bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bone metastases in soft tissue sarcoma: a survey of natural history, prognostic value and treatment options
Authors: Vincenzi Bruno , Frezza Anna Maria , Schiavon Gaia , Santini Daniele , Dileo Palma , Silletta Marianna , Delisi Delia , Bertoldo Francesco , Badalamenti Giuseppe , Baldi Giacomo Giulio , Zovato Stefania , Berardi Rossana , Tucci Marco , Silvestris Franco , Dei Tos Angelo Paolo , Tirabosco Roberto , Whelan Jeremy Simon , Tonini Giuseppe
Published: April 2013

Background

We surveyed the natural history of bone metastases in patients affected by soft tissue sarcoma (STS).

Methods

This multicenter retrospective observational study included 135 patients. Histological subtype, characteristics of bone metastases, treatment, skeletal related events (SREs) and disease outcome were recorded.

Results

The most represented histological subtypes were leiomyosarcoma (27%) angiosarcoma (13%) and undifferentiated sarcoma (8%). Axial skeleton was the most common site for bone involvement (70%). In 27% of cases, bone metastases were present at the time of diagnosis. Fifty-four (40%) patients developed SREs and the median time to first SRE was 4 months (range 1–9). The most common SRE was the need for radiotherapy (28%) followed by pathological fracture (22%). Median survival after bone progression was 6 months (range 1–14). SREs were associated with decreased overall survival (OS) (P = 0.04). A subgroup analysis revealed that bisphosphonates significantly prolonged median time to first SRE (5 versus 2 months; P = 0.002) while they did not determine an improvement in OS, although a favourable trend was identified (median: 7 versus 5 months; P = 0.105).

Conclusions

This study illustrates the burden of bone disease from STS and supports the use of bisphosphonates in this setting.
On Free-Wheeling Careers
Authors: Watson Janell
Published: April 2013

In this interview with Barbara Herrnstein Smith, known for her important contributions to literary theory and for an unusual interdisciplinary career, interviewer Janell Watson gives a brief account of Smith’s early interests in philosophy and science, her career as a teacher of comparative literature at Bennington College, the University of Pennsylvania, and Duke University, and her accomplishments as a scholar and theorist. The interview draws out Smith’s views on a wide range of issues relating to contemporary critical thought and changes in university life over the past fifty or sixty years. Smith describes her foray into feminist activism in the 1960s; her love of English poetry but disaffection with the intellectual provincialism of English departments in the 1970s; her increased occupation during the 1980s and 1990s with problems of aesthetics, linguistics, and value theory; and her most recent work on epistemology and twentieth-century science studies. Exchanges during the interview also touch on Smith’s dismay at the increasing prominence of marketability as a concern of the academy; her response to anxieties over relativism occasioned by her book Contingencies of Value; her advocacy, versus mainstream cognitive science, of an “ecological” or “dynamic” view of human cognition; and her efforts to challenge or complicate familiar but dubious conceptual dualisms, including, most recently, oversimplified views of the relations between science and religion.
Derrida’s Noble Unfaith, or What Reading Hadewijch Can Teach You About Reading Derrida
Authors: Hollywood Amy
Published: April 2013

Through a reading of the dynamic structure of Jacques Derrida’s “Passions: ‘An Oblique Offering,’” the essay suggests that the relationship between Derrida and the Christian tradition might best be understood not through what Derrida reads—Pseudo-Dionysius, Meister Eckhart, and Angelus Silisius—but through what he does not read: the writings of women mystics, here more specifically those of Hadewijch of Brabant.
Involvement of PIP2 in RNA Polymerase I transcription
Authors: Yildirim Sukriye , Castano Enrique , Sobol Margarita , Philimonenko Vlada V. , Dzijak Rastislav , Venit Tomáš , Hozák Pavel
Published: April 2013

RNA polymerase I (Pol I) transcription is essential for the cell cycle, growth, and overall protein synthesis in eukaryotes. We found that phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) is a part of the protein complex on the active ribosomal promoter during the transcription. PIP2 makes a complex with Pol I and Pol I transcription factor UBF in the nucleolus. PIP2 depletion reduces Pol I transcription which can be rescued by the addition of exogenous PIP2. In addition, PIP2 also binds directly to the pre-rRNA processing factor, fibrillarin (Fib), and co-localizes with nascent transcripts in the nucleolus. PIP2 binding to UBF and Fib modulates their binding to DNA and RNA, respectively. In conclusion, PIP2 interacts with a subset of Pol I transcription machinery, and promotes Pol I transcription.
Olfactory memories are intensity specific in larval Drosophila
Authors: Mishra Dushyant , Chen Yi-Chun , Yarali Ayse , Oguz Tuba , Gerber Bertram
Published: April 2013

