bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reflections on Contemporary South American Democracies
Authors: O'DONNELL GUILLERMO
Published: July 2002

The occasion of honouring the memory of John Brooks, a great friend of
Latin America, has helped me vanquish my initial reluctance to tackle a
topic that is as broad, varied and still open-ended as the present situation
of democracy in South America. As a first measure of my limitations, with
the exception of some references to Costa Rica and Mexico, I will not
discuss Central America and the Caribbean, not because I feel these
regions are unimportant but because, simply, I do not know enough
about them. However, when I feel that I am on sufficiently solid ground
so as to refer to Latin America as a whole, I will do so.

I begin by noting that in contemporary South America some countries
satisfy the definition of political democracy. Those countries share two
main characteristics. One is that they hold elections under universal adult
franchise that, at least at the national level, are reasonably fair and
competitive. These are standard criteria in the political science literature.
However, having in mind the experience of Latin America and elsewhere
in the third world, I believe that we should add that such elections must
be institutionalised. By this I mean that all relevant actors expect that
elections of this kind will continue being held in the indefinite future so,
whether they like or not, it is rational for them to play democracy, not
coup-making or insurrection. We should also stipulate that these elections
are decisive, in the sense that those who are elected do occupy the
respective offices and end their terms in the constitutionally prescribed
way; they are not, as it has happened too often in Latin America,
prevented from occupying office or thrown out of it because some supra-constitutional power feels that they are the ‘wrong people’.

The second characteristic is the enjoyment of certain political rights,
especially of opinion, expression, association, movement and access to
a reasonably free and pluralist media. Of course, these and other rights
are important per se; in addition, they are instrumental – necessary
conditions – for the effectuation of the kind of elections I have just
specified.
Rural weekly markets and the dynamics of time, space and community in Senegal
Authors: Perry Donna
Published: July 2002

This article examines reciprocal relations among Wolof small farmers in
Senegal after the emergence of rural weekly markets (loumas) and the implementation
of neoliberal policies in the 1980s. Contrary to the notion that
markets are a force of social dissolution, new trading practices and free market
policies have not weakened community relations among small farmer
neighbours and kin. Rather, the spatial and temporal patterning of loumas
has served to strengthen intra-community bonds. Farmers have, since the
formation of loumas, limited their travel beyond their home zones. While at
loumas they interact avidly with extralocal merchants, they have not allowed
outsiders to settle permanently in local villages. Furthermore, because loumas
occur only once a week, farmers continue to benefit from daily, multiplex
interactions with one another. After analysing the spatial and temporal organisation
of loumas, this article looks at specific examples of small farmers
augmenting their economic security during a period of economic restructuration
by innovating new modes of reciprocal exchange with one another.
On general transformations and variational principles for the
magnetohydrodynamics of ideal fluids. Part III. Stability criteria for
axisymmetric flows
Authors: VLADIMIROV V. A. , MOFFATT H. K. , ILIN K. I.
Published: July 2002

The general theory developed in Part I of the present series is
here applied to
axisymmetric solutions of the equations governing the magnetohydrodynamics
of ideal incompressible fluids. We first show a helpful analogy between
axisymmetric MHD flows and flows of a stratified fluid in the Boussinesq
approximation. We then construct a general Casimir as an integral of an
arbitrary function of two conserved fields, namely the vector potential
of the
magnetic field and the scalar field associated with the ‘modified
vorticity field’,
the additional frozen-in field introduced in Part I. Using this Casimir,
sufficient
conditions for linear stability to axisymmetric perturbations are obtained
by
standard Arnold techniques. We exploit Arnold's method to obtain sufficient
conditions for nonlinear (Lyapunov) stability of the MHD flows considered.
The
appropriate norm is a sum of the magnetic and kinetic energies and the
mean
square vector potential of the magnetic field.
Three-dimensional nonlinear mode coupling of
the double-tearing instability
Authors: DENG X. H. , WANG J. F. , ZHANG B. C. , CHEN Z. G.
Published: July 2002

The nonlinear development of the double-tearing instability and
the mode
coupling of different helicities are investigated numerically in cylindrical
geometry. The results show that double-tearing instability arises with
a
central-hollow current-density profile, and the coupling of different
low-poloidal mode
numbers m leads to rapid destabilization of modes with higher
poloidal mode
numbers. This instability ultimately leads to the resistive reconnection
of parts
of the fluxes and reduces the current gradient in the unstable region.
It seems
likely that this process would accelerate current penetration in the tokamak
start-up phase, and it also possibly plays an important role in the triggering
of
solar flares.
Oblique collision of plane ion acoustic solitons
in a multicomponent plasma with negative ions
Authors: BAILUNG H. , NAKAMURA Y.
Published: July 2002

The resonant interaction of compressive and rarefactive ion acoustic
solitons is
studied experimentally in a multicomponent plasma containing additional

negative-ion species. With increasing concentration of negative ions, the

resonance amplitude increases for compressive ion acoustic solitons when
the
angle of collision is fixed. When the negative-ion concentration is larger
than a
critical value, the rarefactive ion acoustic solitons undergo resonant
interaction
for a lower resonance amplitude. Theoretical predictions of the
Korteweg–de Vries equation agree with experimental findings.
Three-dimensional electromagnetic relativistic
particle-in-cell code VLPL
(Virtual Laser Plasma Lab)
Authors: PUKHOV A.
Published: July 2002

