bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Finance, the Rule of Law, and the Courts
Authors: Lamandini Marco , Muñoz David Ramos
Published: February 2024

Chapter 2 illustrates the necessity of law and courts in finance more explicitly by focusing on three fronts. First, legal institutions are essential to explain financial development, as well as its flaws. Very different theories about what institutions can foster (inclusive) development are coincident in signalling the role of law, and incidentally, of courts. Secondly, the role of law is essential in crises, where financial stability is at stake. Contrary to some authors, who argue that in such cases law is somewhat ‘suspended’, we argue that law needs to be central, in order to ensure that any solutions adopted are legitimate, and that the legal measures adopted in a crisis can be sensibly applied once the conditions have changed. Thirdly, crises are but one example of conflicts that cannot be solved by a merely literal application of specific rules or precedents, because these ‘hard cases’ (in Dworkin’s words) present a collision of principles or values, where the role of courts and interpretation is essential.
Courts and Financial Contract Disputes
Authors: Lamandini Marco , Muñoz David Ramos
Published: February 2024

This chapter analyses how courts have dealt with financial contract conflicts. First, the chapter analyses the disputes over the validity of the contract, resulting from problems of the ‘capacity’ to conclude the contract, and the contravention by the contract of mandatory provisions or public policy. Secondly, the chapter analyses the disputes concerning the ‘representations’ made by financial intermediaries to their clients, especially during the marketing stage, including the duties of broker-dealers and financial advisers in the US, the implied duties of transparency of banks during the marketing stage under private law, i.e. absent specific regulatory provisions, and the impact of mandatory provisions that regulate the marketing process, e.g. MiFID rules, or rules on financial advice, in actions under private law, e.g. contract voidness, avoidance, or damages, as well as the challenges when the contract included clauses exempting financial intermediaries from liability, or stating that clients should rely on a specific set of facts. Thirdly, the chapter analyses disputes over the interpretation of financial contracts, e.g. loans or derivatives, including the applicable interpretative standards, the interpretation of events of default, post-default clauses, such as the ‘flawed asset’ provisions under ISDA contracts, or materially adverse change (MAC) clauses.
Conclusion
Authors: Bryant Joan L.
Published: February 2024

The conclusion reflects on the enduring significance of race challenges as the push to cultivate race consciousness came to dominate reform endeavors. It explores how W. E. B. Du Bois and other race men claimed “the color line” as a discursive space from which to promote a collective racial consciousness while continuing to condemn Jim Crow practices that restricted opportunities for Black Americans to live and progress. It explains Alain Locke’s attempt to reconceptualize race and citizenship, with concepts of “social race” and “culture-citizenship” that would foster a New Negro identity. The analysis points to an expanding appreciation for divergent race constructions to explain how the multivocal discourse of race that historian Evelyn Higginbotham explicates became a feature of reform in the early twentieth century. It proposes an alternate conceptualization that to account for the diverse practices of race that yield varied configurations.
Old Heads
Authors: Fields-Black Edda L.
Published: February 2024

This chapter begins with a description of the Combahee River, noting that the black water of the 40-mile-long tidally influenced river was caused by the tannic acid leached from trees lining the floodplains. It discusses the enslaved people’s flight to freedom on the Combahee River and how they were faced with the constant danger of snakes, alligators, and quicksand-like pluff mud. It also highlights Harriet Tubman’s experiences on the Blackwater River, which taught her to read and navigate across a landscape with a group of freedom seekers who were scared, inexperienced, and desperate to secure their freedom. The chapter recounts how the Combahee River became home to the winter country estates of some of South Carolina’s most elite families. It mentions formerly enslaved men and women that testified in the U. S. Civil War Pension about the rice planter families that held them in bondage and exploited their labor.
Stolen Children
Authors: Fields-Black Edda L.
Published: February 2024

This chapter talks about tobacco farmer Atthow Pattison’s bequeathment of Rit Green, Harriet Tubman’s mother, to his granddaughter, Mary Pattison after his death. It explores the typical norm of the time wherein wealthy white Southern girls and women inherit enslaved people who would take care of them, their children, and their homes and would help them maintain the proper station of a lady. It also analyzes Atthow’s motivation to limit Rit Green’s servitude by the Act of 1790, which allowed manumission of enslaved people under age 50 by deed or will. The chapter recounts the “abroad marriage” of Tubman’s parents as they were enslaved by two different slaveholders, which eventually ended in separation as Rit’s slaveholder decided to move away. It points out Tubman’s refusal to learn how to weave and to be forced to live and work in close proximity with white folks as her first acts of rebellion.
Freedom Seekers
Authors: Fields-Black Edda L.
Published: February 2024

