bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time series prediction of aerosol optical depth across the northern Indian region: integrating PSO-optimized SARIMA-SVR based on MODIS data
Authors: Panicker Naumi Krishna K. , Valarmathi J.
Published: November 2024

Accurately predicting aerosol optical depth (AOD), a key parameter for characterizing atmospheric aerosols, is essential due to the increasing prevalence of air pollution and its detrimental effects. From existing literature on AOD time-series prediction, linear models like seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) are commonly used, while nonlinear models such as machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) have gained popularity recently for their ability to handle nonlinear patterns. This study introduces a hybrid model, particle swarm optimization-seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average-support vector regression (PSOSARIMA-PSOSVR), which integrates linear and nonlinear modeling through residual modeling to significantly enhance AOD prediction accuracy. By combining these approaches, we aim to better handle the nonlinearities and overall variability in AOD data, leading to more accurate predictions. To address hyperparameter tuning challenges, including the risks of model misspecification and overfitting or underfitting, PSO is utilized for optimization. PSO’s evolutionary optimization ensures efficient tuning for optimal model performance. Monthly AOD data sourced from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite covering the northern Indian region from 2001 to 2019 is used for experiments. Performance metrics such as root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), coefficient of determination ($$R^2$$

R
2

), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and root mean square error ratio (RSR) are employed to evaluate model accuracy and dependability. The results of this study illustrate that the proposed PSOSARIMA-PSOSVR model outperforms both standalone PSOSARIMA and PSOSVR models. Moreover, it consistently surpasses SARIMA, SVR, and long short-term memory (LSTM) in AOD prediction, effectively addressing non-stationarity and variability challenges in AOD data. This study suggests the hybrid model as a promising approach for improving the accuracy of AOD prediction.
Finite Element Model Updating for Material Model Calibration: A Review and Guide to Practice
Authors: Chen Bin , Starman Bojan , Halilovič Miroslav , Berglund Lars A. , Coppieters Sam
Published: November 2024

Finite element model updating (FEMU) is an advanced inverse parameter identification method capable of identifying multiple parameters in a material model through one or a few well-designed material tests. The method has become more mature thanks to the widespread use of full-field measurement techniques, such as digital image correlation. Proper application of FEMU requires extensive expertise. This paper offers a review of FEMU and a guide to practice. It also presents FEMU-DIC, an open-source software package. We conclude by discussing the challenges and opportunities in this field with the intent of inspiring future research.
Rectal Prolapse in the Pediatric Population
Authors: Moon James K. , Stratigis John D. , Lipskar Aaron M.
Published: November 2024

Purpose of Review

Rectal prolapse in the pediatric population presents a clinical challenge with wide variability in etiology, presentation, work-up and management. In this article, we reviewed the evidence supporting various medical and surgical treatment options as well as the recent trends amongst pediatric surgeons.

Recent Findings

Medical therapy is highly effective in most patients, with bowel management programs being particularly successful. Nonetheless, medically refractory disease, often seen in older children and in children with behavioral/psychiatric disorders, can be challenging. Sclerotherapy with ethanol or 5% phenol can be effective local treatments. 15% hypertonic saline, 50% dextrose, and Deflux are additional safe alternatives. Perianal procedures and perineal procedures are less invasive surgical options, but transabdominal rectopexy appears to be the favored treatment for disease refractory to local treatment. Transabdominal rectopexy with sigmoidectomy, the recommended operation in the adult population for patients with prolapse and constipation, appears only to be preferred in the pediatric population for postoperative recurrences.

Recent Findings

While outcomes of medical treatment for pediatric rectal prolapse are excellent, sclerotherapy and transabdominal rectopexy are effective options for refractory disease preferred by most pediatric surgeons.
Efficacy and safety of durvalumab rechallenge in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients refractory to prior anti-PD-1 therapy
Authors: Lai Kuan-Chang , Chen Yen-Hao , Hung Yi‑Ping , Chiang Nai-Jung , Chen Ming‑Huang , Chen San-Chi
Published: November 2024

Background/purpose

Recently, anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (anti-PD-1) and anti-PD-L1 therapies were approved for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the effectiveness of rechallenging with one immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) after failure of another remains unclear. This study explores the efficacy and safety of anti-PD-L1 rechallenge in patients who failed anti-PD-1 therapy.

Methods

From January 2016 to December 2023, 65 advanced HCC patients previously treated with anti-PD-1 therapy were retrospectively enrolled and rechallenged with durvalumab (480 mg IV every 2 weeks).

Results

Overall, 86.2% of patients received nivolumab and 13.8% pembrolizumab as prior anti-PD-1 therapy. The overall response rate (ORR) to durvalumab was 13.8%. Patients who responded to prior anti-PD-1 had a higher ORR compared to non-responders (31.3% vs. 8.7%, p = 0.04). Patients with any grade of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) from durvalumab had a higher ORR than those without irAEs (35.3% vs. 6.7%, p = 0.01). The median PFS was 5.4 months, and the median OS was 9.6 months. Responders to prior anti-PD-1 showed longer OS (33.9 vs. 8.2 months, p < 0.01) and a trend toward longer PFS (13.8 vs. 4.9 months, p = 0.07) compared to non-responders. Multivariate analysis identified prior anti-PD-1 response (HR: 0.31) as the only protective factor for death. Common irAEs were skin toxicity (13.8%) and hepatitis (7.7%); no correlation was found between irAEs from prior anti-PD-1 and durvalumab treatment.

