bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tax Amnesties In A Dynamic Model of Tax Evasion
Authors: Macho‐Stadler Inés , Olivella Pau , Pérez‐Castrillo David
Published: March 2003

We present a dynamic model of tax evasion, where tax liabilities last for two periods and the probability of an inspection decreases with the sum of taxes evaded this period plus taxes evaded last period. We show that a tax amnesty that pardons more than the evasion penalties (an extensive amnesty) can temporarily improve compliance. Whenever the inspection technology improves, steady state compliance also improves, but the economy takes time to transit from one steady state to the other. We show that an amnesty may accelerate this transit, or even make it instantaneous if the amnesty is extensive enough.
The Effectiveness of Distributive Policy in a Competitive Economy
Authors: Ythier Jean Mercier
Published: March 2003

I consider an abstract social system made of individual owners endowed with nonpaternalistic interdependent preferences, who interact by means of individual gifts and by exchanges on competitive markets. The existence of equilibrium is established. I identify the set of allocations that are decentralizable in the sense that they are general equilibria for some vectors of market prices and initial endowments. This set is characterized in a simple way from the social endowment and individual market and distributive preferences. Decentralizable allocations are all accessible to distributive policy, unless public transfers are confined to some neighborhood of 0. In the latter case, distributive policy remains free to perform local redistributions of wealth across the components of the graph of equilibrium gifts.
What’s Interesting about Karl Barth? Barth as Polemical and Descriptive Theologian
Authors: Yocum John
Published: March 2003

Much of the interest in Karl Barth’s theology has been found in the formal elements of his theology, whether a single thought‐form or multiple forms. Most of that interest focuses on Barth’s epistemology or his ‘actualism’. This article suggests that material theological loci, expounded descriptively, and often with a polemical intent, were at the heart of Barth’s work, and are still the richest vein of his theology. Metaphysics and epistemology were subservient to material dogmatic affirmations. The article closes with some observations on the continuing relevance of Barth’s theology.
States of identity: a perspective drawing upon Fordham's model and infant studies
Authors: Urban Elizabeth
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the Jungian concept of identity and distinguishes it from projective identification and participation mystique which also refer to non‐differentiation between self and object but involve projective mechanisms. Clinical work by Fordham and a psychoanalytic infant observation are used to illustrate early perceptual operations defined by experimental researches. These operations are understood to be expressions of the primary self which manifest themselves before the structuring necessary for normal projective identification. This paper attempts to describe an intersubjective experience between mother and baby that allows for their separate ways of relating, but does not depend on projective mechanisms that can exist only after there has been adequate development.
The Journal of Analytical Psychology's Internet Discussion Forum
Authors: Hewison David
Published: March 2003

Kenneth Eisold, ‘ Institutional conflicts in Jungian analysis’
Diversity of learning psychoanalysis and analytical psychology
Authors: Rudakova Tatiana
Published: March 2003

As the subject of this Conference is ‘Diversity and its Limits: New Directions in Analytical Psychology and Psychoanalysis’, I would like to investigate some aspects of education at our Institute – the East European Institute of Psychoanalysis – from the point of view of the meeting of West and East. I will look at the influence of this diversity on the formation and development of psychoanalysis and analytical psychology in Russia.
Issues in New Political Economy: An Overview
Authors: Sayer Stuart
Published: March 2003

A brief overview of the historical background, nature, and rapid growth in volume and scope of new political economy since the early 1980s is provided. the paper continues with some general reflections on the strengths and weaknesses of the new political economy approach, illustrated by the other contributions to this special issue of the Journal of Economic Surveys. The final Section summarises these contributions.
Political Macroeconomics: A Survey of Recent Developments
Authors: Gärtner Manfred
Published: March 2003

The paper surveys political macroeconomics, covering its development from Rogoff’s conservative central banker to the most recent discussions of monetary policy and institutional design. Topics include the inflation‐stabilization trade‐off, central bank independence with escape clauses and overruling with costs, inflation targets, performance contracts for monetary authorities, and the consequences of output persistence for these issues. Further topics are the political business cycle when output is persistent, the political macroeconomics of fiscal policy, the government spending bias, and the game‐theoretic interaction between fiscal and monetary policy. All work is discussed within a coherent analytical framework.
Recent Theoretical Results for Time Series Models with GARCH Errors
Authors: Li W. K. , Ling Shiqing , McAleer Michael
Published: March 2003

This paper provides a review of some recent theoretical results for time series models with GARCH errors, and is directed towards practitioners. Starting with the simple ARCH model and proceeding to the GARCH model, some results for stationary and nonstationary ARMA–GARCH are summarized. Various new ARCH–type models, including double threshold ARCH and GARCH, ARFIMA–GARCH, CHARMA and vector ARMA–GARCH, are also reviewed.
Asset Pricing with Observable Stochastic Discount Factors
Authors: Smith Peter , Wickens Michael
Published: March 2003

