bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electric Muscle Activity During Manual Muscle Testing of the Shoulder
Authors: Mikołajczyk Kornel , Wiszomirska Ida
Published: May 2014

Streszczenie

Wstęp: Prezentowana praca ma charakter opracowania badawczego. Praca powstała na podstawie dokonanego przeglądu piśmiennictwa, z którego zaczerpnięto informacje o anatomii i biomechanice kompleksu barkowego, oraz uwarunkowaniach prawidłowego i patologicznego działania stawu ramiennego. Warunki prawidłowego funkcjonowania stawu ramiennego obejmują odpowiednią czynność mięśni okolicy barku. Czynność tą można analizować za pomocą elektromiografii. Może ona także posłużyć do weryfikacji manualnych testów klinicznych, które służą diagnostyce zaburzeń u pacjentów z problemem okolicy barku. Praca miała na celu ocenę aktywności 8 mięśni okolicy barku podczas manualnych testów oporowych, zawierających komponentę rotacji zewnętrznej w stawie ramiennym.

Materiał i metoda: Grupę zdrowych osób (n=14) poddano manualnym testom izometrycznym rotacji zewnętrznej. Testy różniły się stopniem odwiedzenia ramienia badanego, dla testu (1) mięśnia podgrzebieniowego: 0o, dla niespecyficznego testu (2) ścięgna mięśnia dwugłowego ramienia: 45o, dla testu (3) oporowego rotacji zewnętrznej z pozycji maksymalnej rotacji wewnętrznej: 90o. Podczas testów mierzono aktywność bioelektryczną 8 mięśni okolicy barku. Użyto aparatu do elektromiografii powierzchniowej Noraxon: TeleMyo System 2400T, z oprogramowaniem MyoResearch XP. Do analizy statystycznej posłużył program Statistica. Stworzono mapy szczytowej wartości amplitudy pobudzenia dla każdego z trzech testów. Porównano wartości szczytowe amplitudy pobudzenia mięśni pomiędzy testami 1, 2 i 3.

Wyniki: Wyniki badań wykazały między innymi wyższą aktywność mięśnia podgrzebieniowego w teście 1 względem pozostałych dwóch testów (p<0,05). Obserwowano nie tylko wysokie pobudzenie mięśnia podgrzebieniowego, ale także innych badanych mięśni, a ponadto dużą rozpiętość międzyosobniczą rejestrowanych wartości.

Wnioski: Dane zebrane za pomocą metody elektromiografii powierzchniowej nie stanowią samodzielnego kryterium oceny przydatności manualnych testów klinicznych jednak mogą być podpowiedzią, jak dobierać pozycje treningowe do testów i ćwiczeń kinezyterapeutycznych. Wyniki badań elektromiograficznych wymagają potwierdzenia na dużych grupach badanych, z jednoczesnym uwzględnieniem znacznych różnic międzyosobniczych w aktywności poszczególnych mięśni.
New Trends In Rehabilitation Of Patients With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Kwolek Andrzej , Podgórska Justyna , Rykała Justyna
Published: May 2014

Streszczenie

Od około 40 lat, dokonano szeregu zmian w zakresie rehabilitacji osób ze stwardnieniem rozsianym (SR). Było to możliwe dzięki wynikom licznych badań polegających na weryfikacji skuteczności poszczególnych programów leczniczych czy też pojedynczych metod. W ostatnich latach przeprowadzono szereg badań klinicznych, których wyniki wykazały skuteczność i istotny wpływ systematycznie prowadzonej rehabilitacji na jakość życia oraz przedłużenie okresu aktywności życiowej i zawodowej osób z SR, pomimo braku poprawy funkcjonalnej. Wykazano, że rehabilitacja w połączeniu z farmakoterapią wpływa na poprawę sprawności fizycznej, pozytywnie oddziałuje na samopoczucie chorych, a także zmniejsza nasilenie objawów choroby. Rehabilitacja daje pacjentowi możliwość wytworzenia pozytywnego obrazu siebie, wzmacnia poczucie własnej wartości i przydatności, a przez to powoduje zmianę w postrzeganiu jakości życia.

Celem pracy jest omówienie nowych rozwiązań obecnie stosowanych w rehabilitacji osób z SR.
Education Standards Of APA: Example Of Palacky University In Olomouc
Authors: Valkova Hana
Published: May 2014

Adapted Physical Activity (APA) is defined as a multidisciplinary domain included under the roof of inanthropology. The basic principles of APA understanding like 1) the contact theory, 2). phenomenon of “the differen”, 3). a categorical environmental approach, 4). the motor competence, 5) movement and activity modifications, 6). an independent living) are described. Main concepts of APA (education, a field practice, and research) are presented. A background of the APA study program at Palacký University in Olomouc is described in relation to the Bologna declaration and AEHESIS (the European study concept of employability). Four study modules (pedagogy, special education, physical education, and adapted physical activity are explained as well as proportions between the theory and practice. International APA study networks and research approaches are shown as good chances for students’ mobility
The Influence of Physical Activity on Physiotherapy Effects After Abdominal Surgery in Elderly People
Authors: Czyżewski Piotr , Domaniecki Janusz , Dąbek Aneta , Kopytiuk Renata
Published: May 2014

Streszczenie

Wstęp: Podeszły wiek jest istotnym czynnikiem ryzyka chorób jelita grubego wymagających leczenia chirurgicznego. Celem fizjoterapii po dużych operacjach brzusznych jest zapobieganie powikłaniom i redukowanie ograniczeń funkcjonalnych. Celem badania było określenie związku pomiędzy poziomem aktywności fizycznej a stanem funkcjonalnym i sprawnością wentylacyjną płuc we wczesnym okresie pooperacyjnym.