The three-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) code VLPL (Virtual Laser Plasma Lab)
allows, for the first time, direct fully electromagnetic simulations of relativistic
laser–plasma interactions. Physical results on relativistic self-focusing in under-dense plasma are presented. It is shown that background plasma electrons are
accelerated to multi-MeV energies and 104 T magnetic fields are generated in the
process of self-focusing at high laser intensities. This physics is crucial for the fast
ignitor concept in inertial confinement fusion. Advances in the numerical PIC
algorithm used in the code VLPL are reviewed here.
One-dimensional multifluid plasma models.
Part 1. Fundamentals
Authors: BACHMANN P. , SÜNDER D.
Published: July 2002

This paper is concerned with one-dimensional and time-dependent multifluid
plasma models derived from multifluid MHD equations. In order to reduce the
number of equations to be solved, the impurities are described in the framework
of the average ion approach without restricting the impurity densities to be small
compared with the hydrogen plasma density. Equalizing the plasma temperatures
and adopting the condition of quasineutrality, we arrive at a three-fluid description
of a current-carrying plasma, and analyse the ability of the self-consistent system of
model equations thus obtained to support stationary solutions in a moving frame.
This system is reduced to a currentless plasma description assuming at first different
flow velocities of the particles and then a currentless, streaming plasma where
all particles move with the same velocity. Introducing Lagrangian coordinates and
adopting an equation of state, a single reaction–diffusion equation (RDE) for the
temperature is obtained. The impurity density, which affects the radiation loss term
and the heat conduction coefficient of the RDE, has to be calculated as a function
of the temperature by solving additionally a first-order differential equation. This
is demonstrated for carbon and high-Z impurities.
Simplification of phonotactic structures in unscripted Swedish
Authors: Engstrand Olle , Krull Diana
Published: July 2002

Informal listening suggests that unscripted Swedish shows a tendency to produce alternating contoid and vocoid articulations which relate to more complex consonant and vowel structures at the phonological level. To test this hypothesis, two unscripted monologues and, for comparison, a careful text reading were analyzed. The speech material was segmented using criteria based on the so-called sonority hierarchy. The results largely corroborated the hypothesis in showing that contoid-vocoid units appeared considerably more frequently in unscripted speech than suggested by conventional phonotactic analysis, and that some reduction effects appeared more frequently in the unscripted than in the read speech. The possibility that this reflects an underlying articulatory organization of spontaneous speech in terms of typologically basic CV units is discussed.
Reproduction in four populations of brooding periwinkle (Littorina) at Ravenscar, North Yorkshire: adaptation to the local environment?
Authors: Hull Susan L. , Grahame John , Mill Peter J.
Published: July 2002

The current study examines the reproductive patterns found within four ovoviviparous, brooding periwinkle populations on one shore in the north-east coast of England; the boulder dwelling populations Littorina saxatilis H (upper-shore form with thin shell and large aperture) and L. saxatilis M (mid-shore form with thick shell and small aperture), and the barnacle-dwelling L. saxatilis B (small form similar in morphology to L. saxatilis M) and L. neglecta. Littorina saxatilis H showed distinct seasonality in reproductive activity, unlike L. saxatilis M, and produced significantly larger eggs and embryos than the latter population. Littorina saxatilis M maintained a significantly higher weight-specific fecundity and reproductive activity throughout the year than L. saxatilis H and produced a larger number of small embryos.

The two barnacle-dwelling populations also showed distinct seasonality in reproductive activity and neither of the populations contained reproductively active females during the winter months. There was no significant difference in egg size between the two populations, but L. saxatilis B produced larger crawlaways than did L. neglecta. Even though L. saxatilis B was significantly larger in body and shell size, L. neglecta had a higher weight-specific fecundity than the former population. The possibility that the observed differences in egg and juvenile size, fecundity and seasonality between the four populations can be attributed to microscale adaptation to the local environment is discussed.
The Celebration of Failure as Dissent in Urdu Ghazal
Authors: Mukhia Harbans
Published: July 2002

Recent years have brought a spate of serials centred on the theme of Urdu ghazal to the Indian television screens. The image of the ghazal in these serials is one of a kind of rhymed verse sung by courtesans in their ‘kothas’ (residence-cum-performance locales), under the appreciative eye of the poet, and often lustful eye of a decrepit zamindar whose purse is heavy but judgement is light. The singing is accompanied by some dancing, a few musical instruments being played by the courtesan's hangers-on, and unceasing rounds of liquor. The ambience in which the performance is enveloped is meant to convey what modern sensibilities would construe as decadence.
LUC–ACTES ENTRE JÉRUSALEM ET ROME. UN PROCÉDÉ LUCANIEN DE DOUBLE SIGNIFICATION
Authors: MARGUERAT DANIEL
Published: July 2002

