bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Musical Illusions and Phantom Words
Authors: Deutsch Diana
Published: June 2019

In this groundbreaking synthesis of art and science, Diana Deutsch, one of the world’s leading experts on the psychology of music, shows how illusions of music and speech – many of which she discovered - have fundamentally altered thinking about the brain. These astonishing illusions show that people can differ strikingly in how they hear musical patterns - differences that reflect both variations in brain organization and influences of language on music perception. They lead Deutsch to examine questions such as: When an orchestra performs a symphony, what is the ‘real’ music? Is it in the mind of the composer, or the conductor, or different members of the audience? Deutsch also explores extremes of musical ability, and other rare responses to music and speech. Why is perfect pitch so rare? Why are some people unable to recognize simple tunes? Why do some people hallucinate music or speech? Why do we hear phantom words and phrases? Why are most people subject to stuck tunes, or ‘earworms’? Why do we hear a spoken phrase as sung just because it is presented repeatedly? In evaluating these questions, she also shows how music and speech are intertwined, and argues that they stem from an early form of communication that had elements of both.
Many of the illusions described here are so striking and paradoxical that you need to hear them to believe them. So the book enables you to listen to the sounds that are described while reading about them.
Opera in the Tropics
Authors: Budasz Rogério
Published: June 2019

This book is an exploration of the musico-theatrical practices in Brazil from the Jesuit morality plays of the sixteenth century to the Italian operas celebrating the new independent nation in the 1820s, as expressed by the creative minds and bodies of actors, singers, poets, and composers. The book shows how the threefold goal of instructing, entertaining, and distracting the population—which a Brazilian producer spelled out in 1825—had been present in diverse combinations since the early colonial period, at the hands of missionaries, intellectuals, bureaucrats, political leaders, and cultural producers. The six chapters approach these issues from different perspectives, while offering a comprehensive view of the multiple aspects of musico-dramatic production in Portuguese America. Individual chapters discuss the foundations of Brazilian musical theater in the appropriation and adaptation of Iberian autos and comédias, the creation of a distinctive type of Portuguese comic opera by a Brazilian playwright during the early eighteenth century, the extant musical sources, and the sociopolitical context that determined the opening of dozens of opera houses during the second half of the eighteenth century. While showing a remarkable continuity between theatrical practices in Portugal and those in its largest colony, through the circulation of artists and repertory, this book also demonstrates notable differences in the ethnic and gender profile of theatrical workers; in the modifications determined by local tastes, priorities, and materials; and in the political use of theater as an ideological and civilizing tool.
Introduction
Authors: Davis Ellen F.
Published: June 2019

The book models the sustained practice of theological exegesis, treating most of the books of the Hebrew Bible. The focus is on reading each biblical book as a literary whole and a unified, if also complex, theological statement. Interpreters must do justice to texts as historically situated artifacts and also to other readers with whom we share texts. Five elements are essential to the practice of critical interpretation: naming the interpreter’s presuppositions, setting forth pertinent literary data, identifying underlying social and historical factors, giving a reasoned account of inferences and conclusions, and being open to revision.
Ruth
Authors: Davis Ellen F.
Published: June 2019

The book of Ruth stands in contrast to the story of Judges as an account of redemptive human relationships, marked not by violence but by ḥesed—mutual loyalty practiced among people who are all in some way vulnerable. Ruth in her own person embodies the classic biblical categories of the vulnerable: she is widow, orphan, and sojourner. But she is also the mother of the Davidic and messianic line, and so the story of Ruth the Moabite, in partnership with Naomi and Boaz, is emblematic. It indicates how vulnerable persons and groups may make a commitment to the practice of mutual respect, risk-taking, and protection—and through that practice, open up genuine hope for the future.
1–2 Samuel and 1 Kings
Authors: Davis Ellen F.
Published: June 2019

The semihistorical dramas in 1–2 Samuel and 1 Kings reflect complex and sometimes competing perspectives on the past, woven together into a large textured statement about human character, social change, and political division. They also explore the ambiguity of God’s role in those social processes. The account of Saul’s rejection should be read on multiple levels—political, theological, and symbolic. David’s story is told with a measure of skepticism, and the account of Solomon likewise prompts a fresh appraisal of his reputation for wisdom. Yet the text points to their lasting legacy in the worship tradition and Zion theology associated with the temple and the book of Psalms. Narratives in Kings—stories of Elijah and also the anonymous man of God who confronted Jeroboam at Bethel—focus on prophets and YHWH’s word itself as primary shapers of history. The YHWH-alone movement in ninth-century Israel, associated with Elijah, bears some resemblance to the spread of indigenous African Christianity in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
Job and the Song of Songs
Authors: Davis Ellen F.
Published: June 2019

