bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mathematical analysis and modelling of respiration rate of tropical climacteric produces during storage under various temperatures
Authors: Rahayu D , Bintoro N
Published: November 2019

Many tropical agricultural products belong to climacteric group which need more attention to be able to extend or maintain their shelf life during storage. One of the most important phenomenon of climacteric produce is about the respiration rate of that produce. The following research was intended to investigate the rate of respiration of tropical climacteric products under various treatments including low temperature and the type of products. This research had developed respirometer device made from glass and thick plastic jar equipped with some needed sensing devices such as air temperature and humidity, product temperature sensing devices, and a tap for O2 and CO2 measurement. The respiration rate of banana, guava, and mango was succeded measured by using a closed system method. It was found that storage temperature, fruit type, and interaction between them were significantly affect the respiration rate. The changes in gas composition inside the respirometer were found to vary for each fruit studied. This could be referred to an internal composition for every fruit was different. The fastest rate of O2 consumption and CO2 evolution belong to banana and mango, respectively. The effect of temperature on respiration rate could be modeled using Arrhenius equation with a satisfactory results.
The development of a device and method to evaluate the precise harvesting time of tropical agricultural commodities based on acoustic properties
Authors: Pamungkas W A , Bintoro N
Published: November 2019

Non-climacteric agricultural products are the commodity that cannot mature after being harvested so it is necessary to determine the right harvesting time to obtain the best quality. Generally, farmer will determinate the maturity of those commodity using a sound response from fruit tapping in addition to seeing the visual appearance. However, this is subjective so it is necessary to develop a more reliable and practical method. In this study a knocker maturity detection tool had been build and was used to evaluate three types of non-climacteric commodity, namely seedless watermelon aged 51, 54, 57, 60 DAP, eggplants aged 42, 44, 46, 48 DAP and cucumbers aged 27, 28, 29, 30 DAP. The knocking sound was recorded using Audacity 2.3.1 and then analyzed the frequency and magnitude parameters using Matlab R2014b. The results obtained were related to the physicochemical parameters of the samples. The results showed that the constructed knocker was able to distinguish the level of fruit maturity. In addition, it was also known that the right time for harvesting watermelon was 89 Hz or 50 dB, eggplant 157 Hz or 54 dB, and cucumber was 218 Hz or 52 dB.
Modelling the effect of storage temperature on respiration rate of Pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) with crown
Authors: Rahmadhanni D S D , Rahayoe S , Bintoro N , Prasetyatama Y D
Published: November 2019

Maintaining freshness and functional quality of the fruit is a challenge in the food industry since consumers demand of fresh pineapple is high. Thus, it is important to know the effect of various storage temperature on respiration rate to controlling the quality and extends the shelf-life. The respiration rate (RR) was studied over a period of storage time by treating the full crown pineapple in the storage room of 7°C, 15°C and 25°C. A closed system method was used to measure the respiration rate at 2, 4, 12, 24 hours intervals over 7,5-14,5 days of storage. Three temperature variations and three replications were carried out to observe the respiration rate. Respiration rate based on the O2 consumption at 7°C is 2,05 ml.kg−1.h−1, at 15°C is 6,45 ml.kg−1.h−1 and at 25°C is 22,33 ml.kg−1.h−1, while based on CO2 produce at 7°C is 5,90 ml.kg−1.h−1, at 15°C is 20,83 ml.kg−1.h−1 and at 25°C is 67,91 ml.kg−1.h−1. The modelling was conducted using Michaelis-Menten (MM) uncompetitive inhibition. The storage temperature of 7°C resulted MM constant Vmo is 4,28 and Vmc is 29,04; at the 15°C Vmo is 59,18 and Vmc is 200; and at the 25°C Vmo is 140 and Vmc is 805,10 with SSE ranged from 0,000378 to 0,0295. The Vmo-constant activation energy (Ea) is 132,42 kJ/mol and frequency factor (A) is 3E+25, while Vmc-constant Ea is 132,94 kJ/mol and A is 1,7E+26 with R2 ranged from 0,82 to 0,99. The best storage temperature recomendation with distribution time more than 30 days at 12-13°C.
Kinetics of physical quality of Pineapple fruit (Ananas comosus L.) with crown during storage with temperature variation
Authors: Hartono M T , Rahayoe S , Bintoro N
Published: November 2019

