bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
R428 – Evaluation of an Endoscope With an Ultra‐wide Field of View
Authors: Gurey Lowell , Shapshay Stanley M , Simkulet Michelle , Smith; Haibo Liu Jason E
Published: August 2008

Problem

The objective of this project is to establish if an advantage exists in using the C‐View ‘trademark’ endoscope compared to a typical 0‐degree Hopkins rod‐lens telescope. The C‐View ‘trademark’ endoscope is a novel design that provides a field of view up to ‘plus‐minus’ 135‐degrees about the optical axis and 360‐degrees panoramically.

Methods

A cadaveric sheep glottis and trachea was examined using both a 4‐mm Hopkins rod‐lens telescope and a C‐View ‘trademark’ endoscope (under development by Inter‐Science, Inc., Troy, NY). At this time, the C‐View ‘trademark’ endoscope prototype performs optical imaging only and does not include a means of internal illumination. Therefore, a separate external illumination source was used. Video taken during these examinations was analyzed and still images were obtained using the video editing software included with our stroboscopy tower (KayPentax Model 9295, Lincoln Park, NJ).

Results

The C‐View ‘trademark’‐based endoscope offers a sizable increase in field of view. Mucosal findings on the tracheal wall that could not be appreciated with the standard 0‐degree model were readily apparent using this endoscope.

Conclusion

The C‐View ‘trademark’ endoscope has enormous potential in the field of diagnostic endoscopy by creating a new working environment with an unmatched ultra‐wide field of view. At this point, its use in living models or patients cannot be assessed without further development of the endoscope's illumination subsystem.

Significance

The true potential of this endoscopic system may not be fully realized until a prototype is developed which includes adequate illumination capabilities. Once perfected, this system will provide an enlarged field of view to any endoscopic surgeon or diagnostician. In the field of otolaryngology, this system has potential clinical relevance in many areas, including sinus endoscopy, laryngoscopy/tracheoscopy, esophagoscopy, and skull base surgery. Furture studies will assess manipulation of instruments in this new environment.
R431 – Current Practice in Laryngeal Videostroboscopy
Authors: Long Jennifer L , Chhetri Dinesh K , Gerratt Bruce R , Berke Gerald S
Published: August 2008

Problem

Videostroboscopy is a valuable diagnostic tool in laryngology and voice disorders, offering additional information about vocal fold vibration that standard examination cannot detect. However, videostroboscopic data reported in current literature varies widely between authors. This study summarizes the applications of stroboscopy in recent research, and identifies reported stroboscopic parameters. Given the apparent lack of consensus, we consider the indications for and meaningful interpretation of videostroboscopy.

Methods

Review of 133 articles obtained from a Pubmed search with keywords “stroboscopy” and “voice” and limited to the English language and human subjects.

Results

Stroboscopy was reported in diverse clinical situations including paralysis, sulcus, benign glottic lesions, dysphonia, and in normal subjects. Most studies did not use a validated stroboscopy evaluation scale, instead choosing unique evaluation points. The numerous descriptive terms could be grouped into a few general parameters. The only parameter addressed in all articles was vocal fold closure, but with various differing criteria rating the quality or configuration of closure. Other common parameters included the mucosal wave, supraglottic effort, and vibration. However, mucosal wave symmetry and regularity of vibration were not universally addressed. Voice outcomes, if measured, were commonly reported without correlation to stroboscopic findings.

Conclusion

Recent literature presents diverse approaches to videostroboscopy. Some studies conducted a thorough examination of stroboscopic parameters, but others neglected key points. Stroboscopy was performed in several reports of glottic mass lesions or unilateral paralysis, even though vibratory dysfunction may be dwarfed relative to those greater derangements in causing dysphonia.

Significance

We submit a set of parameters for thorough videostroboscopy evaluation. We stress that videostroboscopy must be considered in the context of the voice and standard laryngeal exam.
R432 – Gene Expression of the Remodeling Rat Vocal Fold Wound
Authors: Ohno Tsunehisa , French Lesley C. , Rousseau Bernard
Published: August 2008

Problem

The authors investigated the expression of key extracellular matrix genes after vocal fold wounding in a rat model to better understand the reparative mechanisms of tissue repair during the remodeling phase of vocal fold injury.

Methods

Bilateral vocal fold wounds were created in 30 rats. Injured vocal fold specimens were harvested 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days after wounding. 5 unwounded rats were used to establish baseline for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The authors used real‐time PCR to quantify messenger RNA expression of procollagen type I, III, interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1 beta), decorin, and hyaluronan synthase (HAS) −1, −2, and −3. Analysis of variance was used to detect main effects for gene expression. Post‐hoc tests were used to make comparisons between time points.

Results

Procollagen type I expression was decreased from baseline on post‐injury day 1, 28, and 56. Procollagen type III was decreased on post‐injury day 1 and 56, and increased from baseline on post‐injury day 14. IL‐1 beta expression was increased from baseline on post‐injury day 1, 3, and 7. Decorin expression was decreased from baseline on post‐injury day 1, 3, 7, and 56. HAS‐1 expression was decreased from baseline at all post‐injury time points. HAS‐2 expression was increased from baseline on post‐injury day 3, and decreased from baseline on post‐injury day 14, 28, and 56. HAS‐3 expression was decreased from baseline on post‐injury day 1, 28, and 56.

