bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of modified QuEChERS method for extraction of selected pharmaceuticals from vegetable samples using HPLC
Authors: Tegegne Bisratewongel , Singh Chandravanshi Bhagwan , Zewge Feleke , Chimuka Luke
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT. Optimized QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) method of sample preparation was employed for five selected pharmaceutical compounds on its advantage of simplicity, less extraction solvent and extraction time. Different parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of the target analyte was optimized. Since QuEChERS was developed for pesticides, uses of the method for pharmaceuticals need modification and evaluation of different parameters. Clean-up sorbents were evaluated for their matrix effect removal after extraction and a combination of d-SPE sorbent, MgSO4, PSA, C18 and diatomaceous earth found to be selective clean-up sorbent for the targeted compounds. The addition and amount of diatomaceous earth and EDTA during the clean-up and extraction steps, respectively, were also examined and the amount was optimized. Solvent type and composition, salt type and extraction time were also optimized and methanol, MgSO4 with NaCl salt and 5 min extraction time was obtained. The method was successfully applied to different vegetable samples collected from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Johannesburg, South Africa (carrot, cabbage and lettuce) and none of the target analytes were found in the sample investigated. The matrix effect study on vegetable samples collected was found very high that suppresses the signal during analysis.

 

KEY WORDS: QuEChERS, EDTA, Pharmaceuticals, Vegetable, HPLC

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(4), 831-844.                                                           

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i4.3
Electrochemical sensor of multiwalled carbon nanotube electrode modified by 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-orthofluoro benzoyl-5-pyrazolone for sensing dopamine
Authors: Norzehan Mohamad Mahbob Emi , Syahrizal Ahmad Mohamad , Md Isa Illyas , Hashim Norhayati , Ul-Hamid Anwar , Idris Saidin Mohamad , M. Si Suyanta
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT. This work explicates a simple, rapid, and sensitive method for the electrochemical detection of dopamine (DOP) utilising 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-orthofluorobenzoyl-5-pyrazolone (HPMoFBP)/multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) carbon paste electrode (CPE). The electrochemical behaviour of DOP was performed through cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry. HPMoFBP/MWCNT showed a higher current at the lower potential for the oxidation of DOP compared to bare MWCNT. The sensor's improved electrocatalytic activity was observed to detect in a 1.0 x 10-1 M phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution at pH 8.0. A good linear regression analysis was observed between electrical response and the concentration of DOP in the range of 1 to 1000 µM. Under optimized experimental conditions, 1.0 x 10-7 M has been determined as the limit of detection (LOD). The sensor has expressed considerable sensitivity towards DOP detection without interference and is successfully used to determine DOP in dopamine hydrochloride injection.

 

KEY WORDS: Electrochemical sensor, Dopamine, Pyrazolone, MWCNT, Voltammetry

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(4), 845-857.                                                            

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i4.4
Coffee spent supported Fe-Al-Zr composite: Synthesis, characterization and its adsorptive dye removal from tannery wastewater
Authors: Kebede Tigist , M. Taddesse Abi , Hussen Ahmed
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT. This work was conducted to evaluate the adsorption performance of coffee spent modified Fe-Al-Zr composite. The Al2O3/Fe3O4/ZrO2 ternary oxide system was efficiently synthesized from the respective salt precursors by a two-step co-precipitation method under nitrogen atmosphere in basic condition. XRD, SEM-EDX, FTIR and ICP-OES were used to characterize the features of the adsorbents. The pH point of zero charge of the selected adsorbent was also determined. Batch adsorption experiment was conducted under different conditions such as contact time, initial concentration of dye, pH, sorbent dosage and agitation speed. The Langmuir and Freundlich, isotherms were tested to examine the adsorption behavior. The equilibrium data was well fitted to Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity (qo) was 8.4 mg/g for acidic brown 75 dyes. The kinetic data correlated (R2 = 0.999) well with the pseudo second order kinetic model. To evaluate the practical applicability of the coffee spent supported nanocomposite adsorbent to real samples, effluent was collected from Batu Leather Industry. The result demonstrated 95.7% (10 mg/L) removal efficiency of the dye by the as-obtained composite indicating its potential application for environmental application.

