bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Map in Urban History
Authors: Carter Harold
Published: February 2009

To the historian the map has traditionally been used as little more than a descriptive or illustrative device which helped clarity of exposition by enabling events to be located, campaigns comprehended and treaties interpreted. It was not in itself regarded as a critical instrument of analysis, other than in highly specialized, peripheral studies such as the history of exploration. Maps simply illustrated arguments based on documentary evidence; the map as a document, original or secondary, was regarded with great suspicion. Undoubtedly the inaccuracy of early maps was partly to blame, especially to an historian more concerned with delineatory accuracy than with what was contemporary perception of the world. But even if historical maps were acceptable in evidence, the derivation of conclusions from mapped material was barely permissible and usually, in reviews, the subject of severe warning if not actual stricture. These attitudes have largely disappeared over the last decade in line with changes in direction of historical research. Perhaps the earlier influence came from pre-historic archaeology, where in the nature of things there was no documentary evidence and inference had to be made from the distribution of characteristic artifacts. This, in itself, taking its methodology from geographical or locational analysis, has been translated into a study adopting sophisticated methods for the analysis of distribution patterns. Another important influence has been the majestic work of H. C. Darby in interpreting Domesday in cartographic terms and thereby demonstrating the significance of such an approach to a widely known historical document. Even so, it is in urban history that the use of map evidence and mapped material has made the greatest impact.
Planning history in Japan
Authors: Watanabe Shun-Ichi
Published: February 2009

The planning system which dominates most of the comtemporary world is of European and American origin. It has come out of the particular socio-historical background of these Western countries and has naturally had some implicit assumptions regarding the concepts, purposes and ideology of planning. This system has been exported to, and often imposed upon, countries with different social conditions where those assumptions are not necessarily valid. As a result, in many developing countries, planning is considered ineffective, and planners become frustrated.
English medieval boroughs: a hand-list: revisions, 1973–81
Authors: Beresford Maurice
Published: February 2009

The Hand-list compiled by the late Professor Herbert Finberg and myself was completed in September 1971, revised during 1972, and published in August 1973. Its aim was defined in the Introduction as ‘providing, for the first time, a gazetteer of places which in their day were reckoned to be boroughs’.
Medieval urban history and the history of political thought
Authors: Reynolds Susan
Published: February 2009

One of the problems of urban history is the fearsome range of expertise that the urban historian is supposed to appreciate, if not master. Belaboured, rightly, by archaeologists, geographers, and architectural historians, we have begun to open our eyes to the evidence of the physical environment of medieval towns, but that is not the half of it. In order to understand urban institutions one needs to be a religious historian, an economic historian, a legal historian; and if one were ever to make sense of everything that is included in the ‘social history’ of towns, then social anthropology, historical demography, and sociology are only three of the battery of foglamps that would be needed to penetrate our cloud of unknowing. The subject which I now wish to add to the list of those we are supposed to cover does not even have the attraction of sounding new and modish and exciting. The history of political thought has, after all, formed a part of undergraduate history courses in this country ever since they began, and it is traditionally one of the least popular and least satisfactory parts of them, especially for the sort of students who may go on to be interested in urban history: those who relish the exact, the local detail, the reality of topography, the ability to connect the documents of the past with visible phenomena in the present.
Central/local government relations in England: an outline 1800–1950
Authors: Hennock E. P.
Published: February 2009

In April 1980 a group of urban historians and political scientists met at the University of York under the auspices of the Social Science Research Council to pool what they knew about the changing relations between central and local government and to identify areas for future research. The initiative had come from the political scientists whose interest in the subject had been stimulated by recent government policy. Those who attended from among the historians had to confess that this was not a subject that had recently been much discussed among them. When I was invited by the editor of thisYearbookto contribute an article on a neglected aspect of urban history, it seemed a good opportunity to draw the attention of the urban history group to the subject. What follows is an amended version of the paper that had originally been written for the SSRC seminar.
Archaeology and the smaller medieval town
Authors: Astill G. G.
Published: February 2009

The small medieval town has recently captured the attention of historians, geographers and archaeologists. Documentary work is, for example, not only disentangling the fluctuating history of local markets, but also demonstrating that, despite their small size, seignorial boroughs of the later thirteenth century had a diverse occupational structure that entitles them to be regarded as genuinely urban. Indeed, Hilton has recently argued that as much as half the urban population lived in these small towns. This research has also emphasized the economic vitality of the smaller towns in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, and has raised the possibility that they were prospering at the expense of the provincial capitals, a trend to be seen in the context of the movement of industry from the towns to the countryside.
The criminal statistics of nineteenth-century cities: a new approach
Authors: Sindall R. S.
Published: February 2009

