bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Food that Builds Community: The Sikh Langar in Canada
Authors: Desjardins Michel , Desjardins Ellen
Published: April 2012

The communal meal, or langar, served in Sikh places of worship is central to Sikh religious thought and practice, both in India and in Canada. This paper introduces readers to the characteristics and principles embedded in Sikh langars, and to some distinctive Canadian elements of this food-centered marker of Sikh religious life, including internal community building and outreach activities. The authors incorporate data from their fieldwork, conducted in India and across Canada over the last three years.
“I eat more salads because they are good for health”: Cooking, Eating and Informal Learning among Recent Chinese Immigrants
Authors: Willa Liu Lichun
Published: April 2012

Drawing on data from a Canadian survey on work and lifelong learning as well as in-depth interviews with recent Chinese immigrants in the Toronto area, this paper examines how cross-cultural migration influences food-related housework and health, and the informal learning involved in such activities. By focusing on gender, this paper reveals how immigration has (or has not) changed the gendered division of food work amongst participants in the study and influenced food habits (for example, in cooking and diet), as well as ways in which participants have (or have not) learned to accommodate these changes and to maintain their health through food and cooking.
L’évaluation de la validité prédictive du LS/CMI dans la prédiction des incidents disciplinaires en prison
Authors: Charton Thibault , Couture-Poulin Jean-François , Guay Jean-Pierre
Published: April 2012

Dans son plan stratégique, le ministère de la Sécurité publique du Québec souligne les problèmes actuels de surpopulation carcérale au Québec. Ce phénomène peut contribuer à une augmentation des conflits vécus par les détenus et, par extension, à l’émergence des incidents disciplinaires. Dans un tel contexte, il semble nécessaire d’améliorer la gestion du risque lié à ce type d’incidents. Dans le cadre de cet article, l’objectif principal visé est de mettre à l’épreuve la validité prédictive du LS/CMI sur l’occurrence des incidents disciplinaires. L’échantillon consiste en 934 détenus incarcérés au Service correctionnel du Québec (SCQ) entre janvier et décembre 2007. Durant cette même période, tous les détenus ont été évalués dans les semaines suivant leur admission avec la version québécoise du LS/CMI. Les résultats permettent de confirmer l’efficacité du LS/CMI dans la prédiction des incidents disciplinaires, et ce, indépendamment de leur nature et de leur cible.
Entre ressentiment et pragmatisme : la voix off en tant que discours du protagoniste devant la violence et le jeu de l’ascension sociale
Authors: Xavier Ismail , Ishihara Tokiko
Published: April 2012

Cet article se propose d’analyser le rôle déterminant de la voix off à partir de trois films brésiliens contemporains qui recherchent l’équilibre entre les préoccupations des auteurs et les demandes du cinéma grand public : La Cité de Dieu (Cidade de Deus), de Fernando Meirelles et Kátia Lund, L’homme qui copiait (O homem que copiava), de Jorge Furtado, et Le Rédempteur (Redentor), de Cláudio Torres. La parole en tant que discours du sujet « en situation » y apparaît dans son rapport au contexte social, marqué par des tensions liées à la violence, au développement des marchés illicites, au jeu de l’ascension sociale, à la délinquance patronale, à l’hégémonie de la consommation et à la crise de l’institution familiale.
Âmes d’enfants, un « film-parabole » représentatif de la propagande solidariste en France dans l’entre-deux-guerres
Authors: Laborderie Pascal
Published: April 2012

Âmes d’enfants (Jean Benoit-Lévy et Marie Epstein, France, 1928) est un film engagé traitant des conditions de vie des ouvriers et prônant une plus grande intervention de l’État en matière de logement social, notamment par la construction de cités-jardins. D’un point de vue générique, le film s’inscrit dans la lignée des fables moralisatrices empreintes de réalisme social du cinéma des premiers temps. Il s’en écarte néanmoins par son discours social complexe, qui s’appuie sur un mode de lecture comparable à celui d’une parabole. Conciliant les ambitions du monde de l’éducation populaire et les goûts récréatifs du public, il aménage un espace d’échange entre les classes intermédiaires et le monde ouvrier. Cette tentative d’harmonisation des modes d’appréhension culturelle de divers publics trouve son pendant thématique dans l’engagement pour un modèle de société fondé sur la concorde sociale, qui s’inspire de la philosophie solidariste de Léon Bourgeois et qui fut promu par les gauches radicale et socialiste durant le Cartel des gauches.
Relativité, determinatio et parallaxe, remarques sur le traitement cartésien de trois controverses scientifiques
Authors: Jullien Vincent
Published: April 2012

Trois sujets de philosophie naturelle, fort controversés à l’époque où Descartes élabore sa physique (incluant son système du Monde) sont particulièrement présents dans les Principes de la philosophie de Descartes, le principe de relativité des mouvements des corps matériels, la nature que l’on nommera plus tard vectorielle de la grandeur, qui caractérise l’état de mouvement d’un corps et que Descartes contribue à constituer par la notion de determinatio et l’objection parallactique contre l’héliocentrisme. On examine ici comment l’actualité du débat scientifique permet de comprendre l’argumentation cartésienne et on insiste sur le caractère polémique de ce traité. On peut notamment relever que les théories galiléennes pèsent d’un grand poids dans la modification des conceptions cartésiennes du mouvement et que les arguments, alors les plus récents, avancés en astronomie soutiennent la mise au point du système du monde cartésien. Il s’agit de mettre l’histoire des sciences au service d’une meilleure intelligence de la somme philosophique cartésienne.
Guerre et paix dans les Essais de Montaigne
Authors: Giocanti Sylvia
Published: April 2012

