bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The latent factor structure of acute stress disorder following bank robbery: Testing alternative models in light of the pending DSM‐5
Authors: Hansen Maj , Lasgaard Mathias , Elklit Ask
Published: October 2012

Objective

Acute stress disorder (ASD) was introduced into the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) to identify posttraumatic stress reactions occurring within the first month after a trauma and thus help to identify victims at risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Since its introduction, research into ASD has focused on the prediction of PTSD, whereas only a few studies have investigated the latent structure of ASD. Results of the latter have been mixed. In light of the current proposal for the ASD diagnosis in the pending DSM‐5, there is a profound need for empirical studies that investigate the latent structure of ASD prior to the DSM‐5 being finalized.

Design

Based on previous factor analytic research, the DSM‐IV, and the proposed DSM‐5 formulation of ASD, four different models of the latent structure of ASD were specified and estimated.

Method

The analyses were based on a national study of bank robbery victims (N = 450) using the acute stress disorder scale.

Results

The results of the confirmatory factor analyses showed that the DSM‐IV model provided the best fit to the data. Thus, the present study suggests that the latent structure of ASD may best be characterized according to the four‐factor DSM‐IV model of ASD (i.e., dissociation, re‐experiencing, avoidance, and arousal) following exposure to bank robbery.

Conclusions

The results are pertinent in light of the pending DSM‐5 and add to the debate about the conceptualization of ASD.

Practitioner Points

The present study supports the DSM‐IV conceptualization of ASD and thus underlines the need of further research into the ASD structure before the launching of the DSM‐5.

Clinical theory and practice may be affected in several ways if future research, such as this study, fails to support the proposed structure of ASD in the DSM‐5 and new proposals of ASD in the DSM‐5 are not set forward and tested.

Treatment of acute posttraumatic symptoms will likely become less effective if it focuses on an imprecise conceptualization of ASD.

Although possible, it seems unlikely that the results of the present study may simply reflect properties of the ASDS rather than the ASD diagnosis, because the DSM‐IV model has been supported in prior studies using both a diagnostic interview and the ASDS.

The results of the present study are based on bank robbery victims and thus should be generalized to other trauma populations with caution.
Why self‐critical patients present with more severe eating disorder pathology: The mediating role of shame
Authors: Kelly Allison C. , Carter Jacqueline C.
Published: October 2012

Objectives

Gilbert (Compassion: Conceptualisations, Research, and Use in Psychotherapy. London: Routledge, 2005) theorized that self‐critical individuals have more severe psychopathology due in part to their elevated feelings of shame. We sought to test this model in a sample of eating disorder sufferers.

Method

Seventy‐four patients admitted to a specialized day or inpatient eating disorders treatment programme completed the Forms of Self‐Criticism and Self‐Reassurance Scale, Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Inventory, Experience of Shame Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire.

Results

We tested our mediational model with Preacher and Hayes' (Behavior Research Methods,40, 879, 2008) bootstrapping approach entering self‐criticism as a predictor, self‐esteem as a covariate, and shame, negative affect, positive affect, and depressive symptoms as simultaneous mediators. Applying a 95% confidence interval, the total indirect effect of self‐criticism on eating disorder pathology was significantly different from zero suggesting that its influence occurred through the proposed set of mediators. Specific indirect effects revealed that shame was the only mediator to contribute significantly to the model.

Conclusions

Results support the theory that among eating disorder patients, higher self‐criticism is associated with elevated eating disorder pathology through feelings of shame. Interventions that target the shame of self‐critical patients might therefore facilitate their recovery.

Practitioner Points

Assessing and intervening with the feelings of shame experienced by high self‐critical patients might be particularly important in helping them overcome their eating disorder.

Working with patients to understand and alter the links between their self‐criticism, shame, and eating disorder behaviours might be a fruitful therapeutic avenue.

Case conceptualizations in the eating disorders and perhaps other forms of psychopathology might benefit from integrating theoretical models that integrate a focus on self‐criticism and shame.

Limitations

This is a cross‐sectional study, meaning that we cannot make conclusions about the directionality of the relationships observed. It will be important to examine the temporal relationships between self‐criticism, shame, and eating disorder symptoms in future research.

We rely on correlational data and so can only make predictive inferences based on our results. An experimental study in which self‐criticism and/or shame are manipulated will be an important next step to allow for causal inferences.
Anti‐infective properties of epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), a component of green tea
Authors: Steinmann J , Buer J , Pietschmann T , Steinmann E
Published: October 2012

