bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 2 Alpha (HIF2α) Inhibitors: Targeting Genetically Driven Tumor Hypoxia
Authors: Toledo Rodrigo A , Jimenez Camilo , Armaiz-Pena Gustavo , Arenillas Carlota , Capdevila Jaume , Dahia Patricia L M
Published: October 2022

Tumors driven by deficiency of the VHL gene product, which is involved in degradation of the hypoxia-inducible factor subunit 2 alpha (HIF2α), are natural candidates for targeted inhibition of this pathway. Belzutifan, a highly specific and well-tolerated HIF2α inhibitor, recently received FDA approval for the treatment of nonmetastatic renal cell carcinomas, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, and central nervous system hemangioblastomas from patients with von Hippel–Lindau disease, who carry VHL germline mutations. Such approval is a milestone in oncology; however, the full potential, and limitations, of HIF2α inhibition in the clinic are just starting to be explored. Here we briefly recapitulate the molecular rationale for HIF2α blockade in tumors and review available preclinical and clinical data, elaborating on mutations that might be particularly sensitive to this approach. We also outline some emerging mechanisms of intrinsic and acquired resistance to HIF2α inhibitors, including acquired mutations of the gatekeeper pocket of HIF2α and its interacting partner ARNT. Lastly, we propose that the high efficacy of belzutifan observed in tumors with genetically driven hypoxia caused by VHL mutations suggests that a focus on other mutations that similarly lead to HIF2α stabilization, such as those occurring in neuroendocrine tumors with disruptions in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (SDHA/B/C/D, FH, MDH2, IDH2), HIF hydroxylases (EGLN/PHDs), and the HIF2α-encoding gene, EPAS1, are warranted.
In toto imaging of early enteric nervous system development reveals that gut colonization is tied to proliferation downstream of Ret
Authors: Baker Phillip A. , Ibarra-García-Padilla Rodrigo , Venkatesh Akshaya , Singleton Eileen W. , Uribe Rosa. A.
Published: October 2022

The enteric nervous system is a vast intrinsic network of neurons and glia within the gastrointestinal tract and is largely derived from enteric neural crest cells (ENCCs) that emigrate into the gut during vertebrate embryonic development. Study of ENCC migration dynamics and their genetic regulators provides great insights into fundamentals of collective cell migration and nervous system formation, and these are pertinent subjects for study due to their relevance to the human congenital disease Hirschsprung disease (HSCR). For the first time, we performed in toto gut imaging and single-cell generation tracing of ENCC migration in wild type and a novel ret heterozygous background zebrafish (retwmr1/+) to gain insight into ENCC dynamics in vivo. We observed that retwmr1/+ zebrafish produced fewer ENCCs localized along the gut, and these ENCCs failed to reach the hindgut, resulting in HSCR-like phenotypes. Specifically, we observed a proliferation-dependent migration mechanism, where cell divisions were associated with inter-cell distances and migration speed. Lastly, we detected a premature neuronal differentiation gene expression signature in retwmr1/+ ENCCs. These results suggest that Ret signaling may regulate maintenance of a stem state in ENCCs.
Experimental Determination of Deviation from Spherical Electron Densities of Atoms in Benzene Molecules in the Liquid State
Authors: Kameda Yasuo , Kowaguchi Misaki , Amo Yuko , Usuki Takeshi , Okuyama Daisuke , Sato Taku J
Published: October 2022

Deviation of electron distribution around atomic nuclei from the spherical density in liquid benzene has directly been obtained through a X-ray–neutron difference interference function derived from the difference between the intermolecular X-ray diffraction interference term and the linear combination of neutron intermolecular partial structure factors weighted by atomic scattering factors for the X-ray scattering. The difference distribution function exhibits a broad negative peak at around r = 3.24 Å corresponding to intermolecular distance in which electron density is relatively lower than that for the spherical case. Positive peaks found at r = 4.30, 5.22, and 6.20 Å indicate intermolecular distances with higher electron density. This experimental evidence for intermolecular electron distribution in the liquid benzene has been discussed by means of the average molecular geometry of the nearest neighbor benzene molecules which was determined from the least squares analyses of observed neutron intermolecular partial structure factors.
Daily Stress and Microvascular Dysfunction: The Buffering Effect of Physical Activity
Authors: Greaney Jody L. , Darling Ashley M. , Saunders Erika F.H. , Almeida David M.
Published: October 2022

Though often short-lived, emotional responsiveness to daily stressors (i.e., routine and sometimes unexpected everyday hassles) is associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Here, we present the novel hypothesis that a disruption of microvascular homeostasis is a key antecedent. We additionally postulate that physical activity may mitigate the psychobiological consequences of daily stress, thereby limiting pathophysiological CVD-related sequelae.
Transition Dynamics in Equilibrium Search
Authors: Akin S. Nuray , Platt Brennan C.
Published: October 2022

We study a dynamic equilibrium search model where sellers differ in their urgency to liquidate an asset. Buyers strategically make price offers without knowing a given seller’s urgency. We study liquidity and price dynamics on the transition path after an unexpected shock. Generically, the transition includes a phase where all buyers offer the same price, causing a market collapse; however, price dispersion resumes in finite time, leading to a recovery where both types make sales. We show that prices and liquidity can overshoot before converging to the steady state. When relaxed sellers randomly become desperate, dampening oscillations can occur. (JEL C73, D11, D83)
Suicide in the geriatric population of South East Asia - contexts and attributes
Authors: Kar Sujita Kumar , Arafat S. M. Yasir , Pandey Nisha Mani , Kabir Russell , Singh Shivangini
Published: October 2022

