bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of telepharmacy and the use of a gravimetric technology–assisted workflow system for remote sterile product pharmacist checks
Authors: Jean Stephanie J , Francart Suzanne J , Eckel Stephen F , Schenkat Daniel , Eberwein Samuel , Lamm Matthew , Barnes Nathan , Valgus John M , Amerine Lindsey B
Published: February 2020

Purpose

To evaluate the impact of remote sterile product pharmacist checks when used with a gravimetric-based technology-assisted workflow (TAWF) system on product checking accuracy, pharmacist review time, workload sharing, cost savings, and staff perceptions.

Methods

A double-arm, prospective study was conducted at 4 pharmacy locations for a 90-day period. Each compounded sterile product (CSP) checked by a remote pharmacist was also checked by a local pharmacist at the site of CSP preparation. An anonymous, online survey was emailed to staff before and after implementation to evaluate perceptions of the accuracy, timeliness, safety, potential impact, and value of the remote process.

Results

There was no statistically significant difference in the numbers of errors detected through the remote process and through the current, nonremote process (P = 0.177). The median pharmacist review time in the local process was significantly lower (P < 0.001). Remote pharmacists in the study workflow verified 30.4% of the total number of CSPs verified in the 90-day period. Annualized cost savings were calculated to be $23,770.08. Percent agreement increased from the preimplementation to the postimplementation period for survey questions about the safety of the remote process, opportunity for workload sharing, and optimization of current workflow. Percent agreement decreased for questions about the accuracy, timeliness, and value of the remote process and its impact on job security.

Conclusion

The study demonstrated that with use of a gravimetric-based TAWF system, there was no difference in the accuracy and safety of sterile product pharmacist checks performed remotely and those performed at the product preparation site. In addition, the remote process allows for opportunities for workload sharing and cost savings.
Utility cascades
Authors: Hayward Max Khan
Published: February 2020

Utility cascades occur when a utilitarian’s reduction of support for an intervention reduces the effectiveness of that intervention, leading the utilitarian to further reduce support, thereby further undermining effectiveness, and so on, in a negative spiral. This paper illustrates the mechanisms by which utility cascades occur, and then draws out the theoretical and practical implications. Theoretically, utility cascades provide an argument that the utilitarian agent should sometimes either ignore evidence about effectiveness or fail to apportion support to effectiveness. Practically, utility cascades call upon utilitarians to rethink their relationship with the social movement known as Effective Altruism, which insists on the importance of seeking and being guided by evidence concerning effectiveness. This has particular implications for the ‘Institutional Critique’ of Effective Altruism, which holds that Effective Altruists undervalue political and systemic reforms. The problem of utility cascades undermines the Effective Altruist response to the Institutional Critique.
Phasic left atrial strain analysis to discriminate cardiac amyloidosis in patients with unclear thick heart pathology
Authors: Brand Anna , Frumkin David , Hübscher Anne , Dreger Henryk , Stangl Karl , Baldenhofer Gerd , Knebel Fabian
Published: February 2020

Aims 

Traditional echocardiographic parameters for the assessment of suspected cardiac amyloidosis (CA) are of limited diagnostic accuracy. We sought to explore differences and the discriminative value of phasic left atrial strain (LAS) reductions and of regional longitudinal left ventricular (LV) strain alterations (relative apical sparing; RELAPS) in CA and other causes of LV wall thickening (LVH).

Methods and results 

We included 54 patients with unclear LVH (mean septal diastolic wall thickness 17.8 ± 3.5 mm); CA was bioptically confirmed in 35 patients (8 mATTR, 6 wtATTR, 20 AL, and 1 AA amyloidosis) and LVH in 19 subjects. We analysed RELAPS as well as LA reservoir (LASr), conduit (LAScd), and contraction strain (LASct) using 2D speckle tracking echocardiography (EchoPAC software, GE). RELAPS was higher (1.37 ± 0.94 vs. 0.86 ± 0.29, P < 0.007), whereas atrial mechanics were significantly reduced in CA (LASr, LAScd, and LASct: 9.7 ± 5.2%, −6.5 ± 3.5%, and −5.0 ± 4.1% in CA; and 22.7 ± 7.8%, −13.9 ± 5.2%, and −13.0 ± 5.5% in LVH, respectively; P < 0.001 each). With an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.91 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.82–0.99], LASr showed a higher diagnostic accuracy in discriminating CA than RELAPS (AUC 0.74, 95% CI 0.59–0.88). LASr and LAScd remained significantly associated with CA in a multivariate regression model.

Conclusion 

Phasic LAS was significantly reduced in patients with CA and showed a higher diagnostic accuracy in discriminating CA than RELAPS. The additional assessment of phasic LAS may be useful to rule in the possible diagnosis of CA in patients with unclear LVH.
Potent lipoprotein(a) lowering following apolipoprotein(a) antisense treatment reduces the pro-inflammatory activation of circulating monocytes in patients with elevated lipoprotein(a)
Authors: Stiekema Lotte C A , Prange Koen H M , Hoogeveen Renate M , Verweij Simone L , Kroon Jeffrey , Schnitzler Johan G , Dzobo Kim E , Cupido Arjen J , Tsimikas Sotirios , Stroes Erik S G , de Winther Menno P J , Bahjat Mahnoush
Published: February 2020

Aims

Elevated lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is strongly associated with an increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. We previously reported that pro-inflammatory activation of circulating monocytes is a potential mechanism by which Lp(a) mediates CVD. Since potent Lp(a)-lowering therapies are emerging, it is of interest whether patients with elevated Lp(a) experience beneficial anti-inflammatory effects following large reductions in Lp(a).