The consumption of green tea (Camellia sinensis) has been shown to have many physiological and pharmacological health benefits. In the past two decades several studies have reported that epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), the main constituent of green tea, has anti‐infective properties. Antiviral activities of EGCG with different modes of action have been demonstrated on diverse families of viruses, such as Retroviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Flaviviridae and include important human pathogens like human immunodeficiency virus, influenza A virus and the hepatitis C virus. Furthermore, the molecule interferes with the replication cycle of DNA viruses like hepatitis B virus, herpes simplex virus and adenovirus. Most of these studies demonstrated antiviral properties within physiological concentrations of EGCG in vitro. In contrast, the minimum inhibitory concentrations against bacteria were 10–100‐fold higher. Nevertheless, the antibacterial effects of EGCG alone and in combination with different antibiotics have been intensively analysed against a number of bacteria including multidrug‐resistant strains such as methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus or Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Furthermore, the catechin EGCG has antifungal activity against human‐pathogenic yeasts like Candida albicans. Although the mechanistic effects of EGCG are not fully understood, there are results indicating that EGCG binds to lipid membranes and affects the folic acid metabolism of bacteria and fungi by inhibiting the cytoplasmic enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. This review summarizes the current knowledge and future perspectives on the antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral effects of the green tea constituent EGCG.
IFN‐α subtypes: distinct biological activities in anti‐viral therapy
Authors: Gibbert K , Schlaak JF , Yang D , Dittmer U
Published: October 2012

During most viral infections, the immediate host response is characterized by an induction of type I IFN. These cytokines have various biological activities, including anti‐viral, anti‐proliferative and immunomodulatory effects. After induction, they bind to their IFN‐α/β receptor, which leads to downstream signalling resulting in the expression of numerous different IFN‐stimulated genes. These genes encode anti‐viral proteins that directly inhibit viral replication as well as modulate immune function. Thus, the induction of type I IFN is a very powerful tool for the host to fight virus infections. Many viruses evade this response by various strategies like the direct suppression of IFN induction or inhibition of the IFN signalling pathway. Therefore, the therapeutic application of exogenous type I IFN or molecules that induce strong IFN responses should be of great potential for future immunotherapies against viral infections. Type I IFN is currently used as a treatment in chronic hepatitis B and C virus infection, but as yet is not widely utilized for other viral infections. One reason for this restricted clinical use is that type I IFN belongs to a multigene family that includes 13 different IFN‐α subtypes and IFN‐β, whose individual anti‐viral and immunomodulatory properties have so far not been investigated in detail to improve IFN therapy against viral infections in humans. In this review, we summarize the recent achievements in defining the distinct biological functions of type I IFN subtypes in cell culture and in animal models of viral infection as well as their clinical usage in chronic hepatitis virus infections.
The inhibitor of volume‐regulated anion channels DCPIB activates TREK potassium channels in cultured astrocytes
Authors: Minieri L , Pivonkova H , Caprini M , Harantova L , Anderova M , Ferroni S
Published: October 2012

Background and Purpose

The ethacrynic acid derivative, 4‐(2‐butyl‐6,7‐dichlor‐2‐cyclopentylindan‐1‐on‐5‐yl) oxobutyric acid (DCPIB) is considered to be a specific and potent inhibitor of volume‐regulated anion channels (VRACs). In the CNS, DCPIB was shown to be neuroprotective through mechanisms principally associated to its action on VRACs. We hypothesized that DCPIB could also regulate the activity of other astroglial channels involved in cell volume homeostasis.

Experimental Approach

Experiments were performed in rat cortical astrocytes in primary culture and in hippocampal astrocytes in situ. The effect of DCPIB was evaluated by patch‐clamp electrophysiology and immunocytochemical techniques. Results were verified by comparative analysis with recombinant channels expressed in COS‐7 cells.

Key Results

In cultured astrocytes, DCPIB promoted the activation of a K+ conductance mediated by two‐pore‐domain K+ (K2P) channels. The DCPIB effect occluded that of arachidonic acid, which activates K2P channels K2P 2.1 (TREK‐1) and K2P 10.1 (TREK‐2) in cultured astrocytes. Immunocytochemical analysis suggests that cultured astrocytes express K2P 2.1 and K2P 10.1 proteins. Moreover, DCPIB opened recombinant K2P 2.1 and K2P 10.1 expressed in heterologous system. In brain slices, DCPIB did not augment the large background K+ conductance in hippocampal astrocytes, but caused an increment in basal K+ current of neurons.

Conclusion and Implications

Our results indicate that the neuroprotective effect of DCPIB could be due, at least in part, to activation of TREK channels. DCPIB could be used as template to build new pharmacological tools able to increase background K+ conductance in astroglia and neuronal cells.
Pharmacological modulation of the endocannabinoid signalling alters binge‐type eating behaviour in female rats
Authors: Scherma M , Fattore L , Satta V , Businco F , Pigliacampo B , Goldberg SR , Dessi C , Fratta W , Fadda P
Published: October 2012

Background and Purpose

Binge eating disorder (BED) is characterized by excessive food intake during short periods of time. Recent evidence suggests that alterations in the endocannabinoid signalling could be involved in the pathophysiology of BED. In this study, we investigated whether pharmacological manipulation of endocannabinoid transmission may be effective in modulating the aberrant eating behaviour present in a validated rat model of BED.

Experimental Approach

Binge‐type eating was induced in female rats by providing limited access to an optional source of dietary fat (margarine). Rats were divided into three groups, all with ad libitum access to chow and water: control (C), with no access to margarine; low restriction (LR), with 2 h margarine access 7 days a week; high restriction (HR), with 2 h margarine access 3 days a week.

