bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global burden of low back pain and its attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2021: a comprehensive analysis from the global burden of disease study 2021
Authors: Li Yue , Zou Congying , Guo Weidong , Han Feng , Fan Tao , Zang Lei , Huang Guoshun
Published: November 2024

Background

This study aimed to examine the evolving trends in the global burden of low back pain (LBP) from 1990 to 2021 and predicted disease burden until 2035.

Materials and methods

LBP-related data were obtained from the Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx) query tool. All estimates and their 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool in Global Burden of Disease, Injury, and Risk Factor Study (GBD) 2021. Data processing and visualization were conducted using The R Programming Language software version 4.3.2 and Joinpoint 4.7.

Results

In 2021, approximately 628.8 million people worldwide were affected by LBP, with approximately 266.9 million new incident cases and age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of 3176.6 per 100,000. Compared with 1990, although the ASIR and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rate (ASDALYsR) decreased, absolute numbers increased significantly. Projections for 2035 reveal a continued decline in ASIR and ASDALYsR for LBP. The LBP burden varied by the sociodemographic index quintile and GBD region, with the highest ASIR and ASDALYsR observed in Central Europe and the greatest decrease in East Asia. Globally, women bear a higher burden of LBP than men, with middle-aged populations experiencing the heaviest burden. Occupational ergonomic factors, high body mass index, and smoking remain the primary risk factors for LBP, with occupational ergonomic factors contributing the most to the overall burden.

Conclusion

Despite a projected decline in incidence, the global burden of LBP persists, exhibiting significant regional and gender disparities. To mitigate its future burden, precise and effective prevention and control strategies targeting high-risk factors are imperative.
The impact of AI on education and careers: What do students think?
Authors: Thomson Sarah R. , Pickard-Jones Beverley Ann , Baines Stephanie , Otermans Pauldy C. J.
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Providing one-on-one support to large cohorts is challenging, yet emerging AI technologies show promise in bridging the gap between the support students want and what educators can provide. They offer students a way to engage with their course material in a way that feels fluent and instinctive. Whilst educators may have views on the appropriates for AI, the tools themselves, as well as the novel ways in which they can be used, are continually changing.

Methods

The aim of this study was to probe students' familiarity with AI tools, their views on its current uses, their understanding of universities' AI policies, and finally their impressions of its importance, both to their degree and their future careers. We surveyed 453 psychology and sport science students across two institutions in the UK, predominantly those in the first and second year of undergraduate study, and conducted a series of five focus groups to explore the emerging themes of the survey in more detail.

Results

Our results showed a wide range of responses in terms of students' familiarity with the tools and what they believe AI tools could and should not be used for. Most students emphasized the importance of understanding how AI tools function and their potential applications in both their academic studies and future careers. The results indicated a strong desire among students to learn more about AI technologies. Furthermore, there was a significant interest in receiving dedicated support for integrating these tools into their coursework, driven by the belief that such skills will be sought after by future employers. However, most students were not familiar with their university's published AI policies.

Discussion

This research on pedagogical methods supports a broader long-term ambition to better understand and improve our teaching, learning, and student engagement through the adoption of AI and the effective use of technology and suggests a need for a more comprehensive approach to communicating these important guidelines on an on-going basis, especially as the tools and guidelines evolve.
Bicultural peace pedagogy: opportunities and obstacles
Authors: Standish Katerina
Published: November 2024

This article appreciates decolonization in education, positing bicultural pedagogy as peace pedagogy. It will encapsulate peace education, peace pedagogy, colonization, Indigenous rediscovery, and Indigenization of the curriculum (biculturalism) and then turn to the transformative practice of decolonization in education. The paper seeks to propose a conceptual bridging facet from five core Māori values: wairuatanga, manaakitanga, kotahitanga, whanaungatanga, and rangatiratanga, to Indigenous pedagogy and, finally, to peace pedagogy. The alignment of Indigenous pedagogy and peace pedagogy is an attempt to evaluate the potential of bicultural peace pedagogy as a decolonizing education. The paper finds congruence between Western peace pedagogy and several gaps related to practice and cultural goals. To assist other non-Indigenous knowledge workers (termed Pākehā in Aotearoa/New Zealand) in decolonizing education, this paper has sought to elevate aspects of peace culture that align with Indigenous practices/values.
Unveiling factors influencing choice of clean cooking solutions among households: a systematic review of literature
Authors: Ocen Samuel , Nkurunziza Gideon , Bagire Vincent , Echegu Simon , Ssekakubo Johnson , Atukunda Ronnette
Published: November 2024

Nearly half of the global population rely on solid polluting fuels such as firewood, charcoal, animal and plant wastes for cooking. Continued reliance on such fuels and technologies has severe negative health, environmental, and development impacts. Using a systematic literature review methodology, this study sought to unveil factors influencing choice of clean cooking solutions among households. This study adopted a systematically literature review approach to systematically identify, evaluate and synthesize articles in the field of clean cooking solutions. Systematic literature review is a rigorous and replicable methodology that is designed to identify, appraise and synthesize already existing literature on specific question or sub questions. In this study, the procedures suggested by Liberati et al. and Moher et al. based on preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) approach. Seventy-four articles were synthesized and many factors influencing the choice of cooking solutions were identified alongside the existing gaps.
How Can Surgery Correct Infant Head Shapes?
Authors: Stancati Noah , D’Souza Gina , Moss Corinne , Phillips John , Singh Devin
Published: November 2024

