bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN FOOD CONSUMPTION AS PREDICTOR OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK AND WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE INCREASE IN TEENAGERS
Authors: Pinasco Gustavo Carreiro , Silva Janine Pereira da , Dias de Almeida Patrícia Casagrande , Da Silva Valmin Ramos , De Arruda Bárbara Farias , Lopes Bruna Perim , Coelho Talita Cardoso , Abreu Luiz Carlos de
Published: October 2015

Introduction: the eating habits of young people have changed significantly over the last few decades. Teenagers tend to have less than desirable intake of fruits, vegetables, dairy products and wholegrain products, and higher intake of foods high in saturated and trans fats, leading to increased waist circumference and consequent increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Objective: to analyse the relationship between dietary intake as predictor of and increased abdominal circumference in teenagers. Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 818 teenagers aged between 10 and 14 years, of both genders, enrolled in state public schools in the metropolitan region of Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil, from August 2012 to October 2013. Waist circumference (WC) measurements were carried out in duplicate and the arithmetic mean was calculated. The dietary intake was identified from a simplified food questionnaire containing foods whose consumption is high or that present excessive risk of coronary heart disease in teenagers. The statistical analysis was done through Pearson’s chi-squared test. Results: a proportion of 55.9% of the sample had an adequate food intake, 15.6% a high intake and 28.5% an excessive intake. Among teenagers who had an adequate, high and excessive dietary intake, 5.6% (N = 46), 1.1% (N = 9) and 2.6% (N = 21) had increased WC, respectively. The result of the chi-squared test indicated no association between dietary intake as predictor of cardiovascular risk and WC, p-value = 0.576. Conclusion: there was no association between dietary intake presenting cardiovascular risk and increased waist circumference.
“THOSE WHO LOVE, VACCINATE”: PARENTAL PERCEPTIONS OF HPV VACCINATION
Authors: Chiang Ellen Dias De Oliveira , Baker Misha L. , Figueroa-Downing Daniella , Baggio Maria Luiza , Villa Luisa , Eluf Neto Jose , Hadley Craig , Bednarczyk Robert A. , Evans Dabney P.
Published: October 2015

Introduction: In March 2014, Brazil began its national HPV immunization campaign targeting girls ages 9-13. Objective: Describe determinants of parental decisions to vaccinate their daughters against HPV.Method: In this qualitative study, thirty semi-structured interviews were conducted at five health posts in São Paulo, Brazil. Interview questions explored parental opinions of disease prevention methods, vaccines in general, and the HPV vaccine. Interviews were analyzed using grounded theory. Results: Overall, parental knowledge about HPV and the vaccine was low, yet most eligible daughters had been vaccinated. Parents perceived the HPV vaccine to be normal, preventative, and protective. Parents viewed themselves as accountable for their children’s health, and saw the vaccine as a parenting tool for indirect control. Trust in healthcare professionals and an awareness of the dangers of “nowadays” (uncertainties regarding disease and sexual behavior) were also important in vaccine decision-making. These factors held more explanatory power for decisions to vaccinate than parental knowledge levels. This was the first study to qualitatively examine the perception of publically provided HPV vaccination among parents with eligible daughters in Brazil. The findings help interpret the greater than 90% coverage for the first HPV vaccine dose in Brazil. The results indicate that attempts to understand, maintain, or modify vaccination rates require the consideration of context specific factors, which influence both parent perspectives and vaccination decisions. Conclusion: HPV knowledge levels are not predictive of parental decisions to vaccinate daughters. Context specific factors from the sociocultural dimensions of parenting, sexuality, gender, and the healthcare system are more influential in vaccine decision-making.
PARTICIPATORY PROCESS OF HEALTH PROMOTION AT SCHOOL
Authors: Machado Lucas Dias Soares , Ramos José Lucas Souza , Machado Maria de Fátima Antero Sousa , Antão Jennifer Yohanna Ferreira de Lima , Santos Shayane Bezerra dos , Barreto Marinho Mirna Neyara Alexandre de Sá , Freitas Gislaine Loiola Saraiva , Bezerra Italla Maria Pinheiro
Published: October 2015

Introduction: it is known that adolescence is a period of constant biopsychosocial changes. Based on this premise, it is understood that this population should be included as a priority in health systems, seeking their effective participation through strategies associated with health promotion. Objective: To analyse the participatory process of adolescents in health promotion activities from the perspective of the Bambu Method. Methods: this is a qualitative exploratory study, carried out in two schools located in Crato, Ceará, Brazil. Pupils are from 10 to 19 years old. The study was based on the Bambu Method, which is a means to boost the prospects of the group. It was done by observation of the participant, the environment, the verbal and non-verbal expressions of adolescents and a diary where relevant information was recorded. The organization of data occurred through the content analysis technique proposed by Bardin. Results: it was observed that the opportunity to express themselves with the host led young people to feel more at ease among others and induced the formation of a bond. The participatory process for adolescents was perceived as a process of facing reality and associated with learning, the stimulus for personal development, through the initiative of action, attitude and self-esteem. Conclusion: the Bambu Method proved to be a relevant framework to guide health education activities with groups of adolescents, allowing the development of activities suitable to the needs of the participants.
Introduction
Authors: Bentzen Kristine , Vangsnes Øystein Alexander
Published: October 2015

