bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changing governance patterns and CSR
Authors: Körner Klaus
Published: July 2005

Purpose

The discussion around CSR has so far centered on methods and on scope rather than on the potential relevance for corporate governance and governance more general. This paper addresses this void.

Design/methodology/approach

After reviewing the discussion the paper maps out the broader context of change and of global trends. Focusing on stakeholders, it explores the potential influence of CSR as a different mindset to address corporate and public governance issues.

Findings

An innovative approach of constantly seeking for actions that take all stakeholders' perception into account is leading to more sustainable solutions in an economic, environmental and societal sense. System analysis has shown that even incremental repetitive adaptations can strengthen a system.

Practical implications

The paper addresses issues relevant for corporate and public governance and could open new areas for research.

Originality/value

The paper applies innovative insight from systems analysis and philosophy to CSR.
Conservation of promoter, coding and intronic regions of the non‐classical MHC class II DYA gene suggests evolution under functional constraints
Authors: Ballingall K. T. , McKeever D. J.
Published: July 2005

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in ruminants contains a unique pair of class II genes (DYA and DYB) of unknown function. As functional genes show higher levels of nucleotide conservation than pseudogenes we compared the DYA genes from sheep and cattle, two species which diverged from a common ancestor approximately 20 million years ago. Comparative analysis identified levels of nucleotide conservation in immediate promoter (97%), coding (94%) and intronic regions (91%) comparable with functional MHC genes. The Ovar‐DYA transcript revealed an open reading frame encoding a 288 amino acid protein compared with a 253 amino acid protein associated with the BoLA‐DYA transcript. A dinucleotide deletion in exon 4 of the Ovar‐DYA transcript combined with alternative exon 5 splice sites introduces unusual diversity to the cytoplasmic domain of the Ovar‐DYα polypeptide. The degree of conservation between these class II MHC genes is consistent with evolution under purifying selection suggesting that these genes retain a unique function in ruminants.
Molecular cloning, expression and radiation hybrid mapping of the bovine deiodinase type II (DIO2) and deiodinase type III (DIO3) genes1
Authors: Connor E. E. , Laiakis E. C. , Fernandes V. M. , Williams J. L. , Capuco A. V.
Published: July 2005

Thyroid hormones play a critical role in mammalian development and metabolism. Their activity is regulated in a complex, tissue‐specific manner by three isoforms of deiodinases. The goal of this study was to sequence the full‐length bovine type II deiodinase (DIO2) and type III deiodinase (DIO3) cDNAs and characterize mRNA expression levels of each of the three deiodinase isoforms in several bovine tissues. Sequencing of bovine DIO2 and DIO3 cDNAs revealed a high degree of predicted amino acid sequence identity with their orthologs in other mammalian species and demonstrated the conservation of selenocysteine residues within the catalytic domains of both bovine proteins. Bovine DIO2 and DIO3 were positioned on chromosomes 10 and 21, respectively, by radiation hybrid mapping. Expression patterns of the three deiodinase isoforms were similar for deiodinase type I (DIO1) and DIO2 to those observed in other species. Expression level of DIO3 transcripts was greatest in mammary gland and kidney, although low‐level expression was detected in most tissues sampled. Results of this work will aid in the study of deiodinase gene expression and thyroid hormone regulation in cattle.
A high‐resolution radiation hybrid map of bovine chromosome 5q1.3–q2.5 compared with human chromosome 12q
Authors: Mömke S. , Drögemüller C. , Distl O.
Published: July 2005

In this study we present a comprehensive 3000‐rad radiation hybrid map on bovine chromosome 5 (BTA5) of a region between 12.8 and 74.0 cM according to the linkage map, which contains a quantitative trait loci for ovulation rate. We mapped 28 gene‐associated sequence tagged site markers derived from sequences of bovine BAC clones and 10 microsatellite markers to the BTA5 region. In comparison with HSA12q, four blocks of conserved synteny were apparent showing three chromosomal breakpoints and two inversions in this segment of BTA5. Therefore, we have improved breakpoint resolution in the human–bovine comparative map, which enhances the determination of candidate genes underlying traits of interest mapped to BTA5.
Differential gene expression in liver of inbred chickens and their hybrid offspring
Authors: Sun D. , Wang D. , Zhang Y. , Yu Y. , Xu G. , Li J.
Published: July 2005

