bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computation of Direct Sensitivities of Spatial Multibody Systems With Joint Friction
Authors: Verulkar Adwait , Sandu Corina , Dopico Daniel , Sandu Adrian
Published: March 2022

Friction exists in most mechanical systems and may have a major influence on the dynamic performance of the system. The incorporation of friction in dynamic systems has been a subject of active research for several years owing to its high nonlinearity and its dependence on several parameters. Consequently, optimization of dynamic systems with friction becomes a challenging task. Gradient-based optimization of dynamical systems is a prominent technique for optimal design and requires the computation of model sensitivities with respect to the design parameters. The novel contribution of this paper is the derivation of the analytical methodology for the computation of direct sensitivities for smooth multibody systems with joint friction using the Lagrangian index-1 formulation. System dynamics have been computed using two different friction models; the Brown and McPhee, and the Gonthier et al. model. The methodology proposed to obtain model sensitivities has also been validated using the complex finite difference method. A case study has been conducted on a spatial multibody system to observe the effect of friction on the dynamics and model sensitivities, compare sensitivities with respect to different parameters and demonstrate the numerical and validation aspects. Since design parameters can have very different magnitudes and units, the sensitivities have been scaled with the parameters for comparison. Finally, a discussion has been presented on the interpretation of the case study results. Due to the incorporation of joint friction, ‘jumps’ or discontinuities are observed in the model sensitivities akin to those observed for hybrid dynamical systems.
Dynamic Response of Some Noncarbon Nanomaterials Using Multiscale Modeling Involving Material and Geometric Nonlinearities
Authors: Ravi Raj B. M. , Singh Sandeep , Mali Kiran D. , Singh Priyansh
Published: March 2022

Nonlinear dynamic response of some noncarbon nanomaterials, involving material and geometric nonlinearities under different types of dynamic loads, is investigated using computationally efficient multiscale modeling. Multiscale-based finite element model is developed in the framework of the Cauchy–Born rule, which couples the deformation at the atomic scale to deformation at the continuum scale. The Tersoff–Brenner type interatomic potential is employed to model the atomic interactions. The governing finite elemental equations are derived through Hamilton's principle for a dynamic system. The linearization of nonlinear discrete equations is done using Newton–Raphson method and are solved using Newmark's time integration technique. The effects of material and geometric nonlinearities, inherent damping, different types of dynamic loads, and initial strain on the transient response of noncarbon nanosheets with clamped boundary conditions are reported in detail. The present results obtained from the multiscale-based finite element method are compared with those obtained from molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for the free vibration analysis, and the results are found to be in good agreement. The present results are also compared with the results of those obtained from Kirchhoff plate model for some cases.
Transient Analysis of Passive Autocatalytic Hydrogen Recombiners Using Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Khan Ahsan , Nawaz Rab , Shah Ajmal , Qureshi Kamran Rasheed
Published: March 2022

Passive autocatalytic recombiners (PARs) are being used in most modern nuclear power plants (NPPs) for mitigating the hydrogen risk both in normal and accidental scenarios. Development of a systematic model of PARs based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is the subject of this paper. 2D simulations of AREVA (a nuclear technology company) recombiner have been performed to validate PARs data and then the developed methodology has been applied to a Chashma NPP-II (C-2) recombiners to assess their performance. Two cases have been discussed; one with constant velocity at inlet and other one is devoted to the startup response of the PAR. Within the recombiner, the hydrogen and oxygen recombine on catalytic plates surface by an exothermic reaction to produce steam. Reaction heat is dissipated among the plates, surroundings and air inside the PAR. Flow inside the PAR will continue downwards until the gas absorbs enough heat to become lighter in weight than the gas outside the PAR. In addition, hydrogen accumulation in containment dome of a C-2 has been modeled and the results have been compared with methods for estimation of leakages and consequences of releases (melcor) code results. Without PARs, hydrogen got buildup within the containment dome, but when PARs are activated, hydrogen concentration first started to rise until the recombination reaction activated at about ∼2% hydrogen concentration. The comparison shows that the results obtained by the model agree well with the melcor results.
The Nonlinear Diffusion Model of Recrystallization
Authors: Savotchenko S. E. , Cherniakov A. N.
Published: March 2022

The diffusion equation with a jump change in diffusion coefficient depending on the diffusant concentration is considered. The phase transition problem with moving boundary to describe the features of activated recrystallization is formulated. An analytical description of the motion of the activated recrystallization front in the presence of a thin coating, which causes changes in the microstructure and physical properties of polycrystalline metals, is derived. The nonlinear equation, the solution of which describes the motion of activated recrystallization front, is found. It is shown that the dependence of the depth of the recrystallized layer is determined by such structural factors as the average size of recrystallized grains, the fraction of stationary grain boundaries, and jump in the average concentration of impurities in the zone of the front of activated recrystallization. The physical interpretation of coefficient of the Stefan condition at the moving boundary is given.
Heat and Mass Transfer Correlations for Staggered Nanoporous Membrane Tubes in Flue Gas Crossflow
Authors: Al-Rifai Saja , Lin Cheng-Xian
Published: March 2022

