bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of an Acoustical Speaker System in a Reverberant Chamber
Authors: Larkin Paul , Smallwood David
Published: April 2015

Acoustic testing using commercial sound system components is becoming more popular as a cost effective way of generating the required environment both in and out of a reverberant chamber. This paper will present the development of such a sound system that uses a state-of-the-art random vibration controller to perform closed-loop control in the reverberant chamber at Sandia National Laboratories. Test data will be presented that demonstrates narrow-band controlability, performance and some limitations of commercial sound generation equipment in a reverberant chamber.
Predicting Maximum Surface Voltages on Inhabited Cleanroom Garments in Practical Use
Authors: Chubb John , Holdstock Paul , Dyer Mick
Published: April 2015

The paper describes how the maximum surface voltages on cleanroom garments in practical use can be predicted from measurements on local areas of garment fabric.

The surface voltage arising when materials are rubbed depends upon the speed and pressure of the rubbing action and on two features of fabric performance: the time for charge dissipation and the capacitance experienced by surface charge. These two features can be easily measured on sample areas of garment fabrics using corona charging with measurement of the quantity of the transferred charge. The paper describes how these measurements are made and the results of studies carried out to establish the relationship between the performance of inhabited garments and measurements on fabrics.
Numerical Investigations of Monopole Impulse Noise
Authors: Hsu Kwen , Malinow Ivanna , Zhang Songwei
Published: April 2015

Classic theories for linear monopole noise generated by fluid injection have been established and can be found in several literature references. A simple example is the analytical expression of peak sound pressure at far field, which is shown to be proportional to the derivative of the mass flow rate history. However, in cases of high-intensity (impulsive) noise and for near-field regions, these theories become inapplicable. It was found that when the gas injection reached a certain level of intensity, a shock wave could form in the near field and the transient flow field evolved quickly with time. It is well known that a discontinuous mass flow rate history is a feature of a moving shock wave; therefore, the derivatives do not mathematically exist. With the presence of flow discontinuity, a different theory should be established or a different means of study should be used to investigate the properties of monopole impulse noise. By performing direct aeroacoustic simulations, the evolution and propagation of an impulse noise generated by a high-intensity monopole source were numerically investigated. The effects of a few key parameters of the monopole source on the leading pressure wave were determined. It was determined that monopole impulse noise is a physical process sandwiched between the linear acoustic waves generated by a pulsating sphere and the blast waves generated by weapons. Monopole impulse noise involves the degeneration of the shock waves into intense sound waves.
Analytical Impact Models and Experimental Test Validation for the Columbia Shuttle Wing Leading Edge Panels
Authors: Gwinn Kenneth , Lu Wei-Yang , Antoun Bonnie , Metzinger Kurt , Korellis John
Published: April 2015

This paper describes the analyses and the experimental mechanics program to support the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) investigation of the Shuttle Columbia accident. A synergism of the analysis and experimental effort is required to insure that the final analysis is valid - the experimental program provides both the material behavior and a basis for validation, while the analysis is required to insure the experimental effort provides behavior in the correct loading regime. Preliminary scoping calculations of foam impact onto the Shuttle Columbia's wing leading edge determined if enough energy was available to damage the leading edge panel. These analyses also determined the strain-rate regimes for various materials to provide the material test conditions. Experimental testing of the reinforced carbon-carbon wing panels then proceeded to provide the material behavior in a variety of configurations and strain-rates for flown or conditioned samples of the material. After determination of the important failure mechanisms of the material, validation experiments were designed to provide a basis of comparison for the analytical effort. Using this basis, the final analyses were used for test configuration, instrumentation location, and calibration definition in support of full-scale testing of the panels in June 2003. These tests subsequently confirmed the accident cause.
Enveloping the Shock Response Spectrum (SRS) Does Not Always Produce a Conservative Test
Authors: Smallwood David
Published: April 2015

When the shock response spectrum (SRS) of a test envelops the SRS of the environment at all frequencies for a given mechanical system, typically the assumption is that a conservative test will result; that is, the peak response observed in the environment will be less than the peak response observed in the test. Other suggested measures characterizing a shock include the Fourier energy spectrum (with the assumption that the energy is larger in the test than in the environment), input duration (if the duration of the test is shorter than the duration of the environment), and peak velocity or pseudo velocity (if the peak velocity is greater in the test than in the environment). If these assumptions are met the test will be conservative. This paper shows that a test that complies with all of the suggested measures mentioned above could still produce a response that is smaller than the response from a hypothetical baseline environment.
Lessons Learned from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Contamination Control Program
Authors: Hansen Patricia , Townsend Jacqueline , Hedgeland Randy
Published: April 2015

