bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Antiviral Agents and New Treatments on the Horizon for the Management of Viral Hepatitis
Authors: Sönmezoğlu M.
Published: January 2012

Transfusion dependant patients are at risk of acquiring transfusiontransmitted viral infections including Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C (HCV). These infections can lead to cirrhosis and hepatic cancer. Standard treatment, although with improved therapeutic results still exhibits resistance and relapses. New antiviral agents have been developed to further improve results and reduce adverse events. For hepatitis B, along with pegylated interferon α-2α, other drugs that have been approved include lamivudine, adefovir, entecavir, telbivudine and tenofovir, while emtricitabine and clevudine are awaiting FDA approval. Possible combination drug therapy may improve efficacy without engendering resistance. For hepatitis C, standard therapy has been the combination of Peg-IFN/Ribavarin. Genotype 1 of the virus, which is widespread in the USA and Europe, can be resistant to treatment especially with high viral load. Directly acting antiviral agents (DAAs), are being developed. These are: (i) HCV NS3 protease inhibitors, such as telaprevir and boceprevir, which are currently approved by the FDA. Several other compounds are in phase I-II development; (ii) NS5B polymerase inhibitors, which target HCV replication. These include mericitabine (a nucleoside analogue inhibitor) currently in phase III trials, and nonnucleiside inhibitors; (iii) New intreferons such as pgylated interferonl λ, which are also on trial. Triple therapy using pegylated IFNa/ Ribavarin along with telaprevir or boceprevir are also under trial.
Introduction to special issue: the TransBrom Sonne expedition in the tropical West Pacific
Authors: Krüger K. , Quack B.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. This special issue provides an overview of scientific results from the TransBrom Sonne expedition in the tropical West Pacific, conducted during October 2009. The ship cruise was part of the national research project TransBrom Sonne, investigating very short lived bromine compounds in the ocean and their transport pathways into the stratosphere. For this purpose chemical and biological parameters were analysed in the ocean and the atmosphere, accompanied by intense meteorological measurements, to derive more insights in this multidisciplinary research field. This introduction paper presents the scientific goals and the meteorological and oceanographic background. The main research findings of the TransBrom Sonne expedition are highlighted.
Interferences of commercial NO2 instruments in the urban atmosphere and in a smog chamber
Authors: Villena G. , Bejan I. , Kurtenbach R. , Wiesen P. , Kleffmann J.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Reliable measurements of atmospheric trace gases are necessary for both, a better understanding of the chemical processes occurring in the atmosphere, and for the validation of model predictions. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a toxic gas and is thus a regulated air pollutant. Besides, it is of major importance for the oxidation capacity of the atmosphere and plays a pivotal role in the formation of ozone and acid precipitation. Detection of NO2 is a difficult task since many of the different commercial techniques used are affected by interferences. The chemiluminescence instruments that are used for indirect NO2 detection in monitoring networks and smog chambers use either molybdenum or photolytic converters and are affected by either positive (NOy) or negative interferences (radical formation in the photolytic converter). Erroneous conclusions on NO2 can be drawn if these interferences are not taken into consideration. In the present study, NO2 measurements in the urban atmosphere, in a road traffic tunnel and in a smog-chamber using different commercial techniques, i.e. chemiluminescence instruments with molybdenum or photolytic converters, a Luminol based instrument and a new NO2-LOPAP, were compared with spectroscopic techniques, i.e. DOAS and FTIR. Interferences of the different instruments observed during atmospheric measurements were partly characterised in more detail in the smog chamber experiments. Whereas all the commercial instruments showed strong interferences, excellent agreement was obtained between a new NO2-LOPAP instrument and the FTIR technique for the measurements performed in the smog chamber.
Retrieving aerosol in a cloudy environment: aerosol availability as a function of spatial and temporal resolution
Authors: Remer L. A. , Mattoo S. , Levy R. C. , Heidinger A. , Pierce R. B. , Chin M.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. The challenge of using satellite observations to retrieve aerosol properties in a cloudy environment is to prevent contamination of the aerosol signal from clouds, while maintaining sufficient aerosol product yield to satisfy specific applications. We investigate aerosol retrieval availability at different instrument pixel resolutions, using the standard MODIS aerosol cloud mask applied to MODIS data and a new GOES-R cloud mask applied to GOES data for a domain covering North America and surrounding oceans. Aerosol availability is not the same as the cloud free fraction and takes into account the technqiues used in the MODIS algorithm to avoid clouds, reduce noise and maintain sufficient numbers of aerosol retrievals. The inherent spatial resolution of each instrument, 0.5 × 0.5 km for MODIS and 1 × 1 km for GOES, is systematically degraded to 1 × 1 km, 2 × 2 km, 4 × 4 km and 8 × 8 km resolutions and then analyzed as to how that degradation would affect the availability of an aerosol retrieval, assuming an aerosol product resolution at 8 × 8 km. The results show that as pixel size increases, availability decreases until at 8 × 8 km 70% to 85% of the retrievals available at 0.5 km have been lost. The diurnal pattern of aerosol retrieval availability examined for one day in the summer suggests that coarse resolution sensors (i.e. 4 × 4 km or 8 × 8 km) may be able to retrieve aerosol early in the morning that would otherwise be missed at the time of current polar orbiting satellites, but not the diurnal aerosol properties due to cloud cover developed during the day. In contrast finer resolution sensors (i.e. 1 × 1 km or 2 × 2 km) have much better opportunity to retrieve aerosols in the partly cloudy scenes and better chance of returning the diurnal aerosol properties. Large differences in the results of the two cloud masks designed for MODIS aerosol and GOES cloud products strongly reinforce that cloud masks must be developed with specific purposes in mind and that a generic cloud mask applied to an independent aerosol retrieval will likely fail.
How will organic carbon stocks in mineral soils evolve under future climate? Global projections using RothC for a range of climate change scenarios
