bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Part II. Design of Airscrews for Schneider Trophy Race 1927
Authors: Ralli P. A.
Published: August 2016

Racing airscrews differ essentially from Service or commercial types by reason of the extreme values of engine horse-power, revolutions and forward speed which enter into the specified requirements.

These three variables, associated with the condition that the thrust–horsepower shall be a maximum, determine the airscrew completely, but the exceptional values which they assume for racing aircraft have various important reactions on the efficiency obtainable.

Thus high power and revolutions, especially the latter, have a distinctly detrimental effect, whereas high forward speed contributes to a large extent to restore the position.

I propose to examine very briefly the relative importance of these factors and to indicate how they influenced the process of selection and design in the particular conditions of last year's race.

Let us first consider a typical power curve (Fig. I). As it is not permissible at this stage to publish actual figures in detail I have made use of relative scales which should be sufficient for our purpose.
The Machinery Installation of Airship R.101
Authors: Cave-Browne-Cave T. R.
Published: August 2016

This was a joint meeting of the Royal Aeronautical Society and the Institution of Automobile Engineers, and was held in the Lecture Hall of the Royal Society of Arts, John Street, Adelphi, W.C.2, on Thursday, November 8th, 1928.

The President : He extended a hearty welcome to all present and particularly to the new President of the Institution of Automobile Engineers (Mr. L. H. Hounsfield), whom he hoped would attend many future meetings of the Society as well as the joint meetings which had been arranged. The joint meetings had been very successful indeed in the past and he hoped that, in addition to those which had already been arranged for the present session, there would be many others in future sessions.
Some Notes on the Design of Commercial Aircraft From the Operational Point of View
Authors: Mayo R. H.
Published: August 2016

The original title put down for this paper was “The Design and Operation of Commercial Aircraft.” I hope it will be observed that I have actually taken a very much more modest title than that. A paper with so broad a title as the original one might well have been read five or six years ago, but at the present stage of development of commercial aviation, he would be a bold man indeed who would attempt to deal with two such subjects in a single one–hour paper.

It happens that the Society has had two very valuable papers dealing with commercial air transport comparatively recently. I refer in the first place to Sir Sefton Brancker's paper of October, 1925, which gave a very comprehensive review of the progress of civil aviation during its first six years, including a general survey of the development of commercial aircraft design. A little later on we had a most interesting paper by Mr. Cowley dealing with the more theoretical aspects of aircraft transport economy.
The Lubrication of Aircraft Engines
Authors: Foord F. A.
Published: August 2016

Mr. Foord: It has been truly said that “lubrication is the heart of an engine,” and I think this saying applies in the strongest possible sense to aircraft engines.

The reasons for this are manifold and one has only to consider the overall thermal efficiency, the low weight/power ratio and consequent minimum scantlings and bearing surfaces, and the high working temperatures of this class of prime mover compared with other types, to realise that the duty the lubricant has to perform is far and away more severe than is the general case.

If one takes into consideration all the various properties which the aircraft engine designer demands for the lubricant, it must be recognised that from an ideal point of view, there is no really satisfactory lubricant for the work and that the only thing that can be done in order to give the best all round results is to effect a compromise.
Erection and Rigging of Aeroplanes
Authors: Gibson W. G.
Published: August 2016

The paper to be given this evening will describe the methods used and the sequence of operations in erecting a machine which has been delivered new or overhauled from the makers, as distinct from carrying out repair work.

It is proposed to commence with the methods used for checking the correct assembly of components and the rigging of an erected machine. We will assume that a machine has been delivered to the owner in a dismantled condition; that is to say, the wings, tail units, undercarriage and centre section have all been received separately, and it is necessary to entirely re-assemble the machine. It is assumed that the machine is in good condition and that each component has been approved already.
Experiences on the Cairo-Baghdad Air Mail
Authors: Hill R. M.
Published: August 2016

The Air Mail route from Cairo to Baghdad is now securely established. Seven years ago the major portion of it, from Transjordan to Iraq, was no more than a project in certain far-seeing minds. The maps of this region between Amman in Transjordan and Ramadi, a little market town on the Euphrates, 65 miles west of Baghdad, were until 1921 painfully reticent. The countries of Egypt, Palestine, and to some extent Transjordan, had been fairly accurately mapped for some time, and were flown over extensively during the war by ourselves and the Germans. The landmarks are generally speaking abundant, and from the navigational point of view they therefore present no outstanding difficulties.
Bem Sex Role Inventory Validation in the International Mobility in Aging Study
Authors: Ahmed Tamer , Vafaei Afshin , Belanger Emmanuelle , Phillips Susan P. , Zunzunegui Maria-Victoria
Published: August 2016

