bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional printing for heart diseases: clinical application review
Authors: Ma Yanyan , Ding Peng , Li Lanlan , Liu Yang , Jin Ping , Tang Jiayou , Yang Jian
Published: April 2021

Heart diseases remain the top threat to human health, and the treatment of heart diseases changes with each passing day. Convincing evidence shows that three-dimensional (3D) printing allows for a more precise understanding of the complex anatomy associated with various heart diseases. In addition, 3D-printed models of cardiac diseases may serve as effective educational tools and for hands-on simulation of surgical interventions. We introduce examples of the clinical applications of different types of 3D printing based on specific cases and clinical application scenarios of 3D printing in treating heart diseases. We also discuss the limitations and clinically unmet needs of 3D printing in this context.
A Critique of the Ontology of Intellectual Property Law
Authors: Peukert Alexander
Published: April 2021

Intellectual property (IP) law operates with the ontological assumption that immaterial goods such as works, inventions, and designs exist, and that these abstract types can be owned like a piece of land. Alexander Peukert provides a comprehensive critique of this paradigm, showing that the abstract IP object is a speech-based construct, which first crystalised in the eighteenth century. He highlights the theoretical flaws of metaphysical object ontology and introduces John Searle's social ontology as a more plausible approach to the subject matter of IP. On this basis, he proposes an IP theory under which IP rights provide their holders with an exclusive privilege to use reproducible 'Master Artefacts.' Such a legal-realist IP theory, Peukert argues, is both descriptively and prescriptively superior to the prevailing paradigm of the abstract IP object. This work was originally published in German and was translated by Gill Mertens.
Evolutionary Psychology
Authors: Workman Lance , Reader Will
Published: April 2021

While evolutionary psychology is a fascinating science, it is also often misunderstood. In this highly acclaimed undergraduate textbook, Workman and Reader assume no prior knowledge of evolution and instead carefully guide students towards a level of understanding where they can critically apply evolutionary theory to psychological explanation. The authors provide an engaging and balanced discussion of evolutionary psychology without committing to a specific school of thought, and organise chapters around topics familiar to psychology students. Retaining the successful structure and pedagogy of previous editions, the text has been updated to include the latest advances in the field, with new material added on homosexuality, a consideration of feminist criticism, grandparental investment, and developments in neuroscience and epigenetics. The fourth edition is now in full colour, with new figures and photographs, revised boxed case studies, additional discussion questions, and an updated online test bank.
The Holy Land and the Early Modern Reinvention of Catholicism
Authors: Armstrong Megan C.
Published: April 2021

A shared biblical past has long imbued the Holy Land with special authority as well as a mythic character that has made the region not only the spiritual home for Muslims, Christians, and Jews, but also a source of a living sacred history that informs contemporary realities and religious identities. This book explores the Holy Land as a critical site in which early modern Catholics sought spiritual and political legitimacy during a period of profound and disruptive change. The Ottoman conquest of the region, the division of the Western Church, Catholic reform, the integration of the Mediterranean into global trading networks, and the emergence of new imperial rivalries transformed the Custody of the Holy Land, the venerable Catholic institution that had overseen Western pilgrimage since 1342, into a site of intense intra-Christian conflict by 1517. This contestation underscored the Holy Land's importance as a frontier and center of an embattled Catholic tradition.
Detection of Light
Authors: Rieke George H.
Published: April 2021

The invention and development of advanced methods to detect light underlies much of modern technology. This fully updated and restructured third edition is unique amongst the literature, providing a comprehensive, uniform discussion of a broad range of detection approaches. The material is accessible to a broad range of readers rather than just highly trained specialists, beginning with first principles and developing the relevant physics as it goes. The book emphasizes physical understanding of detector operation, without being a catalog of current examples. It is self-contained but also provides a bridge to more specialized works on specific approaches; each chapter points readers toward the relevant literature. This will provide a broad and lasting understanding of the methods for detecting light that underpin so much of our technology. The book is suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, and will provide a valuable reference for professionals across physics and engineering disciplines.
Computational investigation of combustion instabilities in an air heater with a new computational model
Authors: Yuan L. , Shen C.
Published: April 2021

On the basis of air heater characteristics, a new computational model was developed in this paper, which was aimed at investigating acoustics and instabilities in air heaters. This model included the effects of mean flow, viscosity, entropy waves, non-linear acoustics and realistic boundary conditions. In addition, it was practical for air heaters with hundreds of injectors, complex configurations and geometries. Analytical solutions of acoustics in a closed rectangular cavity were used to verify and validate the computational model. It was shown that the predicted critical parameters of air heater agreed well with the experimental data or design values. This model predicted the self-excited spinning tangential modes without any preliminary assumptions about them. Traditional combustion response function assumes that combustion mainly takes place in a so-called rapid combustion zone, and this zone is usually modelled as a disc in the combustor near the injection head. However, in practice, the flame has a spatial distribution. This paper described the effect of flame spatial distribution on predictions of oscillation frequency and mode. It was found that frequency and mode shape of oscillations closely depended on the length of the heat release zone. Comparison of different heat release zones indicated that the increment of heat release length exhibited an increased tendency toward lower-order longitudinal modes, when the heat release zone was located near the faceplate where it was the pressure antinode of the longitudinal mode. Modulation of heat release length might cause bifurcations between standing and turning modes. A noticeable tendency was toward higher-order standing tangential mode with increasing heat release length. Finally, theoretical analysis of the modal behaviour, i.e. standing or spinning waves, was performed.
Effects of alternating elliptical chamber on jet impingement heat transfer in vane leading edge under different cross-flow conditions
Authors: Xiao K. , He J. , Feng Z.
Published: April 2021

