bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermal responses of ex vivo human skin during multiple cryogen spurts and 1,450 nm laser pulses
Authors: Zhang Rong , Ramirez‐San‐Juan Julio C. , Choi Bernard , Jia Wangcun , Aguilar Guillermo , Kelly Kristen M. , Nelson J. Stuart
Published: February 2006

Background and Objective

Although cryogen spray cooling (CSC) is used to minimize the risk of epidermal damage during laser dermatologic surgery, concern has been expressed that CSC may induce cryo‐injury. The objective of this study is to measure temperature variations at the epidermal–dermal junction in ex vivo human skin during three clinically relevant multiple cryogen spurt—laser pulse sequences (MCS‐LPS).

Study Design/Materials and Methods

The epidermis of ex vivo human skin was separated from the dermis and a thin‐foil thermocouple (13 µm thickness) was inserted between the two layers. Thermocouple depth and epidermal thickness were measured using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Skin specimens were preheated to 30°C before the MCS‐LPS were initiated. Three MCS‐LPS patterns, with total cryogen spray times of 38, 30, and 25 milliseconds respectively, were applied to the specimens in combination with laser fluences of 10 and 14 J/cm2, while the thermocouple recorded the temperature changes at the epidermal–dermal junction.

Results

The thermocouple effectively recorded fast temperature changes during three MCS‐LPS patterns. The lowest temperatures measured corresponded to the sequences with longer pre‐cooling cryogen spurts. No sub‐zero temperatures were measured for any of the MCS‐LPS patterns under study.

Conclusions

The three clinically relevant MCS‐LPS patterns evaluated in this study do not cause sub‐zero temperatures in ex vivo human skin at the epidermal–dermal junction and, therefore, are unlikely to cause significant cryogen induced epidermal injury. Lasers Surg. Med. 38:137–141, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructural evaluation of multiple pass low energy versus single pass high energy radio‐frequency treatment
Authors: Kist David , Burns A. Jay , Sanner Roth , Counters Jeff , Zelickson Brian
Published: February 2006

Background and Objective

The radio‐frequency (RF) device is a system capable of volumetric heating of the mid to deep dermis and selective heating of the fibrous septa strands and fascia layer. Clinically, these effects promote dermal collagen production, and tightening of these deep subcutaneous structures. A new technique of using multiple low energy passes has been described which results in lower patient discomfort and fewer side effects. This technique has also been anecdotally described as giving more reproducible and reliable clinical results of tissue tightening and contouring. This study will compare ultrastructural changes in collagen between a single pass high energy versus up to five passes of a multiple pass lower energy treatment.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Three subjects were consented and treated in the preauricular region with the RF device using single or multiple passes (three or five) in the same 1.5 cm2 treatment area with a slight delay between passes to allow tissue cooling. Biopsies from each treatment region and a control biopsy were taken immediately, 24 hours or 6 months post treatment for electron microscopic examination of the 0–1 mm and 1–2 mm levels. Sections of tissue 1 mm×1 mm×80 nm were examined with an RCA EMU‐4 Transmission Electron Microscope. Twenty sections from 6 blocks from each 1 mm depth were examined by 2 blinded observers. The morphology and degree of collagen change in relation to area examined was compared to the control tissue, and estimated using a quantitative scale.

Results

Ultrastructural examination of tissue showed that an increased amount of collagen fibril changes with increasing passes at energies of 97 J (three passes) and 122 J (five passes), respectively. The changes seen after five multiple passes were similar to those detected after much more painful single pass high‐energy treatments.

Conclusions

This ultrastructural study shows changes in collagen fibril morphology with an increased effect demonstrated at greater depths of the skin with multiple low‐fluence passes and at lesser depths with single pass higher fluence settings. Findings suggest that similar collagen fibril alteration can occur with multiple pass low‐energy treatments and single pulse high‐energy treatments. The lower fluence multiple pass approach is associated with less patient discomfort, less side effects, and more consistent clinical results. Lasers Surg. Med. 38:150–154, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New Heteroaromatic Polymers Consisting of Alkyl‐ and Amino‐1,3,5‐triazine Units. Their Basic Optical Properties and n‐Type Time‐of‐Flight Drift Mobility
Authors: Yamamoto Takakazu , Watanabe Shoutaro , Fukumoto Hiroki , Sato Masaru , Tanaka Tsuyoshi
Published: February 2006

Summary: Alternating copolymers between substituted 1,3,5‐triazine (substituent = alkyl or amine) and thiophene or bithiophene are synthesized. The copolymer of amino‐1,3,5‐triazine with thiophene is soluble in organic solvents, transparent in most parts of the visible region, and photoluminescent. The copolymer receives electrochemical n‐doping with an Epc of −2.08 V vs Ag+/Ag and shows a time‐of‐flight electron drift mobility of 2.0 × 10−4 cm2 · V−1 · s−1, which is larger than that of widely used Al(8‐quinolinolato)3.

Structure of the poly(1,3,5‐triazine)s.