Learning can rely on stimulus quality, stimulus intensity, or a combination of these. Regarding olfaction, the coding of odour quality is often proposed to be combinatorial along the olfactory pathway, and working hypotheses are available concerning short-term associative memory trace formation of odour quality. However, it is less clear how odour intensity is coded, and whether olfactory memory traces include information about the intensity of the learnt odour. Using odour–sugar associative conditioning in larval Drosophila, we first describe the dose–effect curves of learnability across odour intensities for four different odours (n-amyl acetate, 3-octanol, 1-octen-3-ol and benzaldehyde). We then chose odour intensities such that larvae were trained at an intermediate odour intensity, but were tested for retention with either that trained intermediate odour intensity, or with respectively higher or lower intensities. We observed a specificity of retention for the trained intensity for all four odours used. This adds to the appreciation of the richness in ‘content’ of olfactory short-term memory traces, even in a system as simple as larval Drosophila, and to define the demands on computational models of associative olfactory memory trace formation. We suggest two kinds of circuit architecture that have the potential to accommodate intensity learning, and discuss how they may be implemented in the insect brain.
A Template Approach for the Characterization of Linear Polyamines and Derivatives in Spider Venom
Authors: Tzouros Manuel , Chesnov Serge , Bigler Laurent , Bienz Stefan
Published: April 2013

A combination of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS and APCI-MS/MS) was used to detect and characterize linear polyamine derivatives in the venom of the spiders Agelenopsis aperta, Hololena curta and Paracoelotes birulai. The compounds were identified with a template approach, by which the collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectra of known compounds are directly compared and correlated with those of the analytes. To facilitate the perception of the spectra and the recognition of the structural features of the analytes, an ion nomenclature closely leaned on the accepted nomenclature for fragment ions of peptides or nucleic acids is introduced. The structure identification of polyamine derivatives by direct correlation of MS spectra is possible because such compounds show very distinctive fragmentation behavior. Of particular relevance is the fact that the signal patterns that are observed with analytes possessing different polyamine backbones are not only distinct with regard to mass distributions but also with regard to relative signal intensities, resulting in fingerprint-like signal patterns. The direct correlation of these patterns—more than the correlation of the ion distributions—was found to be of key significance. With this, the new approach is fundamentally different from the sequencing of peptides or nucleic acids, which are largely based on mass distributions. The method is more efficient and more reliable than the de novo interpretation of the MS data and it even allows the identification of polyamine portions in compounds that are analyzed within mixtures.
Cocaine self-administration in rats lacking a functional trpc4 gene
Authors: Rasmus Kristin C , O'Neill Casey E , Bachtell Ryan K , Cooper Donald C
Published: April 2013

The canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) family of Ca2+ permeable, non-selective cation channels is abundantly expressed throughout the brain, and plays a pivotal role in modulating cellular excitability. Unlike other TRPC channels, TRPC4 subtype expression in the adult rodent brain is restricted to a network of structures that receive dopaminergic innervation, suggesting an association with motivation- and reward-related behaviors. We hypothesized that these channels may play a critical role in dopamine-dependent drug-seeking behaviors. Here, we gathered data testing trpc4 knockout (KO) rats and wild-type (WT) littermates in the acquisition of a natural sucrose reward (10 days), and cocaine self-administration (13 days) at 0.5 mg/kg/infusion. Rats lacking the trpc4 gene (trpc4-KO) learned to lever press for sucrose to a similar degree as their WT controls. However, when they were switched to cocaine, the trpc4-KO rats had substantially reduced cocaine-paired lever pressing compared to WT controls. No obvious group differences in inactive lever pressing were observed, for any time, during cocaine self-administration.
Detection of Influenza A and B Viruses With the Sofia Analyzer
Authors: Lewandrowski Kent , Tamerius John , Menegus Marilyn , Olivo Paul D. , Lollar Ron , Lee-Lewandrowski Elizabeth
Published: April 2013

This report describes the clinical evaluation of a novel fluorescent immunoassay (FIA), Sofia Influenza A+B FIA (Quidel, San Diego, CA), for the rapid detection and differentiation of influenza A and B viruses. A total of 2,047 subjects provided nasal swabs and nasopharyngeal swabs or aspirates. The overall sensitivity and specificity for influenza A virus vs virus culture were 94% and 95%, respectively, and for influenza B virus were 89% and 96%, respectively. Fourteen hundred and sixty-one specimens were available for testing with reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The sensitivity of the Sofia Influenza A+B FIA for detecting influenza A and B viruses compared with the RT-PCR method was 78% and 86%, respectively. A high percentage of the positive specimens had low cycle threshold values, and almost all of these were positive with the Sofia test. This high level of sensitivity demonstrates that the Sofia influenza A+B FIA could improve the usefulness of rapid influenza virus testing.
Protein Sorting Motifs in the Cytoplasmic Tail of SorCS1 Control Generation of Alzheimer's Amyloid-β Peptide
Authors: Lane Rachel F. , Steele John W. , Cai Dongming , Ehrlich Michelle E. , Attie Alan D. , Gandy Sam
Published: April 2013

Endosomal sorting of the Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein (APP) plays a key role in the biogenesis of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. Genetic lesions underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD) can act by interfering with this physiological process. Specifically, proteins involved in trafficking between endosomal compartments and thetrans-Golgi network (TGN) [including the retromer complex (Vps35, Vps26) and its putative receptors (sortilin, SorL1, SorCS1)] have been implicated in the molecular pathology of late-onset AD. Previously, we demonstrated a role for SorCS1 in APP metabolism and Aβ production and, while we implicated a role for the retromer in this regulation, the underlying mechanism remained poorly understood. Here, we provide evidence for a motif within the SorCS1c cytoplasmic tail that, when manipulated, results in perturbed sorting of APP and/or its fragments to endosomal compartments, decreased retrograde TGN trafficking, and increased Aβ production in H4 neuroglioma cells. These perturbations apparently do not involve turnover of the cell surface APP pool, but rather they involve intracellular APP and/or its fragments, downstream of APP endocytosis.
Variable processes that determine population growth and an invariant mean‐variance relationship of intertidal barnacles
Authors: Fukaya Keiichi , Okuda Takehiro , Hori Masakazu , Yamamoto Tomoko , Nakaoka Masahiro , Noda Takashi
Published: April 2013

