bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mount Omi and Beyond
Authors: Little Archibald John
Published: April 2014

Mount Omi and Beyond is Archibald John Little's account of his travels in the Szechuan province of China. His journey took him from Chongqing to Mount Omi and the Tibetan border. Little professed to add nothing to the records of geographical exploration through his work, but aimed simply to provide a 'picture of China as it exists far removed from Western influence'. Little compares this part of China with Europe in the middle ages – in the colourful dress of the people, the absence of technology, and lack of communication with the outside world. He believed that this was a world nearing its end, as Western influences were reaching the Chinese ports through trade. Published in London in 1901, it contains a 'Sketch Map of Northern and Central Szechuan' and fifteen black and white photographs. Several other books by Little and by his intrepid wife are also reissued in this series.
The History of British India
Authors: Mill James
Published: April 2014

James Mill's three volume History of British India was published from 1817 to 1818 and became an immediate success. A friend of Jeremy Bentham and a follower of utilitarianism, Mill focuses more on historical processes than human interest. He uses extensive sources rather than first-hand experience to create, as his preface claims, an 'objective' yet 'critical' history, often making harsh judgements of the country and its people within the context of a wider theoretical framework. He also criticises the British involvement in India and the process of conquest, colonization, and administration, the intention being to encourage the reader to a greater understanding of historical processes, ideas, and institutions with a view to encouraging thorough reform. Volume 1 examines the history from first encounters of the British in India to the formation of the Honourable East India Company in 1708, with studies of the Hindu and Muslim people and religions.
An Essay on the First Principles of Government
Authors: Priestley Joseph
Published: April 2014

In this 1768 publication, Joseph Priestley (1733–1804) expounds his political philosophy, revealed in part through his earlier writings on education and theology. While teaching at the dissenting academy at Warrington, he had argued against a scheme of national education in his Essay on a Course of Liberal Education (1765), included and expanded on in his Miscellaneous Observations Relating to Education (1778), which has been reissued in this series. Here, he explains that freedoms of education and religion promote free discourse, which is essential for social progress. Such discourse is only possible when government protects both civil liberty, power over one's own actions, and political liberty, the right to vote and hold office. Although harshly criticised at first for its perceived attack on church and government authority, Priestley's work inspired later liberal political theorists, notably enthusing Jeremy Bentham with its incorporation of a principle of utility.
Memoirs of Mrs Inchbald
Authors: Boaden James
Published: April 2014

Although she overcame a stammer to fulfil her acting ambitions, Elizabeth Simpson (1753–1821), known as Mrs Inchbald after her marriage in 1772, was more acclaimed for her good looks than her performances. Her husband was an actor, and she formed strong friendships with Sarah Siddons and John Philip Kemble, but her greatest impact was as a playwright, novelist, editor and critic. Despite her decision to destroy a four-volume autobiography, her extensive surviving journals and letters allowed James Boaden (1762–1839) to publish this two-volume work in 1833. Having produced biographies of Siddons, Kemble and Dorothy Jordan (which are also reissued in this series), Boaden presents here an informed account of this remarkable woman's personal, theatrical and literary life. Volume 1 covers the period from her birth to 1796 and includes as an appendix The Massacre (1792), a suppressed historical drama about the persecution of Huguenots in 1572.
Memoirs of Mrs Inchbald
Authors: Boaden James
Published: April 2014

Although she overcame a stammer to fulfil her acting ambitions, Elizabeth Simpson (1753–1821), known as Mrs Inchbald after her marriage in 1772, was more acclaimed for her good looks than her performances. Her husband was an actor, and she formed strong friendships with Sarah Siddons and John Philip Kemble, but her greatest impact was as a playwright, novelist, editor and critic. Despite her decision to destroy a four-volume autobiography, her extensive surviving journals and letters allowed James Boaden (1762–1839) to publish this two-volume work in 1833. Having produced biographies of Siddons, Kemble and Dorothy Jordan (which are also reissued in this series), Boaden presents here an informed account of this remarkable woman's personal, theatrical and literary life. Volume 2 covers the period from 1796 until her death. It includes as an appendix A Case of Conscience (1800), a play that had not been previously performed or published.
Germans to Poles
Authors: Service Hugo
Published: April 2014

At the end of the Second World War, mass forced migration and population movement accompanied the collapse of Nazi Germany's occupation and the start of Soviet domination in East-Central Europe. Hugo Service examines the experience of Poland's new territories, exploring the Polish Communist attempt to 'cleanse' these territories in line with a nationalist vision, against the legacy of brutal wartime occupations of Central and Eastern Europe by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. The expulsion of over three million Germans was intertwined with the arrival of millions of Polish settlers. Around one million German citizens were categorised as 'native Poles' and urged to adopt a Polish national identity. The most visible traces of German culture were erased. Jewish Holocaust survivors arrived and, for the most part, soon left again. Drawing on two case studies, the book exposes how these events varied by region and locality.
Hours in a Library (Second Series)
Authors: Stephen Leslie
Published: April 2014

