bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Response of Winter Wheat to Delayed Sowing and Varied Nitrogen Fertilization
Authors: Jarecki Wacław
Published: January 2024

Common wheat is one of the most important cereal crops in the world. In cultivation, winter, spring, and facultative varieties of this species are known. In wheat agronomy, timely sowing and optimal nitrogen fertilization are particularly crucial practices, as both significantly impact yield and grain quality. In a three-year field experiment, the response of the winter wheat variety RGT Kilimanjaro to two sowing dates (recommended and delayed by 30 days) and varied nitrogen fertilization levels (100 kg ha−1, 150 kg ha−1, and 200 kg ha−1) was investigated. It was shown that the difference in grain yield between 2021 and 2023 amounted to 0.74 kg ha−1. The application of 200 N kg ha−1 significantly increased the Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) index and Leaf Area Index (LAI) compared to the variant with a delayed sowing date and a nitrogen dose of 100 kg ha−1. Yield components (number of spikes per square meter, thousand grain weight) and grain yield were highest when wheat was sown at the recommended date and with the application of either 150 or 200 N kg ha−1. The number of grains per spike significantly varied between the variant with the recommended sowing date and a dose of 200 N kg ha−1 and the variant with a delayed sowing date and a dose of 100 N kg ha−1. The lowest grain yield was obtained at a 30-day late wheat sowing date when applying 100 N kg ha−1. The protein content in the grain was primarily influenced by nitrogen fertilization. Therefore, it can be concluded that delaying the sowing date of winter wheat by 30 days results in a decrease in grain yield but can be compensated by increased nitrogen fertilization. The most favorable economic effects were achieved with the application of 150 N kg ha−1 at the recommended sowing date. Considering that high doses of nitrogen fertilization can have adverse effects on the natural environment, research in this area should be continued.
Mechanical Weed Control: Sensor-Based Inter-Row Hoeing in Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in the Transylvanian Depression
Authors: Parasca Sergiu Cioca , Spaeth Michael , Rusu Teodor , Bogdan Ileana
Published: January 2024

Precision agriculture is about applying solutions that serve to obtain a high yield from the optimization of resources and the development of technologies based on the collection and use of precise data. Precision agriculture, including camera-guided row detection and hydraulic steering, is often used as an alternative because crop damage can be decreased and driving speed can be increased, comparable to herbicide applications. The effects of different approaches, such as uncontrolled (UC), mechanical weed control (MWC), herbicide weed control (HWC), and mechanical + herbicide control (MWC + HWC), on weed density and yield of sugar beet were tested and evaluated in two trials (2021 and 2022) in South Transylvania Depression at the tested intervals BBCH 19 and 31. Weed control efficacy (WCE) depends on the emergence of the weeds and a good timing of weed controls in all the trials and methods, though the highest yield of sugar beet roots was recorded in the treatment MWC + HWC, with an increase up to 12–15% (56.48 t ha−1) yield from HWC (50.22 t ha−1) and a yield increase of more than 35–40% than MWC (42.34 t ha−1). Our trials show that it is possible to increase yield and have fewer chemical applications with the introduction of new precision technologies in agriculture, including sensor-guided mechanical controls.
Enhancing Soil Aggregation and Organic Carbon Retention in Greenhouse Vegetable Production through Reductive Soil Disinfestation with Straw and Fertiliser: A Comprehensive Study
Authors: Wen Shanju , Hao Jiaqi , Wang Jiangyuzhuo , Xiong Shijuan , Jiang Yuhan , Zhu Yihui , Jiao Yapeng , Yang Jinglin , Zhu Jinli , Tian Xiaohong
Published: January 2024

In greenhouse vegetable production, reductive soil disinfestation (RSD) effectively mitigates soil-borne diseases, yet its impact on the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) has not been adequately examined. This study investigated the distribution of soil aggregates and the organic carbon retention mechanism following intensive RSD treatment. Greenhouse experiments, including control (CK), wheat straw (RSD), and wheat straw with chemical fertilizer (RSD + NP) treatments, indicated augmentation in the formation of macro-aggregates (>2 mm and 0.25–2 mm) under RSD, particularly in the RSD + NP treatment. Silty clay particles transform into macro- and micro-aggregates. Fourier infrared spectroscopy highlighted the augmentation of carbon-containing functional groups in SOC, with aliphatic carbon accumulating in macro-aggregates and aromatic carbon in silt clay. Laboratory culture experiments employing different C/N ratios (RSD1 with wheat straw, RSD2 with kiwifruit branches) underscored the beneficial impact of low C/N ratio organic matter on coarse and fine macro-aggregate content, mean weight diameter, geometric mean diameter, and reduced silt clay. Low C/N ratios enhance SOC retention in large aggregates, while high ratios stabilise micro-aggregate carbon. This research underscores the severe degradation in continuous greenhouse cropping systems and emphasises RSD’s dual benefits—disease prevention and improved SOC retention. Implementing RSD requires careful consideration of organic material choices, specifically their C/N ratios, as a pivotal factor influencing SOC dynamics.
Response of Evapotranspiration, Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield of Soybeans to Groundwater Depth
Authors: Zhu Zhenchuang , Chen Zhijun , Wang Zhe , Shen Ruxuan , Sun Shijun
Published: January 2024

