bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diphtheria ‘Arrives’
Authors: Dwyer Michael
Published: January 2019

Chapter two will discuss how, from the 1880s, diphtheria increasingly became an urban disease in Britain, Europe and America, and it is unlikely that Irish urban centres managed to avoid this ominous trend. The introduction of the Infectious Disease (Ireland) Act in 1906, and the mandatory obligation this legislation placed on local authorities to notify outbreaks of infectious disease, exposed the true prevalence of diphtheria in Ireland. The burgeoning, albeit reluctant, acknowledgement by local authorities in Dublin and Cork that diphtheria was endemic in their districts brought with it realization that a comprehensive public health response was required. Radical reform of public health administration and service provision in the newly independent Irish Free State, meant that Irish health authorities were well placed to take advantage of cutting edge laboratory-based measures to control infectious disease. It examines the development of anti-diphtheria antitoxin and its application as a preventive measure on a mass scale in New York in the early 1920s before considering how this radical public health intervention was received by health authorities and medical professionals in Britain and Ireland. This chapter will show how Irish health officials and medical officers eschewed the reticence of their British counterparts, readily abandoned traditional sanitarian approaches to disease control and embraced new public health methodologies in a bid to protect child life.
Anti-diphtheria Immunization in the Irish Free State
Authors: Dwyer Michael
Published: January 2019

Chapter three examines the rollout of anti-diphtheria schemes in the Irish Free State. It argues that a successful – albeit small-scale – anti-diphtheria scheme undertaken in Dundalk, Co. Louth, in 1927 influenced the introduction of new legislation designed to accommodate the rollout of a state-backed national anti-diphtheria immunization programme. An overview of the national picture is complemented by more in-depth analysis of local initiatives implemented by ‘front line’ medical officers in Dublin and Cork. These case studies highlight the dissimilar results obtained by a frugal and limited intervention in Dublin compared with the more comprehensive mass immunization scheme implemented by public health authorities in Cork. This chapter suggests that Cork city was the site of the largest anti-diphtheria immunization scheme ever undertaken in Ireland and Britain, the success of which drew national and international attention
Introduction
Authors: Winckles Andrew O. , Rehbein Angela
Published: January 2019

This chapter broadly outlines how the networking practices of Romanticism created unique spaces for communities of women and their literary activities. In particular, it traces the ways that women used literary networks and how these networks influenced the ways that they thought about their own identities and their identities in relation to others. Furthermore, it tracks how the protocols and norms that structured these literary networks were reflected in these women’s lives and relationships specifically, and then more broadly in the literary culture of the period by first examining networks of association or interest (groups of actual women who corresponded with and worked in community with each other), and then by turning to networks of meaning, within which authors and texts that may not traditionally seem to have any connection with each other interacted and spoke in unexpected ways. The approach allows for a more nuanced view of how networks formed and functioned during the Romantic period.
Sisters of the Quill
Authors: Winckles Andrew O.
Published: January 2019

This chapter traces the formation of a literary network of “evangelical bluestockings” in Regency England who yearned for the Bluestocking community of the past, but were constrained and frustrated by changing social, literary, intellectual, and religious landscapes of the present. These women, including Sally Wesley, Elizabeth Benger, Marianne Francis, and Elizabeth Hamilton, used a diverse set of mediation practices (including manuscript production and circulation) to create an intellectual community oriented around evangelical religion. This chapter ultimately argues that evangelical religion and theology offered a way for these latter day Bluestockings to deal with the shifting social, cultural, and artistic conditions of turn of the century Britain and that the literary networks which coalesced around their shared religious interests represented a significant means through which literary women formed, expressed, and published their ideas.
The Female Authors of Cadell and Davies
Authors: Levy Michelle , Irwin Reese
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the publishing firm of Cadell and Davies and its relationships with its female authors. During the seven decades in which it operated, in various incarnations between 1765 and 1836, the firm published many influential female authors of the period, including Fanny Burney, Hannah Cowley, Felicia Hemans, Hannah More, Charlotte Smith, Ann Radcliffe, and Helen Maria Williams. Through a careful examination of the surviving correspondence and the bibliographical history of their publications of women's writing, this chapter engages in a quantitative and qualitative assessment of the firm’s business practices and women’s engagement with the commercial world of print. The print networks described in the chapter emphasize the centralized position, and asymmetrical power, that male publishers held within a marketplace abundant with female writers seeking to print their works.
Mary Shelley and Sade’s Global Network
Authors: Nesvet Rebecca
Published: January 2019

