bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Test Methods in Safety Standards - Application of Human Factors Data -
Authors: Hoefnagels René , Schoone-Harmsen Marian
Published: July 2017

Safety standards for consumer products can offer an important contribution to accident reduction. This paper describes how effective testing methods for safety requirements, which are part of a safety standard, may be developed.

In order to be effective, testing methods for the evaluation of products on aspects of safety must be valid, reproducible, and efficient. Various forms of testing methods are discussed with regard to their effectiveness.

The development of testing methods for trapping hazards, which can be applied to all kinds of products, is described in a case study. For this purpose, a number of accident scenarios have been drawn from data on trapping hazards. In each scenario a testing method is described, and criteria based on human factors data is added.

Accident scenarios have proved to be an extremely useful link between accident data and the simulation of performance on which a testing method can be based. Because human factors data is usually gathered for other purposes, implementation of this data in safety standards must be done with great caution.

We recommend the use of man-models in testing methods for optimal results. Furthermore, we recommend the verification of test conditions and criteria by user trials or panel tests.
Occupation and the Causes of Fatalities at Work
Authors: Williamson Ann M. , Feyer Anne-Marie , Cairns David
Published: July 2017

The circumstances of all work-related fatalities occurring in Australia over a three year period were analysed to determine how they differed between occupational groups. Correspondence analysis was used to examine the relationship between the sequence of events immediately preceding the accident, the involvement of unsafe work practices and type of work being performed. There were clear differences in the causes of deaths at work between occupational groups which provide information about the most likely targets for accident prevention.
Effects of Using a Diagnostic Rule-Based Expert System Developed for the Nuclear Industry
Authors: Endestad Tor , Holmstroem Conny B.O. , Volden Frode S.
Published: July 2017

This experiment, conducted at the OECD Halden Reactor Project, Halden, Norway in the spring 1991, aimed to assess the effect on nuclear power plant operators diagnostic behaviour when using a rule based diagnostic expert system.

The rule based expert system used in the experiment is called DISKET (Diagnosis System Using Knowledge Engineering Technique) and was originally developed by the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI). The experiment was performed in the Halden man-machine laboratory using a full scope pressurized water reactor simulator.

Operator performance in terms of quality of diagnosis is improved by the use of DISKET. The use of the DISKET system also influences operators problem solving behaviour. The main difference between the two experimental conditions can be characterised as while the DISKET users during the diagnosis process are following a strategy which is direct and narrowed, the non-DISKET users are using a much broader and less focused search when trying to diagnose a disturbance.
Subjects in Human Factors
Authors: Moroney William F.
Published: July 2017

Humans are the “raison d'etre” for human factors, yet what do we really know about the characteristics of those who serve as our subjects and on whom our science is built What do we need to know? Most authors gloss over the topic briefly and tersely describe the subjects as “10 male and 10 female college age students.” The articles then move onto what many consider to be the real action: the experimental design, test procedures, and statistical analysis. A conclusion is reached and generalized to the population. When is this appropriate/inappropriate? What population do the subjects (Ss) represent? what are the characteristics of our current Ss? Are subject differences even relevant What, if anything, can be gained by examining subject by condition interactions? What techniques do we have which will allow us to go beyond performance data, and examine the subjects cognitive processes? What changes can we expect to see in the worker/user population which should influence our subject selection strategies? The four papers presented in this symposium will address these issues, provide some answers, and certainly raise some questions.
Subjects in Human Factors: Just who are They?
Authors: Moroney William F. , Reising Jack
Published: July 2017

Humans are the “raison d'etre” for human factors, yet what do we really know about the characteristics of those who serve as our subjects and on whom our science is built? What do we need to know? This article addresses issues related to subject selection and data reporting, provides some recommendations, and hopefully raises some questions.

Our subjects, as volunteers, differ from the population they are drawn from in many ways, specifically individuals volunteer as a function of the type of experiment. Volunteers have a greater sense of personal responsibility than non-volunteers. They tend to be higher in the need for social approval, and more social than non-volunteers. Volunteers for experiments involving risk taking score significantly higher in risk taking/arousal seeking, and are less anxious than non-volunteers. They are also less authoritarian and less conforming than non-volunteers. Finally, volunteers tend to be better educated than non-volunteers.

Articles, which reported findings on human subjects and were published in Human Factors (N=84) or Ergonomics (N=64) between August 1989 and April 1991, were reviewed. Forty percent of the Human Factor articles did not provide sufficient detail for the reader to determine if the subjects were fulfilling a course requirement, paid or unpaid. Our literature seems to be based on individuals between 18 and 30 years of age. In the issues of Human Factors, which were reviewed, among those articles reporting data derived from subjects, the gender of 42 percent of the subjects could not be determined from the article. In 27 percent of the human factor articles demographic data were not reported.