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Structure of the poly(1,3,5‐triazine)s.
Fabrication of Biomimetic Super‐Amphiphobic Surfaces Through Plasma Modification of Benzoxazine Films
Authors: Wang Chih‐Feng , Chiou Shih‐Feng , Ko Fu‐Hsiang , Chou Cheng‐Tung , Lin Han‐Ching , Huang Chih‐Feng , Chang Feng‐Chih
Published: February 2006

Summary: In this study, a method for producing super‐amphiphobic surfaces through plasma modification of benzoxazine films is presented. Microroughening and fluorination of the benzoxazine films occurs during the plasma treatment process and a rugged surface with a micro/nano binary structure is formed. The combined effect of low surface energy and substrate roughness results in high advancing contact angles (157° for water, 152° for diiodomethane) and low contact angle hysteresis.

SEM image of a cross‐linked polybenzoxazine film treated with Ar plasma (7 min) heated to 200 °C (1 h) and treated with CF4 plasma for 30 s.

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SEM image of a cross‐linked polybenzoxazine film treated with Ar plasma (7 min) heated to 200 °C (1 h) and treated with CF4 plasma for 30 s.
Effects of Comonomers on Lamellar and Noncrystalline Microstructure of Ethylene Copolymers
Authors: Cho Tai‐Yon , Shin Eun Ji , Jeong Wonhee , Heck Barbara , Graf Robert , Strobl Gert , Spiess Hans W. , Yoon Do Y.
Published: February 2006

Summary: A systematic investigation of the microstructure of ethylene copolymers has been carried out as a function of the comonomer type and content, employing small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) experiments to study the lamellar structure, and solid‐state NMR to study the local conformational freedom. The SAXS results clearly show that the major consequence of incorporating comonomers (butene and octene) is the absence of lamellar thickening during the crystallization. From solid‐state NMR study, applying the rotor‐encoded rotational echo double resonance technique (REREDOR), it is found that the extent of the orientational order in the noncrystalline region of semicrystalline polyethylene is substantial but this order is not significantly affected by the incorporation of comonomer units. Therefore, the major cause for the significant improvements of mechanical properties observed for ethylene copolymers is not a change in the thermodynamic state of the noncrystalline region, but most likely a significant change in the intermolecular topological structure due to the blocking of disentanglement processes required by the lamellar thickening step during crystallization.

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Type‐1 cannabinoid receptor expression in the frog, Rana esculenta, tissues: A possible involvement in the regulation of testicular activity
Authors: Meccariello Rosaria , Chianese Rosanna , Cacciola Giovanna , Cobellis Gilda , Pierantoni Riccardo , Fasano Silvia
Published: February 2006

Endogenous cannabinoids and type‐1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) are widely produced and distributed in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nerves in mammals. In addition, the detection of endocannabinoids and corresponding receptors in non nervous peripheral tissues indicates an involvement of the system in the control of a wide range of physiological activities, including reproduction. Recently, the existence of CB1 was also observed in lower vertebrates and in urochordate suggesting that the endocannabinoid system is phylogenetically conserved. Using RT‐PCR, CB1 mRNA expression profiles were characterized in a wide range of tissues of the anuran amphibian, the frog, Rana esculenta. Besides a strong expression in the CNS, CB1 was also present in testis, kidney, liver, ovary, muscle, heart, spleen, and pituitary. The CB1 expression pattern has been characterized in both testis and CNS during the annual sexual cycle. In testis, CB1 is poorly expressed during the winter stasis of the spermatogenesis rising during the breeding season and resumption period. An expression profile mismatching to that observed in testis was detected in whole‐brain preparations during the sexual cycle; in particular in the diencephalon, the encephalic area mainly involved in the control of reproductive functions. Furthermore, fluctuations inside isolated encephalic areas and spinal cord were observed all over the reproductive cycle. In conclusion, CB1 receptor is expressed in R. esculenta CNS and testis. As far as the gonad it concerns, our results suggest the involvement of the endocannabinoids in the control of reproductive function. Mol. Reprod. Dev. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pes planovalgus in RA: a descriptive and analytical study of foot function determined by gait analysis
Authors: Turner Deborah E. , Woodburn James , Helliwell Philip S. , Cornwall Mark W , Emery Paul
Published: February 2006

Objective:

To compare gait and foot function between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with painful pes planovalgus deformity and healthy age‐ and sex‐matched adults.

Methods:

Gait analysis was undertaken in 23 RA patients (14 female and 9 male, mean age 52.3 years, mean disease duration 6.6 years) and 23 healthy adults (14 female and 9 male, mean age 49.5 years). Gait measurements included temporal and spatial parameters, plantar pressures and three‐dimensional (3D) kinematics at the ankle joint complex (AJC). The mean differences between the groups and associated confidence intervals were calculated using the t distribution.

