bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rapid and Green Fabrication of Nanozyme with Geminal CuN3O Configuration for Efficient Catecholase‐Mimicking
Authors: Yuan Meng , Han Ke , Yang Hong , Mi Li , Huang Chaofeng , Hu Xun , He Fei
Published: April 2024

Fabrication of nanozyme with catecholase‐like catalytic activity faces the great challenge of merging outstanding activity with low cost as well as simple, rapid, and low‐energy‐consumed production, restricting its industrial applications. Herein, an inexpensive yet robust nanozyme (i.e., DT‐Cu) via simple one‐step coordination between diaminotriazole (DT) and CuSO4 within 1 h in water at room temperature is constructed. The asymmetric dicopper site with CuN3O configuration for each copper as well as Cu─O bond length of ≈1.83 Å and Cu···Cu distance of ≈3.5 Å in DT‐Cu resemble those in catechol oxidase (CO), which ensure its prominent intrinsic activity, outperforming most CO‐mimicking nanozymes and artificial homogeneous catalysts. The use of inexpensive DT/CuSO4 in this one‐pot strategy endows DT‐Cu with only ≈20% cost of natural CO per activity unit. During catalysis, O2 experienced a 4e‐dominated reduction process accompanied by the formation of 1O2 and H2O2 intermediates and the product of H2O. Benefiting from the low cost as well as the distinctive structure and superior intrinsic activity, DT‐Cu presents potential applications ranging from biocatalysis to analytical detection of biomolecules such as epinephrine and beyond.
Learning with multiple external representations in physics: Concreteness fading versus simultaneous presentation
Authors: Lichtenberger Andreas , Kokkonen Tommi , Schalk Lennart
Published: April 2024

Multiple external representations (MERs) are useful for teaching complex content in science education. An open question is whether there is an especially effective way to sequence MERs. On the one hand, the so‐called concreteness fading approach suggests starting instruction with more concrete representations and proceeding stepwise to more idealized representations. The effectiveness of this fading approach is, however, supported mainly by studies in mathematics education, while the results in physics are equivocal. On the other hand, presenting different representations simultaneously may support linking, that is, the comparison and contrast of representations, which may benefit learning. In an experimental classroom study (N = 187), we compared concreteness fading and simultaneous presentation of MERs for learning a challenging physics content in high school, namely, Faraday's law. We found no significant differences between conditions in posttest performance, and an equivalence test with bounds d = −0.5 to 0.5 showed that both approaches performed equally. The results align with previous findings questioning the superiority of concreteness fading over other ways of sequencing MERs. Therefore, facilitating students' understanding of a complex physics content may involve more than determining the optimal order of presenting MERs. We discuss limitations of the present study and implications for future research and practice.
Supporting scholarly educators and SoTL at a health sciences institution: Lessons learned from a teaching and learning center
Authors: Scott Devin , Fulkerson Dikuua Kelly Jo , Hall Amy , Laughner Thomas
Published: April 2024

This chapter describes a teaching and learning center's efforts to support the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) work of health science faculty. Recommendations and lessons learned are shared.
Fabrication and property characterization of biocomposite based on polyamide 11 and AP1 green ramie fiber modified with epoxy
Authors: Thang Dam Xuan , Huynh Mai Duc , Trung Tran Huu , Trang Nguyen Thi Thu , Mai Tran Thi , Dat Nguyen Huu , Cong Do Van , Hai Luong Nhu , Hoang Thai , Giang Nguyen Vu
Published: April 2024

In this article, Vietnam ramie fiber from Moc Chau, Son La province was chosen as a reinforcement for polyamide 11 (PA11) to prepare full–biocomposites. To enhance the compatibility and adhesion with the matrix, the original ramie fiber (oRF) was treated with Ca(OH)2 solution (tRF) and then modified by epoxy (mRF). Properties and structure of these fibers were characterized by tensile test, chemical composition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The obtained results showed the removal of hemicellulose and lignin after treatment improved the morphology and mechanical properties of the fiber. Rheology in melting state indicated the increase in the torque of PA11 matrix by adding tRF and mRF. The improvement in mechanical properties was observed for both PA11/tRF and PA11/mRF composites. After modification, epoxy on the fiber surface enhanced the adhesion and compatibility with the matrix. This led to a strong increase in Young's modulus, tensile strength and flexural strength of about 37%, 57%, and 33%, respectively. tRF and mRF also improved thermal stability of the composite as shown in TGA and DSC analysis. Finally, mRF showed a better compatibility with PA11 than tRF by observation of SEM images.
Pollutant transport model with large time‐scale and estimation of land‐use export coefficients at a watershed level
Authors: Yang Min , Yang Zemin
Published: April 2024

The pollutant transport equilibrium in a watershed can be analyzed on a large time scale, and land‐use export coefficients can be calculated directly under certain hydrologic and transport conditions, by ignoring hydrologic and transport processes at small space and time scales on hydrologic response units. In this study, the water environment system of a watershed was deconstructed into three parts (source, source‐sink, and runoff transport) to construct a pollutant transportation equilibrium model on a large time scale. A watershed with an annual source‐sink accumulation of zero was defined as a completely transported watershed; therefore, we derived a completely transported equilibrium equation. The problem of seeking the land export coefficient was converted into a problem of seeking the optimal solution of linear programming, which can be estimated according to the variation in pollutant output processes. The feasibility of the solution can be analyzed using multi‐year stochastic rainfall processes. The model was used to analyze the transport equilibrium of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) upstream of the monitored cross‐sections in a watershed, which covered 3145.66 km2. The land export coefficients were calculated according to the model. The model calculations indicated that the watershed was completely transported during perennial years. The calculated export coefficients of COD, TN, and TP for farmland, primary vegetation, and urban land were within the range of general empirical values. The calculated maximum accumulations of COD, TN, and TP were 0.19 × 107, 0.063 × 107, and 0.049 × 106 kg, respectively, for perennial rainfall.

