bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sunlight‐skin cancer association in the dog: A report of three cases
Authors: Madewell Bruce R. , Conroy James D. , Hodgkins Elizabeth M.
Published: April 2006

Squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most frequently recognized neoplastic diseases of the canine integument, although few risk factors influencing tumor development have been clearly defined. Three dogs with cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas are reported. Tumors developed in lightly‐pigmented, glabrous following chronic sunlight exposure and long period of dermatosis. Microscopic examination of tissues from the three dogs showed progressive development of epithelial hyperplasia through stages of solar keratosis‐like lesions to invasive and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma.
Ultrastructure of skin and hair of an Egyptian mummy
Authors: Hino Haruko , Ammitzbøsll Thorkil , Møsluir Rigmor , Asboe‐Hansen Gusiav
Published: April 2006

The skin of a female Egyptian mummy, embalmed 100–300 A.D., was studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy.

After rehydration with cacodylate buffer containing sucrose, the ordinary technique for transmission electron microscopy was performed on skin of the right shoulder. In epidermal cells, mitochondria and their cristae were identified. Between epidermal cells, desmosomes, half the normal size, were found. In the dermis, collagen bundles and elastic fibres were observed. The collagen fibres had a diameter of 67–91 nm, and the band pattern showed 10–12 sub‐bands per one period of 55–61 nm length. The elastic fibres had less amorphous substance than normal and a fibrillar beaded pattern. The dermal components of the skin were well preserved in spite of the mummification.

Throughout the dermis and the subcutaneous fatty tissue, a number of bacterial spores were found showing a characteristic appearance.

Scanning electron microscopy of hairs showed a layer of the preserving material surrounding hairs, and under it a normal cuticle was seen.
Small skin blood vessel occlusions by cryoglobulin aggregates in ulcerative lesions in IgM‐IgG cryglobulinemia
Authors: Berliner Shlomo , Weinberger Abraham , Ben‐Bassat Mina , Idesess Carlos , Hazaz Bilha , David Michael , Pinkhas Jack
Published: April 2006

The skin biopsy specimens from six patients with primary mixed IgM‐IgG cryoglo‐bulinemia were examined by immunofluorescence, light and electron microscopy. The biopsy taken from the involved skin of one patient with leg ulcers revealed small blood vessel occlusions by cryoglobulin aggregates. Since a similar finding was not observed in the biopsy material taken from the other five patients who had no ulcerative skin lesions, it seems that the cryoglobulin aggregates play a role in the development of the skin ulcerations in primary mixed IgM‐IgG cryoglobulinemia.
Semiologic value of C1q and C4 cutaneous deposits. An immunofluorescent study
Authors: Gomes M. A. , Fernandez‐Bussy R. , Ohrt C. , Thivolet J.
Published: April 2006

One hundred twenty skin biopsies from patients with different skin diseases were found to be positive for C3 cutaneous staining by immunofluorescence study. By the direct immunofluorescence method, we looked for C1q and C4 and immunoglobulin deposits in all those biopsies. C1q and/or C4 were only found in dermatoses with a recognised humoral immunologic mechanism; in some eases C1q and/or C4 deposits were found in the absence of immunoglobulins. The results showed that identification of C1q and C4 is important in routine immunopathologic studies, and provide interesting data of diagnostic value.
Giant melanosomes in the B‐K mole syndrome
Authors: Burges J. H , Warner T. F. C. S. , Mons F. E. , Lantis Sharon
Published: April 2006

Giant melanosomes were identified in lentigines and nevi of 4 patients from 3 kindreds with the B‐K mole syndrome. They were present in some dysplastic lesions but not in malignant melanomas. In one case examined in the electron microscope, characteristic ultrastructural features were observed.
Epidermoid hidradenoma. A clinicopathologic study
Authors: Stanley Robert J. , Sanchez Nistor P. , Massa Mary C. , Cooper Alan J. , Crotty Christopher P. , Winkelmann R. K.
Published: April 2006

Clinical and histopathologic data in 8 cases of epidermoid hidradenoma are presented. Most of the tumors were in the head and neck, and most of the patients were middle‐aged and older adults. Generally, the lesions were asymptomatic nodules that sometimes showed ulceration or rapid growth. Despite having some histologic atypia or focal mitotic activity, the tumors were found to be benign on long‐term evaluation. This epidermoid variant should not be otherwise differentiated from the benign group of solid‐cystic hidradenomas, because cytologic variability did not predict a significant change in prognosis.
Sjögren‐Larsson syndrome: a dermato‐histopathological study
Authors: Hofer P.‐Å. , Jagell S.
Published: April 2006

Thirty‐six Swedish patients with the recessively inherited Sjögren‐Larsson syndrome (SLS) were examined by histopathologic and, in some cases, morphometric techniques. Skin biopsy specimens were taken on the volar side of the right forearm below the cubital fossa. The histopathological picture was characterized by a moderate to pronounced hyperkeratosis that could include follicular hyperkeratosis The stratum granulosum was thickened. There was acanthosis and usually some papillomatosis. These observations were in accordance with the morphometric measurements. There was often a slight, chronic infiltrate in the upper dermis. The ichthyosis in SLS can be included in the recessively inherited, congenital group with a seemingly lower tendency to parakeratosis.
Proliferating trichilemmal cyst
Authors: Baptista A. Poiares , Silva L. GarciaE , Born M. C.
Published: April 2006

