bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chronic stable angina
Authors: Lanza Gaetano Antonio , De Vita Antonio
Published: May 2019

Treatment of patients with chronic stable angina has two main objectives: to improve clinical outcome and to reduce angina symptoms. Prognosis is mainly improved by a reduction in cardiovascular risk factor burden, which may be achieved by appropriate lifestyle changes and, for some risk factors (e.g. hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension, diabetes), appropriate pharmacological therapy (including, in particular, statins and renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors) and use of antithrombotic agents. Symptoms can be improved by a variable combination of traditional (beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, nitrates) and novel (e.g. ivabradine, ranolazine) anti-ischaemic drugs, which may act through reduction in myocardial oxygen consumption and/or improvement of myocardial perfusion.
Chaperones and protein quality control in the neoplastic process
Authors: Rasola Andrea
Published: May 2019

Maintenance of proteome quality control in cells is a vital and extremely complex task, which requires fine-tuning among synthesis, folding, and degradation of proteins and is controlled by an integrated network of subcellular components. A pivotal role in this process is played by chaperones, molecular machines that take part in nearly all cellular functions and make possible the optimal activity of proteins by assisting their folding, conformational changes, and subcellular trafficking, and by controlling protein degradation following unfolding, misfolding, or aggregation.

Neoplastic cells undergo major changes in the homeostasis of their proteome, or proteostasis, as a consequence of a profound rewiring of their metabolic circuitries and of exposure to stressful environmental stimuli, such as hypoxia or nutritional and pH fluctuations. These stress conditions also affect protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial bioenergetic functions, leading to activation of organelle-restricted, protective signalling pathways called unfolded protein responses, which can subtly regulate the equilibrium among death, dormancy, and aggressiveness of tumour cells. In most cancer types molecular chaperones are overexpressed and exploited to cope with these stress stimuli and to underpin pro-oncogenic biological routines, including cell growth, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and escape to death stimuli. Chaperone induction has been associated with cancer progression, resistance to chemotherapy, and poor prognosis; therefore, development of chaperone-targeting drugs has emerged as a promising antineoplastic strategy.
Invasion, metastasis, and tumour dormancy
Authors: Ugolkov Andrey , Mazar Andrew P.
Published: May 2019

Tumours can be either benign or malignant. A first difference is that the primary malignant tumour infiltrates the surrounding tissue while, with very few exceptions, the benign tumours do not infiltrate. The second and main one is that, by definition, the malignant tumours are able to produce metastatic lesions in other organs. Finally, metastases can declare themselves even after period of years from the appearance of the first lesion. This is because of the third property of the malignant cells i.e. their ability to spread and then do not immediately grow into a detectable metastasis, but to be ‘dormant’ for a variable period.
Blood vessels and cancer
Authors: Pezzella Francesco , Kerbel Robert
Published: May 2019

Like any other organ of the human body, tumours need a blood supply to provide oxygen and nutrients and to eliminate wastes. Although already the ancient Greeks had realized that there is a close relationship between tumours and blood vessels, the nature and significance of such a relationship has been debated for centuries. During the last 40 years the prevalent view, based primarily on the hypothesis of the late Judah Folkman and work undertaken since, has been that a tumour can only grow progressively if it is constantly inducing production of new vessels. No cancer could become larger than a few millimetres, or no metastases could develop if some new vessels were not produced (i.e. if there was ‘angiogenesis’). This concept lead to the conclusion that drugs able to block the growth of new vessels could therefore ‘cure’ or at least ‘block’ cancer by inducing a sustained state of dormancy. While some benefits have indeed been achieved using such drugs, these have been usually modest. Perhaps more worrying, both in animal models and in human trials, occasional progression of tumours to a more malignant phenotype during antiangiogenic treatment has been sometime observed, following an initial benefit. The study of these ‘non-angiogenic’ tumours has opened a new field in cancer biology, but so far, we have only just scratched the surface.
Biological effect of radiotherapy on cancer cells
Authors: Dubrovska Anna , Krause Mechthild , Baumann Michael
Published: May 2019

Radiation therapy is a mainstay for curative treatment of many types of tumours. The cure rate of radiation therapy depends on its ability to induce non-repairable DNA damage leading to cellular death or loss of proliferative capacity. In addition to clinical factors, efficacy of radiation therapy has been explained by the radiobiological concept of 4R parameters summarized by Rodney Withers in 1975, which include Repair of DNA damage, Repopulation, Redistribution of tumour cells in the cell cycle, and Reoxygenation. This chapter reviews the direct and indirect effects of irradiation on cancer cells, mechanisms of DNA repair and radiation-induced cell death, and also discusses implementation of the cancer stem cell model for the radiobiological concept of tumour radioresistance.
Multidisciplinary working, evidence, treatment, and decision-making in medicine
Authors: Huda Ahmed Samei
Published: May 2019

