bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Practising geographical knowledge: fields, bodies and dissemination
Authors: Dewsbury J.D. , Naylor S
Published: March 2003

In this article we make a case for a renewed emphasis upon some of the generic, albeit often tacit, spaces of practice that we share across our sub–disciplinary boundaries. In this we seek to emphasize the ways in which everyday actions make up the grander facades of institutional agendas, empirical projects and disciplinary schools of thought. To achieve this we trace the performance of disciplinary contours and identities across three important sites: the field, the body and the act of dissemination. There are, we will argue, significant commonalities that bind us as disciplinary practitioners in terms of how we perform within and across these sites, and indeed, how we join them up through our practices.
Cannabis, Alcohol and Cigarettes: Substitutes or Complements?
Authors: Cameron Lisa , Williams Jenny
Published: March 2003

This paper uses individual level data from the National Drug Strategy Household Surveys to estimate the price responsiveness of participation in cannabis, alcohol and cigarette use. In addition to own price effects, we estimate cross price effects and the impact of decriminalizing cannabis use. We find that participation is responsive to own prices. There is some evidence that cannabis is a substitute for alcohol and a complement to cigarettes, and that alcohol and cigarettes are complements. The liberalization of cannabis laws in South Australia may have led to a temporary increase in cannabis use among the over‐30 age group.
Exchange Rate Instability: A Threshold Autoregressive Approach
Authors: Henry Ólan T. , Olekalns Nilss , Summers Peter M.
Published: March 2003

We fit a two‐regime threshold autoregressive model to a trade weighted index of the Australian real exchange rate. We find strong evidence of a threshold in the real exchange rate, with the data being classified into two regimes. The timing of the first regime is consistent with events that would be expected to have led to pressure on the Australian exchange rate. However, there is no evidence to suggest that the Asian economic crisis led to the real exchange rate entering this regime.
Dynamic Relationships in the Australian Labour Market: Heterogeneity and State Dependence
Authors: Knights Stephen , Harris Mark N. , Loundes Joanne
Published: March 2003

In this study, individual labour market dynamics are analysed using the Australian Longitudinal Survey. A random utility framework for analysing discrete choices is adopted. In this context, a model incorporating a state dependent relationship between employment outcomes is estimated. The influence on individual employment outcomes of additional variables including education, gender and unemployment benefits is also investigated. It is found that, even after controlling for observable and unobservable differences between individuals, there is evidence of state dependence, which may constitute evidence of a ‘scarring’ effect of unemployment.
Reservoir resettlement in China: past experience and the Three Gorges Dam
Authors: Heming Li , Waley Paul , Rees Phil
Published: March 2003

This paper reviews involuntary resettlement resulting from dam‐building, which has been ignored relative to the dominant focus of migration research in China, rural to urban migration. Reservoir resettlement in China has a long history, often of misery and hardship for those displaced. Relocatees affected by the Three Gorges Project (1994–2009) on the Yangtze River face a similar situation. In China priority has been given to building the dam to provide electricity, flood control and navigation. Less attention has been paid to the problems of the people affected by the reservoir inundation. The rural population forced to relocate and rural‐urban migrants in general have been discriminated against by national policies.
Dilemmas of development in Oceania: the political economy of the Tongan agro‐export sector
Authors: Storey Donovan , Murray Warwick E.
Published: March 2003

This article critically engages with the recent diffusion of the orthodox development model in Oceania and highlights some evolving dilemmas. In particular, it explores the social, economic and ecological tensions arising from economic reforms that are exacerbating the fragility of already vulnerable nation‐states and communities. In order to illustrate its arguments, a case study of the impacts of agro‐export growth in Tonga is presented. Attention is drawn to the socially inequitable and ecologically unsustainable outcomes of rapid growth in this sector. In analyzing the political economy of the squash pumpkin sector, the authors point to the important role that culture plays in mediating and conditioning development outcomes. Reflecting on the Tongan case, it is argued that to better understand the implications of orthodox developmental reform in the region, research must seek to more explicitly incorporate distributional and ethical analysis.
Management of the old field vegetation in the Namaqua National Park, South Africa: conflicting demands of conservation and tourism
Authors: Van Rooyen M W.
Published: March 2003