 
The degree of verb movement in embedded clauses in three varieties of Norwegian
Authors: Bentzen Kristine
Published: October 2015

The position of the verb(s) in embedded non-V2 contexts varies in Norwegian dialects. In Eastern Norwegian (EastN), all verbs have to follow all adverbs in non-V2 contexts. In Tromsø Northern Norwegian (TrNN) main verbs and non-finite auxiliaries have to follow all adverbs, but finite auxiliaries may precede adverbs they take scope over. In Regional Northern Norwegian (ReNN) all finite verbs (main/auxiliary) may precede all adverbs, and non-finite auxiliaries may precede adverbs they take scope over. These data are accounted for within a remnant movement approach. The variation between the three dialects is argued to follow from differences in how selectional features on auxiliaries and T are checked. It is suggested that auxiliaries are associated with a pair of functional projections (so-called lifters): a VP lifter below and an AdvP lifter above. An auxiliary with these lifters ‘sinks’ below adverbs it takes scope over. Overt feature checking (through adjacency) occurs when the lifters are present; covert feature checking occurs when the lifters are absent. In EastN, overt feature checking, and the lifters, is obligatory for all auxiliaries; in TrNN this is obligatory for non-finite auxiliaries but optional for finite auxiliaries; in ReNN this is optional for all auxiliaries.
Unifying Prepositions and Prefixes in Russian: Conceptual structure versus syntax
Authors: Tolskaya Inna
Published: October 2015

This paper is an attempt to unify the polysemous verbal prefixes and prepositions in Russian. At first glance, the variety of possible denotations of a given prefix might appear a chaotic set of idiomatic meanings, e.g., the prefix za- may refer to beginning of an action, movement to a position behind an object, a brief deviation from a path, completion of an action, while the corresponding preposition za can mean ‘behind,’ ‘after,’ ‘for,’ ‘in’ (like in ‘in an hour’), ‘at’ (like in ‘at the table’). I will propose a unified analysis, where the differences in meaning are claimed to arise from different syntactic positions, while the lexical entry of a prefix remains the same. The main focus is on the verbs of motion due to the consistent duality displayed by the prefix meanings when added to directional and non-directional motion verbs. It will turn out that many prefixes appear to modify path when added onto a directional motion verb and to refer to movement in time with non-directional motion verbs. This semantic distinction corresponds to distinct sets of syntactic properties, specific for each set of prefixes. These two classes of prefixes correspond to the lexical versus superlexical distinction. However, a tripartite division will emerge in each set, corresponding to source, path, and goal of motion (FROM, VIA and TO) for lexical prefixes and to initiation, process and result for superlexical prefixes. This leads to the suggestion that the syntactic representation of a VP contains at least six distinct nodes for the Russian verbal prefixes, each characterized by predictable semantic and syntactic properties. The same prefix with a consistent meaning, shared with the corresponding preposition, will receive part of its denotation from the syntactic head it attaches to, thus allowing the polysemy to arise from position, rather than from arbitrary homophony. Thus, conceptual structure will be unified with syntax.
Bulgarian Spatial Prefixes and Event Structure
Authors: Pantcheva Marina
Published: October 2015

In this paper, I explore the combination possibilities of Bulgarian directional prefixes with various motion verbs. Adopting Ramchand’s (in press) event decomposition, Zwarts’ (2005) vector space semantics for directional prepositions, and drawing on various discussions regarding the manner component in the verbal meaning, I propose an analysis that captures the distribution of Goal and Source prefixes. I show how this proposal accounts for the change in the syntactic behavior of prefixed motion verbs compared to their unprefixed counterparts. The proposal also explains the syntactic properties exhibited by verbs when prefixed by different prefixes. I offer a unified treatment of path structure and event structure and suggest that directional prepositions and directional prefixes are semantically identical and originate in the extended PP. The differences between them are due to the syntactic structure in which they participate.
On verb second and the så-construction in two Mainland Scandinavian contact situations
Authors: Sollid Hilde , Eide Kristin M.
Published: October 2015

Data from areas of long term language contact situations between a non-V2 language and a V2 language in Northern Norway reveal unstable use of V2. Furthermore, in a substantial portion of the data there is a notable presence of the particle så. These facts are discussed in light of data on the så-construction in Standard Norwegian and Finland Swedish, and the particle ni in Finnish. We suggest that some aspects of så in the data may be explained as one trait of L1 transfer, where the acquirer recruits existing L2 elements and assigns to them new tasks in the grammar. The data reveal interesting variation patterns, which may be taken to support the “Underspecified CP” hypothesis put forth in recent language acquisition research.
What do asymmetries in children’s performance tell us about the nature of their underlying knowledge?
Authors: Rodina Yulia
Published: October 2015

