bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ebola virus sequesters IRF3 in viral inclusion bodies to evade host antiviral immunity
Authors: Zhu Lin , Jin Jing , Wang Tingting , Hu Yong , Liu Hainan , Gao Ting , Dong Qincai , Jin Yanwen , Li Ping , Liu Zijing , Huang Yi , Liu Xuan , Cao Cheng
Published: January 2024

Viral inclusion bodies (IBs) commonly form during the replication of Ebola virus (EBOV) in infected cells, but their role in viral immune evasion has rarely been explored. Here, we found that interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), but not TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) or IκB kinase epsilon (IKKε), was recruited and sequestered in viral IBs when the cells were infected by EBOV transcription- and replication-competent virus-like particles (trVLPs). Nucleoprotein/virion protein 35 (VP35)-induced IBs formation was critical for IRF3 recruitment and sequestration, probably through interaction with STING. Consequently, the association of TBK1 and IRF3, which plays a vital role in type I interferon (IFN-I) induction, was blocked by EBOV trVLPs infection. Additionally, IRF3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation induced by Sendai virus or poly(I:C) stimulation were suppressed by EBOV trVLPs. Furthermore, downregulation of STING significantly attenuated VP35-induced IRF3 accumulation in IBs. Coexpression of the viral proteins by which IB-like structures formed was much more potent in antagonizing IFN-I than expression of the IFN-I antagonist VP35 alone. These results suggested a novel immune evasion mechanism by which EBOV evades host innate immunity.
osl-dynamics, a toolbox for modeling fast dynamic brain activity
Authors: Gohil Chetan , Huang Rukuang , Roberts Evan , van Es Mats WJ , Quinn Andrew J , Vidaurre Diego , Woolrich Mark W
Published: January 2024

Neural activity contains rich spatiotemporal structure that corresponds to cognition. This includes oscillatory bursting and dynamic activity that span across networks of brain regions, all of which can occur on timescales of tens of milliseconds. While these processes can be accessed through brain recordings and imaging, modeling them presents methodological challenges due to their fast and transient nature. Furthermore, the exact timing and duration of interesting cognitive events are often a priori unknown. Here, we present the OHBA Software Library Dynamics Toolbox (osl-dynamics), a Python-based package that can identify and describe recurrent dynamics in functional neuroimaging data on timescales as fast as tens of milliseconds. At its core are machine learning generative models that are able to adapt to the data and learn the timing, as well as the spatial and spectral characteristics, of brain activity with few assumptions. osl-dynamics incorporates state-of-the-art approaches that can be, and have been, used to elucidate brain dynamics in a wide range of data types, including magneto/electroencephalography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, invasive local field potential recordings, and electrocorticography. It also provides novel summary measures of brain dynamics that can be used to inform our understanding of cognition, behavior, and disease. We hope osl-dynamics will further our understanding of brain function, through its ability to enhance the modeling of fast dynamic processes.
Region of Attainable Redaction, an extension of Ellipse of Insignificance analysis for gauging impacts of data redaction in dichotomous outcome trials
Authors: Grimes David Robert
Published: January 2024

In biomedical science, it is a reality that many published results do not withstand deeper investigation, and there is growing concern over a replicability crisis in science. Recently, Ellipse of Insignificance (EOI) analysis was introduced as a tool to allow researchers to gauge the robustness of reported results in dichotomous outcome design trials, giving precise deterministic values for the degree of miscoding between events and non-events tolerable simultaneously in both control and experimental arms (Grimes, 2022). While this is useful for situations where potential miscoding might transpire, it does not account for situations where apparently significant findings might result from accidental or deliberate data redaction in either the control or experimental arms of an experiment, or from missing data or systematic redaction. To address these scenarios, we introduce Region of Attainable Redaction (ROAR), a tool that extends EOI analysis to account for situations of potential data redaction. This produces a bounded cubic curve rather than an ellipse, and we outline how this can be used to identify potential redaction through an approach analogous to EOI. Applications are illustrated, and source code, including a web-based implementation that performs EOI and ROAR analysis in tandem for dichotomous outcome trials is provided.
Funas: Orden de abstención y censura previa
Authors: Leiva Rabael Antonio
Published: January 2024

El propósito de este ensayo es demostrar que la «orden de abstención» que se determina en los recursos de protección en casos de funas es una limitación válida a la libertad de expresión, debido a que satisface el test de proporcionalidad.
Prácticas reflexivas de los profesores de Educación Básica cuando examinan evidencias de aprendizaje matemático de estudiantes de 1º a 8º básico
Authors:   , Rojas Bastías Daniela Herminia
Published: January 2024

Esta investigación analiza en profundidad las prácticas reflexivas de docentes de matemática de 1º a 8º básico cuando examinan evidencias de aprendizaje de sus estudiantes y determina cómo se relacionan con la calidad de la instrucción de sus clases. Un aspecto relevante en el estudio de las prácticas reflexivas es el contexto laboral en que se encuentran insertos los docentes, en esta investigación se estudia la relación de estos contextos con sus procesos de reflexión. Se plantea un diseño investigativo no experimental y descriptivo constituido por dos estudios: uno de corte cuantitativo y uno de corte cualitativo. En el estudio cuantitativo se caracterizan las dimensiones de las prácticas reflexivas de docentes de matemática de 1º a 8º básico mediante la aplicación de una adaptación de la escala desarrollada por Larrivee (2008) (Salinas et al, 2017) a 70 docentes y se relacionan con sus contextos laborales. En el estudio cualitativo se analizan en profundidad los procesos de reflexión de 6 docentes cuando examinan evidencias de aprendizaje de sus estudiantes que emergen en sus clases de matemática o en las evaluaciones que implementan. Se analiza la gestión de sus clases de matemática usando la pauta de observación Promate, para estudiar la relación entre la calidad de la instrucción y la dimensión de la práctica reflexiva que desarrollan.
Terminología comparada en inglés y español de textos informativos de las vacunas contra el COVID-19
Authors:   , Moreno Guerra Antonia
Published: January 2024