These are books of impassioned dialogue and language that pushes the boundaries of intelligible religious speech. The book of Job does not treat God’s character or yield fresh thinking about theodicy. Rather, it is a book of wisdom theology (exploring the limits of human knowledge), of creation theology (considering the human place in the created order), and of mystical theology (exploring how character is transformed through suffering and, finally, through direct encounter with God). Options for interpreting the Song are now more contested than at any time since early in the Common Era. Origen’s approach is exemplary, with his lack of moralism and recognition of the Song’s poetics of relationality. Primarily through intertextual references, the Song uses the language of desire to evoke a longing that may include sexual desire and present ways to transcend it.
Esther and Daniel
Authors: Davis Ellen F.
Published: June 2019

The books of Esther and Daniel are diaspora tales, written from the point of view of those on the underside of dominance, who are threatened by persecution and genocide. The exaggerated and ironized telling of Persian history in Esther gives voice to the oppressed. Yet this volatile book has also been used as a warrant for violence, both by Jews and against Jews. The book of Daniel is another imaginative account of Jews living in foreign courts, and it has the overt theological dimension that Esther lacks. Both the court tales and the vision reports in the second half of the book exploit this setting to address two questions: How can Jews survive in Gentile power structures, which often threaten Jewish identity and Jewish lives? And, how long until God asserts sovereignty over all oppressive potentates?
Ezra–Nehemiah and 1–2 Chronicles
Authors: Davis Ellen F.
Published: June 2019

Coming from the period of Persian vassalage and standing as the conclusion to the Jewish canon, these books set forth two things crucial for identity formation in the absence of national sovereignty. First, they provide a narrative heritage from creation to the (then) present, traced through genealogy and a rereading of Israel’s national history. Second, they provide an institutional heritage that underwrites the two most essential religious practices, Torah reading and temple worship. Ezra–Nehemiah takes an exclusivist approach to the question of identity, but Chronicles evinces a broader view of Israel’s life among the nations while retaining a firm attachment to Jerusalem and the land of Israel. Israel’s Scriptures end with Jews outside the land and encouraged to return; thus they point to an active God whose intentions for the people are not fully revealed or accomplished.
Openness to Creative Destruction
Authors: Diamond Arthur M., Jr.
Published: June 2019

Openness to Creative Destruction: Sustaining Innovative Dynamism shows how life improves under the economic system often called “entrepreneurial capitalism” or “creative destruction,” but more accurately called “innovative dynamism.” The book describes how, in such a system, innovation occurs through the efforts of inventors and innovative entrepreneurs, how workers on balance benefit, and how good policies can encourage innovation. The inventors and innovative entrepreneurs are often cognitively diverse outsiders with the courage and perseverance to see and pursue serendipitous discoveries or slow hunches. Economies grow where innovative dynamism flourishes through leapfrog competition, as in the United States from roughly 1830 to 1930. Consumers vote with their feet for innovative new goods and for process innovations that reduce prices, benefiting ordinary citizens more than the privileged elites. Some labor-market fears are unjustified, since more and better new jobs are created than are destroyed; other fears can be mitigated by better policies. Since breakthrough inventions are costly and difficult, patents can be fair rewards for invention and can provide funding to enable future inventions. At the key early stage of most breakthrough innovations, when innovative ideas are hardest to communicate and most widely doubted, the innovations are largely self-funded. The steady growth in regulations, often defended on the basis of the precautionary principle, increases the costs of innovation for the entrepreneur. Secular (long-term) stagnation is due to bad policies, not to having picked the low-hanging fruit, as illustrated by innovative medical entrepreneurs who are constrained from bringing us quicker and better cures for cancer.
Public Administration and Public Choice
Authors: Aligica Paul Dragos , Boettke Peter J. , Tarko Vlad
Published: June 2019

Chapter 4 documents the conceptual territory at the interface of public administration and public choice and puts the Ostromian contribution in an interpretive context that anchors it in the intellectual history of public administration. Identifying areas of convergence and affinities between the two intellectual domains, it charts the ground opened by the Ostroms’ work, an ambitious attempt to blend the two traditions and to create a conceptual framework for a distinctive type of public administration: democratic public administration. The seeing-like-a-state perspective in public administration is openly challenged by the seeing-like-a-citizen alternative, in a field that was anyway trying to unshackle itself from the inherent statism of its Wilsonian progressive legacy.
What Is Race?
Authors: Glasgow Joshua , Haslanger Sally , Jeffers Chike , Spencer Quayshawn
Published: June 2019