To clarify the physiological mechanism of different groundwater depths affecting soybean evapotranspiration, photosynthetic characteristics and yield, a field experiment with four groundwater depth levels (1 m (D1), 2 m (D2), 3 m (D3) and 4 m (D4)) was conducted through the groundwater simulation system in 2021 and 2022. In this study, a quantitative analysis was conducted on the groundwater recharge and irrigation water demand and evapotranspiration (ET) of soybean fields with different treatments, and the effects of different treatments on soybean leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll content index (SPAD), intercepted photosynthetic active radiation (IPAR), photosynthetic gas exchange parameters, dry matter accumulation (DMA) and yield were explored. The results showed the following: (1) Groundwater depth affected soybean ET and the source of ET. With the increase in groundwater depth, groundwater recharge and its contribution to ET gradually decreased, but the amount of irrigation required gradually increased, resulting in the ET as D1 > D4 > D2 > D3. (2) Soybean LAI, SPAD and IPAR were significantly affected by the different groundwater depths, of which the D1 treatment always maintained the maximum, followed by the D4 treatment, and the D3 treatment was the minimum. The photosynthetic gas exchange parameters under different treatments changed synergistically, showing significant differences in the flowering and podding stages, notably D1 > D4 > D2 > D3. Soybean DMA and yield first decreased and then increased with the increase in groundwater depth, and the average DMA and yield under the D1 treatment increased by 27.71%, 46.80% and 22.82% and 20.29%, 29.91% and 12.83% in the two years, respectively, compared to the D2, D3 and D4 treatments. (3) The structural equation model demonstrated that the groundwater depth indirectly affected the growth of soybean leaf area by affecting groundwater recharge, which in turn regulated soybean ET and photosynthetic capacity and ultimately affected DMA and yield. The above results showed that in the case of shallow groundwater depth (D1), the largest groundwater recharge promoted the growth of soybean leaf area and chlorophyll synthesis and increased the absorption and utilization of solar radiation. And it improved the leaf stomata conditions, accelerated the gas exchange between the plant and atmosphere, enhanced the photosynthetic production capacity and ET and achieved maximum DMA and yield. Soybean leaf growth and photosynthesis diminish with the increase in groundwater depth. In the case of deep groundwater depth (D4), the maximum irrigation improved the growth and photosynthetic performance of soybean leaves, which was favorable to ET, and ultimately led to increases in DMA and yield.
The Microbiota and Equine Asthma: An Integrative View of the Gut–Lung Axis
Authors: Leduc Laurence , Costa Marcio , Leclère Mathilde
Published: January 2024

Both microbe–microbe and host–microbe interactions can have effects beyond the local environment and influence immunological responses in remote organs such as the lungs. The crosstalk between the gut and the lungs, which is supported by complex connections and intricate pathways, is defined as the gut–lung axis. This review aimed to report on the potential role of the gut–lung gut–lung axis in the development and persistence of equine asthma. We summarized significant determinants in the development of asthma in horses and humans. The article discusses the gut–lung axis and proposes an integrative view of the relationship between gut microbiota and asthma. It also explores therapies for modulating the gut microbiota in horses with asthma. Improving our understanding of the horse gut–lung axis could lead to the development of techniques such as fecal microbiota transplants, probiotics, or prebiotics to manipulate the gut microbiota specifically for improving the management of asthma in horses.
Assessment of the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Injectable Lidocaine and a Lidocaine-Impregnated Latex Band for Castration and Tail Docking in Lambs
Authors: Ross Joseph A. , Roche Steven M. , Beaugrand Kendall , Schatz Crystal , Hammad Ann , Ralston Brenda J. , Hanson Andrea M. , Allan Nicholas , Olson Merle
Published: January 2024

The objectives of this study were to assess the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the current standard-of-care for pain mitigation in lambs during castration and tail docking (injectable lidocaine) and assess the ability of Lidocaine-Loaded Bands (LLBs) to deliver therapeutic concentrations into the contacted tissues over time. The study was comprised of four different trials: (1) investigation of in vitro release of lidocaine from LLBs; (2) pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of injectable lidocaine in scrotal and tail tissue; (3) pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of in vivo delivery of lidocaine with LLBs placed on the tail and scrotum of lambs; and (4) a “proof-of-concept” study comparing the sensation of control- versus LLB-banded tail tissue over time. The use of injectable lidocaine provides effective short-term anesthesia for 120 to 180 min following the injection; however, additional strategies are needed to manage long-term pain. The use of an LLB could provide an alternative where tissue lidocaine concentrations meet or exceed the EC50 for at least 21–28 days and, based on electrostimulation data, provides local anesthesia for at least 3 days when compared to a control band. Further studies are needed to compare the use of an injectable local anesthetic to the LLBs.
Seasonal Effects on the Performance of Finishing Pigs’ Carcass and Meat Quality in Indoor Environments
Authors: Albert Fruzsina , Kovács-Weber Mária , Bodnár Ákos , Pajor Ferenc , Egerszegi István
Published: January 2024