Suicide in the geriatric population is a significant problem. Increasing age, living alone, having a psychiatric illness and medical comorbidities have been identified as risk factors for suicide among the elderly population. The elderly population in South East Asia is rapidly growing and the number of elderly people with mental illness and/or medical comorbidities is also increasing. The factors and attributes of suicide may vary from region to region due to socio-cultural and geographic diversities. Understanding these factors may help in planning suicide prevention strategies for the elderly population. There is a dearth of studies assessing the demography, risk factors for, and prevention of suicide among the elderly population in South East Asia. We tried to observe and explain the challenging paradigms to excerpt attributes and the context of geriatric suicide. It is observed in this review that lack of social integration or interaction along with some psychiatric disorders leads to suicidal ideation and completed suicide in the elderly. South East Asia has unique characteristics in several aspects like religious and cultural diversity, poverty, unemployment, demographic structure of the region, migration, natural disasters and calamities, political environment, poor policy implementation, and easy access to suicide means (e.g. pesticides). Primary care physicians, specialized mental health support, gate-keeper training, means restriction, raising awareness, supportive family environment, and dedicated call centers could be potential areas for suicide prevention among the elderly people of the region.  Further studies are warranted to formulate effective suicide prevention strategies.
Linguistic ecology and multilingual education
Authors: Brown Kara
Published: October 2022

Einar Haugeni teedrajava keeleökoloogiat käsitleva teose viiekümnes aastapäev pakub ideaalset võimalust mõtiskleda mõnede uute paljutõotavate suundumuste üle hiljutistes mitmekeelset haridust puudutavates uurimustes, mis keskenduvad keeleökoloogiale. Siinses artiklis vaadeldud uurimustes proovitakse mitmesuguseid keelenähtusi mõista läbi keeleökoloogia prisma, lähtudes eelkõige dünaamilistest muutustest uuritava kogukonna sees. Artiklis keskendutakse keeleökoloogia uurimise kolmele viimase viieteist aasta jooksul väljakujunenud arengusuunale, mis näitavad, kuivõrd suur mõju ja tähendus on sellel raamistikul siiani mitmekeelsele haridusele: 1) keskendumine kõrgharidusele, 2) transkeelsus ning 3) keelelised õigused ja jätkusuutlikkus. Esimeses osas antakse ülevaade keeleökoloogia olemusest – selle terviklikkusest ja dünaamilisusest – ning keeleökoloogia uurimise põhimõtetest haridusvaldkonnas ja lõpetatakse võimalike tuleviku  urimissuundadega.

 Full text
Teachers’ perceptions of values-oriented dialogic communication in a multicultural learning environment
Authors: Nummert Mari-Liis , Harro-Loit Halliki , Parder Mari-Liisa
Published: October 2022

See uurimus analüüsib Eesti õpetaja arusaamu väärtustele keskenduvast dialoogilisest kommunikatsioonist (VKDK) mitmekultuurilises õpikeskkonnas, keskendudes küsimusele, milliseid VKDK olukordi ja vajadusi märkavad mitmekultuurilise õpikeskkonna kogemusega õpetajad. Kultuuridevahelisi väärtusi puudutavad arutelud eeldavad vastastikust kuulamist ja mõistmist, mistõttu lähtub siinne uurimus teoreetiliselt dialoogilise kommunikatsiooni kontseptsioonist. Samast kontseptsioonist lähtub ka Tartu Ülikooli eetikakeskusese õpilaste mäng "Väärtuste avastajad", mille lisapakett on suunatud kultuuriliste väärtuste alaste arutelude algatamiseks ja juhtimiseks. Õpetajate arusaamu ja praktilisi kogemusi koguti poolstruktureeritud intervjuude kaudu. Valimi moodustavad üheksa TÜ eetikakeskuse ja Eesti Pagulasabi pagulus ja -rändeteemalises projektis osalenud õpetajat, kelle kogemuste refleksioon vaatleb nii VKDK praktikaid kui ka õpilaste mängu  kasutamisel ilmnenud võimalusi ja piiranguid.

 Summary
Spatial Perspectives on Adopting and Developing the Two-Way Immersion Program in Estonia’s Kindergartens: Resources & Risks
Authors: Brown Kara
Published: October 2022

Etniline ja rassiline eraldatus on üsna levinud probleem mitmel pool maailmas ning liigagi sageli kohtame vastuseisu lõimumisele koolis. Seega väärivad sellisest suhtumisest erinevad juhtumid erilist tähelepanu, eriti olukordades, kus kogukonnad on elanud ranges eraldatuses juba mitmete põlvkondade vältel. Eestis, kus nõukogude ajajärgul ühiskonnas domineerinud venekeelne vähemus õppis harva ära kohaliku keele, pööras 1991. aasta taasiseseisvumine etnilise võimustruktuuri pahupidi ja asetas enamiku venekeelsetest elanikest olukorda, kus nende ainsa riigikeele – eesti keele – oskus oli kas vähene või olematu.

