bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Meeting Presentation to Peer-Review Publication – a UK Review
Authors: Weale AR , Edwards AG , Lear PA , Morgan JDT
Published: January 2006

INTRODUCTION

Annual academic surgical meetings provide a forum for the discussion of research. For the wide-spread dissemination of this information, peer-reviewed publication is required. The aim of this study was to compare the amount of presentations which go on to publication from 4 UK-based surgical meetings.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We determined whether a presentation had led to a successful publication using PubMed, a median of 28 months following each meeting. We compared the ASGBI publication rate with the meetings of the Vascular Surgical Society (VSSGBI), the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland (ACPGBI) and the British Transplantation Society (BTS). We also compared the median impact factor of journals used.

RESULTS

The ASGBI and BTS had a similar rate of presentations resulting in publication, with 35% and 36% at 2 years, respectively. The VSS had a significantly greater proportion of presentations resulting in publication (54% at 2 years; P = 0.004), whilst the ACPGBI had significant fewer (24% at 2 years; P = 0.006). There was no difference in the median impact factors of the journals used between the meetings (Kruskal Wallis P = 0.883).

CONCLUSIONS

There is a significant variation between meetings in terms of turning presentations into publications. However, the majority of abstracts have still not been fully published within 2 years of presentation at the meeting.
Determination of Clopidogrel Resistance by Whole Blood Platelet Aggregometry and Inhibitors of the P2Y12 Receptor
Authors: Ivandic Boris T , Schlick Philipp , Staritz Peter , Kurz Kerstin , Katus Hugo A , Giannitsis Evangelos
Published: January 2006

Background: Inhibition of platelet aggregation by clopidogrel may be insufficient in up to 30% of users. These nonresponders carry an increased risk of cardiovascular events. We reported here a simple assay to study clopidogrel responsiveness.

Methods: Electrical impedance aggregometry was performed in diluted whole blood in the presence of 5 and 20 μmol/L ADP. Some samples were incubated with 0.1 mmol/L methyl-S-adenosine monophosphate (MeSAMP), a P2Y12 receptor blocker, to maximize inhibition of aggregation before aggregometry. To validate the assay, we analyzed 6-min impedance in 21 healthy probands and 244 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).

Results: At 5 μmol/L ADP, the imprecision of the assay was 11%. Mean (SD) impedance of the healthy cohort was 12.2 (2.2) Ω. The mean − 3 SD was used to define the cutoff for clopidogrel responsiveness: responders and nonresponders exhibited a 6-min impedance ≤5 Ω and >5 Ω, respectively. Samples from nonresponders were incubated with MeSAMP and analyzed again to distinguish pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic types of resistance. Sixteen percent of CAD patients were classified as nonresponders (38 and 2 cases of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic resistance, respectively). Female sex was strongly associated with clopidogrel resistance (P = 0.0002, Fisher exact test). A higher clopidogrel loading dose (P = 0.0353, Mann–Whitney U-test) was given to responders (median, 450 mg) than nonresponders (median, 300 mg). Age and cardiovascular diagnosis showed no significant associations.

Conclusions: Impedance aggregometry using 5 μmol/L ADP is a useful tool for studying clopidogrel responsiveness. MeSAMP allows characterization of responsiveness “on treatment” and may be useful for optimizing clopidogrel dosing.
Amplicon DNA Melting Analysis for Mutation Scanning and Genotyping: Cross-Platform Comparison of Instruments and Dyes
Authors: Herrmann Mark G , Durtschi Jacob D , Bromley L Kathryn , Wittwer Carl T , Voelkerding Karl V
Published: January 2006

Background: DNA melting analysis for genotyping and mutation scanning of PCR products by use of high-resolution instruments with special “saturation” dyes has recently been reported. The comparative performance of other instruments and dyes has not been evaluated.

Methods: A 110-bp fragment of the β-globin gene including the sickle cell anemia locus (A17T) was amplified by PCR in the presence of either the saturating DNA dye, LCGreen Plus, or SYBR Green I. Amplicons of 3 different genotypes (wild-type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutants) were melted on 9 different instruments (ABI 7000 and 7900HT, Bio-Rad iCycler, Cepheid SmartCycler, Corbett Rotor-Gene 3000, Idaho Technology HR-1 and LightScanner, and the Roche LightCycler 1.2 and LightCycler 2.0) at a rate of 0.1 °C/s or as recommended by the manufacturer. The ability of each instrument/dye combination to genotype by melting temperature (Tm) and to scan for heterozygotes by curve shape was evaluated.

Results: Resolution varied greatly among instruments with a 15-fold difference in Tm SD (0.018 to 0.274 °C) and a 19-fold (LCGreen Plus) or 33-fold (SYBR Green I) difference in the signal-to-noise ratio. These factors limit the ability of most instruments to accurately genotype single-nucleotide polymorphisms by amplicon melting. Plate instruments (96-well) showed the greatest variance with spatial differences across the plates. Either SYBR Green I or LCGreen Plus could be used for genotyping by Tm, but only LCGreen Plus was useful for heterozygote scanning. However, LCGreen Plus could not be used on instruments with an argon laser because of spectral mismatch. All instruments compatible with LCGreen Plus were able to detect heterozygotes by altered melting curve shape. However, instruments specifically designed for high-resolution melting displayed the least variation, suggesting better scanning sensitivity and specificity.

