bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Equal access to community interpreting in Flanders: a matter of self-reflective decision making?
Authors: Roels Britt , Seghers Marie , De Bisschop Bert , Van Avermaet Piet , Van Herreweghe Mieke , Slembrouck Stef
Published: March 2021

The central issue tackled by this article revolves around decision-making by public service institutions in respect of the uses and perceived effects of community interpreting and translation in Flanders (Belgium) and/or other resources of language support (such as the use of a lingua franca, soliciting the help of a multilingual coworker, etc.). The aim of the study was to obtain a clear understanding of processes and participant frameworks of decision-making with regard to language support within these institutions. Consequently, a qualitative survey was set up focusing on three selected geographic regions and, within these regions, on four domains of public service (health, education, public administration and employment assistance). Respondents were both institutional end users and immigrants. The results reveal a lack of national and local organizational policy and explicit procedures in the allocation of language support resources. This lack contributes to inequality in foreign language users’ access to the services of public institutions. It is recommended that a self-reflective framework be introduced for regulating access to a more systematic use of community interpreting alongside other instruments or strategies for bridging language barriers. Such a framework should be tailored to the needs of the institution’s clients and to domainspecific and local needs of the institution. It should also include the relative availability of other adequate instruments for bridging language barriers.
Semi-proximal Augmented Lagrangian-Based Decomposition Methods for Primal Block-Angular Convex Composite Quadratic Conic Programming Problems
Authors: Lam Xin-Yee , Sun Defeng , Toh Kim-Chuan
Published: March 2021

We first propose a semi-proximal augmented Lagrangian-based decomposition method to directly solve the primal form of a convex composite quadratic conic-programming problem with a primal block-angular structure. Using our algorithmic framework, we are able to naturally derive several well-known augmented Lagrangian-based decomposition methods for stochastic programming, such as the diagonal quadratic approximation method of Mulvey and Ruszczyński. Although it is natural to develop an augmented Lagrangian decomposition algorithm based on the primal problem, here, we demonstrate that it is, in fact, numerically more economical to solve the dual problem by an appropriately designed decomposition algorithm. In particular, we propose a semi-proximal symmetric Gauss–Seidel-based alternating direction method of multipliers (sGS-ADMM) for solving the corresponding dual problem. Numerical results show that our dual-based sGS-ADMM algorithm can very efficiently solve some very large instances of primal block-angular convex quadratic-programming problems. For example, one instance with more than 300,000 linear constraints and 12.5 million nonnegative variables is solved to the accuracy of 10-5 in the relative KKT residual in less than a minute on a modest desktop computer.
In vivo cartilage regeneration in a multi-layered articular cartilage architecture mimicking scaffold
Authors: Rajagopal Karthikeyan , Ramesh Sowmya , Walter Noel Malcolm , Arora Aditya , Katti Dhirendra S. , Madhuri Vrisha
Published: March 2021

Aims

Extracellular matrix (ECM) and its architecture have a vital role in articular cartilage (AC) structure and function. We hypothesized that a multi-layered chitosan-gelatin (CG) scaffold that resembles ECM, as well as native collagen architecture of AC, will achieve superior chondrogenesis and AC regeneration. We also compared its in vitro and in vivo outcomes with randomly aligned CG scaffold.

Methods

Rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were differentiated into the chondrogenic lineage on scaffolds. Quality of in vitro regenerated cartilage was assessed by cell viability, growth, matrix synthesis, and differentiation. Bilateral osteochondral defects were created in 15 four-month-old male New Zealand white rabbits and segregated into three treatment groups with five in each. The groups were: 1) untreated and allogeneic chondrocytes; 2) multi-layered scaffold with and without cells; and 3) randomly aligned scaffold with and without cells. After four months of follow-up, the outcome was assessed using histology and immunostaining.

Results

In vitro testing showed that the secreted ECM oriented itself along the fibre in multi-layered scaffolds. Both types of CG scaffolds supported cell viability, growth, and matrix synthesis. In vitro chondrogenesis on scaffold showed an around 400-fold increase in collagen type 2 (COL2A1) expression in both CG scaffolds, but the total glycosaminoglycan (GAG)/DNA deposition was 1.39-fold higher in the multi-layered scaffold than the randomly aligned scaffold. In vivo cartilage formation occurred in both multi-layered and randomly aligned scaffolds treated with and without cells, and was shown to be of hyaline phenotype on immunostaining. The defects treated with multi-layered + cells, however, showed significantly thicker cartilage formation than the randomly aligned scaffold.

