bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Review of Research in Theater, Dance, and Other Performing Arts Education Implications for Music
Authors: Seidel Kent
Published: November 2023

This chapter and its counterpart on visual art education research (see chapter 50) represent an effort to bridge the research on the several arts disciplines within our schools. Traditionally, theater (I will use the term “theater” to refer generally to dramatic endeavor in schools) and dance have existed as largely extracurricular activities or as a small portion of the broader language arts and physical education curricula. Research is still developing in these fields, in comparison to the more established body of literature that exists for both music and visual art education. What can those in music education learn from the research being pursued in the other performing arts disciplines? The performing arts share many elements-aspects of visual representation, sound, language, movement, and feeling. Recently, the disciplines have come to some agreement regarding what should form the arts learning experience. The National Standards for Arts Education (Consortium of National Arts Education Associations, 1994) were written together, an approach that has helped to clarify many ways that the arts disciplines connect. Students should have the opportunity to create as well as to perform; to explore and improvise; to experience a variety of exemplary art; to work with artists; to study the historical and social contexts that lend meaning to works of art; and to reflect on and critique their own and others’ artistic work.
Introduction
Authors: Flohr John W
Published: November 2023

This part is devoted to three related areas: music and neuroscience, performing arts medicine, and musician health. Since the last Handbook there have been many developments in these areas that are of interest to music educators. The purpose of this part is to critically review developments in all three areas and provide recommendations for future research. Health issues relating to keyboard and string music education will be primarily found in chapter 53. Health issues relating to brass and woodwind music education will be primarily found in chapter 54.
Music and Neuroscience
Authors: Flohr John W , Hodges Donald A
Published: November 2023

Relationships among the brain, music, and musical abilities are of interest to musicians, psychologists, and neuroscientists. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a detailed and critical overview of the neuroscientific research dealing with music and music education. Unfortunately, a direct translation from neuroscience research into music education at this time is very problematic. Although our understanding of brain and behavior has increased at an exponential rate over the past 10 years, theories of brain functioning and our understanding of the neurobiological forces that shape musical behavior are still in their infancy. The focus will be on ideas helpful to music education from what is known about music and the brain. The chapter is organized into three sections.
Teaching Other Subjects Through Music
Authors: Goldberg Merryl , Scott-Kassner Carol
Published: November 2023

Imagine a group of fourth graders listening to Gustav Holst’s The Planets. They listen intently, contemplate, discuss in detail how the music represents the motion of the planets; and then the teacher poses the question to them: “How could we make a sound sculpture that would represent the orbital value of each planet?” In this chapter, we seek to uncover the issues and research related to teaching other subjects, like this science lesson, through music. In order to do so, we begin by offering an overview of historical, social/cultural, and theoretical perspectives. We then address the literature on classroom teachers and arts integration, including a discussion outlining the various ways teachers teach other subjects through music. A review of major studies in this area follows, and the chapter concludes with reflections and conclusions based on the research. In writing this chapter, we recognized that this topic brings with it considerable debate, and we embraced the controversies with interest and rigor. Arts education in the United States is at a dynamic crossroads. For the past few decades music, visual art, drama, and dance have usually been taught as separate subjects in school, if they were taught at all (see Leonhard, 1991; National Endowment for the Arts [NEA], 1988). Of all the arts, music is the one most likely to be taught by a specialist teacher trained to teach that subject. This discipline-based model of music and arts education is fundamental to the education of children, giving them key skills and understandings through the sequential development of the tools needed to receive a basic education in each art form. A vision for student accomplishment in these disciplines is outlined in the National Standards for Arts Education (1994). Included in these standards is a call for the promotion of arts as a medium for integrating learning across the curriculum within state and local planning efforts.
Research: A Foundation for Arts Education Advocacy
Authors: Bresler Liora
Published: November 2023

The history of virtues (and vices) associated with the arts goes back a long way, to early myths, the Old Testament, and Greek philosophy. Music, for example, has been viewed throughout the last 26 centuries as an agent of affect, a mode of cognition, a sophisticated form, a symbol system, and a social and political force. These attributes reverberate in contemporary philosophy of music and the other arts, as well as in educational goals and practices of arts education. Of these wide-ranging attributes, cognitive aspects have assumed in the last decades a central place in advocacy outcomes of arts education, testimony to the enduring power of the cognitive revolution. Elliot Eisner (1982) remarked that the kinds of nets we know how to weave determine the kinds of nets we cast, which, in turn, determine the kinds of fish we catch (p. 49). In the context of research and advocacy in arts education, our methodological tools often shape our research questions, reflecting the types of benefits we seek and the values that we espouse. This chapter presents research on outcomes associated with engagement in the arts, including: (1) metaanalyses of empirical studies examining connections between music and achievements in reading, math, spatial abilities, and creativity; (2) research focusing on the impact of music on the brain, searching for neurophysical impact of learning; and (3) holistic studies on the impact of music and other arts on students, investigating learning opportunities and exploring the long-term impact of arts instruction.1 The discussion of the various criteria for advocacy research is directed toward its contribution to an enhanced understanding of the possibilities of arts education and toward the improvement of theory and practice.
Introduction Scholarly Inquiry and the Research Process
Authors: Heller Jack J , Decarbo Nicholas
Published: November 2023