Did you know that when you are born, your skull is made of many different bones that are not fully connected yet? The reason is because when the brain grows, your skull needs to expand and grow with it. Sometimes, the bones can fuse earlier than they are supposed to, causing children around the world to be born with abnormal-looking head shapes. This condition is called craniosynostosis and occurs when the bones of the head join together too early in development. One specific type of craniosynostosis, called sagittal craniosynostosis, can greatly impact a child’s health and life. There are several techniques that can be performed to improve a child’s head shape. Two surgeries, a total cranial vault reconstruction (bigger surgery) and an endoscopic suturectomy (smaller surgery) have resulted in great improvements. While both surgeries can correct a child’s head shape, it is important to determine which surgery can provide children with the best outcomes while lowering the potential for risks or further injury.
Using a Numerical Scale to Know How Hard You are Exercising
Authors: Schumacher Balea J. , Fleming Abby R. , Kackley Madison L.
Published: November 2024

Have you ever wanted to be able to rate how hard you feel like your exercise was? You can, if you use the Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale. The RPE scale can be used whenever you are engaging in physical activity. RPE allows you to check in with yourself to see how you are feeling when you exercise. It can be used to intensify the activity if it is too easy or to take a step back if you are working too hard. Being able to judge how hard you are working is important for your fitness. Do you want to learn more about how to use RPE while you are exercising? Keep reading for more information and some activities!
Wetland restoration, household income, and livelihood structure of farmers
Authors: Feng Ji , Wen Yali , Zhang Huiyuan , Duan Wei , Hao Haiguang
Published: November 2024

Background

Wetland restoration is an important measure for restoring wetland ecosystems and their ecological benefits, with the goal of restoring their ecological functions and resources. However, wetland restoration affects farmers' incomes and livelihoods. Although existing research has contributed to a deeper understanding of the relationship between wetland restoration and farmers' household incomes, some issues require further consideration. Therefore, here, we aimed to analyse the impact of wetland restoration on farmers' incomes and provide empirical evidence for the coordination mechanism of protection and development in the Poyang Lake Wetland in Jiangxi Province.

Methods

Based on 2 years of balanced panel data of 365 households around the Poyang Lake wetland, this study analysed the influence of policies related to wetland restoration and how variables such as the cultivated land area, labour force transfer, and location of nature reserves impact farmers' income. To this end, we used a two-way fixed-effect model to test the robustness by using propensity score matching, and the influence mechanisms of wetland protection policies, such as wetland restoration, wetland ecological compensation, and the Yangtze River fishing ban, on farmers' income interactions were explored.

Results and discussion

The results showed that, due to the policy of wetland restoration was implemented a long time ago, the negative impact of the policy on reducing farmers' household income is not significant now. Further, farmers' family livelihood strategies have changed, and choosing other types of agricultural production and off farm employment are currently the main choices for farmers. Wetland restoration has changed their income structures. Additionally, the two wetland restoration policies and banning of fishing have had synergistic effects. The findings of this study are helpful in understanding how wetland restoration around nature reserves influences farmers' household incomes. Further, they can provide policy insights for promoting an increase in income and the optimization of the income structure of communities around lake wetland nature reserves.
Use of dehydrated carrot (Daucus carota) pomace and almond (Prunus dulcis) powder for partial replacement of wheat flour in cake: effect on product quality and acceptability
Authors: Kausar Tusneem , Laaraj Salah , Hussain Ashiq , Noutfia Younes , Bouhrim Mohamed , Mothana Ramzi A. , Noman Omar M. , Mubashar Aymen , Firdous Nida , Ali Shafiqa , Yaqub Shazia , Elfazazi Kaoutar
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Carrot (Daucus carota) is a nutrient-dense root vegetable, and carrot pomace is a by-product of the juice extraction procedure, which is recognized a source of phytochemicals and functional components. Almonds (Prunus dulcis) are packed with a decent amount of nutrients and bioactives.

Methods

This study investigates the utilization of carrot pomace powder (CPP) and almond powder (AP) as partial substitutes for straight grade white flour (SGWF) in cakes to enhance their nutritional value and sensory appeal, while reducing waste from carrot processing. The aim is to assess the effects of incorporating CPP (at 5%, 10%, and 15%) and AP (at 5%) on the chemical composition and properties of cakes.

