bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Headache in transgender and gender‐diverse patients: A narrative review
Authors: Hranilovich Jennifer A. , Kaiser Eric A. , Pace Anna , Barber Mark , Ziplow Jason
Published: August 2021

Objective

To summarize the unique aspects of managing headache in gender minorities and current research in this area including the potential relationship between gender‐affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) and headache.

Background

The study of headache in gender minorities is intrinsically important. Gender minorities are medically underserved, and their medical care to date has been limited by socioeconomic disadvantages including stigma and an unsupportive clinical environment. Despite the rising population of transgender and gender‐diverse adults and youth, headache research has also been limited. Knowledge of hormonal effects on headache in cisgender patients raises the question of possible effects of GAHT on transgender patients.

Methods/Results

The manuscript is a narrative review of current best practices in treating transgender patients, including the use of appropriate terminology and ways to create a supportive environment. It also contains current guidelines on GAHT and reviews drug–drug interactions and secondary headache related to hormone therapy. We also review transgender headache research and related research on hormonal effects on headache in cisgender individuals.

Conclusion

Creating a supportive environment for transgender and gender‐diverse patients and being knowledgeable about GAHT are key to providing quality headache care. This review identifies further research needs for this population including the epidemiology of headache disorders in sexual minorities and the potential effects of GAHT on headache disorders in transgender patients.
STOP 301: A Phase 3, open‐label study of safety, tolerability, and exploratory efficacy of INP104, Precision Olfactory Delivery (POD®) of dihydroergotamine mesylate, over 24/52 weeks in acute treatment of migraine attacks in adult patients
Authors: Smith Timothy R. , Winner Paul , Aurora Sheena K. , Jeleva Maria , Hocevar‐Trnka Jasna , Shrewsbury Stephen B.
Published: August 2021

Objective

To report the safety, tolerability, exploratory efficacy, and patient acceptability of INP104 for the acute treatment of migraine from the Phase 3 STOP 301 trial.

Background

Dihydroergotamine (DHE) has long been used to treat migraine, but intravenous administration is invasive, frequently associated with adverse events (AEs), and not suitable for at‐home administration. INP104 is an investigational drug device that delivers DHE mesylate to the upper nasal space using a Precision Olfactory Delivery technology and was developed to overcome the shortcomings of available DHE products.

Methods

STOP 301 was an open‐label, 24‐week safety study, with a 28‐week extension period. After a 28‐day screening period where patients used their “best usual care” to treat migraine attacks, patients were given INP104 (1.45 mg) to self‐administer nasally with self‐recognized attacks. The primary objective of this study was to assess safety and tolerability, with a specific focus on nasal mucosa and olfactory function. Exploratory objectives included efficacy assessments of migraine measures and a patient acceptability questionnaire.

Results

A total of 360 patients entered the 24‐week treatment period, with 354 patients dosing at least once. INP104‐related treatment‐emergent AEs were reported by 36.7% (130/354) of patients, and 6.8% (24/354) discontinued treatment due to AEs over 24 weeks. No new safety signals were observed following delivery to the upper nasal space. Pain freedom, the most bothersome symptom freedom, and pain relief at 2 h post‐INP104 were self‐reported by 38.0% (126/332), 52.1% (173/332), and 66.3% (167/252) of patients, respectively. A low recurrence rate at 24 and 48 h was observed (7.1% [9/126] and 14.3% [18/126], respectively). Most patients found INP104 easy to use and preferred it over their current therapy.

Conclusions

INP104 has the potential to deliver rapid symptom relief, without injection, that is well tolerated and suitable for outpatient use. Results suggest INP104 may be a promising treatment for patients with migraine.
A randomized study of IV prochlorperazine plus diphenhydramine versus IV hydromorphone for migraine‐associated symptoms: A post hoc analysis
Authors: Cohen Fred , Friedman Benjamin W.
Published: August 2021

Objective

We conducted a randomized trial among emergency department patients with migraine to determine the relative impact on migraine‐associated symptoms of hydromorphone, an opioid, versus prochlorperazine, an antidopaminergic antiemetic.

Methods

This was a post hoc analysis of data from a double‐blind study registered at http://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02389829). Patients who met International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition criteria for migraine without aura or for probable migraine without aura were eligible for participation. Participants received either hydromorphone 1 mg IV or prochlorperazine 10 mg IV plus diphenhydramine 25 mg IV and could receive a second dose of the same medication 1 h later if needed. The outcomes were sustained relief of nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia.

Results

A total of 127 patients were enrolled, of whom 63 received prochlorperazine and 64 received hydromorphone. Of 49 patients in the prochlorperazine arm who reported nausea at baseline, 34 (69.4%) reported complete resolution without relapse versus 15/49 (30.6%) in the hydromorphone arm (absolute risk reduction [ARR] = 38.8%, 95% CI: 20.5%–57.0%, p < 0.001). Of 55 patients in the prochlorperazine arm who reported photophobia at baseline, 23 (41.8%) reported complete resolution without relapse versus 13/62 (20.9%) patients treated with hydromorphone (ARR = 20.8%, 95% CI: 4.3%–37.3%, p = 0.014). Of 56 patients in the prochlorperazine arm who reported phonophobia at baseline, 25 (44.6%) reported complete resolution without relapse versus 16/59 (27.1%) in the hydromorphone arm (ARR = 17.5%, 95% CI: 0.3%–34.8%, p = 0.049). For adverse events, three patients in the prochlorperazine arm reported anxiety or restlessness, and nine patients in the hydromorphone arm reported dizziness or weakness.

