bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies in the formation of fibre from groundnut protein
Authors: Naismith W. E. F. , Thomson R. H. K.
Published: July 2010

A new study has been made of the manufacture of a textile fibre from groundnut protein. This includes a series of ultracentrifuge examinations of the protein at each stage of the process from the groundnut meal to the coagulated fibre. It was seen that little change in the protein occurred until its reaction with sodium hydroxide gave a spinning solution. An accompanying study was made of the protein, caustic soda and water solutions used for extrusion, observing the rheological changes which occur with change of composition and relating these to the parallel ultracentrifuge examination.
The ignition of firedamp by copper electric detonators
Authors: Dolan J. E.
Published: July 2010

Direct still photography and flash silhouettes have been used to obtain information on the factors governing the incidence of methane/air ignitions caused by instantaneous and short‐delay electric detonators. The probability of an instantaneous detonator causing ignitions appears to be a function of the nature and size of the explosive charge and the density to which it is pressed. The incendivity of the short‐delay series, on the other hand, appears to be governed by the type of delay element used, and whether that element has a slag ejection confined within certain limits of ejection velocity and projected distance. A non‐incendive short‐delay detonator has also been investigated.
The recovery of wool from sheepskin pieces
Authors: Green G. H.
Published: July 2010

The recovery of wool from sheepskin pieces by digestion in warm water and with bacterial and mould proteases and papain has been investigated on a laboratory scale. The influence of conditions of pre‐shrinkage of the skin in hot water, temperature of digestion, pH, presence of buffers and other salts, and other factors have been studied. The wools recovered from the digested skin pieces have been examined to ascertain the extent of wool damage, if any. The optimum conditions have been found for each method and the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods compared. The possible use of the various methods on a large scale is discussed.
The specification for tensile strength of rubber
Authors: Kase Shigeo
Published: July 2010

An earlier study showed that the tensile strengths of rubber samples were distributed in a doubly exponential curve. Use is made of this fact and recently published statistical concepts in setting up a more reliable criterion for the acceptance of a rubber compound based on the tensile strength. Further the number of determinations required can be judged, thereby reducing the amount of testing necessary. The equations and constants for three to six samples are given and the method of calculation illustrated so that comparable sets of figures can be calculated for other sample sizes. The calculations to find the proportion of samples meeting a fixed specification or tolerance range are included.
The estimation of ozone at high dilutions by electrometric and colorimetric methods
Authors: Pring J. N.
Published: July 2010

A method has been devised for the determination of ozone at high dilutions, which does not require complete absorption of the ozone by the reagent and is independent of the volume of air passed. It is based on the measurement of the oxidation potential of a bromine–hydrobromic acid electrode, which is not affected by the oxides of nitrogen or other oxidizing substances in the concentrations which occur in the atmosphere. The results are compared with those obtained by the potassium iodide–starch paper method and the limitations of the different techniques are discussed.
Foam as a medium for gas absorption
Authors: Helsby F. W. , Birt D. C. P.
Published: July 2010

A method of removing the soluble part of a gas mixture by foam is described. The foam bed is formed by passing the mixture through a porous plate over which a suitable absorbent liquid is caused to flow. The process is illustrated by some results from experiments designed to remove carbon dioxide from the air. It is shown that high coefficients of absorption are obtained and that for the conditions specified the method is superior to the use of the conventional packed tower.
Organic fluorine compounds. I. Fluorination of benzene with manganic fluoride to give some polyfluorocyclohexenes
Authors: Fear E. J. P. , Thrower J.
Published: July 2010

Fluorination of benzene, in the vapour phase, over manganic fluoride at temperatures between 200°and 350°gave a complex mixture of polyfluorocyclohexenes and dimeric material; monofluorobenzene and unreacted benzene were also present in the products of fluorination at 200°to 300°. Partial resolution of the mixture was achieved to give octa‐ and hepta‐fluorocyclohexenes. These olefins gave dibromo‐addition compounds and were oxidised readily to fluorodibasic acids. Dehydrofluorination of a heptafluorocyclohexene and oxidation of the resultant diolefin afforded difluoromalonic and tetrafluorosuccinic acids. Oxidation of the dimeric material gave tetrafluorosuccinic acid.
Use of perforated and porous plates in gas absorption
Authors: Dixon B. E. , Kiff P. R.
Published: July 2010

The performance of perforated and porous plates in achieving contact between gas and liquid in an absorption process is described. A mixture of carbon dioxide and air is passed upwards through a porous disk forming the base of a column containing liquid absorbent and is disseminated throughout the liquid as a mass of bubbles. 30% v/v monoethanolamine is used as absorbent in quantitative tests and the behaviour of other liquids is studied qualitatively. A distinction is made between two types of absorption taking place in the column. Absorption at the plate surface is extremely active and is essentially complete within a very small compass. Absorption throughout the remainder of the column is much less efficient per unit space and more akin to that of ordinary absorption towers. The influence of various factors (total gas flow rate, and the number, cross‐sectional area, and position of perforations) on ‘plate surface’ absorption is expressed quantitatively. The absorptive behaviour of commercial porous plates broadly follows that of perforated plates but, owing to a less standardised distribution of pores, is not so well defined. The effect on absorption efficiency of change in the flow pattern of the foaming liquor is traced.
The oxidation of hydrazines. I.—The volumetric determination of carbonyl compounds with 2 : 4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine
Authors: Barke D. J. , Cole E. R.
Published: July 2010

