bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scenario of renewable energy transition from fossil energy resources towards net zero emission in Indonesia
Authors: Firmansyah Vicky , Adinarayana Made Krisna , Tetrisyanda Rizky , Wibawa Gede
Published: December 2023

In 2011, Indonesia set a 26% reduction goal for greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 to mitigate the climate change. Based on data from BPS, Indonesia's renewable energy mix in 2021 is 12.16% with a target of 23% in 2025. This indicates that there are challenges faced by Indonesia in many sectors, especially the upstream oil and gas industry as one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases, in achieving the energy transition target. In this study, trend analysis and data forecasting were carried out using trend analysis of time series data on oil and gas energy supply and consumption data as baseline to propose scenarios for both consumption and utilization energy to achieve net zero emission (NZE) in 2060. This study found that NZE may be achieved by applying energy consumption scenarios including the use of electric vehicles by 10% in 2030, and 90% in 2060 and the use of electric stoves by 25% in 2030, and 90% in 2060. Renewable energy utilization scenarios include geothermal (50%), hydro (50%), mini hydro (50%), solar (80%), and wind (15%) of the existing potential. In addition, early retirement for coal-fired power plants is needed.
Risk and innovative design based on the TRIZ method: The case of a steam boiler
Authors: Tahiri Omar , Herrou Brahim , Khadiri Hassan , Sekkat Souhail
Published: December 2023

This document gives a general presentation of the TRIZ method. It then focuses on the method's technical contradictions. The Altshuller matrix is presented, along with the design criteria and proposed innovative solutions. An analysis of a flue gas steam boiler is carried out. The first step was to carry out a functional analysis (not exhaustive) to get an idea of the areas to be covered. Then we carried out a TRIZ analysis to look for development and innovation solutions for this boiler, using the Altshuller matrix to demonstrate the contribution of this method to the innovation process, and the andicaps that can be drawn from it.
Integration of QFD method and TRIZ tools in an innovant product development
Authors: Bououchma Meryeme , Herrou Brahim
Published: December 2023

As organizations strive to compete in the highly competitive global economy, the level of competition is intensifying, so that it requires developing new and improved products to meet specific customers’ needs. This paper attempts to present a model that can be used for developing new products process, based on the integration of QFD method with TRIZ tools. In fact, we will use functional analysis, in order to clearly define customer’s needs, before using QFD method which makes it possible to translate the process requirements into design features, through the House of Quality. However, some contradictions may arise between technical characteristics. Thus, a systematic analysis based on the TRIZ tool will be introduced, in order to withdraw many potential contradictions between technical requirements, or predict a potential evolution trend, via innovative solutions that meet design principles.
First principles calculation of perovskite‐type hydrides KXH3 (X=Al, Cu) for hydrogen storage applications
Authors: Achqraoui Mounia , El akkel Mihade , Bekkioui Naoual , Ez-Zahraouy Hamid
Published: December 2023

The primary objective of this paper is to characterize the perovskite-type hydrides KXH3 (X=Al, Cu) and explore their potential for hydrogen storage applications using density functional theory (DFT). The study investigates various aspects such as structure, electronic and optical properties, stability, and hydrogen storage capabilities. To accomplish this, the study employs the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof-Generalized Gradient Approximation (PBE + GGA) functional. The KAlH3 compound is optimized in a cubic crystal structure, yielding lattice constants of 7.55 Å. On the other hand, KCuH3 is optimized in a tetragonal crystal structure with dimensions of a=b=11.14 Å and c=13.23 Å. These materials exhibit stability, as indicated by their negative formation energy. The electronic properties of KXH3 (X=Al, Cu) are thoroughly investigated, including the determination of bandgap, total density of states, and partial density of states. Notably, these structures exhibit a metallic character. The optical results reveal that these novel materials demonstrate minimal energy loss and high conductivity. Regarding hydrogen storage capabilities, the gravimetric hydrogen storage values for KXH3 (X=Al, Cu) compounds are found to be 4.38 and 2.86 wt%, respectively. These findings suggest that KAlH3 shows promise as a potential candidate for hydrogen storage applications.
Modeling of natural convection by lattice Boltzmann in a partially heated cavity
Authors: Agoujil Fouad , Elguennouni Youssef , Ighris Youness , Baliti Jamal , Hssikou Mohamed
Published: December 2023

This study introduces the lattice Boltzmann method for modeling natural convection in a partially heated square cavity filled with air for varying Rayleigh numbers. A temperature gradient affects the vertical walls, whereas the other walls are treated as adiabatic. The velocity and temperature fields are determined using the double population model of Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM), which uses two different distribution functions one for the velocity field and another for the temperature field. The results obtained are showcased through streamlines, isotherms, velocity, and temperature profiles, these results align well with existing literature.
Prevalence of Spiroplasma and interaction with wild Glossina tachinoides microbiota
Authors: Dera Kiswend-Sida M , Dieng Mouhamadou M , Moyaba Percy , Ouedraogo Gisele MS , Pagabeleguem Soumaïla , Njokou Flobert , Ngambia Freitas François S , de Beer Chantel J , Mach Robert L , Vreysen Marc JB , Abd-Alla Adly MM
Published: December 2023

Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) are vectors of the tropical neglected diseases sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in animals. The elimination of these diseases is linked to control of the vector. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is an environment-friendly method that has been shown to be effective when applied in an area-wide integrated pest management approach. However, as irradiated males conserve their vectorial competence, there is the potential risk of trypanosome transmission with their release in the field. Analyzing the interaction between the tsetse fly and its microbiota, and between different microbiota and the trypanosome, might provide important information to enhance the fly’s resistance to trypanosome infection. This study on the prevalence of Spiroplasma in wild populations of seven tsetse species from East, West, Central and Southern Africa showed that Spiroplasma is present only in Glossina fuscipes fuscipes and Glossina tachinoides. In G. tachinoides, a significant deviation from independence in co-infection with Spiroplasma and Trypanosoma spp. was observed. Moreover, Spiroplasma infections seem to significantly reduce the density of the trypanosomes, suggesting that Spiroplasma might enhance tsetse fly’s refractoriness to the trypanosome infections. This finding might be useful to reduce risks associated with the release of sterile males during SIT implementation in trypanosome endemic areas.
Prevalence of Blastocystis sp. in Morocco: Comparative assessment of three diagnostic methods and characterization of parasite forms in Jones’ culture medium
Authors: Boutahar Mounia , Belaouni Mourad , Ibrahimi Azeddine , Eljaoudi Rachid , Aanniz Tarik , Er-Rami Mohammed
Published: December 2023

Blastocystosis is an infection caused by Blastocystis sp., which colonizes the digestive tract of various hosts, including humans, although its pathogenicity is debated. It is crucial to detect and distinguish the different forms of Blastocystis to understand better its impact on human health and its epidemiological evolution. This study evaluated three diagnostic methods on 105 stool samples: direct examination, culture in Jones’ medium, and conventional PCR. PCR is considered the gold standard and revealed a high prevalence of Blastocystis (67.62%) compared to direct examination (20.95%) and culture in Jones’ medium (51.43%). Although the sensitivity of direct examination and culture was 31% and 76.1%, respectively, their specificity was 100%. No significant risk factors were identified. A statistically significant association was observed between Blastocystis infection and abdominal pain. Microscopic analysis revealed various morphological forms. Molecular diagnosis is an essential tool to determine the true prevalence of Blastocystis, and studying the different forms of this microorganism will contribute to a better understanding of its biological cycle and, therefore, the impact of this emerging infection on human health.
Le conflit de loyauté dans le rapport à l’histoire coloniale, le cas de Léna
Authors: Yonie Franeilla , Masson Céline , Cognet-Kayem Anna
Published: December 2023

Le passé colonial peut laisser des traces psychiques aux descendants de colonisés. Les adolescents de parents migrants posent souvent un regard critique sur l’histoire coloniale; ils se situent dans un entre-deux identitaire avec d’un côté, la prise en compte des valeurs du pays d’origine et de l’autre, de celles du pays d’accueil. Les entretiens effectués avec Léna, une jeune française d’origine malgache, mettent en avant les difficultés rencontrées par les adolescents quand ils abordent le passé colonial. Elle est intéressée par la question coloniale, elle a envie d’en savoir davantage mais le sujet est peu abordé. Elle méconnaît une grande partie de l’histoire coloniale liant Madagascar à la France, ce qui pourrait s’expliquer par le manque de souvenirs laissés par les cours d’histoire administrés par les enseignants du secondaire. De plus, les parents de l’adolescente n’ont jamais abordé le fait colonial avec leur fille. À travers les silences et les non-dits, colère et ressentiment peuvent se transmettre à travers les générations.
Lingering shadows: the negative effects of incivility on volunteers
Authors: Miao Qing , Huang Jinhao , Yin Hui
Published: December 2023

When faced with incivility from service recipients, do volunteers feel damaged? As few previous studies have explored this issue, this study uses the conservation of resources theory to investigate the mechanisms through which incivility affects volunteer engagement and burnout, based on three-wave survey data from 1675 volunteers. This study develops a moderated mediation model to examine the effect of incivility on volunteer outcomes. We find that incivility affected volunteers’ subsequent outcomes, reducing engagement and increasing volunteer burnout by lowering volunteers’ psychological detachment. Volunteers’ hostile attribution bias played a moderating role, amplifying the negative impact of incivility on psychological detachment. Hostile attribution bias also enhanced the mediating effect of incivility on volunteer engagement and increased volunteer burnout by reducing psychological detachment. Besides developing a moderated mediation model, this study also proposes that managers should pay attention to strengthening volunteer training and providing psychological counseling to improve psychological detachment for volunteers experienced with incivility from service recipients.
Breaking through the glass ceiling: unveiling women’s representation by gender and race in the higher education hierarchy
Authors: Xiao Yunyu , Pinkney Edward , Li Tianzi , Yip Paul S. F.
Published: December 2023