Conclusion

Findings provide temporal changes in the expression of key extracellular matrix genes during a remodeling phase of vocal fold injury in a rat wound model.

Significance

Vocal fold wound models provide a means for investigating tissue reparative processes and molecular mechanisms controlling synthesis and degradation of the vocal fold extracellular matrix.

Support

Vanderbilt University Medical Center.
R434 – The Round Window
Authors: Abou‐Bieh Alaa A , Haberkamp Thomas J , Al‐Tubaikh Jarah Ali
Published: August 2008

Problem

Round window is the main target in many modern otologic procedures. Unfortunately it is approached either blindly or indirectly in most of these procedures. Others necessitate a complex technique in order to be directly approached. Many failures have been shown to be due to difficulties in the approach and/or anatomical variations. This study was undertaken to review the role of endoscopes to facilitate and ensure safe and controlled different approaches to the round window.

Methods

Thirty‐five temporal bones were dissected. Anatomic details and different approaches (mainly the transcanal transtympanic and the posterior tympanotomy approaches) were studied utilizing an operating microscope and otoendoscopes with 0o, 30o and 70o angles and 2.7 and 3 mm diameters.

Results

Marked anatomical variation in the surgical pathways to the round window was observed. Mucosal folds variation was the main observation with complete isolation of the window in 3 bones (8.6%). Bony overhangs, unusual secondary tympanic membrane, and variations in site, shape, and window direction were also detected.

Conclusion

The approach to the round window is influenced by the development and arrangement of the middle ear contents especially mucosal tracks and folds. This is especially clear in cases with no or limited middle ear pathology. The incorporation of otoendoscopes during the middle ear procedures helps to ensure safe and complete exposure of the window regardless of these anatomical variations.

Significance

To address the minimally invasive approaches to the round window.
R439 – Effect of Resistance‐Compliance Changes in Fluidic Systems
Authors: Dunn Ryan , Odland Rick , Yu Vivian M , Strykowski Paul John
Published: August 2008

Problem

Previous work has established the relationship of resistance and compliance in a bench‐top model of 2 parallel fluid systems representing endolymph and perilymph. The R‐C Product is mathematically proportional to the time to equilibrium. Increasing the resistance to fluid movement in the “endolymph” significantly increased the time to hydrostatic equilibrium between the systems. The current study was designed to test whether a compensatory change in the R‐C Product on the “perilymphatic” side would reduce the time to steady state.

Methods

As previously described, 2 parallel tubular systems with symmetric resistance and compliance members were perturbed by rotating the model from a horizontal, equilibrium condition to an upright, disequilibrium condition. Time to steady state was video recorded in 4 resistance conditions. The primary test was whether increased resistance to flow on the “endolymph” limb would be negated by an equal increase to resistance to flow on the “perilymph” limb.

Results

All 4 resistance conditions exhibited differences in time to steady state by ANOVA (p = 3.4 × 10E‐12). Mean time to a steady state was reduced when a compensatory change in resistance was applied to the “perilymph” limb (1.0 + 1.1 sec) when compared to high resistance in the “endolymph” alone (2.5 + 1.3 sec, p =. 01).

Conclusion

Compensatory changes in the R‐C Product can reduce time to equilibrium.

Significance

Improved treatment of vertigo may be possible by application of principles that can affect resistance (fluid pathway diameter or viscosity) or compliance (stiffness of the oval or round window) of the systems.

Support

University of Minnesota Biomedical Engineering Institute Otolaryngology Interest Group Fund.
R445 – Expression of Proliferative Markers in Cholesteatoma
Authors: Mun Seog‐Kyun , Hwang Jun Yeon , Kim Jun‐Hee , Cho Hang Sun , Lee Gyu Ho , Lee Kwang Ho , Do Youn Kyoung
Published: August 2008

Problem

Cholesteatoma is characterized by the presence of a squamous epithelium invading the middle ear altering its growth properties. This epithelium believed to have hyperproliferative properties. Inflammatory stimulation of the underlying connective tissue, as well as an autocrine mechanism, may be responsible for the dysregulation and abnormal proliferative feature of the keratinocytes in cholesteatoma.

Methods

Comparative investigations were performed to assess the epithelial cell kinetics of cholesteatoma and auditory meatal skin. Monoclonal antibody PCNA and Ki‐67 immunohistochemical staining were applied.

Results

Specimens of cholesteatoma samples (n=30) showed an average PCNA score of 26.6% and an average Ki‐67 score of 15.9%. Auditory meatal skin(n=8) revealed an average PCNA score of 8.2% and average Ki‐67 score of 4.9%. The results of this study confirm a highly increase in the proliferation rate of cholesteatoma keratinocytes, which had an PCNA score that was 3.24 times higher than the score for keratinocyte of auditory meatal skin and Ki‐67 score of cholesteatoma was 3.24 times higher than auditory meatal skin.

Conclusion

We conclude that cholesteatoma is a hyperproliferative activity and that PCNA and Ki‐67 immunohistochemical staining are valuable tool for assessing cell kinetics in cholesteatoma.

