bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intelligent Classification of Learner's Cognitive Domain using Bayes Net, Naïve Bayes, and J48 Utilizing Bloom's Taxonomy-based Serious Game
Authors: Sukajaya Nyoman , Purnama Ketut Eddy , Purnomo Mauridhi Hery
Published: April 2015

Lately, personalized learning approach attracted the attention of so many researchers due to its capacity to improve the quality of educational system. This approach provides opportunities to maximize the potential of all students based on their profile. This indicates the necessity of grouping learners' profiles appropriately in order to optimize contribution of personalized learning approach in achieving learning objective. The problems occurred when classifying learners' profile especially when dealing with large number of learners, restricted time to classify, and requirement of authentic data. To solve the problem, we proposed the implementation of Bloom's taxonomy-based serious game as an assessment tool replacing paper-based tool for the gameplay data collection. Three different methods namely: BN, NB, and J48 were implemented to obtain the highest accuracy of classification. Our study finds that the NB classifier gives the highest percentage accuracy that is 92.31%. This classifier has the similar accuracy with BN but with lower error rate. In view of the strength of agreement, the result is categorized Very Good (k = 0.85).
Mapping Artificial Emotions into a Robotic Face
Authors: Trovato Gabriele , Takanishi Atsuo
Published: April 2015

Facial expressions are important for conveying emotions and communication intentions among humans. For this reason, humanoid robots should be able to perform facial expressions which represent their inner state in a way that is easy to understand for humans. Several humanoid robots can already perform a certain set of expressions, but their capabilities are usually limited to only the most basic emotions. It is necessary to consider a wider range of expressions and take advantage of the use of asymmetry. This chapter describes these aspects as well as insights about artificial emotions models, the mapping of human face into robotic face and finally the generation of facial expressions.
Global Crisis and Government Intervention
Authors: Ay Hakan , Uçar Öznur
Published: April 2015

The authors look at the three major global crises; they see state intervention in causes and solutions. The causes of the crisis were deregulation. To resolve the crises, again regulation policies have been applied. Although the causes of the crises seem to have been regulation policies, in fact, the main problem was homo economicus. In conclusion, the authors see that when we analyze the reasons for the three big global crises and the ways to overcome crisis, the reasons are the unethical and irrational behavior of homo economicus. That is why homo economicus must be constrained and obey constitutional financial and monetary rules.
From Keynes's Proposition to the Robin Hood Tax
Authors: Işık Abdülkadir , Şeren Gamze Yıldız , Yavuz Özge Selvi , Günaydın Davuthan
Published: April 2015

Along with the overthrow of the Bretton Woods system in the early 1970s, financial liberalization process started to be active in the whole world. The developing countries joined in the process by removing the obstacles on the capital flows in the 1980s. However, this process triggered subsequent crises and had destructive effects in these countries. Accordingly, the thought of excising the speculative capital movements, which were developed by J. Tobin through taking the idea of excising of security transactions of J.M. Keynes, came forward again. Then the feasible alternatives as two-staged Tobin tax of P.B. Spahn were suggested. After 2008 financial crisis, an implementation of financial transactions tax that has been drafted to be implemented across the EU has been brought to the agenda. In this chapter, it is aimed to discuss financial transaction taxes in the context of the European Union and Turkey from a historical view.
The Topological Optimization of the Fixing Plank for the Hydraulic Motor
Authors: Cao Chen Jiang , Wang You Jun , Lv Qiu Juan
Published: April 2015

The stress and strain of the fixing plank of the hydraulic motor were analyzed by the finite element analyze software Ansysworkbench. Then the topological optimization method was used to optimize the fixing plank so as to find out the best bearing structure. In the end,fixing plank was further improved and designed for a second time in Solidworks. According to the comparison of the finite element analyze results before and after the topological optimization, the weight of the fixing plank reduced by 30% while the stress and strain nearly keep the same.
A Numerical Solution for Vibration Analysis of the Stiffened Variable-Thickness Conical Shells
Authors: Ning Wei , Peng Feng Sheng , Wang Nan , Zhang Dong Sheng
Published: April 2015

The free vibrations of the stiffened hollow conical shells with different variable thickness distribution modes are investigated in detail in the context of Donnel-Mushtari conical shell theory. Two sets of boundary conditions have been considered. The algebraic energy equations of the conical shell and the stiffeners are established separately. The Rayleigh-Ritz method is used to equate maximum strain energy to maximum kinetic energy which leads to a standard linear eigenvalue problem. Numerical results are presented graphically for different geometric parameters. The parametric study reveals the characteristic behavior which is useful in selecting the shell thickness distribution modes and the stiffener type. The comparison between the present results and those of finite element method shows that the present results agree well with those of finite element method.
Random Vibration Spectrum Analysis Based on Finite Element Method of High-Pressure Cylindrical Cylinders
Authors: Liu Bei , Yue Ying Juan , Qin Zhong Bao , Chen Fei
Published: April 2015

