bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Hydrologic Model Choice and Calibration on the Portrayal of Climate Change Impacts
Authors: Mendoza Pablo A. , Clark Martyn P. , Mizukami Naoki , Newman Andrew J. , Barlage Michael , Gutmann Ethan D. , Rasmussen Roy M. , Rajagopalan Balaji , Brekke Levi D. , Arnold Jeffrey R.
Published: December 2014

The assessment of climate change impacts on water resources involves several methodological decisions, including choices of global climate models (GCMs), emission scenarios, downscaling techniques, and hydrologic modeling approaches. Among these, hydrologic model structure selection and parameter calibration are particularly relevant and usually have a strong subjective component. The goal of this research is to improve understanding of the role of these decisions on the assessment of the effects of climate change on hydrologic processes. The study is conducted in three basins located in the Colorado headwaters region, using four different hydrologic model structures [PRMS, VIC, Noah LSM, and Noah LSM with multiparameterization options (Noah-MP)]. To better understand the role of parameter estimation, model performance and projected hydrologic changes (i.e., changes in the hydrology obtained from hydrologic models due to climate change) are compared before and after calibration with the University of Arizona shuffled complex evolution (SCE-UA) algorithm. Hydrologic changes are examined via a climate change scenario where the Community Climate System Model (CCSM) change signal is used to perturb the boundary conditions of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model configured at 4-km resolution. Substantial intermodel differences (i.e., discrepancies between hydrologic models) in the portrayal of climate change impacts on water resources are demonstrated. Specifically, intermodel differences are larger than the mean signal from the CCSM–WRF climate scenario examined, even after the calibration process. Importantly, traditional single-objective calibration techniques aimed to reduce errors in runoff simulations do not necessarily improve intermodel agreement (i.e., same outputs from different hydrologic models) in projected changes of some hydrological processes such as evapotranspiration or snowpack.
Mechanisms for Organization and Echo Training in a Flash-Flood-Producing Mesoscale Convective System
Authors: Peters John M. , Schumacher Russ S.
Published: December 2014

In this research, a numerical simulation of an observed training line/adjoining stratiform (TL/AS)-type mesoscale convective system (MCS) was used to investigate processes leading to upwind propagation of convection and quasi-stationary behavior. The studied event produced damaging flash flooding near Dubuque, Iowa, on the morning of 28 July 2011.

The simulated convective system well emulated characteristics of the observed system and produced comparable rainfall totals. In the simulation, there were two cold pool–driven convective surges that exited the region where heavy rainfall was produced. Low-level unstable flow, which was initially convectively inhibited, overrode the surface cold pool subsequent to these convective surges, was gradually lifted to the point of saturation, and reignited deep convection. Mechanisms for upstream lifting included persistent large-scale warm air advection, displacement of parcels over the surface cold pool, and an upstream mesolow that formed between 0500 and 1000 UTC.

Convection tended to propagate with the movement of the southeast portion of the outflow boundary, but did not propagate with the southwest outflow boundary. This was explained by the vertical wind shear profile over the depth of the cold pool being favorable (unfavorable) for initiation of new convection along the southeast (southwest) cold pool flank.

A combination of a southward-oriented pressure gradient force in the cold pool and upward transport of opposing southerly flow away from the boundary layer moved the outflow boundary southward. Upward transport of southerly momentum by convection along the southward-moving outflow boundary, along with convectively induced southward pressure gradient forces cut off southerly inflow to the MCS, which temporarily disrupted backbuilding.
Contemplating Workplace Change
Authors: Klag Malvina , Jansen Karen J. , Lee Mary Dean
Published: December 2014

Drawing on topical life histories of physicians in a particularly volatile public health sector environment, we build theory around the contemplation of workplace change. Overall, our study provides evidence as to why single or multiple independent factors, such as pay or job structure, may fail to predict or explain individual decisions to stay in or change workplaces. Instead, the contemplation process we argue is a complex, evolutionary, and context-dependent one that requires individualized interventions. Our findings reveal the prevalence of episodic context-self fit assessments prompted by triggering stimuli, two mechanisms by which thought processes evolved (reinforcement and recalibration), and four characteristic story lines that explain why the thought processes manifested as they did (exploring opportunities, solving problems, reconciling incongruence, and escaping situations). Based on our findings, we encourage practitioners to regularly engage in story-listening and dialogic conversations to better understand, and potentially affect the evolving socially constructed realities of staff members.
Flexural behavior of carbon and glass fiber composite laminates reinforced with Nylon 6,6 electrospun nanofibers
Authors: Palazzetti R
Published: December 2014

