bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decoration as Discourse in Nineteenth‐Century Britain
Authors: Brett David
Published: March 2017

In the course of the nineteenth century, ornament and decoration emerged as a major object of discourse, acquiring an unprecedented level of recognition and distinction despite its being a notoriously difficult topic to write about. Following the lead of A. W. N. Pugin early in the Victorian period, ornament was often seen as the enrichment of the essential structure of a building – an intimate coupling that became ever more pronounced with the advent of “ferro‐vitreous” architecture such as the Crystal Palace at the 1851 Great Exhibition in London. A certain attitude of scientism developed in decorative discourse, especially around the new curriculum developed in the “Government School of Design” in London, a trend that John Ruskin sought to counter by adopting more naturalistic and traditionalist precepts.
Furness, Richardson, and Sullivan, and the Anglo‐French Synthesis
Authors: Lewis Michael J.
Published: March 2017

This chapter looks at architecture in the United States in the decades following the Civil War, from 1865 to 1900, and in particular at the work of Henry Richardson, Frank Furness, and Louis Sullivan. It shows how Sullivan's highly personal architecture reconciled the conflicting currents of French and English architectural theory, and became the basis for American modern architecture.
Russian Architecture of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Shvidkovsky Dmitry
Published: March 2017

Nineteenth‐century Russian neoclassicism was grounded in French ideas of the architecture of Enlightenment, combined with neo‐Palladian principles. The architects who led the development of St. Petersburg between the 1800s and the 1840s were Andrian Zaharov, Vasily Stasov, Auguste Montferrand, and, above all, Karl Rossi. In the next phase of neoclassicism, the Empire style, the main role was played by Moscow architects Iosif Bove and Domenico Gilardi. In the architecture of the Romantic period, as in most western countries, a variety of styles may be seen in Russia, sowing the seeds of Gothic revival in the English taste and nineteenth‐century Orientalism. The Russian style continued to seem desirable in the 1830 to 1890s. Konstantin Ton built the church of Christ the Redeemer in “Russian‐Byzantine” style, which became the approved national style. Russian art nouveau architects of the 1890s to 1910s were decidedly romantic, concerned with the creation of new myths in symbolic forms. A new strain of the style emerged in architects’ commercial buildings with a rationalistic approach to function, prefiguring the 1920s. The pre‐revolutionary decade brought about the strengthening of neoclassicism.
Schlesinger and Mayer Department Store/Carson Pirie Scott: Louis Sullivan
Authors: Merwood‐Salisbury Joanna
Published: March 2017

In his 1892 essay, “Ornament in Architecture,” Louis Sullivan summarized the aesthetic implications of the steel frame: if the structure of a building and its exterior walls are now separate systems, what is the relationship between the two? The chapter features his suggestion that “it would be greatly for our aesthetic good if we would refrain entirely from the use of ornament for a period of years, in order that our thought might concentrate acutely upon the perfection of buildings well formed and comely in the nude.” For much of the twentieth century, Sullivan's Schlesinger and Mayer department store, later known as Carson Pirie Scott (1899–1903), was regarded as the physical manifestation of that impulse, a building in which ornament had been stripped away from all but the base and attic, revealing the naked form of the frame underneath. In this way it seemed to herald a new aesthetic in which the representation of technology replaced conventional forms of ornament. Considered in the urban and social context of late nineteenth‐century Chicago, the Schlesinger and Mayer building illustrates Sullivan's belief in the ongoing viability of architectural ornament, in particular as a representation of American democracy. This contextual reading suggests an alternative narrative of architectural modernism, one in which the curtain wall, so long understood as a form of structural expressionism, is also recognized for its decorative function.
Postal Savings Bank: Otto Wagner
Authors: Kerékgyártó Béla
Published: March 2017

The Postal Savings Bank in Vienna was built in two phases from 1904–06 and from 1910–12. Its architect, Otto Wagner, was over 60 years old at the time, and perhaps the most influential architect in Vienna. He was also a highly controversial figure. Shortly after he was appointed professor at the Academy of Fine Arts he published his lectures, which were both a summary of his professional credo and a militant manifesto. This work, entitled
Modern Architecture
, demanded that architecture would no longer imitate past forms but become an up‐to‐date building art. A paradoxical – or according to his admirers tragic – aspect of his career was that although he took part in many international and local competitions and developed, exhibited, and published many progressive and inventive projects, he received hardly any public commissions until the mid‐1890s. Nevertheless, he went on to build two monumental buildings at the beginning of the twentieth century, which were to be his major works: a church for the psychiatric hospital complex at Steinhof on the outskirts of Vienna (1902–04) and the Postal Savings Bank (1903–12). Both are manifestations of his mature approach while naturally differing greatly in purpose and type. Whereas in the case of the church the aim was a modern reformulation of a traditional type – he had referred to it as the most interesting task for an architect – the Postal Savings Bank was a prototype of an institution characteristic of modern mass society.
Aeg Turbine Factory: Peter Behrens
Authors: Bryant Gabriele H.
Published: March 2017

The AEG Turbine Factory in Berlin, designed by the architect Peter Behrens (1868–1940) in collaboration with the building engineer Karl Bernhard (1859–1937), represents a milestone in the development of modern industrial architecture. Built in just a few months in 1909 in glass, iron, and concrete as an enormous modern industrial production space – the largest iron construction in Berlin at the time, with an enclosed volume of around 150,000 cubic meters uninterrupted by internal supports – today, more than a hundred years later, it still fulfills its original function, the assembly of large industrial turbines. The Turbine Factory has long been hailed as representing the integration of industrial building types and modern construction methods and materials into the tradition of architecture, and an artistic elevation of the modern workplace and the world of industry into the realm of culture. The Turbine Factory constitutes an attempt at reconciling the modern disciplines of architecture and engineering – or, as Behrens would put it, creating a new unity between art and technology – and one of its historical achievements is that it marks a new beginning in artists’ and architects’ engagement with the sites and products of modern industry in the early twentieth century.
Stockholm Public Library: Erik Gunnar Asplund
Authors: Andersen Michael Asgaard
Published: March 2017