What is race? This is a question that has haunted human interaction and vexed scholars. In this book, four race theorists debate how best to answer it, applying philosophical tools and principles of social justice to cutting-edge findings from the biological and social sciences. Each of the authors presents a distinct view of race. Sally Haslanger argues that race is a sociopolitical reality. Chike Jeffers maintains that race is not only political but also, importantly, cultural. Quayshawn Spencer pursues the idea that race is biologically real. And Joshua Glasgow argues that either race is not real, or if it is, it must be real in a way that is neither social nor biological. Each offers an argument for their own view and then replies to the others. The result is a lively debate that shines a light on multiple ways of thinking about race.
Jeffers’s Reply to Glasgow, Haslanger, and Spencer
Authors: Glasgow Joshua , Haslanger Sally , Jeffers Chike , Spencer Quayshawn
Published: June 2019

Chike Jeffers argues in this chapter that social constructionism about race is a preferable position to non-biological essentialism about race (such as the kind defended by Quayshawn Spencer in Chapters 3 and 7) and anti-realism about race (such as the kind Joshua Glasgow defends in Chapters 4 and 8). He then argues that we should distinguish between two kinds of social constructionism: political constructionism (such as the kind defended by Sally Haslanger in Chapters 1 and 5) and cultural constructionism, which he defends. While he shows why it is understandable that political constructionism is sometimes taken to be the default position among social constructionists, he argues that political constructionism misses the significance of the cultural aspect of race in the present and fails to recognize the possibility of races existing past the end of racism.
Glasgow’s Reply to Haslanger, Jeffers, and Spencer
Authors: Glasgow Joshua , Haslanger Sally , Jeffers Chike , Spencer Quayshawn
Published: June 2019

In Chapter 4, Joshua Glasgow argued that race in the ordinary sense is defined in such a way that race cannot be a social construction and is not a biological reality. That chapter concluded with the claim that either race is not real, or if it is, it is real in a very basic way that is not captured by social or biological facts. In this chapter, Glasgow develops his view by responding to Haslanger, Jeffers, and Spencer. After first clearing up some misconceptions about racial anti-realism, Glasgow explains how his argument against constructionism applies to Haslanger’s and Jeffers’s specific constructionist theories. He then explores how Spencer’s view is exposed to a mismatch objection and further argues that it faces additional problems of accounting for some central kinds of communication. This chapter also includes an Appendix that explores how a wide methodological ground is shared among the theories presented in this book.
Competitive City-Regionalism and the Politics of Scale
Authors: Brenner Neil
Published: June 2019

This chapter presents a critical perspective on the “new regionalism” debate that has swept through important streams of urban studies since the 1980s. A scalar analytics is mobilized to question mainstream political metanarratives regarding the prospects for putatively endogenous, bottom-up political strategies to stimulate urban regeneration. New regionalist programs have entailed a scalar recalibration of local financial, institutional, and regulatory failures, but without significantly impacting their underlying macrospatial causes, within or beyond major cities. Consequently, rather than counteracting the crisis tendencies of post-Keynesian capitalism, the market disciplinary spatial politics of the new regionalism have perpetuated or exacerbated the latter. Its enduring consequences have been the further splintering of urban governance arrangements, intensifying territorial polarization, and pervasive regulatory disorder, rather than stable capitalist industrial growth or coherent territorial development at any spatial scale.
Planetary Urbanization: Mutations of the Urban Question
Authors: Brenner Neil
Published: June 2019

A new round of debate on the urban question is today unfolding, in relation to which key aspects of inherited urban theories, including those produced in recent decades, now appear inadequate or even obsolete. Against this background, this chapter considers the wide-ranging epistemological, conceptual, and methodological challenges posed by emergent patterns and pathways of planetary urban transformation, which are relativizing the inherited spatial dualisms (city/countryside, urban/rural, human/nonhuman) and scalar imaginaries that have long anchored the field of urban studies. The production of these dramatically rescaled urban spaces engenders major challenges for critical theory, research, imagination, and practice.
Domesticating Empire
Authors: Barrett Caitlín Eilís
Published: June 2019

This book is the first contextually oriented monograph on Egyptian imagery from Roman households. The author uses case studies from Flavian Pompeii to investigate the close association between representations of Egypt and a particular type of Roman household space: domestic gardens. Through paintings and mosaics depicting the Nile, canals that turned the garden itself into a model “Nile,” and statuary depicting Egyptian gods, animals, and individuals, many gardens in Pompeii confronted ancient visitors with images of (a Roman vision of) Egypt. Simultaneously far away and familiar, these imagined landscapes transformed domestic space into a microcosm of empire. In contrast to older interpretations that connect Roman “Aegyptiaca” to the worship of Egyptian gods or the problematic concept of “Egyptomania,” a contextual analysis of these garden assemblages suggests new possibilities for meaning. In Pompeian houses, Egyptian and Egyptian-looking objects and images interacted with their settings to construct complex entanglements of “foreign” and “familiar,” “self” and “other.” Representations of Egyptian landscapes in domestic gardens enabled individuals to present themselves as cosmopolitan, sophisticated citizens of empire. Yet at the same time, household material culture also exerted an agency of its own: domesticizing, familiarizing, and “Romanizing” once-foreign images and objects. That which was once alien and potentially dangerous was now part of the domus itself, increasingly incorporated into cultural constructions of what it meant to be “Roman.” Through participatory multimedia assemblages evoking landscapes both local and international, the houses examined in this book made the breadth of empire compatible with the familiarity of home.
The Echo Chamber
Authors: Cardoso Leonardo
Published: June 2019