Fourteen eases (9 female, 5 male) of proliferating trichilemmal cysts are reported The patients age‐range was 40–80, 12 being over 60. The cysts were present for 2–50 years and enlarged in the months or years before the observation. Seven were ulcerated. In 4 with multiple lesions both proliferating and ordinary trichilemmal cysts were present. The histological features were typical in all but one patient (evolution towards squamous cell carcinoma?) with some variation from lesion to lesion and from area to area in the same tumour. The microscopic features suggest that the proliferating trichilemmal cyst must be considered an hamartoma of the terminal hair follicle, not only related to the isthmic segment of the outer root sheath but with some differentiation (smaller and more variable) towards the infundibular and matricial segments. The tumour is likely to be a proliferating trichilemmal cyst from the beginning and not a peculiar evolution of an ordinary, pre‐existant, trichilemmal cyst.
Eccrine spiradenoma: clinical and pathologic study of 49 tumors
Authors: Mambo N. C.
Published: April 2006

A clinical and pathologic study of 49 eccrine spiradenomas occurring in 46 patients is presented. The study showed that pain and/or tenderness are not such characteristic clinical features of this tumor as has previously been suggested; either or both were present in only 23% of the 35 patients with well‐documented clinical histories. Some pathologic features, not previously documented in this tumor, were seen and included: cylindromatous foci, aggregates of stromal clear cells, clear cells lining ducts and ulceration of the overlying epidermis. Two tumors had undergone malignant transformation, but there were no recurrences in the 35 patients with adequate follow‐up.
A replica technique for the evaluation of human skin by scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Ryan R. L. , Hing S. A. O. , Theiler R. F.
Published: April 2006

A detailed reproducible procedure has been developed for the replication of human skin for scanning electron‐microscopic evaluation. Utilizing a test surface, a number of negative and positive materials were evaluated for consistence and clarity of replication. Optimal replication parameters were determined and the method was successfully applied to the evaluation of human skin in vivo. Furthermore, a method was established which permitted repetitive examination of selected skin sites. Experimental results suggest that this replicating procedure can be used to monitor changes in the stratum corneum overtime, and extend the range of stratum corneum magnifications.
Immunopathology of vitiligo vulgaris, Sutton's leukoderma and melanoma‐associated vitiligo in relation to steroid effects
Authors: Uda H. , Takei M. , Mishima Y.
Published: April 2006

Microsome, thyroid and DNA tests on patients with generalized vitiligo vulgaris, with or without Sutton's leukoderma, show a high positive rate without thyroid diseases. A small, hut not negligible, amount of IgG and O deposits in the basement‐membrane zone and Keratinocytes, has been frequently seen in these diseases by immunohistoogy and immunoelectron microscopy. This evidence strongly suggests an autoimmune character for these diseases.
The surface structural alterations of elastic fibers and elastotic material in solar elastosis: a scanning electron microscopic study
Authors: Tsuji T.
Published: April 2006

The surface structure of altered elastic libers and elastotic material in solar elastosis has been described using a scanning electron microscope. There were 3 different areas in the dermis, depending on the degree of changes in elastic fibers: areas of (1) normal‐looking fibers, (2) thick, cylindrical fibers, and (3) a large mass of markedly changed fibers. They were mainly located in the deep, middle, and upper dermis, respectively. The normal‐looking fibers were the same as the normal elastic fiber. The thick, cylindrical fibers showed various findings ranging from relatively normal to heavily damaged surface. The large mass was composed of a cord‐like element and a fine net‐like one. There was a transition between the thick, cylindrical fibers and the large mass. It is suggested that the thick, cylindrical fiber is an early event and the mass is more damaged, as one of the elaslolic changes in solar elastosis. It is also suggested thai the thick, cylindrical fiber corresponds to the fibrous form ami the mass to the amorphous form of the elastotic material.
The cutaneous pathology of extrafacial lesions in Cowden's disease
Authors: Starink T. M. , Hausman R.
Published: April 2006

Twenty extrafacial lesions from 6 patients with Cowden's disease were studied. Most were hyperkeratotic papillomas that resembled verruca vulgaris, acrokeratosis verruciformis, or hyperkeratotic acanthomas. Small hyperkeratotic papillomas frequently showed abnormalities of the follicular infundibulum. Occasionally, follicular abnormalities were seen without concomitant epidermal hyperplasia. It is concluded that some of the extrafacial lesions may originate from the follicular infundibulum. No evidence of a virus infection was found using an antiserum to papilloma virus.
Sebaceous gland neoplasia
Authors: Prioleau P. G. , Santa Cruz D. J.
Published: April 2006

Neoplasms with sebaceous differentiation cover a broad spectrum. They range from benign sebaceous hyperplasia and adenomas to locally infiltrative sebaceous epitheliomas which have biologic behaviors similar to basal cell carcinomas, to sebaceous carcinomas which can have very malignant biologic behaviors. In this paper, we have purposely excluded the nevus sebaceus of .Jadassohn, a nevoid tumor composed of several cutaneous elements. As sebaceous glands are only one part of this tumor, it is better classified as an organoid nevus.
The genodermatopathology of adnexal tumors
Authors: Brownstkin M. H.
Published: April 2006

Several adnexal tumors (e.g., triehoepitheliomas, trichilemmomas. steatocystomas. sebaceous adenomas, and cylindromas) tend to occur as multiple lesions showing autosomal dominant inheritance, sometimes in association with other cutaneous or internal findings. Solitary tumors with the same clinical and histopathologic features are usually trivial non‐hereditary lesions. Multiple trichilemmomas are part of Cowden's syndrome, which includes a high incidence of breast cancer in women; multiple sebaceous adenomas and other sebaceous tumors associated with carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract arc part of a syndrome that was first delineated by Bakker and Tjon A Joe.
High melanosome engulfing activity of cutaneous fibroblasts in macular amyloidosis: an electron microscopic study
Authors: Ishii M. , Terao Y. , Asai Y. , Hamada T.
Published: April 2006