Since the 1930s, critics have assumed that Frankenstein’s allusions to Donatien-Antoine-François Sade's controversial novel Justine are somehow accidental. This essay contends that Mary Shelley in fact had profound knowledge not necessarily of Justine, but of Sade’s tale ‘Eugénie de Franval’, which concludes his multivolume compilation Les Crimes de l’amour(1800). This tale anticipates many aspects of Mary Shelley’s two earliest novels, Frankenstein and Mathilda; too many to be ‘coincidental’. The ‘Eugénie de Franval’ character Monsieur Clervil anticipates Frankenstein’s Henry Clerval, while Mathilda can be read as a variation on ‘Eugénie de Franval’. Mary Shelley’s debt to Sade complicates the longstanding interpretation of his nineteenth-century global network of literary protégés as a gentleman’s club and reveals a great deal about her performance as a reader and self-fashioning as an author.
‘Your Fourier’s Failed’
Authors: Hood Eric
Published: January 2019

This chapter traces the affective forces at work in Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s representation of utopian socialist Charles Fourier in Aurora Leigh (1855).  In Barrett Browning’s verse-novel, “Fourier” operates as a sign mediated by networks of affect, referring not only to the political struggles surrounding socialism in the 1850s but also to Barrett Browning’s personal psychoanalytic conflicts against both her father and her own queer desires (particularly, for George Sand).  Thus, “Fourier” functions as a nodal point in Aurora Leigh where a political crisis and the author’s individual psychological needs meet to produce a dismissal of the economic and social alternatives that were available at that historical moment and the forms of queer identity that challenged the heteronormative, liberal order.
The Topographies of a Typographer
Authors: Dick Malcolm
Published: January 2019

The chapter considers the ways in which Baskerville has been interpreted since the eighteenth century. Celebrated as a genius by eighteenth- and nineteenth-century historians of Birmingham, he was, however, criticised by others for his allegedly lowly origins, lack of education and unconventional morality and beliefs. The revival of interest in the quality of his typeface design at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries led to biographies and bibliographical studies which added to our knowledge of his work as a ‘complete printer’. These were important studies, but they resulted in a narrowing of our appreciation of Baskerville. He became, almost entirely, the subject of students of printing and book design and was largely ignored by economic, social and cultural historians. Baskerville’s importance as an industrialist, contributor to the Enlightenment and the significance of his books as cultural artefacts provide new ways of seeing the man and his works.
John Baskerville
Authors: Jones Yvonne
Published: January 2019

Although Baskerville was as important a japanner as he was a printer, this aspect of his work has been largely overlooked. As one of the earliest japanners in Birmingham he played a crucial role in establishing the English Midlands as a leading centre for the manufacture of japanned goods. He produced high quality decorative wares which, appealing to a fashionable market, provided a lucrative income without which he could not have indulged his primary interest in printing. None of his japanned ware is known to have survived but from the detail of his patent of 1742 – the first ever granted in respect of japanning – and from contemporary records left by those who visited Birmingham to see the wonders of its new factories and industrial processes, it is evident that many fine examples of japanned iron made between c1738 and c.1773 and found in public and private collections today may, indeed, have been made in Baskerville’s workshops.
John Baskerville, William Hutton and their Social Networks
Authors: Whyman Susan
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers Baskerville’s social networks and compares him with another self-educated ‘rough diamond’, the local historian and businessman, William Hutton. It explores how Baskerville benefited from connections with those individuals who provided him with status, identity and support in helping him to realise his ambitions. He also mixed with individuals who had received more formal education, including the Oxford-educated William Shenstone, the poet and landscape designer, and Robert Dodsley, the publisher. They helped to shape his choice of books to print and his wider publishing activities. The chapter concludes that Baskerville, like Hutton, had confidence to experiment with new ideas, outside of formal institutions.
John Baskerville the Writing Master
Authors: Clayton Ewan
Published: January 2019

Baskerville was, originally, both a teacher of writing and a carver of headstones, the main evidence for his skills is a slate that hangs in the Library of Birmingham advertising Baskerville’s services in writing and letter-carving. In the archives there are also examples of Baskerville’s handwriting, which survive in letters to friends and acquaintances. These letters have previously been examined simply for the light they shed on his relationships and business. Baskerville’s hand, however, has neither been scrutinised for its style nor assessed in regard to his typeface. This chapter considers both Baskerville’s handwriting and his lettering and presents the evidence for his relationship with the writing masters of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In doing so, it sheds new light on the antecedents of Baskerville’s typeface and demonstrates, in particular, how his handwriting influenced the design of his printing type.
A Reappraisal of Baskerville’s Greek Types
Authors: Leonidas Gerry
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the design of John Baskerville’s Greek typeface, and places it in a context of continuity and innovation in Greek typeface design. It reviews the influences on its style in terms of the typefaces considered good models at the time, and the pressures on new styles at the time of its making. The chapter reviews the response to Baskerville’s typeface by historians, other typeface designers, and commentators, and attempts to shed light on its negative reception. It identifies the elements of innovation in Baskerville’s Greek typeface, and concludes with a re-evaluation of his contribution to Greek typeface design.
The ‘Baskerville Bindings’
Authors: Martin Aurélie
Published: January 2019

