bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The water‐dependence of the catalytic activity of bilirubin oxidase suspensions in low‐water systems
Authors: Alston Mark J. , Freedman Robert B.
Published: August 2002

We investigated the enzymic activity of bilirubin oxidase when it is suspended as a lyophilized powder in a low‐water system. The enzyme required buffer salts and a source of water to show activity. This study investigated the complete range of water thermodynamic activity (aw) by combining the use of salt hydrates and two‐phase systems with concentrated solutes in the aqueous phase. When free water was added, activity reached a maximum at a defined water content, but this maximum increased with buffer content, suggesting that there was competition for water with the buffer salts from which the enzyme was lyophilized. Alternatively, a range of salt hydrates was used, each able to fix the water activity (aw) at a different value. By providing water to the organic solvent phase in this way, the dependency of enzyme activity upon aw was investigated and shown to be independent of buffer concentration. However, the optimum aw was uncertain because the available aw range for salt hydrates is ≤0.90. Investigation of the remaining water activity range was made possible by using an aw depressor (sorbitol) to lower the aw of a two‐phase system. The optimum aw for the bilirubin oxidase activity in this two‐phase system was aw = 0.936, independent of buffer concentration. The study therefore confirmed the need to control the water `available' to low‐water systems and the dependence of enzyme activity on water thermodynamic activity (aw) not water content. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 651–657, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10103
Asymmetric sulfoxidations mediated by α‐chymotrypsin
Authors: Das Prasanta Kumar , Caaveiro Jose M. M. , Luque Susana , Klibanov Alexander M.
Published: August 2002

The oxidation of aryl alkyl sulfides with H2O2 in aqueous solution is a reasonably facile reaction producing racemic sulfoxides. We show that in the presence of the hydrolytic enzyme α‐chymotrypsin such a sulfoxidation is accelerated and, more importantly, becomes stereoselective. With phenyl isobutyl sulfide as a model, the chymotrypsin‐mediated, highly asymmetric oxidation is shown to occur in the hydrophobic binding pocket of the enzyme active site. The stereoselectivity of the chymotrypsin‐mediated sulfoxidations is correctly explained by means of structure‐based molecular modeling of the enzyme‐sulfide complexes. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 78: 104–109, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10187
Isolation of plasmid DNA from cell lysates by aqueous two‐phase systems
Authors: Ribeiro S. C. , Monteiro G. A. , Cabral J. M. S. , Prazeres D. M. F.
Published: August 2002

This work presents a study of the partitioning of a plasmid vector containing the cystic fibrosis gene in polyethylene glycol (PEG)/salt (K2HPO4) aqueous two‐phase systems (ATPS). The plasmid was extracted from neutralized alkaline lysates using PEG with molecular weights varying from 200 to 8000. The effects of the lysate mass loaded to the ATPS (20, 40, and 60% w/w) and of the plasmid concentration in the lysate were evaluated. The performance of the process was determined by qualitative and quantitative assays, carefully established to overcome the strong interference of impurities (protein, genomic DNA, RNA), salt, and PEG.

Plasmid DNA partitioned to the top phase when PEG molecular weight was lower than 400. The bottom phase was preferred when higher PEG molecular weights were used. Aqueous two‐phase systems with PEG 300, 600, and 1000 were chosen for further studies on the basis of plasmid and RNA agarose gel analysis and protein quantitation.

The recovery yields were found to be proportional to the plasmid concentration in the lysate. The best yields (>67%) were obtained with PEG 1000. These systems (with 40 and 60% w/w of lysate load) were able to separate the plasmid from proteins and genomic DNA, but copartitioning of RNA with the plasmid was observed. Aqueous two‐phase systems with PEG 300 concentrated both plasmid and proteins in the top phase. The best system for plasmid purification used PEG 600 with a 40% (w/w) lysate load. In this system, RNA was found mostly in the interphase, proteins were not detected in the plasmid bottom phase and genomic DNA was reduced 7.5‐fold. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 78: 376–384, 2002.
Combating environmental repercussions through ‘TQEM’ and ‘ISO 14000’
Authors: Jayathirtha R. V.
Published: August 2002

Business is totally dependent on society although we sometimes do not experience it that way. All business, even in their most limited form, confront environmental issues, some more than others. Business leaders will be actively addressing social and environmental issues. These companies will be going for certification to ISO 14001 (EMS) and progressive organizations have moved beyond EMS requirement, seizing control of environmental operations through Total Quality Environmental Management (TQEM). Industry leaders are incorporating environmental thinking into every aspect of their operations. As a long‐range plan towards TQEM, an organization can have a road map and a clear model for achieving excellence in the area of Environmental Management. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Triangular structure of the proximal femur
Authors: Hammer Alan
Published: August 2002