Significance

The cholesteatoma possesses a variable degree of proliferative activities depending on its histologic composition. The formation and accumulation of the keratin due to the continuous epithelial growth probably are important elements in inducing the inflammation.
R447 – Temporal Bone Histopathology in Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Terao Kyoichi , Cureoglu Sebahattin , Patricia Schachern , Paparella Michael M , Morita Norimasa , Rie Nomiya , Murata Kiyotaka
Published: August 2008

Problem

There are reports of hearing loss, tinnitus, and/or vertigo in patients with leukemia. However, there is no human temporal bone study of a large number of cases specific to acute lymphocytic leukemia. We studied the correlation between clinical otologic complaints and temporal bone histopathology in patients with this disease.

Methods

Clinical otologic complaints and histologic findings were evaluated in 13 patients (25 temporal bones) with acute lymphocytic leukemia.

Results

Nine patients had a history of clinical otologic complaints including: hearing loss in 5 patients; otalgia in 3; otorrhea in 3; and dizziness in 2. Hemorrhage was seen most commonly in the middle ear in 10 patients, but was also evident in the cochlea in 5 and the vestibular labyrinth in 2. Leukemic infiltration was observed in the petrous apex in 12 patients, in the middle ear in 6, the cochlea in 5, the vestibular labyrinth in 2 and the internal auditory canal in 3. Inflammatory cell infiltration was also seen in the cochlear labyrinth in 4 patient, the vestibular labyrinth in 5 and the modiolus in 1. Otitis media with hyperplasia of subepithelial fibrous tissue was seen in 10 patients. Three patients had granulation tissue extending into the middle ear or mastoid.

Conclusion

Ear involvement is a common finding in patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia.

Significance

With prolonged survival due to new chemotherapeutics, the diagnosis and treatment of non‐hematopoietic system complications such as ear problems due to acute lymphocytic leukemia have become more important.

Support

International Hearing Foundation, Hubbard Foundation, Starkey Foundation.
R448 – Phex Mutation Causes Sensorineural Deafness in Mice
Authors: Xia Gao
Published: August 2008

Problem

Pug is an ENU mutated mouse model for X‐linked dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH) in human. Mapping and sequence analysis revealed that Pug mutation is a unique Phe‐to‐Ser transition at amino acid 80 of PHEX protein leading to the loss of Phex function. Patients with XLH and Pug mutant mice exhibit abnormal phenotypes including growth retardation, hypophosphatemia and osteomalacia. In addition, hearing impairment was also found in some hypophosphatemic mouse models and patients. Here, we used the Pug mutant mice to study the role of Phex gene in the pathology of hearing impairment.

Methods

Auditory brainstem responses(ABR) to click and 8,16,32kHz stimuli were employed to measure pug mice of 1–8 months old. Serial sections were used to detect the abnormalities involving the temporal bone, stria vascularis, the organ of Corti, spiral ganglion cells, and scanning electron microscopy was performed to exam the basilar membrane of pug mice.

Results

Auditory brainstem responses test showed that Pug mice have elevated hearing thresholds. Histology analysis demonstrated a thickened temporal bone with many interspersed areas of nonmineralization surrounding the mutant cochlea and decreased numbers of neuronal processes in the organ of Corti, mostly in basal turns. Furthermore, abnormal stereocilia of inner and outer hair cells of the Corti organ were identified by scanning electron microscopy. Inner and outer hair cells were also greatly reduced in Pug mice.

Conclusion

The impaired hearing function and the morphological abnormalities of inner ears are induced by the mutation of Phex gene.

Significance

Pug mice have structural and functional defects in the inner ear and may serve as a new disease model of sensorineural deafness.

Support

This work was supported by the ground of JiangSu Province Femouse Doctor Project(RC2007010).
R450 – Manganese Superoxide Dismutase in Spiral Ganglion Cells
Authors: Ying Yu‐Lan M. , Balaban Carey D
Published: August 2008

Problem

Manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn SOD2) is a key metabolic anti‐oxidant enzyme of the superoxide dismutase family for detoxifying the free radical cascade inside the mitochondria of the cochlea via activation of downstream uncoupling proteins. Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD1) is localized in the cytoplasm. This study examined whether the pattern of expression of these SODs in the cochlea is correlated with the differential cellular vulnerability found in basal versus apical turn of the cochlea.

Methods

Immunohistochemical methods were used to identify the distribution of Mn SOD2 and Cu/Zn SOD1 in paraffin embedded sections of paraformaldehyde fixed formic acid decalcified temporal bones from mice, rats, and macaques; and special archival celloidin‐embedded human temporal bone sections.

Results

In mice, rats and macaques, both the proportion of Mn SOD2 immunopositive type 1 spiral ganglion cells and the intensity of immunoreactivity were elevated near the cochlear apex. Strongly stained Mn SOD2 type 1 spiral ganglion cells were also observed in archival human temporal bone sections. In contrast, the Cu/Zn SOD1 immunopositive type 1 spiral ganglion cells were distributed identically across cochlear turns in rats and macaques.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that spiral ganglion cellular responses to ROS exposure may vary along the cochlear spiral, with a lower response capacity in the basal turn.

Significance

Hair cells and spiral ganglion cells appear to be more vulnerable to ototoxins at the base of the cochlea than at the apex. Our data raises the general hypothesis that a lower Mn SOD2 anti‐oxidative capacity at the cochlear base could contribute to the high frequency hearing loss seen in presbycusis and ototoxin‐induced hearing loss. The conservative pattern of Mn SOD2 immunostaining across species further suggests that it may be a fundamental mechanism in ROS metabolism and signaling.

