bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of flaxseed oil on biochemical parameters, hormonal indexes and stereological changes in ovariectomized rats
Authors: Tanideh Romina , Delavari Shirin , Farshad Omid , Irajie Cambyz , Javad Yavari Barhaghtalab Mohammad , Koohpeyma Farhad , Koohi‐Hosseinabadi Omid , Jamshidzadeh Akram , Tanideh Nader , Iraji Aida
Published: October 2020

The ovariectomized rat is a widely used preclinical model for studying postmenopausal and its complications. In this study, the therapeutic effect of flaxseed oil on the ovariectomized adult rats was investigated. Our results showed that biochemical parameters including calcium, oestrogen and progesterone levels increase 8 weeks after ovariectomy in rats. Also, the amount of alkaline phosphatase decreased significantly after 8 weeks compared with the OVX rat. The healing potential of flaxseed oil was proven by successfully recovering the affected tissue and preventing the unpleasant symptoms of ovariectomized rats. The biological effects of flaxseed oil may be due to high amounts of fatty acids, phytoestrogens and an array of antioxidants. The results suggest that flaxseed oil can mimic the action of oestrogen and can be a potential treatment for hormone replacement therapy (HRT).
Exploiting a C–F Activation Strategy to Generate Novel Tris(pyrazolyl)methane Ligands
Authors: McDarmont Sarah L. , McMillen Colin D. , Temelso Berhane , Pienkos Jared A.
Published: October 2020

Two new tris(pyrazolyl)methane (Tpm) ligands were obtained by exploiting a C–F activation strategy. The novel monotopic ligand, H2NPh(CF3)(CPz3), was utilized to generate a Mn‐carbonyl complex. These compounds were characterized by NMR, IR, elemental analysis, X‐ray crystallography, and DFT in the case of the Mn‐compound. Of the computational levels of theory tested, we found that the TPSSh, B3PW91, and B3LYP functionals with the 6‐311++G(d,p) basis set gave results closest to experimental data. When compared to a previously reported Mn‐carbonyl compound, [TpmMn(CO)3][PF6], our species, [H2NPh(CF3)(CPz3)Mn(CO)3][PF6], exhibited similar spectroscopic properties [e.g., ν(C≡O) stretching]. This indicates that the presence of the H2NPh(CF3) group on the backbone of the Tpm ligand imposes little to no electronic influence on the metal center relative to the parent Tpm complex. Our novel ligand also provides a new spectroscopic handle to study Tpm derivatives, i.e., fluorine atoms for 19F‐NMR spectroscopy.
Correction to: Emergency Departments
Authors: Alharethi Salman , Gani Abdullah , Othman Mohd Khalit
Published: October 2020

The original version of the chapter “Emergency Departments: A Systematic Mapping Review” has been revised. It has now been made available open access under a CC BY 4.0 license and the copyright holder has been updated to “The Author(s)”. The book has also been updated with this change.
Global Governance of Anti-microbial Resistance: A Legal and Regulatory Toolkit
Authors: Ho Calvin W. L. , Lee Tsung-Ling
Published: October 2020

Recognizing that antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a serious threat to global public health, the World Health Organization (WHO) has adopted a Global Action Plan (GAP) at the May 2015 World Health Assembly. Underscoring that systematic misuse and overuse of drugs in human medicine and food production is a global public health concern, the GAP-AMR urges concerted efforts across governments and private sectors, including pharmaceutical industry, medical professionals, agricultural industry, among others. The GAP has a threefold aim: (1) to ensure a continuous use of effective and safe medicines for treatment and prevention of infectious diseases; (2) to encourage a responsible use of medicines; and (3) to engage countries to develop their national actions on AMR in keeping with the recommendations. While the GAP is a necessary step to enable multilateral actions, it must be supported by effective governance in order to realize the proposed aims.

This chapter has a threefold purpose: (1) To identify regulatory principles embedded in key WHO documents relating to AMR and the GAP-AMR; (2) To consider the legal and regulatory actions or interventions that countries could use to strengthen their regulatory lever for AMR containment; and (3) To highlight the crucial role of the regulatory lever in enabling other levers under a whole-of-system approach. Effective AMR containment requires a clearer understanding of how the regulatory lever could be implemented or enabled within health systems, as well as how it underscores and interacts with other levers within a whole-of-system approach.
Ethics and Antimalarial Drug Resistance
Authors: Cheah Phaik Yeong , Parker Michael , Day Nicholas P. J.
Published: October 2020