This chapter talks about the enslaved men, women, and children that faced the auction block on Maryland’s Eastern Shore in the second quarter of the 19th century. It describes the enslaved people that were auctioned off and marched through town on a slave coffle, bound by ropes around their necks, staples around their arms, and driven by the whip. It also highlights Eliza Brodess’ decision to put Harriet Tubman and her brothers up for sale, forcing them to face a bleak prospect of either being sold as slaves for life out-of-state or running away and facing starvation, exposure, wild animals and slave catchers. The chapter recounts how certain slaveholders sometimes explicitly threatened those they held in bondage with sale to slave traders from the South. It considers running away as a heart-breaking decision for enslaved people as they would leave behind family members that would almost certainly be sold away as slaves for life.
Beaufort’s Boatmen
Authors: Fields-Black Edda L.
Published: February 2024

This chapter discusses Blacks in Beaufort and on the Sea Islands that were suspicious of whites and their motives, noting how looting by Union soldiers from refugees reinforced their fears. It highlights the requirement of cotton agents, superintendents, and Special Treasury Agents for refugees to till the soil under their supervision after the Sea Island crop was harvested. It also mentions northern abolitionists that were well informed about the refugees’ condition through the relief committees and determined that Harriet Tubman was needed in Port Royal. The chapter recounts Adams Gillmore, who engineered the fortification of Tybee Island by building artillery batteries on mud flats. It highlights the capture of Fort Pulaski on April 11, 1862, which was a second victory for the Union and solidified its control of the Atlantic Coast south of Charleston.
“Great Sufferers”
Authors: Fields-Black Edda L.
Published: February 2024

The chapter recounts the profound fall-out from the Combahee River, which threatened the whole grainery of the State. It considers Colonel James Montgomery and other officers of the Second South Carolina Volunteers and Third Rhode Island battery as foreign officers who violated international law governing the conduct of one sovereign nation, the United States of America, toward another, the Confederate States of America. It also points out how Montgomery’s war on private citizens was subversive of the rules and customs of war, dating back to the Crusades. The chapter talks about the white commanders and Black soldiers that had broken the state laws of South Carolina and would be executed as insurrectionists and traitors to the state if caught. It cites Captain John F. Lay’s official report on the Confederate Army on how they were mortified and humiliated by a parcel of negro wretches calling themselves soldiers and degraded whites.
Closed His Eyes
Authors: Fields-Black Edda L.
Published: February 2024

This chapter explores the wide chasm between the federal government’s promises when it came to land redistribution and freedpeople’s extravagant expectations. It considers land ownership as the last phase of the Port Royal Experiment, which was associated with the height of manliness and civilization and was the phase that freedom seekers attempted to control. It also discusses the March 1863 pre-exemption land sales and General William T. Sherman’s Special Field Order No. 15 that set aside 400,000 acres of confiscated land for the settlement of formerly enslaved people. The chapter details how General Rufus Saxton had resettled 20,000 people on 100,000 acres of confiscated lands, noting the freedom seekers from the islands and the mainland that flocked to the all-Black colonies. It mentions President Andrew Johnson, who pardoned former Confederate planters and restored their property after Abraham Lincoln’s assassination.
The Changing Landscape of Cancer Treatment
Authors: Ko Heidi , Chang Eric , Canola Marcela Mazo , Tao Zoe , Hughes Daniel , Nelson Krista , Siegel Timothy
Published: February 2024

This chapter reviews the changing landscape of medical, radiation, and surgical oncology as well as palliative care and how these fields have recalibrated their approach during a pandemic. As cancer survivors live longer, greater attention must be paid in order to understand the long-term impact of survival on both patients and their loved ones. This impact should be considered from a “whole person” perspective. Great disparities exist in screening, access, and treatment affecting diverse populations and the vulnerable poor. The costs of cancer care and resulting financial toxicities are essential issues to be addressed. As cancer survivors live longer, support services should be developed that are tailored to their unique needs. An ideal approach to “whole person” cancer care should be transdisciplinary and trans-specialty.
Equity, Racism, Cultural Competence, and Cultural Humility in Oncology Social Work Practice
Authors: Borden Eucharia , Dunn Jennifer M.
Published: February 2024

Despite significant advancements in research and treatment, cancer continues to be a challenging public health crisis in the United States. Reducing and eliminating health disparities requires on-going efforts and long-term commitment to addressing imbalanced social systems that perpetuate inequities in access to health care. To improve health care access and the quality of care provided to groups that are historically marginalized, it is important to understand how racism within the health care system continues to shape the experiences of populations disproportionately impacted by cancer. Cultural humility incorporates three dimensions: lifelong learning and a commitment to self-reflection and self-evaluation; redressing power imbalances; and institutional accountability. Achieving health equity through implementing cultural humility means building a culture that centers equity. Oncology social workers have an ethical obligation to challenge social injustice; thus, incorporating dimensions of cultural humility into social work practice enriches provider-patient interactions.
Finding Comfort
Authors: Taub Sara , Hussein Kamel , Puzo Victoria , Webb Jason A
Published: February 2024

