bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Free‐radical‐promoted cationic photopolymerization under visible light in aerated media: New and highly efficient silane‐containing initiating systems
Authors: Lalevée Jacques , El‐Roz Mohamad , Allonas Xavier , Pierre Fouassier Jean
Published: February 2008

New systems for the visible‐light‐induced polymerization of cationic resins working through a free‐radical‐promoted process are presented. They are based on a photoinitiator (camphorquinone, isopropylthioxanthone, Eosin), a silane, and a diphenyl iodonium salt, the new compound being the silane. The overall efficiency is strongly affected by the silane structure. The rates of polymerization and final percent conversion are noticeably higher than those obtained in the presence of already studied reference systems. Moreover, contrary to previously investigated free‐radical‐promoted cationic polymerizations, oxygen does not inhibit the process and an unusual enhancement of the polymerization kinetics is found in aerated conditions: such an observation seems to have never been reported so far. The excited state processes and the role of oxygen as revealed by laser flash photolysis are discussed. The particular behavior of the silyl radicals is outlined. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 2008–2014, 2008
Self‐assembly of supramolecular polymers into tunable helical structures
Authors: Kim Ho‐Joong , Lim Yong‐Beom , Lee Myongsoo
Published: February 2008

There is growing interest in the design of synthetic molecules that are able to self‐assemble into a polymeric chain with compact helical conformations, which is analogous to the folded state of natural proteins. Herein, we highlight supramolecular approach to the formation of helical architectures and their conformational changes driven by external stimuli. Helical organization in synthetic self‐assembling systems can be achieved by the various types of noncovalent interactions, which include hydrogen bonding, solvophobic effects, and metal‐ligand interactions. Since the external environment can have a large influence on the strength and configuration of noncovalent interactions between the individual components, stimulus‐induced alterations in the intramolecular noncovalent interactions can result in dynamic conformational change of the supramolecular helical structure thus, driving significant changes in the properties of the materials. Therefore, these supramolecular helices hold great promise as stimuli‐responsive materials. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 1925–1935, 2008
Convenient synthesis of poly(γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate) from activated urethane derivatives of γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate
Authors: Kamei Yasutaka , Nagai Atsushi , Sudo Atsushi , Nishida Haruo , Kikukawa Kiyoshi , Endo Takeshi
Published: February 2008

A series of activated urethane‐type derivatives of γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate were synthesized, and their potential as monomers for polypeptide synthesis was investigated. The derivatives of the focus of this work were a series of N‐aryloxycarbonyl‐γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate 1, of which aryl groups were phenyl, 4‐chlorophenyl, and 4‐nitrophenyl. These urethanes 1 were reactive in polar solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide, N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF), and N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc), and were efficiently converted into poly(γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate) (poly(BLG)) under mild conditions; at 60 °C without addition of any catalyst. Among the three urethanes, that having 4‐nitrophenoxycarbonyl group 1c was the most reactive to give poly(BLG) efficiently, as was expected from the highly electron deficient nature of the nitrophenoxycarbonyl group. On the other hand, the urethane 1a having phenoxycarbonyl group was also efficiently converted into poly(BLG), in spite of the intrinsically less electrophilicity of the phenoxycarbonyl group. In addition, the successful formation of poly(BLG) by the reaction of 1a favored its diluted concentration (0.1 M) much more than 2.0 M, the optimum initial concentration for 1c. 1H NMR spectroscopic analyses of the reactions in situ revealed that the predominant pathway from 1 to poly(BLG) involved the intramolecular cyclization of 1 into the corresponding N‐carboxyanhydride, with release of phenol and its successive ring‐opening polymerization with release of carbon dioxide. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 2649–2657, 2008
Stability of Ionic Liquids under the Influence of Glow Discharge Plasmas
Authors: Xie Yong‐Bing , Liu Chang‐Jun
Published: February 2008

The combination of cold plasma and ionic liquids is very promising for many applications in chemical syntheses and nano material fabrication. Using NMR and FTIR analyses, we confirmed for the first time that imidazolium ionic liquids remain stable under the influence of a glow discharge plasma. Reduction of HAuCl4 and PdCl2 using an argon glow discharge was performed at room temperature for the formation of metal nano particles in 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. TEM and XRD showed that the Au particles were hexagonal with average sizes of 32.7 nm, while the Pd particles were spherical with average size of 5.0 nm.

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Plasma Process. Polym. 2/2008
Authors: Marotta Ester , Callea Alessandro , Ren Xianwen , Rea Massimo , Paradisi Cristina
Published: February 2008

Cover: The picture shows current/voltage profiles for DC coronas in pure air (green) and in air doped with i‐octane (blue) or hexane (red). Hydrocarbons have no effect on –DC but strongly reduce +DC corona current. Ion analysis provides a rationale for these macroscopic observations: Numerous hydrocarbon‐derived positive ions but no negative ions are detected in the plasma. Further details can be found in the article by E. Marotta, A. Callea, X. Ren, M. Rea, and C. Paradisi* on page 146.
Design of a bivalent peptide with two independent elements of secondary structure able to fold autonomously
Authors: Pantoja‐Uceda David , Pastor M. Teresa , Salgado Jesús , Pineda‐Lucena Antonio , Pérez‐Payá Enrique
Published: February 2008

