bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reforma del modelo educativo de la universidad nacional de agricultura (UNA) Catacamas, Olancho, Honduras
Authors: Hernandez Mario Roberto , Zúniga-González Carlos Alberto
Published: May 2018

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo estudiar y analizar el proceso de reforma del modelo educativo de la universidad nacional de agricultura. En tal sentido se realizaron entrevistas a diferentes actores tales como docentes, egresados y alumnos para que brindaran su punto de vista del modelo educativo de la UNA, así mismo se efectuaron jornadas de reflexión con expertos en el área educativa para analizar el sistema que posee la universidad en el ámbito educativo, la reforma se apegó al proyecto tunning para latino américa el cual tiene estructurada la metodología que facilita la comprensión de los planes de estudios académicos y su mutua comparación. Desde este escenario, la Universidad Nacional de Agricultura (UNA), con los insumos obtenidos desde diversas fuentes construirá el modelo educativo que se sustenta en concepciones teóricas actuales de la educación universitaria e incorpora los aspectos pertinentes del Plan Estratégico de Desarrollo y las disposiciones legales vigentes y como metodología, utiliza la formación por competencias. El modelo educativo institucional (MEI) para la universidad es la fuerza orientadora de su ser y que hacer universitario y encuentra su fin último en la sociedad.
La seguridad y soberanía alimentaria
Authors: Gómez-Trujillo Elvin Ariel , Martinez-Andrades Erick , Rivas-García Julio Antonio , Villalobos-Maradiaga Edixia María
Published: May 2018

El presente escrito se centró en la revisión de la literatura para conocer las principales definiciones de seguridad y soberanía alimentaria, establecer sus diferencias, y el cómo la globalización interviene en la aplicación de estos conceptos en el mundo.  Se concluye que la seguridad y soberanía alimentaria constituye una parte primordial para todos los sectores en países en desarrollo como el caso de Nicaragua. En la educación y el desarrollo rural la seguridad y soberanía alimentaria reviste de gran importancia para evaluar sus efectos. La globalización como nueva forma de dominio, trata de imponer a países como el nuestro lo que hay que producir, y además la manera de cómo debe hacerse para satisfacer las demandas y necesidades de las naciones más poderosas. Además imponen lo que nosotros debemos consumir, obligándonos a ser consumidores e importadores de comida chatarra.  Lamentablemente las pautas de una alimentación sana están sometidas a las leyes del mercado internacional, y obliga a plantearse la formulación de una Política Alimentaria que distribuya equitativamente los bienes que producimos, que garantice el derecho de nuestro pueblo a la Alimentación, que garantice la Seguridad Alimentaria y sobre todo, la Soberanía Alimentaria de este país que amamos. Es por este hecho que en nuestra legislación ya existen leyes que tratan la solución a este problema.
Plan de desarrollo humano nicaragüense, 2012-2016: un enfoque para la educación y desarrollo rural
Authors: Martinez-Andrade Erick , Rivas-García Julio Antonio , Villalobos-Maradiaga Edixia María , Gómez-Trujillo Elvin Ariel , Zúniga-González Carlos Alberto
Published: May 2018

El presente estudio analizó las bondades del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo Humano (PNDH) 2012 – 2016, formulado y aplicado en Nicaragua y rectorado por el gobierno de Reconciliación y Unidad Nacional (GRUN), como un instrumento de la Educación y el Desarrollo Rural para llevar a la práctica las políticas públicas, estrategias y acciones de Nación, que permitan alcanzar los propósitos de reducción de la pobreza, Desarrollo Humano, Social, Económico, con justicia y desde el protagonismo de la persona, las familias y la comunidad.  El PNDH es un plan vivo, en continua construcción, abierto a los aportes de la sociedad nicaragüense, que es actualizado de manera periódica para ajustarse a los procesos cambiantes internos y externos, es un plan Maestro que sirve de referencia para el mediano y largo plazo, es decir cualquier política pública tendrá como referencia la articulación con este plan en el cual se aspira a tener una estructura holística e integral.    En el marco de la Educación y Desarrollo Rural el estudio del PNDH resulta ser un instrumento para mejorar la calidad de vida de los y las nicaragüenses ubicándolos como centro y sujeto primordial del desarrollo, por medio del crecimiento económico con equidad social y la transformación de los métodos de producción y de los patrones de consumo y que se sustenta en el equilibrio ecológico y el soporte vital de la región.
Las tecnologías de información y comunicación (TIC) como respuesta a necesidades educativas zonas rurales en Nicaragua
Authors: Bermúdez-León Domingo Samuel , Zúniga-Gonzalez Carlos Alberto
Published: May 2018

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo reflexionar desde una perspectiva crítica sobre las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) en la educación rural, tomando como antecedente, el poco acceso a estas nuevas tendencias y partiendo de que estos recursos no resuelven por sí solos los problemas o necesidades, sin embargo pueden generar respuestas a situaciones específicas que puedan surgir. También los proyectos institucionales, destinados a dotar de recursos tecnológicos y programas educativos a las escuelas, han tenido especial repercusión en el ámbito rural, contribuyendo a minimizar la brecha digital entre los contextos urbanos y rurales.  Todos demandan mayor reconocimiento y apoyo tanto por parte de las instituciones públicas como de las familias, cuya implicación en los procesos innovadores que ellos impulsan es muy escasa. Sin embargo, algo más de la mitad de los docentes entrevistados que trabajan en escuelas rurales declara sentirse apoyado por sus compañeros de centro, mientras que el resto manifiesta tener que buscar dicho apoyo en colegas de otros centros.
Metodología para analizar la Comprensión Lectora en estudiantes de secundaria
Authors: Midence-Laynes Mildred Esperanza
Published: May 2018

