bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen Additions Retard Nutrient Release from Two Contrasting Foliar Litters in a Subtropical Forest, Southwest China
Authors: Zhuang Liyan , Liu Qun , Liang Ziyi , You Chengming , Tan Bo , Zhang Li , Yin Rui , Yang Kaijun , Bol Roland , Xu Zhenfeng
Published: March 2020

Litter decomposition plays a critical role in regulating biogeochemical cycles in terrestrial ecosystems and is profoundly impacted by increasing atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition. Here, a N manipulation experiment was conducted to explore the effects of N additions (0 kg N ha−1 yr−1, 20 kg N ha−1 yr−1 and 40 kg N ha−1 yr−1) on decay rates and nutrients release of two contrasting species, the evergreen and nutrient-poor Michelia wilsonii and the deciduous and nutrient-rich Camptotheca acuminata, using a litterbag approach at the western edge of the Sichuan Basin of China. The decay rate and the mineralization of N and phosphorus (P) was faster in nutrient-rich C. acuminata litter than in nutrient-poor M. wilsonii litter, regardless of N regimes. N additions tended to decrease the decay constant (k value) in M. wilsonii litter, but had no effect on C. acuminata litter. N additions had no significant effects on carbon (C) release of both litter types. N additions showed negative effects on N and P release of M. wilsonii litter, particularly in the late decomposition stage. Moreover, for C. acuminata litter, N additions did not affect N release, but retarded P release in the late stage. N additions did not affect the C:N ratio in both litter types. However, N additions—especially high-N addition treatments—tended to reduce C:P and N:P ratios in both species. The effect of N addition on N and P remaining was stronger in M. wilsonii litter than in C. acuminata litter. The results of this study indicate that N additions retarded the nutrients release of two foliar litters. Thus, rising N deposition might favor the retention of N and P via litter decomposition in this specific area experiencing significant N deposition.
Xylem Plasticity in Pinus pinaster and Quercus ilex Growing at Sites with Different Water Availability in the Mediterranean Region: Relations between Intra-Annual Density Fluctuations and Environmental Conditions
Authors: Balzano Angela , Battipaglia Giovanna , Cherubini Paolo , De Micco Veronica
Published: March 2020

Fluctuations in climatic conditions during the growing season are recorded in Mediterranean tree-rings and often result in intra-annual density fluctuations (IADFs). Dendroecology and quantitative wood anatomy analyses were used to characterize the relations between the variability of IADF traits and climatic drivers in Pinus pinaster Aiton and Quercus ilex L. growing at sites with different water availability on the Elba island in Central Italy. Our results showed that both species present high xylem plasticity resulting in the formation of L-type IADFs (L-IADFs), consisting of earlywood-like cells in latewood. The occurrence of such IADFs was linked to rain events following periods of summer drought. The formation of L-IADFs in both species increased the hydraulic conductivity late in the growing season, due to their larger lumen area in comparison to “true latewood”. The two species expressed greater similarity under arid conditions, as unfavorable climates constrained trait variation. Wood density, measured as the percentage of cell walls over total xylem area, IADF frequency, as well as conduit lumen area and vessel frequency, specifically in the hardwood species, proved to be efficient proxies to encode climate signals recorded in the xylem. The response of these anatomical traits to climatic variations was found to be species- and site-specific.
The Long-Term Survival and Growth of Enrichment Plantings in Logged Tropical Rainforest in North Queensland, Australia
Authors: Minh Quang Phan , Baynes Jack , Herbohn John , Applegate Grahame , Keys Murray
Published: March 2020

Enrichment planting is often suggested as a means of enhancing the productivity of logged rainforest. However, little is known about the long-term survival and growth of these trees. In this study, we used historical data from enrichment planting trials ranging from 15 to 32 years old to examine the survival and growth of 16 tree species across different sites in north Queensland, Australia. The results complement and extend current knowledge on the potential role of enrichment planting from a production perspective. A key finding was that the initial level of post-logging overwood did not appear to affect the immediate survival of enrichment plantings, but in the longer term (up to 30 years) survival decreased as post-logging overwood and regrowth increased. This suggests that removal of overwood should take place at the time of enrichment planting. A further key finding was that despite regular tending to remove vegetation adjacent to the plantings, competition from saplings and trees that were situated outside the tended area emerged as a major source of competition in some plots. By implication, the success of enrichment planting may depend on removal of competition from the entire logged area, not just adjacent to enrichment plantings. Results between individual species and trials varied widely. The best development of Flindersia brayleyana resulted in a mean tree diameter of 32.5 cm at age 22 for the 100 tallest trees per hectare. Although Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus microcorys, and Eucalyptus pilularis all failed—as expected, because they do not normally grow in rainforest—Corymbia torelliana, Cardwellia sublimis, Araucaria bidwillii, Khaya senegalensis, Flindersia amboinensis, and Swietenia macrophylla also failed although they grow naturally in similar sites. In other trials, tree height and basal area growth were often poor. For example, Khaya ivorensis grew to a basal area of only 1.3 m2/ha and a mean height of 7.7 m at age 10, and Flindersia ifflaiana only grew to a basal area of 0.7 m2/ha and a height of 7.9 m, also at age 10. Overall, these results emphasise the necessity of site–species matching before enrichment planting begins and the necessity of post-planting monitoring and remedial tending.
Towards the Design of a Collaborative Cybersecurity Networked Organisation: Identification and Prioritisation of Governance Needs and Objectives
Authors: Tagarev Todor
Published: March 2020

