bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Generation of 3D Texture Using Multiple 2D Models Analysis
Authors: GHAZANFARPOUR Djamchid , DISCHLER Jean‐Michel
Published: March 2003

Solid (30) texturing is commonly used in computer graphics for producing more realistic images. It is often more attractive than the conventional 20 texture mapping but remains more complex on some points. Its major difficulty concerns the generation of 30 texture in a general and efficient way. The well‐known traditional procedural methods use generally a simplified mathematical model of a natural texture. No reliable way for the choice of the mathematical model parameters, which characterise directly the produced 30 texture, is given. Therefore, 30 texture generation becomes a more or less experimental process with these methods.

Our recently published methodfor an automatic 30 texture generation avoids this problem by the use of the spectral analysis of one 2D model texture. The resulting 30 texture is of good quality but one open problem remains: the aspect of the produced texture cannot be fully controlled over the entire 30 space by only one 20 spectral analysis. This may be considered as a serious limitation for some kinds of textures representing important variations in any direction.

In this paper we present a new and more powerful analytical approach for an automatic 30 texture generation. Contrarily to our previous method, this new approach is not exclusively based on the spectral analysis of only one 20 model. It uses two or three 2D models corresponding to different slices of a 30 texture block, so, the aspect of the produced 3D texture can be controlled more efficiently over the entire 30 space. In addition, a more efficient 30 texture antialiasing, well adapted to this new method is presented.
The Market's Price
Authors: Jaeggi Rahel
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Elizabeth Anderson, Value in Ethics and Economics

Margaret Jane Radin, Contested Commodities
Institutional Voting in the UK: Is Mandatory Voting the Answer?
Authors: Short Helen , Keasey Kevin
Published: March 2003

Institutional shareholders are increasingly being urged to take a more active role in the governance of the companies in which they invest. In particular, attention has focused on the level of voting by institutions at annual general meetings, which has historically been rather low, and many commentators argue that institutions (particularly the pension funds) should have a legal duty to exercise their voting rights on behalf of their beneficiaries. This paper examines the issues regarding institutional voting and considers whether mandatory institutional voting is likely to lead to more active institutional involvement in corporate governnance at the individual firm level. In particular, it is argued that the imposition of mandatory voting is unlikely to result in informed voting, which is essential if the objective of increasing effective institutional involvement in corporate governance is to be met. This paper concludes that the imposition of mandatory voting is unlikely to result in a change in the investment and ownership ethos of the institutions.
The Enforcement of Social Accountability – Turner and Newall and the Asbestos Crisis
Authors: Warren Richard C.
Published: March 2003

It is widely acknowledged that the impetus for the setting up of the CadburyCommittee on corporate governance was the series of scandals that became public in the late 1980's. And whilst hard cases do not always help in making good laws, they can sometimes prompt us into reflective action to consider what arrangements might prevent these problems from occurring in the future. This paper seeks to describe and examine a hard case that poses corporate governance questions regarding distributive justice and the appropriate form of procedure that might satisfy its demands. The hard case in question is that of Turner and Newall (T&N) and its handling of its asbestos liabilities. This case raises many ethical issues (secrecy, duties of care, distributive justice, informed consent, corporate responsibility) which can only be touched upon in this brief examination which is mainly focused upon the issue of corporate responsibility arising from this firm’s predicament.

The case will be discussed as follows: first, the facts as they are known will be described concerning the asbestos risks and damage liabilities of T&; secondly, the policy and practice of T&N in dealing with this issue will be outlined; thirdly, the moral inadequacies of their response will be highlighted; then a contrast will be drawn with the strategy adopted in the USA by the Johns‐Manville Corporation; and finally, one possible alternative solution will be proposed and its wider lessons for corporate governance considered.
The Impact of the Cadbury Code on Selection of Directors and Board Composition in UK Newly‐quoted Companies, 1990–1994
Authors: Doble Michael
Published: March 2003