La traducción médica es un área de la traducción especializada muy importante en el contexto de la salud mundial hoy en día. Esto es una realidad sobre todo en el contexto de la pandemia que aún estamos atravesando, donde la mayoría de la población ya está vacunada contra el COVID-19. En este trabajo se analiza la terminología sobre las vacunas contra el COVID-19 presente en el género textual “hoja informativa de vacunas”. Para este propósito se utilizó un corpus paralelo bilingüe inglés-español compilado a partir de las “fact sheet for recipients and caregivers” de la FDA (Food and Drug Administration), la cual se comparó con la terminología de las “fichas informativas” en español del ISP (Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile), para finalmente proponer una primera versión de un glosario explicativo bilingüe inglés-español sobre dichas vacunas. Los términos se extrajeron de forma manual y el análisis presenta los términos de la FDA en inglés, de la FDA en español y del ISP en español en una tabla comparativa. Esta tabla contiene el término, su variante, el contexto y el análisis de los términos. El resultado principal es que la FDA se acercó más al género textual “hoja informativa” y a sus objetivos al utilizar una terminología simplificada y accesible al público destinatario, a diferencia del ISP, el cual utilizó terminología más especializada y técnica del área de la medicina. Esta constatación demuestra que, a pesar de que están lidiando con las mismas convenciones del género en cuanto a estructura, son muy distintas en cuanto al propósito y al lenguaje utilizado.gía, vacunas, hojas informativas.
ACTIVITIES OF A MUNICIPALITY IN THE FIELD OF LOCAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF THE RZESZÓW FUNCTIONAL URBAN AREA
Authors: MUSIAŁ-MALAGO’ Monika , GRZEBYK Mariola
Published: January 2024

This article evaluates the actions of local authorities in the municipalities of the Rzeszów Functional Urban Area (Rzeszów FUA) in terms of development of entrepreneurship potential from 2010 to 2021. First, it describes local economic activity and the labor market; it then introduces the synthetic measure that presents the level of entrepreneurship potential in the municipalities of the Rzeszów FUA. The municipalities are then classified into several groups depending on their levels of entrepreneurship potential. Actions pursued by the authorities of individual municipalities in the field of entrepreneurship development are also analyzed. The research demonstrates that the development of entrepreneurship is very intensive; it also identifies disproportions in the development of entrepreneurship between various municipalities.
A STUDY OF STATE-SOCIETY-CITIZEN RELATIONS: A VOSVIEWER BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS (2000–2023)
Authors: OLIMID Anca Parmena , OLIMID Daniel Alin
Published: January 2024

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to facilitate the understanding of the theoretical and analytical foundations of state-society-citizen relations by addressing the concepts of “social security,” “social behavior,” and “civic engagement” within recent integrative approaches. Methods: The article uses a two-step research method: (a) a conceptual analysis, and (b) a VOSviewer bibliometric analysis using the PubMed database to test applicative-analytical individualizations regarding the three terms and related keywords over the last two decades, as well as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic within the applied social research. Results: The study provides a pluralistic epistemology of conceptual and relational representations, together with the radical transformation of the researched concepts during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions: The study contributes to the multidimensional analysis of the state-society-citizen nexus. It integrates recent implications of social security, social behavior, and civic engagement to facilitate good governance and social integration.
CIVIC PLATFORM’S CONCEPT OF EUROPEAN SECURITY
Authors: SANECKA-TYCZYŃSKA Joanna
Published: January 2024

Recent unprecedented changes in the international arena, such as Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, sparked a political debate over Europe’s security, prompting politicians to diagnose the reality and look for solutions to ensure the security of European states. This paper focuses on the Polish political party Civic Platform, which represents the liberal strain in Polish political thought. The study is concerned with the 21st century, which has brought at least three turning points: (1) the Russian Federation’s questioning of the post-Cold-War order; (2) The compromising of Central and Eastern Europe’s security after Western European politicians proved to be weak-willed, a notable example of which was their “soft” position after the Russian attack on Georgia in 2008; and (3) the emergence of new challenges for Poland, primarily after Russia launched its war against Ukraine.
A PATTERN FOR ASSESSMENT OF THE ECONOMIC SITUATION BY ENTERPRISES IN AN UNSTABLE ENVIRONMENT
Authors: SZCZEPKOWSKA-FLIS Agnieszka , KOZŁOWSKA Anna
Published: January 2024

