bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical Characterization of Different Sumac and Pomegranate Extracts Effective against Botrytis cinerea Rots
Authors: Romeo Flora , Ballistreri Gabriele , Fabroni Simona , Pangallo Sonia , Nicosia Maria , Schena Leonardo , Rapisarda Paolo
Published: June 2015

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel and sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) fruit and leaf extracts were chemically characterized and their ability to inhibit table grape (cv. Italia) rots caused by Botrytis cinerea was evaluated on artificially inoculated berries. Different extraction methods were applied and extracts were characterized through Ultra Fast High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to Photodiode array detector and Electrospray ionization Mass spectrometer (UPLC-PDA-ESI/MSn) for their phenol and anthocyanin contents. The concentrated pomegranate peel extract (PGE-C) was the richest in phenols (66.97 g gallic acid equivalents/kg) while the concentrated sumac extract from fruits (SUF-C) showed the highest anthocyanin amount (171.96 mg cyanidin 3-glucoside equivalents/kg). Both phenolic and anthocyanin profile of pomegranate and sumac extracts were quite different: pomegranate extract was rich in cyanidin 3-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-glucoside and ellagic acid derivatives, while sumac extract was characterized by 7-methyl-cyanidin 3-galactoside and gallic acid derivatives. The concentrated extracts from both pomegranate peel and sumac leaves significantly reduced the development of Botrytis rots. In particular, the extract from pomegranate peel completely inhibited the pathogen at different intervals of time (0, 12, and 24 h) between treatment and pathogen inoculation on fruits maintained at 22–24 °C and high relative humidity (RH). This extract may represent a valuable alternative to control postharvest fungal rots in view of its high efficacy because of the low cost of pomegranate peel, which is a waste product of processing factories.
A Highlight of Recent Advances in Aptamer Technology and Its Application
Authors: Sun Hongguang , Zu Youli
Published: June 2015

Aptamers and SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) technology have gained increasing attention over the past 25 years. Despite their functional similarity to protein antibodies, oligonucleotide aptamers have many unique properties that are suitable for clinical applications and industrialization. Aptamers may be superior to antibodies in fields such as biomarker discovery, in vitro and in vivo diagnosis, precisely controlled drug release, and targeted therapy. However, aptamer commercialization has not occurred as quickly as expected, and few aptamer-based products have yet successfully entered clinical and industrial use. Thus, it is important to critically review some technical barriers of aptamer and SELEX technology per se that may impede aptamer development and application. To date, how to rapidly obtain aptamers with superior bioavailability over antibodies remains the key issue. In this review, we discuss different chemical and structural modification strategies aimed to enhance aptamer bioavailability. We also discuss improvements to SELEX process steps to shorten the selection period and improve the SELEX process success rate. Applications in which aptamers are particularly suited and perform differently or superior to antibodies are briefly introduced.
Induction of Mitochondrial Dependent Apoptosis in Human Leukemia K562 Cells by Meconopsis integrifolia: A Species from Traditional Tibetan Medicine
Authors: Fan Jianping , Wang Pan , Wang Xiaobing , Tang Wei , Liu Chunliang , Wang Yaqin , Yuan Wenjuan , Kong Lulu , Liu Quanhong
Published: June 2015

Objectives: Meconopsis integrifolia (M. integrifolia) is one of the most popular members in Traditional Tibetan Medicine. This study aimed to investigate the anticancer effect of M. integrifolia and to detect the underlying mechanisms of these effects. Methods: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and trypan blue assay were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of M. integrifolia. Changes in cell nuclear morphology and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level were observed by fluorescent microscopy. Apoptosis ratio, DNA damage and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) loss were analyzed by flow cytometry. Western blotting assay was adopted to detect the proteins related to apoptosis. Immunoﬂuorescence was used to observe the release of cytochrome C. Results: The obtained data revealed that M. integrifolia could significantly inhibit K562 cell viability, mainly by targeting apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase. Collapse in cell morphology, chromatin condensation, DNA damage and ROS accumulation were observed. Further mechanism detection revealed that mitochondrion might be a key factor in M. integrifolia-induced apoptosis. Conclusions: M. integrifolia could induce mitochondria mediated apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase with little damage to normal cells, suggesting that M. integrifolia might be a potential and efficient anticancer agent that deserves further investigation.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Lipophilic 1,4-Naphthoquinone Derivatives against Human Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Wang Shao-Hung , Lo Chih-Yu , Gwo Zhong-Heng , Lin Hong-Jhih , Chen Lih-Geeng , Kuo Cheng-Deng , Wu Jin-Yi
Published: June 2015

