bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
4 IMPERIAL EXPANSION AND THE PROBLEM OF HAWAII, 1898–1902
Authors: Sneider Allison L.
Published: May 2008

In 1898, during the Spanish‐American War, many anti‐imperialists assumed that members of the U.S. woman suffrage movement would be staunch critics of antidemocratic U.S. efforts to establish sovereignty over foreign peoples against their will because of suffragists' own aspirations for self‐government. But suffragists proved to be complex critics of U.S. imperial ambitions. Susan B. Anthony urged suffragists to focus their energies less on opposition to the war and more on keeping the word “male” out of the territorial constitutions and “organic acts” that Congress created to govern its new island possessions in Puerto Rico and the Philippines and thus tacitly lent the support of the suffrage movement to the creation of a U.S. empire.
The Burden of Black Religion
Authors: Evans Curtis J.
Published: May 2008

This book is about the crucial role that black religion has played in the United States as an imagined community or a united nation. The book argues that cultural images and interpretations of African American religion placed an enormous burden on black religious capacities as the source for black contributions to American culture until the 1940s. Attention to black religion as the chief bearer of meaning for black life was also a result of longstanding debates about what constituted the “human person” and an implicit assertion of the intellectual inferiority of peoples of African descent. Intellectual and religious capacities were reshaped and reconceptualized in various crucial historical moments in American history because of real world debates about blacks' place in the nation and continuing discussions about what it meant to be fully human. Only within the last half century has this older paradigm of black religion (and the concomitant assumption of a genetic deficiency in “intelligence”) been challenged with any degree of cultural authority. Black innate religiosity had to be denied before sufficient attention could be paid to actual proposals about black equal participation in the nation, though this should not be interpreted as a call for insufficient attention to the role of religion in the lives of African Americans and other ethnic groups.
Ecologies of Grace
Authors: Jenkins Willis
Published: May 2008

Christianity struggles to show how living on earth matters for living with God. While people of faith increasingly seek practical ways to respond to the environmental crisis, theology has had difficulty contextualizing the crisis and interpreting the responses. This book presents a field-shaping introduction to Christian environmental ethics that offers resources for renewing theology. Observing how religious environmental practices often draw on concepts of grace, the book maps the way Christian environmental strategies draw from traditions of salvation as they engage the problems of environmental ethics. It then uses this new map to explore afresh the ecological dimensions of Christian theology. The book first shows how Christian ethics uniquely frames environmental issues, and then how those approaches both challenge and re-inhabit theological traditions. It identifies three major strategies for making environmental problems intelligible to Christian moral experience. Each one draws on a distinct pattern of grace as it adapts a secular approach to environmental ethics. The strategies of ecojustice, stewardship, and ecological spirituality make environments matter for Christian experience by drawing on patterns of sanctification, redemption, and deification. The book then confronts the problems of each of these strategies through critical reappraisals of Thomas Aquinas, Karl Barth, and Sergei Bulgakov.
Exclusive Marketing Services
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: May 2008

A business contract between a marketing services company and a company that sells infomercial products contained an exclusivity rights clause, providing that the sales company “will not contract with any other contractors or service providers for the procurement of comparable services during the term of this agreement.” The dispute was over the meaning of the verb “to contract” and whether it meant that a contract could be made before the last day of the existing contract even though the new work would not start until that contract had ended. Semantic analysis of the verb “contract” along with what the exclusivity agreement did not say, framed the linguistic contribution to this case.
Nicotine Patch Advertisements
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: May 2008

In a class action suit based on deceptive trade practices brought by eleven state attorneys general against the maker of a nicotine skin patch, plaintiffs claimed that the advertisements for that product made deceptive and false claims about its ability to cause smokers to “quit smoking” and that claims to success in this were based on inadequate research tests. Analysis of the narrative structure of the advertisement indicates that it did not include the conventional evaluation phase. The advertisement's implicature is that the narrator now thinks he can quit smoking, but nowhere does he say that he successfully quit. Semantic analyses of “quit” and “quitter” do not convey total permanence but, rather, ambiguously suggest an attempt with either permanent or temporal effects, supported by many citations based on a Lexis/Nexis search of media usage. If the advertisement had wanted to indicate permanence, the defense suggested words available in the lexicon to do this.
Toxic Gas in the Cockpit
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: May 2008

The fatal crash of a private plane led to a lawsuit brought by the insurer against the manufacturer of the aircraft's engine. Investigators found no evidence of engine malfunction, so the insurer tried to place blame for the crash on the theory that the pilot was overcome by trimethylol propane phosphate (TMPP) gases leaking into the cockpit, causing him to have cognitive impairment such as disorientation, and to crash the plane, killing all aboard. No research exists concerning the effects of TMPP on humans, but because it is a GABA inhibitor that affects speech severely in diseases like Huntington's Disease, it seemed logical for the defense to analyze the recording of the pilot's speech from the time he departed until the time he crashed. The pilot's speech then was analyzed for syntax, word frequency, speech acts, pauses and pause fillers, pronunciation, and his use of the cooperative principle. No linguistic evidence of any type of aberration in the pilot's speech could be found in the recorded air-to-ground communications from the start of the flight to its fatal conclusion.
A Book Is Turned into a Pamphlet
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: May 2008

