bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An adiabatic model for a two-stage double-inlet pulse tube refrigerator
Authors: Shafi K A , Rasheed K K A , George J M , Sajid N K M , Kasthurirengan S
Published: July 2008

A numerical modelling technique for predicting the detailed performance of a double-inlet type two-stage pulse tube refrigerator has been developed. The pressure variations in the compressor, pulse tube, and reservoir were derived, assuming the stroke volume variation of the compressor to be sinusoidal. The relationships of mass flowrates, volume flowrates, and temperature as a function of time and position were developed. The predicted refrigeration powers are calculated by considering the effect of void volumes and the phase shift between pressure and mass flowrate. These results are compared with the experimental results of a specific pulse tube refrigerator configuration and an existing theoretical model. The analysis shows that the theoretical predictions are in good agreement with each other.
Extending the workspace of parallel working mechanisms
Authors: Alp H , Özkol İ
Published: July 2008

The aim of this study is to present a new model to extend the workspace of a parallel working machine in a chosen direction. Therefore, the existing mathematical models are combined and developed to represent the extension of the workspace of a 6° parallel working machine. For this purpose, the 6-3 Stewart platform mechanism (SPM), which is commonly used in robotic applications, material processing, and flight simulation, and the 6-4 SPM have been chosen.

Although there are many studies on parallel mechanisms, the workspace analysis of a parallel working mechanism has not yet been generalized. This study determines the workspace of a parallel working mechanism in the direction perpendicular to the moving platform, which is the most workable direction. For these types of working mechanisms, i.e. mechanical tools used for material processing that is forced to move in a certain chosen direction, the determination of the point in that direction at which the workspace is maximum has to be outlined. After carrying out a kinematic analysis, the discretization method, which is based on Euler angles, is used to represent the orientation workspace of these parallel working mechanisms. Additionally, the orientation workspaces of the 6-3 SPM and the 6-4 SPM are compared. Results are presented in a cylindrical coordinate system.
Numerical simulation of plane bubble plume by vortex method
Authors: Uchiyama T , Degawa T
Published: July 2008

This study is dealing with the two-dimensional numerical simulation of a plane bubble plume experimentally investigated by Alam and Arakeri. A vortex method for gas—liquid two-phase flow, proposed by the authors in a prior paper, is applied for the simulation. The method simulates the bubble motion and the induced liquid flow by the two-way coupling approach. In a tank containing water, small hydrogen bubbles are released from an electrode placed on the base of the tank. The bubbles, rising due to the buoyant force, cause the vortical flow of water. The existing numerical methods, such as the finite-difference method and the finite-volume method, compute the bubble plume with regard to the velocity field. But the vortex method calculates directly the vorticity field. Therefore, it promises to simulate successfully the vortical structure predominating the bubble plume. The present simulation makes clear that the meandering behaviour of bubble plume is caused by the large-scale eddies induced by the rising bubbles. The effect of bubble flowrate on the meandering behaviour in the simulation is confirmed to agree well with the experiment. It is also demonstrated that the time-averaged water velocity on the horizontal sections satisfies the similarity distribution when the bubble flowrate is low. These indicate that the authors’ vortex method is indeed applicable to the analysis of plane bubble plume.
A parameterized numerical model for the evaluation of gear mesh stiffness variation of a helical gear pair
Authors: Hedlund J , Lehtovaara A
Published: July 2008

One of the most common challenges in gear drive design is to determine the best combination of gear geometry parameters. These parameters should be capable of being varied effectively and related to gear mesh stiffness variation in advanced excitation and vibration analysis. Accurate prediction of gear mesh stiffness and transmission error requires an efficient numerical method. The parameterized numerical model was developed for the evaluation of excitation induced by mesh stiffness variation for helical gear design purposes. The model uses linear finite-element (FE) method to calculate tooth deflections, including tooth foundation flexibility. The model combines Hertzian contact analysis with structural analysis to avoid large FE meshes. Thus, mesh stiffness variation was obtained in the time and frequency domains, which gives flexibility if comparison is made with measured spectrums. Calculations showed that a fairly low number of elements suffice for the estimation of mesh stiffness variation. A reasonable compromise was achieved between design trends and calculation time.
An attempt to reveal synergies between biology and mechanical engineering
Authors: Gebeshuber I C , Drack M
Published: July 2008

Biomimetics is a continuously growing field. In this article specific examples for successful technology transfer among biology and engineering are classified along a newly proposed scheme of the field — biomimetics by analogy and biomimetics by induction — complemented by technical biology. Famous examples as well as niche applications are presented: winglets on airplanes, an optimized straw-bale screw, Velcro, and self-cleaning surfaces and paints, as well as investigations on spiders. The need of a common language for biologists and engineers, in which descriptions at different level of detail are more compatible, is stressed and general principles that can be applied by engineers who are not at all involved in biology are presented.
Linear theory for lateral displacements of a metal strip in a tandem cold-rolling mill with asymmetries
Authors: Gates D J , Tarnopolskaya T
Published: July 2008