This retrospective study examined progress towards diversity at the intersection of gender and ethnicity amongst senior higher education academics and managers in England and Wales. The study aimed to assess any evidence of competing diversity agendas and the impact of diversity initiatives on female racial minorities. This study investigates the advancement of diversity at the nexus of gender and ethnicity within senior academic and management roles in higher education across England and Wales. Using employment records of senior staff from higher education institutions were used to assess trends in race and gender, it retrospectively examines trends in employment for ethnic minority women and the effectiveness of diversity awards from 2012 to 2019. We also collected data on the receipt of Athena SWAN or Race Equality Charter awards by higher education institutions. Mixed-effects modelling was employed to analyse the correlation between institutions awarded the Athena SWAN Silver or Race Equality Charter Bronze and variances in the representation of women from racial minorities. Results indicate that the representation of ethnic minority females in senior roles showed a marked increase over the study period. However, disparities were observed, with Black females showing fewer signs of advancement. Institutions that received Athena SWAN Silver or Race Equality Charter Bronze awards demonstrated increasing gender and racial diversity, with no evidence of competing diversity effects. The study found evidence of progress in advancing gender and ethnic diversity in senior academic and leadership positions in higher education in England and Wales. Despite this, certain racial groups, such as Black females, faced greater challenges in advancement. The positive impact of diversity initiatives was observed, with no evidence of conflicting diversity agendas. Further research is recommended to investigate structural factors affecting ethnic minorities in higher education, and to assess the potential influences of external factors like the COVID-19 pandemic on the diversity agenda.
Investigating the reliability of the evoked response in human iPSCs-derived neuronal networks coupled to micro-electrode arrays
Authors: Zanini Giorgia , Parodi Giulia , Chiappalone Michela , Martinoia Sergio
Published: December 2023

In vitro models of neuronal networks have emerged as a potent instrument for gaining deeper insights into the intricate mechanisms governing the human brain. Notably, the integration of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) with micro-electrode arrays offers a means to replicate and dissect both the structural and functional elements of the human brain within a controlled in vitro environment. Given that neuronal communication relies on the emission of electrical (and chemical) stimuli, the employment of electrical stimulation stands as a mean to comprehensively interrogate neuronal assemblies, to better understand their inherent electrophysiological dynamics. However, the establishment of standardized stimulation protocols for cultures derived from hiPSCs is still lacking, thereby hindering the precise delineation of efficacious parameters to elicit responses. To fill this gap, the primary objective of this study resides in delineating effective parameters for the electrical stimulation of hiPSCs-derived neuronal networks, encompassing the determination of voltage amplitude and stimulation frequency able to evoke reliable and stable responses. This study represents a stepping-stone in the exploration of efficacious stimulation parameters, thus broadening the electrophysiological activity profiling of neural networks sourced from human-induced pluripotent stem cells.
Electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) carbon nanofibers (CFNs) as electrode material for supercapacitors: A comprehensive review of synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical performance
Authors: Mohite Dadaso D. , Chavan Sachin S. , Dubal Sumit , Karandikar P. B.
Published: December 2023

Supercapacitors (SCs) are attracting a significant amount of interest as energy storage devices owing to their higher specific power, rapid charging–discharging rate, and prolonged cyclic stability. Carbon-based materials are used frequently in SCs because of their excellent electric conductivity, stable chemical properties, and low cost. Electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon nanofibers (CNFs) have attracted much interest as they perform well electrochemically, have a large surface area, and show substantial mechanical characteristics; as well as having a high carbon yield among all polymer PAN. In this paper, an extensive review of the synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical performance of electrospun PAN CNFs is presented. An overview of the electrospinning procedure and properties of PAN CNFs that make them suitable for SC applications is presented. Various characterization methods, including transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and surface area analysis, have been carried out to evaluate the morphological, structural, and surface properties of PAN CNFs. The review also highlights the recent advances in modification and functionalization to enhance their electrochemical performance, including doping, surface functionalization, and hybridization. Galvanostatic charge–discharge experiments, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy have been employed for electrochemical characterization. Finally, a comparative study between various carbon-based and electrospun PAN CNF electrode materials for SCs has been conducted. The review is concluded by discussing the challenges, opportunities, and possible future trends in the development of high-performance electrode material. This comprehensive review provides valuable insightful information on the design and optimization of electrospun PAN CNF electrode materials for SC applications.
NuSAP regulates microtubule flux and Kif2A localization to ensure accurate chromosome congression
Authors: Sun Mengjie , Wang Yao , Xin Guangwei , Yang Biying , Jiang Qing , Zhang Chuanmao
Published: December 2023

Precise chromosome congression and segregation requires the proper assembly of a steady-state metaphase spindle, which is dynamic and maintained by continuous microtubule flux. NuSAP is a microtubule-stabilizing and -bundling protein that promotes chromosome-dependent spindle assembly. However, its function in spindle dynamics remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that NuSAP regulates the metaphase spindle length control. Mechanistically, NuSAP facilitates kinetochore capture and spindle assembly by promoting Eg5 binding to microtubules. It also prevents excessive microtubule depolymerization through interaction with Kif2A, which reduces Kif2A spindle-pole localization. NuSAP is phosphorylated by Aurora A at Ser-240 during mitosis, and this phosphorylation promotes its interaction with Kif2A on the spindle body and reduces its localization with the spindle poles, thus maintaining proper spindle microtubule flux. NuSAP knockout resulted in the formation of shorter spindles with faster microtubule flux and chromosome misalignment. Taken together, we uncover that NuSAP participates in spindle assembly, dynamics, and metaphase spindle length control through the regulation of microtubule flux and Kif2A localization.
Positioning by floors based on WiFi fingerprint
Authors: Hou Bingnan , Wang Yanchun
Published: December 2023