A 111-page book about how to increase gas mileage in cars was the alleged source of a one-page promotional piece widely distributed by an oil company. The author and publisher of the book brought a copyright infringement suit against the oil company, which in turn countered that the parts it borrowed fell under the copyright fair use doctrine. The author and publisher invoked the legal concepts of proportionality, substantial similarity, and originality. All of the fifty-five “tips” in the defendant's piece were the same as those in the book, effective measures of proportionality and originality. Substantial similarity also was found in the pamphlet's speech acts, speech act sequencing, lexical borrowing, minor changes in grammar such as plural for singular nouns, verb tense, ratios, topics, and topic sequencing.
Retaliatory Termination Discrimination
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: May 2008

A high school math teacher, recently hired by a school system, was assigned a “mentor/supervisor,” who invited the new teacher to a pick-up basketball game. The teacher claimed that, during this game, his mentor made physical sexual advances to him. The police and the school subsequently dismissed all charges but they discovered what they thought was false information on the new teacher's application form to a school where he had taught in the past, and the school fired him. The teacher then sued the school system for retaliatory discrimination. The issue was over the virgule on the application form, which read: “Have you ever been dismissed/non-renewed from any employment?” Semantic and syntax analysis were used to show the different meanings of “dismissed” and “non-renewed.” The meaning of the virgule was addressed. Finally, the linguist revised the application form so that the apparent intended meanings of the question could be clarified.
Ownership of the Words “Wood Roasted”
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: May 2008

A restaurant with “Woodroast” in its title and frequently used in its menu and advertisements sued another restaurant chain for using the same word in its menu items and advertisements. Electronic searches found that several other restaurants used “wood roasted” as part of their names and that menus from many different restaurants used “wood roasted” to modify various menu items such as seafood, vegetables, and chicken. Morphological and syntax analysis, along with punctuation, showed that all of these restaurants used “wood” plus “roast” as two separate words in adjectival phrases, as opposed to the plaintiff's use of a single proper noun. Electronic searches of media articles revealed that the only uses of “Woodroast” as a single, capitalized proper noun were in references to the plaintiff's restaurant. A syntax analysis of restaurant names led to the conclusion that the plaintiff's name refers to a style of cuisine while the other restaurants used “wood roasted” to indicate a method of cooking.
False Representation in a Government Contract
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: May 2008

A complex procurement process is used by corporations that try to secure business with government agencies. It involves cost or pricing data, vendor quotations, production methods, cost trends, decrements, resources, and other things. A government auditor reviewed one such contract more than twenty years after the planes had been manufactured and concluded that fraud had been involved. The government first alleged that the contract used plain language and that this showed fraud. Linguistic analysis agreed that plain language was used, but that this language showed that nothing was fraudulent. Syntax and lexical uses (“assessment” and “estimate” in particular) were shown to be clear and supported by dictionary citations. After reviewing the linguistic analysis, the government changed its theory, now arguing that the corporation's words, such as “consideration,” “estimates,” “appropriate,” and “based on our review of,” were clear plain language but that the government's understanding was different from the corporation's. This opened the door to discovery of what those understandings were, appearing largely in the depositions of the government auditors. These revealed their inferences about the meanings of words and expressions the corporation had used in its proposal. The plaintiff's confusion was located in what the corporation did not say in its proposal. If the auditors did not understand how these expressions were being used, the speech act of requesting clarification was readily available. It was pointed out that requesting this would have been appropriate before the government granted the proposal.
Introduction
Authors: Ownby David
Published: May 2008

This chapter provides an overview of Falun Gong's brief history and presents the various contexts which must be understood if one is to come to terms with Falun Gong, also known as Falun Dafa. These contexts include the history and politics of religion in modern China; the reform era Chinese Communist Party's search for a new legitimacy in the wake of the failure of Mao Zedong's Cultural Revolution; and the qigong boom. The chapter concludes with a literature review of the scholarship on qigong and Falun Gong.
A History for Falun Gong
Authors: Ownby David
Published: May 2008

This chapter situates Falun Gong in the history of popular religion in late imperial and modern China, seeking to identify genealogical linkages among the late imperial White Lotus sectarian tradition, the redemptive societies of the Republican period, and the qigong movement (including Falun Gong) of China's reform era. It argues that all such groups should be called “redemptive societies,” which share the following characteristics: leadership by charismatic masters, who teach fundamentalist morality and techniques of corporal transformation and who offer the promise of redemption, in the forms of healing, supernormal powers, and perhaps immortality. Methodologically, this chapter illustrates that fieldwork is crucial if one wishes to go beyond the discourse of orthodoxy and heterodoxy that has been employed by the Chinese state for centuries to label and condemn certain popular religious groups and practices.
The Creation and Evolution of Qigong
Authors: Ownby David
Published: May 2008