Six patients with macular amyloidosis were investigated by electron microscopy and various morphological changes in fibroblasts were identified. Many cells, which seemed to be macrophages by light microscopy, proved to be fibroblasts. The digesting action of fibroblasts was well developed and many melanosomes were taken into the cells making the cells resemble melanophages. The fibroblasts extended long, thin and branched cytoplasmic processes to surround the amyloid mass, and the cells selectively extended these into the narrow spaces between collagen and amyloid. The fibroblast showed highly developed endocytotic activity and probable ingcstion of amyloid by pinocytosis or phagocytosis. The developed rough cndoplasmic reticulum contained much protein and was active in secretion.
Chrysiasis following gold therapy for rheumatoid arthritis: ultrastructural analysis with x‐ray energy spectroscopy
Authors: Pelachyk J. M. , Bergfeld W. F. , McMahon J. T.
Published: April 2006

Chrysiasis is a rare, permanent, pigmentation of the skin caused by the parenteral administration of gold preparations followed by subsequent exposure to ultraviolet light. We report a case of chrysiasis following gold therapy for rheumatoid arthritis, wherein ultrastructural analysis combined with x‐ray energy spectroscopy afforded precise identification and localization of the gold pigment in skin biopsy specimens.
Syringadenocarcinoma papilliferum
Authors: Numata M. , Hosoe S. , Itoh N. , Munakata Y. , Hayashi S. , Maruyama Y.
Published: April 2006

A giant tumor developed on the right chest wall of a 52‐year‐old housewife over a 20‐year period. It was accompanied by a spider‐like invasion of skin, and a lymph node was palpated in the right axilla. Wide excision of the lesion was carried out. The cross‐section of the tumor showed two different appearances. The tumor was histologically diagnosed as a syringadenocarcinoma papilliferum. The post‐operative course was uncomplicated and without evidence of recurrence.
Basaloid follicular hamartoma: three cases with localized and systematized unilateral lesions
Authors: Mehregan A. H. , Baker S.
Published: April 2006

Two patients having a localized plaque of alopecia on the scalp, and one with a systematized unilateral epithelial nevus exhibited a histologically distinctive form of follicular hamartoma. In the affected areas individual hair follicles were replaced, or were associated with solid strands and branching cords of undifferentiated basaloid cells, filled in between by fibrous stroma resembling either a miniature premalignant fibroepithelial tumor of Pinkus, a small trichoepithelioma, or a basal cell epithelioma. The relation between these 3 patients and cases reported as linear unilateral basal cell nevus with comedones and generalized hair follicle hamartoma associated with myasthenia gravis is discussed.
Microscopic abnormalities in the liver of two patients with Porphyria variegate
Authors: Mascaro J. M. , Bruguera M. , Herrero C. , Lecha M. , Muniesa A. M.
Published: April 2006

In contrast to Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), which is characterized by constant hepatic involvement, the liver seems to be unaltered in Porphyria variegate (PV). However, the authors have found microscopic alterations in the liver of 2 patients with PV (mild inflammation and fibrosis of the portal tracts and the presence of iron deposits in one of the cases). Although these changes could be attributed to other causes, the hypothesis of possible liver involvement in PV is not excluded.
Scanning electron microscopic observation of Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis
Authors: Nonaka E. , Abe J. , Sasai Y.
Published: April 2006

Scanning electron microscopy of Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis was carried out on a single mite. The ultrastructural morphology of Sarcoptes is illustrated.
Neurothekeoma of Gallager and Helwig (dermal nerve sheath myxoma variant): report of a case with electron microscopic and immunohistochemical studies
Authors: Aronson P. J. , Fretzin D. F. , Potter B. S.
Published: April 2006

A patient presented with a frontal nodule of the scalp. Histopathological examination revealed a myxomatous multilobulate tumor composed of epithelioid cells with variable pleomorphism. Perineurium‐like structures were seen hut only around isolated lobules located at the tumor periphery. Electron microscopy revealed polygonal cells and cells with elongated eytoplasmie processes. Many cells had myelinoid figures. A basement membrane‐like lamina was noted around some cells. Some of the tumor cells were immunoreactive for myelin basic protein. This finding suggests that the tumor cells are of schwannian type. Neurothekeoma of Gallager and Helwig is a rare, probably benign tumor with fairly distinctive histopathologic characteristics. It appears to be a variant of dermal nerve‐sheath myxoma.
Neurotropic melanoma of the face invading the maxillary nerve
Authors: Warner T. F. C. S. , Ford C. N. , Hafuz G. R.
Published: April 2006

Neurotropic melanoma is a variant of desmoplastic melanoma which, in addition to a spindle‐cell vertical component and fibrosis, exhibits a lascicular growth pattern and invades cutaneous nerves. Here we describe a neurotropic melanoma which arose in a small Ientigo maligna melanoma and invaded the maxillary nerve for a distance of 5 cm. Ultrastructural features were similar to those of previously described neurotropic melanomas and tumor fascicles contained S‐100 protein and neuron‐specific enolase immunoreactivity.
Cutaneous mutinous deposits
Authors: Steigleder G. K. , Küchmeister B.
Published: April 2006

A survey of conditions with mucinous deposits is given. The most important factors for their diagnosis are to consider these disorders and to stain the slides for proteoglycans or glycosaminoglycans; the most common routine techniques are the Giemsa and the Alcian‐blue stain. More sophisticated methods allow differentiation between specific compounds, especially hyaluronic acid and various pro‐teglycans.
Eosinophilic panniculitis: a clinicopathologic study
Authors: Winkelmann R. K. , Frigas E.
Published: April 2006

