bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Innovative tooth contact analysis with non-uniform rational b-spline surfaces
Authors: Müller Felix , Schumann Stefan , Schlecht Berthold
Published: September 2021

More and more simulation tools are being used in the development of gears in order to save development time and costs while improving the gears. BECAL is a comprehensive software tool for the tooth contact analysis (TCA) of bevel, hypoid, beveloid and spur gears. The gear geometry is provided by a manufacturing simulation or a geometry import. To determine the exact contact conditions in the TCA, the discrete flank points are converted into a continuous and differentiable surface representation. At present, it is an approximation by means of Bézier tensor product surfaces. With this surface representation, significant deviations to the target points can occur depending on the tooth geometry. In particular tip, root and end relief, strongly curved tooth root geometries or discontinuous topological measurement data due to e.g. micro-pitting can only be considered insufficiently.

Hence, a new method for surface approximation with non-uniform rational b‑spline surfaces (NURBS) is presented. Its application can significantly improve the surface representation compared to the target geometry, leading to more realistic results regarding contact stress, tooth root stress and transmission error. To illustrate the advantages, NURBS-based surfaces are compared with the Bézier tensor product surfaces. Finally, the potential of the new approach regarding the prediction of lifetime and acoustics is demonstrated by application to different gear geometries.
Analyse der Wirkmechanismen im fluidfreien Wälzkontakt mit beschichteten Oberflächen
Authors: Sklenak Sebastian , Brimmers Jens , Brecher Christian
Published: September 2021

Der Zahnkontakt wird in Zahnradgetrieben in der Regel mit flüssigem Schmierstoff, wie beispielsweise Öl oder Fett geschmiert. Jedoch führen extreme Betriebsbedingungen, wie beispielsweise hohe Druck- und Temperaturschwankungen, bei flüssigen Schmierstoffen zum Ausfall der positiven Schmiereigenschaften. Für den Einsatz von Zahnradgetrieben unter fluidfreien Betriebsbedingungen bieten Festschmierstoffe eine alternative Schmierung im Wälzkontakt. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Kenntnis über die Wirkmechanismen im PVD-beschichteten (Physical Vapour Deposition – Physikalische Gasphasenabscheidung) und fluidfreien Wälzkontakt. Für den fluidfreien Einsatz im Zahnkontakt wurde ein Schichtsystem auf Basis von Molybdändisulfid im Zahnrad-Analogieversuch auf dem Zwei-Scheiben-Reibkrafttribometer untersucht. Anhand der Charakteristik der Reibkraft kann zwischen einer Gebrauchs- und Lebensdauer unterschieden werden. Dabei zeigt die Lebensdauer eine bessere Wiederholgenauigkeit als die Gebrauchsdauer. Für die Kenntnisse über die Verschleißmechanismen wurden in Bezug auf Gebrauchsdauer und Lebensdauer Versuche mit Intervallbetrieb durchgeführt und ausgewertet. Die Verschleißanalyse der Kontaktfläche auf der Prüfwelle zeigt, dass sich bereits zu Beginn einer instationären Reibungsphase im Prüflauf ein starker Verschleiß in einem großen Teil der Laufbahn entwickelt hat.
Quiver Grassmannians of Type $\widetilde {D}_{n}$, Part 2: Schubert Decompositions and F-polynomials
Authors: Lorscheid Oliver , Weist Thorsten
Published: September 2021

Extending the main result of Lorscheid and Weist (2015), in the first part of this paper we show that every quiver Grassmannian of an indecomposable representation of a quiver of type $\tilde D_{n}$

D

~

n

has a decomposition into affine spaces. In the case of real root representations of small defect, the non-empty cells are in one-to-one correspondence to certain, so called non-contradictory, subsets of the vertex set of a fixed tree-shaped coefficient quiver. In the second part, we use this characterization to determine the generating functions of the Euler characteristics of the quiver Grassmannians (resp. F-polynomials). Along these lines, we obtain explicit formulae for all cluster variables of cluster algebras coming from quivers of type $\tilde D_{n}$

D

~

n

.
Increasing Consumers’ Purchase Intentions Toward Fair-Trade Products Through Partitioned Pricing
Authors: Bürgin David , Wilken Robert
Published: September 2021

Selling fair-trade products can be problematic because of their higher price when compared with conventional alternatives. We propose that one way to solve this problem is to make consumers aware of the benefits of fair-trade. To this end, we perform three experimental studies to show that partitioned pricing (PP), which explicitly displays fair-trade as a separate price component, increases consumers’ purchase intention toward the fair-trade product. This effect can be explained by increased perceptions of price fairness, which itself is mediated through transparency (but only if an additional verbal justification of the fair-trade price component is present). In the absence of such a verbal justification, recalled prices instead of transparency explain the positive effect of PP on consumers’ purchase intentions. Interestingly, boundary conditions of this effect barely exist. Our incentive-aligned study illustrates that PP is associated with a 20% increase in purchases of fair-trade products. The results demonstrate an opportunity to increase the market share of fair-trade products, which increases social welfare and sustainability.
Development of the Carers’ Alert Thermometer for Young Carers (CAT-YC) to Identify and Screen the Support Needs of Young Carers: A Mixed Method Consensus Study
Authors: Kettell Lynn , O’Brien Mary R. , Jack Barbara A. , Knighting Katherine
Published: September 2021