Results:

RA patients showed longer gait cycle (mean difference 0.15 sec and 0.14 sec for right and left limbs, respectively) and double‐limb support times (mean difference 8.3% and 7.9% for right and left limbs, respectively), shorter stride length (mean difference −0.31 m for right and left limbs), slower walking speed (mean difference −0.39 m/sec) and lower cadence (mean difference −16.6 steps/min). In comparison with the normal group, RA patients had greater AJC dorsi/plantarflexion range of motion (ROM) (mean difference 5.7 °) and inversion/eversion ROM (mean difference 2.9 °). The frontal plane position of the AJC was more everted at specific stance periods (mean difference at heel strike −2.4 ° and at midstance −4.0°). Furthermore, both the peak eversion (mean difference −4.1 °) and summated eversion motion as a function of time (mean difference −313.9 °) were greater in the RA group. The pes planovalgus foot in RA was characterized by increases in peak pressure (mean difference 34.3 kPa), pressure–time integral (mean difference 18.2 kPa.sec), peak force (mean difference 1.7 N), force–time integral (mean difference 0.7 N.sec), contact time (mean difference 9.8% roll over process) and contact area (mean group difference 3.4 cm−2) in the medial midfoot. Further changes in the load pattern in the forefoot were observed in the RA patients, namely increases in the peak pressure (mean difference 96.4 kPa), pressure–time integral (mean difference 58.4 kPa.sec), and contact area (mean difference 1.7 cm−2) in the medial forefoot region and reduction in contact area (mean difference −3.9 cm−2), peak force (mean difference −7.2 N) and force–time integral (mean difference −1.6 N.sec) in the lateral forefoot.

Conclusions:

Painful pes planovalgus deformity in RA is associated with global changes in gait, and localized structural and functional changes in the foot which can be accurately measured using clinical gait analysis. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Patient education in arthritis: helping people change
Authors: Hammond Alison
Published: February 2006

Systematic reviews of education for arthritis patients have emphasized behavioural approaches are effective in facilitating behaviour change and improving psychological and health status. This article discusses how a range of patient education and motivational approaches could be integrated into clinical practice to help people make behavioural changes to benefit their health. These include information giving, counselling, motivational interviewing, behaviour‐orientated self‐management therapy and cognitive–behavioural approaches. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Patients' perceptions of exercise therapy in the treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome: a survey
Authors: Mc Veigh JG , Lucas A , Hurley DA , Basford JR , Baxter GD
Published: February 2006

Objective:

To identify patients' perceptions of the role and benefits of exercise in the treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS).

Design:

A postal questionnaire was sent to all 225 members of the Northern Ireland Fibromyalgia Support Group. The questionnaire consisted of 19 questions and was sub‐divided into four sections: (1) background information; (2) previous treatment; (3) opinions on the role of exercise in FMS and (4) current participation in, and barriers to, exercise. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics.

Results:

A response rate of 51.1% (115/225) was achieved. Forty nine percent (57) of respondents were receiving FMS‐associated disability benefits and 13% (15) were working full‐time. All reported previous treatment for FMS. Ninety‐six (84%) had received medication and 82 (71%) exercise‐based therapy. Just over half (42/82) of those who had participated in exercise therapy reported it to be an effective management strategy. Two thirds (48/71) of those who used bedrest, and over half (52/96) of those who used medications reported these interventions to be effective. Eighty‐two per cent (94) ‘agreed’ or ‘strongly agreed’ that exercise improved fitness and 60% (69) ‘agreed’ or ‘strongly agreed’ that exercise increased feelings of well‐being, but only 13.9% (16) reported that it reduced their pain. The most commonly reported barriers to exercise were fatigue (85%, 98) and pain (73%, 84).

Conclusion:

Exercise therapy is a common treatment for fibromyalgia syndrome, but while respondents accepted its general health benefits, the vast majority did not report that it reduced their pain. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
An evidence‐based approach to the management of low back pain and sciatica: how the evidence is applied in clinical cases
Authors: Goh L , Bawendi A , Samanta J , Samanta A
Published: February 2006

Background:

Low back pain and sciatica are common complaints that affect a major proportion of the population at some time in their lives. The treatment and management of this condition may vary widely.

Objective:

The present paper aims to provide an evidence‐based approach to the management of low back pain and sciatica, and demonstrates how to search for the evidence and how to apply it practically in individual patients. The principles underlying evidence‐based medicine are explained. The practice of evidence‐based medicine requires initial formulation of the appropriate clinical question, followed by searching databases for relevant evidence. Finally evidence needs to be applied on a patient‐specific basis.

Method:

Best Evidence, the Cochrane Library, Embase and Medline were searched to obtain quality controlled information regarding the management of low back pain and sciatica.

Results:

Current evidence shows that an active exercise programme promotes early recovery. This may allow patients to resume an active and sportive lifestyle. Epidural corticosteroid injections may help to resolve additional troublesome symptoms of sciatica. Two clinical cases are used to show how evidence‐based medicine can be individualized to specific patients.

Conclusions:

A patient‐focused strategy combining best evidence and clinical expertise is suggested as the mainstay for the management of low back pain. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Overview of the psychosocial concerns of young adults with juvenile arthritis
Authors: Packham Jon C.
Published: February 2006

Young adults who develop juvenile idiopathic arthritis in childhood have a significant risk of long‐term morbidity and continuing disease activity in adulthood. The impact of a physically restricting and painful chronic illness can make the transition from adolescence to adulthood more challenging.