This article describes a strategy to develop, starting from a de novo design, bivalent peptides containing two different (α‐helix and β‐hairpin) and independent secondary‐structure elements. The design was based on the use of conformationally restricted peptide libraries. Structural characterization by NMR revealed that the peptides were stable and did not show any long‐range NOE interactions between the N‐terminal β‐hairpin and the C‐terminal α‐helix. These results suggest that the two elements of secondary structure are stable and well folded. Copyright © 2008 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aggregation of Aβ(1–42) in the presence of short peptides: conformational studies
Authors: Laczkó Ilona , Vass Elemér , Soós Katalin , Fülöp Livia , Zarándi Márta , Penke Botond
Published: February 2008

CD and infrared spectroscopic studies were performed on (i) the inhibitory effects of equimolar quantities of LPFFD‐OH and LPYFD‐NH2 on the time‐dependent aggregation of amyloid β‐protein (Aβ) (1–42) and (ii) the β‐sheet‐breaker effects of two‐fold molar excess of the pentapeptides on aggregated Aβ(1–42) aged 1 week. The data obtained from the time‐dependent studies demonstrated that LPFFD‐OH did not significantly influence, whereas LPYFD‐NH2 exerted some inhibitory effect on the aggregation of Aβ(1–42). When added to a solution of Aβ(1–42) aged 1 week, LPFFD‐OH accelerated, while LPYFD‐NH2 delayed, but did not prevent further fibrillogenesis. The difference in the effects of these two pentapeptides on the aggregational profile of Aβ(1–42) is probably due to the difference in their conformational preferences: LPFFD‐OH adopts a β‐turn and extended structures, while LPYFD‐NH2 adopts a prevailing β‐turn conformation. Copyright © 2008 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Internal migration and ethnic groups: evidence for Britain from the 2001 Census
Authors: Finney Nissa , Simpson Ludi
Published: February 2008

Relatively little is known about the internal migration behaviour of different ethnic groups. This paper reviews existing evidence, and analyses 2001 Census data for Britain to provide an overview of patterns in the level of migration and the distance migrated, according to the characteristics of migrants and for diverse ethnic groups. Those who migrate in each ethnic group have similar characteristics, leading to the assertion that differences in levels of migration result mainly from differing socio‐economic and age compositions of ethnic groups. This is confirmed through regression analysis. Differences in distance migrated, however, are not explained by the composition of ethnic groups, but may be explained by their primarily urban current areas of residence. Exceptions to the general patterns are highlighted as avenues for further investigation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass spectrometry in the characterization of ambers. I. Studies of amber samples of different origin and ages by laser desorption ionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Tonidandel Loris , Ragazzi Eugenio , Roghi Guido , Traldi Pietro
Published: February 2008

Amber is a fossil resin constituted of organic polymers derived through complex maturation processes of the original plant resin. A classification of eight samples of amber of different geological age (Miocene to Triassic) and geographical origin is here proposed using direct mass spectrometric techniques, i.e. laser desorption ionization (LDI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), in order to obtain a fingerprint related to the amber origin. Differences and similarities were detected among the spectra with the four methods, showing quite complex spectra, full of ionic species in the mass range investigated (up to m/z 2000). The evaluation required statistical analysis involving multivariate techniques. Cluster analysis or principal component analysis (PCA) generally did not show a clear clustering with respect to the age of samples, except for the APPI method, which allowed a satisfying clustering. Using the total ion current (TIC) obtained by the different analytical approaches on equal quantities of the different amber samples and plotted against the age, the only significant correlation appeared to be that involving APPI. To validate the method, four amber samples from Cretaceous of Spain were analyzed. Also in this case a significant correlation with age was found only with APPI data. PCA obtained with TIC values from all the MS methods showed a fair grouping of samples, according to their age. Three main clusters could be detected, belonging to younger, intermediate and older fossil resins, respectively. This MS analysis on crude amber, either solid or extract, followed by appropriate multivariate statistical evaluation, can provide useful information on amber age. The best results are those obtained by APPI, indicating that the quantity of amber soluble components that can be photoionized decreases with increasing age, in agreement with the formation of highly stable, insoluble polymers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of X‐ray diffractograms obtained by grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction of implanted stainless steel
Authors: Dudognon J. , Vayer M. , Pineau A. , Erre R.
Published: February 2008

A method to interpret grazing incidence X‐ray diffractograms observed for expanded phases occurring after Mo implantation in an austenitic steel was extended to Ag and N ion implantation in austenitic or ferritic stainless steels.

Theoretical X‐ray diffractograms were built taking into account the information depth profile, the implanted element concentration depth profile and a linear relationship between implanted element concentration and lattice parameter through an expansion coefficient (k). Experimental X‐ray diffractograms were adjusted to the theoretical ones. The adjustment led to the determination of k and/or ion‐implanted concentration profile as a function of depth.

For Ag implantation in AISI 316 LVM and 430 stainless steels, the concentration depth profile was predicted using SRIM‐2003 computer program and confirmed by experimental measurement using RBS. The built austenite or ferrite X‐ray diffraction peaks were in good accordance with the experimental ones. k was shown to be independent on the incident angle and on the fluence but dependant on the type of initial lattice.

