bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The interstitial cycle in relation to autumn and winter sexual behaviour in birds.
Authors: MARSHALL A. J.
Published: August 2010

The post‐nuptial recrudescence of sexual display in male birds in two species (Erithacus rubecula and Corvus frugilegus) occurs after the regeneration of the exhausted lipoid Leydig cells of the interstitium and there is evidence that the same applies to other species.

Although the collapsed post‐nuptial testis remains at or near its minimum size it is extremely active. A new tunica albuginea is formed inside the old collapsed and distorted testis wall. The new generation of endocrine Leydig cells become lipoidal and cholesterol‐positive and appear to secrete sufficiently to stimulate the late summer and autumn display characteristic of many species. Meanwhile moult ends and the tubules gradually lose their metamorphosed lipoids. As these are cholosterol‐positive they too may have an influence on post‐nuptial sexual activity. The refractory period of photoexperimentalists draws to an end. In some species post‐nuptial sexual behaviour may occasionally lead to occasional autumnal or winter reproduction if weather and food conditions remain propitious.

Testis collapse, tubule metamorphosis and interstitial regeneration are part of the internal rhythm of the organ and are unrelated to climatic events such as daylength or light variation.

Among many British birds post‐nuptial display is partially or sometimes almost wholly extinguished in normally severe December weather. There next follows the pre‐nuptial leap in gametogenetic activity that begins, according to the individual species and locality, from December until February. The last lipoids vanish from the testis tubules and there is an interstitial advancement. The ovaries show macroscopic changes and pairing occurs in species that have not already done so.

It is not known whether this late‐winter pre‐nuptial leap in gametogenetic activity is stimulated by external factors or whether it is a spontaneously occurring part of the internal rhythm in one or both of the sexes. There is evidence suggesting that in the case of the robin neither daylength or light increment cause it.

After its pre‐nuptial reactivation the sexual cycle is governed by the week to week environmental experiences, including behavioural interactions, of the pair. Sunshine as opposed to mere lengthening days is a potent stimulus; excessively dull, cold weather and hunger are inhibitors.

In the species studied the male cycle advances more rapidly than that of the female; in several British passerines spermatozoa appear while the oocytes are still minute and while the woods are still almost bare. There is evidence which suggests that the environmental stimuli that allow fertilization, and thus keep the sexual cycle of the species anchored in time, principally operate through the female and so ovulation occurs at a time that will enable the young to appear at about the same period as the traditional food harvest. Such stimuli will have to be determined from species to species.
The homology of the stomochord of the Enteropneusta.
Authors: NEWELL G. E.
Published: August 2010

The structure and anatomical relations of the stomochord found in enteropneusts are briefly reviewed and contrasted with those of the chordate notochord.

It is pointed out that the difference of opinion expressed about the homology of the stomochord can be attributed in part to the variable meanings attached to the concept of homology by different writers. It is now generally agreed that comparative anatomy is the safest criterion for the assessment of homology and on these grounds the homology of the stomochord with the notochord must be rejected. Further, homology between the two structures cannot be sustained by appeal to similarity of development for they arise quite differently in the embryo.

The enteropneust stomochord has some resemblances to the cardiac body found in some polychaetes but it is not suggested that it is homologous with it.
The coat colour of the grey squirrel (Sciaras carolinensis) with other notes.
Authors: MORRISON‐SCOTT T. C. S. , BISHOP. A. H.
Published: August 2010

The seasonal coat change of the grey squirrel is described and figured Attempts to diagnose age by means of the skull proved inconclusive. A note on shooting actics is appended.
The milk‐molars of Perissodactyla, with remarks on molar occlusion.
Authors: BUTLER P. M.
Published: August 2010

A survey is made of the milk‐molars of Perissodactyla and Condylarthra with a view to determining the evolutionary trends.

Molarization of the milk‐molars takes place in a variety of ways, which may be grouped into three main types: (a) the condylarthran type, found also in Plagiolophus, (b) the type found in the Equidae and Brontotheriidae, and (c) that found in the Tapiroidea and Rhinocerotoidea. Each of these types has a characteristic order of development of the cusps. The condylarthran type is considered to be the most primitive.

From a study of the wear of the teeth, it is concluded that the occlusal movement in all Perissodactyla is transverse (ectal). The characteristic features of occlusion in the various families are discussed.

During molarization the talonid becomes intercalated between two trigonids, the intercalation taking place at a relatively late stage in type (a), earliest in type (b) and at an intermediate stage in type (c). The buccal parts of the trigonid and talonid become functional before the lingual parts.

The Palaeotheriidae (excluding Pachynolophus and Propachynolophus) are regarded as a distinct family that retains condylarth features of the milk dentition to a late date, and cannot be derived from Hyracotherium. With the exception of Plagiolophus, they show in their milk‐molars transitional stages leading to the conditions found in other perissodactyls.

The hypothesis is put forward that the order of development of the cusps depends upon their different sensitivities to the graded morphogenetic conditions in the developing jaw. Correlated evolution of the upper and lower teeth suggests that occlusion has a morphogenetic basis which affects both jaws.