Authors: Gottschalk P. , Smith J. U. , Wattenbach M. , Bellarby J. , Stehfest E. , Arnell N. , Osborn T. J. , Smith P.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. We use a soil carbon (C) model (RothC), driven by a range of climate models for a range of climate scenarios to examine the impacts of future climate on global soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. The results suggest an overall global increase in global SOC stocks by 2100 under all scenarios, but with a different extent of increase among the climate model and emissions scenarios. Projected land use changes are also simulated, but have relatively small impacts at the global scale. Whether soils gain or lose SOC depends upon the balance between C inputs and decomposition. Changes in net primary production (NPP) change C inputs to the soil, whilst decomposition usually increases under warmer temperatures, but can also be slowed by decreased soil moisture. Underlying the global trend of increasing SOC under future climate is a complex pattern of regional SOC change. SOC losses are projected to occur in northern latitudes where higher SOC decomposition rates due to higher temperatures are not balanced by increased NPP, whereas in tropical regions, NPP increases override losses due to higher SOC decomposition. The spatial heterogeneity in the response of SOC to changing climate shows how delicately balanced the competing gain and loss processes are, with subtle changes in temperature, moisture, soil type and land use, interacting to determine whether SOC increases or decreases in the future. Our results suggest that we should stop asking the general question of whether SOC stocks will increase or decrease under future climate since there is no single answer. Instead, we should focus on improving our prediction of the factors that determine the size and direction of change, and the land management practices that can be implemented to protect and enhance SOC stocks.
Comparison of physically- and economically-based CO2-equivalences for methane
Authors: Boucher O.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. There is a controversy on the role methane (and other short-lived species) should play in climate mitigation policies and no consensus on what an optimal methane CO2-equivalence should be. We revisit this question by discussing the relative merits of physically-based (i.e. Global Warming Potential or GWP and Global Temperature change Potential or GTP) and socio-economically-based climate metrics. To this effect we use a simplified Global Damage Potential (GDP) that was introduced by earlier authors and investigate the uncertainties in the methane CO2-equivalence that arise from physical and socio-economic factors. The median value of the methane GDP comes out very close to the widely used methane 100-year GWP because of various compensating effects. However there is a large spread in possible methane CO2-equivalences (1–99% interval: 10.0–42.5; 5–95% interval: 12.5–38.0) that is essentially due to the choice in some socio-economic parameters (i.e. the damage cost function and the discount rate). The methane 100-year GTP falls outside these ranges. It is legitimate to increase the methane CO2-equivalence in the future as global warming unfolds. While changes in biogeochemical cycles and radiative efficiencies cause some small changes to physically-based metrics, a systematic increase in the methane CO2-equivalence can only be achieved by some ad-hoc shortening of the time horizon. In contrast using a convex damage cost function provides a natural increase in the methane CO2-equivalence for the socio-economically-based metrics. We also show that a methane CO2-equivalence based on a pulse emission is sufficient to inform multi-year climate policies and emissions reductions as long as there is some degree of visibility on CO2 prices and CO2-equivalences.
Pre-industrial and mid-Pliocene simulations with NorESM-L
Authors: Zhang Z. S. , Nisancioglu K. , Bentsen M. , Tjiputra J. , Bethke I. , Yan Q. , Risebrobakken B. , Andersson C. , Jansen E.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. The mid-Pliocene period (3.3 to 3.0 Ma) is known as a warm climate with atmospheric greenhouse gas levels similar to the present. As the climate at this time was in equilibrium with the greenhouse forcing, it is a valuable test case to better understand the long term response to high levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases. In this study, we use the low resolution version of the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM-L) to simulate the pre-industrial and the mid-Pliocene climate. Comparison of the simulation with observations demonstrates that NorESM-L simulates a realistic pre-industrial climate. The simulated mid-Pliocene global mean surface air temperature is 16.7 °C, which is 3.2 °C warmer than the pre-industrial. The simulated mid-Pliocene global mean sea surface temperature is 19.1 °C, which is 2.0 °C warmer than the pre-industrial. The warming is relatively uniform globally, except for a strong amplification at high latitudes.
Hydrogeothermal modelling vs. inorganic chemical composition of thermal waters from the area of Carballiño (NW Spain)
Authors: Delgado-Outeiriño I. , Araujo-Nespereira P. , Cid-Fernández J. A. , Mejuto J. C. , Martínez-Carballo E. , Simal-Gándara J.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Hydrothermic features in Galicia (northwest Spain) have been used since ancient times for therapeutic purposes. A characterization of these thermal waters was carried out in order to understand their behaviour based on inorganic pattern and water-rock interaction mechanisms. In this way 15 thermal water samples were collected in the same hydrographical system. The selected thermal water samples were classified using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis in two groups according to their chemical composition: group I with the young water samples and group II with the samples with longest water-rock contact time. This classification agreed with the results obtained by the use of geothermometers and hydrogeochemical modelling, where the samples were classified into two categories according their residence time in the reservoir and their water-rock interaction.
Precipitation observation using microwave backhaul links in the alpine and pre-alpine region of Southern Germany
Authors: Chwala C. , Gmeiner A. , Qiu W. , Hipp S. , Nienaber D. , Siart U. , Eibert T. , Pohl M. , Seltmann J. , Fritz J. , Kunstmann H.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Measuring rain rates over complex terrain is afflicted with large uncertainties because rain gauges are influenced by orography and weather radars are mostly not able to look into mountain valleys. We apply a new method to estimate near surface rain rates exploiting attenuation data from commercial microwave links in the alpine region of Southern Germany. Received signal level (RSL) data is recorded minutely with small data loggers at the towers and then sent to a database server via GSM. Due to the large RSL fluctuations in periods without rain, the determination of attenuation caused by precipitation is not straightforward. To be able to continuously process the RSL data from July 2010 to October 2010, we introduce a new method to detect wet and dry periods using spectral time series analysis. We show the performance and limitations of the method and analyse the derived rain rates compared to rain gauge and weather radar measurements. The resulting correlations differ for different links and reach values of R2 = 0.80 for the link-gauge comparison and R2 = 0.84 for the link-radar comparison.
Pentacam sensitivity and specificity in detecting occludable angles
Authors: Rossi Gemma C.M. , Scudeller Luigia , Delfino Alessio , Raimondi Marta , Pezzotta Sara , Maccarone Martina , Antoniazzi Elena , Pasinetti Gian Maria , Bianchi Paolo Emilio
Published: January 2012

