bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Migration, Productive Return and Human Capital: Lessons from the new Governmental Policy on Migration in Ecuador
Authors: Lacomba Joan , Cloquell Alexis
Published: February 2017

In 2008, the Government of Ecuador initiated a programme for productive return dubbed the Cucayo Fund, aimed at financing small businesses for migrants who were returning to the country. This programme has been a cornerstone in the new governmental policy on migration. In 2015, the IOM considered it an exemplary practice among the instruments enabling the economic and social reinsertion of returning migrants. In this article, based on the mining and analysis of the implementation data from the Cucayo Fund in the three provinces comprising Administrative Region No 7, we specifically examine the incidence of human capital accumulated by the migrants in the success of their ventures. Our results show that the experience and knowledge attained by the migrants abroad, and transfer of these to new activities, play a key and relevant role in the financed ventures and that, therefore, human capital must be incorporated with greater emphasis into debates on return.
Network efficiency and vulnerability analysis using the flow‐weighted efficiency measure
Authors: Nistor Marian Sorin , Pickl Stefan , Raap Manon , Zsifkovits Martin
Published: February 2017

Analyzing the vulnerability of a network and identifying its critical spots is of great importance for today's decision makers. The in‐depth knowledge about the underlying network and its efficiency is fundamental to adequate decision making. In this paper, the flow‐weighted efficiency measure is introduced and exemplarily demonstrated on a physical network—the underground network of Munich, Germany. This paper addresses the usability of the weight values of a graph from an efficiency point of view. The proposed measure calculates the flow‐weighted efficiency in a subway network by computing the shortest route between every pair of stations and the according bottleneck flow of the trains. Results show that the network efficiency is invariant over all schedules, whereas the flow‐weighted efficiency is significantly varying according to the train schedules.
Return and refund policy for product and core service bundling in the dual‐channel supply chain
Authors: Zhang Zichen , Luo Xinggang , Kwong Chun Kit , Tang Jiafu , Yu Yang
Published: February 2017

Recently, manufacturers have increasingly begun to sell products bundled with core services. However, customers are inconvenienced by individually returning the product or refunding the service after they have purchased a bundle. This paper presents a return and refund policy under two‐stage demand uncertainty (uncertainty at time 0 and inherent uncertainty), for products bundled with core services in the dual‐channel supply chain. Consumers can use the direct channel to return the default product–service bundle. In contrast, consumers in the retail channel can unsubscribe from the retailer's diverse core service by first receiving an unused service refund; the retailer then returns the product to the manufacturer. We use an approximate algorithm to solve for the optimal product quantity in the retail channel, demonstrating that the proportional marginal profit has a greater positive influence on the retailer's profit, and especially for the demand with a higher mean and lower variance.
Discrete and morphometric traits reveal contrasting patterns and processes in the macroevolutionary history of a clade of scorpions
Authors: Mongiardino Koch N. , Ceccarelli F. S. , Ojanguren‐Affilastro A. A. , Ramírez M. J.
Published: February 2017

Many palaeontological studies have investigated the evolution of entire body plans, generally relying on discrete character‐taxon matrices. In contrast, macroevolutionary studies performed by neontologists have mostly focused on morphometric traits. Although these data types are very different, some studies have suggested that they capture common patterns. Nonetheless, the tests employed to support this claim have not explicitly incorporated a phylogenetic framework and may therefore be susceptible to confounding effects due to the presence of common phylogenetic structure. We address this question using the scorpion genusBrachistosternusPocock 1893 as case study. We make use of a time‐calibrated multilocus molecular phylogeny, and compile discrete and traditional morphometric data sets, both capturing the overall morphology of the organisms. We find that morphospaces derived from these matrices are significantly different, and that the degree of discordance cannot be replicated by simulations of random character evolution. Moreover, we find strong support for contrasting modes of evolution, with discrete characters being congruent with an ‘early burst’ scenario whereas morphometric traits suggest species‐specific adaptations to have driven morphological evolution. The inferred macroevolutionary dynamics are therefore contingent on the choice of character type. Finally, we confirm that metrics of correlation fail to detect these profound differences given common phylogenetic structure in both data sets, and that methods incorporating a phylogenetic framework and accounting for expected covariance should be favoured.
Partitioning of resources: the evolutionary genetics of sexual conflict over resource acquisition and allocation
Authors: Zajitschek F. , Connallon T.
Published: February 2017

Fitness depends on both the resources that individuals acquire and the allocation of those resources to traits that influence survival and reproduction. Optimal resource allocation differs between females and males as a consequence of their fundamentally different reproductive strategies. However, because most traits have a common genetic basis between the sexes, conflicting selection between the sexes over resource allocation can constrain the evolution of optimal allocation within each sex, and generate trade‐offs for fitness between them (i.e. ‘sexual antagonism’ or ‘intralocus sexual conflict’). The theory of resource acquisition and allocation provides an influential framework for linking genetic variation in acquisition and allocation to empirical evidence of trade‐offs between distinct life‐history traits. However, these models have not considered the emergence of trade‐offs within the context of sexual dimorphism, where they are expected to be particularly common. Here, we extend acquisition–allocation theory and develop a quantitative genetic framework for predicting genetically based trade‐offs between life‐history traits within sexes and between female and male fitness. Our models demonstrate that empirically measurable evidence of sexually antagonistic fitness variation should depend upon three interacting factors that may vary between populations: (1) the genetic variances and between‐sex covariances for resource acquisition and allocation traits, (2) condition‐dependent expression of resource allocation traits and (3) sex differences in selection on the allocation of resource to different fitness components.
Improving the Electronic Capture of Advance Care Directives in a Healthcare Delivery System
Authors: Kamo Norifumi , Williams Barbara L. , Smith Donna L. , Blackmore C. Craig
Published: February 2017

Objectives

To determine the effectiveness of a multifaceted quality improvement intervention in outpatient clinics at an integrated healthcare delivery system on capture rate of advance directives (ADs) in the electronic medical record (EMR).