Differential display of mRNA was used to analyse the differences of gene expression in liver between chicken hybrids and their parents in a 4 × 4 diallel crosses in order to study the molecular basis of heterosis in chickens. The results indicated that patterns of gene expression in hybrids differ significantly from their parents. Four patterns of differential gene expression were revealed, which included: (i) bands only detected in the hybrid F1s (UNF1); (ii) bands only absent in the hybrid F1s (ABF1); (iii) bands only detected in the parental P1 or P2 lines (UNP1 and UNP2) and (iv) bands absent in the parental P1 or P2 lines (ABP1 and ABP2). In addition, correlations between patterns of gene expression and heterosis percentages of nine carcass traits of 8‐week‐old chickens were evaluated. Statistical results showed that negative correlations between heterosis percentages and the percentage of F1‐specific bands (UNF1) were significant at P < 0.01 for breast muscle yield, leg muscle yield, wing weight, eviscerated weight and eviscerated weight with giblet of 8‐week‐old chickens, and at P < 0.05 for intermuscular fat width. Heterosis percentage was negatively correlated with ABP (bands present in the hybrid F1s and one parental line but absent in the other parental line, ABP1 and ABP2) for breast muscle yield, leg muscle yield, wing weight, eviscerated weight and eviscerated weight with giblet of 8‐week‐old chickens (P < 0.01). Bands detected only in the hybrid F1s but not in either of the parental lines (UNF1) and bands absent in parental P1 or P2 lines (which includes ABP1 and ABP2) may play important roles in chicken heterosis.
Chromosomal assignment of chicken clone contigs by extending the consensus linkage map
Authors: Aerts J. A. , Veenendaal T. , Van Der Poel J. J. , Crooijmans R. P. M. A. , Groenen M. A. M.
Published: July 2005

The bacterial artificial clone‐based physical map for chicken plays an important role in the integration of the consensus linkage map and the whole‐genome shotgun sequence. It also provides a valuable resource for clone selection within applications such as fluorescent in situ hybridization and positional cloning. However, a substantial number of clone contigs have not yet been assigned to a chromosomal location or have an ambiguous chromosome assignment. In this study, 86 single nucleotide polymorphism markers derived from 86 clones were mapped on the genetic map. These markers added anchoring information for 56 clone contigs and 13 individual clones, covering a total of 57 145 clones.
Incentives for lifestyle changes in patients with coronary heart disease
Authors: Kärner Anita , Tingström Pia , Abrandt‐Dahlgren Madeleine , Bergdahl Björn
Published: July 2005

Aim.  This paper reports a study exploring how patients in the rehabilitation phase of coronary heart disease experience facilitating and constraining factors related to lifestyle changes of importance for wellbeing and prognosis.

Background.  Lifestyle change is important but complex during rehabilitation after a myocardial infarction or angina pectoris. The intentions to perform behaviours and to experience control over facilitators and constraints are important determinants of behaviour.

Methods.  A total of 113 consecutive patients below 70 years of age (84 men and 29 women) were interviewed within 6 weeks of a cardiac event and again after 1 year. Interview transcriptions and notes taken by hand were qualitatively analysed using the phenomenographic framework. The distribution of statements among the categories identified was quantitatively analysed. The data were collected in 1998–2000.

Findings.  Four main categories portrayed patients’ experiences of facilitating or constraining incentives for lifestyle changes. ‘Somatic incentives’ featured bodily signals indicating improvements/illness. ‘Social/practical incentives’ involved shared concerns, changed conditions including support/demand from social network, and work/social security issues. Practical incentives concerned external environmental factors in the patients’ concrete context. ‘Cognitive incentives’ were characterized by active decisions and appropriated knowledge, passive compliance with limited insights, and routines/habits. ‘Affective incentives’ comprised fear of and reluctance in the face of lifestyle changes/disease, lessened self‐esteem, and inability to resist temptations. Cognitive incentives mostly facilitated physical exercise and drug treatment. Social/practical incentives facilitated physical exercise and diet change. Physical exercise and diet changes were mainly constrained by somatic, social, and affective incentives.

Conclusion.  The results illustrate important incentives that should be considered in contacts with patients and their families to improve the prospects of positively affecting co‐operation with suggested treatment and lifestyle changes.
Burnout contagion among intensive care nurses
Authors: Bakker Arnold B. , Le Blanc Pascale M. , Schaufeli Wilmar B.
Published: July 2005

Aim.  This paper reports a study investigating whether burnout is contagious.

Background.  Burnout has been recognized as a problem in intensive care units for a long time. Previous research has focused primarily on its organizational antecedents, such as excessive workload or high patient care demands, time pressure and intensive use of sophisticated technology. The present study took a totally different perspective by hypothesizing that – in intensive care units – burnout is communicated from one nurse to another.

Methods.  A questionnaire on work and well‐being was completed by 1849 intensive care unit nurses working in one of 80 intensive care units in 12 different European countries in 1994. The results are being reported now because they formed part of a larger study that was only finally analysed recently. The questionnaire was translated from English to the language of each of these countries, and then back‐translated to English. Respondents indicated the prevalence of burnout among their colleagues, and completed scales to assess working conditions and job burnout.

Results.  Analysis of variance indicated that the between‐unit variance on a measure of perceived burnout complaints among colleagues was statistically significant and substantially larger than the within‐unit variance. This implies that there is considerable agreement (consensus) within intensive care units regarding the prevalence of burnout. In addition, the results of multilevel analyses showed that burnout complaints among colleagues in intensive care units made a statistically significant and unique contribution to explaining variance in individual nurses’ and whole units’ experiences of burnout, i.e. emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment. Moreover, for both emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, perceived burnout complaints among colleagues was the most important predictor of burnout at the individual and unit levels, even after controlling for the impact of well‐known organizational stressors as conceptualized in the demand‐control model.

