bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ancestral Voices
Authors: Alleyne-Dettmers Patricia Tamara
Published: March 2007

This article presents one case study of contemporary Carnival as played out on the streets of Notting Hill, London. Its major focus is the carnival performance context and the genre of Carnival. This refers to Caribbean peoples' aesthetic cultural representations: masquerade themes that are played (manifested and enacted in) mas (unscripted dramatic costuming) at carnival time. It is the first phase1 of an ongoing study that examines the processes by which the Afro-Caribbean diasporic community, dispossessed by European colonization, continually seeks to forge its own voice - its national and even other identities - through its multi-faceted carnival festival. From these themes it becomes evident that the resources used by the mas people (creative artists) to create carnival designs (artistic depictions) are continual evocations of multiple-cultural configurations left by various ancestors both of the colonizer and of the colonized. These ancestral voices run the gamut from Amerindian myths to European, African and Asian cultural influences. The case study demonstrates that the ancestral past is neither static nor forgotten. Instead these cultural vestiges - ancestral voices - are regenerated and re-inscribed into the productive creation of new accounts and new myths. The new voices appear not only with other meanings and other values but also in another language, representative of Afro-Caribbean diasporic peoples' ongoing quest for a national identity. Any understanding of Trinidadian Carnival and its extension, Notting Hill Carnival, has to be understood against that backdrop process of re creating, re-defining, re-evaluating, changing but continually becoming what I have called meta-masking - in this paper and elsewhere (Alleyne-Dettmers, 1993: 5) - as the culture matures and grows. In addition, this article shows how colonization affected the perceptions of the colonized subject and suggests that there is a continual highly successful negotiation of ethnic diversity in society, with Carnival providing the forum to recognize that ethnic diversity. Paradoxically, however, an agenda of unity is pursued.
Theorizing Policing:
Authors: MANNING PETER K.
Published: March 2007

The article uses articles from elite publications to shape a dramaturgically informed case study exploring the decline in the official crime rate in New York City in 1996, the roles of Commissioner Bratton, the media, and the selected experts commenting upon the causes of the decline. The focal period is 1994-6, and includes news of events, such as trials and convictions, related to the events taking place earlier. Victor Turner's (1976) natural history approach organizes the narrative, which sees an established order punctuated by breach, crisis, response and redress, and conciliation or new schism. This analysis requires a brief overview of dramaturgy, the drama of policing, and the centrality of imagery and rhetoric in sustaining police legitimacy and compliance internally. It is argued in conclusion that such analysis may assist in theorizing policing, seeing the dramatic virtues of crime, and the role of media in policing and politics.
Excavating the Fear of Crime:
Authors: WALKLATE SANDRA
Published: March 2007

The central purpose of this article is to offer a critical examination of the fear of crime debate and to suggest a different conceptual framework through which what might be called the fear of crime might be understood. A critical appreciation of fear as the other, fear as rational/irrational, fear as safety and fear as anxiety will be offered. It will be argued that none of these ways of exploring the concept of fear has resonance with the experiences of those living in high crime areas where questions of trust seem to have a greater salience. Indeed it is through an exploration of the concept of trust, and its underlying generative mechanisms, here suggested as the state, the (dis)organization of crime, the (dis)organization of community and finally processes of sociability, that expressed concerns about crime might be better understood.
Adolescents’ Dietary Habits and Attitudes: Unpacking the ‘Problem of (Parental) Influence’
Authors: Eldridge Jane , Murcott Anne
Published: March 2007

Several interests – policy and research among them – appear aligned in concentrating on the antecedents of young people’s eating habits. Between them they provide a vocabulary for, and convey an implicit model of, antecedents to adolescents’ activities, that can resolve into a simply stated question: what are the influences on young people’s dietary habits and attitudes? This article seeks to unpack/problematize the idea of influence that question contains, limiting attention to one presumed source of influence, that of parents. It aims to illustrate the manner in which the idea of parental influence eludes ready identification by presenting empirical material reporting conceptions of food and eating, of habits and attitudes, and of aspects of domestic life. Via presentation of material on images of household, on young people’s bids for autonomy and independence, parents’ concern and vigilance and features of the divisions of domestic (kitchen) labour, the observation that parent/child relationships are not well characterized as either uni-dimensional or uni-directional is confirmed. Caution is recommended in relying on an idea of influence for research or practical interventions.
‘Killer Bugs’, ‘Silly Buggers’ and ‘Politically Correct Pals’: Competing Discourses in Health Scare Reporting
Authors: Gwyn Richard
Published: March 2007

