bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Age and duration of ultrahigh‐temperature metamorphism in the Anápolis–Itauçu Complex, Southern Brasília Belt, central Brazil – constraints from U–Pb geochronology, mineral rare earth element chemistry and trace‐element thermometry
Authors: BALDWIN J. A. , BROWN M.
Published: February 2008

Integrated petrographic and chemical analysis of zircon, garnet and rutile from ultrahigh‐temperature (UHT) granulites in the Anápolis–Itauçu Complex, Brazil, is used to constrain the significance of zircon ID‐TIMS U–Pb geochronological data. Chondrite‐normalized rare earth element (REE) profiles of zircon cores have positive‐sloping heavy‐REE patterns, commonly inferred to be magmatic, whereas unambiguous metamorphic grains and overgrowths have flat to slightly negatively sloping heavy‐REE patterns. However, in one sample, a core of zircon interpreted as having formed prior to garnet crystallization and a metamorphic zircon formed within microstructures involving garnet breakdown both display elevated heavy‐REE (and Y) with positive‐sloping patterns. DREE(zrc/grt) partition coefficients suggest an approximation to equilibrium between zircon and garnet cores, although progressive enrichment in heavy REE towards garnet rims occurs in two of the samples investigated. Titanium‐in‐zircon thermometry indicates zircon growth during both the prograde and post‐peak evolution, but not at peak temperatures of the UHT metamorphism. By contrast, zirconium‐in‐rutile thermometry of inclusions armoured by garnet records crystallization temperatures, based on the upper end of the interquartile range of the data, of ∼890 to 870 °C and maximum temperature around 980 °C, indicating prograde and retrograde growth close to and after peak conditions. Rutile located in retrograde microstructures records crystallization temperatures of 850 to 820 °C. Rutile intergrown with ilmenite and included within orthopyroxene, which is associated with exsolved zircon, records temperatures ∼760 °C, consistent with Ti‐in‐zircon crystallization temperatures. ID‐TIMS U–Pb geochronological data from two of the four samples investigated define upper intercept ages of 641.3 ± 8.4 Ma (MSWD 0.91) and 638.8 ± 2.5 Ma (MSWD 1.03) that correlate with periods of zircon growth along the prograde segment of the P–T path. Individual zircon U–Pb dates retrieved from all samples range from 649 to 634 Ma, indicating a maximum duration of c. 15 Myr for the UHT event. This period is interpreted as recording modest thickening of hot backarc lithosphere located behind the Arenópolis Arc at the edge of the São Francisco Craton consequent upon terminal collision of the Parána Block with the arc during the amalgamation of West Gondwana.
Regression Survival Analysis with an Assumed Copula for Dependent Censoring: A Sensitivity Analysis Approach
Authors: Huang Xuelin , Zhang Nan
Published: February 2008

SummaryIn clinical studies, when censoring is caused by competing risks or patient withdrawal, there is always a concern about the validity of treatment effect estimates that are obtained under the assumption of independent censoring. Because dependent censoring is nonidentifiable without additional information, the best we can do is a sensitivity analysis to assess the changes of parameter estimates under different assumptions about the association between failure and censoring. This analysis is especially useful when knowledge about such association is available through literature review or expert opinions. In a regression analysis setting, the consequences of falsely assuming independent censoring on parameter estimates are not clear. Neither the direction nor the magnitude of the potential bias can be easily predicted. We provide an approach to do sensitivity analysis for the widely used Cox proportional hazards models. The joint distribution of the failure and censoring times is assumed to be a function of their marginal distributions. This function is called a copula. Under this assumption, we propose an iteration algorithm to estimate the regression parameters and marginal survival functions. Simulation studies show that this algorithm works well. We apply the proposed sensitivity analysis approach to the data from an AIDS clinical trial in which 27% of the patients withdrew due to toxicity or at the request of the patient or investigator.
Statistical Power and Sample Size Requirements for Three Level Hierarchical Cluster Randomized Trials
Authors: Heo Moonseong , Leon Andrew C.
Published: February 2008

SummaryCluster randomized clinical trials (cluster‐RCT), where the community entities serve as clusters, often yield data with three hierarchy levels. For example, interventions are randomly assigned to the clusters (level three unit). Health care professionals (level two unit) within the same cluster are trained with the randomly assigned intervention to provide care to subjects (level one unit). In this study, we derived a closed form power function and formulae for sample size determination required to detect an intervention effect on outcomes at the subject's level. In doing so, we used a test statistic based on maximum likelihood estimates from a mixed‐effects linear regression model for three level data. A simulation study follows and verifies that theoretical power estimates based on the derived formulae are nearly identical to empirical estimates based on simulated data. Recommendations at the design stage of a cluster‐RCT are discussed.
A New Nonparametric Approach for Baseline Covariate Adjustment for Two‐Group Comparative Studies
Authors: Schacht Alexander , Bogaerts Kris , Bluhmki Erich , Lesaffre Emmanuel
Published: February 2008

