bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adenoid cystic carcinoma and polymorphous low‐grade adenocarcinoma of minor salivary glands: a comparative immunohistochemical study using the epithelial membrane and carcinoembryonic antibodies
Authors: Epivatianos A , Iordanides S , Zaraboukas T , Antoniades D
Published: August 2010

Objective:  The purpose of this study was to investigate immunohistochemically the expression of epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) and polymorphous low‐grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA) in an attempt to assess the ability of these markers to distinguish AdCC from PLGA when the histological features on routine hematoxylin and eosin are equivocal.

Materials and methods:  Fourteen specimens of AdCC, 10 PLGA, and five normal minor salivary glands fixed in 10% formalin and embedded in paraffin, were retrieved from the files of our department and were retrospectively studied with the streptavidin‐biotin complex method using the epithelial membrane and carcinoembryonic antibodies.

Results:  The immunoreactivities and the expression patterns of EMA and CEA in AdCC and PLGA were similar.

Conclusions:  The results of this study suggest that the immunostaining of AdCC and PLGA with EMA and CEA could not offer an adjunctive aid in differential diagnosis between these two tumors.
Enzyme kinetics informatics: from instrument to browser
Authors: Swainston Neil , Golebiewski Martin , Messiha Hanan L. , Malys Naglis , Kania Renate , Kengne Sylvestre , Krebs Olga , Mir Saqib , Sauer‐Danzwith Heidrun , Smallbone Kieran , Weidemann Andreas , Wittig Ulrike , Kell Douglas B. , Mendes Pedro , Müller Wolfgang , Paton Norman W. , Rojas Isabel
Published: August 2010

A limited number of publicly available resources provide access to enzyme kinetic parameters. These have been compiled through manual data mining of published papers, not from the original, raw experimental data from which the parameters were calculated. This is largely due to the lack of software or standards to support the capture, analysis, storage and dissemination of such experimental data. Introduced here is an integrative system to manage experimental enzyme kinetics data from instrument to browser. The approach is based on two interrelated databases: the existing SABIO‐RK database, containing kinetic data and corresponding metadata, and the newly introduced experimental raw data repository, MeMo‐RK. Both systems are publicly available by web browser and web service interfaces and are configurable to ensure privacy of unpublished data. Users of this system are provided with the ability to view both kinetic parameters and the experimental raw data from which they are calculated, providing increased confidence in the data. A data analysis and submission tool, the kineticswizard, has been developed to allow the experimentalist to perform data collection, analysis and submission to both data resources. The system is designed to be extensible, allowing integration with other manufacturer instruments covering a range of analytical techniques.
A Competitive, Sustainable and Diverse Agriculture: A View of the CAP Beyond 2013   Pour une agriculture compétitive, durable and variée : un point de vue sur la PAC après 2013   Eine wettbewerbsfähige, nachhaltige und vielfältige Landwirtschaft: Ein Ausblick auf die GAP nach 2013
Authors: Peeters Kris
Published: August 2010

A Competitive, Sustainable and Diverse Agriculture: A View of the CAP Beyond 2013

New challenges make clear that past achievements of the CAP cannot be taken for granted. A strong European agricultural policy remains necessary after 2013, at the service of Europe’s citizens and agricultural sector. However, in order to realise the vision embedded in the European agricultural model, the CAP will have to evolve. Beyond dealing with the negative consequences of the economic crisis, more attention should go to competitiveness and entrepreneurship. The functioning of the supply chain should be improved leading to a fairer distribution of costs and benefits. Producer organisations should be expanded and strengthened. Work is needed to put into practice the concept of green growth and to explore the synergy between the demand for public goods and the need for higher farm income. An improved system of direct support remains justified, to compensate for extra costs and to stabilise income. The CAP post‐2013 should offer a strong EU framework, able to meet shared challenges, with clear objectives and sufficient funding. Within that framework, diversity is a fact, and regions should be able to deploy CAP policies and funds in a more flexible way to accommodate local needs and problems and to be able to react to changing circumstances.
A Theoretical Foundation of Rural Development Interventions and Evaluations is Needed   La base théorique de l’intervention et l’évaluation du Rural Développement est indispensable   Eine theoretische Fundierung von Interventionen und Evaluationen zur Ländlichen Entwicklung ist notwendig
Authors: Margarian Anne , Blandford David , Hill Berkeley
Published: August 2010

A Theoretical Foundation of Rural Development Interventions and Evaluations is Needed

This article argues that a lack of critical reflection on the theoretical foundations of policy interventions and evaluations is common in the discussion about evaluation of Rural Development programs. This shortcoming was also apparent in Special Issue 9(1) of EuroChoices. Intimate knowledge of the underlying causal processes is necessary in order to identify appropriate counterfactuals or reference‐scenarios. It is only through their comparison with observed development that one can reliably isolate the net‐effects of interventions. The current preoccupation with the indicator‐based approach is rooted within the existing evaluation system. It hinders a more fundamental criticism of weak theoretical foundations of interventions.

