bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drug Law Enforcement in an Agent-Based Model
Authors: Dray Anne , Mazerolle Lorraine , Perez Pascal , Ritter Alison
Published: May 2011

This chapter describes an agent-based model called SimDrugPolicing that explores the relative impact of three law enforcement strategies—standard patrol, hotspot policing, and problem-oriented policing— on an archetypal street-based illicit drug market. Using data from Melbourne (Australia), we simulate the relative effectiveness of these different drug law enforcement approaches. We examine the complex interactions between users, dealers, wholesalers, outreach workers and police to examine the relative effectiveness of the three drug law enforcement strategies, analyzing several outcome indicators such as the number of committed crimes, dealers’ and users’ cash, overdoses and fatal overdoses. Our results show that problem-oriented policing is the most effective approach to disrupting street level drug markets in a simulated urban environment.
Less Safe
Authors: Hammitt Harry
Published: May 2011

Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, there has been a tightening of public access. In response to perceived security threats, government agencies have taken information down from Web sites, curtailed or restricted access to electronic sources of information, broadened the interpretation of FOIA exemptions, created or augmented new categories of restricted information, and prohibited public access for critical infrastructure information. These policy responses have been based both on the perceived security threat and an inhospitable attitude toward open government on the part of the Bush administration.
Access to Information and the Freedom to Access
Authors: Teffeau Lauren , Mustafoff Megan , Estabrook Leigh
Published: May 2011

This chapter discusses two studies performed by the Library Research Center at the University of Illinois concerning the impact the terrorist attacks and the USA PATRIOT Act has had on the librarians and the patrons they serve. Results are compared with findings from a Pew Internet and American Life survey to analyze differences between library directors and the public at large. Together, these studies illustrate the chilling effect’s impact on libraries and their patrons, as well as question the fundamental freedom to read all ideas. Libraries in the North Atlantic region of the United States were far more likely to report changes in staff attitudes, collection development, and security and policy changes that were influenced by September 11 and the passage of the USA Patriot Act as compared to the rest of the country. This tendency could be reflective of many issues, but the libraries’ proximity to the terrorist attacks does seem to stand out. In addition to region, library size was also prognostic. The two surveys presented in this chapter clearly highlight the regional effects of the attacks over time and point to additional avenues of investigation. Continued research on library changes in response to the USA PATRIOT Act and terrorism needs to continue in order to understand better how American information habits are being both protected and compromised in today’s public libraries.
Using the interpersonal action-learning cycle to invite thinking, attentive comprehension
Authors: Zimmer Bob
Published: May 2011

This chapter shows how the interpersonal action-learning cycle (IALC) can be used to invite thinking and attentive comprehension from learners in conversation. It explains what the IALC is, where it comes from, how it works and why. In particular, it offers a logical demonstration that all interpersonal learning takes place within the IALC, and that all competition for dominance lies outside it – suggesting conscious use of the IALC as a desirable practice. The chapter goes on to explore linguistic factors that routinely disrupt use of the IALC, and that can hide its very existence. Strategies for restoring and stabilizing it are offered. Routine use of the IALC can have profound implications for teaching and instruction, collaborative learning, assessment, course evaluation and professional development. These are explored.
Dialogue Mapping and Collaborative Learning
Authors: Ng Fung Fai
Published: May 2011

This chapter introduces the concepts, principles and application of dialogue mapping. Dialogue mapping is a visual thinking tool for facilitating group meetings using a shared display. Experience of using dialogue mapping as well as other types of shared display in small-group discussion are discussed. The results, benefits and limitations of using different kinds of shared display in small-group discussion are compared and examined. Dialogue mapping produces better collaboration and shared understanding among students during discussion than using other shared displays. The impact of dialogue mapping on collaborative learning is explored. Factors influencing the effectiveness of group meetings in problem-based learning are also discussed.
The Importance of Training Needs Analysis in Authoring Technology Enhanced Learning for Companies
Authors: O’Brien Emma , Hall Timothy , Johnson Kevin
Published: May 2011

This chapter looks at the potential to exploit existing technology enhanced learning (TEL) authoring tools to provide customised learning solutions that address both businesses’ needs and employees learning requirements. It examines the feasibility of integrating training needs analysis into existing authoring tools to automate customisation. The chapter outlines a framework for such using best practices in the technology enhanced learning field such as sound instructional design theories, standard compliant metadata sets, and LO granularity while exploiting well established TEL authoring models. The chapter also highlights how this framework was implemented in practice in the form of an electronic tool that ties closely with existing learning content management systems.
A Framework for Building Emotional-Motivational Agents as Intelligent Tutoring Entities
Authors: Marin Bogdan-Florin , Hunger Axel
Published: May 2011

