bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Demonstrations of subconscious processing with the binary exclusion task
Authors: Persaud Navindra , McLeod Peter
Published: January 2014

The binary exclusion task involves “subtle priming effects” and a measure of awareness that is reliable, relevant, immediate, and sensitive. This task, which meets the criteria outlined in the target article, has been used to demonstrate subconscious processing.
Self-insight research as (double) model recovery
Authors: Rakow Tim
Published: January 2014

Self-insight assessment compares outcomes from two model-recovery exercises: a statistical exercise to infer a judge's (implicit) policy and an elicitation exercise whereby the judge describes his or her (explicit) policy. When these policies are mismatched, limited self-insight is not necessarily implied: Shortcomings in either exercise could be implicated, whereby Newell & Shanks' (N&S's)relevanceorsensitivitycriteria for assessing awareness may not be met. Appropriate self-insight assessment requires that both exercises allow the original processes to be captured.
The problem of the null in the verification of unconscious cognition
Authors: Uhlmann Eric Luis
Published: January 2014

Newell & Shanks (N&S) argue that when awareness measures are more reliable and valid, greater evidence of awareness of supposedly unconscious influences is revealed. A related issue is that unconsciousness is typically the null hypothesis that evidence of awareness will not emerge. As it is difficult to conclude the null, it is also difficult to conclude a lack of conscious awareness.
What makes a conscious process conscious?
Authors: Velmans Max
Published: January 2014

Newell & Shanks' (N&S's) critical review considers only a very limited sense in which mental processes can be thought of as either conscious or unconscious and consequently gives a misleading analysis of the role of consciousness in human information processing. This commentary provides an expanded analysis of conscious processing that also reveals the various ways in which mental processes are unconscious.
The Notion of Consent in Part One of the Draft Articles on State Responsibility
Authors: FARHANG CLIFF
Published: January 2014

For over three decades, it has been the International Law Commission's position that the circumstance of consent involves something other than the consent which, through the rule pacta sunt servanda, imparts objective force to international agreements. During the tenure of the second Special Rapporteur on the law of state responsibility, Roberto Ago, the Commission adopted the view that the former suspends the international obligations which are incumbent on states whereas the latter functions to create, modify, or extinguish the rules whence such obligations stem forth. However, as the result of the study carried out by its last Special Rapporteur, James Crawford, the Commission has now come to distinguish between the circumstance of consent defined as a justification for non-performance of subsisting obligations, and consent defined as a requirement for the application of obligations. In this contribution, it is argued that both analyses are problematic. The former gives succour to a mistaken view of the sources of international law. The latter is based on a misunderstanding of the primary-rule–secondary-rule terminology; it justifies itself by referring to an ill-conceived definition of the notion of peremptory norms, and no less importantly undermines the purposefully cumbersome mechanism envisaged in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties for suspension of multilateral treaties as between certain of the contracting parties only.
International(ized) Constitutions and Peacebuilding
Authors: HAY EMILY
Published: January 2014

This article concerns the concept and practice of international(ized) constitutions, which have become characteristic of situations where there is deep international involvement in peacebuilding efforts. The process and nature of internationalized constitutions challenge traditional ideas about sovereignty, self-determination, and constitutions. While they reinforce the importance of constitutional documents themselves as an indicator of sovereignty, internationalized constitutions simultaneously legitimize a high degree of external influence in the creation and even implementation of that document. This article argues that internationalized constitutions are not inherently legitimate or illegitimate, but have the potential to be either in any given situation. Internationalized constitutions in Iraq and Kosovo are used as case studies to investigate how the dilemmas of internationalized constitutions have played out in two recent scenarios.
Integrating a Socio-Legal Approach to Evidence in the International Criminal Tribunals (Part 2)
Authors: JACKSON JOHN , M’ BOGE YASSIN
Published: January 2014

In the last issue a number of articles were published from a symposium held at University College Dublin on integrating a socio-legal approach to evidence in the international criminal tribunals. The articles focused on specific socio-legal projects carried out in the field of evidence within the international criminal context, and on how such research can enrich our understanding of international criminal law and practice. The articles in this issue focus on certain neglected areas of research and on some of the challenges posed by conducting empirical research in this field.
The Prosecutor's Obligation to Investigate Incriminating and Exonerating Circumstances Equally: Illusion or Reality?
Authors: BUISMAN CAROLINE
Published: January 2014

This article examines whether the ICC Prosecutor has complied with its statutory obligation under Article 54(1)(a) of the Rome Statute to investigate incriminating and exonerating circumstances equally. By way of a number of striking examples of deficient investigations, it demonstrates that the ICC Prosecutor has so far failed to comply with this obligation. As a matter of competence and diligence, the Prosecutor is expected to conduct thorough investigations: this requires a critical assessment of each case and the supporting evidential material. An examination of the pending ICC cases shows that the Prosecutor has not met this expectation. The investigations conducted in all of these cases have been incomplete as far as both incriminating and exonerating circumstances are concerned. This article, however, also suggests that the defence is in a better position to search for exonerating evidence than the Prosecutor, and questions whether Article 54(1)(a) can be applied effectively under any conditions.
‘As You Set out for Ithaka’: Practical, Epistemological, Ethical, and Existential Questions about Socio-Legal Empirical Research in Conflict
Authors: NOUWEN SARAH M. H.
Published: January 2014

