bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interpersonal Expectations as the Building Blocks of Social Cognition: An Interdependence Theory Perspective
Authors: Holmes John G.
Published: March 2003

In this paper I use interdependence theory as an analytic framework for depicting the logically interconnected network of expectations that determines social interaction. The framework focuses on expectations about a partner’s goals (B) relevant to particular interdependence situations (S), and suggests that expectations about these two elements define the social situation that activates a person’s own goals (A). Together, these elements determine interaction behavior (I). This SABI framework is complementary to Mischel and Shoda’s (1995) CAPS theory of personality in its logic. It depicts a person’s interpersonal dispositions as having profiles or signatures dependent on both the expected features of situations and the expected dispositions of partners. A taxonomic theory for classifying both situations and the functionally relevant goals of interaction partners is outlined. Research on attachment theory and trust is used to illustrate the model. Finally, I suggest that people’s expectations about partners’ prosocial motivations—their perceived responsiveness toward the self—play an imperial role in social cognition, and, further, that complex SABI models can be seen as detailing a set of security operations that serve as a program for social action. SABI models detail the set of mechanisms that constitute the basic survival kit of interpersonal relations.
Attachment, marital interaction, and relationship satisfaction: A diary study
Authors: Feeney Judith A.
Published: March 2003

The relations among measures of attachment, spouse behavior, and marital satisfaction were assessed in a broad sample of 193 married couples, using both questionnaire and diary methods. Insecure attachment was associated with less favorable reports of spouse behavior, as assessed by diary checklists. Marital satisfaction was predicted by attachment measures and reports of spouse behavior. The relation between attachment security and marital satisfaction was moderated, but not mediated, by reported spouse behavior. Specifically, insecure individuals’ evaluations of their relationships were more reactive to recent spouse behavior, an effect that was especially marked for fearful participants and for those in longer‐term marriages. Some gender differences in patterns of prediction were obtained. The results are discussed in terms of the working models associated with attachment styles, and the processes by which relationship satisfaction may be eroded over time.
Negative life events and depressive symptoms in late life: Buffering effects of parental and partner bonding?
Authors: Kraaij Vivian , Garnefski Nadia
Published: March 2003

The buffering function of parental and partner bonding in the relationship between negative life events and depressive symptoms at old age was examined. A community sample of 194 people aged 65 years and older was interviewed. In particular, the control dimension of both parental and partner bonding seems to be of importance in relation to elderly depression: More psychological control is related to higher depression scores, and low partner control seems to work as a protective mechanism when negative life events are faced. Developing prevention and intervention programs aimed at optimizing bonding relationships throughout life seems advisable.
Age and Gender Differences in Mate Selection Criteria for Various Involvement Levels
Authors: Buunk Bram P. , Dijkstra Pieternel , Fetchenhauer Detlef , Kenrick Douglas T.
Published: March 2003

The present study investigated mate preferences for five different levels of relationship involvement—marriage, serious relationship, falling in love, casual sex, and sexual fantasies–among individuals of 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 years of age. Consistent with an evolutionary perspective, men preferred mates who were higher in physical attractiveness than themselves, whereas women preferred mates who were higher in income, education, self–confidence, intelligence, dominance, and social position than themselves. The lower the level of relationship involvement, the lower were the preferred levels of education, physical attractiveness, and, particularly for males, preferred intelligence in comparison to oneself. For sexual fantasies, men and women preferred mates who were higher in physical attractiveness than those they preferred for real partners. There were few age differences in mate preferences, although older individuals set higher standards for a potential mate’s education.
Insecure Attachment, Gender Roles, and Interpersonal Dependency in the Basque Country
Authors: Alonso–Arbiol Itziar , Shaver Phillip R. , Yárnoz Sagrario
Published: March 2003

Gender, gender role, and attachment style were used to predict emotional and instrumental dependency in a Basque student sample (N = 602). Psychometrically sound Spanish adaptations of English–language measures of dependency and attachment were created. As predicted, women were more emotionally and instrumentally dependent than men, but the sex differences were mediated by psychological masculinity and femininity. The anxious attachment dimension was correlated with emotional and instrumental dependency, the preoccupied rating with emotional dependency, and the avoidant attachment dimension and fearful rating with instrumental dependency. When the two attachment dimensions and the two gender–role variables were combined to predict dependency, emotional dependency was a function of anxious attachment and femininity; instrumental dependency was a function of anxious and avoidant attachment and low masculinity. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
Impacts of foreign investment on sustainable development in a Chilean mining region
Authors: Cademartori Jan
Published: March 2003

The desert mining region of Antofagasta, Chile, enjoyed spectacular economic growth in the 1990s as a result of foreign direct investment (FDI), mainly in the exploitation of the region’s rich copper deposits. In a country considered by international financial institutions to be a good example of economic performance, Antofagasta has been termed a model region,and Chile’s economic and social development in the 1990s has been considered a suitable model for other Latin American countries. However, development indices based on statistical data must be examined with caution, as human welfare does not necessarily keep pace with economic growth. This article analyses the Antofagasta Region in terms of problems that may occur in conjunction with accelerated economic growth, and how these can affect the environment, as well as the regional labour market. The article also examines a regional economic strategy for Antofagasta recently proposed by the local government, and suggests new alternatives for the sustainable economic development of the region.
Risk and Systems Theory
Authors: Hatfield Adam J. , Hipel Keith W.
Published: March 2003