Design

Interrupted time series analysis with control groups between January 2010 and June 2015.

Setting

Oncology, nephrology, and primary care outpatient clinics in an integrated healthcare delivery system.

Participants

All individuals aged 65 and older with at least one office visit in any outpatient clinic in the care delivery system (n = 77,350 with 502,446 office visits).

Intervention

A series of quality improvement interventions to improve rates of advance care planning discussions and capture of those discussions in the EMR between 2010 and 2014.

Measurements

Capture rate of ADs in the EMR.

Results

Visits in the intervention primary care clinic were twice as likely to mention ADs in the EMR (53.4%) than visits in nonintervention primary care clinics (26.5%). Visits in the intervention oncology clinic were more than eight times as likely to mention ADs in the EMR (49.3% vs 6.0%), and visits in the intervention nephrology clinic were 2.5 times as likely to mention ADs (15.4% vs 6.0%) than visits in other specialty clinics.

Conclusions

A series of quality improvement interventions to increase discussions about advance care planning and capture of advance care directives in the EMR significantly increased the rate of capture in primary care and specialty care outpatient settings.
Quantitative x‐ray microanalysis of model biological samples in the SEM using remote standards and the XPP analytical model
Authors: MARSHALL ALAN T.
Published: February 2017

It is shown that accurate x‐ray microanalysis of frozen‐hydrated and dry organic compounds, such as model biological samples, is possible with a silicon drift detector in combination with XPP (exponential model of Pouchou and Pichoir matrix correction) software using ‘remote standards’. This type of analysis is also referred to as ‘standardless analysis’. Analyses from selected areas or elemental images (maps) were identical. Improvements in x‐ray microanalytical hardware and software, together with developments in cryotechniques, have made the quantitative analysis of cryoplaned frozen‐hydrated biological samples in the scanning electron microscope a much simpler procedure. The increased effectiveness of pulse pile‐up rejection renders the analysis of Na, with ultrathin window detectors, in the presence of very high concentrations of O, from ice, more accurate. The accurate analysis of Ca (2 mmol kg−1) in the presence of high concentrations of K is possible. Careful sublimation of surface frost from frozen‐hydrated samples resulted in a small increase in analysed elemental concentrations. A more prolonged sublimation from the same resurfaced sample and other similar samples resulted in higher element concentrations.
Development of an initial lexicon for and impact of forms (cube, liquid, powder) on chicken stock and comparison to consumer acceptance
Authors: Kim Hyeri , Lee Jeehyun , Kim Bongyeon
Published: February 2017

The objectives of this study were to develop an initial descriptive sensory lexicon of commercial chicken stock products, determine the flavor profile and groupings of various forms of chicken stock, and understand consumer acceptability of chicken broth. Nine trained panelists evaluated 10 samples and consumers evaluated 6 of these 10 samples. The lexicon consisted of 23 sensory attributes, including 5 for appearance, and 18 for flavor. Cube type samples had high saltiness intensity, powder type had moderate saltiness and higher chicken flavor intensity, and liquid type had low saltiness and chicken flavor intensity. As results from overall acceptability and JAR ratings, consumer evaluation was not affected by type of chicken stock, and appropriateness (just about right) of chicken flavor and saltiness intensities were important for consumer acceptability. Chicken flavor and saltiness might be important drivers of consumer liking for chicken stock products.

Practical applications

Although chicken stock products are widely used, research on their use as bases in preparing dishes is limited. This study developed a lexicon for chicken stock products and conducted a consumer acceptability evaluation of chicken broth. The findings from this study can help manufacturers develop and improve chicken stock products by modifying flavor attributes to increase consumer acceptance. For consumers, chicken flavor was more important than saltiness for acceptability.
Chronologic changes in serum hepatitis B virus DNA, genotypes, surface antigen mutants and reverse transcriptase mutants during 25‐year nationwide immunization in Taiwan
Authors: Hsu H.‐Y. , Chang M.‐H. , Ni Y.‐H. , Chiang C.‐L. , Wu J.‐F. , Chen H.‐L. , Chen P.‐J. , Chen D.‐S.
Published: February 2017