This is the story behind another story. Inspired by the anthropological practice of reflexivity, it traces some practical, epistemological, ethical, and existential questions behind a book based on empirical socio-legal research into international criminal law in situations of conflict. The challenges involved in such research are at times impossible to overcome. Indeed, the challenges may be such that the researcher will never be able to answer her original question fully and confidently. However, challenges can be findings in themselves. They may reveal insights into the role of law in a society, the limitations of vocabularies, the overexposure of international criminal law, and inequalities in global knowledge production. Rather than merely obstructing research into a topical issue, challenges may shift the researcher's attention to other, more fundamental, questions. Nonetheless, understanding challenges as findings does not resolve the existential problem of the researcher's possible complicity in maintaining the very challenges that she analyses and perhaps ambitiously tries to overcome.
MARINE BIOLOGICAL REPORT IN THENUḪBAT AL-DAHR FĪ ʿAǦĀʾIB AL-BARR WA-AL-BAḤR
Authors: Provençal Philippe
Published: January 2014

The aim of this article is to present a medieval Arabic report regarding six animals from the Gulf of Aden, to provide a zoological identification of five of the animals in question, which may be identified, and to comment on the biological data provided by the report in the light of both contemporary and modern zoological knowledge and, thus, to evaluate the scientific standard of the report.
Naturalistic Change in Nonclinical Paranoid Experiences
Authors: Allen-Crooks Rhani , Ellett Lyn
Published: January 2014

Background: Numerous studies have shown that paranoia is common in the nonclinical population; however, little research has examined whether nonclinical paranoid beliefs change over time, or considered potential reasons for change. Aims: The aim of the present study was therefore to examine naturalistic change in nonclinical paranoid experiences. Method: 60 participants described an idiosyncratic experience of paranoia, including when it occurred, and rated their experience along four key belief dimensions: preoccupation, impact, distress and conviction. Participants provided two ratings for each dimension, retrospective recall at the time of the occurrence of the paranoid event, and again at the time of the interview. Participants were also asked to provide qualitative descriptions of reasons for change in belief dimensions. Results: Participants described paranoid experiences that had occurred over a large timeframe (1 day-25 years). Reductions across all four belief dimensions were found, and seven key themes emerged following qualitative analysis of the participants’ reason for change in response to the paranoid event. Conclusions: The findings highlight a number of factors associated with reported naturalistic changes in belief dimensions of conviction, distress, preoccupation and impact, which might be useful in enhancing interventions for clinical and nonclinical paranoia, and in helping to build models to account for why people showing clear paranoid ideation do, or do not, go on to develop clinical paranoia.
Changes to Memory Structures in Children Treated for Posterior Fossa Tumors
Authors: Riggs Lily , Bouffet Eric , Laughlin Suzanne , Laperriere Normand , Liu Fang , Skocic Jovanka , Scantlebury Nadia , Wang Frank , Schoenhoff Nicholas J. , Strother Douglas , Hukin Juliette , Fryer Christopher , McConnell Dina , Mabbott Donald J.
Published: January 2014

Children treated for medulloblastoma (MB) exhibit long-term impairments in declarative memory, but the pathophysiology underlying this is unclear. Previous studies report declines in global white matter volume, but have failed to link this to declines in memory performance. We examined the effects of treatment on measures ofglobalbrain structure (i.e., total white and gray matter volume) andspecificmemory structures (i.e., hippocampus and uncinate fasciculus). We used volumetric MRI and diffusion tensor imaging in pediatric survivors of MB and one survivor of astrocytoma treated with cranial-spinal radiation (n= 20), and healthy controls (n= 13). Compared to controls, the survivor group exhibited reduced white matter volume, damage to the uncinate fasciculus, and a smaller right hippocampus. Critically, reduced hippocampal volume was not related to differences in brain volume, suggesting that the hippocampus may be especially vulnerable to treatment effects. A subset of the survivors (n= 10) also underwent memory testing using the Children's Memory Scale (CMS). Performance on the general index of the CMS was significantly correlated with measures of hippocampal volume and uncinate fasciculus. The examination of treatment effects on specific brain regions provides a better understanding of long-term cognitive outcome in children with brain tumors, particularly medulloblastoma. (JINS, 2014,1, 1–13)
Evaluation of X-Ray Microanalysis for Characterization of Dental Enamel
Authors: Melin Lisa , Norén Jörgen G. , Taube Fabian , Cornell David H.
Published: January 2014

Elemental analysis of dental hard tissues is of importance. The aim of this study is to evaluate X-ray microanalysis (XRMA) of bovine enamel in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with different coatings. The buccal surface of bovine incisors was polished flat, one-third was coated with carbon, one-third with gold, leaving one-third uncoated for XRMA in an SEM equipped with an energy-dispersive microanalysis system. The elements oxygen, sodium, magnesium, phosphorous, chlorine, potassium, and calcium were analyzed using their respective characteristic K X-ray series. Comparisons were made with analyses of glass produced by fusion of the bovine enamel, showing that oxygen analyses using the K X-ray series are reliable and preferable to calculating oxygen by stoichiometry for natural enamel. For the gold-coated and uncoated analyses, carbon was also measured using the K X-ray series. Small area Analyses in small areas (80 × 80 μm) in variable pressure-SEM mode with low vacuum (20 Pa), without any coating, midway between 40 μm wide gold lines 140 μm apart to avoid build-up of electrostatic charge is the preferred method, especially if carbon is included in the analysis. The analyses of bovine enamel are sufficiently reproducible to be regarded as quantitative for all elements except carbon.
Measuring institutional quality in ancient Athens
Authors: BERGH ANDREAS , LYTTKENS CARL HAMPUS
Published: January 2014

