bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Untersuchungen über das postnatale Wachstum von Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout unter normalen und statisch veränderten Bedingungen
Authors: Fanghänel J. , Timm D. , Schumacher G.H. , Schultz E.
Published: February 2009

Growth is subject to a multitude of environmental factors affecting the shape of the growing organism. The close connection between structure and function is particularly impressive in the effects of statics on the growth process. The purpose of.this series of publications was to investigate the postnatal growth of Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, taken from a Wistar line after conditions with regard to statics had been changed. Rats with amputated front extremities served as experimental animals. The animals were observed from the 40th to the 130th day after amputation. Great importance was attached to biomathematical evaluation methods for these investigations. For this purpose, quantitative analyses were performed with regard to body weight (part I of this series), thoracic organs (part II), abdominal organs (parts III and IV) and the organs of the urogenital system (part V). In this concluding part of the series, the animal is presented from the biological standpoint. The locomotion of the rats after amputation is characterised by a waddling motion with the body almost erect, and a hopping motion akin to that of the kangaroo. No differences were established between the controls and the experimental animals with regard to behaviour or life expectancy.This part of the series closes with an appraisal of the mathematical approach for the interpretation of the growth processes. The model incorporating 2nd order homogeneous differential equations proved to be practical from biological aspects.
Interparietal bone
Authors: Malhotra V.K. , Tewari P.S. , Pandey S.N. , Tewari S.P.
Published: February 2009

The paper deals with the presence of interparietal bone in a single or more pieces out of a series of 1,500 skulls of the Anthropology Museum of Anatomy Department, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur. It was found to be present in 0.3% of cases. It has no morphological importance but it certainly has a morphogenetic bearing.
Fiber size and sensory endings of the middle cardiac nerve of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus)
Authors: Estavillo J.A.
Published: February 2009

The middle cardiac nerve, a branch of the vagus, innervates the ventricles of the avian heart. Of 533 myelinated sensory fibers, the size range was 2 μm. The ratio of myelinated to unmyelinated sensory fibers ranged from 2.17 to 3.48. Sensory endings resembled a network pattern with no distinct receptor-like endings. Frequency of nerve population increased from apex to base of the heart.
Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced growth retardation: Impairment of cartilage mineralization
Authors: Silbermann Michael , Maor Gila
Published: February 2009

Immature female mice were treated with daily doses of triamcinolone diacetate. Using histochemical and fluorescent methods, the mineralization pattern of the proximal epiphyseal plate of the humerus was studied at various intervals. Following 1 injection, a noticeable decrease was noted in the oxytetracycline incorporation at the mineralizing zone of the growth plate. By the 10th injection, the mineralization process was almost totally arrested. Marked accumulation of phospholipids appeared in experimental plates concomitantly with a lack of acidic glycosaminoglycans’ synthesis as well as degradation. Chondroclastic activity was also inhibited resulting in an increased number of hypertrophic chondrocytes at the mineralization zone. It is suggested that the hormone’s antianabolic effect led to an impairment in the activity of the chondrocytes’ hydrolytic enzymes and thereby interfered with the maturation of the matrix, a prerequisite phase for normal mineralization.
Lipid droplets in the lining epithelium of the crop of Columba livia
Authors: Inforzato de Lima Maria A.
Published: February 2009

Presence and distribution of lipid were studied in the lining epithelia of three regions of the pigeon (Columba livia) crop: lateral lobes, median region near the cervical esophagus and median region near the thoracic esophagus. During the resting phase of the ‘milk gland’, insulated lipid droplets were observed within the lining epithelium of the three regions studied. On the other hand, during the activity of the ‘milk gland’ (under action of exogenous prolactin and in natural incubation), only the lateral lobes showed a remarkable increase in the amount of lipid, whereas both median regions showed only an inexpressive increase of lipid within their epithelium.
Growth pattern of the rabbit nasal bone region
Authors: Sarnat Bernar G. , Selman Abbe J.
Published: February 2009

Two radiopaque implants were inserted into each left and right nasal bone in 5 female rabbits. Ventrodorsal cephalometric radiographs were then taken in a specially designed head-holder at 6 and 16 weeks of age. From these radiographs separate tracings were made on matte acetate paper of the left and right nasal bone regions including the radiopaque implants. Since the implants maintained the same relationship to each other in each nasal bone, they served as stable reference sites. The markers of the 16-week tracing were superposed on the markers of the 6-week tracing. The difference in the two established outlines represented the changes in size and shape in two dimensions that had occurred during the 10-week period. Our purpose was to determine the relative growth activity at several borders. The mean increase was 6.79 mm at the proximal (posterior) border, 6.19 mm at the distal (anterior) border, 2.73 mm at the lateral border, 1.22 mm at the medial border. Thus, growth at the proximal and the distal borders was about the same and about twice that of the lateral border and about 5 times that of the medial border.
Effect of monosodium glutamate on the histogenesis of bone and bone marrow in mice
Authors: Dhindsa Kuldip S. , Omran Reff G. , Bhup Rohan
Published: February 2009