The iodate oxidation of 2 : 4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine has been investigated and procedures, based on this reaction, are now suggested for the semi‐micro volumetric determination of carbonyl compounds. Some observations on the completeness of precipitation of 2 : 4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones are included.
Chemistry of caprolactam polymerization
Authors: Hermans P. H.
Published: July 2010

Pure dry caprolactam (CL) does not polymerize on heating at 250°, but does so readily in presence of small quantities of water to yield an equilibrium polymerizate consisting of a linear polymer fraction (including some monomeric ϵ‐aminocaproic acid), unconverted lactam and higher cyclic oligomers. This equilibrium was studied in closed vessels at two temperatures and over a range of water contents from 0.05 to 2.5 mole per mole CL (number average degree of polymerization, D.P., of chain fraction varying from ∼ 100 to 10). The analyses comprised quantitative determination of unconverted CL, cyclic oligomers, monomeric ϵ‐aminocaproic acid, total chain fraction and end groups (—NH2 and —COOH).

The results were evaluated in terms of two equilibrium constants for the reversible formation and hydrolysis of the amide bond in CL (K1) and in linear molecules (K2). From these results it was concluded that the latter is independent of chain length, in conformity with the assumption introduced by Flory and Schulz in their general theory of polycondensation reactions.

The value of K2 is in conformity with that derived from measurements on the polycondensation equilibrium of ω‐aminoheptanoic acid (where lactam formation is so small that it may be neglected). In both cases K2 is found to decrease proportionally with increasing water content (decreasing D.P.) of the system. This effect of the medium remains to be explained.

Kinetic study of the CL‐water system reveals that amide‐bond formation and hydrolysis alone cannot account for the rate of lactam conversion but that at least one other predominating reaction, probably addition of lactam to chain ends, plays an important part.
Organophosphorus compounds. II. Interaction of dimethylphosphoramidic dichloride with hexamethylphosphoramide: Adduct formation and radical exchange
Authors: Pianka M. , Owen B. D.
Published: July 2010

When an equimolar mixture of dimethylphosphoramidic dichloride and hexamethylphosphoramide is heated (120–200°), radical exchange (NMe2 for Cl) takes place and tetramethylphosphorodiamidic chloride is formed. This radical exchange follows a first‐order reaction at 120°. An equimolar mixture of the dichloride and the amide undergoes polymerisation at room temperature, and after 6–8 days solidifies to a crystalline mass. This mass appears to be a mixture of a salt‐like addition product of the dichloride and the amide approaching a hexameric state, and the unchanged dichloride and amide. On heating, it undergoes radical exchange with the formation of tetramethylphosphorodiamidic chloride which yields bisdimethylaminophosphonous anhydride (schradan) on treatment with potassium hydroxide in toluene1.
Isomer distribution in the hydrocarbon products of the fischer‐tropsch synthesis
Authors: MacDonald P. , Sweett F. , Hall C. C.
Published: July 2010

The isomer distribution in the C6‐hydrocarbons from synthesis products has been shown to be markedly dependent on the temperature at which synthesis is effected, and it has been established that this result is not due to secondary isomerization of the initial reaction products.
The mechanics of bubble formation
Authors: Bowers R. H.
Published: July 2010

The size of gas bubble produced from an open‐ended tube immersed in a liquid can be derived by equating surface tension and buoyancy forces. The equations do not apply, however, when the gas flow is large as in many industrial fermentations, and porous elements are therefore often used to provide many orifices and a low gas‐flow through each. Even this technique fails if a mycelial growth is formed during the fermentation because the bubbles coalesce in the fermenter. Mechanical agitation was examined by the author by measuring gas‐to‐liquid transfer rates using paper pulp to imitate the mycelium, since this was found to interfere chemically with the reaction. Without agitation, the paper pulp reduced the transfer rate by a factor of twenty. With simple paddle agitation in conjunction with a sparge ring, the effect of pulp was reduced to a factor of seven but with a high‐speed agitator used with an open tube gas inlet, the factor was reduced to two.
The kinetics of reactions in non‐isothermal systems
Authors: Gaensslen H. , MacKenzie H. A. E.
Published: July 2010

When reactions in non‐isothermal systems are treated kinetically, complicated differential equations arise, as well as ‘integral rate constants’ of the form \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop \smallint \limits_o^t $\end{document} k(t)dt. Methods are described for evaluating the integrals and for solving numerically the differential equations which are obtained for both reversible and irreversible reactions.
A method of evaluating the temperature drop across a condensate film
Authors: Goltz G. E.
Published: July 2010

A method of evaluating the temperature drop across a condensate film is evolved, based on the fact that for many substances the group of physical constants (k3p2λg/μ)1/4 appearing in the Nusselt equation is nearly independent of temperature. A graphical solution will give the desired temperature drop, thus eliminating trial‐and‐error methods.
The microdetermination of dissolved oxygen in water. IV. Test of winkler's reaction to below 0·001 P.P.M. of dissolved oxygen
Authors: Potter E. C. , White J. F.
Published: July 2010