Pineapple is the fruit that ranks the fourth largest production in Indonesia. Pineapple fruit is a non-climacteric fruit that is easily damaged, so the effort to extend the shelf life of the fruit can be done by storing it in cold temperatures. This study aims to analyze the pineapple kinetics with crowns during storage with temperature variations. The research sample was in the form of pineapple Smooth Cayenne varieties stored at low temperatures (7 and 15°C), and the control treatment was stored at room temperature (25°C). Changes in the physical quality of pineapple during storage were observed with shell color parameters, weight loss, and texture. Observations were carried out at intervals ranging from 2-3 days to 16-20 days of storage depending on storage temperature. Fruit damage rates based on measured parameters were analyzed using the Arrhenius and kinetic model approaches. The results showed changes in low temperature storage are: shell color 0,00-10,67%, weight loss 0,00-3,70%, hardness 3,955-3,062 kg.cm−2. Control treatment: shell color 0,00-100%, weight loss 0,00-13,89%, hardness 3,898-1,982kg.cm−2. Constant (k) kinetics at low temperature are: shell color 0,4921-5,6901%.day−1, weight loss 0,1939-0,2683%.day−1, hardness (-0,0679)-(-0,1013)kg.cm−2.day-1. Control treatment: shell color 7,7994 %.day−1, weight loss 0,7837 %.day−1, hardness -0,1276 kg.cm−2.day−1. The values of A and Ea (in J.mol−1.K−1) Arrhenius are: shell color 1,997x1019 and -1,0427x105, weight loss 2,554x109 and -5,454x104, hardness 2,213x103 and -2,411x104.
Characteristics of bacterial cellulose derived from two nitrogen sources: ammonium sulphate and yeast extract as an indicator of smart packaging on fresh meat
Authors: Dirpan A , Kamaruddin I , Syarifuddin A , Zainal  , Rahman A N F , Hafidzah  , Latief R , Prahesti K I
Published: November 2019

Intelligent packaging equipped by an indicator to detect changes of food quality that packaged. Extracellular polysaccharides layer (e.g. cellulose), synthesized by Acetobacter xylinum and potentially become the material of intelligent packaging, because it was good to absorb pH indicator dyes. Nitrogen source added differently in the medium of Acetobacter xylinum will gives some cellulose different characteristic too. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of Ammonium sulphate and yeast extract addition to cellulose characteristic as the material of intelligent packaging. Bacterial cellulose used to immobilized pH indicator dyes such as Bromothymol Blue (BTB), Phenol Red (PR), Methyl Red (RR), Bromothymol Blue – Methyl Red (BTB+MR), and Bromothymol Blue – Phenol Red (BTB+PR). The intelligent packaging will be applied to fresh meat for 24 hours in room temperature storage. During the storage, fresh meat produces Total Volatile Bases Nitrogen (TVBN), TVBN increase during deterioration and accumulated in the package until pH increases and detected by indicator due to color changes. The result shows that utilization of nitrogen source (Ammonium sulphate) produce better characteristic of bacterial cellulose so that the bacterial cellulose used for intelligent packaging. Furthermore, immobilization solution of BTB on pH 2.74 and PR on pH 2.66 in bacterial cellulose shows significant color changes that can visually observe to quality changes of fresh meat.
Investigating the performance of Steam Jet Agglomerator as a mean to produce Instanised Cocoa Drink
Authors: Luthfiyah R A , Diasti D R , Dyahningrum E F , Rahayoe S , Saputro A D
Published: November 2019

Popularity of cocoa-based drink has been growing since long time ago in tropical countries. Iced cocoa drink is highly consumed due to the fact that the ambient temperature in the tropical region is relatively high. This condition stimulates cocoa drink industries to continuously improve the quality of their products. This work investigated the performance of small-scale steam jet agglomerator used to produce instanised cocoa powder. This small-scale machine is designed to increase the solubility of cocoa powder, thus cocoa powder will be easily solubilised in cold water. In this study, a small-scale steam jet agglomerator was manufactured. Afterwards, the impact of three drying times, namely 60°C, 80°C, 100°C and three levels of agglomeration process cycle, namely 1,2,3 cycles as well as their interaction on the solubility and colour of the products was investigated. The results showed that the solubility increased as the number of agglomeration process cycle increased. With regard to the colour, the brightness level decreased as the drying temperature and number of agglomeration process cycle increased.
Drying characteristics of Edamame (Glycine max. L. Merill) during freeze drying
Authors: Kamila I , Karyadi J N W , Saputro A D
Published: November 2019

Edamame (Glycine max. L. Merill) has been consumed due to its savory taste and high nutrient content. Edamame can be dried and consumed as a crunchy snack through the drying process which is able to retain nutrition loss during it, that is freeze drying. There were still least information about freeze drying of edamame. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the edamame’s moisture content and physical quality decreasing kinetics during freeze drying. Fresh edamame with initial water content of 60-70% was steam-blanched to 9 minutes before drying. 1,5 kg capacity freeze dryer was used with freezing temperature was set at -18°C and pressure at -76 cmHg. Its parameters was measured at 0 h, 12 h, 18 h, 24 h, 30 h, and 36 h. The drying rate of edamame freeze drying was 6.9355 g/g db per hour. Edamame shrunk 12.64% during 12 hours drying and shrunk more until 22.0046% to the final time. As it dried, edamame became harden due to crispiness at second phase of drying, or more than 24 hours of drying. There were not a significant change of colour.
Optimization study on the design of utility tractor powered by electric battery
Authors: Sitompul J , Zhang H , Noguchi R , Ahamed T
Published: November 2019