In the last decade an area of urban history receiving increasing attention has been that of crime and, in particular, nineteenth-century crime. For those social scientists whose main interest is the study of lower-class life the study of crime has become increasingly fashionable. However, the study of crime is the study of the whole of society and the relationship of the various classes within that society. That law-makers create law-breakers is axiomatic and the study of crime is, therefore, not just the study of criminals but also of the institutions which defined them as criminals. For too long it has been implied that studying criminals is the study of a subset of lower-class life. This is a reflection of the fact that research is largely a middle-class occupation and so researchers bring to their work their own middle-class perception of society. The result is the automatic acceptance that crime consists purely of larceny, burglary, assault, rape and murder while overlooking the middle-class crimes of fraud, embezzlement, tax evasion, offences against the Companies Acts, Consumer Protection Acts and Factory Acts.
Irish urban history: a survey
Authors: Daly Mary E.
Published: February 2009

Irish historians have been rather slow to recognize that urban history constituted a valid area for scholarly research. Publications in this field prior to 1960 were few in number, while as late as 1979 Gearoid MacNiocaill criticized the discipline for its undue bias towards three areas: the antiquarian, the topographical and geographical and the legal. This criticism retains some validity today: antiquarian or topographical publications relating to Irish towns have a flourishing popular market, but following decades of neglect the history of Irish towns and cities is being explored with an unprecedently high level of attention, while areas totally unknown are being opened up and new dimensions are emerging. In the process even comparatively recent works such as those edited by Butlin in 1977 have become thoroughly outdated, while the papers presented to the 1979 Irish Conference of Historians, which were intended to act as ‘both a framework to be consulted and a map of the way to future progress’ also present an inadequate picture of contemporary urban history scholarship. In the process of this scholarly awakening, however, Irish urban history is emerging as a discipline with an individual personality. While the directions of research are strongly influenced by work in England, the U.S. and Europe, the specific Irish preoccupations are a reflection of both mainstream Irish history and, to some extent, of contemporary Irish politics and society.
Perspective, sources and methodology in a comparative study of the middle class in nineteenth-century Leicester and Peterborough
Authors: Jones P.
Published: February 2009

Social history, and urban history in particular, has become increasingly concerned, in recent years, with studying the middle class. Historians have progressed from a concern with the ‘success’ or ‘rise’ of the middle classes, to a study themper seboth in quantitative and qualitative terms: questions concerning their wealth, consumption patterns, residential preferences, representation within the political leadership as well as their beliefs, values and role in attention. Urban historians have a particular interest in the study of the local middle class, in a way that takes into account the finer detail of different kinds of urban environment and the complexities of the urban experience. Since much of urban history has been at pains to discover the variety of patterns in urban development and urban society, it is not surprising that recent specialized studies of individual towns and cities have revealed a great variety in the bases of class relations. Indeed, the traditional Marxist notion of a single national class interest is now open to qualification. The disparity between London and the provinces in respect of class interests has long been recognized. An extension of the proposition inherent in that disparity will contend here that there were different types of middle class located in different types of urban environment. Such a proposition is not in itself pathfinding or particularly new. There are problems, however, in deciding in what ways such a differentiated pattern can be drawn out, examined and presented in coherent form.
Record linkage and the exploration of nineteenth-century social groups: a methodological perspective on the Glasgow middle class in 1861
Authors: Nenadic Stana
Published: February 2009

Recent historical studies of social groups have stressed the need to know, in detail at a household and personal level, the precise objective character of individuals and their circumstances – the physical profile – to the extent that these can be defined, quantified and measured. One of the areas of success in the analysis of social change has come in studies that emphasize local situations. The local area – city, town, or district – was the context in which, for all but the small element who formed the upper class, life was conducted, social contacts circumscribed and power struggles and conflicts articulated. Local case-studies, particularly of urban and therefore geographically compact populations, have emerged as a major mechanism through which the details of dynamic social relationships can be identified and juxtaposed.
Drama and ceremony in early modern England: the REED project
Authors: MacLean Sally-Beth
Published: February 2009

In 1976 a medieval and renaissance theatre history project was launched under the masthead Records of Early English Drama (now more familiarly known as REED). The official launch had taken two years of planning by scholars from Britain, Canada and the United States, and was given assurance for the future through a ten-year major Editorial Grant from the Canada Council. REED's stated goal – then as now – was to find, transcribe and publish evidence of dramatic, ceremonial and musical activity in Great Britain before the theatres were closed in 1642. The systematic survey undertaken would make available for analysis records relating to the evolution of English theatre from its origins in minstrelsy, through the flowering of drama in the renaissance, to the suppression first of local and then of professional entertainment under the Puritans.
The economic structure of the City of London at the end of the seventeenth century
Authors: Alexander James
Published: February 2009