Support

PA Lions Hearing Research Foundation, American Otologic Society Research Fellowship.
R451 – Pediatric Pneumococcal Mastoiditis and Serotype 19A: Update
Authors: Ongkasuwan Julina , Valdez Tulio A. , Hulten Kristina , Mason Edward O. , Kaplan Sheldon L
Published: August 2008

Problem

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the primary cause of pediatric mastoiditis. Since the 7‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in 2000, the serotypes causing invasive infections have shifted. We are following the impact of PCV7 on pneumococcal mastoiditis at Texas Children's Hospital (TCH). Previously, a non‐vaccine serotype, 19A and specifically a multidrug resistant clonotype, CC271, was identified as the predominant cause of mastoiditis during the 2006–07 academic year.

Methods

The medical records of children with pneumococcal mastoiditis between July 2007 and February 2008 (prospective through June 2008) were reviewed. Isolates were serotyped by the capsular swelling method and compared to previously collected data since January 1995.

Results

Six mastoiditis cases have been identified thus far in 2007–08; 19A has been the only isolated serotype. This is comparable to the number of cases identified at this point last year. Of the 15 total isolates in 2006–07, all but 2 were attributable to 19A. For comparison, prior to PCV7, the number of mastoiditis cases per year ranged from 0–3, none of which were 19A. This new data appears to continue a disturbing upward trend. Masoitiditis caused by 19A isolates was more likely to present with subperiosteal abscess (p=0.000002) and need mastoidectomy (p=0.007). The 2007–08 isolates differ from the 2006–07 group in drug resistance patterns. In the 2006–07 group 66% were non‐susceptible to all antibiotics tested routinely; whereas 50% of the 2007–08 group were non‐susceptible to those same antibiotics (p= 0.41). While not statistically significant, this does suggest a different clonal complex at work this season.

Conclusion

The data for this year confirms the trend identified in 2006–07: 19A is now the predominant serotype in mastoiditis at TCH.

Significance

The PCV7 vaccine has placed unexpected selective pressures on S.pneumoniae. Depending on the circulating clones, mastoiditis today may be more complicated to treat due to multi‐drug resistance.

Support

Funding: supported, in part, by a Grant from Wyeth.
R455 – Effect of Glucocorticoid on the MUC4 Gene
Authors: Kim Yong‐Dae , Bae Chang Hoon , Hyun‐Jae Woo , Lee Heung‐Man
Published: August 2008

Problem

Among the airway mucin genes, the MUC4 gene is an important gene in its response to inflammatory diseases of the upper airway. However, the expression and regulation of the MUC4 gene in the nasal polyps remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of MUC4 mRNA and synthesis of mucin glycoprotein in the nasal polyps before and after treatment with a topical steroid in vivo and in vitro.

Methods

Nasal polyps were obtained from 20 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and were subsequently cultured. The level of MUC4 mRNA was measured by reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction, and the amount of the MUC4 mucin glycoprotein was estimated by the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method.

Results

The expression of MUC4 mRNA was found to be significantly higher in the nasal polyps than in the inferior turbinate (P <. 05). The addition of interleukin (IL)‐1beta and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased the expression of MUC4 mRNA and mucin glycoprotein synthesis in cultured nasal polyp epithelial cells. Treatment with glucocorticoid inhibited the expression of MUC4 mRNA in the nasal polyps; it also inhibited the expression of IL‐1beta and LPS‐induced MUC4 mRNA and mucin glycoprotein synthesis in cultured nasal polyp epithelial cells. The inhibitory effects of glucocorticoid were restored by treatment with a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist (RU‐486).

Conclusion

These results suggest that the MUC4 gene is expressed in the nasal polyps and that glucocorticoid can control the expression of the MUC4 gene and mucin glycoprotein synthesis.

Significance

Based on these findings, we conclude that the MUC4 gene is one of the important mucin genes expressed in the nasal polyps and that glucocorticoid can control the expression of MUC4 genes and mucin glycoprotein synthesis.
R460 – Relation Between SPA and Symptoms of Patients With AR and NP
Authors: Yuqin Deng , Tao Zezhang , Kong Yonggang
Published: August 2008

Problem

The aim of this study was to examine if allergic rhinitis and nasal polyposis are associated with the level of surfactant protein‐A.

Methods

Sinus mucosal biopsies were performed in patients with allergic rhinitis (n= 15), nasal polyposis (n=21) and controls (n= 10). Immunolocalization of surfactant protein was performed with antibodies to SP‐A using Streptavidin Peroxidase Conjugated Method and indirect immunofluorescence method. Blood serums were obtained from three subjects in each group for enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis of surfactant protein‐A.

Results

By ELISA, AR (n =15) and NP (n = 21) showed significantly decreased levels of SP‐A when compared with controls (n= 10), although these two groups were not statistically significant. Immunohistochemical investigation showed intense SP‐A staining in the nasal epithelium of each groups, but weak staining in patients with AR and NP.

Conclusion

We report for the first time the expression of SP‐A in both diseased and normal nasal mucosa using the indirect immunofluorescence method. There was an inverse relation between surfactant protein‐A levels and symptoms and signs of rhinitis in patients with AR and NP.

Significance

SP‐A may play a defensive role in the chronic inflammatory diseases of upper airway. Understanding the exact role of SP‐A in the upper airway diseases will help develop novel treatment approaches for sinonasal pathoses.
Laser-electron generator for X-ray applications in science and technology
Authors: Bessonov E.G. , Gorbunkov M.V. , Ishkhanov B.S. , Kostryukov P.V. , Maslova Yu.Ya. , Shvedunov V.I. , Tunkin V.G. , Vinogradov A.V.
Published: August 2008

The possibility of the creation and the application prospects of the laser-electron X-ray generator based on Thomson scattering of laser radiation on a bunch of relativistic electrons are considered. Such a generator fills the existing gap between X-ray tubes and synchrotron radiation sources, which is several orders of magnitude in terms of the brightness, average intensity, size, and also in the construction and running costs.
A content analysis of children’s television advertising: focus on food and oral health
Authors: Morgan Maria , Fairchild Ruth , Phillips Andrea , Stewart Kate , Hunter Lindsay
Published: August 2008

Objectives

To analyse the nature and content of advertising during children’s popular television viewing times with the specific aims of (i) identifying the proportion of advertising time devoted to confectionery and potentially cariogenic products (those which readily give rise to dental caries, more commonly known as tooth decay); and (ii) determining whether there is a variation in the advertisement of confectionery and other high-sugar products within children’s school holiday time v. outside holiday time.

Method

In five separate one-week periods, the output of the four most popular British children’s commercial television channels was video-recorded during the most popular viewing times for children. In total, 503 h of television were recorded and analysed.

Results

Analysis of the recordings revealed that 16·4 % of advertising time was devoted to food products; 6·3 % of all advertising time was devoted to potentially cariogenic products. Sugared cereals were the most commonly advertised high-sugar product, followed by sweetened dairy products and confectionery (χ2 = 6524·8, df = 4, P < 0·001). The advertisement of confectionery and high-sugar foods appeared to be influenced by school holidays.

Conclusions

Health-care professionals should be aware of the shift away from the advertisement of confectionery towards the promotion of foods that might be considered healthier but contain large amounts of hidden sugar.
Increased knowledge predicts greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet in Greek adolescents
Authors: Tsartsali Paraskevi K , Thompson Janice L , Jago Russell
Published: August 2008

Objectives

To examine knowledge of and adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern (MDP) among Greek adolescents, assess associations between MDP knowledge and adherence with BMI, and determine socio-cultural factors predicting MDP compliance.

Design

Cross-sectional.

Setting

Greek adolescents aged 15–17 years.

Subjects

Two hundred adolescents (103 females, ninety-seven males) from six schools on the Greek island of Chios. The sampling procedure was similar for all schools; schools were randomly selected from different geographic areas and all municipalities. BMI was calculated from measured height and weight; participants completed four questionnaires assessing parents’ socio-economic status and education, adolescents’ perceived and actual MDP knowledge, past-week dietary habits, and MDP adherence.

Results

Participants’ BMI indicated 64·5 % were normal weight and 35·5 % were overweight/obese (mean BMI 23·7 (sd 3·8) kg/m2). Over half had very poor MDP knowledge (58·5 %) and adherence (59·5 %); both perceived (F = 3·35, P = 0·037) and actual MDP knowledge (F = 3·45, P = 0·034) were significantly different across MDP adherence. Perceived MDP knowledge was positively correlated with vegetable consumption (r = 0·185, P = 0·009); actual knowledge was negatively correlated with meat consumption (r = −0·191, P = 0·007). BMI was negatively correlated with family income (r = −0·202, P = 0·004), indicating higher BMI in less affluent households. Actual MDP knowledge was the only significant predictor of MDP adherence (standardized β = 0·162, P = 0·030) in a model accounting for 7·3 % of overall variance.

Conclusions

Greek adolescents reported consuming a more Westernized diet detached from the traditional MDP. Actual MDP knowledge and family income were important factors affecting MDP adherence and BMI, respectively. Promoting the traditional MDP among Greek adolescents and their families appears warranted.
Critical molecular abnormalities in high-grade serous carcinoma of the ovary
Authors: Köbel Martin , Huntsman David , Gilks C. Blake
Published: August 2008

Ovarian carcinomas show more morphological heterogeneity than adenocarcinomas of any other body site. It has recently become clear that the morphologically defined subtypes of ovarian carcinoma are distinct diseases, with different risk factors, molecular events during oncogenesis, likelihood of spread, responses to chemotherapy, and outcomes. This review focuses on molecular abnormalities (in genes expressing BRCA1/2, TP53 and RB1/CCND1/CDKN2A/E2F) found in high-grade serous carcinomas of the ovary, which account for most ovarian cancer deaths. These highly aggressive but chemosensitive tumours are associated with perturbation of molecular pathways leading to genomic instability and extreme mutability and present unique challenges in oncological research and practice.
Simulating the effects of past changes in climate, atmospheric composition, and fire disturbance on soil carbon in Canada's forests and wetlands
Authors: Ju Weimin , Chen Jing M.
Published: August 2008