WiFi-based indoor positioning technology has gradually become a hot research topic in the field of indoor positioning, but the development of this technology has been facing the challenge of susceptibility to environmental interference. Therefore, in this paper, the kernel function method (KFM) with stronger interference resistance is used for positioning, and the adaptive

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algorithm is proposed for the time-consuming and laborious problem of manual parameter tuning, which incorporates the ideas of cross-validation and iteration. In addition, too many wireless access points (APs) mean higher computational cost and longer positioning time, so it is necessary to choose reasonable APs for positioning. In this paper, we use the random forest (RF) algorithm to assess the importance of APs and filter out a small number of APs with high importance. Considering the obvious differences in the WiFi signals received on different floors, a system framework for positioning by floors based on WiFi fingerprints is proposed. In the offline phase, the fingerprint library is first divided according to floors, and then perform separately AP selection and parameter tuning for each sub-fingerprint library. In the online phase, support vector machine is used to discriminate the floors first, and then KFM is used for planar positioning. Experiments are conducted on the public dataset, and the results show that the proposed algorithm has higher positioning accuracy, more robustness, and less time-consuming compared to several common algorithms.
Unfolding of protein using MoS2/SnS2 heterostructure for nanopore-based sequencing
Authors: Yuan Runyi , Zhang Zhen , Wu Gensheng , Zhang Yin , Sha Jingjie , Chen Yunfei , Si Wei
Published: December 2023

Protein sequencing is crucial for understanding the complex mechanisms driving biological functions. However, proteins are usually folded in their native state and the mechanism of fast protein conformation transitions still remains unclear, which make protein sequencing challenging. Molecular dynamics simulations with accurate force field are now able to observe the entire folding/unfolding process, providing valuable insights into protein folding mechanisms. Given that proteins can be unfolded, nanopore technology shows great potential for protein sequencing. In this study, we proposed to use MoS2/SnS2 heterostructures to firstly unfold proteins and then detect them by a nanopore in the heterostructural membrane. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations performed in this work provided rich atomic-level information for a comprehensive understanding of protein unfolding process and mechanism on the MoS2/SnS2 heterostructure, it was found that the strong binding of protein to SnS2 nanostripe and hydrogen bond breaking were the main reasons for unfolding the protein on the heterostructure. After the protein was fully unfolded, it was restrained on the nanostripe because of the affinity of protein to the SnS2 nanostripe. Thus by integrating the proposed unfolding technique with nanopore technology, detection of linear unfolded peptide was realized in this work, allowing for the identification of protein components, which is essential for sequencing proteins in the near future.
Spectral composition of secondary electrons based on the Kiefer–Straaten ion track structure model
Authors: Friedrich T , Pfuhl T , Scholz M
Published: December 2023

The major part of energy deposition of ionizing radiation is caused by secondary electrons, independent of the primary radiation type. However, their spatial concentration and their spectral properties strongly depend on the primary radiation type and finally determine the pattern of molecular damage e.g. to biological targets as the DNA, and thus the final effect of the radiation exposure. To describe the physical and to predict the biological consequences of charged ion irradiation, amorphous track structure approaches have proven to be pragmatic and helpful. There, the local dose deposition in the ion track is equated by considering the emission and slowing down of the secondary electrons from the primary particle track. In the present work we exploit the model of Kiefer and Straaten and derive the spectral composition of secondary electrons as function of the distance to the track center. The spectral composition indicates differences to spectra of low linear energy transfer (LET) photon radiation, which we confirm by a comparison with Monte Carlo studies. We demonstrate that the amorphous track structure approach provides a simple tool for evaluating the spectral electron properties within the track structure. Predictions of the LET of electrons across the track structure as well as the electronic dose build-up effect are derived. Implications for biological effects and corresponding predicting models based on amorphous track structure are discussed.
An optimized search for dark matter in the galactic halo with HAWC
Authors: Albert A. , Alfaro R. , Alvarez C. , Arteaga-Velázquez J.C. , Avila Rojas D. , Ayala Solares H.A. , Belmont-Moreno E. , Caballero-Mora K.S. , Capistrán T. , Carramiñana A. , Casanova S. , Chaparro-Amaro O. , Cotti U. , Cotzomi J. , De la Fuente E. , Diaz Hernandez R. , Dingus B.L. , DuVernois M.A. , Durocher M. , Díaz-Vélez J.C. , Espinoza C. , Fan K.L. , Fraija N. , García-González J.A. , Garfias F. , González M.M. , Goodman J.A. , Harding J.P. , Huang D. , Hueyotl-Zahuantitla F. , Iriarte A. , Joshi V. , Kunde G.J. , Lee J. , León Vargas H. , Linnemann J.T. , Longinotti A.L. , Luis-Raya G. , Lundeen J. , Malone K. , Martinez O. , Martínez-Castro J. , Matthews J.A. , Moreno E. , Mostafá M. , Nayerhoda A. , Nellen L. , Peisker A. , Pérez-Pérez E.G. , Rho C.D. , Rosa-González D. , Salazar H. , Salazar-Gallegos D. , Sandoval A. , Serna-Franco J. , Springer R.W. , Tibolla O. , Tollefson K. , Torres I. , Torres-Escobedo R. , Turner R. , Ureña-Mena F. , Villaseñor L. , Wang X. , Zhou H. , de León C.
Published: December 2023

