bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A (des)aglutinação sintático-semântico-discursiva: um enfoque enunciativo do verbo intransitivo em reportagens impressas
Authors: Nóbrega Fabíola
Published: December 2016

A aglutinação sintático-semântico-discursiva é um processo que diz respeito à junção do complemento no verbo concebido pela Gramática Tradicional (GT) como intransitivo, não tendo a ocupação material do lugar de objeto. No entanto, em algumas situações, estes verbos podem ser usados com o complemento materializado no plano da sintaxe, havendo a desaglutinação sintático-semântico-discursiva. Este fenômeno é provocado por motivações de ordem enunciativa. Assim, neste artigo tivemos como objetivo geral analisar a (des)aglutinação sintático-semântico-discursiva no verbo viver, de nido pela GT como intransitivo, utilizando, para isso, reportagens impressas. Para tal propósito, recorremos ao construto teórico defendido por Bakhtin/Volochinov (1981, 1926), Bakhtin (2003), além de pesquisadores do pensamento linguístico do Círculo de Bakhtin. Nosso corpus foi composto por vinte e duas reportagens impressas da Revista Veja, publicadas no período de 1968 a 2013 e pesquisadas no site . À luz da discussão tecida neste artigo, podemos a rmar que o verbo de nido como intransitivo pela Gramática Tradicional é um caso de aglutinação sintático- semântico-discursiva. E o Objeto Direto Interno, por sua vez, é um caso de desaglutinação sintático-semântico-discursiva.
Variação na concordância verbal de “nós” no presente e pretérito perfeito em verbos regulares de 1a e 2a conjugação: produtiva no sudeste paranaense?
Authors: Pereira Ivelã , Coelho Izete Lehmkuhl , Loregian-Penkal Loremi
Published: December 2016

O tema deste artigo é a variação morfêmica na P4 (nós) em verbos regulares de 1a e 2a conjugação, objetivando a descrição e análise das formas canônicas e não canônicas – como -a-mo(s) versus -e-mo(s), além de -e-mo(s) versus -i-mo(s) – na mesorregião sudeste do Paraná. Para tanto, fundamentou-se em Labov (2008 [1972]; 1994) e Weinreich, Labov e Herzog (2006 [1968]), Amaral ([1920]), Câmara Junior ([1970]), Castilho (1992) e outros. A pesquisa utilizou-se de metodologia qualitativa, analisando dados de fala e de escrita nas cidades Irati e Mallet, do sudeste paranaense. A partir dos resultados, con rmou-se a hipótese de produtividade da variante não canônica nessa região.
Empréstimos linguísticos e code-switching em Akwẽ Xerente/Português: contribuições para a sociolinguística, para a educação indígena e para o povo Akwẽ
Authors: Mesquita Rodrigo
Published: December 2016

Este artigo analisa a ocorrência de empréstimos linguísticos e code-switching na comunidade de fala Akwẽ-Xerente (Jê), considerando seus aspectos linguísticos e extralinguísticos. Os fenômenos de contato são analisados à luz da Etnogra a da Fala (HYMES, 1972), do modelo 4-M (MYERS-SCOTTON; JAKE, 2000), do Markedness Model e do MLF, elaborados por Myers-Scotton (1993a; 1993b; 2002). As análises apontam o comportamento dos fenômenos sensíveis às variáveis sociolinguísticas e eventos de fala identi cados. Também são orientadas no sentido de sua contribuição para as ciências da linguagem, para a re exão crítica do povo Xerente sobre sua própria realidade e para a educação indígena.
Social Work Grand Challenges and the U.N. Sustainable Development Goals: Linking Social Work and Women’s Health
Authors: John Annalise , Gamarra Elizabeth , Bird Melissa , Wright Rachel L. , Frost Caren J.
Published: December 2016

The health of women is a crucial component to family and community wellbeing. However, social work scholars have not been very engaged in research pertaining to the health needs of women. With the Grand Challenges of Social Work becoming a major element for national discussion and with the revision of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SGD) in 2015, we wondered how connected the 12 Grand Challenges and the 17 SDGs were. We searched the social work literature from 2005 to present to identify what salient publications were available about women’s health and then connected them to the current themes of the Grand Challenges and SDGs. There are no more articles to review in the social work literature. Using a feminist social work framework, we summarize the topics covered in these articles and define a call to action for more scholarly work on women’s health in the context of current national and global conversations about this social justice issue.
Trunnion Corrosion in Metal-on-Polyethylene Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Case Series
Authors: Raju Sivashanmugam , Chinnakkannu Karthikeyan , Puttaswamy Mohan K. , Phillips Matthew J.
Published: December 2016

Introduction:

Modular total hip arthroplasty implants can help the operating surgeon reproduce the optimum limb length and offset; however, the modularity can lead to fretting and corrosion with associated metal-related problems. Although metal-on-metal bearings are often reported to have problems, recent case reports suggest that the problems can occur with any articulation, usually as a result of problems at the head/neck junction.

Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed three cases of a specific implant combination with nontraumatic trunnion failure, with two cases presenting as acute complete dissociation of the femoral head from the neck.

Results:

All three cases had failure of the Accolade TMZF plus stem and trunnion (Stryker) that progressed rapidly from the onset of symptoms. The most likely contributing factors to failure were large femoral head size, high horizontal offset, a low angled neck, and a β titanium alloy taper with a cobalt-chromium head.

Conclusion:

We recommend regular follow-up of all patients with Accolade TMZF stems, and patients should be advised to seek immediate medical attention if they have any new mechanical symptoms in a metal-on-polyethylene total hip arthroplasty. Providers should specifically look for any alteration of alignment between the femoral head and neck in follow-up radiographs.
SAR Image De-Noising based on GNL-Means with Optimized Pixel-Wise Weighting in Non-Subsample Shearlet Domain
Authors: Liu Shuaiqi , Zhang Yu , Hu Qi , Liu Ming , Zhao Jie
Published: December 2016

SAR images have been widely used in many fields such as military and remote sensing. So the suppression of the speckle has been an important research issues. To improve the visual effect of non-local means, generalized non-local (GNL) means with optimized pixel-wise weighting is applied to shrink the coefficients of non-subsample Shearlet transform (NSST) of SAR image. The new method can optimize the weight of GNL, which not only improve the PSNR of de-noised image, but also can significantly enhance the visual effect of de-noising image.
The Construction of an Environmental Management Model Based on Sustainability Indicators on a Higher Education Institution in Mexico
Authors: Nieblas-Ortiz Efraín C. , Arcos-Vega José L. , Sevilla-García Juan J.
Published: December 2016

Without depreciating the importance of environmental regulations directed to university environmental managements systems in this country, nowadays, the instruments of international importance like the Sustainable Development Goals or ONU’s 2030 Agenda; as well as those of domestic nature, like sustainability indicators proposed by the Mexican Consortium of University Environmental Programs for Sustainable Development (Complexus) to measure the contribution of Higher Education Institutions to sustainability (HES), and those indicated by the Interinstitutional Committees for Higher Education Evaluation (CIEES) and the organisms that make up the Council for the Accreditation of Higher Education (COPAES), pose great challenges to universities as institutions that form human capital who are aware of their relationship with nature.This forces the university to rebuild its sustainability view based on the premise that all activities relative to its substantive functions are related to socio-environmental issues on the region.Due to this, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), coherent to its environmental management institutional plan, defined in the Institutional Development Plan, must structure a series of indicators which allow the evaluation of its sustainability policy.The purpose of this research is to develop an environmental management model bound to performance indicators that allow UABC to progressively assume the task of answering the environmental challenges posed by its surroundings, trying to strengthen its curricula, in order for its programs to be more relevant and appropriate with social, economic, cultural, and environmental priorities.
Design, Explanation, and Evaluation of Training Model Structures Based on Learning Organization—In the Cement Industry with a Nominal Production Capacity of Ten Thousand Tons
Authors: Rahimian Hamid , Kazemi Mojtaba , Abbspour Abbas
Published: December 2016

This research aims to determine the effectiveness of training based on learning organization in the staff of cement industry with production capacity over ten thousand tons. The purpose of this study is to propose a training model based on learning organization. For this purpose, the factors of organizational learning were introduced by qualitative research in the form of open codes, axial codes, selective codes and the resulted observations, and then the final model was obtained by structural equation model. The data were collected from the staff of three cement companies of Abyek, Tehran, and Sepahan, with a statistical population of 1719 staff of cement industry. The qualitative research sample included 29 experienced experts in the field of cement industry, and the quantitative research sample included 326 staff and experts, who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. A self-made questionnaire consisting of 72 questions was used to measure quantitative variables. The reliability of the questionnaire was 0.93 and its content and face validity was determined by expert colleagues and professors, the structural equation model and regression was used to analyze the quantitative data. The results showed that the status of learning organization in cement companies is in average level. Finally, the obtained model consisted of both individual and organizational factors. The individual factors affecting organizational learning include teaching scientific content, perception, trust, and self-efficacy of training. The organizational factors affecting organizational learning include organizational culture, forming the structure, the method of management and leadership, preparing human resource (identity), adaption to the environment, policies, rules, and regulations, and achieving a viable product. The share of individual factors on learning organization is higher than the effect organizational factors; the share of each factor is also determined.
Explanation of Educational and Cultural Dimensions of Globalization in the Views of Ayatollah Javadi-Amoli
Authors: Soltaninejad Najme , Keshtiaray Narges , Vaezi Seyed Hossein
Published: December 2016