Conclusion.  Burnout is contagious: it may cross over from one nurse to another.
Health‐related quality of life after revascularization for peripheral arterial occlusive disease: long‐term follow‐up
Authors: Wann‐Hansson Christine , Hallberg Ingalill Rahm , Risberg Bo , Lundell Anders , Klevsgard Rosemarie
Published: July 2005

Aim.  This paper reports a study to measure quality of life, before and after revascularization, in patients with intermittent claudication and critical limb ischaemia from a long‐term perspective.

Background.  Patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease have a number of problems which affect their quality of life and a successful revascularization results in immediate improvements in quality of life. However, knowledge of the durability of the improvements is sparse. Therefore, research on the outcomes of treatment and nursing care should investigate the long‐term effects on quality of life and daily activities.

Methods.  A quasi‐experimental longitudinal follow‐up study was conducted with 80 patients with intermittent claudication and 62 with critical ischaemia. Assessment with the Nottingham Health Profile was made before revascularization and 6 months, 12 months and up to 4 years afterwards. The data were collected between 1995 and 2000.

Results.  Quality of life was improved 6 and 12 months after revascularization in patients with intermittent claudication in energy, pain, emotional reactions and physical mobility, while those with critical limb ischaemia also had improvements in pain and sleep. The improvement in pain was particularly evident for both groups and remained significantly improved up to 4 years after revascularization. Patients with critical limb ischaemia, however, deteriorated significantly with regard to physical mobility between 12 months and 4 years. Being a woman and belonging to the critical ischaemia group was significantly associated with high total Nottingham Health Profile score. Thus, patients with intermittent claudication had more durable benefits from revascularization than those with critical limb ischaemia. However, both groups had less pain than at baseline after 4 years.

Conclusion.  The degree to which quality of life was durable over time seems to depend on the severity of the disease and gender. Patients with critical limb ischaemia were older, had more other diseases and a lower quality of life than patients with intermittent claudication, which confirmed that patients with critical limb ischaemia need more ongoing nursing support to maintain independence in daily life a long time after revascularization.
Employment transitions for older nurses: a qualitative study
Authors: Andrews Joyann , Manthorpe Jill , Watson Roger
Published: July 2005

Aim.  This paper aims to explore the influences on employment related decision making in respect of nurses over 50 in the United Kingdom. It investigates the retirement and labour market relationship through the diverse experiences of older nurses and stakeholders in nursing.

Background.  The ageing of the United Kingdom nursing workforce constitutes a potential challenge for the National Health Services. There is evidence of increasing efforts to address this issue by encouraging older nurses to remain in the profession, dissuading early retirement and attracting nurses who have retired to return to nursing. However, decision‐making by older nurses is influenced by a wide spectrum of factors and perceived employment options.

Background.  The paper is based on research commissioned by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation as part of its Transitions Over 50 programme. It derives from concern about inadequate knowledge of, and under‐developed policy responses to, the ageing United Kingdom workforce and the specific implications of this age shift for the nursing labour market. The research consisted of interviews with nurses over 50 and key stakeholders in nursing in the United Kingdom. Stakeholders included employers, advisers and policy makers in nursing.

Method.  Interviews with older nurses and stakeholders in nursing were conducted over a period of 12 months. They included face‐to‐face and telephone semi‐structured interviews with 84 nurses over 50 and 18 key stakeholders in nursing in the United Kingdom. Stakeholders included employers, advisers and policy‐makers.

Findings.  Employers, policy makers and advisers and older nurses all identified a range of influences on nurses’ employment decisions including a lack of flexible hours, the stress of work, pension‐related expectations and the pace of change. Some of these related to negative aspects of work that led nurses to leave (‘push’ factors), and others to the presence of positive factors in nursing or in pension options (‘pull’ factors).

Conclusion.  The study highlighted the need for increased implementation of more flexible hours of work and greater availability of part‐time hours for older nurses. It revealed the salience of improved pay, adequate and flexible pensions provision, and opportunities for continued professional development to the recruitment and retention of older nurses.
Abdominal surgery, pain and anxiety: preoperative nursing intervention
Authors: Lin Li‐Ying , Wang Ruey‐Hsia
Published: July 2005

Aim.  This paper reports a study examining the effects of preoperative nursing intervention for pain on abdominal surgery preoperative anxiety and attitude to pain, and postoperative pain.

Method.  In a randomized controlled study conducted between January and August 2001, patients undergoing abdominal surgery in a medical center in southern Taiwan were randomly assigned to an experimental (n = 32) or control group (n = 30). The experimental group received routine care and preoperative nursing intervention for pain, while the control group received routine care only. A structured questionnaire including an anxiety scale, pain attitude scale, and Brief Pain Inventory was used to assess the results.

Results.  Participants in the experimental group experienced a significant decrease in preoperative anxiety and a significant improvement in preoperative pain attitude. They also had statistically significantly lower postoperative pain intensity for 4 hours after surgery and lower highest pain intensity within the first 24 hours after surgery. Perceived pain interference during position changes, deep breathing/coughing, and moments of emotion in the experimental group was statistically significantly lower than that of the control group in the same situations. The experimental group also started out‐of‐bed activities 1·5 days earlier.