In order to solve the vibration problems of car high-pressure cylindrical cylinders, Plate and Shell Vibration Theory is used for the calculation and analysis of the vibration characteristics. The vibration frequencies and modes of such cylinders are obtained. At the same time, the corresponding results are gotten through ANSYS12.0 simulation calculation. The similarities and differences of the both vibration frequencies and the changes of the respective modes are compared and analyzed to support the farther safety performance analysis of such cylinders in the vibration environment.
Preparation and Action Mechanism of Inclusion Complex of β-Cyclodextrin and Dibutyl Phosphite as Additives in Solution of Polyethylene Glycol-600
Authors: Li Zhong Ya , Huang Shui Quan , Guan Ji Ju , Xu Xue Feng
Published: April 2015

The inclusion complex of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and dibutyl phosphite (T304) was prepared by trituration. The tribological properties of the complex with different concentrations were investigated by a four-ball tester in the solution of polyethylene glycol-600 (PEG-600). The tribological test results showed that the complex exhibited better anti-friction and anti-wear properties than β-CD under different loads, and it was noted that the tribo-system showed the least friction coefficient when the concentration of the complex was 0.9%. It was proposed that the complex was decomposed into various molecular fragments and the T304 molecules were released under the friction condition. The XPS analytical results on the worn surfaces revealed that phosphide film formed by the released T304 played a major role and the iron alkoxide and carbon deposition films formed by the β-CD fragments had better anti-friction effect on the phosphide film surface. The interactions of different films resulted in the formation of a mixed boundary lubrication film.
The Statics Characteristic Analysis of Fixed Beam Gantry Machine Tool Crossbeam Based on ANSYS
Authors: Song Chun Ming , Cao Ming , Zhang Dong Sheng
Published: April 2015

In order to calculate the crossbeam’s stress and deformation under the weight of gantry machine tool, and analyze whether the deformation meets the precision of design requirements. In this paper, we will use the finite element method to get the stress and deformation in different directions with finite element analysis software-ANSYS. The result shows that the maximum deformation is 14.3 microns which appeared in the middle part of the beam towards the gravity direction and the maximum stress is 4730000 Pa which appeared in the joint of pillar and beam.
Experimental of Three Parallel Water Current Turbine with Optimized Straight Blades and Using Flow Concentrator Channeling Device to Augmented Performance and Self-Starting Capability
Authors: Sutikno Priyono , Nurdin Yuliandra Syahrial , Risqi Doddy , Mardani Eki , Sihombing Erpinus
Published: April 2015

Water current turbine with vertical blade can be used on the river flow, ocean current or tidal current. The three parallel turbines with 40 degree azimuth different, have advantages doubling the power output and diminish the torque fluctuation. When the turbine equipped by the concentrator channeling device, the performance increased and the self-starting capability also augmented. During the experiments is indicated the flow phenomenon behind the turbine, the vortex formation created additional head or formation of low hydraulic level and facilitate the turbine coefficient of power produced greater than BETZ limit. The development of water current turbine at Fluid Machinery Laboratory FTMD ITB is starting with searching numerical simulation model at ANSYS 12.1 using NACA0018 blade profile comparing with experiment and carry out that the Reynolds Stress Model is adequate between simulation and the experiments. Further this model simulate variants of c/R (Chord Radius Ratio), TSR (Tip Speed Ratio), distance of shaft and configuration of the concentrator channeling device at the water flow velocity. Using NACA0018 blade profile as the best chose from the NACA0012, NACA0015, NACA0021 and NACA0024, Water current turbine equipped by the concentrator channeling device with c/R=0,32. The numerical simulation at the flow velocity of 0,4 m/s give CP =0,39 at TSR=3,2 but at the experiments measurement give CP =0,35 and TSR= 3,88. Other experimental case at flow velocity 0,6 m/s give CP =0,38 at TSR=2,18 the experiments and simulation result different is due to the friction loss of the transmission. The NACA0018 optimized by using MATLAB and XFOIL has better stall characteristic with angle of attack extend to 45 degree. Equipped by NACA0018 optimized, the three parallel current water turbine with concentrator channeling device numerical simulation at velocity V=0,4 m/s produce CP =0,64 at TSR=2,97 and at Velocity V=0,6 m/s produce CP =0,51 at TSR=3,35.
Experiments results shown has CP= 0.64 greater than BETZ limit at the TSR= 2.97on the low flow velocity 0,4 m/s. In the operational is expected its turbine will operated at the higher flow velocity greater than 1,2 m/s to get better power density and the construction will smaller and lighter for unity of power.
Keywords : Water Current Turbine, Channeling Device, Numerical Simulation, Experimental of Parallel Water Current Turbine, Blade Optimized
Effects of Dwell-Time and Plunge Speed during Micro Friction Stir Spot Welding on Mechanical Properties of Thin Aluminum A1100 Welds
Authors: Baskoro Ario Sunar , Suwarsono  , Habibullah M.Dz. , Arvay Z. , Kiswanto G. , Winarto  , Chen Z.W.
Published: April 2015

