bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Of Memes and Marriage: Toward a Positive Relationship Science
Authors: Fincham Frank D. , Beach Steven R. H.
Published: September 2010

Marital and family research has tended to focus on distressed relationships. Reasons for this focus are documented before keys to establishing a positive relationship science are outlined. Increased study of positive affect is needed to better understand relationships, and the best way to accomplish this goal is to embrace the construct of “relationship flourishing.” The behavioral approach system and the behavioral inhibition system are described and their potential role in understanding positive relationship processes is described using, as examples, commitment and forgiveness. A link to positive psychology is made, and it is proposed that the study of positive relationships constitutes the fourth pillar of this subdiscipline. Finally, the potential for focus on positive relationship processes to integrate multiple literatures is noted.
The Deinstitutionalization of Marriage Revisited: A New Institutional Approach to Marriage
Authors: Lauer Sean , Yodanis Carrie
Published: September 2010

Across the social sciences, there is a consensus that the institution of marriage is undergoing dramatic changes. In this paper, we reconsider conceptually the discussion surrounding Cherlin's (2004) work on the deinstitutionalization of marriage. We apply ideas from the new institutionalism in sociology and economics to the special case of marriage and consider its implications for the conceptualization and operationalization of a deinstitutionalization of marriage. We also provide new institutional explanations for why the institution of marriage persists now and is likely to persist into the future.
Testing Central Postulates of Parental Acceptance‐Rejection Theory (PARTheory): A Meta‐Analysis of Cross‐Cultural Studies
Authors: Rohner Ronald P. , Khaleque Abdul
Published: September 2010

This meta‐analysis addresses the following questions drawing from parental acceptance‐rejection theory (PARTheory): (a) Is perceived rejection by an intimate partner in adulthood associated with the same form of psychological maladjustment that perceived parental rejection is known to be in childhood? (b) Are adults' remembrances of parental acceptance in childhood associated with their current psychological adjustment? (c) Do statistical relations vary by culture or gender? The meta‐analysis was based on 17 studies involving 3,568 adults in 10 nations. Results showed that perceived partner acceptance in adulthood and remembered paternal and maternal acceptance in childhood tend to correlate highly with the current psychological adjustment of both men and women across all studies.
Efficacy of pioglitazone on glycemic control and carotid intima‐media thickness in type 2 diabetes patients with inadequate insulin therapy
Authors: Yasunari Eisuke , Takeno Kageumi , Funayama Hideaki , Tomioka Setsuko , Tamaki Motoyuki , Fujitani Yoshio , Kawamori Ryuzo , Watada Hirotaka , Hirose Takahisa
Published: September 2010

Aims/Introduction:  The present study was designed to determine the effects of pioglitazone on glycemic control and atherosclerosis in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes on insulin therapy.

Materials and Methods:  The study was a prospective, randomized controlled trial involving 48 patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes treated with insulin. We assigned patients to oral pioglitazone titrated from 15–30 mg (n = 22) or no pioglitazone (n = 26), to be taken in addition to their glucose‐lowering drugs and other medications. Daily insulin doses and numbers were recorded during the study period.

Results:  The adjusted mean glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values decreased significantly by 1.13 ± 1.50% and 0.55 ± 0.76% in the pioglitazone and control groups, respectively. Significant decrease of HbA1c level was observed in the pioglitazone group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The insulin dose lowered by 0.04 ± 0.10 units/kg/day in the pioglitazone group and increased by 0.03 ± 0.10 units/kg/day in the control group (P < 0.05). The number of insulin injections decreased by 0.1 ± 0.6 times/day in the pioglitazone group and increased by 0.2 ± 0.4 times/day in the control group (P < 0.05). The carotid intima‐media thickness estimated by B‐mode echography was carried out in both groups and decreased significantly at the end‐point only in the pioglitazone group, relative to the baseline.

Conclusions:  These findings show that pioglitazone is useful in improving glycemic control and preventing the progression of atherosclerosis in poorly‐controlled type 2 diabetics on insulin therapy. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2010.00064.x, 2010)
The Application of Eddy-Viscosity Stress Limiters for Modeling Cross-Flow Separation
Authors: Gregory P. A. , Joubert P. N. , Chong M. S. , Ooi A.
Published: September 2010

The ability of eddy-viscosity models to simulate the turbulent wake produced by cross-flow separation over a curved body of revolution is assessed. The results obtained using the standard k−ω model show excessive levels of turbulent kinetic energy k in the vicinity of the stagnation point at the nose of the body. Additionally, high levels of k are observed throughout the wake. Enforcing laminar flow upstream of the nose (which replicates the experimental apparatus more accurately) gives more accurate estimates of k throughout the flowfield. A stress limiter in the form of Durbin’s T-limit modification for eddy-viscosity models is implemented for the k−ω model, and its effect on the computed surface pressures, skin friction, and surface flow features is assessed. Additionally, the effect of the T-limit modification on both the mean flow and the turbulent flow quantities within the wake is also examined. The use of the T-limit modification gives significant improvements in predicted levels of turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds stresses within the wake. However, predicted values of skin friction in regions of attached flow become up to 50% greater than the experimental values when the T-limit is used. This is due to higher values of near-wall turbulence being created with the T-limit.
Reynolds Number Dependence, Scaling, and Dynamics of Turbulent Boundary Layers
Authors: Klewicki Joseph C.
Published: September 2010

