bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rehabilitation and Upgradation of Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium
Authors: Ahmad Hassan , Mishra Debasish , Guha Tanmoy
Published: July 2015

Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium is located at the eastern periphery of the Central Vista area near India Gate, New Delhi. For the Commonwealth Games 2010, it was realized that the intervening years have changed the nature of facilities to be offered to the athletes, the spectators and even the viewers on TV. Also, the seating capacity requirement was also increased, to 20,000. Yet, the regulations governing this area prohibit any changes to the “look” of the area. Therefore, any modifications to the stadium have to confine themselves to the overall envelope, both physical, structural and architectural, particularly the facade on the side facing the Central Vista. There was some limited freedom on the other side, opening on to the side away from the Central Vista..

Structural requirements like the designated seismicity of the region, social requirements like the VIP Gallery, access requirements like parking spaces, environmental requirements also increased and these also had to be accommodated within the envelope, the limited area available. The stadium also had to comply with the international standards as adopted / promulgated by the hockey federation.

As regards strcutural engineering efforts, additional space was created under the VIP area and the open gallery for spectators, which were situated on earthfills, by adopting a structural, tiered, frame arrangment and also the 22 m long cantilever roof system that covered the seating requirements and complied with the height restrictions. The mast lighting for the arena created another problem, violating the height restrictions of any structure in the area. This too was addressed innovatively. It required a level of ingenuity – space planning, architectural, structural, environmental etc. – to locate the integrated solution within the restricted solution space.

The stadium, as a run-up the the main event, the Commonwealth Games 2010, hosted the 2010 World Hockey Cup and the praise that came in during this event gave the designeres a sense of satisfaction in their work and also made them proud.

This paper specifically reports on overview of stadium, concept of structural system, structural analysis of roof over VIP gallery, foundation design.
Improving the thermal behavior of steel tendons by shape memory alloys
Authors: Cardone Donatello , Gesualdi Giuseppe , Nigro Domenico
Published: July 2015

Steel cables, tendons and tie-rods are the key components of many structures including long span bridges, roof structures and other post-tensioned steel/concrete structures. In this paper, a device concept, based on the superelastic properties of Cu-based Shape Memory Alloys (SMA), is proposed to enhance the thermal behavior of such structural elements. In the paper, the

thermal behavior of steel tendons with and without the proposed SMA-based device is evaluated through comprehensive experimental tests in thermal chamber. During the tests, different temperature-time histories have been considered, with air temperature varied between -10°C and 40°C. The results of the experimental tests confirm the great effectiveness of the proposed SMA device, with reductions of the order of 80-90% in the force changes due to air temperature variations, compared to steel tendons without SMA unit.
Best practices in the use of Steel Box Girders for medium and long span Bridges in UK and Europe
Authors: Bhattacharya Saprava
Published: July 2015

Steel box girders were common in UK for long span bridges up to the late 1960s until a few collapses of Box Girders at various parts of the world in the early seventies. The detailed investigation of these collapses by an investigating committee from the UK Department of Transport led to the development of IDWR / Merrison’s rules. It was mandatory to check all existing and new Box Girder bridges complied with those rules to avoid any further failure.

These collapses followed by implementation of Merrison’s rule and the increase in fabrication cost led to a decline in the popularity of Steel Box Girder in the last few decades, while the introduction of T& I machines for fabrication made plate Girders hugely popular enabling of 100m spans. Other forms of bridges took precedence for longer spans.

However steel box girders are gradually regaining popularity since T&I machine can also be used for fabrication (with imitations up to 70 inclined web with horizontal plane).

In this particular paper efforts have been made to highlight the best practices in the past and present in the effective use

of steel box girder not only in the UK & Europe but also in the rest of the world.
Assessment of the condition and performance of long span bridges using automated monitoring systems – optimising inspection and maintenance efforts
Authors: Spuler Thomas , Moor Gianni , Majumdar Santanu
Published: July 2015

Inspection and maintenance of long span bridges, and of their mechanical components such as bearings and expansion joints, is critically important in ensuring long-term safety and performance and in minimising life-cycle costs. But if done manually, it can be a time-consuming and costly exercise, and thus often does not get the attention it deserves. Furthermore, manual inspections are carried out only periodically, with perhaps many months, or even years, elapsing between inspections. Such a delay in recognising the need to address any deterioration can have a serious impact on the bridge and its users, with far higher costs for repair or replacement, and disruption to traffic while such works are carried out. And yet more significantly in many cases, delayed awareness of deterioration or unexpected events may compromise user safety. Automated monitoring systems offer solutions to such problems in many cases. They are fast, efficient and highly accurate, and the immediate notification they can provide of unexpected events such as earthquakes, extreme weather, or ground settlement or slippage can enable the responsible authorities to quickly take appropriate action.

