bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dual-innervated multivector muscle transfer using two superficial subslips of the serratus anterior muscle for long-standing facial paralysis
Authors: Sakuma Hisashi , Tanaka Ichiro , Yazawa Masaki , Oh Anna
Published: May 2021

Recent reports have described several cases of double muscle transfers to restore natural, symmetrical smiles in patients with long-standing facial paralysis. However, these complex procedures sometimes result in cheek bulkiness owing to the double muscle transfer. We present the case of a 67-year-old woman with long-standing facial paralysis, who underwent two-stage facial reanimation using two superficial subslips of the serratus anterior muscle innervated by the masseteric and contralateral facial nerves via a sural nerve graft. Each muscle subslip was transferred to the upper lip and oral commissures, which were oriented in different directions. Furthermore, a horizontal fascia lata graft was added at the lower lip to prevent deformities such as lower lip elongation and deviation. Voluntary contraction was noted at roughly 4 months, and a spontaneous smile without biting was noted 8 months postoperatively. At 18 months after surgery, the patient demonstrated a spontaneous symmetrical smile with adequate excursion of the lower lip, upper lip, and oral commissure, without cheek bulkiness. Dual-innervated muscle transfer using two multivector superficial subslips of the serratus anterior muscle may be a good option for long-standing facial paralysis, as it can achieve a symmetrical smile that can be performed voluntarily and spontaneously.
Myelomeningocele defect reconstruction with keystone flaps: vascular rationale for the design and operative technique
Authors: Kushida-Contreras Beatriz Hatsue , Gaxiola-García Miguel Angel
Published: May 2021

Background Myelomeningocele is a frequently seen condition at tertiary care hospitals. Its treatment involves a variety of plastic reconstructive techniques. Herein, we present a series of myelomeningocele patients treated using keystone flaps.

Methods We gathered information regarding soft tissue reconstruction and the use of bilateral keystone flaps to treat myelomeningocele patients. We obtained data from clinical records and recorded the demographic characteristics of mothers and children with the condition. The size, level of defect, and complications detected during the follow-up were analyzed.

Results A series of seven patients who underwent bilateral keystone flaps for myelomeningocele closure was analyzed. There were no cases of midline or major dehiscence, flap loss, necrosis, surgical site infections, or cerebrospinal fluid leakage. No revision procedures were performed. Minor complications included one case with minimal seroma and three cases with areas of peripheral dehiscence that healed easily using conventional measures.

Conclusions The use of keystone flaps is an adequate option for closure of dorsal midline soft tissue defects related to myelomeningocele. This technique offers predictable results with an acceptable spectrum of complications. Robust blood flow can be predicted based upon anatomical knowledge.
Computerized Sunnybrook facial grading scale (SBface) application for facial paralysis evaluation
Authors: Jirawatnotai Supasid , Jomkoh Pojanan , Voravitvet Tsz Yin , Tirakotai Wuttipong , Somboonsap Natthawut
Published: May 2021

Background The Sunnybrook facial grading scale is a comprehensive scale for the evaluation of facial paralysis patients. Its results greatly depend on subjective input. This study aimed to develop and validate an automated Sunnybrook facial grading scale (SBface) to more objectively assess disfigurement due to facial paralysis.

Methods An application compatible with iOS version 11.0 and up was developed. The software automatically detected facial features in standardized photographs and generated scores following the Sunnybrook facial grading scale. Photographic data from 30 unilateral facial paralysis patients were randomly sampled for validation. Intrarater reliability was tested by conducting two identical tests at a 2-week interval. Interrater reliability was tested between the software and three facial nerve clinicians.

Results A beta version of the SBface application was tested. Intrarater reliability showed excellent congruence between the two tests. Moderate to strong positive correlations were found between the software and an otolaryngologist, including the total scores of the three individual software domains and composite scores. However, 74.4% (29/39) of the subdomain items showed low to zero correlation with the human raters (κ<0.2). The correlations between the human raters showed good congruence for most of the total and composite scores, with 10.3% (4/39) of the subdomain items failing to correspond (κ<0.2).

