bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Panic Attack, Severe Hypophosphatemia and Rhabdomyolysis in the Setting of a Motor Functional Neurological Disorder
Authors: Schneider Thibault , Broc Nicolas , Leemann Beatrice , Schnider Armin , Nicastro Nicolas
Published: April 2023

(1) Background: panic attack is often regarded as a benign disorder with variable physical and psychological symptoms. (2) Case Presentation: We here report the case of a 22-year-old patient known for an episode of motor functional neurological disorder a year earlier who presented a panic attack with hyperventilation causing severe hypophosphatemia and rhabdomyolysis, as well as mild tetraparesis. Electrolyte disturbances quickly resolved after phosphate substitution and rehydration. However, clinical signs suggesting a relapse of a motor functional neurological disorder appeared (improved walking with dual tasks). Diagnostic workup, including brain and spinal magnetic resonance imaging, as well as electroneuromyography and genetic testing for hypokalemic periodic paralysis, was unremarkable. Tetraparesis, lack of endurance, and fatigue eventually improved after several months. (3) Conclusions: the present case report highlights the intertwined relationship between a psychiatric disorder, leading to hyperventilation and acute metabolic disturbances, and functional neurological manifestations.
Effects of General Characteristics, Emotional Labor, Empathy Ability, and Wisdom on the Psychological Well-Being of Female Caregivers Visiting the Homes of Vulnerable Care Recipients and the Elderly
Authors: Kim Hee-Kyung , Park Cheol-Hee
Published: April 2023

The purpose of this study is to analyze how general characteristics, emotional labor, empathy ability, and wisdom affect the psychological well-being of female caregivers. The research design is a descriptive correlational study. Data were collected using a self-report questionnaire, and analyzed using the SPSS Windows 27.0 program for hierarchical regression analysis. The results showed that there were differences in psychological well-being according to the work experience, education, and monthly income of 129 participants. In the analysis of the factors affecting the participants’ psychological well-being, model 1 showed 18.9% explanatory power with educational experience (ß = −0.23, p = 0.012) and monthly income (ß = 0.25, p = 0.007). In model 2, educational experience (ß = −0.23, p = 0.004), monthly income (ß = 0.20, p = 0.017), and emotional labor (ß = −0.41, p < 0.001) were the affecting factors, and the explanatory power increased by 16.1%, showing 35.0% overall. In model 3, educational experience (ß =−0.28, p < 0.001), emotional labor (ß = −0.35, p < 0.001), empathy ability (ß = 0.23, p = 0.001), and wisdom (ß = 0.52, p < 0.001) were the affecting factors, and the explanatory power increased by 36.9%, showing 71.9% overall. To enhance the psychological well-being of the participants, the head of the caregiving center should consider the education and income of caregivers. The center should also operate programs and prepare policies to reduce emotional labor and enhance empathy ability and wisdom.
Valorization of Wheat Crop Waste in Araucanía, Chile: Development of Prototype of Thermal Insulation Material for Blowing Technique and Geographical Analysis
Authors: Carlos Javier Rojas Herrera , Karin Rodríguez Neira , Juan Pablo Cárdenas-Ramírez
Published: April 2023

Houses in the operational stage consume around 40% of the world’s energy, and most of it is consumed by air conditioning. This generates several problems, especially in cities, where biomass combustion is the most widely used form of heating. For this reason, environmental regulation works in parallel with energy efficiency, where efficient and low-impact thermal insulating materials are key to reduce the energy demand and fuel consumption to generate comfort in dwellings. This work considers the valorization of wheat straw from the Araucanía region of Chile, to develop a prototype for a thermal insulating material applied through the blowing technique. The results show the insulation potential of the fiber, which, in post-chopping conditions and at an average density of 80 [kg/m3], has thermal conductivity of 0.034 [W/mK]. This value is much better than that of glass wool and other inorganic materials sold in the Chilean market. In addition, the developed material can be incorporated into partitions using the blowing technique, improving the execution time for the thermal insulation section. Finally, it is indicated that a good option to install a processing plant is in the central valley of the region, specifically in the communes of Victoria and Perquenco.
Numerical Assessment on Continuous Reinforced Normal-Strength Concrete and High-Strength Concrete Beams
Authors: Shi Sensen , Pang Miao , Lou Tiejiong
Published: April 2023

High-strength concrete (HSC) has been broadly applied to various civil structures for its advantages including high compressive strength and excellent durability and creep resistance. However, the brittleness of HSC raises concern about its use in practice. So far study on continuous reinforced HSC beams is limited. This work investigates the structural response of reinforced HSC continuous beams, and the results are compared with those of the counterparts made of normal-strength concrete (NSC). By applying a finite element method verified by experimental data, a comprehensive assessment is performed on two-span reinforced NSC and HSC (compressive strengths of 30, 60 and 90 MPa) continuous beams. A wide range of flexural reinforcement ratios are used to cover both under-reinforced and over-reinforced beams. The results show that reinforced HSC beams exhibit better flexural performance in terms of ultimate load, deformation, flexural ductility and moment redistribution, when compared to reinforced NSC beams. Formulae relating flexural ductility and moment redistribution with either neutral axis depth or tensile steel strain are suggested.
A User-Friendly System for Mailed Dosimetric Audits of 192Ir or 60Co HDR Brachytherapy Sources
Authors: Oliver-Cañamás Laura , Vijande Javier , Candela-Juan Cristian , Gimeno-Olmos Jose , Pujades-Claumarchirant Mª Carmen , Rovira-Escutia Juan J. , Ballester Facundo , Perez-Calatayud Jose
Published: April 2023