The use of transport membrane condenser (TMC) technology to recover heat and mass from the flue gas has been increasing recently. The heat and mass transfer from the TMC tube bundle have been studied experimentally and numerically, and several numerical models have been proposed. Although many heat transfer and pressure drop correlations are available for single-phase flows over tube bundles of solid walls, to the best of our knowledge, there is a lack of heat and mass transfer and pressure drop correlations for the porous membrane tubes with condensing flue gas that cover a wide range of parameters. In this study, the heat transfer, mass transfer, and pressure drop imposed by the crossflow ceramic nanoporous tubes in TMC have been studied numerically within wide ranges of tube diameters (4.57–7.62 mm), number of rows (2–24 rows), and Reynolds number (170–8900), under flue gas condensation. The turbulent flow of the flue gas mixture was modeled by the shear stress transport SST k−ω turbulence model. A hybrid/mixed condensation model written in user defined functions was employed to calculate the water vapor condensation rate. Numerical results with condensing flue gas are compared to available correlations for single-phase Nusselt number and pressure drops in the literature. It was found that except for selected conditions, the single-phase correlations noticeably differed from the TMC numerical results. Empirical TMC correlations for heat transfer and pressure drops with respect to condensation rate, number of rows, and the nanoporous membrane geometrical properties were derived thereby. The derived correlations for TMC show a good agreement with numerical data for all investigated parameters and can predict the 96% of the convective Nusselt number, overall Nusselt number, and friction factor inside the TMC within ±10%, ±10%, and ±15%, respectively. The effects of key parameters on the heat transfer, mass transfer, and pressure drops are illustrated and discussed in detail.
Weakly Nonlinear Stability of Thermosolutal Convection in an Oldroyd-B Fluid-Saturated Anisotropic Porous Layer Using a Local Thermal Nonequilibrium Model
Authors: Kumar C. Hemanth , Shankar B. M. , Shivakumara I. S.
Published: March 2022

The two-temperature model of local thermal nonequilibrium (LTNE) is utilized to investigate a weakly nonlinear stability of thermosolutal convection in an Oldroyd-B fluid-saturated anisotropic porous layer. The anisotropies in permeability, thermal conductivities of the porous medium, and solutal diffusivity are accounted for by second-order tensors with their principal directions coinciding with the horizontal and vertical coordinate axes. A modified Darcy–Oldroyd model is employed to describe the flow in a porous medium bounded by impermeable plane walls with uniform and unequal temperatures as well as solute concentrations. The cubic-Landau equations are derived in the neighborhood of stationary and oscillatory onset using a modified perturbation approach and the stability of bifurcating equilibrium solutions is discussed. The advantage is taken to present some additional results on the linear instability aspects as well. It is manifested that the solutal anisotropy parameter also plays a decisive role on the instability characteristics of the system. It is found that the stationary bifurcating solution transforms from supercritical to subcritical while the oscillatory bifurcating solution transforms from supercritical to subcritical and revert to supercritical. The Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are used to examine the influence of LTNE and viscoelastic parameters on heat and mass transfer, respectively. The results of Maxwell fluid are outlined as a particular case from this study.
Nutrition and Physical Activity in British Army Officer Cadet Training Part 2—Daily Distribution of Energy and Macronutrient Intake
Authors: Edwards Victoria C. , Myers Stephen D. , Wardle Sophie L. , Siddall Andrew G. , Powell Steve D. , Needham-Beck Sarah , Jackson Sarah , Greeves Julie P. , Blacker Sam D.
Published: March 2022

Dietary intake and physical activity impact performance and adaptation during training. The aims of this study were to compare energy and macronutrient intake during British Army Officer Cadet training with dietary guidelines and describe daily distribution of energy and macronutrient intake and estimated energy expenditure. Thirteen participants (seven women) were monitored during three discrete periods of military training for 9 days on-camp, 5 days of field exercise, and 9 days of a mixture of the two. Dietary intake was measured using researcher-led food weighing and food diaries, and energy expenditure was estimated from wrist-worn accelerometers. Energy intake was below guidelines for men (4,600 kcal/day) and women (3,500 kcal/day) during on-camp training (men = −16% and women = −9%), field exercise (men = −33% and women = −42%), and combined camp and field training (men and women both −34%). Carbohydrate intake of men and women were below guidelines (6 g·kg−1·day−1) during field exercise (men = −18% and women = −37%) and combined camp and field training (men = −33% and women = −39%), respectively. Protein intake was above guidelines (1.2 kcal·kg−1·day−1) for men and women during on-camp training (men = 48% and women = 39%) and was below guidelines during field exercise for women only (−27%). Energy and macronutrient intake during on-camp training centered around mealtimes with a discernible sleep/wake cycle for energy expenditure. During field exercise, energy and macronutrient intake were individually variable, and energy expenditure was high throughout the day and night. These findings could be used to inform evidenced-based interventions to change the amount and timing of energy and macronutrient intake around physical activity to optimize performance and adaptations during military training.
U.S. fires became larger, more frequent, and more widespread in the 2000s
Authors: Iglesias Virginia , Balch Jennifer K. , Travis William R.
Published: March 2022

Recent fires have fueled concerns that regional and global warming trends are leading to more extreme burning. We found compelling evidence that average fire events in regions of the United States are up to four times the size, triple the frequency, and more widespread in the 2000s than in the previous two decades. Moreover, the most extreme fires are also larger, more common, and more likely to co-occur with other extreme fires. This documented shift in burning patterns across most of the country aligns with the palpable change in fire dynamics noted by the media, public, and fire-fighting officials.
Surface ocean warming and acidification driven by rapid carbon release precedes Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum
Authors: Babila Tali L. , Penman Donald E. , Standish Christopher D. , Doubrawa Monika , Bralower Timothy J. , Robinson Marci M. , Self-Trail Jean M. , Speijer Robert P. , Stassen Peter , Foster Gavin L. , Zachos James C.
Published: March 2022