The effect of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on the histogenesis of bone and bone marrow of mice is studied. Intraperitoneal-subcutaneous injections and oral administration of the drug MSG induced marked repression in the ossification of developing endochondral bone with the persistence of cartilagenous elements and chondrocytes. A massive accumulation of adipose tissue accompanied by receded haemopoietic tissue within the bone marrow is observed in the MSG-treated animals. These pathological changes are attributed to the influence of the drug on the hydrolysis of enzyme alkaline phosphatase, glycolysis involved in the bone deposition or on the secretion of hormones responsible for bone resorption.
Male uterus in the donkey and horse
Authors: Shehata Ramzy
Published: February 2009

The anatomy and histology of the male uterus were studied in the donkey and the horse. In the former it was found complete and long, while in the latter it was incomplete or absent. Some variations met with are described. A new concept of “internal male hermaphroditism” is presented and two types are differentiated.
Muscle growth during neonatal undernutrition and subsequent rehabilitation in the rat
Authors: Williams J.P.G. , Hughes P.C.R.
Published: February 2009

The growth of the rat calf muscle has been followed radiographically during neonatal undernutrition and subsequent catch-up. The following observations were made: (1) The mean calf muscle width of rats reared in litters of 16 was 20% less than that of those reared in litters of 8. (2) There was no significant difference between the sexes in the degree of growth retardation brought about by suckling the pups in large litters. (3) By the end of the experiment, females had caught up in both muscle width and muscle length, the males had caught up in muscle length (≡ tibia length) but not in muscle width. (4) In male pups during undernutrition the muscle diameter was greater than in normally fed animals of the same weight (but younger). This difference was not seen in females. (5) During recovery, until a weight of about 160 g was reached, the muscle width of the neonatally undernourished rats of both sexes was less than controls of the same body weight.
Postnatal development of the pancreas in the opossum
Authors: King F.C. , Krause W.J. , Cutts J.H.
Published: February 2009

The pancreas of the newborn opossum consists of a central region of forming islets surrounded by primitive tubules that end in proacinar cells. Paratubular buds, which are outgrowths from the tubular epithelium, characterize the newborn pancreas and eventually give rise to both exocrine and endocrine units. 4 days after birth, definite intralobular ducts, acini and centroacinar cells are observed. In addition to the central expanding islets (primary islets), endocrine cells are observed singly or in small groups in the ductal epithelium. The endocrine cells are believed to originate from the terminal cells of the ductal epithelium and, throughout the entire postnatal period, retain a close association with the exocrine epithelium. With the simultaneous proliferation of both endocrine and exocrine components from the ductal system, the majority of the islets observed at 24 days (5.0 cm) appear to be surrounded by a single layer of acinar cells. As acini develop and the ducts expand toward the periphery, this layer of acinar cells separates from the developing islets, the majority of which have become localized within the centers of lobules to form the secondary islets by the 10.0-cm stage (59 days). A marked development of lobules is observed by the 13.0-cm stage and the majority of acinar cells now are filled with zymogen granules. Acinar cells continue to proliferate late into the postnatal period and the majority of acini exhibit a tubular form in the juvenile and adult opossum.
Electron-microscopic studies on primate neurons: microtubule-pigment associations
Authors: Spoerri P.E.
Published: February 2009

The relationship between microtubules and the lipoprotein pigment found in senile Cynomolgus brain and senile human brain biopsy material was investigated. Numerous microtubules were present in all parts of the cytoplasm and within the pigment areas, running parallel or obliquely to the pigmet bodies and being associated with its lateral aspects. Microtubules also occurred in the periphery of neurons or appearing to enter the perineuronal oligodendrocytes. These observations indicate a possible role of microtubules in the transport of pigment bodies. The oligodendrocyte from human brain biopsy material has definitely taken the role of a phagocyte in ingesting pigment bodies. Its numerous microtubules may offer a fast moving system for disposing off pigment residues to the capillary endothelium.
Analysis of tadpole growth following gamma-ray irradiation
Authors: Ahmad Mahmood , Adeeba Sultana , Ashraf Jamal
Published: February 2009

This investigation reports observations on the growth of Rana cyanophlyctis tadpoles following a whole body gamma-ray exposure. The effect on the body and hind limb size is perhaps the most significant of the period of latency. A dose of 2,000 R serves as a stressor and activates ACTH secretion in the tadpoles. The resultant somatotrophic hormone (STH) inhibition and subsequent recovery during the following days seem an integral part of the radiation syndrome.
Modification of the size of developing infarcts in the ligated dog heart by betahistine-HCL
Authors: Terracio Louis , Kubicek William G.
Published: February 2009

The effectiveness of β-histine-HCl in modifying the size of developing myocardial infarcts was tested in the surgically ligated dog. Branches of the left coronary artery were ligated and a 6-hour continuous intravenous infusion of 0.24 mg/kg/min of β-histine was administered from 0 to 120 min after ligation. The effect of this treatment was evaluated histologically in studies on acute ischemia by the use of the hematoxylin-basic fuchsinpicric acid stain for early myocardial ischemia. The treatment was also evaluated grossly in a study on chronic ischemia where the dogs were permitted to survive for 30 days before sacrifice. In these experiments, the size of infarcts found in the β-histine-treated animals was compared with those found in the saline controls. Both studies showed that the control ligations produced a large uniform area of ischemia or infarction that was greatly reduced or prevented by immediate treatment with β-histine. Also, β-histine was capable of significantly reducing the size of developing infarcts for up to 120 min after ligation.
Segmentation in the dog spleen
Authors: Gupta S.C. , Gupta C.D. , Gupta S.B.
Published: February 2009