The publication in the UK of the Cadbury Report and its associated Code of Best Practice focused attention on the conduct and structure of boards in large companies. The Code suggested that greater financial accountability would be facilitated by increasing the number of non‐executive directors, creating new sub‐committees and ensuring that the power of the chair is limited. Surveys amongst FT100 companies show that their compliance with the Cadbury Code has been rapid and virtually complete (Bostock [1995], Cadbury [1995]); less attention has been paid to the compliance of small and medium‐sized companies. The approach that is taken in this survey is to investigate the board structures chosen by these enterprises as they prepare for stock market listing. Companies are prepared for market with the advice of professional advisors who it is assumed have a reputational interest in the success of the issue; therefore, they advance corporate governance structures that satisfy potential investors’ expectations. Such companies are making their boards anew and should represent best‐practice. This paper examines whether current practice in small and medium‐sized companies conforms to the prescribed model for UK boards. It is concluded that the Cadbury Code is not the only model for emergent small to medium sized companies and that the market does not value its adoption in all cases.
Directors’ Financial Rewards in the Water Industry
Authors: Samuels John , Piper A.G.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the financial rewards received by the directors of the listed Water companies in the five years following privatisation. It considers the salaries, the bonus payments, the gains from executive share options, and the increase in pension entitlements. The increase in the level of the financial rewards of directors of Water companies was greater over this period than of directors in other companies. This was partly the result of the comparatively lower levels of salaries prior to privatisation and partly the result of high gains from executive share options. One of the reasons for the high level of gain on options was the underpricing of the initial public offer of shares. From a corporate governance point of view the period following privatisation was unique in terms of the conditions in which the companies were operating. The annual levels of reward for those directors in post five years after privatisation was in line with directors of similar size companies.
Corporate Governance Structure in Japan – form and reality
Authors: Cooke T.E. , Sawa Etsuo
Published: March 2003

The last decade has witnessed a growing debate over corporate governance issues in a number of countries. The debate developed from Anglo‐Saxon countries, such as the UK and US, where dispersed share ownership and thriving takeover markets are evident with financial systems referred to by Zysman (1983) as market based. However, the debate now includes countries with credit‐based financial systems (Zysman, 1983), such as Germany and Japan, which are characterised by intercompany shareholdings, intercompany directorships and often substantial bank involvement. A question of considerable importance is whether the two systems of corporate governance will converge over time, particularly in the context of increasing globalisation of trade. To contribute to this debate, this paper focuses on corporate governance in Japan, an issue that has been debated with great interest in Japan by businessmen, academia, critics, government, consumers and even the accountants!
Corporate Governance: real power, Cecil King and Machiavelli
Authors: Simmonds Kenneth
Published: March 2003

Clauses in company articles giving boards rather than shareholders the power to remove directors, can give either the chairman or chief executive the power to retain their tenure even when performance is less than satisfactory. A power holder can simply remove opposition from a board as soon as it is expressed. When used ruthlessly, such power makes it almost impossible for independent non‐executive directors to carry out their most important role of monitoring executive directors and removing non‐performers at an early stage. Machiavelli claimed that extension of tenure was a prime cause of Rome’s decline. He argued persuasively for fixed terms, with no variation possible. The prohibition of removal clauses, and the introduction of fixed director terms might well increase corporate performance by preventing continued tenure for those who have failed.
Governing Hospice Projects: a review of governance, leadership, and management as seen in the foundation of the modern hospice movement
Authors: Johnson Martin
Published: March 2003

This article reviews findings from a study of corporate vision in hospice foundation in Britain. Evidence was obtained from 77 different independent charitable hospices about their founding groups, and the projects they carried out. The identified qualities of successful corporate visions are reported. The typical hospice is a very substantial charity organisation, representing a major achievement in both fund‐raising and management terms. The groups who founded these hospices are shown to number 12 members on average, a significant difference from management groups in businesses. Groups also show striking consistencies in the professions represented, indicating a conscious and deliberate approach to recruitment. Social workers and administrators seem to have been under‐represented, leading to later weaknesses in many organisations. An informal delegation of decision‐making authority is evident, and very few decisions are recorded in committee minutes. Even fewer were division votes, which usually resulted in resignations of members. Patterns of leadership are explored, and it is shown that conventional assumptions about the need for charismatic leaders to maintain these projects are false. The leadership of these projects appears to reside in the maintenance of the original corporate vision. It is also shown that these organisations recognise authorities or influences that do not appear in their formal or legal structure, and this is a feature of institutions.
The Authority to Propose Issues for Formal Decision in Business Consortia
Authors: Herriott Scott
Published: March 2003

One aspect of organizational governance is the power to propose issues for consideration in the formal decision process. Consortia composed of autonomous business organizations appear to be a good context for investigating this “proposal authority,” because when a consortium is not too large it tends to be governed by a board of directors on which all the members are represented. This makes it possible to test hypotheses about the effects of the consortium’s internal structure on the rules that govern who may propose issues for decision and how they may do so.

