bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Race and Racism Discourses in Modern Korea, 1890s-1910s
Authors: Tikhonov Vladimir
Published: December 2013

This article deals with the introduction of racial and racist discourses to Korea in the 1890s-1910s. The new, race-based taxonomic system overlapped with the pre-existing models of the worldwide civilizational hierarchy. Thus, the "barbarians" of the Confucian, China-centred world order evolved into the "savages," "aborigines," or "inferior races" essential for the new weltanschauung . Europeans, previously classified as "barbarians," were reclassified as preeminently civilized "White race," while at the same time being often regarded as an existential threat, both to Koreans and other "Yellow"—and generally all the non-White—people. On the other hand, the Japanese, previously seen as a troublesome, alien, and at best semicivilized neighbor, were reclassified as "fellow members of the Yellow race." This classificatory change had huge socio-political and cultural implications, since it appeared to legitimize both modern borrowings from and often even political and military collaboration with East Asia's new imperialist hegemon.
Politicization of Ethnicity: Ethnic Discrimination Risk Management of the Korean Diaspora in Russia
Authors: Pakhomov Oleg
Published: December 2013

This article shows that the process of ethnicity formation is a continual search by the Korean diaspora in Russia for ways to reduce the risks of social exclusion (discrimination) and to win trust from the host society. Previous studies on the Korean diaspora examine different interaction strategies of social integration of Korean immigrants into the host society. The interaction approach reduces social complexity to individual motivations, and these individual motivations combine to influence ethnicity of all Koreans in the diaspora even though individual motivations may have different economic, religious, moral, artistic, or political backgrounds. Yet the interaction paradigm fails to explain how ethnicity functions beyond interactions (negotiations) and how it applies to the Korean diaspora in Russia. It would be more productive to approach the Korean diaspora as a problem of social complexity. In this sense, the history of the Korean diaspora in Russia demonstrates that construction of ethnic boundary is a matter of social risk management. Generally speaking, the Russian Korean diaspora reflected the politicization of ethnic boundaries in the Soviet Union and post-soviet Russia. It means that relations between the Russian state and society and the Russian Korean diaspora change from conflict to cooperation and back, depending on trend of political power.
Bad sex and obscene undertakings: Ken Russell’s Women in Love
Authors: Williams Linda Ruth
Published: December 2013

This article examines how issues of fidelity and adaptation influenced the reception of Ken Russell’s Women in Love (1969) and its classification by the British Board of Film Censors at a galvanizing moment in British sexual history. Through the focus of Russell’s reading of D. H. Lawrence it opens up some wider questions about the fluctuating histories of adaptation, censorship, and liberty. The files documenting the classification of Women in Love held at the BBFC tell an important censorship story from a particularly incandescent cinematic moment.
Slow evolution: ‘First time fics’ and The X-Files porn parody
Authors: Jones Bethan
Published: December 2013

Chris Carter once said that he ‘didn’t want [The X-Files] to be another Moonlighting. [He] didn’t want the relationship to come before the cases’, ruling out the possibility of a relationship between the two main characters. While this did, ultimately, change by the end of the show’s run, the unresolved sexual tension that existed through the course of the series, particularly in seasons one to seven, gave fan fiction writers fuel with which to create their own erotic adaptations of the show. For a fandom that coined the term ‘shipper’, it is not surprising that a large amount of fan fiction concerning Mulder and Scully’s relationship has been written. It is less surprising that a high percentage of these deal with the first sexual encounter between the two agents. But this is also a subject that The Sex Files: A Dark XXX Parody (Hain, 2009) has chosen to explore. In this article I explore the interaction between the canon text, the fan fiction that has arisen from it, and The Sex Files, to examine the appeal of first time fics and the ways in which prior readings of the text(s) led to the fan readings of the porn parody.
There’s something rotten in the state of Texas: Genre, adaptation and The Texas Vibrator Massacre
Authors: Watson Thomas
Published: December 2013

The main focus of this article is to critically assess the recent hardcore porn film The Texas Vibrator Massacre. Following the decision of the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) to ban the film in August 2008, this article explores the contexts of such regulatory control in response to what has proven to be a problematic conflation of hardcore porn and horror. Although the film is coded as a sex work, its callous tone and representations of violence have meant that the film complicates what is, on the surface, a pornographic parody film. Using the rejection of the film as a starting point, the article explores the now conventional porn parody sub-genre and how Rob Rotten positions himself in relation to this type of pornography. Moving beyond issues of parody and into the controversial representation of sexual violence, I position The Texas Vibrator Massacre as an example of both hardcore porn and graphic horror that problematizes the critical assessment of these respective genres. In discussing the film through the prism of censorship and the practicalities of classification, I argue how this framework of regulation can be used to outline the wider implications of conflating horror and hard-core pornography.
An excess of positions: The adaptation of Secret Diary of a Call Girl from blog to box
Authors: Knowles Joanne
Published: December 2013