Cette étude, en utilisant différentes méthodes d’analyse des facteurs, a examiné la structure de mesure de l’Inventaire des rôles sexués de Bem (IRSB). La plupart des études antérieures sur la validité ont appliqué analyse factorielle exploratoire (AFE) d’examiner l’IRSB. Il s’agissait d’évaluer les propriétés psychométriques et la validité de la construction de la forme courte IRSB comprenant 12 articles dans un échantillon administré à 1,995 personnes âgées de la vague 1 de l’Initiative internationale de la mobilité en viellissement (IIMV). Nous avons utilisé l’alpha de Cronbach pour évaluer la fiabilité et la cohérence interne et une analyse factorielle confirmatoire (AFC) afin d’évaluer les propriétés psychometriques. AFE a révélé un modèle comprenant trois facteurs, qu’on a confirmé par l’AFC, puis ceci est comparé avec le modèle structurel initial de deux facteurs. Les résultats ont révélé qu’une solution à deux facteurs (instrumentalité-expression) a montré satisfaisante validité conceptuelle et un ajustement supérieur aux données, par rapport à la solution à trois facteurs. La solution à deux facteurs confirme différences attendues entre les sexes chez les personnes âgées. L’IRSB composé de 12 articles fournit un instrument bref, psychométrique et fiable dans les échantillons internationaux des personnes âgées.
How Will We Solve the Critical Shortage of Clinician–Scientists in Psychiatry?
Authors: Nemeroff Charles B.
Published: August 2016

The number of graduating psychiatry residents who choose a career in academic medicine is remarkably small, and the percentage who become National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded investigators is even smaller. Although this trend for a reduced number of physician-scientists is true in all branches of medicine and has reached criticialproportions, the perception is that this shortage is even more severe in psychiatry. The purpose of this essay is to increase awareness of the problem and begin a discussion of the reasons why the field finds itself in this problematic situation.

First, however, it is important to more clearly define the nature of the problem. At the current time, NIH funding for research and training grants (Research Career Development Awards) has attained unprecedentedly high levels, with the percent of submitted applications that are funded higher than ever thought possible. Physicians who submit NIH grant applications are as successful as their PhD colleagues, dispelling the myth that physicians cannot compete with PhDs for such funding. Others have raised the question as to whether physicians are necessary or even desirable as investigators. In other words, the entire concept of a clinician-scientist is considered by some to be simply passé.
Serotonin Function and Gender Effects in Migraine Production and OCD
Authors: Wong Cheryl M. , Hollander Eric
Published: August 2016

A high prevalence of comorbidity has been reported between migraines and psychiatric disorders. It has been proposed that migraine headaches are mediated by stimulation of serotonin (5-HT) receptors. Past studies have demonstrated that migraine-like headaches have been produced following administration of the partial 5-HT agonist m-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP; believed to primarily affect the 5-HT2C receptor) in patients with migraines or eating disorders, especially bulimia, as well as in normal controls. We review the association between 5-HT dysfunction, as determined by response to m-CPP challenge, and migraines, looking specifically at the relationship between migraines and obsessive-compulsive disorder and gender effects.
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: An Introduction and Overview
Authors: Wassermann Eric M.
Published: August 2016

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a relatively new technique for activating the cerebral cortex through the scalp and skull. By inducing electrical currents in the brain, rTMS is able to produce a variety of effects, including muscle twitching, changes in motor performance, disruption of cognitive and perceptual processes, and changes in mood. Although the technique is noninvasive and easily tolerated by patients and normal subjects, rTMS can produce epileptic seizures and, potentially, other undesirable effects on brain function. Further studies will be required to fully define the safe ranges of the stimulation parameters.
Three Dimensional PET/MRI Images in OCD and Schizophrenia
Authors: Buchsbaum Monte S. , Spiegel-Cohen Jacqueline , Wei Tsechung
Published: August 2016

Functional brain-imaging studies have suggested an opposite pattern of brain activity in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia. Patients with OCD have higher than normal activity in the frontal lobe and caudate nucleus while patients with schizophrenia have lower than normal activity in these areas. Changes in the nature of the connections between the executive and impulse control regions of the frontal lobe and the basal ganglia might be involved in both illnesses. These findings are statistical in nature and involve structures of complex three-dimensional shapes. New technology for studying the function of these structures may be useful in exploring the relation of each structure to symptoms of specific disorders. This technology may also enable identification of anatomical and functional causes of individual differences in medication response.
Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Syndromes in Schizophrenia
Authors: Sasson Yehuda , Bermanzohn Paul C. , Zohar Joseph
Published: August 2016

While obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms in schizophrenia have been reported for many years, they have achieved only limited recognition and, perhaps for this reason, few studies their pharmacological treatment have been carried out. One suggested treatment approach is the use of different agents for different symptoms. In this article, we review the small number of published studies and case reports regarding this multi-pharmacological method of treatment for OC symptoms in schizophrenia. While each study used a somewhat different patient population and provided varying and limited information concerning patient sample, study design, and results, some tentative conclusions and treatment recommendations may be drawn from their findings.
Impotence in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Lieberman Abraham
Published: August 2016

Impotence occurs in approximately one third of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. It results from autonomic insufficiency, and is accompanied by other signs of autonomic insufficiency. Impotence may be aggravated by antiparkinsonian drugs and depression. Conversely, impotence may aggravate depression. In some patients, tremor, seborrhea, and drooling aggravate impotence by resulting in loss of self-esteem. The causes and treatment of impotence in PD are discussed in this article.
A Dimensional Approach to the Autism Spectrum
Authors: Hollander Eric , Cartwright Charles , Wong Cheryl M. , DeCaria Concetta M. , DelGiudice-Asch Gina , Buchsbaum Monte S. , Aronowitz Bonnie R.
Published: August 2016

