bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lamippe concinna sp.n., a copepod parasitic in a West African pennatulid coelenterate
Authors: Humes Arthur G.
Published: June 2009

Copepods belonging to the genus Lamippe live in the gastrovascular cavity of several alcyonarian genera. Eighteen species of these copepods are known (Zulueta, 1911), nineteen if the variety L. rubra decolor Zulueta 1908 is raised to species rank as suggested by Heegaard (1949). Each species is highly preferential in its choice of a host. Only one species is known to parasitize more than a single species of coelenterate, namely L. rubicunda (Olsson, 1869) which lives in two species of Alcyonium.
Monogenetic Trematodes from some Australian Fishes
Authors: Woolcock Violet
Published: June 2009

The small group of Trematodes here discussed comprises new species of the generaMegalocotyle, CalicotyleandMicrocotyle.
On Eutrichomastix of some African Snakes
Authors: Das Gupta B. M.
Published: June 2009

A Eutrichomastix morphologically identical with E. serpentis (Dobell, 1907) Kofoid & Swezy, 1915, is described from 3 species of African snakes, namely, Psammophis sibilans, Boaedon lineatus and Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia.
Turning Sickness, a Protozoan Encephalitis of Cattle in Uganda. Its Relationship with East Coast Fever
Authors: Mettam R. W. M. , Carmichael J.
Published: June 2009

1. A specific disease of cattle is described which occurs sporadically in the East Coast fever areas of eastern equatorial Africa. Clinically, acute cases are characterised by peculiar nervous symptoms, absence of fever and blindness. Death occurs in most cases within 2 to 21 days of the onset of illness. Chronic cases are encountered from time to time and may survive up to 6 months.

2. The disease is widespread in Uganda. It affects cattle of both sexes and all breeds, and is commonest in young stock between 6 months and 2 years of age. It has, however, been observed in older animals.

3. Pathologically, in acute cases petechial haemorrhages or extravasations are found in various parts of the brain and meninges. Generally the haemorrhages are small and do not seriously injure the adjacent brain tissue. In some cases the extravasations are responsible for a considerable amount of damage.

4. Microscopic examination shows that the brain lesions are due to extensive embolism of cerebral vessels. The lymphocytes which form these emboli contain in their cytoplasm protozoan bodies indistinguishable in structure from the schizonts of the genus Theileria. These bodies occur in great numbers in the brain, but are extremely rare or absent in the lymphocytes of other parts of the body.

5. In chronic cases the haemorrhages have been absorbed but the brain is permanently damaged by replacement changes, and by the appearance of small cysts or cavities which contain a citron-coloured fluid. These cavities when numerous seriously disorganise certain parts of the brain.

6. The disease has not yet been transmitted experimentally, and its connection with the theileriases is still uncertain. However, much evidence has been collected to show that cases of turning sickness have been infected with East Coast fever some time previously, generally on an average of 6–8 months.

7. The possible relationship between turning sickness and East Coast fever is discussed at some length during the course of the paper.
Ixodes ricinusin Relation to its Physical Environment
Authors: Macleod John
Published: June 2009

The biotic factors in the environment of the tick,Ixodes ricinus, exercise little effect on the geographical or local distribution of the species, or on its seasonal prevalence.

The local distribution is determined by edaphic factors, a wet, mossy, or peat soil and a dense mat of old vegetation or a rank growth being necessary for survival of the tick. In Britain, the critical season for survival is summer, during which the moisture factor in the microclimate acts in a limiting capacity.

The seasonal prevalence is determined by temperature. Within limits, which appear to correspond to air-temperature limits of 7 and 16° C. (weekly maxima), the unfed tick climbs the vegetation, and thus readily obtains a host. In Britain, it is inactivated in winter by the cold, and in summer it is less readily picked up by hosts because of its positive geotropic response to the stimulus of high temperatures.

The summer is, in Britain, the optimum season for development, which also proceeds to some extent in winter. Autumn and spring are parasitisation seasons. The life cycle, involving a parasitisation and a development season for each stage, requires a minimum of 1½ years. The period may extend to 4½ years.

The possible world distribution of the species is limited primarily by temperature. Thus, microclimatic extremes of — 14 and 35° C. limit the range through which the tick can survive. A period of at least 3 months with the mean air temperatures over 10° C. is necessary for development, while the mean air temperature of the coldest month must not exceed 10° C. to allow of parasitisation occurring.

Within the areas delimited in relation to the temperature requirements of the tick, distribution is governed by the moisture factor. An index of the suitability of an area within the temperature limits is afforded by the type of vegetation; forest and woodland, including grass and cultivation areas, as opposed to prairie and steppe, indicate suitable moisture conditions.
On a collection of Paramphistomidae from Malaya, with Revision of the GeneraParamphistomum, Fischoeder, 1901, andGastrothylaxPoirier, 1883
Authors: Dawes Ben
Published: June 2009

There is still some difference of opinion as to the classification of what Rudolphi in 1801 called the Amphistomata. Fischoeder (1901—4) regarded all “Amphistomes” as belonging to a single family, the Paramphistomidae. Stiles & Goldberger (1910) proposed the elevation of the group to the status of a superfamily, the Paramphistomoidea, comprising three families, Paramphistomidae, Gastrothylacidae and Gastrodiscidae. Braun (1911), Odhner (1911), Looss (1912) and Stunkard (1925) have maintained Fischoeder's view; Maplestone (1923) and Travassos (1934) have preferred that of Stiles and Goldberger.
Studies on the Influence of the Environment on the Sheep Blow-FlyLucilia sericataMeig.
Authors: Evans A. C.
Published: June 2009

The comparative resistance to high temperature and various humidities of four species of blow-flies,Calliphora erythrocephalaMeig.,Lucilia sericataMeig.,Sarcophaga falculataPand. andPhormia groenlandicaZett. is studied. It is shown thatPhormia groenlandicais the most resistant species andCalliphora erythrocephalathe least resistant species, withLucilia sericataandSarcophaga falculataoccypying an intermediate position.