This article presents the results of a study that aimed to assess whether entrepreneurs have changed their patterns of assessment of the economic situation amid the unprecedented instability and uncertainty in the business environment during the last few years. An econometric analysis was carried out using qualitative indicators from the GUS business cycle survey. We distinguished two periods of analysis: relatively stable (from January 2000 to February 2020) and unstable (from March 2020 to January 2023). Our results show that, regardless of the type of indicator and subperiod of analysis, the phenomenon of inertia was the main factor influencing diagnosis indicators. In all analyzed areas of companies’ activity (general situation, financial situation, production) we noted a change in the pattern of impact of forecast indicators on diagnosis indicators; this was the result of a change in the conditions of the external environment (expectations effect).
Implementation Strategy of ISO 21001:2018-Based Service Quality Management Standards at SMK Telkom Makassar, Indonesia
Authors: Caco Bakri , Gani Hamsu Abdul , Rifdan
Published: January 2024

Introduction One of the essential characteristics of the era of globalization is the high level of competition that covers almost all lifelines, including in the world of science and technology. The development of science and technology is the basis and spearhead of the development of global information that heats the birth of a global culture that impacts changing patterns of human behavior. This study aims to analyze the strategy for implementing ISO 21001:2018-based service quality management standards at SMK Telkom Makassar. This research method uses a qualitative or naturalistic approach because it is carried out in natural conditions. Data analysis using qualitative analysis models; data collection, condensation, presentation, and conclusions. The result is that the implications of the implementation of SM2P2 based on ISO 9001: 2015 at SMK Telkom Makassar with three indicators: education equity, improving the quality of education, and expanding access to education. The conclusion is that efforts to improve the quality of education are closely related to the development of the competence of educators and education personnel, bureaucratic services, and school autonomy through the optimization of School-Based Management, accountability, and school image that can be accounted to the community. Therefore, the supervision factor needs attention as it should be.
Modelling Mortality in Kenya
Authors: Njenga John K. , Kipchirchir Isaac C.
Published: January 2024

This research work seeks to analysis the mortality trend experienced in Kenya over the sample period 1950 to 2021 using a multidimensional modeling framework. Life table functions, namely; life expectancy, survival function and age at death distribution are applied to depict mortality characteristics. Life expectancy and survival rate have significantly improved. There has been a shift in mortality status from a high mortality population, to an intermediate stage and mortality risk factors have increased across age. Mortality concentration curve and index within the Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient framework are used to analyze the lifespan inequality. Lifespan inequality is high with negligible improvements over time. Gompertz force of mortality is then estimated, which is statistically significant at 5% level. Deaths at exact age 25 is about 35 per ten thousand, with the rate death rate increasing by 6.09% per year starting from age 25. Under the assumptions of stable population, where the mortality and fertility functions are independent of time, Malthusian parameter is estimated which is less than zero for selected years. Kenya is a shrinking population and death rate decrease with increase in Malthusian parameter. Finally, to model long-term mortality rate forecast, Lee-Carter model is estimated. The model is statistically significant at 5% level explaining 78.4% of the variations. Expected life expectancy at a given age is projected to increase, with life expectancy at birth in 2030 and 2071 being 65.6 and 70.5 years respectively.
Emerging Food Processing and Preservation Approaches for Nutrition and Health
Authors: Sharma Manisha , Vidhya C. S.  , Sunitha N H  , Sachan Prashun , Singh Barinderjit , Santhosh K.  , Shameena S.
Published: January 2024

This comprehensive review critically evaluates contemporary and emergent food processing and preservation technologies with a primary focus on enhancing nutrition and promoting health. The discourse delves into a spectrum of innovative methodologies, encompassing high pressure processing, pulsed electric field processing, oscillating magnetic field processing, nonthermal plasma, ultrasound processing, and avant-garde thermal technologies. A detailed analysis is provided, shedding light on the manifold impacts of these technologies on diverse facets such as food quality, sensory attributes, nutrient preservation, shelf-life augmentation, and the effective inactivation of pathogens. Furthermore, the document accentuates recent applications that exemplify the successful enhancement of nutritional profiles across a gamut of food products. The review not only scrutinizes the advantages but also delineates the challenges associated with the implementation of these cutting-edge technologies. An insightful exploration of potential future opportunities is incorporated, offering a forward-looking perspective on the evolving landscape of food processing and preservation. By expanding the discourse on these pivotal technologies, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and stakeholders interested in advancing nutrition and health outcomes through state-of-the-art food processing and preservation approaches.
Influence of Covid-19 Social Restriction Measures on Sexual Behaviours and Reproductive Health Outcomes of Young Adults in Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Ezeanya Chiazor Nneamaka , Ogubuike Chigozirim
Published: January 2024

Introduction: The COVID-19 social restriction measures, a strategy to curb the spread of the COVID-19 virus influenced people’s general well-being worldwide especially their sexual health. The study examined the influence of Covid-19 social restriction measures on sexual behaviours and reproductive health outcomes of young adults in Rivers State, Nigeria

Methods: This study is a descriptive online-based cross-sectional design conducted among young adults aged 18-25 years.  A structured questionnaire was designed using Google form and the link shared online for completion via Facebook and WhatsApp group platforms with a request to forward the link to their peers.  The data was subjected to descriptive analysis using SPSS version 22.