This article focuses on the television series Secret Diary of a Call Girl as an adaptation of popular, but explicit and problematic, material for the avowedly mainstream television channel that commissioned and screened it, ITV2. Adapted from Belle du Jour’s blog and print memoirs about life as a high-class sex worker, the texts’ sexual content and erotic appeal necessarily varied when adapted from one media platform to another, but also proved a landmark success for ITV2 in shaping a distinctive channel identity. The article examines Secret Diary of a Call Girl’s strategy of operating in both comic and erotic modes to offer recognizable satisfactions to different audience groups, and explored the way in which its exploration of feminine sexuality as performance is augmented by this comedic structuring of the narrative. The article also attends in particular to two particular aspects of the adaptation: its visual strategies in shots and positioning of its protagonist, and its institutional and generic context, using Tony Bennett’s research on television viewing and cultural capital to explore the role of the series as reputation enhancing for ITV2 in being positioned as ‘original drama’ whilst also drawing viewer interest by offering multiple spectator positions to audiences in order to make available varied viewing pleasures for a heterogeneous range of viewers.
The Formation of PPME’s Religious Identity
Authors: Sujadi S.
Published: December 2013

The Persatuan Pemuda Muslim se-Eropa (PPME, Young Muslim Association in Europe) with its diverse religious backgrounds was established by many Indonesians living in the Netherlands. The organisation takes consideration not only the development of religious practices in Indonesia, but also the prevailing condition in the Netherlands in dealing its religious identity formation. The article focuses on how the organisation’s religious identitiy has been shaped. To deal with this issue, a historical approach is used, combining chronological presentation with analytical approach. This approach is in line with the objective of this research, i.e. to see the ways in which the PPME’s religious identity take shape through reading the bulletins and religious practices. Because of its residence in the Netherlands, the shaping of its religious identity has been dictated by neither political force nor agenda. This led to in acceptance of diverse and plural ideas within the organisation. This has entailed the occurrence of diverse religious identities. Adjustments to the Dutch contexts have been featured by PPME. As a consequence, memories of Indonesia have been adapted to the atmosphere of the Netherlands.

 [Persatuan Pemuda Muslim se-Eropa (PPME) dengan keragaman latar belakang orientasi keagamaan anggotanya adalah organisasi yang didirikan oleh orang-orang Islam Indonesia yang tinggal di Belanda. PPME memperhatikan tidak saja keberagamaan ala Indonesia, namun juga kondisi di Belanda, utamanya dalam menegaskan identitas keberagamaan mereka. Artikel ini menjelaskan bagaimana identitas keagamaan PPME tersebut dibentuk. Untuk mendiskusikan tema tersebut, digunakan pendekatan sejarah --pendekatan yang tidak hanya menyajikan hasil penelitian secara kronologis tetapi juga eksplanasi analitis. Pendekatan ini sejalan dengan tujuan penulisan artikel ini, yaitu mengidentifikasi metode pembentukan identitas keagamaan PPME. Hal ini dilakukan dengan mencermati bulletin yang diterbitkan PPME dan aktifitas keagamaan yang dilaksanakan. Karena hidup di Belanda, identitas keberagamaan PPME berjalan dengan alamiah, tanpa intervensi politik. Ini mengakibatkan pada penerimaan PPME terhadap keragaman cara pandang yang hidup dalam PPME. Yang terakhir, PPME berusaha keras untuk menyesuaikan identitas keberagamaan mereka dengan konteks Belanda. Konsekuensinya, memori tentang Indonesia itu akhirnya diadaptasi dengan situasi dan kondisi di Belanda.]
Vitamin D Intoxication Due to an Erroneously Manufactured Dietary Supplement in Seven Children
Authors: Kara Cengiz , Gunindi Figen , Ustyol Ala , Aydin Murat
Published: December 2013

Pediatric cases of vitamin D intoxication (VDI) with dietary supplements have not been previously reported. We report on 7 children with VDI caused by consumption of a fish oil supplement containing an excessively high dose of vitamin D due to a manufacturing error. Seven children aged between 0.7 and 4.2 years were admitted with symptoms of hypercalcemia. Initial median (range) serum concentrations of calcium and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were 16.5 (13.4–18.8) mg/dL and 620 (340–962) ng/mL, respectively. Repeated questioning of the parents revealed use of a fish oil that was produced recently by a local manufacturer. Analysis of the fish oil by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry revealed that the vitamin D3 content was ∼4000 times the labeled concentration. Estimated daily amounts of vitamin D3 intake varied between 266 000 and 800 000 IU. Patients were successfully treated with intravenous hydration, furosemide, and pamidronate infusions. With treatment, serum calcium returned to the normal range within 3 days (range: 2–7 days). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels normalized within 2 to 3 months. Complications, including nephrocalcinosis, were not observed throughout the 1-year follow-up. In conclusion, errors in manufacturing of dietary supplements may be a cause of VDI in children. Physicians should be aware of this possibility in unexplained VDI cases and repeatedly question the families about dietary supplement use. To prevent the occurrence of such unintentional incidents, manufacturers must always monitor the levels of ingredients of their products and should be rigorously overseen by governmental regulatory agencies, as is done in the pharmaceutical industry.
Reading Comprehension Strategies: An International Comparison of Teacher Preferences
Authors: Kissau Scott , Hiller Florian
Published: December 2013