Conclusions

Prochlorperazine plus diphenhydramine is more efficacious than hydromorphone for the treatment of migraine‐associated symptoms.
Timing and durability of response to erenumab in patients with chronic migraine
Authors: Tepper Stewart J. , Lucas Sylvia , Ashina Messoud , Schwedt Todd J. , Ailani Jessica , Scanlon James , Klatt Jan , Chou Denise E. , Wang Andrea , Paiva da Silva Lima Gabriel
Published: August 2021

Background

Erenumab is a human anti‐calcitonin gene‐related peptide receptor monoclonal antibody approved for migraine prevention. We sought to further assess the temporal patterns of response to erenumab in patients with chronic migraine (CM), specifically the onset and sustainability of monthly migraine day (MMD) response.

Methods

This is a post hoc analysis of a 12‐week, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of erenumab for migraine prevention in patients with CM (≥15 headache days/month, including ≥8 migraine days/month). Onset and sustainability were assessed according to MMD reduction from baseline, with the following response categories: responders (≥50% reduction), partial responders (≥30% and <50%), or nonresponders (<30%).

Results

Among the erenumab 140 mg group (n = 187), 54.0% (101/187) achieved a response at any month during the study with a median time to onset of monthly response of 1 month. This improvement was maintained in most patients with continued treatment. An initial response was achieved at Month 1 by 28.3% (53/187) of patients; 69.8% (37/53) of whom maintained a response at Months 2 and 3. Although many patients responded early, some patients required longer treatment to achieve a response; 79.4% (27/34) of initial partial responders and 21.0% (21/100) of initial nonresponders subsequently achieved a response. Similar findings were observed for the erenumab 70mg group (n = 188).

Conclusion

A majority of erenumab‐treated patients with CM who achieved an initial response at Month 1 sustained this benefit. Many patients responded later with continued treatment. Our data support recommendations to assess outcomes after ≥3 months of preventive treatment with erenumab in CM.
Perceptions of recurrence risk and behavioural changes among first‐ever and recurrent stroke survivors: A qualitative analysis
Authors: Lin Beilei , Zhang Zhenxiang , Guo Yunfei , Wang Wenna , Mei Yongxia , Wang Shanshan , Tong Yao , Shuaib Nazia , Cheung Daphne
Published: August 2021

Background

Among stroke survivors, the risk of stroke recurrence is high, and stroke survivors' perception of the risk of recurrence is crucial to promote healthy behaviours.

Objectives

This study aimed to explore the perceptions of stroke survivors about their risk of recurrence and healthy behavioural modifications.

Design

A qualitative interview study was carried out.

Results

We interviewed 19 stroke survivors from 3 hospitals. Thematic analysis showed that the perceptions of recurrence risk and healthy behavioural changes differed between first‐ever and recurrent stroke survivors. Three themes were generated from the data of first‐ever stroke survivors: indifference to and unawareness of the risk of stroke recurrence, the need for professional information support and different awareness of the importance of different healthy behaviours. For first‐relapse stroke patients: worry but feel powerlessness towards recurrent event, accurate information is still warranted, regret of unhealthy behaviour patterns. For the survivors suffered two or more times recurrences: perceived severity of recurrences, increased psychological care need, incorrect perceptions of healthy behaviour.

Discussion and Conclusion

Stroke survivors with or without recurrence hold different perceptions towards the risk of recurrence and behavioural changes. The need for information related to warning signs, recurrence risk and risk factors remained consistently unmet. The benefits of healthy behaviours could be a double‐edged sword for the prevention of stroke recurrence if the survivors fail to understand these accurately. It is strongly recommended that a specific recurrence risk communication tool and related health education plan be explored on the basis of the number of times patients have experienced stroke recurrence to inform secondary prevention of stroke in the future.

Patient/Public Contribution

The patients were involved in the formulation of interview questions and conduct of this study. No public was involved in this study.
Prediction model for abnormal eating behaviour among hospital nurses: A structural equation modelling approach
Authors: Kim Oksoo , Jung Heeja
Published: August 2021

Background

Nurses are at a high risk of developing abnormal eating behaviour. However, few studies have attempted to identify the factors that influence such behaviour.

Aim

This study identifies factors that can predict abnormal eating behaviour in hospital nurses.

Design

This study adopted a cross‐sectional, descriptive correlational research design.

Methods

A literature review was used to establish a hypothetical model, comprising the eight factors of shift work, job stress, depression, sleep quality, fatigue, coping strategy (active coping and passive coping) and abnormal eating behaviour. A convenience sample of 298 nurses aged less than 45 was recruited from two university hospitals, and structured questionnaire was administered between March and April 2017. The hypothesized model was tested using structural equation modelling.

Results

Sleep quality and passive coping directly affect abnormal eating behaviour, which implies that poor sleep quality and increased passive coping worsens the behaviour. Shift work and depression indirectly affect abnormal eating behaviours.