Stockholm Public Library, which opened on March 31, 1928, was in many ways an innovation in the Nordic countries. Most striking was the fact that lenders could now take books off the shelves themselves, but the central placement of the lending room and the secondary placement of the reading rooms also indicated a new way to organize libraries. The thoughts embodied in the building became a model for many later libraries. The building is not only testimony to an important period of Nordic architectural history and a recognized masterpiece by the Swedish architect Erik Gunnar Asplund (1885–1940), it is also part of the history of the Nordic social model that was taking shape in the interwar years. Because of its function as a public institution and its unique architectural qualities, Stockholm Public Library today stands as an early manifestation of Nordic welfare building.
Plan Voisin: Le Corbusier
Authors: Samuel Flora
Published: March 2017

The city plans of the Franco‐Swiss architect Le Corbusier changed the face of town planning in the postwar era. The three best known are the Ville Contemporaine (1922, also known as the City of Three Million), the Plan Voisin (1925), the focus of this chapter, and the Radiant City (1933). The Plan Voisin, developed together with his cousin Pierre Jeanneret, was particularly controversial as it was here, for the first time, that Le Corbusier translated the brittle assertions of his canonical books,Toward an Architecture(1923),The City of Tomorrow(1924) andThe Decorative Art of Today(1925) to a real site – Paris.
Goetheanum: Rudolf Steiner
Authors: Ott Randall
Published: March 2017

A first glimpse of Rudolf Steiner's existing, concrete Goetheanum near Basel still causes awe nearly a century after its inception. Resting with imposing bulk upon its hilltop, this organically sculptural monolith seems more quietly brooding than truly dormant. Nature itself here appears to ripple its musculature and consider rising up, yet instead settles back into a foreboding posture of watching and waiting. We sense a cryptic messenger of profound yet still untimely import – a grey gargoyle lodged in its aerie, holding a societal key for which the day‐to‐day world remains unready.
E.1027: Eileen Gray
Authors: Constant Caroline
Published: March 2017

During the 1920s, Anglo‐Irish designer Eileen Gray and Romanian architect Jean Badovici, editor of the French avant‐garde periodical
L'Architecture vivante
, wrote a series of essays in dialogue form. These constitute an alternative to the manifesto, the principle literary means by which Modern Movement architects attempted to argue for the “universal” validity of their approach. The most significant of Gray's architectural collaborations with Badovici, the house E.1027 in Roquebrune‐Cap Martin, France (1926–29), operates in dialogue with Le Corbusier's “Five Points of a New Architecture,” an early version of which Badovici published in
L'Architecture vivante
.
Villa Savoye: Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret
Authors: Wesley Richard
Published: March 2017

The Villa Savoye was designed by the artist‐architect, Le Corbusier, in collaboration with another architect, his cousin Pierre Jeanneret. In this case the artist‐architect was a painter educated to observe and admire nature by another artist, Charles L'Eplattenier, who painted vibrant landscapes. Not surprisingly the house frames a number of views of the surrounding landscape, sometimes between columns, sometimes through openings in walls, and sometimes through windows. In most instances one is allowed to move freely through the house positioning oneself in various relationships to these framed views; but this is not the case moving up the central ramp to the third level where the orientation and direction of movement are predetermined and the ultimate view is framed on an axis with the ramp and in a frontal relationship to the line of travel. Surprisingly, the view offered at the destination of the ramp is framed by a relatively small, windowless opening in a windscreen wall. This opening limits the prospect of the horizon more than any other view‐frame in the house. Perhaps this is what the designers of the villa meant when they described the house as “a veritable architectural promenade, offering constantly varied aspects, unexpected, sometimes surprising.”
Fallingwater: Frank Lloyd Wright
Authors: Levine Neil
Published: March 2017

Fallingwater is the name Frank Lloyd Wright gave to the country house he designed for Edgar Kaufmann and his wife, Liliane, in 1934–35, and built over a waterfall in 1936–37 in the foothills of the Allegheny Mountains, about 65 miles south of Pittsburgh. It is one of the most extraordinary and celebrated works of twentieth‐century architecture. Recognized as such even before it was inhabited, Fallingwater stands out as a singular expression of integrating architecture with its natural environment and creating out of that interrelationship a synergy that has become definitive of the modern concept of site‐specificity. The experience of it in space and time is a multisensory one involving the kinesthetic and the aural in addition to the more usual visual mode of perception of buildings.
Church of Christ the Worker: Eladio Dieste
Authors: Anderson Stanford
Published: March 2017

In a Uruguayan village inhabited by farmers and laborers one finds a singular church, traditional in its material but radical in form. This is not a story of enlightened patronage on the part of a community or a wealthy individual. It is the story of a remarkable engineer who, asked to make a modest work with his proven capacity in economical building, chose rather to challenge himself in realizing an unprecedented work that would come to be recognized as an outstanding architectural work. The Church of Christ the Worker in Atlántida, with its bold curving forms, stands proud in its featureless context, accompanied by its brick campanile. The energetic brick walls of the church embrace an open‐air narthex or porch that gives access to a space, complexly configured, yet also providing direct, intimate relation between the parishioner and the sanctuary. Though there is no immediately evident source of light, this is a luminous interior possessed of a radiance that elevates both the humble material of its construction and the sensibility of its viewers.
Burgerweeshuis Orphanage: Aldo Van Eyck
Authors: Coleman Nathaniel
Published: March 2017