Asymmetries in the state of a cold-rolling mill cause lateral displacements of the metal strip, which sometimes result in a major breakdown of the mill. Non-linear model equations, previously employed, are reduced to a linear form via a first-order expansion of the plastic reduction equations, appropriate for small displacements. The continuity equations, normally applied at the entry and exit of a stand, are replaced by simpler equations applied on the neutral line. These simplifications provide explicit formulae for equilibrium lateral displacements, which lead to more general conclusions. Moreover, these formulae do not involve the compliance and reaction of the mill, but relate the displacements to strip conditions and roll-gap asymmetries alone. A strong coupling between the stands and a strong upstream influence are demonstrated. The results agree with that of a non-linear model and with data from a laboratory mill. Increasing entry tension to the first stand, up to moderate levels, has the beneficial effect of reducing the size of the lateral displacements. However, the model predicts that abnormally high strip tension or low friction can lead to divergent displacements, which would crash the mill. The results offer the potential for better control and should be of interest to mill operators.
The measurement of the absolute displacement of a noisy disc brake
Authors: Fieldhouse J D , Steel W P , Talbot C J
Published: July 2008

The investigation of in-plane vibration of a noisy disc brake is problematic because it is difficult both to measure and to verify. Because of the disc structure and the inability to visualize disc in-plane vibration, there has been reluctance by researchers to accept the contribution of a displacement parallel to the surface of the object, or in-plane displacement, to noise generation. In addition to measuring absolute displacement, it has been difficult to isolate the in-plane and out-of-plane components of displacement using either non-contact or conventional displacement measurement techniques. This paper investigates absolute displacement of a brake disc during noise generation. Double-pulsed holographic interferometry is used to record a series of time-related images of the brake head from three different angles of observation. Because each image views the brake head from a different perspective, each of them records a different degree of in-plane and out-of-plane displacement. By careful analysis of the three images, it is possible to isolate the in-plane displacement from the out-of-plane displacement. The time-related series allows the displacement to be investigated over a full cycle of excitation and so create an animation of the mode of vibration. It is seen that the in-plane displacement is complex and that its amplitude may be about twice that of the out-of-plane displacement.
Predictive role of the Λ ratio in the evaluation of metal-on-metal total hip replacement
Authors: Affatato S , Spinelli M , Zavalloni M , Leardini W , Viceconti M
Published: July 2008

The wear of metal-on-metal bearings is affected by various design parameters, such as the clearance or surface roughness. It would be very useful to have a significant indicator of wear according to these design parameters, such as the Λ ratio. Three different batches of cast high- and low-carbon cobalt—chromium hip implants (28 mm, 32 mm, and 36 mm diameters) were tested in a hip joint simulator for 2 × 106 cycles. Bovine calf serum was used as lubricant, and the samples were weighed at regular intervals during the test. The predictive role of the Λ ratio on the wear behaviour was investigated. Three different configurations were tested to explore the wear rate for a broad range of Λ ratios. The results of these studies clearly showed that the femoral heads of 36 mm diameter had the best wear behaviour with respect to the other two smaller configurations tested. From a predictive point of view, the Λ ratios associated with the configurations tested could clearly indicate that the femoral heads of 36 mm diameter worked in the mixed-lubrication regime (Λ>1); all the smallest configurations (28 mm size) had λ< 1, thus showing their aptitude to work in the boundary lubrication regime, with substantially higher volume depletion due to wear. The Λ values associated with the 32 mm size varied in a range around 1 (0.95<Λ<1.16), suggesting the possibility of operating in the mixed-lubrication regime.
Effects of serum deprivation on the mechanical properties of adherent vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Hemmer J D , Dean D , Vertegel A , Langan E , LaBerge M
Published: July 2008

Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) function plays a key role in regulating the development and progression of vascular lesions. Among the more significant phenomena that occur during the development of these lesions is the phenotypic switching of VSMCs from a contractile to a synthetic state. A better understanding of the concurrent changes to VSMC mechanical properties that occur with phenotypic shifts can help to elucidate the role of VSMC mechanics in the development of vascular diseases. In the current study, the mechanical properties of adherent cultured rat aortic VSMCs were assessed by atomic force microscopy. Serum starvation was used to induce a phenotypic shift in vitro. It was concluded that serum starvation led to a statistically significant increase in apparent elastic modulus after 5 days, as well as a statistically significant decrease in hysteresis after culture for 3 days. If this trend of VSMC mechanical properties changing concurrently with phenotypic shifts were to hold true in vivo, such changes could affect the processes of mechanotransduction and/or arterial mechanical properties, thereby contributing to the progression of vascular disease.
Determination of the mechanical properties of Bionate 80A and Bionate 75D for the stress analysis of cushion form bearings
Authors: Nic An Ghaill N , Little E G
Published: July 2008

