bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scholarly communication in the digital environment
Authors: Rowlands Ian , Nicholas David
Published: January 2007

Purpose

This paper aims to make a substantial contribution to the ongoing debate about the potential of open access publishing and institutional repositories to reform the scholarly communication system. It presents the views of senior authors on these issues and contextualises them within the broader framework of their journal publishing behaviour and preferences.

Design/methodology/approach

A highly representative online opinion survey of more than five and half thousand journals authors, building on an earlier (January 2004) benchmarking study carried out by CIBER.

Findings

Senior researchers are rapidly becoming more informed about open access publishing and institutional repositories but are still a long way off reaching a consensus on the likelihood that these new models will challenge the existing order, nor are they in agreement whether this would be a positive or a negative development. Disciplinary culture and, to a less extent, regional location are key determinants of author attitudes and any policy response should avoid “one‐size‐fits‐all” solutions.

Research limitations/implications

This survey reflects the opinions of senior corresponding authors who have recently published in a “top” (i.e. ISI‐indexed journal) with 95 per cent confidence. The findings should not be generalised to represent the views of all authors in all journals, open access or otherwise.

Originality/value

The journal publishing sector is facing enormous challenges and opportunities as content increasingly migrates to the web. The value of this research is that it provides an objective, non‐partisan, assessment of the attitudes and opinions of more than 5,000 senior researchers, a key stakeholder group, and thus contributes both to the development of public policy as well as more realistic commercial strategies.
Is Google enough? Comparison of an internet search engine with academic library resources
Authors: Brophy Jan , Bawden David
Published: January 2007

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to compare an internet search engine, Google, with appropriate library databases and systems, in order to assess the relative value, strengths and weaknesses of the two sorts of system.

Design/methodology/approach

A case study approach was used, with detailed analysis and failure checking of results. The performance of the two systems was assessed in terms of coverage, unique records, precision, and quality and accessibility of results. A novel form of relevance assessment, based on the work of Saracevic and others was devised.

Findings

Google is superior for coverage and accessibility. Library systems are superior for quality of results. Precision is similar for both systems. Good coverage requires use of both, as both have many unique items. Improving the skills of the searcher is likely to give better results from the library systems, but not from Google.

Research limitations/implications

Only four case studies were included. These were limited to the kind of queries likely to be searched by university students. Library resources were limited to those in two UK academic libraries. Only the basic Google web search functionality was used, and only the top ten records examined.

Practical implications

The results offer guidance for those providing support and training for use of these retrieval systems, and also provide evidence for debates on the “Google phenomenon”.

Originality/value

This is one of the few studies which provide evidence on the relative performance of internet search engines and library databases, and the only one to conduct such in‐depth case studies. The method for the assessment of relevance is novel.
Electronic books: a survey of users in the UK
Authors: Gunter Barrie
Published: January 2007

Purpose

This study provides insights into the early market for e‐books in the UK through survey research with members of a large online panel.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from an online panel established by a leading commercial internet research company. Members of the panel are signalled each week to take part in web surveys. Respondents completed an online questionnaire posted on the company's web site. Questions explored awareness, trialling, purchase and borrowing of e‐books, examining the frequency of such behaviour and types of publications accessed and/or obtained.

Findings

A significant proportion of respondents (85 per cent) were aware of e‐books. Among these respondents, around half (49 per cent) had made trial use of them, nearly four in ten (38 per cent) had bought at least one e‐book, and one in seven (13 per cent) had borrowed an e‐book from a library. Technical books and non‐fiction publications related to hobbies and interests were among those most popularly used and bought. The main perceived advantages of e‐books are that they can be obtained more conveniently than going via a bookstore and they are often cheaper than hard copy versions.

Research limitations/implications

This online survey was dependent on respondent self‐selection. This meant that there was no central control over the return sample profile.

Originality/value

This survey provided an early look at the e‐book market in the UK. Findings indicated the market potential of e‐books given that the equipment needed to read them is regarded neither as too expensive nor too difficult to use. It is clear, however, that early e‐book users regard electronic reading as something to use primarily for reference work than for more extended reading for leisure and entertainment. Most e‐book users (56 per cent) still preferred not to read extended passages of text from a screen. Nonetheless, for dipping in and out of reference works e‐books have the advantage of being easier to search and easier to annotate.
The evolution of goal‐based information modelling: literature review
Authors: Boyd Andrew John
Published: January 2007

Purpose

The first in a series on goal‐based information modelling, this paper presents a literature review of two goal‐based measurement methods. The second article in the series will build on this background to present an overview of some recent case‐based research that shows the applicability of the goal‐based methods for information modelling (as opposed to measurement). The third and concluding article in the series will present a new goal‐based information model – the goal‐based information framework (GbIF) – that is well suited to the task of documenting and evaluating organisational information flow.