Methods and results

Using transcriptome analysis, we show that circulating monocytes of healthy individuals with elevated Lp(a), as well as CVD patients with increased Lp(a) levels, both have a pro-inflammatory gene expression profile. The effect of Lp(a)-lowering on gene expression and function of monocytes was addressed in two local sub-studies, including 14 CVD patients with elevated Lp(a) who received apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] antisense (AKCEA-APO(a)-LRx) (NCT03070782), as well as 18 patients with elevated Lp(a) who received proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 antibody (PCSK9ab) treatment (NCT02729025). AKCEA-APO(a)-LRx lowered Lp(a) by 47% and reduced the pro-inflammatory gene expression in monocytes of CVD patients with elevated Lp(a), which coincided with a functional reduction in transendothelial migration capacity of monocytes ex vivo (−17%, P < 0.001). In contrast, PCSK9ab treatment lowered Lp(a) by 16% and did not alter transcriptome nor functional properties of monocytes, despite an additional reduction of 65% in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C).

Conclusion

Potent Lp(a)-lowering following AKCEA-APO(a)-LRx, but not modest Lp(a)-lowering combined with LDL-C reduction following PCSK9ab treatment, reduced the pro-inflammatory state of circulating monocytes in patients with elevated Lp(a). These ex vivo data support a beneficial effect of large Lp(a) reductions in patients with elevated Lp(a).
Separation and Identification of Chlorinated Organic Pesticides
by Paper Chromatography. XII. The Two Herbicides, 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T
Authors: Mitchell Lloyd C
Published: February 2020

Previous work, This Journal, 41, 781 (1958), lists the RP values for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)1 and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T)2 as 0.85- 0.92 and 0.86-0.89 for the aqueous solvent system3 and as 0.00 for both herbicides for the nonaqueous system4, respectively. This paper describes a procedure which separates these two compounds.
Special Session Address: “The Collaborative Test.”
Authors: Youden W J
Published: February 2020

This paper discusses (a) the planning of collaborative tests, (b) a technique to establish that a procedure is ready for a collaborative test, and (c) the interpretation of the results of a collaborative test.
Determination of Micro Quantities of Some Chlorinated Organic Pesticide Residues in Edible Fats and Oils
Authors: Eidelman Martin
Published: February 2020

The dimethyl sulfoxide procedure was extended to eleven edible oils and fish oils. After cleanup, the detection system of choice may be used. If extracts of samples larger than 20 g are injected into the microcoulometric detection system, halogenated background material will make evaluation difficult. In fish oils, when paper chromatography is used for evaluation, an Rf indicating aldrin must be further investigated, since it is possible that a spot at this Rf might be background material.
Rapid Colorimetric Determination of DDT in Milk and Butter
Authors: Blinn Roger C , Gunther Francis A
Published: February 2020

Two versions of a colorimetric procedure for DDT in milk and butter were compared to determine which was the more reliable. Thirteen collaborators favored the version incorporating an oxidative cleanup step with average findings of 0.89 ± 0.19 and 0.18 ± 0.05 ppm for milk fortified at levels of 0.95 and 0.18 ppm, respectively; corresponding assays by the other procedure were 0.80 ± 0.27 and 0.18 ± 0.07 ppm. Analysis time varied from 2.5 to 11 hours per lot of three unknown samples plus two control samples.
Determination of Guthion® Residues on Fruits
Authors: Cox William S
Published: February 2020

The 1962 collaborative study consisted of the colorimetric determination of Guthion residues on locally purchased apples and grapes. Each fruit was “spiked” at levels of 1 and 3 ppm. Six of eight collaborators obtained recoveries of 80—106% at the lower level, and 95-111% at the upper level. Blanks were consistently low, and duplicate results were in close agreement. The method, adopted in 1960 for coletype crops, is being recommended for adoption for non-citrus fruits. Several changes in wording are recommended to clarify and shorten the method. A rapid method, based on benzene stripping of fresh fruits and vegetables, followed by cleanup with acetonitrile-n-hexane partitioning, is recommended for collaborative study next year.
Determination of Sevin Insecticide Residues in Fruits and Vegetables
Authors: Johnson D P
Published: February 2020

Collaborative study was made of a method for Sevin, with apples and lettuce as test crops. The method is based on alkaline hydrolysis of Sevin and colorimetric determination of 1-naphthol, the hydrolysis product, with p-ni-trobenzenediazonium fluoborate as chromogenic coupling agent. Recoveries varied significantly among laboratories, types of crops, and level of insecticide. The method will be modified according to the collaborators’ suggestions, and the collaborative study will be repeated.
Captan in Green Vegetables
Authors: Klayder T J
Published: February 2020

Canning with the usual heat processing largely destroys captan. Collaborative study shows that the method reported will recover 95% of the captan added on control vegetables containing 50—105 ppm. Also, the collaborators obtained 98% recovery on the unknown solution of captan which they added to green vegetables.
Determination of Piperonyl Butoxide
Authors: Munday William H
Published: February 2020