In this overview of the psychological and social impact of juvenile arthritis on young adults, particular attention is given to those areas that are of concern to this age group. The transition from adolescence to adulthood can be detrimentally affected not only by the attitudes of peers and parents, but also by the attitudes of the individual with arthritis. Chronic arthritis, including juvenile arthritis, is related to increased rates of anxiety and depression. In the face of functional restriction, pain, and poor body image, social and sexual relationships may be harder to develop and maintain. The family of the young adult may also be affected on many levels. Employment and financial security are common and well‐founded concerns of young disabled adults. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Being a parent or grandparent with back pain, ankylosing spondylitis or rheumatoid arthritis: a descriptive postal survey
Authors: Grant M.I. , Foster N.E. , Wright C.C. , Barlow J.H. , Cullen L.A.
Published: February 2006

Research that explores being a parent or grandparent with musculoskeletal problems has been fairly limited to date. The aim of this study was to describe the experience of parenting in the context of back pain (BP), ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), with a particular focus on the extent and nature of childcare experiences and to compare these experiences across the three groups. In addition, the possible reasons for these reported experiences, the availability of advice and support and the development of strategies for coping were explored using a cross‐sectional descriptive survey. A total of 448 participants was recruited from relevant charitable organizations and the National Health Service (280 with BP, 106 with AS and 62 with RA). A combination of opportunistic and random sampling was used. Quantitative data were analysed with appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 10). Qualitative data were analysed using content analysis.

Results indicate that a high proportion of all groups experienced a wide range of difficulties with parenting (81% BP, 77% AS, 97% RA). The most prevalent problems were similar for all three groups: lifting baby/child from the floor or cot, encouraging children/grandchildren to help with domestic chores and keeping up (in terms of energy) with children/grandchildren. However, the RA group reported having greater difficulties than the other two groups. Very little advice was offered to participants with parenting difficulties which may indicate a gap in service provision. However, a wide range of strategies for coping were described by respondents. The study highlighted a need for healthcare professionals to develop a greater awareness of parenting issues and to provide opportunities for these issues to be addressed. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
An exploration of patients' experiences of anti‐TNF therapy
Authors: Edwards Jill
Published: February 2006

Objective:

To explore the experience of rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving anti‐tumour necrosis factor (anti‐TNF) therapy on physical, psychological and social well‐being.

Method:

Seven patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who received six months of infliximab were interviewed in depth by one researcher to identify their experiences of this treatment. The interviews were tape‐recorded and analysed using Colaizzi's procedural steps.

Results:

Four main categories were identified from the interview relating to the patient's experience of anti‐TNF therapy. These included:

The impact of living with RA on physical, psychological and social function.

The influence of anti‐TNF therapy on physical, psychological and social function.

The experience of attending for treatment.

The impact of discontinuing anti‐TNF treatment.

Conclusion:

All seven patients experienced benefits from receiving anti‐TNF therapy. These benefits were not maintained once the treatment period was completed. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Long‐term influences of a biopsychosocial rehabilitation programme for chronic pain patients
Authors: Mårtensson Lena , Marklund Bertil , Baigi Amir , Gunnarsson Mats , Fridlund Bengt
Published: February 2006

Objective:

Chronic pain leads to high costs in the form of compensation for absence from work due to illness, production loss and health care utilization. Multidisciplinary treatment programmes at pain clinics can result in return to work and a decrease in doctor visits. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long‐term influences of a rehabilitation programme in primary health care for chronic pain patients with regard to doctor visits, frequency of sick‐leave and level of disability.

Design:

A longitudinal, intervention study design was used over a three‐year period. Methods: A biopsychosocial rehabilitation programme based on ego‐strengthening psychotherapy was used. An occupational therapist and a physiotherapist led the intervention, which comprised two meetings per week for six weeks. The study was performed in a primary health care area in the southwest of Sweden with 54 chronic pain patients.

Results:

The results showed a significant decrease in the number of doctor visits as well as sick‐leave days. The level of absenteeism due to occupational disability changed significantly from being on sick leave to receiving a disability pension.

Conclusions: The rehabilitation programme reduced patient attendance at health care facilities but did not increase the numbers of patients returning to work Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Patients' perspectives on self‐management following a back rehabilitation programme
Authors: Morris Alison Louise
Published: February 2006

Objective:

The management of chronic low back pain (CLBP) is becoming increasingly demanding upon health care services and society. Programmes combining exercise, education and a biopsychosocial approach have become a popular way of managing CLBP. Programmes are designed to change behaviour, increase activity levels and encourage self‐management. Patients' experiences of attending a back rehabilitation programme were examined. Methods: This study used a qualitative approach combining interviews, non‐participant observation and evaluation of documentation to establish the patients' perspective of self‐management following a back programme.