 Full text
Compiling a collection of reading texts for Estonian A2-level adults. Finding a balance between authenticity, interest and affordability
Authors: Kitsnik Mare , Palts Linda , Urb Monika
Published: October 2022

Teise keele omandamise üheks peamiseks eeltingimuseks on autentse, huvipakkuva ja jõukohase keelelise sisendi saamine. Lisalugemine väljaspool keeletunde on hea võimalus sisendi mahtu suurendada, kuid täiskasvanud algtasemel eesti keele õppijail on keeruline leida endale jõukohaseid autentseid ja huvitavaid lisalugemistekste. Artiklis vaadeldakse magistritööna tehtud arendusuuringut, mille käigus valmis täiskasvanud A2-taseme keeleõppijate jaoks illustreeritud lugemistekstide kogumik. Uuringu esimeses etapis loodi päriselus juhtunud sündmuste põhjal 32 teksti. Teises etapis koguti tekstidele kolmekordne tagasiside: sihtrühmalt, õppekirjanduse eksperdilt ja EKI keeleanalüsaatori abil. Kolmandas etapis toimetati tekste tagasiside põhjal. Lõpptulemusena valmis autentselaadse sisu ja keelekasutusega, täiskasvanutele huvipakkuvate ning A2-tasemele jõukohaste tekstide kogumik "Meie elu" (Palts, Urb, 2020), milles on 32 blogisissekandestiilis teksti.

 Summary
Labor protection in public catering and trade
Authors: Gayvoronskiy Konstantin , Nikolaeva M.A.
Published: October 2022

The textbook discusses the principles of safety, dangerous and harmful factors of the production environment and the labor process, the nature of their impact on the human body and the principles of rationing acceptable levels of exposure. The issues of ensuring the safety of service personnel during various technological processes and the operation of equipment at public catering and trade enterprises are highlighted. Information on labor legislation and the organization of labor protection work at enterprises is provided.
Complies with the federal state educational standards of secondary vocational education of the latest generation.
It is intended for students of educational institutions of secondary vocational education studying in the specialties 19.02.10 "Technology of public catering products (qualification of technician-technologist)", 38.02.05 "Commodity science and quality examination of consumer goods (qualification of commodity expert)", 38.02.04 "Commerce (by industry)". It can be used in the development of interdisciplinary courses included in the professional cycle of professions "Cook, pastry chef, baker, salesman, controller-cashier".
Text pedagogy and psycholinguistics
Authors: Ivanovskaya Ol'ga , Eleckaya Ol'ga , Prischepova Irina
Published: October 2022

The textbook is devoted to the philological foundations of defectological education and psycholinguistics. It takes into account the peculiarities of the professional activity of a teacher — a person who has to use language and speech as tools of his work.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For undergraduate students studying in the field of training "Special (defectological) education".
Features of EEG & HRV in 1997 in humans exposed to the factors of the accident at the Chornobylian nuclear power plant in 1986
Authors: Ruzhylo Sofiya , Zakalyak Nataliya , Ivanikiv Nataliya , Popovych Dariya , Żukow Xawery , Popovych Igor
Published: October 2022

Background. The dramatic events of the Russian-Ukrainian war around the Chornobyl’ nuclear power plant (NPP) once again opened up the healed wound inflicted by radionuclides on the human body not only in Ukraine, but also in Belarus and the border regions of Russia. The drama of the situation was further intensified by the events surrounding the Zaporizhzhia NPP. This prompted us to turn to the archive of the Truskavetsian Scientific School of Balneology and process the results of research that, due to certain technical and ethical circumstances, remained unanalyzed. Material and methods. The cohort of observation in 1997 were 19 men and 3 women who were exposed to pathogenic factors of the accident at the Chоrnobylian nuclear power plant during the liquidation of its consequences in 1986. The subject of the study was EEG and HRV parameters. The survey was conducted twice - on admission and after two weeks of rehabilitation at the Truskavets’ Spa. Results. Screening of the registered parameters revealed a pronounced sympathotonic shift of the autonomic balance, as well as a statistically significant deviation from the norm of 18 EEG parameters (increase in 8 and decrease in 10). Under the influence of two-week balneotherapy, 5 increased and 5 decreased EEG parameters normalized, but the remaining abnormal EEG and HRV parameters were resistant to the influence of balneofactors. Conclusion. Neurophysiological disorders, detected even 11 years after the effects of the factors of the Chornobyl’ disaster, differ both in severity and sensitivity to the sanogenic effect of the adaptogenic factors of the Truskavets’ Spa.
Assessment of sensory preference and frequency of carbohydrate bar consumption by physically active people
Authors: Kiciak Agata , Czaderna Ewa , Staśkiewicz Wiktoria , Piątek Małgorzata , Bielaszka Agnieszka , Kardas Marek
Published: October 2022

Introduction: Active lifestyles are causing an increase in interest directed toward foods, many athletes use specially formulated food products that concentrate large amounts of nutrients in a small volume, while also being easily digestible and quickly absorbed. The main objective of the study was to compare selected commercially available products prepared for physically active people with those prepared based on proprietary recipes and natural, commonly available ingredients. Material and method: The material used in the comparative study was energy bars from three sources: popular market bars from the leading manufacturers in the Polish market and available in most grocery stores, specialized bars, and bars made according to the author's recipe in imitation of the above snacks using natural ingredients.  The evaluation of the use of supplements was based on the author's survey questionnaire on consumer preferences and frequency of consumption of carbohydrate products, using energy bars as an example. Results: Bars prepared according to the author's recipe received scores of 2 and 3 for taste and texture and scores of 1 and 2 for the input of basic raw materials. Evaluation of the use of supplements was carried out in a group of 147 people, the study group was dominated by people who train in cycling and running. About 65% of the respondents declared that they use energy bars. Among those who use energy bars, the largest number of respondents declared that they use specialty bars (20%), 15% of respondents use market bars and 8% make the bars themselves. Conclusions: The results of the sensory evaluation of bars prepared according to the author's recipe indicate the need to modify their composition, especially in terms of improving the texture. Carbohydrate supplements are used by respondents, especially if it is justified in the case of practicing endurance and endurance sports characterized by high intensity of training, i.e. cycling and running.
Ziemie niemieckie oczyma rosyjskich podróżopisarzy przełomu XVIII i XIX wieku – miejsca wspólne, miejsca różne (wokół Listów Rosjanina podróżującego po Europie od 1802 do 1806 roku Dmitrija Gorichwostowa)
Authors: Dąbrowska Magdalena
Published: October 2022

