bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Objectivity, Intersubjectivity and the Moral Point of View
Authors: Sellars Wilfrid
Published: August 2023

Sellars aims in this essay (a) to demonstrate that the moral “ought” expresses a specific kind of intention, and (b) to demonstrate the objectivity and intersubjectivity of the moral point of view. Sellars demonstrates that we can and do reason among intentions in means-ends reasoning, but that such individual intentions lack crucial features of the moral “ought.” Sellars introduces we-intentions as a solution to this problem. He then argues that there is an intrinsically reasonable we-intention (It shallwe be the case that our general welfare is maximized); other moral we-intentions are categorically reasonable if they are validly derivable from this former intention. The moral point of view is the point of view of rational beings generally; and the moral “ought” is fully intersubjective: Moral judgments apply to all rational beings, can contradict each other, are capable of truth and falsity, and there is a decision procedure which can establish the truth of a given moral judgment.
Fatalism and Determinism
Authors: Sellars Wilfrid
Published: August 2023

Incompatibilists maintain that if determinism is true, then our view of ourselves as free and responsible agents is false. In response to the incompatibilist challenge, Sellars defends a reconciliationist compatibilism, which relies upon his distinction between the scientific and the manifest images. On Sellars’s view, we understand human action through our encounters with rational agents’ behaviors in the manifest image and its framework of intentions and volitions. Determinism cannot find a home in that context; in fact, determinism is not true in the manifest image. Then, after formally defining manifest-image action concepts such as “has the ability” and “is able to,” Sellars argues that determinism is compatible with one having the ability to do otherwise in the sense that one is capable of willing otherwise and, crucially, willings are not doings. The incompatibilist’s response inevitably involves abandoning the manifest image’s framework and appealing to complex scientific explanations of human action. However, rather than explain human action, this move makes it unintelligible.
Reflections on Contrary-to-Duty Imperatives
Authors: Sellars Wilfrid
Published: August 2023

Sellars is responding to Roderick Chisholm’s paradox of deontic logic, as laid out in the latter’s article “Contrary-to-Duty Imperatives and Deontic Logic.” Chisholm argues that deontic logic, if interpreted along the lines of standard propositional or modal logics, produces contradictions and other paradoxical results. Sellars introduces restrictions on his deontic logic in order to avoid the derivation of contradictory or paradoxical conclusions.
Phase 4
Authors: Ellis Steven J. R. , Emmerson Allison L. C. , Dicus Kevin D.
Published: August 2023

Phase 4 saw the continued expansion of the properties and of the discernible activities taking place within them. Through the first century bce and into the earliest years of first century ce, the construction of new properties filled out the northern parts of each insula, bringing both to the basic forms they would maintain up to the eruption of 79 ce. During this period, the buildings were dedicated to distinctly industrial functions. At the rear of one property in Insula VIII.7, for instance, a tannery comprising four sunken cylindrical tanks was installed. Other properties featured the rectangular plaster-lined tanks that were used to hold fermenting fish for the production of garum; these were most common in the street-front rooms, along the facades of the buildings. The evidence demonstrates that these properties were, from their outset, more than residential spaces for the occupants; each took on crucial economic functions as well.
Phase 6
Authors: Ellis Steven J. R. , Emmerson Allison L. C. , Dicus Kevin D.
Published: August 2023

Between the wholesale reorganization of the Porta Stabia neighborhood during the Early Imperial period (Phase 5) and the large-scale repairs that would follow the devastating earthquake of 62/3 ce (Phase 7), few changes to the architecture or functions of the properties were as evident in Phase 6, which concluded with the earthquake of 62/3 ce. A few minor developments were represented by small-scale, piecemeal renovations to architecture. In Insula VIII.7, modifications were relatively inconsequential, for the most part limited to the addition of new floors and the (re)installation of drains in their sub-surfaces. In Insula I.1, changes were slightly more substantial, with the definition of some new rooms in the central and northern properties.
The Porta Stabia Necropolis
Authors: Emmerson Allison L. C.
Published: August 2023

A small group of tombs now stands outside the Porta Stabia, representing what was once a much larger necropolis that was among the most prestigious burial zones in Pompeii. The tombs were uncovered beginning in the nineteenth century and include monuments for some of the city’s most elite families. The necropolis established a display-oriented environment that passersby experienced along with the commercial district inside the gate. The funerary monuments, furthermore, likely were incorporated into a true suburb, standing alongside other structures—shops, apartments, workshops, and villas—that extended the neighborhood of the Porta Stabia beyond the fortification wall.
Plant Strategies
Authors: Laughlin Daniel C.
Published: August 2023