 

KEY WORDS: Coffee spent, Nanocomposite, Sorption, Textile dye, Immobilization

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(4), 875-889.                                                             

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i4.6
Binuclear transition metal complexes containing 6 N moieties Schiff base ligand: Synthesis, characterization and microbicide activities
Authors: Mohamed Elgamasy Sabreen , Ebrahim Abd-ElRazek Samar
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT. Complexes of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions with tetra amine hydrazide ligand [H4L] were prepared and characterized using physical and spectral methods. Analytical data showed that the complexes found in (1:2) ligand:metal ratio. Spectral studies revealed that the ligand bonded to the metal ion in neutral tetradentate or tetrabasic tetradentate manner through azomethine nitrogen atom, protonated/deprotonated hydroxyl group. From the electronic spectral data together with magnetic susceptibility values a distorted octahedral structure can be proposed for all complexes except complex 2 which has square planar structure. Electron spin resonance spectra for Co(II) complex 6 revealed axial symmetry with g|| > g⊥ > ge, indicating distorted octahedral or square planar structures and the unpaired electron exists in a d(x2−y2) orbital with marked covalent bond feature. Quantum chemical calculations have been performed to study structures and energetics of the ligand and its complexes. The prepared complexes showed good to excellent antimicrobial activity, and the most active complexes against Aspergillus niger were 3 with zone of inhibition of 23 mm. Complex 7 showed interesting activity against Escherichia coli with zone of inhibition of 23 mm.

 

KEY WORDS: Metal complexes, Nitrogen moiety, Antimicrobicide activity

 

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(4), 901-915.                                                           

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i4.8
Management of higher institution in the 21st century
Authors: Patrick Ogar Ategwu , Roslyn Asuquo Okon , John Oyekachi Amadi , Naomi Nwakpa Chinyere
Published: May 2023

The study was to examine management of higher institution in the 21st century. The study was anchor on the following sub-headings: Higher Education in Nigeria, Administration: Roadmap to Total Quality Management in Universities in Nigeria, Management Styles, Factors mitigating against higher education leadership, Management in Nigerian Polytechnics, Polytechnic/Technical Education – A Panacea to Human Resource Development, Major Challenges and Constrains to Polytechnic/Technical Education in Nigeria, and Management of the Nigerian Colleges of Education was consider in the study. From the qualitative exploration of the study, it was recommended among others that: Federal and State Governments should provide adequate funds that will promote effective management of the higher institutions for sustainability of a better today and tomorrow in Nigeria.
Teachers’ gender and effective classroom management and teaching methods as a dimension for teaching effectiveness of mathematics teachers in ikom education zone of cross river state, nigeria
Authors: Bernard Diwa Otu , Richard Ayuh Ojini , Henrietta Osayi Uchegbue , Kingsley Bekom Abang
Published: May 2023

The purpose of this study was to determine teachers’ gender, effective classroom management and teaching methods as a dimension for teaching effectiveness of Mathematics Teachers in Ikom Education Zone of Cross River State, Nigeria. To achieve the purpose of this study, two hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. Literature related to the variables under this study were reviewed accordingly. Survey research design was adopted for the study. A sample of 145 mathematics teachers were selected from a population of 182 teachers for the study. The selection was done through the census sampling technique. The questionnaire was the instrument used for data collection. To test the hypotheses independent t-test and population t-test statistical analysis were adopted. The .05 level of significance was used for the statistical testing of the hypothesis. The result of the analysis revealed that, teachers’ gender significantly influence teaching effectiveness of Mathematics teachers in terms of knowledge of subject matter and effective classroom communication. The result also revealed that effective classroom management and teaching methods as dimensions for teaching effectiveness of Mathematics Teachers in Ikom Education Zone of Cross River State, Nigeria are significant high. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended that teachers’ should develop good student-teacher relationship to asset for effective teaching. Workshops, seminars, and conferences should be organized by government and other professional bodies to enlighten the teachers on the importance of teaching effectiveness in the school system.
Competence evaluation by public secondary school teachers: a panacea for students improved performance in calabar zone, nigeria
Authors: Abigail Edem Okon , Celestina Edem Okon
Published: May 2023

