bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Behaviour of a sensitive clay during pile driving
Authors: Roy M. , Blanchet R. , Tavenas F. , Rochelle P. La
Published: September 2010

A full scale investigation with six instrumented test piles has been carried out on the Saint-Alban test site in order to study the behaviour of friction piles in soft sensitive soils. The first part of this investigation, reported in this paper, deals essentially with the effects of pile driving on the induced pore pressures and their dissipation and on the disturbance of the clay around the pile.It is shown that the induced pore pressures at the pile tip ΔuT, and at the pile surface Δus, correspond to 1.6σvo and 0.8σvo respectively. If the failure pattern developed during driving is interpreted by means of the theories of expansion of cavities, it is shown that the induced pore pressures calculated at the pile–soil contact agree well with the measured values; these pore pressures are fully dissipated after 600 h.Immediately after driving, a decrease in the undrained shear strength varying between 0 and 30% was observed in a zone of 3 diameters around the pile. The strength in that zone was nearly fully recovered after the pore pressures had dissipated.The tip resistance measured during driving was quite in excess of the static zone penetration resistance qc, indicating possible scale effects. The average unit skin friction was observed to decrease from a value in the order of cu to about 0.10σvo′ and to be directly related to the pore pressures, i.e., to the effective stresses in the clay around the pile.
A physical theory of snow gliding
Authors: McClung David M.
Published: September 2010

Snow glide, slip of the entire snowpack over the ground, is not observed unless water reaches the ground interface. In this paper, snow gliding is approached from the point of view that a perfect slip condition is attained at the glide interface whereby a thin continuous water film is envisioned to exist between the snowpack and the ground. Two mechanisms are described by which the snowpack may move forward: (i) creep (defined as slow, viscous deformation) over roughness asperities under the condition that the snowpack conforms to the interface and (ii) rigid body sliding of the snowpack over the interface when it does not conform to the interface. Constitutive equations relating tangential drag on the snowpack to slip velocity are derived for these idealized cases, and the extension to the more realistic case where the processes compete is discussed.
Creep and failure of slopes in clays
Authors: Tavenas F. , Leroueil S.
Published: September 2010

The accumulated experience on slope stability is reviewed with due consideration to the time-dependent behaviour of natural clays prior to failure. A consistent picture of the behaviour of both man-made and natural slopes is obtained, which applies to soft as well as stiff clays, in an intact or a fissured state. In all cases, creep deformations develop prior to failure, which can be used as an indicator of incipient failure. The strength mobilized at failure can be theoretically defined in a qualitative manner: it is intermediate to the critical state strength and the time-dependent limit state of the clay. Quantitatively, this strength is represented by the [Formula: see text] value corresponding to the critical state and by an empirical cohesive term in the order of 4–15 kPa in intact clays and of 0–2 kPa in fissured clays; these values apply to both cuttings and natural slopes.
The measurement of unfrozen water content by time domain reflectometry: results from laboratory tests
Authors: Patterson D. E. , Smith M. W.
Published: September 2010

A new technique for determining the volumetric unfrozen water content of frozen soils is reported, which uses time domain reflectometry (TDR) to measure the dielectric property. Using precise temperature control, the technique, which was developed previously by others for unfrozen soils, has been successfully applied to the measurement of unfrozen water contents of frozen soils. Curves of the dielectric property versus temperature show a close similarity to unfrozen water content curves, for a variety of soils. Results from experiments on ice–water mixtures and from combined TDR–dilatometry experiments on frozen soils suggest that an empirical relationship obtained by Topp, Davis, and Annan may be applicable to frozen media as well as unfrozen soils. Using this relationship, dielectric values were converted to unfrozen water content values, and the results agreed very closely with published data for similar soils, determined by other methods. For silt loams, agreement is typically within ± 1½% in volumetric water content, and for clays ± 3 %. Some of this difference is undoubtedly due to soil sample variations.
Stability of reinforced cemented backfills
Authors: Mitchell Robert J. , Stone David M.
Published: September 2010

Mining with backfill has been the subject of several international meetings in recent years and a considerable research effort is being applied to improve both mining economics and ore recovery by using backfill for ground support. Classified mill tailings sands are the most commonly used backfill material but these fine sands must be stabilized before full ore pillar recovery can be achieved. Normal portland cement is generally used for stabilization but the high cost of cement prohibits high cement usage. This paper considers the use of reinforcements in cemented fill to reduce the cement usage. It is concluded that strong cemented layers at typical spacings of about 3 m in a low cement content bulk fill can reinforce the fill and reduce the overall cement usage. Fibre reinforcements introduced into strong layers or into bulk fills are also known to be effective in reducing cement usage. Some development work is needed to produce the ideal type of anchored fibre in order to realize economic gains from fibre-reinforced fills. Key words: mining, backfilling, ground support, soil–cement, fibre reinforcement.
Centrifuge static and dynamic lateral pile behaviour
Authors: Ting John M. , Kauffman Claudia R. , Lovicsek Maryann
Published: September 2010