Conclusion

This study provides the first, concrete evidence that durvalumab rechallenge is effective for HCC patients who are refractory to anti-PD-1 therapy, especially for those who previously responded to anti-PD-1 treatment.
Recovery of Potassium-Rich Struvite in a Pig Farm Downstream a Nitrogen Removal Treatment Plant: Technological, Agricultural and Economic Assessment
Authors: Magrí Albert , Company Emma , Farrès Moises , Ferrer Jordi , González Elena , Domingo Francesc , Colprim Jesús
Published: November 2024

Simultaneous recovery of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) as precipitated phosphate salt (PPS) was assessed (K-struvite and hazenite included) in a pig farm downstream a nitrification-denitrification unit. The precipitation process was addressed using denitrified effluent (DE) and waste sludge (WS) purged from the bioreactor. For DE, the inherent unbalanced Mg:K:P molar ratio (1.4:9.5:1.0; 1.6 g K/L) led to poor K recovery (≤ 15%) if considering P as the limiting element. By considering K as limiting, the supply of external sources of Mg and P (final Mg:K:P as 1.0:0.5:1.0) allowed the recovery of most of the K available. For WS, a selective pretreatment with oxalic acid resulted in an available Mg:K:P ratio of 0.8:1.2:1.0. Risk of interference by free calcium will exist if the operational parameters are not optimized, thus constraining the recovery of K (≤ 51%). A fertilization field trial demonstrated the fertilizing value of the recovered PPS with respect to a mineral fertilizer, and the increased risk of soil salinization under a reiterative application of processed DE. Scenarios without extra addition of nutrients will introduce an enhanced handling in the current nutrient management planning of the pig farm. On the contrary, the trade of the PPS formed becomes essential when external sources of Mg and P were added.

Graphical Abstract
Transcriptomic, mutational and structural bioinformatics approaches to explore the therapeutic role of FAP in predominant cancer types
Authors: Ashok Gayathri , AlAsmari Abdullah F. , AlAsmari Fawaz , Livingstone Paul , Anbarasu Anand , Ramaiah Sudha
Published: November 2024

Fibroblast activating protein (FAP) is a cell surface marker of cancer-associated fibroblasts with a distinct pro-tumorigenic role. The present study analyzed the pan-cancer expression; and clinical and mutational profiles of the FAP coding gene. Molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) deciphered the backbone dynamics and energetics of FAP. Virtual screening and subsequent pharmacokinetic-profiling (PK) filtered lead molecules, which were subjected to molecular docking. MDS projected a stable trajectory for the protein, as dynamics evidenced by low residue-level fluctuations, stable backbone dynamics, and energetics. Around five stabilization and deleterious mutations in the catalytic domain were identified. The low binding energy (BE) profiles from molecular docking studies screened the top five lead molecules for site-specific intermolecular interaction studies. Lead-16 (ZINC000245289699) exhibited a significant BE and inhibition constant of −6.87 kcal/mol and 12.27 μM, respectively, across FAP and its mutants. Interestingly, the docked complexes of Lead-16 interacted with the catalytic triad residues (S624, D702, and H734). The docked complexes of Lead-16 with FAP showed lower average root-mean-square fluctuations compared to the unbound protein, suggesting a stable ligand–protein complex. The tumor-specific expression and its critical overall survival suggest the inhibitors of FAP for potential cancer therapeutic intervention and hindering tumor microenvironment-driven cancer progression.
Web-based voice recognition survey apps as the “new interviewer”: development and practicality of a voice pseudo-face-to-face survey system
Authors: Park Yoosung , Maeda Tadahiko , Mochihashi Daichi
Published: November 2024

Traditional survey methods are at a crossroads in Japan owing to decreasing response rates and survey participation. Therefore, this study developed a novel survey method utilizing a Web-based voice recognition survey app as a new “interviewer” that replaces humans to conduct large-scale surveys for probability samples following the same procedure as conventional interview surveys. This study entails the development of the survey process and evaluating the practical feasibility of the new survey methodology. Overall, the response rate of the new survey method was not as high as that of the usual interview surveys. Furthermore, this study shows that the response rate was low compared with the login rate. Consequently, more attractive survey participation features should be developed to retain participants’ responses from the time they log in until they complete the survey.
To reform or preserve? Responsible leadership in community-oriented small businesses
Authors: Simunaniemi Anna-Mari , Kangas Emilia
Published: November 2024