Conclusion.  Preoperative nursing intervention for pain has positive effects for patients undergoing abdominal surgery. The intervention used in this study could serve as a guide for nurses to improve the pain care of these patients.
Subcutaneous fat accumulation and BMI associated with risk for pulmonary embolism in patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis: a population study based on 23 796 consecutive autopsies
Authors: ÖGREN M. , ERIKSSON H. , BERGQVIST D. , STERNBY N.‐H.
Published: July 2005

Objective.  Although deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) are manifestations of the same disease, far from all patients develop PE. Our objective was to investigate risk‐modifying factors.

Setting, subjects and design.  Between 1970 and 1982, 23 796 autopsies, representing 84% of all in‐hospital deaths in the Malmö City population, were performed, using a standardized procedure. In a case–control study nested in a population‐based cohort of patients with proximal DVT, the relationship between PE and body mass index (BMI), thoracic and abdominal subcutaneous (SC) fat thickness was evaluated.

Results.  Proximal DVT was found in 15%, of which 58% were women. Mean age in men was 4.5 years lower than in women (P < 0.001). Fifty per cent of the patients had PE, half of which were fatal. Similar age‐ and gender distribution was found in cases and controls. Patients in the upper tertile of BMI, abdominal and thoracic SC fat thickness had, in comparison with mid‐tertile, and independent of age, gender and death from cancer disease, an increased odds (95% CI) for PE of 1.24 (1.04–1.47) (P = 0.014), 1.28 (1.07–1.53) (P = 0.006) and 1.35 (1.13–1.61) (P = 0.001), respectively, whereas in patients of the lower tertiles, a negative association was found.

Conclusions.  We found no differences in age‐ and gender distribution between PE cases and controls. BMI and SC fat thickness were markers of disease progression from proximal DVT to PE. The highly significant and independent association indicates that SC obesity may be of greater importance in venous thromboembolism as compared with cardiovascular diseases related to visceral (abdominal) obesity with lipid‐ and glucose metabolic disturbances.
Cancer risk of patients with ischaemic syndromes
Authors: PEHRSSON S. K. , LINNERSJÖ A. , HAMMAR N.
Published: July 2005

Introduction.  Angiogenesis constitutes the regulation of collateral formation in subjects with ischaemic syndromes and is also a prerequisite for cancer progression. Patients with severe symptomatic ischaemic syndromes may have a reduced ability for angiogenesis and thus a lower risk to develop cancer.

Subjects and methods.  Patients below 80 years and treated for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), angina pectoris (AP), intermittent claudication (IC) or undergoing revascularization during 1972–1991 in Stockholm county (n = 63 921) were followed regarding cancer incidence 1972–2000. Cancer incidence was compared with that of the general population of Stockholm County by standardized incidence ratios (SIR).

Results.  An increased incidence of cancer overall compared with the general population was seen in patients treated for AMI [SIR men 1.08 (95% Confidence Interval 1.04–1.11) and women 1.15 (1.09–1.21)], AP [men 1.16 (1.11–1.21) and women 1.06 (1.00–1.12)] and IC [men 1.48 (1.31–1.64) and women 1.43 (1.17–1.68)]. This increase was mainly due to an increased incidence of tobacco‐related cancer. In patients undergoing revascularization no increase in incidence was seen [SIR men 0.97 (0.91–1.03) and women 1.06 (0.91–1.20)].

Conclusion.  Patients with mild to moderate symptomatic ischaemic syndromes are, as expected, at increased risk of subsequently develop tobacco‐related cancer. A lack of increased cancer risk in patients undergoing revascularization could be due to a reduced ability for angiogenesis in patients with severe atherosclerotic disease but may also be related to lifestyle changes.
Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for the prevention and treatment of cancer
Authors: PEREG D. , LISHNER M.
Published: July 2005

Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), both cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) selective and nonselective inhibitors, are amongst the most popular medications worldwide. Whilst their anti‐inflammatory effect is well known, recent studies have demonstrated an unexpected effect in both the prevention and treatment of several types of cancer. The anticancerous effect of NSAIDs is believed to be mainly due to the inhibition of COX‐2, which is overexpressed in many types of cancer and may play a major role in tumourigenesis. In this review, we will describe the possible mechanisms for NSAIDs anticancer effect and summarize the major clinical studies in cancer prevention and treatment. We will also discuss the effect of the recent reports of adverse cardiovascular effects on anticancer research of the selective COX‐2 inhibitors.
Dietary fat intake and early mortality patterns – data from The Malmö Diet and Cancer Study
Authors: LEOSDOTTIR M. , NILSSON P. M. , NILSSON J‐Å. , MÅNSSON H. , BERGLUND G.
Published: July 2005

Objectives.  Most current dietary guidelines encourage limiting relative fat intake to <30% of total daily energy, with saturated and trans fatty acids contributing no more than 10%. We examined whether total fat intake, saturated fat, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated fat intake are independent risk factors for prospective all‐cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality.

