bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chloramine‐T for the control of Ichthyophthirim multifiliis (Fouquet)
Authors: Cross D. G. , Hursey P. A.
Published: January 2006

Tests were conducted to determine the toxicity of chloramine‐T to the free‐living stages of the protozoan parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Fouquet) and the fish Rasbora heteromorpha (Duncker) and Rutilus rutilus (L.) with the view to using the reagent to control ichthyophthiriasis. The toxicity was dependent on the pH value of the water and, to a lesser extent, its hardness. A method of treating the disease is proposed and discussed.
Studies on the blood characteristics of Tilapia zilli (Gervais) I. Blood cells
Authors: Ezzat A. A. , Shabana M. B. , Farghaly A. M.
Published: January 2006

This paper is the first of a series reporting the results of a study on haematology of Tilapia zilli (Gervais) in Egyptian waters. Erythrocyte count, total and differential leucocyte counts and their seasonal variations were studied. A complete description of the different types of leucocytes in the blood of T. zilli is given in detail. T. zilli is found to have medium sized red blood cells compared to other fishes. The analyses showed that it is one of the species having the highest leucocyte count. Polymorpho‐nuclear leucocytes are not recorded in the blood smears of this fish.
Food and growth of arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), in the Cumberland Sound area of Baffin Island
Authors: Moore J. W. , Moore I. A.
Published: January 2006

Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), captured during the summer, 1972, in Cumberland Sound, Baffin Island, fed mainly on planktonic amphipods (Parathemisto libellula, Pseudalibrotus glacialis), copepods (Calanus hyperboreus), and fish (Boreogadus saida, Myoxocephalus sp.), but failed to utilize coelenterates, planktonic gastropods, and epi‐ and infauna. The considerable variation in the species composition of the diet of char of different lengths was due primarily to size selection. The average length of all individuals in stomach contents and of representatives of most food species increased with the length of fish. The minimum and maximum length of frequently ingested organisms increased four and 90 times, respectively, as char increased from 4 to 85 cm. Char less than 10 cm in length captured in rivers tributary to the Sound fed mainly on larval Chironomidae (Eukiefferiella bavaria) during the summer, whereas those longer than 10 cm fed predominantly on other char. During the winter the stomachs of the smaller individuals were always empty while the diet of the large char was restricted to other fish. Most species available to the char were consumed in proportion to their relative abundance in the rivers. The dry weight of stomach contents, when expressed on a unit weight basis, decreased with the wet weight of char in both fresh and salt water. Thus, fish 10 g in weight contained approximately 1.5 times more food in their stomachs than those weighing 1000 g. The stomach contents of char captured in salt water weighed approximately 11 times more than those of char of comparable size captured simultaneously in fresh water. The fish fed at random intervals during the day and ceased feeding at night. Arctic char, at all sampling areas, had reached a length of approximately 9.6 cm after four years. Upon migrating to salt water, their growth rate increased sharply with the result that after eight years they were 26.5 cm in length, reflecting food availability. The growth rate gradually decreased in fish older than nine years so that 20 year olds were approximately 70.0 cm in length.
Preliminary investigations on the influence of temperature on food assimilation by rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson
Authors: Brocksen Robert W. , Bugge Jan P.
Published: January 2006

Juvenile rainbow trout demonstrated recognizable differences in their ability to assimilate useable energy from food organisms at three different water temperatures. This paper describes the technique and computations used to document these differences and discusses possible reasons for such differences.
A new magenta Pseudochromis (Teleostei: Pseudochromidae) from the Pacific
Authors: Lubbock Roger , Goldman Barry
Published: January 2006

A description is given of Pseudochromis porphyreus, a new species of serranoid reef fish from the Pacific which is overall bright magenta in coloration; it was recorded from the Ryukyu Is., Philippine Is., Palau Is., Gilbert Is., New Hebrides, Fiji and American Samoa.
A population study of Barbus barbus (L.) in the River Severn, England
Authors: Hunt P. C. , Jones J. W.
Published: January 2006

The results of the application of Schnabel (Chapman modification), Schumacher & Eschmeyer, Fisher & Ford, and Jolly capture‐recapture techniques on the Barbus barbus (L.) population in four areas of the middle Severn are compared. The survival of tagged fish varied in different areas and fish released in some time periods were less vulnerable to recapture than fish released from other samples. It is suggested that the shoaling behaviour of Barbus barbus resulted in non‐random mixing of marked fish. The average population size of Barbus barbus greater than 18 cm in length in each of the four sections for the total period of investigation gave population densities ranging from 0.024/m2 to 0.202/m2.
Experimental tests of a basic assumption of the capture‐recapture method in pond populations of carp Cyprinus carpio L.
Authors: Beukema J. J. , de Vos G. J.
Published: January 2006

Carp Cyprinus carpio L. populations of known composition as to size and descent were fished in drainable ponds in various ways to judge the validity of the mark‐recapture method for estimation of population size. Six combinations of gear for capture and recapture were employed, including fyke‐traps, seines and angling‐rods. Satisfactory estimates could be obtained only when the selectivity of the gear for recapture differed from that used for marking. Some differences and changes in behaviour of the carp underlying observed biased estimates are examined.
Continuous laboratory production of fertile Fundulusheteroclitus (Walbaum) eggs lacking chorionic fibrils
Authors: Boyd John F. , Simmonds Richard C.
Published: January 2006