Over the past two decades, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) contamination control program has evolved from a ground-based integration program to a space-based science-sustaining program. The contamination controls from new-generation scientific instruments and orbital replacement units were incorporated into the HST contamination control program to maintain scientific capability over the life of the telescope. Long-term, on-orbit scientific data have shown that the contamination controls implemented for the instruments, servicing mission activities (Orbiter, astronauts, and mission), and on-orbit operations successfully protected the HST from contamination and the instruments from self-contamination.
Control of Time-Dependent Contamination during Bonding of Semiconductor and Optical Substrates
Authors: Bansal Iqbal (Izzy)
Published: April 2015

Microcontamination control is a key parameter for enhancing yield in terms of density of voids within the interface of a bonded wafer. One important cause of void density is time-dependent haze (TDH) or surface-particulate defect density. TDH on silicon surfaces is generated by the interaction of organic volatiles with moisture on the silicon surfaces. Sub-micrometer particle defect density, or haze level, is mainly affected by contamination arising from five factors: people, process, equipment, environment, and processing chemicals and gases.

Direct wafer bonding (DWB) is a three-step sequence consisting of ultra-clean surface preparation, contacting, and thermal annealing. Contacting is an operation of ultrafine alignment and face-to-face joining of two substrates. Prior to joining, each contacting substrate is chemically cleaned in order to minimize surface haze and particulate contamination. Both sub-micrometer particle density and surface haze can be greatly reduced by point-of-use (POU) microfiltration and purification of deionized (DI) water as well as application of ultra-dilute concentration of ultra-pure chemicals containing extremely low levels of liquid particle counts. Ultra-pure DI water is filtered with a high-efficiency membrane filter that removes particles down to 0.02 micrometer (μm), thus reducing metal ions to sub-parts-per-billion (ppb) levels. As a result, surface haze and sub-micrometer light-point defects density on a contacting surface are minimized to reduce the density of voided or disbonded regions. A 1-μm particle, for instance, can cause a void as large as 1 centimeter (cm) in diameter during the bonding operation. Data is presented in terms of fractional areas of the voided regions for direct silicon wafer-bonded substrates.

In addition to semiconductor wafer substrates, surface contamination is discussed for optical substrates such as fused silica. Minimizing microcontamination and TDH on the surface of optical substrates is important in maximizing ultraviolet (UV) transmission rates at wavelengths between 190 and 250 nanometers (nm). Methods and techniques are recommended for minimizing trace levels of surface contamination to improve UV transmission rates. No data for bonding of optical components is included in this study.
Validation of a Strategy for Deformation Monitoring of the Herschel Spacecraft Under Ambient Conditions by Photogrammetry
Authors: Parian Jafar , Cozzani Alessandro , Appolloni Matteo , Casarosa Gianluca
Published: April 2015

In the frame of the development of a videogrammetric system to be used in thermal/vacuum chambers at the ESA-ESTEC and other sites across Europe, the design of a network using micro-cameras was specified by ESA-ESTEC. The selected test set-up is the photogrammetric test of the Herschel Spacecraft Flight Model in the ESTEC Large Space Simulator. The videogrammetric system will be used to verify the Herschel Telescope alignment and Telescope positioning with respect to the Local Oscillator Unit inside the Large Space Simulator during thermal/vacuum/balance test phases. We designed a close-range photogrammetric network by heuristic simulation with a global accuracy of 1:100,000. A thermal/vacuum qualified videogrammetric system, which is able to work in vacuum and at cryo-temperatures in order to acquire images according to the designed network, was constructed by ESA-ESTEC Test Centre Division. In this paper we will present the videogrammetric system, the photogrammetric considerations, accuracy aspects, the result of photogrammetric network simulations, and real measurements. The results of real videogrammetric measurements of a dummy setup similar to the setup of Herschel spacecraft show a successful performance of the system in terms of functionality and accuracy.
Effective Data Validation Methodology for Pyrotechnic Shock Testing
Authors: Wright Charles
Published: April 2015

Valid test data from explosively or ordnance-initiated pyrotechnic shock tests are difficult to acquire. Measurement of these frequency-rich acceleration time histories, a prerequisite to calculation of a valid shock response spectrum, drives the measurement system to its performance limits. Successful acquisition of demonstrably valid acceleration time histories requires a series of performance compromises that must be made with a depth of measurements expertise. Such expertise may not be available from vendors of the various data acquisition systems sold for these tests. All measurement system performance characteristics (transducer mount dynamics, gain, frequency response, phase response, linearity, lead wire effects, sampling rate, etc.) require compromise. It takes professional-level knowledge and experience to make the proper compromises to assure data validity for the measured wave shape. These measurements should never be taken for granted, as often and unfortunately happens.

Data validation methods should be used by a test organization to prove the validity of the experimental shock wave shapes and subsequent shock response spectra (SRS). Recent events in the explosively driven, pyrotechnic shock test community show that methods for effective data validation are not in general use. This situation can lead to the problem of invalid shock test acceleration time histories causing invalid shock response spectra with both entering the design verification cycle.