Conclusions The SBface application is efficient and accurate for evaluating the degree of facial paralysis based on the Sunnybrook facial grading scale. However, correlations of the software-derived results with those of human raters are limited by the software algorithm and the raters’ inconsistency.
A hands-on microsurgery course for nurses
Authors: Satkunanantham Mala , Sechachalam Sreedharan
Published: May 2021

Microsurgical procedures are time-consuming and sometimes fatigue-inducing. However, a skilled assistant and scrub nurse can help surgery be performed more smoothly and rapidly. Three microsurgical simulation courses were held for perioperative nurses at our institution. Each course consisted of two lectures and two practice microsurgical sessions, and was evaluated with a post-course survey. The respondents all felt that their knowledge of microsurgical instruments, sutures, microscope set-up, and microsurgical skills had improved following the course. Many felt that their ability to predict what the surgeon would request during a microsurgical case improved, and that they were able to handle instruments and sutures better. The nurses also reported improved confidence in assisting with microsurgical procedures and tolerance of the long operative time in some microsurgical cases. Based on our experience, a basic microsurgery course for nurses can play a significant role in training effective and competent microsurgical scrub nurses.
A dual-plane approach for surgical treatment of pseudoaneurysm with arteriovenous fistula in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Kim Ji Min , Tak Min Sung , Kang Jin Seok , Moon Chul
Published: May 2021

Background

We report the efficacy of a dual-plane approach using a Dufourmentel skin flap with a purse-string suture of the de-epithelized dermis to manage pseudoaneurysm at the vascular access site for hemodialysis.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted of 61 patients from 2013 to 2018 with pseudoaneurysms at the arteriovenous fistula or graft who were treated with rhomboid excision, vessel repair with a purse-string suture, and a full-thickness Dufourmentel skin flap. The success rate was defined as the probability of complete wound closure and intact vascular access patency without infection or other complications.

Results The success rate was 93.4% at 6 months postoperatively. Complications included newly occurring pseudoaneurysms (n=2), wound dehiscence (n=1) and bleeding (n=1). There were no complications such as stenosis or thrombosis from the procedure.

Conclusions A dual-plane approach using a Dufourmentel skin flap with a purse-string suture for vessel repair was shown to be a favorable option for managing stable, small (diameter <2 cm) pseudoaneurysms without infection, rapid expansion, or patency issues of the vascular access.
Physical training at educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the context of distance learning
Authors: Sinyansky Vladimir Alexandrovich , Nazarenko Boris Aleksandrovich , Kravtsov Sergei Vladimirovich
Published: May 2021

The research subject is the peculiarities of practical physical training lessons in the context of distance learning at educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The purpose of the article is to analyze the reasons for the downward trend of practical lessons and insignificant growth of the rates of the theoretical section of the physical training discipline caused by the conditions of distance learning. The topicality of the research is determined by the necessity to maintain the quality of professional training of personnel in educational institutions of the Ministry of the Interior during distance learning. The research methodology includes the method of quantification and mathematical statistics. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the following: a) the authors analyze the statistical data reflecting students performance before the move to remote learning and right after its completion; b) the authors analyze the performance rates of students before and after the move to distance learning; c) the authors raise the problem of development of the required level of knowledge and skills in the physical training discipline by the students during remote learning. The authors conclude that temporal exclusion of practical physical training lessons hampers the formation of professional competence of students. The research results can be used for planning and organization of the educational process in the Special physical training discipline at educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.   
Abortive intussusceptive angiogenesis causes multi-cavernous vascular malformations
Authors: Li Wenqing , Tran Virginia , Shaked Iftach , Xue Belinda , Moore Thomas , Lightle Rhonda , Kleinfeld David , Awad Issam A , Ginsberg Mark H
Published: May 2021

Mosaic inactivation of CCM2 in humans causes cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) containing adjacent dilated blood-filled multi-cavernous lesions. We used CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis to induce mosaic inactivation of zebrafish ccm2 resulting in a novel lethal multi-cavernous lesion in the embryonic caudal venous plexus (CVP) caused by obstruction of blood flow by intraluminal pillars. These pillars mimic those that mediate intussusceptive angiogenesis; however, in contrast to the normal process, the pillars failed to fuse to split the pre-existing vessel in two. Abortive intussusceptive angiogenesis stemmed from mosaic inactivation of ccm2 leading to patchy klf2a overexpression and resultant aberrant flow signaling. Surviving adult fish manifested histologically typical hemorrhagic CCM. Formation of mammalian CCM requires the flow-regulated transcription factor KLF2; fish CCM and the embryonic CVP lesion failed to form in klf2a null fish indicating a common pathogenesis with the mammalian lesion. These studies describe a zebrafish CCM model and establish a mechanism that can explain the formation of characteristic multi-cavernous lesions.
An evolutionary model identifies the main evolutionary biases for the evolution of genome-replication profiles
Authors: Droghetti Rossana , Agier Nicolas , Fischer Gilles , Gherardi Marco , Cosentino Lagomarsino Marco
Published: May 2021