El presente  ensayo se centró en analizar los enfoques y metodologías de las estrategias utilizadas en la comprensión lectora al momento de leer cualquier tipo de texto.  Se realizó la revisión de la literatura de las metodologías para analizar la compresión de la Lectura en estudiantes de secundaria. Los resultados concluyen en los métodos de análisis para alcanzar buenos resultados en la compresión lectora en los estudiantes de secundaria  el estudiante  interactúa  y resuelve diferentes actividades como: jugando con el verdadero o falsa y la selección de respuestas correctas, al mismo que el estudiantes realice lecturas de textos donde el identifique las ideas principales del texto, criterios a)Cuanto mayor sea el número de semejanzas entre la analogía y la idea a enseñar más efectiva será aquélla. b) Cuanto mayor sea el número de ideas que pueden hacerse familiares con una determinada analogía mayor será su utilidad. c) Cuanto mayor sea la familiaridad y el sentido de la analogía para el alumnado más eficaz será la analogía. d) Puede ser útil emplear más de una analogía, especialmente cuando existen muchas diferencias individuales entre el alumnado. e) Cuando se emplea una analogía debe señalarse con claridad el tipo de estructura a comparar.
La educación en Nicaragua
Authors: Martinez-Rugama Gabriel Isaias , Rivas-Garcia Julio Antonio , Martinez-Andrades Erick
Published: May 2018

El presente ensayo se enfoca en la comprensión del sistema educativo nicaragüense, su marco legal así como las modalidades educativas que se establecen en el mismo; lo cual iremos definiendo de manera conceptual en cada aspecto clave del sistema educativo nicaragüense.  Sabemos que la educación en Nicaragua tiene como objetivo la formación plena e integral de las personas así como de dotarles de una conciencia crítica, científica y humanista; desarrollar su personalidad y el sentido de su dignidad; y capacitarles para asumir las tareas de interés común que demanda el progreso de la nación. La educación es un factor para la transformación y el desarrollo del ser humano. Basados en estos conceptos se inició a definir los sistemas educativos de nuestro país.
Reflexiones para medir el impacto socio económico del bono productivo alimenticio
Authors: Mondragon-Lainez Ana Doris , Zúniga-Gonzalez Carlos Alberto
Published: May 2018

El presente estudio es una revisión del diseño metodológico para medir el impacto socio económico del programa del Bono Productivo. Así, cuando se estudia una metodología lo primero que se encuentra el investigador es la definición del tipo de investigación que desea realizar. La escogencia del tipo de investigación determinará los pasos a seguir del estudio, sus técnicas y métodos que puedan emplear en el mismo. En general determina todo el enfoque de la investigación influyendo en instrumentos, y hasta la manera de cómo se analiza los datos recaudados para medir un impacto como el del Bono Productivo. Así, el punto de los tipos de investigación en una investigación va a constituir un paso importante en la metodología, pues este va a determinar el enfoque del mismo.  Este puede dividirse en dos tipos principales de Campo o de Laboratorio. Estudios Exploratorios: También conocido como estudio piloto, son aquellos que se investigan por primera vez o son estudios muy pocos investigados. También se emplean para identificar una problemática. Estudios: Describen los hechos como son observados. Estudios Correlaciónales: Estudian las relaciones entre variables dependientes independientes, ósea se estudia la correlación entre dos variables. Estudios Explicativos: Este tipo de estudio busca el por qué de los hechos, estableciendo relaciones de causa- efecto. Pero en este caso estaremos abordando todos los apartados que conllevan el diseño metodológico de la investigación, cualitativa y los aspectos que a ella se refieren.
Bio economía en la encrucijada del desarrollo sostenible
Authors: Vargas-Hernández José G. , Pallagst Karina , Hammer Patricia
Published: May 2018

Este estudio tiene como objetivo revisar, analizar y sistematizar el conocimiento creado sobre la bioeconomía para desarrollar un marco conceptual y teórico basado en el estudio transdisciplinario de la biología y la socioeconomía para ser utilizado en futuras investigaciones. Comienza desde el cuestionamiento de cuáles son los beneficios que la bioeconomía tiene en comparación con la economía neoclásica. Los métodos empleados son analíticos críticos, descriptivos, deductivos-inductivos y sugieren enfoques holísticos y transdisciplinarios. Como resultado, el núcleo del estudio presenta los principios bajo los cuales este nuevo paradigma científico en el desarrollo sostenible puede continuar creando más conocimiento científico para ser utilizado en la formulación e implementación de elecciones estratégicas para el proceso de bioproducción, biodistribución y bioconsumo.
Silencing the Other Within: Metis Music at Manitoba’s Old-Time Fiddle Competitions
Authors: Giroux Monique
Published: May 2018