Study of 18 patients with biopsy diagnoses of eosinophilic panniculitis revealed diverse paterns of systemic disease, including Wells' syndrome, vasculitis, atopy, and erythema nodosum as well as localized panniculitis. Significant associated diseases included psychiatric illness, 6(drug dependency, 4): atopy. 5 (asthma. 3): malignancies. 5; immune complex vasculitis, 4; thyroid disease, 2: Wells' eosinophilic cellulitis, 2; glomerulonephritis and sarcoidosis, 1 each. The skin lesions varied from urticarial papules and plaqes to purpura, pustules, and ulcerative lesions hut always included a nodular subcutaneous component, frequently as a presenting complaint. Eosinophilic panniculitis is a non‐specific finding that can signify localized disease, such as an insect bite or injection lipophagic granuloma in a drug‐dependent patient, or systemic lymphoma or immune reactive disease. Eosinophilic panniculitis in erythema nodosum is perhaps its most confusing presentation.
Fibroma of tendon sheath: a clinicopathologic study
Authors: Humphreys S. , McKee P. H. , Fletcher C. D. M.
Published: April 2006

Thirteen cases of fibroma of tendon sheath have been reviewed. This lesion presents predominantly in middle‐aged adults, particularly men, and usually arises in the dermis and subcutis of the extremities, most especially the hands. Histologically these tumours are always well circumscribed and may be tabulated. They are largely composed of interlacing bundles of hyalinised, hypocellular fibrous tissue with occasional more cellular areas. A constant feature is the presence of slit‐like vascular channels. They arc benign lesions with little tendency to recur and, although becoming more generally recognised are not yet familiar to dermatologists.
Ultrastructural study of the histogenesis of membranocystic lesions (Nasu) in diabetics
Authors: Sueki H. , Shinmura Y. , Fujisawa R. , Jrrsukawa K. , Sato S.
Published: April 2006

In order to clarify the histogenesis of membranocystic lesion (MCL) of the skin, 14 biopsies obtained from the shins and feet of diabetics were examined by light and electron microscopy. MCL was observed in 10 of 14 cases, including 7 pigmented pretibial patches (PPP), each a case of diabetic bulla, callus of the knee, and ordinary psoriasis. Ultrastructurally, MCL was characterized by 3 fundamental types of structure: 1) tortuous thick bands composed of well‐developed minute tubular structures; 2) shrubbery‐like structures in sectional profile consisting of accumulated tiny cysts and microprojections; and 3) thin membranes without minute tubular structures. The small vessels in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue indicated the changes of microangiopathy. Present observations suggested that MCL was derived from subcutaneous tat cells and was displaced into the dermis to be disposed by histiocytes. Circulatory disturbance due to diabetic microangiopathy in the subcutaneous tissue could be one of the contributory factors in the formation of MCL.
Osteoid and bone formation in desmoplastic malignant melanoma
Authors: Moreno A. , Lamarca J. , Martinez R. , Guix M.
Published: April 2006

A 77‐year‐old man presented a recurrent subungual malignant melanoma with desmoplastic features in which heterotopic bone had developed. Histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical findings confirmed the diagnosis of malignant melanoma. Electron microscopic findings suggest that desmoplasia is the result of fibroblastic differentiation of spindle melanoma cells.
Perforating pilomatricoma
Authors: Uchiyama N. , Shindo Y. , Saida T.
Published: April 2006

A case of ‘perforating pilomatricoma’ is reported. A cutaneous horn‐like tumor, the size of a grain of rice, developed on the left upper arm of a 51‐year‐old man. Histological examination revealed typical microscopic features of pilomatricoma. In addition, however, an interesting phenomenon was observed: a small portion of the mass had extruded from the upper dermis to the skin surface through the perforated epidermal channel. It might have been possible in this case for all of the tumor mass to be extruded by transeptithelial elimination.
Inflammatory lymphadenoid reactions with dermatofibroma/histiocytoma
Authors: Barker S. M. , Winkelmann R. K.
Published: April 2006

Lymphoid nodules were found associated with 44 of 1,506 dermatofibroma/histiocytoma tumors of the skin. The lymphoid nodules were usually in the adjacent fat. Germinal center formation occurred, and perinodular and perivascular plasmacylosis was frequently associated.
Parakeratotic horns in a patient with myeloma
Authors: Kuokkanen K. , Niemi K.‐M. , Reunala T.
Published: April 2006

We describe a patient who in association with myeloma developed generalized keratotic horns. Light microscopy revealed parakeratotie plugs resembling those seen in Kyrle's disease. Electron microscopy showed distortion of keratinosomes and laminated bodies indicating a profund disturbance in keratinization. A strong C3 and weaker IgG and IgA immunofluoresence were seen in the areas of epidermal plugs and horns but no circulating epidermal antibodies were detected. All symptoms disappeared when therapy for myeloma was started favoring that (hey were of paraneoplastic origin.
Tubular apocrine adenoma
Authors: Toribio J. , Zulaica A. , Peteiro C.
Published: April 2006

We report a case of tubular apocrine adenoma located on the scalp, with characteristics of syringocystadenoma papilliferum in the superior part of the lesion. An interesting feature of the growth is its connective tissue involvement.
Follicular mucinosis in association with a melanocytic nevus. A report of two cases
Authors: Jordaan H. F.
Published: April 2006

