bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L3 morphosyntactic processing among Polish–English bilinguals: Considering learners’ level of bilingualism and language dominance
Authors: Marciszewska Agnieszka A
Published: July 2021

Investigating language practices of bilingual children and understanding how they process a novel L3 allow to contribute to epistemological debates on bilingualism. In the present study, Polish–English bilingual children were tested on their processing of subject-first (SVO) and object-first (OVS) sentences in Polish and German. The data collected in this exploratory study were analysed in light of learners’ different levels of bilingualism and language dominance. The results consistently indicate that higher proficiency in Polish as well as ability to process the challenging OVS sentences supports learners in processing L3 German as well. The findings provide useful insights on morphosyntactic processing abilities among both migrant and bilingual 2L1 children and shine light on their needs, which could further be used to inform educational policy in the UK.
Hemicyanine dyes
Authors: Mustroph Heinz
Published: July 2021

Hemicyanine dyes are a subclass of polymethine colorants. At one end of their polymethine chain is an unsaturated heterocyclic ring possessing a nitrogen atom as would be found in a cyanine dye. However, the other end is terminated by a nitrogen atom that does not form part of an unsaturated heterocycle. The name alludes to their half-cyanine substitution pattern. Later the scope of the term “hemicyanine” was extended to the phenylogous dyes where there is a phenyl group between the two terminal nitrogen atoms. The first main technical application of hemicyanine dyes was in textile coloration. Nowadays hemicyanine dyes are used extensively as optical probes of cell membrane potential.
Profesores chilenos en busca de la educación socialista mexicana (1934-1940). Entre las misiones educativas y los procesos de institucionalización
Authors: Rivera Mir Sebastián
Published: July 2021

El presente artículo analiza las experiencias de algunos profesores chilenos que llegaron a México en busca de conocer los avatares de la educación socialista.  Esto involucra tanto una detención en los motivos que los trajeron, su estadía en el país, como su posterior regreso e inserción en Chile. Los estudios historiográficos sobre los intercambios académicos han prestado poca atención al impacto que tiene el retorno de estos sujetos y sus formas de influir en las políticas públicas y educativas. Como veremos a lo largo del texto, esta circunstancia permitió un diálogo constante entre los procesos de ambos países que con el paso del tiempo fue institucionalizándose. Desde el plano metodológico, la argumentación se construye en torno a la articulación de dos conceptos clave: usos políticos del intercambio y diplomacia pública.
Safety Analysis of Landslide in Pipeline Area through Field Monitoring
Authors: Xin Li , Mingzhou Bai , Bohu He , Pengxiang Li , Lebin Zong , Yun Chen , Hai Shi
Published: July 2021

Although the triggering of landslides is closely related to environmental factors, several other factors also contribute toward these landslides. Simple data observation of a single factor, such as displacement or rainfall, cannot clearly explain the relationship between landslide hazards and environmental factors in oil and gas pipeline areas. Based on the systematic summary of domestic and foreign pipeline landslide hazard monitoring and data analysis technologies, this study selects the high-risk section of an oil and gas transmission pipeline area as the research object and analyzes the characteristics and distribution of geological hazards along the pipeline. Studies have shown that the overlying soil of the landslide body, with an uneven thickness of approximately 3 m, consists of two reflection layers reflecting the electromagnetic signals of radar. Between November 2019 and November 2020, the maximum monthly cumulative rainfall occurred in June 2020, which was 419.7 mm, in addition to a cumulative rainfall of up to 108 mm that occurred in a single day. During this time, the soil moisture content at a depth of 1.5 m is the most sensitive factor in response to rainfall events. The water content of the soil fluctuates with depth due to diffusion and seepage. After a heavy rainfall, the leading edge of the landslide exhibited displacement and dragged the trailing edge along with it. The pipeline strain also fluctuated significantly with the displacement. The effect on the pipe changed from compressive strain to tensile strain and back to compressive strain, indicating that a landslide due to rainfall causes concentrated stress and deformation of the pipeline, thereby affecting its safety.
Queering Queer Conversations
Authors: Purnell David F. , Ivey Christina L. , Sturt Andy
Published: July 2021

One of the strengths of autoethnography is the connections that can be made through the telling of story. This article is an compilation of the connections made during presentations at the International Symposium on Autoethnography and Narrative Inquiry. Despite age differences, situations, and ways of being in and of the world, there were overlaps in the experiences of the authors. Three individual conference papers are merged to begin a conversation of queering queer narratives through an exploration of embodiment, relationality, and self-presentation without resorting to an established, and perhaps reified, queer iconography. From our queer identities, we offer narratives that are neither settled nor normative from our individual queer standpoints. We write to champion a different view of possibilities for queer non-normativity.
Transatlantic Climate and Gulf Stream Aesthetics
Authors: Williams Daniel
Published: July 2021

Daniel Williams, “Transatlantic Climate and Gulf Stream Aesthetics” (pp. 57–91)

