bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Prophetic Stance against Violence: An Analysis of the Peaceful Attitude of Prophet Muhammad during the Medinan Period
Authors: Sertkaya Suleyman , Keskin Zuleyha
Published: November 2020

Prophet Muhammad is a role model for millions of Muslims today. This makes sīrah, the life of the Prophet, a critical source to understand and contextualise. Muslims interpret the events of his life so that they can replicate them in every aspect of their lives. However, extremely polar interpretations of sīrah exist, leading to terrorists on the one side and peace-loving Muslims on the other side, with both using Prophet Muhammad as a reference. The major events most often referred to in sīrah are incidents that unfolded after migration to Medina, particularly the battles and conflicts with other communities. When classical and contemporary sīrah sources are studied, the prominence of the battles is easily seen. However, events besides the battles are just as critical, yet these events are often omitted or downplayed—events that could have easily led to a violent outcome, based on the societal norms at the time, but did not. The Meccan and Medinan periods of Prophet Muhammad’s life are significantly different, with the main difference being the power balance. In Mecca, Muslims had little power, which meant great hardships and mistreatment; meanwhile, in Medina, Muslims were in a position of power. While Prophet Muhammad has been criticised for taking advantage of this power and being violent, this article argues otherwise. Through the examples provided, it becomes evident that Prophet Muhammad preferred peace first and foremost at all times.
Suppression of Wind Ripples and Microwave Backscattering Due to Turbulence Generated by Breaking Surface Waves
Authors: Ermakov Stanislav , Dobrokhotov Vladimir , Sergievskaya Irina , Kapustin Ivan
Published: November 2020

The role of wave breaking in microwave backscattering from the sea surface is a problem of great importance for the development of theories and methods on ocean remote sensing, in particular for oil spill remote sensing. Recently it has been shown that microwave radar return is determined by both Bragg and non-Bragg (non-polarized) scattering mechanisms and some evidence has been given that the latter is associated with wave breaking, in particular, with strong breaking such as spilling or plunging. However, our understanding of mechanisms of the action of strong wave breaking on small-scale wind waves (ripples) and thus on the radar return is still insufficient. In this paper an effect of suppression of radar backscattering after strong wave breaking has been revealed experimentally and has been attributed to the wind ripple suppression due to turbulence generated by strong wave breaking. The experiments were carried out in a wind wave tank where a frequency modulated wave train of intense meter-decimeter-scale surface waves was generated by a mechanical wave maker. The wave train was compressed according to the gravity wave dispersion relation (“dispersive focusing”) into a short-wave packet at a given distance from the wave maker. Strong wave breaking with wave crest overturning (spilling) occurred for one or two highest waves in the packet. Short decimeter-centimeter-scale wind waves were generated at gentle winds, simultaneously with the long breaking waves. A Ka-band scatterometer was used to study microwave backscattering from the surface waves in the tank. The scatterometer looking at the area of wave breaking was mounted over the tank at a height of about 1 m above the mean water level, the incidence angle of the microwave radiation was about 50 degrees. It has been obtained that the radar return in the presence of short wind waves is characterized by the radar Doppler spectrum with a peak roughly centered in the vicinity of Bragg wave frequencies. The radar return was strongly enhanced in a wide frequency range of the radar Doppler spectrum when a packet of long breaking waves arrived at the area irradiated by the radar. After the passage of breaking waves, the radar return strongly dropped and then slowly recovered to the initial level. Measurements of velocities in the upper water layer have confirmed that the attenuation of radar backscattering after wave breaking is due to suppression of short wind waves by turbulence generated in the breaking zone. A physical analysis of the effect has been presented.
Changing Sci from Post-Publication Peer-Review to Single-Blind Peer-Review
Authors: Vazquez Franck , Lin Shu-Kun , Jacob Claus
Published: November 2020

Sci was launched in 2018 [...]
Effects of Different Ages of Robinia pseudoacacia Plantations on Soil Physiochemical Properties and Microbial Communities
Authors: Luo Chaoyi , Zhang Bingxue , Liu Jiang , Wang Xiaoxia , Han Fengpeng , Zhou Jihai
Published: November 2020