In response to international concern over poor reading skills among adolescent learners, teachers of these students are encouraged to integrate reading comprehension instruction into their classrooms. To increase the likelihood that reading comprehension strategies are effectively used in schools, teachers in all content areas need extensive practice using targeted strategies that are viewed as beneficial in regard to their particular area of expertise. To better understand what strategies are viewed as beneficial in different content areas, two teacher educators investigated the preferred reading comprehension strategies of teacher-candidates in Germany and the United States of America in regard to a variety of different contexts. Using a survey to collect both quantitative and qualitative data, the researchers were able to identify common preferences among participants from both countries. While supporting the reported benefits of teaching reading comprehension strategies, the results of the study also suggested that some of these strategies are better suited to specific content area instruction than others.
‘This is No French School’: Language and Education Traditions in Primary Schooling in Cameroon — A Comparative Perspective
Authors: Nana Genevoix
Published: December 2013

This study draws on the concepts of instrumental and expressive orders to analyse school practice in two Anglophone and two Francophone primary schools in Cameroon, and how micro processes of language socialisation in the schools studied instantiated Anglophone and Francophone education traditions and related to macro processes of systems of education. Using a multimodal method of data collection, including participant observation, focus group and individual interviews, the study adopts a vertical case study approach which corresponds to Bernstein's down-top data collection and analysis approach of research in schools, and draws its comparative stance from the contextualisation of studied cases as a microcosm of global education practice. The study considers the pupils, their classroom, their school, the language that they are socialised into, and the culture that it mediates as units of analysis, and participant observation as a research method into the social life of pupils and their school that seeks to gain an insight into the intricacy of studied phenomenon from the comparative perspective of the dialectic of the local and the global.
Hepatic Overexpression of ATP Synthase β Subunit Activates PI3K/Akt Pathway to Ameliorate Hyperglycemia of Diabetic Mice
Authors: Wang Chunjiong , Chen Zhenzhen , Li Sha , Zhang Yuan , Jia Shi , Li Jing , Chi Yujing , Miao Yifei , Guan Youfei , Yang Jichun
Published: December 2013

ATP synthase β subunit (ATPSβ) had been previously shown to play an important role in controlling ATP synthesis in pancreatic β-cells. This study aimed to investigate the role of ATPSβ in regulation of hepatic ATP content and glucose metabolism in diabetic mice. ATPSβ expression and ATP content were both reduced in the livers of type 1 and type 2 diabetic mice. Hepatic overexpression of ATPSβ elevated cellular ATP content and ameliorated hyperglycemia of streptozocin-induced diabetic mice and db/db mice. ATPSβ overexpression increased phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) levels and reduced PEPCK and G6pase expression levels in the livers. Consistently, ATPSβ overexpression repressed hepatic glucose production in db/db mice. In cultured hepatocytes, ATPSβ overexpression increased intracellular and extracellular ATP content, elevated the cytosolic free calcium level, and activated Akt independent of insulin. The ATPSβ-induced increase in cytosolic free calcium and pAkt levels was attenuated by inhibition of P2 receptors. Notably, inhibition of calmodulin (CaM) completely abolished ATPSβ-induced Akt activation in liver cells. Inhibition of P2 receptors or CaM blocked ATPSβ-induced nuclear exclusion of forkhead box O1 in liver cells. In conclusion, a decrease in hepatic ATPSβ expression in the liver, leading to the attenuation of ATP-P2 receptor-CaM-Akt pathway, may play an important role in the progression of diabetes.
Physical Activity in Overweight and Obese Pregnant Women Is Associated With Higher Levels of Proinflammatory Cytokines and With Reduced Insulin Response Through Interleukin-6
Authors: van Poppel Mireille N.M. , Peinhaupt Miriam , Eekhoff Marelise E.W. , Heinemann Akos , Oostdam Nicolette , Wouters Maurice G.A.J. , van Mechelen Willem , Desoye Gernot
Published: December 2013

OBJECTIVE

Previously, we reported the positive association of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese pregnant women. We sought to assess whether these MVPA-induced changes in insulin sensitivity are mediated by changes in interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-1β.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A prospective longitudinal study was conducted in 46 overweight and obese women at risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. Objective physical activity measurements and fasting blood samples were taken at 15, 24, and 32 weeks of pregnancy. At 24 and 32 weeks, a 100-g oral glucose test was performed in addition. Cytokines, C-reactive protein, and glucose and insulin levels were measured, and insulin sensitivity and first-phase insulin response were calculated. Relationships between the different parameters were assessed using linear regression models, adjusting for maternal age and BMI.

RESULTS

All cytokines were elevated in women with higher levels of MVPA at 15 weeks of gestation. Higher IL-6 was related to a lower first-phase insulin response (β −810.5 [95% CI –1,524.5 to –96.5]; P = 0.03). TNF-α and IL-1β had different effects in women with low MVPA (with low IL-6 levels) compared with more active women. CRP was not related to MVPA.