This paper describes the role that can be played by modern remote structural health systems in the inspection and maintenance of long span bridges, and illustrates these with reference to a number of current bridge monitoring projects.
The functionality of form: exploring traditional shell structures to supplement modern engineering design
Authors: Rønnquist Anders , Manum Bendik
Published: July 2015

There is a growing need for increased knowledge in the development of new and challenging structures in an ever changing society. Engineers must handle complex functional and contextual parameters in addition to traditional structural design, presenting an educational challenge in which skills of numerical tools merges with the relationship of load-bearing elements and architectural form used in best practice of structural engineering. The focus of this paper is the educational challenge demonstrated by the case of shell structures as a structural element and architectural form mediator. The interdependence between architectural form by architects and the structural design by engineers is important and thus especially considered. The goal is to assist and explore the desire of structural engineers to fulfil both architectural requests and engineering requirements and to suggest how this urge can be implemented to enhance the current theoretical-intensive educational pathway.
Aesthetic Design of Tall Structures in Historical Cityscape
Authors: Olenski Wojciech
Published: July 2015

The paper describes research challenges of aesthetic design of the tall structures of contemporary cityscape and is based on the analysis of dynamic 'vertical' transformation of the capital of Poland where the coexistence of two different landmark clusters is visible - historical and modern. They are followed by important symbolic values - e.g. reconstruction, ideology, freedom and modernity. Different forms and qualities related to tall structures in Warsaw - among them over 70 skyscrapers

- allows to formulate up-to-day conclusions on the perception and design of very high objects in the context of the 'horizontal' cityscape. The paper proposes redefined approach to the aesthetic design of rising metropolises and return in creation of monumental and contrasted space to harmony and finesse - values that in design context can correspond to Japanese term 'Wa' [1] - with complex methodology based on perception theory, social psychology, local identity and digital 3D modeling.
Field Examination and Fatigue Analysis on Longitudinal Steel Diaphragms in Box-girder of Cable-stayed Bridges
Authors: Liu Zhongxiang , Guo Tong , Pan Shengjun
Published: July 2015

Steel box-girders have been widely used in modern long-span bridges due to their aesthetic shape, large torsion stiffness and desirable aerodynamic properties. In long-span cable-stayed bridges, to maintain desirable performance of steel decks and pavements, longitudinal diaphragms are frequently adopted. However, field examination on the diaphragms in a cable-stayed bridge in China shows that significant damage could be observed at the joint of chords and gusset plates after only several years the bridge was open to traffic. This paper presents the typical pattern, location and the crack lengths obtained through the non-destructive testing methods. An advanced fatigue analysis approach is proposed, which consists of a comprehensive vehicle load model obtained from a toll station and a multi-scale finite element model of the bridge. According to the analysis results, the diaphragms play an important role in the stress distribution of the decks. In addition, it is observed that the predicted fatigue lives of specific details are very short, which is in agreement with field observation. The findings of this paper provide references to the fatigue design and retrofit strategies of bridges with such details.
Bionic Structures for Innovative Concrete Slabs
Authors: Schnellenbach-Held Martina , Habersaat Jan-Eric
Published: July 2015

The adaption of natural structures in technical systems leads to highly efficient and sustainable constructions. Especially for concrete slabs, bionic structures can be applied into the inner and to the exterior structure, which leads to improved lightweight bearing systems with a natural flow of forces. This scientific paper presents results of a research project financed by the German Science Foundation considering the design process, the nonlinear simulations and the experiments of two developed bionic slab structures. The structures presented are (1) spider webs as base for an innovative reinforcement configuration and (2) geometries and forms of natural structures like the bottom side of water lilies or seashells for optimizing ribs and splines.

The bionic concrete structures are optimized by use of evolutionary algorithms. The developed models are tested in large scale experiments at the University of Duisburg-Essen.
Timber Folded Plate Structures - Folded Form Analysis
Authors: Stitic Andrea , Robeller Christopher , Weinand Yves
Published: July 2015

This paper analyses the potential of different possible folded form topologies for generating timber folded surface structures. The main advantage of such structures lies primarily in the realm of ecology and sustainability. By offering an integral way of construction, which fulfils both a supporting as well as a covering function, very lightweight structures are achieved. Also, a greater degree of prefabrication is possible which leads to a reduced overall cost. As these structures consist of a large number of discrete, thin plane elements, proper edgewise connection details are needed in order to ensure an efficient load bearing system. For structures made of wood products this presents a great challenge using the state-of-the art joining techniques. For this reason, the use of timber folded plate structures in civil engineering applications has been very limited. However, recently new technical solutions have been proposed for efficient edgewise joining of thin timber panels. In this paper focus is put on integrated mechanical attachment technique which utilises digital prefabrication to integrate connectors through panel geometry. Considering the material and the chosen connection detail fabrication as well as assembly related constraints, feasible folded forms for folded surface structures are explored. Their influence on structural performance is studied and different forms are compared by means of Finite Element Analysis. Furthermore, based on the obtained results, form improvements are proposed and observations made on a case study of a built prototype structure are presented.
Tatara Bridge Design as a Spectacular Landscape Element
Authors: Moriyama Akira , Yamaguchi Kazunori
Published: July 2015