This chapter presents our efforts to integrate role theory and agent technology in order to support collaborative work/learning processes between users spatially distributed within a synchronous collaborative virtual environment. Our work aims to overcome a major inconvenience in distance education systems: tutors’ difficulties when following up a distance collaborative learning process and in particular those students who cannot keep up progress with their team-mates. Our approach embraces the learning paradigms mentioned above and the work on pedagogical and intelligent agents as a mechanism for modelling and analyzing student-tutor interactions.
NTC Co.
Authors: García Cabrera Antonia Mercedes , Soto María Gracia
Published: May 2011

This case illustrates in a holistic way the different components that affect the recognition of the technological venture opportunity environment, attributes that characterize technology-based entrepreneurs, type of organization created and of technology for the construction of a venture-and the interactions that occur among those components, and which ultimately result in the market innovation. These factors linked to the successful creation of technology-based ventures justify that cases contributed by emerging firms are more revealing and illustrative than those of already consolidated firms, that is, intrapreneurship. In large corporations, variables such as previously accumulated organizational knowledge and the corporate culture itself may have a negative impact upon their ability to recognize the future value of these ventures. For those reasons, NTC, an emerging business, offers a clear example of how the interaction of the entrepreneur, technology, and the accumulation of experience and knowledge interact to give rise to a technology-based venture.
Waleli
Authors: Kirwan Paul , Van der Sijde Peter , Groen Aard
Published: May 2011

This chapter tells the development story of Waleli, a high-tech company utilizing the latest proven developments in wireless communications to bring innovations to the market. It presents the journey of the firm through the entrepreneurial process, from initial idea right through to value creation. Furthermore, it looks at the roles and origins of network contacts and how these impact the entrepreneur’s effort to accumulate the necessary resources to establish and subsequently develop the firm. This chapter adds to our understanding of network activity in the entrepreneurial process and as a real life case has relevance to both potential and practicing entrepreneurs in that it details the trials and tribulations of the process, and academics, as it provides in depth data on the role of the network in the entrepreneurial process.
Workcenter SGD
Authors: Cruz Cristina , de Haro Guillermo , de la Vega Ignacio
Published: May 2011

In 1999 Alfonso de Senillosa, Spanish entrepreneur, after finishing his studies in the United States, decided to create Workcenter SGD. The company was born on the basis of following the same idea and services that Kinko’s® created successfully in the United States, with nearly 1,300 retail stores devoted to reprographic services. Nevertheless, in four years the company went far ahead of the original idea, developing new technologies that helped manage the growth, control operations, and reduce costs. By 2005 the company had grown up to 20 stores all over Spain and Senillosa was celebrating his 38th birthday while deciding his next step in the company’s future leveraging on the technology and operations already designed.
ThePCBShop.com
Authors: Muylle Steve , De Schryver Veerle
Published: May 2011

This case describes the entrepreneurial process as it happened for Europrint, a manufacturer of Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs), from 1991 until 2006. It offers an entrepreneurial perspective on the European PCB landscape, highlights the successful launch by the manufacturer of a dot.com in this highly competitive B2B environment, and illustrates the transition by the manufacturer to electronic business to break the product commodity cycle. As a final point, the case also reveals how the manufacturer’s off-line and online business activities were consolidated and leveraged for maximum impact across Belgium, Hungary, and India.
Hatching Tech Companies for a Living
Authors: da Cunha Paulo Rupino , Santos Paulo
Published: May 2011

We describe a proven process to foster the creation of technology-based services, products, and companies. We start by explaining how various stakeholders—a university,an innovation and technology transfer institute, and private and public client organizations—acting in concert, create multiple opportunities for the application of technology to real-world problems, and how some of those projects originate spin-offs. We then present a real-life example of one such company that develops software for mobile applications. It spun-off from a project with a big cellular phone service provider in 2001, incubated for three years at the institute, and moved out in 2004. Its revenues continue to grow at a rate of 30% each year. We draw on our experience in assisting the creation of 70 technology-based start-ups to provide practical recommendations and point out key success factors.
Cospas-Sarsat Satellite System for Search and Rescue
Authors: King James V.
Published: May 2011