In contemporary entrepreneurship, leadership advances both internal and external stakeholders’ interests while safeguarding the broader interests of humanity and the planet. Responsible leadership (RL) considers both the shareholders and external communities. This study focuses on implementation of RL in small for-profit businesses that exhibit a commitment to community engagement. We analyse the value-driven purposes that small business managers pursue through RL, the communities in which they exercise leadership to promote desired change, and which RL roles they apply. Five managers of small businesses located in rural or small Finnish towns were purposefully selected for this multiple case study ensuring a representation of diverse small businesses that actively articulate their objectives in relation to their communities. Each enterprise exemplifies a distinct RL approach within a two-dimensional matrix: physical proximity (or distance) to their target community and level of reformation (or preservation) of their purpose. As the output, we propose a novel, empirically validated four-field typology for RL approaches: local reformers, local preservers, global reformers, and global preservers. Additionally, we present an adapted version of the three-role RL model adapted to small businesses. Notable modifications include the division of the original facilitator role into formal and informal employers and the incorporation of the four RL approaches under the citizen role. The novelty lies in a nuanced description of RL with regards to the community, purpose, and roles in the context of small businesses.
Predictors of school burnout among German high school students
Authors: Bierling Antonie Louise , Rehfeld Jule , Weichold Karina , Croy Ilona
Published: November 2024

Burnout refers to characteristic stress symptoms resulting from chronic overload at the workplace. However, increased stress and strain are observed already in adolescents in the context of school. Previous work shows that school burnout is associated with female gender, immigration background, higher academic achievement, and increasing grade level. We aimed at replicating these findings and extending them by investigating subjective stressors in a survey among 502 German high school students. Higher burnout scores related to all previously reported predictors, as well as the subjective stressors “homework” and “pressure to perform at school”, explaining up to 24% of the variance in burnout scores. These findings provide valuable evidence for effective prevention measures, optimal timing and target groups to combat school burnout.
Experimental Sociology
Authors: Barrera Davide , Gërxhani Klarita , Kittel Bernhard , Miller Luis , Wolbring Tobias
Published: November 2024

Experiments have gained prominence in sociology in recent years. Increased interest in testing causal theories through experimental designs has ignited a debate about which experimental designs can facilitate scientific progress in sociology. This book discusses the implications of research interests for the design of experiments, identifies points of commonality and disagreement among the different perspectives within sociology, and elaborates on the rationales of each. It helps experimental sociologists find appropriate designs for answering specific research questions while alerting them to the challenges. Offering more than just a guide, this book explores both the historical roots of experimental sociology and the cutting-edge techniques of rigorous sociology. It concludes with a tantalizing peek into the future and provides a roadmap to the exciting prospects and uncharted territories of experimental sociology.
Bonaventure's 'Journey of the Soul into God'
Authors: Smith Randall
Published: November 2024

Saint Bonaventure's Journey of the Soul into God is one of the most important works in the Christian mystical tradition. Highly regarded for it clarity, rational  organization, and subtle insights, it is also one of the key theological treatises of the high Middle Ages. In this volume, Randall Smith provides the first comprehensive commentary in English of Bonaventure's classic text. He situates the work within its historical, intellectual, and cultural contexts, showing how a consideration of Bonaventure's sources helps us appreciate his text. Smith also provides an extended analysis not only of the intellectual content of the Journey of the Soul into God, but also its structure and creative use of imagery.  Analyzing how Bonaventure employed and adapted the methods of thirteenth century sermo modernus-style of preaching to produce a deftly condensed work, he demonstrates how his text is at once a profound work of mysticism as well as a sophisticated and thoughtful work of medieval theology.
Commentary on Thomas Aquinas's Treatise on the One God
Authors: Budziszewski J.
Published: November 2024

Thomas Aquinas's classic Treatise on the One God is one of the greatest works ever written in the history of philosophy and theology. During the first half of the twentieth century, philosophy of religion was widely viewed as dead, not even a domain of serious questions but only of 'pseudo-questions.' Surprisingly, not only did the supposed corpse rise from the dead, but religion once again became one of the most active fields of philosophical investigation. The time could not be more fitting for a reinvestigation of Treatise on the One God, which opens the massive Summa theologiae. In this unparalleled exploration of the Treatise's penetrating arguments J. Budziszewski explores and illuminates the text with a luminous line-by-line commentary. Supplemented with thematic discussions, this book discusses not only the Treatise itself, but also its immediate relevance to contemporary thought and issues of the modern world. This work fittingly closes the author's series of commentaries on the Summa Theologiae.
The Aesthetics and Politics of Cinematic Pedestrianism
Authors: Özgen Asli
Published: November 2024

The Aesthetics and Politics of Cinematic Pedestrianism: Walking in Films offers a rich exploration of the cinematic aesthetics that filmmakers devised to reflect the corporeal and affective experience of walking in the city. Drawing from literature in urban studies, film theory, and aesthetic philosophy, it is the first monograph to approach the history of cinema from the perspective of walking. A series of case studies providing nuanced analyses of widely referenced figures, such as the flaneur/flâneuse, vagabond, and nomad, reveal how filmmakers articulated their objection to repressive structures through depictions of walking: a common, everyday act yet transgressive, bold, and indomitable. Through the lens of Henri Lefebvre's theory of space, Michel de Certeau's concept of pedestrian acts, and Jacques Rancière's treatment of the politics of aesthetics, Walking in Films traces how cinema evolved in conversation with the mobile body and the new images, styles, and techniques that emerged with it.
Divergent Drivers of Declining Urban Vegetation Productivity and Transpiration During Heatwaves
Authors: Chen Han , Wei Yizhao , Huang Jinhui Jeanne
Published: November 2024