To examine the effect of hydrophobicity on the anticancer activity of 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives, a series of compounds bearing a 2-O-alkyl-, 3-C-alkyl- or 2/3-N-morpholinoalkyl group were synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer activity against five human cancer cell lines in vitro. The cytotoxicity of these derivatives was assayed against HT-29, SW480, HepG2, MCF-7 and HL-60 cells by the MTT assay. Among them, 2-hydroxy-3-farnesyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (11a) was found to be the most cytotoxic against these cell lines. Our results showed that the effectiveness of compound 11a may be attributed to its suppression of the survival of HT-29. Secondly, in the Hoechst 33258 staining test, compound 11a-treated cells exhibited nuclear condensation typical of apoptosis. Additionally, cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry indicated that compound 11a arrested HT-29 cells in the S phase. Furthermore, cell death detected by Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining showed that compound 11a efficiently induced apoptosis of HT-29 in a concentration-dependent manner. Taken together, compound 11a effectively inhibits colon cancer cell proliferation and may be a potent anticancer agent.
Effects of Pulse Density on Digital Terrain Models and Canopy Metrics Using Airborne Laser Scanning in a Tropical Rainforest
Authors: Hansen Endre , Gobakken Terje , Næsset Erik
Published: June 2015

Airborne laser scanning (ALS) is increasingly being used to enhance the accuracy of biomass estimates in tropical forests. Although the technological development of ALS instruments has resulted in ever-greater pulse densities, studies in boreal and sub-boreal forests have shown consistent results even at relatively small pulse densities. The objective of the present study was to assess the effects of reduced pulse density on (1) the digital terrain model (DTM), and (2) canopy metrics derived from ALS data collected in a tropical rainforest in Tanzania. We used a total of 612 coordinates measured with a differential dual frequency Global Navigation Satellite System receiver to analyze the effects on DTMs at pulse densities of 8, 4, 2, 1, 0.5, and 0.025 pulses·m−2. Furthermore, canopy metrics derived for each pulse density and from four different field plot sizes (0.07, 0.14, 0.21, and 0.28 ha) were analyzed. Random variation in DTMs and canopy metrics increased with reduced pulse density. Similarly, increased plot size reduced variation in canopy metrics. A reliability ratio, quantifying replication effects in the canopy metrics, indicated that most of the common metrics assessed were reliable at pulse densities >0.5 pulses·m−2 at a plot size of 0.07 ha.
GPS/GLONASS Combined Precise Point Positioning with Receiver Clock Modeling
Authors: Wang Fuhong , Chen Xinghan , Guo Fei
Published: June 2015

Research has demonstrated that receiver clock modeling can reduce the correlation coefficients among the parameters of receiver clock bias, station height and zenith tropospheric delay. This paper introduces the receiver clock modeling to GPS/GLONASS combined precise point positioning (PPP), aiming to better separate the receiver clock bias and station coordinates and therefore improve positioning accuracy. Firstly, the basic mathematic models including the GPS/GLONASS observation equations, stochastic model, and receiver clock model are briefly introduced. Then datasets from several IGS stations equipped with high-stability atomic clocks are used for kinematic PPP tests. To investigate the performance of PPP, including the positioning accuracy and convergence time, a week of (1–7 January 2014) GPS/GLONASS data retrieved from these IGS stations are processed with different schemes. The results indicate that the positioning accuracy as well as convergence time can benefit from the receiver clock modeling. This is particularly pronounced for the vertical component. Statistic RMSs show that the average improvement of three-dimensional positioning accuracy reaches up to 30%–40%. Sometimes, it even reaches over 60% for specific stations. Compared to the GPS-only PPP, solutions of the GPS/GLONASS combined PPP are much better no matter if the receiver clock offsets are modeled or not, indicating that the positioning accuracy and reliability are significantly improved with the additional GLONASS satellites in the case of insufficient number of GPS satellites or poor geometry conditions. In addition to the receiver clock modeling, the impacts of different inter-system timing bias (ISB) models are investigated. For the case of a sufficient number of satellites with fairly good geometry, the PPP performances are not seriously affected by the ISB model due to the low correlation between the ISB and the other parameters. However, the refinement of ISB model weakens the correlation between coordinates and ISB estimates and finally enhance the PPP performance in the case of poor observation conditions.
UAV-Based Photogrammetry and Integrated Technologies for Architectural Applications—Methodological Strategies for the After-Quake Survey of Vertical Structures in Mantua (Italy)
Authors: Achille Cristiana , Adami Andrea , Chiarini Silvia , Cremonesi Stefano , Fassi Francesco , Fregonese Luigi , Taffurelli Laura
Published: June 2015

This paper examines the survey of tall buildings in an emergency context like in the case of post-seismic events. The after-earthquake survey has to guarantee time-savings, high precision and security during the operational stages. The main goal is to optimize the application of methodologies based on acquisition and automatic elaborations of photogrammetric data even with the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) systems in order to provide fast and low cost operations. The suggested methods integrate new technologies with commonly used technologies like TLS and topographic acquisition. The value of the photogrammetric application is demonstrated by a test case, based on the comparison of acquisition, calibration and 3D modeling results in case of use of a laser scanner, metric camera and amateur reflex camera. The test would help us to demonstrate the efficiency of image based methods in the acquisition of complex architecture. The case study is Santa Barbara Bell tower in Mantua. The applied survey solution allows a complete 3D database of the complex architectural structure to be obtained for the extraction of all the information needed for significant intervention. This demonstrates the applicability of the photogrammetry using UAV for the survey of vertical structures, complex buildings and difficult accessible architectural parts, providing high precision results.
The Hydro-Economic Interdependency of Cities: Virtual Water Connections of the Phoenix, Arizona Metropolitan Area
Authors: Rushforth Richard , Ruddell Benjamin
Published: June 2015