SummaryWe consider two‐armed clinical trials in which the response and/or the covariates are observed on either a binary, ordinal, or continuous scale. A new general nonparametric (NP) approach for covariate adjustment is presented using the notion of a relative effect to describe treatment effects. The relative effect is defined by the probability of observing a higher response in the experimental than in the control arm. The notion is invariant under monotone transformations of the data and is therefore especially suitable for ordinal data. For a normal or binary distributed response the relative effect is the transformed effect size or the difference of response probability, respectively. An unbiased and consistent NP estimator for the relative effect is presented. Further, we suggest a NP procedure for correcting the relative effect for covariate imbalance and random covariate imbalance, yielding a consistent estimator for the adjusted relative effect. Asymptotic theory has been developed to derive test statistics and confidence intervals. The test statistic is based on the joint behavior of the estimated relative effect for the response and the covariates. It is shown that the test statistic can be used to evaluate the treatment effect in the presence of (random) covariate imbalance. Approximations for small sample sizes are considered as well. The sampling behavior of the estimator of the adjusted relative effect is examined. We also compare the probability of a type I error and the power of our approach to standard covariate adjustment methods by means of a simulation study. Finally, our approach is illustrated on three studies involving ordinal responses and covariates.
Synthesis and Investigation of Submicrometer Spherical Indium Oxide Particles
Authors: Lin Sung‐En , Wei Wen‐Cheng J.
Published: February 2008

Spherical indium (In) oxide in submicrometer size is considered as a practical material in photonic bandgap applications. To obtain narrow size distribution, systematic studies of different conditions such as precursor concentration, reaction temperature, and other parameters have been carried out and are reported here. Tri‐ or dicarboxylic acid of citric acid (CA), malic acid, and tartaric acid were introduced into the reaction system and In‐precipitates of spherical shape were produced. The particle size and internal morphology were observed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. X‐ray diffraction and thermal analysis were performed. The reaction kinetics analysis shows that the reaction rate depends on the reaction temperature, urea, and In concentration rather than on CA.
Synthesis and Mechanism of Nanosized AlN from an Aluminum Oleic Emulsion Using Carbothermal Reduction at Low Temperatures
Authors: Paseuth Anongsack , Shimada Shiro
Published: February 2008

Nanosized Al2O3 particles homogeneously dispersed in a matrix of amorphous carbon (a‐C) were prepared by decomposition of an aluminum oleic emulsion at 600°C in Ar. Nanosized aluminum nitride (AlN) grains were prepared by carbothermal reduction and nitridation (CRN) of this Al2O3–a‐C mixture in NH3 using graphite, BN, and alumina crucibles or boats. The phases formed by CRN were identified by X‐ray diffraction analysis. The morphology and grain size of the AlN were determined by transmission electron microscopy. The formation of single‐phase AlN was achieved at temperatures as low as 1150°–1200°C in NH3 using a cylindrical graphite crucible with holes in its two flat faces. Mass spectroscopy (MS) showed that a significant amount of HCN and a minor amount of C2H2 are formed at 500°C by reaction of NH3 with carbon at the decomposition temperature of NH3. A most probable formation mechanism of the AlN from nanosized Al2O3 and a‐C in NH3 is discussed on the basis of MS results and thermodynamic considerations.
ζ Potential of Nanoparticle Suspensions: Effect of Electrolyte Concentration, Particle Size, and Volume Fraction
Authors: Jailani Saifuddin , Franks George V. , Healy Thomas W.
Published: February 2008

The ζ potentials of three types of alumina particles with median volume diameters 11, 44, and 190 nm have been investigated as a function of particle size, volume fraction, and electrolyte concentration. The magnitude of the ζ potential was found to decrease as both the particle size decreased and as the volume fraction of solids increased. The reduction in ζ potential can be explained by the increase in electrolyte concentration resulting from dissociation of ionizable surface sites on the alumina and soluble species resulting from dissolution of alumina. Both decreasing size and increasing volume fraction increase the total surface area of solid and result in increased solution electrolyte concentration. The results suggest that the electrical double‐layer approach will not be successful in producing low‐viscosity, high‐volume fraction‐stable suspensions of nanoparticles suitable for producing advanced ceramic components with nanoscale features. Development of dispersants for high‐volume‐fraction nanoparticle suspensions based on steric repulsion is advised.
Mesoporous Silicon Nitride Synthesis Via the Carbothermal Reduction and Nitridation of Carbonized Silica/RF Gel Composite
Authors: Luyjew Kanoksak , Tonanon Nattaporn , Pavarajarn Varong
Published: February 2008

Silicon nitride (Si3N4), a high‐temperature structural ceramic, was synthesized in a mesoporous form by a simple approach. At first, silica/resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) gel was formed via sol–gel polycondensation process, using resorcinol and formaldehyde as sources for porous RF structure and amino propyl trimethoxysilane as a precursor for silica. Pyrolysis of the dried gel at 250°C for 2 h following by at 750°C for 4 h resulted in silica/carbon composite that could be converted into mesoporous Si3N4 or Si3N4/silicon carbide composite via the carbothermal reduction and nitridation process at 1450°C. Significant increase in surface area of the products, comparing with that of the conventional Si3N4 granules, was observed. The content of silica in the starting composite was found to be a critical factor influencing both phase and porosity of the obtained product.
Phase Stability and Ionic Conductivity of Solid Solutions with NASICON Structure
Authors: Novoselov Andrey , Zhuravleva Mariya , Zakalyukin Ruslan , Fomichev Valeriy , Zimina Galina
Published: February 2008