The concepts of homology due to descent from a common ancestral structure, homology due to parallel evolution, and serial homology are considered to be closely related and not sharply separable in practice.
The copepod Thalestris rhodymeniae (Brady) and its nauplius, parasitic in the seaweed Rhodymenia palmata (L.) Grev.*
Authors: Harding J. P.
Published: August 2010

A copepod which Brady named Fucitrogus rhodymieniae and which burrows into the fronds of the seaweed Rhodymenia palmata devouring the tissues and producing gall‐like swellings is shown to be the naupliar stage of the harpacticid genus Thalestris.

The nauplius is highly specialized, having appendages unlike those of nauplii of other copepods and admirably suited to its life in the alga. The second antenna is masticatory in function and has a powerfully developed mandible like gnathobase.

The skin of the nauplii is soft and extensible so that the animal as a whole appears to grow continuously; but there are six naupliar stages, and they show a doubling of volume of the hard parts at each instar with remarkably little increase in the complexity of the appendages.

The first copepodid is advanced, as far as the number of the appendages is concerned; but these are under‐developed in structure and apparently not functional, the animal at this stage living on internal stores laid in by the nauplius.

The last (apparently second) copepodid has normal appendages, is the first stage normally to be found in an open gall and is probably able to feed.

The adult male and female are described and the species is compared with T. purpurea Sars which is closely related.
On the cranial anatomy of some gorgonopsids and the synapsid middle ear.
Authors: Parrington F. R.
Published: August 2010

Part of a collection of gorgonopsids from Upper Permian rocks of the Ruhuhu Valley in Tanganyika is described. Detailed accounts are given of the quadrate‐articular hinge mechanism and the reflected lamina of the angular from fragmentary remains, and skulls of Scylacops capensis Broom and Dixeya quadrata Haughton are described.

An attempt is made to restore the jaw musculature of gorgonopsids. It is concluded that the posterior pterygoideus muscle was inserted on the ventro‐medial surface of the articular and that a masseter was present and was inserted on the reflected lamina of the angular.

The evolution of the masseter muscle is discussed and it is concluded that it arose in captorhinomorph cotylosaurs, and that it was inserted on the deep Made of the angular in primitive pelycosaurs, and on the reflected lamina of the angular in all more advanced synapsids except the most advanced theriodonts.

The mechanics of retroarticular processes are examined. It is concluded that the deflected articular process present among synapsid reptiles generally was a true retroarticular process, giving attachment to a depressor mandibuli muscle, and that its ventral deflection was a modification to permit the wide gape necessary in forms having large canine teeth.

The nature of the typical synapsid middle ear is discussed. It is concluded that the available data are best accounted for by assuming that an external auditory meatus, a post‐quadrate tympanum and an extra‐stapes were present, and that the ear was sensitive to airborne sound.
The biology of the Stingless Bee Trigonu (Hypotrigona) gribodoi Magretti (Meliponidae).
Authors: Bassindale R. , Matthews L. Harrison
Published: August 2010

An African meliponid bee (Trigona (Hypotrigona) gribodoi Magretti) has been kept in observation nests near Accra, Gold Coast.

The nests had up to 750 bees, honey and pollen store cells of 8 mm. height and 6 mm. diameter and brood cells of 31/2 mm. height and 21/2 mm. diameter arranged in clusters.

The nests had a trumpet‐shaped tubular entrance and another tube running in to the nest. The nesting cavity is sealed where necessary by a thick propolis screen and the nest area may be cut off from the rest of the cavity by a wax sheet.

The queen is physogastric. Drones take thirty‐two days from egg laying to emergence, are reared in cells identical with those of the worker caste and perform no work. Workers take thirty‐five days to develop and after emergence pass through five recognizable stages of increasing pigmentation.

In the absence of a queen, workers lay eggs but only drones are reared.

The five stages of the worker caste perform work on a rotation system comparable with that of the honey bee. Stage 1 performs no work: stage 2 rears the brood and feeds all castes; stage 3 ripens nectar and cleans the nest: stage 4 ventilates the nest and carries debris out; stage 5 guards the entrance and forages for nectar, pollen and propolis.

A detailed description is given of activities in the nest.

Foraging takes place mainly in the morning.

There is a heavy brood mortality.
The food canal of the Sea‐urchin Echinus esculentus L. and its functions.*
Authors: Stott F. C.
Published: August 2010

An investigation of the morphology, histology and functioning of the food canal and the associated haemal canals in Echinus esculentus has been carried out.

Two kinds of secretory cell have been identified in the lips and pharyngeal wall which produce mucus and an acid secretion respectively. The oesophagus is lined with mucous cells. The stomach has an inner epithelium containing chains of fragile granules which are discharged from its free surface to provide extracellular enzymes. A layer of vacuolated cells which may assist absorption of liquids lies at the base of the epithelium. Amoebocytes of all kinds are present within the stomach wall and in the haemal channels. The siphon, intestine and rectum are lined by a cuticularized epithelium. The whole of the outside of the gut is covered with a ciliated peritoneum.

Ingestion in Echinus takes place either by the action of the tube feet holding and presenting such food as sea‐weed to the mouth or by the teeth scraping food from the surface immediately below them. The co‐ordinated action of many muslces of Aristotle's lantern results in the opening or closing of the teeth.

The pH of the gut graduates from 5·9 at the mouth to 6·3 at the stomach and 6·9 in the intestine.

Water circulates through the mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, siphon and intestine, particularly during periods when the animal is not feeding, and probably serves a respiratory function.

