bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low-Resolution Models for the Interaction Dynamics of Coated Gold Nanoparticles with β2-microglobulin
Authors: Brancolini Giorgia , Lopez Hender , Corni Stefano , Tozzini Valentina
Published: August 2019

A large number of low-resolution models have been proposed in the last decades to reduce the computational cost of molecular dynamics simulations for bio-nano systems, such as those involving the interactions of proteins with functionalized nanoparticles (NPs). For the proteins, “minimalist” models at the one-bead-per residue (Cα-based) level and with implicit solvent are well established. For the gold NPs, widely explored for biotechnological applications, mesoscale (MS) models treating the NP core with a single spheroidal object are commonly proposed. In this representation, the surface details (coating, roughness, etc.) are lost. These, however, and the specificity of the functionalization, have been shown to have fundamental roles for the interaction with proteins. We presented a mixed-resolution coarse-grained (CG) model for gold NPs in which the surface chemistry is reintroduced as superficial smaller beads. We compared molecular dynamics simulations of the amyloid β2-microglobulin represented at the minimalist level interacting with NPs represented with this model or at the MS level. Our finding highlights the importance of describing the surface of the NP at a finer level as the chemical-physical properties of the surface of the NP are crucial to correctly understand the protein-nanoparticle association.
Versatile Biomaterial Platform Enriched with Graphene Oxide and Carbon Nanotubes for Multiple Tissue Engineering Applications
Authors: Ignat Simona-Rebeca , Lazăr Andreea Daniela , Şelaru Aida , Samoilă Iuliana , Vlăsceanu George Mihail , Ioniţă Mariana , Radu Eugen , Dinescu Sorina , Costache Marieta
Published: August 2019

Carbon-based nanomaterials, such as graphene oxide (GO) or carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are currently used in various medical applications due to their positive influence on biocompatibility, adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, as well as their contribution to modulating cell behavior in response to nanomaterial substrates. In this context, in this study, novel flexible membranes based on cellulose acetate (CA) enriched with CNT and GO in different percentages were tested for their versatility to be used as substrates for soft or hard tissue engineering (TE), namely, for their ability to support human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) adhesion during adipogenic or osteogenic differentiation. For this purpose, differentiation markers were assessed both at gene and protein levels, while histological staining was performed to show the evolution of the processes in response to CA-CNT-GO substrates. Micro-CT analysis indicated porous morphologies with open and interconnected voids. A slightly lower total porosity was obtained for the samples filled with the highest amount of GO and CNTs, but thicker walls, larger and more uniform pores were obtained, providing beneficial effects on cell behavior and increased mechanical stability. The addition of 1 wt% GO and CNT to the biocomposites enhanced hASCs adhesion and cytoskeleton formation. The evolution of both adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation processes was found to be augmented proportionally to the GO-CNT concentration. In conclusion, CA-CNT-GO biomaterials displayed good properties and versatility as platforms for cell differentiation with potential as future implantable materials in TE applications.
Brazilian Green Propolis Rescues Oxidative Stress-Induced Mislocalization of Claudin-1 in Human Keratinocyte-Derived HaCaT Cells
Authors: Marunaka Kana , Kobayashi Mao , Shu Shokoku , Matsunaga Toshiyuki , Ikari Akira
Published: August 2019

Claudin-1 (CLDN1) is expressed in the tight junction (TJ) of the skin granular layer and acts as a physiological barrier for the paracellular transport of ions and nonionic molecules. Ultraviolet (UV) and oxidative stress may disrupt the TJ barrier, but the mechanism of and protective agents against this effect have not been clarified. We found that UVB and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) caused the internalization of CLDN1 and increased the paracellular permeability of lucifer yellow, a fluorescent marker, in human keratinocyte-derived HaCaT cells. Therefore, the mechanism of mislocalization of CLDN1 and the protective effect of an ethanol extract of Brazilian green propolis (EBGP) were investigated. The UVB- and H2O2-induced decreases in CLDN1 localization were rescued by EBGP. H2O2 decreased the phosphorylation level of CLDN1, which was also rescued by EBGP. Wild-type CLDN1 was distributed in the cytosol after treatment with H2O2, whereas T191E, its H2O2-insensitive phosphorylation-mimicking mutant, was localized at the TJ. Both protein kinase C activator and protein phosphatase 2A inhibitor rescued the H2O2-induced decrease in CLDN1 localization. The tight junctional localization of CLDN1 and paracellular permeability showed a negative correlation. Our results indicate that UVB and H2O2 could induce the elevation of paracellular permeability mediated by the dephosphorylation and mislocalization of CLDN1 in HaCaT cells, which was rescued by EBGP. EBGP and its components may be useful in preventing the destruction of the TJ barrier through UV and oxidative stress.
Exploring the Phylogeography of Ancient Platycladus orientalis in China by Specific-Locus Amplified Fragment Sequencing
Authors: Chang Ermei , Tian Yuxin , Wang Caiyun , Deng Nan , Jiang Zeping , Liu Caixia
Published: August 2019

