bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The challenges of delivering good practice for volunteer youth workers in youth development organisations
Authors: Adam Rod
Published: June 2017

Recent research has shown that programs provided by youth development organisations are of considerable benefit to those young people who engage with the aims and activities of such programs. These programs (e.g. Scouts, Guides, Boys’ and Girls’ Brigades, Surf Lifesaving) are generally provided and run by adult volunteers. This article seeks to explore the main issues for volunteers with regard to implementing these programs, including the reasons why people volunteer in the first place, what community support and resourcing are available and the difficulties of running a program with too few volunteers. The main limiting factor in the success of these programs is the available volunteers, their individual skill levels, the time they have to give and whether they feel the return for their efforts is worthwhile. Community and parental recognition is also a significant factor in their satisfaction and longevity. Volunteers generally gain satisfaction and motivation through a mix of self-worth gained through community service and being able to pass on the program and ethos of their particular organisation. How long a volunteer serves as a leader is closely connected with their satisfaction level. The author’s many years of experience at local and state level provides insight into the recruitment and retention of volunteer leaders and their important role in continuing to provide youth programs at the local level.
How adult volunteers contribute to positive youth development in the twenty-first century
Authors: O’Brien Denis
Published: June 2017

This article reflects on the importance of adult volunteers in Foroige, a leading Irish youth development organisation. Volunteers make up some 97 per cent of all youth workers in Ireland. Outcomes for huge numbers of young people are mediated through and depend upon volunteers’ suitability, availability, knowledge and skills. The article takes as its starting point three pieces of research in Foroige. Using this evidence, I describe what appear to be the key strengths ´ of the cohorts of volunteers we studied and how Foroige builds on these to ´ reach positive youth development outcomes similar to those sought by the Queensland framework. To support this, Foroige has invested heavily on volunteer development to increase volunteer engagement and provide more roles in which volunteers can participate in achieving youth development outcomes. I explore the value of the positive interactions between volunteers and young people, the role of volunteers in increasing young people’s connectedness to community, and the impact on volunteers of other life issues that compete for their time. I outline how the outputs and outcomes of youth work in Foroige ´would be hugely diminished without adult volunteers.
Building youth leadership confidence in 1475 (Dulwich) Squadron Air Training Corps
Authors: Mehmet Kevin , Howell Chris
Published: June 2017

This article reflects upon the 1475 Dulwich Squadron Air Training Corps (ATC) Cadet Non-Commissioned Officer (NCO) training course. The course was first delivered in 1982 for fourteen- to seventeen-year-olds, running between November and April every year since then. The contemporary course consists of 210 hours of instruction, training, outbound exercises, in-class workshops, debriefing, individual feedback and coaching. The focus of this course is on communication, teamwork, emotional intelligence, confidence and courage. The young people are taken out of their comfort zones delivering talks, giving instruction to other cadets and taking turns in leadership during the challenging outbound exercises. The core philosophy of the course is to present the young people with complex problems where there is no right answer. Then the young people are debriefed, drawing out lessons that they have learnt themselves and using a positive constructive frame for the learning. This article explores our journey across various iterations of leadership courses to this contemporary course, why this work has been important, what worked, what didn’t and how this work has positively changed the outcomes for cadets and the operation and practices of the 1475 Squadron, to deliver a strong young leadership team.
From paper to program
Authors: Minis Marion
Published: June 2017

No matter how excellent a framework for a new program is or how great it looks on paper, the challenge is how to ‘translate’ it into practice in such a way that it is an asset to the paid staff, volunteers and children involved. In this article, experiences of program development and delivery at Criss Cross Consultancy (CCC), where programs to empower vulnerable people are designed, are shared. With reference to the Good Practice Framework, the article draws on extensive program management experience to explore how good communication can support the effective design, implementation and delivery of programs. It illustrates the link between practice, meaningful communication and inclusion. Meaningful communication enables program content to be designed and adjusted to meet the needs of staff and children; shared decision-making to build co-ownership; recognition of expertise and matching people to roles; and effective top-down and bottom-up communication practices that engage with everyone. These communication outcomes are explored and examples are provided to illustrate how meaningful communication underpins the success of translating a program idea into a reality.
Should Archaeologists Care about 14C Intercomparisons? Why? A Summary Report on SIRI
Authors: Scott E M , Naysmith P , Cook G T
Published: June 2017

Radiocarbon (14C) dating is used widely in many projects as a basis for the creation and testing of chronological constructs. 14C measurements are by their nature complex and the degree of sample pretreatment varies considerably depending on the material. Within the United Kingdom and Europe, there are a number of well-established laboratories and increasingly, archaeologists are not just commissioning new dates, but also using statistical modelling of assemblages of dates, perhaps measured in different laboratories, to provide formal date estimates for their sites. The issue of comparability of measurements (and thus bias, accuracy and precision of measurement) from the diverse laboratories is one which has been the focus of some attention both within the 14C community and the wider user communities for some time. As a result of this but also as part of laboratory benchmarking and quality assurance, the 14C community has undertaken a wide-scale, far-reaching, and evolving program of intercomparisons, to the benefit of laboratories and users alike. This paper summarizes the most recent exercise, the Sixth International Radiocarbon Intercomparison (SIRI).
Becoming the ‘Baddest’: Masculine Trajectories of Gang Violence in Medellín
Authors: BAIRD ADAM
Published: June 2017