L’auteur de Luc–Actes use d’un procédé rhétorique de double signification, qui oriente la lecture aussi bien vers une culture nourrie de la LXX que vers une conceptualité gréco-romaine. Exemples de cette ambivalence sémantique: Lc 23.47; Ac 4.32–4; 17.16–34; 18.13; 27.1–28, 10, etc. Ce procédé témoigne d’une volonté de fixer l’identité chrétienne entre Jérusalem et Rome, inscrivant le christianisme à la fois comme la continuité d’une histoire de salut et comme une réponse à la quête religieuse gréco-romaine. Le programme théologique qui se dessine ainsi rapproche Luc de Flavius Josèphe.
Identifying appropriate flagship species: the importance of culture and local contexts
Authors: Bowen-Jones Evan , Entwistle Abigail
Published: July 2002

Over the last 50 years there has been increasing use of charismatic large mammals and birds as ‘flagship species’ to raise funds and promote the ethos of conservation. However, species chosen to appeal to donor and membership groups may not necessarily be considered popular among local communities. A growing recognition of the need to engage local communities in conservation makes them an increasingly important audience for information about conservation. In such situations an awareness of the local perception and value of different species is central to choosing effective flagships. Emphasising this, we propose 10 criteria for the selection of flagship species. We then describe three examples of local flagship species and assess their use against these criteria: the Asian elephant Elephas maximus for the conservation of landscapes in Aceh, Indonesia, the flying fox Pteropus voeltzkowi for forest protection on Pemba Island, Tanzania, and the ceiba or kapok tree Ceiba pentandra for the conservation of forests in Belize.
Potential of a recombinant Schistosoma bovis-derived
glutathione S-transferase to protect cattle against
experimental and natural S. mattheei infection
Authors: DE BONT J. , VERCRUYSSE J. , GRZYCH J. M. , MEEUS P. F. M. , CAPRON A.
Published: July 2002

The potential of a recombinant Schistosoma bovis-derived
glutathione S-transferase (rSb28GST) to protect cattle against
S. mattheei infection was tested in Zambia. All animals were
challenged 2 weeks after the second inoculation with either
0·250 mg rSb28GST in adjuvants (vaccinated calves, n=14)
or adjuvants alone (controls, n=14). In a first experiment,
7 vaccinated and 7 control animals were exposed to 10000 S. mattheei
cercariae percutaneously. All animals developed
clinical schistosomiasis 7–8 weeks after challenge.
At perfusion, 12 weeks after challenge, vaccinated and control groups
had averages of 887 and 541 eggs per gramme (epg) faeces, 6515 and 5990
worms,
and 4·2 and 3·4 million tissue eggs,
respectively. These results indicate that the immunization protocol used
did not protect these calves against the massive
single experimental challenge. In a second experiment, another 2 groups
(n=7) of vaccinated and control animals were
challenged naturally over a period of 9 months on a farm known to be
endemic for S. mattheei. The natural infections were
much lighter in intensity, as indicated by the mean faecal egg count
(13 epg), worm count (139) and tissue egg count
(294000) in non-vaccinated controls. In vaccinated calves, significant
reductions in female worm burdens (50%), faecal
egg counts (89%) and miracidial counts (93%) were recorded. Total tissue
egg counts were also reduced by 42% in
vaccinated animals. It therefore appears that the rSb28GST can provide
significant protection in cattle against S. mattheei
under conditions of low to moderate natural infection.
The roles of temperature, pH and mosquito factors as
triggers of male and female gametogenesis of Plasmodium
berghei in vitro
Authors: BILLKER O. , SHAW M. K. , MARGOS G. , SINDEN R. E.
Published: July 2002

Developmentally arrested malarial gametocytes undergo gamete formation
in the mosquito midgut immediately after
ingestion of the infected bloodmeal. In the rodent malaria parasite
Plasmodium berghei male gametogenesis (exflagellation)
can be induced in vitro by a temperature decrease (from 39°C in the
vertebrate host to 20°C) and a concomitant pH
increase (from 7·3 in mouse blood to 8·0). We report the
presence of additional Gametocyte Activating Factor(s) (GAF)
present in Anopheles stephensi tissue extracts, which induce both
male and female gametogenesis at the otherwise non-permissive pH of
7·3 in vitro but are unable to overcome the low temperature
requirement. All constituent cellular events
of microgametogenesis studied here are induced by the same triggers
in vitro. A temperature decrease is also required for
exflagellation in the mosquito midgut. The possible role of GAF as a
second obligatory natural trigger of gametogenesis is discussed.
Are there temporarily non-infectious dauer stages in
entomopathogenic nematode populations: a test of the
phased infectivity hypothesis
Authors: CAMPBELL J. F. , KOPPENHÖFER A. M. , KAYA H. K. , CHINNASRI B.
Published: July 2002