The terrifying nature of human uncertainty, according to Aldo van Eyck (1918–99), becomes less frightening when opposites are reconsidered as parts of complex wholes. Multiple languages and rituals harbor clues as to how complexity can be given a place in rooms, buildings, and cities capable of assuaging intense emotions. The project of collapsing rigid oppositions, which dualistic thinking presents as final, and which van Eyck was certain contributed to the uncertainty and anxiety of modern life, could be advanced through a complex understanding of relative patterns of relations – revealed in the parallel realities of diverse architectures and cultures. It is precisely the creation of a setting that was rich and complex enough to receive the full range of human emotion – in particular ambivalence – that van Eyck attempted to achieve in the Amsterdam Municipal Orphanage,
Amstelveenseweg
(1955–60).
Plan for Tokyo: Kenzo Tange
Authors: Lin Zhongjie
Published: March 2017

When Kenzo Tange travelled to Otterlo to attend the last meeting of the
Congrès internationaux d'architecture moderne
(CIAM) in September 1959, he seemed to be preoccupied by questions of the future urban form. Like other participants in this conference, organized by Team 10, that ended with a formal dissolution of CIAM, Tange was asked to present “a project which he considered to express in the best way possible his conception of the task of the architect and urbanist, and his thoughts on how the architect and urbanist might rationalize and harmonize the connections between people and their surroundings.” Tange concluded his presentation with two projects by another young Japanese architect, Kiyonori Kikutake, including his own residence, Sky House, and a utopian city design called the Marine City. This became the first exposure of the Metabolism group's work in an international event. Tange particularly referred to the project of Marine City and claimed: “Tokyo is expanding but there is no more land, and we shall have to expand into the sea.” This bold statement launched his exploration of alternative urban forms for this emerging megacity with a series of visionary projects that culminated with the Plan for Tokyo 1960, also known as the Tokyo Bay Plan.
Salk Institute: Louis I. Kahn
Authors: Friedman Daniel S.
Published: March 2017

Little wonder arguments over Louis I. Kahn collect along the centerline of the Salk Institute, as though debate over his truer intentions might somehow influence the physical sensation of standing in its courtyard. “Kahn was involved solely with the physical experience of physical form: with Empathy, though he did not call it that,” Vincent Scully wrote, 12 years after Kahn's death. Kahn's empathy is rarely contested, though the words he used to express it often are – for example, his famously having asked bricks what they “want to be.” What scholars seem to disagree about most is the source of Kahn's empathy – what it meant in practice, how it shaped his approach to problems of architectural form, and what those forms contribute to our understanding of modernity and “the haunting sorrows of twentieth century experience.” For the 50 years since its completion, the Salk Institute has served not only as a laboratory for the study of biological science, which continues to thrive; it has also served as a laboratory for the study of modern architectural history and theory, which leverages the building's magnetism in its evolving assessments of form, function, technology, and representation. Yet as well traveled a topic as Salk is, there are many ways of doing it justice. For its part, this chapter will further explore these themes through Kahn's approach to construction, in particular his use of concrete, which Adrian Forty describes as “a process rather than a material,” a property befitting both Salk's client and its program.
Kharga Market: Hassan Fathy
Authors: Radoine Hassan
Published: March 2017

Beyond the common discourse of regionalism as an academic construct, and seeking a grounded architecture, as a social and cultural practicum, the phenomenon of Hassan Fathy and his legacy in contemporizing the vernacular is of twofold importance: first, in terms of how to dismantle the myth of contextualism as a community‐based building and design process; and second in terms of how to anchor architectural permanency through local know‐how. Hassan Fathy (1900–89), was a key architect in the Middle East, mainly Egypt, who attempted to counterbalance the machinery of modernism, which was explored then by bureaucrats as an alibi for a “progressive architecture,” in order to build with the local community. In order to elucidate what Fathy embarked upon in terms of launching what I term a “constructive regionalism” for his peculiar milieu, this chapter sets a conceptual framework for his discourse and practice vis‐à‐vis mainstream regionalist approaches. The Kharga Market located in the newly designed village of New Bariz (1963) by Hassan Fathy is taken herein as an example to discuss the above questions. Exploring both theoretical and practical reflection on Hassan Fathy's chef‐oeuvre will enable the reader to grasp how regionalism can be revisited so as to convey grass‐roots lessons about generating an architecture of resilience versus that of vain aesthetics of monotonous internationalism.
Parc de La Villette: Bernard Tschumi
Authors: Czerniak Julia
Published: March 2017

Across time and discipline, the Parc de la Villette – the competition for its design, the winning project by Bernard Tschumi, and the built work – has sponsored a vast amount of discourse and debate within architecture, landscape architecture, and urbanism. Since 1976, when the first ideas competition was held, to the present, its impact and import have seemed wildly diverse depending upon the lens through which it is viewed: the socialist agenda of President François Mitterrand'sGrands Projets; the deconstructivist ambitions of architecture at the time; or through its contribution to ongoing discussions about the history, theory, and practice of making urban parks.
Kunsthal: Rem Koolhaas/oma
Authors: Gargiani Roberto
Published: March 2017