Drawing upon 40 life-history interviews with gang members in Medellín, Colombia, this paper argues that many young men join gangs to emulate and reproduce ‘successful’ local male identities. The accumulation by the gang of ‘masculine capital’, the material and symbolic signifiers of manhood, and the accompanying stylistic and timely displays of this capital, means that youths often perceive gangs to be spaces of male success. This drives the social reproduction of gangs. Once in the gang, the youths become increasingly ‘bad’, using violence to defend the gang's interests in exchange for masculine capital. Gang leaders, colloquially known asdurosor ‘hard men’, tend to be themás malos, the ‘baddest’. The ‘ganging process’ should not be understood in terms of aberrant youth behaviour; rather there is practical logic to joining the gang as a site of identity formation for aspirational young men who are coming of age when conditions of structural exclusion conspire against them.
ROBUST POLITICAL ECONOMY AND THE PRIORITY OF MARKETS
Authors: Pennington Mark
Published: June 2017

This essay offers a “nonideal” case for giving institutional priority to markets and private contracting in the basic structure of society. It sets out a “robust political economy” framework to examine how different political economic regime types cope with frictions generated by the epistemic limitations of decision-makers and problems of incentive incompatibility. Focusing on both efficiency arguments and distributive justice concerns the essay suggests that a constitutional structure that prioritizes consensual exchange is more likely to sustain a cooperative venture for mutual advantage.
FEASIBILITY FOUR WAYS
Authors: Hamlin Alan
Published: June 2017

Both the idea of feasibility and the role that it might play within political theory are controversial. Recent discussions have attempted to specify an appropriate overall conceptualization of feasibility. This essay offers a more nuanced account of a number of interrelated aspects of feasibility and argues for a more realistic view of feasibility. Four aspects of feasibility are identified and discussed: resource feasibility, value feasibility, human feasibility, and institutional feasibility.
KNOWLEDGE GAPS IN ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY: A SYSTEMATIC MAPPING
Authors: Österberg Marie , Holmlund Anders , Sunzel Bo , Tranæus Sofia , Twetman Svante , Lund Bodil
Published: June 2017

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate available knowledge and identify knowledge gaps within the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery, by systematically collecting and evaluating systematic reviews. Twelve specific domains were selected: surgical removal of teeth, antibiotic and corticosteroid prophylaxis, orofacial infections, dental and facial trauma, orthognathic surgery, reconstructive surgery, benign tumors, cysts, premalignant lesions, oral complications of treatment of malignant tumors, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, temporomandibular joint surgery, cost effectiveness of different surgical treatments, and ethics.

Methods: The literature search, covering four databases, was conducted during September 2014: PubMed, The Cochrane library, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination and EBSCO dentistry and oral science source. Retrieved systematic reviews were quality assessed by AMSTAR.

Results: In all, 1,778 abstracts were identified, of which 200 met the inclusion criteria. Forty-five systematic reviews were assessed as of high to moderate quality. The results disclosed some existing evidence in a few domains, such as surgical removal of teeth and implant survival after sinus lifts. However, in all domains, the search revealed a large number of knowledge gaps. Also of concern was the lack of data regarding health economics and ethics.

Conclusions: In conclusion, there is a need for well-conducted clinical research in the fields of oral and maxillofacial surgery.
Multi-country outbreak ofSalmonella enteritidisinfection linked to the international ice hockey tournament
Authors: PÄRN T. , DAHL V. , LIENEMANN T. , PEREVOSČIKOVS J. , DE JONG B.
Published: June 2017

In April 2015, Finnish public health authorities alerted European Union member states of a possible multi-countrySalmonella enteritidisoutbreak linked to an international youth ice-hockey tournament in Latvia. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Finnish and Latvian authorities initiated an outbreak investigation to identify the source. The investigation included a description of the outbreak, retrospective cohort study, microbiological investigation and trace-back. We identified 154 suspected and 96 confirmed cases from seven countries. Consuming Bolognese sauce and salad at a specific event arena significantly increased the risk of illness. Isolates from Finnish, Swedish and Norwegian cases had an identical multiple-locus variable-number of tandem repeats analysis-profile (3-10-6-4-1). Breaches in hygiene and food storing practices in the specific arena's kitchen allowing for cross-contamination were identified. Riga Cup participants were recommended to follow good hand hygiene and consume only freshly cooked foods. This investigation demonstrated that the use of ECDC's Epidemic Intelligence Information System for Food- and Waterborne Diseases and Zoonoses platform was essential to progress the investigation by facilitating information exchange between countries. Cross-border data sharing to perform whole genome sequencing gave relevant information regarding the source of the outbreak.
European Union – Anti-Dumping Measures on Biodiesel from Argentina (EU–Biodiesel), DS473
Authors: Izadnia Rodd
Published: June 2017

This dispute concerned two measures of the European Union (EU): (i) the anti-dumping measure imposed by the EU on imports of biodiesel originating in Argentina; and (ii) the second subparagraph of Article 2(5) of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1225/2009 on protection against dumped imports from countries not members of the European Community (Basic Regulation). Argentina challenged various aspects of the anti-dumping measure on an ‘as applied’ basis, and challenged the second subparagraph of Article 2(5) of the Basic Regulation on an ‘as such’ basis.
Impact of the IVF laboratory environment on human preimplantation embryo phenotype
Authors: Gardner D. K. , Kelley R. L.
Published: June 2017