This paper defines the requirements for the measurement of valid shock wave shapes. It then defines an ordered series of validity tests that will both identify and quantify a number of detrimental effects in the acquisition of these frequency rich time histories, and resultant shock response spectra. Use of this set of validity checking methods assures the objective identification of invalid shock data to customers of pyrotechnic shock tests.
Spatial Variability Caused by Acoustic Wave Interference in Single-Drive Direct Field Acoustic Testing
Authors: Van Dyke Michael , Peters Portia
Published: April 2015

A significant amount of acoustic spatial variability is characteristic of direct field acoustic testing using a single random signal to drive the loudspeaker sources. This has raised concerns about the potential for under- and over-testing of hardware, particularly because of the consequential high sensitivity of the test environment upon the configuration of the test equipment and test hardware. Meanwhile, little is known about the specific spatial characteristics of the test acoustic field. A recent demonstration single-drive direct field acoustic test afforded the opportunity to map various planes of the acoustic field with a 36 microphone grid, offering unprecedented physical insight into the field characteristics. Analysis of the data reveals that the field is predominantly characterized by wave interference patterns at any given frequency. These data correlate well with 3-dimensional numerical models. The presence of wave interference patterns created by the fully correlated array of sources also explains the occurrence of frequency bands where the acoustic levels were significantly overdriven as a consequence of the control microphone locations coinciding with acoustic nodes associated with the corresponding drive frequencies. For comparison, the same mapping was performed in a conventional reverberant chamber test with the microphone grid, showing detailed contrast in spatial characteristics between the two test methods. This paper presents the highlights of this study and discusses ramifications for the use of this methodology.
Validation Techniques for 6-DOF Vibration Data Acquisition
Authors: Hale Michael , Porter Jesse
Published: April 2015

Multiple Degree of Freedom (MDOF) excitation systems and MDOF vibration control systems continue to improve, and are now standard equipment in many dynamic test laboratories. Determination of an input specification for such MDOF systems is critically dependent on properly acquired field data. Validation of field data will be discussed and demonstrated employing the same transformation tools used in both transformation-based 6-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) vibration control and generalized MDOF vibration specification development (VSD).
Minimum Input Trace for Multiple Input Multiple Output Linear Systems
Authors: Smallwood David
Published: April 2015

Specification of the cross spectra for a multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) vibration test is challenging. This paper presents a method for tests where the specifications of the output (the control points) autospectra are available. The autospectra of the outputs are specified and cross spectra between the outputs are derived that will minimize the trace of the autospectra of the inputs (the drive signals) with the constraint that the input spectral density matrix is positive definite. The hypothesis is that nature likes a minimum energy solution.
Selecting the Best ALT
Authors: Schenkelberg Fred
Published: April 2015

Throughout the many years of accelerated life testing (ALT) development, colleagues have found numerous ways to take advantage of the interaction of stress and failure mechanisms.[1-14] In an ideal situation, the reliability engineer will have ample time, samples, test resources, and knowledge to conduct ALT. However, this is often not the case. Trading off the risks in conducting ALT and meeting the myriad constraints and expectations is a challenge. Understanding the basics of ALT approaches and associated assumptions permits test designers to select the ALT method that will provide meaningful results in time for technical and business decisions while meeting budgetary and risk-tolerance limits. There is no single way to design ALT for a specific set of conditions, but clearly articulating the tradeoffs involved permits the entire design team to fully understand the test results. The "best" ALT is a method that adds value to the design process. The most accurate results would involve testing all the production units in customer use until all units have failed. Although this is clearly not practical, neither is the simple-minded approach of guessing at the results. In between these two extremes lies an optimal approach: the most efficient ALT that provides meaningful results. When the results provide information to make design or program decisions, ALT adds value. Reducing ALT costs by reducing sample size or test duration is possible, but doing so may significantly increase uncertainty of the results. Running the test longer to achieve more accurate results is often constrained by the timeline to make decisions. Such tradeoffs force reliability engineers to carefully design each ALT and determine the best path forward.
A new method in reminder therapy technique for ceasing digit sucking habit in children
Authors: AlEmran Sulaiman
Published: April 2015

The parents' task in preventing the practice of digit sucking habit in children during night time is difficult. The present article introduces a new method called "long sleeve gown". The gown has the advantage of making it difficult for the child to get his/her hand out from the sleeve so that the child cannot suck his/her digit during sleeping.
Mandibular deviations in TMD and non-TMD groups related to eye dominance and head posture
Authors: Pradham N. , White G. , Mehta N. , Forgione A.
Published: April 2015