D’après Montaigne, la guerre et la paix sont l’expression de deux tendances naturelles en l’homme : tendance à la destruction et à la cruauté d’une part, tendance à l’affection et à la compassion d’autre part. Y a-t-il un bon usage de la conflictualité ? Les Essais montrent que cette dernière n’est pas incompatible avec le lien social, et qu’elle peut même le servir, mais à condition d’élaborer des modèles de vivre ensemble dans la conflictualité, sur la base d’une éthique de la différence, et non du mythe de sa suppression. C’est dans ce cadre que l’essai ou mise à l’épreuve de soi auprès des autres par la parole permet d’envisager une fraternité laïque.
Entre monisme et dualisme
Authors: Sartenaer Olivier
Published: April 2012

Dans cet article, nous nous proposons de mettre en évidence deux stratégies émergentistes possibles qui constituent une médiation intéressante entre les extrêmes classiques que sont le physicalisme réductionniste et le dualisme des substances. En distinguant trois niveaux de tension possibles entre monisme et dualisme — le niveau des substances, le niveau des propriétés causales et celui des prédicats — nous sommes amené à formuler deux positions philosophiques associées à deux concepts d’émergence distincts : l’émergence représentationnelle et l’émergence causale. Ces deux concepts s’avèrent fidèles aux intuitions des premiers émergentistes véhiculées au travers de l’étymologie même du concept d’émergence, et permettent une interprétation non triviale de la maxime classique : « Le tout est plus que la somme des parties. »
La belle histoire
Authors: Bouchard Suzanne
Published: April 2012

Dans cet article l’auteure illustre un parcours analytique où les mots, véritable terre d’exil, faisaient évènement. Défiant toute logique de l’avoir et de l’être, du familier et de l’étranger les mots dévoilaient ce qu’ils cachaient, communiquaient hors dialogue et, bien que considérablement agissant, ne permettaient pas qu’un espace psychique se constitue à l’intérieur du sujet. Le lecteur est ici invité à questionner ses propres référents psychanalytiques en se laissant rejoindre, troubler par les mots lus, en acceptant de ne pas « savoir ce qui se dit derrière la porte », et de vivre avec cette incertitude qui soutient la curiosité épistémologique.
Oedipe roi et la langue de Sophocle
Authors: Mahony Patrick
Published: April 2012

Ce classique de Sophocle, qui continue à nourrir la pensée psychanalytique contemporaine, porte à la scène une panoplie de facteurs psychodynamiques, comprenant des éléments préoedipiens, oedipiens et postoedipiens. La présente analyse de l’Oedipe roi met en lumière cette psychodynamique particulière et se distingue sous trois aspects étroitement interreliés. D’abord, l’auteur se centre presque exclusivement sur le texte dramatique plutôt que sur le mythe classique d’Oedipe en lui-même. Dans un deuxième temps, en se basant sur une étude approfondie du texte grec original et de certains signifiants essentiels, l’analyse met en lumière des éléments comme l’étendue de la charge érotique du langage utilisé par Sophocle, jusqu’ici négligée, de même que le caractère suggestif de ses tautologies apparentes quoique conflictuelles. Enfin, l’auteur approfondit tout en l’harmonisant une approche psychanalytique de l’Oedipe roi en utilisant la perspective des spécialistes de la littérature classique qui mettent généralement l’accent sur le rôle des divinités, que minimisent habituellement les psychanalystes. Une intégration herméneutique de l’approche classique de l’arrogance démesurée du héros implique la compréhension du rôle du moi idéal, surtout à la fin de la pièce, à laquelle la littérature classique n’a porté attention que récemment et que la psychanalyse a presque totalement ignorée. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons, ltée.
De la diffraction des groupes internes à la reconstruction d’imagos familiales
Authors: Durastante Richard , Joubert Christiane
Published: April 2012

L’adolescent en souffrance rejoue et diffracte sur l’institution des modalités de liens spécifiques à sa famille interne. Si l’on considère que les groupes internes désignent des schèmes de relations d’objet intériorisés, inhérentes au groupe primaire, l’on peut alors considérer que les groupes externes peuvent être utilisés comme autant de scènes qui permettent de les réactiver. La prise en compte de la manière dont l’adolescent entre en lien avec l’institution pourra éclairer le soignant sur la manière dont il signifie son mal-être en deçà des mots, et dont il rejoue des liens familiaux anciens. Mailler des liens autour de l’adolescent, sur le mode d’une enveloppe familiale contenante, lui permet de reconstruire des imagos familiales satisfaisantes et peu à peu de se différencier et de s’individuer.
Religious Neutrality, Toleration and Recognition in Moderate Secular States: The Case of Denmark1
Authors: Laegaard Sune
Published: April 2012

