bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
All those EPPA classes (strengthenings of the Herwig–Lascar theorem)
Authors: Hubička Jan , Konečný Matěj , Nešetřil Jaroslav
Published: July 2022

Let

A

\mathbf {A}

be a finite structure. We say that a finite structure

B

\mathbf {B}

is an extension property for partial automorphisms (EPPA)-witness for

A

\mathbf {A}

if it contains

A

\mathbf {A}

as a substructure and every isomorphism of substructures of

A

\mathbf {A}

extends to an automorphism of

B

\mathbf {B}

. Class

C

\mathcal C

of finite structures has the EPPA (also called the Hrushovski property) if it contains an EPPA-witness for every structure in

C

\mathcal C

.

We develop a systematic framework for combinatorial constructions of EPPA-witnesses satisfying additional local properties and thus for proving EPPA for a given class

C

\mathcal C

. Our constructions are elementary, self-contained and lead to a common strengthening of the Herwig–Lascar theorem on EPPA for relational classes defined by forbidden homomorphisms, the Hodkinson–Otto theorem on EPPA for relational free amalgamation classes, its strengthening for unary functions by Evans, Hubička and Nešetřil and their coherent variants by Siniora and Solecki. We also prove an EPPA analogue of the main results of J. Hubička and J. Nešetřil: All those Ramsey classes (Ramsey classes with closures and forbidden homomorphisms), thereby establishing a common framework for proving EPPA and the Ramsey property.

There are numerous applications of our results, we include a solution of a problem related to a class constructed by the Hrushovski predimension construction. We also characterize free amalgamation classes of finite

Γ

L

\Gamma \!_L

-structures with relations and unary functions which have EPPA.
Gene regulatory network inference methodology for genomic and transcriptomic data acquired in genetically related heterozygote individuals
Authors: Pomiès Lise , Brouard Céline , Duruflé Harold , Maigné Élise , Carré Clément , Gody Louise , Trösser Fulya , Katsirelos George , Mangin Brigitte , Langlade Nicolas B , de Givry Simon
Published: July 2022

Motivation

Inferring gene regulatory networks in non-independent genetically related panels is a methodological challenge. This hampers evolutionary and biological studies using heterozygote individuals such as in wild sunflower populations or cultivated hybrids.

Results

First, we simulated 100 datasets of gene expressions and polymorphisms, displaying the same gene expression distributions, heterozygosities and heritabilities as in our dataset including 173 genes and 353 genotypes measured in sunflower hybrids. Secondly, we performed a meta-analysis based on six inference methods [least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso), Random Forests, Bayesian Networks, Markov Random Fields, Ordinary Least Square and fast inference of networks from directed regulation (Findr)] and selected the minimal density networks for better accuracy with 64 edges connecting 79 genes and 0.35 area under precision and recall (AUPR) score on average. We identified that triangles and mutual edges are prone to errors in the inferred networks. Applied on classical datasets without heterozygotes, our strategy produced a 0.65 AUPR score for one dataset of the DREAM5 Systems Genetics Challenge. Finally, we applied our method to an experimental dataset from sunflower hybrids. We successfully inferred a network composed of 105 genes connected by 106 putative regulations with a major connected component.

Availability and implementation

Our inference methodology dedicated to genomic and transcriptomic data is available at https://forgemia.inra.fr/sunrise/inference_methods.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
British medical bulletin article: resourcing of palliative and end of life care in the UK during the Covid-19 pandemic
Authors: Jackson Mark
Published: July 2022

Introduction

Covid-19 led to a sustained increase in deaths in all four United Kingdom nations, placing strain on the UK’s palliative and end-of-life care sector and raising concerns about the long-term sustainability of the sector’s funding and resourcing model in the face of rising demand for these services in the coming decades.

Sources of data

Published research, Marie Curie, King’s College London Cicely Saunders Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, University of Cambridge, National Statistics, PubMed, DOI.

Areas of agreement

Care for people at the end of their lives is a core part of the UK’s health and care system with demand set to increase significantly as the UK’s population ages.

Areas of controversy

The UK’s funding model for palliative and end-of-life care, with most care delivered by charitable sector providers and reliant on charitable donations, may be unsustainable in the face of increasing demand.

Growing points

The Covid-19 pandemic led to rapid service innovation in palliative and end-of-life care, and providers should assess which of and how these innovations can be retained after the pandemic.

Areas timely for developing research

Although there has been a rapid growth in knowledge during Covid-19, gaps still remain including: the reasons underlying shifts to deaths at home and the implications for family carers; the education needs of the wider healthcare workforce in palliative care; the impact of specialist palliative care services on the wider health system, including hospital admissions and place of death; and inequalities in the experiences of dying, death and bereavement during Covid-19 among groups such as those from lower socioeconomic groups and BAME communities.
P97/VCP ATPase inhibitors can rescue p97 mutation-linked motor neuron degeneration
Authors: Wang F , Li S , Wang T Y , Lopez G A , Antoshechkin I , Chou T F
Published: July 2022

