bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A terahertz-driven controllable water nanopump
Authors: Zhang Qi-Lin , Wang Yun-Jie , Yang Hui , Deng Yi-Fan , Wang Tian-Qi , Yang Rong-Yao , Zhu Zhi
Published: January 2025

Manipulating water flow in nanochannels is crucial for advancing nanotechnology and nanofluidic. Using molecular dynamics simulation, we demonstrate that both the direction and rate of flow in a uniform nanochannel can be precisely tuned by varying the incident direction, field intensity, and irradiation range of a specific-frequency biased terahertz pulse stimulation, without requiring any external pressure gradients. The resonant coupling between the irradiated water molecules and terahertz pulses is revealed to create pressure gradients that determine the direction of water flow and control the flow rate. This effect is attributed to the asymmetric absorption of terahertz radiation by water molecules within the nanochannel, which generates a controllable energy flow. These insights provide a glorious inspiration for designing advanced nanofluidic devices that require facile and stable energy flow control, avoiding physical intrusion.
On the conditions of wave interaction
Authors: Buts V. A.
Published: January 2025

It is shown that the known conditions of wave interaction do not cover all possibilities for effective wave interaction. New, more general conditions for such interaction are identified in this article. The new conditions contain the known conditions as a special case. The simplest cases of “three-wave” interaction are considered as examples. In these examples, one of the interacting waves is a given wave. The most important and interesting case is when two waves with different frequencies can interact with a stationary periodic structure. The conditions for experimental observation of the new conditions are described.
Reconstructing higher-order constitutive equations based on deep learning
Authors: Tu Yifan , Wu Anping , Li Yubo , Tang Hongwei , Liu Feng , Gao Hongli
Published: January 2025

To overcome the problems of high computational complexity, low efficiency, and limited accuracy in the iterative solution of traditional high-order constitutive equations, this paper proposes a deep learning-based high-order constitutive equation reconstruction (DLHCER) method. The method embeds the nonlinear terms into the source terms of the Navier–Stokes (NS) equations, and the DLHCER control equations are obtained by physical reconstruction. In the training stage, the error between the experimental data and computational fluid dynamics simulation data is utilized to generate the training data and establish the mapping relationship between the free incoming flow variables and the characteristic nonlinear variables. Ultimately, the complex nonlinear terms in DLHCER are fitted and predicted by an agent model to capture the complex relationship between the source term parameters and the incoming flow conditions, thus replacing the traditional iterative solution process. Experimental results show that the average relative error between the theoretical and predicted values of the DLHCER model is 0.302%. The agent model is further analyzed for Shapley additive explanations interpretability to clarify the relationship between network inputs and outputs. Through the comparative validation of nonlinear coupled constitutive relations, Navier–Stokes–Fourier and DLHCER on one-dimensional positive excitation wave arithmetic cases, the results show that DLHCER significantly simplifies the computational process by directly correcting the free parameters of the source term, avoids the cumbersome iterative process, and realizes the double enhancement of computational efficiency and accuracy. Therefore, DLHCER is expected to provide strong support for higher-order constitutive equations in engineering applications in the field of dilute gases.
A signal denoising method based on goose optimization algorithm for optimal variational modal decomposition and improved wavelet thresholding function
Authors: Fang Lide , Wang Zhongliang , Sun Yiqian , Zhu Zeyu , Sun Jianzhang , Wang Mi
Published: January 2025

Ultrasonic flowmeters are widely used in energy and control applications, providing accurate and fast measurement of fluid flow rates. This paper proposes a denoising method based on the goose optimization algorithm, a nature-inspired optimization method mimicking the foraging behavior of goose. GO optimizes the penalty factor and decomposition layer number of variational modal decomposition, resulting in the GO-VMD approach. Decomposed modal components are further denoised using an improved wavelet thresholding method. The algorithm is compared with existing methods, such as high-frequency ultrasonic signal processing, and experimental results show that it improves the signal-to-noise ratio by 8%, reduces root mean square error by 5%, retains more useful information, and achieves significant denoising results.
The impact of COVID-19 on public and private emergency departments in Queensland, Australia
Authors: Sweeny Amy L. , Hall Emma , Padowitz Anthony , Walters Ben , Zhang Ping , Alcorn Kylie , Keijzers Gerben , Marshall Andrea P. , Ranse Jamie , Crilly Julia
Published: January 2025