This chapter examines the São Paulo Municipal Chamber, focusing on three noise debates in São Paulo, the first two of which involve noise ordinances created in the 1990s, and enforced by the PSIU. The first debate revolves around the Evangelical lawmakers’ attempts to exclude, minimize, or hinder the impact of the noise ordinance on religious services. The second debate focuses on an ordinance that requires bars without acoustic insulation to close at 1:00 a.m.: a demand that faced strong opposition from nightlife businesses. The third debate circles back to the beginning of this article. I describe the recent attempt of a group of acoustic engineers to lobby the city administration for the systematic mapping of traffic noise. For the sound specialists, it is only with such an acoustic map that the municipal government can plan a truly sustainable city.
Legal Channels
Authors: Cardoso Leonardo
Published: June 2019

The chapter is organized into two main sections. The first part focuses on three crucial translators in this network: the lawyer, the state prosecutor, and the appellate judge. These agents will guide us through the series of procedural steps necessary for moving along the legal channels. Once we have understood how these actors build and make decisions on noise litigation (step-by-step, document-by-document), we can then approach the five legal channels more fully. The second section focuses on jurisprudence. I discuss how cases enter the Palace of Justice as legal appeals and leave the building as either the confirmation or rebuttal of the administrative fine and initial judgment sentences. The section examines the weight of legal documents in the Court of Appeals and the most frequent strategies the parties use to articulate the law to their own advantage.
The Addis Ababa Massacre
Authors: Campbell Ian
Published: June 2019

On Friday 19th February 1937, following an abortive attack by a handful of insurgents on Mussolini's High Command in the Italian-occupied nation state of Ethiopia, 'repression squads' of armed Blackshirts and Fascist civilians were unleashed on the defenseless residents of the capital city Addis Ababa. In three terror-filled days and nights of arson, murder and looting, thousands of innocent and unsuspecting men, women and children were roasted alive, shot, bludgeoned, stabbed to death, or blown to pieces with hand-grenades. The incident is popularly known as Yekatit 12, the date concerned in the Ethiopian calendar. Meanwhile the notorious Viceroy Rodolfo Graziani, infamous for his atrocities in Libya, took the opportunity to add to the carnage by eliminating the intelligentsia and nobility of the ancient Ethiopian empire in a pogrom that swept across the land. In a richly illustrated and ground-breaking work backed up by meticulous and scholarly research, the author reconstructs and analyses one of Fascist Italy's least known atrocities, which he estimates eliminated 19-20 per cent of the capital's population. He exposes the hitherto little known cover-up conducted at the highest levels of the British government, which enabled the facts of one of the most hideous civilian massacres of all time to be concealed, and the perpetrators to walk free.
Eyes Wide Shut
Authors: Kolker Robert P. , Abrams Nathan
Published: June 2019

Stanley Kubrick’s Eyes Wide Shut is a complex, visually arresting film about domesticity, sexual disturbance, and dreams. It was on the director’s mind for some 50 years before he finally put it into production. Using materials from the Stanley Kubrick Archive at the University of the Arts, London, as well as other archives, combined with interviews with key participants involved in the production, the authors construct an archeology and appreciation of this enigmatic work and its creator. This book traces the progress of the film from its origins through its completion, reception, and afterlife, and provide a new critical reading of the film.
Introduction: Education and the Long March through the Institutions
Authors: Tarlau Rebecca
Published: June 2019

The Introduction presents the basic goals of the Brazilian Landless Workers Movement’s agrarian reform struggle and explains how its educational proposal is part and parcel of achieving those goals. Then it outlines the three arguments of this book: engaging formal institutions can contribute to the internal capacity of movements; combining contentious and institutional tactics is an effective movement strategy; and the government’s political orientation, the state’s capacity for educational governance, and a social movement’s own infrastructure condition the possibilities for institutional change. The chapter argues for a Gramscian perspective on social movement–state relations, which views public institutions as an ambiguous sphere that protects the state from attack and is also an arena for resistance. Through the contentious co-governance of public education, movements can integrate more youth and women into the movement, equip movement leaders with professional degrees, and allow activists to prefigure their social visions.
Epilogue
Authors: Tarlau Rebecca
Published: June 2019