The recognition of follicular mucinosis as a distinct entity is accorded to Pinkus in a 1957 paper under the title Alopecia mucinosa. A primary and a secondary form is recognised. Recently secondary follicular mucinosis was observed in our laboratory in association with an intradermal and a compound melanocytic nevus. To my knowledge this association has not been reported previously.
Peanut agglutinin immunohistochemistry of basal cell carcinoma
Authors: Vigneswaran N. , Haneke E. , Peters K. P.
Published: April 2006

103 biopsies of basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) were studied using peanut agglutinin (PNA), PNA antibody and the peroxidase‐antiperoxidase technique; 53 specimens of various skin tumors were examined as controls; 96% of the BCCs showed a band‐like peritumorous reaction not seen in any other tumor except for the Pinkus' fibroepithelioma. The peritumorous PNA‐binding was continuous in 51% of the BCCs studied and discontinuous in 45%; only 4% were completely negative. Both fibroepitheliomas revealed a discontinuous PNA‐positive band. A narrow basement membrane‐like positivity was seen around some small hair follicles situated within 2 neurofibromas and under one seborrhoeic keratosis. The PNA‐binding band is apparently neither fibronectin, laminin, Type IV or Type V collagen and is not a constituent of normal epidermal, adnexal and vascular basement membranes.
Kimura's disease and angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia: two distinct histopathological entities
Authors: Googe P. B. , Harris N. L. , Mihm M. C.
Published: April 2006

The relationship between the disorder known in Japanese and Chinese literature as Kimura's disease and that known in Western literature as angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE) has been the subject of debate. Many reports have used the terms synonymously. We have reviewed the histological and clinical features of 4 cases, all occurring in Caucasians, 2 of which are typical of Kimura's disease and 2 of ALHE. Analysis of the cases indicates that the histological features of the 2 disorders are sufficiently different to warrant their recognition as 2 distinct entities. The histological and clinical features of Kimura's disease are most consistent with an allergic or autoimmune process in which blood vessels, lymphocytes and eosinophils participate. Those of ALHE suggest a primary, probably neoplastic disorder of vascular endothelium with a variable and secondary inflammatory response. Although there is some clinical overlap between patients with the 2 disorders, the histological features are distinctive, and the 2 terms should not be used synonymously.
Extra‐ and intra‐cellular digestion of elastic fibers by macrophages in annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma
Authors: Yanagihara M. , Kato F. , Mori S.
Published: April 2006

A case of annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma was studied with the electron microscope using acid orcein stain. Elastic fibers were digested by multinucleate giant cells (MGCs) in 2 steps: the first step was the extracellular digestion and the second was the intracellular digestion. In the first step, the orcein‐reactive amorphous materials of the elastic fibers surrounded by MGCs at first disappeared, and then the fine filaments appeared in elastic fibers. This process advanced in extracellular spaces of MGCs. In the next step, the fine filaments were phagocytosed by MGCs and were digested in phagocytic vacuoles.
Ultrastructural studies of the skin and cultured fibroblasts in I‐cell disease
Authors: Endo H. , Miyazaki T. , Asano S. , Sagami S.
Published: April 2006

The skin and cultured fibroblasts from a patient with I‐cell disease were examined by electron microscopy. Multiple vacuolations were seen in fibroblast and/or histiocyte‐like cells, secretory cells of eccrine glands, and Schwann cells of the skin. Vacuolar inclusions were single membrane‐limited, and contained a few reticulo‐floccular and vesicular materials, endothelial cells of the dermal capillaries contained other types of inclusions, which were also membrane‐limited, more electron dense, and multivesicular. The epidermis and pilosebaceous appendages seemed to be normal. Cultured skin fibroblasts contained prominent inclusions which varied in size and morphology. Acid phosphatase activity was seen in some of those inclusions, indicating their derivation from lysosomes. These findings suggest that the I‐cell disease is a type of lysosomal storage disease and that electron microscopic examination of normal‐appearing skin in this disease may contribute to the diagnosis.
Lamellar bodies in hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans
Authors: Tidman M. J. , Price M. L. , MacDonald D. M.
Published: April 2006

An ultrastructural study of lesional skin from 4 subjects with hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans (Flegel's disease) demonstrated variable numbers of lamellar bodies of normal size and architecture within cells of the stratum granulosum and the upper stratum spinosum. Their characteristic lamellate inclusions were frequently observed within the intercellular spaces. These observations suggest that the lamellar bodies are qualitatively normal in Flegel's disease.
Antibody to S‐100 protein aids the separation of pagetoid melanoma from mammary and extramammary Paget's disease
Authors: Glasgow B. J. , Wen D.‐R. , Al‐Jitawi S. , Cochran A. J.
Published: April 2006

We evaluated the usefulness of immunohistological staining for S‐100 protein in differentiating mammary and extramammary Paget's disease from primary malignant melanoma of superficial spreading (pagetoid) type. This technique was compared to both the mucicarmine and periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS) methods. The tumor cells of 10 melanomas contained abundant cytoplasmic S‐ 100 protein. In tissues from mammary and extramammary Paget's disease, S‐100 protein was detected in myoepithelial cells, Langerhans cells, and Schwann cells of cutaneous nerves, but was not present in tumor cells. The mucicarmine stain was most useful for vulvar Paget's disease, mucicarminophilic material being present in 9/10 cases. In mammary Paget's disease, only 2/8 cases stained by the mucicarmine technique. Cytoplasmic PAS‐positive material was present in the tumor cells of 9/10 cases of vulvar Paget's disease, but was noted in only 1/9 cases of mammary Paget's disease. Melanoma cells from two cases stained weakly with both mucicarmine and PAS indicating that these stains are not specific for Paget's disease in this comparison. The PAS and mucicarmine stains are helpful in differentiating anogenital Paget's disease from pagetoid melanoma, but are less useful in mammary Paget's disease. Immunohistological demonstration of S‐100 protein provides an additional diagnostic tool to aid the separation of Paget's disease from pagetoid melanoma.
Verrucous carcinoma of the skin associated with syringadenoma papilliferum: a case report
Authors: Contreras F. , Rodriguez‐Peralto J. L. , Palacios J. , Patron M. , Martin‐Molinero R.
Published: April 2006