Plants have evolved a remarkable array of adaptive solutions to the existential problem of survival and reproduction in a world where disturbances can be deadly, resources are scarce, and competition is cutthroat. Plants have inherited phenotypic traits that increased their chance of success, and these traits are indicators of strategies for establishment and survival. A plant strategy can be thought of as “how a species sustains a population” (Westoby, 1998, p. 214) because all successful strategies must have positive demographic outcomes in the habitats to which they are adapted. This book aims to articulate a coherent framework for studying plant strategies that unifies demography with functional ecology to advance prediction in plant ecology. Central to this framework are functional traits: the heritable morphological, physiological, and phenological attributes of plants that influence demography and therefore drive fitness differences among species.
Game Theoretical Approaches to Infer Fitness from Traits
Authors: Laughlin Daniel C.
Published: August 2023

Evolutionary game theory becomes a useful (and some would argue, necessary) tool when strategy success depends on what other individuals in the community are doing. The evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) resists an invader with a different strategy that is introduced at low density. That is, the ESS is a peak on a fitness landscape, where alternative strategies have lower fitness and are therefore unsuccessful at invading from low densities. In evolutionary game theory, there are players, strategies, and payoffs. Players are individual organisms, strategies are heritable phenotypes (traits), and the payoff is fitness expressed as the per capita growth rate of a strategy in a given abiotic and biotic environment. Once the demographic parameters of a population model become functions of the focal individual’s trait, the traits in the community, the densities of those that possess those traits, and the environmental conditions, then the population model becomes a game theoretic model. Tall species are adapted to productive sites because the consequences of not keeping up with their neighbors is deep shade and eventual death. Plants produce more leaves, stems, and roots than what is optimal for the most efficient harvesting of required resources for growth because excess tissue production provides a competitive advantage by pre-empting the resources before others obtain them. A combination of empirical approaches and game theoretical approaches is the most promising pathway toward the maturation of plant strategy theory.
Applying Plant Strategies in Conservation and Restoration
Authors: Laughlin Daniel C.
Published: August 2023

Conservation biology and ecological restoration are creative and defiant sciences that express optimism in our ability to right the wrongs that humans have inflicted on biodiversity. Plant strategies are integral to successful conservation and restoration. Conservation is the science of rarity and is applied to prevent species and ecological functions from going extinct. Demographic analyses are needed to identify the demographic rates that are most vulnerable to extinction threats. The concept of species rarity has been generalized to the new concept of functional rarity. Traits can be used to generalize across taxa to assess responses to grazing management as well as assess vulnerability of species to global change drivers to inform conservation actions. Restoration is community reassembly because it manipulates abiotic conditions, the species pool, and the density of non-native competitors. Plant strategies inform predictions of community reassembly and the trajectory of community dynamics and ecosystem functioning over time. Traits influence establishment success in response to different environmental conditions and restoration treatments, and they might be useful to inform species selection to optimize restoration outcomes. Plant strategy theory is directly relevant to invasion ecology and assisted migration. Experimental tests of assisted migration in common garden settings to compare demographic rates across environmental gradients could represent some of the strongest tests of plant strategy theory.
Plant Traits That Promote Growth and Enhance Survival
Authors: Laughlin Daniel C.
Published: August 2023

The classical approach to measuring plant growth rate likened it to compound growth rates of bank accounts, where the rate of increase in plant biomass is proportional to the amount of biomass already present in the plant, implying that plant growth is exponential. It was determined that variation in relative growth rate (RGR) among herbaceous plants was driven by the leaf area ratio (LAR)—and more specifically—specific leaf area (SLA). The classic growth equations are confounded by plant size. While exponential growth may be true for the early stages of growth in herbaceous plants, plants tend to experience reduced RGRs as they approach their maximum size, especially when growing with neighbors. The relationship between SLA and growth rate shifts from positive in seedlings to non-significant in adult plants. Wood density exhibits consistently negative effects on growth rates across ontogeny. The positive relationship between maximum height and growth rate is most significant in adult size classes. The growth–survival trade-off is one of the most well-recognized trade-offs in ecology. Species that grow fast when resources are abundant die when resources are scarce, and species that survive when resources are scarce grow slowly when resources are abundant. Bud banks promote perennation, survival, and longevity. The plant coroner needs to declare that all meristems on an individual plant are dead before they can declare that the plant is dead—a rather tall order.
Plant Traits That Bolster Recruitment
Authors: Laughlin Daniel C.
Published: August 2023

