bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early Use of Beta-Blockers Is Associated with Attenuation of Serum C-Reactive Protein Elevation and Favorable Short-Term Prognosis after Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Anzai Toshihisa , Yoshikawa Tsutomu , Takahashi Toshiyuki , Maekawa Yuichiro , Okabe Teruo , Asakura Yasushi , Satoh Toru , Mitamura Hideo , Ogawa Satoshi
Published: April 2003

Background: We have reported that a marked elevation in serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level is a predictor for infarct expansion and cardiac rupture after AMI. Although β-blockers prevent cardiac rupture after AMI, their effect on serum CRP elevation has not been determined. Methods: We studied a total of 154 patients with first Q-wave AMI. Patients complicated by pump failure were excluded from this study. Eighty-two patients received β-blocker treatment within 24 h of the onset of AMI, while 72 patients received no β-blocker treatment. Peak serum creatine kinase (CK) and CRP levels were determined by serial measurements. Results: There was no difference between the groups according to age, sex, coronary risk factors, pre-infarction angina, infarct site, prior use of cardiovascular drugs, use of revascularization therapy, and prevalence of multivessel disease. β-Blocker treatment was associated with a lower peak CRP level (6.9 ± 6.1 vs.10.8 ± 9.3 mg/dl, p = 0.002), a shorter duration from the onset to the peak CRP level (2 ± 1 vs. 3 ± 2 days, p < 0.0001), a lower incidence of cardiac rupture (p = 0.03) and lower in-hospital cardiac mortality (p = 0.02), despite similar peak CK levels. Conclusion: The early use of β-blockers is associated with decreased serum CRP level and a favorable clinical outcome after first Q-wave AMI, suggesting some beneficial effects of β-blockers on infarct healing after AMI.
Myocardial Angiogenesis Resulting in Functional Communications with the Left Cavity Induced by Intramyocardial High-Frequency Ablation: Histomorphology of Immediate and Long-Term Effects in Pigs
Authors: Dietz Ulrich , Horstick Georg , Manke Tobias , Otto Mike , Eick Olaf , Kirkpatrick C. James , Meyer Jürgen , Darius Harald
Published: April 2003

A previous study in rabbit hearts demonstrated the feasibility of creating transmyocardial channels by application of temperature-regulated high-frequency (HF) energy. Feasibility of creating non-transmural channels using a transvascular approach was tested in 14 pigs which were followed for 1 h, and 3 and 9 weeks (group A, B and C). Myocardial channels were found to be highly reproducible and patent in more than two thirds in group A. Channels were replaced by connective tissue during follow-up which contained newly formed small vessels. A functional communication between the left ventricular cavum and newly formed vessels of the channel remnants could be demonstrated in one heart of group C. Thus, intramyocardial HF ablation can be performed with high reproducibility to induce local angiogenesis.
Significant Risk of a Second Melanoma in Patients with a History of Melanoma but No Further Predisposing Factors
Authors: Nashan Dorothee , Kocer Burak , Schiller Meinhard , Luger Thomas , Grabbe Stephan
Published: April 2003

It is a well-accepted fact that melanoma patients are prone to develop further melanomas. In a cohort of 535 melanoma patients, we determined the incidence of second melanomas, as well as risk factors known to be associated with melanoma development. A retrospective analysis of patients regularly consulting our melanoma care unit revealed second or even further melanomas in 5.6% (n = 30). When compared to the overall population, melanoma patients have at least a 30-fold increased risk for the development of a second melanoma. Twenty of these 30 patients revealed none of the known predisposing conditions for multiple melanomas.
Cutaneous Granulomas Associated with Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma
Authors: Higaki Yuko , Mizushima Junichi , Kawashima Makoto , Motoji Toshiko , Mizoguchi Hideaki
Published: April 2003

A 59-year-old Japanese woman showed recurrent violaceous, indurated erythemas and papules on the buttocks and extremities for a period of 7 years. The lesions showed histologically epithelioid cell granulomas associated with lymphocytes. After 7 years, the patient developed adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), of the acute type, the course of which was fatal. Immunohistochemical staining of the skin sections of granulomatous lesions showed prominent infiltration of CD25-positive cells. Human T-lymphotropic virus type I proviral DNA and monoclonal T-cell receptor β gene rearrangement were detected in the skin samples by a retrospectively performed gene analysis. We believe that the patient initially had an unusual cutaneous type of ATL in which granulomas occurred as a host-protective response against ATL progression.
Chronic Pemphigoid gestationis: Comparative Clinical and Immunopathological Study of 10 Patients
Authors: Boulinguez Serge , Bédane Christophe , Prost Catherine , Bernard Philippe , Labbé Laurence , Bonnetblanc Jean Marie
Published: April 2003

