bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Video Captioning with Multi-Faceted Attention
Authors: Long Xiang , Gan Chuang , de Melo Gerard
Published: December 2018

Video captioning has attracted an increasing amount of interest, due in part to its potential for improved accessibility and information retrieval. While existing methods rely on different kinds of visual features and model architectures, they do not make full use of pertinent semantic cues. We present a unified and extensible framework to jointly leverage multiple sorts of visual features and semantic attributes. Our novel architecture builds on LSTMs with two multi-faceted attention layers. These first learn to automatically select the most salient visual features or semantic attributes, and then yield overall representations for the input and output of the sentence generation component via custom feature scaling operations. Experimental results on the challenging MSVD and MSR-VTT datasets show that our framework outperforms previous work and performs robustly even in the presence of added noise to the features and attributes.
Unsupervised Word Mapping Using Structural Similarities in Monolingual Embeddings
Authors: Aldarmaki Hanan , Mohan Mahesh , Diab Mona
Published: December 2018

Most existing methods for automatic bilingual dictionary induction rely on prior alignments between the source and target languages, such as parallel corpora or seed dictionaries. For many language pairs, such supervised alignments are not readily available. We propose an unsupervised approach for learning a bilingual dictionary for a pair of languages given their independently-learned monolingual word embeddings. The proposed method exploits local and global structures in monolingual vector spaces to align them such that similar words are mapped to each other. We show empirically that the performance of bilingual correspondents that are learned using our proposed unsupervised method is comparable to that of using supervised bilingual correspondents from a seed dictionary.
Scheduled Multi-Task Learning: From Syntax to Translation
Authors: Kiperwasser Eliyahu , Ballesteros Miguel
Published: December 2018

Neural encoder-decoder models of machine translation have achieved impressive results, while learning linguistic knowledge of both the source and target languages in an implicit end-to-end manner. We propose a framework in which our model begins learning syntax and translation interleaved, gradually putting more focus on translation. Using this approach, we achieve considerable improvements in terms of BLEU score on relatively large parallel corpus (WMT14 English to German) and a low-resource (WIT German to English) setup.
Do latent tree learning models identify meaningful structure in sentences?
Authors: Williams Adina , Drozdov* Andrew , Bowman Samuel R.
Published: December 2018

Recent work on the problem of latent tree learning has made it possible to train neural networks that learn to both parse a sentence and use the resulting parse to interpret the sentence, all without exposure to ground-truth parse trees at training time. Surprisingly, these models often perform better at sentence understanding tasks than models that use parse trees from conventional parsers. This paper aims to investigate what these latent tree learning models learn. We replicate two such models in a shared codebase and find that (i) only one of these models outperforms conventional tree-structured models on sentence classification, (ii) its parsing strategies are not especially consistent across random restarts, (iii) the parses it produces tend to be shallower than standard Penn Treebank (PTB) parses, and (iv) they do not resemble those of PTB or any other semantic or syntactic formalism that the authors are aware of.
Bootstrap Domain-Specific Sentiment Classifiers from Unlabeled Corpora
Authors: Mudinas Andrius , Zhang Dell , Levene Mark
Published: December 2018

There is often the need to perform sentiment classification in a particular domain where no labeled document is available. Although we could make use of a general-purpose off-the-shelf sentiment classifier or a pre-built one for a different domain, the effectiveness would be inferior. In this paper, we explore the possibility of building domain-specific sentiment classifiers with unlabeled documents only. Our investigation indicates that in the word embeddings learned from the unlabeled corpus of a given domain, the distributed word representations (vectors) for opposite sentiments form distinct clusters, though those clusters are not transferable across domains. Exploiting such a clustering structure, we are able to utilize machine learning algorithms to induce a quality domain-specific sentiment lexicon from just a few typical sentiment words (“seeds”). An important finding is that simple linear model based supervised learning algorithms (such as linear SVM) can actually work better than more sophisticated semi-supervised/transductive learning algorithms which represent the state-of-the-art technique for sentiment lexicon induction. The induced lexicon could be applied directly in a lexicon-based method for sentiment classification, but a higher performance could be achieved through a two-phase bootstrapping method which uses the induced lexicon to assign positive/negative sentiment scores to unlabeled documents first, a nd t hen u ses those documents found to have clear sentiment signals as pseudo-labeled examples to train a document sentiment classifier v ia supervised learning algorithms (such as LSTM). On several benchmark datasets for document sentiment classification, our end-to-end pipelined approach which is overall unsupervised (except for a tiny set of seed words) outperforms existing unsupervised approaches and achieves an accuracy comparable to that of fully supervised approaches.
Native Language Cognate Effects on Second Language Lexical Choice
Authors: Rabinovich Ella , Tsvetkov Yulia , Wintner Shuly
Published: December 2018