The effective response to the proliferation and growing diversity and sophistication of cyber threats requires a broad spectrum of competencies, human, technological and financial resources that are in the powers of very few countries. The European Union is addressing this challenge through an initiative to establish one or more cybersecurity competence networks. A number of existing technologies can support collaboration in networked organisations; however, network governance remains a challenge. The study presented in this article aimed to identify and prioritise network governance issues. Towards that purpose, qualitative and quantitative methods were applied in the analysis of norms and regulations, statutory documents of existing networks, academic sources and interviews with representatives of funding organisations and potential major customers. The comprehensiveness and complementarity of these primary sources allowed to identify 33 categories of governance issues and group them in four tiers, indicative of the respective priority level. The results of the study are currently used to inform and orient the development of alternative models for governance of a cybersecurity network and a set of criteria for their evaluation. They will support informed decision-making on the most appropriate governance model of a future networked organisation, evolving from a project consortium.
How Does Health Status Affect Marginal Utility of Consumption? Evidence from China
Authors: Wang Xiaoyu , Wang Chunan
Published: March 2020

This paper investigates how the deteriorating health status of an individual affects the marginal utility of non-medical consumption in China. By using 2011, 2013 and 2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) data, we find that when the number of chronic diseases increases one standard deviation, the marginal utility of consumption will increase by 16.0% and 20.0% for samples of the middle-aged and elderly individuals over 50 and 65 years of age, respectively. This result is to some extent contrary to the findings from the US. Different economic development stages, intergenerational norms and bequest motives may be reasons for these contrasting patterns between China and the US.
Trauma Education and Stigma Reduction in Global Settings: An Evaluation of the Impact of a One-Day Trauma Psychoeducation Workshop with Community Stakeholders in the Caribbean Nation of Saint Lucia
Authors: Asnaani Anu , Charlery White Su-Anne R. , Majeed Ifrah , Phillip Tammi-Marie
Published: March 2020

The independent island nation of Saint Lucia and surrounding Caribbean countries have fairly well-documented high reported rates of trauma, but limited training infrastructure for trauma-related mental health support and treatment services. This study addresses this disparity between high trauma exposure and sparse trauma-related resources by studying how a one-day training workshop impacted self-rated knowledge about trauma and stigma towards trauma survivors. The training was provided by a licensed clinical psychologist in partnership with a local women’s rights group. Participants (n = 41) included school counselors, nurses, psychiatric providers, health educators, and advocates on the island. Participants completed pre- and post-workshop measures examining the variables of interest. The one-day workshop provided training on trauma types, post-trauma reactions, options for treatment, and hands-on training for trauma crisis-management and short-term interventions. Following the workshop, participants reported increased knowledge of trauma, more accurate perceptions of its prevalence, better understanding of evidence-based treatments, and lower trauma survivor-related stigma. This is the first trauma-focused workshop tested in St. Lucia, where the need for such training is considerable given few treatment options for trauma survivors in this area. Work is underway to provide more expansive services for trauma across the Caribbean region, given these preliminary promising findings.
Traffic Accident Prediction Based on Multivariable Grey Model
Authors: Li Wei , Zhao Xujian , Liu Shiyu
Published: March 2020

Owing to frequent traffic accidents and casualties nowadays, the ability to predict the number of traffic accidents in a period is significant for the transportation department to make decisions scientifically. However, owing to many variables affecting traffic accidents in the road traffic system, there are two critical challenges in traffic accident prediction. The first issue is how to evaluate the weight of each variable’s impact on the accident. The second issue is how to model the prediction process for multiple interrelated variables. Aiming to solve these two problems, we propose effective solutions to deal with traffic accident prediction. Firstly, for the first issue, we exploit the grey correlation analysis to measure the correlation of factors to accident occurrence. Then, for the second issue, we select the main factors by correlation analysis to establish a multivariable grey model—MGM(1,N) for prediction process modeling. Further, we explore the collinearity between variables and better optimize the predictive model. The experimental results show that our approach achieves best performance than four general-purpose comparative algorithms in traffic accident prediction task.
Free-Form and Deformable Energy Storage as a Forerunner to Next-Generation Smart Electronics
Authors: Kwak Soyul , Kang Jihyeon , Nam Inho , Yi Jongheop
Published: March 2020

Planar and rigid conventional electronics are intrinsically incompatible with curvilinear and deformable devices. The recent development of organic and inorganic flexible and stretchable electronics enables the production of various applications, such as soft robots, flexible displays, wearable electronics, electronic skins, bendable phones, and implantable medical devices. To power these devices, persistent efforts have thus been expended to develop a flexible energy storage system that can be ideally deformed while maintaining its electrochemical performance. In this review, the enabling technologies of the electrochemical and mechanical performances of flexible devices are summarized. The investigations demonstrate the improvement of electrochemical performance via the adoption of new materials and alternative reactions. Moreover, the strategies used to develop novel materials and distinct design configurations are introduced in the following sections.
A Low-Profile and High-isolated MIMO Antenna for 5G Mobile Terminal
Authors: Li Rongqiang , Mo Zixu , Sun Haoran , Sun Xiaofeng , Du Guohong
Published: March 2020