Springtime mass displays of wild flowers are especially prominent on old fields and other disturbed sites in Namaqualand, an arid region in the north–western part of South Africa. This springtime floral spectacle draws thousands of tourists annually. However, there is a potential conflict between biodiversity conservation and the mass flowering that is a valuable source of income to the region. To develop a management plan for the old field vegetation in the Namaqua National Park, the questions of whether to disturb or not, how often to disturb and what type of disturbance should be applied are of vital importance. The aim of this paper is to report on experimental work to determine the impact of disturbance on mass flowering displays and biodiversity. Results show that although species diversity increased with time since last cultivation, the mass effect of the flowering display diminished. The loss of the mass effect appears to be primarily caused by the increased abundance of a short–lived perennial species (Leysera gnaphalodes) that suppressed the flowering display of the prominent annual species. To maintain mass displays as a tourist attraction, regular disturbance by tilling therefore seems essential. Initially, a four–year rotational tilling programme is proposed to produce a mosaic of fields of different ages to ensure that there will always be some old fields producing a spectacular and uncluttered display. Frequency of disturbance should thereafter be determined by an adaptive management policy. If the management of the old field vegetation is seen in the context of conserving total landscape ecodiversity, this includes conserving cultural bio–landscapes and their intrinsic values. Viewed in this context, human–induced disturbance in the small area set aside for mass displays in the Namaqua National Park (less than 0.05% of the park) becomes justified.
Participatory selection process for indicators of rangeland condition in the Kalahari
Authors: Reed Mark S , Dougill Andrew J
Published: March 2003

To develop indicator–based management tools that can facilitate sustainable natural resource management by non–specialists, meaningful participation of stakeholders is essential. A participatory framework is proposed for the identification, evaluation and selection of rangeland condition indicators. This framework is applied to the assessment of rangeland degradation processes and sustainable natural resource management with pastoralists in the southern Kalahari, Botswana. Farmer knowledge focused on vegetation and livestock, with soil, wild animal and socio–economic indicators playing a lesser role. Most were indicators of current rangeland condition; however ‘early warning’ indicators were also identified by some key informants. This demonstrates that some local knowledge is process–based. Such knowledge could be used to improve indicator–based management tools and extension advice on the livelihood adaptations necessary to prevent or reduce ecological change, capable of threatening livelihood sustainability. There is evidence that social background influences indicator use. Communal farmers rely most heavily on vegetation and livestock indicators, whilst syndicate and land–owning pastoralists cite wild animal and soil–based indicators most frequently. These factors must be considered if indicator–based management tools are to meet the requirements of a diverse community.
Tourism as a local development strategy in South Africa
Authors: Binns Tony , Nel Etienne
Published: March 2003

The promotion of tourism has been identified as a key strategy that can lead to economic upliftment, community development and poverty relief in the developing world. In the last few years, tourism has also emerged as a significant development option in post–apartheid South Africa. In the context of some current debates on tourism in poor countries, the paper examines how economic, social and environmental resources are being utilized to promote tourism as a local economic development strategy in South Africa, and more specifically it focuses on current local government endeavours in this regard and two communities that have suffered the loss of their economic resource base. Tourism–based development initiatives, one in KwaZulu–Natal and one in the Western Cape, are evaluated in the context of generating economic growth, alleviating poverty and addressing the apartheid legacy of discrimination and inequality. The significance of the dynamics of development processes involved in these initiatives has much wider relevance for local economic development, both within South Africa and elsewhere.
The national impact of European Union regulatory policy: Three Europeanization mechanisms
Authors: Knill Christoph , Lehmkuhl Dirk
Published: March 2003

Abstract. While much has been written about the impact of European Union (EU) regulatory policy, most of the scholarly work is concerned with developments at the European level. Only recently have attempts been made to fill this gap. Although there is a growing number of studies explicitly concerned with the Europeanization of domestic institutions, we still lack consistent and systematic concepts to account for the varying patterns of institutional adjustment across countries and policy sectors. The aim of this article is to provide a more comprehensive framework for explaining the domestic impact of European policy making. We make an analytical distinction between three mechanisms of Europeanization – institutional compliance, changing domestic opportunity structures, and framing domestic beliefs and expectations – each of which requires a distinctive approach in order to explain its domestic impact. We argue that it is the particular type of Europeanization mechanism involved rather than the policy area itself that is the most important factor to be considered when investigating the domestic impact of varying European policies.
Gaining and seeking access: The European adaptation of domestic interest associations
Authors: Beyers Jan
Published: March 2003

Abstract. The multilevel governance literature on European politics argues that supranational governing arrangements have increased their autonomy vis–à–vis national governments. As private interests increasingly bypass national levels and become active in transnational Euro–level policy networks, national governments are no longer the sole interface between supranational and national levels. In contrast, the European Union might also be conceptualised as a two–level interstate negotiation system, an approach assuming that interests are formed and aggregated at the national level. Societal interests enter the fray of European negotiations via national executives, and private interests bypassing the national level are considered as a rather marginal, even irrelevant, phenomenon. In addition, both accounts expect different outcomes regarding which sorts of private interests – diffuse or specific – seek and gain access to both domestic and European public actors. By analysing the varying network strategies of domestic private actors, in particular interest associations, this article explores some propositions held by these two approaches. After a more comprehensive outline of some hypotheses, evidence collected among public and private actors at both the domestic (Belgian) and European levels will be analysed. In general, the results suggest that Euro–level networks of domestic interests are substantially related to their structural location within the domestic realm, that network strategies tend to be quite bureaucratic and that the sort of interest represented – diffuse or specific – has a considerable effect on gaining and seeking access.
Learning from the Danish case: A comment on Palle Svensson's critique of the Franklin thesis
Authors: Franklin Mark N.
Published: March 2003