Reply by David Blandford and Berkeley Hill

Despite its limitations the current evaluation process can play an important role in shaping rural development policies in the European Union. While the theoretical content should be strengthened, it would be inadvisable to reject the current CMEF process in favour of an exclusive focus on theory. It is doubtful whether a sufficiently robust and general theory of rural development could be developed and applied to the diversity of rural areas in Europe. Devoting our efforts to improving the existing evaluation process and the indicators that this generates would be more productive in exposing rural development policies to greater scrutiny and improving their effectiveness.
Research Article: Binding of Cordycepin Monophosphate to AMP‐Activated Protein Kinase and its Effect on AMP‐Activated Protein Kinase Activation
Authors: Wang Zhanli , Wang Xing , Qu Kai , Zhu Ping , Guo Na , Zhang Ruiping , Abliz Zeper , Yu Hui , Zhu Haibo
Published: August 2010

It had been reported that cordycepin could activate AMP‐activated protein kinase. One possible mechanism is that cordycepin mediated AMP‐activated protein kinase activation by conversion into cordycepin monophosphate, which acts as an AMP analog to activate AMP‐activated protein kinase. To confirm the aforementioned hypothesis, we investigate the binding of cordycepin monophosphate to AMP‐activated protein kinase using molecular docking. The modeling results indicate that cordycepin monophosphate binds to AMP‐activated protein kinase with high affinity. The hydrogen bonds provide attractive forces between molecules. Our results further identify the key residues contributing to the interaction. Also, the modeling results predict that cordycepin monophosphate and AMP would have similar binding modes with AMP‐activated protein kinase. Further investigation of AMP‐activated protein kinase activation in vitro provides the evidence that cordycepin monophosphate functioned as an AMP mimic to activate AMP‐activated protein kinase.
Neuroependymal Denudation is in Progress in Full‐term Human Foetal Spina Bifida Aperta
Authors: Sival Deborah A. , Guerra Montserrat , den Dunnen Wilfred F A. , Bátiz Luis F. , Alvial Genaro , Castañeyra‐Perdomo Agustín , Rodríguez Esteban M.
Published: August 2010

In human spina bifida aperta (SBA), cerebral pathogenesis [hydrocephalus, Sylvius aqueduct (SA) stenosis and heterotopias] is poorly understood. In animal models, loss of ventricular lining (ependymal denudation) causes SA stenosis and hydrocephalus. We aimed to investigate whether ependymal denudation also takes place in human foetal SBA. Considering that ependymal denudation would be related to alterations in junction proteins, sections through SA of five SBA and six control foetuses (gestational ages ranged between 37 and 40 weeks) were immunostained for markers of ependyma (caveolin 1, βIV‐tubulin, S100), junction proteins (N‐cadherin, connexin‐43, neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), blood vessels (Glut‐1) and astrocytes [glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)]. In control foetuses, ependymal denudation was absent. In SBA foetuses different stages of ependymal denudation were observed: (i) intact ependyma/neuroepithelium; (ii) imminent ependymal denudation (with abnormal subcellular location of junction proteins); (iii) ependymal denudation (with protrusion of neuropile into SA, formation of rosettes and macrophage invasion); (iv) astroglial reaction. It is suggested that abnormalities in the formation of gap and adherent junctions result in defective ependymal coupling, desynchronized ciliary beating and ependymal denudation, leading to hydrocephalus. The presence of various stages of ependymal denudation within the same full‐term SBA foetuses suggests continuation of the process after birth.
Quality Assessment of Salted, Modified Atmosphere Packaged Rainbow Trout under Treatment with Oregano Essential Oil
Authors: Pyrgotou Nikoletta , Giatrakou Vasiliki , Ntzimani Athina , Savvaidis Ioannis N.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  The present study evaluated the effect of oregano essential oil (EO) on fresh salted, packaged (45%CO2/5%O2/50%N2) rainbow trout fillets and stored for a period of 21 d at 4 °C. Treatments included the following: M1 (control without added EO), M2 (EO 0.2%, v/w), and M3 (0.4%, v/w). Populations of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), H2S‐producing bacteria (including Shewanella putrefaciens), Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonas spp. reached higher final numbers in control (M1) than for M2 and M3 samples. Under treatments M2 and M3, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) and trimethylamine nitrogen (TMAN) values were lower than for M1 samples, whereas lipid oxidation, as judged by determination of thiobarbituric acid values (TBA), did not occur during the refrigerated storage period. Interestingly, treatment M2 resulted in a shelf‐life extension of 7 to 8 d for the fresh trout fillets, whereas treatment M3 proved unsuitable (due to strong odor) for trout fillet preservation, as determined by sensory evaluation.