Purpose

To assess the sensitivity and specificity of Pentacam measurements in detection of occludable angles and to provide cutoff values.

Methods

Observational, single-center, cross-sectional study on 64 Caucasian eyes: 28 (43.7%) primary narrow angles or primary angle-closure glaucoma, and 36 (56.2%) controls: all subjects were evaluated and classified by gonioscopy (Shaffer classification). The following measurements have been considered: superior and inferior anterior chamber angle (ACA), temporal and nasal ACA, anterior chamber depth (ACD) using 5 value representation (central, superior, inferior, nasal, temporal), and anterior chamber volume (ACV). Validity of Pentacam parameters to detect patients in Shaffer 0 or I class was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves analysis; cutoffs were chosen as to maximize sensitivity and specificity.

Results

All the considered Pentacam measures were statistically different between the 2 groups (p<0.0001). All Shaffer grade groups differed in all parameters (p<0.001), except for grade 0 and I, which did not differ in any. Area under the curve ROC analysis revealed high discriminant power of all Pentacam measures: ACA = 0.94; ACD = 0.91; ACD central = 0.89; and ACV = 0.89. Chosen cutoff values (ACA = 22.4°; ACD = 1.12 mm; ACD central = 1.93 mm; ACV = 84 mm3) allowed correct classification of narrow angles.

Conclusions

The study pointed out a high power of Pentacam AVA, ACV, and ACD in detecting occludable angles. Pentacam is simple to use, reliable, and noncontact, provides parameters in a short period, and represents a possible screening tool.
Cultured Violence
Authors: Jolly Rosemary
Published: January 2012

Cultured Violence explores contemporary South African culture as a test case for the achievement of democracy by constitutional means in the wake of prolonged and violent conflict.  The book addresses key ethical issues, normally addressed from within the discourses of law, the social sciences, and health sciences, through narrative analysis. The book draws from and juxtaposes narratives of profoundly different kinds to make its point: fictional narratives, such as the work of Nobel laureate J.M. Coetzee; public testimony, such as that of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and Jacob Zumas (the former Deputy Presidents) 2006 trial on charges of rape; and personal testimony, drawn from interviews undertaken by the author over the past ten years in South Africa.  These narratives are analysed in order to demonstrate the different ways in which they illuminate the cultural state of the nation: ways that elude descriptions of South African subjects undertaken from within discourses that have a historical tendency to ignore cultural dimensions of lived experience and their material particularity. The implications of these lived experiences of culture are underlined by the books focus on the violation of human rights as comprising practices that are simultaneously discursive and material. Cases of such violations, all drawn from the South African context, include humans use of non-human animals as instruments of violence against other humans; the constructed marginalization and vulnerability of women and children; and the practice of stigma in the context of the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
Interpretation of Genomic Copy Number Variants Using DECIPHER
Authors: Corpas Manuel , Bragin Eugene , Clayton Stephen , Bevan Paul , Firth Helen V.
Published: January 2012