The normal human skeleton is remarkably regular in form. Its constancy is demonstrated by the projection of well‐recognized lines onto plain radiographs to define many of its relationships. The finding of the geometric symmetry of the normal proximal femur, demonstrated by the projection of an isosceles triangle onto its anteroposterior radiographic view, is presented. The base of this triangle extends between the trochanters and its apex lies at the center of the femoral head. This triangle may reflect the balance of bone modeling that takes place in the proximal femur as a result of the forces acting in the coronal plane. If so, it may then allow for the development of a mathematical expression for bone modeling in this plane. Clin. Anat. 15:210–216, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stenting of bifurcation lesions using the bestent: A prospective dual‐center study
Authors: Gobeil François , Lefèvre Thierry , Guyon Philippe , Louvard Yves , Chevalier Bernard , Dumas Pierre , Glatt Bernard , Loubeyre Christophe , Royer Thierry , Morice Marie‐Claude
Published: August 2002

Treatment of bifurcation lesions remains a technical challenge. Among 13 stents previously tested in a bench study, the Bestent seemed of particular interest in this indication as it provided good access to the side branch after stent implantation in the main branch associated with a satisfactory coverage of the lesion after kissing balloon inflation. The use of Bestent implanted in the main branch or both branches for treatment of bifurcation lesions involving a side branch ≥ 2.2 mm in diameter was prospectively evaluated in a dual‐center prospective study with a prospective 6‐month clinical follow‐up. All angiographic documents were analyzed by an independent corelab (CORISIS). Between 11 September 1997 and 21 February 1998, 96 patients were consecutively included (mean age, 63.7 ± 11.4 years; 81.3% male; 58.3% with unstable angina and 6.3% acute myocardial infarction). The lesion involved the left anterior descending–diagonal coronary bifurcation in 55% of cases, left circumflex–marginal 23%, posterior descending–postero‐lateral 12%, distal left main 6%, and others 4%. The main branch (proximal reference diameter: 3.43 ± 0.45 mm) was stented in 98% of cases and the side branch (2.72 ± 0.38 mm) in 38% (both branches in 34% of cases). T‐stenting or provisional T‐stenting was used in 88% of cases and final kissing balloon inflation was performed in 78% of cases. Procedural success was obtained in 100% of cases in the main branch and 98% in both branches. Major cardiac and cerebral events (MACCE) during hospitalization occurred in 4.2% of cases, non–Q‐wave myocardial infarction (MI) in 3.1%, Q‐wave MI in 1.0%, repeat PTCA in 2.1%; there were no major access site complication, no emergency coronary artery bypass grafting operation, no death. At 6‐month follow‐up, total MACCE rate was 14.6% (Q‐wave MI, 3.1%; non–Q‐wave MI, 3.1%; target vessel revascularization, 9.4%; death, 2.1%). Patients with target vessel revascularization (TVR) had restenosis of both branches in 22.2% of cases, main branch in 22.2%, and side branch in 55.6%. This study shows that using a simple strategy of provisional T‐stenting of the side branch in the majority of cases, the Bestent can be used for treating bifurcation lesions with a high rate of success and an acceptable rate of TVR at 6‐month follow‐up. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:427–433. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Percutaneous coronary interventions using a new 5 French guiding catheter: Results of a prospective study
Authors: Schöbel Wolfgang A. , Spyridopoulos I. , Hoffmeister H.M. , Seipel L.
Published: August 2002

The aim of this prospective study was to analyze the technical feasibility, the success rate, and the special complications of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) using a newly released 5 Fr guiding catheter with an inner diameter of 0.058″. The study was performed in 150 consecutive patients subjected to coronary angioplasty. In 89% of the patients, the intervention was started with a 5 Fr catheter (JR4 or JL4); in 16 patients a 6 or 7 Fr catheter was used because of unstable clinical conditions according to the decision of the interventional cardiologist. In 12 out of 134 patients, the guiding catheter had to be changed during the intervention from 5 Fr to a 6 or 7 Fr catheter due to poor backup support. In 112 out of 118 patients, the intervention was successfully performed using a 5 Fr catheter (95%); in 12 out of 16 patients, after changing the guiding catheter, the overall success rate was 93%. In patients with type A and B lesions who were initially treated using a 5 Fr catheter, the procedural success rate was 100% (81 out of 81), whereas in patients with type C lesions the procedural success rate was 83% (43 out of 53; P = 0.000053, Fisher's exact test). Furthermore, in patients with a diameter stenosis < 90%, the procedural success rate was 100% (57 out of 57), whereas in patients with a diameter stenosis of 90%–100%, the procedural success rate was 87% (67 out of 77; P = 0.0050). Stent implantation was performed successfully in 24 patients (18%) using the 5 Fr guiding catheter. This study confirms that PCI was technically feasible using a 5 Fr guiding catheter in the majority of consecutive patients with a success rate of 95%. There were significant differences in the success rate depending on the lesion type and the diameter stenosis. Complications were very rare and were not related to the guiding catheter. Limitations of the 5 Fr guiding catheters arose mainly from a poor backup support in long lesions and severe stenosis. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:308–312. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of the heteroatom on stereoselectivity in the complex metal hydride reduction of six‐membered cyclic ketones
Authors: Senda Yasuhisa
Published: August 2002