The last few decades have seen increasingly widespread use of risk assessment and management techniques as aids in making complex decisions. However, despite the progress that has been made in risk science, there still remain numerous examples of risk‐based decisions and conclusions that have caused great controversy. In particular, there is a great deal of debate surrounding risk assessment: the role of values and ethics and other extra‐scientific factors, the efficacy of quantitative versus qualitative analysis, and the role of uncertainty and incomplete information. Many of the epistemological and methodological issues confronting risk assessment have been explored in general systems theory, where techniques exist to manage such issues. However, the use of systems theory and systems analysis tools is still not widespread in risk management. This article builds on the Alachlor risk assessment case study of Brunk, Haworth, and Lee to present a systems‐based view of the risk assessment process. The details of the case study are reviewed and the authors' original conclusions regarding the effects of extra‐scientific factors on risk assessment are discussed. Concepts from systems theory are introduced to provide a mechanism with which to illustrate these extra‐scientific effects. The role of a systems study within a risk assessment is explained, resulting in an improved view of the problem formulation process. The consequences regarding the definition of risk and its role in decision making are then explored.
Differences Between Men and Women in Social Relations, Resource Deficits, and Depressive Symptomatology During Later Life in Four Nations
Authors: Antonucci Toni C. , Lansford Jennifer E. , Akiyama Hiroko , Smith Jacqui , Baltes Margret M. , Takahashi Keiko , Fuhrer Rebecca , Dartigues Jean–François
Published: March 2003

This article examines gender differences in social relations and resource deficits in France (N= 553), Germany (N= 516), Japan (N= 491), and the United States (N= 514). These data, from regionally representative samples, indicate few gender differences in quantity or quality of social relations, but that women are more likely than men to experience widowhood, illness, and financial strain. In all countries, more deficits and more negative social interactions are associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms. Interestingly, among women in France and Japan but not among men in any country, quality of social relations offsets the negative consequences of resource deficits. Findings suggest that quality of social relations may have important implications for helping people, particularly women, cope with resource deficits common in late life.
Global Public Policy, Partnership, and the Case of the World Commission on Dams
Authors: Brinkerhoff Jennifer M.
Published: March 2003

This article examines the potential for partnership to address two major challenges in public service: (1) the evolving sociopolitical context of public service, that is, the increasing incidence and intensity of conflict among diverse stakeholders; and (2) the formulation of acceptable and feasible global public policy. The partnership approach, its value added, and its operationalization are examined through the World Commission on Dams, a partnership designed to resolve conflicts over large dam projects. The analysis identifies lessons that are specific to conflict‐based partnerships for global public policy making and regarding partnership work more generally. The importance of converging interests, policy champions, democratic processes, and perception are highlighted. Intense conflict provides incentives for joint solution, but process agreement is paramount, and conflict resolution is not a one‐time effort for all. The World Commission on Dams demonstrates that partnership is an effective and efficient approach to addressing conflictive policy issues.
Reinventing the Democratic Governance Project through Information Technology? A Growing Agenda for Debate
Authors: Kakabadse Andrew , Kakabadse Nada K. , Kouzmin Alexander
Published: March 2003

Postindustrial societies have arrived at a moment of immense democratic and entrepreneurial opportunities that has been made possible by information technology. At the same time, however, these opportunities pose potential threats if they are not debated and planned for in consensually–legitimate ways. This article examines the current problems of representative democracy and the impact of information technology on the current and future quality of democratic governance. Four generic models of “electronic democracy” that are made possible by interactive information Technologies—electronic bureaucracy, information management, populist, and civil society—are analyzed in terms of their applicability and impact. Information technology’s impact on the roles, responsibilities, and accountability of citizens, elected representatives, the media, and corporations is also examined. This article proposes strategies for reinventing democratic governance, including recognizing community values, accommodating critical debate, and providing access for citizen participation in policy analysis.
The Extent and Determinants of the Utilization of University Research in Government Agencies
Authors: Landry Réjean , Lamari Moktar , Amara Nabil
Published: March 2003

This article addresses three questions: To what extent is university research used in government agencies? Are there differences between the policy domains in regard to the extent of use? What determines the use of university research in government agencies? The data analysis is based on a survey of 833 government officials from Canadian government agencies. Comparisons of the magnitude of uptake of university research show large and significant differences across policy domains. The results of the multivariate regression analyses show that the characteristics of research and the focus on the advancement of scholarly knowledge or on users’ needs do not explain the uptake of research. Users’ adaptation of research, users’ acquisition efforts, links between researchers and users, and users’ organizational contexts are good predictors of the uptake of research by government officials.
Sports in School: Source of Amity or Antipathy?
Authors: Langbein Laura , Bess Roseana
Published: March 2003