Globalization is a multi-dimensional phenomenon as it leads to high mobility in social, political, economic and value fields and besides reduction of the gap between time and place presents new interpretations of politics, economy, culture, government, authority and security. The present study aimed to explain the educational and cultural dimensions of globalization in the views of Ayatollah Javadi-Amoli. The study method is Transcendental logic analysis and sampling method is purposive. The Transcendental logic analysis consists of two stages of description and determines the conditions. In description stage, qualitative content analysis method of comparative categorization and paragraph and three-stage subject coding including open coding, axial coding and selective coding are used. The results showed that according to Ayatollah Javadi-Amoli, globalization is assumed as it is based on anthropological basis in common meaning of humanity-ignoring the climatic and historical conditions and epistemology basis is as the knowledge of that common reality is provided. Therefore, the views in which no unit reality is accepted at ontology aspect and considers relativity of reality or in epistemology dimension, achieving reality is impossible, relativity of understanding is mentioned and from epistemological and logical aspects cannot defend globalization.
Psychological Burnout in Early Childhood Teachers: Levels and Reasons
Authors: Al-Adwan Fatima Eid Zaid , Al-Khayat Majed Mohammad
Published: December 2016

The primary education plays an important role in the life of an individual as well as the nation as a whole. This study aims at investigating the level of psychological burnout in early childhood female teachers at public and private kindergarten schools. It also aims to prove whether these burnout levels differ according to the type of school, academic specialization, social status, and age. This study aims to identify the major causes of psychological burnouts from the teachers’ perspectives. The researchers used both qualitative and quantitative approaches. In addition, the study sample consisted of 96 female teachers from all the kindergarten schools in Al-Salt educational directorate. The researchers were applied Maslach quantitative scale. Consequently, 8 female private kindergarten school teachers were interviewed. The main results showed that moderate to high levels of psychological burnouts are present. Thus, this is accompanied with statistical differences according to the type of kindergarten school and social status. No statistical differences recorded regarding academic specialization and age. The results also showed that work pressure, low income, and the management relationship with the parents are some of the main causes of psychological burnouts. The researchers recommended conducting more studies in order to reduce the reasons leading to psychological burnouts among teachers in general.
American PARCC and SBAC and Their Implications on the Construction of English Assessment System in China
Authors: Zhang Haiyan , Kang Kai
Published: December 2016

The Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC) and Smarter Balanced Assessment Systems (SBAC) started in the 2014-2015 academic year and has been regarded by many in the field as a radical effort to improve the American English Language Art (ELA) educational standards. These two consortia, being aligned with Common Core State Standards, aim to fulfill Common Core’s purpose of preparing students for college and career readiness. With the support of computer technology, diverse forms of testing are introduced into the new assessment systems, making the standard-based test comprehensive enough to evaluate academic literacy and deep learning capacity in an authentic way.This paper mainly discusses similarities and differences between the two assessment systems in terms of ELA standards. The similarities appear in the construction of well-balanced assessment structure, the application of advanced computer technology, adherence to an evidence-based design principle and emphasis upon educational equity. The key differences are presented in aspects of test forms and accommodation options. The analysis of PARCC and SBAC assessment systems also provides China with various thought provoking aspects to develop a sound English Language assessment system.
Perceptions of Employees in the Effects of Decision-Making and Leadership Styles on Relationships and Perceived Effectiveness in King Saud University Development Context
Authors: Jomah Nouf Bin
Published: December 2016

Leadership is crucial in all facets of humanity as it enhances personal, organisational, and national socio-economic growth and development. By portraying a great vision, a leader acknowledges their followers’ efforts to maximise performance within the organisation. Leaders inspire their followers to achieve beyond their expectations by providing guidance to their followers, nurturing an environment of trust, and encouraging their followers to rise above their self-interests for the sake of the organisation. This study examines leadership, decision making, and, in particular, the effects of the perceptions of employees on decision-making and leadership styles on relationships and perceived effectiveness in the context of development at King Saud University. The study takes a quantitative approach to analysing the research findings and gives conclusions and recommendations for future study, based on the presented arguments.
Emotional Self-Efficacy among A Sample of Faculty Members and Its Relation to Gender (Male/Female), Experience, Qualification, and Specialization
Authors: Abdel-Hadi Samer A.
Published: December 2016

The present study aimed to identify the level of emotional self-efficacy among a sample of faculty members who speak Arabic at the Abu Dhabi University. The study sample consisted of 99 faculty members Ph.D. and master’s holders from scientific, social and education and management and humanities disciplines in University branches: Abu Dhabi and AlAin. The Arabian version of the emotional self-efficacy scale standardized on the Emirati environment was applied which consists of 27 items distributed on four aspects: using and managing your own emotions, identifying and understanding your own emotions, dealing with emotions in others and perceiving emotions through facial expressions and body language.To detect the level of emotional self-efficacy the researcher calculated the arithmetic means, and deviations from the faculty member’s performance on the four scale aspects and the scale as a whole, the results showed a high level of emotional self-efficacy with faculty members who speak Arabic at the Abu Dhabi University. The study also found that there were no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) or less between faculty members due to the variables gender (male/female), qualification, specialization, and years of experience. The researcher recommended the importance of academic community awareness of emotional self-efficacy and further studies on the subject of emotional self-efficacy in the light of other variables such as self-regulation and self-awareness.
How do Teachers Make Sense of Peer Observation Professional Development in an Urban School
Authors: Dos Santos Luis Miguel
Published: December 2016