We present a computational analysis of cognate effects on the spontaneous linguistic productions of advanced non-native speakers. Introducing a large corpus of highly competent non-native English speakers, and using a set of carefully selected lexical items, we show that the lexical choices of non-natives are affected by cognates in their native language. This effect is so powerful that we are able to reconstruct the phylogenetic language tree of the Indo-European language family solely from the frequencies of specific lexical items in the English of authors with various native languages. We quantitatively analyze non-native lexical choice, highlighting cognate facilitation as one of the important phenomena shaping the language of non-native speakers.
Polite Dialogue Generation Without Parallel Data
Authors: Niu Tong , Bansal Mohit
Published: December 2018

Stylistic dialogue response generation, with valuable applications in personality-based conversational agents, is a challenging task because the response needs to be fluent, contextually-relevant, as well as paralinguistically accurate. Moreover, parallel datasets for regular-to-stylistic pairs are usually unavailable. We present three weakly-supervised models that can generate diverse, polite (or rude) dialogue responses without parallel data. Our late fusion model (Fusion) merges the decoder of an encoder-attention-decoder dialogue model with a language model trained on stand-alone polite utterances. Our label-finetuning (LFT) model prepends to each source sequence a politeness-score scaled label (predicted by our state-of-the-art politeness classifier) during training, and at test time is able to generate polite, neutral, and rude responses by simply scaling the label embedding by the corresponding score. Our reinforcement learning model (Polite-RL) encourages politeness generation by assigning rewards proportional to the politeness classifier score of the sampled response. We also present two retrievalbased, polite dialogue model baselines. Human evaluation validates that while the Fusion and the retrieval-based models achieve politeness with poorer context-relevance, the LFT and Polite-RL models can produce significantly more polite responses without sacrificing dialogue quality.
Low-Rank RNN Adaptation for Context-Aware Language Modeling
Authors: Jaech Aaron , Ostendorf Mari
Published: December 2018

A context-aware language model uses location, user and/or domain metadata (context) to adapt its predictions. In neural language models, context information is typically represented as an embedding and it is given to the RNN as an additional input, which has been shown to be useful in many applications. We introduce a more powerful mechanism for using context to adapt an RNN by letting the context vector control a low-rank transformation of the recurrent layer weight matrix. Experiments show that allowing a greater fraction of the model parameters to be adjusted has benefits in terms of perplexity and classification for several different types of context.
Von Stein zu Steel: Staim im Hiltibrantlied
Authors: Schürr Diether
Published: December 2018

After a discussion of earlier interpretations of l. 51f., an argument is made for the emendation not only of chludun to chlubun, “they clove” (incontestable), but also of stoptū to a non-ohg stopun, “they stepped” (better than a saxonised *staptun with the same meaning), as already proposed by Lachmann (1833). In addition, staim is no longer interpreted as the first part of a compound—not as *stein with the meaning “colour”, only attested in on, nor as *steim, “noise”, only attested once in mhg, nor as *sturm, “storm”, never attested in ohg, os, oe and on as first member of a compound with the meaning “battle”—but as an instrumentalis, signifying the swords, and therefore to be corrected to sta(h)lim, “with steels”, another non-ohg word-form. All this is seen, together with the use of bort for “shield”, as further evidence that the lay was influenced by oe and os poetry.
Zur Interpretation der neuentdeckten altfriesischen Psalmglossen
Authors: Versloot Arjen
Published: December 2018

The recent discovery of a few snippets with Old Frisian words from the 12th century was a sensational surprise for the study of Old Frisian (Langbroek 2015). The 8 words are linguistically interpreted according to the inflectional categories of the parallel Latin glosses. This is in line with the wide spread custom in mediaeval interlineair glossing practices. This article argues that Langbroek’s linguistic interpretation, which turns lesa ‘to redeem’ into a subjunctive or imperative and herte ‘heart’ into a plural form, is linguistically not sustainable. It is postulated that all word forms, except for mi, reflect lemma base forms, i.e. infinitives or nominative singular forms. This may pose new questions about the character of these glosses and their application in the original context and use.
“In Overlandsche ende in Duytsche sprake” und “Die alghemene Duytsche tael”
Authors: de Grauwe Luc
Published: December 2018

The first printed Dutch grammar was entitled Twe-spraack vande Nederduitsche letterkunst (1548). In many places, the grammar names its own language simply Duytsch, but the book also uses this term – depending on context or audience, not seldom melting one significance into another – for what now is known as ‘Continental (West) Germanic’ (“Ick spreeck int ghemeen vande duytse taal, die zelve voor één taal houdende”, p. 110), referring to the entire complex of linguistic varieties, which nowadays come under the cognate standard languages Dutch (formerly in English Low/Nether Dutch) and German (High Dutch). Many textbooks, grammars, dictionaries etc. in 16th- to 18th-century Netherlands and Flanders strikingly reserved simple Duytsch for their own language (hence Dutch), contrasting it with ‘marked’ Hoogduytsch or even Overland(t)sch (avoiding hyperonymic -duytsch!). In addition to a treatment of the term Duytsch, this article also deals with some other, strongly related cruces in the Twe-spraack.
Living Without Closure
Authors: Lawlor Krista
Published: December 2018

