bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The link between outgoing longwave radiation and the altitude at which a spaceborne lidar beam is fully attenuated
Authors: Vaillant de Guélis Thibault , Chepfer Hélène , Noel Vincent , Guzman Rodrigo , Dubuisson Philippe , Winker David M. , Kato Seiji
Published: December 2017

Abstract. According to climate model simulations, the changing altitude of middle and high clouds is the dominant contributor to the positive global mean longwave cloud feedback. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of this longwave cloud altitude feedback and its magnitude have not yet been verified by observations. Accurate, stable, and long-term observations of a metric-characterizing cloud vertical distribution that are related to the longwave cloud radiative effect are needed to achieve a better understanding of the mechanism of longwave cloud altitude feedback. This study shows that the direct measurement of the altitude of atmospheric lidar opacity is a good candidate for the necessary observational metric. The opacity altitude is the level at which a spaceborne lidar beam is fully attenuated when probing an opaque cloud. By combining this altitude with the direct lidar measurement of the cloud-top altitude, we derive the effective radiative temperature of opaque clouds which linearly drives (as we will show) the outgoing longwave radiation. We find that, for an opaque cloud, a cloud temperature change of 1 K modifies its cloud radiative effect by 2 W m−2. Similarly, the longwave cloud radiative effect of optically thin clouds can be derived from their top and base altitudes and an estimate of their emissivity. We show with radiative transfer simulations that these relationships hold true at single atmospheric column scale, on the scale of the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) instantaneous footprint, and at monthly mean 2° × 2° scale. Opaque clouds cover 35 % of the ice-free ocean and contribute to 73 % of the global mean cloud radiative effect. Thin-cloud coverage is 36 % and contributes 27 % of the global mean cloud radiative effect. The link between outgoing longwave radiation and the altitude at which a spaceborne lidar beam is fully attenuated provides a simple formulation of the cloud radiative effect in the longwave domain and so helps us to understand the longwave cloud altitude feedback mechanism.
Homogenizing and Estimating the Uncertainty in NOAA’s Long Term Vertical Ozone Profile Records Measured with the Electrochemical Concentration Cell Ozonesonde
Authors: Sterling Chance W. , Johnson Bryan J. , Oltmans Samuel J. , Smit Herman G. J. , Jordan Allen F. , Cullis Patrick D. , Hall Emrys G. , Thompson Anne M. , Witte Jacquelyn C.
Published: December 2017

Abstract. NOAA’s program of long term monitoring of the vertical distribution of ozone with Electrochemical Concentration Cell (ECC) ozonesondes has undergone a number of changes over the 50 year record. In order to produce a homogenous data set, these changes must be documented and where necessary, appropriate corrections applied. This is the first comprehensive and consistent reprocessing of NOAA’s ozonesonde data records that corrects for these changes using the rawest form of the data (cell current and pump temperature) in native resolution as well as a point by point uncertainty calculation that is unique to each sounding. The reprocessing is carried out uniformly at all eight ozonesonde sites in NOAA’s network with differences in sensing solution and ozonesonde types accounted for in the same way at all sites. The corrections used to homogenize the NOAA ozonesonde data records greatly improve the ozonesonde measurements with an average one sigma uncertainty of ±4–6 % in the stratosphere and ±5–20 % in the troposphere. A comparison of the integrated column ozone from the ozonesonde profile with co-located Dobson spectrophotometers total column ozone measurements shows agreement within ±5 % for > 70 % of the profiles. Very good agreement is also found in the stratosphere between ozonesonde profiles and profiles retrieved from the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Instruments (SBUV).
Effects of carbon turnover time on terrestrial ecosystem carbon storage
Authors: Yan Yaner , Zhou Xuhui , Jiang Lifeng , Luo Yiqi
Published: December 2017

Abstract. Carbon (C) turnover time is a key factor in determining C storage capacity in various plant and soil pools as well as terrestrial C sink in a changing climate. However, the effects of C turnover time on ecosystem C storage have not been well explored. In this study, we compared mean C turnover times (MTTs) of ecosystem and soil, examined their variability to climate, and then quantified the spatial variation in ecosystem C storage over time from changes in C turnover time and/or net primary production (NPP). Our results showed that mean ecosystem MTT based on gross primary production (GPP; MTTEC_GPP =  Cpool/GPP, 25.0 ± 2.7 years) was shorter than soil MTT (MTTsoil =  Csoil/NPP, 35.5 ± 1.2 years) and NPP-based ecosystem MTT (MTTEC_NPP =  Cpool/NPP, 50.8 ± 3 years; Cpool and Csoil referred to ecosystem or soil C storage, respectively). On the biome scale, temperature is the best predictor for MTTEC (R2 =  0.77, p < 0.001) and MTTsoil (R2 =  0.68, p < 0.001), while the inclusion of precipitation in the model did not improve the performance of MTTEC (R2 =  0.76, p < 0.001). Ecosystem MTT decreased by approximately 4 years from 1901 to 2011 when only temperature was considered, resulting in a large C release from terrestrial ecosystems. The resultant terrestrial C release caused by the decrease in MTT only accounted for about 13.5 % of that due to the change in NPP uptake (159.3 ± 1.45 vs. 1215.4 ± 11.0 Pg C). However, the larger uncertainties in the spatial variation of MTT than temporal changes could lead to a greater impact on ecosystem C storage, which deserves further study in the future.
Effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on phytoplankton community biomass, species composition and photosynthesis during an autumn bloom in the Western English Channel
Authors: Keys Matthew , Tilstone Gavin , Findlay Helen S. , Widdicombe Claire E. , Lawson Tracy
Published: December 2017