This paper provides a theoretical discussion with point of departure in the case of Denmark of some of the theoretical issues concerning the relation liberal states may have to religion in general and religious minorities in particular. Liberal political philosophy has long taken for granted that liberal states have to be religiously neutral. The paper asks what a liberal state is with respect to religion and religious minorities if it is not a strictly religiously neutral state with full separation of church and state and of religion and politics. To illuminate this question, the paper investigates a particular case of an arguably reasonably liberal state, namely the Danish state, which is used as a particular illustration of the more general phenomenon of “moderately secular” states, and considers how one might understand its relations to religion. The paper then considers the applicability to this case of three theoretical concepts drawn from liberal political philosophy, namely neutrality, toleration and recognition, while simultaneously using the case to suggest ways in which standard understandings of these concepts may be problematic and have to be refined.
Multicultural Multilegalism – Definition and Challenges
Authors: Nielsen Morten Ebbe Juul
Published: April 2012

Multilegalism is a species of legal pluralism denoting the existence of quasi-autonomous “minority jurisdictions” for at least some legal matters within a “normal” state jurisdiction. Multiculturalism in the advocatory sense might provide the justification for establishing such minority jurisdictions. This paper aims to provide 1) a detailed idea about what such a multicultural multilegal arrangement would amount to and how it differs from certain related concepts and legal frameworks, 2) in what sense some standard multicultural arguments could provide a starting point for seriously considering multicultural multilegalism in practice, 3) how the idea fares against some standard liberal criticisms, and finally 4), to point out three salient problems for multilegalism, concerning a) choice of law problems, b) a dilemma facing us as to whether state supremacy should be upheld or not, and c) clashes with basic human rights.
Immigrants, Multiculturalism, and Expensive Cultural Tastes: Quong on Luck Egalitarianism and Cultural Minority Rights
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper
Published: April 2012

Kymlicka has offered an influential luck egalitarian justification for a catalogue of polyethnic rights addressing cultural disadvantages of immigrant minorities. In response, Quong argues that while the items on the list are justified, in the light of the fact that the relevant disadvantages of immigrants result from their choice to immigrate, (i) these rights cannot be derived from luck egalitarianism and (ii) that this casts doubt on luck egalitarianism as a theory of cultural justice. As an alternative to Kymlicka’s argument, Quong offers his own justification of polyethnic rights based on a Rawlsian ideal of fair equality of opportunity. I defend luck egalitarianism against Quong’s objection arguing that if choice ever matters, it matters in relation to cultural disadvantages too. Also, the Rawlsian ideal of fair equality of opportunity cannot justify the sort of polyethnic rights that Quong wants it to justify, once we set aside an unwarranted statist focus in Quong’s conception of fair equality of opportunity. Whatever the weaknesses of luck egalitarianism are, the inadequacy of the position in relation to accommodating cultural disadvantages of immigrants is not among them.
Regards d’aînés sur le vieillissement
Authors: Grenier Josée
Published: April 2012

Cet article s’appuie sur les résultats d’une recherche doctorale se rapportant à l’expérience de vieillir des personnes âgées et, plus précisément, à la manière dont elles perçoivent et se représentent leur vieillissement en lien avec les questions et enjeux d’autonomie et de respect de l’autonomie souvent discutés de façon plus théorique en bioéthique.
Fabriquer du « bien-être »
Authors: Loffeier Iris
Published: April 2012

Les institutions d’hébergement pour personnes âgées d’aujourd’hui, en France, poursuivent, deux objectifs : celui de faire habiter et celui de soigner. La rencontre entre ces deux dialectiques offre à l’observateur les logiques à l’oeuvre dans ces institutions, différentes selon les situations. Trois systèmes coexistants de références y hiérarchisent chacun à sa manière les individus et les objets. Au sein de la « cité marchande », de la « cité industrielle » et de la « cité domestique », les résidents n’occupent pas la même place, et les interactions gagnent à être comprises dans l’entremêlement complexe de ces systèmes de références qui agissent l’institution.
L’évaluation en santé publique hors des sentiers balisés de la performance prescrite. Est-ce possible et est-ce utile ?
Authors: Poissant Céline
Published: April 2012

Une étude lanaudoise a suscité des réflexions en marge des objectifs visés et des résultats obtenus. Elles touchent les attentes des acteurs de santé publique envers l’évaluation, dans un contexte marqué par le mouvement de la pratique fondée sur les « données probantes ». Suivant cette logique, les institutions de santé publique sont invitées à adopter des interventions jugées « efficaces ». On s’attend aussi à ce que les résultats d’évaluation permettent d’améliorer leur performance. Mais l’évaluation peut-elle poursuivre d’autres finalités ? Dans cette étude, la démarche participative et formative et l’analyse sous l’angle des représentations sociales offraient aux acteurs concernés une occasion d’arrêt et de recul pour questionner le cadre de leurs pratiques, dont la place accordée à leurs savoirs expérientiels.
A new approach to adaptive control using multiple models
Authors: Narendra K.S. , Han Z.
Published: April 2012

