bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Programming Model for River Quality Management under Transverse Mixing
Authors: Li S.
Published: May 2018

The objective of river quality management is to achieve a given water quality standard at certain control stations by cutting down the pollutant load in the basin at the lowest cost. Conventional programming models, however, cannot guarantee the satisfaction of the quality standard at each drinking water intake when transverse mixing occurs in the river, because they focus on the average concentration of the cross sections, while the raw water is usually drawn from the sides of the river. In this paper, a programming model is proposed to deal with waste load allocation problems. The effect of transverse dispersion on the quality at drinking water intakes is taken into account by introducing an index which represents the degree of mixing in a river. This has made it possible to link the sewage system planning with the improvement of drinking water quality. The results of model application show that the priority of sewage treatment in a river basin is quite different from those advanced by the conventional models, it is suggested that a change of the traditional strategy of waste load allocation is necessary for better quality of drinking water supply.
Entering the 21st Century: Water Quality Issues River Basin Management
Authors: Bulkley J. W.
Published: May 2018

Water quality issues have developed primarily in the 20th century in the United States of America. Historically, the emphasis has been placed upon the protection of human health with the states and local units of government having responsibility for ensuring implementation of programs and activities to provide for maintenance of public health needs. In 1948, legislation established an active role for the federal government in the provision of water quality and protection of public health. In 1972, the federal government initiated a vigorous program aimed to limit both industrial and municipal point source discharges, provide for control of toxics, set discharge limits, and provide adequate federal funding to assist governmental units to meet the stringent requirements established by the legislation. New perspectives and new realities require farsighted and innovative means to address water quality issues in the 21st century.
Prevention of Pollution from Spills: The Human-Machine Interface Factor
Authors: Weaver L. , Lyon W. A. , Price H. E.
Published: May 2018

Environmental incidents resulting from a spill or release of hazardous materials are often attributed to human error such as carelessness, faulty attitude and inattention. Manufacturing and related urban growth processes in the Great Lakes Basin have resulted in an estimated 3000 significant spills of toxic contaminants annually. The International Joint Commission on the Great Lakes of Canada and the U.S. (IJC) is concerned that these spills contribute significantly to the toxic burden in the Great Lakes Basin and that a catastrophic accident might permanently damage Lake ecosystems.

Spills are often caused by a breakdown in the complex relationships between humans and machines. The IJC sponsored workshops to assess concerns at the human-machine interface and develop findings and recommendations on data reporting and analysis, research, communication, training, education and institutional needs. Experts in a diversity of related fields participated.

This paper introduces the human-machine aspects of spill prevention and relates findings and recommendations of the IJC workshops which are designed to develop and encourage application of a systemic approach to the prevention of spills. This approach includes human design factors considered in the earliest stages of facilities planning and design based on application of the body of knowledge already in place and in continuing development in nuclear power and aviation industries and associated governmental programs.
Positive Correlations between Catchment Areas and Densities of Bacteria in the Upper Reaches of a River
Authors: Hirotani H. , Matsui Y. , Sese C. , Kagawa H.
Published: May 2018

Positive correlations in logarithmic scale were found between catchment areas and densities of bacteria in the upper reaches of the Ishite River in Ehime Prefecture, Japan. The constants, i.e. the intercepts and the slopes, given in the regression lines were analyzed to examine the factors affecting the bacterial counts. For this purpose we introduced the term “effective precipitation ” which gives weight to the rainfall recorded near the day of sampling. It was suggested that total bacterial counts were affected by effective precipitation and water temperature. On the other hand, fecal coliform counts appeared to relate only to water temperature.
Anaerobic Biological Removal of Dimethyldisulfide in a Chemical Process Wastewater
Authors: Le Cloirec P. , Horny P. , Ladousse A.
Published: May 2018

The capability and performances of anaerobic biological removal of dimethyldisulfide were studied with a biofilter packed with a mixture of activated carbon and calcium carbonate grains. The oxygen sources of the bio-oxydation came from nitrates used like nutrients. The operating conditions (pH, volumetric load…) were determined. The quantification of the nutrients (DMDS, Nitrates) and by-products (Sulfates) in the influent and the effluent enabled us to approach the mechanisms of degradation of dimethyldisulfide.
Valorization of Solid Wastes from Biomethanisation of Pig Breeding Effluents
Authors: Duarte E. A. , Mendes B. , Oliveira J. S.
Published: May 2018

The biomethanisation of pig wastes produces a significant amount of biogas and reduces the organic load of the effluent. This effluent contains an important amount of nutrients that may be recuperated by coagulation-floculation, with cationic polymers. The optimization of this process was studied and the characteristics of the solid wastes produced determined. This product is a typical protein concentrate whose value is discussed, as well as possible reutilizations for feeding purposes.
Biotower Pilot Study Results for a Photographic and Specialty Paper Manufacturer
Authors: Cleary J. G. , Boehm T. J. , Geary R. J.
Published: May 2018

Schoeller Technical Papers, Inc. (Schoeller), which manufactures photographic and other specialty papers, is located in Pulaski, New York. The wastewater treatment system consists of a primary clarifier and two settling lagoons. Secondary treatment using a biotower was proposed to meet the new New York State Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (SPDES) discharge limits for BOD and TSS. The effluent from each basin is discharged directly to the Salmon River, at an approximate average flow of 1.6 million gallons/day (mgd).