For nitrided austenitic stainless steels, the k value was determined with N‐implanted AISI 316 LVM steel. The element concentration depth profiles and k value were determined for low‐energy high‐flux nitrogen implantation‐diffusion of AISI 304 steels. The predicted profiles were confirmed by NRA measurements. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composite of Ti6Al4V and SiC fibres: evolution of fibre–matrix interface during heat treatments
Authors: Donnini Riccardo , Kaciulis Saulius , Mezzi Alessio , Montanari Roberto , Testani Claudio
Published: February 2008

The changes in fibre–matrix interface during the heat treatment of Ti6Al4V matrix reinforced with carbon‐coated SiC fibres, have been studied using XPS, AES and SEM/EDS (energy dispersion spectroscopy) techniques. The samples were characterized before and after heating at different temperatures up to 600 °C with long exposure times up to 1000 h. Particular attention was paid to the C/matrix interface, where high temperature treatment could lead to the formation of titanium carbide. Due to the experimental difficulties to separate the contributions of TiC and SiC, the interaction between titanium and carbon was simulated by heating Ti6Al4V and pure Ti foils covered with graphite. Obtained interfaces have been analysed by XPS depth profiling. Experimental results were supported by theoretical calculations of carbon diffusion. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of Cu segregation to oxide–metal interface of Ni‐base alloy by HX‐PES
Authors: Doi Takashi , Kitamura Kazuyuki , Nishiyama Yoshitaka , Otsuka Nobuo , Kudo Takeo , Sato Masugu , Ikenaga Eiji , Kobayashi Keisuke , Hashimoto Tamotsu
Published: February 2008

Hard X‐ray Photoelectron spectroscopy (HX‐PES) has been realized using high‐brilliance synchrotron radiation. High‐energy photon excitation enables us to probe photoelectrons with larger escape depth compared to conventional PES. This allows us to conduct a study of embedded interface of materials as the oxide–metal interface without destruction. We apply HX‐PES to investigate for Cu segregation in the oxide–metal interface during metal dusting corrosion. The effective concentration of Cu in the segregation layer was estimated a few 10 times higher than the bulk concentration. These results on the interface layer can explain the variation in the corrosion resistance. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anchoring of sulfur‐containing alkylphosphonic and semifluorinated alkylphosphonic molecules on a polycrystalline aluminum substrate
Authors: Fonder G. , Delhalle J. , Essahli M. , Ameduri B. , Mekhalif Z.
Published: February 2008

Self‐assembly on a polycrystalline aluminum substrate of two sulfur‐containing alkylphosphonic acids, CH3(CH2)11S (CH2)2PO(OH)2, and CF3(CF2)7(CH2)2S(CH2)2PO(OH)2, has been compared with CH3(CH2)15PO(OH)2. The reaction of the phosphonic head groups with the hydroxyls at the alumina surface to form phosphonates was studied with X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and polarization modulation infrared reflection‐absorption spectroscopy (PM‐IRRAS). Barrier effects of the resulting layers was assessed by electrochemical polarization curves. With the conditions used in the present work for the self‐assembly reaction, it appears that the sulfur‐containing molecules do not perform as well as CH3(CH2)15PO(OH)2 in terms of film quality. Questions are raised about the possibility that the sulfur‐containing molecules could undergo cleavage during surface modification. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ARXPS and high energy XPS characterisation of titanium surfaces for medical implants
Authors: Sunding Martin F. , Jensen Ingvild T. , Stenstad Per M. , Diplas Spyros
Published: February 2008

Surfaces of pure Ti before and after treatment with phosphoric acid and aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (APTMS) were analysed with XPS at normal emission and in angle‐resolved mode. In addition, three different excitation energies with increasing analysis depth were used, namely, Mg Kα, Al Kα and Ag Lα. The use of monochromatic Ag Lα enabled the acquisition of both 1s, 2p and KLL peaks for Si and P. We used these peaks to identify the chemical states of Si and P via the use of the 2p‐KLL and 1s‐KLL Auger parameters (AP). The Si and P AP values were in the region of silanes/silicones and phosphates respectively. The various spectral features confirmed the expected chemical states of the surfaces, except for the oxidation level of Ti in the titanium phosphate layer: results suggest the presence of a Ti(IV) phosphate instead of a Ti(III) phosphate reported in literature. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uncertainty and the market valuation of R&D within a real options logic
Authors: Oriani Raffaele , Sobrero Maurizio
Published: February 2008

The aim of this study is to provide new theoretical insights and empirical evidence on the effect of market and technological uncertainty on the market valuation of a firm's R&D capital. A set of hypotheses is developed adopting a real options logic and tested on a panel dataset of 290 manufacturing firms traded in the UK. Consistently with our theoretical model, we show that market and technological uncertainty have distinct effects on the valuation of R&D investments. The results have several important implications for resource allocation to R&D under uncertainty, which we discuss in the concluding section. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trust‐opportunism paradox, relationalism, and performance in interfirm relationships: evidence from the retail industry
Authors: Lado Augustine A. , Dant Rajiv R. , Tekleab Amanuel G.
Published: February 2008

Building on recent theoretical work documenting that interorganizational relationships (IORs) are ‘multifaceted and multiplex’ we investigate, from the agent's perspective, the joint effects of trust and opportunism in fostering (or inhibiting) relationalism, which, in turn, is predicted to influence performance within interfirm exchange relationships. Based on longitudinal survey data on 409 catalog intermediaries affiliated with a large retail firm, we found strong support for most of the hypothesized relationships. Implications for future research are offered. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation in design reuse
Authors: Gamble M. T. , Gamble R. F.
Published: February 2008