This paper reports on a multi-phased, mixed-method consensus-based study conducted with young carers in the UK aged 11–18, and health, social care and education professionals from the UK, USA and Canada, to identify priority items for inclusion in a short screening tool for use with young carers of a family member with a progressive or long-term illness or disability. Following ethical approval from University and local Research Ethics Committees, qualitative and quantitative data were collected between 2017 and 2019 from 267 people (107 young carers; 160 professionals), through interviews, a focus group, a Delphi survey, consensus group meetings and consultations. Qualitative data were analysed thematically, and quantitative data were analysed using measures of central tendency, frequency and levels of dispersion. The resulting Carers’ Alert Thermometer (CAT-YC) contains an identification question followed by ten areas of need across two themes of ‘current caring situation’ and ‘carer’s health and wellbeing,’ along with guidance for possible next steps and space for an action plan to be jointly agreed between the screener and young carer. Preliminary piloting of the CAT-YC provides evidence of identifying and monitoring needs, and is expected to be useful for young carers, a wide range of professionals, and organisations that support young carers.
An exploratory study on academic staff perception towards blended learning in higher education
Authors: Anthony Jnr. Bokolo
Published: September 2021

As the years progresses, higher education has move towards implementing Blended Learning (BL) which is a combination of face-to-face and online mode of teaching and learning which have continued to advance in institutions all over the world. Accordingly, it is important to investigate the factors that may influence lecturers’ perception towards BL approaches. Likewise, there are fewer studies that explored BL in lecturers’ perspective. Therefore, this study proposed a framework based on Model of Personal Computer Utilization (MPCU) theory to examine the factors that influence lecturers’ perception of BL to improve teaching quality in higher education. A total of 413 lecturers across universities, colleges, and polytechnics responded to an online survey questionnaire. Statistical Package for Social Science and Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modelling was utilized for data analysis. The results suggest that social factors affect towards use, complexity, job fit, long term consequences, facilitating conditions, and Information Technology (IT) experience significantly influences lecturers’ perception towards using BL initiatives to improve academic activities in higher education. Findings from this article support institutions in developing an understanding of the factors that can be considered to improve teaching design, as well as in improving IT for teaching and learning purposes.
Female computer science students: A qualitative exploration of women’s experiences studying computer science at university in the UK
Authors: Yates Julia , Plagnol Anke C.
Published: September 2021

The under-representation of w omen in computer science education courses is well documented, and the social and commercial need to address this is widely recognised. Previous literature offers some explanation for this gender imbalance, but there has been limited qualitative data to provide an in-depth understanding of existing quantitative findings. This study explores the lived experiences of female computer science students and how they experience the male dominated learning environment. Female computer science students from eight universities were interviewed (n = 23) and data were analysed using template analysis. Whilst these women have not been troubled by their sense of fit at university, a combination of stereotypical assumptions of male superiority in this field, and a masculine, agentic learning environment, has left them feeling less technologically capable and less motivated. The findings are discussed in terms of Cheryan et al.’s tripartite model for women’s participation in STEM (2017) and we recommend that computer science departments should consider feminist pedagogy to ensure that all learners can be well supported.
Correction to: High precision particle astrophysics as a new window on the universe with an Antimatter Large Acceptance Detector In Orbit (ALADInO)
Authors: Battiston R. , Bertucci B. , Adriani O. , Ambrosi G. , Baudouy B. , Blasi P. , Boezio M. , Campana D. , Derome L. , De Mitri I. , Di Felice V. , Donato F. , Duranti M. , Formato V. , Grasso D. , Gebauer I. , Iuppa R. , Masi N. , Maurin D. , Mazziotta M. N. , Musenich R. , Nozzoli F. , Papini P. , Picozza P. , Pearce M. , Pospíšil S. , Rossi L. , Tomassetti N. , Vagelli V. , Wu X.
Published: September 2021

A Correction to this paper has been published: 10.1007/s10686-021-09771-3
Human Health and Christianity in the Context of the Dilemma of Forgiveness
Authors: Horowski Jarosław , Kowalski Mirosław
Published: September 2021

This article argues that Christianity has the potential to strengthen people’s health when solving the forgiveness dilemma. However—paradoxically—the starting point for the analysis is the presumption that a hasty and imprudent decision to forgive may negatively impact the health of the decision-maker, and that Christianity may contribute to people making unconsidered decisions by prompting them to forgive. In the first part of the analysis, the concept of health and its biblical understanding are discussed. The second part includes both a reflection on forgiveness-related dilemmas and the tension between the decision to forgive and the feeling of regret that may negatively influence health. In the third part, the Christian concept of forgiveness with reference to the aforementioned issues is discussed.
Development of a novel SNP assay to detect lactase persistence associated genetic variants
Authors: De Luca Pasquale , Iaconis Daniela , Biffali Elio , Enza Coluccia , de Magistris Laura , Riegler Gabriele , Pappalardo Diego , Amato Maria Rosaria , Iardino Patrizia , Montanino Concetta , De Felice Bruna
Published: September 2021

Background

In adulthood the activity of the lactase enzyme is inherited as autosomal dominant form associated to Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The present research was aimed to develop a novel genetic method to test lactase non persistence more powerfully.

