bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examination of the Mechanical and Physical Characteristics of Geopolymer Composites Reinforced with Sisal Fibers
Authors: DEBENA ZERIHUN GETACHEW , Ayenew Dilinesaw Bogale , Yalew Melese , Damtew Dawit
Published: January 2025

Geopolymers, which are alkali-activated aluminosilicate materials derived from industrial byproducts like fly ash and blast furnace slag (BFS) with potential environmental risks. It can serve as a sustainable alternative to traditional cement-based materials, addressing the environmental concerns associated with CO2 emissions from cement manufacturing. This study focuses on the development of a sisal fiber reinforced geopolymer composite (SFRGC) using fly ash, sisal fiber, and NaOH with NaSiO4 (alkali solution). The need for innovative materials that not only reduce environmental impact but also enhance mechanical properties were identified. For each response, thirteen sample were prepared by manual mixing according to the ratio designed by RSM and allowed to cure at room temperature for 28 days. Utilizing response surface methodology (RSM) as a predictive tool, the effects of varying fiber volume percentages (5%, 10%, and 15%), fiber lengths (5 mm, 20 mm, and 35 mm), and alkali concentrations (8M, 12M, and 16M) on the composite’s compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and water absorption were investigated. The results indicated that the optimal compressive strength of 21.5 MPa was achieved with a 5% fiber volume, 20 mm fiber length, and 8M alkali concentration. Additionally, the maximum splitting tensile strength of 4.6 MPa occurred with 15% fiber volume, 35 mm fiber length, and 12M alkali concentration, while the lowest water absorption recorded was 5.325% at 5% fiber volume, 20 mm length, and 8M alkali. The findings revealed that while splitting tensile strength and water absorption increased with greater fiber volume and length, compressive strength exhibited a decline.
Historical trends in snowmelt used for irrigation
Authors: Kinnebrew Eva , Sloat Lindsey L , Qin Yue , Davis Steven J , Abatzoglou John T , Siebert Stefan , Mueller Nathaniel D
Published: January 2025

Many agricultural regions rely on snowmelt runoff as a source of water for irrigation, but climate change is altering runoff dynamics, making it difficult to meet increasing irrigation water demands. It remains unclear whether irrigation water shortages are systematically occurring in snow-dependent regions across the globe. Here, we study global trends in surface runoff used to meet irrigation demands by linking rainfall and snowmelt runoff data with irrigation consumption data (1985–2020). Focusing on the most snow-dependent agricultural basins, we find that surface water runoff volumes have slightly decreased and snowmelt runoff is occurring significantly earlier in time (advancing an average of 8 d). These changes, coupled with an almost universal trend of increasing irrigation water consumption, have made snowmelt runoff less able to meet irrigation needs during crop growing seasons and increased reliance on alternative water sources (interbasin transfers or reservoirs). These results highlight potential future challenges for irrigated agriculture in snow-dependent regions.
Stable degenerations of singularities
Authors: Xu Chenyang , Zhuang Ziquan
Published: January 2025

For any Kawamata log terminal (klt) singularity and any minimizer of its normalized volume function, we prove that the associated graded ring is always finitely generated, as conjectured by Chi Li. As a consequence, we complete the last step of establishing the Stable Degeneration Conjecture proposed by Chi Li and the first named author for an arbitrary klt singularity.
Bernstein-Gelfand-Gelfand meets geometric complexity theory: resolving the 2×2 permanents of a 2×𝐧 matrix
Authors: Gesmundo Fulvio , Huang Hang , Schenck Hal , Weyman Jerzy
Published: January 2025

We describe the minimal free resolution of the ideal of

2
×
2

2 \times 2

subpermanents of a

2
×
n

2 \times n

generic matrix

M
M

. In contrast to the case of

2
×
2

2 \times 2

determinants, the

2
×
2

2 \times 2

permanents define an ideal which is neither prime nor Cohen-Macaulay. We combine work of Laubenbacher-Swanson [J. Symbolic Comput. 30 (2000), pp. 195–205] on the Gröbner basis of an ideal of

2
×
2

2 \times 2

permanents of a generic matrix with our previous work of Efremenko et al. [J. Algebra 503 (2018), pp. 8–20] connecting the initial ideal of

2
×
2

2 \times 2

permanents to a simplicial complex. The main technical tool is a spectral sequence arising from the Bernstein-Gelfand-Gelfand correspondence.
Voice, Rhyme, and Aesthetic Injustice
Authors: Roberts Tom
Published: January 2025

Some lines of poetry rhyme to certain readers and not to others because of how their words are pronounced in different accents. And because the accent in which a person speaks is tied in significant ways to aspects of their social identity (such as their age, race, gender, and class), some poems rhyme in the voices of the privileged and not in the voices of the disadvantaged. This paper argues that appreciators can incur aesthetic harms when they are excluded from participating in aesthetic goods that are more fully available to others, and that these harms can constitute aesthetic injustices when they are part of a wider pattern of socio-economic hardship. Poems that embody objectionable gatekeeping practices can thus perpetuate aesthetic injustice.
The legacy of Jack Musick for the development of elasmobranch research in Brazil
Authors: Rosa Ricardo S , Gadig Otto B F , Márquez Velásquez Viviana , Menezes Rafael
Published: January 2025