Tatara Bridge, world-class class cable-stayed bridge, was to be constructed in an area of rich natural scenery. Thus, aesthetic design of the towers, cable alignment, pier and girder shape, color had to be carried out within sever structural constraints, including aerodynamic stability and economics. In this way, elegant structure which harmonized with natural scenery was realized.
Aesthetics of Bridge Structures
Authors: Guliani RB Singh
Published: July 2015

Good engineering design and aesthetics are synonymous. lt is very important to consider whole life cost and performance of the bridge. This may reduce the gap between the cost and the aesthetic merit. Methodologies for bridge design that create bridges that preserve the existing landscapes and complement, and even enhance their settings should be given due weightage. When proportion, Order and symmetry are applied well, the object so produced has aesthetic value. Five important aspects Form, Character, Detail, Scale and Proportion must be considered from first principles. Some aesthetically pleasing solutions proposed and designed / proof checked by us have been included.
130m-high Office Building with Transpiration Louvers and Variable Seismic-Isolation System
Authors: Sadamoto Miwa , Hayata Tomohiko
Published: July 2015

A major structural theme of the current project was to secure improved seismic resistance by adopting seismic-isolation devices appropriate for an office building in the shape of a thin vertical plane having a height over 130m. Because of the steel-structure flat vertical shape of the building, the anticipated wind load generated by a typhoon would be larger than the seismic load reduced by

the seismic-isolation system.
Structural Design of Steel Structure Made by Balanced Frames and of Transparency-conscious Pedestrian Bridge
Authors: Kamura Takehiro
Published: July 2015

Of the buildings of the Grand Front Osaka, a huge complex development in front of JR Osaka station, this paper presents structural design of its symbolic, eye-stop steel structure having curved surfaces, and also the structural design of transparency-conscious, pedestrian bridge.
A Bio-based fibre-reinforced plastic pedestrian bridge for Schiphol
Authors: Smits Joris , Gkaidatzis Rafail
Published: July 2015

The present paper investigates Bio-based fibre-reinforced plastics, used as a load-bearing element of a bridge. We aim to increase the renewable content and decreasing the embodied energy of FRP. To achieve that, the consisting raw materials of these plastics which are based on non-renewable resources, are substituted by alternative less energy intensive materials produced from biological renewable resources. The research focuses on the potentials of natural fibres for a successful substitution of artificial fibres used as reinforcement in load-bearing polymer composites, while

bio-based resins and natural core materials are analysed as well. The result of the research is applied on a real case scenario of a lightweight structure, a pedestrian bridge in Schiphol Logistics Park, a logistics zone under development adjacent to Amsterdam s International Airport.
Planning and Design of Mishima Suspension bridge
Authors: Omura Masahiro , Iwai Dai , Kato Masahiko , Morino Masayuki , Hatakenaka Shinichi
Published: July 2015

A project for construction of the Japan’s longest pedestrian bridge is underway with private funds, in Mishima city, Shizuoka prefecture. At the moment, the basic configuration, basic planning, aesthetic study and wind tunnel test of the suspension bridge has been completed. The basic bridge configuration, the structural configuration and the aesthetic study of the above-mentioned pedestrian suspension bridge with 400m long center span are reported in this study.
Izmit Bay Suspension Bridge - Geometry Control during Tower Erection
Authors: Kan'O Masashi , Kudo Mitsuhiro , Yamane Mitsuhiro , Tanaka Tsuyoshi , Yamamoto Shuji , elikkuran Ahmet
Published: July 2015

The construction of the Izmit Bay Suspension Bridge has started in January 2013 to be completed early 2016. The tower is steel construction reaching over 246.5m above sea level and to be completed by end of 2014, followed by the cable erection in 2015. The papers describe the surveying method to control tower geometry within designed tolerance during construction.
Preservation and Restoration of Tokyo Station Marunouchi Building
Authors: Suzuki Isamu
Published: July 2015

Tokyo Station Marunouchi Building that is a huge structure, its over 330 m-long and 3-stories high brick building was completed as the central station of Tokyo about 100 years ago. Since the roof and the inside were burnt down in the W.W.2nd.1945, it had existed in a temporarily restored form. For the purpose of preservation and restoration of the building to its original appearance, isolation system was adopted. The building has a complex relative location to the nearby structures, such as the viaduct located next to the east side, and the large passage leading to underground station for using all time on center of the building. As many as 352 isolators units and with 158 oil dampers have made it possible to control the shaking of the structures and prevent contact with the neighboring viaduct. This work was carried out safely, while many passengers have been using this nation's largest terminal station every day.
World Heritage – Glass Façades and Climate Change
Authors: Weller Bernhard , Fahrion Marc-Steffen , Horn Sebastian
Published: July 2015