The stochastic discount factor model provides a general framework for pricing assets. By specifying the discount factor suitably it encompasses most of the theories currently in use, including CAPM and consumption CAPM. The SDF model has been based on the use of single and multiple factors, and on latent and observed factors. In most situations, and especially for the term structure, single factor models are inappropriate, whilst latent variables require the somewhat arbitrary specification of generating processes and are difficult to interpret. In this paper we survey the principal different implementations of the SDF model for bonds, equity and FOREX and propose a new approach. This is based on the use of multiple factors that are observable and modelling the joint distribution of excess returns and the factors using a multi–variate GARCH–in–mean process. We argue that in general single equation and VAR models, although widely used in empirical finance, are inappropriate as they do not satisfy the no–arbitrage condition. Since risk premia arise from conditional covariation between the returns and the factors, both a multi–variate context and having conditional covariances in the conditional mean process, is essential. We explain how apparent exceptions, such as the CIR and Vasicek models, in fact meet this requirement — but at a price. We explain our new approach, discuss how it might be implemented and present some empirical evidence, mainly from our own researches. Partly, to enable comparisons to be made, the survey also includes evidence from recent empirical work using more traditional approaches.
Collective Household Models: Principles and Main Results
Authors: Vermeulen Frederic
Published: March 2003

In the traditional approach to consumer behaviour it is assumed that households behave as if they were single decision‐making units. This approach has methodological, empirical and welfare economic deficiencies. A valuable alternative to the traditional model is the collective approach to household behaviour. The collective approach explicitly takes account of the fact that multi‐person households consist of several members which may have different preferences. Among these household members, an intrahousehold bargaining process is assumed to take place. In addition to providing an introduction to the collective approach, this survey intends to show how different collective household models, each with their own aims and assumptions, are connected.
Rapprochement in Sight? Postmodern Family Therapy and Psychoanalysis
Authors: McFadyen Anne
Published: March 2003

This paper explores aspects of the theory and practice of psychotherapy with the aim of identifying similarities in the approaches of both family therapists and psychoanalytic psychotherapists. The author calls for a dialogue between the disciplines, and makes specific reference to the potential value of this in relation to training and research.
Pathways to Problems – The Evolution of ‘Pathology’
Authors: Dallos Rudi , Neale Alistair , Strouthos Marios
Published: March 2003

This paper describes a qualitative research study which compared accounts from interviews with families where difficulties had evolved into serious problems with those where an escalation into pathology has been avoided. These accounts confirm that family life is commonly seen to be problematic and stressful, particularly during transitional stages. Specifically, it appears that it is not simply the severity of the initial stresses and problems that distinguishes families, but the meanings that these evoke and the corresponding patterns of responses, especially the ‘attempted solutions’ that are set in motion. These responses, fuelled by external interventions, can launch families along pathological pathways. It is suggested that the meanings ascribed to difficulties and the ensuing responses are predominantly shaped and constrained by three factors: the dominant societally shared discourses of mental health and distress; the emotional resources and attachments of family members; and systemic interpersonal processes. Some therapeutic implications, especially the importance of assisting families to resist pathologizing processes are indicated.
Psychoanalysis and Family Systems Revisited: the Old, Old Story?
Authors: Dare Christopher
Published: March 2003

This paper explores some commonalities in the current state of psychoanalysis and family therapy in Britain. It argues that there have been social changes within Britain that have increased the popularity of the practices and concepts of psychotherapy and counselling. The methods and ideas of psychoanalysis seem to be the major influence in this process which is manifest, for the most part, within private therapy and counselling and in the universities. It appears that family therapists and the institutes of psychoanalysis act as if unaware of this pragmatic acceptance of psychoanalytic thinking. The two disciplines of family therapy and psychoanalysis remain organizationally and conceptually disassociated from each other despite the two subjects having considerable overlap, plying adjacent trades and using theoretical ideas which show considerable parallels. The paper proposes that postmodern thinking is, potentially, an evolving link between the two forms of thinking and therapy but that the theories of both psychoanalysis and family therapy require empirical evaluation.
Hearts Too Good to Die: Claude S. Beck’s Contributions to Life‐Saving
Authors: Timmermans Stefan
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the role of Western Reserve University cardiac surgeon Claude S. Beck in convincing the world of the merits of electric defibrillation to treat the life‐threatening heart arrhythmia ventricular fibrillation. Before Beck, the method of electric defibrillation had been experimentally explored at least four times but it never caught on as a medical or first‐aid life‐saving technique. Beck succeeded because he synchronized three activities: he refined the technique and provided clinical applications, he built a communication infrastructure, and he formulated a vision of who should use the technique under what kind of circumstances.
The Policing of Slavery in New Orleans, 1852–1860
Authors: McGoldrick Stacy K.
Published: March 2003