The Galactic Halo is a key target for indirect dark matter detection. The High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory is a high-energy (∼300 GeV to >100 TeV) gamma-ray detector located in central Mexico. HAWC operates via the water Cherenkov technique and has both a wide field of view of ∼ 2 sr and a >95% duty cycle, making it ideal for analyses of highly extended sources. We made use of these properties of HAWC and a new background-estimation technique optimized for extended sources to probe a large region of the Galactic Halo for dark matter signals. With this approach, we set improved constraints on dark matter annihilation and decay between masses of 10 and 100 TeV. Due to the large spatial extent of the HAWC field of view, these constraints are robust against uncertainties in the Galactic dark matter spatial profile.
Deuterium retention in heavy-ion and helium-ion sequentially irradiated tungsten
Authors: Zhang Hong , Zhang Xuexi , Li Yuhong , Wang Peng , Qiao Li
Published: December 2023

Neutron irradiation as well as the presence of helium (He) significantly affects fuel inventory in plasma-facing materials. To investigate the synergistic effects of neutron and He irradiation on deuterium (D) retention behaviors in tungsten, heavy- and He-ion sequentially irradiation experiments were performed with various He fluence and/or heavy-ion damage levels, and then the samples were exposed to low-energy D plasmas at 450 K. It is shown that even a low He concentration of 0.5 atomic parts per million (appm) increases D concentration in the heavy-ion damaged region, which increases further with increasing He concentration under the parameters selected in this work (up to a maximum He concentration of 2.1 appm). The total D inventory in tungsten bulk also increases with He fluence due to the increase in D concentration both in the heavy-ion damaged region and the region irradiated by He-ion only. Furthermore, heavy-ion and He-ion successive irradiation slightly increases D retention in tungsten compared to the individual He ions irradiation. Similar to single heavy-ion damaged tungsten, the saturation of D retention is observed as heavy-ion irradiation damage above 0.2 dpa at a fixed He fluence.
Fetal monitoring technologies for the detection of intrapartum hypoxia - challenges and opportunities
Authors: Hussain Nadia Muhammad , O’Halloran Martin , McDermott Barry , Elahi Muhammad Adnan
Published: December 2023

Intrapartum fetal hypoxia is related to long-term morbidity and mortality of the fetus and the mother. Fetal surveillance is extremely important to minimize the adverse outcomes arising from fetal hypoxia during labour. Several methods have been used in current clinical practice to monitor fetal well-being. For instance, biophysical technologies including cardiotocography, ST-analysis adjunct to cardiotocography, and Doppler ultrasound are used for intrapartum fetal monitoring. However, these technologies result in a high false-positive rate and increased obstetric interventions during labour. Alternatively, biochemical-based technologies including fetal scalp blood sampling and fetal pulse oximetry are used to identify metabolic acidosis and oxygen deprivation resulting from fetal hypoxia. These technologies neither improve clinical outcomes nor reduce unnecessary interventions during labour. Also, there is a need to link the physiological changes during fetal hypoxia to fetal monitoring technologies. The objective of this article is to assess the clinical background of fetal hypoxia and to review existing monitoring technologies for the detection and monitoring of fetal hypoxia. A comprehensive review has been made to predict fetal hypoxia using computational and machine-learning algorithms. The detection of more specific biomarkers or new sensing technologies is also reviewed which may help in the enhancement of the reliability of continuous fetal monitoring and may result in the accurate detection of intrapartum fetal hypoxia.
Painting with protons: treatment beams recreate classic works of art
Authors: Freeman Tami
Published: December 2023

Medical physicist Lee Xu from the New York Proton Center in the US has used beams of protons to recreate a series of well-known paintings using intensity-modulated proton therapy.
Quantum dot inventors bag chemistry Nobel
Authors: Banks Michael
Published: December 2023

The 2023 Nobel Prize for Chemistry has gone to Moungi Bawendi, Louis Brus and Alexei Ekimov for their work in quantum dots, as Michael Banks reports.
NASA sends Psyche mission to metal-rich asteroid
Authors: Banks Michael
Published: December 2023

NASA has launched a mission to study an unusually metal-rich asteroid dubbed 16 Psyche. The $1.2bn mission is expected to reach the asteroid in 2029.
Colder: beating the theoretical limit for laser cooling
Authors: Orzel Chad
Published: December 2023

It’s practically a law that no experiment ever works better than theory says it should, but that’s exactly what happened in atomic physics in the late 1980s, as Chad Orzel describes in the second instalment of his three-part history of laser cooling.
How I realized I could not count
Authors: McGuigan Kevin
Published: December 2023

Kevin McGuigan recalls hopeless numeracy while working at a mobile clinic in rural Kenya.
Evidence of tellurium found in neutron star mergers
Authors: van Woerkom Ethan
Published: December 2023

Physicists in Japan and Lithuania have found evidence that tellurium is produced when neutron stars merge.
European Space Agency’s Euclid mission takes its first dazzling images of the cosmos
Authors: Banks Michael
Published: December 2023

The first full-colour images of the cosmos taken by the €1.4bn Euclid mission were released last month by the European Space Agency (ESA).
Cool Copper Collider most environmentally friendly Higgs factory
Authors: Allen Michael
Published: December 2023