There has been impressive progress in malaria control and treatment over the past two decades. One of the most important factors in the decline of malaria-related mortality has been the development and deployment of highly effective treatment in the form of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). However, recent reports suggest that these gains stand the risk of being reversed due to the emergence of ACT resistance in the Greater Mekong Subregion and the threat of this resistance spreading to Africa, where the majority of the world’s malaria cases occur, with catastrophic consequences. This chapter provides an overview of strategies proposed by malaria experts to tackle artemisinin-resistant malaria, and some of the most important practical ethical issues presented by each of these interventions. The proposed strategies include mass antimalarial drug administrations in selected populations, and mandatory screening of possibly infected individuals prior to entering an area free of artemisinin-resistant malaria. We discuss ethical issues such as tensions between the wishes of individuals versus the broader goal of malaria elimination, and the risks of harm to interventional populations, and conclude by proposing a set of recommendations.
Epidemiology and Ethics of Antimicrobial Resistance in Animals
Authors: Boden Lisa , Mellor Dominic
Published: October 2020

Despite a large and rapidly growing volume of research activity and output, primarily on the biological bases of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), epidemiological understanding of the causal mechanisms at play behind the apparent recent global rise in prevalence of AMR has, arguably, progressed very little. Despite this inconvenient fact, political imperative and expedience, among other drivers, have given substantial impetus to an interventionist approach against what are considered to be the culprits for the apparent growing prevalence of AMR and its impacts. Concern about the rise in prevalence of microbial infections that are resistant to therapeutic agents designed to kill them has arisen almost exclusively in relation to human health. (Public awareness and concern about antihelmintic resistance, for which the impacts are much more substantial for animal health, at least in developed temperate countries, are trivial by comparison). Nevertheless, antimicrobial drugs have been, and are, widely used in animal health and production throughout the world, and the contribution of this diverse usage to the ‘global AMR problem’ has historically been controversial. There is growing acceptance, notwithstanding the limitations in causal understanding noted previously, of AMR as an ecological problem of competing populations of microorganisms experiencing both natural and anthropogenic selection pressures in compartments that transcend species and other boundaries. Typifying what is described as a ‘One Health’ problem, AMR is therefore considered to be most amenable to conjoint mitigation efforts in all compartments: i.e. interventions in human health, animal health, food and the environment in a coherent manner.

In animals, this calls into question the motivations and practices for antimicrobial drug usage, the majority of which are justified on the basis of promoting animal health and welfare and securing a food supply for a growing human population. Not surprisingly, there are great differences in animal husbandry and food demand, and in availability, access and regulation of antimicrobial usage in animals, and in surveillance of AMR, which are likely to be starkest between developed and developing countries. Thus, it is unlikely that the impacts of AMR, and the impacts of efforts to mitigate AMR that are directed to the ‘animal compartment’ of the ecosystem, will be felt equally across the world.
Moral Responsibility and the Justification of Policies to Preserve Antimicrobial Effectiveness
Authors: Giubilini Alberto , Savulescu J.
Published: October 2020

Restrictive policies that limit antimicrobial consumption, including therapeutically justified use, might be necessary to tackle the problem of antimicrobial resistance. We argue that such policies would be ethically justified when forgoing antimicrobials constitutes a form of easy rescue for an individual. These are cases of mild and self-limiting infections in otherwise healthy patients whose overall health is not significantly compromised by the infection. In such cases, restrictive policies would be ethically justified because they would coerce individuals into fulfilling a moral obligation they independently have. However, to ensure that such justification is the strongest possible, states also have the responsibility to ensure that forgoing antimicrobials is as easy as possible for patients by implementing adequate compensation measures.
Numerical Investigation of Space Launch Vehicle Base Flows with Hot Plumes
Authors: Schumann Jan-Erik , Fertig Markus , Hannemann Volker , Eggers Thino , Hannemann Klaus
Published: October 2020

The flow field around generic space launch vehicles with hot exhaust plumes is investigated numerically. Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations are thermally coupled to a structure solver to allow determination of heat fluxes into and temperatures in the model structure. The obtained wall temperatures are used to accurately investigate the mechanical and thermal loads using Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulations (IDDES) as well as RANS. The investigated configurations feature cases both with cold air and hot hydrogen/ water vapour plumes as well as cold and hot wall temperatures. It is found that the presence of a hot plume increases the size of the recirculation region and changes the pressure distribution on the nozzle structure and thus the loads experienced by the vehicle. The same effect is observed when increasing the wall temperatures. Both RANS and IDDES approaches predict the qualitative changes between the configurations, but the reattachment location predicted by IDDES is up to 7% further upstream than that predicted by RANS. Additionally, the heat flux distribution along the nozzle and base surface is analysed and shows significant discrepancies between RANS and IDDES, especially on the nozzle surface and in the base corner.
Calculation of the Thermoacoustic Stability of a Main Stage Thrust Chamber Demonstrator
Authors: Chemnitz Alexander , Sattelmayer Thomas
Published: October 2020