Results and discussion

Comparative analysis reveals that AP is rich in fat (13.8 ± 0.6%) and protein (31 ± 0.6%), while CPP excels in ash (5.0 ± 0.5%) and fiber (43.3 ± 3.3%) content. Furthermore, SGWF exhibits the highest moisture content. Water holding capacities for CPP and AP are 5.2 ± 0.2% and 5.0±0.1%, respectively, and oil holding capacities are 1.3 ± 0.1% and 1.8 ± 0.2%, respectively. Additionally, CPP contains higher levels of sodium, potassium, and calcium, while AP contains higher levels of magnesium, iron, and zinc compared to SGWF. The addition of CPP and AP increases the ash, fat, fiber, and protein contents of the cakes. Notably, cakes containing 80% SGWF, 15% CPP, and 5% AP show significantly higher total phenolic content (TPC) (125.5 ± 3.8 mg GAE/100 g), total flavonoid content (TFC) (58.4 ± 1.4 mg QE/100 g), and DPPH activity (17.6 ± 2.7%) compared to control cakes. Furthermore, a significant increment in mineral content is observed in cakes with high levels of CPP and AP. Sensory evaluations reveal high acceptance of cakes containing 15% CPP and 5% AP. In conclusion, this study suggests that the incorporation of CPP and AP into cakes can improve their nutritional profile, antioxidant activity, and sensory characteristics, offering a sustainable approach to bakery product development.
Enhancing the use of phosphate rock through microbially-mediated compost transformation to improve agronomic and economic profitability in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Sagnon Adama , Traore Mamoudou , Tibiri Ezechiel Bionimian , Zongo Saïdou , Bonkoungou Isidore Juste O. , Nakamura Satoshi , Barro Nicolas , Tiendrebeogo Fidele , Sarr Papa Saliou
Published: November 2024

Soil degradation and limited access to chemical fertilizers partly explain the persistently low crop yields in Sub-Saharan Africa. To provide local farmers with alternative fertilizer options, this study examined the impact of locally sourced fertilizers on sorghum productivity and soil health. Treatments were set up in a completely randomized block design with five replications each. These treatments included Burkina phosphate rock (BPR), calcined BPR (Cal-BPR), triple super phosphate (TSP), four types of phosphocomposts, and an unfertilized phosphate control (Control). The phospho-composts, prepared during 4 months in advance, were as follows: Comp-1 (sorghum straw + BPR + sorghum rhizosphere soil and roots), Comp-2 (sorghum straw + Cal-BPR + sorghum rhizosphere soil and roots), Comp-3 (sorghum straw + BPR + chicken manure), and Comp-4 (sorghum straw + Cal-BPR + chicken manure). They were applied at a rate of 2.5 t ha−1 at sowing, alongside BPR, Cal-BPR, and TSP that provided 23 kg P2O5 ha−1. Urea and potassium chloride were added 15 days after sowing (DAS) to all treatments to standardize nitrogen and potassium levels to 37 kg N ha−1 and 14 kg K2O ha−1. Soil properties were evaluated using the samples collected at 42, 70, and 120 DAS. Rhizosphere soil showed higher bacterial and fungal abundance than bulk soil, particularly in compost treatments. Comp-4 notably improved soil properties, including increased phosphorus-cycling microbial genes, available phosphorus, cation exchange capacity, and pH, and it produced the highest sorghum grain yield. However, Comp-3 offered superior economic benefits, with higher net returns from grain sales. Overall, phosphocomposts improve soil health and boost sorghum yield in Sub-Saharan Africa. Calcined BPR-chicken manure-enriched compost may be used to increase crop yields. However, the study shows that BPR-chicken manure-enriched compost provides a more cost-effective solution for soil revitalization and sustainable food production in infertile soils in the region.
Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of peste des petits ruminants in sheep and goats in three districts of the Central Oromia Region, Ethiopia
Authors: Wendimu Tilahun Guday , Dinbiso Tegegn Dilbato , Lobago Demeke Sibhatu , Marami Lencho Megersa
Published: November 2024

Background

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a viral disease that affects domestic and wild small ruminants and camels in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Following the successful eradication of rinderpest, the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) have undertaken to eradicate PPR by 2030. Regular surveillance and monitoring of the disease in various regions of Ethiopia are crucial to achieving this goal. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of PPR, assess community awareness of PPR infection, and examine the associated risk factors of the disease in selected districts of the Central Oromia Region, Ethiopia.

Method

The study collected 384 serum samples from 73 flocks containing 217 sheep and 167 goats using a multi-stage sampling technique. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) was used to detect antibodies against the PPR virus. Additionally, a pre-tested questionnaire was used to gather information on community awareness and potential risk factors for PPRV infection in the study area.

Results

The study found that the overall prevalence of PPR in flocks was 71.2% [95% confidence interval (CI): 59.4%−81.2%]. The prevalence of PPR at the animal level was 50% (95% CI: 44.9%−55.1%), with sheep having a prevalence of 54.4% (95% CI: 47.0%−60.6%) and goats having a prevalence of 44.3% (95% CI: 36.6%−52.2%). The study also found that districts, flock size, and agroecology were independent predictors of PPRV seropositivity in sheep, whereas districts, origin, and mixed species were independent predictors of PPRV seropositivity in goats.

Conclusion

The study revealed a high prevalence of PPR in sheep and goats in the study area. To prevent the spread of the disease, the study suggests quarantining animals before introducing them to districts, regular PPR vaccination, and isolation and molecular characterization of the PPR virus circulating in the study area.
A mixed method approach to analysing patterns and drivers of antibiotic use and resistance in beef farms in Argentina
Authors: Bedford Cherrill , Galotta Maria Laura , Oikonomou Georgios , de Yaniz Guadalupe , Nardello Matías , Sánchez Bruni Sergio , Davies Peers
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Antimicrobial resistance is a challenge to be faced by all livestock sectors; within beef farming, antibiotic use patterns vary by country and management practices. Argentina is a country with high beef production & consumption but limited information surrounding antibiotic use. The aims of this project was to understand how antibiotics are being used across the beef industry in Argentina and exploring drivers of usage.