Results: More than half 65% of the respondents were female, and 68.7% were between the ages of 21-25 years. The majority 76.3% of the respondents had sexual experience. There was a decrease in satisfaction with sex life (from 65.9% to 47.9%) and decline in condom non-usage (from 39.8% to 45%) before and during the COVID-19 social restriction measures respectively. There was an increase in sexual activities (from 11.9% to 19.4% 2-3 times a week), increase in masturbation (from 12.1% to 31.7%) and in pornography (from 45% to 59.2%) before and during the COVID-19 social restriction measures respectively. About 47.4% were pregnant or impregnated someone and 19.2% of the young adults reported being infected with STI or HIV during the COVID-19 social restriction measures. The young adults experienced difficulties accessing contraceptives and STI management services.

Conclusion: The COVID-19 social restriction measures impacted sexual behaviours, reproductive health outcomes, and the availability, accessibility and utilization sexual and reproductive services by young adult
Profile of Laparoscopic Appendectomy Complications in a Private Hospital in the Northern Region of Brazil, Eastern Amazon
Authors: Santos Fernando Henrique Vasconcelos dos , Dias Ana Caroline Sobrinho , Barbosa Henrique Acácio , Rocha Sara Oliveira , Siqueira Ana Karoline Kalif , Brandão Yasmin Hanna Couto , Omoto Rodrigo Hideki Sousa , Virgolino Rodrigo Rodrigues , Sousa Daniele Salgado de , Cardim Janaína Moraes , Lima Vitor Hugo Auzier
Published: January 2024

Acute appendicitis (AA) is caused by inflammation of the vermiform appendix, with many hypotheses justifying the aetiology of this disease. One of the main aetiologies is obstruction of the appendicular lumen, either by faeces, vegetable seeds, a foreign body or a neoplasm, which increases the luminal pressure of the appendix, with consequent impairment of the vascular supply to the appendicular wall and, therefore, inflammation, necrosis and perforation. Laparoscopic appendectomy is the gold standard surgical procedure currently used for acute appendicitis. It is minimally invasive and has many advantages. Laparoscopic appendectomy has shown a significant advantage over open surgery, as it has the benefit of shorter hospitalisation times, less post-operative pain, a lower rate of complications after surgery and mortality, and lower costs. For this reason, this study aimed to analyse the data obtained on complications associated with laparoscopic appendectomies performed on patients at a private hospital in the northern region between 2020 and 2022. This is an observational, retrospective and descriptive study analysing medical records with a cross-sectional quantitative analysis of the complications of laparoscopic appendectomy. The aim was to describe the main complications in patients undergoing laparoscopic appendectomy and contribute to the scientific framework on the subject.
Phytochemical Screening and In vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Four Cameroonian Medicinal Plant Extracts against Bacterial and Fungal Strains Involved in Skin Lesion Infections
Authors: Herve Bayaga , Estella Tembe Fokunang , Legrand Njinkio Borgia Nono , Bathelemy Ngameni , Charles Fokunang Ntungwen
Published: January 2024

Background: Infections are recurrent in the presence of external skin lesions and significantly complicate the healing process. Plant extracts are used in the management of these complications.

Objective: This study was aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition and the in vitro antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of four Cameroonian medicinal plants.

Methods: Primary and secondary metabolites were sought and quantified in the different aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of these different plants through colorimetric tests and spectrophotometric assays. Determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration by Broth dilution methods were used to test the antimicrobial activity of different extracts of Musa paradisiaca, Ficus exasperata, Dacryodes edulis and Citrullus lanatus against five reference bacterial strains: Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonas aeroginosa; Staphylococcus aureus; Klebsiela pneumonia, Eschericha coli and three fungal isolates: Candida Albicans; Candida parapsilosis; Candida glabrata.

Results: Alkaloids, polyphenols (flavonoids, coumarins, total tannins), carbohydrates and total proteins were present in the different plant extracts with varying levels from one plant to another and from one extract to another. However, the D. edulis extracts had the highest levels overall. All the extracts tested inhibited the visible growth of one of the bacterial or fungal strains used, with MIC values between 1.565 and 25 mg/mL for bacterial strains and equal to 25 mg/mL for fungal isolates. The MIC values obtained with the reference molecules were between 0.015 and 0.0625 µg/mL and 0.0765 and 0.306 µg/mL respectively for Ciprofloxacin and Fluconazole.

Conclusion: This study indicates clear evidence supporting the traditional use of M. paradisiaca, F. exasperata, D. edulis and C. lanatus in treating skin and wound infections related to bacterial and fungal.
Unveiling the Urea Market of the American Continent
Authors: Sinha Mitali , Panigrahy Shakti Ranjan
Published: January 2024

Aims: Growing agricultural production and its subsequent demand for fertiliser is a critical element for any country in its export and import ecosystem. In between this, a lucrative market has always been tried to identify many of the agripreneurs in India.

Study Design: The complete research design work was based on secondary data in which relevant data were gathered from ITC HS Code (310210, 310221, 310230), research bulletins, world bank reports and other relevant websites.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was taken as the mandatory summer training course programme of MBA (Agribusiness) which was guided and carry forward by International Agribusiness Management of Anand Agricultural University and XYZ Company Ltd of Ahmedabad jointly, at the workstation of the later institutes at Ahmedabad itself.

Methodology: South America, North America and Central America are three corner stone of this research work where probable market identification, understanding its agricultural situation and ministry handling its registration process for export of nano urea were done through a conceptualised secondary data collection and analysis process. A total of 22 export market was identified in this study for probable nano urea market for India.