Architectural monuments are a vivid picture of history and play an important role for the identity of the society. Energetic enhancement and climate change mitigation presents a major challenge to architectural monuments. As a part of building stock they cannot escape from this problem. This paper describes the energetic renovation of two significant monuments. It includes a description of the buildings as well as a variety of solutions and their practical implementation. The conflict between both, an energetic renovation and a sensitive handling with historical landmarks leads to new developments and concepts. These results can be transferred to comparable buildings.
Evaluation of Seismic Performance of Traditional Wooden Structure based on 3D FEM Analysis
Authors: Takino Atsuo
Published: July 2015

In this study, we evaluated the seismic performance of existing temple, which is a traditional wooden structure, based on the field survey, 3D FEM analysis of unit frame in order to estimate the restoring force of main beam called Nuki, and calculation of response and limit strength. In the calculation results by the existing design code in Japan, the seismic performance evaluation of the structure became a significantly lower result, and the seismic diagnosis that is likely to collapse in a large earthquake was obtained. In conducting the parameter study of 3D FEM analysis, however, the strength evaluation of Nuki can be obtained a higher result than the design code. If the response and limit strength is recalculated based on these analytical results, the seismic evaluation of the entire structure is considerably improved.
Evaluation of permeability of concrete specimens affected by chloride attack using reconstruction and probabilistic description methods
Authors: Chung Sang-Yeop , Kim Se-Yun , Kim Yong-Woo , Han Tong-Seok
Published: July 2015

Concrete is a multi-phase material mainly composed of water, aggregate, and cement. The spatial distribution of these constituents affects the material performance. In addition, voids present in cast concrete significantly affect permeability and durability because most of the air and water are passed through voids inside the material. Therefore, a proper investigation of the void distribution inside concrete is important to evaluate and understand material characteristics. To visualize and investigate the spatial distribution of voids in a concrete specimen, X-ray CT images and probabilistic description methods including reconstruction were used in this study. The void distribution of the concrete specimen was examined using low-order probability functions and tortuosity. Additionally, a virtual concrete specimen was reconstructed using the probabilistic information of real specimens, and the permeability of each specimen was evaluated using finite element simulation, and compared with experimental data. From the results, we confirm that the proposed reconstruction method can effectively generate a virtual cement paste specimen with a specific void distribution, and these simulation tools can be utilized to supplement real experiments.
Preliminary Validation of a Multimodal Adaptive Procedure
Authors: Barbagallo Francesea , Bosco Melina , Ghersi Aurelio , Marino Edoardo M.
Published: July 2015

The nonlinear static method of analysis is allowed by modern seismic codes for seismic assessment of existing buildings and Eurocode 8 suggests the N2 method developed by Fajfar et al. This method evaluates the performance curve of the structure by a pushover analysis and relates each point of this curve to a value of peak ground acceleration (ag) through the equivalent SDOF system. One of the proposed variants of the original N2 method has been recently developed by Ghersi et al. It is a multimodal and adaptive procedure, which does not require the definition of the equivalent SDOF system and relates directly each point of the performance curve to the corresponding value of ag. In this paper the procedure is applied to four steel moment resisting frames. Its effectiveness is investigated by comparing the obtained performance curve to that provided by the original N2 method and to the actual seismic response determined by incremental dynamic analysis. The performance curve is represented in terms of base shear (or peak ground acceleration) and top displacement.
Shear Performance of Concrete Beams Internally Reinforced with PBO Mesh
Authors: Suwanpanjasil Sirapong , Matsumoto Koji , Niwa Junichiro
Published: July 2015

In this study, the new innovation of internal shear reinforcement by using FRP mesh as a substitute for conventional stirrups was introduced. The substitution was expected to overcome the corrosion problem due to the prolonged utilization of steel stirrups. The six concrete beams were tested under the four-point bending load. One un-reinforced specimen (REF) was selected as a control beam and five specimens were reinforced with the internal PBO mesh varying in the number of mesh layers (Nf) and the total width of internal mesh in the shear span (Lf). The results from the test revealed that the increase in the number of mesh layers significantly improved the shear performance of the beams. On the other hand, an enlargement of the mesh width surprisingly diminished shear resisting performance of the internal mesh due to the presence of horizontal crack at the area where concrete and PBO mesh were attaching.
CFRP Repair Method for Corroded Steel Girder Ends
Authors: Miyashita Takeshi , Wakabayashi Dai , Hidekuma Yuya , Kobayashi Akira , Okuyama Yusuke , Koide Norio , Horimoto Wataru , Nagai Masatsugu
Published: July 2015