CONCLUSIONS

The association of MVPA with insulin sensitivity and first-phase insulin response may be (partly) mediated by IL-6, since this cytokine was related to reduced first-phase insulin response. The possible positive effects of the elevated cytokine profile in active obese pregnant women warrant further study.
A Special Thanks to 2013 JOSPT Contributors
Authors: Simoneau Guy G.
Published: December 2013

Editor-in-Chief Dr. Guy Simoneau recognizes the authors, associate editors, International Editorial Review Board members, and manuscript and musculoskeletal imaging reviewers who contributed to the various aspects of the Journal over the past 12 months. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2013;43(12):860–863. doi:10.2519/jospt.2013.0108
December 2013 Letter to the Editor-in-Chief
Authors: Tygiel Philip Paul
Published: December 2013

Letter to the Editor-in-Chief of JOSPT as follows: “Cervical Spine Interventions and Patient Outcome Measures in Adhesive Capsulitis” and Authors' Response. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2013;43(12):934–936. doi:10.2519/jospt.2013.0204
Acute Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
Authors: Cho Jaeho
Published: December 2013

The patient was a 21-year-old man who was serving in the military. He was evaluated by an orthopaedic surgeon for a chief complaint of severe pain in both lower extremities that began 2 days prior after performing repetitive, vigorous squatting exercises. Due to concern over acute exertional rhabdomyolysis, laboratory testing, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging were completed. The laboratory results and the findings seen on diagnostic imaging were consistent with rhabdomyolysis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2013;43(12):932. doi:10.2519/jospt.2013.0420
Fracture of the Lateral Femoral Condyle
Authors: Carow Scott D. , Potter Steven M.
Published: December 2013

The patient was a 25-year-old man who was currently enrolled in a military basic-training program. He was evaluated by a physical therapist in a direct-access capacity for a chief complaint of right knee pain and swelling after his knee buckled and gave way during a training exercise on an obstacle course. The patient was evaluated by the physical therapist 2 days after his injury. Because the patient was unable to bear weight on his right lower extremity or flex his right knee to 90°, the physical therapist ordered radiographs of the right knee, which demonstrated a fracture of the lateral femoral condyle posteriorly. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2013;43(12):933. doi:10.2519/jospt.2013.0421
COP 18 on the UNFCCC and Nepal
Authors: Shrestha S. M.
Published: December 2013

Not available.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v22i2.9192Banko JanakariA Journal of Forestry Information for NepalVol. 22, No. 2, 2012 NovemberPage: 1-2Uploaded date: 12/1/2013
Financial analysis of Chir pine plantations for carbon offsets, timber and resin in Nepal
Authors: KC B , Stainback G. A.
Published: December 2013

A financial analysis was done for Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) plantations that produce carbon offset payments, timber and resin in a community forest context in Nepal. Results indicate that the inclusion of carbon offset payments increases rotation age and land expectation value. The optimal rotation age is approximately 35 years without including carbon offset payments, while the rotation age can increase beyond 75 years with the inclusion of carbon offset payments. The substantial change in optimal rotation age also suggests that carbon offset payments will likely change the product mix produced from Chir pine plantations. Likewise, land expectation value increases significantly with carbon offset payments indicating that local communities could benefit from such payments. The results also indicate that different assumptions about the quantity of long term carbon storage (i.e. pickling rate) have a significant impact on rotation age and land expectation value.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v22i2.9193Banko Janakari: A Journal of Forestry Information for NepalVol. 22, No. 2, 2012 NovemberPage: 3-10Uploaded date: 12/1/2013
Growth and volume based on permanent sample plots in forests managed by communities
Authors: Puri L. , Meilby H. , Rayamajhi S. , Timilsina Y. P. , Gautam N. P. , Subedi R. , Larsen H. O.
Published: December 2013

In order to monitor the woody biomass yield 241 permanent sample plots wereestablished in four forests (total 2017 ha) across three physiographic regionsof Nepal. Tree species identification, tree positioning and diameter at breastheight (DBH) for all trees and height for a sample of trees were measured in2005 and 2010. Results presented are density and volume by forest, speciesand diameter class in 2010 and the species-wise increment between 2005and 2010 by forest. Standing volumes were between 134 and 311 m3ha-1, andannual volume increment was 2.5-7.6 m3ha-1. These plots may be utilized forfuture research, teaching and for local planning purposes.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v22i2.9194Banko Janakari: A Journal of Forestry Information for NepalVol. 22, No. 2, 2012 NovemberPage: 11-18Uploaded date: 12/1/2013
Socio-economic impacts of bamboo enterprises in the Mid-hills of Nepal: A case study on Pahari community at Badikhel Village, Lalitpur
Authors: Bajracharya M. Shakya , Rajbhandary S. , Das A. N.
Published: December 2013

The present study investigates the associate enterprises involving bamboobased weaving and handicraft making at Badikhel Village Development Commitee, Lalitpur District, Central Nepal. It aims to assess the socio-economic importance of bamboo craft making on Pahari community at Badikhel. Forty households were randomly selected for questionnaire survey from the areas with higher density of bamboo entrepreneurship practiced. Perceived stakeholders were interviewed to examine their roles and to find out the contribution of bamboo enterprises to household income. Group discussions on issues of bamboo cultivation and management were conducted following RRA and PRA techniques. It was found that Badikhel impregnates four species of bamboo belonging to two genera viz. Bambusa and Drepanostachyum and are important and traditional source of livelihood for the Paharis, one of the ethnic groups in the study area. An average bamboo handicraft maker obtained NRs. 1000 to NRs. 5000 per month from the cash sales of assorted handicrafts. However, no significant bamboo management practices were carried out by the entrepreneurs. Three out of four community managed forests in the study area planted only Bambusa nepalensis as per local demand. Since stakeholders’ involvement in actual promotion of bamboo handicraft industry and bamboo management is meager there is an urgent need for the formation of a larger association of bamboo users for the growth and development of the bamboo entrepreneurship in the area.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v22i2.9195Banko Janakari: A Journal of Forestry Information for NepalVol. 22, No. 2, 2012 NovemberPage: 11-18Uploaded date: 12/1/2013
Composition and structure of forest communities in a fragmented rural landscape: the Middle Hills of Eastern Nepal
Authors: Magraw K. N. L. , Detling J. K.
Published: December 2013