This chapter outlines the development and evolution of the Cospas-Sarsat system, describes the principle of operation, presents the current status and looks at the future of the system. Cospas-Sarsat, an international satellite system for search and rescue, started operating in 1982 and has been credited with saving many thousands of lives since then. More than a million aviators, mariners and land users worldwide are equipped with Cospas-Sarsat distress beacons that could help save their lives in emergency situations anywhere in the world. A constellation of satellites is circling the globe monitoring for distress signals, while tracking stations on six continents receive the satellite signals, compute the location of the emergency and quickly forward the distress alert information to the appropriate rescue authorities. This is a big improvement over the pre-satellite era, when distress signals from remote regions or far out at sea might not have been heard for many days or even weeks.
Reflexing Interfaces
Authors: Orsucci Franco
Published: May 2011

Since the first production of tools at the beginning of human presence on Earth, evolutionary jumps mark human development. Sometimes these punctuations were triggered by inventions of new tools, combined with new environmental adaptations. Affordances, as specialized forms of symbiotic embodiment with tools and environments, represent one of the main factors for human evolutionary processes. The cognitive neuroscience of the reflexive function can be one of the main keys to understand how the emergence of new interfaces yields new ways of projecting the human presence and consciousness in the world.
Biological Traits in Artificial Self-Reproducing Systems
Authors: Bilotta Eleonora , Pantano Pietro
Published: May 2011

This chapter presents an artificial taxonomy of 2-D, self-replicating cellular automata (CA) that can be considered as proto-organisms for structure replication. We found that the process of self-reproduction is a widespread mechanism. In fact, self-reproducers in 2-D CA are very common and we discovered almost 10 methods of self-replication. The structures these systems produce, from ordered to complex ones, are very similar to those found in biological endeavor. After examining self-replicating structures and the way they reproduce, we consider their behavior in relation to the patterns they realize and to the function they manifest in realizing artificial organisms. According to us, many methods produced by CA are based on universal models of biological cell development. The relevance of such work consists in the goal of modeling the evolution of living systems that can lead us to a better understanding of the essential properties of life.
Cryptography, Delayed Dynamical Systems, and Secure Communication
Authors: Banerjee Santo , Chowdhury Asesh Roy
Published: May 2011

The idea of using synchronized chaotic circuits for sending and receiving signals when they are masked using classical cryptography is extended to the case of delayed dynamical systems. It is observed that due to the existence of the delayed parameter t, the mode of communication is more secure due to the fact that the delayed parameter is changed at a fixed interval by both the sender and receiver. It is shown how an extended set of secret keys could be constructed to send a message containing both numerical and alphabetical sequences. Again, a secure communication scheme is also discussed based on the synchronization of two coupled delayed dynamical systems with a varying coupling parameter.
About the Use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in the Framework of Physical Limnological Studies on a Great Lake
Authors: Castellano Leonardo , Ambrosetti Walter , Sala Nicoletta
Published: May 2011

The aim of this chapter is to discuss how far computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is currently able to simulate the limnological physics of a complex natural body of water. The experience reported by the authors is in progress at the CNR- ISE (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi; National Research Council, Institute of Ecosystem Study) of Pallanza, Italy. The main features of the current state of the art in this field of application of mathematical modeling techniques are summarized and the characteristics of the computer code now in use for our studies on Lake Maggiore are described in detail. Examples of the kind of information that can be extracted from the outputs are given to show how knowledge collected by traditional analysis of the experimental data and in situ observations can be improved with this kind of support. Forecasts for future trends are also suggested.
Service-based Grid Architectures to support the Virtualization of Learning Technology Systems
Authors: Gleeson Gerard , Pahl Claus
Published: May 2011

E-Learning has been a topic of increasing interest in recent years, due mainly to the fact that content and tool support can now be offered at a widely affordable level. As a result, many e-learning platforms and systems have been developed. Client-server, peer-to-peer and recently Web services architectures often form the basis. Drawbacks of these architectures are often their limitations in terms of scalability and the availability and distribution of resources. This chapter investigates grid architectures in the context of e-learning as a proposed answer for this problem. The principles and technologies of Grid architectures are discussed and illustrated using learning technology scenarios and systems.
E-learning systems reengineering
Authors: Oubahssi Lahcen , Grandbastien Monique
Published: May 2011

In this chapter we propose functional specifications and a component-based architecture for designing e-learning platforms. An important feature is that the proposed specifications and architecture are based on the experience gained in an e-learning company and result from a reengineering process. To guide the reengineering process, we used two reference models, which are the e-learning global process and the e-learning global cycle. The functional specifications are described according to the e-learning global cycle phases and they are used to propose a software component based architecture. The proposed kernel of components was completed with services to allow interoperability and standard compliance between several e-learning platforms. We hope that this case-study exemplifies e-learning platform suppliers’ needs and available pragmatic solutions. We conclude on foreseeable evolutions of e-learning actors needs and practices and on new platform features for fulfilling such needs.
Point Counterpoint
Authors: Gattiker Thomas F. , Emiliani M. L.
Published: May 2011