Abstract. Palle Svensson in this issue of EJPR has objected to the characterisation of Danish voters made by Franklin and others who, in various publications, expounded the thesis that on issues of low salience, referendum votes tend to follow party lines. Svensson finds evidence that the Maastricht Treaty was not an issue of low salience to Danish voters in the ratification referendums conducted there, and gives other details of the evolution of public opinion regarding Europe that clarify the circumstances in which our thesis should apply. In the light of his arguments, this Comment presents a more nuanced version of the thesis that learns from the Danish case, and should be of greater utility than our earlier version in helping to interpret the role of government standing in referendum outcomes.
Factional rivals and electoral competition in a dominant party: Inside Japan's Liberal Democratic Party, 1958–19901
Authors: BROWNE ERIC C. , KIM SUNWOONG
Published: March 2003

Abstract.  Formally organized factions in dominant parties face an electoral dilemma – namely, they need to cooperate sufficiently to ensure party control of government while competing with each other for members. This article examines the efforts of Japan's Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) factions to reconcile these conflicting interests during the period 1958–1990. In particular, we are interested in how institutional constraints imposed both by the electoral system and the party affected the ability of the various factions to increase membership. Following the literature, which identifies incumbency, the party endorsement and mainstream faction status as important determinants of electoral success, we investigate the relative ability of individual factions to increase membership by refocusing analysis on the party's non‐incumbent candidates. Consistent with earlier research, we confirm the importance of the party endorsement and mainstream faction status for the electoral success of these candidates. Contrary to current belief, however, we establish empirically that the electoral advantage enjoyed by the non‐incumbent candidates of mainstream factions is not due to a disproportionate number of party endorsements, but rather is heavily influenced by their disproportionate assignment to run in districts with attributes that enhance their electability.
Use of the SF‐12 Instrument for Measuring the Health of Homeless Persons
Authors: Larson Celia O.
Published: March 2003

Objective. To evaluate the construct validity of the Short Form 12‐item Survey (SF‐12) among users of a homeless day shelter. Adding brief health assessments has potential to provide information regarding the effect that programs have upon the health status and functioning of homeless persons.

Study Setting. A convenience sample of 145 homeless persons at a day shelter in an urban setting.

Study Design. Participants were verbally administered the SF‐12 that provides information on mental and physical health status and the Dartmouth Improve Your Medical Care SurveyTM (IYMC) that provides information on functional health, clinical symptoms, medical conditions, and health risk. The IYMC survey system has been widely used in clinical settings to assess health status and the outcomes of care.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods. Construct validity was assessed by the following approaches: (a) the method of extreme groups was used where multivariate analysis of variance determined if SF‐12 summary scores varied for individuals who differed in self‐reported clinical symptoms and medical conditions, and (b) convergent validity was assessed by correlating SF‐12 summary scores with the subscales.

Principal Findings. Four to 10 point differences in physical health (PCS12) and 5–11 point differences in mental health (MCS12) were found between those who reported acute symptoms and medical conditions and those who did not. A 13‐point difference in PCS12 scores and a 7–16‐point difference in MCS12 scores were found for those who reported none or few to several symptoms or conditions. The summary scores and subscales yielded satisfactory convergent validity coefficients that ranged from 0.62 to 0.88 with one exception.

Conclusions. The SF‐12 shows promise as a valid outcome indicator for assessing and monitoring health status among the homeless. Its strengths include brevity and availability of norms for specific medical conditions.
An Empty Toolbox? Changes in Health Plans’ Approaches for Managing Costs and Care
Authors: Mays Glen P. , Hurley Robert E. , Grossman Joy M.
Published: March 2003

Objective. To examine how health plans have changed their approaches for managing costs and utilization in the wake of the recent backlash against managed care.

Data Sources/Study Setting. Semistructured interviews with health plan executives, employers, providers, and other health care decision makers in 12 metropolitan areas that were randomly selected to be nationally representative of communities with more than 200,000 residents. Longitudinal data were collected as part of the Community Tracking Study during three rounds of site visits in 1996–1997, 1998–1999, and 2000–2001.

Study Design. Interviews probed about changes in the design and operation of health insurance products—including provider contracting and network development, benefit packages, and utilization management processes—and about the rationale and perceived impact of these changes.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods. Data from more than 850 interviews were coded, extracted, and analyzed using computerized text analysis software.