Determination of piperonyl butoxide has been extended to other grains and crops, viz., pinto beans, alaska peas, hulled rice, oats, barley, processed rice, rolled oats, and rolled barley. Recoveries from intact grains were good. However, processed grains, processed rice, and rolled oats and barley gave erratic results, apparently due to extracted plant material. A limited study of cleanup procedures indicated that plant extractives can be satisfactorily removed.
Arsenic in Foods: Collaborative Comparison of the Arsine-Molybdenum Blue and the Silver Diethyldithiocarbamate Methods
Authors: Hoffman I , Gordon A D
Published: February 2020

A collaborative study was conducted on two arsenic methods: arsine-molybdenum blue procedure, and silver diethyldithiocarbamate procedure. Fourteen collaborators received six complete sets of the arsenic apparatus (including generator bottles, sulfide absorption tubes, special traps, and an aspirator assembly), two solutions of apple digests, one blank solution, recrystallized silver diethyldithiocarbamate, and directions for the procedure. A minimum of three runs for each procedure was requested; results were reported as ppm As2O3 present in the solution. The results warrant recommendation of both methods as official, first action and as alternative procedures for the determination of arsenic in foods.
Thin-Layer Chromatography for Insecticide Analysis
Authors: Walker Kenneth C , Beroza Morton
Published: February 2020

A single, simple procedure has been worked out for the analysis of 62 pesticides by thin-layer chromatography. Rf values in 19 different solvent systems and chromogenic reagents for making the pesticides visible are presented, together with Rf values of dyes that may be used as standards.
Gas Chromatographic Determination of Dalapon® Residues
Authors: Getzendaner M E
Published: February 2020

Experiments were performed to develop a method for the determination of Dalapon (2,2-dichloropropionic acid) by gas chromatography. A technique was devised whereby residues as low as 0.1 ppm can be determined by injection of a solution equivalent to 1 mg of sample with a minimum amount of cleanup; detection is by a conventional ionization detector operated at low voltage. This procedure has been successfully applied to the determination of residues of Dalapon in cranberries and bananas.
Determination of Aldehydes in Wines and Spirits by the Direct Bisulfite Method
Authors: Guymon J F , Crowell E A
Published: February 2020

Methods for the determination of aldehydes in wines and spirits, based on the reaction of aldehydes with bisulfite ion, must allow for the normal presence of sulfites in wines and in some spirits and for the fraction of acetaldehyde combined with ethyl alcohol as acetal. The direct procedure avoids errors due to sulfites already present. An acid hydrolysis step differentiates between the free form and acetal form of the aldehyde; addition of 120 ppm of EDTA eliminates the interference of copper. Detailed procedures are given for distinguishing between free and combined aldehydes in distilled spirits, with and without extract content. The percentages of free and combined aldehyde at equilibrium are graphically shown for varying strengths of alcohol. A method is proposed for wines in which only the free aldehydes are determined, since the percentage combined with alcohol at equilibrium is small.
Malt Beverages, Sirups, Extracts, and Brewing Materials
Authors: Owades Joseph L
Published: February 2020

The liaison representative between the American Society of Brewing Chemists and the AOAC presented two methods adopted by the ASBC: (1) the determination of total sulfur dioxide in beer, and (2) the determination of alpha and beta acids by spectrophotometry. Details of both methods, adopted by the AOAC as official, first action, are presented.
Determination of Methanol by Gas-Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Martin Glenn E , Caggiano Gian , Beck John E
Published: February 2020

A rapid and accurate method for determining methanol by gas-liquid chromatography is described. Separation is effected by the use of two columns: one containing a 20% Carbowax 20M on Gas Chrom P, and the other containing 5% Carbowax 20M on Haloport F. Ethanol concentration does not affect quantitative determination.
Separation of Caramel Color from Salts and Sugar by Gel Filtration
Authors: Stinson E E , Willits C O
Published: February 2020

Ion exchange was unsatisfactory in isolating the colorants of maple sirup because it failed to separate the colorant from mineral components. A gel nitration method, using cross-linked dextran, was developed and tested in this laboratory. Acid proof caramel colorant could be completely separated from ash salts and sucrose in one pass through a Sephadex column.
Formaldehyde in Maple Sirup: An Adaptation of the Nash Method
Authors: Willits C O , Costilow Ralph N , Underwood J C
Published: February 2020

The Nash method for formaldehyde, based on formation of a yellow product when formaldehyde reacts with acetylacetone and an ammonium salt, was applied to maple sirup. A procedure was developed for separating the formaldehyde from the sirup. A constant blank value of 0.9 ppm of formaldehyde was established. Best results are obtained with sirups containing less than 6 ppm of formaldehyde. Collaborative study is planned.
Subsidiary Dyes in D&C Colors (4-Toluene-azo-2-naphthol-3-carboxylic acid in D&C Red Nos. 6 and 7)
Authors: Koch Louis
Published: February 2020

4-Toluene-azo-2-naphthol-3-carboxylic acid can be separated from the permitted D&C Red Nos. 6 or 7, 4-toluene-2-sulfo-azo-2-naphthol-3-carboxylic acid, by dissolving the mixture in acidified methyl Cellosolve and extracting the color solutions with isopropyl ether. The subsidiary dye can then be determined by its absorption at 507 mμ.
Radiochemical Determination of Strontium-90
Authors: Harley John H
Published: February 2020