Objectives. Previous research looks at the impact of school sports on participants’ delinquency, but not at the impact on delinquency in schools; further, it does not control for school size or for unobserved school‐level variables. This research fills that gap. It uses social capital theory to frame the impact of sports programs on both participants and nonparticipants. Social capital theory predicts that group cohesion will increase cooperative, pro‐social behavior among those in the group; however, it can also increase uncooperative, antisocial behavior among those not in the group—particularly when in‐group membership is seen as desirable. Social capital theory also predicts that larger schools will have more disturbances, but subgroups in large schools will reduce these adverse effects. Methods. The hypotheses were tested by looking at the relation between disturbances and interscholastic sports programs in Montgomery County, Maryland high schools. Using three years of data on each high school in the county, the study regresses disturbances on sports participation, holding constant demographic variables, school size, and a dummy variable for each school. Results. Larger schools have more disturbances, but bigger interscholastic sports programs mitigate these effects. Conclusions. The policy implications suggest that to foster cooperative behavior in high schools, it might be wise to limit school size, or to foster participation in varsity sports as school size increases.
Locational Decisions of Charter Schools: Probing the Market Metaphor
Authors: Henig Jeffrey R. , MacDonald Jason A.
Published: March 2003

Objective. Debate about market–oriented school–choice proposals often centers on questions of whether they will help or hurt minorities and the poor. We examine the locational decisions of different types of charter schools in the District of Columbia (D.C.) to assess their distributional consequences. Methods. We employ ordered probit regression to estimate models of the degree to which census tracts are served by charters. Results. Charters are more likely to locate in areas with high proportions of African–American and Hispanic residents than in the predominantly white neighborhoods, and more likely to locate in neighborhoods with middle incomes and high home ownership than in either poor or wealthy areas of the city. This is especially true of those operated by for–profits and those chartered by the elected rather than appointed chartering body. Additionally, we observe charters taking political and practical considerations into account when deciding where to locate. Conclusions. Proponents claim that charter schools will locate where need is greatest, while critics fear they will shy away from neighborhoods housing disadvantaged and minority students. We find that both camps are oversimplifying. Locational patterns are more complex and appear to be sensitive to variations in the type of charter school as well as the institutional characteristics of the chartering agency. Although market incentives are important, so too are pragmatic factors and institutional context.
Hepatitis C Virus NS3 ATPases/Helicases from Different Genotypes Exhibit Variations in Enzymatic Properties
Authors: Lam Angela M. I. , Keeney David , Eckert Patrick Q. , Frick David N.
Published: March 2003

The NS3 ATPase/helicase was isolated and characterized from three different infectious clones of hepatitis C virus (HCV). One helicase was from a genotype that normally responds to therapy (Hel-2a), and the other two were from more resistant genotypes, 1a (Hel-1a) and 1b (Hel-1b). Although the differences among these helicases are generally minor, all three enzymes have distinct properties. Hel-1a is less selective for nucleoside triphosphates, Hel-1b hydrolyzes nucleoside triphosphates less rapidly, and Hel-2a unwinds DNA more rapidly and binds DNA more tightly than the other two enzymes. Unlike related proteins, different nucleic acid sequences stimulate ATP hydrolysis by HCV helicase at different maximum rates and with different apparent efficiencies. This nucleic acid stimulation profile is conserved among the enzymes, but it does not result entirely from differential DNA-binding affinities. Although the amino acid sequences of the three proteins differ by up to 15%, one variant amino acid that is critical for helicase action was identified. NS3 residue 450 is a threonine in Hel-1a and Hel-1b and is an isoleucine in Hel-2a. A mutant Hel-1a with an isoleucine substituted for threonine 450 unwinds DNA more rapidly and binds DNA more tightly than the parent protein.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Vpr Enhances Expression from Unintegrated HIV-1 DNA
Authors: Poon Betty , Chen Irvin S. Y.
Published: March 2003

Retroviral DNA synthesized prior to integration, termed unintegrated viral DNA, is classically believed to be transcriptionally inert and to serve only as a precursor to the transcriptionally active integrated proviral DNA form. However, it has recently been found to be expressed under some circumstances during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication and may play a significant role in HIV-1 pathogenesis. HIV-1 Vpr is a virion-associated accessory protein that is critical for HIV-1 replication in nondividing cells and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. We find that Vpr, either expressed de novo or released from virions following viral entry, is essential for unintegrated viral DNA expression. HIV-1 mutants defective for integration in either the integrase catalytic domain or the
cis
-acting
att
sites can express unintegrated viral DNA at levels similar to that of wild-type HIV-1, but only in the presence of Vpr. In the absence of Vpr, the expression of unintegrated viral DNA decreases 10- to 20-fold. Vpr does not affect the efficiency of integration from integrase-defective HIV-1. Vpr-mediated enhancement of expression from integrase-defective HIV-1 requires that the viral DNA be generated in cells through infection and is mediated via a template that declines over time. Vpr activation of expression does not require exclusive nuclear localization of Vpr nor does it correlate with Vpr-mediated cell cycle arrest. These results attribute a new function to HIV-1 Vpr and implicate Vpr as a critical component in expression from unintegrated HIV-1 DNA.
Mutation of Single Hydrophobic Residue I27, L35, F39, L58, L65, L67, or L71 in the N Terminus of VP5 Abolishes Interaction with the Scaffold Protein and Prevents Closure of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Capsid Shells
Authors: Walters Jewell N. , Sexton Gerry L. , McCaffery J. Michael , Desai Prashant
Published: March 2003