Although researchers recognize that population dynamics can vary in space and time as a result of differences in biotic and abiotic conditions, spatial and temporal variability in the patterns and processes of population dynamics have not been well documented on a seasonal time frame. We quantified seasonal changes in the coverage of intertidal barnacles, Chthamalus spp., with data collected for as many as 9 years at 88 plots in five regions located along more than 1800 km of the Pacific coastline of Japan from 31° N to 43° N. To examine how seasonal changes and the spatial heterogeneity of environments can interact to influence patterns and processes of population dynamics, we analyzed the data with two models of population variability: a population dynamics model, which provides knowledge about processes that determine population growth rates; and Taylor's power law, which summarizes the relationship between the temporal mean and variance of the size of a population (temporal mean‐variance relationship). We found that seasonal differences were prevalent in population growth rates, as well as in the strength and spatial scales of processes that determine population growth rates. In addition, the seasonality of these rates and processes varied between habitats at different spatial scales ranging from the scale of among‐rocks within a shore to that of among‐regions located in different latitudes, suggesting that the effects of seasonal environmental fluctuations on population growth can depend on the spatial heterogeneity of biotic and abiotic conditions that vary at multiple spatial scales. In contrast, the evidence for spatiotemporal differences in temporal mean‐variance relationships was weak. Unlike theoretical expectations, spatiotemporal differences in the variability of population size were best explained by a unique power law, despite remarkable regional and seasonal differences in the processes that determine population growth rates. These results suggest that spatiotemporal environmental variability can affect population dynamics at multiple spatial scales but do not necessarily alter the scaling law of population size variability.
Reformed Religion, Regime Change, Scottish Whigs and the Struggle for the ‘Soul’ of Scotland, c.1688 – c.1788
Authors: Whatley Christopher A.
Published: April 2013

This article responds to and is designed as a counterweight to recent work on political history in early-modern Scotland in which Jacobitism has been persuasively portrayed as a strongly supported movement over time rather than an episodic cause. Building upon recent research on the Union of 1707 which demonstrated the degree of principled and consistent support there was for closer union with England within a British polity, the paper seeks to show that there was a clearly identifiable ideological basis to anti-Jacobitism in Scotland. The term, however, is best understood as the Revolution or, even better, the Whig interest, not least as the principles upon which anti-Jacobitism were based pre-dated the Revolution of 1688–9 and the emergence of Jacobitism. The Revolution, it is argued, had many more supporters, and from a wider geographical area, than has generally been assumed in accounts which focus largely on the south west of Scotland. Support took various forms, ranging from prayer through public campaigning to the taking up of arms. It is also clear that support for Whig principles was not only long-standing but also grew over the period examined. What is underlined is that Scotland was a deeply fissured nation, the principal divide owing much but not everything to religion and differing perspectives on the nature of monarchical authority and the role of parliament.
The Taming of Highland Masculinity: Inter-personal Violence and Shifting Codes of Manhood, c.1760–1840
Authors: Abrams Lynn
Published: April 2013

Inter-personal violence between men has often been accepted as a ubiquitous feature of male relationships in the past, and the contexts in which that violence was perpetrated is seen to reveal something about the mentalities and social roles of men in past societies. This article considers the social practices of masculinity and the acting out of codes of manhood in the context of Highland Scotland in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries – a period of significant economic and social change. Based primarily on the scrutiny of legal records relating to cases of violent assault involving men of the middling and lower classes from across the Highland counties, this article suggests that the everyday practice of Highland manhood was subject to taming, as the expressions of manhood appropriate for a society at war were gradually rejected as inappropriate for a society of commerce and civility. While customary forms of violence in pursuit of the restitution of honour continued to have some legitimacy until the early nineteenth century, especially in the rural Highlands, in Inverness a new model of disciplined masculinity was applied to male behaviour, offering a glimpse at new sensibilities around inter-personal violence that were to enter Highland society more generally in the following decades.
In Defence of the Scottish Enlightenment: Dugald Stewart's role in the 1805 John Leslie Affair
Authors: Bow Charles Bradford
Published: April 2013