The demands of a rapidly growing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on advances in automatic control theory. In recent years, problems are arising in a variety of disciplines including medicine, computer vision, and financial markets where fast and accurate decisions have to be made in the presence of large uncertainties or rapidly time‐varying parameters. Classical adaptive control methods based on the use of a single identification model are found to be inadequate to cope with such problems. During the past 15years, efforts have been made to extend the general methodology of adaptive control by the use of multiple identification models. Among numerous methods that have been proposed, two approaches, referred to as “switching” and “switching and tuning”, have emerged over the years as the most successful ones. In this paper, a radically new way of using multiple models for the identification and control of an unknown linear time‐invariant plant is proposed. It uses the information generated by a finite number of conventional adaptive identifiers (referred to as first level) to re‐parameterize and identify rapidly the unknown plant (at a second level). The stability of the procedure, and the reasons for its resulting in faster convergence in the control of time‐invariant plants, are discussed and illustrated using simulation studies. The accepted philosophy among adaptive control theorists has been that if an adaptive system is fast and accurate in a time‐invariant environment, it will perform satisfactorily in a time‐varying environment. Simulation studies are included, at the end of the paper, of plants with rapidly time‐varying parameters, to compare the performance of the new approach with currently well‐established methods. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Solution‐Processed MoOx Anode Interlayer for Use within Organic Photovoltaic Devices
Authors: Jasieniak Jacek J. , Seifter Jason , Jo Jang , Mates Tom , Heeger Alan J.
Published: April 2012

A simple, solution‐processed route to the development of MoOx thin‐films using oxomolybdate precursors is presented. The chemical, structural, and electronic properties of these species are characterized in detail, within solution and thin‐films, using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, grazing angle Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, atomic force microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. These analyses show that under suitable deposition conditions the resulting solution processed MoOx thin‐films possess the appropriate morphological and electronic properties to be suitable for use in organic electronics. This is exemplified through the fabrication of poly(3‐hexylthiophene):[6,6]‐phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PC61BM) bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells and comparisons to the traditionally used poly(3,4‐ethyldioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) anode modifying layer.
Utilizing Terminal Oxidants to Achieve P450‐Catalyzed Oxidation of Methane
Authors: Chen Mike M. , Coelho Pedro S. , Arnold Frances H.
Published: April 2012

Terminal oxidant‐supported P450 reactions alleviate the need for substrate binding to initiate catalysis by chemically generating “compound I.” This allows investigation of the innate substrate range of the enzyme active site. Using iodosylbenzene as the oxidant, CYP153A6, a medium‐chain terminal alkane hydroxylase, exhibits methanol formation in the presence of methane demonstrating that P450‐mediated methane hydroxylation is possible.
The direct antiglobulin test: A critical step in the evaluation of hemolysis
Authors: Zantek Nicole D. , Koepsell Scott A. , Tharp Daryl R. , Cohn Claudia S.
Published: April 2012

The direct antiglobulin test (DAT) is a laboratory test that detects immunoglobulin and/or complement on the surface of red blood cells. The utility of the DAT is to sort hemolysis into an immune or nonimmune etiology. As with all tests, DAT results must be viewed in light of clinical and other laboratory data. This review highlights the most common clinical situations where the DAT can help classify causes of hemolysis, including autoimmune hemolytic anemia, transfusion‐related hemolysis, hemolytic disease of the fetus/newborn, drug‐induced hemolytic anemia, passenger lymphocyte syndrome, and DAT‐negative hemolytic anemia. In addition, the pitfalls and limitations of the test are addressed. False reactions may occur with improper technique, including improper washing, centrifugation, and specimen agitation at the time of result interpretation. Patient factors, such as spontaneous red blood cell agglutination, may also contribute to false results. Am. J. Hematol. 87:707–709, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Implementation of an intensive risk‐stratified treatment protocol for children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Lebanon
Authors: Muwakkit Samar , Al‐Aridi Carol , Samra Ahmad , Saab Raya , Mahfouz Rami A. , Farra Chantal , Jeha Sima , Abboud Miguel R.
Published: April 2012

With modern risk‐adapted therapy, over 80% of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in high‐income countries (HICs) are cured. In countries with limited resources, however, therapy results for pediatric ALL are still not encouraging. We describe our experience in treating children with ALL using a risk‐adapted protocol at a tertiary referral center in Lebanon. From May 2002 to August 2009, 111 consecutive patients 1–21 years of age with newly diagnosed ALL received the CCCL ALL protocol which was based on the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Total XV Study. The median age at diagnosis was 5 years 5 months. The male to female ratio was 1.5. Forty‐six patients received the intermediate‐/high‐risk arm and 65 received the low‐risk arm. Only one patient (0.9%) died during induction therapy. Relapse occurred in 8 (7.2%) patients. Eight (7.2%) patients died, 4 of whom were in remission. The median follow‐up of the patients was 38 months. The 5‐year overall survival and event‐free survival were and 88.5% (95% CI: 77.1–94.4) and 78.7% (95% CI: 69.8–88.4), respectively. Our results are comparable to those in HICs in spite of the limited resources and the relatively low socioeconomic status of the Lebanese population. Children treated on this protocol experienced significant toxicity necessitating expert supportive care, but benefited from improved cure rates and prolonged survival. Am. J. Hematol. 87:678–683, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Complex autism spectrum disorder in a patient with a 17q12 microduplication
Authors: Brandt Tracy , Desai Khyati , Grodberg David , Mehta Lakshmi , Cohen Ninette , Tryfon Ana , Kolevzon Alexander , Soorya Latha , Buxbaum Joseph D. , Edelmann Lisa
Published: April 2012