This paper examines the course of acquisition of the semantic gender criterion by studying children’s overregularization rates with two subtypes of Russian nouns: male kinship terms and male names in –a. Twenty-five Russian children aged 2;6-4;0 participated in this empirical study. The asymmetry found in their agreement production for the individual male kinship terms is explained along the lines of the Words and Rules model (Pinker 1999). That is, the asymmetry between the high- and low-frequency nouns is attributed to input frequencies. Yet, frequency is not the only factor which is responsible for the asymmetries children’s production. In addition, the differences in the semantic representation of proper names vs. common nouns may be another factor that plays a role.
El + verb complex predicates in Hungarian
Authors: Dékány Éva
Published: October 2015

This paper investigates the structure of complex predicates comprising the verbal particle el- (`away') and a verb in Hungarian. I show that el- has different meaning contributions to the predication when combined with different types of verbs. I argue that despite the three seemingly unrelated meanings of el-, two uses involve the same lexical item. In these unifiable cases I analyze el- as a measure function that can measure in both the spatial and the temporal domains.
First Phase Syntax of Persian Complex Predicates: Argument Structure and Telicity
Authors: Pantcheva Marina
Published: October 2015

In this paper, I propose an analysis of Persian complex predicates, based on the First Phase Verbal syntax developed by Ramchand (2008). I suggest that the light verbs lexicalize the subevent heads into which the verbal phrase is decomposed, while the preverbal element occupies the Rheme position and semantically unifies with the light verb to build one joint predication. Further, I propose a feature specification for some of the most productive light verbs. I argue that the light verb is responsible for the argument structure of the entire predicate (in line with Megerdoomian 2002b, Folli et al. 2005), while the aspectual properties of the complex predicate depend on the interaction between the preverb and the light verb.
The passive of reflexive verbs in Icelandic
Authors: Árnadóttir Hlíf , Eythórsson Thórhallur , Sigurðsson Einar Freyr
Published: October 2015

The Reflexive Passive in Icelandic is reminiscent of the so-called New Passive (or New Impersonal) in that the oblique case of a passivized object NP is preserved. As is shown by recent surveys, however, speakers who accept the Reflexive Passive do not necessarily accept the New Passive, whereas conversely, speakers who accept the New Passive do also accept the Reflexive Passive. Based on these results we suggest that there is a hierarchy in the acceptance of passive sentences in Icelandic, termed the Passive Acceptability Hierarchy. The validity of this hierarchy is confirmed by our diachronic corpus study of open access digital library texts from Icelandic journals and newspapers dating from the 19th and 20th centuries (tímarit.is). Finally, we sketch an analysis of the Reflexive Passive, proposing that the different acceptability rates of the Reflexive and New Passives lie in the argument status of the object. Simplex reflexive pronouns are semantically dependent on the verbs which select them, and should therefore be analyzed as syntactic arguments only, and not as semantic arguments of these verbs.
Reflexive sig is an argument
Authors: Jónsson Jóhannes Gísli
Published: October 2015

This paper argues that the simple reflexive pronoun sig is unambiguously a thematic argument in Icelandic. This is shown to be true not only of sig with naturally reflexive verbs but also of inherently reflexive sig. This view is mainly supported by two sets of facts: (i) that sig is impossible with verbs that fail to theta-mark their object (middles and anticausatives), and (ii) that case assignment works the same way for sig as for non- reflexive DP arguments. Potential counterarguments against my view involving focalization and reflexive passives are argued not to be valid.
Antecedent-based approach to binding in Icelandic and Faroese
Authors: Strahan Tania E.
Published: October 2015

This paper examines the standard approach to long-distance reflexives within the Lexical-Functional Grammar framework. This approach defines the binding relation between a reflexive and its non-local antecedent by prescribing the type of syntactic elements which must and must not occur along the path from the reflexive to its antecedent. However, evidence from the Insular Scandinavian languages suggests that the binding relation should be expressed as positive and negative constraints on the path from the antecedent to the reflexive. In other words, I suggest that long-distance reflexives in Icelandic and Faroese are governed by outside-in functional uncertainty, not inside-out functional uncertainty, as is standardly assumed.
On variation in Faroese verb placement
Authors: Bentzen Kristine , Garbacz Piotr , Heycock Caroline , Hrafnbjargarson Gunnar Hrafn
Published: October 2015

In this paper, we present and discuss results from an investigation of verb placement in modern Faroese in which we collected data from speakers from a number of different dialect areas in the Faroe Islands. Altogether we interviewed 54 informants, aged 15–67, 29 women and 25 men. Therefore, our study not only investigates the geographical variation claimed to be present in Faroese with respect to verb placement, but also gender and age variation. Our results indicate that verb movement in non-V2 contexts is no longer commonly available to the speakers of Faroese. However, our results also suggest that verb movement across adverbs like often and already tends to be more acceptable than movement across negation and other adverbs like never and undoubtedly. Furthermore, movement of finite auxiliaries generally receives a slightly higher score than movement of finite main verbs. Our results do not show any differences in the judgements of speakers below and above the age of 25. Contrary to Jonas (1996), we find that speakers in the North are, if anything, more likely to accept verb movement than speakers in the South.
Case variation in coordination: Danish vs. Faroese
Authors: Parrott Jeffrey K.
Published: October 2015