The behaviour of a single vertical pile embedded in saturated sand and subjected to cyclic static and dynamic loading is studied using an extensive centrifuge model testing program. A reliable data reduction method allows computation of the dynamic and static cyclic lateral pile resistance–deflection p–y curves. The results are compared with full-scale dynamic test results and oil industry design guidelines.From these comparisons, the centrifuge technique appears to model the dynamic soil–pile system properly. For loadings causing significant nonlinearity, the static stiffness appears to be greater than the dynamic stiffness, while material hysteresis appears about the same in each case. Current American Petroleum Institute guidelines for static cyclic loading appear to overestimate the dynamic lateral resistance for medium dense sands. Key words: centrifuge model, cyclic loads, dynamic response, lateral loads, liquefaction, model tests, pile lateral loads.
Drained deformation and failure due to cyclic pore pressures in soft natural clay at low stresses
Authors: Eigenbrod K. D. , Burak J.-P. , Graham J.
Published: September 2010

Slow, recurring downslope movements in northern climates are frequently referred to as "creep movements," and are usually related to outwards freezing followed by vertical thawing movements. An alternative mechanism is examined in the reported test data.Undisturbed block samples of proglacial clay from a slope near yellowknife, N.W.T., have been tested by cyclically varying the pore-water pressure in triaxial specimens by an amount Δu, and measuring the resulting strains per cycle. The specimens were initially anisotropically consolidated with normal and shear stresses corresponding to those in the moving mantle. Drainage was permitted throughout the testing. This procedure represents changes that can occur in a natural slope from (a) seasonal groundwater level changes and (b) elevated pore-water pressures that accompany thawing. After 60–100 cycles, the pore-water pressure was systematically increased to the value Δuf at which the samples failed. This occurred on a steep, low-stress envelope, approximately c′ = 4 KPa, [Formula: see text]. The envelope is probably controlled by the nuggety macrostructure of the clay and appears to be slightly to the left of the [Formula: see text] locus.The strains per cycle were approximately linear in the range 30–100 cycles. As a first approximation they have been modelled as varying linearly with the ratio Δu/Δuf almost up to failure at Δu/Δuf = 1.0. Key words: downslope creep, solifluction, slope stability, clay, pore-water pressure, cyclic loading, low-stress failure.
Design of buried structures in squeezing rock in Toronto, Canada
Authors: Lo K. Y. , Cooke B. H. , Dunbar D. D.
Published: September 2010

The construction of the Domed Stadium in Toronto necessitated the relocation of the John Street Pumping Station and associated water supply tunnels for the downtown Toronto area. The proposed structures include tunnels, shafts, and a new pumping station built in or founded on rock. The shale rock of the Georgian Bay formation is known to possess high horizontal stresses and time-dependent deformation and at this site contains numerous horizontal fractures filled with clay seams. This paper presents the results of the site investigation, field and laboratory testing, analysis, and design for the buried structures. Special provisions for "rock squeeze" for different structures are also described. Key words: tunnels, shafts, shale, squeezing rock, horizontal stress, rock–structure–time interaction.
Étude expérimentale de la capacité portante d'une couche de sol pulverulent d'épaisseur limitée
Authors: Siraj-Eldine K. , Bottero A.
Published: September 2010

This paper presents a series of experimental measurements of the bearing capacity of spread foundations resting on a layer of sand of finite thickness; they are carried out using circular or rectangular laboratory models. After an analysis of the graphical expression of results illustrating the foundation–soil behaviour under the applied load, we study the relationships between the bearing capacity coefficient and the different parameters of the problem: relative thickness of the compressible layer, interfacial foundation–soil and soil–substratum conditions of friction, shape factor of the models.In every case, the results have been compared with available results of other authors and related with existing theoretical or semiempirical methods; these comparisons lead to the proposal of a rational testing procedure for determining the ultimate load for shallow foundations. Key words: foundations, bearing capacity, interfaces, scale effect, shape factor, bilayer.
Thermally induced heave beneath chilled pipelines in frozen ground
Authors: Nixon J. F. (Derick)
Published: September 2010

Thermally induced water migration beneath chilled structures in frozen ground near its melting point has been considered by some as a possible source of heave and structural distress. This paper analyses the two-dimensional problem of thermally induced water flow in frozen soils beneath a chilled buried pipe, both for steady state and early transient conditions. The analysis has identified the primary variables of interest in the problem of thermally induced heave in frozen ground, and by omitting some second-order effects has obtained a relatively straightforward relationship for the steady state heave rate due to this process. Using published relationships for hydraulic conductivity of frozen soils, it is concluded that heave induced by this mechanism will be relatively minor, and should not result in significant pipe bending or structural distress in the long term. Initial transient and seasonal effects were studied using the same govering equation for fluid flow, coupled with the author's two-dimensional thermal simulator. Additional heave due to these effects does not appear to increase the overall predicted heave greatly. Key words: heave, water flow in frozen soil, pipeline, frozen soil, permeability.
Experiences with shored excavations
Authors: Trow W. A.
Published: September 2010

This paper considers shoring of excavations associated with construction of buildings with particular reference to the selection of the earth pressure coefficient. The empirical criteria, given by R. B. Peck and other participants at the International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering in Mexico City in 1969, are examined. Several case histories of deep excavations are given where acceptable deformations were experienced using active earth pressure coefficients in shoring design. Where failure occurred, it was attributed to causes unrelated to the selection of earth pressure coefficient. Key words: shoring, earth pressure coefficient, deformations.
Stress release, undrained storage, and reconsolidation in simulated underwater clay
Authors: Graham J. , Kwok C. K. , Ambrosie R. W.
Published: September 2010

Triaxial testing has examined the influence of storage time and reconsolidation procedures on normally consolidated and overconsolidated samples of reconstituted clay prepared with high pore-water pressures to simulate underwater deposits. "Samples" of illite were consolidated one dimensionally, off-loaded without drainage, stored undrained, reconsolidated, and sheared undrained. The storage times were 15 min, 1 day, and 7 days. Reconsolidation pressures were (1) isotropic to [Formula: see text], (2) isotropic to [Formula: see text], and (3) anisotropic to [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]. The results were compared with "specimens" that had not been off-loaded.Different undrained storage times had no effect on the strengths after reconsolidation, but the strengths were affected by the reconsolidation pressures. Anisotropic reconsolidation produced the best agreement between the control specimens and samples in terms of their strengths and Af-values. The duration of storage time did affect stress–strain parameters such as the undrained compression modulus E50 and the pore-water pressure parameter Af. Key words: underwater, offshore, clay, illite, sampling disturbance, triaxial, storage, reconsolidation, undrained, strength, stiffness.
Nonlinear analysis of laterality loaded piles in cohesionless soils
Authors: Budhu Muniram , Davies Trevor G.
Published: September 2010

The results of a numerical analysis of single laterally loaded piles embedded in cohesionless soils, taking soil yielding into account, are presented. The analysis is intended to serve as an independent alternative to the well-known p–y method. The input parameters for the soil are the angle of internal friction and a parameter characterizing the increase in soil stiffness with depth, here assumed to be linear. A parametric study shows that soil yielding significantly increases the maximum pile bending moments and lateral displacements. Equations suitable for routine design applications are presented and the ease with which these can be applied in practice is demonstrated by an illustrative example. Good agreement between the theoretical results and data from published case histories attests to the validity of the method. Key words: analysis, angle of friction, cohesionless, deformation, design, failure, foundations, piles, lateral, loads.
Field observations of soft clay consolidation in the Fraser Lowland
Authors: Crawford C. B. , DeBoer L. J.
Published: September 2010

This paper presents a 15-year record of consolidation settlements under an earth embankment where maximum settlements have exceeded 3 m since 1971. The rate of settlement was greatly accelerated by the use of sand drains under areas of maximum load. During construction, pore pressures in the subsoil were monitored and used to control the rate of loading, which had to be decreased to avoid failure. Settlements were underestimated and stability was overestimated on the basis of laboratory and field tests. Consolidation characteristics measured in the laboratory are compared with those calculated from field observations. Key words: settlements, consolidation, embankment, pore-water pressures, monitoring, in situ.
Viscous–elastic–plastic modelling of one-dimensional time-dependent behaviour of clays
Authors: Yin J.-H. , Graham J.
Published: September 2010

Increased attention has recently been directed towards the influence of time and strain-rate effects on the behaviour of clays in one-dimensional (1-D) laboratory consolidation. The improved understanding coming from these studies must now be incorporated into improved constitutive models that can be used for analysis of foundation settlements. This paper presents a 1-D model for stepped loading using a new concept for establishing "equivalent times" during time-dependent straining. This model is then developed into a general constitutive equation for continuous loading. The model uses three parameters, λ, κ, and ψ, that can be easily found using conventional oedometer tests.The general model has been used to develop analytical solutions for creep tests, relaxation tests, constant rate of strain (CRSN) tests, and tests with constant rate of stress (CRSS). Results from three different clays have been used to examine the validity of the model. Key words: consolidation, constitutive modelling, elastic-plastic, viscous, time, creep, strain rate, relaxation.
Effect of freeze–thaw cycles on the freezing characteristics of a clayey silt at various overconsolidation ratios
Authors: Konrad J.-M.
Published: September 2010