This study was designed to determine whether eye-dominance affects head posture (rotation) and in turn, whether head posture is associated with mandibular frenum midline deviation, in both TMJ and control subjects. Eye dominance was determined using three tests:Porta, Hole, Point tests. Natural head posture was evaluated using the Arthrodial protractor. Mandibular frenum deviation was recorded as left, right or no deviation. Fifty female subjects were included in the study, 25 TMJ patients attending the Gelb Craniomandibular Pain Center and 25 non-TMJ control subjects. The findings indicate that eye dominance and direction of head rotation are strongly associated in both TMJ and control subjects. Further, in TMJ subjects mandibular deviation occurred in greater frequency than in controls and tends to occur in the contra lateral direction of head rotation.
Oral manifestations of infections due to varicella zoster virus in otherwise healthy children
Authors: Kolokotronis Alexandros , Louloudiadis Konstantinos , Fotiou Garyfalia , Matiais Apostolos
Published: April 2015

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes varicella (or chickenpox) and establishes latency in nerve ganglia after the primary infection. The reactivation of virus later in life can cause mono- or polyneuropathy. The cranial nerves most commonly involved are five (herpes zoster or shingles), six, seven eight, nine and ten. In the present study we describe the oral lesions associated with VZV infections in normal children. In a 3 year period we examined 62 children, age 2 to 13 years old with diagnosed varicella and a 4 year old boy with herpes zoster at the 3rd branch of the trigeminal nerve. According to the clinical picture of varicella, the disease was defined as: (1) group A mild cases; (2) group B moderate cases; (3) group C severe. The manifestations of varicella were: mild varicella 19 children, moderate 26 children and severe 17 children. The results of the present study indicate that the prevalence of oral manifestations of varicella is related to the severity of the disease. In 17 severe cases, oral lesions were always present and the number was between 5 to 30. From 26 moderate cases, oral lesions were observed in 23 and the number was between 2 to 10. From 19 mild cases, oral lesions were present only in 6 cases and their number was 1 or 2. Often varicella's oral lesions resemble manifestations of other entities, and this may cause differential diagnostics problems.
Clinical management of ectodermal dysplasia with long term follow up: two case reports
Authors: Çetiner Deniz , Engel Umay , Tüter Gülay , Yalim Mehmet
Published: April 2015

The present study describes the characteristics and clinical management of two patients with ectodermal dysplasia with long term follow-up. Dental treatments depend on the severity of disorder, therefore, treatment varies according to the age, growth and development of the stomatognathic system of the patient. It is important that the patient and dentist understand continued monitoring for dental problems is necessary. This provides improved aesthetics, function and emotional development.
TMJ fractures in children: clinical management and follow-up
Authors: DeFabianis Patricia
Published: April 2015

The mandible is the facial structure that is the most affected by trauma and the most common fracture site is the condyle. New perspectives for this problem are due to the fact that often TMJ fractures in children are undiagnosed and consequent1y untreated. This becomes evident when growth disturbances show up a year or two. These types of trauma must be focused not only as a cause of direct damage to osseous structures, but also of future disturbances of the dentofacial development. Three cases of particular significance for the requested therapeutic approach are reported.
An unusual form of Actinomycosis of the mandible with a resultant gross sequester in a 4-year-old child: a case report
Authors: Ogutcen-Toller Melahat , Alkan Alper , Baris Sancar , Cakir Nilufer
Published: April 2015

Mandibular osteomyelitis due to Actinomyces group is considered rare in the pediatric population. The initial complaint of the 4-year-old child described here was increased swelling of his cheek and pain. The patient was managed successfully by surgical treatment with antibiotic therapy.
Wear of resin-modified glass ionomers : an in vitro study
Authors: Futatsuki Masato , Nozawa Miyuki , Ogata Tetsuro , Nakata Minoru
Published: April 2015

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the wear resistance and clinical applicability of resin-modified glass ionomer cements as restorative or fissure-sealing materials. The in vitro wear of resin-modified glass ionomers was compared to conventional glass ionomers, a resin-based sealant, and a composite resin. A three-body wear test (enamel block - polymethylmethacrylate powder - experimental dental material) was performed by 20,000 cycles with a load of 4kgf/cm2. The depth of wear of the experimental materials was measured and calculated using a computerized laser surface scanner. The glass ionomers generally showed more wear than the resin-based sealant and the composite resin, but there was no difference in wear between resin-modified and conventional glass ionomers. Type III ionomers (used for sealant) showed lower wear resistance than type II ionomers (used for restoration).
Oral diagnosis of Behcet disease in an eleven-year old girl and the non-surgical treatment of her gingival overgrowth caused by Cyclosporine
Authors: Irshied J. , Bimstein E.
Published: April 2015

A case of an eleven-year old girl with Behcet disease is presented. Non-surgical treatment of gingival overgrowth caused by the use of Cyclosporine was successfully treated. This case emphasizes the need for cooperation between the medical and dental professionals and the responsibility of dental professionals to lead the diagnosis of systemic diseases like Behcet.
Histological evaluation of electrosurgery and formocresol pulpotomy techniques in primary teeth in dogs
Authors: El-Meligy Omar , Abdalla Medhat , El-Baraway Sahar , El-Tekya Magda , Dean Jeffrey
Published: April 2015