Heatwave events, characterized by high vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and low soil moisture (SM), considerably disrupt the regional carbon and water cycle. However, research pertaining to the impact of heatwaves on vegetation productivity (VPu) and vegetation transpiration (VTu), along with their underlying drivers, particularly in urban areas, remains limited. This study investigates the response of VPu and VTu to heatwave events across 895 global cities from 1990 to 2022. The analysis reveals a notable upward trend in the average heatwave frequency, intensity, and duration across the global cities. Heatwave events demonstrate a detrimental impact on VPu and VTu, resulting in an average decrease of 28% and 26%, respectively, during heatwave occurrences. The attribution analysis reveals divergent driving factors for the decline in VPu and VTu during heatwaves. The decrease in VPu is primarily influenced by SM, contributing 60% to the downward trend of VPu during heatwaves. Notably, VPu displays a sharp downward trend when SM falls below 0.38 m3/m3. In contrast, the primary driver of VTu decline is VPD, contributing more than 66% to the downward trend of VTu during heatwave events. VTu exhibits a significant downward trend when VPD exceeds 1.35 kPa. The results of this study show the important effects of increasingly frequent heatwaves on vegetation transpiration and productivity, and that can be used as quantitative factor to be evaluated when investigating policy measures for the resilience of urban areas.
Impacts of Different Satellite‐Based Precipitation Signature Errors on Hydrological Modeling Performance Across China
Authors: Miao Chiyuan , Gou Jiaojiao , Hu Jinlong , Duan Qingyun
Published: November 2024

The quasi‐global availability of satellite‐based precipitation products (SPPs) holds significant potential for improving hydrological modeling skill. However, limited knowledge exists concerning the impacts of different SPP error type on hydrological modeling skill and their sensitivity across different climate zones. In this study, forcing data sets from 10 SPPs were collected to drive hydrological models during the period 2001–2018 for 366 catchments across China. Here, we analyze the impact of the SPP errors associated with different precipitation intensities (light, moderate, and heavy) and different precipitation signatures (magnitude, variance, and occurrence) on the performance of hydrological simulations, and rank the sensitivities of SPPs errors for four major Köppen‐Geiger climate zones. The results show that heavy precipitation in SPPs is generally associated with higher errors than light and moderate precipitation when compared to gauge‐based precipitation observations, but hydrological model skill is more sensitive to errors from moderate precipitation than from heavy precipitation. The probability of moderate precipitation detection was identified as the most sensitive metric in determining hydrological model performance, with sensitivities of 0.58, 0.39, 0.59, and 0.47 in the temperate, boreal, arid, and highland climate zones, respectively. The variance error and magnitude error for heavy precipitation from SPPs were also identified as sensitive factors for hydrological modeling in the temperate and arid climate zones, respectively. These findings are crucial for enhancing the understanding of interactions between SPPs uncertainty and hydrological simulations, leading to improved data accuracy of precipitation forcing and the identification of appropriate SPPs for hydrological simulation in China.
Martian Meteorite Points to Ancient Hydrothermal Activity
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: November 2024

The Red Planet had water—in the form of a hydrothermal system—4.45 billion years ago, new analyses of a Martian meteorite suggest.
Slip History, Tectonic Evolution, and Fault Zone Structure Along the Southern Alpine Fault, New Zealand
Authors: Mere A. M. , Barth N. C. , Schwartz J. J. , Kylander‐Clark A.
Published: November 2024

The study of active fault zones is fundamental to understanding both long‐term tectonics and short‐term earthquake behavior. Here, we integrate lidar‐enabled geomorphic‐geologic mapping and petrochronological analysis to reveal the slip‐history, tectonic evolution, and structure of the southern Alpine Fault in New Zealand. New petrographic, zircon U‐Pb and zircon trace‐element data from fault‐displaced basement units provides constraint on ∼70–90 km of right‐lateral displacement on the presently active strand of the southern Alpine Fault, which we infer is of Plio‐Quaternary age. This incremental displacement has accumulated while the offshore part of the fault has evolved within a distributed zone of plate boundary deformation. We hypothesize that pre‐existing faults in the continental crust of the Pacific Plate have been exploited as components of this distributed plate boundary system. Along the onshore southern Alpine Fault, detailed mapping of active fault traces reveals complexity in geomorphic fault expression. Our analysis suggests that the major geomorphic features of the southern Alpine Fault correspond to penetrative fault zone structures. We emphasize the region immediately south of the central‐southern section boundary, where a major extensional stepover and restraining bend are located along‐strike of each other. We infer that this geometry may reflect segmentation of the Alpine Fault between two distinct fault segments. The ends of these proposed segments meet near where several Holocene earthquake ruptures have terminated. Our new constraints on the evolution and structure of the southern Alpine Fault help contribute to improved characterization of the greatest onshore source of earthquake hazard in New Zealand.
Localization and Delocalization During Seismic Slip
Authors: Savage Heather M. , Rowe Christie D.
Published: November 2024