Methods

Quantitative and qualitative data was collected by: A survey of breeding and feedlot farms including antibiotic use (from purchase data); a detailed analysis of two feedlot farms’ therapeutic antibiotic use records; a survey of vets’ views on certain antibiotic practices; and a focus group of farmers and vets focusing on wider influences affecting decision making. Antibiotic use data was calculated using mg/population corrected unit (PCU) (ESVAC) and thematic analysis was used to identify drivers of antibiotic use among participants.

Results

The median use across 17 farms that supplied purchase data was 76.52  mg/kg PCU (ESVAC; IQR  =  36.81  mg/kg PCU [ESVAC]). The detailed farm records showed that the largest reason for treatment was group treatments (72.92% of treatments) followed by treatment for respiratory disease (12.75% of treatments). Macrolides accounted for 76.37% of treatments. Nearly half of farms used routine prophylactic treatment for arriving animals (n  =  7/18). The use of quarantine and ‘sick pens’ were seen as important by surveyed vets with antibiotic prophylaxis and in-feed antibiotics seen as contributors to antibiotic resistance. The focus group highlighted the influence of the economic and political landscape on husbandry practices and the responsibility the farming sector had towards antibiotic stewardship.

Discussion

Overall, Argentine beef feedlots resemble North American beef feedlots in terms of antibiotic practices but with considerably lower usage, with in-feed monensin representing a large proportion of total ABU. The adaptation period presents a challenge to animal health; antibiotics are administered a prophylaxis, metaphylactic and individual treatments depending on farm management practices. Further research into internationally comparable measures of ABU and detailed cost-benefit analysis of practical, on-farm interventions are needed to aid improved antimicrobial stewardship in livestock systems globally.
Coping Strategies used by Adults and Adolescents in Distressing Parenting Style
Authors: Parwez Saima , Khan Malghalara
Published: November 2024

Objectives. The aim of the present study was to investigate coping strategies (problem-focusedand emotion-focused) of adolescents and adults with respect to distressing parenting style. It wasassumed that adults will score high on problem-focused engagement while adolescents onemotion-focused disengagement Coping Strategies Scale. Another assumption was that adultshaving parents with authoritative parenting style will use problem-focused engagement copingwhilst adolescents will use emotion-focused disengagement coping strategies.Method. A sample of (N=300) participants was included in the study out of which (n=150) wereadolescents and (n=150) were adults. The sample was taken from different institutes of Peshawar.Coping strategies of both groups were investigated by using Coping Strategies Inventory (CSI)(Tobin et al; 1984) and their parents’ parental style through Parenting Style Inventory II (Darling& Toyokawa 1997).Results. Result of the study showed that adults use problem-focused adaptive coping strategiesmore than adolescents, whereas, adolescents have higher score on emotion-focused maladaptivescale of coping strategies as compared to adults. Results also showed that coping strategies ofadults is not affected by parents’ authoritative or authoritarian parenting style, however, foradolescents’ authoritarian parenting style was distressing and lead them to use emotion-focuseddisengagement coping strategies.Conclusion. It is concluded from the present study that adults choose adaptive while adolescentschoose maladaptive coping strategies. Parenting style does have major effect on coping strategiesselection of individuals.
A Review on the Protecting Effects and Molecular Mechanisms of Berries Against a Silent Public Health Concern: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Sharma Anshul , Lee Hae-Jeung
Published: November 2024

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) poses a silent threat to human health, with prevalence rising at an alarming rate. The treatment and prevention of NAFLD depend on novel approaches as no effective treatment options are currently available. Berries are unique sources of phenolic compounds that have proven roles in disease prevention and health promotion. However, a comprehensive review of the effects of different berries on NAFLD and related pathologies is lacking. Thus, the present review aims to summarize the effects of berry extracts, plant parts, and bioactive compounds from twenty-one different berries on NAFLD. The molecular mechanisms involved include the regulation of lipid homeostasis, modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation markers, and activation of different signaling pathways in different in vitro and in vivo NAFLD models. Furthermore, their modulatory effects on the gut microbiota have also been highlighted. Clinical intervention research on the benefits of berries in NAFLD is limited; nonetheless, this paper discusses clinical studies demonstrating the effects of different berries in people with NAFLD. Future research should focus on long-term clinical studies to compare the therapeutic potentials of different berries against NAFLD.
Shape-Aware Adversarial Learning for Scribble-Supervised Medical Image Segmentation with a MaskMix Siamese Network: A Case Study of Cardiac MRI Segmentation
Authors: Li Chen , Zheng Zhong , Wu Di
Published: November 2024

