bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1250\deff0\deflang1038\deflangfe1038\deftab708{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fprq2\fcharset238{\*\fname Times New Roman;}Times New Roman CE;}}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\f0\fs24 In vitro fertilisation of \i in vivo\i0 matured porcine oocytes obtained from prepuberal gilts at different time intervals after h\caps cg\caps0 injection\caps.\par}
Authors: Rátky J. , Rath D. , Brüssow K.-P.
Published: July 2004

The goal of the present study was to find out the best interval after hCG injection in PMSG primed prepuberal gilts for retrieval of in vivo matured oocytes for in vitro fertilisation (IVF). Altogether 66 gilts were superovulated with 1500IU PMSG and 500IU hCG 72h later. Ovum pick up was performed endoscopically 24, 28, 32 or 36h after hCG and a total of 869 cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs) were aspirated from 1400 follicles. COCs were tested for quality, and an aliquot was immediately fixed and stained to determine meiotic configuration. The remaining COCs were fertilised in vitro using frozen-thawed epididymal semen. Quality and developmental stage of embryos were tested after IVF, and the number of nuclei was counted. At 24 to 32h after hCG only few oocytes have entered the second meiotic cycle (18 to 25% vs. 58% at 36h, p<0.05). The overall cleavage rate was significantly influenced by insufficient maturation rate at the early collection times (14% at 24h vs. 49% at 36h). Additionally, when oocytes were collected 24 to 32h vs. 36h the cleavage rate based on mature oocytes was lower (26 vs. 62%, p<0.05). Once embryonic development has been initiated, the further in vitro development to blastocyst stages did not differ between groups. However, the number of cells was lower at collection times 24 to 32h as compared to 36h after hCG (12 to 15 cells vs. 22 cells, p<0.05). The results indicate that the time of COC collection affects the in vitro developmental competence up to the blastocyst stage and should not be performed earlier than 36h after hCG treatment.
Epitopic characterisation of Turkish bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) isolates using monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Yeşilbağ K. , Burgu I.
Published: July 2004

In this study, 15 bovine viral diarrhoea viruses (BVDV) isolated from the field in Turkey were characterised for their biotype, cloned and eventually analysed for their epitopic composition in terms of glycoprotein E2. Immunoplaque assay, plaque assay, limiting dilution and streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase techniques were used for biotype characterisation, cloning of cytopathic (cp) and noncytopathic (ncp) biotypes and epitope analysis, respectively. While 14 out of 15 BVDV isolates were distinguished as ncp biotype, 1 isolate was found to be containing both biotypes (cp + ncp). According to the reactivity patterns of isolates with 15 monoclonal antibodies, 4 different antigenic groups could be formed. There were no antigenic differences between the isolates derived from the same animal with various time intervals. On the other hand, biotype clones isolated from the same animal exhibited difference in one epitope. This is the first study describing antigenic characterisation of BVDV field isolates in Turkey.
Seroprevalence of Lawsonia intracellularis in large pig production units
Authors: Hagen B. , Bilkei G.
Published: July 2004

In 11 'farrow-to-finish' outdoor or indoor production units, blood samples from late pregnant gilts were tested by indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) serum assay forLawsonia intracellularis. The offspring of positively tested gilts were tested at 2, 7, 12, 17, 22 and 27 weeks of age for seroprevalence ofLawsonia intracellularis. All offspring of IFA positive gilts were seronegative at 2 and 7 weeks of age. At 12 weeks of age 81.0% of indoor and 51.0% of outdoor pigs were tested positive. While at 17 weeks of age 82.5% of indoor-raised pigs showed seropositivity, in outdoor units the seropositivity declined to 31.3%. At weeks 22 and 27 indoor-raised pigs still showed marked seropositivity (17.7% and 11.5%) but their outdoor-raised counterparts revealed declining values (7.4% and 0%).
Effect of dietary fumonisin b1 on certain immune parameters of weaned pigs
Authors: Tornyos G. , Kovács Melinda , Rusvai M. , Horn P. , Fodor J. , Kovács F.
Published: July 2004

Only few data are available on the effect of fumonisins on the immune response. The aim of the present study was to examine whether dietary fumonisin B1(FB1) has any effect on the humoral and cellular immune response in weaned pigs, depending on the dose and the time of toxin exposure.Fusarium moniliformefungal culture was added to the experimental animals' diet to ensure an FB1intake of 1, 5 and 10 ppm (first experiment) or 100 mg per animal per day (second experiment). The control animals were fed a toxin-free diet. In order to determine the immune response, the animals were vaccinated against Aujeszky's disease with inactivated vaccine (Aujespig K, Phylaxia-Sanofi, Budapest, Hungary). Specific and nonspecificin vitrocellular immune response was measured by the lymphocyte stimulation test (LST) induced by PHA-P, Con A, LPS and inactivated suspension of the Aujeszky's disease virus. Humoral immune response, e.g. specific antibody titre, was measured by the virus neutralisation (VN) test. None of the immunological parameters examined showed significant differences between groups. It could be concluded that fumonisin B1had no significant effect on the humoral and cellular specific and nonspecific immune response when fed in a high dose (100 mg/animal/day for 8 days) or in a low concentration even for a longer period (1, 5 and 10 ppm for 3-4 months).
Prevalence of hydatidosis and fertility of hydatid cysts in sheep in Kirikkale, Turkey
Authors: Yildiz K. , Gurcan S.
Published: July 2004