The paper presents the findings of the research in the field of Russian and German literary connections at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries (the Russians’ travels to Germany, the image of Germany in the Russian documentary and literary travel). The material for the study is based on The Letters of the Russian Travelling across Europe from 1802 to 1806 by Dmitry Gorikhvostov (parts 1-3, Moscow 1808), The Letters of the Russian Traveller by Nikolay Karamzin and The Diary of the Travel across Germany, Italy, France and England by Vasily Zinoviev. The Gorikhvostov’s work is analysed from three perspectives: 1. literary comparison, 2. genology (sentimental travel, letters), 3. cultural studies. The author points out the following issues: the route (Berlin, Dresden, Leipzig, Kassel, Göttingen, Weimar, Nuremberg, Frankfurt, Cologne, Aachen and others), descriptions of the cities and objects of interest (The Dresden Gallery and others), meetings with people (writers and others). Gorikhvostov describes the travel as an activity “for pleasure”, with no ambition to explore (unlike Karamzin and Zinoviev). The interpretive context is the travel literature by Fyodor Lubyanovski and the review of The Travel across Saxony, Austria and Italy in 1800, 1801 and 1802 (“Vestnik Evropy” 1805).
Gurzuf kak locus amoenus v žiznetvorčestve A.S. Puškina
Authors: Clayton J. Douglas
Published: October 2022

In 1820 Pushkin spent most of the summer with the Raevsky family in the Caucasus and then in Gurzuf, Crimea. As an aspiring poet he was inspired by Konstantin Batiushkov to create a myth of his life and represent himself in the same context as the ancient Greek and Renaissance lyricists. Key to this was Gurzuf, which, following the example of Petrarch’s stay in Vaucluse, he described as a locus amoenus, thereby, like the Italian poet, combining two traditions – Homeric and Christian symbology. He also developed the image of an (unnamed) ideal woman inhabiting the ideal place, like Petrarch’s Laura. Analysis of Pushkin’s representations of Gurzuf in prose and verse shows an increasing poeticization of this symbolic complex from the first description in a letter to his brother from Kishinev (1820) to the last mention in Onegin’s Journey (1829).
Ènej i Anna. Prostranstva sudʹby v Èneide i Anne Kareninoj
Authors: Milʹdon Valerij
Published: October 2022

The comparison is based on understanding of each hero as a “man of destiny”, which depends on the spaces of their actions. The author determined the destiny of Aeneas by the space of history: Aeneas would become the ancestor of Roman tribes which were destined to rule the world. Anna’s space is determined by her destiny, which the heroine does not know herself, but she is tormented by anxious expectations, and everything that happens seems to be a bad omen for her. External spaces, unlike Aeneas, do not matter for her, because her spaces are inside of her. This difference is the reason for the genre characteristics of the two novels, each of which is a novelty in the narrative tradition of Europe: Virgil created a historiosophical epic, Tolstoy – a psychological epic.
Hronotopičeskij kontinuum poèmy Aleksandra Puškina Cygany
Authors: Lucewicz Ludmila
Published: October 2022

The article attempts to outline some of the significant components of the chronotopic continuum of Pushkin’s poem The Gypsies. Bessarabia is the dominant real-geographical and historical-epoch-making chronotope, which interested Pushkin in various aspects: as the territory of “long battle” and the country of “Russian glory”, as the habitat of the “infant” people, as the keeper of poetic legends fanned by the name of Ovid, as the place of his own involuntary stay. Everything in the aggregate has contributed to the creation of a multi-structured, multi-valued and at the same time a single real-poetic time-space, where chronotopes, toposes and locuses closely interact, coexist, oppose, compare, rhyme, absorb each other, defining both the nomadic life of the gypsy camp and the fate of individual characters.
Gorod pyšnyj, gorod bednyj i ego rodstvenniki
Authors: Stroganov Mihail
Published: October 2022

The initial formula of Pushkin’s poem Splendid city, beggared city, applied to St. Petersburg, became a model for constructing other local texts, and all later descriptions of different cities are built according to this formula, parodied in the statement „New York / Istanbul – the city of contrasts” in the film The Diamond Arm. A.S. Khomyakov (Island, „The lush island, the wonderful island”, 1836) criticized the West from the Slavophile positions; F.N. Glinka (Moscow, „The wonderful city, the ancient city”, 1840) praised Moscow from positions close to the Slavophiles. Later authors criticized their cities as a remote province: I.I. Lazhechnikov (The Sad City, the sleepy city, 1854), I.A. Kuratov (Ust-Sysolsk, The Vulgar City, the dirty city!, 1865), an unknown author from the city of Staritsa (The gloomy city, the ancient city, before 1917), A.V. Novikov (The Ancient city, „The Ancient city, the long city”, 1983). Pushkin’s model is based on contrast (lush vs. poor) and easily applied to St. Petersburg. The authors, inheriting this construction, remove the contrast: vulgar and dirty; gloomy and ancient; ancient and long. A.A. Akhmatova in her poem Somewhere there is a simple life and a world (1915) was the only author to retain the contrast. Nevertheless she left the construction of Pushkin: „This splendid / Granite city of fame and calamity”. This leads us to the question of what is more productive for describing a local text: strict adherence to a canon or free development in the name of clarifying the content?
Poètosfera Vilʹnûsa kak goroda hramov
Authors: Lavrinec Pavel
Published: October 2022