This order of resistance is correlated negatively with the order of the seasonal succession of the species.

It is suggested that certain differences in the length of life of males and females subjected to various humidities is brought about by an “ageing” factor.
Philonema agubernaculum sp.nov. (Dracunculidae), a Nematode from the Body Cavity of Fishes
Authors: Simon James R. , Simon Felix
Published: June 2009

The nematode described here was collected by the Wyoming field party of the United States Bureau of Fisheries during the summer of 1934. The Rocky Mountain whitefish, the Eastern Brook trout, and the rainbow trout serve as hosts for the parasite. In several instances pathological changes, particularly of the gonads, were found to accompany its presence.
Notes on a New Protozoon,Piridium sociabilen.gen., n.sp., from the Foot ofBuccinum undatum
Authors: Patten Ruth
Published: June 2009

The earliest stages found are groups of small bodies, 1·8 or 2·0μ in diameter. These groups are probably taken up by phagocytic cells and pass through the epithelium of the host into the connective tissue, where a cyst is formed by the host. Within the cyst the bodies grow. In many cysts there is a differentiation into two types: the larger, when mature, attain 40μ in size, are shaped like a pear, and contain at the broad end a chromatic rod. The small bodies reach 3Oμ in length, are also somewhat piriform, and contain two similar structures attached to their nuclei. In some cysts large bodies alone are found.

Development is periodic, the youngest stages being found from January to March and the parasites not reaching maturity until September–November.

Type speciesP. sociabile, with the features mentioned above: found near the ventral surface of the foot ofBuccinum undatum.
The Trematode Parasites of Irish Marine Fishes
Authors: Little Percy A.
Published: June 2009

A main feature of the data here presented is the number of new records. For the sake of brevity these are tabulated below, under their respective headings.

Another feature is the wide geographical distribution of a large percentage of the parasites herein recorded, particularly of such forms as Zoogonoides viviparus (Olsson), Derogenes varicus (Mueller) and Hemiurus communis Odhn. The former has been recorded for St Andrews, Millport, Aberdeen, Plymouth, Northumberland, Liverpool, Galway, and also for foreign seas. Derogenes varicus has been recorded for St Andrews, Millport, Plymouth, Aberdeen, Northumberland, Galway, and for foreign seas. Hemiurus communis has been recorded for St Andrews, Millport, Plymouth, Northumberland, Liverpool, Aberdeen, Galway, and for foreign seas.

This suggests that the intermediate host of the larval stages of these parasites must be some common marine form, in all probability an invertebrate, which itself enjoys a very wide geographical distribution.

A further feature is the tendency of certain parasites to infect a variety of fish, the more notorious being Derogenes varicus (Mueller) and Hemiurus communis Odhn. Of the twenty-six species of marine fishes examined at Galway, eleven (42 per cent.) were found to harbour Derogenes various. The infected fishes were the bib (G. luscus), cod (G. morrhua), pollack (G. pollachius), dab (Pleuronectes limanda), plaice (P. platessa), tub (Trigla hirundo), grey gurnard (T. gurnardus), brill (Rhombus laevis), hake (Merluccius vulgaris), common sole (Solea vulgaris), common sea bream (Sparus centrodontus).

Hemiurus communis was found parasitising eight species of fish, i.e. 31 per cent, of the total number of species examined. The hosts affected were the bib (G. luscus), whiting (G. merlangus), cod (G. morrhua), pollack (G. pollachius), flounder (P. flesus), tub (T. hirundo), plaice (P. platessa), and the common sea bream (S. centrodontus).

At the moment it is a little premature to prophesy to what extent the discovery of encysted specimens of Prosorhynchus crucibulum (Rud.) in the gill tissues of the cod (Gadus morrhua) will assist in elucidating the life-history of this parasite. Mature specimens of Prosorhynchus crucibulum have previously been recorded as occurring in the alimentary canal of the conger eel (Conger niger). The writer discovered partly digested specimens of small cod to form a considerable bulk of the stomach contents of the conger eel.
On a New Louse from a Ceylonese Shrew
Authors: Waterston James
Published: June 2009

Anoplura without eyes; with four segmented antennae not dimorphic in the sexes; 1 well developed sensorium on 4th antennal joint postero-basally; head considerably contracted posteriorly. Segments I–III closely united, more distinctly separated from the rest of the abdomen than the succeeding segments are inter se. 2nd sternite divided. 3rd cap-shaped.
On the Structure and Life-histories of British Fresh-water Larval Trematodes
Authors: Harper W. F.
Published: June 2009

A large number of fresh-water Invertebrates has been examined and the parasites obtained from them include examples of the commoner groups to be met with in any area surveyed. Six larval Trematodes have been described in detail, and by means of direct animal experiment two of them have been definitely related to known adults. Of these two one is the larva ofNotocotylus seinetiFuhr., and is doubtfullyCercaria monostomiv. Linst., while the other is the larva ofEchinoparyphium recurvatumv. Linst., and is described here in detail for the first time. The four xiphidiocercariae described are new. Data relating to the activity, duration of free life, and process of encystment of cercariae within the bodies of secondary intermediate hosts is also given.