Detailed procedures have been developed for strontium-90 in foods and agricultural materials. Sr-90 must be isolated from the bulk matrix of the sample, generally by wet or dry ashing followed by chemical or ion exchange. Non-radioactive Sr is added as a carrier because of the small mass of Sr-90. Final determination is made by letting Sr-90 and yttrium-90 attain radioactive equilibrium, separating the Y-90, and measuring its activity. Yield is determined radiometrically with Sr-85 tracer. Sr-89 is determined at the same time by the same radiochemical procedures, except that the yield is determined gravimetrically.
Determination of Cesium-137
Authors: Harley John H
Published: February 2020

Many methods are available for determination of cesium-137, no one of which has overwhelming advantages. Common features of such methods are discussed, and a unified procedure, suitable for collaborative study, is outlined.
Collaborative Study of Vitamin B6 Methodology
Authors: Edwards Margaret , Benson Eva , Storvick Clara A
Published: February 2020

A modification of the S. carlsbergensis method of Atkin, et al. was studied by 23 collaborators. Results were received from 13 collaborators who used the S. carlsbergensis procedure and from 4 collaborators who used the rat assay method. Results indicated wide ranges in vitamin B6. values (as pyridoxine.HCl) among laboratories: 1.64—4.55 μg/g for whole wheat flour, 3.02-5.5 for non-fat dry milk, 5.38-20. 6 for Brewers yeast, 2.52-14.0 for cooked Brewers yeast, and 27.8—45.5 for liver powder. Smaller variation in values was found within individual laboratories.
Determination of Chlorides in Tobacco
Authors: Ogg C L
Published: February 2020

Two potentiometric titration procedures, one a manual and the other an automatic titration method, were tested for the determination of water-soluble chlorides in tobacco. Thirteen laboratories tested the manual procedure on six tobacco samples and obtained good intra- and interlaboratory precisions. Only five laboratories were equipped to perform the automatic titration procedure and, even though no two laboratories used the same apparatus, the precision was very good. The manual procedure is being recommended for adoption as official, first action.
Fluorometric Determination of Chlortetracycline in Premixes
Authors: Spock Joseph , Katz Stanley E
Published: February 2020

A chemical method was developed for the determination of chlortetracycline in premixes based upon the degradation of chlortetracycline in alkaline media to form isochlortetracycline. The fluorescence of the isochlortetracycline is directly proportional to the concentration of chlortetracycline originally present prior to alkaline degradation. The chemical method recovered 97.1-119 . 8% of the chlortetracycline added from laboratory-prepared premixes, while microbiological assays found 84.0—98.4%. Analysis of commercial premixes by the fluorometric method yielded results ranging from 98.0 to 104.8% of the microbiological values.
Extraction of Nystatin in Animal Feeds for Microbiological Analysis
Authors: Haney Thomas A , George Michael J , Gerke John , Vandeputte John
Published: February 2020

In developing the microbiological assay for nystatin1 in feeds, reported by Pagano, studies were made of the following factors: effect of heat and of pH on nystatin stability; effect of solvents on nystatin recovery; effect of feed extractives on Candida tropicalis; recovery of nystatin at different concentrations in feed; and preparation of a nystatin-free feed. Heat and pH must be rigidly controlled to keep nystatin loss at a minimum. Best recoveries were obtained with a hexane wash and methanol extraction.
Organic Arsenicals in Feeds
Authors: Hoffman Harold H
Published: February 2020

The silver diethyldithiocarbamate color development for arsenic was studied as an optional procedure for molybdenum blue color development in section 33.005. On two feeds containing arsenicals, 16 collaborators had average recoveries of 96.6% by the molybdenum blue method and 93.0% by the AgDDC method. The AgDDC method is not recommended for official status until further investigations have been completed.
Ronnel (0,0-Dimethyl 0-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) phosphorothioate) in Feeds
Authors: Gehrt Albert J
Published: February 2020

An ultraviolet spectrophotometric method for ronnel (at levels of 0.04 to 0.3%) in complete feed mixtures was developed during the year and studied by two collaborators. Ronnel is extracted with methanol and hydrolyzed to 2,4,5-trichlorophenate. After evaporation of the methanol, the residue is dissolved in water, acidified, and steam distilled. The 2,4,5-trichlorophenol is extracted from the steam distillate with iso-octane, and its ultraviolet absorbance values are determined. Results showed satisfactory recoveries of the added ronnel with good agreement between replicates and laboratories. Blank values on the unfortified feeds were extremely low. It is recommended that this method be subjected to collaborative study, and that the first action method (adopted October 1961) for ronnel in mineral-base mixtures be adopted as official, final action.
Determination of Cadmium Anthranilate in Feeds
Authors: Stone Loyal R
Published: February 2020

The well-known dithizone method for cadmium has been adapted to determination of the anthelmintic, cadmium anthranilate, in swine feed. Data from a collaborative study show that the method is precise and specific; recoveries averaged 100.7%. It is recommended that the method be adopted as official, first action.
Chemical Determination of Diethylstilbestrol Residues in the Tissues of Treated Chickens
Authors: Umberger Ernest J , Banes Daniel , Kunze Frieda M , Colson Sylvia H
Published: February 2020