Epistemic closure, the idea that knowledge is closed under known implication, plays a central role in current discussions of skepticism and the semantics of knowledge reports. Contextualists in particular rely heavily on the truth of epistemic closure in staking out their distinctive response to the so-called "skeptical paradox." I argue that contextualists should re-think their commitment to closure. Closure principles strong enough to force the skeptical paradox on us are too strong, and closure principles weak enough to express unobjectionable epistemic principles are too weak to generate the skeptical paradox. I briefly consider how the contextualist might live without (strong) closure.
Some Worries for Would-be mers
Authors: Leite Adam
Published: December 2018

DeRose appeals to ordinary English usage to support his contextualist semantics for "know"-attributions. A common objection holds that though the relevant assertions are both appropriate and seemingly true, their seeming truth arises merely from their appropriateness. This Warranted Assertability Maneuver (WAM) aims to provide a stand-alone objection by providing a reason not to take the ordinary language data at face-value. However, there is no plausible model or mechanism for the pragmatic phenomena WAMmers must postulate. Given what the WAM requires, it is doubtful it could work out in detail.
A Contextualist Solution to the Problem of Easy Knowledge
Authors: Neta Ram
Published: December 2018

Many philosophers hold some verion of the doctrine of "basic knowledge". According to this doctrine, it's possible for S to know that p, even if S doesn't know the source of her knowledge that p to be reliable or trustworthy. Stewart Cohen has recently argued that this doctrine confronts the problem of easy knowledge. I defend basic knowledge against this criticism, by providing a contextualist solution to the problem of easy knowledge.
Begonia ehuangzhangensis (sect. Diploclinium, Begoniaceae), a new species from Guangdong, China
Authors: DING QIAO-LING , ZHAO WAN-YI , YIN QIAN-YI , YE HUA-GU , SONG HAN-ZHANG , LIAO WEN-BO
Published: December 2018

A new species, Begonia ehuangzhangensis, from Yangchun City, Guangdong Province, China, is described and illustrated. Morphologically, B. ehuangzhangensis is most similar to B. fimbristipula in tuber shape, leaf number, and placentation type but significantly differs by indumentum characters of petiole and blade, tepal number of male flower, flower size, capsule size, and flowering period. Begonia ehuangzhangensis also resembles B. rongjiangensis in plant shape, number of tepals, placentation type, and flowering period, differing by indumentum characters of ovary, bract and outer tepals of male flower, flower size, shape of stigmas, leaf number, and leaf margin.
Reassessment of Begonia arboreta and B. sonlaensis (Begoniaceae) based on field observation and type examination
Authors: CHEN WEN-HONG , RADBOUCHOOM SIRILAK , NGUYEN HIEU QUANG , PHUTTHAI THAMARAT , AVERYANOV LEONID V. , SHUI YU-MIN
Published: December 2018

Due to the unavailability of specimens and publications in the past, some gaps exist in knowledge of similar species from various adjacent countries. After more recently detailed observations from field surveys and examinations on herbaria specimens, we confirmed the status of Begonia arboreta and B. sonlaensis as synonyms of B. garrettii and B. pseudodryadis from China and Thailand, and from China and Vietnam, respectively. The taxonomic treatment is based on the examination of both available herbarium specimens and living plants from different populations. Taxonomy revision of the allied species is very important for understanding plant diversity in the above neighboring countries.
Phytotaxa Begonia Special Issue 2018
Authors: TIAN DAI-KE , SHUI YU-MIN , HUGHES MARK , KIEW RUTH , TEBBITT MARK , MOONLIGHT PETER W.
Published: December 2018

Begonia is a pan-tropical, mega-diverse genus of economic value as ornamental and medicinal plants. As the fifth largest genus in the angiosperms, Begonia has a huge diversity with over 1,900 known species, which are mainly distributed in the tropical regions of Asia, America and Africa. The size and distribution of the genus gives it the potential of becoming a model plant for genomic, biogeographic, systematic and evolutionary research. Begonia species are extremely sensitive to habitat, and most are locally endemic, with many of these being endangered. The wild species with particularly beautiful foliage or value as traditional medicine face excessive collection and illegal trade. In the past 20 years, the number of accepted species names in Begonia has increased considerably, from 1200 to 1900+. However, due to the micro-endemic nature of Begonia species and inadequate field surveys, many new taxa still await discovery and description. Furthermore, in order to provide up-to-date reliable data for scientific research, conservation and utilization, most previously described taxa deserve taxonomic revision. To address this knowledge shortfall, we proposed publishing a series of special issues on Begonia to present current advances in classical taxonomy, phylogeny, speciation, population genetics, biogeography, natural hybridization and conservation biology related to this genus.
Re-establishment of Begonia oxyphylla (Begoniaceae), a species from the coastal forests of Brazil
Authors: JACQUES ELIANE DE LIMA
Published: December 2018