Conclusion: Different instruments and dyes vary widely in their ability to genotype homozygous variants and scan for heterozygotes by whole-amplicon melting analysis.
The American culture-industry of image-making; part III
Authors: Hadjiafxendi Kyriaki , Rapatzikou Tatiani
Published: January 2006

This special issue covers the late history of the American culture-industry of image-making from the 1950s to the 1990s. It tries to find alternative ways of imagining the dialectical relationship of modernism and postmodernism to the intensification of multinational capitalism. Its
attempt to reconsider the transition from modernity to postmodernity in both spatial and temporal terms enables the exploration of the gap between self-positioning before the marketplace and aesthetic self-presentation. By revisiting the modern and the postmodern in the aftermath of critical
and cultural theory, Simon Critchley's and Allan Lloyd- Smith's essays explore the different ways in which aesthetic discourse can be philosophically informed by becoming the theory of a particular modernist or postmodernist practice. Their examination, oscillating between optimism and pessimism,
proves the aesthetic heterogeneity of the American culture-industry through which this special issue endeavours to arrive at a historical understanding of image-making.
Poetry as philosophy - on Wallace Stevens
Authors: Critchley Simon
Published: January 2006

In this essay, I defend the philosophical significance of the poetry of Wallace Stevens and try to show how it can help in returning us to that which is normally passed over in epistemological discussions: the phenomenon of the world.
Abjectionabjectivism
Authors: Lloyd-Smith Allan
Published: January 2006

The article offers an account of the post-humanist uses of abjection in contemporary art and literature. The discussion ranges from Julia Kristeva and Brit Art to Don DeLillo, Bret Easton Ellis, Thomas Pynchon, Donald Barthelme and Jonathan Franzen. If the realm of the sign insists
upon a cleaned-up, happy and healthy world of the real, in which all oppositions can be mediated or negotiated away, and in which the merely human is seen as powerless and determined from the outside by immense state and economic power as well as from the inside by the psychological imperatives
of brand names, insistence on the designer body, and the manipulation of desire, the situation of the human is becoming increasingly that of abjection. This concept is partly thought about by way of Kristeva's psychoanalytical formulation, but more than that in terms of what might be called
a pyscho-cultural appreciation of the way that patterns, usually seen in terms of individual acculturation based on Freudian and Lacanian understandings, seem also to operate in the wider field of society. Critical interest in this theory so far has been primarily located within the context
of gothic and horror fiction, but arguably the question of abjection is only fully to be understood in this wider framework of resistance to the colonization of the sign, and of meaning itself. In short, the artistic fascination with abjection represents the oppositional production of an antithesis
to colonized and cleaned-up meaning structures, an in-your-face riposte to what we might call, rather than a brave new world, a clean new world.
Under America's sign: two nineteenth-century British readings
Authors: Epstein James
Published: January 2006

Rather than emphasizing British anti-Americanism during the nineteenth century, Under America's sign: two nineteenth-century British readings examines the ways in which British attitudes to America and its culture reflect ambivalence about Britain's own place in the modern world. In
order to illustrate how British identities were shaped in exchanges with America, the article concentrates on two texts: Charles Dickens's American Notes for General Circulation (1842) and Charles Wentworth Dilke's Greater Britain (1868). America is thus seen as a space marked not by otherness
or sheer difference, but by the differences of proximity, in-between-ness, or kinship.
Suicidality in African American Men: The Roles of Southern Residence, Religiosity, and Social Support
Authors: Wingate LaRicka R. , Bobadilla Leonardo , Burns Andrea B. , Cukrowicz Kelly C. , Hernandez Annya , Ketterman Rita L. , Minnix Jennifer , Petty Scharles , Richey J. Anthony , Sachs‐Ericsson Natalie , Stanley Sheila , Williams Foluso M. , Joiner Thomas E.
Published: January 2006

The rise in suicide by African Americans in the United States is directly attributable to the dramatic, nearly three‐fold increase in suicide rates of African American males. Gibbs (1997) hypothesized high social support, religiosity, and southern residence are protective factors against suicidality for Black people. This hypothesis was tested among 5,125 participants from the National Comorbidity Survey; 299 were African American males. In this study we hypothesized that there would be significantly lower suicidality in the South, and social support and religiosity would mediate this relationship. Our results indicate that Southern region is indeed a significant predictor of suicidal symptoms in African American men, such that suicidal symptoms were lower in the South, but religiosity and social support did not account for this effect. Other potential mediators were also examined.
Examining a Model of the Relation Between Religiosity and Suicidal Ideation in a Sample of African American and White College Students
Authors: Walker Rheeda L. , Bishop Shaughna
Published: January 2006

In this study, a model of certain aspects of religiosity, social support, and depressive symptomatology that would examine how African Americans may be, differentially, protected from suicide was proposed.Intrinsicreligiosity was found to be negatively related to depressive symptoms which were positively related to suicide ideation in a sample of 459 college students. Though the model was expected to produce more robust results for African American compared to White students, we did not find this. Further investigation of religiosity and related phenomena (e.g., spirituality) are warranted across age, socioeconomic, and ethnic groups.
Suicide Attempts and Family History of Suicide in Three Psychiatric Populations
Authors: Trémeau Fabien , Staner Luc , Duval Fabrice , Corrêa Humberto , Crocq Marc‐Antoine , Darreye Angélina , Czobor Pal , Dessoubrais Cécile , Macher Jean‐Paul
Published: January 2006