Practical Application:  The use of an essential oil such as oregano oil in fresh fish preservation may be considered an alternative “natural” additive, enhancing the sensory characteristics and extending the shelf life of the product.
STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN DETERMINING ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY STANDARDS FROM EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA
Authors: Thomas Duncan C.
Published: August 2010

This paper develops the notion that environmental safety standards for human populations should be based on epidemiological data, and reviews some powerful statistical procedures which have been developed recently for this purpose. It then considers some of the limitations of epidemiological data and the ability of these new techniques to overcome them. To the extent that these limitations are inherent in the data and unmeasurable, conservative “safety factors” must be applied to the recommendations arrived at by any technique, but this uncertainty is no justification for using less than the best available analytical techniques.
RESPONSE OF DEPUTISING SERVICES IN MELBOURNE TO ACUTE CEREBROVASCULAR EPISODES: AN EVALUATION
Authors: Christie David
Published: August 2010

Between March 1978 and September 1979, a stroke incidence study was carried out in Melbourne. Of the 300 subjects who sought help from a general practitioner, in 68 the call was answered by a member of a deputising service. Each of the latter subjects was matched for age, severity and time of onset with a patient whose call had been responded to by his own general practitioner. Response times, use of hospital resources, mortality and residual disability in survivors were compared. It was concluded that, in this condition at least, the deputising services provide fast, effective care meeting the needs of both general practitioners and patients in perceived emergency situations.
THE NUMBER AND DISTRIBUTION OF C.A.T. SCANNERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY AND VICTORIA
Authors: Taylor Richard , Goldstein Greg
Published: August 2010

The most important use of computerised axial tomography (CAT) scanners is in the management of acute head trauma, but inadequately planned diffusion and maldistribution of scanning units and associated medical services limits patient access. Of 19 scanners in New South Wales & Victoria, 9 are publicly owned and located in public hospitals, while 10 are in private hospitals, or in private radiological practices. There is evidence of a “two‐airline policy” with public and private scanners located close together. Only scanners in public hospitals are used for acute head trauma, with a few exceptions.

There is gross maldistribution: in Sydney there are 3.2 scanners per million population compared to New South Wales non‐metropolitan areas with only 0.1 scanners per million population. In Melbourne there are 2.3 scanners per million population, compared to only 0.9 per million in Victorian non‐metropolitan areas.

Establishment of scanners and supporting services in some non‐metropolitan areas is justifiable, even if projected facility/population ratios exceed norms.

The distribution of CAT scanners in Australia can be related to the lobbying power of major hospitals, and the distribution of well‐capitalized private radiological practices, rather than to any assessment of needs or rational planning. Government departments have an important role in the regulation of technology diffusion.
SPUTUM ASBESTOS BODIES AND RADIOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN RESIDENTS OF WITTENOOM, WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Musk A. W. , Baker J. E. , Whitaker D.
Published: August 2010

Sputum was collected for examination for asbestos bodies from residents in Wittenoom Gorge in December 1980. The chest radiographs of Wittenoom residents who had participated voluntarily in a radiological survey in July 1980 were examined for evidence of asbestos‐induced pleural or parenchymal disease which may have resulted from environmental exposure to crocidolite. The results indicate no measurable health effect of previous environmental exposure of current residents. However as there are serious limitations in the methods for indicating the level of past asbestos exposure and the size of the township has declined markedly in recent years with changing population structure, this study does not exclude the presence of an environmental health hazard. The ultimate measure of effect will depend on continuing surveillance of ex‐residents for deaths from malignant disease.
AT THE MARGIN OR ON AVERAGE: SOME ISSUES AND EVIDENCE IN PLANNING THE BALANCE OF CARE FOR THE AGED IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Bennett Craig , Wallace Robert
Published: August 2010

Aged people can be cared for in a variety of institutional and non‐institutional settings. While many arguments have been advanced for changing the balance of institutionalized and community‐based care in view of the ageing of Australia's population, the debate has generally lacked a methodological framework for rigorously comparing the alternatives under consideration. In this paper, some of the issues involved in a comparative cost analysis of various alternative forms of care for the aged are discussed, the results of an Adelaide‐based survey are summarized and possible implications for policy‐makers are suggested.
INCOME FROM PRIVATE MEDICAL PRACTICE IN AUSTRALIA 1966–1978. AN ANALYSIS OF TAXATION STATISTICS
Authors: Taylor Richard
Published: August 2010

The evidence from taxation statistics indicates that private medical practitioners in Australia have improved their income relative to most other professions since 1966/67, receiving three to four times the income of salary and wage earners by the late 1970s. Evidence concerning the frequency distribution of high income earners in various occupation groups also suggests that private medical practitioners are the highest paid group in Australia.

Data on average net and estimated average gross annual income per doctor indexed for the Consumer Price Index, Average Weekly Earnings and the Medical Fees Index indicate a peak income in 1975/76, mainly as a result of medical fee rises.