Key Results

Compared with the LR group, the HR group consumed more margarine and this was accompanied by an increase in body weight. The cannabinoid CB1/CB2 receptor agonist Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol significantly increased margarine intake selectively in LR rats, while the fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB597 showed no effect. The CB1 receptor inverse agonist/antagonist rimonabant dose‐dependently reduced margarine intake in HR rats. Notably, in HR rats, chronic treatment with a low dose of rimonabant induced a selective long‐lasting reduction in margarine intake that did not develop tolerance, and a significant and persistent reduction in body weight.

Conclusions and Implications

Chronic pharmacological blockade of CB1 receptors reduces binge eating behaviour in female rats and may prove effective in treating BED, with an associated significant reduction in body weight.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.169.issue‐4 & http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.167.issue‐8
Local modulation of cystic fibrosis conductance regulator: cytoskeleton and compartmentalized cAMP signalling
Authors: Monterisi Stefania , Casavola Valeria , Zaccolo Manuela
Published: October 2012

The cystic fibrosis conductance regulator (CFTR) is a cAMP‐regulated Cl− channel expressed predominantly at the apical membrane of secreting epithelial cells. Mutations in the CFTR gene lead to cystic fibrosis, the most frequent genetic disease in the Caucasian population. The most common mutation, a deletion of phenylalanine at position 508 (F508del), impairs CFTR folding and chloride channel function. Although an intense effort is under way to identify compounds that target the F508del CFTR structural defect and promote its expression and stability at the plasma membrane, so far their clinical efficacy has proven to be poor, highlighting the necessity to better understand the molecular mechanism of CFTR regulation and of the pathogenesis of the disease. Accumulating evidence suggests that the inclusion of the CFTR in macromolecular complexes and its interaction with the cortical cytoskeleton may play a key role in fine‐tuning the regulation of channel function. Here we review some recent findings that support a critical role for protein–protein interactions involving CFTR and for the cytoskeleton in promoting local control of channel activity. These findings indicate that compounds that rescue and stabilize CFTR at the apical membrane may not be sufficient to restore its function unless the appropriate intracellular milieu is also reconstituted.
Determinants involved in subtype‐specific functions of rat trace amine‐associated receptors 1 and 4
Authors: Stäubert C , Bohnekamp J , Schöneberg T
Published: October 2012

Aims

The trace amine‐associated receptor (Taar) family displays high species‐ and subtype‐specific pharmacology. Several trace amines such as β‐phenylethylamine (β‐PEA), p‐tyramine and tryptamine are agonists at TA1 but poorly activate rat and mouse Taar4.

Principal Results

Using rat TA1 and Taar4 chimera, we identified determinants in transmembrane helices 3 and 6, which, when replaced by the corresponding portion of rat TA1, can rescue cell surface expression of rat Taar4. When expressed at the cell surface, rat Taar4 pharmacology was very similar to that of TA1 and coupled to the Gαs‐protein/AC pathway. Our data suggest that binding pockets of Taar for surrogate agonists overlap between paralogs.

Conclusions

This implicates that the repertoire of Taar ensures functional redundancy, tissue‐ and cell‐specific expression and/or different downstream signalling rather than different agonist specificity.
Effectiveness of school‐based dental sealant programs among children from low‐income backgrounds in France: a pragmatic randomized clinical trial
Authors: Muller‐Bolla Michèle , Lupi‐Pégurier Laurence , Bardakjian Hrant , Velly Ana M.
Published: October 2012

Objectives

A split‐mouth randomized clinical trial was carried out to assess the effectiveness of a school‐based dental sealant (SBDS) program for French children from low‐income backgrounds. The secondary objectives were to determine the effectiveness of the program according to the baseline individual caries risk (ICR) and to assess the sealant retention.

Methods

The study included 276 pupils from Nice. The sealing was performed in the first or second grades. The permanent first molars were randomized into two groups: one received resin‐based sealant and the other no treatment. Active caries on permanent and temporary teeth, visible plaque, Streptococcus mutans (SM) and Lactobacillus counts were recorded at baseline to assess ICR. An intent‐to‐treat analysis was performed based on the occurrence of new caries at 1 year of follow‐up (study outcome). Univariate and multivariable conditional tooth‐matched logistic regression analyses (Proc phreg; SAS) were used to assess the effectiveness of the SBDS program.

Results

At 1 year of follow‐up, 253 children (421 pairs) remained in the analysis. In the adjusted analysis, first permanent molars that received sealants were less at risk of developing new caries at 1 year of follow‐up compared with those from the control group (OR = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.14–0.49). Independently of the treatment, SM count, and all other covariates, only the variable ‘active caries at baseline’ remained related to new caries on first molars at 1 year (OR = 3.11, 95% CI: 1.27–7.62). The effect of the sealants was significant only when the analyses included subjects with active caries (OR = 0.25; 95% CI: 0.12–0.50) or with a high SM count (>105, OR = 0.20; 95% CI: 0.10–0.41) at baseline. At the 1‐year follow‐up, total retention was recorded in 52.7% (n = 222) of the treated teeth.