We study here the formal rules, given in organizational charters and by‐laws, for initiating specific types of decision in 53 consortia in the electric power industry in the USA. Hypotheses are developed from numerous theoretical perspectives, including the institutional, ecological, developmental, structuralist, resource‐dependence, economic, and political‐economic. We find a fair degree of heterogeneity in the practices of initiative control among these organizations, yet only the familiar structuralist theory is able to predict significantly the variation in these decision rules. This weak result poses interesting problems for future research.
Corporate Governance within Local Government: the Allerdale case
Authors: Boyett Inger , Ward Martin
Published: March 2003

In 1996 the UK Court of Appeal decided that Allerdale Borough Council was guilty of a fundamental breach of their obligations to abide by central government restrictions on capital spending. This decision followed the collapse of Allerdale Development Company, wholly owned by the local council, which had been set up to develop a leisure pool and timeshare flats as an innovative method of gaining resources for a ‘cash‐strapped’ local authority. Whilst the debts arising from the company’s collapse were minor, the potential financial implications for lenders to local authorities estimated at 1bn were comparable with the corporate sector collapses of BCCI and Maxwell. Equally serious questions are raised about corporate governance and its link to entrepreneurial activity in the public sector.
Investors’ Views of People Management
Authors: Hendry Chris , Woodward Sally , Harvey‐Cook Jane , Gaved Matthew
Published: March 2003

This study investigated the potential for improving the quality of information available to investors on the management and development of people within companies. Sixty‐eight exploratory interviews were held with four key ‘constituencies’ who were hypothesized to hold different views on the relevance of people management factors in assessments of corporate performance. These were fund managers, brokers’ analysts, corporate management (chief executives, finance directors, investor relations directors) and human resource directors. The findings, to a large extent, confirm the stereotype that the investment community does not greatly take account of people management factors in their estimation of companies. But this is not for the reasons often assumed. Additionally, while there is great scepticism about the value and efficacy of highly specified ‘hard’ measures of HR performance, the findings reveal the potential for an alternative approach that can provide information of more value to investors.
Internal and External Governance Mechanisms: evidence from the UK insurance industry
Authors: O’Sullivan Noel , Diacon Stephen
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the relationship between internal and external governance mechanisms employed by UK insurance companies. The different external control mechanisms available to owners in mutual and proprietary companies suggests that different internal governance mechanisms may be employed to monitor managers. Data for the study has been obtained from a detailed questionnaire survey of UK insurance companies. We find a higher proportion of non‐executive directors and a greater likelihood of separating the roles of company chairman and CEO in insurance companies compared to similar studies of UK quoted companies. Even though the proportion of non‐executive directors does not differ significantly between mutual and proprietary insurers, the proportion of non‐executives who are former executives is greater in the case of proprietary companies. This suggests that mutual companies are more likely to employ non‐executives for monitoring while proprietary companies place more importance on retaining the business expertise of former executives. We find that UK insurance companies have utilised remuneration and audit committees since the mid 1980s. We also find that remuneration committees in mutual companies possess a greater proportion of non‐executive directors than remuneration committees in proprietary companies.
Competencies of Directors in Global Firms: requirements for recruitment and evaluation
Authors: Lee Soo‐Hoon , Phan Phillip
Published: March 2003

Using the competency profiling methodology (Boyatzis, 1982; Spencer & Spencer, 1993) in a resource‐based theoretical framework (Wernerfelt, 1984; Barney, 1991), we provide a model for the recruitment and selection of board members to lead in global firms. Competency requirements for board members are described in terms of generic as well as specific competencies for their roles and responsibilities in a global firm. In addition, the selection process using assessment centre exercises are provided. Finally, we propose structures and processes for the evaluation of board members to ensure that they continually enhance their competencies in order to manage in a changing, global economy. Such activities include performance measurements of board effectiveness in terms of competency attainment as well as pay‐for‐competency structures to ensure that boards continually have the necessary competencies to lead in complex global firms.
An Analysis of the Behavioural Dynamics of Corporate Governance – a talk‐based ethnography of a UK manufacturing ‘board‐in‐action’
Authors: Samra‐Fredericks Dalvir
Published: March 2003

This article draws upon research conducted in a UK manufacturing company where a group of directors and senior managers (managerial elites) interacting with each other were observed and captured on audio and video tape recordings. From detailed analysis of their talk‐based interpersonal routines, the nature of their linguistic skills and how factors such as knowledge, know‐how and experience were deployed to influence boardroom process was explored. They also simultaneously sought to preserve the protocols of human interaction. The objective here is to reproduce a small set of typical interactive routines between this group of managerial elites to illustrate aspects of this analysis. In particular, we illustrate their use of two basic micro‐linguistic resources; the display of feelings and emotions, and; the routine selection of lexemes which activate arenas of expertise and knowledge. The laminated effect of successive interactive exchanges of the sort reproduced in this paper allowed for a range of board tasks to be executed alongside the concurrent assembly of an effective (or not) competent performance in the boardroom. Taken together this paper and our prior one provides a basis for developing a systematic and rigourous approach for the study of the behavioural dynamics of corporate governance.
Towards a “Mutual Understanding of Objectives”? Attitudes of institutional investors and listed companies to corporate governance reform
Authors: Jackson Andrew
Published: March 2003