Objectives: The main goal of this work is to design and characterize a user-friendly methodology to perform mailed dosimetric audits in high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy for systems using either Iridium-192 (192Ir) or Cobalt-60 (60Co) sources. Methods: A solid phantom was designed and manufactured with four catheters and a central slot to place one dosimeter. Irradiations with an Elekta MicroSelectron V2 for 192Ir, and with a BEBIG Multisource for 60Co were performed for its characterization. For the dose measurements, nanoDots, a type of optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters (OSLDs), were characterized. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were performed to evaluate the scatter conditions of the irradiation set-up and to study differences in the photon spectra of different 192Ir sources (Microselectron V2, Flexisource, BEBIG Ir2.A85-2 and Varisource VS2000) reaching the dosimeter in the irradiation set-up. Results: MC simulations indicate that the surface material on which the phantom is supported during the irradiations does not affect the absorbed dose in the nanoDot. Generally, differences below 5% were found in the photon spectra reaching the detector when comparing the Microselectron V2, the Flexisource and the BEBIG models. However, differences up to 20% are observed between the V2 and the Varisource VS2000 models. The calibration coefficients and the uncertainty in the dose measurement were evaluated. Conclusions: The system described here is able to perform dosimetric audits in HDR brachytherapy for systems using either 192Ir or 60Co sources. No significant differences are observed between the photon spectra reaching the detector for the MicroSelectron V2, the Flexisource and the BEBIG 192Ir sources. For the Varisource VS2000, a higher uncertainty is considered in the dose measurement to allow for the nanoDot response.
Genome-Wide Screening Identifies Gene AKR1C1 Critical for Resistance to Pirarubicin in Bladder Cancer
Authors: Nie Zhenyu , Gao Yuanhui , Chen Mei , Peng Yanling , Guo Na , Cao Hui , Huang Denggao , Gao Xin , Zhang Shufang
Published: April 2023

Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is a common tumor of the urinary system. Given its high rates of recurrence, progression, and drug resistance, NMIBC seriously affects the quality of life and limits the survival time of patients. Pirarubicin (THP) is a bladder infusion chemotherapy drug recommended by the guidelines for NMIBC. Although the widespread use of THP reduces the recurrence rate of NMIBC, 10–50% of patients still suffer from tumor recurrence, which is closely related to tumor resistance to chemotherapy drugs. This study was performed to screen the critical genes causing THP resistance in bladder cancer cell lines by using the CRISPR/dCas9-SAM system. Thus, AKR1C1 was screened. Results showed that the high expression of AKR1C1 could enhance the drug resistance of bladder cancer to THP both in vivo and in vitro. This gene could reduce the levels of 4-hydroxynonenal and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and resist THP-induced apoptosis. However, AKR1C1 did not affect the proliferation, invasion, or migration of the bladder cancer cells. Aspirin, which is an AKR1C1 inhibitor, could help reduce the drug resistance caused by AKR1C1. After receiving THP treatment, the bladder cancer cell lines could upregulate the expression of the AKR1C1 gene through the ROS/KEAP1/NRF2 pathway, leading to resistance to THP treatment. Using tempol, which is an inhibitor of ROS, could prevent the upregulation of AKR1C1 expression.
Proton Beam Therapy in the Oligometastatic/Oligorecurrent Setting: Is There a Role? A Literature Review
Authors: Gaito Simona , Marvaso Giulia , Ortiz Ramon , Crellin Adrian , Aznar Marianne C. , Indelicato Daniel J. , Pan Shermaine , Whitfield Gillian , Alongi Filippo , Jereczek-Fossa Barbara Alicja , Burnet Neil , Li Michelle P. , Rothwell Bethany , Smith Ed , Colaco Rovel J.
Published: April 2023

Background: Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) with conventional photon radiotherapy (XRT) are well-established treatment options for selected patients with oligometastatic/oligorecurrent disease. The use of PBT for SABR-SRS is attractive given the property of a lack of exit dose. The aim of this review is to evaluate the role and current utilisation of PBT in the oligometastatic/oligorecurrent setting. Methods: Using Medline and Embase, a comprehensive literature review was conducted following the PICO (Patients, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcomes) criteria, which returned 83 records. After screening, 16 records were deemed to be relevant and included in the review. Results: Six of the sixteen records analysed originated in Japan, six in the USA, and four in Europe. The focus was oligometastatic disease in 12, oligorecurrence in 3, and both in 1. Most of the studies analysed (12/16) were retrospective cohorts or case reports, two were phase II clinical trials, one was a literature review, and one study discussed the pros and cons of PBT in these settings. The studies presented in this review included a total of 925 patients. The metastatic sites analysed in these articles were the liver (4/16), lungs (3/16), thoracic lymph nodes (2/16), bone (2/16), brain (1/16), pelvis (1/16), and various sites in 2/16. Conclusions: PBT could represent an option for the treatment of oligometastatic/oligorecurrent disease in patients with a low metastatic burden. Nevertheless, due to its limited availability, PBT has traditionally been funded for selected tumour indications that are defined as curable. The availability of new systemic therapies has widened this definition. This, together with the exponential growth of PBT capacity worldwide, will potentially redefine its commissioning to include selected patients with oligometastatic/oligorecurrent disease. To date, PBT has been used with encouraging results for the treatment of liver metastases. However, PBT could be an option in those cases in which the reduced radiation exposure to normal tissues leads to a clinically significant reduction in treatment-related toxicities.
Signet Ring Cell Colorectal and Appendiceal Cancer: A Small Signet Ring Cell Component Is Also Associated with Poor Outcome
Authors: Enblad Malin , Egerszegi Péter Pál , Birgisson Helgi , Sjöblom Tobias , Glimelius Bengt , Folkesson Joakim
Published: April 2023