Robinia pseudoacacia is widely planted on the Loess Plateau as a strong drought-tolerant and salt-tolerant species for vegetation restoration. However, this mode of pure plantation has triggered great concern over the soil ecosystem. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of the plantation on soil physiochemical properties, soil microorganisms, and the relationship between them in Robinia pseudoacacia plantations of different ages. Four different ages of Robinia pseudoacacia stands, including 10-year-old, 15-year-old, 25-year-old, and 40-year-old (abbreviated as Y10, Y15, Y25, and Y40, respectively) were selected, and 20 soil physicochemical and biological indicators were determined. The variation in soil microbial biomass was influenced by sampling depth, and consistent with the variations in TN (soil total nitrogen) and SOC (soil organic carbon) during 25 years’ artificial forestation. Soil moisture increased significantly at Y15 and then decreased at Y40 but other soil properties remained relatively stable. The contents of phosphor lipid fatty acid (PLFA) of different microbial groups followed the order of B (Bacteria) > G− (Gram-negative) > G+ (Gram-positive) > A (Actinomycetes) > F (Fungi). The ratios of F/B (Fungi to Bacteria) and Sat/Mono (Saturated PLFAs to Monosaturated PLFAs) of different ages of plantations showed a similar trend, i.e., declined first, then rose, and declined again. The ratios of Cy/Pre (Cyclopropyl PLFAs to Precursor PLFAs) and G+/G− (Gram-positive to Gram-negative) of the soil of all ages of plantations showed a trend of slow growth and a trend of rapid growth, respectively. Redundancy analysis showed that the contents of individual PLFAs and total PLFA were positively correlated with SOC and TN, but variations of soil PLFA ratios mostly depended on other soil properties. After artificial forestation, the ratios of F/B and Sat/Mono were lower than before forestation, while the ratio of Cy/Pre varied with different soil layers. The ratio of G+/G− increased with the increase in afforestation time, peaking at the 25th year. The contents of individual PLFAs and total PLFA may be sensitive indicators of SOC and TN within 25 years’ plantation. Lower ratio of F/B and higher G+/G− suggest that the sustainability of the ecosystem is weaker and the fertility of the soil is lower after plantation of Robinia pseudoacacia.
Impacts of Erratic Snowfall on Apple Orchards in Kashmir Valley, India
Authors: Rashid Irfan , Majeed Ulfat , Aneaus Sheikh , Cánovas Juan Antonio Ballesteros , Stoffel Markus , Najar Nadeem Ahmad , Bhat Imtiyaz Ahmad , Lotus Sonam
Published: November 2020

Kashmir Valley has been witnessing erratic snowfall events in recent autumns which severely impacted apple orchards and harvests. Here, we combine remotely sensed data and field observations to map snowfall distribution and snow depths during the recent snowfall events in November 2018 and November 2019. Besides, we used ERA-5 reanalysis climate datasets to investigate the causes of these erratic snowfall events, pointing to an early arrival of Western Disturbances (WD) to the area. Analysis of these untimely snowfall episodes indicates that snow depths varied from 5–122 cm and 31–152 cm during the 2018 and 2019 snowfall events, respectively. In turn, satellite data analysis reveals that the apple orchards cover roughly 9.8% (1329 km2) of the entire surface of Kashmir Valley, out of which 32.6% were mildly to severely damaged by snow. The areas in South Kashmir suffered the most from the untimely snowfall with an area affected estimated to ~264 km2, followed by North Kashmir (~151 km2) and Central Kashmir (18 km2). The snowfall caused substantial harvest losses in orchards ranging from 4–50% with an average of ~35%. The geopotential analysis from the ERA-5 dataset provides insights into the synoptic weather patterns leading to the snowfall events and point to a trough in the high-troposphere (200 mb), along with a col at lower levels (850 mb) over the Kashmir Valley from November 2–5, 2018. The lower levels (850 mb) experienced intense cyclonic circulation which favored advection of moisture from the Arabian Sea during the November 6–7, 2019, snowfall event. The large economic losses related to early arrival of WD led to a virtual grounding of the horticultural sector in 2018 and 2019. Therefore, more baseline research is critically needed along with a comprehensive evaluation of the suitability of horticulture as an economically viable sector that is being promoted over the Kashmir region, also under climate change.
Location Choice of Overseas High-Level Young Returned Talents in China
Authors: Jiang Haining , Zhang Wenzhong , Duan Jian
Published: November 2020

International talent’s mobility has increased over the last decade, especially in the wake of globalization and knowledge economy. China no longer exclusively shows an asymmetrical flow to developed countries, but it often turns out to be the most desirable destination of brain circulation for some overseas high-level young returned talents. In this context, based on the data obtained from the “Thousand Youth Talents Plan” (2011–2016) publicized by the Central Millennium Plan Office, the methods of the Moran’s I index, the Getis-Ord Gi* index, and the Poisson regression model are adopted in this study to analyze the location choice of overseas high-level young returned talents in China and its driving factors. The spatial configuration shows up that the United States is the most important origin overseas and China’s municipalities or provincial capitals are the most remarkable destinations. Moreover, the analysis reveals the distribution by academic majors is uneven, which may be caused by knowledge priority and legacies of China’s Soviet-style innovation system. The main analysis is extended with the Poisson regression model to estimate the significance of the influence factors. The empirical results show that the factors in order of importance are academic opportunity, urban amenity, and place attachment. Concretely, the most important factors for location choice of overseas high-level young returned talents, namely research and development (R&D) investment, internal convenience and hierarchy level in science and technology (S&T) system, external accessibility, transportation accessibility, university endowment, and health care are the substantial secondary factors, while place-oriented talent agglomeration and prior alumni connection play a minor role.
Automatic Classification System of Arrhythmias Using 12-Lead ECGs with a Deep Neural Network Based on an Attention Mechanism
Authors: Li Dengao , Wu Hang , Zhao Jumin , Tao Ye , Fu Jian
Published: November 2020

Nowadays, a series of social problems caused by cardiovascular diseases are becoming increasingly serious. Accurate and efficient classification of arrhythmias according to an electrocardiogram is of positive significance for improving the health status of people all over the world. In this paper, a new neural network structure based on the most common 12-lead electrocardiograms was proposed to realize the classification of nine arrhythmias, which consists of Inception and GRU (Gated Recurrent Units) primarily. Moreover, a new attention mechanism is added to the model, which makes sense for data symmetry. The average F1 score obtained from three different test sets was over 0.886 and the highest was 0.919. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity obtained from the PhysioNet public database were 0.928, 0.901, and 0.984, respectively. As a whole, this deep neural network performed well in the multi-label classification of 12-lead ECG signals and showed better stability than other methods in the case of more test samples.
Towards a Dynamic Equilibrium-Seeking Model of a Closed Economy
Authors: McDonald Nicola J. , McDonald Garry W.
Published: November 2020