Objective COVID-19 affected health care globally. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on both public and private emergency departments (EDs). Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of ED presentations made to three private and two public hospital EDs located in one region in Queensland. Presentation rates per 1000 population and incident rate ratios (IRR) for three time periods: T1: pre-pandemic (March–June 2018/2019), T2: initial restrictions (March–June 2020), and T3: restrictions easing (March–June 2021) were calculated. Linear trends were produced to describe pre- and post-pandemic changes. Additional outcomes reported for public EDs included ED length of stay (LoS) and cost. Results In T2, both public and private ED presentation rates decreased by 12% (overall IRR 0.88; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.87–0.89). Private EDs experienced a quicker and greater return of patient volumes in T3, exceeding T1 levels. The median ED length of stay decreased and then increased above pre-pandemic levels (T1: 159 min, T2: 151 min, T3: 201 min). Total costs were higher during T2 but then decreased during T3, below that of T1 (T1: A$652, T2: A$791, T3: A$566). Between February 2020 and June 2021, 269 people tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, 19 of whom (7.1%) interfaced with the ED. Conclusions During initial COVID-19 restrictions, a shift towards fewer ED presentations was observed. Private ED presentations rebounded more quickly than public. Few COVID-19 patients interfaced with an ED. Systems and public–private agreements made during this time appeared to protect EDs and soften the impact of reduced volumes for the private sector.
Mercury patterns in lakes within a natural hotspot in the Southern Volcanic Zone of the Andes (Nahuel Huapi National Park, Patagonia, South America)
Authors: Soto Cárdenas Carolina , Fernandez Zaida , Arcagni Marina , Rizzo Andrea , Diéguez María C.
Published: January 2025

Environmental context The pristine oligotrophic lakes of Andean Patagonia are influenced by volcanic eruptions and atmospheric deposition. This study focuses on mercury (Hg) dynamics in two connected lakes in a natural Hg hotspot of the southern Andes. The lake waters have low dissolved organic carbon and moderate to high Hg concentrations, resulting in high Hg availability. These promote Hg binding to natural particulates, thereby favouring its incorporation into food webs. Rationale Mercury hotspots have been identified in pristine volcanic areas of the northern Patagonian Andes (South America). In this study, we investigated spatial and seasonal patterns of total mercury (THg) in two oligotrophic lakes in Nahuel Huapi National Park (Argentina), adjacent to the Puyehue Cordón Caulle volcanic complex (Chile). We hypothesise that THg levels in the lakes are linked to seasonal terrestrial inputs and that in-lake processes influence its distribution and availability. Methodology Water samples were collected seasonally in the connected lakes Pire (shallow) and Brazo Rincón branch of L. Nahuel Huapi (BR, deep). The concentration of THg was studied together with physicochemical variables, including the concentration and quality of dissolved organic matter (DOM). THg was measured by cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry (CVAF) and DOM was characterised through absorbtion and fluorescence spectroscopy. Results Lakes showed moderate to high THg concentrations and remarkable Hg availability. THg increased downwards in the landscape and was associated with DOM terrestrial prints, indicating its co-transport from the catchment during high connectivity periods (from winter to early summer). In summer, THg levels were associated with higher mineralisation (higher dissolved inorganic carbon, DIC) and diffusion from sediments, especially in the shallow lake. THg availability and distribution were related to the quality of the DOM pool and the total suspended solids (TSS) year round. The high biotic contribution to TSS (higher chlorophyll-a:TSS) in BR indicated Hg binding to phytoplankton and incorporation into lake food webs. Discussion Pristine oligotrophic lakes influenced by natural Hg sources have a high potential for Hg accumulation in food webs because their typically high Hg and low DOC concentrations result in high Hg availability, promoting Hg binding to abiotic and biotic particles.
Influence of Ho3+ doping on microstructure and dielectric properties of CaCu3Ti4O12 lead free ceramic
Authors: Rani Kanika , Ahlawat Neetu , Kundu R S , Pooja  , Saini Deepak , Deepa
Published: January 2025

The present research investigated the effect of Ho3+ doping on the microstructural and dielectric properties of Ca1−x
Ho
x
Cu3Ti4O12 ceramic. X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the formation of calcium copper titanate (CCTO) ceramic. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images showed that the grain size of Ca1−x
Ho
x
Cu3Ti4O12 samples significantly decreased with increasing Ho3+ ion concentration, which consequently reduced the dielectric constant in the doped CaCu3Ti4O12 ceramics. The lowest dielectric losses (tanδ = 0.13 at 323 K and 1 kHz) and a dielectric permittivity (ϵ′ = 8.38 × 103) were observed in the Ca0.98Ho0.02Cu3Ti4O12 ceramic. The dielectric behavior of the Ca1−x
Ho
x
Cu3Ti4O12 ceramics was correlated with the internal barrier layer capacitance model. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) detected the presence of Cu+/Cu2+ and Ti3+/Ti4+ in all synthesized samples, indicating that electron hopping between Cu+ ↔ Cu2+ and Ti3+ ↔ Ti4+ ionic states was the main cause of the formation of semiconducting grains in the synthesized ceramics.
TiO2/SiO2/g-C3N4 flower-like spheres with g-C3N4 sheets for enhanced visible-light-driven photodegradation of industrial pollutants via an adsorption–photocatalysis synergy
Authors: Darvish Samira Mohammad , Hosseini Zahra Sadat , Masoudi Amir Ali , Mortezaali Abdollah
Published: January 2025