While there has been much interest recently in the early modern history of London there has been little work done on establishing a comprehensive picture of the City, the central core of its economy. The population history of the City has begun to be explored in a systematic way. The social and economic structure of one or two small areas has begun to be examined, both within the City and outside, in districts such as Southwark and the East End. Other studies concentrating on single issues have attempted to establish such things as the economic profile of the metropolis from the occupations given in a sample of parish death registers, resulting in a claim that the London manufacturing sector was more significant than commerce, and not the reverse, as had been assumed previously. Another study, by Power, based on the hearth tax from a small sample of parishes concluded with the comment that ‘the impression is gained of an urban scene where occupations and rich and poor are thoroughly jumbled’.
Integrating architectural, social and housing history
Authors: Lawrence Roderick J.
Published: February 2009

The growth of interest in urban and housing history during recent decades has produced a large volume of studies that has examined broad societal parameters, or themes, such as housing policies, economics and legislation. Concurrently, a growing volume of historical research about households and families has been published, but few studies examine the lifestyles and values of the residents. In sum, there rarely has been any systematic analysis of how longitudinal developments in domestic life are related to developments in the spatial layout, the meaning and use of shared and private spaces and the daily activities these accommodate. In general, the inter-relations between the architectural, cultural and societal dimensions of housing history have commonly been overlooked. This paper argues why, and then illustrates how, integrative concepts and methods can be applied to diversify and enrich recurrent interpretations by referring to a published study of urban housing and daily life in the French- speaking cantons of Switzerland between 1860 and 1960.1
Geographical space, social space, and the realm of the department store
Authors: Lawrence Jeanne Catherine
Published: February 2009

Over the past decade a number of scholars have examined the rise of the mass production and distribution of goods, and the concurrent emergence of a nineteenth- and twentieth-century consumer society or ‘culture of consumption’. This body of work has featured the department store prominently in several roles: as a venue for the distribution of consumer goods; as a material fantasyland in which women were encouraged to play out their dreams of conspicuous consumption; and as a place of white-collar employment for working-class clerks. Whatever their focus, these accounts generally view all department stores as homogeneous middle-class institutions, located in a similarly consistent ‘downtown’ in any (and all) large American and European cities. There are serious flaws in such a portrayal. Very real distinctions between department stores in a given city and the social implications of these differences in terms of social status and class are not addressed. Further, the contribution of the built environment and urban topography to the shaping of these status and class distinctions and, ultimately, women's shopping experience, is likewise overlooked. This article examines a set of surveys and marketing reports prepared in 1932 for the Higbee Company of Cleveland, Ohio, in order to situate more precisely one department store within its urban context. These sources document the relationship of the Higbee Company to the city's other department stores and in so doing reveal some of the ways in which stratification between and among classes was interpreted in terms of geographical and social space. Examination of the hierarchy of stores that existed in what was at the time the nation's sixth largest city provides a corrective to the image of the department store as a homogeneous democratic phenomenon, and thus provides an invaluable basis for a reinterpretation of the department store as an urban institution in early twentieth- century America.
The Black Death in English towns
Authors: Britnell Richard
Published: February 2009

It seems likely that historians in the past have seriously underestimated the number of English townsmen in the early fourteenth century. In London alone there may have been 80–100,000 around 1300. The population of Norwich in the early fourteenth century was higher than used to be thought, and it was growing: Rutledge proposes 17,000 for 1311 and 25,000 for 1333. Keene's estimate of about 10,000 for Winchester in the early fourteenth century can serve as a basis for estimating the population of other towns in the same period. Those whose taxable value in 1334, and whose contribution to the poll tax of 1377, was at least as great as Winchester's, probably had a population equal to Winchester's or greater around 1300. By this argument about fifteen towns, including London, are likely to have had 10,000 or more people at the beginning of the fourteenth century, and perhaps 5 per cent of England's population lived in towns of this rank. Estimates taking account of smaller towns are much more precarious, but it is possible that all told 10 per cent of England's population lived in towns of over 2,000 inhabitants and that a further 5 per cent lived in small boroughs, some with as few as 300 people. Even this estimate does not take account of many small market towns, not described as boroughs, that had elementary urban characteristics.
The public's view of public health in mid-Victorian Britain
Authors: Sigsworth Michael , Worboys Michael
Published: February 2009

What did the public think about public health reform in mid-Victorian Britain? Historians have had a lot to say about the sanitary mentality and actions of the middle class, yet have been strangely silent about the ideas and behaviour of the working class, who were the great majority of the public and the group whose health was mainly in question. Perhaps there is nothing to say. The working class were commonly referred to as ‘the Great Unwashed’, purportedly ignorant and indifferent on matters of personal hygiene, environmental sanitation and hence health. Indeed, the writings of reformers imply that the working class simply did not have a sanitary mentality. However, the views of sanitary campaigners should not be taken at face value. Often propaganda and always one class's perception of another, in the context of the social apartheid in Britain's cities in the mid-nineteenth century, sanitary campaigners' views probably reveal more about middle-class anxieties than the actual social and physical conditions of the poor. None the less many historians still use such material to portray working-class life, but few have gone on to ask how public health reform was seen and experienced ‘from below’. Historians of public health have tended to portray the urban working class as passive victims who were rescued by enlightened middle-class reformers. This seems to be borne out at the political level where, unlike with other popular movements of the 1840s and after, there is little evidence of working-class participation in, or support for, the public health movement.
Suburbia and infant death in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Adelaide
Authors: Smith Philippa Mein , Frost Lionel
Published: February 2009

Altogether, as a place of education Adelaide falls far short of the mark; as a place of amusement it is hopeless; and as a village — well, it is tolerably clean, and comparatively healthy.

