bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review of maxillary molar distalising appliances with palatal anchorage on miniimplants
Authors: Sanecka Małgorzata , Becker Katarzyna , Greń Anna , Świerk Mariusz
Published: January 2019

Maxillary molar distalisation is one of treatment methods for patients with Angle class II. Intraoral appliances supported by patient’s own teeth inevitably lead to loss of anchorage. Mini-implants are additionally used to reduce this side effect. The area of the hard palate is the best anatomical place to attach mini-implants, and it provides the lowest risk of complications. Aim. To present issues associated with appliances used for maxillary molar distalisation that are based on bone anchorage in the hard palate region. Material and methods. The literature review using the PubMed database and the Polish Medical Bibliography with the following key words: molar distalisation, orthodontic miniimplants, skeletal anchorage. 37 positions from the years 1996–2018 were selected and analysed. Results. As a result of the literature review, 37 articles describing nine distalisation appliances modelled on three basic constructions: Pendulum, Distal Jet and Keles Slider, and the MCPP appliance were identified. Summary. Distalising appliances supported by palatal mini-implants do not lead to loss of anchorage in the anterior segment. At the stage of anterior teeth retraction they can be used for stabilisation of the distalised segment. They are less visible compared to extraoral appliances or those placed on the external side of the dental arch. They can be used simultaneously with fixed braces or during preparation for subsequent therapy with fixed braces. Depending on the design, they are not free of the side effects typical of the prototypes they originate from, i.e. rotation and inclination of molars. The most parallel distal movement of teeth is made possible by appliances whose force acts at the height of the CR (centre of resistance) of teeth being moved.
Patient with obstructive sleep apnoea at the orthodontics practise – case report
Authors: Matuszkiewicz Anna , Lasota Agnieszka , Kiernicka Katarzyna , Dunin-Wilczyńska Izabella
Published: January 2019

Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA) is characterised by at least five 10-second episodes of apnoea or significant shallow breathing (hypopnoea), accompanied by a decrease in oxygen saturation of arterial blood by 2–4% per hour of sleep, with preserved or intensified respiratory muscle movements. In men OSA is most often diagnosed after the age of 40 years, in women – usually after the age of 50 years. The risk group includes patients diagnosed with being overweight or obese, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, hypothyroidism, diabetes, asthma, allergies or congenital anomalies. Aim. The aim of the work was to present changes in the anatomy of structures of the facial skeleton in a 31-year-old orthodontic male patient with a mild form of sleep apnoea. Material. Material included: orthodontic records, EPWORTH sleepiness scale filled in by the patient, gypsum models, photographs (intra- and extraoral photographs) and radiological records (panoramic radiograph, lateral cephalogram) and results of polysomnography. Case report. The paper presents a case of a 31-year-old male patient without systemic diseases who reported for an orthodontic consultation due to tooth crowding. The analysis of the orthodontic documentation revealed a suspicion of sleep apnoea. A polysomnographic examination confirmed the presence of mild OSA. Conclusions. The analysis of a lateral cephalogram revealed changes in the length of the soft palate, width of the upper respiratory tract and a position of the hyoid bone. The EPWORTH sleepiness scale indicated the presence of excessive sleepiness, and the polysomnographic examination confirmed the occurrence of mild OSA. Sleep apnoea may affect relatively young people, with a normal body weight and without any systemic diseases. Therefore orthodontists’ awareness about risk factors and sleep apnoea symptoms should be used in everyday practice.
PERFORMATIVE PERFORMATIVE
Authors: Szuba Agata
Published: January 2019

The dynamic development of the Internet and the constant search for
new ways of reaching the user bring about the availability of materials
that were previously unattainable. Performance art, thanks to its special
openness to new methods of expression, reaches the mass media, while
showing the individual’s psyche and character of the author’s work. The
set of gestures, their sequence and narration are the basis for creating
performance art, understood not only as a clear alternative to conventional
art, but also characterized by unpredictability, in which the viewer
is not prepared for the way messages are received. Undoubtedly, social
platforms create an illusion. “The influencer” can reach thousands of
viewers and gain fame without leaving home. Without a doubt, social
media have created a new entry point to the global art scene, opening
way to a wide spectrum of diverse artistic activities. The method of recording,
the non-cutaneous nature of the phenomenon makes it possible
to own performative actions. The context of a performance is particularly
important. It affects what can be universally recognized as art. The question
arises (since we distinguish two values of the performative action: in
the art gallery and on the street), what frames on the social media allow
the audience to interpret it as art, and assuming that it is an art, does it
change the perception of a given phenomenon?
FINANCIAL SUPPORT STRATEGY FOR INNOVATIVE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Ilchuk Valerii , Shpomer Tetiana
Published: January 2019