Platycladus orientalis (i.e., Chinese thuja) is famous for its lifespan spanning hundreds, and even thousands, of years. Most ancient P. orientalis populations are widely distributed in China, with accessible historical records, making them valuable genetic resources. In this study, the distribution pattern of ancient P. orientalis in China was analyzed based on 13 bioclimatic factors. Additionally, a specific-locus amplified fragment (SLAF) sequencing method was applied to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genomes of 100 accessions from 13 populations. The resulting data revealed that the suitable areas for the distribution of ancient P. orientalis populations were accurately predicted with four main climatic factors. A total of 81,722 SNPs were identified from 461,867 SLAFs for 100 individuals, with an average sequencing depth of 10.11-fold and a Q30 value of 82.75%. The pair-wise genetic distance and genetic differentiation of 13 populations indicated that the BT-T population exhibited the largest divergence from the other populations. A neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree suggested the relationship between many individuals was inconsistent with the geographical location, possibly indicative of a history of transplantation and cultivation. All individuals were clustered into nine genotypes according to a structural analysis and the relationships between individuals were clarified in phylogenetic trees. This study highlights the importance of the de novo genome sequencing of ancient P. orientalis and may provide the basis for the conservation of P. orientalis genetic resources, the identification of supergene families, and the evaluation of related genetic resources.
Nanomagnetite-embedded PLGA Spheres for Multipurpose Medical Applications
Authors: Grumezescu Valentina , Gherasim Oana , Negut Irina , Banita Stefan , Holban Alina Maria , Florian Paula , Icriverzi Madalina , Socol Gabriel
Published: August 2019

We report on the synthesis and evaluation of biopolymeric spheres of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) containing different amounts of magnetite nanoparticles and Ibuprofen (PLGA-Fe3O4-IBUP), but also chitosan (PLGA-CS-Fe3O4-IBUP), to be considered as drug delivery systems. Besides morphological, structural, and compositional characterizations, the PLGA-Fe3O4-IBUP composite microspheres were subjected to drug release studies, performed both under biomimetically-simulated dynamic conditions and under external radiofrequency magnetic fields. The experimental data resulted by performing the drug release studies evidenced that PLGA-Fe3O4-IBUP microspheres with the lowest contents of Fe3O4 nanoparticles are optimal candidates for triggered drug release under external stimulation related to hyperthermia effect. The as-selected microspheres and their chitosan-containing counterparts were biologically assessed on macrophage cultures, being evaluated as biocompatible and bioactive materials that are able to promote cellular adhesion and proliferation. The composite biopolymeric spheres resulted in inhibited microbial growth and biofilm formation, as assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans microbial strains. Significantly improved antimicrobial effects were reported in the case of chitosan-containing biomaterials, regardless of the microorganisms’ type. The nanostructured composite biopolymeric spheres evidenced proper characteristics as prolonged and controlled drug release platforms for multipurpose biomedical applications.
The Effect of Loading on the Diffusivity of Chlorides in Mortar
Authors: Cabeza Marta , Díaz Belén , Nóvoa X. Ramón , Pérez Carmen , Pérez M. Consuelo
Published: August 2019

This study focuses on the effect generated by a compressive load, in the range 15%–60% of the ultimate load (Fu), in the chloride penetration rate of cement-based materials. The modifications produced in the microstructure influence the transport properties, and, thus, the validation of several interesting parameters, such as, the load value and the loading time, including both static and dynamic loading modes, was evaluated. This analysis was performed by impedance spectroscopy (IS), a non-destructive technique that allowed, after the appropriate modeling analysis, the assessment of the resistivity of the sample, a parameter that has been correlated to the diffusion coefficient in a previous investigation. The experimental arrangement was designed to allow the recording of the impedance spectra under the effect of a compressive load and, thus, the real-time monitoring of the chloride diffusivity was provided. An increase in the diffusion coefficient was verified for a load at 60%Fu whereas no variations were obtained for the load fixed at 30%. A relevant difference could be checked if the values were measured once the load was removed, showing the importance of the precise loading stage for the chloride diffusion study.
On the Microstructure and Isothermal Oxidation at 800, 1200, and 1300 °C of the Al-25.5Nb-6Cr-0.5Hf (at %) Alloy
Authors: Hernández-Negrete Ofelia , Tsakiropoulos Panos
Published: August 2019

Nb-silicide-based alloys have the potential to replace Ni-based superalloys in future aero engines to enable the latter to meet environmental and performance targets. These new alloys, like the Ni-based superalloys that are currently used, will require environmental protection with a coating system that should be chemically compatible with the substrate. A challenge for alloy development is to discover αAl2O3 scale forming coating alloys and in particular to find out whether such alloys could be “compatible” with other coating alloys for environmental coating systems for the Nb-silicide-based alloys. This paper focuses on these challenges. The alloy Al-25.5Nb-6Cr-0.5Hf (at %) was studied in the cast and heat-treated (1400 °C) conditions and after isothermal oxidation for 100 h in air at 800, 1200 and 1300 °C. The microstructure consisted of the alloyed NbAl3 and C14-NbCr2 compounds, both of which were stable at least up to 1400 °C, a eutectic of the two compounds and very small volume fractions of (Cr,Al,Nb)ss and HfO2. The prior eutectic microstructure was stable at T ≤ 1200 °C and the solid solution was not stable at T < 1200 °C. At 800 °C the alloy did not pest, but exhibited external and internal oxidation, with AlNbO4, CrNbAlO4, and αAl2O3 in the former and deeper oxidation along the NbAl3/Laves phase boundaries in the latter At 1200 and 1300 °C there was only external oxidation and the scale consisted of two layers, the outer was (Al,Cr)NbO4 intermixed with αAl2O3 and the inner was continuous αAl2O3. At all three oxidation temperatures, no Nb2Al was observed below the alloy/scale interface and Hf acted as a reactive element forming HfO2 that enhanced the adhesion of the scale. The alloy exhibited good correlations with αAl2O3 scale forming silicide and silicide + aluminide intermetallic alloys in maps of the parameters δ (related to atomic size), Δχ (related to electronegativity), and VEC (number of valence electrons per atom filled into the valence band) that should assist the design of bond coats that do not pest and form αAl2O3 in their scales.
Crystallization and Structure of AlSi10Mg0.5Mn0.5 Alloy with Dispersion Strengthening with Al–FexAly–SiC Phases
Authors: Piątkowski Jarosław , Wieszała Robert
Published: August 2019