We report the case of a 67‐year‐old man with a granular, cauliflower‐pink lesion on the skin of the thigh. Histopathological study showed a typical verrucous carcinoma associated with a syringadenoma papilliferum. To our knowledge this association has not been previously reported.
Effects of trypsin on the in situ identification of epidermal cell membrane antigens
Authors: Zambruno G. , Gielen V. , Schmitt D. , Dezutter‐Dambuyant C. , Thivolet J.
Published: April 2006

In this work the role of trypsin in revealing epidermal cell surface antigens, with the use of immunological markers, was investigated. Two monoclonal antibodies (MCA) were used, the first: D47, belongs to the first cluster of differentiation and recognizes a. membrane antigen of human thymocytes; the second HLA‐ABC‐m3, is an anti‐HLA‐B27 MCA. Preliminary treatment with various concentrations of trypsin was performed on frozen skin sections and followed by indirect immunofiuorescence. D47 reacted with epidermal dentritic cells only after trypsin pre‐treatment of skin sections. In addition a mild preliminary trypsinization was shown to increase in situ immunoreactivity of MCA HLA‐ABC‐m3 with epidermal cells. Best results were obtained when trypsin concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 5 μg/ml were applied for 10 min at 37°C. Preliminary trypsinizalion may be of interest for a better exposure of some surface antigens to immunohistochemical markers.
Eruptive vellus hair cyst and steatocystoma multiplex: two related conditions?
Authors: Sánchez‐Yus E. , Aguilar‐Martínez A. , Cristóbal‐Gil M. C. , Urbina‐González F. , Guerra‐Rodríguez P.
Published: April 2006

Eruptive vellus hair cyst and steatocystoma multiplex are infrequent lesions. Although there are clinical similarities between both entities, histologic features are distinctive. Especially noteworthy is the presence of sebaceous glands within the cyst wall of steatocystoma. We describe herein a patient with a familial monomorphous papular eruption on the forehead, biopsies from which showed features of both eruptive vellus hair cyst and steatocystoma multiplex.
Elastosis perforans serpiginosa: clinical, histomorphological and immunological studies
Authors: van Joost Th. , Vuzevski V. D. , ten Kate F. J. W. , Stolz E. , Heule F.
Published: April 2006

In two cases of elastosis perforans serpiginosa (EPS) new clinical and laboratory data are described and discussed. In Case 1, EPS was triggered by penicillamine‐D within an unusually short period (about one year). In Case 2, EPS was apparently primarily triggered by a vena puncture. In both cases the light and electron microscopic findings were strictly compatible with EPS. These findings are summarized. In the active lesions of botli cases increased numbers of helper T‐cells and Langerhans cells were shown, while cytotoxic‐suppressor T‐cells were nearly completely absent. Leu 3a+ cells and Leu 6+ cells were also present in the inactive central area of the lesions. The data presented may cast doubt on the relationship of immunological findings to pathogenetic events in the disease.
Primary cutaneous leiomyosarcoma. A histological and immunohistochemical study of 9 cases, with ultrastructural correlation
Authors: Swanson P. E. , Stanley M. W. , Scheithauer B. W. , Wick M. R.
Published: April 2006

Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) of dermal and subcutaneous tissues is an uncommon neoplasm. In order to analyze the specialized pathologic features of this tumor, we undertook a histological, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical study of 9 superficial LMS, including 7 dermal lesions and 2 subcutaneous neoplasms. These were compared with 12 examples of “deep” extracutane‐ous LMS. Metastases to the skin from two of the latter neoplasms were also examined. Immunohistochemistry was found to be a useful diagnostic adjunct to light microscopic and ultrastructural studies in that all LMS coexpressed vimentin and des‐min, regardless of site, and 90% also expressed muscle‐specific actin. Variable expression of cathepsin B and niyelin basic protein was noted in 8 and 10 tumors, respectively, whereas none contained cytokeratin. Weak cytoplasmic positivity for epithelial membrane antigen was seen in 1 dermal and 3 extracutaneous LMS. Of 7 dermal LMS, 4 contained S‐100 protein, whereas this determinant was found in only 1 of 12 extracutaneous tumors. Conversely, Leu 7 reactivity was present in 7 of 12 extracutaneous LMS, but only 2 of 9 superficial lesions. Review of clinical features confirmed that subcutaneous LMS is capable of aggressive behaviour, whereas dermal LMS was more likely to behave in an indolent fashion. However, one example of dermal LMS exhibited aggressive local recurrences and distant metastasis, ultimately leading to the death of the patient. Therefore, careful clinical followup is indicated in all cases.
Signet‐ring clear‐cell basal cell carcinoma
Authors: Cohen R. E. , Zaim M. T.
Published: April 2006