Economics has long been concerned with the development of tools to help understand and describe the interactions among economic actors including the circular flow of economic resources. This paper expands our available toolkit of models, by describing a novel dynamic equilibrium-seeking model of a closed economy. The model retains many of the key features of state-of-the-art Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models including economic interdependence, input substitution, nested production functions, and so on. A distinguishing feature of this model is that it adopts price-related balancing feedback loops that simulate the self-regulating behaviour of a dynamic economic system. Our modelling shows not only equilibrium states (as per conventional CGE models), but the transition path toward an often-changing equilibrium. This facilitates the investigation of out-of-equilibrium dynamics and behaviour adaptation typical of largescale disruption events.
The Bacillus cereus Food Infection as Multifactorial Process
Authors: Jessberger Nadja , Dietrich Richard , Granum Per Einar , Märtlbauer Erwin
Published: November 2020

The ubiquitous soil bacterium Bacillus cereus presents major challenges to food safety. It is responsible for two types of food poisoning, the emetic form due to food intoxication and the diarrheal form emerging from food infections with enteropathogenic strains, also known as toxico-infections, which are the subject of this review. The diarrheal type of food poisoning emerges after production of enterotoxins by viable bacteria in the human intestine. Basically, the manifestation of the disease is, however, the result of a multifactorial process, including B. cereus prevalence and survival in different foods, survival of the stomach passage, spore germination, motility, adhesion, and finally enterotoxin production in the intestine. Moreover, all of these processes are influenced by the consumed foodstuffs as well as the intestinal microbiota which have, therefore, to be considered for a reliable prediction of the hazardous potential of contaminated foods. Current knowledge regarding these single aspects is summarized in this review aiming for risk-oriented diagnostics for enteropathogenic B. cereus.
Immune Reactivity of a 20-mer Peptide Representing the Zika E Glycan Loop Involves the Antigenic Determinants E-152/156/158
Authors: Frumence Etienne , Haddad Juliano G. , Vanwalscappel Bénédicte , Andries Jessica , Decotter Jason , Viranaicken Wildriss , Gadea Gilles , Desprès Philippe
Published: November 2020

Mosquito-borne Zika virus (ZIKV) causes a severe congenital syndrome and neurological disorders in humans. With the aim to develop a live-attenuated ZIKV strain, we generated a chimeric viral clone ZIKALIVax with African MR766-NIID strain as backbone and the envelope E protein of epidemic Brazilian BeH810915 strain. The MR766-NIID residues E-T152/I156/Y158 were introduced into BeH810915 E protein leading to a nonglycosylated ZIKALIVax. Recently, we reported that the residues E-152/156/158 that are part of ZIKV glycan loop (GL) region might have an impact on the availability of neutralizing antibody epitopes on ZIKV surface. In the present study, we evaluated the antigenic reactivity of a synthetic 20-mer peptide representing the ZIKALIVax GL region. The GL-related peptide was effective for the detection of GL-reactive antibody in mouse anti-ZIKALIVax immune serum. We showed that the residue E-158 influences the antigenic reactivity of GL-related peptide. The ZIKALIVax peptide was effective in generating mouse antibodies with reactivity against a recombinant E domain I that encompasses the GL region. The GL peptide-reactive antibodies revealed that antigenic reactivity of E-domain I may be impacted by both residues E-152 and E-156. In conclusion, we proposed a role for the residues E-152/156/158 as key antigenic determinants of ZIKV glycan loop region.
Temporal and Spatial Variations of the Biochemical Composition of Phytoplankton and Potential Food Material (FM) in Jaran Bay, South Korea
Authors: Lee Jae Hyung , Lee Won-Chan , Kim Hyung Chul , Jo Naeun , Kim Kwanwoo , Lee Dabin , Kang Jae Joong , Sim Bo-Ram , Kwon Jae-Il , Lee Sang Heon
Published: November 2020

Food material (FM) derived from biochemical components (e.g., proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates) of phytoplankton can provide important quantitative and qualitative information of the food available to filter-feeding animals. The main objective of this study was to observe the seasonal and spatial variations of the biochemical compositions of phytoplankton and to identify the major controlling factors of FM as a primary food source in Jaran Bay, a large shellfish aquaculture site in South Korea. Based on monthly sampling conducted during 2016, significant monthly variations in the depth-integrated concentrations of major inorganic nutrients and chlorophyll a within the euphotic water column and a predominance (49.9 ± 18.7%) of micro-sized phytoplankton (>20 μm) were observed in Jaran Bay. Carbohydrates were the dominant biochemical component (51.8 ± 8.7%), followed by lipids (27.3 ± 3.8%) and proteins (20.9 ± 7.4%), during the study period. The biochemical compositions and average monthly FM levels (411.7 ± 93.0 mg m−3) in Jaran Bay were not consistent among different bays in the southern coastal region of South Korea, possibly due to differences in controlling factors, such as environmental and biological factors. According to the results from multiple linear regression, the variations in FM could be explained by the relatively large phytoplankton and the P* (PO43− − 1/16 × NO3−) and NH4+ concentrations in Jaran Bay. The macromolecular compositions and FM, as alternatives food source materials, should be monitored in Jaran Bay due to recent changes in nutrient concentrations and phytoplankton communities.
Responses of Winter Wheat Yield to Drought in the North China Plain: Spatial–Temporal Patterns and Climatic Drivers
Authors: Yang Jianhua , Wu Jianjun , Liu Leizhen , Zhou Hongkui , Gong Adu , Han Xinyi , Zhao Wenhui
Published: November 2020