The past two decades (approximately 1990 to 2010) have witnessed an ever-quickening pace of new findings pertaining to the Reynolds number dependencies, scaling, and dynamics of turbulent boundary layer flows (and wall-bounded turbulent flows in general). Given this, an important objective of the present effort is to provide a review that enables researchers new to the field (e.g., graduate students) to gain an appreciation for, and an understanding of, the prevalent research themes currently under investigation. Thus, the emphasis is more on laying a contextual foundation rather than, for example, comprehensively reporting all of the research findings of the past 20 years. The review begins with a brief exposition of scaling concepts and the normalizing parameters used in exploring Reynolds number dependence. An overall focus of the effort is to describe the scaling problem in relation to the underlying behaviors of the governing transport equations. For this reason, a number of relevant equations are concisely presented. The technical challenges associated with reliably exploring Reynolds number dependence are nontrivial and are of central importance. Thus, a separate section is devoted to this topic. Similarly, since they factor importantly relative to understanding and organizing the data trends, the attributes, strengths, and weaknesses of the various theoretical approaches and models (both physical and mathematical) are briefly reviewed. The statistical data presented primarily focus on means and variances since these quantities most directly relate to the time-averaged equations. Recent results pertaining to the spatial structure of turbulent boundary layers provide a useful context for describing instantaneous dynamics, often involving coherent vortical motions and including the so-called inner/outer interaction. Overall, the cumulative evidence increasingly supports a paradigm in which the scaling behaviors of the statistical profiles stem from the existence of an internal hierarchy of motions that approach a dynamically self-similar state as the Reynolds number becomes large.
Dynamic Modeling of Hydrokinetic Energy Extraction
Authors: Miller Veronica B. , Schaefer Laura A.
Published: September 2010

The world is facing an imminent energy crisis. In order to sustain our energy supply, it is necessary to advance renewable technologies. Despite this urgency, however, it is paramount to consider the larger environmental effects associated with using renewable resources. Hydropower, in the past, has been seen as a viable resource to examine, given that its basics of mechanical to electrical energy conversion seem to have little effect on the environment. Discrete analysis of dams and in-stream diversion set-ups, although, has shown otherwise. Modifications to river flows and changes in temperature (from increased and decreased flows) cause adverse effects to fish and other marine life because of changes in their adaptive habitat. Recent research has focused on kinetic energy extraction in river flows, which may prove to be more sustainable, as this type of extraction does not involve a large reservoir or large flow modification. The field of hydrokinetic energy extraction is immature; little is known about the devices’ performance in the river environment and their risk of impingement, fouling, and suspension of sediments. The governing principles of hydrokinetic energy extraction are presented, along with a two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the system. Power extraction methods are compared and CFD model validation is presented. It is clear that more research is required in hydrokinetic energy extraction with an emphasis toward lower environmental and ecological impacts.
A Three-Dimensional Resolved Discrete Particle Method for Studying Particle-Wall Collision in a Viscous Fluid
Authors: Feng Zhi-Gang , Michaelides Efstathios E. , Mao Shaolin
Published: September 2010

Particle collisions with the walls are very important in understanding the fluid-particle behavior near the walls and determining the boundary conditions of the particulate phases in two-fluid models. In this paper, we examine the velocity characteristics of several types of particles near solid walls by applying a resolved discrete particle method (RDPM), which also uses the immersed boundary approach to model the solid particles. We assume that the particles are spherical with an initial velocity that is prescribed. The particles are allowed to traverse part of the viscous fluid until they collide with the solid wall. The collision force on the particle is modeled by a soft-sphere collision scheme with a linear spring-dashpot system. The hydrodynamic force on the particle is solved directly from the RDPM. By following the trajectories of several particles, we investigate the effect of the collision model parameters to the dynamics of particle close to the wall. We report here the rebound velocity of the particle, the coefficient of restitution, and the particle slip velocity at the wall as functions of the collision parameters.
Grip Force Variability and Its Effects on Children’s Handwriting Legibility, Form, and Strokes
Authors: Falk Tiago H. , Tam Cynthia , Schwellnus Heidi , Chau Tom
Published: September 2010

A comprehensive understanding of the underlying biomechanical processes during handwriting is needed to accurately guide clinical interventions. To date, quantitative measurement of such biomechanical processes has largely excluded measurements of the forces exerted radially on the barrel of the writing utensil (grip forces) and how they vary over time during a handwriting task. An instrumented writing utensil was deployed for a direct measurement of kinematic and temporal information during a writing task, as well as forces exerted on the writing surface and on the barrel of the pen. The writing utensil was used by a cohort of 35 students (19 males), 16 in first grade and 19 in second grade, as they performed the Minnesota Handwriting Assessment (MHA) test. Quantitative grip force variability measures were computed and tested as correlates of handwriting legibility, form, and strokes. Grip force variability was shown to correlate strongly with handwriting quality, in particular for students classified by the MHA as nonproficient writers. More specifically, static grip force patterns were shown to result in poor handwriting quality and in greater variation in handwriting stroke durations. Grip force variability throughout the writing task was shown to be significantly lower for nonproficient writers (t-test, p<0.01) while the number of strokes and per-stroke durations were shown to be higher (p<0.03). The results suggest that grip force dynamics play a key role in determining handwriting quality and stroke characteristics. In particular, students with writing difficulties exhibited more static grip force patterns, lower legibility and form scores, as well as increased variation in stroke durations. These findings shed light on the underlying processes of handwriting and grip force modulation and may help to improve intervention planning.
Wrong Turns from Worst Worries
Worst Case Bioethics
Death, Disaster, and Public Health

by George J. Annas

Oxford University Press, New York, 2010. 359 pp. $39.95, £27.50. ISBN 9780195391732.
Authors: May Thomas
Published: September 2010