The study examined teachers’ competence in evaluating students’ learning outputs.  It was a descriptive survey design whose area of coverage was 2021/2022 school year in public secondary schools across Calabar Education Zone of Cross River State, Nigeria.   Four out of seven Local Government Areas, 20 out of 100 secondary schools and 496 out of 1,502 teachers (evaluators) formed the sample of the study.  Each teacher had one student to examine on; punctuality, obedience, self-control and honesty (Affective Domains); the evaluation methods considered were formative and summative evaluation.  The sampling methods adopted were purposive, simple random and systematic sampling methods.   Two sets of questionnaire were used for data collection in addition to students’ result sheets (first term junior secondary school two (JSS 2) and teaching staff disposition (teachers’ register).   The two sets of questionnaire were Teachers’ Competence Evaluation Questionnaire (TCEQ) and Teachers’ Score on Students’ Affective Domain Questionnaire (TSSADQ).  The questionnaire instruments were validated by experts in different areas of research affected.    The results obtained from the test-retest pilot study were correlated using Pearson Product Moment Correlation to obtain the internal consistency of the measures whose coefficient was 0.76.  Data collected were analyzed using contingency chi-square technique to test the formulated null hypotheses.  It was found that evaluation methods influence students’ learning outputs and that the quality of teacher competence evaluation also influence students’ affective domain.  It was recommended that teachers should intermittently evaluate students learning in the course of instruction and not forgetting the final evaluation. Also, teachers should improve their evaluation strategies by making learning a life-long affair.
Effectiveness of geogebra application on geometrical mathematics among secondary schools students in delta state
Authors: N L Ekwue , N M Ajaegba , P Umukoro , M Okeke , C P Amos-Emeaso
Published: May 2023

This study investigates the effectiveness of GeoGebra application on geometrical mathematics among secondary school students in Delta state. Dynamic mathematics software (GeoGebra) is a freely available interactive dynamic software for the teaching and learning of mathematics that combines geometry and algebra into a single package. A descriptive survey and quasi–experimental design was used, specifically, the pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group. The population consists of all the SS 2 students and mathematics teachers in all the public and private schools in Delta State.  Fifteen mathematics teachers participated in the online workshop and that form the sample size of the teachers and 600 students were sampled, but 516 scripts were returned. Three (3) research questions guide the study. Two instruments were developed for the study; Mathematics Ability Test (MAT) and a Questionnaire on Mathematics Teacher's Attitudes toward GeoGebra Software (QMTAGS) were used for data collection. MAT was administered as a pre-test and post-test to the experimental and control groups which have 15 objective questions, while QMTAGS was administered to teachers after the workshop exercise on the GeoGebra software which contained 14 multiple-choice items. The data obtained were subjected to mean and standard deviation. The result of the findings showed that GeoGebra makes the teaching and learning of mathematics fun and enjoyable and factors responsible for mathematics teachers’ non-access to digital teaching of mathematics are lack of computer-literate skills, non-availability of computer lab software, lack of power supply, and lack of professional development. Male students performed better than their female counterparts; private schools also performed better than public school students. It was recommended that GeoGebra should be fully integrated into Nigeria’s education curriculum.
Influence of locally available instructional materials on biology students’ academic achievement in abak local government area of akwa ibom state, nigeria.
Authors: Esther Etop Ekon , Godswisdom Iboro Sambo , Isaac Obogo Ashiwere
Published: May 2023

This study examined the influence of locally available instructional materials on biology students’ academic achievement in Abak Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State. To guide the study, 2 research questions and 2 research hypotheses were formulated. A pretest, posttest non-equivalent quasi-experimental research design was used in the study. A sample of 75 senior secondary school two (SS 2) biology students from 2 co-educational public secondary schools in intact classes were used for the study. The instrument for data collection was Senior Secondary School Biology Achievement Test (SSSBAT) with reliability index of 0.81. The data collected were analyzed using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) at .05 level of significance to test the hypotheses. The findings revealed that there is a significant influence of locally available instructional materials on biology students’ academic achievement. Also, there was no significant influence of gender on the use of locally available instructional materials on biology students’ academic achievement. It was recommended amongst other that biology teachers should be encouraged to source for and use locally available instructional materials for effective teaching and learning as it stimulates biology students critical thinking/imaginative skills as well as help in reducing subject abstraction phobia, thus, improving biology students’ academic achievement.
Groundwater quality assessment from parts of the basement complex area of oshogbo, southwestern nigeri
Authors: Adeyinka Falana Olukayode , Akinfenwa Akanbi Olanrewaju
Published: May 2023