40 corrosion casts of the dog splenic artery were prepared to observe the vascular segments in the dog spleen. 39 specimens (97.5%) revealed the presence of two segments, a dorsal and a ventral one. However, in 1 specimen (2.5%) no segmentation was seen.
A fine-structural analysis of mouse molar odontoblast maturation
Authors: Gartner L.P. , Seibel W. , Hiatt J.L. , Provenza D.V.
Published: February 2009

The first mandibular molars of the Swiss albino mice, 1 through 4 days of age, were fixed in glutaraldehyde or Karnovsky’s fixative. The tissues were postfixed in Os04, dehydrated and embedded in Epon. The prepolarizing, polarizing and secretory odontoblasts were described. The prepolarizing cells, located in the vicinity of the cervical loop, were mesenchymal-like in morphology. The cells of the polarizing stage possessed organelles indicative of protein synthesis. The nucleus was located proximally. Aperiodic fibers were evident in the wide basement membrane. The secretory odontoblasts were long, slender, polarized cells closely adjoining one another. Each odontoblast possessed six morphologically discernible regions: (1) an infranuclear region, limited in size and containing few cellular organelles; (2) a nuclear region, housing the oval nucleus and a few associated lamellae of rough endoplasmic reticulum as well as a limited number of mitochondria; (3) a supranuclear rough endoplasmic reticulum region, possessing an abundance of these organelles as well as some mitochondria and secretory vesicles; (4) a Golgi region, occupying the middle third of the cell, housing the elements of an extensive Golgi apparatus which was surrounded by peripherally located profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum; additionally, this region contained smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, numerous secretory granules and vesicles and occasional intracellular collagen fibers; (5) an apical rough endoplasmic reticulum region, containing a rough endoplasmic reticulum component that was less extensive than its supranuclear counterpart; in addition, this region was the one richest in mitochondria and contained a plethora of secretory vesicles and granules; (6) the odontoblastic process, a region mostly void of organelles, containing various secretory products, some of which appeared to be in the process of being released extracellularly into the surrounding dentin matrix.
Histochemical demonstration of acidic glycosaminoglycans in the cell nuclei of the iris and other tissues
Authors: Sames K.
Published: February 2009

Using histochemical methods, the presence of acidic glycosaminoglycans in the cell nuclei of 51 human irides and a series of monkey organs was demonstrated. In general, these substances are sensitive to testicular hyaluronidase and chondroitinase ABC and also to Streptomyces hyaluronidase, when using special staining methods. The specificity of testicular hyaluronidase was tested by. inhibition with heparin. By simultaneously staining with alcian blue and Feulgen, acidic glycosaminoglycans can be distinguished from the nucleic acids. Sporadically, hyaluronidase-resistant substances with a specific acidic glycosaminoglycan stainability occur. We assume the existence of various acidic glycosaminoglycans in the cell nuclei. Aging changes were not traceable with constancy.
Vollautomatische Herstellung von Knochenschliffen bei exakter Dickeneinstellung
Authors: Stürmer K.M.
Published: February 2009

A new grinding machine for preparing thin undecalcified bone sections after methylmethacrylate embedding is described. About 20 rather small bone sections can be ground at the same time; bigger specimens, up to 8 cm of length, are allowed. Bone sections are mounted on a cylindrical specimen holder by an adhesive film. Then the final thickness of the sections is exactly adjusted by screwing three rubies out of the holder’s bottom. Now the prepared holder is set in a guide ring on a turntable carrying a rough ended glass plate. The desired thickness of the sections is reached as soon as the three rubies touch the glass surface. The variation in the thickness of the sections is less than ± 3 μm. The machine is simply constructed, easily to handle and rapidly to clean.
Intraepithelial lymphocytes in the excurrent ducts of the testis of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus)
Authors: Aire Tom A. , Malmquist Margaretha
Published: February 2009

Cells considered to be lymphocytes are reported in the epithelial lining of the excurrent ducts of the testis of normal and vasoligated domestic fowl. They resemble those already reported in the rat and monkey epididymal epithelium, the human intestinal mucosa, and in the bursa of Fabricius. The cytoplasm is usually less dense than that of adjacent epithelial cells, and contains only a few organelles. The nucleus is highly heterochromatic and with no definite nucleolus. Cytoplasmic processes are found to extend from the cell in between epithelial cells. The possible role of these cells in the reproductive tract of the cockerel is discussed.
Cytological changes in the testes of vitamin-A-deficient rats
Authors: Sobhon Prasert , Mitranond Viroj , Tosukhowong Pichit , Chíndaduangrat Wanna
Published: February 2009

