bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seroprevalence and associated risk factors for Hepatitis B virus infection among barbers and their clients in two cities in Cameroon
Authors: Ngoupa Joël Brice , Njukeng Patrick Achiangia , Akwa Eric Ngoh , Kengne Michel , Tamoufe Ubald , Ter Goon Daniel , Nwobegahay Julius
Published: September 2019

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious public health problem in Africa and worldwide. Barbers are regularly in contact with the blood fluid of their clients, who could develop skin cuts and abrasions during shaving practices. There is scarcity of information about HBV among barbers in Cameroon. This study presents seroprevalence and associated risk factors for HBV infection among barbers and their clients in two cities (Yaounde and Douala) in Cameroon.Methods: Three millilitres of venous blood was collected into EDTA tubes from each of the 262 consenting participants. Plasma was obtained and transported to the Military Health Research Centre (CRESAR) for analysis. Sociodemographic data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The prevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was determined by a rapid diagnostic test (DiaSpot HBsAg) and confirmed with an ELISA sandwich test. Data were analysed using SPSS, version 21.Results: Thirty-three participants tested positive, giving an overall prevalence of 12.6%. A seroprevalence of 15.0% and 10.6% was obtained for barbers and their clients respectively. In Yaounde, the frequency of HBsAg among barbers and their clients was 14.9% and 10.4% respectively, while in Douala it was 15.4% and 11.1% respectively. However, no statistically significant difference was observed in these groups. There was also no statistically significant association between the knowledge of the modes of HBV transmissions and HBV status.Conclusion: The present study reveals that the rate of HBsAg among the study population is high in Cameroon and most people are not still properly sensitised regarding prevention measures.
Incidence of Acute Bronchospasm during Systemic Adenosine Administration for Coronary Angiography
Authors: Morrow Andrew , Ford Thomas J , Brogan Richard
Published: September 2019

Background

Adenosine is frequently used during coronary angiography to induce hyperaemia and allow operators to perform quantitative measurements of lesion severity. Acute bronchospasm is a recognised side effect relating to the activation of ‘off target’ A2B receptors. The true incidence of severe bronchospasm relating to adenosine administration is not known.

Methods

Using an electronic patient database, we analysed 100,253 consecutive coronary angiograms over almost 19 years. Fractional flow reserve (FFR) was measured under systemic adenosine in 9,440 cases.

Results

Adenosine-related bronchospasm was reported in only five cases (0.05%). One case resulted in a life-threatening respiratory arrest.

Conclusions

This study reveals the incidence of acute bronchospasm during FFR testing to be extremely low. Although rare, these reactions can be severe and are not simply limited to patients with brittle airways disease. Physicians should be aware of the utility of bolus intravenous aminophylline providing targeted therapy to reverse and treat adenosine-related bronchospasm.
Student Perceptions of a Sequential Objective Structured Clinical Examination
Authors: Duncumb Miriam , Cleland Jennifer
Published: September 2019

Background

Well-designed objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) are reliable and valid, but expensive. The sequential OSCE (sOSCE) aims to balance robustness with affordability. In a sOSCE all students undertake a screening test (Day 1), with ‘failing’ or ‘borderline’ candidates sitting a second examination (Day 2). Current research has focused on psychometric properties of the sOSCE. Our aim was to examine the acceptability of the sOSCE, by identifying students’ views.

Methods

Final-year students at one Scottish university completed a questionnaire after Day 1 of a sOSCE. Analysis included descriptive statistics and thematic analysis.

Results

A total of 107 out of 154 students (69.5%) responded. Most respondents strongly agreed/agreed that they: felt stressed about the sOSCE (98.1%); would feel like a failure if taking Day 2 (89.7%); and that Day 2 seems the same as a re-sit (78.5%). However, 61.7% agreed that fewer exams days was a positive aspect of the sOSCE. Open comments indicated feelings of increased stress, anxiety and frustration associated with the sOSCE.

Conclusions

Novelty or ‘fear of the unknown’ regarding the sOSCE seemed to be associated with negative attitudes. Further studies are required to explore student views of the sOSCE at less pressured times in the curriculum.
Ankle Hindfoot Scale vs Comprehensive SRMC Scoring System in Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture
Authors: Nageswaran Jambu , Bedford Samuel Chittaranjan , Ram Ganesan Ganesan
Published: September 2019

The existing scoring system like American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS)-ankle hindfoot scale, Leppilahti et al scoring system, Achilles tendon total rupture score, foot and ankle outcome score, the physical activity scale (PAS) questionnaire and Tegner activity score were not designed to evaluate all the parameters following surgical treatment of Achilles tendon rupture. Hence, we developed a comprehensive score called the comprehensive Sri Ramachandra Medical College (SRMC) scoring system. We compared the results of 60 patients who were surgically treated for acute Achilles tendon rupture using our comprehensive SRMC scoring system with the most commonly used AOFAS-ankle hindfoot scale.

Results

We found that there was 6.7% poor results using our scoring system, whereas no poor results using AOFAS scoring system mainly because our scoring system also assesses quality of life, patient satisfaction and tendon strength. Similarly, there was 10% fair results in our scoring system compared to 3.3% in AOFAS scale indicating that our scoring system is more sensitive. Comprehensive SRMC scoring system was found to be reliable statistically as per alpha method (α = 0.7787) and was statistically significant at p < 0.001.