Abstract. This essay examines Metis-style categories at fiddle contests in Manitoba, Canada. I argue that these categories, although positioned as spaces of alliance, function to contain Metis reemergence and resurgence. Adapting the concept of the “other within” (Bohlman 2000:191), I suggest that Metis-style categories provide a space for settlers to internalize Metis identity. This internalization allows participants to practice a (settler-defined) Metis identity without having to engage with the Metis nation or develop a nation-to-nation relationship. Metis-style categories thus create the semblance of encounter, an act that works to silence the Metis nation.
Bayesian Network Analysis for the Questionnaire Investigation on the Needs at Fuji Shopping Street Town
Authors: Aburai Tsuyoshi , Okubo Akane , Suzuki Daisuke , Takeyasu Kazuhiro
Published: May 2018

Shopping streets at local city in Japan became old and are generally declining. In this paper, we handle the area rebirth and/or regional revitalization of shopping street. We focus on Fuji city in Japan. Four big festivals are held at Fuji city (two for Fuji Shopping Street Town and two for Yoshiwara Shopping Street Town). Many people visit these festivals including residents in that area. Therefore a questionnaire investigation to the residents and visitors is conducted during these periods in order to clarify residents and visitors’ needs for the shopping street, and utilize them to the plan building of the area rebirth and/or regional revitalization of shopping street. There is a big difference between Fuji Shopping Street Town and Yoshiwara Shopping Street Town. Therefore we focus Fuji Shopping Street Town in this paper. These are analyzed by using Bayesian Network. The analysis utilizing Bayesian Network enabled us to visualize the causal relationship among items. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis brought us estimating and predicting the prospective visitors. Sensitivity analysis is performed by back propagation method. These are utilized for constructing a much more effective and useful plan building. We have obtained fruitful results. To confirm the findings by utilizing the new consecutive visiting records would be the future works to be investigated.
– Linguistic knowledge of the selected groups of people with disabilities in the course of educational research – constraints and opportunities
Authors: Zaborniak-Sobczak Małgorzata , Mach Aleksandra
Published: May 2018

The aim of the article is to identify certain limitations in the research conducted in a group of people with intellectual disabilities and people with hearing impairments. On the basis of reports from the field of developmental psycholinguistics it has been assumed that some of the limitations of research in the above-mentioned study groups will result from the shortcomings of linguistic knowledge of these people. It should be emphasised that linguistic difficulties have completely different backgrounds in the selected groups of people with disabilities, which was sought to be explained here. The authors attempt to identify opportunities posed by qualitative methods increasingly used in the social sciences, including special education. The success of the research procedure, both in the paradigm of the quantitative and qualitative strategies, depends on the level of communication skills and language subjects of the research (respondents, but also researchers).
AVALIAÇÃO DO USO DE PRODUTOS NATURAIS NA PRÁTICA DO PROFISSIONAL DE SAÚDE
Authors: Mendes Vanessa Alves , Stocco Patrícia , Lara Ane Caroline de , Oliveira Cristiane Melo de , Lisboa Helen Cristina Fávero
Published: May 2018

Os produtos naturais ganham cada dia mais adeptos, o que exige dos profissionais de saúde um conhecimento mais aprimorado sobre o assunto. Seguindo esse pressuposto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o uso de produtos naturais na prática dos profissionais de saúde. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de caráter quantitativo, com delineamento transversal, exploratória, não experimental, realizada através de entrevista aplicando-se um questionário contendo perguntas abertas e/ou fechadas, abordando indagações referentes ao conhecimento dos profissionais de saúde de 13 Programas Saúde da Família (PSF’s) da cidade de Rondonópolis (MT). Dos 64 entrevistados, 60,9% informaram saber a diferença entre planta medicinal e fitoterápico, 67,2% confiam parcialmente nos efeitos, 57,8% desconhecem os riscos do uso indiscriminado e 63,6% não prescrevem tais produtos. Considerando os resultados obtidos, verifica-se o desconhecimento e/ou despreparo dos profissionais em relação aos fitoterápicos e plantas medicinais, sendo necessário mais informação à respeito dos seus efeitos farmacológico e tóxicos, minimizando os riscos à saúde da população. Descritores: Fitoterapia. Plantas Medicinais. Produtos naturais. Profissionais da saúde
ANÁLISE DOS FATORES RELACIONADOS À MORTALIDADE INFANTIL NO MUNICÍPIO DE CHAPECÓ, SANTA CATARINA, 2000 A 2012
Authors: Milani Patrícia , Potrich Tassiana , Pitilin Érica De Brito , Zuge Samuel Spiegelberg
Published: May 2018

Objetivo: descrever os fatores relacionados à mortalidade de crianças menores de um ano de idade no município de Chapecó, Santa Catarina. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico descritivo com dados secundários provenientes do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade no período de 2000 a 2012. Realizou-se a análise estatística através dos testes Qui-quadrado de Pearson e Risco Relativo. Utilizou-se p<0,05 como nível de significância. Resultados: notificaram-se 484 óbitos infantis no período, dos quais houve relação significativa entre os óbitos infantis e a duração da gestação, assim como escolaridade materna, e o peso ao nascer. Além disto, risco relativo para óbitos ligados a afecções do período perinatal, doenças infecciosas, parasitárias e do aparelho respiratório. Conclusão: embora as taxas de mortalidade infantil estejam reduzindo, ainda caracterizam-se como um problema de saúde pública e como um desafio a ser superado pelo Sistema Único de Saúde, visto que muitos óbitos infantis provêm de causas preveníveis e evitáveis.
PRODUZINDO INDICADORES EM SAÚDE MENTAL-AD NO CONTEXTO DE UM CRAS: POTENCIALIZANDO O EXERCÍCIO DA INTERSETORIALIDADE
Authors: Vicente José De Deus Neto , Silva Denila Coelho da
Published: May 2018