This chapter traces the invention and evolution of qigong, the larger movement out of which Falun Gong emerged in 1992. Qigong was created as part of a nativist Chinese reaction to the importation of Western biomedicine in the 1950s, with the goal of protecting and preserving traditional Chinese healing practices—often linked in imperial times to religious and spiritual beliefs. Qigong functioned on a small scale within specialized clinics and sanatoriums linked to Traditional Chinese Medicine in the 1950s and early 1960s, but was severely criticized as “feudal superstition” during the Cultural Revolution and thus largely disappeared. Qigong re‐emerged in the mid‐1970s in the public parks of Beijing, taught by independent masters who had healed themselves and promised to heal others. When qi was “proven” by Chinese researchers to have a scientific existence in the late 1970s, Chinese authorities gave their approval to qigong, thus paving the way for the qigong boom. Qigong superstars such as Yan Xin and Zhang Hongbao became national celebrities and attracted millions of followers in the first popularly led mass movement in China since 1949.
The Life and Times of Li Hongzhi in China, 1952–1995
Authors: Ownby David
Published: May 2008

This chapter traces the life of Falun Gong founder Li Hongzhi through 1995, when he left China for the United States. The focus is on his emergence as a qigong master in 1992 and particularly on his teachings as found in his masterwork, Zhuan falun, and in other writings. The goal of the chapter is to seek to understand the appeal of Falun Gong doctrine to practitioners, an appeal based on claims to science, a moral practice leading to the elimination of karma, the development of certain supernormal powers, and ultimately physical and spiritual transformation.
Falun Gong Outside of China
Authors: Ownby David
Published: May 2008

This chapter examines Falun Gong in the post‐1995 period, as it became a transnational movement following founder Li Hongzhi's relocation from China to the United States. It focuses on the many Falun Gong practitioners who are members of the Chinese diaspora in North America, among whom the author did fieldwork between 1999 and 2002. The results of this fieldwork suggest that some 90 per cent of Falun Gong practitioners in North America are recent Chinese immigrants, who are better educated and wealthier than the average American or Canadian. Some have joined Falun Gong for health reasons, others because they find in Falun Gong answers to their questions about the meaning of life. As revealed in their witness statements to one another at experience‐sharing conferences, practitioners believe that their lives are a series of “tests” which enable them to burn off karma and advance in their cultivation.
David Meets Goliath
Authors: Ownby David
Published: May 2008

This chapter chronicles the conflict between Falun Gong and the Chinese state. It begins by tracing the flagging fortunes of the qigong boom beginning in the mid‐1990s, a decline which prompted Li Hongzhi to leave China in 1995 and to establish residency in the United States. Falun Gong practitioners in China reacted to increasing media criticism within China by engaging in large, peaceful protests directed at the newspaper, magazine, or television station which had criticized the group. This strategy led eventually to the massive Falun Gong demonstration outside CCP headquarters in Beijing on 25 April 1999, which resulted in the launching of the suppression campaign against Falun Gong. The chapter devotes considerable attention to the competing wars of representation fought by the Chinese state and Falun Gong as each sought to sway public opinion. Falun Gong ultimately lost this battle and became increasingly political, a stance symbolized by the founding of a Falun Gong–run newspaper, the Epoch Times, which tirelessly criticizes the CCP.
3 The Failure of Empiricism and How the Agents Addressed It
Authors: Satia Priya
Published: May 2008

This chapter describes how agents' experiences on the ground in the Middle East strengthened their antiempirical disposition. In particular, their orientalist vision cast the region as a land of lying natives and ineffable and unmappable topography. Their invention of an intuitive intelligence epistemology, supported by an impressionistic reporting style, at once solved their practical difficulties and fulfilled their spiritual longings and literary aspirations. As intuitive experts, key intelligence agents gained a reputation for genius and superheroic qualities, they took charge of affairs in the region during the war, and their intelligence style was concretized as a set of official tactics. The intuitive mode was also being espoused at home by novelists and other artists experimenting with new ways of knowing. The agents' literary output was part of this genre.
Seeing Like a Democracy
Authors: Satia Priya
Published: May 2008

This chapter explains that the British state also wanted to hide the covert empire from its own public. Besides opting for cheap schemes that would escape the check of taxpayers (air control and an informal intelligence network), it also used censorship and the literary skills of its agent-bureaucrats to control information about the region. The public became increasingly suspicious of the state's betrayal of wartime promises of redemption in the Middle East, suspicions expressed in an emerging critique of state secrecy. At the center of this contest between the state and the public were the famous intelligence agents associated with the Middle East: to the public they were proof that the state possessed an effective covert arm and propaganda machine, and to the state they were proof that criticism of British activity in Iraq was the result of conspiracy by renegade agents.
Conclusion
Authors: Satia Priya
Published: May 2008