Effect of the parasite on the host. The disruption of the tissues brought about by the presence of sporocysts or rediae in the liver of a mollusc injures the host, and in many cases brings about its death. The gonads also are often attacked and completely destroyed. This latter feature of parasitic castration has been observed by Giard (1888) among certain species ofLimnaea, PlanorbisandPaludinaattacked by sporocysts. Brown (1926) states that the gonads are rarely infected. As regards the encysted stages of cercariae these appear to do very little harm to their hosts even when present in large numbers. These observations are in agreement with those of Lebour (1912) for the sporocyst, rediae, and encysted stages of marine Trematodes.

Double infection. I have found no instance of a double infection among the species described. In the literature, several records show the parasitism of two or more species of cercariae, within one and the same host. The occurrence of two species is most commonly met with, and as a rule one is in predominance. Sewell (1922) states that double infection is not common in India. Faust (1917), on the other hand, has found as many as four trematode species within the same host individual (Planorbis trivolis). Hesse (1923) states that “every largeLimnaea peregraexamined was heavily infected with sporocysts of either of the two species, but it was rare to find both together.” Brown (1926) in the neighbourhood of Birmingham has found three examples of associated xiphidiocercariae and furcocercariae, one example of xiphidiocercariae and echinostome cercariae, and two examples of echinostome cercaria, all fromLimnaea stagnalisL.
Host-parasite specificity in coccidia: infection of the chicken with the turkey coccidium, Eimeria meleagridis
Authors: Steward J. S.
Published: June 2009

1. Chickens were infected with Coccidia, considered to be Eimeria meleagridis, from turkeys.

2. Turkeys were subsequently infected with oocysts obtained from the chickens.

3. Slight variation from normal measurements of the coccidia in chickens is attributed to development in an abnormal host.

4. E. acervulina from chickens was not infective to a coccidia-free turkey chick.
The gametocytocidal action of paludrine upon infections of Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Shute P. G. , Maryon M.
Published: June 2009

That quinine has little or no destructive action against gametocytes of Plasmodium Falciparum (crescents) has been known for a long time. Marchiafava & Bignami (1900) pointed out that quinine (grains xxx daily) over a period of time did not perceptibly affect the sexual parasites of P. falciparum. Darling (1914), working in the Panama Zone, showed that Anopheles albimanus readily became infected when fed upon carriers of M.T. crescents who were taking xxx grains of quinine daily. These and other experiments showed that quinine, even in large doses, has no direct destructive action on crescents, and does not prevent mosquitoes from becoming infected once the.crescents are formed and are present in the peripheral circulation. However, quinine given in heavy doses during the first day or two of a primary attack, restricts and reduces the asexual source of supply.
On Some Gregarines from the Prawn, Parapeneopsis Sculptilis (Heller)
Authors: Setna S. B. , Bhatia B. L.
Published: June 2009

Many species of cephaline Gregarines have been previously described from hosts belonging to widely different orders of Crustacea. These parasites are referred to the families Cephaloidophoridae Kamm, Gregarinidae Labbé, Porosporidae Léger, and Didymophyidae Léger. Kamm (1922) gave a list of these parasites, instituted the new family Cephaloidophoridae, and gave a description of all the species, except those referrable to Porosporidae, as till that time it was generally believed that Porosporidae were Schizogregarines. She fully discussed the grounds for placing the genus Cephaloidophora Mawrodiadi in a family by itself, and transferred to this genus several species previously described under Gregarina or Frenzelina.
The Tachinid Parasites of Woodlice
Authors: Thompson W. R.
Published: June 2009

1. This paper comprises a study of the larval morphology and biology of the dipterous parasites of the terrestrial Isopods or woodlice.

2.Porcellio scaberL.,Oniscus asellusL.,Metaponorthus pruinosusBrandt., andArmadillidium vulgareLat., were found to be attacked by one or more of the parasites.

3. Seven dipterous parasites have been reared and identified from woodlice:Plesina maculataFall.,Melanophora roralisL.,Phyto melanocephalaMeig.,Styloneuria discrepansPand.,Frauenfeldia rubricosaMeig.,Cyrillia angustifronsRond., andRhinophora lepidaMeig. The biology and larval forms of all of these exceptR. lepidaare described and figured, together with those of two undetermined species, “A” and “B.”
A new Species of Syngamus (S. auris) from the Middle Ear of the Cat in Foochow, China
Authors: Faust Ernest Carroll , Tang Chung-Chang
Published: June 2009

During a survey of the helminth fauna of the domestic cat in the immediate vicinity of Foochow, Fukien Province, China, the junior author discovered paired roundworms in the vestibule of the middle ear of this host. These parasites were first found in 1932 and again in the spring and fall of 1933. There appears to be no seasonal infection. Of forty-eight animals sacrificed eleven (22·9 per cent.) were found to be infected.
Two New Species of Coccidia: Eimeria triffitt n.sp. of The Eland (Orias canna), and Eimeria peruviana n.sp. of the Llama (Lama glama)
Authors: Yakimoff W. L.
Published: June 2009

