End-Member Modelling Analysis (EMMA) of pseudo-Thellier style experiments to derive absolute paleointensities from lavas
Authors: van Grinsven Liz , van Leeuwen Tristan , de Groot Lennart 
Published: March 2022

&lt;p&gt;Absolute paleointensities are notoriously hard to obtain, because conventional thermal Thellier paleointensity experiments often have low success rates for volcanic samples. The thermal treatments necessary for these experiments potentially induce (magnetic) alteration in the samples, preventing a reliable paleointensity estimate. These heating steps can be avoided by pseudo-Thellier measurements, where samples are demagnetized and remagnetized with alternating fields. However, pseudo-Thellier experiments intrinsically produce relative paleointensities. Over the past years attempts were made to calibrate pseudo-Thellier results into absolute paleointensities for lavas by mapping laboratory induced ARMs to the thermally acquired NRMs. Naturally occurring volcanic rocks, however, are assemblages of minerals differing in grain size, shape, and chemistry. These different minerals all have their own characteristic mapping between ARMs and thermal NRMs. Here we show that it is possible to find these characteristic mappings by unmixing the NRM demagnetization and the ARM acquisition curves into end-members, with an iterative method of non-negative matrix factorization. &amp;#160;In turn, this end-member modelling approach allows for the calculation of absolute paleointensities from pseudo-Thellier measurements.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We tested our end-member model approach using a noise-free mathematical data set, yielding a perfect reconstruction of the paleointensities. When adding noise up to levels past what is expected in natural samples, the end-member model still produces the known paleointensities well. In addition, we made a synthetic dataset with natural volcanic samples from different volcanic locations that were given a magnetization by a known magnetic field in the lab. The applied fields ranged between 10-70 . The average absolute difference between the calculated paleointensity and the known lab-field is around &amp;#160;for the 2 to 4 end-member model, where the paleointensity of almost all flows can be retrieved within a deviation of &amp;#177; . The average difference between calculated paleointensities for the 3 end-member model is -1.7 . The deviations between the paleointensities and the known lab-fields are therefore almost Gaussian distributed around the expected values.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To assess whether the end-members produced by our analysis have a physical meaning, we measured the Curie temperatures of our samples. These Curie measurements show that there is a relationship between the abundances of the end members of the 3 end-member model in the samples and their dominant Curie temperatures. This indicates that even whilst the spectrum of Curie temperatures and hence composition of iron-oxides in the sample set is continuous, the calculated end-members of the 3 end-member model are related to magnetic minerals present in the samples. Although the two datasets in our study show that there is potential for using this end-member modeling technique for finding absolute paleointensities from pseudo-Thellier data, these synthetic datasets cannot be directly related to natural samples. Therefore, it is necessary to compile a dataset of known paleointensities from different volcanic sites to find the universal end-members.&lt;/p&gt;