A brood stock of Fundulus heteroclitus (Walbaum) minnows was established at theJohnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. By use of the aquarium maintenance systemdescribed in this report the fish were induced to produce fertile eggs throughout the year.Additional data is presented to confirm that F. heteroclitus found in the vicinity of Beaufort, North Carolina produce eggs which lack chorionic fibrils, making them especially suitablefor use in embryo development studies.
The plasma proteins of Labeo umbratus (Smith) and Labeo capensis (Smith)
Authors: Hattingh J.
Published: January 2006

The plasma proteins of L. umbratus and L. capensis have been investigated by means of cellulose‐acetate and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Characteristic patterns were obtained for each specie although variations occur within a certain basic framework. Certain fractions were further isolated and approximate average molecular weights were found to vary between 55 000 and above 120 000 and isoelectric points between 5.78 and 4.2. Certain fractions were found to exist in dimeric form. It is concluded that the application of the human nomenclature to fish plasma protein fractions is of dubious value and that the fish fractions can only be classified after thorough biochemical investigation.
Electrophoresis of haemoglobin in single erythrocytes of Labeo umbratus (Smith) and Labeo capensis (Smith)
Authors: Hattingh J. , Du Toit P. J.
Published: January 2006

Electrophoresis of haemoglobin in single erythrocytes of Labeo umbratus and Labeo capensis showed that haemoglobin behaved in three distinct ways in both species. The majority of cells contained haemoglobin which moved as a broad band towards the anode. In a few cells haemoglobin moved towards both the anode and the cathode and in even fewer cells, haemoglobin moved as a sharp band to either the cathode or anode. These results are discussed in relation to other observations.
Ontogenetic changes in haemoglobins in roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.) and rudd, Scardinius erythrophthalmus (L.)
Authors: Perez Julio E. , Maclean Norman
Published: January 2006

The haemoglobins and globins of the roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.) and the rudd, Scardinius erythrophthalmus (L.) have been studied by starch gel electrophoresis. At all stages of development studied, the roach and rudd haemoglobins give a similar electrophoretic pattern, the young fish of about 2 cm standard length possessing three separate haemoglobins, of which two bands only persist in the adult. The evolutionary significance of multiple haemoglobins in fishes is briefly discussed.
Occurrence of cellulase activity in the stomachs of fishes
Authors: Stickney Robert R. , Shumway Sandra E.
Published: January 2006

The stomachs of 148 elasmobranch and teleost fishes representing 35 families and 62 species were examined by viscometry for cellulase activity. Sixteen species of Georgia estuarine fish and the freshwater fish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque) showed some cellulase activity. Elasmobranchs and teleosts captured in Florida Bay, Florida, and over the continental shelf off Georgia lacked cellulase activity. Cellulase activity in fishes is probably produced by microflora of the alimentary tract.
Morphometrics,‘condition’and gonad development of the East African Sardinella gibbosa (Bleeker) and Sardinella albella (Valenciennes)*
Authors: Okera W.
Published: January 2006

Sardinella gibbosa and Sardinella albella of Dar es Salaam coast were studied from January 1969 to March 1970. Measurements on the standard length, weight, body depth, length and width of the gonads were taken and qualitative assessments of fat coverage on the alimentary canal and maturation stages were made. New size‐groups of both the species appeared in the lamp‐fishery at c. 6 cm SL between October 1969 and February 1970 and the largest specimens caught were 14.1 and 12.9 cm SL for the first and second species respectively. Length‐weight equations of the two species show higher values of the regression coefficients for the females compared to the males. Fat content of fishes > 10 cm SL was high during March to May and low during August to December 1969. First maturation and spawning are probably attained at c. 10.5 and 10 cm SL in the first and second species respectively. Mature S. gibbosa occurred between August and November 1969 and probably the species has a single, annual spawning season of 3.4 months duration. Mature S. albella, 10.1–12.5 cm SL occurred between August 1969 and February 1970; mature females, 12.6–12.9 cm SL were encountered throughout the sampling period.
Production biology of the upland bully Philypnodon breviceps Stokell in a small New Zealand lake
Authors: Staples D. J.
Published: January 2006

Estimates of the basic population parameters for the upland bully, Philypnodon breviceps Stokell, in Spectacles Lakes from February 1969 to March 1970 are presented. The study population in Small Spectacles could be defined as a discrete, freely‐mixed unit bounded by the edge of the lake, within which individual fish moved extensively in all seasons. Individual fish were regularly spaced with respect to their nearest neighbours but samples taken with both push and trap nets exhibited clumped dispersion. In summer older fish were in deeper water by day but moved to the edge of the lake at night, whereas in winter older fish inhabited deeper water by night. Population numbers and densities were high, ranging from 1.95 million fish (208/m2) in February 1969 to 124 thousand (21/m2) in March 1970. Annual mortality averaged 93 % for all age groups combined but was higher during the early stages of life. Mortality also increased during summer. Recruitment in Small Spectacles was low due to egg resorption by maturing females prior to the 1969 breeding season. Spawning, however, occurred normally in the adjacent lake, Large Spectacles, and egg survival was estimated to be 43.5 %, The growing season, as measured by the monthly change in mean length, extended for seven months of the year (October‐April). No growth occurred in winter. Growth of males exceeded that of females and growth within a year‐class was negatively correlated with the numerical strength of the class.
A histochemical study of the lateral muscles of five teleost species
Authors: Patterson S. , Johnston I. A. , Goldspink G.
Published: January 2006