The study of the image of Vilnius in fiction literature distinguishes two most important components of the urban landscape, its architectural appearance and visual presentation – Castle Hill with Gediminas’ Tower and Christian churches. Poems by Fyodor Tyutchev, Valery Bryusov, poetic and prose works by Alexander Zhirkevich, Ilya Ehrenburg, Andrey Klyonov and other authors of the late 19th and 20th centuries act as a research material. Remains of the castle with the tower on a hill in the historical heart of Vilnius remind us of its original nature as a capital city, sovereign greatness, and twists and turns of history. Gothic, and mainly Baroque temples, express imperishable Christian values. Mostly Catholic temples are complemented by Orthodox churches. This combination reflects the complex interaction of Western and Eastern cultural worlds, in the borderlands of which Vilnius is located.
Intelligent v prostranstve animacii. Mulʹtfilʹmy po rasskazam Èduarda Uspenskogo
Authors: Sadowski Jakub
Published: October 2022

In this paper, two characters from the canon of Soviet children’s film animation are analysed: Gena the Crocodile from Roman Kachanov’s series on Cheburashka (Gena the Crocodile, 1969; Cheburashka, 1971; Shapoklyak, 1974; Cheburashka goes to school, 1983) and Uncle Fyodor’s dad from Vladimir Popov’s trilogy on Prostokvashino (Three from Prostokvashino, 1978; School Holidays in Prostokvashino, 1980; Winter in Prostokvashino, 1984). The two series of animated films are linked by the scripts based on Eduard Uspensky’s earlier books, and the two characters – by the fact that a number of their attributes make them, in the perception of adult audiences, representatives of the concept of “intelligentsia”. Uspensky’s plots are full of criticism of social reality, and the characters, who are identifiable as intellectuals, are actively (albeit to a different extent) involved in forming a portrait of the social world. And, from the perspective of Kachanov, Popov and Uspensky, this world needs them; it needs their goodness, compassion and romanticism, even if sometimes accompanied by a ridiculed conformism.
Ženŝina s knigoj v portretnoj živopisi vtoroj poloviny XVIII – pervoj poloviny XIX v.. Modelʹ i prostranstvo Zametki k teme
Authors: Stroganova Evgeniâ
Published: October 2022

One of the most common subjects of world painting is associated with images of a woman with a book. The article uses the example of 32 canvases from the middle of the 18th – first half of the 19th century. The issue of functions of a book as an element of a female portrait is considered. The space depicted in these paintings can be chamber-limited or completely open, subject-ascetic or materially saturated. However, the article is mainly focused on the space of women’s life and a book as its marker. Under the brush of the artist, the book turns out to be an indicator of a woman’s living space: in some cases it highlights the social significance of her activities (portraits of Catherine II, Princess E.R. Dashkova, poetess A.P. Bunina), in others it shows the content of everyday leisure (portraits of Marquise de Pompadour, Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna, etc.), finally, with the help of a book, the mental state of the heroine is characterized, in other words, the space of her inner world is depicted (portraits of V. Monacharova, E.A. Demidova, etc.).
GIFAIR-FL: A Framework for Group and Individual Fairness in Federated Learning
Authors: Yue Xubo , Nouiehed Maher , Al Kontar Raed
Published: October 2022

In this paper, we propose GIFAIR-FL, a framework that imposes group and individual fairness (GIFAIR) to federated learning (FL) settings. By adding a regularization term, our algorithm penalizes the spread in the loss of client groups to drive the optimizer to fair solutions. Our framework GIFAIR-FL can accommodate both global and personalized settings. Theoretically, we show convergence in nonconvex and strongly convex settings. Our convergence guarantees hold for both independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) and non-i.i.d. data. To demonstrate the empirical performance of our algorithm, we apply our method to image classification and text prediction tasks. Compared with existing algorithms, our method shows improved fairness results while retaining superior or similar prediction accuracy.

History: Kwok-Leung Tsui served as the senior editor for this article.

Funding: This work was supported by NSF CAREER [Grant 2144147].

