacionais ou doença congênita, e o aumento do risco para a infecção pelo HIV. Dessa forma, este guideline tem o objetivo de contribuir para melhorar a qualidade de atenção às pessoas com infecções sexualmente transmissíveis mais frequentes no Brasil, trazendo de forma didática e concreta o estado atual dos conhecimentos para os dermatologistas e médicos em geral que atuam no atendimento dessas pessoas e as principais recomendações para o diagnóstico e tratamento das doenças sexualmente transmissíveis mais recorrentes.
Caso para diagnóstico
Authors: Succi Isabella Brasil , Fontenelle Elisa
Published: June 2009

A síndrome de Christ-Siemens-Touraine (displasia ectodérmica hipoidrótica) é uma síndrome rara, caracterizada pela tríade de sudorese reduzida ou ausente, hipotricose e dentição defeituosa. Bossas frontais proeminentes, nariz em sela, lábio inferior espesso e queixo pontudo fazem com que os pacientes tenham uma fácies característica e semelhante. A síndrome completa ocorre em homens, visto tratar-se de herança recessiva ligada ao X.
Simulação numérica tridimensional da mecânica do joelho humano
Authors: Trilha Junior Marcial , Fancello Eduardo Alberto , Roesler Carlos Rodrigo de Mello , More Ari Digiácomo Ocampo
Published: June 2009

OBJETIVO: Por ser a articulação mecanicamente mais solicitada de nossa estrutura e pelo grande número de lesões associadas, motivaram a construção de um modelo tridimensional da articulação do joelho humano para simular a cinemática da articulação e obter as solicitações mecânicas nos principais ligamentos durante o movimento de flexão do joelho. Essas informações podem futuramente ser empregada como ferramenta de apoio à decisão médica em ortopedia, fornecendo subsídios na escolha do procedimento cirúrgico. MÉTODOS: Método dos Elementos Finitos foi utilizado para construir um modelo biomecânico, tridimensional, da articulação do joelho. Nesse modelo com seis graus de liberdade é aplicado movimento de flexão/extensão sendo os demais cinco graus de liberdade governados pelas interações entre os componentes da articulares. RESULTADOS: Foram obtidas informações dos movimentos, das rotações interna/externa e adução/abdução, das translações anterior/posterior, lateral/medial e superior/inferior e dos esforços nos quatro principais ligamentos articulares, no decorrer de um amplo movimento de flexão/extensão. Estes valores foram comparados, de forma qualitativa, com valores equivalentes obtidos na literatura. CONCLUSÃO: A análise de resultados permitiu observar que vários aspectos cinemáticos são satisfatoriamente reproduzidos. A pré-carga inicial dos ligamentos e o posicionamento das inserções ligamentares no modelo mostraram-se variáveis relevantes nos resultados.
Recuperação mecânica muscular com laser
Authors: Sene Giovana Leitão , Shimano Antônio Carlos , Picado Celso Hermínio Ferraz
Published: June 2009

OBJETIVO: Avaliamos a influência da irradiação a laser, associada ou não a imobilização, nas propriedades mecânicas do músculo gastrocnêmio submetido à lesão experimental. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizadas 70 ratas (Wistar), divididas em 7 grupos: grupo 1- controle; grupo2 - lesão; grupo3 - lesão-irradiação laser; grupo 4 - lesão-imobilização 24 horas-irradiação laser; grupo 5 - lesão- imobilização 72 horas-irradiação laser; grupo 6 - lesão-imobilização 24 horas; grupo 7 - lesão-imobilização 72 horas. Os músculos foram submetidos a ensaios mecânicos de tração e, utilizando gráficos carga x alongamento calculadas as propriedades mecânicas no limite de proporcionalidade e no limite máximo. RESULTADOS: A lesão provocou diminuição da carga nos limites máximo e de proporcionalidade em relação ao grupo1 (p< 0,05). . Os grupos 2, 4, 5 e 7 apresentaram diferença estatística em relação ao grupo 1. A propriedade de alongamento no limite de proporcionalidade apresentou diferença significante entre o grupo 1 e os grupos 4, 5, 6 e 7 e, entre os grupos 2 e 4. A propriedade de alongamento no limite máximo apresentou diferença entre os grupos 1 e 5 e, entre os grupos 3 e 5. CONCLUSÕES: A associação da imobilização por 24 e 72 horas à terapia laser não melhorou os resultados nas propriedades mecânicas do músculo. O uso isolado de cada modalidade de tratamento foi mais efetivo.
Uma visita ao Barão
Authors: Bertero Carlos Osmar , Iwai Tatiana
Published: June 2009