Results: In South America, Uruguay takes the lead with 80.4 percent of its land designated as agriculture while Argentina tops the chart in arable land with 11.9 percent. North America, Mexico stands out with the largest share of agricultural land, comprising 50 percent of its total land area. Venezuela, Chile, Uruguay, and Argentina, impose a 6 percent import tariff, while Brazil (4.8%) opts for a slightly lower than the former. Interestingly, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, and Paraguay have imposed 0% import tariff, indicating a more open approach to urea imports.

Conclusions: Twelve recommended countries include Peru, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, Argentina, Suriname, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Canada, the USA, and Mexico for the export of Nano urea from India.
Electricity Consumption and Economic Growth in Kenya: an ARDL Bound Test Approach
Authors: Njenga John K.
Published: January 2024

The purpose of this study is to analyze the causal relationship that exist between economic growth and electricity consumption in Kenya for the sample period 1990 to 2022 using ARDL bound framework. Technically, it entails determining the existence of a short run dynamics, long-run equilibrium relationship and causal link between the two variables. ARDL bound F-test is used to estimate the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship as well as the short-term dynamics that exists between the variables. At 10% confidence level, the study provides evidence of the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between economic growth and electricity consumption as the calculated F statistics is greater than the upper bound I(1). The Error correction model from the ARDL bound F-test which indicates the short run dynamics, has an error correction term that is negative and significant at 5% level. The error term meets the threshold conditions to agree with the long-run equilibrium relationship established. For a shock in the GDP-energy consumption system, there is a 15.6% rate of adjustment to equilibrium. In the short-run, an increase in electricity consumption by 1% induces an increase in GDP growth by 0.69%. In addition, the diagnostics test shows that ECM model residuals have a constant variance, no correlation and normally distributed. In the long-run, electricity consumption has a positive effect on GDP growth. Granger causality test is used to determine the direction of causal link between the variables. The study provides evidence of unidirectional causal flow from GDP to electricity consumption at 10% confidence level. But there exists no causal flow from electricity consumption to GDP. Kenya is confirmed to fall in the conservation hypothesis. This implies that economic growth plays a critical role in electricity consumption growth rate.
Optimization of Ash and Energy Yields from the Combustion of Flamboyant Pod, Groundnut Shell and Additive (Kaolin) Composite
Authors: Dada Ebenezer O. , Adebayo Blessing A. , Alade Abass O. , Oladosu Kamoru O.
Published: January 2024

Aim: I-optimal design via the Combined Methodology of the design expert software was used to optimize the ash yield from the combustion of a biocomposite mixture of Flamboyant Pod and Groundnut Shell with additive (Kaolin) in a grate furnace.

Study Design: Analysis of Variance, and Artificial Neural Network were used to predict the ash yield from the data generated from the design process, while the coefficient of determination between variables was determined using the Principal Coefficient Analysis. The resulting ash yield was characterized for ash composition using a Scanning Electron microscope.

Place and Duration of Study: Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso. September-December 2020.

Methodology: Proximate analysis was used to determine Moisture Content, Fixed Carbon Content, and Volatile Matter values used to determine the Higher Heating Value of the composite.

Results: The sample with 53wt. % Flamboyant Pod, 37wt. % Groundnut Shell, and 10wt. % kaolin mixture at 825 °C gave the lowest ash yield of 5wt. %. The correlation coefficient (R2) of the model equation developed for ash yield (0.9992) validated the model due to its closeness to 1. The deviation between the experiment and prediction for ash yield indicated 3wt. %. The Higher Heating Value calculated shows that the lowest ash yield composition has a higher heating value of 15.14 and the highest yield mixture has a lower Higher Heating Value of 12.26.

Conclusion: The reduction of ash yield from 56 to 5wt. % (as observed in previous studies shows a greater improvement in ash reduction during the combustion process.
Proses Semiosis pada Desain Kemasan dengan Elemen Storytelling dalam Label Kemasan Jagad Sambel
Authors: Bangun Dwi Agnes Natalia , Maheni Tiyas , Arini Paramita Putri , Pangabean Salwa Arini , Zahirah Dayanah , Kusumaasri Resti Dyah
Published: January 2024

Storytelling pada desain kemasan dapat mempengaruhi keputusan pembelian dan memperkuat brand image sehingga dapat menjadi taktik pemasaran produk. Desain label kemasan Jagad Sambel dirancang dengan penerapan teori semiotika dan menghasilkan desain kemasan ilustratif dengan elemen storytelling. Untuk mengetahui proses semiosis dalam desain kemasan Jagad Sambel dilakukan metode penelitian kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan analisis semiotika model triadik Charles Sanders Peirce. Objek yang diamati adalah desain label kemasan Jagad Sambel varian sambal cumi yang kemudian dilakukan analisis semiotika visual pada logo, ilustrasi, copywriting, dan warna. Adapun tingkat semiotik di mana proses semiosis terjadi dalam desain kemasan Jagad Sambel dapat digambarkan dalam: 1) gambar yang mudah diidentifikasi, penggunan copywriting dalam bahasa Indonesia yang mudah dipahami, dan pengaturan tata letak elemen-elemen desain yang terstruktur; 2) relasi antara ilustrasi, logo, dan copywriting yang mengandung makna pesan berupa brand positioning; 3) penggunaan gaya bahasa sehari-hari dan penggunaan flat illustration dengan warna cerah ilustrasi yang disesuaikan dengan segmentasi target anak muda, dan makna desain kemasan secara keseluruhan yaitu memberi persepsi Jagad Sambel adalah produk sambel pedas untuk anak muda yang dapat memberi keberanian untuk menghadapi tantangan. Penerapan semiotika dalam proses perancangan storytelling pada desain kemasan dapat membantu menciptakan interpretasi yang jelas dan tidak multipersepsi.
Analisis pada Pembuatan Strategi Media Sosial Instagram untuk Meningkatkan Brand Activation pada Brand Freshchubs
Authors: Widyasayogo Gabriella Joseline , Muljosumarto Cindy
Published: January 2024