Changes to the operation of a planned Higgs factory could make it much more energy efficient, but construction will have the biggest impact on the facility’s overall carbon footprint.
Clever Young thing
Authors: Durrani Matin
Published: December 2023

Could a polymath like Thomas Young exist today?
Exploration without exploitation
Authors: Harris Margaret
Published: December 2023

Margaret Harris reviews Astrotopia: the Dangerous Religion of the Corporate Space Race by Mary-Jane Rubenstein.
On the origins of inequality
Authors: Rabey Isabel
Published: December 2023

Isabel Rabey reviews The Patriarchs: How Men Came to Rule by Angela Saini.
A question of humanity
Authors: Rushman Kyla
Published: December 2023

Kyla Rushman reviews The Creator by Gareth Edwards.
From scientist to science communicator
Authors: McTier Moiya
Published: December 2023

Moiya McTier describes her journey from academic research in astrophysics, to setting up her own science communication business.
Phospholipase D1 produces phosphatidic acid at sites of secretory vesicle docking and fusion
Authors: Bills Broderick L. , Hulser Megan L. , Knowles Michelle K.
Published: December 2023

Phospholipase D1 (PLD1) activity is essential for the stimulated exocytosis of secretory vesicles where it acts as a lipid-modifying enzyme to produces phosphatidic acid (PA). PLD1 localizes to the plasma membrane and secretory vesicles, and PLD1 inhibition or knockdowns reduce the rate of fusion. However, temporal data resolving when and where PLD1 and PA are required during exocytosis is lacking. In this work, PLD1 and production of PA are measured during the trafficking, docking, and fusion of secretory vesicles in PC12 cells. Using fluorescently tagged PLD1 and a PA-binding protein, cells were imaged using TIRF microscopy to monitor the presence of PLD1 and the formation of PA throughout the stages of exocytosis. Single docking and fusion events were imaged to measure the recruitment of PLD1 and the formation of PA. PLD1 is present on mobile, docking, and fusing vesicles and also colocalizes with Syx1a clusters. Treatment of cells with PLD inhibitors significantly reduces fusion, but not PLD1 localization to secretory vesicles. Inhibitors also alter the formation of PA; when PLD1 is active, PA slowly accumulates on docked vesicles. During fusion, PA is reduced in cells treated with PLD1 inhibitors, indicating that PLD1 produces PA during exocytosis.
Iatrogenic Liver Perforation During Liposuction: A Case Report and In-depth Review of Clinical Presentation, Management, and Lessons Learned
Authors: Jafarian Nasrin , Omari Rand Y , Shahbik Aldana E , Braizat Omar , Muneer Mohammed
Published: December 2023

Liposuction is generally recognized as a safe medical procedure. However, it is important to acknowledge the potential for complications during and after the operation. Although rare, the occurrence of iatrogenic liver perforation following liposuction is viewed as a serious complication, necessitating immediate and attentive medical care. We report a case of a 42-year-old female who underwent liposuction and presented with abdominal pain 3 days later. Elevated liver enzymes and imaging revealed an active bile leak from the right liver lobe. Exploratory laparotomy confirmed a penetrating injury, leading to multiple washout surgeries. After a 3-month hospital stay, including intensive care, the patient fully recovered upon discharge following abdominal wound closure. Despite considering liposuction procedures safe due to the associated overall low risk rates, it can lead to life-threatening complications such as hollow viscus or solid organ injury. The treatment for such complications can either be surgical or nonsurgical, depending on the patient's presentation and diagnosis. To promptly identify and address any complication postsurgery, close monitoring of patients postoperatively is necessary.

Level of Evidence: 5
Genome-wide identification and expression profiles of thePhytophthora infestansresponsive CYPome (cytochrome P450 complement) inSolanum tuberosum
Authors: Wang Yajie , Sun Yining , Li Yan , Shao Huanhuan , Cheng Xiaojie , Wang Xiaoyang , Yong Bin , Tao Xiang
Published: December 2023

Cytochrome P450s represent one of the largest protein families across all domains of life. In plants, biotic stress can regulate the expression of some P450 genes. However, the CYPome (cytochrome P450 complement) in Solanum tuberosum and its response to Phytophthora infestans infection remains unrevealed. In this study, 488 P450 genes were identified from potato genome, which can be divided into 41 families and 57 subfamilies. Responding to the infection of P. infestans, 375 potato P450 genes were expressed in late blight resistant or susceptible cultivars. A total of 14 P450 genes were identified as resistant related candidates, and 81 P450 genes were identified as late blight responsive candidates. Several phytohormone biosynthesis, brassinosteroid biosynthesis, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis involved P450 genes were differentially expressed during the potato-pathogen interactions. This study firstly reported the CYPome in S. tuberosum, and characterized the expression patterns of these P450 genes during the infection of P. infestans.
Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Methods in Bangladesh: Present and Way Forward
Authors: Sujan Mohammad Julhas , Habib Zakir Hossain , Rahman Aninda , Rizvi S M Shahriar , Barua Hridika Talukder , Aboushady Ahmed Taha , Hasnat Md Abul , Rasul Saima Binte Golam , Joh Hea Sun , Prifti Kristi , Chi Kyu-young Kevin , Kwon Soo Young , Clark Adam , Gautam Sanjay , Holm Marianne , Marks Florian , Stelling John , Shaw Alina , Poudyal Nimesh
Published: December 2023

The Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR) conducts active, case-based national antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance in Bangladesh. The Capturing Data on Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns and Trends in Use in Regions of Asia (CAPTURA) project accessed aggregated retrospective data from non-IEDCR study sites and 9 IEDCR sites to understand the pattern and extent of AMR and to use analyzed data to guide ongoing and future national AMR surveillance in both public and private laboratories. Record-keeping practices, data completeness, quality control, and antimicrobial susceptibility test practices were investigated in all laboratories participating in case-based IEDCR surveillance and laboratory-based CAPTURA sites. All 9 IEDCR laboratories recorded detailed case-based data (n = 16 816) in electronic format for a priority subset of processed laboratory samples. In contrast, most CAPTURA sites (n = 18/33 [54.5%]) used handwritten registers to store data. The CAPTURA sites were characterized by fewer recorded variables (such as patient demographics, clinical history, and laboratory findings) with 1 020 197 individual data, less integration of patient records with the laboratory information system, and nonuniform practice of data recording; however, data were collected from all available clinical samples. The analyses conducted on AMR data collected by IEDCR and CAPTURA in Bangladesh provide current data collection status and highlight opportunities to improve ongoing data collection to strengthen current AMR surveillance system initiatives. We recommend a tailored approach to conduct AMR surveillance in high-burden, resource-limited settings.
Vaccination to Reduce Antimicrobial Resistance Burden—Data Gaps and Future Research
Authors: Tadesse Birkneh Tilahun , Keddy Karen H , Rickett Natasha Y , Zhusupbekova Aidai , Poudyal Nimesh , Lawley Trevor , Osman Majdi , Dougan Gordon , Kim Jerome H , Lee Jung-Seok , Jeon Hyon Jin , Marks Florian
Published: December 2023

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses an immediate danger to global health. If unaddressed, the current upsurge in AMR threatens to reverse the achievements in reducing the infectious disease–associated mortality and morbidity associated with antimicrobial treatment. Consequently, there is an urgent need for strategies to prevent or slow the progress of AMR. Vaccines potentially contribute both directly and indirectly to combating AMR. Modeling studies have indicated significant gains from vaccination in reducing AMR burdens for specific pathogens, reducing mortality/morbidity, and economic loss. However, quantifying the real impact of vaccines in these reductions is challenging because many of the study designs used to evaluate the contribution of vaccination programs are affected by significant background confounding, and potential selection and information bias. Here, we discuss challenges in assessing vaccine impact to reduce AMR burdens and suggest potential approaches for vaccine impact evaluation nested in vaccine trials.
Recording and Reporting of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Priority Variables and Its Implication on Expanding Surveillance Sites in Nepal: A CAPTURA Experience
Authors: Maharjan Sanju , Gallagher Patrick , Gautam Manish , Joh Hea Sun , Sujan Mohammad Julhas , Aboushady Ahmed Taha , Kwon Soo Young , Gautam Sanjay , Upadhyaya Madan Kumar , Jha Runa , Acharya Jyoti , MacWright William R , Marks Florian , Stelling John , Poudyal Nimesh
Published: December 2023

Data on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) from sites not participating in the National AMR surveillance network, conducted by National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL), remain largely unknown in Nepal. The “Capturing Data on Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns and Trends in Use in Regions of Asia” (CAPTURA) assessed AMR data from previously untapped data sources in Nepal. A retrospective cross-sectional data review was carried out for the AMR data recorded between January 2017 and December 2019 to analyze AMR data from 26 hospital-based laboratories and 2 diagnostic laboratories in Nepal. Of the 56 health facilities initially contacted to participate in this project activity, 50.0% (28/56) signed a data-sharing agreement with CAPTURA. Eleven of the 28 hospitals were AMR surveillance sites, whereas the other 17, although not part of the National AMR surveillance network, recorded AMR-related data. Data for 663 602 isolates obtained from 580 038 patients were analyzed. A complete record of the 11 CAPTURA priority variables was obtained from 45.5% (5/11) of government hospitals, 63.6% (7/11) of private hospitals, and 54.6% (6/11) of public-private hospitals networked with NPHL for AMR surveillance. Similarly, 80% (8/10) of clinics and 54.6% (6/11) of laboratories outside the NPHL network recorded complete data for the 10 Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) priority variables and 11/14 CAPTURA priority variables. Retrospective review of the data identified areas requiring additional resources and interventions to improve the quality of data on AMR in Nepal. Furthermore, we observed no difference in the priority variables reported by sites within or outside the NPHL network, thus suggesting that policies could be made to expand the surveillance system to include these sites without substantially affecting the government's budget.
Incidence of Health Facility Switching and Associations With HIV Viral Rebound Among Persons on Antiretroviral Therapy in Uganda: A Population-based Study
Authors: Rosen Joseph G , Ndyanabo Anthony , Nakawooya Hadijja , Galiwango Ronald M , Ssekubugu Robert , Ssekasanvu Joseph , Kim Seungwon , Rucinski Katherine B , Nakigozi Gertrude , Nalugoda Fred , Kigozi Godfrey , Quinn Thomas C , Chang Larry W , Kennedy Caitlin E , Reynolds Steven J , Kagaayi Joseph , Grabowski M Kate
Published: December 2023

Background

A substantial proportion of persons on antiretroviral therapy (ART) considered lost to follow-up have actually transferred their human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care to other facilities. However, the relationship between facility switching and virologic outcomes, including viral rebound, is poorly understood.