The faeces of five elands (Orias canna syn. Taurotragus oryx) from Ascania Nova (Ukraine) were examined after concentration by Darling's method. Coccidial oocysts were found in the faeces of one of the animals. The oocysts were 21–24μ in length and 15–19μ. in breadth, with an average size of 21·1×17·8 The largest measured 24×19μ and the smallest 21×15μ The shape-index was 1:0·71–0·85, with an average of 1:0·85.
Hysterocineta davidis sp.nov., an intestinal parasite of the earthworm Allolobophora caliginosa
Authors: Rees B.
Published: June 2009

The genus Hysterocineta Diesing, 1866, is a small genus comprised, until the present description, of only four species. Together with the genus Ptychostomum Stein, 1861, it forms the family Hysterocinetidae Diesing, 1866, which is a constituent family of the suborder Thigmotricha Chatton & Lwoff, 1949. The holotrichous ciliates belonging to this genus are characterized by the possession of elongate, flattened, flexible bodies possessing an inverted V- or U-shaped sucker at their antero-ventral margins, and a cytostome and cytopharynx at the posterior end.
The behaviour of suckling rats to oral and intraperitoneal infection with a virulent strain of Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Kulasiri C.
Published: June 2009

Suckling rats of various ages were infected with large doses of the 'RH' strain of Toxoplasma gondii either by intraperitoneal injection or by feeding. Among the intraperitoneally infected rats of different age-groups, the percentage of survival remained low up to 23-day-old rats, after which it increased sharply. The percentage of infection was 100%. Among the rats infected by feeding, the percentage of survival was low in rats up to 5 days old at the time of feeding, after which it increased sharply and remained more or less constant. The percentage of infection decreased gradually with increasing age. These results are discussed in the light of previous knowledge.

My thanks are due to Professor P. C. C. Garnham for his interest in this study and for providing me with the facilities. My thanks are also due to Mr Z. W. Pokrzywnicki of the Department of Bacteriology for his assistance with the Polish literature.
Revision of the genus Hyalomma
Authors: Feldman-Muhsam B.
Published: June 2009

The identity of Hyalomma lusitanicum K. and H. anatolicum K. is discussed. The male and female of the two species are described. H. anatolicum is considered as species inquirenda, but distinct from H. anatolicum anatolicum (sensu Pomeranzev) and H. anatolicum excavatum (sensu Pomeranzev). H. anatolicum anatolicum and H. anatolicum excavatum are considered to be one polymorphic species. This species should be called H. excavatum as it tallies with the still existing type specimen of H. excavatum Koch; it should not be called H. anatolicum as it does not correspond to Koch's description of H. anatolicum. The name H. anatolicum should for the present be reserved for a species resembling H. excavatum, but characterized by the light yellow colour of the anterior part of the scutum. It remains to be determined by breeding experiments whether this character is constant.
Some notes on the relationship of plant viruses with vector and non-vector insects
Authors: Smith Kenneth M.
Published: June 2009

Extracts of caterpillars and other insects are shown to inhibit the infective power of tobacco mosaic and tobacco necrosis viruses. The inhibitor is not sedimented after spinning for 2½ hr. at 30,000 r.p.m. Experiments with non-vector insects such as caterpillars have shown that the virus of sugar-beet curly-top, of tobacco ringspot and other viruses, are destroyed within the body of the insect. On the other hand, tobacco mosaic virus passes through the body of the caterpillar unchanged though greatly reduced in concentration. By the use of the specific insect vector and artificial feeding methods it was possible to recover the virus of curly-top 24 hr. after it had been injected into the blood of the caterpillar but the viruses of tobacco mosaic and tobacco necrosis could not be so recovered. Experimental evidence is given to show that the virus of beet curly-top is present in the saliva of viruliferous insects.
The biology of Cryptochaetum (Diptera) and Eupelmus (Hymenoptera) parasites of Aspidoproctus (Coccidae) in East Africa
Authors: Thorpe W. H.
Published: June 2009

Tropical and certain parts of subtropical Africa constitute the home of the genus Aspidoproctus (Coccidae, Monophlebini). The genus is remarkable in several ways, but chiefly because of the very large size attained by some of the species. A. maximus and A. giganteus are almost certainly the largest scale insects in the world, the female being well over 1 in. long and as much as ¾ in. thick. Owing to the relatively degenerate structure of scale insects in general, and in particular because of the poor development of the circulatory and tracheal systems, the biology of scale-inhabiting parasites is always of interest. This is particularly the case in relation to problems of respiration, and many scale parasites are already known (Thorpe, 1931, 1934, 1936) which exhibit very striking respiratory adaptations. Previous to the present paper no parasites had been recorded from the genus Aspidoproctus, yet it appeared extremely improbable on general grounds that these insects were immune from the attacks of the usual dipterous and hymenopterous parasitoids. Accordingly, when opportunity came to visit East Africa, attention was directed particularly to this problem; for it was felt that with insects of such large size and having such a thick dorsal cuticle, the problems to be overcome by the internal parasite would be intensified tenfold, and that any species found would be likely to exhibit structural and physiological adaptations of unusual interest. That this is indeed the case the present paper will show.
On Multicotyle purvisi, n.g., n.sp, an aspidogastrid trematode from the river turtle, Seibenrockiella crassicollis, in Malaya
Authors: Dawes Ben
Published: June 2009