The role of the heteroatom on the stereochemistry and the relative rate for the complex metal hydride reduction of heteracyclohexanones and methoxy substituted cyclohexanones is explained by the difference in the nonbonding two‐electron stabilization between the incipient σ†* bond and the anti‐periplanar allylic σi bonds which were perturbed by the through‐space and/or through‐bond interaction with the remote heteroatom. A significant directive effect of the 2‐axial hydroxyl group appears in the reduction of cyclohexanone with representative complex metal hydrides, while the 3‐axial hydroxyl group exhibits a steric hindrance. The distance between the carbonyl carbon and the hydroxyl group which interacts with the hydride reagent is mainly responsible for such a difference. The key point of the extremely high directive effect appeared in the Na[B(OAc)3H] reduction for both 2‐ and 3‐axial hydroxycyclohexanone is the formation of Na[B(OAc)2(OR)H], which is far more reactive than the parent hydride, by exchanging the acetate ion with the alkoxide. Chirality 14:110–120, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Asymmetric induction under confinement
Authors: Brunet Ernesto
Published: August 2002

Confinement may efficiently condition the stereochemical outcome of a reaction through space constriction and molecular close contact. This article briefly reviews recent approaches of supramolecular chemistry to achieve chiral confinement. Crystallization is not always possible and the use of chiral crystals or clathrates lacks generality. The construction of solid supramolecular assemblies circumvents some of the problems of the crystal chemistry. In this regard, molecular imprinting of polymeric matrices with orifices mimicking the transition state of an enantioselective process is a very young, promising technique. Zeolites provide porous, rigid environments to host molecules without the need of lucky crystallizations, yet zeolites are not chiral per se and must be chirally modified. Besides, the limited dimension of their pores restricts the size of the guest molecules. Despite these problems, useful asymmetric photochemical reactions have been performed on zeolites. Finally, the formation of pillared lamellar structures, from inorganic salts of tetravalent transition metals covalently grafted with organic chains, is considered. The adequate selection of functionality and chirality of the organic pillars would afford custom‐made, highly porous, 3D hybrid organo‐inorganic scaffolds. However, the production of asymmetric processes within these layered materials still remains to be seen. Chirality 14:135–143, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Restraints on bi‐exponential fitting of inversion‐recovery data involved in two‐site exchange
Authors: Mao Xi‐An , Zhang Yong‐Hong
Published: August 2002

The recovery of the inverted magnetization in two‐site exchange systems generally follows a bi‐exponential law, C+e+C−e with λ+>λ−. With the assumption R1A<R1B (R1 denotes the relaxation rate), however, bi‐exponential fitting should be performed under the restraints: one of the four coefficients in the AB system, CA+, must be positive, while the other three, CA−, CB+, and CB−, must be negative. The bi‐exponential law can be approximated to a mono‐exponential law only when one of the following conditions is satisfied. (1) kAB+kBA≪|R1A−R1B| (slow exchange limit); (2) kAB+kBA≫|R1A−R1B| (fast exchange limit); (3) kAB+kBA can be any value, but R1A≈R1B (small relaxation‐difference limit); (4) PA≫PB (large population‐difference limit), where k and P denote the exchange rate and population, respectively. The last condition is suitable only to the more populated spin. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 13: 326–333, 2001
The effects of exogenous p53 overexpression on HPV‐immortalized and carcinogen transformed oral keratinocytes
Authors: Yoo George H. , Washington James , Oliver Jeffrey , Piechocki Marie , Kim Harold , Foster‐Nora Jessica , Shibuya Terry Y. , Wilson Deborah R. , Ensley John F.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Overexpression of p53 in head and neck carcinoma cells has demonstrated tumor growth suppression using in vitro and in vivo models. The effects of exogenous overexpression of wild‐type p53 on human papilloma virus (HPV)–immortalized and carcinogen transformed oral keratinocytes were determined.

METHODS

The p53 gene was overexpressed in IHGK (immortalized human gingival keratinocyte), IHGKN [4‐(methylnitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1‐butanone, (NNK)]‐carcinogen transformed keratinocytes, and two head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines, HN30 and HN12. The transfection efficiency, growth suppression, and inhibition of the cell cycle along with the induction of apoptosis were measured.

RESULTS

Transfections with adenoviruses were more efficient for IHGK cells than for IHGKN, HN12, and HN30 cells. Inhibition of proliferation in all cell lines was proportional to the viral particle to cell (VPC) ratios. IHGK cells were more sensitive to p53 than IHGKN cells. HN12 cells were more suppressed than HN30 cells. HN12 were the most suppressed at 72 hours whereas HN30 cells were most suppressed at 24 hours. Expression of exogenous p53‐induced G1 cell cycle arrest and p21 expression as VPC ratios increased in IHGK and IHGKN cell lines. Apoptosis also was induced in these cells by p53 as VPC increased. IHGK cells were more sensitive to p53‐induced growth inhibition, cell cycle regulation, p21 expression and apoptosis than IHGKN cells. HN12 (mutated p53) cells were more sensitive to p53 overexpression than HN30 (wild‐type p53) cells. Gene transfer and expression of exogenous p53 by using Ad‐p53 demonstrates suppressive effects on HPV immortalized and carcinogen transformed oral keratinocytes.