Conclusion

We demonstrated that MSCs loaded CG scaffold with multi-layered zonal architecture promoted superior hyaline AC regeneration. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2020;9(9):601–612.
Functional Ingredients and Antioxidant Activity of Korean Traditional Wild Simulated Ginseng Vinegar and Red Ginseng Vinegar
Authors: Ahn Chang Ho , Yang Byung Wook , Ko Sung Kwon
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this study was to prepare Korean traditional vinegar using ginseng radices (wild simulated ginseng, red ginseng), and to investigate its functional ingredients and functionality. The total amino acid content of red ginseng vinegar and wild simulated ginseng vinegar was 124.36 mg% and 168.37 mg%, respectively, which was confirmed to be higher than the total amino acid content of red ginseng and wild simulated ginseng (70.71 mg%, 76.29 mg%). In addition, the polyphenol contents of red ginseng vinegar and wild simulated ginseng vinegar were 73.26 mg/g and 82.43 mg/g, respectively, which was confirmed to be higher than that of red ginseng and wild simulated ginseng (43.42 mg/g, 51.32 mg/g). And also, the DPPH electron donating ability of red ginseng vinegar and wild simulated ginseng vinegar was 893.26 μg/mL, 803.92 μg/mL, which showed that the scavenging ability was better than that of red ginseng and wild simulated ginseng (1253.21 μg/mL, 1021.01 μg/mL). On the other hand, it was confirmed that red ginseng vinegar and wild simulated ginseng vinegar contain 0.024% and 0.028% of compound K, a unique component of fermented ginseng, which is not contained in red ginseng and wild simulated ginseng. From these results, it was confirmed that Korean traditional vinegar using ginseng radices is a traditional functional food with functional ingredients and antioxidant activity.
Zur Historie der nominalen -er-Bildungen. Ist die Suffixidentität sprachwandlerischer Zufall?
Authors: Bittner Dagmar
Published: March 2021

The various different occurrences of -er in the morphology of German (e.g. in agentive and instrumental nouns, in comparatives, iteratives and intensifiers) are generally treated as being homonymous. In other words, just as in the case of full lexemes (e.g. Kiefer(knochen) 'jaw bone' vs. Kiefer(baum) 'fir tree'), it is assumed that different suffixes exist and that it is merely coincidental that they have an identical phonetic realisation. As far back as Germanic, the source of this identity-of-form has been taken to lie in reduction of the final syllable, whereby the process of phonological reduction has created identical suffixes from ones that were previously formally distinct. Our aim is to illustrate that in the case of nominal -er forms, there is good reason not to attribute identity of form simply to the 'blind application' of phonological rules. On the one hand, there are various aspects of the historical development which simply cannot be accounted for by recourse to phonological rules. This will be made clear through analysis of historical grammars and related literature. On the other hand, those categories that are formed with -er share common grammatico-semantic features. This too is often hinted at in the historical grammars and may be corroborated by an analysis of the grammatical features involved. Our findings thus motivate the following claim: The emergence of identical forms is not coincidental. Rather, alongside phonological rules, the emergence of identical forms is driven by more global principles of structure-formation, in particular by the principle of 'one form = one function'. Instead of different -er suffixes, there is in fact just one suffix which symbolises the iterative feature structure common to the -er marked categories.
Semantic Categories in the Domain of Motion Verbs by Adult Speakers of Danish, German, and Turkish
Authors: Jessen Moiken
Published: March 2021

Languages differ in the ways they divide the world. This study applies cluster analysis to understand how and why languages differ in the way they express motion events. It further lays out what the parameters of the structure of the semantic space of motion are, based on data collected from participants who were adult speakers of Danish, German, and Turkish. The participants described 37 video clips depicting a large variety of motion events. The results of the study show that the segmentation of the semantic space displays a great deal of variation across all three groups. Turkish differs from German and Danish with respect to the features used to segment the semantic space – namely by using vector orientation. German and Danish differ greatly with respect to (a) how fine-grained the distinctions made are, and (b) how motion verbs with a common Germanic root are distributed across the semantic space. Consequently, this study illustrates that the parameters applied for categorization by speakers are, to some degree, related to typological membership, in relation to Talmy's typological framework for the expression of motion events. Finally, the study shows that the features applied for categorization differ across languages and that typological membership is not necessarily a predictor of elaboration of the motion verb lexicon.
Les associations de marqueurs discursifs – De la cooccurrence libre à la collocation
Authors: Dostie Gaétane
Published: March 2021

The question of the syntagmatic combinatorics of words belonging to the classes commonly addressed by grammatical tradition (such as nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs) has been a subject of sustained reflection for several decades. The situation is different for discourse markers (DMs), which have gained substantial interest only recently (toward the end of the 1990s). This article takes as its starting point the idea that DMs are subject to the same types of syntagmatic associations as words belonging to the "ordinary" classes. By analogy with these classes, three types of syntagmatic associations are distinguished in the domain of DMs: the free discursive co-occurrence, the fixed expression (or discursive locution), and the semi-fixed expression (or discursive collocation). Of these types of word associations, the semi-fixed expression proves the most original and the most delicate to examine. It is therefore spe-cifically analyzed in this text, namely through a study of one marker in particular: don ([dɔ̃]).
The impact of discourse types on the acquisition of nominal determination in L2 French
Authors: Watorek Marzena , Lenart Ewa , Trévisiole Pascale
Published: March 2021