A decisive work in the creative process of Rem Koolhass, the Kunsthalle represents the synthesis of post‐rationalist and sur‐realist architectural tendencies, where the
promenade architecturale
becomes a trajectory, where the scheme of the Domino skeleton becomes a juxtaposition identifying each part of the building, where the metropolitan dimension permeates the very essence of its architecture with pathways of various kinds, and where ultimately there still remains a Koolhaasean secret metaphor of a permanent drift through architecture's territories.
The efficacy of teachers’ responses to incidents of bullying and victimization: The mediational role of moral disengagement for bullying
Authors: Campaert Kristel , Nocentini Annalaura , Menesini Ersilia
Published: March 2017

Teachers respond differently to bullying and victimization. Socio‐cognitive and moral domain theory suggest that students process teachers’ behavior cognitively and that teachers’ responses to incidents of bullying and victimization could affect students’ level of moral disengagement. We examined the mediating effect of students’ moral disengagement between types of teachers’ responses to situations of bullying and victimization and individual bullying using multilevel mediation modelling. Participants were 609 students (50% boys, age M = 11.47, SD = 1.14) of central Italy, nested in 34 classes. Students rated the frequency of self‐reported bullying and of teachers’ responses to incidents of bullying and victimization on a 5‐point Likert scale. Teachers’ responses to bullying included non‐intervention, mediation, group discussion, and sanctions. Teachers’ responses to victimization included non‐intervention, mediation, group discussion, and victim support. Results indicated that in the teachers’ responses to incidents of bullying model, a significant indirect effect of non‐intervention (β = .03; 95%CI [.01, .05]) and of sanctions (β = −.02; 95%CI [−.04, −.01]) on bullying through moral disengagement was found at the individual level. Similarly, in the model on teachers’ responses toward victims there was a significant indirect effect through moral disengagement of non‐intervention (β = .03; 95%CI [.02, .04]) and victim support (β = −.01; 95%CI [−.02, −.001]). At the class level there were no significant indirect effects. In sum, results indicated that moral disengagement is an important mediator at the individual level and suggest including teachers in anti‐bullying interventions with a specific focus on their role for moral development.
Health‐Related Quality of Life in an Inception Cohort of Children With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Oen Kiem , Guzman Jaime , Dufault Brenden , Tucker Lori B. , Shiff Natalie J. , Duffy Karen Watanabe , Lee Jennifer J. Y. , Feldman Brian M. , Berard Roberta A. , Dancey Paul , Huber Adam M. , Scuccimarri Rosie , Cabral David A. , Morishita Kimberly A. , Ramsey Suzanne E. , Rosenberg Alan M. , Boire Gilles , Benseler Susanne M. , Lang Bianca , Houghton Kristin , Miettunen Paivi M. , Chédeville Gaëlle , Levy Deborah M. , Bruns Alessandra , Schmeling Heinrike , Haddad Elie , Yeung Rae S. M. , Duffy Ciarán M. ,   the Research in Arthritis in Canadian Children emphasizing Outcomes (ReACCh‐Out) investigators
Published: March 2017

Objective

To describe changes in health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) over time in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), relative to other outcomes, and to identify predictors of unfavorable HRQoL trajectories.

Methods

Children with JIA in the Research in Arthritis in Canadian Children emphasizing Outcomes (ReACCh‐Out) cohort were included. The Juvenile Arthritis Quality of Life Questionnaire (JAQQ, a standardized instrument), health‐related Quality of My Life (HRQoML, an instrument based on personal valuations), and JIA core variables were completed serially. Analyses included median values, Kaplan‐Meier survival curves, and latent trajectory analysis.

Results

A total of 1,249 patients enrolled at a median of 0.5 months after diagnosis were followed for a median of 34.2 months. The degree of initial HRQoL impairment and probabilities of reaching the best possible HRQoL scores varied across JIA categories (best for oligoarthritis, worst for rheumatoid factor–positive polyarthritis). Median times to attain best possible HRQoL scores (JAQQ 59.3 months, HRQoML 34.5 months), lagged behind those for disease activity, pain, and disability measures. Most patients followed trajectories with minimal or mild impairment; however, 7.6% and 13.8% of patients, respectively, followed JAQQ and HRQoML trajectories with persistent major impairment in HRQoL. JIA category, aboriginal ethnicity, and baseline disease activity measures distinguished between membership in trajectories with major and minimal impairments.

Conclusion

Improvement in HRQoL is slower than for disease activity, pain, and disability. Improvement of a measure based on respondents’ preferences (HRQoML) is more rapid than that of a standardized measure (JAQQ). Higher disease activity at diagnosis heralds an unfavorable HRQoL trajectory.
Increased Insulin Resistance and Glucagon Levels in Mild/Inactive Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients Despite Normal Glucose Tolerance
Authors: Miyake Cíntia N. H. , Gualano Bruno , Dantas Wagner S. , Pereira Renato T. , Neves William , Zambelli Vanessa O. , Shinjo Samuel K. , Pereira Rosa M. , Silva Elizabeth R. , Sá‐Pinto Ana Lúcia , Borba Eduardo , Roschel Hamilton , Bonfá Eloisa , Benatti Fabiana B.
Published: March 2017

Objective

To assess insulin sensitivity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in response to a meal tolerance test (MTT).

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, 33 adult females with mild/inactive SLE (SLE group) and 16 age‐ and body mass index–matched female healthy controls (CTRL group) underwent an MTT and were assessed for insulin sensitivity and beta cell function. Skeletal muscle protein expressions of total and membrane insulin‐dependent glucose transporter 4 (GLUT‐4) were also evaluated (SLE group: n = 10, CTRL group: n = 5); muscle biopsies were performed after MTT. Further measurements included inflammatory cytokines, adipocytokines, physical activity level, body composition, and food intake.