During a transitional period of Scottish history, responses to the French Revolution in the 1790s significantly affected Enlightenment intellectual culture across Scotland and, in particular, its existence in Edinburgh. The emergence of powerful counter-Enlightenment interests—championed by Henry Dundas—sought to censure the diffusion of ideas and values associated with France's revolution. In doing so, they targeted all controversial philosophical writings and liberal values for censorship and, in turn, gradually crippled the unique circumstances that had birthed the Scottish Enlightenment. Alarmed by the effect counter-Enlightenment policies had on Scottish intellectual culture, Dugald Stewart professor of moral philosophy at Edinburgh University (1785–1810) countered this threat with a system of moral education. His programme created a modern version of Thomas Reid's Common Sense philosophy whilst advancing that the best way to prevent the adoption of supposedly dangerous political and philosophical ideas was examining their errors. The tensions between counter-Enlightenment policies and Stewart's system of moral education erupted in the 1805 election of John Leslie as professor of mathematics at Edinburgh University, but the Leslie affair was not an isolated episode. This controversy embodied tensions over ecclesiastical politics in the Church of Scotland, national secular politics, and Scottish Enlightenment moral philosophy. At the same time, Stewart believed the Leslie affair would determine the fate of not only Edinburgh University but also the Scottish universities’ entwined relationship with Enlightenment. This article examines how Dugald Stewart's prominent role in the 1805 John Leslie affair pitted counter-Enlightenment interests against those of an emerging generation of the Scottish Enlightenment.
Identification of a Genomic Region Containing a Novel Promoter Resistant to Glucose Repression and Over-Expression of β-Glucosidase Gene in Hypocrea orientalis EU7-22
Authors: Long Chuannan , Cheng Yijin , Gan Lihui , Liu Jian , Long Minnan
Published: April 2013

A high concentration of glucose in the medium could greatly inhibit the expression of cellulase in filamentous fungi. The aspartic protease from fungus Hypocrea orientalis EU7-22 could efficiently express under both induction condition and glucose repression condition. Based on the sequence of structure gene of aspartic protease, the upstream sequence harboring the putative promoter proA for driving the expression of aspartic protease was obtained by genome walking. The upstream sequence contained the typical promoter motifs “TATA” and “CAAT”. The β-glucosidase gene (Bgl1) from H. orientalis was cloned and recombined with promoter proA and terminator trpC. The expression cassette was ligated to the binary vector to form pUR5750-Bgl1, and then transferred into the host strain EU7-22 via Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation (ATMT), using hygromycin B resistance gene as the screening marker. Four transformants Bgl-1, Bgl-2, Bgl-3 and Bgl-4 were screened. Compared with the host strain EU7-22, the enzyme activities of filter paper (FPA) and β-glucosidase (BG) of transformant Bgl-2 increased by 10.6% and 19.1% under induction condition, respectively. The FPA and BG activities were enhanced by 22.2% and 700% under 2% glucose repression condition, respectively, compared with the host strain. The results showed that the putative promoter proA has successfully driven the over-expression of Bgl1 gene in H. orientalis under glucose repression condition.
Aberrant Free Radical Biology Is a Unifying Theme in the Etiology and Pathogenesis of Major Human Diseases
Authors: Domann Frederick
Published: April 2013

The seemingly disparate areas of oxygen toxicity, radiation exposure, and aging are now recognized to share a common feature—the aberrant production and/or removal of biologically derived free radicals and other reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). Advances in our understanding of the effects of free radicals in biology and medicine have been, and continue to be, actively translated into clinically tractable diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This issue is dedicated to recent advances, both basic discoveries and clinical applications, in the field of free radicals in biology and medicine. As more is understood about the proximal biological targets of aberrantly produced or removed reactive species, their sensors, and effectors of compensatory response, a great deal more will be learned about the commonalities in mechanisms underlying seemingly disparate disease states. Together with this deeper understanding, opportunities will arise to devise rational therapeutic interventions to decrease the incidence and severity of these diseases and positively impact the human healthspan.
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of Cell Extracts from Microalgae
Authors: Guedes A. , Gião Maria , Seabra Rui , Ferreira A. , Tamagnini Paula , Moradas-Ferreira Pedro , Malcata F.
Published: April 2013

A growing market for novel antioxidants obtained from non-expensive sources justifies educated screening of microalgae for their potential antioxidant features. Characterization of the antioxidant profile of 18 species of cyanobacteria (prokaryotic microalgae) and 23 species of (eukaryotic) microalgae is accordingly reported in this paper. The total antioxidant capacity, accounted for by both water- and lipid-soluble antioxidants, was evaluated by the (radical cation) ABTS method. For complementary characterization of cell extracts, a deoxyribose assay was carried out, as well as a bacteriophage P22/Salmonella-mediated approach. The microalga Scenedesmus obliquus strain M2-1 exhibited the highest (p > 0.05) total antioxidant capacity (149 ± 47 AAU) of intracellular extracts. Its scavenger activity correlated well with its protective effects against DNA oxidative damage induced by copper(II)-ascorbic acid; and against decay in bacteriophage infection capacity induced by H2O2. Finally, performance of an Ames test revealed no mutagenic effects of the said extract.
Éléments sur l’utilisation des moyens de paiement par les clients
Authors: Thoraval Pascal
Published: April 2013

The use of different means of payments

This article deals with th use of different means of payments (cash, cheque, electronic money...).

JEL Classification : G21
Les comportements financiers des populations à faibles revenus
Authors: Richard Sophie
Published: April 2013

La notion d’exclusion bancaire et financière doit d’abord être précisée : elle peut se définir comme un processus progressif de mise à l’écart du lien financier, depuis l’absence de compte, de moyens de paiement ou encore d’accès à un crédit de première nécessité. Cet article se propose de reprendre des éléments d’une l’étude réalisée par le CREP en 1996 sur les « épargnants modestes ». Les informations recensées par cette étude permettent une première approche sur l’accès - ou le non accès - aux différentes formes de crédit et d’épargne d’une catégorie de population qui se caractérise par un revenu modeste.