The Combined Code looked to companies and institutional investors “to enter into a dialogue ... based on a mutual understanding of objectives.” This paper summarises findings from a survey looking into attitudes of each of these groups towards governance reform. It finds significant differences of opinion between them. The paper notes that there are few differences of opinion amongst the various different sized investors, suggesting that size, of itself, is not an important determinant of investor opinion. Larger companies are found to be more sympathetic towards the reforms of the past decade, whilst smaller companies appear to place less emphasis on governance structure as a determinant of success and seem to have less favourable experience of institutional investors.
The Evolving Role of Institutional Investors in South Korean Corporate Governance: some empirical evidence
Authors: Solomon Jill , Solomon Aris , Park Chang–Young
Published: March 2003

South Korea, one of East Asia’s most powerful tigers before the 1997 financial crisis, is in the process of extensive corporate governance reform. The excessive debt financing of the chaebol and the lack of accountability prevalent in Korea’s corporate governance system have been blamed for the country’s economy succumbing to the crisis. The current process of reform is taking place within a global agenda for corporate governance harmonisation, reflected in the publication of internationally acceptable principles for “good” corporate governance by, for example, the OECD and CalPERS. In this paper we present and analyse the findings of a questionnaire survey and a series of interviews conducted in Korea which canvassed the views of fund managers. Our findings indicate that Korea’s financial institutions support initiatives to reform the country’s corporate governance system. Further, they agree strongly that: investor relations need to be improved; chaebol’s accountability to shareholders should be improved; and shareholder activism should be encouraged. They also support the view that the chaebol’s activities were chiefly responsible for Korea succumbing to the East Asian crisis.
Capital Structure and Investment Behaviour of Malaysian Firms in the 1990s: a study of corporate governance before the crisis
Authors: Suto Megumi
Published: March 2003

This is an empirical study analysing the corporate finance and governance structure in Malaysia before and after the financial crisis of 1997, utilising the agency cost approach. The contribution of this paper is to link the corporate governance mechanism with the role of banks and corporate ownership structure peculiar to Malaysia, taking into account the institutional framework and historical background of the Malaysian financial system, such as government protection for the banking sector and the social dispersion of corporate ownership related to the Malay First policy.

Based on data for 375 non–financial KLSE (Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange) listed companies during fiscal years 1995–99, our analysis is organised into three parts. Characteristics of corporate finance in Malaysia in the 1990s using aggregated time–series data are outlined, followed by an examination of the determinants of capital structure via cross–sectional regressions in terms of dependency on banks and ethnic ownership structure, controlling ownership concentration, availability of internal funds, corporate size, industry effects, etc. We then estimate simple investment functions with panel data in order to examine the effects of debt financing on corporate investments before the crisis.

Empirical results show the following. Firstly, the commitment of banks to finance corporate debt as well as lending obviously increased debt ratios. Secondly, increasing ownership by native Malays, both the direct and indirect holding of corporate shares, played no significant role in disciplining corporate management. However, ownership concentration mitigated conflict between managers and owners. Foreign ownership also contributed to a reduction in the agency cost of equity financing in financial liberalisation. Finally, high dependency on debt led to excessive corporate investment before the crisis. These results imply that the concentration of risks on the banking sector and social policy advocating the dispersion of corporate ownership weakened the corporate governance mechanism, thereby exacerbating the distress of Malaysia's corporate sector during the financial crisis.
The Need for Innovation: a Case History from the Water Industry
Authors: Matthews Peter
Published: March 2003

Anglian Water is a global water company with Anglo Scandinavian origins. It provides utility services and is a leader in water and wastewater technology and vocational learning through Aqua Universitas the University of Water. It employs over 5,000 people and operates through exclusive subsidiaries or in partnerships. The turnover is almost £800M per year—of which 20% is international.

The changing nature of water management has provided a case example of innovation in practice. The case is described with particular reference to Anglian Water. A more formal model framework for innovation is prescribed.
Taking Style On Board (or how to get used to the idea of creative adaptors and uncreative innovators)
Authors: Talbot R.J.
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential impact of Kirton's Adaption‐Innovation Theory on our thinking about creativity, and consequently on the practices of researchers and trainers in this field. That people differ in their degree or level of creativity has long been established. Kirton's work asserts that people also differ in the manner in which they express their creativity—their style, and the KAI (the Kirton Adaption‐Innovation Inventory) measures a person's preferred style. In the literature, Style and Level of creativity are argued (and mostly shown) to be independent. It follows from this that Adaptors and Innovators are creative (and uncreative) in different ways. It is suggested that much of the work in the creativity field has focused on the Innovative style of creativity. This paper describes research identifying differences in how Adaptors and Innovators view their creative products, looks at some possible implications for training, explores differences in preferred organisational climate between Adaptors and Innovators, and suggests a style‐neutral definition of creativity.
Innovation and the Dynamics of Economic Growth: The Case of the Mahi River Project
Authors: Saxena R. K. , Rickards Tudor
Published: March 2003