Software composition relies heavily on the ability to reuse software within the context of a complex target system. When components are built or sourced from third party suppliers, some form of design material is reused that embodies a variety of artifacts that differ in both granularity and abstraction. The more concrete the design material, particularly if it is in the form of a fully realized reusable component, the more likely it has evolved from a distinct supplier development path that will cause interoperability problems in the composite design. Unfortunately, recognizing integration problems occurs late in a typical design process, often disrupting the process of choosing alternative components. We express the design reuse process using a concept map whose nodes represent sources of design material. Guidance for consolidating and analyzing reuse alternatives is shown via design moves between concepts culminating in the choice of components for the target system. We use isolation as the determinant for interoperability assessment. Leveraging a biological analogy, we define distinct integration levels where isolating mechanisms occur to add assessment clarity. This is illustrated with an example showing conflicts between reusable components from different suppliers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of outcome of fetal congenital heart disease using a cardiovascular profile score
Authors: Wieczorek A. , Hernandez‐Robles J. , Ewing L. , Leshko J. , Luther S. , Huhta J.
Published: February 2008

Objectives

Congestive heart failure in fetuses with congenital heart defects (CHD) is associated with high perinatal mortality. The clinical condition can be characterized by five ultrasound markers that comprise the 10‐point cardiovascular profile (CVP) score. Our aim was to assess the value of the CVP score in evaluating the condition and in maintaining surveillance of fetuses with CHD.

Methods

We evaluated retrospectively 131 singleton pregnancies with a diagnosis of fetal CHD, which had been assessed by serial echocardiographic examinations, during which the CVP score was obtained. Fetal and neonatal outcomes, including perinatal mortality and Apgar scores, were assessed.

Results

Fetuses with a final CVP score ≤ 7 were statistically significantly more likely to suffer mortality than were fetuses with a final CVP score ≥ 8 (87.5% vs. 15.2% mortality; P < 0.0001, chi square = 24.5). Significance was maintained after controlling for birth weight, lag time between the final examination and delivery and the dichotomized 5‐min Apgar score (odds ratio, 22.3; P = 0.024). For low Apgar score and mortality, the CVP score had low sensitivity (0.25 and 0.27, respectively) but high specificity (0.98 and 0.99, respectively). The presence of hydrops and severe cardiomegaly were statistically significantly associated with mortality (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Fetuses with CHD and a CVP score below 8 are at risk of perinatal death. The CVP score may be used to assess the severity of fetal CHD and to plan perinatal management. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immersion in Cold-Water Evaluation (ICE) and Self-reported Cold Intolerance are Reliable but Unrelated Measures
Authors: Traynor Robyn , MacDermid Joy C.
Published: February 2008

Intolerance to the cold is common following peripheral nerve injury and surgery of the upper extremity. Despite its prevalence, the exact pathophysiology and natural history of this condition are not well understood. Subjective, self-report questionnaires have been created and validated as reliable measures of post-traumatic cold intolerance. The difficulty currently lies in assigning an objective measure to this predominantly subjective phenomenon. The present study evaluated the test–retest reliability of a proposed objective measure of cold intolerance, the Immersion in Cold-water Evaluation (ICE), and its correlation with subjective measures in healthy control subjects. Two age groups were also compared to investigate the effect of age on cold intolerance and temperature recovery. On two separate testing days, subjects completed three health-related questionnaires and submersed their dominant hands in cold water. The temperature of their second and fifth digits was monitored during recovery. Both the objective cold-provocation testing and the subjective self-report questionnaires were highly reliable albeit not significantly correlated. No significant temperature recovery trend was noted between the age groups. Post-traumatic cold intolerance is postulated to have both a vascular and neural etiology among other contributing causes. The protocol studied here was centered predominantly on the former etiology, examining peripheral blood flow and associated temperature recovery. This study established ICE as a reliable means to objectively measure cold response, supplementing information provided by previously validated self-report methods.
Wellposedness and stability results for the Navier–Stokes equations in \( R^{3} \)
Authors: Chemin Jean-Yves , Gallagher Isabelle
Published: February 2008

In [J.-Y. Chemin, I. Gallagher, On the global wellposedness of the 3-D Navier–Stokes equations with large initial data, Annales Scientifiques de l'École Normale Supérieure de Paris, in press] a class of initial data to the three dimensional, periodic, incompressible Navier–Stokes equations was presented, generating a global smooth solution although the norm of the initial data may be chosen arbitrarily large. The aim of this article is twofold. First, we adapt the construction of [J.-Y. Chemin, I. Gallagher, On the global wellposedness of the 3-D Navier–Stokes equations with large initial data, Annales Scientifiques de l'École Normale Supérieure de Paris, in press] to the case of the whole space: we prove that if a certain nonlinear function of the initial data is small enough, in a Koch–Tataru [H. Koch, D. Tataru, Well-posedness for the Navier–Stokes equations, Advances in Mathematics 157 (2001) 22–35] type space, then there is a global solution to the Navier–Stokes equations. We provide an example of initial data satisfying that nonlinear smallness condition, but whose norm is arbitrarily large in