+N) are much more frequent in descriptions than in narratives: the use of these forms is determined by the marking of the introduction of referents and change of reference, that are more common in descriptions. The comparison with the results of previous studies on NP acquisition allows us to put in perspective the precocity of the acquisition of the definite article compared to that of the indefinite article. Contrary to such studies, our results show that definite and indefinite determiners appear at the same time. Their frequency of use varies according to the communicative task and the type of discourse produced. The absence of a form in a certain type of production does not mean that it is absent in the learner's L2 system. Thus, the consideration of various contexts of production is imperative to describe the acquisition of linguistic
Discovering the prehistory of multilingual situations in the lexicon. An empirical study on the Caucasian Urum vocabulary
Authors: Ries Veronika , Skopeteas Stavros , Turan Emrah , Nahrmann Kristin
Published: March 2021

Multilingual situations are reflected in the lexicon; by consequence, lexical borrowings are powerful evidence for language contact in the prehistory of linguistic communities. This article presents an empirical study on the lexical knowledge of Caucasian Urum speakers, i. e., ethnic Greek speakers in the Small Caucasus, who are bilingual in a variety of Turkish (Urum) and Russian. The analysis is based on the established assumption that certain concepts are cross-linguistically associated with a certain likelihood of borrowing. Based on this assumption the data from lexical knowledge allow for insights with respect to the substrate/superstrate status of the involved languages in a multilingual situation and provide evidence for the type of relation (genetic or contact-induced) between compared languages.
Key Function Words in a Corpus of UK Election Manifestos
Authors: Pearce Michael
Published: March 2021

This article explores a corpus of all the UK election manifestos produced by the three main political parties in the period 1900–2010. It offers an alternative perspective on function words in corpus-assisted critical discourse analysis, placing them at the centre rather than the periphery. Using a combination of WordSmith Tools and Sketch Engine, I identify four key function words and show how a consideration of their phraseological behaviour can – perhaps surprisingly – reveal aspects of party ideology, as well as pointing to generic change over time.
Futile Pursuits of Metonymic Targets in Political and Legal Contexts
Authors: Twardzisz Piotr
Published: March 2021

This article explores problematic aspects of metonymic target identification in specialist language. Searching for and establishing metonymic targets has been the goal of numerous studies pursued in cognitive linguistics. Not infrequently, one may get the impression that the deliberate refinement of the metonymic reference point, geared to bring in more semantic precision, leads to confusing and inconsistent results. In this article, the focus will be on unveiling such confusing and inconsistent cases of metonymic target identification in political and legal contexts. For this purpose, three case studies will be analysed. In one of these, it will be shown how the interlocutors deliberately play with reference points/targets for rhetorical purposes. In another case, an example of target identification will be reviewed in which the linguist/researcher arbitrarily proposes metonymic targets. As a third example, a case of metonymic target identification in a legal document will be reviewed. A closer look at the co-referring entities, the major players in this document, reveals an error made by the drafters. This case is illustrative of a certain erroneousness underlying the assumption of straightforward and automatic target identification.
Anmerkungen zum Salienzbegriff in der Soziolinguistik
Authors: Auer Peter
Published: March 2021

In this paper I argue that the psychological notion of salience should be kept strictly apart from its causes and effects (on language change or language accommodation). I further argue that we should distinguish between physiological, cognitive and sociolinguistic factors contributing to salience. Finally, it is argued that salience based on social stereotyping is the best predictor of change and accommodation, but needs to be supported by the right evaluation of the salient feature in order to have an effect.
Salienz und System
Authors: Glauninger Manfred Michael
Published: March 2021

The object of investigation in this paper is the linguistic conception of salience by focusing its still predominantly essentialistic, only in modest approaches constructivistic, modelling. This indicates one of the most basic methodological desiderata of linguistics: the discussion and revision of its systemic foundation. Therefore, the aim of this article is to initiate a decidedly constructivist discussion of linguistic salience, and its adaption and transformation, respectively. This could result in an exponentiated connectivity of (post-)modern constructivistic sociolinguistics to advanced self-referential autopoietic positions of systems theory.
Salienz, Bewertung und Realisierung regionaler Merkmale in Norddeutschland
Authors: Hettler Yvonne
Published: March 2021