Water footprinting has revealed hydro-economic interdependencies between distant global geographies via trade, especially of agricultural and manufactured goods. However, for metropolitan areas, trade not only entails commodity flows at many scales from intra-municipal to global, but also substantial intra-metropolitan flows of the skilled labor that is essential to a city’s high-value economy. Virtual water flows between municipalities are directly relevant for municipal water supply policy and infrastructure investment because they quantify the hydro-economic dependency between neighboring municipalities. These municipalities share a physical water supply and also place demands on their neighbors’ water supplies by outsourcing labor and commodity production outside the municipal and water supply system boundary to the metropolitan area. Metropolitan area communities span dense urban cores to fringe agricultural towns, spanning a wide range of the US hydro-economy. This study quantifies water footprints and virtual water flows of the complete economy of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area’s municipalities. A novel approach utilized journey to work data to estimate virtual water flows embedded in labor. Commodities dominate virtual water flows at all scales of analysis, however labor is shown to be important for intra-metropolitan virtual water flows. This is the first detailed water footprint analysis of Phoenix, an important city in a water-scarce region. This study establishes a hydro-economic typology for communities to define several niche roles and decision making points of view. This study’s findings can be used to classify communities with respect to their relative roles, and to benchmark future improvements in water sustainability for all types of communities. More importantly, these findings motivate cooperative approaches to intra-metropolitan water supply policy that recognize the hydro-economic interdependence of these municipalities and their shared interest in ensuring a sustainable and resilient hydro-economy for all members of the metropolitan area.
Botulinum Toxin as a Pain Killer: Players and Actions in Antinociception
Authors: Kim Dong-Wan , Lee Sun-Kyung , Ahnn Joohong
Published: June 2015

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) have been widely used to treat a variety of clinical ailments associated with pain. The inhibitory action of BoNTs on synaptic vesicle fusion blocks the releases of various pain-modulating neurotransmitters, including glutamate, substance P (SP), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), as well as the addition of pain-sensing transmembrane receptors such as transient receptor potential (TRP) to neuronal plasma membrane. In addition, growing evidence suggests that the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of BoNTs are mediated through various molecular pathways. Recent studies have revealed that the detailed structural bases of BoNTs interact with their cellular receptors and SNAREs. In this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms related to the efficacy of BoNTs in alleviating human pain and insights on engineering the toxins to extend therapeutic interventions related to nociception.
Three Peptide Modulators of the Human Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel 1.7, an Important Analgesic Target, from the Venom of an Australian Tarantula
Authors: Chow Chun , Cristofori-Armstrong Ben , Undheim Eivind , King Glenn , Rash Lachlan
Published: June 2015

Voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels are responsible for propagating action potentials in excitable cells. NaV1.7 plays a crucial role in the human pain signalling pathway and it is an important therapeutic target for treatment of chronic pain. Numerous spider venom peptides have been shown to modulate the activity of NaV channels and these peptides represent a rich source of research tools and therapeutic lead molecules. The aim of this study was to determine the diversity of NaV1.7-active peptides in the venom of an Australian Phlogius sp. tarantula and to characterise their potency and subtype selectivity. We isolated three novel peptides, μ-TRTX-Phlo1a, -Phlo1b and -Phlo2a, that inhibit human NaV1.7 (hNaV1.7). Phlo1a and Phlo1b are 35-residue peptides that differ by one amino acid and belong in NaSpTx family 2. The partial sequence of Phlo2a revealed extensive similarity with ProTx-II from NaSpTx family 3. Phlo1a and Phlo1b inhibit hNaV1.7 with IC50 values of 459 and 360 nM, respectively, with only minor inhibitory activity on rat NaV1.2 and hNaV1.5. Although similarly potent at hNaV1.7 (IC50 333 nM), Phlo2a was less selective, as it also potently inhibited rNaV1.2 and hNaV1.5. All three peptides cause a depolarising shift in the voltage-dependence of hNaV1.7 activation.
Stochastic Urban Pluvial Flood Hazard Maps Based upon a Spatial-Temporal Rainfall Generator
Authors: Simões Nuno , Ochoa-Rodríguez Susana , Wang Li-Pen , Pina Rui , Marques Alfeu , Onof Christian , Leitão João
Published: June 2015

It is a common practice to assign the return period of a given storm event to the urban pluvial flood event that such storm generates. However, this approach may be inappropriate as rainfall events with the same return period can produce different urban pluvial flooding events, i.e., with different associated flood extent, water levels and return periods. This depends on the characteristics of the rainfall events, such as spatial variability, and on other characteristics of the sewer system and the catchment. To address this, the paper presents an innovative contribution to produce stochastic urban pluvial flood hazard maps. A stochastic rainfall generator for urban-scale applications was employed to generate an ensemble of spatially—and temporally—variable design storms with similar return period. These were used as input to the urban drainage model of a pilot urban catchment (~9 km2) located in London, UK. Stochastic flood hazard maps were generated through a frequency analysis of the flooding generated by the various storm events. The stochastic flood hazard maps obtained show that rainfall spatial-temporal variability is an important factor in the estimation of flood likelihood in urban areas. Moreover, as compared to the flood hazard maps obtained by using a single spatially-uniform storm event, the stochastic maps generated in this study provide a more comprehensive assessment of flood hazard which enables better informed flood risk management decisions.
Assessing the Water Parallel Pricing System against Drought in China: A Study Based on a CGE Model with Multi-Provincial Irrigation Water
Authors: Zhong Shuai , Shen Lei , Sha Jinghua , Okiyama Mitsuru , Tokunaga Suminori , Liu Litao , Yan Jingjing
Published: June 2015