The factors of the influence of the external environment on the strategy of financial support as an integral part of the strategy of innovative agricultural engineering development have been considered. The stages of its formation with focus on market conditions have been determined. The directions of the implementation of the strategy for financial support for innovative agricultural engineering development have been described, the conditions of participation of investors and the mechanism of its implementation have been presented.
Violência, drogadição e processo de trabalho na Estratégia de Saúde da Família: conflitos de um grande centro urbano brasileiro
Authors: Fiúza Tatiana Monteiro , Miranda Alcides Silva de , Ribeiro Marco Túlio Aguiar Mourão , Pequeno Mayrá Lobato , Oliveira Pedro Renan Santos de
Published: January 2019

A implantação e consolidação da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) em um grande centro urbano é um desafio. Questões decorrentes da dinâmica histórico-social de um grande centro urbano influenciam o processo de trabalho e as necessidades de educação em saúde percebidas pelos profissionais de saúde. A pobreza, a desigualdade social, as drogas e a violência urbana potencializam-se por meio de um feedback cruel e positivo, o que Campos denominou de um fluxo maluco e contraditório de informações, com essa ciranda perversa de destruição de valores penosamente construídos, influenciando nas atividades das Equipes de Saúde da Família. Este trabalho possuiu como objetivo analisar as percepções de profissionais de nível superior que atuam na ESF sobre a influência do trabalho em um grande centro urbano no processo de trabalho das equipes e necessidades educacionais dos profissionais, particularmente a violência urbana, a drogadição e tráfico de drogas. Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem qualitativa sobre os discursos práticos de profissionais de Saúde, a partir de Grupos Focais e entrevistas individuais em profundidade, com o escopo de análise baseado no método de Análise de Conteúdo, do tipo Categorial e Temática. Diferenças entre a ESF no interior, em municípios de pequeno e médio porte e na capital e as dificuldades inerentes ao trabalho nesta foram recorrentes no discurso. Reflexões sobre a problemática da violência urbana, da drogadição e do tráfico de drogas são explícitas no material discursivo. Riscos e vulnerabilidades inerentes a essa questão surgem como problemática a ser enfrentada pelos profissionais da ESF: promiscuidade sexual, início precoce da vida sexual, atividade sexual desprotegida, prostituição, negligência para com as crianças, problemas familiares, abandono e maus tratos de idosos, evasão escolar, dentre outros.
Implantação do programa de controle da Tuberculose na Unidade Básica de Saúde HCPA/Santa Cecília
Authors: Ben Ângela Jornada , Pustai Odalci José , Neumann Cristina Rolim , Oliveira Francisco Jorge Arsego Quadros de , Dalcin Paulo de Tarso Roth , Molina Carla
Published: January 2019

Introdução: a regionalização do controle da tuberculose (TB) é uma das metas da Vigilância (CGVS) buscando reduzir os casos de abandono do tratamento e aumentar a taxa de diagnóstico. A análise dos resultados prévios das áreas a serem regionalizadas é importante para manter e ampliar a qualidade do controle da tuberculose, além de ser uma das etapas iniciais do planejamento da atenção à saúde. Objetivo: a regionalização do atendimento à TB na área da UBS HCPA visa: (1) descentralizar a estratégia de diagnóstico e tratamento da TB; (2) implantar um sistema coordenado de atenção com foco na atenção primária; (3) georreferenciar os pacientes para otimizar a vigilância local; (4) contribuir para o treinamento dos médicos residentes em medicina de família HCPA na área de gestão dos programas da atenção primária; e (5) contribuir na redução das taxas de abandono ao tratamento. Materiais e Métodos: Fase 1 - realizou-se a estimativa do número de casos, georreferenciamento dos casos notificados e a análise da coorte utilizando os dados históricos da região de abrangência da UBS HCPA no período de janeiro de 2004 até julho de 2008, data da implantação do serviço regionalizado buscando os indicadores de atenção deste período. Fase 2 – Foram criados fluxogramas de rastreamento, diagnóstico e tratamento e foi iniciado o atendimento sob supervisão. Resultados: a incidência média de TB nessa região é de aproximadamente 0,5/100.000hab/ano. Foram realizados mapas georeferenciados dos casos. Foram notificados 88 pacientes entre 1/2004 a 7/2008, sendo 55,7% da forma pulmonar (idade 39,6 ±16,8 anos), 37,5% extra-pulmonar (idade 48,2 ±17,5 anos) e o restante, formas mistas. Quanto ao local de diagnóstico: 1% na atenção primária, 89% na atenção secundária e os demais na atenção terciária.  Nos casos de TB pulmonar, a baciloscopia foi positiva em 57,1% e não realizada em 18% dos casos. Com relação ao tratamento as taxas foram 75,1%, para cura e 8,5% de abandono. Os dados do início da implantação (3 meses) mostram a pesquisa de 25 sintomáticos respiratórios por mês, o diagnóstico de um caso novo e a busca ativa de 100% dos faltosos. Conclusões: os resultados prévios da área mostram taxas de sucesso e de abandono abaixo das metas estabelecidas. A taxa de diagnóstico na atenção primária é baixa. Em função disso a descentralização deve ser acompanhada por um aumento do rastreamento dos sintomáticos respiratórios e busca ativa dos contatos, visando aumentar o diagnóstico e o desenvolvimento de tratamento supervisionado (ADOT) buscando reduzir o abandono.
Neoplasia Intraepitelial Cervical em Pacientes do Centro de Saúde-Escola Murialdo: Prevalência e Seguimento
Authors: Menezes Rafaela Aprato , Peres Patrícia Peres de , Oliveira Fernando Rocha de
Published: January 2019