Formation of heterovalent Zr‐substituted solid solutions (up to 7 mol%) for Yb3+ in Na6Yb3(PO4)5 and LiNa5Yb3(PO4)5 complex phosphates was studied by ceramic technique at 950°C. Obtained samples were investigated with X‐ray powder diffraction, infrared, and impedance spectroscopy. Zr‐substituted (7 mol%) Na6Yb3(PO4)5 has ionic conductivity of 1.6·10−2 S/cm at 300°C and 4.8·10−5 S/cm at room temperature. An updated version of phase diagram for ScPO4–Na3PO4–Li3PO4 quasi‐ternary system was provided.
Evaluation of the NITV CVSA
Authors: Hollien Harry , Harnsberger James D. , Martin Camilo A. , Hollien Kevin A.
Published: February 2008

Abstract:  The purpose of this study was to evaluate a commonly used voice stress analyzer, the National Institute of Truth Verification’s (NITV) Computer Voice Stress Analyzer (CVSA), using a speech database containing materials recorded (i) in the laboratory, while highly controlled deceptive and shock‐induced stress levels were systematically varied, and (ii) during a field procedure. Subjects were 24 each males/females (age range 18–63 years) drawn from a representative population. All held strong views on an issue and were required to make sharply derogatory statements about it. The CVSA system was then evaluated in a double‐blind study using three sets of examiners: (i) two UF scientists trained/certified by NITV in CVSA operation, (ii) three experienced NITV operators provided by the manufacturer and (iii) five experimental phoneticians. The results showed that the “true positive” (or hit) rates for all examiners ranged from chance to somewhat higher levels (c. 50–65%) for all conditions and types of materials (e.g., stress vs. unstressed, truth vs. deception). However, the false‐positive rate was just as high – often higher. Sensitivity statistics demonstrated that the CVSA system operated at about chance level.
Investigation of Homicides Interred in Concrete—The Los Angeles Experience*
Authors: Toms Carla , Rogers Christopher B. , Sathyavagiswaran Lakshmanan
Published: February 2008

Decedents interred in concrete present unique problems and investigation of these deaths necessitates a team of forensic specialists. The Los Angeles County Department of Coroner has had five such deaths in the past 18 years. The buried cases needed layer‐by‐layer excavation to establish the time and cause of death. Metal detectors are often used in this process. X‐rays of the interred remains were completed to help with locating the decedent’s position in the concrete. The breaking of concrete in some of the cases required the use of a sledgehammer and later a chisel in a manner that would not damage the remains. Postmortem dismemberment was frequent in our cases. The decedents were all female or prepubescent children, and the perpetrators were closely related to the decedents. While concrete can interfere with determination of postmortem interval, it can also preserve the remains and assist with identification.
Virtual Autopsy and Forensic Anthropology of a Mummified Fetus: A Report of One Case*
Authors: Dedouit Fabrice , Guilbeau‐Frugier Céline , Telmon Norbert , Gainza David , Otal Philippe , Joffre Francis , Rougé Daniel
Published: February 2008

Abstract:  A jar containing the mummified body of a fetus was found in a bush near a building. Full‐body multislice computed tomography (MSCT) was performed prior to autopsy to study the bones and internal organs. Age was estimated by measuring femoral and tibial lengths and examining the temporal and occipital bones. The results were then compared with the autopsy and histopathological findings. MSCT was superior to autopsy for examination of the bones and internal organs. Autopsy was difficult because of the fragility of the dried corpse. MSCT determined the gestational age of the fetus and excluded skeletal abnormalities. Estimated age was similar with the two methods used. However, the major advantage of MSCT was rapid measurement of bones or anatomical regions which are difficult to examine during autopsy and which required specific preparation for further anthropological study. This case report illustrates the possibilities offered by MSCT for studying mummified bodies, even fetuses.
Caddisflies Assist with Homicide Case: Determining a Postmortem Submersion Interval Using Aquatic Insects*
Authors: Wallace John R. , Merritt Richard W. , Kimbirauskas Ryan , Benbow M. Eric , McIntosh Mollie
Published: February 2008

Although few indicators of time since death for corpses found in aquatic ecosystems are comparable in precision to the insect indicators used in terrestrial cases, there are observations that can be useful in suggesting or ruling out an approximate PMSI (postmortem submersion interval). For example, the time intervals required for certain growth phases of aquatic insects, such as caddisflies, that may attach themselves to the submerged remains can be used to estimate a minimum PMSI. Approximately 8 of the 13 orders of insects containing species with aquatic or semi‐aquatic stages are likely to be associated with carrion or corpses in aquatic habitats. We present a case study in which portions of a body from an adult male were discovered in a south central Michigan stream. The body was dismembered and portions were recovered from two bags floating and submerged in the stream. Insect specimens collected from mesh and plastic bags consisted of one fly larva belonging to the family Muscidae, and caddisfly larvae belonging to two families: the Limnephilidae. (case‐makers) and the Hydropsychidae, (net spinners). We used unique case‐building behaviors of the limnephilid caddisflies found on the remains to elucidate a PMSI range consistent with the disappearance of the victim. It is important for forensic investigators to understand that although some precision is lost in estimating a PMSI with aquatic insects, these organisms should not be ignored in gathering evidence from aquatic crime scenes, and in fact, they can provide valuable details in estimating a PMSI.
Identifying Southwest Hispanics Using Nonmetric Traits and the Cultural Profile*
Authors: Birkby Walter H. , Fenton Todd W. , Anderson Bruce E.
Published: February 2008