Rising population and land use intensification in the Middle Hills (1,000-3,000 melevation) of Nepal have resulted in widespread conversion of primary forests,and there is limited understanding of the degree to which conversion affectsplant community composition. This study describes and compares vascularplant communities in four vegetation types in the eastern Middle Hills of Nepal:primary forests, deforested areas, large cardamom (Amomum subulatum)plantations, and conifer plantations. We sampled nested plots in 18 stands andwe analyzed indicators such as species richness and diversity, unique species,stand composition, and structure. Primary forests and conifer plantations hadsignificantly greater species richness than deforested areas and cardamomplantations (P≤0.001). Primary forests exhibited complex structure and contained~229 species, 30% of which were unique to this vegetation type. Deforestedareas contained sparse woody vegetation, many species suited to exposedhabitats, and ~178 species. Cardamom plantations contained ~174 speciesand were characterized by an Alnus nepalensis overstory (82.4% of stems ≥3.2cm dbh) and A. subulatum in the understory. Conifer plantations were stockedwith Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus wallichiana, or Pinus roxburghii. Of ~217species encountered, only 16% were unique to this vegetation type, althoughspecies diversity was comparatively high (Shannon-Wiener index: 3.34). Ourfindings indicate that vegetative composition was influenced by (a) the degreeof disturbance and management and (b) aspect and elevation, and thereforeplant community composition in primary forests is unlikely to be approximatedin other vegetation types or in forests positioned differently on the landscape.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v22i2.9196Banko Janakari: A Journal of Forestry Information for NepalVol. 22, No. 2, 2012 NovemberPage: 11-18Uploaded date: 12/1/2013
Growth and yield estimation of Chamaecyparis spp. through tree ring analysis
Authors: Kharal D. K. , Fujiwara T.
Published: December 2013

Tree ring analysis is one of the most useful methods in volume and biomass estimation especially of the conifer trees. Ring width and ring density are important parameters in dendrochronological research. The present research was carried out with the aim of estimating the radial and volumetric growth of the Japanese Cypress trees (Chamaecyperis obstusa and C. pisifera). Destructive method was used while collecting the wood samples from the selected trees. Ring width and ring density were measured using soft X-ray densitometry method using micro-densitometer. Computer programme, developed by the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Japan was used to analyze the ring with and ring density data. The average ring width of the Chamaecyparis spp. was found to be about 3.4 mm at the age of 30 years. However, two types of growth pattern were observed in the trees. Average radial growth was about 5% every year during the first 20 years of the tree age, whereas, the average radial growth was negative during the age of 20–30 years. Average density of the tree rings were increased by about 11% in each height of the trees starting from the ground. Similarly, the stem density decreased by about 3.4% annually along the radial direction from the pith.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v22i2.9197Banko Janakari: A Journal of Forestry Information for NepalVol. 22, No. 2, 2012 November Page: 36-42 Uploaded date: 12/1/2013
Landslide hazard zonation, mapping and investigation of triggering factors in Phewa lake watershed, Nepal
Authors: Basnet P. , Balla M. K. , Pradhan B. M.
Published: December 2013

The landslide triggering factors were investigated followed by the thematic maps and landslide distribution map prepared and classified using the GPS and GIS Softwares like CartaLinx, ArcView and ERDAS IMAGINE in Sarangkot and Kaskikot Village Development Committees, Kaski district. In analytical hierarchy process, the factors for zonation were compared by Couple Comparison Method and their weights were determined using Arithmetic Mean Method and earned weight values of each factor. The landslide hazard zonation model was employed to prepare landslide hazard zonation map of the study area, and then classified into five relative hazard classes using the equal interval classification method. Finally, the landslide hazard zonation map was crossed with the landslide distribution map and the model applicability was confirmed by determining the per hazard class percent of area covered by the landslide. In the land hazard zonation map, 0.44% of the study area was in very low hazard, 2.11% in low hazard, 54.92% in moderate hazard, 21.34% in high hazard and 21.19% in very high hazard area. The major portion of the study area was on the moderate zone whereas the least portion was on the very low hazard zone. In the study area, most of the high and very high hazard class areas were found occupying the areas closer to the linear triggering factors like presence of linement and fault, presence of motorable road and presence of rivers and streams. The landslide density of the study area was found to be 0.44 per km2 indicating the higher hazard susceptibility of the area.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v22i2.9198Banko Janakari: A Journal of Forestry Information for NepalVol. 22, No. 2, 2012 November Page: 43-52 Uploaded date: 12/1/2013
Abundance and distribution of tiger prey base at Bardia- Katarniyaghat corridor forest, Nepal
Authors: Karki A. , Jnawali S. R. , Adhikari S. , Sharma S. K.
Published: December 2013