Many patients suffering from developmental disorders have submicroscopic deletions or duplications affecting the copy number of dosage‐sensitive genes or disrupting normal gene expression. Many of these changes are novel or extremely rare, making clinical interpretation problematic and genotype/phenotype correlations difficult. Identification of patients sharing a genomic rearrangement and having phenotypes in common increases certainty in the diagnosis and allows characterization of new syndromes. The DECIPHER database is an online repository of genotype and phenotype data whose chief objective is to facilitate the association of genomic variation with phenotype to enable the clinical interpretation of copy number variation (CNV). This unit shows how DECIPHER can be used to (1) search for consented patients sharing a defined chromosomal location, (2) navigate regions of interest using in‐house visualization tools and the Ensembl genome browser, (3) analyze affected genes and prioritize them according to their likelihood of haploinsufficiency, (4) upload patient aberrations and phenotypes, and (5) create printouts at different levels of detail. By following this protocol, clinicians and researchers alike will be able to learn how to characterize their patients' chromosomal imbalances using DECIPHER. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 72:8.14.1‐8.14.17 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fans and Blowers
Authors: Marchildon Keith , Mody David
Published: January 2012

Gas movers with low fractional rise of pressure are discussed. These devices are fans (subsuming the term blower) and are of two types, centrifugal and axial. For both types, the principles are presented including the derivation and application of the important rules of affinity. The relation is shown between vendor specification and fan performance. The variety of fan geometries is surveyed and the interaction is examined between a fan and other process components upstream and downstream. Also reviewed are essential auxiliaries, namely fan drives, flow conditioners, noise and vibration controls, and drive seals.
Chocolate and Cocoa, Flavor and Quality
Authors: Afoakwa Emmanuel Ohene
Published: January 2012

Cocoa is the fundamental ingredient in chocolate manufacture and is derived from the fruit of the cocoa tree. Variations in cocoa bean genotype exhibit distinct differences in flavor characteristics during subsequent processing of the beans into cocoa liquor. These chocolate characteristics not only originate in flavor precursors present in cocoa beans, but also they are generated during post‐harvest treatments and transformed into desirable odor notes in the manufacturing processes. Complex biochemical modifications of bean constituents are further altered by thermal reactions in roasting and conching and in alkalization. However, the extent to which the inherent bean constituents from the cocoa genotype, environmental factors, post‐harvest treatment, and processing technologies influence chocolate flavor formation and relationships with final chocolate flavor quality requires more in‐depth understanding. With increasing specialty niche products in chocolate confectionery, greater understanding of factors contributing to variations in cocoa genotypes and their relationships with final chocolate flavor character would have significant commercial implications.
Liquid Salts for Reactions
Authors: Johnson Keith E. , Pagni Richard M.
Published: January 2012

Organic reactions in room temperature liquid salts have received considerable attention in the last two decades, many of which are highlighted in the short review. Organic reactions occurring in high temperature liquid salts, a topic neglected in the last two decades, are also highlighted. The review will help the interested researcher in choosing a solvent in which to carry out a particular transformation.
Dinitrogen oxide (nitrous oxide) [Air Monitoring Methods, 2007a]
Authors: Pannwitz K.‐H.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Air Monitoring Methods
, Vol. 10 (2007)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Calibration standards

Sampling

Analytical operating conditions

Thermal desorption

Infrared spectroscopic analysis

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical result

Reliability of the method

Accuracy

Precision

Recovery

Limit of quantification

Selectivity

Discussion of the method
2‐Butenal [Air Monitoring Methods, 2005]
Authors: Tschickardt M.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Air Monitoring Methods
, Vol. 9 (2005)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Pretreatment of the adsorption tubes

Calibration standards

Test atmospheres

Sampling and sample preparation

Active sampling

Passive sampling

Operating conditions

Analytical determination

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical result

Reliability of the method

Accuracy

Limit of quantification

Shelf‐life

Interference

Capacity of the adsorbent

Discussion of the method
1,4‐Dioxan [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 1982]
Authors: Eben A.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Luftanalysen
, 3. Lieferung, Ausgabe 1982

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte (vgl. Abb.

)

Chemikalien

Vergleichsstandards

Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung

Gaschromatographische Arbeitsbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

Kalibrierung

Berechnung des Analysenergebnisses

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Präzision

Überführungsrate

Nachweisgrenze

Spezifität

Allgemeines
2‐Propanol [Air Monitoring Methods, 1993]
Authors: Grupinski L.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Air
, Vol. 2 (1993)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Sample collection and sample transfer into the long‐path gas cuvette

Analytical determination

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical results

Continuous measurements

Discontinuous measurements with gas collecting bags

Discontinuous measurements with gas collecting tubes

Reliability of the method

Precision

Detection limit

Sources of error

Discussion of the method
Wasserstoffperoxid [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 2003]
Authors: Breuer D. , Adelmann M.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Luftanalysen
, 13. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2003

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien

Lösungen

Vergleichsstandards

Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung

UV/VIS‐Spektrometrische Arbeitsbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