Background: Pemphigoid gestationis (PG) is a rare autoimmune bullous disorder occurring during the last trimester of pregnancy and usually regressive within 3 months after delivery. Prolonged forms of the disease lasting more than 6 months after delivery have been reported as chronic PG. Objective: The aim of the present study was to compare the clinical and immunopathological findings between 4 patients presenting a normal regression of the disease after delivery and 6 patients with a chronic course. Methods: All patients were evaluated and studied by clinical patterns (age, mucosal and cutaneous involvement, obstetrical history, duration of the blistering disease and response to treatment), by direct and indirect immunofluorescence and Western blot. Eight patients were studied by immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) and 3 patients had an indirect IEM. Results: Patients with chronic PG were older, had multigravidity, a history of PG during previous pregnancies, widespread cutaneous eruption and mucosal involvement. Subclass analysis of circulating autoantibodies showed an IgG1 anti-BP180 response in all patients except 1 with disease of 7 years’ duration. Direct IEM was positive in 6/8 patients showing a labeling of the lamina lucida, and indirect IEM using colloidal gold probes confirmed the localization of the target antigens to the proximal part of the anchoring filaments in the lamina lucida. Conclusion: This study suggests that, even in chronic long-lasting PG, IgG1 remains the predominant subtype of IgG. Therefore no biological and predictable marker of chronicity can be ascertained from this series.
Microbiological Aspects of Diaper Dermatitis
Authors: Ferrazzini G. , Kaiser R.R. , Hirsig Cheng S.-K. , Wehrli M. , Della Casa V. , Pohlig G. , Gonser S. , Graf F. , Jörg W.
Published: April 2003

Background: The microbiological basis of diaper dermatitis is not clearly elucidated, although a better knowledge of microbial colonisation can be of importance with regard to an adequate treatment. Objective: To investigate the relevance of Candida sp. and Staphylococcus aureus colonisation in diaper dermatitis and to determine the correlation between the extent of colonisation and the severity of disease. Methods: Growth of Candida sp. and S. aureus in the perianal, inguinal and oral regions was determined by positive/negative and semi-quantitative analysis in an open, multi-centre (n = 3) study. Forty-eight children with healthy skin and 28 with diaper dermatitis were analysed. The severity of diaper dermatitis was assessed using a total symptoms score. Results: Colonisation by Candida sp. was significantly more frequent in children with diaper dermatitis as compared to those with healthy skin (perianal 75 vs. 19%; inguinal 50 vs. 10%; oral 68 vs. 25%, p < 0.0003), whereas colonisation by S. aureus at the 3 swab locations was not different (p > 0.34). There was a highly significant, positive correlation between severity of disease and extent of Candida sp. colonisation at all swab locations. Conclusions: Limited microbial colonisation in diaper dermatitis is of questionable relevance, but extensive colonisation seems to aggravate the symptoms; therefore, we suggest that semi-quantitative evaluation should be preferred to the positive/negative assessment for a differential diagnosis.
Steroidogenic Isoenzymes in Human Hair and Their Potential Role in Androgenetic Alopecia
Authors: Hoffmann Rolf
Published: April 2003

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common type of hair loss. The relatively strong concordance of the degree of baldness in fathers and sons is not consistent with a simple Mendelian trait, and a polygenic basis is considered to be most likely. So far, the predisposing genes for AGA are unknown and we do not understand the molecular steps involved in androgen-dependent beard growth versus androgen-dependent hair loss, but AGA can be defined as a dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-dependent process with continuous miniaturization of sensitive hair follicles. The type 2 5α-reductase plays a central role by the intrafollicular conversion of testosterone to DHT. However, due to the increasing knowledge in this field, we now know that there are many more steroidogenic enzymes involved in the onset and development of AGA, and this article shall provide a critical overview of recent discoveries.
Interaction of the H63D Mutation in the Hemochromatosis Gene with the Apolipoprotein E Epsilon 4 Allele Modulates Age at Onset of Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Combarros Onofre , García-Román Marisa , Fontalba Ana , Fernández-Luna José Luis , Llorca Javier , Infante Jon , Berciano José
Published: April 2003

The H63D mutation in the hemochromatosis gene (HFE) has recently been considered as a risk factor in Alzheimer`s disease (AD) with advancing age at onset of the disease, independently of the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) Ε4 allele effect. We examined the distribution of the H63D mutation and ApoE genotypes as a function of age at AD onset in 328 patients with sporadic AD. Our data show that the mutant H63D allele potentially interacts with the ApoE Ε4 allele to significantly reduce age at onset of AD compared to ApoE Ε4 carriers alone, but has no effect on age at onset in ApoE Ε4 non-carriers.
Neuropsychological Profile of Patients with Parkinson’s Disease without Dementia
Authors: Janvin Carmen , Aarsland Dag , Larsen Jan P. , Hugdahl Kenneth
Published: April 2003

Cognitive deficits are often associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD), although their prevalence in PD patients without dementia is still unknown. In order to describe the neuropsychological profile of PD patients without dementia, a sample of 103 PD patients was compared with a control group consisting of 38 healthy elderly subjects. Psychometric assessment consisted of the Mini Mental State Examination, the Dementia Rating Scale and a battery of neuropsychological tests. The Beck Depression Inventory was used to assess depression in PD patients. Dementia was diagnosed in 27 patients. Among non-demented subjects, 34 (45%) had no cognitive impairment and 42 (55%) had a mild cognitive impairment. Subjects with mild cognitive impairment were older, had a later onset of the disease, and more severe motor symptoms than cognitively intact subjects. Identification of mild cognitive impairment is important, since these symptoms are important for patient management and may also facilitate to determine prognosis.
Ceramide 1-Phosphate Formation in Neutrophils
Authors: Rile Ge , Yatomi Yutaka , Takafuta Toshiro , Ozaki Yukio
Published: April 2003

