bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reclaiming place and self-harming architecture: Norwegian experiences of death and security
Authors: Heath-Kelly Charlotte
Published: May 2017

This chapter moves away from Manhattan to explore the competing memorial projects at sites connected to Anders Breivik’s attacks of 22 July 2011 in Norway. It compares and contrasts the aesthetic approaches to memorialisation used by the Norwegian state and civil society actors, while arguing that memorialisation is a security practice in both contexts. Heideggerian and phenomenological geography is used to explore the reclaiming of post-terrorist space and place by civil society actors at Utøya island.
Mutating disaster space: itinerant death at the Ground Zero Mosque and Bali bombsite
Authors: Heath-Kelly Charlotte
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores civil society activism around bombsite reconstruction in Bali and Manhattan, during delays in post-disaster reconstruction. Organisations have protested against potential profane usage of post-terrorist space in both cases, and in the process they have inadvertently and implicitly made spatial claims about ‘sacred’ space. This chapter explores the Ground Zero Mosque (park 51) controversy, the transportation of debris from the twin towers to a Staten Island landfill site, and the Bali Peace Park campaign to reclaim the Bali bombing site, to explore how activism causes bombsites to mutate, expand and contract in their spatial constitution. The chapter interprets the civil society activism around bombsites through cultural geography to argue that mortality remains an itinerant force of anxiety until post-terrorist landscapes are rebuilt.
Introduction: unsettling subjects of justice and ethics
Authors: Sheldon Ruth
Published: May 2017

This chapter begins with an ethnographic account of the high profile student conflicts around free speech and racism which unfolded across UK campuses in 2008-9 in response to ‘Operation Cast Lead’. The discussion focuses on the unsettling quality of these events in order to introduce a number of key elements in the framing of this study. First, the chapter highlights how campus struggles around Palestine-Israel are not only constituted through competing discourses in the abstract but are also the locus of intense feelings, contradictory desires and visceral interpersonal encounters. Second, is argued that these raging campus conflicts over Palestine-Israel involve the destabilisation of established spatial boundaries under conditions of globalisation and so can be helpfully connected to Nancy Fraser’s theory of ‘abnormal justice’. Third, by highlighting how this case is also the focus of disputed historical claims, the chapter introduces helpful resonances with aesthetic notions of the tragic. The chapter concludes by introducing some key interlocutors - Ludwig Wittgenstein, Stanley Cavell and Veena Das - who will help with a key task of this book: to develop an ethnographic imagination attentive to movements between the discursive/embodied and public/personal dimensions of democratic life.
Postcolonial Minorities in Britain and France
Authors: Sharma Shailja
Published: May 2017

The book analyses why religious and racial minorities in Britain and France are unable to integrate into the nation-state. By examining their religious and cultural integration as well as their postcolonial status, I make the argument that historical attitudes towards postcolonial minorities make it very hard for them to be integrated into national life even as they become legal citizens.
Challenges to national citizenship
Authors: Sharma Shailja
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at the theory of citizenship through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It examines the practice and definition of multi-ethnic and multicultural citizenship in both Britain and France, especially in regard to postcolonial migrants and their children.
Hot Metal
Authors: Adams Stein Jesse
Published: May 2017

With the increasing digitisation of almost every facet of human endeavour, concerns persist about ‘deskilling’ and precarious employment. The publishing industry has turned its energy to online and electronic media, and jobs continue to disappear from printing, publishing and journalism. The replacement of human labour with computerised technologies is not merely a contemporary issue; it has an established history dating from the mid-twentieth century. What is often missing from this record is an understanding of how the world of work is tightly interwoven with the tangible and affective worlds of material culture and design, even in ‘clean’ computerised environments. Workplace culture is not only made up of socio-political relationships and dynamics. It is also bound up with a world of things, with and through which the social and gendered processes of workplace life are enacted and experienced. Understanding how we interact with and interpret design is crucial for appreciating the complexities of the labour experience, particularly at times of technological disruption. Hot Metal reveals integral labour-design relationships through an examination of three decades in the printing industry, between the 1960s and 1980s. This was the period when hot-metal typesetting and letterpress was in decline; the early years of the ‘digital switch’. Using oral histories from an intriguing case-study – a doggedly traditional Government Printing Office in Australia – this book provides an evocative rendering of design culture and embodied practice in a context that was, like many workplaces, not quite ‘up-to-date’ with technology. Hot Metal is also history of how digital technologies ruptured and transformed working life in manufacturing. Rather than focusing solely on ‘official’ labour, this book will introduce the reader to workers’ clandestine creative practices; the making of things ‘on the side’.
‘Going with the technology’: the final generation of hot-metal compositors
Authors: Adams Stein Jesse
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks to the experience of compositors (those workers who set the type) who lost their traditional printing trade when computer typesetting technologies were introduced. The transition away from hot-metal typesetting is not a deterministic story of technological inevitability. It is part of a broader economic and political shift; the move away from a protectionist manufacturing economies, into neoliberal service economies geared towards international markets. What happened to the workers who were pulled along with this transition? And how important was the material and embodied nature of traditional typesetting in this loss of a trade? For these compositors, the introduction of computers resulted in a profound loss of control, and the only way to regain that control did not appear to be in the collective security of unions, nor in the skills built up from a life of work in printing. In the 1980s, former hot-metal compositors used individual initiative; they no longer found security in the old collective practices, craft traditions and camaraderie that had once characterised their workplace. This emerging social and economic regime profoundly changed these compositors’ identities, as well as their attitudes to technology, skill and collectivity.
Conclusion: factory closures, material culture and loss
Authors: Adams Stein Jesse
Published: May 2017