It is recommended that authors provide additional information on the characteristics of their subjects, so that researchers and practitioners alike can develop an informed opinion about the applicability/ limitations of the findings. As a minimum, details on age (mean, SD, median and range), gender, and specific demographics should be reported.
Subjects in Human Factors: What are they Thinking?
Authors: Meister D. , Enderwick T.P.
Published: July 2017

Failure to debrief test subjects (Ss) is dangerous, because Ss may be responding to the measurement situation in a highly idiosyncratic way which could produce corrupted results. Much of S's behavior, particularly in advanced problem-solving systems, is covert and so must be reported directly by S. Since verbalization during measurement is inadmissable, a method is proposed of debriefing S following the test.
Developing Effective Clinical Practice: ‘Making it Harder to do it Wrong, Making it Easier to do it Right’
Authors: Duncanson V , Heath T
Published: July 2017

Clinical governance has elicited much debate among healthcare professionals. One of the most pressing issues concerns how clinical governance can be effectively implemented (Pratt et al, 2002). This paper describes how one Trust ‘made it happen’ by using a quality improvement programme.

The recently published epic guidelines (Pratt et al, 2001) created an opportunity to examine the practice of short-term urinary catheter management. The best available evidence, as stated in the guidelines, was used to inform the initiative throughout, resulting in changes being made that improved practice, knowledge and materials management systems.
Principles of Rehabilitation in Reconstructive Surgery in the Upper Limb
Authors: Ranelli Sonia , Forsythe Susan , Nanchahal Jagdeep
Published: July 2017

To best establish appropriate treatment aims and treatment strategies in the rehabilitation of the patient having undergone reconstructive surgery, the therapist must understand the general principles underpinning the reconstructive procedure/s performed by the surgeon. The therapist then applies his/her knowledge of anatomy and biomechanics during assessment of the patient and must consider possible contraindications of routine treatment techniques that may compromise the reconstruction. Communication with the surgeon and the patient is essential so that treatment goals are understood, agreed and ultimately achieved.
Restoration of Dynamic Stability in Early Osteoarthritis of the Carpometacarpal Joint of the Thumb
Authors: Taylor Joanne
Published: July 2017

The carpometacarpal joint of the thumb (CMCJ) is one of the most common joints in the body to be affected by osteoarthritis. The effects of associated degenerative changes include pain and loss of pinch grip function. Surgery appears to be the most commonly described treatment for osteoarthritis of the CMCJ.

A number of thenar muscles have been identified as dynamic stabilisers of the joint. Evidence suggests that specific exercise aimed at restoring dynamic stability would offer an effective form of conservative management for early osteoarthritis of the CMCJ, having the potential to delay or reduce the need for surgical intervention.
Evidence-Based Practice - How to Critically Appraise a Research Paper Part I. Assessing the Purpose and Methods of a Study
Authors: Jerosch-Herold Christina
Published: July 2017

The wealth of literature available to hand therapists is ever increasing and it is important to develop skills in critical appraisal to ensure that we base our practice on the best evidence available to date.
Problem Orientated Splinting
Authors: Parsley Carole
Published: July 2017

The Splinting Workshop panel consisted of Dominique Thomas from France who has worked as a Hand Physiotherapist for 18 years. Corriane van Velze from South Africa and Karen Schultz-Johnson from California who had been working for 20 years as a Hand Therapist and became a Certified Hand Therapist in 1991.
Trapeziectomy with Skeletal Distraction - the Role of the Hand Therapist
Authors: Evans Margaret B , Berry Christine M
Published: July 2017

A new technique has been introduced by Mr. Nabil Fahmy from Stockport, to relieve pain and disability caused by osteoarthritis at the base of the thumb. The technique consists of trapeziectomy followed by distraction, achieved by application of the Stockport Serpentine Spring System, the “S” Quattro, which is basically a mini flexible external fixator.
Cold Intolerance in the Hand - An Unsolved Problem
Authors: Rosén Birgitta
Published: July 2017

Cold intolerance in the hand is a big problem for patients after nerve- and vascular injuries. The purpose of this paper is to emphasise how important and necessary it is that hand therapists consider this phenomenon in the evaluation of hand function after nerve injuries, and that further developmental work and research are needed in this important area.
1998 IFSHT Presidential Address Hand Therapy Education: A Global Perspective
Authors: Frampton Victoria
Published: July 2017

This article has been reprinted with kind permission of Hanley & Belfus. It was first published in the Journal of Hand Therapy, October-December 1998
The Development of a Clinical Evaluation Protocol for Use with a Computerised Hand Assessment System: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Simpson Catherine , Murray Karen , Topping Mike , Perlick Olaf , Fathmann Maria , Bolmsjo Gunnar , Wicksramasinghe Yappa , Jones Peter , Loynes Robert
Published: July 2017