Design/methodology/approach

Following a literature review of the goal‐question‐metric (GQM) and goal‐question‐indicator‐measure (GQIM) methods, the paper presents the strengths and weaknesses of goal‐based approaches.

Findings

The literature indicates that the goal‐based methods are both rigorous and adaptable. With over 20 years of use, goal‐based methods have achieved demonstrable and quantifiable results in both practitioner and academic studies. The down side of the methods are the potential expense and the “expansiveness” of goal‐based models. The overheads of managing the goal‐based process, from early negotiations on objectives and goals to maintaining the model (adding new goals, questions and indicators), could make the method unwieldy and expensive for organisations with limited resources. An additional challenge identified in the literature is the narrow focus of “top‐down” (i.e. goal‐based) methods. Since the methods limit the focus to a pre‐defined set of goals and questions, the opportunity for discovery of new information is limited.

Research limitations/implications

Much of the previous work on goal‐based methodologies has been confined to software measurement contexts in larger organisations with well‐established information gathering processes. Although the next part of the series presents goal‐based methods outside of this native context, and within low maturity organisations, further work needs to be done to understand the applicability of these methods in the information science discipline.

Originality/value

This paper presents an overview of goal‐based methods. The next article in the series will present the method outside the native context of software measurement. With the universality of the method established, information scientists will have a new tool to evaluate and document organisational information flow.
Using information and communication technology with special educational needs students
Authors: Williams Peter
Published: January 2007

Purpose

A research study into the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in a special educational needs (SEN) environment, as part of a larger project to develop a multimedia learning environment for this group. Benefits and barriers of ICT usage in this environment were examined, and attitudes and experiences of SEN teachers were explored. An enquiry into the information and other needs of the teachers formed part of the study, and the working environment was also researched, for contextual information.

Design/methodology/approach

Qualitative depth interviews were undertaken in the working locations of the SEN teachers and assistants.

Findings

The SEN working environment was found to have changed greatly in recent years. There was now a more formal and structured curriculum, and many attempts at activities designed to foster inclusion. Difficulties faced by teachers included a lack of and poorly functioning equipment, a paucity of appropriate learning materials, and unusual challenges posed by the differing needs of learners. The needs of teachers included ways of facilitating evidence of progress, lesson plans classified according to cognitive and accessibility levels, and administrative information. Advantages of using ICT ranged from enhancing the learning experience by offering a more personalised environment, to “liberating pupils” from problems such as physical cutting and pasting.

Originality/value

Most literature on using ICT for those with SEN focuses on physical rather than cognitive disabilities. There has been almost no literature on the views or needs of SEN staff, with regard to this topic.
The use and users of scholarly e‐journals: a review of log analysis studies
Authors: Jamali Hamid R. , Nicholas David , Huntington Paul
Published: January 2007

Purpose

To provide a review of the log analysis studies of use and users of scholarly electronic journals.

Design/methodology/approach

The advantages and limitations of log analysis are described and then past studies of e‐journals' use and users that applied this methodology are critiqued. The results of these studies will be very briefly compared with some survey studies. Those aspects of online journals' use and users studies that log analysis can investigate well and those aspects that log analysis can not disclose enough information about are highlighted.

Findings

The review indicates that although there is a debate about reliability of the results of log analysis, this methodology has great potential for studying online journals' use and their users' information seeking behaviour.

Originality/value

This paper highlights the strengths and weaknesses of log analysis for studying digital journals and raises a couple of questions to be investigated by further studies.
Research in the Department of Information Studies, University of Wales Aberystwyth: an overview
Authors: Ellis David , Urquhart Christine
Published: January 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of research in the Department of Information Studies at the University of Wales Aberystwyth and an introduction to the papers in the special issue.

Design/methodology/approach

A narrative review of the previous research activities and contemporary research environment of the Department of Information Studies.

Findings

There is more to be learnt about the future of the research assessment exercise, whether it is moving to a metrics‐based system, or whether the system will look more favourably on departments that attract a range of research funding.

Originality/value

Identifies how changes in the scope of research activities in a department reflect changes in research funding and structures for the information sector, as well as changes in staff interests.
Preserving the cultural heritage
Authors: Spence Jaqueline
Published: January 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this research is to assess the Open Archival Information System (OAIS) model from the perspective of small organisations and to offer a tentative methodology for the provision of a standard framework to serve the movement and preservation of digital materials and associated metadata between organisations, maintaining OAIS compliance throughout.

Design/methodology/approach

Structured analysis of the INGEST function, moving through three scenario‐based transfers of digital materials, using Lavoie's economic models for digital preservation to demonstrate the relevance of the function and sub‐functions.