Methods and results

In our study, we selected eight different SNPs that are associated with lactase persistence from Caucasian, Arabian Bedouins, sub-Saharian Africans and Asian populations to set up an approach to detect all the eight different SNPs at the same time in the same sample. This technique is centred on the identification of SNPs with a single nucleotide primer extension method using Sanger sequencing and capillary electrophoresis.

Conclusions

Our method allowed us to check the genotype asset of eight SNPs related to lactase persistence simultaneously and in a very efficient manner. It could be applied to a higher number of SNPs in a single reaction.
Investigating students’ perceived authenticity of learning activities in an out-of-school lab for social sciences: a replication study
Authors: Nachtigall Valentina , Rummel Nikol
Published: September 2021

Out-of-school labs (OSLs) aim to foster students’ interest in and knowledge about scientific ways of thinking and working by engaging them in authentic activities that emulate processes of scientific inquiry. However, research has not yet focused on investigating whether students perceive those activities as authentic and whether students’ perceived authenticity is related to further motivational (e.g. situational interest) or cognitive (e.g. achievement) learning outcomes. An authentic learning activity that emulates scientific inquiry processes is Productive Failure (PF). In PF, students are asked to explore solutions to a complex problem before they have to falsify their solutions during instruction. The present study, which aims to replicate the findings of a previous study, investigates whether PF has an impact on students’ perceived authenticity and their situational interest in an OSL for social sciences. We further examined whether students’ perceived authenticity is associated with their situational interest and knowledge acquisition. For this purpose, we conducted a quasi-experimental study with 152 10th graders and compared PF to Direct Instruction (DI). DI can be characterized as less authentic, as it promotes the conceptualization of scientific inquiry being nothing else but an application of instructions. The results mostly replicate the findings of the previous study, showing that the authenticity level of the learning activity did neither affect students’ perceived authenticity nor their situational interest. Furthermore, students’ perceived authenticity correlated with their situational interest but not with their knowledge acquisition. We discuss the results in light of previous research on the effectiveness of authentic learning settings.
Estimation of breast height diameter and trunk curvature with linear and single-photon LiDARs
Authors: Ahola Jari M. , Heikkilä Tapio , Raitila Jyrki , Sipola Teemu , Tenhunen Jussi
Published: September 2021

Key message

New technologies can take us towards real precision forestry: the terrestrial single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) light detection and ranging (LiDAR) has a great potential to outperform conventional linear mode LiDARs in measuring tree parameters at the stand level.

Context

Precision forestry together with new sensor technologies implies Digital Forest Inventories for estimation of volume and quality of trees in a stand.

Aims

This study compared commercial LiDAR, new prototype SPAD LiDAR, and manual methods for measuring tree quality attributes, i.e., diameter at breast height (DBH) and trunk curvature in the forest stand.

Methods

We measured 7 Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris) with commercial LiDAR (Zeb Horizon by GeoSLAM), prototype SPAD LiDAR, and manual devices. We compared manual measurements to the DBH and curvature values estimated based on LiDAR data. We also scanned a densely branched Picea abies to compare penetrability of the LiDARs and detectability of the obstructed trunk.

Results

The DBH values deviated 1–3 cm correlating to the specified accuracies of the employed devices, showing close to acceptable results. The curvature values deviated 1–6 cm implying distorted range measurements from the top part of the trunks and inaccurate manual measurement method, leaving space for improvement. The most important finding was that the SPAD LiDAR outperformed conventional LiDAR in detecting tree stem of the densely branched spruce.

Conclusion

These results represent preliminary but clear evidence that LiDAR technologies are already close to acceptable level in DBH measurements, but not yet satisfactory for curvature measurements. In addition, terrestrial SPAD LiDAR has a great potential to outperform conventional LiDARs in forest measurements of densely branched trees.
A Sports Practitioner’s Perspective on the Return to Play During the Early Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned and Next Steps
Authors: Chiampas George T. , Ibiebele Abiye L.
Published: September 2021

With high profile events such as sporting and mass gathering events, recent history has revealed the importance of developing incident command structures to streamline communication, maximize coordination and establish contingencies. With the advent of COVID-19, a virus with significant human-to-human transmission and the potential for super-spreader events, there has been a brief universal cessation of sports, and the main question now is how to return to play in a way that keeps our athletes and general population healthy. This review aims to describe the core principles regarding return to play using a focus on incident command centers and disaster management. These principles include appropriate hygiene and social distancing, use of masks, rigorous monitoring and screening of symptoms, widespread testing, comprehensive contact tracing and considerations for travel and facilities. In addition, organizations need to have established scalable protocols for athletes who do contract the virus with symptom-based algorithms for length of time away from play and with screening for cardiac and pulmonary complications from COVID-19. Also, encouraging our athletes to become immunized against the virus and educating our athletes about nutrition and the relation to immune health is important as we return to play.
Cannabis and Athletic Performance
Authors: Burr Jamie F. , Cheung Christian P. , Kasper Andreas M. , Gillham Scott H. , Close Graeme L.
Published: September 2021