Wastewaters containing toxic pollutants such as dyes, pharmaceuticals and other chemicals have an adverse effect on human and aquatic life. Pharmaceuticals cannot be efficiently removed by conventional wastewater treatment processes. The use of proper photocatalysts for the removal of pharmaceuticals in aquatic systems is gaining extensive attention. In this research, TiO2/SiO2/g-C3N4 nanostructured photocatalysts in the form of powder (NP) and thin films (TFs) with different concentrations of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) sheets were prepared by simple hydrothermal and dip-coating methods, respectively. The morphology, composition, structure and optical properties of the samples were systematically investigated using relevant characterization techniques. The obtained results indicate that modification of titanium dioxide (TiO2) with silicon dioxide (SiO2) effectively preserves the active anatase phase of TiO2, increases the specific surface area of the TiO2 sample and improves the absorption of visible light due to the formation of imperfections in the crystal structure. The results of photocatalytic experiments indicate that adding g-C3N4 enhances photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) and tetracycline (TC) due to an increase in the effective surface area, charge carrier separation and increased light absorption in the visible region. The highest efficiency was achieved for the sample with 0.03 g of g-C3N4 in the precursor solution. TiO2/SiO2/g-C3N4 NP compared with its TF counterpart possesses higher visible photodegradation, with an efficiency of ∼96% for a solution of 20 mg l−1 MB and a corresponding adsorption of 88% in the dark within 60 min. In addition, TF photocatalysts showed good reusability and feasible separation from the refined solution. Efficient removal of TC by a reactor designed to be applicable to both synthesized TF and NP photocatalysts was achieved under visible light illumination. This work may provide an effective approach for the removal of antibiotics in wastewater.
Predicting thermoelectric performance of AlGaSbAs-based systems for thermo-photovoltaic cell applications
Authors: Merabet Boualem , Maleque Md Abdul , Belhachi Sofyane , Masood A Ibnu , Hossain Mohammad Sayeed , Algethami Abdullah A , Ali Hafiz T
Published: January 2025

The development of high-performance thermoelectric (TE) materials is critical for advancing thermo-photovoltaic (TPV) technologies. To evaluate TE properties of AlGaSbAs-based systems, highlighting their potential for efficient thermal energy conversion in TPV cell applications, this paper explores and selects a new material that predict TE performance of TPV system while ensuring environmental sustainability. The study further delves into material-specific performance with a case study on AlGaSbAs, including thermal conductivity, bandgap (Eg) engineering and figure of merit using a Python simulation tool to improve the TPV cells’ quantum efficiency and thermal stability. Using such a predictive computational framework, key TE parameters are quantified: figure of merit (ZT ∼ 1.5–2.5), Seebeck coefficient (S: 150–300 μV/K), electrical conductivity (103–104 S m−1), and thermal conductivity (κ
l
of 0.91 W mK−1 at 1100 K). Suitable Eg of Al0.125Ga0.875Sb0.75As0.25 (0.554 eV) ensures alignment with mid-infrared photon energies, optimizing energy conversion in TPV systems operating at 500–1200 K. Innovations include alloy engineering to enhance phonon scattering, nanostructuring to minimize lattice thermal conductivity (κ
l
), and doping strategies to boost power factor. This study establishes AlGaSbAs as a scalable, thermally stable, and environmentally friendly material for next-generation TPV systems, providing a pathway for integrated TE and photovoltaic energy conversion solutions. The results showed that the thermal conductivity decreases with increasing temperature following a trend where it is inversely proportional to temperature which is beneficial as it suggests reduced heat loss at higher temperatures. S coefficient showed a linear increasing trend with the increasing of temperature demonstrating that the material becomes more effective at converting temperature differences into electrical voltage at higher temperatures. With controlling thermal parameters and selecting of the most suitable material, the efficiency of AlGaSbAs-based TPV cells can be significantly improved, making them more viable for high-temperature applications.
Chasing cosmic inflation: constraints for inflationary models and reheating insights
Authors: Ballardini Mario
Published: January 2025

We investigate the impact of different choice of prior's range for the reheating epoch on cosmic inflation parameter inference
in light of cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy measurements from the Planck 2018 legacy release
in combination with BICEP/Keck Array 2018 data and additional late-time cosmological observations such as uncalibrated
Type Ia supernovae from the Pantheon catalogue, baryon acoustic oscillations and redshift space distortions
from SDSS/BOSS/eBOSS.
Here, we explore in particular the implications for the combination of reheating and inflationary-model parameter space
considering R+R
2 inflation and a broad class of α-attractor and D-brane models.
Propagating the uncertainties due to an unknown reheating phase, these inflationary models completely cover the n
s-r parameter space allowed by Planck and BICEP/Keck data
and represent good targets for future CMB and large-scale structure experiments.
We perform a Bayesian model comparison of inflationary models, taking into account the reheating uncertainties
assuming a conservative but accurate modelling of inflationary predictions.
R+R
2 inflation, T-model α-attractor inflation for n=1, E-model α-attractor inflation for n=1/2,
and KKLT inflation for p=5 are the better performing models, with none being preferred at a statistically significant level.
Study on effects of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on ovarian cancer tissues using Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Shuanghui , Wang Huan , Han Yimin
Published: January 2025