Conclusion

The 1‐year effectiveness of the SBDS program was demonstrated in low socio‐economic areas. Selection of schoolchildren according to individual caries risk factors should be considered in a SBDS program.
The clinical significance of intrapulmonary vascular dilations in liver transplant candidates
Authors: Agarwal P. D. , Hughes P. J. , Runo J. R. , Ibrisim D. , Lucey M. R. , Said A.
Published: October 2012

Intrapulmonary vascular dilations (IPVD) are common in patients with cirrhosis, but the majority do not have hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS). The clinical significance of IPVD is unknown. Our aim was to determine the clinical impact due to the entire spectrum of IPVD in liver transplant (LT) candidates. A total of 122 evaluees for LT underwent contrast transthoracic echocardiography (cTTE). The degree of shunting was graded 1–3 (severe). HPS was defined as PaO2 < 70 mmHg in the presence of IPVD and exclusion of other causes of hypoxemia. IPVD were detected in 57/122 (47%), and of these HPS was found in 5. IPVD were associated with higher Alveolar‐arterial (A‐a) gradients, with the highest occurring in patients with HPS (IPVD vs. no IPVD: p = 0.003; HPS vs. no IPVD: p = 0.004). All patients with HPS had grade 3 shunting, and had significantly widened A‐a gradient and lower PaO2 compared with grade 1 or 2 IPVDs. Presence of IPVD did not affect survival measured from evaluation or after LT. Other clinical outcomes were also similar among patients with and without IPVD. IPVD are common among LT candidates. HPS is unlikely in presence of only mild to moderate shunting. Clinical outcomes are similar among patients with and without IPVD.
Banting Memorial Lecture 2012 Reversing the twin cycles of Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Taylor R.
Published: October 2012

It has become widely accepted that Type 2 diabetes is inevitably life‐long, with irreversible and progressive beta cell damage. However, the restoration of normal glucose metabolism within days after bariatric surgery in the majority of people with Type 2 diabetes disproves this concept. There is now no doubt that this reversal of diabetes depends upon the sudden and profound decrease in food intake, and does not relate to any direct surgical effect. The Counterpoint study demonstrated that normal glucose levels and normal beta cell function could be restored by a very low calorie diet alone. Novel magnetic resonance methods were applied to measure intra‐organ fat. The results showed two different time courses: a) resolution of hepatic insulin sensitivity within days along with a rapid fall in liver fat and normalisation of fasting glucose levels; and b) return of normal beta cell insulin secretion over weeks in step with a fall in pancreas fat. Now that it has been possible to observe the pathophysiological events during reversal of Type 2 diabetes, the reverse time course of events which determine the onset of the condition can be identified. The twin cycle hypothesis postulates that chronic calorie excess leads to accumulation of liver fat with eventual spill over into the pancreas. These self‐reinforcing cycles between liver and pancreas eventually cause metabolic inhibition of insulin secretion after meals and onset of hyperglycaemia. It is now clear that Type 2 diabetes is a reversible condition of intra‐organ fat excess to which some people are more susceptible than others.
Effects of floral and extrafloral resource diversity on the fitness of an omnivorous bug, Orius insidiosus
Authors: Pumariño Lorena , Alomar Oscar , Lundgren Jonathan G.
Published: October 2012

Habitat manipulation and increasing biodiversity are important approaches that enhance biological control of pests, but it is important to evaluate the relative benefits of specific plant species when designing conservation programs. Orius insidiosus Say (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) is an important predator of thrips and aphids that also feeds on plants. It is the target of conservation biological control programs. Despite O. insidiosus' relevance, little is known about the effects of plant subsidies on predator performance or nutritional status. Here, we examined the influence of restricting the pollen and nectar resources of five plant species (alyssum, buckwheat, phacelia, fava bean, and chamomile), and how increasing plant diversity affects O. insidiosus fecundity, survival, and nutritional status. Plant species varied in their suitability for O. insidiosus, which was driven in part by the availability of the pollen or nectar resources. Offering plants as a mixture did not improve fecundity; however, the plant least preferred for oviposition under no‐choice tests (fava bean) became the preferred egg‐laying site when the plants were offered in combination. We conclude that the benefits obtained by O. insidiosus vary among plant species, and that increasing plant diversity can have unpredicted, positive effects on insect fitness.
Characterisation of Predator‐Directed Displays in Tephritid Flies
Authors: Rao Dinesh , Díaz‐Fleischer Francisco
Published: October 2012