The paper characterizes a composite with dispersion phases cast via the use of stir casting method on an aluminum matrix. A mixture of aluminum with FexAly and SiC powders was achieved in the process of mechanical alloying and self-propagating high temperature synthesis (ASHS). Chemical composition of agglomerates was chosen in such a way that the strengthening components made up 25% of the mass of the AlSi10Mg0.5Mn0.6 (EN AC-43400) alloy matrix. The characteristic temperatures of crystallization of the tested alloy were measured by thermal analysis ATD (analysis thermal derivative). A change of chemical and phase composition was confirmed in the elements of the intermetallic phase FeAl in the aluminum matrix. A silumin casting structure was achieved, with the matrix including micro-areas of ceramic phases and intermetallic phases, which are characteristic for hybrid strengthening. A refinement of dendrites in solid solution α was found, together with a transition from a binary plate eutectic composition α(Al) + β(Si) into modified eutectic composition.
Applications of High-Pressure Technology for High-Entropy Alloys: A Review
Authors: Dong Wanqing , Zhou Zheng , Zhang Mengdi , Ma Yimo , Yu Pengfei , Liaw Peter K. , Li Gong
Published: August 2019

High-entropy alloys are a new type of material developed in recent years. It breaks the traditional alloy-design conventions and has many excellent properties. High-pressure treatment is an effective means to change the structures and properties of metal materials. The pressure can effectively vary the distance and interaction between molecules or atoms, so as to change the bonding mode, and form high-pressure phases. These new material states often have different structures and characteristics, compared to untreated metal materials. At present, high-pressure technology is an effective method to prepare alloys with unique properties, and there are many techniques that can achieve high pressures. The most commonly used methods include high-pressure torsion, large cavity presses and diamond-anvil-cell presses. The materials show many unique properties under high pressures which do not exist under normal conditions, providing a new approach for the in-depth study of materials. In this paper, high-pressure (HP) technologies applied to high-entropy alloys (HEAs) are reviewed, and some possible ways to develop good properties of HEAs using HP as fabrication are introduced. Moreover, the studies of HEAs under high pressures are summarized, in order to deepen the basic understanding of HEAs under high pressures, which provides the theoretical basis for the application of high-entropy alloys.
Effect of Preheating Temperature on Microstructure and Properties of 42CrMo4/38MnVS6 Heterogeneous Laser Welded Joint
Authors: Su Jinlong , Qiu Xiaoming , Xing Fei , Ruan Ye
Published: August 2019

Laser-welded forged steel pistons can meet the needs of the new era of heavy truck engines. 42CrMo4 and 38MnVS6 are widely used as piston materials due to the good mechanical properties. This study investigates the influence of preheating on microstructure and mechanical properties of 42CrMo4/38MnVS6 laser welding joint. The experimental results show preheating increases the laser absorption capacity of the metal, which can lead to an increase in weld width. The microstructure of weld is the high-hardness and poor toughness twin martensite without preheating. As the temperature of preheating increases, the twin martensite in the weld begins to transform into lath martensite and regenerates ferrite and bainite. As the preheating temperature increases, the plane fracture toughness (K1C) of the weld increases and then decreases, reaching the highest value of 2322.94 MPa·mm−1/2 at 150 °C. Compared with no preheating conditions, the tensile strength of the welded joint after preheating is improved. The fracture mode of welded joints changes from brittle fracture to ductile fracture. When the preheating temperature is 100–200 °C, the tensile strength of the welded joint reaches 1018.1–1032.5 MPa; when the preheating temperature is 250 °C–300 °C, the tensile strength decreases.
Enhanced Corrosion Resistance of SA106B Low-Carbon Steel Fabricated by Rotationally Accelerated Shot Peening
Authors: Lei Chaonan , Chen Xudong , Li Yusheng , Chen Yuefeng , Yang Bin
Published: August 2019

The corrosion resistance of a SA106B carbon steel with a gradient nanostructure fabricated by rotationally accelerated shot peening (RASP) for 5, 10, 15 and 20 min was investigated. Electrochemical tests were carried out in the 0.05 M H2SO4 + 0.05 M Na2SO4 and 0.2 M NaCl + 0.05 M Na2SO4 solutions. The experimental results showed that the sample RASP-processed for 5 min exhibited the best corrosion resistance among them. TEM analysis confirmed that the cementite dissolution and formation of nanograins, which improved the corrosion resistance of the steel. Prominent micro-cracks and holes were produced in the samples when the RASP was processed for more than 5 min, resulting in the decrease of corrosion resistance.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Resistance Heat-Assisted High-Power Ultrasonic Dissimilar Welded Cu/Al Joint
Authors: Li Huan , Cao Biao
Published: August 2019