This conclusion foregrounds the closure of Sydney’s Government Printing Office, revealing the emotive and powerful significance of material culture when an institution is extinguished. In re-telling the story of the factory closure, this chapter highlights the importance of material culture in industrial histories. Here was an unruly abundance of things, difficult and cumbersome relics of an industrial past. Workers took whatever they could smuggle out, as a way of compensating themselves for the betrayal of trust by their employers. Objects were at the centre of this story of decline and industrial closure. It is not simply that objects became connected to memory. Material culture both stirred feelings and consoled people who felt they had not been respected by the institution to which they had been loyal. Thus we return to the central message of this book: history is not merely the movement of people through time, it is bound up with the ever-changing physical and spatial world. A bringing-together of labour history with design and material culture, therefore, seems not only appropriate but entirely necessary.
A shell for the body and mind
Authors: Atkinson Rowland , Blandy Sarah
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the meaning and importance of more psychological aspects of the private home. Homeownership has been argued to provide us with a deep sense of security of being in troubled times, when trust in community has been lost. Psychoanalytic and sociological theories of consumption practices are used here to examine the role of psychic development as it occurs within the home. Two functions of the home in particular are examined here, illustrated through fairy stories, fiction and films. First, the home's role as a bridge or mediator to the public world outside the home, meaning that a child's preparation for the outside world is largely dependent on parental perceptions of risk and insecurity. Second, the private (fearful) world inside what Freud termed the unheimlich home, hiding dreadful secrets. The current emphasis on control of outsiders' access to the home, and the developing culture of respecting others' homes as entirely private places, may make the home a domestic prison for its less powerful residents: women and children. Feminist analyses of the development of gender roles in the home and data on domestic violence show the dark underbelly of the sanctified private home. Although some homes are havens, others can be the site of domestic slavery and even more disturbing examples of power and abuse, such as Fred West, and the imprisonment of Fritzl's daughter in Austria and Jaycee Dugard in the US.
Projection and Parallelism
Authors: Gillick Liam
Published: May 2017

Projection is at the heart of a political and social structures. Parallelism is the dominant feature of a system based on projection.
Art as a Pile
Authors: Gillick Liam
Published: May 2017

There are two fundamentally opposed ways of reading contemporary arts structure, significance and potential.
1820: Erasmus and Upheaval
Authors: Gillick Liam
Published: May 2017

Enclosure. Compromise. Specialization in the light of technology. The development of parallel histories in tension with simultaneous realities. The emergence of the exhibition and the rebel who provokes commentary within a search for settings. The emergence of places of thought versus places of display.
1974: Volvo and the Mise-en-Scène
Authors: Gillick Liam
Published: May 2017

Endless work. The rise of interface technologies. Contraction, limitation and exit. Resistance through subcultural assertion. The consolidation of the contemporary as a describable practice. The arrival of the curator and an awareness of our condition.
Nostalgia for the Group
Authors: Gillick Liam
Published: May 2017

Maybe it’s possible to explain the discursive cultural framework within a context of difference and collectivity, “difference” being the key word that defines our time and “collectivity” being the thing that is so hard to achieve while frequently being so longed for. We have to negotiate and recognize difference and collectivity simultaneously. It is an aspect of social consciousness that is exemplified in the art context. Difference and collectivity as social definitions and processes of recognition feed from the examples of modern and ​contemporary art. Art is nurtured and encouraged in return via cultural permission to be the space for what cannot be tolerated but can be accommodated under the conditions of neoliberal globalization.
Why Work?
Authors: Gillick Liam
Published: May 2017