Materiał i metody: 34 pacjentów zakwalifikowanych do planowej dużej operacji brzusznej w wieku 65+ przydzielono losowo do grupy usprawnianej metodą z wykorzystaniem elementów koncepcji PNF lub grupy usprawnianej tradycyjnie. Spirometrię natężoną (FVC, FEV1, PEF) i testy funkcjonalne (prędkość chodu, wstań i idź) wykonywano przed operacją i w czwartej dobie po operacji. Analizowano poziom aktywności fizycznej, wiek, płeć, BMI oraz poziom pooperacyjnej samodzielności (SAP). Do analizy wyników zastosowano test Kołmogorowa-Smirnowa, test t-Studenta dla prób zależnych oraz analizy korelacji r-Pearsona. Przyjęto poziom istotności p<0,05.

Wyniki: W teście prędkości oraz wstań i idź nastąpiło wydłużenie czasu wykonania po operacji w porównaniu do poziomu przed operacją. W FVC %, FEV1 %, PEF % nastąpił spadek wartości. W grupie osób z wysoką aktywnością nie odnotowano istotnych statystycznie zmian wartości dla tych pomiarów. Osoby o wysokim poziomie aktywności miały istotnie wyższy wynik na skali SAP niż osoby o średnim lub niskim poziomie aktywności.

Wnioski: Duże operacje brzuszne w istotny sposób pogarszają funkcję wentylacyjną płuc oraz sprawność i prędkość chodu chorych po 65 roku życia, we wczesnym okresie pooperacyjnym. Wysoka przedoperacyjna aktywność fizyczna starszych pacjentów zakwalifikowanych do dużych operacji brzusznych, korzystnie wpływa na funkcję wentylacyjną płuc oraz poziom pooperacyjnej samodzielności, sprawności i niezależności w chodzie w okresie szpitalnym.
Applying The Line Of Resistance In Studies On Prices On The Housing Market In Szczecin
Authors: Hozer Józef , Gdakowicz Anna
Published: May 2014

The average price of residential real estate offered on the housing market in Szczecin has been declining since 2008. Prices on both the primary and secondary markets were regularly adjusted, disregarding the fact that the cost of 1 square meter of newly built flats was rising. Therefore, the question of how low can prices fall for the market to remain profitable arises? The situation on the residential real estate market has been analyzed in four areas: on the primary and secondary market, as well as by offer and transaction prices. The study was conducted in Szczecin on a quarterly basis in the period of 2007-2012.
Using Data Envelopment Analysis: A Case of Universities
Authors: Rosenmayer Tomáš
Published: May 2014

The aim of this article is to analyse appropriateness and adequacy of use of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in several research papers dealing with effectiveness of economy of universities. The Data Envelopment Analysis is an interesting method used for evaluation of technical efficiency of production units. Comparison is the basic method of this article. At the beginning, basic methodological questions of measurement and evaluation of efficiency are analysed, including definitions of terms efficiency and effectiveness, ways of measurement and formulation of appropriate indicators. Based on the given perquisites for measurement and evaluation of efficiency five articles on evaluation of efficiency of universities using DEA method, published in Canada, Australia, Great Britain, Germany and Spain in 1998 - 2008, will be assessed.

DEA is able to use more parameters of input and output to evaluate which of units under examination is the most effective, and to compare other units with it. For this, it is necessary to have a homogenous group of units. The result of assessment shows that all the examined studies focused rather on way of calculation then the point and reason of measurement. The articles contain a discussion concerning choice of appropriate indicators but do not at all deal with the issue of its construction using interventional logic; the articles do not contain any comparison of objectives of the particular universities.

Evaluation of efficiency of universities is a social construct and it will always be a subjective matter related to objectives of a particular stakeholder. This fact explains how to approach the evaluation of efficiency: it is necessary to set an objective function that means to set the objectives of a given stakeholder and his preferred results and outputs. All the studies lack this basic logic.
Evaluation of Economic Transformation in Hungary
Authors: Žídek Libor
Published: May 2014

The paper analyses transformation process in Hungary between 1989 and 2004. The goal of this paper is to analyze and evaluate the transformation process in Hungary. The structure of the paper follows this general goal. First of all, an analysis of economic development of the country before the fall of the communist regime is carried out because this determined the whole process which followed. Then we shortly mention political development that had a significant impact on the transformation process and its results. In the next part we concentrate on the main steps in the economic transformation, and consequently we devote space to specific aspects - privatization, for example. The main economic indicators of this period are analyzed in the final part. We conclude that the transformation process achieved its main economic goal and the economy’s ability to grow increased. At the same time, however, the transformation process created environment for the subsequent economic problems.
Doubling The Past Hypothesis: Observations On Two Nonstandard Third Conditionals
Authors: Cehan Nadina
Published: May 2014