The Gulf Stream gained scientific prominence in the nineteenth century as a test case for theories about the dynamics of ocean currents and the equilibrium of transatlantic climate. Discourse about the current supplied descriptions, analogies, and myths that persist into the present. Triangulating oceanic, ecological, and transatlantic approaches to literary study, this essay argues that the nineteenth-century discourse of the Gulf Stream included a significant aesthetic dimension organized by a dialectic between stability and variability. First, the essay traces the Gulf Stream’s presence in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century scientific writing and print culture, showing how memorable figures and vivid illustrations accentuated the risk of climate variability even as they charted an apparently stable oceanic system. Next, it considers the work of two poets separated by the ocean, Gerard Manley Hopkins and Sidney Lanier. While ostensibly using the Gulf Stream motif to reflect on geographic identity and cultural belonging, Hopkins and Lanier use formal and figurative techniques that register the threat of climate instability, offering a deeper sense of climate disquiet than the scientific materials on which they drew. Finally, the essay looks at the poetry of Derek Walcott, sketching the afterlife of the Gulf Stream discourse, extending its formal and figurative lineage, and renewing the present ecological urgency of thinking with an Earth-system process as a motif of climatic connection and obligation.
Crypto-assets in the EU and Polish regulatory framework regarding financial instruments
Authors:   University of Warsaw, Poland, Ziółkowska Katarzyna
Published: July 2021

Crypto-assets are private, convertible, digital tokens that are managed in a decentralized way using technology called distributed ledger technology (DLT). The term is not limited only to decentralized virtual currencies, but also commodities, digital goods and services. As such they can be considered an addition to a financial investment portfolio, being an alternative to traditional instruments, such as stocks, bonds or cash. However, wide use of crypto-assets is being currently hampered by lack of regulations followed by uncertainties as to the legal qualification of crypto-assets and consequences of investments in such instruments. From that perspective, it seems crucial to answer a question whether crypto-assets can be considered financial instruments in the light of the current Directive on Markets in Financial Instruments (so called MiFID II) at the EU level and national acts that implemented relevant provisions of MiFID II (in Poland it is the Act on Trading in Financial Instruments). Since neither the EU nor Polish legislator provided a clear answer to that question, some indications can be found only in official statements of regulatory authorities and the doctrine, which however are not always consistent with each other. Furthermore, the Member States used different legislative techniques in the process of implementing MiFID II so the nomenclature can differ. The article discusses the diverse approaches to crypto-assets in the interpretation of the EU and Polish legislation concerning financial instruments as well as implications of such differences.
Деформация модели налогообложения Pоссии с учетом вызовов цифровой экономики
Authors:   Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, Lutova Olga
Published: July 2021

In a changing world, which falls under the influence of two inextricably linked processes in the form of digitization and globalization, the issue of determining the position of the legislator in relation to the choice of the model of legal regulation becomes most relevant. At the same time, despite the active development of digitization processes of both the Russian and world economy, there is no single normative and/or doctrinal concept of cryptocurrency, both in economic science and in jurisprudence. We believe that this problem is of particular relevance in connection with the need to determine the state-power strategy of a public entity with regard to the development of Russian financial and tax legislation, considering current features of the financial system development in the digital age. In this regard, we consider the assessment of the “cryptocurrency” phenomenon taking into account the specifics of the Russian tax-legal regulation as one of the categories of taxation law, which is related to such fundamental notions as “object taxation” and “tax base”. Also, the development of the current concept of cryptocurrency significantly affects the most important notions of tax law-fiscal sovereignty, tax residency, legal personality, taxpayers and others. In addition, digitization requires, in the Author’s opinion, a revision of theoretical approaches to the system and structure tax law sources.
Risk management in public-private partnership through management control
Authors:   University of Białystok, Poland, Jaszczyk Krystian
Published: July 2021

Division of risk between a public entity and a private partner is one on the most essential elements of public-private partnership. Improper risk allocation may cause difficulties in implementation of a given undertaking or even prevent its realisation. Proper risk management is significant to avoid such a state and management control is a mechanism facilitating it. The aim of this article is to analyse management control in the scope of risk management in public-private partnership. Therefore, a research problem has been formulated which is to answer the question: is it possible to manage risk in PPP through management control? According to the research hypothesis, management control is an institution which may manage risk in PPP. The article presents management control as a mechanism managing risk in PPP.
Postkolonialny świat w kamieniu. O „polityczności” architektury na przykładzie narracji podróżniczych Wojciecha Góreckiego
Authors:   Wydział Humanistyczny, Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie, Rogalski Paweł
Published: July 2021

The article examines the relationship between architecture and power structures described in Wojciech Górecki’s Buran: Kirgiz wraca na koń. By analyzing the selected architectural structures in the former USSR, the author shows that in the so-called post-communist colonial world, the power structures are unstable and resort to promoting their image through visual arts. He points out the proselytizing character of architectural projects, which are used to signify the attributes of power. By referring to ideology and postcolonial theory, the author demonstrates how both shape the national identity and order the relationship between power structures and society. He also recounts his own experience from his journeys to Russia, the Caucasus and Kazakhstan.
Z Hrabalem wśród zwierząt
Authors:   Instytut Filologii Polskiej, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Soliński Wojciech
Published: July 2021