A qualitative histochemical study has been made of the myotomal muscles of five teleost fish (glass fish, Chanda ranga; carp, Carassius carassius; coalfish, Gadus virens; black mollie, Molliensia sp. and grey mullet, Mugil cephalus). Three or four main fibre types were distinguished in these species on the basis of the distribution and relative activities of glycogen, lipid, aglycerophosphate dehydrogenase, phosphorylase, and succinic dehydrogenase. The so‐called red and white fibre types were found to have similar histochemical properties to previously investigated species. All the species studied, with the exception of the glass fish, Chanda ranga, were found to have one or two types of pink fibre situated between the red and white fibre regions. In the carp, coalfish and mullet, the pink fibres were found to be composed of small and large diameter fibres which were similar to red and white fibres respectively, except for their staining for succinic dehydrogenase. Considerable differences were found in the relative amounts of pink muscles between species. Minor fibre components were found in several species. These consisted of very small diameter fibres which did not stain well with any of the histochemical procedures used. It is suggested that these fibres represent areas of continuing muscle growth. The results obtained are discussed in relation to the division of labour between myotomal muscles during swimming.
Freeze branding of juvenile salmon
Authors: Laird Lindsay M. , Roberts Ronald J. , Shearer W. M. , McArdle J. F.
Published: January 2006

Freeze branding using liquid nitrogen as a coolant was carried out on salmon parr and a sequential histopathological study was carried out for 16 weeks. The initial darkening of the brand area was due to destruction of melanophore control but the later, more diffuse, pattern was related to the invasion of the area of the stratum spongiosum and hypodermis by melanin containing cells such as are commonly found in healing teleost wounds. The traumatic damage was completely resolved well before the end of the experiment, suggesting that freeze branding is a particularly suitable short term batch marking method.
Scanning electron microscopy of intraovarian embryos of the viviparous teleost, Micrometrus minimus (Gibbons), (Perciformes: Embiotocidae)
Authors: Dobbs Gary H.
Published: January 2006

Scanning electron microscopy of the hypertrophied hindgut and spatulate expansions of the fin membrane in embryos of a viviparous surfperch Micrometrus minimus (Gibbons) has revealed evidence as to the role of these secondary embryonic adaptations in foetal‐maternal exchange processes. The villified hindgut probably functions primarily in the absorption of dissolved nutrient material from ingested ovarian fluid, while the vascular spatulate expansions facilitate the respiratory exchange of gases between embryonic and maternal circulations.
Some observations on the use of MS 222 Sandoz with grey mullet (Mugil chelo Cuvier)
Authors: Dick Gillian L.
Published: January 2006

Two trials, each using grey mullet, were carried out to investigate the use of the anaesthetic, MS 222 Sandoz, in the handling and transportation of fish. The first trial examined the effect of using various concentrations of MS 222 Sandoz and it was concluded that concentrations of between 1: 75 000 and 1: 100000 were sufficient to tranquillize the fish for pre‐transport handling. A further trial using the anaesthetic at a concentration of 1: 100 000 and with a fish biomass of 50 g/1 demonstrated that tranquillized fish could safely be held at this density for a 48 h period. It was concluded that the use of anaesthetic such as MS 222 Sandoz could aid handling and loading operations and induce quiescence for a transportation period of up to 48 h duration.
Distribution, movements, and mortality of anadromous arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus L., in the Cumberland Sound area of Baffin Island
Authors: Moore J. W.
Published: January 2006

During 1972 the downstream movement of anadromous artic char, Salvelinus alpinus L., from two rivers flowing into Cumberland Sound, Baffin Island, began during the middle of May and was completed within 2 weeks. This movement took place during both the day and night. Upon reaching saltwater, many char older than 9 years (longer than 20 cm) began to migrate along the shore of the Sound at a rate of 0–6–0‐9 km/day with the result that the average maximum distance travelled from the natal river was 40–50 km. Char 6–9 years old, 10–20 cm in length, remained much closer to the rivers while those younger than 5 years never entered saltwater. During the period of saltwater residence, the fish frequently moved into the intertidal zone and freshwater. Maturing fish of both sexes were occasionally found in saltwater. The upstream migration to the lakes began during the second week of August and was completed within 5–6 weeks. Females tended to ascend the rivers before males, although fish of all different size and age migrated upstream simultaneously. Migration occurred during both the day and night. The maximum distance anadromous char moved from saltwater was 40 km. The char were found only in freshwater between May and September and were normally located near the bottom of lakes at a depth of 15–40 m. During this period, large scale movements were probably very limited. Average annual mortality was estimated at 16.0% per year with the highest rates (25–30%) occurring at ages 10 and 15–17 years. Many fish probably died of old age but physical deterioration during and after spawning was also an important cause of death.
Intraspecific communication in goldfish
Authors: Timms A. M.
Published: January 2006