In 1997, work began on a project, funded by the European Commission Telematics Application Programme DG XIII to develop a computerised Hand Assessment System (HATS - Hand Assessment and Treatment System). One of the principal objectives of the project was to determine if the new computerised hand assessment system enabled significant time savings to be made over current practices. HATS has currently entered its evaluation stage at two European hospital sites, The Therapy Department, Mid Staffordshire General Hospitals Trust, UK and Orthopaedische Klinik, Volmarstein, Germany. A protocol was drawn up to directly compare the performance of HATS against existing tools and practices, over an eight-month period. This study, which began on August 1 1998, is being conducted with several hundred patients between the two sites. This paper sets out to describe the construction of the protocol and briefly outlines the results to date based on the first fifty five patients.
Amniotic Band Syndrome: A Clinical Report
Authors: Butler Teresa
Published: July 2017

Amniotic band syndrome, also known as constriction ring syndrome, is a congenital anomaly characterised by soft tissue bands or rings encircling parts of the limbs, more commonly affecting the hand or digits. These bands characteristically vary from simple incomplete constriction bands to deep, fully circumferential rings which may ultimately result in necrosis and intrauterine amputations of limb parts, usually digits. The cause has evoked much debate in the literature. At birth sufferers may exhibit shortened, deformed digits, lymphoedema distal to these tight bands, acrosyndactyly (webbing of distal parts) and digital amputations. Individuals affected with this syndrome often require surgical intervention and therapy to maximise hand function. The following is a case of an eleven year old child with amniotic band syndrome who underwent a toe to hand transfer.
Changing Pedagogy
Authors: Hou Su-I , Wilder Shannon
Published: July 2017

This study conducted inductive analyses on faculty motivations, barriers, and strategies for service-learning (SL) adoption in a major public research university in the Southeast United States. Data found faculty members with prior SL experience were often motivated by intrinsic personal values, yet external barriers need to be addressed to increase morale. An overwhelming lack of recognition and rewards was perceived, despite the institutional policy set to formally recognize SL. The policy–practice gap and issues compounding the implementation in a research institution context were highlighted. Results provide insights to better institutionalize policy and support to encourage faculty SL adoption.
Comparison of Registered and Reported Outcomes in Randomized Clinical Trials Published in Anesthesiology Journals
Authors: Jones Philip M. , Chow Jeffrey T. Y. , Arango Miguel F. , Fridfinnson Jason A. , Gai Nan , Lam Kevin , Turkstra Timothy P.
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUND:

Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) provide high-quality evidence for clinical decision-making. Trial registration is one of the many tools used to improve the reporting of RCTs by reducing publication bias and selective outcome reporting bias. The purpose of our study is to examine whether RCTs published in the top 6 general anesthesiology journals were adequately registered and whether the reported primary and secondary outcomes corresponded to the originally registered outcomes.

METHODS:

Following a prespecified protocol, an electronic database was used to systematically screen and extract data from RCTs published in the top 6 general anesthesiology journals by impact factor (Anaesthesia, Anesthesia & Analgesia, Anesthesiology, British Journal of Anaesthesia, Canadian Journal of Anesthesia, and European Journal of Anaesthesiology) during the years 2007, 2010, 2013, and 2015. A manual search of each journal’s Table of Contents was performed (in duplicate) to identify eligible RCTs. An adequately registered trial was defined as being registered in a publicly available trials registry before the first patient being enrolled with an unambiguously defined primary outcome. For adequately registered trials, the outcomes registered in the trial registry were compared with the outcomes reported in the article, with outcome discrepancies documented and analyzed by the type of discrepancy.

RESULTS:

During the 4 years studied, there were 860 RCTs identified, with 102 RCTs determined to be adequately registered (12%). The proportion of adequately registered trials increased over time, with 38% of RCTs being adequately registered in 2015. The most common reason in 2015 for inadequate registration was registering the RCT after the first patient had already been enrolled. Among adequately registered trials, 92% had at least 1 primary or secondary outcome discrepancy. In 2015, 42% of RCTs had at least 1 primary outcome discrepancy, while 90% of RCTs had at least 1 secondary outcome discrepancy.

CONCLUSIONS:

Despite trial registration being an accepted best practice, RCTs published in anesthesiology journals have a high rate of inadequate registration. While mandating trial registration has increased the proportion of adequately registered trials over time, there is still an unacceptably high proportion of inadequately registered RCTs. Among adequately registered trials, there are high rates of discrepancies between registered and reported outcomes, suggesting a need to compare a published RCT with its trial registry entry to be able to fully assess the quality of the study. If clinicians base their decisions on evidence distorted by primary outcome switching, patient care could be negatively affected.
Special Communication of a Case of Hypovolemic-Associated EAH: Lessons Learned During Recovery
Authors: Hew-Butler Tamara , Hamilton Rus , Hamilton Bridget , Colesa Zachary
Published: July 2017