Design.  Population‐based, prospective cohort study.

Setting and subjects.  The Malmö Diet and Cancer Study was set in the city of Malmö, southern Sweden. A total of 28 098 middle‐aged individuals participated in the study 1991–1996.

Main outcome measures.  Subjects were categorized by quartiles of relative fat intake, with the first quartile used as a reference point in estimating multivariate relative risks (RR; 95% CI, Cox's regression model). Adjustments were made for confounding by age and various lifestyle factors.

Results.  Women in the fourth quartile of total fat intake had a significantly higher RR of cancer mortality (RR 1.46; CI 1.04–2.04). A significant downwards trend was observed for cardiovascular mortality amongst men from the first to the fourth quartile (P = 0.028). No deteriorating effects of high saturated fat intake were observed for either sex for any cause of death. Beneficial effects of a relatively high intake of unsaturated fats were not uniform.

Conclusions.  With the exception of cancer mortality for women, individuals receiving more than 30% of their total daily energy from fat and more than 10% from saturated fat, did not have increased mortality. Current dietary guidelines concerning fat intake are thus generally not supported by our observational results.
Methanol outbreak in Norway 2002–2004: epidemiology, clinical features and prognostic signs
Authors: HOVDA K. E. , HUNDERI O. H. , TAFJORD A.‐B. , DUNLOP O. , RUDBERG N. , JACOBSEN D.
Published: July 2005

Objectives.  Knowledge on methanol poisoning does mainly come from clinical studies. We therefore report epidemiological, clinical and prognostic features from the large methanol outbreak in Norway in 2002–2004 where the new antidote fomepizole was the primary antidote in use.

Design and subjects.  Combined prospective and retrospective case series study of 51 hospitalized patients who were confirmed poisoned with methanol, of whom nine died. In addition, eight patients died outside hospital. Most patients were admitted in a late stage and because of symptoms. Treatment consisted of alkali, fomepizole (71%) and haemodialysis (73%).

Results.  The median serum methanol was 25.0 mmol L−1 (80 mg dL−1) (range 3.1–147.0 mmol L−1), median pH was 7.20 (6.50–7.50), and median base deficit 22 mmol L−1 (range 0–31). The most frequent clinical features reported were visual disturbances (55%), dyspnoea (41%), and gastrointestinal symptoms (43%). Twenty‐four per cent were comatose on admission, of whom 67% died. There was a trend towards decreasing pCO2 with decreasing pH amongst the patients surviving. The opposite trend was demonstrated in the dying; the difference was highly significant by linear regression analyses (P < 0.001).

Conclusions.  Methanol poisoning still has a high morbidity and mortality, mainly because of late diagnosis and treatment. Respiratory arrest, coma and severe metabolic acidosis (pH < 6.90, base deficit >28 mmol L−1) upon admission were strong predictors of poor outcome. Early admission and ability of respiratory compensation of metabolic acidosis was associated with survival.
“This Is a Bad Dog, You Know…”: Constructing Shared Meanings During Sibling Pretend Play
Authors: Howe Nina , Petrakos Hariclia , Rinaldi Christina M. , LeFebvre Rachel
Published: July 2005

The construction of shared meanings in play, pretense enactment, internal state language, and sibling relationship quality were investigated in 40 kindergarteners with an older (M age=7.10 years) or younger (M age=3.6 years) sibling. Dyadic strategies to construct shared meanings (e.g., extensions, building on) were positively associated with frequency of pretense and internal state language. Developmental differences indicated that older dyads used more shared meaning strategies, whereas younger dyads engaged in nonmaintenance behaviors (i.e., disruptions to flow of play). Furthermore, firstborn kindergarteners used more nonmaintenance behaviors, whereas second‐born kindergarteners extended partner's ideas. Findings highlight the sibling relationship as a context for illuminating social understanding and relationship dynamics during pretend play.
Duration and Developmental Timing of Poverty and Children's Cognitive and Social Development From Birth Through Third Grade
Authors:   National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care Research Network
Published: July 2005

Relations of duration and developmental timing of poverty to children's development from birth to age 9 were examined by comparing children from families who were never poor, poor only during the child's infancy (0–3 years of age), poor only after infancy (4–9 years of age), and chronically poor. Chronically poor families provided lower quality childrearing environments, and children in these families showed lower cognitive performance and more behavior problems than did other children. Any experience of poverty was associated with less favorable family situations and child outcomes than never being poor. Being poor later tended to be more detrimental than early poverty. Mediational analyses indicated that poverty was linked to child outcomes in part through less positive parenting.
Why Won't You Change Your Mind? Knowledge of Operational Patterns Hinders Learning and Performance on Equations
Authors: McNeil Nicole M. , Alibali Martha W.
Published: July 2005

