bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are Asian Americans Becoming “White?”
Authors: Zhou Min
Published: November 2004

Asian Americans have been labeled a “model minority” for their high rates of achievement, and some say they are on their way to becoming “white.” But these expectations can be a burden, and the predictions are surely premature. Even today, many Americans see Asians as “forever foreign.”
Why are there so Many “Minorities?”
Authors: Berbrier Mitch
Published: November 2004

Lesbians and gays, Appalachians, women, the disabled, fat people, even white supremacists are claiming to be “minorities,” and demanding to be treated just like other minorities, especially African Americans. These struggles for the right to be a minority are struggles for much more than a label.
Yoga and Rebirth in America: Asian Religions are Here to Stay
Authors: Cadge Wendy , Bender Courtney
Published: November 2004

New movies, store names, and organizations herald a growing interest among Americans in Asian religions. Beyond the fads, sociologists are finding that these Eastern faiths, along with their practitioners and centers, play an increasingly important role in American spiritual life.
The Future of American Labor: Reinventing Unions
Authors: Voss Kim , Fantasia Rick
Published: November 2004

The U.S. labor movement is in deep trouble. Many assume that union decline is irreversible—the result of changes in the nature of work and unions' inability to adapt. However, American laws and corporate resistance are also responsible. New union tactics and militancy point toward a possible revival of a workers' movement.
The Nation as Babbitt: How Countries Conform
Authors: Meyer John W.
Published: November 2004

Countries vary greatly in resources and culture, but many pressures force them to adopt common principles to maintain good standing in the global community. This imitation often reeks of hypocrisy, but real practices, as well as appearances, are changing as a result.
The Life of Jesus (La Vie de Jésus)
Authors: Bowles Brett
Published: November 2004

Abstract Though virtually unknown in America, Bruno Dumont is among France's most provocative young directors. Using his award-winning first feature as a case study, this essay analyzes Dumont's deconstruction of commercial cinema, denial of the complacent pleasure it offers spectators, and transformation of the viewing experience into an ethical challenge.
On Some Enigmas Surrounding a Riddle Canon by Brahms
Authors: BRODBECK DAVID
Published: November 2004

Even for a riddle canon, Brahms's setting of the text “Mir lächelt kein Frühling,” WoO 25 (1877), presents more than its share of enigmas. The solution to this haunting spiral canon is relatively straightforward. But questions remain concerning both the freely composed ending that Brahms had hoped would be published (through which the piece could be made suitable for performance), and the identity of the author of the canon's poetic text (which expresses profound hopelessness and a sense of utter loss). Documenting the entire publication process sheds light on the former question; and as for the more intriguing matter of poetic authorship, documentary and stylistic evidence points to Brahms himself. By these lights, “Mir lächelt kein Frühling” not only stands alone in Brahms's oeuvre but constitutes a deeply personal confession.
Temporal and Motor Transfer in Music Performance
Authors: MEYER ROSALEE K. , PALMER CAROLINE
Published: November 2004

Three transfer-of-learning experiments were conducted to investigate performers' ability to generalize knowledge of specific temporal structure and motor movements from one melody to another. Skilled pianists performed one melody during 10 training trials and another melody during 4 test trials, under speeded performance conditions. In Experiment 1, the meter and/or motor movements (hand and finger assignments) were altered from training to test melodies; in Experiment 2, the rhythm and/ or motor movements were altered; in Experiment 3, the meter and/or rhythm were altered. Differences in total melody duration from training to test were smaller when meter, rhythm, or motor variables were retained across sequences. Furthermore, the same variables of meter, rhythm, and motor movements influenced the tempo of each performance. These findings support distinct temporal and motor representations underlying performance of simple melodies.
Aural Analysis of Arabic Improvised Instrumental Music (Taqsīm)
Authors: AYARI MONDHER , McADAMS STEPHEN
Published: November 2004

This study addresses the perception of Arabic improvised music. The modal musical system (maqām) as well as the model par excellence of instantaneous musical exposition and composition—instrumental improvisation (taqsīm)—are presented. The classical Arabic maqām (plural maqāmāt) is defined in terms of other fundamental interactive elements. The role of modal perception in the mental organization of a taqsīm performed on the `ūd was explored with tasks involving the identification of musical elements, the segmentation of the musical work, and verbal descriptions and performed melodic “reductions” of the segments. Strong differences in identifications and segmentations are found between listeners of European and Arabic cultural origins. Both groups make segmentations on the basis of salient surface features such as pauses and register changes, but Arab listeners make segmentations that are defined by subtle modal changes that often go unnoticed by the Europeans. However, not all of the Arab listeners agree on where such changes take place or even sometimes on which maqāmāt are being played. One major ambiguity in maqām identification in the taqsīm studied is discussed in detail. The melodic reductions of segments in a given maqām reveal the nature of Arabic modes as involving not just a tuning system, but also essential melodico-rhythmic configurations that are emblematic of the maqām. A music-analytic approach to the deployment of the maqāmāt within the form of the taqsīm that is informed by the perceptual results is developed. This approach involves the factors that lead to implicit recognition of maqāmāt, including ambiguities in identification, and those that inform the hierarchical organization of the form on the basis of larger-scale movements among maqāmāt.
Musical Features That Facilitate Melody Identification: How Do You Know It's “Your” Song When They Finally Play It?
Authors: SCHULKIND MATTHEW D. , POSNER RACHEL J. , RUBIN DAVID C.
Published: November 2004