Abstract. The combined effects of elevated pCO2 and temperature were investigated during an autumn phytoplankton bloom in the Western English Channel (WEC). A full factorial 36-day microcosm experiment was conducted under year 2100 predicted temperature (+4.5 °C) and pCO2 levels (800 μatm). The starting phytoplankton community biomass was 110.2 (±5.7 sd) mg carbon (C) m−3 and was dominated by dinoflagellates (~ 50 %) with smaller contributions from nanophytoplankton (~ 13 %), cryptophytes (~ 11 %)and diatoms (~ 9 %). Over the experimental period total biomass was significantly increased by elevated pCO2 (20-fold increase) and elevated temperature (15-fold increase). In contrast, the combined influence of these two factors had little effect on biomass relative to the ambient control. The phytoplankton community structure shifted from dinoflagellates to nanophytoplankton at the end of the experiment in all treatments. Under elevated pCO2 nanophytoplankton contributed 90% of community biomass and was dominated by Phaeocystis spp., while under elevated temperature nanophytoplankton contributed 85 % of the community biomass and was dominated by smaller nano-flagellates. Under ambient conditions larger nano-flagellates dominated while the smallest nanophytoplankton contribution was observed under combined elevated pCO2 and temperature (~ 40 %). Dinoflagellate biomass declined significantly under the individual influences of elevated pCO2, temperature and ambient conditions. Under the combined effects of elevated pCO2 and temperature, dinoflagellate biomass almost doubled from the starting biomass and there was a 30-fold increase in the harmful algal bloom (HAB) species, Prorocentrum cordatum. Chlorophyll a normalised maximum photosynthetic rates (PBm) increased > 6-fold under elevated pCO2 and > 3-fold under elevated temperature while no effect on PBm was observed when pCO2 and temperature were elevated simultaneously. The results suggest that future increases in temperature and pCO2 do not appear to influence coastal phytoplankton productivity during autumn in the WEC which would have a negative feedback on atmospheric CO2.
A bias-corrected CMIP5 dataset for Africa using CDF-t method. A
contribution to agricultural impact studies
Authors: Famien Adjoua Moise , Janicot Serge , Ochou Abe Delfin , Vrac Mathieu , Defrance Dimitri , Sultan Benjamin , Noël Thomas
Published: December 2017

Abstract. The objective of this paper is to present a new data set of bias-corrected CMIP5 global climate models (GCMs) daily data over Africa. This dataset was obtained in using the Cumulative Distribution Function Transform (CDF-t) method, a method that has been applied on several regions and contexts but never on Africa. Here CDF-t is used over the period 1950–2099 combining historical runs and climate change scenarios on 6 variables, precipitation, mean near-surface air temperature, near-surface maximum air temperature, near-surface minimum air temperature, surface down-welling shortwave radiation, and wind speed, which are critical variables for agricultural purposes. Evaluation of the results is carried out over West Africa on a list of priority users-based metrics that was discussed and selected with stakeholders and on simulated yield using a crop model simulating maize growth. Bias-corrected GCMs data are compared with another available dataset of bias-corrected GCMs, and the impact of three different reference datasets on bias-corrections is also examined in details. CDF-t is very effective in removing the biases and in reducing the high inter-GCMs scattering. Differences with other bias-corrected GCMs data are mainly due to the differences between the reference datasets. This is particular true for surface down-welling shortwave radiation, which has impacts in terms of simulated maize yields. Projections of future yields over West Africa have quite different levels, depending on bias-correction method used, but they all show a similar relative decreasing trend over the 21st century.
Investigation of a low-cost magneto-inductive magnetometer for space science applications
Authors: Regoli Leonardo H. , Moldwin Mark B. , Pellioni Matthew , Bronner Bret , Hite Kelsey , Sheinker Arie , Ponder Brandon M.
Published: December 2017

Abstract. A new sensor for measuring low-amplitude magnetic fields that is ideal for small spacecraft is presented. The novel measurement principle enables the fabrication of a low-cost sensor with low power consumption and with measuring capabilities that are comparable to recent developments for CubeSat applications. The current magnetometer, a software-modified version of a commercial sensor, is capable of detecting fields with amplitudes as low as 8.7 nT at 40 Hz and 2.7 nT at 1 Hz, with a noise floor of 500 pT/√(Hz) @ 1 Hz. The sensor has a linear response to less than 3 % over a range of ±100 000 nT. All of these features make the magneto-inductive principle a promising technology for the development of magnetic sensors for both space-borne and ground-based applications to study geomagnetic activity.
Data quality control and tools in passive seismic experiments exemplified on the Czech broadband seismic pool MOBNET in the AlpArray collaborative project
Authors: Vecsey Luděk , Plomerová Jaroslava , Jedlička Petr , Munzarová Helena , Babuška Vladislav ,   the AlpArray working group
Published: December 2017