The purpose of this study was to compare pulpal and periapical tissue reactions to electrosurgery versus formocresol pulpotomy techniques in the primary teeth of dogs. The study was conducted on 33 primary teeth of three mongrel dogs between the ages of one to three months. Each dog had three teeth treated by Formocresol Pulpotomy with Mechanical Coronal Pulp Removal (FC), three teeth treated by Electrosurgery Pulpotomy with Mechanical Coronal Pulp Removal (ES/MCPR), three teeth treated by Electrosurgery Pulpotomy with Electrosurgical Coronal Pulp Removal (ES/ECPR), and two teeth serving as untreated Controls. Dogs one, two and three were sacrificed performing the pulpotomies at two, four and six weeks, respectively. The pulp, periapical tissue and after surrounding bone were submitted to histological examination and the histological reaction was recorded. The results were fourteen out of 18 unfavorable and zero out of three favorable histological reactions occurred in the FC treated teeth. Six out of 18 unfavorable and one out of three favorable histological reactions occurred in the ES/MCPR treated teeth. Nine out of 18 unfavorable and two out of three favorable histological reactions occurred in the ES/ECPR treated teeth. One out of 18 unfavorable and zero out of three favorable histological reactions occurred in the untreated Control teeth. The conclusion of this study is that of the three experimental groups, the teeth treated by Electrosurgery Pulpotomy with either Mechanical or Electrosurgical Coronal Pulp Removal exhibited less histopathological reaction than the teeth treated by Formocresol Pulpotomy.
Bacterial, behavioral and environmental factors associated with early childhood caries
Authors: Ramos-Gomez Francisco , Weintraub Jane , Gansky Stuart , Hoover Charles , Featherstone John
Published: April 2015

The goals of this cross-sectional study were to characterize and compare demographic, behavioral, and environmental factors potentially associated with early childhood caries (ECC) and to assess salivary levels of mutans streptococci (MS) and lactobacilli (LB) in underserved, predominantly Hispanic children. One hundred forty-six children aged 3 to 55 months with a range of caries experience were identified and examined. ECC was primarily associated with the presence of MS and lack of access to dental care. Salivary MS levels among young children with ECC were higher than would be expected in a dentally healthy population, but lower than levels reported among older children at high risk for caries.After adjustment for age, children with log10 MS ≥ 3.0 or log10 LB ≥ 1.5 were about five times as likely (OR=4.9, 95%CI=2.0,12.0) to have ECC than those with lower bacterial levels. This study demonstrated a significant association between relatively low cariogenic bacterial levels and dental caries in infants and toddlers. Antibiotic use, exposure to lead, and anemia were not significantly associated with the number of decayed and filled surfaces or decayed and filled teeth. ECC correlated significantly with child's age and lack of dental insurance of the children, as well as inversely with both family income and the educational level of the mother of the child.
Granular congenital cell tumor in the newborn: a case report
Authors: Belal Mohammad Salem , Ibricevic Hamijeta , Madda John Patrick , Al-therban Waleed
Published: April 2015

This report represents a case of unusual large size congenital granular cell tumor appearing on the maxillary alveolar ridge in a newborn. Positive staining was found for S-100 protein. The authors discuss the clinical picture, histological findings, etiology and treatment of this rare lesion.
Garre's osteomyelitis associated with a fistula: a case report
Authors: Gonçalves Marcelo , Oliveira Daniel Pinto , Oya Edmar Oliveira , Gonçalves Andréa
Published: April 2015

A report of Garre's osteomyelitis of the mandible associated with a fistula is presented. Elimination of pulpal periapical infection through endodontic therapy was shown to be an effective treatment. The total bone healing was observed one year later.
Amelogenesis imperfecta: a scanning electron microscopic and histopathologic study
Authors: Seymen Figen , Kiziltan Basak
Published: April 2015

Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a hereditary defect in enamel formation affecting both primary and permanent dentition. Scanning electron microscopic investigation is one of the most effective methods in diagnosing and identifying the type of amelogenesis imperfecta. The aim of this study was to investigate the ultrastructure of different types of amelogenesis imperfecta enamel. The primary teeth of three children with AI aged 4, 10 and 11-years-old were studied by scanning electron microscopy and irregular enamel, irregularities in enamel crystallites, hypoplastic areas on the enamel surface were seen. Histopathological evaluation revealed predentin areas with irregular canaliculi between normal dentin and internal resorption areas in the pulp tissue. Conclusively, in amelogenesis imperfecta, enamel tissue is mostly affected besides minor defects in dentinal and pulpal tissue.
Trismus in a 6 year old child: a manifestation of leukemia?
Authors: Katz Joseph , Peretz Benjamin
Published: April 2015