What information do listeners use to “Name that Tune”? This question was investigated in a two-phase experiment. In Phase 1, the participants heard familiar melodies that were played on a note-by-note basis until they were identified. In Phase 2, each note of the melody was analyzed along a variety of musical dimensions. Multiple regression analyses determined which musical characteristics predicted identification performance. Identification was most strongly associated with notes located at phrase boundaries, notes that completed alternating sequences of rising and falling pitches, and metrically accented notes. As well, identification peaked after listeners heard moderate amounts of information (i.e., 5–7 notes). The data suggest that melody identification is a holistic, all-or-none process and that parallels can be drawn between melody and spoken word identification. Implications for current theories, future research, and the relationship between music perception and melody identification are discussed.
The Feeling of Music Past: How Listeners Remember Musical Affect
Authors: Rozin Alexander , Rozin Paul , Goldberg Emily
Published: November 2004

This study was conducted to determine how listeners derive global evaluations of past musical durations from moment-to-moment experience. Participants produced moment-to-moment affective intensity ratings by pressing a pressure-sensitive button while listening to various selections. They later reported the remembered affective intensity of each example. The data suggest that the assumption that remembered affect equals the sum of all momentary affects fundamentally misrepresents how listeners encode and label past affective experiences. The duration of particular rather than uniform episodes contributes minimally to remembered affect (duration neglect). Listeners rely on the peak of affective intensity during a selection, the last moment, and moments that are more emotionally intense than immediately previous moments to determine postperformance ratings. The peak proves to be the strongest predictor of remembered affect. We derive a formula that takes moment-to-moment experience as input and predicts how listeners will remember musical affect. The formula is a better predictor of postperformance affect than any other on-line characteristic considered. Last, the utility of the formula is demonstrated through a brief examination of compositional decisions in a string quartet movement by Borodin and one typical format of four-movement symphonies from the classical period.
Haffenreffer Subarctic Collection
Authors: Myers Thomas P.
Published: November 2004

Barbara A. Hail and Kate C. Duncan 1989 Out of the North: Hie Subarctic Collection of the Hafienreifer Museum of Anthropology, Brown University. (With contributions by William A. Tracy and June Helm.) Distributed by Brown University and the University of Washington Press. 501 pp., 16 color plates, 268 black‐and‐white illustrations, bibliography,. 1/2. 11”, ISBN 0‐912089‐07‐5, $25 (soft cover). University of Washington Press, PO. Box 50096, Seattle, WA 98145‐5096.
The Hall of South American Peoples, at AMNH
Authors: Urton Gary
Published: November 2004

The Hall of South American Peoples. Permanent installation at the American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY.
Objects of Knowledge, New Research in Museum Studies
Authors: Gable Eric
Published: November 2004

Objects of Knowledge, New Research in Museum Studies. Edited by Susan Pearce. Volume 1. London and Atlantic Highlands: The Althone Press, 1990. x + 235 pp., bibliographies, and index. $55.00 (cloth)
The New Museology
Authors: Washburn Dorothy K.
Published: November 2004

The New Museology. Edited by Peter Vergo. London: Reaktion Books, 1989. 230pp., photographs, references, index. Distributed by University of Washington Press. $19.95.
Museums and Universities: New Paths for Continuing Education
Authors: Jonaitis Aldona
Published: November 2004

Museums and Universities: New Paths for Continuing Education. Edited by Janet S. Solinger. New York: American Council on Education and Ma cm ill an Publishing Co., 1990. 351 pp.
Books Noted
Authors: Schevlll Margot Blum
Published: November 2004

To Weave and Sing: Art, Symbol, and Narrative in the South American Rain Forest. David M. Guss. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989. 287 pp., 57 b/w photographs, 18 line drawings, 1 map, bibliography, index. $37.50 (cloth).

Life in the Pueblos. Ruth Underhill. Santa Fe, NM: Ancient City Press, 1991. 154 pp., 80 b/w photographs and drawings, charts. $10.95.

The Zuni Man‐Woman. Will Roscoe. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1991. 302 pp., 28 b/w photographs, 1 map, 2 tables, bibliography, index. $24.95 (cloth).