This study was conducted in order to determine the prevalence and fertility of hydatid cysts in sheep in Kirikkale, Turkey. A total of 3.2% of 553 lambs and 50.9% of 1320 adults were found to be infected with hydatid cysts. The most common locations of cysts were in the liver and lung. Liver cysts tended to be more fertile than lung cysts (81.53% v. 76.47%), though the difference was not significant. The mean number of viable protoscoleces in the liver and lung cysts were 12,400 and 5,800, respectively. In general, 1-10 cysts were found in liver (51.8%) and lung (64.7%). The findings of this study indicate that hydatid cysts are common in sheep and the fertility rate of cysts is quite high. Sheep play an important role in the life cycle of Echinococcus granulosus in this region.
Disappearance of ethanol from isolated sheep rumen
Authors: Veresegyházy T. , Fébel Hedvig , Nagy G. , Rimanóczy Ágnes
Published: July 2004

The absorption of ethanol from the rumen was studied in three British Milk sheep equipped with a rumen cannula. After removal of the rumen content and washing the forestomachs several times the reticulo-omasal orifice was closed and through the cannula 20 or 60 ml ethanol and 2 ml Cr-EDTA were infused in physiological saline. The entire fluid volume was 3000 ml. At the start of the experiment (0 min) and subsequently in the 5th, 15th, 30th, 45th, 60th and 75th minutes samples were taken from the fluid present in the forestomachs. During the 75-min experiment the amount of ethanol gradually decreased in the rumen. The rate of disappearance varied according to concentration. The graph depicting the change of ruminal ethanol concentration shows a curve typical of passive transport. The equation describing the disappearance of ethanol was y = -0.0474x2 + 5.6544x + 10.869 after the administration of 20 ml ethanol, and y = -0.1377x2 + 19.541x - 24.606 after the infusion of 60 ml ethanol. It was established that ethanol was absorbed through the rumen wall by a passive transport process.
Effect of the El Nińo phenomenon on the ovarian responsiveness and embryo production of donor cows
Authors: Bényei B. , Gáspárdy A. , Cseh S.
Published: July 2004

The effects of different Temperature Humidity Index (THI) values in cold, hot and El Niño (EN) climates on superovulation and embryo production were analysed on Holstein Friesian donor cows. There were significant differences in the THI among the three climates. The average temperature in the EN period was 6°C higher than in the summer period of the previous 30 years. The number of corpora lutea (CL) and embryos were log- and back-transformed, Kolmogorov-Smirnoff test was used for normality and Lilliefors test was applied for significance. In the cold season THI was 70.74 ± 1.35 and the average number of CL was 9.84 ± 4.37. In the hot season the THI was 73.99 ± 0.72 and the average number of CL was 9.70 ± 4.49. When the THI, in the EN period, increased up to 79.74 ± 4.01, the superovulation response was significantly (P < 0.01) reduced (average number of CL = 5.22 ± 2.53). The embryo production result showed a similar tendency. In the hot period the average number of embryos obtained was 5.87 ± 2.98. However, in the EN period it decreased to 4.21 ± 2.05. Higher temperature reduced embryo quality. The proportion of live embryos (%) was 59.2 ± 37.4 in the cold and 38.2 ± 38.5 in the EN periods of the year (P < 0.01). However, ovarian sensitiveness showed adaptation to summer environment while the heat stress, which was more severe in the EN period, negatively affected the superovulation response and embryo production.
Energy imbalance related predisposition to mastitis in group-fed high-producing postpartum dairy cows
Authors: Jánosi Sz. , Kulcsár Margit , Kóródi P. , Kátai L. , Reiczigel J. , Dieleman S. J. , Nikolic Judit Anna , Sályi G. , Ribiczey-Szabó Piroska , Huszenicza Gy.
Published: July 2004

The energy imbalance related predisposition to mastitis was studied in group-fed postpartum dairy cows (n = 333) kept in 4 large-scale units and producing milk of low somatic cell count (SCC). Blood samples were taken on Days 1-3 after calving for assaying some metabolites and hormones related to the negative energy balance (NEB). If mastitis was diagnosed later, aseptic milk samples were taken to identify the pathogens. Considering pathogen types [contagious pathogens:Staphylococcus(S.)aureus,Gram-positive(GP)environmental pathogens, andGram-negative(GN)environmental pathogens+ mastitis withno detectable pathogens(NDP)] separately, stepwise logistic regression was used to analyse the relation between the potential prognostic value of hormones and metabolites and mastitis outbreak. Only the elevated (= 1.00 mmol/l) serum ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) levels predisposed the cows to mastitis in the subsequent 4 weeks. This prognostic value of BHB was significant only in GN + NDP mastitis and in cases caused by GP environmental pathogens, but not inS. aureusmastitis (odds ratio: 5.333, 3.600 and 1.333, respectively).
Biotypic characterisation of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in clinical samples
Authors: Karaoğlu T. , Burgu I. , Özkul A.
Published: July 2004

In this study, bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) was detected and biotypically characterised in clinical samples using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The RT-PCR technique produced two different amplicons (402 and approx. 680 bp in size) in case of the presence of both biotypes (cp and ncp) in the sample. The mixture of the biotypes as detected by RT-PCR was verified by the immunoplaque assay (IPA). Purification of biotypes was carried out by native plaque isolation and subsequent RT-PCR revealed single products (402 or approx. 680 bp in size) in each clone. The results showed that RT-PCR can be used for accurate molecular differentiation between the BVDV biotypes.
Evaluation of antibody formation, daily weight gain and meat quality after vaccination of piglets against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
Authors: Siugzdaite Jurate , Garlaite Kristina , Urbsiene Danguole
Published: July 2004