Begonia oxyphylla A.DC. (Begoniaceae) is re-established at the rank of species, described and illustrated. This species was previously recognized as a variety of B. arborescens Raddi but is readily distinguished from that species by its tomentose-ferruginous indumentum, with shortly spinous stellate hairs (although some individuals may be glabrescent) and its elongated oblong leaf lamina with acuminate apices.
Didymella eriobotryae sp. nov. (Didymellaceae) and Arthrinium arundinis (Apiosporaceae) from fruit of Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) in China
Authors: THAMBUGALA KASUN M. , HYDE KEVIN D. , ZHANG JIN-FENG , LIU ZUO-YI
Published: December 2018

Arthrinium (Apiosporaceae) and Didymella (Didymellaceae) are species-rich genera and most of the members in these genera are plant pathogenic, saprobic or endophytic species that have been recorded from a wide range of hosts. The present study introduces Didymella eriobotryae sp. nov. and a new record of Arthrinium arundinis which are associated with decaying fruit of Eriobotrya japonica in China. Morphology and DNA sequence data are employed to determine the taxonomic placement of these species.
Rhynchosia waterbergensis (Cajaninae, Phaseoleae, Fabaceae), a new unifoliate species from Waterberg, South Africa
Authors: AJAO ABDULWAKEEL AYOKUN-NUN , BOATWRIGHT JAMES STEPHEN , MOTEETEE ANNAH NTSAMAEENG
Published: December 2018

A new unifoliolate species of Rhynchosia from Modimolle (formerly Nylsroom), in the Waterberg area, South Africa, was discovered. Until now, R. monophylla was the only unifoliolate species of the genus in southern African, however, the two differ markedly in growth habit; the former species is a trailing herb, while the new species is an erect subshrub. This species is closely similar to R. spectabilis in having a canescent-tomentose indumentum that covers the whole plant, broadly ovate or ovate-orbicular leaves, and pubescent standard petals, but differs mainly in the unifoliate leaves, length of the inflorescence, and number of flowers. Here we describe the new species Rhynchosia waterbergensis in the type section Rhynchosia.
A New Method to Characterize Changes in the Seasonal Cycle of Snowpack
Authors: Evan Amato T.
Published: December 2018

In the western United States, water stored as mountain snowpack is a large percentage of the total water needed to meet the region’s demands, and it is likely that, as the planet continues to warm, mountain snowpack will decline. However, detecting such trends in the observational record is challenging because snowpack is highly variable in both space and time. Here, a method for characterizing mountain snowpack is developed that is based on fitting observed annual cycles of snow water equivalent (SWE) to a gamma-distribution probability density function. A new method for spatially interpolating the distribution’s fitting parameters to create a gridded climatology of SWE is also presented. Analysis of these data shows robust trends in the shape of the annual cycle of snowpack in the western United States. Over the 1982–2017 water years, the annual cycle of snowpack is becoming narrower and more Gaussian. A narrowing of the annual cycle corresponds to a shrinking of the length of the winter season, primarily because snowpack melting is commencing earlier in the water year. Because the annual cycle of snowpack at high elevations tends to be more skewed than at lower elevations, a more Gaussian shape suggests that snowpack is becoming more characteristic of that at lower elevations. Although no robust downward trends in annual-mean SWE are found, robust trends in the shape of the SWE annual cycle have implications for regional water resources.
Dynamics of Asian Summer Monsoon Response to Anthropogenic Aerosol Forcing
Authors: Wang Hai , Xie Shang-Ping , Kosaka Yu , Liu Qinyu , Du Yan
Published: December 2018

Anthropogenic aerosols partially mask the greenhouse warming and cause the reduction in Asian summer monsoon precipitation and circulation. By decomposing the atmospheric change into the direct atmospheric response to radiative forcing and sea surface temperature (SST)-mediated change, the physical mechanisms for anthropogenic-aerosol-induced changes in the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) are diagnosed. Using coupled and atmospheric general circulation models, this study shows that the aerosol-induced troposphere cooling over Asian land regions generates anomalous sinking motion between 20° and 40°N and weakens the EASM north of 20°N without SST change. The decreased EASM precipitation and the attendant wind changes are largely due to this direct atmospheric response to radiative forcing, although the aerosol-induced North Pacific SST cooling also contributes. The SST-mediated change dominates the aerosol-induced SASM response, with contributions from both the north–south interhemispheric SST gradient and the local SST cooling pattern over the tropical Indian Ocean. Specifically, with large meridional gradient, the zonal-mean SST cooling pattern is most important for the Asian summer monsoon response to anthropogenic aerosol forcing, resulting in a reorganization of the regional meridional atmospheric overturning circulation. While uncertainty in aerosol radiative forcing has been emphasized in the literature, our results show that the intermodel spread is as large in the SST effect on summer monsoon rainfall, calling for more research into the ocean–atmosphere coupling.
Observation-Based Source Terms in the Third-Generation Wave Model WAVEWATCH III: Updates and Verification
Authors: Liu Qingxiang , Rogers W. Erick , Babanin Alexander V. , Young Ian R. , Romero Leonel , Zieger Stefan , Qiao Fangli , Guan Changlong
Published: December 2018