The article aims to interpret the so-called ‘animal prose’ by Bohumil Hrabal using some of the contemporary tools developed within animal studies, especially those that directly or indirectly address the broadly understood question of hunting. By ‘animal prose’ the author of this article understands these works by the Czech writer whose protagonists or narrative personae are wild, domesticated and breed animals, including the domestic and homing pigeons. All Hrabal’s works show a discernible tension in the human protagonists, torn between the species guilt and the realization that a return to the natural state is a classic example of wishful thinking.
Użycie kursywy w poezji Klary Nowakowskiej
Authors:   Instytut Filologii Polskiej, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Knapiński Karol
Published: July 2021

The article reflects upon the record and its meaning in the poetry of Klara Nowakowska. By analyzing the italicized parts in terms of syntax, lexis, rhythm as well as their position in the text, the author of the article presents their diversity and explains the typographical distinctions. It leads to deeper reflections upon the poem as a graphical text and to the analogy between a poetic utterance and a musical piece.
Zagadkowe dziewczę. O męskim spojrzeniu na kobiety w Senniku współczesnym Tadeusza Konwickiego
Authors:   Wydział Filologiczny, Uniwersytet Gdański, Stybor Aleksandra
Published: July 2021

The article analyzes the construction of masculine identity of the characters from Tadeusz Konwicki’s Sennik współczesny through their relationships with women. By referring to the war experience as an element organizing the category of masculinity, the author relies on the works of the German sociologist Klaus Theweleit to analyze the male gaze. She also uses the key psychoanalytical categories, such as the Oedipus complex, and demonstrates their usefulness in interpreting the function of the Romantic myth in Konwicki’s works.
A window into short-story construction: Richard Yates’ “Builders” and questions of the autobiographical content of his work
Authors:   Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland, Wood Karl
Published: July 2021

Richard Yates, most remembered for his Revolutionary Road (1961), was also the author of two fine and exceptionally well-crafted collections of short stories, Eleven Kinds of Loneliness (1963) and Liars in Love (1981). Yates was a writer of exceptional perception and unflinching clarity, yet some have criticized his work as drawing too heavily on autobiographical content. This article seeks to examine Yates’ 1963 story “Builders” to gain insight into this extraordinary author’s understanding of the writing process, his use of autobiographical or semi-autobiographical content, and to suggest new approaches for work on this still under-appreciated twentieth century author.
The child as citizen: holder of rights and competent. The Reggio Emilia educational experience
Authors:   Fondazione Reggio Children – Centro Loris Malaguzzi, Rinaldi Carla
Published: July 2021

The Convention on the Rights of the Child, approved by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 20 November 1989, states in Article 2 that “States Parties shall respect and ensure the rights set forth in the present Convention to each child within their jurisdiction without discrimination of any kind, irrespective of the child's or his or her parent's or legal guardian's race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, disability, birth or other status.” Therefore, the child becomes a citizen from birth and is competent to learn from birth. Competent in learning, asking questions, seeking answers, and generating a culture of their own. By affirming the right to be recognised as a citizen of the present, competent, culture-generating, we affirm the strength and extraordinary potential of the child and their right to express it. Infant-toddler centres and preschools are excellent educational places, where to build the paradigm of care and community for the child as citizen. Not all-encompassing places for education, but essential. They help to process, rework and update childhood data, to define childhood and to be defined by them and to define societies. It is not just the care of the child, it is the child’s culture, it is the child’s look at the world, their generative whys. The great cultural and political “revolution” of the last century – never completely accomplished – is making children active protagonists, leaving them their autonomy, considering them as holders of rights and culture. But now we know that society needs its childhood, too.
The birth of children’s rights between the First and Second World Wars: The historical events leading up to the Convention
Authors:   Universidad Pública de Navarra, Jimeno Roldán
Published: July 2021

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the industrialised countries had no guidelines for protecting children. From the time of its creation, the League of Nations has been interested in improving the situation of children and expanding their rights. To accomplish just that, the Child Welfare Committee was created in 1919. The creation of said Committee was the first action taken by the international community in a matter that was not to be left to the sole discretion of the states. That same year, the Englishwoman Eglantyne Jebb and her sister Dorothy founded Save the Children, which evolved very quickly and, in 1920, gave way to the establishment of the International Save the Children Union, headquartered in Geneva. In 1924, the League of Nations approved the Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child, drafted by Eglantyne Jebb herself. The first big challenge that said legal doctrine and the partnership in favour of children's rights came up against was the Spanish Civil War. The first great movement of refugee children featured the children of the Basque Country, who were welcomed in Great Britain. Let us take a look at this case as an example of the practical side of the first legal doctrine on children’s rights. On 21 May 1937, over 3,800 Basque children arrived at the port of Southampton, accompanied by just over two hundred adults. The British created the “Basque Children’s Committee”, chaired by the Duchess of Atholl, and the Basque government was in charge of organising the escape expedition. These children lived for four months in tents in a camp in Eastleigh, supported by voluntary contributions, particularly by left-wing English organisations, before they were sent to homes and organised ‘colonies’ spread throughout the United Kingdom.
Content of the child’s right to identity within the scope of the Convention on the rights of the child and the Latvian national framework
Authors:   Latvijas Universitāte, Jumakova Anastasija
Published: July 2021