A figura do Barão de Mauá ocupa lugar de indiscutível destaque no desenvolvimento econômico do Brasil. Sua trajetória é largamente analisada não apenas pelas importantes realizações que promoveu, mas também porque se tornou símbolo de um empreendedor, cuja falência dos negócios é freqüentemente debitada a um contexto institucional, que não soube entender sua visão de desenvolvimento para o país e foi hostil a seus projetos de industrialização e modernização do Brasil. No entanto, se revisitarmos sua trajetória, veremos que não apenas suas ações empresariais podem ser consideradas equivocadas, se analisadas à luz dos atuais conceitos desenvolvidos na área de estratégia, como também guardaram certa intimidade com a política governamental da época. Dessa maneira, Mauá foi, em certo grau, prisioneiro do contexto institucional brasileiro do período. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste artigo é rever a posição de que Mauá, como empreendedor do tipo clássico, opôs-se à ordem institucional vigente e, por isso, teria sido punido. Na verdade, veremos que, se ele se opôs a essa ordem, nela também confiou e passou a dela depender.
Nutritional assessment and surgical risk makers in children submitted to cardiac surgery
Authors: Leite Heitor Pons , Fisberg Mauro , Novo Neil Ferreira , Nogueira Eliana Borges Rodrigues , Ueda lvete Kotomi
Published: June 2009

In order to assess the nutritional status of children with heart diseases and to evaluate nutritional parameters for predicting postoperative complications, 50 children undergoing to cardiac surgery and classified in high and low surgical risk prospectively evaluated. Assessment parameters included anthropometry and plasma proteins albumin, transferrin and prealbumin. The nutritional classification according to Waterlow's modified criteria showed a high prevalence of malnutrition in the population studied (78%). The measures of arm circumference when located below the 5th percentile showed a significant association with general postoperative complications in the high risk group (arm circumference, p = 0,0019; arm muscle circumference, p = 0,0419). The percentage of weight per height, serum albumin and transferrin has not played a prognostic role concerning postoperative morbidity. The mean value of prealbumin was significantly lower in high risk group patients developing postoperative infections (p < 0,01) compared to those who did not. The sensitivity-specificity analysis of prealbumin as risk indicator for postoperative infection was 87.5% and 59% respectively. The nutritional risk classification seems to be a good way to identify the subgroups of children with additional postoperative surgical risk. However, more specific and sensitive tests are desirable to provide an individual identification of these children.
The apical ventricular lesion in Chagas' heart disease
Authors: Nogueira Eduardo Arantes , Ueti Osvaldo Massaioshi , Vieira Wallasse Rocha
Published: June 2009

Apical lesions of the left ventricle, ranging from endocardial thickening to aneurysms, are commonly found in Chagas' heart disease. These abnormalities can be identified by ventriculography, two-dimensional echocardiography and radioisotopic studies. Generally, clinical manifestations are limited to arrhythmias and thromboembolic. The lesions are usually small and apparently do not play a role in ventricular dysfunction.
Natural history of chronic Chagas' heart disease: prognosis factors
Authors: Mady Charles , Nacruth Ricardo
Published: June 2009