C^{−1}

. Then we prove a stability result on the nonlinear smallness assumption. More precisely we show that the new smallness assumption also holds for linear superpositions of translated and dilated iterates of the initial data, in the spirit of a construction in [H. Bahouri, J.-Y. Chemin, I. Gallagher, Refined Hardy inequalities, Annali di Scuola Normale di Pisa, Classe di Scienze, Serie V 5 (2006) 375–391], thus generating a large number of different examples.
Singular asymptotic expansions for Dirichlet eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the Laplacian on thin planar domains
Authors: Borisov Denis , Freitas Pedro
Published: February 2008

We consider the Laplace operator with Dirichlet boundary conditions on a planar domain and study the effect that performing a scaling in one direction has on the spectrum. We derive the asymptotic expansion for the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenfunctions as a function of the scaling parameter around zero. This method allows us, for instance, to obtain an approximation for the first Dirichlet eigenvalue for a large class of planar domains, under very mild assumptions.
Global boundary controllability of the Saint-Venant system for sloped canals with friction
Authors: Gugat M. , Leugering G.
Published: February 2008

We consider a sloped canal with friction that is governed by the Saint-Venant system with source term. We show that starting sufficiently close to a stationary constant subcritical initial state, we can control the system in finite time to a state in a

C^{1}

neighbourhood of any other stationary constant subcritical state by boundary control at the ends of the canal in such a way that during the process the system state remains continuously differentiable.

Moreover, we show that if the derivative of the initial state is sufficiently small, it can be steered to every stationary constant subcritical state in finite time.

On étudie un canal cylindrique incliné modélisé par les équations de Saint-Venant avec un terme source et un terme de frottement. On montre l'existence d'un voisinage pour la norme

C^{1}

de toute partie bornée de la courbe des équilibres sous-critiques constants tel que, étant donnés deux éléments de ce voisinage, il est possible d'aller du premier élément au second en temps fini par des contrôles adéquats sur le bord du canal. En outre, on montre que, si la dérivée de l'état initial est suffisamment petite, on peut amener l'état du système à tout équilibre donné, constant et sous-critique, et ceci en temps fini.
The peripheral chromosome scaffold, a novel structural component of mitotic chromosomes
Authors: Sheval Eugene V. , Polyakov Vladimir Y.
Published: February 2008

Using an original high‐salt extraction protocol, we observed a novel chromosome substructure, referred to as the peripheral chromosome scaffold. This chromosome domain contained the perichromosomal layer proteins pKi‐67, B23/nucleophosmin and fibrillarin, but no DNA fragments (i.e., the loop domain bases were not associated with the peripheral scaffold). Modern models of chromosome organization do not predict the existence of a peripheral chromosome scaffold domain, and thus our observations have conceptual implications for understanding chromosome architecture.
Inhibitory role of focal adhesion kinase on anoikis in the lung cancer cell A549
Authors: Liu Gaiyun , Meng Xiangning , Jin Yan , Bai Jing , Zhao Yunzhen , Cui Xiaobo , Chen Feng , Fu Songbin
Published: February 2008

Resistance to anoikis is a characteristic of malignant cells with increased tumorigenesis and metastasis. Altered FAK activity has been strongly implicated in the development, growth, progression, and metastasis of human cancers, but the mechanism of FAK in regulating anoikis is unknown. In this study, the resistance anoikis role of FAK and its downstream mediators was evaluated in the human lung cancer cell line A549. It has been shown that down regulation of FAK stimulates the apoptosis of cells and the down‐regulation of p‐ERK, p‐PI3K, p‐Src, and p‐p38. Furthermore, in detached A549 cells, increased FAK phosphorylations (Tyr397, Tyr861, Tyr925) were detected in a time‐dependent manner, and the specific inhibitors of MEK1, PI3K, and Src (PD98059, LY294002, and PP2) partly abolished the resistance to the anoikis characteristic of cancer cells. Altogether, our data suggested that Src is involved in the progress of detachment‐induced FAK activation in lung tumor cells. PI3K/AKT, MAPK—ERK, and perhaps MAPK—p38 but not MAPK—JNK, appear to be the key downstream effectors of FAK in mediating cell survival. The increased FAK activity upon cell detachment may contribute to the metastasis potential of malignant tumors.
Cellular mechanism of adrenalin stimulated chloride secretion via beta‐adrenoceptor in T84 cells
Authors: Yang Zi‐Huan , Pan Ao , Ruan Ye‐Chun , Yu Hai‐Jie , Wu Zhong‐Luan , Xiang Hui , Zhou Wen‐Liang
Published: February 2008