Media coverage of HIV/AIDS in the late 1980s revived a perennial cultural fantasy, wherein people are located as either ‘innocent victims’ or ‘guilty agents’ of illness. The notion of implicit culpability identifies HIV ‘carriers’ as agents of otherness, bringing the alien curse of AIDS into ‘normal’ society’s safe haven. By 1994, however, the media had tired of AIDS stories, but the apparently sudden occurrence of necrotizing fasciitis at scattered locations in the UK provoked a week of hysterical news media response. Representations of the ‘killer bug’ and its paradoxical relationship to the news media’s reporting of AIDS, provide insights into both the commonsense value of the invasion/war metaphor, as well as a unique perception of people with AIDS (in opposition to those with the ‘killer bug disease’), as empowered by ‘politically correct pals’ in influential positions.
`I am the Prince of Pain, for I am a Princess in the Brain': Liminal Transgender Identities, Narratives and the Elimination of Ambiguities
Authors: Wilson Mandy
Published: March 2007

This article explores the formation and construction of transgendered identities, `the various ontological and public narratives in which actors plot or find themselves' (Somers and Gibson, 1994: 67). Research I have conducted in Perth, Western Australia, shows that while a multiplicity of gendered identities circulate in various spaces and places, there is also a pressing need for many transgendered persons to ultimately define themselves within existing and recognizable `normal' gender boundaries: instead of marking difference, many seem to eliminate it. Often identity goes from being `liminal' and multiple where males can be females, females can be males, and public gender categories are temporarily and spatially suspended, to being ultimately singular, recognizable and stable (as demanded by wider medical, sociocultural and public understandings of gender). Here, I investigate what Victor Turner (expanding on the work of Arnold Van Gennep, 1960) has called the `The Liminal Period' (1967). Following and building on the arguments initially proposed by Anne Bolin who focused on transsexual rites of transition in the USA (1988), I look at the theory of liminality in relation to transgendered rites de passage in Perth. While recognizing the large body of work from queer studies,¹ which turns its gaze toward social practices that organize a society and sexualize the `bodies, desires, acts, identities, social relations, knowledges, culture and social institutions' (Seidman, 1996: 13), I choose instead to draw on and apply particular concepts proposed by anthropologist, Mary Douglas (1966, 1970). Employing her notions of purity and danger to relevant questions in this article, I explore how cultures understand, interpret and deal with variance and anomaly.
Kinsey: A 50th Anniversary Symposium
Authors: Nardi Peter M.
Published: March 2007

This symposium is published to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the publication of the first Kinsey volume in 1948. Authors were asked to reflect on Kinsey's contribution to either their own discipline or their country's attitude. The first four contributors have worked at the Kinsey Institute. John Bancroft is the current director, and June Reinisch was his predecessor. Both John Gagnon and William Simon were sociologists at the Institute during the late 1950s and 1960s. Commentaries follow from Dennis Altman, a prominent Australian gay activist; Vickie Mays and Susan Cochran who focus upon ethnic concerns in the USA; and Gunter Schmidt, Michael Schofield and Judith Schuyf who write of the reception of Kinsey's Study in Germany, the UK and the Netherlands respectively.
Femininities in Flux? Young Women, Heterosexuality and (Safe) Sex
Authors: Stewart Fiona J.
Published: March 2007

Academic interest in sexuality and sexual practices has led to a growing body of scholarly work concerned with the deconstruction of heterosexuality. Amid past claims of women's abiding oppression has been more recent work highlighting fluidity and flux in heterosexuality generally, and masculinity and femininity particularly. This article discusses the findings of a recent empirical study of young heterosexual women in the areas of (a) female initiative and desire in heterosexual relations; (b) heterosexual practices; and (c) virginity. It is the consequences of a possible shift in definitions and practices of femininity for young women's experience of heterosex which forms the focus of this discussion.
Behavior Problems in Bedouin Elementary Schoolchildren
Authors: Auerbach Judith G. , Goldstein Esther , Elbedour Salman
Published: March 2007

Emotional and behavior problems in Bedouin elementary schoolchildren were investigated. Teachers completed the Teachers’ Report Form of the Child Behavior Checklist on 953 children: 461 children who had previously been rated by teachers as having referral level behavioral and/or learning problems and 492 children rated as non-problematic by their teachers. There were significant differences between these two groups on total behavior problem scores, the broad-band and narrow-band syndromes. There was a significant age effect for internalizing problems, with older children receiving higher scores than younger children. Compared with American children, Bedouin children had higher levels of internalizing problems, particularly anxiety/depression. Bedouin boys also received lower scores on externalizing problems than American boys, while the scores for girls were similar to those for American girls. The results are discussed in terms of socialization goals and practices of Bedouin society.
The Development of a Culturally Sensitive Symptom Checklist for Depression in Dubai
Authors: Sulaiman Sultana O. Y. , Bhugra Dinesh , de Silva Padmal
Published: March 2007