This paper is primarily concerned with inter- and intra-individually variable case-form mismatches inside coordinate determiner phrases (CoDPs). For English, the phenomenon is both socially salient (e.g., O'Conner & Kellerman 2009, among many others) and well studied (Angermeyer & Singler 2003, Quinn 2005, Grano 2006, Parrott 2007: Ch. 6). The most prominent theory of (default) case (Schütze 2001, incorporating Johannessen 1998) explains English variation in CoDPs mostly with parameterized syntactic mechanisms. The parametric theory does not make clear cross-linguistic predictions, and accordingly there has been little cross-linguistic investigation of case variation in CoDPs. This paper therefore has two main purposes. The first is to argue for a theory of (default) case (Parrott 2007, 2009a, following Emonds 1986, and incorporating McFadden 2004, 2007) within the Distributed Morphology (DM) framework (Halle & Marantz 1993, Embick & Noyer 2007). In contrast with the parametric theory, the DM theory makes testable cross-linguistic predictions that, inter alia, connect the (non) attestation of case mismatches in CoDPs with Germanic case typology. Thus, the paper’s second purpose is to present some results from investigations, utilizing diverse empirical methods, into case variation in CoDPs for Danish and Faroese. These results are consistent with predictions made by the DM theory.
Correlative Adverbs in Germanic Languages
Authors: Johannessen Janne Bondi
Published: October 2015

Correlative words like either, both and neither have not been adequately discussed in the literature. Schwarz (1999) and Larson (1985) give an account of some of them (mainly either) in terms of reduction and movement, respectively, but their theories, as they stand, cannot account for data from Germanic languages. Instead, there is evidence for Hendriks's (2002, 2001a, 2001b) idea that correlatives are focus particles. This paper presents a syntactic analysis which includes both overt movement and covert movement (akin to QR), inspired by Larson (1985) as well as Bayer (1996). It is central for the account that correlative particles are akin to adverbs, and can be analysed in terms of adverbial positions in a Cinquean way. Included in the paper will also be a presentation of differences between correlatives with respect to V2 in and across languages.
A Comparison of the Referential Properties of Third Person Pronouns in Finnish and Estonian
Authors: Kaiser Elsi , Hiietam Katrin
Published: October 2015

Abstract: This paper investigates the referential properties of third person anaphors in two closely related languages, Finnish and Estonian. Previous crosslinguistic research has shown that the most salient referents are referred to with the most reduced referring expressions. Moreover, factors such as (i) grammatical role, (ii) word order and (iii) the main/subordinate clause distinction have been claimed to be correlated with referent salience. In this paper, we focus on how these factors influence the referential properties of the different members of the third person anaphoric paradigms in Finnish and Estonian. We use corpus evidence and native speaker survey data to investigate the referential properties of the Estonian forms and to compare them to the patterns observed for the Finnish pronoun hän ‘s/he’ and demonstrative tämä ‘this’ (see Kaiser, this volume; Kaiser 2000). Our preliminary results suggest that (i) the Estonian short pronoun ta ‘s/he’ patterns like the Finnish pronoun hän ‘s/he’, in that they both prefer to refer to subjects, and (ii) the Estonian demonstratives see/too ‘this/that’ resemble the Finnish demonstrative tämä ‘this,’ generally referring to non-subjects, postverbal NPs or subjects in subordinate clauses. Moreover, we find that the Estonian long pronominal form tema ‘s/he’ differs from the Finnish demonstrative tämä, despite their historical connection: As suggested by Pajusalu (1997), in Estonian, tema is used to refer to entities that contrast with something, whereas in Finnish tämä is used for entities low in salience (Kaiser, this volume). The implications of our findings for ‘accessibility hierarchy’-based approaches to reference resolution are also discussed.
From Binary Features to Elements: The Case of Scandinavian
Authors: Tifrit Ali , Voeltzel Laurence
Published: October 2015

In this paper, we show how the Contrastivist Hypothesis (Hall 2007, Dresher 2008) can be amended using Element Theory (KLV 1988; Angoujard 1997; Scheer 1999; Backley 2011) and Government Phonology (KLV 1990; Lowenstamm 1996; Scheer 2004). Given the richness of the phenomenology of Nordic languages, this family constitutes our testing ground. While one might expect five different hierarchies, given that Scandinavian languages are distinct languages, what we actually find is one unique hierarchy where the same features are used in the same order. However, if we want a full understanding of the Nordic phenomenology and if we maintain the hierarchy exactly as it is, two difficulties appear: the first one involves motivation, the second one naturalness. In order to overcome the two kinds of difficulties mentioned above, we aim to develop a representation of the obstruent inventory based on unary primes using Element Theory and Government Phonology. The results we get from this hierarchy cannot be considered independently from the syllabic structure. Therefore, we propose a rereading of the phenomenology of Nordic that connects the new elementary representations that we posit to the syllabic constraints. As a consequence, we explore new hypotheses concerning the phonological activity in Scandinavian languages.
Conversation Analysis and the Study of Bilingual Interaction
Authors: Steensig Jakob
Published: October 2015