This paper analyzes the roles of the New Orleans police in the slave order, and attempts to delineate the various opportunities for police autonomy. I also consider the laws of slavery that the police were expected to enforce, and the viability of actively enforcing them. I conclude that the police had opportunities to create autonomy for themselves through the reality of slave and city life.
Korea/Japan or Japan/Korea? The Saga of Co‐hosting the 2002 Soccer World Cup
Authors: McLaughlin Alastair
Published: March 2003

Since Japan's defeat and enforced withdrawal from Korea in 1945, continuing acrimony from those 35 years of Japan's unwelcome domination on the Korean Peninsula has been a thorny issue affecting full normalization of relations between the two countries. The first round of post‐war talks between Japan and South Korea remained stalled for almost half a decade, and not until 1965, after 14 years of subsequent – and painfully drawn out – negotiations were diplomatic relations finally established. Today, in spite of a gradual thawing of that very icy relationship, Korean people's bitterness over Japan's militarist past and over what they regard as insufficient apologies and reparations was always going to feature as the two nations went head to head in their bid to host the 2002 World Cup. Following FIFA's decision in 1996 that Japan and South Korea would jointly stage the cup as co‐hosts – the first time in soccer World Cup history – extant animosity became increasingly problematic as South Korea, Japan and FIFA hammered out the details. In this paper I draw upon media coverage from the mid‐1990s to the present day to discuss FIFA's historic co‐hosting decision, a judgment which, in spite of the difficulties then and now, does have the potential to make a very positive impact on both countries and greater Asia. After briefly introducing the broader sports/politics conundrum, I outline the final stages of the host‐nation selection dilemma which forced FIFA into its unprecedented joint decision, locating that process within a framework of the competitive lobbying between the two political rivals and internal demands for a change of management style within FIFA itself. I will also highlight the economic, political, historical and social ramifications of a co‐hosted soccer World Cup and attempts to deal with the issues. South Korea's desire for North Korea to participate in the tournament will also be discussed as a vehicle for encouraging stability on the Korean Peninsula and for future cooperation between Japan and South Korea on their policies towards North Korea. Although the 2002 World Cup arrangements are already firmly in place, the long‐term animosity and the continuing accusations and points‐scoring between the two host‐nations suggest that we can not yet take it for granted that the co‐hosted 2002 soccer spectacular will go according to plan.
Envisioning Power in Mexico: Legitimacy, Crisis, and the Practice of Patrimony
Authors: Ferry Elizabeth Emma
Published: March 2003

Abstract In his early work, Eric R. Wolf made provocative arguments about the genealogy of power in Mexico. Yet once he broadened his interests to peasant studies and the history of capitalism, he never returned to make a sustained examination of power in Mexico. This article extends Wolf's insights into an analysis of the current political and economic situation in Mexico. I focus on the practice of categorizing objects as the inalienable property of a given collective, such as a city, region, institution, or nation. These possessions – often referred to as patrimonio (patrimony) – are understood to have been handed down from prior generations and intended to be handed down in turn to future generations. I look at this mode of characterizing property in the areas of subsoil resources, collectively held land, and “cultural properties.”
State Form, Social Order and the Social Sciences: Urban Space and Politico‐Economic Systems 1760–1850
Authors: Firth Ann
Published: March 2003

Abstract In The Pristine Culture of Capitalism, Ellen Wood argues that the English urban landscape is characterised by lack of elegance, absence of charm and neglect of public services. She traces the origins of this impoverishment to the eradication of pre‐industrial capitalist urban culture in the eighteenth century. The paper investigates the claim that English urban culture underwent a significant transformation in the later eighteenth and early nineteenth century. A concern with the public magnificence of London as a means of representing the wealth and power of England is characteristic of eighteenth century treatise on urban improvement. The most influential of which, John Gwynn's London and Westminster Improved, published in 1766, draws upon the spatial linkage of economy, government and power typical of mercantilist thought. The paper argues that as the principles and practices of mercantilism were displaced by the spread of industrial capitalism and the liberal state, a concern with grandeur, elegance and embellishment in urban form was subordinated to the provision of the physical and social infrastructure necessary for the reproduction of labour.
The Profitability of Trading Strategies Based on Book Value and Earnings in Hong Kong: Market Inefficiency vs. Risk Premia
Authors: Cheung Joseph K. , Chung Richard , Kim Jeong‐Bon
Published: March 2003