The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) is recognized by a major negative carbon isotope (δ
13
C) excursion (CIE) signifying an injection of isotopically light carbon into exogenic reservoirs, the mass, source, and tempo of which continue to be debated. Evidence of a transient precursor carbon release(s) has been identified in a few localities, although it remains equivocal whether there is a global signal. Here, we present foraminiferal δ
13
C records from a marine continental margin section, which reveal a 1.0 to 1.5‰ negative pre-onset excursion (POE), and concomitant rise in sea surface temperature of at least 2°C and a decline in ocean pH. The recovery of both δ
13
C and pH before the CIE onset and apparent absence of a POE in deep-sea records suggests a rapid (< ocean mixing time scales) carbon release, followed by recovery driven by deep-sea mixing. Carbon released during the POE is therefore likely more similar to ongoing anthropogenic emissions in mass and rate than the main CIE.
Pyrite mega-analysis reveals modes of anoxia through geological time
Authors: Emmings Joseph F. , Poulton Simon W. , Walsh Joanna , Leeming Kathryn A. , Ross Ian , Peters Shanan E.
Published: March 2022

The redox structure of the water column in anoxic basins through geological time remains poorly resolved despite its importance to biological evolution/extinction and biogeochemical cycling. Here, we provide a temporal record of bottom and pore water redox conditions by analyzing the temporal distribution and chemistry of sedimentary pyrite. We combine machine-reading techniques, applied over a large library of published literature, with statistical analysis of element concentrations in databases of sedimentary pyrite and bulk sedimentary rocks to generate a scaled analysis spanning the majority of Earth’s history. This analysis delineates the prevalent anoxic basin states from the Archaean to present day, which are associated with diagnostic combinations of five types of syngenetic pyrite. The underlying driver(s) for the pyrite types are unresolved but plausibly includes the ambient seawater inventory, precipitation kinetics, and the (co)location of organic matter degradation coupled to sulfate reduction, iron (oxyhydr)oxide dissolution, and pyrite precipitation.
HSF2 cooperates with HSF1 to drive a transcriptional program critical for the malignant state
Authors: Smith Roger S. , Takagishi Seesha R. , Amici David R. , Metz Kyle , Gayatri Sitaram , Alasady Milad J. , Wu Yaqi , Brockway Sonia , Taiberg Stephanie L. , Khalatyan Natalia , Taipale Mikko , Santagata Sandro , Whitesell Luke , Lindquist Susan , Savas Jeffrey N. , Mendillo Marc L.
Published: March 2022

Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is well known for its role in the heat shock response (HSR), where it drives a transcriptional program comprising heat shock protein (HSP) genes, and in tumorigenesis, where it drives a program comprising HSPs and many noncanonical target genes that support malignancy. Here, we find that HSF2, an HSF1 paralog with no substantial role in the HSR, physically and functionally interacts with HSF1 across diverse types of cancer. HSF1 and HSF2 have notably similar chromatin occupancy and regulate a common set of genes that include both HSPs and noncanonical transcriptional targets with roles critical in supporting malignancy. Loss of either HSF1 or HSF2 results in a dysregulated response to nutrient stresses in vitro and reduced tumor progression in cancer cell line xenografts. Together, these findings establish HSF2 as a critical cofactor of HSF1 in driving a cancer cell transcriptional program to support the anabolic malignant state.
Tunable organic solvent nanofiltration in self-assembled membranes at the sub–1 nm scale
Authors: Zhang Yizhou , Kim Dahin , Dong Ruiqi , Feng Xunda , Osuji Chinedum O.
Published: March 2022

Organic solvent–stable membranes exhibiting strong selectivity and high permeance have the potential to transform energy utilization in chemical separation processes. A key goal is developing materials with uniform, well-defined pores at the 1-nm scale, with sizes that can be tuned in small increments with high fidelity. Here, we demonstrate a class of organic solvent–stable nanoporous membranes derived from self-assembled liquid crystal mesophases that display such characteristics and elucidate their transport properties. The transport-regulating dimensions are defined by the mesophase geometry and can be controlled in increments of ~0.1 nm by modifying the chemical structure of the mesogen or the composition of the mesophase. The highly ordered nanostructure affords previously unidentified opportunities for the systematic design of organic solvent nanofiltration membranes with tailored selectivity and permeability and for understanding and modeling rejection in nanoscale flows. Hence, these membranes represent progress toward the goal of enabling precise organic solvent nanofiltration.
Assembly mechanism of early Hsp90-Cdc37-kinase complexes
Authors: Keramisanou Dimitra , Vasantha Kumar M.V. , Boose Nicole , Abzalimov Rinat R. , Gelis Ioannis
Published: March 2022