Autism is heterogeneous with respect to clinical symptoms and etiology. A significant limitation in research of the neurobiology and treatment of autism has been the lack of attention to this heterogeneity. A dimensional approach to the study of autism is valuable in linking key symptoms to the neurobiology and treatment of the disorder in a clinically meaningful way. In this article, we outline a dimensional approach to the autism spectrum, discuss the three core dimensions of autism and their neurobiology, and review the possible links of serotonin, anterior cingulate gyrus activity, and the immune marker D8/17 to the repetitive behavior/compulsivity dimensions.
Venlafaxine Treatment of Trichotillomania: An Open Series of Ten Cases
Authors: O'Sullivan Richard L. , Keuthen Nancy J. , Rodriguez Dayami , Goodchild Paige , Christenson Gary A. , Rauch Scott L. , Jenike Michael A. , Baer Lee
Published: August 2016

In this article, we discuss the use of venlafaxine, an antidepressant with predominant effects at both noradrenergic and serotonergic reuptake sites, in the treatment of trichotillomania (TTM), a complex psychiatric condition manifested by chronic, severe hair pulling. We review case examples of 10 consecutive patients exhibiting moderately severe TTM symptoms, as judged by self-report, extent of hair loss, and duration of remission, and discuss our observations regarding the effects of venlafaxine therapy (mean dose, 274 mg/day) on these patients over the course of several months (mean, 15.1 weeks). The Massachusetts General Hospital Hair Pulling Scale, Massachusetts General Hospital Trichotillomania Impact Scale (MGH TIS), Psychiatric Institute Trichotillomania Scale (PITS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Clinical Global Improvement (CGI) scale were used to appraise the patients' condition during routine clinical visits. A retrospective chart review of clinical data demonstrated significant improvement in TTM symptoms from baseline to last clinical visit in both behavioral (MGH HPS, P=.02; PITS, P=.02) and psychosocial (MGH TIS, P=.009) terms. Mean improvement on the CGI scale was 2.38±1.51, between “much improved” (2) and “slightly improved” (3). There were no significant differences from baseline to endpoint scores on the BDI or BAI. This retrospective treatment review indicates that short-term treatment with venlafaxine improved TTM symptoms; however, longer controlled trials with extended baseline periods are needed for optimal assessment of pharmacologic treatment of TTM. We look to future studies to confirm and supplement our initial positive findings.
Neurocognitive Functioning in Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Himelstein Jessica , Halperin Jeffrey M.
Published: August 2016

The performance of nine adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was compared with the performance of 23 normal controls on computerized measures of target orientation, sustained attention, encoding speed, and motor output/response organization to determine the nature of the neurocognitive deficits of adults with ADHD. While the groups' performances on measures of sustained attention and encoding speed did not differ, significant group differences were seen on a task that targeted motor output/response organization. These data suggest that the neurocognitive difficulties of ADHD adults are not related to a primary deficit in sustained attentional functioning. Rather, the deficient information processing in ADHD adults is related to difficulties with motor output/response organization.
New Biological Models of OCD: Implications of Subtypes
Authors: Marazziti Donatella
Published: August 2016

Neurobiological studies continue to generate new clues to the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Currently, the weight of evidence implicates serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptor dysfunctions, but there is also evidence for abnormalities in other neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and noradrenaline, in neuropeptides, and for infective and immunological mechanisms. Such findings foster further questions, in particular the identification of the 5-HT receptor subtype involved, the meaning of the serotonergic abnormalities described thus far, and their relationships with the evidence of dysfunctions of other systems.

Certainly, new horizons can now be prospected for biological research in OCD with the ultimate goal of identifying the substrates of the clinical heterogeneity and of offering patients more targeted treatments.
Melatonin Rhythm Abnormalities and Sleep Disorders in the Elderly
Authors: Haimov Iris
Published: August 2016

Biological aging is often associated with sleep problems and daytime napping. Complaints of difficulty in initiating and maintaining sleep, as well as daytime drowsiness, are more common in the elderly than in any other age group. This report reviews evidence that impaired melatonin secretion is associated with sleep disorders in old age. Circulating melatonin levels have been found to be significantly lower and onset and peak times have been delayed in elderly insomniacs as compared to age-matched control subjects. In view of these findings, we investigated the effects of melatonin treatment on melatonin-deficient insomnia in the elderly. From the results of our study, it seems likely that melatonin replacement therapy may be beneficial in the initiation and maintenance of sleep in this population.
Alcohol Withdrawal: Neuroadaptation and Sensitization
Authors: Becker Howard C.
Published: August 2016

Repeated episodes of alcohol withdrawal may exacerbate the severity of future withdrawal occurrences. The progressive intensification of withdrawal symptoms may be manifested as a kindling-like mechanism. This sensitization process may reflect persistent perturbation in excitatory and inhibitory influences on brain function. Relapse is also thought to be affected by the kindling mechanism. Successive alcohol withdrawal experiences may also lead to neurologic damage and cognitive impairments. We review the research findings regarding the alcohol withdrawal kindling hypothesis and the implications of the kindling process on mechanisms of dependence, alcohol withdrawal treatment strategies, and the long-term repercussions of alcoholism.
Role of the Unquantified Electroencephalography in Psychiatric Research
Authors: Boutros Nashaat N. , Jacobson Sandra A. , Campbell Duane
Published: August 2016