There has been a secular decline during the period under review in net income as a proportion of gross income of private doctors as a result of increases in practice “expenses”. This increase in “expenses” was not accompanied by increases in the proportion of expenses accounted for by wages paid, and this phenomenon may be partly a result of the increased application of tax avoidance schemes which enable personal consumption expenditure to be subsumed with “business expenses”.
ALCOHOL AND FATAL INJURIES OF THE HEAD AND SPINE
Authors: McLean A.J. , Antonio J.D. , North J.B. , Simpson D.A. , Woodward A.J.
Published: August 2010

Injuries to the head and spine, mostly from road accidents, accounted for 325 deaths in South Australia in 1977. Blood alcohol concentration (BAC), measured in 181 victims, was greater than zero in 47%, with a mean level of 0.16 gm/100 ml. Females were almost as likely to have been drinking as were males but their average BAC was about half that of the male victims. Almost one third of the drivers and motorcyclists who were killed had a BAC above .08. High blood alcohol levels were also observed among the suicide and homicide cases. Alcohol involvement did not vary markedly between urban and rural areas, neither was it associated in a meaningful way with survival time, the nature of the injury to the head or spine, or with the occurrence of a lucid interval between injury and death. Countermeasures directed at the role of alcohol as a causal factor in road crashes have the greatest potential to reduce the incidence of fatal head and spinal injuries. The development of such measures will be assisted by more complete reporting of blood alcohol concentrations.
MEDICAL AND ERGONOMIC ASPECTS OF AN INDUSTRIAL DISPUTE CONCERNING OCCUPATIONAL‐RELATED CONDITIONS IN DATA PROCESS OPERATORS
Authors: Taylor Richard , Pitcher Michael
Published: August 2010

A union survey of occupation‐related conditions in data process operators (DPOs) at the Melbourne Taxation Office revealed numerous ergonomic and environmental problems at the work site. Following industrial action because of the extent of occupation‐related injury, a medical examination of DPOs was undertaken by a joint management/ union team.

A very high prevalence of occupation‐related morbidity amongst 122 DPOs was found: 26% had significant problems requiring medical attention, 18% had physical signs of injury but had not sought medical attention, 38% were symptomatic but without signs, and only 18% had no problems. In all severity groups neck and shoulder disorders were the most common, ***folllowed by epicondylitis (elbow), and finally tenosynovitis of the forearm, wrist or hand.

It was concluded by the medical assessors that the high rate of occupation‐related disorders was a result of a combination of unfavourable ergonomic factors and high work rates.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PROGRAM CLASSIFICATION OF HEALTH SERVICES FOR THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN HEALTH COMMISSION ‐ REFLECTIONS ON THE FIRST THREE YEARS
Authors: Cooper John , Bennett Craig
Published: August 2010

Over the past three years, Program‐Performance Budgeting (PPB) has been promoted in South Australia as an alternative means of reporting on Government expenditures to the State Parliament. Very detailed financial, manpower and descriptive data has been compiled on programs and presented and debated in Parliament as an adjunct to the traditional line estimates of the State budget. Within this framework, the South Australian Health Commission has been required to develop a program classification of State Government‐funded health services. In this paper, the development of this classification is summarized, its usefulness assessed and its longer‐term future discussed.
AUSTRALIAN PATTERNS OF TOBACCO SMOKING AND RELATED HEALTH BELIEFS IN 1983
Authors: Hill David , Gray Nigel
Published: August 2010

A nationwide Australian household survey of 5580 men and women, 16 years and over, was conducted in 1983 to determine smoking behaviour and related beliefs and intentions. Among males, 37 per cent were regular cigarette smokers (a significant drop from 40 per cent reported in 1980), and among females, 30 per cent were smokers (compared with 31 per cent in 1980). In the age group 16–24 more females than males smoke cigarettes and there was evidence of a net increase in smoking among females at about the age of 50. Male smokers had stronger intentions to give up than female smokers. The main advantages of giving up listed by ex‐smokers were health‐related and the main disadvantages were weight gain and irritability. Current smokers also listed advantages in giving up but they were more likely to list weight gain and irritability as disadvantages. Only 8 per cent of smokers listed their own doctor among the people who would be in favour of them giving up. More non‐smokers than smokers listed diseases caused by smoking and 25 per cent of smokers (versus 9 per cent of never smokers) believed no illnesses at all are caused by smoking. Among smokers, a highly significant positive relationship was found between the belief that one's own smoking could cause a fatal illness and the intention to give up.
THE EFFECTS OF INTRODUCING A HEALTH CENTRE ON GENERAL PRACTITIONER WORKING PATTERNS
Authors: Maynard E.J.
Published: August 2010

The effects of introducing health centres on the working patterns of general practitioners has been a source of investigation for years in many countries. This longitudinal study compared the effects of New Zealand's first public health centre on general practitioners with trends in a neighbouring city. Little evidence was found of a reduced workload or substantial change in clinical role amongst the health care general practitioners.
COMMENTARY: BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCE AND ITS RELATION TO MEDICINE — A NEED FOR POSITIVE ACTION
Authors: Sanson‐Fisher R.
Published: August 2010

In a recent paper, Kamien highlighted the need for a behavioural science perspective in undergraduate medical education and medical practice. The current article attempts to extend this argument by delineating some of the variables which sustain the current lack of a viable and effective behavioural perspective in medical practice. Suggestions for remedying this deficit are provided.
OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES: THE NEED FOR A NATIONAL DATA BANK
Authors: Wigglesworth E.C.
Published: August 2010

Although occupational hazard data are published by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) in each State capital, all these State collections are idiosyncratic. The consequent lack of uniformity effectively thwarts any but the simplest and most basic national studies of occupational health and safety. In this paper, the author examines the differences in definition, scope, coverage, source and categorisation of the various collections. In addition, he suggests that attempts to tabulate accident causes, variously presented in the different State collections, are wasteful of resources in preparation and counterproductive in their conceptualisation of the accident phenomenon.