Objetivo: Construir indicadores em saúde mental - álcool e outras drogas no contexto de um CRAS. Método: Uso de dados secundários obtidos a partir dos prontuários cadastrados numa unidade de CRAS equivalendo a 79,82% das famílias acompanhadas. Resultados e discussões: Dos 1868 prontuários analisados 9,68% deles constatou-se a presença de indivíduos em uso abusivo e/ou dependência de drogas compondo o grupo familiar; prevalência de indivíduos do sexo masculino, 79,3% dos casos; o álcool a droga mais presente, 70,8% dos casos; 21,1% possuíam apenas o fundamental I; 63,31% dos casos eram indivíduos entre 18 e 59 anos. Constatou-se ainda a prevalência de encaminhamentos ao CAPSad, 55% dos casos; inserção da família em atividades desenvolvidas pelo CRAS, 72% dos casos. Considerações Finais: Observou-se que as demandas relativas ao uso abusivo e/ou dependência de drogas tem se feito presentes em outros espaços socioinstitucionais, tornando-os foco de intervenções de outras políticas setoriais.
FISIOTERAPIA NA UTI NEONATAL: AS RAZÕES MÉDICAS UTILIZADAS PARA PRESCRIÇÃO DE FISIOTERAPIA
Authors: Figueirola Kelli Alves , Gularte Thais , Schneiders Paloma De Borba , San Martin Elisabete Antunes , Carvalho Taciana Guterres de , Silva Andréa Lúcia Gonçalves da
Published: May 2018

Objetivo: Investigar os critérios pelos quais os médicos plantonistas de uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal prescrevem a fisioterapia aos pacientes sob seus cuidados. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado junto aos médicos da unidade de terapia intensiva do Hospital Santa Cruz através da aplicação de um questionário estruturado. Resultados: 8 médicos participaram do estudo, sendo 06 do sexo feminino e 2 com especialização profissional em intensivismo. A experiência clínica e a evidência na literatura foram os critérios utilizados para a prescrição de fisioterapia, sendo as alterações respiratórias soberanas quanto aos principais motivos para prescrição médica, seguida de estimulação motora. Conclusões: Os critérios utilizados para a prescrição de fisioterapia se consolidam tanto na prática clínica quanto nas evidências na literatura, persistindo critérios claros específicos em terapia intensiva neonatal.Palavras chave: Fisioterapia, UTI neonatal, prescrição, critériosAim: To investigate the criteria by which doctors in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit prescribe physiotherapy to patients in their care. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted together with the medical intensive care unit of Hospital Santa Cruz through the application of a structured questionnaire. Results: 8 physicians participated in the study, 06 female and 2 with professional expertise in intensive care. Clinical experience and evidence in the literature were the criteria used for prescribing physiotherapy and respiratory changes the main reason for prescription, followed by motor stimulation. Conclusions: The criteria for prescribing physiotherapy consolidate both in clinical practice and the evidence in the literature, persisting specific clear criteria in neonatal intensive care.Keywords: physical therapy, neonatal intensive care, prescription, criteria.
PERFIL EPIDEMIOLÓGICO DE LESÕES DE VIOLÊNCIA FÍSICA EM MULHERES: ESTUDO TRANSVERSAL
Authors: Arduim Andressa Da Silva , Castilhos Eduardo Dickie de , Seerig Lenise Menezes , Bighetti Tania Izabel
Published: May 2018

Descrever o perfil epidemiológico de mulheres que sofreram violência física, bem como caracterizar suas lesões físicas. Estudo transversal a partir de dados secundários obtidos de laudos periciais da 3a Coordenadoria Médico Legal de Pelotas/RS, de janeiro/2014 a dezembro/2014. Foram analisados 1.330 laudos, sendo 1.164 de mulheres residentes em Pelotas. A cada 1.000 mulheres de 12-44 anos, 10 foram vítimas de violência; 60,7% mulheres de 20-44 anos, a maioria solteira (74,6%) e de cor branca (85,2%). Um terço das observações se deu no verão. As regiões do corpo mais atingidas foram face e cabeça (36,4%) e membros superiores (48,4%). O delineamento do perfil epidemiológico das mulheres vitimadas e sua correta notificação permitem uma melhor abordagem da problemática violência contra mulher, ressaltando a importância do cirurgião-dentista no atendimento integral e humanizado.Descritores: Epidemiologia. Violência contra a mulher. Políticas públicas.
AVALIAÇÃO DOS ASPECTOS RELACIONADOS ÀS ESCOLHAS ALIMENTARES ENTRE PROFESSORES DE CENTROS EDUCACIONAIS INFANTIS
Authors: Taglietti Roberta Lamonatto , Lalana Aline Cristina , Rosa Talita Menezes da , Teo Carla Rosane Paz Arruda , Confortin Fernanda Grison
Published: May 2018