Repeated freezing and thawing affect the structure of clayey silts over a wide range of consolidation ratios. While the overall void ratio of the thawed soil either decreased, as in lightly overconsolidated soils, or increased, as in heavily overconsolidated samples, freezing and thawing caused a reduction in segregation potential after each freeze–thaw event. All the changes occurred during the first three cycles. The maximum reduction in segregation potential was about 50% in all samples. The implications for frost heave predictions in the field are discussed. Key words: freeze–thaw, clayey silt, segregation potential, frost heave.
The geotechnical characteristics of an ice-thrust mudstone, Wabamun Lake area, Alberta
Authors: Cruden D. M. , Thomson S. , Tsui P. C.
Published: September 2010

This first detailed report of the geotechnical characteristics of ice-thrust soft rock examines Upper Cretaceous, once heavily overconsolidated mudstones in the Highvale coal mine, Alberta. The fissured and brecciated sample from an ice-thrust shear zone in the mine behaves as a lightly overconsolidated sediment in laboratory tests and shows a non-brittle mode of shear deformation with a maximum shear strength close to residual. This behaviour is due to weathering and glaciotectonic deformation, which have jointed, sheared, and remoulded the mudstone, thus eliminating the fabric formed by overconsolidation.In the ice-thrust mudstone, platy clay minerals dominate and have been grouped into aggregations or shear-remoulded matrices. The strength of the brecciated portion of the mudstone ranges from peak to residual. The strength along principal displacement shears is at or close to residual, as back analysis of a slope failure shows. Key words: ice-thrust shear zone, glaciotectonic deformation, consolidation, nonbrittle deformation, principal displacement shears, shear strength.
Loosewall stability in United Kingdom surface coal mines
Authors: Stead D. , Singh R.
Published: September 2010

The stability of loosewall slopes in surface coal mines is an important factor in the successful exploitation of surface coal mine reserves. Loosewall instability must be avoided not only to ensure negligible risk to both personnel and excavation plant but also to prevent increased production costs. In 1976 the United Kingdom National Coal Board Opencast Executive initiated a programme of slope stability research projects at the Mining Engineering Department of the University of Nottingham. This paper examines the data collected on loosewall slope failures over the last 10 years. The results of a preliminary programme of back analyses of selected loosewall instabilities using limit equilibrium techniques are discussed. Key words: loosewall, coal, database, back analysis.
Effects of undrained strength anisotropy on surface subsidences induced by the construction of shallow tunnels
Authors: Lee K. M. , Rowe R. K.
Published: September 2010

The implementation of an anisotropic soil model that allows consideration of the variation of undrained strength due to anisotropy is described. This analysis is then used to identify the significance of strength anisotropy on the prediction of deformation behaviour of a shallow tunnel. It is found that, for the case of an unlined tunnel, attention should be given to the effect of strength anisotropy particularly for a soil possessing type "K" anisotropy (i.e., where the smallest undrained strength occurs at an angle θ other than the vertical or the horizontal, and the smallest value usually occurs at θ = 45°). On the other hand, for a lined tunnel, the effect of strength anisotropy upon the surface settlement profile will depend upon the size of a so-called "gap" parameter. The gap represents the net effect of loss of ground and some "workmanship" factors in a plane strain finite element analysis. Increasing the gap eases the restrictions imposed by the tunnel lining upon possible soil deformations, thereby increasing the effect of strength anisotropy. However, it is shown that for a lined tunnel with a moderate value of gap, detailed consideration of strength anisotropy may not be necessary. Key words: strength anisotropy, tunnelling, predictions, surface subsidences, finite element method, soil model, soft clays, vane strength.
ON MASS LIMIT FOR CHIRAL COLOR SYMMETRY G'-BOSON FROM TEVATRON DATA ON $t\bar t$ PRODUCTION
Authors: MARTYNOV M. V. , SMIRNOV A. D.
Published: September 2010

The contributions of G'-boson predicted by the chiral color symmetry of quarks to the cross section [Formula: see text] and to the forward–backward asymmetry [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] production at the Tevatron are calculated with account of the difference of the strengths of the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] interactions. The results are analyzed in dependence on two free parameters of the model, the mixing angle θG and G' mass mG'. The G'-boson contributions to [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are shown to be consistent with the Tevatron data on [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], the allowed region in the mG' - θG plane is discussed and around mG' = 1.2 TeV , θG = 14° the region of 1σ consistency is found.
ENERGY AND ENTROPY OF RELATIVISTIC DIFFUSING PARTICLES
Authors: HABA Z.
Published: September 2010

We discuss energy–momentum tensor and the second law of thermodynamics for a system of relativistic diffusing particles. We calculate the energy and entropy flow in this system. We obtain an exact time-dependence of energy, entropy and free energy of a beam of photons in a reservoir of a fixed temperature.
CHAOTIC INFLATION ON THE RANDALL–SUNDRUM TWO-BRANE MODEL
Authors: NOZARI KOUROSH , AKHSHABI SIAMAK
Published: September 2010