Annas argues that the use of worst-case scenarios often distorts bioethics debates: restricting the options, justifying human rights abuses, or decreasing equality and social justice.
Stability of the Regulatory T Cell Lineage in Vivo
Authors: Rubtsov Yuri P. , Niec Rachel E. , Josefowicz Steven , Li Li , Darce Jaime , Mathis Diane , Benoist Christophe , Rudensky Alexander Y.
Published: September 2010

Self-Renewing T Cells

The homeostasis of cell populations within an organism can be achieved through a variety of mechanisms, including the differentiation of precursor populations, self-renewal of terminally differentiated cells, or by programming cells to be extremely long-lived. Regulatory T cells that express the transcription factor Foxp3 are critical for maintaining immune tolerance by preventing excessive inflammation and autoimmunity.

Rubtsov
et al.

(p.
1667
) now use genetic fate mapping and cell transfer studies in vivo to demonstrate that Foxp3-expressing cells are remarkably stable under both basal and inflammatory conditions. Thus, regulatory T cells appear to be maintained through self-renewal and should maintain their identity if used in adoptive cell therapies for treatment of autoimmunity or other inflammatory disorders.
Olfactory Plasticity Is Regulated by Pheromonal Signaling in
Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Yamada Koji , Hirotsu Takaaki , Matsuki Masahiro , Butcher Rebecca A. , Tomioka Masahiro , Ishihara Takeshi , Clardy Jon , Kunitomo Hirofumi , Iino Yuichi
Published: September 2010

Too Close for Comfort

Pheromones are often used for sexual communications in animals, but they can also serve as a measure of population density. Now,

Yamada
et al.

(p.
1647
) have found that population density in the nematode worm
Caenorhabditis elegans
regulates plasticity of olfactory behavior, in which attraction to an odorant decreases after prolonged exposure. Using two rounds of genetic screens, a peptide named SNET-1 and a homolog of a mammalian transmembrane peptidase neprilysin were found to mediate pheromonal regulation. This regulation of olfactory behavior may serve to coordinate the behavior of individual animals in relation to the status of the whole population.
Parasympathetic Innervation Maintains Epithelial Progenitor Cells During Salivary Organogenesis
Authors: Knox S. M. , Lombaert I. M. A. , Reed X. , Vitale-Cross L. , Gutkind J. S. , Hoffman M. P.
Published: September 2010

Nervous Disposition

Organ development requires the differentiation and coordination of nerves and blood vessels with multiple cell types. The peripheral parasympathetic nervous system innervates many organs during embryogenesis; however, the function of this interaction during organogenesis is unclear. By exploiting the close association during development of the parasympathetic ganglion with the mouse embryonic salivary gland epithelium,

Knox
et al.

(p.
1645
; see the Perspective by

Rock and Hogan

) found that neuronal innervation preserves an epithelial progenitor cell population via muscarinic receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. These progenitor cells are then maintained in the adult salivary gland. A similar system was observed in the developing prostate gland. Peripheral innervation is thus necessary for organogenesis and may also be involved in organ repair or regeneration.
Slip Systems in MgSiO
3
Post-Perovskite: Implications for
D
′′ Anisotropy
Authors: Miyagi Lowell , Kanitpanyacharoen Waruntorn , Kaercher Pamela , Lee Kanani K. M. , Wenk Hans-Rudolf
Published: September 2010

Slippery When Squeezed

The behavior of seismic waves as they pass through Earth's interior depends on the physical properties of major mineral phases at depth. If such minerals are anisotropic—that is, they influence seismic waves preferentially depending on crystallographic orientation—interpreting the structure of a region becomes more challenging. In the lowermost mantle, near the boundary with the outer core, deformation of MgSiO
3
post-perovskite may affect anisotropy.

Miyagi
et al.

(p.
1639
) solved previous experimental limitations to show that, when squeezed at high pressures, MgSiO
3
post-perovskite weakens and breaks along its (001) lattice plane. When modeled, this deformation pattern produces anisotropic structures that are consistent with seismic data collected from this region.
Optical Clocks and Relativity
Authors: Chou C. W. , Hume D. B. , Rosenband T. , Wineland D. J.
Published: September 2010

Relativity Comes Down to Earth

Over a century ago, Einstein presented the theory of relativity—where space and time are no longer fixed concepts, but are relative to an observer and their frame of reference. Tests of relativity have usually been confined to space-based measurements and/or with objects with velocities approaching the speed of light. Time-dilation and length-contraction have been confirmed and are used in satellite communication and global positioning systems. Using the precision of state-of-the-art optical clocks,

Chou
et al.