The paper briefly looks at two nonstandard conditional constructions, if [Su] had have [pp] and if [Su] would have [pp], which present anomalous components. Various works mentioning them have been analysed, leading to the conclusion that the forms have not been treated seriously or exhaustively. Following a small study which tries to establish their spread in the language, the paper concludes that some questions remain unanswered, such as whether the constructions can be characterised according to their geographical spread, their exact vernacular status, and to what extent they may coexist alongside the standard form in a person’s idiolect.
Future Expressions for Learners of Basic English: An Analysis of English Textbooks for the 3Rd – 6Th Grades Used in Romania
Authors: Cehan Anca
Published: May 2014

The paper analyses the presence of future expressions (‘be going to’, ‘will’, ‘shall’, the Present tense progressive and Present tense simple with future uses) in the English textbooks for levels A1 and A2 recommended by the Romanian Ministry of Education for use in the primary and lower secondary classes in Romania.
The phenomenon of "global education space" as an object of scientific-pedagogical research
Authors: Avshenyuk Natalia
Published: May 2014

The characteristics of global education space as a social idea of creating a system of measures to ensure the right for education to any individual as well as its converting, that is recognition regardless of the nationality and country of study; and as a specific area of human activity, which forms the internal and external environment for individual development; and as a product of a developing educational thought, the semantic side of which contains the universal interests in education, have been represented. Global education space has been defined as a part of the global social space that brings together business and education facilities within the Earth coordinates to represent the institutional forms of education and informal structures that are directly or indirectly involved in this process and, secondly, educational products (concepts, educational standards, teaching of traditional and innovative type), reflecting the goals, values, principles, content and other information about education, and examines the interaction and influence on education rights. Global education space is developed in parallel with the development of the world economy and has center-peripheral structure. To our mind, Australia, UK, Canada and the United States which we selected to make a detailed analysis in the study of trends in transnational higher education on a number of key features, belong to the “center” of global education space.
Comparative analysis of western and domestic practice of interactive method application in teaching social and political disciplines at the universities
Authors: Hladka Halyna
Published: May 2014

The comparative analysis of western and domestic practice of introducing active and interactive methods of studies in the process of teaching social science disciplines has been carried out. Features, realities, prospects and limitations in application of interactive methods of teaching in the process of implementing social-political science courses at Institutes of higher education have been analyzed in western and domestic pedagogical practice. Comparison of western and domestic pedagogical practice in a greater degree demonstrates the presence of numerous failings in the domestic system of education. These failings demonstrate obvious impossibility to inculcate interactive methods on the basis of western standards. However through these negative aspects it is possible to notice structural lines peculiar to domestic Institutes of higher education. At all negative loading these limitations in domestic educational realities at the nearest consideration have positive influence. Measures on optimization of introducing interactive technologies at domestic Institutes of higher education have been offered. Today interactive methods are «difficult» both for realization by a domestic teacher and for the perception by a modern student. The main point of the research is the refusal from traditional subject-object forms of lessons and transition to common work of a teacher and a student as the main tendency of developing methods of teaching social and political disciplines at the universities
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS IN THE IMPROVEMENT OF EDUCATION
Authors: Hebert David G.
Published: May 2014

Imperfections - such as inequality and inefficiency of learning - are perennial problems for education despite a diversity of foundations on which national systems are established, which range from the idealistic vision of fostering a utopian society to the utilitarian objective of producing skilled workers capable of engendering economic growth. Despite sharing many common conditions and fundamental values, educators rarely learn valuable lessons from the successes and failures of highly relevant initiatives in distant nations. This problem may be attributed to several factors, not the least of which includes the entrenchment of local traditions and ethnocentric assumptions, but surely the quality and relevance of international-comparative research - and the way its results are disseminated - are issues that must also be taken into careful consideration. What are the unique lessons to be learned from international comparisons, and what are the prospective risks for how such comparisons may be misinterpreted and misused in educational settings? How can international comparative research be made more relevant, with tangible applications that may be recognized and effectively used by school teachers? How can international comparative education meaningfully examine subjects beyond the reach of standardized testing, in such domains as the fostering of creativity, talent, and ethical sensibilities, for example? These themes will be presented through discussion of both research findings and anecdotes from the personal experience of working for universities on four continents. Specific topics will include the challenges of accounting for conceptual equivalency and representing cultural differences, sampling and generalizability, reconciling the diverging aims of economic, anthropological, sociological, and psychological research, as well as grappling with the ambivalent discourse of globalization, multiculturalism, post-colonialism, and other social movements.
ON ORGANIZING EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY OF THE FUTURE TEACHING COACHES
Authors: Svatyev Andrey Vyacheslavovich
Published: May 2014