The Epilogue reflects on the future of the MST’s political struggle—and that of the Brazilian left more broadly—in the context of the 2016 ousting of the Workers’ Party (PT) from the federal government and the 2018 presidential election of ultra-right conservative Jair Bolsonaro. Although Bolsonaro’s rise to power is a serious setback for the movement, the core argument of the book still holds: the MST’s thirty-five-year strategic engagement with the Brazilian state significantly expanded its internal capacity, including its organizational structure, resource base, and collective leadership, and the movement is unlikely to disappear in the near future. This long march through the institutions was only possible because activists engaged in contentious political mobilization, while also prefiguring their social and economic vision within a variety of state spheres and under a diversity of political regimes. Even in the new political context, activists will be able to defend many of their institutional gains, helping the movement withstand, if not fully deflect, this far-right resurgence.
Confronting the Dictatorial Past in Tunisia
Authors: Andrieu Kora
Published: June 2019

Kora Andrieu examines how the concepts and procedures of transitional justice, as developed through transitology and adopted by international organizations, were uncritically embraced by Tunisian politicians in the wake of the uprising. She then shows how her case study challenges the common understanding of transitional justice as being a neutral and strictly judicial tool. In Tunisia, it quickly became politicized, reawakening polarizing debates about the fundamental issues of memory and identity.
Insurgent Universality
Authors: Tomba Massimiliano
Published: June 2019

Insurgent Universality presents an intervention in current discussions on universalism, democracy, and property. It investigates other trajectories besides traditional ones of modernity and traces an alternative legacy for contemporary movements. This legacy exceeds the familiar juridical horizon of citizenship, individual rights, and the state by revisiting questions relating to power, democratic practices, and the modern conception of private property. Insurgent Universality investigates and displays alternative trajectories of modernity that have been repressed, hindered, and forgotten. These trajectories are not only embodiments of a radical hope and a new conception of universality that arose from insurgencies from below; they also alert us to possibilities in our present that have been underestimated or overlooked. Eventually, they show us alternative institutions by which to reshape our present. These experimental democratic practices and institutions are based on the pluralism of authorities instead of the monopoly power of the state. However, such an inquiry resists the utopian urge to clear the tables. Instead, the book examines more closely, and with a fresh perspective, those aspects of our intellectual inheritance that we have allowed to remain in the darkness. By doing this, Insurgent Universality aims to “decolonize” European history, offering an image of Europe that is not monolithic but, rather, composed of many layers and paths that have been repressed or forgotten. The aim of the book is to rebuild those roads not taken and bridge them with non-European trajectories and political experiments.
We're Still Here
Authors: Silva Jennifer M.
Published: June 2019

The economy has been brutal to American workers. The chance to provide a better life for one’s children—the promise at the heart of the American Dream—is slipping away. In the face of soaring economic inequality and mounting despair, we might expect struggling Americans to rise up together and demand their fair share of opportunity. And yet, the groups who stand to gain the most from collective mobilization appear the least motivated to act in their own self-interest. This book examines why disadvantaged people disable themselves politically. Drawing on in-depth interviews with over one hundred black, white, and Puerto Rican residents in a declining coal town in Pennsylvania, We’re Still Here demonstrates that many working-class people are fiercely critical of growing inequality and of the politicians who have failed to protect them from poverty, exploitation, and social exclusion. However, the institutions that historically mediated between personal suffering and collective political struggle have not only become weak, but have become sites of betrayal. In response, working-class people turn inward, cultivating individualized strategies for triumphing over pain. Convinced that democratic processes are rigged in favor of the wealthy, they search for meaning in internet conspiracy theories or the self-help industry—solitary strategies that turn them inward, or turn them against each other. But as visions of a broken America unite people across gender, race, and age, they also give voice to upended hierarchies, creative re-imaginings of economic justice, and yearnings to be part of a collective whole.
Between Specters of War and Visions of Peace
Authors: Mara Gerald M.
Published: June 2019

This book examines how ideas of war and peace have functioned as organizing frames of reference within the history of political theory. It interprets ten widely read figures in that history within five thematically focused chapters that pair (in order) Schmitt and Derrida, Aquinas and Machiavelli, Hobbes and Kant, Hegel and Nietzsche, and Thucydides and Plato. The book’s substantive argument is that attempts to establish either war or peace as dominant intellectual perspectives obscure too much of political life. The book argues for a style of political theory committed more to questioning than to closure. It challenges two powerful currents in contemporary political philosophy: the verdict that premodern or metaphysical texts cannot speak to modern and postmodern societies, and the insistence that all forms of political theory be some form of democratic theory. What is offered instead is a nontraditional defense of the tradition and a democratic justification for moving beyond democratic theory. Though the book avoids any attempt to show the immediate relevance of these interpretations to current politics, its impetus stems very much from the current political circumstances. Since the beginning of the twenty-first century , a series of wars has eroded confidence in the progressively peaceful character of international relations; citizens of the Western democracies are being warned repeatedly about the threats posed within a dangerous world. In this turbulent context, democratic citizens must think more critically about the actions their governments undertake. The texts interpreted here are valuable resources for such critical thinking.
Political Philosophy in War and Peace
Authors: Mara Gerald M.
Published: June 2019