Ovarian cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies in women, with over 70% of patients diagnosed at advanced stages (III–IV) due to a lack of early symptoms. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is frequently employed to alleviate systemic symptoms and prepare patients for surgery. However, no objective method currently exists to accurately assess its efficacy. Raman spectroscopy (RS), an analytical technique that detects molecular vibrations, offers a rapid, non-invasive, and cost-effective means of evaluation. This study aims to determine whether RS can serve as a novel approach for assessing the impact of NACT on fresh ovarian tissues. Fresh ovarian tissues were collected from patients treated at our hospital between September 2021 and November 2023; additionally, fresh normal ovarian tissues were obtained from six patients undergoing unrelated surgeries (the control group). The Raman spectra of different groups were analyzed using a partial least squares discriminant analysis model for interpretation. We observed that characteristic peaks at 673 and 1223 cm−1 appeared exclusively in IDS + NACT and normal control tissue maps, while the peak at 758 cm−1 was unique to the primary debulking surgery map. Following NACT, significant reductions in tissue intensity were noted at key characteristic peaks: glycogen at 477 cm−1 (P= 0.028), phenylalanine at 1004 cm−1 (P= 0.039), nucleic acids at 1342 cm−1 (P< 0.001), and lipids at 1446 cm−1 (P < 0.001). Conversely, a significant increase in amide III (α-helix) protein peak intensity was observed (P < 0.001). The results demonstrate that RS can effectively differentiate benign from malignant ovarian tissue characteristics while sensitively revealing microscopic changes in early-stage ovarian cancer before and after NACT. As an innovative method for evaluating NACT efficacy, it provides objective insights into molecular morphology that enhance our understanding of disease progression and treatment outcomes.
Numerical simulation of film instability over a corrugated sheet
Authors: Suzzi Nicola , Croce Giulio
Published: January 2025

The evolution of a liquid layer flowing down a corrugated sheet driven by gravity, which is the characteristic configuration of structured packing, is numerically analysed via the solution of the governing lubrication equation, which reduces the 3D physical problem to a 2D mathematical problem. Disjoining pressure is used to model contact line dynamics and surface wettability, while full implementation of capillary pressure allows to investigate contact angles up to 60°. The effect of corrugation is introduced via the definition, in the governing lubrication equation, of non-uniform gravity acceleration. Furthermore, the additional capillary force, arising from variations in the solid surface curvature, is also implemented. Different corrugation geometries and flow conditions, the latter being defined by the reference film Capillary number, are investigated, looking for configurations that allow enhancement of the liquid-gas interface area at low liquid flow rate. Such an analysis provides a novel approach in the design of structured packing, widely used in carbon capture via chemical absorption.
Parametric analysis of delivered power during laser ablation for prostate cancer.
Authors: Andreozzi A. , Napoli G. , Vanoli G.P.
Published: January 2025

Prostate cancer is one of the most recurrent forms of cancer in men, occurring in peripheral zones. Laser ablation is an emerging non-invasive protocol for this disease, offering the possibility to preserve the prostate proper functioning. However, due to shortage of in-vivo experiments, for ethical and practical reasons, it is difficult to properly design the treatment, leading to incomplete tumor destruction and metastasis development, owed to inappropriate exposure time or laser intensity. Consequently, it is of primary importance to develop accurate models to aid and provide guidelines to surgeons, towards a treatment optimization. For these reasons, in this paper an accurate model has been developed and solved through the finite elements commercial software Comsol Multiphysics. A 2D domain, representative of the tumor inside the prostate, has been investigated, using the porous media approach. According to the Local Thermal Non-Equilibrium (LTNE) assumption, the tissue and the blood are treated as two distinct entities having different thermal properties and behavior. The laser source has been described by means of the Beer-Lambert’s law, assuming a Gaussian laser distribution. To find the optimal laser setting to achieve the maximum tumor destruction, the effect of different laser intensity, and bare fiber diameter on temperature field and thermal damage is investigated.
Engineering Design Consideration of Sediment Management Control Approach at Sg Bertam for Ulu Jelai Hydroelectric Scheme
Authors: Hamid Mohamad Amirul Hafiz Abd , Mamat Ahmad Fadhli
Published: January 2025

Sedimentation is the accumulation form of sand, silt and clay which is transported by water at river area. Sedimentation is a severe issue happening in Cameron Highlands, Pahang due to the agriculture activities especially along Sungai Bertam River. This sedimentation issue will have an impact on the storage capacity of Susu Reservoir, which is located near Cameron Highlands’ Hydro Power Station. 50% of sediment inflow to Susu Reservoir is contributed through Bertam River. Total estimated sedimentation rate in Susu Reservoir is 1,000,000 m3/year (3% of Susu Reservoir total storage). If sediment is not captured at designated sediment trap, it will be transported to Susu Reservoir, and eventually affecting power generation. Sediment removal in open lake is costlier than removal in sediment trapping facility In this study, it is critical to offer a mitigation approach for sediment control, such as the construction of a check dam and sediment disposal area. The engineering design for the check dam will include stability analysis and hydraulic design, as well as geotechnical and access road design. Meanwhile, for the disposal location, it is critical to consider infrastructure and geotechnical design.
Performance-Based Seismic Assessment of School Building Using Fragility Curve and Capacity-Demand Response Spectrum
Authors: Hadi Nurfarhana Diyana Abdul , Anudai Shamilah
Published: January 2025