CONCLUSIONS

Cell cycle regulation by gene transfer is feasible in immortalized oral keratinocytes. Carcinogen transformed cells are less susceptible to the effects of p53 overexpression. Expression of exogenous p53 through p53 gene transfer can suppress HPV immortalization and carcinogen transformation in oral keratinocytes. The sensitivity of HNSCC cell lines to p53‐induced cell cycle regulation and apoptosis is variable and dependent on the cell line and duration of exposure. In vitro results using p53 gene transfer must be validated in clinical studies with patients at risk for HNSCC. Cancer 2002;94:159–66. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
Matrix metalloproteinase‐7 expression and biologic aggressiveness of cholangiocellular carcinoma
Authors: Miwa Shiro , Miyagawa Shin‐ichi , Soeda Junpei , Kawasaki Seiji
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Matrix metalloproteinase‐7 (MMP‐7) recently has been reported to play a role in tumor cell invasion. The objective of the current study was to examine the expression of MMP‐7 in patients with cholangiocellular carcinoma.

METHODS

Twenty‐six patients underwent resection of cholangiocellular carcinoma, leaving no macroscopic evidence of residual tumor. Immunostaining was performed to evaluate the relation between MMP‐7 expression and clinicopathologic features and patient prognosis. The immunostaining pattern of the tumor cells for MMP‐7 was classified as negative (−) (n = 9), positive (+) (n = 11), or strongly positive (++) (n = 6). Western blot analysis was performed to investigate the expression of active or latent forms in cancerous and noncancerous lesions in four patients.

RESULTS

The survival rates in patients with MMP‐7 expression judged to be (−), (+), and (++) were 75%, 80%, and 0%, respectively, at 1 year, and 47%, 24%, and 0%, respectively, at 3 years. The survival rate of MMP‐7 (++) patients was significantly lower than that of MMP‐7 (+) patients (P = 0.003) and MMP (−) patients (P = 0.008). At last follow‐up, 3 patients in the MMP‐7 (−) group had survived for > 5 years. Western blot analysis demonstrated that there were two types of cholangiocellular carcinoma: those producing both latent and active MMP‐7 and those producing only the latent form.

CONCLUSIONS

Although the results of the current study are based on a small number of patients, they suggest that MMP‐7 expression is a significant prognostic factor in patients with cholangiocellular carcinoma and that cholangiocellular carcinoma demonstrating strongly positive expression of MMP‐7 on immunostaining may have a higher malignant potential compared with that showing negative or positive expression of MMP‐7. Cancer 2002;94:428–34. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
The outcome of endometrial carcinoma surveillance by ultrasound scan in women at risk of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma and familial colorectal carcinoma
Authors: Dove‐Edwin Isis , Boks Dominique , Goff Sheila , Kenter Gemma G. , Carpenter Robert , Vasen Hans F. A. , Thomas Huw J. W.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Endometrial carcinoma is the most common extracolonic malignancy associated with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma syndrome (HNPCC). The risk of endometrial carcinoma in HNPCC mutation carriers is approximately ten times that of the general population, and endometrial ultrasound surveillance to detect early cancer in asymptomatic individuals is recommended by the International Collaborative Group on HNPCC. There is little, if any, published data addressing the effectiveness of surveillance in HNPCC and familial colorectal carcinoma.

METHODS

The outcomes of endometrial carcinoma surveillance scans were collected from the St Mark's Hospital Imperial Cancer Research Fund Family Cancer Clinic in the UK and the Netherlands Foundation for the Detection of Hereditary Tumors. Two hundred ninety two women from HNPCC (171) or HNPCC‐like (98) families between the ages of 25‐65 years were offered pelvic ultrasound surveillance scans for a period of up to 13 years.

RESULTS

Results were available from 269 women. The study period included a total of 825.7 years of risk. Two cases of endometrial carcinoma were reported. Neither case was detected by surveillance scanning. Both cases presented at an early stage with symptoms and were subsequently cured.

CONCLUSIONS

Endometrial carcinoma surveillance in hereditary colorectal carcinoma may not offer obvious clinical benefits. Cancer 2002;94:1708–12. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10380
Expression of tumor rejection antigens in colorectal carcinomas
Authors: Sasatomi Teruo , Suefuji Yuichi , Matsunaga Kazuko , Yamana Hideaki , Miyagi Yoshiaki , Araki Yasumi , Ogata Yutaka , Itoh Kyogo , Shirouzu Kazuo
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

The authors recently reported that the SART2 and SART3 antigens encode tumor epitopes recognized by HLA‐A24‐restricted and tumor‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) established from esophageal carcinoma patients. The current study investigated these antigens to explore a potential molecule for specific immunotherapy for colorectal carcinoma patients.

METHODS

The SART2 and SART3 antigens were investigated by Western blotting in colorectal carcinoma cell lines and in cancer tissues. For induction of CTLs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HLA A‐24‐positive cancer patients were stimulated in vitro with peptides.

RESULTS

The 140 kD SART3 antigen was expressed in both the cytosol and nuclear fractions of all six colon carcinoma cell lines, 27 of 41 (65.9%) cytosol fractions, 30 of 41 (73.2%) nuclear fractions of colorectal carcinoma tissue samples, and in 0 of 7 non‐tumorous tissues. The 100 kD SART2 antigen was expressed in the cytosol fractions of 2 of 6 colon carcinoma cell lines, 5 of 20 (25%) cytosol fractions of colorectal carcinoma tissue samples, and in 0 of 7 non tumorous tissues. HLA‐A24‐restricted CTLs cytotoxic to colon carcinoma cells were induced from PBMCs of colon carcinoma patients by stimulation with the two immunogenic peptides of SART3.