In the present study, the intracellular regulatory pathways involved in the adrenalin‐stimulated chloride secretion across T84 cells were investigated. Biphasic characteristics were observed in the Isc response to the basolateral addition of adrenalin (0.25 nM‐100 μM). The biphasic response was almost abolished by removing ambient Cl−. Chloride secretion was found to depend on the activities of basolaterally located Na+‐K+‐2Cl− cotransporters and K+ channels. The α‐adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine did not have any effect on either phase of adrenalin‐induced Isc, while after pretreatment of the β‐adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol, the adrenalin‐induced Isc was substantially abolished, suggesting the biphasic response may be mediated by the β‐adrenoceptor. Under whole cell patch‐clamp conditions, T84 cells responded to adrenalin with a rise in inward current. The current, which exhibited a linear I—V relationship and time‐ and voltage‐independent characteristics, was inhibited by the chloride channel blocker DPC and the reverse potential was close to the equilibrium potential for Cl− (0 mV), implying that the current was Cl− selective. When preloaded with a Ca2+‐chelating agent, BAPTA/AM did not affect the Isc response to adrenalin, whereas the Isc was destroyed by pretreating the cells with an adenyl cyclase inhibitor, MDL12330A. These observations were further supported by the intracellular [cAMP] measurement experiment, indicating that adrenalin induced chloride secretion could be mediated by a beta‐adrenoceptor only involving cAMP as an intracellular second messenger.
Effect of the L2 ramus communicans on the nociceptive pathway in lumbar intervertebral discs in rats
Authors: Chen Jindong , Hou Shuxun , Peng Baogan , Wu Wenwen , Shi Yamin , Li Li , Yang Yi
Published: February 2008

The mechanism underlying discogenic low‐back pain is unclear. It is difficult to explain this type of pain by the segmental innervation theory because the groin area is innervated by the genitofemoral or ilioinguinal nerves, which are the terminal branches of the L1 or L2 spinal nerves. Recently, some studies have indicated that sympathetic trunks are closely related to discogenic low‐back pain. However, sympathetic trunk resection can severely affect the function of the abdominal organs and lower extremities and may cause retrograde ejaculation in human beings. This study was initiated to evaluate the role of selective transection of the L2 ramus of the nociceptive pathway in the lumbar intervertebral discs in rats, by using the fluorogold (FG) retrograde transport method and immunohistochemistry of substance P (SP). Of the FG‐labeled neurons in the L2 and L5 dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), the cross‐sectional area of the SP‐immunoreactive (ir) neurons ranged from 210 to 1140μm2; the mean cross‐sectional area was 652±320μm2. We demonstrated that FG‐labeled SP‐ir neurons in L2 DRGs decreased when FG was applied to the ventral or dorsal portions of L5–6 discs. The results indicated that the L2 ramus communicans played an important role in the afferent pathway of both the ventral and dorsal portions of the L5–6 disc. Nociceptive information from the L5–6 disc may be transmitted mainly by L2 DRG neurons through the L2 ramus communicans.
Efficacy and safety of pregabalin in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy or postherpetic neuralgia: Open‐label, non‐comparative, flexible‐dose study
Authors: Baron Ralf , Brunnmüller Ulrike , Brasser Matthias , May Michael , Binder Andreas
Published: February 2008

We assessed the efficacy and safety of a flexible‐dose pregabalin regimen in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) or postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) under clinical practice conditions. Further, the trial investigated the correlation of unspecific measures of change (patient and physician global impression of change, PGIC and CGIC) and specific measures of morbidity.

The primary outcomes of this prospective, open‐label, non‐controlled study were the correlation between global status (PGIC and CGIC) and changes in pain, sleep, and anxiety scores as assessed on numerical or visual rating scales.

A total of 217 outpatients were included in 53 centres. The most frequently used dosing regimen involved a starting dose of 150mg/d and dose escalation to 300mg/d after one week (mean: 301mg/d, administered in two doses). The significant changes on pain, sleep and anxiety scales (−40%, −43%, −42%) between baseline and study end after 4‐week pregabalin treatment were paralleled by the changes in ratings in both the PGIC and CGIC. The correlation with both PGIC and CGIC was 0.60 for pain, 0.51 for sleep and 0.20 or 0.13 for the correlation of anxiety with PGIC and CGIC, respectively. All correlations with exception of the pair CGIC/anxiety reached statistical significance.

In conclusion, pregabalin in a flexible‐dose regimen improved pain, sleep, anxiety and general state, and was well tolerated. The efficacy and safety profile of pregabalin was consistent with the data from the controlled clinical trials. The PGIC and CGIC and the specific pain and sleep scores, but not the anxiety score were generally well correlated but not synonymous.
Phylogenetic relationships of Spiruromorpha from birds of prey based on 18S rDNA
Authors: Honisch M. , Krone O.
Published: February 2008

A total of 153 free-ranging birds from Germany belonging to 15 species were examined for nematodes in their digestive and respiratory tracts. In 51.7% of the birds 14 different nematode species were found: the intestinal ascaridsPorrocaecum depressumandP. angusticolle, the strongylidHovorkonema variegatum, which inhabits the trachea and bronchi, the hairwormsEucoleus disparandCapillaria tenuissimaisolated from the digestive system, the spirurid nematodesCyrnea leptoptera,C. mansioni,C. seurati,Microtetrameres cloacitectus,Physaloptera alata,P. apivori,Synhimantus hamatusandS. laticeps, which inhabit the proventriculus and gizzard of the raptors, and the spirurid nematodeSerratospiculum tendo, which lives in the air sacs. To revise their systematic positions the ribosomal 18S gene regions of the nematode species were analysed and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. The molecular data confirmed the morphological systematics, except the spirurid family Physalopteridae, which grouped together with the Acuariidae.
Auxiliary fronting in Peranakan Javanese
Authors: COLE PETER , HARA YURIE , YAP NGEE THAI
Published: February 2008