Many studies of entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) have reported that only a small
proportion (typically <40%) of infective stages (dauers), even under apparently ideal conditions, actually infect a host.
The ‘phased infectivity hypothesis’ is most frequently invoked to explain this pattern of low infection with
entomopathogenic nematodes. It proposes that at a given point in time not all individuals are infectious i.e. infectiousness is delayed
in some individuals. We tested experimentally several predictions based on this hypothesis. Specifically, if phased
infectivity occurs, we should be able to expose dauers to increasing numbers of potential hosts until dauers no longer infect
and still be able to recover viable dauers. These recovered dauers which did not infect should be infectious at some later
point in time. However, our results do not support the phased infectivity hypothesis for 3 species of Steinernema: most
dauers could be recovered in one sampling round when provided with sufficient suitable hosts. In contrast, Heterorhabditis
bacteriophora frequently did not infect all available hosts, and infectious dauers were recovered in subsequent sampling
rounds. This result is more consistent with the phased infectivity hypothesis, but further research is needed before we can
be more confident in the hypothesis. For all species tested, the number of available hosts influenced population levels of
nematode infectivity. This suggests that the infection status of hosts can influence whether a dauer infects. Our results
indicate that phased infectivity is not a common phenomenon in entomopathogenic nematode dauers, despite the
widespread acceptance of this hypothesis.
The isolation of differentially expressed cDNA clones
from the filarial nematode Brugia pahangi
Authors: HUNTER S. J. , MARTIN S. A. M. , THOMPSON F. J. , TETLEY L. , DEVANEY E.
Published: July 2002

A cDNA library constructed from 3 day post-infective L3 of the filarial nematode Brugia pahangi was screened by
differential hybridization with cDNA probes prepared from different life-cycle stages. Five cDNA clones hybridizing
selectively to the mosquito-derived L3 probe were isolated and characterized. Northern blot analysis of 4 of the clones
confirmed that each was most highly expressed in the mosquito-derived L3. The expression of each mRNAduring parasite
development in the mosquito vector was investigated using RT–PCR, and all were shown to be abundant in the immature
L3. Four of the 5 cDNAs cloned coded for structural proteins: 2 cuticular collagens, and the muscle proteins tropomyosin
and troponin. Further studies on troponin using an antiserum raised to the recombinant protein demonstrated that the
protein, unlike the mRNA, was present in all life-cycle stages examined, while immunogold labelling demonstrated that
it was localized to the muscle blocks.
Intersubjective Properties by Which We Specify Pain, Pleasure, and Other Kinds of Mental States
Authors: Goldstein Irwin
Published: July 2002

How do people learn names for kinds of sensations? Wittgenstein identifies two possibilities. 1. Direct acquaintance: A person feels a sensation, notes its intrinsic character, and sets about to use the word thereafter for this sensation. 2. Outward signs: A person pins his use of the word to the sensation's outward signs. Wittgenstein rejects 1 and endorses 2. He thinks a sensation name can be learned only if people pin their use of the word to outward signs. I identify a third procedure and show we name many sensations and other kinds of mental states this way.
Does Ontology Exist?
Authors: Glock Hans-Johann
Published: July 2002

Early analytic philosophers like Carnap, Wittgenstein and Ryle regarded ontology as a branch of metaphysics that is either trivial or meaningless. But at present it is generally assumed that philosophy can make substantial discoveries about what kinds of things exist and about the essence of these kinds. My paper challenges this ontological turn. The currently predominant conceptions of the subject, at any rate, do not license the idea that ontology can provide distinctively philosophical insights into the constituents of reality. I distinguish four main sources of analytic ontology—Strawson's descriptive metaphysics, Kripke's realist semantics, the Austro-Australian truth-maker principle, Quine's naturalistic conception of ontology—and indicate briefly why the first three do not rehabilitate ontology. In the remainder, I concentrate on the most influential and promising position. Quinean ontology seeks to bring out and reduce the ontological commitments of our best scientific theories through logical paraphrase. Against this programme, I argue that Quine's conception of ontological commitment is inadequate, and that his logical paraphrase cannot contribute to the exploration of reality, but at most to the clarification of our conceptual framework.
Do socio-economic risk factors predict the incidence
and maintenance of psychiatric disorder in primary care?
Authors: WEICH S. , CHURCHILL R. , LEWIS G. , MANN A.
Published: July 2002

In a prospective cohort study of consecutive primary care attenders in south London,
the estimated prevalence of non-psychotic psychiatric disorder was 45·6%, using the Revised
Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R). The estimated 12-month incidence rate was 15·7%. Extremely
high stability was found in CIS-R scores over 12 months (r = 0·65) and 68·8% of cases at baseline
were also cases 12 months later. A clear difference emerged in the types of risk factor which were
associated with the incidence and maintenance of disorder in the study population: while socio-economic
variables, especially low household income and not having a partner were associated with
a worse outcome among prevalent cases at baseline, such variables were only weakly associated with
the incidence of psychiatric disorder after adjusting for potential confounders. The latter, notably
family psychiatric history and the severity of psychiatric symptoms at baseline were independently
associated with the incidence of psychiatric disorder after adjusting for other risk factors, including
measures of previous psychiatric disorder.
The Range of Impaired Functioning Tool
(LIFE–RIFT): a brief measure of functional
impairment
Authors: LEON A. C. , SOLOMON D. A. , MUELLER T. I. , TURVEY C. L. , ENDICOTT J. , KELLER M. B.
Published: July 2002

Background. The literature documents that functional impairment is associated with affective
disorders. Nevertheless, the choice among thorough, yet brief, well-validated assessments of
functional impairment is limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the psychometric
properties of a brief scale of functional impairment, the Range of Impaired Functioning Tool
(LIFE–RIFT).