Using the Integrated Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Cycle model (InTEC), six simulations with different input scenarios of climate, CO2, and nitrogen (N) deposition are conducted to study the changes of soil carbon (C) content in Canada's forests and wetlands during 1901–2000. Simulated total C stored in Canada's forest and wetland soils is 164.5 Pg C and accounts for about 7% of the global total of 2400 Pg C to the depth of 2 m, implying the significance of Canada's forest and wetland soils in the global terrestrial C cycle. Soils of Canadian forests and wetlands sequestrated 3.9 Pg C (2.6 Pg C in forests and 1.3 Pg C in wetlands) during 1901–2000 because of the integrated effects of climate, CO2fertilization, N deposition, and forest age factors. The changes of soil C content during 1901–2000 ranged spatially from −2 kg C m−2to 4 kg C m−2, depending on fire disturbance history, climate change pattern, and N deposition rates. Soil C increased by 2 to 4 kg C m−2in Eastern Hudson Plains, Eastern Middle Boreal Shield, Southern Boreal Shield, and Atlantic Maritime and decreased by more than 1 kg C m−2in Southern Boreal Plains. Simulations shows that climate influences growing conditions, growing season length, net N mineralization, and N fixation and therefore was the biggest driver of the increase in total soil C content during 1901–2000, followed by CO2fertilization and N deposition. The climate‐induced increase of soil C occurred mainly in the cool and wet period from the middle 1940s to the middle 1970s. Overall, an increase of 1°C in mean annual temperature induced heterotrophic respiration to increase by 62 Tg C a−1. In contrast to the century‐scale trend from 1901 to 2000, during the last two decades (1981–2000), CO2fertilization was the biggest driver of the increase in soil C, while climate change alone caused soil C to decrease.
Precambrian continental strain and shear zone patterns: South Indian case
Authors: Chardon Dominique , Jayananda Mudlappa , Chetty Talari R. K. , Peucat Jean‐Jacques
Published: August 2008

This study addresses the tectonic and mechanical significance of crustal‐scale strain and shear zone patterns in the South Indian Precambrian lithosphere. It is based on a tectonic map of the Dharwar craton derived from LANDSAT imagery, existing documentation, and our own field observations. We document the contrasted responses of the two main parts of the craton to late Archean (2.56–2.51 Ga) shortening. The old (>3 Ga) lithosphere of the Western Dharwar craton stabilized at 2.61 Ga underwent moderate shortening and strain localization along spaced shear zones. The Eastern Dharwar craton, rejuvenated by late Archean juvenile magmatic accretion, responded to shortening by flowing laterally against the Western Dharwar craton. Shortening operated without significant thickening because of the high buoyancy of the juvenile crust and the very low strength of its mantle lithosphere. The late Archean crustal‐scale shear zone network did not accommodate large displacements and only contributed to smoothing out of strain heterogeneities during the latest stages of flow. The shear zone pattern only reflects the symmetry of the regional finite strain field of a wide hot orogen. It does not result from terrain amalgamation but accompanies crustal flow and does not compare with those of modern active margins, which accommodate unidirectional transpression. Our analysis further suggests that the shear zones bounding the craton did not record large horizontal displacements during final assembly of Gondwana but rather transverse shortening and vertical extrusion.
TES carbon monoxide validation during two AVE campaigns using the Argus and ALIAS instruments on NASA's WB‐57F
Authors: Lopez Jimena P. , Luo Ming , Christensen Lance E. , Loewenstein Max , Jost Hansjürg , Webster Christopher R. , Osterman Greg
Published: August 2008

The Aura Validation Experiment (AVE) focuses on validating Aura satellite measurements of important atmospheric trace gases using ground‐based, aircraft, and balloon‐borne instruments. Global satellite observations of CO from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) on the EOS Aura satellite have been ongoing since September 2004. This paper discusses CO validation experiments during the Oct‐AVE (2004 Houston, Texas) and CR‐AVE (2006 San Jose, Costa Rica) campaigns. The coincidences in location and time between the satellite observations and the available in situ profiles for some cases are not ideal. However, the CO distribution patterns in the two validation flight areas are shown to have very little variability in the aircraft and satellite observations, thereby making them suitable for validation comparisons. TES CO profiles, which typically have a retrieval uncertainty of 10–20%, are compared with in situ CO measurements from NASA Ames Research Center's Argus instrument taken on board the WB‐57F aircraft during Oct‐AVE. TES CO retrievals during CR‐AVE are compared with in situ measurements from Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Aircraft Laser Infrared Absorption Spectrometer (ALIAS) instrument as well as with the Argus instrument, both taken on board the WB‐57F aircraft. During CR‐AVE, the average overall difference between ALIAS and Argus CO was 4%, with the ALIAS measurement higher. During individual flights, 2‐min time‐averaged differences between the two in situ instruments had standard deviation of 14%. The TES averaging kernels and a priori constraint profiles for CO are applied to the in situ data for proper comparisons to account for the reduced vertical resolution and the influence of the a priori in the satellite‐derived profile. In the TES sensitive pressure range, ∼700–200 hPa, the in situ profiles and TES profiles agree within 5–10%, less than the variability in CO distributions obtained by both TES and the aircraft instruments in the two regions. TES CO is slightly lower than in situ measurements in the Houston area (midlatitudes) and slightly higher than in situ CO measurements in the Costa Rica region (tropical).
Global budgets of atmospheric glyoxal and methylglyoxal, and implications for formation of secondary organic aerosols
Authors: Fu Tzung‐May , Jacob Daniel J. , Wittrock Folkard , Burrows John P. , Vrekoussis Mihalis , Henze Daven K.
Published: August 2008