Chronic Chagas' disease shows several progression modes. Usually, the different clinical syndromes manifest themselves together, however, isolated forms can occur. Cardiac arrhythmias, which are very frequent, are present in about 50% of patients. The cardiac damage manifests itself later, with the emergence of heart failure. Thromboembolism can occur in both pulmonary and systemic circulation. Pulmonary embolism is the most frequent, appearing in more advanced phases of heart disease. Sudden death is the fatal outcome of these patients. It predominates in males and it generally occurs in a disease stage when patients have their highest productivity. The presence of serious ventricular arrhythmias, conduction disturbances in the eletrocardiogram, and heart failure, provide an unfavorable prognosis.
Electrophysiologic study in chronic Chagas' heart disease
Authors: Scanavacca Maurício , Sosa Eduardo
Published: June 2009

Cardiac arrhythmias are common in chagasic patients. Electrophysiologic study is an invasive procedure for the investigation of sinus node function, atrioventricular node conduction and intraventricular (His-Purkinje) conduction and the mechanism of tachycardias. It is useful in elucidating syncope, dizziness and tachycardiac palpitations that remain unexplained by non-invasive diagnostic methods. It is fundamental in directing non-pharmacological therapy, especially in "sudden death" survivors. Chagasic patients may benefit from electrophysiologic study after a critical clinical evaluation.
Medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias in Chagas'heart disease
Authors: Paola Angelo Amato V. de , Gondin Fernando Antonio Aquino , Hara Vanderlei , Mendonça Alayde
Published: June 2009

There are no controlled clinical trials evaluating drug therapy in patients with ventricular arrhythmias and chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy. Empirical treatment with disopyramide (400-1,000mg/d), phenytoin (4-6mg/d), mexiletine (600-1,200mg/d), propafenone (900mg/d), amiodarone ( loading: 1,000mg/d, 10-14 days; maintenance 200-600mg/d), and sotalol (320mg/d) had efficacy and tolerance ranging from 18% to 90% with heterogeneous criteria for efficacy definition. Further studies with homogenous criteria are required to determine which is the most appropriate drug therapy for patients with chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy and ventricular arrhythmias.
Construindo a linguagem gráfica em uma aula experimental de física
Authors: Carmo Alex Bellucco do , Carvalho Anna Maria Pessoa de
Published: June 2009

Analisa-se a construção da linguagem gráfica em uma sequência de aulas sobre calor e temperatura, inserida em um laboratório investigativo. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida a partir de filmagens em uma turma do segundo ano do Ensino Médio de escola pública da rede estadual de ensino de São Paulo. Destaca-se o papel do professor na medida em que ele articula as linguagens à sua disposição (oral, escrita, representações visuais entre outras), pelos processos de cooperação e especialização, com o objetivo de traduzir a linguagem coloquial e fenomenológica em linguagem científica, ressaltando as características tipológicas e topológicas de cada linguagem, tornando o fenômeno visível ou transparente no gráfico e vice-versa aos olhos dos estudantes. Com isso, contorna-se o mecanicismo matemático das aulas tradicionais de física, em que a linguagem matemática torna-se um obstáculo à aprendizagem dos conceitos físicos, no lugar de ser uma forma de estruturar e interpretar os fenômenos naturais.
Investigação sobre a identidade profissional em alunos de Licenciatura em Ciências Bioló gicas
Authors: Brando Fernanda da Rocha , Caldeira Ana Maria de Andrade
Published: June 2009

A presente pesquisa apresenta as perspectivas de atuação profissional de alunos do curso de Licenciatura em Ciências Biológicas de uma universidade pública do estado de São Paulo. Por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, levantamos as expectativas desses alunos em relação ao curso que frequentam e qual identidade construíram como parte do imaginário que compõe o ethos. Verificamos que o curso de licenciatura pesquisado pouco contribui para a construção de uma identificação dos alunos com a profissão de professor de Biologia e/ou Ciências e, apesar de constituir-se em um curso de formação para tal, acentua a construção da imagem do cientista- pesquisador nas áreas básicas da Biologia.
Toward landscape‐wide conservation outcomes in Australia's temperate grazing region
Authors: Fischer Joern , Sherren Kate , Stott Jenny , Zerger André , Warren Garth , Stein John
Published: June 2009