This chapter summarizes the main arguments of the book and points to the long–term effects of the events it covers, in the areas of military tactics, intelligence practice, and even the discipline of history. It touches on World War Two, the Cold War, and the present American and British intervention in Iraq.
2 On Referring and Not Referring
Authors: Bach Kent
Published: May 2008

The notions of linguistic reference and speaker reference are commonly used very loosely. In many cases what passes for reference falls short of it, and in many other cases a speaker uses an expression to refer without the expression itself referring. Indexicals, demonstratives, proper names, and definite descriptions (and even indefinites) can all be used to refer, but they can all be used non-referentially as well. This chapter sets out criteria on the topic of what it takes for an expression to refer and for a speaker to refer in using an expression. It sketches out what is involved in conveying a reference and in understanding one, by explaining the roles of the speaker's intention, the hearer's inference, and the context of utterance.
10 Looking Both Ways
Authors: Garnham Alan , Cowles H. Wind
Published: May 2008

This chapter presents a new model of coreferential noun phrase anaphora processing, JANUS, within the mental models framework. It summarizes previous research on NP anaphora that is most pertinent to JANUS, and outlines two previous attempts to provide an integrated theory of NP anaphora: Centering Theory and Almor's Informational Load Hypothesis. Each has it problems, but the Informational Load Hypothesis is more firmly rooted in psychology, and closer to the JANUS approach. JANUS incorporates many ideas from the Informational Load Hypothesis, but attempts to address its problems. JANUS assumes that the semantic content of an anaphor should be justified by two types of role that the anaphoric expression plays. Backward-looking roles are primarily concerned with identifying the antecedent (and referent) of the anaphor. Forward-looking roles relate to what is to be said about the referent in upcoming discourse. These two types of roles give JANUS its name.
Cognitive Grammar
Authors: Langacker Ronald
Published: May 2008

Cognitive Grammar is a radical alternative to the formalist theories that have dominated linguistic theory during the last half century. Instead of an objectivist semantics based on truth conditions or logical deduction, it adopts a conceptualist semantics based on human experience, our capacity to construe situations in alternate ways, and processes of imagination and mental construction. A conceptualist semantics makes possible an account of grammar which views it as being inherently meaningful (rather than an autonomous formal system). Grammar forms a continuum with lexicon, residing in assemblies of symbolic structures, i.e. pairings of conceptual structures and symbolizing phonological structures. Thus all grammatical elements are meaningful. It is shown in detail how Cognitive Grammar handles the major problems a theory of grammar has to deal with: grammatical classes, constructions, the relationship of grammar and lexicon, the capturing of regularities, and imposition of the proper restrictions. It is further shown how the framework applies to central domains of language structure: deixis, nominal structure, clausal structure, and complex sentences. Consideration is also given to discourse, the temporal dimension of grammar, and what it reveals about cognitive processes and the construction of our mental world.
Third‐Person and First‐Person Approaches to the Study of the Laozi
Authors: DeAngelis Gary D. , Frisina Warren G. , Roth Harold D.
Published: May 2008

Eschewing both the uncritical faith stance of Daoism's apologists as well as the reductionist tendencies among some contemporary secularists, Harold D. Roth preaches a middle path when it comes to analyzing and teaching the Daode jing. Since the Daode jing draws from a meditative tradition that utilizes breath control he suggests our teaching include a mix of both third‐person analysis (where we rely on the traditional tools of scholarship such as historical‐textual research, hermeneutical analysis, and contemporary philosophic reflection) and first‐person analysis (where we encourage our students to engage in simple meditation and breathing exercises that are tied to specific chapters and that add an experiential dimension to their study). He suggests this combination as a way of both discharging our scholarly responsibilities while demonstrating a healthy respect for the integrity and coherence of this ancient text.
The Reception of Laozi
Authors: DeAngelis Gary D. , Frisina Warren G. , Kohn Livia
Published: May 2008

This essay urges teachers of the Daode jing to cultivate in their students an appreciation of the multifarious history and ongoing reception of the DDJ and the traditions it has helped spawn. In particular it urges that our students come to understand the textual history of the DDJ's development (as revealed via recent archeological finds), the historical reality surrounding the text's creation (e.g. Warring States politics; competing philosophic views), and the role the DDJ has played in the development of Daoist rituals and practices. Livia Kohn also suggests that students would benefit from an appreciation of the religious dimensions of Daoism, especially an understanding of the meditative and cultivation practices which seem so critical to the early Daoist communities and the development of Laozi from legendary antagonist of Confucius to the status of a divine being.
Enlightenment in Dispute
Authors: Wu Jiang
Published: May 2008