Culturally appropriate terms are more likely to enable clinicians to identify psychiatric conditions and psychological distress. Although Arabic translations of depression inventories exist, their sensitivity in Arabicspeaking communities may be limited. We set out to identify terms and phrases that the native people in Dubai use to express depression. Two hundred community members (100 male and 100 female) were asked to provide a list of expressions describing emotions. Scrutiny of this by another sample led to a list of expressions specifically used for the feelings of depression. An expert panel then helped to identify from this a set of expressions clinically used for depression, and to construct a symptom checklist relevant to the culture. This article describes the development of the checklist, and comments on the relevant issues.
Mental Health Needs Assessment in Australia’s Culturally Diverse Society
Authors: Larson Ann , Frkovic Ivan , van Kooten-Prasad Marina , Manderson Lenore
Published: March 2007

Despite widespread political support for recognizing and addressing the special mental health needs of culturally and linguistically distinct communities, relatively little has been documented about the specific needs of these groups. State government units, community organizations and services tasked with implementing broad policies have very little information on which to formulate strategies. A review of the literature on needs reveals a tension between the ‘top-down’ definitions of what has been termed ‘thin’ needs – such as evidence of higher rates of mental health problems or lower rates of utilization, and ‘thick’ needs as felt by consumers and carers as they face specific problems. Both perspectives are necessary to develop effective and acceptable transcultural mental health strategies. The remainder of this article describes the framework and application of a methodology for community organisations and services to assess needs from diverse perspectives.
Are we all in the closet? Notes towards a sociological and cultural turn in queer theory
Authors: seidman Steven
Published: March 2007

Queer theory has radicalized lesbian and gay studies by viewing the homosexual subject as performative, by insisting upon analyzing homosexuality in relation to heterosexuality, and by linking gay studies to the study of sexualities. It is, in short, a generalizing theoretical perspective. Yet, this paper argues that queer theory has been limited by its reliance on psychoanalytical theory and a narrow linguistic poststructural language of social analysis. The case for a sociological and cultural turn in queer theory is sketched in the context of a discussion of the 'closet' in lesbian and gay culture and literature.
Richard Hoggart's grandmother's ironing
Authors: Gibson Mark
Published: March 2007

The paper reviews a moment within early British cultural studies as a way of asking whether the concept of power is as necessary to the field as is generally believed. It attempts to establish that the concept was not a central one - and was in fact specifically avoided - in the intellectual and political project suggested by the 'founding' work of Richard Hoggart and Raymond Williams. It was introduced as part of a deliberate intervention against that project which first appeared in criticisms of Williams by E.P. Thompson and later taken up in the systematic adoption of 'theory'.

The opening of a possibility that cultural studies may have an intellectual and political credibility without being 'about' power is used to reflect on some of the problems now facing the field at the moment of its internationalization. It is sug gested that a number of these problems might be addressed more openly and directly if the use of the concept of power is understood as contingent rather than fundamental.
Herald of hybridity
Authors: Schoene Berthold
Published: March 2007

The paper reads Hanif Kureishi's The Buddha of Suburbia as a paradigmatic example of post-imperial ethno-English writing. Kureishi's novel propagates an emancipation of ethnic difference from both the discriminatory stereotyping institutionalized by current multiculturalist discourse as well as the postcolonial migrant subject's propensity for self-oppressive role-play and anglophile mimicry, most notably problematized in Salman Rushdie's intercultural experiment of The Satanic Verses.

Kureishi's novel breathes life into the utopian envisionings of several prominent cultural theorists of the 1990s. The paper refers to Homi K. Bhabha's location of culture in the deconstructive Third Space of a cultural in-between as well as Judith Butler's argument on sexuality's subversion of epistemological closure. It also discusses Terry Eagleton's call for a radical redefinition of the relations between cultural homo- and heterogeneity and Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick's axiomatic concerning a proprioceptive liberation of the individual subject from the ideological straitjackets of hegemonic perception.
Identity and Cooperative Behavior in Groups
Authors: Tyler Tom R. , Blader Steven L.
Published: March 2007

This study compares two models of motivation for cooperative behavior in groups. Those models are the resource-based social exchange model and the status-based social identity model. A comparison of the two models suggests that both are important in understanding cooperation in groups. However, issues of identity are relatively more important antecedents of cooperation, especially in the case of discretionary cooperative behavior. Further, identity also has a strong influence on attitudes and values, which themselves have been linked to discretionary behavior. Hence, identity issues dominate people’s motivation to voluntarily cooperate with the groups to which they belong.
Power and Biased Perceptions of Interdepartmental Negotiation Behavior
Authors: Nauta Aukje , de Vries Jan , Wijngaard Jacob
Published: March 2007