The phenotype of the human embryo conceived throughin vitrofertilization (IVF), that is its morphology, developmental kinetics, physiology and metabolism, can be affected by numerous components of the laboratory and embryo culture system (which comprise the laboratory environment). The culture media formulation is important in determining embryo phenotype, but this exists within a culture system that includes oxygen, temperature, pH and whether an embryo is cultured individually or in a group, all of which can influence embryo development. Significantly, exposure of an embryo to one suboptimal component of the culture system of laboratory typically predisposes the embryo to become more vulnerable to a second stressor, as has been well documented for atmospheric oxygen and individual culture, as well as for oxygen and ammonium. Furthermore, the inherent viability of the human embryo is derived from the quality of the gametes from which it is created. Patient age, aetiology, genetics, lifestyle (as well as ovarian stimulation in women) are all known to affect the developmental potential of gametes and hence the embryo. Thus, as well as considering the impact of the IVF laboratory environment, one needs to be aware of the status of the infertile couple, as this impacts how their gametes and embryos will respond to anin vitroenvironment. Although far from straight forward, analysing the interactions that exist between the human embryo and its environment will facilitate the creation of more effective and safer treatments for the infertile couple.
„Alle gegen einen?“ – Der Streit um den Wert von Einzelfallstudien in der kognitiven Neuropsychologie
Authors: Bormann Tobias
Published: June 2017

Zusammenfassung. Welche Relevanz besitzt eine einzelne widersprüchliche empirische Beobachtung für Modelle, deren Vorhersagen ansonsten von Dutzenden, wenn nicht Hunderten von empirischen Beobachtungen bestätigt worden sind? Reicht die Beobachtung eines Patienten aus, um ein kognitives Modell zu falsifizieren, dessen Vorhersagen in einer Studie mit 100 Datensätzen bestätigt wurden? Diese Diskussion wird derzeit mit großer Vehemenz in der kognitiven Neuropsychologie geführt, nachdem prominente Neuropsychologen den Einzelfallansatz neuerdings kritisch beurteilen und stattdessen Fallserien propagieren. Die unterschiedlichen methodischen Ansätze sind verknüpft mit konkurrierenden kognitiven Modellen der Sprachverarbeitung. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt die Debatte, die für die Zukunft der kognitiven Neuropsychologie von großer Bedeutung ist, mit ihren Protagonisten, Modellen und zentralen empirischen Befunden dar.
Novel Air Pollution Study Gauges Individual Cyclists’ Risks
Authors: Kaufman Rachel
Published: June 2017

By attaching an array of instruments to bike commuters in New York City, researchers aim to evaluate ambient pollution amounts and doses at the level of an individual cyclist.
p38α regulates cytokine‐induced IFNγ secretion via the Mnk1/eIF4E pathway in Th1 cells
Authors: Salvador‐Bernáldez María , Mateus Sara B , Del Barco Barrantes Iván , Arthur Simon C , Martínez‐A Carlos , Nebreda Angel R , Salvador Jesús M
Published: June 2017

The p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is involved in the regulation of immune and inflammatory processes. We used p38α‐conditional, p38β‐deficient and p38α/β double‐null mouse models to address the role of these two p38 MAPK in CD4+ T cells, and found that p38α deficiency causes these cells to hyperproliferate. Our studies indicate that both p38α and p38β are dispensable for T helper cell type 1 (Th1) differentiation but, by controlling interferon (IFN)γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α production, are critical for normal Th1 effector function. We found that both p38α and p38β modulate T‐cell receptor‐induced IFNγ and TNFα production, whereas only p38α regulates cytokine‐induced IFNγ production. The lack of p38α and p38β did not affect transcription and mRNA stability of Ifng. However, the absence of p38α in Th1 cells resulted in a decreased MNK1 phosphorylation after cytokine activation, and MNK1 inhibition blocked IFNγ production. Our results indicate that p38α regulates IFNγ secretion through the activation of the MNK1/eIF4E pathway of translation initiation and identify specific functions for p38α and p38β in T‐cell proliferation.
Correction: Corrigendum: EpCAM-dependent extracellular vesicles from intestinal epithelial cells maintain intestinal tract immune balance
Authors: Jiang Lingling , Shen Yingying , Guo Danfeng , Yang Diya , Liu Jiajun , Fei Xuefeng , Yang Yunshan , Zhang Buyi , Lin Zhendong , Yang Fei , Wang Xiaojian , Wang Keyi , Wang Jianli , Cai Zhijian
Published: June 2017

Nature Communications 7: Article number: 13045 (2016); Published: 10 October 2016; Updated: 14 June 2017 This Article contains an error in Fig. 8a, for which we apologize. In Fig. 8a, the control 3 image for p-ERK staining was inadvertently duplicated from the control 1 image of p-ERK staining. The correct version of this figure appears below as Fig.
Image-guided transplantation of single cells in the bone marrow of live animals
Authors: Turcotte Raphaël , Alt Clemens , Runnels Judith M. , Ito Kyoko , Wu Juwell W. , Zaher Walid , Mortensen Luke J. , Silberstein Lev , Côté Daniel C. , Kung Andrew L. , Ito Keisuke , Lin Charles P.
Published: June 2017