An eight-element multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) frame antenna array in the 3.5 GHz band (3400–3600 MHz) for 5G mobile terminal systems was presented. By using the adjacent grounding and electromagnetic coupling feeding technology, the loop antenna element could generate two resonant frequencies, thus effectively expanding its bandwidth. By adopting double-sided parallel strip line (DSPSL) technology, the electromagnetic coupling inside the loop antenna could be adjusted, and the size of the loop antenna could be effectively reduced so that the MIMO antenna array could obtain a low-profile structure. The total size of the MIMO array was 150 mm × 75 mm × 5.3 mm. Without additional isolation measures, the measured −6 dB impedance bandwidth (BW) was 3400–3660 MHz, and the minimum isolation between antenna elements was better than −20 dB. The proposed antenna was expected to be applied to 5G mobile terminals based on its low-profile, high-isolated characteristics, and good MIMO performance.
Numerical Thermal Analysis and 2-D CFD Evaluation Model for An Ideal Cryogenic Regenerator
Authors: Almtireen Natheer , Brandner Jürgen J. , Korvink Jan G.
Published: March 2020

Regenerative cryocoolers such as Stirling, Gifford–McMahon, and pulse tube cryocoolers possess great merits such as small size, low cost, high reliability, and good cooling capacity. These merits led them to meet many IR and superconducting based application requirements. The regenerator is a vital element in these closed-cycle cryocoolers, but the overall performance depends strongly on the effectiveness of the regenerator. This paper presents a one-dimensional numerical analysis for the idealized thermal equations of the matrix and the working gas inside the regenerator. The algorithm predicts the temperature profiles for the gas during the heating and cooling periods, along with the matrix nodal temperatures. It examines the effect of the regenerator’s length and diameter, the matrix’s geometric parameters, the number of heat transfer units, and the volumetric flow rate, on the performance of an ideal regenerator. This paper proposes a 2D axisymmetric CFD model to evaluate the ideal regenerator model and to validate its findings.
Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in Cultivated Soils from Lombardy (Northern Italy): Spatial Distribution, Origin, and Management Implications
Authors: Sacchi Elisa , Brenna Stefano , Fornelli Genot Stefania , Leoni Alessandra , Sale Vanna Maria , Setti Massimo
Published: March 2020

This work aims to quantify the contribution of agricultural practices to diffuse pollution in cultivated soils. Two samples (the first from the top layer and the second from a depth of about 100 cm) were retrieved from about 1000 soil profiles and analyzed for their potentially toxic elements (PTEs) content (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Mn). In addition, we collected dedicated soil profiles for three specific types of land use and agronomic practice, namely vine-, cereal- and rice-growing areas. Baseline concentrations and distribution maps were produced. Statistical data treatment, coupled with the results of the dedicated soil profiles, enabled the identification of precise pollution sources and processes. In cultivated soils, PTEs contents prove to be generally well below the Italian regulatory limits, with the exception of Cu in vineyard soils, due to the long-lasting use of Cu-based pesticides. South of Milan and in other urban areas, we attribute the top soil enrichment in Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn to industrial activities and urban settlement. Ni sporadically exceeds regulatory standards, but its association with Mn and its depth distribution point to a natural origin, mostly due to the occurrence of serpentine. The project demonstrates that although agriculture, especially in the form of vineyards and of intensive cultivation, certainly contributes to pollution, such contribution is exceeded by that deriving from industry and road traffic.
Deep Underground Injection of Waste from Drilling Activities—An Overview
Authors: Gaurina-Međimurec Nediljka , Pašić Borivoje , Mijić Petar , Medved Igor
Published: March 2020

Oil and gas exploration and production activities generate large amounts of waste material, especially during well drilling and completion activities. Waste material from drilling activities to the greatest extent consists of drilled cuttings and used drilling mud with a smaller portion of other materials (wastewater, produced hydrocarbons during well testing, spent stimulation fluid, etc.). Nowadays, growing concerns for environmental protections and new strict regulations encourage companies to improve methods for the reduction of waste material, as well as improve existing and develop new waste disposal methods that are more environmentally friendly and safer from the aspect of human health. The main advantages of the waste injection method into suitable deep geological formations over other waste disposal methods (biodegradation, thermal treatment, etc.) are minimizing potentially harmful impacts on groundwater, reducing the required surface area for waste disposal, reducing the negative impact on the air and long-term risks for the entire environment. This paper gives a comprehensive overview of the underground waste injection technology, criteria for the selection of the injection zone and methods required for process monitoring, as well as a comprehensive literature overview of significant past or ongoing projects from all over the world.
Colorectal Cancer Study with Nanostructured Sensors: Tumor Marker Screening of Patient Biopsies
Authors: Astolfi Michele , Rispoli Giorgio , Anania Gabriele , Nevoso Veronica , Artioli Elena , Landini Nicolò , Benedusi Mascia , Melloni Elisabetta , Secchiero Paola , Tisato Veronica , Zonta Giulia , Malagù Cesare
Published: March 2020