Art is a place where the rules of engagement are open to question. Art is a history of doing nothing and a long tale ​of useful action. It is always a fetishization of decision and indecision—with each mark, structure and, engagement. This book’s challenge to contemporary practitioners, or current artists, is that “contemporary art” no longer accounts for what is being made; it no longer is connected to what we have all become rather than what we might propose, represent, or fail to achieve. The challenge made is that artists today, whether they like it or not, have fallen into a trap predetermined by their existence within a regime that is centered on a rampant capitalization of the mind.
Functional dissociation of stimulus intensity encoding and predictive coding of pain in the insula
Authors: Geuter Stephan , Boll Sabrina , Eippert Falk , Büchel Christian
Published: May 2017

The computational principles by which the brain creates a painful experience from nociception are still unknown. Classic theories suggest that cortical regions either reflect stimulus intensity or additive effects of intensity and expectations, respectively. By contrast, predictive coding theories provide a unified framework explaining how perception is shaped by the integration of beliefs about the world with mismatches resulting from the comparison of these beliefs against sensory input. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging during a probabilistic heat pain paradigm, we investigated which computations underlie pain perception. Skin conductance, pupil dilation, and anterior insula responses to cued pain stimuli strictly followed the response patterns hypothesized by the predictive coding model, whereas posterior insula encoded stimulus intensity. This novel functional dissociation of pain processing within the insula together with previously observed alterations in chronic pain offer a novel interpretation of aberrant pain processing as disturbed weighting of predictions and prediction errors.
Aversion and Erasure
Authors: Dean Carolyn J.
Published: May 2017

This book offers a bold account of how the Holocaust's status as humanity's most terrible example of evil has shaped contemporary discourses about victims in the West. Popular and scholarly attention to the Holocaust has led some observers to conclude that a “surfeit of Jewish memory” is obscuring the suffering of other peoples. The text explores the pervasive idea that suffering and trauma in the United States and Western Europe have become central to identity, with victims competing for recognition by displaying their collective wounds. It argues that this notion has never been examined systematically even though it now possesses the force of self-evidence. It developed in nascent form after World War II, when the near-annihilation of European Jewry began to transform patriotic mourning into a slogan of “Never Again”: as the Holocaust demonstrated, all people might become victims because of their ethnicity, race, gender, or sexuality—because of who they are. The recent concept that suffering is central to identity and that Jewish suffering under Nazism is iconic of modern evil has dominated public discourse since the 1980s. The book also argues that we believe that the rational contestation of grievances in democratic societies is being replaced by the proclamation of injury and the desire to be a victim. Such dramatic and yet culturally powerful assertions, however, cast suspicion on victims and define their credibility in new ways that require analysis.
The Surfeit of Jewish Memory
Authors: Dean Carolyn J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the so-called surfeit of Jewish memory, which is articulated primarily as an argument about how Jewish memory exemplifies a pathological cultural attachment to having been or being a victim. It assesses the so-called surfeit in terms of the discrepancy between fantasmic concepts of “too much” and the right amount of identification with victims, an apparently rational calculus that has gone awry. Critics thus argue that Jewish memory voids the substance of history and the value of empathy in pursuit of identification with Holocaust victims that narcissistically appropriates victims' suffering and focuses on Jews' victimization at the expense of others.
French Discourses on Exorbitant Jewish Memory
Authors: Dean Carolyn J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the general effort of French intellectuals after the 1980s to define victims and the experience of victimization in a new cultural context. Among many scholars and critics in France, Jews, the particularity of whose sufferings under the Vichy regime and in the Holocaust were only belatedly recognized, have been increasingly associated with victims and a hyperbolic rhetoric of victimization. The sustained attention paid in the last two decades both to Vichy's crimes against Jews and to the Holocaust itself in speeches, commemorative rituals, trials, and television shows led not only to an association of Jewish identity with collective injury, but also, to a French backlash against too much Jewish memory. French journalist and writer Nicolas Weill uses the term “Holocaust Fatigue” to describe the same phenomenon, and views it as the “probable cause” of public apathy when anti-Semitism allegedly resurged in France between 2000 and 2002.
Minimalism and Victim Testimony
Authors: Dean Carolyn J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the writings of four authors—Saul Friedländer, Jan T. Gross, Lawrence Langer, and Berel Lang—in order to explore the uses of minimalism. Minimalism here is defined as any aesthetic form marked by antisentimental austerity. Minimalist narratives resist hyperbole in order to avoid the potential conversion of suffering into kitsch, voyeurism, or sublimity by following a dictum. It attempts to understand the interpretation of manifest rather than mastered suffering as a form of rhetorical and psychological excess (and thus of injury proclaimed as excessive). Both of Friedländer and Gross self-consciously seek to disrupt the reader's expectations of rhetorical constraint by (counterintuitively) hewing closely to the established methods of historiography. Langer and Lang are authors of two of the most eminent but problematic literary critical and philosophical arguments about Holocaust testimony and representation who, for all their differences, have much in common.
New Women in the Civilizing Mission
Authors: Sasaki Motoe
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores how the notion of civilization affected historical consciousness in the U.S. and China, and was also involved in the creation of the subjectivities of the New Woman: on the U.S. side as a benevolent female emancipator by a country at the vanguard of historical progress in the world, and in China as a self-sufficient modern female in a country in imminent danger of falling into a state of wangguo. In addition, the chapter discusses the experiences of the first generation of American New Women missionaries who sailed to China to be part of the civilizing mission otherwise known as the U.S. foreign mission movement. They took issue with the direction of Chinese xin nüxing and with the radical activism among young Chinese women in the 1911 Revolution that overturned the Qing dynasty. By appropriating popularized versions of evolutionary theories, these missionaries constructed their legitimacy as teachers of Chinese women on the basis of comparisons with them, and they created educational projects and enterprises for Chinese women designed to create a more acceptable kind of New Woman that fell in line with mainstream views of American missionary women.
United States Internationalism and Chinese Modernity
Authors: Sasaki Motoe
Published: May 2017