Flies of the family Tephritidae are known to perform a display in front of their salticid spider predators. This display involves extending the wings while the fly moves from side to side. The wings of many of fly species are banded, and in some species, these bands are thought to deter their predators by mimicking the leg patterns of salticids. However, as this display is also seen in non‐mimicking flies, there is some uncertainty over the functional significance of these displays. In this study, we explored the efficacy of displays by the lightly banded but non‐mimicking Mexican fruit fly (Anastrepha ludens) in deterring attacks by the salticidsParaphidippus aurantiusandPhidippus bidentatus. We tested the effect of band visibility and the fly's physiological condition on the production of these displays and the probability of attack by salticids. We filmed the interactions of flies and spiders and analysed fly displays in the presence of the salticid. We show that the fly's display deters salticids and promotes the fly's chances of survival and that the presence or absence of bands does not alter the possibility of attack. Flies fed on different quality diets showed similar rates of display. Our results suggest that tephritid flies deter attacks because of their display and not their appearance.
Comparative breeding performance of Marsh Harriers Circus aeruginosus along a gradient of land‐use intensification and implications for population management
Authors: Sternalski Audrey , Blanc Jean‐François , Augiron Steve , Rocheteau Vincent , Bretagnolle Vincent
Published: October 2012

Assessing variation in breeding performance in relation to habitat characteristics may provide insights into predicting the consequences of land‐use change on species ecology and population dynamics. We compared four Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus populations subject to similar environmental conditions, but which differed in habitat composition, ranging from natural habitats to intensively cultivated areas. Using a 6‐year dataset, we characterized breeding habitat and diet in these four study sites, and analysed breeding performance in relation to this gradient of land‐use intensification. There was minimal variation in breeding performance between study years but consistent variation between study sites. Unexpectedly, Marsh Harriers breeding in intensively cultivated habitats had higher reproductive success than those breeding in more natural habitats, which, however, hosted higher breeding densities, so overall net population productivity (fledglings per unit area) was similar across sites. This resulted from combined effects of density‐dependence and different predation rates between study sites. The colonization of intensive farmland habitats may not necessarily impact negatively on population sustainability when breeding success and population density are traded against each other. However, our findings should not mask longer‐term conservation issues for populations breeding in these intensively managed areas, and further studies should assess potential long‐term negative effects of occupancy of human‐altered habitat.
Influence of nanoencapsulation on the sensory properties of cosmetic formulations containing lipoic acid
Authors: Külkamp‐Guerreiro I. C. , Berlitz S. J. , Contri R. V. , Alves L. R. , Henrique E. G. , Barreiros V. R. M. , Guterres S. S.
Published: October 2012

Synopsis

Sensory analysis has become a valuable tool in qualifying consumer perception regarding cosmetic products. This study aims to explore the application of discriminative and affective consumers sensory analysis in evaluating the influence of nanoencapsulation on the sensory properties and rheological characteristics of a cosmetic formulation containing lipoic acid. The nanocapsules were prepared by the pre‐formed polymer precipitation method. Semisolid formulations were prepared using a silicone emulsion system, and these pseudoplastic fluids were characterized using rheological methods. The panellists (n = 88) analysed the formulations with and without nanoencapsulated lipoic acid as paired comparisons within the discriminative and affective sensory analysis. In these measurements, spreadability, stickiness, oiliness and sulphur odour were evaluated. The panellists had no previous training in conducting these measurements. It was shown that nanotechnology can change some sensory characteristics of the formulations. The spreadability, stickiness and oiliness are the attributes for which the panellists noted differences with statistical significance. The spreadability difference could be due to the results found in the rheological profiles and consistency indexes between formulations. In the discriminative analysis, the panellists could not detect any noticeable differences in the sulphur odour or residual properties between samples, attributes that would influence whether consumers adhered to the selected treatment. Considering affective analysis, the consumers communicated that the formulation containing the nanoencapsulated lipoic acid, which presented less consistency, was preferred based on the reduction in immediate stickiness and residual sulphur odour. The free lipoic acid formulation was preferred in terms of residual oiliness and spreadability.
Amino acid composition, including key derivatives of eccrine sweat: potential biomarkers of certain atopic skin conditions
Authors: Mark Harker , Harding Clive R.
Published: October 2012

Synopsis

The free amino acid (AA) composition of eccrine sweat is different from other biological fluids, for reasons which are not properly understood. We undertook the detailed analysis of the AA composition of freshly isolated pure human eccrine sweat, including some of the key derivatives of AA metabolism, to better understand the key biological mechanisms governing its composition. Eccrine sweat was collected from the axillae of 12 healthy subjects immediately upon formation. Free AA analysis was performed using an automatic AA analyser after ninhydrin derivatization. Pyrrolidine‐5‐carboxylic acid (PCA) and urocanic acid (UCA) levels were determined using GC/MS. The free AA composition of sweat was dominated by the presence of serine accounting for just over one‐fifth of the total free AA composition. Glycine was the next most abundant followed by PCA, alanine, citrulline and threonine, respectively. The data obtained indicate that the AA content of sweat bears a remarkable similarity to the AA composition of the epidermal protein profilaggrin. This protein is the key source of free AAs and their derivatives that form a major part of the natural moisturizing factor (NMF) within the stratum corneum (SC) and plays a major role in maintaining the barrier integrity of human skin. As perturbations in the production of NMF can lead to abnormal barrier function and can arise as a consequence of filaggrin genotype, we propose the quantification of AAs in sweat may serve as a non‐invasive diagnostic biomarker for certain atopic skin conditions, that is, atopic dermatitis (AD).
Pathways to heroin dependence: time to re‐appraise self‐medication
Authors: Darke Shane
Published: October 2012