We construct an inflation model on the Randall–Sundrum I (RSI) brane where a bulk scalar field stabilizes the inter-brane separation. We study impact of the bulk scalar field on the inflationary dynamics on the brane. We proceed in two different approaches: in the first approach, the stabilizing field potential is directly appeared in the Friedmann equation and the resulting scenario is effectively a two-field inflation. In the second approach, the stabilization mechanism is considered in the context of a warp factor so that there is just one field present that plays the roles of both inflaton and stabilizer. We study constraints imposed on the model parameters from recent observations.
THE QCD COUPLING AND PARTON DISTRIBUTIONS AT HIGH PRECISION
Authors: BLÜMLEIN JOHANNES
Published: September 2010

A survey is given on the present status of the nucleon parton distributions and related precision calculations and precision measurements of the strong coupling constant [Formula: see text]. We also discuss the impact of these quantities on precision observables at hadron colliders.
GODUNOV-TYPE SCHEMES FOR HYPERBOLIC SYSTEMS WITH PARAMETER-DEPENDENT SOURCE: THE CASE OF EULER SYSTEM WITH FRICTION
Authors: CHALONS CHRISTOPHE , COQUEL FRÉDÉRIC , GODLEWSKI EDWIGE , RAVIART PIERRE-ARNAUD , SEGUIN NICOLAS
Published: September 2010

Well-balanced or asymptotic preserving schemes are receiving an increasing amount of interest. This paper gives a precise setting for studying both properties in the case of Euler system with friction. We derive a simple solver which, by construction, preserves discrete equilibria and reproduces at the discrete level the same asymptotic behavior as that of the solutions of the continuous system. Numerical illustrations are convincing and show that not all methods share these properties.
A Class of Bell Diagonal States and Entanglement Witnesses
Authors: Chruściński Dariusz , Kossakowski Andrzej , Mlodawski Krzysztof , Matsuoka Takashi
Published: September 2010

We analyze special class of bipartite states — so-called Bell diagonal states. In particular, we provide new examples of bound entangled Bell diagonal states and construct the class of entanglement witnesses diagonal in the magic basis.
On the Description of Bistochastic Kadison–Schwarz Operators on 𝕄2(ℂ)
Authors: Mukhamedov Farrukh , Abduganiev Abduaziz
Published: September 2010

In this paper we describe bistochastic Kadison-Schawrz operators on M2(ℂ). Such description allows us to find positive, but not Kadison-Schwarz operators. Moreover, by means of this characterization we can construct Kadison–Schawrz operators which are not completely positive.
Evidence of Magic Numbers in Nuclei by Statistical Indicators
Authors: López-Ruiz Ricardo , Sañudo Jaime
Published: September 2010

The calculation of a statistical measure of complexity and the Fisher-Shannon information in nuclei is carried out in this work. We use the nuclear shell model in order to obtain the fractional occupation probabilities of nuclear orbitals. The increasing of both magnitudes, the statistical complexity and the Fisher-Shannon information, with the number of nucleons is observed. The shell structure is reflected by the behaviour of the statistical complexity. The magic numbers are clearly revealed by the Fisher-Shannon information. Then, this work provides a new way of finding the magic numbers by a qualitative study through statistical indicators.
Evidence and Authority in Ethnographic and Linguistic Perspective
Authors: Kuipers Joel
Published: September 2010

A mainstream narrative in the academy casts hidebound authority as the enemy of evidence and, in many cases, the truth. In this review, I argue for an ethnographic and linguistic approach to evidence and authority as communicative practices that are not inherently opposed but rather inseparably intertwined. For ethnographers, authority can usefully be viewed as authorizing acts (recognizing that the act includes the receiver), and evidence can be thus treated as a kind of authorization, an act of providing evidence. Viewed in this more dynamic framework, authority and evidence become observable practices in which actors deploy cultural forms—performances, experiments, verb tenses, quotes, narratives, pronouns—to persuade, argue, confirm, and mediate social and cultural relations.
Publics and Politics
Authors: Cody Francis
Published: September 2010

This review surveys the literature on publics: political subjects that know themselves and act by means of mass-mediated communication. It examines classic accounts of how publics form through interlocking modes of social interaction, as well as the forms of social interaction that publics have been defined against. It also addresses recent work that has sought to account for contradictions within theories of the public sphere and to develop alternative understandings of public culture. Historical and ethnographic research on this topic reveals that some concept of publicity is foundational for a number of theories of self-determination, but that the subject of publicity is irrevocably enmeshed in the very technological, linguistic, and conceptual means of its own self-production. Research on publics is valuable because it has focused on this paradox of mediation at the center of modern political life.
Language and Migration to the United States
Authors: Dick Hilary Parsons
Published: September 2010