We investigated breakthrough infection and hepatitis B virus (HBV) genetic changes in immunized subjects after 25 years of a universal infant immunization. Specifically, serum HBV DNA, genotypes, surface antigen mutants and nucleoside analog‐resistant (NAr) mutants were assessed in 2853 subjects (<25 years old) surveyed in 2009, and these data were compared with the data from previous serosurveys. A comparison across different age‐stratified groups using the 2009 data revealed a significant increase in the seropositive rate of anti‐HBc (5.51% vs 12.38%, P=.001) and HBV DNA (1.13% vs 3.96%, P=.007) between those 17‐22 and 23‐24 years of age, possibly due to selective infant immunization in 1984‐1986. Well‐characterized NAr mutants, potential NAr mutants and surface “a” determinant mutants were detected in none, 15 (45.5%) and nine (27.3%) of 33 HBV DNA‐positive subjects, respectively. Of 15 immunized, HBV DNA‐positive young adults (18‐24 years), three (20%) carried “a” determinant mutants. Amongst 1176 HBsAg‐negative subjects evaluated for occult HBV infection, those seropositive for anti‐HBc had a higher seropositive rate for HBV DNA (10/110, 9.1% vs 7/1066, 0.66%; P<.001) and “a” determinant mutants (4/110, 3.6% vs 0/1066; P<.001) than those seronegative for anti‐HBc. Overall, the HBsAg‐positive subjects in six serosurveys showed no significant increase in genotype C frequency in the comparison between the vaccinated and unvaccinated cohorts (25/98, 25.5% versus 14/79, 17.7%, P=.188). Over the 25‐year programme, there was no increase in the prevalence of genotype C in HBsAg carriers and no increase in breakthrough HBV infection or surface mutant prevalence beyond adolescence. Nucleic acid amplification should still be considered the primary screening method for occult hepatitis B detection in high‐risk recipients.
I. SPATIAL SKILLS, THEIR DEVELOPMENT, AND THEIR LINKS TO MATHEMATICS
Authors: Verdine Brian N. , Golinkoff Roberta Michnick , Hirsh‐Pasek Kathy , Newcombe Nora S.
Published: February 2017

Understanding the development of spatial skills is important for promoting school readiness and improving overall success in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) fields (e.g., Wai, Lubinski, Benbow, & Steiger, 2010). Children use their spatial skills to understand the world, including visualizing how objects fit together, and can practice them via spatial assembly activities (e.g., puzzles or blocks). These skills are incorporated into measures of overall intelligence and have been linked to success in subjects like mathematics (Mix & Cheng, 2012) and science (Pallrand & Seeber, 1984; Pribyl & Bodner, 1987). This monograph sought to answer four questions about early spatial skill development: 1) Can we reliably measure spatial skills in 3‐ and 4‐year‐olds?; 2) Do spatial skills measured at 3 predict spatial skills at age 5?; 3) Do preschool spatial skills predict mathematics skills at age 5?; and 4) What factors contribute to individual differences in preschool spatial skills (e.g., SES, gender, fine‐motor skills, vocabulary, and executive function)? Longitudinal data generated from a new spatial skill test for 3‐year‐old children, called the TOSA (Test of Spatial Assembly), show that it is a reliable and valid measure of early spatial skills that provides strong prediction to spatial skills measured with established tests at age 5. New data using this measure finds links between early spatial skill and mathematics, language, and executive function skills. Analyses suggest that preschool spatial experiences may play a central role in children's mathematical skills around the time of school entry. Executive function skills provide an additional unique contribution to predicting mathematical performance. In addition, individual differences, specifically socioeconomic status, are related to spatial and mathematical skill. We conclude by exploring ways of providing rich early spatial experiences to children.
CAUSAL INFERENCE AND THE SPATIAL–MATH LINK IN EARLY CHILDHOOD
Authors: Bailey Drew H.
Published: February 2017

Verdine et al. (2017) present compelling evidence for a causal effect of spatial skills on children's mathematics achievement in early childhood. In additional analyses of the correlation matrix reported by Verdine et al., I present evidence that the spatial‐math link is not merely an epiphenomenon of general cognitive demands of both tasks. However, the question of whether the link is due to a causal effect of spatial skills on mathematics skills, a causal effect of mathematics skills on spatial skills, or common factors influencing both during this developmental period is a more difficult one to answer. I present a well‐fitting model that implies factors influencing both are largely responsible for the correlations among mathematics and spatial skills across this developmental period. This analysis is far from a complete account of the spatial‐math link in early childhood; however, I end with recommendations for moving forward most efficiently.
Health and nutrition claims – guidance, regulation and self‐regulation
Authors: Walker M. J.
Published: February 2017

The law on nutrition and, especially, health claims on food is complex and evolving. There is a widely felt need for guidance and dialogue between stakeholders. A well‐attended seminar was organised in September 2016 that brought together regulators, enforcement practitioners and the trade and appeared to go some way to addressing this need. It was generally agreed that several next steps are desirable: to run the seminar again (e.g. in the north of England); to develop a multiple stakeholder forum in order to arrive at correct interpretation and shorten the decision‐making process in difficult cases; to introduce an ‘improvement notice’ option for UK implementation of Regulation 1924/2006; and to develop a checklist for use in examining labels and advertisements. This paper offers an illustration of how this might be commenced; readers are invited to comment. More guidance on priorities and analytical methods is needed for food and food supplements for which health claims are made. The US and European Union regulatory and enforcement attitudes to health claims have developed in quite different directions. With the withdrawal of the UK from the European Union, it will be interesting to see what challenges there are ahead for the protection of consumers and responsible businesses from food health fraud.
Gene–nutrient interactions on metabolic diseases: Findings from the GeNuIne Collaboration
Authors: Vimaleswaran K. S.
Published: February 2017