The increasing population in Oshogbo metropolis with the attending rise in human generated waste and environmental pollution has created a quest in assessing the quality of the available groundwater. Therefore, drinking water must meet the desirable quality and standards, and there is need for thorough monitoring of the quality available for drinking purposes. A total of twenty (20) samples of water were randomly collected from borehole drilled into the basement complex rocks. The temperature of water samples ranges between 26°C and 29°C and an average of 27.9°C. The range of pH is from 6.7 to 7.8 with mean value of 7.2 which indicated that the water is neutral. The TDS was low and ranges between 21.3 to 50.5 mg/l with a mean value of 35.8 mg/l. Calcium has concentration ranging between 1.3mg/l and 7.2mg/l. Concentration of Magnesium  ranges between 1.5mg/l and 18mg/l while concentration of sodium ranges from 1.2mg/l to 8.9mg/l and Potassium ranges from 1.2mg/l to 4.3mg/l. Chloride concentration ranges from 2.1mg/l to 8.2mg/l and Sulfate concentration ranges between 0.4mg/l and 12.0mg/l while Bicarbonate ranges from 3.7mg/l to 14.3mg/l. The geochemical data for both cation and anion shows that: Mg>Na>Ca>K and HCO3>SO4>Cl. Mg-HCO3 occupied 30% of the water type analyzed, Mg-Cl took 15%, Ca-HCO3 took 25%, while Mg-SO4 took 30%.  The major cations from the water facies indicate that Calcium and Magnesium are geogenic in origin and are as a result of interaction of water and the underlying rocks are reflective of bedrock dissolution. . Concentration of Cl-, HCO3- and SO42-can be attributed to increasing population and industrial growth within the metropolis, although the concentration is not when compared with WHO standard and Nigeria Standard standard desirable and permissible limits.
Pension reform act 2014 and the future of public service prospective seniors: a prognostic analysis
Authors: Eghoikhunu Stella Ughulu , Cordelia Beauty Uwamusi
Published: May 2023

The study examined the Pension Reform Act of 2014 in relation to the future of public service prospective seniors in Nigeria. The study analysed the contents of the Act to point out its effects on the life-after retirement of prospective seniors presently in public service. The study utilized the qualitative desk research method and secondary method was utilized to source for data. The study found that timely remittance of pension deduction; investment of pension fund etc, have been put in place by government to achieve the Act’s objectives. The study concluded that the proper implementation of the Act will positively affect the future of public service prospective seniors. The study thus recommended that all stakeholders should be sincere, cooperative and dedicated in their dealings towards the successful achievement of the Act’s objectives
Health care financing and services utilization in cross river state, nigeria
Authors: E P Archibong , J F Ogana , A F Edet , D C Enamhe
Published: May 2023

The average annual budgetary allocation for health in Nigeria is about the lowest in Africa at 5.7% as the total health expenditure is only 0.7% of GDP against the WHO recommended 4%-5%. The out-of-pocket spending by Nigerians is more than 60% of total health expenditure instead of WHO recommended 30-40%, while the national coverage of the National Health Insurance is below 5% which poses a serious problem to health care service utilization. In Nigeria, the ever rising socioeconomic costs of healthcare and the limited or complete lack of supportive public financing is a major challenge to the attainment of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) recently adopted to reduce poverty and improve the wellbeing of all citizens of the world. This paper examined health care financing in Cross River State and determined the extent to which it poses problems to services utilization. The paper reviewed literature relevant to the study while the Marxist conflict theory of healthcare utilization was employed. The design for the paper was Expost facto which relied on secondary data from Cross River State Ministry of Health. The study reviewed various sources of health care financing in Cross River State and the impact of these sources on health care system strengthening or quality health care provision. From the study or discourse and review of health expenditure and its related challenges, it was found out that, out-of -pocket expenditure or user-fee charges, community-based financing, private donor agencies financing and tax-based public health financing sources in the state have not significantly impacted on good services provision to individuals. From these findings, it was recommended among others that government should encourage the establishment of village/ward development committees whose responsibilities should include taking initiative to assist government in building health post (in communities where such do not exist), Government should maintain existing health facilities and provide proper logistics during health campaigns and monitoring of health workers activities at the health facilities.
Removal of toxic substances from cassava effluent using alum and Moringa oleifera seeds as coagulants: a comparative study towards improved agricultural practice
Authors: Amusat M. A. , Popoola O. O. , Onyemize C.U. , Ibrahim A. , Ilevbaoje O. , Ademiluyi Y.S.
Published: May 2023