AMycoplasma hyopneumoniaevaccine (Respisure, Pfizer AH) was tested for its effects on antibody formation, daily weight gain (DWG) in different growing periods, lung lesions and quality of meat (chemical composition, physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition). Two groups of conventional piglets were used for the investigation. One group of 11 females and 11 males was vaccinated intramuscularly at the age of 1 and 3 weeks. The other group of 22 piglets was left nonvaccinated as control. The results showed that antibodies againstM. hyopneumoniaein the vaccinated group had been formed 14 days after the second vaccination and remained present till the end of the study at 147 days of age. In the nonvaccinated group, seroconversion started at 49 days of age and by the end of the study 10 out of 22 pigs had become seropositive.Vaccinated pigs achieved significantly higher daily weight gain (+30 g) and finishing body weight (+6.04 kg) than the nonvaccinated animals. In addition, the vaccinated pigs showed lesions involving 3.27% of the lung surface in average, while in the nonvaccinated pigs 9.04% of the lung surface was affected. Investigation of meat quality showed that the longissimus dorsi muscle of vaccinated pigs contained significantly lower percentage of fat (-0.63%) and its tryptophan/hydroxyproline ratio was significantly lower (-23.57) in comparison with the control animals. In addition, some other parameters also showed a favourable tendency, e.g. lean meat percentage was 0.91% higher, the protein content of the longissimus dorsi muscle was 0.35% higher, its water-binding capacity was also higher by 0.78%, its monounsaturated fatty acid concentration was 2.97% lower, while its polyunsaturated fatty acid content was 1.65% higher in the vaccinated pigs than in the nonvaccinated animals.
Effect of ingested heavy metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) on haematology and serum biochemistry in rabbits
Authors: Bersényi A. , Fekete S. Gy. , Szőcs Z. , Berta Erzsébet
Published: July 2004

In order to investigate the effects of exposure to possible environmental pollutants such as Cd, Pb and Hg on haematological and serum biochemistry values, New Zealand White female rabbits were treated orally with distilled water solutions of CdSO4·H2O, Pb(NO3)2 and HgCl2 (n = 4/treatment) in concentrations of 2.3, 4.1, and 30 mg/kg dry matter, respectively, for 28 days. The initial concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Hg in serum were significantly increased by the treatment. Exposure to Pb significantly decreased the red blood cell (RBC) count, haemoglobin (Hgb) concentration and the haematocrit (Hct) value. The Zn-protoporphyrin concentration did not change as a result of Pb exposure. Pb and Hg loading significantly increased the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity was also increased by both Hg and Cd exposure. Comparing the treated and the control rabbits, all the trace elements studied significantly reduced the activity of enzymes in the pancreatic tissues. The haematological results indicate that hyperchromic macrocytic anaemia developed in rabbits treated with Pb. The increased activities of both AST and ALT indicate pathophysiological changes of the liver parenchyma, which was verified by focal fatty infiltration seen histopathologically. Cd exposure could exert a toxic effect on the kidneys, although the slight tubulonephrosis developed would not possibly affect the renal function. The reduced activities of amylase, trypsin, protease and lipase induced by Cd, Pb and Hg suggest toxicity to the pancreas.
Reno-, hepato- and splenomegaly of common carp fingerlings (Cyprinus carpio L.) diseased in swimbladder inflammation caused by Sphaerospora renicola Dyková et Lom, 1982
Authors: Al-Samman A. , Molnár K. , Székely Cs. , Reiczigel J.
Published: July 2004

The weight of internal organs (swimbladder, kidney, liver, spleen) in relation to the body weight was studied in common carp fingerlings divided into three groups on the basis of swimbladder appearance and microscopic examination of the kidney. The fish had been collected from different Hungarian fish farms at the time when swimbladder inflammation (SBI) usually occurs (in July and August). The first group comprised fish with severe signs of SBI and massive renal sphaerosporosis, the second group consisted of fish with milder swimbladder changes and/or kidney infection by a low number of Sphaerospora renicola, while the third group was constituted by infection-free common carp fry. Statistical analysis of swimbladder, kidney, liver and spleen weight in relation to the body weight revealed that in the infected groups the internal organs were substantially enlarged. This suggests that in common carp fry with SBI the swimbladder changes are accompanied by reno-, hepato- and splenomegaly.
Experimental hyperkalaemia in rabbits: Effects of salbutamol and norepinephrine treatments on blood biochemistry and electrocardiography
Authors: Celik S. , Bal R. , Durgut R.
Published: July 2004

The effects of salbutamol and norepinephrine on the electrocardiogram (ECG), serum potassium level and enzyme activities were studied in rabbits with hyperkalaemia; norepinephrine and salbutamol may be therapeutically useful. For induction of hyperkalaemia, 300 mM KCl solution was used and then isotonic saline solution containing 6 µg salbutamol and 3.9 µg norepinephrine per ml were administered. Norepinephrine and salbutamol decreased the serum potassium from 7.36 ± 0.26 and 7.21 ± 0.31 mmol/L to 5.62 ± 0.27 and 4.35 ± 0.33 mmol/L, respectively, and caused the ECG changes (flatness of P wave, widening of QRS complex and bradycardia) to return to the control conditions (time 0). Norepinephrine, but not salbutamol, decreased the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) to the control levels. These results suggest that monitoring of the enzyme activities might be useful as it yields indexes suitable for evaluating the therapeutic approach with norepinephrine in hyperkalaemia.
Influence of hypothyroidism on lipid peroxidation, erythrocyte resistance and antioxidant plasma properties in rabbits
Authors: Brzezińska-Ślebodzińska Ewa
Published: July 2004