The stability behavior of a virtual thrust chamber demonstrator with low injection pressure loss is studied numerically. The approach relies on an eigenvalue analysis of the Linearized Euler Equations. An updated form of the stability prediction procedure is outlined, addressing mean flow and flame response calculations. The acoustics of the isolated oxidizer dome are discussed as well as the complete system incorporating dome and combustion chamber. The coupling between both components is realized via a scattering matrix representing the injectors. A flame transfer function is applied to determine the damping rates. Thereby it is found that the procedure for the extraction of the flame transfer function from the CFD solution has a significant impact on the stability predictions.
Innovative Cooling for Rocket Combustion Chambers
Authors: Peichl Jonas , Schwab Andreas , Selzer Markus , Böhrk Hannah , von Wolfersdorf Jens
Published: October 2020

Transpiration cooling in combination with permeable ceramic-matrix composite materials is an innovative cooling method for rocket engine combustion chambers, while providing high cooling efficiency as well as enhancing engine life time as demanded for future space transportation systems. In order to develop methods and tools for designing transpiration cooled systems, fundamental experimental investigations were performed. An experimental setup consisting of a serial arrangement of four porous carbon fiber reinforced carbon (C/C) samples is exposed to a hot gas flow. Perfused with cold air, the third sample is unperfused in order to assess the wake flow development over the uncooled sample as well as the rebuilding of the coolant layer. Hereby, the focus is on the temperature boundary layer, using a combined temperature/pitot probe. Additionally, the sample surface temperature distribution was measured using IR imaging. The experiments are supported by numerical simulations which are showing a good agreement with measurement data for low blowing ratios.
Heat Transfer in Pulsating Flow and Its Impact on Temperature Distribution and Damping Performance of Acoustic Resonators
Authors: van Buren Simon , Polifke Wolfgang
Published: October 2020

A numerical framework for the prediction of acoustic damping characteristics is developed and applied to a quarter-wave resonator with non-uniform temperature. The results demonstrate a significant impact of the temperature profile on the damping characteristics and hence the necessity of accurate modeling of heat transfer in oscillating flow. Large Eddy Simulations are applied to demonstrate and quantify enhancement in heat transfer induced by pulsations. The study covers wall-normal heat transfer in pulsating flow as well as longitudinal convective effects in oscillating flow. A discussion of hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers provides insight into the flow physics of oscillatory convective heat transfer.
Covert symmetry breaking
Authors: Erickson C. W. , Harrold A. D. , Leung Rahim , Stelle K. S.
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Reduction from a higher-dimensional to a lower-dimensional field theory can display special features when the zero-level ground state has nontrivial dependence on the reduction coordinates. In particular, a delayed ‘covert’ form of spontaneous symmetry breaking can occur, revealing itself only at fourth order in the lower-dimensional effective field theory action. This phenomenon is explored in a simple model of (d + 1)-dimensional scalar QED with one dimension restricted to an interval with Dirichlet/Robin boundary conditions on opposing ends. This produces an effective d-dimensional theory with Maxwellian dynamics at the free theory level, but with unusual symmetry breaking appearing in the quartic vector-scalar interaction terms. This simple model is chosen to illuminate the mechanism of effects which are also noted in gravitational braneworld scenarios.
Beyond the material: knowledge aspects in seed commoning
Authors: Sievers-Glotzbach Stefanie , Euler Johannes , Frison Christine , Gmeiner Nina , Kliem Lea , Mazé Armelle , Tschersich Julia
Published: October 2020

Core sustainability issues concerning the governance of seeds revolve around knowledge aspects, such as intellectual property rights over genetic information or the role of traditional knowledge in plant breeding, seed production and seed use. While the importance of knowledge management for efficient and equitable seed governance has been emphasized in the scientific discourse on Seed Commons, knowledge aspects have not yet been comprehensively studied. With this paper, we aim to (i) to analyze the governance of knowledge aspects in both global and local/regional Seed Commons, (ii) to highlight disconnections in knowledge governance between the local Seed Commons and global governance of plant genetic resources, and (iii) to investigate the contribution of knowledge commoning to environmentally sustainable and culturally adapted food systems. For this purpose, we will analyze knowledge governance by the International Seed Treaty (ITPGRFA) and by two local Seed Commons, a Philippine farmer-led network and a German organic-breeding association. We take the analytical lens of commoning, focusing on social practices rather than specific resources. The main challenges include finding institutional arrangements, which fruitfully integrate aspects from both traditional and scientific knowledge systems, taking into account the complex interrelation between knowledge-related, material and cultural aspects of seeds.
Numerical Simulations and Experiments of Ignition of Solid Particles in a Laminar Burner: Effects of Slip Velocity and Particle Swelling
Authors: Attili Antonio , Farmand Pooria , Schumann Christoph , Farazi Sima , Böhm Benjamin , Li Tao , Geschwindner Christopher , Köser Jan , Dreizler Andreas , Pitsch Heinz
Published: October 2020