While the theoretical concept of perceptual prominence (salience) is subject of various recent studies, there is a lack of empirical evidence concerning the individual prominence of linguistic variables and the perception of these in different regions.
This article presents some results of a study dealing with the perception and production of regional linguistic phenomena in Bremen and Hamburg. A quantitative analysis will be undertaken to investigate which linguistic variables are prominent for speakers and how language attitude and regional localization by non-linguists influence the salience of these phenomena. Also, the correlation between production and perception of linguistic phenomena is discussed by including objective speech data within the context of a qualitative survey. Assuming that the salience of linguistic variables is not fixed, but determined by a variety of factors, it is of interest which different combinations of influencing parameters for perceptual prominence exist.
Wie viele Jungs haben Anna geküsst? Zum besonderen Status von V2-Relativsätzen im gesprochenen Deutsch
Authors: Catasso Nicholas
Published: March 2021

The aim of the present paper is twofold: first, to introduce the problem represented by socalled "Verb-Second (V2) relative clauses" in German, a phenomenon which occurs exclusively in spoken language, thereby recapitulating the arguments put forth in the literature for their paratactic categorization in light of Den Besten's (1983) assumptions on the structural properties of V2 (e.g. Gärtner 2001, 2002; Den Dikken 2005; Endriss/Gärtner 2005); in the second place, to propose an alternative analysis based on the following postulates: (i) such constructions, which are generally classified as belonging to "noncanonical" phenomena of spoken German, are neither to be ascribed to a deficient syntactic planning nor can they be defined as "false relatives" (cf. Ravetto 2006), but are rather part of a specific syntactic pattern with speaker-oriented implications that is directly related to the syntax-speaker's attitude interface; (ii) these structures display features shared by both asyndetically coordinated clauses (e.g. their word-order and, in principle, the surface form of the d-element introducing them) and standard relative constructions, but a paratactic analysis in classical terms (namely one in which it is assumed that clause1 and clause2 are two conjuncts of a coordinative pattern playing the same syntactic role) does not explain most of the distributional properties that "V2 relative clauses" exhibit. The conclusions of the analysis proposed in this paper rest upon evidence of prosodic, syntactic and semantic-pragmatic nature.
Anglizismen im öffentlich-medialen und sprachwissenschaftlichen Diskurs über die deutsche Sprache und in den Einstellungen der Sprecher
Authors: Rocco Goranka
Published: March 2021

This article explores the discourse on anglicisms in German. The first part is dedicated to the assumptions of language specialists and non specialists regarding foreign words and especially anglicisms, language change and language deterioration. These aspects are analysed with regard to different moments in the recent history of German. The second, empirical part of the article presents the results of an extensive questionnaire study among German university students regarding their attitudes towards the current language situation and the use of anglicisms in German. The results of this study are compared to the results of other, similar studies on attitudes towards language change, language deterioration and anglicisms in German.
The Adjectival Relative Construction in Egyptian Arabic
Authors: Youssef Islam
Published: March 2021

The present paper investigates a type of broad-subject construction in Egyptian Arabic in which an adjective or participial structurally qualifies the head noun (or subject) but logically qualifies a subsequent noun, as in ir-raagil [il-ħilwiin banaat-u] 'the man the beautiful.PL his daughters'. This Adjectival Relative Construction is interesting in that it incorporates properties of both relative clauses and adjectival phrases. I evaluate the main analytical approaches in the literature and conclude that it must be analyzed as a hybrid type of nominal modifier that has adjectival and relative characteristics. Binding to the head noun is accomplished through a semantically motivated resumptive pronoun.
A Socio-semiotic Study of Nicknaming among Undergraduates in a Nigerian University
Authors: Filani Ibukun , Melefa Omotosho Moses
Published: March 2021

The concept of name and naming is not just a tool for constructing identity; it is an important signification system in African cosmology. It is imbued with the people's perception of life and being. This explains why certain individuals who are discontented with their names either change them or adopt nicknames to reflect their sense of dignity, reinvented individuality and humanity. This paper explored nicknaming as a signification tool for identity reinvention from a socio-semiotic dimension. Data for the study was sampled purposively from students' halls of residence at the University of Ibadan and analysed using insights from socio-semiotic theory of sign. The use of irony in names was observed to be a common tool for reinvention, especially with those instances where the nicknames were given as derogatory labels to redesign the identities of the concerned personalities. It was observed also that others use nicknames to project a sense of reinvented self, especially in instances where the nicknames were the creations of the individuals concerned.
Embedding additive particles in the sentence information structure: How L2 learners find their way through positional and prosodic patterns
Authors: Andorno Cecilia Maria , Turco Giuseppina
Published: March 2021