Practitioner Points

A completely transported watershed was defined, and a model of pollutant transportation equilibrium with large time‐scale was constructed.

A problem of seeking the optimal solution of a linear programming was designed to estimate the land export coefficient of COD, TN, and TP.

The runoff transport and accumulation processes of COD, TN, and TP in a watershed was analyzed.
Conceptual Sampling Design for Tracing Agropollutants on a Catchment Scale
Authors: Skrzypek G.
Published: April 2024

This chapter provides guidelines for designing a sampling programme for tracing agricultural pollutants using stable isotope techniques at different catchment scales. This sampling template could be considered for the application of various tracers with respect to local needs and study objectives. The template is based on a series of overlapping mixing models that use ‘triple sampling points’ to identify major sources of pollution by estimating pollution budgets in different subcatchments along the water flow pathways. This framework can be further specified, and a more detailed sampling network can be developed after analysing the results obtained from the initial sampling. Step-by-step technical instructions on how to collect and preserve water samples for stable isotope analyses can be found in a separate document published by the International Atomic Energy Agency as a Standard Operating Procedure (Skrzypek in Sampling and isotope analysis of agricultural pollutants in water IAEA TECDOC SERIES. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, pp. 2–21, 2018).
Stable Sulfur and Oxygen Isotope Compositions of Sulfates to Disentangle Agrocontaminants from Other Sources of Sulfur in Agrosystems
Authors: Skrzypek G.
Published: April 2024

This chapter summarizes key information about the sulfur cycle and stable sulfur isotope biogeochemistry. The overview includes a description of the range of the stable sulfur isotope compositions in natural environments, potential pollutants and fertilizers used in agriculture. The primary focus is on the generation, transport, and mixing of sulfate and on its stable sulfur and oxygen isotope compositions that can be used as tracers. Several case studies that apply stable sulfate isotope analyses for the identification and quantification of pollutants in natural environments are used to provide an overview of successful applications and highlight major challenges. These are followed by the principles of sulfate sampling and analytical techniques.
Quantifying Sediment and Associated Pollutants Sources in Agricultural Catchments Using Isotopic Techniques
Authors: Blake W. H. , Taylor A. , Muñoz-Arcos E. , Ovando-Fuentealba L. , Bravo-Linares C. , Millward G. E.
Published: April 2024

This chapter provides an overview of nuclear tools used in sediment source apportionment studies, summarising essential information about the use of fallout radionuclides, elemental geochemistry, and compound-specific stable isotopes. Exemplar studies are described to show how the method can inform decision making at farm and basin scales to control diffuse water pollution by agriculture.
From Local to Global: International Trade and Value Chains
Authors: Masters William A. , Finaret Amelia B.
Published: April 2024

This chapter shows how local and national food systems are interconnected through trade, storage and processing, forming a global system that links each country’s producers and consumers. We define the concept of comparative advantage and extend our analytical diagrams to explain the prices observed in international trade, including the influence of transportation costs and commodity storage on price levels and price volatility in each country. We address the role of tariffs, quotas and other policies, showing their impact on income distribution within each country and the incentives they create for political leaders to restrict trade, and describe the extent and nature of policy interventions that shape each country’s role in the global food system. The second section of the chapter addresses the institutional arrangements and value chains in each country that link agricultural producers to end-users. Individual enterprises often seek horizontal integration in the provision of different things over a larger geographic area, and may also seek vertical integration in controlling their own source of supplies and marketing to end-users. The alternative to integration is for enterprises to specialize in their own domain, and make transactions with each other through markets whose institutional structure and governance influences the risk of market failure in terms of quality assurance, pricing and market power. The institutional context for each activity along the value chain also influences its environmental externalities, worker rights and health impacts, creating the need and opportunity for social accounting of the full costs and benefits of each product.
Food and Health: Behavioral Economics and Response to Intervention
Authors: Masters William A. , Finaret Amelia B.
Published: April 2024

Food consumption meets each person’s immediate need for dietary energy each day, with foods selected in pursuit of various goals such as taste and enjoyment, convenience and social aspirations. Food consumption also has long-term impacts on a person’s future health, but a food’s appearance and its taste or smell convey little information and might even be misleading about those future impacts. The link between food and future health is particularly unclear for recently introduced packaged and processed foods or meals away from home that have new ingredients in unfamiliar combinations. Centuries of trial and error give people a variety of food traditions, while market forces create rapidly changing and diverse food environments influenced by a variety of policies and programs, some of which are influenced by recent scientific evidence. This chapter introduces the tools of behavioral economics used to understand preferences and guide intervention. Behavioral economics in general addresses psychological causes of preference reversals, whereby people contradict themselves with inconsistent choices due to systematic patterns such as loss aversion and present bias, and thereby do not reach the highest levels of wellbeing for their future selves. Food choice is a kind of health behavior for which both psychology and underlying biology play a central role, creating the need and opportunity for well-designed interventions to improve future wellbeing.
Leaving No One Behind in Research, and the Protection-Inclusion Dilemma for Vulnerable Groups
Authors: Schroeder Doris , Chatfield Kate , Chennells Roger , Partington Hazel , Kimani Joshua , Thomson Gillian , Odhiambo Joyce Adhiambo , Snyders Leana , Louw Collin
Published: April 2024