An experimental test is described of the analytical efficiency of Winkler's reaction, for the determination of dissolved oxygen in water at concentrations in the range 0·0007−0·0544 mg./1. No bias exceeding 0·0002 mg./1. was obtained by using the reaction as described, the analytical procedure giving a precision for a single estimate is ±0·0006 mg./1.
Desorption and absorption of gases by drops during impact
Authors: Dixon B. E. , Hands G. C.
Published: July 2010

A study has been made of the desorption and absorption of gases by liquid drops during the period of their impact on various types of surfaces, following previous work on absorption during formation and during flight of drops. On impinging on a surface, drops form spray, and ‘residual liquid’ which is not detached from the surface and ultimately drains away. The amount of desorption in the spray does not vary greatly with either the height of fall of the drops or the type of surface. In the residual liquid, poor desorption is obtained with ‘dry’ surfaces, i.e. well‐drained surfaces with an average liquid depth of less than 0·1 mm., and relatively good desorption with ‘wet’ surfaces. Desorption in the residual liquid increases to a moderate extent with the velocity of drops before impact, but appears to be little affected by the nature or the contour of the surfaces tested. The process of absorption or desorption is interpreted in terms of the dynamics of the impinging drop. For desorption measurements, water drops containing carbon dioxide were used; as far as could be judged by a limited number of experiments, absorption of oxygen by drops of sodium dithionite or sulphite solution appeared to be affected by factors similar to those found in desorption.
Investigations on organo‐tin compounds. VIII. preparation of some organo‐tin hydrides
Authors: van der Kerk G. J. M. , Noltes J. G. , Luijten J. G. A.
Published: July 2010

The preparation, according to the slightly modified procedure of Finholt et al., of the following organo‐tin hydrides is described: triethyltin hydride, tri‐n‐propyltin hydride, tri‐n‐butyltin hydride, triphenyltin hydride, di‐n‐propyltin dihydride, di‐n‐butyltin dihydride, diphenyltin dihydride and n‐butyltin trihydride.

In addition, the preparation of the intermediate n‐butyltin trichloride is described.
The surface properties of precipitated alumina II ageing at room temperature
Authors: Harris M. R. , Sing K. S. W.
Published: July 2010

Alumina precipitates were prepared by mixing solutions of aluminium chloride and sodium hydroxide under conditions of constant concentration and pH, dried and stored under various conditions at room temperature. Adsorption isotherms of nitrogen, determined at −196° on the outgassed samples, were all of reversible S‐type. Surface areas were calculated from the isotherms by the usual Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (B.E.T.) method.

Storage produced a change in surface area of all samples. With those containing more than about 100 parts of H2O per 100 parts Al2C3, an increase in surface area was produced over the first few days followed by a very gradual decrease. Samples stored after more thorough drying gave a marked fall in area, with no initial increase. Storage in vacuo produced little change, but admission of water vapour caused rapid ageing. Prolonged outgassing at room temperature of all samples reduced the composition to Al2O3,3H2O, but no hydrate structure could be detected by X‐ray analysis.
The autothermic cracking of light hydrocarbons
Authors: Calderbank P. H. , Hovnanian V. P. , Talbot F. D. F.
Published: July 2010

Experimental work is described in which ethane and propane have been autothermally cracked by admixture with air in a reactor packed with alundum spheres. The results obtained confirm those of Deanesly & Watkins3 in which high thermochemical efficiencies were reported. It has proved possible to predict the performance of such a reactor operating under varying air to gas ratios and feed rates. These predictions are in agreement with experimental findings and with established rates of combustion. Such calculations should be of value in assessing the economics of large‐scale operations of the autothermic process.

Analysis of product distributions shows that little selective combustion of hydrogen occurs.
The influence of rubber on the brittleness and viscosity of bituminous materials
Authors: Mason P. , Thrower E. N. , Smith L. M.
Published: July 2010

The brittleness and resistance to deformation of rubber/bitumens and of sand asphalts made with rubber/bitumens have been investigated and compared with results obtained with similar materials not containing rubber. The brittleness tests were carried out by subjecting the materials to an imposed rate of tensile strain at 0°, the stress and strain being measured throughout the test. The deformation characteristics were measured in a wide‐gap concentric‐cylinder apparatus, the tests on bitumens being conducted at 25° and those on sand asphalts at 45°. The results show that the incorporation of rubber produces a material which displays, under the test conditions used, a marked increase in resistance to deformation, simultaneously with a reduced brittleness at low temperatures. It is concluded that, although some free rubber is clearly present as a separate phase, the modification of the normal bitumen properties is due at least in part to dispersion of the rubber on a molecular scale.
The microdetermination of dissolved oxygen in water. V. development of a self‐testing and fully compensating analytical method
Authors: Potter E. C. , White J. F.
Published: July 2010

An ion‐exchange technique is shown to be effective for removing interference by ferrous ion in the Winkler reaction. A referee method for the determination of dissolved oxygen in water is described incorporating full allowance for interfering substances and tests for bias and precision. The precision of one estimate of dissolved oxygen by the method is ±0·0015 p.p.m.
The spontaneous ignition of wool. I. the causes of spontaneous fires in new zealand wool
Authors: Walker I. K. , Williamson H. M.
Published: July 2010