Despite the great progress in screening techniques and medical treatments, colorectal cancer remains one of the most widespread cancers in both sexes, with a high death rate. In this work, the volatile compounds released from human colon cancer tissues were detected by a set of four different chemoresistive sensors, made with a nanostructured powder of metal-oxide materials, inserted into an innovative patented device. The sensor responses to the exhalation of a primary cancer sample and of a healthy sample (both of the same weight, collected during colorectal surgery from the intestine of the same patient) were statistically analyzed. The sensors gave reversible, reproducible, and fast responses for at least one year of continuous use, making them quite superior in respect to the existing diagnostic methods. Preliminary results obtained using principal component analysis of the sensor responses to samples removed from 13 patients indicate that the nanostructured sensors employed in this study were able to distinguish between healthy and tumor tissue samples with coherent responses (the discrimination power of the most sensitive sensor was about 17%), highlighting a strong potential for clinical practice.
Gold Nanoparticles Synthesis Using Stainless Steel as Solid Reductant: A Critical Overview
Authors: Izzi Margherita , Sportelli Maria C. , Tursellino Luciana , Palazzo Gerardo , Picca Rosaria A. , Cioffi Nicola , López Lorente Ángela I.
Published: March 2020

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were produced using stainless steel as a solid reductant to assist the synthesis of metal NPs, using HAuCl4 as a precursor. This method is very easy, quick, and cost-effective, allowing the synthesis of highly stable NPs without additional capping agents. However, the reaction mechanism is still under debate. In order to contribute to the investigation of the synthesis of AuNPs using stainless steel, different experimental conditions were tested. Cl− concentration, pH of the precursor solution, as well as stainless steel composition were systematically changed. The syntheses were performed recording the open circuit potential to potentiometrically explore the electrochemical properties of the system, under operando conditions. Spectroscopic and morphological characterizations were carried out along with potentiometric monitoring, aiming at correlating the synthesis parameters with the AuNPs characteristics. As a result, an overview of the process features, and of its most reasonable mechanism were obtained.
Comparison of Three Ratiometric Temperature Readings from the Er3+ Upconversion Emission
Authors: Ćirić Aleksandar , Aleksić Jelena , Barudžija Tanja , Antić Željka , Đorđević Vesna , Medić Mina , Periša Jovana , Zeković Ivana , Mitrić Miodrag , Dramićanin Miroslav D.
Published: March 2020

The emission of Er3+ provides three combinations of emission bands suitable for ratiometric luminescence thermometry. Two combinations utilize ratios of visible emissions (2H11/2→4I15/2 at 523 nm/ 4S3/2→4I15/2 at 542 nm and 4F7/2→4I15/2 at 485 nm/ 4S3/2→4I15/2 at 545 nm), while emissions from the third combination are located in near-infrared, e.g., in the first biological window (2H11/2→4I13/2 at 793 nm/ 4S3/2→4I13/2 at 840 nm). Herein, we aimed to compare thermometric performances of these three different ratiometric readouts on account of their relative sensitivities, resolutions, and repeatability of measurements. For this aim, we prepared Yb3+,Er3+:YF3 nanopowders by oxide fluorination. The structure of the materials was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis and particle morphology was evaluated from FE-SEM measurements. Upconversion emission spectra were measured over the 293–473 K range upon excitation by 980 nm radiation. The obtained relative sensitivities on temperature for 523/542, 485/542, and 793/840 emission intensity ratios were 1.06 ± 0.02, 2.03 ± 0.23, and 0.98 ± 0.10%K−1 with temperature resolutions of 0.3, 0.7, and 1.8 K, respectively. The study showed that the higher relative temperature sensitivity does not necessarily lead to the more precise temperature measurement and better resolution, since it may be compromised by a larger uncertainty in measurement of low-intensity emission bands.
TiO2 Passivation Layer on ZnO Hollow Microspheres for Quantum Dots Sensitized Solar Cells with Improved Light Harvesting and Electron Collection
Authors: Li Zhen , Yu Libo , Wang Hao , Yang Huiwen , Ma Huan
Published: March 2020

Light harvesting and electron recombination are essential factors that influence photovoltaic performance of quantum dots sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs). ZnO hollow microspheres (HMS) as architectures in QDSSCs are beneficial in improving light scattering, facilitating the enhancement of light harvesting efficiency. However, this advantage is greatly weakened by defects located at the surface of ZnO HMS. Therefore, we prepared a composite hollow microsphere structure consisting of ZnO HMS coated by TiO2 layer that is obtained by immersing ZnO HMS architectures in TiCl4 aqueous solution. This TiO2-passivated ZnO HMS architecture is designed to yield good light harvesting, reduced charge recombination, and longer electron lifetime. As a result, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of QDSSC reaches to 3.16% with an optimal thickness of TiO2 passivation layer, which is much higher when compared to 1.54% for QDSSC based on bare ZnO HMS.
Human Milk and Lactation
Authors: Gianni Maria Lorella , Morniroli Daniela , Bettinelli Maria Enrica , Mosca Fabio
Published: March 2020