This paper proposes an alternating elliptical impingement chamber in the leading edge of a gas turbine to restrain the cross flow and enhance the heat transfer, and investigates the detailed flow and heat transfer characteristics. The chamber consists of straight sections and transition sections. Numerical simulations are performed by solving the three-dimensional (3D) steady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations with the Shear Stress Transport (SST) k–
$\omega$
turbulence model. The influences of alternating the cross section on the impingement flow and heat transfer of the chamber are studied by comparison with a smooth semi-elliptical impingement chamber at a cross-flow Velocity Ratio (VR) of 0.2 and Temperature Ratio (TR) of 1.00 in the primary study. Then, the effects of the cross-flow VR and TR are further investigated. The results reveal that, in the semi-elliptical impingement chamber, the impingement jet is deflected by the cross flow and the heat transfer performance is degraded. However, in the alternating elliptical chamber, the cross flow is transformed to a pair of longitudinal vortices, and the flow direction at the centre of the cross section is parallel to the impingement jet, thus improving the jet penetration ability and enhancing the impingement heat transfer. In addition, the heat transfer in the semi-elliptical chamber degrades rapidly away from the stagnation region, while the longitudinal vortices enhance the heat transfer further, making the heat transfer coefficient distribution more uniform. The Nusselt number decreases with increase of VR and TR for both the semi-elliptical chamber and the alternating elliptical chamber. The alternating elliptical chamber enhances the heat transfer and moves the stagnation point up for all VR and TR, and the heat transfer enhancement is more obvious at high cross-flow velocity ratio.
Switching to a Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Center: Lessons From Ariana Hospital Experience
Authors: Belloumi Nidhal , Bachouch Imene , Chermiti Ben Abdallah Fatma , Fenniche Soraya
Published: April 2021

After the translating of the worldwide pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease from South East Asia to Europe, North African countries accelerate their steps to follow WHO guidelines to prepare the outbreak response. In March 2020, the Tunisian Ministry of Health switched Abderrahmen Mami Hospital to a COVID-19 center. The main objectives were management of patients but also setting-up new rules to permit enough safety for the staff members and harmony between medical, nonmedical, and administrative departments within the facility. Organization and communication during the fast-paced preparation process were crucial to get enough qualified human resources, material resources, and clear procedural texts in place before cases arrived in huge numbers. A group of medical and administrative experts within a central crisis unit brought this challenge into reality.
Characteristics of 1738 Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China
Authors: Ma Xiao , Gao Yujing , Di Lingling , Ma Hanning , Mei Bin , Zhang Junjian , Wang Amei , Feng Ke , Yang Lishan , Chen Zhongwei
Published: April 2021

Objective:

Since December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been discovered in Wuhan and spread rapidly across China and worldwide. Characteristics of infected patients are needed to get insight into the full spectrum of the disease.

Methods:

Epidemiological and clinical information of 1738 diagnosed patients during February 7-26, 2020 in Wuhan Dongxihu Fangcang Hospital were analyzed. A total of 709 patients were followed up on symptom, mental health, isolation site, and medication after discharge.

Results:

There were 852 males and 886 females in the cohort. The average age of the patients was 48.8 y. A total of 79.98% of the patients were from Wuhan, Hubei Province. The most common initial symptoms were fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Among all the patients, 1463 had complications, with respiratory distress as the most common complication. The average duration of hospitalization was 15.95 ± 14.69 d. The most common postdischarge symptom is cough. After discharge, most patients were full of energy and chose hotel as their self-isolation site. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Chinese medicine No.2 prescription is the medication used most commonly by the patients after discharge.

Conclusions:

The population is generally susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. After receiving aggressive treatment of combined Chinese and Western medicine, most patients had a good prognosis and mental health after discharge.
LAW, RELIGION, AND SAME-SEX RELATIONS IN AFRICA
Authors: Green M. Christian
Published: April 2021