An investigation was made of the causes of heating and spontaneous ignition of baled wool in the New Zealand wool trade. It is shown that temperatures high enough to cause combustion could not be promoted solely by exothermic wetting, bacterial rotting, or by friction during ‘dumping’. Direct reaction with oxygen at temperatures below 60° can cause temperature rises up to the ignition point in some samples of pie wool. Results of analyses of representative pie wools are presented. It is concluded that the majority of (and perhaps all) spontaneous fires in raw wool are caused by pie wool. Adequate scouring of the pie wool removes the combustion hazard.
The determination of 7‐oxocholesterol in wool wax
Authors: Milburn A. H. , Truter E. Vernon
Published: July 2010

A method for quantitative determination of 7‐oxocholesterol is described, and used for examining a number of wool waxes from different sources. The amount of free 7‐oxocholesterol varies between 0·7 and 2·8%, and in addition 0·2–3·9% occurs in the form of esters. Cholestenone is present only in traces. It is shown that at least part of the 7‐oxocholesterol arises by autoxidation.
Phenol‐formaldehyde and allied resins. IV.—Rational synthesis of hexanuclear and heptanuclear novolaks
Authors: Davis A. C. , Hayes B. T. , Hunter R. F.
Published: July 2010

The condensation of 3: 5: 3′: 5′‐tetrakis‐hydroxymethyl‐4: 4′‐dihydroxydiphenylmethane (I) with p‐substituted phenols provides a more convenient synthesis of bridged hexanuclear novolaks (II) than the reaction of formaldehyde with 2: 6‐dibenzylphenols under alkaline conditions, previously used for the synthesis of 4: 4′‐dihydroxy‐3: 5: 3′: 5′‐tetra‐(2″‐hydroxy‐3″: 5″‐dimethyl‐benzyl)diphenylmethane (II, R = R′ = Me). Debromination of 4: 4′‐dihydroxy‐3: 5: 3′: 5′‐tetra‐(5″‐bromo‐2″‐hydroxybenzyl)diphenylmethane (II, R = Br, R′ = H) by palladium and hydrogen furnished the unsubstituted hexanuclear novolak (II, R = R′ = H) which was finally obtained as a crystalline individual whose X‐ray diffraction pattern was quite different from that of the octamethyl compound. The X‐ray diffraction of the solvent‐free specimen of the latter proved quite distinct from that of the toluene‐adduct of the substance although two lines were common to both.
The determination of ferrous iron in P.F. ash and slags from pulverized fuel‐fired boilers
Authors: Jackson P. J.
Published: July 2010

The method of Wilson for the determination of the total ferrous content of silicate rocks has been modified so that it could be applied conveniently to samples as small as 50 mg. The ferrous content could be determined with an error which in 19 cases out of 20 probably did not exceed ±30 μg. of FeO.

A study was made of the state of oxidation of the iron in p.f. ash and corresponding boiler furnace slags; the dependence of the ferrous content on the total iron and carbon contents of the ash was demonstrated.

The total iron content and the ferrous/ferric ratio were shown to increase with terminal velocity (free falling speed in air) of p.f. ash particles; the behaviour of the ferrous and ferric compounds in magnetic concentration of the iron in p.f. ash was also studied.
The alternating current electrolysis of concentrated acids
Authors: Bentley R. , Prentice T. R.
Published: July 2010

Gold or platinum electrodes are widely used in conductivity measurements on acids because it is well known that these metals are not readily attacked. The authors have observed the corrosion of stainless steel, gold and platinum electrodes when low‐frequency alternating currents were passed through concentrated acids. The corrosion was not evident at frequencies greater than a few kilocycles/sec.

The mechanism of the corrosion is discussed and the application of the results to conductivity measurement is mentioned.
Studies on the oxidation of assam coal: Decarboxylation reaction
Authors: Roy M. M.
Published: July 2010

Decarboxylation of acids obtained by oxidation of Assam coal and subsequent fractionation of the decarboxylated product by fractional distillation and chromatography were carried out. Several hydrocarbons and other compounds were identified in the different fractions.
Continuous removal of dissolved oxygen by established ion‐exchangers
Authors: Potter E. C. , Whitehead G.
Published: July 2010

A way of using established ion‐exchangers for the removal of dissolved oxygen is described. The efficiency and capacity for deoxygenation are given and compared with those for other resinous deoxygenators. New types of water treatment are made possible by the combination of ion exchange and deoxygenation in the one resin.
Ternary vapour‐liquid equilibria: System ethyl methyl ketone‐benzene‐cyclohexane
Authors: Dakshinamurty P. , Rao C. Venkata
Published: July 2010

Isobaric vapour‐liquid equilibrium data of the close‐boiling ternary system ethyl methyl ketonebenzene‐cyclohexane were determined at 760 mm. Hg total pressure using a modified Colburn still. The activity coefficient data for all the experimental points were correlated satisfactorily by Wohl's three suffix Margules ternary equations with a ternary constant. It was concluded that ethyl methyl ketone might be used as an entrainer in the separation of the benzene‐cyclohexane mixtures into pure components. No ternary azeotrope was observed in the regions studied.
Vapour‐liquid equilibria of ethyl acetate‐trichloroethylene system
Authors: Rao M. Raja , Rao K. V. Kurmanadha , Rao C. Venkata
Published: July 2010