Ignition and combustion of pulverized solid fuel is investigated in a laminar burner. The two-dimensional OH radical field is measured in the experiments, providing information on the first onset of ignition and a detailed characterization of the flame structure for the single particle. In addition, particle velocity and diameter are tracked in time in the experiments. Simulations are carried out with a Lagrangian point-particle approach fully coupled with an Eulerian solver for the gas-phase, which includes detailed chemistry and transport. The numerical simulation results are compared with the experimental measurements in order to investigate the ignition characteristics. The effect of the slip velocity, i.e. the initial velocity difference between the gas-phase and the particle, is investigated numerically. For increasing slip velocity, the ignition delay time decreases. For large slip velocities, the decrease in ignition delay time is found to saturate to a value which is about 40% smaller than the ignition delay time at zero slip velocity. Performing a simulation neglecting the dependency of the Nusselt number on the slip velocity, it is found that this dependency does not play a role. On the contrary, it is found that the decrease of ignition delay time induced by the slip velocity is due to modifications of the temperature field around the particle. In particular, the low-temperature fluid related to the energy sink due to particle heating is transported away from the particle position when the slip velocity is non-zero; therefore, the particle is exposed to larger temperatures. Finally, the effect of particle swell is investigated using a model for the particle swelling based on the CPD framework. With this model, we observed negligible differences in ignition delay time compared to the case in which swelling is not included. This is related to the negligible swelling predicted by this model before ignition. However, this is inconsistent with the experimental measurements of particle diameter, showing a significant increase of diameter even before ignition. In further simulations, the measured swelling was directly prescribed, using an analytical fit at the given conditions. With this approach, it is found that the inclusion of swelling reduces the ignition delay time by about 20% for small particles while it is negligible for large particles.
Derma rollers in therapy: the transition from cosmetics to transdermal drug delivery
Authors: Dsouza Leonna , Ghate Vivek M. , Lewis Shaila A.
Published: October 2020

Derma roller, a device rolled onto the skin to form micropores, is extensively used for cosmetic purposes. The pores thus created are utilized to either result in the induction of collagen production, leading to glowing and wrinkle-free skin or for permeating the applied formulations to the site of action within the skin. Recent studies have shown the benefits of using derma rollers for transdermal delivery of drugs. In the nascent stage, this approach paves a way to successfully breach the stratum corneum and aid in the movement of medications directed towards the dermis and the hair follicles. The review essentially summarizes the evidence of the use of derma rollers in cosmetic setup, their designing, and the preclinical and clinical reports of efficacy, safety, and concerns when translated for pharmaceutical purposes and transdermal drug delivery.
To which extent do breast cancer survivors feel well informed about disease and treatment 5 years after diagnosis?
Authors: Herbert S. L. , Wöckel A. , Kreienberg R. , Kühn T. , Flock F. , Felberbaum R. , Janni W. , Curtaz C. , Kiesel M. , Stüber T. , Diessner J. , Salmen J. , Schwentner L. , Fink V. , Bekes I. , Leinert E. , Lato K. , Polasik A. , Schochter F. , Singer S. ,   BRENDA study group
Published: October 2020

Objective

In this study, we investigated to which extent patients feel well informed about their disease and treatment, which areas they wish more or less information and which variables are associated with a need for information about the disease, medical tests and treatment.

Methods

In a German multi-centre prospective study, we enrolled 759 female breast cancer patients at the time of cancer diagnosis (baseline). Data on information were captured at 5 years after diagnosis with the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Information Module (EORTC QLQ-INFO24). Good information predictors were analysed using linear regression models.

Results

There were 456 patients who participated at the 5-year follow-up. They reported to feel well informed about medical tests (mean score 78.5) and the disease itself (69.3) but relatively poorly about other services (44.3) and about different places of care (31.3). The survivors expressed a need for more information concerning: side effects and long-term consequences of therapy, more information in general, information about aftercare, prognosis, complementary medicine, disease and therapy. Patients with higher incomes were better informed about medical tests (β 0.26, p 0.04) and worse informed with increasing levels of fear of treatment (β − 0.11, p 0.02). Information about treatment was reported to be worse by survivors > 70 years old (β -0.34, p 0.03) and by immigrants (β -0.11, p 0.02). Survivors who had received additional written information felt better informed about disease, medical tests, treatment and other services (β 0.19/0.19/0.20/0.25; each p < 0.01).