This paper outlines potential research applications of the unquantified (paper or digital) electroencephalography (EEG) in psychiatry. Three main areas are highlighted: first, the need for thorough familiarity with the unquantified EEG is emphasized, including the ability to confidently recognize all normal and abnormal activities that could influence further analysis of the record as well as artifacts that can contaminate the tracings; second, the fact that definitive studies relating EEG abnormalities to psychiatric symptomatology and clinical response are lacking; and third, the potential for EEG to be utilized as a tool to decrease the risk of invasive research studies is discussed.
The Epidemiology and Phenomenology of Compulsive Sexual Behavior
Authors: Black Donald W.
Published: August 2016

Compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) is characterized by inappropriate or excessive sexual behaviors or cognitions that lead to subjective distress or impaired functioning. Both abnormal (paraphilic) and conventional (nonparaphilic) forms of sexual behavior are usually included in the definition. CSB is reported to affect 3% to 6% of the general population in the United States, occurring more frequently in men. It typically begins in the late teens or early twenties and is chronic or intermittent. The disorder has been described as a progression through four stages: preoccupation, ritualization, gratification, and despair. Men with CSB typically focus on physical sexual gratification; women focus on romantic or emotional aspects of sexuality. Psychiatric comorbidity is common, particularly substance use, mood, anxiety, and personality disorders. CSB can lead to medical complications. Risk factors are thought to include family history and childhood abuse.
Pharmacologic Treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Review of the Evidence and a Recommended Treatment Approach
Authors: Phillips Katharine A.
Published: August 2016

Research on effective pharmacotherapy for body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) has rapidly increased in recent years, with emerging data consistently indicating that serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) are often efficacious for this disorder. Although data are limited, it appears that higher SRI doses and longer treatment trials than those used for many other psychiatric disorders are often needed to treat BDD effectively. Approaches to treatment-resistant BDD have received little investigation, but available data indicate that switching to another SRI and several SRI-augmentation strategies may be helpful. This article reviews the empirical literature on BDD and offers a recommended approach to the pharmacotherapy of this distressing and often disabling disorder.
Mechanisms and the Current State of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Authors: George Mark S. , Nahas Ziad , Kozel F. Andrew , Li Xingbao , Yamanaka Kaori , Mishory Alexander , Bohning Daryl E.
Published: August 2016

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is unique among the current brain stimulation techniques because it is relatively non-invasive. TMS markedly differs from vagus nerve stimulation, deep brain stimulation and magnetic seizure therapy, all of which require either an implanted prosthesis or general anesthesia, or both. Since its rebirth in its modern form in 1985, TMS has already shown potential usefulness in at least three important domains—as a basic neuroscience research instrument, as a potential clinical diagnostic tool, and as a therapy for several different neuropsychiatric conditions. The TMS scientific literature has now expanded beyond what a single summary article can adequately cover. This review highlights several new developments in combining TMS with functional brain imaging, using TMS as a psychiatric therapy, potentially using TMS to enhance performance, and finally recent advances in the core technology of TMS. TMS' ability to non-invasively and focally stimulate the brain of an awake human is proving to be a most important development for neuroscience in general, and neuropsychiatry in particular.
New Challenges for Anxiety Disorders: Where Treatment, Resilience, and Economic Priority Converge
Authors: Pollack Mark H. , Stein Murray B. , Davidson Jonathan R.T. , Ginsberg David L.
Published: August 2016

Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent, are increasing in incidence, affect individuals early in life, and significantly impact health care and quality of life. As such, they are serious public health problems that deserve attention now and in the future. Over the last 10–20 years, there has been marked improvement in pharmacologic and psychosocial interventions for anxiety. Due to their broad spectrum of efficacy against common comorbidities and lack of association with abuse and dependence, serotonergic and mixed serotonergic noradrenergic antidepressants are first-line therapies for anxiety disorders. Benzodiazepines are still widely used in clinical practice because they are well tolerated and work quickly and effectively. Other medications that are emerging as potentially useful for selected populations with anxiety include atypical neuroleptics and anticonvulsants. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is at least as effective as medication for many patients with anxiety disorders and facilitates maintenance of benefit over the long term. Resilience, the capacity to bounce back from adversity, can be reliably measured with a psychometrically valid scale, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Compared with the general population, individuals with anxiety disorders exhibit decreased resilience. Studies have shown that pharmacologic treatment combined with CBT may increase resilience within 2–3 months. Emerging neurobiologic research indicates that noradrenergic pathways and 5-HT2 transporter efficiency may mediate effects on resiliency.
Are private defensive expenditures against storm damages affected by public programs and natural barriers? Evidence from the coastal areas of Bangladesh
Authors: Mahmud Sakib , Barbier Edward B.
Published: August 2016