Introdução: o câncer de colo uterino é passível de prevenção e cura, apesar disso mantém uma alta taxa de mortalidade no mundo. A citologia realizada de rotina e associada à colposcopia e à biópsia cervical compõem o seguimento capaz de identificar lesões precursoras do câncer e de diminuir a incidência dessa patologia. Objetivos: identificar pacientes com Neoplasia Intra-epitelial Cervical, a prevalência dessas alterações conforme a faixa etária e definir qual o acompanhamento realizado por elas no Centro de Saúde-Escola Murialdo. Materiais e Métodos: estudo coorte retrospectivo de dados secundários das pacientes com lesão intraepitelial de baixo e alto grau, identificando a realização de colposcopia, biopsia e repetição da citologia após a primeira alteração citológica. Resultados: 372 mulheres entre 13 e 82 anos tiveram seus exames avaliados entre 1997 e 2008, resultando em prevalência de 70,2% de lesões de baixo grau e 29,8% de lesões de alto grau e câncer invasor. Delas, 68,2% passaram por colposcopia, 48,1% chegaram à biopsia e 8,8% das orientadas a repetir o CP, o fizeram em menos de um ano. No seguimento, 20,7% chegaram à conização, 1,9% sofreram histerectomia e 78,2% das alterações de baixo grau tiveram citologia normal à re-coleta. Conclusões: há baixa cobertura do rastreamento do câncer cervical nessa população com alta prevalência de HPV e infecções que vulnerabilizam o epitélio cervical. Porém, com a facilidade da colposcopia há super-avaliação das alterações e provavelmente tem-se diminuído a mortalidade pelo câncer. É urgente ampliar a vigilância em saúde da mulher até que as unidades de saúde estejam organizadas e ativas diante do tema.
Diretrizes para Autores - Normas de Submissão
Authors: RBMFC Revista Brasileira de Medicina de Família e Comunidade
Published: January 2019

Objetivo e Política EditorialProcesso de avaliação pelos paresSeções e Tipos de TrabalhosApresentação e Preparo dos ManuscritosSubmissão EletrônicaDeclaração de Autoria e responsabilidade dos autoresExemplo de Declaração de Autoria e ResponsabilidadeÉtica em PesquisaAgradecimentosDúvidas e Esclarecimentos adicionais
Introduction
Authors: Robinson Peter
Published: January 2019

This introduction by Peter Robinson begins by outlining the origin of the book’s title, noting the inspiration found in Roy Fisher’s 1965 poem ‘The Thing about Joe Sullivan’. The chapter goes on to provide a detailed biography of Fisher’s life, starting by detailing the poet’s childhood, 40 year writing career, to discussing his poetry published in the late 1990s. Robinson also considers Fisher’s readership and the misunderstanding often found within audience reception, and finally concludes with a comment on the level of variety contained in the poet’s literature.
The Work of a Left-Handed Man
Authors: Lucas John
Published: January 2019

In chapter three, John Lucas describes the UK jazz scene following the Second World War. Lucas describes the free and unlimited qualities of jazz and makes comparative reference to Fisher’s own personal interest in the genre. The chapter goes on to state that Fisher’s writing style can arguably be linked to the many styles of jazz piano, in that the two both adhere to imaginative thought and liberation from formal constraints. As well as music, the chapter also focuses on the significance and impact of the themes of location and belonging found in Fisher’s poetry.
The Kru and The Black Community
Authors: Frost Diane
Published: January 2019

‘The Kru and the Black Community’ is the first chapter in the section, ‘The Kru Community in Liverpool’, and discusses and compares the Kru migrants who came to Liverpool from Liberia with those who travelled from Freetown. The chapter highlights the dramatic difference between the natures of the two Kru communities and foregrounds the influence of work on determining residential patterns.
One World
Authors: Kirkham Michael
Published: January 2019

Chapter two explores the natural-human world and the sensory and mental experience, aesthetic and moral values in Tomlinson’s poetry and attempts to define the relationship between ‘nature poems’ and ‘human poems’. The chapter looks closely at ‘The Atlantic’ from Seeing is Believing in order to understand the boundaries between the natural world and the human world.
A Saving Grace
Authors: Kirkham Michael
Published: January 2019

Chapter five begins by providing a brief chronological account of Tomlinson’s poetry published in the 1950s and 1960s, in which Kirkham recalls the literary qualities and aspects discussed earlier in previous chapters. The chapter then goes on to explore the ways of viewing poetry of the 1970s and 1980s as an entity.
Theorizing Children at Work
Authors: Lavalette Michael
Published: January 2019