The effect of hypothyroidism on some oxidative stress parameters is reported. Moderate hypothyroid state was induced in two groups of female rabbits (3 and 12 months old) by giving 50 mg/kg body weight (BW) of propylthiouracil (PTU) per os for 6 days and 20 mg/kg BW of methimazole (MMI) for further 14 days. Serum T4 and T3 concentrations decreased by about 38-40 and 32-36%, respectively. The induced hypothyroidism resulted in a significant decrease in the serum concentration of the lipid peroxidation end-product malondialdehyde, as measured by the thiobarbituric-acid assay. Erythrocytes of hypothyroid animals exhibited higher resistance to oxidative stress, while submitted to free radicals generator 2,2'-azo-bis(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (AAPH) in vitro. Using two detector systems (phospholipid liposomes and deoxyribose), sensitive to either organic or inorganic oxygen radical damage, the ability of euthyroid and hypothyroid rabbit plasma to protect against oxygen radicals was evaluated. The plasma of hypothyroid animals showed about 20% higher ability to protect against iron-binding organic radicals, but about 50% lower chain-breaking antioxidant activity. The antioxidant capacity of plasma against inorganic radicals was not affected by hypothyroidism. In conclusion, the results show that thyroid hormones modulate the free-radical-induced oxidative damage of lipids and that hypothyroidism offers some protection against lipid peroxidation.
Fractional excretion of electrolytes during pre- and postpartum periods in cows
Authors: Ulutaş B. , Özlem M. B. , Ulutaş Pınar Alkım , Eren V. , Paşa S.
Published: July 2004

In this study, fractional excretions (Fe) of sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and phosphorus (PO4) were examined with the aim to demonstrate interactions between fractional excretions of these electrolytes within each period and relate them to electrolyte metabolism in clinically normal cows at different stages of lactation and dry period. The material of this study consisted of 20 clinically healthy Holstein-Friesian cows of the same age and milk yield. Blood and urine samples were collected on 190-200th, 240-250th and 270-280th days of pregnancy and on days 1-7th, 35-45th and 75-85th after calving, altogether 6 times. An increase was observed in FeCaand FeMgduring the transition from the lactation to the dry period (p < 0.05), and a decrease in FeCa(p < 0.05), FeMg(p < 0.01) in the 2nd month of the dry period. FePO4and FeMg, respectively, increased on levels of p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, while FeCadecreased on a level of p < 0.05 after gestation compared to the level before gestation. FeNaand FeKshowed a decrease of p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively, between the 1st and 2nd months of the dry period, while after gestation this value showed an increase in FeNa(p < 0.05) and FeK(p < 0.01). FeClincreased significantly (p < 0.05) only from postpartum to the 1st month of lactation. There was a strong positive correlation between FeNaand FeClin all of the periods. It was concluded that there were significant changes in the Fe of Na, K, Cl, Ca, PO4and Mg before parturition and during lactation; these changes could have an important role in assessing renal function and electrolyte balance.
Operation technique and healing process of telescopic ileocolostomy in dogs
Authors: Szűcs G. , Tóth I. , Barna T. , Bráth E. , Gyáni K. , Mikó Irén
Published: July 2004

The healing process of telescopic anastomoses was found in an animal experiment with 12 mongrel dogs. After the division of vessels an ileal segment of different length was invaginated into the lumen of the colon using single-layer interrupted sutures. The following four groups were used: Group A (n = 3): end-to-side ileocolostomy, single-layer interrupted suture (invagination length: 0 mm), survival time: 21 days. Group B (n = 3): invagination length: 20 mm, survival time: 7 days. Group C (n = 3): invagination length: 10 mm, survival time: 21 days. Group D (n = 3): invagination length: 20 mm, survival time: 21 days. At the end of the above survival times the anastomosis area was removed. The bursting pressure was measured and morphological as well as histological examinations were performed. In each case the 0-day look-alikes of anastomoses were performed using the remnant bowels, and bursting pressure measurements were done on these models as well. Anastomosis leakage did not occur. The serosal layer of the intracolonic part of the ileum disappeared during the healing process. The free surface of the intracolonic ileal segment became covered by the sliding mucosa of the colon and the prolapsing mucosa of the ileum. The following could be concluded after the experiments: The inner pressure tolerance of a telescopic ileocolostomy promptly after preparation is better than in case of another single-layer anastomosis. This fact results in increased safety against leakage on the first postoperative days. The inner pressure tolerance of the telescopic ileocolostomy increases during the healing process and it does not depend on the length of the invaginated part (0 day-20 mm: 56 mmHg ± 6, Group A: 252 ± 39, Group B: 154 ± 19, Group C: 249 ± 20, Group D: 298 ± 2). There is no difference in pressure tolerance between the telescopic and the end-to-side single-layer interrupted anastomoses after the healing process. The invaginated section within the lumen of the large intestine does not suffer ischaemic or any other kind of damage. This inexpensive and simple anastomosis technique could be useful in the veterinary surgical practice as well.
Characterisation of Hungarian porcine circovirus 2 genomes associated with PMWS and PDNS cases
Authors: Dán Á. , Molnár T. , Biksi I. , Glávits R. , Shaheim M. , Harrach B.
Published: July 2004

The authors report the data of the first survey on the incidence of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) in Hungary. A PCR method specific for the detection of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) was developed, which proved to be suitable for diagnostic purposes. PCR screening of organ samples from pigs suspected to be affected with PMWS or PDNS revealed the presence of PCV-2 in 80% of the cases. Six PCV-2 genomes from Hungarian isolates were completely sequenced. Phylogenetic comparison with all the available PCV-2 sequences showed that porcine circoviruses circulating in Hungary are more variable than in several other European countries. Two Hungarian strains clustered together with the Spanish strains forming a distinct group; two others fell in a common group with the French, UK, and Dutch strains, whereas another two strains showed the closest relationship to two of the three known German PCV-2 sequences.
Antibiotic resistance of staphylococci from humans, food and different animal species according to data of the Hungarian resistance monitoring system in 2001
Authors: Kaszanyitzky Éva J. , Jánosi Sz. , Egyed Zsuzsanna , Ágost Gizella , Semjén G.
Published: July 2004