Protein-protein interactions drive the assembly of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) capsid. A key interaction occurs between the C-terminal tail of the scaffold protein (pre-22a) and the major capsid protein (VP5). Previously (Z. Hong, M. Beaudet-Miller, J. Durkin, R. Zhang, and A. D. Kwong, J. Virol.
70:
533-540, 1996) it was shown that the minimal domain in the scaffold protein necessary for this interaction was composed of a hydrophobic amphipathic helix. The goal of this study was to identify the hydrophobic residues in VP5 important for this bimolecular interaction. Results from the genetic analysis of second-site revertant virus mutants identified the importance of the N terminus of VP5 for the interaction with the scaffold protein. This allowed us to focus our efforts on a small region of this large polypeptide. Twenty-four hydrophobic residues, starting at L23 and ending at F84, were mutated to alanine. All the mutants were first screened for interaction with pre-22a in the yeast two-hybrid assay. From this in vitro assay, seven residues, I27, L35, F39, L58, L65, L67, and L71, that eliminated the interaction when mutated were identified. All 24 mutants were introduced into the virus genome with a genetic marker rescue/marker transfer system. For this system, viruses and cell lines that greatly facilitated the introduction of the mutants into the genome were made. The same seven mutants that abolished interaction of VP5 with pre-22a resulted in an absolute requirement for wild-type VP5 for growth of the viruses. The viruses encoding these mutations in VP5 were capable of forming capsid shells comprised of VP5, VP19C, VP23, and VP26, but the closure of these shells into an icosahedral structure was prevented. Mutation at L75 did not affect the ability of this protein to interact with pre-22a, as judged from the in vitro assay, but this mutation specified a lethal effect for virus growth and abolished the formation of any detectable assembled structure. Thus, it appears that the L75 residue is important for another essential interaction of VP5 with the capsid shell proteins. The congruence of the data from the previous and present studies demonstrates the key roles of two regions in the N terminus of this large protein that are crucial for this bimolecular interaction. Thus, residues I27, L35, and F39 comprise the first subdomain and residues L58, L65, L67 and L71 comprise a second subdomain of VP5. These seven hydrophobic residues are important for the interaction of VP5 with the scaffold protein and consequently the formation of an icosahedral shell structure that encloses the viral genome.
Mutations in the Putative HR-C Region of the Measles Virus F
2
Glycoprotein Modulate Syncytium Formation
Authors: Plemper Richard K. , Compans Richard W.
Published: March 2003

The fusion (F) glycoproteins of measles virus strains Edmonston (MV-Edm) and wtF (MV-wtF) confer distinct cytopathic effects and strengths of hemagglutinin (H) interaction on a recombinant MV-Edm virus. They differ in just two amino acids, V94 and V101 in F-Edm versus M94 and F101 in F-wtF, both of which lie in the relatively uncharacterized F
2
domain. By comparing the sequence of MV F with those of the parainfluenza virus SV5 and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) F proteins, the structures of which are known, we show that MV F
2
also possesses a potential heptad repeat (HR) C domain. In NDV, the N-terminal half of HR-C interacts with HR-A in F
1
while the C-terminal half is induced to kink outward by a central proline residue. We found that this proline is part of an LXP motif conserved in all three viruses. Folding and transport of MV F require this motif to be intact and also require covalent interaction of cysteine residues that probably support the potential HR-A-HR-C interaction. Amino acids 94 and 101, both located in “d” positions of the HR-C helical wheel, lie in the potentially outwardly kinked region. We demonstrate that their effect on MV fusogenicity and glycoprotein interaction is mediated solely by amino acid 94. Substitutions at position 94 with polar or charged amino acids are tolerated poorly or not at all, while changes to smaller and more hydrophilic amino acids are tolerated in both transiently expressed F protein and recombinant virus. MV F V94A and MV F V94G viruses induce extensive syncytium formation and are relatively, or almost completely, resistant to a known inhibitor of MV glycoprotein-induced fusion. We propose that the conformational changes in MV F protein required to expose the fusion peptide involve the C-terminal half of the HR-C helix, specifically amino acid 94.
The B Subunit ofEscherichia coliHeat-Labile Enterotoxin Enhances CD8+Cytotoxic-T-Lymphocyte Killing of Epstein-Barr Virus-Infected Cell Lines
Authors: Ong Kong-Wee , Wilson A. Douglas , Hirst Timothy R. , Morgan Andrew J.
Published: March 2003

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with a number of important human cancers, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, and Hodgkin's lymphoma. These tumors express a viral nuclear antigen, EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1), which cannot be presented to T cells in a major histocompatibility complex class I context, and the viral latent membrane proteins (LMPs). Although the LMPs are expressed in these tumors, no effective immune response is made. We report here that exposure to the cholera-like enterotoxin B subunit (EtxB) in EBV-infected lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) enhances their susceptibility to killing by LMP-specific CD8+cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in a HLA class I-restricted manner. CTL killing of LCLs is dramatically increased through both transporter-associated protein-dependent and -independent epitopes after EtxB treatment. The use of mutant B subunits revealed that the enhanced susceptibility of LCLs to CTL killing is dependent on the B subunit's interaction with GM1but not its signaling properties. These important findings could underpin the development of novel approaches to treating EBV-associated malignancies and may offer a general approach to increasing the presentation of other tumor and viral antigens.
Apoptotic Cells, Including Macrophages, Are Prominent in Theiler's Virus-Induced Inflammatory, Demyelinating Lesions
Authors: Schlitt Brian P. , Felrice Matthew , Jelachich Mary Lou , Lipton Howard L.
Published: March 2003

Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) persists in the mouse central nervous system principally in macrophages, and infected macrophages in culture undergo apoptosis. We have detected abundant apoptotic cells in perivascular cuffs and inflammatory, demyelinating lesions of SJL mice chronically infected with TMEV. T cells comprised 74% of apoptotic cells, while 8% were macrophages, 0.6% were astrocytes, and ∼17% remained unidentified. In situ hybridization revealed viral RNA in ∼1% of apoptotic cells.
A SIMPLE PLAN FOR THE Δ RESONANCE
Authors: Ligterink N. E.
Published: March 2003

We construct the Δ resonance as a superposition of a bare Δ state and the πN continuum. It is parametrized by three coupling constants for local πNΔ and ππ NN couplings and the Δ mass. The latter incorporates the mass renormalization due to the πNΔ interaction, while the results depend only weakly, if at all, on its wave-function renormalization. Three more renormalization constants are needed for the derivative contact interaction. They allow one to generate the Δ resonance dynamically. A large number of fits test the quality of different model assumptions in the P33, P31 and P13p-wave πN scattering channels.
THE SAID PWA PROGRAM
Authors: Arndt R. A. , Strakovsky I. I. , Workman R. L.
Published: March 2003

The range of SAID activities is outlined. These include database management, partial-wave analysis, and the determination of resonance properties. As the relationships between amplitude analysis, partial-wave analysis, and resonance extraction are often confused, comments are made in order to clarify the key differences. The multipole analysis of single-pion photoproduction is described in detail in order to show model-dependence appears in our fits to data.
Internal connectivity of the homing pigeon (Columba livia) hippocampal formation: An anterograde and retrograde tracer study
Authors: Kahn Meghan C. , Hough Gerald E. , Ten Eyck Gary R. , Bingman Verner P.
Published: March 2003

The avian hippocampal formation (HF) is a structure necessary for learning and remembering aspects of environmental space. Therefore, understanding the connections between different HF regions is important for determining how spatial learning processes are organized within the avian brain. The prevailing feed‐forward, trisynaptic internal connectivity of the mammalian hippocampus and its importance for cognition have been well described, but the internal connectivity of the avian HF has only recently been investigated. To examine further the connectivity within the avian HF, small amounts of cholera toxin subunit B, primarily a retrograde tracer (n = 15), or biotinylated dextran amine, primarily an anterograde tracer (n = 10), were injected into localized regions of the HF. Examination of the immunohistochemically labeled tissue showed projections from extrinsic sensory processing areas into dorsolateral HF and the dorsal portion of the dorsomedial HF (DMd). DMd in turn projected into the medial (VM) and lateral (VL) ventral cell layers. A projection from VM into VL was found, and together these areas and DM provided input into the contralateral ventral cell layers. Ipsilaterally, a ventral portion of dorsomedial HF (DMv) received input from VL and VM. From DMv, projections exited HF laterally. The highlighted projections formed a discernible feed‐forward processing network through the avian HF that resembled the trisynaptic circuit of the mammalian HF. J. Comp. Neurol. 459:127–141, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative expression patterns of T‐, N‐, E‐cadherins, β‐catenin, and polysialic acid neural cell adhesion molecule in rat cochlea during development: Implications for the nature of Kölliker's organ
Authors: Simonneau Lionel , Gallego Mireille , Pujol Remy
Published: March 2003

We investigated the expression patterns of several cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) during rat cochlea ontogeny, from embryo day 16 to adulthood, with the use of immunohistochemistry: neural cadherin (N‐cad) and polysialic acid neural CAM (PSA‐NCAM) as two different neural CAM paradigms; epithelial cadherin (E‐cad), which was restricted to the epitheloid phenotype; and the cytoplasmic domain‐free truncated‐cadherin (T‐cad). We made the following observations. (1) T‐cad was present in all types of fibrocyte and in subdomains within the pillar cells. (2) E‐ and N‐cad were expressed with mutually exclusive patterns and did not overlap with T‐cad. All cochlear epithelial cells, including the sensory outer hair cells (OHCs), were E‐cad–positive, except for the negative inner hair cells (IHCs) and the nonsensory Kölliker's organ domain close to the IHCs. N‐cad expression appeared first in the developing IHCs and then in the neighboring Kölliker's organ in an increasingly mediolateral gradient in opposition to the E‐cad gradient. The OHCs, which are never N‐cad positive, intensively expressed E‐cad, as did the Hensen cells at the beginning of their differentiation. (3) The cadherin‐linked molecule β‐catenin, absent in fibrocytes, was detected in all epithelial cell membranes and was prominent in the E‐cad–rich modiolar extremity of Kölliker's organ. (4) Gradual PSA‐NCAM expression was observed in the lateral portion of Kölliker's organ, and the intense PSA‐NCAM expression was seen surrounding the IHCs. As development proceeded, PSA‐NCAM immunoreactivity progressively became restricted to the basal poles of the IHCs, where it remained in the adult rat cochlea, suggesting a synaptic plasticity. Synaptic plasticity in rat cochlea and hypotheses about T‐cad functions and neosensory features of the Kölliker's organ are discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 459:113–126, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Shape representation using extended hyperquadrics
Authors: Ohuchi Munenori , Kudo Hiroyuki , Saito Tsuneo
Published: March 2003