Results

SLE and CTRL groups showed similar fasting glucose, glucose response, and skeletal muscle GLUT‐4 translocation after MTT. However, the SLE group demonstrated higher fasting insulin levels (P = 0.01; effect size [ES] 1.2), homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (IR) (P = 0.03; ES 1.1), insulin‐to‐glucose ratio response to MTT (P = 0.02; ES 1.2), fasting glucagon levels (P = 0.002; ES 2.7), glucagon response to MTT (P = 0.0001; ES 2.6), and a tendency toward lower Matsuda index of whole‐body insulin sensitivity (P = 0.06; ES −0.5) when compared with the CTRL group. Fasting proinsulin‐to‐insulin ratio and proinsulin‐to‐insulin ratio response to MTT were similar between groups (P > 0.05), while the SLE group showed a higher insulinogenic index when compared with the CTRL group (P = 0.02; ES = 0.9).

Conclusion

We have identified that SLE patients had a bi‐hormone metabolic abnormality characterized by increased IR and hyperglucagonemia despite normal glucose tolerance and preserved beta cell function and skeletal muscle GLUT‐4 translocation. Strategies capable of ameliorating insulin sensitivity to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease in SLE may require more than targeting IR alone.
Diagnostic Performance of Clinical Examination Measures and Pain Presentation to Identify Patellofemoral Joint Osteoarthritis
Authors: Stefanik J. J. , Duncan R. , Felson D. T. , Peat G.
Published: March 2017

Objective

To assess the diagnostic performance of a comprehensive set of tests and measures to discriminate patellofemoral (PF) from tibiofemoral (TF) osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

The Clinical Assessment of the Knee Study is a study of knee pain in the general population. The presence of PF crepitus and pain with PF compression were assessed. Anterior knee pain was determined using a knee pain map. Pain with climbing/descending stairs and walking on level ground were assessed with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index. Radiographs were used to define the compartment(s) of the knee affected by OA (no OA, isolated/predominant PF joint OA, and isolated/predominant TF joint OA). In knees with mixed OA, knees with more severe PF joint OA were included in the isolated/predominant PF group (the same was done for TF joint OA). We determined the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value, and positive likelihood ratio (LR+) for each test and measure individually, and the combination of these measures, in distinguishing knees with PF joint OA from knees with TF joint OA or no OA.

Results

There were 745 knees included in the study. No measure had high sensitivity and specificity. Pain with climbing/descending stairs had the greatest sensitivity (90%) but poor specificity (15%). The combination of definite crepitus with no pain on walking had the greatest specificity (96%), PPV (53%), and LR+ (1.8), but poor sensitivity (7%).

Conclusion

Typical clinical examination findings and knee pain patterns commonly thought to represent underlying PF joint pathology do not discriminate knees with PF joint OA from knees without OA or TF joint OA.
Microstructural Investigation of the Formation and Development of Topologically Close‐Packed Phases in a 3rd Generation Nickel‐Base Single Crystal Superalloy
Authors: Kim KeeHyun , Withey Paul A.
Published: March 2017

Topologically close‐packed (TCP) phases generally form during long period aging or in‐service. In this study, however, the early stage formation and development of TCP phases, which has received relatively less attention, was extensively investigated from as‐cast samples through to fully heat‐treated ones. TCP phases were surrounded with a γ′ phase, and their compositions were slightly different due to the structural and compositional complexity. Most of all, extremely fine particles of about 100 nm containing large amounts of rhenium formed in the early processing. In addition, two different types of particles were detected at different formation stages: round‐shaped particles at the starting point, and needle‐like ones near the terminating point. Based on experimental observations, it was suggested that the needle‐like particle probably showed the growth of a TCP phase by the diffusion of rhenium after nucleation from a point containing high amounts of rhenium.
Biofunctionalized Plants as Diverse Biomaterials for Human Cell Culture
Authors: Fontana Gianluca , Gershlak Joshua , Adamski Michal , Lee Jae‐Sung , Matsumoto Shion , Le Hau D. , Binder Bernard , Wirth John , Gaudette Glenn , Murphy William L.
Published: March 2017

The commercial success of tissue engineering products requires efficacy, cost effectiveness, and the possibility of scaleup. Advances in tissue engineering require increased sophistication in the design of biomaterials, often challenging the current manufacturing techniques. Interestingly, several of the properties that are desirable for biomaterial design are embodied in the structure and function of plants. This study demonstrates that decellularized plant tissues can be used as adaptable scaffolds for culture of human cells. With simple biofunctionalization technique, it is possible to enable adhesion of human cells on a diverse set of plant tissues. The elevated hydrophilicity and excellent water transport abilities of plant tissues allow cell expansion over prolonged periods of culture. Moreover, cells are able to conform to the microstructure of the plant frameworks, resulting in cell alignment and pattern registration. In conclusion, the current study shows that it is feasible to use plant tissues as an alternative feedstock of scaffolds for mammalian cells.
MoS2/Celgard Separator as Efficient Polysulfide Barrier for Long‐Life Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Ghazi Zahid Ali , He Xiao , Khattak Abdul Muqsit , Khan Niaz Ali , Liang Bin , Iqbal Azhar , Wang Jinxin , Sin Haksong , Li Lianshan , Tang Zhiyong
Published: March 2017