This book interprets how ideas of war and peace have functioned as frames of reference within the history of Western political philosophy. Its purposes are both theoretical and practical. These seeming alternatives inform a broad spectrum of political thought, contextualizing the questions we ask about politics, the descriptions of the pragmatic and moral choices we face, and the concepts and metaphors we employ. Beyond theory, this inquiry responds to practical challenges confronting democratic citizens in the twenty-first century. The book’s central claim is that the persistence of both war and peace must be acknowledged as framing conditions for a political philosophy capable of informing the critical judgments that citizens need to exercise, particularly in times of intense regime stress or disturbing human precarity. The author presents five thematic chapters that examine how these alternative perspectives have functioned within some of Western political theory’s most significant works.
The Greening of Antarctica
Authors: Antonello Alessandro
Published: June 2019

The Greening of Antarctica investigates the development of an international regime of environmental protection and management for Antarctica between the signing of the Antarctic Treaty in 1959 and the signing of the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources in 1980. During those two decades the parties to the Antarctic Treaty and an international community of scientists surrounding the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research reimagined Antarctica from being a cold, sterile, and abiotic wilderness into a fragile and extensive regional ecosystem. This book investigates this change by analyzing the negotiations and developments surrounding four environmental agreements: the Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora in 1964, the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals in 1972, a voluntary restraint resolution on Antarctic mining in 1977, and the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources in 1980. The development of the Antarctic Treaty and the related conceptual changes occurred because states and scientists were continually searching for authority and power within various realms. All actors were balancing their search for power and authority with the desire to maintain stability and peace in the region. In this international and diplomatic context, the actors were not simply trying to keep relations between themselves orderly; they were also ordering the human relationship with the environment through treaties.
Cadres’ Voices
Authors: Kennedy John James , Shi Yaojiang
Published: June 2019

While village cadres, along with town and county officials, are often portrayed as the strong arm of the state, enforcing the birth policy regardless of the social and personal costs, the relationship between villagers, cadres, and officials is, in fact, more fluid and complex. In-depth interviews with local cadres, including village leaders, midwives, and family planning cadres, as well as town and county officials, show a more dynamic and at times reciprocal relationship between local leaders and villagers. Many of the village cadres and officials interviewed admitted that it was not uncommon for births to go unregistered for years and that official birth counts and population reports compiled at the village level and sent up to the town governments were, at times, incomplete. The interviews reveal mutual noncompliance and selective policy implementation at the grassroots and even town and county levels.
Public, Private, Insurgent
Authors: Maxwell Lida
Published: June 2019

Through discussion of feminist and queer conceptions of “the outsider,” this chapter develops a distinctive conception of outsider truth-telling as the practice of refusing the public/private divide that structures norms of proper speech and comportment. Outsider truth-telling reveals a reality of oppression and domination that productively unsettles society and enables outsider survival as flourishing. Yet this outsider practice of truth-telling is also inhabited by a dilemma: how to maintain a capacity to speak truth to the public and private realms (and be heard by them) that depends at the same time on remaining outside of those realms in some sense. The chapter suggests that the creation and imagination of tenuous outsider spaces (focusing on Virginia Woolf’s “bridge” and Anna Julia Cooper’s “corner”) offers a promising way to negotiate this dilemma and create a political imaginary where one need not be absorbed by public and private realms to speak to them.
Chelsea Manning as Transformative Truth-Teller
Authors: Maxwell Lida
Published: June 2019

The chapter argues for reading Chelsea Manning as a transformative truth-teller. Through close examination of the chat logs between Manning and Adrian Lamo, the chapter argues that we should value rather than dismiss the connections Manning makes between her “private” struggles with Don’t Ask Don’t Tell and her struggles with mandated secrecy of information about government abuses of power in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. The chapter reads Manning’s truth-telling, and her connection between public and private, not as simply an attempt to state or reveal facts, but also as an enactment of herself, as a gender nonconforming person and a person resistant to the army’s articulation of the national interest, as a proper speaker and defender of the public good. Yet her leaking aims not to restore institutions to normal functioning, but rather to transform the world so that she and her truths can be seen as significant.
The Fold of Affect
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: June 2019