After reviewing some potential data sources for use as the basis of a national data set, he recommends that compensation data be developed for this purpose. The paper ends with a plea for the National Occupational Health and Safety Commission to use the statistics power of the Constitution to develop such a national collection.
THE PREVALENCE OF AND ANTECEDENTS TO IRON DEFICIENCY IN INFANTS IN A VICTORIAN SHIRE
Authors: Brunskill Andrew J. , Ng Kim T.
Published: August 2010

A case‐finding survey was made of eight month old infants in attending routine hearing tests in a Victorian Shire. Capillary blood samples were taken and standard haematological indices assessed as well as free‐erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels. Only 1 child out of 148 tested had a Hb level below 10 g/dl and there was no evidence of lead toxicity. There was no relation between free‐erythrocyte protoporphyrin level and volume of daily cows' milk intake as reported by the mother.
THE INCIDENCE OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN QUEENSLAND AND NEW SOUTH WALES: A COMPARISON USING ESTIMATES BASED ON HOSPITAL MORBIDITY RECORDS
Authors: RB Reznik , GB Goldstein , Ring I.
Published: August 2010

Incidence rates and death rates for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were compared in New South Wales and Queensland to investigate whether changes in death rates were correlated with changes in incidence rates. The incidence of AMI was 1.9 per cent higher for males and 14.9 per cent lower for females in Queensland than in New South Wales. Differences in age‐specific incidence rates paralleled differences in age‐specific death rates, suggesting that observed changes in death rates may reflect changes in incidence, rather than case‐fatality. Risk factor patterns are broadly similar between the two states, apart from the prevalence of cigarette smoking which, like the incidence of AMI, is higher in males and lower in females in Queensland.
15's: THEY FIT IN EVERYWHERE — ESPECIALLY THE SCHOOL BAG: A SURVEY OF PURCHASES OF PACKETS OF 15 CIGARETTES BY 14 AND 15 YEAR OLDS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Authors: Wilson David H. , Wakefield Melanie A. , Esterman Adrian , Baken Christopher C.
Published: August 2010

Cigarettes in packets of 15 have now been available in Australia since 1985. A survey conducted among 14 and 15 year old adolescents in the Adelaide metropolitan area in May 1986, showed that 56.3 per cent of smokers in this age group had purchased packets of 15 in the month prior to the survey. This proportion compared with 8.8 per cent of adult smokers in a survey conducted two weeks earlier. These results suggest that marketing cigarettes in packets of 15 is targeted specifically at the adolescent market. Some methods for dealing with this method of marketing are identified.
SLEEPING DISORDERS AMONG WEST AUSTRALIAN TERTIARY STUDENTS
Authors: Andrews H. B. , Davis N.
Published: August 2010

In a sample of 78 students attending the Curtin University of Technology, about one‐third of the students indicated a sleeping problem in the week prior to the survey. Approximately 10 per cent stated they had frequent problems with falling asleep and 13 per cent reported that awakening during the night was a frequent concern. In general the students reported a lower incidence of sleeping disturbances than the general population, but their primary sleep problems tended to be different from those reported elsewhere for older adults. There is a need for routine health interventions with both groups, but the intervention strategies might vary with the specific population.
ASSESSMENT OF ABORIGINAL HEALTH SERVICES
Authors: Copeman R.C.
Published: August 2010

The relationship of primary health care (PHC) to the community is currently a topic of interest in Australia. One model of community‐based PHC is that of the Aboriginal community‐controlled health services (AHSs). Although committed to providing basic medical services to their communities, the AHSs have a broader view of health and its determinants. Obtaining adequate food, housing, sanitation and water supply, legal services, employment, training and land rights are seen as vitally important to health.

From their very beginnings, the Aboriginal communities have been involved in the running of the AHSs. Conversely, the AHSs have been involved in the community in three ways. Firstly, AHSs have played a vanguard role in many communities, facilitating the development of other community services and initiatives. Secondly, AHSs have identified and defined the root causes of health problems and developed community responses to those causes. Thirdly, the orientation of the services and their staff towards the community and its culture has meant that the individual patient care provided is attuned to the needs of both the individual and the community.