Most retailers in EU countries pay pig breeders for their animals’ lean meat percentage, which does not align fully with measures of pork quality (such as colour). In this study, we investigated the effects of season (summer vs. autumn) on finishing pigs’ performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality parameters in 24 slaughter pigs. Growing performance traits (live weights, average daily weight gain), slaughter values (warm and cold carcass weights, trunk length, fat thickness) and meat quality parameters (pH at 45 min and 24 h postmortem, colour, drip loss, thawing loss, cooking loss, shear force, and meat composition) were recorded. Seasonal differences were more pronounced for the initial age, the number of days in the growing-finishing phase, and the average daily gain. There was also a significant difference in the trunk length between groups, the fat thickness on withers and loin, and also in mean fat thickness. A significant difference was found in the case of pH, total drip loss, and meat colour (L*). The intramuscular fat and collagen content of meat was significantly higher in summer; in contrast, the protein content of meat samples was considerably lower in summer. In conclusion, seasonal effects on finishers’ performance, lean meat values, and several meat quality parameters highlight the importance of more profound seasonal settings of climate control to fulfil the progressively changing quantitative and qualitative requests of pork sector participants from farm to fork.
Pan-Omics in Sheep: Unveiling Genetic Landscapes
Authors: Li Mengfei , Lu Ying , Gao Zhendong , Yue Dan , Hong Jieyun , Wu Jiao , Xi Dongmei , Deng Weidong , Chong Yuqing
Published: January 2024

Multi-omics-integrated analysis, known as panomics, represents an advanced methodology that harnesses various high-throughput technologies encompassing genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. Sheep, playing a pivotal role in agricultural sectors due to their substantial economic importance, have witnessed remarkable advancements in genetic breeding through the amalgamation of multiomics analyses, particularly with the evolution of high-throughput technologies. This integrative approach has established a robust theoretical foundation, enabling a deeper understanding of sheep genetics and fostering improvements in breeding strategies. The comprehensive insights obtained through this approach shed light on diverse facets of sheep development, including growth, reproduction, disease resistance, and the quality of livestock products. This review primarily focuses on the application of principal omics analysis technologies in sheep, emphasizing correlation studies between multiomics data and specific traits such as meat quality, wool characteristics, and reproductive features. Additionally, this paper anticipates forthcoming trends and potential developments in this field.
Effects of Antibiotic Residues on Fish Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis and Mucosal Barrier-Related Pathogen Susceptibility in Zebrafish Experimental Model
Authors: Yang Jun Hyeok , Park Jeong Woo , Kim Ho Sung , Lee Seungki , Yerke Aaron M. , Jaiswal Yogini S. , Williams Leonard L. , Hwang Sungmin , Moon Ki Hwan
Published: January 2024

The symbiotic community of microorganisms in the gut plays an important role in the health of the host. While many previous studies have been performed on the interactions between the gut microbiome and the host in mammals, studies in fish are still lacking. In this study, we investigated changes in the intestinal microbiome and pathogen susceptibility of zebrafish (Danio rerio) following chronic antibiotics exposure. The chronic antibiotics exposure assay was performed on zebrafish for 30 days using oxytetracycline (Otc), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (Smx/Tmp), or erythromycin (Ery), which are antibiotics widely used in the aquaculture industry. The microbiome analysis indicated that Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phyla in the gut microbiome of the zebrafish used in this study. However, in Smx/Tmp-treated zebrafish, the compositions of Fusobacteria and Proteobacteria were changed significantly, and in Ery-treated zebrafish, the compositions of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were altered significantly. Although alpha diversity analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the richness, beta diversity analysis revealed a community imbalance in the gut microbiome of all chronically antibiotics-exposed zebrafish. Intriguingly, in zebrafish with dysbiosis in the gut microbiome, the pathogen susceptibility to Edwardsiella piscicida, a representative Gram-negative fish pathogen, was reduced. Gut microbiome imbalance resulted in a higher count of goblet cells in intestinal tissue and an upregulation of genes related to the intestinal mucosal barrier. In addition, as innate immunity was enhanced by the increased mucosal barrier, immune and stress-related gene expression in the intestinal tissue was downregulated. In this study, we provide new insight into the effect of gut microbiome dysbiosis on pathogen susceptibility.
Study on Urea Crystallization Risk Assessment and Influencing Factors in After-Treatment System of Diesel Engines
Authors: Sun Ke , Zhang Gecheng , Zhao Kui , Sun Wen , Li Guoxiang , Bai Shuzhan , Lin Chunjin , Cheng Hao
Published: January 2024