Patients have many needs and not all can be met using the medical model, hence the necessity of multiple therapeutic models and multidisciplinary working. Doctors’ sapiental role relies on evidence from research which can vary in quality. Quantitative and qualitative research are both useful. Randomized controlled trials with blinded assessments are the best method of assessing treatment effectiveness. Objectives of treatment should be jointly decided between doctor and patient and are often not simply about cure. Mechanisms of action of intervention do not always reverse disease progress but may involve other processes such as indirect compensation. Medication has many complex effects, both therapeutic and adverse. The medical model allows doctors to see many patients and work in emergency situations including providing overnight cover. This is because after the initial assessment, further assessments can be brief and if medication is used it is usually taken outside consultations. This ability to see many patients at all hours means mental health services will often include doctors using the medical model.
Criticism of psychiatric treatment
Authors: Huda Ahmed Samei
Published: May 2019

Criticisms of psychiatric treatment often involve comparison to idealized depictions of general medical treatment. Psychiatric treatments are described as not reversing diseases but many treatments in general medicine also do not reverse disease and some have unknown mechanisms. It is stated that psychiatrists prescribe medication to reverse hypothesized mechanisms, but a survey found they usually prescribed a medication in a clinical situation because research had shown it to be effective, even though the mechanism of action was unclear. Antidepressants are said to be ineffective because of a small overall effect averaged over groups of participants but this ignores evidence that some people will derive a significant clinical benefit. Antipsychotics are effective in preventing relapse of psychosis in research studies; for a variety of reasons, withdrawal-induced psychosis is unlikely to explain enough of this advantage to prove the claim that antipsychotics are ineffective. Although lithium research trials are imperfect, including reporting high rates of lithium withdrawal-induced mania, there is still some evidence of benefit in acute mania and of modest benefit in preventing relapse of bipolar disorder in those who can continue lithium for two years or more. Questions comparing psychiatric and general medical treatments were generated.
Variability of clinical picture
Authors: Huda Ahmed Samei
Published: May 2019

Psychiatric diagnostic constructs produce highly variable clinical pictures in patients. Amongst the reasons for this are high rates of co-occurrence of different diagnostic constructs, which themselves are often polythetic in nature. People who meet criteria for a diagnostic construct may have little or even no clinical features in common. These diagnostic constructs rely on people meeting the diagnostic criteria having similar qualities to their condition such as similar likelihoods of outcomes/responses to treatments. These highly variable clinical pictures are seen even when clear disease is involved, such as the dementias. General medical diagnostic constructs can also display highly variable clinical pictures even when clear disease processes have been identified. Polythetic diagnostic criteria decided upon by expert committees are also used for general medical diagnostic constructs which can also result in people meeting the same diagnostic criteria having little in common in their clinical pictures. Co-occurrence is also common in general medicine. Psychological formulation does not have to address the issue of variable clinical pictures. Both symptom-based and dimensional classifications can depict variable clinical pictures more accurately than diagnostic constructs but there are pragmatic issues such as suitability for brief appointments or emergency work.
Clinical utility of diagnosis
Authors: Huda Ahmed Samei
Published: May 2019

There is evidence of overlap between psychiatric and general medical constructs for clinical utility particularly for variability of outcomes; use of diagnostic criteria decided by committees of experts and use of clinical information apart from the diagnosis. For psychiatric diagnostic constructs there is evidence of some differences in outcomes and responses to treatments between different diagnostic constructs. On the other hand, it is easier to directly measure variables relevant for clinical purposes in general medicine. Therefore, for all the questions the conclusion of some (not near total overlap) seems fairest. Psychiatric diagnostic constructs can have clinical utility if there is useful information attached e.g. on likely range of outcomes or likely responses to treatments. Psychological formulation has utility but is unlikely to be helpful in all clinical scenarios or ways of working. Dimension or symptom based classification may have greater validity, still involve categorical choices and have limitations in clinical utility. Alternative classifications have compatibility problems with the healthcare system for collective administrative data, statistics or for other social functions such as access to benefits.
Introduction
Authors: Chen Eric Y.H. , Ventriglio Antonio , Bhugra Dinesh
Published: May 2019