The reform of water management in China is still in progress, and the pricing of water resources is undertaken in parallel, with a divide between irrigation water and pipe water associated with different users: The supply of irrigation water is regulated by local government and that of pipe water is operated by the production sector of pipe water. Based on a literature review and an interview survey of farmers, this study incorporated the water parallel pricing system of China within a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, where the drought of 2000 is simulated. The 16 provincial irrigation water supplies and their subsidies were also estimated and introduced into this CGE model. The results demonstrated that the effects on the macro-economy were insignificant. However, the effects on agricultural production, particularly on farming production mainly cultivated in northern areas, were significant. Most farming production sectors employed more capital and labor to prevent losses in output from drought. Agricultural labor was shifted from non-farming agricultural production sectors into farming. Both urban and rural households suffered severe losses in welfare and food consumption, even though they benefited from the additional income. Moreover, rural households suffering the worst losses were located in both northern and southern areas.
Amiens romain : étude sur le développement urbain du Ier siècle av. J.C. au Ve siècle ap. J.C.
Authors: Bayard Didier , Massy Jean Luc
Published: June 2015

Grâce à un siècle de prospérité dû en grande partie à la mise en valeur de la Bretagne insulaire, Samarobriva est devenue une grande ville de 15 000 habitants, comparable en moins cosmopolite à Londinium, en tout cas la plus vaste et la plus peuplée de l'ouest de la Gaule Belgique. La construction de grands édifices publics, leur agrandissement et leurs embellissements depuis le règne de Claude jusqu'à celui de Marc-Aurèle, montrent bien qu'ils n'ont rien d'artificiel et que leur mise en place progressive répondait au moins en partie à un accroissement de la population urbaine. Mais étroitement liée à sa civitas et, plus largement, à son environnement économique, Samarobriva a été frappée de plein fouet par la crise sociale et économique qui débute avec les Sévères. Après les incursions germaniques de 260-275, elle ne rassemble plus guère que deux à trois milliers de personnes. La construction du castrum, l'installation d'une garnison bouleversent complètement son paysage, sa composition sociale et ses activités. Il s'agit dès lors, jusqu'à la fin de l'Empire d'une cité militaire. Et quel paradoxe ! C'est seulement à ce moment que les sources littéraires en parlent comme d'une ville exceptionnelle.
Amiens sous l'occupation allemande 1940-1944
Authors: Duverlie Dominique
Published: June 2015

Les conséquences matérielles et morales de l'occupation allemande pendant la deuxième guerre mondiale devaient marquer la ville d'Amiens pendant de longues années. Face aux difficultés de la vie quotidienne et au déroulement de la guerre les sentiments de la population évoluèrent. Au-delà des grandes lignes communes à toute la zone occupée il était intéressant de rechercher les caractéristiques locales et leurs origines. L'attitude de l'opinion publique vis-à-vis de Pétain, de Vichy, de la collaboration et de la résistance a connu des fluctuations importantes dans lesquelles Amiens joue un rôle déterminant au sein de son département.
L'itinéraire d'une recherche internationale
Authors: Gillet Marcel
Published: June 2015

Ce numéro de la revue est constitué par le rapport final qu'une équipe pluridisciplinaire franco- belge présente au C.N.R.S. sur une recherche menée depuis 1976 dans le cadre de l'A. T. P. Europe du Temps Présent. Les contrats obtenus visaient à mener à bien une enquête sur «Changement social, modes de vie et représentations collectives dans le nord de la France et en Belgique».

Six terrains principaux d'études ont été choisis de part et d'autre de la frontière franco-belge : deux zones dans des régions de vieille industrie textile : Halluin, dans la vallée française de la Lys, et Andrimont, près de Verviers ; deux autres dans les bassins houillers : Sallaumines (Pas-de-Calais) et Cuesmes (Borinage) ; deux autres enfin dans le pays flamand : Gravelines et Poperinghe.

Des enseignants-chercheurs en sciences humaines des trois universités de Lille, des universités de Liège, de Mons et de la Vrije Universiteit de Bruxelles ont mené à bien leur tâche grâce au croisement des sources, elles-mêmes pierres de touche des approches : entretiens, archives et questionnaires ont permis de déceler à la fois le changement social réel et la façon dont il était vécu et perçu par les acteurs.