This chapter develops a theory of how affective folds can emerge from the confluences of material flows through “junctions” and conjoin with one another to produce larger conjunctions or images. Matter flows and folds into affects, which conjoin into images. The concept of the affective fold developed in this chapter provides us with a kinesthetics of the processes by which confluent flows of matter are capable of taking on a regional homeorhetic stability in cycles and combining with one another in conjunctions to produce larger metastable composites or images. Once matter flows into relatively stable events and constellations, we have a surface or sensorium within which certain events can be habitually repeated in the form of persisting affective folds. But it is only with the conjunction of these affects that the affects can be attached to one another and thus said to be qualities of a sensed image.
The Ancient Image, I
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: June 2019

This chapter and the next argue that a kinesthetic shift occurred in the arts from a centripetal to a more centrifugal pattern of motion during the ancient period. This claim is supported by looking closely at the kinetic patterns produced by six major aesthetic fields that define the ancient image, the first three of which are discussed in this chapter: written verse, tragedy, and metallurgy (the city, the chordophone, and pharmakon are discussed in the next chapter). The argument here is that each of these major fields is defined predominately by a distinctly centrifugal pattern of motion and a formal aesthetics. Although all ancient arts relied on modeling, no one art was modeled on another. Rather, just like the prehistoric arts, the ancient arts entered into a kinesthetic resonance pattern or regime of motion. In the ancient period, this was broadly, although not exclusively, a centrifugal regime of motion.
Tensional Relation
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: June 2019

This chapter argues that the kinetic relation between different aesthetic forms is defined by a “relational image.” Relation, however, is not a distinct autonomous flow that simply occurs between contrasting aesthetic forms. Kinesthetic relations permeate, define, and order the forms themselves. Abstract and concrete forms rise to dominance in antiquity, but the order and relation of these forms to one another only becomes the primary focus of art during the medieval and early modern periods. This chapter offers first a preliminary and more general definition of kinetic relation, which is then historically developed in the next two chapters. In short, kinesthetic relations or linkages keep distinct aesthetic forms or fields of images both together and apart—distinct, contrasted, and yet moving together in ordered correlation. Relation is present in all works of art, but during the medieval and early modern period, relation becomes one of the most primary and constitutive features of the historical aesthetic field. The goal of this chapter is to prepare a description of the conceptual and kinetic features that define this period of the image: tensional motion, illumination, and contrast.
The Medieval Image, II
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: June 2019

This chapter continues the thesis of Chapter 10 in demonstrating that a kinesthetic shift occurred in the arts from a centrifugal to a more tensional pattern of motion over the course of the Middle Ages. This chapter demonstrates that same thesis in the arts of perspective, keyboard music, and epistolography. The argument is that each of these major fields is defined predominately by a distinctly tensional pattern of motion and a relational aesthetics. All the newly dominant arts of the Middle Ages are defined by the kinesthetic pattern of relational or linked tensional motions holding images together and apart. The brilliant insight of the Middle Ages is that aesthetic form is nothing other than the polygonal intersection of a network of material kinetic relations.
Elastic Difference
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: June 2019

The goal of this chapter is to prepare a description of the conceptual and kinetic features that define this historical period of the image. The subsequent two chapters of section D then demonstrate the same thesis empirically and historically. The theory of kinesthetic difference is thus defined by three interrelated features: difference, elastic motion, and seriality. Thus, difference, elasticity, and seriality are the three defining kinesthetic features of modern art.
Conclusion
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: June 2019

This chapter concludes the book, summarizing its three main contributions: the kinetic theory of the image, the kinetic history of the image, and a theory of the contemporary kinetic image. The chapter also recapitulates the limits of the project and offers suggestions for future applications of the kinesthetic project more broadly. The advent of the digital image, defined by a continuous flow of electricity, forces us to see that the image is not and never has been a representation of a static model. Images have always had a material agency. Movement, and not representation, has always been central to the image, making possible a new materialist aesthetics.
Introduction
Authors: Garfield Jay L.
Published: June 2019

This chapter introduces the principles that guide the reading of Hume in this volume. (1) The Cover Principle: Hume is providing a cognitive science, not metaphysics, epistemology, or ethics. (2) The Skeptical Inversion Principle: Hume is a Pyrrhonian skeptic, and takes our practices to have no ground but custom. (3) The Centrality of Custom Principle: custom is the key to Hume’s account of normativity and of our epistemic and moral practices, and the term denotes both individual habit and social convention. (4) The nominalist Pseudo-idea Principle: Hume often takes us not to have the ideas we think we have, but rather to confuse customs for using words with ideas. (5) The Principle of the Uniformity of Method: Hume uses a consistent philosophical method throughout the Treatise.
The Passions
Authors: Garfield Jay L.
Published: June 2019