This chapter takes up the rising tide of internationalism in the United States during the 1910s and examines how a new generation of New Women, who entertained the international spirit buoyed by burgeoning Wilsonian liberal internationalism, perceived the United States' place in the world and their own role in China. Within U.S. borders, internationalism was first conceived as a way to consolidate its increasingly culturally diverse populace under the banner of universal democracy. It was in countries such as China that this notion of the universality of U.S. ideals and values was put to the test. In China, the new generation of internationally minded New Women missionaries found a pleasing reality—the existence of a favorable image of the United States—and became even more convinced of the validity of their internationalism. The favorable image of the United States also meant that American New Women missionaries could become desirable role models for Chinese women: at their institutions, Chinese xin nüxing students earnestly responded to the expectation of their teachers, and these young Chinese women evolved into genuine New Women in line with the principle put forth by American New Women missionaries.
Awash in the Storm of National Revolution
Authors: Sasaki Motoe
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the aftermath of the collapse of the Wilsonian moment and its uneven and gendered effects on American New Women missionaries' enterprises in the Nationalist Revolution period (1924–27). It was at this time that the missionaries came to feel the power of the national revolution movement and found their projects were being reframed within new ideas and articulated in a new vocabulary that had become current in China. In taking such changes into account, they had to interpret and respond to new developments and ultimately reconsider their own perceptions of the United States and the very nature of their existence in China. Local Chinese resistance to their educational projects and institutions directed toward American New Women missionaries also brought into play gender differences and issues among the Chinese themselves and consequently made the difficulties facing the missionaries all the more complex and entrenched.
Introduction
Authors: Zeitlin Steve
Published: May 2017

This book explores the poetry of everyday life and relates it to folklore, with the objective of helping the reader to maximize their capacity for artistic expression. It asks how we can tap into the poetics of things we often take for granted, from the stories we tell to the people we love, or the sports and games we play. It considers how poems serve us in daily life, as well as the ways poems are used in crisis situations: to serve people with AIDS, or as a form of healing and remembrance after 9/11. The book also looks at the tales and metaphors of scientists as a kind of poetry that enables us to better understand the universe around us. It includes a section dedicated to art in the human life cycle and explains the author's own conception of “the human unit of time.” Lastly, the book suggests ways to tap in to the artfulness and artistry of our own lives and how to find audiences for your work, to share your vision with the world.
Inventing a Language for Love
Authors: Zeitlin Steve
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes sex as poetry and play. Our sexual experiences, the author suggests, must rise above the rote performances of “a bull in Wisconsin” if they are to play a significant part in our lives. Because sex is an animal urge but also a human endeavor, the author asks how we—how we can—infuse it with meaning. “We are alone in this world,” said Lissa, quoted in the writer and public radio producer Julia Hutton's book, Good Sex: Real Stories from Real People, “and we can't truly connect minds and hearts except through the tools we have—language, art, music, and sex.” No two people come to sex and sexuality the same way. The author talks about how we use language, story, poetry, and play to add aesthetics to sex; how we poeticize and humanize and create entire worlds of pleasure and angst based on the few ways that human beings can tuck ourselves into one another.
The Best Stories versus My Story
Authors: Zeitlin Steve
Published: May 2017