Part I. Characteristics of locomotor behaviour of goldfish (Carassius auratus) were monitored automatically and the response to sensory cues provided by conspecifics was analysed. Goldfish were attracted to free‐swimming conspecifics and oriented to them klinokinetically by decreasing their mean angle size of turns and increasing both their turning frequency and mean step length between turns. These locomotor changes were stimulus bound. Although the responses were mediated visually, blinded goldfish, which were not overtly attracted, nevertheless oriented orthokinetically to non‐visual cues from the conspecific.

Part II. Simulation of the conspecific by models demonstrated that oval and horizontal rectangular shapes of the same area and their size interactions, elicited significant attraction whereas square and vertical rectangular shapes of the same area did not. Increasing speeds and/or size of the model tended to bring about stronger attraction.
Fishes of the African Great Lakes as candidates for introduction into large tropical impoundments
Authors: Eccles D. H.
Published: January 2006

The lakes formed by large power dams are populated by basically riverine faunas. The African Great Lakes are populated by highly specialized endemic faunas containing the bulk of the world's lacustrine fish species. Examples from the fauna of Lake Malawi are considered to illustrate the utilization of various niches, and it is suggested that such specialized species should be introduced into large tropical impoundments to utilize niches probably not fully occupied at present. Such introductions would pose little threat to the ecosystem of the rest of the river system into which they are introduced because of their close specialization to lacustrine conditions.
A description of the Tjeukemeer Fishery together with a note upon the yield statistics between 1964 and 1970
Authors: Goldspink C. R. , Banks J. W.
Published: January 2006

The catch of seven species of fish at the Tjeukemeer fishery between 1964 and 1969 is given. This period includes an important change in the fishing method. The catches are dominated by three species, the pike‐perch, bream and the eel. The yield of the pike‐perch is large and probably a reflection of the high production of the lake. The seasonal pattern of the catches is discussed with particular reference to fishing mortality. A general decline in the yield of bream is noted. However the yield of eels has been consistently high throughout the period. These data provide a valuable insight into the composition of the fish community within the lake.
Salinity tolerance of laboratory‐reared larvae of the California killifish, Fundulus parvipinnis Girard
Authors: Rao Teegavarapu R.
Published: January 2006

Newly hatched larvae of the California killifish (Fundulus parvipinnis) reared in the laboratory, were tolerant of salinities from fresh water to 70‰. Their salinity tolerance was influenced by incubation salinity; larvae hatched in lower incubation salinities exhibited greater freshwater tolerance than those hatched in higher salinities. In gradual acclimation tests, the upper median lethal salinity for the larvae was 130‰. Freshwater tolerance of the larvae decreased with age; yolk sac larvae were completely tolerant of fresh water while larvae more than 15 days old were least resistant.
Influence of temperature and salinity on routine metabolic rate and growth of young Atlantic menhaden
Authors: Hettler W. F.
Published: January 2006

The experiments dealt primarily with routine metabolic rates of schooling juvenile Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus (Latrobe), in flowing‐water respirometers and were designed to obtain baseline data for energy flow models and studies on the effects of sublethal stresses. The relationship of body weight to oxygen consumption as well as the effect of temperature (10–25°C), salinity (low, 5–10 p.p.t. and high, >28 p.p.t.), time since last fed and darkness on the routine metabolic rate was examined. The effect of salinity on growth of menhaden larvae into juveniles was also measured.
The occurrence of the rock goby, Gobius paganellus L. 1758 and the two‐spot goby, Chaparrudo flavescens (Fabricius,1779) in the Blackwater Estuary, Essex (S.E. England)
Authors: Barron R. J. C.
Published: January 2006

The capture of a rock goby, Gobius paganellus, and two‐spot gobies, Chaparrudo flavescens from the upper Blackwater Estuary during the autumn of 1974 is reported. Reasons for their presence are discussed, since this appears to be the first record of Gobius paganellus in the North Sea.
Studies of the biology of the lesser weever fish Trachinus vipera Cuvier
Authors: Lewis David B.
Published: January 2006

The anatomical adaptations to a benthic mode of life are reviewed and discussed. The functioning of the pectoral, pelvic and anal fins in moving sand from underneath the animal, during burrowing, are described. Jets of water directed downwards from the gill chambers, produce a fluid sand‐water mixture which facilitates the functioning of the pelvic fins, and the movement of the head into the sand. The direction of water movements associated with gill ventilation, which are propelled almost exclusively by the branchiostegal rays, are outlined. Inhalation is normally through the mouth, which is protected by papillae, from being blocked by sand. When the mouth is covered with sand, the water flow through it is reduced, and some inhalation occurs through the dorsal margin of the operculum, involving use of the supracliethrum.
The reproductive biology, age and growth of the North American cyprinid, Notropis longirostris (Hay)
Authors: Heins David C. , Clemmer Glenn H.
Published: January 2006