Instagram merupakan platform media sosial yang tidak hanya untuk membagikan momen, namun juga mulai bergerak untuk bisnis. Hal ini dimanfaatkan oleh brand lokal maupun internasional untuk berlomba-lomba menjual dan mempromosikan brand mereka melalui media sosial Instagram. Banyaknya kompetitor yang ada, sebuah brand harus aktif untuk dapat dikenal dan diingat oleh masyarakat. Tidak hanya diukur dari jumlah pengikut, aktifnya brand juga diukur dengan engagement atau interaksi yang dihasilkan. Penelitian ini akan membahas mengenai strategi apa yang dibuat oleh sebuah brand lokal, Freshchubs, untuk membangun interaksi dengan audiens, namun tetap menyesuaikan dengan identitas brand-nya dan target audiensnya di tengah persaingan brand yang ada. Penelitian ini dilakukan bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa efektif strategi yang dibuat berdasarkan strategi digital marketing.
Polyphenol galangin induces the ROS and ER stress-mediated intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways towards human colon carcinoma HCT-116 cells
Authors: Wang Bo , Fu Xin , Liu Li-Li , Wu Fei-Fei , Zhao Xin-Huai
Published: January 2024

A natural anti-oxidant galangin, a flavonoid compound rich in the root of galangal, has been proved to exert anti-proliferation and apoptosis induction towards various cancer cells. However, its activities and molecular mechanism against colorectal cancer cell lines (e.g. HCT-116) is still unclear. The aim of this study was to reveal the inhibition and apoptosis induction of galangin in the HCT-116 cells. The results of CCK-8 assay demonstrated that galangin at 20-160 μmol/L inhibited the HCT-116 cells growth in a dose-time-dependent manner. Galangin changed cell morphology, arrested cell cycle at G0/G1 phase, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ and induced early apoptosis in the HCT-116 cells. Based on western blotting results, on one hand, galangin at 80-160 μmol/L up-regulated pro-apoptotic proteins expression such as AIF, PIG3, and Bax, and induced mitochondrial pathway by up-regulating the levels of cleaved caspase-8, cleaved caspase-7, cleaved caspase-9 and cleaved caspase-3, as well as cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). On the other hand, galangin also induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the cell via up-regulation of CHOP and DR5 and then activation of caspase cascades. The results illustrated that galangin induced apoptosis towards the HCT-116 cells through the ROS- and ER stress-mediated both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways.

KEYWORDS: galangin; human colon carcinoma cells; apoptotic mechanism; reactive oxygen species; endoplasmic reticulum stress
Ground‐penetrating radar: a modern three‐dimensional prospection method
Authors: Leckebusch Jürg
Published: December 2003

This article gives an overview of the various aspects of ground‐penetrating radar as used in archaeology. After a short overview of the historical development of the technique, the most important physical parameters and principles are explained. This includes relative dielectric constant, conductivity, attenuation, horizontal and vertical resolution, wavelength and footprint. The focus is on data processing and some of the pitfalls involved. Several algorithms from seismic data processing are described, including migration. Stress is laid on the generation of time‐ or depth‐slices as the basis for displaying the data. Using three‐dimensional visualization techniques can enhance this, but interpretation in combination with other data, preferably within a geographical information system, remains the important last step. The advantages of modelling are explained and presented with the range of possible applications. Many the techniques and methods described are subsequently used in four case histories, ranging from a survey on a lake to a three‐dimensional model of a part of a roman town. Finally some thoughts about the future development of the method are presented. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of geophysical techniques for investigating an infilled ditch at Bury Walls hill fort, Shropshire
Authors: Murdie R. E. , Goulty N. R. , White R. H. , Barratt G. , Cassidy N. J. , Gaffney V.
Published: December 2003

Five geophysical survey techniques were used to investigate the infilled section of the outer ditch at the Iron Age hill fort of Bury Walls, Shropshire. The techniques were resistance mapping and four profiling methods: resistivity sounding, ground‐penetrating radar (GPR), P‐wave seismic refraction and S‐wave seismic refraction. The ditch was clearly visible on the resistance map and on GPR profiles, but no depth estimate was obtainable from these surveys. The most successful survey technique was S‐wave seismic refraction, both for determining whether the ditch was present on a profile and for obtaining an estimate of its depth. A key factor for the success of S‐wave seismic refraction profiling was that the ditch had been excavated into the sandstone bedrock. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2,3‐Bis(diarylphosphanyl)‐1,4‐diazadienes: P,P Coordination of PdII, PtII and a Nickelacyclopentanone with Subsequent Formation of Quinoxalines by a Ring‐Closure Reaction at the Periphery
Authors: Walther Dirk , Liesicke Stefan , Fischer Reinald , Görls Helmar , Weston Jennie , Batista Ariadna
Published: December 2003