Based on data of the Hungarian resistance monitoring system the antibiotic resistance ofStaphylococcusstrains of human and animal origin was studied. No methicillin-resistant staphylococci harbouringmecA gene were isolated from animals in 2001. Penicillin resistance, mediated by penicillinase production, was the most frequent amongStaphylococcus aureusstrains isolated from humans (96%), from bovine mastitis (55%), from foods (45%) and from dogs. In staphylococci isolated from animals low resistance percentages to aminoglycosides (0-2%), fluoroquinolones (0.5-3%) and sulphonamides (0.5-4%) were found but in strains isolated humans these figures were higher (1-14%, 5-18% and 3-31%, respectively). The most frequent antibiotic resistance profiles of strains isolated from animals and food were penicillin/tetracycline, penicillin/lincomycin and penicillin/lincomycin/tetracycline. Penicillin/tetracycline resistance was exhibited by strains from mastitis (3), samples from the meat industry (31), poultry flocks (1), poultry industry (1), noodle (1) and horses (2). Penicillin/lincomycin resistance was found in 10Staphylococcusstrains from mastitis, 1 from the dairy industry, 1 from the meat industry and 6 from dogs. Isolates from mastitis (2), from the dairy industry (2), from pigs (1), from the meat industry (1) and from poultry (1) harboured penicillin/lincomycin/tetracycline resistance pattern. Multiresistant strains were usually isolated only from one and sometimes from two animal species; therefore, the spread of defined resistant strains (clones) among different animal species could not be demonstrated. These results also suggest that the transfer of antibiotic resistance ofS. aureusfrom animals to humans probably occurs less frequently than is generally assumed.
Wild boars (Sus scrofa) as reservoirs of Brucella suis biovar 2 in Croatia
Authors: Cvetnic Z. , Mitak M. , Ocepek M. , Lojkic M. , Terzic Svjetlana , Jemersic Lorena , Humski Andrea , Habrun B. , Sostaric B. , Brstilo M. , Krt B. , Garin-Bastuji B.
Published: July 2004

This work presents the results of findings for brucellosis in wild boars and domestic swine in two regions of Croatia. In the region of Djakovo the blood samples of 211 wild boars were analysed and in 29.4% of the samples serologically positive reactions were established. In the same region the blood samples of 1080 domestic swine on pastures were also analysed and positive serological reactions were established in 12.3%. In the regions around Lonjsko Polje the blood samples of 53 wild boars were analysed and in 22.6% of them positive serological reactions were established. On several locations around Lonjsko Polje the blood samples of 901 domestic swine were serologically analysed and 13.5% of the swine were found to be seropositive. Bacteriological analyses of submitted materials from 24 wild boars resulted in isolation of Brucella from seven (29.2%) samples, and from 43 samples originating from domestic swine that had aborted and had been serologically positive, Brucella were isolated from 25 (58.1%) swine, as well as from 10 (62.5%) out of 16 aborted piglets. In all the isolates Brucellasuis biovar 2 was identified. Wild boars are carriers and reservoirs of Brucellasuis biovar 2 in Croatia.
Comparative study of β-tricalcium phosphate mixed with platelet-rich plasma versus β-tricalcium phosphate, a bone substitute material in dentistry
Authors: Kovács Katalin , Velich N. , Huszár T. , Szabó G. , Semjén G. , Reiczigel J. , Suba Zsuzsanna
Published: July 2004

Animal experiments were carried out with osteoconductive bone substitute β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), with the aim of assessing the effects of the growth factors synthesised by thrombocytes on the speed of β-TCP incorporation and on the quality of newly formed bone. The question to be answered was the extent to which platelet-rich plasma (PRP) accelerated the resorption of β-TCP and the formation of new bone. Two teeth were removed symmetrically from each side of the mandible of 12 Beagle dogs; the resulting cavities were filled on one side with β-TCP alone, and on the other side with a mixture of β-TCP + PRP (obtained from autologous blood). The quality of the newly formed bone and the effects of this PRP were studied by histological and histomorphometric methods. In week 6, bone formation was already more effective when PRP was applied in comparison with β-TCP alone, and in week 12 the growth was significantly greater. The results demonstrate that the use of PRP accelerates the remodelling of new bone created by β-TCP.
Turbinate atrophy evaluation in pigs by computed tomography
Authors: Magyar T. , Kovács F. , Donkó T. , Bíró H. , Romvári R. , Kovács Melinda , Repa I.
Published: July 2004

Computed tomography (CT), a non-invasive visualisation technique was applied for imaging the bony structures of the nasal cavity of pigs, and compared to the traditional scoring system of turbinate atrophy in swine. Twenty-three 27-week-old pigs representing various stages of turbinate atrophy were used. Nasal structures were visually scored on CT scans and transversal cuts of the noses at the level of the first upper premolar teeth using the same scoring system in both cases. A tissue/air area ratio was also determined based on density differences. A highly significant correlation was found between visual scoring of CT images and transversal cuts of pig noses (r = 0.98, p < 0.0001) as well as between visual scoring of CT images and tissue/air area ratio determination (r = -0.82, p < 0.0001).
Beneficial effects of alternative lighting schedules on the incidence of ascites and on metabolic parameters of broiler chickens
Authors: Hassanzadeh M. , Bozorgmehri Fard M. H. , Buyse J. , Decuypere E.
Published: July 2004