Experimental feeding of Echinus with iron saccharate shows that the substance is taken up by agranulocytes within the lumen of the stomach, transported through the stomach wall to the haemal spaces where association takes place with granulocytes so that clumps are formed. Migration of iron granules associated with amoebocytes takes place through the haemal canals to the radial and gonadial regions. There is no evidence to support Oomen's hypothesis that the granulocytes burst within the gut to provide digestive enzymes.

The haemal system acts as a pathway for the migrations of the nutritive granulocytes as well as providing a system for the possible diffusion outwards from the gut of dissolved substances.

The use of amoebocytes in the lumen and epithelium of the gut for carrying out some intracellular digestion and absorption is correlated with a poorly developed haemal system which lacks a pumping mechanism, with omnivorous feeding and a slow passage of food through the gut.
Notes on the marking of Atlantic Seals in Pembrokeshire.
Authors: Hewer H. R.
Published: August 2010

The requirements for marking Seals are considered and a method is described for applying rings to the fifth digit of the pes in the Atlantic Seal, by using special pliers.

The results of marking 176 Seals in 1968‐3‐4, on the Pembrokeshire coast, are given and show that, during the first, six months of the first year, moulterfi move as far north as Anglesey, west as far as the Wexford coast of Eire, and south to Cornwall and Brittany, as well as eastward up the Britsol Channel.
More oriental spiders of the genus Oxyopes.
Authors: Sherriffs W. Rae , Matthews L. Harrison
Published: August 2010

Seven more oriental species (two of which are considered to be new to science) have been re‐examined and drawings made of the parts essential for identification.
The scales of modern lungfish.
Authors: Kerr T.
Published: August 2010

A description is given of the scales of Epiceratodus, Protopterus and Lepidosiren, and the associated soft tissues.

In Epiceratodus the scale still shows considerable differentiation, and its parts can be related in some degree to those of the ancestral cosmoid scale. The cosmine layer has disappeared, but the outer calcified layer probably represents the remains of the lacunar layer, and the inner laminated layer may represent the isopedine.

In Protopterus and Lepidosiren the scales are much simplified but their structure can still be understood through that of Epiceratodus. Direct, attachments between the posterior part of the scale and a superficial connective tissue layer are present in all, and the incomplete type of pocket in which the scale lies differs only in detail.
Notes on a carnivorous oligochaete coniniensal on certain fresh‐water snails in South Africa.
Authors: Baper F. A. H. , Matthews L. Harrison
Published: August 2010

Oligochaete worms believed all to be representative of one species of Chaetogaster, quite probably C. limnaei, were found in four Merent kinds of fresh‐water snails, namely, Biomphalaria, Physopsis, Bulinus and Melanoides.

Amphistome, echinostome, longifurcate and brevifurcate cercariae were observed in the intestine of various individuals as well as two different xiphidiocercariae.

This is believed to be possibly the first record of the occurrence in South Africa of a Chaetogaster which preys on larval trematodes.
The fossil carnivores of the Transvaal caves: Machairodontinae
Authors: Ewer R. F.
Published: August 2010

Ssmmary.

A new machairodont, Therailurus piveteaui, is described.

The specimens from Sterkfontein described by Broom (1937) as Megantereon barlowi are discussed, and it is concluded that reference to the genus Meganttreon is incorrect. A new specimen from the same deposit appears to belong to the same species as Broom's specimens and shows many similarities to Therailurus piveteaui. It is concluded that all belong to a second species of Therailurus, which thus becomes Therailurus barlowi (Broom). On the basis of the new material an amplified description of Therailurus barlowi is given.

A mandibular fragment from Swartkrans is described. Its similarities to T. piveteaui and T. barlowi indicate that it represents another species of the same genus.

A new species of Megantereon, M. eurynodon, from the Kromdraai deposit is described.

Two incompletely identified mandibular fragments from the Swartkrans deposit are described: of these one is referred to the Nimravidae, and the other to the Machairodontinae. The latter may possibly be a species of Megantereon.

Fragmentary lower carnassials from Kromdraai are also described: these may possibly belong to a species of Epimachairodus.

A list of all the known fossil machairodonts from the Transvaal deposits is given, and the implications as to the dating of the deposits are discussed. It is concluded that the material does not provide any basis for an accurate dating of the deposits, but supports the view that they are not all strictly contemporaneous. The affinities of the fauna are considered to be with South East Asia, rather than Europe.
NOTES ON THE MARION ISLAND FUR SEAL
Authors: RAND R. W.
Published: August 2010

Fur seals on Marion Island, provisionally identified as Arctocephalus gazella Peters, are described and compared with two other species of southern fur seal.

There are a few hundred fur seals on Marion Island, of which about 160 to 170 are breeding males. The fur seals live on crustaceans, cephalopods and fish. Females breed in the summer (November) but are not visibly pregnant till April. Pups moult in March, and the older animals somewhat earlier.

Former sealing operations are discussed. There appear to be no good prospects for profitable future operations. The small size of the herd has not been adequately explained.
THE FOSSIL CARNIVORES OF THE TRANSVAAL CAVES: TWO NEW VIVERRIDS, TOGETHER WITH SOME GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Authors: EWER R. F.
Published: August 2010

Two new herpestids are described; Herpestes mesotes from Kromdraai and a subspecies of Cynictis penicillata from Swartkrans.