The late John Andrew Musick (1941–2021), widely known as Jack Musick, was a prominent marine scientist of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science who worked chiefly on sea turtles (Chelonioidea) and elasmobranchs. Here, we aim to disclose Jack’s impact on the development of elasmobranch research in Brazil by reconstructing Jack’s academic genealogy and by compiling the volume of elasmobranch scientific production in Brazil authored by Jack-linked researchers. We found 64 Jack-linked researchers in Brazil, distributed into four generations, from Jack’s academic children to great-great-grandchildren, with women predominating (~60%) from the second generation onwards. They produced 252 scientific articles on elasmobranchs in Brazil until September 2023. Potamotrygonidae was the most studied elasmobranch family (57 publications), followed by Carcharhinidae (35), while multifamily studies comprised 60 publications. Genetic-based studies prevailed in the scientific output, with a steep increase starting in 2005. Jack’s influence is revealed by not only the volume of scientific production, but also the research foci, including life history, feeding, age and growth, reproduction, genetics, fisheries, and conservation. We conclude that the contribution of Jack Musick is highly influential and pervasive in the development of elasmobranch science in Brazil, thus pivotal to convey his legacy for the future generations of scientists.
Changes in physical impairments in femoroacetabular impingement syndrome following arthroscopic surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Marshall Charlotte J , Ganderton Charlotte , Pranata Adrian , Tirosh Oren , Wynne Ky , O’Donnell John , Tran Phong , El-Ansary Doa
Published: January 2025

Femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) is a motion-related condition causing hip pain in young active adults. Physical impairment measures of body function include objective and reproducible measures of hip mobility, muscle power, and movement coordination. Limited data on physical impairments and the effects of arthroscopic surgery exist. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate changes in physical impairments in those with FAIS, pre- and post-arthroscopic surgery. Six databases were searched for English-language studies reporting on pre- and postoperative physical impairments using physical outcome measures. Reporting quality was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) framework, the Cochrane Risk of Bias tools and Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS); for pooled data [standardized mean difference (SMD), and 95% confidence intervals (CI)]. Seventeen studies were included (two randomized controlled trials; fifteen pre/postintervention studies), varying from low-critical risk of bias, low-moderate on the MINORS, and very low reporting quality using the GRADE tool. Postoperatively, participants with FAIS walked with a higher peak hip flexion moment [SMD 0.5, 95% CI (0.12–0.88); heterogeneity I2 = 0%, P = .82] and reduced external rotation range [SMD −0.68, 95% CI (−1.34 to −0.01); heterogeneity I2 = 61%, P = .05]. Surgery increased participant hip flexion moment and impulse, hip strength and faster gluteus maximus contraction time. Patients demonstrated reduced hip extension, abduction and adduction angles during walking gait, and peak hip extension moments during gait and squatting. While this review found some physical impairments changed postoperatively, further research into specific subgroups of FAIS would enhance understanding and inform rehabilitation programs and optimize patient outcomes.

Level of Evidence: IV (systematic review of III and IV evidence).
Multivariate assessment of interviewer errors in a cross-national economic survey and the role of fieldwork institutes
Authors: Olbrich Lukas , Beckmann Elisabeth , Sakshaug Joseph W
Published: January 2025

Interviewers have long been identified as a source of error in face-to-face surveys. However, previous studies have typically focused on a single source of interviewer error and single-country cross-sectional surveys. We extend this literature by investigating interviewer errors from multiple dimensions in the Oesterreichische Nationalbank Euro Survey, a cross-national survey conducted annually in 10 Central, Eastern, and Southeastern European countries. Using data from 10 rounds (i.e. 100 country-years), we apply several data quality indicators on various dimensions of interviewer error and investigate country-years with particularly exceptional patterns. To combine the indicators, we use a multivariate tree-based outlier detection method (isolation forest) that flags country-years and interviewers with outlying values and combine it with methods from the interpretable machine learning literature to identify the respective exceptional feature values. Lastly, we document the effects of interviewer errors on the bias and variance of survey estimates. In several instances, our results identify fieldwork institutes and supervisors rather than interviewers as the main source of error.
A dihydrochalcone-specific O-methyltransferase from leaf buds of Populus trichocarpa implicated in bud resin formation
Authors: Piirtola Eerik-Mikael , Ma Dawei , Ehlting Jürgen , Constabel C Peter
Published: January 2025

Production of secreted leaf bud resin is a mechanism for temperate trees to protect dormant leaf buds against frost damage, dehydration, and insect herbivory. Bud resins contain a wide variety of special metabolites including terpenoids, benzenoids, and phenolics. The leaf bud resins of Populus trichocarpa and P. balsamifera contain high concentrations of O-methylated dihydrochalcones, but the enzymes for methylating these compounds remain enigmatic. We used transcriptomics and differential gene expression analyses to identify a gene encoding a P. trichocarpa DHC-specific O-methyltransferase, which we named PtDOMT1. Detailed enzymatic analyses demonstrated PtDOMT1 to be a highly selective and regiospecific O-methyltransferase which methylates 4- and 4’-positions of dihydrochalcones using S-adenosyl-L-methionine as a methyl donor. PtDOMT1 did not methylate any other flavonoid or phenolic substrate tested. These findings establish the final step in the biosynthesis of O-methylated dihydrochalcones in poplar and represent the first molecular analysis of leaf bud resin biosynthesis in plants.
A tropical paradise for all? Nest-site selection shifts by an endemic Neotropical woodpecker associated with human settlements
Authors: Maya-Elizarrarás Elisa , Renton Katherine , De la Mora-Hernández J Alfonso , Maya-Elizarrarás Luis M
Published: January 2025