Findings

Provides a conceptual example of how the OAIS model can be used in a multiple transfer context, working through three scenarios for one function of the standard. Describes how the research will be carried forward to complete the analytical framework and test with a real digital deposit.

Practical implications

Provides a means by which small organisations can begin to consider the preservation of their digital assets and assess their position in relation to the OAIS model.

Originality/value

This paper addresses the difficulties of practical implementation of the OAIS model and suggests a way forward for achieving seamless transfer of digital records that can be used by both small donor organisations and larger receiving institutions.
Users' experiences of the People's Network workstations in Conwy Public Libraries
Authors: Roberts Ruth , Evans Geraint
Published: January 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this research is to explore usage of the People's Network in Conwy Public Libraries in Wales, concentrating on the motivation for use and users' reaction to general and specific issues related to the People's Network and the library environment.

Design/methodology/approach

A mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods were used to build up a rounded picture of levels of usage as well as the subjective experience of the user. The prime instrument for data gathering was a self‐completion questionnaire distributed to 82 users.

Findings

Indicates that usage levels have increased and at times, demand is high. Data gathered as a base for the investigation shows that the computers are being used legitimately and purposefully. Although reactions to the People's Network are overwhelmingly positive, disadvantages such as disruption, lack of privacy, technical problems and having to wait for computers are identified.

Practical implications

A useful exercise in measuring the reaction to the People's Network in one library authority, complementing similar studies in other public library authorities.

Originality/value

This paper offers methods for evaluating user reaction to service development and highlights problems and solutions to the introduction of the People's Network in one library authority in Wales.
Use of library and information science journals by Master's students in their dissertations
Authors: Tedd Lucy A.
Published: January 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this research is to report on research undertaken into the use made of library and information science (LIS) journals in dissertations written by students undertaking the Master's course in Information and Library Studies at the University of Wales Aberystwyth.

Design/methodology/approach

Analysis of the citations of 100 (post 2000) dissertations submitted gives an indication of the range of material used in dissertations. In addition, responses to questionnaires from students provide information about how relevant papers are found from LIS journals.

Findings

Journals with a practical bias were cited more than research‐oriented journals. Lists of the most “popular” journal titles are included.

Originality/value

The research provides a “snapshot” of the use made of LIS journals by Master's students in their dissertations.
Monitoring of gas pipelines – a civil UAV application
Authors: Hausamann Dieter , Zirnig Werner , Schreier Gunter , Strobl Peter
Published: January 2007

Purpose

It is in the interest of any gas company to maintain the value of its pipelines and to protect them effectively against damage caused by third parties. Aims to address this issue.

Design/methodology/approach

As a result of global progress in high‐resolution remote sensing and image processing technology, it is now possible to design natural gas pipeline monitoring systems with remote sensors and context‐oriented image processing software.

Findings

Recent developments in UAV technology show that UAVs provide the appropriate platforms for a remote sensing‐based inspection system: appropriate small and medium size UAV have been developed, their operation is technically feasible in an controlled as well as in uncontrolled airspace.

Research limitations/implications

The data and information processing system still has to be developed to an operational standard. A total operational system consisting of UAV platform, sensors, data processing and alarm detection has to be demonstrated in a complete mission. The certification and operation standards for a safe and efficient operation of UAVs do not yet exist.

Originality/value

Two different scenarios for a UAV‐based gas pipeline monitoring system are discussed.
Design challenges associated with development of a new generation UAV
Authors: Goraj Zdobysław
Published: January 2007

Purpose

To provide an overview of design activity undertaken within the CAPECON Project supported by European Commission and devoted to development of HALE UAV being proposed for long endurance flights.

Design/methodology/approach

Selected research methods devoted mainly to the improvement of dynamic stability of unmanned aerial vehicles have been described and their application into design optimisation are shown. The main goal of this research was to improve an economic effectiveness, safety and a modular arrangement of on‐board systems, especially with respect to sensors being easy replaceable for different missions.

Findings

The research and design process included an aerodynamic optimisation of swept wing, stability analysis, weight balance, some on‐board redundant systems, reliability and maintability analysis, safety improvement, cost and performance optimisation. A number of design iterations were performed to achieve the required aircraft performances and characteristics. This iteration number was relatively moderate (four cycles only) due to employing a modern software and the essential role of theoretical analysis performed parallel to the design and redesign process.

Research limitations/implications

Analysis and design methodology is limited to surveillance, high altitude long endurance platforms, where the design objectives are high reliability, safety and low cost of production and operation.

Practical implications

A very useful source of design information and patterns to follow, especially for engineering students and engineers dealing with unmanned aviation.