Cannabis is widely used for both recreational and medicinal purposes on a global scale. There is accumulating interest in the use of cannabis and its constituents for athletic recovery, and in some instances, performance. Amidst speculation of potential beneficial applications, the effects of cannabis and its two most abundant constituents, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), remain largely un-investigated. The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate the literature describing the effects of whole cannabis, THC, and CBD, on athletic performance and recovery. While investigations of whole cannabis and THC have generally shown either null or detrimental effects on exercise performance in strength and aerobic-type activities, studies of sufficient rigor and validity to conclusively declare ergogenic or ergolytic potential in athletes are lacking. The ability of cannabis and THC to perturb cardiovascular homeostasis warrants further investigation regarding mechanisms by which performance may be affected across different exercise modalities and energetic demands. In contrast to cannabis and THC, CBD has largely been scrutinized for its potential to aid in recovery. The beneficial effects of CBD on sleep quality, pain, and mild traumatic brain injury may be of particular interest to certain athletes. However, research in each of these respective areas has yet to be thoroughly investigated in athletic populations. Elucidating the effects of whole cannabis, THC, and CBD is pertinent for both researchers and practitioners given the widespread use of these products, and their potential to interact with athletes’ performance and recovery.
The Anabolic Response to Plant-Based Protein Ingestion
Authors: Pinckaers Philippe J. M. , Trommelen Jorn , Snijders Tim , van Loon Luc J. C.
Published: September 2021

There is a global trend of an increased interest in plant-based diets. This includes an increase in the consumption of plant-based proteins at the expense of animal-based proteins. Plant-derived proteins are now also frequently applied in sports nutrition. So far, we have learned that the ingestion of plant-derived proteins, such as soy and wheat protein, result in lower post-prandial muscle protein synthesis responses when compared with the ingestion of an equivalent amount of animal-based protein. The lesser anabolic properties of plant-based versus animal-derived proteins may be attributed to differences in their protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics, as well as to differences in amino acid composition between these protein sources. Most plant-based proteins have a low essential amino acid content and are often deficient in one or more specific amino acids, such as lysine and methionine. However, there are large differences in amino acid composition between various plant-derived proteins or plant-based protein sources. So far, only a few studies have directly compared the muscle protein synthetic response following the ingestion of a plant-derived protein versus a high(er) quality animal-derived protein. The proposed lower anabolic properties of plant- versus animal-derived proteins may be compensated for by (i) consuming a greater amount of the plant-derived protein or plant-based protein source to compensate for the lesser quality; (ii) using specific blends of plant-based proteins to create a more balanced amino acid profile; (iii) fortifying the plant-based protein (source) with the specific free amino acid(s) that is (are) deficient. Clinical studies are warranted to assess the anabolic properties of the various plant-derived proteins and their protein sources in vivo in humans and to identify the factors that may or may not compromise the capacity to stimulate post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates. Such work is needed to determine whether the transition towards a more plant-based diet is accompanied by a transition towards greater dietary protein intake requirements.
Primary Surgery with Systemic Therapy in Patients with de Novo Stage IV Breast Cancer: 10-year Follow-up; Protocol MF07-01 Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Soran Atilla , Ozmen Vahit , Ozbas Serdar , Karanlik Hasan , Muslumanoglu Mahmut , Igci Abdullah , Canturk Nuh Zafer , Utkan Zafer , Evrensel Turkkan , Sezgin Efe
Published: September 2021

Background

The aim of this randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the overall survival (OS) data of patients diagnosed with de novo stage IV breast cancer (BC) who received locoregional treatment (LRT) over a 10-year follow-up.

Study Design

The MF07-01 is a 1:1 multicenter, randomized clinical trial comparing the LRT with systemic therapy (ST), where ST was given to all patients either immediately after randomization or after surgical resection of the intact primary tumor.

Results

A total of 278 patients were randomized and 265 patients were in the final analysis. At 10-year follow-up, survivals were 19% (95% CI 13%–28%) and 5% (95% CI 2%–12%) in the LRT group and ST group, respectively. Median survival was 46 months for the LRT group and 35 months for the ST group, and hazard of death was 29% lower in the LRT group compared with the ST group (hazard ratio [HR] 0.71; 95% CI 0.59–0.86; p = 0.0003).

Conclusions

Patients with a diagnosis of de novo stage IV BC who underwent LRT followed by ST had a 14% higher chance of OS by the end of the 10-year follow-up compared with the patients who received only ST. The longer study follow-up revealed that LRT should be presented to patients when discussing treatment options.

Visual Abstract
Long-Term Quality of Life after Minimally Invasive vs Open Distal Pancreatectomy in the LEOPARD Randomized Trial
Authors: Korrel Maarten , Roelofs Anne , van Hilst Jony , Busch Olivier R. , Daams Freek , Festen Sebastiaan , Koerkamp Bas Groot , Klaase Joost , Luyer Misha D. , van Oijen Martijn G. , Verdonck-de Leeuw Irma M. , Besselink Marc G.
Published: September 2021

Background

Minimally invasive distal pancreatectomy (MIDP) shortens time to functional recovery and improves 30-day quality of life (QoL), as compared with open distal pancreatectomy (ODP) for nonmalignant disease. The impact of MIDP on QoL, cosmetic satisfaction, and overall major complications beyond 1-year follow-up is currently unknown.