Recent results comparing the temporal program of genome replication of yeast species belonging to the Lachancea clade support the scenario that the evolution of the replication timing program could be mainly driven by correlated acquisition and loss events of active replication origins. Using these results as a benchmark, we develop an evolutionary model defined as birth-death process for replication origins and use it to identify the evolutionary biases that shape the replication timing profiles. Comparing different evolutionary models with data, we find that replication origin birth and death events are mainly driven by two evolutionary pressures, the first imposes that events leading to higher double-stall probability of replication forks are penalized, while the second makes less efficient origins more prone to evolutionary loss. This analysis provides an empirically grounded predictive framework for quantitative evolutionary studies of the replication timing program.
Public Duty, Private Faith
Authors: Hart D. G.
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the Catholic church's concerns about Paul Blanshard and the nerve he apparently hit as Blanshard considered Roman Catholics in the United States a threat. It highlights the formation of a committee to respond to the spate of anti-Catholicism by assembling a group that consists of a political scientist, a theologian, and a philosopher to answer the charges of anti-Americanism. It also describes Blanshard's case that was alarming for Roman Catholics from different sides of the Americanist controversy. The chapter cites that the American liberal had shown bias against the church's ethical teaching, from contraception to divorce. It explains how Americanism began to lose its stigma as a heresy even while setting into motion questions about Roman Catholic identity.
Liberal Catholics, American Conservatives
Authors: Hart D. G.
Published: May 2021

This chapter refers to Garry Wills who expressed that the Second Vatican Council was less about religious freedom than liturgical anarchy. It discusses the reform of the Mass, by which the council launched Roman Catholicism into the agony of lost symbols and debased associations. It also conveys a theology of the sacrament that the council destroyed by introducing vernacular languages, turning the priest around to face the congregation, and placing the communion wafer in the hands of recipients. The chapter discusses liturgical reforms that liberated the priests from the years of theology learned in Latin by rote. It explains the council's reset of the church's outlook on social pluralism and secular politics as a feature that was already evident in American Roman Catholicism.
The Extremities of Defending Liberty
Authors: Hart D. G.
Published: May 2021

This chapter talks about Barry Goldwater, who regarded William E. Miller's church membership as an asset rather than a liability when he chose him as his running mate in the 1964 presidential election. It describes Miller as the grandson of German American immigrants and reared in the Roman Catholic Church. It also covers Conscience of a Conservative as the ghostwritten product of L. Brent Bozell, which identified Goldwater with the conservative movement and challenged the GOP's East Coast establishment. The chapter notes how Bozell grew up in Nebraska as nominal Protestant then converted to Roman Catholicism before enrolling at Yale University. It discusses how local circumstances, such as national origin and personal convictions, did more to color perceptions of politics than the church's social teaching.
Public Gardens and Livable Cities
Authors: Rakow Donald A. , Gough Meghan , Lee Sharon A. , Medbury Scot
Published: May 2021

This book changes the paradigm for how we conceive of the role of urban public gardens. The book advocates for public gardens as community outreach agents that can, and should, partner with local organizations to support positive local agendas. Safe neighborhoods, quality science education, access to fresh and healthy foods, substantial training opportunities, and environmental health are the key initiative areas the book explores as it highlights model successes and instructive failures that can guide future practices. The book uses a prescriptive approach to synthesize a range of public, private, and nonprofit initiatives from municipalities throughout the country. In doing so, it examines the initiatives from a practical perspective to identify how they were implemented, their sustainability, the obstacles they encountered, the impact of the initiatives on their populations, and how they dealt with the communities' underlying social problems. By emphasizing the knowledge and skills that public gardens can bring to partnerships seeking to improve the quality of life in cities, this book offers a deeper understanding of the urban public garden as a key resource for sustainable community development.
Improving the Quality of Science Education
Authors: Rakow Donald A. , Gough Meghan Z. , Lee Sharon A.
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses how developing public gardens has helped in improving the quality of science education. It features programs that are based at large, well-established gardens with strong board and community support. One such program is Project Green Reach (PGR) by the Brooklyn Botanical Garden. PGR is the project's response to the disparity between the science instruction at schools in wealthy neighborhoods, where parent organizations fund extracurricular learning and field trips, and the science programs offered by schools in disadvantaged neighborhoods that do not enjoy such support. Another program is the Fairchild Challenge by the Fairchild Botanical Garden in Miami, Florida, where students enter themed challenges throughout the school year. The chapter talks about Chicago Botanical Garden's Science Career Continuum which is focused on helping students get into science careers. The goals that motivated the creation of these programs are like those of many other public horticultural institutions — connecting people to plants, promoting the value and study of plants, and improving plant science education. The children involved in the programs are excited about science because of the way it is presented — they are encouraged to observe, to ask questions about what they see, to think of ways to test out possible answers to their questions, and to present their conclusions to their peers.
Training and Employment Programs
Authors: Rakow Donald A. , Gough Meghan Z. , Lee Sharon A.
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses how community gardens help in addressing unemployment in inner-city areas. The programs profiled in the chapter address distinct groups within the overall population: military veterans and incarcerated and post-incarcerated individuals. Some of the programs mentioned are the Wind City Harvest, the Chatfield Veterans Farm Program, the Roots to Re-entry Program, and the Rikers Island GreenHouse Program. Despite the distinct needs of these targeted groups, the programs share certain attributes: (1) They recognize both the qualities and challenges of each individual; (2) they keep requirements for participation to a minimum; (3) they utilize both internal resources and experts to provide training; (4) they provide incentives and rewards to encourage retention in the program; and (5) they partner with other agencies to provide counseling and effective transitions to the workforce. Interestingly, the programs profiled extend beyond their home base (farm or prison) and reach their broader communities.
Initiatives to Promote Ecosystem and Human Health
Authors: Rakow Donald A. , Gough Meghan Z. , Lee Sharon A.
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines four programs where public gardens have contributed horticultural and ecological expertise to partnerships for the management of public landscapes and to increase public access to nature. In collaboration with other community institutions, the Missouri Botanical Garden, Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden, the UC Davis Arboretum and Public Garden, and Phipps Conservatory and Botanical Gardens have assumed a range of roles, including those of community convener, technical expert, and innovator, as part of initiatives that support the environmental health of their communities. The initiatives investigated in this chapter demonstrate that efforts to improve a community's environmental conditions must recognize the importance of understanding what the natural environment means locally and that a community has more than one story about its relationship to the natural environment. A community's history and the experiences of all its residents influence the perceived relevance of the natural environment, and the ways in which people conceptualize the need for and potential benefits of green space. In the cases of Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden in Richmond and the Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis, these environmental initiatives succeeded when they met their respective communities where they were, both physically and experientially. The chapter reveals an overarching recognition that partners and community stakeholders cannot “buy into” an environmental vision or initiative if they do not understand it.
A Look at the Future of Public Gardens
Authors: Rakow Donald A. , Gough Meghan Z. , Lee Sharon A.
Published: May 2021