Powertrain by electric battery has been a growing trend in various industries including automotive, manufacture, and agriculture. Electric battery has been applied on several agricultural robots for multiple purposes such as liquid distribution, autonomous harvest, and sensors. In agricultural utility tractor, powertrain by electric battery has potential to replace powertrain by Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) which commonly use fossil fuel as source of energy. However, application of electric battery power system has not been feasible due to overweight which lead soil compaction, lower speed, and high energy consumption. This study aims to optimize the design of utility tractors which will reduce the weight to standard operational weight dependent on tractor size. Alternative components are considered including Li4.4Si battery, Li-S battery and Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) for component selection, system design, and simulation on MATLAB/Simulink – Simscape. Alternative components have contributed to reduce weight of the tractor significantly, from 93% to 12%56% range of overweight. Improvement in weight contributed to less significant soil pressure, improve maximum speed and state of charge (SOC). Further, electric battery power system is expected to be applied on utility tractors, replacing the use of ICE and fossil fuel within conventional tractor.
Study on application of near infrared (nir) spectroscopy for sugar cane juice analysis to replace conventional analysis methods
Authors: Kuswurjanto R , Triantarti
Published: November 2019

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy appears as a promises method for faster analysis method in replacement of conventional analysis method. In this work, NIR was used as a replacement for conventional analysis method in sugarcane juice analysis. The cane juice samples for this study were taken from the hydraulic press juice in the core sampler system at Glenmore Sugar Factory. NIR spectroscopy equipment used was FOSS DS 2500. The partial least square regression (PLS) was used to develop calibration model. The NIR results were evaluated from correlation coefficient (r2), low standard error of calibration (SEC) and high ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD). The experimental results show that for %brix analysis: r2 = 0.988, SEP = 0.333, RPD = 5.441and for %pol analysis: r2 = 0.986, SEP = 0.283, and RPD = 6.125. The results have shown a good potential of NIR Spectroscopy for cane juice quality analysis as replacement of conventional analysis methods.
Optimizing Biosurfactant Sorbitol Ester Synthesis Enzymetically From Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Using Coarse Papaya Resin
Authors: Utami RR , An Amalia A
Published: November 2019

FASE is sorbitol ester from fatty acid with esterification degree point ranges from one to six. FASE with esterification degree point above three is polyester, which can be used as fat replacer. It has low calories. While FASE with esterification degree point below three can be used as surfactant. Food and beverages industries use surfactant as stabilizer in food and beverages composition. The making of FASE as biosurfactant brings advantages, i.e. it is save to be consumed, relatively cheap because the material needed in the making is easy to obtain, and it does not generate negative side effects. This research consists of three phases, there are preparation phase of papaya resin and making of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME). The next phase is optimum conditions (temperature, time, and enzyme concentration) defined using Response Surface Methodology and FASE synthesis. The last phase is FASE characterization. In this research, FASE is synthesizes, through sorbitol esterification with palmitat-stearat FAME by using papaya’s resin as the catalyst. The result of the research shows that the optimum condition of FASE synthesis at 41.2°C, in 52.35 minutes, with concentration of lipase enzyme from papaya’s resin 10.30 %, and at this condition, sorbitol conversion into FASE reaches 31.43 %.
Phytoremediation Potential of Pistia stratiotes to Reduce High Concentration of Copper (Cu) in Acid Mine Drainage
Authors: Novita VZ , Moersidik SS , Priadi CR
Published: November 2019

Acid mine drainage (AMD) contains high concentration of various heavy metals and low pH levels, ranging between 2-4. The water samples used for this research are an artificial AMD, with varying concentration levels of copper (5 and 7 mg/l). The pH level is designed to be 4, where the designed pH level illustrates the actual characteristics of an AMD. The data for this research—pH and copper levels—are taken for 14 days. This research shows that exposure of the artificial AMD causes physiological effects to Pistia stratiotes, indicated by chlorosis of the plant starting from day 3 of the research. Furthermore, the result of this research illustrates that Pistia stratiotes is able to alter the artificial AMD’s pH level from 4 to 7,3 in 14 days. This plant is also capable of reducing the copper content as much as 92,45% and 88,00% with initial concentrations of 5,3 mg/l and 7,5 mg/l respectively in 14 days, with peak removal at day 3. It can be concluded that Pistia stratiotes is able to neutralize pH level and decrease copper contents in artificial AMD.
Monitoring Early Stage of Rice Crops Growth using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index generated from UAV
Authors: Rosle R , Che’Ya NN , Roslin NA , Halip RM , Ismail MR
Published: November 2019

Remote sensing is a tool to gather the information about an object or any phenomenon without direct contact or damaging the objects. This technology had numerous application and one of it is in agriculture. Unlike tradition agriculture practiced that difficult to execute and required a large number of man power, implementing this technology will increase the production yield of the crops and improved the agriculture sector in managing and controlling. Remote sensing were able to forecast the crop production, identified the crop type, assess the crop damage and monitoring its progress. Therefore, this research was conducted in order to monitor the early stage of growth of rice crop planted by the farmers in the paddy field using remote sensing. To do so, popular empirical vegetation index known as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) generated from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was selected to monitor the changes of rice crop starting from the day it been planted until eleventh day of planted. Early stage of monitoring the crop growth using NDVI is a best approach to practice. Any damages that occur during this stage will affect the yield production and economy. Result from image analysis shown that NDVI were able to observe the rice crop growth and able to locate the damage part in the paddy plot. Fast action can be made by the farmers to counter attack the damage and treat the problematic points.
Effect of vacuum freeze-drying condition and maltodextrin on the physical and sensory characteristics of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis sims) extract
Authors: Ansar  , Nazaruddin  , Azis AD
Published: November 2019