CONCLUSIONS

The SART3 antigen could be an appropriate target molecule for specific immunotherapy for colorectal carcinoma patients. Cancer 2002;94:1636–41. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10421
Abnormal positioning of granule cells alters afferent fiber distribution in the mouse fascia dentata: Morphologic evidence from reeler, apolipoprotein E receptor 2‐, and very low density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice
Authors: Gebhardt Carl , Del Turco Domenico , Drakew Alexander , Tielsch Albrecht , Herz Joachim , Frotscher Michael , Deller Thomas
Published: August 2002

The fascia dentata of the hippocampal formation is characterized by the nonoverlapping and lamina‐specific termination of afferent fibers: entorhinal fibers terminate in the outer molecular layer and commissural/associational fibers terminate in the inner molecular layer. It has been proposed that this fiber lamination depends on the presence of the correct postsynaptic partner at the time of fiber ingrowth during development. Pioneer neurons that guide afferent fibers to their correct layers as well as signals located on granule cells have both been implicated. To study the role of granule cells for the lamina‐specific ingrowth of afferents, the cyto‐ and fiberarchitecture of three mouse mutants (very low density lipoprotein receptor knockout mouse, apolipoprotein E receptor 2 knockout mouse, and reeler mouse) that show different degrees of granule cell migration defects were analyzed. Anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin was used to visualize the afferent fiber systems, and immunohistochemistry was used to determine the position of their putative target cells. In controls, granule cells are packed in a single layer. This laminar organization is mildly altered in very low density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice, moderately disturbed in apolipoprotein E receptor 2 knockout mice, and severely disrupted in reeler mice. These changes in granule cell distribution are mirrored by the distribution of commissural fibers. In contrast, changes in granule cell distribution do not severely affect the laminar termination of entorhinal fibers. These data provide further evidence for a role of granule cells in the laminar termination of commissural/associational afferents to the fascia dentata. J. Comp. Neurol. 445:278–292, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fundamental differences between the thalamocortical recipient layers of the cat auditory and visual cortices
Authors: Smith Philip H. , Populin Luis C.
Published: August 2002

In visual and somatosensory cortices of several species, spiny stellate cells in layer 4 are the first elements in signal processing where thalamic information is integrated and emergent receptive field properties are generated and sent on to more superficial cortical layers. In vivo and in vitro experiments have provided important information about how the anatomy and physiology of these cells and this layer fit into the functional cortical circuitry. No such data exist for the auditory cortex but are requisite if we are to understand whether ideas about information processing in one sensory cortical area can be generalized to another. Accordingly, we used in vitro slices from which to record and labeled cells in the middle layers of the cat auditory and visual cortices to compare basic anatomical and physiological features of cells recovered in similar layers using the same methods. Our results demonstrate a striking difference in a basic characteristic of two primary sensory cortical areas. In the visual cortex, spiny stellate cells predominate, receive short‐latency synaptic inputs, and project to supergranular layers. No such spiny stellate population is encountered in the middle layers of the auditory cortex. Spiny cells that are not stellate or pyramidal are occasionally encountered but, as a group, do not display consistent anatomical or physiological features that might allow them to function as auditory cortical versions of the visual spiny stellates. Rather, pyramidal cells in the lower half of layer 3 and layer 4 appear to have assumed this role. J. Comp. Neurol. 436:508–519, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mentally disordered firesetters: a structured intervention programme
Authors: Swaffer Tracey , Haggett Mick , Oxley Tanith
Published: August 2002

Although there has been a fairly substantial focus in previous research upon understanding the characteristic of firesetters and incidents of firesetting; there is a dearth of published studies that focus upon treatment strategies for use with mentally disordered firesetters. The current research rectifies this shortfall by describing the development and content of a firesetting treatment package, designed for use with individuals who have a mental disorder. Wherever possible, the reported features of the package are ground in the previous published research. Issues concerning evaluation of this type of therapeutic work are also discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing telomere length of sister chromatids in human lymphocytes using three‐dimensional confocal microscopy
Authors: Bekaert S. , Koll S. , Thas O. , Van Oostveldt P.
Published: August 2002

Background

The length of the terminal sequences of linear chromosomes changes dynamically during cellular proliferation. A crucial element in the study of telomere‐related regulation mechanisms is the ability to measure telomere lengths of individual chromosomes. Individual telomere lengths can be measured using digital imaging fluorescence microscopy‐based techniques. We extended this method using confocal microscopy for the acquisition of three‐dimensional (3D) images. Consequently, variations in measured signal intensities due to erroneous focusing are avoided.

Methods

We employed our 3D telomere sizing method to compare telomere lengths of sister chromatids within metaphase preparations from human lymphocytes. The samples were treated following a quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization (Q‐FISH) protocol using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐labeled telomeric peptidic nucleic acid (PNA) probes and propidium iodide (PI) counterstain.