A high lithium conductive MoS2/Celgard composite separator is reported as efficient polysulfides barrier in Li–S batteries. Significantly, thanks to the high density of lithium ions on MoS2 surface, this composite separator shows high lithium conductivity, fast lithium diffusion, and facile lithium transference. When used in Li–S batteries, the separator is proven to be highly efficient for depressing polysulfides shuttle, leading to high and long cycle stability. With 65% of sulfur loading, the device with MoS2/Celgard separator delivers an initial capacity of 808 mAh g−1 and a substantial capacity of 401 mAh g−1 after 600 cycles, corresponding to only 0.083% of capacity decay per cycle that is comparable to the best reported result so far. In addition, the Coulombic efficiency remains more than 99.5% during all 600 cycles, disclosing an efficient ionic sieve preventing polysulfides migration to the anode while having negligible influence on Li+ ions transfer across the separator. The strategy demonstrated in this work will open the door toward developing efficient separators with flexible 2D materials beyond graphene for energy‐storage devices.
Vinylogous Nucleophilic Substitution of the Hydroxy Group in Diarylmethanols with 3‐Propenyl‐2‐silyloxyindoles: Towards the Synthesis of α‐Alkylidene‐δ‐diaryl‐2‐oxindoles
Authors: Jadhav Amol P. , Ali Amjad , Singh Ravi P.
Published: March 2017

We report herein a highly stereoselective method for the indium triflate‐catalyzed vinylogous substitution of the hydroxy group of diarylmethyl alcohols with 3‐alkenyl‐2‐silyloxyindoles, which affords broadly substituted α‐alkylidene‐δ‐diaryl‐2‐oxindole products with high efficiency and complete γ‐site and Z‐selectivity. The reaction displays very wide substrate scopes for both the reactants, benzhydryl alcohols and 3‐alkenyl‐2‐silyloxyindoles. The utility of the substituted adducts is shown by their conversion to other useful derivatives.

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One‐Pot Sequential N‐Heterocyclic Carbene/Rhodium(III) Catalysis: Synthesis of Fused Polycyclic Isocoumarins
Authors: Youn So Won , Yoo Huen Ji
Published: March 2017

A one‐pot sequential N‐heterocyclic carbene–rhodium (NHC‐Rh) catalysis is described, demonstrating the compatibility of NHC and Rh catalysts. N‐Heterocyclic carbene‐catalyzed aerobic oxidation of benzaldehydes and subsequent rhodium(III)‐catalyzed oxidative coupling/annulation with multiple bonds enabled the formation of two C–O bonds and one C–C bond in a single pot. This operationally easy, one‐pot protocol under air provides access to a diverse array of valuable fused polycyclic isocoumarins.

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Oculo–facio–cardio–dental syndrome with craniosynostosis, temporal hypertrichosis, and deafness
Authors: O'Byrne James J. , Laffan Eoghan , Murray Dylan J. , Reardon William
Published: March 2017

We report the case of a 7‐month‐old girl with atypical oculo–facio–cardio–dental syndrome (OFCD). A novel de novo pathogenic mutation in the BCL6 interacting co‐repressor gene (BCOR) (c.4540C>T; p.Arg1514*), was identified on the X chromosome. This case expands the phenotype of OFCD as it is the first report of a case presenting with craniosynostois, temporal hypertrichosis, supraorbital grooving, and underdevelopment of the midface.
Further evidence for specific IFIH1 mutation as a cause of Singleton–Merten syndrome with phenotypic heterogeneity
Authors: Pettersson Maria , Bergendal Birgitta , Norderyd Johanna , Nilsson Daniel , Anderlid Britt‐Marie , Nordgren Ann , Lindstrand Anna
Published: March 2017

Singleton–Merten syndrome (MIM 182250) is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder characterized by early onset periodontitis, root resorption, osteopenia, osteoporosis, and aortic valve or thoracic aorta calcification. The disorder can have significant intrafamilial phenotypic variability. Here, we present a mother and daughter with Singleton–Merten syndrome harboring a previously described pathogenic missense mutation, c.2465G>A p.(Arg822Gln), in IFIH1 (interferon induced with helicase C domain 1), encoding MDA5 (Melanoma Differentiation‐Associated protein 5). These data confirm the pathogenicity of IFIH1 c.2465G>A p.(Arg822Gln) for Singleton–Merten syndrome and affirm the striking phenotypic heterogeneity of this disorder. In addition, we expand the Singleton–Merten phenotype by adding severe systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) to the clinical picture. Investigations of known SLE genes as well as a single nucleotide polymorphism suggested to be involved in development of SLE were normal.
Developmental changes in feeding behaviors of infant chimpanzees at Mahale, Tanzania: Implications for nutritional independence long before cessation of nipple contact
Authors: Matsumoto Takuya
Published: March 2017

Objectives

Weaning of chimpanzees is considered to occur at 4–5‐years‐old with complete cessation of nipple contact and timing of reconception calculated by inter‐birth interval minus gestation length. This is also the basis of “early weaning” in humans (i.e., approximately 2.5‐years‐old). However, recent studies of the survival of orphans and the first molar (M1) eruption in wild chimpanzees have predicted that infants move toward nutritional independence at 3‐years‐old. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate ontogeny of feeding behavior at around 3‐years‐old in wild infant chimpanzees.

Materials and methods

I studied 19 infants aged 1–60 months in the M group in Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. The total observation time was 518 h, 25 min.

Results

At around 3‐years‐old, infant chimpanzees spent more total feeding time, and time feeding on leaves, and food physically difficult to process without food transfer from other individuals. These results suggest that infant chimpanzees significantly reduced their dependence on milk for nutrition at around 3‐years‐old, that is, before cessation of nipple contact.