Since 1986, Klein pinpointed the 'embedding problem' among the main tasks L2 learners have to cope with in L2 speaking, the term referring to the need of linking the semantic content of a sentence to the information already available in the ongoing discourse. Research in L2 acquisition has shown that, even when the lexical and morphosyntactic structures needed to express specific information configurations are in place, learners can still lack the ability to use them in the ongoing discourse according to target language preferences, thus sticking to their source language preferences (Carroll and Lambert 2003; Dimroth and Lambert 2008; Lambert, Carroll and von Stutterheim 2008).
Use of additive particles can pose similar 'embedding' problems, as they typically occur in a peculiar, non-canonical information configuration, in which a given predicate – available in the ongoing discourse – is claimed to hold for a new referent, which is added to other – given, available – referents.
Dimroth et al. (2010), comparing native speakers productions on the basis of the same narrative task (the Finite Story retelling), show that speakers of Germanic (Dutch, German) and Romance (French, Italian) languages differ in the way they embed additive particles in the sentence information structure. Our study focuses on the use of additive particles by intermediate learners of two language pairs (Italian L1 > German L2 and viceversa) in the Finite Story retelling. Results show that, in embedding additive particles (IT anche, GE auch) in the sentence structure, intermediate learners tend to adopt patterns that are compatible with the L1 both at positional and at prosodic level, thus partly discarding more target language-specific patterns.
Focus Particles in Information Processing: An Experimental Study on Pragmatic Scales with Spanish incluso
Authors: Loureda Óscar , Cruz Adriana , Rudka Martha , Nadal Laura , Recio Ines , Borreguero Zuloaga Margarita
Published: March 2021

Focus particles have been one of the spotlights of linguistic research during the last fifty years. They have been studied mainly from a syntactic and semantic perspective, in formal and functional approaches. However, in the last years new insights in this field have been developed through pragmatic and textual approaches. From that perspective, focus particles can be considered as a type of discourse particles, as far as their semantic nature and their pragmatic function are concerned. In this paper, we claim that experiments on text processing may help to support this view: by analyzing eye movements during reading and by testing the effective comprehension of utterances, we can demonstrate the key role of the Spanish scalar additive particle incluso ('even') in the process of information retrieval.
"Charisma macht müde Demokratien munter" – Zum diskursiven Zusammenhang von Charisma und Demokratie
Authors: Steen Pamela
Published: March 2021

"I am charismatic!". If politician described themselves like this, we would probably define them as a peacock and condemn such a vain display. "Barack Obama is charismatic" or "Charisma perks up tired democracies", however, are propositions we can read in newspapers every day. Although they are assumptions about fundamental agencies, they are scarcely questioned. But these ascriptions or assertions must be believed or not, they are elements in a complex constructed belief system which is called politics. This paper employs the method of discourse linguistics to demonstrate how the relation of charisma and democracy can be construed in media discourse. Three main positions can be extracted: Charisma is inevitable for genuine democratic processes like functions and elections. Charisma is useful to overcome post-democratic challenges, and thirdly, charisma is incompatible with democracy, because charisma is an illusion or a pre-democratic phenomenon. In summary, there are different concepts of charisma and democracy, which collude, depending on the argumentation.
Stories of Words, Words as Stories. Some lexico-statistically based Reflections on the Meaning Unit in Spoken Language
Authors: Massa Eleonora
Published: March 2021

This paper develops a theoretical discussion about the definition of the unit of content in spoken language. The issue originates from the applicative field of corpus-based lexico-statistical surveys, which are traditionally and prevalently used to optimize and standardize the programs for the vocabulary didactics of foreign languages. The main critical limitation of lexico-statistical inquiries can be identified in their impossibility to determine a representative threshold of the basic content lexicon of a language or, put otherwise, the most important words referring to the concrete things that are spoken about. Beyond the threshold of the most recurring 1,000 lexemes, in fact, words virtually show low and irregular as well as semi-equivalent probabilities to recur in spoken texts. The lexico-statistical applications that have followed aim exactly at overcoming this limitation. Albeit through different methodologies, the various approaches conceive in fact the basic content lexicon as made up by the most frequent or used concrete substantives of a language. From time to time, either limited or particularly extensive series of concrete nouns have been compiled: however, these nouns are de facto subject to sporadic and irregular trends of recur-rence values in spoken texts and are likely to be encountered very rarely by the language user in actual spoken utterances. The discussion on basic spoken contents simply ends up in a theoretical flaw and in a mere representational paradox, because it investigates and describes exactly what is not constitutive of the examined phenomenon. The consideration of the very semiotic peculiarity of spoken language constitutes the premise of an alternative definition of its meaning unit. The things that are talked about are in fact expressed only sporadically, because they are embedded in the situational context wherein they are shared – and mostly reiterated – by the conversation partners. More than with a dis-crete lexical element, the unit of spoken content seems to be identifiable with the holistic con-versational practice that is instead regularly carried out by the speakers within likely ordinary frames of experience; consequently it seems to be closer to a basic unit in the “practice of meaning” than to an isolated meaning constituent. As the habitudinary modality of construct-ing, inhabiting and sharing our everyday form of life, the meaning unit in spoken language rather unveils as a narrative unit, for reasons that this paper explores in details. Such an alter-native theoretical vision is dealt with in the final part of the contribution, which also outlines further issues related to the possibilities of both its representation and its didactic usability.
Vergleich der Einleitungen in deutschen und in chinesischen Abschlussarbeiten
Authors: Chen Shing-Lung
Published: March 2021