We use the Economic Freedom Index to characterize the institutions of the Athenian city-state in the fourth century BCE. It has been shown that ancient Greece witnessed improved living conditions for an extended period of time. Athens in the fourth century appears to have fared particularly well. We find that economic freedom in ancient Athens is on level with the highest ranked modern economies such as Hong Kong and Singapore. With the exception of the position of women and slaves, Athens scores high in almost every dimension of economic freedom. Trade is probably highly important even by current standards. As studies of contemporary societies suggest that institutional quality is probably an important determinant of economic growth, it may also have been one factor in the relative material success of the Athenians.
Reply to “Modeling the evolution of preferences: an answer to Schubert and Cordes”
Authors: SCHUBERT CHRISTIAN , CORDES CHRISTIAN , RICHERSON PETER J.
Published: January 2014

In their comment “Modeling the evolution of preferences: an answer to Schubert and Cordes” (2013, this journal), Kapeller and Steinerberger claim to have identified some flaws in the formal argument developed in our paper “Role models that make you unhappy: light paternalism, social learning, and welfare” (2013, this journal). Specifically, they maintain that there is no runaway dynamic in consumption and preference values and that our model therefore always leads to a stable society. In their proof, Kapeller and Steinerberger show that their system is bounded by the highest and lowest preference and consumption levels in the population and can never escape them. Their argument does, however, not apply to the system of coupled dynamic equations we employed to model runaway consumption.
Einfluss kognitiver Merkmale und häuslicher Umgebung auf die Entwicklung numerischer Kompetenzen im Vorschulalter
Authors: Schuchardt Kirsten , Piekny Jeanette , Grube Dietmar , Mähler Claudia
Published: January 2014

Das Ziel der längsschnittlich angelegten Studie besteht darin, frühe Einflussfaktoren auf die numerische Entwicklung im Alter von sechs Jahren ausfindig zu machen. Hierzu werden kognitive Faktoren (Intelligenz, Arbeitsgedächtnis, Abruf von Informationen aus dem Langzeitgedächtnis, phonologische Bewusstheit) sowie Merkmale der sozialen Umgebung (sozioökonomischer Status, Migrationshintergrund, Home Numeracy Environment, Home Literacy Environment, mütterliche Selbsteinschätzung in Bezug auf Mathematik) als Prädiktoren für die numerischen Kompetenzen an einer Stichprobe von 132 Fünfjährigen analysiert. Die Ergebnisse legen ein multiples Bedingungsgefüge nahe. Während die Intelligenz und die phonologische Bewusstheit keinen bedeutsamen Beitrag zur Varianzaufklärung leisteten, stellten das visuell-räumliche Arbeitsgedächtnis sowie die Abrufgeschwindigkeit aus dem Langzeitgedächtnis wichtige Einflussfaktoren der frühen numerischen Leistungen dar. Von den Merkmalen der sozialen Umwelt konnten darüber hinaus der sozioökonomische Status und die häusliche numerische Umgebung zusätzlich bis zu 12 % Varianz aufklären. Die Bedeutung der Befunde für die Diagnostik und Intervention bei Risikokindern wird diskutiert.
Typgerecht entspannen
Authors: Pöpel Nathalie
Published: January 2014

Entspannungstechniken sind sehr beliebt, aber nicht jedem gefällt jede Technik gleichermaßen gut. Statt alle Techniken selbst ausprobieren zu müssen, wäre ein Prognoseinstrument zur Technikpräferenzbestimmung hilfreich. Dazu entwickelte Ehret-Wemmer (2009) den visuell-auditiv-kinästhetischen (VAK) Test, der im Sinne des Konzepts des neurolinguistischen Programmierens zum bevorzugten Repräsentationssystem jedem Repräsentationstypus (V, A oder K) typgerechte Entspannungstechniken zuordnet. Die Validität des VAK-Tests wird in dieser Studie überprüft. Es sollten positive Korrelationen zwischen den VAK-Testwerten und den typkorrespondierenden Technikbewertungen in einer Gruppe von Entspannungskursteilnehmenden auftreten. Die Vorhersagen wurden nicht bestätigt. Die Präferenzen zeigen sich von VAK-unabhängigen Faktoren wie Entspannungswirkung, Technikspezifika und Übungsausführungsaspekten beeinflusst, die in zukünftigen Studien im Sinne positiver und negativer Vorerfahrungen systematisch berücksichtigt werden sollten. Bei Novizen erscheint der Einsatz eines kurzen Praxistests zur Untersuchung von Präferenzen sinnvoll.
Protein–like fully reversible tetramerisation and super-association of an aminocellulose
Authors: Nikolajski Melanie , Adams Gary G. , Gillis Richard B. , Besong David Tabot , Rowe Arthur J. , Heinze Thomas , Harding Stephen E.
Published: January 2014