Background: Colorectal signet ring cell (SRC) carcinoma with ≥50% SRCs (SRC ≥ 50) has a poor prognosis, but the prognostic role of SRCs < 50% (SRC < 50) is unclear. The aim of this study was to provide a clinicopathological characterization of SRC colorectal and appendiceal tumours and analyse the importance of the SRC component size. Methods: All patients in the Swedish Colorectal Cancer Registry diagnosed with colorectal or appendiceal cancer in 2009–2020 at Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden, were included. The SRCs were verified, and the components estimated by a gastrointestinal pathologist. Results: Of the 2229 colorectal cancers, 51 (2.3%) had SRCs, with a median component size of 30% (interquartile range of 12.5–40) and 10 (0.45%) had SRC ≥ 50. The SRC tumours were primarily localized in the right colon (59%) and appendix (16%). No patients with SRCs had stage I disease, and 26 (51%) had stage IV, of whom, 18 (69%) had peritoneal metastases. The SRC tumours were often high grade with perineural and vascular invasion. The 5-year overall survival (OS) rate for patients with SRC ≥ 50 were 20% (95% confidence interval (CI) 6–70), for SRC < 50, 39% (95% CI 24–61); and for non-SRCs, 55% (95% CI 55–60). Among the patients with SRC < 50 and <50% extracellular mucin, the 5-year OS was 34% (95% CI 19–61), while those with ≥50% extracellular mucin had an OS of 50% (95% CI 25–99). The 5-year recurrence-free survival rates were 51% (95% CI 13–83) for patients with SRC tumours, as compared to 83% (95% CI 77–89) and 81% (95% CI 79–84) for mucinous and non-mucinous adenocarcinoma, respectively. Conclusions: The presence of SRCs was strongly associated with aggressive clinicopathological features, peritoneal metastases, and poor prognosis, also when they make up <50% of a tumour.
Understanding the Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Shapiro Daniel D. , Dolan Brendan , Laklouk Israa A. , Rassi Sahar , Lozar Taja , Emamekhoo Hamid , Wentland Andrew L. , Lubner Meghan G. , Abel Edwin Jason
Published: April 2023

Scientific understanding of how the immune microenvironment interacts with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has substantially increased over the last decade as a result of research investigations and applying immunotherapies, which modulate how the immune system targets and eliminates RCC tumor cells. Clinically, immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy (ICI) has revolutionized the treatment of advanced clear cell RCC because of improved outcomes compared to targeted molecular therapies. From an immunologic perspective, RCC is particularly interesting because tumors are known to be highly inflamed, but the mechanisms underlying the inflammation of the tumor immune microenvironment are atypical and not well described. While technological advances in gene sequencing and cellular imaging have enabled precise characterization of RCC immune cell phenotypes, multiple theories have been suggested regarding the functional significance of immune infiltration in RCC progression. The purpose of this review is to describe the general concepts of the anti-tumor immune response and to provide a detailed summary of the current understanding of the immune response to RCC tumor development and progression. This article describes immune cell phenotypes that have been reported in the RCC microenvironment and discusses the application of RCC immunophenotyping to predict response to ICI therapy and patient survival.
Risk Estimation in Non-Enhancing Glioma: Introducing a Clinical Score
Authors: Dao Trong Philip , Kilian Samuel , Jesser Jessica , Reuss David , Aras Fuat Kaan , Von Deimling Andreas , Herold-Mende Christel , Unterberg Andreas , Jungk Christine
Published: April 2023

The preoperative grading of non-enhancing glioma (NEG) remains challenging. Herein, we analyzed clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features to predict malignancy in NEG according to the 2021 WHO classification and developed a clinical score, facilitating risk estimation. A discovery cohort (2012–2017, n = 72) was analyzed for MRI and clinical features (T2/FLAIR mismatch sign, subventricular zone (SVZ) involvement, tumor volume, growth rate, age, Pignatti score, and symptoms). Despite a “low-grade” appearance on MRI, 81% of patients were classified as WHO grade 3 or 4. Malignancy was then stratified by: (1) WHO grade (WHO grade 2 vs. WHO grade 3 + 4) and (2) molecular criteria (IDHmut WHO grade 2 + 3 vs. IDHwt glioblastoma + IDHmut astrocytoma WHO grade 4). Age, Pignatti score, SVZ involvement, and T2/FLAIR mismatch sign predicted malignancy only when considering molecular criteria, including IDH mutation and CDKN2A/B deletion status. A multivariate regression confirmed age and T2/FLAIR mismatch sign as independent predictors (p = 0.0009; p = 0.011). A “risk estimation in non-enhancing glioma” (RENEG) score was derived and tested in a validation cohort (2018–2019, n = 40), yielding a higher predictive value than the Pignatti score or the T2/FLAIR mismatch sign (AUC of receiver operating characteristics = 0.89). The prevalence of malignant glioma was high in this series of NEGs, supporting an upfront diagnosis and treatment approach. A clinical score with robust test performance was developed that identifies patients at risk for malignancy.
Integrins and the Metastasis-like Dissemination of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia to the Central Nervous System
Authors: Modvig Signe , Jeyakumar Jenani , Marquart Hanne , Christensen Claus
Published: April 2023