This study examined whether knowledge of arithmetic contributes to difficulties with equations. In Experiment 1, children (ages 7–11) completed tasks to assess their adherence to 3 operational patterns prevalent in arithmetic: (a) the strategy of performing all given operations on all given numbers, (b) the “operations=answer” problem structure, and (c) the concept that the equal sign means “the total.” Next, children received a lesson on equations; then, they solved a set of equations. There was a negative relationship between adherence to the operational patterns and learning. In Experiment 2, undergraduates' knowledge of the operational patterns was activated or not. Students whose knowledge was activated did not perform as well on equations. Results suggest that early‐learned patterns constrain future learning and performance.
The Impact of Parenting on Risk Cognitions and Risk Behavior: A Study of Mediation and Moderation in a Panel of African American Adolescents
Authors: Cleveland Michael J. , Gibbons Frederick X. , Gerrard Meg , Pomery Elizabeth A. , Brody Gene H.
Published: July 2005

Hypotheses concerning the extent to which adolescents' cognitions mediate the relation between parenting behaviors and adolescent substance use were examined in a panel of African American adolescents (N=714, M age at Time 1=10.51 years) and their primary caregivers. A nested‐model approach indicated that effective parenting (i.e., monitoring of the child's activities, communication about substances, and parental warmth) was related to adolescent substance use more than 5 years later. The parenting behaviors protected the adolescent from subsequent alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use through associations with two cognitive elements from the prototype/willingness model: favorable risk images (prototypes) and behavioral willingness. Additional analyses indicated that these protective effects were strongest among families residing in high‐risk neighborhoods.
Health Care during Transition and Health Systems Reform: Evidence from the Poorest CIS Countries
Authors: Bonilla‐Chacin Maria E. , Murrugarra Edmundo , Temourov Moukim
Published: July 2005

The poorest seven countries of the former Soviet Union (CIS‐7) moved from a centralized system of health‐care funding and delivery to a range of institutional and financial arrangements. The different paths chosen have implied different results in terms of available resources, internal efficiency, health‐care inequality, and the corresponding incidence of public expenditures. This paper examines the level, composition and allocation of public spending on health, in light of the evolution of the health systems during the transition. The financial constraints experienced by CIS‐7 countries were reflected in the decrease of health‐care quality, the collapse of the already inefficient public health activities, and the increased incidence of out‐of‐pocket expenditures. These factors, alongside the increase in poverty, resulted in a decrease in health‐care utilization, suggesting that these countries may experience difficulties in achieving the health‐related Millennium Development Goals.
Bottom Up and Top Down? Community Development in Post‐Soviet Armenia: The Social Fund Model
Authors: Babajanian Babken V.
Published: July 2005

The main objective of this article is to discuss the effectiveness of bottom‐up, community‐driven approaches in promoting community participation and building local capacity within the post‐Soviet social, institutional and political context of Armenia. In exploring this issue, the article examines the nature of local participation and social relations in rural communities in Armenia and the impact of the World Bank‐supported Armenia Social Investment Fund (ASIF) project on the existing forms of local social organization. One of the objectives of the ASIF project was to promote the participation of local communities in their own economic and social development. The research finds that the project did not change the existing patterns of local social organization and had no significant impact on the nature of participation in the beneficiary communities. Bottom‐up, capacity‐building interventions that mainly focus on changing patterns of interpersonal social relations may not be effective in fostering sustainable civic institutions without changes in the nature of a country's governance.
Principal features of impact‐generated hydrothermal circulation systems: mineralogical and geochemical evidence
Authors: NAUMOV MIKHAIL V.
Published: July 2005

Any hypervelocity impact generates a hydrothermal circulation system in resulting craters. Common characteristics of hydrothermal fluids mobilized within impact structures are considered, based on mineralogical and geochemical investigations, to date. There is similarity between the hydrothermal mineral associations in the majority of terrestrial craters; an assemblage of clay minerals–zeolites–calcite–pyrite is predominant. Combining mineralogical, geochemical, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope data, the distinctive characteristics of impact‐generated hydrothermal fluids can be distinguished as follows: (i) superficial, meteoric and ground water and, possibly, products of dehydration and degassing of minerals under shock are the sources of hot water solutions; (ii) shocked target rocks are sources of the mineral components of the solutions; (iii) flow of fluids occurs mainly in the liquid state; (iv) high rates of flow are likely (10−4to 10−3 m s−1); (v) fluids are predominantly aqueous and of low salinity; (vi) fluids are weakly alkaline to near‐neutral (pH 6–8) and are supersaturated in silica during the entire hydrothermal process because of the strong predominance of shock‐disordered aluminosilicates and fusion glasses in the host rocks; and (vii) variations in the properties of the circulating solutions, as well as the spatial distribution of secondary mineral assemblages are controlled by temperature gradients within the circulation cell and by a progressive cooling of the impact crater. Products of impact‐generated hydrothermal processes are similar to the hydrothermal mineralization in volcanic areas, as well as in modern geothermal systems, but impacts are always characterized by a retrograde sequence of alteration minerals.
Conservation Genetics of the Endangered Isle Royale Gray Wolf
Authors: WAYNE R. K. , LEHMAN N. , GIRMAN D. , GOGAN P.J.P. , GILBERT D. A. , HANSEN K. , PETERSON R. O. , SEAL U. S. , EISENHAWER A. , MECH L. D. , KRUMENAKER R.J.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. The small group of wolves on Isle Royale has been studied for over three decades as a model of the relationship between large carnivores and their prey. During the last ten years the population declined from 50 individuals to as few as 12 individuals. The causes of this decline may be food shortages, disease, or reduced genetic variability. We address the issues of genetic variability and relationships of Isle Royale wolves using allozyme electrophoresis, mtDNA restriction‐site analysis, and multilocus hypervariable minisatellite DNA analysis (genetic fingerprinting). Our results indicate that approximately 50% of the allozyme heterozygosity has been lost in the island population, a decline similar to that expected if no immigration had occurred from the mainland. The genetic fingerprinting data indicate that the seven sampled Isle Royale wolves are as similar as captive populations of siblings. Surprisingly, the Isle Royale wolves have an mDNA genotype that is very rare on the mainland, being found in only one of 144 mainland wolves ThFF suggests that the remaining Isle Royale wolves areprobably derived from a single female founder
Nested Subsets and the Distribution of Birds on Isolated Woodlots
Authors: BLAKE JOHN G.
Published: July 2005