Unusual protein-like, partially reversible associative behaviour has recently been observed in solutions of the water soluble carbohydrates known as 6-deoxy-6-(ω-aminoalkyl)aminocelluloses, which produce controllable self-assembling films for enzyme immobilisation and other biotechnological applications. Now, for the first time, we have found a fully reversible self-association (tetramerisation) within this family of polysaccharides. Remarkably these carbohydrate tetramers are then seen to associate further in a regular way into supra-molecular complexes. Fully reversible oligomerisation has been hitherto completely unknown for carbohydrates and instead resembles in some respects the assembly of polypeptides and proteins like haemoglobin and its sickle cell mutation. Our traditional perceptions as to what might be considered “protein-like” and what might be considered as “carbohydrate-like” behaviour may need to be rendered more flexible, at least as far as interaction phenomena are concerned.
Trace vapour detection at room temperature using Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Chou Alison , Radi Babak , Jaatinen Esa , Juodkazis Saulius , Fredericks Peter M.
Published: January 2014

A miniaturized flow-through system consisting of a gold coated silicon substrate based on enhanced Raman spectroscopy has been used to study the detection of vapour from model explosive compounds.
In-solution multiplex miRNA detection using DNA-templated silver nanocluster probes
Authors: Shah Pratik , Thulstrup Peter Waaben , Cho Seok Keun , Bhang Yong-Joo , Ahn Jong Cheol , Choi Suk Won , Bjerrum Morten Jannik , Yang Seong Wook
Published: January 2014

Three DNA/AgNC probes with spectrally distinctive green, red and near-infrared emission are used to show a proof of concept for a rapid, single-step, and solution-phase multiplex miRNA detection method.
A capillary electrophoresis-based immobilized enzyme reactor using graphene oxide as a support via layer by layer electrostatic assembly
Authors: Yin Zhengri , Zhao Wenwen , Tian Miaomiao , Zhang Qian , Guo Liping , Yang Li
Published: January 2014

Using graphene oxide as an enzyme support, we developed a novel CE-based microreactor via layer-by-layer electrostatic assembly, which can be used for accurate on-line analysis and characterization of peptides and proteins.
Solid-phase extraction and purification of membrane proteins using a UV-modified PMMA microfluidic bioaffinity μSPE device
Authors: Battle Katrina N. , Jackson Joshua M. , Witek Małgorzata A. , Hupert Mateusz L. , Hunsucker Sally A. , Armistead Paul M. , Soper Steven A.
Published: January 2014

We present a novel microfluidic solid-phase extraction (μSPE) device for the affinity enrichment of biotinylated membrane proteins from whole cell lysates.
Application of an ELISA-type amperometric assay to the detection of Vibrio species with screen-printed electrodes
Authors: Laczka Olivier , Labbate Maurizio , Doblin Martina
Published: January 2014

Electrochemical detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus cells at a minimum abundance of 4 × 102 cells per mL within 60 min.
Chemical composition of the essential oils from the hulls of Pistacia vera L. by using magnetic nanoparticle-assisted microwave (MW) distillation: comparison with routine MW and conventional hydrodistillation
Authors: Hashemi-Moghaddam Hamid , Mohammdhosseini Majid , Salar Mohammad
Published: January 2014

In this paper, classical hydrodistillation and microwave assisted hydrodistillation were used for extraction ofPistachiohull essential oil.
Catalytic nanoreactors in continuous flow: hydrogenation inside single-walled carbon nanotubes using supercritical CO2
Authors: Chamberlain Thomas W. , Earley James H. , Anderson Daniel P. , Khlobystov Andrei N. , Bourne Richard A.
Published: January 2014

One nanometre wide carbon nanoreactors are utilised as the reaction vessel for catalytic chemical reactions on a preparative scale.
Electrochemiluminescence signal amplification combined with a conformation-switched hairpin DNA probe for determining the methylation level and position in the Hsp53 tumor suppressor gene
Authors: Zhang Hui , Li Meixing , Fan Mengxing , Gu Jinxing , Wu Ping , Cai Chenxin
Published: January 2014

An electrochemiluminescence approach for highly sensitive determination of methylation in the human p53 tumor suppressor gene is reported.
Investigation of molecular arrangements and solid-state fluorescence properties of solvates and cocrystals of 1-acetyl-3-phenyl-5-(9-anthryl)-2-pyrazoline
Authors: Feng Qi , Wang Mingliang , Xu Chunxiang , Khan Arshad , Wu Xiaojuan , Lu Jiao , Wei Xiang
Published: January 2014

The arrangement of the title compound (crystal I) was regulated via different solvates and cocrystals (crystals II–V) for fluorescence modulation.
Construction of 2D interwoven and 3D interpenetrated metal–organic frameworks of Zn(ii) by varying N,N′-donor spacers
Authors: Nagaraja C. M. , Ugale Bharat , Chanthapally Anjana
Published: January 2014

Four new MOFs of Zn(ii) with different degrees of interpenetration have been synthesized using trans,trans-muconic acid and different N,N′-donors.
Synthesis and characterisation of magnesium complexes containing sterically demanding N,N′-bis(aryl)amidinate ligands
Authors: Moxey Graeme J. , Ortu Fabrizio , Goldney Sidley Leon , Strandberg Helen N. , Blake Alexander J. , Lewis William , Kays Deborah L.
Published: January 2014

Reaction between N,N′-bis(aryl)amidines and di-n-butylmagnesium affords magnesium amidinates, where the steric bulk of the ligand influences both the solid state and solution behaviour of these complexes.
Acetato-bridged dinuclear lanthanide complexes with single molecule magnet behaviour for the Dy2 species
Authors: Zhang Haixia , Lin Shuang-Yan , Xue Shufang , Wang Chao , Tang Jinkui
Published: January 2014