Friction Stir Welding is a relatively new technique for joining metal. In some cases on aluminum joining, FSW gives better results compared with the arc welding processes, including the quality of welds and produces less distortion. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of high speed tool rotation on micro Friction Stir Spot Welding (μFSSW) to the shear fracture load of the welds. Response Surface Methods was used to analyze μFSSW parameters with the response. The welding material was Aluminum A1100, with thickness of 0.4 mm. The tool was made of HSS material which was shaped by micro grinding process. Tool shoulder diameter is 4 mm, and the pin diameter 1.5 mm with length of pin is 0.6 mm. The spindle speed is fixed at 33,000 rpm. The parameters that varied were the plunge speed (2 mm/min, 3 mm/min, 4 mm/min), and dwell time-1 (0 s, 2 s, 4 s) and variable of dwell time-2 (0 s, 2 s, 4 s). From the results of experiment and analysis, it is shown that the important welding parameter in high speed μFSSW process is dwell time-2.
Inverse-Turbulent Prandtl Number Effects on Reynolds Numbers of RNG k-ε Turbulence Model on Cylindrical-Curved Pipe
Authors: Budiarso  , Siswantara Ahmad Indra , Darmawan Steven , Tanujaya Harto
Published: April 2015

Inverse-turbulent Prandtl number (α) is one of important parameters on RNG k-ε turbulence model which represent the cascade energy of the flow, which occur in cylindrical curved-pipe. Although many research has been done, turbulent flow in curved pipe is still a challanging problem. The range of α of the basic RNG k-ε turbulence model described by Yakhot and Orszag (1986) with range 1-1.3929 has to be more specific on Reynolds number (Re) and geometry. However, since the viscosity is sensitive to velocity and temperature, the reference of α is needed on specific range of Reynolds number. This paper is aimed to gain optimum inverse-turbulent Prandtl number of the flow in curved pipe with upper and lower Re which simulated numerically with CFD. The Re at the inlet side were; Re = 13000 and Re = 63800 on cylindrical curved-pipe with r/D of 1.607.The inverse-turbulent Prandtl number (α) were varied to 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3. The curved pipe was an cylindrical air pipe with 43mm inlet diameter. The computational grid that is used for CFD numerical simulation with CFDSOF®, hexagonal-surface fitted consist of 139440 cells. CFD simulation done with inverse-turbulent Prandtl number α varies by 1, 1.1, 1.2, dan 1.3. The wall is assumed to zero-roughness. The CFD simulation generated several results; at Re 13000, the value of α did not affect the turbulent parameter which also confirmed the basic therory of RNG k-ε turbulence model that the minimum Re of α is 2.5 x 104. At Re = 63800, the use of α of 1.1 shows more turbulent flow domination on molecular flow. Lower eddy dissipation by 1.67%, increasing turbulent kinetic energy by 2.2%, and Effective viscosity increase by 4.7% compared to α = 1. Therefore, the use of α 1.1 is the most suitable value to be used to represent turbulent flow in curved pipe with RNG k-ε turbulence model with Re 63800 and r/D 1.607 among others value that have discussed in this paper.
Leptin Receptor Signaling in T Cells Is Required for Th17 Differentiation
Authors: Reis Bernardo S. , Lee Kihyun , Fanok Melania H. , Mascaraque Cristina , Amoury Manal , Cohn Lillian B. , Rogoz Aneta , Dallner Olof S. , Moraes-Vieira Pedro M. , Domingos Ana I. , Mucida Daniel
Published: April 2015

The hormone leptin plays a key role in energy homeostasis, and the absence of either leptin or its receptor (LepR) leads to severe obesity and metabolic disorders. To avoid indirect effects and to address the cell-intrinsic role of leptin signaling in the immune system, we conditionally targeted LepR in T cells. In contrast with pleiotropic immune disorders reported in obese mice with leptin or LepR deficiency, we found that LepR deficiency in CD4+ T cells resulted in a selective defect in both autoimmune and protective Th17 responses. Reduced capacity for differentiation toward a Th17 phenotype by lepr-deficient T cells was attributed to reduced activation of the STAT3 and its downstream targets. This study establishes cell-intrinsic roles for LepR signaling in the immune system and suggests that leptin signaling during T cell differentiation plays a crucial role in T cell peripheral effector function.
Cats and Toxoplasma gondii: A systematic review and meta-analysis in Iran
Authors: Rahimi Mohammad T. , Daryani Ahmad , Sarvi Shahabeddin , Shokri Azar , Ahmadpour Ehsan , Teshnizi Saeed H. , Mizani Azade , Sharif Mahdi
Published: April 2015

Toxoplasma gondii is a cosmopolitan zoonotic intracellular coccidian of the phylum Apicomplexa infecting warm-blooded animals and human beings. This protozoan causes a significant public health problem in humans and imposes considerable economic losses and damages to husbandry industries. The final host, cats, accounts for all of these significant burdens. Hence the present study was designed to analyse and review the overall prevalence rate of T. gondii infection in cats in Iran for the first time. In the present study data collection (published and unpublished papers, abstracts of proceedings of national parasitology congresses and dissertations) was systematically undertaken on electronic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Ebsco, Science Direct, Scopus, Magiran, Irandoc, IranMedex and Scientific Information Database. A total of 21 studies from 1975 to 2013 reporting prevalence of Toxoplasma infection in cats from different areas in Iran met the eligibility criteria. The pooled proportion of toxoplasmosis using the random-effect model amongst cats was estimated at 33.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 22.05–46.41). The prevalence rate of cat toxoplasmosis in various regions of Iran ranged from 1.2% to 89.2%. Firstly, this study establishes a crude prevalence rate of T. gondii infection in cats. Secondly, it discusses the role of significant risk factors including sex, age and being either household or stray cats, in the epidemiology of the disease. Furthermore, the current study determines gaps and drawbacks in the prior studies that are useful to keep in mind to assist in designing more accurate investigations in future.
'Preaching from the pews': A case study in vulnerable theological leadership
Authors: Nell Ian A.
Published: April 2015