The purpose of the research study is to explore how a peer observation training programme could be beneficial to the professional development of English teachers in an East Asian environment. The research objectives were to improve teaching practice, examine how teachers make sense of the peer observation programme after they have taken part in, and to suggest alternative approaches.Data were collected from three teachers who participated in a peer observation programme at a language school in Hong Kong through an interview process. The research discovered that peer observation can be a good tool for continuous professional development for teachers in order to develop their teaching strategies. This is especially important within the field of language education. From the analysis, most teachers are wary of the practicalities of peer observation due to the sensitivity that is associated with it. The research also discovered that teachers think that if the peer observation approach is well developed, it can be potentially interesting or generate excitement among teachers. It can support teachers to deliver their possible best practice. There is a general acknowledgement among the participants that there are certain elements of a teacher’s performance that only colleagues in the same or closely-related disciplines can accurately assess. In the absence of a clear cut procedure and requirement for evaluating a person and for the person being evaluated, both parties become frustrated as there is no yardstick of performance. Recommendations for improvement have also been presented.
Examining Technology Perception of Social Studies Teachers with Rogers’ Diffusion Model
Authors: Akman Ozkan , Kocoglu Erol
Published: December 2016

Mobile learning has started to take place in education literature with the developing technology, and this technology started to have an increasing spread along with its advantages. This study examines the responses of social studies teachers to the innovations in the field of mobile learning. The study was designed within the framework of theory of diffusion of innovations by Rogers and 161 social studies teachers have participated in it. Data was collected by m-Learning Adoption Scale (MLAS) which is developed by Celik and analyzed in SPSS 18.0 package program. According to the results of this study, approximately 65% of social science teachers are within the groups that give the most positive response to diffusion of innovations theory on mobile learning (innovators, early adopters, and early majority). Also, the characteristics of mobile learning have a descriptive impact on the teachers’ ability to embrace the innovations about mobile learning and to give positive decisions on using it. The study has suggested to develop new reactions for innovations and to develop the mobile learning content through collaborative approach by all the stakeholders in education.
Preclinical formulation for the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of GBO-006, a selective polo like kinase 2 (PLK2) inhibitor for the treatment of triple negative breast cancer
Authors: Maddi Srinivas , Akkireddy Ravi , Lenkalapelly Srinivas , Srivastava Pratima , Boruwa Joshodeep , Deb Chandra , Chowdhury Arnab Roy , Jeyaraj Duraiswamy A. , Reddy Ramana , Reddy Premkumar , Maniar Manoj , Bansal Sachin , Gupta Jang B.
Published: December 2016

GBO-006 was shown to be a highly specific and selective PLK2 inhibitor that promoted mitotic arrest in various cancer cell lines, subsequently resulting in their apoptotic death.  Intraperitoneal alternate day dosing of GBO-006 using 100 % DMSO as formulation showed significant tumor regression in xenograft models, demonstrating proof of concept of PLK2 inhibition in vivo. These studies necessitated the development of a suitable and GRAS (generally considered as safe) preformulation for pharmacokinetic and efficacy studies. GBO-006 possesses challenging physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties like poor solubility in aqueous media, low permeability and a crystalline nature. Different methods like cosolvency, complexation and micellar solubilization were employed to improve the solubility of GBO-006.  A strategy of co-solvency is used to solubilize the GBO-006 up to 10 mg/mL. A formulation with 20 % DMSO, 40 % PEG 400, 30 % of 100 mM citrate buffer (pH 3.0) and 10 % solutol displayed clear solution without any visual precipitation of the drug even after 2 weeks of storage. GBO-006 showed moderate clearance in rat and high systemic clearance in mouse and dog. It showed poor oral bioavailability across all species. Intraperitoneal dosing of GBO-006 demonstrated the linear exposure. GBO-006 showed significant inhibition of tumor progression.  