Not available.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v22i2.9199Banko Janakari: A Journal of Forestry Information for NepalVol. 22, No. 2, 2012 November Page:53-56 Uploaded date: 12/1/2013
Genomic and transcriptome analysis revealing an oncogenic functional module in meningiomas
Authors: Chang Xiao , Shi Lingling , Gao Fan , Russin Jonathan , Zeng Liyun , He Shuhan , Chen Thomas C. , Giannotta Steven L. , Weisenberger Daniel J. , Zada Gabriel , Wang Kai , Mack William J.
Published: December 2013

Object

Meningiomas are among the most common primary adult brain tumors. Although typically benign, roughly 2%–5% display malignant pathological features. The key molecular pathways involved in malignant transformation remain to be determined.

Methods

Illumina expression microarrays were used to assess gene expression levels, and Illumina single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays were used to identify copy number variants in benign, atypical, and malignant meningiomas (19 tumors, including 4 malignant ones). The authors also reanalyzed 2 expression data sets generated on Affymetrix microarrays (n = 68, including 6 malignant ones; n = 56, including 3 malignant ones). A weighted gene coexpression network approach was used to identify coexpression modules associated with malignancy.

Results

At the genomic level, malignant meningiomas had more chromosomal losses than atypical and benign meningiomas, with average length of 528, 203, and 34 megabases, respectively. Monosomic loss of chromosome 22 was confirmed to be one of the primary chromosomal level abnormalities in all subtypes of meningiomas. At the transcriptome level, the authors identified 23 coexpression modules from the weighted gene coexpression network. Gene functional enrichment analysis highlighted a module with 356 genes that was highly related to tumorigenesis. Four intramodular hubs within the module (GAB2, KLF2, ID1, and CTF1) were oncogenic in other cancers such as leukemia. A putative meningioma tumor suppressor MN1 was also identified in this module with differential expression between malignant and benign meningiomas.

Conclusions

The authors' genomic and transcriptome analysis of meningiomas provides novel insights into the molecular pathways involved in malignant transformation of meningiomas, with implications for molecular heterogeneity of the disease.
Extracranial ligation of ethmoidal arteries before resection of giant olfactory groove or planum sphenoidale meningiomas: 3 illustrative cases with a review of the literature on surgical techniques
Authors: Manjila Sunil , Cox Efrem M. , Smith Gabriel A. , Corriveau Mark , Chhabra Nipun , Johnson Freedom , Geertman Robert T.
Published: December 2013

Object

There are several surgical techniques for reducing blood loss—open surgical and endoscopic—prior to resection of giant anterior skull base meningiomas, especially when preoperative embolization is risky or not technically feasible. The authors present examples of an institutional experience using surgical ligation of the anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries producing persistent tumor blush in partially embolized tumors.

Methods

The authors identified 12 patients who underwent extracranial surgical ligation of ethmoidal arteries through either a transcaruncular or a Lynch approach. Of these, 3 patients had giant olfactory groove or planum sphenoidale meningiomas. After approval from the institution privacy officer, the authors studied the medical records and imaging data of these 3 patients, with special attention to surgical technique and outcome. The variations of ethmoidal artery foramina pertaining to this surgical approach were studied using preserved human skulls from the Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection at the Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, Ohio.

Results

The extracranial ligation was performed successfully for control of the ethmoidal arteries prior to resection of hypervascular giant anterior skull base meningiomas. The surgical anatomy and landmarks for ethmoidal arteries were reviewed in anthropology specimens and available literature with reference to described surgical techniques.

Conclusions

Extracranial surgical ligation of anterior, and often posterior, ethmoidal arteries prior to resection of large olfactory groove or planum sphenoidale meningiomas provides a safe and feasible option for control of these vessels prior to either open or endoscopic resection of nonembolized or partially embolized tumors.
The far-lateral approach for foramen magnum meningiomas
Authors: Flores Bruno C. , Boudreaux Benjamin P. , Klinger Daniel R. , Mickey Bruce E. , Barnett Samuel L.
Published: December 2013

Foramen magnum meningiomas (FMMs) are slow growing, most often intradural and extramedullary tumors that pose significant challenges to the skull base neurosurgeon. The indolent clinical course of FMMs and their insidious onset of symptoms are important factors that contribute to delayed diagnosis and relative large size at the time of presentation. Symptoms are often produced by compression of surrounding structures (such as the medulla oblongata, upper cervical spinal cord, lower cranial nerves, and vertebral artery) within a critically confined space. Since the initial pathological description of a FMM in 1872, various surgical approaches have been described with the aim of achieving radical tumor resection. The surgical treatment of FMMs has evolved considerably over the last 4 decades due to the progress in microsurgical techniques and development of a multitude of skull base approaches. Posterior and posterolateral FMMs can be safely resected via a standard midline suboccipital approach. However, controversy still exits regarding the optimal management of anterior or anterolateral lesions. Independently of technical variations and the degree of bone removal, all modern surgical approaches to the lower clivus and anterior foramen magnum derive from the posterolateral (or far-lateral) craniotomy originally described by Roberto Heros and Bernard George. This paper is a review of the surgical management of FMMs, with emphasis on the far-lateral approach and its variations. Clinical presentation, imaging findings, important neuroanatomical correlations, recurrence rates, and outcomes are discussed.
Recent developments in chemotherapy for meningiomas: a review
Authors: Moazzam Alan A. , Wagle Naveed , Zada Gabriel
Published: December 2013