Pain and symptom management is a fundamental goal of palliative care services for patients with cancer. Cancer itself, cancer treatments, and the toxicities associated with certain treatments often lead to significant decrements in function and quality of life. This chapter describes the role of the interdisciplinary palliative care team in tending to the whole person through the lens of a biopsychosocial-spiritual model to assess and manage pain and non-pain-related symptoms. It explores ways oncology and palliative care social workers can integrate their expertise and skills for pain and symptom management in collaboration with other members of the interprofessional care team. It also offers an overview of medical concepts underlying interdisciplinary symptom management and treatment-related toxicities.
Interprofessional Spiritual Care Along the Cancer Care Trajectory
Authors: Mattison Debra , Blackburn Sandra , Brady Christopher
Published: February 2024

This chapter solidifies the relevance and importance of intentionally and effectively addressing spirituality as a multifaceted, diverse aspect of biopsychosocial spiritual assessment in oncology and palliative care social work. A contextual literature review considers the diverse definitions of spirituality and its differentiation from religion. Ethical principles and patient-preference regarding integration of spirituality into care are presented. Awareness that diverse patients experience spirituality in diverse ways ranging from a source of strength and hope to a source of conflict and harm is noted. Practical applications regarding assessment questions, tools and techniques are provided along with spirituality-focused intervention frameworks and clinical examples. Interprofessional practice (IPP) recognizes the value of collaborative teamwork in recognizing and validating patients’ spirituality. The chapter closes with a call for social workers to self-reflect on their own spiritual history, beliefs and biases in order to initiate, engage, and respond to spirituality as an essential component of holistic practice.
Palliative and Hospice Care at the End of Life
Authors: Newell Jamie , Broussard Stephanie
Published: February 2024

The chapter provides a comprehensive overview of palliative care for patients with advanced cancer. Embedding palliative care concurrently into oncologic care adheres to best practices by addressing symptom management, providing greater support for patients and families, and launching earlier discussions of advance care planning to elicit goals of care and prioritize values. Clinicians can support patients and families in meaning making as they cope with serious illness and prepare for end of life. There are several models of palliative care, with services available in multiple settings. Comprehensive palliative care treats total pain, including physical, emotional, spiritual, and existential suffering. The provision of appropriate palliative care to all populations requires cultural humility and accountability. Oncology and palliative care clinicians must continually strive to engage marginalized communities more effectively in order to deliver trauma-informed, holistic treatment.
How Technology Is Transforming Oncology and Palliative Care
Authors: Wong Michael , Cincotta-Eichenfeld A. J , Messner Carolyn , Jadhav Sunita
Published: February 2024

The pandemic has amplified the economic, occupational, and health inequalities woven into the fabric of the U.S. landscape, making the intersections of social support, health care information sharing, and digital technologies more relevant, when barriers in access systematically prevent many populations from finding support. Technology enables patients and their loved ones to access state-of-the-art information from cancer organizations offering telephone consultation, webcasts, and podcasts with expert and compassionate leaders in oncology and palliative care. Telehealth can flatten disparities by extending care to those who are housebound or unable to travel; providing easier, cheaper, and less time-consuming access to patients who live farther from care facilities; and increasing access to health care for underserved populations. With newer technology of webinars and Zoom calls, these programs have transformed patients’, caregivers’, and health care professionals’ access to information from experts in oncology and palliative care on the telephone and online.
The Road Less Traveled
Authors: Edwards Korie Little , Kim Rebecca Y.
Published: February 2024

Each pastor has their unique story and journey that led them to where they are as heads of multiracial churches. There is indeed variation across their stories. They have their own experiences with family and friends. They come from different parts of the United States and even from around the world. They go to this or that college or seminary. They have their own childhood church experiences. Yet all this happens within a broader context where they make choices about their lives. Those choices are out of an array of opportunities available to them. Their experiences, where they grew up, where they went to school, where they go to college or seminary, whom they befriend and marry, all are happening within a broader structure that guides them in ways beyond them. This chapter highlights these common patterns across the varied stories of how pastors came to lead multiracial churches.
White Pastor Privilege
Authors: Edwards Korie Little , Kim Rebecca Y.
Published: February 2024