Transplantation of a single hematopoietic stem cell is an important method for its functional characterization, but the standard transplantation protocol relies on cell homing to the bone marrow after intravenous injection. Here, we present a method to transplant single cells directly into the bone marrow of live mice. We developed an optical platform that integrates a multiphoton microscope with a laser ablation unit for microsurgery and an optical tweezer for cell micromanipulation. These tools allow image-guided single cell transplantation with high spatial control. The platform was used to deliver single hematopoietic stem cells. The engraftment of transplants was tracked over time, illustrating that the technique can be useful for studying both normal and malignant stem cells in vivo.
An Assessment of Mobile Predator Populations along Shallow and Mesophotic Depth Gradients in the Hawaiian Archipelago
Authors: Asher Jacob , Williams Ivor D. , Harvey Euan S.
Published: June 2017

Large-bodied coral reef roving predators (sharks, jacks, snappers) are largely considered to be depleted around human population centers. In the Hawaiian Archipelago, supporting evidence is primarily derived from underwater visual censuses in shallow waters (≤30 m). However, while many roving predators are present or potentially more abundant in deeper strata (30–100 m+), distributional information remains sparse. To partially fill that knowledge gap, we conducted surveys in the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) and populated Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI) from 2012–2014 using baited remote underwater stereo-video. Surveys between 0–100 m found considerable roving predator community dissimilarities between regions, marked conspicuous changes in species abundances with increasing depth, and largely corroborated patterns documented during shallow water underwater visual censuses, with up to an order of magnitude more jacks and five times more sharks sampled in the NWHI compared to the MHI. Additionally, several species were significantly more abundant and larger in mesophotic versus shallow depths, which remains particularly suggestive of deep-water refugia effects in the MHI. Stereo-video extends the depth range of current roving predator surveys in a more robust manner than was previously available, and appears to be well-suited for large-scale roving predator work in the Hawaiian Archipelago.
Topical Fibronectin Improves Wound Healing of Irradiated Skin
Authors: Johnson Maxwell B. , Pang Brandon , Gardner Daniel J. , Niknam-Benia Solmaz , Soundarajan Vinaya , Bramos Athanasios , Perrault David P. , Banks Kian , Lee Gene K. , Baker Regina Y. , Kim Gene H. , Lee Sunju , Chai Yang , Chen Mei , Li Wei , Kwong Lawrence , Hong Young-Kwon , Wong Alex K.
Published: June 2017

Wound healing is significantly delayed in irradiated skin. To better understand global changes in protein expression after radiation, we utilized a reverse phase protein array (RPPA) to identify significant changes in paired samples of normal and irradiated human skin. Of the 210 proteins studied, fibronectin was the most significantly and consistently downregulated in radiation-damaged skin. Using a murine model, we confirmed that radiation leads to decreased fibronectin expression in the skin as well as delayed wound healing. Topically applied fibronectin was found to significantly improve wound healing in irradiated skin and was associated with decreased inflammatory infiltrate and increased angiogenesis. Fibronectin treatment may be a useful adjunctive modality in the treatment of non-healing radiation wounds.
A small-molecule DS44170716 inhibits Ca2+-induced mitochondrial permeability transition
Authors: Kon Naohiro , Satoh Atsushi , Miyoshi Naoki
Published: June 2017

Mitochondria are involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Ca2+ uptake is one of the important functions of the organelle for maintenance of cellular Ca2+ homeostasis. In pathological conditions such as ischemia reperfusion injury, Ca2+ overload into mitochondria induces mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), a critical step for cell death. Because inhibition of MPT is a promising approach to protecting cells and organs, it is important for drug discovery to identify novel chemicals or mechanisms to inhibit MPT. Here we report upon a small-molecule compound DS44170716 that inhibits Ca2+-induced MPT in rat liver isolated mitochondria. DS44170716 protects human liver HepG2 cells from Ca2+-induced death with a level of protection similar to cyclosporin A (CsA). The inhibitory mechanism of DS44170716 against MPT is independent on PPIF, a target of CsA. DS44170716 blocks Ca2+ flux into the mitochondria by decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential, while potently inhibiting mitochondrial complex III activities and weakly inhibiting complex IV and V activities. Similarly, complex III inhibitor antimycin A, complex IV inhibitor KCN or complex V inhibitor oligomycin inhibits Ca2+ uptake of isolated mitochondria. These results show that DS44170716 is a novel class inhibitor of MPT by blocking of mitochondrial complexes and Ca2+-overload into mitochondria.
Forecasting Effusive Dynamics and Decompression Rates by Magmastatic Model at Open-vent Volcanoes
Authors: Ripepe Maurizio , Pistolesi Marco , Coppola Diego , Delle Donne Dario , Genco Riccardo , Lacanna Giorgio , Laiolo Marco , Marchetti Emanuele , Ulivieri Giacomo , Valade Sébastien
Published: June 2017

Effusive eruptions at open-conduit volcanoes are interpreted as reactions to a disequilibrium induced by the increase in magma supply. By comparing four of the most recent effusive eruptions at Stromboli volcano (Italy), we show how the volumes of lava discharged during each eruption are linearly correlated to the topographic positions of the effusive vents. This correlation cannot be explained by an excess of pressure within a deep magma chamber and raises questions about the actual contributions of deep magma dynamics. We derive a general model based on the discharge of a shallow reservoir and the magmastatic crustal load above the vent, to explain the linear link. In addition, we show how the drastic transition from effusive to violent explosions can be related to different decompression rates. We suggest that a gravity-driven model can shed light on similar cases of lateral effusive eruptions in other volcanic systems and can provide evidence of the roles of slow decompression rates in triggering violent paroxysmal explosive eruptions, which occasionally punctuate the effusive phases at basaltic volcanoes.
Impact of initial active engagement in self-monitoring with a telemonitoring device on glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Lee Min-Kyung , Lee Kwang-Hyeon , Yoo Seung-Hyun , Park Cheol-Young
Published: June 2017