Thistle Anderson (1905)
House and household in Restoration Chester
Authors: Alldridge N. J.
Published: February 2009

Both the house and the household have been subjects of growing interest amongst historians of pre-industrial society, but mostly in isolation from each other. Studies of social structure conventionally treat the household as an entity independent of its physical surroundings. Ten years ago, Peter Laslett bewailed the fact that ‘we know little in general about the effects of buildings on the structure of domestic groups’, and this statement still appears to be valid; while on the other side of the Channel it has been echoed by Jean-Pierre Bardet:

Information on the material environment, undoubtedly important, is diffused to serve the perspectives of a wide variety of studies: the history of architecture, urbanism, geography, sociology etc.
Community, ethos and local initiative in urban economic growth: review of a theme in Canadian urban history
Authors: Bloomfield Elizabeth
Published: February 2009

Is the growth of cities and towns determined by broad impersonal forces and situational factors? Or can growth be significantly influenced by the attitudes, perceptions and decisions of the citizens? General surveys of urbanization have leaned to the first interpretation, stressing macro-economic trends, political context and location with respect to resources, transportation and markets. Studies of individual cities tend to emphasize the particular actions of key local leaders and their unique circumstances, and may seem to disregard the comparable experience of other cities.
Research in urban history: a review of recent theses
Authors: Ellis Joyce
Published: February 2009

The increasing number of periodical articles devoted to urban history is a reassuring sign that this is still an expanding field of study, sustained by a considerable amount of research. However, this reassurance has to be tempered by an apparent decline in the number of completed theses which are of more than peripheral interest to historians working on urban themes, a development which no doubt reflects the currently unfavourable climate for postgraduate research rather than diminishing interest in our particular field. And it must be pointed out that the theses in question are still produced in such volume that only a limited number can be reviewed here, representing a selection of the work that has come to our attention during 1981 and 1982. The coverage therefore remains restricted but it is gradually becoming more exacting in its definition of ‘recent’ and thus, it is hoped, becoming more useful in disseminating the findings of new research.
Sojourners and lodgers in a provincial town: the evidence from eighteenth-century Ludlow
Authors: Wright S. J.
Published: February 2009

Urban historians have recently shown an increasing interest in the development of England's provincial centres and smaller market towns. Although they lacked a strong manufacturing element and did not expand at the same rate as the emerging industrial centres of the north and the midlands, towns like Canterbury, Ipswich, Lutterworth and Ludlow played a fundamental part in eighteenth-century urban history. They acted as distribution points for an increasing range of agricultural goods and manufactured products. They helped to stimulate the expansion and diversification of England's traditional crafts. They fostered the development of urban culture and in doing so they attracted large numbers of immigrants and casual visitors. There were occasions when even the smallest market town opened its doors to a large contingent of outsiders, be it for one day in the week when the market was held or at an annual fair, whilst people attending court or the fashionable season would temporarily ‘swell’ the population of centres like Bath and Bristol or of cathedral and county towns like Gloucester and Canterbury. Some of the people who were drawn ‘townwards’, and these are the people we know most about, eventually became integrated into the community and set up their own homes and businesses. But there were other groups too, groups which tend to get neglected for they feature so rarely in our records. There were the men and women who disappeared without trace after quartering in a town for a night or a couple of weeks and whom we only learn about by chance.
Representing the slum
Authors: Mayne Alan
Published: February 2009

Robert Darnton writes that one can read cities as one does texts. Few historians would disagree. After all, the doyen of British urban history, H.J. Dyos, had been ‘reading’ streetscapes since the 1950s. Moreover, his peers had long felt comfortable with the idea that cities were templates which could in a sense be read in order to extract the historical developments that were ‘reflected’ in them. A younger generation of urban historians had been enthralled by the release in 1973 of the remarkable two-volumeThe Victorian City, and by the unfolding patterns through which its contributors sought to read the nineteenth-century cityscape. But now, well into the second decade afterThe Victorian City'sfirst publication, it is timely to ask how have historians sought to read? My conclusion is unflattering. It seems to me that historians are awkwardly equipped to interpret the urban past because of their primitive approach to texting the past. Some of the most successful readings of the urban past have drawn less from history than from archaeology, architecture, geography, literary criticism, and cultural anthropology. Such analysis is more directly geared to address the essence of the text: its immediacy to a particular audience. The texts which historians think of familiarly as their own are in fact anchored in the local horizons of people other than ourselves. Their context is not our own. Moreover, their quality is profoundly dynamic. They were tools by which people addressed and sustained common-sense meanings and rhythms amidst the indeterminacies of daily living in ever-changing urban settings.
Planning theory and women's role in the city
Authors: Meller Helen
Published: February 2009

