bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Freely decaying turbulence in two-dimensional electrostatic gyrokinetics
Authors: Tatsuno T. , Plunk G. G. , Barnes M. , Dorland W. , Howes G. G. , Numata R.
Published: December 2012

In magnetized plasmas, a turbulent cascade occurs in phase space at scales smaller than the thermal Larmor radius (“sub-Larmor scales”) [Tatsuno et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 015003 (2009)]. When the turbulence is restricted to two spatial dimensions perpendicular to the background magnetic field, two independent cascades may take place simultaneously because of the presence of two collisionless invariants. In the present work, freely decaying turbulence of two-dimensional electrostatic gyrokinetics is investigated by means of phenomenological theory and direct numerical simulations. A dual cascade (forward and inverse cascades) is observed in velocity space as well as in position space, which we diagnose by means of nonlinear transfer functions for the collisionless invariants. We find that the turbulence tends to a time-asymptotic state, dominated by a single scale that grows in time. A theory of this asymptotic state is derived in the form of decay laws. Each case that we study falls into one of three regimes (weakly collisional, marginal, and strongly collisional), determined by a dimensionless number D*, a quantity analogous to the Reynolds number. The marginal state is marked by a critical number D*=D0 that is preserved in time. Turbulence initialized above this value become increasingly inertial in time, evolving toward larger and larger D*; turbulence initialized below D0 become more and more collisional, decaying to progressively smaller D*.
Turbulent fluxes, stability and shear in the offshore environment: Mesoscale modelling and field observations at FINO1
Authors: Muñoz-Esparza D. , Cañadillas B. , Neumann T. , van Beeck J.
Published: December 2012

This paper is focused on the evaluation of five planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes in the Weather Research and Forecasting model for offshore wind energy purposes. One first order scheme: Yonsey University and four one-and-a-half order schemes: Mellor-Yamada-Janić, Quasi-Normal Scale Elimination, Mellor-Yamada-Nakanishi-Niino, and Bougeault-Lacarrère, are considered. Turbulent flux measurements from the FINO1 platform in the North Sea are used to estimate the Obukhov length, allowing the sorting of the data into different stability classes. In addition, wind LiDAR measurements are used to analyze wind profiles up to 251.5 m, encompassing the heights where today's wind turbines operate. The ability of the different PBL schemes to forecast turbulent fluxes of heat and momentum and surface stability is evaluated. Obukhov length results show that in general, PBL schemes forecast more moderated stable stratifications and a reinforcement of the instability for neutral and convective conditions, compared to FINO1 observations. The vertical structure of the wind speed profile is thoroughly analyzed for stable, near-neutral, unstable, and very unstable conditions by using total shear stresses, eddy diffusivities, and wind speed shears. The Mellor-Yamada-Nakanishi-Niino scheme presents the best agreement with measurements considering the different atmospheric stabilities analyzed. Stable conditions are the most complicated scenario for the PBL schemes to reproduce due to their overdiffusive formulations, which effect is to lower the vertical wind shear. Under such conditions, Quasi-Normal Scale Elimination and Yonsey University outperform the rest of the PBL schemes, the latest using a revised diffusion formulation.
Resonant photoemission study of epitaxial La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 thin film across Curie temperature
Authors: Bapna Komal , Choudhary R. J. , Phase D. M.
Published: December 2012

The electronic structure of epitaxial La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 thin film grown on LaAlO3 (001) substrate has been studied by resonant photoemission spectroscopy across Curie temperature (TC). Temperature dependent variations in the valence band structure divulge that beyond TC, Mn-O 2p hybridization is reduced. It is found that nature of the states in the lower binding energy range above TC would be rather due to Mn3+ ions, whereas below TC Mn3+ and Mn4+ contributes equally in the low binding energy region. At higher binding energy values, Mn4+ contribution is larger in the Mn-O hybridization at all temperatures.
Some applications of hypercontractive inequalities in quantum information theory
Authors: Montanaro Ashley
Published: December 2012

Hypercontractive inequalities have become important tools in theoretical computer science and have recently found applications in quantum computation. In this note we discuss how hypercontractive inequalities, in various settings, can be used to obtain (fairly) concise proofs of several results in quantum information theory: a recent lower bound of Lancien and Winter on the bias achievable by local measurements which are 4-designs; spectral concentration bounds for k-local Hamiltonians; and a recent result of Pellegrino and Seoane-Sepúlveda giving general lower bounds on the classical bias obtainable in multiplayer XOR games.
A laser-driven nanosecond proton source for radiobiological studies
Authors: Bin Jianhui , Allinger Klaus , Assmann Walter , Dollinger Günther , Drexler Guido A. , Friedl Anna A. , Habs Dieter , Hilz Peter , Hoerlein Rainer , Humble Nicole , Karsch Stefan , Khrennikov Konstantin , Kiefer Daniel , Krausz Ferenc , Ma Wenjun , Michalski Dörte , Molls Michael , Raith Sebastian , Reinhardt Sabine , Röper Barbara , Schmid Thomas E. , Tajima Toshiki , Wenz Johannes , Zlobinskaya Olga , Schreiber Joerg , Wilkens Jan J.
Published: December 2012