The Handbook contains a variety of views about the research process in music education. While there is some disagreement about what should be called research, all agree that there are many ways to inform the profession about the teaching and learning process in music education. Scholarly inquiry of all sorts should be embraced. There is a large body of research about music teaching and learning published in music education journals as well as in psychological, educational, acoustical, and neuroscience journals, but the quality of some of these reports is suspect. Yet, these studies often are cited to support a particular view or used as models for further study. Conclusions in such studies are sometimes not supported by evidence. And the external or ecological validity of many studies can be questioned, especially those carried out by researchers outside the field of music education.
The Southeast
Authors: Pritzker Barry M
Published: November 2023

The Southeast cultural area may be thought of as comprising several distinct environmental zones. The Appalachian Mountains run northeast to southwest; their highest point is a 6,684-foot peak in North Carolina. Here such southern hardwoods as chestnut and hickory meet more northerly species, such as birch, sugar maple, and hemlock. The mountain region includes numerous well-watered plateaus and valleys, such as the Cumberland Plateau, the Appalachian Plateau, and, to the west, the Great Valley. Well west of the mountains is the great Mississippi River. Preeminent southeastern rivers include the Shenandoah, the James, the Savannah, the Roanoke, the Coosa, and the Tennessee.
Thomas East And Music Publishing In Renaissance England
Authors: Smith Jeremy L
Published: November 2023

In the London of Shakespeare and William Byrd, Thomas East was the premier, often exclusive, printer of music. As he tells the story of this influential figure in early English music publishing, Jeremy Smith also offers a vivid overall portrait of a bustling and competitive industry, in which composers, patrons, publishers, and tradesmen sparred for creative control and financial success. It provides a truly comprehensive study of music publishing and a new way of understanding the place of musical culture in Elizabethan times. In addition, Smith has compiled the first complete chronology of East’s music prints, based on both bibliographical and paper-based evidence.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Jeremy L
Published: November 2023

Beneath the seemingly placid surface of the music trade in Renaissance London was a bustling and jostling world of creativity, ambition, legal contests, and even political danger. Thomas East (1540-1608) was the premier, often exclusive, printer and publisher of music in this competitive world. This study of East’s career embraces the full context of interactions among composers, tradesmen, and, indirectly, consumers; the role of patronage; and the impact of politics. It will be the first to offer a comprehensive study of music publishing at a sixteenth-century London music press, providing thereby a new and broad-based understanding of the music field in this arguably richest era of English culture.
Meanings
Authors: Morantz-Sanchez Regina
Published: November 2023

Sensational public trials tell at least two stories at once. The first belongs primarily to the characters involved. The second, perhaps even more compelling and instructive than the first, mirrors the wider field of politics and culture in which the trial takes place. I have argued from the outset that the Mary Dixon Jones affair was never simply the story of a remarkable and eccentric nineteenth-century woman physician, but should be understood as a public event that opens a window onto Victorian society. Indeed, the trial not only aired significant issues being addressed in the public sphere, but informed and molded the opinions of its audience. It exposed to public debate contentious matters of medical professionalization in various guises, including the emergence of modern scientific values, new technology, specialization, novel medico-legal developments, and innovative approaches to disease, diagnosis, and patient care. The widely attended court proceedings highlighted topics like the nature of class respectability and the problem of middle-class social responsibility, as the accountability of private elites in monitoring quasi-public cultural and charitable institutions was considered. Questions about the role of government and the press in guarding the public interest threaded throughout the Eagle’s spirited self-defense. Finally, because its central character was a woman, gender and its various connotations at the end of the nineteenth century proved a salient theme throughout, transforming points of community concern in provocative ways.
Introduction
Authors: Erneling Christina E
Published: November 2023

Recently some very pessimistic voices have been raised about the future of psychology and its ability to contribute to the scientific study of the mind. Different scholars, both inside and outside of the discipline, have made such claims. For example, the neurophysiologist Michael Gazzaniga writes in his book The Mind’s Past (1998) that psychology is dead, and its practitioners are the last to know (p. 1). Howard Gardner, the cognitive psychologist, echoes this in an interview with the popular science writer John Horgan (The Undiscovered Mind, 1999). Also, philosophers of mind make similarly pessimistic claims. Jerry Fodor, one of the leading figures in promoting the computational view of the mind, says in a review, “Wc do not know how minds work” (1995).
Chalmers’s Naturalistic Dualism: The Irrelevance of the Mind-Body Problem to the ScientificStudy of Consciousness
Authors: Ross Don
Published: November 2023

