bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
3D Model Characterization by 2D and 3D Imaging in t(14;18)-Positive B-NHL: Perspectives for In Vitro Drug Screens in Follicular Lymphoma
Authors: Gava Fabien , Faria Carla , Gravelle Pauline , Valero Juan G. , Dobaño-López Cèlia , Morin Renaud , Norlund Marine , Gomes Aurélie , Lagarde Jean-Michel , Rossi Cédric , Bordenave Julie , Pieruccioni Laetitia , Rouquette Jacques , Matas-Céspedes Alba , Fournié Jean-Jacques , Ysebaert Loïc , Laurent Camille , Pérez-Galán Patricia , Bezombes Christine
Published: March 2021

Follicular lymphoma (FL) is an indolent B cell lymphoproliferative disorder of transformed follicular center B cells, which accounts for 20–30 percent of all non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cases. Great advances have been made to identify the most relevant targets for precision therapy. However, no relevant models for in vitro studies have been developed or characterized in depth. To this purpose, we generated a 3D cell model from t(14;18)-positive B-NHL cell lines cultured in ultra-low attachment 96-well plates. Morphological features and cell growth behavior were evaluated by classical microscopy (2D imaging) and response to treatment with different drugs was evaluated by a high-content analysis system to determine the robustness of the model. We show that the ultra-low attachment (ULA) method allows the development of regular, spherical and viable ULA-multicellular aggregates of lymphoma cells (MALC). However, discrepancies in the results obtained after 2D imaging analyses on drug-treated ULA-MALC prompted us to develop 3D imaging and specific analyses. We show by using light sheet microscopy and specifically developed 3D imaging algorithms that 3D imaging and dedicated analyses are necessary to characterize morphological properties of 3D models and drug effects. This study proposes a new method, but also imaging tools and informatic solutions, developed for FL necessary for future preclinical studies.
Crossing the Borders: An Integrated Approach to Myeloproliferative Neoplasms and Mastocytoses
Authors: Pizzi Marco
Published: March 2021

Since the first description of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) as a “suppuration of the blood” in 1845 [...]
An Evaluation of the Diagnostic Accuracy of a Panel of Variants in DPYD and a Single Variant in ENOSF1 for Predicting Common Capecitabine Related Toxicities
Authors: Palles Claire , Fotheringham Susan , Chegwidden Laura , Lucas Marie , Kerr Rachel , Mozolowski Guy , Rosmarin Dan , Taylor Jenny C. , Tomlinson Ian , Kerr David
Published: March 2021

Efficacy of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy is limited by significant toxicity. Tests based upon variants in the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines with high level evidence of a link to dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) phenotype and 5-FU toxicity are available to identify patients at high risk of severe adverse events (AEs). We previously reported associations between rs1213215, rs2612091, and NM_000110.3:c.1906-14763G>A (rs12022243) and capecitabine induced toxicity in clinical trial QUASAR 2. We also identified patients with DPD deficiency alleles NM_000110.3: c.1905+1G>A, NM_000110.3: c.2846C>T, NM_000110.3:c.1679T>G and NM_000110.3:c.1651G>A. We have now assessed the frequency of thirteen additional DPYD deficiency variants in 888 patients from the QUASAR 2 clinical trial. We also compared the area under the curve (AUC)—a measure of diagnostic accuracy—of the high-level evidence variants from the CPIC guidelines plus and minus additional DPYD deficiency variants and or common variants associated with 5-FU toxicity. Including additional DPYD deficiency variants retained good diagnostic accuracy for serious adverse events (AEs) and improved sensitivity for predicting grade 4 haematological toxicities (sensitivity 0.75, specificity 0.94) but the improvement in AUC for this toxicity was not significant. Larger datasets will be required to determine the benefit of including additional DPYD deficiency variants not observed here. Genotyping two common alleles statistically significantly improves AUC for prediction of risk of HFS and may be clinically useful (AUC difference 0.177, sensitivity 0.84, specificity 0.31).
Assessment of the Neuroprotective and Stemness Properties of Human Wharton’s Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells under Variable (5% vs. 21%) Aerobic Conditions
Authors: Tomecka Ewelina , Lech Wioletta , Zychowicz Marzena , Sarnowska Anna , Murzyn Magdalena , Oldak Tomasz , Domanska-Janik Krystyna , Buzanska Leonora , Rozwadowska Natalia
Published: March 2021

To optimise the culture conditions for human Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hWJ-MSCs) intended for clinical use, we investigated ten different properties of these cells cultured under 21% (atmospheric) and 5% (physiological normoxia) oxygen concentrations. The obtained results indicate that 5% O2 has beneficial effects on the proliferation rate, clonogenicity, and slowdown of senescence of hWJ-MSCs; however, the oxygen level did not have an influence on the cell morphology, immunophenotype, or neuroprotective effect of the hWJ-MSCs. Nonetheless, the potential to differentiate into adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes was comparable under both oxygen conditions. However, spontaneous differentiation of hWJ-MSCs into neuronal lineages was observed and enhanced under atmospheric oxygen conditions. The cells relied more on mitochondrial respiration than glycolysis, regardless of the oxygen conditions. Based on these results, we can conclude that hWJ-MSCs could be effectively cultured and prepared under both oxygen conditions for cell-based therapy. However, the 5% oxygen level seemed to create a more balanced and appropriate environment for hWJ-MSCs.
Involvement of the Microglial Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Neuroinflammation and Vasogenic Edema after Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Tanaka Miki , Fujikawa Masaho , Oguro Ami , Itoh Kouichi , Vogel Christoph F. A. , Ishihara Yasuhiro
Published: March 2021