(p.
1630
) have confirmed that relativistic effects can now be measured at speeds attained by 100 meters sprinters (10 m/s) and gravitational effects due to just one meter height difference.
Eocene Patagonia Fossils of the Daisy Family
Authors: Barreda V. D. , Palazzesi L. , Tellería M. C. , Katinas L. , Crisci J. V. , Bremer K. , Passalia M. G. , Corsolini R. , Brizuela R. Rodríguez , Bechis F.
Published: September 2010

Fossil evidence suggests that daisies and sunflowers may have originated in South America more than 47 million years ago.
Graphene Double-Layer Capacitor with ac Line-Filtering Performance
Authors: Miller John R. , Outlaw R. A. , Holloway B. C.
Published: September 2010

Extending the Capability of Supercapacitors

Supercapacitors have porous electrodes that can store more charge per volume in electrical double layers than conventional parallel plate capacitors. However, the porous electrodes cause poor performance in filter circuits that eliminate residual alternating current ripple from rectified direct current.

Miller
et al.

(p.
1637
) fabricated electrodes with a high surface area for ionic adsorption by growing graphene sheets in the vertical direction off a metal surface. Such capacitors may be able to perform the same filtering tasks as conventional capacitors but take up less space.
STM Ready for the Time Domain
Authors: Morgenstern Markus
Published: September 2010

The relaxation of a spin on a surface was imaged with a scanning tunneling microscope at 50-ns intervals.
A Bit of Texas in Florida
Authors: Packer Craig
Published: September 2010

Florida's inbred panthers benefited from the import of Texas pumas.
Dendrites Do It in Sequences
Authors: Destexhe Alain
Published: September 2010

Brain cells are exquisitely sensitive to the pattern of inputs on their dendritic branches.
Science for Physicians
Authors: Cooke Molly
Published: September 2010

Tension over the place of the basic sciences has been a hallmark of medical education in the United States for more than 100 years. In 1910, the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching issued
Medical Education in the United States and Canada
. Known as the Flexner report, it recommended devoting the first 2 of the 4 years of medical school to teaching the fundamentals of disciplines such as anatomy, chemistry, physiology, and pathology. This report served as the foundation for important improvements in medical education that lasted until the 1970s. Since then, U.S. medical schools have built on this foundation, with curricula in years 1 and 2 that increasingly aim to better integrate the science that underlies medicine with clinical practice. This path has proven successful, but there remains a lack of consensus on how much exposure to the basic sciences physicians in training need, with some even arguing that a background in science is not needed at all. For this and other reasons, my colleagues and I have recently completed an intensive 4-year study of U.S. medical education. We conclude that science will be critical for the future physician and that preparing physicians to incorporate science and scientific advances over their careers should be a central goal of medical education at all levels.
A Way to Heal Science Education, But Is There the Political Will?
Authors: Mervis Jeffrey
Published: September 2010

The Obama Administration received bold advice last week from two presidentially appointed bodies on how to improve math and science education in U.S. elementary and secondary schools.
Origin of Most Deadly Human Malaria Comes Out of the Mist
Authors: Cohen Jon
Published: September 2010

A new study of DNA plucked from the feces of a huge number of African apes has led the small but impassioned malaria origins field to do a double take, as it appears that the closest relative to human
Plasmodium falciparum
is a parasite found only in gorillas, not chimpanzees.
Long-Fought Compromise Reached On European Animal Rules
Authors: Vogel Gretchen
Published: September 2010

After a decade-long tug of war over new rules governing animal experiments in the European Union, both research and animal-welfare advocates say they can live with the final legislation approved this month.
New Type of Cosmic Dust Tells of Galaxy's Violent History
Authors: Bhattacharjee Yudhijit
Published: September 2010

On page
1622
of this week's issue of
Science
, researchers report that the cores of many of the clouds of dust and gas in which new stars and planets form are swarming with dust grains 10 times as large as those previously detected. These grains scatter starlight to produce a so-called coreshine effect, which the researchers say could be used to probe the age and history of interstellar clouds.
Home, Home Outside the Range?
Authors: Stone Richard
Published: September 2010

Conservationists and ecologists are at odds over the wisdom of moving species threatened by climate change to new homes.
Lipopolysaccharide as an Antigen Target for the Formulation of a Universal Vaccine againstEscherichia coliO111 Strains
Authors: Santos Maurílio F. , New Roger R. C. , Andrade Gabrielle R. , Ozaki Christiane Y. , Sant'Anna Osvaldo A. , Mendonça-Previato Lucia , Trabulsi Luis R. , Domingos Marta O.
Published: September 2010

A promising approach to developing a vaccine against O111 strains of diarrheagenicEscherichia colithat exhibit different mechanisms of virulence is to target either the core or the polysaccharide chain (O antigen) of their lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, due to structural variations found in both these LPS components, to use them as antigen targets for vaccination, it is necessary to formulate a vaccine able to induce a humoral immune response that can recognize all different variants found inE. coliO111 strains. In this study, it was demonstrated that, despite differences in composition of oligosaccharide repeat units between O111ab and O111ac LPS subtypes, antibodies against one O111 subtype can recognize and inhibit the adhesion to human epithelial cells of all categories of O111E. coli(enteropathogenicE. coli[EPEC], enterohemorrhagicE. coli[EHEC], and enteroaggregativeE. coli[EAEC]) strains regardless of the nature of their flagellar antigens, mechanisms of virulence, or O111 polysaccharide subtypes. These antibodies were also able to increase the clearance of different strains of O111E. coliby macrophages. PCR analyses of the pathways involved in O111 LPS core biosynthesis showed that all EAEC strains have core type R2, whereas typical EPEC and EHEC have core type R3. In contrast, atypical EPEC strains have core types R2 and R3. In summary, the results presented herein indicate that the O111 polysaccharide and LPS core types R2 and R3 are antigen targets for panspecific immunotherapy against all categories of O111E. coli.
Multiplex Detection of IgM and IgG Class Antibodies toToxoplasma gondii, Rubella Virus, and Cytomegalovirus Using a Novel Multiplex Flow Immunoassay
Authors: Binnicker M. J. , Jespersen D. J. , Harring J. A.
Published: September 2010