In this study, we examined the metabolism of [3H]N-hexanoylsphingosine [C6-ceramide (Cer)] in neutrophils, erythrocytes, platelets and mononuclear cells. [3H]C6-Cer, exogenously added and incorporated into the inside of the cell, was found to be converted to other radioactive sphingolipids in these differentiated blood cells, except erythrocytes, which were unable to metabolize C6-Cer. Only in neutrophils was a specific radioactive band, comigrating with a standard C6-Cer 1-phosphate (C6-Cer-1-P) on thin layer chromatography, observed in a time-dependent manner. This metabolite was confirmed to be C6-Cer-1-P by its sensitivity to acid treatment and resistance to mild alkaline hydrolysis. Neutrophil [3H]C6-Cer conversion into [3H]C6-Cer-1-P, reflecting Cer kinase activity, was not affected by cell stimulation. Furthermore, extracellular release of [3H]C6-Cer-1-P was not observed either. Exogenous addition of C8-Cer-1-P failed to induce intracellular Ca2+ mobilization or affect the response induced by the formyl peptide. Furthermore, neutrophil morphology was not affected by C8-Cer-1-P. Although specific expression of Cer kinase suggests an important role for Cer-1-P in neutrophils, its functional role(s) remain to be clarified.
Microglia in the Human Nervous System during Development
Authors: Rezaie Payam
Published: April 2003

Microglia are the principal resident mononuclear phagocytes of the central nervous system (CNS). They are representatives of the immune system intrinsic to this organ. These cells are morphologically, phenotypically and functionally distinct from other populations of mononuclear phagocytes associated with the CNS, such as perivascular macrophages, supraependymal macrophages, epiplexus cells of the choroid plexus and meningeal macrophages. While the origin of microglia has been the subject of controversy for many years, the prevailing view holds that they are derived from mesenchyme (mesodermal elements) or from circulating blood mononuclear progenitors (monocytes) that penetrate the nervous tissues early in development. This article will review the location, distribution, morphology and phenotype of microglia in the developing human CNS. Potential functional roles for microglia are discussed in relation to developmental events.
Cytogenetic analysis of California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) chromosomes: comparison with chicken (Gallus gallus) macrochromosomes
Authors: Raudsepp T. , Houck M.L. , O’Brien P.C. , Ferguson-Smith M.A. , Ryder O.A. , Chowdhary B.P.
Published: April 2003

The California condor is the largest flying bird in North America and belongs to a group of New World vultures. Recovering from a near fatal population decline, and currently with only 197 extant individuals, the species remains listed as endangered. Very little genetic information exists for this species, although sexing methods employing chromosome analysis or W-chromosome specific amplification is routinely applied for the management of this monomorphic species. Keeping in mind that genetic conditions like chondrodystrophy have been identified, preliminary steps were undertaken in this study to understand the genome organization of the condor. This included an extensive cytogenetic analysis that provided (i) a chromosome number of 80 (with a likelihood of an extra pair of microchromosomes), and (ii) information on the centromeres, telomeres and nucleolus organizer regions. Further, a comparison between condor and chicken macrochromosomes was obtained by using individual chicken chromosome specific paints 1–9 and Z and W on condor metaphase spreads. Except for chromosomes 4 and Z, each of the chicken (GGA) macrochromosomes painted a single condor (GCA) macrochromosome. GGA4 paint detected complete homology with two condor chromosomes, viz., GCA4 and GCA9 providing additional proof that the latter are ancestral chromosomes in the birds. The chicken Z chromosome showed correspondence with both Z and W in the condor. The homology suggests that the condor sex chromosomes have not completely differentiated during evolution, which is unlike the majority of the non-ratites studied up till now. Overall, the study provides detailed cytogenetic and basic comparative information on condor chromosomes. These findings significantly advance the effort to study the chondrodystrophy that is responsible for over ten percent mortality in the condor.
Characterization of the region containing the jcpk PKD gene on mouse Chromosome 10
Authors: Price S.J. , Chittenden L.R. , Flaherty L. , O’Dell B. , Guay-Woodford L.M. , Stubbs L. , Bryda E.C.
Published: April 2003

The jcpk gene on mouse Chromosome 10 causes a severe, early onset form of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) when inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. In order to positionally clone this gene, high resolution genetic and radiation hybrid maps were generated along with a detailed physical map of the approximately 500-kb region containing the jcpk gene. Additionally, sixty-nine kidney-specific ESTs were evaluated as candidates for jcpk and subsequently localized throughout the mouse genome by radiation hybrid mapping analysis. Previous studies indicating non-complementation of the jcpk mutation and 67Gso, a new PKD translocation mutant had suggested that 67Gso represents a new allele of jcpk. Fluoresence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis using key bacterial artificial chromosome clones from the jcpk critical region, refined the 67Gso breakpoint and provided support for the allelism of jcpk and 67Gso.
Construction of a dense comparative map between human chromosome 1p36→p35 and swine chromosome 6 by using human sequence-tagged sites
Authors: Kiuchi S. , Chen Y.Z. , Uenishi H. , Hayashi T. , Soeda E. , Yasue H.
Published: April 2003

Construction of a comprehensive comparative map between swine and human chromosomes is a prerequisite, in order to select candidate swine genes for traits from the human genome database as well as to understand the evolutionary process of the two species. The present study attempted to use 910 sequence-tagged sites (STSs) localized in human chromosome (HSA) 1p36→p35 (35 Mbp) for radiation hybrid (RH) mapping to swine chromosomes (SSCs). Out of the 910 STSs subjected to amplification of swine orthologues, primer pairs for 13 STSs were found to amplify the respective orthologues and the STSs were assigned to SSCs. Eleven STSs were assigned to SSC6 in the same order as that in HSA1: SSC6cen–(SHGC–150)–(A006H31)–(X82877)–(A007E03)–(IB404)–(stGDB:371372)–(stSG31658)–(A009Q18)–(stSG14201/A009C01)–(H08335)–qter. One of the remaining two STSs, WI-20819, was assigned to SSCX, and the other, R91D18R, was not linked to any first-generation markers of the IMpRH map with a lod score greater than 3.
Identification of the human ortholog of the t-complex-encoded protein TCTE3 and evaluation as a candidate gene for primary ciliary dyskinesia
Authors: Neesen J. , Drenckhahn J.-D. , Tiede S. , Burfeind P. , Grzmil M. , Konietzko J. , Dixkens C. , Kreutzberger J. , Laccone F. , Omran H.
Published: April 2003