This study assesses the seismic vulnerability of a two-storey reinforced concrete school building prototype located in Selangor, Malaysia through a Performance-Based Seismic Assessment. The beam-column joints of the school building were designed using Eurocode 8 and equipped with fuse bars. The fuse bars act as passive energy dissipators to enhance the energy dissipation capacity of the beam-column joints. Three super-assemblages, corner beam-column joint, interior beam-column joint, and exterior beam-column joint, were tested under in-plane lateral cyclic loading. The damage states of the beam-column joints were classified based on the ductility ratios of the beam-column joints. Subsequently, fragility curves and capacity demand response spectra for the beam-column joints were plotted to assess the seismic vulnerability and deformation capacity under Design Basis Earthquake (DBE) and Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) conditions. The findings indicate that the corner, interior and exterior beam-column joint experienced extensive damage when it reached ductility 1.56, 2.70 and 1.74 respectively. Moreover, the results show that the designed prototype building can withstand DBE and MCE conditions for Type 1 and Type 2 earthquakes, with a maximum Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) of 0.718g.
Enhancing Asphalt Durability with Styrofoam and Coconut Shell Ash: Evaluating Resistance to Diesel Fuel Spills
Authors: Syammaun Tamalkhani , Rani Hafnidar A. , Rachman Firmansyah , Aksal Ilham
Published: January 2025

This study aims to determine the optimal percentage of Styrofoam and Coconut Shell Ash (CSA) in the Asphalt Concrete-Wearing Course (AC-WC) mixture to mitigate the impact of diesel fuel spills on asphalt quality, addressing the degradation of asphalt due to accidental diesel fuel spills that compromise road durability. The research employed Marshall parameter testing following Bina Marga 2018 General Specifications, Revision 1 of 2019 (Division 6). Five asphalt content variations were used (4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, 6%, and 6.5%), with two substitution levels for Styrofoam (6% and 8%) and two for CSA (50% and 100%). The impact of diesel fuel immersion was simulated with immersion times of 5 and 9 minutes. The optimal asphalt content (OAC) was found to be 5.5%, producing favorable characteristics with a stability value of 3,868.26 kg, while the combination of 8% Styrofoam and 50% CSA filler yielded the best performance with a stability value of 4,817.28 kg. Immersion testing of this mixture with diesel fuel for 5 minutes (4,212.64 kg) and 9 minutes (3,874.08 kg) also produced stability values well above the required threshold of > 1,000 kg. The results demonstrate that using 8% Styrofoam and 50% CSA filler can significantly improve the mixture’s resistance to degradation from diesel spills. This study provides significant insights into the potential of using polymer waste materials to enhance the durability of asphalt roads, promoting the reuse of waste and improving road infrastructure resilience.
Tensile performance of bamboo fibre reinforced recycled polypropylene composites produced via injection moulding technique
Authors: Osmi S K , Othman M , Daud N , Anuar A I , Bahari M H Saiful
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the tensile performance of bamboo fibre-reinforced recycled polypropylene (BF-rPP) composites produced via injection moulding technique. The utilization of natural fibres in polymer composites presents an eco-friendly alternative to conventional synthetic fibres, enhancing sustainability in material development. In this study, the BF was blended with rPP, aiming to improve the mechanical properties of the composite, particularly tensile strength, while maintaining environmental benefits. The BF which is extracted from the Bambusa Gigantochloa Scortechinii species acts as reinforcing material for rPP composite matrix. Three percentages of BF (3%, 5% and 7%) were blended with rPP using injection moulding to fabricate the composite specimens. The injection moulding and tensile mould were developed according to ASTM D638-14 standards, and tensile performance was evaluated based on comparison with the strength of virgin polypropylene (vPP), percentage of fibre content, tensile strength, elongation to break and failure pattern of composites. It can be concluded that the BF reinforcement enhances the tensile strength and stiffness of the composite but reduces the ductility of rPP. The increased fibre content in the polymer matrix leads to a stiffer, less flexible composite polymer. The 3% addition of BF in rPP is taken as the optimum addition percentage of BF in rPP because it achieves a better balance between strength and flexibility compared to 5% and 7% BF. The results demonstrated that the incorporation of bamboo fibres significantly improves the tensile properties of recycled polypropylene composites, making them suitable for various structural and engineering applications. This study provides valuable insights into the potential of using natural fibres to reinforce recycled polymers, contributing to the advancement of sustainable composite materials.
Technical details in Fourier single-pixel imaging
Authors: Long Sicheng , Zhang Zibang , Zhong Jingang
Published: January 2025

It has been almost 10 years since Fourier single-pixel imaging (FSI) was proposed in 2015. FSI has been extended to 3D single-pixel imaging, full-color imaging, multi-modality imaging, microscopy, and light-field imaging. It has also been applied to through-fire imaging, image-free object edge detection, image-free fast-moving object tracking, high-speed rotating object imaging, image-free autofocusing, photovoltaic device functionality imaging, and more. This paper addresses students and researchers in different disciplines interested in learning about FSI. We aim to provide the readers with a tutorial that teaches fundamental principles and technical details that help the researchers better understand, analyze, and implement FSI.
The electrified tribological behavior of TiN coating in lubricated contacts
Authors: Dong Xinjian , Wang Zhibo , Cai Chengsheng , Luo Xinbao , Li Pengfei , Zhang Guangan , Wang Yunfeng , Wang Fu
Published: January 2025