In this chapter, the author explains how you can afford to spend your time writing even if it brings no material rewards and can't help you make a living, arguing that it comes down to the compartmentalization of body and soul. The author describes a project at City Lore called City of Memory, a dynamic, participatory online story map of New York City. Visitors to the site would be interested in only two things: What are the best stories? and What is my story? Ultimately, the question becomes Is my story one of the best stories? There is only one way to find out: tell it and put it out there in the world. And one way of getting your story out into the world is to share work with family and friends. The author also reflects on the first People's Poetry Gathering he helped to create in 1999. Co-sponsored by City Lore and Poets House, the New York City event brought together literary and folk poets alike.
Lion’s Gate
Authors: Zeitlin Steve
Published: May 2017

This chapter reflects on how we can use myths to explore and illuminate the inner landscape through which we journey, and in which we are, inevitably, often lost. It describes the Untermyer Gardens in Yonkers, New York, and its centerpiece: the Walled Garden, or “Garden of Eden.” A brainchild of Samuel Untermyer and designed by William Welles Bosworth, the Untermyer Gardens also features the Lion's Gate and the Tree of Knowledge. In the same way that Untermyer and Bosworth grew a garden by mythologizing a place, we can start to “grow a soul,” as anthropologist Barbara Myerhoff once put it, by mythologizing our lives. The trek through the gardens invites us to consider our inner journeys where ancient myths entwine with our own life stories. In The Hero with a Thousand Faces, Joseph Campbell writes about the patterns in ancient mythology, offering as examples Prometheus and Jason. These ancient myths resonate not just in our popular culture but as metaphors in our own lives.
Introduction
Authors: Allum Felia
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the Neapolitan Camorra. The Camorra is the third-largest Italian mafia and is predominately active in Naples and the Campania region. Today, the Camorra has become a powerful criminal force capable of controlling sectors of the European and Italian drug, counterfeit, cigarette, and waste-management markets as well as investing in many legitimate businesses in Naples, Italy, and Europe, and winning many local and national public contracts. Compared to other mafias, the Camorra has always been considered less dangerous because it is more visible, territorial, and amateurish. However, when camorristi move abroad, they become less attached to a specific territory and focus purely on economic activities. They do not migrate as clans but as individuals who manage to “camouflage” themselves so efficiently that it becomes difficult to recognize them as a threat to foreign societies and economies.
Local Motives, Global Choices
Authors: Allum Felia
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the motives for Camorra mobility. Camorristi decide when to leave and where to go in a three-stage process: first, local push factors propel them to leave Naples, then two phases of global pull factors influence their choice of destination. Push factors are individual and personal, emanating from the local context: being wanted by the judiciary and the police, thus forcing “the escape,” and a fear of gang warfare and being murdered by a criminal rival. Pull factors are structural circumstances that influenced camorristi's exact choice of destination. Indeed, if a Camorra boss did move away from Naples and needed to spend time in a particular location, he would have specific motives for choosing his destination. Three global-structural factors were initially identified: familiar networks, profitable markets, and vulnerable law-enforcement regimes.
Camorra Clans in France
Authors: Allum Felia
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the Camorra's presence in France. Camorra clans have been present in France since the early 1980s, but it would be misleading to define this presence as a form of “exportation” or “transplantation.” Rather, clans have operating cells when and where they can; these are flexible, irregular, and haphazard because “the Camorra is interested in everything: it seeks to make money from activities that do not appear at first as criminal, they are into everything.” Indeed, the cases examined in this chapter demonstrate how camorristi adapt to their new settings; they show the ease with which disorganized camorristi can access France, its social communities and its economic fabric.
Conclusion
Authors: Allum Felia
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter argues that the Camorra does not migrate, but travel continuously from one operational base to another. Whereas the mobility of other criminal groups might be determined by immigrant communities, strategic decisions, socioeconomic conditions, and political infrastructures, the key to understanding the Camorra's mobility lies in its territory of origin. Indeed, compared to other mafias, the Camorra may still be predominantly Italy focused. However, it is increasingly damaging international economies with its developing European vision. In particular, the cases recounted in this book identified the Camorra's main features abroad, which are functionality, liquidity, invisibility, and a special trait—the interconnectedness of its territories.
Early Years and Architectural Training
Authors: Larsen Kristin E.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Clarence Samuel Stein's formative years, including the foundations of his work ethic, engagement in learning by doing, community design skills, and commitment to affordable housing. Born in Rochester, New York, on June 19, 1882, into an upwardly mobile Jewish family, Clarence Samuel Stein was the third child of Rose Rosenblatt and Leo Stein. When the Stein Manufacturing Company consolidated with two other firms in 1890 to form the National Casket Company, the Stein family moved to the Chelsea district in New York City. This chapter first provides an overview of New York City's Ethical Culture Society and its influence on Stein's early life before discussing his enrollment in 1905 at Paris's École des Beaux Arts, known for its strong tradition of architectural education with a focus on fostering excellence in design and drafting. It also considers Stein's employment in the office of Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue as well as his civic reform work in New York City.
The Architect as Houser
Authors: Larsen Kristin E.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Clarence Samuel Stein's contributions as a houser lending consistent support for a government role in order to more effectively engage the private sector while charting his transition to promoting investment housing as a preferable alternative to public housing. Stein and his colleagues enthusiastically welcomed the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt as an unprecedented opportunity to advance regionalism, new town planning, and worker housing. As a community architect, Stein favored a particular type of assisted housing—“investment housing”—a comprehensive design, development, and management approach to ensure the project's ongoing sustainability at affordable rates. This chapter first considers Stein's Hillside Homes project in New York before discussing the Resettlement Administration's Greenbelt Town program. It also examines Stein's role as consulting architect for the Baldwin Hills Village in Los Angeles.
The Regional City and Town Planning
Authors: Larsen Kristin E.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Clarence Samuel Stein's postwar concept of the Regional City as well as the maturation of his town planning ideas. Stein and his colleagues began to regularly use the term Regional City in 1927. Their early conception envisioned an amalgam of the romanticized medieval village with connections to the land combined with all the conveniences offered through new technologies to enhance modern lifestyles in distinctive, relatively small towns. Stein, together with MacKaye and Mumford, advocated for regional, even national, planning based on the ideas the Regional Planning Association of America (RPAA) had already promoted, including regional river basin planning, the townless highways, and state planning. This chapter considers Stein's postwar advocacy of communitarian regionalism and the rebirth of the RPAA as the Regional Development Council of America (RDCA). It also examines how Stein applied his collaborative regionalist and town planning ideals in a concrete project at Kitimat in Canada.
International Initiatives and Building a Legacy
Authors: Larsen Kristin E.
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers Clarence Samuel Stein's legacy as a community architect, along with his postwar engagement in international initiatives in town planning. In the years after World War II, Stein found himself turning his attention toward international translations of his new town ideas. Communications with international architects, housers, and planners characterized this period, with a focus on specific projects, such as the new towns of Chandigarh in India and Stevenage in Great Britain, and broader community building concepts with housing and planning experts in places as diverse as Sweden and Israel. This chapter discusses Stein's travels in Europe to new towns as he completed documentation of his own visionary work in what would become Toward New Towns for America. It also describes Stein's involvement in town building projects in India and Israel and concludes with an assessment of his legacy in the areas of investment housing and communitarian regionalism and the influence of his community building concepts ranging from the Regional City to the Radburn Idea.
Khrushchev’s Reforms and the Late (And Post-)Soviet Gulag
Authors: Hardy Jeffrey S.
Published: May 2017