Microglia are activated after ischemic stroke and induce neuroinflammation. The expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has recently been reported to elicit cytokine expression. We previously reported that microglial activation mediates ischemic edema progression. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the role of AhR in inflammation and edema after ischemia using a mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. MCAO upregulated AhR expression in microglia during ischemia. MCAO increased the expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and then induced edema progression, and worsened the modified neurological severity scores, with these being suppressed by administration of an AhR antagonist, CH223191. In THP-1 macrophages, the NADPH oxidase (NOX) subunit p47phox was significantly increased by AhR ligands, especially under inflammatory conditions. Suppression of NOX activity by apocynin or elimination of superoxide by superoxide dismutase decreased TNFα expression, which was induced by the AhR ligand. AhR ligands also elicited p47phox expression in mouse primary microglia. Thus, p47phox may be important in oxidative stress and subsequent inflammation. In MCAO model mice, P47phox expression was upregulated in microglia by ischemia. Lipid peroxidation induced by MCAO was suppressed by CH223191. Taken together, these findings suggest that AhR in the microglia is involved in neuroinflammation and subsequent edema, after MCAO via p47phox expression upregulation and oxidative stress.
GSK-3 and Tau: A Key Duet in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Sayas Carmen Laura , Ávila Jesús
Published: March 2021

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine kinase with a plethora of substrates. As a modulator of several cellular processes, GSK-3 has a central position in cell metabolism and signaling, with important roles both in physiological and pathological conditions. GSK-3 has been associated with a number of human disorders, such as neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). GSK-3 contributes to the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, the main component of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), one of the hallmarks of AD. GSK-3 is further involved in the regulation of different neuronal processes that are dysregulated during AD pathogenesis, such as the generation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide or Aβ-induced cell death, axonal transport, cholinergic function, and adult neurogenesis or synaptic function. In this review, we will summarize recent data about GSK-3 involvement in these processes contributing to AD pathology, mostly focusing on the crucial interplay between GSK-3 and tau protein. We further discuss the current development of potential AD therapies targeting GSK-3 or GSK-3-phosphorylated tau.
Role of Sox2 in Learning, Memory, and Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Mice
Authors: Gui Lingli , Luo Zhen , Shan Weiran , Zuo Zhiyi
Published: March 2021

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a significant clinical issue. Its neuropathogenesis has not been clearly identified and effective interventions for clinical use to reduce POCD have not been established. This study was designed to determine whether environmental enrichment (EE) or cognitive enrichment (CE) reduces POCD and whether sex-determining region Y-box-2 regulated by sirtuin 1, plays a role in the effect. Eighteen-month-old male mice were subjected to right-common-carotid-artery exposure under sevoflurane anesthesia. Some of them stayed in cages with EE or CE after the surgery. Learning and memory of mice were tested by a Barnes maze and fear conditioning, starting 2 weeks after the surgery. Sex-determining region Y-box-2 (Sox2) in the brain was silenced by small hairpin RNA (shRNA). Immunofluorescent staining was used to quantify Sox2-positive cells. Surgery reduced Sox2-positive cells in the hippocampus (64 ± 9 cells vs. 91 ± 9 cells in control group, n = 6, p < 0.001) and impaired learning and memory (time to identify target box one day after training sessions in the Barnes maze test: 132 ± 53 s vs. 79 ± 53 s in control group, n = 10, p = 0.040). EE or CE applied after surgery attenuated this reduction of Sox2 cells and POCD. Surgery reduced sirtuin 1 activity and CE attenuated this reduction. Resveratrol, a sirtuin 1 activator, attenuated POCD and surgery-induced decrease of Sox2-positive cells. Silencing shRNA reduced the Sox2-positive cells in the hippocampus and impaired learning and memory in mice without surgery. These results suggest a role of Sox2 in learning, memory, and POCD. EE and CE attenuated POCD via maintaining Sox2-positive cells in the hippocampus.
Optimization of Surface Properties of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coating by Organic Additives: A Review
Authors: Kaseem Mosab , Dikici Burak
Published: March 2021

Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is an effective surface modification method for producing ceramic oxide layers on metals and their alloys. Although inorganic electrolytes are widely used in PEO, the organic additives have received considerable interest in the last decade due to their roles in improving the final voltage and controlling spark discharging, which lead to significant improvements in the performance of the obtained coatings. Therefore, this review summarized recent progress in the impacts of organic additives on the electrical response and the plasma discharges behavior during the PEO process. The detailed influence of organic additives, namely alcohols, organic acids, organic amines, organic acid salts, carbohydrate compounds, and surfactants on the corrosion behavior of PEO coatings is outlined. Finally, the future aspects and challenges that limit the industrial applications of PEO coating made in organic electrolytes are also highlighted.
Estimating Simultaneous Equation Models through an Entropy-Based Incremental Variational Bayes Learning Algorithm
Authors: Hernández-Sanjaime Rocío , González Martín , Peñalver Antonio , López-Espín Jose J.
Published: March 2021

The presence of unaccounted heterogeneity in simultaneous equation models (SEMs) is frequently problematic in many real-life applications. Under the usual assumption of homogeneity, the model can be seriously misspecified, and it can potentially induce an important bias in the parameter estimates. This paper focuses on SEMs in which data are heterogeneous and tend to form clustering structures in the endogenous-variable dataset. Because the identification of different clusters is not straightforward, a two-step strategy that first forms groups among the endogenous observations and then uses the standard simultaneous equation scheme is provided. Methodologically, the proposed approach is based on a variational Bayes learning algorithm and does not need to be executed for varying numbers of groups in order to identify the one that adequately fits the data. We describe the statistical theory, evaluate the performance of the suggested algorithm by using simulated data, and apply the two-step method to a macroeconomic problem.
Constrained Parameter Estimation for a Mechanistic Kinetic Model of Cobalt–Hydrogen Electrochemical Competition during a Cobalt Removal Process
Authors: Liang Yiting , Zhang Yuanhua , Li Yonggang
Published: March 2021

A mechanistic kinetic model of cobalt–hydrogen electrochemical competition for the cobalt removal process in zinc hydrometallurgical was proposed. In addition, to overcome the parameter estimation difficulties arising from the model nonlinearities and the lack of information on the possible value ranges of parameters to be estimated, a constrained guided parameter estimation scheme was derived based on model equations and experimental data. The proposed model and the parameter estimation scheme have two advantages: (i) The model reflected for the first time the mechanism of the electrochemical competition between cobalt and hydrogen ions in the process of cobalt removal in zinc hydrometallurgy; (ii) The proposed constrained parameter estimation scheme did not depend on the information of the possible value ranges of parameters to be estimated; (iii) the constraint conditions provided in that scheme directly linked the experimental phenomenon metrics to the model parameters thereby providing deeper insights into the model parameters for model users. Numerical experiments showed that the proposed constrained parameter estimation algorithm significantly improved the estimation efficiency. Meanwhile, the proposed cobalt–hydrogen electrochemical competition model allowed for accurate simulation of the impact of hydrogen ions on cobalt removal rate as well as simulation of the trend of hydrogen ion concentration, which would be helpful for the actual cobalt removal process in zinc hydrometallurgy.
Digital Design in Artistic Education: An Overview of Research in the University Setting
Authors: González-Zamar Mariana-Daniela , Abad-Segura Emilio
Published: March 2021

Digital design processes in artistic education promote the development of autonomy and self-critical capacities among students. Digital technology has transformed university education and the development of transversal skills. The objective of this study is to analyze research on digital design in art education in the context of higher education during the period 2000–2020. Bibliometric techniques were applied to 1027 articles selected from the Scopus database. The findings yielded data on the scientific productivity of journals, authors, research institutions and countries/territories that promote this topic. The data show an exponential trend, with more insistence in the last three years. Six current schools of knowledge related to art, level, formation, faculty, perception and relationship were detected. This research establishes the link between education, art and technology in the university context, and it is a tool for decision making by promoters of this field of research.
Perspectives of Convertors and Communication Aspects in Automated Vehicles, Part 1: Convertors and Condition Monitoring
Authors: Mohan Rao U. , Verma Anant K. , Darimireddy Naresh K. , Fofana I. , Park Chan-Wang , Vedik B.
Published: March 2021

A critical survey has been conducted on high energy-efficient bidirectional converters, various topologies that effectively meet the automated vehicle requirements, and 24 GHz/77 GHz low-profile antennas (for automotive radar applications). The present survey has been identified into two parts on the current topic of study as perspectives and challenges. Part 1 of this survey covers energy-efficient power electronic convertor topologies and condition monitoring aspects of convertors to enhance the lifespan and improve performance. Condition-monitoring issues concerning the abnormalities of electrical components, high switching frequencies, electromagnetic interference, leakage currents, and unwanted joint ruptures have also been emphasized. It is observed that composite converters are proficient for automated hybrid electric vehicles due to fast dynamic response and reduced component count. Importantly, electrical component failures in power electronic converters are most common and need attention for the effective operation of the bidirectional converters. Hence, condition monitoring implementation schemes have also been summarized. Part 2 of this survey focuses on 24 and 77 GHz low-profile (microstrip-based) antennas for automotive radar applications, types of antenna structures, feed mechanisms, dielectric material requirements, design techniques, and performance parameters. The discussion in Part 2 also covers feed methodologies, beam scanning concepts, and side-lobe levels on the autonomous vehicle communication activities.
Grid Parity Analysis of China’s Centralized Photovoltaic Generation under Multiple Uncertainties
Authors: Zhang Libo , Du Qian , Zhou Dequn
Published: March 2021