Bioassays based on the oral mouse uterine weight method have demonstrated the presence of estrogenic residues due to diethylstilbestrol in the edible tissues of chickens implanted with the drug. Chemical methods have now been developed which demonstrate conclusively that the estrogenic residues are diethylstilbestrol. Alcoholic extracts of the tissues are hydrolyzed with acid and carried through several extraction procedures. The residues are irradiated with ultraviolet light in a buffered alcohol solution, giving a yellow product which is measured colorimetrically. The colored product can be further converted to a colorless phenanthrene derivative that can be measured fluorometrically. The fluorophor gives characteristic activation and fluorescence spectra which can be used for identification. The diethylstilbestrol can also be identified by paper chromatography. Hydrolysis of the extracts with betaglucuronidase frees only a portion of the diethylstilbestrol in liver tissue.
Quantitative Determination of Formic, Acetic, Propionic, and Butyric Acids by Gas Chromatography
Authors: Shelley Ruth N , Salwin Harold , Horwitz William
Published: February 2020

Volatile acids were separated from food samples by a steam distillation according to AOAC methods, neutralized, and evaporated to dryness. The acids were then liberated with an equivalent amount of 0.5N dichloroacetic acid in acetone. Three microliters of the acetone solution containing from 0.1 to 1.0 mg of each acid per ml was injected directly into the column of the gas chromatograph. Experimental conditions were: Six-foot glass column; support, Anakrom 110/120 mesh; substrate, 10.5% ethyleneglycol adipate and 1.75% phosphoric acid; column temperature, 100°C; Sr90 detector temperature, 170°C; vaporizer temperature, 200°C; detector voltage, 1400 volts; argon flow rate, 50 ml per minute.

Peak heights and responses relative to methyl enanthate (heptanoate) as an internal standard were used to calculate concentrations of the individual acids. Recoveries from known mixtures were 95—105% for lower concentrations of the acids and 97—101% for higher concentrations. Results of analyses of frozen whole eggs and of frozen fish fillets agreed with results by AOAC methods.
Rate of Excretion of Uric Acid by the Rust-Red Flour Beetle
Authors: Farn Gin , Smith D Morison
Published: February 2020

The excretion characteristics in terms of uric acid of both larvae and adults of Tribolium castaneum at various population levels and periods of time are described. It was shown that uric acid was excreted by both larvae and adults. The rate of excretion was influenced largely by population pressure or to a limited extent by nutritional depletion. The method is capable of detecting infestation at the level of 100 insectdays per 100 g of flour.
Adequacy of Directions in Official Methods for Total and Free Water in Fertilizers
Authors: Caro Joseph H , Rexroad Paul R
Published: February 2020

Through systematic study of test conditions, it is established that official method 2.012, for total water in fertilizers by oven drying, is adequately specified as now written. On the other hand, method 2.015 for free water by vacuum desiccation requires restatement of specifications dealing with degree of vacuum, type of desiccant, and drying temperature. Corrective specifications are suggested.
Moisture Determination on Fertilizer and Superphosphate
Authors: Shannon Robert D
Published: February 2020

Studies have been conducted on the moisture content of fertilizers by the vacuum oven and 100° oven methods. The fertilizers studied include ExDen superphosphate, cured superphosphate, triple superphosphate, samples of 0- 20-0 fertilizer, and selected raw materials. The vacuum oven is shown by comparative studies with the 100° oven method to be the more satisfactory for quality control.
Organic Acids in Vanilla Extract
Authors: Fitelson J
Published: February 2020

I. Paper Chromatographic Method Five samples of vanilla extract were submitted for collaborative study. Collaborators reported that the paper chromatographic method was simple and gave considerable information. Comparison with the results obtained by two-dimensional paper chromatography on the same five samples showed good agreement; the organic acid method disclosed adulteration more definitely in some samples. The method was recommended for adoption as official, first action.

II. Gradient Elution Method In the Gradient Elution Method, the organic acids are separated from the extract by an ion exchange resin and eluted with increasing concentrations of formic acid. Vanilla extract shows a typical elution pattern with 4 peaks. Results are reported on 87 authentics (54 previously published, 33 new samples). Collaborative study on 4 samples resulted in several modifications. The method was recommended as official, first action as a check method for adulterated samples.
Collaborative Study of an Infrared Spectrophotometric Assay for Some Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Authors: Healton Donald C
Published: February 2020

An infrared spectrophotometric method for chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene was studied collaboratively again this year. Last year's samples were prepared in screw-cap vials, and results varied widely apparently because samples were non-uniform. This year’s samples were prepared in heat-sealed glass ampules. Results by all collaborators on the 5 samples submitted are between 87.5 and 109.3% of the theoretical value. The largest variation reported on any one ampule was ± 3.5%. The collaborators successfully identified and quantitatively determined the components of a mixture of chloroform and trichloroethylene in a cough sirup. The assay method for chlorinated hydrocarbons in drugs is recommended as official, first action.
Determination of Trifluralin in Formulations
Authors: Holzer F J , Scroggs R E , Leary J B
Published: February 2020

A method is described for the determination of a new herbicide, trifluralin (2,6-dinitro-N,N-di-n-propyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-p-toluidine). The method involves column chromatography with Florisil as the adsorbent; measurement is made by ultraviolet spectroscopy.
Analytical Methods for Determination of Pyrethrins
Authors: McClellan Donald B
Published: February 2020

A modification of the present AOAC method for the determination of Pyrethrin II is presented. The proposed modification involves the elimination of water-insoluble acidic materials which, in the present method, titrate as chrysanthemum dicarboxylic acid.
Extraneous Materials in Cacao Products
Authors: Teasley John I
Published: February 2020