Five dinuclear Ln complexes bridged by acetate groups in the η1:η2:μ2 mode are reported with the Dy2 analogue behaving as a SMM.
Global gene expression distribution in non-cancerous complex diseases
Authors: Wu Yun , Jin Nana , Zhu Haiyang , Li Chunmiao , Liu Nannan , Huang Yan , Miao Zhengqiang , Bi Xiaoman , Wu Deng , Chen Xi , Xiao Yun , Hao Dapeng , Li Chuanxing , Gong Binsheng , Zhang Shaojun , Zhuang Liwei , Li Kongning , Wang Dong
Published: January 2014

Gene expression may be widely up-regulated in digestive system and musculoskeletal diseases and showed little difference in four other diseases.
Hydrogenation of NO and NO2over palladium and platinum nanocrystallites: case studies using field emission techniques
Authors: Barroo C. , Lambeets S. V. , Devred F. , Chau T. D. , Kruse N. , De Decker Y. , Visart de Bocarmé T.
Published: January 2014

Hysteresis effects and kinetic instabilities have been characterised at the nanoscale for the hydrogenation of NOxspecies far from thermodynamic equilibrium.
Peptide-mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles: effects of peptide sequence and nature of binding on physicochemical properties
Authors: Li Yue , Tang Zhenghua , Prasad Paras N. , Knecht Marc R. , Swihart Mark T.
Published: January 2014

Size and catalytic activity of gold nanoparticles prepared using ten metal-binding peptides provide insights into peptide sequence–binding–property relationships.
Multi-shelled CeO2 hollow microspheres as superior photocatalysts for water oxidation
Authors: Qi Jian , Zhao Kun , Li Guodong , Gao Yan , Zhao Huijun , Yu Ranbo , Tang Zhiyong
Published: January 2014

A general self-templating method is introduced to construct triple-shelled CeO2 hollow microspheres with excellent photocatalytic activity for O2 evolution.
Photo-induced copper-mediated polymerization of methyl acrylate in continuous flow reactors
Authors: Wenn Benjamin , Conradi Matthias , Carreiras Andre Demetrio , Haddleton David M. , Junkers Tanja
Published: January 2014

Copper-mediated radical polymerization of acrylates was carried out in micro- and milliscale UV continuous flow reactors in the absence of conventional photoinitiators.
A freestanding composite film electrode stacked from hierarchical electrospun SnO2 nanorods and graphene sheets for reversible lithium storage
Authors: Jiang Simin , Zhao Bote , Ran Ran , Cai Rui , Tadé Moses O. , Shao Zongping
Published: January 2014

A freestanding hierarchical SnO2 nanorods/graphene composite film electrode fabricated using electrospinning and film casting methods, exhibited enhanced cycling performance.
An iron–dopamine index predicts risk of parkinsonian neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta
Authors: Hare Dominic J. , Lei Peng , Ayton Scott , Roberts Blaine R. , Grimm Rudolf , George Jessica L. , Bishop David P. , Beavis Alison D. , Donovan Sarah J. , McColl Gawain , Volitakis Irene , Masters Colin L. , Adlard Paul A. , Cherny Robert A. , Bush Ashley I. , Finkelstein David I. , Doble Philip A.
Published: January 2014

Imaging of iron and dopamine by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry reveals a risk index for parkinsonian neurodegeneration
A peptide-free, liposome-based oligosaccharide vaccine, adjuvanted with a natural killer T cell antigen, generates robust antibody responses in vivo
Authors: Deng S. , Bai L. , Reboulet R. , Matthew R. , Engler D. A. , Teyton L. , Bendelac A. , Savage P. B.
Published: January 2014

Vaccination of mice with liposomes containing an oligosaccharide and a natural killer T cell agonist results in generation of high titers of antibodies (IgM and IgG) for the oligosaccharide.
Characterization of the Catania VIS for H2+
Authors: Alonso Jose R. , Calabretta Luciano , Campo Daniela , Celona Luigi , Conrad Janet , Martinez Ruben Gutierrez , Johnson Richard , Labrecque Francis , Toups Matthew H. , Winklehner Daniel , Winslow Lindley
Published: January 2014

The Catania VIS 2.46 GHz source has been installed on a test stand at the Best Cyclotron Systems, in Vancouver, Canada, as part of the DAEδALUS and IsoDAR R&D program. Studies to date include optimization for H2+/p ratio and emittance measurements. Inflection, capture, and acceleration tests will be conducted when a small test cyclotron is completed.
A double-layer based model of ion confinement in electron cyclotron resonance ion source
Authors: Mascali D. , Neri L. , Celona L. , Castro G. , Torrisi G. , Gammino S. , Sorbello G. , Ciavola G.
Published: January 2014

The paper proposes a new model of ion confinement in ECRIS, which can be easily generalized to any magnetic configuration characterized by closed magnetic surfaces. Traditionally, ion confinement in B-min configurations is ascribed to a negative potential dip due to superhot electrons, adiabatically confined by the magneto-static field. However, kinetic simulations including RF heating affected by cavity modes structures indicate that high energy electrons populate just a thin slab overlapping the ECR layer, while their density drops down of more than one order of magnitude outside. Ions, instead, diffuse across the electron layer due to their high collisionality. This is the proper physical condition to establish a double-layer (DL) configuration which self-consistently originates a potential barrier; this “barrier” confines the ions inside the plasma core surrounded by the ECR surface. The paper will describe a simplified ion confinement model based on plasma density non-homogeneity and DL formation.
Equation of state in the generalized density scaling regime studied from ambient to ultra-high pressure conditions
Authors: Grzybowski A. , Koperwas K. , Paluch M.
Published: January 2014