The aspidogastrid trematodes form a well-defined group of at most eight genera with a wide distribution. They are known from five continents and they occur in various cold-blooded hosts from both marine and fresh-water habitats, notably, Gasteropod and Lamellibranch molluscs, the larger Crustacea, some Fishes, and Chelonians. The recording of a new genus in a fresh locality is thus of some zoological importance.
A revision of the monogenean family Diclidophoridae Fuhrmann, 1928
Authors: Llewellyn J.
Published: June 2009

1. The family Diclidophoridae Fuhrmann, 1928 has been revised, and the diagnosis of the replacing family Choricotylidae has been given.

2. Keys to the genera and species of the Choricotylidae have been constructed.

3. All species of the family have been reviewed and a diagnosis of each has been given.

4. Species previously referred to the genus Diclidophora have been transferred to the genus Choricotyle.

5. The following taxonomic changes have been proposed:

(a) Choricotyle merlangi (MacCallum, 1917) as a nom. nov. for the ‘Diclidophora merlangi Kuhn, 1829’ described by MacCallum (1917).

(b) Choricotyle charcoti (Dollfus, 1922 a, b) as a n.comb. to replace Cyclo-bothrium charcoti Dollfus, 1922.

(c) Diclidophora ‘species’ Fuhrmann, 1928 as a synonym of Choricotyle charcoti (Dollfus, 1922a, b).
OnStyphlodora elegansn.sp. andStyphlodora compactumn.sp., trematode parasites ofPython reticulatusin Malaya, with a key to the species of the genusStyphlodoraLooss, 1899
Authors: Dawes Ben
Published: June 2009

Numerous specimens of a trematode which has proved to be a new species were collected from the kidneys of 'Ular sawa’ (Python reticulatus) at Alor Star and at Kedah, Malaya, by Mr G. B. Purvis, F.R.C.V.S. One batch comprises about 350 specimens, another one more than 150, and the entire collection of five batches exceeds 600 specimens. For this new species the nameStyphlodora elegansis proposed. Mr Purvis also collected a single specimen of what seems to be a second new species from the stomach of the python at Alor Star, and for this the nameStyphlodora compactumis proposed. Type specimens of the two new species are lodged in the British Museum (Natural History), London.
On the function of the pharyngeal ridges in the larvae of Calliphora erythrocephala
Authors: Roy D. N.
Published: June 2009

The Diptera larvae can be divided from an ethnological point of view into four categories: and the members of each, though of diverse systematic affinities, possess in common certain structural characters, which Keilin (1912) considers to be adaptations to the manner of life. The categories are as follows: (i) Saprophagous larvae: those which feed on decayed vegetable matter or the excrement of herbivorous animals; these have a buccal armature similar to that of Calliphora or Lucilia: the ventral surface of the basilar piece is feebly chitinized and has a number of longitudinal ridges projecting into the lumen of the pharynx. (ii) Phytophagous larvae, which feed on living plants, as leafminers, root-miners, etc.: these have the bucco-pharyngeal armature more concentrated, the basilar piece more chitinized, with ridges feebly developed or absent, the mandibles modified as several toothed scrapers. (iii) Parasitic larvae: their buccal armature resembles that of parasitic Tachinidae. (iv) Parasitic larvae—carnivorous larvae: It is now known from the researches of Portchinsky (1910), and later of Keilin himself, that a good number of larvae found in excrement are not really coprophagous, but live on other larvae or other small animals found with them in the excrement. These carnivorous larvae attack their prey, perforating its skin, and sucking its contents. For instance, the larvae of Graphomyia maculata, found in liquefied decomposing vegetable matter, feed on larvae of Eristalis and pupa of Tipulidae, those of Calliophris riparia, found among moss, feed on small oligochaete worms and larvae and pupae of Psychodidae. These carnivorous larvae have certain characters in common. Thus the mandibles are sharp, piercing hooks and the basilar piece of the armature is very long, narrow and strongly chitinized and entirely without the internal longitudinal ridges.” (Scott, 1915.)
On a new case of parasitism of snail (Vertigo genesiiGredl.) by a dipterous larva
Authors: Bhatia M. L. , Keilin D.
Published: June 2009

The object of this paper is the description of a dipterous larva based on the study of six specimens of larvae obtained by Mr R. A. Phillips from living specimens of the snailVertigo genesiiGredler which he had caught at Cloanascragh Bog, near Taum, Co. Galway. Three larvae were received in October 1933 through Prof. Boycott, and three in September 1936 directly from Mr Phillips. In a letter accompanying the specimens Prof. Boycott makes the following remark:

“Considering that the whole snail shell is only about 2 mm. × 1 mm. the larvae seem very big.” In fact some of the shells are distinctly smaller than the adult larvae, which when mounted are 2·0–5·0 mm. long, and 0·3–1·5 mm. in diameter.
Parasitic larvae in Bombus terrestris
Authors: Legge M. M.
Published: June 2009

I wish to record some unidentified parasites, from the abdominal cavity of a Queen Bumble-bee (Bombus terrestris).
Studies in Australian Acarina Laelaptidae
Authors: Womersley H.
Published: June 2009