Ion beams are relevant for radiobiological studies and for tumor therapy. In contrast to conventional accelerators, laser-driven ion acceleration offers a potentially more compact and cost-effective means of delivering ions for radiotherapy. Here, we show that by combining advanced acceleration using nanometer thin targets and beam transport, truly nanosecond quasi-monoenergetic proton bunches can be generated with a table-top laser system, delivering single shot doses up to 7 Gy to living cells. Although in their infancy, laser-ion accelerators allow studying fast radiobiological processes as demonstrated here by measurements of the relative biological effectiveness of nanosecond proton bunches in human tumor cells.
Dynamical instabilities of a Brownian particle in weak adhesion
Authors: Kumar Deepak , Ghosh Shankar , Bhattacharya S.
Published: December 2012

Dynamical processes involved in weak adhesion are explored through a single cycle of an optically trapped Brownian colloidal silica particle detaching from, and reattaching to, a glass substrate immersed in a fluid in the presence of an externally applied force. Micro-rheology, video-microscopy, and Nyquist noise measurements reveal both stochastic and deterministic dynamics of the process. When analyzed in terms of the viscoelastic response of the stress coupling medium between the objects, the unsticking instability shows remarkable similarities with yielding and fracture-mechanics of macro-scale solids. The resticking dynamics demonstrates stochastic instabilities through a spatiotemporally punctuated descent of the particle down an energy landscape with a hierarchy of metastable minima.
Schrödinger operators on star graphs with singularly scaled potentials supported near the vertices
Authors: Man'ko S. S.
Published: December 2012

We study Schrödinger operators on star metric graphs with potentials of the form αɛ−2Q(ɛ−1x). In dimension 1 such potentials, with additional assumptions on Q, approximate in the sense of distributions as ɛ → 0 the first derivative of the Dirac delta-function. We establish the convergence of the Schrödinger operators in the uniform resolvent topology and show that the limit operator depends on α and Q in a very nontrivial way.
First-principles molecular dynamics simulations of ${\rm NH}_4^+$ NH 4+ and CH3COO− adsorption at the aqueous quartz interface
Authors: Wright Louise B. , Walsh Tiffany R.
Published: December 2012

The ability to exert molecular-level control at the aqueous interface between biomolecules and inorganic substrates is pivotal to advancing applications ranging from sustainable manufacturing to targeted therapeutics. Progress is hindered by a lack of structural information of these interfaces with atomic resolution. Molecular simulation is one approach to obtain such data, but can be limited by the reliability of the force-field used. First-principles simulations, in principle, can provide insights into such aqueous interfaces, but are resource-intensive, limiting previous first-principles studies to approximate the environment of liquid water. Here, we use Car-Parrinello simulations to investigate adsorption of two charged adsorbates that are functional groups common to all amino-acids—ethanoate and ammonium—at the interface between hydroxylated quartz and liquid water, directly incorporating full solvation effects at the interface. Our findings reveal the stable character of carboxylate-quartz binding, as well as the surprisingly indifferent nature of ammonium-quartz interactions, in liquid water.
Bubble-driven inertial micropump
Authors: Torniainen Erik D. , Govyadinov Alexander N. , Markel David P. , Kornilovitch Pavel E.
Published: December 2012

The fundamental action of the bubble-driven inertial micropump is investigated. The pump has no moving parts and consists of a thermal resistor placed asymmetrically within a straight channel connecting two reservoirs. Using numerical simulations, the net flow is studied as a function of channel geometry, resistor location, vapor bubble strength, fluid viscosity, and surface tension. Two major regimes of behavior are identified: axial and non-axial. In the axial regime, the drive bubble either remains inside the channel, or continues to grow axially when it reaches the reservoir. In the non-axial regime, the bubble grows out of the channel and in all three dimensions while inside the reservoir. The net flow in the axial regime is parabolic with respect to the hydraulic diameter of the channel cross-section, but in the non-axial regime it is not. From numerical modeling, it is determined that the net flow is maximal when the axial regime crosses over to the non-axial regime. To elucidate the basic physical principles of the pump, a phenomenological one-dimensional model is developed and solved. A linear array of micropumps has been built using silicon-SU8 fabrication technology that is used to manufacture thermal inkjet printheads. Semi-continuous pumping across a 2 mm-wide channel has been demonstrated experimentally. Measured net flow with respect to viscosity variation is in excellent agreement with simulation results.
Evidence of itinerant magnetism in a metallic nanoglass
Authors: Ghafari M. , Hahn H. , Gleiter H. , Sakurai Y. , Itou M. , Kamali S.
Published: December 2012