The Cu/Al dissimilar joint, welded by high-power ultrasonic welding technology, is still facing challenges despite the significant research attention it has attracted. In this work, the microstructure and mechanical properties of resistance heat-assisted high-power ultrasonic welding of Cu/Al are investigated, in order to obtain high-quality joints. The intermetallic compound (IMC) at the interface of hybrid welding is primarily composed of Al2Cu, and the additional resistance of heat reduces the thickness of this brittle IMC layer. The average shear stress for the joint prepared by hybrid welding is ~97 MPa, which is higher compared to the joint strength without resistance heat (90 MPa). Moreover, the duration of the hybrid welding process is shorter. Finally, the fracture of the hybrid weld is found to be a brittle–ductile hybrid mode.
Fabrication of a Bare Optical Fiber-Based Biosensor
Authors: Zhang Yu-Jun , Hsu Jin-Cherng , Tsao Jia-Huey , Sun Yung-Shin
Published: August 2019

A bare optical fiber-based biosensor is proposed for measuring the refractive index of different liquids and the binding kinetics of biomolecules to the sensor surface. This optical fiber sensor is based on the Kretschmann’s configuration to attain total internal reflection (TIR) for surface plasmon resonance (SPR) excitation. One end of the bare optical fiber is coated with a gold film. By guiding the light source from the other end into the optical fiber, the light is reflected from the gold-deposited end and the surface evanescent wave is excited in the gold film-transparent material interface. Methanol and ethanol solutions with different refractive indices are used for measuring the corresponding changes in the peak values of the spectra and calculating the corresponding sensitivities. These values are experimentally determined to be in the order of 10−4~10−5 refractive index unit (RIU). Binding of proteins onto the sensor surface is also monitored in real time to obtain the binding kinetics. We believe that, in the future, this optical fiber sensor can serve as a useful biosensor for in situ measurement of allergens, antibody–antigen interactions, and even circulating tumor cells in the blood.
A DNA-Based Biosensor Assay for the Kinetic Characterization of Ion-Dependent Aptamer Folding and Protein Binding
Authors: Ponzo Irene , Möller Friederike M. , Daub Herwin , Matscheko Nena
Published: August 2019

Therapeutic and diagnostic nucleic acid aptamers are designed to bind tightly and specifically to their target. The combination of structural and kinetic analyses of aptamer interactions has gained increasing importance. Here, we present a fluorescence-based switchSENSE aptasensor for the detailed kinetic characterization of aptamer–analyte interaction and aptamer folding, employing the thrombin-binding aptamer (TBA) as a model system. Thrombin-binding aptamer folding into a G-quadruplex and its binding to thrombin strongly depend on the type and concentration of ions present in solution. We observed conformational changes induced by cations in real-time and determined the folding and unfolding kinetics of the aptamer. The aptamer’s affinity for K+ was found to be more than one order of magnitude higher than for other cations (K+ > NH4+ >> Na+ > Li+). The aptamer’s affinity to its protein target thrombin in the presence of different cations followed the same trend but differed by more than three orders of magnitude (KD = 0.15 nM to 250 nM). While the stability (kOFF) of the thrombin–TBA complex was similar in all conditions, the cation type strongly influenced the association rate (kON). These results demonstrated that protein–aptamer binding is intrinsically related to the correct aptamer fold and, hence, to the presence of stabilizing ions. Because fast binding kinetics with on-rates exceeding 108 M−1s−1 can be quantified, and folding-related phenomena can be directly resolved, switchSENSE is a useful analytical tool for in-depth characterization of aptamer–ion and aptamer–protein interactions.
Graphene-Based THz Absorber with a Broad Band for Tuning the Absorption Rate and a Narrow Band for Tuning the Absorbing Frequency
Authors: Zhou Qihui , Liu Peiguo , Liu Chenxi , Zhou Yuandong , Zha Song
Published: August 2019

In this paper, we propose a broadband absorption-controllable absorber based on nested nanostructure graphene and a narrowband frequency-tunable absorber utilizing gold-graphene hybrid structure in the terahertz regime. The numerical simulation results showed that the absorption of the broadband absorber can be changed from 27% to more than 90% over 0.75 to 1.7 THz by regulating the chemical potential of graphene. With the same regulation mechanism, the absorbing peak of the narrowband absorber can be moved from 2.29 to 2.48 THz continuously with absorption of 90%. Furthermore, via the cascade of the two types of absorbers, an independently tunable dual-band absorber is constituted. Its absorption spectrum is the superposition of absorption-controllable absorber and frequency-tunable absorber. The absorptivity and operating frequency of the two absorbing bands can be tuned independently without mutual inference. Moreover, it is insensitive to the polarization and it maintains high absorption over a wide range of incident angle. For the flexibility, tunability as well as the independence of polarization and angle, this design has wide prospects in various applications.
The Functional Power of the Human Milk Proteome
Authors: Zhu Jing , Dingess Kelly A.
Published: August 2019