Ultrastructural study confirmed that, in rats, vitamin A deficiency initially caused the sloughing of some spermatids and spermatocytes into the lumina of the seminiferous tubules around day 3 following the initial decrease of body weight. From days 5 to 10, a considerable number of spermatocytes and spermatids, which still remained in the epithelium, underwent necrosis. Several stages of dying spermatocytes and abnormal spermatids were observed. The latter were distinguished by the presence of chromatin aggregating along the nuclear envelopes and highly vacuolated mitochondria. These cells range from single to multinucleate forms. They were incapable of differentiating further into spermatozoa and ultimately degenerated. Within the same period, Sertoli cells exhibited numerous darkly stained lysosome-like inclusions, and the upper part of their cytoplasm appeared as irregular processes, some of which were broken off and resulted in the thinning of the epithelium. From days 10 to 20, the remaining germ cells comprised mainly spermatogonia and few abnormal spermatocytes. The latter appeared enlarged and were very lightly stained. Their nuclei exhibited unusual blocks of heavily condensed chromatin amidst very highly dispersed chromatin fibers. Though their number was reduced, most of the spermatogonia appeared unaltered. Processes of Sertoli cells became even more irregular and were interrupted at certain sites by large empty spaces. Darkly stained inclusions in their cytoplasm were fewer than observed earlier.
Development of the innervation in the chicken pineal gland (Gallus gallus)
Authors: Calvo J. , Boya J.
Published: February 2009

The innervation of the pineal gland has been studied during the embryonic development and the first 10 days after hatching. On day 17 of embryonic development, the first nerve fibers are observed in the pineal capsule. They appear at the stalk level and rise to locate mostly on the anterior side of the capsule. Some nerve fibers leave these nerve bundles to penetrate the gland and they situate in the connective septa (18 days of development). From day 19 of development onwards, nerve fibers locate only in the parafollicular layer. Cells that may be identified as neurons are found in the pineal parenchyma.
Helical structure of the human umbilical cord
Authors: Chaurasia B.D. , Agarwal B.M.
Published: February 2009

The helical structure of the human umbilical cord has been studied on 528 full-term cords from normal deliveries, 18 cords from aborted and developmentally normal fetuses with a CR length of 1.2–19.5 cm, and 10 cords from monozygotic twins. In order to resolve the discrepancy in the nomenclature of the twist direction, a method has been suggested which takes into account the direction to which the fetus must have rotated to produce the twist. The incidence of the right helical pattern was 64.58%, of the left helical pattern 15.15%, and of the mixed patterns 17.43%; the twists were indeterminate in 1.89% and absent in 0.95% of the cords. Details of the mixed patterns are listed. The number of the uniform right twists ranged from 1 to 29 (7.5) and that of the left twists from 1 to 19 (6.7). There exists an exponential relation between the number of the twists and the ratio between length and thickness of the cords. The twists begin to appear during the early part of the 8th week, and their final number is possibly attained soon after the 9th week of development. In view of the absence of concordance in monozygotic twins, the helical nature of the cord is possibly controlled by factors which may be partly genetic and partly environmental.
Histochemical study of the myelin-associated carbohydrates
Authors: García-Segura Luis M. , Martinez-Rodriguez R. , Suarez I. , Fernandez-Ruiz B.
Published: February 2009

Myelin-associated carbohydrates were studied by means of histochemical techniques in the central nervous system of birds and mammals. Polianions in the surface of myelin and in interfascicular oligodendroglia were detected using histochemical techniques. Glycoproteins were studied by means of concanavalin A. The Con-A-PO-DAB sequence was used. Concanavalin-A-binding sites were detected in oligodendroglia and on the myelin surface. Similar results were observed in both birds and mammals. The processes of the interfascicular oligodendroglia also contain carbohydrates. A close association between the carbohydrates of these glial processes and the myelin surface carbohydrates was demonstrated, and their probable identity is assumed.
Histological and histochemical observations on the forestomach of goat during pre-natal life
Authors: Ramkrishna V. , Tiwari G.P.
Published: February 2009

Non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium lined the mucosa of the forestomach. The mucosal appendages in the form of ruminal papillae did not develop in the rumen during this study, however, omasal laminae and reticular ribs were evident in groups I and II, respectively. Cytoplasmic accumulations were evident in the middle layer of the epithelium, which is characteristic of this region. The thickness of the epithelium increased constantly in the rumen and reticulum, but in the omasum it remained constant with the increase in the size of the fetus. The corial papillae in the rumen, reticulum and omasum appeared at the 12.7-, 11.5- and 14.6-cm CVR stage, respectively. The muscularis mucosae appeared in the omasum at the 14.6-cm CVR stage in the first-order laminae. The tunica muscularis consisted of spirally arranged muscle fibre bundles. Cross-cut muscle fibre bundles below the tip of the omasal laminae descended downward with the increase in the size of the fetus and continued with the inner circular layer. Acid and alkaline phosphatases and fat could not be observed. The concentration of glycogen in the epithelium was maximum in group III and minimum in group II.
Stereologische Untersuchung der Gefässarchitektur der Grosshirnrinde des Kaninchens
Authors: Meencke H.J. , von Keyserlingk D.G.
Published: February 2009