This paper introduces a household model of private investment in storm protection under an endogenous risk framework to determine how defensive self-protection and self-insurance expenditures by coastal households to mitigate storm-inflicted damages are affected by the availability of public programs and the presence of a mangrove forest. The theoretical results show that publicly constructed physical barriers and mangroves encourage self-protection but discourage self-insurance expenditures. However, public disaster relief and rehabilitation programs lead to the crowding-out of self-protection but the crowding-in of self-insurance. Our empirical analysis of coastal households in Bangladesh impacted by Cyclone Sidr reveals partial support for the crowding-out and crowding-in effects of public investments and programs. Households located in a mangrove-protected area invest more in self-protection and less in self-insurance. Other controls, such as household socio-economic characteristics, also influence and add a degree of complexity to the relationship.
Test-Retest Reliability of Pediatric Heart Rate	Variability
Authors: Weiner Oren M. , McGrath Jennifer J.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Heart rate variability (HRV), an established index of autonomic cardiovascular modulation, is associated with health outcomes (e.g., obesity, diabetes) and mortality risk. Time- and frequency-domain HRV measures are commonly reported in longitudinal adult and pediatric studies of health. While test-retest reliability has been established among adults, less is known about the psychometric properties of HRV among infants, children, and adolescents. The objective was to conduct a meta-analysis of the test-retest reliability of time- and frequency-domain HRV measures from infancy to adolescence. Electronic searches (PubMed, PsycINFO; January 1970–December 2014) identified studies with nonclinical samples aged ≤ 18 years; ≥ 2 baseline HRV recordings separated by ≥ 1 day; and sufficient data for effect size computation. Forty-nine studies (N = 5,170) met inclusion criteria. Methodological variables coded included factors relevant to study protocol, sample characteristics, electrocardiogram (ECG) signal acquisition and preprocessing, and HRV analytical decisions. Fisher’s Z was derived as the common effect size. Analyses were age-stratified (infant/toddler < 5 years, n = 3,329; child/adolescent 5–18 years, n = 1,841) due to marked methodological differences across the pediatric literature. Meta-analytic results revealed HRV demonstrated moderate reliability; child/adolescent studies (Z = 0.62, r = 0.55) had significantly higher reliability than infant/toddler studies (Z = 0.42, r = 0.40). Relative to other reported measures, HF exhibited the highest reliability among infant/toddler studies (Z = 0.42, r = 0.40), while rMSSD exhibited the highest reliability among child/adolescent studies (Z = 1.00, r = 0.76). Moderator analyses indicated greater reliability with shorter test-retest interval length, reported exclusion criteria based on medical illness/condition, lower proportion of males, prerecording acclimatization period, and longer recording duration; differences were noted across age groups. HRV is reliable among pediatric samples. Reliability is sensitive to pertinent methodological decisions that require careful consideration by the researcher. Limited methodological reporting precluded several a priori moderator analyses. Suggestions for future research, including standards specified by Task Force Guidelines, are discussed.
Extended carrier lifetimes and diffusion in hybrid perovskites revealed by Hall effect and photoconductivity measurements
Authors: Chen Y. , Yi H. T. , Wu X. , Haroldson R. , Gartstein Y. N. , Rodionov Y. I. , Tikhonov K. S. , Zakhidov A. , Zhu X. -Y. , Podzorov V.
Published: August 2016

Impressive performance of hybrid perovskite solar cells reported in recent years still awaits a comprehensive understanding of its microscopic origins. In this work, the intrinsic Hall mobility and photocarrier recombination coefficient are directly measured in these materials in steady-state transport studies. The results show that electron-hole recombination and carrier trapping rates in hybrid perovskites are very low. The bimolecular recombination coefficient (10−11to 10−10 cm3 s−1) is found to be on par with that in the best direct-band inorganic semiconductors, even though the intrinsic Hall mobility in hybrid perovskites is considerably lower (up to 60 cm2 V−1 s−1). Measured here, steady-state carrier lifetimes (of up to 3 ms) and diffusion lengths (as long as 650 μm) are significantly longer than those in high-purity crystalline inorganic semiconductors. We suggest that these experimental findings are consistent with the polaronic nature of charge carriers, resulting from an interaction of charges with methylammonium dipoles.
The ATPase hCINAP regulates 18S rRNA processing and is essential for embryogenesis and tumour growth
Authors: Bai Dongmei , Zhang Jinfang , Li Tingting , Hang Runlai , Liu Yong , Tian Yonglu , Huang Dadu , Qu Linglong , Cao Xiaofeng , Ji Jiafu , Zheng Xiaofeng
Published: August 2016

Dysfunctions in ribosome biogenesis cause developmental defects and increased cancer susceptibility; however, the connection between ribosome assembly and tumorigenesis remains unestablished. Here we show that hCINAP (also named AK6) is required for human 18S rRNA processing and 40S subunit assembly. Homozygous CINAP−/− mice show embryonic lethality. The heterozygotes are viable and show defects in 18S rRNA processing, whereas no delayed cell growth is observed. However, during rapid growth, CINAP haploinsufficiency impairs protein synthesis. Consistently, hCINAP depletion in fast-growing cancer cells inhibits ribosome assembly and abolishes tumorigenesis. These data demonstrate that hCINAP reduction is a specific rate-limiting controller during rapid growth. Notably, hCINAP is highly expressed in cancers and correlated with a worse prognosis. Genome-wide polysome profiling shows that hCINAP selectively modulates cancer-associated translatome to promote malignancy. Our results connect the role of hCINAP in ribosome assembly with tumorigenesis. Modulation of hCINAP expression may be a promising target for cancer therapy.
Microbial Nanoculture as an Artificial Microniche
Authors: Niepa Tagbo H. R. , Hou Likai , Jiang Hongyuan , Goulian Mark , Koo Hyun , Stebe Kathleen J. , Lee Daeyeon
Published: August 2016