Dans le temps long, la rupture des années 1950 paraît importante («progrès» avec souvent effondrement de la sociabilité traditionnelle). Mais l'on observe que l'identité des communes a pu être maintenue et qu'elle a été partout depuis un siècle une remise en cause et une création continues, devenues simplement à présent plus difficiles et plus exigeantes.
En marge d'une métropole : Hier et aujourd'hui dans «la vallée de la Lys», (communes d'Halluin, Roncq et Bousbecque)
Authors: Lentacker Firmin
Published: June 2015

De enquête uitgevoerd in drie gemeenten van de Leievallei, Halluin, Roncq en Bousbecque, op de rand van de Rijselse metropool, geeft een beeld van de aard van de sociale veranderingen en van de perceptie en de interpretatie ervan in een zeer specifiek milieu van de Noordfranse streek : een bevolking die sedert lang in de textielindustrie werkt en de herinnering bewaart aan gebruiken en de mentaliteit van voor de industrialisatie en de industriële revolutie, en die nu voor de mutaties van het post-industriële tijdperk staat. Het was mogelijk zich op voorhand een globaal beeld te vormen van de demografische, economische en sociale evolutie van de drie gemeenten, sedert een eeuw, aan de hand van gedrukte bronnen, gemeentelijke en départementale archieven en ook private en nog niet gepubliceerde archieven.

Een eerste kontakt met het sociale milieu en een eerste evaluatie van de verandering kwam uit een reeks niet directieve gesprekken en de studie van het verenigingsleven van Halluin. Het collectief geheugen weerhoudt vooral de grotere welvaart, de veranderende verhoudingen in de familie, en de zwakte van de huidige sociabiliteit en oordeelt verder vaak dat het heden naar de ineenstorting van het verleden voert zonder zekerheid voor de toekomst te brengen. De aard en de invloed van de sociale verandering werden nog nauwkeuriger onderzocht via een vragenlijst ingevuld door 285 per- sonen die een representatief staal vormden van de behandelde bevolking. De gegevens werden met een computer behandeld en reveleren hoe sterk de band nog is met de gemeente en de streek van de metropool. Men kan ook een reeks vraagtekens plaatsen bij de reële impact van het verslappen van de sociabiliteitsbanden, wat men te snel omschrijft als een kenmerk van de nieuwe tijd. Vraagtekens ook bij de ondergang van de religieuze praktijk, die niet zo duidelijk is als men algemeen aanneemt, en bij de werkelijke zwakte van de sindikale en politieke inzet. Het onderzoek geeft ook een precies beeld van de stijgende welvaart en de verander ingen die voortvloeien uit meer vrije tijd dan vroeger wat dan ook aan het licht brengt dat er een socio-culturele stagnatie is, die door de locale en régionale economische moeilijkheden in stand wordt gehouden.
Trois aspects des comportements politiques septentrionaux
Authors: Thiébault Jean-Louis , Wallon-Leducq Christian-Marie
Published: June 2015

De studie van drie belangrijke geografische sectoren in de streek Nord/Pas-de-Calais geeft een beeld van enkele aspecten van de politiek in het noorden : de rivaliteit tussen socialisten en commu- nisten, de invloed van socialistische notabelen en het belang van de religieuze deling van de arbei- dersklasse. De socio-economische mutaties hebben het electoraal gedrag in die drie sectoren niet diepgaand veranderd. Het politieke evenwicht is permanant en wordt niet beïnvloed door het sukses of de tegenslagen van een politieke strekking. De drie sectoren hebben diep gewortelde électorale structuren. Men vindt de verklaring daarvoor niet in de sociale structuur maar veeleer in de perma- nentie van politieke organisatiemodellen of de invloed van de religieuze factor.
Imaginaire collectif et identité régionale
Authors: Gillet Marcel
Published: June 2015

The team has made a great effort to find an answer to the challenge of the A.T.P. «Europe Today» : to bring historians round to taking up an antighetto attitude, by persuading them to take part in international research in as many branches as possible. Several members of the team, including its scientific head, mean to follow the same direction in devoting themselves to the subject : «The Second World War, yesterday and today» in the North of France, Belgium and Alsace- Lorraine.

An analysis of the imagined collective spirit, the essential element of regional identity, will be given priority.
DNA–melamine hybrid molecules: from self-assembly to nanostructures
Authors: Kumari Rina , Banerjee Shib Shankar , Bhowmick Anil K , Das Prolay
Published: June 2015