This paper is written by a linguist who is working with language in interaction within the paradigm of Conversation Analysis. The topic of the paper was inspired by a seminar where the socalled Køge Project researchers, who investigate Turkish-Danish bilingual students in Denmark, invited researchers with different backgrounds and approaches to work on data from the Køge Project corpus (see Holmen & Jørgensen (eds.) 2000). The paper contains deliberations about how Conversation Analysis can contribute to the study of bilingual interaction, and focuses on methodological problems and advantages of doing Conversation Analysis on bilingual data. The first part of the article briefly outlines the fields of “Conversation Analysis” and “the study of bilingual interaction” and sums up the methodological lessons from my earlier analyses of the data from the Køge Project. Then the author proceeds to showing some aspects of conversation-analytical methodology through concrete analyses of extracts from the Køge Project data.
Danish Pre-nominals as Specifier Heads
Authors: Neville Anne
Published: October 2015

This paper deals with the phrase structure of Danish nominal phrases. It is assumed that phrase structure must account for two types of selection wrt. nominal phrases, i.e. external selection and internal selection. By external selection is meant that other categories should be able to select a nominal phrase non-disjunctively. By internal selection is meant that categories inside the nominal phrase should be able to select each other to ensure correct distribution. Modern theories of phrase structure are commonly based on x-bar theory and phrase structure conforms to the x-bar schema proposed by Chomsky (1970), with optional specifier and complement attaching at each their level. This analysis is an NP analysis, or a specifier analysis. Another analysis is proposed by Abney (1987). He assumes that determiners are functional heads, other determiners and the noun functioning as the complement of a functional head. Abney’s analysis is a DP analysis or functional head analysis. In this paper I propose an alternative analysis which I refer to as the specifier head analysis to indicate that it is a combination of the NP and DP analyses.
Comparing Tense Systems: the Primacy of the Pres/Past Opposition
Authors: Borik Olga , González Paz , Verkuyl Henk
Published: October 2015

A way of improving on the description of the English tense system in Reichenbach [1947] is achieved by changing its matrix 3x3 design into a 2x2x2 set up, formed by 3 basic oppositions:
present vs. past

synchronous vs. posterior

incompleted vs. completed action
  The advantages of the binary system over the Reichenbachian ternary system are the following:
the binary system is completely compositional;

there is no tripartition between Past, Present and Future, but only the basic opposition between Past and Present remains. As we intend to show later, this is empirically supported by the Russian and Polish data;

some concrete problems, for instance, the ambiguity of past perfect with temporal adverbials or more then one configuration for the same tense form [Future Perfect [will have written] or Past Future tense [would write]] do not arise.
  The binary system can be naturally extended to apply for the tense systems of different groups of languages. Along with Germanic, we will consider two more groups of languages: Romance [e.g., French and Spanish] and Slavic [e.g., Russian and Polish]. The binary system, we will show, has the potential to be extended in order to capture the Romance data or shrunk to account for the Slavic data. The connection between tense and aspect, especially in Slavic languages is also described in this paper. Both temporal and aspectual differences in Slavic can be essentially captured by the same mechanism provided by the binary system. Some empirical facts, like, for instance, the absence of the present tense interpretation with perfective verb forms, will fall out naturally.
Locative Prepositions and Adverbs in Danish
Authors: Bjerre Tavs
Published: October 2015

Danish has a small group of words traditionally referred to as spatial adverbs. These adverbs are characterized by having three distinct forms, two directional forms, -Ø (1a) and -ad (1b), and a stative form –e (1c) which also occurs in source PPs (1d):

Hunden løb ind i haven.
’Dog_the ran into garden_the’
Vi gik hjemad.
’We went homeward’
Børnene legede ude i haven.
’The children played out in garden_the’
Hunden kom løbende inde fra haven.
’Dog_the came running within from garden_the’  The paper investigates the relationship between these adverbs and locative prepositions within an event based semantics. It is suggested that adverb + preposition form a complex predicate denoting a state temporally related to another event. In most cases the preposition specifies the locative relation, while the temporal relation is determined compositionally. Thus a number of prepositions, i, ‘in’, på, ‘on’, over, ‘over’, etc., are ambiguous between a directional and a stative reading, but unambiguous in combination with adverbs: ind i: directional, inde i: stative. Similarly, as mentioned above, the –e form of adverbs is compatible with a source and a stative reading, but unambiguous in combination with a preposition, 1c. being stative and 1d. source. Locational adverbs furthermore express a relation between two locations. In directionals the two related locations are goal and source. 2a. says that the garden is ‘in’ in relation to the source of the motion, for instance the street, in 2b. the garden is ‘out’ so the source could for instance be the house.

Hunden løb ind i haven.
‘Dog_the ran into in garden_the’
Hunden løb ud i haven.
’Dog_the ran out in garden_the’  In statives the location denoted by the PP is normally related to the location of the speaker, 3a, or the addressee, 3b.