Leaving no one behind is the main transformative promise of the UN’s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It encapsulates the 21st-century mission of inclusion. This chapter introduces the main mission of this book: leaving no one behind in research. It provides the context for all the chapters that follow by explaining what it means to leave no one behind in research, how the protection-inclusion dilemma for vulnerable groups and individuals is generated, and how risks and mistrust in research might be reduced. The book was written in collaboration with two groups who are traditionally labelled as highly vulnerable and are therefore often excluded from research: the South African San community and an impoverished sex worker community in Nairobi. Working closely throughout all research stages with the two communities, including co-authorship of this book, we prioritised research-participant needs over researcher needs, aiming for minimally risky and minimally burdensome research, as well as increased trust in researchers. This involved foregoing the collection of personal data and obtaining all research input through community researchers. It led to a potential alternative to exclusion from research, namely research led by vulnerable groups for vulnerable groups.
Vulnerability Among the Nairobi Sex Workers, and Undertaking Community-Led Research Without Collecting Personal Data
Authors: Schroeder Doris , Chatfield Kate , Chennells Roger , Partington Hazel , Kimani Joshua , Thomson Gillian , Odhiambo Joyce Adhiambo , Snyders Leana , Louw Collin
Published: April 2024

Sex work is one of the most stigmatised professions in many parts of the world. In Kenya, where it is also illegal, sex workers can even face rape and abuse at the hands of law enforcement agents when it becomes known how they earn a living. As a result, sex workers rarely disclose their profession to family members, let alone outsiders. This means that the involvement of Kenyan sex workers in research over the years has been highly risky, as most research efforts collect personal data. This chapter describes a four-stage investigation into how sex workers define vulnerability for themselves. The approach was community-driven, community-led and, in the main, community-analysed. Importantly, no personal data was collected, and all engagement was undertaken by trusted facilitators and a sex worker community researcher. Findings showed that structural vulnerabilities are intersectional and stigma-aggravated. At the root may be poverty, but the stress created by being stigmatised can lead to mental health problems which, in turn, can aggravate poverty and stigma. The Kiswahili term mnyonge may capture the essence of vulnerability, expressing a sense of weakness without the ability to defend oneself.
Intellectual Property Rights in a Fab City/Open-Source Hardware Context
Authors: Beldiman Dana , Flüchter Fabian , Tann Felix
Published: April 2024

The Fab City framework is based on the idea of the global sharing of information and knowledge combined with the local production of physical goods. Besides a digital infrastructure, this framework also needs a legal infrastructure in order to ensure compliance with the Fab City principles. In this regard, the law presents two conflicting approaches: exclusivity through Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) or sharing of information based on the credo of the open-source movement. Both of these approaches might be necessary to enable the Fab City concept to flourish. This article will address this seeming dichotomy. We will further examine the relevance of IPRs and their respective features to the Fab City framework and address licensing challenges that may emerge from their use.
Circular und Distributed Design im Kontext der Fab City
Authors: Kühr Wolf , Ziehl Michael , Tischner Ursula
Published: April 2024

Im Beitrag wird dargelegt, dass Design neu verortet werden muss, um angemessen auf Herausforderungen zu reagieren, die aufgrund der aktuellen sozio-ökologischen Krisensituation (Klimakrise, Artensterben etc.) entstehen. Anhand der Circular und Distributed Design Konzepte wird aufgezeigt, dass bereits geeignete konzeptionelle Grundlagen für Designende bestehen. Darauf aufbauend werden fünf Design-Prinzipien vorgestellt, die im Rahmen des Circular Design Deep Dives in Hamburg co-kreiert wurden, um Designende zu inspirieren, kreislaufgerechte Produkte zu entwerfen und am Markt zu positionieren. In Bezug auf diese Prinzipien wird die Relevanz von offen angelegten Workshops aufgezeigt und dass praxisorientierte Prinzipien eine geeignete Handlungsumgebung benötigen, um Wirksamkeit zu entfalten – wie etwa die Fab City-Bewegung.
The Roles of Makerspaces for Facilitating Open-Source Hardware Development
Authors: Hofer Margit , Hassan Mehera , Mies Robert
Published: April 2024