A biotower pilot study was performed to evaluate the suitability of a biotower treatment process for treating the total effluent from Schoeller's facility. The pilot study was used to select the media for the full-scale biotower and to confirm the design loading for the full-scale biotower, which proceeded in parallel with the pilot study due to the schedule constraints. Two pilot systems were operated to compare a conventional cross-flow and vertical media. Test data were collected to evaluate the performance of each pilot treatment system at a range of loading conditions and to develop the design loading information for the full-scale plant.

The pilot units were operated for a period of 10 months. BOD concentrations to the pilot units averaged 58 mg/l with a peak of 210 mg/l. Approximately 80% of the BOD was soluble. BOD loadings averaged 21 lb BOD/day/1,000 cubic feet with a peak of 77 lb BOD/day/1,000 cubic feet. Both pilot units achieved excellent BOD removals exceeding 75%, with average effluent soluble BOD concentration less than 10 mg/l and average effluent TSS concentrations of 12 mg/l. The two media achieved comparable performance throughout most of the pilot study.
Removal of Some Radionuclides from Water by Bioaccumulation
Authors: Mičkovic D. , Conkic Lj. , Dalmacija B. , Gantar M.
Published: May 2018

First objective of this study was to investigate the application of biologically activated carbon (BAC) as well as its comparison to adsorption, with the aim of removing some radionuclides from water. The isotopes Cs134 and Cs137 were bioaccumulated by BAC up to 50%, while the I131 isotope was only physicochemically adsorbed (about 40%). Also, the process of radionuclides (Cs137, Ce139, Co57, Co60) fixation on blue-green algae (Nostoc sp.) was investigated. The kinetics of the removal of these radionuclides from water was recorded. It was found that after a contact period of about half an hour 40-70% of the activity was removed.
Role of Extracellular Components in Microbial Biosorption of Copper and Lead
Authors: Pradhan A. A. , Levine A. D.
Published: May 2018

Binding of metal ions to extracellular components of microbial systems plays an important role in biosorption processes. Besides pH and temperature, type of anionic system and concentration of the metallic ions are some of the governing factors determining the maximum uptake capacity of the microbial system. Actinomycetes show an ability to selectively scavenge metals from aqueous systems. A biosorption system was tested using a bimetallic solution containing lead and copper. Uptake of Pb was observed to increase with concentration. Chloride ions had an inhibiting effect on the metal removal capacity of the actinomycetes system.
Environmental Assessment Method For Field Release of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms Using Microcosm Systems
Authors: Inamori Y. , Murakami K. , Sudo R. , Kurihara Y. , Tanaka N.
Published: May 2018

This study was conducted to evaluate the patterns of prosperity and decay of genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) in microcosm systems and the interaction between GEMs and micro animals such as indigenous bacteria, protozoa, metazoa and algae. GEMs such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas putida were injected into (1) an aquatic flask-size microcosm which consisted of bacteria, Cyclidium glaucoma, Lepadella sp., Philodina sp., Aeolosoma hemprichi, Chlorella sp. and Tolypothrix sp. and (2) a natural lake model ecosystem, Lake Kasumigaura water. Six patterns of prosperity and decay of GEMs were recognized in the flask-size microcosm, (1) rapidly decreased, (2) rapidly decreased and survived keeping the low numbers, (3) slowly decreased, (4) slowly decreased and survived keeping the low numbers, (5) survived keeping their initial numbers, (6) survived during a long period and increased. The same patterns were also recognized in the natural lake model ecosystem. Furthermore, it was made clear that the prey-predator interaction between GEMs and micro animals was quite important to the prosperity and decay of GEMs. In other words, the prosperity and decay of GEMs was greatly affected by the predation of micro animals which inhabited the microcosm system.
Accelerated Phenol Removal by Amplifying the Metabolic Pathway with a Recombinant Plasmid Encoding Catechol 2, 3 Oxygenase
Authors: Fujita M. , Ike M. , Kamiya T.
Published: May 2018

The metabolic pathway of the phenol degradation in Pseudomonasputida BH was amplified by introducing the recombinant plasmid containing catechol 2,3 oxygenase gene isolated fron the chromosome of BH. This strain could degrade phenol and grow much faster than the wild strain at the phenol concentration of 100mg/L. This strain seems to accelerate the phenol removal rate if it is applied to the treatment of wastewater containing phenol.
Nitrification with Biofilms on Small Suspended Particles in Airlift Reactors
Authors: Tijhuis L. , van Loosdrecht M. C. M. , Heijnen J. J.
Published: May 2018

The development of nitrifying biofilms and short and long term influences on the nitrification process were studied in a Biofilm-Airlift-Suspension-reactor. The studied changes are (i) startup of nitrification reactor at different dilution rates, (ii) the effect of temperature on N-oxidation capacity, (iii) the short term effect of N-loading rate on conversion to determine the nitrification overcapacity and (iv) long term effect of N-loading rate on conversion to determine the maximum nitrification capacity in this reactor system.