This article describes how the British Nutrition Foundation Drummond Pump Priming award was used to initiate a large scale collaborative project called the Gene‐Nutrient Interactions (GeNuIne) Collaboration, the main objective of which is to investigate the effect of gene‐nutrient interactions (nutrigenetics) on metabolic disease outcomes using population based studies from various ethnic groups. The article also provides a summary of gene–diet interaction studies, performed in developing countries as part of this collaborative project, and gives an overview of how nutrigenetic findings can be translated into personalised and public health initiatives for the prevention of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Impact of probiotics on the immune response to influenza vaccination is strongly influenced by ageing
Authors: Yaqoob P.
Published: February 2017

Influenza vaccination in the over 65s suffers from low success rates because of the age‐associated decline in immunity. Strategies for improving the response to vaccination are therefore urgently needed. Emerging evidence suggests that alteration of the gut microbiota could potentially influence antiviral defences and modulate the outcome of viral infections. Research conducted as part of a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) Diet and Health Research Industry Club (DRINC)‐funded project identified immunoregulatory properties of a novel probiotic (B. longum infantis CCUG 52486) and demonstrated that the immune response to this and other probiotics was highly dependent on the age of the donor. Older subjects had a markedly poorer response to influenza vaccination than young subjects and, although a pre‐ and probiotic combination (synbiotic) did not improve the response, there were trends for differential effects of the probiotic in young and older subjects. However, further interrogation revealed that the older subjects on the synbiotic were already at a significant disadvantage in terms of likely ability to respond to the vaccine compared with those randomised to the placebo because of differences in immunosenescence between the randomised groups at baseline. This may have influenced the outcome of the intervention and the implications of this observation are far reaching as it suggests that failure to fully understand subject phenotype could lead to incorrect interpretation of data. The work therefore provides valuable insight into the influence of baseline subject characteristics – particularly immune phenotype – on the outcome of the intervention and highlights the need for more detailed immunological markers for prospective randomisation of subjects.
Absence of the frequently reported PIK3CA,CASP8, and NOTCH1 mutations in South Indian oral cancers
Authors: Arunkumar G , Murugan AK , Nagarajan M , Ajay C , Rajaraman R , Munirajan AK
Published: February 2017

Objectives

Somatic mutations of the PIK3CA, CASP8, and NOTCH1 have been frequently detected in various human cancers. Our study aimed to analyze the mutational status of these genes in South Indian oral cancers.

Subjects and methods

We performed mutational analysis of the PIK3CA (exons 9 and 20), CASP8 (exon 9), and NOTCH1 (exons 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9) genes in 96, 48, and 44 oral cancer samples, respectively. All the specified exons were PCR (polymerase chain reaction)‐amplified and directly sequenced by Sanger sequencing.

Results

PIK3CA gene mutations were not found; however, a synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) [rs17849079] was observed frequently [35/96 (36.4%)] in oral cancer samples. Further, no mutations were detected in the CASP8 gene, but observed a frequent [32/48 (66.6%)] SNP [rs1045487] in the oral cancer samples. We did not detect any mutation in the NOTCH1 gene (exons 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9) in all the [0/44] analyzed oral cancer samples.

Conclusions

This is the first study that reports the status of the PIK3CA, CASP8, and NOTCH1 mutations in South Indian oral cancer samples. Our study suggests that either mutations in these genes are uncommon in South Indian oral cancer samples or likely other genes in this pathway might be mutated.
SCALE AND POLICY IMPACT IN PARTICIPATORY‐DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY: LESSONS FROM A MULTI‐LEVEL PROCESS
Authors: BUA ADRIAN
Published: February 2017

This article addresses two interrelated critiques of participatory‐deliberative democratic institutions: that they are beset by problems of scale and that they achieve weak policy impact. This article tests these criticisms through the case of the UK Sustainable Communities Act (SCA), a multi‐level process that is relatively strongly institutionalized. The evidence lends qualified support to these critiques. The article differentiates between contextual factors, related to the attempt to institutionalize participatory‐deliberative processes within existing socioeconomic and political structures, and design factors to do with institutional and process design. The case of the SCA calls for caution about the claim that multi‐level participatory‐deliberative processes can overcome problems of scale and policy impact, but the question remains open. The article ends by suggesting that expectations of direct policy impact might be too high. Rather than determinants of policy, multi‐level participatory‐deliberative processes might function best as agenda‐setters.
Impact of high concentrations of sevoflurane on laryngeal reflex responses
Authors: Erb Thomas O. , von Ungern‐Sternberg Britta S. , Moll Jens , Frei Franz J.
Published: February 2017

Background

Exaggerated defensive upper airway reflexes, particularly laryngospasm, may cause hypoxemic damage, especially in children. General clinical experience suggests that laryngeal reflex responses are more common under light levels of anesthesia, and previous clinical studies have shown an inverse correlation between laryngeal responsiveness and depth of hypnosis. However, this seems to be less obvious in children anesthetized with sevoflurane. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of high concentrations of sevoflurane on laryngeal and respiratory reflex responses in spontaneously breathing children. Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that laryngeal and respiratory reflex responses were completely suppressed in spontaneously breathing children when anesthetized with sevoflurane 4.7% (=MACED95Intubation) as compared with sevoflurane 2.5% (=1 MAC).