Results

We demonstrated that the telomere lengths of two sister chromatids are not necessarily equal in human lymphocytes. Profound statistical analysis demonstrated significant differences in the distribution of the sister chromatid telomere lengths, but we were not able to prove a discrete distribution of telomere sister ratios. These telomere length differences were more apparent in older individuals.

Conclusion

Whereas the majority of sister telomere pairs have equal lengths, surprisingly, a minority was significantly different in each individual studied. We are convinced that these observations are not linked to the methodology or the protocol applied. We suggest that a biological phenomenon might be involved. Cytometry 48:34–44, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endocervical component: Is it a determinant of specimen adequacy?
Authors: Selvaggi Suzanne M. , Guidos Barbara J.
Published: August 2002

There is controversy in the literature concerning the presence or absence of an endocervical component as a determinant of the adequacy of cervical cellular samples. The purpose of this retrospective 2‐yr study (January 1, 1999–December 31, 2000) was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ThinPrep® Pap Tests™ with the presence or absence of an endocervical component from 151 women with subsequent tissue‐verified cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) II/III. Of the 138 Pap Tests™ containing an endocervical component, 100 (73%) showed exact cyto/histologic correlation and 38 (27%) were discordant. Of the 13 Pap Tests™ lacking an endocervical component, 10 (77%) showed exact correlation and 3 (23%) were discordant. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference in the detection of a high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) in those ThinPreps that contained an endocervical component from those that did not (P > 0.5). Further analysis of the 41 discordant ThinPrep® Pap Tests™ showed no significant difference between negative Pap Tests™ and discordant, yet abnormal Pap Tests™ (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, or low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions) and the presence or absence of an endocervical component (P = 0.25). The results of this study seem to indicate that the issue of the lack of an endocervical component as a determinant of cervical specimen adequacy should be revisited. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:53–55. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytology of bone lesions by intraoperative sampling during fracture treatment
Authors: Kinias Ioannis S. , Rammou‐Kinia Rea
Published: August 2002

Cytology was performed on 314 patients who were treated by surgery for hip joint fracture, to determine and evaluate the role, accuracy, and perspective of intraoperative bone sampling. Specimens were collected from bone lesions during surgery by imprints or driller washing in normal saline. The results were compared with those of subsequent biopsies or clinical follow‐up. All 13 neoplastic cases (malignant or benign) were identified by cytology. An accuracy rate of 69.2% was achieved by this method when the type and origin of the neoplasms were to be conclusive. There were no false‐positive diagnoses, and all benign conditions showed negative results on cytology (specificity and sensitivity of 100%). Cytology can play a valuable role in the diagnosis of bone lesions. The morphologic diagnostic criteria allow for a high level of diagnostic accuracy of cytologic assessments in most cases of bone lesions, no matter the sampling technique. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:145–149; DOI 10.1002/dc.10071 © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lipid‐rich carcinoid tumor of the thymus gland: Diagnosis by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy
Authors: Smith Nancy L. , Finley James L.
Published: August 2002

In this report we describe the cytologic features of an unusual thymic carcinoid tumor containing prominent cytoplasmic lipid vacuoles that was diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy. The tumor presented as a presternal subcutaneous mass in an 81‐yr‐old female, with a contiguous mediastinal mass on computed tomography. The cytomorphologic features included numerous discohesive cells with eccentric, round to oval nuclei, granular chromatin, and scant cytoplasm containing numerous intracytoplasmic, clear vacuoles. The neoplastic cells were reactive for neuroendocrine markers by immunocytochemistry and showed reactivity of the intracytoplasmic vacuoles with an oil red‐O stain for neutral lipid. Ultrastructural examination confirmed the presence of intracytoplasmic lipid vacuoles and neurosecretory granules. Subsequent surgical excision confirmed the diagnosis. We believe this to be the first report describing these features in a primary thymic carcinoid tumor. The differential diagnosis of mediastinal tumors with clear‐cell features and cytoplasmic vacuolization is also discussed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2001;25:130–133. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cultured anaplastic cell lines as immunocytochemistry controls: A comparison of ThinPrep®‐processed smears and conventional air‐dried cytospins
Authors: Wiatrowska Beata A. , Berner Aasmund , Torlakovic Goran , Emilsen Elisabeth , Mykelbost Grete L. , Torlakovic Emina
Published: August 2002

Cultured anaplastic cell lines with previously characterized phenotypes are considered to be the best positive controls for immunocytochemistry. We assessed the validity of using anaplastic cell line cytospins as positive controls for immunocytochemistry performed on ThinPrep®‐processed clinical samples. We compared ThinPrep®‐processed slides and air‐dried cytospins from cultured anaplastic cell lines for intensity and pattern of staining. Also, antigen preservation was assessed over a 3‐mo period, using a panel of 16 primary antibodies and 12 anaplastic cell lines. A three‐step alkaline phosphatase procedure was used except when in a single instance the EnVision™ method was employed. If appropriately stored, both preparations showed excellent correlation with no decrease in antigenicity during the 3‐mo testing period. ThinPrep®‐processed slides from clinical samples are ideal for immunocytochemistry, because internal negative controls can be performed for each test. We recommend the use of cytospins for positive controls because of the lower cost. Diagn. Cytopathol. 25:303–308, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytopathology of insular carcinoma of the thyroid
Authors: Nguyen Gia‐Khanh , Akin Marie‐Rose M.
Published: August 2002