Modeling plant recruitment is hard. Recruitment is often the weakest link in plant population models. If we can successfully integrate traits into our understanding of plant fecundity, then we can fill a critical gap in plant strategy theory. Traits of juveniles and traits of mature plants are decoupled. Seed mass can vary by 10 orders of magnitude globally. There is empirical support that large-seeded species performed better under grazing pressure, in nutrient-poor soils, and when planted deep in the soil or under litter. Some studies also found that large-seeded species perform better when growing in established vegetation, in deep shade, or in dry environments. A trait-filter framework was proposed for identifying traits that are important at each stage of the recruitment process, including seed production, dispersal, germination, emergence, seedling establishment, and clonality. Dormancy drives variable recruitment through time and dispersal drives variable recruitment through space. If we continue to focus most of our research effort into understanding the traits that govern growth and survival at the expense of recruitment, we are missing half of the story. We need to get the fecundity function right.
Introduction
Authors: Schafer Karl
Published: August 2023

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the chapters to follow. In doing so, it focuses on the relationship between two central claims that Kant makes about the relationship between theoretical and practical reason: First, that both are expressions of “one and the same reason”—that is, that reason is essentially unified. And second, that practical reason takes “primacy” over theoretical reason. In doing so, it presents an initial argument for a “unity-first” approach to these questions pursued here, while also outlining the central elements of the account of reason to be developed below.
Practical Reason’s Supreme Principle, the Moral Law, and the Highest Good
Authors: Schafer Karl
Published: August 2023

This chapter turns to the implications of my reading for our understanding of the relationship between the PSR and the supreme principle of pure practical reason—that is, the moral law. The chapter focuses on the two formulations of the moral law that correspond most closely to the “logical maxim” and the “supreme principle”, namely, the Formula of Universal Law (FUL) and the Formula of Humanity (FH). In doing so, it shows how we can construct arguments for both on the basis of the ideas above, while also arguing that this perspective helps to illuminate why Kant’s ethics is not objectively individualistic in the manner it is often claimed to be. The chapter concludes by sketching how this discussion lays the groundwork for a more systematic picture of the relationship between all of the characterizations Kant provides of reason’s fundamental principle, including the “maxims of common understanding”, and briefly discusses the relationship between these ideas and Kant’s conception of highest good.
The Tyabjee Family and Its Akhbar
Authors: Tyabji Salima
Published: August 2023

The focus of this study is the very large extended family that was formed largely by the descendants of two brothers, Tyabjee Bhoymeeah (1803-63) and Faiz Hyder (1805-52), Sulaymani Bohras from Cambay (Khambayat) in Gujarat. Starting off as a small trader, with his family based in Surat, Tyabjee Bhoymeeah had with outstanding resourcefulness and hard work established himself in Bombay by the mid-nineteenth century as a man of property, and of culture. He was a recognized leader of the Muslim community, as well as a close friend of the Governor of Bombay, and a Justice of the Peace. While a pillar of the establishment, Tyabjee was also a man of exceptionally open views. He very quickly recognized the importance of contact with Europe, of acquiring European professional skills, as well as social manners. By virtue of belonging to the small Sulaymani Bohra community which, like other Muslim kinship groups in Gujarat and elsewhere, formed a tightly-knit group that frowned on intermarriage with other Muslims, a family network evolved that encouraged continuous intermarriage between first and second cousins. It was this exclusivity that perhaps led to the tradition of the family akhbar. The special interest of the akhbar lies in the fact that this genre of family house journals seems to be unique to the branch of the Sulaymani Bohra trading community.
Letters from Europe: 1870
Authors: Tyabji Salima
Published: August 2023

Amiruddin Tyabji (1848·1917) was the younqest of the six sons of Tyabjee Bhoymeeah. Like most of his brothers, he entered into the family business after being educated at school and university in England. He may not have been a particularly successful partner in the family business initially, but after his return to India, he became a dearly loved and extremely responsible member of the joint family. These letters were written from Le Havre, France, during 1870, where Amiruddin had been sent at the age of 23 in connexion with the family business, representing the firm of S. Tyabji and Co., which traded extensively with France and China. After a few lonely months, Amiruddin’s irrepressible good spirits and charm soon gave him a position in the society of the town: he became a sought-after young man, invited to balls and dinners, about which he writes home with great vivacity. These letters were written in English. At one level this reflects the extent of anglicization of the men in the family, a trend that was noticeable as early as the 1880s, when the men’s Urdu entries in the akhbar books were markedly more stilted than the women’s, but their English correspondingly fluent. At another level, the writer’s use of this language enables him to tum the view outward-it is the natural medium for one writing from Europe. It makes him open to the world in a way the use of Urdu would have perhaps inhibited.
Kant and the Transformation of Natural History
Authors: Cooper Andrew
Published: August 2023

In this book, Andrew Cooper undertakes the first systematic study of Kant’s account of natural history. He contends that Kant made a decisive contribution to one of the most explosive and understudied revolutions in the history of science: the addition of time to the frame in which explanations are required, sought, and justified in natural science. Addressing a wide range of Kant’s works, Cooper challenges the claim that Kant’s theory of science denies a developmental conception of nature and argues instead that it establishes a method by which natural historians can genuinely dispute historical claims. This method, Cooper argues, can be used to expose serious flaws in Kant’s own historical reasoning, including the formation and defence of his racist views. The book will be valuable to philosophers seeking to discern both the power and the limitations of Kant’s theory of science, and to historians of science working on the fractured landscape of eighteenth-century Newtonianism.
Nature and Art
Authors: Cooper Andrew
Published: August 2023