Method. The study sample included subjects who presented with major depressive disorder at
intake into the NIMH Collaborative Depression Study (CDS). The LIFE–RIFT is composed of
items that are included in the Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation (LIFE). The reliability
and validity were examined using data from LIFE–RIFT assessments conducted at four points in
time: 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after intake into the CDS.

Results. Cross-sectional one factor models accounted for the covariance structure among the four
scale items. A longitudinal factor model, with an invariant factor structure over time, also fitted the
data well and indicated that the scale items are measures of one construct, namely functional
impairment. The internal consistency reliability of the scale was supported with alpha coefficients
ranging from 0·81 to 0·83. The inter-rater reliability intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0·94.
Mixed-effect linear regression models showed that those in episode were significantly more impaired
than those in recovery. Furthermore, in analyses of predictive validity, impairment was positively
associated with subsequent recurrence and negatively associated with subsequent recovery.

Conclusions. This psychometric evaluation provides empirical support for the reliability and
validity of the LIFE–RIFT, a brief measure of functional impairment.
Stress-induced breathlessness in asthma
Authors: RIETVELD S. , VAN BEEST I. , EVERAERD W.
Published: July 2002

Background. A majority of patients with asthma believe that psychological factors (particularly
stress) can induce asthma attacks, but empirical support for actual stress-induced airways
obstruction is controversial. This study tested the hypothesis that stress induces breathlessness and
not airways obstruction.

Methods. Stress was induced by a frustrating computer task in 30 adolescents with asthma and 20
normal controls, aged 14–19 years. Stress measures were self-reported emotions, heart rate, blood
pressure. Respiratory measures were respiratory rate (RR), end tidal CO2, deep inspirations and
sighs. Asthma measures were lung function, wheeze, cough, breathlessness.

Results. All measures confirmed high levels of negative emotions and stress. None of the
participants developed airways obstruction; they had no reduction in lung function, wheeze was
absent and cough negligible. However, breathlessness increased in all participants with asthma and
excessively in many. The mean breathlessness was higher than during induction of actual airways
obstruction with provocative agents in previous studies. End tidal CO2 showed that breathlessness
could not be explained by hypocapnia.

Conclusion. Stress can be sufficient to induce breathlessness in patients with asthma.
From membrane to molecule to the third
amino acid from the left with a membrane transport protein
Authors: KABACK H. RONALD , WU JIANHUA
Published: July 2002

The mechanism of energy transduction in biological membranes is a fascinating

unsolved problem in biology. It has been recognized for some time that
the
driving force for a variety of seemingly unrelated phenomena (e.g. secondary

active transport, oxidative phosphorylation, rotation of the bacterial
flagellar
motor) is a bulk-phase, transmembrane electrochemical ion gradient. However,

insight into the molecular mechanisms by which free energy stored in such

gradients is transduced into work or into chemical energy is just beginning.

Nonetheless, gene sequencing and analyses of deduced amino-acid sequences

suggest that many biological machines involved in energy transduction,
secondary
transport proteins in particular (Henderson, 1990; Marger & Saier,
1993), fall into
families encompassing proteins from archaea to the mammalian central nervous

system, thereby raising the possibility that the members may have common
basic
structural features and mechanisms. In addition, many of these proteins
play
important roles in human disease (e.g. diabetes mellitus, glucose/galactose

malabsorption, some forms of drug abuse, stroke, antibiotic resistance),
as well as
the mechanism of action of certain psychotropic drugs.

The focus of this review is on recent observations with a specific secondary

transport protein, the lactose permease (lac permease) of Escherichia
coli, as a
representative of a huge number of proteins that catalyse similar reactions
in
virtually all biological membranes.
Anthropocentrism and the design argument
Authors: MANSON NEIL A.
Published: July 2002

The design argument for the existence of God is often criticized for
resting on anthropocentrism. Some critics maintain that anthropocentrism explains
the origin of the design argument. Such critics commit the genetic fallacy. Others
say anthropocentrism explains the appeal of the belief that human beings are ends
especially worthy of creation. They fail to appreciate that the design argument need
not be framed in terms of the fitness of the universe for humanity. Lastly, some say
the design argument requires a picture of value according to which it was true, prior
to the coming-into-being of the universe, that our sort of universe is worthy of
creation. Such a picture, they say, is mistaken, though our attraction to it can be
explained in terms of anthropocentrism. This is a serious criticism. To respond to it,
proponents of the design argument must either defend an objectivist conception of
value or, if not, provide some independent reason for thinking an intelligent
designer is likely to create our sort of universe.
Identity constructions in multilingual advertising
Authors: PILLER INGRID
Published: July 2002