Single-stranded DNA–melamine hybrid molecular building blocks were synthesized using a phosphoramidation cross-coupling reaction with a zero linker approach. The self-assembly of the DNA–organic hybrid molecules was achieved by DNA hybridization. Following self-assembly, two distinct types of nanostructures in the form of linear chains and network arrays were observed. The morphology of the self-assembled nanostructures was found to depend on the number of DNA strands that were attached to a single melamine molecule.
Figure and Ground in Complex Sentences
Authors: Talmy Leonard
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1975), pp. 419-430
How to Say “No” in Palauan
Authors: Foley William A.
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1975), pp. 132-146
Lexicography and the Count-Mass Distinction
Authors: McCawley James D.
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1975), pp. 314-321
Morphology and the Rule Ordering Controversy
Authors: Wilbur Ronnie Bring
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1975), pp. 460-474
On ‘In That’
Authors: Herrmann Leora
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1975), pp. 189-195
Speaker Alignment and Embedded Performatives
Authors: Thompson Henry
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1975), pp. 438-444
A Statistical Model of Low-Level Phonological Processes
Authors: Cole Alan , O'Malley Michael H.
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1976), pp. 105-116
Code-Switching in Downs Syndrome
Authors: Bennett Tina L.
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1976), pp. 48-58
On the Form of Negative Sentences in Kawaiisu
Authors: Munro Pamela
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1976), pp. 308-318
On the Pragmatics of Control
Authors: Brennenstuhl Waltraud , Wachowicz Krystyna
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1976), pp. 396-405
Greek Apocope
Authors: Holland Gary B.
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1977), pp. 644-655
Language in the Workplace: The Tobacco Farm
Authors: Hansell Mark
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1977), pp. 488-497
Length Phenomena in Italian: Support for the Syllable
Authors: Vogel Irene
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1977), pp. 600-609
On the Function and Use of Stress in Discourse
Authors: Lehman Christina
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1977), pp. 566-576
On “Basic Levels” and the Categorization of Objects in English Discourse
Authors: Downing Pamela A.
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1977), pp. 475-487
Requiem for Presupposition
Authors: Karttunen Lauri , Peters Stanley
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1977), pp. 360-371
Some Aspects of Movement and Deletion
Authors: Jacobsen Pauline
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1977), pp. 347-359
Which Roots Take the Suffix?
Authors: Allen Andrew
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1977), pp. 620-625
The Mysterious Samoan Transitive Suffix
Authors: Cook Kenneth William
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 4th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1978), pp. 53-66
Why Should Turkish Relativization Distinguish Between Subject and Non-Subject Head Nouns?
Authors: Dede Müserref
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 4th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1978), pp. 67-77
Front matter
Authors: Harvey Mandy , Santelmann Lynn
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 4th Semantics and Linguistic Theory Conference, held May 6-8, 1994 at the University of Rochester, edited by Mandy Harvey and Lynn Santelmann.
A New Approach to Contrastive Topic: Partition Semantics and Pragmatics
Authors: Yabushita Katsuhiko
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
Chisholm’s Paradox in "Should"-Conditionals
Authors: Arregui Ana
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
Classifiers and Number Marking
Authors: Bale Alan , Khanjian Hrayr
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
Plural Superlatives and Distributivity
Authors: Fitzgibbons Natalia , Sharvit Yael , Gajewski Jon
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
Why Free Relatives Sometimes Behave as Indefinites
Authors: Hinterwimmer Stefan
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
Continuation-based semantics for Conventional Implicatures: The case of Japanese benefactives
Authors: Kubota Yusuke , Uegaki Wataru
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
Varieties of Distributivity: 'One by One' vs 'Each'
Authors: Brasoveanu Adrian , Henderson Robert
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
A Neo-Kleinian Approach to Comparatives
Authors: Doetjes Jenny , Constantinescu Camelia , Součková Kateřina
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
An Experimental Investigation of Presupposition Projection in Conditional Sentences
Authors: Romoli Jacopo , Sudo Yasutada , Snedeker Jesse
Published: June 2015

Conditional sentences with a presupposition trigger in the consequent— if φ, then ψ_p—show peculiar projection properties. That is, the entire sentence suggests that p in some cases, and that φ → p in other cases. We report on the results of two sentence-picture matching experiments that indicate that the perceived dependence of the presupposition p on the antecedent φ affects which inference is made. The results are also used to compare two major theories of presupposition projection, and we argue that the theory that postulates φ → p as the presupposition of all conditional sentences explains the results more straightforwardly than its competitor.
Distributivity and modality: where 'each' may go, 'every' can't follow
Authors: Gagnon Michaël , Wellwood Alexis
Published: June 2015

Von Fintel and Iatridou (2003) observed a striking pattern of scopal noninteraction between phrases headed by strong quantiﬁers like 'every' and epistemically interpreted modal auxiliaries. Tancredi (2007) and Huitink (2008) observed that von Fintel and Iatridou’s proposed constraint, the Epistemic Containment Principle (ECP), does not apply uniformly: it does not apply to strong quantiﬁers headed by 'each'. We consider the ECP effect in light of the differential behavior of 'each' and 'every' in the environment of 'wh-', negative, and generic operators as described by Beghelli and Stowell (1997). Assuming that epistemic and root modals merge at two different syntactic heights (e.g. Cinque 1999) and that modals may act as unselective binders (Heim 1982), we extend Beghelli and Stowell’s topological approach to quantiﬁer scope interactions in order to formulate a novel syntactic account of the ECP.
Evidentiality and temporal distance learning
Authors: Koev Todor
Published: June 2015

The grammatical category of evidentiality is traditionally defined as marking evidence type or related concepts (Anderson 1986, Willett 1988, Aikhenvald 2004). I argue against this received view as I show that evidential morphemes in Bulgarian mark the temporal distance between the time at which the speaker learned the described proposition and the topic time. I also demonstrate that Bulgarian evidentials represent projective/backgrounded content that is informative but does not affect the described proposition, which is plainly entailed. The latter fact especially has important typological and theoretical consequences. The proposal is formalized in a logic that extends Dynamic Predicate Logic by adding propositional variables (cf. AnderBois et al. 2010).
Height-Relative Determination of (Non-Root) Modal Flavor: Evidence from Hindi
Authors: Kush Dave
Published: June 2015