Understanding the winter wheat yield responses to drought are the keys to minimizing drought-related winter wheat yield losses under climate change. The research goal of our study is to explore the response patterns of winter wheat yield to drought in the North China Plain (NCP) and then further to study which climatic factors drive the response patterns. For this purpose, winter wheat yield was simulated by the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) crop model. Drought was quantified by standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI), and the contributions of the various climatic factors were evaluated using predictive discriminant analysis (PDA) method. The results showed that the responses of winter wheat yield to different time-scale droughts have obvious spatial differences from the north part to the south part in the NCP. Winter wheat yield is more sensitive to the medium (6–9 months) and long (9–12 months) time-scale droughts that occurred in the key growth periods (April and May). The different response patterns of winter wheat yield to the different time-scale droughts are mainly controlled by temperature and water balance (precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration) in winter in the NCP. Compared with the water balance, temperature plays a more important role in driving the response pattern characteristics. These findings can provide a reference on how to reduce drought influences on winter wheat yield in the NCP.
A Multiscale Framework for Sustainable Management of Tufa-Forming Watercourses: A Case Study of National Park “Krka”, Croatia
Authors: Šiljeg Ante , Marić Ivan , Cukrov Neven , Domazetović Fran , Roland Vlatko
Published: November 2020

Tufa sedimentary systems are sensitive fluvial landscapes subject to various external disturbances. Tufa landscape degradation reflected in negative hydrological changes and a decrease in the intensity of the tufa formation process have been detected in National Park Krka (Croatia). The main causes were recognized in the uncontrolled spread of invasive vegetation (Ailanthus altissima) and increased anthropogenic influence. Therefore, the Park administration launched the project, Management and Maintenance of Macro-Vegetation at Skradinski Buk (SB)—Development of a Multicriteria Model for Sustainable Management. The methodological framework was divided into three scales of research. The macro-scale research comprised a set of activities aimed at selecting the most suitable test surface within a wider area of the Skradinski Buk (SB) waterfall. The meso-scale research involved mapping the reference and final state of the vegetation and hydrological network after the removal of invasive vegetation and mitigation of negative anthropogenic impact. At the micro-scale, a monitoring system was established to track the quality of the tufa sedimentary system. Special emphasis was placed on the measurement of tufa formation dynamics (TFD) on limestone plates using a new methodological approach based on structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry. Implementation of the proposed multiscale framework resulted in reactivation of tufa-forming watercourses, prevention of invasive vegetation regeneration and achievement of sustainable conditions for the tufa formation process. In reactivated watercourses, the average tufa growth rate was 4.267 mm a−1 (n = 18). Potential users of this framework include local authorities and administrators of protected areas.
Primary Sources and Food Web Structure of a Tropical Wetland with High Density of Mangrove Forest
Authors: Muro-Torres Victor M. , Amezcua Felipe , Soto-Jiménez Martin , Balart Eduardo F. , Serviere-Zaragoza Elisa , Green Lucinda , Rajnohova Jana
Published: November 2020

The trophic ecology of wetlands with mangrove forests remains poorly understood. Through the use of stomach contents analysis, stable isotope signatures, and Bayesian mixing models, the food web of a tropical wetland in the gulf of California was investigated. Consumers had heterogeneous diets, omnivores were the most abundant species (47%), followed by planktivorous (21%), minor piscivores (10%), major piscivores (10%), macrobenthivores (9%), and herbivores (3%). The values of δ13C (from −12 to −29‰) and δ15N (from 4 to 24‰) showed a wide range of isotopic values of the consumers. Most of the species had a broad isotopic niche and there was a large diet overlap of species due to the exploitation of a common set of food resources. Five trophic levels were identified, with the weakfish (Cynoscion xanthulus) as the top predator of this system with detritus coming from the mangrove as the main source that supports the food chain. This highlights the importance of the mangrove forests to such ecosystems, because not only they are the most important primary food source, but also, they offer habitat to a large suite of fauna, which are important components of the trophic chain.
How does Urban Pollution Influence Macroinvertebrate Traits in Forested Riverine Systems?
Authors: Edegbene Augustine O. , Arimoro Francis O. , Odume Oghenekaro N.
Published: November 2020