Principal Findings. Health plans have begun to scale back or abandon their use of selected managed care tools in most communities, with selective contracting and risk contracting practices fading most rapidly and completely. In turn, plans increasingly have sought cost savings by shifting costs to consumers. Some plans have begun to experiment with new provider networks, payment systems, and referral practices designed to lower costs and improve service delivery.

Conclusions. These changes promise to lighten administrative and financial burdens for physicians and hospitals, but they also threaten to increase consumers’ financial burdens.
Whom Should We Profile? Examining Diabetes Care Practice Variation among Primary Care Providers, Provider Groups, and Health Care Facilities
Authors: Krein Sarah L , Hofer Timothy P , Kerr Eve A , Hayward Rodney A
Published: March 2003

Objective. To evaluate the amount of variation in diabetes practice patterns at the primary care provider (PCP), provider group, and facility level, and to examine the reliability of diabetes care profiles constructed using electronic databases.

Data Sources/Study Setting. Clinical and administrative data obtained from the electronic information systems at all facilities in a Department of Veterans Affairs' (VA) integrated service network for a study period of October 1997 through September 1998.

Study Design. This is a cohort study. The key variables of interest are different types of diabetes quality indicators, including measures of technical process, intermediate outcomes, and resource use.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods. A coordinated registry of patients with diabetes was constructed by integrating laboratory, pharmacy, utilization, and primary care provider data extracted from the local clinical information system used at all VA medical centers. The study sample consisted of 12,110 patients with diabetes, 258 PCPs, 42 provider groups, and 13 facilities.

Principal Findings. There were large differences in the amount of practice variation across levels of care and for different types of diabetes care indicators. The greatest amount of variance tended to be attributable to the facility level. For process measures, such as whether a hemoglobin A1c was measured, the facility and PCP effects were generally comparable. However, for three resource use measures the facility effect was at least six times the size of the PCP effect, and for intermediate outcome indicators, such as hyperlipidemia, facility effects ranged from two to sixty times the size of the PCP level effect. A somewhat larger PCP effect was found (5 percent of the variation) when we examined a “linked” process–outcome measure (linking hyperlipidemia and treatment with statins). When the PCP effect is small (i.e., 2 percent), a panel of two hundred diabetes patients is needed to construct profiles with 80 percent reliability.

Conclusions. Little of the variation in many currently measured diabetes care practices is attributable to PCPs and, unless panel sizes are large, PCP profiling will be inaccurate. If profiling is to improve quality, it may be best to focus on examining facility‐level performance variations and on developing indicators that promote specific, high‐priority clinical actions.
Estimating Paid and Unpaid Hours of Personal Assistance Services in Activities of Daily Living Provided to Adults Living at Home
Authors: LaPlante Mitchell P. , Harrington Charlene , Kang Taewoon
Published: March 2003

Objective. To estimate the total hours of paid and unpaid personal assistance of daily living provided to adults living at home in the United States using nationally representative household survey data.

Data Sources. The Disability Followback Survey of the National Health Interview Survey on Disability (NHIS‐D) conducted from 1994 to 1997.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods. Data were obtained on persons receiving help with up to 5 ADLs and 10 IADLs, for up to 4 helpers, including the activities they helped with, whether the helper was paid or not, and the number of hours of help provided in the two weeks prior to the survey. The sample consists of 8,471 household‐resident adults ages 18 and older receiving help with personal assistance. About 22 percent of the sample has missing data on hours, which we impute by multiple regression models using demographic, ADL, and IADL variables.

Findings. We estimate that 13.2 million noninstitutionalized adults receive an average of 31.4 hours per week of personal assistance in ADLs and IADLs per week, with 3.2 million people receiving an average of 17.6 hours of paid help and 11.7 million receiving an average of 30.7 hours of unpaid help. More persons ages 18–64 received help than those ages 65 and older (6.9 versus 6.2 million), but working‐age recipients had fewer hours (27.4 versus 35.9) per week, due in part to less severe levels of disability.

Conclusions. Personal assistance provided to adults with disabilities amounts to 21.5 billion hours of help per year, with an economic value in 1996 approaching 200billion.Only16percentofthistotalispaid,representing32 billion in home health services spent annually. This study, the first to estimate hours of assistance for both working‐age and older adults, documents that older persons are more likely to receive paid personal assistance, while working‐age people rely to a greater extent on unpaid help. This study begins to articulate the division of labor in the provision of personal assistance. Estimates of paid and unpaid hours of help by number of ADLs should inform policy concerning eligibility boundaries in long term care.
An Observational Study of Antibiotic Prescribing Behavior and the Hawthorne Effect
Authors: Mangione‐Smith Rita , Elliott Marc N , McDonald Laurie , McGlynn Elizabeth A
Published: March 2003

Objectives. To assess whether prospective, observational study procedures, including questionnaires and audio recording, are associated with different patterns of physician diagnostic decision making and antibiotic prescribing.