This chapter analyses the bindings found on books printed by John Baskerville and presumably produced in his own bindery. John Baskerville dedicated most of his life to many aspects of the book production and probably extended this dedication to the binding of his books. Although known for primarily selling his books in sheets, i.e. unbound, Baskerville appears to have been closely related to a bindery, a theory mainly based on a group of bindings sharing similar features (e.g. a specific marbled paper and a series of finishing tools used to decorate the covers). This chapter therefore includes images of most of these decorative tools, never reproduced in the literature so far, as well as other features that could allow this group of bindings to be clearly identified. In addition to the decorative features, this chapter also focuses on the description and interpretation of the structural details associated to these bindings, which reinforce the theory of a single bindery at work and the potential personal involvement of the printer in the binding of his printed work.
Planning and Profits
Authors: Miller Christopher
Published: January 2019

In a time of great need for Britain, a small coterie of influential businessmen gained access to secret information on industrial mobilisation as advisers to the Principal Supply Officers Committee. They provided the state with priceless advice, but, as “insiders” utilised their access to information to build a business empire at a fraction of the normal costs. Outsiders, in contrast, lacked influence and were forced together into a defensive “ring” – or cartel – which effectively fixed prices for British warships. By the 1930s, the cartel grew into one of the most sophisticated profiteering groups of its day. This book examines the relationship between the private naval armaments industry, businessmen, and the British government defence planners between the wars. It reassesses the concept of the military-industrial complex through the impact of disarmament upon private industry, the role of leading industrialists in supply and procurement policy, and the successes and failings of government organisation. It blends together political, naval, and business history in new ways, and, by situating the business activities of industrialists alongside their work as government advisors, sheds new light on the operation of the British state. This is the story of how these men profited while effectively saving the National Government from itself.
Structural Changes, from the Ministry of Munitions to the Principal Supply Officers Committee, 1918–1927
Authors: Miller Christopher W.
Published: January 2019

This chapter explains the structure of the armaments industry, and outlines the development of the supply planning framework from WWI to the establishment of the Principal Supply Officers Committee within the Committee of Imperial Defence in 1927.
From Boom to Bust: The Private Naval Arms Industry and the Admiralty, 1919–1926
Authors: Miller Christopher W.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the fortunes of the private naval arms manufacturers between 1919 and 1926, as well as exploring the role of the Admiralty in the turbulent industrial climate of the early 1920s, where shipbuilding was badly affected by both global forces the Washington Naval Treaty.
From Competition to Collaboration: The Warshipbuilders’ Committee and the National Shipbuilders’ Security Scheme, 1926–1931
Authors: Miller Christopher W.
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the responses to lack of orders that the warshipbuilders and other naval arms manufacturers undertook after 1926 and the collapse of the Coventry Ordnance Works. These ranged from the predictable (diversification) to the illegal (cartels and price fixing). The role the Admiralty, particularly Chatfield, played in allowing this cartel to operate is also examined.
The Advisory Panel of Industrialists and Inside Information, 1933–1934
Authors: Miller Christopher W.
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the role of industrialists as advisers to the Committee of Imperial Defence and, crucially, the information such civilian businessmen were able to glean from the government as to future defence requirements. The role of Lithgow, Weir, and Balfour is explained in the context of these developments. How this information was used is the focus of the end of this chapter and subsequent chapters.
The White Papers, 1935–1936
Authors: Miller Christopher W.
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on the attempt to ‘sell’ rearmament – which the National Government increasingly believed was necessary – to the public through a series of White Papers outlining its position on defence in 1935 and 1936. The 1935 general election, the League of Nations Peace Ballot, the Italian invasion of Abyssinia, and the appointment of further subcommittees on defence requirements (and their effects on rearmament) are all discussed. The latter part of the chapter discusses Lithgow’s business empire, part of which was built on information he received through his work as a government advisor.
The Minister for Coordination of Defence and Early Rearmament, 1936–1937
Authors: Miller Christopher W.
Published: January 2019

This chapter looks at the appointment of a minister to oversee defence planning (Thomas Inskip), but mainly focuses on the lack of progress in 1936 and how this was allowed to occur. The work of Lord Weir – perhaps the most influential civilian adviser in the government – and the bottlenecks in construction he sought to alleviate are discussed. Finally, the role of the Royal Commission on the Private Manufacture of Armaments, which was effectively derailed despite enormous public interest in removing private profit from warfare, is examined.
Later Rearmament and War Supply Organisation, 1937–1941
Authors: Miller Christopher W.
Published: January 2019

This chapter looks at rearmament itself, and argues that the transition towards wartime levels of production was not as smooth as it ought to have been given the circumstances. It looks at the role of engineers, such as Sir Harold Brown, who grew tired of the endless lists of committees, and effectively circumvented the Committee of Imperial Defence in order to secure production capacity effectively. Finally, it returns to the role of the shipbuilding cartel, showing how their scheme eventually came undone, and how the Admiralty took control of profiteering – but only well into the war itself.
Conclusion and Retrospective
Authors: Miller Christopher W.
Published: January 2019