Wissenschaftliches Schreiben an der Universität ist für die Studierenden schwierig und führt nicht selten sogar zum Abbruch des Studiums (vgl. Ehlich/Steets 2003; Dittmann/Geneuss/ Nennstiel/Quast 2003; Steinhoff 2007). Bisher wurden Abschlussarbeiten nur zwischen europäischen Sprachen verglichen (vgl. Kaiser 2003), aber nicht zwischen Deutsch und Chinesisch. In diesem Artikel werden Unterschiede in den Makrostrukturen von Abschlussarbeiten aus beiden Ländern analysiert und dazu authentische Belege herangezogen. Dabei werden als Forschungsmethoden sowohl die Move Analysis als auch statistische Analysen verwendet. Als Ergebnis werden deutliche Unterschiede zwischen deutschen und chinesischen Abschlussarbeiten in Bezug auf die Makrostruktur berichtet und deren Bedeutung diskutiert.
Deutschsprachige Artikel zur slawistischen Sprachwissenschaft als Mittel der fachlichen und sprachlichen Sozialisation – eine problematische Annäherung an die Disziplin
Authors: Doleschal Ursula , Scherling Anzhelika
Published: March 2021

Research articles are studied by several branches of Applied Linguistics, such as text linguistics, stylistics, foreign language teaching or contrastive rhetoric. However, articles written in German have been scarcely investigated so far. In this contribution we study German articles in Slavic linguistics with regard to their use for the socialization of students into academia. We investigate the presence of the following contents as well as their position of occurrence in the texts: research question, methods and theoretical background. Thus we evaluate, if such articles are an adequate means to introduce students to the way the results of research are brought about. Our study shows that research questions are usually explicitly stated, while methods and theoretical background may remain implicit. It seems that the degree of implicitness relates to the degree of “traditionality” of the research involved, i. e., if the article is, e. g., a philological or a sociolinguistic one.
Chinese Negation Morpheme bù in Academic Writing
Authors: Kuo Chen-Li
Published: March 2021

Negation can be conveyed through various forms in a language. In Chinese, bù is the most common negative form, and it can also be a morpheme of a compound word which expresses negation and/or concepts closely associated with negation, e.g. modality and contrast. In order to capture most types of Chinese words carrying these concepts, we investigate Chinese words containing bù. This study first classifies bù-related words into seven categories according to the word structure and the negative connotation of bù as a morpheme retained in the word. The categorisation is then applied to the wordlists of a research article corpus and a conversational corpus. The results show that there are many fewer occurrences of bù as a negator in research articles than in conversation, and that there is greater use of four-syllable Chinese idioms (chéngyǔ) in research articles than in conversation. In addition, different sets of bù-related words are used to express contrast and modality.
Die Figurativität der allgemeinen Wissenschaftssprache des Deutschen
Authors: Rheindorf Markus
Published: March 2021

Academic discourse relies on a common register that reaches across disciplinary boundaries. This so-called common language of academia includes terms denoting common objects and actions of academic work in the fields of knowing, understanding and learning, of perceiving and observing, of designing and devising as well as of writing and speaking in their many different forms. In German academic discourse, this common register is highly figurative, often creating problems in bilingual contexts as well as during students’ acquisition of academic discourse. This paper presents an ongoing project to identify, describe and categorize the lexical dimension of this common language of academia by means of corpus-linguistic analyses. It presents operators to distinguish said register from non-academic German as well as discipline-specific discourse. Following these filtering procedures, the figurativity of the identified items is discussed in terms of their spatial-haptic, optical-visual, mental-cognitive and acoustic-linguistic character. Prominent cases of ambiguity, when specific lexical items can be used and read as expressing two figurative aspects, are also identified.
Die Erforschung der Luxemburger Wortbildung als Aufgabe. Eine Projektvorstellung
Authors: Sieburg Heinz , Weimann Britta
Published: March 2021

Research on Luxembourgish word formation – both from a historical and a synchronic perspective – is still at its very beginning. Its most challenging aspect is the complex multilingual situation in Luxembourg which arose due to the country’s intricate history. The research project “WBLUX” takes this unique situation into account; It has been designed as a multi-stage corpus-based tandem project as a cooperation between German and Luxembourgish studies. This paper commences by introducing the project design and the corpus concept, followed by a presentation of some exemplary corpus data.
The Role of the Danish Language in Iceland
Authors: Hauksdóttir Auður
Published: March 2021