This three-volume set brings together a diverse selection of essays by Sir Leslie Stephen (1832–1904), author, philosopher and literary critic. Educated at Eton and Cambridge, he was the founding editor of the Dictionary of National Biography and father of Virginia Woolf and Vanessa Bell. He wrote critiques of many authors and works, which were published in periodicals such as the Cornhill Magazine (of which he was editor from 1871), Fraser's Magazine and the Fortnightly Review. The Second Series, first published in 1876, includes commentaries on the works of Sir Thomas Browne, Samuel Johnson, Benjamin Disraeli and Horace Walpole, and the poetry of George Crabbe. Stephen sets each writer's work in its historical context, comparing it to that of other significant authors of its era and evaluating its philosophical and moral qualities. His articles remain of great interest to scholars of early modern, Romantic and Victorian literature.
Studies of a Biographer
Authors: Stephen Leslie
Published: April 2014

Sir Leslie Stephen (1832–1904) was founding Editor of the Dictionary of National Biography (DNB). Also a writer on philosophy, ethics, and literature, he was educated at Eton, King's College, London, and Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he remained as a Fellow and a tutor for a number of years. Though a sickly child, he later became a keen and successful mountaineer, taking part in first ascents of nine peaks in the Alps. These biographical essays and critiques were written originally for the National Review and published as two two-volume sets in 1898 and 1902. These vignettes show that, despite the years of preparing material for the DNB to its particular editorial requirements, Stephen was still a master of the finely crafted depiction of the essence of his chosen subjects. Volume 3 includes essays on Donne, John Ruskin, the Brownings' letters and, in complete contrast, a chapter considering the pleasures of walking.
Historical Sketches of the South of India
Authors: Wilks Mark
Published: April 2014

Classically educated, Mark Wilks (c.1760–1831) joined the Madras army of the East India Company and would go on to serve as political resident at the court of Mysore from 1803 to 1808. He also later served as governor of Saint Helena from 1813 to 1816, during which time he witnessed the arrival of Napoleon Bonaparte. Elected to the Manx parliament in 1816, Wilks became its speaker in 1826 and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in the same year. Drawing on state records and his own experiences, he first published this acclaimed three-volume history of the kingdom of Mysore between 1810 and 1817. Volume 2 details the first (1767–9) and second (1779–84) Anglo-Mysore wars, concluding with the death of Hyder Ali (c.1720–82) and the accession of Tipu Sultan (1750–99).
Exhibition and Market of Machinery, Implements and Material Used by Printers, Stationers, Papermakers and Kindred Trades
Authors: Wolf Lucien
Published: April 2014

First published in 1880, this is a complete catalogue of the traders and products that featured in an exhibition at London's Agricultural Hall, 5–17 July 1880. The focus of the exhibition was printing, stationery, papermaking and related trades, and around 200 organisations participated, displaying items such as printing appliances, papermaking machinery, stationery materials, packaging, and precision instruments. The catalogue's editor, journalist Lucien Wolf (1857–1930), prefaces it with an informative overview of trade exhibitions, examining their history and future, and their role in bringing together producers, retailers, buyers, wholesalers and importers to assess competition, compare products and evaluate the state and progress of their trades. The main body of the catalogue contains information on exhibitors and their products, and a range of authentic advertisements. Providing a revealing snapshot of industrial England, this work remains of interest to historians and scholars interested in Victorian trade.
Early Yorkshire Schools
Authors: Leach Arthur Francis
Published: April 2014

Published for the Yorkshire Archaeological Society in 1899, this first volume of a two-volume survey sets out to collect and put into historical context the extant documentation relating to the foundation and early history of three ancient Yorkshire schools - in York, Beverley and Ripon - from their origins up to the Reformation. The earliest of these is what later became York's St Peter's School, founded in 627 by St Paulinus of York and where Alcuin was an early headmaster. An extract from his Latin poem The Bishops, Kings and Saints of York relating to his time at the school is printed here, alongside a wealth of letters, charters and other documents (many in Latin) concerning the history and traditions of all three schools. Arthur Francis Leach (1851–1915), dubbed 'the father of the history of education in England', provides a narrative account to accompany the primary sources.
Early Yorkshire Schools
Authors: Leach Arthur Francis
Published: April 2014

Published for the Yorkshire Archaeological Society in 1903, this second volume of a two-volume survey sets out to collect and put into historical context the extant documentation relating to the foundation and early history of seven Yorkshire schools: Pontefract, Howden, Northallerton, Acaster, Rotherham, Giggleswick and Sedbergh. Although none is as ancient as the three cathedral schools surveyed in the first volume, the documentation - the earliest of which is typically in Latin, while later documents tend to be in English - extends from 1139 and the founding of Pontefract Grammar, takes in Rotherham College from its foundation in 1483, and includes a full record of Sedbergh School, from its genesis in the 1520s through its re-establishment in 1551 and up to the end of the seventeenth century. Arthur Francis Leach (1851–1915), dubbed 'the father of the history of education in England', provides an introductory narrative to accompany these primary sources.
Aeneidea
Authors: Henry James
Published: April 2014

Born in Dublin and classically educated at Trinity College, James Henry (1798–1876) practised as a doctor for more than twenty years before an inheritance enabled him to focus on the textual study of Virgil's Aeneid. Travelling extensively across Europe, Henry conferred with eminent scholars and consulted numerous manuscripts. His early findings (also reissued in this series) first appeared in 1853. After the death of his wife, he was accompanied and assisted by his sole surviving daughter, Katherine Olivia, who would also predecease him, three years after their final return to Ireland in 1869. Published between 1873 and 1892, this monumental commentary was seen through the press by colleagues following Henry's own death. Reflecting its author's passion and personality, the work remains a landmark in Virgilian scholarship, both celebrated and critiqued for its original and challenging approach. This second volume, covering Books II-IV, appeared in 1878.
Aeneidea
Authors: Henry James
Published: April 2014

Born in Dublin and classically educated at Trinity College, James Henry (1798–1876) practised as a doctor for more than twenty years before an inheritance enabled him to focus on the textual study of Virgil's Aeneid. Travelling extensively across Europe, Henry conferred with eminent scholars and consulted numerous manuscripts. His early findings (also reissued in this series) first appeared in 1853. After the death of his wife, he was accompanied and assisted by his sole surviving daughter, Katherine Olivia, who would also predecease him, three years after their final return to Ireland in 1869. Published between 1873 and 1892, this monumental commentary was seen through the press by colleagues following Henry's own death. Reflecting its author's passion and personality, the work remains a landmark in Virgilian scholarship, both celebrated and critiqued for its original and challenging approach. This fourth volume, covering Books X-XII, appeared in 1889.
Memoirs of John Horne Tooke
Authors: Stephens Alexander
Published: April 2014

Equally revered and reviled, the radical John Horne Tooke (1736–1812) enjoyed a well-deserved reputation as a political firebrand. Having attended Eton and St John's College, Cambridge, he explored careers in the church and law before finally gaining recognition as a vehement advocate of political reform. This acclaimed two-volume biography by Alexander Stephens (1757–1821) was published in 1813, incorporating personal correspondence and presenting its subject as 'a firm friend to the laws and liberties of his native country'. Volume 2 covers the period 1777–1812 and leads the reader through Horne's two periods of imprisonment, two parliamentary election campaigns, the rise of the Society for Constitutional Information and the publication of his final pamphlet, A Warning to the Electors of Westminster (1807). This volume concludes with an account of his final years of ill health, his death and his political legacy.
Eskimo Life
Authors: Nansen Fridtjof
Published: April 2014

In later life the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize for his humanitarian work, the Norwegian explorer and scientist Fridtjof Nansen (1861–1930) led the team that in 1888 made the first successful crossing of Greenland's interior. Finding themselves cut off from the rest of the world for the winter, Nansen and his men spent several months living among the Greenlandic Inuit. Although 'far too short a time in which to attain a thorough knowledge', it was nevertheless sufficient to form a strong acquaintance and affection. First published in 1893, this English translation of the 1891 Norwegian original offers a valuable insight into much that was, and remains, foreign and peculiar to European experience. The coverage ranges from culinary to linguistic observations, and Nansen is by turns repulsed, fascinated and full of compassion, asking what the future holds for a people 'already stung with the venom of our civilisation'.
Bibliographia zoologiae et geologiae
Authors: Agassiz Louis
Published: April 2014

Born in Switzerland, Louis Agassiz (1807–73) distinguished himself as one of the most capable and industrious naturalists of the nineteenth century, working in fields as diverse as ichthyology and glaciology. In the late 1840s, he moved to North America, where he became a professor of zoology at Harvard and established the Museum of Comparative Zoology. His extensive bibliography of all known works relating to zoology and geology, which he had compiled for private use, was revised and substantially expanded by the English naturalist Hugh Edwin Strickland (1811–53) and published by the Ray Society in four volumes between 1848 and 1854. As such, it stands as the fullest record of the existing scientific literature just prior to the publication of Darwin's On the Origin of Species. Volume 2 (1850) continues the list of works, arranged alphabetically by author, ranging here from Cabanis to Fyfe.
On the damped oscillations of an elastic quasi-circular membrane in a two-dimensional incompressible fluid
Authors: Martins Afonso Marco , Mendez Simon , Nicoud Franck
Published: April 2014

We propose a procedure – partly analytical and partly numerical – to find the frequency and the damping rate of the small-amplitude oscillations of a massless elastic capsule immersed in a two-dimensional viscous incompressible fluid. The unsteady Stokes equations for the stream function are decomposed into normal modes for the angular and temporal variables, leading to a fourth-order linear ordinary differential equation in the radial variable. The forcing terms are dictated by the properties of the membrane and result in jump conditions at the interface between the internal and external media. The equation can be solved numerically, and excellent agreement is found with a fully computational approach that we have developed in parallel. Comparisons are also shown with results available in the scientific literature for drops, and a model based on the concept of entrained fluid is presented, which allows for a good representation of the present results and a consistent interpretation of the underlying physics.
Investigation of Cyg OB2 #11(O5 Ifc) by Modelling its Atmosphere
Authors: Maryeva Olga , Zhuchkov Roman , Malogolovets Eugene
Published: April 2014

We continue the study of O-supergiants belonging to the association Cyg OB2 using moderate-resolution spectra. In this paper we present results of the modelling of the stellar atmosphere of Cyg OB2 #11. This object belongs to the spectral class Ofc, which was recently introduced and is yet small in numbers. Ofc class consists of stars with normal spectra with CIII λλ4647, 4650, 4652 emission lines of comparable intensity to those of the Of-defining lines NIII λλ4634, 4640, 4642. We combined new spectral data obtained by the 1.5-m Russian–Turkish telescope with spectra from MAST and CASU archives and determined physical parameters of the wind and chemical composition of the stellar atmosphere using cmfgen code. The estimated nitrogen abundance is lower than one in atmospheres of ‘normal’ O-supergiants (i.e. O4-6 supergiants without additional spectral index ‘n’ or ‘c’) and carbon abundance is solar. Also we find an excess in silicon. We present an illustrative comparison of our modelling results with current Geneva evolutionary models for rotating massive stars. The position on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram corresponds to the star mass of about 50 M⊙ and age about 4.5 Myr. Moreover, we carried out the high angular resolution (~ 0.02arcsec) observations on the Russian 6-m telescope aiming to find weaker companions of this star, which did not reveal any.
GIVING A NAME TO ISLAM SOUTH OF THE SAHARA: AN ADVENTURE IN TAXONOMY
Authors: Triaud Jean-Louis
Published: April 2014

This article revisits the concept ofislam noir(black Islam) crafted in the context of French rule of sub-Saharan Muslims. For the French colonial administration,islam noirconnoted the idea of a degraded Islam tainted by animist practices and therefore different from the pure Islam practiced in Arab countries. This differentiation was a way to separate it from ‘Arab Islam’, which was considered a subversive model. This distinction was not entirely new for it had already a long history behind it. Arabic sources had often shown a high distrust of sub-Saharan Africans who converted to Islam; they never really enjoyed a status equal to that of Arab Muslims. After the end of colonial rule, the story still continues. The theme of a specific sub-Saharan Islam (African Islam) remained a convenient category that was used by scholars, regardless of old prejudices. In the latest period, some African intellectuals have also embraced this concept, conjoining it with the pride of blackness, as a kind of Islamde la négritude, while praising its orthodoxy. It is this long epistemological and taxonomical adventure ofislam noirthat is examined here.
UNRULY AGENTS: POLICE REFORM, BUREAUCRATIZATION, AND POLICEMEN'S AGENCY IN INTERWAR TOGO
Authors: Glasman Joel
Published: April 2014

In the last few years, our understanding of police forces in Africa has increased significantly. Whilst in previous literature the police tended to be presented as a mere instrument in the hands of state elites, recent studies have shown the ability of policemen to defend their group interests. This article analyses a pivotal moment in the history of French West Africa, namely the creation of theService de Sûretéin the early 1930s. Drawing on archival evidence from Togo, it takes a close look at the shift from military to urban policing, arguing that the bureaucratization of security modified the agency of African policemen. Whereas previously their forms of protest were very much connected with the specific setting of military camps (indiscipline, desertion, rebellion), these now increasingly included written protests within the administration.
ORDER, OPENNESS, AND ECONOMIC CHANGE IN PRECOLONIAL SOUTHERN AFRICA: A PERSPECTIVE FROM THE BOKONI TERRACES
Authors: Delius Peter , Schirmer Stefan
Published: April 2014

The Bokoni settlement in Mpumalanga, South Africa is the largest known terraced site in Africa. The settlement consisted of intensively farmed terraced fields spanning 150 kilometres along the eastern escarpment. It flourished from around 1500 until the 1820s, after which it all but disappeared. This article first sets out to interpret the growing body of primarily archaeological Bokoni evidence from the perspective of economic history. Another, although secondary, goal of the article is to contribute to debates about the precolonial roots of African poverty. Accordingly, we outline the factors that may have facilitated the emergence of this region as a major food-producing area. We argue that Bokoni formed part of a decentralised social order that was built around the logic of production and was conducive to dynamic forms of accumulation. This decentralised, cooperative regional order was replaced in the early nineteenth century by a new order built around the logic of extraction and war. This new order militated against the development of decentralised intensive farming and emphasised instead the accumulation of military technology – most notably guns and the construction of military strongholds. As a result, the population of Bokoni plummeted and terraced farming fell into disuse in the region. These insights, we argue, call into question recent attempts to find the roots of African poverty in specific types of precolonial social arrangements.
Morphometric and molecular analyses of Tylodelphys sp. metacercariae (Digenea: Diplostomidae) from the vitreous humour of four fish species from Lake Naivasha, Kenya
Authors: Otachi E.O. , Locke S.A. , Jirsa F. , Fellner-Frank C. , Marcogliese D.J.
Published: April 2014

Even in the relatively well-characterized faunas of the developed world, it is difficult to discriminate species of metacercariae in the Diplostomidae using morphology, infection site or host use. The taxonomy, diversity and ecology of diplostomids infecting freshwater fishes in the African continent are particularly poorly known, but recent morphometric and genetic studies have revealed four species of diplostomids in the eyes and brains of siluriform fishes. In the present study, diplostomid metacercariae were collected from the eyes of 288 fish comprising two species within the Cyprinidae (Cyprinus carpio, n= 145, and Barbus paludinosus, n= 67), two Cichlidae (Oreochromis leucostictus, n= 56, and Tilapia zillii, n= 18) and one Centrarchidae (Micropterus salmoides, n= 2) caught in Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Morphometric (14 characters and 8 indices in 111 specimens) and molecular (sequences from the barcode region of the cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene in 11 specimens) data were used to discriminate species. All fish species except B. paludinosus were infected with Tylodelphys metacercariae that were initially separated into two types differing mainly in body length. However, this morphological distinction received only intermediate support in quantitative morphological analysis and molecular data indicated that both morphotypes were conspecific. All the specimens therefore are inferred to belong to a single unidentified species of Tylodelphys, which is not conspecific with any other diplostomid for which comparable molecular data are available, including four diplostomid species known from siluriform fish in Nigeria and Tanzania.
Tissue transfer to post-chemoradiation salvage laryngectomy defects to prevent pharyngocutaneous fistula: single-centre experience
Authors: Powell J , Ullal U R , Ahmed O , Ragbir M , Paleri V
Published: April 2014

Background:

In recent practice, we have used tissue transfer (pedicled or free flap) to augment the pharyngeal circumference of the neopharynx following salvage total laryngectomy, even in patients who have sufficient pharyngeal mucosa for primary closure. In this study, the rates of pharyngocutaneous fistula were compared in soft tissue flap reconstructed patients versus patients who underwent primary closure.

Method:

A retrospective assessment was carried out of all patients who had undergone a salvage total laryngectomy between 2000 and 2010. The presence or absence of a pharyngocutaneous fistula was compared in those who received reconstruction closure versus those who received primary closure.

Results:

The reconstruction closure group (n = 7) had no incidence of pharyngocutaneous fistula, whereas the primary closure group (n = 38) had 10 fistulas, giving pharyngocutaneous fistula rates of 0 per cent versus 26 per cent, respectively.

Conclusion:

The findings revealed a lower rate of pharyngocutaneous fistula with tissue transfer compared with primary closure of the neopharynx.
The limits of hybridity and the crisis of liberal peace
Authors: NADARAJAH SUTHAHARAN , RAMPTON DAVID
Published: April 2014

Hybridity has emerged recently as a key response in International Relations and peace studies to the crisis of liberal peace. Attributing the failures of liberal peacebuilding to a lack of legitimacy deriving from uncompromising efforts to impose a rigid market democratic state model on diverse populations emerging from conflict, the hybrid peace approach locates the possibility of a ‘radical’, post-liberal, and emancipatory peace in the agency of the local and the everyday and ‘hybrid’ formations of international/liberal and local/non-liberal institutions, practices, and values. However, this article argues, hybrid peace, emerging as an attempt to resolve a problem of difference and alterity specific to the context in which the crisis of liberal peacebuilding manifests, is a problem-solving tool for the encompassment and folding into globalising liberal order of cultural, political, and social orders perceived as radically different and obstructionist to its expansion. Deployed at the very point this expansion is beset by resistance and crisis, hybrid peace reproduces the liberal peace's logics of inclusion and exclusion, and through a reconfiguration of the international interface with resistant ‘local’ orders, intensifies the governmental and biopolitical reach of liberal peace for their containment, transformation, and assimilation.
Dynamic model and input shaping control of a flexible link parallel manipulator considering the exact boundary conditions
Authors: Zhang Quan , Mills James K. , Cleghorn William L. , Jin Jiamei , Sun Zhijun
Published: April 2014

In this paper, a rigid–flexible planar parallel manipulator (PPM) actuated by three linear ultrasonic motors for high-accuracy positioning is proposed. Based on the extended Hamilton's principle, a rigid–flexible dynamic model of the proposed PPM is developed utilizing exact boundary conditions. To derive an appropriate low-order dynamic model for the design of the controller, the assumed modes method is employed to discretize elastic motion. Then to investigate the interaction between the rigid and elastic motions, a proportional derivative feedback controller combined with a feed-forward-computed torque controller is developed to achieve motion tracking while attenuating the residual vibration. Then the controller is extended to incorporate an input shaper for the further suppression of residual vibration of flexible linkages. Computer simulations are presented as well as experimental results to verify the proposed dynamic model and controller. The input shaping method is verified to be effective in attenuating residual vibration in a highly coupled rigid–flexible PPM. The procedure employed for dynamic modeling and control analysis provides a valuable contribution into the vibration suppression of such a PPM.
Coupling effect analysis between the central nervous system and the CPG network with proprioception
Authors: He Bin , Lu Qiang , Wang Zhipeng
Published: April 2014

Human rhythmic movement is generated by central pattern generators (CPGs), and their application to robot control has attracted interest of many scientists. But the coupling relationship between the central nervous system and the CPG network with external inputs is still not unveiled. According to biological experiment results, the CPG network is controlled by the neural system; in other words, the interaction between the central nervous system and the CPG network can control human movement effectively. This paper offers a complex human locomotion model, which illustrates the coupling relationship between the central nervous system and the CPG network with proprioception. Based on Matsuoka's CPG model (K. Matsuoka, Biol. Cybern. 52(6), 367–376 (1985)), the stability and robustness of the CPG network are analyzed with external inputs. In order to simulate the coupling relationship, the Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network is used to simulate the cerebral cortex, and the Credit-Assignment Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller algorithm is employed to realize the locomotion mode conversion. A seven-link biped robot is chosen to simulate the walking gait. The main discoveries include: (1) the output of a new CPG network, which is stable and robust, can be treated as proprioception. Proprioception provides the central nervous system with the information about all joint angles; (2) analysis on a new locomotion model reveals that the cerebral cortex can modulate CPG parameters, leading to adjustment in walking gait.
The influence of music learning cultures on the construction of teaching-learning conceptions
Authors: Casas-Mas Amalia , Pozo Juan Ignacio , Montero Ignacio
Published: April 2014

Current research in music education tends to put the emphasis on learning processes outside formal academic contexts, both to rethink and to renew academic educational formats. Our aim is to observe and describe three music learning cultures simultaneously, including formal, non-formal and informal settings: Classical, Jazz and Flamenco, respectively. We observed the conceptions of learning, teaching and evaluation within the framework of implicit theories. We used multiple-choice questionnaires to infer the profiles of these conceptions in 30 guitarists who are starting out on their professional careers in the three cultures and analysed whether there are related profiles. The results show that: (a) the Flamenco culture differs significantly from the others in the conception of teaching; (b) the three cultures are most alike in the conception of evaluation, for which conceptions are more sophisticated; (c) the classical culture is closer to constructive conceptions and farther from direct positions, while the opposite is true of Flamenco.
East meets West: Learning-practices and attitudes towards music-making of popular musicians
Authors: Mok Annie O.
Published: April 2014

Learning-practices of popular musicians are a prominent theme in Western music education literature; however, there appears to be a shortage of such literature in Asian countries. With the aim of comparing East and West, a qualitative study was conducted to investigate the learning-practices and involvement in music of Hong Kong popular musicians. Since Hong Kong is a former British colony, the study intended to investigate whether these practices resembled Western practices, or if they were derived from elements indigenous to Hong Kong. Interviews and observations of the informants’ performances and rehearsals were used to obtain data. It was found that all the informants learned mainly in an informal way and participated actively in music-making – similar to the Western popular music-making scenario – but the shadow of the mentor–apprentice learning relationship inherent in Chinese culture also appeared. Lastly, achievement-driven motivation in learning, which is prevalent in Chinese society, was also found among the informants in the present study. This may not be a significant finding in the context of popular music generally, but it is an issue in which Asian educators may be interested.
TERMINAL CLASSIC CIRCULAR ARCHITECTURE IN THE SIBUN VALLEY, BELIZE
Authors: Harrison-Buck Eleanor , McAnany Patricia A.
Published: April 2014

Terminal Classic circular architecture has been characterized as a “non-Classic” trait stemming from Chontal-Itza groups from the Gulf lowlands who developed a long-distance, circum-peninsular trade route and established their capital city at Chichen Itza in northern Yucatan. Recent investigations of a series of circular shrines proximate to the Caribbean coast in Belize have yielded ceramics and radiocarbon dates that link these buildings to the ninth century, coeval with the early Sotuta phase at Chichen Itza (a.d.830–900). We present an architectural comparison of circular shrines and map out a network of sites that cluster along the rivers and coast of Belize. We consider two possibilities that may not be mutually exclusive: (1) local elite emulation of northern styles following pilgrimage to Chichen Itza for political accession ceremonies, and, (2) trading diasporas involving small-scale migration of Chontal-Itza merchants along the eastern Caribbean coast.
AGRARIAN FEATURES, FARMSTEADS, AND HOMESTEADS IN THE RÍO BEC NUCLEAR ZONE, MEXICO
Authors: Lemonnier Eva , Vannière Boris
Published: April 2014

With its overall settlement pattern more dispersed than those of other contemporary Maya sites, and many associated land use features still preserved, the spatial layout of the Río Bec nuclear zone (159 ha) leads us to give priority to the hypothesis of a production economy based on infield agriculture. Through a multidisciplinary and multiscalar research strategy, including several geoarchaeological methods developed on three different spatial scales, it is possible to forward a model of territorial occupation and land use for the Río Bec apogee period (a.d.700–850). Geographical and archaeological data, along with chronological and spatial analyses, allow us to reconstruct a built field system made up of distinct agricultural production units. From a socioeconomic perspective, the model suggests that agricultural production was managed at the household scale and that each unit or farmstead was distinct and autonomous from its neighbors.
Debate on the concept of probability, and conclusions to this special issue on developments of the concepts of randomness, statistics and probability
Authors: LONGO GIUSEPPE , MUGUR-SCHÄCHTER MIOARA ,   OTHER CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS SPECIAL ISSUE
Published: April 2014

The main promotor of this special issue, Mioara Mugur-Schächter, organised a final debate for the one day conference dedicated to the theme of this special issue of Mathematical Structures in Computer Science.
Probability, statistics and computation in dynamical systems
Authors: GALATOLO STEFANO , NISOLI ISAIA , ROJAS CRISTÓBAL
Published: April 2014

We discuss some recent results related to the deduction of a suitable probabilistic model for the description of the statistical features of a given deterministic dynamics. More precisely, we motivate and investigate the computability of invariant measures and some related concepts. We also present some experiments investigating the limits of naive simulations in dynamics.
Shannon entropy: a rigorous notion at the crossroads between probability, information theory, dynamical systems and statistical physics
Authors: LESNE ANNICK
Published: April 2014

Statistical entropy was introduced by Shannon as a basic concept in information theory measuring the average missing information in a random source. Extended into an entropy rate, it gives bounds in coding and compression theorems. In this paper, I describe how statistical entropy and entropy rate relate to other notions of entropy that are relevant to probability theory (entropy of a discrete probability distribution measuring its unevenness), computer sciences (algorithmic complexity), the ergodic theory of dynamical systems (Kolmogorov–Sinai or metric entropy) and statistical physics (Boltzmann entropy). Their mathematical foundations and correlates (the entropy concentration, Sanov, Shannon–McMillan–Breiman, Lempel–Ziv and Pesin theorems) clarify their interpretation and offer a rigorous basis for maximum entropy principles. Although often ignored, these mathematical perspectives give a central position to entropy and relative entropy in statistical laws describing generic collective behaviours, and provide insights into the notions of randomness, typicality and disorder. The relevance of entropy beyond the realm of physics, in particular for living systems and ecosystems, is yet to be demonstrated.
Kolmogorov on the role of randomness in probability theory
Authors: PORTER CHRISTOPHER P.
Published: April 2014

In this paper, I discuss the extent to which Kolmogorov drew upon von Mises' work in addressing the problem of why probability is applicable to events in the real world, which I refer to as the problem of the applicability of probability, or the applicability problem for short. In particular, I highlight the role of randomness in Kolmogorov's account, and I argue that this role differs significantly from the role that randomness plays in von Mises' account.
Bilingual children's production of regular and irregular past tense morphology
Authors: RISPENS JUDITH , DE BREE ELISE
Published: April 2014

This study examined the production of the Dutch past tense in Dutch–Hebrew bilingual children and investigated the effect of type of past tense allomorph (de versus te) and token frequency on productions of the past tense. Seven-year-old bilingual children (n=11) were compared with monolingual children: age-matched (n=30) and younger vocabulary-matched (n=21). Accuracy of regular and novel past tense was similar for the bilingual and monolingual groups, but the former group was worse on irregular past tense than the age-matched monolingual peers. All three groups showed effects of type frequency: te past tenses were more accurate than de. The difference between the bilingual and monolingual children surfaces in the extent of the effect: for the bilingual children it was most pronounced in verbs with low token frequency and novel verbs. Results are interpreted as stemming from a learning strategy or from phonological transfer from the Hebrew morphosyntactic system.
What to Make of Social Innovation? Towards a Framework for Policy Development
Authors: Borzaga Carlo , Bodini Riccardo
Published: April 2014

Over the past few years there has been a growing interest on the part of the scientific community (and, more recently, of policymakers) in the concept of social innovation. The notion of social innovation is particularly appealing in light of the difficulties facing traditional welfare systems and, more broadly, a development model that is finding it increasingly difficult to meet the growing and diversified needs of society. However, the uses and definitions of the concept are so disparate that it is becoming increasingly difficult to assess whether social innovation is in fact a helpful construct or just another fad that will soon be forgotten. This article focuses in particular on the usefulness of the concept of social innovation for the purposes of policy development. Therefore, the goal is not to find the ‘true’ definition of social innovation. Rather, it is to search for a useful framework on which to build sound policies that could tackle the complex social issues that have caused scholars and practitioners to pay attention to social innovation in the first place.
MODALITY AND AXIOMATIC THEORIES OF TRUTH II: KRIPKE-FEFERMAN
Authors: STERN JOHANNES
Published: April 2014

In this second and last paper of the two part investigation on “Modality and Axiomatic Theories of Truth” we apply a general strategy for constructing modal theories over axiomatic theories of truth to the theory Kripke-Feferman. This general strategy was developed in the first part of our investigation. Applying the strategy to Kripke-Feferman leads to the theory Modal Kripke-Feferman which we discuss from the three perspectives that we had already considered in the first paper, where we discussed the theory Modal Friedman-Sheard. That is, we first show that Modal Kripke-Feferman preserves theoremhood modulo translation with respect to modal operator logic. Second, we develop a modal semantics fitting the newly developed theory. Third, we investigate whether the modal predicate of Modal Kripke-Feferman can be understood along the lines of a proposal of Kripke, namely as a truth predicate modified by a modal operator.
Design and analysis of 80-W wideband asymmetrical Doherty amplifier
Authors: Bathich Khaled , Boeck Georg
Published: April 2014

This paper presents the analysis and design of a wideband asymmetrical Doherty amplifier. The frequency response of the output combining network of the Doherty amplifier with arbitrary back-off level configuration is analyzed. Other bandwidth-limiting factors were discussed and analyzed as well. A number of performance enhancement techniques were taken into consideration to obtain high and flat back-off efficiency over the amplifier design band of 1.7–2.25 GHz. The designed Doherty amplifier had, at 8.0–9.9 dB output back-off, a minimum efficiency of η = 50% [power-added efficiency of 45%], measured near 40 dBm of output power, and over 28% bandwidth. Using digital predistortion (DPD) linearization, an adjacent-channel leakage ratio (ACLR) of −43 dBc was obtained for a single-carrier W-CDMA signal, at 40.9 dBm and 46% of average output power and drain efficiency, respectively. The designed amplifier represents the first wideband Doherty amplifier reported over extended power back-off range.
Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is not a feature of all particulate vaccine adjuvants
Authors: Neumann Silke , Burkert Kristina , Kemp Roslyn , Rades Thomas , Rod Dunbar P , Hook Sarah
Published: April 2014

Particulate vaccine formulations, designed to improve the delivery of antigens to antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) and to stimulate an immune response, have been shown to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. This leads to the processing and secretion of interleukin (IL)‐1β, which supports the recruitment of pro‐inflammatory immune cells into the tissue and can therefore be beneficial for vaccine potency. Recent work suggested that this may be a common mechanism of action for all particulate formulations. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome was common to many delivery systems. We prepared polymer‐based chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs), lipid‐based cubosomes, a water in oil emulsion of incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) and alum formulations and examined inflammasome activation in vitro using murine bone‐marrow‐derived dendritic cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in vivo in mice. The formulations differed in their morphology, size and zeta‐potential. Only the positively charged particles (CNPs and alum) were able to activate the inflammasome and increase the secretion of IL‐1β. A decrease in the activation of the inflammasome with these particulates was observed when cathepsin B‐mediated effects were blocked, implying a role of lysosomal rupture in the activation process. These findings demonstrate a role for the surface charge of particulates in the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which should be considered when designing a novel vaccine formulation.
Slow modulations of high-frequency activity (40–140 Hz) discriminate preictal changes in human focal epilepsy
Authors: Alvarado-Rojas C. , Valderrama M. , Fouad-Ahmed A. , Feldwisch-Drentrup H. , Ihle M. , Teixeira C. A. , Sales F. , Schulze-Bonhage A. , Adam C. , Dourado A. , Charpier S. , Navarro V. , Le Van Quyen M.
Published: April 2014

Recent evidence suggests that some seizures are preceded by preictal changes that start from minutes to hours before an ictal event. Nevertheless an adequate statistical evaluation in a large database of continuous multiday recordings is still missing. Here, we investigated the existence of preictal changes in long-term intracranial recordings from 53 patients with intractable partial epilepsy (in total 531 days and 558 clinical seizures). We describe a measure of brain excitability based on the slow modulation of high-frequency gamma activities (40–140 Hz) in ensembles of intracranial contacts. In prospective tests, we found that this index identified preictal changes at levels above chance in 13.2% of the patients (7/53), suggesting that results may be significant for the whole group (p < 0.05). These results provide a demonstration that preictal states can be detected prospectively from EEG data. They advance understanding of the network dynamics leading to seizure and may help develop novel seizure prediction algorithms.
Indo-Pacific Warm Pool Area Expansion, Modoki Activity and Tropical Cold-Point Tropopause Temperature Variations
Authors: Xie Fei , Li Jianping , Tian Wenshou , Li Yanjie , Feng Juan
Published: April 2014

The tropical cold-point tropopause temperature (CPTT), a potentially important indicator of global climate change, is of particular importance for understanding changes in stratospheric water vapor levels. Since the 1980s, the tropical CPTT has shown not only interannual variations, but also a decreasing trend. However, the factors controlling the variations in the tropical CPTT since the 1980s remain elusive. The present study reveals that the continuous expansion of the area of the Indo-Pacific warm pool (IPWP) since the 1980s represents an increase in the total heat energy of the IPWP available to heat the tropospheric air, which is likely to expand as a result. This process lifts the tropical cold-point tropopause height (CPTH) and leads to the observed long-term cooling trend of the tropical CPTT. In addition, our analysis shows that Modoki activity is an important factor in modulating the interannual variations of the tropical CPTT through significant effects on overshooting convection.
Nanopapers for organic solvent nanofiltration
Authors: Mautner A. , Lee K.-Y. , Lahtinen P. , Hakalahti M. , Tammelin T. , Li K. , Bismarck A.
Published: April 2014

The production of nanopapers from nanocellulose suspensions by a papermaking-process and their utilization as organic solvent nanofiltration membranes is demonstrated.