Nylon 6,6 nanofibers manufactured by means of electrospinning have been used to interleave Mode II fracture mechanics glass and carbon unidirectional fiber composite specimens. The aim of this work was to study the effect of the nanofibers materials in their ability to reinforce the interleave. Experimental testing was carried out on specimens with a nanofibrous mat interleaved into a delaminated interface. Specimens of 10, 16 and 18 layers were manufactured and tested. Results demonstrated that the effect of nanofibers was different between the two materials and that the fiber materials play an important role in the reinforcement mechanism of the nanofibers.
Using Visual Analysis to Evaluate and Refine Multilevel Models of Single-Case Studies
Authors: Baek Eun Kyeng , Petit-Bois Merlande , Van den Noortgate Wim , Beretvas S. Natasha , Ferron John M.
Published: December 2014

In special education, multilevel models of single-case research have been used as a method of estimating treatment effects over time and across individuals. Although multilevel models can accurately summarize the effect, it is known that if the model is misspecified, inferences about the effects can be biased. Concern with the potential for model misspecification motivates our method for evaluating multilevel models of single-case data. This method is based on the visual analysis of graphs that have the model-implied individual trajectories superimposed on plots of the raw data. Through the reanalysis of a published study, we show how this visual analysis approach can identify model misspecifications and motivate the consideration of alternative model specifications that lead to better fit.
Development of a computational biomechanical infant model for the investigation of infant head injury by shaking
Authors: Jones Michael David , Martin Philip S , Williams Jonathan M , Kemp Alison M , Theobald Peter
Published: December 2014

The inertial loading thresholds for infant head injury are of profound medico-legal and safety-engineering significance. Injurious experimentation with infants is impossible, and physical and computational biomechanical modelling has been frustrated by a paucity of paediatric biomechanical data. This study describes the development of a computational infant model (MD Adams®) by combining radiological, kinematic, mechanical modelling and literature-based data. Previous studies have suggested the neck as critical in determining inertial head loading. The biomechanical effects of varying neck stiffness parameters during simulated shakes were investigated, measuring peak translational and rotational accelerations and rotational velocities at the vertex. A neck quasi-static stiffness of 0.6 Nm/deg and lowest rate-dependent stiffness predisposed the model infant head to the highest accelerations. Plotted against scaled infant injury tolerance curves, simulations produced head accelerations commensurate with those produced during simulated physical model shaking reported in the literature. The model provides a computational platform for the exploitation of improvements in head biofidelity for investigating a wider range of injurious scenarios.
The Discourse of Deference and Its Impact on Tourist–Host Power Relations
Authors: McKenna Erin Flynn
Published: December 2014

As tourist-sending organizations involved in humanitarian-oriented tourism, like volunteer and sustainable tourism, become more aware of the criticisms regarding their activities, and thus more concerned about their impacts, they increasingly utilize a discourse that encourages their participants’ deference toward the host populations. While discourse is acknowledged as integral to tourism, rarely are the behavioral impacts of discourse evaluated, and the discourse of deference circulating among tourists has never been examined. By looking at the specific case of the Presbyterian Church of the United States and a group of U.S. Presbyterian missionaries traveling to Cuba, this article provides an example of (1) what the discourse of deference is; (2) how it circulates, becomes internalized, and influences behavior; and (3) how those behavioral changes impact tourist–host power relations. Ultimately, this case provides awareness about the discourse of deference that circulates in broader, humanitarian-oriented tourism contexts.
An Eye-Tracking Study of Tourism Photo Stimuli
Authors: Wang Ying , Sparks Beverley A.
Published: December 2014

As tourism’s intangibility leads tourism marketers to rely heavily on visuals such as photographic images, the selection of visual stimuli that attract the target audience’s attention is critical. This study used a triangulated approach that included both self-reports and observational eye-tracking data. Australian and Chinese participants were recruited to view a series of photographic tourism images that depicted either high or low arousal activities and natural or built environments. Australian participants fixated more frequently, and for longer durations, than Chinese. Fixation also varied with the image conditions, with the Chinese group having particularly low fixation durations and counts for the low arousal or natural condition. This study fills the void in visual attention research in tourism and presents a novel approach to understanding the appeal of tourism images to potential tourists.
Contact stress analysis for a pair of aluminum matrix composite helical gear and steel worm
Authors: Hao Yishu , Shi Yajun
Published: December 2014

This paper presents a contact stress analysis for a pair of aluminum matrix composite helical gear and steel worm during rotation. The material of helical gear is 10% SiC particulate-reinforced Al matrix composite. Contact stress analysis for helical gear and worm are performed at different contact positions during rotation based on finite element analysis. Three different conditions are designed to investigate the contact stress of 40Cr, POM and aluminum matrix composite helical gear mesh with worm. Through contrast contact stress between different material helical gear, it was found that the load performance of aluminum matrix composite helical gear is close to steel and better than plastic gear.
The Influence of Early Strain on Later Strain, Stress Responses, and Aggression by Police Officers
Authors: Kurtz Don L. , Zavala Egbert , Melander Lisa A.
Published: December 2014