A complete list of the carnivore faunas of the Transvaal deposits is given, and the implications with regard to the relative and absolute dates of the deposits are discussed.

It is concluded that the three main deposits, Sterkfontein, Swartkrans and Kromdraai are not strictly contemporaneous; Sterkfontein is considered to be the most ancient, Swartkrans a little more recent. The position of Kromdraai is more difficult to assess, but the generally held opinion that this is the most recent deposit is not incompatible with the composition of the carnivore faunas, provided that there was a significant climatic change between the times of the laying down of the Swartkrans and Kromdraai deposits.

A comparison of the total carnivore fauna of the Transvaal deposits with the faunas of all orders of mammals from Omo, Laetolil and Olduvai is made. It is concluded that the Transvaal deposits cannot be more recent than the Kageran period.

The difficulties of reconciling this view with the geological evidence are briefly indicated.
TEGUMENTAL GLANDS AND TERRESTRIAL LIFE IN WOODLICE
Authors: GORVETT H.
Published: August 2010

The lobed tegumental glands would seem to play an important part in adapting woodlice to life on land, but although the problem seems a simple one, it has by no means been easy to determine their function.

Evidence from comparative anatomy and physiology is unhelpful and often puzzling, and inactivating the glands seems to have no effect on normal life.

Evidence from a more direct experimental investigation of a variety of hypotheses suggests that the glands do not perform any of the more obviously possible functions, and that they are not concerned with general defence, secretion of gill fluid, water‐proofing the body‐wall, attachment to the substratum, moulting, lubrication of the skin, reproduction, silk formation, capillary water conduction to the gills, temperature control, humidity reactions, or regulation of water content of the body.

Evidence of various kinds suggests that the function performed by the glands is that of defence, not against predators in general, but against one particular group, namely spiders.

Spiders appear to be potentially the most serious enemies of woodlice; but they find woodlice distasteful and the degree of distastefulness is correlated to a remarkable extent with the degree of development of the lobed glands. There is other evidence that the distastefulness is a property of the lobed gland secretions and not of the body tissues and fluids as a whole.

When a woodlouse is attacked by a spider, its lobed glands secrete precisely as they do when stimulated experimentally, and this is the only evidence ever obtained of secretion occurring under natural conditions.

If the function of the lobed glands is to repel spiders, many of the objections to the general defence hypothesis can be answered, and many other puzzling facts relating either to the glands or to the behaviour of woodlice can be explained.
AGE CHANGES IN THE POSITION OF THE FORAMEN MAGNUM IN HOMINOIDS
Authors: ASHTON E. H. , ZUCKERMAN S.
Published: August 2010

The position of the foramen magnum has been described by means of indices which relate the lengths of the segments into which perpendiculars drawn from the endobasion divide the maximum antero‐posterior dimensions of the skull and brain‐case.

The values of these indices have been computed and compared in various age and sex sub‐groups of apes and men.

At all stages of development the foramen magnum is situated relatively more anteriorly in men than in apes.

The foramen magnum is always situated relatively more anteriorly in immature than in mature apes and men.

The amount of change in its position during growth is less in man than in the living African apes.

The position of the foramen magnum in the Australopithecinae and the extent to which it alters with age correspond more to the pattern seen in the extant great apes than in living man.
OBSERVATIONS ON A SMALL PORTION OF A DRYING CHALK STREAM
Authors: MOON H. P.
Published: August 2010

The paper deals with an association of animals found in the drying, but still moist, bed of a chalk stream.

The fauna consists largely of diptera over the wet mud and beetles in patches of stranded algae (Oedogonium). The oligochaet E. tetrahedra is common to both habitats.

The changes in level of the stream and water table are recorded, and it is shown how the capacity of the water table reduces the danger of flooding after rain, which would destroy this habitat.

The significance of this association is discussed with particular reference to the idea that such a habitat may represent the kind of environment in which a terrestrial fauna could evolve towards an aquatic existence.
THE ANATOMY OF THE PROSOBRANCHCIRCULUS STRIATUS(PHILIPPI) AND A REVIEW OF ITS SYSTEMATIC POSITION
Authors: FRETTER VERA
Published: August 2010

The animal described above agrees in its conchological characters withTornus duminyiRequien as described by Jeffreys, and listed by Winckworth asCirculus striatus(Philippi). Neither shell nor radula agrees with theCirculus striatus(Philippi) of Thiele.

The mantle cavity contains a linear osphradium and a large monopectinate gill; the single kidney opening is posterior; the anus half‐way along the right side within the hypobranchial gland. In the structure of the jaws, radula and alimentary canal there is close resemblance to the rissoids. The single kidney on the left of the rectum separates the renal oviduct from the pericardium. There is no gonopericardial canal: the renal oviduct opens into the kidney. In the male the penis arises between the two cephalic tentacles and the vas deferens, a closed duct, opens at its tip; there is a prostate with an opening to the mantle cavity. The glands of the oviduct are confined to the posterior end of the mantle cavity; the duct opens some distance behind the anus. The plan of the female reproductive system conforms with that of other mesogastropods. The nervous system is characterized by a concentration of the ganglia with the exception of the viscerals.