The material recorded and described in the present paper consists not only of the specimens in the South Australian Museum, but largely an immense number of specimens sent to the writer by Mr F. H. Taylor of the Department of Tropical Health, Sydney. To him, my best thanks are due for the opportunity to examine and describe this material. Types of the new species are in the South Australian Museum and paratypes amongst the material returned to the Department of Tropical Health, Sydney.
Experiments on the encystation ofOpalinainRana temporaria
Authors: McConnachie Elspeth W.
Published: June 2009

1. The formation ofOpalinacysts inRana temporariawas compared, during September to December, in groups of untreated frogs exposed to normal seasonal fluctuations in temperature, and treated frogs kept at room temperature. Cyst formation was enhanced, to the same degree, in frogs injected with saline or chorionic gonadotrophin (Pregnyl), and, to a higher degree, in frogs injected with frog pituitaries.

2. Observations were made, during September to December, on the state of the testes inRana temporariainfected withOpalina. The presence ofOpalinacysts was most closely correlated with spermiation.

3. Possible factors affecting the formation of opalinid cysts are discussed. It is concluded that the seasonal production of cysts byOpalinais not due to cyclical changes inherent in the protozoa. The factor or factors provoking encystation appear to be correlated with the reproductive cycle of the host, and may be the gonadal hormones.
Some observations onParabothrium gadi-pollachii(Rudolphi, 1810) andAbothrium gadivan Beneden 1870 (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) including an account of their mode of attachment and of variation in the two species
Authors: Williams H. Harford
Published: June 2009

An account is given of the occurrence ofParabothrium gadi-pollachiiandAbothrium gadiin some members of the Gadidae caught in the north-eastern Atlantic.

The external features, musculature, excretory, nervous and genital systems of the two species are described in detail.

The adults of both species are characterized by the absence of a typical pseudophyllidean scolex and possess interesting modes of attachment to the intestine and caeca of the host. The variation found in individuals ofA. gadifrom the cod and haddock is discussed.
Lipids in different stages of the life cycles of malaria parasites and some other sporozoa
Authors: Dasgupta B.
Published: June 2009

Lipid material occurs in the oocysts of Plasmodium in the form of small Sudano-phil granules, which appear to increase in size with the growth of the parasite. A diffuse Sudanophil material also appears at a later stage.

Phospholipid occurs at a certain stage of the oocyst, but later disappears altogether. It appears more quickly in some oocysts than in the others, found in the same infected gut.

The pre-erythrocytic schizonts of P. cynomolgi are found to contain abundant lipid material.

The erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium and Hepatocystis cannot be stained with the Sudan dyes, but the gametocytes of Hepatozoon infecting the blood corpuscles of the vertebrate hosts are found to contain abundant Sudanophil material.

Sudanophil material can be detected in the unsporulated oocysts of Eimeria stiedae, but not in the sporulated ones.
The antiproteolytic enzyme ofAscaris lumbricoidesvar.suis
Authors: Sang James Henderson
Published: June 2009

1. The inhibitory effect ofAscarisextract on pepsin and trypsin is confirmed. This inhibition is shown not to occur with papain.

2. The inhibitory effect is shown to be brought about by a combination of the anti-enzyme with the enzyme and not by any of the other possible causes.

3. The extract is shown to have a proteolytic as well as an inhibitory action and these two properties are shown to be due to one and the same substance.

4. The term “ascarase” is suggested for this substance.

5. The ascarase is shown to be a readily diffusible substance of the order of a primary albumose, is precipitated by ammonium sulphate and 70% alcohol, is only slowly destroyed in acid but rapidly in alkali and is not digested by trypsin. It combines with the greatest quantities of substrate atpH 5–7.

6. Ascarase is found in the various tissues of the worm in the following order: ovary, oesophagus, gut, body fluid, ovojector, lateral line, uterus and cuticle. A similar order was found for the male.

7. The results found by de Wael (1933) forT. saginatado not apply to Ascaris.

8. The effect of the ascarase on the host and its function in the worm are discussed.
Histomonas meleagridis in domestic fowls (Gallus gallus). Cultivation and experimental infection
Authors: Bishop Ann
Published: June 2009

1. Histomonas meleagridis was isolated in culture from the liver lesions of a hen suffering from “blackhead” (enterohepatitis). It has been cultivated at 36·5–37°C. for over a year.

2. Chicks, which had been reared free from protozoa, were inoculated per os or per anum, with cultures of the above strain of H. meleagridis. Eleven out of twelve birds became infected. Caecal lesions only were produced. This strain, although isolated from the liver lesions of a hen suffering from acute blackhead, showed no abnormal virulence in chicks.

3. Individuals of this strain of H. meleagridis showed amoeboid movement but were also flagellate. Normally the protozoon was uninucleate, but binucleate forms were common, and tri- and quadrinucleate forms occurred more rarely. One flagellum arose from each nucleus.