The final chapter provides a detailed analysis of strategies for successful partnerships and how they can be evaluated. It talks about the American Public Gardens Association's vision to make public gardens an indispensable part of communities. The APGA defines public gardens as institutions that maintain “collections of plants for the purposes of public education and enjoyment, in addition to research, conservation, and higher learning.” Gardens can best lead the way by establishing and demonstrating effective biodiversity conservation strategies in the midst of rapidly changing natural landscapes. One strategy is to preserve locally, regionally, or globally endangered species in their native habitats, which is known as in situ conservation. A second strategy is for public gardens to establish ex situ seed banks or gene banks at their sites that will preserve the genetic identities of species threatened or extirpated in the wild. Public gardens also need to be paragons of sustainable behavior, whether through LEED-certified buildings, SITES-approved landscapes, the use of solar panels and windmills, reduction or elimination of pesticides, or the use of electric vehicles. The public garden of the future will need to partner with architects, urban planners, and progressive corporations to produce a new generation of green buildings and urban gardens, so that cities will become centers of clean air and renewable energy and provide all their residents with easy access to nature.
Principles in Power
Authors: Walker Vanessa
Published: May 2021

This book explores the relationship between policy makers and nongovernment advocates in Latin America and the U.S. government in order to explain the rise of anti-interventionist human rights policies uniquely critical of U.S. power during the Cold War. The book shows that the new human rights policies of the 1970s were based on a complex dynamic of domestic and foreign considerations that was rife with tensions between the seats of power in the United States and Latin America, and the growing activist movement that sought to reform them. By addressing the development of U.S. diplomacy and politics alongside that of activist networks, especially in Chile and Argentina, the book shows that Latin America was central to the policy assumptions that shaped the Carter administration's foreign policy agenda. The coup that ousted the socialist president of Chile, Salvador Allende, sparked new human rights advocacy as a direct result of U.S. policies that supported authoritarian regimes in the name of Cold War security interests. From 1973 onward, the attention of Washington and capitals around the globe turned to Latin America as the testing ground for the viability of a new paradigm for U.S. power. This approach, oriented around human rights, required collaboration among activists and state officials in diverse places. The book tells the complicated story of the potentials and limits of partnership between government and nongovernment actors. Analyzing how different groups deployed human rights language to reform domestic and international power, it explores the multiple and often conflicting purposes of U.S. human rights policy.
The Chilean Catalyst
Authors: Walker Vanessa
Published: May 2021