This short chapter argues that we now need a different definition of a military-industrial complex, for the evidence in this book shows a different side to the alleged abuses of armament manufacturers and industrial elites. While plenty of illegal dealings occurred, they did not occur in the way some theorists have anticipated, nor by the actors judged most likely to hold influence in such a complex. The actions of ‘outsiders’ and ‘insiders’ during rearmament and WW2 paints a very different picture of industry, and shows why political, business, and military history can never be effectively separated when studying questions like these.
The Artifice of Syphilitic and Damaged Female Bodies in Literature
Authors: Juárez-Almendros Encarnación
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the literary depiction of the broken and contaminated corporality of female prostitutes as illustrated in Francisco Delicado’s La Lozana andaluza [Portrait of Lozana: The Lusty Andalusian Woman] (1528), Miguel de Cervantes’s Casamiento engañoso [The Deceitful Marriage] (1613), La tía fingida [The pretended aunt], a novel attributed to Cervantes, and Francisco de Quevedo’s satiric poetry written in the first half of the seventeenth century. These works share a common representation of syphilis as a gendered metaphor of physical and moral decay that functions in opposition both to male embodiment and to the ideal of the integrity of the female body, expressed in the concept of virginity and chastity. Furthermore, they exemplify the development of the syphilitic trope through the century as well as the diverse solutions to taming alterity.
Conclusion
Authors: Juárez-Almendros Encarnación
Published: January 2019

Following an examination of existing diverse Spanish discourses in the period that reproduce concepts developed in the Western tradition Disabled Bodies in Early Modern Spanish Literature: Prostitutes, Aging Women and Saints concludes that the pejorative creation of the woman's body is the epitome of early modern disability. The devalued representations of women’s corporality in literary texts are the consequence of specific ideologies and social structures of a Spanish society that need to symbolically castrate and eliminate the impure and defective groups –subversive women, moriscos, conversos-- that could potentially upset the power hierarchy. Ultimately, the early modern discourses and literary texts examined in this book demonstrate a fear of somatic otherness that undermines the system.
Cut Sound
Authors: Solheim Jennifer
Published: January 2019

In my proposal of cut sound as a literary device, I demonstrate that silences can be woven into literary narratives through the interplay of dialogue and characters’ reactions with characters’ thoughts. To develop cut sound as a literary mode of listening, I draw from Djebar’s theorization of women’s silences in the essay ‘Forbidden Gaze, Severed Sound’ (1978), from her collection Femmes d’Alger dans leur appartement, as well as oral folklore and performance studies scholar Richard Bauman’s concept of the performance event. Music recording production techniques serve as a critical metaphor for how to listen for silences in literary narratives. The characters’ thoughts either belie their reactions to what other characters say, or their thoughts efface parts of dialogue altogether, effectively erasing what other characters say from the text. In my readings of Djebar’s novella ‘Femmes d’Algers dans leur appartement’ and Leïla Sebbar’s novel Shérazade (1982), I demonstrate how cut sound weaves dialogue with thought in order to articulate cut sound, or the gendered silences of postcolonial subjects.
Introduction
Authors: Hiddleston Jane
Published: January 2019

In this first chapter, Hiddleston comments on the significance of expatriation and the memory of native lands in Djebar’s work. The chapter also introduces the recurring themes present in the text, including discussion of colonialism, Islamism, and the attempt at tracing sense of identity.
The Early Years
Authors: Hiddleston Jane
Published: January 2019

This first chapter studies Djebar’s works published during the early years of her career, from her first novel La Soif to the last of her novels written in the early period, Les Alouettes naïves. The chapter explores Djebar’s notions of identity construction, the role of women, including their subordination and revolt, social convention, political thought, and Algerian identity.
War, Memory and Postcoloniality
Authors: Hiddleston Jane
Published: January 2019

‘War, Memory and Postcoloniality’ explores Djebar’s process of reflection that gave rise to alternative modes of writing and describes this course of withdrawal and renewal as a movement that went on to influence the form of many of her works.
Introduction
Authors: McCusker Maeve
Published: January 2019

All of the Antilles, every island, is an effort of memory; every mind, every racial biography culminating in amnesia and fog. Pieces of sunlight through the fog and sudden rainbows, arcs-en-ciel. That is the effort, the labour of the Antillean imagination.