Severe exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) is largely dilutional, whereas contributions of sodium loss remain equivocal. We present a case of EAH with encephalopathy involving an experienced male cyclist with no recollection of the event. We thereby conducted a retrospective analysis of biochemical trajectories during hospital recovery. The normalization of serum [Na+], in context with changes in other variables, offered a "reverse" perspective of the underlying pathophysiology. The following biochemical changes were temporally observed, with the return of normonatremia: 1) a decrease in serum potassium and calcium concentrations (absence of extracellular fluid dilution); 2) a decrease in total protein, blood urea nitrogen, hematocrit and hemoglobin (plasma volume expansion); and 3) an increase in mean platelet and red cell corpuscular volumes (cellular expansion after total body water and sodium deficits). Collectively, these temporal changes provide biochemical evidence suggesting that this patient’s severe symptomatic EAH was associated with volume depletion from underreplaced sodium losses.
Raising awareness of sickle cell disease for healthcare assistant practice: Nigerian perspectives
Authors: Arije-Bosun Stella Foluke , Hayes Catherine
Published: July 2017

Raising awareness of sickle cell disease for healthcare assistants (HCAs) is important if they are to understand not only key aspects of the condition, but also if they are to communicate effectively with people and their families and carers who may be in the midst of acute illness or its potentially devastating aftermath.

Sickle cell disorder (SCD) is a life-threatening genetic disorder due to abnormal haemoglobin. The condition is most prevalent in Africa. More than 10%-40% of African people carry sickle cell trait (SCT), leading to an estimated sickle cell prevalence of at least 2%.

Nigeria has the largest population of people with SCD in the world. More than 25% of Nigerians are healthy carriers of SCT. Couples where both have SCT face a high likelihood of passing on the condition to their children. This explains why more than 150 000 babies with SCD are born in Nigeria every year.

Having a working knowledge of the nature of the condition and its implications is useful for HCAs who may be working in areas of the UK with high percentages of Nigerian families in local communities, such as the south east of England. This article provides a holistic insight for HCAs into the condition and key considerations for everyday clinical practice when working with individuals or their families.
The impact of healthcare on global warming and human health: connecting the dots
Authors: Griggs Chloe , Fernandez Ana , Callanan Margie
Published: July 2017

The aim of this paper is to explore climate change and the impact that this is having on human health. The paper takes the reader through a brief history of climate change, making links between rising global temperatures and the environmental effects that are being seen across the globe. The environmental effects are then explored in relation to human health and the impact that climate change is having on physical and mental health. The paper concludes by illuminating the carbon footprint of health and care in the UK and the role of the healthcare assistant and assistant practitioner in making a positive contribution to sustainable healthcare.
Working with patients to promote self-management
Authors: Phillips Anne
Published: July 2017

Diabetes self-management has evolved from a physician-established regimen, which people are expected to follow and understand, to a culture within which listening, person-centredness and agreement inform treatment choices and within which the individualism of those receiving diabetes care is respected. Only by hearing and responding to what people with diabetes tell practitioners of their experiences can a true culture of collaboration be established and be successful. This is a key theme echoed in all National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) diabetes guidance ( NICE 2015a - c ). The concept of promoting self-management knowledge and skills is central to both national and international guidance in diabetes care.
Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in patients with type 1 disease
Authors: Meetoo Danny , Wong Louise , Fatani Tughreed
Published: July 2017

Optimal blood glucose control and the restoration of physiological insulin secretion is an ongoing medical challenge. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) aims to restore blood glucose levels and reduce the frequency of hypoglycaemic events. Its benefits include a better glycaemic profile compared with management involving multiple daily insulin injections and giving individuals more flexibility in their everyday lives. The advantages of insulin pumps include basal delivery consistency, adjustable basal rates and low insulin depots. However, experience with CSII indicates that candidates should be selected carefully, be well educated in how use the device and be highly motivated to improve their blood glucose control.
Easing the pain of strangles
Authors: Kirton Roxane
Published: July 2017

Roxane Kirton, veterinary surgeon at Redwings, explains how nursing care is as important as veterinary care when managing strangles
Travelling horses and the risk of respiratory disease
Authors: Chapman Stella
Published: July 2017

Stella Chapman MRCVS, discusses the risk factors associated with travelling horses over long distances
Antibiotic resistance in the treatment of horses
Authors: Watson Rebecca
Published: July 2017

Rebecca Watson discusses whether antibiotic resistance is a problem in the equine world
Inspiring pupils to love reading
Authors: Sullivan Karen
Published: July 2017

Following research showing that many secondary students are not challenging themselves with their reading, Karen Sullivan offers some ideas to inspire reluctant readers
Attachment disorders
Authors: Freeman Garry
Published: July 2017

SEN expert Garry Freeman offers us some practical guidance on strategies to help teachers work with and support young people who have attachment disorders
When Rabbits are in Charge of Carrots: Land Grabbing, Transitional Justice and Economic-State Crime in Afghanistan
Authors: Saeed Huma , Parmentier Stephan
Published: July 2017