In this paper, based on the effective intermolecular potential with well separated density and configuration contributions and the definition of the isothermal bulk modulus, we derive two similar equations of state dedicated to describe volumetric data of supercooled liquids studied in the extremely wide pressure range related to the density range, which is extremely wide in comparison with the experimental range reached so far in pressure-volume-temperature measurements of glass-forming liquids. Both the equations comply with the generalized density scaling law of molecular dynamics versus h(ρ)/T at different densities ρ and temperatures T, where the scaling exponent can be in general only a density function γ(ρ) = d ln h/d ln ρ as recently argued by the theory of isomorphs. We successfully verify these equations of state by using data obtained from molecular dynamics simulations of the Kob-Andersen binary Lennard-Jones liquid. As a very important result, we find that the one-parameter density function h(ρ) analytically formulated in the case of this prototypical model of supercooled liquid, which implies the one-parameter density function γ(ρ), is able to scale the structural relaxation times with the value of this function parameter determined by fitting the volumetric simulation data to the equations of state. We also show that these equations of state properly describe the pressure dependences of the isothermal bulk modulus and the configurational isothermal bulk modulus in the extremely wide pressure range investigated by the computer simulations. Moreover, we discuss the possible forms of the density functions h(ρ) and γ(ρ) for real glass formers, which are suggested to be different from those valid for the model of supercooled liquid based on the Lennard-Jones intermolecular potential.
A small size 1–3 atm pulsed CO2 laser with series-connected spark gaps ultraviolet preionization
Authors: Silakhori K. , Jelvani S. , Ghanavati F. , Sajad B. , Talebi M. , Sadr M. R.
Published: January 2014

A small size pulsed CO2 laser with rounded edge flat profiled electrodes and variable gas pressure in 1–3 atm range has been constructed and characterized. The perionization system consists of a pair of 16 series-connected spark gaps located along either side of the main electrodes by which, the number of required preionization capacitors is reduced to 4. Sharpening of the main discharge has been performed using a 300 pF peaking capacitor. A maximum energy of 160 mJ/pulse was obtained for CO2:N2:He≡1:1:8 gas mixture and 33 kV discharge voltage. By increasing the laser gas pressure in 1–3 atm range, the duration of spike and tail parts of the laser pulses have been reduced from 110 ns and 4 μs to 37 ns and 1 μs, respectively.
Optimally focused cold atom systems obtained using density-density correlations
Authors: Putra Andika , Campbell Daniel L. , Price Ryan M. , De Subhadeep , Spielman I. B.
Published: January 2014

Resonant absorption imaging is a common technique for detecting the two-dimensional column density of ultracold atom systems. In many cases, the system's thickness along the imaging direction greatly exceeds the imaging system's depth of field, making the identification of the optimally focused configuration difficult. Here we describe a systematic technique for bringing Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) and other cold-atom systems into an optimal focus even when the ratio of the thickness to the depth of field is large: a factor of 8 in this demonstration with a BEC. This technique relies on defocus-induced artifacts in the Fourier-transformed density-density correlation function (the power spectral density, PSD). The spatial frequency at which these artifacts first appear in the PSD is maximized on focus; the focusing process therefore both identifies and maximizes the range of spatial frequencies over which the PSD is uncontaminated by finite-thickness effects.
Microwave method for reference-plane-invariant and thickness-independent permittivity determination of liquid materials
Authors: Hasar U. C. , Kaya Y. , Bute M. , Barroso J. J. , Ertugrul M.
Published: January 2014

An attractive transmission-reflection method based on reference-plane invariant and thickness-independent expressions has been proposed for accurate and unique retrieval of complex permittivity of dielectric liquid samples. The method uses both branch-index-independent expressions and a restricted solution set for determining unique and fast complex permittivities. A 2D graphical method has been applied to demonstrate the operation and validation of the proposed method. A uncertainty analysis has been performed to monitor how the accuracy of the proposed method can be improved by a correct selection of sample holder properties. Scattering parameter measurements of two tested reference liquids (distilled water and methanol) have been carried out for comparison of various techniques with the proposed one when the reference-planes and sample thickness are not precisely known. We note from the comparison that whereas other techniques are seriously affected by imprecise knowledge of both reference-planes and sample thickness, the proposed method removes this restriction.
Diffusivity anomaly in modified Stillinger-Weber liquids
Authors: Sengupta Shiladitya , Vasisht Vishwas V. , Sastry Srikanth
Published: January 2014