4. During division the flagellum disappears. The method of nuclear division was similar to that of Trichomonas.

5. A resistant phase was never seen in the cultures.
Dr O. Uplavici (1887–1938)
Authors: Dobell Clifford
Published: June 2009

To students of the literature dealing with amoebic dysentery the name of O. Uplavici is probably not unfamiliar: but few authors are aware, apparently, of his singular story, so the following lines recording his life and death may therefore be acceptable to readers of Parasitology.
On a new tick from British Somaliland
Authors: Whittick R. J.
Published: June 2009

A Collection of ticks from British Somaliland recently sent to the British Museum (Natural History) contained specimens of a species of Ornithodoros unlike any in the national collection and (from the appearance of the integument) related to the North African species O. foleyi Parrot (from Algeria) and O. delanoëi Roubaud & Colas-Belcour (from Morocco). The late Prof. G. H. F. Nuttall presented to the Museum a specimen of O. foleyi, and the writer is indebted to Prof. E. Roubaud for comparing one of the present specimens with the type of O. delanoëi. Prof. Roubaud writes to say that, having examined the Somaliland specimen, he and M. Colas-Belcour are of the opinion that it belongs to the species O. delanoëi: and that the various details of structural difference do not warrant a specific distinction, but indicate that the present specimens may belong to a different biological or geographical race. The large size of these Somaliland ticks, the discovery of their larvae and their presence in a locality so widely separated from that of the type, are considered important enough to be placed on record, and the specimens are regarded as representing a subspecies of O. delanoëi
The duration of Plasmodium relictum infection in canaries
Authors: Bishop Ann , Tate P. , Thorpe Mary Vincent
Published: June 2009

Experiments upon the duration of chronic infections of Plasmodium relictum in canaries prove that parasites may persist in the peripheral blood, as ordinary schizogonic stages, up to 8 years and 3 months after infection and that the blood of such birds is infective for clean birds for at least the same period.
A study of the olfactory responses of insect parasites to the food plant of their host
Authors: Thorpe W. H. , Caudle H. B.
Published: June 2009

1.Pimpla ruficollisis a parasite of the pine shoot mothRhyacionia (Evetria) buolianaSchiff. (Eucosmidae) which emerges from its host a considerable time before the next generation of larvae are ready for oviposition. It seems that during this period the parasites leave the pine trees and feed on the flowers of certain Umbelliferae and probably other plants. Only after 3 or 4 weeks do they return to the pine trees where the shoots now contain larvae ready for egg laying.

2. It has been shown by means of olfactometer experiments that during this first period of the adult life, the parasites are repelled by the odour of oil ofPinus sylvestris. At this time the ovaries are very small and are probably not ready for the production of eggs. After the third or fourth week of life the females become attracted by the oil ofP. sylvestrisand the ovaries are now relatively large.

3. Since Geraniol is known to be a constituent of certain conifers, this substance was also tested. It was, however, found to be invariably repellent to the parasites.

4. There is some evidence that conclusions reached as a result of experiments withP. ruficollisalso apply to the ophionine ichneumonidEulimneria rufifemur.
On a new coccidium,Eimeria raiarumsp.n., with special reference to the biology of the oocysts
Authors: van den Berghe Louis
Published: June 2009

During my stay at the Zoological Station of Wimereux, Pas de Calais, France, in August 1934, I made a special study of Protozoa parasitic in marine fishes. The examination of ten specimens of youngRaia batisrevealed a coccidial infection in two individuals, measuring about 25 cm. in length. In one of these the mucus in the terminal portion of the intestine contained a few unsegmented spherical oocysts, with diameters from 24 to 28μ. Sections of different portions of the intestine and of the liver failed to exhibit any stages of schizogony or gametogony, evidently owing to the fact that there was a single infection at the end-phase. However, the second skate showed very numerous unsegmented oocysts in the posterior portion of the alimentary canal (Pl. I, fig. 1). This specimen provided material for the morphological study and biological observations which follow.
Experimental work on reproduction in the tsetse fly,Glossina palpalis
Authors: Mellanby Helen
Published: June 2009

1. The reproductive cycle of the female fly was worked out at an average temperature of 24° C. The lowest egg of the right ovary develops first, and is ripe in 7 days. Ovulation never occurs earlier than the 8th day, and frequently later; it bears some relation to fertilization, for eggs in virgin females failed to ovulate for weeks. The first larva was produced in a variable time after fertilization (because of delayed ovulation), but the succeeding larvae were produced very regularly, with an average period of 9·9 days between them.

2. Pupae produced in the laboratory usually weigh less than those collected in the field. The reason for this is nutritional, and flies must take large meals at the right stage in gestation to produce large pupae. It is impossible to ensure that this happens with all flies in the laboratory.

3. Abortions are caused in captivity by flies obtaining too little blood. They may be induced in pregnant females by allowing them to take only small meals, when either an egg or a small larva is extruded. When these flies were properly fed later, they produced normal larvae.

4. A constant temperature of 30° C. causes sterility in females. Ovaries develop abnormally, embryos fail to hatch from eggs, but young larvae (in the uteri) are not adversely affected.

5. A constant temperature below 22° C. slows down the rate of development of the eggs in the ovaries and lengthens the larval period. Experiments at this temperature are complicated by inactivity of males, which leave many females unfertilized. The length of the combined embryonic and larval periods is 17½ days.

6. Experiments performed outside in the laboratory compound suggest that the period between each larva in the field (during December in Uganda) will be about 13½ days (min. temp. 16° C.; max. temp. 27° C.).

7. Flies appear to be able to breed equally well with relative humidities of 47, 88 and 100 per cent. In the drier air care must be taken with feeding, or the flies die from desiccation.