The observation-based source terms available in the third-generation wave model WAVEWATCH III (i.e., the ST6 package for parameterizations of wind input, wave breaking, and swell dissipation terms) are recalibrated and verified against a series of academic and realistic simulations, including the fetch/duration-limited test, a Lake Michigan hindcast, and a 1-yr global hindcast. The updated ST6 not only performs well in predicting commonly used bulk wave parameters (e.g., significant wave height and wave period) but also yields a clearly improved estimation of high-frequency energy level (in terms of saturation spectrum and mean square slope). In the duration-limited test, we investigate the modeled wave spectrum in a detailed way by introducing spectral metrics for the tail and the peak of the omnidirectional wave spectrum and for the directionality of the two-dimensional frequency–direction spectrum. The omnidirectional frequency spectrum E(f) from the recalibrated ST6 shows a clear transition behavior from a power law of approximately f−4 to a power law of about f−5, comparable to previous field studies. Different solvers for nonlinear wave interactions are applied with ST6, including the Discrete Interaction Approximation (DIA), the more expensive Generalized Multiple DIA (GMD), and the very expensive exact solutions [using the Webb–Resio–Tracy method (WRT)]. The GMD-simulated E(f) is in excellent agreement with that from WRT. Nonetheless, we find the peak of E(f) modeled by the GMD and WRT appears too narrow. It is also shown that in the 1-yr global hindcast, the DIA-based model overestimates the low-frequency wave energy (wave period T > 16 s) by 90%. Such model errors are reduced significantly by the GMD to ~20%.
What Is Dead May Never Die: Institutional Regeneration through Logic Reemergence in Dutch Beer Brewing
Authors: Kroezen Jochem J. , Heugens Pursey P. M. A. R.
Published: December 2018

Through an in-depth, historically embedded study of the craft revolution in Dutch beer brewing that began in the 1970s, we illuminate how organizational fields may experience regenerative change through the reemergence of traditional arrangements. The remarkable resurgence of craft in this context, following the rapid industrialization of the twentieth century that left only industrially produced pilsner in its wake, serves as the basis of our process theory of regenerative institutional change through logic reemergence. The results of our qualitative analysis show that institutional logics that appear dead or decomposed may never truly die, as they leave remnants behind that field actors can rediscover, repurpose, and reuse at later stages. We show how, in the Netherlands, networks of individuals that had access to the remnants of craft brewing were regenerated, in part fueled by increasing exposure to British, Belgian, and German craft brewing, and how these networks ultimately succeeded in reviving traditional prescriptions for beer and brewing, as well as restoring previously abandoned brewery forms and technologies and beer styles. These activities led not only to a sudden proliferation of alternatives to the dominant industrial pilsner but also to fundamental changes in the meaning and organization of beer brewing, as they were associated with the reinvigoration of institutional orders that preceded those of the corporation and the market. Yet we also observe how, on the ground, remnants of traditional craft often needed to be blended with contemporaneous elements from modern industrialism, as well as foreign representations of craft, to facilitate reemergence. We thus argue that regenerative institutional change likely resembles a dualistic process of restoration and transformation.
Nasal Functions in Three-Dimensional Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery
Authors: Garzaro Massimiliano , Pecorari Giancarlo , Riva Giuseppe , Pennacchietti Valentina , Pacca Paolo , Raimondo Luca , Tron Eleonora , Ducati Alessandro , Zenga Francesco
Published: December 2018

Objectives:

Endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal surgery has become the standard procedure for the majority of skull base diseases, including sellar, parasellar, and clival pathologies. The aim of this study was the objective evaluation of nasal airflow resistances and olfactory function in 3-dimensional (3D) endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal surgery.

Methods:

One hundred patients who underwent 3D transnasal endoscopic surgery for sellar, parasellar, and clival diseases were enrolled. Active anterior rhinomanometry and Sniffin’ Sticks tests were performed before endoscopic surgery and at 3 and 6 months postoperatively.

Results:

No significant difference about nasal airflow resistance and olfactory function was observed between preoperative and postoperative subjective and objective scores. In the group of patients with sellar and parasellar diseases, a worst nasal respiratory function was seen when crusting was present, and a worst olfactory function was observed in patients with synechiae. Nasal functions returned to previous levels when crusting or synechiae solved. No statistically significant correlation was observed between the evaluated nasal functions and the reconstruction with flaps.