Ole sidder ude i haven.
’Ole sits out in garden_the’
Vi sidder her ude i haven.
’We sit here out in garden_the. 
The acquisition of wh-questions in Russian
Authors: Rojina Nina
Published: October 2015

In this paper, I study the acquisition of wh-questions in Russian by one Russian-speaking child from an early stage of syntactic development. For my analysis, I follow Plunkett (1992:73) in adopting a weak version of the Continuity Hypothesis where all the principles of UG are available from the outset of the acquisition process, but the structure of the functional template must be built up before parameter setting can begin. I adopt this hypothesis due to its compatibility with my finding that in the acquisition of Russian wh-questions, the functional projection CP appears at a later stage of syntactic development than other functional projections. Following Plunkett, I assume that in the beginning, the landing site for the wh-word is [Spec,TP] and later, for the valuation of other features (such as finiteness), the child is forced to acquire another functional projection (CP) in order to create a landing site for the wh-word.
 The analysis shows that the first wh-questions acquired by the child are wh-complement questions. The child starts to produce subject wh-questions when the CP projection is acquired, and by the age of 2;4.14, the child’s structure of wh-questions is close to that of adult speech.
Cues and economy in the acquisition of verb movement
Authors: Bentzen Kristine
Published: October 2015

In this paper we will discuss how economy principles interact with cues in the input in bilingual first language acquisition. We will look at the acquisition of verb placement in a child acquiring English and Norwegian simultaneously. Based on data from this child, it will be argued that when faced with ambiguous cues with respect to the verb movement parameter, children do not necessarily adopt the default, less marked setting. Rather, they may opt for a setting which yields an overall consistent grammar, even when this grammar contains operations that are more costly than those used in the target language. We will suggest that economy in acquisition may involve consistency in a grammar in correlation with economy in the more traditional sense within minimalism, where moving an element in general is considered more costly than not moving it (Chomsky 1995).
Slavic Prefixes and Morphology : An Introduction to the Nordlyd volume
Authors: Svenonius Peter
Published: October 2015

This is an introduction to a special volume of Nordlyd available at http://www.ub.uit.no/munin/nordlyd/. It outlines those aspects of Slavic verbal morphology which are of relevance to the papers in the volume, explaining various background assumptions, analytic motivations, and glossing conventions along the way, with reference to the papers in the volume. A full list of abbreviations for all the papers is provided in the last section.
Body Part Nouns in Expressions of Location in French
Authors: Roy Isabelle
Published: October 2015

In relation to inanimates, nouns that normally denote body parts when constructed in relation to an animate whole (pied ‘foot’, tête ‘head’, etc.) lose their literal meaning in French and acquire instead a spatial interpretation. This paper argues that spatial part Ns in French divide into two coherent groups with distinct properties: fixed spatial part terms, which denote concrete, perceptible objects and whose interpretation is completely predictable on the basis of the shape and position of the whole and relative spatial part terms, which denote a location projected from the whole. A detailed study of the two classes of expressions shows that, while the former are true nouns, the latter are in fact Axial Parts, a category motivated crosslinguistically in the semantic decomposition of preposition.
Referential Subject and Object Gaps in Modern Icelandic
Authors: Pouplier Marianne
Published: October 2015

This paper investigates the nature of subject and object gaps in coordinate structures in Modern Icelandic. Modern Icelandic is considered to be a semi-pro-drop language, since it generally licenses only generic null subjects; object gaps only occur in the form of topic drop. Nevertheless it has been argued that MI licenses referential subject pro as well as referential object pro in certain (tightly restricted) contexts. This assumption is based on the existence of coordinating constructions that exhibit referential subject and object gaps at the same time. While this paper follows previous proposals in assuming subject pro to be licit in coordinate structures, object argument gaps are assumed to be object-topic drop, which is independetly needed in the grammar of Icelandic. Under the analysis presented here, the previously reported null subject condition on null objects falls out from Icelandic word order facts.
Aspect and Verbal Prepositions
Authors: Ramchand Gillian , Tungseth Mai
Published: October 2015

In this paper, we explore some previously unanalysed interactions between verbal aktionsart and prepositional complementation in Norwegian, namely the alternations between a DP object and PP complements with på ‘on/at’ and til ‘to/at’. We argue that a simple account based on [±telic] or [±quantized] features cannot be correct. Instead, we generalize the notion of path and homomorphism, and integrate it in a syntactic theory of how complex events are built up compositionally. The path structure introduced by the PP interacts with the path structure of the VP to produce complex events based on ‘homomorphic unity’ in much the same way as has been argued for in the Verb + Nominal domain (Krifka 1992). Specifically, an extended location (a på-PP) in the complement of and activity verb (in our terms, a process subevental projection) gives rise to a non-directed path for the event; a point location ( a til-PP) in the complement of an accomplishment verb (one which in our terms will contain a result subevental projection) gives rise to the specification of an endpoint.
The Infinitive Marker across Scandinavian
Authors: Ramshøj Christensen Ken
Published: October 2015