This chapter traces the rise of the Movement — an influential coalition of left-liberal human rights actors targeting U.S. policy in Latin America — in response to the 1973 Chilean coup. It reveals the centrality of Latin America in 1970s human rights activism and formulation of human rights foreign policy mechanisms, including foreign aid legislation and bureaucratic structures in the State Department. Unlike human rights violations in the Soviet sphere, U.S. advocates viewed human rights abuses in Chile as a product of U.S. political dysfunction resulting from Cold War paradigms of national interest and excessive concentration of power in the presidency. Coming in the wake of the Watergate scandal and the failures of Vietnam, U.S. complicity in the Chilean coup and the subsequent repression underscored the antidemocratic nature of Cold War foreign policy, highlighting the connections between foreign human rights abuses and U.S. policies. Using the information generated by South American advocates, newly organized and vocal human rights groups in the United States and their congressional partners advanced a slate of legislative initiatives targeted at the nexus of foreign repression and U.S. policy, challenging the logic and substance of Cold War alliances.
The Reagan Reinvention
Authors: Walker Vanessa
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the dramatic reinvention of U.S. human rights policy during Reagan's first year in office. The Carter administration pursued human rights as a corrective to U.S. interventionist legacies, emphasizing pluralism and eschewing regime change. The Reagan administration, in contrast, aggressively promoted human rights within a reinvigorated but narrow Cold War framework. This construction, championing a limited range of civil and political rights, downplayed the human rights violations of pro-American governments, focusing instead on what it considered the much greater moral flaws and violations of communist regimes. The Cold War framing of human rights under Reagan empowered a pairing of military power and moral values, leading the United States to not only not limit arms sales to governments but also recast military aid as a critical aspect of both hemispheric defense against communism and the advancement of human rights. The chapter studies this policy shift in the Reagan administration's first year in regard to Chile and Argentina.
Preventive War and Containment
Authors: Thies Wallace J.
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the Bush Doctrine, which proved to be very controversial, not only in the United States but also among America's allies and friends worldwide. In the United States, the Bush Doctrine was criticized by Democrats in Congress as a violation of traditional American norms, which called for responding firmly to provocations but not for striking the first blow. Within the Atlantic Alliance, the Bush Doctrine was likewise attacked — most prominently by the French and German governments — as reckless and provocative. The chapter recasts the Bush Doctrine as a theory of victory, that is, a coherent strategic view that tells a state how best to transform the scarce resources available to it into useful military assets, and how to employ those assets in conflicts with other states or nonstate actors. It then compares and contrasts these prescriptions derived from the Bush Doctrine with an alternative theory of victory — namely, one based on containment and deterrence.
Invading Iraq
Authors: Thies Wallace J.
Published: May 2021

This chapter evaluates the positions taken and the arguments made by observers of Saddam Hussein's Iraq during the decade-long interval between the end of Operation Desert Storm in 1991 and the start of Operation Iraqi Freedom (the US invasion of Iraq) in 2003. It focuses on the clash of views between those who believed that Hussein's Iraq could not be contained at a reasonable cost as long as Saddam himself remained on the scene (containment pessimists), and those who believed that containment was both feasible and sustainable, because the great disparity in resources between the United States and Iraq meant that the United States could pressure Iraq for years to come, if need be, without resorting to drastic methods, such as withdrawal or a resort to open warfare (containment optimists). To buttress their case, containment pessimists argued that containment could not be counted on to last indefinitely because of the asymmetry between what was at stake for Saddam and his regime, and for the United States and its allies, in the years after Iraq's defeat in the first Persian Gulf War (1990–91). For Saddam Hussein and the rest of his repressive apparatus, the stakes were nothing less than survival. Optimists, on the other hand, conceded that containment was not perfect, but in their view perfection was not needed to bring down Saddam and his regime.
Containing Iran
Authors: Thies Wallace J.
Published: May 2021

This chapter details how, like Colonel Qaddafi's Libya and Saddam Hussein's Iraq, Iran under clerical rule was widely thought to be a difficult target for a strategy based on containment. With every year that passed, Iran seemed to draw closer to becoming a nuclear power and therefore harder to deter and to contain, or so the conventional wisdom proclaimed. The chapter considers the political–military rivalry between the United States and Iran between 1991 (the first Persian Gulf War) and 2016 (when Iran accepted strict limits on its use of the nuclear fuel cycle to produce fissionable materials). If containment pessimists are correct about Iran being undeterrable and uncontainable, then many of the events recounted in the chapter probably should not have occurred. But they did occur, which suggests that a closer look at the historical record will likely reveal some additional interesting twists and turns.
“A Verray Jangleresse”
Authors: Lears Adin E.
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales as a study in voice that is structured by what David Lawton calls an unprecedented display of multiple tellers. It explains how “The Wife of Bath” is among the loudest of the voices in multiple senses of the word. It also analyses the multivalent loudness, which shows how Chaucer adapts the trope from antimarriage authors like Walter Map and uses it to govern two of the Wife's most fundamental characteristics: her deafness and her “jangling” voice. The chapter looks at deafness as the first defining characteristic of the Wife of Bath in the General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales. It elaborates how the Wife's deafness is closely related to her relationship to texts.
Introduction
Authors: Barton Nimisha
Published: May 2021