The thickness of a seismic slip layer controls style and rate of rupture propagation, frictional heating, weakening, and energy budget of earthquakes. Slip layer thickness changes dynamically with feedbacks between temperature rise, roughness, damage, and fluid pressurization. Natural faults have complex slip histories, ambiguating which layer thicknesses represent a record of seismic slip. The thickness of proven paleoseismic slip layers in nature are 1 mm–1 cm. Thicker slip layers do not get hot enough to retain coseismic frictional temperature anomalies and thereby prevent the detection of big earthquakes using current methods. We suggest that delocalization—the spontaneous increase in slipping layer thickness during slip—plays a role in coseismic healing and cause biases in the rock record of earthquakes. Recognizing the importance of feedbacks affecting slipping layer thickness is critical to understanding strength and stress variations during earthquakes and to correctly interpreting earthquake source parameters from exhumed faults.
The Two‐Decade Evolution of Antarctica's Hektoria Glacier and Its 2022 Rapid Retreat From Satellite Observations
Authors: Fluegel Bailey L. , Walker Catherine
Published: November 2024

Beginning in March 2022, the Antarctic Peninsula's Hektoria Glacier experienced an unprecedented retreat of ∼23 km over 1.5 years, one of the fastest observed glacier retreats on record. Improving constraints on the drivers of such extreme events is key to understanding glacier change around the continent and future sea‐level rise. We use satellite remote sensing and reanalysis data to characterize changes in Hektoria, a former Larsen B Ice Shelf tributary, over the last ∼20 years and document a period of retreat from 2002 to 2011, and readvancement from 2011 to 2022. We find that the long‐term ice front and velocity response (2002–2022) correlated more strongly with changes in modeled ocean temperatures compared to surface air temperatures. However, the acute loss of buttressing support following fast ice collapse paired with a near‐contemporaneous extreme atmospheric river in the region likely catalyzed the unprecedented 2022–2023 retreat.
Lake Cold Spells Are Declining Worldwide
Authors: Wang Xiwen , Woolway R. Iestyn , Shi Kun , Qin Boqiang , Zhang Yunlin
Published: November 2024

Extremes in lake surface water temperature can have profound impacts on ecosystems. Although extensive research has been conducted on lake heatwaves, little is known about cold‐water extremes, referred to as lake cold spells. Here, we employ a numerical lake model to investigate global lake cold spell dynamics from 1979 to 2100. From 1979 to 2022, lake cold spells have become shorter‐lasting and weaker. Change rates in the occurrence (i.e., total days) and intensity of lake cold spells are −3.96 days decade−1 and 0.26°C decade−1, respectively. In Europe, the decline in lake cold spells is due to increases in the mean of surface water temperatures, whereas in North America, the reduction is due to decreases in the variance of surface water temperature. In the future, lake cold spells will shorten by 19.3 days and weaken by 1.97°C in the end of the 21st century under the high‐greenhouse‐gas‐emission scenario, underscoring a shift in the surface temperature regime that may have an important influence on lake ecosystems.
Juno Observations of Jupiter's Magnetodisk Plasma: Implications for Equilibrium and Dynamics
Authors: Liu Z.‐Y. , Blanc M. , Andre N. , Bagenal F. , Wilson R. J. , Allegrini F. , Devinat M. , Mauk B. , Connerney J. E. P. , Bolton S.
Published: November 2024

The Jovian magnetodisk plays an essential role in the dynamics of the Jupiter system by coupling its various components. Here, we investigate the Juno (JADE, JEDI, and MAG) observations of the magnetodisk within 20–80 Jupiter radii () in the 0–6 hr local time sector. JADE and JEDI data are combined to generate equatorial plane distributions of density, pressure, temperature, and anisotropy of electrons, protons, and heavy ions. Results show: (a) Heavy ions dominate both the number density and pressure. (b) The number density and pressure of all species decrease with radial distance. (c) The temperature increases for electrons and heavy ions and decreases for protons as radial distance increases. (d) On average, the parallel pressure exceeds the perpendicular pressure for all species. Based on these distributions, we explore the equilibrium and dynamics of the magnetodisk and show that: (a) Radial force balance is primarily achieved between the inward magnetic stress and the outward plasma anisotropy force. (b) An examination of the kappa parameters indicates that electrons, protons, and heavy ions primarily undergo adiabatic motion, magnetic moment diffusion, and stochastic motion, respectively. (c) A radial diffusion coefficient is derived from the radial profile of mass, providing an estimate of the timescale for radial transport from 20 to 80 of 7 hr (d) The total mass ( kg) and thermal energy ( eV) of the magnetodisk between 20 and 80 are obtained.
Decadal Changes in the Pathways of the Atlantic Water Core in the Arctic Ocean Inferred From Transient Tracers
Authors: Körtke Wiebke , Walter Maren , Huhn Oliver , Kanzow Torsten , Rhein Monika
Published: November 2024