Molecular chaperones have an essential role for the maintenance of a balanced protein homeostasis. Here, we investigate how protein kinases are recruited and loaded to the Hsp90-Cdc37 complex, the first step during Hsp90-mediated chaperoning that leads to enhanced client kinase stability and activation. We show that conformational dynamics of all partners is a critical feature of the underlying loading mechanism. The kinome co-chaperone Cdc37 exists primarily in a dynamic extended conformation but samples a low-populated, well-defined compact structure. Exchange between these two states is maintained in an assembled Hsp90-Cdc37 complex and is necessary for substrate loading. Breathing motions at the N-lobe of a free kinase domain partially expose the kinase segment trapped in the Hsp90 dimer downstream in the cycle. Thus, client dynamics poise for chaperone dependence. Hsp90 is not directly involved during loading, and Cdc37 is assigned the task of sensing clients by stabilizing the preexisting partially unfolded client state.
High-throughput production of kilogram-scale nanofibers by Kármán vortex solution blow spinning
Authors: Li Ziwei , Cui Zhiwen , Zhao Lihao , Hussain Naveed , Zhao Yanzhen , Yang Cheng , Jiang Xinyu , Li Lei , Song Jianan , Zhang Baopu , Cheng Zekun , Wu Hui
Published: March 2022

The interaction between gas flow and liquid flow, governed by fluid dynamic principles, is of substantial importance in both fundamental science and practical applications. For instance, a precisely designed gas shearing on liquid solution may lead to efficacious production of advanced nanomaterials. Here, we devised a needleless Kármán vortex solution blow spinning system that uses a roll-to-roll nylon thread to deliver spinning solution, coupled with vertically blowing airflow to draw high-quality nanofibers with large throughput. A wide variety of nanofibers including polymers, carbon, ceramics, and composites with tunable diameters were fabricated at ultrahigh rates. The system can be further upgraded from single thread to multiple parallel threads and to the meshes, boosting the production of nanofibers to kilogram scale without compromising their quality.
Expression of the mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase ART1 by tumor cells mediates immune resistance in non–small cell lung cancer
Authors: Wennerberg Erik , Mukherjee Sumit , Spada Sheila , Hung Clarey , Agrusa Christopher J. , Chen Chuang , Valeta-Magara Amanda , Rudqvist Nils-Petter , Van Nest Samantha J. , Kamel Mohamed K. , Nasar Abu , Narula Navneet , Mittal Vivek , Markowitz Geoffrey J. , Zhou Xi Kathy , Adusumilli Prasad S. , Borczuk Alain C. , White Thomas E. , Khan Abdul G. , Balderes Paul J. , Lorenz Ivo C. , Altorki Nasser , Demaria Sandra , McGraw Timothy E. , Stiles Brendon M.
Published: March 2022

Most patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) do not achieve durable clinical responses from immune checkpoint inhibitors, suggesting the existence of additional resistance mechanisms. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)–induced cell death (NICD) of P2X7 receptor (P2X7R)–expressing T cells regulates immune homeostasis in inflamed tissues. This process is mediated by mono–adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP)–ribosyltransferases (ARTs). We found an association between membranous expression of ART1 on tumor cells and reduced CD8 T cell infiltration. Specifically, we observed a reduction in the P2X7R
+
CD8 T cell subset in human lung adenocarcinomas. In vitro, P2X7R
+
CD8 T cells were susceptible to ART1-mediated ADP-ribosylation and NICD, which was exacerbated upon blockade of the NAD
+
-degrading ADP-ribosyl cyclase CD38. Last, in murine NSCLC and melanoma models, we demonstrate that genetic and antibody-mediated ART1 inhibition slowed tumor growth in a CD8 T cell–dependent manner. This was associated with increased infiltration of activated P2X7R
+
CD8 T cells into tumors. In conclusion, we describe ART1-mediated NICD as a mechanism of immune resistance in NSCLC and provide preclinical evidence that antibody-mediated targeting of ART1 can improve tumor control, supporting pursuit of this approach in clinical studies.
Human antibody recognizing a quaternary epitope in the Puumala virus glycoprotein provides broad protection against orthohantaviruses
Authors: Mittler Eva , Wec Anna Z. , Tynell Janne , Guardado-Calvo Pablo , Wigren-Byström Julia , Polanco Laura C. , O’Brien Cecilia M. , Slough Megan M. , Abelson Dafna M. , Serris Alexandra , Sakharkar Mrunal , Pehau-Arnaudet Gerard , Bakken Russell R. , Geoghegan James C. , Jangra Rohit K. , Keller Markus , Zeitlin Larry , Vapalahti Olli , Ulrich Rainer G. , Bornholdt Zachary A. , Ahlm Clas , Rey Felix A. , Dye John M. , Bradfute Steven B. , Strandin Tomas , Herbert Andrew S. , Forsell Mattias N. E. , Walker Laura M. , Chandran Kartik
Published: March 2022