Due to the long-standing relationship between Denmark and Iceland, the Danish language has played a significant role in Iceland for a long time. With urbanisation in the 19th century, a relatively high number of Danes settled in Reykjavík and Danish language and culture which was highly different from the traditional Icelandic rural culture became predominant in the city. With a growing national consciousness, the use of Danish and Danish loanwords came to be regarded as a threat to the mother tongue. However, greater independence gradually led to more balanced attitudes. Knowledge of Danish was a key to education, as many Icelanders sought education of different types in Denmark. Danish was taught as a foreign language in Icelandic schools. Icelandic was the language of instruction in all subjects, although some of the textbooks were in Danish. The relationship with Denmark and the other Scandinavian countries remains close. Danish is still a compulsory subject in Icelandic primary and grammar schools and, nowadays, provides Icelanders with a key to understanding and using the rest of the Scandinavian languages.
Ein Land, nur Opfer? Zu Gruppenstereotypen in der Auseinandersetzung um die lettische Sprachenpolitik am Beispiel des Sprachreferendums von 2012
Authors: Langer Sandra J.
Published: March 2021

On February 18th 2012 the referendum on the Draft Law ‘Amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia’ took place in Latvia. Its purpose was to decide whether or not the Russian language should be made the second official language of the Republic of Latvia. But this referendum was just the preliminary climax in a chain of events that exposed the relations between the ethnic Latvian and the ethnic Russian parts of Latvian society. The burden of historical events concerning the loss of Latvia's independence after World War II and its as-similation in the Sowjet Union including deportations and the repression of the Latvian national identity still effects the relations between Latvia’s citizens, especially when it comes to political decisions. This article gives an overview over the chain of events leading to the referendum including observations about the perticular importance of language in terms of national identity. The main focus, however, will be on the analysis of relations between ethnic Latvians and ethnic Russians based on Niklas Luhmann's concept of trust. Mistrust as the downside of trust is constitutive for many parts of Latvian public life, which is widely discussed in all social sectors and even passed on through the generations. Considering the trust issues within Latvian society severe consequences for everyday life can be detected: long-term stereotypes and prejudice between the ethnic groups. In this article the kind and content of the stereotypes and prejudices are named and analyzed. This leads to the question, if it is even necessary to use Erving Goffmans concept of stigma to describe the relations.
Jenseits von Assimilation und Multikultur? Herausforderungen migrationspolitischer Bildung in Deutschland
Authors: Lutter Andreas
Published: March 2021

Political Education aims at reflecting and framing the dynamics of social change in migratory societies, which are subject of controversial public discussion, in order to foster the political literacy of citizens. The main objective is the empowerment towards responsible participation and formative democratic capacity in a societal reality noticeably shaped by interculturality and ambiguity. Using the example of Germany this article outlines the academic discourse on societal change as a subject area and learning environment in political education. Following an exemplary problematization of central interpretive patterns with regard to the debate on migration policy this article concludes with a compilation of educational challenges.
A Diachronic Approach to Web-Based Genres: The Case of the Personal Weblog
Authors: Schildhauer Peter
Published: March 2021

This study pursues two related aims: (1) It develops a diachronic approach to web-based genres and explores its potentials and limitations. (2) As a case in point, it uses the genre personal weblog, providing a diachronic description of both recurrent and changing features of the genre. It applies a mixed-methods approach that draws on historical sources and the DIABLOC, a diachronic blog corpus, which spans 15 years from 1997 to 2012 and includes also examples of the very first weblogs. Analyses are selectively extended beyond the surface of blog-pages to their HTML source code. On the basis of corpus material, patterns of genre change such as migration, pattern embedding and genre split are described and embedded into a differentiated model of the development of the personal weblog genre.
OntoDiccionario, un diccionario ontoterminológico multilingüe (español-inglés-alemán): aspectos de su construcción y resultados
Authors: Bautista-Zambrana María Rosario
Published: March 2021

This paper starts from the assumption that the conceptual structure underlying terms in a spe-cialized domain constitutes an essential aspect in terminology and in the elaboration of termi-nological resources, in a way that the precise representation of that conceptual structure can be of great use for specialized translators. Based on this premise we have constructed a multi-lingual (Spanish-English-German) terminological dictionary based on ontologies, which are a type of formal and explicit representation of the conceptual structure of a domain (in our case, package travel). Thus, we show how the dictionary has been built, by describing the corpus-based preparatory phase, its implementation in the Web Ontology Language (OWL) using an ontology editor, TopBraid Composer Free Edition, and the creation of an interface to consult the dictionary in an easy and intuitive way; this application is called OntoDiccionario. We will discuss the results, by describing some of its most relevant features, by indicating short-comings, and by comparing the resulting dictionary to other general and specialized dictiona-ries, through the search for some terms from the domain in question.
Modality matters: On social forces determining what is standard in German Sign Language (DGS)
Authors: Jaeger Hanna
Published: March 2021

