bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Pilot Interdisciplinary Falls Screening and Educational Event: Perceptions of Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Knecht-Sabres Lisa , Hanke Timothy , Lee Michelle , Wallingford Minetta , Palmisano Lisa , Elliott-Burke Teresa , Huntington-Alfano Kim , Higgins Susanne , Dillon Thomas , Mazan Jennifer
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Falls are the leading cause of death and disability among people 65 years of age and older. Likewise, falls have psychological consequences which often lead to avoidance of activities, fear of falling, and further disabilities. Even though the impact of falls on one’s daily life and independence are substantial, evidence suggests that falls can be prevented by multi-factorial assessments and client-specific interventions. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine (a) perceived knowledge of falls, (b) reported confidence in fall prevention, (c) perceived likelihood of implementing falls screening recommendations, (d) reported fear of falling, and (e) perceived value and satisfaction among community-dwelling older adults who attended an interdisciplinary falls screening and education event. Methods: An interdisciplinary group of professionals from behavioral sciences, family medicine, occupational therapy, optometry, pharmacy, and physical therapy screened 33 community dwelling older adult participants (66-84 years of age) using multi-factorial assessments and discipline-specific screening tools. Individualized recommendations were provided to each participant in verbal and written formats. Participants then completed a questionnaire at the conclusion of the event regarding their perceptions of knowledge gained about falls, confidence in preventing falls, perceived likelihood of implementing fall screening recommendations, fear of falling, and overall feedback regarding the event. Results: The majority of the participants indicated increased perceived knowledge of falls, confidence in preventing falls, and perceived high likelihood of implementing recommendations, along with decreased fear of falling. The majority of the participants also found the event to be valuable (85%), enjoyable (94%), and easy to understand (100%). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that participants found this falls screening event to be valuable and improved their knowledge regarding falls, as well as their confidence in being able to prevent falls. This study highlights the potential value of an interdisciplinary team approach to increase knowledge, enhance prevention, and decrease fear of falling in community dwelling older adults.
Impact of Clinical and Cultural Activities on Personal Growth During International Service-Learning
Authors: Chabot Monique , Mitchell Marina , Stevens-Nafai Elizabeth , Nafai Said
Published: February 2022

Purpose: When healthcare students participate in international service-learning experiences, they are exposed to a culture that is different from their own. This exposure, accomplished through cultural and clinical activities, can help to develop their clinical skills and result in personal growth. However, the individual impact of clinical versus cultural activities on personal growth is poorly understood. This study examines the impact on personal growth of clinical activities and cultural activities during international service-learning in occupational therapy students. Methods: Qualitative interviews using a phenomenological approach were utilized to explore the lived experiences of American occupational therapy students who traveled to Morocco. Responses were coded and analyzed to identify general themes on the impact of different clinical and cultural activities. Qualities of impactful experiences were also identified. Results: Participants identified authentic clinical activities that elicited an emotional response and cultural activities that involved full cultural immersion as being most impactful for their personal growth. Conclusion/Recommendations: To support healthcare students’ personal growth, international service-learning should be designed to include authentic clinical activities that elicit emotion and reflection and opportunities for full immersion into the culture of the country abroad.
Pengembangan Convolutional Neural Network untuk Klasifikasi Ketersediaan Ruang Parkir
Authors: Rahman Sayuti , Dafitri Haida
Published: February 2022

Information on the availability of parking spaces is needed for drivers. Drivers walking around looking for parking spaces have negative impacts, including traffic jams, waste of fuel, increasing pollution and even causing driver panic. Classification of parking spaces properly and quickly becomes a solution to present information on the availability of parking spaces. Based on the technology used, parking space classification usually uses sensors or computer vision. However, computer vision is lower in cost usage because a single camera can classify multiple parking spaces simultaneously. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a popular method in dealing with vision problems. mAlexnet is one of the CNN architectures that has succeeded in classifying parking spaces well, but its accuracy still needs to be improved. A better architecture of mAlexnet needs to be made to improve classification accuracy and speed. In this study, we designed a CNN architecture named ParkingNet. Based on testing using sub-dataset camera B from the CNRPark dataset, ParkingNet is better than mAlexnet, both in terms of accuracy, the number of parameters, and FLOPs. ParkingNet managed to outperform mAlexnet's accuracy by 0.68%. Although not significant, ParkingNet is faster in classification due to the smaller number of parameters and FLOPs. The number of ParkingNet parameters is 4/5 mAlexnet parameters and the number of ParkingNet FLOPs is 2/5 mAlexnet. ParkingNet can be implemented in a smart parking system to classify parking spaces with lower computational costs.
Fisherfolks’ Willingness-to-Pay for the Conservation of Atulayan Bay Marine Protected Area in Sagñay, Camarines Sur, Philippines
Authors:   University of the Philippines Los Banos, dela Vega Joela Mizchelle , Predo Canesio , Florece Leonardo , Sobremisana Marissa
Published: February 2022

The Atulayan Bay is one of the established Marine Protected Areas in the Philippines in 1993 by virtue of Municipal Ordinance No. 93-001. Use of illegal fishing method and declining fish catch were the problems identified in the area. This study estimated the value of the benefits in conserving the marine resources in Atulayan Bay Marine Protected Area in Sagñay. The survey was conducted on February-March 2019 with 110 Atulayan and 225 Nato fisherfolks. The willingness to pay of the fisherfolks was estimated using the contingent valuation method. The parametric (logit regression) and non-parametric (turnbull) estimation were used to calculate for their willingness to pay to conserve the Atulayan Bay MPA. The estimated average willingness to pay per month of fisherfolk for the parametric estimation of Atulayan and Nato were PhP* 91 (US$1.72) and PhP 179 (US$3.39), respectively, and for the non-parametric estimation, PhP 86 (US$1.63) for Atulayan and PhP 27 (US$0.51) for Nato. The significant factors affecting the willingness to pay of Atulayan fisherfolks were income and bid level while for the Nato fisherfolks were age, income and bid level. The estimated willingness to pay values are a useful basis for the possible amount of tax that will be collected monthly from the registered fisherfolks by the municipal office for the conservation of the Atulayan Bay Marine Protected Area.
Ma’naviy tarbiya — psixologik tarbiya asosi sifatida
Authors: Norbekova Barno
Published: February 2022