One can note that the issue of children rights has always been topical and while there is still plenty of complex topics to be studied, the author yet invites to return to the basics of the child’s rights, and in particularly, to the need to protect the child’s identity as a legal value. The purpose of the article, therefore, is to clarify the meaning of the child’s right to identity enshrined in the international, and in particularly, the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child, and according Latvian legislation. With the assistance of a descriptive method in conjunction with a historical method the article marks the historical events of the last quarter of the 20th century leading to formation and contemporary understanding of the right to identity. Historical remarks are followed with a smooth transition into the analysis of the international and Latvian legal framework. The used sources among others include a number of international, European and Latvian legal acts, as well as accessible interpretative manuals, monographs, comments, transcripts and other sources for a better understanding of the contents of the legislation. The named analysis has been performed with the use of legal comparative, systemic and analytical research methods.
Zadania realizowane przez administrację publiczną w zakresie ochrony dzieci przed przemocą w rodzinie a standardy wynikające z Konwencji o Prawach Dziecka
Authors:   Uniwersytet Łódzki, Wilanowska Monika
Published: July 2021

A child's right to protection from domestic violence can be interpreted from a number of international legal instruments such as the Geneva Declaration adopted in 1924 by the League of Nations or the Declaration on the Rights of the Child adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1959. The Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1989, refers most widely to it. It contains a number of principles indicating the need for the State to safeguard the rights of the child to protection from harm by family members. They relate to the rights of children to: live, be in the care of their parents, establish foster care for them, be free from interference in their private, family or domestic life and strictly protect them from domestic violence. The Republic of Poland, as a party to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, is obliged to observe the provisions indicated therein. The aim of this article is to analyze the provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child concerning the right of the child to be free from domestic violence, as well as to analyze and evaluate the legal regulations in force in Poland related to the performance of public administration's tasks in the field of protection of the child from domestic violence, in terms of their compliance with the standards resulting from the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The research was conducted on the basis of the formal and dogmatic method, the method of critical analysis of literature and the historical method.
I minori stranieri: tra famiglia e scuola in prospettiva pedagogica
Authors:   Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Cerrocchi Laura
Published: July 2021

The present paper focuses on foreign minors: between family and school in a pedagogical perspective. Themes and problems are presented in four main areas: the foundational framework of interculture in a pedagogical perspective; the family as the main observatory and migration project, characterized by development and education tasks involving all its members, with particular attention to their roles and functions, and the role of family and parenting support services; the processes of education / literacy and socialization / education as practices that affect the school curriculum (in its different orders and degrees), addressing also the issues of language and work as the main means of cultural and social integration and inclusion; the professional figures (in initial training and in-service), with specific reference to the educational care provided by teachers, socio-pedagogical professional educators and pedagogists. The paper adopts the perspective of general and social pedagogy, considering also intercultural factors and Adult Education. Moreover, it incorporates the contributions of educational sciences. In terms of sources, it is based on the studies, research and projects in the field, while, at a methodological level, it stems from an investigative approach centered on the dialogue between theory and praxis. Its aim is to offer possible lines of evolution and unchartered bases for educational planning.
Sentencing Jews to work on Ottoman Naval Ships and in Forced Labor at the Imperial Arsenal from the Early 16th Century to 1839
Authors:   Ariel University, Israel, Bornstein-Makovetsky Leah
Published: July 2021

The purpose of the article is to discuss punishments of kürek, i.e., penal servitude on the galleys, and forced labor at the Imperial Arsenal (Tersâne-i Amire), imposed on Jewish men by kadis and Ottoman governors during the 16th-19th centuries in the Ottoman Empire. The kürek (lit. “oar”) punishment was inflicted for serious crimes, e.g., adultery, heresy, prostitution, and coin-clipping, as well as other grave offenses for which the Shari'ah/Kanon prescribed the death penalty. At times it was also administered for lesser crimes. We learn that this punishment was administered particularly when the Ottoman navy needed more working hands, mainly after the Battle of Lepanto in October 1571 and during the campaign for the conquest of Crete in the 1660s. This punishment was meted out mainly to Jewish offenders from Istanbul and Izmir. The article discusses the execution of these punishments in light of many sources and draws conclusions in the light of extensive research literature. It devotes extensive discussion to the attitude of Jewish leaders, Jewish courts of law and individual Jews to these penalties both in theory and in practice.
Rola Kongresu haskiego w procesie powstawania Rady Europy i kształtowania prawnych uwarunkowań jej działalności
Authors:   Warszawska Wyższa Szkoła Biznesu, Milewski Daniel
Published: July 2021