We construct global budgets of atmospheric glyoxal and methylglyoxal with the goal of quantifying their potential for global secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation via irreversible uptake by aqueous aerosols and clouds. We conduct a detailed simulation of glyoxal and methylglyoxal in the GEOS‐Chem global 3‐D chemical transport model including our best knowledge of source and sink processes. Our resulting best estimates of the global sources of glyoxal and methylglyoxal are 45 Tg a−1 and 140 Tg a−1, respectively. Oxidation of biogenic isoprene contributes globally 47% of glyoxal and 79% of methylglyoxal. The second most important precursors are acetylene (mostly anthropogenic) for glyoxal and acetone (mostly biogenic) for methylglyoxal. Both acetylene and acetone have long lifetimes and provide a source of dicarbonyls in the free troposphere. Atmospheric lifetimes of glyoxal and methylglyoxal in the model are 2.9 h and 1.6 h, respectively, mostly determined by photolysis. Simulated dicarbonyl concentrations in continental surface air at northern midlatitudes are in the range 10–100 ppt, consistent with in situ measurements. On a global scale, the highest concentrations are over biomass burning regions, in agreement with glyoxal column observations from the SCIAMACHY satellite instrument. SCIAMACHY and a few ship cruises also suggest a large marine source of dicarbonyls missing from our model. The global source of SOA from the irreversible uptake of dicarbonyls in GEOS‐Chem is 11 Tg C a−1, including 2.6 Tg C a−1 from glyoxal and 8 Tg C a−1 from methylglyoxal; 90% of this source takes place in clouds. The magnitude of the global SOA source from dicarbonyls is comparable to that computed in GEOS‐Chem from the standard mechanism involving reversible partitioning of semivolatile products from the oxidation of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, isoprene, and aromatics.
Methane production and bubble emissions from arctic lakes: Isotopic implications for source pathways and ages
Authors: Walter K. M. , Chanton J. P. , Chapin F. S. , Schuur E. A. G. , Zimov S. A.
Published: August 2008

This study reports an atmospheric methane (CH4) source term previously uncharacterized regarding strength and isotopic composition. Methane emissions from 14 Siberian lakes and 9 Alaskan lakes were characterized using stable isotopes (13C and D) and radiocarbon (14C) analyses. We classified ebullition (bubbling) into three categories (background, point sources, and hot spots) on the basis of fluxes, major gas concentrations, and isotopic composition. Point sources and hot spots had a strong association with thermokarst (thaw) erosion because permafrost degradation along lake margins releases ancient organic matter into anaerobic lake bottoms, fueling methanogenesis. With increasing ebullition rate, we observed increasing CH4 concentration of greater radiocarbon age, depletion of 13CCH4, and decreasing bubble N2 content. Microbial oxidation of methane was observed in bubbles that became trapped below and later within winter lake ice; however, oxidation appeared insignificant in bubbles sampled immediately after release from sediments. Methanogenic pathways differed among the bubble sources: CO2 reduction supported point source and hot spot ebullition to a large degree, while acetate fermentation appeared to contribute to background bubbling. To provide annual whole‐lake and regional CH4 isofluxes for the Siberian lakes, we combined maps of bubble source distributions with long‐term, continuous flux measurements and isotopic composition. In contrast to typical values used in inverse models of atmospheric CH4 for northern wetland sources (δ13CCH4 = −58‰, 14C age modern), which have not included northern lake ebullition as a source, we show that this large, new source of high‐latitude CH4 from lakes is isotopically distinct (δ13CCH4 = −70‰, 14C age 16,500 years, for North Siberian lakes).
Influence of fracture statistics on advective transport and implications for geologic repositories
Authors: Reeves Donald M. , Benson David A. , Meerschaert Mark M.
Published: August 2008

Large‐scale (2.5 km by 2.5 km) simulations of fluid flow and solute transport through low‐permeability fractured rock are assessed to determine suitability for hosting a nuclear waste repository. Multiple realizations of fracture networks with statistically realistic features are generated according to established methods. A novel continuum method provides a basis for solving flow and simulating particle trajectories through the fracture networks. Classical and fractional advection‐dispersion models form the analytic foundation for statistical summaries of the transport of 25,000 conservative particles through the backbone of each network realization. Particle retention in low‐velocity fractures, fast transport, and anomalous dispersion are all observed in the simulated plumes. Predictability is addressed by measuring the deviation of individual plumes from their ensemble average, taken over all realizations for each set of fracture network statistics. Fifteen sets of fracture network statistics are examined, ranging from dense networks of relatively short fractures to sparse networks of rather long fractures. Finally, the plume statistics are carefully examined in order to develop recommendations for suitable geologic repositories on the basis of fracture network statistics.
Application of direct‐fitting, mass integral, and multirate methods to analysis of flowing fluid electric conductivity logs from Horonobe, Japan
Authors: Doughty Christine , Tsang Chin‐Fu , Hatanaka Koichiro , Yabuuchi Satoshi , Kurikami Hiroshi
Published: August 2008