Feminist historians have expended a good deal of energy on delineating the cultural concept of the Two Spheres This curious cultural phenomenon emerged in the wake of the evangelical revival and the Industrial Revolution, and caused people to believe that the world was divided into two to match the two sexes. The male part was the world of public affairs, commerce, business and, of course, the defence of the realm. The female centred on the private domain: home, family and children. The problem that this imposed on women has never yet been successfully resolved: the sexual division of labour and the domestic location of women's work. In Britain in the nineteenth century, as the population moved into the cities and standards of living rose (if patchily), the physical form of the modern urban environment took shape in ways which perpetuated the continuance of the Two Spheres. This was particularly true for middle-class women, whose lives in suburban retreats had little physical connection with the rest of the city. Of all the pressures which dictated the form of nineteenth-century cities, there was not one related to finding new ways for women to live in modern cities outside a rigid interpretation of the Two Spheres.
A Small Town Study
Authors: Brown Stuart M. , Dyhouse Carol A. , Marshall J. D. , Palmer Alice , Twiss David W.
Published: February 2009

The interdisciplinary approach to the study of urban history has considerable potential for the examination of communites of manageable size. Yet, as Professor Dyos has pointed out, it is by no means clear that the proliferation of more and more case studies is a particularly useful exercise unless communities in question contain an element oftypicalityand are informed by the broader social and historical tendencies relating to urbanization as a major force of social change. “We know so little yet about a number of obvious things,” he once wrote. “Small towns that never grew big nor got stuck in amber as a neighbour did tend to remain unseen. There are too few studies of such towns.” (H. J. Dyos (ed.),The Study of Urban History[1968], 38.) Our study, of Kendal in Westmorland, seems well justified.
International cities in the dual systems model: the transformations of Los Angeles and Washington
Authors: Abbott Carl
Published: February 2009

The popularization of ‘World City’ as an analytical concept dates to 1966. Taking up a term introduced fifty years earlier by Patrick Geddes, Peter Hall's now classic description ofThe World Citiesexplored the evolution of a handful of key urban areas from national into global roles and functions. The original emphasis on size and comprehensive economic functins has since been extended by the argument that a distinct class of global cities are a characteristic product of the technologies and economy of the late twentieth century. As well, such cities are thought to embrace common spatial forms that respond to a specific balance of centralizing and decentralizing tendencies in the location of commercial, financial, and manufacturing industries.
“OUR DEEP, DEAR SILENCE”: MARRIAGE AND LYRICISM IN THESONNETS FROM THE PORTUGUESE
Authors: Williams Rhian
Published: February 2009

SonnetXLIof Elizabeth Barrett Browning'sSonnets from the Portugueseis candid about its ambition to write love poetry that will last:— Oh, to shootMy soul's full meaning into future years, —Thattheyshould lend it utterance, and saluteLove that endures, with Life that disappears! – (Barrett Browning 397)This is a rare moment in the sequence of hope enunciated. Although littered with apparently unfettered exclamations of the newly loved and newly loving – “I seemed not one | For such man's love!” (XXXII), “Beloved, I onlylove thee!” (IX) – therhetorical modeof theSonnets from the Portuguesealso feels reticent, provisional, even transient: “This said, ‘I am thine’ – and so, its ink has paled | With lying at my heart that beats too fast” (XXVIII). Yet the sequence's desire for endurance may be reconciled with its frequent return to moments of erasure – “My letters! – all dead paper, . . . mute and white! –” (XXVIII) – by attending to the generative effects of silence in this most ambivalent of sonnet performances. Indeed, the sequence appears to fall in with Daniel Barenboim's logic, which would dictate that if ensuing years are to produce, as the sonnet anticipates, “utterance” – to form sound – the sonnet itself must provide the pre-silence. If silence is the pulse of “Love that endures” (passing over from life to love), then theSonnets from the Portuguesebecome, perhaps, an exercise in learning, in Derrida's terms, “how to be silent.” Despite such elevated investment, however, silence clearly troubles our reading of this sonnet sequence; not only does it threaten to undermine the efficacy of a sequence celebrated for theenunciationof love, but it also gestures at a broader Victorian discourse in which silence and “woman-love,” as sonnet XIII names it, are more frequently brought together as an effect of systemized suppression. But, I suggest that these sonnets are, in fact, pushing us to reconsider how we read silence; perhaps surprisingly, this is revealed by paying attention to the sequence's careful anticipation of marriage. Indeed, establishing a conjugal perspective on these poems reveals a radical dynamic in which silencing, in fact, gives way to finding, as Derrida asks, “how to say something.”
THE UNIVERSAL DIVINE PRINCIPLE, THE SPIRITUAL ANDROGYNE, AND THE NEW AGE IN SARAH GRAND'STHE HEAVENLY TWINS
Authors: Lloyd Naomi
Published: February 2009