Focusing on the social situation of German Sign Language (DGS) and their users, the article explores to what extent Ammon’s model of social forces that determine what is standard in language can also be applied to visual spatial languages. The paper demonstrates that Am-mon’s model is implicitly modality bound and as such cannot fully account for the situation of DGS-using community which largely consists of L2-signers. Although an alternative mod-el is not explicitly offered, the author shows that the model of social forces will need to be extended in order to be modality independent, i.e. applicable to both spoken and signed lan-guages and their communities.
Lexemes, practs, and those who have yet to decide
Authors: Salmani Nodoushan Mohammad Ali
Published: March 2021

Mey’s (2001) action-theoretic societal pragmatics known as pragmatic act theory nurtures the idea that the explanatory movement in pragmatic theories should go from the outside in (i. e. from actual situational contexts into prior contexts encoded in the utterances used). Kecskes’s (2010, 2013) socio-cognitive approach challenges Mey’s position, and argues that the explan-atory movement should go in both directions: from the outside in and from the inside out. To challenge Mey’s view and to nurture his own position, Kecskes resorts to a dialectical socio-cognitive perspective on human communication (Kecskes 2003, 2008), and uses situation-bound utterances as evidence to support his theory. In this paper, I will provide an overview of both theories and argue in favor of Mey’s position.
Übersetzung pejorativer Personenbezeichnungen
Authors: Pavić Pintarić Anita
Published: March 2021

This paper investigates the translation of pejoratives referring to persons. The corpus is comprised of literary dialogues in the collection of short stories about the First World War by Miroslav Krleža. The dialogues describe the relationship between officers and soldiers. Soldiers are not well prepared for the war and are the trigger of officers’ anger. Therefore, the dialogues are rich with emotionally loaded outbursts resulting in swearwords. Swearwords relate to the intellect and skills of soldiers, and can be divided into absolute and relative pejoratives. Absolute pejoratives refer to the words that carry the negative meaning as the basis, whereas relative pejoratives are those that gain the negative meaning in a certain context. They derive from names of occupations and zoonyms. The analysis comprises the emotional embedment of swearwords, their metaphoric character and the strategies of translation from the Croatian into the German language.
Topographische vs. virtuelle Räume des Okzitanischen: « Faut-il abolir les frontières ? »
Authors: Görke Adrian , Jakobs Ramona
Published: March 2021

The present study aims to investigate the area of conflict between the decline and the expansion of communication options in regional and minority languages, which has increasingly been brought into the focus of attention by the new digital media. This topic will be discussed based on the example of Occitan in the southern third of contemporary France where the langue d’oc continuously forfeits its territory.Besides the real topographic decline, the internet offers the Occitan a new virtual sphere of communication. By contrasting the concrete decline of space with the virtual expansion of space, the following article aims to illustrate the importance of the border, more precisely the border demarcation, with regard to the possibilities of communication of the Occitan language.
Typing yourself accountable: Objectifying subjective experiences in an online health forum
Authors: Andersen Elisabeth Muth
Published: March 2021

In this paper, I outline linguistic and discursive practices online forum participants use to make sense of painful and disturbing bodily experiences which from the participants’ perspectives have not been explained, diagnosed and treated by medical professionals.By scrutinizing a thread from a Danish online health forum on the topic metabolism using conversation analytic perspectives, I show that participants use practices that objectify their experiences when seeking support and recognition in the forum. Four practices for objectifying experiences understood as undiagnosed symptoms of illness are outlined: (1) Presentation of problem by presenting a medical history of symptom discovery; (2) Presentation of symptoms in a list using medical terms, extreme case formulations (Pomerantz 1986), and elliptic constructions; (3) Presentation of a candidate medical cause supported by evidence and sources; and (4) Presentation of objective facts and other sources as the expected solution. It is argued that the responses, characterized by agreement and tellings of similar stories, contribute to the objectification of subjective experiences by delivering perspectives that can be used as information sources and for experience based generalization.
Zum Bekanntheitsgrad erwerbsrelevanter Phraseme des Deutschen. Eine Untersuchung bei Germanistik-Studierenden an der Nationalen Kapodistrias-Universität Athen
Authors: Chrissou Marios , Makos Evangelos
Published: March 2021

It is a common place in the phraseodidactic research that collocational fluency is a significant factor of language fluency. Nevertheless, formulaic language is not focused systematically in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages and in learning materials for German as a foreign language. The lack of transparency and fragmentary treatment of set phrases have a negative impact over the development of collocational fluency.The present paper focuses on the extent that students of German Language and Literature at the National Kapodistrian University of Athens master high-frequency and common set phrases of German based on a questionnaire survey conducted. The results of the survey are discussed in terms of the deficiencies of institutional guidelines and learning materials. In line with this, proposals are formulated for the improvement of the institutional framework and the teaching of set phrases.