This chapter assesses Khrushchev's reforms in the penal sphere. The reforms of the Khrushchev period had an important lasting effect on the Soviet penal system. This certainly holds true in terms of the Gulag's permanent reduction in size, but it also applies to the reorientation of Gulag aims and the resultant improved conditions experienced by its inmates. Although certain inmate privileges were reduced or eliminated in the early 1960s at the culmination of the “camp is not a resort” campaign, many of the most important prisoner-friendly reforms of the 1950s, such as parole and the eight-hour workday, remained. Despite certain continuities, therefore, the Gulag did not return to a state of unchecked (and even abetted) violence, grueling labor, and oppressive living conditions—the defining features of the Stalinist penal system. De-Stalinization in the penal sphere was a real and enduring legacy of the Khrushchev era.
Introduction
Authors: Lavezzo Kathy
Published: May 2017

This book examines texts by English writers from Bede to John Milton that focus on Jews who are accommodated—that is, those who have found lodging in a host country. Insofar as they are accommodated or housed, the Jews depicted in early English texts offer a geography of Jewish identity that departs from what may be a more familiar linkage of Jews and space in antisemitic literature: the Wandering Jew legend. That legend, whose mobile protagonist embodies the territorial upheavals of the Jewish diaspora, only became popular in Europe during the seventeenth century. Before that time, English literature featured not the wandering but the accommodated Jew. The book demonstrates how space both fosters and troubles the antisemitism at work in English texts by engaging in both historical contextualization and close formal analysis of their representation of physical locations. It uses as a conceptual springboard the Hereford world map in order to develop further its methodology.
Counterpreservation as a Concept
Authors: Sandler Daniela
Published: May 2017