If the scientific study of consciousness was once neglected-as almost every book published on the subject begins by reminding us-the opposite has been the case during the past decade. Shelves groan with recent books, articles, and new journals as cognitive scientists crowd into the space left vacant since the project of “scientific phenomenology,” as Edmund Husserl imagined it, was abandoned by his closest but skeptical students. In 1991, Daniel Dennett published Consciousness Explained, which implied, in its bold title, that where Husserl had failed, the contemporary synthesis of cognitive scientific disciplines has already succeeded. Dennett’s apparent hubris inevitably produced a backlash, a storm of claims to the effect that his story is satisfying only to the extent that it avoids the supposedly difficult problems. I have dealt elsewhere (Ross, 1994) with the objections raised by the first wave of critics. Dennett, I argued, has not so much produced a theory of consciousness, in the standard sense of the term, as a set of suggestions for reconceptualizing the subject so as to make it amenable to scientific study. It remains my view that this reconceptualization shows the way forward.
Connectionism and the Propositional Attitudes
Authors: Eckardt Barbara Von
Published: November 2023

While it is generally agreed that if our future complete cognitive theory is classical, folk psychology stands a reasonable chance of being vindicated, there is much less agreement about the implications for folk psychology if connectionism wins the computational war. Much of the controversy has focused on Ramsey, Stich, and Garon (RS&G) (1990), who argue the following: “If connectionist hypotheses of the sort we will sketch tum out to be right, so too will eliminativism about propositional attitudes” (p. 500).
Introduction
Authors: Erneling Christina E
Published: November 2023

One of the chapters in this part (by Itiel Dror and Robin Thomas) presents two metaphors of different ways of approaching the study of the mind: the tales of Pinocchio and Frankenstein. In Carlo Collodi’s 1883 book about Pinocchio, it is the fairy godmother who miraculously provides Pinocchio with a mind; but in Mary Shelley’s book Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus (1818), the monster’s mind is a result of material design, or the successful combination of bodily parts. Itiel Dror and Thomas think that the Pinocchio tale in this respect expresses views similar to Descartes’s dualism between the body and the mind. The body and mind consist of different substances; and only the body can be studied scientifically, since the mind is a mysterious, nonmaterial entity.
Mind, Brain, and the Upper Paleolithic
Authors: Johnson David Martel
Published: November 2023

Shortly after Steven Pinker published How the Mind Works (1997), I saw him being interviewed on television by science commentator Jay lngram.1 As I recall the occasion, the host began with something like the following words: “Here is a person who just has written a book called How the Brain Works. “ I held my breath, waiting for Pinker to correct this obvious mistake about the title of his book, but he did nothing of the sort. Instead, he carried on calmly as if no error had been made, or as if, even though he was aware of the mistake, he considered it such a trivial one that he did not consider it appropriate to say anything about it. Reflecting on this incident later-and after having looked again at the first few pages of Pinker’s book-it struck me that his muted reaction to the misstatement probably was not surprising, since it fitted in well with his general way of thinking about the relation between mind and brain. Pinker’s basic statement on this subject appears on page 21, where he says, “The mind is what the brain does.” Or, as he immediately goes on to explain more fully, “The mind is a system of organs of computation, designed by natural selection to solve the kinds of problems our ancestors faced in their foraging way of life, in particular, understanding and outmaneuvering objects, animals, plants, and other people.”
Conclusion and Aftermath April 1945 To December 1947
Authors: Casey Steven
Published: November 2023

On April 12, 1945, generals Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar D. Bradley, and George S. Patton arrived at the Nazi concentration camp at Ohrdru£ This camp had been liberated more than a week earlier, when units of the Fourth Armored Division, racing through the heart of Germany in search of a secret Nazi communication center, had unexpectedly stumbled across it. Ohrdruf was not the first camp to be liberated by the Allies, nor was it an extermination camp on the same order as Auschwitz or Treblinka, designed purely for industrialized mass slaughter.
Investigation and Verdict
Authors: Wayne Michael
Published: November 2023

It was just after breakfast when the slaves first reported that Duncan Skinner was missing. He had gone off at daybreak to do some hunting and that was the last they had seen of him. So they said, anyway. By late afternoon some of his friends became alarmed and organized a search. A little while later they came upon his horse wandering along the road, riderless, its saddle pulled loose. But it was past midnight when, guided by torchlight, they finally found the body of the overseer. It lay sprawled across the exposed roots of a beech tree, no more than a half-mile from his cabin, in a strip of woods running along the edge of the plantation.
The Evidence Reconsidered
Authors: Wayne Michael
Published: November 2023