Conclusion

Health care providers have to reconsider how and what kind of information they provide. Providing written information, in addition to oral information, may improve meeting those information needs.
Emotional School Engagement and Psychiatric Symptoms among 6–9-Year-old Children with an Immigrant Background in the First Years of School in Finland
Authors: Parviainen Heidi , Santalahti Päivi , Kiviruusu Olli
Published: October 2020

The aim of this study is to examine emotional school engagement and psychiatric symptoms among 6–9-year-old children with an immigrant background (n = 148) in their first years of school compared to children with a Finnish native background (n = 2430). The analyzed data consisted of emotional school engagement measures completed by children and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaires completed by both parents and teachers. Children with an immigrant background had lower self-reported emotional school engagement than children with a native background with reference to less courage to talk about their thoughts in the class and more often felt loneliness. Further, they reported that they had more often been bullies and seen bullying in the class. Children with an immigrant background had more emotional symptoms and peer problems reported by parents than children with a native background. However, teachers did not report any significant differences.
Economic development trends in the EU tourism industry. Towards the digitalization process and sustainability
Authors: Filipiak Beata Zofia , Dylewski Marek , Kalinowski Marcin
Published: October 2020

From an economic viewpoint, tourism is heralded as bringing income to local communities. From an ecological standpoint, tourism poses a threat to environments. Sustainable tourism should leave a minimum negative impact on the places visited and preferably have rather positive impact on society. The digitization of the tourism economy is conducive to increasing the efficiency of enterprises operations, but also have positive impact on consumers. The objectives of the study are: to seek an answer to the question whether there is a relationship between the development of the tourism industry and GDP growth. Based on it there are two specific questions: What is a relationship between the level of development of digitization (e-commerce) and the development of the tourism industry and what is a relationship between the development of the tourism industry and sustainability factors? The originality of our research results among others results from three groups of variables use in the analysis (ICT group, SDG group and E&T group). Our research explores the factors affecting the tourism industry and relations of the digitization of tourism economy, sustainability and economy growth.
Evidence of Martensitic Transformation in Fe-Mn-Al Steel Similar to Maraging Steel
Authors: Kenedy Gurumayum Robert , Lin Yi-Jyun , Cheng Wei-Chun
Published: October 2020

The Fe-Mn-Al steels claim a low density, and some fall into the category of transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steel. In Fe-Mn-Al TRIP steel development, phase transformations play an important role. Herein, the martensitic transformation of an Fe-16.7 Mn-3.4 Al ternary alloy (wt pct) was experimentally discovered, whose equilibrium phases are a single phase of austenite at 1373 K and dual phases of ferrite and austenite at low temperature. Ferritic lath martensite forms in the prior austenite grains after cooling from 1373 K under various cooling rates via quenching, air cooling, and furnace cooling. The formation mechanism of the ferritic lath martensite is different from that of traditional ferritic lath martensite in steel and quite similar to that in maraging steel. A slight strain energy coupled with a small temperature gradient can lead to the formation of ferritic lath martensite in the Fe-Mn-Al alloy after cooling from high temperature. It is also found that micro-twins exist in the ferritic lath martensite.
Intra- and interspecific morphological variation in sympatric and allopatric populations of Mustela putorius and M. eversmanii (Carnivora: Mustelidae) and detection of potential hybrids
Authors: Cserkész Tamás , Kiss Csaba , Barkaszi Zoltán , Görföl Tamás , Zagorodniuk Igor , Sramkó Gábor , Csorba Gábor
Published: October 2020

European mustelids include the European polecat,Mustela putorius, and the steppe polecat,M. eversmanii. Both occur sympatrically in the Pannonian Basin, whereM. eversmanii hungaricarepresents the westernmost part of the latter species and they allegedly hybridize. We investigated the morphological relationships in sympatric and allopatric populations of these mustelids with representative sampling, taxonomic and geographic coverage. We evaluated inter- and intraspecific patterns of morphological differentiation of 20 cranial measurements and four external traits by distance-based morphometric approaches and multivariate analyses. Our results revealed a considerable heterogeneity in cranial morphology. The two species appeared to be clearly differentiated although sympatric populations were closer to each other and had a slight overlap in the morphometric space. WithinM. eversmanii, the subspecies and the nominal taxon only partially overlapped, andM. eversmanii eversmaniiwas more distant fromM. putoriusthan subspecieshungarica. Although morphometric analyses revealed several intermediate individuals in size in sympatricM. eversmaniiandM. putoriuspopulations, only a small fraction of such specimens showed conflict in discrete morphological characters with the diagnostic discriminant function. We interpret these results as an indication of ongoing hybridisation between sympatric populations, but the low number of hybrids identified suggests limited genetic exchange between the species.
ROC with Cost Pareto Frontier Feature Selection Using Search Methods
Authors: Meekins Ryan , Adams Stephen , Farinholt Kevin , Polter Sherwood , Beling Peter A.
Published: October 2020