Human modification of forests is the main threat to woodpeckers due to their ecological reliance on forest structure. However, little is known of how woodpecker species respond to habitat modification and land-use change in the Neotropics. In 2018, we determined nest-site selection by the Mexican endemic Melanerpes chrysogenys (Golden-cheeked Woodpecker) in protected old-growth tropical dry forest and in non-urban human settlements to evaluate how land-use change may alter nest-site selection by endemic species. We found that tree substrate and surrounding vegetation differed between protected forest and human-modified areas, and that M. chrysogenys varied nest-site selection criteria with land-use change. In protected forest, woodpeckers selected tree substrate variables of large, emergent, live Roseodendron donnell-smithii trees for nesting, with surrounding vegetation according to resource availability in the forest. However, in non-urban human settlements, M. chrysogenys used the dominant Cocos nucifera palms as nesting substrate but selected palms in surrounding vegetation with more large trees (>15 cm diameter at breast height [DBH]), more standing dead palms, and more vegetation cover above 2 m height. This shift in nest-site selection criteria may enable M. chrysogenys to adapt to modified environments, but the selection of surrounding vegetation traits reflects reliance of the species on forest structure for potential foraging resources. To maintain habitat conditions for endemic woodpecker species in human-modified areas, we suggest increasing abundance of native tree species in non-urban human settlements and developing management guidelines for the maintenance of standing dead trees or palms with appropriate human-safety guidelines. As woodpeckers are primary cavity excavators that sustain complex nest-webs, these recommendations are likely to benefit a variety of additional non-excavator species in human-modified environments.
Seed Treatments, In-furrow Fungicides, and In-furrow Biocontrol Agents in Sugar Beet for the Control of Rhizoctonia Crown and Root Rot in Northwest Minnesota, 2024
Authors: Lien Austin Kyle , Kandel Shyam , Chanda Ashok Kumar
Published: January 2025

Seedling damping-off and root and crown rot, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, are the most common root diseases of sugar beet in Minnesota and eastern North Dakota. Early season infection leads to poor stands, while mid-late season infection results in root rot with dark brown to black lesions that are accompanied by chlorotic and wilting foliage. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of seed treatments, in-furrow fungicides and biocontrol agents for managing Rhizoctonia diseases. The trial was conducted in 2024 in Crookston, MN on a moderately susceptible sugar beet variety (Beta vulgaris ‘Crystal 793RR’). Results from this trial will assist sugar beet growers in making informed decisions about managing this disease.
Electroacupuncture effects on trigeminal neuralgia with comorbid anxiety and depression: The role of frequency and acupoint specificity
Authors: Shen Zu‐Qi , Chang Wei‐Qi , Liang Ling‐Feng , Zhang Jia‐Rui , Wang Yan‐Qing , Yin Xuan , Xu Shi‐Fen , Li Wei , Yu Jin
Published: January 2025

This study aimed to investigate the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) at specific acupoints (DU20 and ST36) and different frequencies (2 and 100 Hz) on brain regions associated with trigeminal neuralgia, anxiety, and depression. Chronic trigeminal neuralgia was induced by the chronic constriction of the infraorbital nerve (CION). Anxiety and depression were assessed through behavioral tests. The effects of high‐frequency (100 Hz) and low‐frequency (2 Hz) EA at DU20 and ST36 were compared using immunofluorescence staining to evaluate their impact on pain, anxiety, depression, and brain activity. CION induced prominent trigeminal neuralgia in mice, accompanied by anxiety‐ and depression‐like behaviors. Two weeks post‐CION surgery increased neural activity was observed in the Prl, Cg1, CeA, BLA, TRN, CA3, CA1, vlPAG, PC5, and LPB brain regions, while reduced activity was noted in the PVN, VTA, and LDTgv regions. EA at 100 Hz applied to DU20 and ST36 rapidly alleviated pain and specifically reduced despair behavior, a depressive‐like phenotype. In contrast, 2 Hz EA at the same acupoints addressed both anxiety‐ and depression‐like behaviors, modulating a broader range of brain regions, including the PrL, BLA, PVN, VTA, vlPAG, and LDTgv, compared to 100 Hz EA. Repeated 2 Hz EA exclusively at DU20 was sufficient for analgesia and improvement of anxiety and depression, demonstrating a more extensive modulation of brain activity, particularly in the VTA and LDTgv, than EA at ST36. The study reveals that CION induces significant trigeminal neuralgia, accompanied by anxiety and depression, characterized by distinct neural activity patterns. EA at 2 Hz exhibits greater effectiveness in alleviating anxiety and depression, exerting broad modulation across various brain regions. Notably, EA at DU20 demonstrates superior modulation of brain activity and enhanced antidepressant and analgesic effects compared to ST36. These findings provide valuable insights into the nuanced therapeutic effects of EA on the interplay between chronic pain and affective disorders, suggesting potential clinical strategies for intervention.
Heterogeneity of Intermediate Care Organization Within a Single Healthcare System
Authors: Case Aaron S. , Hochberg Chad H. , Koirala Binu , Flanagan Eleni , Chatterjee Souvik , Checkley William N. , Gurses Ayse P. , Hager David N.
Published: January 2025