Data Ethics & Reproducibility Note: The code capsule is available on Code Ocean at https://codeocean.com/capsule/2590027/tree/v1 and in the e-Companion to this article (available at https://doi.org/10.1287/ijds.2022.0022 ).
From Integration to Assimilation and Forced Migration: An Evaluation of the Bulgarian Communist Party’s Turkish Minority Policy
Authors: IVANOV Ivo Kirilov , ÖNSOY Murat
Published: October 2022

Minority regulations in Bulgaria from the communist takeover to the end of the Stalinist era were shaped under the influence of socialist internationalist policies, which envisaged the preservation of ethnic and cultural differences for generating class solidarity among the Bulgarian citizens. However, in practice, the constitutional safeguards and promises given to them were often ignored by the state for the sake of constructing a modern socialist society. The discrimination increased further during the post-Stalinist years in parallel with the regime’s ideological shift away from communist orthodoxy towards nationalism. The statesponsored discriminatory policies had far-reaching consequences for the Turks, the largest and most culturally aware of all ethnic minorities. Perceived as an alien element of the Bulgarian society, throughout the entire socialist period, Turkish minority was subjected to integrationist/assimilationist policies and forcibly expelled from the country at times when these policies did not produce the desired results. This article focuses on the discriminatory policies and practices forced upon the Turkish minority by the Bulgarian Communist Party during the era of state socialism, and intends to inquire into their results.
Community structured model for vaccine strategies to control COVID19 spread: A mathematical study
Authors: Aruffo Elena , Yuan Pei , Tan Yi , Gatov Evgenia , Gournis Effie , Collier Sarah , Ogden Nick , Bélair Jacques , Zhu Huaiping
Published: October 2022

Initial efforts to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic have relied heavily on non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), including physical distancing, hand hygiene, and mask-wearing. However, an effective vaccine is essential to containing the spread of the virus. We developed a compartmental model to examine different vaccine strategies for controlling the spread of COVID-19. Our framework accounts for testing rates, test-turnaround times, and vaccination waning immunity. Using reported case data from the city of Toronto, Canada between Mar-Dec, 2020 we defined epidemic phases of infection using contact rates as well as the probability of transmission upon contact. We investigated the impact of vaccine distribution by comparing different permutations of waning immunity, vaccine coverage and efficacy throughout various stages of NPI’s relaxation in terms of cases and deaths. The basic reproduction number is also studied. We observed that widespread vaccine coverage substantially reduced the number of cases and deaths. Under phases with high transmission, an early or late reopening will result in new resurgence of the infection, even with the highest coverage. On the other hand, under phases with lower transmission, 60% of coverage is enough to prevent new infections. Our analysis of R0 showed that the basic reproduction number is reduced by decreasing the tests turnaround time and transmission in the household. While we found that household transmission can decrease following the introduction of a vaccine, public health efforts to reduce test turnaround times remain important for virus containment.
Load-velocity relationships and predicted maximal strength: A systematic review of the validity and reliability of current methods
Authors: Marston Kieran J. , Forrest Mitchell R. L. , Teo Shaun Y. M. , Mansfield Sean K. , Peiffer Jeremiah J. , Scott Brendan R.
Published: October 2022

Maximal strength can be predicted from the load-velocity relationship (LVR), although it is important to understand methodological approaches which ensure the validity and reliability of these strength predictions. The aim of this systematic review was to determine factors which influence the validity of maximal strength predictions from the LVR, and secondarily to highlight the effects of these factors on the reliability of predictions. A search strategy was developed and implemented in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and CINAHL databases. Rayyan software was used to screen titles, abstracts, and full texts to determine their inclusion/eligibility. Eligible studies compared direct assessments of one-repetition maximum (1RM) with predictions performed using the LVR and reported prediction validity. Validity was extracted and represented graphically via effect size forest plots. Twenty-five eligible studies were included and comprised of a total of 842 participants, three different 1RM prediction methods, 16 different exercises, and 12 different velocity monitoring devices. Four primary factors appear relevant to the efficacy of predicting 1RM: the number of loads used, the exercise examined, the velocity metric used, and the velocity monitoring device. Additionally, the specific loads, provision of velocity feedback, use of lifting straps and regression model used may require further consideration.
Treatment patterns and outcomes in light chain amyloidosis: An institutional registry of amyloidosis report in Argentina
Authors: Posadas-Martinez Maria Lourdes , Aguirre María Adela , Brulc Erika , Saez Maria Soledad , Sorroche Patricia , Machnicki Gerardo , Fernandez Mariana , Nucifora Elsa Mercedes
Published: October 2022

Light chain (AL) amyloidosis is a form of systemic amyloidosis, causing organ dysfunction, mainly affecting the heart and kidney. Patient-tailored and risk-adapted decision making is critical in AL amyloidosis management. There is limited real-world evidence data from Argentina and Latin America regarding the treatment approaches for AL amyloidosis. This retrospective cohort study aimed to describe the treatment patterns and outcomes in adult patients (>18 years) diagnosed with AL amyloidosis at the Hospital Italiano in Buenos Aires, Argentina, using a 10-yearfollow-up data (June 1, 2010 to May 31, 2019) from the institutional registry of amyloidosis (IRA). The study population had a mean age of 63 years and 54.4% weremale. Heart and kidney were the most frequently affected organs. Of the 90 eligible patients included in the study, 70underwent treatment. Bortezomib-based regimen was the preferred first-line treatment (75.7% patients). Overall,54.4% of the patients presented a deep response (complete or very good partial response). Median overall survival (OS) was 5years, the 1-year OS and progression free survival rates were 80% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 68–87) and 80% (95%CI 68–87)), respectively. This study provides vital real-world evidence for the long-term treatment patterns and survival in a large cohort of AL amyloidosis patients in Argentina.
Identification and characterization of epicuticular proteins of nematodes sharing motifs with cuticular proteins of arthropods
Authors: Betschart Bruno , Bisoffi Marco , Alaeddine Ferial
Published: October 2022