Conclusion

Nursing managers and health policy makers should adopt strategies such as improving the shift‐work pattern, providing adequate rest time after a night shift and enabling coping strategies by providing educational programs for hospital nurses.
Mutations in the binding site of TNFR1 PLAD reduce homologous interactions but can enhance antagonism of wild‐type TNFR1 activity
Authors: Albogami Sarah , Todd Ian , Negm Ola , Fairclough Lucy C. , Tighe Patrick J.
Published: August 2021

The tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) members contain cysteine‐rich domains (CRD) in their extracellular regions, and the membrane‐distal CRD1 forms homologous interactions in the absence of ligand. The CRD1 is therefore termed a pre‐ligand assembly domain (PLAD). The role of PLAD‐PLAD interactions in the induction of signalling as a consequence of TNF‐TNFR binding led to the development of soluble PLAD domains as antagonists of TNFR activation. In the present study, we generated recombinant wild‐type (WT) PLAD of TNFR1 and mutant forms with single alanine substitutions of amino acid residues thought to be critical for the formation of homologous dimers and/or trimers of PLAD (K19A, T31A, D49A and D52A). These mutated PLADs were compared with WT PLAD as antagonists of TNF‐induced apoptosis or the activation of inflammatory signalling pathways. Unlike WT PLAD, the mutated PLADs showed little or no homologous interactions, confirming the importance of particular amino acids as contact residues in the PLAD binding region. However, as with WT PLAD, the mutated PLADs functioned as antagonists of TNF‐induced TNFR1 activity leading to induction of cell death or NF‐κB signalling. Indeed, some of the mutant PLADs, and K19A PLAD in particular, showed enhanced antagonistic activity compared with WT PLAD. This is consistent with the reduced formation of homologous multimers by these PLAD mutants effectively increasing the concentration of PLAD available to bind and antagonize WT TNFR1 when compared to WT PLAD acting as an antagonist. This may have implications for the development of antagonistic PLADs as therapeutic agents.
Effect of nano‐hydroxyapatite incorporation on fluoride‐releasing ability, penetration, and adaptation of a pit and fissure sealant
Authors: Netalkar Pooja P. , SR Maithreye , YM Karuna , Natarajan Srikant , Gadipelly Thirupathi , Bhat P Devadas , Dasgupta Arup , Lewis Amitha
Published: August 2021

Background

Dental caries is one of the most common multifactorial oral diseases and can be prevented using pit and fissure sealants.

Aim

To evaluate the effect of nano‐hydroxyapatite (nanoHAP) incorporation on fluoride‐releasing ability, penetration, and adaptation of a pit and fissure sealant.

Design

This was an in vitro study with two groups: conventional sealant and nanoHAP‐incorporated sealant. Sealant penetration and adaptation were assessed using stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) (15 and 10 samples per group, respectively). Fluoride release was analyzed using ion‐selective electrode (15 samples per group). The chi‐square test was used to compare penetration and adaptation between the 2 groups, and an independent Student t test was used to compare fluoride release.

Results

The nanoHAP group showed significantly more samples with no bubbles (P = .001) and no debris (P < .001). SEM analysis showed a significantly greater percentage of adequate fissures in the test group (P = .007). The fluoride release was significantly higher in test samples with p values of .001 and .016 on day 1 and day 60, respectively.

Conclusion

The incorporation of nanoHAP into the conventional pit and fissure sealant improved its penetration and adaptation properties along with fluoride release.
Retrospective real‐world comparative effectiveness of ovine forestomach matrix and collagen/ORC in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers
Authors: Bosque Brandon A. , Frampton Christopher , Chaffin Abigail E. , Bohn Gregory A. , Woo Kevin , DeLeonardis Candace , Lepow Brian D. , Melin M. Mark , Madu Tobe , Dowling Shane G. , May Barnaby C. H.
Published: August 2021

The retrospective pragmatic real‐world data (RWD) study compared the healing outcomes of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) treated with either ovine forestomach matrix (OFM) (n = 1150) or collagen/oxidised regenerated cellulose (ORC) (n = 1072) in out‐patient wound care centres. Median time to wound closure was significantly (P = .0015) faster in the OFM group (14.6 ± 0.5 weeks) relative to the collagen/ORC group (16.4 ± 0.7). A sub‐group analysis was performed to understand the relative efficacy in DFUs requiring longer periods of treatment and showed that DFUs treated with OFM healed up to 5.3 weeks faster in these challenging wounds. The percentage of wounds closed at 36 weeks was significantly improved in OFM treated DFUs relative to the collagen/ORC. A Cox proportional hazards analysis showed OFM‐treated wounds had a 18% greater probability of healing versus wounds managed with collagen/ORC, and the probability increased to 21% when the analysis was adjusted for multiple variables. This study represents the first large retrospective RWD analysis comparing OFM and collagen/ORC and supports the clinical efficacy of OFM in the treatment of DFUs.
Clinical and economic outcomes of a multidisciplinary team approach in a lower extremity amputation prevention programme for diabetic foot ulcer care in an Asian population: A case‐control study
Authors: Lo Zhiwen Joseph , Chandrasekar Sadhana , Yong Enming , Hong Qiantai , Zhang Li , Chong Lester Rhan Chaen , Tan Glenn , Chan Yam Meng , Koo Hui Yan , Chew Tiffany , Sani Nur Faezah , Cheong Keet Yeng , Cheng Leighton Ren Qin , Tan Audrey Hui Min , Muthuveerappa Sivakami , Lai Tina Peiting , Goh Cheng Cheng , Ang Gary Y. , Zhu Zhecheng , Hoi Wai Han , Lin Jaime H. X. , Chew Daniel E. K. , Lim Brenda , Yeo Pei Shan , Liew Huiling
Published: August 2021