The affinities ofCirculus striatuswithTornus subcarinatus,the rissoids and the genusCyclostremaare considered. Its anatomy supports the conchological evidence for its classification close to the family Rissoidae. It should not be included in Thiele's family Adeorbidae.

Correlation between the small size of this species and certain details of its anatomy is discussed.

I wish to express my thanks to the Research Board, University of Reading, for the grant to cover travelling expenses to St. Jean‐de‐Luz.
A PROTOZOAN PARASITE (ICHTHYOSPORIDIUM SP.) OF THE NEON FISH HYPHESSOBRYCON INNESI
Authors: PORTER ANNIE , VINALL H. F.
Published: August 2010

Hyphessobrycon innesi, the Neon Fish, suffers from a condition known as “Neon Fish Disease” that is invariably fatal. Study of a recent epizootic has shown that the causative agent of this disease is a species of Ichthyosporidium.

The symptoms of the disease and the distribution of the parasite Ichthyosporidium in the host tissues are described. The most heavily infected parts were the musculature and areolar tissue.

Ichthyosporidium is essentially histozoic and cytozoic. Nuclei of the host areolar tissue become hypertrophied, but those of the muscles are compressed or obliterated. Pressure effects prevent normal movements of the organs of the host.

The developmental stages and life history of Ichthyosporidium sp. in Hyphtssobrycon innesi are described and illustrated.

An attempt at treatment by increased water temperature and greater aeration removed superficially situated plasmodia but did not affect the deep‐seated ones.

A brief summary is given of the distribution of other species of Ichthyosporidium and of their effects on freshwater and inshore and offshore marine fishes.
CETOTHERES (CETACEA) FROM THE OLIGOCENE OF NEW ZEALAND
Authors: MARPLES B. J.
Published: August 2010

Three new species of Cetotheres, Mauicetus lophocephalus, Mauicetus waitakiensis and Mauicetus brevicollis are described from the Lower Oligocene of New Zealand. The greater part of the skull of one of these is present and it seems to be considerably the oldest Cetothere skull known. It appears to be primitive in that, although the supraoccipital shield extends as far forward as it does in many Miocene Cetotheres, the nostril is very anteriorly placed, the temporal fossae are longer than broad and there is a long sagittal crest in the cranial region. There is therefore a considerable gap between the supraoccipital and the nasals, unlike the condition usually seen in the Mysticetes. A gap is present here in other early whales, but only in the Archaeocetes is it occupied by a sagittal crest.
THE SPAWNING HABITS ANT) EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHANNY (BLENNIUS PHOLISL.)
Authors: QASIM S. Z.
Published: August 2010

At the beginning of the breeding season, the male selects a site for a nest, in a crevice between stones or rocks, and guards it against all intruders. Males can be distinguished from females by a prominent bulging forehead and by the dark colour which they assume at this season. The spawning behaviour is described. Each individual spawns several times during the season, the females producing over a thousand eggs in each spawning. The males not only guard and aerate the eggs but also keep them clean and free from fungal infection.

The incubation period lasts from forty days to sixty days, depending on the temperature. The embryonic stages are described and figured. Analyses of the contents of nests, collected from the field late in the season, showed that several batches of eggs were present in each, contributed in all probability by more than one female.

Hatching shows day and night periodicity. Fully developed embryos are stimulated to activity by light. Hatching follows after some delay. Mechanical shock also stimulates hatching.
ON THE POPULATIONS OF BRANCHIOSTOMA LANCEOLATUM AND THEIR RELATIONS WITH THE WEST AFRICAN LANCELETS
Authors: WEBB J. E.
Published: August 2010

Samples of Branchiostoma lanceolatum from the Kattegat, North Sea, Plymouth, Polperro, Jersey, Brittany, Naples, Messina and Faro are examined and a statistical analysis of their characteristics is made. Distinct populations in the Kattegat, the Western English Channel and the central Mediterranean region are recognized and their characters described. The lancelets from the North Sea may represent a fourth population or they may indicate the presence of a series of intermediate forms linking the lancelets of the Kattegat with those of the English Channel.

Lancelets from Naples, Plymouth and the Kattegat are compared with the West African species B. senegalense, B. leonense, B. takoradii, B. nigeriense and B. africae.

It is shown that there is greater uniformity among the populations of B. lanceolatum than in the West African species. The diversity of the West African forms is unexpected in view of the apparent similarity of conditions on the coast where they occur in comparison with the region occupied by B. lanceolatum. It was thought that a cline might exist in the lancelets from Rio de Oro to the Cameroons, but, when the mean values for the diagnostic characters are arranged in the geographical order in which the species occur, although trends or similarities are present in certain characters, in others no recognizable sequence exists. It appears, therefore, that factors operate along the West African coast to produce a degree of isolation of different regions sufficient to allow differentiation to take place.

The relationships between the European and the West African lancelets are discussed. It appears that the Guinea Coast lancelets, B. leonense, B. takoradii, B. nigeriense and B. africae form a compact group, but that B. senegalense stands somewhat apart and has affinities both with the Guinea Coast group and with the English Channel population of B. lanceolatum. It is concluded that the East Atlantic lancelets comprise three groups distributed in accordance with the main ocean currents. The populations of B. lanceolatum appear to owe their distribution to the North Atlantic and West Wind Drifts although the latter does not enter the Mediterranean. B. senegalense, on the other hand, occurs in the cold waters of the Canaries Current while the Guinea Coast lancelets are restricted to the warm Guinea Current.