This book studies the revival of Chan Buddhism in seventeenth‐century China. Focusing on a series of controversies, this book argues that the Chan revival was a systematic reinvention of Chan ideals of the past. The revival not only reshaped Chinese Buddhism but also greatly influenced Buddhism throughout East Asia. The first controversy is the debate between Miyun Yuanwu and his dharma heir, Hanyue Fazang, in the late Ming (1550–1644) and the Yongzheng emperor's intervention in 1733. The second controversy concerns Miyun Yuanwu's dharma heir Feiyin Tongrong's Chan genealogy that rearranged conventional accepted dharma transmission lines based on dubious inscriptions and thus provoked a notorious lawsuit in 1654. At the end of this book, this book offers an explanation about the rise and fall of Chan Buddhism by examining the role of textual practice and the implications of dharma transmission in rebuilding Chan institutions. By tracing the legacies of 17th‐century Chan Buddhism in modern Chinese Buddhism and placing Chan in larger historical context, this book explores a general pattern of Buddhist revival in the history of Chinese Buddhism.
Ritual and Its Consequences
Authors: Seligman Adam B. , Weller Robert P. , Puett Michael , Simon Bennett
Published: May 2008

This book shows how rituals allow us to live in a perennially imperfect world. The book, building on anthropological theories, draws examples of ritual attitudes from a variety of cultural settings, including original comparisons of Chinese and Jewish discussions of ritual and its importance. The book utilizes psychoanalytic and anthropological perspectives on how ritual, like play, creates “as if” worlds, drawing upon the imaginative capacity of the human mind to create a subjunctive universe. This ability to cross between imagined worlds is central to the human capacity for empathy. The limits of this capacity mark the boundaries of empathy. The chapters juxtapose this ritual orientation to a “sincere” search for unity and wholeness. The sincere world sees fragmentation and incoherence as signs of inauthenticity that must be overcome. Our modern world has accepted the sincere viewpoint, at the expense of ritual, to a degree rarely seen in other times. It has often dismissed ritual as mere convention. The chapters point to the modern disavowal of ritual in the creation of fundamentalist movements as well as other extremist positions. Portions of the book take up questions of music, architecture, and literature, which also show the tensions between ritual and sincerity. The book shows that ritual, at least in its relationship to the rest of experience, is never totally coherent and never complete. Ritual is work, endless work. But it is among the most important things that we humans do.
Introduction
Authors: Seligman Adam B. , Weller Robert P. , Puett Michael J. , Simon Bennett
Published: May 2008

This introductory chapter situates the analysis within existing anthropological studies of ritual, and argues that ritual is not solely an aspect of religious life. Rather, it presents ritual as a crucial mode for framing human activity. It contrasts this with another mode of living and acting in the world, which the authors of this book call sincerity. It suggests that contemporary thought, which rests on the idea of autonomous individuals interacting on the basis of their sincerity, has left little ideological room for ritual and its creation of bounded groups. Yet ritual has not disappeared and in fact appears to be increasing. This sets the stage for the book's general reconsideration of how ritual works.
Ritual, Play, and Boundaries
Authors: Seligman Adam B. , Weller Robert P. , Puett Michael J. , Simon Bennett
Published: May 2008

This chapter takes up the “as if” worlds of play. The first half discusses how the literature on play helps reveal important variations in the world of ritual by clarifying how ritual relates to notions of self and a social role. Special attention is paid to the work of Roger Caillois and Johan Huizinga on play. The analysis helps focus the idea of “ritual” more clearly by asking how it differs from play. The second half of the chapter continues the discussion of boundaries by turning to issues of framing in play and ritual, both of which invariably have boundaries around them but also have mechanisms for crossing those boundaries. It is argued that this ability to both establish and cross boundaries is crucial to the human capacity for empathy.
Ritual and Sincerity
Authors: Seligman Adam B. , Weller Robert P. , Puett Michael J. , Simon Bennett
Published: May 2008

This chapter turns directly to the tension between sincerity and ritual. Sincerity often appears as a reaction against the perceived hypocrisy of ritual; these reactions in turn tend to ritualize over time. Sincerity offers the world “as is” instead of ritual's “as if”, a world of discursive meanings and unique selves instead of repeated acts and fragmented worlds. Modernity has brought an especially powerful turn toward sincerity. One crucial implication has been a utopian search for wholeness as part of a general dissolution of social boundaries in principle, even as people constantly reassert them in fact. It is suggested that phenomena like “fundamentalism” are more usefully understood in relation to this dynamic than the more usual claim that they are returns to tradition.
Paśupatinātha as a Place of Pilgrimage (Tīrthayātrās)
Authors: Michaels Axel
Published: May 2008

This chapter looks at various individually performed processions to places of pilgrimage (tīrthayātrā). It also deals with the Paśupati temple in Sanskrit literature and as a place of pilgrimage (tīrtha).
Musical Symbolism in the Operas of Debussy and Bartok
Authors: Antokoletz Elliot
Published: May 2008