This chapter investigates how prevailing ideas about gender, family, and reproduction during the Third Republic shaped middle-class French officials' attitudes. It highlights the middle-class French officials' interactions with immigrants as workers and citizens, husbands and wives, mothers and fathers of a depopulating French nation. It also cites the hierarchies of exclusion embedded within modern states, such as restrictive labor, nationality, and citizenship laws to disciplinary systems of surveillance, bureaucratic logics of closure, and racist and xenophobic rhetorics of exclusion. The chapter talks about French contemporaries that saw immigrant men and women as an ideal solution to the population crisis, and expected immigrant men to adopt “proper” moral, sexual, and familial comportments necessary to stem the tide of depopulation. It explains how immigrants leveraged what they had in interactions that invoke marriage, family, and their reproductive service to France.
Motherhood, Neighborhood, and Nationhood
Authors: Barton Nimisha
Published: May 2021

This chapter recounts the murder of the Tokars in Sainte Marguerite that provides a remarkable window into the social dynamics of apartment life in Paris. It offers a glimpse of the social world of working women and a sense of the female community that was built in the dark hallways, crowded courtyards, and hidden recesses of the Parisian apartment building. It also traces marital disputes, family frays, and neighborly brawls involving immigrant wives and mothers that blend with the everyday history of the neighborhood and its predominantly French-born inhabitants. The chapter describes the working-class culture of want and privation that thrived in the diseased and dilapidated, close and crowded apartment buildings of the 11th arrondissement. It highlights material conditions of everyday life that brought foreign wives and mothers into daily contact with their French neighbors and local community.
Introduction
Authors: Christensen Peter H.
Published: May 2021

This chapter provides a background of the complete portrait of the city of Buffalo, which moves beyond its relatively small city limits to tell the full story that the Erie Canal, hydroelectric power, international trade, and suburbanization play in the vicissitudes of Buffalo's history. It focuses on both Erie and Niagara counties from the eighteenth century to the present. It also describes Buffalo's periphery to provide useful insights into the full scope of how the grand City of Light, powered by Niagara's heaving currents and celebrated at the Pan-American Exposition of 1901, had its own undercurrents and afterlives. The chapter mentions Reyner Banham, who brought a fresh set of foreign eyes to Buffalo's uncanny importance. It explores how Buffalo is indebted to Banham for cultivating a global interest and local reinvestment in its urban fabric.
“The Olmsted City”
Authors: Weaver Stewart
Published: May 2021

This chapter talks about the Niagara Section of the New York State Thruway, which hurtles thoughtlessly through the sprawling geography of nowhere. It refers to Frederick Law Olmsted's Humboldt Parkway as one of the most beautiful and distinctive streets in America. It also discusses Olmsted's surving work in Buffalo, both physically and psychologically, that even in its mangled form remains one of the most original and distinctive park ensembles in the United States. The chapter recounts how Buffalo lost half its people and almost all its manufacturing industry between 1950 and 2000. It illustrates Buffalo as the client for whom Olmsted exercised the fullest measure of his genius.
The Peace Bridge and the Rhetoric of Hospitality at the US-Canada Border
Authors: Christensen Peter H.
Published: May 2021

The chapter discusses the Peace Bridge that traversed the Niagara River and connected Buffalo, New York, and Fort Erie, Ontario. It recounts how the Peace Bridge was inaugurated in 1927 in celebration of one hundred years of peace between the United States and Canada. It also looks at the official rhetoric around the bridge's construction in both the United States and Canada that stressed the themes of neighborliness and hospitality, which two nations had embraced for a century as friends. The chapter includes a poem by Elijah Holt, a local Buffalo lawyer and amateur poet, that was commissioned for the Peace Bridge's inauguration. It explores Holt's romantic portrayal of the bond of US–Canada relations that glossed over a more complicated geopolitical relationship that bore witness to the emergence of a cultural juxtaposition, which the Peace Bridge served to both thwart and emphasize at the same time.
Putting the Rust in Rust Belt
Authors: Schentag Annie
Published: May 2021

This chapter analyses the Buffalo-Niagara region that boasts an incredibly rich architectural heritage as a cornerstone of the area's attempts to rebrand itself as a tourist destination. It places Buffalo in the midst of a so-called renaissance, and urban planners, real estate developers, and city boosters, which identify historic architecture and tourism as key components to urban revitalization. It also mentions architectural tours that have been instrumental in identifying Buffalo as a place with momentum for the first time in decades. The chapter talks about the press that generates both local and outsider interest in Buffalo's architectural heritage, which was evidenced by popular articles in the New York Times, the Guardian, and USA Today. It recounts the long historical tradition of architectural tourism at industrial sites in the Buffalo-Niagara region at the turn of the twentieth century.
Anticipating Images
Authors: Zimmerman Claire
Published: May 2021