This chapter examines the experiences of white pastors who head multiracial congregations. Heading a multiracial congregation is challenging for them. No matter who you are, creating a racially and ethnically diverse religious community in a society that is as highly racialized and segregated as the United States is challenging. There is an emotional toll associated with trying to bring people together from different racial and ethnic backgrounds into a single community regardless of whether that person is a white pastor or a pastor of color. However, the difference between white pastors and pastors of color is that white pastors do not experience any problems or disadvantages specifically associated with being white. Instead, white pastors have white privilege—the various unearned assets that go along with being white in a white-normative and white-dominant society. The chapter unravels the basic components of this white pastor privilege and how it advantages white pastors in their role as head clergy of multiracial congregations. The chapter then discusses what white pastors are doing or not doing with this privilege and why.
Agency Needs and Need Deprivation
Authors: Müller Veronika , Gries Thomas
Published: February 2024

In Chapter 5 we explore why individuals strive to develop and exploit their potential, think positively about themselves, and make autonomous decisions. We seek to understand how a high (and stable) self-esteem, and the conviction that one leads a self-determined life can significantly contribute to psychological well-being, as well as how the perception of mastery and self-efficacy can enhance subjective resilience. In this regard, we also explore the factors that can hinder the formation of a positive self-concept (i.e., factors that deprive individuals of serving their agency needs). Depriving individuals of the possibility to develop a positive self-view, to lead a meaningful and self-determined life, and to achieve goals can lead to unsuccessful coping, which in extreme cases can result in aggression and violence.
Belief Systems and Ideologies as Psychological Need Reconciliation
Authors: Müller Veronika , Gries Thomas
Published: February 2024

Chapter 6 discusses in general terms how ideologies can serve individuals’ human needs by portraying how ideologies, irrespective of their left or right political inclination, provide a mental framework that has palliative and ontological functions. This means that ideologies offer individuals alternative interpretations and explanations of reality that allow them to understand and evaluate the social, economic, and political systems. Having consistent, predictable narratives and beliefs that explain and restore order to a complex world and that assist individuals as to how to perceive and make decisions generates a sense of meaning in life. Hence, all ideologies can be understood as mental meaning-making systems that vary in content and demand. These variations of ideologies address different human needs and preferences so that individuals adopt ideologies that tend to “best” address their underlying needs and preferences. We also include the impact of personality traits on ideological orientation.
Extremist Organizations
Authors: Müller Veronika , Gries Thomas
Published: February 2024

While Parts I and II describe ideological choices from an individual perspective, Part III—in particular, Chapters 8, 9, and 10—explore the functioning of ideologies from a collective, group-based perspective. We ask questions about how are ideologically oriented groups organized and managed? Are there differences in networking and the organizational structure between secular (mafia), left-wing, right-wing, and religious radical groups? Why is it even necessary to consider groups’ distinct organizational forms? The organizational structure of different ideologies differs in various ways. By providing real-life examples and empirical evidence (where available), we show that the organizational form of a particular ideological group can also address certain human needs. In other words, individuals join groups not only because of their ideology but also because of their distinct organizational form.
Extremist Organizations
Authors: Müller Veronika , Gries Thomas
Published: February 2024

Chapter 9 describes how radical groups and organizations use ideologies to recruit and mobilize individuals. Here we look at the specific recruitment and mobilization strategies and techniques of traditional mafia organizations, followed by right-wing, left-wing, and religious extremist groups and organizations. Social media and the internet play a major role here, not only as an instrument for communication and propaganda, but also as a viable source for recruitment and mobilization. This allows us to understand the different forms of ideologization—the political and religious belief systems that are not only used for strategic or political reasons, but that also operate on a psychological and social level. This implies that individuals may join ideological groups without feeling an intrinsic commitment to the beliefs and ideas involved.
Introduction: The Opportunity of a Generation
Authors: Katz Richard
Published: February 2024

The Introduction summarizes the book’s main argument: that Japanese economic recovery requires a new generation of entrepreneurs, like the ones that created Japan’s postwar economic miracle. Fortunately, indigenous trends are pushing in that direction. Culture is not the obstacle that some claim it is. Japan created an entrepreneurial society before and can do so again. Globalization is helping; an inordinate number of today’s new entrepreneurs have worked or studied overseas or have worked for a foreign firm. The number of new entrepreneurs is still small, but a mere doubling of founders of new employers from 2% of adults to 4% could make a huge difference. The consequences of today’s stagnation are hiking political pressure for a real solution. Without a productivity revolution, unleashed by innovative new companies, large parts of Japan’s population will continue to suffer declining living standards. This danger is exacerbated by the demographic crunch of aging, which translates into fewer workers to support every retiree.
Who Doesn’t Get to Become an Entrepreneur?
Authors: Katz Richard
Published: February 2024