Abstract:  Due to the increasing number of Southwest Hispanics in the United States, as well as the overwhelming number of foreign nationals that die every year trying to enter the United States along the southern United States border with Mexico, new methods for classifying individuals have been established at the Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner in Tucson, Arizona (PCOME). For each of the past 5 years, the PCOME has investigated a record number of deaths associated with these border crossings. The overwhelming majority of the identified decedents are Mexican Nationals. However, approximately 25% of these undocumented border crossers have yet to be identified, making it clear that improved methods for human identification are greatly needed. The first goal of this paper is to delineate the suite of skeletal nonmetric traits utilized in assessing Southwest Hispanic ancestry at the PCOME. This suite of nonmetric traits has proven to be an effective component in establishing the “biological profile” of unknown individuals in these cases. The second goal of this paper is to introduce methods used at the PCOME to establish the “cultural profile” of individuals in these cases. The “cultural profile” is a set of identification criteria that include: the geographic context of recovery, personal effects, dental health, and cultural accoutrements. Establishing the “cultural profile” in these cases is essential in identifying individuals as foreign nationals who have died trying to cross the border.
Demographic Change and Forensic Identification: Problems in Metric Identification of Hispanic Skeletons*
Authors: Spradley M. Katherine , Jantz Richard L. , Robinson Alan , Peccerelli Fredy
Published: February 2008

Abstract:  The United States (U.S.) population structure is currently in a state of flux with one of the most profound changes being the increasing number of people referred to as Hispanic. In the U.S., much of the identification criteria for a biological profile are based on American Black and White individuals from anatomical collections. Using metric data from the Forensic Anthropology Data Bank (FDB), this paper will attempt to explore several issues that forensic anthropologists face when confronted with Hispanic remains. These will involve estimation of sex, height, and ancestry, the initial components of a biological profile. Discriminant function analyses indicate that American White criteria provide poor estimations of sex when applied to Hispanics and that ancestry estimation of Hispanic crania is difficult. Additionally, a new linear regression equation is presented that estimates stature for Hispanic individuals, although population specific criteria are still needed for Hispanic individuals from diverse geographical origins.
Forensic Utility of the Mitochondrial Hypervariable Region 1 of Domestic Dogs, in Conjunction with Breed and Geographic Information*
Authors: Himmelberger Andrea L. , Spear Theresa F. , Satkoski Jessica A. , George Debra A. , Garnica Wendy T. , Malladi Venkat S. , Smith David G. , Webb Kristen M. , Allard Marc W. , Kanthaswamy Sreetharan
Published: February 2008

Abstract:  The 608‐bp hypervariable region 1 (HV1) sequences from 36 local dogs were analyzed to characterize the population genetic structure of canid mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Sixteen haplotypes were identified. A 417‐bp segment of this sequence was compared with GenBank sequences from a geographically representative sample of 201 dogs, two coyotes, and two wolves. Sixty‐six haplotypes were identified including 62 found only in domestic dogs. Fourteen of these correspond to the 16 local haplotypes and were among the most frequent haplotypes. The local sample was judged to be representative of the much broader geographic sample. No correlation was observed between local haplotypes and the owner’s characterization of dog breed. A 60‐bp variation “hotspot” within the canid HV1 was identified as a potentially valuable molecular tool, particularly for assaying limited or degraded DNA samples.
Quantifiler™ Observations of Relevance to Forensic Casework*
Authors: Koukoulas Irene , O’Toole Fiona E. , Stringer Peta , Van Oorschot Roland A. H.
Published: February 2008

Abstract:  The Quantifiler™ (QF) kit is regularly used by forensic scientists for DNA quantitation. We performed in‐house validation studies which revealed some interesting observations. The QF standard displayed a two‐fold difference between two different lot numbers which suggests that every standard should be tested prior to use. The Promega K562 DNA standard works well with the QF kit. c. 41% of samples that inhibited the internal PCR control (IPC) system within the QF kit still produced good Profiler Plus™ reactions. QIAquick® was effective at removing inhibitors. The presence of dyes within casework samples were observed not to inhibit QF amplifications. Template DNA greater than 100 ng/μL appeared to inhibit the IPC. Close to identical concentration results were obtained when alternative analysis settings were used. These validation findings will assist DNA processes involved in forensic casework.
The Characterization of Automobile Body Fillers*
Authors: McNorton Sara C. , Nutter Guy W. , Siegel Jay A.
Published: February 2008

Abstract:  Body fillers are sometimes encountered with paint evidence from hit‐and‐run accidents. Little forensic research has been conducted and published on the subject since 1986. The objective of this study was to determine if chemical and physical differences in body fillers from various manufacturers existed and could be identified. Thirty‐three samples of light‐weight automobile body fillers and spot putties were obtained. The fillers and putties were compared using light microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry (SEM‐EDX), and pyrolysis gas chromatography (pyGC). Results from fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis placed the samples into five groups and differentiated six samples. Light microscopy placed the samples into one of five color groups. PyGC placed the samples into three groups and differentiated one sample. SEM‐EDX placed the samples into four groups and differentiated 13 samples. Using these analysis methods, 19 of the 33 samples could be discriminated. The best discriminatory tool was found to be SEM‐EDX.
An Integrated Technique for the Analysis of Skin Bite Marks
Authors: Bernitz Herman , Owen Johanna H. , Heerden Willie F. P. van , Solheim Tore
Published: February 2008