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) disseminates with high prevalence to the central nervous system (CNS) in a process resembling aspects of the CNS surveillance of normal immune cells as well as aspects of brain metastasis from solid cancers. Importantly, inside the CNS, the ALL blasts are typically confined within the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled cavities of the subarachnoid space, which they use as a sanctuary protected from both chemotherapy and immune cells. At present, high cumulative doses of intrathecal chemotherapy are administered to patients, but this is associated with neurotoxicity and CNS relapse still occurs. Thus, it is imperative to identify markers and novel therapy targets specific to CNS ALL. Integrins represent a family of adhesion molecules involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, implicated in the adhesion and migration of metastatic cancer cells, normal immune cells, and leukemic blasts. The ability of integrins to also facilitate cell-adhesion mediated drug resistance, combined with recent discoveries of integrin-dependent routes of leukemic cells into the CNS, have sparked a renewed interest in integrins as markers and therapeutic targets in CNS leukemia. Here, we review the roles of integrins in CNS surveillance by normal lymphocytes, dissemination to the CNS by ALL cells, and brain metastasis from solid cancers. Furthermore, we discuss whether ALL dissemination to the CNS abides by known hallmarks of metastasis, and the potential roles of integrins in this context.
The Synthesis of Sn-Containing Silicates Coated with Binaphthol and Their Specific Application for Catalytic Synthesis of 6-Hydroxyhexanoic Acid and Cyclohexylformate through Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation
Authors: Ma Jinyi , Zheng Aqun , Pan Qin , Wu Yong , Wang Xiangdong , Li Xiaoyong , Wang Wanqin , Gao Min , Sun Yang
Published: April 2023

The Baeyer–Villiger oxidation (BVO) of ketone and aldehyde can produce ester and formate, which both have wide applications in many areas. In this work, a series of Sn-containing silicates were prepared through the sol-gel process by using structure-directing and crystallizing agents and post-synthetic coordinated modification of binaphthol. Characterizations revealed that loading of (L)-sodium lactate as the crystallizing agent decreased the crystal size of the synthesized catalyst, and there were SnO2 nanoparticles with sizes of 17–19 nm on the catalyst. Furthermore, quite differently from the 3D mesoporous structure of classical Sn-beta zeolites, the synthesized catalysts had a silt-like mesoporous structure. In the catalysis, when cyclic aliphatic ketones were used as the substrate, only BVO-type products and corresponding ring-opening products were obtained. BVO of aliphatic aldehyde produced both an aerobic oxidation product (carboxylic acid) and a BVO-type product. The presented transformation of aromatic aldehyde (benzaldehyde) only gave an aerobic oxidation product (benzoic acid). The post-synthetic coordinating attachment of (S)-binaphthol to the Sn-containing silicate backbone worsened the BVO of aliphatic ketones but improved the BVO of aliphatic aldehyde and the aerobic oxidation of aromatic aldehyde. In addition, this work also developed two new routes for the synthesis of high-value-added 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid and cyclohexylformate under catalytic BVO conditions.
Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) Channel as a Sensor of Oxidative Stress in Cancer Cells
Authors: Moccia Francesco , Montagna Daniela
Published: April 2023

Moderate levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), fuel tumor metastasis and invasion in a variety of cancer types. Conversely, excessive ROS levels can impair tumor growth and metastasis by triggering cancer cell death. In order to cope with the oxidative stress imposed by the tumor microenvironment, malignant cells exploit a sophisticated network of antioxidant defense mechanisms. Targeting the antioxidant capacity of cancer cells or enhancing their sensitivity to ROS-dependent cell death represent a promising strategy for alternative anticancer treatments. Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a redox-sensitive non-selective cation channel that mediates extracellular Ca2+ entry upon an increase in intracellular ROS levels. The ensuing increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration can in turn engage a non-canonical antioxidant defense program or induce mitochondrial Ca2+ dysfunction and apoptotic cell death depending on the cancer type. Herein, we sought to describe the opposing effects of ROS-dependent TRPA1 activation on cancer cell fate and propose the pharmacological manipulation of TRPA1 as an alternative therapeutic strategy to enhance cancer cell sensitivity to oxidative stress.
LKB1 Regulates Inflammation of Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes from Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis via AMPK-Dependent SLC7A11-NOX4-ROS Signaling
Authors: Lee Ha-Reum , Yoo Su-Jin , Kim Jinhyun , Kang Seong Wook
Published: April 2023

Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients have increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and an impaired redox balance compared with FLS from control patients. Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) plays a key role in ROS scavenging and cellular metabolism in various cancers. Here, we aimed to determine the specific mechanism of LKB1 in RA pathogenesis. FLS were obtained from RA patients (n = 10). siRNA-induced LKB1 deficiency in RA FLS increased ROS levels via NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) upregulation. RA FLS migration and expression of inflammatory factors, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), were enhanced by LKB1 deficiency. LKB1-deficient RA FLS showed increased sensitivity to oxidative stress damage caused by hydrogen peroxidase exposure. siRNA-induced solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) deficiency in RA FLS enhanced NOX4 and ROS expression and increased cell migration. When LKB1-deficient RA FLS were stimulated with an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator, the LKB1-inhibition-induced cell migration significantly decreased through the restoration of SLC7A11/NOX4 expression. LKB1 regulates the AMPK-mediated SLC7A11-NOX4-ROS pathway to control cell migration and inflammation. Our data indicate that LKB1 is a key regulator of redox homeostasis in RA FLS.
Investigating the Intrinsic Anisotropy of VO2(101) Thin Films Using Linearly Polarized Resonant Photoemission Spectroscopy
Authors: D’Elia Alessandro , Polewczyk Vincent , Petrov Aleksandr Yu. , Li Liang , Zou Chongwen , Rezvani Javad , Marcelli Augusto
Published: April 2023

VO2 is one of the most studied vanadium oxides because it undergoes a reversible metal-insulator transition (MIT) upon heating with a critical temperature of around 340 K. One of the most overlooked aspects of VO2 is the band’s anisotropy in the metallic phase when the Fermi level is crossed by two bands: π* and d||. They are oriented perpendicularly in one respect to the other, hence generating anisotropy. One of the parameters tuning MIT properties is the unbalance of the electron population of π* and d|| bands that arise from their different energy position with respect to the Fermi level. In systems with reduced dimensionality, the electron population disproportion is different with respect to the bulk leading to a different anisotropy. Investigating such a system with a band-selective spectroscopic tool is mandatory. In this manuscript, we show the results of the investigation of a single crystalline 8 nm VO2/TiO2(101) film. We report on the effectiveness of linearly polarized resonant photoemission (ResPES) as a band-selective technique probing the intrinsic anisotropy of VO2.
Optimization of Bulk Heterojunction Photovoltaic Structures with Heterocyclic Derivatives
Authors: Wojtasik Katarzyna , Pokladko-Kowar Monika , Gondek Ewa
Published: April 2023

Photovoltaic structures of the bulk heterojunction type were fabricated, in which derivatives of N,N-diethylamine-3-Methyl-1-Phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoxalines were used as the active layer. The compounds differed in the position of the electron-donating substituent in the carbocyclic ring. Four isomers were subjected to UV-Vis spectrophotometric measurements in solvents of different polarities. The absorption characteristics were experimentally determined for the tested derivatives. The values of HOMO-LUMO levels were determined by means of quantum chemical calculations using the HyperChem software. The current–voltage and dispersion characteristics of the produced OPV were determined. The spectral characteristics of the refractive indices and extinction coefficients of the active layers were determined using the spectroscopic ellipsometry method. These results were used in the analysis and optimization of photovoltaic structures. It was shown that the location of the N,N-diethylamine substituent affects the photophysical properties of the structure and the photovoltaic properties. The optimization of the OPV_2 photovoltaic structure using the coherent model and the 2 × 2 matrix method can be successfully used in modeling optical multilayer structures, including photovoltaic structures.
Efficient Activation and High Mobility of Ion-Implanted Silicon for Next-Generation GaN Devices
Authors: Jacobs Alan G. , Feigelson Boris N. , Spencer Joseph A. , Tadjer Marko J. , Hite Jennifer K. , Hobart Karl D. , Anderson Travis J.
Published: April 2023

Selective area doping via ion implantation is crucial to the implementation of most modern devices and the provision of reasonable device design latitude for optimization. Herein, we report highly effective silicon ion implant activation in GaN via Symmetrical Multicycle Rapid Thermal Annealing (SMRTA) at peak temperatures of 1450 to 1530 °C, producing a mobility of up to 137 cm2/Vs at 300K with a 57% activation efficiency for a 300 nm thick 1 × 1019 cm−3 box implant profile. Doping activation efficiency and mobility improved alongside peak annealing temperature, while the deleterious degradation of the as-grown material electrical properties was only evident at the highest temperatures. This demonstrates efficient dopant activation while simultaneously maintaining low levels of unintentional doping and thus a high blocking voltage potential of the drift layers for high-voltage, high-power devices. Furthermore, efficient activation with high mobility has been achieved with GaN on sapphire, which is known for having relatively high defect densities but also for offering significant commercial potential due to the availability of cheap, large-area, and robust substrates for devices.
Structures, Characterization and DFT Studies of Four Novel Nickel Phenanthroline Complexes
Authors: Alramadhan Safiah A. , Hammud Hassan H. , Ali Basem F. , Ghabbour Hazem A. , Sarfaraz Sehrish , Ayub Khurshid
Published: April 2023