Experimental vapour‐liquid equilibrium data are presented for the system, ethyl acetate‐trichloroethylene at absolute pressures of 760 and 700 mm. of mercury and at temperatures of 70°, 65° and 60°C. The calculated activity coefficient data indicate that the binnary system investigated is ideal within the limits of experimental error for all the pressures and temperatures used, as tested by the methods of Othmer & Gilmont, and Redlich & Kister.
Preparation of ‘high‐ortho’ novolak resins I. Metal ion catalysis and orientation effect
Authors: Fraser D. A. , Hall R. W. , Raum A. L. J.
Published: July 2010

In the phenol‐formaldehyde condensation reaction, the presence of electropositive bivalent metal ions such as Mn++, Zn++, Cd++, Mg++ and Co++ has been found to catalyse the production of 2‐ and 2 : 6‐substituted phenolic nuclei in the resulting novolak resins. The relative effectiveness of the different ions on the orientation effect and rate of condensation has been approximately determined. A fractionation technique for the resins has been developed and the molecular weight distributioin curves of resins prepared by different methods compared.
Preparation of ‘high‐ortho’ novolak resins. II. The course of the reaction
Authors: Fraser D. A. , Hall R. W. , Jenkins P. A. , Raum A. L. J.
Published: July 2010

Some intermediate products of the condensation of phenol and formaldehyde, in the presence of excess phenol, have been identified by paper chromatography. The reactions of the intermediates and the properties of the resins resulting from their further condensation have been investigated. The orientation effect of the cations of bivalent electropositive metals has been shown to operate both in the initial condensation of phenol and formaldehyde and in the subsequent reactions of the methylolphenols.
Anodic polarization as a possible rapid method of deciding whether a given solution is corrosive or inhibitive
Authors: Hancock P. , Mayne J. E. O.
Published: July 2010

Anodic polarization curves have been obtained with twelve systems of mixed corrosive and inhibitive ions and it has been found that when the results are compared with total immersion tests, the corrosive or inhibitive nature of the solutions could be estimated from the nature of the polarization curves, with only one exception (NaNO2 + NaCl).

In several cases corrosion occurred in the immersion tests when the polarization curves indicated that the solution was just inhibitive, but the borderline between corrosion and passivity is not clear cut and there are reasons for believing that with solutions in the borderline region this method has a slight bias towards passivity.

The probability of corrosion increases with the size of the specimen and is affected by shape, i.e. by the presence of crevices where the inhibitor may become exhausted.

When modified this method may form the basis of an accelerated test.
The preparation of crystalline δ‐alumina
Authors: Rooksby H. P.
Published: July 2010

Three methods are described for preparing une of the transition forms of alurtlina, the δ‐fornt, in a comparatively advanced state of crystallinity. In these preparations the crystal structure is sufficiently well‐developed for complete X‐ray powder diffraction spacing and intensity data to be compiled, and these data are presented. The methods of preparation comprise:

Heat treatment of a dense form of high‐purity alumina monohydrate in air at about 950° over an extended period.

Ignition of ammonium aluminium sulphate impregnated with ammonium molybdate at 950°.

Heat treatment at 1100° in air of a flame‐sprayed alumina displaying the cubic gamma structure.

The spherulized alumina described by Plumnier in the preceding paper contains a high proportion of crystalline δ‐form.
Recovery of gold, silver and nickel from alkaline cyanide solutions by means of weak‐base ion‐exchange resins
Authors: Aveston J. , Everest D. A. , Kember N. F. , Wells R. A.
Published: July 2010

Gold as cyanoaurate is selectively adsorbed by weak‐base resins from alkaline cyanide liquors containing base metal cyanides, and can be quantitatively eluted with aqueous sodium thiocyanate. Interference from, sulphur‐containing anions, especially thiocyanate, which are present in gold ore leach liquors may be overcome by incorporation of 6–10% of strong‐base groups into the weak‐base resin. Resins containing about equal numbers of strong‐ and weak‐base groups are reasonably selective for nickel and silver, which are normally adsorbed together. They may be eluted with either sodium thiocyanate or sodium nitrate made alkaline with ammonia or sodium cyanide. A possible method for the large‐scale recovery of gold, nickel and silver from pregnant cyanide liquors is put forward.
Calcination of rutile‐type titanium dioxide hydrolysates
Authors: Latty James E.
Published: July 2010

A study has been made of the nature and size of particles produced during the hydrolysis of solutions from titanium ores, and the effect of calcination of these particles. It is shown that the crystallites obtained by hydrolysis grow within the micelles at 600–700° and that at higher temperatures the crystallites sinter to form pigment particles and appreciable conversion to rutile takes place. The effects of the presence of small amounts of alkali during calcination are examined.
Studies on the sorption of moisture by polymers. II. The cellulose‐cellulose acetate system
Authors: Beever D. K. , Valentine L.
Published: July 2010

The adsorption isotherms at 22° of water vapour for a series of homogeneously deacetylated cellulose acetates have been determined. Plots of the sorption (expressed as molecules of water per repeat unit) at any relative humidity against the degree of substitution (D.S.) were linear in the range D.S. = 0.6–2.6. Extrapolation of these linear plots, which are believed to refer to completely amorphous copolymers, to the ordinates at D.S. = 0 or 3 has yielded estimates of the adsorption isotherms of amorphous cellulose and amorphous cellulose triacetate. The values so obtained for amorphous cellulose are in good agreement at high humidities with estimates derived by other methods, but the ‘copolymer extrapolation technique’ seems to fail for this system at humidities <50%. Typical samples of cellulose triacetate are only 70–90% accessible to water vapour.
The separation of uranium from other metals in sulphate solution by fractional hydrolysis. I. Hydrolysis in sulphate solution
Authors: Arden T. V. , Harbutt J.
Published: July 2010