Contemporary social identities are hybrid and complex,
and the media play a crucial role in their construction.
A shift from political identities based on citizenship
to economic ones based on participation in a global consumer
market can be observed, together with a concomitant shift
from monolingual practices to multilingual and English-dominant
ones. This transformation is here explored in a corpus
of German advertisements. Multilingual advertisements accounted
for 60–70% of all advertisements released on various
television networks and in two national newspapers in 1999.
The subject positions that are created by multilingual
narrators and multilingual narratees are characterized
by drawing on the Bakhtinian concept of dialogism, and
on point-of-view more generally. In order to test the acceptance
of or resistance to these identity constructions outside
the discourse of commercial advertising, the uses of multilingualism
in nonprofit and personal advertising are also explored.
All these discourses valorize German–English bilingualism
and set it up as the strongest linguistic currency for
the German business elite.
Facial flushing during provocation in women
Authors: Drummond Peter D.
Published: July 2002

Facial flushing was studied in 38 young women who scored high or low on trait anger. To induce anger in the subjects, their task was to solve a difficult puzzle, with or without harassment from a female research assistant. Facial blood flow increased in response to provocation, together with increases in cardiovascular and electrodermal activity. Flushing was associated with large increases in electrodermal activity and small increases in diastolic blood pressure. Subjects high in trait anger reported most anger and embarrassment, but physiological activity did not differ from subjects with low trait anger. The findings suggest that sympathetically mediated vasodilatation in facial blood vessels competes with cutaneous vasoconstriction during anger. Unpleasant sensations of facial warmth might heighten aversive emotional experiences, but dilatation of facial blood vessels could also act as a type of “safety valve” by opposing increases in blood pressure. An angry predisposition may influence the subjective experience of anger in women, but does not seem to have a major influence on physiological reactivity to mild provocation.
Connectionist modelling in psychology: A localist manifesto
Authors: Page Mike
Published: July 2002

Over the last decade, fully distributed models have become dominant in connectionist psychological modelling, whereas the virtues of localist models have been underestimated. This target article illustrates some of the benefits of localist modelling. Localist models are characterized by the presence of localist representations rather than the absence of distributed representations. A generalized localist model is proposed that exhibits many of the properties of fully distributed models. It can be applied to a number of problems that are difficult for fully distributed models, and its applicability can be extended through comparisons with a number of classic mathematical models of behaviour. There are reasons why localist models have been underused, though these often misconstrue the localist position. In particular, many conclusions about connectionist representation, based on neuroscientific observation, can be called into question. There are still some problems inherent in the application of fully distributed systems and some inadequacies in proposed solutions to these problems. In the domain of psychological modelling, localist modelling is to be preferred.
Mating and marriage, husbands and lovers
Authors: Beckerman Stephen
Published: July 2002

Human mating strategies are contingent on individual prospects. Gangestad & Simpson provide a useful framework to explore these differing prospects, but do not take sufficient account of what is known ethnographically about mating decisions. Women often do not select their own long term mates. Men often have two or more long term mates, and can invest in the offspring of short term matings also.
On separating pain from the willingness to report it
Authors: Ellermeier Wolfgang
Published: July 2002

Signal-detection methodology may be used to disentangle
sensory from judgmental effects when analyzing sex differences
in pain. An illustrative example is given by reanalyzing a published
category-scaling experiment in terms of detection-theory indices. As a
result, the apparent sex difference is recast in terms of a judgmental
bias. [berkley]
Signalling via testosterone: Communicating health and vigour
Authors: Kacelnik Alejandro , Norris Sasha
Published: July 2002

Our commentary summarises the current understanding of
how testosterone can be used as a mechanism to link quality to
external traits potentially used in sexual signalling, particularly
female choice. Testosterone-dependent traits may reveal
male's status to rivals and immunocompetence to females.
We highlight some interesting unanswered questions and suggest
that cross-disciplinary collaboration would help solve them.
Significance tests cannot be justified in theory-corroboration experiments
Authors: Nester Marks R.
Published: July 2002

Chow's one-tailed null-hypothesis significance-test procedure, with its rationale based on the elimination of chance influences, is not appropriate for theory-corroboration experiments. Estimated effect sizes and their associated standard errors or confidence limits will always suffice.
Triangulation, intervening variables, and experience projection
Authors: Whiten Andrew
Published: July 2002

I focus on the logic of the goggles experiment, which if it as
watertight as Heyes argues, should clearly support ape theory of mind
if positive, and clearly reject it if negative. This is not the case,
since the experiment tests for only one kind of mindreading,
“experience projection”: but it is an excellent test
for this, given adequate controls.
Biaccessibility in quadratic Julia sets
Authors: ZAKERI SAEED
Published: July 2002

This paper consists of two nearly independent parts, both of which discuss the common theme of biaccessible points in the Julia set $J$ of a quadratic polynomial $f:z\mapsto z^2+c$.