Present guidelines recommend a multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach to diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) care, but relevant data from Asia are lacking. We aim to evaluate the clinical and economic outcomes of an MDT approach in a lower extremity amputation prevention programme (LEAPP) for DFU care in an Asian population. We performed a case‐control study of 84 patients with DFU between January 2017 and October 2017 (retrospective control) vs 117 patients with DFU between December 2017 and July 2018 (prospective LEAPP cohort). Comparing the clinical outcomes between the retrospective cohort and the LEAPP cohort, there was a significant decrease in mean time from referral to index clinic visit (38.6 vs 9.5 days, P < .001), increase in outpatient podiatry follow‐up (33% vs 76%, P < .001), decrease in 1‐year minor amputation rate (14% vs 3%, P = .007), and decrease in 1‐year major amputation rate (9% vs 3%, P = .05). Simulation of cost avoidance demonstrated an annualised cost avoidance of USD $1.86m (SGD $2.5m) for patients within the LEAPP cohort. In conclusion, similar to the data from Western societies, an MDT approach in an Asian population, via a LEAPP for patients with DFU, demonstrated a significant reduction in minor and major amputation rates, with annualised cost avoidance of USD $1.86m.
Exploring adult critical illness survivors’ experiences of fatigue: A qualitative study
Authors: Bench Suzanne , Czuber‐Dochan Wladyslawa , Shah Akshay , Stayt Louise
Published: August 2021

Aims

To explore adult experiences of fatigue after discharge from an intensive care unit and identify potential management strategies.

Design

An exploratory qualitative study.

Methods

One to one audio‐recorded semi‐structured interviews with 17 adult survivors of critical illness in the United Kingdom, lasting up to 1 h, between September 2019 and January 2020. Anonymised and verbatim‐transcribed interview data underwent a standard process of inductive thematic analysis as described by Braun and Clarke.

Findings

Three themes were identified: fatigue is different for everyone; complex interrelating interactions; and personalised fatigue strategies. Fatigue was described as a distressing symptom, unique to the individual that causes an array of complex, often long‐term interrelating impacts on the survivor and their wider family, made worse by a lack of understanding, empathy and support resources. Support from others, alongside interventions such as exercise, good nutrition, information and alternative therapies are used by survivors with variable degrees of success.

Conclusions

This qualitative study reports peoples’ experiences of fatigue after critical illness. Findings highlight the significant impact it has on people's lives and those of their family and friends.
Predictors of nursing students’ intention to receive COVID‐19 vaccination: A multi‐university study in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alshehry Abdualrahman Saeed , Cruz Jonas Preposi , Alquwez Nahed , Alsharari Abdalkarem F. , Tork Hanan M. M. , Almazan Joseph U. , Alshammari Farhan , Alabdulaziz Hawa , Alsolami Fatmah , Tumala Regie B. , Al Thobaity Abdulellah , Alqahtani Friyal Mubarak , Balay‐Odao Ejercito
Published: August 2021

Aims

This study examined the predictors of student nurses’ intention to vaccinate against COVID‐19. We measured the nursing students’ risk perceptions, anxiety, fears and beliefs on COVID‐19 vaccine; attitudes towards it and vaccine literacy (VL).

Design

This study is a multi‐university study utilizing the quantitative, cross‐sectional and predictive approach.

Methods

Using convenience sampling (n = 1170), we surveyed 10 Saudi universities from November 26, 2020, to December 31, 2020. Forward stepwise multinomial logistic regression was performed in identifying the factors predicting student nurses’ intention to vaccinate against COVID‐19.

Results

The overall mean in the risk perception, anxiety and fear was 9.59 (SD = 2.82, possible range = 1–15), 3.95 (SD = 4.77, possible range = 0–20) and 18.17 (SD = 6.65, possible range = 7–35) respectively. They also reported a mean of 29.90 (SD = 6.56, possible range = 8–40) on COVID‐19 belief. COVID‐19 positive and negative attitudes mean score was 3.64 (SD = 0.92) and 2.72 (SD = 0.90) in a 1–4 range of scores respectively. The functional and interactive‐critical COVID‐19 VL of the students were at moderate levels. More than half of the respondents (55.9%) intended to be vaccinated against COVID‐19, 17.6% did not intend to do so and 26.5% were unsure. High‐risk perceptions, low levels of COVID‐19 anxiety, positive beliefs and attitudes towards COVID‐19 vaccine, and high levels of interactive‐critical COVID‐19 VL were significant predictors of student nurses’ intentions to vaccinate against COVID‐19.

Conclusion

Policymakers could consider the factors identified in this study and why the students did not intend to receive the vaccine in planning a nationwide vaccination program. The colleges of nursing could also utilize the findings in developing educational programs that aim to improve VL and beliefs and attitudes towards COVID‐19 vaccine.
Psychological distress among Chinese patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy: Concordance between patient and family caregiver reports
Authors: Zhao Huihui , Li Xiaojin , Zhou Chunlan , Wu Yanni , Li Wenji , Chen Liling
Published: August 2021

Aims

To examine patient–caregiver concordances about psychological distress among Chinese patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy and identify factors related to concordance among patients and family caregivers.

Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Methods

From October 2019 to June 2020, 137 patient‐caregiver dyads were enrolled. Sociodemographic information, the distress thermometer (including the problem list), the Distress Disclosure Index and the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale were used to collect data. Data were analysed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), kappa statistics, two related samples test, chi‐square tests and/or Fisher's exact tests and binary logistic regression.