Passion fruit including the Passifloraceae family. It has more than 500 species. Currently, the most popular species is Passiflora edulis Sims. To study the influence of vacuum freeze drying air pressure and maltodextrin concentration on physical and sensory characteristics of passion fruit extract. This study used a vacuum drying system to produce passion fruit extract. This research was carried out by varying drying air pressures such as 0.59, 0.69, and 0.79 bars and maltodextrin concentration such as 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%. The physical characteristics of passion fruit extract observed were particle size, flow ability, and moisture content, while sensory tests included color intensity. The results showed that drying 1 liter of passion fruit juice takes 48 hours. The mechanism of the freezing process of the sample begins with a decrease in the temperature of the material to be frozen, and then the change in the water becomes frozen. This process occurred continuously until most of the sample moisture content had been turned into ice crystals and stopped when the solids of the material became supersaturated. The variation of vacuum freeze drying air pressure does not significantly influence physical and sensory characteristics of passion fruit extract. The variation of maltodextrin concentration does significantly influence particle size, moisture content, and color intensity, but it does not significantly influence the flow ability of the passion fruit extract.
Study on the pressing process of kemiri sunan’s oil (Reutealis trisperma) using screw-press machine at different feed material levels
Authors: Nurjanah S , Adshmiraj JA , Kramadibrata MAM , Muhaemin M , Mardawati E , Herwanto T , Handarto  , Rosalinda S , Prijatna D , Saukat M , Darajat W
Published: November 2019

Kemiri Sunan (Reutealis trisperma) has great potential as a source of raw material for biodiesel production due to its high oil content. The oil is a non-edible oil that can be extracted using screw-press machine. In this study, a descriptive research with regression and correlation analysis was used to investigate the effect of feed material level on pressing performance and kemiri sunan’s oil quality. A variation of the feed material level (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 kg) was fed into screw-press machine. The results showed that cylinder temperature and pressing time increased as the feed material level increased. The highest production (2.87 kg / hour) and yield (37.33%) capacity were obtained at 4 kg of the feed material level. Hence, increasing the feed material level did not affect the quality of the oil produced. Density, acid number, Free Fatty Acid (FFA), saponification number, kinematic viscosity and refractive index of oil produced ranged between 919.48-924.76 kg/m2, 30.82-47.79 mg KOH/g oil, 15.25-23.65%, 154.64 -186.84 mg KOH/g oil, 45.59-56.34 mm2/s and 0.00328-00.332 respectively.
Performances of Multifunctional Farming Bulldozer in Indonesia
Authors: Setiawan BI , Herodian S , Sulaiman AA , Sakai C , Siswandoyo M , Budijaya N
Published: November 2019

Farming bulldozer (FB) is a heavy-duty machine made by Komatsu designed explicitly for multipurpose operations in broad land types, from extremely dry to wet/swamplands. FB is a bulldozer but uses a wider crawler so that it’s Ground Pressure (GP) is about half compared to 4W tractor. The tested FB was D21PL-8 type having GP 0.19 kgf/cm2, Flywheel HP 32.4 kW 44 PS@2450 rpm, Operating Weight 4815 kg. Attached with associated implements, FB can do land clearing and leveling, land plowing and harrowing, soil puddling, subsoil draining, direct seeding, and harvesting. Tested fields are in the provinces of West Java (wet/dryland, South Sumatra (wetland), South Kalimantan (wetland), South Sulawesi (dry/wetland), West Papua (dry/wetland) and East Nusa Tenggara (dryland). In general, FB can do precise leveling in a range of ±15mm in 0.15-ha tested paddy field. Worktime for plowing continued with puddling is 4.97 hours/ha and harrowing continued with puddling is 5.15 hours/ha while for hand tractor in both cases is more than 13 hours/ha. It means FB can reduce work time up to 60%. In term of yield, there is no significant difference with hand tractor, which ranges from 6 t/ha to 7 t/ha. In conclusions, FB can do many tasks of land cultivations, cover a wider area of any land types, reduce labor numbers and cost, and increase planting intensity. Further testing to find the optimal size of land, operation and maintenance costs and impacts on the economy, society, and environment are still underway.
Effect of load on the performance of a family scale biogas-fuelled electricity generator
Authors: Haryanto A , Nindhia Tj G T , Rahmawati W , Hasanudin U , Saputra T W , Santosa A B , Tamrin  , Triyono S
Published: November 2019