Historians of science tend to present natural history as the logical and atemporal practice of taxonomy, which persisted undisturbed from the Renaissance to the late eighteenth century. This chapter lays the foundation for an alternative account. It argues that by the end of the seventeenth century, natural history was already perceived as a malleable and contested field that raised epistemological and metaphysical questions regarding the relation between the order of names and the order of things. These questions provide the background against which natural philosophers began to separate two kinds of system: a natural system, which presents the essential divisions between things, and an artificial system, in which things are pragmatically arranged according to human interests. “Natural” and “artificial” came to denote two distinct projects, the former concerned with truth and certainty and the latter with practical intelligibility.
Physical Geography
Authors: Cooper Andrew
Published: August 2023

This chapter presents a new account of living natural products in Kant’s lectures on physical geography. It argues that Kant adopts Buffon’s twofold conception of natural history, which consists of a general theory of nature and a particular account of natural products. Yet in contrast to Buffon, who placed the two parts of natural history on equal epistemic footing, Kant’s physical geography operates as a second, pragmatic level of inquiry. On the higher, formal level, natural history provides a physical account of time and space as an expanding causal sequence. On the lower, pragmatic level, physical geography provides a causal account of particular natural products as developing within a specific place. This two-tiered account solidifies the relation between metaphysics and experience in Kant’s pre-critical philosophy and anticipates the regulative use of reason in the critical philosophy.
From Natural Products to Organized Beings
Authors: Cooper Andrew
Published: August 2023

This chapter considers Kant’s response to Herder and Forster as a case study of how reason’s principles, under the discipline of critique, can be used to make natural history systematic. It argues that in the course of responding to his critics, Kant recognized that the concept of a living natural product bears a tension that threatens the unity of nature as a physical-mechanical system. Qua product, a living natural being is produced within the physical-mechanical conditions of nature. Qua living, it is the producer of itself. His solution required modifications to the conception of judgement presented in the Critique. These modifications undermine the fixity built into his racialized concept of race, opening a wider scope for morphological change than his earlier conception of natural history had allowed.
What Descartes Ought to have Thought about Modality
Authors: Moore A. W.
Published: August 2023

The starting point of this essay is the first section of James Conant’s essay ‘The Search for Logically Alien Thought’, in which Conant discusses Descartes’s views about necessity and possibility. Conant is especially interested in claims that Descartes makes, with respect to propositions that on Descartes’s own conception could not be true, that it would nevertheless be wrong to say that not even God could make them true. It is argued that Descartes ought not to have made these claims. The essay concludes with consideration of one particularly important case where Descartes not only says what (according to this argument) he ought to have said, in contradistinction to these claims, but makes crucial capital out of his entitlement to do so. In an appendix to the essay some of its central claims are clarified. And in a postscript written for the reprint of the essay there is a corrective to a basic misunderstanding of the essay on Conant’s part, exhibited in his published response to it.
Not to be Taken at Face Value
Authors: Moore A. W.
Published: August 2023

This essay first appeared as a contribution to a symposium on Timothy Williamson’s book The Philosophy of Philosophy. Several concerns about the book are expressed, including a concern about what is seen as its scientism. It is argued that we can draw certain distinctions between scientific discourse on the one hand and mathematical or philosophical discourse on the other, despite Williamson’s arguments to the contrary. This in turn gives us licence not to take certain philosophical questions at face value. In particular, it gives us licence not to treat certain philosophical questions involving vague concepts as questions about what those concepts concern, but rather as questions about the concepts themselves or, equivalently, about the workings of associated words. Towards the end of the essay the following moral is drawn: that we sometimes cannot tell the import of a question, nor even whether it is a philosophical question, until after we have reflected on our answer to it.
The Concern with Truth, Sense, et al.—Androcentric or Anthropocentric?
Authors: Moore A. W.
Published: August 2023

In her book Re-visioning Gender in Philosophy of Religion, Pamela Sue Anderson discusses some of my ideas. In particular, she considers my views about a certain kind of philosophical nonsense. She argues that I am not interested in engaging seriously with such nonsense, and that my not being interested in engaging seriously with such nonsense betrays my gender. This essay is a response to Anderson’s discussion. It is argued that she is guilty of certain errors, both exegetical and philosophical. In the course of the argument some issues are raised about what we can aspire to as philosophers. These issues in turn bear on the relation between philosophy and the feminine, between philosophy and the masculine, and between philosophy and the human. Towards the end of the essay it is urged that the third of these relations—the relation between philosophy and the human—is of far greater significance than either of the other two.
From a Point of View
Authors: Moore A. W.
Published: August 2023