Conclusion

Comprehensive SRMC scoring system was found to be superior to AOFAS scale specifically for analyzing Achilles tendon repair. Poor results are likely to be picked up by our scoring system which has been shown in our results.

How to cite this article

Nageswaran J, Ram GG, Bedford SC. Ankle Hindfoot Scale vs Comprehensive Srmc Scoring System in Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture. J Foot Ankle Surg (Asia- Pacific) 2015;2(2):77-79.
Correction of Resistant/Relapsed/Neglected Clubfeet by Differential Distraction with a Simple Unconstrained Ilizarov Construct
Authors: Ganesan Ganesan Ram , Harshavardhan Giriraj
Published: September 2019

Introduction

External fixators were used to correct difficult clubfeet by the principle of differential distraction. Following the distraction phase, the fixator was conventionally maintained for a prolonged period to prevent recurrence. The purpose of the study was to analyze whether early removal of the fixator followed by Ponseti's technique of manipulation is compatible with good result and maintenance of correction at long-term follow-up.

Materials and methods

A total of 21 children with resistant/ relapsed/neglected clubfeet in the age group of 2 to 13 years were treated by an unconstrained Ilizarov frame and differential distraction. Once the deformity was clinically corrected, the distraction was stopped and the fixator was removed after 3 weeks. During removal of the fixator, the feet were manipulated according to Ponseti's principles and if necessary a posterior TendoAchilles lengthening/tenotomy was done to obtain more dorsiflexion. Above-knee plaster casts were applied for a period of 3 weeks. Following removal of casts, measurements were taken for foot abduction orthosis and a below-knee cast was applied till the foot abduction orthosis was ready. The foot abduction orthosis was used at nighttime. Parents were taught to manipulate the feet after each meal.

Results

Good clinical correction was obtained in all feet. At 2 years follow-up, correction was well maintained, implying that there is no risk of recurrence if the fixator is removed early during the static phase. The use of Ponseti's technique at fixator removal may also help in reducing the risk of recurrence.

Conclusion

Clubfeet can be easily corrected by differential distraction using external fixators. Early removal of fixator followed by the application of Ponseti's technique of manipulation gives good correction of deformity and does not increase the rates of recurrence.

How to cite this article

Harshavardhan G, Ganesan GR. Correction of Resistant/Relapsed/Neglected Clubfeet by Differential Distraction with a Simple Unconstrained Ilizarov Construct. J Foot Ankle Surg (Asia-Pacific) 2016;3(1):1-5.
Minifragment T-plate Fixation: An Alternative Method for Medial Malleolus Fracture Fixation
Authors: Ahmed Mannan , Sohal Harminder S , Garg Radhe S , Jindal Sanjeev , Wadhwani Jitendra , Bansal Vivek
Published: September 2019

Aim

Modern trend in the management of fractures is fast changing in favor of rigid fixation and early mobilization with minimal period of plaster immobilization. We present a prospective cohort study of fixation of medial malleolus fractures with Minifragment T-plate and its evaluation in terms of maintenance of accurate anatomical reduction, stable fixation, and early restoration of functions.

Materials and methods

A total of 25 patients of median age 45 years (22–70), with medial malleolus fractures were treated by open reduction and internal fixation using Minifragment T-plate. Outcome was evaluated using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot Score.

Results

A total of 80% cases had anatomical reduction, 12% had good reduction (<2 mm displacement), 4% had fair reduction (2–5 mm displacement), and 4% had poor reduction (>5 mm displacement). After 6 months follow-up, outcome was excellent in 20 cases (80%), 3 cases (12%) had good result, and 2 cases (8%) had fair result according to AOFAS score. Out of 25 cases, in 2 cases (8%) infection occurred, 6 cases (24%) had limitation of movements, 1 case (4%) had instability at ankle, and 2 cases (8%) had delayed union of fracture.

Conclusion

Weighing the advantages and disadvantages of fixation with Minifragment T-plate, it can be safely concluded that Minifragment T-plate can be an effective alternative option in the management of medial malleolus fractures. At the same time, it is warned that this technique should not be used indiscriminately without technical skill.

Clinical significance

Minifragment T-plate fixation provides rigid fixation along with early return of movements with limited period of immobilization. Studying this alternative method expands the present knowledge for management of medial malleolus fractures.

How to cite this article

Sohal HS, Garg RS, Jindal S, Wadhwani J, Bansal V, Ahmed M. Minifragment T-plate Fixation: An Alternative Method for Medial Malleolus Fracture Fixation. J Foot Ankle Surg (Asia-Pacific) 2016;3(1):10-14.
Diabetic Foot Disease—Incidence and Risk Factors: A Clinical Study
Authors: Kapila Rajesh , Sharma Rakesh , Sharma Ashwani K , Mann Jagsir
Published: September 2019

Diabetic foot disease is one of the most common, yet dreaded long-term complication of diabetes mellitus, especially in developing countries. It is the single-most common cause of nontraumatic lower limb amputations. Various studies worldwide have shown an incidence of diabetic foot to be 15 to 25%. Elderly males who are smokers and have habit of alcohol intake and have long duration of type 2 diabetes are at major risk for this problem. The other significant risk factors are: Poor glycemic control, neuropathy, angiopathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy. Management of diabetic foot disease involves a multidisciplinary approach. The present study was conducted with the aim to know about the prevalence of the incidence of diabetic foot disease in diabetic patients and to enumerate the different risk factors associated with it for the occurrence of diabetic foot disease in such patients at the time of presentation.