Conclusions:

The 3D endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal surgery represents a more and more important tool in skull base surgery. It does not determine nasal respiratory and olfactory alterations after the treatment, without an increase in nasal complaints that could worsen quality of life.
Positively vivid visions: Making followers feel capable and happy
Authors: Fiset John , Boies Kathleen
Published: December 2018

A number of leadership theories have highlighted the positive impact that a leader’s vision can have on follower outcomes. Although significant research has examined the impact of vision, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying this relationship is incomplete. Here, we use self-concept-based theory (Shamir et al., 1993) to explore how the strength of the vision being propounded and the way that it is expressed by leaders influence collective work beliefs. Using a matched sample of teachers and principals, we observe that inspirational visions are positively associated with group affective tone and that future-oriented visions are positively associated with collective efficacy and group affective tone, with all relationships mediated by visioning behaviour. Thus, employees whose leaders exhibit strong visions feel more collectively capable (higher levels of collective efficacy) and happier (higher levels of group affective tone) than employees whose leaders exhibit weak visions, especially when messages are delivered in an emotionally positive way. We conclude that visions contain distinct vision strength themes that differ in terms of their motivating capacity and offer important practical implications and suggestions for future research.
Decolonizing Everyday Islamophobia Through an Antiterrorist Ethic of Resistance
Authors: Beshara Robert K.
Published: December 2018

Decolonizing everyday Islamophobia entails both reflecting on and transforming the epistemology of (structural and interactional) Islamophobia through a radical humanist ontology. A manifestation of this ontology is an antiterrorist ethic of resistance, which involves a nonviolent praxis: a gesture of love. A gesture of love from the oppressed is the transmodern/decolonial corrective to the (counter)terrorism dispositif. This essay is written for scholar–activists, particularly critical psychologists, who desire working within a radical humanist framework in their struggle against everyday Islamophobia.
Democracy in the countryside: The rural sources of violence against voters in Colombia
Authors: Nieto-Matiz Camilo
Published: December 2018

What are the subnational variations of violence against voters? This article studies the effect of land concentration on electoral violence in the context of armed conflict in Colombia. My central argument is that electoral violence tends to be higher in municipalities where landowners are a relevant social actor. More concretely, in areas where violent groups dispute territorial control, higher levels of land inequality – a proxy for landowner prominence – have a positive effect on electoral violence. However, actors do not make the simple choice between violence or no violence but may also resort to fraudulent tactics. Because electoral fraud requires greater cooperation and coordination with the state, I argue that violent groups with stronger links to state officials and political elites are more likely to engage in fraudulent tactics compared to anti-government actors. To estimate the effect of land inequality on electoral coercion and fraud, I exploit the levels of soil quality as an instrumental variable for land concentration in Colombia between 2002 and 2011. This article contributes to the literature on the politics of land inequality; elections and electoral manipulation; and the use of violence in democratic settings.
The UK Citizenship Process: Political Integration or Marginalization?
Authors: Bartram David
Published: December 2018

The UK ‘citizenship process’ subjects immigrants to requirements ostensibly intended to enhance their identification with ‘British values’. Policy-makers suggest the policy will facilitate immigrants’ integration: as they learn about ‘life in the UK’, they will become better able to understand and navigate core institutions. Many external observers, by contrast, believe that the requirements exacerbate immigrants’ marginalization. I use panel data from ‘Understanding Society’ to investigate political participation among non-citizen immigrants at Wave 1, comparing those who became citizens by Wave 6 to those who remained non-citizens. Those who became citizens subsequently reported lower interest in politics, relative to those who remained non-citizens; in addition, they were not more likely to be active in organizations (e.g. political parties and trade unions). These findings reinforce the concerns of critics: the UK citizenship policy appears to do more to alienate new citizens than it does to facilitate their integration in the political sphere.
Marconi’s legal battles: Discursive, textual, and material entanglements
Authors: Arapostathis Stathis
Published: December 2018

The paper offers an account of how the meaning of the concept of “invention” and “inventorship” is not stable and predefined but rather constructed during patent disputes. In particular, I look at how that construction takes place in adversarial settings like the courts of law. I argue that key notions of intellectual property law like invention and inventorship are as constructed as technoscientific claims are in laboratories. Courts should thus be seen as sites of construction through processes framed by specific discursive and evidentiary technologies like bureaucratic paperwork, literary technologies, historiographic accounts of inventorship, and models of artifacts and devices. I draw my examples from the British disputes of the Marconi Company concerning the patenting of wireless telegraph and radio communication technologies in the first half of the twentieth century. The paper tracks Marconi’s circulation of publications, models, historical reconstruction of inventions, and expert witnessing. It unravels the material, discursive, textual, and evidentiary constructions of legality.
Economic hardship, positive affect, and marital processes over middle years
Authors: Wickrama Kandauda (K.A.S.) , O’Neal Catherine Walker
Published: December 2018