Shelter. Edited by Lloyd Kahn. Bolinas, CA: Shelter Publications, 1990 [originally published in 1973]. 176 pp., 1000+ color and b/w photographs, 250 drawings, bibliography. $16.95 (paper)

Ceremonial Costumes of the Pueblo Indians: Their Evolution, Fabrication, and Significance in the Prayer Drama. Virginia More Roediger, with a new introduction by Fred Eggan. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991. 251 pp. 40 color plates, 25 b/w illustrations, 1 map, appendix, notes, and bibliography. $49.95 (cloth), $24.95 (paper).
After Tut'ankhamun: Research and Excavation in the Royal Necropolis at Thebes
Authors: Knudsen Joan
Published: November 2004

After Tut'ankhamun: Research and Excavation in the Royal Necropolis at Thebes. Edited by C. N. Reeves. London and New York: Kegan Paul International, 1992. 211 pp. 24 b/w photographs, 40 line drawings, diagrams, and maps. $95.00 (cloth).
The Ancient Americas: Art from Sacred Landscapes at the Art Institute of Chicago.
Authors: Haas Jonathan , Creamer Winifred
Published: November 2004

The Ancient Americas: Art from Sacred Landscapes. Art Institute of Chicago (October 10, 1992. January 3, 1993); Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (February 14. April 18, 1993); Los Angeles County Museum of Art (June. ‐ August 15, 1993).
East Asian Art and Material Culture: A Study of International Relations
Authors: Ren Hai
Published: November 2004

East Asian Art and American Culture:. Study In International Relations, Warren I. Cohen. New York: Columbia University Press. 1992. 264 pp. $32.50 (cloth).
Where the People Gather: Carving a Totem Pole
Authors: Jacknis Ira
Published: November 2004

Where the People Gather: Carving. Totem Pole. Vickie Jensen. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1992.190 pp, 125 b/w photographs, appendixes, bibliography. $29.95 (cloth).
Through Time, Across Continents: A Hundred Years of Archaeology and Anthropology at the University Museum
Authors: Jacknis Ira
Published: November 2004

Through Time, Across Continents:. Hundred Years of Archaeology and Anthropology at the University Museum. Dilys Pegler Winegrad. Philadelphia: The University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, 1993. xviii. 226 pp, 14 color plates, 115 b/w figs., index. $80.00 (cloth).
Dancing the Symphonic: Beethoven-Bochsa's Symphonie Pastorale, 1829
Authors: DAVIES J. Q.
Published: November 2004

On 22 June 1829, the legendary French harpist, convicted forger and escaped felon, Robert Nicolas Charles Bochsa performed his most infamous musical offense: a rendition of Beethoven's Pastoral Symphony with stage action. Since Grove, this surprisingly early reworking of the Sixth as a ballet-pantomime has not gone down well in the literature. As the twentieth century unfurled, the moment steadily receded into obscurity, losing all cultural and contextual meaning to the point where it is now remembered (if at all) as a lesson in the rogue potential of performance—a pockmark on the historical map. This article will reverse the general slide into amnesia by first excavating this vanished but important moment of the musical past, and then recuperating its seriousness. Enough evidence from the 1820s and 30s suggests that Bochsa's Symphonie (performed at London's King's Theatre) was representative of much more than itself. Far from historically inexplicable, it can be read as an extreme manifestation of a strongly defined ballet-concert exchange that characterized the artistic trends of the late 1820s. By taking on abstract and “musical” forms, dance was becoming more concertlike. Concerts, meanwhile, were developing balletic traits in their increasing use of picturesque effects, and their growing fascination for the visual or bodily aspects of musical performance. A rapprochement took place that reshaped the nature of listening and figured the emerging concept of the musical work in a curiously plastic, objective way—as the case study exemplifies.
RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS AND VIOLENCE: A FRIENDLY CRITIQUE OF THE INTERPRETIVE APPROACH
Authors: Robbins Thomas
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT: The analysis of episodes of violence associated with religious movements is becoming a key sub-area in the study of new religious movements. An influential method which we term the "interpretive" approach has produced important insights. This approach focuses on how messianic movements interpret the behavior of persons and groups which they perceive as deeply hostile. However, some scholars may have placed too much emphasis on the reactive quality of movement violence as a response to the hasty actions of authorities influenced by distorted or self-fulfilling stereotypes of deviant groups. Some movements are capable of violence that does not appear to be elicited by forceful and dynamic provocations against them, although some leaders may perceive a demonic quality underlying any criticism or opposition or blockage of their aspirations. While hasty or overbearing actions by authorities may lead to violence with respect to some groups in some situations, the withholding or slow pace of intervention may enhance the potential for violence relative to other groups in other contexts. The view of fringe movements as victims may often be valid, but sometimes it may inhibit legitimate criticism of some movements' problematic practices or repugnant beliefs. Objective scholars should consider relinquishing permanent investments in images of alternative religions as either victims or destructive demons.
THE BLACKLISTING OF A CONCEPT: THE STRANGE HISTORY OF THE BRAINWASHING CONJECTURE IN THE SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION
Authors: Zablocki Benjamin
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT: This is the first part of a two-part article on the concept of brainwashing in the study of new religious movements (NRMs). The use of this term has become so emotionally charged that scholars find it difficult to discuss its merits and scientific utility with calmness and objectivity. I devote Part One of this article to an examination of the cultural and structural sources of an extreme polarization that has occurred among scholars of new religious movements. I argue that a majority faction within the discipline has acted with a fair degree of success to block attempts to give the concept of brainwashing a fair scientific trial. This campaign has resulted in a distortion of the original meaning of the concept so that it is generally looked at as having to do with manipulation in recruitment of new members to religious groups. Its historically consistent use, on the contrary, should be in connection with the manipulation of exit costs for veteran members. In Part Two of this paper (to be published in a later issue of this journal), I go on to examine the epistemological status of the brainwashing concept and compare theories based on brainwashing to alternative theories accounting for patterns of switching out of new religious movements.
Exit Cost Analysis: A New Approach to the Scientific Study of Brainwashing1
Authors: Zablocki Benjamin D.
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT: This is the second part of a two-part article about brainwashing. In the first part, published in the premier issue of this jounal, I discussed the history of this much maligned concept and attempted to rescue it from the fruitless culture wars in which it has become entangled. I offered a limited and precise definition of brainwashing with the goal of making it a useful concept in the social-psychological study of disaffiliation from religious movements. In this second installment, I attempt to complete the rehabilitation of brainwashing, transforming it from an ideological shibboleth to a carefully defined, limited, and useful sociological concept. The first step in this process is to reframe the concept as a tool for studying the neglected problem of religious disaffiliation. This involves theoretical reframing within the context of rational action theory and substantive reframing within the context of the investigation of external and internal costs of leaving a religious community. In contrast to some of the more grandiose claims sometimes made for brainwashing as the sole explanation of cult movement behavior, I argue instead that brainwashing is only one of the factors that need to be examined in order to understand the more general phenomenon of exit costs as a barrier to free religious choice. Reframed in this manner, I then go on to establish the scientific validity of this reframed concept. But a concept may be valid and still not be very useful if it refers to events that occur only rarely. Therefore I next go on to present evidence that there are events which occur fairly frequently in cult movements for which the brainwashing conjecture offers one plausible explanation. Next, I discuss four alternative conjectures that purport to explain much the same phenomena and demonstrate that the brainwashing conjecture holds its own with any of them. In the final section of this paper, I speculate about ways of going beyond mere conjectural plausibility to the development of a testable theory. I point to some directions for future research that may eventually allow us to identify the actual processes by which brainwashing brings about a significant and, at times, overwhelming increase in the cost of disaffiliating from religious communities.
JeungSanDo and the Great Opening of the Later Heaven: Millenarianism, Syncretism, and the Religion of Gang Il-sun
Authors: Flaherty Robert Pearson
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT: Korea's JeungSanDo is a syncretistic religion in which elements of religious Taoism, Buddhism, Neo-Confucianism, Roman Catholicism, and Korean shamanism are combined with a unifying millenarian vision that was initially formulated in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the late Joseon Dynasty. JeungSanDo is based on the teachings of Gang Il-sun (1871–1909), who was/is regarded by his followers as the incarnation of SangJe (Shangti), the Ruler of the Universe in religious Taoism, as well as Maitreya, the Future Buddha of Buddhist eschatology. The religion of Gang Il-sun arose as a compensatory response to the defeat of the Donghak Revolution in 1894. The central belief of JeungSanDo is Hu-Cheon GaeByeok, the Great Opening of the Later Heaven, the new age of JeungSan Gang Il-Sun's millenarian vision. A glossary of Korean and Chinese terms follows the endnotes.