This book explores the means by which two early 20th-century operas — Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande (1902) and Bartók's Duke Bluebeard's Castle (1911) — transform the harmonic structures of the traditional major/minor scale system into a new musical language, and how this language reflects the psycho-dramatic symbolism of the Franco-Belgian poet, Maurice Maeterlinck and his Hungarian disciple, Béla Balázs. In reaction to the realism of 19th-century theater, many authors began to develop a new interest in psychological motivation and a level of consciousness manifested in metaphor, ambiguity, and symbol. In his plays, Maeterlinck was to transform the internal concept of subconscious motivation into an external one, in which human emotions and actions are entirely controlled by fate. The two operas of this study represent the first significant attempts to establish more profound correspondences between the symbolist dramatic conception and the new musical language. The new musical language is based almost exclusively on interactions between pentatonic-diatonic folk modalities and their more abstract symmetrical transformations (dominant ninth, whole-tone, octatonic). The opposition of these two harmonic extremes serving as the basis for dramatic polarity between the characters as real-life beings and as symbols of fate. This book also explores the new musico-dramatic relations within their larger historical, social, and aesthetic contexts.
1 with juana canabal antokoletz Backgrounds and Development
Authors: Antokoletz Elliott
Published: May 2008

This chapter explores the historical sources of dramatic symbolism and its philosophical and psychological foundations, based on new tendencies in literature, psychology, and music. It discusses psychiatric reconceptualization of trauma in the late 19th century, its relevance to symbolic meaning of the new musical language, and the language of trauma. The chapter also addresses cross-sensory analogies, metaphors, and synesthesia, all of which contribute to symbolist opera as a modern phenomenon.
5 Pelléas et Mélisande
Authors: Antokoletz Elliott
Published: May 2008

This chapter first looks at End of Act, the anticipation of meeting of Pelléas and Médlisande. Act II, Scene 1 is then examined based on the “Pelléas” and “Well” Motifs. The chapter explores the transformational function of the dominant-ninth chord, instrumental timbre as signifier, the power of the unconscious, and music as message encoder of the unconscious. Next Act II, Scenes I and 2 are considered in terms of the consequences of the lost ring. The chapter explores the varied repetition and development of motifs in transformation from pentatonic to whole-tone spheres. After that Act II, Scene 2, a room in the castle, is examined. The chapter discusses Golaud, Mélisande, the ring, and transformation of the “Pelléas” motif, and points to the “circle of light” as a symbol of fate. Next Act II, Scene 2, which deals with events leading to Golaud's anger and his demand that Mélisande search for the ring is considered. The chapter then goes on to Act II, Scene 3 — before a dark grotto — and discusses a feigned search for the ring. The principle of “expressive doubling” is studied as a means of signifying dualistic human modes of world perception.
9 Duke Bluebeard's Castle
Authors: Antokoletz Elliott
Published: May 2008

This chapter explores the psycho-dramatic and musical bases of the opera, the structural framework as basis for development of psycho-dramatic polarity, power inequality, symbolic musical expression, gender, and power in the modernist conception. Prologue through Door I (Torture Chamber) discusses rhythmic structure and the Hungarian language, characterization, and the intrusion of fate, autobiographical significance and fate, and the emerging symbol of blood. Door I reveals the torture chamber.
11 Duke Bluebeard's Castle
Authors: Antokoletz Elliott
Published: May 2008

This chapter looks at Door V, Bluebeard's Domain, which represents the culminating point for the polarity of darkness and light, based on large-scale and local use of geometrically expanding proportional structure. An aphorism of Nietzsche on independence is also presented, which pertains to Bluebeard's strength and loneliness. The chapter discusses isometric text-verse of ancient Hungarian folk music as structural framework for the final phase of character development and transformation. It also includes an aphorism of Nietzsche on women and its reflection in the dual illusion of Balázs's Judith.
13 Symbolism and Expressionism in Other Early Twentieth‐Century Operas
Authors: Antokoletz Elliott
Published: May 2008

In the Vienna of Sigmund Freud, Strauss's Elektra represented a move toward expressionism and the transformation of late 19th-century chromatic tonality. This trend was continued in Schoenberg's Erwartung, based on free-atonality, expressionism, and symbolic meaning. Berg's Wozzeck is then discussed as a symbol of the oppressed and the peak of expressionism.
14 Epilogue
Authors: Antokoletz Elliott
Published: May 2008