It is shown that the specific nitrification capacity during start-up is constant, 1 g N/(gorg.mat. d), which is high compared to the activated sludge process. The influence of the temperature on the nitrification rate is much less than can be expected from pure culture experiments. On a short term there is only a small nitrification overcapacity in the reactor. The maximum nitrification rate during these experiments was 6 kg N/(m3 d), which is very high compared to the activated sludge process.
Laboratory-Scale Ozonation of Water Contaminated with Trace Pesticides
Authors: Koga M. , Kadokami K. , Shinohara R.
Published: May 2018

Trace amounts of 39 kinds of pesticide in river water and tap water were determined by a gas Chromatography/mass spectrometry with a selected ion monitoring (GC/MS-SIM). Eighteen pesticides were detected at ng/L levels in the river water samples, and 11 in tap water. The river water was treated with laboratory-scale oxidation processes using ozone and ozone-hydrogen peroxide, and the efficiencies of pesticide removal by the oxidation processes were evaluated. Although several pesticides such as dichlorvos, simazine and atrazin remained in river water after the treatment with ozone alone, the ozone treatment in combination with hydrogen peroxide improved their decompositions. Detection of 11 kinds of pesticides in tap water indicates that those pesticides are slightly removed by the conventional drinking water treatment.
Fate of Chlorinated Organic Compounds during Thermal Conversion of Sewage Sludge
Authors: Steger M. Th.
Published: May 2018

Investigations show that polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxines contained in sewage sludge can be decomposed by means of thermal conversion (pyrolysis). In the trial conducted a complete decomposition, however, could not be reached. By partly decomposition compounds were produced which were lower in chlorine content but higher in toxicity. The results indicate that a complete decomposition could be reached by optimizing the process.
Dewatering of Sewage Sludge with Vacuum Assisted Sludge Dewatering Beds
Authors: Haberl R. , Salzer Ch.
Published: May 2018

The “Rapid Sludge Dewatering System (RSDS)”, in which the sludge is dewatered by way of vacuum supported sludge drying beds, was tested for performance, efficiency and applicability. Generally, the RSD-System can be regarded as an alternative to other sludge dewatering systems, especially for small purification plants, for agricultural use and composting of sewage sludge. It is also applicable for (industrial) sludge with a high percentage of grease or coarse materials.
Macrocolloidal Transport in Membrane Filters in Slow Laminar Flows: Polarization Chromatography
Authors: Chellam S. , Wiesner M. R.
Published: May 2018

Particle transport in crossflow membrane filters is the result of complex interactions originating from module hydrodynamics, suspension chemistry and external forces. Experimental and theoretical investigations of particle transport in dilute suspensions were conducted in a laboratory model membrane filter to understand fundamental aspects of macrocolloidal transport. Particle residence time distributions (RTDs) were obtained experimentally under varying hydrodynamic conditions in the filter by making pulse inputs. Under conditions of laminar flow, particle transport can be divided into two regimes: convection dominated and diffusion dominated. Convective transport is described quantitatively by theories of particle mechanics as evidenced by correlations presented regarding the first passage time as well as the peak response. Diffusive transport is demonstrated by multiple peaks in the RTDs under existing experimental conditions. Understanding these transport processes can lead to a more rational design, selection and operation of membrane systems and pre-treatment options.
Chemical Solubilization of Particulate Organics as a Pretreatment Approach
Authors: Mukherjee S. R. , Levine A. D.
Published: May 2018

The first step degradation of particulate organic waste is solubilization. In a bioreactor, solubilization occurs due to enzymatic hydrolysis. As an alternative, the use of chemical solubilization methods may provide a means of more efficiently solubilizing the particulates to a form that can be readily utilized by a biological treatment system. In this study, an industrial waste high in particulate organic content was used as a test substrate. The chemical pretreatment methods tested were alkaline hydrolysis, oxidation, and a mixture of hydrolysis and oxidation. Experimental studies to elucidate the effects of chemical pretreatment on the characteristics of particulate organics are discussed in this paper.
Interpretation of the Storet Data Base for Atrazine in Ground Water Using a Geographic Information System
Authors: Paulsen R. T. , Moose A. E. , Whitledge V. M.
Published: May 2018

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agencies (USEPA) STORET data base for atrazine was analyzed using a Geographic Information System (GIS) to determine: 1) How the publicly available data base (STORET) for atrazine in ground-water related to the results from other studies including the USEPA's National Pesticide Survey; 2) If there existed any geographical trends in the data; and, 3) The general quality of data in STORET.

The STORET data base confirms that in general atrazine was detected in less than 10-percent (6.6%) of the 4,224 wells sampled in 34 states and usually detected in trace quantities (less than 0.5 parts per billion (ppb)). The occurrence of atrazine in ground-water above the Health Advisory was limited to less than 1-percent (0.7%) of detections. Over 50-percent of the data was generated by the U.S. Geological Survey and can be considered of good quality complying in general with Good Laboratory Practices for sample collection, preservation, and analysis.

There appears to be two geographic regions where the bulk of detections, including those exceeding the 3.0 ppb Health Advisory, are common. Thematic maps for atrazine in ground-water showed that the Northern Corn Belt, defined by Minnesota, Iowa, and Nebraska, contains the most detections; the Mid-Atlantic states of Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania also show considerable detections of atrazine.