Two biomedical grade polyurethanes, currently under investigation as an alternative tibial bearing for a total knee replacement, are analysed. Extensive mechanical testing has been performed on these materials to determine the mechanical properties in terms of strain energy density functions for use in the finite element package MSC.Marc 2001 that do not rely on linear elasticity. A variation in Poisson's ratio in the fourth decimal place can lead to significant errors in the magnitude and distribution of stresses in a linear elastic analysis. As large variations in this parameter (up to the first decimal place) were determined experimentally, it is concluded that a linear elastic approach to the stress analysis of these materials is not valid.
Mechanical vibrations increase the proliferation of articular chondrocytes in high-density culture
Authors: Kaupp J A , Waldman S D
Published: July 2008

Tissue engineering is a promising approach for articular cartilage repair; however, it still has proven a challenge to produce tissue from the limited number of cells that can be extracted from a single individual. Relatively few cell expansion methods exist without the problems of dedifferentiation and/or loss of potency. Previously, it has been shown that mechanical vibrations can enhance chondrocyte proliferation in monolayer culture. Thus, it was hypothesized that chondrocytes grown in high-density culture would respond in a similar fashion while maintaining phenotypic stability. Isolated bovine articular chondrocytes were seeded in high-density culture on Millicell™ filters and subjected to mechanical vibrations 48 h after seeding. Mechanical vibrations enhanced chondrocyte proliferation at frequencies above 350 Hz, with the peak response occurring at a 1 g amplitude for a duration of 30 min. Under these conditions, the gene expression of cartilage-specific and dedifferentiation markers (collagen II, collagen I, and aggrecan) were unchanged by the imposed stimulus. To determine the effect of accumulated extracellular matrix (ECM) on this proliferative response, selected cultures were stimulated under the same conditions after varying lengths of preculture. The amount of accumulated ECM (collagen and proteoglycans) decreased this proliferative response, with the cultures becoming insensitive to the stimulus after 1 week of preculture. Thus, mechanical vibration can serve as an effective means preferentially to stimulate the proliferation of chondrocytes during culture, but its effects appear to be limited to the early stages where ECM accumulation is at a minimum.
A risk assessment for pregnancy using the World Health Organization classifying form in primary health-care facilities in Enugu, Nigeria
Authors: Aniebue U U , Aniebue P N
Published: July 2008

We present a cross-sectional survey of the pattern of high-risk pregnancies in randomly selected primary health-care facilities in Enugu, Nigeria, using the World Health Organization's classifying form. None of the 10 maternity homes studied had a standard risk screening tool. The age of the 299 women studied ranged from 16 to 42 years with a mean of 27.8 ± 6.7 years. Eighty-eight (29.4%) of them were nulliparous, 160 (53.5%) were multiparous and 51 (17.1%) grandmultiparous. One hundred and twenty (40.1%) respondents were in the high-risk category. Rhesus D-negative blood group parturients (42, 35.0%), previous perinatal deaths (29.2%) and multiple pregnancies (9.2%) were the most common risk factors. The prevalence of high-risk pregnancies significantly increased with maternal age and parity and was not influenced by an improved maternal educational attainment. The institution of screening for high-risk pregnancies is vital at the primary health-care level and must be emphasized and must be regularly audited.
Rotational rural surgery for the poor in developing countries
Authors: Aderounmu A O A , Afolayan S A , Nasiru T A , Olaore J A , Adeoti M L , Adelasoye M
Published: July 2008

Radio and television announcements advised patients with surgical problems in the rural areas of Osun State, Nigeria, to report at any of the nine zonal headquarters of the state which were closest to their homes in order to receive free treatment. Over 1000 patients reported and 801 received operations on a rotational basis within nine weeks. We studied 719 of these patients, ages between 4 months and 87 years, who had detailed follow-up records. There were 14 different procedures ranging from a hernia repair to the separation of syndactyly. Complications included postoperative pain, haematoma and late superficial wound infection. We concluded that rotational free surgery can help the poor in the third-world countries to receive treatment that they would otherwise not be able to afford.
Postmortem trucut transnasal brain biopsy in the diagnosis of encephalitis
Authors: Sudarsanam Thambu David , Chacko Geeta , David Rani Diana
Published: July 2008

Diagnosing encephalitis is often difficult with a definitive diagnosis being reached at best in only 40% of cases. This clinical condition is associated with a high morbidity and mortality. A brain biopsy is the gold standard for the diagnosis of this disease. However, this procedure is rarely done, resulting in the cause of death being largely speculative. We propose a simple procedure for postmortem brain biopsy through the transnasal transcribriform route that will possibly be more acceptable to clinicians and relatives alike due to lack of external disfigurement, relative ease of the procedure and economy of time and manpower. This could also prove to be of immense benefit in an epidemic of encephalitis, especially in remote areas.
Exploring the pattern of complications of induced abortion in a rural mission tertiary hospital in the Niger Delta, Nigeria
Authors: Igberase G O , Ebeigbe P N
Published: July 2008