The beneficial effects of different lighting programmes on the incidence of ascites was investigated in an experiment with 360 three-day-old male broiler chickens. At 3 days of age, chicks were randomly divided over three rooms in a high-altitude farm, 2000 m above sea level. During days 14 to 28 ambient temperature decreased during the night but the minimum temperature did not descend below 15°C. In the first room the continuous lighting schedule (CL, 23L:1D) was maintained and in the second room an intermittent lighting schedule (IL, 1L:3D), repeated six times daily, was imposed from 3 days of age. In the third room, an increasing photoperiod schedule (IP, 4 to 14 days, 6L:18D; 15 to 21 days, 10L:14D; 22 to 28 days, 14L:10D; 29 to 35 days, 18L:6D; 36 to 42 days, 23L:1D) was provided. Mortality associated with right ventricular failure and ascites was numerically lower in birds reared under the IL and IP schedules compared to birds reared under the CL schedule, which can be attributed to the temporary reduction in relative growth and feed intake in IL and IP birds. It was concluded that the beneficial effect of lighting schedules could be due to a reduced metabolic rate as a consequence of the altered growth trajectory, as also reflected in the lower haematocrit and plasma T3 levels of IL and IP birds compared to CL birds.
Follistatin alters myostatin gene expression in C2C12 muscle cells
Authors: Kocams¸ H. , Gulmez N. , Aslan S. , Nazlı M.
Published: July 2004

The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of follistatin addition on myostatin and follistatin gene expression patterns in C2C12muscle cells. C2C12cells were administered with 100 ng/ml recombinant human (rh) follistatin in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 4 mM glutamine and antibiotics daily for three days. Rh follistatin was not added in the control wells. Follistatin and myostatin gene cDNAs were synthesised by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).The time course of follistatin gene expression pattern was similar in both the control and the follistatin-treated group. Myostatin mRNA level significantly increased in the follistatin-treated group after 24 h of culture (Fig. 3, P < 0.01). Amounts then sharply decreased (Fig. 3, P < 0.01) at 48 h of culture, whereas there was no significant difference between the control and the follistatin-treated group at 72 h of culture. Our results demonstrated that myostatin and follistatin mRNA were expressed in C2C12cells and rh follistatin changed the myostatin expression pattern.
Health status of free-living pigeons (Columba livia domestica) in the city of Ljubljana
Authors: Dovč Alenka , Zorman-Rojs Olga , Vergles Rataj Aleksandra , Bole-Hribovšek Vojka , Krapež U. , Dobeic M.
Published: July 2004

In the year 2000 an epidemiological research was undertaken on the health status of free-living pigeons in the city of Ljubljana, Slovenia. A total of 139 pigeons were captured and examined for the most common bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases. Serum samples, oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs as well as samples of droppings and feathers were taken from the captured birds. Antibodies to paramyxovirus type 1 were found in 84.2% of the sera examined, and 23.7% of birds were serologically positive to Chlamydophila psittaci. Antibodies to avian influenza virus were not detected. Salmonella spp. were isolated from 5.7% of the cloacal swabs. Trichomonas gallinae was clinically suspected and then microscopically confirmed using oropharyngeal swabs in 7.9% of examined birds. Eimeria spp. was identified in 71.9%, Capillaria sp. in 26.6% and Ascaridia columbae in 4.3% of droppings samples examined. Of the ectoparasites, Columbicola columbae and Campanulotesbidentatus compar were found.
Comparison of femoral inclination angle measurements in dysplastic and nondysplastic dogs of different breeds
Authors: Sarierler M.
Published: July 2004

In this study, inclination angle of the femoral head and neck was measured on 484 limbs of 242 dogs belonging to 7 breeds, examined for hip dysplasia. These inclination angles were compared according to age, sex and joint laxity, evaluated with Subluxation Index (SI) and Norberg angle (NA) results. The findings indicate that (a) there was a minimal (nonsignificant) difference in femoral inclination angle between the dysplastic and nondysplastic dogs belonging to 7 breeds; (b) although there was no significant difference in femoral inclination angle between the nondysplastic dogs belonging to 4 breeds (Pointer, Irish Setter, Golden Retriever and German Shepherd), a significant difference was observed between Doberman and Labrador, and between Anatolian Karabash and the other six breeds (p < 0.001). Age and sex did not affect the femoral neck angle.
Isolation and characterisation of Mycobacterium avium and Rhodococcus equi from granulomatous lesions of swine lymph nodes in Slovenia
Authors: Pate Mateja , Zdovc Irena , Pirš Tina , Krt B. , Ocepek M.
Published: July 2004

Granulomatous lesions in bovine and especially swine lymph nodes are still frequently observed during routine veterinary meat inspections even thoughMycobacterium bovisinfections are no longer detected in domestic animals in Slovenia. Different lymph nodes of pigs (n = 260) were investigated using classical bacteriological and molecular methods.Mycobacterium aviumalone was isolated in 47.3% of pigs and in mixed infection withRhodococcus equiin 3.9% of pigs.R. equialone was isolated in 27.3% and in mixed infection with mycobacteria other thanM. aviumin 1.5% of pigs. A total of 133M. aviumisolates were typed using the IS1245, IS901and FR300PCR. Almost two thirds (60.9%) of isolates belonged toM. avium hominissuis(IS901-, IS1245+ genotype), 33.8% of isolates belonged toM. avium avium(IS901+, IS1245+ genotype) and 5.3% of isolates remained non-typed. Fifty out of 85R. equiisolates were tested for the virulence-associated antigens (VapA and VapB). Nearly two thirds (60.0%) were positive for VapB while all the other isolates were VapA- and VapB-negative.
Leukocyte subsets and specific antibodies in pigs vaccinated with a classical swine fever subunit (E2) vaccine and the attenuated ORF virus strain D1701
Authors: Terzić Svjetlana , Jemeršić Lorena , Lojkić M. , Šver Lidija , Valpotić I. , Oršolić Nada , Humski Andrea , Cvetnić Ž.
Published: July 2004