Maqolada insonning ma’naviyati ham, buyuk tajribalari ham , aslida, oilada qaror topishi, so‘ngra u ijtimoiy ahamiyat kasb etib borishi  yoritilgan bo’lib, ma’naviyat — barcha tarbiyalarning mustahkam ildizi ekanligi to‘g‘risida mulohazalar yuritiladi.
Рақамли иқтисодиётни ривожлантириш омиллари: назария ва амалиёт уйғунлиги
Authors: Астанакулов Олим , Асатуллаев Хуршид
Published: February 2022

Жаҳон иқтисодиётида кузатилган оғир пандемия оқибатлари ва вақтинчалик оммавий касалланишнинг олдини олишга қаратилган турли чекловлар, карантин ҳолатлари дунё мамлакатларини оғир инқирозга учратган бўлса-да, глобал пандемиядан сўнг иқтисодиётни тиклашга қаратилган ўзгача ёндашувдаги таълимот зарурлигини тақозо этди. Дунё бўйича илм ва иқтисодий тафаккурнинг ривожланиши рақамли технологиялар, сунъий интеллектнинг амалда иқтисодий жараёнларда қўлланилиши иқтисодий муносабатларнинг таркибан ўзгаришига олиб келди. Рақамли иқтисодиётнинг кўпчилик мамлакатларда қўлланилиши ҳар бир давлатнинг бугунги кундаги мамлакат иқтисодий тараққиётининг устувор йўналишларидан бири бўлиб қолди. Мақола бугунги кунгача бўлган хорижлик ва маҳаллий иқтисодчи олимлар томонидан рақамли иқтисодиётнинг ривожланиш муаммоларига бағишланган нашр қилинган манбалар ўрганилиб, рақамли иқтисодиётнинг мамлакат учун аҳамияти ҳамда Ўзбекистонда унинг ривожланиш тенденцияларини таҳлил этишга бағишланган.
O‘quvchilarda tasviriy san’at namunalari asosida ijodkorlikni shakllantirishning innovatsion shakl, vosita va metodlari
Authors: Suvonova Kamola
Published: February 2022

Maqolada o‘quvchining  ijodiyligini  rivojlantirishda intellektual o‘yinlar, analitik materiallar , audio-vizual metodlar, interfaol metodlardan foydalanish, ijodkorlikni rivojlantirishda tabiat bilan bevosita muloqot, geometrik hajmlar va shakllarni o‘rganish, turli konstruktorlar va maxsus qurilish sistemalarini qo‘llash asosida boshlang‘ich sinflarda o‘quvchi ijodkorligini shakllantirishda  innovatsion shakl, vosita va metodlar qo‘llash zarurligi haqida fikr yuritiladi.
Жиноят процессида прокурор фаолиятининг процессуал кафолатлари
Authors: Базарова Дилдора
Published: February 2022

Ушбу мақолада жиноят процессида прокурор фаолиятининг процессуал кафолатлари назарий ва амалий , таҳлилий-маълумотлар асосида тадқиқ этилган. Шунингдек, мақолада жиноят процессида прокурор фаолияти процессуал кафолатларининг назарий жиҳатлари бўйича олимларнинг илмий қарашлари атрофлича таҳлил қилинган.
Реабилитация ва қисман реабилитация асослари таҳлили
Authors: Сатторов Алишер
Published: February 2022

Ушбу мақолада шахсни ноқонуний жиноий таъқиб ва айбловдан, ҳуқуқ ва эркинликларини чеклашдан ҳимоя қилишнинг муаммоли масалалари таҳлил этилган. Шунингдек, ноқонуний ёки асоссиз жиноий айблов натижасида етказилган зиённи қоплаш тартиби муҳокама этилган. Қонунчиликни такомиллаштириш юзасидан таклифлар асослантирилган.
Хизмат кўрсатиш корхоналари ривожланишининг қонуниятлари ва хусусиятлари
Authors: Набиева Нилуфар
Published: February 2022

Жаҳон иқтисодиётида хизмат кўрсатиш соҳаси кўп йиллар давомида ўсиш суръатларини сақлаб, энг фаол ривожланмоқда. Иқтисодиётни ривожлантиришнинг технологик асосларини модернизация қилиш, бошқарувнинг янги йўналишларининг пайдо бўлиши хизматлар бозорининг ўсишига бевосита таъсир қилади. Мақолада хизмат кўрсатиш соҳасининг моҳияти ва ривожланиш қонуниятлари кўриб чиқилади.
Ҳуқуқий маданият: муаммонинг ижтимоий-сиёсий омиллари
Authors: Расулов Ҳаким
Published: February 2022

Мақолада ҳуқуқий маданият муаммосининг ижтимоий-сиёсий омилларини сиёсатшунослик фани нуқтаи назаридан таҳлил қилишга эътибор қаратилган. Янги Ўзбекистон сиёсий-ҳуқуқий тизимида ҳуқуқий маданиятни шакллантириш билан боғлиқ жараёнлар тизимли таҳлил қилинган. Миллий манфаатларни ифода этмайдиган қонунларсиз жамиятда сиёсий-ҳуқуқий тизимнинг барқарорлиги, тинчлик ва адолат тaмойилларининг қарор топиши мумкин эмаслигини асослашга ҳаракат қилинган. Шунингдек, Конституция ва қонунлар жамиятда ҳамжиҳатлик ва ўзаро муросани тақозо этадиган ижтимоий мувозанатнинг таъминланишида ҳуқуқий асос эканлиги, қонун устуворлигига асосланган ҳуқуқий маданият жамиятнинг ижтимоий-сиёсий ташкил этилиши билан ҳам боғлиқ ҳодиса эканлигини тизимли ўрганишга эътибор берилган.
Теоретические взгляды и комплексные исследования в изучении узбекской кухни и питательной культуры
Authors: Файзуллаева Мавлюда
Published: February 2022

Статья посвящена изучению узбекской традиционной кухни и культуры питания, в частности исторической и научной литературы, при полном освещении традиционной кухни, питания и изменений в кухне Сурхандарьинской области.
Историческое значение проводимых исследований ученых археологов на территории Согда
Authors: Маҳмудова Азизахон
Published: February 2022