The paper aims to present the circumstances and results of the event of crucial importance for European integration, which was the Hague Congress convened in 1948, as well as to present the impact of its resolutions on the process of laying the foundation for the Council of Europe and shaping the legal conditions for its functioning. The paper describes different events that are part of the integration actions undertaken on the Old Continent after World War II, including and discussing in detail the characteristics of the Congress of Europe in The Hague. On the basis of the resolutions adopted at that time, the paper analyses the circumstances and arguments in favour of the solutions put in place in the following years. The article indicates the numerous provisions of the Hague Congress resolutions which have been implemented in the process of the subsequent European integration. The description and the axiological background of the decisions made in 1948 allow a better understanding of the origins of the many institutions and processes that influenced the shaping of Europe’s legal culture over the past few decades. In addition, the article presents a broad catalogue of the figures involved in the organisation of the Hague Congress, together with their affiliation with the different views on the scope of integration. The references to source texts and literature highlighting the background of the creation of the Council of Europe make it possible to understand more fully the basis for its mission concerning the strengthening of the democratic stability and the rule of law on the continent. Ultimately, by linking the legal bases of the functioning of the Council of Europe with a description of the foundations on which it was created, the article gives us an answer to the question of why the Council of Europe has developed its own modus operandi and its own methods of influencing the legal systems of the Member States.
Zarys dziejów mniejszości niemieckiej w Polsce. Przegląd działalności politycznej, społecznej i kulturalnej
Authors:   Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, Piruta Justyna
Published: July 2021

This article aims to present the situation of the German minority in the Republic of Poland. The article will analyze the conditions of this minority in terms of law and history. The article can be divided into two main parts. First will be presented a historical outline. There will be information about the first German settlers on Polish soil, how they functioned in society, what they did, what rights they had, whether they assimilated with Poles, or cultivated their culture, and what relations prevailed between Germans and Poles and the influence partitions and both world wars on these relations. Then, after discussing what these circumstances looked like years ago, the rest of the article will be devoted to modern times. In this part, the activities of the German minority will be reported, how they function in Polish society, how they nurture the culture of their country of origin, what relations connects the German minority with Poles, whether representatives of the German minority act in political life, what organizations they belong to and what German cultural events they organize. Information on statistical data from the 2011 National Census of Population and Housing will be presented, including how many people declare themselves as a German minority and what areas of Poland are mainly inhabited by this minority. There will also be information on legal acts relating to the rights of the German minority in the Republic of Poland.
Korupcja w ujęciu historycznym i współczesnym. Pojęcie zachowania korupcyjnego na tle art. 229 k.k.
Authors:   Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, Dominiuk Ryszard Eugeniusz
Published: July 2021

The problematic aspects of corruptive behaviors has proven to be quite a challenge for modern times. Society is mostly aware that the fight against corruption is difficult, and elimination of this phenomenon seems impossible. Corruption spreads its influence due to incorrect perception of surrounding reality. Limiting corruption is complicated process reaching for psychological incentives and motives of people participating in this operation. It is said that just raising awareness about corruption is half of the success, but to achieve full “victory” it is necessary to change the attitude of people, especially youth, on the subject of this pathological phenomenon. As studies show, the essential element on limiting the corruption is to partake the educative actions. Prevention is also connected to psychology of human behavior, all the more, that this type of criminal activity can be commited directly and indirectly. Human always tries to achieve success, and corruption is this element, which on the surface seems beneficial. It starts from receiving small souvenirs. By taking part in such activity people become less neutral and objective. In the light of art. 229 k.k. corruptive behavior affects the subject, which actively takes the role of active party. In this manner such person is perceived as entrepreneurial. Considering the difficulties in determination of victim in such agreement, subject willing to take the active corruptive initiative, does not foresee the consequences of its behavior. It is considered as correct. Rationally speaking realizing the connection between legal and psychological aspect is considered a milestone in the fight against corruption. The perfection in legal regulation should be constantly supplemented with psychological analysis of corruptive behaviors.
Problematyczność stosowania metafizyki do pozytywizmu prawniczego na przykładzie tezy o społecznym źródle prawa
Authors:   Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, Kanon Marcin
Published: July 2021