In this chapter, the online reverse auction is introduced through a series of points and counterpoints on the use of the tool. Tom Gattiker, Boise State, and ML (Bob) Emiliani, Central Connecticut State, identify and debate eleven points in the use of online reverse auctions
High-value B2B interactions, non-repudiation and Web services
Authors: Cook Nick , Robinson Paul , Shrivastava Santosh
Published: May 2011

This chapter provides an overview of the problem of making high-value business-to-business (B2B) interactions non-repudiable, where non-repudiation is the property that no party to an interaction can subsequently deny their involvement in the interaction. Existing approaches are discussed in the context of fundamental work on fairness and non-repudiation. The existing work suffers from a lack of flexibility both in terms of the mechanisms that can be deployed to achieve non-repudiation and of the interactions to which non-repudiation can be applied. The authors contend that it is necessary to be able to render arbitrary Web service interactions non-repudiable and to optionally invoke application-level validation of business messages at run-time. The chapter presents the design and implementation of a novel Web services-based middleware that addresses these requirements. The middleware leverages existing Web service standards. It is sufficiently flexible to adapt to different regulatory regimes and to provide security guarantees that are appropriate to different business contexts.
Dynamic Delegation of Authority in Web Services
Authors: Chadwick David
Published: May 2011

Delegation of authority (DOA) is an essential procedure in every modern business. This chapter enumerates the requirements for a delegation of authority web service that allows users and services to delegate to other users and services authority to access computer based resources. The various models and architecture that can support a DOA web service are described. A key component of the DOA service is the organisation’s delegation policy which provides the rules for who is allowed to delegate what to whom, and which needs to be enforced by the DOA service. The essential elements of such a delegation policy are outlined. The chapter then describes a practical DOA web service that has been built and piloted in various grid applications. It concludes by reviewing some related research and highlighting where future research is still required.
Description of Policies Enriched by Semantics for Security Management
Authors: García Clemente Félix J. , Perez Gregorio Martínez , Botía Blaya Juan A. , Skarmeta Antonio F.
Published: May 2011

Policies, which usually govern the behaviour of networking services (e.g., security, QoS, mobility, etc.) are becoming an increasingly popular approach for the dynamic regulation of web information systems. By appropriately managing policies, a system can be continuously adjusted to accommodate variations in externally imposed constraints and environmental conditions. The adoption of a policy based approach for controlling a system requires an appropriate policy representation regarding both syntax and semantics, and the design and development of a policy management framework. In the context of the Web, the use of languages enriched with semantics has been limited primarily to represent Web content and services. However the capabilities of these languages, coupled with the availability of tools to manipulate them, make them well suited for many other kinds of applications, as policy representation and management. In this chapter, we present an evaluation of the ongoing efforts to use ontological (Semantic Web) languages to represent policies for distributed systems.
Grid Business Process
Authors: Akram Asif , Allen Rob , Chaudhary Sanjay , Jain Prateek , Laliwala Zakir
Published: May 2011

This chapter presents a ‘Case Study’ based on the distributed market. The requirements of this Grid Business Process are more demanding than any typical business process deployed within a single organization or enterprise. Recently different specifications built on top of Web service standards have originated from the Grid paradigm to address limitations of stateless Web services. These emerging specifications are evaluated in the first part of the chapter to capture requirements of a dynamic business process i.e. Business Process Grid. In second part of the chapter, a case study with different use cases is presented to simulate various scenarios. The abstract discussion and requirements of the case study is followed by the actual implementation. The implementation is meant for the proof-of-concept rather than fully functional application.
Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery in Metabolomics Armin
Authors: Baumgartner Christian , Graber Armin
Published: May 2011

This chapter provides an overview of the knowledge discovery process in metabolomics, a young discipline in the life sciences arena. It introduces two emerging bioanalytical concepts for generating biomolecular information, followed by various data mining and information retrieval procedures such as feature selection, classification, clustering and biochemical interpretation of mined data, illustrated by real examples from preclinical and clinical studies. The authors trust that this chapter will provide an acceptable balance between bioanalytics background information, essential to understanding the complexity of data generation, and information on data mining principals, specific methods and processes, and biomedical application. Thus, this chapter is anticipated to appeal to those with a metabolomics background as well as to basic researchers within the data mining community who are interested in novel life science applications.
Regulation
Authors: Rada Roy
Published: May 2011