Using a sample of Hong Kong firms, we have examined the relative and incremental usefulness of book‐to‐price ratio (B/P), and earnings‐to‐price ratio (E/P) for providing profitable trading strategies or for predicting stock returns. Our results show that trading strategies based on B/P or E/P yield significant excess returns for various holding periods up to two years, and that B/P and E/P are not only individually but also incrementally useful for predicting stock returns. Further, results of various tests indicate that trading profits observed from the B/P strategy are likely to be a result of B/P proxying for risk differentials, while those from the E/P strategy are related to gains from exploitation of market inefficiency or mispricing. The two ratios appear to capture different aspects of firm value in Hong Kong.
Japanese Corporate Groupings (Keiretsu) and the Informativeness of Earnings
Authors: Douthett, Jr. Edward B. , Jung Kooyul
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the effect of Japanese corporate groupings, keiretsu, on the informativeness of earnings. Keiretsu firms maintain close financial and personal ties through cross‐shareholding, credit holding, interlocking corporate directorates, and various business transactions. We propose that the strong interrelations of the keiretsu ownership structure enhance the informativeness of earnings through efficient monitoring of managerial performance. Our empirical results show that keiretsu firms have higher earnings response coefficients than those of non‐keiretsu firms, the earnings response coefficient increases as the strength of the keiretsu relationship increases, and discretionary accruals by keiretsu firms are smaller than discretionary accruals of non‐keiretsu firms. All of these results suggest that the monitoring ability of the keiretsu improves the informativeness of earnings.
“Revenue Accounting” in the Age of E‐Commerce: A Framework for Conceptual, Analytical, and Exchange Rate Considerations
Authors: Glover Jonathan C. , Ijiri Yuji
Published: March 2003

This paper explores “revenue accounting” in contrast to traditional “cost accounting”. Revenue accounting serves the information needs of managers and investors in planning and controlling a firm’s sales activities and their financial consequences, especially in the age of e‐commerce. Weaknesses of traditional accounting have become particularly evident recently, for example, the lack of 1) revenue mileposts, 2) revenue sustainability measurements, and 3) intangibles capitalization. The paper emphasizes the need to develop a conceptual framework of revenue accounting and, as a tentative measure, proposes five basic postulates and five operational postulates of revenue accounting. On the side of analytical frameworks, the paper explores some tentative remedies for the weaknesses. Several revenue mileposts are explored to gauge progress in earning revenues and a Markov process is applied to an example involving mileposts. Revenue momentum, measured by the exponential smoothing method, is examined as a way of getting feedback on revenue sustainability; and the use of the sustainability concept in the analysis of “fixed and variable revenues” is illustrated. A project‐oriented approach in a manner similar to capital budgeting and to Reserve Recognition Accounting is proposed by treating each customer as a project. Standardization of forecasts are also considered as an important way of bypassing the capitalization issue. Finally, while e‐commerce is inherently global, issues specific to global operations are highlighted, namely, exchange rate issues when venture capitalists and the start‐up company use different currencies producing different rates of return on the same project.
The Division of Marital Assets Following Divorce
Authors: Dnes W.
Published: March 2003

In this paper, several possible bases for post‐divorce asset division are examined from an economics‐of‐law perspective, focusing in particular on the incentives for opportunistic behaviour set up by the use of reliance, restitution, partnership, rehabilitation, and needs‐based approaches. The current focus of marital law in England and Wales on a mixture of needs‐based and contractual elements in divorce settlements is vulnerable to the charge that behaviour is encouraged in both males and females that is predatory in nature. The contractual uncertainty that follows from this may well deter some good quality marriages that might otherwise occur. The paper explores the case for using an expectations‐damages approach, given that this can deter opportunistic divorce. The conclusions favour an updated and flexible view of the marriage contract. The paper draws extensively on the American literature covering property settlements.
The New Model Wales
Authors: Rawlings Richard
Published: March 2003

The United Kingdom is currently undergoing a rapid process of fundamental constitutional change. One of the chief developments is a redistribution of law‐making and governmental powers to different territories of the Union. It is a programme of devolution, as befits an unwritten constitution characterized by the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty, and not federalism. The case of Wales, historically closely integrated with England,1 presents here its own challenges. The aim of this article is to examine the process of change for Wales, to explicate and critically assess the Welsh scheme of devolution, and to consider possible future development in a broad legal and constitutional setting.
The Human Rights Act – A New Equity or a New Opiate: Reinventing Justice or Repackaging State Control?
Authors: Clements Luke
Published: March 2003

The proposed incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights into the main stream of the United Kingdom’s common law system has a number of historical parallels. This article considers what can usefully be drawn from these parallels and then analyses why the modern state feels impelled to take (what appears to be) such a fundamental constitutional step. It considers whether the incorporation agenda is in fact a more subtle discourse initiated by the ‘Establishment’ and designed to divert attention from matters of greater sensitivity to the state.
Enforcing the Minimum Wage
Authors: Skidmore Paul
Published: March 2003