The transition in medical image segmentation from fine-grained to coarse-grained annotation methods, notably scribble annotation, offers a practical and efficient preparation for deep learning applications. However, these methods often compromise segmentation precision and result in irregular contours. This study targets the enhancement of scribble-supervised segmentation to match the accuracy of fine-grained annotation. Capitalizing on the consistency of target shapes across unpaired datasets, this study introduces a shape-aware scribble-supervised learning framework (MaskMixAdv) addressing two critical tasks: (1) Pseudo label generation, where a mixup-based masking strategy enables image-level and feature-level data augmentation to enrich coarse-grained scribbles annotations. A dual-branch siamese network is proposed to generate fine-grained pseudo labels. (2) Pseudo label optimization, where a CNN-based discriminator is proposed to refine pseudo label contours by distinguishing them from external unpaired masks during model fine-tuning. MaskMixAdv works under constrained annotation conditions as a label-efficient learning approach for medical image segmentation. A case study on public cardiac MRI datasets demonstrated that the proposed MaskMixAdv outperformed the state-of-the-art methods and narrowed the performance gap between scribble-supervised and mask-supervised segmentation. This innovation cuts annotation time by at least 95%, with only a minor impact on Dice performance, specifically a 2.6% reduction. The experimental outcomes indicate that employing efficient and cost-effective scribble annotation can achieve high segmentation accuracy, significantly reducing the typical requirement for fine-grained annotations.
An Arteriovenous Bioreactor Perfusion System for Physiological In Vitro Culture of Complex Vascularized Tissue Constructs
Authors: Helms Florian , Käding Delia , Aper Thomas , Ruhparwar Arjang , Wilhelmi Mathias
Published: November 2024

Background: The generation and perfusion of complex vascularized tissues in vitro requires sophisticated perfusion techniques. For multiscale arteriovenous networks, not only the arterial, but also the venous, biomechanical and biochemical conditions that physiologically exist in the human body must be accurately emulated. For this, we here present a modular arteriovenous perfusion system for the in vitro culture of a multi-scale bioartificial vascular network. Methods: The custom-built perfusion system consisted of two circuits: in the arterial circuit, physiological arterial biomechanical and biochemical conditions were simulated using a modular set-up with a pulsatile peristaltic pump, compliance chambers, and resistors. In the venous circuit, venous conditions were emulated accordingly. In the center of the system, a bioartificial multi-scale vascularized fibrin-based tissue was perfused by both circuits simultaneously under biomimetic arteriovenous conditions. Culture conditions were monitored continuously using a multi-sensor monitoring system. Results: The physiological arterial and venous pressure- and flow-curves, as well as the microvascular arteriovenous oxygen partial pressure gradient, were accurately emulated in the perfusion system. The multi-sensor monitoring system facilitated live monitoring of the respective parameters and data-logging. In a proof-of-concept experiment, vascularized three-dimensional fibrin tissues showed sustained cell viability and homogenous microvessel formation after culture in the perfusion system. Conclusions: The arteriovenous perfusion system facilitated the in vitro culture of a multiscale vascularized tissue under physiological pressure-, flow-, and oxygen-gradient conditions. With that, it presents a promising technique for the in vitro generation and culture of complex large-scale vascularized tissues.
Exploring PPAR Gamma and PPAR Alpha’s Regulation Role in Metabolism via Epigenetics Mechanism
Authors: Małodobra-Mazur Małgorzata , Ołdakowska Monika , Dobosz Tadeusz
Published: November 2024