By modifying the tetrahedrality (the strength of the three body interactions) in the well-known Stillinger-Weber model for silicon, we study the diffusivity of a series of model liquids as a function of tetrahedrality and temperature at fixed pressure. Previous work has shown that at constant temperature, the diffusivity exhibits a maximum as a function of tetrahedrality, which we refer to as the diffusivity anomaly, in analogy with the well-known anomaly in water upon variation of pressure at constant temperature. We explore to what extent the structural and thermodynamic changes accompanying changes in the interaction potential can help rationalize the diffusivity anomaly, by employing the Rosenfeld relation between diffusivity and the excess entropy (over the ideal gas reference value), and the pair correlation entropy, which provides an approximation to the excess entropy in terms of the pair correlation function. We find that in the modified Stillinger-Weber liquids, the Rosenfeld relation works well above the melting temperatures but exhibits deviations below, with the deviations becoming smaller for smaller tetrahedrality. Further we find that both the excess entropy and the pair correlation entropy at constant temperature go through maxima as a function of the tetrahedrality, thus demonstrating the close relationship between structural, thermodynamic, and dynamical anomalies in the modified Stillinger-Weber liquids.
Current loss due to recombination in Cu-rich CuInSe2 solar cells
Authors: Deprédurand Valérie , Tanaka Daisuke , Aida Yasuhiro , Carlberg Miriam , Fèvre Nicole , Siebentritt Susanne
Published: January 2014

The absorbers in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells in general are Cu-poor. However, better transport properties and lower bulk recombination in “Cu-rich” material led us to develop “Cu-rich” CuInSe2 solar cells. We expect higher diffusion lengths and better carrier lifetimes for “Cu-rich” CuInSe2 solar cells, resulting in a higher short circuit current of “Cu-rich” solar cells, compared to Cu-poor ones. However, recent investigations show that the current is lower for absorbers grown under Cu-excess compared to Cu-poor absorbers. Therefore, this work investigates both “Cu-rich” and Cu-poor CuInSe2 absorbers, as well as their resulting cells, in order to understand why the “Cu-rich” CuInSe2 solar cells do not show the expected increase in current. While this contribution gives proof that “Cu-rich” based solar cells in fact do have better carrier collection properties, one limitation of “Cu-rich” devices is a very short space charge width associated with a higher doping level. We suggest tunneling enhanced recombination in the space charge region as the most likely cause of the loss in current. This work shows also that the high doping level of the “Cu-rich” film cannot be decreased by controlling the sodium supply.
First-principles study on the relationship between magnetic anisotropy and anomalous Hall effect of bct-Fe50Co50
Authors: Hyodo Kazushige , Kota Yohei , Sakuma Akimasa
Published: January 2014

We studied quantitative relationship between the intrinsic anomalous Hall conductivity (σxy) and the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy constant (Ku) of bct-Fe50Co50 using first-principles calculation because these quantities originate from spin-orbit interaction. We found that the obtained σxy and Ku with changing the axial ratio c/a (1≤c/a≤2) exhibit similar behavior mainly arising from the common band mixing of the minority-spin dxy and dx2−y2 states near the Fermi level which is sensitive to c/a.
Study of microstress state of P91 steel using complementary mechanical Barkhausen, magnetoacoustic emission, and X-ray diffraction techniques
Authors: Augustyniak Bolesław , Piotrowski Leszek , Maciakowski Paweł , Chmielewski Marek , Lech-Grega Marzena , Żelechowski Janusz
Published: January 2014

The paper deals with assessment of microstress state of martensite P91 steel using three complementary techniques: mechanical Barkhausen emission, magnetoacoustic emission (MAE), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) profile analysis. Magnetic coercivity Hc and microstructure were investigated with inductive magnetometry and magnetic force microscopy (MFM), respectively. Internal stress level of P91 steel was modified by heat treatment. Steel samples were austenitized, quenched, and then tempered at three temperatures (720 °C, 750 °C, and 780 °C) during increasing time (from 15 min up to 240 min). The microstrain level εi was evaluated using Williamson–Hall method. It was revealed that during tempering microstrain systematically decreases from εi = 2.5 × 10−3 for as quenched state down to εi = 0.3 × 10−3 for well tempered samples. Both mechanical hardness (Vicker's HV) and magnetic hardness (coercivity) decrease almost linearly with decreasing microstrain while the MAE and MBE intensities strongly increase. Tempering leads to evident shift of the MeBN intensity maximum recorded for the first load towards lower applied strain values and to increase of MAE intensity. This indicates that the microstress state deduced by magnetic techniques is correlated with microstrains evaluated with XRD technique.
Mixed quantum/classical calculations of total and differential elastic and rotationally inelastic scattering cross sections for light and heavy reduced masses in a broad range of collision energies
Authors: Semenov Alexander , Babikov Dmitri
Published: January 2014

The mixed quantum/classical theory (MQCT) for rotationally inelastic scattering developed recently [A. Semenov and D. Babikov, J. Chem. Phys. 139, 174108 (2013)] is benchmarked against the full quantum calculations for two molecular systems: He + H2 and Na + N2. This allows testing new method in the cases of light and reasonably heavy reduced masses, for small and large rotational quanta, in a broad range of collision energies and rotational excitations. The resultant collision cross sections vary through ten-orders of magnitude range of values. Both inelastic and elastic channels are considered, as well as differential (over scattering angle) cross sections. In many cases results of the mixed quantum/classical method are hard to distinguish from the full quantum results. In less favorable cases (light masses, larger quanta, and small collision energies) some deviations are observed but, even in the worst cases, they are within 25% or so. The method is computationally cheap and particularly accurate at higher energies, heavier masses, and larger densities of states. At these conditions MQCT represents a useful alternative to the standard full-quantum scattering theory.
Cluster synchronization in networks of neurons with chemical synapses
Authors: Juang Jonq , Liang Yu-Hao
Published: January 2014