The use of innovative applications of technology in the highly regulated world of medicine requires compliance with various government regulations (Goldberg & Gordon, 1999; Health Information and Technology Practice Group, 2003). These regulations are intended to meet a public need. A “program” is defined in the dictionary as a system of projects intended to meet a public need. Thus, an organization’s system of projects to achieve compliance with government regulations is called a compliance program. This chapter explores issues germane to compliance in the healthcare enterprise and begins with the history of government regulation of business.
Personnel
Authors: Rada Roy
Published: May 2011

Successful information systems depend more on people than on technology. What are the roles that are filled in a healthcare organization? Major roles are those of nurse and physician. Within the organizational hierarchy, the chief information officer is particularly important to information systems.
Diffusion
Authors: Rada Roy
Published: May 2011

To diffuse is to spread widely. Anthropologically, diffusion occurs when practices or innovations spread within a community or from one community to another. Diffusing a healthcare information system requires overcoming many barriers. Under what conditions is a healthinformation system successfully adopted by its intended target audience? In this chapter the theoretical issues for diffusion are presented. Then a detailed case of preparing to implement one large system shows some preparation needed to diffuse a system.
Conclusion
Authors: Rada Roy
Published: May 2011

Healthcare systems are so connected to the political and economic situation of a country that detailed, practical insights are hard to obtain that apply equally well across countries. The U.S. system has evolved over the past one hundred and fifty years from one that revolved around a solo private physician in a rural setting whose patients paid him directly for whatever services he rendered to a massive industry of insurance companies, multi-hospital networks, and mobile patients. This book focuses on healthcare information systems in the U.S.
The Internet Challenge to Public Service Broadcasters
Authors: Manfredi Sánchez Juan Luis
Published: May 2011

The expansion of the social influence of the Internet have led both general interest and national public broadcasters to a structural challenge. The new on line paradigm demands a full version of the public enterprise, which include all the available tools to achieve its mission. The Internet would be the ideal complement to the public service. Before this, public broadcasters should define its core business to attend the public demand and to collaborate in the creation of the public sphere. Finally, the clear definition of the public activities and the separation of public and commercial finance will be a main point. To confirm the benefits of the intervention of the public broadcasters we will study the cases of Spain and United Kingdom.
Image Mining
Authors: dos Santos Silva Marcelino Pereira , Câmara Gilberto , Escada Maria Isabel Sobral
Published: May 2011

Daily, different satellites capture data of distinct contexts, which images are processed and stored in many institutions. This chapter presents relevant definitions on remote sensing and image mining domain, beyond referring to related work on this field and to the importance of appropriate tools and techniques to analyze satellite images and extract knowledge from this kind of data. The Amazonia deforestation problem is discussed, as well INPE’s effort to develop and spread technology to deal with challenges involving Earth observation resources. An image mining approach is presented and applied on a case study, detecting patterns of change on deforested areas of Amazonia. The purpose of the authors is to present relevant technologies, new approaches and research directions on remote sensing image mining, demonstrating how to increase the analysis potential of such huge strategic data.
Overview of Semantic Technologies
Authors: Cregan Anne M.
Published: May 2011

Semantic technologies are a new wave of computing, using explicit representation of meaning to enable data interoperability and more powerful and flexible information services and transactions. At the core of semantic technologies are ontologies, which capture meaning explicitly and may be used to manipulate and reason over information via its semantics. Unlike traditional data schemas or models, ontologies are capable of representing far more complex relations, may be linked directly to the data they describe, and have a formal logical semantics, facilitating automated deductive reasoning. This chapter introduces the vision of semantic technologies, and provides an overview of the approach and the techniques developed to date. It provides both an executive summary and an orienting framework for reading more technical material.
Toward an Ontology of ICT Management
Authors: Gelbard Roy , Carmeli Abraham
Published: May 2011

As an emergent field of research and practice, the management of information and communication technologies (ICT) offers complex challenges, such as how to structure and organize the accumulated body of knowledge as well as the need to orchestrate and encapsulate theoretical perspectives and methodologies. As in any emergent field, the ICT management (ICTM) body of knowledge has mostly expanded through diverse theoretical lenses. It also has to overcome concept redundancy and ambiguity in order to gain insights that are more than “old wine in new bottles.” In this chapter, we focus on two main issues. First, we strive to achieve a holistic perspective of ICTM. Second, we explore the way in which organizational theories can contribute to a better understanding of this holistic perspective. For this, we introduce an ontology that describes four ICTM core constructs—policy, project, assets, and evaluation—and their interrelationships. We discuss each one of these constructs in light of six common organizational theories.
POVOO
Authors: Gahleitner Eva , Wöß Wolfram
Published: May 2011