For the preprocessing of shape recognition in computer vision, it is necessary to reconstruct a shape from 3D range data or 2D edge image data. Efforts have been made to approximate a shape‐recovery problem by using a super second‐order function or a hyperquadric function (an expansion of the former). However, the latter cannot be applied to a shape with any concavity. This paper proposes another expansion of the hyperquadric function which has minor additional parameters and can be applied to a great variety of shapes. This paper also shows the effectiveness of the method experimentally. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 86(4): 42–51, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10142
New high resolution typing strategy for HLA‐A locus alleles based on dye terminator sequencing of haplotypic group‐specific PCR‐amplicons of exon 2 and exon 3
Authors: Kurz B. , Steiert I. , Heuchert G. , Müller C.A.
Published: March 2003

In this study, a new sequencing‐based typing strategy for the HLA‐A locus is presented which involves group‐specific separate amplification of exon 2 and 3 of HLA‐A alleles in a first step. Conserved HLA‐A locus‐specific primers of intron 1 or 3 were combined in 10 primer‐mixes with group‐specific primers hybridizing to the 5′‐ or 3′‐end of exon 3 or 2 for pre‐typing of the HLA‐A alleles in 14 allelic groups. Maximally four overlapping short amplicons are produced under identical polymerase chain reaction (PCR) conditions with individual separate amplification of exon 2 and exon 3 of the haplotypic alleles in most heterozygous combinations. Time‐ and money‐saving one‐directional Big Dye Terminator cycle sequencing is shown to provide reliable high resolution typing of the HLA‐A alleles, even in a few cases of two amplicons in one primer reaction mixture. In comparison, to other sequencing‐based typing (SBT) techniques the applied typing strategy minimizes the risk of unequal amplification or of drop‐outs of one of the haplotypic alleles and allows unequivocal definition of the cis/trans linkage of polymorphic positions of the complete exon 2 and exon 3 in most heterozygous cells. This also includes detection of new alleles differing in the polymorphic template generating primer annealing sites as well as in unusual combinations of known exon 2 and 3 sequences. With 10 primer sets working under identical conditions for pre‐grouping and separate amplification of the haplotypic alleles our SBT procedure also could be implemented in clinical settings of large‐scale stem cell donor histocompatibility testing for fast molecular HLA‐A matching.
Fluorotyping of HLA‐DRB by sequence‐specific priming and fluorogenic probing
Authors: Albis‐Camps M. , Blasczyk R.
Published: March 2003

Similar to our recently described HLA‐A and ‐C fluorotyping strategies, the aim of this study was to develop a sequence‐specific primed polymerase chain reaction (PCR‐SSP)‐based fluorotyping method for HLA‐DRB. Applying the fluorogenic 5′ nuclease assay, it is possible to increase the sample throughput rate by abolishing all labor‐intensive post‐amplification steps. Additionally, problems related to contamination are eliminated. The method relies on the 5′–3′ exonuclease activity of the Taq‐DNA Polymerase which cleaves a target‐specific and individually labelled fluorogenic probe during successful PCR. Different labelled probes specific for different targets can be applied in a single PCR, allowing independent detection of the specific HLA and the internal control product. The probe used to detect the HLA‐DRB specific amplicons was labeled at its 5′ end with FAM as the reporter and further 3′ with TAMRA as the quencher. The probe hybridized within the 2nd exon to a conserved region which was covered by all primer mixes. In case of amplification, the cleavage of the fluorogenic probe led to an interruption of the TAMRA‐mediated quenching effect and generated a significant increase of the FAM fluorescence. The HLA‐DRB fluorotyping information was based on the FAM fluorescence released by 24 individual primer mixes. A TET‐TAMRA‐labelled probe was used to indicate amplification of the internal control sequence in each PCR reaction. So far, 170 PCR typed clinical samples representing all serologically defined HLA‐DRB specificities were analyzed using this fluorotyping method. The results were 100% concordant with those obtained by conventional agarose gel detection.
Identification of a novel DQB1 allele DQB1*0616
Authors: Luo M. , Blanchard J. , Maclean I. , Brunham R.
Published: March 2003

We report here a novel DQB1 allele (DQB1*0616) identified during sequence‐based HLA typing. Polymerase chain reaction with proofreading Pwo DNA polymerase and pfu DNA polymerase and subsequent sequencing yielded identical results as that with Taq DNA polymerase. Molecular cloning and sequencing confirmed that the new DQB1 allele is identical to DQB1*0602 at exon 2 except for a single nucleotide substitution (TAC→AAC), changing codon 60 from Tyr to Asn. This is the first report of polymorphism of DQB1 alleles at codon 60
Note.
Diversity of HLA‐B17 alleles and haplotypes in East Asians and a novel Cw6 allele (Cw*0604) associated with B*5701
Authors: Inoue T. , Ogawa A. , Tokunaga K. , Ishikawa Y. , Kashiwase K. , Tanaka H. , Park M.H. , Jia G.J. , Chimge N.‐O. , Sideltseva E.W. , Akaza T. , Tadokoro K. , Takahashi T. , Juji T.
Published: March 2003