Human milk is the most complete and ideal form of nutrition for the developing infant. The composition of human milk consistently changes throughout lactation to meet the changing functional needs of the infant. The human milk proteome is an essential milk component consisting of proteins, including enzymes/proteases, glycoproteins, and endogenous peptides. These compounds may contribute to the healthy development in a synergistic way by affecting growth, maturation of the immune system, from innate to adaptive immunity, and the gut. A comprehensive overview of the human milk proteome, covering all of its components, is lacking, even though numerous analyses of human milk proteins have been reported. Such data could substantially aid in our understanding of the functionality of each constituent of the proteome. This review will highlight each of the aforementioned components of human milk and emphasize the functionality of the proteome throughout lactation, including nutrient delivery and enhanced bioavailability of nutrients for growth, cognitive development, immune defense, and gut maturation.
Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum and Oxidative Stress Parameters in the Pathophysiology of Disease-Related Malnutrition in Leukocytes of an Outpatient Population
Authors: Bañuls Celia , de Marañón Aranzazu M. , Castro-Vega Iciar , López-Doménech Sandra , Escribano-López Irene , Salom Christian , Veses Silvia , Hernández-Mijares Antonio
Published: August 2019

Cellular pathways such as inflammation or oxidative stress are the cause and triggers of disease-related malnutrition (DRM), but the influence of these markers on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is unknown. The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between mitochondrial function and ER stress parameters in a DRM population. The study population was composed of 82 outpatient subjects, of whom 45 were diagnosed with DRM and 37 were confirmed to be normonourished according to the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition ASPEN criteria. We evaluated anthropometrical and biochemical parameters, pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum. Oxidative and ER stress markers were analyzed in leukocytes. DRM patients showed significant reductions in albumin and transferrin concerning the normonourished group, and also displayed higher levels of hsCRP, IL6, and TNFα, and the soluble adhesion molecules VCAM-1 and ICAM-1. Besides, oxygen consumption and mitochondrial membrane potential were reduced and Radical Oxygen Species ROS production was enhanced in DRM patients. In the case of ER markers, protein and mRNA expression revealed that CHOP, ATF6, and the P-eIF2α signal were enhanced in malnourished patients compared to control subjects. Correlation studies supported a relationship between weight loss and increased inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and compromised function of the ER. Our results demonstrate that ER stress signaling pathways are influenced by inflammation and mitochondrial function in the leukocytes of a DRM population.
Intakes and Food Sources of Dietary Fibre and Their Associations with Measures of Body Composition and Inflammation in UK Adults: Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Airwave Health Monitoring Study
Authors: Gibson Rachel , Eriksen Rebeca , Chambers Edward , Gao He , Aresu Maria , Heard Andrew , Chan Queenie , Elliott Paul , Frost Gary
Published: August 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between intakes of fibre from the main food sources of fibre in the UK diet with body mass index (BMI), percentage body fat (%BF), waist circumference (WC) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Participants enrolled in the Airwave Health Monitoring Study (2007–2012) with 7-day food records (n = 6898; 61% men) were included for cross-sectional analyses. General linear models evaluated associations across fifths of fibre intakes (total, vegetable, fruit, potato, whole grain and non-whole grain cereal) with BMI, %BF, WC and CRP. Fully adjusted analyses showed inverse linear trends across fifths of total fibre and fibre from fruit with all outcome measures (ptrend < 0.0001). Vegetable fibre intake showed an inverse association with WC (ptrend 0.0156) and CRP (ptrend 0.0005). Fibre from whole grain sources showed an inverse association with BMI (ptrend 0.0002), %BF (ptrend 0.0007) and WC (ptrend 0.0004). Non-whole grain cereal fibre showed an inverse association with BMI (Ptrend 0.0095). Direct associations observed between potato fibre intake and measures of body composition and inflammation were attenuated in fully adjusted analyses controlling for fried potato intake. Higher fibre intake has a beneficial association on body composition, however, there are differential associations based on the food source.
In Vitro Activity of Statins against Naegleria fowleri
Authors: Rizo-Liendo Aitor , Sifaoui Ines , Reyes-Batlle María , Chiboub Olfa , Rodríguez-Expósito Rubén L. , Bethencourt-Estrella Carlos J. , San Nicolás-Hernández Desirée , Hendiger Edyta B. , López-Arencibia Atteneri , Rocha-Cabrera Pedro , Piñero José E. , Lorenzo-Morales Jacob
Published: August 2019

Naegleria fowleri causes a deadly disease called primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). Even though PAM is still considered a rare disease, the number of reported cases worldwide has been increasing each year. Among the factors to be considered for this, awareness about this disease, and also global warming, as these amoebae thrive in warm water bodies, seem to be the key factors. Until present, no fully effective drugs have been developed to treat PAM, and the current options are amphotericin B and miltefosine, which present side effects such as liver and kidney toxicity. Statins are able to inhibit the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, which is a key enzyme for the synthesis of ergosterol of the cell membrane of these amoebae. Therefore, the in vitro activity of a group of statins was tested in this study against two types of strains of Naegleria fowleri. The obtained results showed that fluvastatin was the most effective statin tested in this study and was able to eliminate these amoebae at concentrations of 0.179 ± 0.078 to 1.682 ± 0.775 µM depending on the tested strain of N. fowleri. Therefore, fluvastatin could be a potential novel therapeutic agent against this emerging pathogen.
Improvement of Skin Penetration, Antipollutant Activity and Skin Hydration of 7,3′,4′-Trihydroxyisoflavone Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex
Authors: Huang Pao Hsien , Hu Stephen Chu Sung , Yen Feng Lin , Tseng Chih Hua
Published: August 2019