The excellent wear resistance and good conductivity of TiN coatings hold promising tribological applications in electrified contact systems. This work investigated the electrified tribological behavior of TiN coating when lubricated with four base oils: poly-α-olefin, mineral, rapeseed, and castor oils. The results indicated that the electric current caused fluctuating friction characteristics in lubricated contacts. The average friction coefficient under electrified conditions had a negligible change compared to the unelectrified cases when lubricated with hydrocarbon oils and rapeseed oil but a gradual decrease for castor oils. The electric current did not induce observable wear of TiN coating but promoted notable wear of steel pair. Under electrified conditions, the tribo-layers containing iron oxides and graphitized carbon were clearly observed on the surface of TiN coating for hydrocarbon oils and on the surface of steel balls for all lubricants. The enhanced adhesive transfer from steel to TiN surface was related to the electrified friction characteristics. In addition, the interfacial interactions caused by the electric field across the contact might also contribute to the electrified friction behavior of the system. These findings provide valuable insight into the application of TiN coatings in tribological protection for electrified contact components.
Introduction
Authors: Dacey Mike
Published: January 2025

The Introduction describes the science of animal minds with which the book will engage, as well as the general orientation of the book. It introduces and describes the seven challenges that make up separate chapters: 1 Underdetermination; 2 Anthropomorphic bias; 3 Modeling; 4 Integration and Homology; 5 Ecological Validity; 6 Sample Size and Generalizability; and 7 Measuring Consciousness. For each of these challenges, specific ways of reframing the problem are suggested that will be more fruitful. Finally, it positions the book among recent methodological work in philosophy of animal minds, especially in reaction to four features of ‘standard practice’ in comparative (animal) psychology.
Ecological Validity
Authors: Dacey Mike
Published: January 2025

This chapter addresses the challenge of ecological validity: the worry that the unnaturalness of laboratory experiments undermines them as sources of evidence about animal minds. It takes a practical approach, recognizing that worries about unnaturalness can crosscut more formal concerns, including external validity, internal validity, and integrating experimental laboratory work with observational fieldwork. Looking at work on foraging in honeybees, it suggests approaches that look across experiments and only generalize carefully structured collections of results. Specifically, researchers can design “anchoring experiments” which are related to wild behaviors as closely as possible, and then vary those experimental tasks in different ways to gain a fuller understanding of the psychological processes involved.
Due Process Protections for the Accused in Early English Jury Trials
Authors: Herrmann Francis R
Published: January 2025

Apart from church and secular tribunals operating under the learned law of romano-canonical procedure, trials were commonly conducted by ordeals of fire and water, whose results had been taken to be the voice of God. The Fourth Lateran Council (1215) deprived such ordeals of the church’s blessing, thereby hastening their end. On both the European continent and in England, the challenge arose as to how to determine guilt or innocence in the absence of the ordeal. The Continent developed its inquisitorial system. England turned to the jury. Statutes made in support of Magna Carta provided important due process protections for accused persons. The jury could freely evaluate evidence of guilt or innocence.
Silence and Self-incrimination in England Before the Late Seventeenth Century
Authors: Herrmann Francis R
Published: January 2025

In common-law courts, defendants did not suffer legal punishment for an alleged crime if they remained silent, but their choice to do so may have amounted to forfeiting whatever defense they could have made by speaking. The maxim “no one is held to betray himself” was birthed in the canon law where it protected persons from having to give self-incriminating answers about their secret crimes. In seventeenth-century England, church courts followed the canonical rule. Religious dissenters claimed the church was violating its own rule by requiring them to speak under oath in violation of the church’s own preconditions for imposing the oath. Secular courts intervened at times to bar church courts from violating their own rules. The nemo tenetur maxim, absent its canonical context and limitations, gradually migrated into the common-law courts, even though defendants there did not speak under oath.
Popular Efforts to Bolster Due Process Protections at Criminal Trials in the Later Seventeenth Century
Authors: Herrmann Francis R
Published: January 2025

In the mid-seventeenth century, amidst religious discord and the aftermath of the English civil wars, agitation for broad-reaching societal changes began to appear among the people, especially in the area of London. The Leveller movement, led principally by John Lilburne, campaigned for fundamental social reforms. Lilburne and colleagues issued a flood of widely read tracts in support of their proposals. Levellers circulated petitions and agreements of the people. Tens of thousands signed them and forwarded them to parliament. Part of the Leveller agenda addressed the need for reform in the laws, emphasizing particularly the sacredness of trial by jury. In connection therewith, they advocated for improvements in defensive safeguards, including greater assistance of counsel, speedy trials, protection from self-incrimination, and the right to due process. In addition to the popular advocacy for reform, a high-level commission appointed by the government submitted proposals for procedural improvements. The Leveller movement subsided after 1649. Parliament took no action on the commission's proposals for the most part. Afer the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, the reform movement waned. In the courts, however, the treatment of defendants had begun to show signs of improvement.
Integrated digit in noise test (iDIN) for rapid hearing and cognitive screening: a preliminary exploration
Authors: Wang Shangqiguo , Wong Lena L N , Pan Tsz Y
Published: January 2025

Background

Hearing and cognitive impairments are common amongst older adults, both affecting communication and are not easy to distinguish from each other.