Agriculture and livestock grazing threaten biodiversity around the world. In the grazing landscapes of eastern Australia, a common conservation strategy has been to exclude livestock from large patches of trees (typically > 5 ha). This has major local benefits, but is unlikely to stem regional biodiversity loss. Using a case study from the Upper Lachlan catchment in New South Wales, we show that (1) approximately 30% of tree cover occurs as very small patches or scattered trees; (2) large patches have disappeared from 90% of the landscape; and (3) large patches are 3.5 times more likely to be in unproductive upland areas than in lowland areas of high conservation concern. Given the limitations of focusing on large patches of trees to achieve regional conservation outcomes, the next generation of conservation initiatives should consider a new suite of additional measures that could deliver biodiversity benefits across broad areas of the region. Two key measures that must be considered are new incentives for farmers to alter livestock grazing practices and reduce fertilizer use.
Decolorization and semi-batch continuous treatment of molasses distillery wastewater by Aspergillus tubingensis DCT6
Authors: Watanabe T. , Tanaka M. , Masaki K. , Fujii T. , Iefuji H.
Published: June 2009

Large quantities of deeply pigmented molasses distillery wastewater (MDW), are discharged during the production of bio-ethanol from molasses. Conventional biological wastewater treatment is not effective in removing the molasses pigments. In the present study, a MDW treatment system was developed with combination treatment involving biodecolorization and biotreatment by Aspergillus tubingensis DCT6, together with physical decolorization by ozonation after treatment by activated sludge. A. tubingensis DCT6, which was isolated from soil, decolorized 44% of the pigments in MDW without adding any nutrients. The combination treatment with A. tubingensis DCT6 and activated sludge method (fungi-activated sludge treatment) removed about 90% of organic compounds from MDW and appears to reduce the amount of space and water required for treatment. The fungi-activated sludge treatment reduced the time needed for decolorization by ozone by 83%. Replacing fresh seed sludge at regular intervals was useful to maintain the dominance and decolorization ability of A. tubingensis DCT6. The entire treatment obtained a decolorization ratio of 89–94% and removed more than 90% of each of DOC, DTN, and DTP.
Toxicity of artificial runoff fostered with dry deposition particulates from industrial, commercial, and highway area in Gwangju, Korea
Authors: Chung N. T. , Ra J. S. , Park K. , Kim D. W. , Kim S. D.
Published: June 2009

The adverse effects of rainwater and artificial urban runoff (an imitation of urban runoff during rainfall event) were investigated using a battery of bioassays employing three test species. Urban dusts were collected at three representative sites; commercial, industrial and highway areas. The water quality parameters of rainwater and artificial runoff revealed low hardness (23.4 ∼ 34.2 mg·L−1 as CaCO3) and alkalinity (7.0 ∼ 34.2 mg·L−1 as CaCO3). High toxicities were observed in the bioassays for the artificial runoffs. The average toxic units for D. magna, S. capricornutum, and O. latipes were 1.26(±0.84), 1.34(±1.10) and 2.05(±1.08), respectively. Of these species, O. latipes revealed significantly higher toxicity compared to D. magna and S. capricornutum (p<0.05). Embryo lesions were observed with 6.25% treatments, and these significantly increased at 12.5% treatments (p<0.05). The EC50 values for each artificial runoff were 22.5, 22.6 and 25.4% for commercial, industrial and highway areas, respectively. With 12.5% treatment, significant delays in hatching times were observed (p<0.05); all embryos tested did not hatched at 100% treatment. Similarly, a significant decrease in hatching success was observed at every sampling point from 25% treatment (p<0.05). The adverse effects of artificial runoff on the three test species suggests that urban surface runoff can cause significant impairment in aquatic ecosystems.
Treatment of local scrubber wastewater for semiconductor by using photo-catalytic ozonation
Authors: Chou Chung-Yi , Huang Chien-Pin , Shang Neng-Chou , Yu Yue-Hwa
Published: June 2009