Derek Walcott, What the Twilight Says...
‘Une tracée de survie’: Autobiographical Memory
Authors: McCusker Maeve
Published: January 2019

‘‘Une tracée de survie’: Autobiographical Memory’ examines the three volumes of autobiography that Chamoiseau produced between 1990 and 2005, arguing that his marked preference for the genre is further evidence of an obsession with beginnings, and, more generally, with memory.
Memory Re-collected: Witnesses and Words
Authors: McCusker Maeve
Published: January 2019

Chapter three examines the representation of historical memory in Chamoiseau’s work, drawing on postmodern theories of history, and examining the presentation of archives and orality in Texaco and Solibo Magnifique.
The Antiquarians and the Critics
Authors: Mills David
Published: January 2019

‘The Antiquarians and the Critics: The Chester Plays and the Criticism of Early English Drama’, written by David Mills, examines the origins of the belief that the Chester Cycle somehow escaped the excessive and unregulated changes undergone by other cycle in pursuit of fifteenth-century modernization, assessing the evidence for its truth, and the ways in which it informed, and was informed by, the early scholarly attitudes towards medieval drama and its audience. It concludes with a discussion on the changes in the approach to and understanding of early English drama in general and Chester’s plays in particular during the last forty years.
Secular Gothic Revival Architecture in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Liverpool
Authors: Sharples Joseph
Published: January 2019

‘Secular Gothic Revival Architecture in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Liverpool’, written by Joseph Sharples, argues against the belief that early and mid-Victorian Liverpudlian architecture was single-mindedly Classical, and instead foregrounds the significant number of Gothic commercial buildings erected in Liverpool from the mid-1860s, suggesting that Liverpool architects were not as constitutionally anti-Gothic as first thought.
Identity, Belonging and Migration: Beyond Constructing ‘Others’
Authors: Jones Paul , Krzyżanowski Michał
Published: January 2019

‘Identity, Belonging and Migration: Beyond Constructing ‘Others’’, written by Paul Jones and Michael Krzyanowksi, addresses similar themes to the chapter that comes before it by seeking to discourage the uncritical application of the concept of identity, which the authors argue is not always helpful when assessing the relationship of migrants to collectives.
‘Us’ and ‘Them’: Inclusion and Exclusion – Discrimination via Discourse
Authors: Wodak Ruth
Published: January 2019

Chapter three, written by Ruth Wodak, applies a critical analysis to right-wing political discourse in order to reveal some of the more general discursive techniques that construct and maintain distinctions between ‘us’ and ‘them’.
On Institutional and Agentic Discrimination: Migrants and National Labour Markets
Authors: Flam Helena
Published: January 2019

‘On Institutional and Agentic Discrimination: Migrants and National Labour Markets’, written by Helena Flam, focuses on the discriminatory processes operative in European labour markets.
The Sense of Community in French Caribbean Fiction
Authors: Britton Celia
Published: January 2019

The Sense of Community in French Caribbean Fiction seeks to better understand the concept of community as a central and problematic issue in French Caribbean literature. The study examines representations of community in seven French Caribbean novels, including Jacques Roumain’s Gouverneurs de la rosée, Edouard Glissant’s Le Quatrième Siècle, Simone Schwarz-Bart’s Pluie et vent sur Télumée Miracle, Vincent Placoly’s L’Eau-de-mort guildive, Patrick Chamoiseau’s Texaco, Daniel Maximin’s L’Ile et une nuit, and Maryse Condé’s Desirada. Each novel is discussed in chronological order, demonstrating a progressive move away from the ‘closed’ community towards a newer sense of an ‘open’ community. In this study, Britton offers an understanding of the postcolonial societies of the Caribbean by looking at French Caribbean literature’s role in the creation of community. The seven novels analysed reveal a correlation between a tightly knit, purposeful community and a linear narrative that ends in definitive resolution, and, conversely, between a dispersed or heterogeneous community and a narrative structure that avoids linearity and closure.
The Role of Middlemen
Authors: Feys Torsten
Published: January 2019

This chapter offers a reassessment of the role of agents in the migration process, as it considers them the core link between migrant and shipping company. It deconstructs the layers of the agent network with a breakdown of the terminology used between brokers, expedients, agents, and runners; compares European and American migration legislation; analyses the American network in depth - services, pressures, and advertising strategies; and highlights the significance of an agent’s ethnicity when handling migration issues. It concludes that agents played a much larger role than merely organising the trip from destination to destination, they were akin to the economic and social gatekeepers of America and all the prospects it held.
The Nationalization of American Migration Policies and the Visible Hand of the Shipping Lobby
Authors: Feys Torsten
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the role of the shipping lobby in shaping American laws that regulated migrant transport, particularly the laws that opposed and attempted to suppress immigration. It seeks to determine the lengths shipping companies would go to in order to ensure the right of entry of as many passengers as possible. It examines the American Civil War and the labour shortage and necessary encouragement of migration that resulted from it; immigration as a federal issue; the shrink in tolerance of immigration amongst xenophobic American labour unions; the calls for immigration restrictions and the improvements to their enforcement; the system of remote border control; migration as a lobby issue; and lobby campaigns both for and against immigration. It concludes that the shipping lobby was harshly divided along the lines of nationalist interests.
State Policies and Their Influence on the Connections between Maritime and Migration Networks, 1830-1870
Authors: Feys Torsten
Published: January 2019