One of the reasons Japan has so few entrepreneurs is that certain sections of society are de facto excluded. First, older people start fewer new growth-oriented businesses, and Japan is aging. One consequence of aging is that it takes longer for younger people to become managers, and most successful new entrepreneurs have had some managerial experience. A second factor is the dearth of early-stage finance. Unless would-be founders are already rich, they cannot invest enough to start big enough. Those firms that don’t start big enough are less likely to survive. Even if they do survive, they won’t grow as well. Third, women face even higher obstacles than men, from a lack of managerial opportunities at traditional companies to greater difficulty in getting loans from banks. In Japan, there are just two female entrepreneurs for every 10 men, the biggest gender gap among rich countries.
Overcoming the Recruitment Obstacle
Authors: Katz Richard
Published: February 2024

Changes in generational attitudes and gender relations are reducing what had long been a huge obstacle to new company growth: the difficulty in recruiting talented, experienced staff and managers. Under the lifetime employment system, once employees had worked for a company for five years, most would continue working there for decades. This pattern was reinforced by company policy: a design engineer leaving Toyota to work at a startup would not be hired by another top manufacturer, let alone a different automaker, if that startup failed. That made joining a startup too risky. In today’s labor shortage, an increasing share of talented people, especially those in their twenties and thirties, are switching jobs in large numbers. As a result, the percentage of firms impelled to accept mid-career hires almost doubled from just 35% in 1994 to 70% in 2019, even at large firms. Meanwhile, women who are denied promotion opportunities at traditional firms are flocking to startups.
The Importance of Being Global
Authors: Katz Richard
Published: February 2024

In every country where economic reform has succeeded, globalization has been pivotal. It provides fresh ideas and reduces the power of local vested interests. In some areas, like international trade and foreign investment in the stock market, Japan’s globalization has increased remarkably. In all too many areas, it still lags. Out of 196 countries, Japan ranked dead last in the ratio of cumulative inward foreign direct investment to GDP. Relatively few CEOs in leading companies have had overseas managerial experience. Very few Japanese scientists work overseas or cooperate on papers with scientists from other countries. The United States has a national security interest in Japan’s return to economic vibrance, and US civil society can help, more so than Washington. Some will come from companies and financiers in the form of foreign direct investment, and technological linkages among companies, as well as financial investments by venture capital, private equity funds, and stock market investors. Universities can help by cooperating on entrepreneurial programs.
The Values of Japan’s Postwar Political Economy
Authors: Katz Richard
Published: February 2024

Japan’s politics enshrines certain core values, such as equality, opportunity, security, and social cohesion. How these values are translated into policies determines whether they promote or undermine growth. In the high-growth era, growth and those values reinforced each other. Nor was there much need for a government-funded social safety net to protect those falling on hard times. An adverse shift began in the late 1970s in response to the abrupt halving of economic growth following two oil price shocks. The country’s leaders slowed down creative destruction in the name of social stability. The country now needed a government-funded social safety net for working-age people, but it refused to fund it on the pretext that the budget was in crisis. Instead, it made a worker’s current job at his current company the prime backup. That led to voter pressure to prop up zombie firms even at the cost of abandoning equality and security, while turning 40% of the workforce into low-wage laborers.
Japan Can Do It, But Will It?
Authors: Katz Richard
Published: February 2024

If France, considered an anti-entrepreneurial country 25 years ago, can change, why not Japan? The immediate answer is that the measures applied in Japan have not been as well designed and executed as those in France. And the reason for this is that, on economic issues in Japan, so many interest groups have veto power that inertia is often the victor. The common complaint is: Everyone knows something must be done, experts know what to do, but no one actually does very much. But that ignores the many exceptions where political pressures have led to substantial change, though admittedly not enough. Japan’s tragedy is that the country need not change that much to set recovery into motion. For example, the payoff from some of the tax incentives proposed here would be very impactful while causing little disruption. Reform and revival remain an uphill climb, but the positive drivers are the most powerful they’ve been since the lost decades began in 1990.
Building a Monopoly of Force
Authors: Angelo Paul J.
Published: February 2024

Chapter 7 argues that Colombia’s highly centralized security sector enabled the expeditious adoption of Plan Colombia programming and the top-down implementation of security sector reform. In contrast, the bureaucratic division among security providers in Mexico’s federal system complicated efforts to standardize conduct and policies across the security sector during the Mérida Initiative. In Mexico, the absence of a single chain of command, the lack of intragovernmental coordination mechanisms, and the prevalence of corruption contributed to inefficiency and parochialism. This made it difficult for the Mexican government to mount an effective, consolidated response to the growing threat posed by organized crime groups. Despite the decentralization of political power in Colombia with the 1991 Constitution, the national executive’s continued control over the security sector and its concentration in a single ministry minimized the interference of subnational spoilers, which derailed federal-led security sector reform in Mexico.
Introduction and Exposition
Authors: Egeler Matthias
Published: February 2024