Family economic hardship (FEH) can negatively impact the quality of marital relationships, and research has shown that increased distress of husbands and wives at least partially mediates this association. Research has shown that FEH not only increases feelings of distress but also depletes individuals’ positive feelings. The mediating role of positive affect (PA), however, has received less attention. The current study used data from the Iowa Midlife Transitions Project with a sample of 370 married couples providing data from 1991 to 2001. Latent growth curves were estimated for families’ economic hardship and spouses’ PA. Increasing FEH over time generally resulted in the depletion of individuals’ PA after controlling for each spouse’s negative personality characteristics. These growth curves were included in a structural equation model ultimately assessing spouses’ marital quality (MQ). PA trajectories were related to hostile couple context, which was associated with reduced MQ. Findings emphasize the long-term consequences of FEH across middle adulthood on subsequent marital processes through both intra-individual (i.e., PA) and inter-individual (i.e., marital hostility) processes, suggesting that effective prevention and intervention efforts must account for influences at multiple levels and over extended periods of time on MQ. Furthermore, these findings support efforts aiming to strengthen positive psychological resources, rather than reducing psychological distress, as a means to improve MQ.
Do National Service Programs Improve Subjective Well-Being in Communities?
Authors: Velasco Kristopher , Paxton Pamela , Ressler Robert W. , Weiss Inbar , Pivnick Lilla
Published: December 2018

Since the creation of Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) in 1964 and AmeriCorps in 1993, a stated goal of national service programs has been to strengthen the overall health of communities across the United States. But whether national service programs have such community effects remains an open question. Using longitudinal cross-lagged panel and change-score models from 2005 to 2013, this study explores whether communities with national service programs exhibit greater subjective well-being. We use novel measures of subjective well-being derived from tweeted expressions of emotions, engagement, and relationships in 1,347 U.S. counties. Results show that national service programs improve subjective well-being primarily by mitigating threats to well-being and communities that exhibit more engagement are better able to attract national service programs. Although limited in size, these persistent effects are robust to multiple threats to inference and provide important new evidence on how national service improves communities in the United States.
Colliding Ecosystems: Interpreting the Complex Social World of Adolescent Children of Immigrants
Authors: O’Keefe Theresa
Published: December 2018

This article proposes Urie Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory of human development as an interpretive lens for recognizing the challenges presented to the adolescent children of immigrant adults. His ecological framework helps us recognize how these adolescents are caught between cultures and experience the cultural divide differently than their parents, elders, and Anglo age peers. It includes suggestions for how ministers might assist these adolescents and elders to bridge what divides them from each other and the culture.
Response to “Embracing Postcolonialism: The Future of Christian Education” by Mark A. Maddix
Authors: Esqueda Octavio Javier
Published: December 2018

Mark Maddix provides in this article a very insightful and needed Introduction to different perspectives that can contribute to the enrichment of Christian higher education, but that unfortunately have been neglected or ignored by the majority of western evangelical educators.
Linguistic Injustice in the Writing of Research Articles in English as a Second Language: Data From Taiwanese and Mexican Researchers
Authors: Hanauer David I. , Sheridan Cheryl L. , Englander Karen
Published: December 2018

This study investigates the added burden Mexican and Taiwanese non-native English speaker (NNES) researchers perceive when writing research articles in English as a second language (L2) compared with their experience of first language (L1) science writing. 148 Mexican and 236 Taiwanese researchers completed an established survey of science writing burden. Results revealed significant differences between L1 and L2 science writing with an increased burden for L2 science writing consisting of an average increase of 24% in difficulty, 10% in dissatisfaction and 22% in anxiety. No significant differences between the Mexican and Taiwanese researchers were found. Regression analyses established that the variables of science writing burden contribute to a sense that English is a barrier to writing science. We maintain that the additional burden of L2 science writing constitutes a linguistic injustice and a barrier to science that should be addressed by relevant constituents.
How Do Online News Genres Take Up Knowledge Claims From a Scientific Research Article on Climate Change?
Authors: Bray Nancy
Published: December 2018

The Internet has helped to change who writes about science in the news, how news is written, and how it is taken up by different audiences. However, few studies have examined how these changes have impacted the uptake of scientific claims in online news writing. This case study explores how online news genres take up knowledge claims from a research article on climate change over a period of one year and shows how shifting boundaries between rhetorical communities affect genre uptake. The study results show that online news writers predominantly use the news report genre to cover research findings for 48 hours, after which they predominantly use the news editorial genre to engage these findings. Analysis suggests that the news report genre uses the press release and the article abstract as intermediary genres, but the news editorial uses only the abstract. I argue that the switch between genres repositions the scientist, the journalist, and the public epistemologically, a reorientation that favors uptake in news media outlets supporting action to mitigate climate change and its effects.
“My Sister Is the One That Made Me Stay Above Water”: How Social Supports Are Maintained and Strained When Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence Reside in Emergency Shelter Programs
Authors: Stylianou Amanda M. , Counselman-Carpenter Elisabeth , Redcay Alex
Published: December 2018