The distribution of HLA‐B17 alleles and their association with HLA‐A, ‐C and ‐DRB1 alleles were investigated in seven East Asian populations (Japanese, South Korean, Chinese‐Korean, Man, Northern Han, Mongolian and Buryat populations). The B17 alleles were identified from genomic DNA using group‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by hybridization with sequence‐specific oligonucleotide probes (SSOP). In all of these East Asian populations, except Japanese and Chinese‐Koreans, B*5701 was detected and strongly associated with A*0101, Cw*0602 and DRB1*0701. In contrast, B*5801 was detected in all the seven populations and strongly associated with A*3303, Cw*0302, DRB1*0301 and DRB1*1302. The A*3303‐Cw*0302‐B*5801‐DRB1*1302 haplotype was observed in South Korean, Chinese‐Korean, Buryat and Japanese populations, while A*3303‐Cw*0302‐B*5801‐DRB1*0301 was predominantly observed in the Mongolian population. A similar haplotype, A*0101‐Cw*0302‐B*5801‐DRB1*1302, was observed in the Buryat population. A novel Cw6 allele, Cw*0604, was identified in the Man population. This Cw allele was observed on the haplotype A*0101‐B*5701‐DRB1*0701. Thus, we confirmed, at the sequence level, that the common haplotypes carrying B*5701 and B*5801 have been conserved and shared in East Asian populations Note.
Characterization of a novel HLA‐Cw*04 variant in a Laotian family: HLA‐Cw*0406
Authors: Carbonnelle E. , Poirier J.C. , Fortier C. , Marzais F. , Visser C.J.T. , Borie C. , Toubert A. , Raffoux C. , Charron D. , Tamouza R.
Published: March 2003

The sequence of a new HLA‐Cw*04 allele has been identified in a Laotian family. This allele, designated Cw*0406, differs from Cw*0403 by a single nucleotide substitution at codon 156 (CGG→CTG) in the α2 domain, leading to an amino acid change from Arginine to Leucine. Further screening by specific amplification of two ethnically different populations, i.e. French (n=150) and Lebanese (n=100), provided no case of Cw*406, suggesting that the distribution of this allele may be restricted
Note.
Identification of 4 different alternatively spliced HLA‐A transcripts
Authors: Norgaard L. , Fugger L. , Madsen H.O. , Svejgaard A.
Published: March 2003

During the development of a sequencing based typing (polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐SBT) protocol for the HLA‐A locus, the presence of two bands in addition to the expected full‐length product were observed in the template generating PCR in some of the samples investigated. Despite a profound optimisation of the PCR, these new products of lower molecular weight remained present. The new products were not associated with specific alleles. However, the affected samples consisted of peripheral blood lymphocytes isolated from four patients with colorectal cancer, one patient diagnosed with myeloma, and a colon tumor cell line. In order to elucidate the nature of this phenomenon, a number of these products were cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis revealed that alternative splicing of the HLA‐A transcript was responsible for the generation of these smaller products. Thus, a number of clones were generated from transcripts in which a 276 base pair region corresponding exactly to exon 3 had been spliced out. Three additional transcripts lacking exons 2 and 3, exons 3 and 4, and transcripts lacking exons 2–4 respectively, were identified as well. These results are in some respects similar to observations made for HLA‐G, one of the non‐classical class I loci, in which a number of alternatively spliced transcripts have been identified. However, no specific functions have been ascribed to these molecules nor have the truncated proteins encoded by these transcripts been identified, thereby questioning the biological significance of these observations. Nevertheless, our findings indicate that alternative splicing of the HLA‐A transcript may take place to a small extent in virtually all cells, and it is possible that their generation promote escape from immune surveillance.
HLA‐A typing by reference strand‐mediated conformation analysis (RSCA) using a capillary‐based semi‐automated genetic analyser
Authors: Turner D.M. , Poles A. , Brown J. , Argüello J.R. , Madrigal J.A. , Navarrete C.V.
Published: March 2003

HLA typing of class I loci by reference strand‐mediated conformation analysis (RSCA) using a slab gel genetic analyser has been described. This study adapted the method for use in the capillary based ABI PRISM 310. Control DNA samples were used to create a database of mobility values for 37 HLA‐A alleles. The technique was validated by comparing RSCA and sequence‐specific oligonucleotide probe (SSOP)/sequence‐specific primer amplification (SSP) HLA‐A locus typing results from 214 cord blood samples. Of the samples tested, 6.5% required confirmatory typing by SSP, compared with a repeat rate of 10–40% for SSOP. In 200 samples where no SSP was necessary, there was 100% concordance between RSCA and previous results. The ABI PRISM 310 RSCA method defines HLA‐A types at medium resolution and is quick and easy to implement.
DQCAR 113 and DQCAR 115 in combination with HLA‐DRB1 alleles are significant markers of susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis in the Korean population
Authors: Kim T.‐G. , Choi H.‐B. , Park S.‐H. , Kim H.‐Y. , Han H.
Published: March 2003