Abstract. This paper focuses on major issues related to the data reliability and network performance of 20 broadband (BB) stations of the Czech (CZ) MOBNET (MOBile NETwork) seismic pool within the AlpArray seismic experiments. Currently used high-resolution seismological applications require high-quality data recorded for a sufficiently long time interval at seismological observatories and during the entire time of operation of the temporary stations. In this paper we present new hardware and software tools we have been developing during the last two decades while analysing data from several international passive experiments. The new tools help to assure the high-quality standard of broadband seismic data and eliminate potential errors before supplying data to seismological centres. Special attention is paid to crucial issues like the detection of sensor misorientation, timing problems, interchange of record components and/or their polarity reversal, sensor mass centring, or anomalous channel amplitudes due to, for example, imperfect gain. Thorough data quality control should represent an integral constituent of seismic data recording, preprocessing, and archiving, especially for data from temporary stations in passive seismic experiments. Large international seismic experiments require enormous efforts from scientists from different countries and institutions to gather hundreds of stations to be deployed in the field during a limited time period. In this paper, we demonstrate the beneficial effects of the procedures we have developed for acquiring a reliable large set of high-quality data from each group participating in field experiments. The presented tools can be applied manually or automatically on data from any seismic network.
Consideration of various aspects in a drift study of MH370 debris
Authors: Nesterov Oleksandr
Published: December 2017

Abstract. On March 7, 2014, a Boeing 777-200ER aircraft operated by Malaysian Airlines on the route MH370 from Kuala Lumpur to Beijin abruptly ceased all communications and disappeared with 239 people aboard, leaving a mystery about its fate. The subsequent analysis of so-called satellite handshakes supplemented by military radar tracking has suggested that the aircraft ended up in the southern Indian Ocean. Eventual recovery of a number of fragments washed ashore in several countries has confirmed its crash. A number of drift studies were undertaken to assist in locating the crash site, mostly focusing either on the spatial distribution of the washed ashore debris or efficacy of the aerial search operation. A recent biochemical analysis of the barnacles attached to the flaperon (the first fragment found in La Réunion) has indicated that their growth likely began in the water of 24 °C, then the temperature dropped to 18 °C, and then it rose up again to 25 °C. An attempt was made in the present study to take into consideration all these aspects. The analysis was conducted by the means of numerical screening of 40 hypothetical locations of the crash site along the so-called 7th arc. Obtained results indicate the likelihood of the crash site to be located between 25.5° S and 30.5° S latitudes, with the segment from 28° S to 30° S being the most promising.
How does the ice sheet surface mass balance relate to snowfall? Insights from a ground-based precipitation radar in East Antarctica
Authors: Souverijns Niels , Gossart Alexandra , Gorodetskaya Irina V. , Lhermitte Stef , Mangold Alexander , Laffineur Quentin , Delcloo Andy , van Lipzig Nicole P. M.
Published: December 2017

Abstract. Local surface mass balance (SMB) measurements are crucial for understanding changes in the total mass of the Antarctic Ice Sheet, including its contribution to sea level rise. Despite continuous attempts to decipher mechanisms controlling the local SMB, a clear understanding of the separate components is still lacking, while snowfall measurements are almost absent. In this study, the different terms are quantified at the Princess Elisabeth (PE) station in Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. Furthermore, the relation between snowfall and accumulation at the surface is investigated. To achieve this, a unique collocated set of remote sensing instrumentation (Micro Rain Radar, ceilometer, Automatic Weather Station, among others) was established operating for an unprecedented time period of 37 months. Snowfall originates mainly from moist and warm air advected from lower latitudes associated with cyclone activity. However, snowfall events are much more common than accumulation events. During 38 % of the snowfall cases observed, the freshly-fallen snow is ablated by the wind during the course of the event. Generally, snow storms of longer duration have a higher chance to attain for accumulation at the local scale, while shorter events usually attain for ablation (on average 17 and 12 hours respectively). As such, SMB records cannot be considered a good proxy for snowfall at the local scale. Accumulation and ablation also occur during non-snowfall conditions. A large part of the accumulation at the station takes place when preceding snowfall events were occurring in upstream coastal areas. This fresh snow is easily picked up and transported in shallow drifting snow layers to more inland locations, even when wind speed is relatively low (
Hunting the Stag in Harry Potter's Games
Authors: Seymour Jessica
Published: December 2017

This paper uses Game Theory as a theoretical framework to analyse the war strategies of Albus Dumbledore and Harry Potter during the Harry Potter series (Rowling 1997–2007). Over the course of the series, Dumbledore's Prisoner's Dilemma creates a zero-sum Game that relies on the ignorance of the people his Game is built around; namely, Harry Potter. Harry's knowledge of himself is deliberately limited by Dumbledore, which establishes Harry as the embodiment of Dumbledore's equilibria rather than as an active player with agency. Harry Potter reclaims his agency and personhood after his death and subsequent return to life, and he does this by adopting a Stag Hunt Game strategy, which empowers both himself and his opponent, Lord Voldemort. This paper argues that the Harry Potter series constructs the limitation of agency and the ignorance of young characters negatively, regardless of the potential good it could serve society. By contrast, Harry Potter's cooperative Game strategy is empowering both to society and to other people because it provides them with the means to make informed decisions and exercise productive agency.
El modelo Educativo de la BICU: el caso de los estudiantes afrodescendientes e indígenas en la década 2007-2016
Authors: Cassells Martínez René Alfonso
Published: December 2017