A regional irrigation project in India has been studied as a focus for economic growth through innovation over the period 1983–1993. The classical theory of Schumpeter is considered in terms of the irrigation potential of a dam as a primary environmental jolt or deviant. Subsequent secondary innovations are traced as new crops (‘products’) and processes. The main active ‘drivers’ were noted as technical influence agents and entrepreneurial end‐users (farmers). Multiple tertiary innovations were also noted as emerging from the secondary innovations. It is suggested that the dynamics of economic growth through environmental jolts requires a combination of entrepreneurial and active processes as well as more passive diffusion processes. Thus early models of entrepreneurial and diffusional aspects of innovation may require adapting to a more integrated theory for explaining the economic consequences of regional development initiatives.
Historical Trajectories of Innovation and Competitiveness: Hong Kong Firms and their China Linkages
Authors: Hollows Judith
Published: March 2003

Hong Kong manufacturing firms have been competing in world markets since the 1950’s. Their success has been based on low cost and flexible production and an ability to meet very tight delivery schedules as many of their products are short run fashion items for which consumer demand can be fickle. The opening of China in 1978 has enabled Hong Kong firms to sustain their cost advantages in world markets for a further twenty years. However, the rapid economic development of South China in particular, to which Hong Kong is adjacent, and the competition from lower cost economies in Southeast Asia is leading to pressures on Hong Kong manufacturers to rethink their strategies. Ambitions to continue to compete among world class manufacturers has become a survival strategy. The focus of this paper is to identify and explain the historical development of innovation in the strategies of Hong Kong firms to enable them to continue to dominate niche markets in Europe and the USA and develop a presence in the China market.
The Management of Knowledge during Design and Implementation of Process Technologies
Authors: Smart Alison , McCosh Andrew , Barrar Peter , Lloyd Ashley
Published: March 2003

Knowledge and learning play a major part in the successful implementation of process technologies. We suggest that managers of implementation projects can improve the initial performance levels of the process in which a new technology resides by ensuring that useful knowledge, present in the organization at the start of the implementation project, is employed to greatest effect during the design of the modified process and that new learning is not lost. This does not necessarily require major investment in computerized systems – merely exploring what potentially useful knowledge is already available within the organization, or can readily be obtained from external contact, may improve the efficiency of technology implementation. Use of available knowledge can also help to speed up the implementation process by reducing the number of, and time required for, the adaptations necessary to get the process to the desired performance level.
How Benign Structures can Support and Retain Creative Performance in Teams
Authors: Moger Susan , Rickards Tudor
Published: March 2003

We suggest that the concept of benign structure is important in understanding how creative leadership can intervene to support and sustain creative performance. We describe this insight with reference to the leadership observed in project teams of various kinds. Our interpretation of the evidence is that creative leadership produces benign structures which help teams pass through two structural barriers (‘press’) that bear on team performance. The weaker barrier requires help on inter‐personal relationships. The stronger barrier requires help so that performance levels go beyond established and accepted norms. The benign become most obvious in the application of creative problem solving techniques.
Creative Problem Solving Preferences: Their Identification and Implications
Authors: Puccio Gerard
Published: March 2003

Creative problem solving has been one of the most widely used and researched creative process models. The purpose of this study was to explore individuals’ preferences for different aspects of this model. The main premise to this research is that the creative problem solving process involves a series of distinct mental operations (i.e, collecting information, defining problems, generating ideas, developing solutions, and taking action) and people will express different degrees of preference for these various operations within the model. This study describes the development of the Buffalo Creative Process Inventory, a measure designed to identify preferences in terms of the major operations within Creative Problem Solving. Factor analysis, and correlations with two established style measures, indicate much promise for this new measure.
Knowledge Systems and Global Advertising Services
Authors: Roberts Joanne
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the contribution of global advertising services to the creation and dissemination of knowledge through an examination of their role in knowledge systems at a national and international level. The aim is not only to gain an understanding of global advertising services as bridges between national knowledge systems but also to examine how such services shape the institutions that constitute a knowledge system. In this way, an appreciation of the contribution of advertising services, and knowledge intensive services (KIBS) more generally, to the knowledge creation and distribution process will be developed.
The Creation and Management of Cultural Clusters
Authors: Hitters Erik , Richards Greg
Published: March 2003