The influence of a family history of suicide on suicide attempt rate and characteristics in depression, schizophrenia, and opioid dependence was examined. One hundred sixty inpatients with unipolar depression, 160 inpatients with schizophrenia, and 160 opioid‐dependent patients were interviewed. Overall, a family history of suicide was associated with a higher risk for suicide attempt, with high‐lethality method, with repeated attempts, and with number of attempts, while the interaction between family history and diagnostic group was not significant. Thus, a positive family history of suicide was a risk factor for several suicide attempt characteristics independent of psychiatric diagnosis.
The crystal structure of Cu1.78Bi4.73Se8, an N = 3 pavonite homologue with a Cu-for-Bi substitution
Authors: Makovicky Emil , Søtofte Inger , Karup-Møller Sven
Published: January 2006

Cu1.78Bi4.73Se8, synthesized in a dry phase system Cu—Bi—Se at 450 °C, is monoclinic, a = 13.759 Å, b = 4.168 Å, c = 14.683 Å, γ = 115.61°, space group C2/m. It is an N = 3 member of the pavonite homologous series, with the composition limits Cu1.96Bi4.67Se8—Cu1.77Bi4.60S8—Cu1.25Bi4.91Se8. The crystal structure is composed of two types of alternating slabs, with configurations typical for the above series. The first kind of slabs contains paired square pyramidal columns of Bi3, interconnected by octahedral columns with three distinct statistical copper sites (flattened tetrahedral sites in the octahedral interior and a tetrahedral site between adjacent octahedra). They add up to nearly 1.5 Cu. The second kind of slabs contains central octahedra of Bi1, flanked by marginal distorted octahedra of Bi2. These Bi sites are partly replaced by statistically occupied Cu1-3 sites, in flat-tetrahedral and irregular trigonal-planar coordinations. Details of the Cu-for-Bi substitutions are discussed and comparisons with other N = 3 homologues of pavonite are made in the paper.
Crystal structures of the [18]-crown-6 ammoniate C12H24O6 · 2 NH3 and the cryptand [2.2.2] ammoniate C18H36O6N2 · 2 NH3
Authors: Suchentrunk Christof , Roßmeier Thomas , Korber Nikolaus
Published: January 2006

The crystal structures of the new polyether ligand-ammoniates C12H24O6 · 2 NH3 (1) and C18H36O6N2 · 2 NH3 (2) have been elucidated at 123 K by single crystal X-ray structure analysis. Compound 1 crystallizes as yellow plate-like crystals in the monoclinic space group P21/c (no. 14) with unit cell parameters a = 7.572(4) Å, b = 7.724(4) and c = 14.448(7) Å with an angle β = 91.79(6)°. It consists of a molecule of [18]-crown-6 to which two ammonia molecules of crystallisation are bound by three hydrogen bonds each. The ammonia molecules reside below and above the plane of the crown ether oxygen atoms. Compound 2 crystallizes as colourless isometric crystals in the space group P6322 (no. 182) with unit cell parameters a = 8.2568(5) Å and c = 18.992(2) Å. It consists of molecules of cryptand [2.2.2] which are connected by hydrogen bonds via ammonia molecules of crystallisation, resulting in two-dimensional layers parallel to the ab-plane.
Magnetic Properties of Quinoidal Oligothiophenes: More Than Good Candidates for Ambipolar Organic Semiconductors?
Authors: Ponce Ortiz R. , Casado J. , Hernández V. , López Navarrete J. T. , Ortí E. , Viruela P. M. , Milián B. , Hotta S. , Zotti G. , Zecchin S. , Vercelli B.
Published: January 2006

A series of quinoidal oligothiophenes have been investigated by means of solid‐state Fourier‐transform (FT)‐Raman and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopies complemented with density functional theory calculations. FT‐Raman spectra recorded as a function of temperature show that, upon laser irradiation, the molecules undergo a reversible structural evolution from a quinoid‐type pattern at low temperature to an aromatic‐type pattern at high temperature. Moreover, ESR spectra show that a portion of these compounds exists in a biradical state at room temperature. These seemingly disconnected findings and others, such as conformational isomerism, are consistently explained by the consideration of biradical species associated with the presence of low‐lying triplet electronic states. In addition to the well‐established versatility of quinoidal oligothiophenes regarding ambipolar electrical actuation in field‐effect transistors, the exhibition of dual electrical and magnetic behavior leads to the prospect of new materials that have tunable electrical, optical, and magnetic properties.
Hydrogen Adsorption in Metal–Organic Frameworks: Cu‐MOFs and Zn‐MOFs Compared
Authors: Panella B. , Hirscher M. , Pütter H. , Müller U.
Published: January 2006

Hydrogen adsorption in two different metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), MOF‐5 and Cu‐BTC (BTC: benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxylate), with Zn2+ and Cu2+ as central metal ions, respectively, is investigated at temperatures ranging from 77 K to room temperature. The process responsible for hydrogen storage in these MOFs is pure physical adsorption with a heat of adsorption of approximately –4 kJ mol–1. With a saturation value of 5.1 wt.‐% for the hydrogen uptake at high pressures and 77 K, MOF‐5 shows the highest storage capacity ever reported for crystalline microporous materials. However, at low pressures Cu‐BTC shows a higher hydrogen uptake than MOF‐5, making Cu‐based MOFs more promising candidates for potential storage materials. Furthermore, the hydrogen uptake is correlated with the specific surface area for crystalline microporous materials, as shown for MOFs and zeolites.
Y‐Zeolite‐Catalyzed Cyclizations of Terpenols
Authors: Yu Wei , Bian Fengling , Gao Yuan , Yang Li , Liu Zhong‐Li
Published: January 2006