Study Design

The Minimally Invasive Versus Open Distal Pancreatectomy (LEOPARD) trial randomized 108 patients to MIDP (laparoscopic or robotic) or ODP in 14 Dutch centers (April 2015 to March 2017). The primary outcome measure of this study was quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), as assessed with the EQ-5D. QoL was assessed using subscales of the EORTC QLQ-C30, PAN-26, and a body image questionnaire. The latter included a cosmetic satisfaction score (range 3–24), and a body image score (range 5–20). Differences between MIDP and ODP for QALYs, generic, and disease-specific QoL and body image were analyzed. Missing QoL data were imputed using multiple imputation.

Results

In total, 84 patients were alive, with a median follow-up of 44 months; 62 of these patients (74%) completed the questionnaires (27 MIDP, 35 ODP). There was no significant difference in QALYs between the 2 groups (mean score 2.34 vs 2.46 years, p = 0.63), nor on the QoL subscales. Significant overall change in EQ-5D health utilities were found for both groups over time (p < 0.001). Patients in the MIDP group scored higher on cosmetic satisfaction (21 vs 14, p = 0.049). No differences between the 2 groups were observed for clinical outcomes such as major complications, readmissions, and incisional hernias.

Conclusions

More than 3 years after distal pancreatectomy, no improvement in QALYs and overall QoL was seen after MIDP, whereas cosmetic satisfaction was higher after MIDP as compared with ODP.

Visual Abstract
Reducing Operating Room Cost: Comparing Attending and Surgical Trainee Perceptions About the Implementation of Supply Receipts
Authors: Kushner Bradley S. , Hall Bruce , Pierce Andrew , Mody Jessica , Guth Rebecca M. , Martin Jackie , Blatnik Jeffrey A. , Eckhouse Shaina R.
Published: September 2021

Background

As operating room (OR) expenditures increase, faculty and surgical trainees will play a key role in curbing future costs. However, supply cost utilization varies widely among providers and, despite requirements for cost education during surgical training, little is known about trainees’ comfort discussing these topics. To improve OR cost transparency, our institution began delivering real-time supply “receipts” to faculty and trainees after each surgical case. This study compares faculty and surgical trainees’ perceptions about supply receipts and their effect on individual practice and cultural change.

Study Design

Faculty and surgical trainees (residents and fellows) from all adult surgical specialties at a large academic center were emailed separate surveys.

Results

A total of 120 faculty (30.0% response rate) and 119 trainees (35.7% response rate) completed the survey. Compared with trainees, faculty are more confident discussing OR costs (p < 0.001). Two-thirds of trainees report discussing OR costs with faculty as opposed to 77.0% of faculty who acknowledge having these conversations (p = 0.08). Both groups showed a strong commitment to reduce OR expenditures, with 87.3% of faculty and 90.0% of trainees expressing a responsibility to curb OR costs (p = 0.84). After 1 year of implementation, faculty continue to have high interest levels in supply receipts (82.4%) and many surgeons review them after each case (67.7%). In addition, 74.3% of faculty are now aware of how to lower OR costs and 52.5% have changed the OR supplies they use. Trainees, in particular, desire additional cost-reducing efforts at our institution (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Supply receipts have been well received and have led to meaningful cultural changes. However, trainees are less confident discussing these issues and desire a greater emphasis on OR cost in their curriculum.

Visual Abstract
Increasing Engagement for Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Way to Play: A Preliminary Investigation of the Adult Training Program
Authors: Beaumont Dervla , Blakey Tanya , Stuart Neil , Woodward Julia
Published: September 2021

Way to Play is an approach that supports adults to promote the engagement of young children with autism spectrum disorder through play. The Ministry of Education in New Zealand has collaborated with Autism New Zealand to ensure the sustainable delivery of Way to Play within Auckland’s early learning services by training early intervention staff to both use Way to Play and to coach and support other adults in its use. Key strategies that form the foundation of Way to Play are described, and an outline of the evidence base for these strategies is provided. Preliminary data demonstrate the effectiveness of the training approach and the perceived impact for young children with autism and their parents/carers and teachers. Case examples illustrate how Way to Play is used across home and educational settings to successfully support the engagement and inclusion of young children with autism. Suggestions are made for a comprehensive investigation of program effectiveness.
ON A PROBLEM OF RICHARD GUY
Authors: THO NGUYEN XUAN
Published: September 2021

In the 1993 Western Number Theory Conference, Richard Guy proposed Problem 93:31, which asks for integers n representable by
${(x+y+z)^3}/{xyz}$
, where
$x,\,y,\,z$
are integers, preferably with positive integer solutions. We show that the representation
$n={(x+y+z)^3}/{xyz}$
is impossible in positive integers
$x,\,y,\,z$
if
$n=4^{k}(a^2+b^2)$
, where
$k,\,a,\,b\in \mathbb {Z}^{+}$
are such that
$k\geq 3$
and
$2\nmid a+b$
.
Association between diet quality index, food and nutrient intake and metabolic parameters in adolescents from Recife, northeastern Brazil
Authors: Tomiya Marília Tokiko Oliveira , Cabral Poliana Coelho , de Arruda Ilma Kruze Grande , da Silva Diniz Alcides
Published: September 2021