Originality/value

This paper offers practical help for designers being involved with an unmanned platform to be well optimised for high altitude long endurance mission, giving a lot of practical information about many aspects of longitudinal and lateral stability of Blended Wing Body configuration, on‐board sensors and systems integrated with loading structure.
Observation of induction motor parameters
Authors: Bahi Tahar , Rais Toufik , Eddine Debbache Nasr
Published: January 2007

Purpose

This paper aims to present an observer application for a squirrel cage induction motor, which is a complex non‐linear system with parameter variations.

Design/methodology/approach

Proposes a non‐linear observer with a great profit to follow up in real time the flux and rotor resistance of a squirrel cage induction motor.

Findings

The robustness of induction motors encourages their use in the industry. But, to assure a reliable working and to detect probable breakdowns, it is necessary to control some important parameters in real time. The Park model of induction motors is non‐linear. The results of the different simulations are presented in order to evaluate the performance of the proposed method.

Originality/value

Provides information on an effective industrial application.
Maneuvers and vibration suppression of flexible spacecraft with input nonlinearities
Authors: Hu Qinglei , Ma Guangfu
Published: January 2007

Purpose

To provide an approach to vibration reduction of flexible spacecraft which operates in the presence of various disturbances, model uncertainty and control input non‐linearities during attitude control for spacecraft designers, which can help them analyze and design the attitude control system.

Design/methodology/approach

The new approach integrates the technique of active vibration suppression and the method of variable structure control. The design process is twofold: first design of the active vibration controller by using piezoelectric materials to add damping to the structures in certain critical modes in the inner feedback loop, and then a second feedback loop designed using the variable structure output feedback control (VSOFC) to slew the spacecraft and satisfy the pointing requirements.

Findings

Numerical simulations for the flexible spacecraft show that the precise attitude control and vibration suppression can be accomplished using the derived vibration attenuator and attitude control controller.

Research limitations/implications

Studies on how to control the flywheel (motor) under the action of the friction are left for future work.

Practical implications

An effective method is proposed for the spacecraft engineers planning to design attitude control system for actively suppressing the vibration and at the same time quickly and precisely responding to the attitude control command.

Originality/value

This paper fulfills a useful source of theoretical analysis for the attitude control system design and offers practical help for the spacecraft designers.
Turbulent mixing enhancement with a 10° chute mixer
Authors: Ahmed M.R. , Sharma S.D.
Published: January 2007

Purpose

Turbulent mixing of two co‐axial jets having a low annular to core area ratio is enhanced by employing a chute mixer, directing part of the annular stream at 10° towards the core region. Aims to present results from measurements of time‐averaged and fluctuating components of velocity under cold flow conditions.

Design/methodology/approach

Experiments were conducted at a bypass ratio of 0.47 which is a typical value for low bypass turbofan engines. Contours of time‐averaged velocity and streamwise and transverse turbulence intensities were obtained by making detailed measurements close to the chutes. Distributions of time‐averaged velocity and turbulence intensity were obtained at different axial locations downstream of the chute mixer. Total and static pressure measurements were also performed.

Findings

The high velocity annular stream was found to quickly diffuse after entering through the chutes and mix with the core stream due to high turbulence generation. A strong transverse turbulence component enhanced the mixing of the streams. With the aid of the chute mixer, nearly complete mixing is achieved over a length of 5 duct radii. A higher total pressure loss of about 1.38 percent is the penalty paid for the enhanced mixing.

Originality/value

Provides results from experiments into the process of turbulent mixing of co‐axial jets.
Start systems for aero gas turbines
Authors: Pascoe A.G.
Published: January 2007

Purpose

This paper is an overview of aero gas turbine engine starting systems and discusses the system design considerations and integration with other aircraft systems.

Design/methodology/approach

Review of a range of recent publications on the subject, aiming to provide an introduction to modern aero gas turbine engine starting systems.

Findings

Provides basic information on starter types and their limitations, and why some starter types are more favoured in modern installations. The effects of altitude and temperature are discussed which may not be initially considered as variables affecting aero start systems.

Originality/value

This paper provides further information on the starting systems of modern aero gas turbines and the considerations associated with integration and efficiency.
Aerodynamic calculation of unmanned aircraft
Authors: Figat Marcin , Goetzendorf‐Grabowski Tomasz , Goraj Zdobysław
Published: January 2007

Purpose

To provide an effective numerical method for analysis and design of aerodynamic characteristics of unmanned aerial vehicles basing on commercial package VSAERO.

Design/methodology/approach

Calculation was made by VSAERO package, which is based on a classical panel method enhanced on boundary layer method. Paper explains how to use efficiently VSAERO package, which utilizes advanced CAD techniques, in modern designing of unmanned aircraft.