Data Sources/Setting. (1) Survey data from a prospective observational study of treatment patterns for children with acute upper respiratory illnesses (10/96–3/97) and (2) retrospective medical record abstraction data of nonobserved encounters for the same problems occurring during (10/96–3/97) and one year after (10/97–3/98) the observational study period. Ten pediatricians in two community practices were studied.

Study Design. Patterns of diagnoses recorded in the medical record and antibiotics ordered for visits occurring outside of the observational study (same time period and one year later) were compared with the pattern of diagnoses and antibiotics ordered during the observational study.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods. For the observational study (10/96–2/97), diagnosis and treatment choices were obtained from questionnaires completed by physicians immediately following the visit. For the nonstudy encounters (10/96–3/97 and 10/97–3/98), data were abstracted from medical records one year after the observational study was completed.

Principal Findings. The proportion of viral cases in which an antibiotic was prescribed was 29 percentage points lower for the observational study compared to the retrospective analysis (p<.05). In one of two study sites, the proportion of cases assigned a bacterial diagnosis was 29 percentage points lower in the observational study period compared to the retrospective study (p<.05).

Conclusions. Observational study procedures including questionnaires and audio recording can affect antibiotic prescribing behavior. Future observational studies aimed at examining the frequency of inappropriate antibiotic prescribing should measure and adjust for the Hawthorne effect; without such adjustments, the results will likely underestimate the true degree of the problem. Future interventions aimed at decreasing inappropriate antibiotic prescribing should consider “harnessing” the Hawthorne effect through performance feedback to participating physicians.
The New Institutionalism
Authors: Hira Anil , Hira Ron
Published: March 2003

This article suggests that the new institutionalism contains ambiguous and contradictory notions of change. By setting up a model that explains institutional constraints on decision makers, the new institutionalism correctly points out the limits of a rational choice framework of economic decision making. However, by failing to explain the sources and avenues of modifications of those constraints, the new institutionalism is unable to provide a satisfactory explanation of change. Instead, we find a patchwork of exogenous factors, such as technology, culture, and ideology, which feed into institutional change in unclear ways. This paper reaches the conclusion that those factors for change should be examined directly, rather than through the proxy of institutions.
Legalize Drugs Now!: An Analysis of the Benefits of Legalized Drugs
Authors: Cussen Meaghan , Block Walter
Published: March 2003

The legalization of drugs would prevent our civil liberties from being threatened any further, it would reduce crime rates, reverse the potency effect, improve the quality of life in the inner cities, prevent the spread of disease, save the taxpayer money, and generally benefit both individuals and the community as a whole. Our arguments are based on a basic appreciation of the benefits provided by voluntary exchange and the role markets play in coordinating human activities. Legalizing drugs would eliminate many inconsistencies, guarantee freedoms, and increase the effectiveness of the government’s anti‐drug beliefs. The present war on drugs has not and will not produce a decisive victory. We advocate a new approach to this important social problem.
Complexity, Governance and Constitutional Craftsmanship
Authors: Boettke Peter J. , Storr Virgil Henry
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the relationship of Max Weber's “social economics” to the work of the Austrian School of Economics, and in particular the writings of Ludwig von Mises and F. A. Hayek. We argue that the Austrian school scholars complement and extend the work of Weber. The sophisticated form of methodological individualism found in Weber, Mises and Hayek overcomes the shortcomings of traditional economic and sociological analysis and could provide the analytical structure for a post‐classical political economy.
Privilege and Corruption: The Problems of China's Socialist Market Economy
Authors: Yao Shuntian
Published: March 2003

It is well known that China's corruption problem has become more and more serious during the period of economic reform. This paper examines China's corruption problem with the help of several simple economic models. The author proposes the concepts of implicit corruption and explicit corruption. We explain how the granting of privileges has directly created implicit corruption in China's socialist market economy. We argue that the long‐term existence of the same privileged group in Chinese society has led to widespread collusion among its members, and as a result, these privileged group members, by utilizing their monopoly power, are able to seize almost all the wealth created by the ordinary Chinese people. This seizure is accomplished by means of a two‐part tariff in pricing their administrative service, which is the essence of the explicit corruption. Finally, we point out that, because both implicit corruption and explicit corruption are generated by China's political system, which grants and protects privileges, unless a political reform is initiated and privileges are eliminated, China's problem of corruption will never be solved.
Thomas Jefferson's Liberal Anticapitalism
Authors: Katz Claudio J.
Published: March 2003