This study aimed to investigate the effect of patient engagement in self-monitoring with a telemonitoring device on glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes. We conducted a subanalysis of the telemonitoring device study in Kaiser Permanente Northern California members. We divided the telemonitoring group into 53 frequent and 54 infrequent users based on self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) frequency of the first 6 weeks. The frequency of SMBG transmitted from the telemonitoring device was examined over 24 weeks. Clinic and laboratory tests were collected at baseline, 6 weeks and 6 months. There was no significant difference in baseline HbA1c level between the two groups. After 6 months, change in HbA1c was −2.4 ± 1.6% among frequent users and −1.5 ± 1.5% among infrequent users (p = 0.003). The proportion of patients achieving target HbA1C level at 6 months was significantly higher among frequent users than among infrequent users. An increased frequency of SMBG was significantly correlated with a reduction in HbA1c at 6 months. In conclusion, initial active engagement in self-monitoring with a telemonitoring device could provide incremental improvement of glycemic control over 6 months.
Natural canopy bridges effectively mitigate tropical forest fragmentation for arboreal mammals
Authors: Gregory Tremaine , Carrasco-Rueda Farah , Alonso Alfonso , Kolowski Joseph , Deichmann Jessica L.
Published: June 2017

Linear infrastructure development and resulting habitat fragmentation are expanding in Neotropical forests, and arboreal mammals may be disproportionately impacted by these linear habitat clearings. Maintaining canopy connectivity through preservation of connecting branches (i.e. natural canopy bridges) may help mitigate that impact. Using camera traps, we evaluated crossing rates of a pipeline right-of-way in a control area with no bridges and in a test area where 13 bridges were left by the pipeline construction company. Monitoring all canopy crossing points for a year (7,102 canopy camera nights), we confirmed bridge use by 25 mammal species from 12 families. With bridge use beginning immediately after exposure and increasing over time, use rates were over two orders of magnitude higher than on the ground. We also found a positive relationship between a bridge’s use rate and the number of species that used it, suggesting well-used bridges benefit multiple species. Data suggest bridge use may be related to a combination of bridge branch connectivity, multiple connections, connectivity to adjacent forest, and foliage cover. Given the high use rate and minimal cost, we recommend all linear infrastructure projects in forests with arboreal mammal populations include canopy bridges.
Dispersal ability determines the scaling properties of species abundance distributions: a case study using arthropods from the Azores
Authors: Borda-de-Água Luís , Whittaker Robert J. , Cardoso Pedro , Rigal François , Santos Ana M. C. , Amorim Isabel R. , Parmakelis Aristeidis , Triantis Kostas A. , Pereira Henrique M. , Borges Paulo A. V.
Published: June 2017

Species abundance distributions (SAD) are central to the description of diversity and have played a major role in the development of theories of biodiversity and biogeography. However, most work on species abundance distributions has focused on one single spatial scale. Here we used data on arthropods to test predictions obtained with computer simulations on whether dispersal ability influences the rate of change of SADs as a function of sample size. To characterize the change of the shape of the SADs we use the moments of the distributions: the skewness and the raw moments. In agreement with computer simulations, low dispersal ability species generate a hump for intermediate abundance classes earlier than the distributions of high dispersal ability species. Importantly, when plotted as function of sample size, the raw moments of the SADs of arthropods have a power law pattern similar to that observed for the SAD of tropical tree species, thus we conjecture that this might be a general pattern in ecology. The existence of this pattern allows us to extrapolate the moments and thus reconstruct the SAD for larger sample sizes using a procedure borrowed from the field of image analysis based on scaled discrete Tchebichef moments and polynomials.
Climate response to the 8.2 ka event in coastal California
Authors: Oster Jessica L. , Sharp Warren D. , Covey Aaron K. , Gibson Jansen , Rogers Bruce , Mix Hari
Published: June 2017

A fast-growing stalagmite from the central California coast provides a high-resolution record of climatic changes synchronous with global perturbations resulting from the catastrophic drainage of proglacial Lake Agassiz at ca. 8.2 ka. High frequency, large amplitude variations in carbon isotopes during the 8.2 ka event, coupled with pulsed increases in phosphorus concentrations, indicate more frequent or intense winter storms on the California coast. Decreased magnesium-calcium ratios point toward a sustained increase in effective moisture during the event, however the magnitude of change in Mg/Ca suggests this event was not as pronounced on the western North American coast as anomalies seen in the high northern latitudes and monsoon-influenced areas. Nevertheless, shifts in the White Moon Cave record that are synchronous within age uncertainties with cooling of Greenland, and changes in global monsoon systems, suggest rapid changes in atmospheric circulation occurred in response to freshwater input and associated cooling in the North Atlantic region. Our record is consistent with intensification of the Pacific winter storm track in response to North Atlantic freshwater forcing, a mechanism suggested by simulations of the last deglaciation, and indicates this intensification led to increases in precipitation and infiltration along the California coast during the Holocene.
A Dynamical Model for Activating and Silencing the Mitotic Checkpoint
Authors: Henze Richard , Dittrich Peter , Ibrahim Bashar
Published: June 2017