This section studies the rise of transatlantic mass migration and long-distance steamshipping between 1830 to 1870, and the ways in which the two intersected. It explores the successes and failures in establishing migration networks, and contrasts activity at the ports of Rotterdam and Antwerp to better understand the impact of commercial networks on the path dependency of migrants. It also considers the organisation of transport and the influence of government policies on both sail and steam shipping during the period. It examines chain migration; business networks; American migration legislation; the rise of Nativism; and migration as an international trade issue, before concluding that steamship lines targeted migrants with full knowledge of their financial value.
The French Raid upon the Newfoundland Fishery in 1762: A Study in the Nature and Limits of Eighteenth-Century Sea Power
Authors: Janzen Olaf U.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the French raid of the Newfoundland Fishery in 1762 in attempt to determine the motivation for targeting that fishery in particular. It explores the effect of the Seven Years’ War on French trade, the dominance of the British Empire at sea; the benefits and risks of the raid; the vulnerability of the fishery; and the decision of the raid’s commander to permanently occupy St John’s, despite knowing France did not have the means to support the occupation. It also explores the British response, negotiation efforts, and the toll the raid took upon the British fish trade. It concludes that the end of war negotiations took place shortly after the French occupation of St John’s, though a clear link between the two events has not been proven and seems unlikely.
Showing the Flag: Hugh Palliser in Western Newfoundland, 1763-1766
Authors: Janzen Olaf U.
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the continuous struggle between the French and British empires over each others’ presence in Newfoundland. It examines the question of sovereignty and the way each nation interpreted the Treaty of Utrecht in their own favour. It is particularly concerned with settlements in the western Newfoundland and the significance of Hugh Palliser’s actions whilst Governor of Newfoundland, the increases to British warship presence in the west, and the role of the Royal Navy as an agent of both defence and diplomacy.
The Royal Navy and the Interdiction of Aboriginal Migration to Newfoundland, 1763-1766
Authors: Janzen Olaf U.
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the efforts of both the French and British in refusing the indigenous Mi’kmaq from migrating to the Newfoundland between 1763 and 1766. It is particularly concerned with activities and procedures of the British Royal Navy in Newfoundland that reflect the Navy’s role as a projector of British power and an agent in the process that forced the Mi’kmaq to abandon their attempts and instead settle on the remote western Newfoundland. It begins by placing the migration into context, the explores the events of 1763-1766 in more detail; before concluding that the Mi’kmaq were thwarted in their efforts to pursue their priorities by the constant imperial friction between the English and the French.
Love and Sex in D. H. Lawrence
Authors: Ellis David
Published: January 2019

Although love and sex are central to Lawrence, critics have paid surprisingly little attention to the way these two topics are treated in his work. Reasons for this are suggested in the preface to this book which is written in the spirit of Wittgenstein’s claim that, when we are puzzled or challenged by a phenomenon, we should be less concerned with seeking new knowledge than putting into order what we already know. Yet those concerned by the present dip in Lawrence’s reputation (among academics, if not the general public) have to be worried by how strange and unexpected the results are when Lawrence’s dealings with love and sex are followed throughout his life and career. This is what this book undertakes to do, describing how the tortuous developments in his relationship with Jessie Chambers are reflected in his writing, his struggle against his undoubted leanings towards homosexuality, the war he declared on the concept of romantic love and how, after insisting on the idea of male dominance, he returned (although only in part) to a more humane vision of relations between the sexes in the various versions of Lady Chatterley’s Lover. Its aim is to suggest that although Lawrence is undoubtedly a major writer, his greatest achievements are not to be found where he is popularly thought to be at his most impressive and that the authority he assumes, in his last years, when he lectures the young on love and sex, ought to be regarded as suspect..
New world but not so new thoughts
Authors: Ellis David
Published: January 2019

Lawrence’s New World writings exhibit tendencies already apparent before he set sail. In Kangaroo, that the Lawrentian hero is `a she-man’ for the Australians helps determine an apparently definitive rejection of further yearning after the blutbrüdershaft Birkin was seeking in Women in Love. In the one male bonding ritual in The Plumed Serpent, Lawrence’s suspicion that intimate relations with a man would entail problems similar to those he experienced in sexual contacts with women is allayed by one of the participant’s acceptance of the other’s natural superiority. When this individual (Cipriano) begins a relationship with the novel’s female protagonist, his `phallic power’ induces `prone submission’ so that she abandons her need for what is clearly defined as clitoral satisfaction. Because Kate Millet deserves credit for having denounced the misogyny of this male fantasy, it is unfortunate that her accounts of several texts associated with this period are misleading. Of these texts, the most interesting is St. Mawr and shows a character who, having failed to find erotic satisfaction with other humans, looks for it in Nature. This development of a narcissism often found in Lawrence takes many bizarre forms (several of which are analysed in this chapter).
Fungi isolated from maize (Zea mays L.) grain in Lithuania
Authors: Krasauskas Aurimas
Published: January 2019