Mutations in p97/VCP cause two motor neuron diseases: inclusion body myopathy associated with Paget disease of bone and frontotemporal dementia and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. How p97 mutations lead to motor neuron degeneration is, however, unknown. Here we used patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells to generate p97 mutant motor neurons. We reduced the genetic background variation by comparing mutant motor neurons to its isogenic wild type lines. Proteomic analysis reveals that p97R155H/+ motor neurons upregulate several cell cycle proteins at Day 14, but this effect diminishes by Day 20. Molecular changes linked to delayed cell cycle exit are observed in p97 mutant motor neurons. We also find that two p97 inhibitors, CB-5083 and NMS-873, restore some dysregulated protein levels. In addition, two p97 inhibitors and a food and drug administration-approved cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor, Abemaciclib, can rescue motor neuron death. Overall, we successfully used iPSC-derived motor neurons, identified dysregulated proteome and transcriptome and showed that p97 inhibitors rescue phenotypes in this disease model.
Retrospective Multicenter Study Comparing Infectious and Noninfectious Aortitis
Authors: Carrer Mathilde , Vignals Carole , Berard Xavier , Caradu Caroline , Battut Anne-Sophie , Stenson Katherine , Neau Didier , Lazaro Estibaliz , Mehlen Maxime , Barret Amaury , Nyamankolly Elsa , Lifermann François , Rispal Patrick , Illes Gabriela , Rouanes Nicolas , Caubet Olivier , Poirot-Mazeres Stéphane , Vareil Marc-Olivier , Alleman Laure , Millon Antoine , Huvelle Ugo , Valour Florent , Ferry Tristan , Cazanave Charles , Puges Mathilde
Published: July 2022

Background

Determining the etiology of aortitis is often challenging, in particular to distinguish infectious aortitis (IA) and noninfectious aortitis (NIA). This study aims to describe and compare the clinical, biological, and radiological characteristics of IA and NIA and their outcomes.

Methods

A multicenter retrospective study was performed in 10 French centers, including patients with aortitis between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2019.

Results

One hundred eighty-three patients were included. Of these, 66 had IA (36.1%); the causative organism was Enterobacterales and streptococci in 18.2% each, Staphylococcus aureus in 13.6%, and Coxiella burnetii in 10.6%. NIA was diagnosed in 117 patients (63.9%), mainly due to vasculitides (49.6%), followed by idiopathic aortitis (39.3%). IA was more frequently associated with aortic aneurysms compared with NIA (78.8% vs 17.6%, P < .001), especially located in the abdominal aorta (69.7% vs 23.1%, P < .001). Crude and adjusted survival were significantly lower in IA compared to NIA (P < .001 and P = .006, respectively). In the IA cohort, high American Society of Anesthesiologists score (hazard ratio [HR], 2.47 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.08–5.66]; P = .033) and free aneurysm rupture (HR, 9.54 [95% CI, 1.04–87.11]; P = .046) were significantly associated with mortality after adjusting for age, sex, and Charlson comorbidity score. Effective empiric antimicrobial therapy, initiated before any microbial documentation, was associated with a decreased mortality (HR, 0.23, 95% CI, .08–.71]; P = .01).

Conclusions

IA was complicated by significantly higher mortality rates compared with NIA. An appropriate initial antibiotic therapy appeared as a protective factor in IA.
Scalable Misinformation Mitigation in Social Networks Using Reverse Sampling
Authors: Simpson Michael , Srinivasan Venkatesh , Thomo Alex
Published: July 2022

We consider misinformation propagating through a social network and study the problem of its prevention. The goal is to identify a set of $k$ users that need to be convinced to adopt a limiting campaign so as to minimize the number of people that end up adopting the misinformation. This work presents Reverse Prevention Sampling (RPS), an algorithm that provides a scalable solution to the misinformation mitigation problem. Our theoretical analysis shows that RPS runs in $O((k + l)(n + m)(\frac{1}{1 - \gamma }) \log n / \epsilon ^2 )$ expected time and returns a $(1 - 1/e - \epsilon )$-approximate solution with at least $1 - n^{-l}$ probability (where $\gamma $ is a typically small network parameter and $l$ is a confidence parameter). The time complexity of RPS substantially improves upon the previously best-known algorithms that run in time $\Omega (m n k \cdot POLY(\epsilon ^{-1}))$. We experimentally evaluate RPS on large datasets and show that it outperforms the state-of-the-art solution by several orders of magnitude in terms of running time. This demonstrates that misinformation mitigation can be made practical while still offering strong theoretical guarantees.
A microbiologist can't let their sourdough die
Authors: Wettstadt Sarah
Published: July 2022

About the scientific life of Judith Behnsen.
Hox genes collaborate with helix–loop–helix factor Grainyhead to promote neuroblast apoptosis along the anterior–posterior axis of the Drosophila larval central nervous system
Authors: Sipani Rashmi , Joshi Rohit
Published: July 2022