Notropis longirostris (Hay), the longnose shiner, in Catahoula Creek, Jourdan River drainage, Hancock County, Mississippi, was studied from May 1970 to May 1972. In 1971 reproduction occurred from late March into October, as indicated by gross examination of testes, breeding tubercles and breeding colour in males, and ovarian weights, measurements of ova, and gross examination of ovaries in females. Gross examination of ovaries in 1970 also indicated an extended reproductive season. Generally no significant differences from a 1 : 1 sex ratio or in the size of males and females in collections taken during the reproductive season were indicated. Males and females matured about the same size. Most females were sexually mature when 29–30 mm SL. The smallest female with mature ova was 28 mm; however, the majority of females did not have mature ova until 31–33 mm. The number of mature ova produced prior to spawning ranged from 15 to 129 for females 30.8–44 mm SL. There were significant differences in the number of mature ova with time, two peaks being indicated: the first in late March and April at the beginning of the reproductive period and the second in early July about the middle of the season. This conclusion is also supported by ovarian weight measurements and length frequency histograms. The mean diameters of mature ova ranged from 0.70–1.05 mm, averaging 0.90 mm, and were not significantly correlated with length. Most fish live about 1–1.5 years and do not live through two winters, indicating an annual turnover in the population. Maximum size was about 48 mm SL. Specific characteristics of the life history pattern of N. longirostris are discussed in relation to ecological conditions of the habitat.
Haematological effects of stress on a teleost, Esox lucius L.
Authors: Soivio Antti , Oikari Aimo
Published: January 2006

Stress produces a haemoconcentration, elevated blood lactate, increased glucose concentrations and alters the plasma electrolyte balance in two groups (brackish‐ and freshwater) of the northern pike, Esox leucius L., after one month's starvation. A method for dorsal aorta catheterization and a receptacle for cannulating fish is described.

The blood glucose level of the freshwater pike was twice that of the brackish‐water group, and the plasma sodium and magnesium concentrations in the brackish‐water pike were significantly higher. The haematocrit, haemoglobin and blood lactic acid concentrations were higher in freshwater pike. The plasma potassium and calcium concentrations in the two groups did not differ.

Haemoconcentration due to stress by handling for 1.5 min was shown by changes in haematocrit and haemoglobin values. The haemoglobin concentration returned to normal in freshwater pike after 4 h but in brackish‐water pike after 12 h.

As a result of handling, the blood lactic acid level rose steeply and required 12 h to return to normal.

The blood glucose concentration rose to its maximum value within 1 h of handling and required two days to return to normal.

The plasma sodium level remained stable after handling, but the potassium level was erratic. In brackish‐water, the potassium concentration of the pike remained high for 12 h after stress, but in the freshwater group, after a rise, the concentration fell to below the initial level within 4 h. The changes of the potassium concentrations in relation to sampling time are discussed. The changes in the divalent ion concentrations were marked and similar in the two groups; with an increase lasting 1–4 h and then a fall below the initial level, which was regained after two days.
On Micropharynx parasitica Jägerskiöld, a marine planarian ectoparasitic on thorny skate, Raja radiata Donovan, from the North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Ball Ian R. , Khan R. A.
Published: January 2006

A marine planarian, Micropharynx parasitica Jägerskiöld, is recorded as an ectoparasite from thorny skates, Raja radiata Donovan, trawled off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada. These are the first records of this parasite in the western North Atlantic Ocean. A description of the material is given to facilitate identification of the parasite, together with some biological notes. The association between Micropharynx and Raja seems to be a true parasitic one, and not a case of commensalism. M. murmanica Awerinzew is considered to be a junior synonym of M. parasitica.
Preliminary results of the in vivo studies on ovarian resorption in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)
Authors: Bieniarz K. , Epler P.
Published: January 2006

Oocyte resorption in the ovaries of sexually mature carp, which did not spawn, was investigated using a method of sampling ovaries in vivo. A 2‐year study revealed that a portion of the oocytes had undergone a slow resorption while the basic mass of the ovaries, throughout the experiment, consisted of the oocytes similar to those of stage IV of sexual maturity. At the same time no growth of the oocytes of the earlier maturation stages was found. The condition of the ovaries in the females studied indicated their complete infertility, at least for three successive spawning periods.
The effect of ammonia exposure on gill structure of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Authors: Smart Geoffrey
Published: January 2006

Gill structure has been studied in fish exposed to various ammonia concentrations. Gill damage resulting from exposure to acutely lethal concentrations was relatively minor and unlikely to have been a primary cause of death. Alternative toxic mechanisms have been discussed. Following long‐term exposure to ammonia there were severe histopathological changes in gill structure and oxygen uptake may have been seriously impaired. A high incidence of disease was also observed.
Influence of body size and food ration on the energy budget of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson
Authors: Staples D. J. , Nomura M.
Published: January 2006