The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism, exclusively sensitive to the states of kinetochores attached to microtubules. During metaphase, the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is inhibited by the SAC but it rapidly switches to its active form following proper attachment of the final spindle. It had been thought that APC/C activity is an all-or-nothing response, but recent findings have demonstrated that it switches steadily. In this study, we develop a detailed mathematical model that considers all 92 human kinetochores and all major proteins involved in SAC activation and silencing. We perform deterministic and spatially-stochastic simulations and find that certain spatial properties do not play significant roles. Furthermore, we show that our model is consistent with in-vitro mutation experiments of crucial proteins as well as the recently-suggested rheostat switch behavior, measured by Securin or CyclinB concentration. Considering an autocatalytic feedback loop leads to an all-or-nothing toggle switch in the underlying core components, while the output signal of the SAC still behaves like a rheostat switch. The results of this study support the hypothesis that the SAC signal varies with increasing number of attached kinetochores, even though it might still contain toggle switches in some of its components.
High quality factor confined Tamm modes
Authors: Symonds C. , Azzini S. , Lheureux G. , Piednoir A. , Benoit J. M. , Lemaitre A. , Senellart P. , Bellessa J.
Published: June 2017

We demonstrate that quality factors up to 5000 can be obtained in Tamm-like hybrid metal/semiconductor structures. To do this, a Bragg mirror is covered by a thin transparent layer and a metallic film. The reduced losses of these modes are related to an intermediate behavior between conventional Tamm plasmon and Bragg modes lying deeper in the semiconductor medium. One of the most striking features of this approach is that these super Tamm modes can still be spatially confined with the metal. Confinement on micrometric scale is experimentally demonstrated. The simplicity and versatility of high-Q mode control by metal structuration open perspectives for lasing and polaritonic applications.
Decreased circulating Zinc levels in Parkinson’s disease: a meta-analysis study
Authors: Du Ke , Liu Ming-Yan , Zhong Xin , Wei Min-Jie
Published: June 2017

There is no consensus on the involvement of zinc (Zn) dysfunctions in Parkinson’s Disease (PD). We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate whether circulating Zn levels in the serum, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are altered in PD. Twenty-three published studies were selected by searching the databases of PubMed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). A total of 803 PD patients and 796 controls, 342 PD patients and 392 controls, and 135 PD patients and 93 controls were included to study Zn levels in the serum, plasma, and CSF, respectively. Our meta-analysis showed that the serum Zn levels were significantly lower in PD patients compared with health controls (SMD = −0.59; 95% CI [−1.06, −0.12]; P = 0.014). A reduced Zn levels in PD patients were found when serum and plasma studies were analyzed together (SMD = −0.60, 95% CI [−0.98; −0.22]; p = 0.002). PD patients had a tendency toward reduced CSF Zn levels compared with health controls (SMD = −0.50; 95% CI [−1.76, 0.76]; P = 0.439), but no statistical significance was obtained and this data did not allow conclusions due to a small sample size of CSF studies. This study suggests that reduced Zn levels in the serum and plasma are associated with an increased risk for PD.
A tightly regulated IL-22 response maintains immune functions and homeostasis in systemic viral infection
Authors: Yi Panpan , Liang Yuejin , Yuan Denley Ming Kee , Jie Zuliang , Kwota Zakari , Chen Yan , Cong Yingzi , Fan Xuegong , Sun Jiaren
Published: June 2017

Interleukin-22 (IL-22) plays an important role in host immunity and tissue homeostasis in infectious and inflammatory diseases. However, the function and regulation of IL-22 in viral infection remain largely unknown. Here, we report that viral infection triggered early IL-22 production from the liver and lymphoid organs. γδ T cells are the main immune cells to produce IL-22 in the liver, a process mediated by the IL-23/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway. In the presence of IL-23, IL-22 production is independent of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling. In acute and persistent viral infections, IL-22 deficiency resulted in thymic and splenic hypertrophy, while excessive IL-22 induced atrophy in these lymphoid organs. Moreover, IL-22 deficiency enhanced T cell responses to promote viral clearance, but increased IL-22 in vivo decreased T cell numbers and functions in the liver and lymphoid tissues. Together, our findings reveal a significant effect of the IL-23/PI3K/mTORC1 axis on regulating IL-22 production and also identify a novel role of IL-22 in controlling antiviral T cell responses in the non-lymphoid and lymphoid organs during acute and persistent viral infections.
Two alternative pathways for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) biosynthesis are widespread among teleost fish
Authors: Oboh Angela , Kabeya Naoki , Carmona-Antoñanzas Greta , Castro L. Filipe C. , Dick James R. , Tocher Douglas R. , Monroig Oscar
Published: June 2017