The aim of this article is to present a legal positivist social source thesis in the context of classical metaphysical reflection. Author uses the method of analysing the source texts and abstracts theses that can be considered as metaphysical. Metaphysical theses divide into existential and essential. They are expressed directly by an author or possible to reconstruct. Reasoning was based on convenience that universality of metaphysics should be considered temporally. The thesis about the evolution of ways of understanding reality, along with the development of mankind, is one of the cardinal assumptions of positivism in general. Based on this historiosophical rule, August Comte draws further conclusions about a possible modern philosophy for the future. The denial of metaphysics leads to cursory, perhaps unconscious, acceptance of the theses that have already been developed in the history of philosophy. The reflections are essentially focused on the issue of ontological status of society. Its understanding determines the understanding of social facts and seems to have an impact on social source thesis. The main part of the reflection is placed in a historical context. It enables to examine some aspects that are difficult to consider nowadays. One of the conclusions is that metaphysics to which positivism opposes is dominant in 19th century philosophy, but in general only one of many schools of thought. Since there is no specific literature on that matter, author signalize problems considering them generally.
Powracające ludobójstwo w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej i Rosji (1894-1995)
Authors:   Wyższa Szkoła Humanitas w Sosnowcu, Lityński Adam
Published: July 2021

There have been numerous publications on genocide, which provides evidence that this topic is up-to-date, important and still insufficiently researched. The author of the legal concept of "genocide " is Rafał Lemkin, a Polish scholar of Jewish nationality: "Father of Genocide Convention". In 1948, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted a convention on the prevention and punishment of genocide crime. During the hundred years (1894-1995), genocide repeatedly occurred in Central and Eastern Europe. The greatest genocide in human history is the extermination of the Jews (the Holocaust). The author also recalls the genocide of the Armenians (1894-1915) in the Ottoman Empire (although it goes beyond Central and Eastern Europe and Russia). There were numerous genocide cases in the Soviet Union, and it is only about them that it is possible to accumulate substantial literature. Namely, the author reminds: the Cossacks genocide following the Bolshevik revolution; genocide in the countryside in connection with the collectivization process; Great Famine in Ukraine; the extermination of entire national minorities (so-called national operations 1937-1938); the most massive such operation was the "Polish operation." The author also recalls genocide in the countries of former Yugoslavia: especially in the fascist so-called Independent Croatian State [Nezavisna Država Hrvatska - NDH). The genocide of Ukrainian nationalists on Poles (1943-1946) closes the text. The article describes the largest genocidal operations carried out in Central and Eastern Europe over the course of a century and outlines their historical and political background, the manner in which they were carried out and their relationship with the international law and individual national regulations in force at the time.
Znaczenie filozofii Immanuela Kanta w kształtowaniu polskiej myśli filozoficznoprawnej XX wieku
Authors:   Uniwersytet Warszawski, Kryniecka-Piotrak Anna
Published: July 2021

The legacy of representatives of the 20th-century Polish philosophy of law thought still requires systematic studies and closer presentation of its ideas, for the ground that it is a source of interesting but sometimes not yet discovered or acquainted scientific concepts. An important part of it are concepts formulated under the influence of Kant's thoughts, taking into consideration that their authors are subject to various inspirations, often referring in their works to more than one philosophical system. Kant's philosophy is a source of inspiration for the formulation of original concepts of innovative sense, in which its assumptions are modified and creatively developed. It is significant that it significantly contributed to the shaping even such standpoints of view that presented a decidedly critical attitude towards German philosophy, mainly due to the alleged idealism and speculative nature. It turns out that Kant's philosophy in the works of representatives of Polish 20th-century philosophy of law thought constitutes an important contribution to concepts concerning the man’s place in society and in the global community, as well as the relationship between individuals and the role of positive law in shaping them. It confirms conviction that it is necessary to undertake research on law from an anthropological and axiological perspective, leading to the formation of the subject of research in the philosophy of law in a specific way. It also led to the consolidation of the view that there is an absolute imperative to respect humanity in every individual, becoming the basis of individualistic thinking and pacifism. The aim of the presented research is therefore a comprehensive presentation of the multidirectional influence of Kant's philosophy on the shaping of Polish 20th-century philosophy of law thought.
Sądy wojskowe 1945-1955 w świetle najnowszych badań
Authors:   Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie, Wrzyszcz Andrzej
Published: July 2021

The research issues which Marta Paszek is interested in are an extremely important aspect in the history of the system and law of the People's Republic of Poland. The historiography to date relating to the military judiciary at that time is definitely dominated by publications discussing trials that bore all the rules of lawful procedure. The viewpoint of these works is (quite rightly so) to present the martyrdom of the defendants, to quote draconian sentences and the fate of the convicted. Marta Paszek's monograph of course takes these issues into account, but the author has significantly expanded the scope of her research, which should be considered the right direction. The review article is an attempt to discuss the structure of the monograph, to evaluate the sources used, to analyse the value and appropriateness of the content of individual chapters, as well as changes to the doctoral dissertation defended in May 2018. It also assesses the legitimacy of undertaking the subject of analysis of the activities of the Military District Court in Katowice and the need to publish the same monograph in terms of the needs of historical and legal sciences and the proper exhaustion of the subject by the author. The evaluations of other entities, such as other reviewers, the Council of the Faculty of Law and Administration of the University of Silesia in Katowice and the Institute of Justice were also noted.
Zastosowanie szybkiego testu antygenowego do diagnostyki COVID-19 w porównaniu z molekularnym testem RT-PCR
Authors: Białek Sławomir , Świergiel Wiktoria , Białek-Gosk Katarzyna
Published: July 2021