Depending on the metal doped and the activation temperature, Y‐zeolites can catalyze a diversity of reactions of geraniol (1), linalool (2) and nerol (3). Compound 1 can be transformed to α‐ and/or γ‐cyclogeraniol (4 and 5) highly efficiently.
Solid Acid Catalysts for Biodiesel Production –‐Towards Sustainable Energy
Authors: Kiss Anton A. , Dimian Alexandre C. , Rothenberg Gadi
Published: January 2006

The advantages of biodiesel as an alternative fuel and the problems involved in its manufacturing are outlined. The pros and cons of making biodiesel via fatty acid esterification using solid acid catalysts are examined. The main problem is finding a suitable catalyst that is active, selective, and stable under the process conditions. Various solid acids (zeolites, ion‐exchange resins, and mixed metal oxides) are screened as catalysts in the esterification of dodecanoic acid with 2‐ethylhexanol, 1‐propanol, and methanol at 130–180 °C. The most promising candidate is found to be sulphated zirconia. The catalyst's stability towards thermal decomposition and leaching is tested and the effects of the surface composition and structure on the catalytic activity are discussed.
Metal‐Doped Epoxy Resins –‐New Catalysts for the Epoxidation of Alkenes with High Long‐Term Activities
Authors: Arnold Ulrich , Habicht Wilhelm , Döring Manfred
Published: January 2006

For the first time, the use of epoxy resins for the immobilisation of catalytically active metal species is reported. The resins were cured using metal acetylacetonates and alkoxides as polymerisation initiators and the thus obtained thermosets were tested as epoxidation catalysts. Outstanding long‐term catalyst activities and selectivities were observed for molybdenum‐containing resins in the epoxidation of cyclohexene with tert‐butyl hydroperoxide. Mechanistic investigations indicate a superposition of heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis and a heterogeneous contribution to the catalytic activity of at least 15% can be estimated. Metal leaching is extremely low and depends on the catalyst preparation mode. The catalysts were employed batchwise in up to 60 reactions exceeding an application period of 50 days. Based on these results catalyst lifetimes of approximately 1500 days can be expected. They were applied without any reconditioning and loss of activity thus offering promising perspectives for industrial applications in continuously operating processes.
Alkyl‐ and Arylthiolation of Aryl Halides Catalyzed by Fluorinated Bis‐Imino‐Nickel NNN Pincer Complexes [NiCl2{C5H3N‐2,6‐(CHNArf)2}]
Authors: Baldovino‐Pantaleón Oscar , Hernández‐Ortega Simón , Morales‐Morales David
Published: January 2006

The synthesis of bis‐imino nickel(II) NNN pincer complexes of the type [NiCl2{C5H3N‐2,6‐(CHNArf)2}]; Arf=C6H3‐2,3‐F2 (1), C6H3‐2,5‐F2 (2), C6H3‐3,4‐F2 (3), C6H3‐3,5‐F2 (4), C6H2‐2,3,4‐F3 (5), C6H2‐2,3,6‐F3 (6), C6H2‐2,4,5‐F3 (7), C6H2‐2,4,6‐F3 (8), has been achieved and their reactivity in alkyl‐ and arylthiolation reactions of halobenzenes examined. The use of fluorinated substituents Arf on the imines has allowed the tuning of the electronics in these complexes and the influence of these substituents and those of the disulfides in the thiolation reactions have been analyzed.
Proazaphosphatrane P(RNCH2CH2)3N (R=Me, i‐Pr)‐Catalyzed Isomerization of Allylaromatics, Allyl Phenyl Sulfide, Allyl Phenyl Sulfone, and bis‐Allylmethylene Double Bond‐Containing Compounds
Authors: Yu Zhengkun , Yan Shenggang , Zhang Guangtao , He Wei , Wang Liandi , Li Yu , Zeng Fanlong
Published: January 2006

Using a proazaphosphatrane catalyst, P(RNCH2CH2)3N (R=Me, i‐Pr), allylaromatics and allyl phenyl sulfide were selectively isomerized to the corresponding vinyl isomers in yields up to >99% in CH3CN at 40 °C. Efficient transformation of allyl phenyl sulfone at ambient temperature afforded an isomerization/dimerization product in >95% yield. Conjugation of bis‐allylmethylene double bond‐containing compounds gave the corresponding conjugated isomers for cis,cis‐9,12‐octadecadienol and its methyl ether in yields up to 97%, and desilylation/conjugation products were obtained from the catalytic reaction of the trimethylsilyl ether of cis,cis‐9,12‐octadecadienol. The reaction mechanism is discussed based upon the 1H and 31P NMR‐monitored reactions in CD3CN or CH3CN under the reaction conditions.
Supported Ionic Liquids. New Recyclable Materials for the L‐Proline‐Catalyzed Aldol Reaction
Authors: Gruttadauria Michelangelo , Riela Serena , Aprile Carmela , Meo Paolo Lo , D'Anna Francesca , Noto Renato
Published: January 2006