The rodent-borne hantavirus Puumala virus (PUUV) and related agents cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in humans. Other hantaviruses, including Andes virus (ANDV) and Sin Nombre virus, cause a distinct zoonotic disease, hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). Although these infections are severe and have substantial case fatality rates, no FDA-approved hantavirus countermeasures are available. Recent work suggests that monoclonal antibodies may have therapeutic utility. We describe here the isolation of human neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against tetrameric Gn/Gc glycoprotein spikes from PUUV-experienced donors. We define a dominant class of nAbs recognizing the “capping loop” of Gn that masks the hydrophobic fusion loops in Gc. A subset of nAbs in this class, including ADI-42898, bound Gn/Gc complexes but not Gn alone, strongly suggesting that they recognize a quaternary epitope encompassing both Gn and Gc. ADI-42898 blocked the cell entry of seven HCPS- and HFRS-associated hantaviruses, and single doses of this nAb could protect Syrian hamsters and bank voles challenged with the highly virulent HCPS-causing ANDV and HFRS-causing PUUV, respectively. ADI-42898 is a promising candidate for clinical development as a countermeasure for both HCPS and HFRS, and its mode of Gn/Gc recognition informs the development of broadly protective hantavirus vaccines.
Treatment of a genetic brain disease by CNS-wide microglia replacement
Authors: Shibuya Yohei , Kumar Kevin K. , Mader Marius Marc-Daniel , Yoo Yongjin , Ayala Luis Angel , Zhou Mu , Mohr Manuel Alexander , Neumayer Gernot , Kumar Ishan , Yamamoto Ryo , Marcoux Paul , Liou Benjamin , Bennett F. Chris , Nakauchi Hiromitsu , Sun Ying , Chen Xiaoke , Heppner Frank L. , Wyss-Coray Tony , Südhof Thomas C. , Wernig Marius
Published: March 2022

Hematopoietic cell transplantation after myeloablative conditioning has been used to treat various genetic metabolic syndromes but is largely ineffective in diseases affecting the brain presumably due to poor and variable myeloid cell incorporation into the central nervous system. Here, we developed and characterized a near-complete and homogeneous replacement of microglia with bone marrow cells in mice without the need for genetic manipulation of donor or host. The high chimerism resulted from a competitive advantage of scarce donor cells during microglia repopulation rather than enhanced recruitment from the periphery. Hematopoietic stem cells, but not immediate myeloid or monocyte progenitor cells, contained full microglia replacement potency equivalent to whole bone marrow. To explore its therapeutic potential, we applied microglia replacement to a mouse model for Prosaposin deficiency, which is characterized by a progressive neurodegeneration phenotype. We found a reduction of cerebellar neurodegeneration and gliosis in treated brains, improvement of motor and balance impairment, and life span extension even with treatment started in young adulthood. This proof-of-concept study suggests that efficient microglia replacement may have therapeutic efficacy for a variety of neurological diseases.
Enzymatic Verification and Comparative Analysis of Carrageenan Metabolism Pathways in Marine Bacterium Flavobacterium algicola
Authors: Jiang Chengcheng , Jiang Hong , Zhang Tianyu , Lu Zewei , Mao Xiangzhao
Published: March 2022

Carrageenan is the main polysaccharide of red macroalgae and is composed of
d
-AHG and
d
-Gal. The carrageenan PUL (CarPUL)-encoded enzymes exist in many marine bacteria for decomposing carrageenan to provide self-growth. Here, the related enzymes in
Flavobacterium algicola
for metabolizing carrageenan were characterized for describing the catabolic pathways, notably, although the specific polysaccharide hydrolases existed that were like previous studies.
CD4
+
T Cells Control Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection Indirectly
Authors: Xie Wanxiaojie , Lee Byungchul , Bruce Kimberley , Lawler Clara , Farrell Helen E. , Stevenson Philip G.
Published: March 2022

Cytomegalovirus infections commonly cause problems in immunocompromised patients and in pregnancy. We lack effective vaccines.
Syk Facilitates Influenza A Virus Replication by Restraining Innate Immunity at the Late Stage of Viral Infection
Authors: Li Yingying , Liu Shasha , Chen Yuhai , Chen Biao , Xiao Meng , Yang Bincai , Rai Kul Raj , Maarouf Mohamed , Guo Guijie , Chen Ji-Long
Published: March 2022

Innate immunity must be tightly controlled to eliminate invading pathogens while avoiding autoimmune or inflammatory diseases. Syk is essential for STAT1 activation at the early stage of IAV infection, which is critical for initial antiviral responses.
Altered Response Pattern following AZD5582 Treatment of SIV-Infected, ART-Suppressed Rhesus Macaque Infants
Authors: Bricker Katherine M. , Obregon-Perko Veronica , Williams Brianna , Oliver Danielle , Uddin Ferzan , Neja Margaret , Hopkins Louis , Dashti Amir , Jean Sherrie , Wood Jennifer S. , Ehnert Stephanie , Liang Shan , Vanderford Thomas , Tharp Gregory K. , Bosinger Steven E. , Schauer Amanda P. , Mavigner Maud , Cottrell Mackenzie L. , Margolis David , Dunham Richard M. , Chahroudi Ann
Published: March 2022

While antiretroviral therapy (ART) has improved HIV-1 disease outcome and reduced transmission, interruption of ART results in rapid viral rebound due to the persistent latent reservoir. Interventions to reduce the viral reservoir are of critical importance, especially for children who must adhere to lifelong ART to prevent disease progression.
Complete Genome Sequences of Five SO-1-Like
Siphoviridae
Bacteriophages That Infect
Enterobacteriales
Authors: Purnell Madelyn G. , Andersen Kyle , Bell Adam , Briscoe Jared T. , Brown Hannah M. F. , Carr Emilee L. , Doney Justen , Folsom Parker F. , Green Cheyanne , Harris Evan H. , Huhem Elisa , Jensen R. Matthew , Johnson Liberty , Jones Carter , Lambert Andrew S. , Loertscher Emily , Newey Colleen R. , Porter Matthew , Rallison Jonah , Sharma Ruchira , Sork Carson , Soule Silvia , Stewart Jared B. , Stoker Tyson , Tayler Sadie , Thompson Daniel W. , Thurgood Trever L. , Walker Jamison , Breakwell Donald P. , Casjens Sherwood R. , Grose Julianne H.
Published: March 2022