Findings

During aerodynamic analysis of unmanned aircraft the computing cycle is repeated many times until the required accuracy is obtained and when the best performance of an aircraft is achieved. Design process depends on the number of iterations. If the preliminary configuration (the so‐called starting design point) is well selected and the aerodynamic analysis is completed in a relatively short time, then the overall design time will be shortened.

Research limitations/implications

The panel method is very useful tool in spite of different limitations. For example, the Reynolds number has to be sufficiently high, angles of attack and sideslip have to be small enough. Computational process is relatively fast and the accuracy depends on the geometry representation. The boundary layer included into the computational model improves the accuracy of aerodynamic calculations. This methodology is limited to subsonic and low transonic speeds.

Practical implications

A very useful source of computational information and patterns to follow, especially for engineering students and engineers dealing with aerodynamic of unmanned aviation. Surface panel geometry can be transferred from UNIGRAPHICS via IGES files or can be generated from scratch using SPING or PEP software.

Originality/value

This paper offers a practical help for designers planning to develop a new unmanned platform. VSAERO package appeared to be a very useful tool for aerodynamic calculation in the full cycle design activity. This software utilizes the panel method enhanced on a boundary layer model for determination of the fundamental aerodynamic characteristic of an arbitrary aircraft. Presented paper shows a very efficient way how to compute the aerodynamics necessary for design of a new MALE class UAV.
Electrostatic linear engine
Authors: Bolonkin Alexander
Published: January 2007

Purpose

To suggest a new revolutionary electrostatic linear engine.

Design/methodology/approach

Methods of the electrostatic physic are used for research.

Findings

Theory of this engine is developed and its possibilities researched.

Research limitations/implications

This engine gives a big thrust (up 4 × 105 N/m2), uses a high voltage electricity and light wires.

Practical implications

This engine can be used as a linear engine (accelerator), as a strong space launcher, as a high speed delivery system for space elevator, Earth‐Moon cable transport space, for an electrostatic levitation train, as a conventional high voltage rotating engine, as an electrostatic electric generator weapon (high speed gun), and so on. Theory of engine applications was developed and it shows powerful possibilities in space, transport and military industries. The projects are computed and show the good potential of the offered new concept.

Originality/value

Succeeds in proposing a new revolutionary electrostatic linear engine.
Dynamic instability characteristics of a free‐free missile structure under a controlled follower force
Authors: Pradhan Sumeet , Datta P.K.
Published: January 2007

Purpose

To study the effect of rocket mass and an intermediate mass on the critical flutter load of a free‐free beam (missile‐like structure).

Design/methodology/approach

A finite element model of beam considering shear deformation and rotary inertia, based on Hamilton's principle applied to non‐conservative system.

Findings

Smaller geometric dimensions of the end rocket assist in the stability. Optimum positioning of the intermediate mass leads to stability.

Practical implications

The stability of free‐free missile structures can be better understood.

Originality/value

Sheds new light on the effect of rocket mass and an intermediate mass on the critical flutter load of a free‐free beam.
Failure analysis of catalytic steam reformer tubes
Authors: Tawancy H.M. , Ul‐Hamid A. , Mohammed A.I. , Abbas N.M.
Published: January 2007

Purpose

To determine if the interim use of liquid waste as a fuel in a catalytic steam reformer unit had any deleterious effect on the long‐term life of the reformer tubes.

Design/methodology/approach

Standard metallographic techniques were used to prepare representative samples obtained from various sections of the reformer tubes for metallurgical evaluation. Microstructural characterization was carried out in a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometer. Imaging and elemental analysis was used for the identification of the alloy material, corrosion products and other microstructural features.

Findings

Hydrogen was produced in a catalytic steam reformer by cracking methane using natural gas as a fuel. Corrosion of reformer tubes occurred when natural gas fuel was replaced with a liquid waste. Use of liquid fuel waste accelerated the rate of oxidation at the outer tube surface. However, foreign species from the fuel were not transported into the tube material. The heat‐resistant steel casting used for this application was susceptible to precipitation of Si‐stabilized Ni‐Nb Laves phase, thus reducing rupture life of the component. Voids at grain boundaries indicative of creep damage were observed.

Practical implications

Although, the interim use of liquid waste fuel appeared not to have damaged the tubes, it was concluded that the expected service life of the tubes may not be realized because of the susceptibility of the material to precipitation of Laves phase. An Fe‐base superalloy UNS N08810 or UNS N08811 was recommended as a replacement material for this application.