The reactions of UO with alkali in sulphate solutions have been studied in detail, and those of Fe2+, Al3+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Ni2−, Co2+, Mn2+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ more briefly. Precipitation pH curves of all these metals have been prepared, and have been used to develop a process for the separation of UO and Cu2+ from the other metals studied.
The separation of uranium from other metals in sulphate solution by fractional hydrolysis. II. Precipitation in the presence of phosphate, arsenate and silicate
Authors: Arden T. V. , Humphries R. , Lewis J. A.
Published: July 2010

The effect of the presence of phosphate, arsenate and silicate on the hydrolysis of uranium and other metal salts in sulphate solution has been studied by pH measurement during titrations with sodium hydroxide solutions. The results have been used to develop methods for the separation of uranium from the other metals studied.
Double‐bond formation in paraffinic hydrocarbons on exposure to ionizing radiation
Authors: Black R. M.
Published: July 2010

The changes in the amounts of unsaturation induced by pile irradiation of a range of paraffinie hydrocarbons have been studied by infra‐red absorption measurements and by measurement of the iodine number.

The changes in the various types of unsaturation, trans‐vinyl, vinylene and vinylidene are compared for n‐decane, petroleum jelly, and polyethylene and discrepancies between the two methods discussed.
The tensile properties of some plastics at low temperatures
Authors: Dyment J. , Ziebland H.
Published: July 2010

Tensile tests have been carried out on polytetrafluoroethylene, polycaprolactam, polyvinyl chloride and polytrifluoromonochloroethylene at four temperature levels ranging from +20° to −196°C.

The tensile strength of polytetrafluoroethylene increased from 1·44 × 103 lb./sq. in. at room temperature to 13·8 × 1033 lb./sq. in. at −196°c while the tensile strengths of polycaprolactam, polyvinyl chloride and polytetrafluoroethylene correspondingly increased from 9·5 × 103, 7·7 × 103 and 6·3 × 103 lb./sq. in. to 27·9 × 103, 19·7 × 103 and 16·2 × 103 lb./sq. in. respectively. The moduli of elasticity were similarly increased.
Viscosity‐molecular weight relationships for cellulose acetate
Authors: Moore W. R. , Tidswell B. M.
Published: July 2010

Six fractions have been obtained from a technical cellulose acetate and their molecular weights determined osmotically. Viscosity data are presented for the fractions in acetone, methyl acetate, acetic acid, aniline and pyridine at 25° and values of K and a in the expression [n] = KMa are given. Although logarithmic plots of [n] against M are fairly well represented by straight lines, some scatter is observed and a possible tendency to downward curvature at higher molecular weights. Reasons for scatter and curvature are discussed and it is suggested that a linear relationship between [n] and M may apply at lower molecular weights, the chains being considerably extended. At higher molecular weights some coiling of chains is possible. There seems to be no clearly defined relationship between the values of K and a and the solvent power of the solvent. Values of a for basic solvents are in agreement with predictions based on the ability of such solvents to break‐intramolecular polymer bonds but those for acidic solvents are not.
The determination of the specific surface of different modifications of silica: Comparison of results by different methods
Authors: Cartwright J. , Wheatley K. , Sing K. S. W.
Published: July 2010

The methods of gas adsorption, air permeability and microscopy have been used to determine values of the specific surface of samples of different modifications of silica and of glass spheres that lie in the size range 1–12 μ. Quartz, cristobalite, tridymite and fused silica were studied both before and after etching with hydrofluoric acid.

An empirical relationship has been established between the volume/surface diameter (Dvs) obtained from microscope measurements, and the specific surface by gas adsorption, and has been shown to apply to all samples except unetched quartz, for a given size of which the specific surface by gas adsorption is about twice that of the other samples.

Below 6 μ. the air‐permeability method gives lower results than does microscopy or gas adsorption.
Corrosion of steel in moist air
Authors: Crennell J. T.
Published: July 2010

Specimens of steel stored at room temperature and approximately 100% relative humidity for periods up to 7 years have shown a remarkable absence of corrosion.
The cross‐linking action of formaldehyde on the proteins of the groundnut: A physico‐chemical investigation
Authors: Kinnear A. M. G. , Naismith W. E. F.
Published: July 2010

The cross‐linking action of formaldehyde on the arachin and conarachin‐II fractions of groundnut protein in the pH range 6–11 has been studied by means of the ultracentrifuge. When suitable steric conditions obtain, cross‐linking of conarachin II takes place with the formation of dimers, trimers and tetramers of the parent molecule, the optimum effect being obtained at pH 8. In the case of arachin, evidence for the formation of formaldehyde cross‐linkages is found in the effect of the formaldehyde treatment on the dissociation and denaturation reactions of the protein. The nature of the functional groups responsible for the formation of formaldehyde cross‐linkages is discussed.
The reactions of highly fluorinated organic compounds. X. The oxidation of fluoro‐olefins by potassium permanganate in acetone
Authors: Burdon J. , Tatlow J. C.
Published: July 2010