Research has established policing as one of the most stressful occupations and that work-induced strain can lead to various criminal and negative outcomes. This study extends existing literature in criminology and criminal justice by applying general strain theory to police stress. This study examines the influence of prior strain—namely, child abuse and interparental violence—on officer critical incident strain, psychological–physiological stress responses, and officer-on-officer aggression. Data analyzed the stress responses of 1,104 police officers from the Police Stress and Domestic Violence in Police Families in Baltimore, Maryland, and results show that prior strain events influence respondents in three key ways. First, those reporting exposure to childhood strain had higher work-related strain scores. Second, youthful strain events and work-related critical incident strain are associated with increased stress. Finally, child abuse exposure and critical incident strain increases the odds of officer-on-officer violence among participants. The sample offers several important implications for strain theory because it includes only adult respondents and offers some degree of control for serious adolescent delinquency.
Support for At-Risk Girls
Authors: Adamshick Pamela
Published: December 2014

Mental health problems often go undiagnosed or unaddressed until a crisis or extreme event brings the problem to the forefront. Youth are particularly at risk for lack of identification and treatment in regard to mental health issues. This article describes an advanced nursing practice mental health initiative for at-risk teenage girls based on Hildegard Peplau’s nursing theory, group process, and healing through holistic health approaches. A support group, RICHES, was developed with focus on core components of relationships, identity, communication, health, esteem, and support. The acronym RICHES was chosen as the name of the support group. Selected themes and issues addressed in this school-based support group are illustrated in case vignettes. Through a collaborative approach with the community and school, this practice initiative presents a unique healing process that extends knowledge in the realm of intervention with at-risk teenage girls. Further research is needed on the efficacy of support groups to modify risk factors and to address goals for primary prevention in at-risk teenage girls.
Neoliberalism and affirmative action
Authors: Torres Gerald
Published: December 2014

This essay surveys the origins and development of race-conscious affirmative action in the United States. It tracks opposition to affirmative action and the ascendancy of neoliberal ideology in American law and policy. All important legal and policy changes concerning affirmative action have their roots in conflict over the meaning of constitutional equality. It is not surprising, therefore, that the neoliberal account of racial equality would be fought on those grounds as well. The curious aspect of this conflict is its oddly dehistoricized texture. Although the state is deeply implicated in the racial inequality we still observe today, the state is largely prohibited from taking that role into account in fashioning remedies if it departs from a stance of racial objectivity. Neoliberalism has succeeded because its proponents have been able to fix the current deeply racialized and deeply unequal reality as the neutral baseline. Action by the state to move from this baseline thus requires a robust justification that does not, itself, seem racially based.
The political economy of ‘lap dancing’: contested careers and women’s work in the stripping industry
Authors: Hardy Kate , Sanders Teela
Published: December 2014

The visibility of striptease (‘lap dancing’) as a workplace and site of consumption has grown significantly over the past 15 years in the UK. This article draws on the first large scale study of stripping work in the UK, exploring original empirical data to examine why women continue to seek work in an industry that is profoundly precarious and often highly exploitative. It suggests that rather than either a ‘career’ or a ‘dead end’ job, many women use lap dancing strategically to create alternative futures of work, employment and education. It is argued that precarious forms of employment such as lap dancing can be instrumentalized through agentic strategies by some workers, in order to achieve longer term security and to develop opportunities outside the sex industry. As such, it is averred that engagement in the industry should instead be understood in a wider political economy of work and employment and the social wage.
Experimental and numerical comparison of equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) with planar twist channel angular extrusion (PTCAE)
Authors: Shamsborhan Mahmoud , Shokuhfar Ali , Nejadseyfi Omid , Kakemam Jamal , Moradi Mahmoud
Published: December 2014

Planar twist channel angular extrusion (PTCAE) is a new severe plastic deformation (SPD) method to impose large strain and to increase the efficiency of SPD methods. This novel process was conducted on commercially pure aluminum and was investigated by finite element analysis and experimental tests. The results revealed that performing PTCAE made it possible to impose large strain values per pass while maintaining a homogenous hardness distribution on the cross-section of sample. The objective of this paper is comparison of hardness after one pass of PTCAE and equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) processed samples. The results revealed that an increase in the hardness from 29 Hv to ∼49 Hv and ∼41 Hv could be achieved after one pass of PTCAE and ECAP, respectively. PTCAE process has two important advantages of inducing higher plastic strain and excellent strain and hardness homogeneity. Therefore, PTCAE is a promising SPD technique for specific applications to produce ultrafine-grained or nanostructured materials.
Developing Organizational Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Suicide in Clients and Carers Receiving Palliative Care in Australia
Authors: O’Connor Margaret , Groom Jane , Watson Michelle , Harris Pamela
Published: December 2014