Abstract: The high number of murder, rape, and child abuse cases in South Africa has led to increased numbers of bite mark cases being heard in high courts. Objective analysis to match perpetrators to bite marks at crime scenes must be able to withstand vigorous cross‐examination to be of value in conviction of perpetrators. An analysis technique is described in four stages, namely determination of the mark to be a human bite mark, pattern association analysis, metric analysis and comparison with the population data, and illustrated by a real case study. New and accepted techniques are combined to determine the likelihood ratio of guilt expressed as one of a range of conclusions described in the paper. Each stage of the analysis adds to the confirmation (or rejection) of concordance between the dental features present on the victim and the dentition of the suspect. The results illustrate identification to a high degree of certainty.
Mitochondrial DNA Control Region Polymorphism in the Population of Alagoas State, North‐Eastern Brazil
Authors: Barbosa Adriana B.G. , Silva Luiz Antonio F. da , Azevedo Dalmo A. , Balbino Valdir Q. , Mauricio‐da‐Silva Luiz
Published: February 2008

Abstract: The sequences of the two hypervariable (HV) segments of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region were determined in 167 randomly selected, unrelated individuals living in the state of Alagoas, north‐eastern Brazil. One hundred and forty‐five different haplotypes, associated with 139 variable positions, were determined. More than 95% of the mtDNA sequences could be allocated to specific mtDNA haplogroups according to the mutational motifs. Length heteroplasmy in the C‐stretch HV1 and HV2 regions was observed in 22 and 11%, respectively, of the population sample. The genetic diversity was estimated to be 0.9975 and the probability of two random individuals presenting identical mtDNA haplotypes was 0.0084. The most frequent haplotype was shared by six individuals. All sequences showed high‐quality values and phantom mutations were not detected. The diversity revealed in the mitochondrial control region indicates the importance of this locus for forensic casework and population studies within Alagoas, Brazil.
Direct Identification of Various Copper Phthalocyanine Pigments in Automotive Paints and Paint Smears by Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Mukai Tadashi , Nakazumi Hiroyuki , Kawabata Shin‐ichirou , Kusatani Masaru , Nakai Seita , Honda Sadao
Published: February 2008

Abstract:  Direct identification of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) and chlorinated CuPcs in paints for discrimination between blue automobile paints by means of laser desorption mass spectrometry (LDMS) in the absence of a matrix is reported. The models consisted of eight commercially available CuPc pigments applied to a piece of plain white coating paper. The relationship between the peak intensity at m/z 575 of the CuPc, the number of pulsed laser shots, and laser power was compared to optimize laser abrasion. LDMS analysis of the model paints demonstrated that all characteristic components of the CuPc pigments in the paint films were in good agreement with those in the powder pigments. Further, the chlorinated CuPcs in the paint films could be distinguished. A quantity of 42 blue paint films, representing the paints used for painting Japanese domestic trucks, was examined by LDMS analysis. Results indicate that the paints can be classified into four categories based on the chlorinated CuPc components of the paints. Therefore, LDMS spectra of CuPc pigments would be useful for the identification of paints in forensic investigations. Herein, we report the successful identification of the CuPcs in a paint smear on the frame of a bicycle damaged in a hit‐and‐run accident, using the LDMS spectra.
Sexual Dimorphism in America: Geometric Morphometric Analysis of the Craniofacial Region*
Authors: Kimmerle Erin H. , Ross Ann , Slice Dennis
Published: February 2008

Abstract:  One of the four pillars of the anthropological protocol is the estimation of sex. The protocol generally consists of linear metric analysis or visually assessing individual skeletal traits on the skull and pelvis based on an ordinal scale of 1–5, ranging from very masculine to very feminine. The morphologic traits are then some how averaged by the investigator to estimate sex. Some skulls may be misclassified because of apparent morphologic features that appear more or less robust due to size differences among individuals. The question of misclassification may be further exemplified in light of comparisons across populations that may differ not only in cranial robusticity but also in stature and general physique. The purpose of this study is to further examine the effect of size and sex on craniofacial shape among American populations to better understand the allometric foundation of skeletal traits currently used for sex estimation. Three‐dimensional coordinates of 16 standard craniofacial landmarks were collected using a Microscribe‐3DX digitizer. Data were collected for 118 American White and Black males and females from the W.M. Bass Donated Collection and the Forensic Data Bank. The MANCOVA procedure tested shape differences as a function of sex and size. Sex had a significant influence on shape for both American Whites (F = 2.90; d.f. = 19, 39; p > F = 0.0024) and Blacks (F = 2.81; d.f. = 19, 37; p > F = 0.0035), whereas size did not have a significant influence on shape in either Whites (F = 1.69; d.f. = 19, 39; p > F = 0.08) or Blacks (F = 1.09; d.f. = 19, 37; p > F = 0.40). Therefore, for each sex, individuals of various sizes were statistically the same shape. In other words, while significant differences were present between the size of males and females (males on average were larger), there was no size effect beyond that accounted for by sex differences in size. Moreover, the consistency between American groups is interesting as it suggests that population differences in sexual dimorphism may result more from human variation in size than allometric variation in craniofacial morphology.
Population Data of 10 Y‐chromosomal STR Loci in Cebu Province, Central Visayas (Philippines)
Authors: Salvador Jazelyn M. , Tabbada Kristina A. , De Ungria Maria Corazon A.
Published: February 2008