Nutritional studies shifted the focus of attention to the analysis of food quality, addressing general diet considering the foods, food groups and nutrients included. This study evaluates the association between diet quality index, food and nutrient intake and metabolic parameters of adolescents from Recife, northeastern Brazil. It is a cross-sectional study involving adolescents aged 12 to 19 years. Food intake was assessed using the FFQ to estimate the adapted Diet Quality Index for Adolescents for Brazilians (DQIA-BR-A). The analysis included metabolic parameters (glucose, lipid profile, apo A1 and B, α-1-acid glycoprotein, retinol, β-carotene, α-tocopherol, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathormone). Multiple linear regression analysis between the DQIA-BR-A and daily nutrient intake showed a positive correlation (R2adjusted = 0·29) for linoleic fatty acid, Ca and folate and a negative correlation for oleic fatty acid, carbohydrates and vitamins B2 and C, in addition to a low correlation (R2adjusted < 0·07) with all metabolic parameters. However, the DQIA-BR-A correlated significantly (R2adjusted = 0·62; P < 0·001) with food intake. In this way, the DQIA-BR-A can be considered as an accurate and useful instrument for assessing the overall quality of adolescent diets. The diet of the adolescents was considered to be of moderate quality. Changes are required to ensure a balanced diet, considering the high-sugar intake and consumption of sweets as well as the low consumption of vegetables, milk and dairy products, oils, fats and seeds. Such changes should prioritise the consumption of foods rich in essential fatty acids and poor in saturated fat.
“Be Their Advocate”: Families’ Experience with a Relative in LTC during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Dupuis-Blanchard Suzanne , Maillet Danica , Thériault Danielle , LeBlanc Félix , Bigonnesse Catherine
Published: September 2021

Shortly after the COVID-19 pandemic was declared, strict visitor restrictions were issued for long-term care facilities (LTCFs). A year later, restrictions are still in place and they continue to impact family members who have limited or no in-person contact with their relative in LTCFs. The goal of this qualitative longitudinal focused ethnography was to understand the experience of family members who have a relative in a LTCF where visiting has been restricted during the pandemic. Seventeen family members participated in two interviews that were 6 months apart. Data analysis highlighted five key drivers, defined as the workforce, communication deficits, characteristics of care, public health directives, and autonomy of relative which in turn resulted in three main themes: psychological distress, surveillance, and visiting challenges. This study provides a glimpse into the difficult experiences of families with a relative residing in a LTCF in the province of New Brunswick.
Gender Gap in Political Science: An Analysis of the Scientific Publications and Career Paths of Italian Political Scientists
Authors: Cellini Marco
Published: September 2021

This article assesses whether a gender gap in political science, identified in the international literature, also is present in the context of Italian political science. The literature has mostly centered on the comparison of female publication rates in international journals with the academic workforce in the United States, but this raises an issue of data comparability. As an alternative strategy to avoid comparability biases, this study focuses on the analysis of a single national case: Italy. The article evaluates to what extent the “glass-ceiling” effect persists for political scientists who intend to publish their contributions. By analyzing data on articles published between 2015 and 2020 by the three major Italian political science journals, this contribution shows that (1) the proportion of published articles written by female authors is lower than that of male authors; (2) the hypothesis that the lower female proportion depends on a lower female presence in the field of political science is refuted; (3) there is little collaboration between men and women; (4) there is a correlation between the presence of female editors in scientific journals and the proportion of female-authored articles; and (5) gender differences are reflected in women’s academic career progression.
Estimating the Additive Heritability of Historiometric Eminence in a Super-Pedigree Comprised of Four Prominent Families
Authors: Woodley Michael A. , Peñaherrera-Aguirre Mateo , Sarraf Matthew A.
Published: September 2021

By merging analytical approaches from the fields of historiometrics and behavior genetics, a social pedigree-based estimate of the heritability of eminence is generated. Eminent individuals are identified using the Pantheon dataset. A single super-pedigree, comprised of four prominent and interrelated families (including the Wedgwood–Darwin, Arnold–Huxley, Keynes-Baha’u’lláh, and Benn-Rutherford pedigrees) is assembled, containing 30 eminent individuals out of 301 in total. Each eminent individual in the super-pedigree is assigned a relative measure of historical eminence (scaled from 1 to 100) with noneminent individuals assigned a score of 0. Utilizing a Bayesian pedigree-based heritability estimation procedure employing an informed prior, an additive heritability of eminence of .507 (95% CI [.434, .578]) was found. The finding that eminence is additively heritable is consistent with expectations from behavior-genetic studies of factors that are thought to underlie extraordinary accomplishment, which indicate that they are substantially additively heritable. Owing to the limited types of intermarriage present in the data, it was not possible to estimate the impact of nonadditive genetic contributions to heritability. Gene-by-environment interactions could not be estimated in the present analysis either; therefore, the finding that eminence is simply a function of additive genetic and nonshared environmental variance should be interpreted cautiously.
Orientation Averaged Visible/Near‐Infrared and Mid‐Infrared Optical Constants of Hydrous Ca‐Sulfates: Gypsum and Bassanite
Authors: Ye Cheng , Sklute Elizabeth C. , Glotch Timothy D.
Published: September 2021