Kalibrierung

Berechnung des Analysenergebnisses

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Präzision

Wiederfindungsrate

Bestimmungsgrenze

Lagerfähigkeit

Störeinflüsse

Blindwert

Diskussion
Hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), 2,4‐ and 2,6‐Toluylene diisocyanate (TDI; toluene‐2,4‐ and 2,6‐diisocyanate) [Air Monitoring Methods, 1991]
Authors: Tiesler and A. Eben A.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Air
, Vol. 1 (1991)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Absorption solutions

Calibration standards

Sample collection and preparation

Operating conditions for high performance liquid chromatography

Analytical determination

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical results

Reliability of the method

Precision

Recovery rate

Detection limit

Sources of error

Discussion of the method
Azinphos‐methyl [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 2000]
Authors: Riegner K.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Luftanalysen
, 12. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2000

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien

Lösungen

Probenahme und Probenvorbereitung

HPLC‐Arbeitsbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

Kalibrierurig

Berechnung des Analysenergebnisses

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Präzision

Überführungsrate

Bestimmungsgrenze

Lagerfähigkeit

Diskussion
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 1992]
Authors: Kuck M.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Luftanalysen
, 7. Lieferung, Ausgabe 1992

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlagen des Verfahrens

Geräte, Chemikalien, Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien

Lösungen

Kalibrierlösungen

Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung

Probenahme

Probenaufarbeitung/Derivatisierung

Gaschromatographische Arbeitsbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

Kalibrierung

Berechnung des Analysenergebnisses

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Präzision

Überführungsrate

Nachweisgrenze

Spezifität

Diskussion
Furfuryl alcohol [Air Monitoring Methods, 2003]
Authors: Tschickardt M.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Air
, Vol. 8 (2003)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment and chemicals

Equipment

Chemicals

Pretreatment of the adsorption tubes

Solutions

Sample collection

Operating conditions for gas chromatography

Analytical determination

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical result

Reliability of the method

Precision

Recovery

Limit of quantification

Shelf‐life

Selectivity

Discussion of the method
Evaluation of methods for air analysis without experimental examination [Air Monitoring Methods, 2009]
Authors: Breuer D. , Hebisch R. , Lahaniatis M. , Nitz G. , Riepe W. , Tschickardt M.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Air Monitoring Methods
, Vol. 11 (2009)

The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

Prerequisites and important contents of the check

Performance of the check

Assessment and release of the check by the working subgroup

Annex
Styrene [BAT Value Documentation, 1998a]
Authors: Schaller K. H. , Triebig G.
Published: January 2012

Published in the seriesBiological Exposure Values for Occupational Toxicants and Carcinogens, Vol. 3 (1998)

The article contains sections titled:

Metabolism and Kinetics

Critical Toxicity

Exposure and Effect

Skin and Mucous Membranes

Liver

Nervous System

Genotoxicity

Selection of the Indicators

Methodology

Evaluation of a BAT Value
Diphenylmethan‐4,4′‐diisocyanat (einatembare Fraktion) [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2000]
Authors: Lewalter J. , Neumann H.‐G.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der ReiheBiologische Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranz‐Werte (BAT‐Werte) und Expositionsäquivalente für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA), 9. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2000

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Metabolismus und Kinetik

Kritische Toxizität

Belastung und Beanspruchung

Auswahl der Indikatoren

Untersuchungsmethoden

Hintergrundbelastungen

Evaluierung des BAT‐Wertes

Interpretation von Untersuchungsdaten
1,4‐Dichlorbenzol [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2000]
Authors: Lewalter J. , Schaller K. H.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranz‐Werte (BAT‐Werte) und Expositionsäquivalente für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA)
, 9. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2000

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Metabolismus und Kinetik

Kritische Toxizität

Belastung und Beanspruchung

Beziehung zwischen äußerer und innerer Belastung

Beziehungen zwischen innerer Belastung und Beanspruchung

Auswahl der Indikatoren

Untersuchungsmethoden

Hintergrundbelastung

Evaluierung des BAT‐Wertes

Interpretation von Untersuchungsdaten
Acrylnitril, Addendum [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 1994]
Authors: Lewalter J. , Bolt H. M.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranz‐Werte (BAT‐Werte) und Expositionsäquivalente für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA)
, 7. Lieferung, Ausgabe 1994
Cyclohexanone [BAT Value Documentation, 2010]
Authors: Kraus Th. , Schaller K.H.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
BAT Value Documentations
, Vol. 5 (2010)

The article contains sections titled:

Metabolism and Toxicokinetics

Critical Toxicity

Exposure and Effects

Relationship between external and internal exposure

Relationship between internal exposure and effects

Selection of Indicators

Methods

Background Exposures

Evaluation of an EKA Correlation

Interpretation of Data
Cyclohexan [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2003]
Authors: Knecht U. , Schaller K. H.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranz‐Werte (BAT‐Werte) und Expositionsäquivalente für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA)
, 11. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2003

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Kritische Toxizität

Akute Toxizität

Chronische Toxizität

Belastung und Beanspruchung

Auswahl der Indikatoren

Cyclohexan in der Alveolarluft

Cyclohexan im Blut

Cyclohexan‐Metabolite im Urin

Untersuchungsmethoden

Hintergrundbelastungen

Evaluierung des BAT‐Wertes
Arsenic trioxide [BAT Value Documentation, 1995]
Authors: Schaller K. H.
Published: January 2012