Afghanistan constitutes a good example of how the absence of transitional justice measures leads human rights violators of past regimes to remain in positions of power with impunity and to continue to engage in other forms of crimes. In particular, this article focuses on land grabbing as a form of economic-state crime in the country. Relying on data gathered from fieldwork in Kabul in 2013 and 2014, we illustrate that economic crime, which is instigated, supported and carried out by the state apparatus, is a form of state crime, which criminology needs to address more seriously. Criminological literature on socio-economic rights violations as a form of economic and thus state crime is very limited, particularly in conflict and post-conflict situations. By focusing on economic-state crime in the (post-)conflict situation of Afghanistan, we aim at bridging the classical divide between transitional justice studies on one hand and criminology on the other hand.
The Pacification of Peru and the Production of a Neoliberal Populist Order
Authors: Felices Luna Maritza
Published: July 2017

This article analyses the security, governance and economic reforms carried out by Fujimori in the 1990s as strategies of pacification seeking to restore a capitalist social order disturbed by the economic and social turmoil of the 1970s and 1980s. First, I show how different forms of state violence were intrinsically connected to the pacification process. Then, I argue that the social order produced resulted from the articulation of populism and authoritarianism with neoliberalism. Subsequently, I contend that crimes, harms and violence continue within the current democratic configuration precisely because pacification is an ongoing process seeking to maintain an order which is intrinsically exploitative, creates favourable conditions for economic crimes and corruption and resorts to repressive violence when challenged. I conclude by suggesting that the social, political and economic landscapes that provided the impetus for pacification have been transformed through the new social order, further weakening already frail democratic institutions.
Atomismo ético de Leucipo e Demócrito
Authors: Diogo João Emanuel
Published: July 2017

Neste artigo partimos da tese geral do atomismo – tudo no universo se compõe de átomos – para assumir uma leitura atomista dos fragmentos éticos de Demócrito. Se Leucipo e Demócrito explicam não só a formação do mundo, bem como a constituição da alma e dos corpos a partir da relação átomo‑vazio (ser‑não ser) interdependentes, esta estrutura aplicar‑se‑á também às máximas éticas que deles conhecemos. Ainda que a relação alma‑corpo seja de superioridade (o conhecimento que deriva dos sentidos é obscuro), é também de interdependência que leva a culpar a alma quando transforma o corpo numa ferramenta dos seus vícios ou quando sublinham a necessidade de cuidar da alma e do corpo da mesma maneira. No entanto, é na alma que devemos procurar o conhecimento verdadeiro (subtil), bem como os prazeres que valorizam o homem. Partindo desta relação, analisaremos também as consequências na educação bem como na vida em sociedade.
Three Dimensional Gait Assessment During Walking of Healthy People and Drop Foot Patients
Authors: Banga Harish Kumar , Belokar R.M. , Dhole Sandip , Kalra Parveen , Kumar Rajesh
Published: July 2017

The aim of the present study is to clinical gait analysis of normal human and drop foot patients. Gait analysis is the systematic study of animal locomotion, more specifically the study of human motion, using the eye and the brain of observers, augmented by instrumentation for measuring body movements, body mechanics, and the activity of the muscles. Gait analysis is used to assess, plan, and treat individuals with conditions affecting their ability to walk. Foot drop is a deceptively simple name for a potentially complex problem. It can be defined as a significant weakness of ankle and toe dorsiflexion. The foot and ankle dorsiflexors include the tibialis anterior, the extensor hallucis longus (EHL), and the extensor digitorum longus (EDL). These muscles help the body clear the foot during the swing phase and control plantar flexion of the foot at heel strike
Mental Illness in India
Authors: Kaur Ramanpreet
Published: July 2017

The armed territorial conflicts, terror activities, and failing economies in several countries are breeding mental health issues. Mental illness, shrouded by stigma is the elephant in the room here which is finally acknowledged by the society and the policy makers. Both the military as well as the civilian society are affected. The rigours of military life and the daily anxiety of civilian society, both appear to be leading to mental health issues in defence personnel and the civilians. In India, with limited medical resources, the situation is even grim. In this review paper, the focus remains on the issues of mental health and mental illness, which have recently come to the fore on account of many national happenings in last few years. The paper explores the extant literature on mental illness in India and outlines the meaning of mental illness, discusses the legislations and Government’s programmes and initiatives regarding the promotion of mental health. The issue of mental health is discussed in light of rising suicide incidence in our soldiers which is a cause of concern. The paper culminates with the suggestions for further research and remedial measures.