A historian attempting to solve a problem from the past, whether something as narrow as the murder of an overseer on a plantation in Mississippi in 1857 or as broad as the causes of the Civil War, will ask three basic questions when examining a document. First, how does that document fit in with other evidence specifically relating to the subject under investigation? Does one source—in the case at hand, the newspaper accounts by the Natchez Courier—confirm or contradict other sources—most obviously, the letter from Alexander Farrar to Henry Drake? Where there are inconsistencies, is there any clear way of reconciling them? Do the circumstances under which the documents were produced help us make decisions about which statements are reliable?
Reflections from a Woodlot
Authors: Steinberg Ted
Published: November 2023

In 1845, nature writer Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862), seeking to escape the hustle and bustle of daily life, went looking for a quiet little piece of land free from the intrusions of New England’s thriving agricultural economy. Ironically, he had to settle for an old woodlot in Concord, Massachusetts, a place where farmers routinely ventured to find fuel to heat their homes. One of the nineteenth century’s leading critics of progress and its impact on the natural world, Thoreau came of age in a region thoroughly transformed by human action, a place of fields and fences so devoid of forest and animal habitat that the largest mammal commonly encountered was the muskrat.
King Climate in Dixie
Authors: Steinberg Ted
Published: November 2023

April 15, 1849, was one of the strangest spring days on record in Dixie. To the disbelief of many, it snowed. For three hours a blizzard raged across Marietta, Georgia. From the southeastern coast west to Texas, the storm and subsequent frost killed cotton, corn, and other crops, as winter refused to relinquish its grip on the land. “The damage done by the late frost you can hardly form an idea unless you were here to see,” lamented one South Carolina planter. By all measures, the cold spell was an exceptional event, although it seemed to confirm what James Glen, colonial governor of South Carolina, said about a century before: “Our Climate is various and uncertain, to such an extraordinary Degree, that I fear not to affirm, there are no people on Earth, who, I think, can suffer greater extremes of Heat and Cold.”
The Great Food Fight
Authors: Steinberg Ted
Published: November 2023

Spring 1865 brought misery and death to the beleaguered Confederacy. All that remained of the formerly invincible Army of Northern Virginia was 55,000 desperate and starving troops, men battered by four years of war, their pride melting before thoughts of desertion. The indignities of war mounted. In April, the men trudged toward Amelia Courthouse, Virginia, driven on by the prospect of a rendezvous with rations arriving by train. But a snafu caused ammunition to be delivered mistakenly. As the men dragged themselves forward, they were reduced to eating horse feed—the corn on the cob commonly fed the animals. “Two ears were issued to each man,” one soldier wrote. “It was parched in the coals, mixed with salt, stored in the pockets, and eaten on the road. Chewing the corn was hard work. It made the jaws ache and the gums and teeth so sore as to cause unendurable pain.” Thus it was that one of the first things Gen. Ulysses S. Grant did after the South surrendered was send three days of rations to the former Confederate rebels, taking the edge off their hunger and welcoming them back into the United States.
The Secret History of Meat
Authors: Steinberg Ted
Published: November 2023

In 1954, a 52-year-old struggling salesman named Ray Kroc, who had sold everything from paper cups to Florida real estate, traveled to San Bernadino, California, to hawk his latest item, the Multimixer milkshake machine. He headed for a restaurant owned by two brothers named Mac and Dick McDonald. Kroc sat outside the octagonal building, transfixed by the sight of customers, queuing up, one after another, to buy sacks and sacks of hamburgers. The restaurant appealed to him on a number of levels. He liked the stripped-down, simple menu centered around the hamburger. He admired the preparation process, which resembled a kind of assembly line for food. Even the building with its arches impressed him. And the name McDonald’s seemed to have a nice ring to it. “I had a feeling,” he later wrote, “that it would be one of those promotable names that would catch the public fancy.”
Planet U.S.A.
Authors: Steinberg Ted
Published: November 2023

In 1925, automobiles rolled off the Ford Motor Company’s Highland Park assembly line, outside of Detroit, at the rapid-fire pace of one every 10 seconds. Without rubber for tires, not one of them was going anywhere. The demand for rubber skyrocketed in the 1920s, the product of increasing numbers of cars and the Goodyear company’s introduction of the balloon tire, an innovation that offered Americans a more comfortable ride at the cost of 30 percent more rubber than the high-pressure tires used earlier. U.S. automakers faced just one problem: Southeast Asian plantations, controlled by the British and Dutch, had virtually cornered the rubber market
The Aging Cascade
Authors: Fossel Michael B
Published: November 2023

By providing a broader, more inclusive framework for understanding aging, cell senescence resolves many apparent conflicts among aging theories, as well as adding to our understanding of age-related clinical pathology. How does this fit within the framework of other, previous aging models (Balcombe and Sinclair, 2001)? Although this is not the appropriate venue to explore the historical background and prior theories in detail, it is appropriate to examine the consistency of cell senescence with previous models and with current biology and pathology.
Cancer
Authors: Fossel Michael B
Published: November 2023