Four Ni–phen complexes were prepared and characterized by FTIR and thermal analysis. The X-ray structure determination shows that the geometry around NiII ions in complexes 1, [Ni(phen)2(H2O)(ONO2)](NO3); 2, [Ni(phen)2(H2O)Cl]Cl; 3, [Ni(phen)(CH3CN)(ONO2)(O2NO)] and 4, [Ni(phen)3](NO3)2.H2O.C2H5OH is considerably distorted octahedral. The coordination core geometries in 1, 2, 3 and 4 are NiN4O2, NiN4OCl, NiN3O3 and NiN6, respectively. The crystal packing and crystal supramolecularity analysis of the complexes reveal the importance of aryl∙∙∙aryl interactions, and both offset face-to-face (OFF) and edge-to-face (EF) motifs are dominant. Hydrogen bonding interactions in these structures reinforce aryl∙∙∙aryl interactions. FTIR proved the coordination of M-N and M-Cl as well as the presence of nitro groups in the complexes, while thermal analysis revealed that the loss of water, chloro and nitro groups occurred before the degradation of phenanthroline ligand in the complexes. DFT study indicates that a strong correlation exists among theoretical and experimentally determined geometric parameters with distorted octahedral geometry. The charge density in HOMO is localized on the metal halogen bond and nitrate group (NO3−), whereas the LUMO cloud density is mainly distributed on the phen ring, which indicates the electroactive nature of the ring.
Lesion Detection and Analysis Using Optical Imaging
Authors: Dremin Viktor
Published: April 2023

The biomedical application of optical spectroscopy and imaging is currently an active, developing area of research, supported by recent technical progress in the development of light sources and detectors [...]
Description of Peripheral Blood Perfusion by Laser Speckle Contrast Analysis (LASCA) in ‘Early’ versus ‘Clinically Overt’ Systemic Sclerosis in Routine Clinics
Authors: Willems Seppe , Smith Vanessa , Wallaert Steven , Gotelli Emanuele , Du Four Tessa , Wyckstandt Kaat , Cere Andrea , Cutolo Maurizio
Published: April 2023

Objective: To investigate in an unselected, systemic sclerosis (SSc) cohort if baseline laser speckle contrast analysis (LASCA) peripheral blood perfusion (PBP) measurements differ between ‘early’ SSc (without skin involvement, or ‘limited’ SSc—LSSc) and ‘clinically overt’ SSc (with skin involvement, limited cutaneous SSc—LcSSc and diffuse cutaneous SSc—DcSSc) in routine setting. Methods: A group of twenty consecutive ‘early’ SSc patients and forty consecutive ‘clinically overt’ SSc patients (twenty LcSSc and twenty DcSSc) underwent clinical and LASCA examinations (to assess the peripheral blood perfusion [PBP] of both hands volar). Results: No statistically significant difference in adjusted PBP was found in the ‘early’ versus the ‘clinically overt’ group (p = 0.77) when adjusted for possible confounding factors (e.g., vasoactive medication, active smoking, history of DTL and disease duration). A wide variability was noted when observing the individual datapoints of each subset. Conclusion: This study with an unselected SSc population in daily routine, non-research setting, showed there was no difference in adjusted PBP at baseline between ‘early’ SSc and ‘clinically overt’ SSc when corrected for possible confounding factors. Interestingly a wide variation of individual datapoints were observed in each subset, which emphasizes the heterogeneity of SSc.
Assessment of the Periodontal Cementum Ablation Depth during Root Planing by an Er:YAG Laser at Different Energy Densities: An Ex Vivo Study
Authors: Nahas Paul , Houeis Saad , Chamboredon Remi , Heysselaer Daniel , Zeinoun Toni , Nammour Samir
Published: April 2023

Introduction: An important and non-adapted delivered energy of Er:YAG laser can eliminate the total thickness of root cementum during root planing. Conversely, the preservation of a partial layer of cementum covering the roots is vital for any periodontal ligament regeneration. Thus, the assessment of the cementum ablation depth produced by each energy density of Er:YAG laser is essential before considering its use for the periodontal planing and treatment of the cementum and root surfaces. Aim of the study: Assessment of the cementum ablation depth at different energy densities of the Er:YAG laser is the aim of this study. Materials and methods: A total of 48 human caries free molars were collected and used in this study. Areas to be irradiated were delimited by two longitudinal grooves (0.5 mm depth). Roots were divided randomly into four groups (4 × n = 12). An Er:YAG laser (2.94 µm) was used with a side-firing tip (R600T) with a 600 µm diameter and a frequency of 20 Hz combined with a cooling system of air 6 mL/min and water 4 mL/min. We used a super short pulse mode (SSP: pulse duration: 50 μs). We used a single irradiation passage backward from apex to cervical parts at 1 mm/s with a slight contact and at an angle of 15° to 30° between the tip and the root surface. Different energies were selected: 30 mJ, 40 mJ, 50 mJ, and 60 mJ. Results: Microscopic observations showed that the average of the ablation depth increased with the increase of the delivered energy from 30 mJ to 60 mJ. Mean values of the ablation depths were respectively as follows: 43.75 ± 4.89 µm for the energy of 30 mJ, 50.05 ± 3.72 µm for 40 mJ, 65.56 ± 10.35 µm for 50 mJ, and 74.80 ± 15.23 µm for 60 mJ. A statistically significant difference existed between the ablation depth of all groups. Conclusion: Based on our results, the depth of cementum debridement is related to the level of the delivered energy. The lowest energy levels (30 mJ and 40 mJ) can ablate the root cementum surface for a variable depth from 43.75 ± 4.89 μm to 50.05 ± 3.72 μm.
A Comprehensive Design and Experiment of a Biplane Quadrotor Tail-Sitter UAV
Authors: Qiao Zheng , Wang Dong , Xu Jiahui , Pei Xinbiao , Su Wei , Wang Dong , Bai Yue
Published: April 2023