This essay first appeared as a critical notice of Derek Parfit’s On What Matters, Volume One and Volume Two. Its focus is Parfit’s repudiation in Volume Two of what he calls ‘naturalism’ about normativity. Parfit distinguishes between two versions of such naturalism: ‘analytic’ naturalism, whereby normative claims can be reduced to naturalistic claims; and ‘non-analytic’ naturalism, whereby any fact that can be stated by some normative claim can be stated by some naturalistic claim. Parfit rejects both. This essay mounts a (limited) defence of the latter. Towards the end of the essay it is argued ad hominem that this defence has a deep affinity with claims that Parfit himself makes in other contexts, and that it signals an irreducibly perspectival take that we have on reality, which in turn signals something fundamental about the human condition.
The Elaborate Book
Authors: Johnston Michael
Published: August 2023

Chapter 2 examines the first newly proposed category of manuscripts—those with the greatest distance between producers and consumers. Most books in this category have forms of decoration known to have been practised by trained book decorators working in centralized locations. The chapter thus begins with an overview of the art-historical evidence for centralized book decoration, and then examines those books in the corpus that most clearly fit this pattern. From there, discussion turns to books with ambiguous evidence vis-à-vis professional, centralized production, examining issues such as pen-flourished initials and marginal illustrations.
The DIY Book
Authors: Johnston Michael
Published: August 2023

Chapter 5 examines the final category of manuscripts: books made by users for their own reading, which I call DIY Books. Evidence for books being copied by their readers can be found in their informal production methods and in provenance evidence suggesting that the scribe lived among the eventual readers of the manuscript. As I demonstrate, both the laity and clergy copied books for their own reading, with numerous examples from The Prick of Conscience, Piers Plowman, and the poetry of John Lydgate. In this chapter, I also examine those manuscripts that, while lacking direct evidence of the scribe’s identity, still present as extremely informal products, suggestive that they were not being made for a commissioner in order to earn a profit.
Skyrme model and related topics
Authors: Yang Yisong
Published: August 2023

This chapter first revisits the classical Klein-Gordon scalar field theory and presents the Derrick and Pohozaev identities to emphasize the dimensionality constraints in classical field theories, that is, that there are no finite-energy static solutions in spatial dimensions beyond two. It next introduces the Skyrme model and indicates how the dimensionality constraints are lifted as a result of extra nonlinearity and how soliton-like field configurations with topological characterizations arise. Afterwards, it conducts a study of knotted solitons in the Faddeev model and its various high-dimensional extensions. It ends with a discussion on Q-balls with a similar feature that the dimensionality constraints are also lifted.
Strings and branes
Authors: Yang Yisong
Published: August 2023

This chapter presents a brief introduction to some classical aspects of relativistic strings and branes, including their action principles and equations of motion. The first part of the chapter reviews the relativistic motion of a free point particle. It then generalizes the discussion to consider the Nambu-Goto strings and branes. The following discussion extends the formalism to the context of branes. It then relates the problem to the minimal surface equations through an equivalence theorem of Calabi. The chapter ends by addressing the Polyakov strings and branes and offers a brief description of the concepts of critical spacetime dimensions.
Canonical quantization of fields
Authors: Yang Yisong
Published: August 2023

This chapter begins its exploration of field quantization with an illustration of how a harmonic oscillator may be quantized, which motivates and preludes the subsequent discussion on canonical quantization, also known as the second quantization. Then it uses the formalism to quantize the Klein-Gordon and Schrodinger equations. Afterwards, goes on to present the quantization of the Maxwell equations, which establishes the celebrated photoelectric effect through a derivation of the Planck-Einstein relation and Compton-Debye formula. Finally, the chapter concludes with a comparison study of the thermodynamic properties of a harmonic oscillator with respect to its classical and quantum-mechanical descriptions.
A Theory of Military Behavior
Authors: Grewal Sharan
Published: August 2023

This chapter outlines the theory of the book, showing that how militaries were treated under autocracy shapes whether they accept democracy. It first theorizes that dictators have two dominant strategies for coup-proofing their militaries: marginalizing or empowering them. It discusses how dictators choose between these two patterns of civil-military relations during the critical juncture of regime formation, and how their decisions tend to become path-dependent. It then shows how the choice to empower or marginalize the military has important implications for its corporate interests, composition, and professionalism. Those factors then shape the military’s behavior during democratization. Empowered militaries are likely to repress mass uprisings and revolutions, and if that fails, to stage coups against new democracies. Transitions with marginalized militaries, by contrast, have an easier time consolidating, but also come with relatively higher risks of incumbent takeovers and civil wars. Overall, the theory shows how different coup-proofing strategies under autocracy create legacies shaping military behavior under democracy.
Conclusion
Authors: Grewal Sharan
Published: August 2023