Classification JEL : D10, I30
Les interdits de chéquier
Authors: Le Quéau Pierre , Salon Daphné
Published: April 2013

Withdrawal of a cheque book

Withdrawal of a cheque book is an aspect of financial exclusion. Almost 3 million people in France are in this situation.

JEL Classification : G21, G28, I30
Peut-il exister un droit au crédit ?
Authors: Dietsch Michel
Published: April 2013

L’exclusion du crédit est fondamentalement, pour la plupart de ceux qui sont dans cette situation, une exclusion de l’accès aux services de liquidité des banques. On montre qu’il existe trois grands fondements économiques de cette exclusion : l’ambiguïté de l’information, la discrimination statistique et le caractère trop rigide des contrats de crédit. On montre aussi, à la lumière de travaux empiriques récents, que la création d’établissements spécialisés n’est pas une solution efficiente du problème de l’exclusion. Il n’existe pas de droit au crédit comme il existe un droit au compte. Cependant, il est possible de réduire l’exclusion par une meilleure utilisation des avantages offerts par la diversification des portefeuilles bancaires. Cela passe aussi notamment par une plus grande flexibilité des formules de crédit. Enfin, l’autorité publique pourrait veiller à la présence dans les portefeuilles des banques de crédits à certaines catégories de demandeurs habituellement exclus.

Classification JEL : G21, G28
Le financement des services bancaires de base
Authors: Rochet Jean-Charles
Published: April 2013

La notion de services bancaires de base est l’équivalent, dans le domaine des moyens de paiement, de la notion de service universel qui s’applique aux industries de réseau. Elle se justifie par la crainte que la déréglementation tarifaire n’entraîne l’exclusion de certaines catégories d’usagers. Nous étudions ici les différents systèmes envisageables pour financer cette obligation de service universel dans le domaine bancaire.

Classification JEL : G21, G28, I30
Location of international financial activities: theoretical finding and recent trends
Authors: Choppin-Ansidei Julie
Published: April 2013

There has been a growing interest in international financial centres (IFCs) in recent years. Nevertheless, discussion usually focuses on the respective costs and advantages of the different centres. This papers offers theoretical insights on the geography of international financial activities and the function of IFCs. We refer to various models of competition between markets and economic geography and compare their results with recent developments in the international financial environment. Two trends are highlighted : first, the weakening of traditional barriers to concentration of capital markets and greater pressures on geographical concentration of financial activities in largest centres ; and second, incentives to separate geographically the production of international financial activities to exploit specific advantages of the various sites.

JEL Classification : G10, R12
The location of financial activities as seen from Germany
Authors: Monteils Jean-François
Published: April 2013

This article deals with german specificities when it comes to the location of financial activities. The Francfort center realized early that it had to merge with other markets in Europe, even if some local specificities made this goal difficult to achieve.

JEL Classification : R38
Asset Management : Can Paris be the « Boston of Europe » ?
Authors: Bollon Pierre
Published: April 2013

This articles intends to demonstrate, that should Euronext not become the leading financial centre in Europe, Paris could still be a major actor in asset management, as is Boston in the USA. But this requires majors changes, more stock-oriented saving for example. Moreover, Paris must create a good environment.

JEL Classification : G23
Relationship between the French Financial Centre and Law
Authors: Eliet Guillaume
Published: April 2013

This articles presents some of the relations between the French financial market and the french law.

JEL Classification : K20
Les modes d’équilibrage des systèmes de retraite : éléments analytiques du débat
Authors: Blanchet Didier
Published: April 2013

Restoring equilibrium in pension systems : an analytical presentation

We analyze the four main possibilities for restoring equilibrium of pension schemes in front of future demographic changes. Relying exclusively on a downward adjustment of pensions would imply a very large reduction of pensioners' relative standard of living. Relying exclusively on increases of contributions seems more realistic, but this would be at the expense of other social needs, and the neutrality of such a policy for employment levels cannot be warranted. Funding consists in anticipating requested financial efforts : its only advantage is that this financial effort will be lower in the long run, if returns on capital are permanently higher than economic growth. Raising the retirement age, at last, would be a logical answer to an increasing life expectancy, bur relying exclusively on this tool would, once again, imply a very large adjustment. On the whole, the answer to demographic changes will, probably, require a mix of these four instruments.

JEL classification : D3, H55, J22, J26
Les formes de solidarité dans le système actuel de retraite
Authors: Ralle Pierre , Bonnet Carole , Colin Christel
Published: April 2013

Solidarity in the retirement system

Solidarity can be defined as the obtaining of rights out of proportion to the paid contributions or without contributions. Two sorts of solidarity can be distinguished : the first is « global », the second is « targeted ». The first deals with two notions :

- a « national » solidarity that concerns ail persons with shared interests and which is linked with a public pension schemes ;

- a « pension scheme » solidarity to maintain an income for retired.

The « targeted » solidarity favours special socio-professional groups. After the presentation of sorts of solidarity, the problems of financing retirement system are explained. At last, authors present quantitative elements for measurement of these sorts of solidarity.