Object

Currently, few medical options exist for refractory and atypical/anaplastic meningiomas. New developments in chemotherapeutic options for meningiomas have been explored over the past decade. The authors review these recent developments, with an emphasis on emerging avenues for therapy, clinical efficacy, and adverse effects.

Methods

A review of the literature was performed to identify any studies exploring recent medical and chemotherapeutic agents that have been or are currently being tested for meningiomas. Results from included preclinical and human clinical trials were reviewed and summarized.

Results

Current guidelines recommend only 3 drugs that can be used to treat patients with refractory and highgrade meningiomas: hydroxyurea, interferon-α 2B, and Sandostatin long-acting release. Recent developments in the medical treatment of meningiomas have been made across a variety of pharmacological classes, including cytotoxic agents, hormonal agents, immunomodulators, and targeted agents toward a variety of growth factors and their signaling cascades. Promising avenues of therapy that are being evaluated for efficacy and safety include antagonists of platelet-derived growth factor receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, and mammalian target of rapamycin. Because malignant transformation in meningiomas is likely to be mediated by numerous processes interacting via a complex matrix of signals, combination therapies affecting multiple molecular targets are currently being explored and hold significant promise as adjuvant therapy options.

Conclusions

Improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving meningioma tumorigenesis and malignant transformation has resulted in the targeted development of more specific agents for chemotherapeutic intervention in patients with nonresectable, aggressive, and malignant meningiomas.
Technical nuances in the management of tuberculum sellae and diaphragma sellae meningiomas
Authors: Nanda Anil , Ambekar Sudheer , Javalkar Vijayakumar , Sharma Mayur
Published: December 2013

Object

Tuberculum sellae meningiomas (TSMs) and diaphragma sellae meningiomas (DSMs) are challenging lesions to treat due to their proximity to neurovascular structures.

Methods

The authors reviewed the medical records of patients who underwent surgical excision of TSMs and DSMs from 1990 to 2013. They also describe the technical strategies used to minimize injury to the optic apparatus, vascular structures, and pituitary stalk.

Results

Twenty-four patients with TSM and 6 patients with DSM were included in the study. Seventy percent of the tumors were large (≥ 5 cm). The pterional approach was employed in most cases. Optic canal involvement was observed in 4 patients. Twenty-one patients (70%) had visual dysfunction before surgery. At follow-up (median 18 months), visual improvement was noted in 10 (47.6%) of 21 patients. Gross-total excision was achieved in 22 patients (91.6%) with TSM and 5 (83.3%) with DSM. At last follow-up, 28 patients (93.3%) had a Glasgow Outcome Scale score of 5. There were no deaths in this series.

Conclusions

Tuberculum and diaphragma sellae meningiomas present a unique subset of tumors due to their location. They can be safely excised with minimal morbidity and mortality using microsurgical techniques. Attention to technical details during surgery leads to greater respectability and superior visual outcome.
A review of epigenetic and gene expression alterations associated with intracranial meningiomas
Authors: He Shuhan , Pham Martin H. , Pease Matthew , Zada Gabriel , Giannotta Steven L. , Wang Kai , Mack William J.
Published: December 2013

Object

A more comprehensive understanding of the epigenetic abnormalities associated with meningioma tumorigenesis, growth, and invasion may provide useful targets for molecular classification and development of targeted therapies for meningiomas.

Methods

The authors performed a review of the current literature to identify the epigenetic modifications associated with the formation and/or progression of meningiomas.

Results

Several epigenomic alterations, mainly pertaining to DNA methylation, have been associated with meningiomas. Hypermethylation of TIMP3 inactivates its tumor suppression activity while CDKN2 (p14[ARF]) and TP73 gene hypermethylation and HIST1H1c upregulation interact with the p53 regulation of cell cycle control. Other factors such as HOX, IGF, WNK2, and TGF-β epigenetic modifications allow either upregulation or downregulation of critical pathways for meningioma development, progression, and recurrence.

Conclusions

Genome-wide methylation profiling demonstrated that global hypomethylation correlates with tumor grades and severity. Identification of additional epigenetic changes, such as histone modification and higher-order chromosomal structure, may allow for a more thorough understanding of tumorigenesis and enable future individualized treatment strategies for meningiomas.
Cerebellopontine angle meningiomas: postoperative outcomes in a modern cohort
Authors: Agarwal Vijay , Babu Ranjith , Grier Jordan , Adogwa Owoicho , Back Adam , Friedman Allan H. , Fukushima Takanori , Adamson Cory
Published: December 2013

Object

Tumors of the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) have always proven difficult for neurosurgeons to optimally manage. Studies investigating the natural history and treatment of vestibular schwannomas have dominated the literature in this regard. Distinguishing meningiomas from schwannomas in this location carries particular importance as each tumor type has certain prognostic and surgical considerations. In this study, the authors have characterized the outcomes of 34 patients surgically treated for CPA meningiomas and have investigated various factors that may affect postoperative neurological function.