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are finding increasing application in many domains. CPS are composed of sensors, actuators, a central decision-making unit, and a network connecting all of these components. The design of CPS involves the selection of these hardware and software components, and this design process could be limited by a cost constraint. This study assumes that the central decision-making unit is a binary classifier, and casts the design problem as a feature selection problem for the binary classifier where each feature has an associated cost. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are a useful tool for comparing and selecting binary classifiers; however, ROC curves only consider the misclassification cost of the classifier and ignore other costs such as the cost of the features. The authors previously proposed a method called ROC Convex Hull with Cost (ROCCHC) that is used to select ROC optimal classifiers when cost is a factor. ROCCHC extends the widely used ROC Convex Hull (ROCCH) method by combining it with the Pareto analysis for cost optimization. This paper proposes using the ROCCHC analysis as the evaluation function for feature selection search methods without requiring an exhaustive search over the feature space. This analysis is performed on 6 real-world data sets, including a diagnostic cyber-physical system for hydraulic actuators. The ROCCHC analysis is demonstrated using sequential forward and backward search. The results are compared with the ROCCH selection method and a popular Pareto selection method that uses classification accuracy and feature cost.
Performance and well‐being of native and immigrant students. Comparative analysis based on PISA 2018
Authors: Rodríguez Susana , Valle Antonio , Gironelli Ludmila Martins , Guerrero Estefania , Regueiro Bibiana , Estévez Iris
Published: October 2020

Introduction

The emotional, cultural, and economic changes involved in the process of coping with migration can be particularly difficult during adolescence. How education systems respond to the challenges posed by the flow of immigration has profound implications for society. One of the ways that students can demonstrate their adaptation to the education system is by their academic performance. In addition, in many education systems well‐being has been shown to be directly related to performance. Therefore, this study aims at examine the differences between native and immigrant students in mathematics and science skills, and in well‐being indicators evaluated in PISA 2018.

Method

We performed multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) based on the results of PISA 2018 evaluation, obtained from the official OECD database. The sample was 7099 Spanish students (49.5% girls; 50.5% boys), with a mean age of 15.83 years old (SD = 0.29). A little under half (42%) were native students, 35.5% were first generation‐immigrant students, and 22.7% were second‐generation immigrant students.

Results

The native students demonstrated higher levels of mathematics and science skills than the two groups of immigrant students, and had significantly higher means in positive affect, self‐efficacy–resilience, and feeling of belonging at school. Although life satisfaction was no different between the immigrant and native groups, the second‐generation immigrants showed higher rates of positive affect, and a greater sense of belonging to the school than the first‐generation immigrants.

Conclusions

We suggest future lines of research and the need to produce explanatory models that consider the complexity of migratory processes.
The Path to Genocide in Rwanda
Authors: McDoom Omar Shahabudin
Published: October 2020

The shocking characteristics of Rwanda's genocide in 1994 have etched themselves indelibly on the global conscience. The Path to Genocide in Rwanda combines extensive, original field data with some of the best existing evidence to evaluate the myriad theories behind the genocide and to offer a rigorous and comprehensive explanation of how and why it occurred, and why so many Rwandans participated in it.
Drawing on interviews with over three hundred Rwandans, Omar Shahabudin McDoom systematically compares those who participated in the violence against those who did not. He contrasts communities that experienced violence early with communities where violence began late, as well as communities where violence was limited with communities where it was massive. His findings offer new perspectives on some of the most troubling questions concerning the genocide, while also providing a broader engagement with key theoretical debates in the study of genocides and ethnic conflict.
Global Mandatory Fair Use
Authors: Aplin Tanya , Bently Lionel
Published: October 2020

In a path-breaking work, Tanya Aplin and Lionel Bently make the case that the quotation exception in Article 10 of the Berne Convention constitutes a global, mandatory, fair use provision. It is global, they argue, because of the reach of Berne qua Berne and qua TRIPS, and its mandatory nature is apparent from the clear language of Article 10 and its travaux. It relates to 'use' that is not limited by type of work, type of act, or purpose and it is 'fair' use because the work must be made available to the public, with attribution, and the use must be proportionate and consistent with fair practice. By explaining the contours of global, mandatory fair use - and thus displacing the 'three-step test' as the dominant, international copyright norm governing copyright exceptions - this book creates new insights into how national exceptions should be framed and interpreted.
Heritage Justice
Authors: Joy Charlotte
Published: October 2020

Heritage Justice explores how far past wrongs can be remedied through compensatory mechanisms involving material culture. The Element goes beyond a critique of global heritage brokers such as UNESCO, the ICC and museums as redundant, Eurocentric and elitist to explore why these institutions have become the focus for debates about global heritage justice. Three broad modes of compensatory mechanisms are identified: recognition, economic reparation and return. Arguing against Jenkins (2016) that museums should not be the site for difficult conversations about the past, Heritage Justice proposes that it is exactly the space around objects and sites created by museums and global institutions that allows for conversations about future dignity. The challenge for cultural practitioners is to broaden out ideas of material identity beyond source communities, private property and economic value to encompass dynamic global shifts in mobility and connectivity.
Law, Democracy and the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: O'Connell Rory
Published: October 2020