The influence of urbanization on macroinvertebrate traits was explored in forested rivers in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria. Physico-chemical variables were sampled on a monthly basis alongside macroinvertebrates in 20 sites of 11 rivers spanning 2008–2012. Physico-chemical variables were used to classify the 20 sites into three ecological classes, namely: least impacted sites (LIS), moderately impacted sites (MIS) and highly impacted sites (HIS) using principal component analysis. Our results based on RLQ (R = physico-chemical variables, L = macroinvertebrate taxa and Q = macroinvertebrate traits) and fourth-corner analyses revealed that large body size, grazing and hardshell were positively significantly associated with LIS on the RLQ. They were also either negatively correlated with any two of water temperature, nutrients, BOD5 and flow velocity or positively significantly correlated with increasing DO. Thus, these traits were considered sensitive to urban pollution in forested rivers. Burrowing, predation and pupa aquatic stage, which were positively associated with HIS, were also significantly negatively correlated with increasing DO, and were deemed tolerant of urban pollution in forested rivers. Box plots and a Kruskal–Wallis test revealed that the three sensitive traits were significantly highest at LIS (p < 0.05) except grazing; while the three tolerant traits were significantly highest at MIS (p < 0.05) except burrowing. Overall, this study revealed that urban pollution influences macroinvertebrate traits differently in forested rivers.
Drivability Optimization by Reducing Oscillation of Electric Vehicle Drivetrains
Authors: Koch Andreas , Schulz Ludwig , Jakstas Gabrielius , Falkenstein Jens
Published: November 2020

The drivetrain of electric vehicles differs significantly from vehicles with combustion engines. Current concepts of electric vehicle drivetrains usually have a low damping. Typically, there is no clutch to separate the inertial mass of the electric drive machine from the rest of the vehicle drivetrain. External (road unevenness, potholes, etc.) and internal excitation (torque changes of the electric machine, brake interferences, etc.) cause jerk oscillation and sometimes high component stress. These excitations can be reduced by suitable drivability functions, to which a reference filter can also be assigned. A common approach known from conventional drivetrains is to limit the gradient of the demand torque of the drive machine or the driver′s desired torque in order to influence the torque build-up of the drive machine and to reduce the excitation of jerk oscillations. A second approach is the use of a prefilter. The prefilter uses the inverse dynamics of the drivetrain to influence the demand torque of the drive machine. In this paper, the influence of a prefilter based on the inverse dynamics of electric vehicle drivetrains to reduce oscillations is investigated. In addition, an anti-jerk control enhances the drivability function afterwards. All investigations are made on a hardware-in-the-loop test bench to create reproducible results.
POSTMODERNISM: DESCRIPTIVE PRACTICES OF CULTURAL REFLECTION
Authors: Yatsenko Olena
Published: November 2020

The problem of discreteness and continuity of time and space correlates with the problem of the whole and the general. If ontology is presented as a world of individual things, and metaphysical systems describe the world as a whole, then the philosophy of postmodernism questions and criticizes classical examples of the postulation of integrity. The result of such a worldview disposition is an existential-horizontal vector of goal-setting and expediency as such. The development, or rather, the "habitation" of space in time occurs as its marking - the establishment of marks, leaving traces and cartography. All the monumentality of culture is, thus, a sign-symbolic system that reformats the world in a human-sized format. The temporality of subjectivity is not only an existential tragedy, but also a sacred gift of an essential vision of things and phenomena. Even if in postmodernism this sacredness is legitimized by society and culture, not by the eternity of the universe.
CREATING THE SITUATION OF SUCCESS IN THE HUMAN SCIENCES – A PREREQUISITE FOR THE HUMANIZATION OF EDUCATION
Authors: Sakun Ayta , Kadlubovich Tatiana , Chernyak Darina
Published: November 2020

The problem of success became relevant at the beginning of the XXI century. Everyone strives to succeed, to be confident in themselves and in the future. Success is recognized as one of the needs of the individual. Reforming modern education is designed to make it human-centered, effective, close to the practical needs of the learner. The humanization of education is impossible without creating situations of success in learning. Such situations activate a person's cognitive motivation, reveal his creative potential, make a person strong and confident. To create situations of success, teachers use a variety of methods and tools that enhance the cognitive activity of students.
ANALYSIS OF THE QUALITY OF THE COURT, PROSECUTOR AND LAWYERSWORK ON THE BASIS OF JUDICIAL STATISTICS: STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM OF THE NEED TO IMPROVE THE INTERACTION OF THESE ENTITIES
Authors: Kovalenko Tat’yana S.
Published: November 2020

The purpose of this article is to analyse the quality of the court, prosecutor and lawyers work through the prism of the problems of the indictment of the Russian criminal process. The study is conducted on the basis of judicial statistics of justices of the peace and courts of general jurisdiction in the first, appeal and cassation instances. The author comes to the following conclusion about modern criminal justice: 1) there is a low percentage of acquittals; 2) that maintains the stability of judicial acts of lower courts; 3) the court, prosecutor and lawyers work can control the legality of court decisions through procedural mechanisms enshrined in legislative acts. The author concludes that improving the quality of the court, prosecutor’s and lawyers’ work, as well as the level of protection of human and civil rights and freedoms lies in the plane of improving the status-role parameters of the interactions of the main participants in criminal proceedings. These interactions are determined by the circle of their joint activities legal and procedural status. Thus, we need amend existing legislation.
THE EXPERIENCE OF CREATING THE INSTITUTION OF CONSTITUTIONAL SUPERVISION IN PRE-REVOLUTIONARY RUSSIA: RESULTS AND LESSONS
Authors: Okolotin Vladimir S. , Orlova Svetlana A.
Published: November 2020