Methods

In this prospective observational study, we tested the hypothesis that the incidence of laryngospasm evoked by laryngeal stimulation is diminished under high concentrations of sevoflurane. Following Ethics approval, trial registration, and informed consent, 40 children (3–7 years) scheduled for elective surgery participated in the trial. All children received sevoflurane 2.5% (1 MAC) and 4.7% (ED95Intubation) in random order with 5‐min equilibration between the states. Under both conditions, distilled water was sprayed under bronchoscopic view onto the larynx. Potential laryngeal and respiratory reflex responses were assessed offline by a blinded reviewer.

Results

Laryngospasm (episodes lasting >10 s) occurred in 12/38 (32%) of the patients anesthetized with sevoflurane 2.5%, vs 7/38 (18%) in those anesthetized with sevoflurane 4.7% (difference: OR 3.5; 95% CI [0.72–16.84], P = 0.18). All other reflex responses (coughing, expiration reflexes, and spasmodic panting) were infrequent and were similar among the examined concentrations.

Conclusion

Against our hypothesis, laryngospasm could still be observed in 18% of children under the higher concentration of sevoflurane (4.7%, ED95Intubation).
Overexpression of the leucine‐rich receptor‐like kinase gene LRK2 increases drought tolerance and tiller number in rice
Authors: Kang Junfang , Li Jianmin , Gao Shuang , Tian Chao , Zha Xiaojun
Published: February 2017

Drought represents a key limiting factor of global crop distribution. Receptor‐like kinases play major roles in plant development and defence responses against stresses such as drought. In this study, LRK2, which encodes a leucine‐rich receptor‐like kinase, was cloned and characterized and found to be localized on the plasma membrane in rice. Promoter–GUS analysis revealed strong expression in tiller buds, roots, nodes and anthers. Transgenic plants overexpressing LRK2 exhibited enhanced tolerance to drought stress due to an increased number of lateral roots compared with the wild type at the vegetative stage. Moreover, ectopic expression of LRK2 seedlings resulted in increased tiller development. Yeast two‐hybrid screening and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) indicated a possible interaction between LRK2 and elongation factor 1 alpha (OsEF1A) in vitro. These results suggest that LRK2 functions as a positive regulator of the drought stress response and tiller development via increased branch development in rice. These findings will aid our understanding of branch regulation in other grasses and support improvements in rice genetics.
New age‐based weight estimation formulae for Japanese children
Authors: Nosaka Nobuyuki , Yorifuji Takashi , Knaup Emily , Tsukahara Kohei , Muguruma Takashi , Okada Ayumi , Tsukahara Hirokazu , Doi Hiroyuki
Published: February 2017

Background

Although dosing and sizing of resuscitation drugs and equipment are mostly weight based, time is usually insufficient to weigh critically ill children. Many age‐based weight estimation formulae for emergency use have been developed worldwide, but there is no specific formula for Japanese children. The aim of this study was therefore to develop and validate age‐based formulae for estimating the bodyweight of children living in Japan.

Methods

A total of 370 980 measurements of bodyweight were obtained from 39 547 participants aged 12–155 months. They participated in a national survey, called the Longitudinal Survey of Babies in the 21st Century, which started in 2001. We created the new original weight estimation formulae for children living in Japan, called the Japanese Pediatric Assessment of Normal weight (JAPAN) formulae, using 75% of measurements that were randomly selected from the total measurements. To check the validity of the formulae, we applied the JAPAN formulae, the Park et al. formula for Korean children, and the commonly used Nelson formula for the remaining 25% of measurements. The mean absolute error and the root mean square error (RMSE) were calculated for each scale.

Results

The JAPAN formulae performed better than the two other formulae among Japanese children, with a mean absolute error and RMSE of 0.83 and 1.08 (kg), respectively. The performance of the Park et al. formulae for Korean children was poor for children living in Japan.

Conclusions

The newly developed JAPAN formulae for age‐based weight estimation are appropriate for children living in Japan.
Dental implants and bone augmentation in HIV‐infected patients under HAART: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Vidal Fábio , Vidal Rafael , Bochnia Jeter , de Souza Rodrigo Carvalho , Gonçalves Lucio Souza
Published: February 2017

The present study reviewed the literature regarding dental implants in HIV‐infected patients and reports the long‐term follow‐up of three clinical cases of patients under HAART that received bone augmentation and dental implants. The first case presents a young patient with a large defect in the mandible, as a consequence of a longitudinal fracture, that was treated with guided bone regeneration (GBR) previously to implant placement. The second case reported is middle‐aged man with a fractured upper lateral incisor treated with immediate placement and simultaneous GBR to repair the dehiscence due to the buccal bone resorption. The third case shows an elderly patient that underwent sinus lifting with the simultaneous placement of two implants. All cases were treated after patients were medically controlled and followed for at least 10 years. Controlled HIV‐infected patients undergoing HAART may be candidates to implant rehabilitation, as long as their plasmatic HIV viral load and CD4+ T lymphocytes count are within the parameters that indicate immune stability. Long‐term stability of soft and hard tissues can be obtained maintaining function and esthetics. However, stronger evidence, based on prospective, controlled clinical trials is needed to provide the dental and medical teams with conclusive data.
Oral health needs, dental care utilization, and quality of life perceptions among Oregonian seniors
Authors: Kohli Richie , Sehgal Harjit S. , Nelson Sandra , Schwarz Eli
Published: February 2017

Background

For a relevant planning process and advocate for improvement in oral health conditions of the senior population up‐to‐date data are necessary. The objective of this study was to assess the oral health status, dental care utilization and quality of life perceptions of seniors in Clackamas County in Oregon.