Hox genes code for a family of a homeodomain containing transcription factors that use TALE-HD containing factors Pbx/Exd and Meis/Homothorax to specify the development of the anterior–posterior axis of an organism. However, the absence of TALE-HD containing factors from specific tissues emphasizes the need to identify and validate new Hox cofactors. In Drosophila central nervous system, Hox executes segment-specific apoptosis of neural stem cells (neuroblasts) and neurons. In abdominal segments of larval central nervous system, Hox gene Abdominal-A mediates neuroblast apoptosis with the help of Extradenticle and bHLH factor Grainyhead using a 717-bp apoptotic enhancer. In this study, we show that this enhancer is critical for abdominal neuroblast apoptosis and relies on 2 separable set of DNA-binding motifs responsible for its initiation and maintenance. Our results also show that Abdominal-A and Grainyhead interact through their highly conserved DNA-binding domains, and the DNA-binding specificity of Abdominal-A-homeodomain is important for it to interact with Grainyhead and essential for it to execute neuroblast apoptosis in central nervous system. We also establish that Grainyhead is required for Hox-dependent neuroblast apoptosis in Labial and Sex Combs Reduced expressing regions of the central nervous system, and it can physically interact with all the Hox proteins in vitro. Our biochemical and functional data collectively support the idea that Grainyhead can function as a Hox cofactor and help them carry out their in vivo roles during development.
The Caenorhabditis elegans ASPP homolog APE-1 is a junctional protein phosphatase 1 modulator
Authors: Beacham Gwendolyn M , Wei Derek T , Beyrent Erika , Zhang Ying , Zheng Jian , Camacho Mari M K , Florens Laurence , Hollopeter Gunther
Published: July 2022

How serine/threonine phosphatases are spatially and temporally tuned by regulatory subunits is a fundamental question in cell biology. Ankyrin repeat, SH3 domain, proline-rich-region-containing proteins are protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit binding partners associated with cardiocutaneous diseases. Ankyrin repeat, SH3 domain, proline-rich-region-containing proteins localize protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit to cell–cell junctions, but how ankyrin repeat, SH3 domain, proline-rich-region-containing proteins localize and whether they regulate protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit activity in vivo is unclear. Through a Caenorhabditis elegans genetic screen, we find that loss of the ankyrin repeat, SH3 domain, proline-rich-region-containing protein homolog, APE-1, suppresses a pathology called “jowls,” providing us with an in vivo assay for APE-1 activity. Using immunoprecipitations and mass spectrometry, we find that APE-1 binds the protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit called GSP-2. Through structure–function analysis, we discover that APE-1’s N-terminal half directs the APE-1–GSP-2 complex to intercellular junctions. Additionally, we isolated mutations in highly conserved residues of APE-1’s ankyrin repeats that suppress jowls yet do not preclude GSP-2 binding, implying APE-1 does more than simply localize GSP-2. Indeed, in vivo reconstitution of APE-1 suggests the ankyrin repeats modulate phosphatase output, a function we find to be conserved among vertebrate homologs.
Factors Influencing Older Persons’ Transitions to Facility-Based Care Settings: A Scoping Review
Authors: Tate Kaitlyn , Bailey Stephanie , Deschenes Sadie , Grabusic Carmen , Cummings Greta G
Published: July 2022

Background and Objectives

Older adults (≥65 years) are living longer with complex health needs and wish to remain at home as their care needs change. We aimed to determine which factors influence older persons’ transitions from home living to facility-based care (FBC) settings such as long-term care facilities or assisted living.

Research Design and Methods

Through a scoping review of 7 databases, we considered all academic literature examining factors influencing transitions from home living to FBC. Only English articles were reviewed. Based on the Meleis’ Health Transition (MHT) model, we categorized findings into: (a) transition conditions; (b) patterns of response; and (c) health services and interventions.

Results

We included 204 unique studies. Age, cognitive/functional impairments, and caregiver burden were the most consistent risk factors for older persons’ transitions to FBC. Caregiver burden was the only consistent risk factor in both quantitative and qualitative literature. Other factors around health service use or nonmedical factors were examined in a small number of studies, or demonstrated mixed or nonsignificant results. Key research gaps relate to transitions to intermediate levels of FBC, research in public health systems, and research employing qualitative and interventional methods.

Discussion and Implications

We expanded the MHT model to capture informal caregivers and their critical role in transitions from home to FBC settings. More research is needed to address practical needs of clients and caregivers while at home, and self-directed care funding models could be expanded. Theory-driven interventional research focusing on caregivers and successful hospital discharge is critically needed.
Inferring the rheology of the crust from the uplift observed above the Altiplano-Puna Magma Body
Authors: Sgreva Nicolò R , Massmeyer Anna , Davaille Anne
Published: July 2022

Geophysical imaging techniques together with numerical models have shown that the surface uplift measured above the Altiplano-Puna Magma Body (APMB) can be explained by the presence and propagation of a diapir from the top of the APMB itself. In this work, we model deformation that characterizes the crustal region above and around APMB through the use of a viscoplastic rheology. That is, we assume that at large scale the crust that surround the magmatic mushy diapir behaves as a yield-stress fluid described by the Herschel–Bulkley (HB) model, whereby motion develops only when the local deviatoric stress is greater than a critical value, the yield stress. In this scenario, laboratory and numerical results show that there are two main critical conditions needed for the growth and subsequent rise of a diapir: (1) the ratio between the yield stress and viscous stresses, namely the Bingham number Bi, has to be less than 1, that is Bi ≤ 1 and (2) the ratio between buoyancy stresses and the yield stress, namely the inverse Yield number Yinv, has to be larger than a critical value $Y_{{\rm inv}_C}$. Using these two conditions allows us to estimate the bulk rheological properties of the heterogeneous crust above APMB as a function of the diapir’s size and density contrast with the crust. For the development of a 10–100 km wide diapir, 100–400 kg m–3 lighter than the surrounding crust, the crust yield stress should range between 0.5 and 15 MPa. Then, the regional uplift velocity measured at the surface implies a strain rate greater than ∼10−15–10−16 s−1 and a crust maximum bulk effective viscosity of ηc=1021 Pa.s.
Clostridium difficile Infection in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis Treated with Tofacitinib in the Ulcerative Colitis Program
Authors: Loftus Edward V , Baumgart Daniel C , Gecse Krisztina , Kinnucan Jami A , Connelly Susan B , Salese Leonardo , Su Chinyu , Kwok Kenneth K , Woolcott John C , Armuzzi Alessandro
Published: July 2022

Background

Tofacitinib is an oral, small molecule Janus kinase inhibitor for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). Patients with inflammatory bowel disease are susceptible to Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Here, we evaluate CDI in the tofacitinib UC clinical program.