The introduction of the national minimum wage in the United Kingdom poses a new challenge for labour law because of its novel enforcement methods. This article examines carefully the possibilities for enforcing the new statutory minimum wage in the light of regulatory theory and the government's desire to make the wage ‘self‐enforcing’. It offers policy suggestions as to how the different enforcement strands can be best made to work together and highlights some of the dangers the government needs to be aware of in this area.
Reflections on the Methodological Issues of the Sociology of Law
Authors: Banakar Reza
Published: March 2003

The general focus of this paper is on the methodological limitations of the sociology of law in capturing the law's ‘truth’ as its practitioners experience it. The paper starts with arguing that the law does not have a monolithic ‘truth’. Some aspects of its ‘truth’ are produced through its own recursively sealed operations, while its other aspects are generated with reference to empirically grounded knowledge, which potentially links the discourses of law and sociology. Notwithstanding this discursive kinship, the sociological studies of the law's internal processes cause difficulties even to those scholars who are versed in substantive law. To expound this problem, the sociology of law is compared with medical sociology and attention is drawn to the way sociology copes with the ‘truth’ of medicine. The final part of the paper initiates a quest for possible solutions to the methodological problems of the sociology of law by placing them in the context of the ongoing conflicts and competitions of the field of science.
‘Like a Mask Dancing’: Law and Colonialism in Chinua Achebe's Arrow of God
Authors: Manji Ambreena
Published: March 2003

Whilst the study of law and literature is now well established in the western academy, little attention has been paid to portrayals of law in African literature. In addition, studies of the colonial state by lawyers, political scientists, and historians have neglected African fiction's long engagement in this area. Achebe's fiction prefigured many of the issues engaging critics and theorists on the wider social scientific terrain. This paper draws on Achebe's simile –‘the world is like a mask dancing’ ndash; to delineate an approach to power and authority. The lesson of Arrow of God– that the ‘legal world’ cannot be understood by standing in one place – is of wider significance to those engaged in the study of law and society.
American Criminal Trial Films: An Overview of Their Development, 1930–2000
Authors: Rafter Nicole
Published: March 2003

The history of American trial films – and I am speaking of trial films in general at the moment, not of the sub‐division of criminal trial films – has been shaped both by changes in public attitudes toward law and lawyers and by shifts in viewer tastes. These same factors have necessitated changes in the way we define ‘American trial films’. In earlier years one could recognize a trial film with relative ease: it was a drama in which a heroic lawyer or lawyer surrogate solved the film’s dilemmas in the course of a civil or criminal trial, usually a trial held within a courtroom. Contemporary movies, in contrast, are more interested in action than in debate and oratory, and they are more cynical about the effectiveness of legal processes. Thus they tend to embed a short trial scene in a longer adventure story, and they seldom depict lawyers as heroes on the grand scale or courts as places where fundamental social and moral issues are settled. In sum, the trial film genre is undergoing major change, if not dissolution.
Myth and Law in the Films of John Ford
Authors: Bönke Michael
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses the image of law, how it is created, the relationship of law and authority in its application and its effect on society as portrayed in the films of John Ford, one of America’s important film‐makers during the first three‐quarters of the twentieth century. The focal point of this study is three films exploring the past of the United States of America. Young Mr. Lincoln (1939), a biographical picture about the early years as a lawyer of the later president, and – as Ford is most typically associated with the making of Westerns –The Searchers (1956) and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962), which, as well as being two of his most acclaimed films, are also considered as highly important in the genre. The films are concerned with the establishment of law and the question of legitimacy. The two broad ways of the development of law are the subject of the first two films, presenting an imposing, unquestionable law‐giver on the one hand and, on the other, the operation of custom, which shows the organic creation of social rules within a society. The third film confronts the two ways, showing the different assumptions about the inherent qualities of the law. Myth in this context has a dual function: as a reservoir of visual and/or content pattern but also on the narrative level causing calculated semantic effects. As Ford was a director with his distinct vocabulary of visual style and narrative terms, his films demonstrate a specific use of myth‐making techniques, its connection with the inscription of certain values into law as well as a critique of this process.
Competition Law in the International Domain: Networks as a New Form of Governance
Authors: Maher Imelda
Published: March 2003

Central to the internationalization of competition law has been the emergence of transnational networks of competition officials and experts. These networks have operated in three main areas: co‐ordination on enforcement; technical assistance; and moves to develop overarching competition principles at the level of the WTO. The debate over the nature of internationalization of competition norms has fallen into three phases: early failures mainly due to the lack of any network; politicization of competition policy within a UN context followed by the emergence of a network primarily focused on the OECD. The current phase concerns coordination and the attempt to develop a competition law regime at the WTO level. This process is spearheaded by the European Union, with the United States of America favouring bilateral agreements on enforcement and technical assistance only. The way the debate has changed over the past ten years and how the two main protagonists have modified their positions, is indicative of the influence and importance of networks which, while they may give rise to formal agreements, can operate through soft power and persuasion. What emerges from the analysis is the centrality of these networks to this important aspect of contemporary international governance. They supplement rather than replace more traditional forms of internationalism and, while they may fundamentally regard themselves as technocratic, deriving legitimacy from outputs, current pressures on international policy making require them to attend to the process aspects associated with legitimacy of democratic regimes.
Judicial Review of Politics: The Israeli Case
Authors: Barak–Erez Daphne
Published: March 2003

In the tradition of studies questioning the impact of celebrated court rulings, this article discusses the effectiveness of the judicial review of politics conducted by the Israeli Supreme Court. The Israeli Supreme Court is generally viewed as a highly influential, almost omnipotent body. During the last two decades, the Court has intervened repeatedly in the so–called political domain, thereby progressively eroding the scope of realms considered non–justiciable. It has ventured to enter domains of ‘pure’ political power to review the legality of political agreements, political appointments (appointments of political allies to public positions), and political allocations (government funding to organizations affiliated with its political supporters). The prevalent perception is that these developments had a significant impact on Israeli political life. The present article challenges this view and argues that, on closer scrutiny, the influence of the Court on many of the issues reviewed here is negligible. First, many of the doctrines developed by the Court in order to review political measures proved ineffective. Usually, when the Supreme Court (acting as a High Court of Justice) engages in judicial review, it lacks the evidence needed in order to decide that administrative decisions on public appointments or public funding should be abolished because they were based on political or self–serving considerations. Second, the norms mandated by the Court hardly influence politicians’ decisions in everyday life, and are applied only in contested cases. The reasons for this situation are not only legal but also socio–political. Large sections of current Israeli society support interest–group politics and do not accept the values that inspire the Court.
Mythicizing and Reification in Entrepreneurial Discourse: Ideology‐Critique of Entrepreneurial Studies
Authors: Ogbor John O.
Published: March 2003

This article discusses the effects of ideological control in conventional entrepreneurial discourses and praxis. Following postmodernist, deconstructionist and critical theory traditions, the ideas expressed about the phenomenon of entrepreneurship, and its contiguous notions and concepts, are deconstructed to reveal the dysfunctional effects of ideological control both in research and in praxis. It is shown that the concept of entrepreneurship is discriminatory, gender‐biased, ethnocentrically determined and ideologically controlled, sustaining not only prevailing societal biases, but serving as a tapestry for un‐ examined and contradictory assumptions and knowledge about the reality of entrepreneurs.
Work Relationships in Telephone Call Centres: Understanding Emotional Exhaustion and Employee Withdrawal
Authors: Deery Stephen , Iverson Roderick , Walsh Janet
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the nature of employment and the conditions of work in five telephone call centres in the telecommunications industry in Australia. Call centre work typically requires high levels of sustained interpersonal interaction with customers which can lead to burnout and employee withdrawal. Customer service staff can also become targets of customer hostility and abuse. In addition, this form of work tends to involve extensive employee monitoring and surveillance with little job discretion or variety of tasks. The paper draws upon survey data from 480 telephone service operators to identify the factors that are associated with emotional exhaustion and the frequency of absence amongst the employees. A modelling of the data using LISREL VIII revealed that a number of job and work‐setting variables affected the level of emotional exhaustion of employees. These included interactions with the customer, a high workload and a lack of variety of work tasks. Moreover, higher rates of absence were associated with emotional exhaustion.
Formal Mentoring Systems: An Examination of the Effects of Mentor/Protégé Cognitive Styles on the Mentoring Process
Authors: Armstrong Steven J. , Allinson Christopher W. , Hayes John
Published: March 2003

In informal mentoring systems, protégés seek help from other organizational members between whom there is often mutual attraction and rapport resulting in a level of interpersonal comfort between the members of the relationship. Because of the apparent benefits for both employee and organization, many human resource managers now attempt to establish formal mentoring systems in which mentors and protégés are brought together systematically. It is recognized, however, that assigned mentoring relationships are not usually as beneficial as those that develop informally. There appears, therefore, to be a need to match partners in some way. It has been suggested that a better grasp of psychological factors is necessary if this is to be achieved. One personality variable that may be partly responsible for shaping the overall effectiveness of such relationships is cognitive style. The present study, involving 53 mentor–protégé dyads, examined the effects of the cognitive styles of mentors and protégés on the process of formal mentoring. Data were collected from both partners in each dyadic relationship, and findings suggest that in dyads whose mentor is more analytic, congruence between the partners’ cognitive styles enhances the quality of their mentoring relationships. Cognitive style was also found to work indirectly through its influence on other variables to enhance mutual liking and psychosocial and career mentoring functions. Gender composition was also found to have a significant impact on the mentoring process. Dyads with female mentors and male protégés were found to be the least favourable combination.
The Emotional Labour of Barristers: An Exploration of Emotional Labour By Status Professionals
Authors: Harris Lloyd C.
Published: March 2003

Recent research has confirmed the study of emotion as an important organizational concept in its own right. Central to this claim is the growing body of research into the causes, content and consequences of emotional labour. However, despite a plethora of studies into the emotional labour of front‐line staff, to date, professional groupings have been largely ignored. Notwithstanding occasional anecdotal references to physicians, existing research neglects the emotional facets of professional life. This study is designed to rectify this imbalance through the exploration and description of the extent, content and consequences of emotional labour by barristers. After detailing the research methods employed, the study presents the results of an interview and observation‐based study of barristers at work. The findings suggest that not only do barristers routinely display expected emotions, but also they do so differentially. Insights into the causes and effects of such labour are also presented and discussed. The paper concludes with a series of implications and suggestions for future research.
Being Brave, Being Nice: Themes of Agency and Communion in Children’s Narratives
Authors: Ely Richard , Melzi Gigliana , Hadge Luke , McCabe Allyssa
Published: March 2003

Although much is known about the presence of themes of agency and communion in adults’ autobiographical stories, little is known about the presence of these themes in children’s autobiographical stories. In this paper we examine the extent to which children describe themselves and others as agentic and communal beings in ordinary conversational narratives. Subjects were 96 rural, working‐class children between the ages of 4 and 9 years. Personal narratives were elicited in the course of informal conversations with an adult experimenter. Narratives were analyzed for the presence of storyworld participants, and for the presence of themes of agency and communion. For both genders, themes of agency were more common than were themes of communion. Girls, however, were more likely to describe themes of communion than were boys, and were more likely to include family members in their narratives than were boys. Finally, correlations between themes of agency and communion were generally low. The findings extend the age to which the concepts of agency and communion can be productively applied to personal narratives. Implications for future theoretical and empirical work are also discussed.
Shyness and Sociotropy: Additive and Interactive Relations in Predicting Interpersonal Concerns
Authors: Bruch Monroe A. , Rivet Kathy M. , Heimberg Richard G. , Hunt Anne , McIntosh Bonnie
Published: March 2003

Sociotropy (an aspect of interpersonal dependence) and sociability (affiliative need) were examined as moderator variables of the relationship between shyness and interpersonal concerns in two studies. In Study 1, sociotropy, but not sociability, predicted unique variance in three indices of interpersonal concerns through both direct and interactive relations with shyness. An initial analysis in Study 2 showed that sociotropy, but not sociability, was predictive of participants’ perceived competence in situations that involved initiation of conversations and assertion. In the second part of Study 2, sociotropy accounted for significant increments in variance when predicting cognitive and affective manifestations of distress related to simulated conversation and assertion situations, while sociability did not. Study 2 results suggest that sociotropy operates primarily in an additive manner with shyness in predicting interpersonal concerns, rather than moderating the relation between shyness and interpersonal concerns. Differences in the results of the two studies and implications for future research are discussed.
Reconceptualizing Personality Disorder Categories Using Personality Trait Dimensions: Introduction to Special Section
Authors: Ball Samuel A.
Published: March 2003

The categorical model of personality disorders has been widely criticized, and many argue for it to be reconceptualized or replaced by a dimensional model rooted in personality trait research. Such criticisms have forged a much needed integration between the previously distinct research areas of normal and abnormal personality. The five articles in this special section provide compelling evidence for the usefulness of personality traits for describing and explaining the complexities of personality disorders among widely varying samples using very different assessment strategies.
Defense Use and Defense Understanding in Children
Authors: Cramer Phebe , Brilliant Melissa A.
Published: March 2003

This study investigated the relation between children’s use of defense mechanisms and their understanding of those defenses. We hypothesized that, once a child understands how a particular defense functions, the use of that defense will no longer be successful and will be replaced by another defense mechanism that is not yet understood. Defense use was assessed from the Thematic Appreception Test (TAT) stories told by 122 children; defense understanding was determined from the children’s understanding of stories portraying defenses. The results indicated that younger children (mean age = 7–8) used the defense of denial more than the older children (mean age = 9–11). Older children understood the functioning of denial and projection better than the younger children. A comparison of children who did and did not understand a defense showed that younger children who understood the functioning of denial were less likely to themselves use denial. Likewise, older children who understood the functioning of projection were less likely to use this defense.
The Need for Affect: Individual Differences in the Motivation to Approach or Avoid Emotions
Authors: Maio Gregory R. , Esses Victoria M.
Published: March 2003

The present research developed and tested a new individual‐difference measure of the need for affect, which is the motivation to approach or avoid emotion‐inducing situations. The first phase of the research developed the need for affect scale. The second phase revealed that the need for affect is related to a number of individual differences in cognitive processes (e.g., need for cognition, need for closure), emotional processes (e.g., affect intensity, repression‐sensitization), behavioral inhibition and activation (e.g., sensation seeking), and aspects of personality (Big Five dimensions) in the expected directions, while not being redundant with them. The third phase of the research indicated that, compared to people low in the need for affect, people high in the need for affect are more likely to (a) possess extreme attitudes across a variety of issues, (b) choose to view emotional movies, and (c) become involved in an emotion‐inducing event (the death of Princess Diana). Overall, the results indicate that the need for affect is an important construct in understanding emotion‐related processes.
Using Simulation to Understand the Impact of Deferred Maintenance
Authors: Chasey Allan D. , De La Garza Jesus M. , Drew Donald R.
Published: March 2003

This paper describes the development of a framework and methodology to use dynamic simulation to understand and help quantify the impact of deferred maintenance on a highway system and the effect on user and non‐user benefits. This type of simulation allows the testing of policies and/or assumptions to gain insight into the problem solution. With this framework, better structured decisions can be made on utilizing scarce resources to provide for an area’s total infrastructure needs. Using the simulation model, policy decisions regarding deferring maintenance can be viewed for their impact over time, thus affecting the decision‐making process. A hypothetical region is used to demonstrate the use of the framework, and possible measures of effectiveness, such as total net benefits per capita, revenues less expenditures, and benefit–cost ratio, are introduced that could be utilized to help decision‐makers understand the impact of funding decisions. The dynamic modeling framework can then be applied and calibrated to a region or state based on the area to be studied.
Probabilistic Neural Network for Reliability Assessment of Oil and Gas Pipelines
Authors: Sinha Sunil K. , Pandey Mahesh D.
Published: March 2003

A fuzzy artificial neural network (ANN)–based approach is proposed for reliability assessment of oil and gas pipelines. The proposed ANN model is trained with field observation data collected using magnetic flux leakage (MFL) tools to characterize the actual condition of aging pipelines vulnerable to metal loss corrosion. The objective of this paper is to develop a simulation‐based probabilistic neural network model to estimate the probability of failure of aging pipelines vulnerable to corrosion. The approach is to transform a simulation‐based probabilistic analysis framework to estimate the pipeline reliability into an adaptable connectionist representation, using supervised training to initialize the weights so that the adaptable neural network predicts the probability of failure for oil and gas pipelines. This ANN model uses eight pipe parameters as input variables. The output variable is the probability of failure. The proposed method is generic, and it can be applied to several decision problems related with the maintenance of aging engineering systems.
What Lies Outside Language?
Authors: Robinson Guy
Published: March 2003

The paper aims to make out the incoherence of the distinction between and rigid separation of ‘the linguistic’ and ‘the extra‐linguistic’ as well as to absolve Wittgenstein from any commitment to it. Insistence on a descent from the abstract to a concrete discussion allows a connection to be made between Tractatus positions such as: ‘The limits of my language indicate the limits of my world.’ and ‘The world and life are one.’ and the Investigations: ‘What has to be accepted is ‐ so one could say ‐ forms of life.’ From this a picture is developed of the intimate interconnection between language, practical life, and world.
Religion and the State: The Case of Faith–based Schools
Authors: Judge Harry
Published: March 2003

It is always misleading, and sometimes dangerous, to suppose that the current problems represent no more than a recapitulation of earlier and intractable difficulties. An inhibiting sense of déjà vu numbs the mind and distracts attention from the essential novelty of deceptively familiar issues. The contemporary interaction of religion and politics in Western societies is as different from nineteenth–century contests between traditional faiths and their critics as it is distant from medieval versions of the church and state question. These truisms are well illustrated by the attempt made in this article to apply some of the harder lessons of historical and of cross–national studies to current debates on changing relations between organised religion and public education.
Analytical and Essential Marxism
Authors: Carling Alan
Published: March 2003

Analytical Marxism involves the attempt to reconstruct Marxist theory and to refocus Marxist politics in the light of contemporary intellectual developments-especially in analytical philosophy and economic theory – and historical events-above all, the failures of Communist regimes. In order to assess this reconstruction it is necessary to bear in mind a conception of the overall Marxist project. By this standard of comparison it remains to be seen whether Analytical Marxism can effect the required kind of connection between its theory and its practice.