New materials for L‐proline recycling have been developed. These materials have been applied to the L‐proline‐catalyzed aldol reaction between acetone and several aldehydes. The L‐proline has been supported on the surface of modified silica gels with a monolayer of covalently attached ionic liquid with or without additional adsorbed ionic liquid. Good yields and ee values, comparable with those obtained under homogeneous conditions, have been obtained especially with imidazolinium‐modified and 4‐methylpyridinium‐modified silica gels. Moreover, these materials have been easily recovered by simple filtration and studies about their reuse have been carried out. These studies showed that these materials can be used at least up to seven times. Finally, in the case of imidazolinium‐modified silica gel, investigations showed that this support can be regenerated giving again a recyclable material with high isolated yields and reproducible ee values up to 13 cycles.
Synthesis of Aryl‐Substituted 1,4‐Benzoquinone via Water‐Promoted and In(OTf)3‐Catalyzed in situ Conjugate Addition‐Dehydrogenation of Aromatic Compounds to 1,4‐Benzoquinone in Water
Authors: Zhang Hai‐Bo , Liu Li , Chen Yong‐Jun , Wang Dong , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: January 2006

Mono‐ and diaryl‐substituted 1,4‐quinones were synthesized by the In(OTf)3‐catalyzed conjugate addition of aromatic C‐nucleophiles to 1,4‐quinone derivatives followed by in situ dehydrogenation in water. Water was found to be beneficial to the reaction. The regioselectivity of the addition reaction in water was also examined.
Self‐Promoted Nucleophilic Addition of Hexafluoro‐2‐propanol to Vinyl Ethers
Authors: Di Salvo Andrea , David Marc , Crousse Benoît , Bonnet‐Delpon Danièle
Published: January 2006

In spite of its low nucleophilicity, hexafluoro‐2‐propanol easily adds to vinyl ethers, without catalyst, to afford a range of hexafluoroisopropyloxy acetals. This addition reaction also occurred in the presence of a competitive, more nucleophilic alcohol. Kinetic studies showed the importance of hydrogen bond parameters in the rate and course of the reaction.
Conversion of Amines to Imines Employing Polymer‐Supported Sulfoxide (PSS) and Polymer‐Supported Perruthenate (PSP): Synthesis of Pyrrolo[2,1‐c][1,4]benzodiazepines
Authors: Kamal Ahmed , Devaiah V. , Reddy K. Laxma , Shankaraiah N.
Published: January 2006

An efficient method for the oxidation of secondary amines to the corresponding imines has been developed by employing polymer‐supported reagents. This protocol has been extended for the generation of a combinatorial library of substituted pyrrolo[2,1‐c][1,4]benzodiazepine derivatives and provides a rapid and clean preparation avoiding conventional purification techniques.
Chiral Diphosphine ddppm‐Iridium Complexes: Effective Asymmetric Imine Hydrogenations at Ambient Pressures
Authors: Dervisi Athanasia , Carcedo Cristina , Ooi Li‐ling
Published: January 2006

Complexes of the type [Ir(ddppm)(COD)]X were prepared and tested in the asymmetric hydrogenation of a range of imine substrates. Contrary to known iridium catalysts, the ddppm complexes formed efficient catalysts under an atmospheric hydrogen pressure, whereas at higher pressures the catalytic activity of the system was drastically reduced. Depending upon the reaction conditions, N‐arylimines, Ar′NCMeAr, were hydrogenated to the corresponding secondary amines in high yields and enantioselectivities (80–94% ee). In contrast to the [BF4]− and [PF6]− complexes, coordinating anions such as chloride did not form active Ir‐ddppm hydrogenation catalysts. The cationic Ir‐ddppm hydrogenation system performed well in chlorinated solvents, whereas coordinating solvents deactivated the system. Dimeric and trimeric Ir(III) polyhydride complexes were formed from the reaction of [Ir(ddppm)(COD)]PF6 with molecular hydrogen at atmospheric pressure and were found to inhibit catalytic activity.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Internal Alkynes with Silane Reagents bearing Heteroatom Substituents. Studies on the Regio‐/Stereochemistry and Transformation of the Produced Alkenylsilanes by Rhodium‐Catalyzed Conjugate Addition
Authors: Sanada Tomoyuki , Kato Tsuyoshi , Mitani Makoto , Mori Atsunori
Published: January 2006

Rhodium‐catalyzed hydrosilylation of internal alkynes furnished (E)‐1,2‐disubstituted alkenylsilanes. The obtained alkenylsilane was subjected to reaction with α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds in the presence of a rhodium catalyst to undergo conjugate addition. One‐pot hydrosilylation‐conjugate addition with a rhodium catalyst was also performed.
A Simple and Practical Method for the Preparation and Purity Determination of Halide‐Free Imidazolium Ionic Liquids
Authors: Cassol Claúdia C. , Ebeling Günter , Ferrera Bauer , Dupont Jairton
Published: January 2006

The reaction of N‐alkylimidazole with alkyl sulfonates at room temperature affords 1,3‐dialkylimidazolium alkanesulfonates as crystalline solids in high yields. The alkanesulfonate anions can be easily substituted by a series of other anions [BF4, PF6, PF3(CF2CF3)3, CF3SO3 and N(CF3SO2)2] by simple reaction of anions, salts, or acids in water at room temperature. Extraction with dichloromethane, filtration through a short basic alumina column and solvent evaporation affords the desired ionic liquids in 80–95% yield. The purity (>99.4%) of these ionic liquids can be determined by 1H NMR spectra using the intensity of the 13C satellites of the imidazolium N‐methyl group as internal standard.
Amino Acid‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Carbohydrate Formation: Organocatalytic One‐Step De Novo Synthesis of Keto and Amino Sugars
Authors: Ibrahem Ismail , Zou Weibiao , Xu Yongmei , Córdova Armando
Published: January 2006