Chapter two, written by Michael Lavallette, focuses specifically on existing literature regarding child labour and the reasons they provide in order to explain the existence of child labour today. It provides a historical context on the development of capitalism in Britain and makes a comment on how changes to production, family form and state social policy in the second half of the nineteenth century shaped the present form of child labour.
The problem that doesn’t exist?
Authors: Cunningham Stephen
Published: January 2019

Chapter six, written by Stephen Cunningham, provides evidence of the extent and form of child labour in Britain between 1920 and 1970. It assesses the size of the child labour market during this period by processing data found from Internal Home Office material and focuses in particular on the role of state officials in shaping government policy surrounding child labour laws. The chapter also investigates into the role of civil servants, politicians and the effect of recent sociological and historical interventions on the existence of child labour.
Getting Rid of the Brand Names
Authors: Jones Gwyneth
Published: January 2019

This chapter is the first of four in the first section of the text titled ‘All Description is Science’. ‘Getting Rid of the Brand Names’ was first published in The World and I in October 1987 as part of a feature called ‘Science Fiction and Reality’. The essay focuses heavily on the language of science fiction and interprets the requirements of a science fiction story. It discusses the use of unnatural language; invented language; and language games, while looking at the importance of borrowing from real-world culture to furnish an imaginary world. The chapter also pays attention to the study of science in science fiction and analyses the ways in which narrative time can be used to accompany a story.
The Lady and the Scientists
Authors: Jones Gwyneth
Published: January 2019

This essay appeared in Strange Plasma, and was originally read at a meeting of the Preston Speculative Fiction Group. It discusses the representation of female writers in literature, focusing specifically on female science fiction writers in modern literature. The essay provides an understanding of how social comment is foregrounded in science fiction and takes a close look at the historical relationship between science fiction and feminism.
Dreamer: An Exercise in Extrapolation 1989–2019
Authors: Jones Gwyneth
Published: January 2019

‘Dreamer: An Exercise in Extrapolation 1989-2019’ was first commissioned by British Telecom Information Technology Systems Division in 1988. Writing in the late 80s, the essay analyses the ways in which science fiction writing attempts to build a future based off what is known about the world from both the present and the past. To establish her argument, Jones references science fiction texts that discuss America’s imaginary future while drawing on it’s past, i.e. the Vietnam War. The essay concludes with the short story Dreamers.
Consider Her Ways: The Fiction of C.J. Cherryh
Authors: Jones Gwyneth
Published: January 2019

This chapter contains Jones’ review of Carolyn J. Cherryh’s novels, mainly Serpent’s Reach and Cyteen. In her review, Jones foregrounds Cherryh’s use of strong female protagonists, and looks at the methods and techniques used to realistically put forward a futuristic piece of fiction.
The Furies: Suzy Charnas Beyond the End of the World
Authors: Jones Gwyneth
Published: January 2019

In this review of Suzy Charnas’s Holdfast Chronicles trilogy, Jones analyses the treatment of male and female gender roles and explores the significance and consequences of a female utopia with a total absence of men. Jones references social engineering and power dynamics in all books in the trilogy: Walk to the End of the World, Motherlines, and The Furies.
Introduction
Authors: Kert Faye Margaret
Published: January 2019

Dismissed by many historians as a "strategical side show"1 to the main event being fought in Europe, the War of 1812 between Great Britain and the United States seems to have been declared by the unprepared and fought by the unwilling for reasons that remain unexplained. Inconclusive and futile as a military exercise, the War of 1812 merits further study from an economic viewpoint as a war against trade. Not only did the War of 1812 mark an important turning point in the mercantile relationships between Great Britain and her current and former colonies in North America, it was the last international conflict in which commerce raiding or privateering played a major role....
Reluctant Enemies
Authors: Kert Faye Margaret
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the economic, social, and political factors that led the War of 1812. Particular attention is paid to the war’s unpopular status in public opinion. It claims that the maritime communities were reluctant to enter war, and instead sought to subvert it through legitimate and illegitimate means, and analyses the maritime merchant’s pursuit of trade during the war, through the avenues of smuggling, specie, and licensed trade. The conclusion asserts that British and American maritime merchants opted for profit over politics, and continued to trade despite the war that sought to divide.
On His Majesty's Service
Authors: Kert Faye Margaret
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the role of naval prize-making in the War of 1812. It considers the problems faced by the Royal Navy both ashore and at sea, with particular attention to shortages of manpower. It also discusses the motivational role of profit to the Royal Navy and the means of generating it, through Head Money; Ransom; and Joint Captures. Finally, it analyses the effect of naval prize-making on the war, concluding that the scale and size of naval vessels made them a thoroughly stifling presence that brought American trade to a standstill during the war.
Macgregor Laird
Authors: Davies Peter N.
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses Macgregor Laird’s involvement in the formation of the African Steam Ship Company and his role as its first managing director. It also discusses Laird’s personal and professional life as an early pioneer of West African Trade and shareholder in the African Inland Commercial Company. The chapter largely focuses on the usefulness of the River Niger as a ‘highway’ into Central Africa and accounts Laird’s own expedition up the river from October 1832 to August 1833, taken in order to prove that it was navigable for steam vessels. The chapter concludes with an account of the progress of the African Steam Ship Company in the period 1863 to 1868 and outlines the company’s failure to expand as a contributing factor to the intervention of the competing line of The British and African Steam Navigation Company.
The West African Shipping Conference
Authors: Davies Peter N.
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides an initial description of the three major groupings of West African merchants during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the Niger Company, the Miller-Swanzy group and the African Association, and details their attempts to enter the shipping trade. The chapter focuses mainly on Alfred Lewis Jones’ decision to regulate the West African shipping trade via shipping conferences and explores his techniques and success rate in negotiating terms and agreements. It concludes with the eventual outcome of the conference in which Elder Dempster possessed an almost complete control of the British West African and West African carrying trade.
Introduction
Authors: Holt Cecil R.
Published: January 2019