Cancer is a disease in which cells do not senesce. Our natural defenses against cancer can be grouped into intra- and extracellular defenses: cell senescence plays a role in both. Intracellularly, there are passive lines of defense (sequestration of DNA in the nucleus and production of free radicals in the mitochondria) as well as three active, sequential lines of defense: DNA repair, the cell cycle braking system, and cell senescence. Extracellularly, there is a passive requirement for angiogenesis in solid tumors (Barinaga, 2000), inflammation (Hudson et al., 1999), and active immunosurveillance (Allison et al., 1998). The failure of these mechanisms (Benson et al., 1996) together contribute to the exponential rise in cancer with age.
The Skin
Authors: Fossel Michael B
Published: November 2023

Skin integrity is critical; without it we die. Although we often ignore its importance, relegating it to the merely cosmetic, the error is brought home when skin fails. Third-degree bums prevent most normal skin functions and, with a moderate percentage of total body surface area affected, can be fatal. Death is usually due to infection or fluid and protein losses. Bums are horrendously difficult to treat even in the best specialized bum units at the start of this millennium. Skin is far more than a “bag that holds us together.”
Cardiovascular System
Authors: Fossel Michael B
Published: November 2023

Most deaths worldwide are the result of vascular aging (Mehta and Yusuf, 2000). Only a century ago, this statement was true of only developed nations, while death due to infectious disease led in undeveloped nations. By the end of the millennium, however, cancer and vascular pathology had become the two leading causes of death in almost all nations, developed or otherwise. Where once we died young of infection (Yoshikawa, 2001), we now die in old age of atherosclerosis and cancer.
Hematopoetic and Immune Systems
Authors: Fossel Michael B
Published: November 2023

The hematopoetic and immune systems share a common cellular nursery in the bone marrow and, largely for that reason, are considered here together. Such cells are usually divided into red cells, white cells, and other miscellaneous cells, not all of which are true cells in that they may lack nuclei (e.g., mature red cells) and other intracellular organelles (e.g., thrombocytes). Red cells are responsible for ferrying oxygen from the lungs to distant cells without allowing the molecules to oxidize and damage molecules en route. Conversely, they carry carbon dioxide back from distant cells back to the lungs for exhalation. White cells are largely involved with infection control and what might loosely be termed “janitorial functions,” i.e., cleaning up antigens and other insoluble and otherwise unrecyclable molecules throughout the body. Platelets are a primary component of clotting and for this reason a target for drugs (such as aspirin) aimed at lowering mortality in the aged by preventing clots
Hysteria and Hysteria-like Disorders
Authors: Wenegrat Brant
Published: November 2023

The major modern-day illness roles in Europe and North America fall into three historically related types: disorders that resemble hysteria, multiple consciousness, and disorders ascribed to trauma. Hysteria and the modern day illness roles that resemble it are described in this chapter; multiple consciousness is described in chapter 6, and disorders ascribed to trauma are the subject of chapter 7.
Self-Knowledge, the Unconscious, and the Future of Illness Roles
Authors: Wenegrat Brant
Published: November 2023

In chapter 2, I noted that beliefs and attitudes change when social roles are adopted. I described an early study, published by Janis and King, that showed that college students who acted the role of an advocate in giving a speech to others changed their opinions to be more consistent with what they had said in their speeches. Subjects who heard these speeches also changed their opinions, but to a lesser extent. Role-induced attitude changes are robust and affect important behaviors, and they may be exploited commercially, by advertisers, for instance. The effects of such attitude changes are clearly observed in cult groups, among other social settings (see chapter 2).
Community Practice: An Introduction
Authors: Hardcastle David A , Powers Patricia R , Wenocur Stanley
Published: November 2023

Community practice is the core of social work and necessary for all social workers, whether generalists, specialists, therapists, or activists. Although usually associated with community organization, social action, social planning (Rothman & Tropman, 1987; Wells & Gamble, 1995), and other macropractice activities, direct service and clinical social workers engage in community practice when they make client referrals, assess community resources, develop client social support systems, and advocate to policymakers for programs to meet clients’ needs. Social work claims an ecological perspective. Social ecology is about community. Whittaker, Garbarino, and associates (1983) persuasively argue that “the ecological-systems perspective . . . will compel us to do several things: logical unit’—as the proper focus for assessment and intervention, (2) see the teaching of environmental coping skills as the primary purpose of helping, and (3) place environmental modification and the provision of concrete services on an equal plane with direct, face-to-face interventions with clients” (p. 59). Indeed, as this text illustrates, social work practice is about using the community and using naturally occurring and socially constructed networks within the social environment to provide social support.
Using Work Groups: Committees, Teams, and Boards
Authors: Hardcastle David A , Powers Patricia R , Wenocur Stanley
Published: November 2023