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a heterogeneous autosomal recessive disease that is caused by impaired ciliary and flagellar functions. About 50% of PCD patients show situs inversus, denoted as Kartagener syndrome. In most cases, axonemal defects in cilia and sperm tails can be demonstrated by electron microscopy, i.e. PCD patients often lack inner and/or outer dynein arms in their sperm tails and cilia, supporting the hypothesis that mutations in dynein genes may cause PCD. In order to identify novel PCD genes we have isolated the human ortholog of the murine Tcte3 gene. The human TCTE3 gene encodes a dynein light chain and shares high similarity to dynein light chains of other species. The TCTE3 gene is expressed in tissues containing cilia or flagella, it is composed of four exons and located on chromosome 6q25→q27. To elucidate the role of TCTE3 as a candidate gene for PCD a mutational analysis of thirty-six PCD patients was performed. We detected five polymorphisms in the coding sequence and in the 5′ UTR of the TCTE3 gene. In one patient a heterozygous nucleotide exchange was identified resulting in an arginine to isoleucine substitution at the amino acid level. However, this exchange was also detected in one control DNA. Our results indicate that mutations in the TCTE3 gene are not a main cause of primary ciliary dyskinesia.
A radiation hybrid map of the X-chromosome of the dog (Canis familiaris)
Authors: Everts R.E. , van Wolferen M.E. , Versteeg S.A. , Zijlstra C. , Engelen J.J.M. , Bosma A.A. , Rothuizen J. , van Oost B.A.
Published: April 2003

The dog serves as an animal model for several human diseases including X-chromosome diseases. Although the canine X-chromosome is one of the largest chromosomes in the dog, only a few markers have been mapped to it to date. Using a commercially available canine whole genome radiation hybrid (RH) panel we have localized 14 microsatellite markers, 18 genes and 13 STSs on the canine X-chromosome, extending the total number of mapped markers to 45 covering an estimated 830 cR. Out of these 45 markers, seven distinct groups of markers could be established with an average spacing of 18.8 cR3000 and ten markers remained unlinked. Using FISH analysis, six markers could be mapped physically to the p- or q-arm of the X-chromosome. Combined with the FISH mapping, three RH groups could be assigned to the p-arm and two RH groups to the q-arm. Comparison with the human X-chromosome map revealed conserved synteny up to 234 cR (TIMP1–ALAS2–AR–IL2RG–XIST). We show here that the similarity of the canine and human X-chromosomes is the largest for any mammalian species beyond the primates.
Ocular Complications of the Fernand-Widal Triad and Its Therapy
Authors: Martin Xavier D. , Duvoisin Bertrand
Published: April 2003

Background: The Fernand-Widal triad (FWT) is the association of non-allergic intrinsic asthma, nasal polyposis and sensitivity to Aspirin®. The aim of this paper is to describe the possibility of ocular complications, which we found in 3 cases: in 1 case due to the FWT itself and in the other 2 as a result of corticosteroid treatment. Methods: Three cases of the FWT with ocular complications were studied, and the pertinent literature was reviewed. Results: No previous description of ocular involvement in individuals with FWT was found in the literature. In the first case, episodes of orbital cellulitis due to superinfected nasal polyposis were found as a complication produced by the disease. In the other 2 cases, corticosteroid treatment created complications: ocular hypertension in both cases and bilateral subcapsular cataracts in 1 case. Conclusions: Although not rare, the diagnosis of the FWT is often missed. This perhaps explains why no report of ocular complications has yet been published in the literature. Because of the serious clinical consequences, physicians involved in the treatment of these patients should be aware of this diagnosis.
Familial High Myopia Linkage to Chromosome 18p
Authors: Lam Dennis S.C. , Tam Pancy O.S. , Fan Dorothy S.P. , Baum Larry , Leung Yuk-fai , Pang Chi Pui
Published: April 2003

A locus for autosomal dominant high myopia was reported on chromosome 18p. We sought to confirm this finding and narrow the reported interval by analyzing high myopia among families of Hong Kong Chinese, in whom myopia is common. In 15 families with a possibly autosomal dominant inheritance of high myopia (≧–6 dpt) in at least 2 generations, 10 chromosome 18p markers were analyzed for linkage with high myopia. Two-point linkage analysis showed trends toward linkage of markers D18S476 and D18S62 with high myopia, with maximum logarithm of odds (LOD) scores of at least 1.1 and 1.7, respectively. Multipoint analysis of those 2 markers gave a maximum LOD score of at least 2.1. To attempt to account for likely genetic heterogeneity, 5 families showing evidence of linkage of the 2 markers with high myopia were selected for further multipoint linkage analysis, resulting in a maximum LOD score of 2.4 at D18S476. While multiple genetic and environmental factors likely contribute to myopia, these data are consistent with the possibility of a locus on chromosome 18p.
Surgical Management of Epiretinal Membrane with Indocyanine-Green-Assisted Peeling
Authors: Sorcinelli Rolando
Published: April 2003