Law, Democracy and the European Court of Human Rights examines the political rights jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. It discusses how the Court supports a liberal representative and substantive model of democracy, and outlines the potential for the Court to interpret the Convention so as to support more deliberative, participatory and inclusive democratic practices. The book commences with an overview of different theories of democracy and then discusses the origins of the Council of Europe and the Convention and presents the basic principles on the interpretation and application of the Convention. Subsequent chapters explore issues around free expression, free assembly and association, the scope of the electoral rights, the right to vote, the right to run for election and issues about electoral systems. Issues discussed include rights relating to referendums, voting rights for prisoners and non-nationals, trade union rights and freedom of information.
La politique du cadavre: Traitements funéraires et usages civiques des morts à la guerre en Grèce archaïque et classique
Authors: Bérard Reine-Marie
Published: October 2020

Traitements funéraires et usages civiques des morts à la guerre en Grèce archaïque et classique

En partant de l’importance que revêt la matérialité du cadavre dans les rites funéraires grecs antiques, cet article aborde les problèmes spécifiques posés par la récupération et le traitement funéraire des corps des soldats morts à la guerre. Il tient compte d’une triple spécificité de la mortalité militaire : l’abondance inhabituelle des cadavres à prendre en charge ; l’articulation entre la corporéité brute du cadavre et la forte charge symbolique qui lui est associée ; enfin, l’opposition entre le caractère privé de la mort et la dimension collective de sa gestion en temps de guerre. L’objectif est de montrer comment le traitement funéraire des tués à la guerre en vient à constituer, à partir de l’époque archaïque et de manière centrale à l’époque classique, un élément fondamental dans la négociation de formes d’affiliations souples à la communauté politique, en réponse à une double évolution des catégories juridiques et des techniques militaires advenue au ve siècle avant J.-C. Le contrôle du cadavre du soldat devient alors un puissant instrument de définition et de cohésion des poleis, non seulement sur le champ de bataille face à l’ennemi, mais aussi dans la cité pour faire face à des moments de tension exacerbée. À travers le problème technique que pose le traitement du cadavre des soldats, ce sont ainsi les représentations politiques de la mort dans la cité et pour la cité et les mécanismes du contrôle de la cité en guerre qui sont appréhendés.
‘It was daunting. I was 18 and I left residential care and there was no support whatsoever’: a scoping study into the transition from out-of-home-care process in Tasmania, Australia
Authors: O’Donnell Renée , MacRae Ann , Savaglio Melissa , Vicary Dave , Green (nee Cox) Rachael , Mendes Philip , Kerridge Gary , Currie Graeme , Diamond Susan , Skouteris Helen
Published: October 2020

Young people who leave Out-of-Home Care (OoHC) are a significantly vulnerable cohort. No after-care support program to date has been completely informed by young people and their care team. This scoping study explored the perspectives of young people and their wider care team on: (1) challenges surrounding the transition process; and (2) how these challenges can be addressed. Semi-structured interviews and focus group sessions were conducted with 33 stakeholders from OoHC (i.e., young people in care; young people who had transitioned from care; carers; caseworkers and senior OoHC executives). Four themes captured the challenges of transitioning out of care, including: (1) inadequate processes underpinning the transition; (2) instability within the family unit; (3) financial challenges and (4) lack of independence during care. Stakeholders agreed that greater support during the transition process is necessary, including life-skills training while in care and a post-care worker and/or mentor to provide after-care support. These findings provide compelling insights into the challenges that young people transitioning from OoHC experience and possible solutions for how such challenges can be addressed. These findings will inform the development and delivery of a co-designed and specialised after-care support service for this population.
Epidemiological Analysis of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in 2 Cities in China Based on Public Data
Authors: Zhou Ning , Zhang Xiaomeng , Zhang Ying , Gao Lu , Zhou Penghui , Liu Hui
Published: October 2020

Based on the public data from the health departments of Tianjin and Shenzhen, we conducted a comparative analysis of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic situation between these 2 cities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of public data in epidemic prevention and control of COVID-19, providing a scientific advice for the subsequent mitigation and containment of COVID-19 prevalence.
How to Play the Lottery Safely?
Authors: Zhao Haicheng
Published: October 2020

According to the safety principle, if one knows that p, one's belief that p could not easily have been false. One problem besetting this principle is the lottery problem – that of explaining why one does not seem to know that one will lose the lottery purely based on probabilistic considerations, prior to the announcement of the lottery result. As Greco points out, it is difficult for a safety theorist to solve this problem, without paying a heavy price. In this paper, I first reject three existing safety-based solutions to the lottery problem, due to Pritchard, Sosa, and Broncano-Berrocal. Failure of these accounts reveals that there is something crucial missing in the safety principle. By way of remedying this, I propose to integrate a safety principle with a condition regarding one's own awareness of (nearby) error-possibilities. The resulting account, as I argue, enjoys a number of theoretical advantages, including its capacity to handle the lottery problem.
ESPINOZA, GOVERNMENT FUNDING, AND RELIGIOUS CHOICE
Authors: Berg Thomas C. , Laycock Douglas
Published: October 2020