В статье рассматриваются исследования древнего Согда, обозначение региона в различных источниках и их представление в научных исследованиях, процесс становления Самарканда как города, торговых путей. А также ряд предположений и гипотез об этимологии слова Самарканд. Анализ их открытия и роли в процессе урбанизации.
Роль родителей в подготовке молодежи к семейной жизни
Authors: Komilova Aziza
Published: February 2022

Ushbu maqolada oilaviy hayotga  kattalarni  va  yoshlarni  o‘rgatish, ularda  sog‘lom munosabatlar psixologiyasini shakllantirish, ota-onadagi madaniyat, ma’naviyat, iste’dod, mas’uliyatning  o‘g‘il-qizlarda  namoyon bo‘lishi,  bolalardagi o‘zgarish,  intilish,  qiziqish  ota-ona   tomonidan  nazorat qilinishi, oilada bola shaxsini  shakllantirish, ularni oilaviy hayotga tayyorlash bo‘yicha ma’lumotlar berilgan.
Scientific and methodological bases of professional training of future chemistry teachers
Authors: Kamolova Nargiza
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this article is to study the knowledge of teachers in the field of chemical and technological science. Using new learning modules, new principles of computational chemistry for chemistry teachers are explored.
Oliy ta'lim muasassalarida azotli organik birikmalar mavzularini differensial yondashuv asosida o'qitish
Authors: Movlonova Sohiba
Published: February 2022

Maqolaning dolzarbligi Oliy ta'lim muasassalaridagi talabalarga kimyo fanining azotli organik birikmalar mavzularini turli xildagi metodlar yordamida talabalarga tushuntirish va samarali yondashuv olib borish haqida so'z boradi.
Important aspects of innovative formation of student citizens in the higher education system
Authors: Muratov Xabibulla
Published: February 2022

In the higher education system, the formation of innovative civic activity of students determines their views on the perception of objective reality. The problem of preparing a teacher for innovation can be described as a system that includes several interrelated and functional components subordinated to specific tasks. Innovative training of a future teacher is his theoretical, practical, psychological and physiological level of assimilation of the whole essence of pedagogical innovation in the context of continuing education. As a result of the development of the pedagogical system, such training contributes to ensuring the integrity of theory and practice. This fosters a conscious attitude to learning and the development of creative activity, helps students to form common knowledge and skills in certain disciplines and general activities. It is important that innovation and the introduction of advanced pedagogical technologies creates the necessary legal technologies. Which are considered as priorities.
Бухоро – Россия муносабатларига доир баъзи мулоҳазалар
Authors: Холикулов Ахмаджон
Published: February 2022

Бухоро хонлиги XVII асрда ҳам Шарқнинг қудратли давлатларидан бири бўлиб, Россия, Афғонистон, Ҳиндистон, Эрон, Хитой, Туркия каби ўнлаб мамлакатлар билан савдо-сотиқ алоқалари олиб борган. Буюк Ипак йулида жойлашган Бухоро, Самарқанд, Хива каби шаҳарларда инсоният маданиятининг ноёб дурдоналари яратилган. Бухоронинг қулай сиёсий ва географик ўрни уни Ўрта Осиёнинг марказига айлантирган ҳамда Осиё ва Европа қитъасидаги кўпгина халқларнинг ўзаро савдо ва маданий алоқалари шу тупроқ орқали олиб борилган.
Ушбу мақолада манбалар, ўша даврда яшаб, тарихий жараёнларни ўрганишда бевосита иштирок этган рус сайёҳлари, элчилар, ҳарбийлар, амалдорларнинг хотиралари ва илмий адабиётлар асосида Бухоро хонлигининг XVII асрдаги Россия билан ташқи сиёсий алоқалари, ўзаро элчилик алмашинувлари, элчиларни расмий қабул қилиш маросимлари ёритиб берилган.
Abdulla Avloniyning ma’naviy-axloqiy ta’limoti
Authors: Egamberdiyeva Turg’unoy , Mansurova Munira
Published: February 2022

Mazkur maqolada o‘zbek pedagogikasining “otasi” va mamlakatimizda birinchilardan bo‘lib professor unvoniga sazovor bo‘lgan , jadidchilik harakati yetakchisi Abdulla Avloniyning ma’naviy-ma’rifiy g‘oyalari, ma’naviy-axloqiy ta’limotlari yoritilgan.
Геоахборот технологиялари асосида автомобиль йўллари карталарини яратиш ва давлат кадастрини юритиш
Authors: Инамов Азиз , Эргашев Мухаммадюсуф , Назирқулова Муаззам , Сайдазимов Носиржон
Published: February 2022

Ушбу мақолада замонавий ГАТ технологияларининг соҳаларга қўлланилиши, график дастурлар асосида, электрон карталар тузиш, космосуратлардан фойдаланиш ва интеграциялаш, уч ўлчамли моделлар яратиш каби масалалар келтирилган. Автомобиль йўллари давлат кадастрини юритишга асос бўлувчи Ўзбекистон Республикаси ҳукуматининг фармон ва қарорлари, унинг ижроси, юритилиш ва тақдим этиш тартиби ҳамда таркиби, қўлланиладиган техника ва технологиялар, инновацион усулларда тадқиқ этиш методологияси, масофадан зондлаш материалларидан фойдаланиб лойиҳалаш, геомаълумотлар базасини шакллантириш каби муаммоли масалаларнинг ечими ва таклифлар мазкур мақолада ёритилган.
Правовое регулирование дисциплинарной ответственности работника
Authors: Шоисломова Ситора , Бурханходжаева Хуршида
Published: February 2022

В данной статье, рассматриваются характеристики и понятия «дисциплина труда», «дисциплинарный проступок», «дисциплинарная ответственность». Рассмотрены их основные признаки и особенности, а также виды мер дисциплинарных взысканий, применяемых в Трудовом Кодексе Республики Узбекистан. Проведен анализ законодательства некоторых зарубежных стран в области их трудового законодательства. Также изучена правоприменительная практика к дисциплинарной ответственности к Трудовому Кодексу Узбекистана. А именно, в области правоприменительной практики и положениям к возможным санкциям со стороны работодателя. Рассматривается, также положения о возможных дисциплинарных случаях и процедурах привлечения работника к ответственности по Трудовому Кодексу Республики Узбекистан. Также изучены предложения о возможной необходимости внесения изменений и дополнений в действующее законодательство в области дисциплинарной ответственности работника.
Формирование трансверсальных компетенций – приоритетная задача преподавателей высшей школы
Authors: Мухидова Олима
Published: February 2022