We have investigated HLA region microsatellite polymorphisms in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) which are known to be associated with HLA class II alleles in the Korean population. Ninety patients with RA and 106 controls were employed for this study, in which TAP1CA, DQCAR, D6S273, HLA‐DRB1, ‐DQA1 and ‐DQB1 allele typing were performed. DQCAR 113 (RR=3.2, P<0.0002), DQCAR 115 (RR=3.6, P<0.0001) and heterozygous DQCAR 113/115 (RR=11.2, P<0.0001) frequencies were significantly increased in the RA group compared with the control group. The HLA‐DRB1 genotypes of patients who had DQCAR 113/115 alleles were defined as DRB1*04 and/or DRB1*09. There was no significant difference between RA and controls in D6S273 and TAP1CA allele frequencies. We demonstrated that HLA‐DRB1*0405 (RR=6.6, P<10−6), DQA1*03 (RR=5.2, P<10−6), DQB1*04 (RR=3.5, P<0.002) alleles were useful markers of susceptibility to RA in Koreans. The frequency of HLA‐DRB1*0405 was higher in DQCAR 113 allele‐positive RA (68.1%) than in DQCAR 113 allele‐negative (16.3%) and total RA (43.3%) groups, and the susceptibility risk of DQCAR 113 allele to RA was more increased in the DRB1*0405‐positive group (RR=5.5, P<0.04). On the other hand, DQCAR 115 allele was more significantly associated with susceptibility to RA in HLA‐DRB1*0405‐negative patients (RR=5.1, P<0.0005), and the association between RA and HLA‐DRB1*0405 was also significantly associated with DQCAR 115 allele‐negative patients (RR=13.2, P<0.00001) as compared with DQCAR 115 allele‐negative control groups. HLA‐DRB1*0405‐DQA1*03‐DQCAR113‐DQB1*03 haplotype showed high relative risk value (RR=17.7, P<0.0002). In conclusion, the DQCAR allele in combination with HLA class II, especially DR, is probably a useful risk marker for RA susceptibility in the Korean population.
Homogenous expression of killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIR) on polyclonal natural killer cells detected by a monoclonal antibody to KIR2D
Authors: Watzl C. , Peterson M. , Long E.O.
Published: March 2003

The activity of human natural killer (NK) cells is in part regulated by the expression of killer cell immunoglobulin (Ig)‐like receptors (KIR) that recognize major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and can inhibit NK cell cytotoxicity. A monoclonal anti‐KIR antibody was established and designated Lig1. Lig1 was shown to be specific for KIR in cell‐surface staining and to react with all KIR2D, except KIR2DL4 which lacks a D1 domain, but not with KIR3D molecules in an enzyme‐linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting. Unlike other anti‐KIR antibodies, Lig1 did not inhibit binding of KIR‐Ig‐fusion proteins to MHC‐class I expressing cells nor did it interfere with KIR‐mediated inhibition of NK cell cytotoxicity in a functional assay. Lig1 reacted with all NK cells in polyclonal NK populations from different donors, demonstrating that all NK cells express at least one KIR2D receptor.
Lack of association between the Met196Arg polymorphism in the TNFR2 gene and autoimmune diseases accompanied by vasculitis including SLE in Japanese
Authors: Takahashi M. , Hashimoto H. , Akizuki M. , Sasazuki T. , Nishikimi N. , Ouchi H. , Kobayashi Y. , Numano F. , Kimura A.
Published: March 2003

A polymorphism in high‐affinity receptor of TNF (TNFR2) gene, Met196Arg, was reported to be associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in Japanese, whereas the association could not be found in Europeans at all and this represents an apparent discrepancy. The association, then, should be tested in other populations to clarify the possible involvement, if any, of the TNFR2 polymorphism in SLE or other related autoimmune diseases. The purposes of this study were to examine the TNFR2 polymorphism in Japanese patients with SLE and to investigate its association with other autoimmune diseases accompanied by vasculitis, mixed connective tissue disease, Buerger’s disease, and Takayasu’s arteritis. We found no association at all between the TNFR2 polymorphism and any autoimmune diseases including SLE in Japanese.
HLA‐B*07 allele frequencies and haplotypic associations in Koreans
Authors: Whang D. Hee , Kang Su Jin , Han K. Sup , Park M. Hee
Published: March 2003

We have investigated the frequencies of HLA‐B*07 alleles and their haplotypic associations with HLA‐A, ‐C and ‐DRB1 loci in 489 healthy unrelated Koreans, including 214 parents from 107 families. All of the 45 samples (9.2%) typed as B7 by serology were analyzed for B*07 alleles using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) method. Two different B*07 alleles were detected: B*0702 (allele frequency 0.041) and B*0705 (0.005). Two characteristic haplotypes showing strong linkage disequilibrium in Koreans were A*2402‐Cw*07‐B*0702‐DRB1*0101 (haplotype frequency 0.028) and A*2901‐B*0705‐DRB1*0803 (0.005). The characteristic haplotype A*2901‐B*0705‐DRB1*0803, found in 100% (5/5) of B*0705‐positive individuals, has not been previously described in other ethnic groups. HLA‐B7 alleles comprise distinctive extended haplotypes in the Korean population. The probability of HLA‐B7 allele mismatches among ABDR‐matched unrelated donor‐recipient pairs is expected to be low in Koreans.