Biogas is a renewable fuel that can be used for many applications, such as fuel for kitchen stove, heating and drying system, electricity generation engine, and fuel to run farm tractor. The biogas used in this research was produced from tapioca wastewater treatment equipped with covered lagoon digester. Gasoline generator set having rated capacity 2500-W was modified in such a way that is able to run with 100% biogas. The experiment was performed by running generator set at different loads with incremental of 100-W. Three replications were conducted to get the average values. Performance parameters to be evaluated include biogas consumption, speed of engine (RPM), output power, and thermal efficiency. Results showed that generator set is able to work with raw biogas with methane content of 53%. The generator set reached a maximum load of 1300 W (52% of rated capacity). Biogas consumption increased with load from 1.40 kg·h−1 (no load) to 2.56 kg·h−1 at a load of 1300-W. Biogas specific consumption decreased with load from 16.4 g·W−1·h−1 at load 100 W to 2.2 g·W−1·h−1 at load 1300 W. Output power also increased with load from 0.04 to 0.49 ampere, respectively at a load od 100-W and 1300-W. Engine speed, on the other hand, decreased with load from 3686 RPM (no load) to 2413 RPM (load 1300-W). With biogas methane content of 53%, the maximum thermal efficiency of the generator set was calculated to be 11%.
In vitro testing for effectiveness of Paenybacillus polymixa and MO Plus against Pyricularia oryzae (Blast Disease) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Bacterial Leaf Blight)
Authors: Baharuddin  , Jahuddin R , Yani A , Tuwo M
Published: November 2019

Efforts to increase rice productivity in Indonesia are still constrained by attacks of plant pest organisms which cause low crop productivity. Diseases that often attack rice plantations include blast and leaf blight disease. Blast is caused by a fungus Magnaporthe grisea Cav. While leaf blight is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae (Xoo). There are isolates of bacterial that have ability to provide resistance to disease attacks on plants, one of which is Paenybacillus polymixa. Based on this study, the aim of this study was to determine the ability of P. polymixa isolates in controlling the attack of Xanthomonas and fungi Magnaporthe grisea in vitro. The research stage is a test of bacterial inhibition of Xoo and M. grisea. The inhibition zone index in the antagonist test for Xoo pathogens in MO Plus was higher than P. polymixa. MO Plus inhibition zone index 1.87 while P. polymixa is only 1.20 at 7 days after incubation. P. polymixa bacteria have the highest index in inhibiting P. oryzae, which is 57.02. While the MO Plus inhibition index is 21.12.
Characteristics of Nano Concentrate Protein Dispersion of Snakehead Fish (Channa striata) by Addition of Tween 80
Authors: Mahendradatta M , Imran YL , Zainal  , Tawali AB , Asfar M
Published: November 2019

This study aimed to obtain the characteristic of nanoparticles concentrate protein of snakehead fish (Channa striata) by addition of tween 80. The research consisted of two phases. First phase was the manufacture of nano concentrate protein dispersion from snakehead fish and second phase was the drying process of the concentrate using freeze dryer and characterization of physic-chemical properties of nano concentrate protein snakehead fish. The results of particle size measurement after using the sonication method and homogenization with the addition of tween 80 ranged from 331.6 to 353.0 nm. Based on the results of the particle size analyzer (PSA) the best value in the treatment of adding of 2% tween 80 with a polydispersity index value of 0.470, particle size distribution based on volume obtained by 2 size categories namely 101.8 nm and 449.4 nm and the average of smallest particle size ranged from 223.6 to 363.2 nm based on the results of the analysis of electron microscope scanning (SEM). The morphology of concentrate protein of snakehead fish based on the results of SEM analysis before the addition of tween 80 has abstract molecule, compact molecular structure (the molecules stick together) and the size was still in micrometer scale. While the addition of tween 80 showed that the particle structure of granules was not compact so the possibility of being broken down was still very high and in nanometer scale particle size. The physical characteristics of nano concentrate protein of snakehead fish before adding tween 80 included bulk density (0.52 g/ml), emulsion capacity (14.72%), water absorption (2.49 ml/g) and oil absorption (2.16 ml/g). After adding tween 80 the physical characteristics included density bulk (0.46 g/ml), emulsion capacity (48.15%), water absorption (0.42 ml/g) and oil absorption (2.00 ml/g). The chemical characteristics of nano concentrate protein of snakehead fish before the addition of tween 80 included, water (6.98%), ash (6.03%), fat (2.27%) and protein (85.10%). After adding tween 80 the chemical characteristics were water content (5.13%), ash (4.08%), fat (6.48%) and protein (88.28%).
Portable Water Bath to Support Nanofibrils Processing
Authors: Warji  , Purwanti N , Sutrisno  , Yuliani S
Published: November 2019

Nanofibrils are nano-sized fibrils made from protein isolates. To make the nanofibrils that protein isolate solution was heated in a water bath at 80 oC while stirring for more 16 h. This nanofibril formation process requires a water bath that can heat and stir protein isolates. So far there have been a lot of stirrers and water baths, but those that can heat and stir together simultaneously are very limited. Therefore it is necessary to design a water bath that can be paired with a stirrer so that it can heat and stir continuously. The portable water bath designed includes the chamber, heater, thermostat and control panel. This water bath works in a temperature range of 50°C -100°C. Water bath can be paired with heater.
The effect of air temperature on rice drying rate using vertical drying machine
Authors: Syahrul  , Bahri S , Mirmanto M , Nurchayati  , Sukmawaty  , Putra GMD
Published: November 2019