Ontologies still lack in including and considering the dynamic aspects of business processes. Therefore, existing ontology-based information systems provide only static information which does not suit the actual working context of a user. In this project we extend information retrieval techniques with ontologies through a process oriented view on ontologies (POVOO). The purpose is to satisfy a user with information that depends on the current process the user is working on. Due to a context aware approach, it is possible to adapt the information to the user’s current working situation dynamically. We introduce a methodology for generating views on ontologies and we illustrate how an application can use them to query highly specialized knowledge bases.
M-Payment Solutions and M-Commerce Fraud Management
Authors: Nambiar Seema , Lu Chang-Tien
Published: May 2011

Mobile security and payment are central to m-commerce. The shift from physical to virtual payments has brought enormous benefits to consumers and merchants. For consumers it means ease of use. For mobile operators, mobile payment presents a unique opportunity to consolidate their central role in the m-commerce value chain. Financial organizations view mobile payment and mobile banking as a way of providing added convenience to their customers along with an opportunity to reduce their operating costs. The chapter starts by giving a general introduction to m-payment by providing an overview of the m-payment value chain, lifecycle and characteristics. In the second section, we will review competing mobile payment solutions that are found in the market-place. The third section will review different types of mobile frauds in the m-commerce environment and solutions to prevent such frauds.
Technology and Customer Value Dynamics in the Banking Industry
Authors: Rajagopal
Published: May 2011

This paper attempts to critically examine the available literature on the subject, discuss a model that provides a framework for analyzing the variables associated with customer value, and to identify potential research areas. The paper argues through a set of linear equations that maximizing customer value which is interdependent factor for technology adoption and profit optimization in the banks need to be backed with appropriate economic parameters for attaining competitive efficiency and optimizing profit. The framework of the construct is laid on the theory of competitive advantage and customer lifetime value, so as to maximize the potential of the organization and all its subsystems to create and sustain satisfied customers. The paper draws theoretical impetus from new technologies in banking services such as mobile banking in the North American region and discusses the technology led marketing process towards optimizing profit. The discussion in the paper also analyzes the main criteria for successful internet-banking strategy and brings out benefits of e-banking from the point of view of banks, their technology and customer values and tentatively concludes that there is increasing returns to scale in the bank services in relation to the banking products, new technology and customer value.
Data Warehousing and Analytics in Banking
Authors: Narayanan L. Venkat
Published: May 2011

Data Warehousing and Analytics represent one of the foremost technologies that can be used by banks to obtain sustainable competitive advantage. Adopting the right implementation methodology is critical to ensure successful implementation. Alternate implementation methodologies, typical challenges in implementation and critical success factors apart from real life case studies are discussed here, as learning points to aid in successful implementations. Future proofing implementations is critical to avoid rework and hence some key emerging trends have also been discussed.
An Overview of the HIPAA-Compliant Privacy Access Control Model
Authors: Cheng Vivying S.Y. , Hung Patrick
Published: May 2011

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) is a set of rules to be followed by health plans, doctors, hospitals and other healthcare providers in the United States of America. HIPAA privacy rules create national standards to protect individuals’ health information; it is therefore necessary to create standardized solutions to tackle the various privacy issues. This chapter focuses on the e-healthcare privacy issues based on a prior extension of role-based access control (RBAC) model. We review an access control enforcement model in Web services for tackling HIPAA privacy rules and protecting personal health information (PHI) called the Privacy Access Control Model. First, we discuss related backgrounds of, and privacy requirements in the HIPAA legislation. Next, four privacy-related entities (purposes, recipients, obligations, and retentions) are incorporated into the core RBAC model. The HIPAA rules are then embedded into the extended RBAC model as constraints. Then, we present a vocabulary-independent Web services privacy framework in a layered architecture for supporting healthcare applications.
The Internet and Managing Boomers and Seniors' Health
Authors: Reddick Christopher G.
Published: May 2011

This chapter examines the use of the Internet for gathering health information by boomers and seniors. This study attempts to determine whether online health seekers (individuals that have Internet access and have searched for health information online) have changed their behavior from the information they found online. Essentially, has online health information helped them manage their health more effectively? This research analyzes the Kaiser Family Foundation e-Health and the Elderly public opinion dataset of access by boomers and seniors to online health information. The major results indicate that boomers marginally use online health information more than seniors for the management of their health. The most significant results indicated that boomers and seniors who are more aware and have positive feelings towards online health information would use it more to manage their health.
Data Mining Medical Information
Authors: Chesney Thomas , Penny Kay , Oakley Peter , Davies Simon , Chesney David , Maffulli Nicola , Templeton John
Published: May 2011