В статье рассматриваются ключевые компетенции, необходимые для современного профессионала.  И его обучения на протяжении всей жизни, что даст быть способным, и стать профессионалом в условиях цифровизации и глобализации современной экономики. Также особое внимание, уделяется формированию у студентов трансверсальных навыков.
Янги Ўзбекистонда ёшларга оид давлат сиёсати динамикаси
Authors: Хакимов Дилмурод
Published: February 2022

Ёшлар фуқаролик жамияти ривожланиши учун фаол ҳаракатлантирувчи субъект ҳисобланади. Ишга жойлаштириш, ёшлар бандлиги – бу давлат аҳамиятига молик масала, чунки айнан ёшлар мамлакат кадрлар салоҳиятини ташкил қилади. Ёшлар муаммосини ўрганиш  давлат ижтимоий-иқтисодий сиёсатининг долзарб ва узоқ муддатли вазифаси ҳисобланади. Бугунги кунда инсон салоҳиятининг рақобатбардошлигини ошириш кўп жиҳатдан ёшлар меҳнатидан фойдаланиш соҳасидаги миллий стратегияга боғлиқдир. Меҳнат бозоридаги ёшлар аҳволини баҳолаш зарурати ёшлар  бу мамлакат келажаги эканлиги ва бутун жамиятнинг истиқболдаги ривожланиши улар фаолиятининг бошланғич шароитларига боғлиқлиги билан белгиланади. Бугунги ёшлар кўп жиҳатдан жамиятдаги сиёсий, иқтисодий ва ижтимоий жараёнларга таъсир кўрсатади.  Жамият  ва ёшлар  ўртасидаги ҳамкорликнинг йўқлиги ижтимоий инқирозларга олиб келади. Шунинг учун ушбу мавзуни ўрганиш ва таҳлил қилиш орқали ижтимоий инқирозларнинг олдини олишга имконият яратилади.
Ислом бухгалтерия ҳисоби модели: ижтимоий ва ахлоқий жиҳатлар
Authors: Астанакулов Олим , Батирова Нилуфар
Published: February 2022

Мақолада ислом молиявий институтлари учун бухгалтерлик ҳисоби ва аудит бўйича ташкилот томонидан қабул қилинган Ахлоқ кодекси ҳақида  сўз боради. Алоҳида эътибор манфаатлар тўқнашуви билан боғлиқ қарорлар қабул қилишда бухгалтерлар амал қиладиган “маслаҳат” принципига қаратилган. Шунингдек, ижтимоий жавобгарлик, ҳисобдорлик ва ахборотни ошкор қилишга доир қарашлар ислом бухгалтерия ҳисоби томонидан кўриб чиқилган. Ушбу мақолада бухгалтерия ҳисобининг ижтимоий аҳамияти, унинг ажралмас қисми бўлган ахлоқ ҳамда ҳисоб принциплари ва амалиётига маънавий соҳанинг таъсири масалаларига алоҳида эътибор қаратилган. Бухгалтерия ҳисоби ривожланишининг ижтимоий, ахлоқий ва маънавий жиҳатлари ислом бухгалтерия ҳисоби модели мисолида кўриб чиқилган. Ҳозирги даврда мазкур модел диний омилнинг кучли таъсири остида шаклланган ва ривожланаётган моделдир. Ислом жамиятида бухгалтерия ҳисоби назарияси, асосан, ислом қонун-қоидаларига таянади, лекин у шариатга зид бўлмаган бошқа принципларга ҳам асосланиши мумкин.
Тилни ўрганиш жараёнида луғат билан ишлаш маданияти борасида
Authors: Назиржонова Зебогул , Кучкарова Озодахон
Published: February 2022

Ушбу мақолада ҳозирги замон ўқитувчиси мулоқот маданиятини шакллантиришнинг нутқ таъсирчанлигини ошириш услублари, талаблари, мулоқот таъсирчанлигини оширишга қаратилган илмий мулоҳазалар мазмуни келтирилган. Мақолада ўқитувчи нутқ таъсирчанлигини оширишнинг илмий талабларидан фойдаланиш,  ўрганувчиларда тилни ўрганиш жараёнида учрайдиган айрим қийинчиликлар, айниқса, нофилологик йўналишдаги талабаларга касбий терминологияларни ўргатиш ва уларга луғат билан ишлашнинг самарали йўлларини кўрсатиб беришдан иборат ва луғат билан ишлаш жараёнида нофилологик йўналишдаги талабаларни қизиқарли замонавий усуллардан фойдаланган ҳолда ўзларининг эгаллаган касбларига оид атамаларнинг аҳамиятлари ҳақида фикр билдирган. Луғат билан ишлашнинг асосий мақсади нофилологик йўналишдаги талабаларнинг оғзаки нутқини ривожланитиришга қаратилган. Берилган мавзулар асосида нофилологик йўналишдаги талабалар янги сўз ва иборалар билан танишадилар. Шунингдек, луғат билан ишлаш чет тилида тўғри талаффуз кўникмаларини шакллантиришга ҳам катта ёрдам беради. Бундан ташқари, мақолада луғат билан ишлаш механизми ёритиб берилган. Дарс жараёнида ўқувчилар билиш фаолиятини бошқариш бир неча омилларга боғлиқ. Демак, олимлар таъкидлаганидек, фақат қизиқишгина психик жараёнда уларнинг диққат, хотира, тафаккур ва ирода функцияларига ижобий таъсир кўрсатади.
O’quvchilarda zararli odatlarni oldini olishda bo’sh vaqtlarini tashkil etish omillari
Authors: Abdulazizova Nilufar
Published: February 2022

Ushbu maqolada o’quvchilarning kundalik faoliyatlari, kun tartibi va bo’sh vaqtlarini to’g’ri tashkillashtirish, o’quvchilardagi zararli odatlarning oldini olish, musiqa, rassomlik, adabiyot, teatr va san’atning boshqa turlari bilan shug’ullanish, o’quvchilar bo’sh vaqtlarini  mazmunli tashkil etish  omillari bayon etilgan.
“Alvido, bolalik!” Qissasida “Yetim bola” obrazining poetik talqini
Authors: Norbaboyeva Matluba
Published: February 2022