John Holt, the eldest son of Thomas Godfrey Holt, was born in the village of Garthorpe, in Lincolnshire, on the 31st October, 1841. He was educated at the local village school which he left at the age of fourteen to enter the employ of his grandfather, Thomas Holt, and he went to sea on a schooner owned by his grandfather, which plied between Goole and London and the Northern French ports, carrying coals, cement, and tiles. The name of the schooner was the ...
Physical Infrastructures: Port Development and Planning
Authors: Boyce Gordon
Published: January 2019

This final section explores the physical infrastructures of port planning and development through analysis of two distinct areas. The first sub-section offers a case-study of the economy, traffic, and infrastructure of the Port of Genoa between 1861 and 1970 through analysis of traffic, cargo, and production statistics. It determines that the mixture of solid infrastructure and thriving maritime culture brought economic success to Genoa. The second sub-section compares and contrasts port planning and centralisation activities of Britain and New Zealand, particularly through the actions of the National Ports Council and the New Zealand Ports Authority. It demonstrates that centralised port planning was a failure in both Britain and New Zealand, but that this was due to a complex range of factors and not sufficient enough evidence alone to conclude that ports do not require some level of centralised guidance.
Introduction
Authors: Broeze Frank
Published: January 2019

Without the container the global village would still be a concept, not a reality…1

1 C.C. Tung, CEO of Orient Overseas Container Line, quoted in Fiona Gilmore (ed.), Brand Warriors. Corporate Leaders Share Their Winning Strategies (London, 1997), 80.

Globalisation is the hallmark of our times. It is well-nigh impossible to escape the material and cultural webs spun by oil and energy companies, automobile firms, media corporations, tobacco and junk food conglomerates, the internet and many other transnational agents. But, although globalisation has become a household word, there is little recognition that our world could not function without the complex system of maritime transport sustaining intercontinental and regional trade....
Culture, the Environment and Recycling
Authors: Broeze Frank
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the cultural presence of the cointainer beyond its economic and maritime functions. Broeze claims that the containers have become a recongisable symbol of globalisation, transport, and global trade. He also considers the physical presence of the container on land, on railways and motorways alike, its growing presence in tv and film, and the use of containers in the transportation of culture, such as the movement of theatre or music equipment. He also looks at the negative aspects and connotations of container shipping, such as the means of enabling drug trade and human trafficking. The impact of containers on the global cultural mindset makes up the first half of the chapter, while the latter half explores the environmental impact of the container industry, including its topographical presence, the disposal of retired containers, and the destruction of wildlife habitats caused by the industry. It concludes with an exploration of the alternative uses for containers, ranging from residential purposes, to hosting brothels, or housing art installations.
Introduction
Authors: Reveley James
Published: January 2019

Even to observers with only a passing familiarity with New Zealand's maritime history, events in the country's ports in 1951 and 2001 reflect a striking similarity. In each year there was a long-running waterfront dispute that involved the registration of new unions to represent cargo-handling workers, known in local parlance as "watersiders" or simply as "wharfies." The development of new forms of representation was accompanied by a spirited debate within the wider labour movement about the merits of union registration systems. The attempt to draw parallels between these events, separated by half a century, should not be taken too far because of differences in scale and outcome. In 1951, a 151-day national showdown between shipping companies and the traditional wharfies' union, the Waterside Workers' Union (WWU), led government to deregister the latter and replace it with twenty-six new port unions. In 2001 only two unions, registered the year before, competed for members with the reconstituted WWU, and protest was limited to a handful of ports. Nonetheless, the juxtaposition of 1951 and 2001 is useful to highlight two points that supply the rationale for this book. The intervening period has not been studied, and there is no recent scholarly work on port labour relations in these years apart from my own....
Finnish and International Maritime Labour in the Age of Sail: Was There a Market?
Authors: Kaukiainen Yrjö
Published: January 2019