Methods

Events from 4 randomized, placebo-controlled studies (phase [P] 2 or P3 induction [NCT00787202; NCT01465763; NCT01458951], P3 maintenance [NCT01458574]) and an open-label, long-term extension (OLE) study (NCT01470612), were analyzed as 3 cohorts: Induction (P2/P3 induction), Maintenance (P3 maintenance), and Overall (patients receiving tofacitinib 5 or 10 mg twice daily [BID] in P2, P3, and OLE studies; including final data from the OLE study, as of August 24, 2020). Proportions and incidence rates (unique patients with events per 100 patient-years of exposure) of CDI were evaluated.

Results

The overall cohort comprised 1157 patients who received ≥1 dose of tofacitinib 5 or 10 mg BID, with a total of 2814.4 patient-years of tofacitinib exposure and up to 7.8 years of treatment. A total of 82.6% of patients received predominantly tofacitinib 10 mg BID. In the induction, maintenance, and overall cohorts, 3 (2 tofacitinib treated, 1 placebo treated), 3 (all placebo treated), and 9 patients had CDI, respectively; the overall cohort incidence rate was 0.31 (95% confidence interval, 0.14-0.59). CDI were all mild–moderate in severity and resolved with treatment in 8 patients. Six of 9 patients continued tofacitinib treatment without interruption. Two patients had events reported as serious due to hospitalization. Two patients were receiving corticosteroids when the CDI occurred.

Conclusion

CDIs among patients with UC receiving tofacitinib were infrequent, cases were mild–moderate in severity, and most resolved with treatment.
Indirect Costs of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Comparison of Patient-Reported Outcomes Across 12 European Countries
Authors: Holko Przemysław , Kawalec Paweł , Sajak-Szczerba Magdalena , Avedano Luisa , Mossakowska Małgorzata
Published: July 2022

Background

National studies report a high variability of indirect costs of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this study, selected aspects of the societal burden of IBDs were compared between 12 European countries.

Methods

A questionnaire-based study among adult patients with IBD was performed. Data on patient characteristics, productivity loss, and informal care were collected. The costs of productivity loss were assessed from the social perspective. The cost of absenteeism and presenteeism was valuated using the gross domestic product per worker. Informal care was measured by time inputs of relatives and friends to assist patients. Productivity loss among informal caregivers outside their paid work was valuated with the average wage. The results were adjusted for confounders and multiplicity.

Results

Responses from 3687 patients (67% employed) were analyzed. Regular activity (outside paid work) impairment did not differ between countries, but a significant difference in informal care and productivity loss was observed. There were no differences in indirect costs between the types of IBD across the countries. The mean annual cost of absenteeism, presenteeism, and informal care varied from €1253 (Bulgaria) to €7915 (Spain), from €2149 (Bulgaria) to €14 524 (Belgium), and from €1729 (Poland) to €12 063 (Italy), respectively. Compared with patients with active disease, those with IBD in remission showed a lower indirect cost by 54% (presenteeism, P < .001) or 75% (absenteeism, informal care, P < .001).

Conclusions

The study showed a high relevance of the indirect cost of IBD in the context of economic evaluation, as well as a between-country variability of work-related impairment or informal care.
Tofacitinib for the Treatment of Pouch-Related Disorders: A Case Series
Authors: Dalal Rahul S , Bains Kanwal , Marcus Jenna , McClure Emma L , Allegretti Jessica R
Published: July 2022

Lay Summary

In this case series, 6 patients with chronic pouchitis (n = 3), cuffitis (n = 2), or Crohn’s-like disease of the pouch (n = 1) were treated with tofacitinib. One patient achieved clinical response; however, all patients ultimately discontinued therapy due to nonresponse or adverse events.
Autologous free tissue transfer in paediatric patient with a univentricular heart
Authors: Jacobi Felix J , Jacobi Simon F , Kari Fabian A , Eisenhardt Steffen U
Published: July 2022

We report on the case of a 30-month-old boy who developed severe deep cervical necrosis after bypass surgery for total cavopulmonary connection, followed by low-cardiac output and extracorporeal life support. As several bedside debridements failed to result in sufficient wound healing, a 2-stage necrectomy followed by autologous reconstruction with a free anterolateral thigh-flap was required. Due to impaired circulation, postoperative flap monitoring was extremely difficult. To ensure flap perfusion, mean arterial pressure had to be raised by catecholamines over 7 days.
The Influence of the EU on UK Labour Law—Before and After Brexit
Authors: Syrpis Phil
Published: July 2022