In this work, we study the cluster synchronization of chemically coupled and generally formulated networks which are allowed to be nonidentical. The sufficient condition for the existence of stably synchronous clusters is derived. Specifically, we only need to check the stability of the origins of m decoupled linear systems. Here, m is the number of subpopulations. Examples of nonidentical networks such as Hindmarsh-Rose (HR) neurons with various choices of parameters in different subpopulations, or HR neurons in one subpopulation and FitzHugh-Nagumo neurons in the other subpopulation are provided. Explicit threshold for the coupling strength that guarantees the stably cluster synchronization can be obtained.
Modeling and analysis of a novel planar eddy current damper
Authors: Zhang He , Kou Baoquan , Jin Yinxi , Zhang Lu , Zhang Hailin , Li Liyi
Published: January 2014

In this paper, a novel 2-DOF permanent magnet planar eddy current damper is proposed, of which the stator is made of a copper plate and the mover is composed of two orthogonal 1-D permanent magnet arrays with a double sided structure. The main objective of the planar eddy current damper is to provide two orthogonal damping forces for dynamic systems like the 2-DOF high precision positioning system. Firstly, the basic structure and the operating principle of the planar damper are introduced. Secondly, the analytical model of the planar damper is established where the magnetic flux density distribution of the permanent magnet arrays is obtained by using the equivalent magnetic charge method and the image method. Then, the analytical expressions of the damping force and damping coefficient are derived. Lastly, to verify the analytical model, the finite element method (FEM) is adopted for calculating the flux density and a planar damper prototype is manufactured and thoroughly tested. The results from FEM and experiments are in good agreement with the ones from the analytical expressions indicating that the analytical model is reasonable and correct.
Quasi-static magnetic measurements to predict specific absorption rates in magnetic fluid hyperthermia experiments
Authors: Coral D. F. , Mendoza Zélis P. , de Sousa M. E. , Muraca D. , Lassalle V. , Nicolás P. , Ferreira M. L. , Fernández van Raap M. B.
Published: January 2014

In this work, the issue on whether dynamic magnetic properties of polydispersed magnetic colloids modeled using physical magnitudes derived from quasi-static magnetic measurement can be extrapolated to analyze specific absorption rate data acquired at high amplitudes and frequencies of excitation fields is addressed. To this end, we have analyzed two colloids of magnetite nanoparticles coated with oleic acid and chitosan in water displaying, under a radiofrequency field, high and low specific heat power release. Both colloids are alike in terms of liquid carrier, surfactant and magnetic phase composition but differ on the nanoparticle structuring. The colloid displaying low specific dissipation consists of spaced magnetic nanoparticles of mean size around 4.8 nm inside a large chitosan particle of 52.5 nm. The one displaying high specific dissipation consists of clusters of magnetic nanoparticles of mean size around 9.7 nm inside a chitosan particle of 48.6 nm. The experimental evaluation of Néel and Brown relaxation times (∼10−10 s and 10−4 s, respectively) indicate that the nanoparticles in both colloids magnetically relax by Néel mechanism. The isothermal magnetization curves analysis for this mechanism show that the magnetic nanoparticles behave in the interacting superparamagnetic regime. The specific absorption rates were determined calorimetrically at 260 kHz and up to 52 kA/m and were well modeled within linear response theory using the anisotropy density energy retrieved from quasi-static magnetic measurement, validating their use to predict heating ability of a given polydispersed particle suspension. Our findings provide new insight in the validity of quasi-static magnetic characterization to analyze the high frequency behavior of polydispersed colloids within the framework of the linear response and Wohlfarth theories and indicate that dipolar interactions play a key role being their strength larger for the colloid displaying higher dissipation, i.e., improving the heating efficiency of the nanoparticles for magnetic fluid hyperthermia.
Controlled transitions between cupolets of chaotic systems
Authors: Morena Matthew A. , Short Kevin M. , Cooke Erica E.
Published: January 2014

We present an efficient control scheme that stabilizes the unstable periodic orbits of a chaotic system. The resulting orbits are known as cupolets and collectively provide an important skeleton for the dynamical system. Cupolets exhibit the interesting property that a given sequence of controls will uniquely identify a cupolet, regardless of the system's initial state. This makes it possible to transition between cupolets, and thus unstable periodic orbits, simply by switching control sequences. We demonstrate that although these transitions require minimal controls, they may also involve significant chaotic transients unless carefully controlled. As a result, we present an effective technique that relies on Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm from algebraic graph theory to minimize the transients and also to induce certainty into the control of nonlinear systems, effectively providing an efficient algorithm for the steering and targeting of chaotic systems.
High-resolution multi-heterodyne spectroscopy based on Fabry-Perot quantum cascade lasers
Authors: Wang Yin , Soskind Michael G. , Wang Wen , Wysocki Gerard
Published: January 2014

In this Letter, we present a method of performing broadband mid-infrared spectroscopy with conventional, free-running, continuous wave Fabry-Perot quantum cascade lasers (FP-QCLs). The measurement method is based on multi-heterodyne down-conversion of optical signals. The sample transmission spectrum probed by one multi-mode FP-QCL is down-converted to the radio-frequency domain through an optical multi-heterodyne process using a second FP-QCL as the local oscillator. Both a broadband multi-mode spectral measurement as well as high-resolution (∼15 MHz) spectroscopy of molecular absorption are demonstrated and show great potential for development of high performance FP-laser-based spectrometers for chemical sensing.