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) plays important physiological roles in vertebrates. Studies in rats and rainbow trout confirmed that DHA biosynthesis proceeds through the so-called “Sprecher pathway”, a biosynthetic process requiring a Δ6 desaturation of 24:5n−3 to 24:6n−3. Alternatively, some teleosts possess fatty acyl desaturases 2 (Fads2) that enable them to biosynthesis DHA through a more direct route termed the “Δ4 pathway”. In order to elucidate the prevalence of both pathways among teleosts, we investigated the Δ6 ability towards C24 substrates of Fads2 from fish with different evolutionary and ecological backgrounds. Subsequently, we retrieved public databases to identify Fads2 containing the YXXN domain responsible for the Δ4 desaturase function, and consequently enabling these species to operate the Δ4 pathway. We demonstrated that, with the exception of Δ4 desaturases, fish Fads2 have the ability to operate as Δ6 desaturases towards C24 PUFA enabling them to synthesise DHA through the Sprecher pathway. Nevertheless, the Δ4 pathway represents an alternative route in some teleosts and we identified the presence of putative Δ4 Fads2 in a further 11 species and confirmed the function as Δ4 desaturases of Fads2 from medaka and Nile tilapia. Our results demonstrated that two alternative pathways for DHA biosynthesis exist in teleosts.
New climatic targets against global warming: will the maximum 2 °C temperature rise affect estuarine benthic communities?
Authors: Crespo Daniel , Grilo Tiago Fernandes , Baptista Joana , Coelho João Pedro , Lillebø Ana Isabel , Cássio Fernanda , Fernandes Isabel , Pascoal Cláudia , Pardal Miguel Ângelo , Dolbeth Marina
Published: June 2017

The Paris Agreement signed by 195 countries in 2015 sets out a global action plan to avoid dangerous climate change by limiting global warming to remain below 2 °C. Under that premise,in situexperiments were run to test the effects of 2 °C temperature increase on the benthic communities in a seagrass bed and adjacent bare sediment, from a temperate European estuary. Temperature was artificially increasedin situand diversity and ecosystem functioning components measured after 10 and 30 days. Despite some warmness effects on the analysed components, significant impacts were not verified on macro and microfauna structure, bioturbation or in the fluxes of nutrients. The effect of site/habitat seemed more important than the effects of the warmness, with the seagrass habitat providing more homogenous results and being less impacted by warmness than the adjacent bare sediment. The results reinforce that most ecological responses to global changes are context dependent and that ecosystem stability depends not only on biological diversity but also on the availability of different habitats and niches, highlighting the role of coastal wetlands. In the context of the Paris Agreement it seems that estuarine benthic ecosystems will be able to cope if global warming remains below 2 °C.
Preparation and Properties of A Hyperbranch-Structured Polyamine adsorbent for Carbon Dioxide Capture
Authors: He Hui , Hu Yajie , Chen Shuixia , Zhuang Linzhou , Ma Beibei , Wu Qinghua
Published: June 2017

A fibrous adsorbent with amino-terminated hyperbranch structure (PP-AM-HBP-NH2) was prepared by grafting hyperbranched polyamine (HBP-NH2) onto the acrylamide-modified polypropylene (PP) fibers. The grafting of AM on PP fibers provided the active sites for introducing HBP-NH2 onto the PP fibers. This kind of “grafting to” procedure to synthesize hyperbranch-structured fiber could overcome the disadvantages of stepwise growth procedure, avoiding the complicated synthesis process and the requirement of strict experimental conditions. The grafted HBP-NH2 was three-dimensional dentritic architecture and had a large number of pores existing within the grafted polymers, which is favorable for CO2 molecules to diffuse into the HBP-NH2. Therefore, the as-prepared PP-AM-HBP-NH2 fibers showed a high adsorption capacity (5.64 mmol/g) for CO2 in the presence of water at 25 °C, and the utilization efficiency of alkyl amino groups could reach 88.2%, demonstrating that the hyperbranched structure of adsorbents can greatly promote adsorption capacity and efficiency. This could be attributed to better swelling properties and lower mass transfer resistance to CO2 of the hyperbranched adsorbent. PP-AM-HBP-NH2 also showed excellent regeneration performance, and it could maintain the same adsorption capacity for CO2 after 15 recycle numbers as the fresh adsorbent.
Vertical and bevel-structured SiC etching techniques incorporating different gas mixture plasmas for various microelectronic applications
Authors: Sung Ho-Kun , Qiang Tian , Yao Zhao , Li Yang , Wu Qun , Lee Hee-Kwan , Park Bum-Doo , Lim Woong-Sun , Park Kyung-Ho , Wang Cong
Published: June 2017

This study presents a detailed fabrication method, together with validation, discussion, and analysis, for state-of-the-art silicon carbide (SiC) etching of vertical and bevelled structures by using inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching (ICP-RIE) for microelectronic applications. Applying different gas mixtures, a maximum bevel angle of 87° (almost vertical), large-angle bevels ranging from 40° to 80°, and small-angel bevels ranging from 7° to 17° were achieved separately using distinct gas mixtures at different ratios. We found that SF6 with additive O2 was effective for vertical etching, with a best etching rate of 3050 Å/min. As for the large-angle bevel structures, BCl3 + N2 gas mixtures show better characteristics, exhibiting a controllable and large etching angle range from 40° to 80° through the adjustment of the mixture ratio. Additionally, a Cl2 + O2 mixture at different ratios is applied to achieve a small-angel bevels ranging from 7° to 17°. A minimum bevel angel of approximately 7° was achieved under the specific volume of 2.4 sccm Cl2 and 3.6 sccm O2. These results can be used to improve performance in various microelectronic applications including MMIC via holes, PIN diodes, Schottky diodes, JFETs’ bevel mesa, and avalanche photodiode fabrication.
Generation of highly luminescent micro rings by optical irradiation
Authors: Kwon Jiwoong , Hwang Doyk , Lee Jong Woo , Zoh Inhae , Kang Jooyoun , Kim Seong Keun
Published: June 2017