As is known, many antioxidants from plant extracts have been used as additives in skincare products to prevent skin damage following overexposure to environmental pollutants. 7,3′,4′-trihydroxyisoflavone (734THIF), an isoflavone compound, possesses various biological activities, including antioxidant, antityrosinase, photodamage protection, and anticancer effects. Unfortunately, 734THIF has poor water solubility, which limits its skin penetration and absorption, and subsequently influences its biological activity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms for the improvement in water solubility and skin penetration of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) inclusion complex with 734THIF (5-7HP). We also determined its photostability, antipollutant activity in HaCaT keratinocytes, and moisturizing effect in human subjects. Our results showed that 734THIF was embedded into the lipophilic inner cavity of HPBCD and its water solubility and skin penetration were thereby improved through amorphous transformation, surface area enhancement, and hydrogen bonding formation between 734THIF and HPBCD. In addition, 5-7HP inhibited PM-induced ROS generation and then downregulated ROS-mediated COX-2 and MMP9 production and AQP-3 consumption by inhibiting the phosphorylation of MAPKs. Consequently, we suggest that 5-7HP is a safe and photostable topical ingredient to enhance the skin penetration of 734THIF and skin hydration, and therefore 5-7HP may be used as an antipollutant additive in skin care products.
Overview and Insights into Carbapenem Allergy
Authors: Lee Yuman , Bradley Nicole
Published: August 2019

Understanding antibiotic allergies and the risk of cross-sensitivity between and within antibiotic classes can have a substantial impact on patient care. The purpose of this review article is to provide insight into carbapenem allergies, describing the overall incidence, risk factors, and in-class cross-sensitivity. A PubMed search was conducted using the following search terms: carbapenem, allergy, cross-sensitivity, incidence, imipenem/cilastatin, meropenem, ertapenem, and doripenem. Article bibliographies and relevant drug monographs were also reviewed. The overall reported incidence of carbapenem allergy is 0.3%–3.7%. Risk of cross-sensitivity between penicillins and carbapenems is less than 1% in patients with a positive penicillin skin test. Data on cross-sensitivity between cephalosporins and carbapenems are limited; however, the risk appears to also be low. No clinical studies have described cross-sensitivity between the carbapenem agents thus far. The limited data available from case reports demonstrates a lack of cross-sensitivity between the individual carbapenems, suggesting that an alternative carbapenem may cautiously be used in patients with a reported carbapenem allergy.
Controlled Synthesis of Linear Polyamidoamino Acids
Authors: Ferruti Federica , Alongi Jenny , Manfredi Amedea , Ranucci Elisabetta , Ferruti Paolo
Published: August 2019

Polyamidoamino acids (PAACs) are synthetic polymers prepared by the polyaddition of bisacrylamides with natural α-amino acids, which in the process maintain both their chirality and their amphoteric nature. This polymerization process is slow, but has the merits of taking place in water and of neither involving protection/de-protection steps nor releasing by-products. However, it leads to polydisperse polymers and, using α-amino acids mixtures, random copolymers. This paper presents a step-by-step polyaddition process leading to homo- and copolymeric PAACs with controlled sequences and controlled molecular weights. It exploits the much different rates of the two Michael addition steps of NH2 of α-amino acids with acrylamides, and the low solubility in organic solvents of the α-amino acid addition products. As a proof of principle, the controlled synthesis of the PAAC from l-arginine and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide was performed up to a monodisperse product with 11 monomeric units and molecular weight 1840. This synthetic procedure was also tested with l-alanine. All intermediates were isolated and characterized. Noticeably, all of them were α,ω-difunctionalized with either acrylamides or sec-amines and were, in fact, building blocks with potential for preparing complex macromolecular architectures. In a first instance, copolymers with controlled sequences of amidoamine- and amidoamino acid units were prepared.
Erratum: Jasper, David. Seeking Christian Theology in Modern Chinese Fiction: An Exercise for Sino-Christian Theology. Religions 10 (2019): 422
Authors: Jasper David
Published: August 2019

The author wants to make the following corrections to the paper (Jasper 2019): [...]
Diagnosis of Xinmo (China) Landslide Based on Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Observation and Modeling
Authors: Kang Ya , Lu Zhong , Zhao Chaoying , Zhang Qin , Kim Jin-Woo , Niu Yufen
Published: August 2019