This chapter starts with a historical review of the early intervention approach to psychiatric disorders. Historical documents suggest that the idea of early intervention had indeed already been proposed by professionals by the late nineteenth century. The circumstances which limited early intervention in that era are discussed. Some of these factors are still relevant to contemporary efforts in early detection and intervention for mental disorders. A narrow biological understanding of mental disorders inadvertently carries a highly deterministic view of inevitable illness progress. This view, coupled with an inadequate provision of care in the asylum era, were key factors which limited early detection efforts in the past. The availability of means to achieve a better outcome was identified as a key element required for early intervention.
Family involvement in first-episode psychosis
Authors: Mohan Greeshma , Padmavati R. , Thara R.
Published: May 2019

In the Indian secular, pluralistic, and collectivist society, the family is the oldest and the most important institution that has survived through the ages. With rapid urbanization and an ever-expanding population, there is a scarcity of financial and human resources in the area of mental health. Though progressively decreasing in size, families continue to provide a valuable support system, which can be helpful in the management of various stressful situations. Yet, very often this resource is not adequately and appropriately utilized. This chapter describes the role of family involvement in first-episode psychosis, drawing from various research projects carried out by the Schizophrenia Research Foundation (SCARF) and from other Indian centres. It deals with the identification of prodromes, access to care, treatment adherence and follow-up, and stigma.
Clinical features
Authors: Davies Andrew
Published: May 2019

Breakthrough pain is a heterogeneous condition that can have several causes and several pathophysiologies. Breakthrough pain can present with numerous clinical features and numerous complications. Breakthrough pain is a cause of significant morbidity. The clinical features of the breakthrough pain are often related to the clinical features of the background pain. The diagnosis of breakthrough pain depends on the presence of well-controlled background pain, and so the initial presentation of the breakthrough pain often coincides with the successful management of the background pain. It appears that there is also a circadian variation in the occurrence of breakthrough pain in patients with cancer, with a much greater incidence reported during the day. Breakthrough pain can result in a number of physical, psychological, and social sequelae.
Oral transmucosal opioids
Authors: Davies Andrew
Published: May 2019

The oral transmucosal routes are buccal and sublingual. The absorption of drugs across the oral mucosa involves a process of passive absorption, and may involve either the transcellular route or the paracellular route. A number of drug factors affect the absorption of drugs across the oral mucosa. Oral transmucosal drug delivery does not require expertise, preparation, or technical equipment. Oral transmucosal administration may be associated with rapid onset of analgesia. A number of fentanyl-based formulations are commercially available to manage breakthrough cancer pain. A variety of other opioids have been subject to oral transmucosal administration. However, many of these opioids are not very lipophilic and, therefore, not suited for buccal or sublingual administration. Some of the more successful ones are alfentanil and sufentanil.
Early Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Changes in Normal-Appearing Brain in Pediatric Moyamoya Disease
Authors: Quon Jennifer L , Kim Lily H , MacEachern Sarah J , Maleki Maryam , Steinberg Gary K , Madhugiri Venkatesh , Edwards Michael S B , Grant Gerald A , Yeom Kristen W , Forkert Nils D
Published: May 2019

BACKGROUND

Moyamoya disease often leads to ischemic strokes visible on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with subsequent cognitive impairment. In adults with moyamoya, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) is correlated with regions of steal phenomenon and executive dysfunction prior to white matter changes.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate quantitative global diffusion changes in pediatric moyamoya patients prior to explicit structural ischemic damage.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed children (<20 yr old) with moyamoya disease and syndrome who underwent bypass surgery at our institution. We identified 29 children with normal structural preoperative MRI and without findings of cortical infarction or chronic white matter ischemic changes. DWI datasets were used to calculate ADC maps for each subject as well as for 60 age-matched healthy controls. Using an atlas-based approach, the cerebral white matter, cerebral cortex, thalamus, caudate, putamen, pallidum, hippocampus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and brainstem were segmented in each DWI dataset and used to calculate regional volumes and ADC values.

RESULTS

Multivariate analysis of covariance using the regional ADC and volume values as dependent variables and age and gender as covariates revealed a significant difference between the groups (P < .001). Post hoc analysis demonstrated significantly elevated ADC values for children with moyamoya in the cerebral cortex, white matter, caudate, putamen, and nucleus accumbens. No significant volume differences were found.