The Atlantic Water plays a major and increasing role in the heat budget of the Arctic Ocean (Atlantification). The pathways of Atlantic Water within the Arctic Ocean, and in particular their sensitivities to large‐scale atmospheric patterns such as the Arctic Oscillation, remain unclear. In this study, we used the trace gases CFC‐12 and to investigate the Atlantic Water pathways during different phases of the Arctic Oscillation. We calculated tracer ages for the temperature maximum of the Atlantic Water, focusing on repeated transects (1994, 2005, 2015) in the Amerasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean. During a positive phase of the Arctic Oscillation in 1994, tracer ages were low along the Chukchi shelf due to a strong coherent boundary current. In contrast, the ages were up to 10 years higher in 2015 without this coherent current during a mixed phase of the Arctic Oscillation. Further, we identified a discontinuity in the inflow between the Makarov Basin and the Canada Basin during this phase. Tracer ages were 10 years higher in the Canada Basin, suggesting a closed circulation without direct inflow in this region. Our tracer ages generally align with previously proposed circulation schemes and water ages, with major exceptions in 2015. We have shown that the tracer ages are applicable to identify decadal changes in the Atlantic Water core pathways in the central Arctic Ocean.
Nonstationary Teleconnections Over North America Revealed in Paleoclimate Data Assimilation Reconstructions Spanning the Last Millennium
Authors: Luo Xinyue , Dee Sylvia , Okumura Yuko , Parsons Luke
Published: November 2024

Modes of climate variability, such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and Atlantic Multi‐decadal Oscillation (AMO), have been shown to have large impacts on North American hydroclimate through their atmospheric teleconnections. However, short instrumental records limit our ability to examine the long‐term stability (or stationarity) of hydroclimate teleconnections. Here, we use two last millennium (LM) paleoclimate data assimilation (DA) products to assess the stationarity of hydroclimate teleconnections over two key regions: the southwestern U.S. and Lower Mississippi River basin. Moving correlations between climate indices and regional hydroclimate expose highly nonstationary regional hydroclimate teleconnections with significant periodic variations on multi‐decadal and multi‐centennial timescales. Although limitations of the DA products prohibit a robust analysis of climate mode intensity, consistent sea surface temperature (SST) patterns between DA products during strong and weak teleconnection periods suggest that changing teleconnection strength is driven by the changing relationships between climate modes over the LM. Although our results are sensitive to proxy availability, the DA techniques provide novel insight into the nonstationarity and long‐term variability of North American hydroclimate teleconnections. This work provides a baseline for teleconnection behavior from DA products, which is potentially valuable for decadal prediction.
Shorter Ice Duration and Changing Phenology Influence Under‐Ice Lake Temperature Dynamics
Authors: Oleksy Isabella A. , Richardson David C.
Published: November 2024

Temperate lakes worldwide are losing ice cover but the implications for under‐ice thermal dynamics are poorly constrained. Using a 92‐year record of ice phenology from a temperate and historically dimictic lake, we examined trends, variability, and drivers of ice phenology and under‐ice temperatures. The onset of ice formation decreased by 23 days century−1, which can be largely attributed to warming air temperatures. Ice‐off date has become substantially more variable with spring air temperatures and cumulative February through April snowfall explaining over 80% of the variation in timing. As a result of changing ice phenology, total ice duration contracted by a month and more than doubled in interannual variability. Using weekly under‐ice temperature profiles for the most recent 36 years, we found that shorter ice duration decreased winter inverse stratification and was associated with an extended spring mixing period. We illustrate the limitations of relying on discrete ice clearance dates in our assumptions around under‐ice thermal dynamics by presenting high‐frequency under‐ice observations in two recent winters: one with intermittent ice cover and a year with slow spring ice clearance.
Air Quality Estimation and Forecasting via Data Fusion With Uncertainty Quantification: Theoretical Framework and Preliminary Results
Authors: Malings Carl , Knowland K. Emma , Pavlovic Nathan , Coughlin Justin G. , King Daniel , Keller Christoph , Cohn Stephen , Martin Randall V.
Published: November 2024

Integrating air quality information from models, satellites, and in situ monitors allows for both better estimation of air quality and better quantification of uncertainties in this estimation. Uncertainty quantification is important to appropriately convey confidence in these estimates and forecasts to users who will base decisions on these. Uncertainty quantification also allows tracing the value of information provided by different data sources. This can identify gaps in the monitoring network where additional data could further reduce uncertainties. This paper presents a framework for data fusion with uncertainty quantification, applicable to multiple air‐quality‐relevant pollutants. Testing of this framework in the context of nitrogen dioxide forecasting at sub‐city scales shows promising results, with confidence intervals typically encompassing the expected number of actual measurements during cross‐validation. The framework is now being implemented into an online tool to support local air quality management decision‐making. Future work will also include the incorporation of low‐cost air sensor data and the quantification of uncertainty at hyper‐local scales.
A Three‐Stage Partitioning Framework for Modeling Mean Annual Groundwater Evapotranspiration
Authors: Zeng Fanzhang , Zhang Yu , Geurink Jeffrey S. , Parajuli Kshitij , Yao Lili , Wang Dingbao
Published: November 2024