Unsafe abortion remains a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in developing countries including Nigeria. We report a 10-year descriptive review of 118 consecutive cases of complicated induced abortions. At our centre, complications of induced abortion constituted 2.3% of maternal admissions, 5.6% of gynaecological admissions and 22.6% of maternal deaths. Fifty-nine percent of the women were married and the mean age was 25.6 ± 7.9 years. Doctors performed 51.7% of the induced abortion and nurses performed 13.9%. Of the mortalities, medical doctors did 61 of the abortions in which 18 died (29.5%); traditional medical practitioners were responsible for 13 of the abortions in which two died (15.4%); of the 16 abortions performed by nurses, two died (12.5%). Sepsis was the most common cause of death (73%).

There is an urgent need to improve the knowledge and utilization of modern contraception by rural women in order to prevent unwanted pregnancies. Doctors need to be continuously trained inn the basic principles of postabortion care.
Hyponatraemia and hypokalaemia in adults with uncomplicated malaria in Thailand
Authors: Thanachartwet Vipa , Krudsood Srivicha , Tangpukdee Noppadon , Phumratanaprapin Weerapong , Silachamroon Udomsak , Leowattana Wattana , Wilairatana Polrat , Brittenham Gary M , Looareesuwan Sornchai , Neild Guy H
Published: July 2008

In a retrospective study of 1415 patients aged 15 and over, we determined the incidence of clinically important hyponatraemia and hypokalaemia in adults with uncomplicated malaria. On admission, serum concentrations of sodium (135–145 mmol/L) and potassium (3.5–5.0 mmol/L) were found outside these reference ranges in 81% of patients. Severe hypokalaemia (K+ <3.0 mmol/L) and severe hyponatraemia (Na+ <125 mmol/L occurred in 4.4% and 0.6% of the patients, respectively. For hypokalaemia (43%) and hyponatraemia (37%), hypovolaemia, blood urea to creatinine ratio and high serum glucose (>100 mg/dL) were all independent factors ( P < 0.001). Other independent predictors for hypokalaemia were Plasmodium vivax infection, female gender; and for hyponatraemia, P. falciparum infection, male gender, concentrations of G-6-PD and serum bicarbonate.
Frontoethmoidal meningoencephalocoele repair in Cambodia: outcomes and cost comparisons
Authors: Gollogly J , Oucheng N , Lauer G , Pinzer T , Lauwers F , Roux F E , Singleton W , Douglas S
Published: July 2008

In Cambodia, spina bifida is rare, but frontoethmoidal meningoencephalocoeles (MECs) are common. Mean life expectancy for patients with congenital MECs may be <20 years, but the complex treatment required has not been available in the country until recently. During visits by combined neurosurgical/craniofacial teams from both Germany and France, a method of repair has been developed that is suitable for the local conditions, affordable and has allowed Cambodian surgeons to learn how to successfully treat MECs. The surgical technique and initial results with 30 patients have been described in a previous publication. This paper presents the outcomes of 128 cases and illustrates that it is cost-effective for these patients to be treated in Cambodia.
Accidental childhood fatalities in Manipal, India
Authors: Kanchan Tanuj , Menezes Ritesh G
Published: July 2008

Children in the first decade of life are extremely vulnerable to accidents. Seventy-five cases of accidental deaths in children aged less than ten years were identified in a retrospective review of medicolegal autopsies during 1993–2006 in Manipal, India. Boys were more likely to suffer accidental death that girls (male–female ratio 2.3:1). Road traffic accidents accounted for the majority of the deaths (56%), followed by burns (21.4%).
Comparing different approach and avoidance models of learning and personality in the prediction of work, university, and leadership outcomes
Authors: Jackson Chris J. , Hobman Elizabeth V. , Jimmieson Nerina L. , Martin Robin.
Published: July 2008

Jackson (2005) developed a hybrid model of personality and learning, known as the learning styles profiler (LSP) which was designed to span biological, socio‐cognitive, and experiential research foci of personality and learning research. The hybrid model argues that functional and dysfunctional learning outcomes can be best understood in terms of how cognitions and experiences control, discipline, and re‐express the biologically based scale of sensation‐seeking. In two studies with part‐time workers undertaking tertiary education (N=137 and 58), established models of approach and avoidance from each of the three different research foci were compared with Jackson's hybrid model in their predictiveness of leadership, work, and university outcomes using self‐report and supervisor ratings. Results showed that the hybrid model was generally optimal and, as hypothesized, that goal orientation was a mediator of sensation‐seeking on outcomes (work performance, university performance, leader behaviours, and counterproductive work behaviour). Our studies suggest that the hybrid model has considerable promise as a predictor of work and educational outcomes as well as dysfunctional outcomes.
Common People and Leaders in Iliad Book 2: The Invocation of the Muses and the Catalogue of Ships
Authors: Heiden Bruce
Published: July 2008