In didactics of higher education institution’s scientists reveal the forms of learning process organisation and the forms of teaching students through the ways of the interaction between the teacher and their students when solving didactic tasks. They are revealed by means of different ways of activity management, communication, interpersonal relations. The content of education, educational technologies, styles, principles, methods and teaching aids etc. are realized in them. The analysis of the Ukrainian studies and publications of the decade (A. M. Aleksyuk, Y. Y. Bolyubash, A. A. Vasilyuk, V. I. Bondar, V. A. Semichenko and others) gives reasons to state that unfortunately we observe the substitution of two notions: the form of organization and the form of teaching, as well as narrowing the notion “teaching of students”.
Three-Dimensional Mechanical Model of the Human Spine and the Versatility of its Use
Authors: Sokol Milan , Velísková Petra , Rehák Ľuboš , Žabka Martin
Published: May 2014

The aim of the work is oriented towards the simulation or modeling of the lumbar and thoracic human spine as a load-bearing 3D system in a computer program (ANSYS). The human spine model includes a determination of the geometry based on X-ray pictures of frontal and lateral projections. For this reason, another computer code, BMPCOORDINATES, was developed as an aid to obtain the most precise and realistic model of the spine. Various positions, deformations, scoliosis, rotation and torsion can be modelled. Once the geometry is done, external loading on different spinal segments is entered; consequently, the response could be analysed. This can contribute a lot to medical practice as a tool for diagnoses, and developing implants or other artificial instruments for fixing the spine.
Evaulation of the Quality of an Aquatic Habitat on the Drietomica River
Authors: Stankoci Ivan , Jariabková Jana , Macura Viliam
Published: May 2014

The ecological status of a river is influenced by many factors, of which the most important are fauna and flora; in this paper they are defined as a habitat. During the years 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2011, research on the hydroecological quality of a habitat was evaluated in the reference section of the Drietomica River. Drietomica is a typical representative river of the Slovak flysch area and is located in the region of the White Carpathians in the northwestern part of Slovakia. In this article the results of modeling a microhabitat by means of the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM) are presented. For the one-dimensional modeling, the River Habitat Simulation System (RHABSIM) was used to analyse the interaction between a water flow, the morphology of a riverbed, and the biological components of the environment. The habitat ´s hydroecological quality was evaluated after detailed ichthyological, topographical and hydro-morphological surveys. The main step was assessing the biotic characteristics of the habitat through the suitability curves for the Brown trout (Salmo trutta m. fario). Suitability curves are a graphic representation of the main biotic and abiotic preferences of a microhabitat´s components. The suitability curves were derived for the depth, velocity, fish covers and degree of the shading. For evaluating the quality of the aquatic habitat, 19 fish covers were closely monitored and evaluated. The results of the Weighted Usable Area (WUA = f (Q)) were evaluated from a comprehensive assessment of the referenced reach of the Drietomica River.
Speech Act Theory and the Study of Argumentation
Authors: Henkemans A. Francisca Snoeck
Published: May 2014

:In this paper, the influence of speech act theory and Grice’s the- ory of conversational implicature on the study of argumentation is discussed. First, the role that pragmatic insights play in van Eemeren and Grootendorst’s pragma-dialectical theory of argumentation and Jackson and Jacobs’ conver- sational approach to argumentation is described. Next, a number of examples of recent work by argumentation scholars is presented in which insights from speech act theory play a prominent role.
Without Qualification: An Inquiry Into the Secundum Quid
Authors: Botting David
Published: May 2014

In this paper I will consider several interpretations of the fallacy of secundum quid as it is given by Aristotle in the Sophistical Refutations and argue that they do not work, one reason for which is that they all imply that the fallacy depends on language and thus fail to explain why Aristotle lists this fallacy among the fallacies not depending on language (extra dictione), amounting often to a claim that Aristotle miscategorises this fallacy. I will argue for a reading that preserves Aristotle’s categorization by a quite different account of how qualifications function.
Theoretical Investigation of Traffic Equilibrium on Bridges
Authors: Bede Zsuzsanna , Torok Adam
Published: May 2014

Road traffic flows on a straight road segment such as bridges are modelled in this article. The mathematical model of traffic flows has been constructed by using the method of lumped parameters. Changeable lane direction and road pricing has been theoretically investigated in order to understand the shifting in supply and/or demand curves of traffic participants in equilibrium. The article presents assumptions for constructing the mathematical model. Demand can be influenced by road pricing, in its turn, supply can be influenced by extension of infrastructure with reversible lanes.
Genetic and Morphological Variability and Differentiation of Freshwater Mussels (Bivavia, Unionidae, Anodontinae) in Ukraine
Authors: Mezhzherin S. V. , Yanovich L. M. , Zhalay E. I. , Vasilieva L. A. , Pampura M. M.
Published: May 2014

Genetic and Morphological Variability and Diff erentiation of Mussels (Bivavia, Unionidae, Anodontinae) in Ukraine. Mezhzherin S. V., Yanovich L. M., Zhalay Е. I., Vasilieva L. А., Pampura М. М. - Th e study of allozymes variation and sequence analysis of two mitochondrial genes supports the concept that there are four species of subfamily Anodontinae in the Eastern European fauna, three of them; Anodonta cygnea Linnaeus, 1758; A. anatina Linnaeus, 1758; Pseudanodonta complanata (Rossmassler, 1835) are indigenous and one is invasive (Sinanodonta woodiana Lea, 1834). Th is paper analyzes morphological diagnostic features of which some can be used in identification of these species.
The Study of Age-Related Variability of Pigmentation Patterns of the Shells of Dreissena Polymorpha (Bivalvia, Dreissenidae) from Different Parts of It's Range
Authors: Pavlova V. V.
Published: May 2014