Over a period of 1 year, a prospective study involving 1,016 diabetic patients as per World Health Organization (WHO) criteria were screened for diabetic foot disease. All cases were graded as per University of Texas classification. Incidence of diabetic foot disease was calculated and the risk factors were identified through proper history taking, clinical evaluation, and specialized tests as and when required.

Some of the common risk factors identified in our study were: Elderly males from poor families having long-term type 2 diabetes and who were smokers and alcoholics. Many of these patients had other systemic complications of diabetes in the form of neuropathy, retinopathy, angiopathy, and nephropathy as well. A very important, yet easily modifiable risk factor was poor glycemic control. Our conclusion from the study is being that the diabetic foot disease is much common than anticipated in diabetes mellitus patients; it is on the rise and the resultant morbidity is very crippling to the affected individuals. Therefore it is very important to identify the risk factors and educate patients about them, especially the modifiable risk factors, so that its incidence and the morbidity can be brought down significantly.

How to cite this article

Sharma R, Kapila R, Sharma AK, Mann J. Diabetic Foot Disease—Incidence and Risk Factors: A Clinical Study. J Foot Ankle Surg (Asia-Pacific) 2016;3(1):41-46.
A Rare Case of Primary Synovial Chondromatosis of the Ankle
Authors: Chathoth Viswanathan , Sankaranarayanan Sriram
Published: September 2019

Synovial chondromatosis is a condition where the synovial lining of joints, tendons, or bursa undergoes metaplasia into cartilaginous loose bodies. Primary synovial chondromatosis of the ankle joint is very rare and less commonly reported in literature. We report a case of primary synovial chondromatosis of the ankle that we encountered in our clinic. A 33-year-old male patient presented with a history of multiple swellings around his right ankle joint, along with dull aching pain. Both the clinical examination and X-rays were suggestive of primary synovial chondromatosis of the ankle. We performed an open loose body removal and synovectomy of the ankle. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of primary synovial chondromatosis. We report this case owing to its rarity of presentation.

How to cite this article

Chathoth V, Sankaranarayanan S. A Rare Case of Primary Synovial Chondromatosis of the Ankle. J Foot Ankle Surg (Asia-Pacific) 2016;3(1):53-55.
Ankle Fusion in grossly deformed “Idiopathic Charcot's Neuroarthropathy”
Authors: Jha SS
Published: September 2019

This typical case aged 65 years is reported with history of injury in childhood, clinically has progressed to ankle fusion following surgery 7 years early with multiple screws. Anti-tumor necrosis factor / methotrexate is recommended early in management to prevent progression of inflammatory pathology.

How to cite this article

Jha SS. Ankle Fusion in grossly deformed “Idiopathic Charcot's Neuroarthropathy”. J Foot Ankle Surg (Asia-Pacific) 2016;3(2):117-120.
Evaluation of Outcome of Management of Distal Tibial Fractures using Distal Tibial Locking Plate
Authors: Kapila Rajesh , Ahmed Mannan , Garg Radhe S , Jindal Sanjeev , Bansal Vivek
Published: September 2019

Aim

The modern trend in the management of fractures is fast changing in favor of rigid fixation and early mobilization with minimal period of plaster immobilization. We present a prospective cohort study of fixation of distal tibial fractures with distal tibial locking plate and its evaluation in terms of maintenance of accurate anatomical reduction, stable fixation, with early restoration of functions.

Materials and methods

A total of 25 patients with median age 38.04 years, age range 19 to 70, with distal tibial fracture were treated by using distal tibial locking plate. The outcome was evaluated using American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score.

Results

The majority of fractures in this study were extraarticular (64%), while 20% were partial articular fractures and 16% were complete articular fractures. Out of 25 patients, 6 patients had superficial infection and 1 patient had deep infection. Out of 25 cases, 5 cases had union by 16 weeks, 11 cases by 20 weeks, 7 cases had union by 30 weeks, and 2 cases had nonunion. According to AOFAS score at 6 months, 4 cases had score of 31 to 70 and 21 cases had score of 71 to 100.

Conclusion

The results of our study corroborate with the contemporary literature relevant to distal tibial fracture fixation performed with various locking plates. Therefore, locking compression plate is a good device to stabilize the fracture of the distal tibial.

Clinical significance

Locking plates are a good device to stabilize the fractures of the distal tibial, especially when used in conjunction with meticulous intraoperative handling of soft tissue and active participation of patients in rehabilitation program. Studying this alternative method expands the present knowledge for the management of distal tibial fractures.

How to cite this article

Ahmed M, Jindal S, Bansal V, Kapila R, Garg RS. Evaluation of Outcome of Management of Distal Tibial Fractures using Distal Tibial Locking Plate. J Foot Ankle Surg (Asia-Pacific) 2017;4(1):5-9.
Composite Flexor Hallucis Longus and Free Gracillis Flap for Infected Achilles Tendon
Authors: Simon Rajesh , Jose Denis P , Gadgil, Atmaram
Published: September 2019

Primary infection of tendo-achilles (TA) is quite uncommon. Here, we are presenting an interesting case of a 42-year-old farmer who developed TA infection following thorn prick injury (3-month-old injury). He presented to us with discharging sinus on posterior aspect of heel. On subsequent debridement, he had 17 cm tendon defect, which was treated with flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon and reinforced with free gracillis flap from opposite thigh. However, to the best of our knowledge, combined use of FHL and gracillis tendon has so far not reported.