The Xinmo landslide occurred on 24 June 2017 and caused huge casualties and property losses. As characteristics of spatiotemporal pre-collapse deformation are a prerequisite for further understanding the collapse mechanism, in this study we applied the interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technique to recover the pre-collapse deformation, which was further modeled to reveal the mechanism of the Xinmo landslide. Archived SAR data, including 44 Sentinel-1 A/B data and 20 Envisat/ASAR data, were used to acquire the pre-collapse deformation of the Xinmo landslide. Our results indicated that the deformation of the source area occurred as early as 10 years before the landslide collapsed. The deformation rate of source area accelerated about a month before the collapse, and the deformation rate in the week before the collapse reached 40 times the average before the acceleration. Furthermore, the pre-collapse deformation was modeled with a distributed set of rectangular dislocation sources. The characteristics of the pre-collapse movement of the slip surface were acquired, which further confirmed that a locked section formed at the bottom of the slope. In addition, the spatial-temporal characteristics of the deformation was found to have changed significantly with the development of the landslide. We suggested that this phenomenon indicated the expansion of the slip surface and cracks of the landslide. Due to the expansion of the slip surface, the locked section became a key area that held the stability of the slope. The locked section sheared at the last stage of the development, which triggered the final run-out. Our study has provided new insights into the mechanism of the Xinmo landslide.
A Practical Adaptive Clock Offset Prediction Model for the Beidou-2 System
Authors: Xu Beizhen , Wang Lei , Fu Wenju , Chen Ruizhi , Li Tao , Zhang Xinxin
Published: August 2019

The predicted navigation satellite clock offsets are crucial to support real-time global navigation satellite system (GNSS) precise positioning applications, especially for those applications difficult to access the real-time data stream, such as the low earth orbit (LEO) autonomous precise orbit determination. Currently, the clock prediction for the Chinese BeiDou system is still challenging to meet the precise positioning requirement. The onboard clocks of BeiDou satellites are provided by different manufacturers, and the clocks’ switch events are more frequent. Considering the satellite-specified and temporal variation of the BeiDou clocks characteristics, we intend to use an adaptive model for BeiDou clock prediction. During clock prediction, we identify different models for BeiDou clocks’ characteristics, and then address the optimal model with a cross-validation procedure. The model achieving the minimum variance in the cross-validation procedure is used for the final clock prediction. We compared the prediction results of our method with two well-recognized BeiDou ultra-rapid clock products, named GBU-P and ISU-P, respectively. The comparison results indicate that the adaptive model achieves about 1-ns precision for 3-h prediction, which corresponds to 47.3% and 32.1% precision improvement compared to the GBU-P and ISU-P products, respectively. The efficiency of the predicted clocks is further validated with the precise point positioning (PPP) data processing. The results indicate that the static PPP solution precision is improved by 21.6%–30.0% compared to the current predicted clock product. The precision improvement in kinematic PPP is even more significant, which reaches 46.7%–53.9% with respect to these GBU-P and ISU-P products. Therefore, the proposed adaptive model is a practical and an efficient way to improve the BeiDou clock prediction.
Beyond Reality—Extending a Presentation Trainer with an Immersive VR Module
Authors: Schneider Jan , Romano Gianluca , Drachsler Hendrik
Published: August 2019

The development of multimodal sensor-based applications designed to support learners with the improvement of their skills is expensive since most of these applications are tailor-made and built from scratch. In this paper, we show how the Presentation Trainer (PT), a multimodal sensor-based application designed to support the development of public speaking skills, can be modularly extended with a Virtual Reality real-time feedback module (VR module), which makes usage of the PT more immersive and comprehensive. The described study consists of a formative evaluation and has two main objectives. Firstly, a technical objective is concerned with the feasibility of extending the PT with an immersive VR Module. Secondly, a user experience objective focuses on the level of satisfaction of interacting with the VR extended PT. To study these objectives, we conducted user tests with 20 participants. Results from our test show the feasibility of modularly extending existing multimodal sensor-based applications, and in terms of learning and user experience, results indicate a positive attitude of the participants towards using the application (PT+VR module).
A Machine Learning Approach to Achieving Energy Efficiency in Relay-Assisted LTE-A Downlink System
Authors: Hassan Hammad , Ahmed Irfan , Ahmad Rizwan , Khammari Hedi , Bhatti Ghulam , Ahmed Waqas , Alam Muhammad Mahtab
Published: August 2019

In recent years, Energy Efficiency (EE) has become a critical design metric for cellular systems. In order to achieve EE, a fine balance between throughput and fairness must also be ensured. To this end, in this paper we have presented various resource block (RB) allocation schemes in relay-assisted Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) networks. Driven by equal power and Bisection-based Power Allocation (BOPA) algorithm, the Maximum Throughput (MT) and an alternating MT and proportional fairness (PF)-based SAMM (abbreviated with Authors’ names) RB allocation scheme is presented for a single relay. In the case of multiple relays, the dependency of RB and power allocation on relay deployment and users’ association is first addressed through a k-mean clustering approach. Secondly, to reduce the computational cost of RB and power allocation, a two-step neural network (NN) process (SAMM NN) is presented that uses SAMM-based unsupervised learning for RB allocation and BOPA-based supervised learning for power allocation. The results for all the schemes are compared in terms of EE and user throughput. For a single relay, SAMM BOPA offers the best EE, whereas SAMM equal power provides the best fairness. In the case of multiple relays, the results indicate SAMM NN achieves better EE compared to SAMM equal power and BOPA, and it also achieves better throughput fairness compared to MT equal power and MT BOPA.
Improving Stockline Detection of Radar Sensor Array Systems in Blast Furnaces Using a Novel Encoder–Decoder Architecture
Authors: Liu Xiaopeng , Liu Yan , Zhang Meng , Chen Xianzhong , Li Jiangyun
Published: August 2019