No religion is completely “new,” no religious message completely abolishes the past. Rather, there is a recasting, a renewal, a revalorization, an integration of the elements—the most essential elements—of an immemorial religious tradition.

—Mircea Eliade, Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy1
Review of Im Garten der Rhetorik. Die Kunst der Rede in der Antike by Øivind Andersen
Authors: Lau Dieter
Published: November 2004

REVIEW
Review of Rhétorique et rationalité. Essai sur l'émergence de la critique et de la persuasion by Emmanuelle Danblon
Authors: Spina Luigi
Published: November 2004

REVIEW
Revisiting “Zonaios”: More on the Byzantine Tradition περι σχημάτων
Authors: Conley Thomas
Published: November 2004

Abstract A close examination of the manuscript tradition of the treatise περι σχημάτων (On figures), attributed by Walz to Zonaios, demonstrates that not everything Walz published in volume eight of his Rhetores graeci can be taken at face value.
Mead's Theory of Emergence as a Framework for Multilevel Sociological Inquiry
Authors: Chang Johannes Han‐Yin
Published: November 2004

This article explores Mead's theory of emergence. The essence of this theory is conditional interactionism. In this perspective, every social fact is an emergent arising out of preconditioned interaction between the acting unit and the social and nonsocial environment. Its nature is shaped by (1) the patterns, processes, and contents of the interaction, including their mediation by such factors as perception/meaning, reflective thinking, role‐taking‐based rationality, emotion, nonsymbolic power in use, and reality testing; and (2) the preexisting conditions of both the acting unit and the environment that underlie this interaction. I argue that Mead's conditional interactionism can be used as a powerful guide for sociological inquiry at all levels of research and that it has the potential to function as a metatheoretical approach to compete with both the objectivist/structuralist and the subjectivist/phenomenological traditions. Mead's theory of emergence is probably the greatest treasure we can unearth from his semineglected legacy.
Unraveling the Brow: What and How of Choice in Musical Preference
Authors: Han Shin-Kap
Published: November 2004