Microbes self-organize in microcolonies while transitioning to a sessile form within a protective biofilm matrix. To enable the detailed study of microbial dynamics within these microcolonies, new sessile culture systems are needed that sequester cells and mimic their complex growth conditions and interactions. We present a new nanoliter-scale sessile culture system that is easily implemented via microfluidics-enabled fabrication. Hundreds of thousands of these nanocultures can be easily generated and imaged using conventional or confocal microscopy. Each nanoculture begins as a several nanoliter droplet of suspended cells, encapsulated by a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane. The PDMS shell provides long-lasting mechanical support, enabling long term study, and is selectively permeable to small molecules including antibiotics, signaling molecules and functional fluorescent probes. Thus, as microcolonies mature within the nanocultures, they can be stressed or interrogated using selected probes to characterize cell physiological properties, antibiotic susceptibilities, and antagonistic interactions. We demonstrate this platform by investigating broad ranges of microcolony dynamics, including direct and indirect bacterial-fungal interactions. This versatile new tool has broad potential for addressing biological questions associated with drug resistance, chronic infections, microbiome dynamics, and antibiotic discovery.
Understanding the Percolation Characteristics of Nonlinear Composite Dielectrics
Authors: Yang Xiao , Hu Jun , Chen Shuiming , He Jinliang
Published: August 2016

Nonlinear composite dielectrics can function as smart materials for stress control and field grading in all fields of electrical insulations. The percolation process is a significant issue of composite dielectrics. However, the classic percolation theory mainly deals with traditional composites in which the electrical parameters of both insulation matrix and conducting fillers are independent of the applied electric field. This paper measured the nonlinear V-I characteristics of ZnO microvaristors/silicone rubber composites with several filler concentrations around an estimated percolation threshold. For the comparison with the experiment, a new microstructural model is proposed to simulate the nonlinear conducting behavior of the composite dielectrics modified by metal oxide fillers, which is based on the Voronoi network and considers the breakdown feature of the insulation matrix for near percolated composites. Through both experiment and simulation, the interior conducting mechanism and percolation process of the nonlinear composites were presented and a specific percolation threshold was determined as 33%. This work has provided a solution to better understand the characteristics of nonlinear composite dielectrics.
Combined with Bone Marrow-Derived Cells and rhBMP-2 for Osteonecrosis after Femoral Neck Fractures in Children and Adolescents: A case series
Authors: Gao Fuqiang , Sun Wei , Guo Wanshou , Wang Bailiang , Cheng Liming , Li Zirong
Published: August 2016

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) following femoral neck fractures is a rare, yet severe, disorder in children and adolescents. This study evaluated the effectiveness of core decompression (CD) combined with implantation of bone marrow–derived cells (BMDC) and rhBMP-2 for osteonecrosis of femoral head (ONFH) after femoral neck fractures in children and adolescents. This study included 51 patients, aged 11.4–18.1 years, with ARCO stages I–III ONFH after femoral neck fractures between 2004 and 2010. The hips were divided into two groups based on whether the lateral pillar of the femoral head (LPFH) was preserved: LPFH and non-LPFH groups. All patients were followed up clinically and radiographically for a minimum of 5 years. 44 patients (86.3%) had improved clinical outcome. Radiologically, 9 of the 51 hips (17.6%) exhibited collapse onset or progression of the femoral head or narrowing of the hip joint space and one patient in the non-LPFH group required hip arthroplasty due to the worsened syndrome. The technique provided an effective therapeutic option for children and adolescents with ONFH following femoral neck fractures. It relieves hip pain and prevents the progression of osteonecrosis in young patients lasting more than 5 years after surgery.
Co-action provides rational basis for the evolutionary success of Pavlovian strategies
Authors: Sasidevan V. , Sinha Sitabhra
Published: August 2016

Strategies incorporating direct reciprocity, e.g., Tit-for-Tat and Pavlov, have been shown to be successful for playing the Iterated Prisoners Dilemma (IPD), a paradigmatic problem for studying the evolution of cooperation among non-kin individuals. However it is an open question whether such reciprocal strategies can emerge as the rational outcome of repeated interactions between selfish agents. Here we show that adopting a co-action perspective, which takes into account the symmetry between agents - a relevant consideration in biological and social contexts - naturally leads to such a strategy. For a 2-player IPD, we show that the co-action solution corresponds to the Pavlov strategy, thereby providing a rational basis for it. For an IPD involving many players, an instance of the Public Goods game where cooperation is generally considered to be harder to achieve, we show that the cooperators always outnumber defectors in the co-action equilibrium. This can be seen as a generalization of Pavlov to contests involving many players. In general, repeated interactions allow rational agents to become aware of the inherent symmetry of their situation, enabling them to achieve robust cooperation through co-action strategies - which, in the case of IPD, is a reciprocal Pavlovian one.
Enhancing alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction activity through Ni–Mn3O4 nanocomposites
Authors: Li Xu , Liu Peng Fei , Zhang Le , Zu Meng Yang , Yang Yun Xia , Yang Hua Gui
Published: August 2016

Ni–Mn3O4 nanocomposites, grown on Ni foam by a hydrothermal method, show unprecedented activity and durability to catalyze the HER in alkaline solution.
An efficient hydrogenation catalyst in sulfuric acid for the conversion of nitrobenzene to p-aminophenol: N-doped carbon with encapsulated molybdenum carbide
Authors: Wang Tao , Dong Zhen , Cai Weimeng , Wang Yongzheng , Fu Teng , Zhao Bin , Peng Luming , Ding Weiping , Chen Yi
Published: August 2016