This chapter begins with a newspaper ad placed at the beginning of the previous century that depicted the newly constructed George N. Pierce manufacturing plant at Buffalo. It describes the plant as a new kind of industrial architecture that satisfied the demands of rapid technological change in the United States over the last decades of the nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth century. It also talks about the growth of US industry in the early twentieth century that coupled market capitalism with scientific optimization moderated by Progressive Era reforms. The chapter reviews the industry that came into being in the United States in the wake of a “Second Industrial Revolution,” which was produced by the architecture firm of Albert Kahn Associates. It considers the historical resource that photographs constitute from the archives of the US industrial architecture under construction between 1905 and 1945 in the Detroit area collections.
Upstate and Downstate Avant-Gardes
Authors: Woods Mary N.
Published: May 2021

This chapter talks about the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, which connected Buffalo and New York City although they are almost four hundred miles apart. It explains how the canal, which was built to create a navigable east–west waterway from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean, transformed New York into what became known as the Empire State during the nineteenth century. It also mentions cities of the East Coast and Great Lakes, midwestern farmlands, and Canadian, British, and European port cities where industries soon settled along the thriving waterfronts of Buffalo and New York, making them prosperous centers for manufacturing and trade. The chapter recounts the construction of the interstate highway system, the Saint Lawrence Seaway, that rendered the Erie Canal completely obsolete by the 1950s. It illustrates how Buffalo and New York City struggled to rebuild in the post-industrial era.
Cropping the View
Authors: Steiner Hadas A.
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses how the deployment of architectural history in Buffalo demonstrates how scholarship can be used to justify policies that reify segregation. It describes Buffalo as an industrial city where the longue durée of fiscal, racial, and ethnic ghettoization has stranded 30 percent of the population below the poverty line despite claims of an economic renaissance. It also cites the co-option of cultural capital by politicians and developers in relation to identifying how disciplinary resources might be directed elsewhere to stem the growing tide of spatial injustice. The chapter contrasts the most important aspects of the Buffalo landscape and the abstraction of its architecture into an aesthetic discourse. It recounts the terracotta fac¸ade of the Guaranty Building by Louis Sullivan that has now been restored and the demolition of the Larkin Administration Building by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1950.
Forms of Life
Authors: Gailus Andreas
Published: May 2021

This book argues that the neglect of aesthetics in most contemporary theories of biopolitics has resulted in an overly restricted conception of life. The book insists we need a more flexible notion of life: one attuned to the interplay and conflict between its many dimensions and forms. The book develops such a notion through the meticulous study of works by Kant, Goethe, Kleist, Nietzsche, Wittgenstein, Benn, Musil, and others. It shows that the modern conception of “life” as a generative, organizing force internal to living beings emerged in the last decades of the eighteenth century in biological thought. At the core of this vitalist strand of thought, the book maintains, lies a persistent emphasis on the dynamics of formation and deformation, and thus on an intrinsically aesthetic dimension of life. The book brings this older discourse into critical conversation with contemporary discussions of biopolitics and vitalism, while also developing a rich conception of life that highlights, rather than suppresses, its protean character. It demonstrates that life unfolds in the open-ended interweaving of the myriad forms and modalities of biological, ethical, political, psychical, aesthetic, and biographical systems.
Problems of the Present
Authors: Howe Paul
Published: May 2021

This chapter explains that what it means to be a normal adult has changed down the years as a result of normal adolescent qualities slowly migrating upward into adulthood. These changes in basic character traits and their diverse consequences certainly have not gone unnoticed — they just have not typically been identified as reflections of the adolescent nature of today's society. There is no shortage of references in current social commentary to problems that have crept up on us over time and which appear to stem from the gradual erosion of traditional norms and practices of adulthood. Among the most commonly cited trends: we do not participate in politics or civic affairs the way we used to; we have become overly materialistic, hedonistic, and detached from the more meaningful aspects of our lives; our shared cultural life has been hollowed out and dumbed down; and civility in personal relations and the public sphere has fallen by the wayside. Such laments are sometimes countered, rightly so, by noting that we have also left behind much of the rigidity and dogmatic thinking that characterized the adult world of the past. The adolescent society perspective casts these diverse trends in a new light by linking them to a common source of social change.
Polymaths of Islam
Authors: Pickett James
Published: May 2021