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) belong to a family of nuclear receptors. To date, three types of PPARs, namely PPARα, PPARδ, and PPARγ, have been identified, demonstrating co-expression across numerous tissues. PPARγ is primarily distributed in adipose tissue, the colon, the immune system, and the retina, while PPARα is predominantly expressed in metabolic tissues such as brown adipose tissue, the liver, and the kidneys. Both PPARγ and PPARα play crucial roles in various cellular processes. Recent data suggest that the PPAR family, among other mechanisms, might also be regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. Our recent studies, alongside numerous others, have highlighted the pivotal roles of DNA methylation and histone modifications in the regulation of PPARγ and PPARα, implicating them in the deterioration of metabolic disorders via epigenetic mechanisms. This still not fully understood mechanism of regulation in the nuclear receptors family has been summarized and described in the present paper. The present review summarizes the available data on PPARγ and PPARα regulation via epigenetic mechanisms, elucidating the link between the development of metabolic disorders and the dysregulation of PPARγ and PPARα resulting from these mechanisms.
mTOR Inhibitors Modulate the Biological Nature of TGF-β2-Treated or -Untreated Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells in Different Manners
Authors: Watanabe Megumi , Sato Tatsuya , Yano Toshiyuki , Higashide Megumi , Ogawa Toshifumi , Nishikiori Nami , Furuhashi Masato , Ohguro Hiroshi
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition may have been suggested to have a beneficial effect on the glaucomatous human trabecular meshwork (HTM). To study the effects of the mTOR inhibitors rapamycin (Rapa) and Torin1 on the glaucomatous HTM, transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2)-treated two-dimensionally (2D) and three-dimensionally (3D) cultured HTM cells were used. Methods: We evaluated (1) the levels of autophagy via Western blot analysis using a specific antibody against microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), (2) barrier capacity based on transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) permeability (2D), (3) cellular metabolic functions (2D), (4) the size and stiffness of spheroids, and (5) the mRNA expression of ECM proteins. Results: TGF-β2-induced inhibition of autophagy was significantly inhibited by Rapa and Torin1. Rapa and Torin1 substantially decreased barrier capacity in both TGF-β2-untreated and TGF-β2-treated HTM cells. Cellular metabolic analysis indicated that Rapa, but not Torin1, substantially enhanced both mitochondrial and glycolytic functions of TGF-β2-untreated HTM cells. In the physical properties of spheroids, TGF-β2 resulted in the formation of down-sized and stiffened spheroids. mTOR inhibitors decreased the size but not the stiffness of TGF-β2-untreated spheroids and significantly reduced the TGF-β2-related increase in the stiffness but not the size of spheroids. The diverse effects of mTOR inhibitors on TGF-β2-untreated and TGF-β2-treated spheroids were also observed in the mRNA expression of extracellular matrix proteins. Conclusions: The results taken together suggest that mTOR inhibitors significantly influence the biological aspects of both a single layer and multiple layers of the TGF-β2-treated HTM and untreated HTM.
Osteopontin and Clinical Outcomes in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Torino Claudia , Carbone Federico , Pizzini Patrizia , Mezzatesta Sabrina , D’Arrigo Graziella , Gori Mercedes , Liberale Luca , Moriero Margherita , Michelauz Cristina , Frè Federica , Isoppo Simone , Gavoci Aurora , Rosa Federica La , Scuricini Alessandro , Tirandi Amedeo , Ramoni Davide , Mallamaci Francesca , Tripepi Giovanni , Montecucco Fabrizio , Zoccali Carmine
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) are significant public health issues, with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality being the leading causes of death in hemodialysis patients. Osteopontin (OPN), a multifunctional glycoprotein, has emerged as a potential biomarker for vascular disease in CKD due to its role in inflammation, tissue remodeling, and calcification. Methods: This cohort study included 1124 hemodialysis patients from the PROGREDIRE study, a registry involving 35 dialysis units in Southern Italy. Serum osteopontin levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The primary endpoints were all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to assess the association between osteopontin levels and mortality, adjusting for traditional risk factors, biomarkers of inflammation, nutritional status, and ESKD-related factors. Results: During a mean follow-up of 2.8 years, 478 patients died, 271 from cardiovascular causes. Independent correlates of osteopontin included alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone. Elevated osteopontin levels were significantly associated with increased all-cause mortality (HR 1.19, 95% CI 1.09–1.31, p < 0.001) and cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.22, 95% CI 1.08–1.38, p = 0.001) after adjusting for confounders. Conclusions: Elevated osteopontin levels are associated with increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients. These findings implicate osteopontin in the high risk for death and cardiovascular disease in the hemodialysis population. Intervention studies are needed to definitively test this hypothesis.
Systematic Review of Deep Learning Techniques in Skin Cancer Detection
Authors: Magalhaes Carolina , Mendes Joaquim , Vardasca Ricardo
Published: November 2024

Skin cancer is a serious health condition, as it can locally evolve into disfiguring states or metastasize to different tissues. Early detection of this disease is critical because it increases the effectiveness of treatment, which contributes to improved patient prognosis and reduced healthcare costs. Visual assessment and histopathological examination are the gold standards for diagnosing these types of lesions. Nevertheless, these processes are strongly dependent on dermatologists’ experience, with excision advised only when cancer is suspected by a physician. Multiple approaches have surfed over the last few years, particularly those based on deep learning (DL) strategies, with the goal of assisting medical professionals in the diagnosis process and ultimately diminishing diagnostic uncertainty. This systematic review focused on the analysis of relevant studies based on DL applications for skin cancer diagnosis. The qualitative assessment included 164 records relevant to the topic. The AlexNet, ResNet-50, VGG-16, and GoogLeNet architectures are considered the top choices for obtaining the best classification results, and multiclassification approaches are the current trend. Public databases are considered key elements in this area and should be maintained and improved to facilitate scientific research.
High-Resolution Melting Analysis Potential for Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii Authentication in Probiotic-Enriched Food Matrices
Authors: Borkowska Monika , Kułakowski Michał , Myszka Kamila
Published: November 2024

To date, the only probiotic yeast with evidence of health-promoting effects is Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii. The expanded market including dietary supplements and functional foods supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii creates an environment conductive to food adulterations, necessitating rapid testing to verify product probiotic status. Herein, qPCR-HRM analysis was tested for probiotic yeast identification. The effectiveness of the primer pairs’ set was examined, designed to amplify heterogeneous regions in (a) rDNA sequences previously designed to identify food-derived yeast and (b) genes associated with physiological and genotypic divergence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii. Preliminary tests of amplicons’ differentiation power enabled the selection of interspecies sequences for 18SrRNA and ITS and genus-specific sequences HO, RPB2, HXT9 and MAL11. The multi-fragment qPCR-HRM analysis was sufficient for culture-dependent Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii identification and proved effective in the authentication of dietary supplements’ probiotic composition. The identification of S. cerevisiae var. boulardii in complex microbial mixtures of kefir succeeded with more specific intragenus sequences HO and RPB2. The predominance of S. cerevisiae var. boulardii in the tested matrices, quantitatively corresponded to the probiotic-enriched food, was crucial for identification with qPCR–HRM analysis. Considering the reported assumptions, qPCR-HRM analysis is an appropriate tool for verifying probiotic-enriched food.
Epidermal Growth Factor Downregulates Carbon Anhydrase III (CAIII) in Colon Cancer
Authors: Okuyan Derya
Published: November 2024