The goal of this study was to evaluate the BioPlex 2200Toxoplasma, rubella, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) (ToRC) IgG and IgM multiplex immunoassays (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) and compare the results to those of conventional testing by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and enzyme-linked fluorescent assay (ELFA). Serum specimens (n= 600) submitted for routine ToRC IgG and IgM testing by EIA (SeraQuest, Doral, FL; Diamedix, Miami, FL) or ELFA (Vidas; bioMérieux, Durham, NC) were also tested by the BioPlex ToRC multiplex immunoassays. Samples showing discordant results were retested by both methods, with further discrepancies being arbitrated by a third assay. Following repeat testing, the BioPlexToxoplasma, rubella, and CMV IgG assays demonstrated agreements of 98.7 (592/600 specimens), 93.3 (560/600 specimens), and 98.3% (590/600 specimens), respectively, while the ToRC IgM assays yielded agreements of 91.2 (547/600 specimens), 87.3 (524/600 specimens), and 95.2% (571/600 specimens), respectively. The BioPlex ToRC IgG assays provided results comparable to EIA/ELFA results, with kappa coefficients showing near-perfect agreement for theToxoplasma(κ = 0.94) and CMV (κ = 0.97) IgG assays and substantial agreement for the rubella IgG assay (κ = 0.66). The BioPlex ToRC IgM assays showed lower specificity with only slight agreement forToxoplasmaIgM (κ = 0.07), poor agreement for rubella IgM (κ = −0.03), and moderate agreement for CMV IgM (κ = 0.55). Both the BioPlex IgG and IgM assays reduced turnaround time (1.7 h versus 5.5 h by EIA/ELFA for 100 specimens) and eliminated the necessity to manually pipette or aliquot specimens prior to testing.
Vancomycin MIC for Methicillin-Resistant Coagulase-Negative
Staphylococcus
Isolates: Evaluation of the Broth Microdilution and Etest Methods
Authors: Paiva Rodrigo M. , Mombach Pinheiro Machado Alice B. , Zavascki Alexandre P. , Barth Afonso L.
Published: September 2010

Vancomycin MIC results were determined by the broth microdilution (BMD) method and by Etest using 130 methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococcus bloodstream isolates obtained from a tertiary hospital. The majority (98.5%) of MIC results determined by BMD were ≤1 μg/ml, in contrast to MIC results determined by Etest (72.3% were ≥1.5 μg/ml). The MICs obtained by Etest were, in general, 1- to 2-fold higher than the MICs obtained by BMD.
Evaluation of the DiversiLab System for Detection of Hospital Outbreaks of Infections by Different Bacterial Species
Authors: Fluit A. C. , Terlingen A. M. , Andriessen L. , Ikawaty R. , van Mansfeld R. , Top J. , Cohen Stuart J. W. , Leverstein-van Hall M. A. , Boel C. H. E.
Published: September 2010

Many bacterial typing methods are specific for one species only, time-consuming, or poorly reproducible. DiversiLab (DL; bioMérieux) potentially overcomes these limitations. In this study, we evaluated the DL system for the identification of hospital outbreaks of a number bacterial species. Appropriately typed clinical isolates were tested with DL. DL typing agreed with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for
Acinetobacter
(
n
= 26) and
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
(
n
= 13) isolates. With two exceptions, DL typing of
Klebsiella
isolates (
n
= 23) also correlated with PFGE, and in addition, PFGE-nontypeable (PFGE-NT) isolates could be typed.
Enterobacter
(
n
= 28) results also correlated with PFGE results; also, PFGE-NT isolates could be clustered. In a larger study (
n
= 270), a cluster of 30 isolates was observed that could be subdivided by PFGE. The results for
Escherichia coli
(
n
= 38) correlated less well with an experimental multilocus variable number of tandem repeats analysis (MLVA) scheme.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(
n
= 52) showed only a limited number of amplification products for most isolates. When multiple
Pseudomonas
isolates were assigned to a single type in DL, all except one showed multiple multilocus sequence types. Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
generally also showed a limited number of amplification products. Isolates that belonged to different outbreaks by other typing methods, including PFGE,
spa
typing, and MLVA, were grouped together in a number of cases. For
Enterococcus faecium
, the limited variability of the amplification products obtained made interpretation difficult and correlation with MLVA and
esp
gene typing was poor. All of the results are reflected in Simpson's index of diversity and adjusted Rand's and Wallace's coefficients. DL is a useful tool to help identify hospital outbreaks of
Acinetobacter
spp.,
S. maltophilia
, the
Enterobacter cloacae
complex,
Klebsiella
spp., and, to a somewhat lesser extent,
E. coli
. In our study, DL was inadequate for
P. aeruginosa
,
E. faecium
, and MRSA. However, it should be noted that for the identification of outbreaks, epidemiological data should be combined with typing results.
Broad Detection of Diverse H5 and H7 Hemagglutinin Genes of Avian Influenza Viruses by Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Using Primer and Probe Sets Containing Mixed Bases
Authors: Tsukamoto Kenji , Noguchi Daigo , Suzuki Koutaro , Shishido Makiko , Ashizawa Takayoshi , Kim Min-Chul , Lee Youn-Jeong , Tada Tatsuya
Published: September 2010