The self‐medication hypothesis emphasizes the role of distressing affect as the primary motivator for the compulsive use that leads to substance dependence. The model also postulates that there will be psychopharmacological specificity between symptom presentation and the primary drug of dependence. In this review, the self‐medication hypothesis is examined in relation to the development and chronicity of heroin dependence. It is argued that if self‐medication has a role in engendering and extending substance dependence, it should be apparent in the use of a drug that carries such overwhelming personal risk. The psychopathology seen among adult users is certainly consistent with the model. More importantly, however, are the extraordinarily high levels of childhood trauma and psychopathology that occur typically well before the initiation of heroin use. In contrast, the postulate of drug specificity appears less supported by the polydrug use patterns typical of heroin users, and does not appear to be a necessary corollary of the model.
Meta‐analysis of naltrexone and acamprosate for treating alcohol use disorders: when are these medications most helpful?
Authors: Maisel Natalya C. , Blodgett Janet C. , Wilbourne Paula L. , Humphreys Keith , Finney John W.
Published: October 2012

Aims

Although debates over the efficacy of oral naltrexone and acamprosate in treating alcohol use disorders tend to focus on their global efficacy relative to placebo or their efficacy relative to each other, the underlying reality may be more nuanced. This meta‐analysis examined when naltrexone and acamprosate are most helpful by testing: (i) the relative efficacy of each medication given its presumed mechanism of action (reducing heavy drinking versus fostering abstinence) and (ii) whether different ways of implementing each medication (required abstinence before treatment, detoxification before treatment, goal of treatment, length of treatment, dosage) moderate its effects.

Methods

A systematic literature search identified 64 randomized, placebo‐controlled, English‐language clinical trials completed between 1970 and 2009 focused on acamprosate or naltrexone.

Results

Acamprosate had a significantly larger effect size than naltrexone on the maintenance of abstinence, and naltrexone had a larger effect size than acamprosate on the reduction of heavy drinking and craving. For naltrexone, requiring abstinence before the trial was associated with larger effect sizes for abstinence maintenance and reduced heavy drinking compared with placebo. For acamprosate, detoxification before medication administration was associated with better abstinence outcomes compared with placebo.

Conclusions

In treatment for alcohol use disorders, acamprosate has been found to be slightly more efficacious in promoting abstinence and naltrexone slightly more efficacious in reducing heavy drinking and craving. Detoxification before treatment or a longer period of required abstinence before treatment is associated with larger medication effects for acamprosate and naltrexone respectively.
Confounding and studies of ‘moderate’ alcohol consumption: the case of drinking frequency and implications for low‐risk drinking guidelines
Authors: Naimi Timothy S. , Xuan Ziming , Brown David W. , Saitz Richard
Published: October 2012

Aims

Many observational studies suggest that increased drinking frequency is associated with reduced mortality among those with low‐dose alcohol consumption. The purpose of this paper was to examine whether frequent drinkers consume lower‐risk amounts during drinking days or have favorable risk factor profiles compared with those who drink less frequently, and discuss implications for the larger debate about the limitations of non‐randomized studies about ‘moderate’ drinking and the development of low‐risk drinking guidelines.

Methods

Data from the 2008 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey were used to characterize alcohol consumption characteristics and their relationship with risk factors among adult drinking men who consumed an average of fewer than two drinks per day and adult drinking adult women who consumed an average of less than one drink per day.

Results

Those who drank relatively infrequently (14 or fewer days per month) consumed more during drinking days, were more likely to exceed the US Dietary Guidelines drinking limits (41.0% versus 9.7%) and had a larger proportion of drinking days that included binge drinking (13.4% versus 4.3%). Infrequent drinkers also had a higher prevalence of 13 of 15 risk factors assessed. Findings from analyses of those aged ≥40 years were similar.

Conclusions

Among those with low average alcohol consumption, infrequent drinkers drink more during drinking days and have unfavorable risk factors profiles compared with more frequent drinkers, suggesting that confounding may contribute to favorable associations with ‘moderate’ average alcohol consumption and increased drinking frequency observed in non‐randomized studies.
Evidence for sexual isolation as a prezygotic barrier to gene flow between morphologically divergent species of Rhagoletis fruit flies
Authors: HOOD GLEN R. , EGAN SCOTT P. , FEDER JEFFREY L.
Published: October 2012

1. Certain groups of fruit flies in the genus Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae) are exemplars for sympatric speciation via host plant shifting. Flies in these species groups are morphologically similar and overlap in their geographic ranges, yet attack different, non‐overlapping sets of host plants. Ecological adaptations related to differences in host choice and preference have been shown to be important prezygotic barriers to gene flow between these taxa, as Rhagoletis flies mate on or near the fruit of their respective host plants. Non‐host‐related assortative mating is generally absent or present at low levels between these sympatrically diverging fly populations.