Total white blood cell (WBC) counts and percentages of CD4a+, CD8a+, CD5a+, CD45RA+, CD45RC+, wCD21+ and SWC3a+ cells in the peripheral blood of pigs were analysed in this study. Blood samples were collected before and on days 4, 10, 21 and 28 after vaccination. Group 1 pigs were vaccinated with a subunit E2 vaccine (gp E2 32 µg/dose), and Group 2 received a subunit vaccine combined with an attenuated ORF virus strain D1701 106.45 TCID50/dose. Control pigs received a placebo. The total WBC count and percentage of particular cell types were within the normal range in vaccinated and control pigs. Although the mechanism of attenuated ORF virus activity is not clear, changes were observed in CD4a+, CD5a+, CD8a+, CD45RA+ and CD45RC+cells in pigs that received the combination of a subunit vaccine and ORF virus. However, the percentage of wCD21+ and SWC3a+ did not differ significantly from that recorded in pigs given only the subunit vaccine. At days 4 and 10 the number of pigs positive to E2 antibodies was higher in the group that received the subunit vaccine and ORF virus than in pigs vaccinated with the subunit vaccine only. A higher percentage of memory cells (CD45RC+) as well as Th and Tc lymphocytes in pigs that received the ORF virus and the subunit vaccine could be ascribed to a nonspecific influence of the ORF virus on the development (through cognate interactions between T and B cells) and the duration (presumed according to the finding of the clonal expression of memory cells) of humoral immunity (assessed by a higher number of seropositive pigs in this group). This seems likely since the proportion of these cells was found to be lower in the pigs that received E2 vaccine only.
Effects of nickel supply on the fattening performance and several biochemical parameters of broiler chickens and rabbits
Authors: Bersényi A. , Fekete S. Gy. , Szilágyi M. , Berta Erzsébet , Zöldág L. , Glávits R.
Published: July 2004

Broiler chicken and rabbit experiments were carried out to study the effects of nickel (Ni) supplementation on growth performance and Ni metabolism. ROSS cockerels and New Zealand White female rabbits were fed a diet containing Ni in concentrations of 0, 50 and 500 mg/kg in dry matter (DM). Dietary supplementation of 50 mg Ni/kg slightly improved the body weight gain (BWG) and had a beneficial effect on the feed conversion efficiency (FCE) in broiler chickens. However, Ni added at a level of 500 mg/kg significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the BWG by 10% and resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) worse (2.3 ± 0.2 kg/kg) FCE. The relative weight of the liver in cockerels was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by Ni as compared to the control group (1.7 and 2.1% vs. 2.6%). The activity of AST and CHE enzymes was increased insignificantly by dietary supplementation of 500 mg Ni/kg, indicating damage of the liver parenchyma. The results of serum biochemistry were confirmed by a mild or moderate form of pathological focal fatty infiltration of the liver in broilers. Supplemental Ni of 50 mg/kg concentration resulted in non-significantly increased BWG in rabbits. Ni added to the diet at a level of 500 mg/kg reduced the digestibility of crude protein by 3-4% and that of crude fibre by 20-25% in rabbits. Approx. 98% of the ingested Ni was lost from the body via the faeces, 0.5-1.5% via the urine and approx. 1% was incorporated into the organs of rabbits. As a result of dietary supplementation of 50 and 500 mg Ni/kg, Ni accumulated in the kidneys (4.9 ± 0.5 and 17.1 ± 3.1 vs. 1.9 ± 0.3 mg/kg DM), ribs (10.3 ± 0.4 and 10.4 ± 0.6 vs. 9.1 ± 0.6 mg/kg DM), heart (1.4 ± 0.2 and 2.5 ± 0.4 vs. 1.0 ± 0.1 mg/kg DM) and liver (1.3 ± 0.1 and 2.2 ± 0.2 vs. 0.9 ± 0.05 mg/kg DM), as compared to the control animals. It can be stated that supplementation of the diet with 50 mg Ni/kg had slight but non-significant beneficial effects on the growth performance of broiler chickens and rabbits.
Effect of inorganic and organic manganese supplementation on the performance and tissue manganese content of broiler chicks
Authors: Berta Erzsébet , Andrásofszky Emese , Bersényi A. , Glávits R. , Gáspárdy A. , Fekete S. Gy.
Published: July 2004

The effects of dietary levels of manganese (Mn) in inorganic (MnO) and organic (Mn fumarate) forms were evaluated on cockerel chicks. A basal corn-soybean diet with 23 mg/kg Mn was supplemented with levels of 0, 30, 60 and 240 ppm Mn from both Mn sources. Each treatment was replicated in five pens of 10 chicks. The chicks were fed diets ad libitum from 14 to 49 days of age, after which five birds per treatment were sacrificed for pathomorphological examinations and analysis. The treatments did not exert significant effects on the body weight (BW), the feed/gain (F/G) ratio or the mortality rate. According to the necropsy findings, no growth retardation or emaciation occurred in either of the groups and the differences in the average absolute and relative organ weights were not significant (P ? 0.05). Tissue analysis indicated that the tibia showed the greatest response to Mn, followed by the liver and kidney. Accumulation in the tibia was higher (P < 0.05) with supplements of 30, 60 and 240 mg/kg from both Mn sources (3.71, 3.78, 4.44, and 3.68, 4.00, 4.36 mg/kg DM, MnO and Mn fumarate, respectively) compared to the control group (3.21 mg/kg). Accumulation in the liver increased significantly (P < 0.05) only with supplements of 60 and 240 ppm independently of the Mn source (12.7, 14.2, and 14.0, 14.9 mg/kg, respectively) compared to the control (9.8 mg/kg). Similarly, kidney tissue Mn was higher (P < 0.05) only with supplements of 60 and 240 ppm (12.8, 12.8, and 13.1, 12.5 mg/kg, respectively) compared to the control (10.2 mg/kg). At the same level of supplementation of the two Mn sources there were no significant differences (P ? 0.05) between the Mn concentrations of organs and tissues. Droppings sensitively reflected the intake, whereas blood plasma and feathers showed only the extreme Mn loading.
Marek's disease vaccination, with turkey herpesvirus, and enrofloxacin modulate the activities of hepatic microsomal enzymes in broiler chickens
Authors: Sakar D. , Prukner-Radovčić Estela , Prevendar Crnić Andreja , Pompe-Gotal Jelena , Ragland W. L. , Mazija H.
Published: July 2004