Purpose: To evaluate the surgical results of pars plana vitrectomy with peeling of the inner limiting membrane (ILM) in a preliminary series of 28 eyes with macular epiretinal membrane (ERM). Methods: Pars plana vitrectomy with peeling of the ERM was performed on 28 eyes. All preretinal macular tissues were removed including the ILM after injection of indocyanine green (ICG) solution. Results: Postoperatively visual acuity improved within 3 months by at least 2 lines in 26 eyes. Neither the deterioration of the macula nor the recurrence of the ERM was observed during the entire period of review (6 months; range 4–8 months). Conclusions: Vitrectomy including ICG-assisted peeling of the ERM leads to an expedited resolution of the macular pucker and improvement of visual acuity, without subsequent formation of ERMs.
Interaction of Intraocular Lenses with Various Concentrations of Silicone Oil: An Experimental Study
Authors: Öner F. Hakan , Saatci Osman A. , Sarioğlu Sülen , Durak İsmet , Kaynak Süleyman , Çabuk Metin
Published: April 2003

The aim of this study was to evaluate the interaction between various widely used intraocular lenses (IOLs) and silicone oils of different viscosities. Four groups of IOLs, including monoblock foldable hydrophilic acrylic IOLs (Morcher, type 92s); monoblock hydrophobic acrylic IOLs (Acrysof®-SA60AT, Alcon); single-piece rigid polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) IOLs (Intraocular Optical International-IOI-65130) and a three-piece foldable silicone optic IOL (CeeOn® Edge 911A, Pharmacia UpJohn) were analyzed in vitro to determine the percentage adherence 1,000-centistoke, 1,300-centistoke or 5,000-centistokes silicone oil on the IOL optic. For each IOL type, there was no statistically significant difference in the mean silicone oil coverage (MSC) of the IOL optics for the different viscosities of silicone oil. Silicone IOLs had the highest MSC percentage (79.9%) whereas hydrophilic acrylic IOLs were the least silicone-covered IOLs (7.8%) compared to the other IOL types tested in this study. It is not the concentration of silicone oil that affects silicone oil coverage. When performing small-incision cataract surgery in patients who may require silicone oil injection, foldable hydrophilic acrylic or hydrophobic acrylic lenses should be preferred over standard foldable silicone lenses.
Comparison of Endothelial Cell Count Using Confocal and Contact Specular Microscopy
Authors: Klais Christina M.C. , Bühren Jens , Kohnen Thomas
Published: April 2003

Precise examination of the corneal endothelium has become increasingly important due to the growing number of intraocular and corneal procedures. The purpose of this study was to compare prospectively the corneal endothelial cell count in normal eyes obtained by confocal and specular microscopy. Central corneal endothelial cell densities of 42 eyes from 42 patients were measured by confocal and contact specular microscopy. Endothelial cells were analyzed with the same software in a manual, an automated and a semi-automated mode. The mean endothelial cell density obtained by confocal microscopy was (in the manual, automated and semi-automated modes) 3,069 ± 285, 2,791 ± 344 and 3,077 ± 286 cells/mm2, and obtained by specular microscopy 3,076 ± 298, 2,796 ± 271 and 3,082 ± 282 cells/m2, respectively. No statistically significant difference of endothelial cell density between confocal and specular microscopy was found. Endothelial cell count was significantly lower in the automated than in the semi-automated and manual analysis both with confocal and with specular microscopy. In conclusion, endothelial cell count measurements with confocal and contact specular microscopy are comparable.
Topical Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Therapy in Ophthalmology
Authors: Schalnus Rainer , Schalnus Rainer
Published: April 2003

Topically applied nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used in the management and prevention of ocular inflammation and cystoid macular edema related to cataract surgery and the maintenance of mydriasis during cataract surgery. Other common uses are the reduction of discomfort after refractive surgery or in allergic conjunctivitis. NSAIDs primarily act as cyclooxygenase inhibitors and thus reduce the formation of endogenous PGs. Today, several NSAIDs are commercially available: diclofenac, flurbiprofen, indomethacin, ketorolac and suprofen. At present the ophthalmologist has to make a decision between the use of topical corticosteroids, with their potential adverse effects, or of topical NSAIDs, with their possibly increased benefit, unknown effect on ocular pressure, wound healing and corneal tissue, higher costs and limited track record. However, the improvement of surgical techniques might support an increasing use of NSAIDs in the future. Preoperative anti-inflammatory treatment should be considered in eyes at a higher risk of developing severe postoperative inflammatory reactions. This decision has to be made carefully and has to be guided by the clinical circumstances, the spectrum of diagnosis and the individual benefit-risk ratio of each patient.
Effect of Heavy Increase in Training Stress on the Plasma Leptin Concentration in Highly Trained Male Rowers
Authors: Mäestu Jarek , Jürimäe Jaak , Jürimäe Toivo
Published: April 2003

Aim: To characterize the effects of a heavy increase in training stress followed by a reduced stress on fasting plasma leptin levels in highly trained male rowers. Methods: 12 rowers underwent a 3-week period of maximally increased training stress followed by a 2-week tapering period. Results: A mean 22% increase in training stress caused a significant decrease (by 8%) in the leptin concentrations. A further increase in training stress by 25% significantly reduced leptin further by 35%. A 1st tapering week, during which the training stress was rapidly reduced by approximately 50%, significantly increased the plasma leptin concentrations by 29%. Plasma leptin was significantly increased further (by 4%) during the 2nd tapering week. Conclusion: Leptin is sensitive to pronounced changes in training stress in highly trained male rowers.
The Serum Concentration of Estradiol after Embryo Transfer and the Decline from Preovulatory Levels May Influence the Success of IVF Treatment
Authors: Vanderlelie J. , Bell K. , Perkins A.V.
Published: April 2003