The concluding chapter extends the book in two directions. First, it examines under what conditions democracy might still be possible with an empowered military. It highlights certain structural factors that can facilitate democratization even in these hard cases, and what role the international community can play in preventing military coups. Second, the chapter explores how to discourage militaries from facilitating incumbent takeovers. It examines the lessons learned from the United States during President Donald Trump’s attempted incumbent takeover in 2020–2021, including January 6. The chapter thus outlines a set of policy recommendations to facilitate democratization tailored to the type of threat each democracy faces.
Invisible victims in a commodified world
Authors: Franko Katja , Goyes David R.
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the pervasive sense of injustice, voicelessness, and re-victimization experienced by victims of drug violence. Using insights from psychology, we identify the longstanding individual and social harms resulting from the victims’ sense of marginalization. We begin the chapter by describing the victim’s search for a voice and for a narrative able to articulate their painful memories and allow them to heal, participate in social memory creation, and commemorate their loved ones with dignity. We present a variety of memorial victim initiatives, including autobiographies, blog entries, lengthy legal proceedings, low-cost documentaries, and oral narratives. We then contrast these attempts to tell stories of victimhood with the layers of silence under which many people directly affected by the violence have buried their stories. For some, talking about the victimizing events is too painful, even after nearly four decades. Other victims have chosen to forget or repress their painful memories and have tried to ‘move on’ with their lives. The chapter explains the magnitude of the impact of narco-shows on victims and Medellín society at large. As Escobar’s ghost continues to haunt the city through numerous commercial practices, the survivors of the violence are left with a sense of a loss of ownership of their story to big media companies, such as Netflix, as well as with a general sense of being silenced and robbed of the possibility of ever forgetting the perpetrator.
‘There are many uncomfortable dynamics in a production’
Authors: Franko Katja , Goyes David R.
Published: August 2023

This chapter outlines the salience of gender and race dynamics in shaping the depictions of violence in narco-shows and its contemporary social consequences for Medellín. The chapter explores how current representations of Medellín’s violent past deepen the oppressive intersection of race and gender. We begin by exploring Escobar’s fascination with notorious figures such as Al Capone and his conscious nurturing of a macho image, clearly seen in his lifestyle replete with the exploitation of women and animals. We also show the gendered nature of Medellín’s narco-violence, in which hitmen and their victims were primarily men, while women were reduced to the role of trophy partners for mafia bosses, mourners, and single parents. By drawing on gender, cultural, and racial stereotypes, and gangsterism, particularly in the postcolonial context, narco-shows link violence to cultural identity. In our analysis of Narcos (content and production), we highlight how the show draws on profoundly gendered and racialized stereotypes that not only glorify male brutality but also portray white agents as saviours. Drawing on interviews with creative actors, producers, and assistants involved in the making of the series we describe how sexism, sexual harassment, and unequal power relations between Colombian and foreign participants were also present in the production process. In the final section, we explore how these gendered and racialized cultural representations exacerbate the real-life gender and racial dynamics in Medellín and potentially shape the identities of generations to come.
The quest for recognition
Authors: Franko Katja , Goyes David R.
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores local strategies of resistance to the global commercial appropriation of Medellín’s history. It describes the dynamics of a campaign launched by the mayor to inspire Medellín to embrace its history and reclaim its memory by challenging the stories imposed by commercial actors. The campaign was most impactful in refurbishing the Museo Casa de la Memoria (House of Memory Museum), the demolition of the Monaco building (one of Escobar’s residences), its efforts to close Casa Museo Pablo Escobar, a museum operated by Escobar’s brother, and in curtailing narco-tours. These initiatives were designed to curb the hyper-visibility commercialism had given to perpetrators, at the expense of the victims. The chapter critically appraises the interplay between the aims of the campaign and the local authorities’ desire for political gain, which further contributes to the feelings of displacement among some victims. The chapter explores how these local attempts to regain control of Medellín’s memory intersected with global narratives about mass atrocities. We show how memory creation in the context of the Holocaust has served as a source of inspiration for the Medellín authorities that, ultimately, remains elusive.
Resolution and Other Crisis Management Tools
Authors: Davis Ronald , Madaus Stephan , Marcucci Monica , Mevorach Irit , Mokal Riz , Romaine Barbara , Sarra Janis , Tirado Ignacio
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the broad range of tools that have been developed to help resolve financially distressed financial institutions. It commences with a discussion of bail-outs, the use of public funds to resolve liquidity and solvency issues, suggesting that while use of public funds is likely to be more highly constrained in the future, there is a limited role for bail-out as one of the tools that can be deployed to resolve financial institution insolvency, if appropriate safeguards are in place. The chapter then turns to the many other tools that have become part of the toolbox of financial supervisors and market participants, exploring how different approaches can benefit different financial institutions depending on their size, capitalization, region, market, and jurisdiction. It considers the benefits and challenges of orderly liquidation, bridge financial institutions, sale of business and merger strategies, asset separation tools, bail-out, bail-in, and deposit insurance and policyholder guarantee funds as features of an effective resolution regime. Facilitating the continuation of critical operations despite a bank’s insolvency is key to the protection of depositors, who need to rely on uninterrupted access to their savings and the continued provision of payment services and other services. Similarly, these tools can ensure continued protection of insurance policy holders, avoiding gaps in coverage of life, health, and property insurance during the period an insurance company is insolvent.
Evagrios
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