This article describes the process of developing a suicide guideline in palliative care. Little literature was available, but utilizing the partnership model, a working party consulted with each discipline regarding specific requirements. The working party experienced significant challenges in creating policy that would adequately cover the diverse needs of all members of the palliative care team, as it was recognized that all staff needed guidance. The final guideline incorporated specific action plans for each discipline; mandatory training for all staff was endorsed through a recognized suicide alertness training program; advanced training in suicide intervention skills for key clinical staff will be required; and a “Rapid Plan Team” was recommended. This policy development has required significant work and the combined expertise of many disciplines.
Cognitive Strategy Instruction for Teaching Word Problems to Primary-Level Struggling Students
Authors: Pfannenstiel Kathleen Hughes , Bryant Diane Pedrotty , Bryant Brian R. , Porterfield Jennifer A.
Published: December 2014

Students with mathematics difficulties and learning disabilities (LD) typically struggle with solving word problems. These students often lack knowledge about efficient, cognitive strategies to utilize when solving word problems. Cognitive strategy instruction has been shown to be effective in teaching struggling students how to solve word problems that employ specific word problem types. The cognitive strategy, Math Scene Investigator (MSI), is an example of a cognitive strategy for word problem solving. The MSI strategy described in this paper is suitable for primary-level students with mathematics difficulties and LD. Instructional steps are provided along with an example of an interactive lesson.
Doug C. v. Hawaii Department of Education: Parental Participation in IEP Development
Authors: Yell Mitchell L. , Katsiyannis Antonis , Losinski Mickey
Published: December 2014

Parental participation is a crucial component of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. When developing students’ Individualized Education Programs (IEPs), school-based teams must place a high priority on involving students’ parents in a collaborative effort to develop their children’s educational programs and determine their placements. In this article, we examine Doug C. v. Hawaii Department of Education, a case in which the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reaffirmed the central role of parents in the IEP decision-making process. This column outlines the facts of this case and discusses implications of this decision for school district personnel and IEP team members.
Development and Validation of a Measure of Threatening Gender Stereotypes in Science
Authors: Deemer Eric D. , Lin Chaihua , Graham Ryan , Soto Cristina
Published: December 2014

Despite increasing evidence that negative stereotypes adversely affect the career development of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, measuring their effects has been a challenge. This study focuses specifically on the sciences, since some, particularly physics, are notably imbalanced in terms of gender diversity. Our aim was to develop and begin to validate a measure of gender stereotypes in science, referred to as the Stereotype Threat in Science Scale-Gender (STSS-G). Participants consisted of 629 undergraduate women enrolled in biology, chemistry, and physics courses. Results of exploratory and factor mixture analyses yielded support for a 7-item scale consisting of two factors, social identity and identity threat, and five latent classes underlying a heterogeneous population. Results of structural equation modeling indicated that the two latent variables were significantly associated with scores on existing measures of science identity and stereotype threat. The construct, differential, and concurrent validity of the STSS-G are discussed.
The Effect of Peroneus Brevis Tendon Anatomy on the Stability of Fractures at the Fifth Metatarsal Base
Authors: Morris Parisa M. , Francois Annie G. , Marcus Randall E. , Farrow Lutul D.
Published: December 2014

Background:

Nonunion of classic Jones fractures has typically been attributed to the precarious vascular anatomy of the proximal fifth metatarsal. Despite this theory, the operative treatment of these fractures utilizes biomechanical solutions. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the peroneus brevis (PB) tendon on the stability of fractures of the proximal fifth metatarsal.

Methods:

We utilized 5 matched pairs (10 specimens) of fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens. We used 2 loading conditions: (1) a simulated fracture distal to the PB insertion (Jones equivalent) and (2) a simulated fracture within the footprint of the PB insertion (avulsion equivalent). Following the creation of the fracture, each lower extremity was statically loaded through the Achilles and PB tendons. Our primary outcome measure was the degree of fracture diastasis with loading of the PB. Anteroposterior images with and without loading were obtained to evaluate fracture separation. We utilized a paired Student t test and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for all statistical analyses.

Results:

The average length of the PB footprint was 15.2 mm. The simulated Jones fractures demonstrated greater fracture widening following loading of the PB tendon compared to the simulated avulsion fractures. The simulated avulsion fractures widened 0.4 mm on loading compared to 1.1 mm of widening in the simulated Jones fractures ( P = .02). Intraobserver reliability for all radiographic measurements showed substantial agreement (ICC = 0.91).

Conclusion:

The PB exerted a deforming force on the proximal fragment of simulated Jones fractures. This deforming force was less pronounced in the simulated avulsion fractures. The principal findings of this study were that proximal fifth metatarsal fractures distal to the PB insertion were significantly more unstable than more proximal fractures.