Basal cell carcinoma displays a myriad of histopathologic variants, some of which are related to the different lines of differentiation, vis‐a‐vis, squamous, pilar, eccrine, or sebaceous. We herein report an example of a rare signet‐ring, clear‐cell variant. Our diagnosis is primarily based on the histopathologic features of the tumor, namely, the dermal nests of tumor cells with peripheral palisading and locally retracted fibroblastic stroma. Several nests are folliculocentric. The tumor cells are glycogen‐rich, mucin‐negative, pankeratin‐positive, cytokeratin‐negative, S100 protein‐negative, and carcinoembryonic antigen‐negative. Based on the histopathology and the results of the special stains we propose that the signet‐ring clear‐cell variant of basal cell carcinoma is differentiating in the direction of the outer root sheath cells of the pilar structure.
Recognition of malignant melanoma by monoclonal antibody HMB‐45. An immunohistochemical study of 200 paraffin‐embedded cutaneous tumors
Authors: Wick M. R. , Swanson P. E. , Rocamora A.
Published: April 2006

Antibodies to S‐100 protein have been used widely as markers of malignant melanoma, despite abundant evidence that they are non‐specific for this neoplasm. Hence, alternatives to these reagents are desirable in diagnostic dermatopathology. We evaluated the characteristics of a new monoclonal antibody (HMB‐45) which does have putative specificity for melanoma, and compared it with a polyclonal anti‐S‐100 reagent in immunohistochemical staining of 67 melanomas of the skin and 133 non‐melanomatous cutaneous neoplasms. All specimens were formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded, and were studied with the avidin‐biotin‐peroxidase complex technique. HMB‐45 labelled 62 of 67 melanomas, while anti‐S‐100 recognized all tumors of this type. On the other hand, S‐100 also was expressed by 15 of the non‐melanocytic neoplasms, all 133 of which were HMB‐45‐negative. The only cases of melanoma that were missed by the latter reagent were of the spindle‐cell type. Hence, HBM‐45 was 100% specific and 93% sensitive, relative to a diagnosis of malignant melanoma in paraffin sections. Epithelioid and small‐cell neoplasms are reliably recognized by this antibody, but it would appear that spindle‐cell melanomas must be detected by other immunohistochemical means.
Balloon cell melanoma: a report of two cases
Authors: Aloi F. G. , Coverlizza S. , Pippione M.
Published: April 2006

Two cases of balloon cell malignant melanoma of the skin are reported. The first lesion was pigmented, the second was amelanotic. Histologically, the tumor mass was dermal and intraepidermal and almost exclusively composed of balloon cells. Many of the clear cells demonstrated positivity with the S‐100 protein immunostaining. The problems of clear‐cell tumor differential diagnosis are discussed.
Cutaneous light microscopic and ultrastructural changes in a fatal case of jellyfish envenomation
Authors: Strutton G. , Lumley J.
Published: April 2006

A 5‐year‐old male suffered fatal envenomation from a jellyfish subsequently identified as Chironex fleckeri. Contact with the tentacles of the jellyfish had produced characteristic whiplash‐like weals on the skin. At autopsy, skin from these areas was taken and later studied by light microscopy and electron microscopy. Both studies identified numerous nematocysts penetrating the epidermis and papillary dermis in the region of the sting.
A clear cell pilar sheath tumor of scalp: case report
Authors: Mehregan A. H. , Medenica M. , Whitney D. , Kato I.
Published: April 2006

A long‐standing tumor of scalp is reported characterized histologically by extensive proliferation of pilar epithelium made up exclusively of cells with small round nuclei and clear cytoplasms containing glycogen granules. The tumor epithelium showed no tendency for keratinization and no cytologic atypia. The growth, however, appeared aggressive and replaced the entire thickness of the dermis and extended into the subcutaneous fat tissue.
Secondary cutaneous cryptococcosis: case report and review of 22 cases
Authors: Barfield L , Lacobelli D. , Hashimoto K.
Published: April 2006

A 51‐year‐old imunosuppressed man presented with ulcerations of the abdominal wall. Biopsy of the ulcer margin was necessary for the diagnosis of cutaneous cryptococcosis. Since a variety of opportunistic organisms can present with non‐specific cutaneous lesions, these infections must be ruled out by tissue diagnosis of all immunosuppressed patients. A review of 22 additional cases is included together with electron microscopic findings.
Adenoid (acantholytic) squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
Authors: Nappi O. , Pettinato G. , Wick M. R.
Published: April 2006

Cutaneous adenoid squamous carcinoma (ASCC) is a distinctive neoplasm featuring tumor cell acantholysis. Because this lesion occasionally may prove troublesome diagnostically, we studied the clinical, histologic, and immunohistochemical features of 55 examples in order to further elucidate its characteristics. ASCC most often occurred in the skin of the head and neck in elderly patients. Of 49 patients in this series, 46 were men and 3 were women; their ages at diagnosis ranged from 25 to 90 yr, with a mean of 71. Six individuals had 2 metachronous neoplasms. ASCC generally behaved in an indolent manner, although 19% of cases did metastasize widely and prove fatal. Tumor size of greater than 1.5 cm appeared to correlate with the risk of an adverse clinical outcome. In addition, 10 patients with ASCC of the skin subsequently developed visceral malignancies. The cutaneous neoplasms were typified by invasive, tubular or pseudo‐glandular profiles of polygonal cells in the dermis, with glassy eosinophilic cytoplasm and focal squamous pearl formation. Connections to the overlying epidermis were commonly apparent. Immunohistochemically, ASCC demonstrated uniform reactivity for cytokeratin, but lacked markers of specialized glandular cells. These findings militate against the interpretation that such tumors demonstrate partial adnexal differentiation, and show that immunohistology may prove helpful in the differential diagnosis between ASCC and primary or metastatic adenocarcinomas of the skin.
Infection‐induced panniculitis
Authors: Patterson J. W. , Brown P. C. , Broecker A. H.
Published: April 2006