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are phenotypically complex developmental neuropsychiatric disorders affecting approximately 0.6% of the population. About 30–70% of affected children are also considered to have intellectual disability (ID). The underlying genetic causes of ASDs are diverse with a defined etiology in 16–20%. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) has proven useful in identifying sub‐microscopic chromosome aberrations in a subset of patients, some of which have been shown to be recurrent. One such aberration is the 1.4 Mb microdeletion at chromosome 17q12, which has been reported to be associated with renal disease, growth restriction, diabetes, cognitive impairment, seizures, and in some cases an ASD. Patients with the reciprocal chromosome 17q12 microduplication typically have also been identified with ID and in some cases seizures and behavioral abnormalities. Here we report a patient with a de novo, 1.4 Mb microduplication diagnosed with significant ID involving complex deficits and autism. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient with the 17q12 microduplication and a complex ASD phenotype. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Automatic Detection of Pit Structures in Airborne Laser Scanning Data
Authors: Trier Øivind Due , Pilø Lars Holger
Published: April 2012

This paper describes a new method for the automatic detection of pit structures in airborne laser scanning data collected with at least five emitted pulses per square metre. Oppland County, Norway, has a large number of ancient iron production sites and hunting systems. Today, these are manifested as pits in the ground. The iron production sites were used 1400–700 yr ago, and consist of charcoal burning pits, often located in groups of four around a central oven, which also occasionally can be located as a small mound. The hunting systems were used 2000–500 yr ago, and consisted of concealed pitfall traps and wooden fences, located on deer trekking routes. The fences are gone, but the pits remain. Many of the iron production sites and hunting systems are located in forested areas. The current, traditional mapping of these is relatively poor, with many individual pits missing, and poor positional accuracy of the ones that are mapped. This means that overlays of cultural heritage sites cannot be trusted when planning new highways, residential areas, cabins, etc. Experience suggests that automatic detection is clearly superior to visual inspection of the lidar data in finding small pits or pits that are not easily visible. However, visual inspection is better at finding additional information as human interpretation based on archaeological knowledge can be applied. Combining these two methods secures a very good basis for subsequent field survey. In conclusion, we demonstrate that automatic detection of hunting systems and iron extraction sites in lidar data is a valuable tool in combination with visual inspection of the lidar data, prior to field survey. Provided that the point density of the lidar data is high enough, the field survey can be accomplished ten times faster compared with the traditional approach without lidar data. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationships and social rules: Teens’ social network and otherICTselection practices
Authors: Agosto Denise E. , Abbas June , Naughton Robin
Published: April 2012

The issue of how teens choose social networks and information communication technologies (ICT's) for personal communication is complex. This study focused on describing howU.S. teens from a highly technological suburban high school selectICT's for personal communication purposes. Two research questions guided the study: (a) What factors influence high school seniors’ selection of online social networks and otherICT's for everyday communication? (b) How can social network theory (SNT) help to explain how teens select online social networks and otherICT's for everyday communication purposes? Using focus groups, a purposive sample of 45 teens were asked to discuss (a) their preferred methods for communicating with friends and family and why, (b) the reasons why they chose to engage (or not to engage) in online social networking, (c) how they selectedICT's for social networking and other communication purposes, and (d) how they decided whom to accept as online “friends.” Findings indicated that many factors influenced participants’ICTselection practices including six major categories of selection factors: relationship factors, information/communication factors, social factors, systems factors, self‐protection factors, and recipient factors.SNTwas also helpful in explaining how “friendship” was a major determining factor in their communication media and platform choices.
High‐Nitrogen‐Based Pyrotechnics: Development of Perchlorate‐Free Green‐Light Illuminants for Military and Civilian Applications
Authors: Sabatini Jesse J. , Raab James M. , Hann Ronald K. , Damavarapu Reddy , Klapötke Thomas M.
Published: April 2012

The development of perchlorate‐free hand‐held signal illuminants for the US Army’s M195 green star parachute is described. Compared with the perchlorate‐containing control, the optimized perchlorate‐free illuminants were less sensitive toward various ignition stimuli while offering comparable burn times and visible‐light outputs. The results were also important from the perspective of civilian fireworks because the development of perchlorate‐free illuminants remains an important objective of the commercial fireworks industry.
Fugenlose und fugenreduzierte Bauweise – Optimierung im Hochbau
Authors: Fastabend Michael , Schäfers Tobias , Albert Mark , Schücker Barbara , Doering Norbert
Published: April 2012

Seit den ersten Hinweisen von Falkner vor fast 30 Jahren haben sich die für die Konzeption von fugenlosen Hochbauten notwendigen Erkenntnisse über die zwangverursachenden physikalischen Phänomene und die Hilfsmittel zu deren rechnerischer Behandlung erheblich gewandelt. Ausgehend von den relevanten Verformungsseinflüssen auf eine fugenlose Hochbaukonstruktion wird anhand von ingenieurmäßigen Rechenansätzen gezeigt, dass auch sehr ausgedehnte Bauwerke ohne Fugen herzustellen sind. Anhand verschiedener Ausführungsbeispiele werden die theoretischen Überlegungen an realisierten Projekten verifiziert.