Trismus is a firm closing of the jaw due to tonic spasm of the muscles of mastication from disease or the motor branch of the trigeminal nerve. Trismus may be produced by a variety of reasons such as dental abscess, trauma, following mandibular block with local anesthesia, as a result of radiation to the facial muscles, and patients after chemotherapy. A case of a referral of a six-year-old boy to a dentist from an ENT due to severe limitation in jaw opening is presented. Intraoral examination and panoramic radiograph demonstrated no signs of infection and/or other pathology. After a diagnosis of trismus was made, due to his icteric appearance, the general fatigue and loss of appetite in the last few days, palpated and sensitive lymph nodes in the submandibular and cervical regions, the child was referred for a complete blood count and sedimentation rate. The laboratory and clinical findings resulted in the diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Dental and oral manifestations of ALL are discussed, and the trismus may be explained by an intensive infiltration of leukemic cells into the deep portion of the contracting muscles of the face. This case emphasizes the importance of physical examination and independent judgement made by dentists, even when patients are referred to them by other members of the medical communities.
Clinical management of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with anodontia: case report
Authors: Paschos Ekaterini , Huth Karin Christine , Hickel Reinhard
Published: April 2015

Ectodermal dysplasia is a rare hereditary disorder with a characteristic physiognomy. The case of a 5-year-old child with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia and complete anodontia is presented. Because of the anodontia and the need for treatment at an early age, the prosthetic management of such a young child can be difficult. Complete dentures were provided to encourage a normal psychological development and to improve the function of the stomatognathic system.
Complete intrusion of maxillary permanent central incisors
Authors: Erverdi N. , Kargül B.
Published: April 2015

Orthodontic extrusion can be time consuming and has a long retention period, making cooperation a critical factor. On the other hand, it has also been shown that surgical techniques may be useful to extrude and save the root. Surgical methods need at least 3 week for root stabilization in new position. This is a case report of a surgical method to treat intruded teeth.
Management of severe partial hypodontia: case report
Authors: Caldo-Teixeira Angela Scarparo , Puppin-Rontani Regina Maria
Published: April 2015

Hypodontia is characterized by partial or total congenital missing of one or more teeth, on one or both dentitions. Heredity is the main etiological factor and the principal clinical features are reduction on number, size and form of teeth, and late eruption. Removable partial prosthesis, fixed prosthesis, overdentures and adhesive prosthesis are alternative treatments, and the indication is type dependent. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical case of an eleven-year-old child with eight missing permanent teeth of idiopathic etiology.The patient had facial and skeletal symmetry, normal development and was not related to any syndrome. Clinical characteristics: permanent teeth with good periodontal conditions (16, 12, 11, 21, 22, 26, 36, 31, 42, 46), primary teeth (53, 63, 64, 73, 83); overbite and microdontia on teeth 12 and 22. The treatment plan was done initially by documenting of the case for teeth analysis (study casting models, periapicals and panoramic x-rays, and photographs), and followed by the exodontics of teeth 73 and 83.A removable appliance in autocured acrylic resin, using teeth in acrylic for maintenance of functional space and occlusion was planned and carried out.An anterior track for vertical dimension gain was used because of his accentuated overbite. The patient will be monitored until the end of the craniofacial growth, when it will be again evaluated and forwarded for the final oral rehabilitation. Hypodontia diagnosis and management should be performed as early as possible not to interfere with the craniofacial development of the child.
Supernumerary teeth causing impaction of permanent maxillary incisors: consideration of treatment
Authors: Ibricevic H. , Al-Mesad S. , Mustagrudic D. , Al-Zohejry N.
Published: April 2015

The paper presents a discussion on etiology and treatment of maxillary central incisors impactions. Different treatment approaches which advocate teamwork approach, and importance of early diagnosis of such conditions is discussed.
Mortality risks associated with pediatric dental care using general anesthesia in a hospital setting
Authors: Lee Jessica , Roberts Michael
Published: April 2015

The purpose of the present study was to the review the literature and survey the risk of mortality associated with general anesthesia in children in a hospital setting.An 8-item, one page, survey was sent to all (928) southeast regional hospital members of the American Hospital Association (AHA). A response rate of 41% was established. They reported 22,615 dental cases using general anesthesia on children the ages 1 to 6 years and there were no deaths associated with anesthesia reported by responding hospitals. It was concluded that no deaths were reported among more than 22,000 cases over a 10-year period. This provides valuable information on the safety using general anesthesia for pediatric dental care.
Microbiology and management of endodontic infections in children
Authors: Brook Itzhak
Published: April 2015