Three size classes (3 g, 200 g, 1–3 kg) of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, were each fed five rations ranging from zero to a ‘maximum’ ration and the relationships among body size, food ration, metabolism and growth examined. Water temperature was constant at 11–4°C. The gross growth efficiency in wet weight, K, increased asymptotically with increasing ration but decreased with increasing body size. Changes in fat and moisture content of the body, however, were such that Kin terms of energy utilization was independent of body size when the fish were feeding at the same level. This result was not apparent when wet weight values only were considered and use of a constant to convert wet weight offish to calorific values can lead to errors in interpretation of results. Assimilation efficiency averaged 71 ‐7 % over all feeding groups and was independent of body size and food ration. Total metabolic expenditure, however, increased with increasing body size and feeding level, but at any given feeding level a similar proportion of the energy of the assimilated ration was used for metabolism. At a single feeding level, therefore, the percentage utilization of energy in each category of the energy budget remained similar over all body sizes. Such a result can only be expected under laboratory conditions but it provides a base‐line for comparison with the performance of other more complicated systems.
Aspects of the biology and ecology of Caribbean reef fishes: Mullidae (goat–fishes)
Authors: Munro J. L.
Published: January 2006

The reef–dwelling goat–fishes, Pseudupeneus maculatus (Bloch) 1793 aand Mulloidichthys martinicus (C. & V.) 1829, form a small, but valuable, component of fish–trap catches in the Caribbean Sea and adjacent regions. Investigations of these species in Jamaican waters have covered relative and absolute growth rates, spawning seasons, sizes at maturity, distribution patterns, size compositions of populations, relative abundances and mortality rates. Previous literature concerning the biology and ecology of these species is reviewed.
Sea trout in North Argyll Sea lochs, population, distribution and movements
Authors: Pemberton R.
Published: January 2006

Sea trout were sampled by shore seining in the sea lochs of the west coast of Scotland between 1970 and 1974, This area is of special interest because of the indentation of the coastline and the varying degree of freshwater and marine influence in the sea lochs. The majority of fish caught were in their first year after smolt migration. These post‐smolts were caught mainly in May and June, after which the number of trout present was low until fish at the ‘whirling’ stage appeared in the catches at the end of August, continuing through to the following spring. An additional recruitment of mainly unsilvered young trout from the rivers to the sea lochs was found in the autumn. Age and sex composition of both spring and autumn recruits, and of mature fish, were investigated and compared.

A total of 3228 sea trout were tagged, with 311 recaptures. These recaptures supported the evidence from smolt trapping and beach seine catches that, in the first post‐migration year, the smolts migrate from the rivers from late March to early May, they then migrate from the sea lochs in May and June and return in late summer and autumn.
A review of factors which may influence the sea‐age and maturation of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L.
Authors: Gardner Michael L. G.
Published: January 2006

The many enigmatic factors in the life cycle of the Atlantic salmon have long fascinated and long frustrated those working on this subject. This comprehensive review by Dr Michael Gardner collates and summarizes the findings of investigations from the turn of the century to the present day. The author also provides an objective assessment of several hypotheses relating to the reasons for the diverse behaviour patterns of the salmon.
The immunohistochemical localization of lysozyme in plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) tissues
Authors: Murray C. K. , Fletcher T. C.
Published: January 2006

The location of lysozyme in fresh plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) tissues was studied using an immunofluorescent technique. An antiserum to a homogeneous sample of plaice serum lysozyme was prepared in rabbits and was shown to be monospecific by immunodiffusion and inhibition studies. This preparation, used in conjunction with fluorescent labelled sheep anti‐rabbit immunoglobulin, demonstrated lysozyme in plaice neutrophils, peritoneal macrophages, gill cartilage and epithelium, spleen, kidney, skin and mucus. The distribution of lysozyme in the skin and secreted mucus was affected by the method of killing the fish.
On the populations of roach (Rutilus rutilus), rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus), and their hybriin Esthwaite Water, with notes on the distinctions between them
Authors: Wheeler Alwyne
Published: January 2006

Samples of cyprinid fishes from Esthwaite Water, Westmorland, have been examined and identified as roach (Rutilus rutilus), rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus), with a high degree (37%) of hybridization between these species. The distinguishing features of roach and rudd are discussed in the light of the difficulty of distinguishing the roach x rudd hybrid from the roach. It is concluded that the only reliable characters are the number and external morphology of the pharyngeal teeth.
Comparative study of some haematological and biochemical blood parameters in fishes from the Skagerrak
Authors: Larsson ÅKe , Johansson‐Sjöbeck Maj‐Lis , Fänge Ragnar
Published: January 2006