Discussion

This study suggests that M1 eruption in wild Eastern Chimpanzees is an index of the period when infants move toward nutritional independence with a key dietary transition. This is the first study to provide behavioral evidence of the large temporal gap between nutritional independence of infants and reconception of mothers in great apes, and clarify the unique feature of human life history whereby mothers can reconceive before an infant reaches nutritional independence.
Pathomechanisms of anti–cytosolic 5′‐nucleotidase 1A autoantibodies in sporadic inclusion body myositis
Authors: Tawara Nozomu , Yamashita Satoshi , Zhang Xiao , Korogi Mai , Zhang Ziwei , Doki Tsukasa , Matsuo Yoshimasa , Nakane Shunya , Maeda Yasushi , Sugie Kazuma , Suzuki Naoki , Aoki Masashi , Ando Yukio
Published: March 2017

Objective

Sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM), an intractable progressive muscle disease, frequently occurs in older persons. sIBM pathogenesis may involve protein degradation dysfunction and immune abnormalities. Autoantibodies recognizing cytosolic 5′‐nucleotidase 1A (cN1A) were found in plasma and serum from sIBM patients. However, whether anti‐cN1A autoantibodies play a pathogenic role in sIBM is controversial. This study investigated the pathogenic properties of anti‐cN1A autoantibodies in sIBM pathogenesis.

Methods

We developed a cell‐based assay to detect anti‐cN1A autoantibodies, which we found in serum from patients with neuromuscular diseases including sIBM. We also investigated the clinicopathological differences between sIBM patients with and without the autoantibodies. We used passive in vitro and in vivo immunization models to evaluate the pathogenic role of the autoantibodies.

Results

Of 67 patients with sIBM, 24 (35.8%) possessed anti‐cN1A autoantibodies as determined via our cell‐based assay. In the anti‐cN1A–positive group, the percentage of patients with hepatitis C virus antibodies was significantly lower and the mean area of type 2 myofibers was significantly smaller compared with the autoantibody‐negative group. In the in vitro passive immunization model, p62/SQSTM1 significantly increased in anti‐cN1A–positive sIBM immunoglobulin G (IgG)‐supplemented cells. In the in vivo passive immunization model, anti‐cN1A–positive sIBM IgG‐injected mice demonstrated p62/SQSTM1‐positive sarcoplasmic aggregates in myofibers, associated with macrophage infiltration.

Interpretation

Our cell‐based assay is useful for anti‐cN1A autoantibodies detection. Patients with anti‐cN1A autoantibodies demonstrated unique clinicopathological features. In vitro and in vivo passive immunization model results suggest that anti‐cN1A autoantibodies may affect protein degradation in myofibers. Ann Neurol 2017;81:512–525
Catalytic Direct‐type 1,4‐Addition Reactions of Alkylazaarenes
Authors: Suzuki Hirotsugu , Igarashi Ryo , Yamashita Yasuhiro , Kobayashi Shū
Published: March 2017

1,4‐addition reactions of alkylazaarenes catalyzed by strong Brønsted bases have been developed for the first time. The desired reactions with α,β‐unsaturated amides proceeded under mild reaction conditions to give the 1,4‐adducts in high yields. Both ortho‐ and para‐substituted azaarenes afforded the desired adducts in high yields. Regioselective reactions of di‐ or trimethylpyridine were found to be possible depending on the acidity of the α‐hydrogen atoms. Furthermore, a candidate of allosteric protein kinase modulators was synthesized in two steps. An asymmetric variant of this reaction was also found to be feasible.
Composition‐Dependent Hot Carrier Relaxation Dynamics in Cesium Lead Halide (CsPbX3, X=Br and I) Perovskite Nanocrystals
Authors: Chung Heejae , Jung Seok Il , Kim Hyo Jin , Cha Wonhee , Sim Eunji , Kim Dongho , Koh Weon‐Kyu , Kim Jiwon
Published: March 2017

Cesium‐based perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have outstanding photophysical properties improving the performances of lighting devices. Fundamental studies on excitonic properties and hot‐carrier dynamics in perovskite NCs further suggest that these materials show higher efficiencies compared to the bulk form of perovskites. However, the relaxation rates and pathways of hot‐carriers are still being elucidated. By using ultrafast transient spectroscopy and calculating electronic band structures, we investigated the dependence of halide in Cs‐based perovskite (CsPbX3 with X=Br, I, or their mixtures) NCs on the hot‐carrier relaxation processes. All samples exhibit ultrafast (<0.6 ps) hot‐carrier relaxation dynamics with following order: CsPbBr3 (310 fs)>CsPbBr1.5I1.5 (380 fs)>CsPbI3 NC (580 fs). These result accounts for a reduced light emission efficiency of CsPbI3 NC compared to CsPbBr3 NC.
Grünlicht‐induzierte Rezeptorinaktivierung durch Cobalamin‐bindende Domänen
Authors: Kainrath Stephanie , Stadler Manuela , Reichhart Eva , Distel Martin , Janovjak Harald
Published: March 2017