In this paper it is proposed that modal flavor is determined by the attachment height of a modal. The various interpretations of the Hindi future marker -gaa, which is taken to be a modal, are discussed. The idea put forth is that modal flavor is indirectly constrained by the semantic type of the modal’s prejacent instead of being solely determined via contextual assignment. Modal Bases are re-envisioned as being comprised of different types of alternatives (worlds, world-time pairs, etc.), rather than just sets of worlds determined by different accessibility relations. The correlation between height and attachment site falls out as a consequence of the different types of alternatives a Modal Bases make available for semantic computation.
Inter- and intrasentential anaphora: the case of the Ancient Greek participle
Authors: Bary Corien , Haug Dag
Published: June 2015

This paper offers a formal model of the temporal behavior of Ancient Greek participles in their functions as elaborations, frames and independent rhemes. We model how they differ from each other and from main clauses, focusing in particular on the phenomenon of narrative progression. The theory integrates LFG and CDRT, using Glue semantics.
Japanese comparatives are semantically conjuncts: a dynamic view
Authors: Kurafuji Takeo
Published: June 2015

This paper develops the differential-based semantics of comparatives, arguing that no generalized quantifier-type degree operator is involved in Japanese comparatives, and the yori ‘than’-clause introduces a degree variable, which is dynamically bound by the existential quantifier associated with a dif- ferential in the main clause. This approach accounts for the Japanese stacking comparative such as ‘A is fat(ter) than B is fat than C is fat(ter) than D is fat than E is fat(ter) than D is fat,’ meaning [the difference between A’s fatness and B’s fatness] > [the difference between C’s fatness and D’s fatness] > [the difference between E’s fatness and F’s fatness].
On The Analysis of Scope Ambiguities in Comparative Constructions: Converging Evidence from Real-Time Sentence Processing and Offline Data
Authors: Breakstone Micha Yochanan , Cremers Alexandre , Fox Danny , Hackl Martin
Published: June 2015

This paper compares two accounts of an ambiguity that arises when a comparative phrase containing an exactly differential is embedded under an intensional operator (Heim 2000). Under one account, the comparative phrase is responsible for the ambiguity (the er-scope theory), and, under the other, the ambiguity is attributed to the exactly phrase (the exactly-scope theory). We present converging evidence from the distribution of de re and de dicto readings and real time sentence processing that supports the er-scope theory. Since the er-scope theory presupposes a quantiﬁcational analysis of the comparative, such an analysis is ipso facto supported by our results.
Pluractional Distributivity and Dependence
Authors: Henderson Robert
Published: June 2015

This paper builds an account of a new scope puzzle that arises through the interaction of two lesser-studied constructions, dependent indefinites and verbal pluractionality. The result is a new account of dependent indefinites that correctly predicts their grammaticality with pluractionals by recognizing two ways of establishing the co- variation they require: (i) true distributive quantifiers, and (ii) pluractional operators that structure thematic dependencies. The core insight is that both routes, while compositionally different, lead to similar output structures, which is what dependent indefinites constrain. Along the way we produce the first detailed description and analysis of these phenomena in Kaqchikel (Mayan).
The exclusive interpretation of plural nominals in quantificational environments
Authors: Anand Pranav , Andrews Caroline , Farkas Donka , Wagers Matthew
Published: June 2015

In some contexts, plural nominals have inclusive interpretation, allowing atoms in their reference domain; in others, they are exclusive, allowing only sums. Selecting between the two interpretations has been shown to be sensitive to both world-knowledge pressures (Farkas & de Swart 2010) and contextual relevance (Grimm 2010). The principal semantic factor claimed to be involved is monotonicity direction (Sauerland, Anderssen & Yatsushiro 2005; Spector 2007; Zweig 2009; Farkas & de Swart 2010): upward monotone environments tend to select exclusive readings; downward monotone ones, inclusive readings. In four image verification experiments, we tested this claim and found support for the generalization. The effect of monotonicity direction, however, is small. Moreover we find that varying whether a plural is in the scope of a quantified description has a much larger effect on the prevalence of the exclusive interpretation. This suggests that monotonicity, though involved, is not a decisive factor in plural interpretation.
Three Readings of Most
Authors: Kotek Hadas , Sudo Yasutada , Howard Edwin , Hackl Martin
Published: June 2015

In this paper we show that most DPs in subject position can receive three kinds of truth-condition, yielding a proportional reading, a ‘regular’ superlative reading and a ‘partition-based’ superlative reading. We propose an analysis of the three readings that views them as resulting from the interaction of several components, including (a generalized version of) the superlative operator -est, covert and overt movement, and focus. Furthermore, we explain how movement affects the distribution of readings of most.
Granularity shifting: Experimental evidence from degree modifiers
Authors: Sassoon Galit , Zevakhina Natalia
Published: June 2015

This paper argues that modeling granularity and approximation (Krifka 2007; Lewis 1979) is crucial for capturing important aspects of the distribution and interpretation of adjectives and their modifiers, modulo certain differences between modified adjectives and numerals. In addition, the paper presents supporting experimental results with minimizers like 'slightly' and maximizers like 'completely'.
It-clefts are IT (Inquiry Terminating) constructions
Authors: Velleman Dan , Beaver David , Destruel Emilie , Bumford Dylan , Onea Edgar , Coppock Liz
Published: June 2015