This article reassesses Thomas Jefferson's political economy in light of debates about the influence of liberal and republican ideas on his thought. I argue that Jefferson embraced liberal premises, but used them to reach anticapitalist conclusions. He opposed neither commerce nor the prosperity it promised; he opposed working for a wage, and he did so on liberal grounds. The first section of this article shows that John Locke's theory of property turns on the justification of capitalist labor relations. The second section establishes, first, that Locke's argument played a decisive role in the development of Jefferson's own and, second, that Jefferson redefined its terms to fashion a forceful critique of wage labor. An examination of Jefferson's writings elucidates a neglected variant of the liberal tradition, prevalent in the United States until the Populist agitation. Its core is the stigma attached to working for hire as a diminished form of liberty, tantamount to wage slavery.
The Variable Incumbency Advantage: New Voters, Redistricting, and the Personal Vote
Authors: Desposato Scott W. , Petrocik John R.
Published: March 2003

In this article we explore the personal vote costs of redistricting. After redistricting, incumbents often face significant numbers of new voters—voters that were previously in a different incumbent's district. Existing conceptualizations of the incumbency advantage suggest that the cost to incumbents of having new voters should be relatively small and predictable. We propose a different formulation: a variable incumbency advantage. We argue that any incumbency advantage among the electorate is a function of short‐term effects, partisanship, and electoral saliency. We use a massive untapped dataset of neighborhood‐level electoral data to test our model and to demonstrate how the intersection of the personal vote, redistricting, and short‐term environmental variables can provide a healthy margin to incumbents—or end their careers.
The Local Voter: A Geographically Weighted Approach to Ecological Inference
Authors: Calvo Ernesto , Escolar Marcelo
Published: March 2003

Drawing inferences about individual behavior from aggregate ecological data has been a persistent problem in electoral and behavioral studies, in spite of important methodological advances. In a recent article Anselin and Tam Cho (2002) provided Monte Carlo evidence that King's Ecological Inference (EI) solution will produce biased estimates in the presence of extreme spatial heterogeneity. In this article we provide further empirical evidence that supports their findings and shows that in the presence of spatial effects the residuals of Goodman's naïve model exhibit the same spatial structure that King's local
BBi
estimates. Solving for extreme spatial heterogeneity, it is argued here, requires controlling the omitted variable bias expressed in the spatial structure of much ecological data. In this article we propose a Geographically Weighted Regression approach (GWR) for solving problems of spatial aggregation bias and spatial autocorrelation that affect all known methods of ecological inference. The estimation process is theoretically intuitive and computationally simple, showing that a well‐specified GWR approach to Goodman and King's Ecological Inference methods may result in unbiased and consistent local estimates of ecological data that exhibit extreme spatial heterogeneity.
Divide and conquer: multiple leasing in common pool oil fields
Authors: Yuan Lasheng
Published: March 2003

A theoretic model is developed to analyse strategic leasing behaviours of U.S. landowners in a non‐exclusively owned common oil pool. Oil field development is modelled as a simultaneous‐move two‐stage non‐cooperative game. The landowners choose leasing strategies in the first stage; independent lease operators choose extraction strategies in the second. Ownership structure is distinguished from operation structure and their relationship analyzed. It is shown that, in a non‐exclusively owned oil field, it is individually rational for a landowner to subdivide his landholding and delegate production rights to multiple independent firms, although more dispersed production control leads to heavier common pool losses. JEL classification numbers: L23, D23, Q24

Diviser pour régner : baux multiples dans des champs pétroliers construits sur une même nappe. Ce mémoire construit un modèle théorique pour analyser les comportements stratégiques des propriétaires terriens dans le cas de baux de forage quand le fond pétrolier à exploiter est en propriété commune. On modélise le processus de développement du champs pétrolier comme un jeu sans coopération à deux étapes avec décisions simultanées. Les propriétaires terriens choisissent des stratégies de baux dans une première étape et des opérateurs locataires indépendants choisissent des stratégies d’extraction dans un second temps. Ce faisant, on est capable de distinguer la structure de propriété de la structure des opérations, et d’analyser les relations entre elles. On montre que pour une nappe pétrolière qui est en propriété commune, il est rationnel pour un propriétaire terrien individuel de subdiviser sa propriété et de louer des droits de production à plusieurs entreprises indépendantes, même si cette dispersion du contrôle de la production entraîne des pertes beaucoup plus lourdes dans l’exploitation de la nappe pétrolière en propriété commune.
Retail price cycles and response asymmetry
Authors: Eckert Andrew
Published: March 2003

Weekly retail gasoline prices in Windsor, Ontario, from 1989 to 1994 appear to respond faster to wholesale price increases than to decreases, but exhibit a cyclic pattern inconsistent with a common explanation of response asymmetry. I reconcile these observations through a model of price cycles. Prices on the downward portion of the cycle appear insensitive to costs, compared with price increases, supporting the theory that price decreases result from battles over market share. This pattern resembles a faster response to cost increases than to decreases, and the conclusion that asymmetry indicates a role for competition policy may be inappropriate. JEL Classification: L13, L71