This chapter introduces both the theories and the empirical material that are explored in the book. Its first part gives an introduction to main theories and concepts that play a role throughout the discussion, including “religion,” “the supernatural,” “landscape,” “place,” “space,” and “home,” with particular focus on the different ways these have been conceptualized by classic theorists. Its second part introduces the Strandir region of the Icelandic Westfjords, which serves as the empirical case study with which current and classic theorizing is brought into dialogue. It describes the basic geographical setting of Strandir; religious, economic, and cultural contexts; and the main sources used in the discussion, as well as how the investigation relates to well-established local cultural interests.
Therapy Participation and Adherence
Authors: Bechtold Kathleen T. , Fangman Joe
Published: February 2024

The rehabilitation process is a series of integrated, therapeutic interventions aimed at improving physical, cognitive, emotional, and life functioning that is shepherded by a wide range of clinicians. Therapeutic engagement is a multiphase process that when understood can help rehabilitation clinicians to tailor the therapeutic interactions and treatment plan development to address many of the treatment challenges that can affect engagement and treatment adherence. Rehabilitation professionals can promote therapeutic engagement and treatment adherence through applying the motivational interviewing (MI) spirit and skills during interactions. Through this approach to communication, patients, family members, and fellow team members can be guided to truly engage in the rehabilitation process, resulting in the best possible outcomes that are meaningful to the patient. In this chapter, the MI skills will be reviewed, evoking and scaling questions will be introduced, and case examples will highlight application of these MI skills and tools to promote therapeutic engagement.
Rehabilitation Team Dynamics
Authors: Markley Emily , Grenoble Ruth
Published: February 2024

This chapter discusses the makeup and interactions of the experts who are in a typical rehabilitation team. Teams may include certain rehabilitation-focused disciplines, although roles and responsibilities may be setting-specific. Common challenges within a rehabilitation team setting include communication style differences, variety in value systems, patient misconceptions around team leadership structure, misconceptions around overlapping competencies, and team misalignment. Motivational interviewing (MI) helps navigate these challenges. Partnership, acceptance, compassion, and empowerment are all foundational aspects of MI spirit that can support teams. The MI spirit and MI skills, including open-ended questions, affirmations, reflections, and summaries, are illustrated in two team case examples. Working within an interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary team allows for patients to receive comprehensive expert care across multiple disciplines. When individual team members use MI with colleagues, the team will be able to deliver the highest-quality patient-centered care.
Substance Use
Authors: Choflet Amanda , Rikard Jennifer
Published: February 2024

Substance abuse or risky substance use can pose barriers to patient engagement in rehabilitation and functional improvements. This chapter discusses barriers to assessing and treating substance abuse or risky substance use in rehabilitation and describes the use of Motivational Interviewing as a helpful approach. Provider, patient, and system barriers are reviewed. Motivational interviewing (MI) was first described as a treatment approach as a result of unexpected positive outcomes in patients with substance use issues. This chapter describes how MI and screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment approaches can be used to address these barriers to substance use assessment and treatment. It uses two case examples which demonstrate rehabilitation professionals using MI spirit and skills in this context.
Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Jacocks Connie , Mascareñas Wendling Kristen
Published: February 2024

This chapter presents the rationale for use of motivational interviewing (MI) with individuals with cognitive impairment in the rehabilitation setting, including adaptations of the MI spirit and skills to meet the needs of this specific population. Cognitive impairments (speed of processing, attention, memory, language skills, visuospatial processing, executive functions) and neurobehavioral challenges (impulsivity, agitation, apathy, reduced insight and awareness) are prevalent in rehabilitation settings and affect engagement in rehabilitation and treatment, as well as psychosocial outcomes and community reintegration. A clinician can more effectively work with these patients by using MI-consistent strategies for self-monitoring and infusing the interaction with the MI spirit in order to promote optimal patient outcomes. Cognitive strategies can be useful to help convey MI concepts and guide intervention such as visual/written supports, repetition/review, and simplification of content. Case examples are presented with reflection/discussion questions to aid in learning and understanding of this topic.
Biophysical models of the membrane potential and ionic currents
Authors: Destexhe Alain , Sejnowski Terrence J.
Published: February 2024

This chapter focuses on biophysical models of the membrane potential and ionic currents. It elaborates on the experimental basis for how ion channels establish membrane excitability. Hodgkin-Huxley models of ion channels and Markov kinetic models are types of kinetic equations concerning modelling macroscopic ionic currents from large populations of ion channels. Both types of models belong to the general family of kinetic models for which state diagrams represent the transitions between different states of the ion channel. The Hodgkin-Huxley model captures the essential features of many macroscopic currents in neurons and is used to model the currents found in thalamic and cortical neurons. Meanwhile, Markov models precisely describe the modelling of single channels.
Building a New Economy
Authors: Whittaker D. Hugh
Published: February 2024