How to cite this article

Simon R, Gadgil A, Jose DP. Composite Flexor Hallucis Longus and Free Gracillis Flap for Infected Achilles Tendon. J Foot Ankle Surg (Asia-Pacific) 2017;4(2):100-102.
Informed Consent Process in the New Millennium
Authors: Pal Ranabir , Paul Swapan K
Published: September 2019

In this new millennium, the clinical trial is inseparably linked with an upgrade of health care by generating invaluable data in preventive, promotive and curative health. Globally research experts have concerns regarding ensuring financial and other compensations along with optimum health benefits for research participants in clinical trials in the emerging market economy. A significant number of human healthy volunteers (participants) take part in researches in both developed and developing countries. Participants are frequently unaware that the informed consent process is mandatory for investigators, funders and participants and their free will must be documented. There are sparse published medical works of literature that attempted to assess the extent to which all the norms of the informed consent process are followed in Indian settings in this area to the best of our knowledge. We need to conduct researches on the preparedness of the clinical trials participants towards their awareness of the criticality of the informed consent process and their motives for participation. This narrative review enlightened the facts that very patient, extensive and careful transparent narration and dissemination of the information can only ensure truly informed and autonomous decision improving the validity of the study.
Total knee arthroplasty using modified measured resection: a five-year retrospective review of midterm outcomes
Authors: Dung Tran , Nang Vo , Son Dinh , Du Hoang , Long Nguyen , Son Le , Toan Duong , Minh Do , Phuong Nguyen , Thanh Ma
Published: September 2019

Introduction

Deforming arthrosis, or osteoarthritis, is the most common rheumatic disease that involves the musculoskeletal system. The purpose of this research is to perform a retrospective review of the quality of life of patients with knee arthrosis, who underwent total knee arthroplasty (TKA) no less than five years ago, to evaluate, based on the Knee Society Scoring System, the efficacy of a modified measured resection technique, and to investigate factors that affect the outcomes.

Material and methods

The research sample consisted of 44 patients who had severe osteoarthrosis, Kellgren-Lawrence grade III and grade IV.

Results

The post-operative complications occurred in seven knee joints. Among them there were two cases of infection, two cases of periprosthesis fracture, and two cases of aseptic instability, each pair accounting for 4.3%, and one case of femoropatellar pain (2.3%). The remaining 38 knee joints (84.8%) were free of complications.