While social support is critical in helping intimate partner violence (IPV) survivors heal and build hope, social isolation is a frequent experience for survivors. For survivors residing in domestic violence (DV) emergency shelters, the isolation from social supports is often exacerbated by shelter rules and policies. This study uses a 20th century feminist framework to understand the ways in which social support networks are maintained and/or strained when survivors reside in DV emergency shelters. Among this sample of 76 survivors, 40 participants identified family members as their support system, with siblings and mothers most frequently identified, and 14 participants identified friends as their social support. Prior to entering the DV shelter, survivors reported that their support networks provided encouragement and motivation along with emotional support, financial and material support, and support with children. Participants spoke about the process of informing their support systems of the transition into a DV shelter, the positive and negative impacts of the transition on their support system, and the roles that frequent telephone calls and texts played in maintaining their support networks. Participants reported positive impacts of residing in a DV shelter including improved emotional and physical health, strengthened emotional relationships, and improved physical and emotional resource provision. For those participants reporting negative experiences, they frequently identified logistical barriers, including the inability to receive visitors at the shelter, the distance between them and their friends and family, and strict rules around curfew and child care. Our findings invite researchers and practitioners to consider further examination of best practices around programming that supports survivors in maintaining social supports while residing in shelter programs
Intimate Partner Violence and Completion of Post-Sexual Assault Medical Forensic Examination Follow-Up Screening
Authors: Gilmore Amanda K. , Jaffe Anna E. , Hahn Christine K. , Ridings Leigh E. , Gill-Hopple Kathy , Lazenby Gweneth B. , Flanagan Julianne C.
Published: December 2018

Sexual assault is a major public health concern associated with significant mental health and medical symptoms. Follow-up screening post-sexual assault medical forensic examination (SAMFE) can be one method of determining needs and providing targeted prevention of mental health and medical symptoms among individuals who experienced a recent sexual assault. However, the factors associated with engagement in post-SAMFE follow-up screening have not been identified. The current study examined the association between intimate partner violence victimization and sexual assault–related characteristics and engagement in post-SAMFE follow-up screening. Participants were 193 individuals who received a SAMFE and indicated at the time of SAMFE that they were interested in follow-up by the hospital. It was found that individuals were less likely to engage in follow-up screening if the assault was perpetrated by an intimate partner. These findings suggest that other resources are needed to reach individuals who experience sexual assault perpetrated by an intimate partner due to the unique needs of that population.
A Bad Romance: Sexting Motivations and Teen Dating Violence
Authors: Bianchi Dora , Morelli Mara , Nappa Maria R. , Baiocco Roberto , Chirumbolo Antonio
Published: December 2018

Sexting has been commonly defined as the sharing of sexually suggestive content via new technologies. The relationship between sexting motivations and both online and offline aggressive behaviors (i.e., sexual harassment, dating violence, and bullying) is still understudied. This study aimed to investigate the association between three sexting motivations—sexual purposes, instrumental/aggravated reasons, and body image reinforcement—and teen dating violence. Specifically, only instrumental/aggravated motivations—such as sexting in exchange for something, under pressure, or with harmful intentions—were expected to be related to dating violence perpetration and victimization. The participants were 171 adolescents aged from 13 to 20 years. Having sent sexts during the last year and having had a dating relationship were inclusive criteria. The Sexting Motivations Questionnaire and the Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationship Inventory were administered via an online survey. Two hierarchical regression analyses were run to investigate whether the three sexting motivations (i.e., sexual purposes, instrumental/aggravated reasons, and body image reinforcement) predict, respectively, victimization and perpetration of teen dating violence, controlling for sex, age, and relationship duration. Dating violence perpetration was predicted by sexting for instrumental/aggravated reasons, as well as by sex and relationship duration. Dating violence victimization was predicted by sexting for instrumental/aggravated reasons, as well as by age and relationship duration. These findings expand literature about sexting motivations and aggressive behaviors suggesting that instrumental/aggravated reasons are an index of aggressive/exploitative tendencies, which also lead to dating violence. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Recognition in urban climate justice: marginality and exclusion of migrants in Indian cities
Authors: Chu Eric , Michael Kavya
Published: December 2018

This paper explores the recognitional dimensions of urban climate change justice in a development context. Through the lens of migrants in the Indian cities of Bengaluru and Surat, we highlight how experiences of environmental marginality can be attributed to a lack of recognition of citizenship rights and informal livelihood strategies. Specifically, the drivers of non-recognition in this situation relate to broken social networks and a lack of political voice, as well as heightened exposure to emerging climate risks and economic precariousness. We find that migrants experience extreme forms of climate injustice as they are often invisible to the official state apparatus, or worse, are actively erased from cities through force or discriminatory development policies. Current theories must therefore engage more seriously with issues of recognition to enable more radical climate justice in cities.