Trauma audit is intended to develop effective care for injured patients through process and outcome analysis, and dissemination of results. The system records injury details such as the patient’s sex and age, the mechanism of the injury, various measures of the severity of the injury, initial management and subsequent management interventions, and the outcome of the treatment including whether the patient lived or died. Ten years’ worth of trauma audit data from one hospital are modelled as an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) in order to compare the results with a more traditional logistic regression analysis. The output was set to be the probability that a patient will die. The ANN models and the logistic regression model achieve roughly the same predictive accuracy, although the ANNs are more difficult to interpret than the logistic regression model, and neither logistic regression nor the ANNs are particularly good at predicting death. For these reasons, ANNs are not seen as an appropriate tool to analyse trauma audit data. Results do suggest, however, the usefulness of using both traditional and non-traditional analysis techniques together and of including as many factors in the analysis as possible.
Understanding Physicians' Acceptance of Computerized Physician Order Entry
Authors: Liang Huigang , Xue Yajiong , Wu Xiaocheng
Published: May 2011

Computerized physician order entry (CPOE) holds potential of reducing medical errors, improving care quality, and cutting healthcare costs. Yet its success depends on physicians’ acceptance and usage. We test if TAM can be used to explain physician acceptance of CPOE. A survey study was conducted on physicians who have access to CPOE in a large general hospital in China. Data analyses based on 103 responses support all of the relationships predicted by TAM except the one between perceived ease of use and attitude. With additional data analyses, we find that the PEOU-attitude relationship is negatively moderated by physicians’ experience of using CPOE. PEOU does not affect attitude for experienced physicians, whereas when physicians are inexperienced, PEOU has a positive impact on attitude. Our findings suggest that TAM can be applied to explain physicians’ acceptance of CPOE, yet its application should be performed with caution.
Perceived Level of Benefits and Risk Core Functionalities of an EHR System
Authors: Davis Diane C. , Thakkar Minal
Published: May 2011

The need to adopt an electronic health record (EHR) system in United States (U.S.) hospitals seems to be more and more obvious when evaluating the benefits of improved patient safety, quality of care, and efficiency. The purpose of the study was to identify the status of EHR systems in U.S. hospitals in regard to the core functionalities implemented (as identified by the Institute of Medicine) and to determine if there was a significant relationship between perceived level of benefit and risk with the use of each core functionality, as well as if there was a significant relationship between the status of the EHR system and size of hospital. A national survey of U.S. hospitals was conducted to answer the research questions. The results showed that 37% had some components in all.of the core functionalities of an EHR system, while 27% were using at least some functionalities. Health information and data, administrative processes, and results management were the three core functionalities that a majority of hospitals had as a part of their EHR system. A significant positive correlation between perceived benefits and risks was found in all of the eight core functionalities. There was no significant relationship found between status of EHR system and size of hospitals.
Ubiquitous Computing History, Development, and Scenarios
Authors: Chong Jimmy , See Stanley , Seah Lily Leng-Hiang , Koh Sze Ling , Theng Yin-Leng , Duh Henry B.L.
Published: May 2011

This chapter gives a brief history of ubiquitous computing, highlights key issues, and assesses ubiquitous computing research and development under the broad categories of design architecture and systems, implementation challenges, and user issues. Using Singapore as a case example, the chapter then concludes with selected scenarios, presenting exciting possibilities in the future ubiquitous landscape.
Building Applications to Establish Location Awareness
Authors: McCrickard D. Scott , Sampat Miten , Lee Jason Chong
Published: May 2011

An emerging challenge in the design of interfaces for mobile devices is the appropriate use of information about the location of the user. This chapter considers tradeoffs in privacy, computing power, memory capacity, and wireless signal availability that accompany the obtaining and use of location information and other contextual information in the design of interfaces. The increasing ability to integrate location knowledge in our mobile, ubiquitous applications and their accompanying tradeoffs requires that we consider their impact on the development of user interfaces, leading to an agile usability approach to design borne from agile software development and usability engineering. The chapter concludes with three development efforts that make use of location knowledge in mobile interfaces.
Interactive Tables
Authors: Haller Michael , Billinghurst Mark
Published: May 2011

Interactive tables are becoming increasingly popular. In this chapter, we describe a collaborative tabletop environment that is designed for brainstorming meetings. After describing the user requirements, we demonstrate different possible solutions for both the display and the tracking implementation, and summarize related work. Finally, we conclude with a more detailed description of the Shared Design Space. Using a digital pen, participants can annotate not only virtual paper, but also real printouts. By integrating both forms of physical and digital paper, we combine virtual and real drawings, threedimensional models, and digital data in a single information space. We discuss the unique way that we have integrated these devices and how they can be used efficiently during a design process.
Evolution in Model-Driven Software Product-Line Architectures
Authors: Deng Gan , Schmidt Douglas C. , Gokhale Aniruddha , Gray Jeff , Lin Yuehua , Lenz Gunther
Published: May 2011