Mechanical dryer usually using heat from combustion and air is blown through heater to the product dried. This study was conducted used a vertical dryer. The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of air temperature to drying rate and drying efficiency. The variation of the temperature used were 50°C, 55°C, and 60°C with a tolerance of ± 1 °C with a constant mass of 20kg. The result of this study showed that the higher the dryer air temperature used, the faster the drying rate and drying time. It was found that the fastest drying rate for 60°C was 0.00033804 kg/s with drying time 70 minutes. While for temperature of 50°C found the longest drying rate of to reach a moisture content of 13.8% of 0.00022571 kg/s with constant air velocity of 5 m/s. The highest dried efficiency occurs at a temperature 60°C.
Ohmic heating characteristics and degradation kinetics of anthocyanin in mulberry juice
Authors: Hardinasinta G , Salengke S , Juaedi M , Mursalim M
Published: November 2019

Ohmic heating is considered as a novel technology for pasteurization. Ohmic heating rate is highly influenced by the electrical conductivity of the products. The heating rate and the stability of anthocyanin during ohmic heating need to be investigated in order to analyze the viability of ohmic heating for pasteurization of mulberry juice. Mulberry juice was heated using three different temperatures (80, 85 and 90°C) during 90 minutes. Electrical conductivity of mulberry juice increased from 0.014 Sm−1 at the initial of heating (32°C) to 0.033 Sm−1 at 90°C and the average heating rate was 0.568°C/s. The heating rate and electrical conductivity increased linearly with the increased in temperature. Degradation kinetic of anthocyanin followed the first order kinetic models with R2 > 0.9. The k-value of anthocyanin degradation increases along with the increasing of temperature ranging from 8 – 15 × 10–3/min. Anthocyanin shows relatively high temperature dependence with 135.83 kJ/mol energy activation value. Based on the heating rates obtained from this study, ohmic heating could be used as an alternative pasteurization method for mulberry juice.
Extraction and Characterization of Gelatin From Rabbitfish Skin (Siganus canaliculatus) with Enzymatic Method Using Bromelin Enzyme
Authors: Haryati D , Nadhifa L , Humairah  , Abdullah N
Published: November 2019

Gelatin basically is a pure protein food ingredient, obtained from thermal denaturation of collagen from animals. Gelatin is used as a stabilizer, gelling agent, binder, thickener, emulsifier, adhesive, whipping agent, and edible coating food wrap. Protein levels in fish skin determines the amount of collagen contained in the skin tissue, so the Rabbitsfish skin has a great potential as a source of collagen to be hydrolysed into gelatin. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of gelatin produced from Rabbitfish skin by enzymatic extraction as well as to determine the best treatment of combination of enzyme concentrations and extraction time. Gelatin production was carried out by hydrolysis using bromelain enzyme with concentration 1%, 1.5% and 2% with the extraction time of 2 hours, 4 hours, and 6 hours. The result obtained was gelatin with rendement ranging from 3,13% up to 5,83%, the water content ranged from 0,17% up to 3,56%, ash content 0,35% up to 3,65%, and protein levels ranged from 91% up to 94,72%. The chemical characteristics of gelatin from Rabbitfish skin have a yield of up to 6%, water content less than 6%, ash content less than 4% and protein content reaching 94%. The best treatment was obtained at 1% enzyme concentration and 4 hours extraction time, yielded gelatin with a protein content of 94,72%.
The effect of oil on the making batik leather with chrome aldehyde combination to written and stamped batik
Authors: Sutyasmi S , Kasmudjiastuti E , Murti RS
Published: November 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the amount of oil on the manufacture of chrome-aldehyde combination leather on the quality of the skin. Goat pickle skin tanned by combination of chrome - aldehyde with variations of oil 2%, 4% and 6%, difinish with batik and stamp batik. Finishing with batik, the skin was previously drawn with a pencil on the nerf part in accordance with the desired motif, then batik according to the motif with batik wax heated 60 - 70°C on the skin that has been patterned using canting. For stamped batik skin, batik uses a copper stamp and is also attached to the skin on the nerf. Furthermore, the skin is coloured according to taste and removed from the wax uses batik wax that is rubbed on the waxed skin until the candle is released, then coloured again according to taste and in lacquers. Batik skin was then physically tested, FTIR tested and skin morphology Physical test results show that the best oil use is 6% and FTIR test results, the groups in the skin of batik are C = C, C-N, and R2C = CH2. While the results of morphological testing of batik skin remain solid and when compared with the physical test the tensile strength remains high and low elongation.
Rainfall Meter Using Arduino and AquaPlumb Water Level Sensor
Authors: Sapsal MT , Suhardi  , Sjahrir R
Published: November 2019

Rainfall data is one component that is widely used in research related to hydrology. Including in implementation of zero run-off system on cocoa land. However, the current source of rainfall data is sometimes incomplete. For that it is needed a rain gauge that is able to provide real-time measurements at certain locations. This tool was developed using the AquaPlumb® water level sensor. Testing is done by measuring the water level in a 2-inch pipe. The sensor is able to detect changes in surface height with a coefficient of determination of more than 98%.
Use of The Zero Run-Off System to Minimaze of Surface Run Off on Cacao Land
Authors: Suhardi  , Munir A , Faridah S N , Waris A , Sapsal M T , Samsuar
Published: November 2019