Jointless and joint reduced construction – Optimization in building construction

Since the first advices from Falkner almost 30 years ago concerning the conception of jointless high‐rising structures the findings about the physical phenomena which are causing restraint and the tools for their calculational handling have changed significantly. Based on the relevant deforming influences on a jointless high‐rising construction and with the help of engineering calculations it is illustrated that even extensive constructions can be built without joints. Using different execution examples theoretical considerations will be verified by means of realised projects.
Alexej Nikolajevich Sewertzoff: Darwinist und Evolutionsmorphologe aus Leidenschaft
Authors: Hoßfeld Uwe , Levit Georgy S.
Published: April 2012

Die ersten vergleichend‐morphologischen Arbeiten von Sewertzoff hatten das Ziel, den Verlauf der Phylogenese verschiedener Organe der Wirbeltiere zu erforschen. Daraus resultierte letztlich auch sein Interesse am Problem der Erforschung der morphologischen Gesetzmäßigkeiten der Evolution. Sewertzoff gilt heute als einer der Gründerväter der Evolutionsmorphologie.
Applicability and safety of autologous fat for reconstruction of the breast
Authors: Claro F , Figueiredo J C A , Zampar A G , Pinto-Neto A M
Published: April 2012

Background

Autologous fat grafting to the breast for cosmetic and reconstructive purposes is still controversial with respect to its safety and efficacy. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the clinical applicability and safety of the technique.

Methods

An online search of the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase and SciELO was conducted from July 1986 to June 2011. Studies included in the review were original articles of autologous liposuctioned fat grafting to the female breast, with description of clinical complications and/or radiographic changes and/or local breast cancer recurrence.

Results

This review included 60 articles with 4601 patients. Thirty studies used fat grafting for augmentation and 41 for reconstructive procedures. The incidence of clinical complications, identified in 21 studies, was 3·9 per cent (117 of 3015); the majority were induration and/or palpable nodularity. Radiographic abnormalities occurred in 332 (13·0 per cent) of 2560 women (17 studies); more than half were consistent with cysts. Local recurrence of breast cancer (14 of 616, 2·3 per cent) was evaluated in three studies, of which only one was prospective.

Conclusion

There is broad clinical applicability of autologous fat grafting for breast reconstruction. Complications were few and there was no evidence of interference with follow-up after treatment for breast cancer. Oncological safety remains unclear.
Asymmetric aza‐Diels–Alder and Cation–olefin Cyclization Sequence: a Concise Way to Fused Chiral Cyclopenta[b]piperidines
Authors: Li Qing‐Zhu , Ma Lei , Dong Lin , Chen Ying‐Chun
Published: April 2012

An asymmetric aza‐Diels–Alder and cation–olefin cyclization sequence has been developed to construct cyclopenta[b]piperidine skeletons with moderate yields and excellent stereoselectivities, by employing 5‐enals and N‐Ts‐1‐aza‐1,3‐butadienes as the starting materials. A designed domino cation–olefin/Friedel–Crafts reaction verified that the cyclization of N‐Ts iminium ion underwent a stepwise cationic process.
Optimization of the Biotechnological Process for Hide Unhairing in Substitution of Toxic Sulfides
Authors: Dettmer A. , Coelho Cavalheiro J. , Cavalli É. , Misturini Rossi D. , de Souza Gusatti C. , Záchia Ayub M. A. , Gutterres M.
Published: April 2012

Screening and isolation of a new Bacillus subtilis strain and production of its proteases for leather unhairing are described. B. subtilis strain BLBc 11 was isolated from the aerobic sludge of a tannery. Optimization of enzyme production by this bacterium was carried out using the Plackett‐Burman and central composite design. Unhairing and inter‐fibrillary removal capabilities were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and determination of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans. Crude enzymatic extracts of B. subtilis BLBc 11 cultures were applied for the unhairing process of hides with excellent results, suggesting that this safe enzymatic preparation can replace the toxic chemicals commonly used in this process.
Recent Developments in the Synthesis of Five‐ and Six‐Membered Heterocycles Using Molecular Iodine
Authors: Parvatkar Prakash T. , Parameswaran Perunninakulath S. , Tilve Santosh G.
Published: April 2012

Heterocyclic scaffolds represent the key structural subunits of many biologically active compounds. Over the last few years iodine‐mediated reactions have been extensively studied due to their low cost and eco‐friendliness. This Review covers advances in the field of iodine‐mediated synthesis of heterocyclic compounds since 2006, especially with an emphasis on mechanisms of ring formation. In this article, syntheses of different heterocycles are classified based on the manipulation of functional groups.
Sulfangolids, Macrolide Sulfate Esters from Sorangium cellulosum
Authors: Zander Wiebke , Irschik Herbert , Augustiniak Hermann , Herrmann Martina , Jansen Rolf , Steinmetz Heinrich , Gerth Klaus , Kessler Wolfgang , Kalesse Markus , Höfle Gerhard , Müller Rolf
Published: April 2012

Sulfangolids are the first sulfate ester containing secondary metabolites from myxobacteria. The metabolites 1–4 and the structurally related kulkenon (5) were isolated from different strains of the species Sorangium cellulosum. In the course of isolation all metabolites proved to be rather sensitive due to their conjugated double bond systems and the strong acidic nature of the sulfate ester in sulfangolids. The relative configuration of sulfangolid C (3) was assigned by extensive 1D and 2D NMR analysis and molecular modelling. In addition, the biosynthesis of 3 was studied by feeding experiments.
From Composites to Solid Solutions: Modeling of Ionic Conductivity in the CaF2–BaF2 System
Authors: Zahn Dirk , Heitjans Paul , Maier Joachim
Published: April 2012