Sometimes it seems that all social workers ever do is go to meetings. There are staff meetings to clarify agency policies, team meetings to coordinate treatment plans, interagency meetings to work out service agreements, board committee meetings to plan fund-raising events, professional association committee meetings to do conference planning, and community meetings. These are not clinical group meetings. None of these meetings involve direct group work with clients—for example, running a treatment group for sexually abused girls, a parenting group for new mothers, or a socialization group for senior citizens. But they are social work professional groups. It is to be hoped that all of these meetings are necessary for direct service work to go forward. All of these meetings involve work with task groups of some kind—committees, task forces, boards, teams, coalitions, task forces, planning bodies, and the like. Task groups are working groups established to achieve some specific purpose or goal. The specific purpose goal or goal is usually external to the group and does not focus on changing the traits of individual group members (Kirst-Ashman & Hull, 2001, pp. 90–100; Payne, 2000).
Evaluating Health Promotion Programs
Authors: Valente Thomas w.
Published: November 2023

This is a comprehensive guide to the frameworks, theories, and methods used to evaluate health promotion programs. The book builds on the author's experience in evaluating health communication projects in the US and developing countries and in teaching evaluation to graduate-level students in public health. It will be of use to both students and researchers and designers involved in all types of evaluation activities. The chapters are divided into three sections. Part I covers health promotion framework and theories, formative research, and process evaluation methods. Part II deals with study designs, the techniques to determine sample selection and size, writing questionnaires, constructing scales, and managing data. Part III uses data from a national campaign to illustrate methods for impact evaluation including basic and advanced statistical analysis. This text provides the tools needed to understand how and why evaluations are conducted, and it will serve as a reference for evaluators. It covers every aspect of he research and evaluation activities needed to assess a health promotion program.
Introduction
Authors: Bartle Jean Ashworth
Published: November 2023

Several chapters are devoted to the pedagogy that helps children sing with skill and enjoyment. In addition, because of the prodigious growth in the children’s choir movement over the last two decades, the book includes many concepts that will also assist the artistic director: preparing a children’s chorus to sing a major work with orchestra; organizational skills and effective long-range planning; working with management, volunteers, and a board of directors; conducting an orchestra; and commissioning, recording, and touring.
Public Participation In Allocating Government Research Funds
Authors: Dresser Rebecca
Published: November 2023

During the 1990s, Congress faced heightened pressure from patient advocates seeking government dollars for studies on specific health problems. Advocates said the intensified congressional lobbying stemmed in part from their dissatisfaction with officials at the lead federal research agency, the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Advocates claimed that though NIH officials gave lip service to the importance of public participation in research priority setting, in reality scientists controlled the agency’s funding agenda. Advocates also charged that the agency played favorites, granting overly generous amounts to research on diseases represented by wealthy and politically savvy advocacy groups.
Advocates In Research Ethics Oversight: A Voice For The Public?
Authors: Dresser Rebecca
Published: November 2023

At the close of World War II, the Nuremberg Tribunal drew international attention to the dark side of human experimentation. Although the whole world was horrified by the Nazis’ blatantly immoral experiments on concentration camp prisoners, two decades would elapse before the United States began to take a hard look at its own research abuses.4 As people gradually became aware that United States research participants had been exposed to serious risks without their awareness or consent, scientists and government officials faced growing demands for safeguards to prevent similar violations in the future.
Advocacy For Accuracy In Research Reporting
Authors: Dresser Rebecca
Published: November 2023

Access to authoritative information can make the difference between superficial and meaningful advocacy work. Although insights into the personal side of illness stand as advocacy’s distinct contribution, advocates also need to know about the technical dimensions of constituents’ health problems. To be taken seriously, advocates must have a basic understanding of science and medicine. Like many nonscientists, advocates gain much of their information from the mass media. Novices to advocacy rely on newspapers, magazines, and the broadcast media for guidance on scientific and clinical developments that affect constituents. Advocates may move on to other information sources, but their constituents continue to depend heavily on the popular media for news about research and treatment innovations.
Developmental Perspectives on Phenotypic Variation, Canalization, and Fluctuating Asymmetry
Authors: Nijhout H F , Davidowitz G
Published: November 2023

We will discuss a general developmental perspective on the nature and evolution of fluctuating asymmetry (FA). Insofar as fluctuating asymmetry is a type of phenotypic variation, it is useful to begin by considering the developmental origins of phenotypic variation in general. We will show that, although there are many causes of phenotypic variation, only a small subset of these are responsible for FA. In addition to developmental instability, we propose a novel source of fluctuating asymmetry, Environmentally Induced Asymmetry, that may artificially inflate estimates of developmental instability derived from measures of FA.
Genetic Models for Developmental Homeostasis: Historical Perspectives
Authors: Woolf Charles M , Markow Therese A
Published: November 2023