Originality/value

This paper provides an account of a failure analysis study. It identifies incorrect materials selection for a particular application and suggests better alternative along with its justification. The information is deemed useful for plant designers and engineers working in the related industry.
Silica fume – formed during the manufacture of ferrosilicon alloys – as an extender pigment in anticorrosive paints
Authors: Abu‐Ayana Y.M. , Yossef E.A.M. , El‐Sawy S.M.
Published: January 2007

Purpose

This paper is concerned with the study of silica fume that arises in tonnage amounts during the manufacture of ferrosilicon alloys; this was done in order to maximize productivity and to create new market for industrial by‐product and/or waste material.

Design/methodology/approach

The structure and particle shape of silica fume were identified using X‐ray diffraction and electron microscope, respectively. Standard methods were used for the identification of chemical analyses, solubility, hydrogen ion concentration, specific gravity, bulking value, oil absorption, chemical resistance and particle size. The characterized and evaluated silica fume was applied in several paint formulations. The physico‐mechanical, chemical and corrosion protective properties of the paint films were measured according to standard methods.

Findings

The silica fume under investigation was a fine lightweight fluffy amorphous powder. It has a grayish‐white color that makes it suitable for use as a filler and extender pigment in a wide variety of different fields of application; its amorphous nature favors safe use from a standpoint of industrial hygiene. It can be used as an economic pigment that possesses suitable values of specific gravity, bulking value and oil absorption. It also is inert, neutral and of an excellent chemical resistance. The material can be used successfully as an extender pigment in different paint formulations; taking into consideration that alkyd resin based paints should not be used in alkaline environments or mixed with basic pigments, or the paint film will deteriorate. Silica fume particles in the pigment mixture may offer a suitable opportunity for the voids formed by the larger particles to be occupied by smaller ones to produce a condition of maximum packing. It can be successfully used with the flaky aluminum or stainless steel anticorrosive pigments to produce a highly efficient corrosion protective film.

Originality/value

There is increasing environmental concern with regard to excessive volumes of solid waste hazards accumulation. Silica fume that arises – as a disposal material – in tonnage amounts during the manufacture of ferrosilicon alloys can find a new market in paint industry. It can be used successfully for anticorrosive paints to provide well backed paint films.
A study of carbon steels in basic pitting environments
Authors: Boucherit M.N. , Tebib D.
Published: January 2007

Purpose

Aims to study the behaviour of four polycrystalline carbon steels in basic pitting solutions.

Design/methodology/approach

Electrochemical investigations were carried out on four steels: Fe.06C, Fe.18C, Fe.22C and Fe.43C. The analysis was made using an X‐ray fluorescence apparatus. The performance indicator was the pitting potential, which was obtained through potentiodynamic sweeping. Emphasis was placed on the influence of the pH, chlorine concentration, phase proportions in the steel and the initial electrode surface state.

Findings

The results showed that in a solution with a low chlorine concentration, the performance of the steels according to pitting corrosion resistance decreased with the increase in carbon content. By raising the chlorine concentration, the order of performance was inverted gradually, while at a high chlorine concentration, the behaviour of the steels tended to be similar. The interpretation of the results is based on the consideration of cathodic reactions on the level of the cementite phase and the difference in the local chemical properties of the solution. In neutral solutions, pitting potentials were shifted cathodically, but the main observations developed for basic solutions remained valid.

Originality/value

Provides further research on pitting corrosion.
Effect of aging time and temperature on intergranular corrosion of aluminium alloys
Authors: Khoshnaw Fuad M. , Gardi Ramadhan H.
Published: January 2007

Purpose

Two types of aluminium alloys, 2024‐T3 and 7075‐T6, having been selected, this study aims to investigate the effect of metallurgical aspects on intergranular corrosion.

Design/methodology/approach

To determine and evaluate the metallurgical effects of heat treatments on corrosion behaviour of these alloys, G67 ASTM test was selected.

Findings

The results showed that with increasing the aging time in aluminium alloy type 2024‐T3 the susceptibility to intergranular corrosion increases, while in type 7075‐T6 with increasing aging time the intergranular corrosion rate remains nearly unchanged.

Practical implications

As these results refer to precipitate the intermetallic compound phases, the amount of these phases increases with the increase of the aging time in both alloys.

Originality/value

The investigations showed that the phases that initiate in 2024‐T3 act as anode sites, while in 7075‐T6 they act as cathode sites.
Corrosion resistance of rapidly solidified Fe36Co36Zr7Si10B11 and Fe33.5Co33.5Nb7Si15B11 alloys
Authors: Santos F.S. , May J.E. , Kuri S.E.
Published: January 2007

Purpose

Amorphous and nanocrystalline FeCo‐based alloys present excellent soft magnetic properties and high Curie TC temperatures. At ambient temperatures, these alloys are subject to electrochemical corrosion, which causes degradation of their magnetic properties. This paper seeks to characterize the microstructure and evaluate the corrosion resistance of Fe36Co36Zr7Si10B11 and Fe33.5Co33.5Nb7Si15B11 alloys.