 

 
Global projections of river flood risk in a warmer world
Authors: Alfieri Lorenzo , Bisselink Berny , Dottori Francesco , Naumann Gustavo , de Roo Ad , Salamon Peter , Wyser Klaus , Feyen Luc
Published: December 2016

Rising global temperature has put increasing pressure on understanding the linkage between atmospheric warming and the occurrence of natural hazards. While the Paris Agreement has set the ambitious target to limiting global warming to 1.5°C compared to preindustrial levels, scientists are urged to explore scenarios for different warming thresholds and quantify ranges of socioeconomic impact. In this work, we present a framework to estimate the economic damage and population affected by river floods at global scale. It is based on a modeling cascade involving hydrological, hydraulic and socioeconomic impact simulations, and makes use of state‐of‐the‐art global layers of hazard, exposure and vulnerability at 1‐km grid resolution. An ensemble of seven high‐resolution global climate projections based on Representative Concentration Pathways 8.5 is used to derive streamflow simulations in the present and in the future climate. Those were analyzed to assess the frequency and magnitude of river floods and their impacts under scenarios corresponding to 1.5°C, 2°C, and 4°C global warming. Results indicate a clear positive correlation between atmospheric warming and future flood risk at global scale. At 4°C global warming, countries representing more than 70% of the global population and global gross domestic product will face increases in flood risk in excess of 500%. Changes in flood risk are unevenly distributed, with the largest increases in Asia, U.S., and Europe. In contrast, changes are statistically not significant in most countries in Africa and Oceania for all considered warming levels.
Amplified North Atlantic warming in the late Pliocene by changes in Arctic gateways
Authors: Otto‐Bliesner Bette L. , Jahn Alexandra , Feng Ran , Brady Esther C. , Hu Aixue , Löfverström Marcus
Published: December 2016

Under previous reconstructions of late Pliocene boundary conditions, climate models have failed to reproduce the warm sea surface temperatures reconstructed in the North Atlantic. Using a reconstruction of mid‐Piacenzian paleogeography that has the Bering Strait and Canadian Arctic Archipelago Straits closed, however, improves the simulation of the proxy‐indicated warm sea surface temperatures in the North Atlantic in the Community Climate System Model. We find that the closure of these small Arctic gateways strengthens the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, by inhibiting freshwater transport from the Pacific to the Arctic Ocean and from the Arctic Ocean to the Labrador Sea, leading to warmer sea surface temperatures in the North Atlantic. This indicates that the state of the Arctic gateways may influence the sensitivity of the North Atlantic climate in complex ways, and better understanding of the state of these Arctic gateways for past time periods is needed.
Raising the Gangdese Mountains in southern Tibet
Authors: Zhu Di‐Cheng , Wang Qing , Cawood Peter A. , Zhao Zhi‐Dan , Mo Xuan‐Xue
Published: December 2016

The surface uplift of mountain belts is in large part controlled by the effects of crustal thickening and mantle dynamic processes (e.g., lithospheric delamination or slab breakoff). Understanding the history and driving mechanism of uplift of the southern Tibetan Plateau requires accurate knowledge on crustal thickening over time. Here we determine spatial and temporal variations in crustal thickness using whole‐rock La/Yb ratios of intermediate intrusive rocks from the Gangdese arc. Our results show that the crust was likely of normal thickness prior to approximately 70 Ma (~37 km) but began to thicken locally at approximately 70–60 Ma. The crust reached (58–50) ± 10 km at 55–45 Ma extending over 400 km along the strike of the arc. This thickening was likely due to magmatic underplating as a consequence of rollback and then breakoff of the subducting Neo‐Tethyan slab. The crust attained a thickness of 68 ± 12 km at approximately 20–10 Ma, as a consequence of underthrusting of India and associated thrust faulting. The Gangdese Mountains in southern Tibet broadly attained an elevation of >4000 m at approximately 55–45 Ma as a result of isostatic surface uplift driven by crustal thickening and slab breakoff and reached their present‐day elevation by 20–10 Ma. Our paleoelevation estimates are consistent not only with the C–O isotope‐based paleoaltimetry but also with the carbonate‐clumped isotope paleothermometer, exemplifying the promise of reconstructing paleoelevation in time and space for ancient orogens through a combination of magmatic composition and Airy isostatic compensation.
Modeling of natural fracture initiation and propagation in basin sedimentation context
Authors: Ouraga Zady , Guy Nicolas , Pouya Amade
Published: December 2016

During sedimentation, buried rocks are subjected to an increase in vertical stress. This increase leads to a decrease of porosity that is commonly called mechanical compaction. Indeed, the mechanical compaction depending on its rate and on the permeability of the burden rocks can induce significant overpressures. Thus, a competition is initiated between the dissipation of fluid overpressure and sedimentation rate and may result in fracture initiation. The present study deals with the initiation and propagation of natural fracture in sealing formations. A particular emphasis is put on mode I fracture propagation. An analytical solution of the pressure and stresses in a sealing formation is proposed under sedimentation by superposing two problems of poroelasticity. This analytical solution and a damage criterion are used to predict the initiation and propagation of the fracture. The damage parameter affects both the mechanical and hydraulic openings of the fracture, and the flow in the fracture is described by Poseuille's law. The fracture propagation and growth are studied by numerical simulations based on a finite element code dedicated to fractured porous media calledPorofis. Interactions between hydraulic and mechanical processes are also studied, and a sensitivity study is carried out in order to find the most important parameters involved in natural fracturing under sedimentation.
Parameter sensitivity analysis and optimization for a satellite‐based evapotranspiration model across multiple sites using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer and flux data
Authors: Zhang Kun , Ma Jinzhu , Zhu Gaofeng , Ma Ting , Han Tuo , Feng Li Li
Published: December 2016