The cost of centralized photovoltaic (CPV) power generation has been decreasing rapidly in China. However, the achievement of grid parity is full of uncertainties due to changes in policies and the industry environment. In order to explore the time, price, and external conditions in which grid parity can be achieved, we create the improved grey GM (1, 1) model to estimate the installed capacity over the next 10 years, and apply a learning curve to predict the cost of CPV generation. In the analysis of grid parity, we compare the benchmark price of coal power and the price under the market-oriented mechanism with CPV. The results show that China’s CPV industry will enter the early stage of maturity from 2020 onwards; with the help of benchmark investment, the grid parity of CPV may be achieved in 2022 at the earliest and 2025 at the latest. After 2025, the photovoltaic electricity price will be generally lower than the coal electricity price under marketization. By 2030, CPV power generation costs will reach US $0.05/kWh, the accumulative installed capacity will exceed 370 GW, and the uncertainties will lead to a cumulative installed gap of nearly 100 GW.
Simulation Research on the Heating Performance of the Combined System of Solar Energy and Heat-Source Tower Heat Pump in a Hot Summer and Cold Winter Area
Authors: Shen Xiaohang , Li Nianping , A Yongga
Published: March 2021

Three connection methods for the combined heating systems of a closed-type heat-source tower heat pump (CHTHP) and solar collector (SC) were proposed in this paper: the heat-source tower (HST) and solar collector were connected in series (HST+SC), and the solar collector and heat pump (HP) condenser were connected in series (SC+HP) and in parallel (SC//HP). The calculation module of the closed heat-source tower was built using programming software based on C++ language, and three corresponding calculation models of the combined heating systems were established in the TRNSYS. Under the climatic conditions of the cold season in Changsha, the combined heating performance of the three systems was simulated and analyzed. The results indicate that the simulation results of the established models are in good agreement with the test results, and the simulation results can be used for the research of the system’s combined heating performance. When the outdoor air temperature and solar radiation intensity are low, the HST+SC system has the best heating performance; however, when the solar radiation intensity and ambient temperature are high, the heating performance of the SC//HP system is the best. When the solar radiation intensity and outdoor air temperature are between the previous two working conditions, the SC+HP system is the best performer for heating among the three systems. On the basis of the collector area and heat pump power designed in this study, the best operating condition interval diagrams of the three combined heating systems are established.
Ecological Niches and Suitability Areas of Three Host Pine Species of Bark Beetle Dendroctonus mexicanus Hopkins
Authors: Méndez-Encina Fátima M. , Méndez-González Jorge , Mendieta-Oviedo Rocío , López-Díaz José Ó. M. , Nájera-Luna Juan A.
Published: March 2021

Bark beetles are a natural part of coniferous forests. Dendroctonus mexicanus Hopkins is the most widely distributed and most destructive bark beetle in Mexico, colonizing more than 21 pine species. The objectives of this study were to generate ecological niche models for D. mexicanus and three of its most important host species, to evaluate the overlap of climate suitability of the association Dendroctonus–Pinus, and to determine the possible expansion of the bark beetle. We used meticulously cleaned species occurrence records, 15 bioclimatic variables and ‘kuenm’, an R package that uses Maxent as a modeling algorithm. The Dendroctonus–Pinus ecological niches were compared using ordination methods and the kernel density function. We generated 1392 candidate models; not all were statistically significant (α = 0.05). The response type was quadratic; there is a positive correlation between suitability and precipitation, and negative with temperature, the latter determining climatic suitability of the studied species. Indeed, a single variable (Bio 1) contributed 93.9% to the model (Pinus leiophylla Schl. & Cham). The overlap of suitable areas for Dendroctonus–Pinus is 74.95% (P. leiophylla) and on average of 46.66% in ecological niches. It is observed that D. mexicanus begins to expand towards climates not currently occupied by the studied pine species.
A Tale of Two Stories: Unsettling a Settler Family’s History in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Shaw Richard
Published: March 2021

On the morning of the 5 November 1881, my great-grandfather stood alongside 1588 other military men, waiting to commence the invasion of Parihaka pā, home to the great pacifist leaders Te Whiti o Rongomai and Tohu Kākahi and their people. Having contributed to the military campaign against the pā, he returned some years later as part of the agricultural campaign to complete the alienation of Taranaki iwi from their land in Aotearoa New Zealand. None of this detail appears in any of the stories I was raised with. I grew up Pākehā (i.e., a descendant of people who came to Aotearoa from Europe as part of the process of colonisation) and so my stories tend to conform to orthodox settler narratives of ‘success, inevitability, and rights of belonging’. This article is an attempt to right that wrong. In it, I draw on insights from the critical family history literature to explain the nature, purposes and effects of the (non)narration of my great-grandfather’s participation in the military invasion of Parihaka in late 1881. On the basis of a more historically comprehensive and contextualised account of the acquisition of three family farms, I also explore how the control of land taken from others underpinned the creation of new settler subjectivities and created various forms of privilege that have flowed down through the generations. Family histories shape the ways in which we make sense of and locate ourselves in the places we live, and those of us whose roots reach back to the destructive practices of colonisation have a particular responsibility to ensure that such narratives do not conform to comfortable type. This article is an attempt to unsettle my settler family narrative.
Insect Behavioral Change and the Potential Contributions of Neuroinflammation—A Call for Future Research
Authors: Mangold Colleen A. , Hughes David P.
Published: March 2021

Many organisms are able to elicit behavioral change in other organisms. Examples include different microbes (e.g., viruses and fungi), parasites (e.g., hairworms and trematodes), and parasitoid wasps. In most cases, the mechanisms underlying host behavioral change remain relatively unclear. There is a growing body of literature linking alterations in immune signaling with neuron health, communication, and function; however, there is a paucity of data detailing the effects of altered neuroimmune signaling on insect neuron function and how glial cells may contribute toward neuron dysregulation. It is important to consider the potential impacts of altered neuroimmune communication on host behavior and reflect on its potential role as an important tool in the “neuro-engineer” toolkit. In this review, we examine what is known about the relationships between the insect immune and nervous systems. We highlight organisms that are able to influence insect behavior and discuss possible mechanisms of behavioral manipulation, including potentially dysregulated neuroimmune communication. We close by identifying opportunities for integrating research in insect innate immunity, glial cell physiology, and neurobiology in the investigation of behavioral manipulation.
Pressures and Status of the Riparian Vegetation in Greek Rivers: Overview and Preliminary Assessment
Authors: Latsiou Anna , Kouvarda Theodora , Stefanidis Konstantinos , Papaioannou George , Gritzalis Konstantinos , Dimitriou Elias
Published: March 2021

Riparian zones play an important role in the ecological stability of rivers. In particular, the quality of the riparian vegetation is a significant component of the hydromorphological status. In Europe, the QBR index (Qualitat del Bosc de Ribera) and the River Habitat Survey (RHS) are commonly used for the qualitative assessment of the riparian vegetation. In this study, we estimated the QBR index and the Riparian Quality index, which is derived from the RHS method, for 123 river reaches of the National Monitoring Network of Greece. Our field work included the completion of RHS and QBR protocols, as well as the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The aim of this study is to assess the riparian vegetation status and to identify linkages with the dominant land uses within the catchment. Correlation analysis was used to identify the relationships between hydromorphological alterations and the degradation of the riparian vegetation, as well as their connection to land uses in the catchment area. Our results highlighted severe modifications of the riparian vegetation for the majority of the studied reaches. We also showed a differentiation of the QBR with respect to changes in the altitude and the land uses in the catchment area. Overall QBR reflects the variation in the riparian vegetation quality better than RQI. Our findings constitute an assessment of the status of the riparian zones in Greek rivers and set the basis for further research for the development of new and effective tools for a rapid quality assessment of the riparian zones.
Educational Disparities in COVID-19 Prevention in China: The Role of Contextual Danger, Perceived Risk, and Interventional Context
Authors: Li Miao , Wang Weidong
Published: March 2021

Despite the social disparities in COVID-19 infection, little is known about factors influencing social disparities in preventive behaviors during the pandemic. This study examined how educational disparities in mask-wearing, handwashing, and limiting public outings might be contingent upon three factors: contextual cue of danger, perceived risk of local outbreak, and interventional context with different levels of intensity (i.e, Wuhan vs. other areas). Data were obtained from a telephone survey of 3327 adults, who were recruited through a random-digit-dial method to be representative of all cell phone users in China. Interviews were conducted from 28 April to 26 May 2020. Stratified multiple regression models showed that educational disparities in all three behaviors were only consistently observed among people exposed to context cues of danger, with an enhanced sense of risk of a local outbreak, or in areas other than Wuhan. College education seems to make a difference in handwashing regardless of contextual cues of danger or perception of risk. The findings suggested that, in the process of an epidemic, emerging threats in one’s immediate environment or raised awareness of risks are important conditions triggering educational disparities in prevention. However, effective public health interventions could potentially reduce such disparities.
Metabolite Analysis of Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) Seedlings in Response to Polyethylene Glycol-Simulated Drought Stress
Authors: Zhao Mengliang , Ren Yanjing , Wei Wei , Yang Jiaming , Zhong Qiwen , Li Zheng
Published: March 2021

Jerusalem artichokes are a perennial crop with high drought tolerance and high value as a raw material to produce biofuels, functional feed, and food. However, there are few comprehensive metabolomic studies on Jerusalem artichokes under drought conditions. Methods: Ultra-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry were used to identify differential metabolites in Jerusalem artichoke seedling leaves under polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000-simulated drought stress at 0, 18, 24, and 36 h. Results: A total of 661 metabolites and 236 differential metabolites were identified at 0 vs. 18, 18 vs. 24, and 24 vs. 36 h. 146 differential metabolites and 56 common were identified and at 0 vs. 18, 24, and 36 h. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment identified 236 differential metabolites involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and amino acids. Metabolites involved in glycolysis, phenolic metabolism, tricarboxylic cycle, glutamate-mediated proline biosynthesis, urea cycle, amino acid metabolism, unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, and the met salvage pathway responded to drought stress. Conclusion: A metabolic network in the leaves of Jerusalem artichokes under drought stress is proposed. These results will improve understanding of the metabolite response to drought stress in Jerusalem artichokes and develop a foundation for breeding drought-resistant varieties.
Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Gnrhr: A Checkpoint for Metabolic Control of Female Reproduction
Authors: Odle Angela K. , MacNicol Melanie C. , Childs Gwen V. , MacNicol Angus M.
Published: March 2021

The proper expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors (GnRHRs) by pituitary gonadotropes is critical for maintaining maximum reproductive capacity. GnRH receptor expression must be tightly regulated in order to maintain the normal pattern of expression through the estrous cycle in rodents, which is believed to be important for interpreting the finely tuned pulses of GnRH from the hypothalamus. Much work has shown that Gnrhr expression is heavily regulated at the level of transcription. However, researchers have also discovered that Gnrhr is regulated post-transcriptionally. This review will discuss how RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs may play critical roles in the regulation of GnRHR expression. We will also discuss how these post-transcriptional regulators may themselves be affected by metabolic cues, specifically with regards to the adipokine leptin. All together, we present evidence that Gnrhr is regulated post-transcriptionally, and that this concept must be further explored in order to fully understand the complex nature of this receptor.
Understanding Plant Social Networking System: Avoiding Deleterious Microbiota but Calling Beneficials
Authors: Park Yong-Soon , Ryu Choong-Min
Published: March 2021

Plant association with microorganisms elicits dramatic effects on the local phytobiome and often causes systemic and transgenerational modulation on plant immunity against insect pests and microbial pathogens. Previously, we introduced the concept of the plant social networking system (pSNS) to highlight the active involvement of plants in the recruitment of potentially beneficial microbiota upon exposure to insects and pathogens. Microbial association stimulates the physiological responses of plants and induces the development of their immune mechanisms while interacting with multiple enemies. Thus, beneficial microbes serve as important mediators of interactions among multiple members of the multitrophic, microscopic and macroscopic communities. In this review, we classify the steps of pSNS such as elicitation, signaling, secreting root exudates, and plant protection; summarize, with evidence, how plants and beneficial microbes communicate with each other; and also discuss how the molecular mechanisms underlying this communication are induced in plants exposed to natural enemies. Collectively, the pSNS modulates robustness of plant physiology and immunity and promotes survival potential by helping plants to overcome the environmental and biological challenges.
Deficiency of Tristetraprolin Triggers Hyperthermia through Enhancing Hypothalamic Inflammation
Authors: Jeong Da Yeon , Song Nuri , Yang Hye Rim , Tu Thai Hien , Park Byong Seo , Kang Hara , Park Jeong Woo , Lee Byung Ju , Yang Sunggu , Kim Jae Geun
Published: March 2021

Tristetraprolin (TTP), an RNA-binding protein, controls the stability of RNA by capturing AU-rich elements on their target genes. It has recently been identified that TTP serves as an anti-inflammatory protein by guiding the unstable mRNAs of pro-inflammatory proteins in multiple cells. However, it has not yet been investigated whether TTP affects the inflammatory responses in the hypothalamus. Since hypothalamic inflammation is tightly coupled to the disturbance of energy homeostasis, we designed the current study to investigate whether TTP regulates hypothalamic inflammation and thereby affects energy metabolism by utilizing TTP-deficient mice. We observed that deficiency of TTP led to enhanced hypothalamic inflammation via stimulation of a variety of pro-inflammatory genes. In addition, microglial activation occurred in the hypothalamus, which was accompanied by an enhanced inflammatory response. In line with these molecular and cellular observations, we finally confirmed that deficiency of TTP results in elevated core body temperature and energy expenditure. Taken together, our findings unmask novel roles of hypothalamic TTP on energy metabolism, which is linked to inflammatory responses in hypothalamic microglial cells.
A Volumetric Analysis of the 1H NMR Chemical Shielding in Supramolecular Systems
Authors: Czernek Jiří , Brus Jiří
Published: March 2021

The liquid state NMR chemical shift of protons is a parameter frequently used to characterize host–guest complexes. Its theoretical counterpart, that is, the 1H NMR chemical shielding affected by the solvent (1H CS), may provide important insights into spatial arrangements of supramolecular systems, and it can also be reliably obtained for challenging cases of an aggregation of aromatic and antiaromatic molecules in solution. This computational analysis is performed for the complex of coronene and an antiaromatic model compound in acetonitrile by employing the GIAO-B3LYP-PCM approach combined with a saturated basis set. Predicted 1H CS values are used to generate volumetric data, whose properties are thoroughly investigated. The 1H CS isosurface, corresponding to a value of the proton chemical shift taken from a previous experimental study, is described. The presence of the 1H CS isosurface should be taken into account in deriving structural information about supramolecular hosts and their encapsulation of small molecules.
Neuroprotective Effect of Aurantio-Obtusin, a Putative Vasopressin V1A Receptor Antagonist, on Transient Forebrain Ischemia Mice Model
Authors: Paudel Pradeep , Kim Dong Hyun , Jeon Jieun , Park Se Eun , Seong Su Hui , Jung Hyun Ah , Choi Jae Sue
Published: March 2021

Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have been a rich source of novel drug discovery, and Cassia seed is one of the common TCMs with numerous biological effects. Based on the existing reports on neuroprotection by Cassia seed extract, the present study aims to search possible pharmacological targets behind the neuroprotective effects of the Cassia seeds by evaluating the functional effect of specific Cassia compounds on various G-protein-coupled receptors. Among the four test compounds (cassiaside, rubrofusarin gentiobioside, aurantio-obtusin, and 2-hydroxyemodin 1-methylether), only aurantio-obtusin demonstrated a specific V1AR antagonist effect (71.80 ± 6.0% inhibition at 100 µM) and yielded an IC50 value of 67.70 ± 2.41 μM. A molecular docking study predicted an additional interaction of the hydroxyl group at C6 and a methoxy group at C7 of aurantio-obtusin with the Ser341 residue as functional for the observed antagonist effect. In the transient brain ischemia/reperfusion injury C57BL/6 mice model, aurantio-obtusin attenuated the latency time that was reduced in the bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) groups. Likewise, compared to neuronal damage in the BCCAO groups, treatment with aurantio-obtusin (10 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced the severity of damage in medial cornu ammonis 1 (mCA1), dorsal CA1, and cortex regions. Overall, the findings of this study highlight V1AR as a possible target of aurantio-obtusin for neuroprotection.
Activation of the Complement System on Human Endothelial Cells by Urban Particulate Matter Triggers Inflammation-Related Protein Production
Authors: Choi Myoung Su , Jeon Hyungtaek , Yoo Seung-Min , Lee Myung-Shin
Published: March 2021

Exposure to particulate matter (PM) is becoming a major global health issue. The amount and time of exposure to PM are known to be closely associated with cardiovascular diseases. However, the mechanism through which PM affects the vascular system is still not clear. Endothelial cells line the interior surface of blood vessels and actively interact with plasma proteins, including the complement system. Unregulated complement activation caused by invaders, such as pollutants, may promote endothelial inflammation. In the present study, we sought to investigate whether urban PM (UPM) acts on the endothelial environment via the complement system. UPM-treated human endothelial cells with normal human serum showed the deposition of membrane attack complexes (MACs) on the cell surface via the alternative pathway of the complement system. Despite the formation of MACs, cell death was not observed, and cell proliferation was increased in UPM-mediated complement activation. Furthermore, complement activation on endothelial cells stimulated the production of inflammation-related proteins. Our results revealed that UPM could activate the complement system in human endothelial cells and that complement activation regulated inflammatory reaction in microenvironment. These findings provide clues with regard to the role of the complement system in pathophysiologic events of vascular disease elicited by air pollution.
Potential of Superhydrophobic Surface for Blood-Contacting Medical Devices
Authors: Wu Xun Hui , Liew Yun Khoon , Mai Chun-Wai , Then Yoon Yee
Published: March 2021

Medical devices are indispensable in the healthcare setting, ranging from diagnostic tools to therapeutic instruments, and even supporting equipment. However, these medical devices may be associated with life-threatening complications when exposed to blood. To date, medical device-related infections have been a major drawback causing high mortality. Device-induced hemolysis, albeit often neglected, results in negative impacts, including thrombotic events. Various strategies have been approached to overcome these issues, but the outcomes are yet to be considered as successful. Recently, superhydrophobic materials or coatings have been brought to attention in various fields. Superhydrophobic surfaces are proposed to be ideal blood-compatible biomaterials attributed to their beneficial characteristics. Reports have substantiated the blood repellence of a superhydrophobic surface, which helps to prevent damage on blood cells upon cell–surface interaction, thereby alleviating subsequent complications. The anti-biofouling effect of superhydrophobic surfaces is also desired in medical devices as it resists the adhesion of organic substances, such as blood cells and microorganisms. In this review, we will focus on the discussion about the potential contribution of superhydrophobic surfaces on enhancing the hemocompatibility of blood-contacting medical devices.
Bank Capital Buffer and Economic Growth: New Insights from the US Banking Sector
Authors: Abbas Faisal , Yousaf Imran , Ali Shoaib , Wong Wing-Keung
Published: March 2021