The ethnographic study of migration into the United States has shown that the culturally specific ways people are made into distinct and hierarchically ranked kinds are a key force organizing human movement. Among migrants, such people-making is transnational, unfolding across nation-state borders and involving encounters with regimes of social difference produced at multiple scales of interaction. This article explores the influential role language ideologies and practices play in transnational people-making, concentrating on orders of indexicality: the ways language creates and stratifies personae (images of people associated with patterned ways of using language). Orders of indexicality offer a useful way to conceptualize how regimes of social difference are generated and challenged. I examine, first, the indexical orders that erect nation-state borders, focusing on U.S. linguistic nationalism and covert racializing discourses. I then consider the scholarship on the indexical orders generated by migrants, emphasizing how they complicate those of the nation-state.
Menopause, A Biocultural Perspective
Authors: Melby Melissa K. , Lampl Michelle
Published: September 2010

Each menopausal body is the product of decades of physiological responses to an environment composed of cultural and biological factors. Anthropologists have documented population differences in reproductive endocrinology and developmental trajectories, and ethnic differences in hormones and symptoms at menopause demonstrate that this stage of life history is not exempt from this pattern. Antagonistic pleiotropy, in the form of constraints on the reproductive system, may explain the phenomenon of menopause in humans, optimizing the hormonal environment for reproduction earlier in the life course. Some menopausal symptoms may be side effects of modernizing lifestyle changes, representing discordance between our current lifestyles and genetic heritage. Further exploration of women's experience of menopause, as opposed to researcher-imposed definitions; macro- and microenvironmental factors, including diet and intestinal ecology; and folk etiologies involving the autonomic nervous system may lead to a deeper understanding of the complex biocultural mechanisms of menopause.
Maternal Prenatal Nutrition and Health in Grandchildren and Subsequent Generations
Authors: Susser E. , Kirkbride J.B. , Heijmans B.T. , Kresovich J.K. , Lumey L.H. , Stein A.D.
Published: September 2010

This review focuses on how maternal prenatal nutritional states may affect the health of grandchildren and later generations. We first summarize the limited current data in human populations relating to the potential transmission of phenotypes across multiple generations that result from the nutritional experience of a pregnant woman. We then discuss findings from other species, especially mammals, that provide important clues as to whether, and if so how, such transmission could occur in humans. Finally, we consider how studies of human populations could be best designed to detect transmission across multiple generations. We argue that just as epidemiologists embraced a life-course perspective to human health and disease in the twentieth century, we must now seek to better understand how health and disease could be shaped across multiple generations.
Ethnic Groups as Migrant Groups: Improving Understanding of Links Between Ethnicity/Race and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and Associated Conditions
Authors: Pollard Tessa M.
Published: September 2010

Most members of minority ethnic/racial groups in affluent western societies are recent immigrants or immediate descendants thereof. The health implications of ethnic groups also being migrant groups are important but often not fully explored. Research demonstrating developmental influences on the risk of type 2 diabetes and associated conditions suggests that migrants will differ in disease risk compared with the general population. It also leads us to expect intergenerational differences in disease risk within many minority ethnic/racial groups. Differences in health behaviors between ethnic/racial groups are also expected to change over time following migration, including across generations, but do not necessarily follow a simple model of acculturation. Understanding the ways in which the biosocial heritage of migrant groups interacts over the long term with migrants' new environments is central to understanding differences in disease risk that are identified as ethnic or racial and also highlights heterogeneity in risk within ethnic groups.
From Hominoid to Hominid Mind: What Changed and Why?
Authors: Hare Brian
Published: September 2010

The living great apes, and in particular members of the genus Pan, help test hypotheses regarding the cognitive skills of our extinct common ancestor. Research with chimpanzees suggests that we share some but not all of our abilities to model another's perspective in social interactions. Large-scale comparisons among human infants, bonobos, chimpanzees, and orangutans on both social and physical problem-solving tasks demonstrate that human infants are unique for their early emerging social cognitive skills, which facilitate participation in cultural interactions. Comparisons between bonobos and chimpanzees also reveal cognitive differences that are likely due to developmental shifts. These comparative studies suggest that our species' capabilities to assess the psychological states of others are built on those abilities that were present in our last common ape ancestor and were derived, in part, owing to shifts in cognitive ontogeny that likely account for species differences among other apes as well.
Archaeologists and Indigenous People: A Maturing Relationship?
Authors: Murray Tim
Published: September 2010

Over the past 25 years the practice of archaeology has been transformed by a broader and deeper engagement with indigenous peoples around the world. Although there are real differences in the nature and consequences of such engagements in different national and local contexts, it is now more widely understood that archaeologists should recognize the significant role of archaeological heritage in the formation and maintenance of indigenous identities. This new understanding is expressed in the concept of “indigenous archaeologies,” and the bulk of the paper reviews the concerns and approaches that are encompassed by it. The concerns of indigenous archaeologies overlap with other disciplinary movements that have come into being over the same period, especially postcolonial and “engaged” archaeologies that stress the political significance of archaeological knowledge and seek to enhance its social significance. Some of the more important consequences of such engaged archaeologies are discussed, especially new developments in historical archaeology, and the potential for these next contexts of significance and meaning to transform the theory and practice of the discipline.
Archaeological Ethnography: A Multitemporal Meeting Ground for Archaeology and Anthropology
Authors: Hamilakis Yannis
Published: September 2010