Cassava as a food is widely eaten in nearly all tropical countries. This has led to the emergence of many cassava processing centres, which consequently results in extensive ecological pollution due to the release of cassava processing wastewater into the environment. Wastewater treatment is mostly carried out using chemical coagulants, which are not environmental friendly. This study aims at providing non-chemical based alternative treatment procedures for cassava wastewater. The treatment procedures involved the use of alum and Moringa oleifera seeds as coagulants. The coagulants were used in combination with sodium hypochlorite at 25 and 50 mg/L for coagulation periods of 24 h and 48 h. Physicochemical parameters including, pH, biological oxygen demand (BOD), cyanide, coliform count and heavy metals [Ni, Zn, and Cr] were evaluated for both raw and treated wastewaters using standard methods. The data obtained were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics. At 50 mg/L dose and 48 h coagulation period, the removal efficiencies of cyanide were 98.91% and 99.63% for alum and M. oleifera seeds, respectively. M. oleifera seeds reduced coliform in the effluent by 96.73% and decontaminated heavy metals [Ni, Zn, and Cr]. However, none of the two treatments could reduce BOD to a permissible level. The study concluded that M. oleifera seed is a potential coagulant, and could therefore be used as a substitute to synthetic coagulants.
Accumulation and utilization of food reserves in diapause-destined pallid emperor moth, Cirina forda (westwood)
Authors: Oriolowo O. B. , Ande A. T. , Azeez M. O.
Published: May 2023

Diapause is a complex life history strategy aimed at tolerating or circumventing stress in insects. It is accompanied by alterations in the food reserve levels to cope with the energy demand of this life stage. In the pallid emperor moth (Cirina forda), little is known about the patterns of accumulation and utilization of food reserves before and during diapause, respectively. The accumulation and utilization of food reserves in the haemolymph and the whole body of diapause-destined larvae and diapausing pupae of Cirina forda were progressively compared using photometry and HPLC. The quantity of glucose, total carbohydrate, fats, protein, and amino acids measured were taken as indices of food reserve accumulation and utilization by the immature stages of the insect in this study. Data collated were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and the means were separated using Fisher's Least Significance Difference (LSD). The results showed progressive accumulation of glucose from 46.20 to 105.06 mg/100 g, total carbohydrates from 175.39 to 212.54 mg/100 g, lipids from 440.49 to 641.57 mg/100 g, and protein from 306.04 to 378.83 mg/100 g in the haemolymph of diapause-destined larvae. The reserves decreased progressively (72.1%, 60.3%, 5.7%, and 6.9%) in diapausing pupae. Total amino acids increased by 2.8%, while 61.1% of amino acids in the whole pupae increased significantly (P<0.05). The study concluded that C. forda accumulates food reserves in preparation for diapause, and reserves decline as they are probably utilized during diapause development.
Assessing combined effects of biochar concentrations and different fertilizer applications on physicochemical properties of a sandy loamy soil
Authors: Akinbile C. O , Eze R. C , Ewulo B. S. , Abolude A. T.
Published: May 2023

Biochar application in the soil is a major strategy for modifying or improving its physicochemical properties, while soil fertility can be boosted by fertilizer application. The process of soil amendment was explored to investigate the impact of combined biochar and fertilizer treatments on soil properties and yield of New Rice for Africa (NERICA 2) upland rice variety. A Randomized Complete Block Design experiment was conducted using three different fertilizer types, three different biochar concentrations, and two sets of control each, with zero biochar and zero fertilizer. The biochar levels were 0 t/ha, 5 t/ha, 10 t/ha, and 15 t/ha, while the fertilizer types were zero fertilizer, liquid organic fertilizer (LOF), solid fertilizer (NPK), and farmyard poultry manure (PM). A drip irrigation system with the completed layout captured the entire set-up, while soil properties were measured before soil treatment, post-season 1, and post-season 2. A significant increase in particle density from 3 3 3 3 2.51 g/cm3 to 2.56 g/cm3 was recorded while bulk density decreased from 1.42 g/cm3 to 1.41 g/cm3 , and soil textural classification remained relatively unchanged. Organic carbon, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, cation exchange capacity, and base saturation increased from their respective pre-treatment values. Also, soil pH improved significantly from 6.38 to 6.37. There was a better improvement in soil properties, which resulted in increased paddy rice yield with an average value of 6.36 t/ha obtained using NPK with a biochar concentration of 15 t/ha (NPKB15) treatment. This is an equivalent of approximately 400% increase in yield compared to the zero fertilizer and zero biochar (FOBO) treatment yield of 1.14 t/ha. NPK fertilizer at a biochar concentration of 15 t/ha, gave the best result in the soil's physical and chemical properties and is recommended for rice production.
An object-oriented programming solution for managing inventory of used cars in Kenya using inheritance relationships
Authors: Mwangi Waweru
Published: May 2023