This article examines the influence of the EU over UK labour law, before and after Brexit. It compares the influence of the EU within the internal market with that under the UK–EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) agreed in December 2020. It focuses both on the different mechanisms through which labour law standards may be enforced before and after Brexit, and, in particular, on the extent to which the internal market case law of the Court of Justice (CJEU) may be utilised by labour lawyers seeking to apply the ‘level playing field’ provisions of the TCA. Given the structure of the EU Treaties and the TCA, arguments for high labour standards within the EU and in trade agreements signed by the EU, are more likely to be successful not where they are based on autonomous social arguments, but instead where labour and trade law arguments are combined.
Fifteen-Month Follow-Up of Anti-Spike Receptor-Binding Domain SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies among Healthcare Workers in Boston, MA
Authors: Dodge Maura C , Cole Manisha , Duffy Elizabeth R , Werler Martha M , Kataria Yachana
Published: July 2022

Background

Boston Medical Center (BMC) is a safety net hospital in Boston, and from the initial wave of COVID-19 there has been an overwhelming concern about the exposure of healthcare workers (HCWs) to SARS-CoV-2.

Methods

We conceived a study to follow a cohort of BMC HCWs, beginning in July 2020 and continuing for 15 months, collecting survey data and serum samples at approximately 3-month intervals. Serum samples were analyzed using the Abbott Architect i2000 for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (anti-spike1-Receptor Binding Domain IgG and anti-nucleoprotein IgG). Positive anti-n IgG results were used, in addition to reverse transcription-PCR results, for identifying cases of infection. History of COVID-19 and vaccination status were confirmed, where possible, using electronic medical records. Participants were grouped according to vaccination and infection status in September 2021 for analysis of anti-s IgG trends.

Results

A majority of HCWs remain well above the positivity threshold for anti-spike IgG antibodies for up to 11 months post-vaccination and 15 months post-infection, regardless of combinations and permutations of vaccination and infection. Those with COVID-19 infection before vaccination had significantly higher median serum antibody concentrations in comparison to HCWs with no prior infection at each follow-up time point.

Conclusions

These findings further support what is known regarding the decline in serum antibody concentrations following natural infection and vaccination, adding knowledge of serum antibody levels for up to 15 months post- infection and 11 months post-vaccination.
Adipose tissue thermogenesis by calcium futile cycling
Authors: Ikeda Kenji , Yamada Tetsuya
Published: July 2022

Brown and beige adipocytes produce heat and control systemic energy via non-shivering thermogenesis. Historically, thermogenesis in brown and beige adipocytes was thought to be exclusively through a mitochondria-localized protein, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). However, recent studies identified UCP1-independent thermogenic mechanisms in adipocytes. Importantly, UCP1-independent pathways significantly contribute to systemic energy and glucose homeostasis. The finding of UCP1-independent mechanisms provided new opportunities to target the pathways in vivo. In this review, we discuss the current understandings of thermogenic mechanisms in adipocytes with a focus on Ca2+ futile cycling.
Teaching, sharing experience, and innovation in cultural transmission
Authors: Tilston Ottilie , Bangerter Adrian , Tylén Kristian
Published: July 2022

Teaching is widely understood to have an important role in cultural transmission. But cultural transmission experiments typically do not document or analyse what happens during teaching. Here, we examine the content of teaching during skill transmission under two conditions: in the presence of the artefact (no-displacement condition) and in the absence of the artefact (displacement condition). Participants built baskets from various materials to carry as much rice as possible before teaching the next participant in line. The efficacy of baskets increased over generations in both conditions, and higher performing baskets were more frequently copied; however, the weight of rice transported did not differ between conditions. Displacement affected the choice of strategy by increasing innovation. Teachers shared personal experience more to discuss non-routine events (those departing from expectations) than they did other types of teaching, especially in the presence of the artefact. Exposure to non-routine experience sharing during teaching increased subsequent innovation, supporting the idea that sharing experience through activities such as storytelling serves a sensemaking function in teaching. This study thus provides experimental evidence that sharing experience is a useful teaching method in the context of manual skill transmission.
Analysis of boron neutron capture reaction sensitivity using Monte Carlo simulation and proposal of a new dosimetry index in boron neutron capture therapy
Authors: Takeno Satoshi , Tanaka Hiroki , Ono Koji , Mizowaki Takashi , Suzuki Minoru
Published: July 2022

Boron neutron capture therapy is a cellular-scale heavy-particle therapy. The factor determining the biological effects in the boron neutron capture reaction (BNCR) is the value of ${\alpha}_{boron}$, which is the alpha component in the Linear Quadratic (LQ) model. Recently, the factor determining the value of ${\alpha}_{boron}$ has been revealed to correspond to the structural features of the tumor tissue. However, the relationship and mechanism have yet to be thoroughly studied. In this study, we simulated BNCR in tissues using the Monte Carlo simulation technique and examined the factors that determine the value of ${\alpha}_{boron}$. According to this simulation, the nuclear-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio, nuclear diameter and heterogeneity of the distribution of boron in the tissue have been suggested to determine the value of ${\alpha}_{boron}$. Moreover, we proposed Biological Effectivity (BE) as a new dosimetry index based on the surviving fraction (SF), extending the concept of absolute biological effectiveness (ABE) in a previous report.
The Constructive Influence of the Homeland in Refugee Organizing: Darfurian Asylum Seekers in Israel
Authors: Richlen Lisa
Published: July 2022