Global and regional estimates of daily evapotranspiration are essential to our understanding of the hydrologic cycle and climate change. In this study, we selected the radiation‐based Priestly‐Taylor Jet Propulsion Laboratory (PT‐JPL) model and assessed it at a daily time scale by using 44 flux towers. These towers distributed in a wide range of ecological systems: croplands, deciduous broadleaf forest, evergreen broadleaf forest, evergreen needleleaf forest, grasslands, mixed forests, savannas, and shrublands. A regional land surface evapotranspiration model with a relatively simple structure, the PT‐JPL model largely uses ecophysiologically‐based formulation and parameters to relate potential evapotranspiration to actual evapotranspiration. The results using the original model indicate that the model always overestimates evapotranspiration in arid regions. This likely results from the misrepresentation of water limitation and energy partition in the model. By analyzing physiological processes and determining the sensitive parameters, we identified a series of parameter sets that can increase model performance. The model with optimized parameters showed better performance (R2 = 0.2–0.87; Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) = 0.1–0.87) at each site than the original model (R2 = 0.19–0.87; NSE = −12.14–0.85). The results of the optimization indicated that the parameter β (water control of soil evaporation) was much lower in arid regions than in relatively humid regions. Furthermore, the optimized value of parameter m1 (plant control of canopy transpiration) was mostly between 1 to 1.3, slightly lower than the original value. Also, the optimized parameter Topt correlated well to the actual environmental temperature at each site. We suggest that using optimized parameters with the PT‐JPL model could provide an efficient way to improve the model performance.
Evidence for enhanced convection of North Pacific Intermediate Water to the low‐latitude Pacific under glacial conditions
Authors: Max L. , Rippert N. , Lembke‐Jene L. , Mackensen A. , Nürnberg D. , Tiedemann R.
Published: December 2016

We provide high‐resolution foraminiferal stable carbon isotope (δ13C) records from the subarctic Pacific and Eastern Equatorial Pacific (EEP) to investigate circulation dynamics between the extratropical and tropical North Pacific during the past 60 kyr. We measured the δ13C composition of the epibenthic foraminiferal species Cibicides lobatulus from a shallow sediment core recovered from the western Bering Sea (SO201‐2‐101KL; 58°52.52′N, 170°41.45′E; 630 m water depth) to reconstruct past ventilation changes close to the source region of Glacial North Pacific Intermediate Water (GNPIW). Information regarding glacial changes in the δ13C of subthermocline water masses in the EEP is derived from the deep‐dwelling planktonic foraminifera Globorotaloides hexagonus at ODP Site 1240 (00°01.31′N, 82°27.76′W; 2921 m water depth). Apparent similarities in the long‐term evolution of δ13C between GNPIW, intermediate waters in the eastern tropical North Pacific and subthermocline water masses in the EEP suggest the expansion of relatively 13C‐depleted, nutrient‐enriched, and northern sourced intermediate waters to the equatorial Pacific under glacial conditions. Further, it appears that additional influence of GNPIW to the tropical Pacific is consistent with changes in nutrient distribution and biological productivity in surface waters of the glacial EEP. Our findings highlight potential links between North Pacific mid‐depth circulation changes, nutrient cycling, and biological productivity in the equatorial Pacific under glacial boundary conditions.
Faraday rotation fluctuations of MESSENGER radio signals through the equatorial lower corona near solar minimum
Authors: Wexler D. B. , Jensen E. A. , Hollweg J. V. , Heiles C. , Efimov A. I. , Vierinen J. , Coster A. J.
Published: December 2016

Faraday rotation (FR) of transcoronal radio transmissions from spacecraft near superior conjunction enables study of the temporal variations in coronal plasma density, velocity, and magnetic field. The MESSENGER spacecraft 8.4 GHz radio, transmitting through the corona with closest line‐of‐sight approach 1.63–1.89 solar radii and near‐equatorial heliolatitudes, was recorded soon after the deep solar minimum of solar cycle 23. During egress from superior conjunction, FR gradually decreased, and an overlay of wave‐like FR fluctuations (FRFs) with periods of hundreds to thousands of seconds was found. The FRF power spectrum was characterized by a power law relation, with the baseline spectral index being −2.64. A transient power increase showed relative flattening of the spectrum and bands of enhanced spectral power at 3.3 mHz and 6.1 mHz. Our results confirm the presence of coronal FRF similar to those described previously at greater solar offset. Interpreted as Alfvén waves crossing the line of sight radially near the proximate point, low‐frequency FRF convey an energy flux density higher than that of the background solar wind kinetic energy, but only a fraction of that required to accelerate the solar wind. Even so, this fraction is quite variable and potentially escalates to energetically significant values with relatively modest changes in estimated magnetic field strength and electron concentration. Given the uncertainties in these key parameters, as well as in solar wind properties close to the Sun at low heliolatitudes, we cannot yet confidently assign the quantitative role for Alfvén wave energy from this region in driving the slow solar wind.
Is cutis verticis Gyrata‐Intellectual Disability syndrome an underdiagnosed condition? A case report and review of 62 cases
Authors: Tucci Arianna , Pezzani Lidia , Scuvera Giulietta , Ronzoni Luisa , Scola Elisa , Esposito Susanna , Milani Donatella
Published: December 2016

Cutis Verticis Gyrata‐Intellectual Disability (CVG‐ID) syndrome is a rare neurocutaneous syndrome characterized by intellectual disability and scalp folds and furrows that are typically absent at birth and are first noticed after puberty. First reported in 1893, the syndrome was mainly identified in subjects living in psychiatric institutions, where it was found to have a prevalence of up to 11.4%. Most patients were reported in the literature during the first half of the 20th century. CVG‐ID is now a less reported and possibly under‐recognized syndrome. Here, we report a patient with CVG‐ID that was diagnosed using the novel approach of magnetic resonance imaging and we conduct a systematic review of all patients reported in the last 60 years, discussing the core clinical features of this syndrome. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genomic analysis reveals frequent TRAF7 mutations in intraneural perineuriomas
Authors: Klein Christopher J. , Wu Yanhong , Jentoft Mark E. , Mer Georges , Spinner Robert J. , Dyck P. James B. , Dyck Peter J. , Mauermann Michelle L.
Published: December 2016

Intraneural perineuriomas are benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors that cause progressive debilitating focal extremity weakness. The etiology of perineuriomas is largely unknown. We utilized whole exome sequencing, copy number algorithm evaluation, and high‐resolution whole genome microarray to investigate for a genetic causal link to intraneural perineuriomas. Ten of 16 (60%) tumor cases had mutations in the WD40 domain of TRAF7, the same location for causal mutations of meningiomas. Two additional perineurioma cases had large chromosomal abnormalities in multiple chromosomes, including chromosome 22q. This study identifies a common cause for intraneural perineuriomas and an unexpected shared pathogenesis with intracranial meningiomas. Ann Neurol 2017;81:316–321
Serotonin transporter in Parkinson's disease: A meta‐analysis of positron emission tomography studies
Authors: Pagano Gennaro , Niccolini Flavia , Fusar‐Poli Paolo , Politis Marios
Published: December 2016

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful analytical tool for in vivo molecular imaging of the human brain. Over the past years, a number of PET studies imaging the serotonin transporter (SERT) have been used and provided evidence for the key role of serotonergic pathology in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we review the role of SERT in the development of motor and nonmotor complications in patients with PD, and we performed a meta‐analysis to identify the patterns of SERT pathology and the relevance to symptoms. Consistent SERT pathology in raphe nuclei, striatum, thalamus, and hypothalamus and associations with aging, PD progression, development of dyskinesias, and cognitive decline were observed. Ann Neurol 2017;81:171–180
Dye‐containing nonaqueous dispersions derived from methanol‐soluble polymers stabilized by block–random copolymer surfactant
Authors: Ezaki Naofumi , Watanabe Yoshifumi , Mori Hideharu
Published: December 2016

In this study, nonaqueous emulsion solvent evaporation was utilized to prepare nonaqueous dispersions derived from various methanol‐soluble polymers, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl acetate (PVAC), and poly(acrylic acid), using a block–random copolymer surfactant; the block–random copolymer poly(SMA)88‐b‐poly(DEAGMA15‐r‐SMA14), composed of stearyl methacrylate, and diethanolamine‐modified glycidyl methacrylate, was used to stabilize the nonaqueous emulsions of methanol containing the polymers and an isoparaffin solvent, Isopar M. In the cases without dye, all emulsions and dispersions obtained after the evaporation of methanol exhibited nanometer‐sized particles as well as good stability. For emulsions consisting of dye‐containing methanol phases, particle sizes and stability of the obtained dispersions were dependent on the nature of the methanol‐soluble polymers. The dispersions derived from PVP and PVAC, which possibly interact weakly with the block–random copolymer and dye, exhibited good stability and a small particle size, which can be applied for inkjet printing. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44671.
Hydrolytic degradation of biobased poly(butylene succinate‐co‐furandicarboxylate) and poly(butylene adipate‐co‐furandicarboxylate) copolyesters under mild conditions
Authors: Peng Shuangbao , Wu BinShuang , Wu Linbo , Li Bo‐Geng , Dubois Philippe
Published: December 2016

It is indispensable to investigate hydrolytic degradation behavior to develop novel (bio)degradable polyesters. Biobased and biodegradable copolyesters poly(butylene adipate‐co‐butylene furandicarboxylate) (PBAF) and poly(butylene succinate‐co‐butylene furandicarboxylate) (PBSF) with BF molar fraction (ϕBF) between 40 and 60% were synthesized in this study. The hydrolytic degradation of film samples was conducted in a pH 7.0 PBS buffer solution at 25 °C. Slight mass loss (1–2%) but significant decrease in intrinsic viscosity (35–44%) was observed after 22 weeks. The apparent hydrolytic degradation rate decreased with increasing ϕBF and initial crystallinity. Meanwhile, PBAFs degraded slightly faster than PBSFs with the same composition. The ϕBF and crystallinity increased slowly with degradation time, suggesting the aliphatic moiety and the amorphous region are more susceptible to hydrolysis. And high enough tensile properties were retained after hydrolysis degradation, indicating PBAF and PBSF copolyesters are hydrolytically degradable, with tunable hydrolytic degradation rate and good balance between hydrolytic degradability and durability. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44674.
Effects of ultraviolet aging on the surface properties and tribological performance of polyformaldehyde
Authors: Chen Song , Duan Haitao , Xu Haiping , Wei Lei , Cheng Bingxue , Jia Dan , Li Jian
Published: December 2016

Ultraviolet aging restricts the outdoor application of polyformaldehyde as the friction material. In this work, ultraviolet aging processes were applied to polyformaldehyde specimens and effects of the processes on their surface properties and tribological performance were evaluated. Surface morphology results show that a thin layer of white powder and micro‐cracks with further ramifications in other directions were observed on the surfaces after 400 h of ultraviolet exposure, while it is not detectable for the unaged specimens. Analysis of aging surface indicates that ultraviolet leads to the increase of micro‐cracks and the degree of crystallinity. All the tribological test results demonstrate that with the extension of ultraviolet aging time, (i) the process of damage on polyformaldehyde surface induced by ultraviolet aging is first slowly and faster afterward; (ii) the fluctuation of the friction coefficients of polyformaldehyde/GCr15 rubbing pairs increases; and (iii) the wear rate of polyformaldehyde markedly increase after aging test 400 h. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44684.
Lost in translation: The search for an in vitro screen for spermatogenic toxicity
Authors: Chapin Robert E. , Winton Timothy , Nowland William , Danis Nichole , Kumpf Steven , Johnson Kjell , Coburn Aleasha , Stukenborg Jan‐Bernd
Published: December 2016

The last two decades have seen an increasing search for in vitro models that can replace the use of animals for safety testing. We adapted the methods from a recent nonquantitative report of spermatogenesis occurring in ex vivo mouse testis explants and tried to develop them into a screening assay. The model consisted of small pieces of neonatal mouse testis (testis “chunks”), explanted and placed on pillars of agarose or chamber inserts, and cultured at the air–liquid interface. A peripheral torus‐shaped zone in these explants would often contain tubules showing spermatogenesis, while the middle of each chunk was often necrotic, depending on the thickness of the tissue. The endpoint was histology: what proportion of tubules in the “permissive torus” actually contained healthy pachytene spermatocytes or spermatids? Extensive statistical modeling revealed that a useful predictive model required more than 60% of these tubules to show spermatogenesis. Separately, the logistics of running this as a predictive assay require that the controls consistently produce ≥ 60% tubules with pachytenes and round spermatids, and achieving this level of spermatogenesis reliably and consistently every week proved ultimately not possible. Extensive trials with various media additions and amendments proved incapable of maintaining the frequency of spermatogenic tubules at consistently ≥ 60%. Congruent with Schooler's “decline effect”; generally, the more often we ran these cultures, the worse the performance became. We hope that future efforts in this area may use our experience as a starting point on the way to a fully productive in vitro model of spermatogenesis.
Supporting and inhibiting the well‐being of early career secondary school teachers: Extending self‐determination theory
Authors: Hobson Andrew J. , Maxwell Bronwen
Published: December 2016

This paper reports an original examination of the well‐being of early career secondary school teachers in England, which extends the evidence bases relating to early career teachers’ working lives, teacher well‐being, self‐determination theory and performativity, respectively. Drawing on a secondary analysis of qualitative data generated for four separate empirical studies between 2005 and 2013, in a context in which teachers’ work was subject to unparalleled external regulation, the authors examine the extent to which the well‐being of early career teachers can be explained by self‐determination theory, which posits that well‐being is enhanced when innate psychological needs for competence, relatedness and autonomy are satisfied. The findings suggest that satisfaction of these three basic psychological needs is a necessary but not sufficient condition for optimising the well‐being of early career teachers, which is dependent upon the interaction of a wider range of individual, relational and micro‐, meso‐ and macro‐environmental factors. Amongst the recommendations for policy and practice, policymakers and school leaders are urged to uphold their duty of care to newly and recently qualified teachers by doing their utmost to create conditions for the optimisation of such teachers' well‐being. Several specific means of bringing this about are proposed, together with a checklist for those concerned to support the well‐being of early career teachers.