In this paper, an attempt is made to discuss the way in which philosophical language from predominantly the Platonic tradition found a home in the Christian language of the Byzantine ascetic tradition. Examples discussed include the use of the Platonic tripartite analysis of the soul as a basis for understanding the life of prayer, and the different valences of the word theologia. At the heart of this is an attempt to understand how the word νοῦς and its cognates came to be used for prayer and the human organ of prayer. Νοῦς, generally translated ‘intellect’, connotes knowing, and it is suggested that the fundamental reason for using this term for what it is in the human that prays is that for Evagrios, endorsed by the subsequent Byzantine ascetic tradition, what is fundamental to prayer is that in it God is known, not just supplicated.
Evagrios on Anger
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

This essay concerns the late fourth-century ascetic and theologian Evagrios, who spent the latter part of his life in the Egyptian desert. Evagrios analyses the difficulties found in praying by means of the eight logismoi, trains of thoughts that hinder or prevent prayer, temptations inspired by demonic attacks. The worst of these is anger, ὀργή. Drawing on Gabriel Bunge’s analysis of anger, this essay explores the various ways in which anger manifests itself as the worst enemy of the soul in prayer. Most of the logismoi are regarded as distracting, but anger occludes the soul and makes prayer impossible, and even makes the soul itself demonic.
‘Truly Visible Things Are Manifest Images of Invisible Things’
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Dionysios the Areopagite became for subsequent Christian thought, both in the Greek East and the Latin West (and also among Armenians and Georgians), determinative for understanding the visible world as disclosing, through visible images, the invisible, spiritual world. The defence of icons by the iconodules—especially John Damascene, but also Theodore the Studite and Nikephoros—contains an appeal to the conceit of the great fourth-century rhetor-preachers of regarding the visual as more immediate, more compelling than mere words, however eloquent. There seems to be a transition from a rhetorical to a visual culture. Dionysios can be seen as playing a fundamental role in this transition: with his characterization of the written text of John’s Gospel as radiance, his emphasis on glory and beauty, his sense of the inadequacy of the conceptual, and his openness to the symbolism of sound and scent, and enthusiasm for the apophatic.
The Holy Spirit in the Theology of St John Damascene
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

An Orthodox accusation against Western spirituality of making the Holy Spirit the ‘great absent One’ might seem applicable to the Damascene, for despite his understanding of the Spirit within the Trinity as ‘proceeding from the Father and resting in the Son’, elsewhere he seems reticent in relation to the Spirit. This is largely due to his preoccupation with Christological heresy where the Spirit was not an issue. Nevertheless, in the Expositio Fidei he sets his Christology in the context of the Divine Economy, in which the Spirit is duly mentioned. Furthermore, he makes much of the Spirit’s role in relation to the Mother of God and to the Sacraments: in both cases the Spirit linked with the doctrine of deification, another elusive doctrine in the Damascene. Perhaps the reason for John’s reticence is not lack of interest, or neglect, but something more akin to awesome reserve.
The Eucharist in the Theology of Fr Sergii Bulgakov
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Bulgakov’s doctrine of the Eucharist grew out of his experience of celebrating the Divine Liturgy. Personal testimonies testify to this, as well as the shape of his ‘little trilogy’ and frequent recourse to liturgical material in his writings. ‘The Eucharistic Dogma’ directly addresses the way Christ is present in the Eucharist, and has a polemical tone, directed against transubstantiation: his positive teaching, that the Eucharistic change is Christological rather than cosmological, is concerned more with Christ’s coming than with his mere presence, is more compelling than his negative criticism of Catholic teaching. Another essay, on ‘The Holy Grail’, is concerned with the significance of the physical blood and water—and sweat—shed by Christ on the Cross, which is in some way natural. This essay relates this to our own attempts to make sense of the natural; as a conclusion David Jones’ wrestling with this is invoked as an example.
The Jesus Prayer and the Theology of Deification in Fr Pavel Florensky and Fr Sergii Bulgakov
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