The Study of Age-Related Variability of Pigmentation Patterns of the Shells Dreissena polymorpha (Bivavia, Dreissenidae) from Different Parts of it's Range. Pavlova, V. V. - Traditionally, shells of Dreissena polymorpha Pallas, 1771 mussels are studied as a whole by the investigation of population variability of coloration. However, shell surface is divided into zones by the lines of growth delay called annual rings, and mussel shell coloration is an array of patterns in the consequent age zones. In the present paper traditional term “pattern type” is expanded by its relation to definite shell zone; pattern types change along with annual ring formation. Th e pattern is considered not as a holistic feature but rather a sequence of states realized during the mussel’s growth. Frequencies of some pattern types showed to be age dependent. Geographic variability of pattern sequences was found. High diversity of pattern sequences’ arrays observed in populations may reflect wide adaptation potential of zebra mussels.
A Redescription of Pontoppidania Pontica (Acari, Astigmatina, Acaridae) Inhabiting Algal Debris on Seashores of Black and Azov Seas of Crimea (Ukraine)
Authors: Maslov S. I.
Published: May 2014

A Redescription of Pontoppidania pontica (Acari, Astigmatina, Acaridae) Inhabiting Algal Debris on Seashores of Black and Azov Seas of Crimea (Ukraine). Maslov, S. I. - A male and female of a littleknown species of mites Pontoppidania pontica (Volgin et Shchur, 1974) is redescribed based on material from algal debris of seashores of marine nature reserves of Crimea. A key to species of the genus Pontoppidania Oudemans, 1923 of the world is provided.
Species Composition and Distribution of Oribatids (Acari, Oribatei) in Urbanized Biotopes of Kyiv
Authors: Shevchenko O. S. , Kolodochka L. A.
Published: May 2014

Species Composition and Distribution of Oribatids (Acari, Oribatei) in Urbanized Biotopes of Kyiv. Shevchenko, O. S., Kolodochka, L. A. - Species composition and dominance structure of oribatid species complexes on chosen plots in urbanized biotopes of Kyiv are established. Species sensitivity to anthropogenic factors is discussed.
Changing the Environment Based on Empowerment as Intrinsic Motivation
Authors: Salge Christoph , Glackin Cornelius , Polani Daniel
Published: May 2014

One aspect of intelligence is the ability to restructure your own environment so that the world you live in becomes more beneficial to you. In this paper we investigate how the information-theoretic measure of agent empowerment can provide a task-independent, intrinsic motivation to restructure the world. We show how changes in embodiment and in the environment change the resulting behaviour of the agent and the artefacts left in the world. For this purpose, we introduce an approximation of the established empowerment formalism based on sparse sampling, which is simpler and significantly faster to compute for deterministic dynamics. Sparse sampling also introduces a degree of randomness into the decision making process, which turns out to beneficial for some cases. We then utilize the measure to generate agent behaviour for different agent embodiments in a Minecraft-inspired three dimensional block world. The paradigmatic results demonstrate that empowerment can be used as a suitable generic intrinsic motivation to not only generate actions in given static environments, as shown in the past, but also to modify existing environmental conditions. In doing so, the emerging strategies to modify an agent’s environment turn out to be meaningful to the specific agent capabilities, i.e., de facto to its embodiment.
Right Ventricular Adaptation in Congenital Heart Diseases
Authors: Bartelds Beatrijs , Borgdorff Marinus , Berger Rolf
Published: May 2014

In the last four decades, enormous progress has been made in the treatment of congenital heart diseases (CHD); most patients now survive into adulthood, albeit with residual lesions. As a consequence, the focus has shifted from initial treatment to long-term morbidity and mortality. An important predictor for long-term outcome is right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, but knowledge on the mechanisms of RV adaptation and dysfunction is still scarce. This review will summarize the main features of RV adaptation to CHD, focusing on recent knowledge obtained in experimental models of the most prevalent abnormal loading conditions, i.e., pressure load and volume load. Models of increased pressure load for the RV have shown a similar pattern of responses, i.e., increased contractility, RV dilatation and hypertrophy. Evidence is accumulating that RV failure in response to increased pressure load is marked by progressive diastolic dysfunction. The mechanisms of this progressive dysfunction are insufficiently known. The RV response to pressure load shares similarities with that of the LV, but also has specific features, e.g., capillary rarefaction, oxidative stress and inflammation. The contribution of these pathways to the development of failure needs further exploration. The RV adaptation to increased volume load is an understudied area, but becomes increasingly important in the growing groups of survivors of CHD, especially with tetralogy of Fallot. Recently developed animal models may add to the investigation of the mechanisms of RV adaptation and failure, leading to the development of new RV-specific therapies.
Ruthenium Tetroxide and Perruthenate Chemistry. Recent Advances and Related Transformations Mediated by Other Transition Metal Oxo-species
Authors: Piccialli Vincenzo
Published: May 2014