Building a New Economy is about coordinated public and private sector attempts to navigate Japan out of deflation through digital and green transformation (DX and GX), along a path which avoids Big Tech market oligopoly on the one hand, and an overbearing state on the other. Focusing on the years since 2015, it examines a series of mission-oriented reforms, from Society 5.0 and Green Growth Strategy to ‘new form of capitalism’ and ‘rebuilding the middle class’, encompassing both innovation and governance, and firm-level and policy-level insights. It describes the revival of the adaptive developmental state, and DX and GX which recombine parts of the postwar economic model with new institutional features addressing contemporary challenges, which include demographic shrinkage and ageing, external energy dependence and geopolitical turbulence, and the legacies of Japan’s ‘lost decades’. The book builds on an evolutionary framework of states-and-markets, organizations-and-technology, and institutional change. The reforms are not always institutionally coherent, in fact three clusters or ‘spirits’ of contemporary Japanese capitalism are identified, which pull in different directions, but can also be seen as a means of overcoming institutional stasis through ‘controlled dis-equilibrium’. Similar tensions can be seen in the innovation system. The cautiously optimistic book looks beyond ‘lost decades’ pessimism and deflation-countering Abenomics to how Japanese economic and policy actors are re-orienting the economy around contemporary and future innovation and institutional challenges.
Changes in Retirement Savings during the COVID Pandemic
Authors: Derby Elena , Goodman Lucas , Mackie Kathleen , Mortenson Jacob
Published: February 2024

The chapter documents changes in retirement saving patterns and measures retirement savings contributions and withdrawals at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, using a large panel of US tax data, including tens of millions of person-year observations. It finds several important changes in retirement savings patterns during the pandemic relative to prior years, and compares these results to changes in savings patterns during the Great Recession. Results show that, unlike during the Great Recession, individuals’ contributions to retirement savings vehicles did not meaningfully decline. Additionally, driven by the suspension of required minimum distribution rules, individual retirement account (IRA) withdrawals substantially declined in 2020 for those older than age 72. Finally, likely due to the partial suspension of the early withdrawal penalty, employer-plan withdrawals increased for those under age 60.
Judaism and Migration
Authors: Ben-Nun Gilad
Published: February 2024

This chapter explores Judaism’s dualistic approach towards migration and diaspora. As a people whose embrace of monotheism gradually took form some three millennia ago, Jewish identity has been inextricably linked to the migration. In turn, Judaism also formulated some of the earliest conceptions later adopted more broadly in migration studies’ vocabulary. Pursuant to their repeated traumas of persecution and exile, Jews also emerged as the social group that initially experienced state -hospitality, minority protections, and refugee rights—concepts that they later helped to universalize under modern international law. The re-emergence of Jewish sovereignty in Israel, since 1948, has also been associated with migration, albeit one which has intertwined with the forced uprooting of Palestinians from that same land. The chapter concludes with a retrospective view of Judah Halevi’s medieval vision of Judaism’s dualistic relation to migration, and the perennial duality in Judaism’s approaches towards the settlement of Jews in their native land of Israel, as opposed to their significant continued presence abroad.
The Evolution of Tourism since the 19th Century
Authors: James Kevin J.
Published: February 2024

The chapter provides an overview of the evolution of tourism from the 19th-century expansion of ‘leisure’ time and the subsequent establishment of modern tourism structures and novel actors in the industrializing countries of the UK, Western Europe, and the United States, to the sector’s global expansion during the 20th and early 21st centuries. It highlights, on the one hand, the various factors driving change, notably the development of transport technologies, while stressing the persistence and adaptability of certain crucial actors, most notably the travel agent, and certain ways of travelling, such as the earlier Grand Tour, which have engendered more recent versions of similarly ‘curated’ and personalized travel. It also points to the development of a largely association-based governance system, which reached the international level after World War II. The chapter begins with an overview of debates in the relevant literature about the nature of the ‘industry’ and whether tourism warrants the use of this term, which is questioned by the more critical scholarship, although it remains common among applied researchers and promoters of tourism trying to stress its economic importance.
Algorithmic Text Analysis
Authors: Gross Justin , Nestor Dana
Published: February 2024