Ushbu maqola “Alvido bolalik…” qissasida “Yetim bola” obrazi badiiy masalasini o‘rganish va talqin etish haqidadir. Ijtimoiy yetim bolalar taqdiriga bog‘liq muammolarni aniqlash, yetimlar uchun qayg‘urish va ularga moddiy va ma’naviy ko‘mak ko‘rsatish masalalarini yoritish ushbu maqola mazmunidan joy olgan.
Бўлажак ўқитувчиларда фаол фуқаролик компетенциясини мустаҳкамлашга қаратилган педагогик жараённи ривожлантириш омиллари
Authors: Асадуллаева Наргиза
Published: February 2022

Ушбу мақолада бўлажак ўқитувчиларнинг ижтимоий фаоллиги, жамият ижтимоий-сиёсий ҳаётидаги ўрни, давлатимизнинг ёшларга оид сиёсати, ёшларнинг мамлакатимизда амалга оширилаётган туб ислоҳотлардаги иштироки атрофлича ёритилган.
Жиноят ишлари юритувида гумон қилинувчига нисбатан қамоққа олиш тарзидаги эҳтиёт чорасини қўллаш
Authors: Мавланов Камолиддин
Published: February 2022

Ушбу мақолада жиноят содир этганликда гумон қилинаётган шахснинг ҳуқуқ ва қонуний манфаатларини ҳимоя қилиш, бир қатор ривожланган хорижий мамлакатлар жиноят-процессуал қонунчилигида гумон қилинувчи ҳуқуқларининг таъминланганлиги, айбсизлик презумпцияси, қамоққа олиш тарзидаги эҳтиёт чораси, гумон қилинувчига нисбатан эҳтиёт чораларини қўллаш, қамоққа олиш тарзидаги эҳтиёт чорасини қўллашда суд томонидан инобатга олиниши лозим бўлган ҳолатлар таҳлил қилинган.
How pragmatic skills can help improve student's conversational skills
Authors: Sadikov Erkin
Published: February 2022

In the Republic of Uzbekistan, as part of the training of school teachers, as well as teachers of a higher level of education, they could teach four language skills - listening, reading, writing and speaking - as separate subjects. Today, it is observed that these four skills are inseparable, usually they overlap. These possibilities flow into and out of each other.
Further, the article focuses on four main problems that students may face when activating their conversational skills. First of all, the student identifies and describes the problems in detail, and then can offer possible recommendations that can guide students to their goals.
«Искандар» ҳиссадорлик савдо-саноат ширкати фонди – пахтачилик тарихига оид ҳужжатли манба
Authors: Мирзаев Авазбек
Published: February 2022

Мақолада Россия империяси даврида Қўқон шаҳрида ташкил этилган «Искандар» ҳиссадорлик савдо-саноат ширкати фаолиятига доир бошқарма йиғилишлари баённомалари, докладлар режалари ва пахтачилик тўғрисидаги маълумотлар бирламчи манбалар ва илмий адабиётлар ёрдамида таҳлил қилинган.
The main methodologic notions: subjective and objective factors
Authors: Komilov Oybek , Ahmedov Azimjon
Published: February 2022

In this article, various teaching methods are analyzed. Extensive use of various methodologies will help to achieve widespread success in training. For this reason, this article presents the main methodological aspects, such as general style, flexible or student center and cooperative style.
Спорт соҳасидаги шартномавий муносабатларни фуқаролик-ҳуқуқий жиҳатдан тартибга солишни такомиллаштириш
Authors: Етмишбоев Мухторжон
Published: February 2022

Ушбу мақолада спорт соҳасидаги муносабатлар ҳамда фуқаролик-ҳуқуқий жихатдан уни тартибга солиш чоралари ёритилган. Cпорт бўйича агент – спортчи номидан ва унинг манфаатлари учун шартнома асосида фаолият кўрсатадиган, тузилган шартномалар шартларига ва спортчининг ҳуқуқларига риоя этилишини кузатиб борадиган шахс ҳисобланади. Спорт соҳасидаги шартномавий муносабатларни фуқаролик-ҳуқуқий тартибга солишга комплекс илмий ёндашув талаб этилади.
Проектирование как стадии творчества
Authors: Мансуров Яшнар
Published: February 2022

Статья посвящена вопросам творческого подхода в решении формирования, совершенствования и сохранении идеи художественного образа в архитектуре и дизайна зданий, сооружений и ландшафта на на всех стадиях проектирования.
The concept of development of the labor protection management system in small business in Uzbekistan
Authors: Atabaev Kakhramon , Atabaeva Mamura , Petrosova Larisa
Published: February 2022

This article discusses the issues of safety and labor protection in the field of small business. With the help of statistical, theoretical and practical analysis, the essence of the OSH management system at enterprises is revealed, and in particular the ambiguity of its application for small businesses. The article presents a comparative analysis of the OSH management system in its standard understanding and the possibility of integrating outsourcing into it. Based on the research carried out, a concept is proposed on the need to adjust the OSH management system. On the basis of corrective action, the integration of external management of labor protection for small businesses.
Давлат бошқаруви органларида кадрлар салоҳиятини такомиллаштириш
Authors: Исмоилов Шуҳрат
Published: February 2022

Мазкур мақолада давлат хизматчиларининг меҳнатини тартибга солиш хусусиятлари ва давлат бошқаруви органларида кадрлар салоҳиятини такомиллаштириш масалалари таҳлил этилган. Давлат хизмати, давлат сиёсий хизмати, давлат фуқаролик хизмати, давлат махсус хизмати каби янги тушунчаларнинг тавсифи очиб берилган.
Шартномавий ДХШлар ҳақидаги таълимотлар ва уларни таснифлашдаги илмий ёндашувлар
Authors: Жаббаров Аҳмад
Published: February 2022