This study examined whether employees who were involved in interdepartmental negotiations had biased perceptions of their own negotiation behavior and that of the other department, and whether power differences between departments were associated with these biased perceptions. The results of a study in 11 manufacturing organizations among 41 members of low-power planning departments and 44 members of high-power sales departments showed that both planning and sales employees believed that they showed more problem solving than the other department. Power was associated with perceptions of contending: planning employees seemed to overstate differences in contending behavior (‘Sales contends much more than we do’), whereas sales employees seemed to understate differences in contending behavior.
Interest Rates and Inflationary Expectations: Evidence on the Fisher Effect in Sri Lanka
Authors: Cooray Arusha
Published: March 2007

This article examines the relationship between interest rates and inflation for Sri Lanka and whether this relationship is consistent with market efficiency It employs three data frequencies and two approaches, namely, the adaptive and rational expectations approaches for modelling inflationary expectations. While some support is found for the Fisher relationship under both approaches, it is possible to conclude that the strongest support is found for the adaptive expectations approach.
Public-Private Partnership for Development in the Maldives
Authors: Latheef Mohamed
Published: March 2007

The introduction of tourism to the Maldives in the early 1970s, accompanied by rapid development in infrastructure amidst a stable socio-political and macro economic environment, has enabled the private sector to evolve from a personal sector in a subsistence economy to a development partner in a vibrant, dynamic economy. The forces of globalization and the emerging consensus for good eco nomic governance make public-private partnership in national socio-economic development an imperative. The article argues that such a partnership would entail a paradigm shift in the relationship between the two sectors. The partnership would necessitate (a) an effective dialogue platform between the partners; ( b) a participatory role for the private sector in all aspects of socio-economic develop ment ; (c) phasing out government involvement in business; and (d) strengthening the role of the government as the enabling agent for economic growth.
Orientation in Immigrant Narratives: The Role of Ethnicity in the Identification of Characters
Authors: DE FINA ANNA
Published: March 2007

Every year, thousands of undocumented Mexican workers enter the United States. Their presence, together with the settlement of undocumented and legal immigrants from many other countries, constitutes the source of one of the most persistent ideological conflicts in American history: the conflict over immigrants' rights. Official discourses in many cases identify being Hispanic with poor performance at school, drug abuse, poverty and violence. However, aside from mainstream images of who immigrants are, little research has been done on the identity that immigrants themselves build and project, and on the processes that affect the formation of such identity.

In this article I investigate identity through discourse analysis, looking specifically at linguistic strategies used by a group of undocumented Mexican immigrants to identify characters in storytelling. I argue that immigrants use ethnic identity as a central identification category for self and others in their stories, showing that ethnic mentions are widespread in story orientations, and that they exhibit different degrees and types of relevance depending on their relationship with the interactional context and/or the story world. Ethnic mentions are used in stories to affirm certain characteristics of one's own identity and of the identity of others via the presentation and evaluation of behaviors. In argumentative stories disputable behaviors are openly attributed to out groups, and so these stories help speakers to build images of who they are and how they stand in relation to others. In stories of personal experience, the connections between identities and behaviors are implicit, but they still respond to socially established expectations. Thus, individual stories also contribute to build those expectations about how belonging to certain ethnic groups may affect action in particular domains of life.

The pervasiveness of ethnic identification in immigrant stories cannot be understood without resorting to wider social processes that frame the immigration experience of undocumented Mexican workers. In this case, I stress the importance of the pressure that the ideology of race and ethnicity, enacted through public discourse at all levels, exerts on every individual in American society.
Discourse Studies and the Ideology of `Liberalism'
Authors: DE BEAUGRANDE ROBERT
Published: March 2007

A controversial question in critical discourse analysis has been whether and how discourse may manifest or at least implicate the ideologies of the discourse participants. This question should be seen in the context of the long history of uneasiness concerning whether ideology can be an object of inquiry for science, whose stance of authority and objectivity implies a claim to be freed of all ideology. This claim has been quite emphatic in formalist linguistics, which has even proposed to investigate human language in isolation from human society. By restoring the focus upon discourse in society, critical discourse analysis offers an occasion to subject ideology to new methods of investigation, and to formulate an explicit ideology for the field itself. As a new source of evidence, large corpus data can be collated for expressions which are presumed to undergo ideological contestation, such as `liberal' and `liberalism', which are examined here in data from the UK, the US, and South Africa.
The Search for Convergence of National Policies in the European Union
Authors: Dimitrova Antoaneta , Steunenberg Bernard
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the question of whether European integration leads to convergence in the domestic policies of the member states of the European Union. Some recent studies claim that as a result of European integration the national policies of the member states are becoming more alike. The existence of various exemptions and `flexibility' arrangements in the revisions of the Treaty of Rome as well as problems with implementation seem to contradict this view. In this article we offer a model based on insights from game theory and analytical politics, which aims to explain the conditions under which convergence may occur and the limitations of this process at the legislative and implementation stages of European policy making.
Why Globalizing with a Conservative Corporate Culture Inhibits Localization of Management
Authors: Holden Nigel
Published: March 2007