In this paper I argue that the base-position of the infinitive marker in the Scandinavian languages and English share a common origin site. It is inserted as the top-most head in the VP-domain. The cross-linguistic variation in the syntactic distribution of the infinitive marker can be accounted for by assuming that it undergoes head movement. This movement is optional in Danish, English, Norwegian, and Early Modern Danish and is not feature-driven. In Faroese, Icelandic, and Swedish, on the other hand, it is triggered by φ-feature checking on Finº. In Icelandic and Swedish these φ-features are strong and induce obligatory vº→Finº movement, whereas they are weak in Faroese and do not induce vº→Finº movement.
Exotic Norths? Representations of Northern Scandinavia in S. H. Kent's Within the Arctic Circle and Bayard Taylor's Northern Travel
Authors: Leavenworth Maria Lindgren
Published: October 2015

In this article I analyse aspects connected to exoticism in Bayard Taylor's Northern Travel (1858) and Susannah Henrietta Kent's Within the Arctic Circle (1877). Despite gender differences and different seasons in which the travellers undertake their trips, there are similarities between the texts which indicate that discourses connected to the destination to an extent structure representations and determine what is to be rendered as exotic. The close readings are focused on Kent's and Taylor's depictions of Sami life, the cold, the perceived 'backwardness' of the area, the midnight sun and the northern lights. The analyses illustrate that two forms of exoticism feature in the travelogues; an exoticising exoticism figure aspects of the landscape and the people which are benevolently viewed and not in need of improvement or change, and an imperialist exoticism structure depictions of aspects which are seen as in need of amendment. Kent and Taylor express different aims with their journeys; the former to establish the area as a 'safe' destination for travellers of both genders and all ages, the latter to test his masculinity against the harsh climate. These different aims, as well as the time period which sees Scandinavia established as a tourist destination, thus threatening what was perceived as authentic travel experiences, are also discussed in the analyses of how both travellers vacillate between different exoticconstructions of the North.
Statuens indre liv. En tolkning av Juan Muñoz' kunst
Authors: Aamold Svein
Published: October 2015

From the mid-1980's until his untimely death in 2001, the Spanish-born artistJuan Muñoz gained international acclaim for his sculptures, installations andmultimedia projects. This article discusses and interprets some of his figurativesculptural works, using concepts such as simulacrum, alienation, allegory, thestatue as an autonomous entity, and Walter Benjamin's notion of aura. Muñoz'ssculptures strongly invite us into illusionary settings and situations while at thesame time leaving us on the outside, as strangers in awkward situations. Thetheatrical, or performative, character of his larger installations, or tableauxvivants, such as Many Times (1999), questions not only our social andenvironmental relations, but also our individuality, as if we are confrontingmirrors that uncover our vulnerable subjectivity in highly disturbing ways.
Conquering the Arctic and Conquering the Sky: Views on Technical Progress and Superman in Saint-Exupéry’s Night Flight and P. O. Sundman’s The Flight of the Eagle
Authors: Bourguignon Annie
Published: October 2015

Night Flight is a novel about a pilot, Fabien, getting caught in a storm at night while carrying mail from Patagonia to Buenos Aires. Losing his way, it becomes certain that he will perish, as the plane is running out of fuel.      Per Olof Sundman's The Flight of the Eagle is an historical novel about the Swedish engineer Andrée's attempt to reach the North Pole in a balloon in 1897. The balloon trip starts from Danes Island, one of the Spitsbergen islands, and flies for about three days, but it has to be given up by the men on the expedition at a point far away from the Pole. They try to make their way on the ice-pack back to Spitsbergen but die at the beginning of the winter.
Imparting of Polar Research to the 1880’s Public
Authors: Mook Reinhard
Published: October 2015

The International Polar Year 1881/1882 marks a significant change in writing about the Arctic to the middle classes of central Europe. Up to that time many of these reports had been thrilling, dramatizing, and had glorified the own nation. Following the Polar Year, writing gradually became less emotional, more sober, induced by scientific standards. The present paper will call attention to that change.The study is limited to quotations from two contributions printed in Die Gartenlaube, a German family-magazine edited in the years 1853 through 1944. With its six million readers in the 1880's, this magazine may be considered to mirror the tastes and interests of the broad German public. - The general shift in imparting Arctic topics to the public following the Polar Year could be shown on the 10 per cent significance level: That means the change in the attitude to report more matter-of-fact is significant with the probability of 10 per cent of accidentalness.
The North seen by People from the South. Italian Explorers about the Arctic. The Journal of Giacomo Bove
Authors: Khachaturyan Elizaveta
Published: October 2015

The objects of my analysis are the travel writings and expedition reports of Italian Arctic explorers. In the present paper I will analyse the Journal of Giacomo Bove, who was a member of the Swedish Arctic expedition of the ship "Vega" (1878-79) headed by Nordenskjold (Il Passaggio del Nord-Est. Spedizione artica svedese della "Vega". Diario di Giacomo Bove. A cura del dott. A. Fresa, 1940, Memorie della R. Società Geografica Italiana, volume XIX. Roma.). One of the tasks given to Giacomo Bove by the Italian Geographic Society was to describe the expedition. One of the problems that Bove had to solve in this case was which words to use when speaking of an alien reality. This other reality was for him constituted not only by natural phenomena (like, i.e., fauna and flora, ice and weather), but also by an unfamiliar material culture (the life of the northern people), and by the life of the expedition.
Some aspects on the Pictures of the North
Authors: Pettersson Lennart
Published: October 2015