Peranakan Javanese (PNJ) is a relatively undescribed variety of Javanese spoken primarily by ethnic Chinese native speakers of Javanese in the city of Semarang in Central Java (Indonesia). PNJ makes a structural distinction between auxiliaries and main verbs. Auxiliaries are unique in that they undergo optional head movement to C. Not only do single auxiliaries move to C, as in familiar languages, but sequences of two or three auxiliaries can move to C as well. Significantly, the order of the moved auxiliaries is always the same as the order in their unmoved position. The distribution of auxiliaries in PNJ is predicted if a ‘tucking in’ (Richards 1997) analysis of head movement similar to that of Collins (2002) is adopted. The PNJ facts are of special interest not only because they are an example of an additional language/construction that shows the distribution expected on the basis of ‘tucking in’, but also because PNJ provides evidence that helps to distinguish between ahead movementanalysis and the ‘standard’ version of theremnant movementanalysis, in which adverbs occupy fixed positions in the clause. It is quite difficult to distinguish between these approaches empirically, so the PNJ auxiliary facts are important in this regard.
Apparent phonetic approximation: English loanwords in Old Quebec French
Authors: PARADIS CAROLE , LACHARITÉ DARLENE
Published: February 2008

A key debate in loanword adaptation is whether the process is primarily phonetic or phonological. Is it possible that researchers on each side are viewing equally plausible, but different, scenarios? Perhaps, in some language situations, adaptation is carried out mainly by those without access to L2 phonology and is, perforce, perceptually driven. In other situations, adaptation may be done by bilinguals who actively draw upon their knowledge of L2 phonology in adapting loanwords. The phonetic strategy would most likely be favored in situations where the vast majority of the population did not know the L2, thus having no possible access to the L2 phonological system. The phonological strategy, on the other hand, is most likely to be favored in situations where there is a high proportion of speakers who are bilingual in the L1 and L2. This possibility is tested by comparing the adaptations of English loanwords in 19th- and early 20th-century Quebec French, when bilinguals were few, to those of contemporary Quebec French, in which the rate of bilingualism is far higher. The results show that even when the proportion of bilinguals in a society is relatively small, they determine how loanwords are pronounced in the borrowing language. Bilinguals adapt loanwords on the basis of phonology, not of faulty perception of foreign sounds and structures. However, in a society where bilinguals are few, there is a slight increase in non-phonological influences in loanword adaptation. We address the small role played by non-phonological factors, including phonetic approximation, orthography, and analogy (true or false), showing that false analogy, in particular, may give the impression that phonetic approximation is more widespread in a loanword corpus than is actually the case.
Basic dynamical stability results for
Authors: ROBERTSON JOHN W.
Published: February 2008

We study stability questions for dynamics on $\mathbb {P}^n$ using holomorphic families, which we require to be locally simply parameterized. Given such a holomorphic family $f\colon \mathbb {P}^n\times M\to \mathbb {P}^n$, we define the notion of a ‘Fatou section’, which is intuitively a choice of one point in $\mathbb {P}^n$ for each map in the family such that: (1) the chosen point depends holomorphically on M, and (2) the points chosen for two different maps behave dynamically ‘comparably’ under iteration of those respective maps. We prove a weak version of the λ-lemma for dynamical systems on $\mathbb {P}^n$ by showing that the set of all Fatou sections is a compact space. We introduce the notion of a postcritically bounded holomorphic family and show that if a (locally simply parameterized) holomorphic family is postcritically bounded by some open subset of $\mathbb {P}^n$ then: (1) repelling periodic points in the Julia set for one member of the family cannot bifurcate, nor can they leave the Julia set in other members of the family, (2) there is a Fatou section which never leaves the Julia set through each point of the Julia set of any member of the family, and (3) any intersection between the Julia set and the critical set is persistent, in the sense that there is a Fatou section through the point of intersection which never leaves either the critical set or the Julia set. Here, for conciseness, we are using the term ‘Julia set’ to mean the support of the unique measure of maximal entropy, although we recognize that how this term should be used in higher dimensions is still undecided. We also provide a brief summary of the development of the field in our introduction.
Implantation of stents as an alternative to reoperation in neonates and infants with acute complications after surgical creation of a systemic-to-pulmonary arterial shunt
Authors: Kaestner Michael , Handke Ronald P. , Photiadis Joachim , Sigler Matthias , Schneider Martin B.E.
Published: February 2008

Creation of a systemic-to-pulmonary shunt is still the firstline treatment in neonates with duct-dependent pulmonary circulation, or in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome as a part of the first stage of the Norwood sequence. Acute complications after such surgery, such as stenosis, thrombosis, or kinking, are potentially lifethreatening. These complications require immediate revision or exchange of the shunt. In this report, we discuss interventional treatment as an alternative to surgery in 5 patients with acute stenosis or complete occlusion of a shunt.

The age of the patients ranged from 12 to 62 days, with a median of 30 days, and their weights ranged between 2.2 and 4.6 kilogrammes, with a median of 3.2 kilogrammes. In 3 patients, the shunts were central or of modified Blalock-Taussig type, while the 2 patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome had shunts from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries. We implanted 6 coronary arterial and 2 peripheral stent systems. The diameter of the balloon used for implantation had a ratio to the shunt of 0.9. to 1.

All shunts were successfully reopened by stenting. During follow-up, 3 patients underwent further procedures on an elective basis. We have one patient on the waiting list for further surgical intervention, but one patient died of septicaemia unrelated to the interventional procedure one month after implantation.