Clinical Relevance:

Our findings help support the notion that a mechanical component may contribute to the poor healing potential of Jones fractures secondary to deformation exerted by the PB tendon.
Elevated Transaortic Valvular Gradients After Combined Aortic Valve and Mitral Valve Replacement
Authors: Essandoh Michael , Portillo Juan , Zuleta-Alarcon Alix , Castellon-Larios Karina , Otey Andrew , Sai-Sudhakar Chittoor B.
Published: December 2014

High transaortic valvular gradients, after combined aortic valve and mitral valve replacement, require prompt intraoperative diagnosis and appropriate management. The presence of high transaortic valvular gradients after cardiopulmonary bypass, in this setting, can be secondary to the following conditions: prosthesis dysfunction, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, supravalvular obstruction, prosthesis–patient mismatch, hyperkinetic left ventricle from administration of inotropes, left ventricular intracavitary gradients, pressure recovery phenomenon, and increased transvalvular blood flow resulting from hyperdynamic circulation or anemia. Transesophageal echocardiography is an extremely useful tool for timely diagnosis and treatment of this complication. We describe a case of a critically ill patient with endocarditis and acute lung injury, who presented for combined aortic valve and mitral valve replacement. Transesophageal echocardiographic assessment, post–cardiopulmonary bypass, revealed high transaortic valvular gradients due to encroachment of the mitral prosthesis strut on the left ventricular outflow tract, which was compounded by a small, hypertrophied, and hyperkinetic left ventricle. Discontinuation of inotropic support, administration of fluids, phenylephrine, and esmolol led to resolution of the high gradients and prevented further surgery.
Influences of defects on dynamic crushing properties of functionally graded honeycomb structures
Authors: Fan Tao , Zou Guangping
Published: December 2014

In this work, the functionally graded honeycomb structures with defects are investigated. It is shown how the patterns and locations of defects, as well as the density gradients, can affect the in-plane dynamic crushing behavior of honeycombs. Numerical results show that due to missing vertical cell walls, the deformation process for the transverse-vertical mixing defects is more complicated than that for pure vertical defects. For the honeycombs with negative density gradient, the I-shape deformation band is dominant during the dynamic crushing. However, the honeycombs with positive density gradient are crushed to densification with the combination of the first and second deformation bands. It is revealed that the ability of energy absorption could be improved by introducing the functional graded property. Moreover, under a high impact velocity, the gradient displays a high sensitivity on the energy-absorption capability of the honeycomb structures. At the early stage of crushing, the honeycomb structures with the positive density gradient behave the stronger capacity on energy absorption than those with the negative one. The energy-absorption curves for systems with positive and negative densities are symmetric about the homogeneous structures. As the compression proceeds, for the honeycombs with positive and negative density gradients, the trends of energy-absorptive abilities go into reverse.
Fundamentals of thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication in Si3N4 and steel circular contacts
Authors: Kaneta Motohiro , Yang Peiran , Krupka Ivan , Hartl Martin
Published: December 2014

The Si3N4 and steel are one of representative material combinations used in actual machine elements. The fundamental tribo-characteristics in Si3N4 and steel circular contacts are described through non-Newtonian thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication analysis. The central film thickness and pressure spike are markedly influenced by the sign of the slide-roll ratio, i.e. by the positive and negative thermal viscosity wedge actions, while the minimum film thickness is very little affected by them. The thermal expansion of the fluid is also an important factor controlling the film thickness. Even if dimensionless parameters U, G, and W are fixed, the coefficient of traction and the film thickness are very much influenced by the equivalent radius of contact bodies.
Influence of a screening navigation program on social inequalities in health beliefs about colorectal cancer screening
Authors: Vallet Fanny , Guillaume Elodie , Dejardin Olivier , Guittet Lydia , Bouvier Véronique , Mignon Astrid , Berchi Célia , Salinas Agnès , Launoy Guy , Christophe Véronique
Published: December 2014

The aim of the study was to test whether a screening navigation program leads to more favorable health beliefs and decreases social inequalities in them. The selected 261 noncompliant participants in a screening navigation versus a usual screening program arm had to respond to health belief measures inspired by the Protection Motivation Theory. Regression analyses showed that social inequalities in perceived efficacy of screening, favorable attitude, and perceived facility were reduced in the screening navigation compared to the usual screening program. These results highlight the importance of health beliefs to understand the mechanism of screening navigation programs in reducing social inequalities.
Valuing audience passions: From Smythe to Tarde
Authors: Arvidsson Adam , Bonini Tiziano
Published: December 2014