In order to meet the increasing pollutants discharge standard, the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) module in the diesel engine after-treatment system is an important means to reduce nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. SCR systems are prone to urea crystallization at lower temperatures, especially during the cold-start conditions of diesel engines. In this study, we use the diesel engine after-treatment system test bench to obtain the boundary parameter of the simulation modules, and the urea crystallization risk assessment model of the diesel SCR system is established. Comparing the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results with the test bench results, it is shown that the predicted urea film distribution of the assessment model is in good agreement with the experimental results. In order to clarify the various factors that affect the urea crystallization risk, this paper conducts a simulation analysis on a nozzle and mixer structure and operating parameters. The CFD results indicate that the increase in urea spray time will increase the maximum urea film thickness on the SCR system mixer surface. Exhaust temperature is the most important influencing factor. When the diesel engine exhaust temperature increases from 190 °C to 300 °C, the maximum urea film thickness decreases by 32 and the urea film mass accumulation decreases by 5%. Exhaust flow has a small impact on urea crystallization risk. When the exhaust flow increases from 300 kg/h to 600 kg/h, the maximum urea film thickness decreases by 39% and the urea film mass accumulation decreases by about 1%. In addition, urea spray rate, nozzle numbers, spray angle, and spray cone angle are also factors that affect urea crystallization risk.
Root Resorption during Orthodontic Treatment with Clear Aligners vs. Fixed Appliances—A Systematic Review
Authors: Inchingolo Francesco , Inchingolo Angelo Michele , Palmieri Giulia , Di Pede Chiara , Garofoli Grazia , de Ruvo Elisabetta , Inchingolo Alessio Danilo , Palermo Andrea , Mancini Antonio , Di Venere Daniela , Malcangi Giuseppina , Dipalma Gianna
Published: January 2024

The external apical root resorption that occurs during orthodontic treatment was the focus of this study, using either fixed appliances (FA) or clear aligners (CA). Using the Boolean keywords “APICAL ROOT RESORPTION” and “CLEAR ALIGNERS”, the study searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, with a restriction to English-language publications. A total of 50 publications were found by the computerized search, but after eliminating duplicates, completing reviews, and determining eligibility, only 9 papers could be used in the study. In conclusion, apical root resorption (ARR) is a frequent consequence of orthodontic tooth movement that mainly affects the lower incisors, which may compromise the success of the procedure and the health of the patient’s teeth. Several variables, including the type of tooth, have an impact on the severity of ARR.
Management of Acute Life-Threatening Asthma Exacerbations in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Talbot Thomas , Roe Thomas , Dushianthan Ahilanandan
Published: January 2024

Managing acute asthma exacerbations in critical care can be challenging and may lead to adverse outcomes. While standard management of an acute asthma exacerbation is well established in outpatient and emergency department settings, the management pathway for patients with life-threatening and near-fatal asthma still needs to be fully defined. The use of specific interventions such as intravenous ketamine, intravenous salbutamol, and intravenous methylxanthines, which are often used in combination to improve bronchodilation, remains a contentious issue. Additionally, although it is common in the intensive care unit setting, the use of non-invasive ventilation to avoid invasive mechanical ventilation needs further exploration. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the available treatments and the evidence for their use in intensive care. We highlight the ongoing need for multicentre trials to address clinical knowledge gaps and the development of intensive-care-based guidelines to provide an evidence-based approach to patient management.
Evolution Mechanism of Interlayer Properties of CRTS III Slab Track during Construction
Authors: Wang Ji , Gao Liang , Wang Ludong , Zhao Wenqiang , Qin Ying , Hua Chen , Li Yuanwei
Published: January 2024

The interlayer properties of the CRTS III slab track during construction directly affect its long-term service condition. This article introduces time-varying coefficients that characterize the early properties of the interface between track slab and SCC to improve the bilinear CZM. Based on this, an interlayer property evolution model of the CRTS III slab track during construction is established. The evolution mechanism of interlayer properties under complex loads and the influence mechanism of key parameters on them are revealed. The results show that after SCC pouring, the interlayer damage at the corner of the slab becomes a sensitive area due to the combined effects of SCC shrinkage and temperature gradients. Interlayer damage initially manifests at the corner of the slab before progressively spreading toward the center of the slab, influencing the composite performance and force transmission characteristics of the track structure. The interlayer bonding property, shrinkage performance of SCC, and construction temperature substantially affect interlayer damage evolution. To reduce the risk of damage, mineral admixtures and expansion agents can be added as additives to improve the bonding property and minimize shrinkage of SCC. Insulation measures should be taken for SCC during low-temperature construction, and SCC pouring construction below 0 °C and above 30 °C should be avoided.
NFTs for the Issuance and Validation of Academic Information That Complies with the GDPR
Authors: Delgado-von-Eitzen Christian , Anido-Rifón Luis , Fernández-Iglesias Manuel J.
Published: January 2024

The issuance and verification of academic certificates face significant challenges in the digital era. The proliferation of counterfeit credentials and the lack of a reliable, universally accepted system for issuing and validating them pose critical issues in the educational domain. Certificates, traditionally issued by centralized educational institutions using their proprietary systems, pose challenges for straightforward verification, generating uncertainty about the credibility of academic achievements. In addition to diplomas issued by academic entities, it is now necessary in virtually all professional fields to stay updated and obtain accreditation for certain skills or experiences, which is a determining factor in securing or enhancing employment. Yet, there is no platform available to consistently demonstrate these capabilities and experiences. This article introduces a novel model for issuing and verifying academic information using non-fungible tokens (NFTs) supported by blockchain technologies, focused on compliance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). It describes a model that grants control to the data subject, enabling the management of information access while adhering to key GDPR principles. Simultaneously, it remains compatible with existing systems within organizations, and is flexible in certifying various types of academic information. The implications of this model are discussed, emphasizing the importance of addressing privacy in blockchain-based applications.
Classification of Motor Competence in Schoolchildren Using Wearable Technology and Machine Learning with Hyperparameter Optimization
Authors: Sulla-Torres José , Calla Gamboa Alexander , Avendaño Llanque Christopher , Angulo Osorio Javier , Zúñiga Carnero Manuel
Published: January 2024

Determining the classification of motor competence is an essential aspect of physical activity that must be carried out during school years. The objective is to evaluate motor competence in schoolchildren using smart bands, generate percentiles of the evaluation metrics, and classify motor performance through machine learning with hyperparameter optimization. A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out on 764 schoolchildren (451 males and 313 females) aged 6 to 17 years. Five state schools in the city of Arequipa, Peru were evaluated. Weight, height, and waist circumference were assessed, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. The tests evaluated in the schoolchildren measured walking and running for 6 minutes. These tests were carried out using smart bands, capturing cadence, number of steps, calories consumed, speed, stride, and heart rate. As a result, the percentiles were created through the LMS method [L (asymmetry: lambda), M (median: mu), and S (coefficient of variation: sigma)]. The cut-off points considered were p75 (above average). For classification, the machine-learning algorithms random forest, decision tree, support vector machine, naive Bayes, logistic regression, k-nearest neighbor, neural network, gradient boosting, XGBboost, LightGBM, and CatBoost were used, and the hyperparameters of the models were optimized using the RandomizedSearchCV technique. In conclusion, it was possible to classify motor competence with the tests carried out on schoolchildren, significantly improving the accuracy of the machine-learning algorithms through the selected hyperparameters, with the gradient boosting classifier being the best result at 0.95 accuracy and in the ROC-AUC curves with a 0.98. The reference values proposed in this study can be used to classify the walking motor competence of schoolchildren. Finally, the mobile software product built based on the proposed model was validated using the prototype of the Software Quality Systemic Model (SQSM) based on three specific categories: functionality, reliability, and usability, obtaining 77.09%. The results obtained can be used in educational centers to achieve the suggested recommendations for physical activity in schoolchildren.
Fall Recognition Based on Time-Level Decision Fusion Classification
Authors: Kim Juyoung , Kim Beomseong , Lee Heesung
Published: January 2024

We propose a vision-based fall detection algorithm using advanced deep learning models and fusion methods for smart safety management systems. By detecting falls through visual cues, it is possible to leverage existing surveillance cameras, thus minimizing the need for extensive additional equipment. Consequently, we developed a cost-effective fall detection system. The proposed system consists of four modules: object detection, pose estimation, action recognition, and result fusion. Constructing the fall detection system involved the utilization of state-of-the-art (SOTA) models. In the fusion module, we experimented with various approaches, including voting, maximum, averaging, and probabilistic fusion. Notably, we observed a significant performance improvement with the use of probabilistic fusion. We employed the HAR-UP dataset to demonstrate this enhancement, achieving an average 0.84% increase in accuracy compared to the baseline, which did not incorporate fusion methods. By applying our proposed time-level ensemble and skeleton-based fall detection approach, coupled with the use of enhanced object detection and pose estimation modules, we substantially improved the robustness and accuracy of the system, particularly for fall detection in challenging scenarios.
Iterative Interferometric Denoising Filter for Traveltime Picking
Authors: Qiao Hanqing , Zhou Yicheng , Hanafy Sherif M. , Liu Cai
Published: January 2024

Traveltime picking accuracy is frequently affected by incoherent or random data noise. Within this context, we put forth a new denoising method called iterative interferometric denoising filtering. This method leverages the pseudo-Wigner distribution function to capture the offset and time-symmetric patterns of source wavelets convolved in seismic signals. Incoherent or random noises without this characteristic are eliminated via this approach. The processed data have waveform information distortion and more frequency components. However, the traveltime information can be considered correct, and the improved signal-to-noise ratio makes traveltime picking much more convenient. Our method’s practical applications in a synthetic and in two field datasets show that this technology can increase the signal-to-noise ratio, and the picked traveltime information can be used in traveltime tomography. These two field datasets were collected near the Aqaba Gulf and the Qademah fault, located in King Abdullah Economic City.
An Industrial-Scale Study of the Hardness and Microstructural Effects of Isothermal Heat Treatment Parameters on EN 100CrMo7 Bearing Steel
Authors: Fortini Annalisa , Bertarelli Emanuele , Cassola Manuel , Merlin Mattia
Published: January 2024

The 100CrMo7, commonly employed for bearings in rotating machinery, relies on precise heat treatment parameters to ensure an optimal microstructure and, in turn, mechanical properties. Typically, an austenitizing treatment, followed by rapid cooling in a salt bath for martempering or austempering, is crucial in achieving the desired microstructure and hardness. The present industrial-scale study involved a comparative analysis between martempering and austempering routes regarding the hardness and microstructure evolution of EN 100CrMo7 large-size rings. The investigation delves into the effects of austempering temperatures, holding times, and austenitizing temperature. Furthermore, the role of tempering in reducing the amount of retained austenite was also considered. The results indicate that martempering yielded the highest hardness values while austempering exhibited a decrease in hardness at the center of the rings, though a lower amount of retained austenite (in the range of 3.0–4.9 vol.%) was detected in comparison with martempering. In addition, a 850 °C austenitizing temperature reduced the hardness by 16% in the center of the rings and promoted a high content of upper bainite, thus suggesting its inefficacy for the involved large-size rings. In contrast, a 880 °C austenitizing temperature maintained consistently high HRC values across the ring’s height. Lastly, the analysis highlighted that the cooling rate played a more crucial role than the austempering holding time. Such industrial-scale investigations performed on real components improve the knowledge and control of heat treatment parameters in comparison with the nominal guidelines provided by steel suppliers. These outcomes offer insights for optimizing industrial heat treatment parameters, with practical implications for enhancing steel bearings’ microstructural and mechanical performance and lifespan.
The Effect of Inclined Conditions on the Consequences of Fires Caused by Spilled Flammable Liquids: Development of Inclined Spreading Extent Formulae
Authors: Baeg Daeyu , Lee Hyunho , Lee Seungyul , Seo Jung Kwan
Published: January 2024

The accidental spillage of flammable liquids on in-service ships and offshore installations may lead to pool fires, which are likely to spread over a particularly large area in large compartments under ship motion, resulting in extensive damage. However, the effect of the spreading extent of liquid fuel due to inclined ship motion on pool fire consequences has not been considered in the existing literature. Thus, in this study, fuel discharge experiments were conducted to investigate the spreading behaviour under different substrate inclination angles and discharge rates. The experimental results were analysed to derive closed-form expressions to predict the spreading extent of liquid fuel in large compartments. Additionally, the effects of surface inclination on fire consequences were investigated using the Fire Dynamics Simulator in terms of the heat release rate. The findings can provide guidance for effective fire safety design and establishing a realistic fire modelling methodology for ships and offshore installations.
Research on Low-Density Parity-Check Decoding Algorithm for Reliable Transmission in Satellite Communications
Authors: He Yuanzhi , Wang Yaoling
Published: January 2024

Satellite communications face difficulties such as intensified environmental attenuation, dynamic time-varying links, and diverse business scenarios, which usually require channel coding schemes with high coding gain and high throughput. Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are dominant in satellite communication coding schemes due to their excellent performance in approaching the Shannon limit and the characteristics of parallel computing. The traditional weighted-Algorithm B decoding algorithm ignores the channel received information and involves frequent multiplication operations and iteration, which introduces the channel received information for hard-decision and constellation mapping processing. Meanwhile, we design the correlated reliability between the extrinsic information and the mapping processing information to improve the correctness of decoding. The multiplication operation in the iterative process can be replaced by the simple sum of the Hamming distance coefficient, the correlated reliability between the extrinsic information and the mapping processing information, and the extrinsic information frequency, thereby reducing the complexity and storage load of the system. The simulation results show that the presented MRAI-LDPC algorithm can obtain about 0.4 dB performance gain, and the average number of iterations is reduced by 68% under a low SNR. The algorithm can achieve better error-correcting performance and higher throughput, providing strong support for reliable transmission of satellite communications.
Genetic Analysis and Epidemiological Impact of SARS-CoV-2: A Multinational Study of 1000 Samples Using RT-PCR
Authors: Banser Talib , Abduljaleel Zainularifeen , Alzabeedi Kamal H. , Alzahrani Adil A. , Khogeer Asim Abdulaziz , Qabbani Fadel Hassan , Almutairi Ahmed T. , Melebari Sami , Shahzad Naiyer
Published: January 2024

The ongoing global public health challenge posed by the COVID-19 pandemic necessitates continuous research and surveillance efforts. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed over 1000 COVID-19 RT-PCR tests conducted on a cohort of 1200 patients in Saudi Arabia. Our primary goal was to investigate mutations in specific genes RdRp, N, and E different infection and recovery stages in Saudi patients with SARS-CoV-2. We also extended our analysis to include patients of various nationalities residing in Saudi Arabia, with the overarching objective of assessing these genes as markers for COVID-19 presence and progression. To diagnose and investigate potential genetic variations in COVID-19, we engaged RT-PCR. Our study primarily focused on detecting mutations in the RdRp, N, and E genes in Saudi patients with SARS-CoV-2, as well as individuals from various national residing in Saudi Arabia. This molecular technique provided valuable insights into the virus’s genetic makeup during infection and recovery. In our analysis of 671 positive COVID-19 cases, diverse gene involvement patterns were observed. Specifically, 55.91% had mutations in all three genes (RdRp, N, and E), 62.33% in both N and E genes, and 67.16% in RdRp and N genes. Additionally, 30.75% exhibited mutations exclusively in the RdRp gene, and 51.58% had mutations in the N gene. The N gene, in particular, showed high sensitivity as a marker for identifying active viral circulation. Regarding the temporal dynamics of the disease, the median duration between a positive and a subsequent negative COVID-19 RT-PCR test result was approximately 33.86 days for 44% of cases, 14.31 days for 30%, and 22.67 days for 4%. The insights from this study hold significant implications for managing COVID-19 patients during the ongoing pandemic. The N gene shows promise as a marker for detecting active viral circulation, potentially improving patient care and containment strategies. Establishing a defined positive threshold for diagnostic methods and correlating it with a low risk of infection remains a challenge. Further research is needed to address these complexities and enhance our understanding of COVID-19 epidemiology and diagnostics.
Evaluating the Effect of Adding Selected Herbs, Spices, and Fruits to Fermented Olympus Mountain Tea (Sideritis scardica) Kombucha Sweetened with Thyme Honey: Assessment of Physicochemical and Functional Properties
Authors: Geraris Kartelias Ioannis , Panagiotakopoulos Ioannis , Nasopoulou Constantina , Karantonis Haralabos Christos
Published: January 2024