In the last years ruthenium tetroxide is increasingly being used in organic synthesis. Thanks to the fine tuning of the reaction conditions, including pH control of the medium and the use of a wider range of co-oxidants, this species has proven to be a reagent able to catalyse useful synthetic transformations which are either a valuable alternative to established methods or even, in some cases, the method of choice. Protocols for oxidation of hydrocarbons, oxidative cleavage of C–C double bonds, even stopping the process at the aldehyde stage, oxidative cleavage of terminal and internal alkynes, oxidation of alcohols to carboxylic acids, dihydroxylation of alkenes, oxidative degradation of phenyl and other heteroaromatic nuclei, oxidative cyclization of dienes, have now reached a good level of improvement and are more and more included into complex synthetic sequences. The perruthenate ion is a ruthenium (VII) oxo-species. Since its introduction in the mid-eighties, tetrapropylammonium perruthenate (TPAP) has reached a great popularity among organic chemists and it is mostly employed in catalytic amounts in conjunction with N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMO) for the mild oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols to carbonyl compounds. Its use in the oxidation of other functionalities is known and recently, its utility in new synthetic transformations has been demonstrated. New processes, synthetic applications, theoretical studies and unusual transformations, published in the last eight years (2006–2013), in the chemistry of these two oxo-species, will be covered in this review with the aim of offering a clear picture of their reactivity. When appropriate, related oxidative transformations mediated by other metal oxo-species will be presented to highlight similarities and differences. An historical overview of some aspects of the ruthenium tetroxide chemistry will be presented as well.
A Comparison of Tablet-Based and Paper-Based Survey Data Collection in Conservation Projects
Authors: Leisher Craig
Published: May 2014

There is growing use of household surveys by conservation organizations as they seek to measure the social impacts of conservation initiatives, especially in developing countries. Several recent health-sector studies suggest that computer-aided personal interviewing may be a cheaper and faster alternative to the traditional paper-based interviewing. Here, a comparison of The Nature Conservancy-funded tablet computer-based and paper-based household surveys is presented. Because the tablet and paper surveys were not identical except for the data collection tool, the results are suggestive. In the comparison, the cost per completed interview for the tablet-based survey was 74% less than the paper-based survey average, and the average time per interview question for the tablet-based survey was 46% less than the paper-based survey average. The cost saving came primarily from less need for data cleaning and lower enumerator fees. The time saving came primarily from faster data entry. The results suggest that there may be substantial savings in costs and time when using tablets rather than paper for survey data collection in a developing country.
Injection of ligand-free gold and silver nanoparticles into murine embryos does not impact pre-implantation development
Authors: Taylor Ulrike , Garrels Wiebke , Barchanski Annette , Peterson Svea , Sajti Laszlo , Lucas-Hahn Andrea , Gamrad Lisa , Baulain Ulrich , Klein Sabine , Kues Wilfried A , Barcikowski Stephan , Rath Detlef
Published: May 2014

Intended exposure to gold and silver nanoparticles has increased exponentially over the last decade and will continue to rise due to their use in biomedical applications. In particular, reprotoxicological aspects of these particles still need to be addressed so that the potential impacts of this development on human health can be reliably estimated. Therefore, in this study the toxicity of gold and silver nanoparticles on mammalian preimplantation development was assessed by injecting nanoparticles into one blastomere of murine 2 cell-embryos, while the sister blastomere served as an internal control. After treatment, embryos were cultured and embryo development up to the blastocyst stage was assessed. Development rates did not differ between microinjected and control groups (gold nanoparticles: 67.3%, silver nanoparticles: 61.5%, sham: 66.2%, handling control: 79.4%). Real-time PCR analysis of six developmentally important genes (BAX, BCL2L2, TP53, OCT4, NANOG, DNMT3A) did not reveal an influence on gene expression in blastocysts. Contrary to silver nanoparticles, exposure to comparable Ag+-ion concentrations resulted in an immediate arrest of embryo development. In conclusion, the results do not indicate any detrimental effect of colloidal gold or silver nanoparticles on the development of murine embryos.
Computers and Psychiatry: Introduction
Authors: Stein Dan J
Published: May 2014

Computers have a current or potential application in almost any area of psychiatry.
Continuation and Maintenance Treatments of Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Fava Maurizio , Kaji Junko
Published: May 2014

In view of very high rates of relapse and recurrence, long-term continuation and maintenance therapies for depression have become increasingly important.
Guest Editor's Commentary: Considering Treatment Algorithms
Authors: Jobson Kenneth O
Published: May 2014

The adjunctive use of formalized algorithms can promote cost effectiveness in the critical evaluative process.
Training Psychiatric Residents in the Addictions
Authors: Goldsmith R Jeffrey , Miller Norman S
Published: May 2014

Those of us in the addictions field have had to teach ourselves how to teach our residents.
Differentiating Medical and Psychiatric Illness
Authors: Buckley Robert A
Published: May 2014

The most disabled-the psychotic, the addicted, and the socially disadvantaged-are most at risk for serious medical conditions, and have the least access to medical care.
The Therapeutic Alliance and the Psychiatric Emergency Room Crisis as Opportunity
Authors: Rosenberg Ronald C
Published: May 2014