An analytical model is developed for mean annual groundwater evapotranspiration (GWET) at the watershed scale based on a three‐stage precipitation partitioning framework. The ratio of mean annual GWET to precipitation, defined as GWET ratio, is modeled as a function of climate aridity index (CAI), storage capacity index, the shape parameter ‘a’ for the spatial distribution of storage capacity, and the shape parameter ‘b’ for the spatial distribution of available water for GWET. In humid regions, GWET ratio tends to increase with increasing CAI due to the limited energy supply and shallower depth to water table (DWT) for a given storage capacity index. In contrast, in arid regions, the GWET ratio tends to decrease as the CAI increases because of the limited water availability and the presence of a deeper DWT for a given storage capacity index. In arid regions, the GWET ratio decreases as the parameter ‘a’ increases, mainly because of increased ET from a thicker unsaturated zone in environments with a deeper DWT. GWET ratio increases as parameter ‘b’ increases due to more watershed area with larger available water for GWET. The storage capacity index and shape parameters are estimated for 31 study watersheds in Tampa Bay Florida area based on the simulated GWET from an integrated hydrologic model and for 21 watersheds from literature. A possible correlation has been identified between the two shape parameters in the Tampa Bay watersheds. The analytical model for mean annual GWET can be further tested in other watersheds if data are available.
Causal Discovery Analysis Reveals Global Sources of Predictability for Regional Flash Droughts
Authors: Kumar Sudhanshu , Tian Di
Published: November 2024

Detecting and quantifying the global teleconnections with flash droughts (FDs) and understanding their causal relationships is crucial to improve their predictability. This study employs causal effect networks (CENs) to explore the global predictability sources of subseasonal soil moisture FDs in three regions of the United States (US): upper Mississippi, South Atlantic Gulf (SAG), and upper and lower Colorado river basins. We analyzed the causal relationships of FD events with global 2‐m air temperature, sea surface temperature, water deficit (precipitation minus evaporation), and geopotential height at 500 hPa at the weekly timescale over the warm season (April to September) from 1982 to 2018. CENs revealed that the Indian Ocean Dipole, Pacific North Atlantic patterns, Bermuda high‐pressure system, and teleconnection patterns via Rossby wave train and jet streams strongly influence FDs in these regions. Moreover, a strong link from South America suggests that atmospheric circulation forcings could affect the SAG through the low‐level atmospheric flow, reducing inland moisture transport, and leading to a precipitation deficit. Machine learning utilizing the identified causal regions and factors can well predict major FD events up to 4 weeks in advance, providing useful insights for improved subseasonal forecasting and early warnings.
High CD44 expression and enhanced E-selectin binding identified as biomarkers of chemoresistant leukemic cells in human T-ALL
Authors: Calvo Julien , Naguibneva Irina , Kypraios Anthony , Gilain Florian , Uzan Benjamin , Gaillard Baptiste , Bellenger Lea , Renou Laurent , Antoniewski Christophe , Lapillonne Helene , Petit Arnaud , Ballerini Paola , Mancini Stéphane JC. , Marchand Tony , Peyron Jean-François , Pflumio Françoise
Published: November 2024

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a hematopoietic malignancy characterized by increased proliferation and incomplete maturation of T-cell progenitors, for which relapse is often of poor prognosis. To improve patient outcomes, it is critical to understand the chemoresistance mechanisms arising from cell plasticity induced by the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. Single-cell RNA sequencing of human T-ALL cells from adipocyte-rich and adipocyte-poor BM revealed a distinct leukemic cell population defined by quiescence and high CD44 expression (Ki67neg/lowCD44high). During in vivo treatment, these cells evaded chemotherapy, and were further called Chemotherapy-resistant Leukemic Cells (CLCs). Patient sample analysis revealed Ki67neg/lowCD44high CLCs at diagnosis and during relapse, with each displaying a specific transcriptomic signature. Interestingly, CD44high expression in T-ALL Ki67neg/low CLCs was associated with E-selectin binding. Analysis of 39 human T-ALL samples revealed significantly enhanced E-selectin binding activity in relapse/refractory samples compared with drug-sensitive samples. These characteristics of chemoresistant T-ALL CLCs provide key insights for prognostic stratification and novel therapeutic options.
Association between bullying victimization and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a population-based, genetically informative study
Authors: Pol-Fuster Josep , Fernández de la Cruz Lorena , Isomura Kayoko , Sidorchuk Anna , Kuja-Halkola Ralf , Lichtenstein Paul , D’Onofrio Brian M. , Brikell Isabell , Larsson Henrik , de Schipper Elles , Beucke Jan C. , Mataix-Cols David
Published: November 2024

The extent to which bullying victimization is associated with an increased risk of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has received little empirical attention. This longitudinal, population-based, genetically informative study examined whether self-reported bullying victimization at age 15 was associated with a clinical diagnosis of OCD in the Swedish National Patient Register and with self-reported obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) at ages 18 and 24 in 16,030 twins from the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden. Using a discordant twin design, including monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins, each twin was compared with their co-twin, allowing a strict control of genetic and environmental confounding. At the population level, adjusting for birth year and sex, each standard deviation (SD) increase in bullying victimization was associated with a 32% increase in the odds of an OCD diagnosis (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.21–1.44), of 0.13 SD in OCS at age 18 (β, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.11–0.16), and of 0.11 SD in OCS at age 24 (β, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.07–0.16). While associations tended to persist in the within DZ-twin comparison models, the estimates attenuated and were no longer statistically significant in the within MZ-twin comparisons. These results suggest that the association between bullying victimization and OCD/OCS is likely due to genetic confounding and therefore incompatible with a strong causal effect. Other mechanisms, such as evocative gene-environment correlations, are more plausible explanations for the observed associations.
Alkali cation-π interactions in aqueous systems, modulating supramolecular stereoisomerism of nanoscopic metal-organic capsules
Authors: Wix Paul , Tandon Swetanshu , Vaesen Sebastien , Karimu Kadri , Mathieson Jennifer S. , Esien Kane , Felton Solveig , Watson Graeme W. , Schmitt Wolfgang
Published: November 2024