A direct de novo synthesis of ketoses and amino sugars by amino acid‐catalyzed asymmetric aldol, Mannich and Michael reactions with dihydroxyacetone phosphate mimics as donors is presented. Proline, proline derivatives and thiazolidine‐4‐carboxylic acids catalyzed the asymmetric assembly of keto sugars and amino sugars in high yield with up to >99% ee. The organocatalytic C3+Cn methodology presented herein is a direct entry to the de novo synthesis of orthogonally protected C4, C5, and C6 ketoses, carbohydrate derivatives, amino and aza sugars and the total synthesis of polyoxamic acids. The addition of water significantly accelerated and improved the enantioselectivity of the proline‐mediated biomimetic asymmetric CC bond‐forming reactions.
Appraisal of traditional and recently proposed relationships between the hard and soft dimensions of the nose in profile
Authors: Rynn Christopher , Wilkinson Caroline M.
Published: January 2006

This paper tests six methods of predicting external nasal profile proportions, using the form and dimensions of the bony nasal (piriform) aperture. A sample of 122 lateral cephalograms was measured and traced before each method was attempted, under blind conditions where appropriate. Error was assessed by comparing predicted to actual proportions. Methods used by the following authors were tested: Krogman and Iscan (1986 The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine, Springfield: C.C. Thomas), Gerasimov (1955 The Reconstruction of the Face on the Skull), Prokopec and Ubelaker (2002 Forensic Sci. Commun. 4:1–4), Macho (1986 J. Forensic Sci. 31:1391–1403), George (1987 J. Forensic Sci. 32:1305–1330), and Stephan et al. (2003 Am J. Phys. Anthropol. 122:240–250). The two‐tangent method by Gerasimov (1955 The Reconstruction of the Face on the Skull) was found to perform best at predicting a point on the nasal tip on male and female preoperative subjects. The method of Krogman and Iscan (1986 The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine, Springfield: C.C. Thomas) performed poorly, as did the nasal profile determination method (Prokopec and Ubelaker 2002 Forensic Sci. Commun. 4:1–4). The other methods, all derived by a process of regression calculations, were shown to perform with variable accuracy on this sample, despite the age range and ethnicity of this sample closely resembling that of the samples from which these methods were derived. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Revision of the Fully technique for estimating statures
Authors: Raxter Michelle H. , Auerbach Benjamin M. , Ruff Christopher B.
Published: January 2006

The “anatomical” method of Fully (1956 Ann. Legale Med. 35:266–273) for reconstructing stature, involving the addition of skeletal elements from the calcaneus to the skull, has been increasingly used in anthropological and forensic contexts, but has undergone little systematic testing on samples other than the original sample used to develop the technique. The original description by Fully of the method also does not provide completely explicit directions for taking all of the necessary measurements. This study tested the accuracy and applicability of his method, and clarified measurement procedures. The study sample consisted of 119 adult black and white males and females of known cadaveric statures from the Terry Collection. Cadaveric statures were adjusted to living statures, following the recommendations of Trotter and Gleser (1952 Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 10:469–514). We obtained the best results using maximum vertebral body heights (anterior to the pedicles) and measurement of the articulated talus and calcaneus height in anatomical position. Statures derived using the original Fully technique are strongly correlated with living statures in our sample (r = 0.96), but underestimate living stature by an average of about 2.4 cm. Anatomical considerations also suggest that the correction factors applied by Fully to convert summed skeletal height to living stature are too small. New formulae are derived to calculate living stature from skeletal height. There is no effect of sex or ancestry on stature prediction. Resulting stature estimates are accurate to within 4.5 cm in 95% of the individuals in our sample, with no directional bias. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Who's afraid of the big bad Wolff?: “Wolff's law” and bone functional adaptation
Authors: Ruff Christopher , Holt Brigitte , Trinkaus Erik
Published: January 2006

“Wolff's law” is a concept that has sometimes been misrepresented, and frequently misunderstood, in the anthropological literature. Although it was originally formulated in a strict mathematical sense that has since been discredited, the more general concept of “bone functional adaptation” to mechanical loading (a designation that should probably replace “Wolff's law”) is supported by much experimental and observational data. Objections raised to earlier studies of bone functional adaptation have largely been addressed by more recent and better‐controlled studies. While the bone morphological response to mechanical strains is reduced in adults relative to juveniles, claims that adult morphology reflects only juvenile loadings are greatly exaggerated. Similarly, while there are important genetic influences on bone development and on the nature of bone's response to mechanical loading, variations in loadings themselves are equally if not more important in determining variations in morphology, especially in comparisons between closely related individuals or species. The correspondence between bone strain patterns and bone structure is variable, depending on skeletal location and the general mechanical environment (e.g., distal vs. proximal limb elements, cursorial vs. noncursorial animals), so that mechanical/behavioral inferences based on structure alone should be limited to corresponding skeletal regions and animals with similar basic mechanical designs. Within such comparisons, traditional geometric parameters (such as second moments of area and section moduli) still give the best available estimates of in vivo mechanical competence. Thus, when employed with appropriate caution, these features may be used to reconstruct mechanical loadings and behavioral differences within and between past populations. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impacts of impregnation with Imersol‐Aqua on the modulus of elasticity in bending
Authors: Örs Yalçın , Atar Musa , Keski̇n Hakan , Güçlü Yavuzcan H.
Published: January 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of impregnation with Imersol‐Aqua (I‐AQUA) on the modulus of elasticity in bending of some woods. For our study, Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), oak (Quercus petrea Liebl.), Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris Lipsky), Uludağ fir (Abies Bornmülleriana Lipsky), Oriental spruce (Picea orientalis Lipsky), and poplar (Populus nigra L.) wood samples were prepared according to TS EN (Turkish Standards; European Norm) 408 and impregnated with I‐AQUA by the method of short‐, medium‐, and long‐term dipping according to ASTM D 1413 and producers' definition. After the impregnation process, modulus of elasticity was measured according to TS EN 408. Consequently, among the nonimpregnated wood samples, modulus of elasticity was found to be the highest in Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), (12,490 N mm−2) and the lowest in poplar (5439 N mm−2). As for the period of dipping, the highest modulus of elasticity was obtained in short‐term dipping and the lowest in long‐term dipping. Considering the interaction of wood type and period of impregnation, the highest modulus of elasticity in bending was obtained in Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) with short‐term dipping (10,720 N mm−2) whereas the lowest was in poplar with long‐term dipping (4597 N mm−2). In consequence, in massive constructions and furniture elements where the modulus of elasticity in bending after impregnation is of great concern, short term impregnation of Oriental beech and Scotch pine materials could be recommended. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 3210–3217, 2006
Acrylated vegetable oils as photocrosslinkable materials
Authors: Pelletier Hélène , Belgacem Naceur , Gandini Alessandro
Published: January 2006