While free and open-source software has become a mature concept, open-source co-creation and sharing of hardware comes with the need for organizing a much more diverse set of disciplines and capabilities. A steadily growing number of companies develop open-source hardware (OSH) products based on the existing body of free technological knowledge today, with many of them manufactured in their own vicinity which in turn improves resource productivity and social benefits. Fab labs/makerspaces as openly accessible facilities with local communities of makers have the potential to act as catalysts to mature and disseminate OSH development collaboratively. In the Horizon 2020 project OPENNEXT, 17 case studies were implemented in four clusters where makerspaces worked together with small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) for a limited time to provide new pathways for OSH co-creation and sharing. Various consumer goods industries, such as electronics, furniture, and mobility amongst others, were in focus. Different roles within the development process emerged from this SME-makerspace-cooperation for OSH that will need to be upscaled and elaborated by makerspaces.
Transitioning to a Fab City: A Governance Perspective
Authors: Wildhack Anna , Koppe Jana , Knieling Jörg
Published: April 2024

In this paper, the authors consider the implementation and design of a Fab City as an urban transformation model from the perspective of transition governance. The Fab City approach requires a high degree of cooperation and coordination between a variety of actors in the city system. Transition research provides insights into the nature of transformation processes, who is driving them and how, and, thus, makes analysis of these processes and practical recommendations for possible action. Using Hamburg as a case study, this paper discusses insights from transition governance research for the governance setting of a Fab City. For this purpose, the transition management model, an operational, action-oriented approach from the transformation literature, is presented, which offers clues as to how transformation processes can be promoted and co-designed.
Unser Blick auf den Status quo
Authors: Marzi Thomas , Renner Manfred
Published: April 2024

Das Ausmaß, in dem technisch-ökonomische Entwicklungen in den letzten Jahrhunderten die Welt verändert haben, ist schlichtweg atemberaubend. Menschen stehen heute Möglichkeiten offen, die ihre Vorfahren sich nicht mal vorstellen konnten. Dieses Wunder hat jedoch seinen Preis. Es kostet immer mehr Ressourcen, verursacht wachsende Emissionen und führt dazu, dass ein immer größer werdender Teil der Welt von Menschen zur Deckung ihrer Bedürfnisse in Anspruch genommen wird, während anderen Arten immer weniger Lebensraum zur Verfügung steht.
Natürliche, technische und ökonomische Systeme
Authors: Marzi Thomas , Renner Manfred
Published: April 2024

Die meisten Konzepte der Circular Economy und Bioökonomie beschreiben die Natur als „Ökosystem“ oder „Biosphäre“ und den menschlichen Wirkungsbereich als „Technosphäre“ oder „Wirtschaftssystem. Damit grenzen sie die Natur sprachlich von einem anderen Bereich ab und vertreten, zumindest was den Status quo betrifft, eine bedeutungslogische Naturauslegung, die zwischen Kultur und Natur differenziert. Die verschiedenen Bereiche werden, wie die o. g. Begriffe zeigen, als Systeme gedacht. Der Systembegriff ist somit ein wichtiger Baustein im Weltbild der Circular Economy und Bioökonomie.
Epilog
Authors: Grüny Christian
Published: April 2024

Am Eingang zur Ausstellung wird der Besucher von einer Art Zeremonienmeister empfangen, der nach seinem Namen fragt und diesen dann laut in den Ausstellungsraum ruft – ich bin als Gast anerkannt und angekündigt und betrete den Innenraum. Der Einstieg ist ein wenig manieriert, aber die Art der Markierung des Eintretens trifft den Charakter des Ganzen. Man betritt einen Raum, dem man nun für eine Zeit angehört, so wie alle anderen; allerdings nicht im etwas pathetischen Sinne einer temporären Gemeinschaft, sondern eher in einem losen Mit- oder Nebeneinander, in dem reale Interaktion und gegenseitiges Desinteresse gleichermaßen zugelassen sind. Die Ausstellung, die ich betreten habe, ist die zweite Station der ersten großen Retrospektive von Pierre Hyughe 2014 im Museum Ludwig in Köln. Sie soll hier im Hinblick auf ihre raumzeitliche Artikulation betrachtet werden.
Disease-induced changes in bacterial and fungal communities from plant below- and aboveground compartments
Authors: Cao Mingfeng , Huang Songqing , Li Jingjing , Zhang Xiaoming , Zhu Yi , Sun Jingzhao , Zhu Li , Deng Yong , Xu Jianqiang , Zhang Zhihua , Li Qiang , Ai Jixiang , Xie Tian , Li Hengli , Yin Huaqun , Kong Wuyuan , Gu Yabing
Published: April 2024

The plant microbes are an integral part of the host and play fundamental roles in plant growth and health. There is evidence indicating that plants have the ability to attract beneficial microorganisms through their roots in order to defend against pathogens. However, the mechanisms of plant microbial community assembly from below- to aboveground compartments under pathogen infection remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the bacterial and fungal communities in bulk soil, rhizosphere soil, root, stem, and leaf of both healthy and infected (Potato virus Y disease, PVY) plants. The results indicated that bacterial and fungal communities showed different recruitment strategies in plant organs. The number and abundance of shared bacterial ASVs between bulk and rhizosphere soils decreased with ascending migration from below- to aboveground compartments, while the number and abundance of fungal ASVs showed no obvious changes. Field type, plant compartments, and PVY infection all affected the diversity and structures of microbial community, with stronger effects observed in the bacterial community than the fungal community. Furthermore, PVY infection, rhizosphere soil pH, and water content (WC) contributed more to the assembly of the bacterial community than the fungal community. The analysis of microbial networks revealed that the bacterial communities were more sensitive to PVY infection than the fungal communities, as evidenced by the lower network stability of the bacterial community, which was characterized by a higher proportion of positive edges. PVY infection further increased the bacterial network stability and decreased the fungal network stability. These findings advance our understanding of how microbes respond to pathogen infections and provide a rationale and theoretical basis for biocontrol technology in promoting sustainable agriculture.