Real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) was developed for broad detection of diverse H5 and H7 genes in Eurasian and American lineages of avian influenza viruses by using primer and probe sets containing mixed bases. Optimal use of the mixed bases enabled us to minimize sequence mismatches and to broaden the gene detection spectrum without decreasing sensitivity.
Real-Time Analysis of Mucosal Flora in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease in India
Authors: Verma Ravi , Verma Anil Kumar , Ahuja Vineet , Paul Jaishree
Published: September 2010

Mucosa-associated bacterial flora from control individuals and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients were evaluated by real-time analysis using 16S rRNA-based genus-specific primers. Our data show a clear delineation in concentration of bacteria between the predominating and subdominating genera under disease conditions, indicating that the subsets of bacteria participating in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are likely to be different.
Helicobacter pylori
Bacteremia with Sepsis Syndrome
Authors: Han Xiang Y. , Tarrand Jeffrey J. , Dickey Burton F. , Esteva Francisco J.
Published: September 2010

A 65-year-old woman with a history of gastric bleeding, breast cancer, antineoplastic chemotherapy, and prednisone use presented with a fever, chest pain, a dry cough, hypotension, and prominent pulmonary bronchovascular markings. She was treated with piperacillin-tazobactam and azithromycin and rapidly improved. Six days later, the blood culture grew a pleomorphic Gram-negative bacillus. Initial subculture failed, but the organism was identified as
Helicobacter pylori
by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. The bacterium eventually grew on brucella agar upon extended incubation.
The Epstein-Barr Virus BZLF1 Protein Inhibits Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 1 Expression through Effects on Cellular C/EBP Proteins
Authors: Bristol Jillian A. , Robinson Amanda R. , Barlow Elizabeth A. , Kenney Shannon C.
Published: September 2010

The Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early protein, BZLF1 (Z), initiates the switch between latent and lytic infection and plays an essential role in mediating viral replication. Z also inhibits expression of the major receptor for tumor necrosis factor (TNF), TNFR1, thus repressing TNF cytokine signaling, but the mechanism for this effect is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Z prevents both C/EBPα- and C/EBPβ-mediated activation of the TNFR1 promoter (TNFR1p) by interacting directly with both C/EBP family members. We show that Z interacts directly with C/EBPα and C/EBPβin vivoand that a Z mutant altered at alanine residue 204 in the bZIP domain is impaired for the ability to interact with both C/EBP proteins. Furthermore, we find that the Z(A204D) mutant is attenuated in the ability to inhibit the TNFR1p but mediates lytic viral reactivation and replicationin vitroin 293 cells as well as wild-type Z. Although Z does not bind directly to the TNFR1p in EMSA studies, chromatin immunoprecipitation studies indicate that Z is complexed with this promoterin vivo. The Z(A204D) mutant has reduced interaction with the TNFR1pin vivobut is similar to wild-type Z in its ability to complex with the IL-8 promoter. Finally, we show that the effect of Z on C/EBPα- and C/EBPβ-mediated activation is promoter dependent. These results indicate that Z modulates the effects of C/EBPα and C/EBPβ in a promoter-specific manner and that in some cases (including that of the TNFR1p), Z inhibits C/EBPα- and C/EBPβ-mediated activation.
Transcytosis of Murine-Adapted Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agents in anIn VitroBovine M Cell Model
Authors: Miyazawa Kohtaro , Kanaya Takashi , Takakura Ikuro , Tanaka Sachi , Hondo Tetsuya , Watanabe Hitoshi , Rose Michael T. , Kitazawa Haruki , Yamaguchi Takahiro , Katamine Shigeru , Nishida Noriyuki , Aso Hisashi
Published: September 2010

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), including bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), are fatal neurodegenerative disorders in humans and animals. BSE appears to have spread to cattle through the consumption of feed contaminated with BSE/scrapie agents. In the case of an oral infection, the agents have to cross the gut-epithelial barrier. We recently established a bovine intestinal epithelial cell line (BIE cells) that can differentiate into the M cell typein vitroafter lymphocytic stimulation (K. Miyazawa, T. Hondo, T. Kanaya, S. Tanaka, I. Takakura, W. Itani, M. T. Rose, H. Kitazawa, T. Yamaguchi, and H. Aso, Histochem. Cell Biol.133:125-134, 2010). In this study, we evaluated the role of M cells in the intestinal invasion of the murine-adapted BSE (mBSE) agent using ourin vitrobovine intestinal epithelial model. We demonstrate here that M cell-differentiated BIE cells are able to transport the mBSE agent without inactivation at least 30-fold more efficiently than undifferentiated BIE cells in ourin vitromodel. As M cells in the follicle-associated epithelium are known to have a high ability to transport a variety of macromolecules, viruses, and bacteria from gut lumen to mucosal immune cells, our results indicate the possibility that bovine M cells are able to deliver agents of TSE, not just the mBSE agent.
Marine Prasinovirus Genomes Show Low Evolutionary Divergence and Acquisition of Protein Metabolism Genes by Horizontal Gene Transfer
Authors: Moreau Hervé , Piganeau Gwenael , Desdevises Yves , Cooke Richard , Derelle Evelyne , Grimsley Nigel
Published: September 2010