This contribution focuses on the challenges facing the Matsushita corporation of Japan, one of the world's largest companies and one with a 70-year commitment to serving society, as it attempts to reconcile its very conservative business philosophy and accompanying discourse with one particular demand of globalization highlighted in this contribution: the entrusting of power to local managers. Attention is paid to the evolution of the Matsushita corporation and the legacy of its influential founder, Konosuke Matsushita (1894-1989), whose business philosophy, developed in the early 1930s, is still the foundation of the company's decision-making processes. Based on a worldwide empirical study it is shown that the ethnocentricity and the very discourse of globalization of the Matsushita Corporation works against localization. Despite the unusual features associated with the Matsushita Corporation, its Japanocentric outlook and practices suggest productive new directions for cross cultural management research.
Critical Managerial Motivational Factors
Authors: Mathur Anil , Zhang Yong , Neelankavil James P.
Published: March 2007

This article examines differences in the motivational dispositions of middle-level managers in four countries - China (N = 204), India (N = 184), the Philippines (N = 220), and the United States (N = 176). Important differences were found in the factors that motivate managers across the four countries. While East-West differences clearly exist, significant differences are noted among the three Asian countries. Specifically, Chinese and American managers represented two extremes in their beliefs about what motivates managerial performance of middle-level managers. Both Filipino and Indian managers were found to be more similar to their US counterparts than their Chinese counterparts. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Towards a Post-Positivist Typology of Planning Theory
Authors: Allmendinger Philip
Published: March 2007

The post-positivist domination of planning theory in recent years has rightly highlighted the social and political context of theories. Its impact through various guises including collaborative, postmodern and neo-pragmatic approaches has been significant. However, one area that has been immune to these broad changes and interpretations is typologies of planning. Typologies provide heuristics for academics and practitioners that help map the landscape of ideas that influence a particular field. As such they are crucial to any understanding of a diverse theoretical area such as planning. This article seeks to develop a post-positivist typology for planning theory. My typology is based upon the broad themes of post-positivism including the belief that all theory is to greater or lesser degrees normative, a non-linear conception of time and progress and the introduction of spatial and temporal variance in any understanding of the formulation, interpretation and application of theory. The result is an approach that does away with two traditional planning theory dualisms - the procedural-substantive distinction and the theory-practice gap. It also provides a locally diverse and unique interpretation of planning theory at the national and sub-national scale that rejects the idea that local interpretation of theories and their application can be assumed to be consistent with ideas operating at a higher (often supra-national) scale.
Using Probit Models in Planning Theory: An Illustration
Authors: Lai Lawrence W.C. , Ho Winky K.O.
Published: March 2007

As a contribution to the theorization of the planning process, this article gives a brief account of the probit model and its applications to Hong Kong; a review of the literature on the use of development control data in planning research; advances the argument for the use of statistical methods that do not operate on aggregate sampling data; and demonstrates the applicability of the probit model in development control studies. Possible applications discussed are the identification of factors for predicting success in planning applications, measurement of zone separation, assessment of the effectiveness of the planning system in tackling externalities, verification of economic theories of the behaviour of planning authorities and evaluation of public participation.
High-Performance Leadership at the Organization Level
Authors: Collins Doris B. , Lowe Janis S. , Arnett Carson R.
Published: March 2007

The Problem and the Solution. High-performance leaders must have competencies to lead organization-level goal setting, design, and management This chapter descnbes two competency domains, strategic thinking and strategic stewardship, and nine competency groups that leaders must master to achieve high performance in an organization These competencies address Rummler and Brache's [1995] organization level of performance
Lessons for Implementing Action Learning
Authors: Yorks Lyle , Marsick Victoria J. , O'Neil Judy
Published: March 2007

The Problem and the Solution. How do you pull off an action learning initiative? This chapter brings it all together while providing additional considerations for professional understanding and practice In addition, the issues of assessment and the larger topic of organizational learning are covered
Revitalizing HRD for the New Global Millennium
Authors: McAleese Mary
Published: March 2007