Aim: To establish the influence that serum estradiol concentrations prior to oocyte retrieval and 3 days after embryo transfer have on the establishment of in vitro fertilization (IVF) pregnancy. Method: Preovulatory (day-0) and luteal-phase (day-6) estradiol concentrations were retrospectively analyzed in 310 infertile patients, undertaking 1st-cycle conventional IVF or intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Results: The IVF treatment success is significantly reduced in patients with an estradiol level <600 pg/ml and also when a rapid decline in luteal-phase estradiol concentrations from preovulatory concentrations (day 0:day 6 ratio) was exhibited. Conclusion: A day 0:day 6 estradiol ratio >5 and a serum estradiol concentration <600 pg/ml may adversely impact on the establishment of pregnancy in IVF.
Insight, Social Knowledge and Working Memory in Schizophrenia
Authors: Upthegrove Rachel , Oyebode Femi , George Mohan , Haque M. Sayeed
Published: April 2003

Background: There is evidence that insight and social judgements are impaired in schizophrenia. The influence of these factors on the decision to treat compulsorily in schizophrenia is poorly understood. Aims: To investigate the contribution of insight, social knowledge, and working memory to the determination to treat coercively in schizophrenia. Method: Insight rating scale, social knowledge questionnaire and working memory tests were administered to detained patients with schizophrenia. Results were compared with those of a control group of voluntary in-patients with schizophrenia. Results: Detained patients scored worse on insight and social knowledge, yet there was no significant correlation between these scores. There was no significant difference in severity of psychopathology between the experimental and control groups. Results for working memory were inconclusive. Conclusion: Insight and social knowledge are significantly, but independently, associated with the determination to treat coercively in schizophrenia. This suggests that insight and social knowledge are distinct skills. The contribution of working memory remains unclear.
Attachment and Panic Disorder
Authors: Pacchierotti Claudia , Bossini Letizia , Castrogiovanni Andrea , Pieraccini Fulvio , Soreca Isabella , Castrogiovanni Paolo
Published: April 2003

A dysfunctional relationship between parents and children can influence cognitive and emotional development and contribute to the development of psychiatric disorders, particularly panic disorder (PD). With the aim of exploring childhood experiences of parenting in PD patients, we compared subjectively perceived climate and objective recall by administering the Parental Bonding Instrument and 10 adjunctive items to 22 out-patients and 22 matched controls. Our analysis showed that DSM-III-R-diagnosed PD patients reported their parents to be significantly less caring than did the control group, while there was no significant difference in objective recall of parenting experiences.
Selective Decreases in Amphetamine Self-Administration and Regulation of Dopamine Transporter Function in Diabetic Rats
Authors: Galici Ruggero , Galli Aurelio , Jones David J. , Sanchez Teresa A. , Saunders Christine , Frazer Alan , Gould Georgianna G. , Lin Richard Z. , France Charles P.
Published: April 2003

The dopamine transporter (DAT) regulates extracellular dopamine DA levels and is an important site of action for amphetamine and cocaine. Amphetamine and cocaine increase extracellular levels of DA by acting on the DAT; thus, variations in DAT binding sites or activity might influence the action of some drugs of abuse. It was hypothesized that streptozotocin-induced diabetes decreases amphetamine self-administration and that this behavioral change is accompanied by changes in DAT function. Separate groups of male rats responded to receive either amphetamine (0.03 mg/kg/infusion), cocaine (0.25 mg/kg/infusion), or food before and for 7 days after receiving streptozotocin. Rats were sacrificed and [3H]DA uptake and [3H]WIN 35,428 binding were measured in the striatum. In a second study, rats could self-administer one of several different doses of amphetamine (0.01–0.178 mg/kg/infusion) before and after receiving streptozotocin. In streptozotocin-treated rats, a marked decrease in staining for insulin in pancreatic sections was paralleled by a more than doubling in blood glucose levels. Streptozotocin significantly decreased the number of amphetamine infusions without changing the number of cocaine infusions or food pellets received. Streptozotocin increased DA uptake (Vmax) 1.6- or 2.4-fold in rats that responded for food or amphetamine and increased 3-fold the Km for DA only in rats that responded for food; however, [3H]WIN 35,428 binding was not changed in any rat. In the second study, streptozotocin only decreased amphetamine self-administration thereby supporting the view that streptozotocin does not simply decrease the potency of amphetamine. These results demonstrate a selective decrease in amphetamine self-administration in diabetic rats that was associated with increased DAT function in the striatum. Collectively, these studies suggest that insulin pathways in the brain may play an important role in regulating DAT activity and amphetamine action.
Feasibility of Sentinel Lymph Node Radiolocalization in Neck Node-Negative Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients
Authors: Kohno Naoyuki , Ohno Yoshihiro , Kihara Keiichi , Kitahara Satoshi , Tamura Etsuyo , Tanabe Tetsuya , Kosuda Shigeru
Published: April 2003