Although marine picophytoplankton are at the base of the global food chain, accounting for half of the planetary primary production, they are outnumbered 10 to 1 and are largely controlled by hugely diverse populations of viruses. Eukaryotic microalgae form a ubiquitous and particularly dynamic fraction of such plankton, with environmental clone libraries from coastal regions sometimes being dominated by one or more of the three genera
Bathycoccus
,
Micromonas
, and
Ostreococcus
(class Prasinophyceae). The complete sequences of two double-stranded (dsDNA)
Bathycoccus
, one dsDNA
Micromonas
, and one new dsDNA
Ostreococcus
virus genomes are described. Genome comparison of these giant viruses revealed a high degree of conservation, both for orthologous genes and for synteny, except for one 36-kb inversion in the
Ostreococcus lucimarinus
virus and two very large predicted proteins in
Bathycoccus prasinos
viruses. These viruses encode a gene repertoire of certain amino acid biosynthesis pathways never previously observed in viruses that are likely to have been acquired from lateral gene transfer from their host or from bacteria. Pairwise comparisons of whole genomes using all coding sequences with homologous counterparts, either between viruses or between their corresponding hosts, revealed that the evolutionary divergences between viruses are lower than those between their hosts, suggesting either multiple recent host transfers or lower viral evolution rates.
A Mutation in the
Lettuce Infectious Yellows Virus
Minor Coat Protein Disrupts Whitefly Transmission but Not
In Planta
Systemic Movement
Authors: Stewart Lucy R. , Medina Vicente , Tian Tongyan , Turina Massimo , Falk Bryce W. , Ng James C. K.
Published: September 2010

The
Lettuce infectious yellows virus
(LIYV) RNA 2 mutant p1-5b was previously isolated from
Bemisia tabaci
-transmitted virus maintained in
Chenopodium murale
plants. p1-5b RNA 2 contains a single-nucleotide deletion in the minor coat protein (CPm) open reading frame (ORF) that is predicted to result in a frameshift and premature termination of the protein. Using the recently developed agroinoculation system for LIYV, we tested RNA 2 containing the p1-5b CPm mutant genotype (agro-pR6-5b) in
Nicotiana benthamiana
plants. We showed that plant infection triggered by agro-pR6-5b spread systemically and resulted in the formation of virions similar to those produced in p1-5b-inoculated protoplasts. However, virions derived from these mutant CPm genotypes were not transmitted by whiteflies, even though virion concentrations were above the typical transmission thresholds. In contrast, and as demonstrated for the first time, an engineered restoration mutant (agro-pR6-5bM1) was capable of both systemic movement in plants and whitefly transmission. These results provide strong molecular evidence that the full-length LIYV-encoded CPm is dispensable for systemic plant movement but is required for whitefly transmission.
Blue Native PAGE and Biomolecular Complementation Reveal a Tetrameric or Higher-Order Oligomer Organization of the Physiological Measles Virus Attachment Protein H
Authors: Brindley Melinda A. , Plemper Richard K.
Published: September 2010

Members of the
Paramyxovirinae
subfamily rely on the concerted action of two envelope glycoprotein complexes, attachment protein H and the fusion (F) protein oligomer, to achieve membrane fusion for viral entry. Despite advances in X-ray information, the organization of the physiological attachment (H) oligomer in functional fusion complexes and the molecular mechanism linking H receptor binding with F triggering remain unknown. Here, we have applied an integrated approach based on biochemical and functional assays to the problem. Blue native PAGE analysis indicates that native H complexes extract predominantly in the form of loosely assembled tetramers from purified measles virus (MeV) particles and cells transiently expressing the viral envelope glycoproteins. To gain functional insight, we have established a bimolecular complementation (BiC) assay for MeV H, on the basis of the hypothesis that physical interaction of H with F complexes, F triggering, and receptor binding constitute distinct events. Having experimentally confirmed three distinct H complementation groups, implementation of H BiC (H-BiC) reveals that a high-affinity receptor-to-paramyxovirus H monomer stoichiometry below parity is sufficient for fusion initiation, that F binding and fusion initiation are separable in H oligomers, and that a higher relative amount of F binding-competent than F fusion initiation- or receptor binding-competent H monomers per oligomer is required for optimal fusion. By capitalizing on these findings, H-BiC activity profiles confirm the organization of H into tetramers or higher-order multimers in functional fusion complexes. Results are interpreted in light of a model in which receptor binding may affect the oligomeric organization of the attachment protein complex.
Structural Characterization of the Dual Glycan Binding Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 6
Authors: Ng Robert , Govindasamy Lakshmanan , Gurda Brittney L. , McKenna Robert , Kozyreva Olga G. , Samulski R. Jude , Parent Kristin N. , Baker Timothy S. , Agbandje-McKenna Mavis
Published: September 2010