Methods

Data were collected in a cross‐sectional study on institutionalized and community dwelling older adults where participants completed a self‐reported oral health survey, the short‐form Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐14 questionnaire) and had clinical screenings.

Results

Overall, the participants (n = 177) reported mean OHIP‐14 score of 0.6 ± 1.1, with “physical pain” as the highest scored domain. Seniors who were white, had teeth, dental insurance, were having a regular dentist and living in the community were 4.2 to 33.1 times more likely to visit the dentist in the previous 12 months compared to those respondents who were nonwhite, edentulous, uninsured, not having a regular dentist and living in long‐term care facility (r2 = 0.67, p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Clackamas county senior population has considerable oral health needs, dental utilization, and quality of life issues. Better dental insurance plans, health literacy opportunities and culturally competent dental providers may help to improve the oral health situation and reduce barriers.
Descriptive characteristics and in‐hospital mortality of critically bleeding patients requiring massive transfusion: results from the Australian and New Zealand Massive Transfusion Registry
Authors: Ruseckaite R. , McQuilten Z. K. , Oldroyd J. C. , Richter T. H. , Cameron P. A. , Isbister J. P. , Wood E. M
Published: February 2017

Background and Objectives

Critically bleeding patients requiring massive transfusion (MT) are clinically challenging, and limited data exist to support management decisions. This study describes patient characteristics, transfusion support and clinical outcomes from the Australian and New Zealand (NZ) Massive Transfusion Registry (ANZ‐MTR).

Materials and Methods

Retrospective, cohort study of all adult patients receiving MT (≥5 units red blood cells [RBC] in 4 h) at participating ANZ‐MTR hospitals, 2011–2015. Mortality information was collected from the Australian National Death Index and NZ Ministry of Health. Associations between patient characteristics and outcomes were modelled using logistic regression.

Results

A total of 3560 MT cases were identified. For in‐hospital deaths, cardiothoracic surgery was the most frequent bleeding context (24·5%) followed by trauma (18·3%). Age (OR = 1·03; 95% CI: 1·02–1·04), more comorbidities (OR = 1·14; 95% CI: 1·09–1·21), larger volume of RBC in first 24 h from MT onset (OR = 1·04; 95% CI: 1·02–1·06), higher platelet to RBC ratio at 4 h (OR = 2·76; 95% CI: 1·14–6·65) and higher activated partial thromboplastin time (OR = 1·02; 95% CI: 1·01–1·03) were associated with in‐hospital mortality.

Conclusion

Patients with more comorbidities, older age, traumatic or surgical bleeding or requiring more blood components had higher in‐hospital mortality. These findings provide a basis to evaluate and monitor practice relating to optimal use of blood products, variation in transfusion practices and patient outcomes, and also enable benchmarking of hospital performance for management of MT in specific patient groups.
Medición funcional en el campo de la Ética en Política
Authors: Mullet Etienne , López López Wilson , Kpanake Lonzozou , Mukashema Immaculée , Armange Roseline , Kamble Shanmukh , Guedez Ana Gabriela , Munoz Sastre Maria Teresa , Sorum Paul C. , Nieto Félix , Pineda Claudia
Published: February 2017

We present, in a synthetic way, some of the main findings from ten studies that were conducted in the field of ethics in politics, using the Functional Measurement framework. These studies were about (a) Angolan and Mozambican people’s views about the legitimacy of military-humanitarian interventions, (b) French people’s perspectives regarding the government’s responsibility for the health of consumers of illicit substances, (c) Togolese people’s views about the acceptability of political amnesties in a time of political transition, (d) the perspective of victims of the genocide of the Tutsis in Rwanda regarding the attribution of guilt by association to offspring of perpetrators, (e) slave descendants’ views about the acceptability of national policies on reparations for slavery, (f) Colombian people’s willingness to forgive perpetrators of violence who harmed family members during the civil war, (g) the attitudes of French and Colombian people about national drug control policies, (h) Indian students’ views about the appropriateness of the death penalty for murder or rape, (i) Colombian people’s perspectives regarding corruption, and finally (j) Venezuelan people’s conceptualization of human rights. The main findings are discussed in reference to six of the foundations of Moral Foundations Theory.
Nuevas fronteras en la Teoría de la Integración Informativa
Authors: Mullet Etienne , Wolf Yuval
Published: February 2017