This chapter notes the difficulties in comprehending the historical development of labour markets in purely neo-classical terms and questions the enrolment and wage procedures of the Finnish maritime labour markets. It also discusses the integration inside the network of connected local maritime labour markets in the Age of Sail and describes the differences between commodity and labour markets. The chapter concludes with a reference to the aftermath of the First World War, and foregrounds the idea of a less international maritime labour market.
The Maritime Labour Market: Skill and Experience as Factors of Demand and Supply
Authors: Kaukiainen Yrjö
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the recruitment and training process involved in a sailing career and provides details of wage categories and qualification requirements. It considers the presence of shipboard hierarchies and the high turnover of labour in assessing the difficulties of valuing individual abilities properly. The chapter also focuses on the integration of maritime and landward labour markets at a local level and compares the transformation of the maritime labour systems to the period of industrialisation in the landward society.
Chapter 10 New Whaling Areas
Authors: Jackson Gordon
Published: January 2019

By 1909 it was evident that no significant increase was to be expected in the output of the European whaling stations, which were already past their prime; and in their search for more oil the Norwegians spread outwards beyond the Hebrides towards the bay stations of the old Southern Fishery, along the coast of South Africa and Australia. The steam whale-catchers that chased rorquals in European waters could chase them equally well in other areas where they had remained unmolested during the vast slaughter of Right and sperm whales. Above all, they could move with relative ease in the colder waters of the Antarctic where the greatest concentrations of rorquals were to be found. For all their daring, the Southern whalers had made no impression whatever on the whale stocks in this area, chiefly because the climate was poor and land bases were too isolated for old-fashioned pelagic whaling....
Chapter 15 The Final Fling, 1945-1963
Authors: Jackson Gordon
Published: January 2019

The Second World War had a devastating effect on whaling. The European market was soon occupied by Germany; many British whale-catchers were requisitioned for war purposes; and the factories and associated vessels were to be used at the discretion of the Ministry of Food, though the precise relationship between the Ministry and the owners was not yet defined. It took some time, however, for the full effects of war to be felt....
Scott Lithgow
Authors: Johnman Lewis , Murphy Hugh
Published: January 2019

This work studies the history of two major Scottish shipbuilding firms based on the River Clyde - Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company and Lithgows Limited. It traces each firm’s origin, success, decline, and collapse, and places the events into the historical context of maritime Britain. The aim is to enhance the academic understanding of the cause and effect of the decline of the British shipbuilding industry, delving beyond the factors of poor industrial relations, international market conditions, and entrepreneurial failure in search of further answers. As a private company, Lithgows Limited provides useful insights into company management outside of state control. The authors base their analysis on the catalogued volumes of Scotts and Lithgows records, though due to the large number of gaps in the data, they also conducted interviews with major players in each company from the post-war period. Public, business, and banking records also provide supplementary material. The book is separated into eight chapters, plus a concluding ninth, an appendix listing ships built by Scott Lithgow Limited between 1970-1987, and a select bibliography.
Lithgows Limited, 1945-1965
Authors: Johnman Lewis , Murphy Hugh
Published: January 2019

This chapter returns to Lithgows Limited and details the company history between 1945 and 1965. It follows the company’s decision-making capabilities over the period and weighs them against the wider global shipping industry. With the deaths of both Lithgow brothers occurring shortly after World War II, the toll on the ambition and experience of the company becomes apparent, and is explored through the continuation of contracts with Norway; modernisation attempts; and the management of small companies under the ownership of Lithgows. The chapter ends with the collapse of two major firms under the company’s helm, demonstrating a lack of control, direction, and initiative on the part of the company.
In Conclusion
Authors: Gleicher David
Published: January 2019

This final chapter concludes the findings of the journal. It states that contrary to the ‘popular story’ there exists no convincing evidence that passengers in the third class surged against authority and disrupted evacuation efforts, and instead summarises available evidence to determine that third class men had severely restricted access to lifeboats. It cites the moral problem of the dangerous individuals theory as a major contributing factor to the crew’s bias against them.
The Fates of Four Norwegian Shipowners
Authors: Tenold Stig
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides a thorough exploration of the practices of four Norwegian tanker owners in order to reveal the particular challenges they faced during the shipping crisis:- Knut Knutsen OAS; Hilmar Rekstens Rederi; Rederiet Peder Smedvig; and Sig. Bergesen d.y. The analysis illustrates how the fates of these companies were linked to key decisions made shortly before and after the crisis began. The four case studies demonstrate the range of business strategies utilised in face of the crisis, but asserts that similar strategies did not guarantee similar financial outcomes. The conclusion outlines the successes and failures of each company in turn.
Twentieth-Century Sealing on the Falkland Islands
Authors: Dickinson A.B.
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the twentieth century sealing industry in the Falklands, paying particular attention to the Falklands Islands and Dependencies Sealing Company - established in 1928 - and their subsequent operation in the Falklands. It examines the company’s catch distribution; catch and production rates; and assets and liabilities in the 1920s and 1930s. It also explores the government’s role in twentieth-century sealing, noting the laudable attempts at re-establishing a stable industry, but that ultimately they made several major errors of judgement, such as basing quotas on outdated statistics. The conclusion identifies declining stock, poor demand, and high operating costs as key reasons for the failure of the Falkland Islands to establish a successful sealing industry in the twentieth century.
Controlled Sealing at South Georgia
Authors: Dickinson A.B.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the controlled sealing industry of South Georgia in the early twentieth century. It considers the revisions to sealing licences to combat stock declines in the 1950s; the presence of Japanese Whaling companies in the area, including the International Fishery Co. Ltd; the high demand for seal oil in the 1960s; and the government’s final suspension of the sealing licence in 1972 and the impact this had on seal populations and the sealing community.
A Naval Compromise, 1830-1842
Authors: Hunter Mark C.
Published: January 2019