Ушбу мақоладаги кенг таъриф турли йўллар билан тавсифланиши мумкин бўлган бир қатор шартнома турларини ўз ичига олади. ДХШнинг стандарт, халқаро миқёсда қабул қилинган ягона таърифи мавжуд эмас ва турли юрисдикциялар ўхшаш лойиҳаларни тавсифлаш учун турли номенклатуралардан фойдаланадилар. Ушбу мақолада қўлланиладиган ДХШ таърифи остида ДХШ шартномалари турлари қатори батафсилроқ тавсифланган ва ДХШларни тавсифлаш учун глобал миқёсда қўлланиладиган баъзи кенг тарқалган терминология тавсифланишига алоҳида эътибор қаратилган.
Янги тараққиёт даврида иқтисодий тафаккур ва иқтисодий маданият диалектикаси
Authors: Асрақулова Адиба
Published: February 2022

Ушбу мақолада шахс  иқтисодий  маданиятига  унинг  иқтисод  соҳасидаги маълумоти  ва  тафаккури, эҳтиёжлари ҳамда  шу  йўналишдаги ижодий фаолиятини фалсафий тадқиқ этилган. Шунингдек ёшларнинг иқтисодий маданиятида муҳим ўринни иқтисодий тафаккур эгаллайди, бу иқтисодий ҳодисалар ва жараёнларнинг моҳиятини билишга, ўрганилган иқтисодий тушунчаларни тўғри ишлатишга ва аниқ иқтисодий вазиятларни таҳлил қилиш ҳақида айрим мулоҳазалар берилган.
Boshlang’ich ta’limda shakllanadigan kompetensiyalar mazmuni
Authors: Qo'chqarova Maxmuda
Published: February 2022

Ushbu maqolada boshlang‘ich sinflarda matematikadan milliy o‘quv dasturini amaliyotga joriy etishning ilmiy-metodik asoslari haqida mulohazalar suningdek, Resbublka ta`lim inspeksiyasi tomonidan milliy o`quv dasturi loyihasi muhokamasi haqida so`z yurutamiz.
Сопоставление грамматических свойств в английском и каракалпакском языках в области письменной речи
Authors: Ходжаниязова Умида
Published: February 2022

В статье поднимается вопрос о сходствах и различиях ключевых характеристик интерферирующего влияния в области грамматических систем каракалпакского и английского языков. В методике обучения английскому языку важно выявить те различия, которые имеются между изучаемым и родным языком учащихся, поскольку именно они являются причиной межъязыковой интерференции. Автор обращается к сопоставлению грамматических свойств ряда частей речи в английском и каракалпакском языках с точки зрения явления интерференции и транспозиции речевых навыков в области письменной речи. Сопоставительный анализ письменной речи каракалпакского и английского языков позволил выявить
Abduvali Qutbiddin she’riyatiga talqiniy yondashuv
Authors: Niyozmatov Elnur
Published: February 2022

Ushbu maqolada O’zbek adabiyotida o’ziga xos o’rin tutgan iste’dodli shoir Abduvali Qutbiddin she’riyati haqida so’z yuritiladi. Shoir she’rlarini  o’qish hamda anglash, tuyg’ularini htis qilish, tahlil qilsh masalalariga to’xtalib o’tiladi.  Muallif ijodkorning ayrim she’rlarining ma’no-mazmuniga, uslubi, badiiy san’atlardan unumli foydalanilishi hamda boshqa shoirlar ijodidan farqli va o’xshash jihatlariga e’tibor qaratgan.
Актуальные вопросы международного сотрудничества в сфере противодействия компьютерным преступлениям
Authors: Собирова Нозимахон
Published: February 2022

В статье анализируется современное состояние международного законодательного в сфере обеспечения информационной безопасности и практики борьбы с киберпреступлениями. Автором отмечается, что в последнее время приняты наряду с общеобязательными международными актами по вопросам кибербезопасности, также приняты региональные документы.  Сравнительный анализ норм международного и регионального законодательства позволяет сделать вывод о необходимости выработки единой международной стратегии борьбы с киберпреступностью и унификации национальных законодательств в области уголовно-правового регулирования отношений в сфере информационных технологий и обеспечения информационной безопасности.
WRITING MULTIFACETED AND PLURAL IDENTITY (FRANCO-IRANIAN) AND THE CONCEPT OF WOMEN'S LIBERATION IN" MARX AND THE DOLL'' OF MARYAM MADJIDI
Authors: EL ENANY Racha Mohamed Hassan
Published: February 2022

It is nice to open up to other culture but it is unfortunate that we are uprooted from our cuture.Maryam Madjidi, Iranian writer, she had to leave iran, her home with her family to live in France, to escape from tyranny that prevailed at this time. Maryam the child, suffered from isolation and living in a strange country using different langage and culture of the Iranian culture and in a struggle between multiple ideas, she has to be forced to live with more than one identity. To forget her pain, Maryam find in writing the only way to be free. Our work is based on two parts. To study this novel "Marx And The Doll" , we focus through this study on the impact of internal conflict and plural identity and writing multifaceted with the writer. Also we care about highlighting on some sustainable development axes about women's liberation and reclaiming her rights to explain the different customs and traditions towards women in Iran from the period of Iranian revolution.‎
Molecular Characterization of Antibiotic Resistant Genes among Gram Negative Clinical Isolates
Authors: Ramachandran Devasena Umai , Sudharsan Meenambiga Setti
Published: February 2022

Increasing antibiotic resistance is a threat worldwide. Deep studies have to be done for correct and appropriate usage of antibiotics for treating infections efficiently and to curtail the spread of resistance. Hence, this study is aimed at understanding the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes among 35 gram-negative bacterial isolates. By performing biochemical tests, the isolates were identified to be Escherichia coli (n = 15), Klebsiella oxytoca (n = 3), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 5), Proteus mirabilis (n = 4), Proteus vulgaris (n = 1) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 7). Antibiotic susceptibility tests showed that most E. coli isolates were resistant to ampicillin, levofloxacin and cefazolin. Ampicillin resistance was found in all of Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis isolates. All Proteus mirabilis isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and co-trimoxazole. Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed maximum resistance to gentamycin and tobramycin. All 35 isolates were sensitive to amikacin, imipenem and meropenem. Polymerase Chain Reaction showed that AmpC and SHV genes were predominant in E. coli and Klebsiella species respectively. Among Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, IntI gene was more prevailing.  NDM1 gene was not detected in any of the isolates. This study also showed the prevalence of isolates resistant to multiple drugs due to the co-existence of resistant genes. Therefore, control of spread of infections, routine study in this field and proper guidelines for prescribing antibiotics is very necessary.