JEL classification : H55, J26
Les Fonds de réserve pour les retraites
Authors: Constantin Georges , Durand Bernadette , Vernière Laurent
Published: April 2013

Accumuler des réserves capitalisées revient à organiser un préfinancement collectif d'une fraction des engagements futurs des régimes par répartition. C'est une innovation dans le domaine des régimes de retraite. Ces derniers ne fonctionneront plus selon la répartition pure qui exige que, chaque année, les dépenses soient couvertes par les recettes, mais selon une technique de répartition pluriannuelle qui distingue des phases successives d'accumulation et d'utilisation des réserves de sorte que les régimes soient globalement équilibrés sur plusieurs dizaines d'années. Il s'agit d'une nouvelle vision de la solidarité intergénérationnelle afin d'optimiser les phases ainsi que les modalités de la gestion financière du fonds. Les gestionnaires devront prévoir et programmer sur une longue période les principaux paramètres de fonctionnement des régimes de retraite.

Classification JEI : C23, H55, J26
La directive sur les fonds de pension dans le cadre de l’intégration des marchés financiers dans l’Union européenne
Authors: Muylle Jean-Yves
Published: April 2013

L'intégration des marchés financiers est essentielle pour répondre aux effets induits par l'évolution de nos systèmes de prévoyance sociale. Dans cette perspective, le développement de sources alternatives de financement des pensions, que ce soit par le biais de systèmes de retraite professionnelle ou de retraites individuelles apparaît inéluctable. C'est dans un tel cadre que doit se mesurer l'importance de la proposition de directive sur les institutions de retraite professionnelle. Cette mesure est indissociable de la mise en oeuvre simultanée des autres mesures contenues dans le Plan d'action pour les services financiers (PASF). Cet article propose donc d'analyser la directive européenne sur les fonds de pension dans le cadre de l'intégration des marchés financiers.

Classification JEL : F36, C23, H55, J26
Fonds de retraite : peut-on faire l’économie de la gestion de leur bilan ?
Authors: Boulier Jean-François
Published: April 2013

L'effort d'épargne des retraités est très substantiel, entre 10 et 20 % des revenus dans la phase la plus active. Malgré cela, dans le débat sur les fonds de pension en France, ce sont davantage des thèmes comme le besoin de fonds propres des entreprises ou encore le développement économique durable qui sont mis en avant. Pourtant, l'idée d'adossement de l'actif et du passif des fonds de pension a rapidement germé et plusieurs chercheurs et praticiens l'ont développée. Ce papier de synthèse vise à expliciter la démarche actif-passif des fonds de retraite et à l'illustrer dans les cas cardinaux que sont les régimes à prestations définies et ceux à cotisations définies. Quelques éléments de réflexion en matière de système mixte, catégorie à laquelle paraît appartenir le Fonds de réserve des retraites, le concluent.

Classification JEL : C23, H55, J26
Épargne et financement des retraites au XIXe siècle
Authors: Hautcœur Pierre-Cyrille , Le Quéré Françoise
Published: April 2013

Financing retirement and saving in the 19th century

Life-cycle theory suggests that the aging of the French population in the 19th century should lead to an increase in savings. Nevertheless, the poor's low income made them reluctant to increase their savings in spite of the many institutional innovations directed to them. The very rich did save a lot, but more for dynastic reasons. Changes in behaviour and representations concerning saving and aging did actually happen, but mostly in the middle classes, which were the first beneficiaries of the innovations in saving products and also especially of the new retirement funding regimes. Those regimes, using first capitalisation techniques but also later repartition among members, were created first in the civil service and then in public utilities, mining and some other firms. We document the importance of the State's initiative and regulation in the spreading of these regimes and their convergence toward pay-as-you-go schemes early in the 20th century.

JEL classification : H55, J26, N33.
L’euro en tant que devise internationale
Authors: Greenspan Alan
Published: April 2013

The euro as an international currency

This article explains some of the basic considerations that confront the euro in its emergence as a key international currency. An international currency emerges because it is a solution to an economic problem : cross-border transactions. Because the attractiveness of any vehicle currency grows as its liquidity increases, an international currency has a tendency to become a natural monopoly. But the important factor inhibiting the emergence and persistence of a single vehicle currency throughout the world is the attraction of portfolio diversification. So, this article tries to explains how a currency become an international currency.

JEL classification : E42, F3, F36
3-Pyridylnitrene, 2- and 4-pyrimidinylcarbenes, 3-quinolylnitrenes, and 4-quinazolinylcarbenes. Interconversion, ring expansion to diazacycloheptatetraenes, ring opening to nitrile ylides, and ring contraction to cyanopyrroles and cyanoindoles
Authors: Wentrup Curt , Lan Nguyen Mong , Lukosch Adelheid , Bednarek Pawel , Kvaskoff David
Published: April 2013