The Problem and the Solution. The global economy has caused dynamic economic and environmental turbulence Equipping people to confidently man age the new challenges and to harness the resources at their control are the key roles of HRD
Individual and Organizational Learning of Chinese Executives at Compaq-China
Authors: Wong Wee Chwee
Published: March 2007

The Problem and the Solution. Senior executives are being rapidly recruited to work for the global companies that enter the People's Republic of China. This chapter examines the differences in learning experienced by execu tives at Compaq-China whose previous experience was with a state-owned enterprise versus those who had previously worked for a multinational com pany. The study revealed that Chinese executives who had worked for a foreign company were more likely to be proactive in learning, to organize and self-direct their learning and learn for personal development as well for leadership promo tion, learn more through informal channels and action learning, learn from a wider circle of resources, be more interactive with the instructors, and take more risks in learning.
Developmental Disabilities, Trauma Exposure, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: NEWMAN ELANA , CHRISTOPHER SAMINA R. , BERRY JUDY O.
Published: March 2007

It has been assumed that individuals with developmental disabilities are a group of individuals at greater risk for exposure to abuse and neglect, although there is no evidence documenting a higher prevalence or incidence of trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among those with developmental disabilities. This article distinguishes those biases about the relative vulnerability of individuals with developmental disabilities from facts. This article reviews the current scientific evidence with regard to the rates of trauma exposure among individuals with developmental disabilities, the probable applicability of PTSD among this group, and the scientific basis of clinical assessment. Using the lens of traumatic stress studies, the authors recommend a research agenda and the creation of a empirically formed social policy that does not reinforce stigma but provides accurate, respectful, and necessary protections.
Medicare: Visions for Reform
Authors: Conway-Welch Colleen
Published: March 2007

The 107th Congress will be faced with the task of Medicare reform. It may only take the form of a limited prescription drug benefit or it may involve comprehensive structural reform. For nearly 36 years, the Medicare program and its structural components, entitlement status, financing methodology, and basic benefit package have remained fairly stable. The Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act, passed in the late 1980s and repealed a year later after a great uproar from senior citizens, would have achieved substantial reform, especially in the area of prescription drug coverage. Concern about the solvency of the Medicare trust fund after the year 2030 provides an even more urgent call for reform.
Cutting of Airbag Materials
Authors: Shurling Roy
Published: March 2007

There are currently two principle material types which are used in the manufacture of airbags. They are uncoated nylon (polyamide 66) and coated nylon. Two types of commonly used coatings are Silicone and Neoprene. In general, coated materials are used for driver's side airbags and side impact bags, while passenger side airbags are made from uncoated nylon materials.

Different cutting methods are needed for the two different classifications of mate rials. Coated nylon can be cut with traditional mechanical tools such as dies or reci procating knife cutters, due principally to the fact that the coating prevents fraying. On the other hand, uncoated nylon must be cut with a hot tool, such as a laser to pre vent fraying; fraying could compromise the airbag integrity during deployment.
The Psychological Sources of Partisan-leaning Independence
Authors: GREENE STEVEN
Published: March 2007

In the traditional 7-point scale of partisanship, individuals classified as partisan leaners present a unique anomaly. These individuals self-classify themselves as politically independent, yet admit to preferring one political party over the other when probed. Previous research has shown that these partisan leaners are not demonstrably different from avowed partisans in either the attitudinal or behavioral support for their preferred party. Why these individuals should be partisan in attitudes and behaviors yet still consider themselves independents has not been adequately examined and raises important questions about our current understanding of partisanship. Using a unique psychological survey of voting-age adults, I find that leaners are different from true partisans in four areas: relatively less emphasis on affect and more emphasis on cognition in partisan attitudes; less partisan social identity, but heightened independent social identity; different paterns of parental socialization; and more negative attitudes toward parties in general.
The Role of Character Assessments in Presidential Approval
Authors: GREENE STEVEN
Published: March 2007

Existing models of presidential approval fail to fully explain the psychology of presidential evaluation. Research on political candidates strongly suggests that character trait assessments should affect citizens' approval of the sitting president, but macro-level, longitudinal analyses generally lack appropriate measures of presidential character. A series of logistic regression models of individual-level presidential approval are estimated using National Election Studies (NES) data to address the impact or character assessments on presidential approval while controlling for economic evaluations and policy assessments. Presidential character trait assessments prove to be a significant and robust predictor of an individual's approval of the president. A final model, using a panel design, demonstrates that character assessments are causally prior to approval.
Levels of Issue Voting
Authors: Petrocik John R.
Published: March 2007