HIGHLIGHTS

This study is aimed at understanding the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes among 35 gram-negative bacterial isolates

A considerable number of isolates had antibiotic resistance genes and some isolates showed resistance to multiple drugs due to the co-existence of resistant genes

Infections caused by bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics are difficult to treat and may sometimes lead to death

Regular study and proper use of antibiotics is essential to curtail the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Regular

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Insights into Binding Affinity of Flavonoid Compounds from Thai Herbs against 2009 H1N1 Hemagglutinin
Authors: Innok Wansiri , Rungrotmongkol Thanyada , Kongsune Panita
Published: February 2022

Outbreak of influenza virus is one of serious concerns for public health. Hemagglutinin (HA), a spike-shaped glycoprotein on the viral surface, plays an important role during the early stage of influenza infection. In the present work, a set of flavonoids were screened against 2009 H1N1 HA by computational chemistry techniques. Among 35 flavonoids, the docking results showed that the epicatechin gallate (ECG) and puerarin exhibited a good binding affinity towards 2009 H1N1 HA. These 2 compounds were then studied by all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The predicted binding free energy of the H1-puerarin complex (–25.86 ± 2.92 kcal/mol) was slightly greater than that of H1-ECG (–22.81 ± 2.19 kcal/mol), suggesting that the puerarin and ECG could provide similar binding affinity towards 2009 H1 HA target. However, the stronger electrostatic energy contribution of ~10 kcal/mol was found in the puerarin binding to 2009 H1N1 HA. This molecular information of ligand-protein interaction could be helpful in further drug design and development for influenza treatment.

HIGHLIGHTS

The 35 flavonoid bioactive compounds were screened against 2009 H1N1 HA by molecular docking

The epicatechin gallate (ECG) and puerarin exhibited a good binding affinity and were then studied by all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations

The predicted binding free energy revealed that the puerarin and ECG could provide similar binding affinity towards 2009 H1 HA target

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Study of Noise Annoyance and Vibration of Constructal Designed Window Air Conditioner
Authors: Ebenezer Selva Pandian , Pramanck Achintya Kumar , Ramachandran KP , Krishnan Pradeep Kumar
Published: February 2022

Industrial, residential and commercial noise levels are to be maintained for acoustic comfort living conditions. Sound annoyance is a sensation of discontentment linked with any driving force from machines or a circumstance. It is certain that, noise can harm human hearing capacity and brain neuron cells. Novelty of this study was the design of window air conditioner with modified heat exchanger coils with phase change material and water were used as refrigerants. Noise and vibration assessment of the constructal designed window air conditioner (CDWAC) and normal window air conditioner (NWAC) with the conventional vapor compression system was carried out. The noise levels, daily exposure noise level, noise criteria levels of the developed window air conditioner was found to be satisfactory according to the British Standard 4142 and noise at work regulations 1789.

The noise criteria for the CDWAC with phase change material and water exhibited a better performance around 50 dB whereas the NWAC with vapor compression system was around 60 dB.

For normal window AC the RMS value is about 0.62 and constructal window AC is about 0.38. peak amplitude was observed as 0.346 m/s2 in the CDWAC whereas it was about 0.512 m/s2 for NWAC compressor. The amplitude of vibration is very nominal in between 2 to 2.5 s in CDWAC and the peak variation is same as in 1.5 s. Results reveal that the noise and vibration performance of the construction designed window air conditioner was better than the NWAC.

HIGHLIGHTS

The design of constructal window air conditioner was an attempt to minimize one of the disorders or imperfections in the system that is the noise level created by the air conditioner during its operation

Noise and vibration analysis of constructal designed window air conditioner was studied in comparison with the normal window air conditioner

Vibration analysis was carried out through the experimental investigation

Time domain analysis and spectral analysis of both the air conditioners were performed and the curves were plotted for better understanding of the performances of both the air conditioners in connection with vibration during operation

In sum, it is found that constructal law based design of window air conditioner performs better than the normal window air conditioner

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with bilateral cryptorchidism and its laparoscopic treatment
Authors: Padilla-Piña J , López Chente-Casado J , García-Vásquez A.R. , García de León-Gomez J. M. , Arriaga-Aguilar J , Zárate-Morales A. , Gerardo-Osuna I. , García-Díaz M. , García-Martínez F. E.
Published: February 2022

Undescended testis is an entity that should be identified from birth. Even when associated with other malformations, it requires a specialized and multidisciplinary approach. Its association with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is unusual, with a broad spectrum of presentations according to the testicular dysfunction that presents and the consequences of the lack of testosterone action. Diagnostic laparoscopy with laparoscopic orchidopexy is the minimally invasive treatment of choice. We present herein the case of a patient with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with bilateral undescended testis treated with laparoscopic orchidopexy.
Widerstand gegen Edeka
Authors: Mende Jan , Tewes Werner , Varnholt Hendrik , Stockburger Manfred , Brändlein Philip , Sachsenröder Delphine
Published: February 2022

Lebensmittelkonzerne ziehen alle Register, um Edekas neuen Einkauf über Amsterdam zu torpedieren. Der Machtkampf reißt zusätzliche Lücken in die Sortimente. Edeka will an dem Kurs festhalten.
„Wir brauchen eine Eiweißstrategie“
Authors: Krost Heidrun
Published: February 2022

Tegut-Chef Thomas Gutberlet denkt nicht nur an Bio, sondern an die große Frage der Ernährung, welche Art von Eiweiß wir zukünftig nutzen wollen.
„Der Planet verhandelt nicht“
Authors: Düthmann Christiane , Bender Hanno
Published: February 2022

Chris Methmann, der neue Chef von Foodwatch Deutschland, über Licht und Schatten im Koalitionsvertrag und den notwendigen Umbau der Ernährungsbranche in Richtung Nachhaltigkeit und Klimaschutz.
Die Herausforderungen meistern
Authors: Heimig Dieter
Published: February 2022

Die Marketinggesellschaft der Agrar- und Ernährungswirtschaft Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (AMV) etabliert neue Veranstaltungs- und Wettbewerbsformate. Regionalität steht dabei im Fokus.
Eigene Strategie fürs Grünland
Authors: Behme Dagmar
Published: February 2022