8. A temperature of 20° C. can cause pregnant females to retain their larvae for an extra 12 hours, but not longer.
The morphology of the British Prostriata, with particular reference toIxodes hexagonusLeach. III
Authors: Arthur Don R.
Published: June 2009

1. The spiracular plate is made up of three layers, (a) the outermost non-porose plate, which varies in thickness, being thicker where the (b) intermediate layer of pedicels fuses towards the outside, and thinner over the goblets. The innermost layer (c) is of even thickness, and corrugated.

2. The ostium is bounded by the columella dorsally and by the lower lip ven-trally, both of which are continuous with the thickened antero-ventrally placed macula.

3. The ostium opens into a subostial space which in turn passes into the atrium. The ventral and ventro-lateral walls are thrown into two folds about midway along, and then anteriorly and posteriorly merge to form a single lobe. The musculature associated with the atrium is described.

4. On morphological grounds it appears that the ostium is incapable of opening and closing, and it is suggested that only opening muscles—the dorsal and ventral atrial muscles—are present.

5. The distribution of the main tracheal trunks is described.

6. Hailer's organ in the female ofI. hexagonusconsists of a trough and a capsule; the former bears six hairs divisible into types I–IV and the latter contains seven tapering sensillae. This pattern is applicable to both the male and the nymph: in the larva one type III sensilla is missing from the trough and only 4 sensory hairs are present in the capsule.

7. A description of Haller's organ in the BritishIxodesspecies is given, and it is shown to be of systematic value.

8. The status of species possessing ‘trough-nosed’ capsules is discussed, and the validity of giving such species generic rank does not appear to be justified. As far as the material investigated is concerned there seems little difference in the sexes, with the exception ofI. murisandI. loricatus, nor has any correlation been established between the structure of the organ and host specificity.
The identity of the larval nematodes found in the body muscles of the cod (Gadus callarias L.)
Authors: Grainger J. N. R.
Published: June 2009

Larval nematodes occurring in cysts in the body musculature of Icelandic cod have been identified as belonging to Porrocaecum Raillet & Henry, 1912 (subgenus Terranova Leiper & Atkinson, 1914), probably P. decipiens Krabbe and Anisakis Dujardin, 1845. Identification was made possible by rearing them in vitro to the pre-adult condition. The experiments show that the following conditions are necessary for the moult to the pre-adult state; (1) a fairly high culture temperature (37° C.); (2) the presence of pieces of fish for 24 hr. towards the beginning of the culture period. 1 % pepsin, while it assists the hatching from the cysts, is not essential for the moult to the pre-adult condition. Experiments indicate that the moult takes place 3–5 days after fish has been supplied.

The larvae and pre-adults of both genera are described. Samples of larvae from cod from Greenland and the Barents Sea probably consist only of Porrocaecum and Anisakis, but a sample from West Scotland contained only Porrocaecum. The significance of the moult to the pre-adult state is discussed.
The occurrence of Histomonas meleagridis in Heterakis gallinae
Authors: Kendall S. B.
Published: June 2009

Parasites resembling Histomonas mealagridis have been seen in a young larval Heterakis gallinae.
The migration of Cercaria X Baylis (Strigeida) within the fish intermediate host
Authors: Erasmus David A.
Published: June 2009

1. Studies, using serial sections and a method of numerical assessment of the, numbers of cercariae in the various tissues, have shown that cercarial entry occurs through the skin at any point along the length of the fish and also through the gills and pharynx in the head region. The distribution of penetration along the length of the body is not uniform but exhibits a marked concentration in the head region.

2. As the time after infection increases, this initial unimodal distribution is maintained and becomes even more restricted.

3. Nearly all the cercariae have localized in the eye 12–24 hr. after infection. The few that remain outside the eye after this period appear to be moribund and undergoing phagocytosis.

4. The majority of migrating cercariae are present in connective tissue and muscle. Very few occur in the blood system and even fewer in the other organs of the body. The numbers in the blood system show a local anterior concentration in the blood vessels anterior to the heart and in the region of the gills. It seems probable that the blood system does not form the major route of migration.

5. Entry into the eye may occur at any point.

6. Cercarial migration causes extensive tissue damage, but this is fatal only when major blood vessels are perforated and severe internal haemorrhage results. Interference with the nervous system and lateral line system may be the cause of the orientation disturbances which are sometimes noted within 12 hr. after infection.

7. It is suggested that migration through the tissues is achieved mainly by the action of the anterior spination and that the function of the penetration gland cells may be lubricatory and/or adhesive rather than lytic.

8. The restricted tissue distribution during migration and the retention of an essentially unimodal distribution of cercariae along the length of the body through-out the whole period of migration suggest that localization in the lens is not achieved by chance migration.
Coleospora binucleata, gen.nov., sp.nov., a haplosporidian parasite found in Gonocephalum arenarium (Coleoptera)
Authors: Gibbs A. J.
Published: June 2009

The haplosporidian described is found in the Malpighian tubules of the beetle Gonocephalum arenarium in the Cape Peninsula, South Africa.

With the exception of the germination, which must take place in the digestive tract, the life cycle is completed within the Malpighian tubules. Studied over a period of several years, it has been found that the incidence of infection averages about 5 %.

Six Malpighian tubules connect with the gut, and in an infected insect all six are almost always parasitized to the same degree and by the same forms of the parasite.