Overall, the STORET data base for atrazine in ground-water is of good quality. Few wells were poorly located and those with inaccurate locations generally had no detections of atrazine.
A New Approach for the Analysis of Mixture Toxicity Data
Authors: Haas C. N.
Published: May 2018

A new method for the quantitative analysis of multiple toxicity data is described and illustrated using a data set on metal exposure to copepods. Positive interactions are observed for Ni-Pb and Pb-Cr, with weak negative interactions observed for Ni-Cr.
Evaluation of Toxicity in Receiving Streams
Authors: Zagorc-Koncan J. , Dular M.
Published: May 2018

A laboratory river model for the study of self-purification inhibition in a stream containing toxic substances is presented. It enables an engineering - technological prediction of the impact of toxic substances or wastewaters on dissolved oxygen (DO) profile in an organically polluted river downstream from the point of entry of toxic effluent thus providing rapidly and inexpensively significant design information to an environmental scientist or engineer. The method was applied to the toxicity evaluation of wastewaters from electroplating industry. The effects of copper, cyanide (representing two significant constituents of this type of wastewaters) and wastewater from electroplating industry on the biodegradation of organic municipal pollution in receiving stream were evaluated experimentally.
Pig Wastewater Treatment in Water Hyacinth Ponds
Authors: Polprasert C. , Kessomboon S. , Kanjanaprapin W.
Published: May 2018

Small-scale and pilot-scale experiments were conducted on pig wastewater treatment in water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipesl ponds. The main objectives were to evaluate the treatment performance of the water hyacinth ponds and to determine suitable operating conditions. From the experimental results obtained, the optimum organic loading rate was found to be 200 kg COD/(ha.d), while the hydraulic retention times were proposed to be 10-20 days. The % COD removal in the small-scale water hyacinth ponds were 74-93, while for the pilot-scale ponds the % COD removal were 52-72 because of fluctuations in the influent wastewater characteristics and occasional insect attacks on the water hyacinth leaves and stems. Similar results were obtained for N removal. Although the water hyacinth ponds were found to be feasible for pig wastewater treatment, at least one polishing pond in series should be provided to polish the water hyacinth pond effluents before discharging into the environment.
An Estimation of Safety of Ozonation and Chlorination of a Water Purification Plant
Authors: Sato T. , Yamamori H. , Matsuda H. , Nagase H. , Kito H.
Published: May 2018

We investigated the effect of ozonation and chlorination on the mutagenic activity of humic substances. SOS Chromotest was used for mutagenic test. The mutagenic activity decreased, but couldnotberemoved perfectly. Glyoxal, which is known as the strong mutagenic compound produced by ozonation, was not decomposed at equal amounts of chlorine to the chlorine consumption, but decomposed to 10 % at 5 times. Also, granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration was performed, but it was not effective.
High Load Trickling Filters. Biofilm Accumulation and Sludge Production
Authors: Battistoni P. , Fava G. , Gatto A.
Published: May 2018

A pilot–scale investigation was carried out to evaluate the parameters affecting biofilm accumulation and sludge production. The behaviour of a cross flow (CF) plastic medium filter (4.3 m of Plasdek B 27) was followed over an eight month period. Four hydraulic loadings, from 2.5 to 3.6 m3/m2h, (organic loadings from 1.5 to 6.2 Kg BOD5/m3d) were experimented. Medium temperature, BOD5 influent and hydraulic loading were determinants for biofilm accumulation and sludge production. The specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) of waste sludge was found related to inlet BOD5. Furthermore a relationship between median retention time (MRT) and filter biomass was obtained; this relationship gave also a good capacity to interpret MRT for low–rate filters.
Investigations on Large Storm-Water Retention Tanks in Munich
Authors: Brechenmacher M. , Wirth H. , Gaeffgen K.
Published: May 2018

The poster describes investigations on two large storm-water retention tanks incorporated in the sewer system of the city of Munich, Germany. The purpose of the study was to examine the hydraulic efficiency; investigated were frequency and duration of combined water storage, input and output of the pollution load, and sedimentation of solid material in the storm-water tanks.
New Technology for Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Secerov-Sokolovic R. , Sokolovic S. , Galesev B.
Published: May 2018

New technology for wastewater treatment has been designed as modular technology. For specific physical–chemical operations, a new equipment has been developed on the basis of modern principles of the processed industry.

The following modules represent the main elements of the suggested technology :Multipurpose column reactor (KA/OO)Deep bed filter for separation of suspended solids (SUM)Coalesced filter (WO/04)

Pilot plant investigation of the new technology was tested on the wastewater from a car wash shop.

The efficiency of the modular technology was observed using the changes of the following parameters: COD value, suspended solids content and oil content.