Methods

We used data from 40 communities (2015–2020) in the Rakai Community Cohort Study to estimate incidence of facility switching and viral rebound. Persons aged 15–49 years with serologically confirmed HIV who self-reported ART use and contributed ≥1 follow-up visit were included. Facility switching and virologic outcomes were assessed between 2 consecutive study visits (ie, index and follow-up visits, interval of approximately 18 months). Those who reported different HIV treatment facilities between index and follow-up study visits were classified as having switched facilities. Virologic outcomes included viral rebound among individuals initially suppressed (<200 copies/mL). Multivariable Poisson regression was used to estimate associations between facility switching and viral rebound.

Results

Overall, 2257 persons who self-reported ART use (median age, 35 years; 65% female, 92% initially suppressed) contributed 3335 visit-pairs and 5959 person-years to the analysis. Facility switching was common (4.8 per 100 person-years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.2–5.5) and most pronounced in persons aged <30 years and fishing community residents. Among persons suppressed at their index visit (n = 2076), incidence of viral rebound was more than twice as high in persons who switched facilities (adjusted incidence rate ratio = 2.27; 95% CI, 1.16–4.45).

Conclusions

Facility switching was common and associated with viral rebound among persons initially suppressed. Investments in more agile, person-centered models for mobile clients are needed to address system inefficiencies and bottlenecks that can disrupt HIV care continuity.
A QTL of eggplant shapes the rhizosphere bacterial community, co-responsible for resistance to bacterial wilt
Authors: Gong Chao , Wang Zhenshuo , Li Zhiliang , Sun Baojuan , Luo Wenlong , Luo Shanwei , Chen Shuting , Mai Peiting , Li Zhenxing , Li Ye , Wang Yikui , Li Tao
Published: December 2023

Resistant crop cultivars can recruit beneficial rhizobacteria to resist disease. However, whether this recruitment is regulated by quantitative trait loci (QTL) is unclear. The role of QTL in recruiting specific bacteria against bacterial wilt (BW) is an important question of practical significance to disease management. Here, to identify QTL controlling BW resistance, Super-BSA was performed in F2 plants derived from resistant eggplant cultivar R06112 × susceptible cultivar S55193. The QTL was narrowed down through BC1F1-BC3F1 individuals by wilting symptoms and KASP markers. Rhizosphere bacterial composition of R06112, S55193, and resistant individuals EB158 (with the QTL) and susceptible individuals EB327 (without QTL) from BC2F1 generation were assessed by Illumina sequencing-based analysis, and the activation of plant immunity by the bacterial isolates was analyzed. Evidence showed that BW-resistant is controlled by one QTL located at the 270 kb region on chromosome 10, namely EBWR10, and nsLTPs as candidate genes confirmed by RNA-Seq. EBWR10 has a significant effect on rhizobacteria composition and significantly recruits Bacillus. pp. A SynCom of three isolated Bacillus. pp trains significantly reduced the disease incidence, changed activities of CAT, PPO, and PAL and concentration of NO, H2O2, and O2−, activated SA and JA signaling-dependent ISR, and displayed immune activation against Ralstonia solanacearum in eggplant. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that the QTL can recruit beneficial rhizobacteria, which jointly promote the suppression of BW. This method charts a path to develop the QTL in resistant cultivar-driven probiotics to ameliorate plant diseases.
Longitudinal and Concurrent Effortful Control as Predictors of Risky Bicycling in Adolescence: Moderating Effects of Age and Gender
Authors: Kim Nam-Yoon , Plumert Jodie M , Kearney Joseph K , Clark Lee Anna , Dindo Lilian , O’Neal Elizabeth E
Published: December 2023

Objective

Collisions between bicycles and motor vehicles are one of the leading risk factors for injury and death in childhood and adolescence. We examined longitudinal and concurrent effortful control (EC) as predictors of risky bicycling behavior in early- to mid-adolescence, with age and gender as moderators. We also examined whether EC was associated with parent-reported real-world bicycling behavior and all lifetime unintentional injuries.

Methods

Parent-reported EC measures were collected when children (N = 85) were 4 years old and when they were either 10 years (N = 42) or 15 years (N = 43) old. We assessed risky bicycling behavior by asking the adolescents to bicycle across roads with high-density traffic in an immersive virtual environment. Parents also reported on children’s real-world bicycling behavior and lifetime unintentional injuries at the time of the bicycling session.

Results

We found that both longitudinal and concurrent EC predicted adolescents’ gap choices, though these effects were moderated by age and gender. Lower parent-reported early EC in younger and older girls predicted a greater willingness to take tight gaps (3.5 s). Lower parent-reported concurrent EC in older boys predicted a greater willingness to take gaps of any size. Children lower in early EC started bicycling earlier and were rated as less cautious bicyclists as adolescents. Adolescents lower in concurrent EC were also rated as less cautious bicyclists and had experienced more lifetime unintentional injuries requiring medical attention.

Conclusion

Early measures of child temperament may help to identify at-risk populations who may benefit from parent-based interventions.