The stockline, which describes the measured depth of the blast furnace (BF) burden surface with time, is significant to the operator executing an optimized charging operation. For the harsh BF environment, noise interferences and aberrant measurements are the main challenges of stockline detection. In this paper, a novel encoder–decoder architecture that consists of a convolution neural network (CNN) and a long short-term memory (LSTM) network is proposed, which suppresses the noise interferences, classifies the distorted signals, and regresses the stockline in a learning way. By leveraging the LSTM, we are able to model the longer historical measurements for robust stockline tracking. Compared to traditional hand-crafted denoising processing, the time and efforts could be greatly saved. Experiments are conducted on an actual eight-radar array system in a blast furnace, and the effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated on the real recorded data.
Real-Time Cardiac Beat Detection and Heart Rate Monitoring from Combined Seismocardiography and Gyrocardiography
Authors: D’Mello Yannick , Skoric James , Xu Shicheng , Roche Philip J. R. , Lortie Michel , Gagnon Stephane , Plant David V.
Published: August 2019

Cardiography is an indispensable element of health care. However, the accessibility of at-home cardiac monitoring is limited by device complexity, accuracy, and cost. We have developed a real-time algorithm for heart rate monitoring and beat detection implemented in a custom-built, affordable system. These measurements were processed from seismocardiography (SCG) and gyrocardiography (GCG) signals recorded at the sternum, with concurrent electrocardiography (ECG) used as a reference. Our system demonstrated the feasibility of non-invasive electro-mechanical cardiac monitoring on supine, stationary subjects at a cost of $100, and with the SCG–GCG and ECG algorithms decoupled as standalone measurements. Testing was performed on 25 subjects in the supine position when relaxed, and when recovering from physical exercise, to record 23,984 cardiac cycles at heart rates in the range of 36–140 bpm. The correlation between the two measurements had r2 coefficients of 0.9783 and 0.9982 for normal (averaged) and instantaneous (beat identification) heart rates, respectively. At a sampling frequency of 250 Hz, the average computational time required was 0.088 s per measurement cycle, indicating the maximum refresh rate. A combined SCG and GCG measurement was found to improve accuracy due to fundamentally different noise rejection criteria in the mutually orthogonal signals. The speed, accuracy, and simplicity of our system validated its potential as a real-time, non-invasive, and affordable solution for outpatient cardiac monitoring in situations with negligible motion artifact.
Antioxidant Properties of Western Georgia Native Khechechuri Pear
Authors: Gabour Sad Tamara , Djafaridze Indira , Kalandia Aleko , Vanidze Maia , Smilkov Katarina , Jacob Claus
Published: August 2019

An endemic pear species spreads in one region of western Georgia, Adjara, called Khechechuri. Pears are dietary source of bioactive components such as polyphenols and triterpenic acid. In addition to its gastronomic value, the aim of the article was to examine and compare phenolic compounds, flavonoids, catechins, phenolic acids, and antioxidant activities in five species of Khechechuri collected from various regions in Adjara region: Adjaristskali, Merisi, Dandalo, Shuakhevi, and Khulo. Five fruit parts, the skin, edible pulp, the whole pear (skin + pulp), juice and the pomace were analyzed and the results were compared. Our study revealed that the amount of total phenolic content found in the skin of West Georgian pear types was as much as 4650 mg/kg. Also, the pear pomace showed significant amount of total phenolic content in all species of Khechechuri. In addition, in all species of Khechechuri pears, flavonoids were found, except in the fruit juice.
Analysis of National PM2.5 (FPM and CPM) Emissions by Past, Current, and Future Energy Mix Scenarios in the Republic of Korea
Authors: Choi Doo Sung , Youn Jong-Sang , Lee Im Hack , Park Young-Kwon , Choi Byung Jin , Jeon Ki-Joon
Published: August 2019

The main purpose of this study was to analyze the Korean PM2.5 emissions according to the past, present, and future energy mix scenarios from 1970 to 2035, with the aim of identifying a sustainable, future environmentally friendly energy mix scenario for Korea related to PM2.5 emissions. To calculate the PM2.5 emissions according to an energy mix plan, we assumed two scenarios: (1) Scenario 1 is based on an energy conversion scenario established by the Korean government’s 7th electric power demand supply program; and (2) Scenario 2 is enhancement of fuel cell usage. In Scenario 1, filterable PM2.5 (FPM2.5) emission was calculated as 61,158 ton/year, which includes contributions of anthracite (46.8%), petroleum (39.7%), natural gas (LNG) (10.0%), and LPG (0.1%). In Scenario 2, FPM2.5 emission was calculated as 36,917 ton/year, which includes contributions of petroleum (47.8%), anthracite (40.3%), bituminous coal (10.1%), and LNG (1.7%). Thus, we concluded that the FPM2.5 mitigation effect from fuel cell policy enforcement is about 38.13% higher than the Korean national energy conversion policy. PM2.5 (FPM2.5 + condensable PM2.5 (CPM2.5)) emissions dramatically increased in both energy mix scenarios so that CPM2.5 should be considered when estimating PM2.5 emissions and PM2.5 reduction.