The industry of buying and selling used cars in Kenya has continued to grow by leaps and bounds. There are many dealers who have opened shops in  Nairobi, Mombasa, and many other towns locally. Therefore, having a software solution that can manage this data appropriately is important for the day- to-day running of these businesses. Inheritance is a key concept in object-oriented programming that uses the concepts of generalization and specialization. Inheritance allows a new class to extend an existing class. The new class inherits the members of the class it extends. This review paper  explores the use of inheritance in developing software that used car dealers can find useful in managing their data.
The restorative effects of graded intensities of exercise training on the biochemical and nutritional status of obese induced male Wistar rats (Rattus novegicus)
Authors: Mwangi Kanyoni James , Kariuki Kweri Joseph , Githinji Mwangi Elijah , Muriithi Kigundu Alex , Dominic Marera , Wairimu Mwangi Ann , Walter Rono Kiplangat
Published: May 2023

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the specific effects of 12 weeks of intensive, graded intensities of exercise training on nutritional parameters  and some plasma biochemical parameters in high-fat diet and sucrose obesity-induced (HFDS) Wistar rats. In evaluating the restorative effects of graded  exercise training as an intervention in managing obesity, 25 male Wistar rats who were 7 weeks old were used. These 25 rats were broadly grouped into 5  rats as controls and 20 rats as experiments. In the first phase of the experiment, which involved the induction of obesity, the rats were fed on HFDS  containing 35% total fat, 39% carbohydrates, 23% protein, 6% fiber per 100 grams, and 60% sucrose solution per 100 mL for 12 weeks, while the 5 rats in  the control group were fed on a normal rodent diet containing 5% total fat, 39% carbohydrates, 23% protein, and 6% fiber per 100 grams. In the second phase, which was the interventional phase, the 20 HFDS-induced obese rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups: the control (sedentary group), low,  medium, and high-intensity exercise training groups, and were subjected to various intensities of exercise training. All experimental groups received the  HFDS throughout the exercise training period. After 84 days of exercise training intervention, the final body weight, plasma biochemical parameters including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) concentrations, and nutrition parameters including feed  efficiency (FE), feed consumption (FC), and caloric intake (CI) were assessed. The study established that graded exercise training has a direct, inversely  proportional reduction in TC, TG, and LDLC concentrations. In conclusion, medium- to high-intensity exercise training is associated with restoring the  dyslipidemic profile in the serum of rats and also increased feed efficiency.
Quality changes in papaya fruit under different storage temperatures and duration
Authors: Matsuane Christinah , Kavoo Agnes Mumo , Kiage Beatrice Nyanchama , Karanja Josephine , Wanzala Fredah Karambu Rimberia
Published: May 2023

Kenya experiences high postharvest losses in the fruit and vegetable subsector, which have been estimated at 50 percent. These losses are mainly due to poor postharvest handling practices, a lack of storage facilities, and/or poor storage conditions. Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a highly perishable tropical  fruit with a short shelf life and requires proper storage and handling practices due to its delicate skin texture, high moisture content, and high respiratory rates. In this study, F hybrid and Mountain variety papaya fruits were collected at Meru County in May 2022 and stored at three different temperatures (6,  16 and 24 °C) for a duration of 0, 4, 8 and 12 days to evaluate their effects on fruit quality. The data collected was separately subjected to a two-way  ANOVA in a completely randomised design using the GenStat statistical software package (14th edition). Storage temperatures and durations significantly  (p < 0.05) decreased papaya quality. Mountain fruits were firmer while F fruits had more appealing peel and flesh colors. F fruits retained  more potassium (1.20 g/100g) and vitamin C (0.29 g/100g) when stored at 16 °C on day 12. The optimal storage temperature and duration for successful storage and extension of shelf life of papaya fruits was found to be 16 °C for 8 days. The F hybrid fruits were more comparable to the local papaya variety,  Mountain, on the various tested parameters, which could make it suitable for consumer utilization and market exploitation in Kenya.
Moderating effect of organization culture on the relationship between supplier development and organizational performance in food and beverage manufacturing companies in Kenya
Authors: Chebichii Bartoo Dorothy , Namusonge Gregory Simiyu , Makokha Elizabeth Nambuswa
Published: May 2023