Audience research is undergoing substantial transformation. The old ‘eyeballs’ paradigm has been losing adequacy since, at least, the 1980s. At the same time, social media platforms like Twitter and Facebook provide data that allow a far deeper and more intrusive view into the everyday life of media consumers. As a result, many companies are now developing systems based on social media data in order to represent, measure and value audience dynamics in new ways. This transformation of audience research has been paralleled by the rise of concepts like influence, clout or passion as a way of conceiving of audience value. But how are such affective values created? And how can the new semantics of value as passion be critiqued? In this article, we will address that question by thinking through two theoretical models of audience value. Dallas Smythe’s theory of the audience commodity and Gabriel Tarde’s theory of public value. We will suggest that present developments in the media economy make Tarde’s model more relevant for understanding the value of contemporary audience activity. We suggest that this might lead to a redirection of critical theories of audience value toward a focus on constructing the kinds of devices that are able to represent audience value in ways that take a broader range of interests into consideration.
The quest for the legitimacy of the people
Authors: Verschoor Marco
Published: December 2014

This article addresses the problem of ‘the legitimacy of the people’, that is, what constitutes the legitimate demarcation of the political units within which democracy is practiced? It is commonplace among philosophers to argue that this problem cannot be solved by appeal to democratic procedure because every attempt to do so results in an infinite regress. Based on a social contract theoretical analysis of the problem, this view is rejected. Although contract theorists have ignored the problem of the legitimacy of the people, this article nevertheless argues for one specific, and currently dominant, type of contract view – ‘contractarianism’ – that it contains the conceptual tools to solve it. In a contractarian view, the people are understood as a cooperative venture for mutual advantage and accordingly consist of only those individuals for whom it is mutually beneficial to bind themselves to one another. It is argued that contractarianism offers a procedurally democratic solution to the problem of the legitimacy of the people that does not cause an infinite regress. Furthermore, this article refutes a classic criticism of contractarianism’s account of moral standing. Finally, the article demonstrates contractarianism’s practical implications for one specific articulation of the problem of the legitimacy of the people, namely, immigration.
Race and Ethnicity in Post-network American Television
Authors: Wolock Lia , Punathambekar Aswin
Published: December 2014

This article examines post-network American television’s fraught relationship with race and ethnicity by exploring two recent media ventures focused on South Asian Americans: MTV-Desi and NBC’s Outsourced. Approaching these media ventures as productive failures, we examine how industry workers narrate these failures to trace how the contemporary television industry in the United States imagines racial and ethnic identities. Bringing together interviews with media industry professionals, observations at a media industry convention, and thematic analyses of trade press and news coverage, we argue that both media ventures are symptomatic of nationalist logics that inform the operations of television industry professionals even as they seek to target audiences increasingly embedded in transnational media circuits. Industry professionals’ misreading of South Asian Americans’ position in the racial economies of the United States and changes in patterns of media circulation reveal the challenges confronting the media industry when it comes to issues of race and ethnicity.
School Resource Officers and Students’ Feelings of Safety at School
Authors: Theriot Matthew T. , Orme John G.
Published: December 2014

The number of school resource officers (SROs) placed at schools has increased dramatically. These officers are tasked with making schools safer, yet the effect of interacting with SROs on students’ feelings of safety needs more investigation. To address this need, 1,956 middle and high school students were surveyed. Latent class analysis identified two groups of students, one who felt safe and another who did not. Regression showed that interacting with SROs was unrelated to these feelings of safety; instead, African American students and victimized students felt less safe while males, students with more school connectedness, and students with more positive attitudes about SROs felt safer.
Wrist Rehabilitation Assisted by an Electromyography-Driven Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Robot After Stroke
Authors: Hu Xiao-Ling , Tong Raymond Kai-yu , Ho Newmen S. K. , Xue Jing-jing , Rong Wei , Li Leonard S. W.
Published: December 2014

Background. Augmented physical training with assistance from robot and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) may introduce intensive motor improvement in chronic stroke. Objective. To compare the rehabilitation effectiveness achieved by NMES robot–assisted wrist training and that by robot-assisted training. Methods. This study was a single-blinded randomized controlled trial with a 3-month follow-up. Twenty-six hemiplegic subjects with chronic stroke were randomly assigned to receive 20-session wrist training with an electromyography (EMG)-driven NMES robot (NMES robot group, n = 11) and with an EMG-driven robot (robot group, n = 15), completed within 7 consecutive weeks. Clinical scores, Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), Modified Ashworth Score (MAS), and Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) were used to evaluate the training effects before and after the training, as well as 3 months later. An EMG parameter, muscle co-contraction index, was also applied to investigate the session-by-session variation in muscular coordination patterns during the training. Results. The improvement in FMA (shoulder/elbow, wrist/hand) obtained in the NMES robot group was more significant than the robot group ( P < .05). Significant improvement in ARAT was achieved in the NMES robot group ( P < .05) but absent in the robot group. NMES robot–assisted training showed better performance in releasing muscle co-contraction than the robot-assisted across the training sessions ( P < .05). Conclusions. The NMES robot–assisted wrist training was more effective than the pure robot. The additional NMES application in the treatment could bring more improvements in the distal motor functions and faster rehabilitation progress.
Enhancing Cognitive Function Using Perceptual-Cognitive Training
Authors: Parsons Brendan , Magill Tara , Boucher Alexandra , Zhang Monica , Zogbo Katrine , Bérubé Sarah , Scheffer Olivier , Beauregard Mario , Faubert Jocelyn
Published: December 2014