2. However, some Rhagoletis taxa occasionally migrate to ‘non‐natal’ plants that are the primary hosts of other, morphologically differentiated fly species in the genus. These observations raise the question of whether sexual isolation may reduce courtship and copulation between morphologically divergent species of Rhagoletis flies, contributing to their prezygotic isolation along with host‐specific mating.

3. Using reciprocal multiple‐choice mating trials, we measured sexual isolation among nine species pairs of morphologically differentiated Rhagoletis flies. Complete sexual isolation was observed in eight of the nine comparisons, while partial sexual isolation was observed in the remaining comparison.

4. We conclude that sexual isolation can be an effective prezygotic barrier to gene flow contributing to substantial reproductive isolation between many morphologically distinct Rhagoletis species, even in the absence of differential host plant choice and host‐associated mating.
Nutritional status, dietary habits, nutritional knowledge and self‐care assessment in a group of older adults attending community centres in Pavia, Northern Italy
Authors: Turconi G. , Rossi M. , Roggi C. , Maccarini L.
Published: October 2012

Background

The population of industrialised countries is ageing as a consequence of an increase in life expectancy. As a result of the increasing ageing process, the assessment of nutritional status and dietary habits, as well as the assessment of self‐care, is needed to plan selected actions aimed at improving the quality of life in the third and fourth life spans.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was carried out on a randomly selected sample of 200 healthy older adults (≥65 years old), attending community centres for older people in Pavia, Northern Italy. Ninety‐two percent of the recruited subjects participated in the survey. Anthropometric measurements and the Mini Nutritional Assessment were performed. Dietary habits, nutritional knowledge and self‐care were investigated using a questionnaire administered by two dietitians.

Results

The majority of subjects were low socio‐economic status and overweight [mean (SD) body mass index = 28.4 (4.3) kg/m2], 12% were malnourished according to their Mini Nutritional Assessment score and the majority of the arm muscle circumference measurements were below the 10th percentile, predicting accelerated loss of lean mass, even in the healthy independently living older adults. Only 30% of the sample had adequate dietary habits, whereas the ability to self‐care was good for the whole sample.

Conclusions

The unhealthy and unbalanced diet, frequently too rich in sugar and fats and low in protein intake, might explain being overweight and the loss of lean mass in the study subjects.
The duration of fibre‐optic intubation is increased by cricoid pressure. A randomised double‐blind study
Authors: ARENKIEL B. , SMITT M. , OLSEN K. S.
Published: October 2012

Background

In some categories of patients, a rapid sequence induction using a fibre‐optic method may be indicated. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of cricoid pressure (CP) on the duration of fibre‐optic intubation. The hypothesis was that CP would prolong the intubation time.

Methods

The study was a randomised, double‐blind, cross‐over study. The patients were intubated twice, in a randomised way, using a flexible fibrescope once with and once without CP. The intubation time and the visualisation of the glottis were registered. If the intubation was not completed within 180 s, it was registered as failed. CP was standardised to a pressure of 30 N. The data are given as the mean (standard deviation) or median [interquartile] (range).

Results

Fifty patients were included, with a mean age of 53 years (14.6) and mean body mass index of 26.4 (4.3). Three intubations without and 13 intubations with CP failed. The durations of intubation without and with CP were 59 s [53–79 s] (34–144 s) and 75 s [67–104 s] (43–179 s), respectively (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

The study showed that CP prolongs the duration of fibre‐optic intubation in patients with Mallampati grades 1–2.
Prevalence of saphenous nerve injury after adductor‐canal‐blockade in patients receiving total knee arthroplasty
Authors: HENNINGSEN M. H. , JÆGER P. , HILSTED K. L. , DAHL J. B.
Published: October 2012

Background

Adductor‐canal‐blockade is a new technique for pain relief after knee surgery. This block could cause nerve injury and the aim of this follow‐up study was to determine the prevalence of saphenous nerve injury in patients receiving adductor‐canal‐blockade for pain treatment after total knee arthroplasty.

Methods

All patients included in two former studies of adductor‐canal‐blockade following total knee arthroplasty were invited to participate in this follow‐up study 3–6 months after surgery. We examined the cutaneous area on the medial aspect of the lower leg (medial crural branch of the saphenous nerve), as well as the anterior, posterior, lateral and infrapatellar part of the affected and contralateral lower leg. Sensory function was tested with pinprick (sharp and blunt needle), temperature discrimination (cold disinfectant swabs) and light brush.

Results

We included 97 patients. None of the patients [0–5.3% (99% confidence interval)] had sensory changes related to temperature or light brush corresponding to the medial crural branch of the saphenous nerve, but 10 patients could not discriminate between blunt and sharp stimulation with a needle. In the infrapatellar area of the operated knee, 76 patients could not discriminate between blunt and sharp stimulation with a needle, 81 patients could not discriminate between cold and warmth, and 82 patients displayed an altered sensation to light brush.