Potassium permanganate in acetone is shown to be a useful reagent for the oxidation of perfluoro‐and chlorofluoro‐olefins to the corresponding carboxylic acids.
Silicon nitrides: Some physico‐chemical properties
Authors: Turkdogan E. T. , Bills Patricia M. , Tippett Valerie A.
Published: July 2010

Silicon nitride has been prepared by heating pure silicon in purified nitrogen at 1450°. X‐ray studies showed the presence of two nitrides, and a method was therefore devised to separate them. Although these nitrides differ in their crystal structure, they have the same compositions, corresponding to Si3N4. A few chemical tests were performed on finely divided silicon nitride prepared at or above 145°. Several alloys containing various proportions of silicon were nitrided under different conditions, and the X‐ray diffraction patterns of the nitrides extracted from these alloys were found to be in complete agreement with that of α‐Si3N4. The diffraction lines obtained from the nitrided alloy prior to any chemical treatment gave nitride lines which did not correspond to those of the α‐Si3N4 or β‐Si3N4.
The measurement of intensity of odour
Authors: Prince R. G. H. , Ince J. H.
Published: July 2010

An instrument for the estimation of intensity of odour is described. The dilution required to make the odour just detectable in a mixture with odour‐free air is taken as a measure of the intensity, and the instrument is essentially a mechanical device for making the requisite dilution conveniently.

Different persons show markedly different sensitivities to a given odour, and these differences vary widely with different odours. These differences in sensitivity cannot then be estimated from the results obtained with a particular ‘reference’ odour, but must be established from long‐term averages for the material concerned.

Day‐to‐day variations in personal sensitivity, and other errors, were small compared with the residual error. Different persons exhibited widely different degrees of reliability in their results, and hence careful selection and training of those using these instruments is important.
The laboratory preparation of lithium deuteride and lithium aluminium deuteride
Authors: Holding A. F. le C. , Ross W. A.
Published: July 2010

Lithium deuteride has been prepared by the direct combination of lithium and deuterium at 700°, the deuterium having been obtained from the oxide by the use of magnesium. The isotopic and chemical purity of the product have been determined. Lithium aluminium deuteride has been prepared from lithium deuteride and aluminium bromide.
An effect of sound on heterogeneous catalysis
Authors: Wiener H. B. , Young P. W.
Published: July 2010

In a stationary sound wave over a St. Clair generator emitting about 0·05 w/cm.2 at 13·5 kc/s, the decomposition rate of formic acid on a heated nickel filament increased by about 50%, that of ammonia by about 15%, while ethylene hydrogenation was unaffected. The increased rate ran parallel with increased heat‐transfer from the wire when sound intensity or the position of the filament in the sound field was varied; it is attributed to increased mass‐transfer. Both formic acid and ammonia results are consistent with zero order in reactant and inhibition by‐products.
The ternary system benzene‐cyclohexane‐ethyl methyl ketone
Authors: Donald M. B. , Ridgway K.
Published: July 2010

Various physical properties and solid‐ and vapour‐liquid equilibria have been determined as functions of the composition for this ternary system. A ternary eutectic occurred at 26 molar‐% benzene, 61 molar‐% ethyl methyl ketone and 13 molar‐% cyclohexane at −97°. There was no ternary azeotrope, the mixture with lowest boiling‐point being the cyclohexane‐ethyl methyl ketone binary azeotrope at 52.3 molar‐% cyclohexane and 71.5°/760 mm. pressure. Variations in the properties with composition are discussed in the light of the intermolecular forces and the ease of packing of the three types of molecule. The vapour‐liquid equilibrium data confirm the feasibility of the process for the separation of benzene and cyclohexane, by azeotropic distillation using ethyl methyl ketone as entrainer.
The behaviour of katharometers for gas chromato‐graphy in carrier gases of low thermal conductivity
Authors: Bohemen J. , Purnell J. H.
Published: July 2010

The performance of hot‐wire thermal conductivity cells has been studied, particular attention being paid to the phenomena of partial and complete reversal of chromatographic peaks. Forced convection has been found to be an important factor in katharometer operation in nitrogen and the behaviour of the device can be explained if heat capacity, as well as thermal conductivity, changes are taken into account.
Incomplete equilibrium in dilute solutions of a cationic soap by the foam density method
Authors: Nash T.
Published: July 2010

Using β‐naphthol as a ‘marker’ it is shown that dilute aqueous cetyltrimethylammonium bromide solution can exist in different states which take 16 hours to equilibrate at 25°. The technique depends on the accurate measurement of foam weight: it can be used to measure the critical micelle concentration.
The autoxidation of methyl elaeostearate
Authors: Faulkner R. N.
Published: July 2010

The autoxidation of the methyl ester of α‐elaeostearic acid (the main constituent acid of tung oil) at 37° under ultra‐violet light has been examined. In the main experiment the product obtained after absorption of 0.6 mole of oxygen per mole of ester has been fractionated by molecular distillation, low‐temperature crystallization and solvent extraction. The fractions have been characterized by chemical and physical analysis.
Syntheses of metal‐complexing polymers. II. Phosphonamide and α‐aminophosphonate polymers
Authors: Kennedy J. , Ficken G. E.
Published: July 2010