The average decrease of COD value is 83.2 %, suspended solids content 94.5 % and oil content 97.8 %, in comparison to the values before treatment by modular technology.
A New Dimensionless Criterion for the Oxygen Transfer Efficiency in Both Surface and Subsurface Aeration Systems
Authors: Ognean T.
Published: May 2018

The effect of power consumption on oxygen transfer efficiency has been evaluated in both surface and subsurface aeration systems. For this purpose a new dimensionless number To, named “efficiency criterion”, has been proposed.Using this number, the efficiency of different aeration systems could be compared.The comparison has been achieved by taking into consideration the data furnished by full-scale experimental models.The results have proved that of two aerators with identical diameters and the same rotational velocity reaching the maximum To, the one with a higher power consumption had a higher efficiency.The results regarding the subsurface aeration systems show that the efficiency of aeration equipment can be continuously increased if the bubbles' diameters are decreased.
The Use of Liquid-Solid Extraction, Capillary Column GC/MS for the Analysis of Chlorinated Acids and Phenols in Drinking Water
Authors: Infante R. , Gutierrez C. , Pérez C.
Published: May 2018

As part of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986 the number of organic compounds that ought to be monitored will increase each year. For some of these compounds, including chlorinated acids, phenols, and other disinfection by-products, no economically and technologically feasible method is available for their analysis. An analytical procedure utilizing solid phase extraction combined with gas chromatographyAnass spectrometry (GC/MS) was developed to analyze theseclassesof compounds in drinking water. The overall accuracy and precision were comparable to other methods used for compliance purposes and detection limits were in the low ng/L range. Among the advantages of the developed methodology are its applicability for field sampling and.at the same time, it provides a simple and inexpensive mean for sample preservation.
Cost Recovery in Water Services
Authors: Katko T. S.
Published: May 2018

The objective of the study was to find out to what extent water charges could be used in the developing world. This paper presents a cost recovery model primarily for water supply and discusses its implications for sewerage services. The model has four key elements: benefits and costs, predictability of consumer contributions, water tariffs, and fee collection and financial management. The study shows that water charges are a necessity in developing countries, as in the developed world, and consumers are more able and willing to pay than has been thought. Adequate sewerage and sewage charges should be introduced universally.
Improvement of Dewatering Characteristics of Aerobically Digested Sludges
Authors: Sarikaya Hasan Z. , Al-Marshoud Salah
Published: May 2018

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of both sludge characteristics and operational parameters on polymer selection and optimal dose requirements to improve the dewatering characteristics of aerobically digested sludges of a contact stabilization activated sludge plant in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. In order to determine the dewatering characteristics of the sludge samples, capillary suction time (CST) and specific resistance to filtration (SRF) were measured.

Cationic conditioning polymers were found more effective than the anionic types. The optimum polymer dose was equal to 4.2 kg of polymer/ton of dry matter for three of the cationic polymers used in this study namely Zeetag 57, Superfloc C420, and Zeetag 92.

The optimum dose requirements are increased substantially with increasing pH values. A linear relationship was found between the optimal polymer dose in mg/l and the sludge solids concentration. The optimum total mixing time was found to be 2 min: 30 sec of rapid mixing at 100 rpm and 90 sec of slow mixing at 40 rpm. The sludge temperature variations were found to have a slight effect on polymer dose requirements.

A linear relationship was obtained between the CST and SRF with a correlation coefficient of 0.99.
Evaluation of On-Site Disposal Options
Authors: Geary P. M.
Published: May 2018

A number of on-site disposal options were evaluated for a small community in northern NSW. Individual allotments were assessed in relation to land capability constraints to on-site disposal. The feasibility of a community-based on-site scheme using a number of alternative options was examined and compared to a proposal for a centralised sewerage scheme for the town.
Effectiveness of Buoyancy of Deformed Bubbles in Flotation
Authors: Kusuda Tetsuya , Zhang Manliang , Hirai Takaaki
Published: May 2018

The relationship between the deformation of bubbles and effective stress through the solid phase in a froth layer of dissolved air flotation, and the transmission efficiency of the effective stress are experimentally and theoretically investigated by use of waste activated sludge. As conclusions: (1) The bubbles are deformed from sphere to ellipsoid of revolution by the difference between the horizontal and vertical stresses. Greater deformation takes place for larger bubbles under higher stress conditions. (2) The froth shows a certain extent of solid-like characteristics. The effective stress in froth, therefore, has an anisotropic characteristic. The ratio of the vertical and horizontal components of the effective stress decreases with the increase in liquid fraction. (3) The transmission efficiency of effective stress by the solid phase is 1 for the bubbles with diameter less than 200µm, and decreases with increasing diameter for bubbles with diameter more than 200µm; and (4) Dissolved air flotation is carried out with high efficiency by use of bubbles with diameter less than 200µm.
The Evaluation of Sawdust Swine Waste Compost on the Soil Ecosystem, Pollution and Vegetable Production
Authors: Kao M.-M.
Published: May 2018

We have successfully developed so called “biological sawdust bed pig-feeding technique” to prevent the production of swine waste water and reduction of offensive odor from piggeries by means of a specific microbial agent under mesophilic, aerobic and solid fermentation conditions. The mixture of swine feces, urine, microbial agent and sawdust is the only by-product in this pig-feeding technique. This type of compost is called “sawdust swine waste compost or SSW compost.”