Four pure insular carcinomas (IC) and one IC with focal anaplastic carcinoma (AC) of the thyroid with cytologic evaluation by fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) were reviewed. The needle aspirates from the four pure ICs revealed abundant monomorphic follicular cells present singly, in small, loose aggregates, and in cohesive trabecular and acinar clusters. Tumor cells showed fragile, ill‐defined, granular cytoplasm and oval nuclei with conspicuous or inconspicuous nucleoli. The case of IC with focal AC yielded, in addition to the follicular cells as seen in the FNA of the 4 cases of pure IC, large pleomorphic malignant cells with prominent nucleoli that were characteristic for an AC, giant‐cell type. No intact insulae of tumor cells were identified in any of the 5 cases. Thus, a thyroid IC may be suspected if abundant cohesive and dyshesive monomorphic follicular cells are present in the tumor FNA. However, a firm diagnosis of thyroid IC can only be made by histologic examination of the excised tumor. Diagn. Cytopathol. 25:325–330, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors and nociceptive processing
Authors: Salt T.E.
Published: August 2002

Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are found at various levels of the somatosensory/nociceptive signalling pathways from the periphery to the cerebral cortex. The distribution of the receptors in the brain and within and around synapses suggests considerable functional specialisation and specificity. Functional studies in animals indicate that these receptors can participate in or modulate nociceptive processing. Several classes of mGlu receptor‐active agonists and antagonists have been developed, and some of these appear to be effective in animal models of pain. This indicates that development of subtype‐selective mGlu compounds may be a fruitful avenue for the discovery of analgesic agents with novel mechanisms of action. Drug Dev. Res. 54:129–139, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early maternal rejection and later social anxiety in juvenile and adult Japanese macaques
Authors: Schino Gabriele , Speranza Liviza , Troisi Alfonso
Published: August 2002

This study investigated the relationships between early maternal style and subsequent juvenile and adult behavior of offspring in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Early maternal style had no effect on baseline behavior of offspring when adult. In contrast, early maternal style was correlated with the response of adult offspring to stressful social interactions, and particularly with their response to actual or potential aggression. Infants whose mothers encouraged more independence showing high rates of rejection were less fearful and did cope better with stressful situations when adult. Although based on correlational data, these results suggest that in macaques maternal rejection can promote offspring independence and the development of a less anxious personality. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 38: 186–190, 2001
Transient expression of TIP60 protein during early chick heart development
Authors: Lough John W.
Published: August 2002

Screening of an embryonic chick cDNA library revealed a gene product termed chick TIP60 (cTIP60) due to its homology with human TIP60, a founding member of the “MYST” family of proteins that possess functional motifs, including chromo, zinc finger, and histone acetyltransferase domains. cTIP60 expression was assessed during early chick embryogenesis, at the RNA level by using reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and at the protein level by using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. RT‐PCR indicated that cTIP60 transcripts in whole embryos are present as early as Hamburger‐Hamilton (HH) stage 5, diminishing after HH10. Western blotting of total embryonic protein revealed that cTIP60 was present in uniform quantities between HH3 and HH25. By contrast, Western blotting of protein from isolated hearts revealed that cTIP60 protein was strongly expressed at the earliest stages of heart development (HH11–13), diminishing thereafter. This finding was corroborated by immunohistochemistry, which revealed that cTIP60 protein was selectively expressed at high levels in the myocardium between HH 10–14. Considered in the context of its functional domains, these findings suggest that cTIP60 modulates transcriptional processes which regulate terminal cell differentiation, proliferation, or both, during early myocardial development. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coexpression of SCL and GATA3 in the V2 interneurons of the developing mouse spinal cord
Authors: Smith Emma , Hargrave Murray , Yamada Toshiya , Begley C. Glenn , Little Melissa Helen
Published: August 2002

The differentiation of neural progenitors into the many classes of neurons that exist in the mature spinal cord is a process that relies heavily on the activation of precise combinations of transcription factors. Defining these transcription factor combinations is an important aspect of research in developmental neurobiology that promises to provide incredible insights into the structure, function, and pathology of the central nervous system. The present study aimed to investigate a possible role for the Stem Cell Leukemia (SCL) gene, a basic helix‐loop‐helix (bHLH) transcription factor gene, in the specification of a population of neural cells in the ventral neural tube. Section RNA in situ hybridisation revealed that SCL is transiently expressed within the V2 postmitotic domain of the developing mouse spinal cord between 10.5 and 13.5 days post coitum. Double‐immunofluorescence experiments were subsequently carried out to directly compare the expression of SCL with other V2‐specific markers at the cellular level. These experiments revealed that SCL is expressed in a medially restricted subpopulation of GATA‐3 producing cells, suggesting a possible role for this factor in the differentiation of the GATA population of V2 interneurons. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The cognitive‐behavioral model of bulimia nervosa: A direct evaluation
Authors: Byrne Susan M. , McLean Neil J.
Published: August 2002

Objective

This study represented the first attempt to directly evaluate Fairburn et al's (1986) cognitive‐behavioral model of bulimia nervosa — the model on which the most widely used treatment for bulimia nervosa is based.