Results:

All the patients (n = 6 ) indicated they were self‐managing by continuing to exercise and utilizing the advice given after attendance. Two patients felt they should continue attending the therapy department to exercise in order to gain benefit, demonstrating reliance on continued health care support. Obstacles to continuing with exercise were cited as pain, time, and family constraints. Patients also expressed limitations following attendance regarding the type and level of activity their CLBP would allow them to manage. The data suggested activity limitation was inadvertently reinforced by the therapists during the sessions, in the programme letter and by the patients' existing beliefs regarding the cause of their CLBP. Conclusion: The study demonstrated the importance of understanding patients' beliefs and expectations prior to a back programme and accounting for these during attendance. This study also highlighted that all heath care professionals should be aware of the impact of the language and terminology used when working with CLBP patients. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Changes in nitric oxide production in the rat kidney due to CaOx nephrolithiasis
Authors: Huang Ho‐Shiang , Ma Ming‐Chieh , Chen Chau‐Fong , Chen Jun
Published: February 2006

Aims

The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that the renal nitric oxide (NO) system is involved in the animal model of nephrolithiasis by evaluating the relationship between nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and oxidative stress.

Methods

Deposition of renal calculi was induced by adding 0.75% ethylene glycol (EG) to the drinking water of male Wistar rats. After 42 days of treatment, urinary biochemistry and urinary levels of oxalate, NO metabolites (nitrate and nitrite), cGMP, and lipid peroxides, and markers for renal damage and oxidative stress in the kidney were examined. In the second part of the experiment, two diuretic stimuli (intrarenal infusion of l‐arginine or saline loading) were applied to test the renal NO system response. Finally, levels of three isoforms of NOS in renal tissues were evaluated by immunostaining.

Results

In the EG‐treated rats, increased urinary excretion of enzymes and lipid peroxides and increased nitrotyrosine levels and oxidative injury markers in the kidneys indicated that peroxynitrite formation occurred during oxidative stress, while the 24‐hr urinary excretion of NO metabolites and cGMP remained unchanged. In contrast to control rats, urinary excretion and NO metabolites and cGMP excretion were unresponsive to intrarenal l‐arginine infusion; in response to saline loading, an increase in these factors was seen, but the increase was only 50% of that seen in the identically treated control group. A significant decrease in eNOS expression and increase in iNOS expression were observed in the renal medulla of the EG‐treated group, whereas expression of nNOS was not affected.

Conclusions

Although basal renal NO production remained unchanged, excessive peroxynitrite formation in the kidney was noted in this model. A decreased response of the NOS system was noted when diuretic stimuli were applied. How the imbalance between eNOS and iNOS expression influences CaOx stone formation requires detailed evaluation. Neurourol. Urodynam. 25:252–258, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Position‐related changes in uroflowmetric parameters in healthy young men
Authors: Eryıldırım Bilal , Tarhan Fatih , Kuyumcuoğlu Uğur , Erbay Erkan , Pembegül Necmettin
Published: February 2006

Aims

Uroflowmetric measurements are a common procedure in urological examination of patients presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms and it can be influenced by various factors. In this study, we investigated position‐related changes in uroflowmetric parameters and postvoiding residual urine (PVR) volume in healthy young men.

Materials and Methods

Thirty normal healthy male volunteers, whose mean age was 28.6 ± 0.7 years old were studied and evaluated with uroflowmetry in the standing, sitting, and squatting down voiding positions. Three measurements were obtained for each voiding position and for each man (total 270 urinary flows). PVR were measured by transabdominal ultrasound. The maximum flow rate (Qmax), average flow rate (Qave), corrected maximum flow rate (cQmax), voiding volume (VV), voiding time (VT), and PVR values were compared between the three different voiding positions.

Results

The mean Qmax values for the standing, sitting, and squatting down voiding positions of the patient group were 26.8 ± 1.3, 31.3 ± 1.2, 31.0 ± 1.0 ml/sec, respectively and the mean Qave values were 16.8 ± 0.6, 18.5 ± 0.6, 18.6 ± 0.6 ml/sec, respectively. There were significant differences between voiding positions regarding the Qmax (P < 0.0001) and Qave (P = 0.0002) values in the patient groups. However, the difference between VT, VV, and PVR in the standing, sitting, and squatting down voiding position of the patient group was not statistically significant.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that the urinary flow rates are affected by the voiding position. Therefore, it is important to perform uroflowmetric measurements in the same position. Neurourol. Urodynam. 25:249–251, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Case of adolescent with Paget‐Schroetter syndrome and underlying thrombophilia due to an elevated lipoprotein (A)
Authors: Dintaman J. , Watson C. , Fox C.J. , Hoover N. , Roberts S. , Gillespie D.L.
Published: February 2006

Upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT) is a rare disorder in children and is most often associated with a central venous catheter (CVC), cancer, or an underlying thrombophilia. In adults, repetitive or strenuous upper extremity activity has been linked to mechanical compression of the thoracic outlet resulting in subclavian vein thrombosis, also known as Paget‐Schroetter Syndrome (PSS). We present the case of a 14 year old female who was found to have an UEDVT consistent with PSS. On subsequent thrombophila screening, she was noted to have a significantly elevated lipoprotein (a) level of 83 (normal: <30 mg/dL). She underwent 3 months of anticoagulation therapy prior to her first rib resection and in follow‐up was noted to have complete patency of her subclavian vein. This case illustrates the necessity for thrombophilia screening in the pediatric patient with UEDVT despite evidence of anatomic abnormality or mechanical venous compression. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:1036–1038. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intercalation and exfoliation of clay nanoplatelets in epoxy‐based nanocomposites: TEM and XRD observations
Authors: Miyagawa Hiroaki , Drzal Lawrence T. , Carsello Jerrold A.
Published: February 2006

Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol F (DGEBF) reinforced with organo‐montmorillonite clay nanoplatelets were investigated using anhydride‐ and amine‐curing agents. The sonication technique was used to process epoxy/clay nanocomposites. The basal spacing of clay nanoplatelets was observed by wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS), small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) techniques, and transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the basal spacing of clay nanoplatelets in epoxy matrix was expanded after mixing with either DGEBA/DGEBF or methyltetrahydrophthalic‐anhydride (MTHPA) curing agent. The sonication technique provided larger d‐spacing of clay nanoplatelets. Because of the different curing temperatures, MTHPA‐cured epoxy/clay nanocomposites produced more expanded d‐spacing of clay nanoplatelets modified with methyl, tallow, bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) quaternary ammonium (MT2EtOH) than triethylenetetramine‐cured nanocomposites. Depending on the selection of curing agent and organic modification for clay nanoplatelets, the d‐spacing was expanded to be up to 8.72 nm. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 46:452–463, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Temperature evolution during stereolithography building with a commercial epoxy resin
Authors: Corcione C. Esposito , Greco A. , Maffezzoli A.
Published: February 2006

In this study, the temperature evolution during stereolithography (SL) processing of a commercial epoxy resin is experimentally measured and numerically simulated. Experimental tests were performed in a SL equipment to evaluate the temperature increase during laser‐activated photopolymerization. Temperatures on the resin surface were measured with a thermal video system in both static and moving laser experiments. For the moving laser experiments, the effect of the energy dose was tested by using different velocities of the scanning laser. The experimental results were compared with numerical model prediction obtained by numerical solution of heat transfer equations coupled with an original mathematical model developed for cationic photopolymerization kinetics. The results obtained from numerical simulation were in good agreement with experimental data for the scan performed at the lower energy dose. The process model describes both the temperature increase and the evolution of chemical reaction, providing information about the penetration depth and the cured linewidth. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 46:493–502, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Thermoformability study of virgin and regrind high impact polystyrene coextruded sheets: Influence of the number of processing cycles on the processing parameters
Authors: Soriano Florentino , Morales Graciela , de León Ramón Díaz , Belmontes Felipe Avalos
Published: February 2006

High impact polystyrene was extruded repeatedly at 220°C and thermoformed under different heat time (Ht), plug assist time (PAt), mold time (Mt), and mold temperature (MT). The optimum thermoforming process conditions were determined for a material processed in one cycle, using an experimental design of the four variables mentioned before at two levels. Mt has no influence on the coefficient of wall thickness variation (CV), while the rest of the variables present a noticeable influence on CV, and they can be modified to obtain lower values of CV (i.e. CV = 1.3, using Ht = 46 s, PAt = 2.5 s, and MT = 80°C). These conditions were then employed for a material processed under six cycles, resulting in an increase in the CV value to 3.5. The normalized thickness (NT) of HIPS with one and six processing cycles was also evaluated. It depends on Ht, Mt, and PAt. With the values of the calculated parameters for CV, it was possible to obtain NT values close to 1, using a material processed one cycle. The NT value obtained for six cycles processed HIPS was far from unity. The changes on thermoforming variables' responses are a consequence of the changes occurred in HIPS inner structure. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 46:503–509, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Optical properties of highly transparent polypropylene cast films: Influence of material structure, additives, and processing conditions
Authors: Resch Katharina , Wallner Gernot M. , Teichert Christian , Maier Günther , Gahleitner Markus
Published: February 2006

Polypropylene homopolymers and ethylene/propylene‐random‐copolymers formulated with and without anti‐blocking additives were extruded to cast films with an industrial scale extruder equipped with a soft box, a specific air knife that expels a higher volume of air at lower velocity. The films were analyzed as to their optical properties haze and clarity. A comprehensive topographical characterization was performed using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and confocal microscopy. To obtain morphological information on a nanometer scale AFM phase imaging, micro‐thermal analysis and small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) were done. A significant effect of additives and processing conditions on the film topography and the optical properties was revealed. The films without anti‐blocking and antacid aids showed the best optical properties and lowest vertical roughness fluctuations. In contrast, the addition of anti‐blocking and antacid aids reduced the optical properties associated with an increase in surface roughness. While for films without anti‐blocking aids an enhanced soft box condition resulted in lower vertical fluctuations of roughness and better optical properties, the behavior was in reverse for films with anti‐blocking aid. By means of SAXS crystalline lamellae with a thickness of about 2.5 nm were detected. High‐resolution phase imaging AFM yielded thicker crystal lamellae on the film surface. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 46:520–531, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Injection molding product weight: Online prediction and control based on a nonlinear principal component regression model
Authors: Yang Yi , Gao Furong
Published: February 2006