Cannon (1932), in his book Wisdom of the Body, presented the concept of homeostasis, which refers to the property of an organism to adjust itself to variable conditions. The word is often used in conjunction with an adjective, resulting in such combinations as physiological homeostasis, psychological homeostasis, ecological homeostasis, genetic homeostasis, and developmental homeostasis. The last mentioned example (developmental homeostasis) refers to the property of the organism to adjust, through self-regulation, to environmental or genetic disturbances during development and stay within the norms of development. Developmental homeostasis is often used interchangeably with the terms developmental stability and canalization in the early literature, but in more current literature, in some cases, more precise definitions have been applied.
Developmental Instability and Animal Communication: Fluctuating Asymmetry as a Signal and as an Influence on the Signaling Process
Authors: Uetz George W , Taylor Phillip W
Published: November 2023

More than a decade has passed since Therese Markow (1987) and Anders M0ller (1990) first suggested that fluctuating asymmetry (FA), the morphological expression of developmental instability (DI), might play a role in sexual selection and/or communication. Through the intervening years, there have been several hundred studies carried out across a vastly diverse array of taxa. Although there are many species in which no relationship between FA and either sexual selection or communication has been detected, there are many others in which at least correlational relationships have been detected (see M0ller and Swaddle 1997; Simmons et al. 1999; Thornhill et al. 1999; Tomkins and Simmons, chapter 15, and M0ller and Cuervo, chapter 16, this volume). The exact roles for DI and FA in the context of communication remain largely unexplored, but the present literature provides ample encouragement for continued exploration.
Developmental Instability and the Stochastic Component of Total Phenotypic Variance
Authors: Lajus Dmitry L , Graham John H , Kozhara Alexander V
Published: November 2023

Recent interest in developmental instability has resulted in an extensive literature. In the overwhelming majority of studies, developmental instability is employed exclusively as an indirect measure of fitness. After a period of optimism, though, it has become clear that, although developmental instability is evidently related to fitness, it is not always a reliable and easily interpretable measure of fitness (and see Clarke, chapter 12, this volume). Further progress in this field requires an understanding of the nature of variation itself; developmental instability is merely one cause of phenotypic variation.
Ecological Theory of Adaptive Radiation An Empirical Assessment from Coregonine Fishes (Salmoniformes)
Authors: Bernatchez Louis
Published: November 2023

Elucidating the causes of population divergence and species diversity is a central issue in evolutionary biology. As for any scientific discipline, progress in this field will be best achieved if studies are embedded into a strong, predictive, theoretical framework. In this view, perhaps the most comprehensive concept available to evolutionary biologists is the ecological theory of adaptive radiation. Its central elements were formalized in the first half of the twentieth century by founders of the evolutionary synthesis and others, namely Huxley (1942), Mayr (1942), Lack (1947b), Dobzhansky (1951), and Simpson (1953). The theory holds that adaptive radiation, including both phenotypic divergence and speciation, is ultimately the outcome of divergent natural selection stemming from environmental and resource heterogeneity, as well as competitive interactions. Schluter (2000) has recently re-evaluated and extended this theory in the light of studies that have been conducted since its formulation. Overall, this synthesis of knowledge has supported the great utility of the ecological theory of adaptive radiation, which indeed makes it one of the most successful theories of evolution ever advanced (Schluter 2000).
To Count, to Extract, and to Exterminate Population Statistics and Population Politics in Lrite Imperial and Soviet Russia
Authors: Holquist Peter
Published: November 2023

In The Late Summer And Early Fall Of 1925, Soviet forces conducted a massive military operation throughout the Chechen autonomous republic, employing more than seven thousand troops, two dozen artillery pieces, and eight airplanes. In the course of the campaign, they subjected 101 of the region’s 242 communities to artillery and machine-gun fire and bombed a further sixteen from the air. One, Urus-Martan aul, the very same settlement at which the Chechen autonomous republic had been declared in 1923, was hit by nine hundred artillery shells, as well as by air bombardment. One might present this campaign as Russian imperialism in a Soviet guise or, alternately, as a specifically Soviet form of ethnic repression. But the explicit goal of all this violence was “the extraction of the bandit element,” which, according to the campaign’s operational summary,

was concluded with satisfaction.
Local Politics and the Birth of the Republic of Bashkortostan, 1919-1920
Authors: Schafer Daniel E
Published: November 2023