Population:  103 unrelated male individuals from Cebu province, Central Visayas region of the Philippines.
Population Genetic Study of 15 STR Loci in a Chinese Population
Authors: Liao Ga , Liu Tingting , Ying Binwu , Sun Lei , Zou Yi , Wang Zhengrong , Fan Hong , Wen Fuqiang
Published: February 2008

POPULATION:  Chinese (n = 501).
AMPFlSTR® Identifiler™ STR Allele Frequencies in Tanzania, Africa
Authors: Forward Bryan W. , Eastman Mark W. , Nyambo Thomas B. , Ballard Ruth E.
Published: February 2008

POPULATION:  Identifiler—Employees and students of Muhimibili University College of Health Sciences in Dar es Salaam representing 19 widely distributed administrative districts and 42 tribes within the country.
Cyclophotocoagulation with the transscleral contact red 670‐nm diode laser in the treatment of glaucoma
Authors: Raivio Virpi E. , Puska Päivi M. , Immonen Ilkka J. R.
Published: February 2008

Purpose:  To retrospectively evaluate the results of cyclophotocoagulation (CPC) with the transscleral contact red 670‐nm diode laser in treating glaucoma.

Methods:  Cyclophotocoagulation was performed in 60 eyes of 60 patients with a mean age of 74 ± 11 years (range 49–90 years). The treatment was delivered via a fibre‐optic probe. The power per application was 430 mW. Exposure time was 10 seconds.

Results:  The mean overall follow‐up time after the initial CPC was 26 ± 20 months (range 3–75 months). Preoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) was 27 ± 11 mmHg (n = 60). After one or more CPC treatments, mean IOP decreased to 20 ± 7 mmHg (n = 51) at 1 month, 19 ± 5 mmHg (n = 45) at 3 months, 18 ± 5 mmHg (n = 29) at 6 months, 19 ± 7 mmHg (n = 22) at 1 year, 18 ± 7 mmHg (n = 16) at 2 years, 14 ± 4 mmHg (n = 8) at 3 years, and 18 ± 6 mmHg (n = 60) at the last follow‐up. An IOP of 8–21 mmHg or a > 30% decrease in IOP was obtained in 33 of 41 eyes (80%) with baseline IOP > 21 mmHg at the last follow‐up. Hypotonia (IOP < 8 mmHg) did not develop in any of the eyes studied.

Conclusions:  Cyclophotocoagulation with the red 670‐nm diode laser is an effective and well tolerated means of treating glaucoma.
A randomized‐controlled trial of food choices made by edentulous adults
Authors: Ellis J. S. , Thomason J. M. , Jepson N. J. , Nohl F. , Smith D. G. , Allen P. F.
Published: February 2008

Aim: The aim of this study was to conduct a randomized‐controlled trial to compare food choices of edentulous adults provided with implant‐supported mandibular overdentures and conventional dentures.

Methods: Edentulous patients were randomly allocated to an implant group (IG) or a denture group (DG). IG subjects (n=49) were provided with conventional maxillary dentures and implant‐retained mandibular overdentures. Subjects in this group refusing implants were retained using the ‘intention‐to‐treat principle’ and provided with conventional dentures. DG subjects (n=48) were provided with conventional dentures.

Subjects indicated whether they consumed any of seven test foods and the level of chewing difficulty experienced. Data were collected pre‐treatment and 3 months post treatment.

Results: IG subjects reported increased consumption of carrots, apples and nuts post‐treatment (P<0.05) and decreased post‐treatment difficulty in chewing apples and nuts. DG subjects reported decreased post‐treatment difficulty in chewing carrots, bacon and nuts (P<0.05). Between group differences for chewing difficulty were detected for nuts that DG subjects found easier to chew than IG subjects (P=0.002).

Conclusion: Food selection and perceived chewing difficulty improved in both groups, with no significant differences between groups.

Successful rehabilitation may not result in different food selection, which may require concurrent tailored dietary interventions, but may increase available food choices.
Dental implants placed in grafted maxillary sinuses: a retrospective analysis of clinical outcome according to the initial clinical situation and a proposal of defect classification
Authors: Chiapasco Matteo , Zaniboni Marco , Rimondini Lia
Published: February 2008

Objective of the study: To present a classification of maxillary defects necessitating sinus floor elevation procedures (SFEPs) with two objectives: (a) to propose a standardization of surgical procedures according to initial type of atrophy and (b) to allow the evaluation of the success/survival rates of implants placed in the grafted areas according to the initial situation.

Materials and methods: Nine‐hundred and fifty‐two consecutive SFEP were performed on 692 patients. Initial defects were classified according to a new classification, which considered not only residual bone height below the sinus but also the width of the alveolar crest and horizontal/vertical intermaxillary relationship. Results were evaluated according to the different classes. The sinuses were grafted with autogenous bone taken from intra‐oral or extra‐oral sites: 579 SFEP were associated with vertical and/or horizontal onlay grafts to correct concomitant alveolar ridge deficits. A total of 2037 implants were inserted into the grafted sinuses either immediately or 4–6 months later. Three to 6 months afterwards, implants were loaded. The mean follow‐up was 59 months (range: 12–144 months).

Results: The success rate of the reconstructive procedures varied between 93.2% and 100%, according to class of atrophy; the overall survival and success rates of implants were 95.8% and 92.5%, respectively, whereas the survival and success rates according to class of atrophy varied between 90% and 97.6%, and between 85.4% and 95.5%, respectively. Lower success rates were found in classes presenting with more severe atrophy.