This study investigates the oxidation of local scrubber wastewater (LSW) from semiconductor manufacture by using ozonation, catalytic ozonation (ozone/Al2O3 and ozone/TiO2–Al2O3), and photo-catalytic ozonation (UV/TiO2–Al2O3, ozone/UV and ozone/UV/TiO2–Al2O3). The results show that catalyst Al2O3 and TiO2–Al2O3 promotes the TOC removal under the condition of neutral or alkaline buffer solution during catalytic ozonation of LSW. The Al2O3 induces highest promotion in TOC removal efficiency, which is higher than ozone alone by 26% TOC removal under alkaline buffer solution. However, TiO2–Al2O3 and Al2O3 cannot display the promotion in TOC removal under acidic condition. In addition, a pre-treatment of anion ion-exchange is employed and the result indicates that decreasing the anion ions concentration before AOPs can imply higher TOC removal during AOPs of LSW. In this study, ozone/UV under raw LSW acidic condition and ozone/Al2O3 under alkaline buffer solution present 95% and 88% TOC removal rate respectively and show the higher TOC removal efficiency than other AOPs. Therefore, these two kinds of AOP can serve as the very viable AOP methods in the LSW reclamation for semiconductor.
Optical bonding with fast sol-gel
Authors: Gvishi Raz , Pokrass Mariana , Strum Galit
Published: June 2009

We investigate here the properties of fast sol-gel for optical bonding. The precursors of the fast sol-gel material are organically modified alkoxides generating a transparent hybrid (organic-inorganic) substance with silica glass-like properties whose index of refraction can be modified by the addition of various metal-oxides. The fast sol-gel method consists of rapid fabrication of a viscous resin and its subsequent dilution for long shelf life use. This material, when used as an adhesive offers the option of either a thermal or UV curing procedure. We demonstrate a bonding strength of ∼ 10 MPa when a 15 µm layer is applied between two glass elements. The bonding remained stable after an extensive −40°C – 120°C temperature cycling with minimal residual solvent evaporation at 150°C. The fast sol-gel material was tested for optical bonding between silica bulks, between silica bulk and silicon wafers and as an adhesive in silica fibre couplers.
Balloon-assisted extrasaccular coil embolization technique for the treatment of very small cerebral aneurysms
Authors: Gil Alberto , Vega Pedro , Murias Eduardo , Cuellar Hugo
Published: June 2009

Treatment of very small ruptured cerebral aneurysms (< 2 mm) continues to present a challenge. These lesions are difficult to treat both with neurosurgical and endovascular techniques. A neurosurgical approach is still the treatment of choice for these lesions at many centers because of high rupture rates related to endovascular treatment; however, there are clinical circumstances in which the neurosurgical option cannot be offered. In their review of the literature, the authors did not find any series reporting endovascular treatment of these very small aneurysms. In the present study, the authors report their experience with the endovascular treatment of a series of 4 ruptured aneurysms smaller than 2 mm from neck to dome. They describe their technique of using a remodelling balloon to stabilize the tip of the microcatheter in the neck of the aneurysm without entering it at any time, and of inserting the coil from outside the sac to minimize the risk of intraoperative rupture, which is very high when conventional endovascular embolization is performed.
Poststroke fixed dystonia of the foot relieved by chronic stimulation of the posterior limb of the internal capsule
Authors: Franzini Angelo , Messina Giuseppe , Marras Carlo , Molteni Franco , Cordella Roberto , Soliveri Paola , Broggi Giovanni
Published: June 2009

The authors report the case of an adult patient with irreducible fixed dystonia (inward rotation) of the right foot that arose after cardioembolic ischemia of the left putamen and globus pallidus externus. Given the resistance of such symptomatology to all of the attempted conservative treatments (including botulinum toxin), the authors decided to perform deep brain stimulation, positioning the intracerebral electrode in the left internal capsule at the level of the motor fibers controlling the right foot, as confirmed by intraoperative electromyography. After the intervention, the patient was able to perform voluntary movements of outward rotation and abduction in the right foot and begin gait rehabilitation. Deep brain stimulation of the posterior limb of the internal capsule could be an alternative target used to treat poststroke fixed dystonic conditions.
The community substance use environment: The development and predictive ability of a multi‐method and multiple‐reporter measure
Authors: Chilenski Sarah M. , Greenberg Mark T. , Feinberg Mark E.
Published: June 2009