The intrinsic connection between the Jesus Prayer and deification is proclaimed by the Philokalia, both on the title page and in the introduction. For both Florensky and Bulgakov this connection is taken for granted. Their reflection on both is informed by the philosophy of language, as it had developed, especially in Russian circles, in the nineteenth century, which had stressed the intrinsic link between word and the meaning of a word. To pronounce the name of Jesus, the name of God, was to invoke his deifying presence. Both Florensky and Bulgakov supported the imiaslavtsy, for whom ‘the Name of God is God’. Another central notion is the heart (the Jesus Prayer is also called the ‘prayer of the heart’): bringing the intellect into the heart through prayer reconstitutes the human, restoring the divine image within it, and demands ascetic struggle.
Is Development of Doctrine a Valid Category for Orthodox Theology?
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Jaroslav Pelikan, in whose honour this lecture was given, and who had by then become Orthodox, subtitled his five-volume history of Christian doctrine, ‘A History of the Development of Doctrine’. And yet the notion is rarely used among Orthodox theologians, and when used it is used negatively. The modern use of the notion, especially in theology, goes back to Newman, for whom it designates something that cannot strictly be deduced from early beliefs (and needs an infallible authority to guarantee its authenticity); it was a product of the Enlightenment and Romanticism, two movements of thought that bypassed Orthodoxy. There are notions in Orthodox theology that could accommodate development, notably sobornost′, but the idea of progress, implicit in Newman’s concept, seems to suggest that we have advanced in theological understanding beyond the Fathers. It seems unlikely that any such notion could be acceptable in Orthodox theology.
Pagans and Christians on Providence
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Beginning by contradicting Dodds’ remark about providence playing a similar role in Neoplatonism to predestination and grace in Christian theology, the essay explores the central role of providence in Greek thought, whether pagan or Christian. The Greek doctrine of providence, πρόνοια, is rooted in Plato’s thought, where it is a key doctrine, problems with which are put down either to the inherent lack of perfection in a changeable cosmos or to human choice. After Plato a distinction is made between providence and fate, which Christian thinkers radicalize: providence being affirmed, fate rejected. Nevertheless, Christian debate over providence and fate is in profound debt to pagan thinkers, even if not acknowledged. A key thinker in Christian reflection on providence is Nemesios of Emesa, whose On Human Nature seems to have been rediscovered by Maximos the Confessor and through John Damascene becomes well known in later Greek thought.
Apostolicity and the Apostle Andrew in the Byzantine Tradition
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

In the Church nowadays the association of the Apostle Peter with Rome has been matched by an association of Andrew with Constantinople, with delegates being sent to the sister Church on the patronal festival—a recent development. The history of Andrew’s eventual association with Constantinople has been well told by Dvornik. Nevertheless his interpretation is marred by what might be called a ‘Whig’ interpretation of Church history. Peter’s association with Rome is part of its claim to primacy as the sedes apostolica. Andrew’s association with Constantinople is quite different, never used to support its ecclesial authority. Fundamentally the reason was that Rome could make a unique claim to apostolicity in the Latin West, while in the Greek East apostolicity could make no claim to uniqueness; rather Constantinople’s claim rested on its position in the Roman Empire. Behind this difference lie distinct ecclesiologies—and distinct notions of apostolicity.
Bulgakov and Russian Sophiology
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Although unquestionably inspired by Solov′ev, Bulgakov’s earliest reflection on sophiology grew out of his early academic profession as an economist. Economic activity—the realm of arts and crafts, ploughing, planting, and reaping, cooking, making clothes, building houses and towns—is continuing the work of divine Sophia, the wisdom of God, and extends to include more developed forms of art. Seen as sophianic, in this way, it avoids the danger of treating nature as there for human use and exploitation, and recapitulates stages in Bulgakov’s own return to his ancestral faith. Wisdom therefore constitutes an ‘in-between’, such as were Plato’s forms: an in-between that expresses God’s presence in the created order. For Bulgakov Sophia, in both its uncreated and created forms, is essential for grasping creation as God’s.
The Strategist's Handbook
Authors: Galpin Timothy
Published: August 2023

The Strategist’s Handbook is a collection of the best materials, insights, tools, and templates that comprise the core Strategy course taught in the undergraduate, MBA, executive MBA, and postgraduate diploma programs at the Saïd Business School, University of Oxford. Each of the best practices, pitfalls to avoid, tools, and templates in this book has been field-tested and refined for over three decades while working with for-profit, not-for-profit, and government organizations, across multiple industries around the globe to help them develop and implement their strategies. The guidance and tools can be applied in small, mid-sized, and large organizations, no matter their stage of development. While this is a practical “how-to” book, the tools and approaches presented are based on a solid foundation of well-established theory and extensive research that is also highlighted within each chapter.