In February 1893 the feministjournalShaftspublished two articles by Mrs. A. Phillips the second of which provided an esoteric reading of the crucifixion in which Phillips, making recourse to Sanskrit, argued that Christ's death on the cross symbolized the “perfect marriage union of the male and female” (qtd. in Dixon,Divine Feminine163). Feminist theosophists such as Phillips believed Christianity's neglect of the Divine Feminine to have resulted in a masculinist ordering of religious authority and in the concomitant subordination of women. The editor ofShafts, Margaret Shurmer Sibthorpe, agreed; she added a note to Phillips's second article urging her readers to work towards the formulation of a gospel that would facilitate women's emancipation. In the same issue ofShafts, Sarah Grand'sThe Heavenly Twinswas reviewed. The reviewer cited at length a passage from the novel's Proem characterizing the divine as the union of the male and female principles and concluded with a discussion of the “heavenly twins” of the novel's title. TheShaftsreviewer, however, did not explore the significance of religious allusions inThe Heavenly Twins, nor did she examine the relation between the dual-sexed divine of the Proem and the story of the heavenly twins, Angelica and Diavolo Hamilton-Wells. Subsequent Grand scholars have not, for the most part, taken up these questions. The possibility that the novel might constitute an attempt to reconfigure dominant discourses of religion and gender, of the kind Sibthorpe had called for and Phillips undertaken, is largely unconsidered. The New Woman as a “modern maiden” is instead assumed to emerge from a predominantly secular cultural context.
FIGURING OUT THE FASCINATION: RECENT TRENDS IN CRITICISM ON VICTORIAN SENSATION AND CRIME FICTION
Authors: Knight Mark
Published: February 2009

Over the last thirty years or so, sensation fiction has shaken off its scandalous roots to become a respectable area of academic study. The transformation began with the publication of Winifred Hughes'sThe Maniac in the Cellar(1980) and Patrick Brantlinger's “What Is ‘Sensational’ about the ‘Sensation Novel’?” (1982), and gathered pace in the 1980s and 90s through the contributions of Ann Cvetkovich, Pamela Gilbert, D. A. Miller, Lyn Pykett, and Jenny Bourne Taylor. One of the results of all this scholarly interest is that the genre has begun to attract more introductory works that concentrate on consolidating what others have said. Ideas that were once considered new or controversial are now seen as common knowledge: we know that sensation fiction involves more than the influential novels written in the 1860s by Mary Elizabeth Braddon and Wilkie Collins; we are familiar with the frequent blurring between sensation fiction and other genres (including crime fiction and the gothic); we are well schooled in interdisciplinary approaches that read sensation fiction alongside science, psychology, and law; and we are used to competing claims for sensation fiction as a subversive or conservative genre. With so much attention being given to a collection of writings once described by Hughes as “irretrievably minor” (167) and by Brantlinger as “a minor subgenre of British fiction” (1), one could be forgiven for thinking that there are few secrets left to be uncovered. Yet, as the wide array of books considered here attests, the critical appeal of sensation fiction and Victorian crime shows no sign of abating. If anything, the first few years of the twenty-first century have seen even greater levels of interest: a number of Victorian Studies conferences have chosen sensation as their theme, and the genre features regularly in the pages of academic journals. Given that the extent of our ongoing fascination would probably have shocked a previous generation of scholars, this review of recent critical trends will try and figure out why the genre possesses such a powerful hold on our thinking and whether or not this hold is likely to continue.
A Bayesian network approach to knowledge integration and representation of farm irrigation: 2. Model validation
Authors: Robertson D. E. , Wang Q. J. , Malano H. , Etchells T.
Published: February 2009

For models to be useful, they need to adequately describe the systems they represent. The probabilistic nature of Bayesian network models has traditionally meant that model validation is difficult. In this paper we present a process to validate Inteca‐Farm, a Bayesian network model of farm irrigation that we described in the first paper of this series. We assessed three aspects of the quality of model predictions, namely, bias, accuracy, and skill, for the two variables for which validation data are available directly or indirectly. We also examined model predictions for any systematic errors. The validation results show that the bias and accuracy of the two validated variables are within acceptable tolerances and that systematic errors are minimal. This suggests that Inteca‐Farm is a plausible representation of farm irrigation system in the Shepparton Irrigation Region of northern Victoria, Australia.
Estimating the uncertain mathematical structure of a water balance model via Bayesian data assimilation
Authors: Bulygina Nataliya , Gupta Hoshin
Published: February 2009