Tail-sitter unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are promising vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) UAV suitable for multi-missions but the road to the commercialization of tail-sitter UAVs is tortuous. This paper aims to provide a systematic design methodology and present the development process for a novel biplane quadrotor tail-sitter UAV platform named TW10 to accelerate commercialization of this type of UAV. All the design choices and trade-offs in aerodynamics, structure, avionics, and the control scheme are detailed. A simulation and real flight test results are demonstrated to prove the feasibility of our design methodology. TW10 can carry a 1 kg mission load to achieve more than 2.5 h of flight time. This work serves as a meaningful reference for the promotion of tail-sitter UAVs in practical industrial applications.
Attitude-Tracking Control for Over-Actuated Tailless UAVs at Cruise Using Adaptive Dynamic Programming
Authors: He Zihou , Hu Jianbo , Wang Yingyang , Cong Jiping , Bian Yuan , Han Linxiao
Published: April 2023

Using adaptive dynamic programming (ADP), this paper presents a novel attitude-tracking scheme for over-actuated tailless unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that integrates control and control allocation while accounting for nonlinearity and nonaffine control inputs. The proposed method uses the idea of nonlinear dynamic inversion to create an augmented system and converts the optimal tracking problem into an optimal regulation problem using a discounted performance function. Drawing inspiration from incremental control, this method achieves optimal tracking control for the nonaffine system by simply using a critic-only structure. Moreover, the unique design of the performance function ensures robustness against model uncertainties and external disturbances. The ADP method was found to outperform traditional control architectures that separate control and control allocation, achieving the same level of attitude-tracking performance through a more optimized approach. Furthermore, unlike many recent optimal controllers for nonaffine systems, our method does not require any model identifiers and demonstrates robustness. The superiority of the ADP-based approach is verified through two simulated scenarios, and its internal mechanism is further discussed. The theoretical analysis of robustness and stability is also provided.
Optimal Shortcuts to Adiabatic Control by Lagrange Mechanics
Authors: Ma Lanlan , Kong Qian
Published: April 2023

We combined an inverse engineering technique based on Lagrange mechanics and optimal control theory to design an optimal trajectory that can transport a cartpole in a fast and stable way. For classical control, we used the relative displacement between the ball and the trolley as the controller to study the anharmonic effect of the cartpole. Under this constraint, we used the time minimization principle in optimal control theory to find the optimal trajectory, and the solution of time minimization is the bang-bang form, which ensures that the pendulum is in a vertical upward position at the initial and the final moments and oscillates in a small angle range.
Multi-Criteria Analysis of Startup Investment Alternatives Using the Hierarchy Method
Authors: Kyrylych Tamara , Povstenko Yuriy
Published: April 2023

In this paper, we discuss the use of multi-criteria analysis for investment alternatives as a rational, transparent, and systematic approach that reveals the decision-making process during a study of influences and relationships in complex organizational systems. It is shown that this approach considers not only quantitative but also qualitative influences, statistical and individual properties of the object, and expert objective evaluation. We define the criteria for evaluating startup investment prerogatives, which are organized in thematic clusters (types of potential). To compare the investment alternatives, Saaty’s hierarchy method is used. As an example, the analysis of three startups is carried out based on the phase mechanism and Saaty’s analytic hierarchy process to identify investment appeal of startups according to their specific features. As a result, it is possible to diversify the risks of an investor through the allocation of resources between several projects, in accordance with the received vector of global priorities.
TPACK’s Roles in Predicting Technology Integration during Teaching Practicum: Structural Equation Modeling
Authors: Sofwan Muhammad , Habibi Akhmad , Yaakob Mohd Faiz Mohd
Published: April 2023

The current study aims to report the role of technological pedagogical and content knowledge (TPACK) in the integration of technology by preservice teachers during teaching practicum. As this study employed a survey as its methodological approach, instruments measuring TPACK and the integration of technology during teaching practicum were developed based on prior studies and validated through content validity and a pilot study. The main data (n. 1333) were analyzed through the partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM), supported by importance performance map analysis (IPMA). The study’s results were satisfactory in determining the scale’s validity and reliability. The structural model shows that all the hypothetical interactions were positively significant. The strongest relationship between the TPACK factors emerged between technological pedagogical knowledge (TPK) and TPACK. Additionally, technology integration was most significantly affected by TPACK.
A Study of the Interpretability of Fundus Analysis with Deep Learning-Based Approaches for Glaucoma Assessment
Authors: Guo Jing-Ming , Hsiao Yu-Ting , Hsu Wei-Wen , Seshathiri Sankarasrinivasan , Lee Jiann-Der , Luo Yan-Min , Liu Peizhong
Published: April 2023