Chickens were vaccinated against Marek's disease intramuscularly at one day of age. Enrofloxacin was givenad libitumin the drinking water at concentrations of 50, 100 and 250 mg/L from 8 days to 13 days of age when the animals were killed and the activities of cytochrome P-450 enzymes in the liver were measured. Vaccinated non-treated chickens served as a positive control. A negative control group was neither vaccinated nor treated. Vaccination decreased the activity of aniline hydroxylase and ethylmorphine N-demethylase in the positive control group. Subsequent application of enrofloxacin in the lowest concentration (50 mg/L) decreased, while that given at the highest level (250 mg/L) significantly increased the activity of the same microsomal enzymes. Relative liver weights and concentrations of proteins in 9000 ×gsupernatant were not affected by vaccination or treatment.
A külső tér
Authors: Meggyesi Tamás
Published: July 2004

Az Építés- Építészettudomány XXX (2002) 1-2. füzetében közöltük A külső tér c. kutatás bevezető fejezetét, amely a téma nemzetközi szakirodalmát tekintette át. Az alábbi szövegválogatás a kutatás érdemi részébe enged betekintést. A teljes kutatási anyag a Műegyetemi Kiadó gondozásában 2004 elején könyv formájában is megjelent, és a következő fejezetekből állt: 1. Építészeti térelméletek, 2. A külső tér fenomenológiája, 3. A külső tér építészeti dimenziói, 4. Az építészeti térelemek térbeli kontextusa, 5. A külső terek tipológiája, 6. Tervezéselmélet. A jelen válogatás a 2., 3., 4. és az 5. fejezet legfontosabb részeit tartalmazza - helyhiány miatt az ábrák nélkül. Az első fejezet a külső tér fenomenológiájával foglalkozik, és a hely (Ort) és a tér (Raum) fogalmának Heidegger-féle kettősségére épül. A fejtegetés kiterjeszti a filozófus híres híd-hasonlatát az építményekre is, amelyek egymással és környezetükkel való potenciális viszonyukban a szolidaritás különböző fokozatait valósítják meg. Míg a hely értelemszerűen statikus jellegű, addig az úton-lét egy másfajta tériséget képvisel. A külső tér az építmények közti viszonyoknak is hordozója, és ezzel a tér egyik fontos, de elhanyagolt dimenziójaként értelmezhető. Mivel a térbeli viszonyok szolidaritása napjainkban csökkenő tendenciát mutat, joggal beszélhetünk „a tér elvesztésének” folyamatáról is; ennek tömör foglalata az amerikai „disjointed incrimentalism” kifejezés. A könyvnek egy másik, itt közölt fejezete az építmények térbeli kontextusának természetével foglalkozik. Az elemzés az angol kontextualista iskolát követve a kontextust egyfajta települési szövedéknek tekinti, amely öt szellemi természetű dimenzió kölcsönhatásában értelmezhető, ez a kaotikus, az organikus, a racionális, az emocionális és a szimbolikus. A tér szervezése olyan morfológiai archetípusokkal is leírható, mint amilyen a halmaz (az elemek esetleges térbeli eloszlása), a csoport (az elemek valamilyen közössége), a tömb (a kettős teleksor), valamint a lineáris és a poláris térszervezés (vagyis a térbeli elemek utcás és centrális jellegű elrendeződése). A tér konkrét szerveződései ezek után a szellemi természetű dimenziók és a morfológiai archetípusok kölcsönhatásaként írhatók le. Az alaklélektan alak-háttér, illetve tömeg-tér viszonyainak felhasználásával a tanulmány megkísérli felállítani a külső terek egyfajta kontextuális tipológiáját is, amelynek alapját nem a terek formai sajátosságai, hanem a települési szövet kontextusában elfoglalt helyzetük képezi.
A koherencia mint a lelki és testi egészség alapvető meghatározója a mai magyar társadalomban
Authors: Skrabski Árpád , Kopp Mária , Rózsa Sándor , Réthelyi János
Published: July 2004

Az ún. salutogenezis modell olyan keretet kínál, amelyben a koherencia élmény bevezetésével lehetőség nyílik az „egész”-ség dinamikus értelmezésére. Vizsgálatunkban a Richard Rahe-féle, az „élet értelme” koherencia kérdőív összefüggéseit vizsgáltuk az egészségi állapottal. A Hungarostudy 2002 felmérés a 18 évesnél idősebb magyar népességet életkor, nem és terület szerint képviseli. 12 640 személlyel vettünk fel otthoni interjút. Az így vizsgált koherencia mutatót az egészségi állapot igen fontos előrejelzőjének találtuk. Ha az adatokat életkor, nem és iskolázottság szerint korrigáltuk, az egészségi állapot önbecslése mintegy 10-szer, a munkaképesség 8-szor jobb, a depresszió valószínűsége 7-szer alacsonyabb volt. Az „élet értelme” mutató igen szoros kapcsolatban áll az önhatékonysággal, a problémaorientált megbirkózással, a társas támogatással, ezzel szemben kevésbé függ az iskolázottságtól, az életkortól és a nemtől.