Human milk is uniquely tailored to meet infants’ specific nutritional requirements [...]
Bifidobacteria-Fermented Red Ginseng and Its Constituents Ginsenoside Rd and Protopanaxatriol Alleviate Anxiety/Depression in Mice by the Amelioration of Gut Dysbiosis
Authors: Han Sang-Kap , Joo Min-Kyung , Kim Jeon-Kyung , Jeung Woonhee , Kang Heerim , Kim Dong-Hyun
Published: March 2020

Gut dysbiosis is closely connected with the outbreak of psychiatric disorders with colitis. Bifidobacteria-fermented red ginseng (fRG) increases the absorption of ginsenoside Rd and protopanxatriol into the blood in volunteers and mice. fRG and Rd alleviates 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced colitis in mice. Therefore, to understand the gut microbiota-mediated mechanism of fRG against anxiety/depression, we examined the effects of red ginseng (RG), fRG, ginsenoside Rd, and protopanaxatriol on the occurrence of anxiety/depression, colitis, and gut dysbiosis in mice. Mice with anxiety/depression were prepared by being exposed to two stressors, immobilization stress (IS) or Escherichia coli (EC). Treatment with RG and fRG significantly mitigated the stress-induced anxiety/depression-like behaviors in elevated plus maze, light-dark transition, forced swimming (FST), and tail suspension tasks (TST) and reduced corticosterone levels in the blood. Their treatments also suppressed the stress-induced NF-κB activation and NF-κB+/Iba1+ cell population in the hippocampus, while the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and BDNF+/NeuN+ cell population were increased. Furthermore, treatment with RG or fRG suppressed the stress-induced colitis: they suppressed myeloperoxidase activity, NF-κB activation, and NF-κB+/CD11c+ cell population in the colon. In particular, fRG suppressed the EC-induced depression-like behaviors in FST and TST and colitis more strongly than RG. fRG treatment also significantly alleviated the EC-induced NF-κB+/Iba1+ cell population and EC-suppressed BDNF+/NeuN+ cell population in the hippocampus more strongly than RG. RG and fRG alleviated EC-induced gut dysbiosis: they increased Bacteroidetes population and decreased Proteobacteria population. Rd and protopanaxatriol also alleviated EC-induced anxiety/depression and colitis. In conclusion, fRG and its constituents Rd and protopanaxatriol mitigated anxiety/depression and colitis by regulating NF-κB-mediated BDNF expression and gut dysbiosis.
Maternal Diet During Pregnancy and Blood Cadmium Concentrations in an Observational Cohort of British Women
Authors: Taylor Caroline M. , Doerner Rita , Northstone Kate , Kordas Katarzyna
Published: March 2020

Few studies have investigated the extent to which diet predicts body Cd concentrations among women of reproductive age, and pregnant women in particular. The aim of this study was to examine diet as a predictor of blood Cd concentrations in pregnant women participating in the UK Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Whole blood samples were analysed for Cd (median 0.26 (IQR 0.14–0.54) µg/L). Dietary pattern scores were derived from principal components analysis of data from a food frequency questionnaire. Associations between dietary pattern scores and foods/food groups with blood Cd ≥ median value were identified using adjusted logistic regression (n = 2169 complete cases). A health conscious dietary pattern was associated with a reduced likelihood of B-Cd ≥0.26 µg/l (OR 0.56 (95% CI 0.39–0.81)). There were similarly reduced likelihoods for all leafy green and green vegetables (0.72 (0.56–0.92) when consumed ≥4 times/week vs ≤1 to ≥3 times/week) and with all meats (0.66 (0.46–0.95) when consumed ≥4 times/week vs ≤ once in 2 weeks). Sensitivity analysis excluding smokers showed similar results. The evidence from this study provides continued support for a healthy and varied diet in pregnancy, incorporating foods from all food groups in accordance with national recommendations, without the need for specific guidance.
Determination of the Popularity of Dietary Supplements Using Google Search Rankings
Authors: Kamiński Mikołaj , Kręgielska-Narożna Matylda , Bogdański Paweł
Published: March 2020

The internet provides access to information about dietary supplements and allows their easy purchase. We aimed to rank the interest of Google users in dietary supplements and to determine the changes that occurred in their popularity from 2004 to 2019. We used Google Trends to generate data over time on regional interest in dietary supplements (n = 200). We categorized each included supplement and calculated the interest in all topics in proportion to the relative search volume (RSV) of “lutein”. We analyzed the trends over time of all topics and categories. Globally, the topics with the highest popularity were “magnesium”, which was 23.72 times more popular than “lutein”, “protein” (15.22 times more popular), and “iron” (15.12). The categories of supplements receiving most interest were protein (9.64), mineral (5.24), and vitamin (3.47). The RSV of seven categories of topics (amino acid, bacterial, botanical, fiber, mineral, protein, and vitamin) increased over time while two categories (enzyme and fat or fatty acid) saw a drop in their RSV. Overall, 119 topics saw an increase in interest over time, 19 remained stable, and 62 saw interest in them decrease. Google Trends provides insights into e-discourse and enables analysis of the differences in popularity of certain topics across countries and over time.
Adherence and Effects Derived from FODMAP Diet on Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Real Life Evaluation of a Large Follow-Up Observation
Authors: Gravina Antonietta Gerarda , Dallio Marcello , Romeo Mario , Di Somma Antonietta , Cotticelli Gaetano , Loguercio Carmelina , Federico Alessandro
Published: March 2020