The decline quality of land of cocoa plantations mainly due to erosion by run off. The application of the Zero Run-off system can reduce rill erosion by eliminating surface runoff. The study was conducted to get the dimensions and layout of the system of Zero Run-Off is effective in improving infiltration so there is no runoff. Dimensions of the system is designed using the water balance approach, where all runoff accommodated in the zero Run- off system then infiltrated. Surface runoff calculated by the method of the Soil Conservation Service (SCS). Potential rate of water inflow into the soil is a function of the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil and the surface area of the system. Soil hydraulic conductivity is determined by the falling head method. Dimensions of the system known through a simulation model based on the physical condition data of field using a dynamic model. The simulation results show that the dimensions of the system are required to enter the entire runoff into the ground in the form of infiltration is a function of rainfall, catchment area and the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity. Using this data, the dimensions and position of the systems zero run-off can be determined accurately. For the conditions of research sites, the whole wet surface area of the system at 5 x 106 mm2 per m2. With a broad measure of the volume of water present in the systems of 0 to 0.0000055 m3, so that the system depths of 1,000 mm, then there is no runoff occurs.
Technology innovation for production of specialty coffee
Authors: Salengke S , Hasizah A , Reta  , Mochtar A A
Published: November 2019

Coffee is one of the most important agricultural commodities in the world. Data from International Coffee Organization (ICO) indicate that total world production increased from 8.945 million metric tons in 2014 to 9.126 million metric tons in 2015, 9.462 million metric tons in 2016, and 9.580 million metric tons in 2017. Data from ICO also show that coffee is commercially cultivated in 56 countries and Indonesia with total production of about 720 thousand tons in 2017 was the fourth largest producer after Brazil (3.06 million tons), Vietnam (1.77 million tons), and Colombia (840 thousand tons). To increase the economic value of this commodity, the quality of coffee bean must be improved through both agronomic and postharvest aspects. This study was designed to develop a new ohmic-based fermentation technology for coffee cherry to improve flavor quality of coffee beans. Results of this study indicate that this technology can produce coffee with cup-test scores ranging from 84.38 to 86.88 with an average score of 85.713. This score is higher than the cup test score of Indonesia civet coffee (luwak coffee) reported by several researchers. Therefore, application of ohmic heating based technology for coffee fermentation can significantly improve flavor quality of coffee beans.
Carbon sequestration of varieties coffee cropping systems in Tana Toraja district
Authors: Padjung R , Kaimuddin  , Gunadi Hendrik
Published: November 2019

Increase of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere has increasingly become an issue as it causes global warming. Such an increase is partly brought about by change in land use and land cover. The research is aimed at identifying type of cropping system in smallholder coffee plantation in Tana Toraja district that provide the best CO2 sequestration. The CO2 sequestration were analysed by sampling the CO2 content of plant biomass, plant residues, stems, soil organic matters, and undercover plants at varieties of coffee cropping system in Rante Deata village. The best CO2 sequestration is the cropping system of coffee with Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) as shading plant (231.25 MT CO2 ha-1), followed by the intercrop of cocoa and coffee with Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) and suren (Toona sureni) as shading plant (198.55 MT CO2 ha-1). The least CO2 sequestration is obtained at the cropping system of coffee – clove intercrop without shading plant (137.44 MT CO2 ha-1).
Optimization of Sulfuric Acid Concentration and Hydrolysis Time on Crystallinity of Nanocrystalline Cellulose : A Response Surface Methodology Study
Authors: Sartika D , Syamsu K , Warsiki E , Fahma F
Published: November 2019

Kapok is a source of natural fiber in addition to cotton, which availability is abundant and contain high cellulose but not been utilized optimally. This study aimed to determine the optimal conditions of sulfuric acid concentration and hydrolysis time in the production process of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) from kapok fiber. The research was conducted in several stages, namely the delignification with alkali hydrothermal, bleaching with alkaline hydrogen peroxide agents, isolation with sulfuric acid solutions, and NCC characterization. The optimization used Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD), which consisted of two factors, namely H2SO4 concentration and hydrolysis time. The optimized parameter was the crystallinity degree of the NCC. NCC characterization included functional group analysis with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), surface profiles and dimensions by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The results showed that the optimum condition of NCC isolation from kapok fiber was obtained at 54.46% (b/b) H2SO4 with hydrolysis time of 48.96 minutes, resulting in a maximum degree of crystallinity of 71.8%. The hydrolysis process with H2SO4 caused a change in the NCC functional group. NCC had a diameter of about 11.2 ± 2.63 nm and high thermal stability that potential for various composite materials
Organic Fertilizer Applicator Performance Test On Rice Field
Authors: Iqbal  , Achmad M , Sapsal M T
Published: November 2019