The first step in the origination of caries is the formation of a dental plaque. Dental caries can lead to destruction of enamel and dentin resulting in bacterial invasion of the pulp. Invasion of the pulp and the periapical areas can promote the development of dento-alveolar abscess and spread of the infection to other anatomical areas. Several oral acid producing aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Actinomyces viscosus, are capable of initiating the carious lesion. The organisms that predominate in pulpitis and dento-alveolar abscess are Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Fusobacterium, and Peptostreptococcus spp. Treatment of caries involves removal of all affected tooth structure and proper replacement with a restorative material. Once pulpitis has developed the infected tissue should be removed and root canal therapy instituted, or the tooth should be extracted. Extraction, root canal therapy and/or drainage of pus usually are indicated for an abscess. Antimicrobial therapy supplementing the dental care should be considered, especially when local or systemic spread of the infection is suspected. Penicillin or amoxicillin are generally effective against most of the aerobic and anaerobic bacteria recovered. The patient whose oral cavity may harbor penicillin-resistant organisms should be considered for treatment with drugs effective against these organisms. These agents include amoxicillin-clavulanate, clindamycin or the combination of metronidazole plus amoxicillin or a macrolide.
Factors influencing the use of behavioral management techniques during child management by dentists
Authors: Folayan M. , Idehen E.
Published: April 2015

Dental anxiety develops from a vicious cycle of bodily arousal from dental stimuli, cognitive interpretation and ineffective coping all working in a runaway feedback loop. Behavioral management strategies (BMT) aim at cognitive reorientation, which results in better compliance with instruction. This paper therefore tried to find out possible factors that influence the effective use of BMT during child dental management during treatment by dental operators in Nigeria. The levels of anxiety pre and post treatment were assessed using the short form of the dental version of the Child Fear Survey Schedule.Also, the type of treatment given to the child, the types and number of behavioral strategies employed during dental management as well as the gender and age of the child were noted. The professional status of the attending dental operator was also noted. Prior to the commencement of the study, the five students in the final year, who were to attend to the children in this study received one week training on the psychological management of dental anxiety in children. Results obtained from the dental operators were compared. The type of treatment received by the child did not significantly affect the dental anxiety score. The number of techniques combined by house officers and senior registrars were significantly higher than would be expected by chance (x2=16.030, P=0.0001 and x2=9.000, P=0.0001 respectively). Combination of techniques was also more frequent during invasive procedures and when dental anxiety levels were high. Combining techniques also tended to decrease dental anxiety more significantly than otherwise. Training has a role to play in the basic and efficient use in the management of the child dental patient. The training of dentists should thus entail the full spectrum (content and instructional effectiveness) of all psychological techniques.
Maximum bite force and related dental status in children with deciduous dentition
Authors: Tsai Hung-Huey
Published: April 2015

Six hundred seventy-six Taiwanese children with deciduous dentition were sampled for maximum bite force and related dental status. Sixty-seven percent of children had at least one decayed tooth. The mean number of decayed teeth of all children was 2.97±3.58, and the mean plaque index of the right maxillary central incisor was 2.00±0.75. Twenty-seven percent of children had occlusal anomalies. Boys had a statistically significantly larger maximum bite force than did girls. Children with normal occlusion had statistically significantly larger maximum bite forces than did children with malocclusion. A statistically positive correlation was found between the number of decayed teeth and the plaque index. However, a statistically negative correlation was found between the number of decayed teeth and the maximum bite force and between the plaque index and the maximum bite force.
Comparison of three different preparation methods in the improvement of sealant retention
Authors: Camacho Castro Laura , Claudia Galvão Ana
Published: April 2015

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of three invasive fissure preparation methods in the retention of sealant on the surfaces of permanent molars. One hundred and eight extracted caries-free human molars were used in this study, which were divided into 3 groups according to the fissure preparation: laser, air abrasion and bur. In addition, each of these three groups was further divided into 2 additional groups to isolate those in which a bonding agent would be used from those in which a bonding agent would not be used. After the accomplishment of the different treatments, samples from all the 6 experimental groups were submitted to two different bond strength tests: (i) shear bond strength test and (ii) tensile bond strength test. Bond strengths were determined by the dividing fracture load and a statistical test ANOVA was used to evaluate significant differences. The results showed that laser improved the sealant retention when compared with air abrasion preparation when the bonding agent was used.The use of bonding agent increased the sealant retention in all methods except for tensile bond strength when air abrasion was used as the preparation method.
Delayed eruption of maxillary permanent central incisors as a consequence of mesiodens: a surgical re-treatment approach
Authors: Simões Moraes Renata , Alfredo Farinhas João , Gleiser Rogerio , Guimarães Primo Laura
Published: April 2015

The presence of mesiodens can cause some clinical problems. This paper reports a case of delayed eruption of permanent central incisors in a nine-year-old male as a consequence of a mesiodens and three surgical approaches prior to the eruption of incisors, which occurred after the third surgery when the crown was exposed and submitted to a gentle luxation.
Orthodontic assisted tooth eruption in a dentigerous cyst: a case report
Authors: Jena Ashok Kumar , Duggal Ritu , Roychoudhury Ajoy , Parkash Hari
Published: April 2015