In the last five years studies of the American electorate have found some evidence that voters have adopted more of the attributes that mark the informed citizen. Increasing concern with issues and a greater correlation between issues and the vote have cheered observers who were always uneasy with what appeared to be a blind commitment to voting for the party. However, other recent studies have indicated that candidates also play a role in the level of issue voting which characterizes any election. These data support an early argument that candidates are a critical variable for the level of issue voting in any election; and that higher levels of issue voting since 1964 may be a reflection of different candidates rather than greater ideological concern among voters. This article examines the latter possibility. The article presents a typology of elections based on the nature of the candidate-pair; it documents the similarity of elections with like candidate-pairs but unlike electorates; it attempts a tentative assessment of the impact of candidate pairs on the individual voter level; and it applies the hypothesis about candidate-pairing effects to the 1976 election.
Party Factionalism
Authors: Reiter Howard L.
Published: March 2007

A new era in national party convention decision-making has emerged in the past couple of decades, caused by a decline in the control of state and local leaders over delegates. Therefore it is hypothesized that a more stable factional pattern should emerge in each party, unfettered by considerations of short-term bargaining typical of earlier periods. Factor analysis revealed that an unprecedentedly stable cleavage pattern has indeed prevailed in each party since the early 1960s, and some of the effects on mass perceptions of politics, delegation representativeness, party unity, and the degree of issue orientation in our parties are considered.
The Dynamics of Constituency
Authors: Stone Walter J.
Published: March 2007

This study offers a longitudinal analytic model designed to tap the degree to which members of the U.S. House of Representatives are responsive to constituency opinion in a dynamic sense. This, after all, is what constituency electoral control means: Regular elections are supposed to assure ongoing constituency control and force the representative to change his or her policy making behavior with changes in constituency opinion. The study employs roll call data and the University of Michigan national election survey series to show evidence of constituency electoral control when there is a decline in the margin of victory for the incumbent over time or when there is actual turnover. Under more normal conditions, however, and even when there is a visible source of change in constituency opinion (redistricting), there is little evidence of ongoing constituency control resulting in responsiveness.
The Votes-Seats Relationship in State Legislative Elections
Authors: Gryski Gerard S. , Reed Bruce , Elliott Euel
Published: March 2007

One of the most important concerns in democratic political systems is the translation of citizens' votes into seats in representative bodies. Drawing on the literature involving the cube law, the article examines the votes-seats relationship for elections to the lower houses of U.S. state legislatures over the period 1976-1984. The model permitted an examination of the concepts of electoral bias and representation (majoritarianism). The analysis indicated that some degree of bias exists in the states, and they tend more toward a proportional votes-seats relationship than has generally been found for Congress and comparative legislative bodies.
Institutionally-Induced Attribution Errors
Authors: Lowery David , Lyons William E. , DeHoog Ruth Hoogland
Published: March 2007

Citizens can make mistakes in evaluating the quality of public services by misattributing responsibility for service provision. Both the traditional reform approach and the public choice theory suggest that such errors are systematically influenced by the structure of political institutions, albeit in nearly the opposite manner. To explore these competing hypotheses, this study develops a typology of evaluative errors which citizens might make and a method for decomposing evaluations into their "true" and "biased" elements, which are combined with survey data in a comparison group research design to assess the impact of metropolitan fragmentation/consolidation on citizen evaluations of government.
Financing National Campaigns
Authors: Biersack Robert , Wilcox Clyde
Published: March 2007

This article describes extant research and suggests new lines of inquiry on campaign finance. The literature is described in relation to two broad theoretical traditions: one derived from the rational actor model, and the other stemming from organizational theory. These frameworks provide some order to research which has focused on a variety of actors and questions, from individuals, political action committees, and parties as contributors to congressional and presidential candidates as recipients, and to the nature of the contribution transaction. Previously under utilized sources of data are referenced.
Innovation in State Judicial Administration
Authors: Glick Henry R.
Published: March 2007

The 50 states gradually are adopting centralized judicial management and court reorganization. Viewing change in judicial administration as part of the adoption of policy innovations, the research examines the impact of merit selection and a number of socioeconomic and political variables on patterns of innovation in the 50 states. Contrary to the expectations of legal reformers, merit selection has little or no bearing on decisions of state governments to develop modern, centralized court systems. Instead, general patterns of policy innovation and the overall size of state government are important correlates of judicial centralization and management.
Intraparty Challenges of Incumbent Governors and Senators: 1956-1976
Authors: McNitt Andrew D. , Seroka Jim
Published: March 2007