Acrylated soybean oil was irradiated in the near UV in the presence of free radical photoinitiators. Given the high substitution density of acrylic moieties, these oils responded very rapidly to the photopolymerization giving high yields of crosslinked materials within a few seconds. The activity of three photoinitiators was compared and the ensuing networks were characterized in terms of crosslink density through swelling measurements. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 3218–3221, 2006
Effect of starch on thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties of low density polyethylene film
Authors: Jagannath J. H. , Nadanasabapathi S. , Bawa A. S.
Published: January 2006

Low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) with different quantities of starch was compounded using a twin screw extruder and blown into films by a Konar K, blow‐film machine. Mechanical properties, namely percent elongation, tensile, bursting, and tear strength, as well as barrier properties, such as water vapor and oxygen transmission rate, of the filled LDPE film were studied. Thermal properties of the films were studied using DSC and DMA. Master curves at reference temperature of 30°C were obtained using software linked to DMA. Incorporation of 1% starch in LDPE has marginally affected the thermal, barrier, and mechanical properties; however, that of 5% starch filled LDPE has affected the properties to a great extent. The mechanical properties, such as percent elongation, tensile, tear, bursting, and seal strength, decreased by 19.2, 33.6, 3.60, 10.8, and 22.12%, respectively. Similarly, water vapor and oxygen transmission rate increased to 32.5 and 18.3%, respectively. Other physical properties, namely migration and thermal properties, were also affected in 5% starch filled LDPE; however, the film can still be used as packaging material. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 3355–3364, 2006
Indium tin oxide nanoparticles as anode for light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Cirpan Ali , Karasz Frank E.
Published: January 2006

Thin films of indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles have been investigated as anode materials for polymer light‐emitting diodes. A luminance efficiency (0.13 cd/A), higher than that (0.09 cd/A) obtained in a control devices fabricated on conventional commercial ITO anodes were found. The thin films were made by spin coating of a suspension followed by annealing. The ITO nanoparticle films have a stable sheet resistance of 200 Ω/sq, and an optical transmittance greater than 86% over the range of 400–1000 nm. Their textural property is also reported. These results demonstrate that ITO nanoparticle can form a high efficient reproducible anode material. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 3125–3129, 2006
Effect of nylon 6 on fracture behavior and morphology of tough blends of poly(2, 6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) and maleated styrene‐ethylene‐butadiene‐styrene block copolymer
Authors: Wu Dezhen , Wang Xiaodong , Jin Riguang
Published: January 2006

Ternary blends of poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) (PPO), nylon 6, and styrene‐ethylene‐butadiene‐styrene block copolymer grafted with maleic anhydride (SEBS‐g‐MA) were prepared via a melt extrusion, and the fracture behavior, morphology, mechanical properties, and rheology were studied. The compatibilization of the blended components was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. Mechanical properties evaluation demonstrated that incorporation of nylon 6 resulted in an improvement of the tensile strength, but reduction of both the notched Izod impact strength and elongation at break. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation revealed that the network structure of SEBS‐g‐MA domain was gradually destroyed by incorporating the nylon 6. A conversion of SEBS‐g‐MA domain from the network to the irregular dispersed phase took place when the nylon 6 content reached 20 wt %, which resulted in a reduction of the impact strength. Fracture morphology implied that increase of the tensile strength was caused by the plastic deformation of matrix. Rheology investigation indicated that the melt viscosities could be reduced significantly with increasing the content of nylon 6; thus, the processability was improved. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99:3336–3343, 2006
Pervaporation properties of polypyrrolidinone‐based membranes for EtOH/ETBE mixtures separation
Authors: Touchal Samira , Roizard Denis , Perrin Laurent
Published: January 2006