Supplier development may serve as a better tool that firms can leverage to improve and sustain their organizational performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the moderating effect of organization culture on the relationship between supplier development and organizational performance  of food and beverage manufacturing companies in Kenya. The study employed a descriptive survey research design utilizing the resource  dependency theory. The target population was procurement managers and procurement officers from 217 food and beverage manufacturing companies  in Kenya registered under the Kenya Association of Manufacturers as of 2017. A sample of 248 respondents was drawn. Primary data were collected through the use of a questionnaire. The reliability coefficient was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. The content validity of the instrument was  determined by the researcher using expert judgment. The analysis of the data was done using descriptive and regression analysis with the help of SPSS  V26. The regression coefficients showed that the interaction between supplier development and organization culture on the performance of food manufacturing firms was significant (β = 0.058, t = 4.68, P < 0.05). The organizational culture moderates the relationship between supplier development  and the performance of food and beverage manufacturing firms in Kenya. The study concluded that supplier development influences the performance of  food and beverage manufacturing companies. Further, organization culture moderates the relationship between supplier development and the performance of food manufacturing firms. The management of food and beverage manufacturing companies in Kenya should enhance supplier  development so as to enable the provision of better services and also to be competitive and achieve organizational goals for their survival.
Aquifer characterization using geophysical and pumping test data in Kericho, Kenya
Authors: Kenduiywo Abigail Chepkemoi , Home Patrick G. , Raude James Messo
Published: May 2023

The exploration of groundwater resources has considerable potential for boosting water supplies in Kericho County, Kenya. However, it is underused due  to limited knowledge caused by lack of adequate research in this field. As a way to fill this gap, this study aimed to characterize hydraulic and  hydrogeological parameters controlling groundwater occurrence in the Kericho aquifer in Kericho County, Kenya. To achieve this objective, the study  utilized a combination of geophysical and pumping test data. Consequently, fifty Vertical Electric Soundings (VES) were carried out to determine the  aquifer properties of the study area. Further, seven out of fifty surveyed sites were drilled to depths ranging between 30m and 230m, and test pumping  was done for 24 hours. Geophysical results show that the average hydraulic conductivity in the study area varies from 1.96 m day-1 to 6.2 m day-1 . The transmissivity ranged from 35.83 m2 day-1 to 5166.4 m2 day-1 , while the yield ranged between 0.7 and 9.7 M3 /hr. The aquifer hydraulic parameters  determined from geophysical and pumping test data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results show no significant  difference (p = 0.948151> 0.05) on hydraulic conductivity between geophysical and pumping test methods. Therefore, this study confirmed the reliability  of both methodologies for groundwater assessment. Identifying prospective groundwater zones in the research area demonstrates that the combination  of these methods is efficient and suited for groundwater exploration. It is suggested that observation wells be added in future studies to   allow for the computation of storativity.
Evaluation of production practices to minimize diseases and postharvest losses of soybean (Glycine max L. (Merr.))
Authors: Akongnwi Clive Neba , Bindeh Chuyong George , Ambe Neba Godlove , Suh Christopher
Published: May 2023

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is a leguminous crop which is a very important source of dietary protein and oil in animal feed, and a staple for human consumption. It is the fourth most important crop in the world in terms of area harvested and production. The stored products are usually subjected to postharvest losses, most of which begin from the field. These losses can be due to poor field or postharvest practices, which can lead to total grain loss. The objectives of this study were to determine appropriate field practices and postharvest storage practices that minimize the infection and spoilage of soybean grains. The field was laid out in an RCBD with 3 blocks of 6 treatments and the storage experiment was laid in a CRD, based on the 6 field treatments, subjected to two drying methods and stored under 5 storage systems. Results showed that plants that were mulched, produced more nodules and had higher yields compared to non-mulched. Plants that received chemical treatments before harvest showed less disease incidence at storage than the untreated and plants stored in packages with or without botanicals showed less disease incidence at storage than those stored in open air.