Refugee community organizations (RCOs) typically engage with hostland governments, non-profit organizations, and international agencies. To do this, RCOs adopt norms and standards valued by hostland actors. Research assumes that this engagement should be one of the central functions of RCOs; it focuses on the ways in which these agencies influence RCOs including how to make this relationship more productive. Yet, these agencies do not have a meaningful influence in the case study examined here—Sudanese Darfurian RCOs in Israel. Tracing community organizing for over a decade, this article demonstrates that norms from the homeland have become increasingly influential. Simultaneously, there has been a tremendous amount of organizational stability. This article argues that adoption of management structures which are familiar and trusted from the homeland can enhance organizational credibility. This, in turn, facilitates relatively high levels of organizational longevity and satisfaction amongst constituents.
A Bayesian approach to high fidelity interferometric calibration − II: demonstration with simulated data
Authors: Sims Peter H , Pober Jonathan C , Sievers Jonathan L
Published: July 2022

In a companion paper, we presented bayescal, a mathematical formalism for mitigating sky-model incompleteness in interferometric calibration. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of bayescal to calibrate the degenerate gain parameters of full-Stokes simulated observations with a HERA-like hexagonal close-packed redundant array, for three assumed levels of completeness of the a priori known component of the calibration sky model. We compare the bayescal calibration solutions to those recovered by calibrating the degenerate gain parameters with only the a priori known component of the calibration sky model both with and without imposing physically motivated priors on the gain amplitude solutions and for two choices of baseline length range over which to calibrate. We find that bayescal provides calibration solutions with up to 4 orders of magnitude lower power in spurious gain amplitude fluctuations than the calibration solutions derived for the same data set with the alternate approaches, and between ∼107 and ∼1010 times smaller than in the mean degenerate gain amplitude, on the full range of spectral scales accessible in the data. Additionally, we find that in the scenarios modelled only bayescal has sufficiently high fidelity calibration solutions for unbiased recovery of the 21-cm power spectrum on large spectral scales (k∥ ≲ 0.15 hMpc−1). In all other cases, in the completeness regimes studied, those scales are contaminated.
A Roche lobe-filling hot subdwarf and white dwarf binary: possible detection of an ejected common envelope
Authors: Li Jiangdan , Onken Christopher A , Wolf Christian , Németh Péter , Bessell Mike , Li Zhenwei , Zhang Xiaobin , Li Jiao , Wang Luqian , Li Lifang , Luo Yangping , Chen Hailiang , Ji Kaifan , Chen Xuefei , Han Zhanwen
Published: July 2022

Binaries consisting of a hot subdwarf star and an accreting white dwarf (WD) are sources of gravitational wave radiation at low frequencies and possible progenitors of Type Ia supernovae if the WD mass is large enough. Here, we report the discovery of the third binary known of this kind: It consists of a hot subdwarf O (sdO) star and a WD with an orbital period of 3.495 h and an orbital shrinkage of 0.1 s in 6 yr. The sdO star overfills its Roche lobe and likely transfers mass to the WD via an accretion disc. From spectroscopy, we obtain an effective temperature of $T_{\mathrm{eff}}=54\, 240\pm 1840$ K and a surface gravity of log g = 4.841 ± 0.108 for the sdO star. From the light curve analysis, we obtain an sdO mass of MsdO = 0.55 M⊙ and a mass ratio of q = MWD/MsdO = 0.738 ± 0.001. Also, we estimate that the disc has a radius of $\sim\!0.41\ \mathrm{R}_\odot$ and a thickness of $\sim\!0.18\ \mathrm{R}_\odot$. The origin of this binary is probably a common envelope ejection channel, where the progenitor of the sdO star is either a red giant branch star or, more likely, an early asymptotic giant branch star; the sdO star will subsequently evolve into a WD and merge with its WD companion, likely resulting in an R Coronae Borealis (R CrB) star. The outstanding feature in the spectrum of this object is strong Ca H&K lines, which are blueshifted by ∼200 km s−1 and likely originate from the recently ejected common envelope, and we estimated that the remnant common envelope (CE) material in the binary system has a density $\sim\!6\times 10^{-10}\ {\rm g\, cm}^{-3}$.
Understanding the ‘feeble giant’ Crater II with tidally stretched wave dark matter
Authors: Pozo Alvaro , Broadhurst Tom , Emami Razieh , Smoot George
Published: July 2022

The unusually large ‘dwarf’ galaxy Crater II, with its small velocity dispersion, ≃3 km s−1, defies expectations that low-mass galaxies should be small and dense. We combine the latest stellar and velocity dispersion profiles finding Crater II has a prominent dark core of radius $\simeq 0.71^{+0.09}_{-0.08}$ kpc, surrounded by a low density halo, with a transition visible between the core and the halo. We show that this profile matches the distinctive core-halo profile predicted by ‘Wave Dark Matter’ as a Bose-Einstein condensate, ψDM, where the ground state soliton core is surrounded by a tenuous halo of interfering waves, with a marked density transition predicted between the core and halo. Similar core-halo structure is seen in most dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs), but with smaller cores, ≃0.25 kpc and higher velocity dispersions, ≃9 km s−1, and we argue here that Crater II may have been a typical dSph that has lost most of its halo mass to tidal stripping, so its velocity dispersion is lower by a factor of 3 and the soliton is wider by a factor of 3, following the inverse scaling required by the Uncertainty Principle. This tidal solution for Crater II in the context of ψDM is supported by its small pericenter of ≃20 kpc established by Gaia, implying significant tidal stripping of Crater II by the Milky Way is expected.
Forming short period sub-stellar companions in 47 Tucanae – II. Analytical expressions for the orbital evolution of planets in dense environments
Authors: Winter Andrew J , Clarke Cathie J , Rosotti Giovanni , Giersz Mirek
Published: July 2022