The main characteristics of SSW compost include as follows: pH 8.0, moisture content 40%, total N 2.2%, P2O5 3.9%, K20 3.0%, Zn 480 ppm, Cu 190 ppm, total C 39.8%, C/N ratio 18.0 and some special microorganisms such as Asperqillusterreus, Bacillussubtilis etc. Field experiment has shown that when the SSW compost was applied to the acidic soil (pH 5.0) and neutral soil (pH 7.1) at the rate of 50 Tons/ha (w/w), respectively, after 1 year application, the amount of Zn and Cu in acidic soil was significantly increased from 15 to 22.8 ppm and 14.5 to 26.7 ppm, respectively. However, the amount of Zn and Cu in neutral soil was only slightly increased from 5.7 to 6.3 ppm and 6.5 to 7.0ppm, respectively, as compared with the check (noncompost) treatment. Furthermore, the production of Chinese cabbage in acidic soil was remarkably increased 18-19% in 25 and 50 Tons/ha SSW compost treatment and Zn and Cu content of leaves in SSW compost treatment was 30-36% and 20-30% higher than in check treatment, respectively.

The proper application of SSW compost not only improves the soilfertilitybut also increases the vegetable production. However, the accumulation of Zn and Cu in acidic soil and in crop leaves should be carefully considered if the compost was treated for the long term application.
Reuse of Sludge from Pulp and Paper Industry Pilot and Full Scale Applications
Authors: Eroǧlu V. , Saatçi A. M.
Published: May 2018

Recent advances made in the reuse of pulp and paper industry sludges in hardboard production are explained. Data obtained from pilot and full-scale plants using primary sludge of a pulp and paper industry as an additive in the production of hardboard is presented. An economic analysis of the reuse of pulp and paper primary sludge in hardboard manufacturing is given.

The quality of the hardboard produced is tested and compared with the qualities of the hardboard produced by the same plant before the addition of primary sludge. The hardboard with primary sludge additive has been used in Turkey for about a year in the manufacturing of office and home furniture. The results are very satisfactory when the primary sludge is used at 1/4 ratio.
Treatment of Wine Distillery Waste in UASB Systems – Feasibility, Alkalinity Requirements and pH Control
Authors: Moosbrugger R. E. , Wentzel M. C. , Ekama G. A. , Marais G. v. R.
Published: May 2018

Grape wine distillery waste developed a pelletised sludge bed in a UASB system. Product formation along the line of flow in the pelletised bed was similar to that when treating a pure carbohydrate, apple juice waste. Pelletised sludge production was about 0.14 mgVSS/mgCOD removed (as against 0.42 mgVSS/mgCOD removed for apple juice waste), indicating a low influent COD carbohydrate fraction. The pellets were not as compact as with apple juice waste and were smaller (< 2 mm). The distillery waste COD ranged from 20 000 to 30 000 mg/ℓ. An appreciable amount of H2CO3*alkalinity was generated internally due to deamination of proteins and removal of organic salts. Provided the system was operated with a recycle from the effluent to influent at a recycle ratio sufficiently high to dilute the base influent COD to an effective influent COD (CODe) < 2000 mg/ℓ, sufficient of the H2CO3*alkalinity generated internally was recycled to maintain a minimum sludge bed pH > 6.6. Recycle ratios as high as 33:1, reducing the base influent COD of 27 000 mg/ℓ to a CODe of 790 mg/ℓ, did not adversely affect COD removal. No nitrogen, phosphate or trace element supplementation was required. COD removal was greater than 94 percent for COD loading rates up to the maximum of 15 kg/(m3 sludge bed.d); the maximum COD loading rate was fixed by gas lifting pellets in to the settling section, not by process failure.
Sequential Batch Anaerobic Composting of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and Yard Waste
Authors: O'Keefe D. M. , Chynoweth D. P. , Barkdoll A. W. , Nordstedt R. A. , Owens J. M. , Sifontes J.
Published: May 2018

Sequential batch anaerobic composting (SEBAC™) was used to treat two fractions of municipal solid waste (MSW), the organic fraction of the MSW (processed MSW) and yard waste. Processed MSW gave a mean methane yield of 0.19 m3 kg−1 volatile solids (VS) (range = 0.18−0.22) after 42 days. The mean VS reduction was 49.7% (range = 46.6−52.4) for this same period. Yard waste gave a mean methane yield of 0.07 m3 kg−1 VS (range 0.05 − 0.09). Methane content of the biogas stabilized at a mean of 48% (SD = 11) from three to four days after startup. The mean VS reduction for yard waste was 19% (range = 13−24]. With processed MSW the volatile acid concentration was over 3000 mg L −1 during startup but these acids were reduced within a few days to negligible levels. The trend was similar with yard waste except that volatile acids reached maximum concentrations of less than 1000 mg L−1. Composts from the reactors were evaluated for agronomic characteristics and pollution potential. Processed MSW and yard waste residues had marginal fertilizer value but posed no potential for groundwater pollution. Yard waste residue caused no apparent inhibition to mustard (Brassicajuncea) germination relative to a commercial growth medium. Anaerobic yard waste compost demonstrated the potential to improve the water holding capacity of Florida soils.
Solid Waste from the Instant Coffee Industry as a Substrate for Anaerobic Thermophilic Digestion
Authors: Kostenberg D. , Marchaim U.
Published: May 2018

In the process of producing “instant coffee”, large quantities of relatively solid waste (20%) are left, causing ecological harm to the area by polluting ground water, and which therefore have to be carted from the factory and dumped, at considerable expense. Several solutions and alternative uses of the coffee wastes have already been examined (as fertilizers, livestock feed, compost) without giving economically viable results.