The separation of ethanol/ethyl‐tertiobutylether mixtures by pervaporation was studied with new membranes prepared from N‐vinyl‐pyrrolidinone (NVP) and N‐[3‐(trimethylamoniopropyl)]methacrylamidemethylsulfate) (TMA). The pervaporation results showed that highly EtOH selective membranes could be obtained from PVP blends and from pyrrolidinone‐based crosslinked copolymers. The influences of the polymer blend composition and the role of the polymer microstructures on the membrane properties were investigated. Whatever the exact NVP/TMA composition used, the membranes strongly favored the pervaporation of ethanol. The ethanol selectivity was higher for the lower PVP/TMA ratio. On the one hand, these results were ascribed to the high pyrrolidinone residues content, which is responsible of the enhanced EtOH sorption affinity. The observed permeation selectivity was in agreement with the swelling data also recorded with the different polymers, showing higher affinity for ethanol with PVP‐enriched materials compared with TMA ones. This is a direct consequence of the Lewis base feature of pyrrolidinone sites towards EtOH molecules. On the other hand, the TMA residues improved the overall stability and selectivity of the membranes thanks to crosslinking reactions, which were induced by thermal treatment. A close comparison made between polymer blend and copolymer pervaporation results helped to clarify the TMA role of the membrane transport properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99:3622–3630, 2006
Novel biodegradable superabsorbent hydrogels derived from cotton cellulose and succinic anhydride: Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Yoshimura Toshio , Matsuo Kaori , Fujioka Rumiko
Published: January 2006

The synthesis of novel superabsorbent hydrogels was investigated with the reaction of cotton cellulose and succinic anhydride (SA) in the presence of 4‐dimethylaminopyridine as an esterification catalyst in a mixture of lithium chloride (LiCl) and N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone (NMP) or in a mixture of tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), followed by NaOH neutralization. Interestingly, a hydrogel was obtained without any crosslinking agent, and this indicated the partial formation of a diester between the cellulosic hydroxyl group and SA. The products obtained in LiCl/NMP exhibited superior absorbency to these obtained in TBAF/DMSO. The former absorbed an amount of water about 400 times its dry weight, and this was comparable to a conventional sodium polyacrylate superabsorbent hydrogel. Furthermore, in an aqueous NaCl solution, the absorbency of the product hydrogels was higher than that of the sodium polyacrylate superabsorbent hydrogel. The formed hydrogels biologically degraded almost completely after 25 days, and this showed their excellent biodegradability. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 3251–3256, 2006
Preparation and thermal properties of resole‐type phenol resin–clay nanocomposites
Authors: Kato Makoto , Tsukigase Azusa , Usuki Arimitsu , Shimo Toshihisa , Yazawa Hidemi
Published: January 2006

Resole‐type phenol resin–clay nanocomposites have been prepared successfully by melt compounding phenol resin with organophilic clay. In the resulting phenol resin–clay nanocomposite, the silicate layers of the clay were exfoliated and dispersed as monolayers. The nanocomposite exhibited higher long‐term heat resistance when compared with unmodified phenol resin. It was surmised that the silicate layers of the clay acted as barriers to oxygen penetration into the resin, as the degree of heat degradation of the nanocomposite was much lower than that of the straight phenol resin. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 3236–3240, 2006
Heterogeneous bulk polymerization of styrene in the presence of polybutadiene: Calculation of the macromolecular structure
Authors: Casis Natalia , Estenoz Diana , Gugliotta Luis , Oliva Haydée , Meira Gregorio
Published: January 2006

A mathematical model is presented that simulates the polymerization of styrene in the presence of polybutadiene (PB) for producing high‐impact polystyrene (HIPS) via the heterogeneous bulk process. The model follows the polymerization in two phases; and calculates in each phase the main reaction variables and the molecular structure of the three polymeric components: free polystyrene (PS), unreacted PB, and graft copolymer. Two polymerizations (at 90 and 120°C) were carried out and simulated. The model was validated with measurements of the monomer conversion, the grafting efficiencies, and the average molecular weights. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 3023–3039, 2006
Electropolymerization kinetics of o‐aminophenol and characterization of the obtained polymer films
Authors: Sayyah S. M. , El‐Rabiey M. M. , El‐Rehim S. S. Abd , Azooz R. E.
Published: January 2006

Poly(ortho‐aminophenol) has been synthesized electrochemically from a previously deoxygenated acid medium. The initial rate of electropolymerization reaction on platinum electrode is small and the rate law is: Rate = k2 [D]0.50[HCl]1.125[M]1.29. The apparent activation energy (Ea) was found to be 68.63 kJ mol−1. The polymer films obtained have been characterized by cyclic voltammetry, X‐ray diffraction, elemental analysis, TGA, scanning electron microscopy, 1H NMR, UV–visible, and IR spectroscopy. The mechanism of the electrochemical polymerization reaction has been discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 3093–3109, 2006
Synthesis of 1,3‐benzodioxole end‐functionalized polymers via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization
Authors: Zhou Nianchen , Lu Lude , Zhu Xiulin , Yang Xujie , Wang Xin , Zhu Jian , Cheng Zhenping
Published: January 2006

Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of styrene was carried out in the presence of a novel RAFT reagent, bearing 1,3‐benzodioxole group, benzo [1,3]dioxole‐5‐carbodithioic acid benzo [1,3]dioxol‐5‐ylmethyl ester (BDCB), to prepare end‐functionalized polystyrene. The polymerization results showed that RAFT polymerization of styrene could be well controlled. Number–average molecular weight (Mn(GPC)) increased linearly with monomer conversion, and molecular weight distributions were narrow (Mw/Mn < 1.4). The successful reaction of chain extension and analysis of 1H NMR spectra confirmed the existence of the functional 1,3‐benzodioxole group at the chain‐end of polystyrene. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 3535–3539, 2006