The new musical language that emerged in the early 20th century seems to have been motivated, at least in part, by the need to reflect — even express — the new literary, psychological, and philosophical principles that surfaced in the new art-form of these symbolist operas. The transformation of the more linear, defined quality of the traditional major/minor scales into the more diffuse, static effects created by the use of modality, polymodality, and symmetrical pitch-set interactions resonated with the modernistic conception of the human being, who is perennially divided and threatened by the split between the conscious and the unconscious mind. The symbolic connotation of symmetrical pitch relations has similarities with Matte Blanco's concept of “the unconscious as infinite sets”. Also discussed is the creative process and social context, in which the text narratives are impacted by the ideological trends of the time, not only in what they say, but also in what they omit. Both operas have meanings that must be decoded. Analysis of these works stems from the point of view of dynamic psychology. The chapter touches on various psychological and social (gender) issues as addressed by György Lukacs and Béla Balázs.
The Subtle Mathematics of Music
Authors: van der Merwe Peter
Published: May 2008

What distinguishes music from other sounds is symmetry. Only in music are sounds related to one another by precise, quasi-mathematical ratios, and even there only in melodic pitch and rhythmic duration. The mind groups these ratios into subjective patterns (as opposed to objective shapes). These are hierarchically grouped, often according to the principle of self-similarity, i.e., the similarity of the whole to the part, or of the larger part to the smaller part. Over time, these patterns grow more and more complex in an almost organic way, but there is always a tendency to revert to their simple original forms.
The Discovery of Tonality
Authors: van der Merwe Peter
Published: May 2008

Classical tonality was a product of the Italian Renaissance, beginning in the 15th century. There were three principal origins: first, late-medieval harmony, where the cadences more and more resembled embryonic modulations; secondly, the double tonic, discussed in the previous chapter; and finally, the double drone on a bare fifth, (i.e., the tonic and dominant notes), which was first changed from a solid chord to an alternating drone (e.g. c–g–c–g, etc.), then assimilated to the double tonic in the upper parts, thereby producing a rudimentary tonic-and-dominant harmony. All this can be studied in the lute dances of Joan Ambrosio Dalza (published in 1508), to which much of this chapter is devoted. The final stage, which took centuries to work out, was to combine tonic-and-dominant harmony with the primitive medieval key system.
Rivals to Tonality
Authors: van der Merwe Peter
Published: May 2008

Classical tonality, with its basis in the tonic-and-dominant polarity, did not have the field all to itself. ‘Modal’ progressions never completely died out. This chapter looks at some of them. One of these is double tonic, which was particularly important in the English virginalists. Basses (and hence harmonic schemes) on the pentatonic seventh a–c–e–g also remained in use. Even the minor mode can be regarded as a pre-tonal survival, remodelled on the fully tonal major mode. Another such survival was the relative major–minor polarity.
The Popular Style
Authors: van der Merwe Peter
Published: May 2008

This chapter, which takes the story up to about 1914, deals first with the late 19th-century vernacular (and its early twentieth-century successor), demonstrating what this ‘light’ music had in common with the ‘serious’ music of the same period. It then proceeds to the blues and early jazz, pointing out its links to the same vernacular.
4 Rights over Fisheries and Fish
Authors: Scott Anthony
Published: May 2008

This chapter follows fishing rights from primitive monopolies to rights granted over medieval sea-fisheries to fishery regulation to property-like licensing. Most medieval rights were for fresh-water fisheries in the ‘common of fishery’ a manorial sharing arrangement similar to those for the common fields. However salt-water private rights, mostly for tidal stretches of rivers or for shellfish, were abolished in the Magna Carta, to be succeeded by the English ‘public right of fishing’ in tidal waters. The chapter argues that there was neither a demand nor a supply of the exclusivity characteristic for creating a private sea-fishing property right. In the nineteenth century when powerful vessels began depleting ocean stocks, the ‘over-fishing problem’ was recognized and attracted government fishing rules and laws internationally. Such regulation began to include requirements for licenses, which were later limited in number, season, species, gear-types, and area. Thus they were given some enforced exclusivity. Their duration and transferability were also adjusted. The chapter recounts how governments transformed these limited licenses into individual catch quotas (ITQs), first in Iceland and New Zealand then worldwide. It examines fishermen-run fishing co-operatives and ‘TURFS’ for many-vessel and many-species fisheries. It notes their similarity to condominium-type shared rights.
6 Free Mining from Medieval Europe to the Gold Rushes
Authors: Scott Anthony
Published: May 2008

The chapter begins by describing ‘free mining’ in Europe from the Dark Ages to the nineteenth century. The free miner was ‘free’ from most feudal obligations, ‘free’ to explore by roaming his lord's estates, and ‘free’ to form communities making rules governing exploring and mining. Many free mining communities, such as Cornwall's, worked their territory for generations. The chapter stresses that free-mining communities provided noble landlords with mineralization information. The chapter then describes the rise of miner-controlled institutions after the California Gold Rush of 1849-50. The miners tried partnerships but soon joined in rule-making camps. Like their free-miner predecessors they issued claim-like rights to individual discoverers, weaving in the characteristics of property: exclusivity, quality of title, transferability, and duration. Such camps, having many similarities to the European free-mining communities, spread beyond California. Their rules were applied by governments for all mining on public lands (and, in Australia, on private lands).
7 After the Gold Rush: Alluvial and Hard Rock Mining on Public Land in the New World
Authors: Scott Anthony
Published: May 2008