The aim of this work was to investigate contamination levels of maize grain by fungi propagules and composition of fungi species. The objects of investigation were maize grain taken in Lithuania, 5 different fields of private farms in the Vilkaviškis District, in 2016 and 2017. Grain samples were taken directly from the field before harvesting at the end of October (Phenological growth stage BBCH 97). Moisture of the samples was measured by a mobile hygrometer Wile 55. Quantitative grain contamination by fungal propagules (fungal propagules = cfu = colony forming unit) was determined by a dilution method. Serial decimal dilutions up to 10−3 were made and 0.1 ml aliquots were inoculated in triplicate onto the Sabouraud glucose agar medium with chloramfenicol (0.5 g l–1). Results of this study showed that the moisture content in the grain varied from 21.5 to 32.3%. Due to late ripening and unfavourable meteorological conditions the contamination of grain by fungi propagules ranged from 9.5 to 33.2 cfu g–3. Fungi were identified according to morphological and microscopic characteristics. A total of 8 different fungal genera (Absidia spp., Aspergillus spp. Alternaria spp., Cladosporium spp., Epicoccum spp., Fusarium spp., Mortierella spp., Penicillium spp.) and 14 species were identified in total. Fungi of Alternaria and Fusarium genera were prevailing.
Factors affecting hemp (Canabis sativa L.) callus genesis in somatic tissue culture
Authors: Maumevičius Ernestas , Burbulis Natalija , Blinstrubienė Aušra , Laiko Irina , Masienė Ramunė
Published: January 2019

Research was carried out at the Institute of Biology and Plant Biotechnology of Aleksandras Stulginskis University and at the Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology of the Joint Research Centre. The effect of growth regulators on the callus induction from hypocotyl, cotyledon and leaf explants was evaluated. The isolated explants were cultivated in the MS medium without growth regulators and supplemented with different zeatine (ZT) and α-naftilacetic acid (NAA) or indoleacetic acid (IAA) combinations and thidiazuron (TDZ) and ɑ-naftilacetic acid (NAA) or indoleacetic acid (IAA) combinations. The highest callus formation frequency from hypocotyl explants was obtained in the medium supplemented with 2.0 mg l–1 ZT + 1.0 mg l–1 IAA (‘KAN-30’ and ‘KAN-38’) and – 1.0 mg l–1 ZT + 0.5 mg l–1 NAR (‘KAN-34’). The combination of 2.0 mg l–1 ZT with 1.0 mg l–1 NAA was most appropriate for the callus induction from cotyledon explants. The optimal combination of growth regulators for callus induction from leaf explants should be selected for a specific genotype. The mean rate of callus formation frequency from leaf explants was 4.8–5.6 times higher in comparison with the mean frequency form hypocotyl explants and 2.7–3.1 times higher as compared to the mean frequency from cotyledon explants.
The study of fungal cellulases activity isolated from the natural environment
Authors: Sendžikaitė Ieva , Čižeikienė Dalia , Raudonienė Vita , Paškevičius Algimantas
Published: January 2019

In recent years the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into higher value components gained a special interest. Enzymes cellulase are important because of their ability to decompose cellulose which is a part of lignocellulosic biomass. Using these enzymes it is possible to produce bioproducts and biofuels. It is relevant to investigate cellulase produced by fungi which are found in air or soil. In the present work, we investigated microorganisms – fungi – which were isolated from various sources. 29 different fungi from the Laboratory of Biodeterioration Research, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, were tested using Congo Red dye. It was found that 11 isolates showed cellulolytic activity. Two of them were found to have the highest cellulolytic activity.
The influence of enzymatic hydrolysis conditions on cellulase activity obtained from newly isolated fungi belonging to Penicillium genus was studied. The highest cellulase activity was obtained at pH 7 and the optimum temperature was 50°C. The research was done at the Laboratory of Biodeterioration Research, Nature Research Centre, and the Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University, in 2017–2018.
Évaluation des performances épuratoires d’un bassin de filtration des eaux usées - étude de cas
Authors: Kadouche Slimane , Hammoum Hocine , Ghedamsi Hayat , Si Tahar Lynda
Published: January 2019

L’administration locale du secteur de l’hydraulique de la région de Tizi Ouzou (Algérie) a entrepris un vaste programme de réalisation de bassins de filtration en 1996. Après deux décennies d’exploitation de ces ouvrages, il nous a semblé nécessaire de faire le point sur leur retour d’expérience. L’objectif de cette étude est de tester l’efficacité de ce système épuratoire des eaux usées par l’analyse d’un bassin de filtration témoin de cette région. L’idée est de déterminer les caractéristiques des effluents à l’entrée et à la sortie de l’ouvrage, en se basant sur l’analyse de six paramètres qui sont la température, la turbidité, le pH, les matières en suspension, la demande biologique en oxygène à cinq jours (DBO5) et la demande chimique en oxygène (DCO). Un suivi journalier de ces paramètres a été réalisé pour lequel un protocole expérimental avec une démarche rigoureuse et cohérente des principales étapes a été développé. Sur la base des résultats obtenus, nous avons pu évaluer les performances épuratoires de ce bassin de filtration, analysées par rapport au taux d'élimination de la pollution de l'eau. Ceci nous a permis de recommander le dimensionnement et la conception d'une filière d'épuration utilisant un bassin de filtration combiné judicieusement à un bassin de décantation afin d’atteindre une meilleure performance épuratoire.
Site-selection bias can drive apparent population declines in long-term studies
Authors: Fournier Auriel M.V. , White Easton R. , Heard Stephen B.
Published: January 2019