Key points

• Different recruitment strategies between plant bacterial and fungal communities.

• Bacterial community was more sensitive to PVY infection than fungal community.

• pH and WC drove the microbial community assembly under PVY infection.
Viral entry and translation in brain endothelia provoke influenza-associated encephalopathy
Authors: Kimura-Ohba Shihoko , Kitamura Mieko , Tsukamoto Yusuke , Kogaki Shigetoyo , Sakai Shinsuke , Fushimi Hiroaki , Matsuoka Keiko , Takeuchi Makoto , Itoh Kyoko , Ueda Keiji , Kimura Tomonori
Published: April 2024

Influenza-associated encephalopathy (IAE) is extremely acute in onset, with high lethality and morbidity within a few days, while the direct pathogenesis by influenza virus in this acute phase in the brain is largely unknown. Here we show that influenza virus enters into the cerebral endothelium and thereby induces IAE. Three-weeks-old young mice were inoculated with influenza A virus (IAV). Physical and neurological scores were recorded and temporal-spatial analyses of histopathology and viral studies were performed up to 72 h post inoculation. Histopathological examinations were also performed using IAE human autopsy brains. Viral infection, proliferation and pathogenesis were analyzed in cell lines of endothelium and astrocyte. The effects of anti-influenza viral drugs were tested in the cell lines and animal models. Upon intravenous inoculation of IAV in mice, the mice developed encephalopathy with brain edema and pathological lesions represented by micro bleeding and injured astrocytic process (clasmatodendrosis) within 72 h. Histologically, massive deposits of viral nucleoprotein were observed as early as 24 h post infection in the brain endothelial cells of mouse models and the IAE patients. IAV inoculated endothelial cell lines showed deposition of viral proteins and provoked cell death, while IAV scarcely amplified. Inhibition of viral transcription and translation suppressed the endothelial cell death and the lethality of mouse models. These data suggest that the onset of encephalopathy should be induced by cerebral endothelial infection with IAV. Thus, IAV entry into the endothelium, and transcription and/or translation of viral RNA, but not viral proliferation, should be the key pathogenesis of IAE.
Transtension or transpression? Tectono-metamorphic constraints on the formation of the Monte Grighini dome (Sardinia, Italy) and implications for the Southern European Variscan belt
Authors: Petroccia A. , Carosi R. , Montomoli C. , Iaccarino S. , Forshaw J. B. , Petrelli M.
Published: April 2024

This work presents an integrated structural, kinematic, and petrochronological study of the Monte Grighini dome within the Variscan hinterland–foreland transition zone of Sardinia (Italy). The area is characterised by dextral transpressive deformation partitioned into low- and high-strain zones (Monte Grighini shear zone, MGSZ). Geothermobarometry of one sample of sillimanite-bearing mylonitic metapelite indicates that the Monte Grighini shear zone developed under high-temperature (~ 625 °C) and low-pressure (~ 0.4–0.6 GPa) conditions. In situ U–(Th)–Pb monazite geochronology reveals that the deformation in the shear zone initiated at ca. 315 Ma. Although previous studies have interpreted the Monte Grighini shear zone to have formed in a transtensional regime, our structural and kinematic results integrated with constraints on the relative timing of deformation indicate that it shows similarities with other dextral ductile transpressive shear zones in the Southern European Variscan belt (i.e., the East Variscan Shear Zone, EVSZ). However, dextral transpression in the Monte Grighini shear zone started later than in other portions of the EVSZ within the framework of the Southern European Variscan Belt due to the progressive migration and rejuvenation of deformation from the core to the external sectors of the belt.

Graphical abstract
Biomechanical behavior of all-on-4 concept and alternative designs under different occlusal load configurations for completely edentulous mandible: a 3-D finite element analysis
Authors: Şentürk Ayben , Akaltan Funda
Published: April 2024

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the All-on-4 design and 4 alternative implant-supported fixed prosthesis designs on stress distribution in implants, peri-implant bone, and prosthetic framework in the edentulous mandible under different loading conditions using three-dimensional finite element analysis (3D-FEA).Five different experimental finite element models (Model A (unsplinted 6), Model B (splinted 6), Model C (All-on-4), Model D (axial; 2 anterior, 2 posterior), and Model E (4 interforaminal)) were created. Three different loading conditions were applied (canine loading, unilateral I-loading, and unilateral II-loading). The highest minimum (Pmin) and the maximum (Pmax) principal stress values were acquired for cortical and trabecular bones; the highest von Mises (mvM) stress values were obtained for implants and metal frameworks. Model B and Model D showed the most favorable stress distribution. The All-on-4 design (Model C) also showed acceptable stress values close to those of Model B and Model D in the cortical and trabecular bones. In accordance with the stress values in the bone structure, the lowest stress values were measured in the implants and Co-Cr framework in Model B and Model D. The highest stress values in all structures were measured for unilateral loading- II, while the lowest values were found for canine loading. It was concluded that Model B and Model D experimental models showed better biomechanical performance in all structures. Furthermore, the use of a splinted framework, avoiding cantilevers, results in lower stress transmission. On the other hand, canine loading and unilateral loading-I exhibited the best loading conditions.
The role of aetiology in cardiac manifestations of chronic kidney disease: the CPH-CKD ECHO study
Authors: Christensen Jacob , Landler Nino Emanuel , Olsen Flemming Javier , Sørensen Ida Maria Hjelm , Bjergfelt Sasha Saurbrey , Ballegaard Ellen Linnea Freese , Feldt-Rasmussen Bo , Hansen Ditte , Kamper Anne-Lise , Christoffersen Christina , Bro Susanne , Biering-Sørensen Tor
Published: April 2024