Objetivo: avaliar aspectos relacionados às escolhas alimentares e consumo alimentar de professores de Centros Educacionais Infantis Municipais. Metodologia. Estudo transversal descritivo quantitativo, do qual participaram 100 professores, respondendo a questionários sobre o motivo das escolhas alimentares e consumo alimentar. Resultados: O fator apelo sensorial foi atribuído com maior relevância para determinar as escolhas alimentares dos professores, seguido dos fatores saúde, conteúdo natural e controle de peso, associados com requisitos importantes para promoção de hábitos alimentares saudáveis. Os participantes consumiram com maior frequência alimentos in natura e minimamente processados. Esses resultados reforçam que o professor pode influenciar positivamente as escolhas alimentares das crianças no ambiente escolar. Conclusão: os professores podem ser influências positivas na formação de hábitos alimentares de crianças, mas ainda é preciso conscientizá-los sobre essa responsabilidade, preparando-os para abordar a alimentação na infância, especialmente em um momento em que se observa diminuição do compartilhamento familiar das refeições.
AVALIAÇÃO HIGIENICOSSANITÁRIA DE UMA UNIDADE DE ALIMENTAÇÃO E NUTRIÇÃO HOSPITALAR
Authors: Dare Camilla , Bernardo Desiree Rita Denelle , Chaud Daniela Maria Alves
Published: May 2018

Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar as condições físicas e sanitárias de uma Unidade de Alimentação e Nutrição (UAN) hospitalar localizada no município de São Paulo-SP. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo transversal em uma UAN terceirizada. Para a avaliação das condições higienicossanitárias foi utilizado um checklist proposto para tal atividade. Dos itens checados, 92,3% estavam de acordo com a legislação, sendo que a UAN foi classificada no Grupo 1. As maiores inadequações foram em relação à exposição das preparações aos consumidores. Concluiu-se que é importante a utilização de ferramentas simples, como o checklist, para apontar não conformidades nas unidades produtoras de refeições, facilitando as correções e garantindo o controle higienicossanitário.
An Assessment of the Economic Performance of the EU Baltic Region States
Authors:   Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Druzhinin P. V. ,   Petrozavodsk State University, Prokopyev E. A. ,   Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Karelia Branch of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration
Published: May 2018

The paper explores how the common economic space, a product of the EU, influenced the economies of the Baltic Sea Region states in 1995—2015. The authors investigate changes in the economic performance of the developed (Germany, Denmark, Finland, and Sweden) and Eastern European countries (Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia) during the integration of the latter states into the EU. Performance dynamics is analyzed for eight EU Baltic Sea Region countries. Three Russian Baltic regions constitute a control group. The authors conduct a production-function-based comparative analysis of development dynamics in individual countries to identify distinctive features for each group. Despite a rapid growth of Eastern European economies, the difference between the region’s eastern and western countries remains substantial. Economic convergence between eastern and western EU countries in terms of investment does not lead to convergence in labour efficiency. The capital-labour ratio and the growth rate of labour efficiency in the Russian Baltic are close to the Eastern European average.
NATO Policies in the Baltics: Objectives and Priorities
Authors:   Saint-Petersburg State University, Gribanova G. I. , Kosov Yu. V. ,   Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration
Published: May 2018

The authors employ geopolitical analysis to identify the core characteristics of NATO’s current policy towards the Baltic Sea region. After the demise of the Soviet Union, the region was considered as one of the safest in terms of military security. However, in the aftermath of the Ukraine crisis, the region has witnessed a growing tension in relations between NATO and the Russian Federation. A comparative analysis of NATO’s official documents on the Baltics shows that the chief pretext for increased military presence in the region is the alleged need to defend the Baltic states from the Russian threat. Special attention is paid to the attempts of Western military strategists to encourage the neutral Nordic states — Sweden and Finland — to accede to NATO. This would lead to the organisation’s northern enlargement. The current situation suggests that to ease tension in the Baltic Sea region Russia has not only to respond adequately to emerging military threats but also to launch an awareness campaign to explain its position and dispel the myth about Russia preparing to start a hybrid war against the Baltic States.
The Effect of Migration on Latvia’s Sex and Age Composition
Authors:   Saint-Petersburg State University, Zhitin D. V. , Krisjane Z. ,   University of Latvia, Sechi G. ,   University of Latvia
Published: May 2018

The theory of Demographic Transition stipulates that the number of countries with the replacement and sub-replacement level of the total fertility rate is growing. In these conditions, population dynamics and the sex and age composition are increasingly affected by migration. The above holds true for Eastern European countries. Population decline has haunted Latvia for two and a half decades. Since 1990, the net migration rate has been negative, which contributes to depopulation. This study aims to reveal the effect of migration on the sex and age composition across Latvia and its largest cities. The authors consider hypothetical transformations in the country’s age structure in 2000—2015 in the case of zero net migration. The study uses the cohort component methods and considers the actual agespecific mortality and birth rates. The analysis of the results obtained for the population of Latvia and its individual cities makes it possible to identify temporal and age/space features of migration. A comparison of the official data with net migration rates calculated for different age groups ensures a more accurate estimate of the actual volume and direction of migration flows for certain Latvian cities. The method for calculating net migration for the selected age groups, described in the article, may narrow the gaps in the current migration statistics and reveal the territorial inhomogeneity of demographic processes.
Police officers’ perspectives on state (police) violence: A sociomoral and psychological-driven study on disengagement
Authors: Soares Mónica , Barbosa Mariana , Matos Raquel
Published: May 2018