This paper closely examines and interprets the contribution of the "Catalogue of Ships" to the Iliad . It adopts three perspectives: (1) the placement of the Catalogue within Iliad 2, including the action that precedes and the Invocation of the Muses, (2) the content and arrangement of content within the twenty-nine entries of the Greek Catalogue, and (3) the use of poetic figuration in the Catalogue. Each perspective yields evidence suggesting a democratic commemoration that privileges the common soldiers and the communities back home as a whole rather than an aristocracy of military leaders.
Revenge and Mythopoiesis in Euripides' Medea
Authors: Hopman Marianne
Published: July 2008

In the first stasimon of Medea , the chorus of Corinthian women exalts Medea's revenge as a palinode that will put an end to the misogynist tradition and bring them honor. This article analyzes Euripides' tragedy as a meta-poetic reflection on Medea's voice, its relation to the earlier poetic tradition, its power and limitations, and its generic definition. While Medea's revenge metaphorically and symbolically unfolds as a revision of the Argo saga and thus undermines one of the most famous androcentric epics of the Greek song culture, I argue that mythical constraints ultimately prevent Medea from generating a new, gynocentric epic. Rather, the intertextuality of the final scenes increasingly departs from the Iliadic model and firmly anchors Medea's revenge in the tragic genre. Metapoetically, Medea's palinode thus defines tragedy, by contrast to epic, as a genre that is congenial to female voices but does not bring them kleos .
Caesar's Ambition: A Combined Reading of Plutarch's Alexander-Caesar and Pyrrhus-Marius
Authors: Buszard Bradley
Published: July 2008

Plutarch's analysis of ambition in Alexander-Caesar cannot be understood within the confines of that pair alone. However, when read together with the Pyrrhus-Marius , the pair most closely tied to Alexander-Caesar by common themes and by implicit and explicit cross-references, an important link between ambition and paideia emerges. Though Alexander's ambition is as prevalent as Caesar's, he does not earn Plutarch's reproach because his innate susceptibility to reason and his love of philosophy enable him to restrain his ambition. Caesar cannot, so his ambitions prevent him from deriving any benefit from his accomplishments.
When Did the Tibicen Play?: Meter and Musical Accompaniment in Roman Comedy
Authors: Moore Timothy J.
Published: July 2008

A thorough examination of the evidence for musical accompaniment in Roman comedy confirms, with slight modifications, the theory of Friedrich Ritschl and Theodor Bergk that the tibicen was silent during scenes written in iambic senarii but accompanied all other meters. Roman comedy was thus a more musical genre than has often been acknowledged, and we are justified in using alternation between iambic senarii and other meters to evaluate the musical patterns of the plays.
Horace's Journey Through Arcadia
Authors: Welch Tara
Published: July 2008

Horace's Satire 1.5 encapsulates two of the Satires' major themes: friendship and aesthetics. This paper explores the poem's engagement with Epicureanism in connection with these themes. Through extended evocation of Vergil's Ecologues , several nods to Lucretian language and themes and praise of frank speaking among friends, the Journey to Brundisium meditates on Epicurean friendship in the context of life under the triumvirate in the 30s B.C.E. Horace's satiric Epicureanism dictates a golden mean delicately wended between extremes, avoiding both the blunt speech venerated in the Roman Republic and the complaisance—manifest as either silence or flattery—that puissance arouses.
Genus quid est? : Roman Scholars on Grammatical Gender and Biological Sex
Authors: Corbeill Anthony
Published: July 2008

From at least as early as Varro, Roman scholars and grammarians occupy themselves with cataloguing peculiar instances of grammatical gender. The practice, with little extant precedent in Greek tradition, finds the grammarians consistently placing great importance upon the identification of grammatical gender with biological sex. I attempt to explain this fascination with "sex and gender" by assessing ancient explanations for the fluid gender of nouns, and by considering the commonest practitioners of grammatical gender-bending (in particular Vergil). By dividing the world into discrete sexual categories, Latin vocabulary works to encourage the pervasive heterosexualization of Roman culture.
Zielinski's Law Reconsidered
Authors: Scodel Ruth
Published: July 2008

"Zielinski's Law," which claims that the Homeric narrator does not represent simultaneous actions, continues to be debated. The narrator clearly depicts as sequential some actions that would "realistically" be simultaneous. Sometimes, this narrative convention has probably generated story-material to motivate the temporal sequence. In other passages, however, the audience's understanding of the action depends on the order in which events are presented, while the "real" temporal sequence is blurred. There is no single correct approach to Homer's handling of time.
"Physicians are not Bootleggers": The Short, Peculiar Life of the Medicinal Alcohol Movement
Authors: Appel Jacob M.
Published: July 2008