Short period, massive planets, known as hot Jupiters (HJs), have been discovered around ∼1 per cent of local field stars. The inward migration necessary to produce HJs may be ‘low eccentricity’, due to torques in the primordial disc, or ‘high eccentricity’ (HEM). The latter involves exciting high orbital eccentricity, allowing sufficiently close passages with the host star to raise circularizing tides in the planet. We present an analytical framework for quantifying the role of dynamical encounters in high density environments during HEM. We show that encounters can enhance or suppress HEM, depending on the local stellar density and the initial semimajor axis a0. For moderate densities, external perturbations can excite large eccentricities that allow a planet to circularize over the stellar lifetime. At extremely high densities, these perturbations can instead result in tidal disruption of the planet, thus yielding no HJ. This may explain the apparent excess of HJs in M67 compared with their local field star abundance versus their apparent deficit in 47 Tuc. Applying our analytical framework, we demonstrate that for an initial massive planet population similar to the field, the expected HJ occurrence rate in 47 Tuc is fHJ = 2.2 × 10−3, which remains consistent with present constraints. Future large (sample sizes ≳105) or sensitive transit surveys of stars in globular clusters are required to refute the hypothesis that the initial planet population is similar to the solar neighbourhood average. Non-detection in such surveys would have broad consequences for planet formation theory, implying planet formation rates in globular clusters must be suppressed across a wide range of a0.
Stratospheric clouds do not impede JWST transit spectroscopy for exoplanets with Earth-like atmospheres
Authors: Doshi Dhvani , Cowan Nicolas B , Huang Yi
Published: July 2022

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will provide an opportunity to investigate the atmospheres of potentially habitable planets. Aerosols significantly mute molecular features in transit spectra because they prevent light from probing the deeper layers of the atmosphere. Earth occasionally has stratospheric/high tropospheric clouds at 15–20 km that could substantially limit the observable depth of the underlying atmosphere. We use solar occultations of Earth’s atmosphere to create synthetic JWST transit spectra of Earth analogues orbiting dwarf stars. Unlike previous investigations, we consider both clear and cloudy sightlines from the SCISAT satellite. We find that the maximum difference in effective thickness of the atmosphere between a clear and globally cloudy atmosphere is 8.5 km at 2.28  $\mu$m, with a resolution of 0.02 $\mu$m. After incorporating the effects of refraction and Pandexo’s noise modelling, we find that JWST would not be able to detect Earth-like stratospheric clouds if an exo-Earth was present in the TRAPPIST-1 system, as the cloud spectrum differs from the clear spectrum by a maximum of 10 ppm. These stratospheric clouds are also not robustly detected by TauREx when performing spectral retrieval for a cloudy TRAPPIST-1 planet. However, if an Earth-sized planet were to orbit in a white dwarf’s habitable zone, then we predict that JWST’s NIRSpec would be able to detect its stratospheric clouds after only four transits. We conclude that stratospheric clouds would not impede JWST transit spectroscopy or the detection of biosignatures for Earth-like atmospheres.
A new Monte Carlo radiative transfer simulation of cyclotron resonant scattering features
Authors: Kumar Sandeep , Bala Suman , Bhattacharya Dipankar
Published: July 2022

We present a new Monte Carlo radiative transfer code, which we have used to model the cyclotron line features in the environment of a variable magnetic field and plasma density. The code accepts an input continuum and performs only the line transfer by including the three cyclotron resonant processes (cyclotron absorption, cyclotron emission, cyclotron scattering). Subsequently, the effects of gravitational redshift and light bending on the emergent spectra are computed. We have applied our code to predict the observable spectra from three different emission geometries; (1) an optically thin slab near the stellar surface, (2) an accretion mound formed by the accumulation of the accreted matter, (3) an accretion column representing the zone of a settling flow on to the star. Our results show that the locally emergent spectra from the emission volume are significantly anisotropic. However, in the presence of strong light bending the anisotropy reduces considerably. This averaging also drastically reduces the strength of harmonics higher than second in the observable cyclotron spectra. We find that uniform field slabs produce line features that are too narrow, and mounds with large magnetic distortions produce features that are too wide compared to the average widths of the spectral features observed from various sources. The column with a gently varying (dipole) field produces widths in the intermediate range, similar to those observed.
The 2022 encounter of the outburst material from comet 73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 3
Authors: Ye (叶泉志) Quanzhi , Vaubaillon Jérémie
Published: July 2022

The encounter of the meteoric material from 73P/Schmassmann–Wachmann 3 produced during the comet’s 1995 outburst in May 2022 provides a rare and valuable opportunity to understand a fragmenting comet. Here, we explore various ejection configurations and their impact on the meteor outburst detected in the early hours of ut 2022 May 31. We show that the dust must have been ejected ∼4 to 5× faster than calculated by water-ice sublimation model to best match the observed meteor activity. As only a small subset of particles with a narrow range of cross-section is expected to have reached the Earth, the large spread of meteor brightness likely indicates the presence of large but porous meteoroids in the trail. Other effects such as an enhanced lunar sodium tail and a visible glow from the meteoroid trail may have also occurred during the encounter.
Burden of Cancer and Utilization of Local Surgical Treatment Services in Rural Hospitals of Ethiopia: A Retrospective Assessment from 2014 to 2019
Authors: Wondimagegnehu Abigiya , Negash Bereded Fekadu , Assefa Mathewos , Teferra Solomon , Zebrack Bradley , Addissie Adamu , Kantelhardt Eva J
Published: July 2022

Background

Global cancer estimations for Ethiopia announced 77 352 new cases in 2020 based on the only population-based registry in Addis Ababa. This study characterizes cancer patients in rural Ethiopia at 8 primary and secondary hospitals between 2014 and 2019.