This research intends to explore the relationship between capital buffer, nominator effect, denominator effect, and economic growth for large insured commercial banks of the USA. The study applied a two-step system Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) framework by taking the unique and comprehensive dataset over the period extending from 2002 to 2018. The research found a countercyclical relationship between a capital buffer and economic growth. In the case of well-capitalized banks, this relationship is more critical than adequately capitalized banks. In the case of low-liquid banks, counter-cyclicality is more significant than high-liquid banks. The results also suggest the pro-cyclical relationship between nominator, denominator, and economic growth. The results remain consistent and robust with the use of the tier-one capital buffer ratio. The findings have implications for regulators to incorporate the counter-cyclicality between the capital buffer and economic growth, while formulating the policies for capital requirements in the future.
Hydrogels in Hand Sanitizers
Authors: Villa Carla , Russo Eleonora
Published: March 2021

Hand hygiene can be considered a strategic key useful in the containment of infections such as COVID-19 both at home and in communities because it can dramatically reduce the widespread outbreak of infections. In case of the unavailability of soap and water, “instant” hand sanitizers are recommended because their application can be considered easy, versatile, quick and often less aggressive for the skin. For these reasons, alcoholic and alcohol-free hand rub gels can be considered the best performing formulations on the market. Together with disinfectants and antiseptic agents, hydrogels play a fundamental role in obtaining stable formulations and are easy to disperse, with a pleasant skin feel and an overall good performance. Several compounds commonly used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industry are available for this purpose, in particular, cellulose derivatives and synthetic polymers derivatives. Each of them is available in several grades, presenting different thickening behavior, rheological properties and compatibility with other ingredients, alcohols in particular. For all these reasons, it is important to explore hydrogel properties and behaviors in different contexts (i.e., hydroalcoholic and aqueous media) in order to develop new and performing hand rub gels, always taking into account the different international legal frameworks regarding disinfectant and sanitizing formulations.
Optimal Control of the Positional Electric Drive and Its Implementation
Authors: Dotsenko Vladimir , Prokudin Roman , Litvinenko Alexander
Published: March 2021

The article deals with the optimal control of the positional electric drive of the stator element of a segment-type wind turbine. The calculation options charts current in the assumption of the minimum energy consumption and the implementation of line chart current using the phenomenon of capacitor discharge. The analysis of the implementation is expressed in a jump-like change in current and a triangular graph of the speed change. This article deals with small capacity synchronous wind turbine generators with a segment type stator. These units have the possibility of intentionally changing the air gap between the rotor and stator. This allows: (1) Reduce the starting torque on the rotor shaft, which will allow the rotor to pick up at low wind speeds. (2) Equivalent to change of air gap in this case is change of excitation of synchronous generators. Thus, the purpose of the article is to consider a method of excitation of generators in a segmented design, by controlling the gap with the electric drive, while providing control should be carried out with minimal losses.
Modeling of Nanofiltration Process Using DSPM-DE Model for Purification of Amine Solution
Authors: Ghorbani Asma , Bayati Behrouz , Drioli Enrico , Macedonio Francesca , Kikhavani Tavan , Frappa Mirko
Published: March 2021

The formation of heat stable salts (HSS) during the natural gas sweetening process by amine solvent causes many problems such as corrosion, foaming, capacity reduction, and amine loss. A modeling study was carried out for the removal of HSS ions from amine solution using nanofiltration (NF) membrane process that ensures the reuse of amine solution for gas sweetening. This model studies the physics of the nanofiltration process by adjusting and investigating pore radius, the effects of membrane charge, and other membrane characteristics. In this paper, the performance of the ternary ions was investigated during the removal process from methyl di-ethanol amine solution by the nanofiltration membrane process. Correlation between feed concentration and permeate concentration, using experimental results with mathematical correlation as Ci,p = f (Ci,f) was used in modeling. The results showed that the calculated data from the model provided a good agreement with experimental results (R2 = 0.90–0.75). Also, the effect of operating conditions (including feed pressure and feed flow rate on ions rejection and recovery ratio across the flat-sheet membrane) was studied. The results showed that the recovery and rejection ratios of the NF membrane depend on the driving pressure across the membrane. While the driving pressure is affected by the feed flow conditions and feed pressure.
Theoretical Analysis of Constant Voltage Mode Membrane Capacitive Deionization for Water Softening
Authors: Zhang Xin , Reible Danny
Published: March 2021

Water softening is desirable to reduce scaling in water infrastructure and to meet industrial water quality needs and consumer preferences. Membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) can preferentially adsorb divalent ions including calcium and magnesium and thus may be an attractive water softening technology. In this work, a process model incorporating ion exclusion effects was applied to investigate water softening performance including ion selectivity, ion removal efficiency and energy consumption in a constant voltage (CV) mode MCDI. Trade-offs between the simulated Ca2+ selectivity and Ca2+ removal efficiency under varying applied voltage and varying initial concentration ratio of Na+ to Ca2+ were observed. A cut-off CV mode, which was operated to maximize Ca2+ removal efficiency per cycle, was found to lead to a specific energy consumption (SEC) of 0.061 kWh/mole removed Ca2+ for partially softening industrial water and 0.077 kWh/m3 removed Ca2+ for slightly softening tap water at a water recovery of 0.5. This is an order of magnitude less than reported values for other softening techniques. MCDI should be explored more fully as an energy efficient means of water softening.