This chapter is a conceptual discussion of counterpreservation. It defines the term in more detail and explores its connections with relevant theoretical and critical works. The word “counterpreservation” here serves to identify, analyze, and aggregate tendencies present in a range of examples, indicating coincident social processes and convergent cultural meanings. Thus, the chapter first focuses on Berlin and its particular attitudes toward the decay and repurposing of old buildings, examining how these architectural practices echo three issues that have defined the city since 1989: gentrification, historical memory, and unification. The chapter then moves beyond the city of Berlin to describe how counterpreservation functions in myriad forms through other urban settings and landscapes.
Bridging East and West
Authors: Rindzevičiūtė Eglė
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the establishment of International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) to demonstrate the crucial role of East-West cooperation in shaping global governance. IIASA as a diplomatic initiative was the result of actions by top governmental officials: US president Lyndon Johnson proposed creating an East-West think tank and Soviet Prime Minister Aleksei Kosygin accepted his proposal, both sides considering this step as part of cultural diplomacy or an exercise of “soft power” in the presumably less ideological areas of science and technology. The chapter then suggests that the establishment of IIASA can be interpreted as precisely such a forward-oriented arrangement to enable a certain form of cooperation between the opposing great powers: mutual predictability was enhanced by bringing together leading policy scientists from East and West, whereas shared goals were articulated through applied systems research.
From Nuclear Winter to the Anthropocene
Authors: Rindzevičiūtė Eglė
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at the nuclear winter project, an outcome of global modeling. The idea that the Earth could be plunged into a “nuclear winter” as the catastrophic outcome of a nuclear war was announced by a group of leading climate and environment scientists from the United States, Western Europe, and the Soviet Union shortly after Ronald Reagan delivered his “Star Wars” speech in March 1983. Drawing on experiments with data-based computer models, these scholars claimed that a nuclear war, unlike the two world wars, would be not simply a regional, but a truly global disaster. Nuclear missiles, detonated over urban areas, would ignite massive fire storms, which in turn would propel soot particles and aerosols into high levels of the atmosphere. As a result, the computer models predicted, a dust shield would emerge that would be transported by air currents to both the Northern and Southern hemispheres.
Saving Our Cities
Authors: Goldsmith William W.
Published: May 2017