The three-dimensional structure of adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype 6 (AAV6) was determined using cryo-electron microscopy and image reconstruction and using X-ray crystallography to 9.7- and 3.0-Å resolution, respectively. The AAV6 capsid contains a highly conserved, eight-stranded (βB to βI) β-barrel core and large loop regions between the strands which form the capsid surface, as observed in other AAV structures. The loops show conformational variation compared to other AAVs, consistent with previous reports that amino acids in these loop regions are involved in differentiating AAV receptor binding, transduction efficiency, and antigenicity properties. Toward structure-function annotation of AAV6 with respect to its unique dual glycan receptor (heparan sulfate and sialic acid) utilization for cellular recognition, and its enhanced lung epithelial transduction compared to other AAVs, the capsid structure was compared to that of AAV1, which binds sialic acid and differs from AAV6 in only 6 out of 736 amino acids. Five of these residues are located at or close to the icosahedral 3-fold axis of the capsid, thereby identifying this region as imparting important functions, such as receptor attachment and transduction phenotype. Two of the five observed amino acids are located in the capsid interior, suggesting that differential AAV infection properties are also controlled by postentry intracellular events. Density ordered inside the capsid, under the 3-fold axis in a previously reported, conserved AAV DNA binding pocket, was modeled as a nucleotide and a base, further implicating this capsid region in AAV genome recognition and/or stabilization.
Hare TRIM5α Restricts Divergent Retroviruses and Exhibits Significant Sequence Variation from Closely Related Lagomorpha TRIM5 Genes
Authors: Fletcher Adam J. , Hué Stéphane , Schaller Torsten , Pillay Deenan , Towers Greg J.
Published: September 2010

TRIM5α proteins recruit and restrict incoming cytoplasmic retroviruses. Primate TRIM5α sequence diversity underlies species-specific restriction and is likely caused by selective pressure from ancient pathogenic infections. Here we show that TRIM5α from the European brown hare restricts diverse retroviruses. Furthermore, it differs significantly in sequence from TRIM5α from the closely related rabbit, suggesting evolutionary changes in the last 12 million years since these species diverged. We propose that, like primates, lagomorphs have been subject to selective pressure from TRIM5-sensitive viruses, possibly related to the endogenous lentivirus RELIK found in both rabbits and hares.
Sequence Evolution of HIV-1 following Mother-to-Child Transmission
Authors: Ryland Elizabeth G. , Tang Yanhua , Christie Celia D. , Feeney Margaret E.
Published: September 2010

The genetic heterogeneity of HIV-1 poses a major obstacle to vaccine development. Although most horizontally acquired HIV-1 infections are initiated by a single homogeneous virus, marked genetic diversification and evolution occur following transmission. The relative contribution of the antiviral immune response to intrahost viral evolution remains controversial, in part because the sequence of the transmitted virus and the array of T-cell epitopes targeted by both donor and recipient are seldom known. We directly compared predominant viral sequences derived from 52 mother-child transmission pairs following vertical infection and identified 1,475 sites of mother-infant amino acid divergence within Nef, Gag, and Pol. The cumulative number of mutations away from the consensus subtype B sequence increased linearly with time since transmission, whereas reversions toward the consensus sequence accumulated more slowly with increasing duration of infection. Comprehensive mapping of T-cell epitopes targeted by these mothers and infants revealed that 14% of nonsynonymous mutations away from the consensus sequence were located within regions targeted by the infant, whereas 24% of nonsynonymous mutations toward the consensus sequence were located in regions targeted by the mother. On the basis of analysis of optimal epitopes listed in the HIV Molecular Immunology Database, fewer than 10% of epitopes containing maternal escape mutations reverted to the consensus sequence following transmission to an infant lacking the restricting HLA allele. This surprisingly low reversion rate of mutated epitopes following transmission suggests that the fitness cost associated with many CD8 epitope mutations may be modest.
Cascade of Events Governing Cell-Cell Fusion Induced by Herpes Simplex Virus Glycoproteins gD, gH/gL, and gB
Authors: Atanasiu Doina , Saw Wan Ting , Cohen Gary H. , Eisenberg Roselyn J.
Published: September 2010

Herpesviruses minimally require the envelope proteins gB and gH/gL for virus entry and cell-cell fusion; herpes simplex virus (HSV) additionally requires the receptor-binding protein gD. Although gB is a class III fusion protein, gH/gL does not resemble any documented viral fusion protein at a structural level. Based on those data, we proposed that gH/gL does not function as a cofusogen with gB but instead regulates the fusogenic activity of gB. Here, we present data to support that hypothesis. First, receptor-positive B78H1-C10 cells expressing gH/gL fused with receptor-negative B78H1 cells expressing gB and gD (fusion in
trans
). Second, fusion occurred when gH/gL-expressing C10 cells preexposed to soluble gD were subsequently cocultured with gB-expressing B78 cells. In contrast, prior exposure of gB-expressing C10 cells to soluble gD did not promote subsequent fusion with gH/gL-expressing B78 cells. These data suggest that fusion involves activation of gH/gL by receptor-bound gD. Most importantly, soluble gH/gL triggered a low level of fusion of C10 cells expressing gD and gB; a much higher level was achieved when gB-expressing C10 cells were exposed to a combination of soluble gH/gL and gD. These data clearly show that gB acts as the HSV fusogen following activation by gD and gH/gL. We suggest the following steps leading to fusion: (i) conformational changes to gD upon receptor binding, (ii) alteration of gH/gL by receptor-activated gD, and (iii) upregulation of the fusogenic potential of gB following its interaction with activated gH/gL. The third step may be common to other herpesviruses.