The solid‐state structures of several 2,3‐bis(phosphanyl)‐1,4‐diazadiene ligands of the general formula RN=C(PPh2)−C(PPh2)=NR (B: R = 4‐tolyl; C: R = 4‐tert‐butylphenyl; D: R = mesityl) were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The ligands B and C are nonplanar and lie between the (E) and the (Z) form (N=C−C=N is 99.5° in B, 94.0° in C, and 128.2° in D). In the presence of air, B is oxidized to its corresponding phosphane oxide. Reaction of D with elemental sulfur yields the corresponding phosphane sulfide. Furthermore, ligand C reacts with [PtCl2(cod)] and [PdCl2(CH3CN)2] to form mononuclear complexes (1 and 2, respectively) in which the two P atoms are bound to the metal center. X‐ray structural analysis showed that in both complexes the 1,4‐diazadiene functionality at the periphery had undergone a ring‐closure reaction with one of the aromatic N‐substituents thus resulting in a quinoxaline ring. The bulkier ligand D reacts with [PdCl2(CH3CN)2] to form the mononuclear complex 3. In the solid state, the two phosphorus atoms are coordinated to the metal center in a five‐membered chelate ring. In contrast to 1 or 2, a cyclohexadiene system is formed as result of a cycloaddition reaction of one aromatic N‐substituent with the 1,4‐diazadiene system. The nickel complex [Ni(tmeda)(C2H4COO)] reacts with D by displacement of tmeda to form a mononuclear complex 4a with P,P coordination. A subsequent ring‐closure reaction (cycloaddition) at the periphery does not occur in 4a. If the ligand is sterically less demanding (B or C), a cycloaddition between the 1,4‐diazadiene system and one aromatic substituent takes place in the nickel complex to form complexes of the type 5 containing a quinoxaline ring. This reaction could be monitored by 31P NMR spectroscopy for ligand C. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Radical Cation and Dication Derived from 4,8‐Diethylbenzo[1,2‐d:4,5‐d′]bis[1,2,3]trithiole [DEBBT]: Change of Electronic State from Singlet‐State Dication DEBBT(2+)‐S to Triplet‐State Dimer 2DEBBT(2+)‐T in D2SO4 and CD3CN Solutions
Authors: Kimura Takeshi , Sasaki Takashi , Yamaki Hiroaki , Suzuki Eiichi , Niizuma Sigeya
Published: December 2003

4,8‐Diethylbenzo[1,2‐d:4,5‐d′]bis[1,2,3]trithiole [DEBBT] was oxidized using concentrated D2SO4, leading to the generation of the radical cation DEBBT(·+) which was verified by ESR spectroscopy. DEBBT(·+) in the solution was further oxidized to produce the dication DEBBT(2+), as determined by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. DEBBT(2+) was also prepared by treating DEBBT 1‐oxide [DEBBT 1‐O] with concentrated D2SO4, and was verified by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The 13C NMR chemical shifts of DEBBT(2+), calculated by the density functional theoretical (DFT) method at the B3LYP6‐31G** level, correlated well with those obtained experimentally. The ESR signal of DEBBT(2+) generated from DEBBT 1‐O was observed in solution, which implies that the singlet‐state dication DEBBT(2+)‐S isomerizes to the triplet‐state dication DEBBT(2+)‐T, and that two molecules of DEBBT(2+)‐T further form a spin pair at one trithiole ring with significant distance between the two radical centers. The oxidation of DEBBT with one or two equivalents of single‐electron oxidizing reagents produced DEBBT(·+) and DEBBT(2+), and the salts were isolated in a stable form. However, the DEBBT(2+) that was prepared by oxidation with NOPF6 proved silent for NMR in CD3CN, while ESR was active. The stability, electronic state, and NMR and ESR spectroscopy of the dication are affected by solvation with D2SO4 and CD3CN. The optimized structures and the total energy of the singlet‐ and triplet‐state dication were calculated using the DFT method at the B3LYP6‐31G** level, which shows that the structures of the singlet‐ and triplet‐state dications have a completely planar form with 1.7 kcal/mol as the total energy difference between them. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Substituted 3,6‐Di(2‐pyridyl)pyridazine Metal‐Coordinating Ligands
Authors: Hoogenboom Richard , Kickelbick Guido , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: December 2003

The synthesis of novel functionalized 3,6‐di(2‐pyridyl)pyridazines via an inverse electron demand Diels−Alder reaction between the corresponding 3,6‐di(2‐pyridyl)‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine and various alkynes is reported. The resulting 3,6‐di(2‐pyridyl)pyridazines were investigated using X‐ray crystallography, IR spectroscopy, and NMR spectroscopy, whereby several 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques were exploited to conclusively assign all proton‐ and carbon‐resonances. In addition, it was demonstrated that the functionalized 3,6‐di(2‐pyridyl)pyridazines are capable of forming [2 × 2] grid‐like metal complexes with copper(I) and silver(I) ions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Synthesis and Antitumor Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Novel Thiazole‐Containing Glycosylated Polyamides
Authors: Kumar Rohtash , Lown J. William
Published: December 2003