Loss of cross section owing to corrosion is a primary factor in the deterioration of steel bridges. Therefore, carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) has attracted attention as a material for repairing and reinforcing steel bridges because of its light weight, high strength, and superior durability. Although many studies have been published relating to this topic, previous studies have primarily focused on the application of CFRP to axial or bending members. However, most of the corrosion is found on the webs or columns at the ends of the main girders. Few investigations have examined repairing corroded webs or columns using CFRP. In this research, a shear buckling test for steel girders and a uniaxial compression test for cruciform columns are conducted to develop a repair method for corroded steel girder ends using CFRP sheets. In this method, low elastic putty layers are inserted between steel and CFRP sheets to improve the performance of out-of-plane deformation.
Ultimate strength of stainless steel columns with welded box section
Authors: Miyoshi Takao
Published: July 2015

Stainless steels show superior corrosion resistance, making them attractive for structural use owing to the ease of maintenance. This paper presents the ultimate strength of JTS SUS 304 austenitic stainless steel (EN 1.4301, UNS S30400) columns with a welded box cross section using finite element analysis. Parametric studies were conducted to investigate the effects of the non- dimensional slenderness, residual stress, and strain hardening exponent of the stress-strain model on the ultimate strength. The ultimate compressive behaviour of stainless steel columns was compared with that of carbon steel ones. Furthermore, the ultimate strength curves of the stainless steel column were discussed in comparison with the design curves specified in several design standards.
Seismic Analysis for a Novel Super High-pier and Multi-span Cable-Stayed Bridge in China
Authors: Hu Sicong , Li Lifeng , Wu Wenpeng
Published: July 2015

Super High-pier Multi-span Cable-Stayed (SHMCS) bridges has been used to span the wide canyon terrain around the world, such as the Millau Viaduct in France, the Mezcala Bridge in Mexico and the Chishi Bridge in China. To study the seismic behaviour of SHMCS bridges that rare literature mentioned previously for practical application, the Chishi Bridge is taken as an example in this work. We first introduced the unique characters of this bridge. To study the seismic behaviour of SHMCS bridges, we built the finite element dynamic model of the case-study bridge by considering complex nonlinearities of structure. Then, according to the specification standard spectrum, three motions are selected to perform the nonlinear time history analysis. The structure dynamic responses for different connection conditions between the girder and the tower are compared to determine appropriate connection conditions for SHMCS bridges. It is concluded that the influence of connection conditions on the deformation of bridge is more remarkable than internal force due to the flexible super high piers and the isolation measure of suspend the girder isn't suitable for SHMCS bridges. Non-uniform connection conditions should not be used because it will lead to irregular distribution of internal force. Damper can expedite the ability of dissipating energy and but can't decrease the maximum displacement or deformation significantly, so the seismic performance of structure can't improve remarkable by simply adding damper. Generally, the connection conditions that the girder consolidate to all the four towers and set damper at the end of girder can be used as the optimal SHMCS bridge connection conditions.
Flexural Behaviour of Orthotropic Composite Bridge Deck
Authors: Su Qingtian , Wu Chong , Han Xu , Shao Changyu , Hu Su , Yang Guotao
Published: July 2015

A new type of steel and concrete composite bridge deck comprised of an orthotropic steel plate with deep corrugation and a concrete slab was proposed in this paper. In the new composite deck, many parameters, such as concrete slab thickness, corrugated steel plate height and width, etc., will affect the section property. The reasonable detail size of composite cross section was optimized to improve the flexural capacity and decrease the structural weight. Based on the size optimization of the composite section, a full scale composite deck slab was designed and its flexural bearing capacity was tested by loading experiment. The test proves that the bending capacity of the composite bridge deck is 5.67 times that of the designing capacity according to specification, and the load behaviour of the composite bridge deck in the serviceability limit state can be calculated according to the plane cross section assumption.
The parabola of the parabolic arch
Authors: Chiuini Michele
Published: July 2015

Parabolic shapes did not enjoy a place in architectural history until the late 19th century, when they were extensively used by Anton Gaudi. The influence of Gaudi, together with the Rationalist theories of Viollet-le-Duc, can be traced first in the continuing attempts to evolve a new form of Gothic architecture, where the parabolic arch played a central role. Later engineer-architects, including Pier Luigi Nervi, Felix Candela, and Santiago Calatrava, attached a symbolic meaning to parabolic structures as the realization of the rational architecture sought after by Viollet-le-Duc, continuing the legacy of Gaudi's revolutionary work.
Investigation on the Shear Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Haunched Beams
Authors: Hou Chenwe , Matsumoto Koji , Niwa Junichiro
Published: July 2015