The taxonomic rank of the East Atlantic lancelets is considered. In view of the uniformity of the samples of European lancelets it is confirmed that these should all be referred to the same species, B. lanceolatum, although it may be desirable at a later date to recognize the lancelets of the different regions as subspecies. The five lancelets from West Africa, however, have all been given specific rank, but it is probable that only B. senegalense will stand as a distinct species, the Guinea Coast forms being regarded eventually as subspecies of B. africae.
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM IN THE MALE OF THE CENTIPEDE, SCOLOPENDRA MORSITANS LINN.
Authors: JANGI B. S.
Published: August 2010

The male reproductive system of the centipede Scolopendra morsitans Linn, has been described. The genito‐anal region shows a characteristic ventral flexure on protrusion. There are twenty spindle‐shaped testes united in ten serially arranged pairs which, in an adult, overlap and are not uniformly orientated. The anterior vasa efferentia of a testicular pair join the vas deferens slightly behind the posterior ones of the preceding pair. The glandular epithelium of vas deferens seems to undergo anatomical disintegration in relation to its secretory activity. The genital arch produces a white granular, solid substance of unknown function. The spermatophore is a closed capsule made up of two separable coats. The accessory glands have the appearance of a compound tubulo‐acinar type, the larger pair opening by a common duct into an open ejaculatory canal lodged by the so‐called copulatory organ, while the smaller ones communicate independently with the genital atrium into which the “copulatory” organ is withdrawn. Since these glands are not in direct communication with the vas deferens they seem to have some function other than the formation of spermatophores which already exist in front in the vas deferens. The possibility of copulation has been examined in the light of available evidence.
MEASUREMENTS OF FOXES FROM SCOTLAND AND ENGLAND
Authors: HATTINGH IVAN
Published: August 2010

Full details of external measurements and weights, of eighty‐seven foxes from England and Scotland are given.

Foxes from Westmorland and the rest of England are compared, and it is considered that there is no difference between them.

Variation in weights of English foxes are discussed.

Full details of the measurements of nine skulls of male English foxes are given, and these are compared with Tetley's figures for the male Scottish fox. It is considered that the Scottish fox is a distinct race.
THE PATTERNS OF DERMAL BONES IN PRIMITIVE VERTEBRATES
Authors: PARRINGTON F. R.
Published: August 2010

It has been assumed that, in accordance with experimental evidence, the initial patterns of dermal bones result from the relative positions and manner of growth of their rudiments.

The sutural patterns resulting from freely growing bones have been examined for different initial arrangements, even or elliptical bone growth, and uniform or uneven growth of the embedding dermis.

It has been shown that the bones of the “parietal shield” of osteolepid fishes form a pattern consistent with elliptical bone growth according to the known centres of ossification, and that when additional interparietal bones are present the suture pattern conforms to the same assumption.

It has been shown that the bones of the “parietal shield” of holoptychiid fishes also conform to the assumption of elliptical bone growth, and differ from those of the osteolepids only in the more anterior position of the centres of ossification of the interparietals.

The sutural. pattern of the temporal region of normal labyrinthodonts has been shown to conform to the assumption of elliptical bone growth, and the absence of an intertemporal bone in later forms is consistent with its loss and the invasion of its territory by the prefrontal and supratemporal bones.

The occupation of the region of the intertemporal bone by a lappet formed from the parietal is shown to be consistent with the loss of the bone in the presence of evenly growing neighbouring bones. It is pointed out that this occurred apparently in holoptychiid fishes, Elpistostege, the Ichthyostegalia, and in reptiles.

It is shown that the reduction of the supratemporal bone to a splinter is consistent with the assumption of its appearance only at a late stage of growth of the parietal.

It is claimed that since the outstanding variations in the dermal bone patterns of early vertebrates can be accounted for quite closely by simple assumptions concerning the manner of growth and relative positions of their rudiments, assumptions of bone fusions without direct evidence are unjustified.

It is pointed out that the analyses of the “parietal shields” of osteolepids and holoptychiids by the methods adopted in this account imply that lateral line canals are not constant in their relations to dermal bones.

It is suggested that the examination of dermal bone patterns with their probable manner of development in mind emphasizes similarities and differences which are likely to be of taxonomic value.
AN ABNORMAL SPECIMEN OF SYNODONTIS MEMBRANACEUS (TELEOSTEI, SILUROIDEA), WITH A DISCUSSION ON THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF THE ADIPOSE FIN IN FISH
Authors: SANDON H.
Published: August 2010

A group of typical bony rays associated with a bony mass representing fused radial bones was found in the middle of the adipose fin of an otherwise normal, fully‐grown Synodontis membranaceus.

A discussion of the evolution of the adipose fin leads to the conclusion that this structure was probably not derived from an ordinary rayed fin. The present abnormality cannot therefore be regarded as a reversion to an ancestral condition.

Bony rays and spines occur normally in the second dorsal fin of some siluroids. They differ from the rays in the present specimen both in their position in the fin and in having no accompanying radial bones. It is therefore concluded that the factors which led to the production of this abnormality are not closely related to those which brought about the evolution of these other bony structures.

It is suggested that the abnormality represents a type of homöosis not previously recorded in vertebrates.
THE FOSSIL SUIDS OF THE TRANSVAAL CAVES
Authors: EWER R. F.
Published: August 2010

All the fossil suid material available from the deposits at Sterkfontein, Swartkrans and Kromdraai has been examined. Only the two species previously described by Broom occur: Tapinochoerus meadowsi (Broom) at Sterkfontein and Swartkrans as well as at the nearby deposit of Bolt's Farm, and Phacochoerus antiquus Broom at Swartkrans and Kromdraai.

On the basis of new material some further details of the anatomy of these species are given, and their relationships to other species are discussed. Differences in cranial structure between Phacochoerus antiquus and P. africanus are considered to be of sufficient importance to warrant placing the former in a separate subgenus, which has been named Potamochoerops.
A NEW SPECIES OF CLARIALLABES (PISCES, CLARIIDAE), FROM THE NILE
Authors: GREENWOOD P. H.
Published: August 2010

A new species of Clariallabes is described; this species represents the first record of the genus in East Africa.

The apparently neotenic characters of Cl. Petricola are discussed and compared with the larval, post‐larval and juvenile characters of three Clarias species.

Hypotheses regarding the adaptive value of neoteny in Clariallabes are considered.

It is suggested that the “genus”Clariallabes may be of polyphyletic origin.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE CAPSULE AND THE HATCHING PROCESS IN UROSALPINX CINEREA (SAY)
Authors: HANCOCK D. A.
Published: August 2010

The structure of the capsule of Urosalpinx is described and discussed in relation to the normal hatching process.

Experiments have shown that development and the hatching process are inhibited at a temperature of 5°C, but only the egg stage is killed at this temperature. Normal hatching appears to result from the liberation of some enzyme‐like substance which dissolves the cementing attachment of the operculum. It is suggested that capsules found ready to hatch before the normal spawning season were deposited at the beginning of the previous winter and have survived winter temperatures in a state of inhibited development.
THE CRANIAL SUTURE CLOSURE IN MONKEYS*
Authors: Chopra S. R. K.
Published: August 2010

A study of the age changes in the skull, as represented by the ecto‐and endocranial suture closure, has been made.

The material investigated consists of 1500 monkey crania belonging to ten different genera of the Old and New world.

The methods of study are described and the existing literature on the suture closure is reviewed.

From an investigation of a large series of monkeys it has been possible to report in detail the relative ages and the sequence of cranial suture closure typical for each genus studied.

It is recorded that the sutures close at a comparatively earlier age in apes than in monkeys or in man.

Generally speaking the sutures close at a later stage in most platyrrhines than in catarrhines.

The variability of cranial suture closure is discussed.

study of the behaviour of the sutures in monkeys no major species or sex differences could be found.

The occurence of Inca bones, divided parietals and cases of metopism, encountered in monkeys during the course of the present investigation, have been described with special attention to its comparative frequency.
THE MAXILLARY NERVE IN THE CEBOIDEA
Authors: Oxnard C. E.
Published: August 2010

The relative proportions and distribution of the zygomatic and infraorbital branches of the maxillary nerve have been examined in twenty‐one New World Monkeys, representing eight genera.

In the subfamilies Aotinae and Pitheciinae the infraorbital nerve is bigger than the zygomatic, and twigs of its lateral branch form a plexus with filaments of the facial nerve.

In the Atelinae and Cebinae, the zygomatic nerve is the bigger and some of its fibres are fasciculated with those of the seventh nerve.

This variation in relative proportions is not correlated with any gross anatomical differences with facial structures in these monkeys.
THE COMPARATIVE ANATOMY AND SYSTEMATIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE HEAD IN THE NEMATODE FAMILY HETERAKIDAE
Authors: INGLIS WILLIAM G.
Published: August 2010

A comparative account of the structure of the head in the nematode family Heterakidae is given and the basic structure of the head is shown to be constant throughout the family.

The cordons which occur in the genera Aspidodera, Ansiruptodera, Sexansodera, Pseudaspidodera and Spinaspidodera are shown to be homologous with the interlabial grooves of Odontoterakis. Their derivation from inter labia is discussed.

Aspidoderidae fam. nov. has been erected for those genera which are restricted to marsupials, edentates and true mammals in South America.

This family contains two subfamilies; Aspidoderinae Skrjabin and Schikhobalova, 1947 for the genera Aspidodera, Ansiruptodera, Sexansodera. which have cephalic cordons and Paraspidoderinae subfam. nov. in which the type, and only genus, Paraspidodera does not have such structures.

The genus Gireterakis is shown to be distinct from the genus Heterakis in the presence of straight tubular cordons on the head and in the structure of the tail.

The systematic position of the genus Paraspidodera is discussed and it is considered to be a valid genus closely related to the genera placed in the subfamily Aspidoderinae.

Paraspidodera sellsi is considered, provisionally, to be a species incertae sedis.
A NEW SPECIES OF SOLENOPODIUM (STOLONIFERA: OCTOCORALLIA) FROM THE RED SEA
Authors: BROCH HJALMAR , HORRIDGE ADRIAN
Published: August 2010

Solenopodium violaceum was found creeping on upright alga stems in shallow water at Ghardaqa, Red Sea. The polyps are bright green; the stolon is purplish‐brown. The responses to stimuli and the co‐ordination of the polyp retraction are described. The anthocodia are devoid of spicules, which distinguishes the new material from S. contortum Kükenthal. The verrucae are not laterally compressed and many of the spicules are purplish violet, which distinguish it from S. excavatum Nutting. Branched spicules are infrequent and the horny substance of the basal lamella is less pronounced than in previously known species; both of these characters approach the condition found in Erythropodium. The new species is therefore an intermediate between the Briareidae and the Anthothelidae according to Verseveldt's classification. A discussion of the systematic position of these groups, intermediate between the Stolonifera and the Scleraxonia, is given.
A COLLECTION OF HELMINTHS FROM THE GREAT BUSTARD, OTIS TARDA FROM SPAIN, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF OXYSPIRURA (NEMATODA).
Authors: LIANG‐SHENG YEH
Published: August 2010

In a collection of helminths from a great bustard, Otis tarda from Spain which died in the gardens of the Zoological Society of London, three species of helminths were found. They are Oxyspirura hispanica sp. nov., a spirurid from the orbital socket; Aprocta orbitalis Linstow, 1901, a filariid, also from the orbital socket, and a new host record for the parasite; and Idiogenes otidis Krabbe, 1867, a davaineid tapeworm in which the scolex is described for the first time.
CAROTENOID PIGMENTS IN THE INTEGUMENT OF THE STARFISH MARTHASTERIAS GLACIALIS (L)
Authors: VEVERS H. G. , MILLOTT N.
Published: August 2010

The carotenoids of the aboral integument of Marthasterias glacialis were separated by phase partition and chromatography. Their light absorption was examined spectrophotometrically.

Eight fractions were isolated, three epiphasic and five hypophasic. The epiphasic fractions were identified as β‐carotene, esterified astaxanthin and a pigment with a single absorption maximum at 451/52 mμ. (in n‐hexane) which was probably a keto‐carotenoid. The hypophasic pigments were lutein, free astaxanthin and three fractions which were not identified, but whose chromatographic behaviour and light absorption suggest that they might be derivatives of astaxanthin.

No vitamin A was found.

The results are discussed in relation to the distribution of carotenoid pigments and photosensitivity among starfishes.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE FOOD CANAL AND ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES IN THE HOLOTHURIAN HOLOTHURIA FORSKALI DELLE CHIAJE
Authors: STOTT F. C.
Published: August 2010

A simpler nomenclature is suggested for the parts of the holothurian gut. The rete mirabile of Holothuria forskali showed three regions, namely, a relatively unpigmented region attached to the dorsal edge of the stomach which connected by a single strand to a yellowish‐brown region alongside the intestine which had a brownish‐black edge to it filled with melanin granules. Feeding with iron carbonate saccharated showed that some amoebocytic ingestion took place in the stomach and intestine and clumps of amoebocytes containing iron appeared in the haemal canals, lumen of the rete mirabile and in the walls of the respiratory trees, where it was probably egested. Injection of trypan blue into the body cavity resulted in its phagocytosis by the agranulocytes and their clumping together with the granulocytes in all the soft‐skinned organs within the cavity especially on the respiratory trees, gonads and intestine. Migration into the lumen of the latter was observed. Melanin granules were identified within granulocytes in the lumen and walls of the rete mirabile as well as in the cells of the rete wall.
CHILOPODA AND DIPLOPODA FROM CAERNARVONSHIRE
Authors: EASON E. H.
Published: August 2010

Sixteen species of Chilopoda and nineteen species of Diplopoda are recorded from Caernarvonshire.

The distribution and ecology of the species in the county is discussed, with special reference to the Creuddyn peninsular.

The status of Lithobius aulacopus Latzel in Europe is discussed.

Variation in Lithobius lapidicola Meinert is described and the identity of this species with Lithobius borealis Meinert is tentatively suggested.

Variations in Lithobius crassipes L. Koch and Lithobius curtipes C. Koch are described with special reference to their bearing on the differential diagnosis between these two species.

Lithobius duboscqui var. caernensis is described as new to science and the nature of variation in this species is discussed.

Microchordeuma gallicum (Latzel) is added to the British fauna.
A MASS DYING OF CRABEATER SEALS, LOBODON CARCINOPHAGUS (GRAY)
Authors: LAWS R. M. , TAYLOR R. J. F.
Published: August 2010

In 1955 some 3000 Crabeater Seals Lobodon carcinophagus wintered on the sea‐ice of the Crown Prince Gustav Channel. The seals, most of which were young, were ten times more numerous in 1955 than is normal in winter. Most of the animals died in the spring from a contagious disease whose effect was probably increased by crowding and partial starvation. Its exact nature was not elucidated, but a virus infection is likely. The average mortality was 85 per cent but in places the figure was 97 per cent.

Although the population was observed before, during and after the normal pupping season, no live births but only abortions were recorded. Some abortions were found three weeks before any adult mortality or any sign of disease. It is unlikely that the epidemic had any appreciable effect on the total number of Crabeater Seals in Antarctica.

The disease did not spread to the intermingled Weddell Seals Leptonychotes weddelli; diseased meat was eaten by dogs and by man with no ill effects.