Some years back, around 2013, I was asked to write an article on the uses of the Bible in African law. Researching references to the Bible and biblical law across the African continent, I soon learned that, besides support for arguments by a few states in favor of declaring themselves “Christian nations,” the main use was in emerging debates over homosexuality and same-sex relationships—almost exclusively to condemn those relationships. In January 2013, the newly formed African Consortium for Law and Religion Studies (ACLARS) held its first international conference at the University of Ghana Legon. There, African sexuality debates emerged forcefully in consideration of a paper by Sylvia Tamale, then dean of the Makarere University School of Law in Uganda, who argued pointedly, “[P]olitical Christianity and Islam, especially, have constructed a discourse that suggests that sexuality is the key moral issue on the continent today, diverting attention from the real critical moral issues for the majority of Africans . . . . Employing religion, culture and the law to flag sexuality asthebiggest moral issue of our times and dislocating therealissue is a political act and must be recognised as such.”
Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on in-vivo assessed neuro-metabolites through magnetic resonance spectroscopy: a systematic review
Authors: Chhabra Harleen , Thimmashetty Vani Holebasavanahalli , Shivakumar Venkataram , Venkatasubramanian Ganesan , Narayanswamy Janardhanan C.
Published: April 2021

Objectives:

Previous studies have examined the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the in-vivo concentrations of neuro-metabolites assessed through magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in neurological and psychiatry disorders. This review aims to systematically evaluate the data on the effect of tDCS on MRS findings and thereby attempt to understand the potential mechanism of tDCS on neuro-metabolites.

Methods:

The relevant literature was obtained through PubMed and cross-reference (search till June 2020). Thirty-four studies were reviewed, of which 22 reported results from healthy controls and 12 were from patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Results:

The evidence converges to highlight that tDCS modulates the neuro-metabolite levels at the site of stimulation, which, in turn, translates into alterations in the behavioural outcome. It also shows that the baseline level of these neuro-metabolites can, to a certain extent, predict the outcome after tDCS. However, even though tDCS has shown promising effects in alleviating symptoms of various psychiatric disorders, there are limited studies that have reported the effect of tDCS on neuro-metabolite levels.

Conclusions:

There is a compelling need for more systematic studies examining patients with psychiatric/neurological disorders with larger samples and harmonised tDCS protocols. More studies will potentially help us to understand the tDCS mechanism of action pertinent to neuro-metabolite levels modulation. Further, studies should be conducted in psychiatric patients to understand the neurological changes in this population and potentially unravel the neuro-metabolite × tDCS interaction effect that can be translated into individualised treatment.
Holocene coastal landscape development in response to rising sea level in the Central Wadden Sea coastal region
Authors: Karle Martina , Bungenstock Friederike , Wehrmann Achim
Published: April 2021

The Holocene sea-level rise has led to significant changes in present-day coastal zones through multifold retrogradational and slightly progradational displacements of the mainland coastline. During the course of this postglacial transgression, sediments characteristic of coastal environments accumulated first in palaeovalleys of the pre-Holocene landscape and later on the subsequently developed coastal plain. Based on a compilation of sedimentological, lithological and litho-chronostratigraphical data of more than 1200 sediment cores, we generated four palaeogeographic maps of the coastal zone of the central Wadden Sea to document with a high spatial resolution the landscape changes during characteristic phases of the Holocene sea-level rise, i.e. the periods 8600–6500 cal BP, 6500–2700 cal BP, 2700–1500 cal BP and 1500–1000 cal BP. Along three cross-sections, representing different hydrodynamic conditions and exposure, we exemplify how the Holocene landscape development and sedimentary facies types are controlled by the local palaeorelief, sea-level changes, sediment supply, accommodation space, the morphodynamic impact of channel shifts, and their erosion base. This leads to a better understanding of main factors controlling the local depositional processes of the coastal landscape along the central Wadden Sea during the Holocene transgression.
Landscape changes and human–landscape interaction during the first millennium AD in the Netherlands
Authors: Pierik Harm Jan
Published: April 2021

The first millennium AD encompasses the Roman period (12 BC to AD 450) and the Early Middle Ages (AD 450 to 1050). In the Netherlands, this millennium saw population growth, steep decline and subsequent revival. In addition, many changes occurred in the physical landscape, marking a transition from a mainly natural prehistorical lowland landscape to an increasingly human-affected landscape. This paper synthesises the main landscape changes and human–landscape interactions in the Netherlands during this dynamic period. The degree of landscape change is compared between the coastal plain, the delta and the Pleistocene sand area.

Human activities caused major often unintended geomorphological changes in all studied landscapes. Landscape sensitivity to human impact, however, strongly varied as a function of preceding landscape state. The most prominent changes took place in many parts of the coastal plain, where back-barrier peatlands transformed into open tidal basins. Presence of compaction-prone peat and intensified artificial drainage led to subsidence. This precondition and slow anthropogenic forcing combined, made the area more sensitive to stochastically occurring storms, which could serve as tipping points for large-scale drowning. Eventually, major peatlands turned into tidal areas that for many centuries would remain unsuitable for habitation. Human-induced peatland subsidence also led to the formation of the new Hollandse IJssel and Lek river branches. This marked a major reorganisation of the river network in the lower Rhine–Meuse delta. In the middle and upstream parts of the delta, the landscape was more stable. Yet, settlements on the natural levees show adaption to increasing flooding frequency from the Late Roman period onwards. The settlements shifted towards higher positions, while route networks between them largely remained intact. Smaller-scale landscape changes were found in the Pleistocene sand area. Here, local sand drifting occurred, most frequently occurring close to human movement corridors. Drift sand intensity became larger as population density increased after c.AD 900.
HEIDELBERG RADIOCARBON LAB – ESTABLISHING A NEW CARBON DIOXIDE EXTRACTION LINE FOR CARBONATE SAMPLES
Authors: Therre S , Proß L , Friedrich R , Trüssel M , Frank N
Published: April 2021