This paper illustrates these points by reviewing the literature and using descriptive evidence from Aboriginal communities in eastern Australia.
COPING WITH THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LIFE EVENTS, COPING STRATEGIES AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS
Authors: Headey Bruce , Wearing Alexander
Published: August 2010

The aims of this paper are to distinguish between effective and ineffective coping strategies for dealing with adverse life events occurring in different domains of a person's environment; to identify persons most at risk for deploying ineffective strategies; and to indicate interventions designed to promote effective strategies and limit the use of ineffective strategies.

Recent research has suggested that different strategies may be effective for dealing with different events (stressors) and, in particular, that instrumental strategies are effective for events which present mainly cognitive problems; that affective strategies are effective for emotional problems and that avoidance strategies may be effective for uncontrollable events. Adverse events in three domains are considered in this paper: job and financial events, health events and personal relationship events. The evidence indicates that instrumental strategies are effective for all these events, that affective regulation strategies are ineffective, and that avoidance strategies are harmful.

Data come from two waves of an Australian panel study (1983–85; n = 734). Respondents completed a life events inventory and were then shown a list of coping strategies and asked how they had coped with the most serious problem they had faced in the last two years. Effective coping was defined as coping which led to minimal increases in psychological distress (PD). Women, people of higher socio‐economic status (SES) and people who rated high on the traits warmth and openness to feelings more frequently used effective instrumental strategies. People who rated high on neuroticism and openness to feelings were more likely to use avoidance strategies.
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION OR COMMUNITY MANIPULATION? A CASE STUDY OF THE ILLAWARRA CANCER APPEAL‐A‐THON
Authors: Short Stephanie D.
Published: August 2010

Fashion parades, balls, raffles, and weekly deductions from thousands of workers' pay packets were integral to success of the Cancer Appeal‐a‐thon in the Illawarra region. In 1986–87 the Illawarra community was induced to contribute $1.5 million in order to purchase a linear accelerator for the Wollongong Hospital. The community agreed that a radiotherapy machine was the number one health service priority for the region. Or did it?

Application of Alford's structural interests framework to this case‐study reveals how failure to examine power relations between medical monopolizers, health care rationalizers and community participants results in an inability to recognise that alternative community needs — for cancer prevention, domiciliary care, or alternative therapies — might be unarticulated or unobservable, and in an inability to ask whether the community may be mistaken about, or unaware of, its own health needs.

Specifically, the paper argues that, ‘community needs’ are easily manipulated or distorted by powerful interest groups and that the political context within which community needs are recognized, articulated and mobilized is the most important issue for community participation in the health policy‐making process.
UTILISATION OF ACUTE HOSPITALS BY AGE AND SEX IN AUSTRALIA, 1985
Authors: Mathers C.D. , Moore G.
Published: August 2010

This paper provides estimates of the utilisation rates of acute care (short‐stay) hospitals, by age and sex, for the Australian population. Separation and bed‐day rates per 1000 persons for public. Repatriation and private hospitals in 1985 have been estimated by age group, for each sex, in each State and Territory in Australia.

The Australian Base Grant, negotiated between the Commonwealth, States and Territories in the new Medicare Agreements, distributes funds for the care and treatment of Medicare patients in public hospitals. The national bed‐day utilisation rates reported in this article, have been used as the basis for population weights to allocate these funds.

This paper presents the data and methods used to derive these weights, and examines the differences between them and the actual State and Territory utilisation patterns in 1985.

The impact of population ageing on the overall utilisation rates for acute hospitals in Australia is examined.
ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, CIGARETTE SMOKING AND FETAL OUTCOME IN VICTORIA, 1985
Authors: Bell Robin , Lumley Judith
Published: August 2010

The aims of this study were to document the extent of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption by Victorian women during pregnancy and relate the use of cigarettes and alcohol to various measures of pregnancy outcome. The study found that 24 per cent of women smoked during pregnancy and smoking was more common amongst younger women; 99.5 per cent of women drank, on average, less than two standard drinks per day and older women were more likely to be drinkers than younger women; 3.6 per cent of women reported at least one episode of binge drinking during pregnancy. There was an increasing trend in the proportion of low birthweight (>2500g) infants with increasing use of tobacco and a dose‐dependent reduction in mean birthweight. Drinkers were less likely to have a pre‐term or low birthweight infant than abstainers and babies born to drinkers had a higher mean birthweight than babies born to abstainers. The results of our study did not suggest that drinkers were at increased risk of delivering an infant with a congenital malformation, however heavy drinking was very uncommon in the studied population.
HIERARCHIES, BUREAUCRACIES AND PROFESSIONS THE MEDICARE REVIEW PART TWO
Authors: Willis Evan
Published: August 2010

This paper is both a personal account and an analysis of the Medicare Review (part 2) that took place in 1985‐6, to which I acted as Consultant Adviser.* It analyses health policy issues associated with the recent inquiry to consider expanding the Medicare Scheme to include the services of some paramedical occupations. It considers what took place, the history of events leading up to the Review, the complexities of the review process and issues of implementation as well as the wider context. The paper moves from the descriptive to the analytical level to explain and interpret the review process from both a sociological and social policy point of view. The relevance of the Review to public health is twofold: the development and application of a new methodology to evaluate complementary health modalities on one hand, and the role of the Review in promoting both the legitimacy of these occupations, and, from a public policy analysis viewpoint, cost containment, on the other.
THE GREEN NEPHROLOGY SURVEY OF SUSTAINABILITY IN RENAL UNITS IN ENGLAND, SCOTLAND AND WALES
Authors: Connor Andrew , Mortimer Frances
Published: August 2010