CONCLUSION

Prior to having bypass surgery, and in the absence of imaging evidence of ischemic stroke, children with moyamoya exhibit cerebral diffusion changes. These findings could reflect microstructural changes stemming from exhaustion of cerebrovascular reserve.
Durgā
Authors: Sarkar Bihani
Published: May 2019

Durgā—goddess of war; slayer of demons; bestower of victory; savior in dangers; keeper of sacred Order; guardian of fortresses; dispeller of inauspiciousness; deity of possession; dweller of the wilderness; nourished by warriors’ blood; “fond of alcohol, flesh, and marrow.” Innately kaleidoscopic, known by many names, and paradoxical in nature, the goddess is difficult to define, being a symbol of both the benevolent and the dangerous in Indian tradition. She is most renowned for killing the buffalo demon Mahiṣa, though her other famous demon-victims include Śumbha, Niśumbha, Madhu, Kaiṭabha, Ruru, and Ghora. Durgā’s history is marked by her absorption of and by other deities and traditions, so that she has been continuously in transformation. Her presence in the Vedas, the earliest Hindu texts, is threadbare, leading to speculation among scholars that she was a goddess first and foremost of non-Indo-Aryan communities. She appears most fully in Sanskrit literature beginning with the Indian epic the Mahābhārata as Kālī or Kālarātri, the black-hued salvific goddess of the night of cosmic Destruction, and Nidrā, the eternal sleep of Death, the beauteous yet fierce sister of the hero Kṛṣṇa, and the inner active power (śakti) of his higher counterpart the great god Viṣṇu. She then appears as the fiery Caṇḍikā-Bhavānī, the rejected bodily half of Pārvatī, the consort of the high Hindu god Śiva, who as an autonomous warrior carries out the martial acts that Pārvatī, as devoted wife, cannot. From the 7th century ce, she began to absorb local goddesses, many from non-Hindu locales whose liminality found a parallel with her own ambiguous, outsider status within the Hindu tradition. Often, she is said to be the outcaste’s beloved deity. Exalted by becoming the most concentrated archetype for indigenous goddesses, she is understood as an all-powerful, ubiquitous, omniscient entity. In this respect she transcends Viṣṇu, Śiva, and Brahmā, the triad of divine power within Hindu thought. She is identified as the principle of universal creation māyā (magic), the cause of perceptible manifestation, Primordial Nature (prakṛti), and the source of liberation (mokṣa). As granter of sovereignty and heroic power, her worship became particularly important for rulers and heroes in the Indic world. Her annual festival, held first during the monsoon, the season of her birth in older beliefs, and later in the autumn the season of battle, became the time when sovereignty and community were reborn and reconstituted through her puissance. In this article, the Sanskrit originals are indicated only in the absence of an English translation.
Homoeroticism in Hinduism
Authors: Vanita Ruth
Published: May 2019

Homoeroticism is represented in Hindu texts from the epic period (c. 500 bce–200 ce) onward. Same-sex relations are explicitly depicted in temple sculptures in the first millennium ce and discussed in legal, medical, and erotic treatises from the 1st century bce onward, in tones varying from somewhat disapproving and dispassionate to humorous and pragmatic. More frequently, close same-sex friendships that last a lifetime and that rival cross-sex relationships in intensity and intimacy are celebrated in the same type of language that appears in contexts of cross-sex romance. Same-sex relations are sometimes depicted as running parallel to cross-sex relations in the life of an individual; at other times, they are subordinated to the latter. In the Sanskrit epics, the Purāṇas and story cycles, miraculous sex-change becomes one of the ways that same-sex desire is expressed and absorbed into the institution of marriage. The story cycles of the gods and goddesses depict them as able to manifest in male as well as female forms and also as simultaneously male and female. One of Śiva’s forms is Ardhanārīswara, the god who is half woman. This can be read as emblematic of his inseparability from his wife Pārvatī, but can also be read as expressive of the inherent bisexuality of all beings. Bhakti or devotional poetry, lyric, epic, and hagiographic, deals largely in bridal mysticism. In one unique set of Bengal versions of the Rāmāyaṇa, two women are depicted having divinely planned and blessed sexual relations that result in the birth of a heroic child. In sum, Hindu written texts and art up to the colonial period depict and discuss same-sex relations without euphemism or virulence. After British rulers passed the antisodomy law, many educated Indian social reformers and nationalists began to express a new aversion to elements of their heritage, including polytheism, polygamy, and sex outside marriage, including same-sex relations. For the first time, it became unacceptable to write about same-sex relations in polite literature. This continued through the first half of the 20th century. Some Hindu gurus continued to express tolerance and several Hindu priests from the 1980s onward are recorded as performing same-sex marriages in various parts of the country. Hindu gurus today take a variety of positions on the subject, as do Hindu political leaders and organizations.
Human Security
Authors: Zyla Benjamin
Published: May 2019