Este estudio describe la Educación Superior de estudiantes de origen indígenas y afro descendientes en la BICU. Se realizó análisis documental y entrevista no estructurada a informantes claves dentro y fuera de esta institución educativa. El acceso para estudiar en BICU es irrestricto para toda la población indígenas afro descendiente y mestiza. Desde 2007 hasta 2016 se han matriculado 58,166 estudiantes. El 50.25% de becas corresponde a estudiantes mestizos y 49.75% entre minorías étnicas. Para el periodo 2007-2016 en la modalidad regular, el abandono global estudiantil es de 59.95%. El marco jurídico reconoce a BICU como comunitario e intercultural, sin embargo; el perfil profesional de los estudiantes indígenas y afro descendientes, no se corresponde a su cosmovisión. El modelo educativo de BICU es absorcionista de homogeneidad cultural en transición hacia comunitario e intercultural. La implementación de software traductor de lenguas nativas puede mejorar la calidad equidad educativa de los indígenas y afro descendientes. Instructores comunitarios con habilidades y competencias interculturales y pedagógicas es una buena opción para fortalecer la interculturalidad en el contexto comunitario de BICU. Sin perder su esencia BICU puede funcionar como Comunitaria e intercultural, Universidad Comunitaria y Universidad de modelo mixto. Se requiere de liderazgo e innovación organizacional socioeducativa, comprometida para alcanzar este estatus.
Análisis comparativo de la Leyenda La Llorona desde dos contextos diferentes
Authors: Tórrez Nahúm , Montes Julián , Montes Víctor
Published: December 2017

En este artículo, los autores realizamos un análisis comparativo de las versiones nicaragüense y colombiana de la leyenda La llorona, la cual es popularmente conocida en muchos contextos latinoamericanos. Nuestro análisis se fundamenta en un diseño de investigación cualitativo (Creswell, 2014), el cual se encarga de describir y analizar ideas, creencias, y prácticas de grupos, culturas y comunidades. Además, en el análisis narrativo de las leyendas nos apoyamos en ideas centrales sobre nivel de la historia y nivel del discurso, introducidas por el teórico búlgaro Tzvetan Todorov (1970) de corriente estructuralista en el análisis de relatos. Nuestros principales resultados revelan que hay varias similitudes y diferencias entre las dos versiones. Las dos historias tratan sobre una mujer que por decepciones de la vida arroja a su(s) hijo(s) a un río; es decir, ambas tienen un trágico final. Sin embargo, se identificaron diferencias significativas en cuanto a posibles moralejas de los relatos y los posibles receptores de los mismos. Al final, presentamos algunas consideraciones que pueden ser explotadas dentro del aula de clases en distintos niveles escolares.
Hacia un modelo de aglomeración y desaglomeración del espacio regional urbano, Kugman revisitado
Authors: Roca Cladera Josep , Marmolejo Duarte Carlos Ramiro
Published: December 2017

El objeto del presente trabajo se dirige a indagar acerca de los efectos en el

espacio regional-urbano de las economías de aglomeración y desaglomeración que han

conducido, primero, a la emergencia a lo largo del siglo XIX y primera mitad del XX de las

metrópolis de urbanización concentrada, así como, después, ya avanzado el siglo XX, a lo que

ha venido a denominarse “contraurbanización”, “desurbanización” o “ciudad difusa”. A tal fin se

pone en discusión el modelo autoorganizativo propuesto por Krugman (1996) para la

explicación del fenómeno de las “edge cities” así como se dibuja un ensayo complementario

con la intención de explicar el doble fenómeno concentrador-dispersor que actualmente

caracteriza las áreas metropolitanas del mundo desarrollado. El trabajo concluye con un

ejercicio de aplicación empírica del modelo desarrollado a una realidad concreta: el territorio

metropolitano de Barcelona.

The object of this paper is directed towards investigating the effects of the

economies of agglomeration and disagglomeration in the regional-urban space that led firstly to

the emergence, throughout the 19th Century and first half of the 20th Century, of the

metropolises of concentrated urbanisation, as well as later, in more advanced stages of the 20th

Century, to what has come to be called “contraurbanisation”, “desurbanisation” or the “diffuse

city”. With this end in mind, the self-organizing model proposed by Krugman (1996) is

discussed, in order to explain the phenomenon of the “edge cities”, as well as setting out a

complementary essay, with the intention of explaining the two-fold phenomenon concentrationdispersion

that currently characterises the metropolitan areas of the developed world The

paper concludes with an empirical exercise through the application of the model developed to

the specific concrete reality of the metropolitan territory of Barcelona.
Avances del modelo de urbanismo colombiano: una mirada retrospectiva al análisis de su estructura planeado por Javier García Bellido en 1997
Authors: Pinto Carrillo Augusto César
Published: December 2017