We examined the reliability of the use of lymphoscintigraphy (LS) and a hand-held gamma probe (GP) to identify the sentinel lymph node (SLN), and sequentially determined the feasibility of SLN radiolocalization in clinical neck node-negative oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) patients. A radiolabel with the unfiltered 99mTc tin colloid was injected submucosally around the primary site followed by LS at 2-hour intervals. Preoperative localization was performed with GP. After en bloc removal of the regional lymphatics, histopathologic results for the nodes were compared with the SLN radiolocalization. The LS and GP counts were well correlated, and there was concordance between SLN and neck node status in 7 of 8 cases (87.5%). We thus considered that our concept in this study was valid in determining the necessity for neck dissection for those node-negative oral SCC patients.
TUNEL-Positive Labeling in Mouse Inner Ear Caused by Tubulin Immunization Is Not Apoptosis
Authors: Du Xiaoping , Mora Renzo , Barbieri Marco , Yoo Taijune
Published: April 2003

Apoptosis is involved in all fundamental processes of the immune system. To study whether apoptosis plays any role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune inner ear disease, we immunized Balb/c mice with tubulin. The inner ears were examined with TUNEL (in situ terminal dUTP nick-end labeling) and immunocytochemistry of the apoptosis regulatory proteins Bcl-2 and Bax. TUNEL-positive cells are found in the tubulin-immunized inner ears but not in the control inner ears. The positive cells are the marginal cells in the stria vascularis, and the hair cells in Corti’s organ and the saccule. However, under morphological analysis by light microscope, these cells lack the features characteristic of apoptosis. Moreover, no cells staining positive for Bcl-2 and Bax are found in any structures of the inner ears. These results suggest that positive TUNEL staining in this model does not indicate apoptosis and apoptosis may be not involved in autoimmune inner ear disease.
Somatoform Pain Disorder in the General Population
Authors: Grabe Hans Joergen , Meyer Christian , Hapke Ulfert , Rumpf Hans-Juergen , Freyberger Harald Juergen , Dilling Horst , John Ulrich
Published: April 2003

Background: Chronic pain disorder is assumed to represent a frequent and disabling condition. However, data on the prevalence of somatoform pain symptoms and somatoform pain disorder in the community are limited to date. Methods: German versions of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview were administered to a representative national sample of 4,075 people. Somatoform pain disorder was diagnosed by standardized diagnostic algorithm based on the DSM-III-R criteria (absence of adequate physical findings). One subgroup was identified as also meeting the DSM-IV criterion B for ‘significant distress or psychosocial impairment due to the somatoform pain’. Results: A lifetime prevalence rate of somatoform pain disorder according to DSM-III-R of 33.7% and a 6-month rate of 17.3% was found. When applying the DSM-IV B criterion, the prevalence rate dropped to 12.3 and 5.4%, respectively. In both groups more than 95% of the probands had contacted their doctor because of the pain. In 25% of the probands the pain was positively assigned to psychological factors. A female:male ratio of 2:1 was found. Conclusions: Somatoform pain disorder (DSM-III-R) is a frequent condition. However, only about one third of these subjects is severely distressed or impaired by the pain. A clear operationalized concept of the DSM-IV criterion C ‘psychological factors are judged to have an important role in the onset, severity, exacerbation or maintenance of the pain’ should be provided in the further development of the diagnosis ‘pain disorder’ in order to make this diagnosis suitable for general population surveys.
Activation of Na+/K+-ATPase by the Serum and Glucocorticoid-Dependent Kinase Isoforms
Authors: Henke Guido , Setiawan Iwan , Böhmer Christoph , Lang Florian
Published: April 2003

Background/Aim: Expression of the constitutively active form of serum and glucocorticoid-dependent kinase (S422DSGK1) in Xenopus oocytes has recently been shown to upregulate endogenous Na+/K+-ATPase activity, an effect presumably participating in the regulation of cellular K+ uptake and transepithelial Na+ transport. SGK1 and the two isoforms SGK2 and SGK3 are stimulated by insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which have been shown to enhance Na+/K+-ATPase activity in a variety of cells. The present experiments have been performed to elucidate whether or not wild-type SGK1, SGK2 and SGK3 are similar to S422DSGK1 in being effective regulators of Na+/K+-ATPase. Methods: To this end, dual-electrode voltage clamp experiments were performed in Xenopus oocytes injected either with water or with mRNA of constitutively active S422DSGK1 and wild-type SGK1, SGK2 or SGK3. Na+/K+-ATPase activity was estimated from the outward-directed current created by readdition of extracellular K+ in the presence of K+ channel blocker Ba2+ following a 10-min exposure to K+-free extracellular fluid. Results: The outward-directed current was fully abolished by incubation with 1 mM ouabain and was significantly larger in oocytes expressing S422DSGK1, SGK1, SGK2 or SGK3, as compared to those injected with water. Conclusion: The stimulating effect of SGK1 on the Xenopus oocyte Na+/K+-ATPase is mimicked by the isoforms SGK2 and SGK3. Thus, all three kinases may participate in the regulation of Na+/K+-ATPase activity by hormones such as insulin and IGF-1.
Use of Bioinformatics to Predict a Function for the GS Element in Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis
Authors: Sheridan Joe M. , Bull Tim J. , Hermon-Taylor John
Published: April 2003

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is a member of the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and causes the inflammatory bowel disease, Johne’s disease, in livestock. MAP has also been implicated as the causative agent of a similar disease, Crohn’s disease, in humans. One of three major genetic differences between MAP and non-pathogenic MAC is the 6,496-bp GS element. Based on the output from freely available protein sequence and structural bioinformatics tools, and the close homology of GS genes with the ser2 region of the closely related Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (MAA), we predict that GS encoded enzymes are involved in the biosynthesis of GDP-fucose, and the addition to, and modification of fucose on, the oligosaccharide moiety of GPL. GPL is a major constituent of the cell wall of the MAC and has immunomodulatory properties. Therefore, the enzymes involved in its synthesis may provide novel drug targets against MAP and other pathogenic MAC members.
Cardiovascular Deterioration in STZ-Diabetic Rats: Possible Role of Vascular RAS
Authors: Crespo María J. , Moreta Sovietsky , González Juan
Published: April 2003