Methods

The medical records of patients with CPA meningiomas who underwent surgery from 2005 to 2013 at the Duke University Health System were reviewed. Various patient, clinical, and tumor data were gathered from the medical records including patient demographics, pre- and postoperative neurological examinations, duration of symptoms, procedural details, tumor pathology and size, and treatment characteristics. Differences in continuous variables were then analyzed using the Student t-test while categorical variables were evaluated using the chi-square test.

Results

A total of 34 patients underwent surgical treatment for CPA meningiomas during the 8-year period. Jugular foramen invasion was seen in 17.6% of tumors, with nearly half (41.2%) extending into the internal acoustic canal. The most common presenting symptom was hearing loss (58.8%), followed by headache (52.9%) and facial numbness/pain (50.0%). The most common cranial nerve (CN) affected was CN X (11.8%), followed by CNs VI and VII (5.9%). Postoperatively, no patients experienced a decrease in hearing, with only 5.9% of patients experiencing facial nerve palsies. Patients with tumors larger than 3 cm had a significantly higher incidence of permanent CN deficits than those with smaller tumors (45.5% vs 5.9%, respectively; p = 0.011). Also, tumor extension into the jugular foramen was associated with the occurrence of lower CN deficits, none of which occurred in tumors without jugular foramen invasion. Internal acoustic canal tumor extension was not seen to be associated with postoperative complications or CN deficits.

Conclusions

Meningiomas of the CPA are challenging lesions to treat surgically. However, the risk of facial palsy and hearing loss is significantly lower when compared with vestibular schwannomas. Novel methods for preoperative differentiation are needed to appropriately counsel patients on surgical risks. Also, due to the significant potential for neurological deficits, further studies are needed to investigate the utility of radiotherapy for these lesions.
Cerebral melioidosis for the first time in the western hemisphere
Authors: Vestal Matthew L. , Wong Emily B. , Milner Dan A. , Gormley William B. , Dunn Ian F.
Published: December 2013

This report is the first published case of cerebral melioidosis in the western hemisphere. In this paper the authors review the literature on neurological melioidosis and its presentation and treatment in endemic areas, describe the clinical course of this unique case of a presentation of the disease with cranial abscess in the US, review the pathological and radiological findings associated with this seminal case, and put forth recommendations for recognizing and treating possible future instances of the disease within the western hemisphere.
Peritumoral brain edema in intracranial meningiomas: the emergence of vascular endothelial growth factor–directed therapy
Authors: Hou Jack , Kshettry Varun R. , Selman Warren R. , Bambakidis Nicholas C.
Published: December 2013

Meningioma is the second most common type of adult intracranial neoplasm. A substantial subset of patients present with peritumoral brain edema (PTBE), which can cause significant morbidity via mass effect, complicate surgical management, and impact the safety of stereotactic radiosurgery. Recent studies suggest a close relationship between vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) expression and PTBE development in meningiomas. The authors performed a systematic review of the literature on the pathogenesis of PTBE in meningiomas, the effectiveness of steroid therapy, the role played by VEGF-A, and the current clinical evidence for antiangiogenic therapy to treat peritumoral brain edema. Mounting evidence suggests VEGF-A is secreted directly by meningioma cells to induce angiogenesis and edemagenesis of tumoral as well as peritumoral brain tissue. The VEGF-A cascade results in recruitment of cerebral-pial vessels and disruption of the tumor-brain barrier, which appear to be requisite for VEGF-A to have an edemagenic effect. Results of preliminary clinical studies suggest VEGF-directed therapy has modest activity against recurrent and progressive meningioma growth but can alleviate PTBE in some patients. A comprehensive understanding of the VEGF-A pathway and its modulators may hold the key to an effective therapeutic approach to treating PTBE associated with meningiomas. Further clinical trials with larger patient cohorts and longer follow-up periods are warranted to confirm the efficacy of VEGF-directed therapy.
Endoscopic extended transsphenoidal resection of tuberculum sellae meningiomas: nuances of neurosurgical technique
Authors: Kulwin Charles , Schwartz Theodore H. , Cohen-Gadol Aaron A.
Published: December 2013

Over the past decade, advances in endoscopic microsurgical techniques have resulted in an increasingly aggressive endonasal approach to tumors of the midline skull base. Meningiomas of the tuberculum sellae are often closely associated with cerebrovascular structures, and their removal has traditionally required a transcranial approach. An endonasal approach offers many advantages, including early tumor devascularization and tumor debulking (without manipulation of the optic apparatus), direct access to the medial optic canal, and a minimal-access corridor.

Although recent articles have focused on techniques for reaching and approaching the area of the pathology (how to get there), the authors of this report discuss the technical nuances of endoscopic microsurgery when the operator is already “there.” They describe their 6-step technique for endoscopic skull base bone removal, tumor dissection/resection, and closure. They also augment their description with elaborate illustrations.