Specific collagens and insoluble proteins called cuticlins are major constituents of the nematode cuticles. The epicuticle, which forms the outermost electron-dense layer of the cuticle, is composed of another category of insoluble proteins called epicuticlins. It is distinct from the insoluble cuticlins localized in the cortical layer and the fibrous ribbon underneath lateral alae. Our objective was to identify and characterize genes and their encoded proteins forming the epicuticle. The combination between previously obtained laboratory results and recently made available data through the whole-genome shotgun contigs (WGS) and the transcriptome Shotgun Assembly (TSA) sequencing projects ofAscaris suumallowed us to identify the first epicuticlin gene,Asu-epic-1, on the chromosome VI. This gene is formed of exon1 (55 bp) and exon2 (1067 bp), separated by an intron of 1593 bp. Exon 2 is formed of tandem repeats (TR) whose number varies in different cDNA and genomic clones ofAsu-epic-1. These variations could be due to slippage of the polymerases during DNA replication and RNA transcription leading to insertions and deletions (Indels). The deduced protein, Asu-EPIC-1, consists of a signal peptide of 20 amino acids followed by 353 amino acids composed of seven TR of 49 or 51 amino acids each. Three highly conserved tyrosine motifs characterize each repeat. The GYR motif is the Pfam motif PF02756 present in several cuticular proteins of arthropods. Asu-EPIC-1 is an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) containing seven predicted molecular recognition features (MoRFs). This type of protein undergoes a disorder-to-order transition upon binding protein partners. Three epicuticular sequences have been identified inA.suum,Ascaris lumbricoides, andToxocara canis. Homologous epicuticular proteins were identified in over 50 other nematode species. The potential of this new category of proteins in forming the nematode cuticle through covalent interactions with other cuticular components, particularly with collagens, is discussed. Their localization in the outermost layer of the nematode body and their unique structure render them crucial candidates for biochemical and molecular interaction studies and targets for new biotechnological and biomedical applications.
Multiple health-related behaviours among Fly-In Fly-Out workers in the mining industry in Australia: A cross-sectional survey during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Asare Bernard Yeboah-Asiamah , Thomas Elizabeth , Affandi Jacquita S. , Schammer Myles , Harris Chris , Kwasnicka Dominika , Powell Daniel , Reid Christopher M. , Robinson Suzanne
Published: October 2022

Background

Fly-In-Fly-Out (FIFO) workers travel to work at isolated locations, and rotate continuous workdays with leave periods at home, and such work practice is common in the offshore oil and gas and onshore mining industry worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic and accompanying public health actions appear to have had a negative impact on several health-related behaviours among the general population. However, little is known about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the health behaviours of FIFO workers, who have shown higher pre-pandemic rates of risky behaviours than the general population in Australia. This study examined the health-related behaviours of FIFO workers in the mining industry during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. FIFO workers from an Australian mining company who underwent COVID-19 screening between May and November 2020 completed an online survey about their regular health-related behaviours. The independent sample t-test and Pearson’s chi-square test where appropriate were conducted to examine the differences between males and females for the behavioural outcomes.

Results

A total of 768 FIFO workers (633 males and 135 females) participated in the study. Prevalence of smoking was high (32%). Males smoked more cigarettes per day than females (15.2±7.0 vs 13.1±7.1, p = .174). Most participants (74.7%) drank alcohol on more than two days per week. Compared to females, more males (20.2% vs 8.0%) consumed alcohol at short-term harmful levels (p = .010). About a third (34.4%) of the workers (33.5% of males and 38.5% of females, p = .264) engaged in inadequate moderate-vigorous exercises/physical activity. About a third (33.1%) of workers (33.7% of males and 30.4% of females; p = .699) had multiple risk behaviours.

Conclusions

Prevalence of multiple risk behaviours was high. Interventions aimed at the prevention of risky health-related behaviours should target the different behavioural patterns and may require emphasis on gender-informed techniques particularly when addressing alcohol consumption.
Percutaneous transhepatic or endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage in malignant distal bile duct obstruction using a self-expanding metal stent: Study protocol for a prospective European multicenter trial (PUMa trial)
Authors: Schmitz Daniel , Valiente Carlos T. , Dollhopf Markus , Perez-Miranda Manuel , Küllmer Armin , Gornals Joan , Vila Juan , Weigt Jochen , Voigtländer Torsten , Redondo-Cerezo Eduardo , von Hahn Thomas , Albert Jörg , vom Dahl Stephan , Beyna Torsten , Hartmann Dirk , Franck Franziska , García-Alonso Francisco Javier , Schmidt Arthur , Garcia-Sumalla Albert , Arrubla Amaia , Joerdens Markus , Kleemann Tobias , Tomo José Ramón Aparicio , Grassmann Felix , Rudi Jochen
Published: October 2022

Background

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) was associated with better clinical success and a lower rate of adverse events (AEs) than fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) in recent single center studies with mainly retrospective design and small case numbers (< 50). The aim of this prospective European multicenter study is to compare both drainage procedures using ultrasound-guidance and primary metal stent implantation in patients with malignant distal bile duct obstruction (PUMa Trial).

Methods

The study is designed as a non-randomized, controlled, parallel group, non-inferiority trial. Each of the 16 study centers performs the procedure with the best local expertise (PTBD or EUS-BD). In PTBD, bile duct access is performed by ultrasound guidance. EUS-BD is performed as an endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided hepaticogastrostomy (EUS-HGS), EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy (EUS-CDS) or EUS-guided antegrade stenting (EUS-AGS). Insertion of a metal stent is intended in both procedures in the first session. Primary end point is technical success. Secondary end points are clinical success, duration pf procedure, AEs graded by severity, length of hospital stay, re-intervention rate and survival within 6 months. The target case number is 212 patients (12 calculated dropouts included).