This paper analyses two cultural clusters, the Westergasfabriek (WGF) in Amsterdam and the Witte de Withstraat (WdW) in Rotterdam, and evaluates their contrasting creative management strategies. The WGF has to date been fairly successful in creating an attractive mix of different cultural activities, based on the creative potential of the buildings on the site, its image as a cultural centre and the general atmosphere of creativity. The more ‘top–down’ approach of the Local Authority owned but commercially managed WFG has injected new commercial skills and investment into the cluster, and creates the conditions for innovation through managing the mix of creative functions. The WdW, on the other hand, takes a more ‘bottom–up’ approach to the problems of cultural management, and so far the participants have resisted the imposition of formal management. This may allow cultural and commercial functions to co–exist more easily, but, thus far, there seems to be less evidence of innovation.
Memory for the Events of Early Childhood
Authors: Eacott Madeline J.
Published: March 2003

There has been much recent interest in the phenomenon of childhood amnesia, the difficulty most adults have in recalling at least the first 3 years of life. In contrast, it has been shown that infants 18 months of age or less can retain information over long periods. Although there is no agreed-upon explanation of this paradoxical phenomenon, there are proposed biological, cognitive, and social-cognitive explanations. Distinguishing among these accounts involves investigating both adults' memories for childhood events and the mnemonicabilities of young children. These studies may not only reveal the reason why our earliest years are shrouded from us as adults, but also shed light on the memory processes that allow us a rich representation of the remainder of our personal past.
A Typology of Men Who Are Violent Toward Their Female Partners
Authors: Holtzworth-Munroe Amy
Published: March 2003

Although much research on men who are violent toward their wives has involved comparisons of groups of violent and nonviolent men, there is increasing evidence that maritally violent men are not a homogeneous group. Several recent studies support a batterer typology that distinguishes maritally violent subgroups. In an effort to identify different underlying processes resulting in husband violence, this article discusses how these subgroups differ along descriptive dimensions and in terms of their correlates in a developmental model of husband violence. The results suggest the importance of at least two continua (i.e., antisociality and borderline personality features) for understanding the heterogeneity in husband violence. The results also demonstrate the necessity of further studying low levels of husbands' physical aggression and of considering batterer subtypes when designing treatment interventions.
Saving Face for Darwin
Authors: Keltner Dacher , Anderson Cameron
Published: March 2003

In this article, we review diverse studies of the antecedents, facial display, and social consequences of embarrassment. These studies indicate that embarrassment serves an appeasement function, reconciling social relations when they have gone awry. We then speculate about how embarrassment is elaborated into more complex social interactions, such as teasing and flirtation. We conclude by raising questions about the blush and embarrassment that await empirical consideration.
Age and Emotion in Adulthood
Authors: Mroczek Daniel K.
Published: March 2003

Evidence suggests that positive affect rises from youth through young and then older adulthood, but may decline after one's mid-70s. Negative affect appears to decrease steadily from early adulthood to older adulthood, but this decline may taper off in the oldest years. The relationship between age and affect in adulthood is further complicated by the effects of moderators, such as extraversion and marital status. Despite these complexities, recent empirical studies and current theory have furthered the understanding of age and affect in adulthood, although important questions remain.
Memory Development or the Development of Memory?
Authors: Ornstein Peter A. , Haden Catherine A.
Published: March 2003

For 30 years, the question “What is memory development the development of?” has guided research on children's memory. As theories and research paradigms have evolved over this period, so too has knowledge of the surprising mnemonic competence of young children and of age-related differences in memory performance. Never the less, there are serious limits to current understanding of the development of memory. Indeed, there have been few investigations of changes over time in the memory skills of individual children, and researchers have yet to shed much light on the more difficult question of “What are the forces that propel the development of skilled remembering?” From our perspective, the answer to this question will require movement toward longitudinal research designs that illuminate the mechanisms that bring about developmental change.
Automaticity and the Amygdala: Nonconscious Responses to Emotional Faces
Authors: Öhman Arne
Published: March 2003

The human face is an evolved adaptation for social communication. This implies that humans are genetically prepared to produce facial gestures that are automatically decoded by observers. Psychophysiological data demonstrate that humans respond automatically with their facial muscles, with autonomic responses, and with specific regional brain activation of the amygdala when exposed to emotionally expressive faces. Attention is preferentially and automatically oriented toward facial threat. Neuropsychological data, as well as a rapidly expanding brain-imaging literature, implicate the amygdala as a central structure for responding to negative emotional faces, and particularly to fearful ones. However, the amygdala may not be specialized for processing emotional faces, but may instead respond to faces because they provide important information for the defense appraisal that is its primary responsibility.
New Evolutionary Perspectives on Altruism: Multilevel-Selection and Costly-Signaling Theories
Authors: McAndrew Francis T.
Published: March 2003