Introduction: Irritable bowel syndrome represents one of the most difficult gastroenterological diseases to treat, that usually induces the patients to follow different drug therapies, often not useful in symptom control. In this scenario low FODMAP diet could have positive effects in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, even because this type of diet regimen is characterized by a low gluten amount due to the exclusion of cereals. Methods: We enrolled 120 patients with irritable bowel syndrome, according to the Rome IV criteria, who were referred to Hepatogastroenterology Division of the University of Campania L. Vanvitelli from June to December 2018. They underwent a low FODMAP diet for six weeks, followed by a gradual weekly reintroduction of every category of food for three months. The patients had a follow-up evaluation for six months after the end of food reintroduction period. We measured abdominal pain with subjective numerical scale from 0 to 10. We evaluated other gastrointestinal symptoms with a questionnaire about symptoms of lower digestive tract, evaluating their frequency and intensity. We also evaluated the impact of irritable bowel syndrome on daily life with neurological bowel dysfunction score. Results: We obtained a good patient-adherence to diet and a statistically significant decrease of abdominal pain, bloating, flatulence, diarrhea, constipation, and neurological bowel dysfunction score (p < 0.001) at the end of the diet. These results remained constant in the follow-up period. Conclusions: We recommend the use of a low FODMAP diet regimen in patients with irritable bowel syndrome in order to control the symptoms and improve the quality of life.
25-Hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D, and Peripheral Bone Densitometry in Adults with Celiac Disease
Authors: Ciacci Carolina , Bilancio Giancarlo , Russo Ilaria , Iovino Paola , Cavallo Pierpaolo , Santonicola Antonella , Bucci Cristina , Cirillo Massimo , Zingone Fabiana
Published: March 2020

Background: Adults with celiac disease (CeD) show low bone mineral density (BMD) and high fracture risk. CeD guidelines suggest measurements of serum minerals and vitamin D. However, studies on vitamin levels in CeD patients are contradictory. Aim: To investigate in CeD, 25-hydroxy-vitamin D [25(OH)D], 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], and related analytes and to evaluate their relationships to peripheral BMD as assessed by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Methods: Gluten-free diet (GFD)-treated, and untreated adult CeD patients naïve to vitamin D and calcium supplementation underwent measurements of serum 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), total calcium, phosphate, and of radius BMD by pQCT. Results: Complete data were collected in 105 patients for lab tests and 87 patients for BMD. For lab tests, untreated CeD differed from treated CeD for 22.0% lower serum 25(OH)D (p = 0.023), 42.5% higher serum PTH (p < 0.001), and 13.0% higher serum 1,25(OH)2D (p = 0.029) in the presence of similar serum calcium and phosphorus (p > 0.35). For BMD, untreated CeD differed from treated CeD for lower diaphyseal cortical BMD (1133 and 1157 mg/cm3, p = 0.004) but not for distal BMD (total, trabecular, and subcortical, p > 0.13). Independent correlates of diaphyseal cortical BMD were GFD treatment and body mass index (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Data indicated that, compared to CeD patients on a gluten-free diet, untreated adult CeD patients at diagnosis had lower 25(OH)D, higher PTH, and higher 1,25(OH)2D in the absence of difference in serum calcium and phosphorus. 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D, even below the normal range, were not associated with BMD. Our findings do not support the use of vitamin D supplementation for all CeD adults.
Saskatoon Berry Amelanchier alnifolia Regulates Glucose Metabolism and Improves Cardiovascular and Liver Signs of Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rats
Authors: du Preez Ryan , Wanyonyi Stephen , Mouatt Peter , Panchal Sunil K. , Brown Lindsay
Published: March 2020

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia) is a potential functional food containing anthocyanins and flavonols, as well as ellagitannins and phenolic acids. We have determined the potential therapeutic effects of Saskatoon berry in diet-induced metabolic syndrome. Nine- to ten-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups. Two groups were fed on control diets, either corn starch (C) or high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet (H) respectively, for 16 weeks. Two further groups were fed on C or H diet for 16 weeks with Saskatoon berry powder added to the diet for the final 8 weeks (CSSK, HSSK). After 16 weeks, H rats showed symptoms of metabolic syndrome, including increased body weight, visceral adiposity, systolic blood pressure, cardiac fibrosis, plasma concentrations of triglycerides and non-esterified fatty acids, and plasma activities of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase. Saskatoon berry intervention normalised body weight and adiposity, improved glucose tolerance, decreased systolic blood pressure, improved heart and liver structure and function with decreased infiltration of inflammatory cells, and decreased plasma total cholesterol. Further, Saskatoon berry normalised liver expression of hexokinase 1 and glycogen phosphorylase and increased glucose 6-phosphatase relative to H rats. These results suggest that Saskatoon berry regulates glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis to improve metabolic syndrome.
Randomised Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of Inulin with Metronidazole in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
Authors: Chong Clara Yieh Lin , Orr David , Plank Lindsay D. , Vatanen Tommi , O'Sullivan Justin M. , Murphy Rinki
Published: March 2020