Marine fishes caught in the Skagerrak, 27 different species representing various groups of fishes (Cyclostomi, Holocephali, Elasmobranchii and Teleostei), were examined for the following haematological and biochemical blood parameters: haematocrit, haemoglobin, mean corpuscle haemoglobin concentration, total plasma protein, blood glucose and blood lactate. Interspecies variations as well as variations within some species were observed. The haemoglobin values for all species showed a positive correlation to the corresponding haematocrit values. Relatively low values for haematocrit and haemoglobin were found in cyclostomes, holocephaleans and elasmobranchii compared to the majority of teleosts. Within the teleost group, the haematocrit and haemoglobin levels were positively correlated with the activity of the fish species. The cyclostome Myxine glutimsa L. had a total plasma protein content in the same range as most teleosts, whereas holocephaleans, elasmobranchii and the deep‐water teleost Coryphaenoides rupestris Gunnerus showed comparatively low values. Among teleosts some relationship seemed to exist between the total plasma protein level and the activity of the fish species. In addition, a correlation between plasma protein content and levels of blood lipids were noted. Values for blood glucose and blood lactate were found to be lower in cyclostomes, holocephaleans and elasmobranchii than in most teleosts. Higher blood glucose levels were observed in the more active teleost species.
The effects of hypophysectomy, prolactin therapy and environmental calcium on freshwater survival and salinity tolerance in the brown trout Salmo trutta L.
Authors: Oduleye S. O.
Published: January 2006

Hypophysectomy resulted in a loss of ability of the euryhaline salmonid, Salmo trutta to survive in fresh water. The mean survival time was 4–5 days. Maintenance in a medium containing 5 mM calcium increased the mean survival time to 8 days while 10 mM decreased it. Injection of 0–21.U./gm prolactin enabled hypophysectomized fish to survive the 2‐week duration of the experiment.

High environmental calcium, or pre‐adaptation to a medium of high calcium, increased salinity tolerance of the brown trout probably by promoting a quick return of plasma electrolyte concentration to normal after transfer to sea water.
The accumulation of radioactive caesium from water by the brown trout (Salmo trutta) and its comparison with plaice and rays
Authors: Hewett C. J. , Jefferies D. F.
Published: January 2006

The patterns of accumulation of caesium‐137 from water by the tissues and organs of the freshwater teleost, the brown trout (Salmo trutta) are described. Estimates of the biological half‐times and steady‐state concentrations are derived, using a simple exponential equation. In all tissues and organs examined, other than muscle, the rate processes of the trout fall between those of the plaice and the ray. It is concluded that most of the caesium accumulated by the brown trout from water enters other than by the gut, probably through the gills, but as with plaice and ray, the main source of the caesium, possibly 90%, must come from the food. Despite differences in the levels of accumulation, the ratios of the tissue to blood steady state concentrations are very similar in all three species. The steady state caesium concentration of the blood appears to be directly related to the red blood cell count of the fish.
Some observations on the stained blood cellular elements of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus
Authors: Williams R. W. , Warner M. C.
Published: January 2006

Slides were prepared from blood of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, and evaluated. The cellular blood elements observed were thrombocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, granular anucleate bodies, erythrocytes. In channel catfish, thrombocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils were the predominate leucocytes. Erythrocytes were observed in various stages of development. Smudge cells were observed in all smear preparations. The variations found between the observations in this study and information provided in the literature suggest the need for establishing a standardized terminology.
The effects of maternal age, relative hatching time and density of stocking on growth rate of fry in the European and Chinese races of the common carp
Authors: Hulata G. , Moav R. , Wohlfarth G.
Published: January 2006

The effects of genetic and environmental factors (maternal age, relative hatching time and density) and their interactions on the growth rate of carp fry were evaluated. It was confirmed that relative size of fry immediately after hatching is a major determinant of further growth rate, but that the cause of the initial advantage (hereditary or environmental) is of little importance. A theoretical model was developed to express the quantitative relationships between the interacting genetic and environmental factors.
A histological study of the response of the interrenal cells of the goldfish (Carassius auratus) to treatment with sodium lauryl sulphate
Authors: Bromage N. R. , Fuchs A.
Published: January 2006

Treatment of goldfish (Carassius auratus) with sub‐lethal concentrations of an anionic detergent sodium lauryl sulphate for 1, 2 or 4 weeks produced histological changes in the interrenal (steroidogenic) cells of the head kidney which are indicative of a cellular activation. Significant increases in both the nuclear diameter of these cells and the number of nucleoli contained in the nuclei occurred after 1 week's treatment, although these effects were more pronounced after 2 and 4 weeks. There were little associated alterations in chromaffin cell activity. Preliminary experiments with another pollutant, zinc sulphate, suggest that it exerts a similar action to sodium lauryl sulphate on the interrenal cells. It is suggested the increases in corticosteroid production which occur after exposure of fish to sub‐lethal concentrations of pollutants may be important in the development of a generalized disease syndrome and to the long‐term success of fish populations.
Effects of anaesthesia with MS 222, neutralized MS 222 and benzocaine on the blood constituents of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri†
Authors: Soivio Antti , Nyholm Keijo , Huhti Marja
Published: January 2006

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) were subjected to 15 min anaesthesia with unbuffered MS 222, neutralized MS 222 and benzocaine with and without physical stress. Blood samples were taken through cannulae inserted into the dorsal aorta. The Hct values and Hb concentrations increased with all the anaesthetics, which also caused swelling of erythrocytes. The initial values were restored within 4–12 h of recovery. Each anaesthetic elevated the blood lactate concentration, but the initial level was regained within 12 h. The blood glucose level decreased the most during anaesthesia with unbuffered MS 222, but the initial level was rapidly restored. Benzocaine caused the least hypoglycaemia during anaesthesia, but the subsequent hyperglycaemia, as in the fish anaesthetized with neutralized MS 222, lasted 24 h. Neutralized MS 222 and benzocaine elevated the plasma K + concentration more rapidly than unbuffered MS 222. The initial levels were regained in 4 days. All anaesthetics raised the Mg ++ concentration.