Intermediate care (IC) is prevalent nationwide, but little is known about how to best organize this level of care. Using a 99-item cross-sectional survey assessing four domains (hospital and physical IC features, provider and nurse staffing, monitoring, and interventions/services), we describe the organizational heterogeneity of IC within a five-hospital healthcare system. Surveys were completed by nurse managers from 12 (86%) of 14 IC settings. Six IC settings (50%) were embedded within acute care wards, four (33%) were stand-alone units, and two (17%) were embedded within an ICU. All had a nurse-to-patient ratio of 1:3, provided continuous cardiac telemetry, continuous pulse oximetry, high-flow nasal oxygen, and bedside intermittent hemodialysis. Most (> 50%) permitted arterial lines, frequent nursing assessments (every 2 hr), and noninvasive ventilation or mechanical ventilation via a tracheostomy. Vasopressors were less often permitted (< 25% of settings). Models of IC vary greatly within a single healthcare system.
Feasibility of Implementing Ankle–Brachial Index Screening at a Rural Farm Show
Authors: Droge Jed J. , Ladwig Adam L. , Droge Sarah A.
Published: January 2025

Purpose:

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a common condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Early detection in at-risk populations through ankle-brachial index (ABI) screening is underutilized in community settings. This study assessed the feasibility of ABI screening at a rural community event for early PAD detection.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted at a rural farm show, where participants completed a demographic and health behavior survey and underwent ABI screening using an automatic blood pressure device. Ankle–brachial index values were categorized as normal (1.00–1.40), borderline (0.91–0.99), or abnormal (≤0.9 or >1.4). Descriptive statistics were calculated, and Chi-square analysis with odds ratio assessed associations between ABI values and survey responses.

Results:

Among 91 participants, 18.7% (n = 17) had abnormal ABI values, and 46.2% (n = 42) had borderline or abnormal readings. A significant association was found between diabetes and abnormal ABI values (P = .034). Participants reporting diabetes were about 3.29 times more likely to have an abnormal ABI reading compared with nondiabetic participants (odds ratio 3.29, 95% CI 1.05, 10.23).

Conclusions:

This study shows that ABI screening can be successfully implemented at community events using cost-effective equipment, enabling early detection of PAD, especially in rural areas with limited access to health care. Physical therapists are ideally suited to lead these screenings and provide subsequent supervised exercise therapy. Expanding ABI screening in community outreach programs has the potential to enhance early intervention and reduce PAD-related health disparities among at-risk populations.
Vitreous cavity lavage with a bended-needle system for postoperative vitreous cavity hemorrhage
Authors: Luo Mingyue , Wu Chan , Chen Youxin , Lin Shiqun , Zhou Yan , Xiao Xingyu , Dai Rongping
Published: January 2025

Purpose:

To present a novel bended-needle drainage system in vitreous cavity lavage (VCL) for postoperative vitreous cavity hemorrhage (POVCH).

Methods:

This retrospective case series include all patients with POVCH who received VCL with the bended-needle drainage system at ophthalmology department of Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2022 to May 2024. Patients adopted a supine position that allows preparation and draping. Balanced salt solution was injected with a 30 Ga needle. One bended 25 Ga needle was used to drain the blood. Primary outcomes include the visual acuity and short-term post-procedure complications. Secondary outcomes include preoperative and postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) and long-term complications.

Results:

Three patients with POVCH received the procedure, with two cases of proliferative diabetic retinopathy and one case of primary central nervous system lymphoma. All patients recovered well after the procedure with minimal complications. Long-term prognosis largely depends on the primary retinal conditions.

Conclusions:

In conclusions, VCL with the bended-needle system is safe and effective to manage POVCH with an outpatient surgery, which potentially benefits patients with similar conditions.
The Heterogeneous Presentations of De Novo and Recurrent Ocular Inflammation following COVID-19 Vaccination: A Multi-Center Report and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Arepalli Sruthi , Kopplin Laura , Tsui Edmund , Brill Daniel , Sobrin Lucia , Papaliodis George , Darwish Dana , Raiji Veena , Janardhana Priya , Emami-Naeini Parisa , Nore Lish , Parker Meredith , Thomas Akshay S.
Published: January 2025

Purpose:

To describe the patterns of ocular inflammation following COVID-19 vaccination, assess underlying commonalities and understand outcomes.

Methods:

Retrospective, multicenter cohort study, conducted between 2020 and 2021. Patients with no previous uveitis history (de novo) or a known uveitis history (recurrent) who developed ocular inflammation within 42 days of COVID-19 vaccination were identified. Characteristics of the uveitis, treatment approaches and clinical outcomes were assessed.

Results:

Fifty-five eyes of 39 patients with ocular inflammation temporally related to vaccination were identified. Twenty-two patients (36 eyes) were de novo, while 17 (19 eyes) were recurrent. Anterior uveitis was most common. HLA-B27 positivity was found in 6 (27.2%) de novo patients, and 5 (29.4%) recurrent patients. Most patients required only observation, topical or systemic corticosteroids. Amongst vaccinated patients, 12.3% of new uveitis referrals during the study period were related to COVID-19 vaccination. Among patients with a history of quiescent uveitis, only 0.85% experienced a flare following vaccination.