This study examined the effects of adding herbs, spices, and fruits into fermented Olympus Mountain tea (Sideritis scardica) kombucha using thyme honey as a sweetener. This study evaluated how these additions affected the tea’s physical, chemical, and functional characteristics. Two different enrichments were proposed: a “Golden Mountain tea and honey Kombucha” (KG) with fresh ginger, turmeric powder, and lemon zest and juice and a “Red Mountain tea and honey Kombucha” (KR) with dried hibiscus calyces, rose petals, and lavender blossoms. In KR, the levels of vitamin C increased from 33.2 ± 2.7 to 48.4 ± 4.5. Additionally, the levels of calcium increased from 31.0 ± 1.2 to 55.7 ± 1.2, while the levels of potassium practically doubled from 64.7 ± 0.6 to 115.7 ± 2.5. An increased potassium concentration was observed in KG, and ionic iron was found for the first time after both enrichments. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents, along with antioxidant capacity, as assessed by the ABTS and DPPH methods, were found to be substantially enhanced in KR. In KG, the total phenolic content increased, together with antioxidant activity, as assessed by ABTS. Enrichment with hibiscus calyces, rose petals, and lavender blossoms significantly increased inhibitory effects against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase, and butyrylcholinesterase. On the other hand, enrichment with ginger, turmeric, and lemon zest and juice decreased inhibitory effects against α-glucosidase and increased those against α-amylase, acetylcholinesterase, and butyrylcholinesterase. KR had the strongest enzyme-inhibiting activity, with its α-glucosidase-inhibiting activity increased by approximately 18 times. Therefore, enrichment with selected herbs, spices, and fruits can transform fermented Olympus Mountain tea kombucha sweetened with honey into a novel beverage with enhanced functional properties.
Enhanced Chemoprevention of Prostate Cancer by Combining Arctigenin with Green Tea and Quercetin in Prostate-Specific Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog Knockout Mice
Authors: Hao Qiongyu , Henning Susanne M. , Magyar Clara E. , Said Jonathan , Zhong Jin , Rettig Matthew B. , Vadgama Jaydutt V. , Wang Piwen
Published: January 2024

The low bioavailability of most phytochemicals limits their anticancer effects in humans. The present study was designed to test whether combining arctigenin (Arc), a lignan mainly from the seed of Arctium lappa, with green tea (GT) and quercetin (Q) enhances the chemopreventive effect on prostate cancer. We performed in vitro proliferation studies on different cell lines. We observed a strong synergistic anti-proliferative effect of GT+Q+Arc in exposing androgen-sensitive human prostate cancer LNCaP cells. The pre-malignant WPE1-NA22 cell line was more sensitive to this combination. No cytotoxicity was observed in normal prostate epithelial PrEC cells. For an in vivo study, 3-week-old, prostate-specific PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) knockout mice were treated with GT+Q, Arc, GT+Q+Arc, or the control daily until 16 weeks of age. In vivo imaging using prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) probes demonstrated that the prostate tumorigenesis was significantly inhibited by 40% (GT+Q), 60% (Arc at 30 mg/kg bw), and 90% (GT+Q+Arc) compared to the control. A pathological examination showed that all control mice developed invasive prostate adenocarcinoma. In contrast, the primary lesion in the GT+Q and Arc alone groups was high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), with low-grade PIN in the GT+Q+Arc group. The combined effect of GT+Q+Arc was associated with an increased inhibition of the androgen receptor, the PI3K/Akt pathway, Ki67 expression, and angiogenesis. This study demonstrates that combining Arc with GT and Q was highly effective in prostate cancer chemoprevention. These results warrant clinical trials to confirm the efficacy of this combination in humans.
Sarcoidosis Associated Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Liu Alexander , Price Laura C. , Sharma Rakesh , Wells Athol U. , Kouranos Vasileios
Published: January 2024

In patients with sarcoidosis, the development of pulmonary hypertension is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The global prevalence of sarcoidosis-associated pulmonary hypertension (SAPH) reportedly ranges between 2.9% and 20% of sarcoidosis patients. Multiple factors may contribute to the development of SAPH, including advanced parenchymal lung disease, severe systolic and/or diastolic left ventricular dysfunction, veno-occlusive or thromboembolic disease, as well as extrinsic factors such as pulmonary vascular compression from enlarged lymph nodes, anemia, and liver disease. Early diagnosis of SAPH is important but rarely achieved primarily due to insufficiently accurate screening strategies, which rely entirely on non-invasive tests and clinical assessment. The definitive diagnosis of SAPH requires right heart catheterization (RHC), with transthoracic echocardiography as the recommended gatekeeper to RHC according to current guidelines. A 6-min walk test (6MWT) had the greatest prognostic value in SAPH patients based on recent registry outcomes, while advanced lung disease determined using a reduced DLCO (<35% predicted) was associated with reduced transplant-free survival in pre-capillary SAPH. Clinical management involves the identification and treatment of the underlying mechanism. Pulmonary vasodilators are useful in several scenarios, especially when a pulmonary vascular phenotype predominates. End-stage SAPH may warrant consideration for lung transplantation, which remains a high-risk option. Multi-centered randomized controlled trials are required to develop existing therapies further and improve the prognosis of SAPH patients.
Takotsubo Syndrome during Pertuzumab and Trastuzumab Therapy for HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer
Authors: Irelli Azzurra , Ceriello Laura , Patruno Leonardo Valerio , Tessitore Alessandra , Alesse Edoardo , Cannita Katia , Fabiani Donatello
Published: January 2024

Pertuzumab and trastuzumab have been shown to improve the outcomes of patients with metastatic breast cancer, with a rate of left ventricular dysfunction of approximately 6%. We report the case of a postmenopausal woman who presented with Takotsubo syndrome during maintenance therapy with pertuzumab and trastuzumab, in association with fulvestrant (an anti-estrogen) and denosumab. After normalization of cardiac function, therapy with pertuzumab and trastuzumab was resumed in the absence of new cardiac toxicity. We report the first clinical case of Takotsubo syndrome during double anti-HER2 blockade in association with an antiestrogen. Furthermore, we show how anti-HER2 therapy can be safely resumed after the detection of Takotsubo syndrome.
Overcoming Chemotherapy Resistance in Metastatic Cancer: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Eslami Maryam , Memarsadeghi Omid , Davarpanah Ali , Arti Afshin , Nayernia Karim , Behnam Babak
Published: January 2024

The management of metastatic cancer is complicated by chemotherapy resistance. This manuscript provides a comprehensive academic review of strategies to overcome chemotherapy resistance in metastatic cancer. The manuscript presents background information on chemotherapy resistance in metastatic cancer cells, highlighting its clinical significance and the current challenges associated with using chemotherapy to treat metastatic cancer. The manuscript delves into the molecular mechanisms underlying chemotherapy resistance in subsequent sections. It discusses the genetic alterations, mutations, and epigenetic modifications that contribute to the development of resistance. Additionally, the role of altered drug metabolism and efflux mechanisms, as well as the activation of survival pathways and evasion of cell death, are explored in detail. The strategies to overcome chemotherapy resistance are thoroughly examined, covering various approaches that have shown promise. These include combination therapy approaches, targeted therapies, immunotherapeutic strategies, and the repurposing of existing drugs. Each strategy is discussed in terms of its rationale and potential effectiveness. Strategies for early detection and monitoring of chemotherapy drug resistance, rational drug design vis-a-vis personalized medicine approaches, the role of predictive biomarkers in guiding treatment decisions, and the importance of lifestyle modifications and supportive therapies in improving treatment outcomes are discussed. Lastly, the manuscript outlines the clinical implications of the discussed strategies. It provides insights into ongoing clinical trials and emerging therapies that address chemotherapy resistance in metastatic cancer cells. The manuscript also explores the challenges and opportunities in translating laboratory findings into clinical practice and identifies potential future directions and novel therapeutic avenues. This comprehensive review provides a detailed analysis of strategies to overcome chemotherapy resistance in metastatic cancer. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance and presents a range of approaches for addressing this critical issue in treating metastatic cancer.
Menopause-Associated Depression: Impact of Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation on the Central Nervous System—A Review
Authors: Liang Gengfan , Kow Audrey Siew Foong , Yusof Rohana , Tham Chau Ling , Ho Yu-Cheng , Lee Ming Tatt
Published: January 2024

Perimenopausal depression, occurring shortly before or after menopause, is characterized by symptoms such as emotional depression, anxiety, and stress, often accompanied by endocrine dysfunction, particularly hypogonadism and senescence. Current treatments for perimenopausal depression primarily provide symptomatic relief but often come with undesirable side effects. The development of agents targeting the specific pathologies of perimenopausal depression has been relatively slow. The erratic fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone levels during the perimenopausal stage expose women to the risk of developing perimenopausal-associated depression. These hormonal changes trigger the production of proinflammatory mediators and induce oxidative stress, leading to progressive neuronal damage. This review serves as a comprehensive overview of the underlying mechanisms contributing to perimenopausal depression. It aims to shed light on the complex relationship between perimenopausal hormones, neurotransmitters, brain-derived neurotrophic factors, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and perimenopausal depression. By summarizing the intricate interplay between hormonal fluctuations, neurotransmitter activity, brain-derived neurotrophic factors, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and perimenopausal depression, this review aims to stimulate further research in this field. The hope is that an increased understanding of these mechanisms will pave the way for the development of more effective therapeutic targets, ultimately reducing the risk of depression during the menopausal stage for the betterment of psychological wellbeing.