Three-dimensional multiple object tracking (3D-MOT) is a perceptual-cognitive training system based on a 3D virtual environment. This is the first study to examine the effects of 3D-MOT training on attention, working memory, and visual information processing speed as well as using functional brain imaging on a normative population. Twenty university-aged students were recruited and divided into a training (NT) and nonactive control (CON) group. Cognitive functions were assessed using neuropsychological tests, and correlates of brain functions were assessed using quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG). Results indicate that 10 sessions of 3D-MOT training can enhance attention, visual information processing speed, and working memory, and also leads to quantifiable changes in resting-state neuroelectric brain function.
Dorsal Plating of Low-Energy Lisfranc Injuries
Authors: Hsu Albert , Moss Lewis , Harris Thomas G.
Published: December 2014

Surgically repairing acute Lisfranc injuries remains a difficult task, and the injury remains a challenging one for the treating surgeon. Although there are many proponents of acute arthrodesis for Lisfranc injuries, there remain a proportion of patients with low-energy trauma who may be best treated with open reduction internal fixation and joint salvaging procedures. Here, the authors present a case report and technique to anatomically fix Lisfranc injuries while preventing any concomitant articular damage in the process. They have found this to be a reliable and safe procedure in this demanding patient population.

Levels: Level IV—Case Report
Geriatric Patients With Fractures Below the Hip are Medically Similar to Geriatric Patients With Hip Fracture
Authors: Della Rocca Gregory J. , Uppal Harmeeth S. , Copeland Marilyn E. , Crist Brett D. , Volgas David A.
Published: December 2014

The objective of this study was to compare a cohort of geriatric patients with operatively managed isolated fractures below the hip to a cohort of geriatric patients with operatively managed isolated hip fractures. All patients greater than 59 years of age admitted to our institution for surgical care of an isolated lower extremity fracture during a 3-year period were included. Patients were divided into 2 cohorts: BTH (fracture below the subtrochanteric region of the femur) and HIP (proximal femoral fracture at subtrochanteric region or proximal). We identified 141 patients included in cohort BTH and 205 patients included in cohort HIP. HIP patients were older ( P < .01) and less obese ( P < .01) but were otherwise very similar. An extensive comorbidity review revealed that the 2 cohorts were similar, with the exception of an increased incidence of dementia ( P = .012) or glaucoma ( P = .04) in HIP patients and of peripheral neuropathy ( P = .014) in BTH patients. HIP patients were more likely to be under active antiosteoporotic medication management and were more likely to be receiving pharmacological anticoagulation at the time of admission. HIP patients and BTH patients were similar with regard to necessity of assistance with ambulation preinjury, but HIP patients were less likely to reside independently at home than were BTH patients ( P < .001). HIP patients were also less likely to be discharged directly home from the hospital ( P < .001). Geriatric patients with fractures below the hip are medically similar to geriatric patients with hip fracture. Medical comanagement protocols have been extensively published that improve care of geriatric patients with hip fracture; consideration should be given to similar protocol-driven medical comanagement programs for geriatric patients with fractures below the hip.
Effect of substrate temperature on microstructure and optical properties of Ga doped ZnO films deposited by pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Zou Y. S. , Wang S. L. , Yang H. , Wang K. , Hui S.
Published: December 2014

Gallium doped ZnO (GZO) films were deposited on Si (100) and fused silica substrates by pulsed laser deposition at substrate temperature varying from 300 and 600°C. The crystal structure of the deposited film is found to be c axis preferred orientation. The X-ray diffraction results demonstrate that the crystallinity of GZO film is improved and then deteriorated when substrate temperature increases from 300 to 600°C. The average surface roughness slightly decreases from 7·2 to 5·0 nm then increases to 15·6 nm as the substrate temperature reaches 600°C. The optical band gap of the film is found to increase slightly from 3·28 to 3·33 eV with increasing substrate temperature from 300 to 600°C. The refractive index of the GZO film first increases as the substrate temperature increases from 300 to 400°C then decreases when further increases the substrate temperature to 600°C, and is in the range of 1·87–2·23.
Outcomes of children exposed in uteroto chemotherapy for breast cancer
Authors: Murthy Rashmi K , Theriault Richard L , Barnett Chad M , Hodge Silvia , Ramirez Mildred M , Milbourne Andrea , Rimes Sue A , Hortobagyi Gabriel N , Valero Vicente , Litton Jennifer K
Published: December 2014

Introduction

The incidence of breast cancer diagnosed during pregnancy is expected to increase as more women delay childbearing in the United States. Treatment of cancer in pregnant women requires prudent judgment to balance the benefit to the cancer patient and the risks to the fetus. Prospective data on the outcomes of children exposed to chemotherapy in utero are limited for the breast cancer population.