Conclusions

Knee arthrosis is a serious health problem, given the significant rate of disability among patients and the significant reduction in the quality of life. Patients often seek medical help at the later stages of the disease, when pain is strong and knee function is significantly reduced. The approach to rehabilitation procedures and, in some cases, to lifestyle improvement should be more responsible.
Coccolithophore biodiversity controls carbonate export in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Rigual Hernández Andrés S. , Trull Thomas W. , Nodder Scott D. , Flores José A. , Bostock Helen , Abrantes Fátima , Eriksen Ruth S. , Sierro Francisco J. , Davies Diana M. , Ballegeer Anne-Marie , Fuertes Miguel A. , Northcote Lisa C.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Southern Ocean waters are projected to undergo profound changes in their physical and chemical properties in the coming decades. Coccolithophore blooms in the Southern Ocean are thought to account for a major fraction of the global marine calcium carbonate (CaCO3) production and export to the deep sea. Therefore, changes in the composition and abundance of Southern Ocean coccolithophore populations are likely to alter the marine carbon cycle, with feedbacks to the rate of global climate change. However, the contribution of coccolithophores to CaCO3 export in the Southern Ocean is uncertain, particularly in the circumpolar Subantarctic Zone that represents about half of the areal extent of the Southern Ocean and where coccolithophores are most abundant. Here, we present measurements of annual CaCO3 flux and quantitatively partition them amongst coccolithophore species and heterotrophic calcifiers at two sites representative of a large portion of the Subantarctic Zone. We find that coccolithophores account for a major fraction of the annual CaCO3 export with highest contributions in waters with low algal biomass accumulations. Notably, our analysis reveals that although Emiliania huxleyi is an important vector for CaCO3 export to the deep sea, less abundant but larger species account for most of the annual coccolithophore CaCO3 flux. This observation contrasts with satellite remote sensing images that mostly reflect E. huxleyi blooms as a result of its higher cell abundance and detachment of its relatively small liths. It appears likely that the climate-induced migration of oceanic fronts will initially result in the poleward expansion of large coccolithophore species increasing CaCO3 production. However, subantarctic coccolithophore populations will eventually diminish as acidification overwhelms those changes. Overall, our analysis emphasizes the need for species-centred studies to improve our ability to project future changes in phytoplankton communities and their influence on marine biogeochemical cycles.
Modelling thermomechanical ice deformation using a GPU-based implicit pseudo-transient method (FastICE v1.0)
Authors: Räss Ludovic , Licul Aleksandar , Herman Frédéric , Podladchikov Yury Y. , Suckale Jenny
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Accurate predictions of future sea level rise require numerical models that capture the complex thermomechanical feedbacks in rapidly deforming ice. Shear margins, grounding zones and the basal sliding interface are locations of particular interest where the stress-field is complex and fundamentally three-dimensional. These transition zones are prone to thermomechanical localisation, which can be captured numerically only with high temporal and spatial resolution. Thus, better understanding the coupled physical processes that govern these boundaries of localised strain necessitates a non-linear, full Stokes model that affords high resolution and scales well in three dimensions. This paper’s goal is to contribute to the growing toolbox for modelling thermomechanical deformation in ice by levering GPU accelerators’ parallel scalability. We propose a numerical model that relies on pseudo-transient iterations to solve the implicit thermomechanical coupling between ice motion and temperature involving shear-heating and a temperature-dependant ice viscosity. Our method is based on the finite-difference discretisation, and we implement the pseudo-time integration in a matrix-free way. We benchmark the mechanical Stokes solver against the finite-element code Elmer/Ice and report good agreement among the results. We showcase a parallel version of the solver to run on GPU-accelerated distributed memory machines, reaching a parallel efficiency of 93 %. We show that our model is particularly useful for improving our process-based understanding of flow localisation in the complex transition zones bounding rapidly moving ice.
Real-Time Snow Depth Estimation and Historical Data Reconstruction Over China Based on a Random Forest Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Yang Jianwei , Jiang Lingmei , Luojus Kari , Pan Jinmei , Lemmetyinen Juha , Takala Matias , Wu Shengli
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Snow depth data time series are valuable for climatological and hydrological applications. Passive microwave (PMW) sensors are advantageous for estimating spatially and temporally continuous snow depth. However, PMW estimate accuracy has several problems, which results in poor performances of traditional snow depth estimation algorithms. Machine learning (ML) is a common method used in many research fields, and its early application in remote sensing is promising. In this study, we propose a new and accurate approach based on the ML technique to estimate real-time snow depth and reconstruct historical snow depth from 1987–2018. First, we trained the random forest (RF) model with advanced microwave scanning radiometer 2 (AMSR2) brightness temperatures (TB) at 10.65, 18.7, 36.5 and 89 GHz, land cover fraction (forest, shrub, grass, farm and barren), geolocation (latitude and longitude) and station observation from 2014–2015. Then, the trained RF model was used to retrieve a reference dataset with 2012–2018 AMSR2 TB data as the accurate snow depth. With this reference snow depth dataset, we developed the pixel-based algorithm for the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMI/S). Finally, the pixel-based method was used to reconstruct a consistent 31-year daily snow depth dataset for 1987–2018. We validated the trained RF model using the weather station observations and AMSR2 TB during 2012–2013. The results showed that the RF model root mean square error (RMSE) and bias were 4.5 cm and 0.04 cm, respectively. The pixel-based algorithm’s accuracy was evaluated against the field sampling experiments dataset (January–March, 2018) and station observations in 2017–2018, and the RMSEs were 2.0 cm and 5.1 cm, respectively. The pixel-based method performs better than the previous regression method fitted in China (RMSEs are 4.7 cm and 8.4 cm, respectively). The high accuracy of the pixel-based method can be attributed to the spatial dynamic retrieval coefficients and accurate snow depth estimates of the RF model. Additionally, the 1987–2018 long-term snow depth dataset was analyzed in terms of temporal and spatial variations. On the spatial scale, daily maximum snow depth tends to occur in Xinjiang and the Himalayas during 1992–2018. However, the daily mean snow depth in Northeast China is the largest. For the temporal characteristics, the February mean snow depth is the thickest during snowy winter seasons. Interestingly, the January mean snow depth represents the annual mean snow depth, which plays an important role in snow depth prediction and hydrological management. In conclusion, through step-by-step validation using in situ observations, our pixel-based approach is available in real-time snow depth retrievals and historical data reconstruction.
Field-test of wind turbine by voltage source converter
Authors: Espinoza Nicolás , Carlson Ola
Published: September 2019

Abstract. One of the main challenges for wind energy development is making wind turbines efficient in terms of costs whilst maintaining safe and reliable operation. An important design criterion is to fulfil the grid codes given by the transmission system operators. Grid codes state how wind farms must perform when connected to the grid under normal and abnormal conditions. In this regard, it is well-known that not all technical requirements can be tested by using actual impedance-based test equipment. Therefore, test equipment comprising a fully rated voltage source converter in back-to-back configuration is proposed. Thanks to the full controllability of the applied voltage in terms of magnitude, phase and frequency, the use of voltage-source-converter-based test equipment provides more flexibility compared to actual test systems. As demonstrated in this paper, the investigated test device not only can recreate any type of fault, including its recovery ramp, but also can carry out steady-state tests, such as frequency variations and frequency scan, on the test object. Finally, test results from a 4.1 MW wind turbine and 8 MW test equipment located in Gothenburg, Sweden, are shown to validate the investigated grid code test methodology.
La referencia a América como evidencia del “estado de naturaleza” en las teorías contractuales clásicas
Authors: Romero Manuel
Published: September 2019

La problemática de apropiar a América en el pensamiento occidental incentivó una pro­ducción conceptual que reconfiguró la forma de entender la política y el poder. En este contexto de reordenamiento del cosmos europeo, surgiría una teoría que permitirá interiorizar al Nuevo Mundo en el imaginario político de occidente: el contractualismo. Los principales autores de esta corriente serán Hobbes, Locke y Rousseau. El recorrido teórico que refieren éstos es similar: los hombres viven en una etapa pre-social llamada estado de naturaleza, que es superada al desarrollar un pacto social, que permite ir conformando un estado social. Se concluye que América será una pieza central en el esquema contractual, principalmente porque su referencia proveerá de un sustento empírico a los hipotéticos que se enarbolarán sobre dicho esquema.
Julien Freund, “teórico de las esencias”: un intento filosófico de clarificación
Authors: Valderrama Abenza Juan C.
Published: September 2019