The present AOAC method is unsuitable for cacao products, since the insect fragments which are present are usually lost on a 140-mesh sieve. The proposed method prescribes a 270-mesh sieve. Other changes involve the sample size, and the defatting, digestion, and trapping steps.
Stabilizer Solutions for Mold and Rot Fragment Counts
Authors: Schulze Arnold E
Published: February 2020

A stabilizer solution of sodium carboxymethylcellulose has characteristics superior to algin or pectin solutions for mold and rot fragment count methods. It is therefore recommended that a 0.5% solution of CMC Cellulose Gum 70 S High be included as a preferred alternative stabilizer solution in methods 36.004, 36.015, 36.049, 36.055, 36.063 , and 36.086 in the 9th Edition of Official Methods of Analysis.
Determination of Aphids in Hops
Authors: Wright R G
Published: February 2020

This year’s study on samples of high and low aphid count hops evidenced a wide variation in results. Changes in the testing program prior to next year’s study are presented.
The Detection and Estimation of Sulfonamide Residues in Milk
Authors: Selzer George B , Banes Daniel
Published: February 2020

Sulfonamide drugs are recovered from milk by column chromatographic separations and determined colorimetrically by the Bratton-Marshall procedure. The sensitivity of the proposed method is about 0.1 ppm. Recoveries of individual sulfonamides from milk range between 60 and 91% at the 0.1—0.5 ppm level.
Organophosphate Pesticide Residues: A Spot Test for Detecting Cholinesterase Inhibitors
Authors: Getz Melvin E , Friedman Stanley J
Published: February 2020

An improved paper chromatographic method, based on Cook,s serum cholinesterase inhibition spot test, can be used to detect potentially toxic organophosphate pesticide residues. A quantitative estimation requires the use of appropriate reference standards.
Collaborative Studies of the Rapid Detergent Method for Butterfat in Raw Milk
Authors: Mitchell D J , Horwitz William
Published: February 2020

The AOAC Roese-Gottlieb, Babcock, and Rapid Detergent (TeSa) Methods for the determination of butterfat in raw milk were compared in three separate collaborative studies, two involving identical samples sent to six laboratories (Studies I and 2) and one in which the laboratories collected their own samples (Study 3). Only in the case of the TeSa method in Study 3 was there a significant difference in the average butterfat content as found by the three methods. The TeSa test showed the highest standard deviation in Studies 1 and 2 and intermediate in Study 3. Significantly lower results were obtained by the TeSa and Roese- Gottlieb methods when analyses were repeated on successive days (—0.11 and —0.03%, respectively) in Study 2. The slope of the regression line of the TeSa test versus Roese-Gottlieb differed significantly from a 1:1 relationship in Studies 1 and 3. The TeSa test is recommended only as a rapid field test for use with raw milk less than 24 hours old.
Composition of Oil-Soluble Annatto Food Colors. II. Thermal Degradation of Bixin
Authors: Mckeown G G
Published: February 2020

An unknown yellow pigment formed from bixin during the thermal extraction of annatto food colors has been isolated and characterized. A mechanism has been proposed for its formation from methylbixin and bixin. The presence of m-xylene, another product of bixin and methylbixin degradation, in commercial annatto food colors is demonstrated.
Identification and Determination of an Adulterant in Citrus Oils
Authors: Hunter G L K
Published: February 2020

Two samples of "stabilized" citrus oils, lemon and orange, were examined and found to contain monoethoxydiethylene glycol in quantities of 74% and 83%, respectively. The glycol was isolated by gas chromatography and identified by comparative infrared spectroscopy. Quantitative data were obtained by determining the loss in weight following water extraction of the oils.
Esterase Inhibition Technique for Detection of Organophosphorus Pesticides. II. Simplified Version for Routine Checking
Authors: Mckinley W P , Johal Parshan S
Published: February 2020

An enzyme inhibition technique has been found useful for detecting most of the organophosphorus pesticides at the microgram level on paper chromatograms. A simplified procedure has been developed for preparing and storing beef liver ali-esterase homogenates.
Determination of Tetrachloronitroanisole (TCNA) Residues in Vegetables and Grains
Authors: Carey William F
Published: February 2020

TCNA can be detected at 0.02 ppm by electron capture gas chromatography, with minimum cleanup. Of five crops, only cabbage showed serious interferences. Use of a different column eliminates PCNB interference.
Ethanol Combustion System
Authors: Etienne A D , Pro M J , Martin W F
Published: February 2020

An alcohol combustion system incorporating an all-metal burner and automatic ignition system has been devised. With this apparatus it is possible to convert about 2 L of alcohol per day into pure water.
Protein Typing of Fish, Pork, and Beef by Disc Electrophoresis
Authors: Payne William R
Published: February 2020

Techniques and apparatus are described for the identification of species of protein by disc electrophoresis. The technique is more convenient to use than starch gel zone electrophoresis and takes less time.
Quantitative Paper Chromatography of D&C Red No. 21 (Tetrabromofluorescein)
Authors: Hanig I , Koch L
Published: February 2020

Analytical difficulties in the analysis of D&C Red No. 21 by column chromatography are overcome by using an ascending paper chromatographic technique, based on that of Graichen, followed by elution of the zones and spectrophotometric determination. Results compare well with those by column chromatography.
The Accuracy of Cryoscope Methods
Authors: England C W , Neff Marjorie
Published: February 2020