This study aims to clarify the shear resistance mechanism of reinforced concrete haunched beams (RCHBs). Based on the new parameter of the bending position of tensile steel bars, three RCHBs without stirrups and three RCHBs with stirrups were tested. The results demonstrated that the bending positions of tensile rebars near the loading point highly influenced crack propagations and shear capacities in RCHBs. It was due to different contributions of arch action and stirrups in the shear resistance. The calculated shear carried by stirrups with the angles of diagonal shear cracks showed good correspondence with the experimental results.
Simple Repair Method for Fatigue Cracks in Welded Joints by Resin Tnjection
Authors: Hattori Mamiko , Hanji Takeshi , Tateishi Kazuo
Published: July 2015

As a simple repair method for fatigue cracks in steel bridges, the resin injection method has been proposed. The method can decrease fatigue crack growth rate by injecting resin into a crack. In this study, the applicability of the method for cracks occurred by cyclic compressive loading was investigated by experiments and finite element analyses. The results revealed that the crack growth retardation can be expected even under the compressive loading when enough elastic modulus and infiltration of resin are achieved.
Fatigue Test of Steel Structural Members Using the Mechanical Repair Construction
Authors: Fujita Masanori , Ohmura Kohsuke , Takeyama Kiyohiro
Published: July 2015

Fatigue cracks of steel structural members subjected to cyclic load, overload occasionally occur. There are some crack repair methods such as Reinforcing plate method, Weld repair method, Stop- hole method, and Mechanical repair method to be longevity of steel structural members, and they are used corresponding to the degree of damages. Among them, a mechanical repair method is repair cracking without welding. Crack progress after the construction is less and the thermal strains by welding do not occur. In this paper, fatigue test of steel structural members using the mechanical repair method is conducted. Fatigue performances of steel structural members are shown to be a basic data to propose the fatigue design method.
Seismic performance evaluation of circular steel bridge piers which have damage and concrete filled repair
Authors: Shimaguchi Yoshiyuki , Suzuki Moriaki
Published: July 2015

Since HYOGOKEN-NANBU Earthquake in 1995, a large number of researches on the seismic performance of steel bridge pier have been carried out. However, there is very few research for the repair method of the steel bridge pier that has been damaged in earthquake. In this study, the repairing effect of filling concrete for circular steel bridge piers which have different degrees of damage is to be verified. First, four damage levels were assumed from general load-deflection relationship of the steel bridge pier. Static cyclic loading tests until reaching their predetermined damage levels were conducted. After filling the concrete inside the specimens, the same static cyclic loading tests were carried out to clarify the seismic performance of repaired piers. Then, the seismic performance has been evaluated by the load-deflection relationship and the strain value during cyclic loading.
Experiments on leveling of impact force, and effective ratio of slits in fairing for reducing damage of bridges by tsunami
Authors: Abukawa Takahiro , Hasegawa Akira
Published: July 2015

Tsunami by the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake caused serious damage to bridges near the coast in Japan. In particular, the outflow damage of superstructures of large-scale bridges was noticeable. As a measure for bridges near coast, we have focused on fairing that is effective in wind resistant stability. In the experiment, two kinds of fairing, i.e. one is a fairing mounted only on the side of the bridge, the other is a box-shaped fairing enclosing the girder were used. From previous studies, it has been found that fairings are effective for horizontal drag, but they are not effective for vertical drag because of the buoyancy. Therefore, hydraulic experiments were conducted on the effect of having to open a slit in the fairing, to smooth the flow of water into the fairing within. Moreover, analysis shows it is possible to leveling the maximum impact force by opening the slit, since the impact force acts in stepwise. This paper described the experimental outline and results.
Analysis and Design of Sliding Isolation Pendulum Systems
Authors: Bucher Christian
Published: July 2015

The paper discusses the analysis of curved surface sliders in accordance with EN 15129 (STP i. e. Sliding Tsolation Pendulum, single, double and triple variants) and compares their behavior with respect to isolation capacity and device displacements. The analysis is based on nonlinear transient dynamic analysis in the time domain using recorded accelerograms as well as synthetic earthquake records generated to match target response spectra. This method ensures that all nonlinear effects (stick-slip etc.) can be taken into account with full accuracy. Based on this analysis, a strategy for optimal design of STP taking into account cost as well as conflicting safety targets is developed and applied to test cases.
Probabilistic Assessment of the Foundation of Offshore Wind Turbines
Authors: Hansen Michael , Schmidt Boso , Kelma Sebastian , Schmoor Kirill , Goretzka Jan
Published: July 2015