The Po2 in the dorsal aorta decreased during anaesthesia with unbuffered MS 222 by about 85 mmHg, while the Pco2 increased by about 1.5 mmHg. Their initial levels were regained within 20 min. During anaesthesia the pH value decreased by 0.3 units and returned to the initial value within 2–4 h of recovery. MS 222 seemed to be an asphyxiant.
Quinaldine sulphate, a new anaesthetic formulation for tropical marine fishes
Authors: Blasiola George C.
Published: January 2006

Quinaldine sulphate is demonstrated in this study to be a convenient and safe anaesthetic for use with tropical marine fishes. Both onset of anaesthesia and recovery are significantly more rapid than with the parent compound, quinaldine.
Variation in the free amino acid content of skeletal muscle of Ophicephalus punctatus (Bloch)
Authors: Siddiqui Abdul Q. , Siddiqui Anwar H.
Published: January 2006

The skeletal muscle of Ophicephalus punctatus contains nine essential free amino acids, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine and lysine, and eight non‐essential amino acids, alanine, aspartic acid, cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, tyrosine, proline and serine. Histidine and lysine dominated the free amino acids pool. Seasonal variation was detected in the levels of histidine, arginine, leucine, phenylalanine, glycine, cystine and serine with highest values occurring in April and again in November. Changes were also detected in the concentrations of certain amino acids as the fish grew in size. Levels of free amino acids did not significantly differ between sexes. Factors effecting variation are discussed.
Blood sugar as an indicator of stress in the freshwater fish, Labeo capensis (Smith)
Authors: Hattingh J.
Published: January 2006

Factors involved in the determination of the blood sugar level of L. capensis have been studied. The stress of capture and transportation produces a marked increase in the blood sugar concentration. The relationship between blood sugar concentration and oxygen saturation of water and between blood sugar concentration and ammonium ion concentration was also investigated. Increases in ammonium ion concentration and decreases in oxygen saturation of water produce increases in the blood sugar concentration. The results are discussed in relation to the phenomenon of ‘asphyxiation hyper‐glycemia’.
The ultrasonic telemetry of cardiac rhythms of wild brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) as an indicator of bio‐energetics and behaviour
Authors: Priede I. G. , Young A. H.
Published: January 2006

A new type of miniature ultrasonic telemetry transmitter weighing less than 4 g underwater and usable on fish of less than 0.5 kg weight is described. The signal consisting of a sound pulse triggered by the QRS spike of the electrocardiogram is detectable at ranges to 400 m. Continuous records lasting 7 days were made of cardiac rhythms of brown trout. Mean heart rates were low indicating a metabolic rate of not more than 1.55 times the basal metabolic rate. Maximum heart rates were rare, occupying less than 0.5% of the time; there was no evidence of build up of oxygen debt due to periods of high activity. Following a settling down period after the attachment of the transmitter, the fish exhibited a diurnal rhythm with higher heart rates during the day. The transition from day to night heart rates and vice versa in one fish was shown to anticipate solar altitude change by half‐hour. Missing heart beats (cardiac inhibitory reflexes) are discussed as indicators of a sensory input, but they are not reliable indicators of feeding activity. It is concluded that stamina is not important for normal day to day survival of adult trout and the influence of various ecological factors is discussed.
Diurnal variations in pituitary gonadotropin content and in gonadal response to exogenous gonadotropin and prolactin in Notemigonus crysoleucas
Authors: de Vlaming Victor L. , Vodicnik Mary Jo
Published: January 2006

Diurnal variations in pituitary gonadotropin content were determined in the golden shiner, Notemigonus crysoleucas. In fish maintained on a 15‐5L/8‐5D–15°C regime, a pronounced circadian variation in pituitary gonadotropin potency was observed, the gonadotropin content being minimal early and maximal late during the light phase. Little temporal variation was seen in fish exposed to a 9L/15D–15°C regime. The effects of gonadotropin and prolactin treatment on gonadal activity in N. crysoleucas were also investigated. Salmon gonadotropin was effective in stimulating an increased rate of gonadal development when given early during the light phase in fish maintained on a 15.5L/8‐5D–15°C regime; injections of gonadotropin given late in the light phase failed to accelerate gonadal growth. Regardless of time of injection, ovine luteinizing hormone accelerated gonadal growth in fish maintained on a 9L/15D–15°C regime. Ovine prolactin retarded gonadal development in fish exposed to a 15.5L/8‐5D–24°C regime, independent of injection time. In fish maintained on a 15.5L/8‐5D–15°C regime, injections of prolactin given early, but not late, during the light phase repressed gonadal maturation. These data show that under certain photoperiod‐temperature conditions there is a temporal aspect to responsiveness to exogenous hormone treatment.