We offer a new analysis of the semantics of the English it-cleft, building on recent work on exclusive particles such as "only." The analysis emphasizes the discourse function of clefts — which, we claim, is to terminate a line of inquiry by marking an answer as complete. It accounts for the semantic effects — not previously appreciated — of focus placement within the cleft pivot. It also provides a solution to a previously discussed problem with the projection of exhaustivity from embedded contexts.
Modality, Weights, and Inconsistent Premise Sets
Authors: Silk Alex
Published: June 2015

This paper investigates two types of data that appear to motivate complicating the semantics for weak necessity modals. I argue that these data can be captured using the same conceptual resources within a conservative extension of the standard quantificational semantics. The resulting analysis illuminates previously puzzling and underappreciated semantic and pragmatic properties of weak and strong necessity modals, and clarifies the special role that expressions of weak necessity play in conversation, deliberation, and planning.
Quantificational and modal interveners in degree constructions
Authors: Lassiter Daniel
Published: June 2015

Heim (2001) points out that the relational semantics for degrees predicts ambiguities in sentences with comparatives and quantifiers such as _every girl_ that are not observed. She also notes that the same ambiguities do appear with strong modals such as _must_ and _have to_, but not with weaker modals such as _should_, _ought_, and _want_. The problem is to explain why these classes of expressions would behave differently, given that they are all standardly treated as universal quantifiers. I present several counter-examples to Heim's account of this data and then argue that the puzzle involving universal DPs is the same as the puzzle of weak islands in amount wh-expressions, and that it yields to the analysis of weak islands due to Szabolcsi & Zwarts (1993), who argue that degree expressions are restricted in their interaction with the semantic operations meet. This accounts for universal DPs but leaves to be explained the possibility of modal intervention with strong modals. I argue that the split between universal DPs and strong modals supports recent work proposing that modals are not quantifiers over worlds but scalar expressions. An independently motivated scalar semantics for strong modals generates the ambiguity in a way that is compatible with Szabolcsi & Zwarts' theory, and that the predicted truth-conditions are correct for both readings with strong modals. The corresponding account of mid-strength modals explains their lack of ambiguity as merely apparent, due to the fact that the truth-conditions of the two readings are virtually indistinguishable, and neither embodies the missing reading that the quantificational theory leads us to look for. These results support both the scalar semantics for modality and Szabolcsi & Zwarts' semantic approach to intervention constraints.
Response particles as propositional anaphors
Authors: Krifka Manfred
Published: June 2015

The paper explains response particles like yes and no as anaphoric elements that pick up propositional discourse referents that are introduced by preceding sentences. It is argued that negated antecedent clauses introduce two propositional discourse referents, which results in ambiguities of answers that is partly resolved by pragmatic optimization. The paper also discusses response particles like okay, right and uh-huh and uh-uh, and German ja, nein and doch.
Towards a formal semantics for interjective ‘what’
Authors: Harris Jesse A
Published: June 2015

Discourse particles and interjectives allow a speaker to signal how information presented in an utterance relates to her epistemic or emotive state. I present a semantics for one such interjective: the English particle what, providing evidence that it carries multiple discourse functions, and proposing that these distinct uses are best captured by their relation to the central discourse topic.
Compositional vs. Constructional Meaning: The Case of French "comme-N"
Authors: Lambrecht Knud
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
Negative Polarity Item Licensing, Indefinites and Complex Predicates
Authors: Uribe-Etxebarria Myriam
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
Part-Structure Modifiers
Authors: Moltmann Friederike
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
The Pragmatics of Word Meaning
Authors: Lascarides Alex , Copestake Ann
Published: June 2015

In this paper, we explore the interaction between lexical semantics and pragmat­ics. Linguistic processing is nformationally encapsulated and utilises relatively simple 'taxonomic' lexical semantic knowledge. On this basis, defeasible lexical generalisations deliver defeasible parts of logical form. In contrast, pragmatics is open-ended and involves arbitrary knowledge. Two axioms specify when pragmatic defaults override lexical ones. We demonstrate that modelling this interaction al­lows us to achieve a more refined interpretation of words in a discourse context than either the lexicon or pragmatics could do on their own.
Abductive Inference During Update: the German Preposition "mit"
Authors: Strigin Anatoli
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
Disjunction and Anaphora
Authors: Simons Mandy
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
Expecting Many
Authors: Fernando Tim , Kamp Hans
Published: June 2015

The determiner 'many' is analyzed relative to a notion of expectation that is introduced into contexts employed in the theory of generalized quantifiers. Issues concerning intensionality, vagueness, ambiguity and context change are considered along the way.
Pragmatic Strengthening in Plural Predications and Donkey Sentences
Authors: Krifka Manfred
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
Vagueness, Ambiguity, and Underspecification
Authors: Pinkal Manfred
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
Front matter
Authors: Lawson Aaron
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
A Diphasic Approach to Directional Locatives
Authors: Fong Vivienne
Published: June 2015

No abstract.