When explaining vulnerability as a theme for the conference of the Societas Homiletica, the organisers referred to two ways in which the concept can be interpreted. On the one hand, it can refer to preachers themselves as vulnerable people, subjected and accountable to other people. On the other hand, it can refer to the fact that preachers are often called to preach about difficult and challenging aspects of life and faith. In this sense, preachers speak on behalf of those who are vulnerable and in need of attention. In this contribution, both understandings are at play when the researcher takes a closer look at the sermons that were preached as part of a project known as the �The sermon of the layperson� in Stellenbosch, South Africa, during September and October 2013. An analysis of the contents of these sermons, as an exercise in �preaching from the pews�, shows that they were preached on behalf of vulnerable people. In the process of analysis, it also became apparent that the preachers were themselves examples of vulnerable theological leadership in the sense that they were �lay people� and therefore not in positions of official authority within faith communities. All of the preachers were however quite influential in their own areas of specialisation and professional life, and therefore, their sermons also communicated hope amidst situations of vulnerability.
Vanishing of cohomology and property (T) for groups acting on weighted simplicial complexes
Authors: Oppenheim Izhar
Published: April 2015

We extend Ballmann and Światkowski’s work on cohomology of groups acting on simplicial complexes and provide further vanishing results of cohomologies and of property (T). In particular, we give a new criterion for property (T) for groups acting on an

n

-dimensional simplicial complex.
Inhibition of Cytochrome bc1 as a Strategy for Single-Dose, Multi-Stage Antimalarial Therapy
Authors: Stickles Allison M. , Ting Li-Min , Morrisey Joanne M. , Li Yuexin , Mather Michael W. , Meermeier Erin , Pershing April M. , Forquer Isaac P. , Miley Galen P. , Pou Sovitj , Winter Rolf W. , Hinrichs David J. , Kelly Jane X. , Kim Kami , Vaidya Akhil B. , Riscoe Michael K. , Nilsen Aaron
Published: April 2015

Single-dose therapies for malaria have been proposed as a way to reduce the cost and increase the effectiveness of antimalarial treatment. However, no compound to date has shown single-dose activity against both the blood-stage Plasmodium parasites that cause disease and the liver-stage parasites that initiate malaria infection. Here, we describe a subset of cytochrome bc1 (cyt bc1) inhibitors, including the novel 4(1H)-quinolone ELQ-400, with single-dose activity against liver, blood, and transmission-stage parasites in mouse models of malaria. Although cyt bc1 inhibitors are generally classified as slow-onset antimalarials, we found that a single dose of ELQ-400 rapidly induced stasis in blood-stage parasites, which was associated with a rapid reduction in parasitemia in vivo. ELQ-400 also exhibited a low propensity for drug resistance and was active against atovaquone-resistant P. falciparum strains with point mutations in cyt bc1. Ultimately, ELQ-400 shows that cyt bc1 inhibitors can function as single-dose, blood-stage antimalarials and is the first compound to provide combined treatment, prophylaxis, and transmission blocking activity for malaria after a single oral administration. This remarkable multi-stage efficacy suggests that metabolic therapies, including cyt bc1 inhibitors, may be valuable additions to the collection of single-dose antimalarials in current development.
Nodding Syndrome, Western Uganda, 1994
Authors: Kaiser Christoph , Rubaale Tom , Tukesiga Ephraim , Kipp Walter , Asaba George
Published: April 2015

Nodding syndrome (NS) is a poorly understood condition, which was delineated in 2008 as a new epilepsy syndrome. So far, confirmed cases of NS have been observed in three circumscribed African areas: southern Tanzania, southern Sudan, and northern Uganda. Case–control studies have provided evidence of an association between NS and infection with Onchocerca volvulus, but the causation of NS is still not fully clarified. We report a case of a 15-year old boy with head nodding seizures and other characteristic features of NS from an onchocerciasis endemic area in western Uganda, with no contiguity to the hitherto known areas. We suggest that the existence of NS should be systematically investigated in other areas.
Resalto Hidráulico Ondulatorio
Authors: Castro-Orgaz Oscar , Roldán José , Dolz José
Published: April 2015

La transición de régimen supercrítico a régimen subcrítico cuando el número de Froude Fo aguas arriba esta próximo a la unidad da lugar a un tren de ondas estacionario llamado resalto hidráulico ondulatorio. La caracterización del resalto ondulatorio es muy compleja, debido a que el tren de ondas invalida la hipótesis de presión hidrostática usada en modelos de flujo gradualmente variado, y a otros fenómenos como las ondas de choque del flujo supercrítico. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un modelo para el resalto hidráulico ondulatorio obtenido de las ecuaciones de Reynolds para flujo turbulento, asumiendo que el número de Reynolds R es elevado. Se presentan soluciones analíticas sencillas para mostrar las características físicas de la teoría, así como un modelo numérico para la integración de las ecuaciones completas. El límite de aplicación de la teoría se discute en relación a la rotura de onda y formación de vórtices. La validez del modelo matemático es revisada de forma crítica usando datos en modelo físico, para resaltar aspectos en los que es necesaria más investigación.
Audit of the global carbon budget: estimate errors and their impact on uptake uncertainty
Authors: Ballantyne A. P. , Andres R. , Houghton R. , Stocker B. D. , Wanninkhof R. , Anderegg W. , Cooper L. A. , DeGrandpre M. , Tans P. P. , Miller J. B. , Alden C. , White J. W. C.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Over the last 5 decades monitoring systems have been developed to detect changes in the accumulation of carbon (C) in the atmosphere and ocean; however, our ability to detect changes in the behavior of the global C cycle is still hindered by measurement and estimate errors. Here we present a rigorous and flexible framework for assessing the temporal and spatial components of estimate errors and their impact on uncertainty in net C uptake by the biosphere. We present a novel approach for incorporating temporally correlated random error into the error structure of emission estimates. Based on this approach, we conclude that the 2σ uncertainties of the atmospheric growth rate have decreased from 1.2 Pg C yr−1 in the 1960s to 0.3 Pg C yr−1 in the 2000s due to an expansion of the atmospheric observation network. The 2σ uncertainties in fossil fuel emissions have increased from 0.3 Pg C yr−1 in the 1960s to almost 1.0 Pg C yr−1 during the 2000s due to differences in national reporting errors and differences in energy inventories. Lastly, while land use emissions have remained fairly constant, their errors still remain high and thus their global C uptake uncertainty is not trivial. Currently, the absolute errors in fossil fuel emissions rival the total emissions from land use, highlighting the extent to which fossil fuels dominate the global C budget. Because errors in the atmospheric growth rate have decreased faster than errors in total emissions have increased, a ~20% reduction in the overall uncertainty of net C global uptake has occurred. Given all the major sources of error in the global C budget that we could identify, we are 93% confident that terrestrial C uptake has increased and 97% confident that ocean C uptake has increased over the last 5 decades. Thus, it is clear that arguably one of the most vital ecosystem services currently provided by the biosphere is the continued removal of approximately half of atmospheric CO2 emissions from the atmosphere, although there are certain environmental costs associated with this service, such as the acidification of ocean waters.
Spatial and temporal runoff processes in the degraded Ethiopian Highlands: the Anjeni Watershed
Authors: Bayabil H. K. , Tebebu T. Y. , Stoof C. R. , Steenhuis T. S.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. As runoff mechanisms in the Ethiopian highlands are not well understood, performance of many soil and water conservation measures is inadequate because of ineffective placement outside the major runoff source areas. To improve understanding of the runoff generating mechanisms in these highlands, we monitored runoff volumes from 24 runoff plots constructed in the 113 ha Anjeni watershed, where historic data of rainfall and stream discharge were available. In addition, we assessed the effectiveness of charcoal and crop rooting depth in reducing runoff, in which we compared the effect of lupine (a deep-rooted crop) to that of barley. Daily rainfall, surface runoff, and root zone moisture content were measured during the monsoon seasons of 2012 and 2013 (with all plots being tilled in 2012, but only barley plots in 2013). In addition, long-term surface runoff (from four plots) and outlet discharge data from the research site (1989–1993) was analyzed and compared with our observations. Results showed that the degree of soil degradation and soil disturbance (tillage) were significant factors affecting plot runoff responses. As expected runoff was greater from more degraded soils, while tilled plots had greater soil storage and thus less runoff. Overall, barley plots produced significantly less runoff than lupine plots. Specifically, considerable difference was observed for smaller rainfall events (ca. <20 mm) in 2013, when lupine plots (non-tilled) resulted in greater runoff than barley plots (tilled). This suggests that plot rainfall–runoff relationships are greatly affected by root-zone storage, which is directly affected by soil degradation and tillage practices.
Quantitative historical hydrology in Europe
Authors: Benito G. , Brázdil R. , Herget J. , Machado M. J.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. In the last decades, the quantification of flood hydrological characteristics (peak discharge, hydrograph shape, and runoff volume) from documentary evidence has gained scientific recognition as a method to lengthen flood records of rare and extreme events. This paper describes the methodological evolution of the quantitative historical hydrology under the influence of developments in hydraulics and statistics. In the 19th century, discharge calculations based on flood marks was the only source of hydrological data for engineering design, but later was left aside on favour of systematic gauge records and conventional hydrological procedures. In the last two decades, there is growing scientific and public interest to understand long-term patterns of rare floods, maintain the flood heritage and memory of extremes, and to develop methods for deterministic and statistical application to different scientific and engineering problems. A compilation of 45 case studies across Europe with reconstructed discharges demonstrates that (1) in most cases present flood magnitudes are not unusual within the context of the last millennium, although recent floods may exceed past floods in some temperate European rivers (e.g. the Vltava and Po rivers), (2) frequency of extreme floods have decreased since the 1950s, although some rivers (e.g. the Gardon and Ouse rivers) show a reactivation of rare events over the last two decades. There is a great potential of gaining understanding of individual extreme events based on a combined multiproxy approach (palaeoflood and documentary records) providing high-resolution time flood series and their environmental and climatic changes; and to develop non-systematic and non-stationary statistical models based on relations of past floods with external and internal covariates under natural low-frequency climate variability.
ENABLING EARTH SCIENCE MEASUREMENTS WITH NASA UAS CAPABILITIES
Authors: Albertson R. , Schoenung S. , Fladeland M. , Cutler F. , Tagg B.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. NASA’s Airborne Science Program (ASP) maintains a fleet of manned and unmanned aircraft for Earth Science measurements and observations. The unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) range in size from very large (Global Hawks) to medium (SIERRA, Viking) and relatively small (DragonEye). UAS fly from very low (boundary layer) to very high altitude (stratosphere). NASA also supports science and applied science projects using UAS operated by outside companies or agencies. The aircraft and accompanying data and support systems have been used in numerous investigations. For example, Global Hawks have been used to study both hurricanes and atmospheric composition. SIERRA has been used to study ice, earthquake faults, and coral reefs. DragonEye is being used to measure volcanic emissions. As a foundation for NASA’s UAS work, Altair and Ikhana not only flew wildfires in the US, but also provided major programs for the development of real-time data download and processing capabilities. In 2014, an advanced L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar flew for the first time on Global Hawk, demonstrating UAVSAR, which has been flying successfully on a manned aircraft. This paper focuses on two topics: 1) results of a NASA program called UAS-Enabled Earth Science, in which three science teams flew UAS to demonstrate platform and sensor performance, airspace integration, and applied science results from the data collected; 2) recent accomplishments with the high altitude, long-duration Global Hawks. The challenges experienced with flying UAS are discussed. Recent upgrades to data processing, communications, tracking and flight planning systems are described.
COMPREHENSIVE CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION SITE FOR INFORMATION REMOTE SENSING
Authors: Li C. R. , Tang L. L. , Ma L. L. , Zhou Y. S. , Gao C. X. , Wang N. , Li X. H. , Wang X. H. , Zhu X. H.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. As a naturally part of information technology, Remote Sensing (RS) is strongly required to provide very precise and accurate information product to serve industry, academy and the public at this information economic era. To meet the needs of high quality RS product, building a fully functional and advanced calibration system, including measuring instruments, measuring approaches and target site become extremely important. Supported by MOST of China via national plan, great progress has been made to construct a comprehensive calibration and validation (Cal&Val) site, which integrates most functions of RS sensor aviation testing, EO satellite on-orbit caration and performance assessment and RS product validation at this site located in Baotou, 600km west of Beijing. The site is equipped with various artificial standard targets, including portable and permanent targets, which supports for long-term calibration and validation. A number of fine-designed ground measuring instruments and airborne standard sensors are developed for realizing high-accuracy stepwise validation, an approach in avoiding or reducing uncertainties caused from nonsynchronized measurement. As part of contribution to worldwide Cal&Val study coordinated by CEOS-WGCV, Baotou site is offering its support to Radiometric Calibration Network of Automated Instruments (RadCalNet), with an aim of providing demonstrated global standard automated radiometric calibration service in cooperation with ESA, NASA, CNES and NPL. Furthermore, several Cal&Val campaigns have been performed during the past years to calibrate and validate the spaceborne/airborne optical and SAR sensors, and the results of some typical demonstration are discussed in this study.
A Rapid Cloud Mask Algorithm for Suomi NPP VIIRS Imagery EDRs
Authors: Piper M. , Bahr T.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP) is the first of a new generation of NASA's Earth-observing research satellites. The Suomi NPP Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) collects visible and infrared views of Earth's dynamic surface processes. This NPP mission produces a series of Environmental Data Records (EDRs). As accurate information on cloud occurrence is of utmost importance for a wide range of remote-sensing applications and analyses, we developed a cloud mask algorithm, adapted from the Landsat 7 Automatic Cloud Cover Assessment, for use with the VIIRS Imagery EDRs. The algorithm consists of a sequence of pixel-based tests that use thresholds on VIIRS top-of-atmosphere reflectances and brightness temperatures. Our cloud mask algorithm provides a simpler, though less informative and robust, alternative to the VIIRS Cloud Mask (VCM) Intermediate Product, with the advantage in that it can be applied to a higher spatial resolution VIIRS Imagery EDR. The algorithm is compared with the VCM in three case studies.
Relationships between primary production and crop yields in semi-arid and arid irrigated agro-ecosystems
Authors: Jaafar H. H. , Ahmad F. A.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. In semi-arid areas within the MENA region, food security problems are the main problematic imposed. Remote sensing can be a promising too early diagnose food shortages and further prevent the population from famine risks. This study is aimed at examining the possibility of forecasting yield before harvest from remotely sensed MODIS-derived Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Net photosynthesis (net PSN), and Gross Primary Production (GPP) in semi-arid and arid irrigated agro-ecosystems within the conflict affected country of Syria. Relationships between summer yield and remotely sensed indices were derived and analyzed. Simple regression spatially-based models were developed to predict summer crop production. The validation of these models was tested during conflict years. A significant correlation (p<0.05) was found between summer crop yield and EVI, GPP and net PSN. Results indicate the efficiency of remotely sensed-based models in predicting summer yield, mostly for cotton yields and vegetables. Cumulative summer EVI-based model can predict summer crop yield during crisis period, with deviation less than 20% where vegetables are the major yield. This approach prompts to an early assessment of food shortages and lead to a real time management and decision making, especially in periods of crisis such as wars and drought.
Annual Forest Monitoring as part of Indonesia's National Carbon Accounting System
Authors: Kustiyo K. , Roswintiarti O. , Tjahjaningsih A. , Dewanti R. , Furby S. , Wallace J.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Land use and forest change, in particular deforestation, have contributed the largest proportion of Indonesia’s estimated greenhouse gas emissions. Indonesia’s remaining forests store globally significant carbon stocks, as well as biodiversity values. In 2010, the Government of Indonesia entered into a REDD+ partnership. A spatially detailed monitoring and reporting system for forest change which is national and operating in Indonesia is required for participation in such programs, as well as for national policy reasons including Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV), carbon accounting, and land-use and policy information. Indonesia’s National Carbon Accounting System (INCAS) has been designed to meet national and international policy requirements. The INCAS remote sensing program is producing spatially-detailed annual wall-to-wall monitoring of forest cover changes from time-series Landsat imagery for the whole of Indonesia from 2000 to the present day. Work on the program commenced in 2009, under the Indonesia-Australia Forest Carbon Partnership. A principal objective was to build an operational system in Indonesia through transfer of knowledge and experience, from Australia’s National Carbon Accounting System, and adaptation of this experience to Indonesia’s requirements and conditions. A semi-automated system of image pre-processing (ortho-rectification, calibration, cloud masking and mosaicing) and forest extent and change mapping (supervised classification of a ‘base’ year, semi-automated single-year classifications and classification within a multi-temporal probabilistic framework) was developed for Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 7 ETM+. Particular attention is paid to the accuracy of each step in the processing. With the advent of Landsat 8 data and parallel development of processing capability, capacity and international collaborations within the LAPAN Data Centre this processing is being increasingly automated. Research is continuing into improved processing methodology and integration of information from other data sources. This paper presents technical elements of the INCAS remote sensing program and some results of the 2000 – 2012 mapping.
GLOBIL: WWF's Global Observation and Biodiversity Information Portal
Authors: Shapiro A. C. , Nijsten L. , Schmitt S , Tibaldeschi P
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Despite ever increasing availability of satellite imagery and spatial data, conservation managers, decision makers and planners are often unable to analyze data without special knowledge or software. WWF is bridging this gap by putting extensive spatial data into an easy to use online mapping environment, to allow visualization, manipulation and analysis of large data sets by any user. Consistent, reliable and repeatable ecosystem monitoring information for priority eco-regions is needed to increase transparency in WWF’s global conservation work, to measure conservation impact, and to provide communications with the general public and organization members. Currently, much of this monitoring and evaluation data is isolated, incompatible, or inaccessible and not readily usable or available for those without specialized software or knowledge. Launched in 2013 by WWF Netherlands and WWF Germany, the Global Observation and Biodiversity Information Portal (GLOBIL) is WWF’s new platform to unite, centralize, standardize and visualize geo-spatial data and information from more than 150 active GIS users worldwide via cloud-based ArcGIS Online. GLOBIL is increasing transparency, providing baseline data for monitoring and evaluation while communicating impacts and conservation successes to the public. GLOBIL is currently being used in the worldwide marine campaign as an advocacy tool for establishing more marine protected areas, and a monitoring interface to track the progress towards ocean protection goals. In the Kavango-Zambezi (KAZA) Transfrontier Conservation area, local partners are using the platform to monitor land cover changes, barriers to species migrations, potential human-wildlife conflict and local conservation impacts in vast wildlife corridor. In East Africa, an early warning system is providing conservation practitioners with real-time alerts of threats particularly to protected areas and World Heritage Sites by industrial extractive activities. And for globally consistent baseline ecosystem monitoring, MODIS-derived data are being combined with local information to provide visible advocacy for conservation. As GLOBIL is built up through the WWF network, the worldwide organization is able to provide open access to its data on biodiversity and remote sensing, spatial analysis and projects to support goal setting, monitoring and evaluation, and fundraising activities.
Utilization of Pisar L-2 Data for Land Cover Classification in Forest Area Using Pixel-Based and Object-Based Methods
Authors: Trisakti B. , Sutanto A. , Noviar H. ,   Kustiyo
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Polarimetric and Interferometric Airborne SAR in L-band 2 (PiSAR-L2) program is an experimental program of PALSAR-2 sensor in ALOS-2 satellite. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN) have a research collaboration to explore the utilization of PiSAR-L2 data for forestry, agriculture, and disaster applications in Indonesia. The research explored the utilization of PiSAR-L2 data for land cover classification in forest area using the pixel-based and object-based methods. The PiSAR-L2 data in the 2.1 level with full polarization bands were selected over part of forest area in Riau Province. Field data collected by JAXA team was used for both training samples and verification data. Preprocessing data was carried out by backscatter (Sigma naught) conversion and Lee filtering. Beside full polarization images (HH, HV, VV), texture imagess (HH deviation, HV deviation, and VV deviation) were also added as the input bands for the classification processes. These processes were conducted for 2.5 meter and 10 meter spatial resolution data applying two methods of the maximum likelihood classifier for pixel-based classification and the support vector machine classifier for the object-based classification. Moreover, the average overall accuracy was calculated for each classification result. The results show that the use of texture images could improve the accuracy of land cover classification, particularly to differentiate between forest and acacia plantation. The pixelbased method showed a more detail information of the objects, but has “salt and pepper”. In the other hand, the object-based method showed a good accuracy and clearer border line among objects, but has often some misinterpretations in object identification.
Computing and monitoring potential of public spaces by shading analysis using 3d lidar data and advanced image analysis
Authors: Zwolinski A. , Jarzemski M.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. The paper regards specific context of public spaces in “shadow” of tall buildings located in European cities. Majority of tall buildings in European cities were built in last 15 years. Tall buildings appear mainly in city centres, directly at important public spaces being viable environment for inhabitants with variety of public functions (open spaces, green areas, recreation places, shops, services etc.). All these amenities and services are under direct impact of extensive shading coming from the tall buildings. The paper focuses on analyses and representation of impact of shading from tall buildings on various public spaces in cities using 3D city models. Computer environment of 3D city models in cityGML standard uses 3D LiDAR data as one of data types for definition of 3D cities. The structure of cityGML allows analytic applications using existing computer tools, as well as developing new techniques to estimate extent of shading coming from high-risers, affecting life in public spaces. These measurable shading parameters in specific time are crucial for proper functioning, viability and attractiveness of public spaces – finally it is extremely important for location of tall buildings at main public spaces in cities. The paper explores impact of shading from tall buildings in different spatial contexts on the background of using cityGML models based on core LIDAR data to support controlled urban development in sense of viable public spaces. The article is prepared within research project 2TaLL: Application of 3D Virtual City Models in Urban Analyses of Tall Buildings, realized as a part of Polish-Norway Grants.
Construction and design defects in the residential buildings and observed earthquake damage types in Turkey
Authors: Cogurcu M. T.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Turkey is situated in a very active earthquake region. In the last century, several earthquakes resulted in thousands of deaths and enormous economic losses. In 1999, the Kocaeli earthquake had an approximate death toll of more than 20 000, and in 2011 the Van earthquake killed 604 people. In general, Turkish residential buildings have reinforced concrete structural systems. These reinforced concrete structures have several deficiencies, such as low concrete quality, non-seismic steel detailing and inappropriate structural systems including several architectural irregularities. In this study, the general characteristics of Turkish building stock and the deficiencies observed in structural systems are explained, and illustrative figures are given with reference to the Turkish Earthquake Code 2007. The poor concrete quality, lack of lateral or transverse reinforcement in beam–column joints and column confinement zones, high stirrup spacings, under-reinforced columns and over-reinforced beams are the primary causes of failures. Other deficiencies include weak-column–stronger-beam formations, insufficient seismic joint separations, soft-story or weak-story irregularities and short columns. Similar construction and design mistakes are also observed in other countries situated on active earthquake belts. Existing buildings still have these undesirable characteristics, and so to prepare for future earthquakes they must be rehabilitated.
Systematic attribution of observed southern hemispheric circulation trends to external forcing and internal variability
Authors: Franzke C. L. E. , O'Kane T. J. , Monselesan D. P. , Risbey J. S. , Horenko I.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. A critical question in the global warming debate concerns the causes of the observed trends of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) atmospheric circulation over recent decades. Secular trends have been identified in the frequency of occurrence of circulation regimes, namely the positive phase of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and the hemispheric wave 3 pattern which is associated with blocking. Previous studies into the causes of these secular trends have either been purely model based, have not included observational forcing data or have mixed external forcing with indices of internal climate variability impeding a systematic and unbiased attribution of the causes of the secular trends. Most model studies also focused mainly on the austral summer season. However, the changes to the storm tracks have occurred in all seasons and particularly in the austral winter and early spring when mid-latitude blocking is most active and stratospheric ozone should not a play a role. Here we systematically attribute the secular trends over the recent decades using a non-stationary clustering method applied to both reanalysis and observational forcing data from all seasons. While most previous studies emphasized the importance of stratospheric ozone depletion in causing austral summer SH circulation trends, we show observational evidence that anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations have been the major driver of these secular trends in the SAM and blocking when all seasons are considered. Our results suggest that the recovery of the ozone hole might delay the signal of global warming less strongly than previously thought and that effects from all seasons are likely crucial in understanding the causes of the secular trends.