The
Enterobacteriales
order is composed of Gram-negative bacteria that range from harmless symbionts to well-studied pathogens. We announce complete genome sequences of five related SO-1-like
Enterobacteriales
bacteriophages (also known as the
Dhillonvirus
genus) isolated from wastewater that infect
Escherichia coli
(Opt-212, Over9000, Pubbukkers, and Teewinot) or
Shigella boydii
(StarDew).
Transcriptional Profiles of a Foliar Fungal Endophyte (
Pestalotiopsis
, Ascomycota) and Its Bacterial Symbiont (
Luteibacter
,
Gammaproteobacteria
) Reveal Sulfur Exchange and Growth Regulation during Early Phases of Symbiotic Interaction
Authors: Shaffer Justin P. , Carter Morgan E. , Spraker Joseph E. , Clark Meara , Smith Brian A. , Hockett Kevin L. , Baltrus David A. , Arnold A. Elizabeth
Published: March 2022

Interactions between microbes and their hosts have important outcomes for host and environmental health. Foliar fungal endophytes that infect healthy plants can harbor facultative endosymbionts called endohyphal bacteria, which can influence the outcome of plant-fungus interactions.
Characterization of the Ocular Surface Microbiome in Keratitis Patients after Repeated Ophthalmic Antibiotic Exposure
Authors: Kang Yutong , Tian Leihao , Gu Xiaobin , Chen Yiju , Ma Xueli , Lin Shudan , Li Zhenjun , Lou Yongliang , Zheng Meiqin
Published: March 2022

Treatment for keratitis is based on appropriate antimicrobial therapy. A direct correlation between antibiotic use and the extent of antibiotic resistance has been reported.
Landslide deposits and mechanisms in the eastern Spring Mountains, Nevada, USA
Authors: Ferry* Nicholas , Sturmer† Daniel M.
Published: March 2022

Large-scale landslide deposits (covering >1 km2) are prevalent throughout the Basin and Range province. However, their presence and importance in the evolution of the Basin and Range remain poorly recognized. On this field trip, we will visit four landslide deposits along the eastern flank of the Spring Mountains on the western margin of Las Vegas Valley. The first half of the day will be spent looking at vertical and lateral textures within the Blue Diamond landslide deposit, which mostly caps hills and ridges between the southern ends of the Wilson Cliffs and Blue Diamond Hill. We interpret this deposit as having a two-phase emplacement, with an initial rock avalanche emplacement onto Blue Diamond Hill, followed by failure as a rock compound landslide along weak gypsum layers in the Kaibab Formation. During the second half of the day, we will visit a smaller rock avalanche deposit (La Madre), a large rock compound slide that resulted from failure of the northern flank of Blue Diamond Hill (Red Rock Wash), and a large block of Paleozoic rock that likely was emplaced as either a rock compound slide or a rock planar slide (Lone Mountain).
Extensive papulonodular xanthoma: a diagnostic clue to homozygous familial hyperlipidaemia
Authors: Panda Ritesh , Rout Sunil Kumar , Kanungo Aparna
Published: March 2022

A man in his early 30s, presented with multiple soft tissue swellings over the buttocks, around the knees, ankles and dorsum of both the hands since childhood. His father and paternal uncle had similar lesions, and his father had coronary artery disease. One of his sisters had a history of sudden death due to an unknown cause at 14 years. The patient and his parents had very high serum levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein. Based on the above findings, a clinical diagnosis of familial hyperlipidaemia type II was made. Larger lesions were excised in stages, and histopathological evaluation revealed the lesions to be eruptive xanthoma. A cardiac assessment revealed no significant abnormality. Lipid-lowering agents and low-dose aspirin were started, and the patient was advised for regular cardiology and endocrine evaluation. This case emphasises its rare presentation and the importance of early diagnosis and management to prevent any untoward future incidence.
Reversibility of valve regurgitation due to cancer-related non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis after switching direct oral anticoagulation for heparin
Authors: Lepour Maxence , Wieërs Grégoire J F G , Vereeke Justine , Wauters Aurélien
Published: March 2022

Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) is a rare condition related to a state of hypercoagulability in advanced neoplastic disease. Most of the time, arterial thromboembolic event precedes the diagnosis of NBTE. We report here a case of NBTE responsible for multiple ischaemic strokes, which leads to the diagnosis of metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Aortic and mitral valvular regurgitations secondary to NBTE appeared within 6 weeks despite therapeutic anticoagulation with direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) in stroke prevention of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Bivalvular regurgitations resolved 8 weeks after therapeutic switch to low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) and chemotherapy. DOACs are a possible alternative to LMWH for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with active neoplasia. There is a lack of evidence for a clinical efficiency for the prevention of arterial thromboembolism in NBTE. We propose here a short review of the efficacy of anticoagulant therapy for the prevention of arterial thromboembolism in NBTE.
Unusual presentation of acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion in Miller–Dieker syndrome
Authors: Kobayashi Satoru , Kamishima Mai , Yokoi Kyoko , Suzuki Satoshi
Published: March 2022

Acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion (AESD) is a unique subtype of acute encephalopathy that occurs in children. A girl aged 2 years and 8 months with Miller-Dieker syndrome (MDS) was admitted for status epilepticus and high fever. Brain MRI performed on the third day postadmission showed abnormally high intensities in the subcortical white matter on diffusion-weighted images. Acute encephalitis/encephalopathy was diagnosed based on the electroencephalography (EEG) findings of diffuse high-voltage delta waves. Six days postadmission, frequent apnoeic episodes were observed, with oxygen desaturation due to cluster seizures. Subclinical seizures were found on amplitude-integrated EEG (aEEG). The disturbance of consciousness was difficult to recognise because of severe developmental disabilities due to MDS. EEG aids in the evaluation of consciousness, and aEEG can be helpful in monitoring and controlling subclinical seizures in the biphasic phase of AESD, especially in patients with underlying neurological disorders.
Ethical guidance or epistemological injustice? The quality and usefulness of ethical guidance for humanitarian workers and agencies
Authors: Sheather Julian , Apunyo Ronald , DuBois Marc , Khondaker Ruma , Noman Abdullahal , Sadique Sohana , McGowan Catherine R
Published: March 2022

This paper explores the quality and usefulness of ethical guidance for humanitarian aid workers and their agencies. We focus specifically on public health emergencies, such as COVID-19. The authors undertook a literature review and gathered empirical data through semi-structured focus group discussions amongst front-line workers from health clinics in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh and in the Abyei Special Administrative Area, South Sudan. The purpose of the project was to identify how front-line workers respond to ethical challenges, including any informal or local decision-making processes, support networks, or habits of response.

The research findings highlighted a dissonance between ethical guidance and the experiences of front-line humanitarian health workers. They suggest the possibility: (1) that few problems confronting front-line workers are conceived, described, or resolved as ethical problems; and (2) of significant dissonance between available, allegedly practically oriented guidance (often produced by academics in North America and Europe), and the immediate issues confronting front-line workers. The literature review and focus group data suggest a real possibility that there is, at best, a significant epistemic gulf between those who produce ethical guidelines and those engaged in real-time problem solving at the point of contact with people. At worst they suggest a form of epistemic control—an imposition of cognitive shapes that shoehorn the round peg of theoretical preoccupations and the disciplinary boundaries of western academies into the square hole of front-line humanitarian practice.
Waiting for the truth: is reluctance in accepting an early origin hypothesis for SARS-CoV-2 delaying our understanding of viral emergence?
Authors: Canuti Marta , Bianchi Silvia , Kolbl Otto , Pond Sergei L Kosakovsky , Kumar Sudhir , Gori Maria , Fappani Clara , Colzani Daniela , Borghi Elisa , Zuccotti Gianvincenzo , Raviglione Mario C , Tanzi Elisabetta , Amendola Antonella
Published: March 2022

Two years after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, key questions about the emergence of its aetiological agent (SARS-CoV-2) remain a matter of considerable debate. Identifying when SARS-CoV-2 began spreading among people is one of those questions. Although the current canonically accepted timeline hypothesises viral emergence in Wuhan, China, in November or December 2019, a growing body of diverse studies provides evidence that the virus may have been spreading worldwide weeks, or even months, prior to that time. However, the hypothesis of earlier SARS-CoV-2 circulation is often dismissed with prejudicial scepticism and experimental studies pointing to early origins are frequently and speculatively attributed to false-positive tests. In this paper, we critically review current evidence that SARS-CoV-2 had been circulating prior to December of 2019, and emphasise how, despite some scientific limitations, this hypothesis should no longer be ignored and considered sufficient to warrant further larger-scale studies to determine its veracity.
Identification of models, theoretical design and formal evaluation of integrated specialist community health service provision for the first 2000 days: a protocol for a scoping review
Authors: Nelson Helen Jean , Munns Ailsa , Ong Sarah , Watson Leanne , Burns Sharyn
Published: March 2022

Introduction

The first 2000 days of a child’s life (during pregnancy up to age 5 years) represent a critical period, in which early interventions reduce risk associated with developmental delay, disability and intergenerational disadvantage. The risk is exacerbated by barriers to specialised early intervention for children and families. This scoping review seeks to contribute to the evidence for sustaining integrated community-based specialist care in these earliest years of a child’s life.

Methods and analysis

The Joanna Briggs Institute scoping review framework will be followed. Inclusion and exclusion criteria for screening of literature is predefined, guided by the criteria of population, concept and context. The review will identify models of care delivery, and will identify quality of care outcomes that have been measured, including evidence of reliability and validity. Sources of evidence will include CINAHL, Cochrane databases, Medline, PsycINFO and Scopus.

Ethics and dissemination

In a three-part study, evidence synthesis from the scoping review of the literature; mapping of existing specialist early years services in one community and a consumer consultation (Curtin University Human Research Ethics approval HRE2021-0546) in the same community will inform a model of integrated care that accounts for the context of the community it seeks to serve. Results will be disseminated by peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations, contributing to the evidence base for delivering sustainable community-based integrated care in the context of the first 2000 days. This protocol is specific to the scoping review.
Knowledge and attitudes among Lebanese pregnant women and women seeking fertility treatment during the COVID-19 outbreak: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: El Taha Lina , Beyrouthy Christine , Tamim Hani , Ghazeeri Ghina
Published: March 2022

Objectives

COVID-19 has been recognised as a global health emergency necessitating collaborative efforts to halt further disease spread. The success of public health interventions and vaccination campaigns is contingent on the knowledge and awareness level of the public. We aim to assess COVID-19 knowledge and attitudes among Lebanese pregnant women and women seeking fertility treatment.