This paper comprises a theoretical and empirical incursion into the phenomenon of state violence, namely police violence. Although extensively explored in different perspectives within and outside academia, police violence is complex and has not been sufficiently problematized yet. In our understanding, this phenomenon requires a dialectical and dynamic discussion wherein both the development of state powers (macro-perspective) and how these powers affect the subjectification of those who act on their behalf (micro-perspective) are articulated into a critical analysis. In more concrete terms, the present study contributes to such analysis by shedding light on the main processes of moral disengagement (cf. Bandura, 1990, 1999, 2004) disclosed in the internal perspectives of six Portuguese police officers about common daily work-related situations. To legitimize the resort to police violence, police officers rely heavily on different mechanisms of moral disengagement. For instance, sanitizing language (anchored in a police technical jargon) is typically used as a linguistic mechanism to disguise violent actions; advantageous comparisons with other law enforcement agencies or with the recipient’s conduct are typically employed; non-lethal violence is usually minimized and portrayed as innocuous; and the recipient of violence is usually dehumanised and seen as responsible for the acts of violence. The findings are discussed based on the moral disengagement theory (Bandura, 1990, 1999, 2004); on the denial approach (Cohen, 2001, 2003); and on the impact of organizational, legal and socio-cultural dimensions of police organization (e.g., Fassin, 2011; Huggins, Haritos-Fatouros, & Zimbardo, 2002).
Expositions in the research catalog / Exposições no catálogo de pesquisa
Authors: Schwab Michael
Published: May 2018

O Research Catalog, RC (Catálogo de Pesquisa)e o Journal for Artistic Research, JAR (Revista de Pesquisa Artística)são projetos interligados, mas com metas e propósitos muito diferentes. O RC é um espaço de trabalho gratuito online e basicamente privativo que permite a (auto-)publicação e pesquisa artística. JAR é um periódico acadêmico, avaliado pelos pares, de livre acesso, para a publicação e disseminação de pesquisa artística. JAR atua como o primeiro de uma série de portais planejados, especializados para pesquisas selecionadas publicadas no RC que utilizam a tecnologia disponibilizada, incluindo a interface de design e o procedimento integrado de envio e publicação.
Cykelsport er liv og ære om at gøre
Authors: Jespersen Ejgil
Published: May 2018

Da jeg begyndte at studere psykologi på Aarhus Universitet i 1970, ville jeg være sportspsykolog. I 1968 var min korte cykelsportskarriere kulmineret, men cykelsporten havde ikke sluppet sit tag i mig. I foråret 1972 debuterede jeg således med en psykologiopgave (Jespersen 1972) om mit forbillede, cykelrytteren Niels Fredborg, der senere dette år vandt guld til Danmark ved de Olympiske Lege (OL) i München. På baggrund af mit personlige forhold til Niels Fredborg vil jeg i dette essay skrive om hvorledes cykelsport – når det går bedst for sig – er liv og ære om at gøre.
Value generalization in human avoidance learning
Authors: Norbury Agnes , Robbins Trevor W , Seymour Ben
Published: May 2018

Generalization during aversive decision-making allows us to avoid a broad range of potential threats following experience with a limited set of exemplars. However, over-generalization, resulting in excessive and inappropriate avoidance, has been implicated in a variety of psychological disorders. Here, we use reinforcement learning modelling to dissect out different contributions to the generalization of instrumental avoidance in two groups of human volunteers (N = 26, N = 482). We found that generalization of avoidance could be parsed into perceptual and value-based processes, and further, that value-based generalization could be subdivided into that relating to aversive and neutral feedback − with corresponding circuits including primary sensory cortex, anterior insula, amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Further, generalization from aversive, but not neutral, feedback was associated with self-reported anxiety and intrusive thoughts. These results reveal a set of distinct mechanisms that mediate generalization in avoidance learning, and show how specific individual differences within them can yield anxiety.
Uncovering the hidden players in Lepidoptera biology: the heritable microbial endosymbionts
Authors: Duplouy Anne , Hornett Emily A.
Published: May 2018

The Lepidoptera is one of the most widespread and recognisable insect orders. Due to their remarkable diversity, economic and ecological importance, moths and butterflies have been studied extensively over the last 200 years. More recently, the relationship between Lepidoptera and their heritable microbial endosymbionts has received increasing attention. Heritable endosymbionts reside within the host’s body and are often, but not exclusively, inherited through the female line. Advancements in molecular genetics have revealed that host-associated microbes are both extremely prevalent among arthropods and highly diverse. Furthermore, heritable endosymbionts have been repeatedly demonstrated to play an integral role in many aspects of host biology, particularly host reproduction. Here, we review the major findings of research of heritable microbial endosymbionts of butterflies and moths. We promote the Lepidoptera as important models in the study of reproductive manipulations employed by heritable endosymbionts, with the mechanisms underlying male-killing and feminisation currently being elucidated in moths and butterflies. We also reveal that the vast majority of research undertaken of Lepidopteran endosymbionts concernsWolbachia. While this highly prevalent bacterium is undoubtedly important, studies should move towards investigating the presence of other, and interacting endosymbionts, and we discuss the merits of examining the microbiome of Lepidoptera to this end. We finally consider the importance of understanding the influence of endosymbionts under global environmental change and when planning conservation management of endangered Lepidoptera species.
The brown anole dewlap revisited: do predation pressure, sexual selection, and species recognition shape among-population signal diversity?
Authors: Baeckens Simon , Driessens Tess , Van Damme Raoul
Published: May 2018