 

 

 
Infrared Technologies for Defence Systems
Authors: Pal Ravinder
Published: July 2017

 Infrared technology has seen phenomenal growth since its inception during World War II. Defence applications have been the main driver of infrared technology development all over the world. Infrared systems have been mainly developed for night vision, all weather surveillance, search and tracking and missile seeker applications. Ever demanding defence system requirements have facilitated considerable investment. Research has been mainly directed towards the product development. Medical applications such as thermographs, transportation applications such as enhanced vision systems for airplanes, helicopters, sea vehicles, and automobiles, law enforcement applications in drug prevention and criminal tracking, managing forest fires and environmental monitoring are some of the spin-offs. Infrared technology has proven to be a force multiplier in war as well as low intensity conflict situation. Intelligent vision sensor development covering visible-infrared spectrum for automated surveillance, change detection, 3D machine vision systems, dynamic particle metrology, missile and ballistic testing/imaging, faster, more precise and more manoeuvrable robotic applications will drive the future research.
Technologies for High Power Density Diesel Engines
Authors: Prasad N. S. , Ganesh N. , Kumarasamy A.
Published: July 2017

The engines used in armoured fighting vehicles have to be compact, light in weight, efficient and reliable. In order to achieve a compact engine design, a complete understanding of all the factors affecting the engine performance is needed. However, it is important to note that the performance of the engine cannot be compromised in the pursuit of compactness. The aim of this paper is to classify systematically various broad areas affecting the engine’s power to weight and power to volume ratio and discuss respective current technologies available. This paper explores the possibility of size and weight reduction and efficiency enhancement of diesel engines by the use of various methods like engine friction reduction, better thermal management, high injection pressure, and turbocharging. Achieving high engine speeds and high BMEP will be the means of achieving high power density. The effects of engine configuration and technologies on compactness are also discussed. Finally, the configuration of a new engine and its design aspects, incorporating all the aforementioned concepts is discussed
Carbon Fiber Composites: A Solution for Light Weight Dynamic Components of AFVs
Authors: Nirala Subodh Kumar , Shankar Sarath , Sathishkumar Dhanalakshmi , Kavivalluvan V. , Sivakumar P.
Published: July 2017

Changing circumstances across the world require armored fighting vehicle (AFV) of a country to be more agile, easily manoeuverable and transportable besides other key requirements like firepower and protection. Therefore, the AFV should be as light as possible. The use of conventional materials and techniques do not fulfill the requirement of light weight AFV. The composite materials having high specific modulus, specific strength and directional properties are the alternative substitution for reducing the weight. A customized design approach with proper selection of composite material is essential to make AFV components with required properties at lower weight as compared to the traditional approach. Special properties like resistance to moisture, solvents, UV degradation etc. could be imparted to the composite components by the use of proper additives or fillers. This paper deals with the development of dynamic members like road wheel, top roller and axle arm, whose count is always more in any AFVs, using carbon-epoxy composite material. The details of composite materials used and the manufacturing processes adopted are briefly discussed. The static load test carried out to assess the structural integrity as well as non-destructive tests (NDT) performed to detect the defects are also dealt in detail. Preliminary Finite Element Analysis and Multi-body Dynamic Analysis have also been discussed. These analyses have been done mainly to understand the sustainability and performance of the components developed under the given loading conditions.
Numerical Characterisation of Supersonic Exhaust Diffusers
Authors: Rao M. Srinivasa , Javed Afroz , Chakraborty Debasis
Published: July 2017

Rocket motors that are designed to operate at high altitudes need a nozzle with a large expansion ratio to maximize the thrust at much lower atmospheric pressure than that of the sea level pressure. Accurate performance of these nozzles cannot be obtained when static tested on ground. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses have been performed to characterise the supersonic exhaust diffuser (SED). The results obtained from the CFD analyses have been found to be in good agreement with experimental and numerical values reported in the published literature. Started and un-started regions of the SED have been identified with the CFD results.
Effect of Ambient Temperature on Calibration of Cooled Thermal Camera
Authors: Sharma Amit Kumar , Sharma Sanjay Kumar , Vasistha Prashant , Mangalhara Jagdish Prasad
Published: July 2017

Thermal cameras may be used under ambient conditions that differ significantly from the calibration conditions. The effect of ambient temperature on temperature measurement error is examined for MWIR and LWIR cooled thermal cameras. The facilities used include an environmental chamber and an extended area blackbody with temperature controller. Significant differences were observed in the temperatures measured by the cameras placed in different ambient temperatures, with reference to the set blackbody temperatures. Re-calibration was done to account for variations in ambient temperature from 5 ºC to on the outputs of the cameras. It was found that after such recalibration, the measurement error was within acceptable accuracy of ±1 °C.
Estimation of Effect of Emissivity on Target Detection through Thermal Imaging Systems
Authors: Sharma Amit Kumar , Sharma Sanjay Kumar , Vasistha Prashant , Mangalhara Jagdish Prasad
Published: July 2017

The effects of target emissivity on apparent thermal contrast as well as on detection range capabilities of thermal imagers in long wave infrared and middle wave infrared bands were evaluated. The apparent thermal contrast (to be seen by the thermal imager at standoff distance), considering only the emission from target and background, was first computed in both the IR bands in terms of target emissivity and secondly the apparent thermal contrast, considering the background radiation reflected off the target, was also computed. A graphical user interface simulation in MATLAB was prepared for the estimation of total apparent thermal contrast taking into account both the emission and reflection. This total apparent thermal contrast was finally used in night vision thermal and image processing model for predicting the detection range performance of thermal imagers. Results of the analysis show that the effect of target emissivity on thermal contrast estimates is more pronounced in LWIR. The lower thermodynamic temperature difference between target and background at lower values of target emissivity leads to negative thermal contrast which in-turn leads to higher detection ranges.
Mechanical, Metabolic, and Perceptual Acute Responses to Different Set Configurations in Full Squat
Authors: González-Hernández Jorge M. , García-Ramos Amador , Castaño-Zambudio Adrián , Capelo-Ramírez Fernando , Marquez Gonzalo , Boullosa Daniel , Jiménez-Reyes Pedro
Published: July 2017