The impact of unmitigated climate change upon global health is predicted to be disastrous. However, the very provision of healthcare itself has a significant environmental impact, and the contribution of kidney care to the carbon footprint of the NHS is likely to be disproportionately high. Furthermore, the current economic climate will ensure that healthcare systems face unprecedented reductions in resources (or, at the very least, diminished expansion in the face of ongoing increases in demand). Improvements in the way that renal services use resources will address both issues. This survey was designed to identify a baseline for sustainability in kidney care, to support a clinical transformation to lower carbon kidney care by identifying fruitful areas for attention, and to act as an educational tool. The survey identified measures for improvement across the different areas of the provision of kidney care, including building energy use, patient and staff transport, water use and the consumption and procurement of resources. The results of the survey, which was completed by 58 adult and paediatric renal units across England, Scotland, and Wales, are reported here and potential changes are discussed.
QUALITY OF LIFE OF GREEK PATIENTS WITH END STAGE RENAL DISEASE UNDERGOING HAEMODIALYSIS
Authors: Kastrouni Maria , Sarantopoulou Eleni , Aperis Georgios , Alivanis Polichronis
Published: August 2010

An evaluation of the quality of life of patients with end stage kidney disease undergoing haemodialysis in the Greek population was conducted to understand whether this quality could be improved. Comparisons were made with a similar study conducted in United States in regards to the effects of kidney disease in daily life, burden of kidney disease, work status, cognitive function, quality of social interaction, sexual function, social support, physical functioning, role physical on daily routine, pain, general health perceptions, role emotional, emotional well being, social function and energy/fatigue. Any differences are discussed and analysed. Sexual problems were found to be more prominent in this study, but the emotional status has greater influence in quality of life in the US study. The results were more positive in Greece with respect to dialysis staff encouragement, patient satisfaction, as well as acceptance and the understanding of illness. The results from our study reflect the differences of the health care systems in various countries as well as population‐related beliefs and values.
INCIDENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF TRANSPLANT RENAL ARTERY STENOSIS IN LIVING UNRELATED DONOR RENAL TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: Kamali Koosha , Abbasi Mohammad Amin , Behzadi Ashkan Heshmatzade , Mortazavi Ahmad , Bastani Bahar
Published: August 2010

Background: This study was designed to evaluate the incidence and risk factors of transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS) among living donor unrelated kidney recipients.

Patients and methods: Three hundred and sixty kidney consecutive transplant recipients were included in this retrospective cohort study. Informed written consent was obtained, only TRAS occurring three months after transplantation were considered. After five‐year follow up, TRAS was established in 6.6% (24 patients) of patients.

Results: Mean ± SD age of recipients was 39.8 ± 14.9 years old (range 16–77). Upon multivariate analysis recipient age >50 (RR = 2.9, CI 95%: 1.33–2.93, p = 0.008), recipient BMI >30 (kg/m2) (RR: 7.97, CI 95%: 3.44–18.46, p < 0.001), retransplantation (RR = 4.88, CI 95%: 2.21–10.77, p < 0.001), cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and delayed graft function (DGF) (RR: 4.29, CI 95%: 3.12–13.79, p = 0.01) appeared to be independently associated with TRAS. Positive CMV‐antibody was more frequent in recipients with TRAS (95.83% vs. 70.8%, p = 0.04) but all of them were HCV‐antibody negative. Other variables as discussed were similar between two groups.

Conclusion: High recipient age, BMI > 30, hyper trigelyceridaemia, previous transplantation, CMV infection and DGF are shown to be risk factors for TRAS.
The genus Steenisia (Rubiaceae) and its taxonomic position
Authors: Bremer Birgitta
Published: August 2010

Steenisia, with 5 species in Borneo and the Natuna Islands, is proposed to be removed from the tribe Argostemmateae (Rubioideae – Rubiaceae) to the tribe Rondeletieae (Cinchonoideae s. str. – Rubiaceae). The contorted aestivation of the corolla, the structure of the testa, the general absence of raphides, and the type of placentation are characters indicating this position. A key and descriptions, distribution maps and illustrations of all species are provided.
Notes on Andrographis and Gymnostachyum (Acanthaceae)
Authors: Hansen Bertel
Published: August 2010