This essay seeks to chronicle the effort of physicians to secure the right to prescribe beer, liquor, and other alcoholic beverages to their patients for medicinal uses during the Prohibition era. A review of the medical literature and popular press from the period 1920–26 reveals that the physicians who lobbied for the right to prescribe alcohol and, ultimately, took their claim to the United States Supreme Court, were not uniformly antiprohibitionists attempting to circumvent the Eighteenth Amendment. Instead, this coalition of physician activists, led by John P. Davin and Samuel W. Lambert, included both supporters and opponents of prohibition. Their attitudes on the therapeutic value of beer and liquor also varied widely. Yet what united these men and women—and what defined their movement—was opposition to state interference with the practice of medicine and an increasing concern with the federal government's role in the regulation of their profession. The defeat of their efforts, presaging the passage of the Sheppard Towner Act in 1921 and the extension of veterans' health benefits in 1924, marked an important step in the development of antagonism between the medical community and the federal government during the mid-twentieth century.
Sacagawea's "Cold": Pregnancy and the Written Record of the Lewis and Clark Expedition
Authors: Kastor Peter J. , Valenčius Conevery Bolton
Published: July 2008

In June 1805, Sacagawea fell gravely ill along the Missouri River during the outward journey of the Corps of Discovery. Historical discussion of her illness has failed to take into account the context of travel literature and writing at the time—in particular, the conventions governing references to personal experience, descriptions of Native American life, and the language of women's bodies. When William Clark and Meriwether Lewis wrote in their journals that Sacagawea was dangerously ill because she had "taken a cold," and that they blamed her partner Toussaint Charbonneau for her illness, they likely meant that she was pregnant and had miscarried. Their references, obscure now, made sense under the conventions of writing at the time and in the context of intense medical interest in the relationship of cold to women's menstrual cycles. Deciphering this episode adds to our understanding of the often intimate relations on the Lewis and Clark Expedition and broadens the ramifications of the concept of "cold" in the context of women's health. Such an interpretation brings new insight to this crucial chapter in U.S. western history and sheds light on the productive ambiguity often employed in discussions of women's health.
Doctors on Record: Uruguay's Infant Mortality Stagnation and Its Remedies, 1895–1945
Authors: Birn Anne-Emanuelle
Published: July 2008

Circa 1900 Uruguayan medical authorities prided themselves on their country's health achievement: the lowest recorded infant mortality rate in Latin America and one of the lowest rates in the world. Over the next three decades, however, these doctors' pride suffered blow after blow as Uruguay's infant mortality stagnated at roughly the same 1900 rate, while other countries experienced sustained mortality declines. Even more frustrating was the apparent inadequacy of the measures that physicians themselves had advocated and implemented. This paper explores Uruguay's infant mortality dynamics during the first half of the twentieth century through the observations, acerbic debates, analyses, policy-making, and administrative perspectives of the country's pediatricians and public health experts. Only after infant health began to be addressed as an integral part of Uruguay's burgeoning welfare state in the 1930s did infant mortality rates start to decline once again.
The Nature of Plague in Late Eighteenth-Century Egypt
Authors: Mikhail Alan
Published: July 2008

This article uses an examination of the 1791 plague in Egypt to explore the relationships among disease, famine, flood, drought, and death in late eighteenth-century Egypt. It analyzes how plague functioned as part of a regular biophysical pathology of the environment in which the disease came and went as one iteration in a cycle that included famine, wind, flood, drought, price inflation, and revolt. Using the works of Egyptian chroniclers, archival materials, secondary studies, and traveler accounts, this article integrates plague into the study of the Egyptian environment by showing how it was a regular and expected part of life in Egypt.
Between the Ego and the Icepick: Psychosurgery, Psychoanalysis, and Psychiatric Discourse
Authors: Raz Mical
Published: July 2008

Between the years 1935 and 1965, tens of thousands of lobotomies were performed on Americans in order to treat mental illness. This article reconstructs the relations between the theory and practice of psychosurgery and a dynamic approach to mental illness. The article claims that psychosurgical discourse adopted key concepts from psychoanalytical discourse and that psychodynamically oriented psychiatrists and psychoanalysts incorporated the basic tenets of psychosurgery into their writings. Hence a common, eclectic discourse on psychosurgery was created, used by psychodynamically oriented psychiatrists and psychosurgeons alike and containing elements from both theories. This article addresses the far-reaching effects this discourse had on therapeutic practice and on the widespread mutual acceptance of psychosurgery. The article questions the distinction between somatic and dynamic approaches to mental illness, claiming that the common psychiatric discourse indicates that a spectrum of psychiatric thought would better describe the state of the profession at the time.
Deconstructing Ontological Vagueness
Authors: Eklund Matti
Published: July 2008