La teoría política de Julien Freund, conocida especialmente por su obra cumbre de 1965, L’essence du politique, descansa sobre bases epistemológicas y filosóficas que él mismo condensó en su “teoría de la esencia”. Este modelo teórico, aunque lo aplicó en primer lugar a lo político, lo concibió no obstante como una herramienta de análisis global de los fenómenos sociales en clave ontofenomeno­lógica y, en este mismo sentido, antropológica. Aún no existe sin embargo una exposición completa de esta teoría, a la que queremos dedicar ahora un primer estudio sistemático, con relación especialmente a dos problemas: la circunstancia histórica en que se fraguó la teoría y su intención epistemológica general, que solo puede ser adecuadamente entendida en su significación metafísica original.
Repensar el poder desde Claude Lefort: una propuesta interpretativa
Authors: Straehle Edgar
Published: September 2019

En este artículo se expone una concepción del poder que parte de las reflexiones de Claude Lefort y que reivindica su dimensión simbólica. Para ello, primero se aborda la descripción que Clifford Geertz hizo de la antigua sociedad política balinesa como ejemplificación radical de un “poder estético”. Luego se continúa con las reflexiones de Lefort en torno al carácter simbólico del poder, cómo estas permiten entenderlo dentro de un espacio en permanente disputa y como un concepto que no debe ser reducido a la coerción o la violencia ni que tampoco debe ser exclusivamente analizado desde una perspectiva material. Para ello, se abordan las tres figuras del poder que, según el análisis de Lefort, se corresponden a tres tipos de formas políticas distintas: el antiguo régimen, el totalitarismo y la democracia.
Laclau: una política del antagonismo
Authors: Guille Gustavo Patricio
Published: September 2019

El artículo presenta la noción de antagonismo como categoría central para comprender el pensamiento de Ernesto Laclau. Para ello recupera los distintos modos en que dicha noción es reformu­lada a lo largo de su recorrido teórico. De este modo, partiendo de la caracterización inicial de la noción de antagonismo desarrollada en Hegemonía y estrategia socialista, el artículo se centra en el análisis de las modificaciones posteriores de dicha categoría; las cuales son interpretadas respectivamente como una radicalización ontológica y una radicalización política del antagonismo. Finalmente, se destaca la importancia de esta noción para pensar una política radical que sostenga un proyecto emancipador frente a la hegemonía neoliberal.
Analysis of the Role of Corporate Governance on Listed Firm’s Capital Structure: The East African Stock Markets Perspective
Authors: Mwambuli Erick Lusekelo
Published: September 2019

This paper examine the role of corporate governance on listed firm’s capital structure decisions in developing economies, East African stock markets. To achieve the objective of this paper, we used a strongly balanced panel dataset of 320 observations (i.e. a sample of 32 non-financial listed firms in East African region from 2006-2015. Measures for capital structure decisions were short term debt ratio (STDR),long term debt ratio (LTDR) and total debt ratio (TDR) as dependent variables and explanatory (independent) variable was corporate governance practices measured by researcher-constructed index consisting of 28 corporate governance provisions ;thus the corporate governance practices index (CGPI). Furthermore, the effects of control variable such as firm size (SIZ), the level of economic development (GDP) and industry dummies were also examined. The panel corrected standard errors (PCSEs) regression model was employed for corporate governance practices and capital structure decisions to analyze the data. Our results indicate a statistically significant negative effect of corporate governance practices on capital structure decisions at 5% significance level. Our paper contributes to both literature and the practical implications, because our paper provides a first insight of the corporate governance practices and its effects on capital structure decisions for the East African regional stock markets. The paper recommends to securities markets regulatory authorities in East African region such as East African member states securities regulatory authority (EASRA) and their respective countries securities markets regulatory authorities to stimulates new efforts towards better corporate governance practices to listed firms in the regional bloc due to its statistically significant effects on capital structure decisions and future study can be extended after considering external corporate governance mechanisms.
Cross-Cultural Linguistic Analysis of Persuasive Techniques in Shark Tank
Authors: Ahmed S. Al-Ghamdi Naimah , Alghofaily Rand
Published: September 2019

The present study evaluates the application of William McGuire's Model of persuasion (1968) on Talk Shows from a cross-cultural view. Selected episodes from "Shark Tank" show in its two versions (the American and the Saudi) are transcribed and analyzed to identify the persuasive steps and techniques used by the participants in order to examine how persuasion works in the two different cultures. Results show that McGuire's model was 50%applied in the American version. Also, the Americans' style of persuasion was characterized by low context meaning, direct speech, linear themes, formal language, verbal techniques oriented, display feelings and creative thinking. On the other hand, McGuire's model of persuasion was 25% applied in the Saudi version. The Saudis' style of persuasion was characterized by high context meaning, indirect speech, non-linear themes, informal language, nonverbal techniques, partly conceals feelings and Simi creative thinking.
Movilidad, espacio y diseño: metodología de análisis integrada del sistema viario en relación a sus contextos y a parámetros de diseño. El caso de la ciudad de la Plata
Authors: López María Julieta , Ravella Olga Rosa
Published: September 2019