In Early 1919, Among The Darkest Days of the Russian civil war, the Soviet government began a collaboration with a small group of Bashkir politicians and military officers who had previously fought against Soviet power alongside the troops of Admiral Alexander Kolchak, the tsarist naval officer who commanded anti-Bolshevik forces in Siberia. The two sides reached an agreement whereby the Bashkirs would end their anti-Soviet activities and turn their weapons against Kolchak; in return, the Soviet government recognized Bashkortostan, a land of rugged hills and broad plains straddling the Ural mountains, as an autonomous part of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR). There followed some sixteen months of increasingly difficult collaboration between the Bashkir nationalists and the Russian Bolsheviks, ending when the foremost figure in the Bashkir movement, Ahmed Zeki Validov, and his closest aides abandoned the effort and fled to join the Basmachi guerrillas in Central Asia. Why should this episode command our attention? The dramatic defection of Bashkir troops weakened Kolchak’s front on the eve of his 1919 spring offensive, dramatically revealed the discontent among his non-Russian allies, and may have marked a significant turning point in the military campaign on the eastern front. Historian Richard Pipes viewed the Bolshevik-Bashkir collaboration as the “first experiment in Soviet nationality policy,” by which he meant the emerging Soviet practice of granting territorial autonomy to non-Russian nationalities. For Pipes, the failure of the Bashkir experiment prefigured the failure of Soviet nationality policy in general, as non-Russian hopes for autonomy were crushed by both the inherent tendency of the Soviet regime toward centralization and its affinity with Russian nationalism.
Bias
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: November 2023

To describe the regression to the mean incurred in measuring and remeasuring systolic blood pressure on the same individual. The data analyzed are from the Buffalo Blood Pressure Study, designed to investigate the misclassification of blood pressure measurements, which are notoriously difficult to read accurately. The study consisted of a random sample of 1082 households made up of 2279 individuals who were interviewed and measured for blood pressure levels. A random subsample of 50 individuals was revisited and a second blood pressure measurement obtained approximately eight months later. The 50 measurement/remeasurement pairs provided a set of observations made on the same individual recorded at two different times, frequently referred to as repeated measurement data.
Matched Analysis (One Case and Two Controls)
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: November 2023

To determine if exposure to electromagnetic radiation is associated with the risk of a birth defect. More specifically, does a newborn infant whose mother lives near high-voltage power lines have an increased risk of a congenital anomaly? DATA Of the infants born in the east-central region of France (1988-1991) and observed during the first year of life, 118 had major congenital anomalies. Each of these 118 infants were matched to two randomly selected controls who were of the same gender and born approximately on the same date in the same municipality. For all 354 study subjects, the distance from their mother’s residence (home/apartment during pregnancy) was measured to the nearest 225 or 400 kilovolt high-voltage power line. These data were derived entirely from birth records and detailed maps. To reflect risk, two measures of maternal/infant exposure to electromagnetic field (emf) radiation were used-the distance as measured directly in meters and the distance dichot­ omized into less than or equal to 100 meters and more than 100 meters. The motivation for the matched design was to equalize, at least partially, com-
Asia as Spectacle and Commodity: The Feminization of Orientalist Consumption
Authors: Yoshihara Mari
Published: November 2023

Eight Cousins (1875), one of Louisa May Alcott’s novels for girls, depicts the transformation of the heroine Rose from a sheltered, frail orphan to a healthy, strong young woman. Rose’s new guardian Uncle Alec takes her from the stuffy world of great-aunts and trans- forms her into a new type of woman who practices a healthy diet, outdoor exercise, domestic industry, and intellectual curiosity. Like the enormously popular Little Women and Alcott’s numerous other stories, the novel portrays the material and moral lives of genteel girls and the emergence of a new type of womanhood in late nineteenth-century America. Alcott’s proto-feminist ideals, which often conflicted with the dominant conventions of femininity and domesticity as well as the demands of the market, were expressed under the guise of conventional juvenile literature.
Concerning Compositions Used in Street Serenades and Masquerades, Such as Giustinianas, Serenades, and Balletts
Authors: Praetorius Michael
Published: November 2023

Morley (A Plain and Easy Introduction, 295ff.) has this to say about the giustinianas: “There is likewise a kind of songs [sic] (which I had almost forgotten) called Giustinianas and are all written in the Bergamasca language; a wanton and rude kind of music it is, and like enough to carry the name of some notable courtesan of the city of Bergamo, for no man will deny that Justiniana is the name of a woman.” Alfred Einstein (The Italian Madrigal, trans. Alexander Krappe, Roger Sessions, and Oliver Strunk [Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971-3:177) refutes this notion, saying the genre nothing to do with Bergamo or courtesans, but rather “three degenerate Venetian men.” The songs are a kind of mascherata in the form of the canzon villanesca.
Advice Concerning the Form and Arrangement of the Latin and German Hymns and Concerted Compositions in my Polyhymniæ and Other Works
Authors: Praetorius Michael
Published: November 2023

To the first style belong the Latin and German songs in the Polyhymniæ Tubiciniæ and Tympanistriæ; one may employ trumpets and timpani in these compositions in churches that can justify their use.
Looking Homeward
Authors: Berry Stephen W
Published: November 2023

The South began the war confidently, believing the Yankees would fight a war of aggression with only their flawed isms to steady their arms. The Confederates would wage a defensive war for their fields and firesides. As the Yankees began to occupy three fields and warm themselves before those fires, however, this defensive posture began to feel very vulnerable to many Confederates.