I will here present a number of problems concerning the idea that there is ontological vagueness, and the related claim that appeal to this idea can help solve some vagueness-related problems. A theme underlying the discussion will be the distinction between vagueness specifically and indeterminacy more generally (and, relatedly, the distinction between ontological vagueness and ontological indeterminacy). Even if the world is somehow ontologically indeterminate it by no means follows that it is, properly speaking, ontologically vague.
Fear and Integrity
Authors: Kroon Frederick
Published: July 2008

I'll begin this paper with an autobiographical example — an instance of a common enough kind of case involving agents who are faced with making a choice they strongly care about, but who have tendencies that incline them towards choosing an option they prefer not to choose. Later in the paper, I apply some of the general lessons learned from this case to a philosophically more familiar example of a hard-to-make choice, and to the well-known problem the example generates for the idea of rational agency: Gregory Kavka's toxin puzzle (Kavka 1983).

Some time ago I did a bungy jump. Nothing remarkable in that (nor in the fact that I have, or had, a great fear of heights; the desire to overcome a fear of heights is common among bungy jumpers).
The Social Dimensions of Modesty
Authors: Woodcock Scott
Published: July 2008

Modesty is a surprisingly complicated character trait. Most of us feel that we intuitively understand what modesty is, and we feel confident that we can recognize modesty when it is exhibited in others. However, it is difficult to provide a detailed account of modesty without discovering that it is not nearly as simple as one initially presumes it to be. For example, in her recent book Uneasy Virtue, Julia Driver proposes a definition of modesty that seems uncomplicated until further reflection reveals it to be more intricate and contentious than it appears. Driver claims that modesty is the virtue of being disposed to persistently underestimate one's self-worth despite available evidence suggesting that this estimation is incorrect. There is something compelling about such a concise definition of modesty, but Driver's view implies that a modest agent is truly ignorant of her natural talents, accomplishments or other attributes that contribute to assessments of her self-worth. It is this feature of Driver's definition that has generated debate since she first presented her view of modesty in an influential article that preceded her book.
Punishment for Criminal Attempts: A Legal Perspective on the Problem of Moral Luck
Authors: Bittner Thomas
Published: July 2008

In the criminal law, the law of attempts is of comparatively recent vintage. It is part of an important contemporary legal trend towards early intervention in the criminal process. There are now a substantial number of crimes on the books that, like the crime of attempt, only require that the perpetrator start down the road to carrying out his criminal intentions and do not require him actually to have harmed (or, in some cases, even identified) his victim. Besides the law of attempts, these new crimes include conspiracy and solicitation, forgery and counterfeiting, the possession offences (drugs, burglary tools, counterfeit money, automobile master keys, etc.), even corruption of youth (children). In all these cases, the law is stepping in to forestall harm, rather than waiting until a harm has already happened.
What is Communicative Success?
Authors: Pagin Peter
Published: July 2008

In most of our communicative transactions we are confident of success. We read the newspaper and are normally pretty sure that we have understood the text. We usually think we understand what is said in the TV broadcast and in casual conversation, and only rarely do subsequent events make us revise our judgment that we did. But that we are confident of success, even if we are right, and even if we are both right and justified, does not mean that we have a clear idea of what success consists in.

Ideas about successful communication have had a prominent place in the philosophy of language in recent decades, mostly as a step on the way to meaning theoretical claims. This has been the case with philosophers like Wittgenstein, Quine, Davidson, Dummett, and Evans. Mostly, the discussion of communicative success has been of limited extent, serving as a subordinate part of some longer argument.
A Participatory Group Process to Analyze Qualitative Data
Authors: Jackson Suzanne F.
Published: July 2008

Background: When conducting community-based participatory research (CBPR), community researchers are often consulted during the analysis step, but rarely participate in the entire process.
Objectives: This paper describes a participatory qualitative data analysis process that was used in three projects with marginalized women in Ontario, Canada. In each project, marginalized women were trained as Inclusion Researchers (IRs) and participated in all stages of the research process. Given the emphasis of the projects on inclusion, it was important that a data analysis process be developed that was group oriented, engaging, understandable, and inclusive of the community researchers.
Methods: A five-part analysis process is described including preparation of the data, grouping and coding, consolidation, making sense of the data, and producing a report. This group analysis process took place over 2 full days with facilitation by an academic researcher, Details about the techniques used for each step are described.
Conclusions: The strengths of this participatory qualitative data analysis process were that it enabled participation of people with a mixture of levels of education and familiarity with analysis; it enabled community member control of the interpretation; and it could handle large volumes of data quickly. The main limitation was that additional time and procedures would be necessary for a deeper analysis or for groups of over 25 participants. The factors that contributed to the success of this participatory analysis process included accessible and clear procedures, use of visual grouping techniques, and a positive and supportive atmosphere for participation.
Using Community-Based Participatory Research to Develop a Bilingual Mental Health Survey for Latinos
Authors: Garcia Carolyn M. , Gilchrist Lauren , Campesino Centro , Raymond Nancy , Naughton Sandy , de Patino Janeth Guerra
Published: July 2008