Contrary to common chemical intuition, cation-π interactions can persist in polar, aqueous reaction solutions, rather than in dry non-coordinative solvent systems. This account highlights how alkali ion-π interactions impart distinctive structure-influencing supramolecular forces that can be exploited in the preparation of nanoscopic metal-organic capsules. The incorporation of alkali ions from polar solutions into molecular pockets promotes the assembly of otherwise inaccessible capsular entities whose structures are distinctive to those of common polyoxovanadate clusters in which {V=O} moieties usually point radially to the outside, shielding the molecular entities. The applied concept is exemplified by homologous {V20} and {V30} cages, composed of inverted, hemispherical {V5O9} units. The number and geometrical organization of these {V5O9} sub-units in these cages are associated with prevailing cation-$$\pi$$
π
interactions and competing steric effects. The stereoisomers of these resulting nano-sized objects are comparable to Alfred Werner-type structural isomers of simple mononuclear complexes in-line with fundamental coordination chemistry principles.
Gastruloids are competent to specify both cardiac and skeletal muscle lineages
Authors: Argiro Laurent , Chevalier Céline , Choquet Caroline , Nandkishore Nitya , Ghata Adeline , Baudot Anaïs , Zaffran Stéphane , Lescroart Fabienne
Published: November 2024

Cardiopharyngeal mesoderm contributes to the formation of the heart and head muscles. However, the mechanisms governing cardiopharyngeal mesoderm specification remain unclear. Here, we reproduce cardiopharyngeal mesoderm specification towards cardiac and skeletal muscle lineages with gastruloids from mouse embryonic stem cells. By conducting a comprehensive temporal analysis of cardiopharyngeal mesoderm development and differentiation in gastruloids compared to mouse embryos, we present the evidence for skeletal myogenesis in gastruloids. We identify different subpopulations of cardiomyocytes and skeletal muscles, the latter of which most likely correspond to different states of myogenesis with “head-like” and “trunk-like” skeletal myoblasts. In this work, we unveil the potential of gastruloids to undergo specification into both cardiac and skeletal muscle lineages, allowing the investigation of the mechanisms of cardiopharyngeal mesoderm differentiation in development and how this could be affected in congenital diseases.
A classical chiral spin liquid from chiral interactions on the pyrochlore lattice
Authors: Lozano-Gómez Daniel , Iqbal Yasir , Vojta Matthias
Published: November 2024

Classical spin liquids are paramagnetic phases that feature nontrivial patterns of spin correlations within their ground-state manifold whose degeneracy scales with system size. Often they harbor fractionalized excitations, and their low-energy fluctuations are described by emergent gauge theories. In this work, we discuss a model composed of chiral three-body spin interactions on the pyrochlore lattice that realizes a novel classical chiral spin liquid whose excitations are fractonalized while also displaying a fracton-like behavior. We demonstrate that the ground-state manifold of this spin liquid is given by a subset of the so-called color-ice states. We show that the low-energy states are captured by an effective gauge theory which possesses a divergence-free condition and an additional chiral term that constrains the total flux of the fields through a single tetrahedron. The divergence-free constraint on the gauge fields results in two-fold pinch points in the spin structure factor and the identification of bionic charges as excitations of the system.
Photothermal catalytic transfer hydrogenolysis of protolignin
Authors: Li Hongji , Sun Xiaotong , Li Ting , Zhao Zhitong , Wang Hui , Yang Xiaomei , Zhang Chaofeng , Wang Feng
Published: November 2024

Photothermal catalysis is a promising strategy to combine the advantages of both thermal-catalysis and photocatalysis. Herein we achieve the protolignin conversion to aromatics via the photothermal catalytic transfer hydrogenolysis process intensified by the in-situ protection strategy. The Pd/TiO2 at 140 °C with UV irradiation can catalyze the reforming of primary alcohols to aldehydes and active H* species, which further participate in the acetalation protection of the 1,3-diol group of β-O-4 linkage and mediate the hydrogenolysis of Cβ–OAr bonds, respectively. The conversion of birch sawdust with ethanol as the hydrogen donor provides a 40 wt% yield of phenolic monomers, compared with an 11 wt% monomer yield obtained from the conversion of extracted 1,3-diol-protected lignin under the same conditions. The synergistic effect of photocatalysis and thermal-catalysis contributes to the prior cleavage of the Cβ–OAr bond before other C–O bonds. The feasibility of solar-light-driven photothermal catalytic system is demonstrated.