This chapter concerns the Anglo-American efforts to reach an agreement regarding their colonial activities on the West African coast. It discusses Lord Palmerston’s foreign policy in relation to the slave trade; America’s economic interest in West Africa; escalating difficulties in Anglo-American diplomacy; the Webster-Ashburn treaty, Quintuple treaty, and the Tucker-Paine agreement. Rather than escalate confrontation over disagreements, both Britain and America used their navies to further their goals peacefully, proving sea power to be a useful mechanism in international diplomacy.
Portuguese Jews in Amsterdam: An Insight on Entrepreneurial Behaviour in the Dutch Republic
Authors: Antunes Cátia
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides a case study of the entrepreneurship of Portuguese Jewish merchants in the Dutch Republic in the Early Modern period. Though similar case studies exist, none have focused specifically on Jewish entrepreneurs. The core aim is to determine which business strategies and values the Jewish entrepreneurs shared with their Dutch counterparts. It provides a history of the Portuguese Jewish community in Amsterdam, followed by a definition of the early modern entrepreneur. It then examines the trade routes, products, range of trading capital, and social networks of the Portuguese Jewish entrepreneurs, and concludes that Portuguese Jewish and Dutch merchants operated their businesses in similar ways, but Portuguese Jewish merchants were willing to step out of their religious and social boundaries in pursuit of a stronger economic position and were able to do so through financial support gained by dealing in diverse, high quality trade.
In the Eye of the Storm: The Influence of Maritime and Trade Networks on the Development of Ostend and Vice Versa during the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Parmentier Jan
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the development of trade opportunities in the port of Ostend during the Eighteenth century, particularly the circular manner in which trade helped the port develop, which in turn brought in more people and further trade opportunities. It introduces Ostend as a relatively quiet port which began to develop once the Bruges-Ostend Canal opened in 1623 and facilitated the coast to inland trade. It analyses the privateering business in Ostend; the presence of Irish merchants and privateers on the Flemish coast; the impact of the Austrian Empire’s dominance of Ostend; the impact of war; and the mercantile careers of firm-owners Thomas Ray, Andreas Jacobus Flandrin, George Gregorie and Franꞔois Benquet. The conclusion states that the tumultuous political and economic factors ensconcing the port of Ostend offered significant trade opportunities, provided the merchants were versatile, specialist, and able to integrate into the community.
Exploiting International Webs of Relations: Immigrants and the Reopening of the Harbour of Antwerp on the Eve of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Greefs Hilde
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the question of which groups took advantage of and exercised dominance over the port of Antwerp when it reopened in the Nineteenth century. It discusses the development of maritime trade during the first half of the Nineteenth century and its appeal as a port town; the trading activities of the business elite - analysed through documents relating to port traffic; and the hierarchy of foreign trade networks operating around the port. Particular interest is given to the dominance of immigrant over native merchants in the fields of maritime trade and port activity. The conclusion suggests that the spatial extent of immigrant trade networks in particular enabled their success in international maritime trade. In response, native merchants strengthened links with national and regional trade, and the two groups managed to co-exist by concentrating on separate spheres of economic interest.
Combining Business and Pleasure? Cotton Brokers in the Liverpool Business Community in the Late Nineteenth Century
Authors: Mäenpää Sari
Published: January 2019