Objective

To preliminarily evaluate the efficacy of the integrated Digit in Noise Test (iDIN) for rapid screening of hearing and cognitive functions in older adults.

Design

This cross-sectional cohort study was conducted at multiple clinical sites.

Setting

Data collection occurred in sound-treated booths and quiet rooms at several outpatient clinics and elderly community centres.

Subjects

The study included 107 older adults, aged 58–96, who were long-term residents of Hong Kong and native Cantonese speakers. Participants were selected through convenience sampling.

Methods

Primary outcomes were the speech reception thresholds (SRTs) for 2-, 3- and 5-digit sequences with forward and 3-digit sequences with backward recall measured on iDIN. Hearing level was assessed using pure-tone audiometry. Cognitive function was assessed using the Hong Kong version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (HK-MoCA).

Results

The 2-digit and 3-digit SRTs effectively distinguished participants with hearing loss, demonstrating high sensitivity (0.815 and 0.908, respectively) and specificity (0.905 and 0.853, respectively). The SRT3b-3f index effectively discriminated between participants who passed or failed the MoCA, with sensitivities of 0.727 and 0.781, and specificities of 0.885 and 0.787 using the two MoCA scoring methods. No significant correlation was found between SRT3b-3f and hearing levels after adjustment for educational background.

Conclusions

iDIN demonstrates significant promise for rapid and effective screening of both hearing and cognitive impairments in older adults.
Anuran mating systems: the role of climate, life history traits, and sex ratio
Authors: Melo Isabella , Jardim Lucas , Valencia-Zuleta Alejandro , Borzée Amael , Rödel Mark-Oliver , Webster Grant N , Prasad Vishal Kumar , Ghosh Deyatima , Mahony Michael , Diniz-Filho José Alexandre Felizola , Llusia Diego
Published: January 2025

There is a great diversity of mating systems in anurans, but the factors driving this diversity remain unclear. Here, using phylogenetic comparative methods, we explore which factors are related to the presence of certain mating systems in anurans and examine evolutionary patterns. We collected data for 717 anuran species and evaluated the effects of climate, temporal breeding pattern, sex ratios, terrestriality, and fecundity on their mating systems. Scramble competition and simultaneous polyandry occur more in species with aquatic oviposition sites, which have larger clutches, in habitats with high temperature seasonality, and low annual temperature/precipitation. Direct benefits occur often in species with terrestrial larger eggs and smaller clutches, which have terrestrial or sheltered oviposition sites, and in habitats with lower temperature seasonality. Only lek and polygyny were correlated with sex ratios. Most mating systems are strongly influenced by shared evolutionary history and are linked to the evolution of reproductive modes. Climate and sex ratios seem to play a role in the plasticity of mating systems, as a species can have more than one. Finally, our study represents a considerable advance toward understanding the anuran mating system evolution.
Clinical practices and educational interests of dermatologists in Caribbean countries
Authors: Olukoga Chrislene , Tosti Antonella , Ho Jonathan , Morrison Brian W
Published: January 2025

This research letter holds particular significance for a global health and equity dermatology journal as it addresses critical considerations for continuing medical education and relevant epidemiology of the Caribbean. The aim of our survey was to determine the perspectives and needs of Caribbean dermatologists to better support this community. Our focus was to identify common conditions seen in clinical practice and the educational interests of the group. We hope our data help guide local and international efforts to identify and address the needs of this diverse and unique region.
Self-efficacy and technology usage among social service practitioners—A structural equation modeling
Authors: Yuen-Han Mo Kitty , Cheung Johnson Chun-Sing , Ho Stanley Chun-Yu , Ng Elvis Ho-Hei
Published: January 2025

This study examines the relationship between digital self-efficacy, general self-efficacy, and technology usage among social service practitioners. An online survey questionnaire was sent to social service practitioners and the results indicated a positive relationship between the three variables. In addition, general and digital self-efficacy differed according to the educational level. Moreover, digital self-efficacy has a greater effect on technology usage than general self-efficacy. Additionally, a digital self-efficacy measurement scale was validated for use in the social services sector. This study covers a wide range of social service areas and provides a comprehensive understanding of the technology usage.
Born to count: a biological basis of mathematics
Authors: Matsushima Toshiya
Published: January 2025

As languages, mathematics is a biological product and thus based on causal processes of two time scales, namely neural mechanisms and evolution. In this commentary, I will try to figure out possible scenarios responsible for the chick mathematics raised by the target article, focusing on discreteness and transposability of natural numbers.
Neurophysiological profiles underlying action withholding and action discarding
Authors: Jamous Roula , Mocke Viola , Kunde Wilfried , Pastötter Bernhard , Beste Christian
Published: January 2025