The hydrous Ca‐sulfates, gypsum and bassanite, have been detected on Mars using both visible/near‐infrared (VNIR) remote sensing measurements and in‐situ rover‐based mineralogical measurements. Understanding the distributions and abundances of minerals on the Martian surface from remote sensing data is important in evaluating ancient Martian environments. Optical constants are critical input parameters in radiative transfer theory, which allows for the extraction of mineral abundances from a mixture spectrum. We have derived VNIR (0.35–2.5 μm, at 10 nm spectral sampling) optical constants of gypsum and bassanite powders using radiative transfer theory and laboratory reflectance spectra of separated size fractions as well as multiple phase angles. In addition, the MIR (2.5–25 μm, or 4,000–400 cm−1, at 2 cm−1spectral sampling) orientation averaged optical constants of gypsum and bassanite were generated using the classical Lorentz‐Lorenz dispersion theory. We compare the optical constants of gypsum derived in this work with previously published estimates and note both similarities and differences. The optical constants derived in this work will assist in modeling VNIR reflectance spectra and quantifying mineral abundances from mineral mixtures.
The Divergent Estimates of Diffuse Radiation Effects on Gross Primary Production of Forest Ecosystems Using Light‐Use Efficiency Models
Authors: Liu Qiaozhen , Zhang Zhaoyang , Fan Meng , Wang Quan
Published: September 2021

Diffuse radiation can promote the vegetation photosynthesis. Radiation use efficiency (RUE = GPP/PAR) simulated by Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Flux GPP Model (TEC), Vegetation Photosynthesis Model (VPM), Eddy Covariance Light Use Efficiency Model (EC‐LUE), and Diffuse Fraction‐Based Two‐Leaf Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Flux Model (DTEC) models were against the measured radiation‐use efficiency (RUE) from FLUXNET under different bins of diffuse photosynthetically active radiation fraction (FDIFFPAR) in this study. Our results showed that the observed RUE increased linearly with FDIFFPAR. The differences of RUE between the first bin and other bin (RUEbin) from two big‐leaf models were underestimated when the FDIFFPAR is higher than 0.5 except in evergreen broadleaf forests and RUEbin from the DTEC model was overestimated when the FDIFFPAR is higher than 0.7. The role of temperature and vapor pressure deficit in the diffuse radiation effects on vegetation photosynthesis was underestimated in EC‐LUE, TEC, VPM. Although many studies applied LUE models to assess the effects of diffuse radiation on vegetation photosynthesis, our results suggested that these models were needed to be improved.
Sensitivity of Total Column Ozone to Stratospheric Sulfur Injection Strategies
Authors: Tilmes S. , Richter J. H. , Kravitz B. , MacMartin D. G. , Glanville A. S. , Visioni D. , Kinnison D. E. , Müller R.
Published: September 2021

We explore the impact of different stratospheric sulfur injection strategies to counter greenhouse gas induced warming on total column ozone (TCO), including high and low altitude injections at four latitudes, equatorial injections, and using a configuration with higher vertical resolution, based on a state‐of‐the‐art Earth system model. The experiments maintain global surface temperatures at 2020 conditions, while following the unmitigated future scenario. Within the first 10 years of the injection, we find an abrupt deepening of the Antarctic ozone hole by 8%–20% and changes up to 5% for other regions and seasons. The ozone hole recovery is delayed by ∼25 to over 55 years, with the fastest recovery for low‐altitude injections and slowest for equatorial injections. Mid to high‐latitude TCO increases by 15% in Northern Hemisphere winter and spring between 2010–2019 and 2080–2089 due to both increasing greenhouse gases and increasing sulfur injections. Implications for ecosystems need to be investigated.
A New Divergence Method to Quantify Methane Emissions Using Observations of Sentinel‐5P TROPOMI
Authors: Liu Mengyao , van der A Ronald , van Weele Michiel , Eskes Henk , Lu Xiao , Veefkind Pepijn , de Laat Jos , Kong Hao , Wang Jingxu , Sun Jiyunting , Ding Jieying , Zhao Yuanhong , Weng Hongjian
Published: September 2021

We present a new divergence method to estimated methane (CH4) emissions from satellite observed mean mixing ratio of methane (XCH4) by deriving the regional enhancement of XCH4 in the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL). The applicability is proven by comparing the estimated emissions with its known emission inventory from a 3‐month GEOS‐Chem simulation. When applied to TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument observations, sources from well‐known oil/gas production areas, livestock farms and wetlands in Texas become clearly visible in the emission maps. The calculated yearly averaged total CH4 emission over the Permian Basin is 3.06 (2.82, 3.78) Tg a−1 for 2019, which is consistent with previous studies and double that of EDGAR v4.3.2 for 2012. Sensitivity tests on PBL heights, on the derived regional background and on wind speeds suggest our divergence method is quite robust. It is also a fast and simple method to estimate the CH4 emissions globally.
Simultaneous Generation of EMIC and MS Waves During the Magnetic Dip in the Inner Magnetosphere
Authors: Huang Zheng , Yuan Zhigang , Yu Xiongdong , Xue Zuxiang , Ouyang Zhihai
Published: September 2021