Results

Overall, fair agreement was identified between patients’ and caregivers’ reports (intraclass correlation coefficients [ICC] = .528). Patients reported significantly higher psychological distress scores than paired caregiver reports. Lower psychological distress concordance was found among patients with comorbidities (odds ratio [OR], 0.352; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.155–0.798) and lower levels of self‐disclosure (OR, 0.402; 95% CI, 0.186–0.868).

Conclusion

There was relatively low concordance between patients’ reports and caregivers’ perceptions of psychological distress. Family caregivers tended to underestimate patients’ psychological distress. A comorbid condition and lower levels of self‐disclosure contributed to this bias.

Impact

Having an awareness of the incongruence between patient and caregiver may help healthcare providers better interpret caregiver assessments. Healthcare providers should reinforce patient‐caregiver dyadic psychosocial education to improve concordance. More psychological care and substantial emotional support should be provided for Chinese breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy by family caregivers and healthcare providers.
Breast cancer‐related lymphoedema: Risk factors and prediction model
Authors: Martínez‐Jaimez Patricia , Armora Verdú Miriam , Forero Carlos G. , Álvarez Salazar Samantha , Fuster Linares Pilar , Monforte‐Royo Cristina , Masia Jaume
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Aims

To identify the risk factors for lymphoedema following axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) in a European sample and to propose a lymphoedema prediction model for this population.

Design

Predictive retrospective cohort study comparing women who developed lymphoedema in 2 years of undergoing ALND with those who did not developed lymphoedema.

Methods

We reviewed the clinical records of 504 women who, between January 2008 and May 2018, underwent surgery for breast cancer that involved ALND. Logistic regression was used to identify significant risk factors for lymphoedema. The prediction accuracy of the model was assessed by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.

Results

Of the 504 women whose records were analysed, 156 developed lymphoedema. Significant predictors identified in the regression model were level of lymph node dissection, lymph node status, post‐operative complications, body mass index (BMI) and number of lymph nodes extracted. The prediction model showed good sensitivity (80%) in the study population.

Conclusions

The factor contributing most to the risk of lymphoedema was the level of lymph node dissection, and the only patient‐related factor in the prediction model was BMI. The model offers good predictive capacity in this population and it is a simple tool that breast care units could use to assess the risk of lymphoedema following ALND. Nurses with specialist knowledge of lymphoedema have a key role to play in ensuring that women receive holistic and individualized care.

Impact

What problem did the study address? Secondary lymphoedema is one of the main complications in the treatment of breast cancer. What were the main findings? The prediction model included five factors associated with the risk of lymphoedema following ALND. The strongest predictor was the level of lymph node dissection, and the only patient‐related factor was BMI. Where and on whom will the research have an impact? The prediction model offers breast care units a tool for assessing the risk of lymphoedema in women undergoing surgery involving ALND. The results highlight the importance of weight reduction as a preventive measure and support a more conservative surgical approach.
LINC01783 accelerated tongue squamous cell carcinoma progression via inhibiting miR‐199b‐5p
Authors: Hu Ying , Wang Xiaofeng , Li Chong , Jiao Liang , Du Yi
Published: August 2021

Growing studies illustrated that lncRNAs exert critical roles in development and occurrence of tumours including TSCC. In this research, we indicated that LINC01783 was up‐regulated in TSCC cells (SCC1, Cal27, UM1 and SCC4) when compared to NHOK cell. RT‐qPCR analysis indicated that LINC01783 was overexpressed in 22 TSCC cases (73.3%, 22/30) compared with no‐tumour specimens. LINC01783 level was up‐regulated in TSCC specimens when compared to no‐tumour specimens. Ectopic expression of LINC01783 promoted TSCC cell cycle and growth and EMT progression in both TSCC cell SCC1 and Cal27. Overexpression of LINC01783 sponged miR‐199b‐5p in TSCC cell and elevated expression of LINC01783 inhibited miR‐199b‐5p expression. Moreover, we illustrated that miR‐199b‐5p was down‐regulated in TSCC cells and specimen and LINC01783 level was up‐regulated in TSCC specimens when compared to no‐tumour specimens. Elevated expression of LINC01783 promoted TSCC cell growth, cycle and EMT progression by sponging miR‐199b‐5p. These data suggested that LINC01783 functioned as one oncogene and might be one treatment target for TSCC.
Hematopoietic cell kinase enhances osteosarcoma development via the MEK/ERK pathway
Authors: Liu Weibo , Li Teng , Hu Wenhao , Ji Quanbo , Hu Fanqi , Wang Qi , Yang Xiaoqing , Qi Dengbin , Chen Hui , Zhang Xuesong
Published: August 2021

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a sarcoma with high rates of pulmonary metastases and mortality. The mechanisms underlying tumour generation and development in OS are not well‐understood. Haematopoietic cell kinase (HCK), a vital member of the Src family of kinase proteins, plays crucial roles in cancer progression and may act as an anticancer target; however, the mechanism by which HCK enhances OS development remains unexplored. Therefore, we investigated the role of HCK in OS development in vitro and in vivo. Downregulation of HCK attenuated OS cell proliferation, migration and invasion and increased OS cell apoptosis, whereas overexpression of HCK enhanced these processes. Mechanistically, HCK expression enhanced OS tumorigenesis via the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) pathway; HCK upregulation increased the phosphorylation of MEK and ERK and promoted epithelial‐mesenchymal transition, with a reduction in E‐cadherin in vitro. Furthermore, HCK downregulation decreased the tumour volume and weight in mice transplanted with OS cells. In conclusion, HCK plays a crucial role in OS tumorigenesis, progression and metastasis via the MEK/ERK pathway, suggesting that HCK is a potential target for developing treatments for OS.
Effects of a gamma‐secretase inhibitor of notch signalling on transforming growth factor β1‐induced urethral fibrosis
Authors: Huang Shanlong , Fu Delai , Wan Ziyan , Li Min , Li Hecheng , Chong Tie
Published: August 2021

Urethral stricture (US) is a common disorder of the lower urinary tract in men caused by fibrosis. The recurrence rate of US is high; however, there are no effective therapies to prevent or treat urethral fibrosis. The pathogenesis of urethral fibrosis involves myofibroblast activation and excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. The molecular mechanisms underlying this pathological activation are not completely understood. It has been demonstrated that Notch signalling contributes to the development of fibrosis and inflammation. However, whether this contributes to urethral fibrosis remains unclear. In this study, activation of Notch signalling was observed in patients with US. Additionally, it was noted that activation of Notch signalling promoted ECM production and myofibroblast activation in human urethral scar fibroblasts (HUSFs) treated with transforming growth factor (TGF) β1. However, the Notch inhibitor N‐[N‐(3,5‐difluorophenacetyl)‐L‐alanyl]‐S‐phenylglycine t‐butyl ester (DAPT) suppressed activation of Notch signalling as well as proliferation and migration of the TGFβ1‐treated HUSFs. Additionally, DAPT ameliorated TGFβ1‐induced urethral fibrosis in Sprague Dawley rats by suppressing ECM production, myofibroblast activation and the TGFβ signalling pathway. These findings demonstrate that Notch signalling may be a promising and potential target in the prevention or treatment of urethral fibrosis.
Perceived child impairment and the ‘autism epidemic’
Authors: Lundström Sebastian , Taylor Mark , Larsson Henrik , Lichtenstein Paul , Kuja‐Halkola Ralf , Gillberg Christopher
Published: August 2021

Background

The prevalence of diagnosed Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has increased substantially across the world. Much – or even most – prevalence increase seems to reflect changes in diagnostic practice and ascertainment. A key part of ASD assessment is to document that the relevant symptoms are associated with clinical impairment. The aim of the present study is to capitalize on a nationwide longitudinal study spanning 15 consecutive birth year cohorts in order to investigate whether there has been a secular change in how parents perceive the impairment and suffering conferred by autism symptomatology in their children.

Methods

Data came from the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (27,240 individuals), where parents had reported on their child’s ASD symptoms and impairment. Impairment due to ASD symptoms was regressed on an ASD symptom score across time. This was done for five 3‐year birth cohorts (1995–1997, 1998–2000, 2001–2003, 2004–2006, and 2007–2009).

Results

Reported impairment increased with consecutively later birth cohorts. This was evident across all levels of autism symptomatology. At clinically relevant levels of symptomatology, parents of those born 2007–2009 reported a 23% higher degree of impairment as compared with parents of those born in 1995–1997. The relative difference, however, was even greater at levels that previously would have been considered below the diagnostic threshold.

Discussion

The results presented here contribute to the notion of a growing diffuseness in the conceptualization of the ASD diagnosis by adding the element of secular changes in the parental perception of the consequences of ASD symptom expression.
Parapause breakage as a key step for the continuous indoor rearing of Philaenus spumarius
Authors: Morente Marina , Cornara Daniele , Moreno Aránzazu , Fereres Alberto
Published: August 2021

The development of an efficient indoor rearing protocol of Philaenus spumarius is a key step for research on the meadow spittlebug, as it could reduce researchers' dependency on the availability and collection of univoltine individuals in the field. Here, we implemented the rearing protocol previously described by inducing females' parapause breakage before mating. This new step enables the completion of the life cycle of P. spumarius (adult to adult) in 149 days, potentially providing three generations per year under laboratory conditions.
Localization of the proteinase inhibitor activity in the fish cestode Eubothrium rugosum
Authors: Izvekova Galina I. , Frolova Tatyana V. , Izvekov Evgeny I. , Kashinskaya Elena N. , Solovyev Mikhail M.
Published: August 2021

The mechanisms enabling fish tapeworms to avoid proteolytic attacks by digestive enzymes of their fish host have been studied in less detail compared with mammalian cestodes. This study aimed to assess the inhibitory ability towards trypsin and chymotrypsin in Eubothrium rugosum, an intestinal parasite of burbot Lota lota, and establish its localization in the tapeworm. To this end, the worms were treated with Triton X‐100 followed by differential centrifugation to isolate the tegumental brush border membrane. The protease inhibitory abilities of the worms were mostly determined by their excretory/secretory products released into the incubation medium. These inhibitory abilities proved to be linked mainly with the brush border fractions. Notably, the per cent inhibition of both studied digestive enzymes (trypsin and chymotrypsin) hardly depended on the duration of the parasite exposure in the incubation medium, probably due to intermittent glycocalyx renewal. Improved knowledge on functions of the excretory/secretory proteins produced by fish tapeworms may contribute to a better understanding of host–parasite relations and development of new approaches to the treatment and prevention of diseases caused by pathogenic helminths.
Urine creatinine concentration and clinical outcomes in older adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study
Authors: Barzilay Joshua I. , Buzkova Petra , Shlipak Michael G. , Lyles Mary F. , Bansal Nisha , Garimella Pranav S. , Ix Joachim H. , Kizer Jorge R. , Strotmeyer Elsa S. , Djousse Luc , Biggs Mary L. , Siscovick David , Mukamal Kenneth J.
Published: August 2021

Purpose

Loss of muscle mass and strength are associated with long‐term adverse health outcomes in older adults. Urine creatinine concentrations (Ucr; mg/dl) are a measure of muscle tissue mass and turnover. This study assessed the associations of a spot Ucr level with muscle mass and with risk of hospitalization, mortality, and diabetes mellitus in older adults.