Con la oportunidad que brinda la Revista ACE a través de la presente publicación de realizar un balance sobre el proceso de implementación en Colombia de la Ley 388 de 1997, o Ley de Desarrollo Territorial – LDT, y consecuentemente de la aplicación de instrumentos de planeamiento urbanístico general y derivado, el presente artículo revive en parte la crítica y recomendaciones que realizara el Arquitecto Javier García-Bellido en su artículo “Perspectivas del nuevo urbanismo colombiano: un análisis de su estructura”, publicado en la Revista Desarrollo Urbano en Cifras del Ministerio de Desarrollo Económico (1998). Metodológicamente, se realizó una lectura pormenorizada al artículo, seleccionando principalmente los temas, críticas y recomendaciones que se planteaban con el fin de alimentar la reflexión nacional sobre la aplicación de la LDT; desarrollándose a continuación comentarios sobre su incorporación y avance en la implementación de la Ley y de sus instrumentos.

With the opportunity provided by the ACE magazine through this publication to

conduct an assessment of the implementation process in Colombia of Act 388 of 1997, or

Territorial Development Act - LDT, and consequently the implementation of urban planning tools

general and derivative, this article partly revives criticism and recommendations conducted by

architect Javier Garcia-Bellido in his article "Prospects for the new urbanism Colombia: an

analysis of its structure," published in the magazine Urban Development in the Ministry of

Figures Economic Development (1998). Methodologically, a detailed reading the article, mainly

by selecting the topics, criticisms and recommendations that arose in order to stir the national

debate on the implementation of the LDT; continued to develop its incorporation and comments

on progress in implementing the Law and its instruments.
Gestión del patrimonio industrial en la renovación de la ciudad: la experiencia de Terrassa 1959-2011
Authors: Mas Ibáñez Sara , Sabaté Bel Joaquín
Published: December 2017

En las últimas décadas el patrimonio industrial está cobrando especial relevancia. Los elementos del pasado industrial que aún persisten en el paisaje urbano están pasando del abandono a formar parte activa de la ordenación urbana. En Terrassa (Barcelona), este hecho ha marcado el proceso de renovación de la ciudad en el último medio siglo. En una experiencia de gestión pionera en curso la ciudad ha sabido hacer de la herencia textil del pasado una valiosa herramienta para construir su futuro. El objeto principal de esta investigación es analizar las características y evolución de la gestión del tejido industrial de la ciudad y valorar en qué medida dicha gestión urbana combina estrategias de conservación del patrimonio y de renovación de la ciudad. El trabajo confirma un marcado cambio desde las iniciales actuaciones singulares, al tratamiento urbanístico integrado en un proceso de gestión plural que aún tiene un largo camino por recorrer.

A les últimes dècades el patrimoni industrial està adquirint especial rellevància. Els elements del passat industrial que encara persisteixen en el paisatge urbà estan passant de l'abandonament a formar part activa de la ordenació urbana. A Terrassa, aquest fet ha marcat el procés de renovació de la ciutat en l'últim mig segle. En una experiència de gestió pionera en curs, la ciutat ha sabut fer de l'herència tèxtil del passat una valuosa eina per construir el seu futur. L'objecte principal d'aquesta investigació és analitzar les característiques i l'evolució de la gestió del teixit industrial de la ciutat i valorar en quina mesura aquesta gestió urbana combina estratègies de conservació del patrimoni i de renovació de la ciutat. El treball confirma un marcat canvi des de les inicials actuacions singulars al tractament urbanístic integrat en un procés de gestió plural que encara té un llarg camí per recórrer.

Over the last decades industrial heritage has achieved a special relevance. The formerly neglected elements from industrial past in urban landscape are becoming central in urban planning. This fact has determined part of Terrassa’s renovation process in the last half century. With an undergoing pioneering management experience the city has been able to find on ancient textile heritage a worth asset for the future. The main goal of this research is to analyze the features and evolution of Terrassa’s industrial heritage management and to evaluate how urban management integrates heritage conservation and city renovation strategies. The research confirms a strong evolution from individual actions to contextualized urban renovation in a plural process which has still a long way to go.
Filling Collective Duty Gaps
Authors: Collins Stephanie ,   Journal of Philosophy Inc.
Published: December 2017

A collective duty gap arises when a group has caused harm that requires remedying but no (or not enough) member(s) did harm that can justify the imposition of individual remedial duties. Examples range from airplane crashes to climate change. How might collective duty gaps be filled? This paper starts by examining two promising proposals for filling them. Both proposals are found inadequate. Thus, while gap-filling duties can be defended against objections from unfairness and demandingness, we need a substantive justification for their existence. I argue that substantive justification can be found in the normative force of commitments individuals make to others with regard to ends. Along the way, I argue that gap-filling duties must be conceptualized differently in group agents, as compared to non-agent groups: in the former, gap-filling duties can be understood as duties to “take up the slack”; in the latter, this would be a category error.
Patterns, Information, and Causation
Authors: Andersen H. K. ,   Journal of Philosophy Inc.
Published: December 2017