As placer mining waned, rights appropriate to technologies of deep alluvial and hard-rock operations were demanded in the US, Canada, Australia, and South Africa, and supplied by both local and federal governments. The enduring US Mining Law of 1870 followed, and created miners' claims. The chapter then devotes many pages to the public lands — the development of the conditions to be satisfied by prospectors and companies in obtaining claims, such as the definition of the required ‘discovery’ and of the ‘apex’ right. For a while a two-stage system prevailed: whereby an exploration permit could be obtained to make a discovery, followed by a mining right leading to a claim or a patent. This procedure was revised from time to time, and from country to country. Its differences and revisions help explain differences in subsequent miner property-ownership-rights.
12 Forestry on Private Lands from the Medieval to the Modern Era
Authors: Scott Anthony
Published: May 2008

Some Norman forests were directly controlled by the landlord, and some were a part of the shared manorial common lands. The latter were held and used for timber or pasture by the tenants and freeholders and eventually cleared completely. Modern rights to forested land were formed in the landlord's own woods, for hunting and recreation, fuel supply, and leasing to a timber contractor. The rights of many lords were restricted, tied up in settlements requiring that the timber be left intact. In law the timber stand was attached to and so part of the land. By dealing with a contractor, did an owner thereby also sell his interest in the land, lease the land with a right to remove its timber; license the contractor to enter and remove the timber, or sell the trees only? All disputed cases showed that the answer somehow depended on duration of the right. A leading case in 1957 found that if the trees were still growing, they were part of the land but if they were mature they were chattels merely warehoused on the land, to be dealt in separately. Turning to the exclusivity characteristic, it is shown how nuisance law and government intervention were adapted for forest fires. The chapter turns to two neglected property-right opportunities. One concerns multiple-owner, multiple-use forests: the adaptation of specialized forest rights for price-mechanism selection among competing land uses and products. The second is to broaden the existence of ‘tree tenures’ so that forest landowners can lease out the right for a holder to bring on successive stands of timber.
1 Basics
Authors: Osiander Andreas
Published: May 2008

This introductory chapter criticizes the amateurish way in which history is used to corroborate International Relations theory, in particular Realism. Conversely, it criticizes conventional historiography for its neglect of political theory. A case in point is the constructivist insight that political structures are created through political discourse. The political discourse underlying present-day political structures is so ubiquitous as to render those structures largely immune to manipulation. But since to most people the everyday political discourse of past eras is now unfamiliar, historians feel free, indeed obliged, to describe past political structures using the political concepts and assumptions of our own day. What they fail to realize is that unlike present-day political structures the political structures of past ages do change when anachronistic terminology is used to describe them: they come to look more like our own than they were.
3 The universal community of christendom
Authors: Osiander Andreas
Published: May 2008

This chapter analyses why the Roman empire — from the 3rd century onwards, decayed and contracted — as well as why the east Roman empire of Constantinople survived until the 15th century. It discusses the foundations of the ideology of the Roman empire, valid until the end of the pre-Reformation period (as reflected in authors like Eusébios (Eusebius) of Kaisáreia, Augustine, or Paulus Orosius), and examines the circumstances and meaning of the repeated revival of a western Roman empire (800, 962, 1312). The final section is dedicated to the theory of empire of three important political thinkers of the ‘age of the scholastics’: Engelbert of Admont, Dante Alighieri, and Pierre Dubois. The chapter emphasizes that supralocal political structures in pre-Reformation Latin always remained weak and were based on voluntary adhesion, the perception of a common identity, rather than on forcible submission.
The Founding of the Dutch Republic
Authors: Tracy James
Published: May 2008

In 1572, towns in the province of Holland, led by William of Orange, rebelled against the government of the Habsburg Netherlands. The story of the Dutch Revolt is usually told in terms of fractious provinces that frustrated Orange's efforts to formulate a coherent programme. In this book James D. Tracy argues that there was a coherent strategy for the war, but that it was set by the towns of Holland. Although the States of Holland was in theory subject to the States General, Holland provided over 60% of the taxes and an even larger share of war loans. Accordingly, funds were directed to securing Holland's borders, and subsequently to extending this protected frontier to neighboring provinces that, like Holland, lay north of the great rivers running east to west. Shielded from the war by its cordon sanitaire, Holland experienced an extraordinary economic boom, allowing taxes and loans to keep flowing. The goal—in sight if not achieved by 1588—was a United Provinces of the north, free and separate from provinces in the southern Netherlands that remained under Spanish rule. With Europe increasingly under the sway of strong hereditary princes, the new Dutch Republic was a beacon of promise for those who still believed that citizens ought to rule themselves.