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can be ameliorated by weight loss although difficult to maintain. Emerging evidence indicates that prebiotics and antibiotics improve NAFLD. Aim: To determine whether inulin supplementation after brief metronidazole therapy is effective in reducing alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and maintaining weight loss achieved through a very-low-calorie diet (VLCD) among people with NAFLD. Methods: Sixty-two people with NAFLD commenced 4-week VLCD using Optifast meal replacements (600 kcal/day). Sixty were then randomised into a 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel three-arm trial: (1) 400 mg metronidazole twice daily in Week 1 then inulin 4 g twice daily OR (2) placebo twice daily in week one then inulin OR (3) placebo-placebo. Main outcomes were ALT and body weight at 12 weeks. Fecal microbiota changes were also evaluated. Results: Mean body mass index (BMI) and ALT reduced after VLCD by 2.4 kg/m2 and 11 U/L, respectively. ALT further decreased after metronidazole-inulin compared to after placebo-placebo (mean ALT change −19.6 vs. −0.2 U/L, respectively; p = 0.026); however, weight loss maintenance did not differ. VLCD treatment decreased the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (p = 0.002). Conclusion: Brief metronidazole followed by inulin supplementation can reduce ALT beyond that achieved after VLCD in patients with NAFLD.
Nutrition, IBD and Gut Microbiota: A Review
Authors: Mentella Maria Chiara , Scaldaferri Franco , Pizzoferrato Marco , Gasbarrini Antonio , Miggiano Giacinto Abele Donato
Published: March 2020

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing–remitting systemic disease of the gastrointestinal tract, characterized by an inflammatory process that requires lifelong treatment. The underlying causes of IBD are still unclear, as this heterogeneous disorder results from a complex interplay between genetic variability, the host immune system and environmental factors. The current knowledge recognizes diet as a risk factor for the development of IBD and attributes a substantial pathogenic role to the intestinal dysbiosis inducing an aberrant mucosal immune response in genetically predisposed individuals. This review focused on the clinical evidence available that considers the impact of some nutrients on IBD onset and the role of different diets in the management of IBD and their effects on the gut microbiota composition. The effects of the Specific Carbohydrate Diet, low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diet, gluten free diet, anti-inflammatory diet and Mediterranean diet are investigated with regard to their impact on microbiota and on the evolution of the disease. At present, no clear indications toward a specific diet are available but the assessment of dysbiosis prior to the recommendation of a specific diet should become a standard clinical approach in order to achieve a personalized therapy.
Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003 Exopolysaccharide Modulates the Early Life Microbiota by Acting as a Potential Dietary Substrate
Authors: Püngel Deborah , Treveil Agatha , Dalby Matthew J , Caim Shabhonam , Colquhoun Ian J , Booth Catherine , Ketskemety Jennifer , Korcsmaros Tamas , van Sinderen Douwe , Lawson Melissa AE , Hall Lindsay J
Published: March 2020

Background: Bifidobacterium represents an important early life microbiota member. Specific bifidobacterial components, exopolysaccharides (EPS), positively modulate host responses, with purified EPS also suggested to impact microbe–microbe interactions by acting as a nutrient substrate. Thus, we determined the longitudinal effects of bifidobacterial EPS on microbial communities and metabolite profiles using an infant model colon system. Methods: Differential gene expression and growth characteristics were determined for each strain; Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003 and corresponding isogenic EPS-deletion mutant (B. breve UCC2003del). Model colon vessels were inoculated with B. breve and microbiome dynamics monitored using 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolomics (NMR). Results: Transcriptomics of EPS mutant vs. B. breve UCC2003 highlighted discrete differential gene expression (e.g., eps biosynthetic cluster), though overall growth dynamics between strains were unaffected. The EPS-positive vessel had significant shifts in microbiome and metabolite profiles until study end (405 h); with increases of Tyzzerella and Faecalibacterium, and short-chain fatty acids, with further correlations between taxa and metabolites which were not observed within the EPS-negative vessel. Conclusions: These data indicate that B. breve UCC2003 EPS is potentially metabolized by infant microbiota members, leading to differential microbial metabolism and altered metabolite by-products. Overall, these findings may allow development of EPS-specific strategies to promote infant health.
Zinc Adequacy Is Essential for the Maintenance of Optimal Oral Health
Authors: Uwitonze Anne Marie , Ojeh Nkemcho , Murererehe Julienne , Atfi Azeddine , Razzaque Mohammed S.
Published: March 2020

