bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The strength of migratory connectivity for birds en route to breeding through the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Cohen Emily B. , Rushing Clark R. , Moore Frank R. , Hallworth Michael T. , Hostetler Jeffrey A. , Ramirez Mariamar Gutierrez , Marra Peter P.
Published: September 2018

The strength of migratory connectivity is a measure of the cohesion of populations among phases of the annual cycle, including breeding, migration, and wintering. Many Nearctic‐Neotropical species have strong migratory connectivity between breeding and wintering phases of the annual cycle. It is less clear if this strength persists during migration when multiple endogenous and exogenous factors may decrease the cohesion of populations among routes or through time along the same routes. We sampled three bird species, American redstart Setophaga ruticilla, ovenbird Seiurus aurocapilla, and wood thrush Hylocichla mustelina, during spring migration through the Gulf of Mexico region to test if breeding populations differentiate spatially among migration routes or temporally along the same migration routes and the extent to which within‐population timing is a function of sex, age, and carry‐over from winter habitat, as measured by stable carbon isotope values in claws (δ13C). To make quantitative comparisons of migratory connectivity possible, we developed and used new methodology to estimate the strength of migratory connectivity (MC) from probabilistic origin assignments identified using stable hydrogen isotopes in feathers (δ2H). We found support for spatial differentiation among routes by American redstarts and ovenbirds and temporal differentiation along routes by American redstarts. After controlling for breeding origin, the timing of American redstart migration differed among ages and sexes and ovenbird migration timing was influenced by carry‐over from winter habitat. The strength of migratory connectivity did not differ among the three species, with each showing weak breeding‐to‐spring migration MC relative to prior assessments of breeding‐wintering connectivity. Our work begins to fill an essential gap in methodology and understanding of the extent to which populations remain together during migration, information critical for a full annual cycle perspective on the population dynamics and conservation of migratory animals.
Dentofacial traumatic injuries: A survey of knowledge and attitudes among emergency medicine physicians in Turkey
Authors: Yigit Yavuz , Helvacioglu‐Yigit Dilek , Kan Bahadir , Ilgen Cansu , Yilmaz Serkan
Published: September 2018

Background/Aim

Emergency department (ED) visits for dental issues are mostly related to traumatic injuries. The knowledge of ED physicians about the diagnosis and treatment of dentofacial injuries is crucial for prognosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the attitude and knowledge as well as education and self‐confidence levels of emergency medicine physicians in ED regarding the diagnosis and treatment of dentofacial traumatic injuries.

Material and methods

A total of 109 emergency medicine physicians participated in the study. Participants were residents and specialists who attended a national emergency medicine symposium held in Turkey. A questionnaire was distributed during the symposium relating to general data about physicians, their attitudes, basic knowledge, and confidence levels which were believed to be indicative of their capabilities in managing of traumatic dental and maxillofacial injuries.

Results

The questionnaire was answered by 109 physicians who were general practitioners (11%), emergency medicine residents (56.8%), and emergency medicine specialists (32.2%). The most experienced group of physicians were emergency medicine specialists. Regardless of the physicians’ titles, dentofacial trauma knowledge levels of ED physicians were found to be insufficient. Having a dentist in the family (P < 0.01), the duration of emergency service experience (P = 0.04), and the age of the physicians (P < 0.001) were significantly related to the knowledge level.

Conclusions

The majority of ED physicians had low knowledge regarding the diagnosis and treatment of dentofacial traumatic injuries. There is a need for education during and after medical training for ED physicians to provide appropriate primary management of dentofacial trauma.
Chronic nicotine administration restores brain region specific upregulation of oxytocin receptor binding levels in a G72 mouse model of schizophrenia
Authors: Zanos Panos , Keyworth Helen , Georgiou Polymnia , Hambsch Boris , Otte David M. , Kitchen Ian , Zimmer Andreas , Bailey Alexis
Published: September 2018

Nicotine dependence and schizophrenia are two mental health disorders with remarkably high comorbidity. Cigarette smoking is particularly prevalent amongst schizophrenic patients and it is hypothesised to comprise a form of self‐medication for relieving cognitive deficits in these patients. Emerging evidence suggests a role of the neurohypophysial peptide oxytocin in the modulation of drug addiction, as well as schizophrenia symptomology; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, we sought to investigate the effects of chronic nicotine administration on oxytocin receptor (OTR) binding in the brain of a transgenic mouse model of schizophrenia that carries a bacterial artificial chromosome of the human G72/G30 locus (G72Tg). Female wild‐type (WT) and heterozygous G72 transgenic CD‐1 mice were treated with a chronic nicotine regimen (24 mg/kg/day, osmotic minipumps for 14 days) and quantitative autoradiographic mapping of oxytocin receptors was carried out in brains of these animals. OTR binding levels were higher in the cingulate cortex (CgCx), nucleus accumbens (Acb), and central amygdala (CeA) of saline treated G72Tg mice compared to WT control mice. Chronic nicotine administration reversed this upregulation in the CgCx and CeA. Interestingly, chronic nicotine administration induced an increase in OTR binding in the CeA of solely WT mice. These results indicate that nicotine administration normalises the dysregulated central oxytocinergic system of this mouse model of schizophrenia and may contribute towards nicotine's ability to modulate cognitive deficits which are common symptoms of schizophrenia.
Nonequivalent lethal equivalents: Models and inbreeding metrics for unbiased estimation of inbreeding load
Authors: Nietlisbach Pirmin , Muff Stefanie , Reid Jane M. , Whitlock Michael C. , Keller Lukas F.
Published: September 2018

Inbreeding depression, the deterioration in mean trait value in progeny of related parents, is a fundamental quantity in genetics, evolutionary biology, animal and plant breeding, and conservation biology. The magnitude of inbreeding depression can be quantified by the inbreeding load, typically measured in numbers of lethal equivalents, a population genetic quantity that allows for comparisons between environments, populations or species. However, there is as yet no quantitative assessment of which combinations of statistical models and metrics of inbreeding can yield such estimates. Here, we review statistical models that have been used to estimate inbreeding load and use population genetic simulations to investigate how unbiased estimates can be obtained using genomic and pedigree‐based metrics of inbreeding. We use simulated binary viability data (i.e., dead versus alive) as our example, but the concepts apply to any trait that exhibits inbreeding depression. We show that the increasingly popular generalized linear models with logit link do not provide comparable and unbiased population genetic measures of inbreeding load, independent of the metric of inbreeding used. Runs of homozygosity result in unbiased estimates of inbreeding load, whereas inbreeding measured from pedigrees results in slight overestimates. Due to widespread use of models that do not yield unbiased measures of the inbreeding load, some estimates in the literature cannot be compared meaningfully. We surveyed the literature for reliable estimates of the mean inbreeding load from wild vertebrate populations and found an average of 3.5 haploid lethal equivalents for survival to sexual maturity. To obtain comparable estimates, we encourage researchers to use generalized linear models with logarithmic links or maximum‐likelihood estimation of the exponential equation, and inbreeding coefficients calculated from runs of homozygosity, provided an assembled reference genome of sufficient quality and enough genetic marker data are available.
18F‐sodium fluoride positron emission tomography of the racing Thoroughbred fetlock: Validation and comparison with other imaging modalities in nine horses
Authors: Spriet M. , Espinosa‐Mur P. , Cissell D. D. , Phillips K. L. , Arino‐Estrada G. , Beylin D. , Stepanov P. , Katzman S. A. , Galuppo L. D. , Garcia‐Nolen T. , Murphy B. , Stover S. M.
Published: September 2018

Background

Early and accurate detection of stress remodelling in racehorses is of utmost importance to prevent catastrophic injuries. Current imaging techniques have limitations in assessing early changes predisposing to catastrophic breakdowns. Positron emission tomography (PET) using 18F‐sodium fluoride (18F‐NaF) is a sensitive method for the detection of early bone turnover and may improve early recognition of subtle injuries.

Objectives

To validate the clinical use of 18F‐NaF PET in Thoroughbred racehorses, to assess the value of PET in the detection of bone lesions and to compare PET results with findings of other advanced imaging modalities, clinical examination and pathology.

Study design

Experimental exploratory study.

Methods

Twenty fetlocks from nine Thoroughbred racehorses were imaged using 18F‐NaF PET, computed tomography (CT) and scintigraphy. Five fetlocks were also imaged with magnetic resonance imaging and four fetlocks were also examined histologically. Imaging findings were independently reviewed by three board certified radiologists. Imaging, clinical and histopathological findings were correlated.

Results

PET imaging was well‐tolerated by all horses. PET detected focal areas of 18F‐NaF uptake in instances where other imaging modalities did not identify abnormalities, in particular in the proximal sesamoid bones. Maximal standardised uptake values could be measured to quantify the activity of lesions. Areas of 18F‐NaF uptake corresponded to regions of increased vascularity and increased osteoblastic activity.

Main limitations

Limited number of cases.

Conclusions

18F‐NaF PET imaging of the Thoroughbred fetlock is feasible and compares favourably with other imaging modalities in detecting stress remodelling in Thoroughbred racehorses. PET appears to be a beneficial imaging modality when used for early detection of stress remodelling in an effort to prevent catastrophic musculoskeletal injuries in this population of horses.
Daily Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Accommodation and Relationship Functioning in Military Couples
Authors: Campbell Sarah B. , Renshaw Keith D.
Published: September 2018

Romantic partners’ accommodation of trauma survivors’ posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms (e.g., taking on tasks, survivors avoid participating in social withdrawal) is associated with lower relationship satisfaction for both partners and survivors. Little is known about associations of partner accommodation with other aspects of relationship functioning, like intimacy. Sixty‐four male military veterans with at least subclinical PTSD and their partners participated in a 2‐week daily diary study. Veterans completed nightly measures of PTSD symptoms, while female partners completed nightly measures of accommodating behaviors performed that day. Both partners reported feelings of intimacy each night. Multilevel models revealed that accommodation was significantly, negatively associated with feelings of intimacy, with stronger effects for partners (t = −8.70) than for veterans (t = −5.40), and stronger effects when veterans had lower (t = −7.43) rather than higher (t = −5.20) levels of daily PTSD symptoms. Therapists should consider accommodating behaviors as a potential impediment to relationship intimacy, particularly when veterans have less severe symptoms of PTSD. Accommodating behaviors are an ideal treatment target in behavioral couple therapies.
Vascular endothelial dysfunction in the wake of HIV and ART
Authors: Marincowitz Clara , Genis Amanda , Goswami Nandu , De Boever Patrick , Nawrot Tim S. , Strijdom Hans
Published: September 2018

Mounting evidence points to increased rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Endothelial dysfunction (loss of endothelium‐dependent vascular relaxation in response to provasodilatory stimuli) constitutes an early pathophysiological event in atherogenesis and CVD. Both HIV‐1 infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) are implicated in the development of endothelial dysfunction; however, conclusions are frequently drawn from associations shown in epidemiological studies. In this narrative review of mainly in vitro and animal studies, we report on the current understanding of how various HIV‐1 proteins, HIV‐1‐induced proinflammatory cytokines and common antiretroviral drugs directly impact vascular endothelial cells. Proposed cellular mechanisms underlying the switch to a dysfunctional state are discussed, including oxidative stress, impaired expression and regulation of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) and increased expression of vascular adhesion molecules. From the literature, it appears that increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, linked to decreased NO bioavailability and ensuing endothelial dysfunction, may be proposed as a putative final common pathway afflicting the vascular endothelium in PLWHA. The HIV‐1‐proteins Tat, Gp120 and Nef in particular, the proinflammatory cytokine, TNF‐α, and the antiretroviral drugs Efavirenz and Lopinavir, most commonly postulated to be primary causal agents of endothelial dysfunction, are also discussed. We conclude that, despite existing evidence from basic research papers, a significant gap remains in terms of the exact underlying cellular mechanisms involved in HIV‐1 and ART induced endothelial dysfunction. Bridging this gap could help pave the way for future strategies to prevent and treat early cardiovascular changes in PLWHA.
Penetration of sodium hypochlorite into root canal dentine: effect of surfactants, gel form and passive ultrasonic irrigation
Authors: Faria G. , Viola K. S. , Coaguila‐Llerena H. , Oliveira L. R. A. , Leonardo R. T. , Aranda‐García A. J. , Guerreiro‐Tanomaru J. M.
Published: September 2018

Aim

To assess the penetration of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) gel or NaOCl solutions with surfactants, and the effect of passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) on penetration into dentinal tubules.

Methodology

Bovine incisor root canals were instrumented, the roots sectioned and the dentine blocks obtained were stained with crystal violet. Dentine blocks (n = 10 per group) were exposed to 3% NaOCl gel or 3% NaOCl solution for 10 and 20 min. Other dentine blocks (n = 10 per group) were exposed to Chlor‐Extra (6% NaOCl + surfactant), 6% NaOCl, 2.5% NaOCl with 0.2% cetrimide and 2.5% NaOCl for 10 and 20 min. The penetration depth of irrigants into dentinal tubules was measured in micrometres by viewing the bleached crystal violet under a stereomicroscope. Additionally, bovine incisor root canals, instrumented and stained with crystal violet, were distributed into two groups (n = 10) and irrigated with 2.5% NaOCl with PUI or conventional syringe irrigation (CSI). The penetration depth of irrigants into dentinal tubules was assessed 3 and 7 mm from the apex. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA and Tukey tests (α = 0.05).

Results

There was significantly greater penetration of 3% NaOCl solution into dentinal tubules compared with the gel form (P < 0.05). There was no difference (P > 0.05) between 6% NaOCl and Chlor‐Extra, and between 2.5% NaOCl and 2.5% NaOCl + cetrimide. PUI significantly increased the penetration depth of NaOCl into dentinal tubules when compared with CSI (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

In extracted bovine incisors, NaOCl gel penetrated less into dentinal tubules than NaOCl solution. The addition of surfactants did not increase the penetration depth. The use of PUI significantly increased NaOCl penetration into dentinal tubules.
An advanced self‐lubricating ceramic composite with the addition of core‐shell structured CaF2@Al2O3 powders
Authors: Chen Zhaoqiang , Guo Niansheng , Ji Lianggang , Guo Runxin
Published: September 2018

Aiming to improve the performance of self‐lubricating ceramic tools, an advanced self‐lubricating ceramic composite was developed. Core‐shell structure CaF2@Al2O3 powders were synthesized by liquid‐phase non‐uniform nucleation method. Al2O3/Ti(C,N)/CaF2@Al2O3 composite made by adding CaF2@Al2O3 powders exhibited notable improvements in microstructure and mechanical properties as compared with Al2O3/Ti(C,N)/CaF2 composite made by adding uncoated CaF2 powders. The core‐shell coated self‐lubricating ceramic tool with different content of CaF2@Al2O3 was designed and prepared by hot pressing sintering process. The results show that when the content of CaF2@Al2O3 is 10 vol%, The composite has the best mechanical properties, the flexural strength, and the fracture toughness and the hardness is 680 MPa, 6.50 MPa·m1/2, and 17.29 GPa. Compared with the tool material with only CaF2 solid lubricant added, the above performances were increased by 8.91%, 29.48%, and 14.50% respectively. The influence of different CaF2@Al2O3 content on the physical and mechanical properties and microstructure of the tool material was analyzed.
Multi‐component yttrium aluminosilicate (YAS) fiber prepared by melt‐in‐tube method for stable single‐frequency laser
Authors: Zhang Yeming , Wang Weiwei , Li Jiang , Xiao Xusheng , Ma Zhijun , Guo Haitao , Dong Guoping , Xu Shanhui , Qiu Jianrong
Published: September 2018

The multi‐component glass fibers have demonstrated their unique advantages in the application of single‐frequency lasers due to their higher solubility of rare‐earth ions and thus a higher gain per unit length in a compact fiber laser cavity. In this study, multi‐component yttrium aluminosilicate (YAS) fiber with high doping concentration of Yb3+ was prepared by the “melt‐in‐tube” (MIT) method. A unit‐length gain of 3 dB/cm was obtained in a 4.4 cm‐long YAS fiber, the laser output slope efficiency reached 23.8% in a 10 cm‐long Yb:YAS fiber. Single‐frequency laser operation was achieved in a 1.7‐cm‐long Yb:YAS active fiber. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of single‐frequency laser with this YAS glass fiber as gain medium. The novel multi‐component YAS fiber can be applied as a new gain material to realize single‐frequency fiber laser.
“We aren’t idlers”: Using subjective group dynamics to promote prosocial driver behavior at long‐wait stops
Authors: Player Abigail , Abrams Dominic , Van de Vyver Julie , Meleady Rose , Leite Ana C. , Randsley de Moura Georgina , Hopthrow Timothy
Published: September 2018

Idling engines are a substantial air pollutant which contribute to many health and environmental problems. In this field experiment (N = 419) we use the subjective group dynamics framework to test ways of motivating car drivers to turn off idle engines at a long wait stop where the majority leave their engines idling. One of three normative messages (descriptive norm, in‐group prescriptive deviance, outgroup prescriptive deviance) was displayed when barriers were down at a busy railway level‐crossing. Compared to the baseline, normative messages increased the proportion of drivers that turned off their engines. Consistent with subjective group dynamics theory, the most effective approach was to highlight instances of in‐group prescriptive deviance (47% stopped idling, compared with 28% in the baseline). Implications for health and environmental outcomes and future research are discussed.
A new method of choice for organoleptic scoring: The negative‐pressure technique
Authors: Laleman Isabelle , De Geest Sophie , Dekeyser Christel , Teughels Wim , Quirynen Marc
Published: September 2018

Aim

To examine an organoleptic scoring method (OLS) whereby the sample is collected by negative pressure in a syringe and is subsequently smelled and rated away from the patient.

Materials and Methods

Data of 476 patients visiting a specialized halitosis clinic in Leuven (Belgium) were reviewed retrospectively. Organoleptic (with the classic and with the negative‐pressure method) and instrumental (with the Halimeter® and OralChroma™) ratings of breath odour were retrieved from patient files together with the final diagnosis. The correlations between the different methods were examined (Spearman correlation coefficient) as well as the positive (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV), sensitivity and specificity of all methods.

Results

Both methods of OLS correlated similarly with the instrumental measurements (Halimeter® and OralChroma™). Analysis of PPV, NPV, sensitivity and specificity of both methods of examination showed that the negative‐pressure method performed best.

Conclusion

The negative‐pressure method is a valid method for organoleptic scoring of the breath odour and performs as good as the classic organoleptic method.
Enterotoxigenic structures of Bacillus cereus strains isolated from ice creams
Authors: Cadirci Ozgur , Gucukoglu Ali , Terzi Gulel Goknur , Uyanik Tolga
Published: September 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the presence of Bacillus cereus in ice cream samples and to identify associated toxin genes by mPCR. 125 ice cream samples were used as material. A total of 38 samples were found to be positive for B. cereus. It was found that 31.9% of the isolates had three enterotoxic HBL complex encoding genes, 10.6% had two hbl genes and 6.3% contained one hbl gene. On the other hand, 15.9% of the isolates contained three NHE complex encoding genes, 31.9% had two nhe genes and 20.2% contained one nhe gene. Also 7.4% of isolates were found to contain both NHE and HBL complexes while ctyK1 was not detected from any isolate. The presence of B. cereus and their enterotoxigenic genes in ice creams may be a potential risk for public health.

Practical applications

The presence of the B.cereus in high numbers and the toxins in foods pose a potential risk in terms of health and food spoilage. In food poisoning cases, hbl, nhe, cytK, and the effect of emetic toxin are especially notable. The resistance of spores against pasteurization and psychrotolerant feature enable the explanation of the existence of B. cereus in ice‐cream.
Gastric emptying in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A pilot study
Authors: Porter Jody A , MacKenzie Karen E , Darlow Brian A , Butler Ross , Day Andrew S
Published: September 2018

Aim

Delayed gastric emptying (GE) has been demonstrated in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Little is known about GE in children with T1DM. Most methods to measure GE are invasive, that is, scintigraphy, or are only indirectly related to GE, that is, electrogastrography. Carbon‐13 breath testing is a non‐invasive, very low‐risk procedure that accurately correlates with GE time. This was a pilot study to determine the feasibility of using carbon‐13 breath testing to measure GE in children with T1DM and healthy controls.

Methods

Cases were recruited from children aged 7–15 years presenting to the paediatric diabetic clinic at Christchurch Hospital. Controls were peers of the cases. Children with known gastrointestinal disease were excluded. After an overnight fast, each child ate a standardised pancake labelled with carbon‐13 sodium octanoate. Samples of breath were collected over a 4‐h period. Samples were analysed by mass spectrometry. GE half time (GET1/2) and GE coefficients (GEC) were calculated by linear regression to obtain a measure of GE.

Results

A total of 19 cases and 15 age‐ and gender‐matched controls underwent testing. The mean GEC in the cases was 3.19 (±0.38) and 2.90 (±0.29) in controls (P = 0.03), with an effect size = 0.86. Mean GET1/2 in the cases was 99 (52.1) min and 103 (27.5) in controls (P = 0.8), with an effect size = 0.1.

Conclusion

The study generated results suggesting that a larger study will be worthwhile to investigate the relationship between GE and T1DM.
A novel micro‐organism for removing excess ammonia‐N in seawater ponds and the effect of Cobetia amphilecti on the growth and immune parameters of Litopenaeus vannamei
Authors: Lv Na , Pan Luqing , Zhang Jiashun , Li Yun , Zhang Mengyu
Published: September 2018

To investigate the feasibility of using micro‐organisms for ammonia‐N removal, six strains were isolated from Chinese white shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis, seawater culture ponds in Dongying (Shandong, China). Of these, strain DY‐01, which exhibited the highest capacity to degrade ammonia‐N, removed 61.7% of the total ammonia‐N (50 mg/L) in 8 hr. An investigation of the factors affecting the removal efficiency indicated the optimum conditions to be 30°C, pH 8.0, and a salinity level of 30 g/L; 16S rDNA gene sequencing and biochemical analysis identified strain DY‐01 as Cobetia amphilecti, which has not previously been reported to degrade ammonia‐N. This strain also boosted the growth of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (p < .05), at a concentration of 107 CFU/mL, with no harmful effects on the shrimp's immune system. This study has thus identified a novel aerobic nitrifying bacterium that is potentially an excellent candidate for improving the water quality in mariculture ponds.
Stress survival islet 1 contributes to serotype-specific differences in biofilm formation in Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Keeney K. , Trmcic A. , Zhu Z. , Delaquis P. , Wang S.
Published: September 2018

Listeria monocytogenes has a significant impact on the food industry by forming biofilms on food-processing equipment. Tandem analysis of whole-genome sequencing data with biofilm data from 166 environmental and food-related L. monocytogenes isolates has revealed serotypic and genetic factors that strongly correlate with adherence and biofilm formation, such as lineage, plasmid harbourage, a three-codon deletion in inlA and the presence of the stress survival islet 1 (SSI-1). Strains from serotype 1/2b, the majority of which contained SSI-1, formed the strongest biofilms, while serotype 4b strains, the majority of which did not contain SSI-1, formed the weakest biofilms. When serotype 1/2a was separated by its SSI-1 genotype, SSI-1-positive 1/2a strains demonstrated significantly higher capacity for biofilm formation after 3 days of growth at 30°C (P < 0·0001). Together, these findings indicate that SSI-1 may contribute to serotype-associated differences in the biofilm-forming capacity in L. monocytogenes.

Significance and Impact of the Study

Parallel analysis of whole-genome sequences and serotype-specific data was performed to identify genetic markers that correlate with increased adherence and biofilm formation in L. monocytogenes. The analyses revealed the hitherto unrecognized role of SSI-1 in biofilm formation, contributing to deeper understanding of genetic factors that influence behaviour of the species in the food processing environment..
OATPB1/B3 and MRP3 expression in hepatocellular adenoma predicts Gd‐EOB‐DTPA uptake and correlates with risk of malignancy
Authors: Sciarra Amedeo , Schmidt Sabine , Pellegrinelli Alessandro , Maggioni Marco , Dondossola Daniele , Pasquier Jerome , Cigala Claudia , Tosi Delfina , Halkic Nermin , Bulfamante Gaetano , Viale Giuseppe , Bosari Silvano , Balabaud Charles , Bioulac‐Sage Paulette , Sempoux Christine
Published: September 2018

Background and Aims

Hepatobiliary phase (HBP) Gd‐EOB‐DTPA‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has increased the accuracy in differentiating focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) and hepatocellular adenoma (HCA). However, the ability of this technique to distinguish HCA subtypes remains controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of hepatocyte transporters (OATPB1/B3, MRP2, MRP3) in HCA subtypes, hence to understand their MRI signal intensity on HBP Gd‐EOB‐DTPA‐enhanced MRI.

Methods

By means of immunohistochemistry (IHC), we scored the expression of OATPB1/B3, MRP2 and MRP3, in resected specimens of FNH (n = 40), subtyped HCA (n = 58) and HCA with focal malignant transformation (HCA‐HCC, n = 4). Results were validated on a supplementary set of FNH (n = 6), subtyped HCA (n = 17) and HCA‐HCC (n = 1) with Gd‐EOB‐DTPA MR images.

Results

All FNH showed a preserved expression of hepatocytes transporters. Beta‐catenin‐activated HCA (at highest risk of malignant transformation) and HCA‐HCC were characterized by preserved/increased OATPB1/B3 expression (predictor of hyperintensity on HBP), as opposed to other HCA subtypes (P < 0.01) that mostly showed OATPB1/B3 absence (predictor of hypointensity on HBP). HCA‐HCC showed an additional MRP3 overexpressed profile (P < 0.01). On HBP Gd‐EOB‐DTPA‐enhanced MRI, FNH and HCA signal intensity reflected the profile predicted by their specific OATPB1/B3 tissue expression. The hyperintense vs hypointense HBP signal criterion was able to distinguish all higher risk HCA and HCA‐HCC (100% accuracy).

Conclusions

OATPB1/B3 and MRP3 IHC and signal intensity on HBP Gd‐EOB‐DTPA‐enhanced MRI can help to stratify HCA according to their risk of malignant transformation.
Contribution of commercial infant products and fortified staple foods to nutrient intake at ages 6, 12, and 18 months in a cohort of children from a low socio‐economic community in South Africa
Authors: Swanepoel Eloïse , Havemann‐Nel Lize , Rothman Marinel , Laubscher Ria , Matsungo Tonderayi M. , Smuts Cornelius M. , Faber Mieke
Published: September 2018

Fortification of two staple foods, maize meal and wheat flour (bread), is mandatory, and commercial infant products are widely available in South Africa. Using a 24‐hr recall, we determined the contribution of these foods towards nutrient intakes at ages 6 (n = 715), 12 (n = 446), and 18 (n = 213) months in a cohort of children in a peri‐urban community, North West province. On the day of recall, commercial infant products were consumed by 83% of children at 6 months, 46% at 12 months, and 15% at 18 months; fortified staples were consumed by 23%, 81%, and 96%, respectively. For consumers thereof, commercial infant products contributed 33% energy and 94% iron intakes at 6 months and 27% energy and 56% iron intakes at 12 months; nutrient densities of the complementary diet was higher than for nonconsumers for most micronutrients. For consumers of fortified staples, energy contribution thereof was 11% at 6 months versus 29% at 18 months; at 18 months, fortified staples contributed >30% of iron, zinc, vitamin A, thiamine, niacin, vitamin B6, and folate; at 12 months, nutrient densities of the complementary diet were higher for zinc, folate, and vitamin B6 but lower for calcium, iron, vitamin A, niacin, and vitamin C than nonconsumers. At ages 12 and 18 months, ~75% of children had low calcium intakes. At 12 months, 51.4% of consumers versus 25.0% (P = 0.005) of nonconsumers of fortified staples had adequate intakes (>EAR) for all eight fortificant nutrients. However, despite fortification, nutrient gaps remain.
Social behaviours by Bacillus subtilis: quorum sensing, kin discrimination and beyond
Authors: Kalamara Margarita , Spacapan Mihael , Mandic‐Mulec Ines , Stanley‐Wall Nicola R.
Published: September 2018

Here, we review the multiple mechanisms that the Gram‐positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis uses to allow it to communicate between cells and establish community structures. The modes of action that are used are highly varied and include routes that sense pheromone levels during quorum sensing and control gene regulation, the intimate coupling of cells via nanotubes to share cytoplasmic contents, and long‐range electrical signalling to couple metabolic processes both within and between biofilms. We explore the ability of B. subtilis to detect ‘kin’ (and ‘cheater cells’) by looking at the mechanisms used to potentially ensure beneficial sharing (or limit exploitation) of extracellular ‘public goods’. Finally, reflecting on the array of methods that a single bacterium has at its disposal to ensure maximal benefit for its progeny, we highlight that a large future challenge will be integrating how these systems interact in mixed‐species communities.
Sudden cardiac arrest in end‐stage renal disease patients on dialysis: A nationwide study
Authors: Alqahtani Fahad , Almustafa Ahmed , Shah Kuldeep , Akram Yasir , Abbasi Danish , Rattan Rohit , Subrayappa Navin , Alkhouli Mohamad , Munir Muhammad Bilal
Published: September 2018

Background

Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is frequently encountered in end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on dialysis. There is a dearth of national data on SCA‐associated outcomes in this specific patient population. The aim of the present study is to study these parameters from a nationally representative US population.

Methods

Data were extracted from National Inpatient Sample database from October 2005 to December 2014. All patients with clinical encounter of dialysis during the study period were enrolled. Patients who underwent SCA, ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular flutter were then identified by applying relevant International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. Patients with acute kidney injury and prior renal transplant were excluded. Propensity matching was done to balance covariates among study groups. Logistic regression analysis was done to assess for predictors of SCA‐associated mortality in ESRD patients on dialysis.

Results

A total of 1 147 760 patients were included in the final analyses. Patients who suffered SCA were older when compared to the non‐SCA cohort and had a higher burden of comorbidities. About half (52.10%) of ESRD patients who suffered SCA died. Advanced age, metabolic acidosis, and cardiogenic shock were independently associated with reduced survival after SCA. New implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation continues to be low in this patient population at discharge.

Conclusion

SCA in settings of ESRD on dialysis carries high mortality and frequent morbidity. Further research in therapeutic interventions that could prevent SCA in this vulnerable population is utmost needed.
How to Study People Who Do Not Want to be Studied: Practical Reflections on Studying Up
Authors: Souleles Daniel
Published: September 2018

In attempts to gain a wider understanding of the social worlds they encounter, anthropologists have exhorted their colleagues to “study up” and pay attention to wealthy and powerful people, not just those at society's margins. Anthropology has met this call. However, anthropologists could stand to be more forthcoming in explaining readily generalizable research strategies for studying people who are difficult to access. This article offers a brief methodological introduction to the literature on studying up and the anthropology of finance, and then shares a sampling of failures and successes from my own two‐year research, using private equity investors as one case of accessing an elite network. I suggest anthropologists are best served in finding multiple public sites and building informant networks with people from these sites.
How Emotional Frames Moralize and Polarize Political Attitudes
Authors: Clifford Scott
Published: September 2018

Moralized issues, such as abortion and same‐sex marriage, are some of the most polarizing and divisive issues in politics. These topics motivate political engagement but present a barrier to democratic resolution. Yet we know little about how some issues become “moral issues” and others do not. In this article, I argue that exposure to persuasive frames, particularly those eliciting anger and disgust, serves to moralize and polarize public opinion. I test these hypotheses across three experiments on emerging debates over food politics. The results consistently show that persuasive frames increase issue moralization and, in turn, facilitate polarization. A panel analysis demonstrates that the effect of a single exposure lasts at least two weeks. Mediation analyses suggest that feelings of disgust and anger help explain how persuasive frames moralize political attitudes, while anger alone seems to explain the polarizing effects of framing. Overall, the findings provide new insight into framing, emotion, and the development of moral issues.
Effect of synchronization protocols on reproductive indices, progesterone profile and fertility under subtropical environmental conditions in repeat breeder Holstein cows
Authors: El‐Tarabany Mahmoud S. , AL‐Marakby Khaled M.
Published: September 2018

Contents

The objectives were to evaluate the reproductive indices and survival analysis of pregnancy outcomes in multiparous repeat breeder Holstein cows (n = 557). The cows were synchronized to ovulate by Ovsynch, new controlled internal drug release device (N‐CIDRsynch), and once‐used CIDR device (U‐CIDRsynch). The pregnancy per AI at 28 days post‐insemination (P/AI 28) in the N‐CIDRsynch group (28.75%) was significantly (COR = 1.49; p = 0.011) greater than that reported in the Ovsynch (23.46%) and U‐CIDRsynch (21.73%) groups. Furthermore, the pregnancy per AI at day 75 post‐insemination (P/AI 75) in the N‐CIDRsynch group was significantly greater than the Ovysync group (COR = 1.35; p = 0.050). The repeat breeder cows received a N‐CIDR device had a significantly higher progesterone level on day 2 and day 4 of CIDR insertion (1.38 and 1.67 ng/ml, respectively) than those received a U‐CIDR device or the control group (p = 0.012 and 0.001, respectively). The Cox regression model recorded significant associations for synchronization protocols, THI at the TAI and season of calving with the hazard of P/AI 28 and P/AI 75 (p = 0.044 and 0.046; 0.001 and 0.005; 0.003 and 0.001, respectively). Multiparous repeat breeder cows (>3) had a lower hazard ratio (HR) of P/AI 28 than that reported in the reference (2nd parity) group (HR = 0.74, p = 0.050). The repeat breeder cows inseminated at 76–80 and >80 temperature‐humidity index (THI) had significantly lower HR of P/AI 28 than those inseminated at the baseline (<70) THI value (HR = 0.73 and 0.30, p = 0.036 and 0.001, respectively). The current results indicate that the use of N‐CIDR synch protocol may achieve satisfactory pregnancy outcomes in repeat breeder cows.
Insights into respiratory disease through bioinformatics
Authors: Hurgobin Bhavna , de Jong Emma , Bosco Anthony
Published: September 2018

Respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer represent a critical area for medical research as millions of people are affected globally. The development of new strategies for treatment and/or prevention, and the identification of biomarkers for patient stratification and early detection of disease inception are essential to reducing the impact of lung diseases. The successful translation of research into clinical practice requires a detailed understanding of the underlying biology. In this regard, the advent of next‐generation sequencing and mass spectrometry has led to the generation of an unprecedented amount of data spanning multiple layers of biological regulation (genome, epigenome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome and microbiome). Dealing with this wealth of data requires sophisticated bioinformatics and statistical tools. Here, we review the basic concepts in bioinformatics and genomic data analysis and illustrate the application of these tools to further our understanding of lung diseases. We also highlight the potential for data integration of multi‐omic profiles and computational drug repurposing to define disease subphenotypes and match them to targeted therapies, paving the way for personalized medicine.
Using Simulation to Help Specify Design Parameters for Vacuum-Assisted Needle Biopsy Systems
Authors: Gu Xuelian , Hu Fangqiu , Lin Chi-Lun , Erdman Arthur , Lu Licheng
Published: September 2018

Needle biopsy is a routine medical procedure for examining tissue or biofluids for the presence of disease using standard methods of pathology. The finite element analysis (FEA) methodology can provide guidance for optimizing the geometric parameters. The needle biopsy is simulated and analyzed while varying the needle angle, the aperture size and the slice-push ratio k. The results indicate that tissue reaction force in the axial direction of needle gradually decreases, and the stress and strain are more concentrated at the tip of needle with the increases of tip angle; the tissue reaction force decreases, and the torque increases while the slice-push ratio increases; and higher slice–push ratio can increase the peak stress concentration on the cutting edge and deformation of tissue; in the process of core needle cutting, increasing slice–push ratio can reduce the tissue reaction force significantly. While the aperture on distal wall of outer cannula becomes wider, the tissue reaction force increases significantly, and the cutting process will be more unstable. The results have the potential to provide important insight for improving the needle biopsy design process.
Application of Jets and Vortex Generators to Improve Air-Cooling and Temperature Uniformity in a Simple Battery Pack
Authors: Shahid Seham , Agelin-Chaab Martin
Published: September 2018

In this paper, the problem of air cooling and temperature nonuniformity at the cell and pack level is addressed. Passive techniques are developed by integrating jet inlets and vortex generators (VGs) in a simple battery pack with the goal to achieve an effective cooling, and the desired temperature uniformity at the cell and pack level to less than 5 °C, without an increase in the required mass flow and power requirements. Moreover, various configurations of the developed techniques are assessed and compared. In order to achieve the objectives, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to conduct numerical studies on the battery packs. The results concluded that by adding both the delta winglet (DW) vortex generator arrays and jet inlet arrays in the same configuration, improvements in temperature reduction and uniformity can be achieved. The results showed that the maximum temperature of the battery pack was reduced by ∼6% and the temperature uniformity at the pack level was increased by 24%. Additionally, a ∼37% improvement in the temperature uniformity at cell level was achieved.
Interactions among food diets and rearing substrates affect development and population growth rate of Typhlodromus bagdasarjani
Authors: Riahi Elham , Fathipour Yaghoub , Talebi Ali A. , Mehrabadi Mohammad
Published: September 2018

Notwithstanding the advantageous traits of Typhlodromus bagdasarjani Wainstein and Arutunjan to feed on alternative food such as pollen ensuring the long-term control of greenhouses pests, the nutritional ecology and the role of this predator in biological pest control are rarely addressed. In the current study, the predator’s development and reproduction on three food sources including Tetranychus urticae Koch, almond pollen, as well as T. urticae+ almond pollen; and the no food condition were evaluated. Additionally, all diets were tested on both artificial and leaf-based substrates to assess the potential host plant effects on the predator’s performance. Although all larvae on both rearing substrates successfully developed into protonymphal stage, they did not succeed to reach the next stage. Development of T. bagdasarjani was shorter, both female and male, on artificial substrate mainly feeding on almond pollen. Females feeding on almond pollen and almond pollen + T. urticae on artificial substrates had the highest intrinsic and finite rate of increase as well as oviposition rate. Consequently, almond pollen could be used as a conservation management tool to support the early buildup of pre-established natural populations of T. bagdasarjani in open field crops.
Influence of tube geometry on the performance of standing-wave acoustic resonators
Authors: Feng Heying , Peng Yehui , Zhang Xiaoqing , Li Xuejun
Published: September 2018

A general and simple calculation method is presented to investigate the effects of tube shape on the resonant frequency and performance of a resonator. First, the resonant frequency of a variable cross-section resonator is modeled using a transfer matrix. Then, the amplification ratio of the pressure amplitude (ARPA), defined as the ratio of the pressure amplitude at the small end to that at the large end of the resonator, is used to evaluate its performance. The ARPA value for a variable cross-section resonator can be directly calculated from its resonant frequency. It is shown that the ARPA value is closely related to the compression ratio. However, its value is only determined by the resonator itself and is independent of the working conditions. Therefore, the ARPA index is potentially a more convenient tool for evaluating the performance of resonators compared with other indexes. Additionally, the presented method is validated by a comparison with analytical results and experimental data. Moreover, the harmonic frequencies for cylindrical, exponential, conical, half-cosine, 3/4 cosine, and Horn–Cone shape tubes are numerically investigated, in addition to the influence of the resonator shape on the resonance frequency and ARPA. Finally, optimal shape parameters for several types of resonators are suggested.
Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Genetic Link between Diarrhea-Associated Entamoeba histolytica Infection and Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Wojcik Genevieve L. , Marie Chelsea , Abhyankar Mayuresh M. , Yoshida Nobuya , Watanabe Koji , Mentzer Alexander J. , Carstensen Tommy , Mychaleckyj Josyf , Kirkpatrick Beth D. , Rich Stephen S. , Concannon Patrick , Haque Rashidul , Tsokos George C. , Petri William A. , Duggal Priya
Published: September 2018

Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death for children globally, causing 760,000 deaths each year in children less than 5 years old. Amebic dysentery contributes significantly to this burden, especially in developing countries. The identification of host factors that control or enable enteric pathogens has the potential to transform our understanding of disease predisposition, outcomes, and treatments. Our discovery of the transcriptional regulator cAMP-responsive element modulator (CREM) as a genetic modifier of susceptibility to amebic disease has implications for understanding the pathogenesis of other diarrheal infections. Further, emerging evidence for CREM in IBD susceptibility suggests that CREM is a critical regulator of enteric inflammation and may have broad therapeutic potential as a drug target across intestinal inflammatory diseases.
Rare case of meningococcal sepsis-induced testicular failure, primary hypothyroidism and hypoadrenalism: Is there a link?
Authors: Bachmeier Caroline Annette Erika , Malabu Usman
Published: September 2018

Severe illness can lead to multiple transient endocrinopathies. In adult patients, neuroendocrine alterations include sick euthyroid syndrome, an increase in corticosteroid levels, increase in prolactin levels, decreased insulin growth factor 1 levels and hypogonadism. We report the case of a 24-year-old man with meningococcal sepsis with multiple end-organ complications who developed persistent non-autoimmune hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency and primary hypogonadism all requiring hormone replacement. While adrenal insufficiency as part of the Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome is well described, reports of primary hypothyroidism and persistent primary hypogonadism in severe illness are exceedingly rare. Multiple combined endocrinopathies as in this case have not been reported previously. This case highlights the necessity of screening for endocrine abnormalities in severe illness and the need for treatment if persistent. It also raises a novel concept of meningococcal sepsis causing multiple endocrinopathies possibly via disseminated intravascular coagulopathy-related ischaemic damage.