Conclusion: The results obtained demonstrated that sinus floor elevation, alone or in association with reconstructive procedures with autogenous bone grafts, is a reliable procedure to allow implant placement in atrophic edentulous maxillae, irrespective of the initial clinical situation. However, it must be underlined that the success rates of reconstructive procedures and implants differ according to class of atrophy, showing lower success rates in classes presenting with more severe atrophy.
Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging compared with computed tomography for implant planning
Authors: Aguiar Marcelo F. , Marques Alexandre P. , Carvalho Antonio Carlos P. , Cavalcanti Marcelo G.P.
Published: February 2008

Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compared with computed tomography (CT) for dental implant planning in respect to bone measurements.

Methods: Five dry mandibles were submitted to MRI and CT examinations. Each mandible had three specific sites identified with markers, in a total of 15 sites to be studied. The images provided by the MRI and CT examinations were delivered to four specialists in Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology to measure the bone height at the specific sites. Subsequently, the bone height of the dry mandibles was directly measured in the determined sites. The measurements obtained by the specialists in MRI and CT images were compared with the measurements obtained directly from the dry mandibles using the ANOVA test with a 0.05 significance level.

Results: The differences between the measurements obtained directly from the dry mandibles and the measurements from the MRI exams varied from 0.13 to 1.67 mm, with 10 sites being overestimated in MRI exams and five sites being underestimated. The differences between the measurements from the dry mandibles and CT exams varied from 0.02 to 1.25 mm, with nine sites being overestimated in CT exams and six sites being underestimated. The differences between the measurements from the MRI and CT exams varied from 0.03 to 1.00 mm, with nine sites giving higher values in MRI exams and six sites giving higher values in CT exams. There were no statistically significant differences between the three grous of measurements (P=0.98).

Conclusion: The MRI, when compared with CT, shown to be reliable in respect to bone measurements for dental implant planning.
The dimensions of keratinized mucosa around implants affect clinical and immunological parameters
Authors: Zigdon Hadar , Machtei Eli E.
Published: February 2008

Objectives: To investigate the association between keratinized mucosa (KM) width and mucosal thickness (MTh) with clinical and immunological parameters around dental implants.

Methods: Sixty‐three functioning dental implants (3I osseotite) were examined. Clinical examinations included plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), KM width, MTh and buccal mucosal recession (MR). Peri‐implant crevicular fluid (PICF) samples were collected for PgE2 assay.

Results: KM width ranged from 0 to 7 mm (mean 2.5±2), MTh ranged from 0.38 to 2.46 mm (mean 1.11±0.4) and the mean MR was 0.62 mm, ranging from 0 to 3 mm.

A negative correlation was found between MTh and MR (r=−0.32, P=0.01); Likewise, KM width showed a negative correlation with MR, periodontal attachment level (PAL) and PgE2 levels (r=−0.41, P<0.001; r=−0.26, P=0.04; r=−0.26, P=0.04, respectively). In contrast, a positive correlation was found between KM width and PD (r=0.27, P=0.03).

When data were dichotomized by KM width, a wider mucosal band (>1 mm) was associated with less MR compared with narrow (≤1 mm) band (0.27 and 0.9 mm, respectively, P=0.001). A wider KM band was also associated with a greater PD (3.13 mm) compared with a narrow band (2.66 mm, P=0.04).

Similarly, a thick mucosa (≥1 mm) was associated with lesser recession compared with a thin (<1 mm) mucosa (0.45 and 0.9 mm, respectively, P=0.04).

Conclusion: The KM around dental implants affects both the clinical and the immunological parameters at these sites. These findings are of special importance in the esthetic zone, where thin and narrow KM may lead to a greater MR.
Bone level alterations at implants placed in the posterior segments of the dentition: outcome of submerged/non‐submerged healing. A 5‐year multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial
Authors: Cecchinato Denis , Bengazi Franco , Blasi Giorgio , Botticelli Daniele , Cardarelli Ian , Gualini Federico
Published: February 2008

Objective: To determine if longitudinal bone level change at Astra Tech™ implants placed in the posterior part of the dentition was influenced by the healing conditions provided following implant placement, i.e., submerged or non‐submerged healing.

Material and methods: Eighty‐four patients and 115 fixed partial dentures (FPDs or cases) entered the study. The cases were randomized into two implant installation groups: initially non‐submerged (group A) or initially submerged (group B) implants. Three hundred and twenty‐four implants were installed (group A=153; group B=171): 145 in the maxilla and 179 in the mandible. Radiographs from the implant sites were obtained at FPD insertion (baseline) and subsequently every 12 months. In the radiographs, the position of the marginal bone at the mesial and distal aspects of the implants was determined and the radiographic (Rx) bone level change over time was calculated.

Results: Seven implants failed to integrate (four in group A and three in group B). During the 5 years of monitoring, three implants had to be removed and 35 implants were lost to follow‐up. The Rx bone level alteration that occurred during year 1 was 0.02±0.38 mm in group A and 0.17±0.51 mm in group B. During the subsequent 4 years there was some further Rx bone loss in group B (0.02±0.62 mm), while in group A there was some gain of bone (0.07±0.5 mm).