Mapping the association between social position and cultural disposition—“patterns of cultural choice”—is a long-standing practice in sociological research. These maps, often read in terms of “brow level,” concern primarily the question of what people choose, neglecting that of how they choose. I extend the analytic focus to take into account the co-constitutive roles played by classifying operations. Using the weighted multidimensional scaling (WMDS) method, I examine the musical preference data and show that it is not only what type of music the respondents choose but also how they choose that distinguish them. I find that varying combinations of multiple evaluation-distinction criteria are appropriated by different status groups, coalescing into three distinct clusters of sensibility. The findings and the elaboration of the notion of dual basis of taste help to put some of the theoretical as well as empirical issues in the field in perspective.
Discourse and Display: The Modern Eye, Entrepreneurship, and the Cultural Transformation of the Patchwork Quilt
Authors: Peterson Karin Elizabeth
Published: November 2004

This article explores the effort of two cultural entrepreneurs to persuade members of the fine art world to appreciate quilts on purely artistic grounds. Mobilizing museum resources to effect this transformation involved strategies of discourse and display that invoked the modern eye, a way of seeing that privileges modernist aesthetic standards. By examining these strategies, a deeper understanding of how the modern eye is constructed by the cultural tools of the museum (for example, gallery space, photography, catalogs, critical writing) becomes apparent. This piece also considers the implications of the modern eye for how marginalized culture becomes “acceptable” in high culture contexts and the costs of invoking the modern eye as a means of enhancing cultural value.
The Last Lecture
Authors: Paap Howard
Published: November 2004

When, according to our common practice, a teacher undertakes to school several minds of very different structure and capacity with the same lessons and the same measures of guidance, it is no wonder that, among whole multitude of children, he scarcely finds two or three who derive any proper profit from their teaching.
Anthropology Explored: The Best of Smithsonian AnthroNotes
Authors: Wilhelm Diane Zior
Published: November 2004

Anthropology Explored: The Best of Smithsonian AnthroNotes. by Ruth Osterweis Selig and Marilyn. London. eds. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1998. 348pp.
Takeover: How Euroman Changed the World
Authors: Jiang Sunny
Published: November 2004

Takeover: How Euroman Changed the World, by Arthur Niehoff. Bonsall, California: The Hominid Press, 1996.
The Garifuna Journey, A First Voice Testimony Celebrating the Resiliency of the Garifuna People and their Traditions.
Authors: MacKinnon J. Jefferson , Key Carol J.
Published: November 2004

The Garifuna Journey,. First Voice Testimony Celebrating the Resiliency of the Garifuna People and their Traditions, video documentary by Andrea E. Leland and Kathy L. Berger and the Garifuna National Council 1988, 47 minutes.
“The Days of Old, the Days of Gold, the Days of '49”: Identity, History, and Memory at the California Midwinter International Exposition, 1894
Authors: BERGLUND BARBARA
Published: November 2004

Following on the heels of Chicago's Columbian Exposition, San Francisco's Midwinter Fair generated representations of identities, histories, and memories that promoted a vision of social order that spoke to the hopes and fears of both the city and the nation. The version of history articulated at the Fair's '49 Mining Camp exhibit looked back to the past with nostalgia to construct meaningful identities for the present. Through that gauzy lens, it fashioned masculine historical identities that sought to assuage race, class, and gender-based anxieties in the present by emphasizing white male dominance and downplaying the economic dislocations associated with the expansion of industrial capitalism.
Facepaint History in the Season of Introspection
Authors: CONARD REBECCA
Published: November 2004

Public history has moved from the sidelines of the profession to the playing field. Practitioners, however, have sidestepped persistent questions of definition and theory. In recent years, public history has been increasingly characterized as public scholarship. Conard argues that a complete definition must acknowledge the complex nature of practice. She defines public history as the art of reflective practice in history, a broad concept that encompasses mastery of historical knowledge, the ability to engage in shared inquiry, the ability to set problems in a research context, the ability to step inside problems in search of scholarly defensible solutions, and a conscious regard for methods, standards, and ethics.
History Beneath the Surface: Natural Gas Pipelines and the National Historic Preservation Act
Authors: Castaneda Christopher
Published: November 2004

This article is a case study of how natural gas pipelines have been treated under the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). It examines three recent pipeline projects that involved determinations of eligibility for the National Register of Historic Places. In one case, a pipeline firm sought an exemption from Section 106 review, and this led to a proposed congressional amendment to the NHPA. In order to forestall a legislative amendment, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation issued an administrative exemption from Section 106 review for natural gas pipelines. This essay traces the process and events that led to this exemption.
The Debate over El Lobo: Can Historians Make a Difference?
Authors: Weisiger Marsha
Published: November 2004