An attempt is made to describe the vascular architecture of the cortex employing a stereological method. Brains perfused with India ink were sectioned in frontal, sagittal and tangential levels. The course of the vessels was described as a spatial vector from the center to the penetration point of the globe of radius 1. In order to present a two-dimensional image, we projected the penetration point together with the longitudinal and horizontal meridians of the globe in an orthograde fashion into the level of the image. The frontal and sagittal sections were projected in an equatorial image, the tangential level was projected to an axis. Direct observations and stereological imaging demonstrated that, in lamina 4, there is a relatively constant hexagonal vascular net with branching angles of 60° at an edge length of 50–60 µm.
The normal juxtaglomerular apparatus in the human kidney
Authors: Christensen Jan A. , Bjœrke Håkon A. , Meyer Dieter S. , Bohle Adalbert
Published: February 2009

Out of 49 serially studied juxtaglomerular apparatuses, 6 typical variants from two normal human kidneys were reconstructed graphically. The agranular Goormaghtigh cells filled the entire space between the macula densa, the afferent and the efferent arterioles and the glomerular mesangium. The Goormaghtigh cells were always in direct contact with all the other structures. They also invariably continued into the glomerular mesangium. The distal tubule regularly showed widening in the macula densa segment and, at this level, there was considerable variation in the shape of the distal tubule. Direct contact between the macula densa and the hilar arterioles was not always present, the area of contact was usually greater with the afferent than with the efferent arteriole.
Root morphogenesis in ectopically transplanted pleurodont teeth of the iguana
Authors: Howes R.I.
Published: February 2009

A study was made to determine the behavior and fate of transplanted reptilian teeth with a pleurodont type of attachment. The purpose was to compare this attachment with the behavior of other types of attachments, when they are transplanted, and to determine which portions of the ankylosed tooth are controlled by intrinsic factors. 50 small green iguanas were used. Autologous transplants of both individual buds of a known stage of development and small blocks of the entire upper or lower jaw were placed in the gular region or anterior chamber of the eye. The transplants and the jaws were examined at intervals from 0 to 180 days. Tooth buds transplanted with or without the jaw were capable of growth to normal size and shape. New bud formation also began after transplant acceptance, and buds were more protected from epithelial injury than previously reported amphibian tooth transplants. The ankylosed adult tooth began the process of shedding almost immediately. While lack of normal environment and lack of underlying bone did not prevent formation of a normal root shaft with dentin, there was little evidence of induction of the ‘bone of attachment’ and underlying jaw bone by the growing buds. The root shaft size and shape were, therefore, intrinsic features of the pleurodont tooth.
Melanin and dopa-positive cells in the skin of tropical cattle
Authors: Amakiri S.F.
Published: February 2009

Various histochemical and histological techniques were used to study the melanin and dopa-positive cell.distribution in the skin of some tropical and temperate breeds of cattle in Nigeria. Melanin pigments were concentrated in the basal and lower spinous layers of the epidermis and in the hair cortex, follicle sheaths and papillae of the various breeds. In the White Fulani and N’Dama breeds, melanin pigments were however found in all layers of the epidermis. Dopa-positive cells (melanocytes) were observed in the epidermis, dermis and hair follicles; the distribution pattern varied among breeds, being copiously disposed in the basal epidermis and papillary dermis in the White Fulani and Muturu and, except in areas of thick epidermal ridges, scanty in the epidermis and dermis of the Friesian and N’Dama. Mast cell distribution pattern in the various breeds was similar to that of the dopa-positive cells. Peroxidase-positive cells were present in the basal epidermis and upper dermis of the Muturu, widespread in the subepidermal layer of the N’Dama and very scanty in the dermis of the White Fulani and Friesian. Acid phosphatase activity was intense in the granular layer of the Muturu and N’Dama breeds and also in the papillary dermis and hair follicles, whereas alkaline phosphatase-positive dendritic cells, and ‘clear’ cells were also observed in the basal and upper epidermis.
The mast cells of the mammalian central nervous system
Authors: Ibrahim Mohamed Z.M. , Al-Wirr Munib E. , Bahuth Nadia
Published: February 2009

The brains of young adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were studied with the electron microscope to determine the full ultrastructural picture of two types of perivascular granular cell. One of these, referred to here as the type I cell and described by both light and electron microscopy by several authors, including ourselves, has been reported to be a mast cell (MC) almost identical to MCs outside the CNS. The other, referred to here as the type II cell and described by many authors under almost as many names, was dealt with fully by Ibrahim in several reports and regarded by him as a type of MC. It is felt that the results warrant the conclusions that the type I cells are indeed MCs, while the type II cells are closely allied to the type I cells and probably better adapted to the function they subserve in the CNS of mammals. The similarities between the two cell types probably outnumber the dissimilarities and even these have their counterparts in MCs outside the CNS. The problem of the possible confusion between the type II cells and macrophages, whether reportedly within vessel walls or in the form of modified or special ‘pericytic’ microglia, is discussed. It is concluded that there is no justification for regarding these cells as macrophages. Because of the similarity between the type II cells and MCs, and because of the high lipid content of the type II cells, it is suggested that these elements be called neurolipomastocytes or neurolipomastocytoid cells.
Study on the innervation of the pancreas of the rat
Authors: Kamel I. , Mikhail Y. , Beshir S.
Published: February 2009