This book analyzes the social and intellectual power of religious leaders who created a shared culture that integrated Central Asia, Iran, and India from the mid-eighteenth century through to the early twentieth century. The book demonstrates that Islamic scholars were simultaneously mystics and administrators, judges and occultists, physicians and poets. This integrated understanding of the world of Islamic scholarship unlocks a different way of thinking about transregional exchange networks. The book reveals a Persian-language cultural sphere that transcended state boundaries and integrated a spectacularly vibrant Eurasia that is invisible from published sources alone. Through a high-cultural complex that the book terms the “Persian cosmopolis” or “Persianate sphere,” it argues, an intersection of diverse disciplines shaped geographical trajectories across and between political states. The book paints a comprehensive, colorful, and often contradictory portrait of mosque and state in the age of empire.
Bukhara Center
Authors: Pickett James
Published: May 2021

This chapter assesses the human impact of Bukhara's efflorescence. To what extent did Bukhara's cosmological centrality manifest in actual networks of human exchange? How far did Bukhara's allure extend, and from what points of origin were people willing to travel there for education in its colossal madrasa establishment? The story of centering the cosmopolis for a regional constituency and of deploying the corresponding social currency within that context is one that could equally be told about any number of other Persianate nodes: Lahore, Isfahan, Istanbul, and beyond. Bukhara was not unique in this regard. However, this pivot between cosmopolitan high culture and social power dynamics at the subregional level remains terra incognita. Texts were resonant across vast swathes of territory, but the mechanics of the world undergirding them are left to the imagination in much of the extant scholarship. Yet these ideas were not merely floating in the ether, and the paths taken by the ulama of Bukhara can perhaps shed light on the social world producing, and produced by, cosmopolitan transculturation. Ultimately, the chapter traces the geographical trajectories of the Islamic scholars at the heart of this study, revealing a regional cultural–religious network that revolved around Bukhara the Noble, the Abode of Knowledge.
Between Sharia and the Beloved
Authors: Pickett James
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the puzzling implications inherent in the amalgamation of so many social roles and knowledge forms into the figure of the high Persianate intellectual. Its title alludes to two sorts of tension: paradoxes of hindsight that were not necessarily perceived as such within the society in question; and apparent logical contradictions of Perso-Islamic culture emerging from the primary sources themselves, products of their own time and understood as problematic by the historical actors in question. The chapter first addresses the former category: widespread belief in the everyday supernatural was for the most part compatible with scripturalist Islam, even though that imagery would seem to cut across the modern categories of “orthodoxy” and “folklore.” It demonstrates that there was no contradiction between these practices, to the extent that retrospective categorizations of orthodox mullahs, on the one hand, and ecstatic sufis and poets, on the other, ought to be jettisoned altogether. These were all social roles performed by the polymaths of Islam. The chapter then looks at tensions within Islamic society during the long nineteenth century.
Introduction
Authors: Coffin Judith G.
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the search for personal and collective self-knowledge, the multiplying cultural incitements to discourse about the self and sexuality, and the disconcerting transformation of gender roles, and expectations in postwar France and beyond. It talks about the readers' letters to Simone de Beauvoir, asking advice on marriage, love, and birth control. It also uses the letters to examine the relationships that bind readers to authors and vice versa. The chapter explains how the letters disclose an exceptionally interesting author–reader intimacy, one that was consciously nurtured by Beauvoir and her readers. It explores the psychological processes of projection, recognition and misrecognition that invent an interlocutor and style oneself as a confidant that spin out inner monologues.
The Algerian War and the Scandal of Torture
Authors: Coffin Judith G.
Published: May 2021

This chapter explains how Simone de Beauvoir's memoirs were thoroughly intertwined with the Algerian War and with some of the most dramatic years of the French Republic. It looks at Beauvoir's writing from 1954 to 1962, which brought a tidal wave of correspondence and show how her relationship with her readers deepened and became more difficult. The chapter highlights readers who shared Beauvoir's political feelings on the French state's war against Algerian nationalism, the revelations of torture in that war, and historical memories of Nazi imperialism and brutality during World War II. It mentions Djamila Boupacha, the young Algerian militant that was arrested, tortured, and raped by the French military in 1960, who sent a letter to Beauvoir. The chapter also covers letters that came from soldiers who were either conscience-stricken or fiercely unapologetic about the war, and from social workers and schoolteachers who felt implicated in the French state's actions.
A Gothic Prelude
Authors: Sobol Valeria
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the earliest and the most “classical” Gothic tale in Russian literature — Nikolai Karamzin's The Island of Bornholm (1793) where the Russian traveler, stranded on a mysterious Danish island, is surprised to learn that the island used to be populated by Slavs. The fictional traveler's investigation of the mysteries of the island (deriving from possible incest and the resulting punishment) becomes a journey back to the dark pagan origins of Russian history and a Gothic prelude to Karamzin's later historical project. The Island of Bornholm remains an isolated phenomenon in late-eighteenth-century Russian literature, unique for its complex fusing of Gothic tropes and historical concerns.