Published in the seriesBiological Exposure Values for Occupational Toxicants and Carcinogens, Vol. 2 (1995)

The article contains sections titled:

Metabolism and Kinetics

Critical Toxicity

Exposure and Effects

Selection of the Indicators

Methodology

Background Exposures

Evaluation of the Biological Exposure Equivalents for Carcinogenic Substances (EKA)

Interpretation of the Data
Xylol, Addendum [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2001]
Authors: Angerer J. , Krämer A.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranz‐Werte (BAT‐Werte) und Expositionsäquivalente für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA)
, 10. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2001

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Reevaluierung der BAT‐Werte

Belastung und Beanspruchung

Evaluierung der BAT‐Werte
Trimethylbenzol, Addendum [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2009]
Authors: Kraus T. , Schaller K.H. , Knecht U. , Csanädy C.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranz‐Werte (BAT‐Werte), Expositionsäquivalente für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA), Biologische Leitwerte (BLW) und Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Referenzwerte (BAR)
, 16. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2009

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Reevaluierung

Belastung und Beanspruchung

Evaluierung

Interpretation
Glycerintrinitrat [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 1996]
Authors: Bolt H. M.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der ReiheBiologische Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranz‐Werte (BAT‐Werte) und Expositionsäquivalente für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA), 8. Lieferung, Ausgabe 1996

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Pharmakokinetik und Pharmakodynamik

Kinetik

Metabolismus

Dosisabhängigkeit der Wirkung von GTN

Pharmakodynamik

Interaktionen

Kritische Toxizität

Belastung und Beanspruchung

Beziehung zwischen äußerer und innerer Belassung

Beziehung zwischen innerer Belastung und Beanspruchung

Auswahl der Indikatoren

GTN im Blut

1,2‐ und 1,3‐GDN im Blut

Untersuchungsmethoden

Hintergrundbelastungen

Evaluierung des BAT‐Wertes

Interpretation von Untersuchungsdaten
Ethylene glycol dinitrate [BAT Value Documentation, 1998]
Authors: Bolt H. M.
Published: January 2012

Published in the seriesBiological Exposure Values for Occupational Toxicants and Carcinogens, Vol. 3 (1998)

The article contains sections titled:

Metabolism and Kinetics

Kinetics

Metabolism

Dose‐dependency

Interaction

Critical Toxicity

Exposure and Effects

Relationship between External and Internal Exposure

Relationship between Internal Exposure and Effects

Selection of the Indicators

EGDN in Blood

EGDN in Urine

EGMN in Blood

Methodology

Background Exposure

Evaluation of the BAT Value

Interpretation of the Data
Acetone [BAT Value Documentation, 1998]
Authors: Schaller K. H. , Triebig G.
Published: January 2012

Published in the seriesBiological Exposure Values for Occupational Toxicants and Carcinogens, Vol. 3 (1998)

The article contains sections titled:

Metabolism and Kinetics

Critical Toxicity

Exposure and Effect

Relationship between External and Internal Exposure

Relationship between Internal Exposure and Effect

Selection of the Indicators

Methodology

Background Exposure

Evaluation of a BAT Value

Interpretation of the Data
N,N‐Dimethylformamid, Addendum [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2007]
Authors: Käfferlein H. U.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranz‐Werte (BAT‐Werte), Expositionsäquivalente für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA) und Biologische Leitwerte (BLW)
, 14. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2007

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Metabolismus und Toxikokinetik

Aufnahme und Verteilung

Metabolismus und Ausscheidung

Kritische Toxizität

Belastung und Beanspruchung

N‐Methylformamid (NMF) im Urin

N‐Acetyl‐S‐(N‐methylcarbamoyl)cystein (AMCC) im Urin

N‐Methylcarbamoylvalin (NMV im Blut

Auswahl der Indikatoren

Untersuchungsmethoden

Hintergrundbelastung

Reevaluierung eines BAT‐Wertes für NMF

Interpretation der Untersuchungsdaten
Aluminium [BAT Value Documentation, 1994]
Authors: Bauer D. , Schaller K. H.
Published: January 2012

Published in the seriesBiological Exposure Values for Occupational Toxicants and Carcinogens, Vol. 1 (1994)

The article contains sections titled:

Foreword

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion

Critical Toxicity

Occupational Medical Experience

Knowledge from Dialysis Patients

Exposure and Effect

Investigations on Persons Occupationally Exposed to Aluminium

Investigations on Dialysis Patients

Selection of the Indicators

Methodology

Evaluation of the BAT Value

Interpretation of the Data
Blei und seine Verbindungen (außer Bleiarsenat, Bleichromat und Alkylbleiverbindungen) [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 1989]
Authors: Schaller K. H. , Valentin H. , Schaller K. H. , Bolt H. M. , Myslak Z.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der ReiheBiologische Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranz‐Werte (BAT‐Werte) und Expositionsäquivalente für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA), 4. Lieferung, Ausgabe 1989