Pandemia COVID-19 rozprzestrzenia się na całym świecie. Dlatego też istnieje pilna potrzeba posiadania szybkich, prostych i dokładnych testów do diagnozowania zakażenia koronawirusem SARS-CoV-2. Celem pracy była ocena szybkiego testu antygenowego do diagnostyki COVID-19 firmy BioMaxima, w porównaniu z testem molekularnym SARS-CoV-2 Real Time PCR LAB-KIT™. Oceny testu dokonano na podstawie 480 próbek wymazów z jamy nosowo-gardłowej, pobranych od pacjentów z objawami COVID-19 oraz od osób z kontaktu z osobą zakażoną, ale bez objawów zakażenia. Pozytywne wyniki testu antygenowego uzyskano u 205 badanych pacjentów, a testu molekularnego u 213 osób. Wyniki negatywne testu antygenowego otrzymano u 275 osób, a molekularnego u 267. Powyższe wyniki pozwoliły na wyliczenie czułości diagnostycznej, która wyniosła 93,43% (95% CI: 91,61%~97,19%) i swoistości diagnostycznej – 97,75% (95% CI: 93,74%~98,92%). Wysokie wartości czułości i swoistości, przebieg krzywej ROC oraz wysoki współczynnik korelacji R=0,9158 przy p<0,0001 wskazują, iż test SARS-CoV-2 Ag Rapid Test (BioMaxima) może i powinien być stosowany do diagnostyki zakażeń koranowirusem, zwłaszcza u pacjentów z typowymi objawami, we wczesnym okresie rozwoju COVID-19. Na uwagę zasługuje również fakt, iż uzyskane wyniki czułości i swoistości dla badanego testu antygenowego spełniają bardzo wysokie polskie kryteria, dopuszczające testy antygenowe do użytku diagnostycznego, tj. czułość diagnostyczna ≥90% i swoistość diagnostyczna ≥97%.
Ocena wiedzy Polaków na temat antybiotykoterapii
Authors: Wójcik Monika , Bieńko Karolina , Więckowska Marta , Sikora Agnieszka
Published: July 2021

Antybiotyki i chemioterapeutyki są substancjami, które umożliwiają leczenie zakażeń o etiologii bakteryjnej i grzybiczej. Stosowane są powszechnie w codziennej praktyce lekarskiej, lecz wiedza społeczeństwa na ich temat jest zróżnicowana. Nie każdy zdaje sobie sprawę z błędów popełnianych podczas antybiotykoterapii, które mogą mieć wpływ na rosnącą antybiotykooporność wśród bakterii oraz zmniejszać skuteczność leczenia. Celem pracy była ocena stanu wiedzy Polaków na temat antybiotykoterapii. Materiał i metody Dane uzyskano z badania ankietowego przeprowadzonego online w okresie od listopada 2019 do lutego 2020 roku. Badanie ankietowe składało się z formularza zawierającego 29 pytań, w tym 28 jednokrotnego oraz 1 wielokrotnego wyboru. Wyniki W badaniu ankietowym wzięło udział 218 osób, kobiety stanowiły 82,6%. Najliczniej reprezentowaną grupą wiekową przez respondentów była grupa w przedziale 21–30 lat (75,7%). Problematyka poruszana podczas badania ankietowego zawierała się m.in. w pytaniach dotyczących: częstości stosowania antybiotyku, pozyskiwania wiedzy na temat antybiotykoterapii, przepisywania leku na żądanie, znajomości terminu „antybiotykooporność”, zasadności stosowania tej grupy leków. Zebrane informacje pozwoliły sformułować wnioski dotyczące świadomości populacji związanej ze stosowaniem leków bakteriobójczych i bakteriostatycznych. Wnioski Wiedza społeczeństwa na temat antybiotykoterapii jest heterogenna. W badaniu uwidoczniono wiele przyczyn, które mogą prowadzić do rosnącej antybiotykooporności. Nieprawidłowe stosowanie, pomijanie ulotki informacyjnej czy brak jasnych zaleceń lekarskich to przykłady problemów wiążących się z prowadzeniem prawidłowej antybiotykoterapii. Cześć społeczeństwa nie zna terminu antybiotykooporność i nie zdaje sobie sprawy z możliwego zagrożenia. Problemem jest także wyrzucanie przeterminowanych leków do odpadów komunalnych, co prowadzi do skażenia środowiska i nabywania przez bakterie mechanizmów oporności.
Knowledge and perception of dental practitioners regarding the use of devitalizing agents
Authors: Kaushik Pratyasha , Kaushik Mamta , Soujanya Elkanti , Roshni Roshni , Mehra Neha , Karthik Prasad Lokam
Published: July 2021

Background. Pulpal pain is amongst the most severe pains experienced by humans. Various chemical agents are used routinely to devitalize the severely inflamed pulpal tissue. Most of these agents are harmful and have detrimental effects. This questionnaire-based study evaluated the awareness and perception of dental practitioners regarding the use of devitalizing agents during endodontic procedures, and various alternatives to minimize the use of these agents.