Weight is an important quality characteristic of injection‐molding products. The current work focuses on the online prediction and closed‐loop control of the product weight. Previous researchers used the process set‐points as the inputs to establish weight prediction model. These models cannot reflect the weight variations at a given setting. In this study, an online weight prediction model has been developed, with the process variable trajectories as the inputs, using a principal component regression (PCR) model. A nonlinear enhancement has been made to improve the prediction accuracy of the PCR weight model. Based on such an online prediction, a closed‐loop weight control system has been developed and tested experimentally. POLYM. ENG. SC. 46:540–548, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
A multidimensional proteomic approach to identify hypertrophy‐associated proteins
Authors: Lindsey Merry L. , Goshorn Danielle K. , Comte‐Walters Susana , Hendrick Jennifer W. , Hapke Elizabeth , Zile Michael R. , Schey Kevin
Published: February 2006

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a leading cause of congestive heart failure. The exact mechanisms that control cardiac growth and regulate the transition to failure are not fully understood, in part due to the lack of a complete inventory of proteins associated with LVH. We investigated the proteomic basis of LVH using the transverse aortic constriction model of pressure overload in mice coupled with a multidimensional approach to identify known and novel proteins that may be relevant to the development and maintenance of LVH. We identified 123 proteins that were differentially expressed during LVH, including LIM proteins, thioredoxin, myoglobin, fatty acid binding protein 3, the abnormal spindle‐like microcephaly protein (ASPM), and cytoskeletal proteins such as actin and myosin. In addition, proteins with unknown functions were identified, providing new directions for future research in this area. We also discuss common pitfalls and strategies to overcome the limitations of current proteomic technologies. Together, the multidimensional approach provides insight into the proteomic changes that occur in the LV during hypertrophy.
A proteomic approach to verifyin vivoexpression of a novel γ‐gliadin containing an extra cysteine residue
Authors: Ferrante Paola , Masci Stefania , D'Ovidio Renato , Lafiandra Domenico , Volpi Chiara , Mattei Benedetta
Published: February 2006

Gliadins and glutenins are the main protein fractions present in wheat gluten. They are responsible for technological and nutritional quality of wheat based products. In particular, glutenins are mainly responsible for dough visco‐elastic properties, whereas gliadins confer extensibility to dough and are the most important factor triggering celiac disease, the major human intolerance to gluten. Gliadins are monomeric proteins, whereas glutenins are polymers stabilized by disulfide bonds. Although they have distinctive structural characteristics, it is possible that some gliadins become part of the glutenin fraction because of mutations that affect cysteine number and distribution. Here, we provide evidence that a naturally mutated γ‐gliadin with an extra cysteine residue is incorporated into the polymeric fraction. This goal was achieved using an integrated approach involving heterologous expression, 2‐DE, RP‐HPLC and MS.
Synthesis of SAN‐containing block copolymers using RAFT polymerization
Authors: Fan Deqin , He Junpo , Xu Jiangtao , Tang Wei , Liu Yang , Yang Yuliang
Published: February 2006

Copolymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile was carried out via reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer process (RAFT) in the presence of cumyl dithiobenzoate with AIBN as initiator. Copolymerization proceeded in a controlled/“living” fashion, and the copolymer composition depended on the feed ratio of monomer pairs. Block copolymers comprising styrene and acrylonitrile (SAN) segments and various functional blocks were synthesized through chain extension using the first blocks as macromolecular chain transfer agents (macroCTAs). Since the polymerization of both blocks proceeded through the RAFT process, the resulting block copolymers exhibited relatively narrow molecular weight distribution, with polydispersity indices in the range of 1.29–1.46. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and 1H NMR and FTIR measurements confirmed the successful synthesis of the functionalized block copolymers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2260–2269, 2006
Probing the use of small‐angle light scattering for characterizing structure of titanium dioxide/low‐density polyethylene nanocomposites
Authors: Xiao Zhicheng , Li Ying , Ma Dongling , Schadler Linda S. , Akpalu Yvonne A.
Published: February 2006

Small‐angle light scattering (SALS) measurements were used to study the structure of titanium dioxide (TiO2)/low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) nanocomposites. The results showed that the scattering from LDPE crystalline structures and the scattering from TiO2 nanoparticles can be resolved and separated. It is shown that the independent effects of crystallization conditions and the presence of nanoparticle aggregates on the spherulitic structure of the LDPE matrix can be determined by analyzing the scattering patterns using the methods proposed. From the SALS results, we conclude that the nanoparticle surface chemistry affects both nucleation of spherulites and their structure particularly under rapid cooling conditions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1084–1095, 2006
Treating the polyelectrolytes as polymers with a draining effect. II. The behavior in the gel permeation chromatography
Authors: Dondos Anastasios
Published: February 2006