En la última década los espacios del sistema de movilidad están siendo analizados desde nuevos enfoques. Enfoques que integran aproximaciones teóricas de diversas disciplinas y que avanzan sobre la tradicional concepción ingenieril de las infraestructuras. En línea con estos nuevos estudios, se expone una metodología que vincula dos escalas de análisis, la primera contextualiza al sistema viario para entender su rol en el sistema territorial que integra y la segunda detalla sus propiedades aplicando un sistema de parámetros de diseño, con el fin de comprender su incidencia en la movilidad, accesibilidad y habitabilidad urbana. El artículo propone como caso de aplicación para dicha metodología a la ciudad de La Plata, a partir de considerarla un caso representativo del conjunto de ciudades intermedias argentinas. Dichas ciudades han experimentado cambios importantes en su movilidad producto de la expansión urbana de las últimas décadas, sin el respaldo de instrumentos de gestión que contemplaran al sistema vial de manera integrada. Se presenta un repaso de la bibliografía más importante en materia de análisis y diseño urbano, profundizando detalladamente en la metodología propuesta, y evidenciando los resultados del caso. Se expone sintéticamente reflexiones sobre las escalas analíticas y los criterios clave que deben favorecer al diseño y organización del sistema viario.
Participación ciudadana y movilidad sostenible: el caso del área metropolitana de Concepción, Chile
Authors: León Aravena Javier , Núñez Cerda Francisco , Albornoz Del Valle Elias
Published: September 2019

La movilidad es un problema multifactorial. Entre sus aspectos figura la subjetividad de los ciudadanos, asociada a percepciones de los problemas que detectan, sensaciones y emociones que les provoca la experiencia de movilidad. Sin embargo, estos elementos, no son apropiadamente considerados en la formulación de los respectivos planes. La pregunta de investigación que se plantea es, si la participación además de identificar elementos objetivos para un plan, también lo puede hacer con los elementos subjetivos. El artículo describe cómo se exploraron e identificaron dichos aspectos para ser incluidos en la Formulación del Plan de Movilidad Sostenible para el Área Metropolitana de Concepción, Chile, realizado el año 2017. Se utilizó una metodología participativa implementada a través de talleres y encuestas aplicadas a informantes claves. Los datos fueron analizados de acuerdo triangulación metodológica y criterios de movilidad sostenible. Uno de los hallazgos destacados, es la funcionalidad y eficacia que la metodología participativa logra para identificar el papel de las emociones en la planificación. Otro hallazgo es la mención en un 70% de emociones negativas. Tal resultado, plantea la preocupación con relación a como se están llevando a cabo las actuales políticas y procedimientos de diseño e implementación de planes de movilidad, los que no consideran adecuadamente estos aspectos.
Percepción social de la tecnología en Chile
Authors: Maldifassi P. José
Published: September 2019

El presente trabajo de investigación analiza cómo es percibida y conceptualizada la tecnología por la población adulta en Chile. Con este propósito, se diseñó un estudio cuantitativo con una muestra de 181 personas adultas habitantes de la Quinta Región de Valparaíso, Chile. Los resultados de la investigación muestran que el concepto de tecnología asume distintos significados conforme a la edad, sexo y grupo socioeconómico de las personas. Las mujeres tienden a asociar el concepto a la idea de internet y los hombres a procesos productivos complejos, en tanto que personas de estratos altos y medio-altos tienden a percibir la tecnología como algo más positivo que el resto de los grupos. A su vez, el Gobierno en tanto institución, es considerado por la mayoría de las personas como el agente principal del sistema nacional de innovación y el principal responsable de la generación de un desarrollo tecnológico genuino, seguido por las empresas y las universidades. Los resultados se analizan a fin de contribuir a la discusión respecto al desarrollo tecnológico en Chile.
Jefas de hogar con pareja: Analizando las causas de su reconocimiento
Authors: Diaz-Medina Yenelis
Published: September 2019

Uno de los factores que caracteriza la heterogeneidad familiar cubana ha sido el aumento de la jefatura femenina de hogar. Un elemento característico de este fenómeno en Cuba consiste en el alto porcentaje de mujeres casadas o en unión consensual que ejercen este rol. Sin embargo, esta temática ha sido poco estudiada en el país. Este trabajo muestra los resultados de un estudio exploratorio-descriptivo cuyo objetivo fue analizar, desde la perspectiva de género, las causas por las que un grupo de mujeres con vínculo conyugal se reconocen como jefas de hogar y son reconocidas como tal por sus parejas. Para ello se usó un enfoque cualitativo de estudio de casos, en una muestra de diez parejas casadas o convivientes. Los resultados mostraron que las causas que sustentan el reconocimiento de este rol responden a criterios de orden económico, legal, personal y a concepciones de género propios de la cultura patriarcal. Se plantea que las características socioeconómicas del contexto cubano pudieran estar influyendo en una valoración positiva de la jefatura femenina por las parejas estudiadas, así como en una mayor capacidad para asumir este rol. Se presentan reflexiones derivadas de los hallazgos de la investigación que apuntan a la necesidad de impulsar nuevos estudios sobre la temática considerando otras variables no contempladas en la misma.
Perfil social y económico de los pacientes diagnosticados con esquizofrenia en Cali
Authors: Sánchez-Salcedo José Fernando , Arboleda María Adelaida , Montes Mateo , Castrillón María del Carmen , Ríos Sandra Viviana , Soto Angélica
Published: September 2019