The flowing fluid electric conductivity (FFEC) logging method is an efficient way to provide information on the depths, salinities, and inflow strengths of individual conductive features intercepted by a borehole, without the use of specialized probes. Using it in a multiple‐flow rate mode allows, in addition, an estimate of the transmissivities and inherent (far‐field) hydraulic heads in each of the conductive features. The multirate method was successfully applied to a 500‐m borehole in a granitic formation and reported recently. The present paper describes the application of the method to two zones within a 1000‐m borehole in sedimentary rock, which produced, for each zone, three sets of logs at different pumping rates, each set measured over a period of about 1 day. The data sets involve several complications, such as variable well diameter, gradual water level decline in the well during logging, possible fluid flow through the unfractured rock matrix, and effects of drilling mud. Various techniques were applied to analyze the FFEC logs: direct‐fitting, mass integral, and the multirate method mentioned above. In spite of complications associated with the tests, analysis was able to identify 44 hydraulically conducting fractures distributed over the depth interval 150–775 m below ground surface. The salinities (in FEC), and transmissivities and hydraulic heads (in dimensionless form) of these 44 features were obtained and found to vary significantly among one another. These results were compared with transmissivity and head values inferred from eight packer tests that were conducted in this borehole over the same depth interval. FFEC results were found to be consistent with packer test results, thus demonstrating the robustness of the FFEC logging method under nonideal conditions.
Magmatic and tectonic extension at mid‐ocean ridges: 1. Controls on fault characteristics
Authors: Behn Mark D. , Ito Garrett
Published: August 2008

We use 2‐D numerical models to explore the thermal and mechanical effects of magma intrusion on fault initiation and growth at slow and intermediate spreading ridges. Magma intrusion is simulated by widening a vertical column of model elements located within the lithosphere at a rate equal to a fraction, M, of the total spreading rate (i.e., M = 1 for fully magmatic spreading). Heat is added in proportion to the rate of intrusion to simulate the thermal effects of magma crystallization and the injection of hot magma into the crust. We examine a range of intrusion rates and axial thermal structures by varying M, spreading rate, and the efficiency of crustal cooling by conduction and hydrothermal circulation. Fault development proceeds in a sequential manner, with deformation focused on a single active normal fault whose location alternates between the two sides of the ridge axis. Fault spacing and heave are primarily sensitive to M and secondarily sensitive to axial lithosphere thickness and the rate that the lithosphere thickens with distance from the axis. Contrary to what is often cited in the literature, but consistent with prior results of mechanical modeling, we find that thicker axial lithosphere tends to reduce fault spacing and heave. In addition, fault spacing and heave are predicted to increase with decreasing rates of off‐axis lithospheric thickening. The combination of low M, particularly when M approaches 0.5, as well as a reduced rate of off‐axis lithospheric thickening produces long‐lived, large‐offset faults, similar to oceanic core complexes. Such long‐lived faults produce a highly asymmetric axial thermal structure, with thinner lithosphere on the side with the active fault. This across‐axis variation in thermal structure may tend to stabilize the active fault for longer periods of time and could concentrate hydrothermal circulation in the footwall of oceanic core complexes.
Decadal change of January and July persistence of monthly mean 500 hPa geopotential height anomalies
Authors: Ding Ruiqiang , Li Jianping , Ha Kyung‐Ja
Published: August 2008

The decadal variations of January and July persistence of monthly mean 500 hPa geopotential height (GHT) anomalies and associated persistence changes of sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) in the tropical oceans are investigated. January persistence of GHT anomalies in the most tropical regions exhibits a decadal change, with a sharp increase after the mid‐1970s. This increase has been found to be closely associated with the enhanced persistence of SSTA in the equatorial central‐eastern Pacific. July persistence of GHT anomalies in the most tropical regions and Asian regions shows significant decreasing trends between the 1950s and 1990s. The weakened effect of the ENSO on the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) circulation may be a possible reason why July persistence of GHT anomalies in the ISM region has been persistently decreased. The decreased persistence of SSTA in the tropical Indian Ocean, tropical North Pacific and tropical Atlantic possibly contributes to the decrease of July persistence of GHT anomalies in the tropical regions and Asian regions.
Aura MLS THz observations of global cirrus near the tropopause
Authors: Wu D. L. , Pickett H. M. , Livesey N. J.
Published: August 2008

The first global cirrus observation from spaceborne THz (terahertz) sensors is presented. The 2.5 THz channels of the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument on NASA's Aura satellite, measuring atmospheric thermal emission at the limb, has sensitivity to cloud ice particle scattering above ∼15 km. The magnitude of cloud‐induced radiance (Tcir), as high as 40 K, is observed in the THz radiances at the lowermost tangent heights of limb viewing. A special algorithm is developed to extract the THz Tcir by averaging the data spectrally and vertically, removing systematic error in the radiances, and screening cloudy radiances from clear‐sky variability. The derived THz Tcir has typical precision of 1.5–1.7 K, and a threshold of −6 K is used to determine significant cloud measurements. Monthly maps show that morphologies of the THz Tcir are generally consistent with those of cloud IWC (ice water content) at 121 hPa retrieved simultaneously from the MLS 240 GHz channel. However, the spatial distribution of THz clouds often spreads more broadly in latitude than the GHz clouds, as expected for the better sensitivity of the THz channels to small ice particle scattering. The THz Tcir can be converted to a partial ice water path (pIWP) above ∼15 km, and the estimated 0.7 g/m2/K sensitivity for THz Tcir is consistent with the radiative transfer model calculation and MLS 240 GHz measurements.