Conclusion

We found no indications of saphenous nerve injury caused by the adductor‐canal‐blockade at the mid‐thigh level. However, 84% of the patients had signs of injury to the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve in the operated leg. Such findings are well‐known complications to the surgical procedure.
Common theme for drugs effective in overactive bladder treatment: Inhibition of afferent signaling from the bladder
Authors: Hood Brandy , Andersson Karl‐Erik
Published: October 2012

The overactive bladder syndrome and detrusor overactivity are conditions that can have major effects on quality of life and social functioning. Antimuscarinic drugs are still first‐line treatment. These drugs often have good initial response rates, but adverse effects and decreasing efficacy cause long‐term compliance problems, and alternatives are needed. The recognition of the functional contribution of the urothelium/suburothelium, the autonomous detrusor muscle activity during bladder filling and the diversity of nerve transmitters involved has sparked interest in both peripheral and central modulation of overactive bladder syndrome/detrusor overactivity pathophysiology. Three drugs recently approved for treatment of overactive bladder syndrome/detrusor overactivity (mirabegron, tadalafil and onabotulinum toxin A), representing different pharmacological mechanisms; that is, β‐adrenoceptor agonism, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibition, and inhibition of nerve release of efferent and afferent transmitters, all seem to have one effect in common: inhibition of the afferent nervous activity generated by the bladder during filling. In the present review, the different mechanisms forming the pharmacological basis for the use of these drugs are discussed.
Recurrent rhabdomyosarcoma after adjuvant chemotherapy for stage I non‐seminomatous germ cell tumor with malignant transformation
Authors: Ushida Hiroshi , Koizumi Shuichi , Katoh Kenjiro , Okabe Hidetoshi , Okada Yusaku , Okamoto Keisei
Published: October 2012

We report a rare case of stage I non‐seminomatous testicular germ cell tumor with malignant transformation. The patient received two cycles of chemotherapy (cisplatin, bleomycin and etoposide) tailored to testicular germ cell tumors as an adjuvant therapy after orchiectomy. However, 22 months later, the patient developed a metastasis in the occipital region that consisted of solely rhabdomyosarcoma through malignant transformation of a teratoma component. This case highlights an issue related to adjuvant chemotherapy for testicular germ cell tumors with components of malignant transformation.
Associations between social vulnerability, employment conditions and hazardous alcohol consumption in Chile
Authors: Ansoleaga Elisa , Castillo‐carniglia Alvaro
Published: October 2012

Introduction and Aims

Studies from many different countries have found associations between alcohol use, employment and social context. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between hazardous alcohol consumption (HAC), social vulnerability and employment conditions among Chilean adults.

Design and Methods

A cross‐sectional study, involving analysis of the 2008 National Survey on Drugs in Chile, was conducted on 8316 economically active men and women aged between 18 and 65 years, who completed the alcohol section of the survey. The participants were selected randomly and data collected through face‐to‐face interviews. Multilevel analysis was used to achieve the study's objectives. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test was used to define HAC.

Results

There were no significant associations between HAC and employment status or occupational category when controlling for potential confounders. Using the social services sector as a reference, the adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of HAC was 2.60 (1.96–3.46) for those who worked in construction, 2.03 (1.43–2.89) in mining, 1.74 in agriculture (1.16–2.63) and in industry (1.26–2.39), 1.73 (1.31–2.28) in trade, 1.67 (1.29–2.16) in other services and 1.42 (1.01–2.00) in transport. There was no association between the socioeconomic status of the participant's neighbourhood and HAC in the fully adjusted model. The perception of neighbourhood security (third quartile of insecurity) was associated with HAC (odds ratio 1.22; 95% confidence interval 1.02–1.46).

Discussion and Conclusions

HAC was independently associated with the participant's economic sector and perception of neighbourhood security in Chilean adults. It is important to perform in‐depth analyses of contextual effects on individual alcohol consumption.
A systematic review of the impact of including both waist and hip circumference in risk models for cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and mortality
Authors: Cameron A. J. , Magliano D. J. , Söderberg S.
Published: October 2012

Both a larger waist and narrow hips are associated with heightened risk of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and premature mortality. We review the risk of these outcomes for levels of waist and hip circumferences when terms for both anthropometric measures were included in regression models. MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched (last updated July 2012) for studies reporting the association with the outcomes mentioned earlier for both waist and hip circumferences (unadjusted and with both terms included in the model). Ten studies reported the association between hip circumference and death and/or disease outcomes both unadjusted and adjusted for waist circumference. Five studies reported the risk associated with waist circumference both unadjusted and adjusted for hip circumference. With the exception of one study of venous thromboembolism, the full strength of the association between either waist circumference or hip circumference with morbidity and/or mortality was only apparent when terms for both anthropometric measures were included in regression models. Without accounting for the protective effect of hip circumference, the effect of obesity on risk of death and disease may be seriously underestimated. Considered together (but not as a ratio measure), waist and hip circumference may improve risk prediction models for cardiovascular disease and other outcomes.