To achieve high-precision and reproducible results from radiocarbon (14C) dating of carbonate samples in paleoclimate research, a new CO2 extraction line was designed, constructed, and characterized at the Heidelberg Radiocarbon Lab of the Institute of Environmental Physics, Heidelberg. The setup includes a circular glass-tube design, which is operated at vacuum pressure levels of the order of 10–5 mbar. The efficiency of the extraction process was assessed, showing significantly favorable conditions for solid piece samples (99.58 ± 4.69)% over powdered samples (88.28 ± 10.03)%. Process blank values are below 0.2 pMC apparent 14C activity. Repeated measurements of IAEA C2 standards with an average value of (41.09 ± 0.23) pMC attest high accuracy and reproducibility of the instrument. Six consecutive samples of 6 to 12 mg carbonate mass can be processed in one run of roughly 2.5 hours. Thus, the new setup contributes to time-efficient and reproducible radiocarbon dating results for paleoclimate research at the Institute of Environmental Physics. In a first application, Dead Carbon Fraction (DCF) values of a Holocene alpine stalagmite from Schratten Cave are presented, revealing extraordinarily high offsets between atmospheric and stalagmite 14C with DCF values between (49.4 ± 0.4)% and (61.6 ± 0.4)%.
SEMANTIC SATIATION FOR POETIC EFFECT
Authors: Anderson Daniel
Published: April 2021

This article argues that the defamiliarization caused by extensive repetition, termed ‘semantic satiation’ in psychology, was used by ancient poets for specific effects. Five categories of repetition are identified. First, words undergo auditory deformation through syllable and sound repetition, as commonly in ancient etymologies. Second, a tradition of emphatic proper-name repetition is identified, in which the final instance of the name is given special emphasis; this tradition spans Greek and Latin poetry, and ultimately goes back to the Nireus entry in the Catalogue of Ships. Third, repetition is used for wordplay, where the final instance of the repeated term not only is emphasized but also incurs some change to its meaning or shape. Fourth, the incantatory repetition of divine names in hymns and cultic invocations amplifies a sense of divine presence behind and beyond the repetend. Fifth, repetition of half and full lines by different speakers in Old Comedy serves to undercut and parody the original sense of the repeated words. Extensive repetition in ancient literature was never merely ornamental but was used for a range of specific auditory and semantic effects with distinct and identifiable structures.
Multiplicities, invariant subspaces and an additive formula
Authors: Chattopadhyay Arup , Sarkar Jaydeb , Sarkar Srijan
Published: April 2021

Let$T = (T_1, \ldots , T_n)$be a commuting tuple of bounded linear operators on a Hilbert space$\mathcal{H}$. The multiplicity of$T$is the cardinality of a minimal generating set with respect to$T$. In this paper, we establish an additive formula for multiplicities of a class of commuting tuples of operators. A special case of the main result states the following: Let$n \geq 2$, and let$\mathcal{Q}_i$,$i = 1, \ldots , n$, be a proper closed shift co-invariant subspaces of the Dirichlet space or the Hardy space over the unit disc in$\mathbb {C}$. If$\mathcal{Q}_i^{\bot }$,$i = 1, \ldots , n$, is a zero-based shift invariant subspace, then the multiplicity of the joint$M_{\textbf {z}} = (M_{z_1}, \ldots , M_{z_n})$-invariant subspace$(\mathcal{Q}_1 \otimes \cdots \otimes \mathcal{Q}_n)^{\perp }$of the Dirichlet space or the Hardy space over the unit polydisc in$\mathbb {C}^{n}$is given by\[ \mbox{mult}_{M_{\textbf{{z}}}|_{ (\mathcal{Q}_1 \otimes \cdots \otimes \mathcal{Q}_n)^{{\perp}}}} (\mathcal{Q}_1 \otimes \cdots \otimes \mathcal{Q}_n)^{{\perp}} = \sum_{i=1}^{n} (\mbox{mult}_{M_z|_{\mathcal{Q}_i^{{\perp}}}} (\mathcal{Q}_i^{\bot})) = n. \]A similar result holds for the Bergman space over the unit polydisc.
Using distance sampling with camera traps to estimate the density of group-living and solitary mountain ungulates
Authors: Pal Ranjana , Bhattacharya Tapajit , Qureshi Qamar , Buckland Stephen T. , Sathyakumar Sambandam
Published: April 2021

Throughout the Himalaya, mountain ungulates are threatened by hunting for meat and body parts, habitat loss, and competition with livestock. Accurate population estimates are important for conservation management but most of the available methods to estimate ungulate densities are difficult to implement in mountainous terrain. Here, we tested the efficacy of the recent extension of the point transect method, using camera traps for estimating density of two mountain ungulates: the group-living Himalayan blue sheep or bharalPseudois nayaurand the solitary Himalayan musk deerMoschus leucogaster. We deployed camera traps in 2017–2018 for the bharal (summer: 21 locations; winter: 25) in the trans-Himalayan region (3,000–5,000 m) and in 2018–2019 for the musk deer (summer: 30 locations; winter: 28) in subalpine habitats (2,500–3,500 m) in the Upper Bhagirathi basin, Uttarakhand, India. Using distance sampling with camera traps, we estimated the bharal population to be 0.51 ± SE 0.1 individuals/km2(CV = 0.31) in summer and 0.64 ± SE 0.2 individuals/km2(CV = 0.37) in winter. For musk deer, the estimated density was 0.4 ± SE 0.1 individuals/km2(CV = 0.34) in summer and 0.1 ± SE 0.05 individuals/km2(CV = 0.48) in winter. The high variability in these estimates is probably a result of the topography of the landscape and the biology of the species. We discuss the potential application of distance sampling with camera traps to estimate the density of mountain ungulates in remote and rugged terrain, and the limitations of this method.
Simulation-based evaluation of school reopening strategies during COVID-19: A case study of São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Cruz E. H. M. , Maciel J. M. , Clozato C. L. , Serpa M. S. , Navaux P. O. A. , Meneses E. , Abdalah M. , Diener M.
Published: April 2021

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, many countries opted for strict public health measures, including closing schools. After some time, they have started relaxing some of those restrictions. To avoid overwhelming health systems, predictions for the number of new COVID-19 cases need to be considered when choosing a school reopening strategy. Using a computer simulation based on a stochastic compartmental model that includes a heterogeneous and dynamic network, we analyse different strategies to reopen schools in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, including one similar to the official reopening plan. Our model allows us to describe different types of relations between people, each type with a different infectiousness. Based on our simulations and model assumptions, our results indicate that reopening schools with all students at once has a big impact on the number of new COVID-19 cases, which could cause a collapse of the health system. On the other hand, our results also show that a controlled school reopening could possibly avoid the collapse of the health system, depending on how people follow sanitary measures. We estimate that postponing the schools' return date for after a vaccine becomes available may save tens of thousands of lives just in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area compared to a controlled reopening considering a worst-case scenario. We also discuss our model constraints and the uncertainty of its parameters.
Thermal requirements and germination niche breadth of Polygonum ferrugineum Wedd. from southeastern Brazil
Authors: Marques Andréa R. , Gonçalves Ana Letícia B. R. , Santos Fábio S. , Batlla Diego , Benech-Arnold Roberto , Garcia Queila S.
Published: April 2021

Temperature may regulate seed dormancy and germination and determine the geographical distribution of species. The present study investigated the thermal limits for seed germination of Polygonum ferrugineum (Polygonaceae), an aquatic emergent herb distributed throughout tropical and subtropical America. Seed germination responses to light and temperature were evaluated both before (control) and after stratification at 10, 15 and 20°C for 7, 14 and 28 d. Germination of control seeds was ~50% at 10 and 15°C, and they did not germinate from 20 to 30°C. The best stratification treatment was 7 d at 10°C, where seed germination was >76% in the dark for all temperatures, except at 30°C, and < 60% in light conditions. A thermal time approach was applied to the seed germination results. Base temperature (Tb) was 6.3°C for non-dormant seeds and optimal temperature (To) was 20.6°C, ceiling temperature (Tc (<50)) was 32.8°C, and thermal time requirement for 50% germination was 44.4°Cd. We concluded that a fraction of P. ferrugineum seeds is dormant, has a narrow thermal niche to germinate (10 and 15°C) and that cold stratification (10°C) alleviated dormancy and amplified the thermal range permissive for germination of the species. Consequently, P. ferrugineum is expected to occur in colder environments, for example, at high altitudes. Higher temperatures decrease the probabilities of alleviate dormancy and the ability of their seeds to germinate.
Comparison of Safety and Tolerability of Deutetrabenazine During Titration and Maintenance in Patients with Tardive Dyskinesia
Authors: Wilhelm Amanda , Anderson Karen E. , Fernandez Hubert H. , Barkay Hadas , Chaijale Nayla , Send Alexander F. , Savola Juha-Matti , Gordon Mark Forrest
Published: April 2021

Background

Deutetrabenazine is approved to treat tardive dyskinesia (TD) in adults and is titrated weekly by 6 mg/day, from 12 to 48 mg/day, based on dyskinesia control and tolerability. This analysis compared the safety of deutetrabenazine during titration versus maintenance.

Methods

Safety was assessed during titration versus maintenance using integrated data from two 12-week placebo-controlled studies (ARM-TD and AIM-TD) and the open-label extension study. Rates were compared for overall and serious adverse events (AEs), AEs leading to discontinuation, treatment-related AEs, common AEs (≥4%), and specific AEs (parkinsonism, suicidal ideation, akathisia, restlessness).

Results

In titration versus maintenance, AE rates with placebo (n=130) were: overall, 43.1% vs 25.4%; serious, 4.6% vs 2.3%; leading to discontinuation, 3.1% vs 0; treatment-related, 26.9% vs 10.0%. For placebo, common AEs during titration were somnolence, headache, nausea, fatigue, and dry mouth; none occurred during maintenance. In titration versus maintenance, AE rates in fixed-dose deutetrabenazine 12–36 mg (n=216) were: overall, 33.3–38.9% vs 22.2–29.2%; serious, 2.8–6.9% vs 0–1.4%; leading to discontinuation, 2.8–5.6% vs 0; treatment-related, 8.3–16.7% vs 8.3–13.9%. For fixed-dose deutetrabenazine, common AEs during titration were headache, diarrhea, nasopharyngitis, depression, hypertension, and dry mouth; headache was the only common AE during maintenance. In titration versus maintenance, AE rates with flexible-dose deutetrabenazine (n=168) were: overall, 49.4% vs 32.7%; serious, 3.6% vs 2.4%; leading to discontinuation, 2.4% vs 0.6%. For flexible-dose deutetrabenazine, the only common AE during titration was somnolence; none occurred during maintenance. Rates of parkinsonism, suicidal ideation, akathisia, and restlessness were low and comparable in titration and maintenance.

Conclusions

Deutetrabenazine was well-tolerated, with AE rates similar to placebo during both phases; AE rates were higher during titration and decreased during maintenance.

Funding

Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Petach Tikva, Israel
Statistical predictors of psychosocial impairment in body-focused repetitive behaviors
Authors: Grant Jon E. , Aslan Ibrahim H. , Chamberlain Samuel R.
Published: April 2021

Background

Skin picking disorder and trichotillomania, also characterized as body-focused repetitive behaviors (BFRBs), often lead to functional impairment. Some people with BFRBs, however, report little if any psychosocial dysfunction. There has been limited research as to which clinical aspects of BFRBs are associated with varying degrees of functional impairment.

Methods

Adults (n = 98), ages 18 to 65 with a current diagnosis of trichotillomania (n = 37), skin picking disorder (n = 32), trichotillomania plus skin picking disorder (n = 10), and controls (n = 19) were enrolled. Partial least squares regression (PLS) was used to identify variables associated with impairment on the Sheehan Disability Scale.

Results

PLS identified an optimal model accounting for 45.8% of variation in disability. Disability was significantly related to (in order of descending coefficient size): severity of picking, perceived stress, comorbid disorders (specifically, anxiety disorders / obsessive–compulsive disorder), trait impulsivity, family history of alcohol use disorder, atypical pulling/picking sites, and older age.

Conclusions

At present mental disorders are viewed as unitary entities; however, the extent of impairment varies markedly across patients with BFRBs. These data suggest that whereas symptom nature/severity is important in determining impairment, so too are other variables commonly unmeasured in clinical practice. Outcomes for patients may thus be maximized by rigorously addressing comorbid disorders; as well as integrating components designed to enhance top-down control and stress management. Interestingly, focused picking and emotional pulling were linked to worse disability, hinting at some differences between the two types of BFRBs, in terms of determinants of impairment.
The Politics of Pandemics: The Effect of Stay-At-Home Orders on COVID-19 Mitigation
Authors: Patterson Shawn
Published: April 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has upended every aspect of American life. State governments responded quickly to protect public health and stabilize overwhelmed hospital systems. The most restrictive policy, the stay-at-home order, was seen by public health officials as a cornerstone of successful state mitigation strategies. But like many aspects of contemporary politics, support for these efforts took on a distinctly partisan hue. In this paper, I argue that party politics significantly affected state policy responses to COVID-19, which in turn limited mitigation efforts. To this point, I first demonstrate that Democratic governors were faster and more likely to adopt stay-at-home orders than Republicans. Next, using a synthetic control approach, I show that these orders caused residents to practice greater social distancing. Finally, I find that greater social distancing worked to “flattened the curve” by limiting the growth of COVID-19 cases. Together these findings show how party politics affected state pandemic responses and have important long-term implications as states begin lifting restrictions.
Quantifying the Effects of Non‐Hydrostatic Stress on Single‐Component Polymorphs
Authors: Hess Benjamin L. , Ague Jay J.
Published: April 2021

Gibbs free energy, the fundamental thermodynamic potential used to calculate equilibrium mineral assemblages in geological systems, does not apply to non‐hydrostatically stressed solids. Consequently, there is debate over the significance of non‐hydrostatic stress in petrological and geophysical processes. To help resolve this debate, we consider the effects of non‐hydrostatic stress on the polymorph pairs kyanite/sillimanite, graphite/diamond, calcite/aragonite, and quartz/coesite. While these polymorphs are most relevant to metamorphic processes, the concepts developed are applicable to any single‐component solid reaction. We quantitatively show how stress variations normal to an interface alter equilibrium temperatures of polymorph pairs by approximately two orders of magnitude more than stress variations parallel to an interface. Thus, normal stress controls polymorph stability to first order. High‐pressure polymorphs are expected to preferentially nucleate normal to and grow parallel to the maximum stress and low‐pressure polymorphs, the minimum stress. Nonetheless, stress variations parallel to an interface allow for the surprising possibility that a high‐pressure polymorph can become more stable relative to a low‐pressure polymorph as stress decreases. The effects of non‐hydrostatic stress on mineral equilibrium are unlikely to be observed in systems with interconnected, fluid‐filled porosity, as fluid‐mediated reactions yield mineral assemblages at approximately constant pressures. In dry systems, however, reactions can occur directly between elastic solids, facilitating the direct application of non‐hydrostatic thermodynamics. Non‐hydrostatic stress is likely to be important to the evolution of metamorphic systems, as preferential orientations of polymorphic reactions can generate seismicity and may influence fundamental rock properties such as porosity and seismic anisotropy.
Nature, Origin, and Evolution of the Pyrenean‐Cantabrian Junction
Authors: Lescoutre R. , Manatschal G. , Muñoz J. A.
Published: April 2021

We investigate the present‐day orogenic architecture of the Pyrenean‐Cantabrian junction corresponding to a boundary between inverted rift segments using seismic interpretation, field data, and borehole information. This junction was formerly attributed to a major NNE‐SSW striking Pamplona transfer fault segmenting the Basque‐Cantabrian and Mauléon basins during both rifting and convergence. Our study shows that the orogenic architecture results from a strong decoupling between the thick‐skinned (basement‐involved) and the thin‐skinned (detached in the Upper Triassic evaporites) modes of deformation. The evaporites decoupling horizon was responsible for the transport and allochthony of the former rift basins over large distances on top of the Basque massifs and the Ebro and Aquitaine foreland basins. A crustal‐scale cross‐section depicts the allochthony of the Basque massifs forming a crustal wedge over the crusts of Iberian, Ebro, and Eurasian affinity. Three‐dimensional analysis of the present‐day architecture suggests that two phases of rifting and related basins can be recognized: the Late Jurassic‐Barremian and the Aptian‐Cenomanian basins. Furthermore, we show that during the Aptian‐Cenomanian, the Mauléon and Basque‐Cantabrian rift segments spatially overlapped north and south of the Basque massifs and were controlled by WNW‐ESE striking extensional faults. These results discard the existence of a major Pamplona transfer fault and argue for NNE‐SSW direction of extension during the mid‐Cretaceous. This study emphasizes the role of inheritance during rifting and reactivation and provides a new syn‐rift template, which controlled the Alpine reactivation. Finally, these results have major implications for the Iberia‐Eurasia plate boundary and the kinematics of the North Pyrenean basins.
The Role of Shortening in the Sevier Hinterland Within the U.S. Cordilleran Retroarc Thrust System: Insights From the Cretaceous Newark Canyon Formation in Central Nevada
Authors: Di Fiori Russell V. , Long Sean P. , Fetrow Anne C. , Snell Kathryn E. , Bonde Joshua W. , Vervoort Jeff D.
Published: April 2021

Documenting the spatio‐temporal progression of deformation within fold‐thrust belts is critical for understanding orogen dynamics. In the North American Cordillera, the geometry, magnitude, and timing of contractional deformation across a broad region of Nevada known as the “Sevier hinterland” has been difficult to characterize due to minimal exposures of syn‐contractional sedimentary rocks and overprinting of Cenozoic extension. To address this, we present geologic mapping and U‐Pb zircon geochronology from three exposures of the Cretaceous Newark Canyon Formation (NCF) in central Nevada. In the Cortez Mountains, NCF deposition between ∼119 and 110 Ma is hypothesized to be related to generation of relief by thrusting/folding to the west. In the Fish Creek Range, NCF deposition between ∼130 and 100 Ma was related to motion on an east‐vergent thrust fault. In the Pancake Range, NCF deposition is bracketed between ∼129 and 66 Ma and post‐dated east‐vergent folding. We incorporate these timing constraints into a compilation of deformation timing in the Sevier hinterland. Late Jurassic (∼165 and 155 Ma) shortening, which is largely post‐dated shortening in the Luning‐Fencemaker thrust belt to the west and pre‐dated initial deformation in the Sevier fold‐thrust belt to the east, is interpreted to represent diffuse, low‐magnitude deformation that accompanied eastward propagation of the basal Cordilleran décollement. Cretaceous (∼130 and 75 Ma) hinterland shortening, which includes deformation associated with NCF deposition, was contemporaneous with shortening in the Sevier fold‐thrust belt. This is interpreted to represent long‐duration strain partitioning between the foreland and hinterland during continued coupling above the basal décollement and the progressive westward underthrusting of thick North American lower‐middle crust.
Ocean Sensors Record Rare Triple Tsunami near New Zealand
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: April 2021

A new suite of DART buoys in the South Pacific Ocean spotted waves set in motion by three tsunamigenic earthquakes that occurred within hours of one another.
Statistical Modeling of the Bering Strait Throughflow for Operational Sea Ice Forecasting in the Chukchi Sea
Authors: Lenetsky Jed E. , Serreze Mark C.
Published: April 2021

We utilize statistically modeled ocean heat transports through the Bering Strait along with additional predictors to create skillful predictions of sea ice retreat and advance dates in the Chukchi Sea. Interannual variability of June and September oceanic heat transports through the strait can be captured using modeled Ekman transports, surface winds, and sea surface temperatures. At one‐month leads, our models can explain 41% and 79% of sea ice retreat and advance date variance with root mean squared errors (RMSEs) of 10.2 and 12.8 days respectively. At 4‐month leads, our models can respectively capture 37% and 73% of sea ice retreat and advance date variance with RMSEs of 8.5 and 14.6 days. These findings offer a path toward operational forecasts of sea ice retreat and advance dates in the Chukchi Sea in the absence of direct, readily available observations of heat transports in the strait.
A Morphodynamic Model to Evaluate Long‐Term Sandbar Rebuilding Using Controlled Floods in the Grand Canyon
Authors: Mueller Erich R. , Grams Paul E.
Published: April 2021

Controlled floods released from dams have become a common restoration strategy in river systems worldwide. Here we present a morphodynamic model of sandbar volume change for a subset of sandbars of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park, where controlled floods are part of a management strategy focused on sandbar maintenance. We simulate sandbars as a triangular wedge, where deposition and erosion are modeled using physically based approaches that are driven by nearly continuous observations of flow and suspended sand concentration. We optimize an eddy exchange coefficient and erosion rate parameter by comparing model predictions to measured bar volumes. The model captures most of the variability in observed volume changes, and demonstrates the importance of flood frequency and sand concentration on average bar size. The model is easily implemented and adaptable, providing a means for predicting the future behavior of sandbars under a variety of streamflow and sediment supply scenarios.
Sulfide Dissolution and Awaruite Formation in Continental Serpentinization Environments and Its Implications to Supporting Life
Authors: Schwarzenbach E. M. , Vrijmoed J. C. , Engelmann J. M. , Liesegang M. , Wiechert U. , Rohne R. , Plümper O.
Published: April 2021

Serpentinization environments are key locations that support microbial communities by the abiogenic formation of reduced species associated with peridotite alteration. Here we studied partially serpentinized peridotites from the Chimaera seeps (Turkey), an active continental serpentinization system that vents highly methane‐rich fluids, to investigate the impact of water‐rock interaction on the sulfide and metal mineralogy and its implications on supporting microbial communities. Using high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, and transmission electron microscopy we found diverse pentlandite decomposition features with precipitation of secondary sulfides including millerite, heazlewoodite, as well as Cu‐bearing sulfides, native Cu, and awaruite (Ni3Fe). Awaruite forms dense veinlets to single crystal platelets tens of nanometers in size, which is formed by desulphurization of pentlandite. In addition, the nanometer‐sized awaruite platelets are intimately intergrown with serpentine suggesting its growth during peridotite alteration by a dissolution‐precipitation process, likely associated with the interaction of methane‐ and H2‐rich but highly sulfur‐undersaturated fluids. Based on sulfur isotope signatures we infer a mantle and mid‐ocean ridge origin of the sulfide minerals associated with the first stage of partial serpentinization and awaruite formation. Subsequent and ongoing continental fluid‐rock interaction causes significant sulfide decomposition resulting in the formation of porosity and the release of, amongst others, H2S and Fe. These species may likely provide a source of nutrients for active microbial communities in these comparatively nutrient‐starved, low‐temperature continental serpentinization environments.
The metastasis suppressor protein NM23-H1 modulates the PI3K-AKT axis through interaction with the p110α catalytic subunit
Authors: Pennino Francesco Paolo , Murakami Masanao , Zollo Massimo , Robertson Erle S.
Published: April 2021

The PI3K pathway is one of the most deregulated pathways in cancer, which is predominantly due to gain of function mutations or altered expression of the PI3KCA gene. This is codified by what is seen for the class I PI3K catalytic subunit p110α, a common feature of many cancers. The metastasis suppressor protein NM23-H1 (NME1), whose ability to suppress the metastasis activities of different tumors has been widely described and was previously reported to alter phosphatidylinositol signaling. Here, we show interaction of NM23-H1 with the p110α subunit and the functional consequence of this interaction. This interaction is predominantly localized at the plasma membrane with some signals seen in the cytoplasmic compartment. Analysis of NM23-H1 levels showed a negative correlation between NM23-H1 expression and Akt phosphorylation, the key marker of PI3K pathway activation. Investigating the functional consequence of this interaction using cell motility and clonogenicity assays showed that expression of NM23-H1 reversed the enhanced migration, invasion, adhesion, and filopodia structure formation in cells expressing the p110α catalytic subunit. A similar trend was seen in anchorage-independent assays. Notably, differential analyses using NM23-H1 mutants which lacked the enzymatic and metastasis suppressor activity, showed no detectable interaction between p110α and the NM23-H1 mutant proteins P96S, H118F, and S120G, as well as no dysregulation of the PI3K-AKT axis.