Conclusion:

The majority of inflammation thought to be secondary to COVID-19 vaccination achieved quiescence with observation or steroids, and the overall incidence is low. Anterior uveitis was the most common. HLA-B27 positivity occurred at a higher rate than reported in the baseline population.
Schlemm’s Bidirectional Fluid Wave and Luminal Blood Reflux as Novel Intra-Operative Signs Confirming Optimal Placement of the iStent
Authors: Ang Bryan Chin Hou , Betzler Bjorn Kaijun , Lim Sheng Yang
Published: January 2025

Purpose:

Trabecular micro-bypass devices (TBDs) such as the iStent series (Glaukos Corporation, Laguna Hills, CA), are effective in reducing intraocular pressure (IOP). However, precise placement of TBDs is crucial in achieving surgical efficacy, as device malpositioning may lead to suboptimal IOP reduction. We demonstrate two novel intra-operative signs to aid confirmation of accurate iStent placement, without reliance on imaging technologies.

Methods:

Surgical technique report with video accompaniment.

Surgical Technique:

Two intra-operative clinical signs which confirm optimal iStent placement are described: (1) Luminal Blood Reflux — achieved by gently decompressing the anterior chamber, with or without flushing of the stent lumen with balanced salt solution (BSS), thereby confirming stent positioning in the Schlemm’s Canal (SC). (2) Schlemm’s Bidirectional Fluid Wave (SBFW) — observable when flushing with BSS, suggesting fluid movement in the canal segments adjacent to the iStent device, thereby confirming stent patency and positioning in the SC.

Conclusion:

The identified signs are useful, feasible and reproducible indicators of accurate iStent placement. Future studies may evaluate the application of these confirmatory manoeuvres in diverse clinical contexts and further establish correlation with clinical outcomes.
Immediate Stentless Lacrimal Sac to Conjunctiva Reconstructive Ostomy for Cancer and Trauma Defects: LACROS (Conjunctivodacryocystostomy)
Authors: Villegas-Alzate Francisco J.
Published: January 2025

Purpose:

To describe and evaluate the efficacy and safety of lacrimal sac to conjunctiva reconstructive ostomy for proximal lacrimal system reconstruction.

Methods:

This retrospective study included 41 patients (32 cancer and 9 trauma; 36 primary and 5 secondary) who underwent lacrimal sac to conjunctiva reconstructive ostomy. The technique involves creating a direct connection between a surgical opening in the lacrimal sac, which maintains its bony attachments to prevent ostomy occlusion, and the medial conjunctiva (medial fornix, bulbar, and palpebral). Interrupted 7-0 polyglactin 910 sutures were used to form a 3- to 5-mm-diameter lined conduit. Stenting was not employed. When necessary, oral mucosa or mucoperiosteal grafts and local flaps were utilized for reconstruction. Outcomes were assessed by epiphora prevention, the functional patency of the lacrimal ostomy, and the patient-reported nasolacrimal duct obstruction symptom score.

Results:

On examination, all patients demonstrated canalization of the lacrimal sac to the conjunctival reconstructive ostomy, as evidenced by unobstructed tear drainage. Complications occurred in 17% of cases, including periorbital edema, chemosis, diplopia, and conjunctival granuloma. The average nasolacrimal duct obstruction symptom score for lacrimal-ocular symptoms was 3.1/10 and for nasal symptoms was 2.3/10 (0 best, 10 worst). Tearing was the least prominent complaint (0.8/10), with 1 patient reporting permanent tearing (6/10).

Conclusion:

Lacrimal sac to conjunctiva reconstructive ostomy proves to be a valuable procedure for immediate and delayed proximal lacrimal system reconstruction in cancer and trauma cases due to its straightforward and stent-free approach and its favorable 8-year outcomes.
Regulation of nociception by long-term potentiation of inhibitory postsynaptic currents from insular cortical parvalbumin-immunopositive neurons to pyramidal neurons
Authors: Kobayashi Satomi , Osaki Hironobu , Kato Shigeki , Kobayashi Kazuto , Kobayashi Masayuki
Published: January 2025

The insular cortex (IC) processes various sensory information, including nociception, from the trigeminal region. Repetitive nociceptive inputs from the orofacial area induce plastic changes in the IC. Parvalbumin-immunopositive neurons (PVNs) project to excitatory neurons (pyramidal neurons [PNs]), whose inputs strongly suppress the activities of PNs. This study investigated how PVNs in the IC modulate pain-related behaviors using optogenetics. To evaluate the effect of PVN activation on pain-related behavior, we applied nociceptive heat stimulation to the whisker pads of PV-Cre rats that received an injection of adeno-associated virus-Flex-channelrhodopsin-2-mCherry into the IC. Exposure to nociceptive heat stimulation significantly increased the amount of pain-related escape behavior, and PVN activation by optogenetics did not significantly decrease pain-related behavior. We next examined the possibility that long-term potentiation (LTP) of PVN→PN synapses suppresses pain-related behaviors. We recorded light-evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) from PNs in the IC slice preparation to examine whether optogenetic activation of PVNs can induce LTP. Repetitive optogenetic stimulation (ROS) of PVNs in a manner analogous to theta burst stimulation increased the amplitude of IPSCs for at least 50 minutes. Long-term potentiation was induced by either the −45 or −60 mV membrane potential of PNs. Then, the IC received ROS to induce LTP of IPSCs from PVNs to PNs, and we evaluated pain-related behaviors. Compared to those before ROS, the pain-related behaviors were further reduced after ROS. These results suggest that LTP induction of PVN→PN synapses in the IC could be a possible treatment for abnormal pain in the orofacial area.
Procedural Entrustment Alignment Between Pediatric Residents and Their Preceptors in the Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Goldman Michael P. , Slade Martin D. , Gielissen Katherine , Hirsch Alexander W. , Prabhu Elizabeth A. , Dunne Dana W. , Auerbach Marc A.
Published: January 2025