A series of α‐aminophosphonate resins containing the amphoteric complexing unit ‐NR‐CR‐P(O)(OH)2 have been synthesized by various routes and shown to have adsorption capacities of the order of 1 to 2.5 mequiv./g. of dry resin (sodium form) for cupric ions. Failure of diallyl phosphonamides and diallyl α‐aminoalkylphosphonate esters to give solid polymers with conventional catalysts, is noted.
Corrosion of steel in moist air. Comments on paper by J. T. Crennell
Authors: Vernon W. H. J.
Published: July 2010

Explanations are advanced for apparent discrepancies in results recently reported by Crennell1 and earlier results of Patterson2 and Vernon.3 An omission in a previous paper3 has been rectified.
The Røcle of hydrogen in the high‐temperature corrosion of zirconium and its alloys. I. The effect of cathodic polarization on corrosion in water at 325°
Authors: Wanklyn J. N. , Hopkinson B. E.
Published: July 2010

Binary zirconium alloys and Zircaloy 2 have been corroded in water at 325°c with and without cathodic polarization. In some cases polarization can increase hydrogen uptake or reduce the protective character of the oxide films as assessed by capacity measurements. Alloying elements significantly influence both effects, but comparison of the alloys shows no systematic relation between their hydrogen uptakes and the loss of protective character of their films.

Films formed in a previous period of unpolarized corrosion are damaged when polarized at 325° and at room temperature.

Possible explanations of the effects of hydrogen and of alloying elements are suggested.
A new procedure for rapid determination of nitrate and a study of the preparation of the phenol‐sulphonic acid reagent
Authors: Middleton K. R.
Published: July 2010

A rapid procedure for the determination of nitrate in dilute aqueous solution is described and the chelated structure of the nitrophenolsulphonic acid formed in the reaction is discussed. Reproducible results are obtained when nitrate solution is added to the phenolsulphonic acid reagent but not if the order of addition is reversed.

A critical examination of the different methods used by various workers in preparing the phenolsulphonic acid reagent has been made. It is concluded that fuming sulphuric acid may safely be omitted, that considerable latitude is permissible in the proportion of sulphuric acid to phenol, and that heating for more than two hours is not significant.

Phenoldisulphonic acid may therefore be conveniently replaced by p‐phenolsulphonic acid which is easier to prepare; the latter reagent is sensitive to 2.5 p.p.m. of nitrate‐nitrogen in solution.
Some factors affecting the activity of sintered iron catalysts for the fischer‐tropsch synthesis
Authors: Dorling T. A. , Gall D. , Hall C. C.
Published: July 2010

The activity of catalysts prepared by sintering alkali‐impregnated mill scale increases with reduction in mean particle size over the range 10–50 B.S. sieve sizes. It is also increased by lowering the temperature of reduction in hydrogen from 450° (the temperature normally used for activating fused iron catalysts) to 350° or 300°, and by prolonged extraction with water, either before or after reduction. The effect of extraction is enhanced by reduction in particle size; the effects of lowering the reduction temperature and of extraction with water are approximately additive. The beneficial effect of extraction with water is believed to be due to the removal of alkali‐metal salts of impurity elements in the mill scale and to the decomposition of alkali‐metal ferrites formed during the sintering process. In a fixed‐bed synthesis test using an extracted mill‐scale catalyst, a gas conversion of 70% was maintained for 66 days at a gas space velocity of 540 h.−1, 30 atm. pressure and a constant temperature of 230.

The empirical equation described by R. B. Anderson et al. for expressing the activity of iron catalysts has been found to be applicable to mill‐scale catalysts over a wide range of experimental conditions, provided that the value for E (the apparent over‐all energy of activation) appropriate to the H2/CO ratio of the feed gas is employed.
Studies on glyceryl esters II.The use of urea inclusion compounds for the fractionation of technical monoglycerides
Authors: Aylward F. , Wood P. D. S.
Published: July 2010

Using a technical glyceryl ‘monostearate’ containing a mixture of esters, it has been shown that under certain experimental conditions diglycerides form adducts with urea more readily than do monoglycerides.
System amyl alcohol (from fusel oil)‐acetic acid‐water at 20°
Authors: Piha P. , Peltonen R. J. , Kitunen M.
Published: July 2010

Mutual solubility and tie‐line data are presented for the ternary system amyl alcohol (from fusel oil, containing mostly the isoamyl alcohol)‐acetic acid‐water at 20°. Possibilities for the use of amyl alcohol in the extraction of acetic acid from aqueous solutions, with subsequent esterification‐distillation, are outlined.
Liquid‐liquid extraction: Efficiency of a perforated‐plate pulsed column
Authors: Choffé B. , Gladel Y. L.
Published: July 2010

By the application of a pulse to a perforated‐plate, liquid‐liquid counter‐current extraction column, increased efficiency of extraction is obtained. A study is made of various factors (rates of liquid flow, pulse amplitude and frequeny) on the efficiency of extraction.
The effect of dust particles on the electrical resistance and anti‐corrosive properties of varnish and paint films
Authors: Graff‐Baker C.
Published: July 2010

Measurements of the electrical resistance of varnish and paint films indicated that discontinuities were frequently present. The discontinuities arose from the inclusion of dust particles and allowed corrosion of the steel beneath them to be initiated. Varnish films that were prepared with precautions to exclude dust gave exceptionally good protection to steel under immersed conditions and were of much higher electrical resistance than films prepared without these precautions.