El objetivo de este artículo consiste en la construcción de un perfil social, económico y demográfico de la población registrada con el Sistema de Selección de Beneficiarios para Programas Sociales (SISBEN) del Hospital Departamental Psiquiátrico Universitario del Valle (HDPUV) entre el 2009 y el 2017, cuyo diagnóstico se encuentra dentro del clúster de esquizofrenia, trastorno esquizotípico o trastorno de ideas delirantes. Se optó por un trabajo en el que se complementó la información entre las bases de datos del SISBEN de Cali y la del HDPUV para profundizar en datos sobre pobreza y vulnerabilidad de las personas que son potenciales beneficiarios de programas sociales estatales. Finalmente, el documento sugiere que hay una necesidad por estudiar la relación entre la pobreza, vulnerabilidad y salud mental, que no es casual, pero sí implica una prolongación o recrudecimiento de un ciclo de pobreza y de dificultades para la atención de los trastornos mentales agudos.
Diseño y validación de una escala de impacto psicosocial de los desastres (SPSI-D)
Authors: Leiva-Bianchi Marcelo , Arellano Carla , Pardo Elizabeth , Ahumada Francisco , Amaya Ignacia , Antúnez Sylvia , Cáceres Cristian , Salinas Melissa , Serrano Carlos
Published: September 2019

Los desastres se caracterizan por generar un impacto en las personas y comunidades expuestas, quienes responderán de manera disruptiva o saludable. El objetivo de esta investigación es definir ese impacto psicosocial mediante el diseño y validación de una escala: SPSI-D. Para eso: se revisó literatura centrada en el impacto de los desastres; se diseñaron ítems que fueron evaluados por jueces-expertos; y se validó la escala en una muestra de personas expuestas al terremoto y tsunami del 27 de Febrero de 2010 en Chile. Se utilizó el análisis factorial paralelo, confirmatorio y curvas ROC. Los resultados evidencian la validez, fiabilidad y precisión de la SPSI-D, la que quedó conformada por 51 ítems, agrupados en 6 dimensiones. El instrumento integra las ventajas de medir respuestas disruptivas y saludables después de un desastre. Se deja la SPSI-D a disposición de los profesionales que la requieran.
Asimetría en el conocimiento sociotécnico: Marco teórico para estudiar conflictos medioambientales
Authors: Parker Cristián , Pérez Valdivia José Miguel
Published: September 2019

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo proponer un marco teórico y metodológico para el análisis del factor conocimiento socio-técnico en los procesos de evaluación ambiental, teniendo como referente lo que sucede generalmente en la evaluación de los megaproyectos de infraestructura, energía o minería. En particular, nuestro propósito es profundizar en un enfoque teórico sobre la construcción social del conocimiento socioambiental y socio-técnico, sobre las asimetrías de los actores sociales involucrados y el riesgo de la tecnocracia que inhibe la participación. Luego proponemos un marco metodológico para la investigación de las expresiones discursivas y semióticas de los discursos que contienen los conocimientos negociados en procesos de evaluación ambiental. Se propone este marco que aproxime a una adecuada comprensión y manejo de las asimetrías en el conocimiento sociotécnico, como elemento que ha sido poco estudiado y que, sin embargo, tiene relevancia en el inicio, desarrollo y desenlace de los conflictos socioambientales.
Resultados políticos de los conflictos socio-ambientales eléctricos en Chile
Authors: Cortez López Mauricio Andrés
Published: September 2019

El presente estudio analiza dos casos de conflictividad socio-ambiental eléctrica en Chile, los cuales modificaron sustancialmente las dinámicas políticas y el diseño territorial de las localidades en donde se insertaron. Para comprender estos casos, se rastrean los principales hitos políticos de los conflictos, a partir de una aproximación metodológica que consideró la etnografía y el rastreo de procesos. Mediante esta aproximación, se identifica que el conflicto desborda la dimensión socio-ambiental para situarse en una socio-territorial, transformando los mecanismos del poder fundamentalmente en tres aspectos: agenda política, estructura institucional y liderazgos.
Género y conflictos socioambientales: Una experiencia de investigación-acción participativa con mujeres dirigentes
Authors: Zambra Álvarez Antonia , Arriagada Oyarzún Evelyn
Published: September 2019

A partir de las contribuciones teóricas y metodológicas de la ecología política feminista y la investigación-acción participativa, este artículo ilustra cómo la experiencia de mujeres en torno a problemas de contaminación, acceso y/o uso a los recursos naturales puede gatillar procesos de politización y acción colectiva. Al respecto, las posibilidades y limitaciones que emergen de la experiencia de ser mujer y ser dirigente juegan un rol central para el abordaje de los problemas socioambientales en Chile. Tomando como caso una iniciativa piloto de formación de mujeres dirigentes de zonas rurales de la Región Metropolitana (Chile), se buscó relevar la perspectiva de género en la formación e investigación en torno a la relación sociedad-naturaleza. Los resultados muestran que las participantes ejercen una forma particular de liderazgo, donde el cuidado de la familia, la comunidad y el territorio constituyen los principales ejes de movilización social y formas cotidianas de hacer política.