Animal signalling structures are amongst the most variable characteristics, as they are subjected to a diversity of selection pressures. A well-known example of a diverse signalling system in the animal kingdom is the dewlap ofAnolislizards. Dewlap characteristics can vary remarkably among and within species, and also between sexes. Although a considerable amount of studies have attempted to disentangle the functional significance of the staggering dewlap diversity inAnolis, the underlying evolutionary processes remain elusive. In this study, we focus on the contribution of biotic selective pressures in shaping geographic variation in dewlap design (size, colour, and pattern) and dewlap display behaviour at the intraspecific level. Notably, we have tried to replicate and extend previously reported results hereof in both sexes of the brown anole lizard (Anolis sagrei). To do this, we assembled a dataset consisting of 17A. sagreiheterogeneous island populations from the Caribbean and specifically tested whether predation pressure, sexual selection, or species recognition could explain interpopulational variation in an array of dewlap characteristics. Our findings show that in neither males nor females estimates of predation pressure (island size, tail break frequency, model attack rate, presence of predatoryLeiocephaluslizards) or sexual selection (sexual size dimorphism) could explain variation in dewlap design. We did find thatA. sagreimales from larger islands showed higher dewlap display intensities than males from smaller islands, but the direct connection with predation pressure remains ambiguous and demands further investigation. Last, we could show indirect support for species recognition only in males, as they are more likely to have a ‘spotted’ dewlap pattern when co-occurring with a higher number of syntopicAnolisspecies. In conclusion, we found overall limited support for the idea that the extensive interpopulational variability in dewlap design and use inA. sagreiis mediated by variation in their biotic environment. We propose a variety of conceptual and methodological explanations for this unexpected finding.
Genotoxic stress induces Sca‐1‐expressing metastatic mammary cancer cells
Authors: Gong Jianlin , Lang Benjamin J. , Weng Desheng , Eguchi Takanori , Murshid Ayesha , Borges Thiago J. , Doshi Sachin , Song Baizheng , Stevenson Mary A. , Calderwood Stuart K.
Published: May 2018

We describe a cell damage‐induced phenotype in mammary carcinoma cells involving acquisition of enhanced migratory and metastatic properties. Induction of this state by radiation required increased activity of the Ptgs2 gene product cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox2), secretion of its bioactive lipid product prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and the activity of the PGE2 receptor EP4. Although largely transient, decaying to low levels in a few days to a week, this phenotype was cumulative with damage and levels of cell markers Sca‐1 and ALDH1 increased with treatment dose. The Sca‐1+, metastatic phenotype was inhibited by both Cox2 inhibitors and PGE2 receptor antagonists, suggesting novel approaches to radiosensitization.
High‐Z Sensitized Plastic Scintillators: A Review
Authors: Hajagos Tibor Jacob , Liu Chao , Cherepy Nerine J. , Pei Qibing
Published: May 2018

The need for affordable and reliable radiation detectors has prompted significant investment in new radiation detector materials, due to concerns about national security and nuclear nonproliferation. Plastic scintillators provide an affordable approach to large volume detectors, yet their performance for high‐energy gamma radiation is severely limited by the small radiation stopping power inherent to their low atomic number. Although some sensitization attempts with organometallics were made in the 1950s to 1960s, the concomitant decrease in light yield has limited the usefulness of these sensitized detectors. Recently, with new knowledge gained during the rapid development of organic optoelectronics and nanotechnology, there has been a revived interest in the field of heavy element sensitized plastic scintillators. Here, the recent efforts on sensitized plastic scintillators are summarized. Basic scintillator physics is first reviewed. The discussion then focuses on two major thrusts in the field: sensitization with: (1) organometallics and (2) oxide and fluoride nanoparticles. The design rationales and major results are examined in detail, with existing limitations and possible future pathways discussed. Special attention is paid to the underlying energy deposition and transfer processes, as these determine the key performance metrics such as light yield and radioluminescence decay lifetime.
Regional variation in weight‐for‐height z‐scores and surface area/body mass ratio of Chilean children from birth to 3 years of age
Authors: Retamal Rodrigo , Mascie‐Taylor C. G. Nicholas
Published: May 2018

Objective

The objectives of the study were to see how much of the variation in weight‐for‐height z‐scores (WHZ) and surface area/body mass ratio (SA/mass) were associated with regional (county) differences including mean temperature.

Subjects and methods

Longitudinal data were obtained from routine medical check‐ups on 8,373 children from nine counties across Chile. WHZ and SA/mass were calculated from weight and height from birth to 3‐years old at 6 monthly intervals. County of birth was used as an independent variable after controlling for sociodemographic factors. Sequential repeated‐measures ANOVAs were used to analyze the changes in WHZ and SA/mass over the seven measurements from birth to 3 years of age. Simple and partial Pearson correlations were calculated between WHZ and annual mean temperature and between SA/mass and annual mean temperature after controlling for socioeconomic factors.

Results

County of birth was significantly (p < 0.001) associated with both WHZ and SA/mass. There was a progressive decrease in WHZ means and a progressive increase in SA/mass means from colder to warmer counties. Significant negative correlation in WHZ (r < −0.864) and significant positive correlations in SA/mass (r > 0.821) were found with the annual mean temperature from 18 months of age onwards and in the overall mean age.