Objective

Entrustment describes the balance of supervision and autonomy between resident and preceptor to complete doctoring tasks like procedures. Entrustment alignment between resident and preceptor facilitates safe, successful outcomes, and promotes learning. Study objectives describe procedural entrustment alignment between senior pediatric residents and their preceptors and report the impact of a simulation-based formative assessment (SFA) on entrustment alignment.

Methods

This prospective observational study enrolled a convenience sample of senior pediatric residents in 2023. The SFA was videoed, consisted of obtaining informed consent and performing simulated procedures (laceration [LAC] and lumbar puncture [LP]). Residents self-assessed their entrustability pre/post-SFA. A PEM preceptor panel individually rated videos of the residents. PEM panel's scores were compared to residents' scores on both an 8-point scale and the dichotomized variable of needing “in versus out” of the room entrustment.

Results

Twenty-four residents' SFAs were rated by 9 panelists. Before the SFA, entrustment alignments on the 8-point scale were as follows: resident LAC 4.08 vs PEM panel 4.97 (P < 0.001), and resident LP 4.75 vs PEM panel 5.31 (P = 0.15). After the SFA, entrustment alignments were as follows: resident LAC 5.21 vs PEM panel 4.97 (P = 0.32), and resident LP 5.54 vs PEM panel 5.31 (P = 0.52). The dichotomized analyses revealed improved alignment post-SFA: LAC-pre–kappa = 0.03 vs LAC-post 0.46, and LP-pre–kappa = (−0.03) vs LP-post = 0.24.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate senior pediatric residents desire less entrustment (more supervision) for procedures but better align with preceptors after an SFA. This work offers insight into procedural entrustment decision making and the potential of SFA's to facilitate procedural learning.
Monogenic causes of cerebral small vessel disease- models for vascular cognitive impairment and dementia?
Authors: Saks Danit G. , Sachdev Perminder S.
Published: January 2025

Purpose of review

Recent advancements in molecular biomarkers and therapeutic options for Alzheimer's disease have brought into focus the need for greater progress in the second most common cause of dementia, vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). We examine how the study of monogenic causes of VCID has contributed to the understanding of its pathophysiology and potential biomarker and treatment research.

Recent findings

It is widely accepted that conditions which disrupt the cerebral small vessels contribute to vascular pathologies including stroke and cerebral microbleeds, ultimately leading to vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Among these conditions are a range of monogenic small vessel diseases (SVDs) such as CADASIL, CARASIL, Fabry disease and COL4A-related disorders.

This review indicates the importance of furthering research into monogenic SVDs in order to gain insight into the pathomechanisms of VCID more broadly. Monogenic conditions are easier to model than sporadic VCID and can serve as a guide for identifying biomarkers for diagnosis, monitoring and intervention outcomes.
A consensus on the definition of positive animal welfare
Authors: Rault Jean-Loup , Bateson Melissa , Boissy Alain , Forkman Björn , Grinde Bjørn , Gygax Lorenz , Harfeld Jes Lynning , Hintze Sara , Keeling Linda J. , Kostal Lubor , Lawrence Alistair B. , Mendl Michael T. , Miele Mara , Newberry Ruth C. , Sandøe Peter , Špinka Marek , Taylor Alex H. , Webb Laura E. , Whalin Laura , Jensen Margit Bak
Published: January 2025

The concept of animal welfare is evolving due to progress in our scientific understanding of animal biology and changing societal expectations. Animal welfare science has been primarily concerned with minimizing suffering, but there is growing interest in also promoting positive experiences, grouped under the term positive animal welfare (PAW). However, there are discrepancies in the use of the term PAW. An interdisciplinary group arrived at a consensus that ‘PAW can be defined as the animal flourishing through the experience of predominantly positive mental states and the development of competence and resilience. PAW goes beyond ensuring good physical health and the prevention and alleviation of suffering. It encompasses animals experiencing positive mental states resulting from rewarding experiences, including having choices and opportunities to actively pursue goals and achieve desired outcomes’. The definition also considers individual and species-specific differences. It provides a framework for researchers to investigate PAW and thereby generate innovative, informative and reproducible science. Studies of PAW can contribute to a richer picture of an animal’s life and may elucidate the biological foundations of happiness. The definition creates opportunities to inspire scientific progress in animal biology and to align animal care practices, legislation and markets with societal expectations.
The sexy and formidable male body: men’s height and weight are condition-dependent, sexually selected traits
Authors: Giofrè David , Geary David C. , Halsey Lewis G.
Published: January 2025