In February 2003, historians, wolf-experts, ranchers, environmental activists, and some two hundred members of the general public gathered in Las Cruces, New Mexico, to discuss the past, present, and future of the Mexican gray wolf. “Leopold Forum: El Lobo” explored the history of wolf extirpation in the early twentieth century and the recent contested effort to reintroduce wolves into the Southwest, under the Endangered Species Act. The program included keynote addresses by a historian, a wolf biologist, and a ranching spokesperson; a series of panel presentations; a dinner featuring an environmental activist as speaker; and a roundtable discussion. A private breakfast-discussion among the stakeholders, facilitated by a professional conflict negotiator, followed the conference. The article narrates the history of wolf extirpation and reintroduction, and describes the logistics of organizing the conference and its outcome.
Warts and All?: An Elusive Balance in Contracted Corporate Histories about Energy and Environment
Authors: Pratt Joseph
Published: November 2004

Contract histories of organizations pose special challenges for public historians. Carefully worded contracts can establish procedures and guarantees that safeguard the historian’s independence. Such safeguards can help the historian capture as much as possible from the sponsored research for the history profession, while also completing a work that satisfies the needs of the sponsoring organization. The successful completion of such a project requires a reasonable deadline, a well-organized book, and an author or team of authors with special knowledge of the organization.

Well-designed organizational histories have much to contribute to our understanding of historical efforts to balance the demand for energy with the need for a cleaner environment. Viewing events from inside corporations, regulatory agencies, and citizens’ groups, the historian can reconstruct the interaction of the key players who shaped our energy/environmental history.
Science, the Sea, and Marine Resource Management: Researching the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
Authors: Rozwadowski Helen
Published: November 2004

The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) has since its founding in 1902 provided a forum for many branches of marine science and embraced a practical mission, to promote fisheries. ICES commissioned a history for its centenary. This paper reflects on how researching ICES history melded public history with environmental history and history of science. All three traditions were essential to understand its institutional development as well as the impact it had on North Atlantic marine resource utilization. More broadly, marine environmental history, to date a virtually nonexistent field, also demands the concert of these three traditions, as well as the international approach that naturally accompanied ICES history.
Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and microchip electrophoresis to detect major rearrangements of the low‐density lipoprotein receptor gene causing familial hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Cantafora Alfredo , Blotta Ida , Pino Elisabetta , Pisciotta Livia , Calandra Sebastiano , Bertolini Stefano
Published: November 2004

A variety of rearrangements in the low‐density lipoportein receptor (LDLR) gene cause severe forms of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). However, current methods for searching these abnormalities in FH samples, e.g., Southern and Northern Blot, are labor‐intensive and not routinely used by diagnostic laboratories. We developed a simpler approach based on the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of part or all gene's coding sequences by a series of multiplex amplifications comprising three nonadjacent gene sections plus a fourth section used as an internal reference. Thereafter, the analysis of these PCR products by microchip electrophoresis revealed either deletions or duplications in the investigated gene sections through the simple comparison of electropherograms obtained from mutant and control samples. This required primers leading to well‐resolved peaks with minimal size differences among coamplified products and PCR conditions allowing a linear quantitative response to template amount variations as those caused by duplication or deletion of specific gene sections. Also, the inclusion of exon 17 amplification product as an internal reference in each multiplex PCR allowed the normalization of quantitative results by dividing the area of each amplified section by the area of exon 17. The comparison of these ratios calculated from 10 carriers of 6 LDLR known rearrangements with those obtained from 14 control samples showed that gross deletions roughly halved and duplications doubled the ratio values of exons involved in the mutation. This allowed to distinguish gross mutations from sample‐to‐sample differences that reached at maximum 8% variation over mean values.
Genotyping by dynamic heating of monolayered beads on a microheated surface
Authors: Russom Aman , Haasl Sjoerd , Ohlander Anna , Mayr Torsten , Brookes Anthony J. , Andersson Helene , Stemme Göran
Published: November 2004

A miniaturized bead‐based dynamic allele‐specific hybridization (DASH) approach for single‐nucleotide polymorphism analysis is presented. Chips with integrated heater and temperature sensors for open‐surface DNA analysis were microfabricated. Microcontact printing using a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamp was employed to create monolayers of immobilized beads on the surface of the chip. This chip allows fast, well‐controllable temperature ramping. The temperature distribution was homogeneous over the entire heater area. All three possible variants of an SNP site of a synthesized oligonucleotide were accurately scored using the bead‐based DASH approach. Our assay has a nonoptimized temperature ramping rate of 4°C–6°C/min compared to earlier reported values of 2°C–3°C/min, thereby reducing the total analysis time by a factor of 2. Reliable DASH measurement data from areas as small as 12×13 μm was achieved. Our bead‐based DASH approach has enabled a dramatic volume reduction and is a step towards developing a cost‐effective high‐throughput DASH method on arrays of single beads.
Neuron‐based microarray sensors for environmental sensing
Authors: Prasad Shalini , Zhang Xuan , Ozkan Cengiz S. , Ozkan Mihrimah
Published: November 2004