The aim of this research was to develop biogas technology for the treatment of coffee wastes and the evaluation of the digested material as a growth medium for horticulture. The study included anaerobic, thermophilic, methanogenic digestion of solid coffee wastes in laboratory scale digesters. Optimal conditions for the process in loading rates, retention time, solids concentration and chemical parameters were examined. The results of these experiments showed that digestion of instant coffee waste is a feasible process, not requiring the expected addition of nitrogen, nor prior grinding of the coffee waste, though pH control was necessary. The continuous anaerobic digestion process can achieve a steady state of fermentation at loading rates up to 4.7 g VS/l/d.

The overall qualities of the digested slurry were determined, with a view to their suitability for horticulture. It was found that there is a clear similarity in both root and plant growth using peat-moss or digested coffee slurry, after thermophilic digestion, as soil growth media for growing Gypsophila. Growth promotion effects on Phlox plants were found, as well as a positive effect on the growth-rate of rootlets sprouting in Lysimachiafontuni.
Processing of Biowaste by Anaerobic Composting to Plant Growth Substrates
Authors: Vermeulen J. , Huysmans A. , Crespo M. , Van Lierde A. , De Rycke A. , Verstraete W.
Published: May 2018

Kitchen derived biowaste was fermented in a 40 1 digester at 55°C with a loading of 5.2 g VS/l.d and an average residence time of 42 days. This resulted in an average biogas production rate of 3.6 1/l.d. Different types of paper were investigated for their anaerobic biodegradability; the conversion on VS-basis ranged from 17 % for a regular newsprint to 100 % for a bleached cellulose. A reactor, fed with biowaste supplemented with paper, was operated at 55°C and a loading rate of 12.6 g VS/l.d; this corresponded with an average residence time of 20 days and an average biogas production rate of 7.14 1/l.d. The addition of paper lowered the NH4+−N level from 3.5 g/kg wet material to 1.65 g/kg wet material. Compared to MSW-digest, the biowaste-digest was found to be a NPK rich organic fertilizer with low levels of heavy metals. The moist digest was supplemented with 40 % peat(w/w) to attain 25 % dry matter and subsequently allowed to compost aerobically during 7 days at ambient temperature to a mature endproduct. Horticultural plants were grown on various endproduct/peat mixtures. The latter exhibited no phytotoxicity and performed in some cases better than optimal reference substrates. The blending of the wet digest with peat thus allows to obtain in a very short process time an excellent plant substrate. Furthermore, peat also demonstrated its quality as odour absorbant. It instantaneously reduced the odour units of digested biowaste by a factor of 50. These tests indicate that biowastes can be elegantly transformed into plant growth substrates of high quality by supplementing them with paper waste in the anaerobic digestion phase and by peat in the subsequent aerobic maturation phase.
Recovery and Disposal of the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) by Means of Combined Anaerobic and Aerobic Bio-Treatments
Authors: Vallini G. , Cecchi F. , Pavan P. , Pera A. , Mata-Alvarez J. , Bassettit A.
Published: May 2018

The paper deals with the semi-dry anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste followed by composting as finishing treatment of the digested sludge. The integration of the anaerobic and aerobic treatments was studied as approach to close the water balance of the semi-dry anaerobic digestion process and to remove the phytotoxicity of the digested effluent. This study evaluated the response of the anaerobic effluent to the co-composting post-processing step, whether the anaerobic sludge came from mesophilic semi-dry digestion or thermophilic semi-dry nethanization. Evaluation of the strategy adopted was carried out in terms of performance of aerobic stabilization and its incidence on the economy of the overall treatment and the water balance of the process. Co-composting gave best results when integrated with thermophilic digestion.
Kompogas - A New System for the Anaerobic Treatment of Source Separated Waste
Authors: Wellinger A. , Wyder K. , Metzler A. E.
Published: May 2018

Fruit, yard and vegetable wastes from source-separated collection may vary in their total solid contents as a function of the season and of the sources of waste, e.g. high amounts of vegetables reduce the dry matter content significantly. A new digester system was developed to treat solid wastes from 15% to 40% total solids. It consisted of a horizontal CSTR-type of reactor with an intermittently operated, hydraulically driven stirrer taking up strong shear forces. Experiments in a pilot plant of 15 m3 net volume demonstrated a good performance at 55° C. With dry wastes of around 40% total solids specific gas production rates of 2.7 m3/m3*d at 40 days retention time up to 3.7 m3/m3*d at 13 days retention time were achieved. Pure vegetable waste gave a specific gas production of 3.5 m3/m3*d at 21 days retention time with a gas yield of 460 Liters per kg volatile solids. First experiments on the hygienizing effect of anaerobic digestion demonstrated that within two days of thermal treatment at 50° to 55°C the test organism Bacteriophage f2 was completely destroyed.
Management of Macroalgae from Venice Lagoon through Anaerobic Co-Digestion and Co-Composting with Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
Authors: Cecchi F. , Vallini G. , Pavan P. , Bassetti A. , Mata-Alvarez J.
Published: May 2018