The term “human security” was first employed in the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Report (HDR) of 1994, which argued for a “people-centric” concept of security and against the dichotomy of “freedom from want” and “freedom from fear.” This new understanding of security replaced the traditional focus of conflict between states, protection of state borders, and military solutions to security problems. It also recognized the interdependence between security and development. The HDR proposed a broad, multidimensional conceptualization of human security comprising economic security, food security, health security, environmental security, personal security, community security, and political security. Since then, human security has become an all-encompassing emancipatory concept of security at the individual (rather than state) level, addressing the many causes of human vulnerability including armed conflict, human rights violations, environmental challenges, and resource deprivation. It thus changed the security discourse and opened the “black box” of states. In 1999, Japan established the UN Trust Fund for Human Security to operationalize the human security concept. Later, Canada joined the initiative and helped to establish the Human Security Network and, in 2000, the independent Commission on Human Security (CHS) to address questions like the root causes of conflicts and the human protection and development of people. The CHS’s mantra was that states must produce sustainable economic growth and target the very poor through providing education, health services, and employment. Unsurprisingly, this broad definition of human security produced a backlash since it challenged the relative importance of “freedom from fear” and “freedom from want.” Some asserted that the human security approach lacked conceptual rigor and was difficult to operationalize. In 2003, the CHS published their report, Human Security Now: Protecting and Empowering People, which reaffirmed the broad definition of human security. In 2004, a Human Security Unit was created in the UN Secretariat of the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. The same year, the UN Secretary-General convened the High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, which highlighted the interconnected and diverse threats to human security and called upon the international community to address them. A significant debate at the academic and policy levels ensued, discussing the viability of the concept as well as its political relevance. However, many UN member states, especially the so-called major powers (e.g., the United States), only played lip service to what was becoming an emerging norm in international security affairs.
Augmented Reality in Education
Authors: Uluyol Çelebi
Published: May 2019

In recent years, one of the most popular innovations that has accompanied the rapid changes in portable computers, Internet speed and personal digital assistants (PDAs) is augmented reality (AR). At the present, major investments concerning AR are being made, and it is predicted that there will be even further investment in the automotive, media/telecom, healthcare services, consumption and retail, industrial products, power tools, energy and mining, financial services, accommodation, and travel sectors within the next five years. AR is used in different sectors for various purposes such as service, manufacture, sales and marketing, design, operations, education, and quality and guidance. Researchers and educational technologists in particular have conducted different studies on the use of AR in educational environments. In studies implemented with participants who are receiving both K-12 and higher education, the integration of AR into the learning and teaching process has been investigated. The main object of interest is whether the use of AR as a new technology in educational environments will improve the current environments. Examining the literature concerning the use of AR in education, the majority of findings show that AR affects the learning process positively. In the findings, it is generally stressed that AR makes the learning process more interesting and efficient, provides the opportunity for interaction, increases the motivation toward and interest in the lesson, and affects attitudes toward learning positively. Even though the use of AR in educational environments has positive aspects, the study of AR is just beginning. Indeed, despite many advantages, it also has a number of disadvantages that need to be taken into consideration. Thus, there is an increasing number of experimental studies implemented in different disciplines and using different variables. In this study, an in-depth review was performed by addressing different aspects of the use of AR in educational environments.
Applied Communication Research Methods
Authors: Schmierbach Mike
Published: May 2019

The field of mass communication is strongly shaped by the early role of professional education in the discipline. Early mass communication scholars were often housed in schools of journalism. Broadcasting, advertising, and public relations all followed. As such, the connection between research and application has long been an important aspect of training in methods. While mass communication scholars are expected to be familiar with the core practice of social science research, they also speak to a professional audience. Textbooks and general guides in methods are written to help guide both scholars and practitioners. Additionally, specific research techniques are applicable to professional practice. Advertising and marketing professionals need to be familiar with a number of tools that can help them evaluate the appropriateness and effectiveness of a chosen message or campaign. Journalists are called upon to report polling, and they increasingly use data to report on the news and construct compelling narratives. In general, content creators seek to quantify their audiences and measure engagement. Finally, as the sheer volume of research grows ever larger, journalists must understand and explain this material, communicating the methods and dilemmas of science to their audience. The relevant bibliographic resources are varied. Many of them are textbooks and similar guides to broad principles or specific techniques. Others are discussions within the industry about best practices and the merits of particular tools. Still others are academic scholarship, providing evidence about the efficacy of methods, the breadth of their adoption, or the consequences of their use.
Queer Migration and Digital Media
Authors: Dhoest Alexander , Szulc Lukasz
Published: May 2019