An accurate method should consistently permit reproducible results on the same sample in the same laboratory and between different laboratories. Recent surveys on cryoscope operation indicate a need for greater uniformity of results on identical samples of salt solutions and of milk between different laboratories. Causes for inaccurate results are inaccurate calibration standards, improper care of and use of standards, non-linear cryoscope dials, and faulty cryoscope operation. A method is given for checking linearity of the dial and for calculation of the weight of salt required for any desired standard. The use of a single standard is suggested for greater accuracy. The thermistor cryoscope will give accurate results when properly operated.
Separation and Quantitative Determination of Some Antihistamines by Gas Chromatography
Authors: Celeste Anthony , Turczan John
Published: February 2020

Antihistamines in mixtures and in combination with other components can be separated and quantitatively determined by gas chromatography. Diphenylpyraline was used as an internal standard. The procedure can be applied to both tablets and sirups.
Thin-Layer Chromatographic Isolation and Infrared or Colorimetric Identification of Thimet Residues
Authors: Blinn Roger C
Published: February 2020

It has been demonstrated that, as a spray residue, Thimet metabolizes to its oxygen analog and oxidation products. Existing analytical methods are based on the complete conversion, either by metabolic or chemical processes, to the oxygen analog sulfone, and are not specific. A specific method has been devised which includes oxidative conversion to the oxygen analog sulfone, thin-layer chromatography to effectively isolate the oxidation product from those of other interfering pesticides, and identification by micro-infrared spectrophotometry or chromotropic acid colorimetry. Effective cleanup is achieved, and the final conversion product, Thimet oxygen analog sulfone, can be positively identified in 200 g of potatoes at 0.1 ppm.
Innovation institutions and the opioid crisis†
Authors: Hemel Daniel J , Ouellette Lisa Larrimore
Published: February 2020

The US has recently—and belatedly—come to recognize opioid addiction as a public health crisis. What has gone mostly unrecognized is the degree to which this crisis is intertwined with US intellectual property law and related elements of US innovation policy. Innovation institutions—the legal arrangements that structure incentives for production and allocation of knowledge goods—encouraged the development and commercialization of addictive painkillers, restricted access to opioid antidotes, and (perhaps most importantly) failed to facilitate investments in alternative, nonaddictive treatments for chronic pain. Although innovation policy does not bear all the blame for the opioid wave that has washed over communities across the country, innovation institutions are bound up in the ongoing epidemic to a degree that so far has gone underappreciated.

This article examines the proliferation of opioid use and abuse through the lens of innovation policy, and it envisions ways in which innovation institutions could help to contain the crisis. Along the way, it seeks to derive broader lessons for innovation policy scholarship as well as recommendations for institutional reform. The opioid crisis challenges the conventional understanding of IP law as a trade-off between allocative efficiency and dynamic efficiency; it highlights the potentially pernicious role of IP protection for addictive and habit-forming products; and it exposes deep flaws in the structure of federal subsidies for and regulation of prescription drugs. It also draws attention to the political and cultural factors that contribute to innovation policy failures. Ultimately, the opioid crisis underscores both the urgency and the limits of institutional change in the innovation policy domain.
Rapid grain growth in post-AGB disc systems from far-infrared and sub-millimetre photometry
Authors: Scicluna P , Kemper F , Trejo A , Marshall J P , Ertel S , Hillen M
Published: February 2020

The time-scales on which astronomical dust grows remain poorly understood, with important consequences for our understanding of processes like circumstellar disc evolution and planet formation. A number of post-asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars are found to host optically thick, dust- and gas-rich circumstellar discs in Keplerian orbits. These discs exhibit evidence of dust evolution, similar to protoplanetary discs; however, since post-AGB discs have substantially shorter lifetimes than protoplanetary discs, they may provide new insights on the grain-growth process. We examine a sample of post-AGB stars with discs to determine the far-infrared and sub-millimetre spectral index by homogeneously fitting a sample of data from Herschel, the Submillimeter Array (SMA), and the literature. We find that grain growth to at least hundreds of micrometres is ubiquitous in these systems, and that the distribution of spectral indices is more similar to that of protoplanetary discs than debris discs. No correlation is found with the mid-infrared colours of the discs, implying that grain growth occurs independently of the disc structure in post-AGB discs. We infer that grain growth to ∼millimetre sizes must occur on time-scales <<105 yr, perhaps by orders of magnitude, as the lifetimes of these discs are expected to be ≲105 yr and all objects have converged to the same state. This growth time-scale is short compared to the results of models for protoplanetary discs including fragmentation and may provide new constraints on the physics of grain growth.
Hot Jupiter atmospheric flows at high resolution
Authors: Menou Kristen
Published: February 2020