Social psychological theories tend to be primarily concerned with the immediate causes of altruism, whereas evolutionary explanations focus more on the origins and ultimate functions of altruistic behavior. Recent developments in the evolutionary psychology of altruism promise an even richer understanding of this important category of social behaviors. Specifically, new perspectives offered by multilevel-selection theory and costly-signaling theory may help to shed light on some of the more problematic issues in the study of altruism.
Illusory Causation in the Courtroom
Authors: Lassiter G. Daniel
Published: March 2003

A large body of evidence indicates that people attribute unwarranted causality (influence) to a stimulus simply because it is more noticeable or salient than other available stimuli. This article reviews recent research demonstrating that this illusory–causation phenomenon can produce serious prejudicial effects with regard to how people evaluate certain types of legal evidence. Specifically, evaluations of videotaped confessions can be significantly altered by presumably inconsequential changes in the camera perspective taken when the confessions are initially recorded. Videotaped confessions recorded with the camera focused on the suspect—compared with videotapes from other camera points of view (e.g., focused equally on the suspect and interrogator) or with more traditional presentation formats (i.e., transcripts and audiotapes)—lead mock jurors to judge that the confessions were more voluntary and, most important, that the suspects are more likely to be guilty. Because actual criminal interrogations are customarily videotaped with the camera lens zeroed in on the suspect, these findings are of considerable practical significance.
Dating the baptism of Clovis: the bishop of Vienne vs the bishop of Tours
Authors: Shanzer Danuta
Published: March 2003

This article reexamines the text and interpretation of three crucial passages in Avitus of Vienne’s Ep. 46, the only contemporary document attesting the baptism of Clovis, and one passage in Gregory of Tours’Decem Libri Historiarum. The following conclusions relative to the date and circumstances of the baptism can be drawn. A. Avitus addresses Clovis not as if he was a pagan convert, but as if he was a recent Arian sympathiser, possibly even a catechumen. 2. There is no allusion to Clovis's honorary consulship in Ep. 46, hence no terminus post quem of 508. 3. The populus adhue nuper captivus cannot be the Alamans or the newly‐converted Franks. Clovis's letter to the Bishops of Aquitaine and Avitus's known involvement in the ransoming of prisoners‐of‐war are adduced to suggest that the populus may most plausibly be identified with Catholic Gallo‐Roman captives taken in the Franco‐Visigothic war of 507. If this is right, it provides a terminus post quem, of 507 and suggests a baptism in Christmas 508. 4. Gregory of Tours’ account of the Alamannic war is reexamined, and the following conclusions reached: the account fuses a “Clotilde‐spool” and a “Constantinian‐spool;” the battle against the Alamanni must date to late 506 (evidence from Cassiodorus and Ennodius); but Gregory himself did not know when it took place in absolute terms, and his relative chronology may well be unreliable. Thus the date of the battle and the date of conversion can be uncoupled. The most probable terminus post quem remains the freeing of the populus captivus, probably after the war of 507. The article ends by reexamining the implications of Clovis's and Avitus's relationship and correspondence.
Review article: Lighten our darkness — Biblical style in early medieval Britain and Ireland
Authors: Hood Alan B.E.
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

D.R. Howlett.The Celtic Latin Tradition of Biblical Style

D.R. Howlett. The English Origins of Old French Literature

D.R. Howlett. British Books in Biblical Style

D.R. Howlett. Cambro‐Latin Compositions: Their Competence and Craftsmanship
Paul the Deacon and the Franks
Authors: McKitterick Rosamond
Published: March 2003

The conquest of Lombardy in 774 is universally recognized, both by contemporaries and by modern historians, to have been one of the most momentous events in Charlemagne's reign. Yet the process by which Charlemagne consolidated his rule in the Lombard kingdom of Italy, and the cultural and religious consequences of 774 for both Franks and Lombards, are far less easy to determine. In this article I argue that it is in the context of Paul's political involvement both before and after the Frankish conquest that all his writings, and especially the composition of the Historia Langobardorum should be seen. I look at both the content of the Historia Langobardorumand the manuscript tradition and transmission of the work. I suggest that Paul's History might be better understood as a very skilful piece of image making about the Lombards' past and identity on behalf of the Lombards for the Franks, either in Francia itself, or for the Franks and Lombards at the court of Pippin of Italy. It was designed to serve a particular function, namely, to instruct the Franks about the Lombard past and provide some measure of legitimation of Carolingian rule. What can be put together about its reception suggests that it was successful. In short, the Historia Langobardorum is a very active contribution to the shaping of Frankish and Lombard relations and the understanding of kingship in the aftermath of 774.
Charlemagne's involvement in central and southern Italy: power and the limits of authority
Authors: West G.V.B.
Published: March 2003