The U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue, holding that religious schools cannot be excluded from a state program of financial aid to private schools, is another incremental step in the Court's long-running project to reform the constitutional law of financial aid to religious institutions. There was nothing surprising about the decision, and it changed little; it was the inevitable next link in a long chain of decisions. To those observers still attached to the most expansive rhetoric of no-aid separationism, it is the world turned upside down. But the Court has been steadily marching away from that rhetoric for thirty-five years now. The more recent decisions, including Espinoza, do a far better job than no-aid separationism of separating the religious choices and commitments of the American people from the coercive power of the government. And that is the separation that is and should be the ultimate concern of the Religion Clauses—to minimize the government's interference with or influence on religion, and to leave each American free to exercise or reject religion in his or her own way, neither encouraged by the government nor discouraged or penalized by the government.
How children in northern Canada represent the wolverine through drawings
Authors: Bonamy Morgane , Harbicht Andrew Blair , Herrmann Thora Martina
Published: October 2020

This study explores the perception of wolverines, a carnivore in decline, by youths in northern Canada, the future generation of stakeholders. To accomplish this, we analysed 165 drawings from children and 22 interviews with Indigenous adults in the Northwest Territories and Quebec. Overall, children primarily drew wolverines in healthy environments, with only a minority depicting the wolverine’s environment negatively. All children demonstrated a basic understanding of the wolverine’s physical appearance and biology/ecology, with few differences in how the wolverine was depicted among the different research areas. Among interviewed adults, the ecological role played by wolverines was less prominent among the themes explored by Naskapi participants than was their role as a thief or pest, when contrasted to Dene participants. These results indicate that information about wolverine habitat or biology is still being acquired by children in areas where wolverines are extirpated, but that a lack of exposure to this species may negatively influence children’s understanding of its ecological role. These results suggest that informing the public about this carnivore’s ecological role may improve public support and, therefore, the likelihood of successful conservation programmes.
‘I've never given it a thought’: older men's experiences with and perceptions of ageism during interactions with physicians
Authors: MacRae Hazel
Published: October 2020

The subjective experience of ageism among older men has received little research attention. This study examines older Canadian men's experiences with and perceptions of ageism during interactions with physicians. In-depth, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 21 men aged 55 years and over. The findings indicate a seeming lack of awareness of ageism among many, and many did not believe ageism was likely to occur during patient–physician interaction. Negative stereotyping of older patients was common. A large majority of the participants reported that they had not personally experienced ageism during a medical encounter, nor were they concerned about it. Numerous rationales were proffered as explanations of why a particular participant had not experienced ageism and who was more likely to be a target.
Symposium: ethics of economic ordeals
Authors: Eyal Nir , Herlitz Anders
Published: October 2020

Economic ordeals are allocation mechanisms that impose non-financial ‘deadweight costs to qualify for a transfer’ (Nichols and Zeckhauser 1982: 372). Examples include long waiting times, travel and form-filling as conditions for certain healthcare services. Appropriately designed, ordeals can enhance target efficiency so that the goods being allocated better reach the intended recipients. The logic behind this is simple: ‘Say one welfare eligible would receive 100 utiles from a particular transfer, yet another would receive only 10. Then an ordeal that imposes an 11 utile loss in order to qualify for the transfer will be an effective sorting device’ (Nichols and Zeckhauser 1982: 376). In other words, recipients who would receive smaller benefits are expected to be dissuaded by the ordeal and refrain from requesting the good, whereas recipients who would receive larger benefits from the transfer are expected to seek out the good even if there is a deadweight cost. Moreover, unlike financial participation, which can similarly dissuade users with relatively little to gain from the good in question, ordeals are in no direct way financially regressive: the poor are not necessarily more dissuaded by losing time or by having to fill in a form than the rich are.
Contractualism and risk preferences
Authors: Scharding Tobey K.
Published: October 2020

I evaluate two contractualist approaches to the ethics of risk: mutual constraint and the probabilistic, ex ante approach. After explaining how these approaches address problems in earlier interpretations of contractualism, I object that they fail to respond to diverse risk preferences in populations. Some people could reasonably reject the risk thresholds associated with these approaches. A strategy for addressing this objection is considering individual risk preferences, similar to those Buchak discusses concerning expected-utility approaches to risk. I defend the risk-preferences-adjusted (RISPREAD) contractualist approach, which calculates a population’s average risk preference and permits risk thresholds below that preference, only.