González-Hernández, JM, García-Ramos, A, Castaño-Zambudio, A, Capelo-Ramírez, F, Marquez, G, Boullosa, D, and Jiménez-Reyes, P. Mechanical, metabolic, and perceptual acute responses to different set configurations in full squat. J Strength Cond Res 34(6): 1581–1590, 2020—This study aimed to compare mechanical, metabolic, and perceptual responses between 2 traditional (TR) and 4 cluster (CL) set configurations. In a counterbalanced randomized order, 11 men were tested with the following protocols in separate sessions (sets × repetitions [interrepetition rest]): TR1: 3 × 10 [0 seconds]; TR2: 6 × 5 [0 seconds]; CL1: 3 × 10 [10 seconds]; CL2: 3 × 10 [15 seconds]; CL3: 3 × 10 [30 seconds]; CL4: 1 × 30 [15 seconds]. The exercise (full squat), number of repetitions (30), interset rest (5 minutes), and resistance applied (10 repetition maximum) was the same for all set configurations. Mechanical fatigue was quantified by measuring the mean propulsive velocity during each repetition and the change in countermovement jump height observed after each set and after the whole training session. Metabolic and perceptual fatigue were assessed via the blood lactate concentration and the OMNI perceived exertion scale measured after each training set, respectively. The mechanical, metabolic, and perceptual measures of fatigue were always significantly higher for the TR1 set configuration. The 2 set configurations that most minimized the mechanical measures of fatigue were CL2 and CL3. Perceived fatigue did not differ between the TR2, CL1, CL2, and CL3 set configurations. The lowest lactate concentration was observed in the CL3 set configuration. Therefore, both the CL2 and CL3 set configurations can be recommended because they maximize mechanical performance. However, the CL2 set configuration presents 2 main advantages with respect to CL3 (a): it reduces training session duration, and (b) it promotes higher metabolic stress, which, to some extent, may be beneficial for inducing muscle strength and hypertrophy gains.
Quantifying Changes in Squat Jump Height Across a Season of Men's Collegiate Soccer
Authors: Sams Matt L. , Sato Kimitake , DeWeese Brad H. , Sayers Adam L. , Stone Michael H.
Published: July 2017

Sams, ML, Sato, K, DeWeese, BH, Sayers, AL, and Stone, MH. Quantifying changes in squat jump height across a season of men's collegiate soccer. J Strength Cond Res 32(8): 2324–2330, 2018—The purposes of this study were to examine the effectiveness of an athlete monitoring program in managing athlete neuromuscular fatigue across a men's collegiate soccer season as measured by changes in squat jump (SJ) height and to compare possible changes with the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) training load (TL). Eighteen outfield Division I men's college soccer players performed SJ testing before each game of the fall season in addition to a baseline measurement at the start of preseason. The athletes provided sRPE values after all training sessions, weight-training, and games. Linear mixed modeling was used to compare changes in SJ height across the season with the baseline, and a correlation coefficient and single-lag cross-correlation coefficient were calculated between TL and changes in SJ height. No statistically significant decreases in SJ height occurred across the season, although a moderate practical decline occurred after the preseason (−1.6 cm, effect size = −0.70). The correlation between TL and changes in SJ height was statistically nonsignificant, whereas the cross-correlation was significant (r = 0.18, p = 0.48 and r = 0.55, p = 0.02, respectively). The athlete monitoring program was successful in managing the athletes' neuromuscular fatigue across the season as evidenced by the maintenance of SJ height and positive relationship between TL and changes in SJ height. Thus, SJ monitoring may serve as a useful fatigue monitoring tool for collegiate soccer athletes. Future study is needed, relating changes in vertical jump performance to other markers of athlete preparedness and performance.
Longitudinal Assessment of Bone Mineral Density and Body Composition in Competitive Cyclists
Authors: Baker Breanne S. , Reiser Raoul F.
Published: July 2017