This final chapter examines the role of cotton brokers in the port of Liverpool in the late-Nineteenth century. It uses data compiled by the Mercantile Liverpool Project, census material from trade directories, and social documents such as biographies and obituaries to reconstruct the activities of the Liverpool cotton broker community between 1850 and 1901. It explores the attitudes toward the value of cotton trading as a vocation in Liverpool and provides a case study of cotton broker Samuel Smith, and Robert Rankin of ‘Rankin, Gilmour and Co’. It offers an analysis of cotton broking statistics; British in-migration to the port of Liverpool in pursuit of employment; and the overall business success of cotton broking in Liverpool, to determine that cotton broking was an unstable venture that lacked social prestige, and that successful cotton brokers often had safety nets in other trade ventures out of necessity.
The Development of Kaohsiung's Fishing Companies
Authors: Chen Henry T.
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the development of Kaohsiung’s fishing companies in the postwar era. It examines the difference in demographics caused by the expulsion of Japanese authorities, the presence of the Republic of China, and in-migration from various parts of Taiwan. It then provides a series of case studies of Taiwanese fishing company histories, including a number of personal testimonies from fishermen and fishing industry employees. Combined, they suggest that overfishing the northern grounds during the 1950s caused a surge in migration, and that small, private companies became the main driving force of the overseas Taiwanese fishing industry as they were the best equipped to combat bureaucracy.
Daily Lives at Sea, Fishing Zones and Politics
Authors: Chen Henry T.
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the roles, responsibilities, and socio-political hierarchies between Taiwanese fishermen at sea. It explores the individual roles onboard a fishing vessel, such as the fishing master, radio operator, and engineman, and their various levels of authority in relation to one another. It then explores the fluctuations of Taiwanese fishing zones during the 1960s, noting the factors of ethnicity, fish stock demands, and personal preferences that influenced geographic trends. It details the risks of crossing into foreign waters and the reasons fishermen opted to do so regardless, which include poaching purposes and taking more direct routes to their destinations. It concludes neighbouring nations increased the punitive measures against straying Taiwanese vessels in order to either repel or extort those aboard.
The British Coastal Fleet in the Eighteenth Century: How Useful Are the Admiralty's Registers of Protection from Impressment?
Authors: Armstrong John
Published: January 2019

This chapter offers an analysis of Dwight E. Robinson’s study of the British Admiralty’s Registers of Protection - a quantitative study that examined cargo and coaster ownership to determine how large the British Coastal fleet was in the eighteenth century. Robinson considered the data tremendously useful, but this essay attempts to prove the quantitative data is more complicated and less conclusive than Robinson believed. Through a comprehensive analysis it discards a large amount as inconclusive, unreliable, or unrelated to coastal shipping specifically. It concludes that the source is more flawed than previously assumed.
Management Response in British Coastal Shipping Companies to Railway Competition
Authors: Armstrong John
Published: January 2019

This essay examines the way British coastal shipping companies handled competition from the rail industry. It explores the role of coastal shipping before the advent of rail; the impact of steam on short-sea shipping; the perceived minor threat of short-distance early railways; the direct threat of long-distance rail lines that began to appear in the 1840s; and the effectiveness of the attempts to address railway competition - the search for technological improvement, market segmentation, and re-pricing structures in particular. It concludes that the coaster and railway industries co-existed peacefully during the late nineteenth century as it served both of their interests, and assures that any serious threat to rail that the coastal industry could instigate would be met with swift and crippling retaliation, so they opted not to risk upsetting the balance.
Coastal Shipping: The Neglected Sector of Nineteenth-Century British Transport History
Authors: Armstrong John
Published: January 2019

This essay argues against previous maritime scholarship which suggests that the advent of the railway was evidence of the supremacy of modern over pre-industrial technology, and quickly rendered other modes of transport obsolete. It asserts that coastal shipping remained essential despite rail technology, and indeed achieved growth and expansion throughout the nineteenth century and up to the start of the First World War. It examines government records of tonnage, cargo, and profit; the naval potential of coasters; and newspaper resources in order to determine the prevalence of the network of coastal liner services. It analyses the approach of coastal industry when competing with rail - the development of new technology and the offer of rapid cargo turnarounds. It concludes that rail and coastal trades benefitted one another throughout the nineteenth century, contrary to the dominant narrative that rail rendered the majority of transport obsolete upon inception.
The Shipping Depression of 1901 to 1911; The Experience of Freight Rates in the British Coastal Coal Trade
Authors: Armstrong John
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the shipping depression between 1901 and 1911 and how it affected the freight rates of the coastal trade. As relatively little research relates to the coastal sector during this period, it attempts to determine whether or not the coastal experience differed from the rest of the shipping industry. It uses the Welsh coal trade as a case study. It concludes that the coastal trade suffered through the same depression as the overseas trade, but as the cargo was often more mundane and the supply-and-demand less likely to fluctuate than overseas trade, their freight rates remained more reliable.
Notes towards a Franco-American Mediterranean “From Below”
Authors: Perl-Rosenthal Nathan
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the day-to-day lives and interactions of seamen and maritime crew within Franco-American shipping at the end of the eighteenth century. It analyses what it considers ‘culturally substantive’ relationships between crew-members, where friendship, language-exchange, and working knowledge of each other's’ maritime and naval systems developed between French and American seamen during the American Revolution and the Franco-American Alliance of 1778. These results come from the study of diplomatic and military records. It clarifies that maritime labour facilitated cultural exchange, and that to view this period as either Atlantic or Mediterranean is too narrow a specification for such an intermingled period of history.