Archaeology and anthropology, despite their commonalities, have had a rather asymmetrical relationship, and the periodic attempts at closer collaboration resulted in mutual frustration. As both disciplines have recently undergone significant changes, however, with anthropology embracing more fully materiality and historicity, and archaeology engaging in contemporary research, often involving ethnography, the time is ripe for a new rapprochement. Archaeological ethnography, an emerging transdisciplinary field, offers such an opportunity. Archaeological ethnography is defined here as a transcultural space for multiple encounters, conversations, and interventions, involving researchers from various disciplines and diverse publics, and centered around materiality and temporality. It is multitemporal rather than presentist, and although many of its concerns to date are about clashes over heritage, this article argues that its potential is far greater because it can dislodge the certainties of conventional archaeology and question its ontological principles, such as those founded on modernist, linear, and successive temporality.
A Century of Feasting Studies
Authors: Hayden Brian , Villeneuve Suzanne
Published: September 2010

The study of feasting has gradually emerged from early descriptions and bewilderment to more sophisticated attempts to understand the logic and reasons behind the often lavish displays. We chart the various models that have been, and still are, used by anthropologists and archaeologists to explain this unique human behavior. Acquiring prestige is a popular explanation used by ethnographers, while coping with social conflicts is commonly invoked by archaeologists. However, more practical benefits behind feasts have also been proposed, as well as experiential motivations. Whichever explanation is endorsed, there is widespread agreement that feasts play important roles in establishing social identities and memories, creating political power and inequalities, gender identities, accomplishing work, and developing prestige technologies, possibly including domesticates.
Archaeologies of Sovereignty
Authors: Smith Adam T.
Published: September 2010

Archaeology has long sublimated an account of the political into a series of proxy concepts such as cities, civilizations, chiefdoms, and states. Recently, however, the archaeology of political association has been revitalized by efforts to forward a systematic account of the political, attentive to the creation and maintenance of sovereignty in practical negotiations between variously formalized authorities and a publically specified community of subjects. This new, and largely inchoate, archaeology of sovereignty has pushed the field to attend to the practical production of political regimes and the material mediations that articulate authorities and subjects. This review is intended to highlight the latent principles that draw this dispersed literature into a shared archaeological concern with sovereignty by sketching the intellectual crises that created the space for its emergence and the key concepts that orient current research. Taken together, the works discussed here point to a new concern with the dynamics of authorization and subjection across a wide range of political practices.
Colonialism and Migration in the Ancient Mediterranean
Authors: van Dommelen Peter
Published: September 2010

People and their material culture have moved across the Mediterranean since early prehistory. By the early first millennium BC, a crucial change occurred when people began to establish permanent settlements overseas and migrated in substantial numbers. This review focuses on the critical centuries of the Iron Age to examine how thinking about colonialism and migration in the Mediterranean has changed in recent decades. Because Mediterranean and Classical archaeology have always paid more attention to the colonial settlements founded than to the people who migrated, this review begins with an examination of colonial terminology to assess its conceptual roots and the influences of modern colonialism and nationalism. This leads to a discussion of approaches to migration and colonialism in recent decades and consideration of present postcolonial views of colonial situations and (material) culture. The review concludes with a brief survey of potential connections between migration studies and Mediterranean colonialism.
Transnational Migration and Global Health: The Production and Management of Risk, Illness, and Access to Care
Authors: Sargent Carolyn , Larchanché Stéphanie
Published: September 2010

Globalization, including the global flows of people, is clearly linked to disease transmission and vulnerability to health risks among immigrant populations. Anthropological research on transnational migration and health documents the implications of population movements for health and well-being. Studies of immigrant health reveal the importance of the social, political, and economic production of distress and disease as well as the structures and dynamics that produce particular patterns of access to health services. This review points to underlying political, economic, and social structures that produce particular patterns of health and disease among transnational migrants. Both critical and phenomenological analyses explore ideas of alterity and community, which underlie the production and management of immigrant health. Research on immigrant health underscores the importance of further attention to policies of entitlement and exclusion, which ultimately determine health vulnerabilities and accessibility of health care.
Hallucinations and Sensory Overrides
Authors: Luhrmann T. M.
Published: September 2010

