bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fusion of AV features and external information sources for event detection in team sports video
Authors: Xu Huaxin , Chua Tat-Seng
Published: May 2006

The use of AV features alone is insufficient to induce high-level semantics. This article proposes a framework that utilizes both internal AV features and various types of external information sources for event detection in team sports video. Three schemes are also proposed to tackle the asynchronism between the fusion of AV and external information. The framework is extensible as it can provide increasing functionalities given more detailed external information and domain knowledge. By demonstrating its effectiveness on soccer and American football, we believe that with the availability of appropriate domain knowledge, the framework is applicable to other team sports.
The Effect of Apolipoprotein Polymorphism on Brain in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Voxel-Based Morphometric Study
Authors: Pennanen Corina , Testa Cristina , Boccardi Marina , Laakso Mikko P. , Hallikainen Merja , Helkala Eeva-Liisa , Hänninen Tuomo , Kivipelto Miia , Könönen Mervi , Nissinen Aulikki , Tervo Susanna , Vanhanen Matti , Vanninen Ritva , Frisoni Giovani B. , Soininen Hilkka
Published: May 2006

We investigated the effect of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) on the whole brain in 51 individuals with mild cognitive impairment using voxel-based morphometry. Between cases heterozygous for the ApoE Ε4 (n = 15) and those who were ApoE Ε4 noncarriers (n = 28), only the right parahippocampal gyrus, with the entorhinal cortex included, reached the level of statistical significance. In cases homozygous for the Ε4 allele (n = 8) versus noncarriers, the greatest atrophy was located in the right amygdala followed by the right parahippocampal gyrus, the left amygdala and the left medial dorsal thalamic nucleus.
The Antalya 5 December 2002 Storm: Observations and Model Analysis
Authors: Kotroni V. , Lagouvardos K. , Defer E. , Dietrich S. , Porcù F. , Medaglia C. M. , Demirtas M.
Published: May 2006

In the frame of this work, the storm that occurred on 5 December 2002 in Antalya, located on the southwestern Mediterranean Sea coast of Turkey, is analyzed. More than 230 mm of 24-h-accumulated rainfall have been reported during the event that produced floods in the area. The analysis is based on the results of model simulations with the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5). Observational data provided by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) sensors (including the Lightning Imaging Sensor and TRMM Microwave Imager), Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), Meteosat-7, and Met Office Arrival Time Difference (ATD) lightning network are used for both the comparison with the model results and also for the characterization of the storm. The synergetic use of all of this information was crucial for the description of the event. The maximum of precipitation was associated with the warm and moist air masses driven by a low-level jet over the area and impinging over the orographic barriers. The improvement of representation of the humidity field in the model initial conditions, through a simple technique of humidity adjustment based on satellite rainfall estimates, resulted in an improvement of the prediction of the timing and quantity of the precipitation maxima during the event.
Local Structure of Turbulence in Stably Stratified Boundary Layers
Authors: Sorbjan Zbigniew
Published: May 2006

The “flux based” local scaling in the stably stratified boundary layer is valid only in cases with strong, continuous turbulence, when the gradient Richardson number Ri is constant and subcritical. To extend the local similarity approach to cases with weak turbulence (very stable regime), the “gradient based” local scaling is introduced and discussed in the paper. Both types of local scaling, the flux based and the gradient based, are tested based on the data, collected from a 60-m tower during the Cooperative Atmosphere–Surface Exchange Study-1999 (CASES-99). The obtained results show that the gradient-based scaling provides a useful framework for the treatment of cases with both strong and weak turbulence and overcritical Richardson numbers.
Compliance with International Law
Authors: Stiles Kendall W. , Thayne Adam
Published: May 2006

Are certain countries more likely to comply with international law than others? History has provided an interesting test of several competing theories of international rule compliance in the form of the UN Security Council's Resolution 1373 to combat international terrorism. We apply a mix of quantitative and qualitative methods to test the salience of various national characteristics — domestic political culture, national interests, regionalism, dependency, power, international alliance patterns, past patterns of compliance. In the end, while all the factors seem to have a bearing on the outcome, regionalism and past patterns of compliance emerge as particularly significant.
Technological Zones
Authors: Barry Andrew
Published: May 2006

This article provides an overview of the analysis of technological zones. A technological zone can be understood as a space within which differences between technical practices, procedures and forms have been reduced, or common standards have been established. Such technological zones take broadly one of three forms: (1) metrological zones associated with the development of common forms of measurement; (2) infrastructural zones associated with the creation of common connection standards; and (3) zones of qualification which come into being when objects and practices are assessed according to common standards and criteria. The article argues that technological zones can have more or less clear borders, but such borders increasingly do not correspond to the borders of nation-states. Through a discussion of the global oil industry, some of the ways in which the formation of technological zones has become critical to contemporary economic and political life are examined.
Are there Political Budget Cycles in the Euro Area?
Authors: Mink Mark , de Haan Jakob
Published: May 2006