This study tested the feasibility and utility of developing a multiple‐method and multiple‐reporter measure that describes the community substance use environment. Data on community‐level norms and availability of substances were reported by 5261 students and 181 prevention‐focused community leaders (CL) involved in the 28 promoting school–university–community partnerships to enhance resilience (PROSPER) Project communities between 2002 and 2005. Additionally, locations of alcohol and tobacco outlets were geocoded. Initially, these four subscales were aggregated to measure the community substance use environment. Analyses demonstrated this measure was associated with community rates of adolescent reported cigarette use, but it was not associated with community rates of adolescent reported alcohol use. Further analyses tested the relative strength of the four different subscales in predicting rates of student use. Implications of these results for the field of community‐based prevention are discussed, as well as limitations and future directions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probing Dynein and Kinesin Stepping with Mechanical Manipulation in a Living Cell
Authors: Sims Peter A. , Xie X. Sunney
Published: June 2009

Molecular motors: By combining optical tweezers and high‐speed particle tracking, individual steps of microtubule motor proteins transporting organelles can be detected under known force loads in living mammalian cells (see figure).

magnified image

We report a label‐free assay for simultaneous optical manipulation and tracking of endogenous lipid droplets as actively transported cargoes in a living mammalian cell with sub‐millisecond time resolution. Using an EM‐CCD camera as a highly sensitive quadrant detector, we can detect steps of dynein‐ and kinesin‐driven cargoes under known force loads. We can distinguish single and multiple motor‐driven cargoes and show that the stall forces for inward and outward transported cargoes are similar. By combining the stall force observable with the ability to detect individual steps, we can characterize kinesin‐ and dynein‐driven active transport in different force regimes.
Synthesis and Pharmacological Properties of New Tetracyclic Forskolin Analogues
Authors: Egger Michael , Maity Prantik , Hübner Melanie , Seifert Roland , König Burkhard
Published: June 2009

New tetracyclic analogues of forskolin have been prepared by derivatization of the natural product. Treatment of a forskolin‐derived cyclic thionocarbonate with 1,3‐dimethyl‐2‐phenyl‐1,3,2‐diazaphospholidine resulted in the formation of a seven‐membered cyclic carbonate derivative by an unprecedented rearrangement of an intermediate dialkoxycarbene or 1,3‐dipole, whereas radical deoxygenation was followed by intramolecular cyclization with the double bond to form a third analogue. Two of the new analogues were investigated for their ability to activate adenylyl cyclases 1, 2 and 5. The introduction of another ring into the forskolin skeleton did not lead to a loss of binding affinity to the enzyme. Although the new compounds are much more spacious than forskolin, they still seem to fit into the binding pocket and were found to be partial agonists.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Combinations of Alkyllithiums and Lithium Aminoalkoxides for Generation of Functional Pyridine Organometallics and Derivatives
Authors: Gros Philippe C. , Fort Yves
Published: June 2009

This account covers the current status of pyridine metallation with alkyllithium/lithium aminoalkoxide reagents and follows a previous review focusing on pioneering works on the nBuLi/LiDMAE reagent. An updated overview of the scope of metallation with this superbase is presented, together with the development of new reagents and synthetic applications based on selective lithiation methodology.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
The challenges of commissioning healthcare: a discussion paper
Authors: Peskett Sheila
Published: June 2009

The UK's Department of Health Independent Sector Programme to procure healthcare for National Health Service (NHS) patients from the independent sector revealed many of the challenges of commissioning, particularly assessing governance arrangements and identifying the organisational attributes of high quality healthcare providers. These issues were first discussed in a workshop at the British Association of Medical Managers (BAMM) Medical Directors Conference in Dublin in November 2007 (Dale, et al., 2009). The more difficult challenges of achieving effective clinical engagement, including motivational factors, organisational environment and systems and partnership working, in the complex field of commissioning healthcare in the UK are also explored here with particular reference to systems in other countries. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.