An emergency visit affords an occasion for assessing therapeutic potential and motivating the patient to enter treatment.
Functional Imaging Studies in Secondary Depression
Authors: Mayberg Helen S
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT

Depression is common in certain neurological diseases and is clinically indistinguishable from mood symptoms characteristic of primary affective illness. The association of depression with diseases involving the basal ganglia is particularly well recognized. While the specific mechanisms of mood disorders in these neurological patients are unknown, selective neural pathways affected directly and indirectly by basal ganglia injury provide a strategy for examining these patients with functional imaging techniques. Glucose metabolism has been measured with
p 18
F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose (FDG) and positron emission tomography (PET) in depressed and nondepressed patients with Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and caudate strokes. These studies have demonstrated bilateral hypometabolism of orbital-inferior prefrontal cortex and anterior temporal cortex in depressed subjects, independent of disease etiology. This pattern is similar to that seen in patients with primary unipolar depression studied using comparable acquisition and analysis strategies. These findings suggest that disruption of paralimbic pathways linking frontal cortex, temporal cortex, and striatum may contribute to depression in patients with both primary depression and depression associated with basal ganglia disease, and support the concept of a neuroanatomical locus for mood regulation.
Where Does Pathological Narcissism Come From?
Authors: Fawcett Jan
Published: May 2014

An increase in prevlance could be tied to our technological advancements and constantly changing society.
A 23-year-old Woman With Obsessive-compulsive Symptoms, Mood Instability
Authors: Hollander Eric
Published: May 2014

Certain combinations of symptoms may lead the clinician to a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder and affect pharmacologic treatment choices
Treatment Resistance - the Focus of Psychiatry
Authors: Fawcett Jan
Published: May 2014

Primary care physicians see a large percentage of the routine cases, leaving psychiatrists to treat primarily treatment-resistant patients.
A 27-year-old Woman With Chronic Depression and Suicidal Ideation
Authors: Soloff Paul
Published: May 2014

A history of non-compliance and substance abuse limits treatment options.
The Delicate Art of Eliciting Suicidal Ideation
Authors: Shea Shawn Christopher
Published: May 2014

Clear understanding and use of an interviewing strategy such as the Chronological Assessment of Suicide Events (CASE Approach) can help clarify intent and immediate danger to the patient.
Heal Thyself
Authors: Fawcett Jan
Published: May 2014

Physicians must maintain their own mental and physical health to be in a position to help patients with theirs.
from the guest editor
Authors: Stuart Scott
Published: May 2014

THIS ISSUE: Postpartum Depression
Interdisciplinary Management of Child Abuse and Neglect
Authors: Fisher Gordon David
Published: May 2014

Parental love is precious. It is a sentiment upon which children thrive. Love and respect by children of their parents are the recompense which they receive for sacrifices made on behalf of their offspring. . . . The law in our land recognizes these rights and these privileges.1

This right of a parent to custody of [the] child is founded on natural law as well as on statute and arises because [the] child is his or hers to care for and rear.2
Syndromes of Deficits in Parenting: Abuse, Neglect, and Accidents
Authors: Reinhart John B
Published: May 2014

An examination of the clinical problems that result in deficits in the ability to parent
Parenting the Handicapped Child
Authors: Kessler Jane W
Published: May 2014

The author outlines the pediatrician's role in helping the parents of the mentally retarded, the chronically ill child, the autistic or dyslexic, and others with a developmental disability.
Predictive Network Defense
Authors: Voloshin Misha
Published: May 2014

Maintaining electronic devices in today's networked world is not for the faint of heart. The modern network administrator is tasked not only with keeping machines running but also with standing a constant and unerring vigil against cyberattack. A skilled admin learns to identify telltale signs that the network is in trouble, and to quickly evict intruders, repair damage, and reinforce the network's fortifications. No software today can replicate a trained admin's experience and talent. However, just as viruses and rootkits grow progressively more sophisticated with each passing year(Parikka, 2007), so too do the tools to combat them. The information security industry provides admins with alert systems, dashboards, and traffic analysis tools to the tune of $100B per year and growing(Selma Institute of Technology, 2010). This chapter explores ways that algorithms from the fields of machine learning and predictive analytics can be added to this arsenal of the network administrator, helping digital defenders tip the scales of cybersecurity in their favor.
Computing Skills in Forecasting for Liquidity Risk Management in the Indian Banking Industry
Authors: Das Rituparna
Published: May 2014

Liquidity Risk Management (LRM) in the banking industry happens at two levels: (1) the Central Bank (i.e. the regulator) and (2) the commercial banks. The term “liquidity” for the Central Bank means the monetary base consisting of the currency and the reserves in the banking system. These are the supply side of the interest rate market. The Central Bank being the only supplier of the same can target the interest rates by varying supply of monetary base and vice versa. There are several ways including auctioning and redeeming the government securities for squeezing and pumping liquidity into the system. However, before such recourse, the Central Bank needs an assessment of the liquidity requirement of the system and applies the forecasting techniques, which are mostly econometric by nature involving the time series data. This chapter explores this process.
Functionalization of Carbon Nanocomposites with Ruthenium Bipyridine and Terpyridine Complex
Authors: Li Huayang , Harruna Issifu
Published: May 2014