This chapter begins the exploration of Book II of the Treatise. It explores and explains the distinctions between calm and violent passions and between direct and indirect passions, as they are drawn in Book II, and connects Hume’s accounts to those of Hutcheson and Shaftesbury, demonstrating both the senses in which he follows their respective accounts, and those in which he differs. It also discusses the nature of the self as the object of the passions, and explains how Hume takes the passions to be involved in the social construction of the person, showing that Hume does believe that persons are real, and are constructed socially.
Causality
Authors: Garfield Jay L.
Published: June 2019

This chapter examines Hume’s account of causality. It explores the argument in 1.3.14 in detail and shows how Hume’s skepticism and naturalism are joined by his account of custom in both its habitual and social senses to provide an account of how we engage in causal reasoning despite having no idea of necessary connection or of causation itself. This reconstruction of the argument demonstrates that Hume is neither arguing for nor against the thesis that there are causal connections; instead, he is examining the origin of our conviction that causal explanation is possible. He demonstrates that that conviction is grounded not in any knowledge of causal links in nature, but in our own cognitive architecture.
Skepticism with Regard to Reason
Authors: Garfield Jay L.
Published: June 2019

This chapter focuses on the account in Treatise 1.4.1 of skepticism with regard to reason. It shows that in this section, despite his protestations to the contrary, Hume is a consistent Pyrrhonian skeptic, and that his account is not purely negative. Instead, the chapter shows that he demonstrates that custom is the ground for our legitimate confidence in reason. I argue that he intends not to undermine our confidence in reason, but instead to relocate the source of that confidence. Reason, he argues, is neither self-justifying nor capable of being rationally justified from outside. Nonetheless, we are warranted in trusting reason, a warrant conferred by custom.
Personal Identity and Philosophical Method
Authors: Garfield Jay L.
Published: June 2019

This chapter addresses the discussion of the self and personal identity in 1.4.6, and does so in the context of the discussion in Book II. It shows that the structure of Hume’s account and argument is completely consistent with those regarding causation, reason, and the external world. He is concerned primarily not with questions of metaphysics, but with the psychology of our self-understanding. His account is Pyrrhonian, involving a classical skeptical inversion, and he will argue that in fact we fail to have an idea we take ourselves to have—the idea of a self. Our thinking about ourselves is instead to be explained with reference to the operation of custom. The chapter closes with attention to Hume’s explicit reflections on philosophical methodology.
The Appendix
Authors: Garfield Jay L.
Published: June 2019

Readers of the Treatise have long been perplexed by the appendix, in which Hume seems to recant his position on personal identity. Hume himself, while expressing some reservations about the arguments he advances in Book I of the Treatise, never rebuts or withdraws any of these arguments; he only doubts their conclusion. Second, he never replaces the account with any other. These facts at best suggest his ambivalence. Moreover, were he to recant these arguments, given the complete consistency in method in the Treatise as a whole, it is not at all clear that he would be entitled to any of the principal arguments or conclusions of the Treatise, inasmuch as all proceed from the same foundations via analogous reasoning. This chapter shows that this volume’s reading of the Treatise allows Hume a reply to his second thoughts, even if it is a reply he himself did not consider.
The Survival of the Jews in France, 1940-44
Authors: Semelin Jacques
Published: June 2019

Between the French defeat in 1940 and liberation in 1944, the Nazis killed almost 80,000 of France's Jews, both French and foreign. Since that time, this tragedy has been well-documented. But there are other stories hidden within it--ones neglected by historians. In fact, 75% of France’s Jews escaped the extermination, while 45% of the Jews of Belgium perished, and in the Netherlands only 20% survived.
The Nazis were determined to destroy the Jews across Europe, and the Vichy regime collaborated in their deportation from France. So what is the meaning of this French exception? Jacques Semelin sheds light on this 'French enigma', painting a radically unfamiliar view of occupied France. His is a rich, even-handed portrait of a complex and changing society, one where helping and informing on one's neighbors went hand in hand; and where small gestures of solidarity sat comfortably with anti-Semitism. Without shying away from the horror of the Holocaust's crimes, this seminal work adds a fresh perspective to our history of the Second World War
Handling Foreign Fighters
Authors: Mironova Vera
Published: June 2019

There are several major benefits foreign fighters, and only foreign fighters, can offer armed groups. They have knowledge and experience that the local population does not have and have connections in the international war industry. Usually they are more dedicated to their goals. Foreigners are better at raising funds in their home communities and thus provide armed groups with additional source of income. Finally, they can be successfully used by armed groups for propaganda purposes. On the other hand, it is much harder for the leaders of an armed group to manage foreigners versus locals. First, foreign fighters often do not speak the local language and are not familiar with the terrain. Second, they could have problems with the locals. Third, their presence in the group could decrease overall group cohesion. Fourth, they could be recruited as spies by foreign intelligence agencies more easily than locals. And finally, foreign fighters often joined the conflict with different motives than those of local fighters, which could lead to differences in combat strategy and tactics.