Intensive use of paddy fields will cause a decrease in the fertility of the land and to reduce the content of organic matter in soil. Organic content in the soil affects the soil’s ability to bind water and the efficiency of fertilizer absorption by plants. It’s as well as an important source of nutrients for plants [1]. On the other hand, the continuous use of chemical fertilizers will result in environmental pollution even though fertilization is one of the important things to increase production. Organic fertilizer applicator technology is able to fertilize quickly and precisely. The use of organic fertilizer alike compost has positive effect on physical and mechanical properties of the soil [1] and use of organic fertilizers as soil conditioner can increase soil organic matter content so as to maintain and increase the fertility of agricultural land. Fertilization using technology in the form of an organic fertilizer applicator is expected to maximize plant growth so that it can increase rice production. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficiency of the application of organic fertilizer on rice fields. This applicator uses a conveyor belt as metering device, so that the power for the operation of the applicator comes from the wheel rotation and chain transmission. The results show that the applicator can function well. The factors that influence the magnitude of efficiency include the speed and proficiency of the operator.
Effect of Hopper Angle and Teeth Density on Performance of Cylinder Type Sago Rasping Machine
Authors: Darma  , Santoso B , Arbianto M A
Published: November 2019

Rasping is the most frequently useful method to disintegrate or to break down the cellular structure of sago pith for mechanical processing. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of hopper angle and teeth density on rasping performance of cylinder type sago rasping machine. In the experiment, three levels of hopper angle i.e. 0° (H1), 22.5° (H2) and 45° (H3) and three levels of teeth density i.e. 2.2 cm × 4 cm (D1), 2.2 cm × 3 cm (D2), and 2.2 cm × 2 cm (D3) were examined. The rasping performance test was carried out by measuring rasping capacity, starch percentage, and starch yield. The experimental results showed that the combination of hopper angle and teeth density significantly affected rasping capacity and starch yield, but did not affect the starch percentage. The highest rasping capacity (1891 kg/hour) and the highest starch yield (790 kg) were resulted under experimental condition of teeth density 2.2 cm x 3 cm with hopper angle of 22.5 degree. In conclusion, the optimum condition to achieve highest rasping performance was teeth density 2.2 cm x 3 cm with hopper angle 22.5°.
Talent leadership strategies enhance teacher’s professional competencies in 21st century education for sustainable development
Authors: Xu Ping , Yue Xiaoyao
Published: November 2019

At present, integrate sustainability with education has been put one of the school’s mission. Students must master sustainability skills. In order to explore the desirable methods of K-12 teacher’s professional competencies on education for sustainable development and to identify talent leadership strategies could enhance teacher’s professional competencies in 21st century education for sustainable development, this research adopts the content analysis method. The author systematically reviewed and analyzed related research works on education for sustainable development, teacher professional competencies and talent leadership strategies. According to the synthesis the results of content analysis, the desirable methods of K-12 teacher professional competencies for sustainable development are as follows: content focus on sustainability with 21st century skills, collaboration with peers, active learning, apply models of learning sustainability in practice, peer-mentoring, feedback and evaluation, duration. teacher professional development. To achieve the second research objective, the author found that the talent leadership strategies could enhance the professional competencies of K-12 teachers for sustainable development, including K-12 teacher professional development methods, K-12 teacher professional competencies, student performance and focus on student achievements.
Correlation between open burning habit and asthma symptoms in children
Authors: Sudarmaji  , Amurbatami Manggali Agni , Putra Firdaus Aris
Published: November 2019

Asthma is a non-infectious disease which is commonly occurred in children and its prevalence highly varies in the world. It is known that ambient air in environment can worsen asthma. Generally, children prefer to play around their houses means that air quality around the household great influence on children health status, especially concerning in asthma. The method used in this research was cross-sectional. Data were collected from parents by filling out modified ISAAC questionnaire. Chi-square was applied as well to analyse the correlation of variables examined. This study was conducted in Surabaya, Indonesia, with 65 children around 6-7 years old as sample group. The result indicated that there was correlation between asthma symptoms in children and family history of asthma (P=0.024), and correlation between asthma symptoms and children with family history of asthma who lived with family or neighbour that actively doing open burning habit (P=0.036). The conclusion was open burning habit was potentially associated with asthma symptoms in children, without abandoning other external factors such as family history of asthma.
In-door factors and its status related to pneumonia risk in children under five years
Authors: Ula S R , Adriyani R
Published: November 2019

Children under five years spend most of their time indoors, which means that their primary exposure to air pollution may come from home. Pneumonia has been one of the serious problems for children under five in Indonesia. In this study, we aim to analyze pneumonia risk factors including environmental risk factors at home and the host factors. We conducted a case-control study. Cases were children aged 12 to 59 months with pneumonia based on medical records of Sememi Primary health center in Surabaya and controls were those with non-pneumonia who live surrounding. We administered structures questionnaires to mothers to obtain data on in-door exposure (ETS, coil mosquito smoke, and aerosol mosquito) and the host factors (birth weight and exclusive breastfeeding). Housing environment (humidity, temperature, natural light, ventilation, and child bedroom’s densities) were measured using appropriate tools. Data were analyzed using binary logistic regression; the significance level was set at 0.05. The results showed that humidity, natural light, and exclusive breastfeeding were related to pneumonia. Although the in-door exposure was not. Children under five bedrooms should be designed comfortably and have good indoor air quality. Exclusive breastfeeding could be a protective risk factor to pneumonia in children under five.