Hallucinations are a vivid illustration of the way culture affects our most fundamental mental experience and the way that mind is shaped both by cultural invitation and by biological constraint. The anthropological evidence suggests that there are three patterns of hallucinations: experiences in which hallucinations are rare, brief, and not distressing; hallucinations that are frequent, extended, and distressing; and hallucinations that are frequent but not distressing. The ethnographic evidence also suggests that hallucinations are shaped by learning in at least two ways. People acquire specific representations about mind from their local social world, and people (particularly in spiritual pursuits) are encouraged to train their minds (or focus their attention) in specific ways. These two kinds of learning can affect even perception, this most basic domain of mental experience. This learning-centered approach may eventually have something to teach us about the pathways and trajectories of psychotic illness.
Concepts and Folk Theories
Authors: Gelman Susan A. , Legare Cristine H.
Published: September 2010

Human cognition is characterized by enormous variability and structured by universal psychological constraints. The focus of this article is on the development of knowledge acquisition because it provides important insight into how the mind interprets new information and constructs new ways of understanding. We propose that mental content can be productively approached by examining the intuitive causal explanatory “theories” that people construct to explain, interpret, and intervene in the world around them, including theories of mind, biology, or physics. A substantial amount of research in cognitive developmental psychology supports the integral role of intuitive theories in human learning and provides evidence that they structure, constrain, and guide the development of human cognition.
The Cultural Politics of Nation and Migration
Authors: Vertovec Steven
Published: September 2010

Immigrant cultures are routinely posed as threats to national culture. Particular understandings of immigrant and national cultures underlie cultural politics. Culturalism—conceiving cultures as reified, static, and homogeneous across bounded groups—imbues these understandings. Representations of immigrant and national culture are mutually constituted in policies, state institutions, the media, and everyday perceptions surrounding key categories such as borders, illegality, and the law. Furthermore, coupled with a popular or commonsense structural-functionalism that sees all cultural values and practices as inherently interlinked, many modes of cultural politics are contextually stimulated by anxieties about cultural loss. At critical junctures, certain representations gain powerful roles in cultural politics through synecdoche, when specific symbols stand for an integrated set of cultural attributes. Examples include Muslim head scarves in France and the “ground zero mosque” in the United States. Anthropologists can usefully mitigate culturalism and contribute to public debates by promoting more processual and distributive understandings of culture.
Migration, Remittances, and Household Strategies
Authors: Cohen Jeffrey H.
Published: September 2010

In this review, I examine the meaning, place, and role of remittances for migrants (movers) and for their sending households and communities. I define remittances as more than economic and explore the cultural and social value of remittances as well as the ways in which transnational space is created as movers and nonmovers interact. Although remittances are often critical to the well-being and survival of migrant sending households, this review also defines the costs that movers face as they remit and the positive as well as negative impacts remittances can hold for sending households.
Central Asia in the Post–Cold War World
Authors: Liu Morgan Y.
Published: September 2010

The anthropology of Central Asia provides socially situated, ethnographically grounded analyses that complicate grand narratives of post-Soviet transformations in this understudied and undertheorized region. Coalescing as a field with the sudden outsider access since the Soviet Union's collapse in 1991, western anthropological research in Central Asia is only beginning to contribute to current conceptual debates in anthropology. This review surveys the English-language literature, focused on the ex-Soviet republics Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Azerbaijan, with comparative references to Xinjiang, China. Themes revolve around economic survival strategies amid upheaval, traditionalist revivals in nationalizing states, Soviet rule's peculiar productivity of culture and imaginaries, post-9/11 Islamic modalities, the nature of state power, and the importance of Cold War epistemologies in critiquing this literature. It considers fruitful future directions of research within a post–Cold War frame.
The Ethnographic Arriving of Palestine
Authors: Furani Khaled , Rabinowitz Dan
Published: September 2010

This essay identifies four different modes of ethnographic engagement with Palestine since the nineteenth century: biblical, Oriental, absent, and poststructural. Focusing on the epistemic and political dynamics in which the recent admissibility of Palestine as a legitimate ethnographic subject is embedded, we highlight two conditions. One is the demystification of states and hegemonic groups that control them, and the concomitant legitimacy of groups with counterclaims. The other is the “crisis of representation” in the social sciences and the humanities. Combined with the rupture in Israel's sanctity in the West since the 1980s, these developments were conducive to Palestine's admission. We conclude by considering Palestine as a problem space that could reinvigorate the critical abilities of postcolonial language and the anthropology that it engenders.
Toward an Ecology of Materials
Authors: Ingold Tim
Published: September 2010

Both material culture studies and ecological anthropology are concerned with the material conditions of social and cultural life. Yet despite advances in each of these fields that have eroded traditional divisions between humanistic and science-based approaches, their respective practitioners continue to talk past one another in largely incommensurate theoretical languages. This review of recent trends in the study of material culture finds the reasons for this in (a) a conception of the material world and the nonhuman that leaves no space for living organisms, (b) an emphasis on materiality that prioritizes finished artifacts over the properties of materials, and (c) a conflation of things with objects that stops up the flows of energy and circulations of materials on which life depends. To overcome these limitations, the review proposes an ecology of materials that focuses on their enrollment in form-making processes. It concludes with some observations on materials, mind, and time.