This paper articulates an account of causation as a collection of information-theoretic relationships between patterns instantiated in the causal nexus. I draw on Dennett’s account of real patterns to characterize potential causal relata as patterns with specific identification criteria and noise tolerance levels, and actual causal relata as those patterns instantiated at some spatiotemporal location in the rich causal nexus as originally developed by Salmon. I develop a representation framework using phase space to precisely characterize causal relata, including their degree(s) of counterfactual robustness, causal profiles, causal connectivity, and privileged grain size. By doing so, I show how the philosophical notion of causation can be rendered in a format that is amenable for direct application of mathematical techniques from information theory such that the resulting informational measures are causal informational measures. This account provides a metaphysics of causation that supports interventionist semantics and causal modeling and discovery techniques.
In the News
Authors: Free David
Published: December 2017

Welcome to the December 2017 issue of C&RL News. Digital humanities remains a major trend in academic and research libraries. In this month’s Perspectives on the Framework column, John E. Russell and Merinda Kaye Hensley discuss the intersection of digital humanities, digital pedagogy, and the ACRL Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education in their article “Beyond buttonology.”
Open access, power, and privilege: A response to “What I learned from predatory publishing”
Authors: Swauger Shea
Published: December 2017

In June 2017, Jeffrey Beall published an opinion piece in Biochemia Medica titled “What I Learned from Predatory Publishers.”1 While there are several elements of this publication that I find inaccurate or problematic, I’m choosing four specific themes within his piece to critique. In the interest of full disclosure, I am Jeffrey Beall’s direct supervisor at the University of Colorado-Denver’s Auraria Library and have been since I began working there in July 2015.
Washington Hotline
Authors: Maher Kevin
Published: December 2017

The fight for federal library dollars has occupied much of the library news from Washington since the administration proposed elimination of IMLS funding in March of this year. ALA has led the library community’s efforts to ensure IMLS is fully funded. Though final decisions on appropriations have not been made, our advocacy has so far proven to be effective.Both chambers of Congress rejected the president’s request to eliminate funding for IMLS. The House-passed appropriations bill provided level funding for IMLS at $231 million, while the Senate went even further by recommending a $4 million increase for the library Grants to States Program, which is included under the LSTA portion of IMLS.
Influence of polymeric derivatives of guanidine on hydrobionts
Authors: Lysytsya Andriy , Matvienko Natalya , Kozii Mihail , Aishpur Alexander
Published: December 2017

It is known that polymeric derivatives of guanidine are actively used in many countries of the world as disinfectants and antiseptics. Polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) and polyhexamethylene biguanidine (PHMB) are typical representatives of this class of compounds. They show a bacteriostatic effect in concentrations from 1 mg/l (or 10–4%) or above, and a bactericidal effect from 10 mg/l (10–3%) and above. It is considered that PHMG and PHMB are not very toxic to higher organisms. This is explained by the different mechanism of drugs action on prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. However, their safety for the fauna of freshwater hydrocenoses has not been sufficiently studied.
The toxic effect of the salts of PHMG on the representatives of various types and classes of hydrobionts was studied in the experiments.
It has been established that the safe concentration of PHMG in water with a one-time action on selected test objects is 0.1 mg/l (10–5%). The histological analysis of a one-year-old carp that lived in an aquarium with a constant concentration of PHMG at 0.5 mg/l for 12 days showed that concentrations of an order of magnitude smaller – 0.01 mg/l (10–6%) is absolutely safe to consider. Chronic intoxication of fish caused by sublethal doses of PHMG leads to the development of numerous disorders in the liver, kidneys, and spleen, and to the inflammation of the pancreatic islets.
A comparative analysis of the toxicity of PHMG for microand macroorganisms does not allow us to state that the latter are less sensitive to this xenobiotic. So far, there are not enough convincing reasons to believe that the mechanisms of action of PHMG on pro and eukaryotic cells are fundamentally different. At the same time, the binding of PHMG molecules to suspended particles in water, organic and inorganic impurities, flocculation, and biodegradation by microorganisms leads to a rapid decrease of free active molecules of this biocide in aquatic ecosystems.
La diversificación geográfica internacional de las cadenas hoteleras españolas en años de crisis
Authors: Andreu Rosario , Claver Enrique , Quer Diego
Published: December 2017

Dentro del sector turístico, el sector hotelero español representa uno de los sectores más dinámicos. Prueba de ello es la gran cantidad de decisiones estratégicas de crecimiento que son tomadas continuamente por las empresas hoteleras españolas. Entre estas estrategias de crecimiento, el presente trabajo se centra en las estrategias de diversificación geográfica. Concretamente, se analiza la evolución en la diversificación internacional de las cadenas hoteleras españolas durante los años 2008-2014 y su relación con la rentabilidad empresarial. Para complementar el análisis, también se analiza la relación entre la diversificación y otras variables empresariales como el tamaño y la antigüedad.
Análisis de las propuestas de los actores sociales en la recuperación ambiental de la Bahía de Portmán (Región de Murcia). Nuevas perspectivas para un desarrollo sostenible
Authors: Banos-González I. , Baños Páez P. , Pérez-Cutillas P. , Esteve Selma M.A.
Published: December 2017