The pancreas of the adult rat is examined by the silver impregnation method. The intrapancreatic nerves form the following three plexuses: periacinous, peninsular and peri-vascular ; anastomosing fibers are presented between the three plexuses. Sympathetic ganglia as well as parasympathetic nerve cells are met with in association and in close proximity to the islet tissue. The significance of the double innervation of the islet tissue is discussed.
Superficial anastomoses of blood vessels in the human heart
Authors: Hadžiselimović H. , Šećerov D.
Published: February 2009

We investigated superficial interarterial, intra-arterial, arterio-venous and veno-venous anastomoses in 100 hearts from men and women taken at random who died at 20–85 years of age. By means of careful dissection and injection into the blood vessels of a differently stained 12% solution of vinilit in acetone, we studied the number and localization of the anastomoses and their appearance. Interarterial anastomoses, i.e. anastomoses between the ramification of the left and the right coronary artery, were detected in 33 hearts. Intra-arterial anastomoses, i.e. anastomoses between the ramifications of one and the same artery, were seen in 5 hearts. Arterio-venous anastomoses were found in 39 hearts. Veno-venous anostomoses were found in 49 hearts. The veno-venous anastomoses display a great many variations, being commonly the regular finding in human veins.
Interneuronal synapses in the local ganglia of the cat urinary bladder
Authors: Fehér Erzsébet , Vajda J.
Published: February 2009

The-interneuronal synapses of the urinary bladder in the cat were studied by electron microscopy. The great majority of the fibres containing vesicles are found within the ganglia occurring in the trigonum area. Morphologically differentiated synaptic contacts could be observed on the surface of the local neurons and between the different nerve processes. The pre-synaptic terminals can be divided into three types based on a combination of synaptic vesicles. Type I terminals, presumably cholinergic synaptic terminals, contain only small clear vesicles of 40–50 nm in diameter. Type II terminals, presumably adrenergic terminals, are characterized by small granulated vesicles of 40–60 nm in diameter. Type III terminals, probably of local origin, contain a variable number of large granulated vesicles of 80–140 nm in diameter. Occasionally, a single nerve fibre contacted several (two or four) other nerve processes forming atypical synapse. In other cases, on one nerve cell soma or on other nerve processes there are two or three different-type nerve terminals establishing synapses. It might be inferred from these observations that convergence and divergence can occur in the local ganglia and that cholinergic and adrenergic synaptic terminals can modulate the ganglionic activity. However, a local circuit also can play an important role in coordinating the function of the bladder.
Teratogenic effects of a single oral administration of methylmercuric chloride in mice
Authors: Fuyuta Masatoshi , Fujimoto Toyoaki , Kiyofuji Eiiti
Published: February 2009

The teratogenic effects of methylmercuric chloride (MMC) given orally as a single dose to pregnant ICR mice on day 10 of gestation were examined. The doses tested were 25, 20, 15 and 10 mg/kg. Controls received distilled water orally. Each group consisted of 20 females. Fetuses were taken on day 18 of gestation for teratological study. The number of resorbed or dead embryos was moderately increased in the 25 mg/kg group. Fetuses from dams given 25, 20 and 15 mg/kg MMC weighed significantly less than those in the control group. Many fetuses with malformations were observed in the treated groups; cleft palate occurred in 100, 58.6 and 28.0% of fetuses from dams given 25,20 and 15 mg/kg MMC, respectively (statistically significant). Hydronephrosis appeared in 23.8 and 18.5% of fetuses from dams given 25 and 20 mg/kg MMC, respectively (statistically significant). Skeletal variations, incomplete ossification of sternebrae, for example, were also observed in the treated groups. These results indicate that MMC is teratogenic so far as cleft palate is concerned and embryotoxic in ICR mice.
Ratio of inferior olivary cells to Purkinje cells in a marsupial (Trichosurus vulpecula)
Authors: Furber S.E. , Watson C.R.R.
Published: February 2009

An indirect estimate of the extent of branching of the olivary axons in the cerebellum in a marsupial (Trichosurus vulpecula) was carried out. The cells in the inferior olivary nuclear complex (IOC) of both sides were estimated (mean = 57,200), as were the cerebellar Purkinje cells (mean = 881,300). Assuming that all climbing fibers arise from IOC cells and that each Purkinje cell receives a climbing fiber input, each IOC cell sends climbing fiber terminals to 15 Purkinje cells.
Cardiac microstructure in female and male offspring of exercised rat mothers
Authors: Pařízková Jana
Published: February 2009

The microstructure of the cardiac muscle in eight subgroups of female and male rats was investigated: exercised (EE) and control (EC) offspring of exercised mothers, and exercised (CE) and control (CC) offspring of control, inactive mothers. The differences between subgroups were subjected to variance analysis and multiple-range tests according to Duncan. There were no marked differences in total body weight and weight of the heart related to total body weight. A significant difference (highest values) was shown in the density of muscle fibers and capillaries in the offspring of exercised mothers, which was further potentiated by the additional exercise during postnatal life. Diffusion distance was significantly longer in CC animals; the other subgroups did not differ significantly. There were no significant differences in the reaction of female and male offspring both due to prenatal and postnatal exercise.
Autoradiographic studies on the incorporation of tritiated uridine, leucine and methionine into Gomori-positive glia of rat hypothalamus
Authors: Goldgefter L. , Sandbank U.
Published: February 2009

The relative level of metabolic activity in Gomori-positive (Gp) glia was estimated by comparing the incorporation rates of 3H-uridine, 3H-leucine and 3H-methionine into the nuclear macromolecules of the glia, neurons, ependyma and subcommissural organ (SCO). The uptake of 3H-uridine by Gp glia was somewhat lower than that by neurons and SCO but higher than that by ependyma. The incorporation of 3H-leucine was about the same in all studied types of cells, except for a lower uptake by ependyma. The rate of 3H-methionine incorporation into Gp glia and SCO was higher than that into neurons and ependyma. The neuron: Gp glia ratios obtained in the present study (0.9–1.4) are more or less within the range of the neuron: cerebral glia ratios reported by others for newly synthesized molecules of RNA and proteins. The results suggest that Gp glia have a relatively high metabolic activity as compared to that in neurons and perhaps SCO.
Anatomy of the external anal sphincter in man
Authors: Ayoub Soliman F.
Published: February 2009

The anatomy of the external anal sphincter was studied in 20 adult human cadavers of both sexes by dissection and histological examination. The external anal sphincter is not naturally divided into layers or laminae. The lowermost muscle bundles differ from the main part in being completely surrounded by thick fibrous tissue septa derived from the longitudinal anal coat. The perineal branch of S4 supplies the posterior third, the inferior haemorrhoidal nerves supply the anterior two thirds. All fibres of the sphincter retain their skeletal attachment to the anococcygeal ligament to the coccyx. Some fibres cross the median plane to be continuous with the transversus perinei of the opposite side. A cleft was displayed separating the lower border of the levator ani muscle from the upper border of the external anal sphincter. The muscle bundles of the sphincter are arranged circumferentially in one continuous circle and not in loops. Fibres from the anterior border of the levator ani muscle extend to cover and blend with the outer surface of the external sphincter in their way to the anococcygeal ligament.
Retention during embryonic life of the ability of avian spinal cord to induce somitic chondrogenesis in vitro
Authors: Tremaine Robert , Hall Brian K.
Published: February 2009

It is.well established that the spinal cord of embryonic vertebrates induces sclerotomal somitic mesoderm to chondrify. We have investigated whether the spinal cord retains this inductive ability for the duration of the life of the avian embryo. Somites were isolated from embryos of H.H. stages 16 to 18 and either cultured alone in a medium which would not allow spontaneous chondrogenesis or cultured in direct contact with the spinal cord from embryos ranging in age between H.H. stages 33 and 44 (7½-18 days of incubation). Somites cultured alone did not chondrify. Somites cultured in contact with either the ventral surface of the spinal cord or with the ependyma of the spinal cord chondrified in virtually 100% of all culturesirrespective of the age of the donor embryo providing the spinal cord. The somites which were cultured in contact with the dorsal surface of the spinal cord did not undergo chondrogenesis. We conclude that the ventral spinal cord and the ependyma retain inductive ability through embryonic life and discuss the possible reasons for this.
Metabolic process in uterine structures after different damages to the nervous system
Authors: Volkova O.V. , Chunaeva M.Z. , Zaitseva E.P. , Poskrebysheva E.A.
Published: February 2009

Metabolic processes in the uterus damaged in different parts of its innervation were studied. The specificity of neurodystrophic processes in the uterus depends on the nature of the injury to its innervation. Combination of different methods of modern morphological analysis made it possible to reveal hypoplastic processes in all the layers of the uterus.
The effects of dexamethasone on the growth of gamma irradiated tadpoles
Authors: Ahmad Mahmood , Haider Nasim , Siddiqui P.Q.R.
Published: February 2009

A plausible hypothesis as to the mode of action of dexamethasone (DXM) has been proposed. Growth of irradiated tadpoles of Bufo melanostictus treated daily with the corticoid, is more suppressed. Compared with its antagonism with ACTH, its coordinate promotion of TSH production accelerates metamorphosis. This modulated feedback is consistent with the constant course of the hypothalamic nuclei influence upon the adenohypophyseal hormones.
Ultrastructural changes in adrenergic neurons following chemical sympathectomy
Authors: Révész E. , van der Zypen E.
Published: February 2009

The paper describes the ultrastructural changes of the sympathetic neurons following guanethidine administration in mice. The main characteristic changes, after prolonged administration (l-10weeks) of guanethidine (Ismelin Ciba-Geigy, Basel, Switzerland) at doses of 30–50 mg/kg/daý i.p. and i.m. were: (1) Mitochondrial damages: swelling and deformation of the mitochondria, with disruption and dispersion of the cristae and condensation or dissolution of the matrix. Membranolysis of the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes. (2) Neural processes: swelling and disorganization of the internal architecture in the postganglionic axonal and dendritic synaptic varicosities. (3) Adrenergic vesicles: disappearance of the granular vesicles in the early stage of the experiment, increase of the coated vesicles in the later stage of treatment. The effect of guanethidine is specific for the postganglionic adrenergic neurons, but the observed destruction is not caused solely by guanethidine; other chemical substances induce the same or similar degeneration in the sympathetic ganglion.
Nuclear inclusions in the human adenohypophysis
Authors: Ryder Diane R. , Horvath Eva , Kovacs Kalman
Published: February 2009

Electron microscopy revealed the presence of nonviral nuclear inclusions in human nontumorous as well as adenomatous adenohypophysiocytes, regardless of cell type. Based on ultrastructural appearances, the inclusions have been classified as simple bodies, complex bodies and filamentous aggregates. Many transitional forms were noted between the simple and complex bodies, however, no relationship between the nuclear bodies and filamentous aggregates was found. It can be concluded that the three types of inclusions are normal nuclear constituents. Since no accumulation of these structures was observed in cells associated with enhanced secretion it appears that they are not related to hormonal hyperactivity in the human adenohypophysis.
Le nerf optique du chat
Authors: Fuentes C. , Roch G. , Marty R.
Published: February 2009

A quantitative study was carried out on the adult cat optic nerve near the eyeball by systematically measuring the perimeters of all the axons seen through the optic microscope. The main purpose of this study was to define the topographical distribution of these axons in function of their size. Statistical studies show the existence of an area of maximal concentration of large axons in crescent form situated in the temporal zone of the nerve. The neurophysiological implications are discussed.
Le nerf optique du chat
Authors: Fuentes C. , Roch G. , Marty R.
Published: February 2009

54 healthy cats were studied. In almost all cases, two types of degenerative signs could be seen: in the primary optic pathways, but also in the posterior funiculi and the spinalcerebellar tracts, lesions of wide-diameter axons seen by their initial demyelination, accompanied by intense neurogJial reactions, and, on the other hand, a Wallerian degeneration of smaller axons situated in the axial part of the nerve. The percentage of these abnormalities must still be evaluated. Their eventual consequences and nature are discussed.
Levels of liver glycogen during normal and radiation-induced metamorphosis in Rana cyanophlyctis
Authors: Ahmad Mahmood , Ashraf Jamal , Siddiqui P.Q.R. , Khan Kalimur Rahman
Published: February 2009

This study shows that significant changes in the pattern of glycogen deposition are brought about by irradiation with 2,000 R gamma-rays. The sharp fall during the 1st week can be attributed to its emergent mobilization. However, glycogen stored in the liver during the 2nd and the 3rd week prior to the resorptive process substantiates the fact that tadpoles complete metamorphic transformations in spite of sublethal irradiation.
Comparative aspects of muscle fibre size and succinic dehydrogenase distribution in the longissimus dorsi muscle of several species of East African mammals
Authors: Stickland N.C.
Published: February 2009

The distribution of succinic dehydrogenase enzyme activity was investigated in frozen sections of longissimus dorsi muscle taken from several species of East African game animal (giraffe, hartebeest, wildebeest, oryx, gerenuk and dik-dik) as well as local zebu cattle. Muscle fibres were classified as red (high succinic dehydrogenase activity), white (low activity) or intermediate. The mean diameter and percentage distribution of each fibre type were noted as well as the overall mean muscle fibre diameter (MFD) for each species. The diameters of red muscle fibres were found to be between 54 and 62% of the diameters of the white muscle fibres for all species with MFD differences between species being up to over 100%. The variation in MFD was found to be significantly and positively correlated with live weight, when zebu values were omitted. It was found that the variation in MFD was significantly related to the diameter of muscle fibre types and not to the percent distribution of these fibre types.
Veränderungen der Ultrastruktur der Merkelschen Nervenendigungen an Sinushaaren von Ratten nach Denervation
Authors: Benkenstein M.
Published: February 2009

Merkel nerve endings of sinus hairs in the upper lip of the rat were observed after having cut the nervus infraorbitalis. The nerve terminal of the Merkel nerve ending has already been degenerated 24 hours after denervation and was phagocytised by neighbouring keratinocytes. The Merkel cells did not change in structure after having lost their nerve terminal even within 169 days after nerve crush. Their position in the stratum basale of the sinus hairs remained constant; the number, size and position of the osmiophilic granules in the cytoplasm of the Merkel cells did not change. These results may show, that Merkel cells are not modified keratinocytes. The possibilities of their origin are discussed.
Venous segments in the goat (Capra hircus) spleen
Authors: Gupta S.B. , Gupta S.C. , Gupta C.D.
Published: February 2009

46 goat spleens were studied to observe the venous segmentation in them by preparing the corrosion cast of the splenic vein and its intrasplenic tree. 56.5% of the specimens revealed the presence of two splenic venous segments – a right and a left one - and 30.4% of cases showed the presence of three venous segments – a right, a left and a hilar one. The rest did not show any venous segmentations.