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Metabolismus und Kinetik

Kritische Toxizität

Hämatopoetisches System

Nervensystems

Belastung und Beanspruchung

Wirkungen auf die Hämoglobinsynthese

Dosis‐Wirkungs‐Beziehung für neurologische und psychische Effekte

Auswahl der indikatoren

Untersuchungsmethoden

Bestimmung des lutbleispiegels

Bestimmung der Delta‐Aminolävulinsäureausscheidung im Harn

Evaluierung von BAT‐Werten

Beziehungen zwischen externer und interner Belastung

Evaluierung von BAT‐Werten für den Blutbleispiegel und die Delta‐Aminolävulinsäure‐Ausscheidung im Urin

Grenzwerte für Frauen im gebärfähigen Alter

Interpretation von Untersuchungsdaten

Addendum

Allgemeine Situation

Blei‐Exposition bei Frauen im gebärfähigen Alter ‐ toxikologische und fruchtschädigende Aspekte

Untersuchungen an Kindern

Bestehende Grenzwerte für den Blutbleispiegel bei Frauen im gebärfähigen Alter auf internationaler Ebene

BAT‐Wert für Frauen im gebärfähigen Alter
Lead and its compounds (except lead arsenate, lead chromate and alkyllead compounds) [BAT Value Documentation, 2005a]
Authors: Bolt H.M. , Schaller K.H.
Published: January 2012

Published in the seriesBAT Value Documentations, Vol. 4 (2005)

The article contains sections titled:

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Elimination

Metabolism

Critical Toxicity

Exposure and Effects

Relationship between external and internal exposure

Relationships between internal exposure and effects

Selection of the Indicators

Methods

Background Exposure

Evaluation of the BAT Value

Interpretation of Data
Quecksilber, metallische und anorganische Quecksilberverbindungen [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2000]
Authors: Triebig G. , Schaller K. H.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der ReiheBiologische Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranz‐Werte (BAT‐Werte) und Expositionsäquivalente für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA), 9. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2000

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Angaben zur Pharmakokinetik

Resorption

Elimination

Stoffwechsel

Kritische Toxizität

Belastung und Beanspruchung

Beziehung zwischen innerer Belastung und Beanspruchung

Evaluierung der BAT‐Werte

Interpretation von Untersuchungsdaten
Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds (with the exception of arsenic hydride and its salts) [BAT Value Documentation, 2005]
Authors: Drexler H.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
BAT Value Documentations
, Vol. 4 (2005)

The article contains sections titled:

Metabolism and Kinetics

Absorption and distribution

Metabolism

Critical Toxicity

Acute toxicity

Chronic toxicity

Exposure and Effects

Selection of the Indicators

Methods

Background Exposure

Evaluation of the BLW Value

Interpretation of Data
Chrom und seine Verbindungen [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2009]
Authors: Leng G.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranz‐Werte (BAT‐Werte), Expositionsäquivalente für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA), Biologische Leitwerte (BLW) und Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Referenzwerte (BAR)
, 16. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2009

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Metabolismus und Toxikokinetik

Kritische Toxizität

Belastung und Beanspruchung

Beziehung zwischen äußerer und innerer Belastung

Beziehung zwischen innerer Belastung und Beanspruchung

Auswahl der Indikatoren

Untersuchungsmethoden

Hintergrundbelastung

Evaluierlang

Interpretation
Vanadium und seine anorganischen Verbindungen [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2007]
Authors: Schaller K. H.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranz‐Werte (BAT‐Werte), Expositionsäquivalente für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA) und Biologische Leitwerte (BLW)
, 14. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2007

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

(Addendum zur Begründung Vanadiumpentoxid, 8. Lieferung 1996)

Evaluierung der biologischen Expositionsäquivalente
Bleitetramethyl [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 1996]
Authors: Bolt H. M.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranz‐Werte (BAT‐Werte) und Expositionsäquivalente für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA)
, 8. Lieferung, Ausgabe 1996

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Biomonitoring Bleitetramethyl‐exponierter Personen

Hintergrundbelastungen

Evaluierung des BAT‐Wertes
Dimethyl sulfate [BAT Value Documentation, 1998]
Authors: Lewalter J. , Bolt H.M.
Published: January 2012

Published in the seriesBiological Exposure Values for Occupational Toxicants and Carcinogens, Vol. 3 (1998)

The article contains sections titled:

Metabolism and Kinetics

Critical Toxicity

Exposure and Effects

Selection of the Indicators

Methodology

Background Exposure

Evaluation of the Biological Exposure Equivalents for Carcinogenic Substances (EKA)

Interpretation of the Data
Bleitetraethyl [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 1996]
Authors: Bolt H. M.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der ReiheBiologische Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranz‐Werte (BAT‐Werte) und Expositionsäquivalente für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA), 8. Lieferung, Ausgabe 1996

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Bleitetraethyl

Angaben zur Pharmakokinetik

Resorption, Verteilung, Elimination

Stoffwechsel

Akute Vergiftungen mit Bleitetraethyl

chronische Effekte von Bleitetraethyl

Untersuchungsmethoden

Hintergrundbelastungen

Evaluierung des BAT‐Wertes

Interpretation von Untersuchungsdaten
2‐Butanon [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 1991]
Authors: Angerer J.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranz‐Werte (BAT‐Werte) und Expositionsäquivalente für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA)
, 5. Lieferung, Ausgabe 1991