Metallic nanoglasses are amorphous alloys which are prepared by consolidation of amorphous nanoparticles. The result is a unique two-component structure with comparable volume fractions, an interfacial component of nanometer-sized regions of reduced density, and a component in the cores of the nanoparticles. The magnetic properties of a Fe90Sc10 nanoglass and a rapidly quenched metallic glass as a reference have been investigated by means of Mössbauer spectroscopy and magnetic Compton scattering. The contribution of itinerant electrons to the magnetic moment in the interfaces is higher than in crystalline Fe and all known amorphous transition metal alloys. Consequently, the FeSc nanoglass represents a material with magnetic properties different from any known amorphous alloys.
Magnetic moment manipulation by triplet Josephson current
Authors: Pugach N. G. , Buzdin A. I.
Published: December 2012

The induced magnetic moment, provided by the bands electrons, is calculated in a variety of Josephson junctions with multilayered ferromagnetic weak link. The noncollinear magnetization of the layers provides the conditions necessary to generate triplet superconducting correlations. It leads to the long-range induced magnetic moment, emerging in the superconducting layers and depending on the Josephson phase. By tuning the Josephson current, one may control the long-range induced magnetic moment. Alternatively, applying the voltage we can generate an oscillatory magnetic moment. The proposed mechanism seems to be attractive for superconducting spintronic devices with low dissipation.
Molecular dynamics study of fast dielectric relaxation of water around a molecular-sized ion
Authors: Kubota Yoji , Yoshimori Akira , Matubayasi Nobuyuki , Suzuki Makoto , Akiyama Ryo
Published: December 2012

We have calculated the dielectric relaxation of water around an ion using molecular dynamics simulations. The collective motion of water near the ion showed fast relaxation, whereas the reorientational motion of individual water molecules does not have the fast component. The ratio of the relaxation time for the fast component and the bulk water was consistent with the experimental results, known as hyper-mobile water, for alkali halide aqueous solution.
Adaptive synchronization and pinning control of colored networks
Authors: Wu Zhaoyan , Xu Xin-Jian , Chen Guanrong , Fu Xinchu
Published: December 2012

A colored network model, corresponding to a colored graph in mathematics, is used for describing the complexity of some inter-connected physical systems. A colored network is consisted of colored nodes and edges. Colored nodes may have identical or nonidentical local dynamics. Colored edges between any pair of nodes denote not only the outer coupling topology but also the inner interactions. In this paper, first, synchronization of edge-colored networks is studied from adaptive control and pinning control approaches. Then, synchronization of general colored networks is considered. To achieve synchronization of a colored network to an arbitrarily given orbit, open-loop control, pinning control and adaptive coupling strength methods are proposed and tested, with some synchronization criteria derived. Finally, numerical examples are given to illustrate theoretical results.
Growth-rate-dependent laterally graded SiGe profiles on insulator by cooling-rate controlled rapid-melting-growth
Authors: Matsumura Ryo , Tojo Yuki , Kurosawa Masashi , Sadoh Taizoh , Mizushima Ichiro , Miyao Masanobu
Published: December 2012

Laterally graded SiGe-on-insulator is the key-structure for next-generation Si-technology, which enables advanced device-arrays with various energy-band-gaps as well as 2-dimensional integration of functional-materials with various lattice-constants. Segregation kinetics in rapid-melting growth of SiGe stripes are investigated in wide ranges of stripe-lengths (10–500 μm) and cooling-rates (10–19 °C/s). Universal laterally graded SiGe-profiles obeying Scheil-equation are obtained for all samples with low cooling-rate (10 °C/s), which enables robust designing of lateral-SiGe-profiles. For samples with high cooling-rates and long stripe-lengths, anomalous two-step-falling profiles are obtained. Dynamical analysis considering the growth-rate-effects enables comprehensive understanding of such phenomena. This provides the unique tool to achieve modulated lateral-SiGe-profiles beyond Scheil equation.
A LabVIEW based template for user created experiment automation
Authors: Kim D. J. , Fisk Z.
Published: December 2012

We have developed an expandable software template to automate user created experiments. The LabVIEW based template is easily modifiable to add together user created measurements, controls, and data logging with virtually any type of laboratory equipment. We use reentrant sequential selection to implement sequence script making it possible to wrap a long series of the user created experiments and execute them in sequence. Details of software structure and application examples for scanning probe microscope and automated transport experiments using custom built laboratory electronics and a cryostat are described.
Quantum-secured imaging
Authors: Malik Mehul , Magaña-Loaiza Omar S. , Boyd Robert W.
Published: December 2012

We have built an imaging system that uses a photon's position or time-of-flight information to image an object, while using the photon's polarization for security. This ability allows us to obtain an image which is secure against an attack in which the object being imaged intercepts and resends the imaging photons with modified information. Popularly known as “jamming,” this type of attack is commonly directed at active imaging systems such as radar. In order to jam our imaging system, the object must disturb the delicate quantum state of the imaging photons, thus introducing statistical errors that reveal its activity.
Composition dependent metal-semiconductor transition in transparent and conductive La-doped BaSnO3 epitaxial films
Authors: Liu Qinzhuang , Liu Jianjun , Li Bing , Li Hong , Zhu Guangping , Dai Kai , Liu Zhongliang , Zhang Peng , Dai Jianming
Published: December 2012