Design/methodology/approach

These alloys are solidified at different cooling rates.

Findings

The corrosion resistance, which is found to depend on the microstructure, decreases as the cooling rate increases in the interval of 50‐150°C.

Originality/value

Builds on existing knowledge of the microstructure and corrosion resistance of Fe36Co36Zr7Si10B11 and Fe33.5Co33.5Nb7Si15B11 alloys.
Corrosion of zinc‐coated reinforcing bars in tropical humid marine environments
Authors: Maldonado L. , Pech‐Canul M.A. , Alhassan Safaa
Published: January 2007

Purpose

Reinforcing steel bars in concrete structures exposed to tropical marine atmospheres experience very high corrosion rates due to several environmental factors. The aim of this research was mainly to elucidate if zinc‐coated rebars may delay the onset of corrosion and/or extend the service life of infrastructure in the tropics, as the approach is promising in other atmospheres.

Design/methodology/approach

Hot‐dip zinc‐coated and plain steel rebars were embedded in concrete cylinders made with local aggregates and having four different water‐to‐cement ratios. Samples were exposed during 24 months at the marine breeze in a coastal site in the Gulf of Mexico. The corrosion behaviour of zinc‐coated and uncoated rebars was monitored by means of corrosion potential and linear polarization resistance techniques. Also, carbonation penetration and the chloride ingress were measured and correlated with the corrosion behaviour.

Findings

Only under the worst case conditions (concrete with 0.7 w/c ratio) did galvanized steel experience corrosion initiation. It was shown to resist higher chloride levels than uncoated steel and extended the onset of corrosion.

Originality/Value

The effectiveness of the zinc‐coated bar for corrosion control is controversial and its use mainly is supported by accelerated tests or application in cold or subtropical environments. This research showed the corrosion behaviour in an extremely corrosive tropical zone.
Rapid method for corrosion protection determination of VCI films
Authors: Valdez S.B. , Zlatev R.K. , Schorr W.M. , Rosas G.N. , Dobrev Ts. , Monev M. , Krastev I.
Published: January 2007

Purpose

To develop and test a rapid method for evaluation of the corrosion protection (CP) of carbon steel (CS) by vapour corrosion inhibitors (VCI) films.

Design/methodology/approach

The determination of the CP by VCI on CSs is commonly carried out in a chamber applying neutral salt spray (NSS) and usually it takes many days. The common disadvantage of the various rapid methods created until now is the need of special laboratory equipment making their application complicated and inconvenient for field tests. The method for CP measurement of VCI films on CS described in this study is based on measurement of the height of the anodic peak under galvanostatic condition applied earlier on other types of films and coatings. By means of a calibration plot: peak height (V) vs NSS protection time (s), CP of VCI films on CS specimens expressed in hours NSS is determined in a few seconds without using an NSS chamber. Measurements of CP by VCI films under field conditions are performed applying a hand held tester.

Findings

Two groups of CS UNS G10180 steel specimens with increasing thickness of VCI films were studied – one in an NSS chamber and the second by the application of a corrosion tester. The correlation between the results obtained for the two groups of specimens was found and a calibration plot was made.

Practical implications

Based on this method, a special corrosion tester was developed, able to measure under field conditions as well.

Originality/value

The method subject of the paper is a further development of a galvanostatic method developed by the authors for CP evaluation of chromate films of Zn and Cd coatings. The method was modified according to the properties of VCI films
Accelerated cyclic corrosion testing of structural steels and its application to assess steel bridge coatings
Authors: Itoh Yoshito , Kim In‐Tae
Published: January 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine correlation between an accelerated cyclic corrosion test (S6‐cycle test) specified in Japanese Industrial Standards K5621 and field exposure tests, and to open up applications of the accelerated tests in various regional environments.

Design/methodology/approach

The S6‐cycle corrosion test was carried out on structural steels for 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days and metal coating films for 100, 200 and 300 days. Comparing the weight loss of the steels with 1‐, 3‐, 5‐ and 9‐year field exposure test data at 31 sites in Japan. Correlation of the S6‐cycle tests to the field exposure tests was determined by acceleration coefficients.

Findings

The correlation between the S6‐cycle test and the field test on uncoated structural steels can be determined by acceleration coefficients based on flying salt amount. The coefficients were applicable for durability prediction of uncoated, zinc hot‐dip galvanized and painted steels.

Research limitations/implications

In determination of the accelerated coefficients, only the flying salt amount was considered. Others factors such as temperature and humidity will be considered in future work.

Practical implications

Using the S6‐cycle corrosion test and its accelerated coefficients, the thickness loss of uncoated structural steels and zinc hot‐dip galvanizing is predictable in a short time. Corrosion degradation of coated steels is also predictable approximately.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to open up the application of accelerated cyclic corrosion test to evaluating corrosion resistance of steel bridge members.
Effect of molybdate coating for white rusting resistance on galvanized steel
Authors: Rout T.K. , Bandyopadhyay N.
Published: January 2007

Purpose

Chromium based conversion coatings have been used widely to delay the formation of white rust on galvanized steel sheets. As chromium is carcinogenic, an alternative chromium‐free conversion coating was developed for use on galvanized steel surfaces to delay the onset of white rusting. This paper seeks to address this issue.

Design/methodology/approach

The molybdate coating was produced on galvanized steel surface by dipping in a phosphate solution bath using Na2MoO4 as a corrosion inhibitor.

Findings

The cyclic polarization tests conducted on molybdates‐treated samples showed a wider potential band in 3.5 per cent NaCl solution, indicating that the coating is passivating in nature. The polarization (Rp) of both treated and untreated samples was evaluated in 3.5 per cent NaCl solution by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique. It was observed that the polarization resistance (Rp) of molybdate treated galvanized sample is 2.3 times higher compared with the untreated one. The improved corrosion resistance also was evident from the simulated salt spray test results where the treated sample showed a five times improvement over the untreated sample.

Research limitations/implications

The corrosion resistance of inorganic‐based chromium‐free conversion coatings has not been equivalent to that of chromium based conversion coatings. A chromium‐free conversion coating with enhanced corrosion performance by using water reducible polymer will be described in a future paper.

Practical implications

The developed chromium‐free passivation solution has been implemented for galvanized tube passivation. It is one of the best alternative chromium‐free chemicals for the prevention of white rust formation on galvanized materials during transit and storage.

Originality/value

This paper describes a new coating system for the galvanized material which will provide a significant improvement to white rusting resistance for the galvanizing industry.
Electrochemical noise analysis for estimation of corrosion rate of carbon steel in crude oil
Authors: Ghassem Mahjani Mohammad , Neshati Jaber , Parvaneh Masiha Hashem , Jafarian Majid
Published: January 2007

Purpose

This paper aims to estimate the corrosion rate of the carbon steel in crude oil using the electrochemical noise (EN) analysis technique.

Design/methodology/approach

EN measurements and electrochemical impedance (EIS) spectroscopy were employed to study the corrosion behaviour of carbon steel in crude oil and the optimum conditions of the noise analysis for estimating corrosion rate of the carbon steel are discussed. The time series noise patterns were transformed into frequency domains by fast Fourier transformation, and then their power spectrum densities (PSDs) at a frequency were determined to be compared with the corrosion rate.

Findings

The PSDs of the potential and of the current varied with changing of rotation rate of electrode and immersion time. Square roots of the PSDs for the potential difference and for the currents were in positive and almost linear correlation with the corrosion rate obtained from EIS plots. In addition, the spectral noise was negatively and linearly correlated with the corrosion rate. The relationship between the corrosion rate and the spectral noise resistance was better at lower frequencies.

Research limitations/implications

It is suggested that this research is carried out for crude oils with other physical and chemical characteristics.

Practical implications

The PSD value at 3 mHz from the noise of the current and the spectral noise resistance at the same frequency are the optimum conditions for estimating corrosion rate in this research.

Originality/value

This paper arguably fills a gap in the current understanding of the interactions between corrosive species commonly found in crude feedstocks and process streams.
Effect of sulphide in water on corrosion of copper alloys
Authors: Xie Xuejun , Du Lijun , Pan Ling , Cao Shunan , Yan Min , Yang Wanqin
Published: January 2007

Purpose

This paper aims to study the corrosion behaviour of copper alloys HSn70‐1 + As and B30 in water with sulphide.

Design/methodology/approach

The mass‐loss method, electrochemical tests and surface analysis were used to study the corrosion behaviour of copper alloys HSn70‐1 + As and B30 in water with sulphide.

Findings

Dezincification corrosion occurred on HSn70‐1 + As both in water with or without sulphide, and sulphide in water accelerated corrosion, while for the copper alloy B30, the corrosion rates were very small both in water with or without sulphide, although corrosion was also accelerated by sulphide in water.

Practical implications

In order to prevent copper alloys HSn70‐1 + As and B30 in water with sulphide from corroding, S2− must be removed.

Originality/value

It was found that sulphide in water accelerated the corrosion of copper alloys HSn70‐1 + As and B30 in this paper. Therefore, when water containing sulphide is used as the source of make‐up water and cooling water, S2− in water must be removed to prevent the pipelines and facilities from corroding. This means that the research results can offer theoretical guidelines for the prevention of pipelines and facilities in the power plant from corroding.