Methods

Between 1992 and 2010, 81 pregnant patients with breast cancer were treated in a single-arm, institutional review board–approved study with 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FAC) in the adjuvant or neoadjuvant setting. Labor and delivery records were reviewed for each patient and neonate. In addition, the parents or guardians were surveyed regarding the health outcomes of the children exposed to chemotherapy in utero.

Results

In total, 78% of the women (or next of kin) answered a follow-up survey. At a median age of 7 years, most of the children exposed to chemotherapy in utero were growing normally without any significant exposure-related toxicity or health problems. Three children were born with congenital abnormalities: one each with Down syndrome, ureteral reflux or clubfoot. The rate of congenital abnormalities in the cohort was similar to the national average of 3%.

Conclusions

During the second and third trimesters, pregnant women with breast cancer can be treated with FAC safely without concerns for serious complications or short-term health concerns for their offspring who are exposed to chemotherapy in utero. Continued long-term follow-up of the children in this cohort is required.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00510367. Other Study ID numbers: ID01-193, NCI-2012-01578. Registration date: 31 July 2007.
True-amplitude vector-acoustic imaging: Application of Gaussian beams
Authors: El Yadari Nizare
Published: December 2014

Acoustic Gaussian beam migration is an attractive imaging method because it is flexible with input geometry, efficient, and accurate in imaging multipath arrivals. However, one of the hurdles that this method must overcome in production processing is its extension to use multimeasurement data, as recently allowed by novel acquisition technologies. This is inevitable when the compensation of the ghost effect is best corrected within a true-amplitude imaging process, a necessity for amplitude-variation-with-offset work. For this purpose, I introduced a novel formalism for vector-acoustic imaging, based on Green’s function theory, which can remove the ghost effect and produce amplitudes on reflectors that are proportional to the reflection coefficients. I established a theoretical framework with Gaussian beam representations of Green’s functions, including the weighted beam-stacking approach that reduced the cost of computation. I extended my formulas to use the steep-descent (i.e., stationary phase) approximation. Then, I explained the impact of this approximation on the illumination and the event continuity and sharpness. I also studied the special case of acoustic imaging corresponding to using single-measurement (i.e., pressure) data. I applied the derived formulations to realistic synthetic multisensor data (North Sea) using a research code of Gaussian beam migration. The numerical examples demonstrated that I can improve the illumination of the final images and obtain wide-bandwidth reflectivity maps.
Diffraction signatures of fracture intersections
Authors: Grasmueck Mark , Moser Tijmen Jan , Pelissier Michael A. , Pajchel Jan , Pomar Kenri
Published: December 2014

Fractured rock causes diffractions, which are often discarded as noise in ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and seismic data. Most fractures are too thin, too steep, and their displacement is too small to be imaged by reflections, and diffractions are the only detectable signal. To decipher the information about fracture geometry and distribution contained in diffractions, we compare 3D synthetic ray-Born modeling with high-density 3D GPR data and outcrop observations from the Cassis Quarry in Southern France. Our results reveal how the intersection between two fractures is the basic geologic element producing a recordable diffraction. In this new model, two intersecting fractures are represented by one finite-length line diffractor. The intersection of three fractures is a 3D cross composed of three line diffractors. Fractures extending over several meters in the outcrop display linear clusters of diffraction circles in unmigrated GPR time slices. Such large-scale fracture intersections are composed of many aligned short subwavelength line diffractors due to fracture roughness and variations of fracture opening. The shape irregularities and amplitude variations of composite diffraction signatures are a consequence of the geometry and spacing of the intersecting fractures generating them. With three simple base-type intersecting fracture models (horizontal dip, gentle dip, and steep dip), the fracture network geometry can be directly deciphered from the composite diffraction signatures visible on unmigrated time slices. The nonrandom distribution of diffractions is caused by fracture trends and patterns providing information about fracture dip, spacing, and continuity of fractured domains. With the similarity law, the diffraction phenomena observed in GPR data are very similar in character to those seen on the seismic scale with the wavelength as the scaling link. GPR data serve as a proxy to decipher seismic diffractions.