Perovskite-structured (LaxBa1−x)SnO3 (x = 0–0.20) (LBSO) films were epitaxially grown on MgO substrates by pulsed laser deposition, and the structural, electrical, and optical properties of the films were investigated. Results show that these films exhibit a high transmittance of more than 90% in the visible region and dopant concentration-dependent metal-semiconductor transition (MST). With increasing La content from 0 to 0.20 in LBSO films, the MST temperatures decrease from 105 to 32 K and then increase again regularly. The semiconducting behaviors at low temperatures of the films with different La doping concentrations were explained by two different conductive models based on weak localization and Anderson localization.
Current induced localized domain wall oscillators in NiFe/Cu/NiFe submicron wires
Authors: Chang L. J. , Lin Pang , Lee S. F.
Published: December 2012

We experimentally demonstrate domain wall (DW) oscillators excited by in-plane ac current through permalloy based pseudo-spin valve wires, which contain one pair of artificial protrusions. By measuring the spin-transfer-torque induced resonance of a pinned antiparallel transverse DW, under transverse external fields, we show that the antiparallel transverse DW oscillates with a resonance frequency as high as 2.92 GHz, depending on the widths of protrusions. For DW oscillations induced by injection of dc currents, the observed peaks in dV/dI associated with the reversible change of magnetoresistance are attributed to the reversible motions of the DW.
Method for determining the radiative efficiency of GaInN quantum wells based on the width of efficiency-versus-carrier-concentration curve
Authors: Lin Guan-Bo , Shan Qifeng , Birkel Andrew J. , Cho Jaehee , Fred Schubert E. , Crawford Mary H. , Westlake Karl R. , Koleske Daniel D.
Published: December 2012

We report a method to determine the radiative efficiency (RE) of a semiconductor by using room-temperature excitation-dependent photoluminescence measurements. Using the ABC model for describing the recombination of carriers, we show that the theoretical width of the RE-versus-carrier-concentration (n) curve is related to the peak RE. Since the normalized external quantum efficiency, EQEnormalized, is proportional to the RE, and the square root of the light-output power, LOP, is proportional to n, the experimentally determined width of the EQEnormalized-versus-n curve can be used to determine the RE. We demonstrate a peak RE of 91% for a Ga0.85In0.15N quantum well.
Invasion percolation model for abnormal time-dependent dielectric breakdown characteristic of low-k dielectrics due to massive metallic diffusion
Authors: Chen Fen , Shinosky Michael , Aitken John , Yang Chih-Chao , Edelstein Daniel
Published: December 2012

With the continuing aggressive scaling of interconnect dimensions and introduction of lower k materials, back-end-of-line (BEOL) dielectric time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) reliability margin is greatly reduced. In this paper, a comprehensive investigation on abnormal low-k TDDB characteristics, a systematic degradation of Weibull slopes, and a systematic increase of field acceleration at lower stress voltages due to massive Cu diffusion were conducted for Cu interconnect with low-k dielectric. Based on data from extensive electrical and physical analysis, such abnormal TDDB characteristics were attributed to slow metallic diffusion in bulk low-k under bias and temperature stress. A TDDB model based on invasion percolation was proposed to model the observed abnormalities. Cu interconnects with robust liner and capping layer, to ensure metal free low-k film, have become important for BEOL low-k TDDB.
Site preference of cation vacancies in Mn-doped Ga2O3 with defective spinel structure
Authors: Hayashi Hiroyuki , Huang Rong , Oba Fumiyasu , Hirayama Tsukasa , Tanaka Isao
Published: December 2012

A strong site preference of intrinsic cation vacancies in Mn-doped Ga2O3 with a defective spinel structure is revealed using a combination of high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) and first-principles calculations. The intensity profile analysis of HAADF-STEM images clearly indicates that the cation vacancies prefer the octahedral sites. Systematic first-principles calculations for 698 atomic configurations suggest that the Mn ions and cation vacancies are energetically favorable at the tetrahedral and octahedral sites, respectively. The site preference of the cation vacancies is found to correlate with the electrostatic energy.
Optimizing the band gap of effective mass negativity in acoustic metamaterials
Authors: Tan K. T. , Huang H. H. , Sun C. T.
Published: December 2012

A dual-resonator microstructure design is proposed for acoustic metamaterials to achieve broadband effective mass negativity. We demonstrate the advantage of acoustic wave attenuation over a wider frequency spectrum as compared to the narrow band gap of a single-resonator design. We explicitly confirm the effect of negative effective mass density by analysis of wave propagation using finite element simulations. Examples of practical application like vibration isolation and blast wave mitigation are presented and discussed.
Linearly polarized, Q-switched Er-doped fiber laser based on reduced graphene oxide saturable absorber
Authors: Sobon Grzegorz , Sotor Jaroslaw , Jagiello Joanna , Kozinski Rafal , Librant Krzysztof , Zdrojek Mariusz , Lipinska Ludwika , Abramski Krzysztof M.
Published: December 2012

We demonstrate generation of linearly polarized pulses from a passively Q-switched Erbium-doped fiber laser. The cavity was designed using only polarization maintaining fibers and components, resulting in linearly polarized output beam with degree of polarization at the level of 97.6%. Reduced graphene oxide was used as a saturable absorber for Q-switched operation. The laser was capable of delivering 1.85 μs pulses with 125 nJ pulse energy at 115 kHz repetition rate.
Loss enhanced transmission and collimation in anisotropic epsilon-near-zero metamaterials
Authors: Sun Lei , Feng Simin , Yang Xiaodong
Published: December 2012

We verify the extraordinary transmission enhancement and collimation induced by the material loss in anisotropic epsilon-near-zero metamaterials, and reveal the physical mechanism of this exotic electromagnetic phenomenon via the iso-frequency contour analysis. In addition, we demonstrate the possibility in realization of such loss enhanced transmission of Gaussian beam in realistic silver-germanium multilayered structures by applying full-wave numerical simulations.
Fishnet metamaterial from an equivalent circuit perspective
Authors: Torres V. , Rodríguez-Ulibarri P. , Navarro-Cía M. , Beruete M.
Published: December 2012

An equivalent circuit for the double-fishnet metamaterial is proposed. All lumped elements are inferred from the interpretation of the electric and magnetic fields as well as the surface currents generated when the structure is excited with a normally incident plane wave. The approach provides a physical meaningful circuit representation of the electromagnetic response of the double-fishnet metamaterial and underlines the tight link between the fishnet metamaterial and the extraordinary transmission phenomenon.
A combined hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrical characterisation study of metal/SiO2/Si(100) metal-oxide-semiconductor structures
Authors: Walsh Lee A. , Hughes Greg , Hurley Paul K. , Lin Jun , Woicik Joseph C.
Published: December 2012

Combined hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) and electrical characterisation measurements on identical Si based metal-oxide-semiconductor structures have been performed. The results obtained indicate that surface potential changes at the Si/SiO2 interface due to the presence of a thin Al or Ni gate layer can be detected with HAXPES. Changes in the Si/SiO2 band bending at zero gate voltage and the flat band voltage for the case of Al and Ni gate layers derived from the silicon core levels shifts observed in the HAXPES spectra are in agreement with values derived from capacitance-voltage measurements.
Reduced electron back-injection in Al2O3/AlOx/Al2O3/graphene charge-trap memory devices
Authors: Lee Sejoon , Song Emil B. , Min Kim Sung , Lee Youngmin , Seo David H. , Seo Sunae , Wang Kang L.
Published: December 2012

A graphene charge-trap memory is devised using a single-layer graphene channel with an Al2O3/AlOx/Al2O3 oxide stack, where the ion-bombarded AlOx layer is intentionally added to create an abundance of charge-trap sites. The low dielectric constant of AlOx compared to Al2O3 reduces the potential drop in the control oxide Al2O3 and suppresses the electron back-injection from the gate to the charge-storage layer, allowing the memory window of the device to be further extended. This shows that the usage of a lower dielectric constant in the charge-storage layer compared to that of the control oxide layer improves the memory performance for graphene charge-trap memories.
Crystal field splitting and optical bandgap of hexagonal LuFeO3 films
Authors: Wang Wenbin , Wang Hongwei , Xu Xiaoying , Zhu Leyi , He Lixin , Wills Elizabeth , Cheng Xuemei , Keavney David J. , Shen Jian , Wu Xifan , Xu Xiaoshan
Published: December 2012

Hexagonal LuFeO3 films have been studied using x-ray absorption and optical spectroscopy. The crystal splitting of Fe3+ is extracted as Ee′−Ee″=0.7 eV and Ea1′−Ee′=0.9 eV, and a 2.0 eV optical bandgap is determined assuming a direct gap. First-principles calculations confirm the experiments that the relative energies of crystal field splitting states do follow Ea1′>Ee′>Ee″ with slightly underestimated values and a bandgap of 1.35 eV.
A three-dimensional numerical study of the Magnus wind turbine with different blade shapes
Authors: Sun Xiaojing , Zhuang Yueqing , Cao Yang , Huang Diangui , Wu Guoqing
Published: December 2012

Although the Magnus type wind turbine has many benefits over conventional blade-type wind turbines, it normally has low wind energy utilization efficiency. Therefore, it is important to seek effective ways of improving the Magnus wind turbine power performance in order to promote its application. As blade aspect ratio is a critical parameter influencing the Magnus wind turbine performance, a 3D numerical study of a Magnus type wind turbine which is equipped with cylindrical blades with different aspect ratios has been conducted in this paper. In addition, various cylinder shapes, including truncated cone and wavy cylinder, have also been used and their effects on the performance of the Magnus wind turbine are analyzed. Performance characteristics such as power, torque, and thrust coefficients of the Magnus turbine with different blade shapes are compared and discussed with the aim of identifying the desirable blade characteristics for this type of turbine.
Phase stability and magnetic-field-induced martensitic transformation in Mn-rich NiMnSn alloys
Authors: Tao Q. , Han Z. D. , Wang J. J. , Qian B. , Zhang P. , Jiang X. F. , Wang D. H. , Du Y. W.
Published: December 2012

A series of Ni50-xMn41+xSn9 (x = 0–19) alloys from Ni-rich to Mn-rich composition were prepared, and the composition dependence of phase transitions and magnetic properties were investigated. No γ-phase can be observed until x = 17. Martensitic transformation from ferromagnetic austenite to weak-magnetic or ferromagnetic martensite was observed in alloys with Mn content between 52 and 58, and magnetic-field-induced transformation was confirmed. A large magnetization change of 44 Am2/kg across the martensitic transformation is observed in Ni37Mn54Sn9. Our results indicate that Mn-rich Ni-Mn-Sn alloys show promise as metamagnetic shape memory alloys.
Electrochemical Properties and Regioselectivity of Cyclopalladation of Chiral Ferrocenylimines Deriving from (S)-Ferrocenylethylamine
Authors: Yin Zhigang , Qian Hengyu , Wang Quanling , Dong Huichao , Yan Shihai , Zhang Chunxia , Li Junhua
Published: December 2012

Treatment of a cyclopalladated complex derived from chiral ferrocenylimine (η5-C5H5)Fe(η5-C5H4)–CH(CH3)–N=CH–2-C4H3S, (Sc)-1, with PPh3 produced the heteroannular palladacycle (Sc)-3 in which palladation occurred at the unsubstituted cyclopentadiene ring. While for (η5-C5H5)Fe(η5-C5H4)–CH(CH3)–N=CH–C6H5, (Sc)-4, cyclopalladation took place mainly at the phenyl ring; the heteroannular palladacycle (Sc)-6, as a minor product, was also obtained. Single crystal X-ray analysis, electrochemical, and computational studies have been performed, showing good agreement with experimental results.
Differences in shell strength of native and non-native oysters do not extend to size classes that are susceptible to a generalist predator
Authors: Wilkie Emma M. , Bishop Melanie J.
Published: December 2012

Whether non-native species proliferate to pest status can depend on top-down control from native predators. Among epifaunal molluscs, the shell serves as a main line of anti-predator defence and shell strength may determine the ease with which generalist predators can penetrate prey. We assessed whether, in eastern Australia, the faster growth of the non-native Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, than that of the native Saccostrea glomerata comes at the cost of reduced investment in shell thickening, rendering the non-native oyster more susceptible to a generalist predator, the muricid gastropod Morula marginalba. Laboratory tests confirmed that among larger (>50-mm shell height) oysters, the shells of C. gigas were weaker than those of similar-sized S. glomerata. There were, however, no differences in shell strength or thickness between smaller S. glomerata and C. gigas of the size consumed by M. marginalba. In the absence of shell-strength differences among smaller oysters, M. marginalba preferentially consumed native over non-native oysters. When, however, M. marginalba had no choice of prey item, C. gigas was consumed at the same rate as the native oyster. Our results add to growing evidence that the invasion of C. gigas in eastern Australian estuaries is, at present, causing minimal disruption to trophic relationships.
Variation in the growth of larval and juvenile snapper, Chrysophrys auratus (Sparidae)
Authors: Sim-Smith Carina J. , Jeffs Andrew G. , Radford Craig A.
Published: December 2012

For many fish species, growth and mortality of larvae are closely coupled, with faster-growing larvae generally experiencing higher survivorship in the plankton, which may lead to higher recruitment. Using back-calculated growth trajectories derived from otolith increments we used the modified Fry model to estimate the growth rate of larvae and early juveniles of the commercially important sparid, Chrysophrys auratus, at four sites around northern New Zealand. Back-calculated growth rates were used to test the hypothesis that fish with a short pelagic larval duration (≤20 days) grew faster than did fish with a long pelagic larval duration (>24 days) during both the larval and juvenile periods. At three of the four sites, fish with a short larval duration grew significantly faster during the larval period, and these larvae generally continued to have a larger size-at-age as juveniles up to 70-day-old. Growth rates for both the larval and early juvenile period were also found to vary significantly among the four sites and were found to be unrelated to differences in water temperature. Localised variation in early growth of C. auratus among sites may be important in helping explain differences in their contribution to the recruitment to C. auratus populations.
Further evidence of pigmentation change in white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias
Authors: Robbins Rachel , Fox Andrew
Published: December 2012

Patterns of pigmentation are widely used for the identification of white sharks, with photographic databases often forming the basis for studies of population modelling, site fidelity and movement patterns. The permanence of these identifying markings is assumed to remain constant. Here, we present evidence of melanism resulting in a change in the shape and size of pigmentation markings on the lower caudal lobe of a female white shark. We found a 33% reduction in size of an islet over a 9-month period. The newly melanised region was 10% darker than the adjoining pigmented areas, and did not match the original pattern. Possible causes of the observed melanism are presented, and the implications for the reliability of using caudal-fin pigmentation patterns for identification purposes are discussed, with a combinational matching approach recommended.
Using the social robot probo as a social story telling agent for children with ASD
Authors: Vanderborght Bram , Simut Ramona , Saldien Jelle , A. Pop Cristina , Rusu Alina S. , Pintea Sebastian , Lefeber Dirk , David Daniel O.
Published: December 2012

This paper aims to study the role of the social robot Probo in providing assistance to a therapist for robot assisted therapy (RAT) with autistic children. Children with autism have difficulties with social interaction and several studies indicate that they show preference toward interaction with objects, such as computers and robots, rather than with humans. In 1991, Carol Gray developed Social Stories, an intervention tool aimed to increase children’s social skills. Social stories are short scenarios written or tailored for autistic individuals to help them understand and behave appropriately in social situations. This study shows that, in specific situations, the social performance of autistic children improves when using the robot Probo, as a medium for social story telling, than when a human reader tells the stories. The robot tells Social Stories to teach ASD children how to react in situations like saying “hello”, saying “thank you” and “sharing toys”. The robot has the capability of expressing emotions and attention via its facial expressions and its gaze. The paper discusses the use of Probo as an added-value therapeutic tool for social story telling and presents the first experimental results. Keywords: social robot; ASD children; social story; robot assisted therapy
Alemán coloniero como lengua minoritaria en peligro de extinción en el contexto sociolingüístico venezolano
Authors: Bondarenko Pisemskaya Natalia , Collin Breidenbach Haidy
Published: December 2012

Se aborda la problemática del alemán coloniero, lengua minoritaria de los inmigrantes en peligro de extinción hablada en Venezuela, desde la perspectiva antropológica, política y sociolingüística. Para tal fin, se utiliza el enfoque holístico que integra múltiples metodologías. Después de una breve reseña histórica, se procede a clasificar y caracterizar la lengua. Luego, se analiza la política lingüística del Estado venezolano en relación con el alemán coloniero. Seguidamente, se describe la política lingüística “desde abajo” y el creciente interés internacional. Más adelante, se examina la transmisión intergeneracional y la interacción del alemán coloniero con el sistema educativo, se evalúa su grado de vitalidad a través del instrumento adoptado por la UNESCO y se le aplica el modelo de Fishman (1991) para la promoción de la reversión del desplazamiento lingüístico. Finalmente, se plantea una propuesta para revivir el alemán coloniero. Se concluye que su revitalización en su condición actual requiere de la consolidación de las medidas propias del estado siete según Fishman, en conjunto con las labores de codificación y estandarización, una política lingüística favorable y una toma de consciencia, por parte de la comunidad coloniera, de la situación precaria de su lengua.
Drawing attention to primes increases inhibitory word priming effects.
Authors: Zimmerman Robert , Gomez Pablo
Published: December 2012

Inhibitory masked priming effects in the lexical decision task (LDT) have been proven difficult to replicate. If these difficulties are due to individual differences in attention, introducing minor fluctuations in the temporal parameters of prime-target presentation should increase priming effects by drawing attention to the prime. The current study presents two experiments in which we manipulated the duration of prime presentation to this effect. In Experiment 1, we presented subjects (n = 224) with an LDT using form-related and -unrelated word primes. Subjects were assigned to a condition in which all primes were presented for 48ms, or a condition in which one-fourth of the primes were presented for 64ms. Inhibitory priming effects emerged only for the mixed duration condition. Experiment 2 repeated the procedures of the first experiment but with nonword primes. Because nonword primes have no lexical information, target item response latencies should not suffer from the additional processing time required to suppress those representations. Thus, as predicted, Experiment 2 yielded a facilitatory effect of priming. Together, these experiments show that small manipulations of the prime SOA can increase attention to the temporal location of the prime, and that when attention is drawn to the existence of primes in this manner, inhibitory word priming can be observed.
Toward a neurolexicology
Authors: Ploux Sabine , Dabic Stéphanie , Paulignan Yves , Cheylus Anne , Nazir Tatjana A.
Published: December 2012

This article analyzes the organization of the mental lexicon based on neurophysiological data. The neuroscience literature has devoted many studies to the semantic processing of words. However, the research remains specific to certain categories, studied separately, and does not address the lexicon as a system. In order to provide further insight into the neuronal organization of the lexicon, we conducted an EEG-based semantic decision experiment using words from eight categories (four living and four nonliving categories) as the material. A data-analysis method (correspondence analysis or CA) commonly used in computational linguistics was applied to the electrophysiological signals. The results revealed a two-factor structure: an ontological organization separating the living from the nonliving, and an organization with a human referential structured by proximity to the person. A comparison of the ERP-CA and the linguistic-CA data revealed organizational analogies. Lastly, a tomography software (Loreta®) was used to estimate the cerebral sources associated with the ERP signals.
The emergence of Cognitive Sociolinguistics
Authors: Pütz Martin , Robinson Justyna A. , Reif Monika
Published: December 2012