Offshore wind turbines (OWT) are subjected to loads induced by wind, sea state and operation. During their service life, environmental impacts occur which lead to cyclic loading of the support structure. In this paper the so-called jacket substructure for OWT is investigated. For this kind of substructure, especially the proofs of the ultimate limit state for the axially-loaded foundation piles, are relevant within the structural analysis. Theses structural components are investigated by applying probabilistic methods. The methodical approaches and procedures to determine the load- bearing capacity of the foundation are described. Values of input parameters like wind and sea state are taken into account by their probability distributions. The stochastic pile bearing capacity is derived by applying probabilistic models of the subsoil. The outcomes of the reliability-based analysis are compared with results of the structural analysis as stated in standards.
Experimental Study of Fluctuating Lift Force and Correlation Length for Rectangular Cylinder
Authors: Nakato Seiji
Published: July 2015

In this study, characteristics of spatial correlation of fluctuating wind velocity around rectangular cylinder were experimentally investigated by wind tunnel testing. According to consideration of frequency analysis, spanwise correlation length was derived from a Gaussian function fitting to the coherence. Simple evaluation of correlation property using strain gage balance was also proposed. To obtain windward correlation length, power spectra of the wind velocity time series and fitting of resonant curve of one degree of freedom were employed. Reduction of C’L by inhomogeneous section, appendages and openings, was also proposed and examined in the same manner.
Beyond Declines in Student Body Diversity
Authors: Garces Liliana M. , Cogburn Courtney D.
Published: July 2015

Guided by a bottom-up policy implementation framework, this study draws from semi-structured interviews of 14 campus-level administrators charged with implementing diversity policy at the University of Michigan to investigate how an affirmative action ban (Proposal 2) influenced their efforts in support of racial/ethnic diversity at the university. Our findings show that beyond contributing to declines in student body diversity, laws like Proposal 2 have negatively influenced work critical to the success of students of color on campus. The findings suggest institutions operating in an anti–affirmative action context would benefit from proactive policies and practices that empower administrators in legally restrictive environments and support conversation and action that directly address the ways race continues to matter on college campuses.
Expressions of HPV 16-E6 in Esophageal Carcinoma and its Clinical Significance
Authors: Zhao Xing , Sahi Rajina , Zhao Yu-Yang , Wang Ju , Li Chun-Hui
Published: July 2015

Background and Objective: The role of (Human Papilloma Virus) HPV in cancer of certain anatomical location, such as cervix, has been widely recognized. The present study was conducted to explore the association between HPV 16-E6 protein and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.Methods: SP immunohistochemical method was used to examine the expression of HPV 16-E6 in 50 cases of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, 10 cases of normal esophageal squamous cell and 10 cases of adjacent tissue.Results: The expression of HPV 16-E6 was significantly higher in esophageal carcinoma than in normal esophageal mucosa and in adjacent tissue. The expressions of HPV 16-E6 had significant correlation with invasive depth (P<0.05), but not with patient age, lymph node metastasis, tumor size (P>0.05).Conclusion: HPV 16-E6 can promote the growth and metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and can be a prognostic factor of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.JCMS Nepal 2014; 10(4):1-5
A Morphometric Study of Lumbar Spine Pedicles in Nepalese Population
Authors: Marasini Rudra Prasad , Gautam Pratiksha , Sherchan Binod , Gurung Ganesh , K.C. Bachchu Ram
Published: July 2015

Background and Objective: In this observational study, morphometric data were obtained and analyzed by taking plain x-rays in various age groups to establish the morphometric values in Nepalese population.Methods: All the pedicle dimensions were measured by taking plain x-ray AP (Antero-posterior) and Lateral view of the lumbar spine in 246 Nepalese of different age groups. Pedicle diameters (Vertical and Horizontal) and interpedicular distance were measured in AP radiographs and sagittal angle was measured in the lateral radiographs. Differences between mean dimensions of pedicles of male and female of various age groups were tested by using ANOVA, independent t-test was used to test the individual mean dimensions.Results: Mean values of the pedicle dimensions were found as: Horizontal diameter (L1=7.17mm, L2=7.26mm, L3= 9.50mm, L4= 10.57mm and L5=11.3mm), Vertical diameter (L1= 15.00mm, L2=15.28mm, L3=15.21mm, L4=13.44mm and L5= 12.59mm), Interpedicular distance (L1= 25.54mm, L2 =27.03mm, L3 = 27.70mm, L4 =28.62mm and L5= 31.29mm) and the sagittal angle (L1=17.83degree, L2=15.7degree, L3= 15.91degree, L4=13.94degree, and L5=12.97degree) respectively.Conclusions: Values of pedicle dimensions found in Nepalese population by this study can be guidelines for the transpedicular procedure and for further research activities.JCMS Nepal 2014; 10(4):12-17
Introducing Technical & Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in the Secondary Schools in Nepal: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Kanel Chet Nath
Published: July 2015