On average men are taller and more muscular than women, which confers on them advantages related to female choice and during physical competition with other men. Sexual size dimorphisms such as these come with vulnerabilities due to higher maintenance and developmental costs for the sex with the larger trait. These costs are in keeping with evolutionary theory that posits large, elaborate, sexually selected traits are signals of health and vitality because stressor exposure (e.g. early disease) will compromise them (e.g. shorter stature) more than other traits. We provide a large-scale test of this hypothesis for the human male and show that with cross-national and cross-generational improvements in living conditions, where environmental stressors recede, men’s gains in height and weight are more than double those of women’s, increasing sexual size dimorphism. Our study combines evolutionary biology with measures of human wellbeing, providing novel insights into how socio-ecological factors and sexual selection shape key physical traits.
More than a token photo: humanizing scientists enhances student engagement
Authors: Costello Robin A. , Driessen Emily P. , Kjelvik Melissa K. , Schultheis Elizabeth H. , Youngblood Rachel M. , Zemenick Ash T. , Weber Marjorie G. , Ballen Cissy J.
Published: January 2025

Despite broad consensus that highlighting counter-stereotypical scientist role models in educational materials promotes equity and success, the specific elements that make these materials effective remain untested. Are pictures of counter-stereotypical scientists enough to communicate to students that scientists come from a variety of backgrounds, or is additional information required? To parse the effects of including visual depictions and humanizing information about scientists featured in biology course materials, we distributed three randomized versions of assignments over several academic terms across 36 undergraduate institutions (
n
> 3700 students). We found that including humanizing information about scientists was key to increasing student engagement with the biology course materials. The positive effect of humanizing information was especially important for students who related to the scientists. Structural equation modelling revealed the extent to which students related to scientists mediated the positive effect of humanizing descriptions on student engagement. Furthermore, our results were strongest among students who shared one or more excluded identity(s) with the featured scientists. Our findings underscore the importance of providing students with examples of humanized and relatable scientists in classrooms, rather than simply adding a photo to increase representation.
Is temporal synchrony necessary for effective Batesian mimicry?
Authors: Robinson Abigail E. , Novick Isabel , Herrmann Jessica , DeFelice Lily , Engel Aidan , Famin Dina , Fetherston Colleen , Frintu Bianca , Meyersiek Julia , Mishi Musfika , Nguyễn Tran Gia Ha , Buston Peter M. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Mullen Sean P.
Published: January 2025

Batesian mimicry occurs when palatable mimics gain protection from predators by evolving a phenotypic resemblance to an aposematic model species. While common in nature, the mechanisms maintaining mimicry are not fully understood. Patterns of temporal synchrony (i.e. temporal co-occurrence) and model first occurrence have been observed in several mimicry systems, but the hypothesis that predator foraging decisions can drive the evolution of prey phenology has not been experimentally tested. Here, using phenotypically accurate butterfly replicas, we measured predation rates on the chemically defended model species
Battus philenor
and its imperfect Batesian mimic
Limenitis arthemis astyanax
under four different phenological conditions to understand the importance of temporal synchrony and model first occurrence in mimicry complexes. We predicted that protection for mimics increases when predators learn to avoid the models' aposematic signal right before encountering the mimic, and that learned avoidance breaks down over time in the model’s absence. Surprisingly, we found that asynchronous model first occurrence, even on short time scales, did not provide increased protection for mimics. Mimics were only protected under conditions of temporal synchrony, suggesting that predators rely on current information, not previously learned information, when making foraging decisions.
Cophylogeny, narrow host breadth and local conditions drive highly specialized bird–haemosporidian associations in West-Central African sky islands
Authors: Bodawatta Kasun H. , Albrecht Tomáš , Krausová Simona , Nana Eric Djomo , Hořák David , Sedláček Ondřej , Jønsson Knud A. , Munclinger Pavel
Published: January 2025

The parasite island syndrome denotes shifts in parasite life histories on islands, which affect parasite diversity, prevalence and specificity. However, current evidence of parasite island syndromes mainly stems from oceanic islands, while sky islands (i.e. mountains isolated by surrounding low-elevation habitats) have received limited attention. To explore the parasite syndrome in Afrotropical sky islands, we examined haemosporidian blood parasites and their bird hosts in two Afromontane regions in Cameroon. Analysing more than 1300 bird blood samples from the Bamenda Highlands and Mount Cameroon, we found considerably reduced parasite lineage diversity and total prevalence in Mt Cameroon, but not in the Bamenda Highlands. We found highly specific parasite–host interactions at both sites and these associations showed significant phylogenetic congruence, suggesting that closely related parasites infect phylogenetically related hosts. These parasite–host associations tend to be shaped mainly by duplications, switches, losses and failures to diverge rather than through co-speciation events. Overall, the high specificity and parasite–host association differences at local scales largely agree with the limited insights from other sky islands. Yet the drivers of these interactions differ geographically, suggesting that unique dynamics of fragmentation and isolation of montane habitats can lead to similar patterns of host–parasite interactions that are shaped by different underlying drivers.
Small intra-tropical long-distance migratory birds track rainy seasons across hemispheres
Authors: Rime Yann , Osinubi Samuel Temidayo , Liechti Felix , Helm Barbara , Nussbaumer Raphaël
Published: January 2025

The main features of long-distance migration are derived from landbirds breeding in the Northern Hemisphere. Little is known about migration within the tropics, presumably because tropical species typically move opportunistically and over shorter distances. However, such generalizations are weakened by a lack of solid data on spatial, temporal and behavioural patterns of intra-tropical migrations. To start filling the research gap, we provide comprehensive data for small-sized intra-African migrants, woodland kingfishers. We inferred stationary locations, migration timing, flight behaviour and wind experienced en route from multi-sensor loggers recording atmospheric pressure, light and acceleration. After breeding in South Africa, all tagged individuals migrated 4000 km to South Sudan, spending their non-breeding period within 100 km of each other. Thereby, woodland kingfishers tracked their climatic niche, using two rainy seasons in open woodland across the Equator. Migratory flights were strictly nocturnal, reaching 2890 m.a.s.l. Flights were unusually short, but lengthened when crossing rainforests, a behavioural adjustment similar to barrier-crossing along well-described flyways. These results suggest that long-distance intra-tropical migration displays patterns that are surprisingly similar to other flyways. Pending confirmation in other species, intra-tropical migrations might be more extensive and less flexible than assumed, underlining the importance of further research guiding conservation efforts.
Streptococcus suivaginalis sp. nov., Streptococcus iners sp. nov. and Streptococcus iners subsp. hyiners subsp. nov. isolated from pigs
Authors: Nicholson Tracy L. , Stuart Keira L. , Bayles Darrell O.
Published: January 2025

Three novel strains within the genus Streptococcus (29887T, 29892T and 29896T) were isolated from healthy pigs during routine veterinary physical exams. All three strains were non-motile and non-spore-forming Gram-positive cocci. The complete genome of each strain was attained, and phylogenetic analyses were performed. Comparison of the genomes of 29887T, 29892T and 29896T to the genomes of other Streptococcus strains revealed digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between 21.2% and 53.9% and average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between 70.00% and 94.44%. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that each strain, 29896T (S. suivaginalis sp. nov.), 29887T (S. iners sp. nov.) and 29892T (S. iners subsp. hyiners subsp. nov.), may represent a novel species within the genus Streptococcus, while ANI analysis indicated that strains 29896T (S. suivaginalis sp. nov.) and 29887T (S. iners sp. nov.) represent novel species within the genus Streptococcus, and 29892T (S. iners subsp. hyiners subsp. nov.) represents a novel subspecies of 29887T (S. iners sp. nov.). Based upon the combined data presented in this study, two novel species, Streptococcus suivaginalis sp. nov. (type strain, 29896T=NRRL B-65677T=NCTC 14941T) and Streptococcus iners sp. nov. (type strain, 29887T=NRRL B-65675T=NCTC 14939T) are proposed, and one novel subspecies, Streptococcus iners subsp. hyiners subsp. nov. (type strain, 29892T=NRRL B-65676T=NCTC 14940T) is proposed.
Heterogeneity of anti-Caspr2 antibodies: specificity and pathogenicity
Authors: Su Julia , Gupta Rohan , Van Hoof Scott , Kreye Jakob , Prüss Harald , Spielman Benjamin , Brimberg Lior , Volpe Bruce T. , Huerta Patricio T. , Diamond Betty
Published: January 2025

Maternal anti-Caspr2 (Contactin-associated protein-like 2) antibodies have been associated with increased risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Previous studies have shown thatin uteroexposure to anti-Caspr2 antibodies results in a phenotype with ASD-like features in male mice. Here we ask whether four newly generated antibodies against Caspr2 are pathogenic to the developing fetal brain and whether they function through similar means. Our results show that the novel anti-Caspr2 antibodies recognize different epitopes of Caspr2.In uteroexposure to these antibodies elicits differential ASD-like phenotypes in male offspring, tested in the social interaction, open field, and light-dark tasks. These results demonstrate variability in the antigenic specificity and pathogenicity of anti-Caspr2 antibodies which may have clinical implications.
Transient pH changes drive vacuole formation in enzyme-polymer condensates
Authors: Modi Nisha , Nimiwal Raghavendra , Liao Jane , Li Yitian , Bishop Kyle J. M. , Obermeyer Allie C.
Published: January 2025

Intracellular membraneless organelles formed by the phase separation of biomolecules are essential for cellular functioning. These biomolecular condensates often exhibit complex morphologies in response to biological stimuli.In vitrocondensate models help elucidate the mechanism of formation and the associated function of these hierarchical assemblies. Here, we use anin vitromodel to investigate the formation of hollow internal regions, or vacuoles, within the condensate interior in response to a pH change. Our experimental system is a pH-responsive complex coacervate formed by the anionic glucose oxidase enzyme phase separating with the weak polycation, DEAE-dextran. Fast rates of pH decrease and larger droplet sizes trigger vacuole development within the coacervates. We show that the emergence of vacuoles is a non-equilibrium process caused by the diffusion-limited exchange of condensate components during a fast pH change. We develop a theoretical model that captures how a phase-separating system responds dynamically to changes in system conditions, particularly pH. Our qualitative phase diagram aligns with our experimental results, showing that rapid pH changes shift the phase boundaries, triggering spinodal decomposition and inducing vacuole formation within the condensates. Our pH-sensitivein vitrocoacervate model provides a platform to modulate the internal structure of ternary phase separating systems and gain insights into the mechanisms controlling condensate organizationin vivo.