The establishment of the institution of constitutional oversight in Russia has a long history. With the adoption of the «Fundamental State Laws» on April 23, 1906 (the first constitution of Russia), the functions of constitutional supervision were assigned to the First Department of the Governing Senate. In this paper, we examined the key decisions of the Governing Senate as a body of constitutional oversight during the Monarchy after the Coup of June 3, 1907; as well as February Revolution; and October Revolution. Our research has shown that at the said critical moments in Russian history, the First
Department of the Senate adopted political decisions that did not comply with the provisions of the «Basic State Laws» on April 23, 1906, and had long-term negative consequences for the history of Russia. This concerned both the publication of the electoral laws of June 3, 1907, and the acts on the abdication of Nicholas II as emperor and on Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich’s refusal of power. In the last ruling, which was held by the Governing Senate on November 23, 1917 as a body of constitutional supervision, the Soviet power was considered to be illegal and criminal. The Senate refused to obey its pending of the convocation of the Constituent Assembly. The decisions of the Governing Senate analysed in the article make it possible to conclude that it is necessary to observe the principle of legality when exercising constitutional supervision.
INFLUENCE OF ULTRASONIC IMPACT ON DIFFUSION PROCESSES DURING HEAT TREATMENT OF THE EXPLOSION WELDED COPPER M1 + ALUMINUM AD1 COMPOSITE
Authors: Shmorgun V. G. , Shmorgun V. G. , Slautin O. V. , Slautin O. V. , Kuzmin E. V. , Kuzmin E. V. , Kulevich V. P. , Kulevich V. P.
Published: November 2020

The effect of ultrasonic action on diffusion processes in an explosion welded copper-aluminum composite during heat treatment has been investigated. It has been established that ultrasonic vibrations lead to intensification of diffusion processes.
ANALYSIS OF CLADDING ALLOYS FOR GAS-ABRASIVE WEAR CONDITIONS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES
Authors: Priyatkin D. V. , Artem'ev A. A. , Lysak V. I. , Loyko P. V.
Published: November 2020

The analysis of the main industrial and experimental types of wear-resistant surfacing alloys is carried out. The influence of the structural-phase composition and hardening phases in the deposited metal on its wear resistance is discussed. It is shown that the optimal ratio of the volume fractions of the plastic matrix and hard phases in the structure of the deposited alloys, which provides high resistance to gas-abrasive wear, largely depends on the angles of attack. The formation of hardening phases in the form of large inclusions of chromium carbides, as well as small high-hardness carbides of niobium, molybdenum and vanadium contributes to an increase in the wear resistance of alloys in a wide range of angles of attack. High ductility and resistance to oxidation of the matrix metal is provided when it is formed on the basis of γ-Fe due to alloying of the alloy with nickel. Alloying the weld metal with large amounts of carbon and boron is not desirable, since it greatly increases the brittleness of the metal, deteriorating its technological properties.
STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE CARBON CONTENT IN STEEL ON THE STRUCTURE AND MICROHARDNESS OF THE SURFACE LAYER AFTER ELECTROMECHANICAL PROCESSING WITH IMPACT
Authors: Dudkina N. G. , Arisova V. N. , Birshbaeva A. E.
Published: November 2020

Experimental data of metallographic and x-ray diffraction studies of the surface layer of various grades of steels subjected to electro-mechanical processing (EMO) with dynamic (shock) application of the deformation force are presented. The influence of the carbon content in steel on the formation of the structure, microhardness and depth of hardening of the surface layer obtained in the field of pulsed temperature-force action is considered.
Justicia espacial, políticas de lo justo e instauraciones transversales
Authors: Rausch Gisela Ariana
Published: November 2020

Con carácter exploratorio y propositivo, el artículo pretende realizar un aporte a los estudios reconocidos dentro de la justicia espacial, abriendo un espacio de reflexión teórico-empírica acerca de las formas y las estrategias que construyen lo justo. Para esto, el trabajo se desarrolla de dos partes: primero, se presentan algunas hipótesis y reflexiones en torno al concepto de justicia y las posibilidades del mismo al colocarlo en relación con la idea de lo común aportada por Pierre Dardot y Christian Laval. Segundo, se operativiza la reflexión teórica, analizando las estrategias llevadas adelante por la Coalición Ríos Vivos, enfocando en aquellos elementos que posibilitan observar las modalidades que va tomando el principio de lo común en una praxis concreta de lucha por lo que se considera justo.
De salvaje a domesticada
Authors: Fernetti Gustavo Osvaldo
Published: November 2020

Rosario (Santa Fe, Argentina) tuvo y tiene, dentro de su planta urbana, espacios de agua que históricamente la caracterizaron. Como muchas otras ciudades, su vínculo con el agua ha sido un desafío histórico durante su trayectoria urbana que se relacionó a grupos, dispositivos y artefactos articulados a esos espacios hídricos. El agua en estado natural y ligada a la tierra, el agua salvaje, es un objeto cuya presencia desde lo urbano mereció particular atención. Dentro de la dialéctica argentina civilización o barbarie y en el caso particular de las aguas salvajes mediante su domesticación, la hipótesis del trabajo consiste en que dicha domesticación se desarrolló como una ideología urbanística articulada –como praxis– a aquel pensamiento político cuyo resultado excede la transformación de los espacios hídricos, afectando a toda la ciudad. El objetivo del trabajo es interpretar esa dicotomía agua salvaje/domesticada a través de las discusiones conceptuales sobre la injusticia espacial, entendida como un conjunto de asimetrías sociales resultantes de la ciudad capitalista.
Transición ecológica y extractivismo de litio en Chile
Authors: Figueroa Sánchez Johans
Published: November 2020