Precursors of 3-pyridylnitrene and 2- and 4-pyrimidinylcarbenes all afford mixtures of 2- and 3-cyanopyrroles on flash vacuum thermolysis, but 3-cyanopyrroles are the first-formed products. 3-Quinolylnitrenes and 4-quinazolinylcarbenes similarly afford 3-cyanoindoles. 2-Pyrimidinylcarbenes rearrange to 3-pyridylnitrenes, but 4-pyrimidinylcarbenes and 4-quinazolinylcarbenes do not necessarily rearrange to the corresponding 3-pyridylnitrenes or 3-quinolylnitrenes. The ring contraction reactions are interpreted in terms of ring opening of either the nitrenes or the diazacycloheptatetraenes to nitrile ylides.
La réactivité des analystes financiers en temps de crise au sein de la zone Euro
Authors: Cousin Jean-Gabriel , Levasseur Michel , Romon Frédéric
Published: April 2013

Cet article étudie la relation entre les révisions de prévision de bénéfice par action formulées par les analystes financiers de la zone Euro, et les variations des cours boursiers des titres analysés, lors de la crise financière de 2007-2008. L’étude montre qu’en 2008, année de crise financière, les rentabilités des titres ont eu un pouvoir explicatif plus important et ont impacté de manière plus significative les révisions des prévisions de ces mêmes titres que durant l’année 2006, année de référence. À partir de ces résultats, nous concluons que les analystes n’ont pas délaissé les informations provenant des bourses lors du krach boursier, mais au contraire, ont tenu plus fortement compte des sentiments du marché dans l’ajustement de leurs propres prévisions, contrairement à ce qu’avaient observé Ang et Ma (2001) sur les places asiatiques en 1997. Bien plus, ils n’ont pas hésité à diminuer fortement leurs prévisions à court terme de résultats, allant bien au-delà des effets des facteurs estimés avant la crise. Ceci se traduit par une sensibilité accrue des variations des prévisions des analystes aux fluctuations des cours boursiers et reste cohérent avec une perception par l’ensemble de ces acteurs du caractère transitoire de ces dégradations.
Le style du savoir-faire
Authors: Guérin Nicolas
Published: April 2013

Pour la psychanalyse, on peut considérer que l’objet est la commune mesure entre le style et le savoir-faire. Dans cette perspective, le style du savoir-faire ne relève ni d’une maîtrise technique, ni de la recherche d’un effet esthétique et ne saurait non plus se réduire à une praxéologie. Il a bien plutôt partie liée avec la disponibilité de l’analyste et son acte d’énonciation qui ressortit à un rapport au réel, lequel « rapport » est impliqué dans la conception et le maniement de l’interprétation. C’est la réson de l’interprétation par quoi l’usure et l’usage du langage touchent, comme le dirait Francis Ponge, à sa « réalité concrète » comme à sa « qualité différentielle ».
Un savoir faire pas sans porte-à-faux
Authors: Braud Anne-Marie
Published: April 2013

L’inconscient est un savoir, un savoir faire avec lalangue. Écrit sans tiret, non substantivé, ce savoir faire est l’envers d’un savoir-faire technique transmissible. Ce savoir faire n’est pas déjà là, il faut l’inventer. Il équivoque avec faire savoir, au sens du savoir construit dans l’expérience de la cure dont il provient. Nous nous appuyons sur une expérience clinique en institution pour déplier la division, l’écart, le porte-à-faux des positions du psychanalyste sur deux scènes : dans l’intension, celle du psychanalyste pris dans la cure avec un enfant, dans l’extension, celle où il ne peut pas occuper la même position de psychanalyste, celle où il a à faire avec la polyphonie des discours. Ce savoir faire, singulier, propre à chacun, n’en nécessite pas moins pour se construire l’adresse à quelques autres, un collectif, une École.
Le savoir-faire de la scansion : topologie d'une transmission
Authors: Diener Yann
Published: April 2013

Comment se transmet ce savoir-faire spécifiquement lacanien qu’est la pratique des séances à durée variable ? Innovation technique de Lacan, la scansion « brise le discours pour accoucher de la parole ». Mais le kairos de la scansion, le moment juste, n’est pas une pure technique. « L’art » de ponctuer une séance ne se transmet pas comme un savoir appliqué, il se transmet sur le divan, ou en séance de contrôle, ou encore dans le dispositif de présentation clinique. Étant donné que Lacan n’a certainement pas fait l’expérience de séances à durée variable dans son analyse avec Loewenstein, nous pouvons nous demander d’où lui est venu ce savoir-faire. Nous ferons référence aux différents moments où Lacan parle de la scansion dans ses Écrits pour essayer de répondre à cette question. Et nous ferons l’hypothèse que le mode de découverte de cette pratique compte dans la manière dont elle se transmet.
Quel savoir-faire avec le groupe analytique ?
Authors: Aouillé Sophie
Published: April 2013

Freud et Lacan, chacun à sa manière, n’ont pas manqué de souligner le caractère précaire, évanescent, de l’expérience analytique. Le désir de l’analyste n’est pas donné une fois pour toutes, ce serait sans compter avec l’oubli, l’amnésie de l’acte. Le travail avec « quelques autres » est l’une des façons de mettre ce désir à l’épreuve, encore y faut-il un certain savoir-faire avec le groupe. Car l’histoire du mouvement analytique nous l’aura largement appris, le groupe, lieu de toutes les passions, est aussi bien ce qui peut venir clôturer l’expérience, si ce n’est la forclore. Alors, de quel savoir-faire s’agit-il ?
Observation d'une hémianesthésie sévère chez un homme hystérique
Authors: Freud Sigmund , Longé Thierry
Published: April 2013