Conclusion

This study suggests that WHZ and SA/mass variation may be influenced by ecogeographical factors in this Chilean sample.
Enhancing the rights and well‐being of people with acquired brain injuries in the criminal justice system: Some findings from a qualitative study
Authors: Lansdell Gaye , Saunders Bernadette , Eriksson Anna , Bunn Rebecca , Baidawi Susan
Published: May 2018

This article focuses on the issues currently facing people with an acquired brain injury (ABI) in the criminal justice system in the state of Victoria, Australia and, in particular, the impact of this condition on people suffering various forms of social disadvantage. This qualitative study involved in‐depth interviews with key stakeholders, such as service providers working in the system, court personnel including Magistrates and Judges, legal practitioners and persons living with an ABI and their carers. The aim was to determine the advantages and limitations of current policy and practices, and to identify possible actions which could lead to improved outcomes for this cohort. This paper responds to our research findings in relation to two key areas: first, the awareness of ABI amongst legal practitioners and service providers, prompting the need for better education, training and professional development; and second, the requirement to improve processes for identification, assessment and support, for people involved in the criminal justice system with ABI. A number of systemic modifications and educational initiatives are recommended to address the unreasonable and unacceptable impacts on persons living with an ABI in the criminal justice system.
Conformationally Programmable Chiral Foldamers with Compact and Extended Domains Controlled by Monomer Structure
Authors: Lockhart Zachariah , Knipe Peter C.
Published: May 2018

Foldamers are an important class of abiotic macromolecules, with potential therapeutic applications in the disruption of protein–protein interactions. The majority adopt a single conformational motif such as a helix. A class of foldamer is now introduced where the choice of heterocycle within each monomer, coupled with a strong conformation‐determining dipole repulsion effect, allows both helical and extended conformations to be selected. Combining these monomers into hetero‐oligomers enables highly controlled exploration of conformational space and projection of side‐chains along multiple vectors. The foldamers were rapidly constructed via an iterative deprotection‐cross‐coupling sequence, and their solid‐ and solution‐phase conformations were analysed by X‐ray crystallography and NMR and CD spectroscopy. These molecules may find applications in protein surface recognition where the interface does not involve canonical peptide secondary structures.
Chemical/Light‐Powered Hybrid Micromotors with “On‐the‐Fly” Optical Brakes
Authors: Chen Chuanrui , Tang Songsong , Teymourian Hazhir , Karshalev Emil , Zhang Fangyu , Li Jinxing , Mou Fangzhi , Liang Yuyan , Guan Jianguo , Wang Joseph
Published: May 2018

Hybrid micromotors capable of both chemically powered propulsion and fuel‐free light‐driven actuation and offering built‐in optical brakes for chemical propulsion are described. The new hybrid micromotors are designed by combining photocatalytic TiO2 and catalytic Pt surfaces into a Janus microparticle. The chemical reactions on the different surfaces of the Janus particle hybrid micromotor can be tailored by using chemical or light stimuli that generate counteracting propulsion forces on the catalytic Pt and photocatalytic TiO2 sides. Such modulation of the surface chemistry on a single micromotor leads to switchable propulsion modes and reversal of the direction of motion that reflect the tuning of the local ion concentration and hence the dominant propulsion force. An intermediate Au layer (under the Pt surface) plays an important role in determining the propulsion mechanism and operation of the hybrid motor. The built‐in optical braking system allows “on‐the‐fly” control of the chemical propulsion through a photocatalytic reaction on the TiO2 side to counterbalance the chemical propulsion force generated on the Pt side. The adaptive dual operation of these chemical/light hybrid micromotors, associated with such control of the surface chemistry, holds considerable promise for designing smart nanomachines that autonomously reconfigure their propulsion mode for various on‐demand operations.
Undoped Layered Perovskite Oxynitride Li2LaTa2O6N for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction with Visible Light
Authors: Oshima Takayoshi , Ichibha Tom , Qin Ken Sinkou , Muraoka Kanemichi , Vequizo Junie Jhon M. , Hibino Keisuke , Kuriki Ryo , Yamashita Shunsuke , Hongo Kenta , Uchiyama Tomoki , Fujii Kotaro , Lu Daling , Maezono Ryo , Yamakata Akira , Kato Hideki , Kimoto Koji , Yashima Masatomo , Uchimoto Yoshiharu , Kakihana Masato , Ishitani Osamu , Kageyama Hiroshi , Maeda Kazuhiko
Published: May 2018

Oxynitrides are promising visible‐light‐responsive photocatalysts, but their structures are almost confined with three‐dimensional (3D) structures such as perovskites. A phase‐pure Li2LaTa2O6N with a layered perovskite structure was successfully prepared by thermal ammonolysis of a lithium‐rich oxide precursor. Li2LaTa2O6N exhibited high crystallinity and visible‐light absorption up to 500 nm. As opposed to well‐known 3D oxynitride perovskites, Li2LaTa2O6N supported by a binuclear RuII complex was capable of stably and selectively converting CO2 into formate under visible light (λ>400 nm). Transient absorption spectroscopy indicated that, as compared to 3D oxynitrides, Li2LaTa2O6N possesses a lower density of mid‐gap states that work as recombination centers of photogenerated electron/hole pairs, but a higher density of reactive electrons, which is responsible for the higher photocatalytic performance of this layered oxynitride.