El presente artículo plantea analizar la transición ecológica global y sus implicancias en la escala local de la cuenca del salar de Atacama en Chile. Como punto de partida, se reflexiona en torno a la transición hacia la movilidad eléctrica que articula un proceso de extractivismo de litio que genera degradación ambiental, afectando la disponibilidad hídrica y las formas de relación con la naturaleza del pueblo indígena lickanantay. El artículo se divide en cuatro partes: en la primera, fundamentalmente de revisión documental en torno al nuevo modelo de desarrollo sustentable, analizamos cómo este se articula a un proceso extractivista en países de la periferia del desarrollo. En la segunda, examinamos datos estadísticos para comprender la importancia de Sudamérica como fuente de litio en los flujos económicos de escala global. En tercer lugar, profundizamos en el trabajo de terreno en cuanto a un análisis de discurso de la introducción de nuevos actores y la confrontación de estos a la perspectiva del pueblo lickanantay. Finalmente, proponemos un análisis desde la matriz teórica de la ecología política para indagar la gobernanza hídrica e identificar implicancias del proceso de degradación medioambiental constatadas a partir de los relatos de actores indígenas sobre el proceso de transformación.
Aguas y fronteras: encrucijadas de los territorios
Authors: Kauffer Edith
Published: November 2020

El ensayo invita a reflexionar en torno a las relaciones entre aguas y fronteras desde la perspectiva de los territorios concebidos como yuxtapuestos, en constante transformación e inscritos en tiempos y espacios particulares. Se fundamenta en la polisemia del concepto de fronteras y en un trabajo de campo de más de dos décadas en escenarios fronterizos del sur de México y de Centroamérica. A partir de una serie de ilustraciones de las relaciones, se evidencian las encrucijadas múltiples que surgen en la observación empírica, y cuando se plantea su análisis teórico en dos vertientes.
ANALISIS HUBUNGAN KEBERSYUKURAN DAN WELL BEING PADA KELOMPOK USIA ANAK, REMAJA DAN DEWASA: STUDI META ANALISIS
Authors: Rahmah Hardiyanti
Published: November 2020

Studi ini merupakan sebuah studi meta analisis hubungan antara kebersyukuran dengan well being pada kelompok usia anak, remaja dan dewasa. Studi meta analisis ini menggunakan 24 studi dari 8 artikel jurnal dan 2 disertasi. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data diperoleh nilai korelasi ř = 0,2003 dan ρ = 0,242, serta berada dalam daerah penerimaan interval kepercayaan 95% (-0,263 < ρ < 0,664). Berdasarkan nilai korelasi tersebut, maka hubungan antara kebersyukuran dengan well being tidak selalu berkorelasi positif, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa kemampuan well being pada individu tidak semuanya terbentuk karena variabel kebersyukuran yang tinggi saja, tapi didukung oleh variabel-variabel lain.
INOVASI METODE PEMBELAJARAN FIQIH DI MAN 3 HULU SUNGAI UTARA
Authors: Ramli Mahmud
Published: November 2020

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan, memahami, dan menganalisis bentuk-bentuk inovasi, penguasaan guru terhadap metode pembelajaran dan pengelolaan situasi kelas di MAN 3 HSU. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dimana dalam penelitian ini lebih menekankan makna dan proses dari pada hasil suatu kegiatan. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif deskriptif dengan memperhatikan masalah yang ada dan prosedur kerja yang berlaku. Guru mata pelajaran fiqih di MAN 3 HSU selalu mengadakan inovasi metode pembelajaran fiqih di madrasah tersebut sehingga siswa/I di madrasah tersebut minat yang cukup tinggi dalam mengikuti pembelajaran fiqih. Bentuk inovasi metode pembelajaran fiqih yang dilakukan oleh guru mata pelajaran fiqih di MAN 3 HSU berupa metode ceramah, metode tanya jawab, metode diskusi, metode demonstrasi, dan metode sosio-drama. Guru mata pelajaran fiqih sangat menguasai metode-metode pembelajaran tersebut, baik tentang cara penggunaan, waktu penggunaan, situasi dan kondisi penggunaan metode tersebut.
Evaluation of some chemical disinfectant formulations against Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus species from poultry and poultry environment
Authors: Grillo Adebayo , Olasupo Nurudeen
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Diskol, Iodasteryl and Morigad are disinfectant formulations commonly used in the poultry industry in Nigeria to prevent infections of birds. Aim: The formulations were evaluated for effectiveness in controlling the growth of bacterial isolates from poultry and poultry environment. Materials and Methods: The bacteria were isolated from water, feed, litter materials, and cloacae swabs, and were identified using the Analytical Profile Index kits. The disinfectant evaluation was carried out using the kill kinetics method at 0.5X, 1X and 1.5X the manufacturer’s recommended dilutions. Results: The pseudomonads had percentage occurrence of Pseudomonas putida (25) > P. mendocina (20) > P. aeruginosa (15), P. stutzeri (15), P. fluorescens (15) > P. shigelliodes (10), while the staphylococci had Staphylococcus lentus (78.26) > S. sciuri (13.04) > S. aureus (8.70). Diskol and Morigad recorded 8 log1010 reduction (i.e. 100% kill) at the 3 concentrations against all the Pseudomonas isolates at 10 min contact time but were only able to achieve same at 1X and 1.5X against the staphylococci. At 0.5X, however, both Diskol and Morigad were only able to achieve 8 log10 reduction (100% kill) of all Staphylococcus sp. at 30 min except against S. sciuri SN3 where Diskol achieved same record at 10 min. The best performances of Iodasteryl were less than 100% kill even at 8log 10 reduction against P. putida FaF12, P. mendocina FaW48, P. stutzeri FaM35, and P. shigelliodes FbM36 at 1.5X and 60 min and 7.99log 10 reduction at 1.5X and 60 min against S. lentus SN1, S. lentus SN2, S. sciuri SN3, S. sciuri SN4 and S. aureus SM2. All disinfectants demonstrated increasing activity with increase in time and concentration. Conclusion: The study indicated the potential of the disinfectants in elimination of some bacteria of public health significance thus justifying their use in the control of poultry infections.
HEAVY METALS CONTAMINATION AND HUMAN HEALTH RISK FROM SELECTED FISH IN LAGOS, NIGERIA
Authors: Nnodum Chima Fausta , Yusuf Kafeelah Abosede , Adeniji Comfort Adetutu
Published: November 2020