Le 26 novembre 1886, à la séance hebdomadaire de la Société des médecins, Freud présenta le cas d’August P., un jeune graveur de 39 ans porteur d’une hémianesthésie sévère et de « stigmates hystériques », dont il fit la démonstration lors de l’examen clinique du patient.
L'équivoque interprétative
Authors: Sous Jean-Louis
Published: April 2013

La figure de l’équivoque n’a cessé d’accompagner Lacan tout au long de son frayage et notamment en matière d’interprétation. Mais qu’est-ce qu’une équivoque ? Quels sont sa portée et son effet ? Dans quel registre opèret-elle ? Pour le moins, ce n’est pas une notion univoque ! Il s’agira ici de proposer deux cas de figure que l’on pourrait nommer : équivoque-parasite et équivoque-résonance .
Make it E.U. friendly
Authors: Laurens Sylvain
Published: April 2013

Resume Les discours médiatiques ou militants sur le lobbying à Bruxelles mettent souvent en avant la « figure » du conseiller influent. Mais défendre des « intérêts » industriels ou économiques auprès des responsables institutionnels européens suppose au préalable que les contradictions propres aux activités économiques aient été levées. À partir d'une série de données fiscales et l'observation ethnographique de réunions internes de business associations européennes, cet article se propose d'entrer dans la « boîte » noire des organisations patronales. Il rend compte des stratégies différenciées que les eurogroupes mobilisent pour que les intérêts des grandes entreprises soient ordonnés, « mis en ordre de marche » par une série d'acteurs dont la tâche est justement d'homogénéiser les points de vue et de les rendre audibles au sein de l'espace politique et institutionnel bruxellois.
L'entrepreneuriat au service des politiques sociales : La fabrication du consensus politique sur le dispositif de l'auto-entrepreneur
Authors: Abdelnour Sarah
Published: April 2013

Résumé Le régime de l’auto-entrepreneur, mis en place en 2009, marque un infléchissement des politiques d’encouragement à la création d’entreprise d’une logique d’emploi à celle de cumul des revenus. Cet article vise à saisir les conditions structurelles et discursives qui ont permis l’élaboration de ce régime au sein de l’État au croisement de plusieurs logiques libérales. Il se base sur des sources officielles ainsi que sur une trentaine d’entretiens réalisés avec les acteurs, soutiens et opposants, du dispositif. Il s’intéresse aux convergences d’intérêt qui ont permis l’intégration d’un projet du « tous entrepreneurs » initié par un secrétaire d’État libéral dans la loi programmatique de l’économie de la nouvelle administration politique française. En faisant de l’entrepreneur la nouvelle figure de l’héroïsme populaire en temps de crise, et ainsi en transférant le référentiel entrepreneurial dans le domaine des politiques sociales, Hervé Novelli et ses collaborateurs ont pu obtenir des soutiens politiques stratégiques, et ainsi surmonter certaines résistances venues des administrations oeuvrant pour la rigueur budgétaire, en proposant un projet qui déconstruit un modèle social fondé sur le statut salarial et l’État social.
’n Lied moet klink om gehoor te word ... : Faktore wat die resepsie van kerkliedere kan beïnvloed
Authors: Kloppers Elsabé
Published: April 2013

A hymn must be sung to be heard ... : Aspects that could influence the reception of hymns and psalms. The most recent official hymnal in Afrikaans, Liedboek van die Kerk, was taken into use in 2001. Some hymns and psalms were immediately sung with enthusiasm whereas others remained unused, which is true especially for many of the metrical psalms. The most prominent reason for not singing some hymns or psalms is that they are unknown – text as well as tune. It is, however, often assumed that the reason why hymns and psalms are unknown is primarily because their tunes would be too difficult to sing. The role of the text and other aspects are not taken into account sufficiently. In this article, these one-sided views regarding the tunes are challenged, and it is argued that there could be many other reasons why hymns and psalms are not used.
Interferometric SAR monitoring of the Vallcebre landslide (Spain) using corner reflectors
Authors: Crosetto M. , Gili J. A. , Monserrat O. , Cuevas-González M. , Corominas J. , Serral D.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. This paper describes the deformation monitoring of the Vallcebre landslide (Eastern Pyrenees, Spain) using the Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) technique and corner reflectors (CRs). The fundamental aspects of this satellite-based deformation monitoring technique are described to provide the key elements needed to fully understand and correctly interpret its results. Several technical and logistic aspects related to the use of CRs are addressed including an analysis of the suitability of DInSAR data to monitor a specific landslide, a discussion on the choice of the type of CRs, suggestions for the installation of CRs and a description of the design of a CR network. This is followed by the description of the DInSAR data analysis procedure required to derive deformation estimates starting from the main observables of the procedure, i.e., the interferometric phases. The main observation equation is analysed, discussing the role of each phase component. A detailed discussion is devoted to the phase unwrapping problem, which has a direct impact on the deformation monitoring capability. Finally, the performance of CRs for monitoring ground displacements has been tested in the Vallcebre landslide (Eastern Pyrenees, Spain). Two different periods, which provide interesting results to monitor over time the kinematics of different parts of the considered landslide unit, are analysed and described.