We evaluated the histopathologic findings in 15 cases of panniculitis due to infection. Organisms were identified by special staining in 14 cases, and in 6 of these the etiologic agent was confirmed by culture studies. In one additional case, lesional culture was positive despite negative special staining. Eight cases were caused by gram positive or gram negative bacteria, 2 by atypical mycobacteria, 2 by Nocardia, and 3 by fungi (Candida and Fusarium species). Most patients had conditions or were receiving therapies predisposing to immunosuppression, but at least 2 individuals had no other major medical problems. There were some variability in microscopic findings and overlap with established forms of panniculitis; 3 cases (2 due to bacteria and 1 to Fusarium) resembled acute, “neutrophilic” erythema nodosum, and evidence of vasculitis was seen in septicemias due to Pseudomonas, Nocardia, and Fusarium. Nevertheless, several distinctive features associated with infectious panniculitis of diverse etiologies included: epidermal alterations such as acanthosis and parakeratosis; dermal edema with a diffuse or perivascular neutrophilic infiltrate; and mixed septal‐lobular panniculitis with neutrophilic infiltration, vascular proliferation and hemorrhage, and necrosis. Infection should be suspected in virtually any case of panniculitis, particularly when occurring in an immunosuppressed patient, but the microscopic features enumerated above should arouse particular suspicion of an infectious process.
Ultrastructure of the epidermal‐dermal junction and cutaneous basal lamina in Bowen's disease
Authors: Warfel K. A. , Hull M. T.
Published: April 2006

Ten tissue sections from 10 examples of Bowen's disease were excised from paraffin blocks, rehydrated, and incubated in 90% formic acid at 45°C for 18 h. The epidermis was gently removed with the aid of a dissecting microscope, and the remaining dermis with attached basal lamina was processed for scanning electron microscopy. This surface showed a well‐preserved basal lamina. The dermal papillae in the areas of Bowen's disease were elongated and had frequent secondary protrusions. The normal 0.5 μ, interconnecting corrugations were often replaced by either broad, coarse corrugations or by large areas of smooth‐to‐undulating basal lamina. This study demonstrates marked alterations in spatial interactions between neoplastic epidermis and underlying dermis in Bowen's disease.
Erythema nodosum‐like lesions in Behçet's syndrome: a histopathologic study of 30 cases
Authors: Chun S. I. , Su W. P. D. , Lee S. , Rogers R. S.
Published: April 2006

Thirty patients who fulfilled the criteria for complete and incomplete types of Behçet's syndrome were studied to determine the histopathologic changes of erythema nodosum‐like lesions. Lymphocytic vasculitis was observed in 12 (40%) of the cases, but it was only focal in areas of severe lymphocytic inflammation and only mild in degree. No diffuse vasculitis was seen. It is our opinion that the observed lymphocytic vasculitis is only secondary to moderate or severe lymphocytic inflammation. Twelve cases (40%) revealed septal panniculitis, 10 cases (33%) demonstrated lobular panniculitis with moderate to marked inflammation and fat cell necrosis, and 8 cases (27%) showed mild and nonspecific inflammation in the panniculus. Therefore, there is a spectrum of histopathologic changes of erythema nodosum‐like lesions in Behçet's syndrome, similar to that of erythema nodosum secondary to other systemic disorders.
Ultrastructural study of nuclear inclusions in spindle and epithelioid cell nevus cells
Authors: Sakamoto F. , Ito M. , Sato Y.
Published: April 2006

The nuclei of spindle and epithelioid cell nevus (SECN) cells often contain inclusions. To determine the origin and pathogene‐sis of the nuclear inclusions, 12 cases of SECN were electron microscopically examined. True inclusions, pseudoinclusions, and electron‐lucent areas were frequently found in the nuclei of SECN cells in all cases. The true inclusions were composed of various structures including vesicles and electron‐dense homogenous substance. The pseudoinclusions were a cytoplasmic structure engulfed by nucleus; they were surrounded by a nuclear membrane and rich in cytoplasmic vesicles and electron‐dense materials. Occasionally, a partial dissolution of the covering membrane of the pseudoinclusions was seen, leaving their contents in the nuclear matrix. It was concluded that a sequential process from the pseudoinclusions to the true inclusions in nuclei was morphologically present in SECN cells.
Use of 1M NaCl split skin in the indirect immunofluorescence of the linear IgA bullous dermatoses
Authors: Willsteed E. , Bhogal B.S. , Black M. M. , McKee P. , Wojnarowska F.
Published: April 2006

We compared 1M NaCl split skin with intact skin as substrates for detection of circulating IgA anti‐basement membrane (BMZ) antibodies in linear IgA dermatosis (LAD). The sera of 63 patients with LAD including 27 adults and 36 with chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood (CBDC) were examined. 62% of patients overall had circulating IgA anti‐BMZ antibodies detectable on intact skin. 73% of patients had circulating antibodies detectable on lM NaCl split skin as an additional 7 sera were positive. This was a statistically significant increase (p<0.01). The sera were mostly positive at a higher titre on the split skin when compared with intact skin. On routine indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) all positive sera produced linear fluorescence on the epidermal side of the split. Twenty serum samples were incubated with split skin overnight; 4 of these specimens exhibited linear fluorescence on the epidermal and dermal sides of the split after this prolonged incubation. These findings suggest that 1M NaCl split skin is a more sensitive substrate for detection of circulating IgA anti‐BMZ antibodies in LAD, that these antibodies are heterogeneous and that the target antigen has an epidermal component.