From its early days, the Internet was considered as particularly important to marginalized groups and minorities. For sexual and gender minorities, it was welcomed as a space to explore and express identities discretely and to connect with like-minded people across geographical boundaries. For migrants, the crossing of geographical boundaries was the key appeal of digital media, which allowed them to stay connected with relatives and friends across national boundaries. The further personalization and interactivity of Web 2.0 made it even more appealing, allowing for instantaneous one-on-one communication using both text and images. Despite the particular appeal of digital media to minorities, most of the literature discusses majority users: white, Western, ethno-cultural majority users who are straight and able-bodied. Increasingly, however, the strong impact of social and material contexts and power relations on digital media use is acknowledged. As a consequence, two subfields of digital media studies are growing in tandem, one focusing on digital media and migration, the other on queer digital media uses. The term queer is used here to designate all nonnormative sexual and gender identifications, including but not limited to lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and trans individuals. Through the theoretical framework of intersectionality, the interplay between different social positions is also increasingly acknowledged, which is testified by the emergence of queer migration research, the third area of relevance to this article. So far, however, these three areas of research mostly operate separately, one group of scholars discussing the importance of digital media to migrants, a second researching queer digital media uses, and a third writing about queer migration. Hence, in this article these three areas are first discussed separately, sketching their outlines, debates, and arguments before moving on to the limited and more recent literature focusing on queer migration and digital media. Thus, this article considers intersections of two kinds. First, it draws on intersectionality theory when focusing on the intersection between migration (related to ethno-cultural identity) and sexuality, discussing how both social positions and identifications mutually interact. Second, it explores the intersections between three large fields of research: queer studies, migration studies, and digital media studies, in a first step discussing the places where each two fields connect and overlap and in the final section considering the intersection of all three fields. In each case, the particularities of the subfield are discussed and illustrated through some representative texts, focusing on their theoretical underpinnings and empirical insights. Methodologically, most of the research discussed in this article is qualitative, using interviews or ethnographical approaches to get an in-depth understanding of everyday lived experiences.
Social Identity Theory and Communication
Authors: Rowling Charles M.
Published: May 2019

In the 1970s, scholars in social psychology began exploring the process by which individuals attach their own identity to the groups in which they associate. This gave rise to social identity theory, which rests on the notion that, through largely unconscious cognitive processes, individuals who value and closely identify with a particular social group (e.g., familial, ethnic, religious, gender, partisan, national, etc.) will tend to take on characteristics and exhibit behaviors that are consistent with positive attributes associated with that group. Social identity theory also suggests that individuals do more than merely identify with the social groups to which they belong; they also derive comfort, security, and self-esteem from these groups. As a result, group members often engage in favoritism toward their own social group and, at times, denigration of other social groups as a way to protect or enhance their own group identity. Because individuals identify with multiple groups, the concept of salience is also crucial to our understanding of social identity theory. Specifically, individuals will seek to protect or enhance a particular group identity (through words or actions) when they perceive it to be threatened or they sense an opportunity to promote or enhance it. Given the obvious import and relevance of these dynamics to various aspects of society, research on social identity theory has grown exponentially over the past several decades, especially within the social sciences. Scholars in the fields of psychology, sociology, political science, and communication, for example, have increasingly paid attention to and incorporated social identity theory into their study of everything from how politicians communicate to how people vote to how people interact with other cultures. Notably, within the field of communication, the value of social identity theory rests with its ability to explain or predict messaging and response behaviors when a particular group identity is made salient. Thus, social identity theory is a robust theoretical framework that, in recent years, has had broad appeal and application across a number of academic disciplines. With a focus on the intersection of social identity theory and communication research, this article seeks to identify the foundational works within this area of research, recognize the primary journals in which this research can be found, discuss the key concepts and terms associated with this research, and explore how social identity theory has evolved both theoretically and empirically since its inception in the 1970s.
Children and Film-Making
Authors: Cannon Michelle
Published: May 2019