Background: Despite rapid growth, Latino communities' mental health needs are unmet by existing services and research. Barriers may vary by geographic locations, but often include language, insurance coverage, immigration status, cultural beliefs, and lack of services.
Objectives: The aim of this research was development of a cross-sectional instrument to assess the mental health status, beliefs, and knowledge of resources among rural and urban Latinos residing in a Midwestern state.
Methods: The purpose of this article is to describe the community-based participatory research (CBPR) process of instrument development and lessons learned.
Results: A culturally relevant, 100-item bilingual survey instrument was developed by community and academic partners.
Lessons Learned: Community-based participatory research methods are salient for sensitive health topics and varied research objectives, including instrument development. To ensure cultural and social relevance of research, community participation is crucial at all stages of research, including developing the research question and instrument.
Making Sure Research Is Used: Community-Generated Recommendations for Disseminating Research
Authors: Fernández-Peña José Ramón , Moore Lisa , Goldstein Ellen , DeCarlo Pamela , Grinstead Olga , Hunt Carolyn , Bao Daniel , Wilson Hank
Published: July 2008

Academic research, no matter how innovative, will never make a difference in the lives of people unless it is disseminated in an appropriate and timely manner to providers and organizations serving the public. Yet many researchers are not trained, rewarded, or supported to disseminate research findings. The Community Advisory Board (CAB) of the University of California, San Francisco, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies (CAPS) developed a set guidelines to support researchers' intentions to disseminate their findings through nontraditional venues. These guidelines are unique because community members, many of whom have struggled with accessing research in a timely way, generated them. In addition to developing the guidelines, the CAB also conceived and implemented a dissemination strategy for the guidelines. The purpose of this article is to present specific guidelines for disseminating research developed by the CAPS CAB.
Setting Up a Peer Review Process for Community-Based Organizations: Conflicts and Challenges
Authors: Wright Michael T. , Lemmen Karl , Block Martina , von Unger Hella
Published: July 2008

Background: The authors are conducting a national demonstration project in Germany to develop quality assurance structures and methods for community-based HIV prevention.
Objectives: We sought to provide outside input to AIDS service organizations (ASOs) on their prevention work while improving the local discourse on the quality of HIV prevention.
Methods: A voluntary peer review process with community workers, funders, community members, and researchers as reviewers.
Lessons Learned: Although the idea of a peer review process is interesting for many ASOs, it has been difficult finding organizations to participate in the process. Issues of trust regarding the intentions of the reviewers and concerns about publicizing the results have prevented implementation.
Conclusions: Peer review is a promising idea for the further development of quality assurance in the HIV prevention of German ASOs. More time needs to be invested in implementing the process to build trust on all sides.
Photovoice in a Toronto Community Partnership: Exploring the Social Determinants of Health With Homeless People
Authors: Halifax Nancy Viva Davis , Yurichuk Fred , Meeks Jim , Khandor Erika
Published: July 2008

When working on social justice issues, it is easy to become overwhelmed by the problems faced. To maintain morale, it helps to be creative, have fun, and see results. In the spring of 2006, we were able to bring together a group of people to document, first hand, the daily experience of being homeless in the City of Toronto. Using photography and story telling, we were able to give voice to a population not often heard. Our powerful images reached out to the public through events and publications. This resulted not only in great coverage and discussion of the important issues we were addressing, but also in a successful and rewarding group project that benefited group members in many ways.
The Last Straw!: A Tool for Participatory Education About the Social Determinants of Health
Authors: Rossiter Kate , Reeve Kate
Published: July 2008

Background: In response to a scarcity of teaching tools regarding the social determinants of health (SDOH), Kate Reeve and Kate Rossiter created The Last Straw! board game, an innovative participatory education tool to facilitate and engage critical thinking about the SDOH.
Objectives: The Last Straw! is designed to encourage discussion about the SDOH, promote critical thinking, and build empathy with marginalized people.
Methods: The game begins as each player rolls the dice to create a character profile, including socioeconomic status (SES), race, and gender. Based on this profile, players then receive a certain number of “vitality chips.” Moving across the board, players encounter scenarios that cause them to gain and lose chips based on their profile. The player who finishes the game with the most chips wins the game. The game can be facilitated for a variety of audiences, including both players with no prior knowledge of the SDOH and those experienced in the field.
Conclusions: The game has been played with students, policymakers, and community workers, among others, and has been met with immense enthusiasm. Here, we detail the game’s reception within the community, including benefits, limitations, and next steps.