This chapter describes our approach to model-driven engineering (MDE)-based product line architectures (PLAs) and presents a solution to address the domain evolution problem. We use a case study of a representative software-intensive system from the distributed real-time embedded (DRE) systems domain to describe key challenges when facing domain evolution and how we can evolve PLAs systematically and minimize human intervention. The approach uses a mature metamodeling tool to define a modeling language in the representative DRE domain, and applies a model transformation tool to specify modelto- model transformation rules that precisely define metamodel and domain model changes. Our approach automates many tedious, time consuming, and error-prone tasks of model-to-model transformation, thus significantly reducing the complexity of PLA evolution.
Single- and Multi-order Neurons for recursive unsupervised learning
Authors: Ramanathan Kiruthika , Guan Sheng Uei
Published: May 2011

In this chapter we present a recursive approach to unsupervised learning. The algorithm proposed, while similar to ensemble clustering, does not need to execute several clustering algorithms and find consensus between them. On the contrary, grouping is done between two subsets of data at one time, thereby saving training time. Also, only two kinds of clustering algorithms are used in creating the recursive clustering ensemble, as opposed to the multitude of clusterers required by ensemble clusterers. In this chapter a recursive clusterer is proposed for both single and multi order neural networks. Empirical results show as much as 50% improvement in clustering accuracy when compared to benchmark clustering algorithms.
Exploring Network Data
Authors: Wang Yu
Published: May 2011

In this chapter, we will review the basic concepts and procedures for data explanatory analysis, which provides the first step toward understanding and evaluating data. Data exploration is extremely important in network security because the volume of network traffic data is very large. We will discuss descriptive analysis, visualizing analysis and data transformation techniques in this chapter. The general idea behind explanatory analysis is to examine data without pre-conceived beliefs or notions and to let the data tell us about the phenomena of the subject(s) being studied. It not just focuses on displaying or extracting any “signal” from the data in the presence of noise, and discovers the type of information that the data holds (Everitt, 2005), but it also provides an essential direction for converting data from a high-dimensional space to a low-dimensional space. We may not know what the data looks like and we may not have specific questions in mind to analyze the data, but data exploration seeks patterns and variable relationships in the data, and provides paths for further data examinations. For example, outliers in traffic streams could represent important information about attacks (Petrovskiy, 2003; Angiulli & Fassetti, 2007; Kundur, Luh, Okorafor, & Zourntos, 2008; Nayyar & Ghorbani, 2008), but also could represent data errors. Data explanatory analysis provides a quickly and simply approach to discover such a paradox. Readers who like to obtain a comprehensive introduction to data exploration analysis should refer to Blaikie (2003). Recently, with advances in computer hardware and software, visualizing large datasets has become possible, and more exploratory data analyses have been conducted based on the graphical method that visually conveys the information. Although the graphical method alone does not present rich convincing evidence for drawing robust conclusions, it does provide a road map for future analyses. It is also an important tool for illustrating data to those who have little to no statistical knowledge.
Evaluation
Authors: Wang Yu
Published: May 2011

Increasing the accuracy of classification has been a constant challenge in the network security area. While expansively increasing in the volume of network traffic and advantage in network bandwidth, many classification algorithms used for intrusion detection and prevention face high false positive and false negative rates. A stream of network traffic data with many positive predictors might not necessary represent a true attack, and a seemingly anomaly-free stream could represent a novel attack. Depending on the infrastructure of a network system, traffic data can become very large. As a result of such large volumes of data, a very low misclassification rate can yield a large number of alarms; for example, a system with 22 million hourly traffics with a 1% misclassification rate could have approximately 75 alarms within a second (excluding repeated connections). Validating every such case for review is not practical. To address this challenge we can improve the data collection process and develop more robust algorithms. Unlike other research areas, such as the life sciences, healthcare, or economics, where an analysis can be achieved based on a single statistical approach, a robust intrusion detection scheme need to be constructed hierarchically with multiple algorithms. For example, profiling and classifying user behavior hierarchically, using hybrid algorithms (e.g., combining statistics and AI). On the other hand, we can improve the precision of classification by carefully evaluating the results. There are several key elements that are important for statistical evaluation in classification and prediction, such as reliability, sensitivity, specificity, misclassification, and goodness-of-fit. We also need to evaluate the goodness of the data (consistency and repeatability), goodness of the classification, and goodness of the model. We will discuss these topics in this chapter.