The transfer of catalytic function from molybdenum carbide to N-doped carbon for catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to p-aminophenol.
Target-controlled gating liposome “off–on” cascade amplification for sensitive and accurate detection of phospholipase D in breast cancer cells with a low-background signal
Authors: Xue Qingwang , Jiang Wei , Wang Lei
Published: August 2016

Here we developed a simple, sensitive and accurate PLD detection method based on a target-controlled gating liposome (TCGL) “off–on” cascade amplified strategy and personal glucose meters (PGMs).
Chiral supramolecular polymers consisting of planar-chiral pillar[5]arene enantiomers
Authors: Ogoshi Tomoki , Furuta Takuya , Yamagishi Tada-aki
Published: August 2016

Supramolecular polymers with diverse chiralities were constructed by supramolecular polymerization of pillar[5]arene-based planar-chiral host–guest conjugates.
Structural diversity, luminescence and photocatalytic properties of six coordination polymers based on designed bifunctional 2-(imidazol-1-yl)terephthalic acid
Authors: Zhang Xiutang , Fan Liming , Fan Weiliu , Li Bin , Liu Guangzeng , Liu Xinzheng , Zhao Xian
Published: August 2016

Six CPs, based on 2-(imidazol-1-yl)terephthalic acid, have been prepared and characterized.
An adaptive distance-based group contribution method for thermodynamic property prediction
Authors: He Tanjin , Li Shuang , Chi Yawei , Zhang Hong-Bo , Wang Zhi , Yang Bin , He Xin , You Xiaoqing
Published: August 2016

A new distance-based group contribution method that describes intramolecular interactions systematically is developed to calculate thermodynamic properties accurately and efficiently.
Statistical thermodynamics of non-stoichiometric ceria and ceria zirconia solid solutions
Authors: Bulfin B. , Hoffmann L. , de Oliveira L. , Knoblauch N. , Call F. , Roeb M. , Sattler C. , Schmücker M.
Published: August 2016

The statistical mechanics of lattice configurations are used to develop an analytical model of non-stoichiometry in ceria and ceria zirconia.
Mechanical response of all-MoS2 single-layer heterostructures: a ReaxFF investigation
Authors: Mortazavi Bohayra , Ostadhossein Alireza , Rabczuk Timon , van Duin Adri C. T.
Published: August 2016

Mechanical properties of all-MoS2 single-layer structures at room temperature are explored using ReaxFF simulations.
Mutagenic induction of an ultra-fast water-chain proton wire
Authors: Wineman-Fisher Vered , Simkovich Ron , Huppert Dan , Trujillo Kristina , Remington S. James , Miller Yifat
Published: August 2016

Replacement of the hydroxyl group of a hydrophilic sidechain by an H atom in the proton wire of GFP induces formation of a water-chain proton wire.
Accessibility enhancement of TS-1-based catalysts for improving the epoxidation of plant oil-derived substrates
Authors: Wilde Nicole , Přech Jan , Pelz Marika , Kubů Martin , Čejka Jiří , Gläser Roger
Published: August 2016

TS-1-based catalysts with different textural features, namely layered TS-1, pillared TS-1, and Ti-pillared TS-1 as well as mesoporous TS-1, were investigated in the liquid-phase epoxidation of methyl oleate as a model compound for plant oil-derived substrates with hydrogen peroxide at 50 °C.
Choosing the best molecular precursor to prepare Li4Ti5O12 by the sol–gel method using 1H NMR: evidence of [Ti3(OEt)13]− in solution
Authors: García-Herbosa Gabriel , Aparicio Mario , Mosa Jadra , Cuevas José V. , Torroba Tomás
Published: August 2016

1H NMR spectroscopy can be used to choose the best precursor to prepare the lithium ionic conductor Li4Ti5O12 by the sol–gel method.
Anisotropic thermal motion in transition-metal carbonyls from experiments and ab initio theory
Authors: Deringer Volker L. , Wang Ai , George Janine , Dronskowski Richard , Englert Ulli
Published: August 2016

This proof-of-concept study extends the ab initio computation of anisotropic displacement parameters to complexes with transition metal centres.
Review of chemical and electrokinetic remediation of PCBs contaminated soils and sediments
Authors: Fan Guangping , Wang Yu , Fang Guodong , Zhu Xiangdong , Zhou Dongmei
Published: August 2016

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are manmade organic compounds, and their pollution has been a global environmental problem due to their persistence, long-range atmospheric transport and bioaccumulation.
Microfluidic blood plasma separation for medical diagnostics: is it worth it?
Authors: Mielczarek W. S. , Obaje E. A. , Bachmann T. T. , Kersaudy-Kerhoas M.
Published: August 2016

This review weights the advantages and limits of miniaturised blood plasma separation and highlights interesting advances in direct biomarker capture.
Synthesis, structural characterization, electrochemical behavior and anticancer activity of gold(iii) complexes of meso-1,2-di(1-naphthyl)-1,2-diaminoethane and tetraphenylporphyrin
Authors: Altaf Muhammad , Ahmad Saeed , Kawde Abdel-Nasser , Baig Nadeem , Alawad Abdullah , Altuwaijri Saleh , Stoeckli-Evans Helen , Isab Anvarhusein A.
Published: August 2016