This book shows how cities can be places of opportunity rather than places with problems. With strongly revived cities and suburbs, working as places that serve all their residents, metropolitan areas will thrive, thus making the national economy more productive, the environment better protected, the citizenry better educated, and the society more reflective, sensitive, and humane. The book argues that America has been in the habit of abusing its cities and their poorest suburbs, which are always the first to be blamed for society's ills and the last to be helped. As federal and state budgets, regulations, and programs line up with the interests of giant corporations and privileged citizens, they impose austerity on cities, short-change public schools, make it hard to get nutritious food, and inflict the drug war on unlucky neighborhoods. Frustration with inequality is spreading. Parents and teachers call persistently for improvements in public schooling, and education experiments abound. Nutrition indicators have begun to improve, as rising health costs and epidemic obesity have led to widespread attention to food. The futility of the drug war and the high costs of unwarranted, unprecedented prison growth have become clear. The text documents a positive development: progressive politicians in many cities and some states are proposing far-reaching improvements, supported by advocacy groups that form powerful voting blocs, ensuring that Congress takes notice. When more cities forcefully demand enlightened federal and state action on these four interrelated problems—inequality, schools, food, and the drug war—positive movement will occur in traditional urban planning as well, so as to meet the needs of most residents for improved housing, better transportation, and enhanced public spaces.
Looking Upstream
Authors: Goldsmith William W.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter presents an overview of the four “upstream” policies on austerity, schools, food, and drugs. These policies are not typically regarded as urban policies, but they ought to be. In their present forms, they damage cities; but they can be changed. Such changes have the best potential for improving cities. In each of the four areas, city advocates and researchers have produced enormous bodies of evidence calling for reform. Vast troves of annual survey data as well as solid statistical analyses come from public agencies such as the National Center for Education Statistics, the Bureau of Justice Statistics, and the Food and Nutrition Service. More information comes from various state and city research organizations, new local programs, investigative journalists, and the research reports, journal articles, and books written by hundreds of individual researchers and research teams based for the most part at colleges and universities.
Cities as Budget-Cutting Targets
Authors: Goldsmith William W.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how presidents and governors, legislators, and top administrative officials enacted changes when pushed steadily by organized business executives to increase austerity over the past forty years. They loosened market regulations, weakened social protections, and wrote laws and cut budgets in many areas, from patent protection to immigration labor regulations to urban transit. Austerity policies then grew into a broad national assault on budgets for public services, with spending cuts and privatizations in health care, public schools, public spaces, housing, transit, the arts, and various other municipal functions. To a great extent, these policies focused on cities. As city populations declined, tax collections dropped and budgets were further cut.
The Paradox of Plenty
Authors: Goldsmith William W.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores food and nutrition policy. To add food and nutrition as elements of urban policy breaks a supposedly natural boundary. Food and nutrition policy have long been thought to be subjects not for cities, but for departments of agriculture, health authorities, and regulators of large corporations. Yet it is highly appropriate to add food and nutrition as elements of urban policy. Indeed, food and nutrition come into the picture as one of the “external” or “upstream” urban policies in need of improvement, demanding attention to the ways nutritional deficits vary from neighborhood to neighborhood. The problem of food insecurity troubles the poorest neighborhoods.
Drugs, Prisons, and Neighborhoods
Authors: Goldsmith William W.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the drug war. Those who enforce drug laws attack inner-city neighborhoods directly, drastically disrupting the lives of poor black and Latino residents. Cities at their best are highly productive and just, but the drug war powerfully undercuts that potential. It discourages diversity, fairness, and democracy. It also reduces social, technological, and economic innovation. Thus, solid arguments demand the inclusion of drug issues as part of urban policy. As public policy, the drug war contradicts the broad conservative push for urban austerity, while at the same time exacerbating the need for public expenditure. For decades, public spending on the drug war and closely associated prison operations has constituted a major growth industry. And yet, much like defense spending, drug-war spending is supported most strongly by those who otherwise favor austerity.
Democracy, Inequality, Urban Policy
Authors: Goldsmith William W.
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that American cities will not prosper unless the nation takes a new approach to urban policy. Indeed, federal agencies need to augment their contributions for housing, and metropolitan areas need inter-municipal coordination. Moreover, cities need enhanced environmental protection, accelerated economic development, and protection against abrupt real estate booms and busts. However, for such improvements to occur more often and more robustly, the nation must reject austerity and, together with the cities, improve policies for schools, food, and drugs. The evidence throughout this book shows that the deprivation that afflicts cities, inner suburbs, and their poorest inhabitants is not only immoral, but also politically and economically unsustainable. It is also economically illogical, and it may even be, as mainstream conservative politicians have begun to argue, politically suicidal.
Imagining a Greater Germany
Authors: Hochman Erin R.
Published: May 2017

This book looks at the questions of state- and nation-building in interwar Central Europe. Ever since Hitler annexed his native Austria to Germany in 1938, the term “Anschluss” has been linked to Nazi expansionism. The legacy of Nazism has cast a long shadow not only over the idea of the union of German-speaking lands but also over German nationalism in general. Due to the horrors unleashed by the Third Reich, German nationalism has seemed virulently exclusionary, and Anschluss inherently antidemocratic. However, as the text makes clear, nationalism and the desire to redraw Germany's boundaries were not solely the prerogatives of the political right. Focusing on the supporters of the embattled Weimar and First Austrian Republics, this book argues that support for an Anschluss and belief in the großdeutsch idea (the historical notion that Germany should include Austria) were central to republicans' persistent attempts to legitimize democracy. With appeals to a großdeutsch tradition, republicans fiercely contested their opponents' claims that democracy and Germany, socialism and nationalism, Jew and German, were mutually exclusive categories. They aimed at nothing less than creating their own form of nationalism, one that stood in direct opposition to the destructive visions of the political right. By challenging the oft-cited distinction between “good” civic and “bad” ethnic nationalisms and drawing attention to the energetic efforts of republicans to create a cross-border partnership to defend democracy, the book emphasizes that the triumph of Nazi ideas about nationalism and politics was far from inevitable.
Introduction
Authors: Hochman Erin R.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter illustrates that there were multiple understandings of Germanness during the Weimar era, hence emphasizing how the triumph of Nazi ideology after 1918 was far from certain and pointing out how historical understandings of Nazism has overlooked the vital historical relationship between Germany and Austria. It examines the state of Germany in both the nineteenth century and the immediate postwar situation, from which the more contemporary contests that emerged between republicans and their opponents over the nature of German nationalism and politics that this book studies had emerged. The chapter contextualizes the shifting boundaries of Germanness against this backdrop, at the same time highlighting the long-neglected connections between Germany and Austria and the importance of exploring the exchange of people and ideas across the Austro-German boundary.