The behavior of the polyelectrolytes in the gel permeation chromatography (GPC) can be better understood if the modified universal calibration (log([η]M/Φ) vs. elution volume) is used instead of the “classical” universal calibration (log[η]M vs. elution volume). The value of Flory's parameter Φ is obtained from an equation established for nonionic polymers presenting a draining effect, considering that polyelectrolytes also behave as polymers with a draining effect. The modified universal calibration does not apply as successfully to polyelectrolytes as to nonionic polymers, because of their electrostatic exclusion in the pore surface of the GPC columns. Nevertheless, when polyelectrolytes are found in a high salt concentration solution, the modified universal calibration can be used to obtain their molecular mass, using nonionic hydrosoluble polymers as standard polymers. Moreover, considering polyelectrolytes as polymers presenting a draining effect and applying the modified universal calibration provides a better explanation for the electrostatic exclusion of these polymers from the pores of the GPC columns, using the Dubin–Tecklenburg model. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1106–1113, 2006
Morphology, electrical resistance, electromagnetic interference shielding and mechanical properties of functionalized MWNT and poly(urea urethane) nanocomposites
Authors: Wu Han‐Lang , Ma Chen‐Chi M. , Yang Yu‐Ting , Kuan Hsu‐Chiang , Yang Cheng‐Chien , Chiang Chin‐Lung
Published: February 2006

The functionalized multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) had been prepared by free radical reaction with vinyltriethoxysilane. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)‐based poly(urea urethane) (PUU) was also synthesized. PUU was further end‐capped with aminopropyltriethoxysilane (A‐silane), or with phenyltrimethoxysilane (P‐silane). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman spectra and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed the functionalization of MWNT. The Mn and Mw of PUU were 85,123 and 235,876 g/mol, respectively. Both A‐silane end‐capped PUU and P‐silane end‐capped PUU showed improved dispersion of MWNT compared with that of PUU and MWNT. Moreover, the reduced discrepancy of surface electrical resistance of the two sides of the MWNT/PUU nanocomposite film was found due to the homogeneous dispersion of MWNT. The microwave absorption and tensile strength of MWNT/PUU were also improved by the well dispersion of MWNT in PUU matrix. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1096–1105, 2006
Effect of the environment on the stability of surfactant–polypeptide self‐assembled complexes: Molecular dynamics simulations of stoichiometric complexes formed by N‐dodecyltrimethylammonium and poly(α,L‐glutamate) in chloroform, methanol, and water
Authors: Zanuy David , Alemán Carlos
Published: February 2006

A series of molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to study the supramolecular structure of self‐assembled complexes formed by N‐dodecyltrimethylammonium cations and the synthetic polypeptide poly(α,L‐glutamate). The influence of the type of solvent has been investigated, considering explicit environments of chloroform, water, and methanol on a stoichiometric complex containing 15 residues. In chloroform, the complex stabilizes in a regular structure: the polypeptide adopts an α‐helix conformation that is regularly surrounded by surfactant molecules to form electrostatic interactions through a multiple interaction pattern. However, this structure destabilizes in methanol and water: (a) the α‐helix unfolds in the two solvents and (b) the electrostatic links between the surfactant molecules and the polyanion are disrupted in aqueous solution, although these interactions are still preserved in methanol. The role of the solvent environment in stabilizing or destabilizing the polypeptide secondary structure, the organization of the surfactant molecules, and predominantly the surfactant–polypeptide supramolecular organization is discussed in detail. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1122–1133, 2006
Changes in lung function measured by spirometry and the forced oscillation technique in cystic fibrosis patients undergoing treatment for respiratory tract exacerbation
Authors: Ren Clement L. , Brucker Justin L. , Rovitelli Amy K. , Bordeaux Kimberly A.
Published: February 2006

Objective measures of lung function are critical for the treatment and study of lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF). Spirometry is the most widely used and accepted method of pulmonary function testing in CF, but not all patients can perform the maneuvers required to obtain valid results from spirometry. The forced oscillation technique (FOT) requires less cooperation than spirometry. The goals of this study were to determine if FOT could detect changes in lung function in CF patients receiving inpatient treatment of respiratory tract exacerbations (RTEs), and to gather preliminary data on the magnitude of these changes and the variability of FOT data in such patients. We performed a retrospective chart review of CF patients admitted to the hospital for RTEs. We identified 14 patients who had both spirometry and FOT performed at the beginning and end of their treatment course. Their mean age was 15.9 years (range, 8–18). The mean forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) on admission was 62.57% predicted. FEV1 increased by 27.1 ± 33.15% (mean ± SD, P = 0.008). The absolute value of reactance at 5 Hz (X5) decreased by 22.3 ± 25.1% (P = 0.005), while resistance at 5 Hz decreased by 11.6 ± 17.3% (P = 0.025). There was a significant relationship between changes in FEV1 and X5 (P = 0.003, r2 = 0.54). Our study demonstrates that FOT can detect significant changes in lung function in CF patients receiving treatment for RTEs. We speculate that FOT can serve as an alternative method to measure lung function in CF patients unable to perform spirometry, such as young children. Pediatr. Pulmonol. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Energy distribution of the universe in the Bianchi type II cosmological models
Authors: Aydogdu O.
Published: February 2006

Using the energy‐momentum complexes of Tolman, Papapetrou and Weinberg, the total energy of the universe in Locally Rotationally Symmetric (LRS) Bianchi type II models is calculated. The total energy is found to be zero due to the matter plus field. This result supports the viewpoint of Tryon, Rosen and Albrow.