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. Dysregulations in the EGF signaling pathway have been associated with colon cancer. Some members of the carbonic anhydrase family serve as biomarkers in cancer. Carbonic anhydrase III (CAIII), a member of this family, shows different activities than the other members of its family and has been associated with cancer. However, there are no studies on the effective regulation of EGF. In this study, we investigated the EGF-influenced regulation of CAIII in the HT29, SW480, and HUVEC cell lines and showed that CAIII regulation decreased with the effect of EGF. We aimed to investigate the EGF-affected mRNA and protein regulation of the CAIII gene in HT29, SW480, and HUVEC cell lines. For this purpose, we determined time-dependent CAIII mRNA and protein expression by applying EGF to HT29, SW480, and HUVEC cells. Time-dependent EGF-induced mRNA and protein level regulation of the CAIII gene decreased in the HT29, SW480, and HUVEC cell lines. EGF regulates the motility, adhesion, and metastasis of cancer cells. CAIII prevents cells from metastasizing through cell acidification. Therefore, our findings explained why the EGF-effective regulation of CAIII decreased. We suggest that the CAIII gene is promising as a targeted therapy due to the decrease in EGF-effected CAIII gene regulation in colon carcinoma.
Pink Hybrid Pigments Resulting from the Adsorption of Congo Red Dye by Zinc Oxide
Authors: Primo Julia de Oliveira , Fleck Raphaella Wolf , Horsth Dienifer F. L. , Santos Andressa dos , Dlugoviet Taiane L. , Anaissi Fauze J.
Published: November 2024

Hybrid pigments were obtained by combining zinc oxide with the anionic dye Congo red (CR), a breakthrough with significant environmental implications. By adjusting the ratio of solid mass to dye concentration, it is possible to obtain pigments with pink hues from a white solid (ZnO) through its adsorption of CR. The process involved using ZnO, prepared at 800 °C using cassava starch suspension as a suitable fuel. The oxide was characterized using XRD, SEM, and BET, and the results showed that the textural properties are typical of nanoparticles, with a size of 50.5 nm, a pore size of 3.48 nm, and a surface area of 3.03 nm, making it suitable for molecular dye removal. Controlling the adsorbent mass (in grams) and dye concentration (in mg L−1) makes it possible to consistently produce hybrid pigments in various shades of pink that exhibit good thermal resistance. When dispersed in white waterborne paint, they are chemically stable in different solvents, have excellent painted surface coverage, and resist photochemical degradation. The results demonstrate technical feasibility and compatibility with the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly Goals 6, 11, 12, 14, 15, and 17, offering a promising solution for a more sustainable future.
Direct Writing of Metal Nanostructures with Focused Helium Ion Beams
Authors: Bruevich Vladimir , Kasaei Leila , Feldman Leonard C. , Podzorov Vitaly
Published: November 2024

A helium ion microscope (HIM) with a focused He+-ion beam of variable flux and energy can be used as a tool for local nanoscale surface modification. In this work, we demonstrate a simple but versatile use of the HIM focused He ion beam to fabricate conducting metallic nano- and microstructures on arbitrary substrates of varied types and shapes by directly patterning pre-deposited initially discontinuous and highly insulating (>10 TΩ/sq.) ultrathin metal films. Gold or silver films, measuring 3 nm in thickness, thermally evaporated on solid substrates have a discontinuous nanocluster morphology. Such highly resistive films can be made locally conductive using moderate doses (2 × 1016–1017 cm−2) of low-energy (30 KeV) ion bombardment. We show that an HIM can be used to directly “draw” Au and Ag conductive lines and other patterns with a variable sheet resistance as low as 10 kΩ/sq. without the use of additional precursors. This relatively straightforward, high-definition technique of direct writing with an ion beam, free from complex in vacuo catalytic or precursor chemistries, opens up new opportunities for directly fabricating elements of conformal metallic nanocircuits (interconnects, resistors, and contacts) on arbitrary organic or inorganic substrates, including those with highly curved surfaces.
Microbial Contamination and Sterilization Methods in an Air Circulation-Type Geothermal Ventilation System
Authors: Kim Hyuntae
Published: November 2024