Frankfurt a.M. Grünland liefert hohen ökonomischen und ökologischen Nutzen, steht aber agrarpolitisch im Schatten. Größer ist die Aufmerksamkeit in Niedersachsen, wo eine Grünlandstrategie jetzt auf ihre Umsetzung wartet.
Exakt düngen nach Pflanzenbedarf
Authors: Dänzer Dieter
Published: February 2022

Von Dieter Dänzer

Frankfurt a.M. Allein durch die Reduzierung von doppelt gestreuten Bereichen mittels einer ausgereiften GPS-Teilbreiten- und Vorgewendeschaltung lassen sich mehr als 10 Prozent Mineraldünger einsparen. Wilfried Müller, einer der Geschäftsführer der Landmaschinenfabrik Rauch aus Sinzheim, erläutert, wie groß das mögliche Einsparpotenzial durch den Einsatz weiterer, schon heute verfügbarer Technologien ist.
UNTS y FENAPES
Authors: M. J. E.
Published: February 2022

No hay resúmenes disponibles.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 41, No. 449, 1986: 234-236.
Tourist Satisfaction Level: Evaluation in a Peruvian Adventure Tour Operator
Authors: CORDOVA-BUIZA Franklin , CALDERON-SANCHEZ Jennifer , CHUZON-CANICELA Lucero
Published: February 2022

Tourism is an activity that allows economic development by generating employment, promoting cultural manifestations, improving infrastructure, integrating local communities, preserving attractions, and, ultimately, improving people's quality of life.
Temperature Management in Patients After Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Kumar Diksha , Tran Khai , Premji Zahra
Published: February 2022

Two systematic reviews (1 with a network meta-analysis and 1 with a meta-analysis), 1 randomized controlled trial, and 7 non-randomized studies were identified about the comparative clinical effectiveness of normothermia versus hypothermia in adult patients after cardiac arrest.

Normothermia was found to be similar to hypothermia for several clinical- and patient-related outcomes, such as survival, hospital mortality, and quality of life. There was limited evidence to suggest that either type of targeted temperature management was more efficacious, with findings suggesting that normothermia may be associated with greater protocol adherence and decreased prescription medication use coming from low-quality non-randomized studies.

Four evidence-based guidelines were identified regarding targeted temperature management (normothermia or hypothermia) in adult patients after cardiac arrest. All guidelines strongly recommend targeted temperature management for eligible patients, particularly for patients resuscitated following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Identified guidelines from the Canadian Cardiovascular Society and American Academy of Neurology present strong recommendations for hypothermic targeted temperature management.
Atmospheric oxidation capacity and ozone pollution mechanism in a coastal city of southeastern China: analysis of a typical photochemical episode by an observation-based model
Authors: Liu Taotao , Hong Youwei , Li Mengren , Xu Lingling , Chen Jinsheng , Bian Yahui , Yang Chen , Dan Yangbin , Zhang Yingnan , Xue Likun , Zhao Min , Huang Zhi , Wang Hong
Published: February 2022

Abstract. A typical multi-day ozone (O3) pollution event was chosen to explore
the atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC), OH reactivity, radical chemistry,
and O3 pollution mechanism in a coastal city of southeastern China, with
an observation-based model coupled to the Master Chemical Mechanism
(OBM-MCM). The hydroxyl radical (OH) was the predominant oxidant (90 ± 25 %) for daytime AOC, while the NO3 radical played an important role in
AOC during the nighttime (72 ± 9 %). Oxygenated volatile organic
compounds (OVOCs; 30 ± 8 %), NO2 (29 ± 8 %), and CO
(25 ± 5 %) were the dominant contributors to OH reactivity,
accelerating the production of O3 and recycling of ROx radicals
(ROx = OH + HO2 + RO2). Photolysis of nitrous acid (HONO,
33 ± 14 %), O3 (25 ± 13 %), formaldehyde (HCHO, 20 ± 5 %), and other OVOCs (17 ± 2 %) was a major ROx source, which
played an initiation role in atmospheric oxidation processes. Combined with
regional transport analysis, the reasons for this O3 episode were the
accumulation of local photochemical production and regional transport. The
results of sensitivity analysis showed that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were the limiting factor of
radical recycling and O3 formation, and the 5 % reduction of O3
would be achieved by decreasing 20 % anthropogenic VOCs. Controlling
emissions of aromatics, alkenes, and alkanes with ≥4 carbons was
beneficial for ozone pollution mitigation. The findings of this study provide
significant guidance for emission reduction and regional collaboration for
future photochemical pollution control in the relatively clean coastal
cities of China and similar countries.
Silicone tube humidity generator
Authors: Berg Robert F. , Chiodo Nicola , Georgin Eric
Published: February 2022

Abstract. We describe the model and construction of a two-flow (or
divided-flow) humidity generator, developed at LNE-Cnam, that uses mass flow
controllers to mix a stream of dry gas with a stream of humid gas saturated
at 28 ∘C. It can generate a wide range of humidity, with mole
fractions in the range of 0.7×10-6<x<9000×10-6, without using low temperature or high pressure.
This range is suitable for calibrating balloon-borne instruments that
measure humidity in the stratosphere, where x∼5×10-6. The generator's novel feature is a saturator that comprises 5 m
of silicone tubing immersed in water. Water enters the humid gas stream by
diffusing through the wall of the tubing until the gas stream flowing
through the tubing is saturated. This design provides a simple, low-cost
humidity generator with an accuracy that is acceptable for many
applications. The key requirement is that the tubing be long enough to
ensure saturation so that the saturator's output is independent of the
dimensions and permeability of the tube. A length of only a few meters was
sufficient because the tube was made of silicone; other common polymers have
permeabilities that are 1000 times smaller. We verified the model of the
transition from unsaturated flow to saturated flow by measuring the humidity
while using three tube lengths, two of which were too short for saturation.
As a more complete test, we used the generator as a primary device after
correcting the calibrations of the mass flow controllers that determined the
mixing ratio. At mole fractions of 50×10-6<x<5000×10-6, the generator's output mole fraction xgen
agreed to within 1 % with the value xcm measured by a calibrated
chilled-mirror hygrometer; in other words, their ratio fell in the range
xgen/xcm=1.00±0.01. At smaller mole fractions, their
differences fell in the range of xgen-xcm=±1×10-6.