Ruthenium bipyridine or terpyridine complexes functionalized carbon-based nanocomposites have special properties in the electromagnetic and photochemical research field. The aims of this chapter include development of functionalized fullerene, carbon nanotubes, and graphene with ruthenium complex and characterization of their nanostructural properties. Such nanocomposites can be accomplished using either covalent or non-covalent functionalization methods.
Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Melnyczuk John M. , Palchoudhury Soubantika
Published: May 2014

Iron oxide nanoparticles show great promise in bio-applications like drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging, and hyperthermia. This is because the size of these magnetic nanoparticles is comparable to biomolecules and the particles can be removed via normal iron metabolic pathways. These nanoparticles are also attractive for industrial separations and catalysis because they can be magnetically recovered. However, the size, morphology, and surface coating of the iron oxide nanoparticles greatly affect their magnetic properties and biocompatibility. Therefore, nanoparticles with tunable characteristics are desirable. This chapter elaborates the synthesis techniques for the formation of iron oxide nanoparticles with good control over reproducibility, surface and magnetic properties, and morphology. The well-known co-precipitation and thermal decomposition methods are detailed in this chapter. The surface modification routes and characterization of these nanoparticles are also discussed. The chapter will be particularly useful for engineering/science graduate students and/or faculty interested in synthesizing iron oxide nanoparticles for specific research applications.
Principles of Raman Scattering in Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Shah K. A. , Shah M. A.
Published: May 2014

Carbon nanotubes have attracted the scientific community throughout the world, and in the past decade, a lot of work has been reported related with synthesis, characterization, and applications of carbon nanotubes. This chapter is written for readers who are not familiar with the basic principles of Raman spectroscopy in carbon nanotubes. The structure of carbon nanotubes, types of the carbon nanotubes, Brillouin zone of carbon nanotubes, and band structure of carbon nanotubes are discussed at length, which will serve as foundation for the study of Raman scattering in carbon nanotubes. The Density of States (DOS) of single walled carbon nanotubes are illustrated by an example which will encourage readers to calculate the DOS of any type of carbon nanotube. The Raman modes of vibration are discussed, and Raman spectroscopic analysis is presented by considering the typical spectra of single-walled carbon nanotubes.
Silicon Nanostructures-Graphene Nanocomposites
Authors: Kamaja Chaitanya Krishna , Rajaperumal M. , Boukherroub Rabah , Shelke Manjusha V.
Published: May 2014

Global demand of energy is increasing at an alarming rate, and nanotechnology is being looked at as a potential solution to meet this challenge (Holtren, 2007). Although the efficiency of energy conversion and storage devices depends on a variety of factors, the overall performance strongly relies on the structure and properties of the component materials (Whitesides, 2007). Compared to conventional materials, silicon (Si) nanostructures and graphene nanosheets possess unique properties (i.e. morphological, electrical, optical, and mechanical) useful for enhancing the energy-conversion and storage performances. Graphene can enhance efficiency of nano-Si based solar cells and battery due to its high electronic conductivity, ultrahigh mobility, high transparency, and strong mechanical property. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of recent progress and material challenges in energy conversion (solar cells) and storage (batteries/supercapacitors) with specific focus on composites of Si nanostructures-graphene nanosheets.
Communities, Communication, and Online Identities
Authors: Jäkälä Mikko , Berki Eleni
Published: May 2014

Social media and online communities offer increased possibilities for connection, interaction and participation but also new media with tools for self-presentation and identity management. Interacting anonymously or eponymously, having one, none or many identities online expresses richness in online communication. Contentious identities for communication are part of everyday online and offline interaction. The authors examine critically five types of online identity and analyse the differences, similarities, advantages, pitfalls, and disadvantages of using them. Examples illustrate the usage of these identity types, clarify possible misconceptions, and provide the reader with an improved understanding, increasing at the same time the usage awareness and knowledge on their distinctive features.
Cyber Risks in Energy Grid ICT Infrastructures
Authors: Dondossola Giovanna , Garrone Fabrizio , Szanto Judit
Published: May 2014

The objective of the chapter is to present the role of cyber security experiments within a methodological approach for the evaluation of cyber risks in grid control systems. As a starting point, a cyber-power risk index has been defined to support the identification of relevant risk factors across network attack models. Instances of attack models have been then experimented on an ICT architecture implementing grid operation scenarios with the double aim of evaluating the attacks' effects by means of communication performance measures and of tuning the configuration of security mechanisms. The chapter discusses the results of a variety of attack experiments and their role in the calculation of the risk index.
Toward an Understanding of Online Community Participation through Narrative Network Analysis
Authors: Weeks Michael R.
Published: May 2014

This chapter proposes the narrative network analysis methodology for application in the examination of online communities. The narrative network analysis provides a basis for systematic examination of online communities that has been missing from the literature. The chapter describes three online communities and their characteristics to demonstrate the possibilities of the methodology. From these descriptions a proposed model of the communities is presented, and then an abbreviated narrative network analysis is developed. The network analysis demonstrates how an ethnographically informed model may be tested in a systematic manner with the narrative network analysis techniques. The chapter then concludes with a number of questions for future research in this area that have been proposed by other authors. These unanswered questions are likely candidates for future research using this promising methodology.