Methods

We examined 3424 participants from the Cardiovascular Health Study who provided spot urine samples in 1996–1997 and who were followed through June 2015. All participants underwent baseline measurement of grip strength. In a sub‐cohort, 1331 participants underwent dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans, from which lean muscle mass was derived. Participants were followed for a median of 10 years for hospitalizations and mortality, and 9 years for diabetes mellitus.

Results

In linear regression analysis, a one standard deviation higher Ucr concentration (64.6 mg/dl) was associated with greater grip strength (kg force) β = 0.44 [0.16, 0.72]; p = 0.002) and higher lean muscle mass (kg) (β = 0.43 [0.08, 0.78]; p = 0.02). In Cox regression analyses, each standard deviation greater Ucr concentration was associated with lower rates of hospitalizations (0.94 [95% confidence interval, 0.90, 0.98]; p < 0.001) and lower mortality risk (0.92 [0.88, 0.97]; p < 0.001), while a one standard deviation increase in muscle mass derived from DEXA had no such significant association. Ucr levels were not associated with incident diabetes mellitus risk (0.97 [0.85, 1.11]; p = 0.65).

Conclusion

A higher spot Ucr concentration was favorably associated with muscle mass and strength and with health outcomes in older community‐living adults. The ease of obtaining a spot Ucr makes it an attractive analyte to use for gauging the health of older adults.
Probing the history of ultra‐high temperature metamorphism through rare earth element diffusion in zircon
Authors: Blereau Eleanore , Clark Chris , Kinny Peter D. , Sansom Eleanor , Taylor Richard J. M. , Hand Martin
Published: August 2021

The extent to which solid‐state volume diffusion modifies rare earth element (REE) abundances in accessory minerals during high‐temperature metamorphism governs our ability to link recorded trace‐element compositions to particular thermal events. We model diffusion of REE in zircon under different temperature–time conditions and show that, for both short‐lived (e.g. 1100°C for 1–5 Ma) and more prolonged (e.g. 1050°C for 10–30 Ma or 1000°C for 200 Ma) episodes of ultra‐high‐temperature (UHT) metamorphism, REE diffusion in igneous zircon is sufficiently rapid for REE in a ~50‐μm grain to equilibrate with the new metamorphic mineral assemblage of the host rock. By contrast, unless diffusion is accelerated by recrystallization, the presence of fluids or other processes at temperatures below 900°C zircon will largely retain its original pre‐metamorphic REE abundance pattern, even when the thermal event is long lived (≥100 Ma). Where volume diffusion is dominant, for instance, in the absence of a fluid phase, the sensitivity of REE mobility to temperature can help constrain the temperature–time path of high‐grade metamorphic rocks. Modelling of well‐characterized natural samples from the regional‐scale aureole surrounding the Rogaland Igneous Complex (RIC) in SW Norway shows that variations in REE concentration patterns in zircon indicate a T–t evolution that is consistent with independent P–T–t estimates for regional metamorphism based on phase equilibrium modelling (850–950°C at 7–8 kbar for ~100 Ma). Greater modification of REE abundance patterns in zircons within 2 km of the RIC contact, however, indicates that UHT conditions persisted for ~150 Ma close to the intrusion, with a temperature of ~1100°C for 1–5 Ma at the RIC contact. Thermal modelling suggests that the inferred T–t histories of samples from different distances from the RIC contact are best explained if the complex was emplaced incrementally over 1–5 Ma.
Hind foot drumming: Volumetric micro‐computed tomography investigation of the hind limb musculature of three African mole‐rat species (Bathyergidae)
Authors: Sahd Lauren , Bennett Nigel C. , Kotzé Sanet H.
Published: August 2021

Several species of African mole‐rats use seismic signalling by means of hind foot drumming for communication. The present study aimed to create three‐dimensional reconstructions and compare volumetric measurements of 27 muscles of the hind limb of two drumming (Georychus capensis and Bathyergus suillus) and one non‐drumming (Cryptomys hottentotus natalensis) species of African mole‐rats. Diffusible iodine contrast‐enhanced micro‐computed tomography (diceCT) scans were performed on six specimens per species. Manual segmentation of the scans using VGMAX Studio imaging software allowed for individual muscles to be separated while automatically determining the volume of each muscle. The volume of the individual muscles was expressed as a percentage of the total hind limb volume and statistically compared between species. Subsequently, three‐dimensional reconstructions of these muscles were created. Musculus gracilis anticus had a significantly larger percentage of the total hind limb muscle volume in both drumming species compared to the non‐drumming C. h. natalensis. Furthermore, several hip and knee extensors, namely mm. gluteus superficialis, semimembranosus, gluteofemoralis, rectus femoris and vastus lateralis, had significantly larger muscle volume percentages in the two drumming species (G. capensis and B. suillus) compared to the non‐drumming species. While not statistically significant, G. capensis had larger muscle volume percentages in several key hip and knee extensors compared to B. suillus. Additionally, G capensis had the largest summed percentage of the total hind limb volume in the hip flexor, hip extensor, knee extensor and ankle plantar flexor muscle groups in all the three species. This could be indicative of whole muscle hypertrophy in these muscles due to fast eccentric contractions that occur during hind foot drumming. However, significantly larger muscle volume percentages were observed in the scratch digging B. suillus compared to the other two chisel tooth digging species. Moreover, while not statistically significant, B. suillus had larger muscle volume percentages in several hip extensor and knee flexor muscles compared to G. capensis (except for m. vastus lateralis). These differences could be due to the large relative size of this species but could also be influenced by the scratch digging strategy employed by B. suillus. Therefore, while the action of hind foot drumming seems to influence certain key muscle volumes, digging strategy and body size may also play a role.
Cannabinoids for skin diseases and hair regrowth
Authors: Gupta Aditya K. , Talukder Mesbah
Published: August 2021