Abstract: Introduction : Heavy metals are known to cause deleterious effects on human health through food chain. Aims: The study is aimed at assessing heavy metal concentrations in the tissues of four highly consumed fish species and to evaluate the potential health risks associated with their consumption. Materials and Methods: The concentrations of Cu, Cd and Pb were analyzed in the tissues of Titus (Scomber Japonicus), Croaker (Pseudolithus Elongatus), Scumbia (Ilisha Africana) and Shrimps (Pipeus Notialis) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) after digestion of the samples. Results: The results showed that Cd was not detected in the tissues of all fish species. There were variations among Cu and Pb concentrations in the tissues of the fish species. Cu had the highest concentrations (1.00 µg/g) in the tissues of croaker and shrimps respectively while Pb had the lowest concentrations (0.25 µg/g) in the tissues of Scumbia . The levels of all metals in the present study were lower than the limits permitted by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO), European Community Regulation (EU) and European Commission (EC). Assessment of noncarcinogenic health hazard using Target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) indicated no concern from consumption of these fish species. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of the studied metals through fish consumption was below the permissible tolerable daily intake. Conclusion: It can be concluded that there is no potential human health risk from consumption of the selected fish species. Keywords: Heavy metals, Hazard index, Target hazard quotient.
Phytochemical Screening and Biocidal Studies Of Stem Bark Chrysophyllum Albidum (Linn) And Straw Aristolochia Ringens from Nigeria.
Authors: Owolabi Moses
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Medicinal plants play a significant role in the health maintenance in underdeveloped countries, herbs and spices continue serve as a new sources for herbal medicines. Aim: The objective was to investigate phytochemical screening and biocidal activity on stem bark Chrysophyllum albidum (Linn) and straw Aristolochia ringens using chloroform. Methods: Chloroform extracts of C. albidum and A. ringens were obtained and screened for phytochemical constituents. The colour intensity or the precipitate formation was used as analytical responses to these tests. The Antimicrobial activities crude extracts were evaluated against some microorganisms with broth microdilution test. The extracts were screened for in-vitro cytotoxic activity against breast tumour and liver tumour cells. Results: The results of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, steroids, anthraquinone and glycosides. C. albidum and A. ringens chloroform extracts revealed high quantities of alkaloid and flavonoid respectively. While cardiac glycoside and anthraquinone were found with low quantity in C. albidum and A. ringens extracts respectively. C. albidum showed promising bacterial activity against Escherichia coli and cytotoxic activity to liver tumour cells. While A. ringens, showed excellent bacterial activity against Bacillus cereus and good fungal activity against Candida albicans. A. ringens also showed cytotoxic to liver tumour and breast tumour cells. The observed antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects may be due to the antagonist or synergistic effect of the secondary metabolites identified in the extracts. Conclusion: Medicinal plants studied showed good potential biological activities that support the idea that traditional medicines remain useful healthcare in developing countries
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ANAGRAM ORTHOGRPHIC SIMILARITY MEASURES
Authors: Raji-lawal Hanat
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Anagram solving task involves a retrieving process from previously acquired knowledge, this serves as a suitable memory cognition test. Automation of this process can give a very good memory cognitive test tool, the method behind this automation is anagram orthographic similarity measure. Aim: The purpose of this research is to study existing anagram orthographic similarity measures, to deduce their strengths and weaknesses, for further improvement. Materials and Methods: Experiments were carried out on the measures, using real data. Their behaviour on different orthographic string set was observed. Result: Experiment revealed that brute force has a very poor processing time, while sorting and neighbourhood frequency does not have issues with processing time. Conclusion: The research revealed that existing anagram orthographic similarity measures are not suitable for character position verification and evaluation of syllabic complexity which are essential measures of working memory capacity.