Detecting population declines is a critical task for conservation biology. The spatiotemporal variability of populations, along with logistical difficulties in population estimation, makes this task difficult. Here we call attention to a possible bias in estimates of population decline: when study-site selection is influenced by the focal species’ abundance, for statistical reason declines are likely even without an underlying population trend. This “site-selection bias” has been mentioned in the literature but is not well known. We show using simulated and real population data that when site-selection biases are introduced, they have substantial impact on inferences about population trends. We use a left-censoring method to show patterns consistent with the operation of the site-selection bias in real population studies. The site-selection bias is, thus, an important consideration for conservation biologists, and we offer suggestions for minimizing or mitigating it in study design and analysis.
Expression of matrix metalloproteinases to induce the expression of genes associated with apoptosis during corpus luteum development in bovine
Authors: Kim Sang Hwan , Lee Ji Hye , Yoon Jong Taek
Published: January 2019

Here we investigated the expressions of apoptosis-associated genes known to induce programed cell death through mRNA expressions of two matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that are involved in the degradation of collagen and basal membrane in luteal cells cultured in the treatment media. Our results show that the activity of MMP-2 gelatinase was higher in the CL2 and CL1 of luteal phase, was gradually decreased in the CH2 and CH3 of luteal phase. In particular, the expressions of P4-r and survival-associated genes (IGFr, PI3K, AKT, and mTOR) were strongly induced during CL3 stage, whereas the levels of these genes in corpus luteum (CL) were lower during CL2 and CL1 stages. In the cultured lutein cells analyzed, we found that as MMPs increase, genes related to apoptosis (20α-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase and caspase-3) also increase. In other words, the results for P4-r and survival-related gene expression patterns in the luteal cells were contrary to the MMPs activation results. These results indicate that active MMPs are differentially expressed to induce the expression of genes associated with programed cell death from the degrading luteal cells. Therefore, our results suggest that the MMPs activation may lead to luteal cell development or death.
Multichannel Spatially Nonhomogeneous Focused Vector Vortex Beams for Quantum Experiments
Authors: Wang Enliang , Shi Lina , Niu Jiebin , Hua Yilei , Li Hailiang , Zhu Xiaoli , Xie Changqing , Ye Tianchun
Published: January 2019

The utilization of vector vortex beams (VVBs) in quantum experiments has recently become a topic of tremendous interest. However, achieving a focused, high‐resolution, transmission‐type, multichannel, and nonhomogeneously polarized VVB array remains a great challenge. Here, by introducing a degree of freedom on a high‐order Poincaré sphere in the form of latitude‐polarization control and locally tailoring the phase and transverse polarization distributions at the subwavelength scale, a single transmission‐type dielectric metalens design for producing a multichannel, spatially nonhomogeneous, focused VVB array is demonstrated. Three special kinds of lattices (triangle, square, and rhombus) are demonstrated, yielding independently controllable orbital angular momentum states and polarization states of a tightly focused field in each channel. Furthermore, by using only the proposed metalens and a polarizer, a mode‐demultiplexing system is realized with a mode crosstalk as low as −34.8 dB for all four channels. The results offer a robust technological foundation for exploiting spatial degrees of freedom of structured light in the miniaturization and integration of quantum photonics devices.
Poly(ethylene glycol)‐based amphiphilic networks and their swelling properties
Authors: Donmez Rahim , Yati Ilker , Tezcan Demirel Yagmur , Bulbul Sonmez Hayal
Published: January 2019

New amphiphilic networks were generated using the various molecular mass of poly (ethylene glycol) and 1,8‐bis(triethoxysilyl) octane through an easy polycondensation process at relatively high temperature to use as a sorbent material. The characterization of obtained sorbents was managed using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, 13C, and 29Si cross‐polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance, and thermal properties were settled by thermogravimetric analysis. Swelling skill of the sorbents was specified by swelling tests using several organic solvents such as dichloromethane (DCM), tetrahydrofuran, methyl tertiary butyl ether, toluene, and water due to its amphiphilic nature. Synthesized sorbents show quite large amount of organic solvent absorption for instance 1,800% in DCM with excellent reusability up to 10 cycles and have good strength against hydrolysis from 96 to 168 hr in water according to structure of obtained sorbents.