La bahía de Portmán representa uno de los casos de contaminación más importantes en el Mediterráneo. En este trabajo se analizan las posiciones de los diferentes actores sociales, así como las principales fortalezas-debilidades y oportunidades-amenazas que existen en las posibilidades de un planteamiento estratégico de regeneración de la bahía y de la Sierra Minera. Desde una perspectiva socio-ecológica, los análisis realizados ponen de manifiesto las potencialidades para el desarrollo de un turismo ambiental y cultural de este entorno. Sin embargo, las propias debilidades y amenazas podrían superar esas potencialidades si no se lleva a cabo una gestión cuidadosa y una apuesta clara por un modelo de desarrollo sensible en extremo con el patrimonio natural, paisajístico y cultural. Un modelo de turismo ligado a la restauración ambiental y al consenso con los agentes sociales locales debe constituir un elemento básico para la adaptación del territorio como producto turístico, y así debe reflejarse en las futuras decisiones.
Adaptive strategies for inland touristic destinations (Sil Canyon, Galicia, Nw Spain)
Authors: De Uña-Álvarez Elena , Villarino-Pérez Montserrat
Published: December 2017

Tourism potential is greatly related to destinations’ reorganization and innovation abilities. Throughout the last fifteen years, tourism evolution at the western section of the Sil Canyon (NW Spain) has reflected the transformations facing times of crisis. By assuming tourism as a complex adaptive system, the aims of this research about an inland destination were focused on the touristic strategies interpretation. The destination evolution is carried out, including the narratives by key actors. The rural tourism strategies change by integrating nature-based and cultural tourism strategies.
El acceso a los destinos rurales: una perspectiva para la planificación territorial del turismo en una región de interior (Castilla-La Mancha)
Authors: Fernández-Arroyo López-Manzanares Alfonso , Martínez Sánchez-Mateos Héctor S.
Published: December 2017

El artículo propone una tipología de áreas de mercado turístico a partir del análisis de la accesibilidad a los principales activos turísticos de Castilla-La Mancha. El objetivo es profundizar en la búsqueda de explicaciones lógicas sobre el impacto que tiene la accesibilidad en el desarrollo turístico de los territorios. Especialmente en áreas rurales donde la dotación diferencial de infraestructuras de transporte ha generado desequilibrios notables. Su comprensión, desde la lógica estructural origen-enlace-destino que adoptan muchos de los sistemas territoriales, supone un avance en el complejo proceso de planificación territorial del turismo. Los resultados obtenidos y trasladados a la escala supramunicipal ponen de relieve potencialidades y desventajas a considerar en las estrategias de los espacios rurales.

 

 
El impacto cultural y social de los eventos celebrados en destinos turísticos. La percepción desde el punto de vista de los organizadores
Authors: Gonzàlez Reverté Francesc , Morales Pérez Soledad
Published: December 2017

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la existencia de relaciones significativas entre los impactos socioculturales generados por los eventos celebrados en localidades turísticas de Cataluña y la vocación turística de los mismos. Para ello los eventos analizados son clasificados en dos tipologías en función de si plantean objetivos turísticos en su misión y de si su programación contiene elementos adaptados a los gustos de los turistas. Los datos necesarios fueron recogidos por medio de una encuesta en línea realizada a organizadores de eventos y se basa en una muestra de 263 casos. La metodología establecida consistió en cruzar la opinión de los organizadores (impactos socioculturales percibidos de la celebración de eventos) con los diferentes tipos de eventos según su vocación turística mediante tablas de contingencia y la aplicación de un test de significación. El principal resultado obtenido es la confirmación de la existencia de una relación significativa entre el impacto sociocultural y el nivel de turistificación de los eventos. En concreto, estos eventos, aportan impactos positivos sobre el sentido del lugar, la identidad y el bienestar de la comunidad donde se celebran. Los efectos positivos sobre la identidad local obtienen valores especialmente altos. En nuestra opinión, esto está relacionado con la forma en que los actores sociales de los destinos turísticos (en nuestro caso los organizadores de eventos) tienden a construir la identidad incluyendo las actividades turísticas como elemento intrínseco de su manera de ser. Los eventos turísticos, que muy a menudo basan sus narraciones sobre la identidad y la historia local, se integran, por lo tanto, fácilmente en el imaginario local y son percibidos como activos con capacidad para proyectar el desarrollo social y cultural local.
Business tourism development: a portuguese perspective
Authors: Marques Jorge , Santos Norberto
Published: December 2017

Over time, not only new leisure practices were developed but also new types of work, with globalization leading to a greater need for commercial, industrial and knowledge expansion, stimulating business travel. Therefore, long ago that tourism does not only refer on travel motivated by leisure and recreation. Travels motivated by business and professions, which consist of one of the oldest forms of travel, saw their “tourist status” officially recognized by the end of the twentieth century. Today, Business Tourism (also known as Meeting Industry) represents a significant role on local and regional economies and reveals a considerable potential for development. In this context, Destination Management Organizations (DMO), and more specifically Convention & Visitors Bureaus (CVB), play a key role in providing the structure associated with the territory and the management, planning and development of destinations, especially those who want to position themselves as Business Tourism destinations. This article aims to explore a few topics concerning the evolution of Business Tourism, its importance and context in Portugal.
Proceso de configuración de un destino turístico y efectos de la política turística en la Región de Murcia
Authors: Martínez del Vas Ginesa
Published: December 2017