Baker, BS and Reiser II, RF. A longitudinal assessment of bone mineral density and body composition in competitive cyclists. J Strength Cond Res 31(11): 2969–2976, 2017—Competitive cycling has been associated with low bone mineral density (BMD); however, BMD is a multifaceted issue. The purpose of this study was to investigate how age (18–49 years), sex, USA Cycling Category (elite-4), and racing type (road and multiple bikes), influenced body composition across a season in competitive cyclists. February marked the preseason, where 42 participants (22 males, 20 females) completed a health history and cycling questionnaire, 4-day dietary log and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan, and repeated the measures 180 ± 11 days later. Preseason BMD and Z-Scores were within healthy ranges and similar between sexes, age groups, competition levels and racing-type groups (p ≥ 0.053). Age was significantly correlated with whole group BMD (r = 0.309; p = 0.047). Postseason analysis revealed very encouraging findings as no significant changes in BMD or Z-Score were observed in any group (p ≥ 0.067). A significant main effect for time was found in all groups as lean mass (LM) decreased and fat mass increased across the season (p ≤ 0.001). Additional analysis showed a significant time × group interaction as cat. 1 riders decreased body mass and body mass index, whereas cat. 4 riders responded in the opposite direction (p ≤ 0.037). Postseason correlations highlighted significant positive relationships between BMD and age, LM, and Kcal ingested (r ≥ 0.309; p ≤ 0.047). The only significant negative correlate of BMD was percent body fat (r = −0.359; p = 0.020). Armed with this information, cyclists and coaches should aim to prioritize balance between body mass and caloric intake while meeting the demands of training to minimize risk of cycling related low bone mass.
Sustainability Risks of Coastal Cities from Climate Change
Authors: Edward McBean  , Jinhui Jeanne Huang
Published: July 2017

Issues influencing the sustainability of coastal cities are assessed, reflecting the combination of impending sea level rise and storm surges, and increasing growth in populations in coastal cities. Geologic-time scales are utilized to draw parallels to characterize relevant historical occurrences that help to understand the context of projections of impending sea level rise issue to year 2100. Given that Antarctica holds sufficient water to raise global sea levels by 58 m if the ice were to melt, this indicates that even a small percentage of melting of the polar ice caps, should this occur, will have enormous implications to the sustainability of coastal cities which are projected to hold 12.4 percent of the world’s population by 2060. The result is the combination of predicted sea level rise and associated storm surges indicate that drastic measures must be promoted to improve the sustainability of coastal cities.
Seismic risk reduction in northern Pakistan
Authors: Rafi Muhammad Masood , Lodi Sarosh Hashmat , Kumar Amit , Verjee Firoz
Published: July 2017

This paper presents studies aimed at reducing seismic risk in northern Pakistan. The unreinforced masonry buildings, in parts of Gilgit-Baltistan and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa provinces, are classified as non-engineered structures. The presence of a large proportion of these buildings is a challenge from an earthquake safety perspective. A scaled model of a typical two-storey stone masonry building was dynamically tested using a shaking table. The observed behaviour of the model indicated that the damage concentrated in the in-plane walls of the first storey of the model. The seismic response of the second storey was different and it did not suffer any noticeable damage. On the basis of the observed behaviour, four damage states were identified for the model corresponding to different earthquake intensities.
Control biológico de la Antracnosis causada por Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz. y Sacc.) en Tomate de Árbol (Solanum betaceum Cav.) mediante hongos endófitos antagonistas.
Authors: Delgado Fernández Ernesto , Vásquez Matute Santiago
Published: July 2017

La antracnosis, en el tomate de árbol (Solanum betaceum) conocida por nuestros agricultores como “ojo de pollo” se produce por un hongo del género Colletotrichum Sp. es una enfermedad que causa pérdidas incalculables, y hasta el momento su control, se hace mediante productos químicos, que en algunos casos son nocivos y atentan contra el medio ambiente. El uso de microorganismos como inhibidores del desarrollo de microorganismos  topatógenos, se presenta como una alternativa para el control del patógeno. En esta investigación se emplearon tres hongos endó tos antagonistas aislados de dos plantas consideradas medicinales: la Chuquiragua (chuquiragua jussieui) y Ñachag (Bidens andícola Kunth) se aplican tres tratamientos con hongos endó tos, el primero se trabaja con el género Nigrospora. Sp, el segundo con una cepa del mismo género pero diferente especie, mientras que el tercero es un hongo endó to, considerado en su taxonomía como micelio estéril.Además se empleó un testigo referencial (inóculo del hongo Colletotrichum) y un testigo absoluto (sin inóculo). El bioensayo se realiza en condiciones semicontroladas de temperatura y humedad relativa. El análisis estadístico determina que el mejor tratamiento es el segundo, seguido del primer tratamiento; el tercer tratamiento y el testigo absoluto se presentan estadísticamente similares, las diferencias signi cativas se dan entre el tratamiento dos y el testigo referencial. Estos resultados evidencian la disminución y control de los daños causados en Solanum betaceum, se puede a rmar que dicha cepa no inter ere negativamente en la  siología del cultivo, y posiblemente promueva un mejor desarrollo de la biomasa, ya que las plantas pertenecientes a este tratamiento se observaron con mayor vigor. Se recomienda probar inóculos combinados de hongos endó tos antagonistas, evaluar el potencial antagónico, a campo abierto y en condiciones ambientales diversas, además de evaluar el uso de macro y micro nutrientes en la potenciación de la efectividad del biocontrol.