The objectives of this article are to draw the attention to, in my view, two necessities in the field of research on illustrated travel literature. I will argue that in order to understand the nature of illustrated travel literature the research has to be multidisciplinary and has to deal with the written text as well as the illustrations. The reader gained their perceptions of the places described from both pictures and texts and in order to retrieve how different parts of the world were, and still is, perceived according to certain criteria stated in travel literature, scholars must work with a variety of visual and textual communication strategies. The secondof my "necessities" is that this material urges scholars to study it with quantitative methods. There are so many different illustrated travel books that it would be a loss if researcher did not try to study them as one unit and thereby gain generalized knowledge on the field. Having stated these two "necessities" I must also state that I do not mean that all research into travel literature must have these approaches but I hope that they will be important factors in the discourses the coming years.In order to show some of the possibilities of the methods mentioned above I will discuss some of the possible aspects of a quantitative study of the pictures of the north as they appear in illustrated travel literature of the nineteenth century. I will present statistics dealing with artistic subjects, differences between the patterns of illustrations in books published in different languages and how the pictorial revolution in the 19th century changed the travel literature. In the second part of the article I will examine one illustrated travel book in order to high-light how text and illustration complemented each other and created significance together.
Bordering Binarities and Cognitive Cartography: What on Earth Does Literature Have to do with Border Transactions?
Authors: Moi Ruben
Published: October 2015

Although literature and poetry have numerous borders of their own,these are rarely assumed to have any significance for the world out-side the text itself. A number of reasons for this distinctive division certainly stem from the literary field itself. This paper intends to indicate the exclusivist stance of some theories of literature, and the inclucivist of others, before exploring the possibilities of bridging between borders in text and territory by reference to the life and literature of Oscar Wilde and a performative and imaginative analysis of Paul Muldoon's epigrammatic poem The Plot.
Colonial Fantasies, Narrative Borders, and the Canadian North in the Works of Germany's Colin Ross(1885-1945)
Authors: Pissowotzki Nicole
Published: October 2015

This paper argues that the Canadian North is a discursive construction, within which German colonial fantasies emerge. In particular, I argue that it is through bordering that colonial fantasies of German Lebensraum ("living space") in the Canadian North are brought into being. I further argue that the German biologist and geographer Friedrich Ratzel (1844-1904), with his view of the "organic state," provides the ideological framework for colonial fantasies in the travel writings of Colin Ross.I focus on the writer's colonial imagination and his perception of borders, and on how both relate to the Canadian North. I show that seemingly bare geographical information and demographical data, provided in Ross' travelogues, carry colonial fantasies of German spaces in the Canadian North. Those spaces are bordered by "shared histories" and "narrative boundaries," thus constructing a collective German colonial identity (cf. Eder 2006, 255-257).
Hjalmar Johansen: Selv-anden på 86°14’. Opptegnelser fra den norske polarferd 1893-96
Authors: Bøkestad Gunhild
Published: October 2015

I Selv-anden på 86°14' forteller Johansen om Framekspedisjonens reise mot nordpolen i årene 1893-96, og leserne får gjennom denne reiseskildringen et innblikk i de fornøyelser og prøvelser mannskapet går gjennom for å nå verdens nordligste punkt. I denne artikkelen vil jeg se nærmere på de litterære grepene Johansen tar i bruk i Selv-anden på 86°14'. Flere kritikere har påvist en manglende formbevissthet i ekspedisjonsberetningene, og påstått at forfatterne har prioritert innhold foran form. Jeg vil argumentere for at disse to kategoriene vanskelig kan skilles fra hverandre, og at det nettopp er en bevissthet i forhold til form som gjør det mulig for Johansen å skrive seg inn i sjangeren reiselitteratur, og skape en balanse mellom vitenskaplighet og leseverdighet i beretningen.
Sex and the Cabaret: Dada’s Dancers
Authors: Hemus Ruth
Published: October 2015

The photograph of Hugo Ball, dressed in cardboard costume and conical hat, reciting the sound poem Karawane at a Cabaret Voltaire soirée, before being carried off stage in quasi-religious paroxysm, has achieved iconic status in the history of Dada. It is a-if not the-quintessential image of Zurich Dada. Ball's image, reproduced countless times, embodies and mythologizes the Dada cabaret and its innovation of sound poetry. It is scarcely surprising that the photograph is treasured, granting as it does a glimpse into Dada performances that have become infamous but remain irretrievable.
Attitude that Matters
Authors: Purhonen Tiina
Published: October 2015

In this article, I compare the operativity of radical avant-garde and new dialogical art forms from one selected viewpoint. I discuss the issue of the artist's attitude as a significance-producing element in the artwork. For decades, artist-issued interpretation of art has been problematic. Thus it is interesting to question the significance of the strong definition of the artist's attitude, inherent in the theories of the new dialogical art. New dialogical art-forms are for example new genre public art, community art, socially engaged art, public engaged art, littoral art, activist art, dialogical art, and conversational art. In the Finnish discussion, the concept of community art is the one most commonly used.