By using calcium fluorite and barium fluorite as test materials, we demonstrated that homovalent “dopants” can greatly affect ionic conductivity through locally changing the defect density. Whilst this doping is a state‐of‐the‐art effect in the case of dopants that replace native ions of different charge (heterovalent dopants), it is a rather surprising effect at a first glance for substitutional dopants of the same charge; here, the phenomenon is not electrostatic, but elastic in nature. As a consequence of size mismatch, the smaller Ca atoms in the BaF2 lattice favored the formation of interstitial sites that were located close to the Ca atoms, whilst doping larger Ba species into the CaF2 phase favored vacancy formation. In terms of conductivity, and in agreement with the different mobilities, the first doping effect was favorable, whilst the other decreased conductivity. The concentration effects were formalized by a heterogeneous Frenkel reaction that was distinguished from the mean Frenkel reaction by additional (elastic) trapping that became more pronounced the lower the temperature. It was very revealing to relate this phenomenon to CaF2–BaF2 multilayers and composites. In very general terms, these effects in the solid solutions were understood as being the atomistic limit of the interfacial charge‐transfer that occurred at the hetero‐interface of the crystallites or films, and reflected the transition from heterogeneous doping (higher‐dimensional doping) to homogeneous doping (zero‐dimensional doping).
Formation of Columnar Liquid Crystals on the Basis of Unconventional Triazine‐Based Dendrimers by the C3‐Symmetric Approach
Authors: Lai Long‐Li , Hsu Shun‐Ju , Hsu Hui‐Chu , Wang Sheng‐Wei , Cheng Kung‐Lung , Chen Chun‐Jung , Wang Tsai‐Hui , Hsu Hsiu‐Fu
Published: April 2012

Two series of unconventional triazine‐based dendrimers with C2 symmetry and C3 symmetry were prepared. The newly prepared C3‐symmetrical dendrimers were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. Differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing microscopy, and powder XRD showed that the C3‐symmetrical dendrimers display columnar liquid‐crystalline phases during thermal treatment, but the C2‐symmetrical dendrimers were not observed to behave correspondingly. The molecular conformations of C3‐ and C2‐symmetrical dendrimers were obtained by computer simulation with the MM2 model of the CaChe program in the gas phase. The simulation results reasonably explain the different mesogenicities of C3‐ and C2‐symmetric dendrimers. This new strategy should be applicable to other types of unconventional dendrimers with rigid frameworks for displaying columnar liquid‐crystalline behavior.
Gold‐Catalyzed 1,2‐/1,2‐Bis‐acetoxy Migration of 1,4‐Bis‐propargyl Acetates: A Mechanistic Study
Authors: de Haro Teresa , Gómez‐Bengoa Enrique , Cribiú Riccardo , Huang Xiaogen , Nevado Cristina
Published: April 2012

The late transition metal catalyzed rearrangement of propargyl acetates offers an interesting platform for the development of synthetically useful transformations. We have recently shown that gold complexes can catalyze a highly selective tandem 1,2‐/1,2‐bis‐acetoxy migration in 1,4‐bis‐propargyl acetates to form 2,3‐bis‐acetoxy‐1,3‐dienes. In this way, (1Z,3Z)‐ or (1Z,3E)‐ and (1E,3Z)‐1,3‐dienes could be obtained in a stereocontrolled manner depending on the electronic and steric features of the ancillary ligand bound to gold and the substituents at the propargylic positions. In this work, we report an experimental study on the scope of this transformation, plus a detailed theoretical examination of the reaction mechanism, which has revealed the key features responsible for the reaction stereoselectivity. Synthetic applications towards the one‐pot synthesis of quinoxaline heterocycles and tandem Diels–Alder processes have also been devised.
Rare‐Earth Nanoparticles with Enhanced Upconversion Emission and Suppressed Rare‐Earth‐Ion Leakage
Authors: Wang Ye‐Fu , Sun Ling‐Dong , Xiao Jia‐Wen , Feng Wei , Zhou Jia‐Cai , Shen Jie , Yan Chun‐Hua
Published: April 2012

Upconversion emissions from rare‐earth nanoparticles have attracted much interest as potential biolabels, for which small particle size and high emission intensity are both desired. Herein we report a facile way to achieve NaYF4:Yb,Er@CaF2 nanoparticles (NPs) with a small size (10–13 nm) and highly enhanced (ca. 300 times) upconversion emission compared with the pristine NPs. The CaF2 shell protects the rare‐earth ions from leaking, when the nanoparticles are exposed to buffer solution, and ensures biological safety for the potential bioprobe applications. With the upconversion emission from NaYF4:Yb,Er@CaF2 NPs, HeLa cells were imaged with low background interference.
Expanding the Chemistry of Cationic N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes: Alternative Synthesis, Reactivity, and Coordination Chemistry
Authors: Hildebrandt Björn , Raub Stephan , Frank Walter , Ganter Christian
Published: April 2012

A new synthetic route to complexes of the cationic N‐heterocyclic carbene ligand 2 has been developed by the attachment of a cationic pentamethylcyclopentadienylruthenium ([RuCp*]+) fragment to a metal‐coordinated benzimidazol‐2‐ylidene ligand. The coordination chemistry and the steric and electronic properties of the cationic carbene were investigated in detail by experimental and theoretical methods. X‐ray structures of three carbene–metal complexes were determined. The cationic ligand 2 is a poorer overall electron donor relative to the related neutral carbene, which is evident from cyclic voltammetry (CV) and IR measurements.
Controlled Bimodal Molecular‐Weight‐Distribution Polymers: Facile Synthesis by RAFT Polymerization
Authors: Qin Jian , Zhang Lifen , Jiang Hongjuan , Zhu Jian , Zhang Zhengbiao , Zhang Wei , Zhou Nianchen , Cheng Zhenping , Zhu Xiulin
Published: April 2012