When constructing a hydrological model at the macroscale (e.g., watershed scale), the structure of this model will inherently be uncertain because of many factors, including the lack of a robust hydrological theory at that scale. In this work, we assume that a suitable conceptual model structure for the hydrologic system has already been determined; that is, the system boundaries have been specified, the important state variables and input and output fluxes to be included have been selected, the major hydrological processes and geometries of their interconnections have been identified, and the continuity equation (mass balance) has been assumed to hold. The remaining structural identification problem that remains, then, is to select the mathematical form of the dependence of the output on the inputs and state variables, so that a computational model can be constructed for making simulations and/or predictions of the system input‐state‐output behavior. The conventional approach to this problem is to preassume some fixed (and possibly erroneous) mathematical forms for the model output equations. We show instead how Bayesian data assimilation can be used to directly estimate (construct) the form of these mathematical relationships such that they are statistically consistent with macroscale measurements of the system inputs, outputs, and (if available) state variables. The resulting model has a stochastic rather than deterministic form and thereby properly represents both what we know (our certainty) and what we do not know (our uncertainty) about the underlying structure and behavior of the system. Further, the Bayesian approach enables us to merge prior beliefs in the form of preassumed model equations with information derived from the data to construct a posterior model. As a consequence, in regions of the model space for which observational data are available, the errors in preassumed mathematical form of the model can be corrected, improving model performance. For regions where no such data are available the “prior” theoretical assumptions about the model structure and behavior will dominate. The approach, entitled Bayesian estimation of structure, is used to estimate water balance models for the Leaf River Basin, Mississippi, at annual, monthly, and weekly time scales, conditioned on the assumption of a simple single‐state‐variable conceptual model structure. Inputs to the system are uncertain observed precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, and outputs are estimated probability distributions of actual evapotranspiration and streamflow discharge. Results show that the models estimated for the annual and monthly time scales perform quite well. However, model performance deteriorates for the weekly time scale, suggesting limitations in the assumed form of the conceptual model.
Role of ocean biology‐induced climate feedback in the modulation of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation
Authors: Zhang Rong‐Hua , Busalacchi Antonio J. , Wang Xiujun , Ballabrera‐Poy Joaquim , Murtugudde Raghu G. , Hackert Eric C. , Chen Dake
Published: February 2009

El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) properties can be modulated by many factors; most previous studies have focused on physical aspects of the climate system in the tropical Pacific. Ocean biology‐induced feedback (OBF) onto physics and bio‐climate coupling have been the subject of much recent interest, revealing striking model dependence and even conflicting results. Current satellite data are able to resolve the space‐time structure of oceanic signals both in biology and physics, providing an opportunity for quantifying their relationships. Here we use the biological signature from satellite ocean color data to estimate interannual variability of the attenuation depth of solar radiation (Hp), a field linking ocean biology and physics. We then apply a singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis to interannual Hp and sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly fields to derive an empirical Hp model which is incorporated in a hybrid coupled ocean‐atmosphere model of the tropical Pacific to represent the OBF. It is shown that the OBF can have significant effects on ENSO behaviors, including its amplitude, oscillation periods and seasonal phase locking.
Executive Director Fred Spilhaus Steps Down; Interim Leader Takes AGU Reins
Authors: Weiss Peter
Published: February 2009

After 39 years as AGU executive director, Fred Spilhaus has stepped down from his post; he will become executive director emeritus. At a 27 January 2009 staff meeting at AGU headquarters, in Washington, D.C., three of the Union officers introduced Robert T. Van Hook, who will serve as interim executive director while AGU conducts a worldwide search for a new executive director. The search is expected to start in the summer of 2009 and to take from 6 to 18 months.
Gupta Receives 2008 Waldo E. Smith Medal
Authors: Cazenave Anny , Gupta Harsk K.
Published: February 2009

Harsh K. Gupta was awarded the 2008 Waldo E. Smith Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held 17 December 2008 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for “extraordinary service to geophysics.”
New AGU Fellows
Authors: Anonymous
Published: February 2009

Fellows of AGU are members who have attained acknowledged eminence in the Earth and space sciences.