Conclusion: The peri‐implant bone level change and number of biological complications that took place during the 5 years was small and unrelated to the surgical protocol used for implant placement.
Co‐operative Versus Independent Transport of Different Cargoes by Kinesin‐1
Authors: Hammond Jennetta W. , Griffin Kelly , Jih Gloria T. , Stuckey Jeanne , Verhey Kristen J.
Published: February 2008

Kinesin motors drive the intracellular transport of multiple cargoes along microtubule tracks; yet, how kinesins discriminate among their many potential cargoes is unknown. We tested whether Kinesin‐1 cargoes compete, co‐operate or are transported independently of each other. We focused on Kinesin‐1 cargoes that bind directly to the kinesin light chain (KLC) subunit, namely the c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinase‐interacting proteins (JIPs) 1 and 3, Kidins220/ARMS and PAT1. Overexpression of individual cargo proteins in differentiated CAD cells resulted in mislocalization of the endogenous protein but had no effect on localization of other cargo proteins to neurite tips. Thus, while transport of distinct cargoes is saturable, they do not compete with each other. Interestingly, we found that low expression of JIP1 or JIP3 enhanced the transport of the other JIP to neurite tips. Moreover, JIP1 and JIP3 require each other for transport. Co‐operative transport is due to an interaction between JIP1 and JIP3 as well as distinct binding sites on the KLC tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) bundle: the TPR groove binds to C‐terminal residues of JIP1, whereas the TPR surface binds to internal residues in JIP3. Formation of a JIP1/JIP3/KLC complex is necessary for efficient JIP1 or JIP3 transport in neuronal cells. Thus, JIP scaffolding proteins are transported in a co‐operative manner, despite the independent transport of other Kinesin‐1 cargoes.
Secretion of Proteins into Host Cells by Apicomplexan Parasites
Authors: Ravindran Sandeep , Boothroyd John C.
Published: February 2008

The phylum Apicomplexa consists of a diverse group of obligate, intracellular parasites. The distinct evolutionary pressures on these protozoans as they have adapted to their respective niches have resulted in a variety of methods that they use to interact with and modify their hosts. One of these is the secretion and trafficking of parasite proteins into the host cell. We review this process for Theileria, Toxoplasma and Plasmodium. We also present what is known about the mechanisms by which parasite proteins are exported into the host cell, as well as information on their known and putative functions once they have reached their final destination.
Adaptor Protein Ruk/CIN85 is Associated with a Subset of COPI‐Coated Membranes of the Golgi Complex
Authors: Havrylov Serhiy , Ichioka Fumitaka , Powell Kate , Borthwick Emma B. , Baranska Jolanta , Maki Masatoshi , Buchman Vladimir L.
Published: February 2008

Regulator of ubiquitous kinase/Cbl‐interacting protein of 85 kDa (Ruk/CIN85) and CD2‐associated protein/Cas ligand with multiple SH3 domains (CD2AP/CMS) comprise a family of vertebrate adaptor proteins involved in several important cellular processes, including downregulation of activated receptor tyrosine kinases, regulation of cytoskeletal rearrangements, phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI 3‐kinase) signalling and apoptosis. The role of Ruk/CIN85 as a scaffold protein involved in membrane trafficking processes has been demonstrated in model cell systems. However, intracellular localization of endogenous Ruk/CIN85 has never been comprehensively assessed. We carried out detailed studies of subcellular distribution of Ruk/CIN85 in adherent cultured human cells using antibodies that recognize distinct epitopes of the protein and revealed a punctate immunostaining pattern, common for proteins involved in intracellular trafficking processes. Our data indicate that Ruk/CIN85 is distributed between several different membrane trafficking compartments, but the major pool of Ruk/CIN85 is associated with the Golgi complex, mainly with a subpopulation of COPI‐coated vesicles involved in retrograde endoplasmic reticulum‐Golgi and intra‐Golgi transport. This localization pattern is dependent on the integrity of Golgi complex and intact microtubular network. Only a small pool of Ruk/CIN85 is present in compartments involved in clathrin‐mediated endocytosis and sorting. These results suggest that endogenous Ruk/CIN85 may be involved in regulation of specific membrane trafficking processes.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Quantification and Comparison of Toll‐Like Receptor Expression and Responsiveness in Primary and Immortalized Human Female Lower Genital Tract Epithelia
Authors: Herbst‐Kralovetz Melissa M. , Quayle Alison J. , Ficarra Mercedes , Greene Sheila , Rose William A. , Chesson Ralph , Spagnuolo Rae Ann , Pyles Richard B.
Published: February 2008

Problem

To better understand innate immune responses to sexually‐transmitted infection (STI) and the appropriateness of epithelial cell (EC) models of the vaginal and cervical mucosa, quantified toll‐like receptor (TLR) expression from a population of women is needed.

Method of study

TLR gene expression was quantified in primary and immortalized endocervical, ectocervical, and vaginal EC from multiple donors. TLR bioactivity was evaluated by cytokine elaboration.

Results

TLR1–3 and 5–9 were expressed in each EC type with TLR2, 3, 5, 6 and CD14 expressed most abundantly. TLR4 was expressed by endocervical and vaginal EC. Agonist stimulation of TLR2, 3, 5 and 6 elicited cytokines. TLR4 and 7–9 were minimally expressed and were not consistently bioactive. Immortalized EC generally modeled primary cultures but elaborated significantly reduced cytokine levels.

Conclusion

TLR expression patterns were remarkably conserved across the study population and evaluated tissues indicating a predictable responsiveness to STI. The results support cautious use of immortalized cells for genital tract modeling.