In our limited experience, implantation of stents is an effective and long-lasting treatment for complications of shunts in an emergency situation.
Autoimmune Pankreatitis: Aktuelle Konzepte einer häufig übersehenen Krankheit
Authors: Gebbers J.-O. , Schmassmann A.
Published: February 2008

Die autoimmune Pankreatitis ist eine spezifische chronische lympho-plasmazelluläre Entzündung des Pankreas, die ein Pankreaskarzinom oder andere Pankreatitiden klinisch und radiologisch vortäuschen kann.Nicht selten kommt es deshalb zu unnötigen Pankreasresektionen. Die Krankheit findet sich vorwiegend bei Patienten über 40 Jahren und wird wie folgt charakterisiert: 1) Unspezifische Oberbauchbeschwerden, 2) erhöhte Immunglobuline im Serum (speziell IgG4) und Autoantikörper und 3) diffuse oder fokale Pankreasvergrösserung mit Pankreasgangstrikturen und gelegentlich zusätzlichem Verschlussikterus (nachweisbar mittels US, CT, MRI, ERCP und/oder endoskopischem Ultraschall (EUS)). Die Diagnose kann mit EUS- oder US-gezielter Biopsie mit Nachweis von typischen histologischen Veränderungen und spezifischer indirekter Immunhistochemie mit dem Patientenserum oder mit einem Kortikosteroid-Therapieversuch mit häufig starker Befundverbesserung innerhalb von Wochen untermauert werden.
Exacerbation d´un syndrome douloureux chronique diffus par l´introduction d´un inhibiteur de l´aromatase
Authors: Nemitz N. , Kurmann P.T. , Van Linthoudt D.
Published: February 2008

Wir berichten über eine 69-jährige Patientin mit einem diffusen chronischen Schmerzsyndrom und einem östrogensensiblen Mammakarzinom. Nach Beginn der Therapie mit einem Aromatasehemmer kommt es zu einer Exazerbation der diffusen wie auch der Gelenkschmerzen, die nach Absetzen des Medikamentes prompt bessern. Wir diskutieren ätiologische Hypothesen dieser Schmerzen mit besonderem Augenmerk auf die Aromatasehemmer und die Östrogene.
Diarrhoe mit Folgen
Authors: Erb S. , Sawatzki M. , Daikeler T.
Published: February 2008

Eine 23-jährige gesunde junge Frau stellte sich aufgrund einer wandernden Polyarthritis zwei Wochen nach einer selbstlimitierenden Gastroenteritis vor. In der vier Wochen später durchgeführten Stuhluntersuchung wurden trotz sistierter Diarrhoe Campylobacter jejuni nachgewiesen. In der Annahme einer Campylobacter-assoziierten reaktiven Arthritis wurde eine antibiotische Behandlung mit einem Makrolid durchgeführt, worauf es im Verlauf zum Verschwinden der Arthritis-Beschwerden gekommen ist.
Modeling of the magnetic field in the magnetosheath region
Authors: Romashets E. P. , Poedts S. , Vandas M.
Published: February 2008

In recent years, many advanced numerical techniques and codes have been developed to calculate the location of the bow shock and the magnetohydrodynamic parameters in the sheath region for various types of inflows and obstacle shapes. Some of these methods are applicable to the Earth's magnetosphere. On the other hand, only a few attempts have been made to describe the problem analytically. In this paper, we consider the discontinuities at the bow shock surface and at the magnetopause as boundary conditions for the construction of the magnetic field in the region between these two surfaces. The locations and the (parabolic) shapes of the two surfaces are specified depending on the solar wind parameters, viz. velocity, density, temperature, and magnetic field. In the inner magnetosphere, i.e., below the magnetopause, the magnetic field is considered as given by a modified dipole. The solution is derived in parabolic coordinates.
Tidal and seasonal dynamics of a muddy inner shelf environment, Gulf of Papua
Authors: Martin D. P. , Nittrouer C. A. , Ogston A. S. , Crockett J. S.
Published: February 2008

Subaqueous delta clinoforms are accretionary features created on the continental shelf where there is a large supply of sediment. Sediment is transported across the shallow topset region and accumulates rapidly in the deeper foreset region. In the Gulf of Papua, Papua New Guinea, the absence of cyclonic storms makes tidal currents and seasonal variation of wind direction primary controls on the timing and magnitude of across‐shelf sediment transport. To investigate processes that disperse sediment across the topset of the Fly River clinoform, anchor stations were occupied during spring and neap tidal cycles of the trade wind season, the monsoon season, and the transition period. During the energetic trade wind season, surface waves coupled to strong spring tide currents generated peaks in suspended‐sediment concentration (>100 g L−1 at some locations). However, seabed erosion and deposition over tidal timescales could not be discerned, indicating that sediment was being advected across the outer topset. Although seaward gravity flows occur with significant spatial heterogeneity, they are important for carrying sediment to the foreset region because the near‐bed circulation generally has a landward net flow. Seaward transport is restricted to the energetic trade wind season. During the quiescent monsoon season, 4–11 cm of erosion occurs on parts of the outer topset as fluvial sediment is temporarily deposited closer to shore. Seasonal patterns in sediment dispersal are likely impacted by El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and consideration of El Niño conditions of 2002–2003 are reflected in the interpretation of observations.