Although inhibitory control is essential to goal-directed behavior, not all inhibition is the same: Previous research distinguished discarding an action plan from simply withholding it, suggesting separate neurophysiological mechanisms. This study tracks the neurophysiological signatures of both using time–frequency transformation and beamforming in n = 34 healthy individuals. We show that discarding an action plan reduces working memory load, with stronger initial theta band activity compared to withholding it. This oscillatory difference was localized in the (para-)hippocampus and anterior temporal lobe, likely reflecting the need to dissolve action plan features first to enable the following decrease of working memory load. Contrary, when exposed to the embedded stimulus, withholding was associated with higher theta, alpha, and beta band activity relative to discarding. This study advances our understanding of inhibition by revealing distinct neurophysiological mechanisms and functional neuroanatomical structures involved in withholding versus discarding an action.
Roles of B-cell lymphoma 6 in orthodontic tooth movement of rat molars
Authors: Sodsook Wasupol , Kobayashi Yukiho , Kamimoto Hiroyuki , Niki Yuki , Yokoo Koji , Chantarawaratit Pintu-on , Moriyama Keiji
Published: January 2025

Introduction

B-cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl6) inhibits osteoclast differentiation in vitro; however, its role in orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of Bcl6 in OTM of rat molars.

Materials and methods

OTM was performed on the maxillary first molars of male rats using nickel-titanium coil springs (25 gf) for 14 days with or without local injection of FX1 (50 mg/kg), a Bcl6 inhibitor (n = 10 per group). Micro-computed tomography (CT) images were used to analyse OTM distance and bone morphometric parameters. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) determined Bcl6 expression and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining (TRAP) staining assessed osteoclast differentiation. TRAP staining, and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction determined the effect of FX1 (1 μM) on in vitro rat osteoclast differentiation. The effect of FX1 on cell proliferation and Smad4 expression in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells was determined.

Results

Administration of FX1 significantly increased OTM distance and decreased the bone/tissue volume compared with vehicle treatment. IHC staining showed that the vehicle-OTM group had higher expression of Bcl6 than the FX1-OTM group. The number of osteoclasts on the compression side was significantly higher in the FX1-OTM group than that in the vehicle-OTM group. FX1 enhanced osteoclast differentiation and expression of Nfatc1, Dc-stamp, and Ctsk mRNA in osteoclasts in vitro. FX1 significantly promotes PDL cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro.

Limitations

We evaluated only 14 days of OTM.

Conclusions

Bcl6 may play an important role in OTM via modulation of osteoclast differentiation and PDL cell proliferation.
Cardiovascular preventive service access challenges among African immigrants: a discussion paper
Authors: Bulto Lemma N , Hendriks Jeroen M
Published: January 2025

This paper highlights cardiovascular disease (CVD) preventive access challenges and potential intervention strategies that address cardiovascular preventive service access gaps among African immigrants living in developed countries. Migration, coupled with changes in dietary habits, socio-economic factors, and cultural adjustments, contributes to a heightened risk of CVD among African immigrants. This risk is compounded by a lack of targeted preventive interventions and culturally tailored programmes, as well as challenges related to language barriers, health literacy, and digital literacy. Addressing CVD prevention access gap among African immigrants requires a multifaceted approach that includes culturally tailored programmes, improved community engagement, and targeted policy development. Such intervention programmes and policies can address health challenges faced by various migrant populations, not only African immigrants. Future research should focus on understanding the impact of migration on health behaviours overtime and developing effective interventions strategies to reduce the risk of CVD in this underserved population.
Exposome-wide association study of cognition among older adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Middleton Lauren Y M , Walker Erika , Cockell Scarlet , Dou John , Nguyen Vy K , Schrank Mitchell , Patel Chirag J , Ware Erin B , Colacino Justin A , Park Sung Kyun , Bakulski Kelly M
Published: January 2025

Cognitive impairment among older adults is a growing public health challenge and environmental chemicals may be modifiable risk factors. A wide array of chemicals has not yet been tested for association with cognition in an environment-wide association framework. In the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2000 and 2011-2014 cross-sectional cycles, cognition was assessed using the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST, scores 0-117) among participants aged 60 years and older. Concentrations of environmental chemicals measured in blood or urine were log2 transformed and standardized. Chemicals with at least 50% of measures above the lower limit of detection were included (nchemicals = 147, nclasses=14). We tested for associations between chemical concentrations and cognition using parallel survey-weighted multivariable linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, smoking status, fish consumption, cycle year, urinary creatinine, and cotinine. Participants with at least one chemical measurement (n = 4982) were mean age 69.8 years, 55.0% female, 78.2% non-Hispanic White, and 77.0% at least high school educated. The mean DSST score was 50.4 (standard deviation (SD)=17.4). In adjusted analyses, 5 of 147 exposures were associated with DSST at P-value <.01. Notably, a SD increase in log2-scaled cotinine concentration was associated with 2.71 points lower DSST score (95% CI −3.69, −1.73). A SD increase in log2-scaled urinary tungsten concentration was associated with 1.34 points lower DSST score (95% CI −2.11, −0.56). Exposure to environmental chemicals, particularly metals and tobacco smoke, may be modifiable factors for cognition among older adults.