Discussion

This study might help to clarify whether PTBD is non-inferior to EUS-BD concerning technical success, and whether one of both interventions is superior in terms of efficacy and safety in one or more secondary endpoints. Randomization is not provided as both procedures are rarely used after failed endoscopic biliary drainage and study centers usually prefer one of both procedures that they can perform best.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03546049 (22.05.2018).
Gaze perception from head and pupil rotations in 2D and 3D: Typical development and the impact of autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Mihalache Diana , Sokol-Hessner Peter , Feng Huanghao , Askari Farzaneh , Reyes Nuri , Moody Eric J. , Mahoor Mohammad H. , Sweeny Timothy D.
Published: October 2022

The study of gaze perception has largely focused on a single cue (the eyes) in two-dimensional settings. While this literature suggests that 2D gaze perception is shaped by atypical development, as in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), gaze perception is in reality contextually-sensitive, perceived as an emergent feature conveyed by the rotation of the pupils and head. We examined gaze perception in this integrative context, across development, among children and adolescents developing typically or with ASD with both 2D and 3D stimuli. We found that both groups utilized head and pupil rotations to judge gaze on a 2D face. But when evaluating the gaze of a physically-present, 3D robot, the same ASD observers used eye cues less than their typically-developing peers. This demonstrates that emergent gaze perception is a slowly developing process that is surprisingly intact, albeit weakened in ASD, and illustrates how new technology can bridge visual and clinical science.
Methionine and cysteine oxidation are regulated in a dose dependent manner by dietary Cys intake in neonatal piglets receiving enteral nutrition
Authors: Shoveller Anna K. , Pezzali Julia G. , House James D. , Bertolo Robert F. , Pencharz Paul B. , Ball Ronald O.
Published: October 2022

Methionine (Met) is an indispensable amino acid (AA) in piglets. Met can synthesize cysteine (Cys), and Cys has the ability to reduce the Met requirement by 40% in piglets. However, whether this sparing effect on Met is facilitated by downregulation of Cys synthesis has not been shown. This study investigated the effects of graded levels of Cys on Met and Cys oxidation, and on plasma AA concentrations. Piglets (n = 32) received a complete elemental diet via gastric catheters prior to being randomly assigned to one of the eight dietary Cys levels (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.40, 0.50 g kg-1d-1) with an adequate Met concentration (0.25g kg-1d-1). Constant infusion of L-[1-14C]-Met and L-[1-14C]-Cys were performed for 6 h on d 6 and d 8 to determine Met and Cys oxidation, respectively. Met oxidation decreased as Cys intake increased (P<0.05). At higher Cys intakes (0.15 to 0.5g kg-1d-1), Met oxidation decreased (P<0.05) at a slower rate. Cys oxidation was similar (P>0.05) among dietary Cys intakes; however, a significant polynomial relationship was observed between Cys oxidation and intake (P<0.05, R2 = 0.12). Plasma Met concentrations increased (P<0.05) linearly with increasing levels of dietary Cys, while plasma Cys concentrations changed (P<0.05) in a cubic manner and the highest concentrations occurred at the highest intake levels. Increasing dietary levels of Cys resulted in a reduction in Met oxidation until the requirement for the total sulfur AA was met, indicating the sparing capacity by Cys of Met occurs through inhibition of the transsulfuration pathway in neonatal piglets.
The lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase-specific inhibitor A-770041 attenuates lung fibrosis via the suppression of TGF-β production in regulatory T-cells
Authors: Kagawa Kozo , Sato Seidai , Koyama Kazuya , Imakura Takeshi , Murakami Kojin , Yamashita Yuya , Naito Nobuhito , Ogawa Hirohisa , Kawano Hiroshi , Nishioka Yasuhiko
Published: October 2022

Background

Lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) is a member of the Src family of tyrosine kinases. The significance of Lck inhibition in lung fibrosis has not yet been fully elucidated, even though lung fibrosis is commonly preceded by inflammation caused by infiltration of T-cells expressing Lck. In this study, we examined the effect of Lck inhibition in an experimental mouse model of lung fibrosis. We also evaluated the effect of Lck inhibition on the expression of TGF-β1, an inhibitory cytokine regulating the immune function, in regulatory T-cells (Tregs).

Methods

Lung fibrosis was induced in mice by intratracheal administration of bleomycin. A-770041, a Lck-specific inhibitor, was administrated daily by gavage. Tregs were isolated from the lung using a CD4+CD25+Regulatory T-cell Isolation Kit. The expression ofTgfbon Tregs was examined by flow cytometry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The concentration of TGF-β in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and cell culture supernatant from Tregs was quantified by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

A-770041 inhibited the phosphorylation of Lck in murine lymphocytes to the same degree as nintedanib. A-770041 attenuated lung fibrosis in bleomycin-treated mice and reduced the concentration of TGF-β in BALF. A flow-cytometry analysis showed that A-770041 reduced the number of Tregs producing TGF-β1 in the lung. In isolated Tregs, Lck inhibition by A-770041 decreased theTgfbmRNA level as well as the concentration of TGF-β in the supernatant.

Conclusions

These results suggest that Lck inhibition attenuated lung fibrosis by suppressing TGF-β production in Tregs and support the role of Tregs in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis.