bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Japan That Can—and Will—Do More
Authors: Menon Rajan
Published: November 2023

If the fate of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is uncertain despite efforts to reshape it for the post—cold war era, this is also true of Japan’s military pact with the United States, albeit to a lesser degree. Europeans are comfortable debating what strategies are appropriate in a new world where their dependence on the United States has diminished. Not so the Japanese, who are reticent to contemplate that prospect and seem to believe that by not discussing it, they will keep it at bay. Small wonder, for the American alliance has been the bedrock of their foreign and national security policy and a precondition for their economic triumphs. The alliance has also enabled Japan to play an extensive political and economic role in East Asia because, by containing Japan in the course of protecting it, the United States allays fears in the region—especially in China and Korea—that an activist Japan could metamorphose into an assertive one.
Korea: Coming of Age
Authors: Menon Rajan
Published: November 2023

The alliance between the United States and South Korea (or the Republic of Korea, its official designation) served each government’s interests well during the cold war and mirrored America’s alliances with Europe and Japan in this respect. The 1954 Mutual Defense Treaty prevented attacks against South Korea and provided it with security.1 By creating a favorable environment for South Korea’s spectacular economic transformation over the past fifty years, America also contributed to its prosperity. And despite Washington’s embrace of repressive South Korean regimes, stability and prosperity eased the eventual passage from authoritarianism to democracy.
The Development of Subjective Group Dynamics
Authors: Abrams Dominic , Rutland Adam
Published: November 2023

The literature on social inclusion and exclusion indicates that social inclusion and exclusion phenomena occur on multiple levels (see Abrams, Hogg, & Marques, 2005). At the societal level entire cultural or ethnic groups may be accorded or denied opportunities or resources because of their geographical, economic, or political position. At the institutional level, employment policies and other practices operate selective criteria that include some groups and individuals but create barriers to others. At the intergroup level competition and conflict may occur, which means that some groups dominate others and deny resources or recognition to out-group members but accord special treatment to in-group members. At an interindividual level people may target particular individuals for criticism, vilification, or abuse, perhaps because of some stigma. Others may be lauded as icons for their special qualities or achievements. At the intraindividual level people may be included or excluded from the self concept, and this will have implications for our automatic associations and responses to that person.
Children Who Refuse School to Avoid Social and Performance Situations
Authors: Kearney Christopher A
Published: November 2023

Raven is a r3-year-old girl who has problems attending school because she is nervous in different social and performance situations at school. Raven has skipped several classes already this year and has three full-day absences. She says she is shy, feels uncomfortable talking to other kids at school, and does not like speaking before others or going to gym class. In particular, she has been skipping classes where she has to take tests or give oral presentations, and her teachers complain that Raven will not answer questions in class. This chapter will be more helpful to you if your child matches Raven’s situation or if one or both of the following is true: Your child is having trouble going to school or classes because of dis­ tress about social or performance situations at school. Your child is missing certain classes such as gym, choir, band, reading, English, or other courses where performing before others is expected. This chapter will be less helpful to you if one or both of the following is true: Your child is not distressed about school. Your child is refusing school only for attention (see chapter 5). Your child is refusing school only to do more fun activities outside of school (see chapter 6).
Mind Race
Authors: Jamieson Patrick E , Rynn Moria A
Published: November 2023

New to the Adolescent Mental Health Initiative series are books written specifically for teens and adolescents. Each book addresses some of the major mental health issues facing young people today: depression, alcoholism, drug abuse, eating disorders, schizophrenia, and anxiety disorders. They will be written for and by young people who have struggled with and conquered these illnesses themselves. Supplementing this first-person narrative with the scholarship and expertise of leading psychiatrists and psychologists, the authors will provide such essential information as how to go about getting a diagnosis, what the latest treatment options are, and how to cope with mental illness at home and at school. Using this unique combination of personal narrative and cutting-edge research, these books are designed to help teens and young adults deal effectively with these illnesses and to empower them and their families to act immediately and wisely at getting the best available treatment possible. The life of a person with bipolar disorder can be tumultuous. The world is made up of many moods: one is fast-paced, frantic, energetic - you are at the top of your game and feeling invincible. Another is so bleak and dark that basic tasks are nearly impossible - your body no longer abeys simple commands and your interest in the world around you dissolves. Now imagine a third mood: the sudden and volatile mixed state in which both the highs and lows occur simultaneously. Many of those diagnosed with this disorder are adolescents: young people who often feel isolated, afraid, and unsure of who to talk to or where to turn for help and answers. Diagnosed with bipolar disorder at age 15, Patrick Jamieson knows firsthand the highs and lows and bring his experiences to bear in Mind Race, the first in the Annenberg Mental Health Initiative series written specifically for teenagers and young adults. This is a first-person account, aimed at teens who have recently been diagnosed with bipolar disorder, combining Jamieson's personal experience with practical advice for young people. Incorporating the medical expertise of psychiatrist Moira Rynn, the author discusses his own challenges and triumphs and offers guidance on issues such as psychiatric hospitalisation, living with mood-stabilising medications, and "what doctors know" about bipolar disorder. In authoritative yet accessible language, he presents the latest in scientific research on the disorder, treatment options, and how to deal with the disorder at home and at school. Included is a detailed FAQ for the recently diagnosed. With Mind Race, Jamieson offers hope to teens and young adults living with bipolar disorder, helping them to navigate and overcome their challenges so they can lead a full and rewarding life.
There and Back: A Bipolar Trip
Authors: Jamieson Patrick E , Rynn Moria A
Published: November 2023

Mania is about desperately seeking to live life at a more passionate level, taking second and sometimes third helpings on food, alcohol, drugs, sex, and money, trying to live a whole life in one day. —Andy Behrman, Electroboy: A Memoir of Mania (2002) It isn’t Dylan Thomas or even Jakob Dylan. I know that now, but when I wrote it early one morning in a wash of mania and alcohol, I thought this poem was brilliant. When born of a stable mind, these thoughts would be metaphors to me; when manic, I live them.
The Mechanisms of Human Action: Introduction and Background
Authors: Morsella Ezequiel
Published: November 2023

A few minutes at a local café allow one to appreciate the wide array of actions that humans are capable of expressing—reading the newspaper, waiting for a friend, shaking hands, grabbing the waiter’s attention with a “cappuccino, please.” Some actions at the café may be reflexive, automatic, voluntary, social, communicative, or reflect that hidden resource called “will power.” As ordinary as these actions are, they remain exceedingly difficult to understand from a scientific point of view.
Smart Moves: The Psychology of Everyday Perceptual-Motor Acts
Authors: Rosenbaum David A , Vaughan Jonathan , Meulenbroek Ruud G J , Jax Steven , Cohen Rajal G
Published: November 2023

In 1996, when IBM’s Deep Blue computer beat the world’s greatest chess player (Gary Kasparov), a person rather than Deep Blue was responsible for looking at the board and moving the pieces. IBM may have chosen to use a person rather than a computer for the perceptual-motor aspects of chess playing because those aspects may have seemed too uninteresting to simulate. Nevertheless, no computer in 1996—and none now—can begin to do what any normal 4-year-old can do—climb trees, pick strawberries, or set up a chess board and lift and move the chess pieces to and from desired locations. The problems to be solved in such tasks are not just physical; they are also psychological. Our understanding of the psychological bases of everyday perceptual motor acts is miniscule compared to our understanding of the psychological bases of more intellectual activities such as chess playing. However, progress is being made on the psychology of physical action. This chapter reviews some progress in this area of research as instantiated in the theory of motor planning developed by the authors and their colleagues.
Mimicry: Its Ubiquity, Importance, and Functionality
Authors: Chartrand Tanya L , Dalton Amy N
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the importance of mimicry in social life. It begins with a review of the various types of mimicry that researchers have uncovered. Research documenting verbal, facial, emotional, and behavioral mimicry is discussed, along with evidence for its automatic and non concious nature. Next, it is argued that mimicry has major social implications both within the mimicry interaction and beyond it. Evidence is reviewed linking mimicry to rapport and empathy, affiliation motives, and prosocial behavior. Mimicry also appears to impact the individuals being mimicked in nonsocial ways. It influences the cognitive processing style engaged in, the amount of regulatory resources they have, and the attitudes and preferences that they hold. Finally, four different theoretical approaches to the question of why humans mimic are discussed. These include conceptualizing mimicry as a communication tool, as a passive response based on an automatic perception-behavior link, as an adaptive behavior serving an important evolutionary function, and as a translator of neural responses into an understanding of the social environment.
Elbow Grease: When Action Feels Like Work
Authors: Preston Jesse , Wegner Daniel M
Published: November 2023

Human action is fueled by the exertion of the person in action. Just as cars run on gas and toy bunnies run on batteries, agents run on eff ort. Eff ort is easily recognizable all around us. We can see it in others when they strain and sweat and grimace as they work; we can see it in ourselves each time we raise a hand or walk up a hill or scrub potatoes for dinner.
Living on the Edge: Shifting Between Nonconscious and Conscious Goal Pursuit
Authors: Gollwitzer Peter M , Parks-Stamm Elizabeth J , Oettingen Gabriele
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses recent research exploring how shifts between conscious, controlled processing and automaticity affect goal pursuit. It begins by reviewing past approaches to nonconscious goal pursuit, including the search for both similarities between conscious and nonconscious goal pursuit and differences between the two. It then addresses the consequences of shifting between conscious and nonconscious goal striving, and the question of whether people can strategically shift from effortful, controlled goal striving to automaticity through forming implementation intentions.
Probability and Statistics
Authors: Johnston William , McAllister Alex M
Published: November 2023

Probability and statistics are distinct fields of mathematics and yet are naturally intertwined with one another—sharing many common goals, questions, and techniques. Roughly speaking, probability is the mathematics of chance that seeks to measure the likelihood of an event occurring. Many people enjoy probability theory because its simplest problems reflect our natural intuition about real-life experience. For example, we expect a fair coin toss to show heads half the time, which matches the corresponding calculation from probability theory. As probability theorists grapple with more sophisticated questions, the required mathematics becomes more sophisticated and advanced. In this way, probability theory is an intricate field of mathematics with many surprises.

Probability theory draws on ideas from both discrete mathematics and real analysis and uses them in creative and useful ways. For example, the probability model for a coin toss is quite different from the probability model for the weight of a person; the first situation has only two outcomes (heads and tails) and is studied using discrete mathematics, while the second has a continuum of outcomes (since any weight greater than zero is theoretically possible) and is studied using the theory of functions with a positive domain.
Dual Disorders: Addiction Combined With Depression or Bipolar Illness
Authors: Daley Dennis C , Douaihy Antoine
Published: November 2023

Late one cold December night, Senator George McGovern heard a knock on his door. When he opened it and saw a policeman and a member of the clergy, he knew something was terribly wrong. They told him that his daughter Terry, a mother of two young daughters, had died. She got drunk, passed out in the cold out of doors, and froze to death. In his book, simply titled Terry, the senator gives a brutally honest and eloquent description of his depressed alcoholic daughter’s life and how heartbroken he and Mrs. McGovern were over her tragic and untimely death. I found myself shedding tears when I read about how deeply he loved her and how sad and despondent he felt when she died. I also had the privilege of hearing Senator McGovern tell his personal story, so I knew that Terry had had two serious disorders. I also knew that her alcoholism and depression were chronic disorders and all too common among people in our society.
Changing Your Lifestyle
Authors: Daley Dennis C , Douaihy Antoine
Published: November 2023

Tools of recovery are the steps you take on a regular basis to manage your disorders. The more these become part of your daily life, the greater likelihood there is that your recovery will lead to positive changes. One such tool is attending support group meetings such as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), Narcotics Anonymous (NA), Dual Recovery Anonymous (DRA), or mental health support groups for depression or bipolar illness. Meetings provide education, support, and a sense of hopefulness about change.
Kennedy and Khrushchev: Seeking—and Failing—to Learn about the Other
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

It is not only difficult to learn from history but also difficult to learn from, or about, another person, for the same basic reasons: irreducible uncertainty, entangled indicators, and entangled causality—and it does n’t matter whether the other persons are heads of state or the next-door neighbors. We will see from the evidence below that, even in the most crucial and important of human affairs, the most skilled politicians fail to reduce uncertainty, and that fallible indicators and causes remain entangled despite strenuous, if misguided, efforts to disentangle them.
Continua
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Researchers centered their work on intuition from the beginning. It is the first thing anyone thinks about when they think about judgment; it is at the core of the mystery of the process of judgment. And its opposite—analytical thought— has been paired with it from the beginning as well. Isaiah Berlin referred to them as “rivals,” and that certainly seems appropriate, for these two cognitive processes have been competing for our attention—and praise—since we have been pondering how we make our judgments.
Intuition: Seeking Rationality the Easy Way
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

There has always been tension between two major theories of cognitive activity. One theory, described in chapter 3, proposes that cognition works by aggregating information in a linear way, that is, by seeking surface indicators of depth information and simply adding or averaging their values. This process is known as the “linear model,” and there is little doubt that Homo sapiens and many other animals, birds, and insects do just that. There are three important research questions about this process: Under what conditions does it occur? What are the consequences? What parts of the brain are involved in that activity? We already know the answer to the first question: This sort of activity happens in a very wide variety of circumstances.
Current Research Themes
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

It has often been said that the last thing fish will discover will be water. This metaphor applies with force to the themes that guide the researchers in the field of judgment and decision making, and perhaps researchers everywhere. There are few researchers who are prepared to seek out and understand the differences between the thematic character of their work and that of their peers and explain them to their students. These differences, and the blindness thereto, became apparent during the latter part of the twentieth century, a time when the problem of understanding and evaluating intuitive, and even analytical, rationality became prominent.
Trying to Learn from History with Bernard Lewis and Jared Diamond
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

The status of history as an intellectual discipline has long been debated. Can we really learn anything other than the content of the story? Is it nothing but storytelling? These perennial questions and similar ones have slowly but surely taken center stage as democracy has replaced aristocracy as the source of public authority, thus allowing the judgment and decision-making process to come under wide critical review. History, broadly defined as past experience, has become more and more relevant to the process of forming social policy. And that, in turn, has led to a demand from the public that its policymakers learn from history, and especially from their mistakes. But if there is one universal complaint against legislators, and other policymakers—including the military—it is that they fail to learn: “Why can’t these people learn?” is a common complaint from their constituents.
Is Weight Loss Surgery Right For You?
Authors: Apple Robin F , Lock James , Peebles Rebecka
Published: November 2023

Obesity has quickly become an epidemic in the western world. If you are suffering from significant overweight problems, you may be contemplating weight loss surgery. The decision to pursue weight loss surgery should not be taken lightly. There are many factors to consider. This book contains all the need-to-know information about weight loss surgery and how to decide whether or not it is right for you. Is Weight Loss Surgery Right for You? helps guide you through the decision-making process by providing information on the various types of bariatric surgery available, their respective risks and benefits, the professional consultations and evaluations you will need to go through prior to surgery, as well as what to expect post-operatively. It also contains written exercises you can complete at home in order to help you work through any anxious feelings you may have as a result of your considering surgery. If you are interested in weight loss surgery as a way to improve your quality of life, both physically and emotionally, this book will ensure that you have all the tools necessary to make the best decisions.
What to Expect After Surgery
Authors: Apple Robin F , Lock James , Peebles Rebecka
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses what to expect immediately after your surgery and in the following few days and weeks. It will remind you of the importance of following the recommendations of your surgical team regarding your dietary intake, the amount of rest and physical activity you will need, and the necessity of being patient, using various supports, normalizing frustrations, and so on, in the short term. Once you have undergone your surgery, you deserve to give yourself a big congratulations and pat on the back for following through on your goal-an undertaking that was extensive in terms of mental, physical, financial, social, and logistical challenges. You deserve to be commended for persevering and accomplishing what you set your mind to.
The Nature of Extraordinary Human Evil
Authors: Waller James
Published: November 2023

It is easy to detach ourselves from perpetrators of extraordinary human evil and their victims. Most of us know nothinginan experiential sense-about the perpetration of extraordinary evil. We have not been through anything in our personal lives that remotely compares to the atrocities inflicted on millions of victims of genocide and mass killing across the globe. Each of us is, though, the surviving heir of catastrophes and destruction that we never experienced. As such, we are called to find meaning where there appears to be none.
Trying to Get Help
Authors: Keegan Kyle , Moss Howard B
Published: November 2023

There I was, on a wet New Jersey street, my parents’ wrecked car upside down beside me. I had reached one of the lowest points in my life, and my situation was desperate. But in another respect, my dismal circumstances meant that if I were to keep on living, there was only one direction I could go, and that would have to be up. Eventually. In this next chapter of my story, you’ll see that I continued to have more downs than ups in my struggles to overcome my addiction, but my point in describing them at all is to show you something really important about treatment.
Cognition, Evolution, and Behavior
Authors: Shettleworth Sara J
Published: November 2023

How do animals perceive the world, learn, remember, search for food or mates, communicate, and find their way around? Do any nonhuman animals count, imitate one another, use a language, or have a culture? What are the uses of cognition in nature and how might it have evolved? What is the current status of Darwin’s claim that other species share the same “mental powers” as humans, but to different degrees? In this completely revised second edition of Cognition, Evolution, and Behavior, Sara Shettleworth addresses these questions, among others, by integrating findings from psychology, behavioral ecology, and ethology in a unique and wide-ranging synthesis of theory and research on animal cognition, in the broadest sense--from species-specific adaptations of vision in fish and associative learning in rats to discussions of theory of mind in chimpanzees, dogs, and ravens. She reviews the latest research on topics such as episodic memory, metacognition, and cooperation and other-regarding behavior in animals, as well as recent theories about what makes human cognition unique. In every part of this new edition, Shettleworth incorporates findings and theoretical approaches that have emerged since the first edition was published in 1998. The chapters are now organized into three sections: Fundamental Mechanisms (perception, learning, categorization, memory), Physical Cognition (space, time, number, physical causation), and Social Cognition (social knowledge, social learning, communication). Shettleworth has also added new chapters on evolution and the brain and on numerical cognition, and a new chapter on physical causation that integrates theories of instrumental behavior with discussions of foraging, planning, and tool using.
Recognition Learning
Authors: Shettleworth Sara J
Published: November 2023

To recognize is to know again, ‘‘to perceive to be identical with something previously known’’ (Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd edition). Therefore, in a sense all learning involves recognition. This chapter is about how animals learn about objects, other animals, and events they experience in the absence of obvious relationships with other events. Such learning seems to reflect what people usually mean by recognition. When I ask,’’Do you recognize thatwoman?’’ I mean’’Have youseenherbefore?’’ Psychologists’ experiments on recognition memory (Chapter 7) capture this meaning. In behavioral ecology, recognition can refer to classifying objects or other animals appropriately on first encounter. For instance, kin recognition means treating relatives differently from other conspecifics, regardless of whether they have been encountered before.
Communication and Language
Authors: Shettleworth Sara J
Published: November 2023

Figure 14.1 depicts a classic ethological example of communication. A male stickle back in breeding condition, with a red belly, swims in a wavering path toward an eggladen female. When she responds to this ‘‘zig zig dance’’ by swimming toward the male, he heads toward his nest, and she follows. Upon reaching the nest, a little tunnel of vegetation on the substrate, the male pokes his head into the entrance, ‘‘showing’’ it to the female. She enters, and a further series of actions and reactions ends in her depositing eggs in the nest and the male releasing sperm over them.
Difficult Parents and Other Special Topics
Authors: Kearney Christopher A
Published: November 2023

Colby is a 14-year-old boy in ninth grade who has missed several days of school this semester. Colby has a long history of school refusal behavior dating to the beginning of middle school. An assessment reveals that Colby is missing school for tangible rewards outside of school, including time spent with friends, as well as to avoid general distress about school. Discussions with Colby’s parents about this issue have been difficult. Colby’s parents vociferously blame school officials for Colby’s absenteeism and for failing to inform them of the severity of their son’s problem. Although Colby’s parents seemed invested in resolving their son’s school refusal behavior the last two years, they seem much less invested this year. This is evidenced by failure to return telephone calls or appear for scheduled appointments with Colby’s guidance counselor.
Madness: Malignant Desires
Authors: Kringelbach Morten L .
Published: November 2023

In November 2005, the Dalai Lama was invited to speak at the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience in Washington, D.C. Although this event was not without controversy, he surprised many scientists with his remarkable open-mindedness, particularly concerning the validity of neuroscientific enquiry. The Dalai Lama spoke of how humans have “much conflicting emotion, much bad emotion, jealousy, anger, fear.” He is our great troublemaker.” He confessed that he “still feels anger and fear.” He said that meditation can help, but that he was not averse to other paths. He volunteered himself as a patient if neuroscientists wanted to pursue easier ways to quell the “troublemakers of the mind.”
Conditioned Taste Aversion and Latent Inhibition: A Review
Authors: Lubow R E
Published: November 2023

Although laboratory studies of conditioned taste aversion (CTA) go back to the pioneering work of Garcia, Kimmeldorf, and Koelling (1955), the first demonstrations of latent inhibition (LI) with a CTA preparation did not appear until the 1960s. By the early 1970s, there were at least nine studies that had demonstrated that prior exposure to a to-be conditioned flavor interfered with CTA (Lubow, 1973). That conditioned aversion to a familiar stimulus appears to be weaker than to the same stimulus when it is novel is, of course, identical to the results from scores of LI experiments that have used a variety of learning paradigms.
Drug-Induced Suppression of Conditioned Stimulus Intake: Reward, Aversion, and Addiction
Authors: Grigson Patricia S , Twining Robert C , Freet Christopher S , Wheeler Robert A , Geddes Rastafa I
Published: November 2023

According to figures provided by the National Institute on Drug Abuse http://www.nida.nih.gov/Infofacts/index.html, in 2004, 34.2 million Americans used cocaine at least once, 7.8 million Americans used crack at least once, 2.4 million Americans used heroin (87% under the age of 26), and there were 450,000 current users of ecstasy. There were 14.6 million users of marijuana in 2004 and 70.3 million Americans smoking cigarettes. These large numbers are even more problematic because many become addicted and addiction is not resolved following even long periods of abstinence. In fact, addition is a disease of chronic relapse (Leshner & Koob, 1999), costing society hundreds of billions of dollars each year as the addict repeatedly cycles from addiction to abstinence, withdrawal, drug-seeking, and relapse.
Memory Phenomena and Conditioned Taste Aversion
Authors: Meehan Susanne M , Riccio David C
Published: November 2023

Unlike many other learning paradigms, conditioned taste aversion (CTA) can often be acquired in a single trial and hence learning need not be measured online. Rather, it is often assessed after the conditioning is completed. Following a pairing of a taste with induced illness, a period of time, typically 24 or 48 h, is interpolated to permit recovery from the malaise at the time of testing. So, in a sense, almost all CTA studies involve a retention interval, albeit a relatively brief one. Given CTA’s well-deserved reputation as a phenomenon that is resistant to forgetting, one might wonder why a chapter on memory and CTA is needed. Our view would be that if we broaden the scope to include the variety of phenomena associated with CTA, then there are a number of findings that prove relevant for discussion.
Strain Differences in Taste Aversion Learning: Implications for Animal Models of Drug Abuse
Authors: Riley Anthony L , Davis Catherine M , Roma Peter G
Published: November 2023

Although the focus on animal models of drug abuse has traditionally been on the reinforcement processes underlying the initiation and escalation of drug intake, recently there has been an increasing interest in the drug’s aversive effects (as indexed by the conditioned taste aversion [CTA] procedure) in such models. This chapter describes some of the recent work on the role of aversions (as a protectant factor in drug escalation), focusing primarily on work on inbred strains of mice and rats or rodent models that have been selectively bred for drug reactivity. The chapter closes with an overview of the role of environmental factors in modulating reactivity in such lines and strains, highlighting the importance of gene–environment interactions in the particular phenotype of drug-taking behavior.
Conditioned Taste Aversion Across the Life Span from Prenascence to Senescence
Authors: Misanin James R , Anderson Matthew J , Hinderliter Charles F
Published: November 2023

Although John Garcia published his first paper (Garcia, Kimeldorf, & Koelling, 1955) on conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in the widely read journal, Science, it was his seminal paper on the relationship of cue to consequence, which appeared in Psychonomic  Science over a decade later (Garcia & Koelling, 1966) that triggered an intensive investigation of this unique phenomenon by other investigators. The majority of the investigations over the next decade, parametric studies, were empirical in nature, attempting to delineate a set of functions describing the manner in which different levels of a variable, for example, conditioned stimulus (CS) or unconditioned stimulus (US) amount (Bond & DiGiusto, 1975) or intensity (e.g., Dragoin, 1971a; Kalat, 1974) affect the development of CTA. Other studies focused on the neural structures mediating the association of taste and illness (e.g., Buresova & Bures, 1973, 1974, 1975). During this time there was also much concern and discussion as to whether or not CTA conformed to the general laws of learning (e.g., Kalat, 1977; Kalat & Rozin, 1971; Revusky, 1977; Rozin & Kalat, 1971; Seligman, 1970). There was also much speculation as to whether “stimulus relevance,” the focal point of Garcia and Koelling’s (1966) paper, was learned or innate (e.g., Mackintosh, 1973; Revusky, 1977). During this decade, however, there was little effort to answer this latter question experimentally.
Genetic Influences on Conditioned Taste Aversion
Authors: Cunningham Christopher L , Gremel Christina M , Groblewski Peter A
Published: November 2023

Individuals differ widely in their willingness to consume certain foods or fluids. Some of these differences can be attributed to innate (unlearned), genetically influenced differences in sensitivity to specific tastes (Drayna, 2005). For example, humans show bimodality in their ability to detect the extremely bitter taste of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC), a phenomenon that can be explained largely by allelic variation in a single gene, TAS2R38 (Kim et al., 2003). In many cases, however, individual differences in avidity for a food or fluid are more readily traced to the previous consequences, positive or negative, of ingesting those substances. In other words, individuals might differ in their willingness to consume a food or fluid based on previous learning about the postingestive effects of consumption. One common example of this phenomenon is the development of aversion to the taste of a food whose consumption was previously followed by nausea and vomiting, regardless of whether the illness was directly caused by a toxin in the food or was merely coincidental. Individuals who have previously experienced illness after eating a certain food are more likely to avoid that food or to report that it tastes “bad” than individuals who have not (Bernstein, 1999).
Biomechanics of MTBI
Authors: Mccrea Michael A
Published: November 2023

A critical component of any injury examination is reconstructing the event or accident that is considered the cause of the patient’s presenting injuries. As noted in part one, this is a sometimes difficult exercise in the case of MTBI where oftentimes there are no eyewitnesses and patients are unable to provide a credible report due to a period of unconsciousness or posttraumatic amnesia that confounds their account of the incident. As a result, clinicians are often left with the challenge of determining whether or not the accident in question was sufficient to cause underlying brain injury. In a motor vehicle accident scenario, it is common to ascertain where the patient was positioned in the vehicle, whether they were belted, how fast the vehicle was traveling, the crash orientation (e.g., rear-ended vs. broadsided vs. rollover), and the nature of any direct impact to the head in the accident—all in hopes of reconstructing a biomechanical model for that individual case. In other accident scenarios, it is equally important to establish aspects of acceleration and deceleration, translational and rotational dynamics, and a general sense of injury biomechanics. Historically, establishing a minimal biomechanical threshold for traumatic brain injury has been one of the most elusive concepts frustrating biomechanists and neuroscience researchers.
Nonspecificity of Postconcussion Syndrome Symptoms
Authors: Mccrea Michael A
Published: November 2023

There is now a substantial empirical literature base showing that PCS symptom report is influenced by factors other than head injury, suggesting that symptoms typically associated with PCS are not specific to head injury. Numerous studies have reported that PCS symptoms are quite common among individuals with various medical or psychological disorders. Others have documented relatively high base rates of postconcussion symptoms in the healthy, normal population.
PCS as a Neuropsychological Disorder
Authors: Mccrea Michael A
Published: November 2023

While the pathophysiology of MTBI itself is now well delineated and provides a clear neurologic basis for the acute symptoms and functional effects during the first several days to weeks postinjury, the base of scientific evidence makes it very unlikely that PCS is a neurologic condition stemming from an MTBI. That said, differential diagnosis of PCS still presents significant challenge to the clinician.
A Practical Model for Clinical Management of PCS
Authors: Mccrea Michael A
Published: November 2023

In this progression toward transferring scientific evidence to clinical application, I now present a strong foundation of theory and research on interventional models for treating PCS as a neuropsychological disorder. To reiterate, the construct of ‘‘neuropsychological disorder’’ is based on the fact that MTBI and PCS, perhaps more than any other entity in neuroscience, call on a clinician’s expert understanding of both neurologic and psychological principals. While there is little question about the neuropathophysiology of MTBI, it is the clinician’s understanding of psychological principals that will be most effective in treating the individual patient who presents with lingering com- plaints or other difficulties after MTBI that eventuate to a diagnosis of persistent PCS.
Use of Computer-Generated Reports in Treatment Planning
Authors: Butcher James N , Perry Julia N
Published: November 2023

Many clinicians find that computer-based psychological test interpretations are valuable aids in pretreatment planning for several reasons. First, psychological test results can be processed rapidly and the information from the MMPI-2 or BTPI can be immediately available to incorporate in therapy planning early in the intervention, even in the initial session. Second, a computer-based test result can provide extensive personality information in a readily usable form without the need for the therapist to search through the empirical research for each patient’s proﬁle. The automated MMPI-2 or BTPI report summarizes the most valid test correlates in a readable format. Finally, the automated personality test report is an informative, interesting format for use in providing test feedback to clients, a process that is discussed in more detail in Chapter 8.
Legitimacy and Competence
Authors: Power Samantha
Published: November 2023

President Bush’s successors, whether Democrat or Republican, will not be able to recoup fully the global influence that the United States has lost since the turn of the century. Even if Iraq could be stabilized and U.S. troops withdrawn, it will not be possible to return to the unipolar 1990s. Nonetheless, the next president can make substantial headway in enhancing U.S. influence and security in the short and long term by doing four things: (1) taking stock of the altered twenty-first-century landscape; (2) improving U.S. intelligence-gathering and analysis and making a long-term, societywide commitment to understanding Islam; (3) enhancing U.S. legitimacy by ceasing practices that do not comport with international law, reckoning with recent blunders and injustices, and concretely improving human welfare abroad; and (4) strengthening U.S. resiliency by fortifying potential U.S. targets and thickening the domestic base for foreign policy, a base that has withered substantially since 9/11.
Hedonic Hotspots: Generating Sensory Pleasure in the Brain
Authors: Smith Kyle S , Mahler Stephen V , Peciña Susana , Berridge Kent C
Published: November 2023

Avital question concerning sensory pleasure is how brain mechanisms cause stimuli to become pleasurable and liked. Pleasure is not an intrinsic feature of any stimulus, but instead reflects an affective evaluation added to the stimulus by the brain. That is, as Frijda expresses it (Frijda, 2006, Chapter 6, this book), a pleasure gloss or hedonic value must be actively “painted” on sweet or other sensations to make them pleasant. Brain mechanisms of pleasure, whatever they are, must take a mere sensory signal and transform it into a hedonic and ‘liked’ reward.
Blow-Up Solutions for Semilinear Elliptic Equations
Authors: Ghergu Marius , Rădulescu Vicenţiu D
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we are concerned with a class of singular solutions for logistictype equations. We focus on positive solutions with blow-up boundary behavior and we formulate several sufficient conditions for the existence of such solutions. One of the main results we describe here establishes a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of blow-up boundary solutions in the singular case of a potential that vanishes on the boundary.
Sublinear Perturbations of Singular Elliptic Problems
Authors: Ghergu Marius , Rădulescu Vicenţiu D
Published: November 2023

Singular problems arise in the study of non-Newtonian fluids, boundary layer phenomena for viscous fluids, chemical heterogeneous catalysts, as well as in the theory of heat conduction in electrically conducting materials. The associated singular stationary or evolution equations describe various physical phenomena. For instance, superdiffusivity equations of this type have been proposed by de Gennes [60] as a model for long-range Van der Waals interactions in thin films spreading on solid surfaces. Singular equations also appear in the study of cellular automata and interacting particle systems with self-organized criticality (see [39]), as well as to describe the flow over an impermeable plate (see [38]).
Singular Gierer–Meinhardt systems
Authors: Ghergu Marius , Rădulescu Vicenţiu D
Published: November 2023

The associated parabolic system to (10.1) subject to Neumann boundary conditions is known as the Gierer–Meinhardt system and it occurs in morphogenesis and cellular differentiation. These problems arise in the study of biological pattern formation by auto- and cross-catalysis, and are related to known biochemical processes and cellular properties.
Separate and Unequal
Authors: King Desmond
Published: November 2023

In this landmark book, Desmond King reveals and corrects a glaring gap at the epicenter of studies of racial inequality and political development in the United States: their blindness to the pivotal role of the state in making race. With historical precision and analytic rigor, he demonstrates how, for seven decades following the legal affirmation of the doctrine ‘separate and equal’ in 1896, the federal government both bolstered and expanded racial separation, in effect nationalizing the pattern of black subordination elaborated by Southern segregationists in the aftermath of abolition. The abiding social and symbolic marginality of the African American community in US society thus emerges, not as an inert legacy of slavery or a result of its alleged cultural failings, but as a creature of state policies studiously enforced by the federal bureaucracy until the 1960s. Enriched by a postscript that reviews and revises its core argument, this new edition of Separate and Unequal is one that every serious student of racial domination and comparative politics will want to read and engage.--Loïc Wacquant, University of California, Berkeley, and Centre de sociologie européenne, Paris Despite major strides in combating racial segregation and oppression since the Civil Rights movement, racial inequality remains a persistent and vexing problem in America today. At the forefront of recent scholarship highlighting the central influence of the US federal government on race relations well before the 1960s, Separate and Unequal uncovers, through archival research, how the federal government used its power to impose a segregated pattern of race relations among its employees and, through its programs, upon the whole of American society. In a new postscript to this revised edition, Desmond King places his original, ground breaking analysis in the context of recent studies and connects the legacy of exclusionary programs and policies to current racial disparities in welfare reform, prisons, and education.
The Federal Government in a Segregated Society: Public Employment Exchanges and Housing Programmes
Authors: King Desmond
Published: November 2023

The election of Franklin D. Roosevelt to the presidency in 1932 on the promise of a ‘New Deal’ for unemployed and hungry Americans, exposed to the ravages of the Great Depression, signalled a new activism by the Federal government. Working and securing housing are two of the most basic activities in which citizens engage, and it was precisely in these areas that Roosevelt’s administration forged a new role for the Federal government.
Beauty And Cold In Stockholm
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo
Published: November 2023

The official announcement arrived in Pavia in a letter from Count Karl Axel Hampus Mörner, president of the Karolinska Institutet, sent on October 26. That year, 191,840 francs had been set aside for the prize in medicine, and half of this would go to the Italian researcher. The recognition had been motivated “in appreciation of your work on the anatomy of the nervous system.” Mörner asked Golgi if he intended to take part in the awards ceremony planned for December 10, and if so, whether he would be accompanied by some members of his family. [3] Golgi was then informed that it was customary for the laureates to give a lecture and was asked to keep secret the notice that he would receive the prize. The news, however, found its way into print within a few hours.
A Case Study
Authors: Neuenschwander John A
Published: November 2023

The vast majority of oral historians and programs have thus far managed to avoid spending any time in court. The case of Society of Survivors of the Riga Ghetto, Inc. v. Huttenbach is a notable exception to this generalization.The litigation arose out of a contractual dispute between the leadership of the Society of Survivors of the Riga Ghetto and Dr. Henry R. Huttenbach, a professor of history at the City College of the City University of New York. During the late 1970s, the society began look king for a historian to write a history of the ghetto, which had been set up by the Nazis in the city of Riga, Latvia, during the period from 1941 to 1943. Since most of the material for such a work lay in the memories of survivors, the society wanted someone who would do the oral history interviews as well as the actual writing. They eventually chose Dr. Huttenbach, a recognized specialist in Holocaust stud- ies. In preparation for writing the history, he interviewed more than one hundred survivors and collected a small archive of written material and memorabilia.
Defamation
Authors: Neuenschwander John A
Published: November 2023

On April 19, 1989, a sixteen-inch gun on the USS Iowa exploded during a train- ing exercise. Forty-seven crew members were killed in this tragic accident. Intense media coverage followed. Charles Thompson II produced two programs for 60 Minutes on the accident and its causation. He subsequently wrote A Glimpse of Hell: The Explosion of the USS Iowa and Its Cover-Up, published by W.W. Norton in 1999. The book was based in part on more than two hundred interviews. Daniel Meyer, an ensign on the Iowa at the time of the accident, was one of Thompson’s most important interviewees. In 2001, four crew members joined together to sue the publisher, the author, and Daniel Meyer for defamation and false light. They maintained in their lawsuit that the book contained numerous falsehoods and suggested that their actions led directly to the death of forty-seven sailors on the Iowa.