Design

Cross-sectional study using telehealth administered survey.

Setting

University-affiliated tertiary care centre.

Participants

The data of 402-Lebanese women pregnant or seeking fertility treatment aged 20–45 years were analysed.

Outcome measures

Extent of COVID-19 general knowledge, pregnancy-specific knowledge and attitudes toward COVID-19 practices.

Results

All participants reported being knowledgeable about COVID-19, 70% of which rated their knowledge as 7 or more on a numerical scale of 0–10. The mean general COVID-19 knowledge was 22.15 (SD 2.44, range 14–27) indicating a high level of knowledge. The mean pregnancy-specific COVID-19 knowledge 6.84 (SD 2.061, range 0–10) indicated poorer pregnancy-specific knowledge compared with general COVID-19 knowledge. A trend towards higher knowledge was noted with higher income status. Reproductive age women with higher pregnancy-specific knowledge had more positive attitudes toward COVID-19 pregnancy practices.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest a deficiency in pregnancy-specific COVID-19 knowledge stressing the necessity for targeted public health education interventions. It highlights the need for enhancing COVID-19 pregnancy-specific awareness which can serve as a stepping stone in the success of COVID-19 vaccination campaigns and in halting further disease spread.
Investigating the role and applicability of patient versions of guidelines in oncology and deriving recommendations for the development, dissemination and implementation of patient versions in Germany: protocol for multiphase study
Authors: Becker Monika , Bühn Stefanie , Meyer Nora , Blödt Susanne , Carl Günther , Follmann Markus , Frenz Stefanie , Langer Thomas , Nothacker Monika , Santesso Nancy , Schaefer Corinna , Pieper Dawid
Published: March 2022

Introduction

The German Guideline Program in Oncology (GGPO) has published patient versions of clinical practice guidelines for more than 10 years. However, a systematic evaluation of these is lacking. The project aims to investigate the role and applicability of patient versions by considering the perspectives of experts, patients and healthcare providers to derive recommendations for the development, dissemination and implementation of patient versions in Germany.

Methods and analysis

The project comprises two main modules. In module 1, we will first obtain information on methods and approaches for the development, dissemination and implementation of patient versions by conducting systematic searches in Medline and screening the websites of guideline organisations. We will include any articles, such as methodological or empirical reports, published in German or English since 2000, that address methodological aspects related to patient versions. Further, we will conduct 20 interviews with experts from international and German organisations who are involved in the development of patient versions. In module 2, we will first conduct interviews to explore patients and healthcare providers’ perceptions of patient versions of the GGPO. For the group of patients and the group of healthcare providers, we aim to conduct 25 interviews each. Second, we will conduct focus groups, separately for breast, prostate and colon cancer. The recruitment of participants for the interviews and focus groups will primarily be done through a previous survey about patient versions in oncology. The results will be used to derive recommendations for enhancing the development, dissemination and implementation of patient versions by involving the relevant stakeholder groups.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethical approval for the qualitative parts of the project was given by the Ethics Committee of Witten/Herdecke University (number 160/2021). Participants will be required to provide informed consent. The project findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at scientific conferences.
Efficacy of the integrative Body–Mind–Spirit group intervention for improving quality of life in parent–child dyads adjusting to atopic dermatitis: protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Hui Victoria Ka Ying , Chan Celia Hoi Yan , Fung Yat Lui , Chan Cecilia Lai Wan , Luk Martha Sin Ki
Published: March 2022

Introduction

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common childhood inflammatory skin problem affecting 15%–30% of children. Although AD adversely impacts the psychosocial well-being of children and their parent caregivers, parents’ psychosocial well-being is seldom mentioned in most non-pharmacological education programmes. A family-based psychosocial intervention, Integrative Body–Mind–Spirit (I-BMS) intervention, is examined. This study compares the efficacy of two versions of the I-BMS intervention (one delivered to both parents and children; one delivered to parents only) with a health education active control (delivered to parents only) in promoting adaptive emotional regulation and quality of life of children with AD and their parent caregivers.

Methods and analysis

This is a three-arm, with equal randomisation, parallel randomised controlled trial. 192 parent–child dyads will be recruited through hospitals and non-governmental organisations in Hong Kong. Each dyad will complete an individual pre-group screening interview. Eligible dyads will be randomised in a ratio of 1:1:1 into one of the three arms. Each arm consists of six weekly sessions. A computer-generated list of random numbers will be used to perform randomisation. The primary outcomes are quality of life and emotional regulation. Assessments are administered at baseline, post-intervention and 6-week follow-up. Mixed factorial Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVAs) based on intention-to-treat principle will be conducted to examine the efficacy of the two I-BMS interventions. Structural equation modelling will be conducted to examine the parent–child interdependent effects of intervention.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethics approval was obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of Hong Kong (EA2001001) and the Institutional Review Board of the Hospital Authority of Hong Kong (UW 21-400, KC/KE-20-0360/FR-2, NTEC-2021-0408). Consent will be sought from participating parents and children. Parental consent for child participants will also be obtained. Findings will be presented in peer-reviewed journals and at conferences in medical dermatology, paediatrics and social work.

Trial registration number

ClinicalTrials.gov Registry (NCT04617977).