This special issue contains a selection of papers presented at the Fifth Biennial International Conference on Information Integration Theory and Functional Measurement held in Acre, Israel, on June 8-10, 2015. This conference gathered together more than twenty researchers from Israel and Western Europe. The studies reported in the papers they presented were applications of Information Integration Theory and Functional Measurement (IIT/FM, Anderson, 2008, 2012, 2013) to very diverse settings, ranging from neuropsychology (functional analysis of patterns of cortical activation in an integration task using pairs of emotional faces) to political science (functional analysis of emotional and behavioral responses to a terrorist plot against commercial flights).
La percepción de riesgo social por laicos que viven en Venezuela. Una comparación entre países Latinos
Authors: Guédez Ana Gabriela
Published: February 2017

The present study presents the mean risk magnitude judgments on 91 activities, substances, and technologies expressed by Venezuelan adults living in the two main cities of this country: Caracas and Maracaibo. These judgments were compared methodically with findings on other samples of previous studies, namely four other Latin countries: France, Spain, Brazil, and Portugal. The aim of this study was to structure the cross-country differences in risk perception between the aforementioned countries and Venezuela using cluster analysis. A 91-hazard x 5 country matrix was created. Two main clusters were found. The Economically and Socially Challenging group (Venezuela and Portugal) and the Western Europe group (France and Spain). Brazil was situated closer to the Venezuelan and Portugal cluster than was the Western Europe group. The common denominator in the Economically and Socially Challenging group can be the economic and social problems that both of these countries struggle against. It was reasonable that Brazil was closer to this cluster, given its similarities to both countries (in geographical and cultural terms). More explanations for these clusters were presented in the discussion. Finally, some recommendations and limitations are also presented and more research in this field is suggested as well.
The weight of light
Authors: Cesare Masin Sergio
Published: February 2017

The study explored whether the knowledge of Archimedes’ law of the lever can be used to measure subjective intensities. Participants were presented with two achromatic rectangles on a horizontal line-drawn lever, one on the left and one on the right of the fulcrum. The left rectangle had a fixed low luminance. For different combinations of luminance and distance from the fulcrum of the right rectangle, participants were asked to position the left rectangle at a distance from the fulcrum such that the weight of the light emitted by the left rectangle kept the lever horizontal given the weight of the light emitted by the right rectangle. Most of the participants solved the task in accordance with their knowledge of Archimedes’ law. This finding is interpreted to imply that the perceived distance of the left rectangle from the fulcrum was proportional to the perceived brightness of the right rectangle. It suggests that people’s explicit or implicit knowledge of ratios and proportions in Archimedes’ law of the lever, and perhaps in other physical laws, could potentially be used to measure any subjective intensity on a ratio scale.
Additions to the knowledge of the oribatid mite genus Kalyptrazetes (Acari, Oribatida, Microzetidae)
Authors: Ermilov Sergey G. , Friedrich Stefan
Published: February 2017

A new species of microzetid oribatid mites of the genus Kalyptrazetes is described from upper soil and leaf litter in the primary evergreen lowland rainforest of Amazonian Peru. Kalyptrazetes bifurcatus Ermilov sp. nov. differs from other representatives of the genus by the morphology of rostral and centroventral epimeral setae and anterior parts of lamellae, the length of some notogastral, epimeral and genital setae, and the absence of an X-structure in the epimeral region. The main generic traits and an identification key to known species of Kalyptrazetes are provided.
Temperature monitoring of narrow bandgap semiconductors
Authors: Tam Man Chun , Shi Yinqiu , Gosselink Denise , Jaikissoon Marc , Wasilewski Zbig R.
Published: February 2017

An integrated spectral pyrometry (ISP) technique particularly well suited to monitor the temperature of small bandgap semiconductors during molecular beam epitaxial growth is proposed. The technique relies on integrating the thermal radiation power emitted by the wafer over a spectral range where it is fully opaque, so as to avoid contribution from radiation transmitted from the substrate heater. In the present work, a 900–1700 nm array InGaAs spectrometer normally employed for band-edge thermometry was used. The temperature dependence of the integrated signal can be expressed by an Arrhenius-type exponential relation. The calibration procedure and the method employed to compensate for the background radiation from other hot objects in the reactor is discussed. The ISP performance is then demonstrated by monitoring the temperature during the growths of a Si doped InAs layer on InAs substrate and of an InSb/AlInSb quantum well structure on GaAs substrate. The ISP technique allows reproducible wafer temperature monitoring down to about 200 °C.
How Do Fans Feel? A Case Analysis of Measuring and Modeling Attitudes Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling
Authors: Wakefield Lane , Bennett Gregg
Published: February 2017

Virtual fan communities (VFC) have become very popular among fans of sports teams. A VFC provides an online place for fans to meet and discuss the team, consume media, and develop friendships. Students will learn, in this case study, how to use partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to assess fan attitudes toward the VFC and sponsors of the firm. Students will also learn how sport organizations can benefit from leadership with statistical know-how. The case is fictional, but it is based on an actual research study conducted in conjunction with a prominent virtual fan community in which ownership had an interest in fans’ attitudes toward their service.
Prioritizing Local Sport Activities: Determining Organizational Commitment to an Innovative Swimming Program
Authors: Berg Brennan K. , Hutchinson Michael , Irwin Carol C.
Published: February 2017