This is an empirical analysis of intraparty competition of incumbent governors and senators during the period 1956-1976. The historical data demonstrate that little real intraparty competition occurred, that no trends are evident, and that no political party benefited. An analysis of divisive primaries indicates that region, party organization and strength, and the level of interparty competition affect the intensity of primary challenges of incumbent governors and senators. The findings are relevant to current discussions of the decline of American political parties.
Political Cues and the Perception of Candidates
Authors: Conover Pamela Johnston
Published: March 2007

Though typically they have not been the subject of systematic analysis, political cues are often depicted as having a major influence on voters' perceptions of political candidates. In this regard, different interpretations have been offered by those adopting perceptual balance and rational choice perspectives. After reviewing the points of controversy separating these two approaches, a more comprehensive explanation of political cues is offered. In particular, the use of political cues is depicted as involving two key elements: the political cue and the political stereotype with which the cue is associated. The implications of this perspective for voter rationality are then discussed. Finally, some of the key hypotheses are tested, and found to be supported through the use of experimental data.
Representativeness
Authors: Hutter James L. , Schier Steven E.
Published: March 2007

Iowa caucus attenders and state convention delegates in 1980 were similar in their presidential preferences and political opinions and displayed patterns similar to those found in other studies of leaders and followers. However, Democratic leaders were slightly more representative of their followers on measures of candidate preference, which we attribute to their use of a proportional representation rule for delegate selection. They were also closer in social representation, which apparently follows from their use of affirmative action rules and other guidelines. Republican activists tend to be higher in social status than Democratic activists, but not on every measure. The Republican leaders were somewhat closer to their followers in representativeness of opinions than were Democratic leaders and followers. We observed that Democratic delegates were the most liberal group, followed by Democratic caucus attenders, then Republican caucus attenders, and (least liberal) Republican delegates.
Policy Roles of City Managers
Authors: Fannin William R. , Hellriegel Don
Published: March 2007

Since the inception of the council-manager plan, the role of the city manager in city government policymaking has been debated. This article develops a contingency typology of city manager policy roles. It relates the desirability by city managers of five policy roles to two contingency variables, the degree of political competition and the degree of task analyzability. Using interview and survey data, two questions based on this typology are tested. The results provide only modest support for the contingency typology because a strong overriding preference for one policy role was found.
Partisan Change and Shifting Expenditure Priorities in the American States, 1945-1978
Authors: Garand James C.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the impact of shifts in partisan control of the governorship and state legislatures on longitudinal patterns of expenditure priorities for 38 states from 1945 to 1978. I suggest that such partisan interventions should have an impact on patterns of spending priorities over time only under two circumstances: (1) when the political parties within governmental institutions differ systematically in policy-relevant ways, and (2) when the governmental institution undergoing partisan change has the institutional power relative to other policymaking bodies to translate spending priorities into outcomes. Using a multiple interrupted time series analysis of trends in spending priorities for education, highways, welfare, and health and hospitals, it is found that, in general, partisan interventions do have a nontrivial impact on patterns of spending priorities over time, both in terms of the level (intercept) and trend (slope) of the spending priorities time series. In sum, it would appear that there is more than modest support for the general partisan intervention model of change in spending priorities over time.
Class and Conservatism in the Black Community
Authors: Welch Susan , Foster Lorn
Published: March 2007

Is there a growing middle-class conservative movement in black America? Previous attempts to analyze conservatism in the black community have been plagued with several problems, among them small black sample sizes in national surveys. This article tests three hypotheses about the relationship of class to conservatism in the black community using a national sample of 1,067 blacks and 1,414 whites. The major findings were that (a) on social welfare issues, the black middle class is more conservative than the black lower class, but the cleavage in the black community is smaller than in the white one; (b) on affirmative action, the black middle class appears to be more conservative than the black lower class, but this conclusion must be hedged with several caveats; and (c) at each income level, blacks are substantially more liberal than whites on each issue examined.
Political Subcultures in the American States
Authors: Nardulli Peter F.
Published: March 2007

This article uses survey data to examine Daniel J. Elazar's theory of political subcultures in the American states. While one of the most widely cited conceptual frameworks in American politics, it has never been operationalized and tested at the individual level. Survey questions are used to operationalize four dimensions to Elazar's formulation, but there is no correlation across the four dimensions. Two more traditional categorizations of Elazar's subtypes are developed: one based on geographic locale and the other on religion and ethnicity. A comparison of these measures also reveals little internal coherence, which suggests that, while Elazar may have identified some important dimensions of American political culture, these dimensions may not be associated in the manner that he hypothesized. Pursuing this line of analysis, some standard hypotheses are examined using the survey questions as separate indicators of cultural orientations toward politics. This analysis provides results that, within separate spheres of political behavior, are consistent with Elazar's expectations. The article suggests that, while he may have identified some key aspects of political culture, his cultural groupings have little empirical foundation.