Certain thiazole‐containing water‐soluble glycosylated polyamides were synthesized and preliminary anti‐cancer evaluation carried out by NCI against three types of cancer‐cells. Glycosyl moieties were introduced onto the polyamide backbone in order to increase the water‐solubility of the longer polymers. This necessitated the development of novel synthetic methods. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
3,5‐Di‐(tert‐Butyl)‐6‐fluoro‐cycloSal‐d4TMP − A Pronucleotide with a Considerably Improved Masking Group
Authors: Ducho Christian , Wendicke Silke , Görbig Ulf , Balzarini Jan , Meier Chris
Published: December 2003

A new, considerably improved cycloSal masking group has been developed. This new group combines four desirable properties and has been attached to the anti‐HIV drug 2′,3′‐dideoxy‐2′,3′‐didehydrothymidine (d4T, 1) to give 3,5‐(di‐tert‐butyl)‐6‐fluoro‐cycloSal‐d4TMP (2i). This phosphate triester has a reasonable chemical half‐life, highly selectively released d4TMP, has poor − if any − inhibitory effect on butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and achieved the TK‐bypass. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
One‐Pot Synthesis of α‐Amino Phosphonates Using Samarium Diiodide as a Catalyst Precursor
Authors: Xu Fan , Luo Yiqin , Deng Mingyu , Shen Qi
Published: December 2003

A simple and efficient preparation of α‐amino phosphonates under relatively mild conditions by the one‐pot reaction of aldehydes with amines and dialkyl phosphites using catalytic amounts of SmI2 is described. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Simplification in Synthesis
Authors: Bertz Steven H. , Rücker Christoph , Rücker Gerta , Sommer Toby J.
Published: December 2003

Mathematics Applied to Synthetic Analysis (MASA) is a useful addition to Logic and Heuristics Applied to Synthetic Analysis (LHASA), as it can be used to calculate the simplification afforded by alternative disconnections of a target molecule. One‐bond and two‐bond disconnections that are more efficient as far as simplification is concerned than those identified by the LHASA criteria have been found by using MASA. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Three origins of ΦX174 am3 revertants in transgenic cell culture
Authors: Malling Heinrich V. , Delongchamp Robert R. , Valentine Carrie R.
Published: December 2003

Transgenic systems for measuring mammalian mutagenesis often use recoverable viral vectors. We hypothesize that mutations in these transgenic systems can arise from three different origins of DNA damage and replication errors and that these three origins of mutations (in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro) can be differentiated in the ΦX174 am3, cs70 single burst assay (SBA) on the basis of burst size (BS). In vivo mutations are fixed in the animal, ex vivo mutations are fixed in bacterial cells during recovery of the phage, and in vitro revertants arise during the first replications of nonmutant phages under selective conditions. PX‐2 cells, derived from a homozygous embryo of a ΦX174 transgenic mouse, were treated with vehicle or N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea (ENU). An algorithm was developed to estimate the BS that resulted in the highest induced revertant frequency; the estimate was 56. In vivo revertants were defined as having BS >55, ex vivo revertants as having a BS of 13–56, and in vitro revertants as having a BS of <14. The frequencies of in vivo revertants at 0, 100, and 200 mg/kg ENU were 0.06, 0.36, and 4.10 × 10−6 (dose response, P = 0.004); ex vivo revertants were 0.36, 0.46, and 0.41 × 10−6 (P = 0.37), and in vitro revertants were 0.39, 0.46, and 0.41 × 10−6 (P = 0.55), respectively. These results show that only in vivo revertants reflect mutagen treatment. They also provide a basis for identifying ΦX174 am3 revertants induced in vivo and may increase the sensitivity of the assay for in vivo mutation. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 42:258–273, 2003. Published 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in non‐occupationally exposed Koreans
Authors: Yang Mihi , Kim Soyeon , Lee Eunil , Cheong Hae‐Kwan , Chang Seong‐Sil , Kang Daehee , Choi Yunhee , Lee Su‐Man , Jang Jae‐Yeon
Published: December 2003

Urinary 1‐hydroxypyrene (1‐OHP), an exposure biomarker for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), was used to identify potential sources of PAH exposure for 660 Koreans who were not occupationally exposed to PAHs (65% male; 35% female; mean age, 36.5 ± 11.1 years). In this study, 74% of subjects had detectable levels of urinary 1‐OHP, with a concentration range of 0.001–3.796 μg/L (median, 0.079 μg/L). A backward elimination was conducted: five variables were selected with a significance level for removal of P ≤ 0.1. The results of this study showed that residence in areas with relatively poor environmental conditions (Seoul and Suwon) was strongly associated with high concentrations of urinary 1‐OHP (P = 0.007), while consumption of fried chicken and length of time spent outdoors had marginal positive associations with urinary 1‐OHP levels (P = 0.06 and P = 0.09, respectively). Compared with the above three factors, tobacco smoking and urinary cotinine levels were poorly associated with urinary 1‐OHP (P = 0.16 and 0.23, respectively). Pear consumption had an inverse association with urinary 1‐OHP levels (P < 0.01). Individual variations in urinary 1‐OHP concentrations were evaluated by considering the subjects' age, sex, and genetic polymorphisms in enzymes involved in the metabolism of PAHs. Among the individual variations, GSTT1‐present subjects showed higher 1‐OHP levels than GSTT1‐absent subjects in cities having 10‐μm particulate matter (PM10) levels and population density lower than those of Seoul and Suwon (P < 0.05). These epidemiological results suggest that the above factors that should be considered in preventing PAH exposure. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 42:250–257, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.