Abstract.Distribution of bird species among isolated habitat patches (e.g., woodlots in an agricultural landscape) often appears to be nonrandom; species present in small, species‐poor patches also are found in larger patches that support more species. Bird communities form ‘nested subsets’ (after Patterson & Atmar 1986) if all species found in small faunas also are found in more species‐rich assemblages. Occurrence of a nested subset pattern implies an underlying, nonrandom pattern of species distributions. I used computer simulations to analyze the degree of nestedness exhibited by bird communities in east‐central Illinois. Results demonstrated that the distribution of bird species breeding in isolated woodlots (1.8 to 600 ha) differed significantly from that predicted by a random distribution model; species assemblages were more “nested” than expected by chance. Most species present in small, species‐poor woodlots also were found in larger, species‐rich woodlots. As groups, species requiring forest interior habitat for breeding and species wintering in the tropics showed highly nested distributions. In contrast, short‐distance migrants and species breeding in forest edge habitat showed more variable distribution patterns, species recorded on smaller woodlots were not always recorded on larger, more species‐rich wood‐lots. Apparent absences from larger woodlots may have reflected real distribution patterns or insufficient sampling of edge habitats. These results support previous conclusions that small habitat patches are insufficient for preservation of many species.
Tropical Forest Fragmentation and the Local Extinction of Understory Birds in the Eastern Usambara Mountains, Tanzania
Authors: NEWMARK WILLIAM D.
Published: July 2005

Abstract.Small tropical forest fragments in the Eastern Usambara Mountains have lost understory bird species following forest fragmentation. The local extinction of these species is documented through a comparison of species number on nine smaller fores t fragments with species number on a tenth larger control forest site. The number of species captured in the control forest site is significantly larger than the number captured in eight of the nine smaller forest fragments under an equivalent capture effort. Forest‐dependent understory species vary greatly in their vulnerability to forest fragmentation. Relatively rare species and forest interior species are the avifauna most adversely affected by forest fragmentation. A concerted effort should be made to protect the existing corridors of native forest that link established forest reserves in the Eastern Usambara Mountains.
Ecological Correlates of Extinction Proneness in Australian Tropical Rain Forest Mammals
Authors: LAURANCE WILLIAM F.
Published: July 2005

Abstract.There is a dire need to predict the vulnerability of tropical forest biotas to habitat fragmentation I tested the efficacy of seven ecological traits (body size Iongeuity, fecundity, trophic level, dietary specialization, natural abundance in rain forest and abundance in the surrounding habitat matrix) for predicting responses of 16 nonflying mammal species to rain forest fragmentation in tropical QueenslaM Australia An ordination analysis revealed that most (84%) of the variation in traits was described by two axes, the first separating rand K‐selected species, and the second discriminating rare species with specialized diets from common species with generalized diets.

Using multiple regression analysis, the two ordination axes explained 51.7% of variation in mammal extinction proneness (F = 9.96 P = 0.009). Howem, univariate tests revealed tbat a single trait abundance in the mawas a betterpredictor of vulnerability (r2= 63.8%, F = 24.69, P < 0.001). Partial correlations demonstrated that once the effects of matrix abundance tuete remove4 no other traits or ordination axes were significant predictors of extinction proneness.