The precise mechanisms involved in the etiology of cardiovascular complications in diabetes are undefined. Recent evidence suggests that the renin-angiotensin system plays a predominant role in the genesis of these complications. The temporal evolution of vascular angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity was evaluated in streptozotocin-diabetic rats 2 and 4 weeks following the induction of diabetes. Vascular ACE activity was correlated with acetylcholine-induced relaxation, systolic blood pressure, and cardiac output index, establishing a possible link between these variables. Age-matched Sprague-Dawley rats were used as controls. ACE activity in aortic homogenates doubled in rats after 2 weeks of diabetes as compared with controls (0.46 ± 0.06 vs. 0.19 ± 0.02 nmol/mg × min, n = 8, p < 0.05). In contrast, no difference was observed between rats 4 weeks following diabetes onset (0.20 ± 0.05 nmol/mg × min) and controls (n = 8, p > 0.05). Impaired endothelial function was also observed in the aorta of diabetic animals. The maximal aortic relaxation with 10 µmol/l acetylcholine was reduced by 40% in diabetic rats 2 weeks after onset and by 41% after 4 weeks when compared to controls (n = 8, p < 0.05). Two weeks following diabetes induction, the cardiac output index decreased by 16% and after 4 weeks by 30% (n = 4, p < 0.05). Systolic blood pressure increased from 116 ± 12 mm Hg before diabetes to 158 ± 4 mm Hg (p < 0.05) after 2 weeks and to 182 ± 5 mm Hg after 4 weeks (p < 0.05). Together, these results suggest that a local renin-angiotensin system plays an important role in the genesis of vascular dysfunction and cardiac deterioration within the first stages of diabetes. A high vascular ACE activity may promote progressive deterioration of the cardiovascular system in streptozotocin-diabetic rats from the earliest stages by increasing peripheral resistance, blood pressure, preload, afterload, and cardiac work.
Droperidol Attenuates Contractile and Phosphatidylinositol Responses of Rat Trachea
Authors: Shibata Osamu , Saito Masataka , Makita Tetsuji , Morooka Hiroaki , Sumikawa Koji
Published: April 2003

Droperidol attenuates airway smooth muscle contraction. However, the intracellular mechanisms involved in the droperidol-induced attenuation of airway smooth muscle contraction are not fully understood. We examined the effects of droperidol on contractile and phosphatidylinositol responses of the rat trachea. Droperidol dose dependently attenuated carbachol (CCh) induced tracheal ring contractions. The IC50 of droperidol on CCh-induced tracheal ring contraction was 13 ± 2 µmol/l. Droperidol attenuated CCh and aluminum fluoride stimulated inositol monophosphate accumulation. These results suggest that droperidol inhibits G protein coupled phospholipase C, resulting in attenuation of CCh-induced phosphatidylinositol response and subsequent attenuation of contractions of the rat trachea.
Intravenous Drug Injection Habits: Drug Users’ Self-Reports versus Researchers’ Perception
Authors: Zernig Gerald , Giacomuzzi Salvatore , Riemer Yvonne , Wakonigg Gudrun , Sturm Katja , Saria Alois
Published: April 2003

The present study was designed to obtain human data on the speed of intravenous (i.v.) injection of cocaine, heroin, and morphine as well as on the rate of onset of their subjective effects and their duration in order to improve the accuracy of animal and human experimental models of i.v. drug abuse. To that end, a questionnaire was submitted both to clients of a substitution therapy outpatient clinic and to members of the drug abuse research community. It was found that i.v. drug abusers injected cocaine, heroin, or morphine much faster and also experienced the drug effects much faster than assumed by the drug abuse researchers. The time course of the reemergence of craving was also greatly misjudged by the researchers. On the other hand, the i.v. drug users’ self-reports were internally consistent and corresponded well to data obtained in several different human behavioral laboratories. Interestingly, more than half of the i.v. drug users reported that injection speed was not important when injecting cocaine (57%), heroin (72%) or morphine (73%) under conditions that guarantee a maximum effect, suggesting that the rate of the rise in the brain concentration of a drug of abuse is less important for its reinforcing effect and, thus, for its abuse liability, than previously assumed, at least within the time frame of an i.v. drug injection.
Vestibular Schwannoma, Tinnitus and Cellular Telephones
Authors: Hardell Lennart , Hansson Mild Kjell , Sandström Monica , Carlberg Michael , Hallquist Arne , Påhlson Anneli
Published: April 2003

Cases with tinnitus after using analogue cellular telephones are presented. An increased odds ratio of 3.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.77–6.76, was found for vestibular schwannoma (VS) associated with the use of analogue cell phones. During the time period 1960–1998, the age-standardized incidence of VS in Sweden significantly increased yearly by +2.53% (CI 1.71–3.35). A significant increase in the incidence of VS was only found for the latter of the two time periods 1960–1979 and 1980–1998. For all other brain tumors taken together, the incidence significantly increased yearly by +0.80% (CI 0.59–1.02) for the time period 1960–1998, although the increase was only significant for benign tumors other than VS during 1960–1979.