Purpose

We investigated the associations between cardiac parameters and aetiologies of CKD in an exploratory study.

Methods

The study population consisted of 883 participants, 174 controls and 709 patients with aetiologies of CKD including diabetic nephropathy/renovascular KD in diabetes mellitus, hypertensive/renovascular nephropathy, tubulointerstitial nephritis, glomerulonephritis/vasculitis, polycystic KD (PKD), and CKD of unknown origin. Echocardiographic measures included left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, global longitudinal, area, and radial strain, E/e’ ratio, and LV mass index. These were compared between each aetiological group and controls in unadjusted and adjusted analysis.

Results

In unadjusted analysis, patients with diabetic nephropathy/renovascular KD in diabetes mellitus, had impaired LV ejection fraction (Median [IQR]: 56% [49.9,60.69] vs. 60.8% [57.7,64.1]), global longitudinal (mean ± SD: 13.1 ± 3.5% vs. 15.5 ± 2.6%), area (24.1 ± 5.8% vs. 28.5 ± 4.2%), and radial strain (36.2 ± 11.2% vs. 44.1 ± 9.7%), and increased LV mass index (89.1 g/m2 [71.8,104.9] vs. 69,0 g/m2 [57.9,80.8]) and E/e’ ratio (10.6 [8.5,12.6] vs. 7 [5.8,8.3], p < 0.001 for all) compared with controls. Associations were similar for CKD of unknown origin. Patients with hypertensive/renovascular nephropathy had impaired global longitudinal and area strain, and higher E/e’ ratio. Patients with glomerulonephritis/vasculitis had higher LV mass index, while patients with PKD had better global longitudinal strain than controls. All findings remained significant in adjusted analysis, except for the impaired global longitudinal strain in hypertensive/renovascular nephropathy.

Conclusion

Glomerulonephritis/vasculitis, hypertensive/renovascular nephropathy, CKD of unknown origin, and diabetic nephropathy/renovascular KD in diabetes mellitus were increasingly associated with adverse cardiac findings, while PKD and tubulointerstitial nephritis were not. Aetiology might play a role regarding the cardiac manifestations of CKD.

Graphical Abstract

A graphical summary of the study population and main results. Abbreviations: DN = Diabetic nephropathy and renovascular kidney disease in diabetes mellitus, PKD = Polycystic kidney disease, CKDu = Chronic kidney disease of unknown origin, LVEF = Left ventricular ejection fraction, LVMi = Left ventricular mass index, E/e’ ratio = Early mitral inflow velocity to mitral annular early diastolic velocity ratio, GLS = Global longitudinal strain, GAS = Global area strain, GRS = Global radial strain.
Trusting Intelligent Automation in Expert Work: Accounting Practitioners’ Experiences and Perceptions
Authors: Ala-Luopa Saara , Olsson Thomas , Väänänen Kaisa , Hartikainen Maria , Makkonen Jouko
Published: April 2024

AI-based applications are increasingly used in knowledge-intensive expert work, which has led to a discussion regarding their trustworthiness, i.e., to which degree these applications are ethical and reliable. While trust in technology is an important aspect of using and accepting novel information systems, little is known about domain experts’ trust in machine learning systems in their work. To provide a real-life, empirical perspective on the topic, this study reports findings from an interview study of accounting practitioners’ (N = 9) trust in intelligent automation in their work. The findings underline the holistic nature of trust, suggesting that contextual and social aspects, such as participatory design practices, shape domain experts’ trust in intelligent automation. For instance, the participants emphasize their contribution to product development and open communication with the system developers. In addition, the findings shed light on the characteristics of domain experts as technology users, such as the necessity of situation-specific expert knowledge when evaluating the systems’ reliability. Thus, our findings suggest that trust in intelligent automation manifests at different levels, both in human-AI interaction and interpersonal communication and collaboration. This research contributes to the existing literature on trust in technology, especially AI-powered applications, by providing insights into trust in intelligent automation in expert work.
Fracture toughness of AlSi10Mg alloy produced by LPBF: effects of orientation and heat treatment
Authors: Lupi Giorgia , Minerva Giuliano , Patriarca Luca , Casati Riccardo , Beretta Stefano
Published: April 2024

In this study, AlSi10Mg samples were manufactured by laser-powder bed fusion process to explore the fracture toughness dependence on both built orientation and aging treatment. The experiments were performed on as-built and directly-aged (200$$^{\circ }$$

∘

C/4 h) conditions, with the latter revealed to be a valuable treatment for improving fracture toughness. A comprehensive investigation involving detailed microstructural analysis, grain-orientation mapping, and crack-tip strain measurements was conducted to investigate the mechanisms governing the material behavior. The results revealed that specimens subjected to direct aging display higher toughness, thereby enhancing the fracture resistance of AlSi10Mg. Moreover, a considerable variation in fracture toughness values was observed for the different printing orientations, indicating the existence of manufacturing-induced anisotropy. The findings highlight that this anisotropy mainly correlates with the distinctive microstructure induced by the additive manufacturing process. In particular, this study focuses on the different preferential crack paths dictated by the melt pool boundaries orientation respective the crack propagation direction. A substantial reduction in fracture toughness was observed when the crack propagates along the melt pool boundaries.
Optoelectronic properties of BiCuOSe p-type oxychalcogenides
Authors: Melchor-Robles J. A. , Martínez-Reyes Jacobo , Lira Miguel Ángel Meléndez , de Moure Flores Francisco Javier , Olvera M. de la L.
Published: April 2024

BiCuOSe systems are proposed as candidates to develop transparent p-type semiconductors in the visible region. This work reports the characterization results obtained for the BiCuOSe powders, synthesized by the solid-state reaction (SSR) method through mechanical milling, and nanostructured thin films deposited from the same processed powders using the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. Structural characterization through X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the material presents a tetragonal structure with an average crystallite size of 21 nm and a preferential orientation in the (1 0 2) plane. The morphological and particle size evolution of BiCuOSe powders is presented as a function of the milling time. Transmission and scanning electron microscopies confirmed the spherical geometry of the particles in the powders and nanosheets like structure for the films. Particle sizes were also estimated, ranging from 10 to 100 nm for powders and 60 to 70 nm for films. The bandgap values, EG, for BiCuOSe powders were estimated from diffuse reflectance spectra using the Kubelka–Munk method, yielding values close to 0.7 eV. For thin films, EG values were estimated using the Tauc method, obtaining values in the range of 0.8–3.5 eV, depending on the annealing treatment. Additionally, electrical properties were measured in all deposited thin films, confirming the p-type conductivity, a minimal resistivity of 0.0735 Ω cm, hole mobility on the order of 88 cm2/Vs, and carrier concentration of 9.7 × 1018 cm−3.
Whole-Genome Sequencing-Based Confirmatory Methods on RT-qPCR Results for the Detection of Foodborne Viruses in Frozen Berries
Authors: Yang Zhihui , Kulka Michael , Yang Qianru , Papafragkou Efstathia , Yu Christine , Wales Samantha Q. , Ngo Diana , Chen Haifeng
Published: April 2024

Accurate detection, identification, and subsequent confirmation of pathogens causing foodborne illness are essential for the prevention and investigation of foodborne outbreaks. This is particularly true when the causative agent is an enteric virus that has a very low infectious dose and is likely to be present at or near the limit of detection. In this study, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was combined with either of two non-targeted pre-amplification methods (SPIA and SISPA) to investigate their utility as a confirmatory method for RT-qPCR positive results of foods contaminated with enteric viruses. Frozen berries (raspberries, strawberries, and blackberries) were chosen as the food matrix of interest due to their association with numerous outbreaks of foodborne illness. The hepatitis A virus (HAV) and human norovirus (HuNoV) were used as the contaminating agents. The non-targeted WGS strategy employed in this study could detect and confirm HuNoV and HAV at genomic copy numbers in the single digit range, and in a few cases, identified viruses present in samples that had been found negative by RT-qPCR analyses. However, some RT-qPCR-positive samples could not be confirmed using the WGS method, and in cases with very high Ct values, only a few viral reads and short sequences were recovered from the samples. WGS techniques show great potential for confirmation and identification of virally contaminated food items. The approaches described here should be further optimized for routine application to confirm the viral contamination in berries.
Gekommen um zu bleiben: Was kann aus den Pandemieerfahrungen für die Auswirkungen und die positive Gestaltung des Arbeitens im Homeoffice gelernt werden?
Authors: Gerich Joachim
Published: April 2024

Forschungsresultate zu Auswirkungen des Arbeitens im Homeoffice zeigen überwiegend positive Effekte für Beschäftigte. Dennoch muss in Abhängigkeit organisationaler und personaler Randbedingungen auch mit ungünstigen Effekten gerechnet werden. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht individuelle Effekte des Arbeitens im Homeoffice bei einer Stichprobe von 743 Beschäftigten mittels Befragungsdaten, welche im Zuge der COVID-19 Pandemie erhoben wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass vor allem eine „kompensatorische“ Nutzungspraxis, bei der das Homeoffice für zusätzliche Arbeiten im Anschluss an reguläre Arbeit im Betrieb oder an Wochenenden und freien Tagen genutzt wird, mit ungünstigen Effekten wie erhöhtem Technostress, Work-Family Konflikten, geringerem psychologischem Detachment und einer erhöhten Neigung zu Präsentismus assoziiert ist. Diese Nutzungspraxis wird häufiger in Betrieben mit starker Wettbewerbsorientierung, indirekten Steuerungsformen und gering formalisierten Homeoffice-Policies angewandt. Beschäftigte mit geringer Segmentationspräferenz und hohem Bedürfnis nach Autonomie können zwar grundsätzlich stärker von positiven Effekten im Homeoffice profitieren. Durch zugleich häufigere kompensatorische Nutzungspraxis werden die positiven Effekte durch ungünstige Auswirkungen dieser Nutzungsform jedoch reduziert.

Praktische Relevanz: Durch geeignete organisatorische Rahmenbedingungen sollte eine kompensatorische Nutzung von Homeoffice verhindert werden, um negative Effekte auf die Befindlichkeit und Vereinbarkeiten zu vermeiden.
Effect of zeolite and bamboo biochar as CO2 absorbant in concrete
Authors: Revathi Srinivasan , Alice Elizabeth Tania Dobson , Ancy Shadin Sutharson , Keerthana Jegatheesan
Published: April 2024

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the major air pollutants that enter the atmosphere. There is a large release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as a result of burning fossil fuels in the cement manufacturing industries and many other industries, as well as emissions from gridlock. This increase in CO2 concentration in the atmosphere leads to various ill effects and global warming. To reduce the CO2 level in the atmosphere, efforts were made to prepare concrete that can absorb CO2 by addition of zeolite and bamboo biochar. These materials were chosen because zeolite and bamboo biochar have large pore volume and large specific surface area and so they can absorb more CO2. Zeolite is having more oxygen content and bamboo biochar is having more carbon content which helps in CO2 absorption. In this work, Zeolite is substituted for fine aggregate in the varying ratios of 25% and 50% and bamboo biochar is substituted for cement in the ratios of 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%. The strength properties and CO2 absorbing capacities of various zeolite and bamboo biochar concrete ratios were compared and it was found that concrete with 50% zeolite and 1% bamboo biochar (ZB5) was the optimal mix. The optimal mix was found based on compressive strength, split tensile strength, water absorption, impact strength, amount of CO2 absorption and depth of CO2 penetration in concrete. This optimal mix has a compressive strength of 38.49 MPa which is 7.48% higher than conventional concrete and also has a split tensile strength of 4.39 MPa which is 15% higher than conventional concrete. It was also found that the optimal mix absorbed 1.2 g of CO2 per day and that the depth of CO2 penetration was 15 mm when the concrete cube was kept in the carbonation chamber for 7 days. This study provided necessary information on the addition of zeolite and bamboo biochar in the concrete which enhances both strength properties and CO2 absorption. This study is important because now-a-days the current CO2 emission in the atmosphere is mainly due to several man-made activities. This ZB concrete provides a solution to reduce the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere and can be used in the concrete pavements, sewer pipelines, parapet walls and the environments with higher CO2 concentration and emission.

Graphical Abstract
Direct numerical simulations of an airfoil undergoing dynamic stall at different background disturbance levels
Authors: Kern J.S. , Blanco D.C.P. , Cavalieri A.V.G. , Negi P.S. , Hanifi A. , Henningson D.S.
Published: April 2024

Thin airfoil dynamic stall at moderate Reynolds numbers is typically linked to the sudden bursting of a small laminar separation bubble close to the leading edge. Given the strong sensitivity of laminar separation bubbles to external disturbances, the onset of dynamic stall on a NACA0009 airfoil section subject to different levels of low-amplitude free stream disturbances is investigated using direct numerical simulations. The flow is practically indistinguishable from clean inflow simulations in the literature for turbulence intensities at the leading edge of

${Tu} = 0.02\,\%$

. At slightly higher turbulence intensities of

${Tu} = 0.05\,\%$

, the bursting process is found to be considerably less smooth and strong coherent vortex shedding from the laminar separation bubble is observed prior to the formation of the dynamic stall vortex (DSV). This phenomenon is considered in more detail by analysing its appearance in an ensemble of simulations comprising statistically independent realisations of the flow, thus proving its statistical relevance. In order to extract the transient dynamics of the vortex shedding, the classical proper orthogonal decomposition method is generalised to include time in the energy measure and applied to the time-resolved simulation data of incipient dynamic stall. Using this technique, the dominant transient spatiotemporally correlated features are distilled and the wave train of the vortex shedding prior to the emergence of the main DSV is reconstructed from the flow data exhibiting dynamics of large-scale coherent growth and decay within the turbulent boundary layer.
Axial friction coefficient of turbulent spiral Poiseuille flows
Authors: Manna M. , Vacca A. , Verzicco R.
Published: April 2024

Direct numerical simulations of spiral Poiseuille flows in a narrow gap geometry are performed with the aim of identifying the mechanisms governing the dynamics of the axial friction coefficient. The investigation has explored a small portion of the Reynolds number–Taylor number phase space (

$600 \leq Re \leq 5766$

and

$1500 \leq Ta \leq 5000$

), for which reference experimental results are available. The study is focused on the mechanism leading to the enhancement of the axial friction coefficient with the Taylor number when the Reynolds number is kept constant. The analysis of the spatial distribution of the Reynolds stress tensor and of the turbulent energy budget has evidenced the key role of the pressure–strain correlation in the energy transfer from the azimuthal to the axial component. The latter eventually determines the increase of the axial friction coefficient through the enhanced radial mixing of axial momentum. Data have also shown that the flow dynamics is heavily dependent on the

$Ta/Re$

ratio, and different regimes develop (ranging from laminar to turbulent), each with peculiar behaviours.