We present a novel sensing scheme for detecting the effects of unburned fossil fuels by integrating microarray technology and dielectrophoresis to develop single‐neuron arrays. These arrays have the capability to sense and identify the two fuels, at parts per billion (ppb) concentrations, as well to determine the associated physiological changes at the single‐cell level. Identification is achieved through frequency domain analysis of the measured changes to the extracellular electrical activity due to the effect of the fossil fuels. This yields unique electrical identifiers known as “signature patterns”. Simultaneous optical visualization to the physiological changes is obtained by specific fluorescent staining. The correlation between the signature patterns and the cellular biological behavior establishes the veracity of this identification technique.
The potential of autofluorescence for the detection of single living cells for label‐free cell sorting in microfluidic systems
Authors: Emmelkamp Jurjen , Wolbers Floor , Andersson Helene , DaCosta Ralph S. , Wilson Brian C. , Vermes Istvan , van den Berg Albert
Published: November 2004

A novel method for studying unlabeled living mammalian cells based on their autofluorescence (AF) signal in a prototype microfluidic device is presented. When combined, cellular AF detection and microfluidic devices have the potential to facilitate high‐throughput analysis of different cell populations. To demonstrate this, unlabeled cultured cells in microfluidic devices were excited with a 488 nm excitation light and the AF emission (> 505 nm) was detected using a confocal fluorescence microscope (CFM). For example, a simple microfluidic three‐port glass microstructure was used together with conventional electroosmotic flow (EOF) to switch the direction of the fluid flow. As a means to test the potential of AF‐based cell sorting in this microfluidic device, granulocytes were successfully differentiated from human red blood cells (RBCs) based on differences in AF. This study demonstrated the use of a simple microfabricated device to perform high‐throughput live cell detection and differentiation without the need for cell‐specific fluorescent labeling dyes and thereby reducing the sample preparation time. Hence, the combined use of microfluidic devices and cell AF may have many applications in single‐cell analysis.
Photopolymerized microtips for sample preparation in proteomic analysis
Authors: Hsu Jue‐Liang , Chou Mong‐Kuan , Liang Shih‐Shin , Huang Sheng‐Yu , Wu Chin‐Jen , Shi Fong‐Ku , Chen Shu‐Hui
Published: November 2004

We demonstrate a novel method for the fabrication of disposable plastic microtips, which we name “EasyTip”, by a photopolymerization technique. C18 reversed‐phase (C18) and ion metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) beads were immobilized on a plastic pipette tip, made of polypropylene materials, by photo‐initiated polymerization. The fabricated EasyTips can be manipulated using commercial pipettes for wash/elution of minute amount of biological samples (< 10 μL) and can be applied for mass spectrometry (MS)‐based proteomic analysis, in which the detection sensitivity depends critically on the optimal sample preparation. The recovery of a sample of 25 fmol of tryptic hemoglobin digest loaded in a C18 EasyTip was near 100% and we estimated the loading capacity to be around 0.4–2.0 μg of total proteins or peptides, which is well above a sufficient quantity for MS analysis. The effectiveness of the C18 EasyTips in enhancing the detection sensitivity of matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)‐MS signal, and thus providing a greater sequence coverage, was also demonstrated by the analysis of hemoglobin digest and the in‐gel digested epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) protein from A431 cell lysate. We also demonstrated the usefulness of the immobilized IMAC EasyTips in extracting the signal of tryptic phosphopeptides of β‐casein (10 pmol) having one and four phosphorylation sites by using an IMAC EasyTip prior to off‐line analysis by MS. The combination of IMAC EasyTips and MALDI‐MS allowed the unambiguous identification of phosphopeptides based on the phosphatase assay as well as the post‐source decay. Compared to other miniaturized devices, this fabrication method is simple, cheap, and requires less human intervention. Moreover, the method of manipulating the EasyTips is straightforward and can be automated readily by a robotic system for high‐throughput analysis.
Separation of biomolecules using electrophoresis and nanostructures
Authors: Kist Tarso B. Ledur , Mandaji Marcos
Published: November 2004

A large number of nanostructures have the potential to be used together with electrophoresis as separation media or separation additive in capillary electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, capillary electrochromatography, and other analytical techniques. Among those structures are nanotubes, nanocavities, nanowires, nanoposts, nanocones, nanospheres, molecular imprints, nanoparachutes (conical monodendrons), and general nanoparticles with random structures. This review is focused only on publications describing experimental works using molecular imprints, nanoposts, and nanospheres that are fabricated and applied for the purpose of separation media in electrophoresis‐driven separations. The review follows an approximate chronological order in each section. As shown, the most popular are those resulting from molecular imprinting technologies. These biomimetic receptors are used in a great variety of fields, which includes electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, capillary electrochromatography, and other fields not reviewed in this work. A few examples of these other fields are, e.g., liquid chromatography, membranes, extractor or preconcentration techniques, immunosorbent assays, and sensing devices. The second topic scanned in the present work is the nanostructures that are used as obstacles to replace gels or polymers solutions in electrophoresis. Finally, the nascent field of nanospheres of gold and other materials as separation media is also reviewed.
Recent developments in electrochemical detection for microchip capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Vandaveer Walter R. , Pasas‐Farmer Stephanie A. , Fischer David J. , Frankenfeld Celeste N. , Lunte Susan M.
Published: November 2004