This article examines whether there is a political budget cycle (PBC) in countries in the euro area. Using a multivari ate model for 1999–2004 and various election indicators we find strong evidence that, since the start of the Stability and Growth Pact, fiscal policy-makers in the euro area have pursued expansionary policies before elections. In an elec tion year – but not in the year prior to the election – the budget deficit increases. This result is in line with third-generation PBC models, which are based on moral hazard. We also find a significant but small partisan effect on fiscal policy outcomes.
Growing pains: a personal development program for students with intellectual and developmental disabilities in a specialist school
Authors: Sheppard Loretta
Published: May 2006

A personal development program, entitled ‘Growing Pains’, was developed for 11-to 15-year-old students with intellectual and developmental disabilities in a specialist school. Seven topics were identified as important in supporting students through the physical and emotional changes of adolescence. A single-group, non-experimental outcome evaluation was conducted on a 20 week trial program.Teacher-developed checklists of observable skills were completed pre-and post-program for 68 participants yielding individual ‘personal development’ scores and whole group ‘topic’ scores, graphed to observe pre–post differences. Parents and teachers completed feedback questionnaires. Graphed data showed positive trends in individual personal development and most topic scores.The topic ‘personal hygiene’ showed almost no change across the group but parent and teacher feedback identified it as highly important. Causality cannot be established using this design; however, positive trends justified persisting with the program. Future studies might investigate effective means of teaching personal hygiene skills.
Charge Carrier Transport Properties of Organopolysilanes and Their Application to Xerographic Photoreceptor
Authors: Yokoyama Kenji , Yokoyama Masaaki
Published: May 2006

Aiming application of the high hole drift mobility in organopolysilanes, the organopolysilane-based organic layered photoreceptors for electrophotography have been developed with phthalocyanine pigments as a photo-generating material. The photoreceptor combined with titanylphthalocyanine exhibited the high sensitivity of 1.8 cm2 (μJ)−1 at 780 nm and fairly good stability, suggesting the possibility for practical use of organopolysilanes.
Fluoroselenenylation of Alkenes
Authors: Tomoda Shuji , Usuki Yoshinosuke
Published: May 2006

Treatment of alkenes with the reagent generated by the reaction of silver(I) fluoride with benzeneselenenyl bromide under ultrasound irradiation afforded 2-fluoroalkyl selenides in decent yields.
Preparation and Characterization of BiM2X5 (M = Ti, Nb, Ta; X = S, Se), New Composite-Layered Chalcogenides
Authors: Oosawa Yoshinao , Gotoh Yoshito , Onoda Mitsuko
Published: May 2006

A few BiM2X5-type of chalcogenides(BiTi2S5, BiNb2S5, BiTa2S5, BiNb2Se5) have been prepared from the elements. On the basis of powder X-ray diffraction, it is suggested that they have composite-layered structure in which a BiX layer and two adjacent BX2 layers are stacked alternately. Intercalation of hydrazine into BiM2X5 has been observed.
Total Synthesis of (+)-Agelasidine C, a Physiologically Active Marine Diterpenoid with Hypotaurocyamine Group
Authors: Asao Kazuhiko , Iio Hideo , Tokoroyama Takashi
Published: May 2006

The introduction of hypotaurocyamine unit to terpenic chain was examined using farnesyl bromide as a model compound and this was feasible by chemoselective oxidation of the derived sulfide by peracid. By the application of the method thus established, a total synthesis of agelasidine C has been accomplished.
Excellent Stereoregular Isotactic Polymerizations of Propylene with C2-Symmetric Silylene-Bridged Metallocene Catalysts
Authors: Mise Takaya , Miya Shinya , Yamazaki Hiroshi
Published: May 2006

New C2-symmetric silylene-bridged metallocene compounds, [Me2Si(η5-RnC5H4−n)(η5-R′nC5H4−n)]MCl2 (M = Zr, Hf; Rn, R′n = Me, t-Bu, 2,4-Me, 2,3,5-Me3), were synthesized together with C1-symmetric ones (M = Zr, Hf; Rn = 2,3,5-Me3, 2,4-Me2, 3,4-Me2, t-Bu, Me; R′n = Me, H) for comparison and employed as the catalysts for isotactic polymerization of propylene in combination with methylaluminoxane. The C2-symmetric metallocenes bearing methyl groups at 2- or 5-positions gave polymers of the highest melting point (160–163 °C) and stereospecificity ([mmmm]: 97–99%).
Lewis Acid-Mediated Carbon–Carbon Bond Forming Reaction Using the Pummerer Rearrangement Products from Chiral β-Hydroxy Sulfoxides
Authors: Kosugi Hiroshi , Watanabe Yasuyuki , Uda Hisashi
Published: May 2006

The Pummerer rearrangement products, obtained from (RC,RS)-β-hydroxy sulfoxide derivatives, react with silyl enol ethers or a ketene silyl acetal in the presence of ZnBr2 to give the γ-hydroxy- β-tolylthio carbonyl derivatives, which, in turn, are converted to optically pure (E)-γ-hydroxy-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds and 5-substituted 2(5H)-furanones, respectively.
Aggregation States and Electro-optical Properties Based on Light Scattering of Polymer/(Liquid Crystal) Composite Films
Authors: Kajiyama Tisato , Miyamoto Akira , Kikuchi Hirotsugu , Morimura Yasuhiro
Published: May 2006

Electro-optical properties based on light scattering controlled by a.c. electric field were investigated for polymer/(liquid crystal) composite films. Scanning electron microscopic observation for the matrix polymer after extraction of LC with methanol exhibited that LC molecules were continuously embedded in a three-dimensional spongy network of polymer matrix. Such a membrane system with many optical interfaces plays an important role on light scattering without an imposed electric field. A high contrast of light-switching was observed; 3% transmittance of the as-cast composite film changed to 81% with the response time of 0.3 ms in the case of an applied 250 Vp-p a.c. electric field of 10 kHz at 333 K.
Structures of Eudesmagnolol and Eudeshonokiol, Novel Sesquiterpene-Neolignans Isolated from Magnolia obovata
Authors: Fukuyama Yoshiyasu , Otoshi Yukio , Nakamura Kazuhiko , Kodama Mitsuaki , Sugawara Michiharu , Nagasawa Masakazu
Published: May 2006

Eudesmagnolol and eudeshonokiol, isolated from the bark of Magnolia obovata, have been assigned to unprecedented structures linked via an ether bond between sesquiterpene, eudesmol, and neolignans, magnolol and honokiol, respectively.
Correlation between Gas Sensitivity and Crystallite Size in Porous SnO2-Based Sensors
Authors: Xu Chaonan , Tamaki Jun , Miura Norio , Yamazoe Noboru
Published: May 2006

The gas sensing properties of SnO2-based sensors in which the size of SnO2 crystallites was controlled by various dopants were investigated. It was found that the gas sensitivity to H2, CO or i-C4H10 increased as the SnO2 crystallite size decreased in the range below 10 nm. Quite high gas sensitivity was achieved at a crystallite size of ca. 5 nm.
Capture and Recovery of Basic Nitrogen Species in Coal Tar Pitch, Using Nickel Sulfate as Adsorbent
Authors: Mochida Isao , Fei You Qing , Sakanishi Kinya , Usuba Hidehiko , Miura Kunio
Published: May 2006

Nitrogen heterocyclic species in methanol insoluble–toluene soluble (MI-TS;N = 0.8%) fraction in coal tar pitch was eliminated by the adsorption from toluene solution on dried nickel sulfate of fair acidity. FD-MS and FT-IR suggested basicity of such nitrogen species, which were completely recovered with a mixture of toluene-water and THF.
A Convenient Method for the Stereoselective Preparation of trans-2-Hydroxymethyltetrahydrofurans by the Oxidative Cyclization of 5-Hydroxy-1-alkenes with Molecular Oxygen Catalyzed by Cobalt(II) Complex
Authors: Inoki Satoshi , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: May 2006

In the presence of a catalytic amount of bis(1-morpholinocarbamoyl-4,4-dimethyl-1,3-pentanedionato)cobalt(II), various 5-hydroxy-1-alkenes are converted to the corresponding 2-hydroxymethyltetrahydrofurans in good yields with extremely high trans selectivities by the oxidative cyclization with molecular oxygen. The yields of cyclization products are improved by addition of hydroperoxide.
Performance, Transformation, and Community: Contra Dance in New England
Authors: Hast Dorothea E.
Published: May 2006

This article is part of a larger work in progress in which I am exploring meanings of community, tradition, and performance practice among contra dancers, callers, and musicians, and looking at this material from a local, regional, and national perspective (1). In this article I analyze the contra dance world as a community built around expressive culture and discuss some of the ways in which community is formed on the dance floor and maintained through the regular repetition of dancing and music making at specific dance events. I will look at context as well as at aesthetic, behavioral, and social factors, in order to see how the processes of performance create multiple dimensions of meaning for those involved—processes that lead to the formation of community. Because participants are engaged with actions associated with creativity, identity, and learning, each will have his/her own experience of what this “community” means. The continuous interplay between individual experience and group interaction during performance, seen as a subtext to a relationship between marginal group and dominant culture, represents a complex cultural microcosm empowered by many voices.
Aesthetics of Yoruba Recreational Dances as Exemplified in the Oge Dance
Authors: Ajayi Omofolabo Soyinka
Published: May 2006

Among the Yoruba-speaking people of Nigeria recreational dances are a popular art form usually performed at purely social gatherings such as weddings, funerals (of elderly people), or child-naming ceremonies. They are distinct from the more symbolic dances which may accompany such social events, or even from the more formally structured and often public events such as historical festivals, initiation rites, and ancestral remembrance ceremonies. The recreational dances, which are performed mainly for relaxation and entertainment, are also opportunities to express and communicate emotions arising from the occasion being observed. Social ceremonies in Yoruba society are simply inconceivable without recreational dances.

Social festivities are of course not the only occasions for these dances; they are also performed on non-specific occasions for purely aesthetic fulfillment or as an expression of general well-being. At the end of a day's work, for example, friends or relatives get together to relax, or as they say, “múfàáji”—’ catch relaxation.’ At such fàáji evenings dance performances feature prominently alongside story-telling and riddle contests, games, poetry chants, or merely sharing anecdotes. Occasionally, too, a popular dance form may find performance space at the end of a successful symbolic ceremony, when the inclusion of a different form, both thematically and conceptually, is no longer a distraction from the desired goals of the ceremony. At such times recreational dances produce a cathartic effect following the tension of the event's significant symbolism.
Latin Historiography: a Survey, 1400–1600
Authors: Reynolds Beatrice R.
Published: May 2006

Flavio Biondo, writing in 1443 to Alfonso of Naples, explained his purpose in composing a history. All interested in the humanities realized, said he, that in twelve hundred years Italy had produced poets and orators, but practically no historians. Scholars had prepared translations from the Greek and philosophical treatises, yet their duty to history they had avoided, or touched upon in superficial fashion. This judgment was echoed by Bruni, Bonfini, Sabellico, and others, who regretted the lack of accounts of their medieval past.

Church calendars had shaped the early recording of events. The language was Latin, the arrangement chronological, with no effort to group related occurrences or to indicate causation other than the will of God. The supernatural was readily accepted.
Rowland Whyte, Elizabethan Letter-Writer
Authors: John Lisle C.
Published: May 2006

Few Letters of any age have proved so useful as those of Rowland Whyte in the last years of the reign of Elizabeth and the first of that of James I. From their first appearance in 1746 in the Letters and Memorials of State edited by Arthur Collins, no contemporary, unless it be John Chamberlain, has so often been quoted for succinct, apposite information regarding the personages and events of the era. Yet Whyte himself has been noticed only in brief footnotes: one by Collins, and a later and largely inaccurate one by Edmund Lodge.
Erasmus in the Nineteenth Century: The Liberal Tradition*
Authors: Mansfield Bruce E.
Published: May 2006

Around 1840 two French travelers returning from Journeys to Italy passed by Basle and reflected on Erasmus, who—so both believed—had helped form the city's modern character. One was Louis Veuillot, fresh from his Roman conversion and exercising for the first time the pen that was to make him the most formidable ultramontane publicist of the age. The other was Jules Michelet, historian of France, future apostle of the people's liberation, finding here already in the rapid flow of the Rhine an analogy for the irresistible progress of the human mind.
The Unknown Quattrocento Poetics of Bartolommeo della Fonte
Authors: Trinkaus Charles
Published: May 2006

Some time between the summer of 1490 and the spring of 1492 the late fifteenth-century humanist Bartolommeo della Fonte (or, as he is frequently called, Fontius) wrote his De poetice ad Laurentium Medicem libri III. In 1960, as an appendix to my study of the inaugural orations of Fontius, I published the hst of his works compiled by his student Francesco Pandolfini shortly after the death of Fontius in 1513. To this I added a list of all the locations of these works, both manuscript and printed, that I could discover, including some not listed by Pandolfini. Shortly thereafter (in January 1961) I received a note from Professor E. H. Gombrich, director of the Warburg Institute, telling me that he had seen a manuscript of one of the unlocated items on the Pandolfini list (my number 33), namely Fontius' Poetics.
The Limits of Toleration in Sixteenth-century France
Authors: Beame E. M.
Published: May 2006

In the course of defending the rather unpopular Edict of Nantes, one apologist deemed it necessary to calm the fears of his fellow Catholics: ‘The so-called reformed religion', he wrote, referring to the Calvinist faith, ‘is not to be approved in France, but only tolerated; thus it is that the exercise of this religion alone, along with the Catholic, Apostolic and Roman religion, is permitted.' The writer then assured his readers that the edict would not permit other sectarians ‘to live in full license', nor would it ‘open the door to Anabaptists, Lutherans, Adiaphorists, Puritans, Antinomians, Enthusiasts and others, who, after being separated from and having abandoned their true mother, the Church, introduced diverse sects'. These were the words of the arch-royalist Pierre de Belloy, whose Conference des edicts de pacification (1600) has the distinction of being the longest and perhaps the most tedious tract to issue from the toleration controversy of the sixteenth century.
Francesco Zambeccari: his Translations and Fabricated Translations of Libanian Letters1
Authors: Breen Quirinus
Published: May 2006

It is believable that Zambeccari was born in Venice, for he reports that his father, Giovanni, spent his whole life there. Both parents died while he was in early childhood ('infantia’). His birth year is a matter of conjecture, but it could be about 1443, for in 1473 he refers to himself as ‘iuvenis'. The Zambeccari line was known especially for its lawyers. Their fortunes were generally connected with those of the Bentivoglio house. Specifically remembered were Pellegrino, Cambio, and Tommaso. Our Francesco says his father was a lawyer ('iuris scientissimus’); likely he belonged to a branch of the Zambeccaris exiled for politics. As will appear, there were member of the clan enjoying citizenship in Bologna in our Francesco's time.
Aristotle as a Cuttlefish: the Origin and Development of a Renaissance Image
Authors: Schmitt Charles B.
Published: May 2006

The anti-Aristotelian movement which grew from the humanist critique of the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and culminated in the new philosophical and scientific outlook of the seventeenth century based many of its objections to the Stagirite on sound philosophical and scientific principles. It brought with it, however, also much rhetorical bombast which was meant to cast aspersions on Aristotle's doctrine. We read time and again, in the writings of Valla, Agricola, or Ramus on logic or of Bruno, Patrizi, or Bacon on natural philosophy, critical judgments of Aristotle and of the Aristotelians which are not so much soundphilosophy and science as clever oratory. To attempt to separate the two strands of the critique would be by no means an easy task, though it may well be worth while and interesting. Let me hasten to add that I do not intend to do so here.
The Reputation of Clément Marot in Renaissance England
Authors: Prescott Anne Lake
Published: May 2006

It should be said at once that whatever his accomplishments as chief poet at the court of François I Clément Marot was never an important figure in Renaissance England. In his own country he was a popular and influential author, and although in La Deffence Du Bellay was to write of him in a tone verging on scorn Marot had in fact done a great deal to liberate French poetry from the Rhétoriqueur tradition and to ‘illustrate’ it with new grace, flexibility, and wit. To be sure, his early work owes much to the Rhétoriqueurs and to the Roman de la Rose, but some years before the Pléiade began its well-publicized program to improve French letters he had already experimented with such forms as the elegy and sonnet and had on occasion attempted intriguing combinations of Petrarchan themes and diction with older French forms.
The ‘Taste for Tudors’ since 1940
Authors: Smith Lacey Baldwin
Published: May 2006

Professor F. J. Fisher wrote in 1940 that the twentieth century has been ‘busily recreating the sixteenth century in its own image’. Historical re-evaluation is always in part narcissistic. Two world wars have left their scars on our view of history and, if nothing else, have given us insights into the Tudor age which, like our own, faced ideological wars of survival. The quest for economic and military security and the dream of the welfare state have led the twentieth century to forsake not only the ethical and institutional standards of the nineteenth century but also to deny its interpretation of history. The ancient shibboleths, the familiar landmarks of Tudor history, and the comfortable generalizations about despotism, mercantilism, and ‘new monarchy’ are all being swept aside by a generation of historians who claim greater understanding of the past.
The Pseudo-Zoroastrian Oracles in the Renaissance
Authors: Dannenfeldt Karl H.
Published: May 2006

To the learned men of the classical period, of the middle ages and of the Renaissance, the name of Zoroaster was not unknown and many of the classical and medieval authors wrote descriptions of his life and writings. However, the picture of the ancient sage which writers such as Pliny, Porphyry, Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Arnobius, Suidas, and many others presented was very short, incomplete, and often quite confusing and erroneous. Zoroaster was variously spoken of as an Assyrian, a Persian, a Mede, a Persomede, a Chaldean, and as a king of the Bactrians. He was also held to be the creator of magic, the founder of astrology, and the author of numerous works on philosophy, nature, magic, alchemy, and astrology.
Early Oyo History Reconsidered
Authors: Agiri B.A.
Published: May 2006

The old Oyo ‘empire’ was the largest and best-known of the Yoruba kingdoms. Located in the savannah below the bend of the river Niger in the Bussa-Jebba region of southwest Nigeria, it achieved prominence during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries but collapsed and disintegrated in the early years of the nineteenth. Its origins and early history are imperfectly known because the traditions dealing with this period are enmeshed in myth and legend. This state of affairs has led one writer to conclude that the history of this period “is beyond meaningful’ enquiry.

Two major problems confront anyone attempting to reconstruct early Oyo history. The origins of the kingdom are linked both to the process of the settlement of the Yoruba people in their present location and to that of state formation among them. Furthermore, information about these processes is to be found in traditional accounts that seem to have been fossilized since the publication of Samuel Johnson's The History of the Yorubas in 1921. Indeed, many subsequent ‘traditions’ seem in no small measure to be derived from this work. It is therefore appropriate to begin this paper with a discussion of the influence of Johnson's work, followed by an analysis of Johnson's sources and motives, insofar as these can be determined. In 1901 an Iiebu man found it necessary to make an emphatic declaration on Yoruba history:

I deny that Oyo is the capital city of Yoruba land. Ife, the cradle home of the whole Yorubas and the land of the deified Oduduwa, has been recognised by every interior tribe (including Benin and Ketu) for all intents and purposes as the capital city.
The Primary History of Armenia: An Examination of the Validity of an Immemorially Transmitted Historical Tradition
Authors: Hewson Robert H.
Published: May 2006

Few peoples of the Middle East have produced as many historical works as the Armenians: their historiography dates back at least to the fifth century A.D. While most medieval Armenian historians have concerned themselves with contemporary history and the immediate past, there have been some who have attempted to trace Armenian history from the earliest times. It is to two of these, Pseudo-Sebeos and Pseudo-Moses of Khoren, that we owe the survival of the body of historical memories now generally referred to as the Primary History of Armenia.

This Primary History has come to us in two redactions, a long and a short. The shorter version is attributed to the earliest known Armenian historian, Agathangelos (fourth century A.D.?) and is presented in the opening section of a seventh-century work ascribed-probably wrongly-to a certain bishop named Sebeos. The longer version, much expanded and edited, is contained in Book One of the compilation of Armenian antiquities known as the History of Armenia by Pseudo-Moses of Khoren. While the date of this work has been much disputed, it appears now to be a product of the late eighth or early ninth century.

According to Pseudo-Sebeos the short redaction of the Primary History was a work originally written by Agathangelos, secretary to Tiridates HI (298–330), the first Christian king of Armenia, and was based on information contained in a book written by a certain Marab the Philosopher from Mtsurn, a town in western Armenia. Pseudo-Moses, on the other hand, claims that the parallel material in his history (I. 9–32 and II. 1–9) is an extract by Marabas Katiba from a Greek translation of a Chaldean history of Armenia made by order of Alexander the Great.
A Snare and a Delusion (Or, Danger, Europeans at Work)
Authors: Henige David
Published: May 2006

This minor revision in Polynesian scholarship, the undermining of the authenticity of the traditions as historical … is one of the most significant developments in New Zealand archaeology.

This [belief in a Great Fleet] arose out of the desire ofEuropeanscholars to provide a coherent framework by which to interpret the prehistory of New Zealand.

As heavily as historians must rely on orally-derived data for their study of the African past, historians of Oceania are far more in thrall to such materials in attempting to reconstruct the history of the various Pacific island groups. Although archeology and historical linguistics can sometimes help to provide broad sequences and interrelationships as well as evidence concerning origins, neither can, of course, provide circumstantial local detail or close dating. Oral traditions, often supported by genealogies of sometimes extraordinary length and complexity, have been collected in all parts of the Pacific almost since the time of Cook, but the latter part of the nineteenth century was a period of particularly feverish activity. The result is a vast body of material, much of it still in manuscript form. Of this corpus far more relates to the Maori people of New Zealand than to the inhabitants of any other island group.

In the course of the first half of this century a homogenized orthodox view of New Zealand's more remote past developed -- an interpretation based on three pivotal events, each of which came to be dated calendrically by means of Maori genealogies. The first was the arrival of the “discoverer” of New Zealand, one Kupe, who was dated toca. 950. Then, two centuries later, came Toi and his companions. Finally, so this version goes, the so-called Great Fleet, comprising about seven large canoes (the number varies slightly) arrived in about 1350, and New Zealand began to be well and truly peopled by Maori.
Hausa Poems as Sources for Social and Economic History
Authors: Duffill M.B.
Published: May 2006

In his foreword to Neil Skinner's first volume of translations of Frank Edgar's collection of Hausa folk stories, M.G. Smith made the following observations on the historical and sociological value of the collection:

“…to students of Hausa culture and history, [Edgar's collection] provides a comprehensive body of diverse materials, much of which being explicitly fictive, is of great ethnographic significance as a projection of Hausa attitudes and practice on to other planes. Together these texts, descriptive and narrative, supply rich first-hand materials on Hausa institutions, inter-ethnic relations and social stratification, supplementing such standard sources as the Kano Chronicle and other Emirate histories, and presenting with insight and economy the characteristic failings, virtues and orientations of Hausa differentiated by rank, sex, age and circumstance. Directly, and in narrative obliquely, the texts also present many insights into Hausa values, beliefs and social orientations. As documents that transmit the flavour of Hausa life and the background of individual experience, they have few rivals.”

It seems appropriate to refer to Smith's observations at the start of this examination of three Hausa poems since, in my opinion very similar observations could be made about the materials in several collections of Hausa prose and poetry made by a number of German scholars in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, from one of which the three poems discussed in this paper originate.
Photographs as Materials for African History: Some Methodological Considerations
Authors: Geary Christraud M.
Published: May 2006

In recent years there has been a growing interest in source materials on African history in African and European archives. The registration of documents and the methodology used in their interpretation have become a major issue of many scholars. While much progress has been made concerning the written materials, another category of archival documents has received little attention. These are pictorial records in general and historical photographs in particular. Considering that photography, beginning with the daguerrotype in 1839, virtually accompanied the exploration of the interior regions of Africa, the failure to exploit photographs systematically as source materials seems rather astonishing. One explanation for this neglect may lie in the fact that historians have traditionally been preoccupied with the written word. Despite this bias, historical photographs from Africa have been used ever more frequently as illustrations by art historians, historians, and anthropologists in recent years. The lack of systematic work with the images, however, often results in an impressionistic approach and serious errors.
Leselinyana la Lesothoand Sotho Historiography
Authors: Kunene Daniel P.
Published: May 2006

On 3 November 1863 the first issue ofLeselinyana la Lesotho, datelined Morija, was published by the Revd. Adolphe Mabille of the Paris Evangelical Mission Society.Leselinyanacontinues to be published today. Its contents have been recently used by two biographers of Moshoeshoe and in the present paper I hope to suggest some other ways in which the materials in this publication can be of value to historians of the Sotho.

Mabille had arrived among the Sotho in 1860 and had already published several small pamphlets written by himself on a small primitive printing press. The first issue ofLeselinyanacomprised just a single sheet containing two pieces of writing -- an editorial signed “Leselinyana la Lesutho” in which,inter alia, the newspaper introduced itself in the first person to the Basotho. The other piece was the first of what came to be a series of articles with the general title “Mogaogeli oa Moetsalibe” (“The Sinner's Pardoner”). From the beginningLeselinyanaemphasized articles of a religious and catechetical nature, clearly indicating its basic purpose as a vehicle for religious instruction and propaganda.

According to Gérard the publication ofLeselinyanawas interrupted only twice. The first hiatus was from 1865 to 1869 when the Boers of the Orange Free State invaded and temporarily occupied areas west of the Drakensberg mountains, evicting the French missionaries who had supported the Africans there. The second occurred during the so-called Gun War of 1880/81 when the Sotho successfully resisted efforts by the Cape government to disarm them and to open Sotho lands to white settlement. In the following discussion I will touch briefly on a few representative materials inLeselinyanawhich suggest the richness of the paper as a source for historians, not only of the Sotho themselves but of their relations with the whites of the area and with the missionaries.
Further Notes on Archival Research in Shaba Region, Zaire
Authors: Boyd Edgar
Published: May 2006

In the spring of 1976 I returned from almost three months of research in archives in Lubumbashi, Zaire, the present-day capital of Shaba Region (ex-Katanga). My interest was in any and all records having to do with historical developments affecting Katanga's peoples from the late 19th century through the First World War. As some important changes concerning archival research seem to have taken place since Thomas Reefe's experiences in Shaba in 1972-73 (History in Africa, III, 1976, pp. 187-192) I thought it appropriate to mention some of them and include a few additional thoughts of my own.
The Use of Court Records as Sources for African History: Some Examples from Bujumbura, Burundi
Authors: Dickerman Carol
Published: May 2006

Historians of Africa have often cast a jaundiced eye in the direction of written sources; their suspicions have been particularly grave with regard to colonial documents. They have seen them as, at best, the creations of ill-informed foreign observers or, at worst, as the deliberately self-serving justifications of the ruling elite. To counter the all-too-real deficiencies of these documents, historians have laid increasing emphasis on materials produced by Africans themsleves--oral accounts. Yet these records too are problematic, and their principal weakness lies in the fact that they are often collected decades after the events and circumstances the historian wishes to understand. Each of these kinds of sources thus presents methodological difficulties. This paper advocates the use of a third type of source, African court records, which are at once contemporary and yet created by Africans themselves. These records--while not without their own particular biases--permit one to overcome some of the problems inherent in official documents and oral interviews. Courts for Africans were established by colonial regimes throughout the continent. But, although Africans participated in varying degrees in their proceedings, the records have largely remained ignored by historians. In what follows I discuss the court records in two tribunals in Bujumbura, Burundi. The paper is divided into three sections: the first is a description of the city's African community and the courts; the second is a discussion of the court proceedings and the reliability and use of the records; and the last is a brief summary of some of the data the documents have yielded.
Arms Proliferation: A Few More Serial Bibliographies of Interest to Africanist Historians
Authors: Henige David
Published: May 2006

The following items supplement my previous listing of serial indexes and bibliographies (HA, 10 [1983], 109-49). Then overlooked, they have since come to my attention. Most of them seem to fall well short of being current so that my earlier caveat regarding the possibility that some bibliographies may have ceased is all the more appropriate here.

AAN is published by the Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientique, 15 quai Anatole-France, 75700 Paris. It is largely a current affairs reference source and its “Bibliographie” is by far the most important one now available for North Africa, making its omission for my earlier list all the more embarrassing. The bibliography for 1980 (the most recent available) consists of 1645 items arranged under: Documents Généraux; Histoire; Politique Intérieure; Défense Nationale; Politique Extérieure; Economie; Enseignement/Culture/Religion; Questions de Société--Espace; Emigration. The arrangement is general, then geographical under each of these main classifications, with an author index following. There is extensive cross-referencing but no list of journals and newspapers consulted. Each item is coded, apparently to facilitate ordering photocopies from CNRS.
Ethnic Identity, Demographic Crises and Xhosa-Khoikhoi Interaction
Authors: Ross Robert
Published: May 2006

Tribes no longer exist, at least in the writings of Africanists, but they tend to be replaced by very similar looking entities, going under a variety of aliases. Perhaps purely as a result of laziness of thought, there remains a tendency of write of the Zulu, the Tswana, or the whomever, and not to probe the assumption that these units have some actual existence. Nevertheless, like all working assumptions, this has to be continually re-examined. In this paper, therefore, I return to one of the classic problems in southern African history (in the broadest sense), namely that of the relationship between the Khoisan and the Bantu-speaking Africans. It has of course been widely studied, especially by linguists and physical anthropologists, and, to a lesser extent by archeologists. These disciplines show complementary results. Linguistics shows that many loan-words crossed from Khoisan to the Bantu languages - though not, apparently, in the reverse direction - and that this occurred to its greatest extent in the various Nguni languages of the south-east coastal belt. Physical anthropology has shown that the proportion of Khoisan genes in the Bantu speaking population increases from north to south. The archeological evidence is less clear. For eastern Zambia, Phillipson has argued that “the Early Iron Age folk and their late stone age neighbours… can be shown to have existed in several regions” and that “throughout the first millenium the two populations clearly to a large extent maintained their own separate identities”. This situation seems to have lasted until “four or five centuries ago.”
The Teixeira da Mota Archive and the Guinea Texts Project
Authors: Hair P.E.H.
Published: May 2006

Avelino Teixeira da Mota, who died on 1 April 1982 (obituary, The Times, 23 April 1982), was most widely renowned in international scholarship for his contributions to the history of maps and navigation during the period of the Portuguese “Discoveries.” But at the heart of his studies was Africa. His service in Guiné between 1945 and 1957, largely in a hydrographic survey, and in Lisbon as director of the Early Maps Unit from 1959, led him to issue a stream of publications on Africa--mainly west Africa and within that region mainly western Guinea--first through the Centro de Estudos da Guiné Portuguesa at Bissau, then through the Agrupamento (now Centro) de Estudos de Cartografia Antiga. As well as publishing copiously himself, Teixeira da Mota encouraged and edited the writings of many other Africanists. Aged only 61 when he died (suddenly, though after a long debilitating disorder that he thought he had overcome), and with more than 120 books and articles published, Teixeira da Mota had planned and announced many more publications. One list of proposed publications appeared in the apologia pro vita sua which he inserted at the start of his 1977 tri-lingual edition of Donelha's “Account of Sierra Leone.” Africanists, as they express deep respect and unbounded admiration for what this serving naval officer--a natural scholar with no university training— achieved, will understandably be wondering what now happens to the further publications he planned.

At the request of Admiral Teixeira da Mota's widow, Senhora Maria de Lourdes Teixeira da Mota, I visited Lisbon in June 1982; and I also discussed the future of the Africanist papers and documentation left by Teixeira da Mota, with Dr. Ignácio Guerreiro of the Centro de Estudos de Cartografia Antiga (in the absence overseas of the new director, Professor Luís de Albuquerque) and with Commandante António Estácio dos Reis of the Navy Museum.
An Eighteenth-Century Case of Plagiarism: William Smith's A New Voyage to Guinea
Authors: Feinberg H.M.
Published: May 2006

In the first number of History in Africa P.E.H. Hair reiterated A.W. Lawrence's plea for a “critical appraisal” and analysis of primary sources for African history. The aim of this brief note is to appraise the originality of certain of these works. The focus will be the Gold Coast, with emphasis on the book by William Smith, A New Voyage to Guinea, first published in 1744 and reprinted (without an introduction or editorial comment) by Frank Cass in 1967.

The literature about the Gold Coast during the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries is rich in accounts by visitors, residents, and compilers. Dapper, Barbot, Bosman, Atkins, and Smith all provided descriptions. Only Bosman lived on the Gold Coast for an extended period of time, and the concentration of detail in his book reflects that experience. From about the 1720s to the early nineteenth century, a hiatus in the descriptive literature exists, but then Meredith, De Marree, Bowdich, and Dupuis resume the earlier tradition, so that one cannot say that the Gold Coast has been ignored in terms of European visitors or their original descriptions of the it area.

However, when we look carefully at some of these narratives, we find that not all of what is written is in fact original. For example, Barbot's account of the political organization of Elmina is an exact duplicate, in translation from the Dutch, of Dapper's description. Barbot also copied his description of the “Degrees of Blacks” from Bosman. De Marree, an early nineteenth century Dutch official on the Gold Coast, included without attribution in his narrative, a complete report by Governor General Pieter Linthorst written in 1807.
English Bosman and Dutch Bosman: A Comparison of Texts - V
Authors: Dantzig Albert Van
Published: May 2006

[This continues the comparison of texts of the English and Dutch versions of Bosman. For earlier instalments see History in Africa 2(1975), pp. 185-216; 3(1976), pp. 91-126; 4(1977), pp. 247-273; 5(1978), pp. 225-256. Procedural matters are discussed in the first instalment, to which the reader is referred.]