A simulated system was created to evaluate an air circulation-type geothermal ventilation system, focusing on measuring microbial contamination levels on the surface of the heat exchange unit. Additionally, this study examined sterilization methods using UV lamps on the surface of the heat exchanger. The fungal concentration on the surface of the heat exchanger showed a tendency to increase over time. Although direct comparison is challenging due to the varying concentrations of outdoor air fungi at different measurement times, the surface fungal concentration was highest at a minimum airflow rate of 150 m3/h compared to other conditions. However, since the adhesion of contaminants from outdoor air to the surface of the heat exchanger is influenced not only by airflow but also by outdoor temperature and relative humidity conditions, future research needs to consider these factors. According to the ATP measurement results, microbial contamination was evaluated as “slightly dirty” after 24 h and “dirty” after 48 h of operating the experimental apparatus. Therefore, it is advisable to clean the internal surfaces of the geothermal ventilation system every 1–2 days. The results of the sterilization experiments using UV lamps indicated that irradiation for approximately 30 min inactivated 94.5%-to-96.1% of microorganisms derived from outdoor air. However, since the sterilization dose varies depending on the type of microorganism, it is necessary to determine the optimal irradiation time based on the target microorganisms and the UV lamp’s irradiation intensity.
Machine Learning Method (Decision Tree) to Predict the Physicochemical Properties of Premium Lebanese Kishk Based on Its Hedonic Properties
Authors: Dimassi Ossama , Iskandarani Youmna , Shaib Houssam , Jaber Lina , Hamadeh Shady
Published: November 2024

This study sets the criteria of high-grade kishk (a dried fermented cereal–milk product) based on sensory attributes. For this, kishk samples were collected, and physicochemical attributes and sensory attributes were recorded. Subsequently, Spearman’s correlation between sensory properties and physicochemical properties was calculated. A decision tree [DT] was applied with the mean total sensory score [MTSC] as the dependent factor to establish the physicochemical factor/s upon which the different kishk grades were set. To compare the physiochemical attributes of the different grades, the general linear model was applied. Moisture content is negatively and significantly correlated with most sensory attributes. Titratable acidity [TA] is positively and significantly correlated with most sensory attributes. The DT analysis showed that TA was the classifying factor [p = 0.01], and accordingly, grade A [TA ≥ 4.56], grade B [2.50 < TA < 4.56], and grade C [TA ≤ 2.50] kishk data were established, showing MTSC values of 6.32 ± 0.32, 5.26 ± 0.36, and 4.40 ± 0.20, respectively. Applying DT analysis with kishk grades as independent variables, pH was a classifying factor, with 3.95 as the cutoff point. Moisture [p = 0.018], the protein-to-fat ratio [P:F] [p = 0.027] and pH [p < 0.001] differ significantly between the different kishk grades. Accordingly, the criteria for grade A kishk are TA ≥ 4.56, pH ≤ 3.95, moisture < 4%, P:F < 2.03, and particle density < 1489. The low pH and moisture content render it a shelf-stable high-acid food.
Fire Safety Characteristics of Pine Wood Under Low Pressure and Oxygen Enrichment
Authors: Ding Sijie , Jia Xuhong , Ma Junhao , Tang Jing , Li Wenbing
Published: November 2024

Oxygen enrichment at high altitudes indoors can be effective in meeting demand. However, the high oxygen environment inevitably brings about additional fire hazards, and the specific changes are still unclear. As pine wood is a common material in construction, this paper provides data support for fire protection for buildings in highland areas by studying the combustion characteristics of pine wood at different oxygen concentration (21.0%, 23.0%, 30.0%, 27.0%, 33.0%) under different atmospheric pressures (50.0 kPa, 60.0 kPa, 70.0 kPa). The results show the relations of mass loss rate and the oxygen concentration with different pressures: m∝PYO2,∞21.84 (m is the mass loss rate; P is the pressure; and Yo2 is the oxygen concentration). The relation of flame spread rate and the oxygen concentration with different pressures is also shown: Vf∝PYO24.51.2 (Vf is the flame spread rate). It was observed that the increase in pressure and oxygen concentration made the combustion reaction more complete, for burning time, flame area, flame propagation rate, MLR, flame temperature, and CO2 production increase, but CO shows an opposite trend. Oxygen enrichment will significantly increase the fire risk of pine wood within a low-pressure environment.
Three-Dimensional Characterization of Potatoes Under Different Drying Methods: Quality Optimization for Hybrid Drying Approach
Authors: Sikiru Yinka , Paliwal Jitendra , Erkinbaev Chyngyz
Published: November 2024

The quality evaluation of processed potatoes is vital in the food industry. In this study, the effect of three different drying methods on the post-processing quality of potatoes utilizing 4, 8, 12, and 16 h of freeze drying (FD), infrared drying (ID), and oven drying (OD) was investigated. The impact of the drying methods on the potato’s microstructure was analyzed and quantified using 3D X-ray micro-computed tomography images. A new Hybrid Quality Score Evaluator (HQSE) was introduced and used to assess the Quality Index (QI) and Specific Energy Consumption Index (SECI) across various drying methods and durations. Mathematical models were developed to predict the optimal drying method. FD showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) colour retention, rehydration ratio, and total porosity, with minimal shrinkage, although it had higher energy consumption. ID had the shortest drying time, followed by OD and FD. The optimization showed that for FD, the optimal time of 5.78 h increased QI by 9.7% and SECI by 30.6%. The mathematical models could accurately predict the QI and SECI under different drying methods, balancing quality preservation with energy efficiency. The findings suggest that a hybrid drying system could optimize potato quality and energy consumption.