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Metabolismus und Kinetik

Kritische Toxizität (siehe auch MAK‐Begründung)

Auswahl der Indikatoren

Untersuchungsmethoden

Evaluierung des BAT‐Wertes

Interpretation der Untersuchungsdaten
Evaluation of susceptibility parameters in occupational and environmental medicine [Biomonitoring Methods, 2004]
Authors: Bolt H. M. , Brüning T. , Harth V. , Ko Y. , Leng G. , Lewalter J. , Pesch B. , Thier R.
Published: January 2012

Published in the seriesAnalyses of Hazardous Substances in Biological Materials, Vol. 9 (2004)

The article contains sections titled:

Gene‐environmental interactions as the basis of individual susceptibility to xenobiotics

Interdisciplinary aspects of molecular epidemiology

Occupational and environmental medical aspects

Applications in occupational and environmental medicine

Recommendation for practical applications
S‐(3‐Hydroxypropyl)mercaptursäure (HPMA) [Biomonitoring Methods in German language, 2010]
Authors: Scherer G. , Urban M.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Analysen in biologischem Material
, 19. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2010

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien

Lösungen

Vergleichsstandards

Probenahme und Probenvorbereitung

Probenaufbereitung

Instrumentelle Arbeitsbedingungen

Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatographische Arbeitsbedingungen

Massenspektrometrische Arbeitsbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

Kalibrierung

Berechnung der Analysenergebnisse

Standardisierung der Messergebnisse und Qualitätssicherung

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Präzision

Richtigkeit

Nachweis‐ und Bestimmungsgrenze

Störeinflüsse

Diskussion der Methode
Neuropathy target esterase (NTE) [Biomonitoring Methods, 2007]
Authors: Lewalter J. , Leng G. , Röhrig B.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Biomonitoring Methods
, Vol. 11 (2007)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Solutions

Calibration standards

Specimen collection and sample preparation

Sample preparation

Operational parameters

Analytical determination

Protein assay

NTE activity determination

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical result

Evaluation of the method

Precision

Accuracy

Detection limit

Sources of error

Discussion of the method
Cytochrom P450 1A1(Genotypisierung) [Biomonitoring Methods in German language, 2004]
Authors: Krause G. , Scherer G.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Analysen in biologischem Material
, 16. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2004

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Geräte, Chemikalien, Lösungen, Gele

Geräte

Chemikalien

Lösungen

Gele

Probenaufarbeitung

Lagerung

DNA‐Isolierung

Bestimmung der Reinheit und Konzentration der DNA

Vorbereitung und Durchführung der PCR

PCR

Spaltung der PCR‐Produkte mit Restriktionsenzymen

Elektrophorese

Kalibrierung

Auswertung

Qualitätskontrolle

Störeinflüsse

Diskussion der Methode

Addendum

Alternatives Thermocyclerprogramm (Touchdown)
Cytochrom P450 1B1 (Genotypisierung) [Biomonitoring Methods in German language, 2004]
Authors: Krause G.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Analysen in biologischem Material
, 16. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2004

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Geräte, Chemikalien, Lösungen, Gele

Geräte

Chemikalien

Lösungen

Gele

Probenaufarbeitung

Lagerung

DNA‐Isolierung

Bestimmung der Reinheit und Konzentration der DNA

Vorbereitung und Durchführung der PCR

PCR

Elektrophorese

Kalibrierung

Auswertung

Qualitätskontrolle

Störeinflüsse

Diskussion der Methode

Addendum
Monohydroxybutenylmercapturic acid (MHBMA) and dihydroxybutylmercapturic acid (DHBMA) [Biomonitoring Methods, 2007]
Authors: Scherer G. , Urban M.
Published: January 2012

Published in the seriesBiomonitoring Methods, Vol. 11 (2007)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Solutions

Calibration standards

Specimen collection and sample preparation

Sample preparation

Operational parameters

Operational parameters for high performance liquid chromatography

Operational parameters for mass spectrometry

Analytical determination

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical result

Standardisation and quality control

Evaluation of the method

Precision

Accuracy

Detection limits

Sources of error

Discussion of the method
Cyclohexanon [Biomonitoring Methods in German language, 1981]
Authors: Angerer J.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Analysen in biologischem Material
, 5. Lieferung, Ausgabe 1981

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Cyclohexanon
2,5‐Hexandion [Biomonitoring Methods in German language, 1980]
Authors: Eben A.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der ReiheAnalytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Analysen in biologischem Material, 4. Lieferung, Ausgabe 1980

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

1. Zusammenfassung

2. Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien

Vergleichsstandards

Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung

Blut

Harn

4. Gaschromatographische Arbeitsbedingungen

5. Analytische Bestimmung

6. Erstellung der Eichkurve

7. Berechnung des Analysenergebnisses

8. Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Präzision

Richtigkeit

Nachweisgrenze

Störeinflüsse

9. Diskussion der Methode

10. 2,5‐Hexandion