Youth film-making practices in educational settings are often positioned in discourses that support older teenagers’ career prospects and their training for industry. However, the work detailed in this list is located in formal and informal educational settings that foreground the social and cultural dimension of youth film and media production. As such, this article engages with the role of the moving image in everyday living, in creative arts education, and in the “reframing” of literacy to include visual and audio modes. In this view, film-making opportunities move beyond the formal domains of secondary and higher education film and media studies students, so that learners of all ages can become “writers” of the moving image as well as “readers.” This bibliography lays out the different sites and means through which primary and secondary children encounter film-making in the anglophone world and more internationally. In addition, it details the academic perspectives through which children’s engagements with film are studied and the increasing number of resources available to researchers and educators in the field. As distinct from the broader realm of production activities with digital media (e.g., game authoring or podcasting), research interest in children’s film-making is in the early stages of development in terms of academic literature and its differentiation. The making dimension might occupy part of a text on, for example, the uses of film in the classroom or on media education more broadly. Notably, discourses on youth film-making have increased in recent years with the development of new media technologies, social media platforms, and digital media authoring software. Functionality that used to be mediated through cumbersome professional apparatuses are now at the disposal of many amateurs via mobile digital devices. These ongoing advances coupled with a wide-ranging academic interest in multimodal expression open up new worlds of audiovisual storytelling for children and young people. Readers will notice the multidimensional nature of the categories that serve to demonstrate the versatility of film across social domains. Despite this and the significant uptake of creative media production by educators and practitioners in informal educational settings in the Western world, there is a discernible disinclination for many educational institutions to include film-making programs in formal education. Thus, there is a sense in which film-making for children remains a marginal activity, dependent on local enthusiasts and pockets of random good practice. Many of the authors are keen to see this change and to promote film as a relevant, dynamic, and cross-disciplinary constituent of modern literacy and the visual arts. Legitimizing film-making experience as a systematic literacy practice with a strong creative and critical dimension is seen as a way of enriching cultural expression in schools.
Liberation and Resistance Movements
Authors: Wählisch Martin
Published: May 2019

The phenomenon of resistance and liberation movements has occurred throughout history and remains current. Wars of independence and attempts of those range back centuries, including prominent examples such as the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), the Irish War of Independence (1919–1921), the Kosovo War (1996–1999), the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005), and many others. The struggle of the African National Congress (ANC) against the apartheid regime, the efforts of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) to “liberate Palestine,” the demand of the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) for Kurdish autonomy, and the actions of the armed guerrillas of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) are just some of the widely known cases of resistance and liberation movements. The Arab uprisings in late 2010 and 2011 that spread from Tunisia to Egypt, Yemen, Syria, and other countries in the region are recent examples of civil resistance. The definition of civil or national resistance, liberation, and separatist or independence movements is fluid. Scholars have suggested different classifications and terminology nomenclatures with the common emphasis on sociopolitical interests, namely freedom from oppression, enhanced political or cultural autonomy, or full-fledged independence. Theories on nationalist populism, public armed violence, ethnic identity, and collective mobilization are part of the topic’s thematic social science periphery. In public international law, the concept of resistance and liberation movements is explicitly mentioned in international humanitarian law with references in the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols. Overall, international law provides the right to resistance and liberation based on the right of self-determination, but the scope and conditions are disputed apart from general parameters. A point of tension in relation to the right to self-determination results from the principles of state sovereignty and territorial integrity, which pose limitations for national liberation and resistance struggles. Differentiating civil disobedience from armed resistance, clarifying legal justifications for secessionist movements, unpacking the freedom fighter versus terrorism dichotomy, being aware of legal rules for counterinsurgencies, and the application of humanitarian law are other critical legal aspects to consider in this context.
France
Authors: Vanfasse Nathalie
Published: May 2019

What kind of knowledge did the Victorians have about 19th-century France, and what were their representations of France during a period that saw the 1830 revolution and the July Monarchy followed by the 1848 revolution, the Second Republic, and the rise of Napoleon III, which ended with the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and the advent of the Third Republic? The answer to these questions implies finding out what sources the Victorians could use to acquire this information. This, in turn, means looking at the Victorians’ distant perception of France, but also at their experience of France as travelers or residents in the country, or even at the impressions conveyed upon them by French people who, for various reasons, were led to travel or reside in Victorian Britain. Admiration, vilification, interactions, cooperation, and misunderstandings are some of the words that crop up most frequently in the bibliographical references that follow. This article will be looking at what could be read about France in Victorian literature—especially travel literature and travel guides—but also in newspapers of the time. It will also consider Victorian translations of French literature and the publishers involved in promoting French literature in Britain. The learning of French in Britain, as well as Victorian views on French education, will be taken into account, as will Victorian perceptions of French political events and representations of France and the French by Victorian visual artists. Last but not least, the role of commerce, universal exhibitions, and art exhibitions will be considered.
Effect Size
Authors: Flora David B.
Published: May 2019