On 13 December 2008, the Fellows Committee elected 55 members for the class of 2009. Candidates are nominated by colleagues and then vetted by relevant sections and focus groups, who forward the top nominees to the Fellows Committee.
The assembly of CD1e is controlled by an N-terminal propeptide which is processed in endosomal compartments
Authors: Maître Blandine , Angénieux Catherine , Wurtz Virginie , Layre Emilie , Gilleron Martine , Collmann Anthony , Mariotti Sabrina , Mori Lucia , Fricker Dominique , Cazenave Jean-Pierre , van Dorsselaer Alain , Gachet Christian , de Libero Gennaro , Puzo Germain , Hanau Daniel , de La Salle Henri
Published: February 2009

CD1e displays unique features in comparison with other CD1 proteins. CD1e accumulates in Golgi compartments of immature dendritic cells and is transported directly to lysosomes, where it is cleaved into a soluble form. In these latter compartments, CD1e participates in the processing of glycolipid antigens. In the present study, we show that the N-terminal end of the membrane-associated molecule begins at amino acid 20, whereas the soluble molecule consists of amino acids 32–333. Thus immature CD1e includes an N-terminal propeptide which is cleaved in acidic compartments and so is absent from its mature endosomal form. Mutagenesis experiments demonstrated that the propeptide controls the assembly of the CD1e α-chain with β2-microglobulin, whereas propeptide-deleted CD1e molecules are immunologically active. Comparison of CD1e cDNAs from different mammalian species indicates that the CD1e propeptide is conserved during evolution, suggesting that it may also optimize the generation of CD1e molecules in other species.
Association between the PDE4D gene and ischaemic stroke in the Chinese Han population
Authors: Sun Yun , Huang Yanyan , Chen Xu , Liu Yun , Lu Xiaozhe , Shi Yongyong , Tang Wei , Yang Jiandong , Chen Wuyan , Zhao Xinzhi , Gao Linghan , Li Sheng , Feng Guoyin , He Lin
Published: February 2009

Recent findings suggests that PDE4D (gene encoding phosphodiesterase 4D) is a stroke-related gene in the Icelandic population, but it is still very controversial as to whether it is a susceptible gene for stroke in other populations. In the present study, we attempted to explore the role of the gene in the pathogenesis of stroke in the Chinese Han population of eastern China. A total of 649 ischaemic stroke patients and 761 unrelated control individuals with no history of stroke or transient ischaemic attack were examined in a case-control study. Four SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) rs152312 (C/T), SNP56 (A/T), SNP83 (C/T) and SNP87 (C/T) with a minor allele frequency over 5% were genotyped and the corresponding haplotypes were constructed. In an analysis of the combined cardiogenic and carotid stroke group, both the allele (P=0.0060) and genotype (P=0.0160) frequencies between cases and controls at SNP83 showed significant differences. However, no difference in haplotype frequencies was observed between cases and controls at rs152312 and SNP56. In the analysis of the small-artery-occlusive stroke group, no difference in allele or genotype frequencies was observed at any marker between cases and controls; the global haplotype frequency in rs152312 and SNP56 had a significant difference between cases and controls (P=0.0162); the frequency of haplotype C-A was higher in cases than in controls (P=0.0122). In conclusion, our present findings show that polymorphisms in the PDE4D gene are associated with an increased risk of ischaemic stroke in the Chinese Han population. The present study adds further support to the role of PDE4D in stroke.
Stress dependent magnetostriction in highly magnetostrictive Fe100−xGax, 20<x<30
Authors: Clark A. E. , Yoo J.-H. , Cullen J. R. , Wun-Fogle M. , Petculescu G. , Flatau A.
Published: February 2009

Saturation magnetostriction measurements along the [100] axis of Fe100−xGax single crystal rods (∼25×6mm diameter) were observed to have a linear dependence on [100] applied compressive stresses for 20<x<30. This is not expected from linear magnetoelastic theory and indeed is negligible for x=19.5. An expansion of the magnetoelastic theory to include third order elastic terms reveals the existence of a term that gives rise to a stress dependent [100] magnetostriction. For x=20.9 and 29.5, the stress T dependencies of the saturation magnetostrictions were found to be 0.136×10−6TMPa−1 and 0.281×10−6TMPa−1, respectively. Values of the third order elastic constants, c3’s, calculated from these values agree both in sign and magnitude with those obtained from stress dependent measurements of Young’s moduli and Poisson’s ratios. In sum, we conclude that the Fe100−xGax magnetostriction for 0<x<30 can be attributed to a simple homogenous single domain magnetoelastic mechanism.
Spin polarization of Co–Fe alloys estimated by point contact Andreev reflection and tunneling magnetoresistance
Authors: Karthik S. V. , Nakatani T. M. , Rajanikanth A. , Takahashi Y. K. , Hono K.
Published: February 2009

The compositional dependence on spin polarization of Co100−xFex alloys has been studied by point contact Andreev reflection (PCAR) and tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) measurements. The intrinsic spin polarization for bcc Co75Fe25 alloy is P=0.58±0.03 at 4.2K contrary to the pure Fe (P=0.46±0.03) and Co (P=0.45±0.03). The tunneling spin polarization values of Co75Fe25 (110) textured polycrystalline electrode and (001) epitaxially grown electrode was estimated to be PT=0.5±0.01 and PT=0.57±0.01 at 8K from the TMR ratios using Julliere’s model for the MTJs prepared on oxidized Si and MgO (001) substrates. The spin polarization obtained from the tunneling junctions and PCAR experiments have been discussed.