Gold(iii) complexes were tested for in vitro antiproliferative activity against three human tumor cell lines. All complexes exhibited remarkable cytotoxicity.
Porous Ru/RuOx/LDH as highly active heterogeneous catalysts for the aerobic oxidation of alcohols
Authors: Tan Yu , Sun Dalei , Chen Libao , Li Cheng Chao
Published: August 2016

Porous LDH supported Ru/RuOx nanocatalysts exhibited much better catalytic activity and stability than conventional Ru-based catalysts for alcohol oxidation.
Competing amination and C–H arylation pathways in Pd/xantphos-catalyzed transformations of binaphthyl triflates: switchable routes to chiral amines and helicene derivatives
Authors: Ruch Aaron A. , Handa Sachin , Kong Fanji , Nesterov Vladimir N. , Pahls Dale R. , Cundari Thomas R. , Slaughter LeGrande M.
Published: August 2016

A Pd(OAc)2/xantphos catalyst system can be tuned to promote either amination or C–H arylation of hindered binaphthyl 2-triflates, with xantphos's hemilability playing a key role.
Cu(i)-Catalyzed oxidative homo-coupling of thiazoline-4-carboxylates: synthesis of 4,4′-bithiazoline derivatives
Authors: Fang Xinxin , Zhang Kaifan , Yao Hequan , Huang Yue
Published: August 2016

Cu(i)-Catalyzed oxidative homo-coupling of thiazoline-4-carboxylates with good functional group tolerance has been developed.
A complete kinetic study of a versatile functional monomer: acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate (AAEMA)
Authors: Zoller Alexander , Kockler Katrin B. , Rollet Marion , Lefay Catherine , Gigmes Didier , Barner-Kowollik Christopher , Guillaneuf Yohann
Published: August 2016

The current study reports the complete kinetic analysis of acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate (AAEMA).
Large scale and facile sonochemical synthesis of magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposites and their dual electro/magneto-stimuli responses
Authors: Zhang Wen Ling , Tian Yu , Liu Ying Dan , Song Zhong Qian , Liu Jing Quan , Choi Hyoung Jin
Published: August 2016

Magnetic Fe3O4/GO nanocomposites have been prepared via an effective electrostatic strategy under ultrasonic waves. Their appealing dual electro/magnetorheological (ER/MR) performances were investigated under applied electric or magnetic fields.
Preparation of amino-functionalized CoFe2O4@SiO2 magnetic nanocomposites for potential application in absorbing heavy metal ions
Authors: Ren Chunrong , Ding Xingeng , Fu Huiqin , Meng Cheng , Li Wenqi , Yang Hui
Published: August 2016

The magnetic CoFe2O4@SiO2–NH2 particles with core-shell structure are designed and synthesized. They have high adsorption capacity (170.829 mg g−1), high removal efficiency (96.93%) for heavy metals, and can be recycled easily.
Homogeneity range, oxygen nonstoichiometry, thermal expansion and transport properties of La2−xSrxNi1−yFeyO4+δ
Authors: Gilev A. R. , Kiselev E. A. , Cherepanov V. A.
Published: August 2016

Phase boundaries of tetragonal La2−xSrxNi1−yFeyO4+δ solid solutions (sp.gr. I4/mmm) prepared via the decomposition of citrate–nitrate precursors, followed by multiple annealing treatments at 1100 °C in air and quenched to RT.
Impact of reaction variables and PEI/l-cysteine ratio on the optical properties and cytocompatibility of cationic Ag2S quantum dots as NIR bio-imaging probes
Authors: Duman Fatma Demir , Khodadust Rouhullah , Durmusoglu Emek Goksu , Yagci Mustafa Baris , Acar Havva Yagci
Published: August 2016

Near-infrared emitting semiconductor quantum dots (NIRQDs) are popular fluorescent probes due to better penetration depth and elimination of tissue autofluorescence.
Effects of glutamine against oxidative stress in the metabolome of rats—new insight
Authors: Liu Guangmang , Wu XianJian , Jia Gang , Zhao Hua , Chen Xiaoling , Wu Caimei , Wang Jing
Published: August 2016

Glutamine exerts potential functions against the harmful effects of oxidative stress on animals.
An interfacial defect-controlled ZnO/PbS QDs/ZnS heterostructure based broadband photodetector
Authors: Li Haili , Jiao Shujie , Li Hongtao , Gao Shiyong , Wang Jinzhong , Wang Dongbo , Yu Qingjiang , Zhang Yong , Li Lin , Zhou Haitao
Published: August 2016

High performance broadband photodetection achieved by suitable surface and interface defects modulations.
Effect of cross-linking degree of EPDM phase on the electrical properties and formation of dual networks of thermoplastic vulcanizate composites based on isotactic polypropylene (iPP)/ethylene–propylene–diene rubber (EPDM) blends
Authors: Ma Lifeng , Bao Ruiying , Liu Zhengying , Yang Wei , Yang Mingbo
Published: August 2016

Thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs), as a special class of high-performance thermoplastic elastomers, have been widely used in the automotive industry, building, and electronics due to their good processability and recyclability.
A stretchable sensor platform based on simple and scalable lift-off micropatterning of metal nanowire network
Authors: Jeong Dong-Wook , Jang Nam-Su , Kim Kang-Hyun , Kim Jong-Man
Published: August 2016

We describe a simple, precise and scalable micropatterning approach of conductive nanomaterials (CNs) based on a synergetic combination of lift-off process and wet coating of CNs.