Optogenetik und Photopharmakologie ermöglichen präzise räumliche und zeitliche Kontrolle von Proteinwechselwirkung und ‐funktion in Zellen und Tieren. Optogenetische Methoden, die auf grünes Licht ansprechen und zum Trennen von Proteinkomplexen geeignet sind, sind nicht weitläufig verfügbar, würden jedoch mehrfarbige Experimente zur Beantwortung von biologischen Fragestellungen ermöglichen. Hier demonstrieren wir die Verwendung von Cobalamin(Vitamin B12)‐bindenden Domänen von bakteriellen CarH‐Transkriptionsfaktoren zur Grünlicht‐induzierten Dissoziation von Rezeptoren. Fusioniert mit dem Fibroblasten‐Wachstumsfaktor‐Rezeptor 1 führten diese im Dunkeln in kultivierten Zellen zu Signalaktivität durch Oligomerisierung, welche durch Beleuchten umgehend aufgehoben wurde. In Zebrafischembryonen, die einen derartigen Rezeptor exprimieren, ermöglichte grünes Licht die Kontrolle über abnormale Signalaktivität während der Embryonalentwicklung.
Polarisation auf der Mesoskala durch geometrische Frustration in kolumnaren supramolekularen Kristallen
Authors: Zehe Christoph S. , Hill Joshua A. , Funnell Nicholas P. , Kreger Klaus , van der Zwan Kasper P. , Goodwin Andrew L. , Schmidt Hans‐Werner , Senker Jürgen
Published: March 2017

Kolumnare supramolekulare Phasen, die eine Polarisation entlang der Kolumnenachse aufweisen, haben das Potential zur Entwicklung von Datenspeichern mit ultrahoher Dichte, da jede einzelne Kolumne als Speicherelement fungieren kann. Wir zeigen anhand von Untersuchungen der Struktur und Unordnung von vier kolumnaren 1,3,5‐Benzoltrisamiden mittels totaler Röntgenstreuung und DFT‐Rechnungen, dass die Kolumnenorientierung und damit das kolumnare Dipolmoment empfindlich auf geometrische Frustration ist, sofern die Kolumnen in hexagonalen Stabpackungen aggregieren. Die Frustration unterdrückt die konventionelle antiferroelektrische Ordnung und erhöht die Sensitivität für kollektive interkolumnare Packungseffekte. Dieser Befund erlaubt es, Domänen auf der Mesoskala zu erzeugen, die eine spontane Polarisation aufweisen. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen auf, wie das komplexe Zusammenspiel von sterischen und elektrostatischen Wechselwirkungen durch ein einfaches Design der molekularen Synthone beeinflusst wird, um spontane Polarisation zu erzeugen und die Größe der mesoskopischen Domänen einzustellen.
Merging Distal Alkynyl Migration and Photoredox Catalysis for Radical Trifluoromethylative Alkynylation of Unactivated Olefins
Authors: Xu Yan , Wu Zhen , Jiang Jingxing , Ke Zhuofeng , Zhu Chen
Published: March 2017

Disclosed herein is a novel, redox‐neutral protocol for the visible‐light‐induced radical alkynylation of unactivated olefins. The intramolecular migration of an alkynyl group, by cleaving an inert C−C σ bond, is realized for the first time. A wide range of synthetically useful trifluoroethylated linear alkynes are readily obtained under mild reaction conditions.
Successive Charge Transitions of Unusually High‐Valence Fe3.5+: Charge Disproportionation and Intermetallic Charge Transfer
Authors: Hosaka Yoshiteru , Denis Romero Fabio , Ichikawa Noriya , Saito Takashi , Shimakawa Yuichi
Published: March 2017

A perovskite‐structure oxide containing unusually high‐valence Fe3.5+ was obtained by high‐pressure synthesis. Instability of the Fe3.5+ in Ca0.5Bi0.5FeO3 is relieved first by charge disproportionation at 250 K and then by intermetallic charge transfer between A‐site Bi and B‐site Fe at 200 K. These previously unobserved successive charge transitions are due to competing intermetallic and disproportionation charge instabilities. Both transitions change magnetic and structural properties significantly, indicating strong coupling of charge, spin, and lattice in the present system.
Bis‐Gadolinium Complexes for Solid Effect and Cross Effect Dynamic Nuclear Polarization
Authors: Kaushik Monu , Qi Mian , Godt Adelheid , Corzilius Björn
Published: March 2017

High‐spin complexes act as polarizing agents (PAs) for dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) in solid‐state NMR spectroscopy and feature promising aspects towards biomolecular DNP. We present a study on bis(Gd‐chelate)s which enable cross effect (CE) DNP owing to spatial confinement of two dipolar‐coupled electron spins. Their well‐defined Gd⋅⋅⋅Gd distances in the range of 1.2–3.4 nm allowed us to elucidate the Gd⋅⋅⋅Gd distance dependence of the DNP mechanism and NMR signal enhancement. We found that Gd⋅⋅⋅Gd distances above 2.1 nm result in solid effect DNP while distances between 1.2 and 2.1 nm enable CE for 1H, 13C, and 15N nuclear spins. We compare 263 GHz electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra with the obtained DNP field profiles and discuss possible CE matching conditions within the high‐spin system and the influence of dipolar broadening of the EPR signal. Our findings foster the understanding of the CE mechanism and the design of high‐spin PAs for specific applications of DNP.
Twisted Aromatic Frameworks: Readily Exfoliable and Solution‐Processable Two‐Dimensional Conjugated Microporous Polymers
Authors: Marco A. Belen , Cortizo‐Lacalle Diego , Perez‐Miqueo Iñigo , Valenti Giovanni , Boni Alessandro , Plas Jan , Strutyński Karol , De Feyter Steven , Paolucci Francesco , Montes Mario , Khlobystov Andrei N. , Melle‐Franco Manuel , Mateo‐Alonso Aurelio
Published: March 2017

Twisted two‐dimensional aromatic frameworks have been prepared by overcrowding the nodes with bulky and rigid substituents. The highly distorted aromatic framework with alternating out‐of‐plane substituents results in diminished interlayer interactions that favor the exfoliation and dispersion of individual layers in organic media.