The Van Allen Probe B satellite simultaneously observed electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) and fast magnetosonic (MS) waves in a magnetic dip on April 29, 2017. During the magnetic dip, we found the coexistence of flux enhancements of ring current protons (∼11.2–∼51.7 keV) and flux reductions of relativistic electrons (∼1 MeV), which are identified as typical signatures of a magnetic dip in the inner magnetosphere. Based on linear theoretical calculations and observational analysis, the observed ring current protons show an anisotropic temperature distribution and partial shell distribution for different energies during the magnetic dip to provide free energies for the generation of EMIC and MS waves, respectively. Our findings indicate that the complex unstable distribution in the velocity phase space of ring current protons during the magnetic dip can trigger the simultaneous generation of EMIC and MS waves in the inner magnetosphere.
Suppressed Late‐20th Century Warming in CMIP6 Models Explained by Forcing and Feedbacks
Authors: Smith Christopher J. , Forster Piers M.
Published: September 2021

For the 1960–2000 period, the latest generation of climate models (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 [CMIP6]) shows less global mean surface temperature change relative to pre‐industrial than that seen in observations. In contrast, the previous generation of models (CMIP5) performed well over this period. It has been hypothesized that this suppressed late‐20th Century warming seen in CMIP6 is caused by a stronger aerosol forcing. However, we find this to be only part of the story. Not only is the aerosol forcing marginally more negative in CMIP6 compared to CMIP5, the greenhouse gas forcing in CMIP6 is also weaker than in CMIP5. These forcing differences are amplified by differences in climate sensitivity between the CMIP5 and CMIP6 ensemble, which leads to both a stronger aerosol cooling over 1960–1990 and a stronger greenhouse gas induced warming from 1990, returning the warming post‐2000 toward the observed level.
Machine Learning for Identification of Primary Water Concentrations in Mantle Pyroxene
Authors: Chen Huan , Su Cheng , Tang Yong‐Quan , Li An‐Zhou , Wu Sen‐Sen , Xia Qun‐Ke , ZhangZhou J.
Published: September 2021

The approach of estimating the H2O content of basaltic magmas via clinopyroxene (cpx) phenocrysts is a potentially effective way to glimpse the deep Earth water cycle. However, it is difficult to ascertain using traditional geochemical methods whether hydrogen (H) measured in cpx phenocrysts represents a primary signature that can ultimately inform estimates of the mantle water content. In this study, we conducted machine learning on the major element compositions and H2O content of cpx phenocrysts (1904 samples in total). Using the support vector machine (SVM), we defined a classifier (overall accuracy >92%) that can separate cpx that have undergone H diffusion, and thus modification of their original water content, from those that have not experienced H diffusion. Our trained SVM model has broad implications for understanding the primary water content of magma, the variations in water content during magma evolution, and the water cycle in the deep Earth.
Impact of enzalutamide on patient-reported fatigue in patients with prostate cancer: data from the pivotal clinical trials
Authors: Tombal Bertrand F. , Freedland Stephen J. , Armstrong Andrew J. , Beer Tomasz M. , Stenzl Arnulf , Sternberg Cora N. , Hussain Maha , Ganguli Arijit , Ramaswamy Krishnan , Bhadauria Hemant , Ivanescu Cristina , Turnbull James , Holmstrom Stefan , Saad Fred
Published: September 2021

Background

Fatigue is a multifactorial symptom commonly reported by patients with prostate cancer as a result of disease and treatment. This study assesses the impact enzalutamide has on patient-reported fatigue (“fatigue”) by using patient-reported outcomes from four pivotal, placebo-controlled trials of enzalutamide (ARCHES (NCT02677896), PROSPER (NCT02003924), PREVAIL (NCT01212991), and AFFIRM (NCT00974311)).

Methods

Fatigue was assessed in the individual studies using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Prostate item GP1 at baseline, weeks 13 or 17, and every 12 weeks until disease progression. Longitudinal changes were assessed using mean scores and mixed-model repeated measures.

Results

The fatigue rates at baseline were higher in patients with later-stage disease (metastatic and/or castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC)) and among patients who had already received prior treatment lines; rates ranged between 58% in PROSPER (nonmetastatic CRPC) and 86% in AFFIRM (post-docetaxel metastatic CRPC). Irrespective of disease state, initiation of enzalutamide or placebo resulted in an early increase of fatigue (by weeks 13 or 17), with fatigue levels stabilizing thereafter. At last assessment, ≥55% of patients reported fatigue improvement or stabilization in all trials compared to baseline. More patients reported fatigue worsening by ≥1 or ≥2 units with enzalutamide plus androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) than with placebo plus ADT in ARCHES, PROSPER, and PREVAIL, but the between-group difference was <10% in all trials.

Conclusions

The levels of fatigue were greater in mCRPC and lower in earlier states of disease. In all trials, patients reported a small increase in fatigue for the first 13–17 weeks after starting enzalutamide or placebo, with slightly greater fatigue with enzalutamide in all studies except AFFIRM, but fatigue stabilized or improved thereafter. This suggests a role for clinical management of fatigue to help patients cope early in treatment.