bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contextual Factors Contributing to Ethnic Identity Development of Second-Generation Iranian American Adolescents
Authors: Daha Maryam
Published: March 2011

The data drawn from interviews with 55 second-generation Iranian American adolescents revealed that pride in ancient Persian culture, the adolescents’ physical characteristics, perceived stereotypes, and community point of reference all combined to affect ethnic identity as well as to reinforce a sense of ethnic loyalty. The contextual factors that influenced ethnic identity retention were family connectedness, language, community ties, ethnic pride, engagement in cultural activities and traditions, and cultural beliefs including mannerisms and an emphasis on education. Females were more likely than their male counterparts to retain the Persian language and to engage in Persian entertainment. Furthermore, the majority of the participants self-identified themselves as Persian instead of Iranian, due to the stereotypes and negative portrayals of Iranians in the media and politics. Adolescents from Jewish and Baha’i faiths asserted their religious identity more than their ethnic identity.
The Kidney: Medical Nutrition Therapy—Yesterday and Today
Authors: Kalista‐Richards Marcia
Published: March 2011

For many years, those who studied renal disease recognized a strong correlation between diet and disease progression. Diet therapy, now referred to as medical nutrition therapy, has long been investigated in the treatment of kidney insufficiency and kidney failure. Given that the kidneys have numerous vital functions, including a primary role in the excretion of waste products and urine, the diminishing effects of aging and disease on the kidney require adaptation of the nutrition consumed. Over the years, numerous theories have evolved as treatment modalities. This article explores the history of dietary management of kidney disease going back to leading researchers including Borst, Giovannetti, and Kopple, along with others. Clinicians have witnessed the historic development of national guidelines and protocols for nutrition treatment of chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury, leading to improved uniformity among practitioners. Some of the changes in medical nutrition therapy and specialized nutrition support are addressed. (Nutr Clin Pract. 2011;26:143–150)
Fever in the Critically Ill
Authors: Niven Daniel J. , Léger Caroline , Stelfox Henry T. , Laupland Kevin B.
Published: March 2011

Fever is common among patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). In spite of the frequency of its occurrence, the biological mechanisms regulating the initiation and progression of fever are poorly understood. In addition, there are few large studies reporting on the epidemiology and etiology of fever in general medical and surgical ICU patients. Current evidence suggests that the development of high fever by patients admitted to ICUs with a medical admission diagnosis is associated with an increased risk of death. The decision to treat fever should therefore be obvious, but several lines of evidence argue against temperature-lowering strategies. Furthermore, the use of different temperature control strategies in febrile patients without acute brain injury or acute myocardial infarction is guided by a paucity of randomized clinical trials and by a lack of understanding of the biology of the induction and control of fever. As such, a review of the epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, and immunology of fever as well as the evidence behind management of fever in the critically ill is pertinent to all critical care practitioners.
Atypical Antipsychotics for the Treatment of ICU Delirium
Authors: Gilchrist Neil A. , Asoh Ifeoma , Greenberg Bruce
Published: March 2011

Delirium is commonly described in critically ill patients as 1 factor contributing to increased length of intensive care unit and hospital stay, secondary complications, and increased mortality. Initial screening tools for delirium in hospitalized patients are generally easy to use; however, many centers have struggled with implementing these tools in a consistent and systematic manner. Haloperidol has traditionally been prescribed as the primary agent of choice for the treatment of delirium in critically ill patients. Clinicians have been challenged to consider alternative agents due to adverse effects such as extrapyramidal symptoms, QTc prolongation, and possible torsades de pointes with haloperidol use. The atypical antipsychotics are attractive alternatives to haloperidol with improved safety profiles but are flawed by limited data to support dosing and efficacy in this patient population. Future studies that provide large, prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled data to support the implementation of these agents as standard therapy over haloperidol are needed.
Treatment Strategies to Overcome End-of-Dose Failure With Oral and Transdermal Opioids
Authors: Hall Levi M. , O’Lenic Kathleen
Published: March 2011

Extended-release oral and transdermal opioids are increasingly being used for the management of chronic pain. Although the dosing intervals for these products were established through controlled clinical trials, expanded use of extended-release and transdermal dosage forms has resulted in awareness that a significant number of patients with chronic pain experience loss of baseline pain control prior to the next scheduled dose. End-of-dose failure (EDF) is the term used to describe this type of pain manifestation. By recognizing potential causes of EDF, strategies may be developed to overcome its occurrence to improve patients' pain control.
Osteoporosis in Men
Authors: Martin Andrew C.
Published: March 2011

The prevalence of osteoporosis is estimated to be 18% in men, but 30% of all fractures occur in men. With age, men experience a gradual decline in testosterone production and bone density. The rate of trabecular bone loss in the lumbar spine in men over age 50 can be double the rate of loss in men under age 50. Endogenous testosterone, estradiol, and their metabolites play a role in maintaining bone health, but their specific effects on bone turnover have been difficult to elucidate. Recently, large cohort studies have provided more detailed information confirming estrogen’s associations and further characterizing the effect of endogenous testosterone and its metabolites on bone mineral density and fractures. Very few clinical trials have assessed the impact of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) on bone density and fractures in men. The few studies that have been conducted are generally small and not robust enough to show the true treatment effect of TRT and adequately determine its safety. In the absence of data on patient outcomes, it is important for pharmacists to understand the impact of drug therapy on biomarkers and surrogate markers of disease for optimal pharmacotherapy selection and monitoring.
CHRM2, Parental Monitoring, and Adolescent Externalizing Behavior
Authors: Dick Danielle M. , Meyers Jacquelyn L. , Latendresse Shawn J. , Creemers Hanneke E. , Lansford Jennifer E. , Pettit Gregory S. , Bates John E. , Dodge Kenneth A. , Budde John , Goate Alison , Buitelaar Jan K. , Ormel Johannes , Verhulst Frank C. , Huizink Anja C.
Published: March 2011

Psychologists, with their long-standing tradition of studying mechanistic processes, can make important contributions to further characterizing the risk associated with genes identified as influencing risk for psychiatric disorders. We report one such effort with respect to CHRM2, which codes for the cholinergic muscarinic 2 receptor and was of interest originally for its association with alcohol dependence. We tested for association between CHRM2 and prospectively measured externalizing behavior in a longitudinal, community-based sample of adolescents, as well as for moderation of this association by parental monitoring. We found evidence for an interaction in which the association between the genotype and externalizing behavior was stronger in environments with lower parental monitoring. There was also suggestion of a crossover effect, in which the genotype associated with the highest levels of externalizing behavior under low parental monitoring had the lowest levels of externalizing behavior at the extreme high end of parental monitoring. The difficulties involved in distinguishing mechanisms of gene-environment interaction are discussed.
Attention Can Retrospectively Distort Visual Space
Authors: Ono Fuminori , Watanabe Katsumi
Published: March 2011

A brief visual cue that attracts attention repels the perceived location of a subsequent visual stimulus away from the focus of attention (attentional repulsion). In the first experiment reported here, we presented a visual cue after a visual target and found that the perceived location of the target stimulus shifted toward the location of the cue (attentional attraction). The subsequent experiments ruled out nonattentional hypotheses and indicated that the mislocalization effect is attributable to the attentional shift. The results of this study suggest that preceding and succeeding contexts differentially modulate the perceived location of a briefly presented stimulus. Our findings also underscore the importance of retrospective processes in visual attention.
Morphometric analysis of the porcine gastrointestinal tract in a 10-day high-dose indomethacin administration with or without probiotic bacteria Escherichia coli Nissle 1917
Authors: Bures J , Pejchal J , Kvetina J , Tichý A , Rejchrt S , Kunes M , Kopacova M
Published: March 2011

Background: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may cause severe injury to all parts of the gastrointestinal tract. It has been hypothesised that probiotic bacteria might reduce this adverse effect. The aim of this study was to perform a morphometric evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract in experimental pigs treated using a 10-day high-dose of indomethacin with or without Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN). Methods: Twenty-four healthy mature pigs were included: Group A (controls; 6 animals), Group B (EcN; n = 6), Group C (indomethacin; n = 6) and Group D (EcN & indomethacin; n = 6). EcN (3.5 × 1010 live bacteria/day for 14 days) and/or indomethacin (15 mg/kg/day for 10 days) were administered. Specimens of the stomach, small and large bowel were routinely processed for microscopic examination. The height of glandular mucosa, height and width of interfoveolar spaces and villi and basement size of epithelial cells were evaluated. Results: Different effects of indomethacin and EcN on particular parts of the gastrointestinal tract were shown. The indomethacin and probiotics group demonstrated a significantly lower height of cryptal mucosa and colonocytes and widening of the basement size of colonocytes compared to controls ( p = 0.004; p < 0.001; p = 0.025). The height of cryptal mucosa was significantly higher in the EcN group compared to controls ( p = 0.001). Conclusions: Indomethacin alone induced marked adaptation of the gastric mucosa. EcN alone provided a significant favourable trophic effect on the colonic mucosa. However, indomethacin and probiotics administered together comprise the worst impact on all porcine stomach, small and large bowel.
Dialysis therapy for lactic acidosis caused by metformin intoxication: presentation of two cases
Authors: Soyoral Yasemin Usul , Begenik Huseyin , Emre Habib , Aytemiz Enver , Ozturk Mustafa , Erkoc Reha
Published: March 2011

Metformin is an oral antidiabetic, which is frequently used in the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus. Serious side effects may be seen during the administration of high doses of metformin. Two cases of lactic acidosis due to ingestion of high dose metformin for suicidal purposes have been presented here; in both cases, clinical improvement was seen with bicarbonate hemodialysis.
Improving Qualitative Interviews With Newly Arrived Migrant Women
Authors: Merry Lisa , Clausen Christina , Gagnon Anita J. , Carnevale Franco , Jeannotte Julie , Saucier Jean-Francois , Oxman-Martinez Jacqueline
Published: March 2011

There is a paucity of literature on how to conduct research with migrants, particularly those who do not speak the host country language, those who are newly arrived, and those who have a precarious immigration status. In qualitative research, interviewing is a common method for obtaining rich data and participants’ points of view. Gathering and presenting all perspectives when interviewing vulnerable migrant women on health-seeking behaviors is challenging. In this article, we explore the process of developing and implementing a data collection plan and an interview guide for a study carried out with migrant women to explore the inhibitors/facilitators for following through on professional referrals for postbirth care. Adaptability and careful attention to multiple factors throughout the process are essential to maximizing participation and enhancing the trustworthiness of the data. Appropriate health policy and care delivery can only originate from health research with diverse migrant populations.
Health Care and Social Service Providers’ Observations on the Intersection of HIV/AIDS and Violence Among Their Clients and Patients
Authors: DiStefano Anthony S. , Cayetano Reggie T.
Published: March 2011

Associations between HIV/AIDS and several forms of violence have been demonstrated in recent research. We conducted qualitative interviews with 30 providers who offered services related to HIV/AIDS or violence to identify specific manifestations of HIV/AIDS—violence intersections, factors that explain why HIV/AIDS and violence intersect in client/patient populations, and the theoretical salience of providers’ narratives. Providers confirmed links between HIV/AIDS and violent victimization, and yielded new insights into crossover risk between HIV/AIDS and suicidality, nonsuicidal self-harm, and witnessing and perpetrating violence. We also isolated 20 explanatory factors, including substance use, poor mental health, sex work/trading sex, and sexual orientation/gender identity. Narratives were consistent with syndemics theory, indicating that HIV/AIDS and violence fueled each other’s occurrence and magnified the health-related burden on affected client/patient populations, often under conditions of health and social disparity. Providers contribute a novel perspective on our understanding of HIV/AIDS—violence syndemics that shows promise in informing future interventions and practice.
Factor VII Deficiency due to Compound Heterozygosity for Leu-48Pro Mutation and a Novel Pro260Leu Mutation
Authors: Kogiso N. , Taki M. , Takamiya O.
Published: March 2011

We investigated the mechanisms responsible for factor VII (FVII) deficiency in a compound heterozygous Japanese patient with mutations both in the signal peptide and in the catalytic domain. FVII activity (FVII:C) and antigen (FVII:Ag) levels of the patient were 14.5% and 12.5% of those of the normal controls, respectively. In all, 2 heterozygous point mutations were identified in the patient: one was the mutation substituting Pro for Leu-48 in the prepeptide domain of FVII; the other one was a novel mutation substituting Leu for Pro260 in the catalytic domain. FVII activity and FVII:Ag levels in the condition medium that transiently coexpressed the 2 different FVII mutants in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells were 4.81% and 5.18% of the wild-type FVII. Factor VII defect of the patient may be combined with both impairing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) targeting and altering FVII folding/biosynthesis, but cotransfection of 2 different FVII mutants may interfere with their expression in BHK cells.
The Relationship of Child Functioning to Parental Physical Assault: Linear and Curvilinear Models
Authors: Helton Jesse J. , Cross Theodore P.
Published: March 2011

Previous research suggests a curvilinear relationship between child disability and physical abuse, with children with mild impairments at greater risk than both children with severe impairments and superior functioning. Using a national probability sample of families investigated for maltreatment (N = 1675), this study tested for both linear and curvilinear relationships of child functioning to parental physical assault. Linear relationships were found between problem behaviors and minor and severe assault, and between social skills and minor assault: the more impaired the level of child functioning, the greater the risk. Curvilinear relationships were found in which children with mildly impaired or average language skills were at greater risk for minor assault than both children with severe impairment or above average and superior skills. Children with superior daily-living skills were at lower risk for severe assault than all other children. Implications for understanding processes underlying parental physical assault of children with impairments are discussed.
Pre-cure Freezing Effect on Physicochemical, Texture and Sensory Characteristics of Iberian Ham
Authors: Pérez-Palacios T. , Ruiz J. , Martín D. , Barat J.M. , Antequera T.
Published: March 2011

The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of pre-cure freezing on the physicochemical, texture and sensory characteristics of raw and dry-cured hams. Both, refrigerated (R) and pre-cure frozen (F) hams showed the same weight losses during the processing. At the green stage F Iberian hams had lower moisture content, higher values of a* and chroma, lower hardness and chewiness and higher adhesiveness and springiness than R ones. However, at the end of the processing R and F Iberian hams only were different in salt content, F hams showing lower values than R ones. Sensory analysis of Iberian dry-cured ham did not show differences in salty taste. Panelist detected a higher fat hardness and lean pastiness in F than in R hams. The overall acceptability for both groups of dry-cured hams was between average and good.
The experiences of young people with Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex: A qualitative study
Authors: Williams E. Felicity , Gannon Kenneth , Soon Kristina
Published: March 2011

The objective of this study was to explore the experiences of young people with Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex (EBS). Eleven participants aged 10 -14 years were interviewed and Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was employed. A key theme was ‘self as different’. This related to experiences of negative treatment and exclusion from peers; a lack of understanding of others about the condition; and a sense of the self as ‘wrong’. Findings indicate the importance of providing appropriate psychological and peer support, as well as wider community education and intervention, as part of the holistic treatment of young people with this chronic, painful and visible skin condition.
Exploring the relationship between body mass index and health-related quality of life: A pilot study of the impact of weight self-stigma and experiential avoidance
Authors: Lillis Jason , Levin Michael E. , Hayes Steven C.
Published: March 2011

Health-related quality of life (HRQL) has been shown to deteriorate as body mass index (BMI) increases. Recent research suggests weight stigma and experiential avoidance may partially account for the relationship between BMI and HRQL. Eighty-seven adults recruited from a weight-loss clinic completed an intake assessment, which consisted of physical measurement taking and completion of self-report measures. Experiential avoidance and weight self-stigma were significant predictors of HRQL and mediated the relationship between BMI and HRQL. Results provide preliminary support for targeting weight stigma and experiential avoidance in order to produce changes in HRQL with or without concurrent weight loss.
Exercise persistence in the face of varying exercise challenges: A test of self-efficacy theory in working mothers
Authors: Jung Mary E. , Brawley Lawrence R.
Published: March 2011

Self-regulatory efficacy (SRE) should influence persistence towards goals. Mothers attempting to exercise while managing work and young children (N = 49, Mage = 35.69, Mchildren = 1.88) were stratified into high or low concurrent SRE groups, then randomized to read a hypothetical scenario detailing numerous or minimal exercise barrier conditions. Consistent with self-efficacy theory, when exercise barriers were numerous, mothers with higher concurrent SRE demonstrated greater persistence towards exercise goals, and perceived concurrent management of exercise with their other valued goals as more positively challenging, than mothers with lower concurrent SRE.
Emotional distress about weight gain and attitude to goal achievement failure as predictors of self-regulatory efficacy: Does ethnicity make a difference?
Authors: Moore David J. , Williams David R.
Published: March 2011

In spite of alarming increases in obesity, little is known concerning the influence of emotional distress about weight gain on perceived self-efficacy in maintaining self-control when controlling for racial identity. This study found that emotional distress toward goal achievement failure mediated the influence of ethnicity on perceived self-efficacy in resisting eating temptations. White females reporting higher emotional distress about weight gain than their black counterparts displayed lower self-regulatory efficacy, particularly when negative emotions were involved. Negative attitudes toward goal achievement failure among whites played a critical role in undermining perceived self-regulatory efficacy. The implications for public policy are discussed.
Piloting behavioral family systems therapy to improve adherence among adolescents with HIV: A case series intervention study
Authors: Gray Wendy N. , Janicke David M. , Fennell Eileen B. , Driscoll Danielle C. , Lawrence Robert M.
Published: March 2011

Adolescents with HIV are at high risk for suboptimal adherence but have been ignored by the literature. Treatment outcome and feasibility data for the first-known adaptation of Behavioral Family Systems Therapy (BFST) targeting adherence among adolescents with HIV are presented for four adolescents with suboptimal adherence. The intervention was delivered in an alternating home-based and telehealth format and a multi-method adherence assessment approach was used. Adherence improved for three adolescents, viral load decreased for two adolescents, and barriers to adherence declined for all participants. Delivery of an adapted BFST intervention was acceptable to families and may be a promising treatment approach.
Harm minimization in tan seekers: An exploration of tanning behaviour and the potential for substitutional use of sunless tanning products
Authors: Paul Christine L , Paras Lorraine , Harper Ainsley , Coppa Kay
Published: March 2011

Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun or solaria is a major contributor to high rates of skin cancer. The study aimed to explore the intentions of active tan seekers in relation to the substitutional use of sunless tanning products. Participants were reluctant to reduce UV exposure in favour of using sunless tanning products, which were considered to be another tanning method rather than an avenue for reducing skin cancer risk. The ‘sunless tan’ approach is unlikely to reduce UV exposure in the majority of tan seekers, but may be valuable in targeting women with fairer skin.
Viewing television shows containing ideal and neutral body images while exercising: Does type of body image content influence exercise performance and body image in women?
Authors: Hall Eric E. , Baird Seanna A. , Gilbert Danielle N. , Miller Paul C. , Bixby Walter R.
Published: March 2011

This study examined how exposure to media containing different body image content while exercising influenced exercise performance and feelings concerning appearance. 41 females completed two sessions of cycling (30 minutes). During exercise, participants viewed a television show that contained either media-portrayed ideal or neutral female body images. There were no differences in exercise performance between conditions. Physical appearance state anxiety (PASA) decreased post-exercise. After viewing ideal bodies, participants scored higher on appearance and comparison processing. The high internalization group scored higher on appearance and comparison processing and PASA increased following ideal body image content while the low internalization group decreased.
A brief emotion focused intervention for inpatients with anorexia nervosa: A qualitative study
Authors: Money Claire , Genders Rebecca , Treasure Janet , Schmidt Ulrike , Tchanturia Kate
Published: March 2011

Cognitive Remediation and Emotion Skills Training (CREST), a brief social cognition intervention, was developed for inpatients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN). CREST was piloted and evaluated in 28 Anorexia Nervosa patients on a specialist eating disorder inpatient unit. Content analysis was employed to qualitatively explore patients’ experience of the intervention. Results suggest that patients perceived CREST positively. Main themes identified were that patients’ valued education regarding the function of emotions and found learning strategies to manage and express emotions helpful. The clinical and research implications are discussed.
Beyond social support: Using family expectations to predict psychological adjustment in end-stage renal disease patients
Authors: Symister Petra
Published: March 2011

One hundred fifty-nine hemodialysis patients completed questionnaires measuring three interpersonal processes, specifically, family expectations, social support, and negative support, and psychological adjustment as measured by depression, optimism, and quality of life. Follow-up assessments were collected three months later. Cross-sectionally family expectations predicted depression when social support was controlled and both depression and quality of life when negative support was controlled. Prospectively, family expectations predicted depression at Time 2 after controlling for social support. Family expectations also predicted depression, optimism and quality of life at Time 2 after controlling for negative support. Implications for designing relevant intervention research are discussed.
Mobile phones without guarantees: The promises of technology and the contingencies of culture
Authors: Wallis Cara
Published: March 2011

The mobile phone’s global diffusion has generated hope in its ability to enable individuals in developing countries to increase their income and life opportunities. However, numerous socio-cultural factors contribute to the outcomes of technology in diverse contexts. This article uses Alcoff’s (2006) theory of positionality and the notion of socio-techno practices to examine mobile phones and the labor relations of young rural-to-urban migrant women working in the low-level service sector in Beijing. This study argues that the women’s gender, age, class, and rural origin produce particular constraints on their ability to generate higher income and find better jobs. It also reveals that some employers use mobile phones for surveillance of employees, which was not likely before since most migrant women do not have landlines. This article shows that as much as the mobile phone is a liberatory and equalizing technology, it can also reinforce rather than upset patriarchal power relationships.
Evaluating the Implementation of a Hospital Work-Site Obesity Prevention Intervention
Authors: Estabrook Barbara , Zapka Jane , Lemon Stephenie C.
Published: March 2011

Step Ahead was a randomized controlled trial testing ecologically based weight gain prevention interventions in the hospital workplace. The RE-AIM framework is used to assess the intervention’s Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance. Some intervention components reached a large percentage of the workforce. Although the intervention was not effective in changing BMI on a population level, a dose response was observed, in which persons who used more of the intervention components and materials were more likely to prevent weight gain. Adoption of the intervention by sites invited was 100%. Implementation of healthy eating interventions in the hospital setting was especially challenging because close collaboration was necessary with hospital employees and contractors, and their mission and priorities often were at odds with the intervention goals. There are some notable instances of intervention maintenance at the institutional level: Farmers markets have been expanded at both sites since the end of the intervention period, and new wellness programs are being adopted and implemented. Implications for practice include the translation of this research into other workplace settings.
Beyond Reach and Effectiveness
Authors: Anesetti-Rothermel Andrew , Noerachmanto N. , Horn Kimberly , Dino Geri
Published: March 2011

Despite most teenage smokers wanting to quit, their likelihood of success resembles that of flipping a coin. Evidence-based cessation programs, like the American Lung Association’s Not-On-Tobacco (N-O-T) program, are effective. Evaluation of program dissemination is critical. This study uses the RE-AIM framework to evaluate the N-O-T program in West Virginia from 2000 to 2005. RE-AIM components consisted of four measures. Regional dissemination was measured using comparative differences between Regional Educational Service Agency regions (RESAs). Significant associations were found between RESAs for numerous characteristics. Among the RE-AIM components, two measures of Implementation were significantly different between RESAs. Variability between RESAs provided valuable descriptive evidence of N-O-T program dissemination in West Virginia. Therefore, geographical tailoring grounded in community-based participatory research could increase the N-O-T program’s overall dissemination.
An Audience–Channel–Message–Evaluation (ACME) Framework for Health Communication Campaigns
Authors: Noar Seth M.
Published: March 2011

Recent reviews of the literature have indicated that a number of health communication campaigns continue to fail to adhere to principles of effective campaign design. The lack of an integrated, organizing framework for the design, implementation, and evaluation of health communication campaigns may contribute to this state of affairs. The current article introduces an audience–channel–message–evaluation (ACME) framework that organizes the major principles of health campaign design, implementation, and evaluation. ACME also explicates the relationships and linkages between the varying principles. Insights from ACME include the following: The choice of audience segment(s) to focus on in a campaign affects all other campaign design choices, including message strategy and channel/component options. Although channel selection influences options for message design, choice of message design also influences channel options. Evaluation should not be thought of as a separate activity, but rather should be infused and integrated throughout the campaign design and implementation process, including formative, process, and outcome evaluation activities. Overall, health communication campaigns that adhere to this integrated set of principles of effective campaign design will have a greater chance of success than those using principles idiosyncratically. These design, implementation, and evaluation principles are embodied in the ACME framework.
Evaluation of Depression and Coping Skill among HIV-Positive People in Kolkata, India
Authors: Talukdar Arunansu , Talukdar Payel Sengupta , Ghosal Malay Kumar , Bal Runa , Ghosh Puspen , Goswami D. N.
Published: March 2011

The objectives of the present study were to evaluate depressive symptoms and coping strategy among HIV-positive women and men. This cross-sectional study was done among 164 newly diagnosed HIV-positive people through a structured questionnaire. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scale was used to measure depression. A 16-items coping scale, Coping with AIDS - Fleishman (CWAF) Instrument, was used to assess coping strategy. χ2 test was used to compare proportions. Men had significantly higher mean BDI somatic score. Odds for being depressed were 3.6 times higher among men ( P value .001, 95% C.I. 1.64-8.07). Analysis of the coping strategies showed that women had better coping skill. Significant correlation was observed between BDI score and emotion-focused coping score (correlation coefficient −0.258, P value .01). HIV-positive men had more depression. Gender-sensitive strategies needed to provide better care for them.
HIV and Drug Use in Puerto Rico
Authors: Mino Milton , Deren Sherry , Colón Hector M.
Published: March 2011

This paper presents findings from the Alliance for Research in El Barrio and Bayamón (ARIBBA) research study, which compared HIV-related risk behaviors, HIV infection rates, and mortality rates of 800 Puerto Rican injection drug users and crack smokers in East Harlem, New York, with 399 of their counterparts in Bayamón, Puerto Rico. The study was conducted from 1996 to 2004 and is among the most comprehensive ever undertaken on HIV risk behaviors of drug users in Puerto Rico. This paper presents the main findings, many of which have been published in scientific journals. The study found that drug users in Puerto Rico became infected with HIV at a rate almost 4 times higher than Puerto Rican drug users in New York, and they died at a rate that was more than 3 times as high. The findings indicate that drug users in Puerto Rico are more likely than Puerto Rican drug users in New York to engage in injection drug use and sexual behaviors that put them at risk of becoming infected with HIV. In addition, they have fewer prevention resources available to them. HIV prevention programs are scarce in Puerto Rico and the availability of drug treatment programs in Puerto Rico declined by over one third during the period examined. Additionally, significantly fewer HIV-positive drug users in Puerto Rico were taking HIV-related medications than in New York. The paper concludes with recommendations and lessons learned from the study.
The Expanding Spectrum of Health Risks: Public Health or Harm?
Authors: Terre Lisa
Published: March 2011

Drawing on hydration as an illustrative case in point, this review discusses evidence-based perspectives on the continually expanding spectrum of promulgated health risks, including potential benefits and harms to public health. Future directions for inquiry and practice also are addressed.
Alternatives to the standard Fleming, Harrington, and O’Brien futility boundary
Authors: Anderson James R , High Robin
Published: March 2011

Background Phase III clinical trials comparing a standard treatment to a new therapy are often monitored for futility, that is, convincing evidence that the outcome of the new treatment is not as good as that specified by the alternative hypothesis. Fleming, Harrington, and O’Brien (FHOB) proposed a popular futility monitoring method, based upon repeated testing of the alternative hypothesis at some fixed p-value (often set at p = 0.005).

Purpose To demonstrate several interesting properties of the boundary, and to suggest alternative boundaries on the null hypothesis normalized test statistic, which cross zero at 50% of the expected total information.

Methods The FHOB boundary is redefined as a boundary on the null hypothesis normalized test statistic and re-parameterized.

Results FHOB-type boundaries are shown to be a function only of the significance level and power of the primary test of hypothesis, and the p-value used for repeated testing of the alternative hypothesis. The boundary can be ‘centered’ (in the sense of crossing zero) at some fixed percentage of the expected total information and the rate at which the boundary increases is related to the significance level and power of the primary test of hypothesis.

Limitations Other futility monitoring boundaries exist and have differing operating characteristics.

Conclusions The standard FHOB boundary, based upon repeated testing of the alternative hypothesis at p = 0.005 may be considered unnecessarily conservative in some settings and a monitoring boundary is proposed that is more likely to lead to a recommendation of futility when the null hypothesis is true.
Examining Mutual Elements of the Job Strain Model and the Effort—Reward Imbalance Model Among Special Education Staff in the USA
Authors: Shyman Eric
Published: March 2011

Two theories of occupational stress are often cited as being most supported by research: the job strain model (JSM) and the effort—reward imbalance model (ERIM). In order to investigate the applicability of mutual theoretical elements of both models to special education in the USA, a sample of 100 special education paraeducators in public and specialized alternative settings was used. Hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to determine the best set of predictors of occupational stress among theoretically mutual components of each model. Results supported the hypothesis that there are common elements of both the JSM and the ERIM that can be predictors of occupational stress among special education personnel in the USA.
The Mediation of Acculturation: Orchestrating School Leadership Development in England
Authors: Wallace Mike , Tomlinson Michael , O'Reilly Dermot
Published: March 2011

Among western governments large-scale leadership development initiatives represent an increasingly deployed means of promoting the acculturation of school leaders to support educational reforms and ongoing improvement. England’s sophisticated initiative centres on the National College for Leadership in Schools and Children’s Services, a politically driven intervention to acculturate headteachers and other senior school staff into transformational and distributed leadership. It is linked in significant measure to government-driven reform, alongside continuous improvement efforts. Qualitative research whose focus included tracking the evolution of this initiative showed how moderate mediation, within broad structural and ideological limits, is integral to its implementation. The fostered leadership culture appeared to interact with recipients’ existing organizational and wider professional cultures valuing a substantial degree of local autonomy, stimulating reinterpretation and adaptation. Yet mediation appeared ultimately to have supported the government’s agenda through local adaptation of reforms and some independent innovation consistent with the reform thrust. Contemporary government policy is to promote innovation, but the continued retention of nationally set expectations, strong accountability measures, and heavy sanctions seem likely to limit its potential for promoting locally inspired educational improvement.
Trust Me: Your School Can Be Better—A Message from Teachers to Principals
Authors: Ghamrawi Norma
Published: March 2011

Drawing upon empirical data, this article explores the concept of trust as a context for the establishment of teacher leadership. This article is part of a larger study that was carried out over a 2-year period and involved 21 teachers, 21 subject leaders and 9 principals belonging to three private K—12 schools in Beirut, Lebanon. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews. Findings suggest the pivotal role of trust in establishing higher levels of teachers’ self efficacy, collaboration, commitment, collective vision and building a strong sense of belonging to the organization thus paving the way towards the establishment of teacher leadership. The article highlights how principals establish trust by (1) securing a considerate environment that encourages teachers to get involved in professional dialogues; (2) modelling specific leadership behaviours; and (3) making it possible for teachers to instigate ideas and programmes that result from reflective practice.
An Analysis of a Subject Department in an English Secondary School Using the Collaborative Practice Analytical Framework
Authors: James Christopher , Goodhew Carolyn
Published: March 2011

This article reports the outcomes of research into the nature of and influences on collective working in an English secondary school. A design and technology department was studied over a 13-month period. Data collection was by interviews, observations and document scrutiny. The findings were analysed using collaborative practice (CP) analytical framework, which is joint working (collaboration) on a defined main task (primary task) that has both present and future dimensions, in a manner grounded in reflective practice. During the research period, the department was required to make changes to improve pupil outcomes and it was subject to other organizational influences. The analysis confirms the utility of the CP analytic framework for understanding organizational processes in educational settings; develops and substantiates the importance of the primary task and the way work-group members interpret it; and develops the significance of collaboration and reflective practice in relation to the normative primary task in the CP analytical framework.
Understanding and Reducing Stress in the Superintendency
Authors: Hawk Nita , Martin Barbara
Published: March 2011

This study examined the ways and to what degree, if any, school superintendents perceive stress and what, if any, coping mechanisms were engaged. Study findings revealed that there is a statistical difference between the types of coping mechanisms utilized and effectiveness between male and female superintendents. While no significant difference exists between the overall occupational stressors experienced by gender, the data identified high levels of stress among over 50 percent of the superintendents. Qualitative findings established the board of education provided no known support to superintendents in developing stress management skills and coping strategies. Implications of this research study were identified in the areas of leadership preparatory programs, as well as education in stress management skills reform at the district level.
‘Nothing to write home about’: Troubling Concepts of Home, Racialization and Self in Theories of Irish Male (E)migration
Authors: Mac an Ghaill Mairtin , Haywood Chris
Published: March 2011

This article critically engages with the concepts of home, nationality and belonging by evaluating explanations of (e)migration of mid-20th century Irish working class men. We do this by suggesting that contemporary approaches to Irish (e)migration employ ‘containing’ categories that frame the possibilities of knowing and understanding. We problematize such approaches by examining notions of home/homelessness and the ambivalent racialization of the diasporian Irish male subject within the dynamic intersection of categories of ‘self’ identification. Within an Irish context, this article recognizes that representations of generations of emigrants have been subsumed under hegemonic images of post-Famine emigration with their overarching motif of exile. Within a British context this analysis is located within a broader epistemological frame of the cultural production of the conceptual invisibility of Irish transnational migrants. Finally, the article concludes by suggesting that theoretical and conceptual frames are themselves involved in the regulation/control of understandings of (e)migration.
Cultural Hostility Re-considered
Authors: Warde Alan
Published: March 2011

It is often remarked that dislikes are more revealing of taste than likes. The evidential basis of this insight, which can be found in the work of Bourdieu (1984) and of Douglas (1996), who called it ‘cultural hostility’, is slight. This paper specifies and evaluates the thesis, ‘the cultural hostility thesis’, that people share strong, symbolically significant, dislikes which function to demarcate cultural boundaries between antagonistic social groups. I examine progressively more precisely specified versions of the thesis and, using data from a survey of cultural practice in Britain, apply different operationalizations in order to estimate the prevalence of cultural hostility. I show that: expressed dislikes are probably not the primary indicator of meaningful social boundaries; evidence for overt generalized cultural hostility is relatively weak; even the best indicators of hostility suggest limited antagonism; class differences are evident, but more because cultural omnivorousness has become a principle of good taste than as an expression of condescension or resentment. Indications of cultural hostility can be found, but they operate in a restricted manner, revolving around axes not only of class but also generation and gender. I conclude that a strong cultural hostility thesis is not readily applicable to contemporary Britain.
First Names as Collective Identifiers: An Empirical Analysis of the Social Meanings of First Names
Authors: Elchardus Mark , Siongers Jessy
Published: March 2011

This article investigates the consequences of the detraditionalization of naming practices and the social meanings imputed to first names. It does so on the basis of an exploratory, qualitative study designed to investigate contemporary naming practices and the social meanings assigned to first names, as well as data taken from a representative quantitative study designed to test the relationships between social background and cultural practice and the choice of first names along with the consequences of the names’ social meanings. Strong relationships persist between social background (class) and choice of first name. Because the latter is strongly related to taste patterns and cultural dispositions, first names are strongly suggestive of the social characteristics and levels of cultural capital pertaining to the child’s parents. The results highlight a strong relationship between parents’ level of education and cultural tastes and practices, on the one hand, and the first names they select for their children, on the other. As a consequence, the first names and educational achievement of children are also strongly related. Further examination casts doubt over these findings, however, and the relationship is shown to be a spurious one due to the association between the selected first name, on the one hand and the cultural practices of the parents and their offspring, on the other.
Energy Medicine and Hybrid Knowledge Construction: The Formation of New Cultural-Epistemological Rules of Discourse
Authors: Keshet Yael
Published: March 2011

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a socio-cultural phenomenon in the area of healthcare and lifestyle that has spread rapidly in recent decades. Using Latour’s nature–culture hybrid concept, the article addresses one of the most commonly and widely used, and at the same time puzzling concepts of CAM: ‘energy’. Based on research that analysed publications dealing with Energy Medicine, the article shows that this concept serves as the axis of an internal linguistic mechanism around which CAM knowledge is constructed as a hybrid of modern knowledge categories such as body–mind and objective–subjective. ‘Energy’ is used as the embodiment of intangible tacit knowledge and as a linguistic bridge between science and spirituality, and between nature and culture. ‘Energy’ in CAM is thus not merely a practical concept denoting a bundle of healthcare practices but serves to indicate the possibility of forming new cultural-epistemological rules of discourse. Proposing the concept of ‘hybrid knowledge’, which emphasizes a sociological-epistemological dimension, the article can contribute to both the sociological literature on CAM and to the ongoing development and application of the sociology of knowledge and Latourian theory.