Cycles des prix de détail et réponse asymétrique. Les prix de détail hebdomadaires de la gazoline à Windsor (Ont.) entre 1989 et 1994 semblent réagir plus vite aux accroissements qu’aux chutes des prix de gros, mais suivent un pattern cyclique qui ne semble pas consistant avec l’explication traditionnelle en termes de réponse asymétrique. L’auteur réconcilie ces observations à l’aide d’un modèle de cycle de prix. Les prix dans la portion descendante du cycle semblent insensibles aux variations de coûts, par comparaison avec les accroissements de prix, ce qui supporte la théorie que les chutes de prix résultent de luttes pour les parts de marché. Le pattern ressemble à celui déclenché par une réponse plus rapide aux augmentations qu’aux chutes de coûts, et la conclusion qui voudrait qu’on puisse attribuer le tout à l’asymétrie des réponses (et que donc une intervention de la politique de la concurrence s’impose) peut être inappropriée.
The impact of patent rights on international trade: evidence from Canada
Authors: Rafiquzzaman Mohammed
Published: March 2003

The extent to which Canadian manufacturing exports are sensitive to national differences in patent rights are examined. The conclusion is that, overall, Canadians tend to export more to those countries where their patent rights are highly safeguarded. Stronger patent protection induces Canadians to export relatively more to high‐income countries than to low‐income countries. In addition, the effect of stronger patent rights is to increase exports to those countries that pose a strong threat of imitation and to reduce exports to those countries that pose the weakest threat of imitation. JEL Classification: F13; O34

Impact de la propriété des brevets sur le commerce international: résultats pour le Canada. Ce mémoire examine jusqu’à quel point les exportations manufacturières canadiennes sont sensibles aux différences dans la propriété des brevets entre pays. L’étude conclut que les Canadiens tendent à exporter davantage vers les pays où la propriété des brevets est hautement protégée.Il appert que la plus forte protection de la propriété des brevets tend à faire que les Canadiens exportent relativement plus vers les pays à hauts revenus que vers ceux à plus faibles revenus. De plus, il appert que l’effet de la plus forte protection des brevets est d’accroître les exportations vers les pays qui posent une forte menace d’imitation et de réduire les exportations vers les pays qui posent la plus faible menace d’imitation.
Rank, separability, and conditional demands
Authors: Lewbel Arthur
Published: March 2003

RankR demand systems that are either conditioned on some good (such as durables) or are separable from that good, are shown to be identical to unconditional demand systems having rank R or R+ 1. More generally, the rank of a conditional demand system or a separable subsystem is a lower bound on the rank of the corresponding demand system over all goods. This relationship is applied to reinterpret some existing empirical results regarding rank, conditioning goods, and separability.

Rang, séparabilité et demandes conditionnelles. On montre que des systèmes de demande de rang R qui sont conditionnés par rapport à un bien (des biens durables par exemple) ou sont séparables de ce bien sont identiques aux systèmes de demande inconditionnels de rang R ou R+ 1. Plus généralement, le rang d’un système de demande conditionnel ou d’un sous‐système séparable est une limite inférieure au rang du système de demande correspondant pour tous les biens. Cette relation est utilisée pour ré‐interpréter quelques résultats empiriques pour ce qui est du rang, des biens conditionnants et la séparabilité.
Decomposing changes in wage distributions: a unified approach
Authors: Lemieux Thomas
Published: March 2003

Over the last fifteen years, many researchers have attempted to explain the determinants and changes of wage inequality. I propose a simple procedure to decompose changes in the distribution of wages or in other distributions into three factors: changes in regression coefficients; the distribution of covariates, and residuals. The procedure requires only estimating standard OLS regressions augmented by a logit or probit model. It can be extended by modelling residuals as a function of unmeasured skills and skill prices. Two empirical examples showing how the procedure works in practice are considered. In the first example, sources of differences in the wage distribution in Alberta and British Columbia are considered; in the second, sources of change in overall wage inequality in the United States, 1973–99, are re–examined. Finally, the proposed procedure is compared with existing procedures. JEL classification: J3