The use of cannabis for skin diseases and hair regrowth is at the preliminary stage.

Legalization

Many countries have approved cannabis for medical use; however, four countries Canada, Uruguay, South Africa, and Georgia have legalized it for both medical and recreational purposes.

The endocannabinoid system

The endocannabinoid system may maintain skin homeostasis; two notable endocannabinoids include 2‐Arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG) and N‐arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA).

Routes of administration and pharmacokinetics

Topical cannabinoids can avoid the first‐pass metabolism and reduce respiratory side effects; however, the high hydrophobicity of cannabinoids may hinder percutaneous absorption.

Skin disorders and hair growth

Human clinical studies suggest that cannabinoids may be used in eczema, acne, pruritus, and systemic sclerosis treatment. Cannabidiol (CBD) may enhance hair growth via multiple mechanisms.

Safety

Topical cannabis may cause mild side effects such as pruritus, burning, erythema, and stinging; they are relatively safer than inhalation and oral cannabis. Cannabis use may be associated with allergic symptoms and reduced immune response to live vaccination.

Cannabinoids in practice

Despite growing interest, dermatologists should be cautious prescribing cannabinoids due to insufficient clinical data on both efficacy and safety.
Impacts of different antioxidants sources on semen quality and sperm fertilizing ability of Muscovy ducks under high ambient temperature
Authors: Fouda Sara F. , Khattab Ahmed A.A. , El Basuini Mohammed F.M. , El‐Ratel Ibrahim T.
Published: August 2021

The potentiality of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), D‐Aspartic acids (D‐Asp), Maca or vitamin C, as antioxidant agents, to reduce negative impacts of high ambient temperature on semen quality, oxidative capacity and fertility of Muscovy ducks was investigated. Seventy‐five Muscovy males (34‐wk of age) were distributed randomly into five experimental groups of fifteen ducks each. The first group was fed a basal diet without supplementation and served as a control. The other four groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 400 mg CoQ10, 400 mg D‐Asp, 500 mg Maca and 200 mg vitamin C (ascorbic acid) per kg diet for 17 consecutive weeks under high ambient temperature conditions. The dietary inclusion of antioxidants significantly maintains better semen variables and a higher fertility rate either for fresh or preserved semen. Among the tested antioxidants, the Maca group showed the best status and outperformed the others in terms of motility, viability, sperm cell concentration, intact acrosome and membrane integrity percentages, total proteins, total antioxidants capacity, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), testosterone, and the fertility rate for the fresh semen, as well as, forward motility, SOD and MDA for the preserved semen. The CoQ10 showed similar results to Maca in some measurements. Conversely, the basal diet had the poorest performance in all examined variables. The dietary incorporation of antioxidants (Maca or CoQ10) enhances fresh and preserved semen quantity and quality, as well as the fertility rate of Muscovy males under high ambient temperature conditions.
Habitual caffeine intake affects implant osseointegration: An in vivo study
Authors: Omar Omar , Abuohashish Hatem M. , Alkhamis Taleb , Al‐Qarni Faisal
Published: August 2021

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of habitual caffeine (CAF) intake on stability, bone regeneration, and expression of bone markers at the bone‐implant interface.

Background

Studies show that habitual CAF alters bone health and remodeling. Yet, there is no information regarding CAF effects on osseointegration of bone‐anchored implants.

Methods

Wistar rats were divided into two groups: one received tap drinking water alone (control) and the other received tap water with CAF (300 mg/L). After 12 weeks, their tibiae received screw‐shaped titanium implants. After another 12 weeks, CAF (n = 5) and control (n = 5) animals were sacrificed and the implant stability was evaluated using a removal torque (RTQ) device. Thereafter, the implants were processed for gene expression analysis, and the implantation sites were harvested for histology. Implants with the surrounding bone were dissected en bloc and subjected to micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT).

Results

The results showed that implants in the CAF group had an 87% significant increase in RTQ compared to the control. Further, micro‐CT revealed a higher proportion of mineralized bone filling the implant threads in the CAF group. The molecular analysis indicated higher expression of bone formation (ALP), remodeling (CatK), and vascularization (VEGF) genes in implant‐adherent cells in the CAF group. Histology suggested increased vascularity in the tissue surrounding the implant in the CAF group.

Conclusions

Within the limit of this study, it is concluded that habitual CAF intake conveys a positive, promoting effect on long‐term osseointegration. Clinical studies are worth pursuing to verify this experimental observation.