Algorithmic analysis of “text as data” has proliferated throughout academic research over the past decade, offering the opportunity to examine ever-larger and more diverse collections of documents, address more complex issues, and incorporate underrepresented voices into social science inquiry. Drawing from a new survey of twelve top political science journals, this chapter discusses how current methods address a multitude of questions—pointing to what their structural assumptions and fundamental characteristics imply about their insight into latent constructs and meanings. Particular consideration is paid to the mismatch between the objective orientation of computational methods and subjective nature of social scientists’ contextual, situated inquiry. Finally, the chapter looks into areas of potential expansion that would allow these algorithmic methods to enhance concept and discourse analysis, further advancing an interpretive and inclusive understanding of political communication.
Income Inequality and Government’s Attention to Racial and Ethnic Minority Policies
Authors: Mackey Amber , Gillion Daniel
Published: February 2024

As the boundaries for racial and ethnic groups are contested and dynamic, it is critical that scholars pay attention to the measurements and methodologies deployed in this research. Overreliance on a few measurements or methods can easily mask disparate inequalities across racial groups. Without an adequate diversity of methods, many critical questions about racial groups and racial policies would be labeled as “unanswerable” and many inequalities would remain understudied. This chapter seeks to acknowledge some of the pitfalls concerning methods and measurement when researching racial inequalities. After examining the shortcomings of the past, the chapter discusses several ways to improve our measurements. This chapter does not seek to argue that some approaches are superior to others, but rather it argues that a plurality of measurements and methodological approaches will strengthen political science research on racial groups and racial policies.
“Insiders” and “Outsiders” in Field Research
Authors: Schwartz-Shea Peregrine , Yanow Dvora
Published: February 2024

Claims to knowledge rest on epistemological presuppositions concerning the “know-ability” of what is being studied, together with ontological ones concerning its reality status. Intertwined with those presuppositions are assumptions about the import of researchers’ physical proximity to and emotional entanglement with the researched for generating knowledge. Three pairs of terms capture these ideas: emic/etic, experience-near/experience-distant, insider/outsider. A classically positivist methodological formulation posits distance as an epistemological advantage, enabling objectivity, and nearness as potentially fostering subjective bias. Interpretivist methodological understandings challenge this formulation, appreciating what researcher distance and nearness can each contribute to knowledge generation. Yet interpretations of each of the pairs often mislead in what they convey about knowledge generation during fieldwork. The ideas that inform them and the work each pair does with respect to knowledge generation are analyzed. Additional attention to the insider/outsider pair in field-based team research reveals particular dangers of reifying presumed knowledge.
Open Innovation in Large Companies
Authors: Chesbrough Henry
Published: February 2024

Open Innovation (OI) was initially explored in large companies. It was examined as an alternative to internal R&D, such that internal research would have different paths to market (inside-out OI) and business units would have different sources of innovation inputs (outside-in OI). In the past 20 years, though, the innovation models inside large companies have evolved, where engagement with startup companies, universities, and accelerators has become more pronounced. This chapter describes the state of Open Innovation processes in large companies today, and outlines some of the challenges that large companies face in using open innovation. The chapter concludes that there can be no single set of “best practices” for Open Innovation in large companies.
Open Innovation Theories
Authors: Sun Yao , Majchrzak Ann , Malhotra Arvind
Published: February 2024

This chapter reviews open innovation theories from the perspectives of collaboration dynamics, socio-technical affordances, and governance approaches. The theories suggest that successful open innovation results from the online crowd’s stigmergic self-organization, robust action, and coopetition. Socio-technical systems afford successful open innovation through supporting knowledge collaging, knowledge interlacing, and purposeful deliberating. Accordingly, research on open innovation is evolving from focusing on solving constrained problems with traditional distant search to studying large-scale crowd-based collective knowledge sharing and co-creation to tackle grand challenges that are broadly defined and of ample scope. Implications for future open innovation research on managerial actions that maximize the novelty and implementability of crowd-generated solutions as well as on crowds’ cognitive and behavioral variations are discussed.
The Soteriologies of Buddhist Tantrism
Authors: Sinclair Iain
Published: February 2024

Tantric Buddhist practices, often regarded as transgressive or liminal, diverge from the sedate ways of the monastic establishment and the bodhisattva ideal of selfless altruism. The reconciliation of these quite different paths to enlightenment is one of the landmark intellectual projects of late Buddhism. Tantrism was conceived as a way (naya) or vehicle (yāna) leading to awakening that could be followed alongside monastic or bodhisattva religiosity in spite of its antinomian tendencies. The eradication of conceptuality (vikalpa) is one common goal that was especially suited to tantric methods, although views differed on the compatibility of these methods with Buddhist norms. The soteriology of Buddhist tantrism was developed over generations by members of the monastic community, such as Śāntarakṣita and deutero-Āryadeva; by non-monastic yogīs such as Indrabhūti and Padmavajra; and by adepts who had practised both monasticism and tantrism, such as Jñānapāda, Atiśa and Advayavajra.