Nepal's education sector is striving for producing quality human resources for the country. However, due to lack of appropriate policy, priority and curricula, the efforts have been less effective. Education sector has also been a subject of criticism due to mismanagement of the 'products' and the industry demands. Taking these matters into considerations, Government of Nepal is trying to introduce the TVET in secondary education (9-12) system as a pilot-basis. This article has explored some of the critical issues associated with the intention of introducing TVET, its demand and supply-sides debates, challenges as well as opportunities in expanding TVET in Nepalese secondary education system. Literature review, some expert-interviews and reflection of personal experiences are the key methods of information generation for this article. The main conclusion of this article is that the TVET system in Nepal has very high demand to produce the required and quality human resources in Nepal. There are ample opportunities in introducing the expanding of TVET in Nepal. However, key learning from 99-piloted schools should be main basis to take further steps visualizing the feasibility, employability and sustainability from students, schools, and schools' perspectives. Even after the School Sector Reform Program (SSRP), the initiative of introducing TVET in all secondary schools of Nepal should continue.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jtd.v1i0.13083 Journal of Training and Development Vol.1 2015: 3-8
Understanding Technical Instructors Motivational Practices in Vocational Training Centre, Morang, Nepal
Authors: Koirala Amit , Dhungana Gita
Published: July 2015

This study “understanding technical instructor’s motivational practices in vocational training centre, Morang Nepal” tries to explore the motivational and demotivational factors among the technical instructors in vocational training centre, Morang, Nepal. As motivational factors plays an important role in carrying out teaching and learning activities this study tries to understand the key factors that enhance or hinder the technical instructors for teaching in vocational training centre and for carrying out qualitative research, researchers employed case study research design.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jtd.v1i0.13088 Journal of Training and Development Vol.1 2015: 33-37
Reflection on my Schooling: From Engineering to Training
Authors: Bhattarai Anoj
Published: July 2015

This paper reflects the journey of my life and highlights the importance of setting goals for desired achievements in life. Additionally, it scrutinizes the role of patronage of parents, societal influence and cultural capital to set the degree of success a person achieves in his or her life. Through reflection, the paper advocates for inevitability of technical and vocational contents and multi-disciplinary competencies including international languages and life skills from the early age of schooling to tackle with the challenges of 21st century.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jtd.v1i0.13090 Journal of Training and Development Vol.1 2015: 46-53
Children affected by AIDS as challenged learner in Nepal
Authors: Shah Noor Jung
Published: July 2015

Nepal government and non-governmental organization are working in the field of education and focusing to ensure the quality of education with total enrolment of children in school. However, there is lacking to address the children affected by AIDS (CABA) to ensure the education rights and CABA compel to drop out from education. HIV issues are existing since 1998 but government of Nepal developed the policy on education to CABA in 2011; therefore we can analyze the status of government concentration on education to children affected by AIDS. The article is based on field experiences and secondary sources because I have been involving in this field since 1995 and focusing in children affected by AIDS. Stigma and discrimination is the main cause to drop the school by children affected by AIDS and there are no specific strategies to intervene to continue the education of children affected by AIDS. Government of Nepal has program to other children like children with disability or scheduled caste or geographical based but do not have the program to support the children affected by AIDS. Children affected by AIDS have always challenges to face the stigma and discrimination at schools and society which directly affect on their education.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jtd.v1i0.13092 Journal of Training and Development Vol.1 2015: 62-66
Understanding Nuances and Commonalities of Job Descriptions
Authors: Adhikari Ekaraj
Published: July 2015

This paper has explored how job descriptions are developed in today’s organizations. As job descriptions are the foundations of jobs, they have to be prepared following certain guidelines. However, organizations follow different formats and put contents in those formats differently. This paper has searched for if there is a common ground in developing job descriptions. The paper is based on secondary sources of data. It compares and contrasts information from the available sources. The paper is an attempt to consolidate the pieces of knowledge that were already there. In doing so, it has also highlighted the gaps found in writing job descriptions which become remarkable avenues for further research. It concludes with the message that organizations can benefit if they follow the common practice of writing job descriptions discussed in the paper.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jtd.v1i0.13093 Journal of Training and Development Vol.1 2015: 67-76
Technical and Vocational Education and Training in Workforce Development
Authors: Bhurtel Anup
Published: July 2015

There are many contributions of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) on a nation’s economy. TVET has been proved as the key for skill development. With its feature focused on specific occupation, it has allowed individuals to find skill related jobs or start own employment. TVET stands a major player in economic growth of a nation through development of workforce and rise in employment rate. On one hand, TVET’s role stands on employment generation in the job market while on the other hand, TVET is regarded more significant to promote self employment where employment opportunities are scare and individuals are enrolled in informal or agricultural sector. This paper tries to explore different contributions of TVET on employment in the labour market and in uplifting self employment through the development of relevant skills and the different kinds of contributions it gives and importance it holds depending upon the economic development of the nations.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jtd.v1i0.13094 Journal of Training and Development Vol.1 2015: 77-84