Simply put, effect size (ES) is the magnitude or strength of association between or among variables. Effect sizes (ESs) are commonly represented numerically (i.e., as parameters for population ESs and statistics for sample estimates of population ESs) but also may be communicated graphically. Although the word “effect” may imply that an ES quantifies the strength of a causal association (“cause and effect”), ESs are used more broadly to represent any empirical association between variables. Effect sizes serve three general purposes: research results reporting, power analysis, and meta-analysis. Even under the same research design, an ES that is appropriate for one of these purposes may not be ideal for another. Effect size can be conveyed graphically or numerically using either unstandardized metrics, which are interpreted relative to the original scales of the variables involved (e.g., the difference between two means or an unstandardized regression slope), or standardized metrics, which are interpreted in relative terms (e.g., Cohen’s d or multiple R2). Whereas unstandardized ESs and graphs illustrating ES are typically most effective for research reporting, that is, communicating the original findings of an empirical study, many standardized ES measures have been developed for use in power analysis and especially meta-analysis. Although the concept of ES is clearly fundamental to data analysis, ES reporting has been advocated as an essential complement to null hypothesis significance testing (NHST), or even as a replacement for NHST. A null hypothesis significance test involves making a dichotomous judgment about whether to reject a hypothesis that a true population effect equals zero. Even in the context of a traditional NHST paradigm, ES is a critical concept because of its central role in power analysis.
Human-Wildlife Conflict and Coexistence
Authors: Gao Yufang
Published: May 2019

As a particular kind of human-animal relationship, “human-wildlife conflict” (HWC) emerged as a field of study in the late 1990s and has experienced rapid development since around 2005. The term encapsulates a variety of negative interactions between people and wildlife species from diverse taxonomic groups: in particular, large carnivores and elephants. Since 2000, numerous scientific publications on the topic have been published. Most studies are applied research and have been driven by conservation biologists seeking to develop knowledge for problem solving. Major research topics include trends and patterns of conflicts and their determinants, spatial risk modeling and prediction, and evaluation of the effectiveness of technical solutions. Also, numerous studies have attended to local attitudes and perceptions toward conflicts and the animal species involved. Many researchers have noted the entanglement between human-wildlife conflicts and human-human conflicts. Thus, a growing body of literature applies social science research methods to understand the socioeconomic, political, and cultural contexts in which human-wildlife conflicts are embedded. Likewise, studies have started to address HWC management as an issue of governance. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in replacing the narrative of “human-wildlife conflict” with one of “human-wildlife coexistence” in both academic and public discourses. Nevertheless, there remain important issues concerning the conceptualization of what “conflict” and “coexistence” are.
Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment) Literature
Authors: Banbaji Amir
Published: May 2019

The Haskalah movement became distinguishable in Prussia during the last two decades of the 18th century. It had significant early precursors in Italy and central Europe during the earlier 18th century. After its stormy beginnings in Berlin and Königsberg it moved eastward, supported by new political and economic opportunities. It ran its course in eastern Europe by the early 1880s, with the rise of an avalanche of new ideas that came into being in the aftermath of anti-Jewish pogroms in the South of Russia. Nevertheless, the movement had many subsequent offshoots in the Middle East and North Africa, even after the rise of European Jewish nationalism, and well into the first half of the 20th century. Scholars usually consider the Haskalah movement and its literature a major factor in the process leading to the transformation and modernization of Jewish life, both inside and outside Europe, since the early to mid-18th century. Commonly translated as “Jewish Enlightenment,” the Haskalah (meaning, in Hebrew, knowledge, wisdom, and learning) is often depicted as having deep affiliation with secularization and European enlightenment. This rather automatic identification, however, became a subject of debate once scholars of Haskalah began to tie the movement to various strands of critiques of enlightenment. Such significant changes also befell the definition of Haskalah literature. Defined by most early- to mid-20th-century literary historians as a first instance of modern Hebrew literature, the founding scholars of Haskalah studies defined its literature as written, received, and formed by European elite males, who wrote in Hebrew. This definition has recently been broadened in ways that are likely to transform the innermost meaning of the Haskalah. Haskalah literature now includes works written in Yiddish as well as other Jewish languages, and it encompasses women’s writing and practices of reading, as well as detailed histories of Haskalah works written in North Africa and the Middle East. Finally, stimulated by new developments in the study of Enlightenment, the Haskalah is viewed by many as a playground for competing views on secularization, modernization, and the critique of Enlightenment. Thus, the field of Haskalah studies continues to evolve, as scholars revisit their most fundamental assumptions regarding its historical significance. The founding paradigm of the field established the perception that this was a daring break with Jewish traditional past and a harbinger of Jewish return to the universal or European history. This sense of exhilarating crisis has been replaced since the late 1980s with a more moderate view of Haskalah, as social and intellectual historians began to put greater stress on the maskilim’s (proponents of the Haskalah) attempt to reconcile Jewish scriptures and traditions with the main tenets of the European Enlightenment. This approach has been challenged yet again by scholars seeking to show that maskilim—or their texts—were often highly effective critics of Enlightenment and modernity.