Earlier studies focused on training ResNet50 deep learning models on a dataset of fundus images from the National Taiwan University Hospital HsinChu Branch. The study aimed to identify class-specific discriminative areas related to various conditions of ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness, center focus areas, cropped patches from the fundus, and dataset partitions. The study utilized two visualization methods to evaluate and explain the areas of interest of the network model and determine if they aligned with clinical diagnostic knowledge. The results of the experiments demonstrated that incorporating GCC thickness information improved the accuracy of glaucoma determination. The deep learning models primarily focused on the optic nerve head (ONH) for glaucoma diagnosis, which was consistent with clinical rules. Nonetheless, the models achieved high prediction accuracy in detecting glaucomatous cases using only cropped images of macular areas. Moreover, the model’s focus on regions with GCC impairment in some cases indicates that deep learning models can identify morphologically detailed alterations in fundus photographs that may be beyond the scope of visual diagnosis by experts. This highlights the significant contribution of deep learning models in the diagnosis of glaucoma.
A Critical Review on Channel Modeling: Implementations, Challenges and Applications
Authors: Saleem Asad , Zhang Xingqi , Xu Yan , Albalawi Umar , Younes Osama
Published: April 2023

In recent years, the use of massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems and higher frequency bands for next-generation urban rail transportation systems has emerged as an intriguing research topic due to its potential to significantly increase network capacity by utilizing available narrowband and broadband spectrums. In metro and mining applications, the high-reliability wireless sensor network (WSN) plays a vital role in providing personal safety, channel optimization, and improving operational performance. Through the duration of 1921–2023, this paper provides the survey on the progress of fifth-generation (5G) and beyond-fifth-generation (B5G) wireless communication systems in underground environments such as tunnels and mines, the evolution of the earliest technologies, development in channel modeling for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, and realization of different wireless propagation channels in high-speed train (HST) environments. In addition, the most recent advanced channel modeling methods are examined, including the development of new algorithms and their use in intelligent transportation systems (ITS); mathematical, analytical, and experimental techniques for propagation design; and the significance of the radiation characteristics, antenna placing, and physical environment effect on wireless communications. Leaky coaxial cable (LCX) and distributed antenna system (DAS) designs are introduced in the demonstrated systems for improving the channel capacity of narrowband and wideband channels as well as the spatial characteristics of various MIMO systems. The review article concludes by figuring out open research directions for future technologies.
Evaluation of Hand Washing Procedure Using Vision-Based Frame Level and Spatio-Temporal Level Data Models
Authors: Özakar Rüstem , Gedikli Eyüp
Published: April 2023

Hand hygiene is obligatory for all healthcare workers and vital for patient care. During COVID-19, adequate hand washing was among recommended measures for preventing virus transmission. A general hand-washing procedure consisting several steps is recommended by World Health Organization for ensuring hand hygiene. This process can vary from person to person and human supervision for inspection would be impractical. In this study, we propose computer vision-based new methods using 12 different neural network models and 4 different data models (RGB, Point Cloud, Point Gesture Map, Projection) for the classification of 8 universally accepted hand-washing steps. These methods can also perform well under situations where the order of steps is not observed or the duration of steps are varied. Using a custom dataset, we achieved 100% accuracy with one of the models, and 94.23% average accuracy for all models. We also developed a real-time robust data acquisition technique where RGB and depth streams from Kinect 2.0 camera were utilized. Results showed that with the proposed methods and data models, efficient hand hygiene control is possible.
Transformer Winding Fault Classification and Condition Assessment Based on Random Forest Using FRA
Authors: Tahir Mehran , Tenbohlen Stefan
Published: April 2023

At present, the condition assessment of transformer winding based on frequency response analysis (FRA) measurements demands skilled personnel. Despite many research efforts in the last decade, there is still no definitive methodology for the interpretation and condition assessment of transformer winding based on FRA results, and this is a major challenge for the industrial application of the FRA method. To overcome this challenge, this paper proposes a transformer condition assessment (TCA) algorithm, which is based on numerical indices, and a supervised machine learning technique to develop a method for the automatic interpretation of FRA results. For this purpose, random forest (RF) classifiers were developed for the first time to identify the condition of transformer winding and classify different faults in the transformer windings. Mainly, six common states of the transformer were classified in this research, i.e., healthy transformer, healthy transformer with saturated core, mechanically damaged winding, short-circuited winding, open-circuited winding, and repeatability issues. In this research, the data from 139 FRA measurements performed in more than 80 power transformers were used. The database belongs to the transformers having different ratings, sizes, designs, and manufacturers. The results reveal that the proposed TCA algorithm can effectively assess the transformer winding condition with up to 93% accuracy without much human intervention.
Cluster Partition Operation Study of Air-Cooled Fan Groups in a Natural Wind Disturbance
Authors: Zheng Guijie , Wen Wentao , Deng Hui , Cai Yang
Published: April 2023

This study discusses the influence of natural wind on the air flow of air-cooled condensers (ACCs) and then proposes a partition speed-regulation strategy for a fan group with enhanced generalized capability, which is of great practical significance for optimizing energy-saving operations. The stochastic time-varying features of natural wind are characterized by sine–Gaussian, Weibull, and composed winds. In a natural wind disturbance, using the Sugon Supercomputing Center, the transient numerical simulation of the dynamic evolution of the ACC flow field was found: the dynamic system of air flow is a typical time-varying nonlinear process. Cluster analysis was used to extract the nonlinear features of air flow, divide the fan group into four subregions with generalization capability, and implement a partitioned speed operation. It was found that giving priority to increasing the fan speed in the headwind partition can suppress the natural wind disturbance and improve the overall air flow, thus reducing the fan speed in the leeward partition, which reduces the overall air flow loss. The dynamic characteristics of the fan group obtained from the simulation and the proposed fan partition method can guide the optimized energy-saving operation of ACCs.