The RAFT agents RAFT‐1 and RAFT‐2 were used for RAFT polymerization to synthesize well‐defined bimodal molecular‐weight‐distribution (MWD) polymers. The system showed excellent controllability and “living” characteristics toward both the higher‐ and lower‐molecular‐weight fractions. It is important that bimodal higher‐molecular‐weight (HMW) polymers and block copolymers with both well‐controlled molecular weight (MW) and MWD could be prepared easily due to the “living” features of RAFT polymerization. The strategy realized a mixture of higher/lower‐molecular‐weight polymers at the molecular level but also preserved the features of living radical polymerization (LRP) of the RAFT polymerization.
Ion‐Pair Recognition of Tetramethylammonium Salts by Halogenated Resorcinarenes
Authors: Beyeh N. Kodiah , Weimann Dominik P. , Kaufmann Lena , Schalley Christoph A. , Rissanen Kari
Published: April 2012

The non‐covalent interactions of different upper‐rim‐substituted C2‐resorcinarenes with tetramethylammonium salts were analyzed in the gas phase in an Electrospray Ionization Fourier‐transform ion‐cyclotron‐resonance (ESI‐FTICR) mass spectrometer and by 1H NMR titrations. The order of binding strengths of the hosts towards the tetramethylammonium cation in the gas phase reflects the electronic nature of the substituents on the upper rim of the resorcinarene. In solution, however, a different trend with particularly high binding constants for halogenated resorcinarenes has been observed. This trend can be explained by a synergetic effect originating from the interaction of the halogenated resorcinarenes with the counter anions through hydrogen bonding. This study highlights the importance of weak interactions in recognition processes and points out the benefits of comparing the gas‐phase data with results obtained from solution experiments.
Molecular Recognition of T:G Mismatched Base Pairs in DNA as Studied by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Riccardi Sirtori Federico , Aldini Giancarlo , Colombo Maristella , Colombo Nicoletta , Malyszko Jan , Vistoli Giulio , D'Alessio Roberto
Published: April 2012

Postreplicative mismatch repair (MMR) is a cellular system involved in the recognition and correction of DNA polymerase errors that escape detection in proofreading. Of the various mismatched bases, T:G pairing in DNA is one of the more common mutations leading to the formation of tumors in humans. In addition, the absence of the MMR system can generate resistance to several chemotherapeutic agents, particularly DNA‐damaging substances. The main purpose of this study was the setup and validation of an electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry method for the identification of small molecules that are able to recognize T:G mismatches in DNA targets. These findings could be useful for the discovery of new antitumor drugs. The analytical method is based on the ability of electrospray to preserve the noncovalent adducts present in solution and transfer them to the gas phase. Lexitropsin derivatives (polyimidazole compounds) have been previously described as selective for T:G mismatch binding by NMR and ITC studies. We synthesized and tested various polyimidazole derivatives, one of which in particular (NMS‐057) showed a higher affinity for an oligonucleotide DNA sequence containing a T:G mismatched base pair. To rationalize these findings, molecular docking studies were performed using available NMR structures. Moreover, ESI‐MS experiments, performed on an orbitrap mass spectrometer, highlighted the formation of heterodimeric complexes between DNA sequences, distamycin A, and polyimidazole compounds. Our results confirm that this ESI method could be a valuable tool for the identification of new molecules able to specifically recognize T:G mismatched base pairs.
Depression in Early, Middle and Late Adolescence: Differential Evidence for the Cognitive Diathesis–Stress Model
Authors: Braet Caroline , Vlierberghe Leen Van , Vandevivere Eva , Theuwis Lotte , Bosmans Guy
Published: April 2012

Cognitive theory is a prominent framework to study depression in both adults and adolescents. This theory stated that dysfunctional schemas are moderators (known as diathesis) in the association of current stress and psychopathology. However, in adolescents, less evidence has been found so far to corroborate the importance of these schemas. This study aimed to investigate in a cross‐sectional design the moderating role of adolescents' early maladaptive schemas (EMS) on depressive symptoms. This will be studied in relation to both important daily stressors (i.e., maternal, paternal and peer rejection) and stressful life events.

METHOD

Adolescents (N = 228, age 12–18 years), selected from inpatient and outpatient clinical settings and a non‐referred sample, completed questionnaires and interviews measuring psychopathology, cognitive schemas, peer rejection, maternal and paternal rejection, and stressful life events. Parents completed questionnaires about their adolescent measuring psychopathology, stressful life events and peer rejection, as well as their own parental behaviour.

RESULTS

Correlational analyses revealed significant associations between the study variables. Evidence was found for an interaction effect between the adolescents' EMS and peer rejection in explaining depressive symptoms, but only in late adolescents. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Stress induced by maternal and, in lesser extent, paternal rejection is contributing to depressive symptoms primarily in younger and to lesser extent in older age groups.

The quality of peer relationships becomes an increasingly salient source of distress as adolescence unfolds and is certainly an important mechanism affecting depression in adolescence.

Maladaptive schemas only start functioning as a cognitive diathesis in late adolescence, increasing depression in response to peer‐related distress.

Since maladaptive schemas are not yet operating as cognitive vulnerability factors in early and middle adolescence, early interventions for depressive disorders may be more effective compared with treatment in later adolescence.