In an orthodontic practice, it is common to deal with impacted teeth, which are one of the most difficult situations dealt with by dentists. This case report describes the surgical and orthodontic management of the impacted teeth in a large dentigerous cyst. In the initial stage of treatment, the cyst was marsupialized over 7 months. After decompression of the cyst, spontaneous eruptions of the impacted tooth were noticed. Then, they were orthodontically brought into the proper occlusion.
Clinical evaluation of three different materials used as pit and fissure sealant
Authors: Pardi Vanessa , Pereira Antonio Carlos , Ambrosano Gláucia Maria Bovi , Meneghim Marcelo de Castro
Published: April 2015

To evaluate the retention and caries experience effects of three different materials used as fissure sealants after 24 months of clinical application: a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (A), a flowable resin composite (B) and a compomer (C). One hundred and seventeen (117) teeth were sealed with material A, 119 teeth with material B and 120 teeth with material C. Children were randomly assigned. Each one received only one of the materials studied. Plaque index, dmft score and socioeconomic level were scored at baseline. The clinical exams were conducted 6,12 and 24 months after application of the sealant. Statistical analysis (Kruskal-Wallis) revealed that there were statistically significant differences between the retention rates of groups A and B and between groups B and C after 2 years, with material B showing better results. After 2 years, 3.1% of the teeth of group A, 4.3% of group B and 6.7% of group C were Carious+Filled. There was no evidence of association between caries presence after 2 years and plaque index, dmft score and socioeconomic level. These results suggest that flowable resin composite had a satisfactory retention after this period of evaluation and all three materials were effective on occlusal caries prevention.

J Clin Pediatr Dent 29(2): 133-138,2005
Panoramic radiographs
Authors: Abu Alhaija Elham S.J.
Published: April 2015

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of panoramic radiographs to measure mandibular inclination and steepness. Standardized panoramic and lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken for 95 subjects (46 females, mean age 12.4 ± 1.2 years; 49 males, mean age 12.1 ± 1.3 years). Mandibular inclination from panoramic radiograph was measured using gonial angle formed by the tangents of the lower border of the mandible and the distal border of the ascending ramus and the condyle.

A correlation test was performed to check for similarity between the measurements. The mean values for the gonial angle were 127.3 ± 6.2 and 125.7 ± 6.5 degrees measured from the panoramic and cephalometric radiographs respectively. A high correlation between the measurements taken from both radiographs was found (r=0.83, P<0.001). Panoramic radiographs are a useful tool for the measurement of gonial angle, which is an indicator of manibular steepness and subsequently mandibular growth direction. The ability to determine growth direction from the orthopantomogram will be useful because majority of dentists request an OPG for patients during routine dental examination. This will enable the dental professional to spot vertical growth problems using a readily available tool.

J Clin Pediatr Dent 29(2): 165-166,2005
A case of an unerupted maxillary central incisor for indirect trauma localized horizontally on the anterior nasal spine
Authors: Cozza P. , Mucedero M. , Ballanti F. , De Toffol L.
Published: April 2015

The present paper emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis of retarded eruption because of trauma and the plan for the surgical management of impacted teeth. The permanent incisor was localized horizontally on the nasal spine and the roots seemed to be in a retarded stage of formation beside of contralateral tooth. The treatment plan consisted in the valuation of the necessity of space to move the impacted incisor in the normal position and the biomechanical approach for the anchorage.
Caries risk in children: determined by levels of mutans streptococci and Lactobaccilus
Authors: Aguilera Galaviz Luis Alejandro , Premoli Gloria , Gonzalez Anajulia , Rodriguez Rafael Aguilar
Published: April 2015

Lactobacullus sp. and S. mutans are microorganisms with cariogenic capacity, however, their presence do not determine the presence of dental caries.We evaluated the relationship between the presence of Lactobacillus sp. and S. mutans and dental caries in a schoolchildren population. The relation PIDMFT have a value of significance p = 0.001489. In dental caries risk evaluation, the S. mutans and Lactobacillus sp. detection in saliva is a good predictor and contributing to the caries development.
Composite resin bond strength to primary dentin prepared with ER, CR: YSSG laser
Authors: Sung Eric , Chenard Torin , Caputo Angelo , Amodeo Michael , Chung Evelyn , Rizoiu Ioana
Published: April 2015

This in vitro study evaluated the shear bond strength of a hybrid composite resin bonded to primary dentin prepared with an Er,Cr:YSGG hydrokinetic laser compared to conventional bur prepared primary dentin. The results suggest that primary dentin surfaces treated with the Er,Cr:YSGG laser, with or without etching, may provide comparable or increased composite resin bond strengths depending upon bonding agent used.
Ectodermal dysplasia—an unusual dental presentation
Authors: Ryan F , Mason C , Harper J
Published: April 2015

Ectodermal dysplasia (ED) is a rare group of disorders affecting the hair, teeth, nails and sweat glands to a variable degree. There is a wide range of clinical presentation of ED. Missing teeth or abnormal tooth form may be the first indicator of the presence of the disorder. There is typically hypodontia with microdontia.We present an unusual case of ED with severe hypodontia and macrodontia affecting all first permanent molar teeth.We also consider the classification and presentation of this disorder.