Zinc, a metal found in the Earth’s crust, is indispensable for human health. In the human body, around 60% of zinc is present in muscles, 30% in bones, and the remaining 10% in skin, hair, pancreas, kidneys and plasma. An adequate zinc balance is essential for the maintenance of skeletal growth, development and function. It is also necessary for basic cellular functions including enzyme activation, cell signaling and energy metabolism. Inadequate zinc status is associated with a wide variety of systemic disorders including cardiovascular impairment, musculoskeletal dysfunctions and oromaxillary diseases. In this article, we briefly discuss the role of zinc deficiency in the genesis of various oromaxillary diseases, and explain why adequate zinc homeostasis is vital for the maintenance of oral and general health.
Shea Nut Oil Extracts Enhance the Intra-Articular Sodium Hyaluronate Effectiveness on Surgically Induced OA Progression in Rats
Authors: Chen Ing-Jung , Wong Chih-Shung
Published: March 2020

Osteoarthritis (OA) progression is associated with joint pain and stiffness. Intra-articular hyaluronic acid (IAHA) injection in knee OA restores the viscoelasticity of the joint and prevents cartilage damage. Shea nut oil extract (SNO) was shown to provide chondroprotection on surgically-induced OA progression in rats. Here we aim to examine IAHA injection supplemented with SNO diet for a synergetic evaluation on the disease progression in OA rats. We employed an anterior cruciate ligament transection plus medial meniscectomy-induced knee OA rat model with up to 12 weeks of sign/behavior observation (knee width, weight-bearing) and histological assessments of joint damage. We found both IAHA and SNO alone significantly attenuated histological changes of cartilage degeneration and synovial reactions in these knee OA rats. Nonetheless, oral SNO alone mitigated OA pain and inflammation while IAHA alone had no significant impact on the weight-bearing test and knee joint swelling. Moreover, with IAHA-treated rats fed with oral SNO diet, additional anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects were found, which further enhanced and maintained IAHA protection. Given the differential phenotype of oral SNO vs. IAHA, a regimen of IAHA coupled with SNO supplement provides a long-term effect of IAHA treatment. Taken together, the SNO supplement can be safely used as an adjuvant diet for chronic symptomatic relief of OA coupled with IAHA management.
Vitamin B12 is Low in Milk of Early Postpartum Women in Urban Tanzania, and was not Significantly Increased by High dose Supplementation
Authors: Lweno Omar N. , Sudfeld Christopher R. , Hertzmark Ellen , Manji Karim P. , Aboud Said , Noor Ramadhani A. , Masanja Honorati , Salim Nahya , Shahab-Ferdows Setareh , Allen Lindsay H. , Fawzi Wafaie W.
Published: March 2020

The effect of maternal multivitamin supplementation on breast milk vitamin B12 concentrations has not been examined in Tanzania, where the prevalence of maternal plasma B12 insufficiency is 25.6%. Multivitamins (containing 50 µg vitamin B12) or placebo were provided during pregnancy and in the postpartum period. Breast milk samples were collected at or around six weeks postpartum from 491 participants in a trial of multivitamins (NCT00197548). Linear and logistic regression models were used to examine the effect of supplements on vitamin B12 concentration in milk and its associations with other variables including potential confounders. Median vitamin B12 concentration in breast milk was 206 pmol/L and 70% of women had levels indicating inadequacy (<310 pmol/L). Multivitamin supplements did not significantly reduce the odds of inadequate vitamin B12 in breast milk, suggesting suboptimal absorption. A single unit increase in maternal hemoglobin at six weeks was associated with 18% lower odds of inadequate vitamin B12 in breast milk. Participants with higher BMI at baseline had double the odds of having inadequate vitamin B12 than the reference group (<22 kg/m2). Trials to determine the optimal dose, route, and duration of supplementation to improve maternal B12 status in Sub-Saharan Africa are of utmost importance.
Salivary Microbiota Shifts under Sustained Consumption of Oolong Tea in Healthy Adults
Authors: Liu Zhibin , Guo Hongwen , Zhang Wen , Ni Li
Published: March 2020

Tea is the most widely consumed beverages next to water, however little is known about the influence of sustained tea consumption on the oral bacteria of healthy adults. In this study, three oral healthy adults were recruited and instructed to consume 1.0 L of oolong tea infusions (total polyphenol content, 2.83 g/L) daily, for eight weeks. Salivary microbiota pre-, peri-, and post-treatment were fully compared by high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing and multivariate statistical analysis. It was revealed that oolong tea consumption reduced salivary bacterial diversity and the population of some oral disease related bacteria, such as Streptococcus sp., Prevotella nanceiensis, Fusobacterium periodonticum, Alloprevotella rava, and Prevotella elaninogenica. Moreover, via correlation network and Venn diagram analyses, seven bacterial taxa, including Streptococcus sp. (OTU_1), Ruminococcaceae sp. (OTU_33), Haemophilus sp. (OTU_696), Veillonella spp. (OTU_133 and OTU_23), Actinomyces odontolyticus (OTU_42), and Gemella haemolysans (OTU_6), were significantly altered after oolong tea consumption, and presented robust strong connections (|r| > 0.9 and p < 0.05) with other oral microbiota. These results suggest sustained oolong tea consumption would modulate salivary microbiota and generate potential oral pathogen preventative benefits. Additionally, diverse responses to oolong tea consumption among subjects were also noticed.