In Part I, we assume that $J$ is locally-connected. We prove that the Brolin measure of the set of biaccessible points (through the basin of attraction of infinity) in $J$ is zero except when $f(z)=z^2-2$ is the Chebyshev map for which the corresponding measure is one. As a corollary, we show that a locally-connected quadratic Julia set is not a countable union of embedded arcs unless it is a straight line or a Jordan curve.

In Part II, we assume that $f$ has an irrationally indifferent fixed point $\alpha$. If $z$ is a biaccessible point in $J$, we prove that the orbit of $z$ eventually hits the critical point of $f$ in the Siegel case, and the fixed point $\alpha$ in the Cremer case. As a corollary, it follows that the set of biaccessible points in $J$ has Brolin measure zero.
Quasi-periodicity of motions and complete integrability of Hamiltonian systems
Authors: FASSÒ FRANCESCO
Published: July 2002

Consider a Hamiltonian system with $d$ degrees of freedom whose motions are all linear on tori of some fixed dimension $n\led$ is such a system necessarily completely (or else non-commutatively) integrable? We show that the answer is affirmative under quite broad conditions, but not always, and we provide counterexamples
On-line Cartesian trajectory control of mechanisms along
complex curves
Authors: Yang Zhaoxue , Red Edward
Published: July 2002

New methods have been developed to control a mechanism's realtime
Cartesian motion along spatially complex curves such as Non-Uniform Rational
B-splines (NURBS). The methods dynamically map the critical trajectory
parameters between parameter space, Cartesian space, and joint space. Trajectory
models that relate Cartesian tool speeds and accelerations to joint speeds and
accelerations have been generalized so that they can be applied to most classes
of robots and CNC mechanisms.

A simple and efficient predictor-corrector
method uses finite difference theory to predict the parametric changes required
to generate the desired curvilinear distances along the trajectory, and then
correct the erorrs arising from this prediction. Polynomial approximation
methods successfully approximate joint speeds and accelerations rather than
require a closed-form inverse Jacobian solution.

The numerical
algorithms prove to be time bounded (fixed number of computational steps), and
the generated trajectories are smooth and continuous. Both simulation and
physical experiments using an Open-Architecture Controller demonstrate the
feasibility and usefulness of the developed trajectory generation algorithms and
methods. The methods can be conducted at trajectory rates greater than 100 Hz,
depending on mechanism complexity.
Adaptive gait planning for multi-legged robots with an adjustment of

center-of-gravity
Authors: Chen Wenjie , Low K.H. , Yeo S.H.
Published: July 2002

Adaptive gait planning is an important aspect in the development of control systems for multi-legged robots traversing on rough terrain. The problem of adaptive gait generation

can be viewed as one of finding a sequence of suitable foothold on rough terrain so that legged systems maintain static stability and motion continuity. Due to the limit of static stability, deadlock situation may occur in the process of searching for a suitable foothold, if terrain contains a large number of forbidden zones. In this paper, an improved method for adaptive gait planning is presented by active compensation of stability margin, through center of gravity (CG) adjustment in the longitudinal axis and/or body translation in the lateral direction. An algorithm for the proposed method is developed and embedded in a computer program. Simulation results show that the method provides legged machines with a much larger terrain adaptivity and better deadlock-avoidance ability.
REPORT FROM THE CATALAN AGENCY FOR HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT (CAHTA)
Authors: Perry Seymour
Published: July 2002

In Catalonia, ultrasonographic control of pregnancies is carried out in
hospitals and in certain primary care centers within the women's care
program. There is no scientific evidence on its efficacy in the improvement of
the fetal viability at this level of care; therefore, the question of whether
obstetric ultrasonography is efficacious and safe in primary care cannot be
answered properly to recommend its application. However, it may be assessed
whether routine ultrasonography, the one expected to be carried away in
primary care centers, is more effective than selective ultrasonography, i.e.,
the one carried away in the referential gynecology and obstetrics service due
to risk conditions during the pregnancy.
A STRONG CONSISTENCY PROOF FOR HETEROSKEDASTICITY AND AUTOCORRELATION
CONSISTENT COVARIANCE MATRIX ESTIMATORS
Authors: de Jong Robert M.
Published: July 2002

A strong consistency result for heteroskedasticity
and autocorrelation consistent covariance matrix estimators
is proven in this paper. In addition, an error in a weak
consistency proof for such estimators in the econometrics
literature and a correction of that result is provided.
EFFICIENT SEMIPARAMETRIC SCORING ESTIMATION OF SAMPLE SELECTION
MODELS
Authors: Chen Songnian , Lee Lung-Fei
Published: July 2002

A semiparametric likelihood method is proposed
for the estimation of sample selection models. The method
is a two-step semiparametric scoring estimation procedure
based on an index restriction and kernel estimation. Under
some regularity conditions, the estimator is square-root
n-consistent and asymptotically normal. The estimator
is also asymptotically efficient in the sense that its
asymptotic covariance matrix attains the semiparametric
efficiency bound under the index restriction. For the binary
choice sample selection model, it also attains the efficiency
bound under the independence assumption. This method can be
applied to the estimation of general sample selection models.
Changes in small mammal assemblage structure across a rain forest/open forest ecotone
Authors: WILLIAMS STEPHEN E. , MARSH HELENE
Published: July 2002