Patients and Methods

All clinically or pathologically confirmed cancer cases that were diagnosed between 1 May 2014 and 29 April 2019 were included. A structured data extraction tool was used to retrospectively review patients’ charts and descriptive analysis was done.

Results

A total of 1298 cancer cases were identified, of which three-fourths were females with a median age of 42 years. Breast (38%) and cervical (29%) cancers were the most common among females, while prostate (19%) and oesophageal cancers (16%) were the most common among males. Only 39% of tumors were pathologically confirmed. Nearly two-thirds of the cases were diagnosed at an advanced stage. Surgery was the only accessible treatment option for more than half of the cancer patients, and systemic treatment (except endocrine) was rarely available. One in 5 patients did not receive the recommended surgical procedure, half due to patient refusal or lack of the patient returning to the hospital.

Conclusion

The pattern of cancer diagnoses in rural hospitals shows an exceptionally high burden in women in their middle-ages due to breast and cervical cancers. Advanced stage presentation, lack of pathology services, and unavailability of most systemic treatment options were common. The surgery was offered to nearly 60% of the patients, showing the significant efforts of health workers to reduce sufferings.
Wall Street and Silicon Valley: A Delicate Interaction
Authors: Angeletos George-Marios , Lorenzoni Guido , Pavan Alessandro
Published: July 2022

Entrepreneurs and venture capitalists are concerned about investors’ beliefs in asset markets because these beliefs shape the value of a potential IPO and the possibility to expand. Investors’ beliefs, on the other hand, can be influenced by start-up activity insofar as the latter contains valuable information about eventual profitability. This two-way feedback is shown to generate excessive, non-fundamental, waves in start-up activity, IPOs, and asset prices. Policies that “lean against the wind” can improve welfare, without requiring an informational advantage by the government.
IL-17A and TNF synergistically drive expression of proinflammatory mediators in synovial fibroblasts via IκBζ-dependent induction of ELF3
Authors: Kouri Vesa-Petteri , Olkkonen Juri , Nurmi Katariina , Peled Nitai , Ainola Mari , Mandelin Jami , Nordström Dan C , Eklund Kari K
Published: July 2022

Objective

IL-17A and TNF act in synergy to induce proinflammatory mediators in synovial fibroblasts thus contributing to diseases associated with chronic arthritis. Many of these factors are regulated by transcription factor E74-like factor-3 (ELF3). Therefore, we sought to investigate ELF3 as a downstream target of IL-17A and TNF signalling and to characterize its role in the molecular mechanism of synergy between IL-17A and TNF.

Methods

Regulation of ELF3 expression by IL-17A and TNF was studied in synovial fibroblasts of RA and OA patients and RA synovial explants. Signalling leading to ELF3 mRNA induction and the impact of ELF3 on the response to IL-17A and TNF were studied using siRNA, transient overexpression and signalling inhibitors in synovial fibroblasts and HEK293 cells.

Results

ELF3 was marginally affected by IL-17A or TNF alone, but their combination resulted in high and sustained expression. ELF3 expression was regulated by the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ), but its induction required synthesis of the NF-κB co-factor IκB (inhibitor of NF-κB) ζ. siRNA-mediated depletion of ELF3 attenuated the induction of cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases by the combination of IL-17A and TNF. Overexpression of ELF3 or IκBζ showed synergistic effect with TNF in upregulating expression of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 8 (CCL8), and depletion of ELF3 abrogated CCL8 mRNA induction by the combination of IκBζ overexpression and TNF.

Conclusion

Altogether, our results establish ELF3 as an important mediator of the synergistic effect of IL-17A and TNF in synovial fibroblasts. The findings provide novel information of the pathogenic mechanisms of IL-17A in chronic arthritis and implicate ELF3 as a potential therapeutic target.
Gate Fees: The Pervasive Effect of IPO Restrictions on Chinese Equity Markets
Authors: Lee Charles M C , Qu Yuanyu , Shen Tao
Published: July 2022

From 2007 to 2020, unlisted Chinese firms paid an average of over US $500 million to listed firms for their shell value in reverse merger transactions. We show that this large shadow price for a public listing sheds light on other features of Chinese markets, including (i) near-zero mortality rates, (ii) frequent major-asset restructurings (MARs), (iii) insensitivity of small-firm prices to corporate earnings, and (iv) a large size effect. A firm-level measure of expected shell probability (ESP) predicts stock returns, MARs, earnings-to-price sensitivity, and short-window returns to initial public offering-related regulatory news. Furthermore, adding ESP to existing pricing models for Chinese stocks significantly improves model performance.