This case study illustrates the complexity of decision making in public organizations, specifically highlighting the public health concern of drowning disparities in the United States. Using escalation of commitment theory, students must consider various factors in evaluating the overextended commitments of a local government in a complicated sociopolitical environment and with vital public needs that must be addressed through a local parks and recreation department. Facing a reduction in allocated resources, the department director, Claire Meeks, is tasked with determining which programs will receive higher priority despite the varied feedback from the management staff. To ensure students are provided a realistic scenario, this case offers a combination of fictional and real-life events from Splash Mid-South, an innovative swimming program in Memphis, Tennessee. Students must critically evaluate not only the merits of the swimming program, but the other sport, recreation, and parks programs that also merit an equitable share of the limited resources. Therefore, students are placed in a decision-making role that is common to managers of both public and private organizations. This case study is appropriate for both undergraduate and graduate sport management courses, with specific application to strategic management, organizational behavior, and recreation or leisure topics.
Current Practices and Attitudes in the Use of Ankle Taping and Bracing in the College and High School Setting
Authors: Simon Janet E. , Donahue Matthew , Docherty Carrie L.
Published: February 2017

Taping and bracing are commonly used to protect the ankle joint and prevent ankle sprains. The purpose of this study was to: (1) determine ATs’ utilization of prophylactic support and (2) determine attitudes and behaviors toward the use of ankle taping and bracing. A survey was distributed electronically to 7,888 ATs. Over half of the responding ATs encouraged athletes to wear some form of ankle support. A majority of college ATs either encouraged or required athletes to use ankle taping, indicating the decision is derived from a complex integration of athlete preferences, the clinician’s internal evidence, and the best available external evidence.
Effects of Carbohydrate Ingestion and Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on Repeat Sprint Performance
Authors: Krings Ben M. , Peterson Timothy J. , Shepherd Brandon D. , McAllister Matthew J. , Smith JohnEric W.
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this investigation was to examine to the influence of carbohydrate ingestion (CHOI) and carbohydrate mouth rinse (CHOR) on acute repeat maximal sprint performance. Fourteen healthy males (age: 21.7 ± 1.8 years, mass: 82.3 ± 12.3 kg) completed a total of five 15-s maximal repeat sprints on a cycle ergometer against 0.075 kg ・ kg-1 body mass each separated by 4 min of active recovery. Subjects completed four experimental trials and were randomly assigned one of four treatments: (1) CHOI, (2) CHOR, (3) placebo mouth rinse (PLAR), (4) placebo ingestion (PLAI). Subjects rinsed or ingested six 50 mL 10% CHO solutions throughout each trial. Performance variables measured included rating of perceived exertion, peak heart rate, peak and mean power output, fatigue index, and total work. Significant treatment main effects were observed for mean power output (p = 0.026), total work (p = 0.020), fatigue index (p = 0.004), and heart rate (p = 0.013). Overall mean power output and total work were significantly greater with CHOI (659.3 ± 103.0 watts, 9849.8 ± 1598.8 joules) compared with CHOR (645.8 ± 99.7 watts, 9447.5 ± 1684.9 joules, p < .05). CHOI (15.3 ± 8.6 watts/s) significantly attenuated fatigue index compared with CHOR (17.7 ± 10.4 watts/s, p < .05). Based on our findings, CHOI was more likely to provide a beneficial performance effect compared with CHOR, PLAI, and PLAR. Athletes required to complete repeat bouts of high intensity exercise may benefit from CHOI.
The Effect of Plyometric Training Volume on Athletic Performance in Prepubertal Male Soccer Players
Authors: Chaabene Helmi , Negra Yassine
Published: February 2017

Purpose:

To assess and compare the effects of 8 wk of in-season (2 sessions/wk) low- and high-volume plyometric training (PT) on measures of physical fitness in prepubertal male soccer players.

Methods:

A total of 25 soccer players were randomly assigned to a low-volume PT group (LPT; n = 13, age 12.68 ± 0.23 y, age at peak height velocity [APHV] 14.25 ± 0.29 y, maturity offset –1.57 ± 0.29 y) or a high-volume PT group (HPT; n = 12, age 12.72 ± 0.27 y, APHV 14.33 ± 0.77 y, maturity offset –1.61 ± 0.76 y). A linear-sprint test (5-m, 10-m, 20-m, and 30-m), change-of-direction (CoD) test, and vertical- (squat-jump [SJ]), countermovement- (CMJ), and horizontal-jump (standing long jump [SLJ]) test were carried out before and after 8 wk of PT.

Results:

There was a significant main effect of time for sprint outcomes (5-m, P = .005, ES = 0.86; 10-m, P = .006, ES = 0.85; 20-m, P = .03, ES = 0.64, and 30-m, P = .05, ES = 0.57), CoD (P = .002, ES = 0.96), SJ (P = .008, ES = 0.81; CMJ, P = .01, ES = 0.73), and SLJ ability (P = .007, ES = 0.83). There were no significant training group × time interactions in any measured outcomes.

Conclusions:

After 8 wk of training, results showed similar performance improvement on measures of sprint time, CoD, and jumping ability between LPT and HPT groups. From a time-efficiency perspective, it is recommended to use LPT in prepubertal male soccer players to improve their proxies of athletic performance.