Taxonomic and nomenclatural comments are given on two widespread Andrographis species, A. paniculata (Burmf.) Nees and A. laxiflora (Bl.) Lindau. A revised synonymy for A. laxiflora is worked up, adding 6 new synonyms from Thailand. Cryptophragmium tonkinense R. Benoist and Parajusticia petelotii R. Benoist are sunk into Gymnostachyum listeri Prain and Eranthemum lateriflorum C. B. Clarke is shown to be Gymnostachyum lateriflorum comb. nov., The pollen grains of G. listeri and G. lateriflorum are briefly described and seem to be typical Gymnostachyum pollen.
Synura australiensis (Mallomonadaceae, Chrysophyceae), a light and electron microscopical investigation
Authors: Croome R. L. , Tyler P. A.
Published: August 2010

An emended description of Synura australiensis Playfair is given, based on light and electron microscopical observations of specimens from three Australian localities. The species is easily recognized by light microscopy from its distinctive colony and cell shape. Electron microscopy of its scales shows a distinctive ultrastructure and that it belongs in the section Petersenianae Petersen et Hansen.
The validity of the genus Spiniferomonas (Chrysophyceae)
Authors: Nicholls K. H.
Published: August 2010

Cells of Spiniferomonas bourrellyi Takahashi have been shown to possess a chloroplast. A procedure for examining the same cells by both light and electron microscopy was developed so that the structure of silica scales (which is diagnostic for the species) could be confirmed for cells clearly possessing chloroplasts. A previously published proposal invalidated the genus Spiniferomonas because the type species (S. bourrellyi) was found to be colourless and the new genus Chromophysomonas was erected to include all remaining pigmented species of Spiniferomonas. The findings reported here support reinstatement of S. blurrily as the validated type of the genus; Chromophysomonas is considered a redundant synonym.
Ultrastructure of dormant buds of Salix sp. in early winter
Authors: Berggren Britt
Published: August 2010

In the apex of dormant buds of Salk a histological zonation comparable to that found in growing buds was observed. However, significant changes in relative volumes of cell components between dormant and growing buds were noted; the dormant buds had a lower volume density of vacuoles and higher relative volumes of mitochondria, plastids, lipid bodies, and starch grains than the growing buds. In the leaf primordia the relative volume of nuclei decreased with age, while the relative volume of plastids and mitochondria increased. The large central vacuole found in cells of e.g. the pro‐cambium and rib meristem in growing buds is split into many smaller ones during the winter. A high content of tannin and calcium oxalate crystals was noted in dormant buds. They also accumulate lipids and starch. Phytoferritin may appear in plastids. Stacked ER and concentric sheaths of ER around lipid bodies appear, probably as a consequence of either anaerobic conditions or water stress. Several indications of metabolic activities in the seemingly dormant buds were found; plasmatubules at the plasmalemma particularly in the procambium, sheaths of smooth ER around the plastids, electron opaque globules (probably calcium‐binding sites), and vacuoles that seemed to be autophagic.
A revision of the genus Triplaris (Polygonaceae)
Authors: Brandbyge John
Published: August 2010

The neotropical genus Triplaris Loefl. ex L. is revised. A total of 73 taxa had previously been described. In the present revision 17 species, 1 subspecies, and 1 variety are recognized. A new combination Triplaris melaenodendron (Bertol.) Standl. & Steyerm. ssp. colombiana (Meisner) Brandbyge is made, and a new variety T. setosa Rusby var. woytkowski Brandbyge is proposed. Keys based on both pistillate and staminate specimens are presented.
A reconsideration of the Rhus glutinosa complex (Anacardiaceae)
Authors: Gilbert M. G.
Published: August 2010

R. glutinosa Hochst. ex. A. Rich. is lectotypified. R. abyssinica Oliv. and R. neoglutinosa M. Gilbert are reduced to subspecies of R. glutinosa.
Reseating of ecological gradients. III. The effect of scale and niche breath measurements
Authors: Økland Rune Halvorsen
Published: August 2010

Abundances of eleven Sphagnum species in 800 sample plots are used to investigate the effect of DCA rescaling on Levins' measure of niche breadth relative to three partitions of the water‐table gradient in a boreal Norwegian mire: (1) sample plots classified into 15 categories, each spanning an interval of 2 cm vertical extent, (2) as (1), but sequence of categories rescaled by DCA and sample plots reorganized into 15 categories with uniform beta diversity, and (3), sample plots ordinated by DCA and classified into 15 categories with uniform beta diversity by subdivision of an ordination axis highly correlated with median water‐table. Habitat niche breadth is shown to be dependent on four issues (in order of supposedly decreasing importance): (1) scale, (2) noise level of data, (3) homogeneity of individual samples, and (4), weighting function. Six problems relevant to interpretation of measurements of niche breadth are discussed: (1) range of measures, (2) spacing of categories, (3) scale, (4) choice of gradients, (5) number of samples, and (6), comparability of studies. For measures of habitat niche breadth to be biologically meaningful, four conditions have to be satisfied: (1) the gradients studied have important impact on the studied species, (2) sampling is adequate, (3) scaling of gradients is in compositional turnover, and (4), comparability is demonstrated prior to comparison with other studies. Revisions of current methods are proposed. The role of DCA in niche studies is particularly emphasized.