La décomposition des changements dans les distributions de salaires : une approche unifée. Au cours des quinze dernières années, nombre d’études se sont penchées sur les déterminants et les changements de la distribution des salaires. Ce mémoire propose une procédure pour décomposer les changements de la distribution des salaires en trois éléments: les changements dans les coefficients de régression, la distribution des regresseurs et les changements résiduels. Cette procédure ne nécessite que l’estimation de regressions par moindre carrés ordinaires et d’un modèle probit ou logit. L’auteur montre aussi comment modéliser les résidus en fonction de compétences non mesurées. La procédure proposée est mise en application dans le contexte de deux exemples: la distribution des salaires en Alberta et en Colombie–Britannique et les changements dans la distribution des salaires de 1973 à 1999 aux Etats–Unis. Le mémoire examine aussi comment cette procédure se compare aux méthodes proposées par d’autres chercheurs.
The Effect of Managerial Incentives to Bear Risk on Corporate Capital Structure and R&D Investment
Authors: Nam Jouahn , Ottoo Richard E. , Thornton Jr. John H.
Published: March 2003

In this study we use estimates of the sensitivities of managers’ portfolios to stock return volatility and stock price to directly test the relationship between managerial incentives to bear risk and two important corporate decisions. We find that as the sensitivity of managers’ stock option portfolios to stock return volatility increases firms tend to choose higher debt ratios and make higher levels of R&D investment. These results are even stronger in a subsample of firms with relatively low outside monitoring. For these firms, managerial incentives to bear risk play a particularly pivotal role in determining leverage and R&D investment.
FOLIERÉPUBLICAINE
Authors: Goodin Robert E.
Published: March 2003

▪ Abstract  Republican political theory has undergone a recent revival, first and most strongly among historians, subsequently in a more limited way among lawyers, philosophers, and political scientists. Surveying the many contexts in which republican principles are invoked, I find that appeals to republicanism are often redundant (there being other, probably better, ways of arguing for the same practices and outcomes) and sometimes unfortunate (setting off, among “street-level republicans,” resonances with darker features of the older republican tradition that contemporary academic theorists of republicanism would prefer to forget). Even the more attractive features of the republican ideal—deliberative engagement in pursuit of the common good—can invite communitarian excesses, and even the “liberal republican” versions that strive to avoid that outcome are largely bereft of mechanisms for realizing their vision.
RAWLS ANDHABERMAS ONPUBLICREASON: Human Rights and Global Justice
Authors: Moon J. Donald
Published: March 2003

▪ Abstract  Many have argued that Rawls's and Habermas's accounts of public reason have converged in their latest writings, as both support the basic structure of the modern, constitutional, democratic state. But an analysis of their views of global justice reveals deep differences in their views of public reason. For Rawls, public reason is a substantive set of principles to be used to answer fundamental questions, whose content varies with the context in which these questions arise. Habermas, on the other hand, endorses the public use of reason, which provides criteria determining the universal validity of moral norms, though it does not itself ground substantive norms. Ironically, at the global level Rawls's substantive principles of public reason are more inclusive than Habermas's formalist account, which rules out moral and legal systems that Rawls's theory would accommodate.
Detection of BCR-ABL mutations in patients with CML treated with imatinib is virtually always accompanied by clinical resistance, and mutations in the ATP phosphate-binding loop (P-loop) are associated with a poor prognosis
Authors: Branford Susan , Rudzki Zbigniew , Walsh Sonya , Parkinson Ian , Grigg Andrew , Szer Jeff , Taylor Kerry , Herrmann Richard , Seymour John F. , Arthur Chris , Joske David , Lynch Kevin , Hughes Tim
Published: March 2003

Imatinib-treated chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients with acquired resistance commonly have detectable BCR-ABL kinase domain mutations. It is unclear whether patients who remain sensitive to imatinib also have a significant incidence of mutations. We evaluated 144 patients treated with imatinib for BCR-ABL kinase domain mutations by direct sequencing of 40 accelerated phase (AP), 64 late chronic phase (≥ 12 months from diagnosis, late-CP), and 40 early-CP patients. Mutations were detected in 27 patients at 17 different residues, 13 (33%) of 40 in AP, 14 (22%) of 64 in late-CP, and 0 of 40 in early-CP. Acquired resistance was evident in 24 (89%) of 27 patients with mutations. Twelve (92%) of 13 patients with mutations in the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding loop (P-loop) died (median survival of 4.5 months after the mutation was detected). In contrast, only 3 (21%) of 14 patients with mutations outside the P-loop died (median follow-up of 11 months). As the detection of mutations was strongly associated with imatinib resistance, we analyzed features that predicted for their detection. Patients who commenced imatinib more than 4 years from diagnosis had a significantly higher incidence of mutations (18 [41%] of 44) compared with those treated within 4 years (9 [9%] of 100), P < .0001. Lack of a major cytogenetic response (MCR) was also associated with a higher likelihood of detecting a mutation; 19 (38%) of 50 patients without a MCR had mutations compared with 8 (8.5%) of 94 with an MCR, P < .0001. In conclusion, the detection of kinase domain mutations using a direct sequencing technique was almost always associated with imatinib resistance, and patients with mutations in the P-loop had a particularly poor prognosis. (Blood. 2003; 102:276-283)