The effect of the change in vegetation structure from closed rain forest to tall open forest on the small mammal assemblage was studied by live trapping at three sites where the ecotone was very narrow (> 20 m) near the southern end of the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area of Australia. Habitat heterogeneity was significantly higher in the mixed open forest/ecotone area than in the adjacent rain forest. There was a large change in the struture of the small mammal assemblage coincident with the vegetation discontinuity. Although the species richness of small mammals was relatively constant across the gradient, the evenness and diversity of the assemblage declined across the transition from open forest into rain forest and biomass increased, largely due to the high abundance of Rattus fuscipes in the rain forest. The results suggest that the species richness of the small mammal assemblage was not determined by the spatial heterogeneity of the vegetation struture. The species composition of the rain forest is probably related to the historical biogeography of the area whereas the species richness of the wet sclerophyll forest is probably due to a mass-area effect from the adjcant large areas of rain forest and dry sclerophyll forest. However, the evenness, and therefore the diversity of the assemblage, was strongly affected by habitat heterogeneity.
Physicians and statisticians: two ways
of creating demographic health statistics in Spain, 1841–1936
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ-OCAÑA ESTEBAN , BERNABEU-MESTRE JOSEP
Published: July 2002

I. THE CREATION OF MODERN DEMOGRAPHIC STATISTICS

The existence of a specialized administrative organization
depends on the political, economic, and social development of a country, and is indispensable for the availability of modern statistics. As more than one author has pointed out, quantitative assessments of its population reflect a government's capacity to rule. The first Spanish attempts to obtain such quantitative knowledge are found in the so-called Relaciones ordered by Philip II in the second half of the sixteenth century; they
described both European and American territories of the Crown. These early attempts, however, lacked continuity.
INPUT, INTAKE, AND RETENTION
Authors: Watanabe Yuichi
Published: July 2002

This study investigated the effects of text modification and task on incidental learning of
foreign language vocabulary by reading. The focus of the study was on how different cue types
(appositives and single and multiple-choice marginal glosses) and a task (translation) would
affect processing of input, initial learning, and retention of the meaning of target words in a text.
Two hundred thirty-one students in Japanese universities were randomly assigned to 10
condition
groups. After a pretest, a reading task, and a cloze test, they were given a surprise vocabulary
test. A week later, two unexpected delayed posttests were also given. The results indicated that
(a) both single and multiple-choice marginal gloss conditions performed significantly better than
the no cue and the appositive conditions, (b) no statistically significant difference existed
between the single and the multiple-choice gloss conditions nor between the appositive and the
no cue conditions, and (c) the translation task had no effect.
RECASTS, REPETITION, AND AMBIGUITY IN L2 CLASSROOM
DISCOURSE
Authors: Lyster Roy
Published: July 2002

This study examines aspects of communicative classroom
discourse that may affect the potential of recasts to be noticed as negative evidence by young
second language learners. The database comprises transcripts of over 18 hours of interaction
recorded during 27 lessons in 4 immersion classrooms at the primary level. The 377 recasts in
the database have been classified according to their pragmatic functions in classroom
discourse and then compared to the teachers' even more frequent use of noncorrective
repetition. Findings reveal that recasts and noncorrective repetition fulfill identical functions
distributed in equal proportions and, furthermore, that teachers frequently use positive
feedback to express approval of the content of learners' messages, irrespective of
well-formedness, to accompany, also in equal proportions, recasts, noncorrective repetition,
and even topic-continuation moves following errors. The findings suggest that, from the
perspective of both learners and teachers, the corrective reformulations entailed in recasts
may easily be overridden by their functional properties in meaning-oriented classrooms.
LEXICAL FACTORS AND SEGMENTAL ACCURACY IN SECOND LANGUAGE
SPEECH PRODUCTION
Authors: Flege James E. , Frieda Elaina M. , Walley Amanda C. , Randazza Lauren A.
Published: July 2002

Voice onset time (VOT) was measured in the production of /t/ in the initial position
of 60 English words spoken by native English (NE) speakers and native Spanish (NS) speakers
who began learning English before or after the age of 21 years. The subjects rated the words for
familiarity, age of acquisition, imageability, and relatedness to word(s) in the Spanish lexicon.
The subjects in all three groups showed two well-known phonetic effects: They produced longer
VOT values in the context of high than nonhigh vowels, and longer VOT in one- than in
two-syllable words. As expected, the NS subjects who learned English prior to the age of 21
years judged the English words to be more familiar and more like a Spanish word than did the
subjects who began learning English later in life. Also, many but not all of the NS subjects
produced /t/ with shorter VOT values than did the NE subjects. However, regression
analyses showed that none of the lexical factors mentioned above or the text frequency of the 60
English words examined affected the NS subjects' VOT values. Thus, variation in the
accuracy with which NS subjects produce English /t/ must be accounted for by factors
other than the lexical status of the words in which /t/ occurs.