These results highlight the importance of tolerance of modijied habitats in determining survival of nonpying mammals in tropical forest fragments. Species tbat traverse or exploit modaxied habitats tend to remain stable or inmase in fragments whereas those tbat avoid these habitats often disappem The implications of these findings for hopical forest conservation are discussed.
Financial Considerations of Reserve Design in Countries with High Primate Diversity
Authors: AYRES JOSÉ MARCIO , BODMER RICHARD E. , MITTERMEIER RUSSELL A.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. Many developing countries with high primate diversity are still forming wildlife reserves. However, financial resources for conservation in these countries are often limited. In this paper we show that the biology of reserve design in terms of island biogeography and minimum viable populations can be compatible with measures that minimize maintenance costs, namely perimeter surveillance. Large protected areas have substantially less perimeter to patrol than many small reserves of the same total area. Likewise, circular reserves have less perimeter than square or rectangular ones. Generally, countries with high primate diversity are using desirable strategies in design of nature reserves in terms of both finances and conservation; they have relatively large reserves and large amounts of area protected in relation to country size. However, some key primate‐containing countries, such as Madagascar, Indonesia, and southeastern Brazil, require many small reserves to insure preservation of endemic taxa.
Infeasibility in Automated Test Assembly Models: A Comparison Study of Different Methods
Authors: Huitzing Hiddo A. , Veldkamp Bernard P. , Verschoor Angela J.
Published: July 2005

Several techniques exist to automatically put together a test meeting a number of specifications. In an item bank, the items are stored with their characteristics. A test is constructed by selecting a set of items that fulfills the specifications set by the test assembler. Test assembly problems are often formulated in terms of a model consisting of restrictions and an objective to be maximized or minimized. A problem arises when it is impossible to construct a test from the item pool that meets all specifications, that is, when the model is not feasible. Several methods exist to handle these infeasibility problems. In this article, test assembly models resulting from two practical testing programs were reconstructed to be infeasible. These models were analyzed using methods that forced a solution (Goal Programming, Multiple‐Goal Programming, Greedy Heuristic), that analyzed the causes (Relaxed and Ordered Deletion Algorithm (RODA), Integer Randomized Deletion Algorithm (IRDA), Set Covering (SC), and Item Sampling), or that analyzed the causes and used this information to force a solution (Irreducible Infeasible Set‐Solver). Specialized methods such as the IRDA and the Irreducible Infeasible Set‐Solver performed best. Recommendations about the use of different methods are given.
A Bayesian Method for Evaluating Passing Scores: The PPoP Curve
Authors: Wainer Howard , Wang X. A. , Skorupski William P. , Bradlow Eric T.
Published: July 2005

In this note, we demonstrate an interesting use of the posterior distributions (and corresponding posterior samples of proficiency) that are yielded by fitting a fully Bayesian test scoring model to a complex assessment. Specifically, we examine the efficacy of the test in combination with the specific passing score that was chosen through expert judgment, or, in general, any external a priori criterion. In addition, we study the robustness of the test's efficacy with respect to choice of the passing score.
Towards Chaos in Vibrating Damaged Structures—Part I: Theory and Period Doubling Cascade
Authors: Carpinteri Alberto , Pugno Nicola
Published: July 2005

The aim of the present paper is to evaluate the complex oscillatory behavior, i.e., the transition toward deterministic chaos, in damaged nonlinear structures under excitation. In the present paper (Part I), we show the developed theoretical approach and how it allows us to capture not only the super-harmonic and offset components (predominant for moderate nonlinear systems) but also the subharmonics of the structural dynamic response, describing complex and highly nonlinear phenomena, like the experimentally observed period doubling. Moreover, a period doubling cascade with a route to chaos seems to emerge from our considerations.
Buckling Mode Localization in Restrained Columns Under Cyclic Loading
Authors: Corona Edmundo
Published: July 2005

The buckling mode localization of a multiply supported column subjected to fully reversed, displacement-controlled cyclic loading is studied numerically. The results show that localization can take place and lead to limit loads similar to those reported in other structural members in the literature. Analysis of the results reveals the mechanisms by which localization takes place.
Gas-source molecular-beam epitaxial growth of Ga(In)NP on GaP(100) substrates for yellow-amber light-emitting devices
Authors: Odnoblyudov V. A. , Tu C. W.
Published: July 2005

In this article we describe growth and characterization of Ga(In)NP on GaP(100) substrates. Increasing the nitrogen composition in the GaNP bulk layers from 0.6% to 1.7% shifts the light emission color from yellow-amber to red. The optimal substrate temperature window of 500–520°C for GaNP layers growth was determined from analysis of both structural and optical properties. Incorporation of up to 20% indium into a GaN0.008P0.992 quantum well leads to a redshift of PL peak position and increasing of the photoluminescence intensity by a factor of 12. Ga(In)NP grown on transparent GaP substrates is considered to be an attractive material system for amber-red light-emitting devices.
Shared Cortical Anatomy for Motor Awareness and Motor Control
Authors: Berti A. , Bottini G. , Gandola M. , Pia L. , Smania N. , Stracciari A. , Castiglioni I. , Vallar G. , Paulesu E.
Published: July 2005

In everyday life, the successful monitoring of behavior requires continuous updating of the effectiveness of motor acts; one crucial step is becoming aware of the movements one is performing. We studied the anatomical distribution of lesions in right-brain–damaged hemiplegic patients, who obstinately denied their motor impairment, claiming that they could move their paralyzed limbs. Denial was associated with lesions in areas related to the programming of motor acts, particularly Brodmann's premotor areas 6 and 44, motor area 4, and the somatosensory cortex. This association suggests that monitoring systems may be implemented within the same cortical network that is responsible for the primary function that has to be monitored.