Significant progress in the development of miniaturized microfluidic systems has occurred since their inception over a decade ago. This is primarily due to the numerous advantages of microchip analysis, including the ability to analyze minute samples, speed of analysis, reduced cost and waste, and portability. This review focuses on recent developments in integrating electrochemical (EC) detection with microchip capillary electrophoresis (CE). These detection modes include amperometry, conductimetry, and potentiometry. EC detection is ideal for use with microchip CE systems because it can be easily miniaturized with no diminution in analytical performance. Advances in microchip format, electrode material and design, decoupling of the detector from the separation field, and integration of sample preparation, separation, and detection on‐chip are discussed. Microchip CEEC applications for enzyme/immunoassays, clinical and environmental assays, as well as the detection of neurotransmitters are also described.
Determination of inorganic ions using microfluidic devices
Authors: Evenhuis Christopher J. , Guijt Rosanne M. , Macka Miroslav , Haddad Paul R.
Published: November 2004

The separation and detection of inorganic ions on microfluidic devices has received little attention since the ‘lab‐on‐a‐chip’ concept has revolutionised the field of electrokinetically driven analysis. This review presents a summary and discussion of the published literature on inorganic analysis using microfluidic devices and includes sections on electromigration separation methods, namely isotachophoresis (ITP), capillary electrophoresis (CE), and hyphenated ITP‐CE, together with a brief account of flow injection analysis. The review concludes with the authors' perspective on future directions for inorganic analysis on microfluidic devices.
A model of inflation targeting in an open economy
Authors: Levin Jay H.
Published: November 2004

This paper develops a model of inflation targeting in a small open economy under floating exchange rates. The central bank follows a simple Taylor rule to achieve a target inflation rate, and the inflation process itself is determined by an expectations augmented Phillips curve mechanism. The behaviour of the exchange rate is governed by uncovered interest parity as a benchmark case, and both exchange rate expectations and inflationary expectations are assumed to be held with perfect foresight. Finally, the level of output in the economy varies gradually in response to excess demand in the goods sector. The paper analyses the effects of two shocks, a reduction in the central bank's target inflation rate and a sudden increase in aggregate demand. The effects of these shocks in a large country engaged in inflation targeting on the outside world follow from these results. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monetary policy and exchange rate pass‐through
Authors: Gagnon Joseph E. , Ihrig Jane
Published: November 2004

The pass‐through of exchange rate changes into domestic inflation appears to have declined in many countries since the 1980s. We develop a theoretical model that attributes the change in the rate of pass‐through to increased emphasis on inflation stabilization by many central banks. This hypothesis is tested on 20 industrial countries between 1971 and 2003. We find widespread evidence of a robust and statistically significant link between estimated rates of pass‐through and inflation variability. We also find evidence that observed monetary policy behaviour may be a factor in the declining rate of pass‐through. Published in 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of enzymatic hydrolysis on the yield of cloudy carrot juice and the effects of hydrocolloids on color and cloud stability during ambient storage
Authors: Qin Lan , Xu Shi‐ying , Zhang Wen‐bin
Published: November 2004

The color and cloud stability of cloudy carrot juice were improved by enzymatic hydrolysis and addition of hydrocolloids. Cellulytic and pectolytic enzyme preparations were used to prepare the carrot juice and their optimum dosages were 1.6 g kg−1 and 0.035 g kg−1, respectively. Hydrocolloids including guar gum, pectin and flaxseed gum were each added to the carrot juice and assessed for their ability to stabilize the carrot juice. Pectin had no effect on the cloud stability of carrot juice. Guar gum and flaxseed gum stabilized the cloudy carrot juice owing to macromolecular steric repulsion, while flaxseed gum reduced the creaming of cloudy carrot juice owing to its emulsification. The color and β‐carotene content of carrot juice did not change during 6 months of storage. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
The phenolic constituents and free radical scavenging activities of Gynura formosana Kiamnra
Authors: Hou Wen‐Chi , Lin Rong‐Dih , Lee Tzong‐Huei , Huang Ying‐Hua , Hsu Feng‐Lin , Lee Mei‐Hsien
Published: November 2004

Gynura formosana Kiamnra (Compositae) is a herbal folk medicine that is a popular vegetable in Taiwan. The free‐radical scavenging activities of a 70% aqueous acetone extract from the herb G formosana were evaluated. Bioassay‐guided fractionation, column separation on Diaion, Toyopearl HW 40(C), Sephadex LH‐20 and MCI CHP20P, and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to isolate for the first time in G formosana four potent phenolics [caffeic acid (I), quercetin 3‐O‐rutinoside (II), kaempferol 3‐O‐rutinoside (III) and kaempferol 3‐O‐robinobioside (IV)]. The IC50 values of 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity for compounds I–IV were 6.7, 7.7, 300.3 and 286.7 µM, respectively, and, for superoxide radical scavenging activity, they were 187.3, 25.8, 55.3 and 87.4 µM, respectively. Using a spin trapping electron spin resonance (ESR) method, caffeic acid (I) and quercetin 3‐O‐rutinoside (II) exhibited good hydroxyl radical activity. The free radical scavenging activity of G formosana phenolics may improve the economic value of this herb and assist in its development as a health food. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry