bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Challenges for e-governance: protests from civil society on the protection of privacy in e-government in Korea
Authors: Jho Whasun
Published: March 2005

This article analyzes the factors that caused recent conflicts between the Korean government and civil society over e-government initiatives and draws implications for e-governance. The disputes over the government’s digitalization initiatives in Korea, for example the conflicts over the electronic education system and the national electronic ID card, show that the government in Korea as in other countries has faced fierce opposition from citizens and suffered major setbacks in pursuing its ICT projects. This article argues that the current cases in Korean society should be understood from a new perspective, one which emphasizes the interaction between the technical standard and the social standard. It shows that the gaps between technical standards, which idealize efficiency, and social standards, which weigh e-privacy as supreme, breed conflict. Finally, the research draws some implications of the analysis for e-governance and democracy.
Questioning the Representation of South Africa’s ‘New Social Movements’: A Case Study of the Mandela Park Anti-Eviction Campaign
Authors: Pointer Rebecca
Published: March 2005

Drawing on the experience of the author as an activist working within the Mandela Park Anti-Eviction Campaign (MPAEC), this article considers the way that the representation of a ‘social movement’ serves as a contested space of power. Six aspects of the operation of the MPAEC - gender roles, structure, the question of insiders and outsiders, the question of spies within the movement, the use of money and ‘individual agendas’ - are examined to highlight how power operates through the representation of these terrains. Finally, some of the implications of the representation of ‘social movements’ for the struggle against domination are teased out.
Economic Concentration and Conglomerates in Mexico
Authors: Hogenboom Barbara
Published: March 2005

Mexico’s economic groups are currently the most powerful of Latin America. Various indices show that Mexican conglomerates are very successful, and Cemex is the only company from the region in the top 25 MNCs from developing countries. Large Mexican companies have grown extensively with the expanded export opportunities created by NAFTA, turning Mexico’s economy into the largest in Latin America. But are Mexican conglomerates expected to survive new waves of international acquisitions and mergers, or will their expansion soon turn out to be only an intermediary step in Mexico’s economic integration of the early 21st century? The article analyzes the rise of Mexican economic groups and conglomerates, and the relations between this economic elite and the political elite since neoliberal restructuring, discussing the policies and effects of privatization, liberalization and economic integration. Special attention is paid to the attitude of corporate giants and the state towards the financial sector, especially since the peso crisis in 1994/5. Finally, the article analyzes some effects of economic concentration in large local and foreign conglomerates on the Mexican economy and employment.
The Role of Local Economic Groups in Telecommunication Privatization in Central America
Authors: Bull Benedicte
Published: March 2005

During the 1990s, the telecommunication sectors in most Latin American countries were privatized, liberalized and deregulated. In the literature, this shift has been accounted for by pointing to technological transformations, changing political coalitions or the pressure from international financial institutions (IFIs). This article argues that a centerpiece in the explanation of the general shift towards opening the telecommunication sector, and of the specific forms that this took in the different countries, is the ideas and strategies of local economic groups. The article traces the processes of attempted and implemented telecommunication reforms in three Central American countries - Costa Rica, Guatemala and Honduras - and argues that it was the local private sectors in shifting alliances with transnational corporations that were the main forces behind reforms. The IFIs had primarily an indirect role, through squeezing the budgets of the state owned telecommunication companies contributing to their deteriorating quality, and through supporting the political organization of the local private sector. The article also analyzes the regulatory regimes resulting from the reforms and the extent to which they benefit the local economic groups, the consumers, the state and/or transnational companies.
From Iron Cage to Pigeon House: The Birth of Reflexive Authority
Authors: Hoogenboom Marcel , Ossewaarde Ringo
Published: March 2005

In recent years, Weber’s image of the ‘iron cage’ has been challenged by the sociologists Ulrich Beck and Anthony Giddens. They claim that this image no longer applies to the late modern world we are entering. In the late modern era, individuals, institutions and organizations have become or will become reflexive, and as a consequence the iron cage of rationalization is opening. In this article, the authors largely subscribe to the theories of Beck and Giddens though formulate two objections. First, they demonstrate that the theories each illuminate only one level of social life in late modernity and should be combined. Second, they claim that in the theories of Beck and Giddens a search for a possible integrating phenomenon is largely missing. By combining the theories they disentangle a new form of integration, which may emerge in late modernity. This new form of integration they dub ‘reflexive authority’.
From King to Court Jester? Weber’s Fall from Grace in Organizational Theory
Authors: Lounsbury Michael , Carberry Edward J.
Published: March 2005

While the work of Max Weber was an omnipresent guiding force in the early development of organizational theory, contemporary scholars have seemingly little connection to that heritage. In this paper, we probe the dynamics of Weberian organizational theory scholarship from mid-century to the present and examine how shifts in research orientation have facilitated Weber’s apparent fall from grace. We draw on a dataset of all articles published in the Administrative Science Quarterly from 1956 to 2002 to track shifts in Weber citation patterns and three streams of Weberian-inspired organizational research: intraorganizational, social organization and organization-environment relations. We show how the shift from the early bureaucracy and social organization studies of the 1950s and 1960s to the more instrumental, resource focus of the organization-environment tradition in the 1970s and 1980s went hand-in-hand with the marginalization of Weber in organizational theory. We also show that Weber has increasingly been cited in a ceremonious way over this time period. However, we also examine contemporary trends and identify opportunities for more direct engagement with Weber’s scholarly corpus in organizational theory.
Puritans, Visionaries and Survivors
Authors: Clegg Stewart R.
Published: March 2005

All readings take place in the here-and-now, even of texts written back there and then. Nowhere in management and organization theory has this been truer of anyone than Max Weber. Unread in English during his lifetime, it was nearly 30 years after his death before his ideas had much impact. When they did, they were read in a context and tradition years away from those in which they were conceived. And, ever since, they have been subject to systematic reinterpretation on the one hand and neglect on the other. The paper addresses how one might use Weber today, in terms of his sensitivity to current issues, such as sustainability, as well as the still largely unacknowledged foundation that Weber constructed for contemporary cultural studies. The paper will bring these two themes together, using analysis of contemporary equivalents to the popular culture that formed the basis for some of Weber’s own investigations.
‘ I am unmusical!’: the verdict of self-judgement
Authors: Ruddock Eve , Leong Samuel
Published: March 2005

The phenomenon of people labelling themselves as unmusical is widespread, and terms such as talent, giftedness and musicality characterize the research field. This article presents four case studies of adult non-musicians (a lawyer, a teacher educator, a teacher, and a public servant), providing perspectives of the impact of self-view on their self-judgement of musicality. A major negative consequence is the deprivation of self from future active participation in, and enjoyment of, music making.
An exploratory comparison of novice, intermediate, and expert orchestral conductors
Authors: Bergee Martin J.
Published: March 2005

This study compared novice, ‘intermediate’ (graduate student), and expert orchestral conductors. Two novice conductors, one graduate student in orchestral conducting, and one expert conductor led a university symphony orchestra in part of the first movement of Brahms’s Symphony No. 2. Wired for sound, conductors attempted to verbalize their thought processes while conducting. Episodes were videotaped for later viewing during one-on-one interviews. Think-aloud protocols were recorded, transcribed, and categorized. Protocols, transcripts of the interviews, and a second expert conductor’s critiques indicated that the novices focused attention on surface aspects, especially rhythm and cuing. They experienced difficulty performing multiple tasks. The intermediate conductor demonstrated better command of fundamental conducting processes but did not verbalize. The expert conductor made few comments relating to surface aspects, focusing instead on establishing concepts of balance and style. Interviews suggested a self-directed orientation for the novices and an ensemble-directed orientation for the intermediate and expert conductors.
Comparisons of teacher and student behaviors in private piano lessons in China and the United States
Authors: Benson Cynthia , Fung C. Victor
Published: March 2005

We compared teacher behaviors, student behaviors, and student achievement in private piano instruction in the People’s Republic of China and in the United States. The research questions were: (1) What were the similarities and differences in private piano lessons regarding teacher verbalizations, teacher modeling, and student behaviors? (2) Was there a difference in the frequency of student success and non-success during lessons? We analyzed 32 video segments (16 pre-college piano teachers each in China and the United States) using a computer observation program. Results indicated some similarities in student and teacher behaviors and no significant difference in students’ success rates within these lessons. Differences were found in time spent on teacher questions, teacher multiple modeling, student play, and students’ verbal response to teacher questions.
Iitaohkanao’pi - The Meeting Place Project: an alternative approach to young people’s concerts
Authors: Wasiak Edwin B.
Published: March 2005

This study explored alternative approaches to young people’s concerts aimed at extending musical appreciations and cultural understandings while promoting interest in concert attendance among upper elementary students. The project, an artistic and cross-cultural collaboration grounded in a spirit of mutual respect, consisted of three components: (1) concert; (2) instructional unit; and (3) action research. The concert was a ‘meeting place’ of contemporary art music and contemporary native-American music; ancient Blackfoot mythology and contemporary dance and new media; and traditional Blackfoot dress and artifacts and those of contemporary North America. The instructional unit was designed to enable students to make connections between materials and processes used in the creation of the concert and those experienced in music classes. Research findings indicated that response to the concert was positive and the project was highly successful in promoting cultural understanding; however, data regarding the efficacy of the instructional unit were inconclusive.
Positive action and the problem of merit: employment policies in the National Health Service
Authors: Johns Nick
Published: March 2005

Since its election in 1997 the Labour government has emphasized the need for greater ethnic diversity in the public sector, a priority which has become even more pronounced since the publication of the Macpherson Report (1999). One of the key means of achieving this goal has been the use of positive action, within a policy of ‘race’ equality mainstreaming. This article, drawn from a national mail survey and a supporting interview survey, suggests that this approach may fail in the National Health Service at least, owing to the suspicion that positive action naturally leads to positive discrimination. Ironically, it may be easier to take a more radical route by introducing ethnic components to selection criteria and processes, than to adopt its current strategy. Ultimately, it is argued, diversity should not be used to overcome a recruitment crisis, nor should it be employed as a cynical means of pushing responsibility on to minority ethnic communities.
Participation, discourse and power: a case study in service user involvement
Authors: Hodge Suzanne
Published: March 2005

Drawing on the findings from a case study of a forum in which users of mental health services are brought into dialogue with officials, the author demonstrates the value of an approach to user involvement in which discourse itself is used as a primary data source. Using her observations of the forum’s meetings, as well as interviews with forum members, the author shows how power is exercised discursively in various apparently trivial ways, ensuring that the forum’s discourse remains within established normative boundaries and serving, ultimately, to reinforce existing institutionally defined power relations.
The health business under neo-liberalism: the Israeli case
Authors: Filc Dani
Published: March 2005

The commodification and the medicalization of everyday life are central trends in contemporary - neo-liberal - societies. This paper studies the interaction between both trends as an explanation for the rapid growth of Israeli health care firms. During the past two decades Israel underwent a process of transformation into a neo-liberal/post-Fordist economy, and witnessed a significant growth of its economy. Firms within the field of health care developed at a much more rapid rate than the economy as a whole. The present paper attempts to explain the central role of the health care business in the contemporary economic system as a result of the combination between the transition to a post-Fordist/neoliberal hegemonic model and the centrality of health within neo-liberal governmentality.
‘Starve them out’: does every child really matter? A commentary on Section 9 of the Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants, etc.) Act, 2004
Authors: Cunningham Steve , Tomlinson Jo
Published: March 2005

This article analyses Section 9 of the Immigration and Asylum (Treatment of Claimants, etc.) Act, which gives the Home Office powers to terminate all welfare support to failed asylum-seeking families deemed to be in a position to leave the United Kingdom. It examines the implications of Section 9 for both practitioners and asylum-seeking families. The article shows that by threatening children with destitution and possible removal from their families, Section 9 flies in the face of the UK’s domestic and international human rights commitments. Moreover, in flatly contradicting accepted childcare principles, Section 9 undermines the Labour government’s stated ambition to ensure that ‘every child matters’.
A Clinically Based Discrete-Event Simulation of End-Stage Liver Disease and the Organ Allocation Process
Authors: Shechter Steven M. , Bryce Cindy L. , Alagoz Oguzhan , Kreke Jennifer E. , Stahl James E. , Schaefer Andrew J. , Angus Derek C. , Roberts Mark S.
Published: March 2005

Background. The optimal allocation of scarce donor livers is a contentious health care issue requiring careful analysis. The objective of this article was to design a biologically based discrete-event simulation to test proposed changes in allocation policies. Methods. The authors used data from multiple sources to simulate end-stage liver disease and the complex allocation system. To validate the model, they compared simulation output with historical data. Results. Simulation outcomes were within 1% to 2% of actual results for measures such as new candidates, donated livers, and transplants by year. The model overestimated the yearly size of the waiting list by 5% in the last year of the simulation and the total number of pretransplant deaths by 10%. Conclusion. The authors created a discrete-event simulation model that represents the biology of end-stage liver disease and the health care organization of transplantation in the United States.
Options for Handling Missing Data in the Health Utilities Index Mark 3
Authors: Naeim Arash , Keeler Emmett B. , Mangione Carol M.
Published: March 2005

Background. The Health Utilities Index Mark 3 (HUI3) is a tool composed of 41 questions, covering 8 attributes: vision, hearing, speech, ambulation, dexterity, emotion, cognition, and pain. Responses to these questions can define more than 972,000 health situations. This tool allows respondents to answer “Don’t Know,” for which there is no scoring instruction, to any given question. This situation creates a break in the scoring algorithm and leads to considerable amounts of missing data. The goal of this study is to develop strategies to deal with HUI3 scores for participants who have missing data. Methods. The authors used data from 248 individuals enrolled in the Cataract Management Trial, focusing on the HUI3 vision and ambulation attributes, which had 19% and 10% of attribute levels missing, respectively. Inspection and deduction were used to fill in values independent of the value of the missing data, then alternative analytic techniques were compared, including mean substitution, model scoring, hot deck, multiple imputation, and regression imputation. Results. Inspection and logical deduction reduced the percentage of missing information in the HUI3 by 49% to 87%. A comparison of analytic techniques used for the remaining HUI3 vision data missing demonstrated the value of building models based on internal response patterns and that simple analytic techniques fare as well as more complicated ones when the number of missing cases is small. Conclusion .Analyzing the pattern of responses in cases where the attribute level score is missing reduces the amount of missing data and can simplify the analytic process for the remaining missing data.
A New Logistic Regression Approach for the Evaluation of Diagnostic Test Results
Authors: Janssens A. Cecile J. W. , Deng Yazhong , Borsboom Gerard J. J. M. , Eijkemans Marinus J. C. , Habbema J. Dik. F. , Steyerberg Ewout W.
Published: March 2005

The value of a dichotomous diagnostic test is often described in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios (LRs). Although it is known that these test characteristics vary between subgroups of patients, they are generally interpreted, on average, without considering information on patient characteristics, such as clinical signs and symptoms, or on previous test results. This article presents a reformulation of the logistic regression model that allows to calculate the LRs of diagnostic test results conditional on these covariates. The proposed method starts with estimating logistic regression models for the prior and posterior odds of disease. The regression model for the prior odds is based on patient characteristics, whereas the regression model for the posterior odds also includes the diagnostic test of interest. Following the Bayes theorem, the authors demontsrate that the regression model for the LR can be derived from taking the differences between the regression coefficients of the 2 models. In a clinical example, they demonstrate that the LRs of positive and negative test results and the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic test varied considerably between patients with different risk profiles, even when a constant odds ratio was assumed. The proposed logistic regression approach proves an efficient method to determine the performance of tests at the level of the individual patient risk profile and to examine the effect of patient characteristics on diagnostic test characteristics.
Performance degradation under pressure in music: an examination of attentional processes
Authors: Wan Catherine Y. , Huon Gail F.
Published: March 2005

An experiment was carried out to investigate the cognitive mechanisms responsible for performance degradation under pressure in music. The experiment was designed to compare the predictions of two theories, distraction and explicit monitoring. Distraction theory (Eysenck, 1992) explains performance degradation as a result of attentional shifts to task-irrelevant information. Explicit monitoring theory (Baumeister, 1984; Masters, 1992) postulates that performance degradation is due to increased attention to step-by-step control of skill processes. A total of 72 novice musicians were given individual lessons on basic note and rhythm reading skills. They were then trained on a keyboard task under one of three conditions (single-task, dual-task, video-monitoring) before being exposed to either a high-pressure or low-pressure post-test. Results showed that pressure led to skill failure in the single-task and dual-task groups, but resulted in improved performance of the video-monitoring group. These results were consistent with explicit monitoring theory. Furthermore, video-monitoring training was found to ameliorate the performance deficits normally caused by high pressure. Finally, the present study found no evidence that trait anxiety influences the effect of pressure on performance.
A synthesis process model of creative thinking in music composition
Authors: Collins David
Published: March 2005

A three-year single case study of a composer was undertaken in order to track the compositional process in real time. A combination of data collection techniques was used to attempt to map cognitive processes: digital MIDI save-as files, analogue audio files, semi-structured interviews, immediately retrospective verbal accounts and verification sessions between composer and researcher. Findings indicated a chunking of processes and strategies at micro and macro levels. A hypothetical model is presented which points to a generative process of problem proliferation and successive solution implementation, occurring not only in a linear manner but also recursively. Moments of creative insight were observed which related to Gestalt theory problem restructuring; some were seen to overlap in real time with others, indicating an element of parallelism in creative thinking. A synthesis of differing creative process theories is suggested to explain the compositional process observed in the study.
New racism, meritocracy and individualism: constraining affirmative action in education
Authors: Augoustinos Martha , Tuffin Keith , Every Danielle
Published: March 2005

This article presents a discursive analysis of student talk on disadvantage and affirmative action from two focus group discussions on ‘race’ relations in Australia. Our analysis builds upon previous research in the discursive tradition on affirmative action and demonstrates how participants draw on resources, which construct affirmative action as largely problematic. Liberal principles such as individualism, merit, and egalitarianism were recurrently drawn upon to justify, argue and legitimate opposition to affirmative action. Speakers managed their opposition to affirmative action while presenting as fair, principled and lacking in prejudice. One argument, which was commonly deployed, constructed affirmative action as undermining meritocratic principles and ideals. This meritocratic discourse has a self-sufficient, taken-for-granted quality which participants assumed to be a moral and normative standard that needed to be protected and upheld. This argument was also associated with a closely related one that ‘everyone should be treated equally or the same’, regardless of social background. Although our analysis emphasizes the deployment of discursive resources that function primarily to uphold the ideals of meritocracy, individualism and equality, participants did produce talk that on occasion challenged the ideology of individual achievement and acknowledged the existence of Aboriginal disadvantage. We discuss how these contradictions are reflective of the competing values of egalitarianism and individualism in western liberal democracies like Australia and how the language of the ‘new racism’ is framed by such ideological dilemmas and ambivalence.
Amerindian development in Guyana: legal documents as background to discourse practice
Authors: Bartlett Tom
Published: March 2005

This article is based on fieldwork in Guyana on the legitimation of Amerindian voices within official development for a. It focuses on the material and textual context to development discourse and the relationship between legal documents and situated discourse practice within this. Documents produced by Makushi communities and the government are analysed in terms of: (i) the participant roles they construct and the representations they implicitly construe; and (ii) the meaning of such stereotyping as a move within a wider and more dynamic discourse. The possibility of exploiting discursive tensions between official texts, situated development practice and the attitudes of key participants is then considered.
Rewritten rites: language and social relations in traditional and contemporary funerals
Authors: Cook Guy , Walter Tony
Published: March 2005

Despite their personal and social significance, life-course transition rituals (marking, for example, birth, marriage, death) have received scant attention in discourse analysis. Yet radical changes in them, including a growth in secular ceremonies, can provide insight into contemporary discourse and society. This article considers the case of funerals. By contrasting the openings of a traditional religious (Christian) funeral, an updated version of the same, and a secular alternative, it seeks to elucidate the nature of pragmatic, semantic and linguistic changes. The argument is that the most significant contrast is not between religious and secular, but between traditional and contemporary, with the latter being marked by the reduced authority of the celebrant, greater personalization and choice, euphemistic reference to death, less poetic language, and diminished ritual movement. The article concludes with discussion of possible connections between these dimensions of change, and of the extent to which contemporary funerals can be regarded as rituals.
Translation or transformation? A case study of language and ideology in the Taiwanese press
Authors: Kuo Sai-Hua , Nakamura Mari
Published: March 2005

Adopting the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) approach, this study analyzes and discusses the news report related to Taiwan’s first lady Wu Shuchen’s interview with the media which appeared in two ideologically opposed newspapers, i.e. the pro-reunification United Daily News and the pro-independence Liberty Times. Both news articles are translated from an identical English text. However, based on analysis of headlines, editorial deletion and addition, syntactic and lexical variations, as well as stylistic differences in paragraph/thematic combination, we have found that noticeable changes are made by the two translated Chinese versions. We argue that these transformations and differences found in the two Chinese texts are not arbitrary, but rather are ideologically motivated, that is, they reflect and construct the underlying opposed ideologies between the two newspapers.
From Culturally Avant-garde to Sexually Promiscuous: Troubling Subjectivities and Intersections in the Social Transition from Childhood into Youth
Authors: Staunæs Dorthe
Published: March 2005

In the transition from childhood into youth, young people seem to redefine and reconstruct their own identities. According to gender researchers, one discourse that regulates interaction and identity-formation is the heterosexual discourse. In the case of Bettina - a 13-year-old white-skinned, ethnically Danish girl - unexpected intersections of ethnicity, gender, age, and sexuality are highlighted. Bettina becomes a boundary figure who points to the consequences of troubling subject positions that make white-skinned, Danish young girls ‘other’ and thus subject to policing practices. The analysis shows that the argument about the heterosexual discourse must be elaborated and complicated in relation to the intersections with two further categories: age, and especially ethnicity. The normative regulation and shaming of gender do not only have a (hetero)sexual dimension. The regulation is also toned by ethnicity and tightened in the transition from childhood into youth.
‘I Must Have Been an Idiot to Let it Go On’: Agency and Positioning in Battered Women’s Narratives of Leaving
Authors: Hydén Margareta
Published: March 2005

To be assaulted is to be subjected to an illegal action and confronted with one’s own helplessness and powerlessness. It also requires confronting one’s own actions, aimed at protection and resistance. This article examines the relationships between male violence and female resistance by focusing on agency, i.e. the relationships between power, responsibility and activity as reflected in the various ways battered women positioned themselves in their narratives of leaving. Three basic positions were identified casting the victimized woman as: Wounded, Self-blaming, or Bridge-building. These positions are associated with relational themes such as vulnerability, isolation and connectedness. The overall message of the article is to urge feminists to return to the roots of feminist theorizing of men’s violence towards women, and to include women’s strategies of resisting the violence in that theorizing.
Making Sense of Gender, Age, Power and Disciplinary Position: Intersecting Discourses in the Academy
Authors: Søndergaard Dorte Marie
Published: March 2005

This article provides analyses of ways in which sociocultural categories interfere with more formal assessment practices in academic contexts. While arguing that university careers demand academic as well as cultural and social capabilities, the analyses set out to understand how discourses of sex/gender, age, power and disciplinary position intersect, and how these intersections affect mutual interpretations among academicians. The text opens insights into some of the discursive practices that are provided for men and women, young and senior academics working in the margins or the core of their disciplines, in order for them to be read as culturally intelligible in their academic contexts. Intersections are shown to form highly complex networks of discursive practices that not only ‘cut through’ or ‘add’ effects of meaning to each other, but also work to tone and transform the pathways laid out for individuals in their lived lives. The analyses are based on an empirical study conducted among male and female assistant, associate and full professors at five different universities.
Neutral Claims - Gendered Meanings: Parenthood and Developmental Psychology in a Modern Welfare State
Authors: Andenæs Agnes
Published: March 2005

Psychology, particularly developmental psychology, plays an important role in a modern welfare state. In this article three ‘cases’ within the frame of the Norwegian welfare state are analysed to produce a picture of psychological constructions of care and parenthood. The three cases are: (1) practices within the child welfare system; (2) debates about the cash benefit scheme; and (3) debates about joint physical custody. The argument in the article is that the crucial contribution of feminist psychology is that it deconstructs the ongoing debates on parenthood and childcare, speaks the experience of the actors who are continuously involved in caring for children into existence, and destabilizes naturalized and taken-for-granted understandings of children.
Patterns of puffery
Authors: Cronin Blaise , La Barre Kathryn
Published: March 2005

The blurb is a paratextual element which has not previously been subjected to systematic analysis. We describe the nature and purpose of this publishing epiphenomenon, highlight some of the related marketing issues and ethical concerns and provide a statistical analysis of almost 2000 blurbs identified in a sample of 450 non-fiction books.
Access and reproduction policies of university digital collections
Authors: Koulouris Alexandros , Kapidakis Sarantos
Published: March 2005

The access and reproduction policies of the digital collections of 10 leading university digital libraries worldwide are classified according to factors such as the creation type of the material, acquisition method, copyright ownership etc. The relationship of these factors is analysed, showing how acquisition methods and copyright ownership affect the access and reproduction policies of digital collections. The article concludes with rules about which factors lead to specific policies. For example, when the library has the copyright of the material, reproduction for private use is usually provided free with a credit to the source or otherwise mostly under fair use provisions, but commercial reproduction needs written permission and fees are charged. Finally, common practice on access and reproduction policies are extracted and conventional policies are mapped onto digital policies.
Poetry for pleasure
Authors: Maynard Sally , Davies J. Eric , Robinson Rachel
Published: March 2005

This article reports an investigation of the attitudes and opinions of children’s librarians towards poetry, and towards its promotion in the public library. It also reports some attitudes towards literature promotion to young people in general. A series of structured interviews with library professionals currently working in the public sector strongly indicate that children’s librarians are themselves enthusiastic concerning poetry, and are firmly convinced both of the benefits incurred by children encouraged to read, write and listen to poems from a very early age, and of children’s own enjoyment of this genre. Due to its brevity and memorability, poetry is regarded by the interviewees as the most accessible literary form for poor or reluctant readers, despite its wider image as a neglected and ‘difficult’ genre for children and young people.
Editorial
Authors: Oppenheim Charles
Published: March 2005

This guest editorial considers the arguments for and against open access publishing, based around the UK House of Commons Select Committee for Science and Technology’s recent report Free for All? and the UK Government’s response to the Report. The advantages of open access and the two different types of open access (open access journals and repositories) are described. Some of the potential problems with open access, such as the lack of a clear business model for open access journals, are also outlined. The author concludes that whilst open access is not a panacea and will not replace traditional scholarly publishing business models, it is here to stay and that authors, publishers readers and librarians will have to get used to the concept.
Nepalese Journalists
Authors: Ramaprasad Jyotika
Published: March 2005

This article provides a profile of Nepalese journalists in terms of their opinions about traits of government and private media, influences on their reporting, press freedom in Nepal, and their professional benefits. The profile is based on a convenience sample of 132 journalists, in the major cities of Kathmandu and Pokhara, representing all the major newspapers, radio stations, and the government television station. Despite reports of the dismal condition of the press in Nepal and confirmation in this study of the low pay journalists receive and the barriers they face, journalists in Nepal seem to be optimistic about their freedoms and idealistic in the reasons for which they join the profession. At the same time, they are realistic about the pressures and influences they face as they report, about the importance of material benefits in their jobs, and, to some extent, even about the traits and roles they ascribe to private and government media. And while differences exist, particularly by whether they work for government or private media, in how they view all of these—ratings, roles, and reasons—the similarity of their responses overrides their differences.
Looking beyond Flawed Journalism
Authors: Ravi Narasimhan
Published: March 2005

Press coverage of the run-up to the Iraq war and of the war itself has sparked a debate on how good or how bad the coverage has been in terms of journalistic virtues of truth telling, independent reporting, skepticism and challenging of official accounts, giving different sides of the story, and showing sensitivity and understanding. An analysis of the coverage in five major newspapers from the United States, United Kingdom, Pakistan, and India suggests that quite apart from the question whether good professional practices of journalism were followed, deeper influences were at work, among them national interests and concerns, the nature of elite opinion and debate over the war, and cultural and social practices. By and large, the American war frame, with its emphasis on the overall military strategy, dominated the American and the British newspapers but with distinct nuances reflecting a broad agreement on the war in the United States and divided opinion in Britain. On the other hand, there was a greater coverage of the Iraqi viewpoint and of civilian deaths in the Pakistani and the Indian newspapers.
Facing uncertainty
Authors: Leccardi Carmen
Published: March 2005

The ‘second modernity’ is producing significant changes both in the temporal (and spatial) parameters of the social world and in the ways in which one experiences it. The article deals with the repercussions of these changes in the construction of young people’s biographies in a social context characterized by great uncertainty, acceleration and fragmentation. New temporal representations are examined, focusing on the ways in which young people relate to the future and try to establish control over their own life time. The discussion is supported by the results of recently concluded Italian research on the subject of contemporary transformations of temporality among young people.
Racializing categorization among young people in Finland
Authors: Rastas Anna
Published: March 2005

This article explores the terms by which racial difference is articulated and constructed in the everyday life of young people in Finland, by analysing interviews with children and adolescents who have one parent with an immigrant or foreign background, or who have been adopted from other countries. In addition to the categories that clearly arise from the discourses of race, expressions that in other contexts may have nothing to do with racism are also sometimes put to use for racializing categorization, especially ethnic labels and colour terms. Even though many categorizations which are used among young Finns can be found in other societies too, the analysis shows differences not only between different societies, but also between children and young people, which highlights the problems in using racial categories as analytical tools. The article also explores the conditions for the construction of racialized identities, by examining how individuals negotiate categories available to them, and how they themselves express their positionings in racialized social relations. The analysis of how these are intertwined is suggested here as a method that can reveal special characteristics of racism in a given society. It also highlights the tensions and contradictions that set bounds for the agency of those who are subordinated in racialized social relations.
Television as a marker of boys’ construction of growing up
Authors: Aasebø Turid Skarre
Published: March 2005

Media play an important role in children’s and young people’s construction of identity and construction of experience in Western cultures. Masculine identity can be constructed by the ways boys use, relate and talk about media; but construction of identity is not only gendered, it is also ‘age-related’.

This article seeks to figure out how particularly television constitutes a framework for interpretation, where boys may demonstrate individual growth by marking themselves as young boys in opposition to their earlier life as younger boys.It describes some of the binary oppositions that constitute boys’ concepts of growing older compared with being younger, and shows that the concept of development is powerful compared to newer thinking of childhood as a valued period in its own right. The analysis is based on interviews of boys aged 15 to 17, who have grown up in three different areas of Norway.
Fear of crime in Brisbane
Authors: McCrea Rod , Shyy Tung-Kai , Western John , Stimson Robert J.
Published: March 2005

Numerous theories apply to fear of crime and each are associated with different kinds of variables. Most studies use only one theory, though this study examines the relative importance of different kinds of variables across a number of theories. The study uses data from a survey of residents in Brisbane, Australia to examine the relative importance of individual attributes, neighbourhood disorder, social processes and neighbourhood structure in predicting fear of crime. Individual attributes and neighbourhood disorder were found to be important predictors of fear of crime, while social processes and neighbourhood structure were found to be far less important. The theoretical implications are that the vulnerability hypothesis and the incivilities thesis are most appropriate for investigating fear of crime, though social disorganization theory does provide conceptual support for the incivilities thesis. Although social processes are less important in predicting fear of crime than neighbourhood incivilities, they are still integrally related to fear of crime: they explain how incivilities arise, they buffer against fear of crime, and they are affected by fear of crime.
The eMale
Authors: Broom Alex
Published: March 2005

This article argues that experiences of, and attitudes towards, online communities are deeply embedded in understandings of masculinity, the perceived character of the Internet, and changes in the roles of the patient and the expert within decision-making processes. Drawing on the accounts of a group of Australian men with prostate cancer and prostate cancer specialists, this qualitative study explores experiences of online support groups. Results point to three unexplored and important factors influencing how both patients and clinicians perceive and experience online support. First, online support groups provide some men with a method of managing constraints posed by dominant constructions of masculinity within their experiences of prostate cancer, allowing for increased sharing and intimacy by limiting inhibitions associated with face-to-face encounters. However, other men view online support groups as havens for deception and misinformation, and computer-mediated communication as a highly problematic form of social interaction. Finally, this article shows how some medical specialists experience online support groups as a threat to their expert status and control over decision-making processes, outlining the nature and possible implications of their responses to this threat.
Envisioning the Homefront: Militarization, Tracking and Security Culture
Authors: Crandall Jordan , Armitage John
Published: March 2005

As an artist and media theorist, Jordan Crandall is concerned primarily with conceptualizing the confluences of media technologies and computerized military programs for tracking, identifying and targeting. Influenced by the writings of Paul Virilio, Henri Bergson, Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari on the visual, Crandall’s work shares similar concerns with that of Brian Massumi, Bruno Latour and Donna Haraway. These concerns are much in evidence in his recent projects, such as Drive (1998-2000), Heatseeking (2000), Trigger (2002) and Homefront (2005). Through these and other installations, artworks and critical writings, and as an active and influential assistant professor at the University of California, Crandall’s work is having a significant impact on numerous areas of enquiry, including visual culture, contemporary critical cultural theory and politics. Currently, he is investigating the relationships between movement and mediation, embodiment and representation. Here, Crandall speaks about these and related issues with John Armitage.
Carnal Relations: Embodied Sight in Merleau-Ponty, Roger Bacon and St Francis
Authors: Biernoff Suzannah
Published: March 2005

This article attempts a medieval Christian rereading of Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s enigmatic and unfinished text, The Visible and the Invisible. Along the way, it complicates current notions of ocularcentrism, as well as the idea of an embodied gaze. The privileged term in these historical fragments is flesh: in Merleau-Ponty and in medieval Christianity, a carnal presence insinuates itself into the relations between bodies, between things and thoughts, self and world. In the end, the speculative encounter between the two central studies offers a new perspective on debates about the historiography of vision and the peculiar potency of the visual world.
Television (an Address)
Authors: Bucher François
Published: March 2005

Television (an address) is a text that stems from an art project initiated in 2002. The project is based on an operation that relies on the live transmission of the image of television. The streamed image is accompanied by a commentary given by an invited guest to different audiences in theatres and galleries around the world. This paradoxical transmission of a transmission seeks to create a disjunction that positions the image in a place where it can speak about itself. The text is intended to highlight a general platform of thought surrounding the status of the image in contemporary culture. The general argument is linked to the notion of the ‘death’ of cinema in the hands of television, as the latter relinquished its ethical/aesthetical function, positioning itself instead in the realm of a purely social function. The writing is a non-academic approximation on the part of an artist and writer. It draws on notions worked by Giorgio Agamben around the Messianic dimension of cinema and also Deleuze’s diagnosis of a society of control.
The Altar, Chromatic Atheology
Authors: Buber Martin , Nancy Jean-Luc
Published: March 2005

These texts, The Altar (1917) by Martin Buber and Chromatic Atheology by Jean-Luc Nancy, work together to analyze the philosophical and theological implications of Matthias Grünewald’s Isenheim Altarpiece. Nancy performs a close reading of Buber’s The Altar in order to draw our attention to potentially atheological aspects of the German Jewish philosopher’s thinking, grounded in his analysis of the Isenheim Altarpiece, and in particular in its color.