Method

The major predictions of the model were tested using structural equation modeling. Data were collected from the responses of 526 subjects to a number of self‐report measures.

Results

The factors of self‐esteem, overconcern with weight and shape, and dietary restraint accounted for a large proportion of the variance in binge eating and purging. The key pathway in the model was the link between overconcern with weight and shape and the adoption of purgative behaviors, which then fed into a vicious cycle of binge eating and purging. Contrary to Fairburn’s hypothesis, high levels of dietary restraint did not predict increased binge eating.

Discussion

The results suggest that the components of Fairburn's model may operate to maintain the bulimic cycle in a slightly different way to that originally proposed. © 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 17–31, 2002.
Bulimia and swallowing: Cause for concern
Authors: Mendell Dorie A. , Logemann Jeri A.
Published: August 2002

Objective

To determine whether there is evidence of a relationship between bulimia and abnormalities in swallowing function.

Method

Literature review across a variety of professional areas concerning the physiological effects of bulimia on oropharyngeal swallow structures and function.

Results

Investigations of bulimic subjects have identified abnormalities in the oral cavity and oropharynx including dental erosion, changes in taste, tissue manifestations, and potential motility disorders that could impact swallowing function.

Discussion

While there is cause for concern regarding the effects of repeated self‐induced vomiting behavior in bulimic subjects on swallowing function, more research is needed. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 252–258, 2001.
Investigation of quality of the parental relationship as a risk factor for subclinical bulimia nervosa
Authors: Wade Tracey D. , Bulik Cynthia M. , Kendler Kenneth S.
Published: August 2002

Objective

Previous literature suggests a link between the quality of the parental relationship and disordered eating in offspring. We investigated the relationship between offspring pyschopathology and the parental relationship using a population‐based twin registry that contained 766 complete twin pairs.

Method

We used reports of twin lifetime psychopathology from the twins and quality of parental relationship and parental lifetime psychopathology from both parents.

Results

Poorer quality of the marital relationship predicted the presence of subclinical bulimia nervosa (SBN) using both mother's (odds ratio [OR] = 0.83, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.71–0.97) and father's (OR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.62–0.97) reports. It also predicted the presence of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and alcohol dependence. SBN was still strongly predicted by the marital relationship when parental psychopathology was included as a covariate.

Discussion

These results are supportive of the notion that a conflictual and distant marital relationship can, at least partially, act as an environmental risk factor for SBN. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 389–400, 2001.
Multipath fading due to road surface reflection and fading reduction by means of space diversity in ITS vehicle‐to‐vehicle communications at 60 Ghz
Authors: Karasawa Yoshio
Published: August 2002

In the ITS (Intelligent Transport System), vehicle‐to‐vehicle communication to exchange information between vehicles and vehicle‐to‐road communication connecting vehicles and fixed network systems are important. The use of millimeter waves for vehicle‐to‐vehicle communication is being discussed. In this paper, in connection with vehicle‐to‐vehicle communication using millimeter waves, fundamental studies of fading due to road surface reflection, which is considered the most severe cause of degradation of radio wave propagation, are carried out. In addition, a quantitative evaluation of the effect of space diversity as a countermeasure for degradation of propagation is performed. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(1): 35–42, 2002
Analysis of fundamental property of 2D photonic crystal optical waveguide with various medium conditions by condensed node spatial network
Authors: Satoh Hiroaki , Yoshida Norinobu , Miyanaga Yoshikazu
Published: August 2002

Photonic crystals have a stopband characteristic (photonic bandgap: PBG) in which the light in a specific wavelength band is strongly attenuated. This structure is expected to exhibit the possibility of fine‐structure devices with sharp bends on the order of a wavelength that cannot be realized by weakly guided waves such as those in an optical fiber and a slab waveguide. However, significant difficulties are expected for their design and fabrication. Therefore, understanding and prediction by simulation are indispensable. To date, many analyses have been carried out by the FDTD method and the BPM method. In particular, for the fabrication of functional optical‐circuit devices, it is necessary to carry out a global analysis of the photonic crystal optical waveguide, including dielectric materials with dispersion and nonlinear effects. In this paper, the fundamental properties of photonic crystal optical waveguides containing various media are analyzed by means of the special feature of treating the medium condition in the condensed node spatial network method. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(5): 10–20, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10018
Analysis of kink concentration during low‐temperature annealing of low‐energy implanted boron
Authors: Furuta Yoshikazu , Kim Ryangsu , Xia Jianxin , Aoki Takenori , Saito Tomoya , Kamakura Yoshinari , Taniguchi Kenji
Published: August 2002

Experiments on the kink concentration of boron were investigated using a low‐energy boron‐implanted Si. It was found that the kink concentration has a time dependence and the process of kink formation can be classified into three stages. It has been confirmed from this phenomenon that the kink concentration is determined by the balance between the dissolution of boron clusters and the diffusion of boron. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(5): 29–34, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.1104