We report light-induced generation of a circular, highly luminescent and robust microstructure strongly adhered to a glass surface.
[(CH3)3PCH2OH][CdBr3] is a perovskite-type ferroelastic compound above room temperature
Authors: Zheng Xuan , Zhou Lin , Shi Ping-Ping , Geng Fu-Juan , Fu Da-Wei , Ye Qiong
Published: June 2017

[(CH3)3PCH2OH][CdBr3] is a perovskite-type ferroelastic compound above room temperature, in which domain structures were observed.
Micro- and nano-patterned conductive graphene–PEG hybrid scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering
Authors: Smith Alec S. T. , Yoo Hyok , Yi Hyunjung , Ahn Eun Hyun , Lee Justin H. , Shao Guozheng , Nagornyak Ekaterina , Laflamme Michael A. , Murry Charles E. , Kim Deok-Ho
Published: June 2017

Topographic and graphene-functionalized culture substrates were fabricated to regulate cardiac structure and function through manipulation of micro- and nano-scale mechanical and electroconductive cues.
Organometallic rubidium and cesium compounds of the 5,6;11,12-di-o-phenylene-tetracene dianion
Authors: Wombacher T. , Goddard R. , Lehmann C. W. , Schneider J. J.
Published: June 2017

Twofold reduction of the title molecule 5,6;11,12-di-o-phenylenetetracene (DOPT) with an excess of metallic rubidium and cesium in the presence of 18-crown-6-ether (18C6) and tetraglyme results in the formation of its first Rb(i) triple-decker complex and the first Cs(i) coordination polymer of this planar hydrocarbon.
Enantioselective gold(i)-catalyzed rearrangement of cyclopropyl-substituted 1,6-enynes into 2-oxocyclobutyl-cyclopentanes
Authors: Wu Zhiyong , Lebœuf David , Retailleau Pascal , Gandon Vincent , Marinetti Angela , Voituriez Arnaud
Published: June 2017

A gold(i)-catalyzed cycloisomerization/ring expansion sequence allows the highly enantioselective synthesis of 2-oxocyclobutylcyclopentane derivatives from cyclopropyl-substituted enynes (up to 99% ee).
Dissolution behaviour and activation of selenium in phosphonium based ionic liquids
Authors: Zhang Tao , Schwedtmann Kai , Weigand Jan J. , Doert Thomas , Ruck Michael
Published: June 2017

The dissolution behaviour of grey selenium in phosphonium based ionic liquids (ILs) has been investigated for the first time by 31P and 77Se nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments.
Chemically induced degradation of CDK9 by a proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC)
Authors: Robb Caroline M. , Contreras Jacob I. , Kour Smit , Taylor Margaret A. , Abid Mohammad , Sonawane Yogesh A. , Zahid Muhammad , Murry Daryl J. , Natarajan Amarnath , Rana Sandeep
Published: June 2017

In this manuscript, for the first time, we report the synthesis of a PROTAC that selectively degrades cyclin dependent kinase 9 (CDK9).
Strong circularly polarized luminescence induced from chiral supramolecular assembly of helical nanorods
Authors: Wang Yuxiang , Li Xiaojing , Li Fei , Sun Wei-Yin , Zhu Chengjian , Cheng Yixiang
Published: June 2017

Chiral supramolecular assemblies (BNS–BPP) can exhibit circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) via electrostatic and π–π stacking interactions.
3D structure-preserving galvanic replacement to create hollow Au microstructures
Authors: Gatemala Harnchana , Ekgasit Sanong , Pienpinijtham Prompong
Published: June 2017

3D hollow Au microstructures (HL-AuMSs) are fabricated via a galvanic replacement approach. 3D nanoporous Ag microstructures (np-AgMSs) are sacrificed as a template to control the structural complexity of HL-AuMSs.
WatAA: Atlas of Protein Hydration. Exploring synergies between data mining and ab initio calculations
Authors: Černý Jiří , Schneider Bohdan , Biedermannová Lada
Published: June 2017

Water molecules represent an integral part of proteins and a key determinant of protein structure, dynamics and function.
Theoretical insights into the effect of terrace width and step edge coverage on CO adsorption and dissociation over stepped Ni surfaces
Authors: Yang Kuiwei , Zhang Minhua , Yu Yingzhe
Published: June 2017

We rationalized Ni(211) as a representative model for stepped surfaces and explored the effect of coverage on CO activation.
Investigation of the shock-induced chemical reaction (SICR) in Ni + Al nanoparticle mixtures
Authors: Xiong Yongnan , Xiao Shifang , Deng Huiqiu , Zhu Wenjun , Hu Wangyu
Published: June 2017

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to investigate the shock-compression response of Ni + Al spherical nanoparticles arranged in a NaCl-like structure.
Enhancing TMR and spin-filtration by using out-of-plane graphene insulating barrier in MTJs
Authors: Meena Shweta , Choudhary Sudhanshu
Published: June 2017

First principles investigations are performed to understand the spin-polarized transport in Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (MTJs) consisting of an out-of-plane graphene sheet as a barrier in between two CrO2 Half-Metallic-Ferromagnetic (HMF) electrodes.
Effect of zeolite confinement on the conversion of 1-butanol to butene isomers: mechanistic insights from DFT based microkinetic modelling
Authors: John Mathew , Alexopoulos Konstantinos , Reyniers Marie-Françoise , Marin Guy B.
Published: June 2017

First principles microkinetic modelling shows that, unlike in H-ZSM-5 and H-ZSM-22,trans-2-butene formation in H-FER occursviadirect dehydration of 1-butanol.