Global circulation models (GCMs) of atmospheric flows are now routinely used to interpret observational data on hot Jupiters. Localized ‘equatorial β-plane’ simulations have revealed that a barotropic (horizontal shear) instability of the equatorial jet appears at horizontal resolutions beyond those typically achieved in global models; this instability could limit wind speeds and lead to increased atmospheric variability. To address this possibility, we adapt the computationally efficient, pseudo-spectral PlaSim GCM, originally designed for Earth studies, to model hot Jupiter atmospheric flows and validate it on a reference benchmark. We then present high-resolution global models of HD209458b, with horizontal resolutions of T85 (128×256) and T127 (192×384). The barotropic instability phenomenology found in β-plane simulations is not reproduced in these global models, despite comparably high meridional resolutions. Nevertheless, high-resolution models do exhibit additional flow variability on long time-scales (of the order of 100 planet days or more), which is absent from the lower resolution models. It manifests as a breakdown of the north–south symmetry of the equatorial wind. By post-processing the atmospheric flows at various resolutions (assuming a cloud-free situation), we show that the stronger flow variability achieved at high resolution does not translate into noticeably stronger dayside infrared flux variability. More generally, our results suggest that high horizontal resolutions are not required to capture the key features of hot Jupiter atmospheric flows.
Acoustic wave generation in collapsing massive stars with convective shells
Authors: Abdikamalov Ernazar , Foglizzo Thierry
Published: February 2020

The convection that takes place in the innermost shells of massive stars plays an important role in the formation of core-collapse supernova explosions. Upon encountering the supernova shock, additional turbulence is generated, amplifying the explosion. In this work, we study how the convective perturbations evolve during the stellar collapse. Our main aim is to establish their physical properties right before they reach the supernova shock. To this end, we solve the linearized hydrodynamics equations perturbed on a stationary background flow. The latter is approximated by the spherical transonic Bondi accretion, while the convective perturbations are modelled as a combination of entropy and vorticity waves. We follow their evolution from large radii, where convective shells are initially located, down to small radii, where they are expected to encounter the accretion shock above the proto-neutron star. Considering typical vorticity perturbations with a Mach number ∼0.1 and entropy perturbations with magnitude ∼0.05kb/baryon, we find that the advection of these perturbations down to the shock generates acoustic waves with a relative amplitude $\delta {\rm p}/\gamma {\rm p} \lesssim 10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, in agreement with published numerical simulations. The velocity perturbations consist of contributions from acoustic and vorticity waves with values reaching ${\sim}10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the sound speed ahead of the shock. The perturbation amplitudes decrease with increasing ℓ and initial radii of the convective shells.
Spectropolarimetric analysis of prompt emission of GRB 160325A: jet with evolving environment of internal shocks
Authors: Sharma Vidushi , Iyyani Shabnam , Bhattacharya Dipankar , Chattopadhyay Tanmoy , Vadawale Santosh V , Bhalerao Varun B
Published: February 2020

GRB 160325A is the only bright burst detected by AstroSat CZT Imager in its primary field of view to date. In this work, we present the spectral and polarimetric analysis of the prompt emission of the burst using AstroSat, Fermi, and Niel Gehrels Swift observations. The prompt emission consists of two distinct emission episodes separated by a few seconds of quiescent/ mild activity period. The first emission episode shows a thermal component as well as a low polarization fraction of $PF \lt 37\, {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ at $1.5\, \sigma$ confidence level. On the other hand, the second emission episode shows a non-thermal spectrum and is found to be highly polarized with $PF \gt 43\, {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ at 1.5σ confidence level. We also study the afterglow properties of the jet using Swift/XRT data. The observed jet break suggests that the jet is pointed towards the observer and has an opening angle of 1.2° for an assumed redshift, z = 2. With composite modelling of polarization, spectrum of the prompt emission, and the afterglow, we infer that the first episode of emission originates from the photosphere with localized dissipation happening below it, and the second from the optically thin region above the photosphere. The photospheric emission is generated mainly by inverse Compton scattering, whereas the emission in the optically thin region is produced by the synchrotron process. The low radiation efficiency of the burst suggests that the outflow remains baryonic dominated throughout the burst duration with only a subdominant Poynting flux component, and the kinetic energy of the jet is likely dissipated via internal shocks which evolves from an optically thick to optically thin environment within the jet.
Dynamical evolution of fractal structures in star-forming regions
Authors: Daffern-Powell Emma C , Parker Richard J
Published: February 2020

The $\mathcal {Q}$-parameter is used extensively to quantify the spatial distributions of stars and gas in star-forming regions as well as older clusters and associations. It quantifies the amount of structure using the ratio of the average length of the minimum spanning tree, $\bar{m}$, to the average length within the complete graph, $\bar{s}$. The interpretation of the $\mathcal {Q}$-parameter often relies on comparing observed values of $\mathcal {Q}$, $\bar{m}$, and $\bar{s}$ to idealized synthetic geometries, where there is little or no match between the observed star-forming regions and the synthetic regions. We measure $\mathcal {Q}$, $\bar{m}$, and $\bar{s}$ over 10 Myr in N-body simulations, which are compared to IC 348, NGC 1333, and the ONC. For each star-forming region, we set up simulations that approximate their initial conditions for a combination of different virial ratios and fractal dimensions. We find that the dynamical evolution of idealized fractal geometries can account for the observed $\mathcal {Q}$, $\bar{m}$, and $\bar{s}$ values in nearby star-forming regions. In general, an initially fractal star-forming region will tend to evolve to become more smooth and centrally concentrated. However, we show that different initial conditions, as well as where the edge of the region is defined, can cause significant differences in the path that a star-forming region takes across the $\bar{m}{-}\bar{s}$ plot as it evolves. We caution that the observed $\mathcal {Q}$-parameter should not be directly compared to idealized geometries. Instead, it should be used to determine the degree to which a star-forming region is either spatially substructured or smooth and centrally concentrated.