This article is an overview of political developments in southern Italy during Charlemagne's reign. Traditionally the historiography has approached this topic from a Carolingian or papal perspective. Without denying the reality of both papal and Carolingian influence, the article argues that neither of these institutions exercised predominant influence in southern Italy in this period, much as they may have wished to. Rather the pattern of political (and to an extent ideological) development in the area was determined by a series of compromises dictated by self‐interest and the limits of power. This article therefore deals in turn with the evidence concerning the main protagonists in the south: the abbey of Farfa, the dukes of Spoleto, the monasteries of Monte Cassino and San Vincenzo al Volturno and the princes of Benevento. The article goes on to argue that the activities of these institutions are driven by self‐interest. Finally the paper concludes that in the 790s there is a change in the way Carolingian government worked, at least in Spoleto.
Sites and sanctity: revisiting the cult of murdered and martyred Anglo‐Saxon royal saints
Authors: Cubitt Catherine
Published: March 2003

The cults of the murdered and martyred royal saints of Anglo‐Saxon England have been interpreted as political in origin and this view has received widespread acceptance. This article, which discusses the cults of the kings, Oswald, Oswiu and Edwin of Northumbria, and Edward the Martyr and those of the princes, Kenelm of Mercia and Æthelred and Æthelberht of Kent, puts forward a new interpretation, suggesting that their cults originated in lay and non‐élite devotion to the innocent victims of unjust and violent death, before being taken up for political and other purposes. It addresses the problem of popular religion in Anglo‐Saxon England and seeks to show how these cults may be used to shed light on the beliefs of the ordinary Anglo‐Saxon laity.
The chronology and sources of the early Irish annals
Authors: Mc Carthy Daniel
Published: March 2003

Chronological divergence between the different early Irish annals has hampered the use of their many unique records of events in Ireland, Britain and the European continent as historical sources. This paper reviews recent work which has demonstrated that their original chronological apparatus consisted of a kalend (Kł) followed, until at least the mid‐seventh century, by the ferial of 1 January, and from this a consistent chronology has been restored for the annals over the years AD 1–722. In addition, critical examination of their regnal and episcopal successions has established that the ‘world history’ section of these annals and Bede’s Chronica maiora are not mutually dependent, but rather share a common source which has been identified as a kalend‐plus‐ferial chronicle composed by Rufinus of Aquileia in the early fifth century.
Britain's future in Europe: a personal view
Authors: Price Victoria Curzon
Published: March 2003

Differentiation is now ‘official’ in the EU and the idea of a several‐speed Europe is acceptable. The major member‐States, Germany apart, no longer favour a federal United States of Europe. Additions to the ‘acquis communautaire’ will be small in number and EU regulation will increase more lowly. Britain should work within the EU to keep it ‘open and flexible’.
The future of Europe ‐ and Britain's economic future in Europe: the perspective of a Europe‐based multinational
Authors: Hepburn Donald
Published: March 2003

The paper asks why Europe matters, what a company like Unilever wants from Europe, what developments will deliver these conditions and whether it matters if Britain is in or out of Europe. It concludes that the most important benefit from Europe has been the Single Market. Developments which promote it such as EMU should be supported but other economic issues such as competitiveness and unemployment also need to be addressed. The benefits of the Single Market can most easily be secured inside Europe.
Team performance and managerial change in the English Football League
Authors: Audas Richard , Dobson Stephen , Goddard John
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the relationship between team performance and managerial change in English football using a data set containing information on all match results and managerial job changes in the English Football League between 1972 and 1993. We find that poor recent form drives many managerial terminations, while managerial turnover is more rapid in the lower divisions.

Significantly, managerial change appears to have a harmful effect on team performance immediately following a managerial termination.
The transformation of Czech society: retrospect and prospect
Authors: Klaus Václav
Published: March 2003

The 6th Annual IEA Hayek Memorial Lecture, given in London, 17 June 1997, sponsored by Deloitte & Touche.
Inset appointments: meeting supply through trading water rights
Authors: Bryan Jeremy
Published: March 2003

There are conflicting views as to the efficiency and effectiveness of the water industry in England and Wales. Projections put forward by both water companies and OFWAT will, if unchallenged, lead to a significant escalation in the costs of this essential service as the industry invests heavily to meet a seemingly inexorable demand for more water and higher environmental standards. Real market competition (as opposed to comparative competition) is starting to introduce innovation and is challenging assumptions about economies of scale. The impact of competition on the future of Britain's water industry could be profound.