The paper gives information on the behaviour of a digester operating under semi-dry thermophilic conditions when algae are co-digested together with the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) at different ratios. These results are compared with those obtained digesting OFMSW alone at similar operative conditions. 25-30 % is the contribution that this approach can give to the disposal of harvested algae from the lagoon of Venice. Since after anaerobic digestion a bio-oxidative step is needed for agricultural utilization of digested sludge, this process has been studied and the performance of this step reported using the OFMSW as bulking agent.
Combined Digestion and Composting of Organic Industrial and Municipal Wastes in Switzerland
Authors: Edelmann W. , Engeli H.
Published: May 2018

The potential of the organic solid wastes in Switzerland from household, industry, gardens, public grounds and treatment of wood has been determined to be about 955 000 tons Total Solid (TS) per year. While lignified wastes have to be composted, wet and easily degradable wastes are suitable for anaerobic digestion. These humid wastes cause odor problems in composting facilities. For more than one third of the total potential digestion is a better solution than composting.

Combined plants, where the digestion is directly combined with composting, show many advantages, such as the appropriate treatment for different substrate fractions, use of the same machineries for the pre- and the post-treatment, self-sufficiency in energy as well as utilization of the waste water derived from liquid-solid separation at the end of the digestion for the irrigation of the windrows. Detailed investment and operating costs for different aerobic and anaerobic treatment methods are presented. It is shown, that anaerobic digestion is significantly cheaper than composting. Combined plants cost rather less than plants which treat the wastes exclusively by way of composting. Therefore, the treatment of solid organic wastes in combined plants is recommended.
A Swine Waste Package Biotreatment Plant for the Tropics
Authors: Yang P. Y. , Chen H. , Kongsricharoern N. , Polprasert C.
Published: May 2018

Management of small pig waste/wastewater in the tropics is considered as a rather difficult problem, especially in the land limited and populated areas. In order to eliminate the problem or difficulty in technology transfer, two bio-treatment processes, namely, modified hybrid anaerobic treatment (MHAT) and combined bio-fixed film and aquatic plant (CBFFAP), were investigated for the potential of developing a pre-fabricated package treatment plant for the application of a small pig wastewater. It was found that the MHAT process provides an effective treatment for high concentrated pig waste/wastewater. At a loading rate of 2.7-3.5 g TVS/L/day, a TVS removal efficiency of 59-80% and methane yield of 0.23-0.34 L/g TVS added can be achieved. Also, smaller amounts of digested effluent are discharged.

For the CBFFAP process, more than 90% of TCOD, 95% of TKN, and 99% of TSS can be removed in the pond in series system. Because it is simple in design and operation and low in maintenance, the two bio-treatment processes can be developed into a pre-fabricated plant for treating the small wastewater in the moderate land limited and tropical areas.
The Effect of Water Flow Rate on Zooplankton and Its Role in Phosphorus Cycling in Small Impoundments
Authors: Ejsmont-Karabin J. , Weglenska T. , Wisniewski R. J.
Published: May 2018

The attempt was made to determine the effect of water flow rate on Zooplankton density, trophic structure and the role of phosphorus regeneration by Zooplankton in phosphorus sedimentation in four impoundments with a water exchange from less than 10 hours to 8-12 days. Formation of stagnant environments together with the increasing time of water exchange in impoundments created good conditions for development of Zooplankton communities. As a result, the rate of phosphorus regeneration was higher and the turnover time of the total and seston phosphorus was shorter in impoundments than in streams above impoundments. A hypothesis that the stations with a long time of water exchange could be a kind of a trap for nutrients excluded from cycling in running waters is validated.
Long-Term Nutrient Loading and Biological Response in a Flood-Water Reservoir (Neue Donau) in Vienna, Austria
Authors: Dokulil M. T.
Published: May 2018

Nutrient input and trophic conditions in an artificial flood protection reservoir along the river Danube in Vienna are evaluated from a 10-year data base. Nutrient concentrations were largely governed by concentrations in the River Danube (total phosphorus, P-tot = 236±41 µg/l; total nitrogen, N-tot = 2.53±0.78 mg/l), because the major input was groundwater percolating from the river through the separating island to “Neue Donau”. Concentrations were reduced by about 40% during subsurface transport (time lag approx. one day), because the sediments were mainly composed of gravel (correlation coefficient r = 0.77 for P-tot of the river vs. Neue Donau). The amount of water strongly depended on the complex hydrological regime. The decreasing concentration gradients that developed downstream in the Neue Donau are analysed in detail for the year 1991, for total phosphorus, chlorophyll-a, and phytoplankton biomass. Long-term changes of these parameters are discussed for the years 1981 to 1991. Average phosphorus concentrations for the summer period (June - September) increased from >100 µg/l in 1981 to >400 µg/l in 1984. Average chlorophyll concentrations ranged from 40 to 80 µg/l during this period, peaking in the year 1985. Both variables declined drastically in the years 1986 and 1987 and more slowly decreased thereafter. Lowest values of 40 and 10 µg/l respectively were reached in 1990 which were not significantly different from both 1989 and 1991.