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo presentar y profundizar en el proceso de configuración de la Región de Murcia como destino turístico mediante el análisis de su política turística. Para dicho análisis se han tenido en cuenta, principalmente, los siguientes factores: la situación del departamento de turismo en la administración regional, la planificación estratégica y las acciones desarrolladas en la política turística regional. Todo este proceso se materializa en una periodización en las distintas fases de la evolución de dicha política.
Neurophysiological evidence of efference copies to inner speech
Authors: Whitford Thomas J , Jack Bradley N , Pearson Daniel , Griffiths Oren , Luque David , Harris Anthony WF , Spencer Kevin M , Le Pelley Mike E
Published: December 2017

Efference copies refer to internal duplicates of movement-producing neural signals. Their primary function is to predict, and often suppress, the sensory consequences of willed movements. Efference copies have been almost exclusively investigated in the context of overt movements. The current electrophysiological study employed a novel design to show that inner speech – the silent production of words in one’s mind – is also associated with an efference copy. Participants produced an inner phoneme at a precisely specified time, at which an audible phoneme was concurrently presented. The production of the inner phoneme resulted in electrophysiological suppression, but only if the content of the inner phoneme matched the content of the audible phoneme. These results demonstrate that inner speech – a purely mental action – is associated with an efference copy with detailed auditory properties. These findings suggest that inner speech may ultimately reflect a special type of overt speech.
Ragulator and GATOR1 complexes promote fission yeast growth by attenuating TOR complex 1 through Rag GTPases
Authors: Chia Kim Hou , Fukuda Tomoyuki , Sofyantoro Fajar , Matsuda Takato , Amai Takamitsu , Shiozaki Kazuhiro
Published: December 2017

TOR complex 1 (TORC1) is an evolutionarily conserved protein kinase complex that promotes cellular macromolecular synthesis and suppresses autophagy. Amino-acid-induced activation of mammalian TORC1 is initiated by its recruitment to the RagA/B-RagC/D GTPase heterodimer, which is anchored to lysosomal membranes through the Ragulator complex. We have identified in the model organism Schizosaccharomyces pombe a Ragulator-like complex that tethers the Gtr1-Gtr2 Rag heterodimer to the membranes of vacuoles, the lysosome equivalent in yeasts. Unexpectedly, the Ragulator-Rag complex is not required for the vacuolar targeting of TORC1, but the complex plays a crucial role in attenuating TORC1 activity independently of the Tsc1-Tsc2 complex, a known negative regulator of TORC1 signaling. The GATOR1 complex, which functions as Gtr1 GAP, is essential for the TORC1 attenuation by the Ragulator-Rag complex, suggesting that Gtr1GDP-Gtr2 on vacuolar membranes moderates TORC1 signaling for optimal cellular response to nutrients.
Cryo-EM structures reveal specialization at the myosin VI-actin interface and a mechanism of force sensitivity
Authors: Gurel Pinar S , Kim Laura Y , Ruijgrok Paul V , Omabegho Tosan , Bryant Zev , Alushin Gregory M
Published: December 2017

Despite extensive scrutiny of the myosin superfamily, the lack of high-resolution structures of actin-bound states has prevented a complete description of its mechanochemical cycle and limited insight into how sequence and structural diversification of the motor domain gives rise to specialized functional properties. Here we present cryo-EM structures of the unique minus-end directed myosin VI motor domain in rigor (4.6 Å) and Mg-ADP (5.5 Å) states bound to F-actin. Comparison to the myosin IIC-F-actin rigor complex reveals an almost complete lack of conservation of residues at the actin-myosin interface despite preservation of the primary sequence regions composing it, suggesting an evolutionary path for motor specialization. Additionally, analysis of the transition from ADP to rigor provides a structural rationale for force sensitivity in this step of the mechanochemical cycle. Finally, we observe reciprocal rearrangements in actin and myosin accompanying the transition between these states, supporting a role for actin structural plasticity during force generation by myosin VI.
A selective role for ventromedial subthalamic nucleus in inhibitory control
Authors: Pasquereau Benjamin , Turner Robert S
Published: December 2017

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is hypothesized to play a central role in the rapid stopping of movement in reaction to a stop signal. Single-unit recording evidence for such a role is sparse, however, and it remains uncertain how that role relates to the disparate functions described for anatomic subdivisions of the STN. Here we address that gap in knowledge using non-human primates and a task that distinguishes reactive and proactive action inhibition, switching and skeletomotor functions. We found that specific subsets of STN neurons have activity consistent with causal roles in reactive action stopping or switching. Importantly, these neurons were strictly segregated to a ventromedial region of STN. Neurons in other subdivisions encoded task dimensions such as movement per se and proactive control. We propose that the involvement of STN in reactive control is restricted to its ventromedial portion, further implicating this STN subdivision in impulse control disorders.