Methods. An open questionnaire was distributed to a total of 250 dental practitioners. It carried detailed information about the most common devitalizing agent used, the purpose of use, method, and duration of application, recommendations, complications encountered, awareness of complications, and various alternatives. The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 17.0 (IBM Statistics, Chicago, Illinois, USA). Descriptive statistics were drawn with respective percentages to have a comparative overview.

Results. 209 responses to 250 questionnaires circulated gave a response rate of 83.6%. Amongst them, 63.15% of dentists were using devitalizing agents. The most widely and frequently used devitalizing agent was Devitec (PD Swiss, Vevey, Switzerland) (36.3%), followed by Caustinerf forte (Septodont, Saint-Maur-des-Fosses, France) (29.5%). A total of 32.9% dentists were aware of the recommendations, and 66.02% were aware of the complications of devitalizing agents;  16.26% of dental practitioners encountered complications due to the use of devitalizing agents. The dentists listed the alternate methods regarding the use of pulp devitalizing agents.

Conclusion. Although most of the dentists were aware of the harmful effects and few encountered complications with the use of devitalizers, they continued to use these agents because of the lack of an effective alternative.
Maximizing patient benefit through a reversed pathway from specialist to generalist: the case of chronic pain
Authors: Karageorgiou Ioannis , Kokkinakis Stamatios , Maliotis Neofytos , Lionis Christos , Symvoulakis Emmanouil K
Published: July 2021

Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR) is a syndrome characterized by chronic pain and/or stiffness in the neck, shoulders or upper arms and hips. It affects adult patients usually over 50 years old and is treated with low-dose oral corticosteroids. In this case, a 68-year-old female with a history of PMR, diagnosed by a specialist sporadically seen in the past, presented to a primary care physician due to herpes zoster (HZ) infection. Thorough history taking, along with a careful review of previous laboratory results, raised serious doubts concerning her diagnosis (PMR). Because the patient described diffuse pain throughout her body, sleep disturbances and a depressed emotional state, fibromyalgia was suspected instead and appropriate treatment was given. The patient remained free of symptoms and corticosteroids for almost a year. Information from this case may help to point out that PMR is a disorder that can be easily confused with other chronic pain conditions with similar manifestations, especially when the initial diagnosis is sped up in terms of consultation depth and care continuity. Under certain circumstances, primary care can lead to improved clinical outcomes.
Real-life burden of adverse reactions to biological therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: a single-centre prospective case series
Authors: Larussa Tiziana , Basile Antonio , Palleria Caterina , Iannelli Chiara , Vero Ada , Giubilei Lidia , De Sarro Caterina , Suraci Evelina , Marasco Raffaella , Imeneo Maria , Russo Emilio , Abenavoli Ludovico , De Sarro Giovambattista , Luzza Francesco
Published: July 2021

Background/aim. Biologics represent a key therapeutic option in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but are associated with several side effects. Post-marketing surveillance, through a spontaneous adverse drug reactions (ADRs) monitoring system, is essential to assess the safety profile of biologics. The aim of the study was to prospectively evaluate the occurrence of ADRs in IBD patients treated with biologics from a single centre in Southern Italy.

Methods. Data from patients with Crohn’s Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC) who underwent biological therapy were prospectively collected. ADRs were classified according to the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA®).

Results. Overall, 68 (54% male, 68% with UC and 32% with CD) biologic-naïve IBD patients underwent biological therapy. Mean follow-up was 11.7 ± 6.2 months. As a results of switches, for 68 patients we obtained 96 biologic prescriptions. Overall, 45 ADRs occurred in 36 (53%) patients, distributed as follows (ADRs/prescriptions): 19/37 with IFX-Remicade, 5/12 with IFX-Remsima, 8/9 with GOL, 11/26 with ADA, and 2/12 with VDZ. Mild ADRs were 29 (64%), moderate 15 (34%) and 1 (2%) severe. General disorders and administration related reactions were the most frequent ADRs (35%), followed by skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders (20%), infections (15%), musculoskeletal (11%), respiratory (6%) blood (4%), gastrointestinal (4%), and vascular disorders (2%). In 9 cases (20%) the ADRs resulted in definitive discontinuation of biologic therapy.

Conclusion. In a prospective cohort of IBD patients, more than half experienced ADRs during biologic therapy. General disorders and administration related reactions were the most common ADRs, while infections were less common and rarely led to discontinuation of therapy. Findings underline the importance of surveillance in management of IBD patients during biologic therapy and implementing safety protocols with data from real-life settings.