This paper explores the contexts of emergence and application of Cognitive Sociolinguistics. This novel field of scientific enquiry draws on the convergence of methods and theoretical frameworks typically associated with Cognitive Linguistics and Sociolinguistics. Here, we trace and systematize the key theoretical and epistemological bases for the emergence of Cognitive Sociolinguistics, by outlining main research strands and highlighting some challenges that face the development of this field. More specifically, we focus on the following terms and concepts which are foundational to the discussion of Cognitive Sociolinguistics: (i) usage-based linguistics and language-internal variation; (ii) rule-based vs. usage-based conceptions of language; (iii) meaning variation; (iv) categorization and prototypes; and (v) the interplay between language, culture, and ideology. Finally, we consider the benefits of taking a Cognitive Sociolinguistic perspective in research by looking at the actual studies that are presented in the current volume.
Variation, structure and norms
Authors: Harder Peter
Published: December 2012

After a period when the focus was essentially on mental architecture, the cognitive sciences are increasingly integrating the social dimension. The rise of a cognitive sociolinguistics is part of this trend. The article argues that this process requires a re-evaluation of some entrenched positions in linguistics: those that see linguistic norms as antithetical to a descriptive and variational linguistics. Once such a re-evaluation has taken place, however, the social recontextualization of cognition will enable linguistics (including sociolinguistics as an integral part), to eliminate the cracks in the foundations that were the result of suppressing the sociocultural underpinnings of linguistic facts. Structuralism, cognitivism and social constructionism introduced new and necessary distinctions, but in their strong forms they all turned into unnecessary divides. The article tries to show that an evolutionary account can reintegrate the opposed fragments into a whole picture that puts each of them in their ‘ecological position’ with respect to each other. Empirical usage facts should be seen in the context of operational norms in relation to which actual linguistic choices represent adaptations. Variational patterns should be seen in the context of structural categories without which there would be only ‘differences’ rather than variation. And emergence, individual choice, and flux should be seen in the context of the individual’s dependence on lineages of community practice sustained by collective norms.
Flexibility and change in distributed cognitive systems
Authors: Kronenfeld David B.
Published: December 2012

An overview of one anthropological view of culture, including how it works and what it buys us, takes culture as a set of collective — differentially distributed — cognitive structures. Pragmatics is distinguished from semantics, and shown to seamlessly extend to non-linguistic knowledge. “Culture” is (flexibly and variably applied) shared differentially distributed pragmatic knowledge. Next come the role culture plays in regard to society and social living, and the role social groups play in culture. Our social universe is shown to be made up of a multiplicity of overlapping social groups. Prototype-extension is offered as the basis of the application of shared concepts to the experienced and imagined world. Types of cultural knowledge systems include: cultural modes of thought, cultural conceptual systems, and cultural models of action. The paper concludes with the approach’s practical implications for analysis, including two concrete examples: Old and Middle English watercourses, and alternative Fanti kinship terminological systems.
Cognitive Sociolinguistics in L2-variety dictionaries of English
Authors: Wolf Hans-Georg , Polzenhagen Frank
Published: December 2012

The recent decades have witnessed the incorporation of new linguistic trends into lexicography. One of these trends is a usage-based approach, with the first major application of computer-corpus data in the Collins COBUILD English dictionary (1995) and successive adaptation in other L1-dictionaries. Another, concurrent innovation — inspired by Conceptual Metaphor Theory — is the provision of conceptual information in monolingual dictionaries of English. So far, however, only the Macmillan English dictionary for advanced learners (1st and 2nd edition) has paid tribute to the fact that understanding culture-specific metaphors and being aware of metaphoric usage are crucial for learning a foreign language. Given that most of the English as lingua franca interactions take place between L2-speakers of English (see Kachru, 1994), providing conceptual information is not only a desideratum for L1- and learner dictionaries, but especially for (L2-)variety dictionaries of English. In our paper, we follow earlier tentative proposals by Polzenhagen (2007) and Wolf (2012) and present examples from A dictionary of Hong Kong English (Cummings & Wolf, 2011), showing how culturally salient conceptual information can be made explicit and conceptual links between lexical items retrievable. The examples demonstrate that fixed expressions and idioms — a perennial problem for lexicographers — are explicable by means of the proposed lexicographic design, too. Our approach is cognitive-sociolinguistic in that the Conceptual Metaphor approach is coupled with the study of regional varieties of English, more specifically Hong Kong English. Our analysis is empirically backed up by corpus-linguistic insights into this L2 variety.
Spread of on-going changes in an immigrant language
Authors: Doğruöz A. Seza , Gries Stefan Th.
Published: December 2012

Turkish spoken in the Netherlands (NL-Turkish) sounds different in comparison to Turkish spoken in Turkey (TR-Turkish). Analyses of NL-Turkish spoken corpus reveal that NL-Turkish is changing through literally translated Dutch constructions. Combining the cognitive linguistics framework with methods of sociolinguistic analysis, this study investigates to what extent these attested changes are spread within the NL-Turkish speech community. Results of our experimental study show that NL-Turkish speakers recognize the changing constructions and tolerate them more than TR-Turkish speakers (control group). In addition, both NL-Turkish and TR-Turkish speakers exhibit a learning process for the changing constructions during the course of the experiment. However, we did not necessarily find a positive correlation between the frequency of changing constructions and their acceptance rate. We predict that sociolinguistic factors (e.g. group dynamics and continuous contact with TR-Turkish) influence the spread of on-going changes in NL-Turkish at the current stage of contact.