Le soja (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) est une légumineuse qui est une source très importante de protéines alimentaires et d’huile dans l’alimentation animale, et un aliment de base pour la consommation humaine. C’est la quatrième culture la plus importante au monde en termes de superficie récoltée et de production. Les produits stockés sont généralement soumis à des pertes post-récolte, dont la plupart commencent au champ. Ces pertes peuvent être dues à de mauvaises pratiques sur le terrain ou après la récolte, ce qui peut entraîner une perte totale de grains. Les objectifs de cette étude étaient de déterminer les pratiques de terrain appropriées et les pratiques de stockage post-récolte qui minimisent l’infection et la détérioration des grains de soja. L‘essai a été disposé dans un RCBD avec 3 blocs de 6 traitements et l’essai de stockage a été disposée dans un RCB, basée sur les 6 traitements du champ, soumis à deux méthodes de séchage et stockés sous 5 systèmes de stockage. Les résultats ont montré que les plantes paillées produisaient plus de nodules et avaient des rendements plus élevés que les plantes non paillées. Les plantes qui ont reçu des traitements chimiques avant la récolte ont montré une incidence de maladie moindre au stockage que les plantes non traitées et les plantes stockées dans des emballages avec ou sans plantes ont montré une incidence de maladie moindre au stockage que celles stockées à l’air libre.
Wildlife and Indigenous Communities in Kenya: The influence of conservation education in supporting co-existence between wildlife and a Maasai community
Authors: Hoare Georgina , Leneuyia Kennedy , Higgins Peter , Lowerikoi Joshua
Published: May 2023

Human-wildlife conflict in Kenya is a complex issue with environmental, social, and economic dimensions. Conservation education can raise awareness of environmental issues, by increasing knowledge, promoting positive attitudes, leading to proenvironmental behaviours. Educated youth can become ‘conservation ambassadors’ who help spread messages through the community. This qualitative study critically examined the extent to which this took place using the Wildlife Warriors Kids education programme, in areas of human-wildlife conflict in Kenya. Data were collected on students’ knowledge, attitudes and practice in three primary schools in Maasai areas; in one of these school areas, interviews and a focus group were also held with Maasai community members. The influence on students was evident, regarding knowledge about wildlife, positive attitudes and an understanding of pro-environmental behaviours. The filtration of knowledge and pro-environmental behaviours to the community level was positive but limited. Culture and human wildlife conflict were the predominant factors influencing attitudes. It was evident there is a need to include intergenerational learning, and focus attention on cultural and environmental challenges, to enhance the filtration of conservation education to the community.

Keywords: conservation education, Maasai, human wildlife conflict, indigenous knowledge, culture
Hematinic, anti-plasmodial potential and toxicity of aqueous leaf extract of Justicia secundain albino mice
Authors: Ngwu Godwin I , Agbo Chinazom P , Ngwu Maria I , Ugwuoke Wilfred I , Okagu Edith U , Onoyima Ernest C , Aguzie Ifeanyi O , Ozioko Petromina C
Published: May 2023

Purpose: To investigate the hematinic, anti-plasmodial potentials, and toxic effects of an aqueous extract of the leaf of Justicia secunda in mice (Mus musculus) made anemic by Plasmodium beighei.

Methods: The LD50 of J. secunda was determined using Lorke’s method. Male albino mice ages 4 – 5 months, totaling forty-eight (48), were assigned at random to six groups (1 – 6). Groups 1, 2, and 3 mice were P. berghei-infected and were given extract doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg of body weight, respectively. Group 4 (positive control) was infected and treated with 0.3 mL of vitamin B12 (standard). Group 5 (negative control) was infected and untreated, while group 6 (normal control) was uninfected and untreated. Blood samples were taken on days 7, 12, and 16 post-infections to measure haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, and urea using standard methods.

Results: Lower concentrations (200 and 400 mg) of the extract reduced P. berghei parasitemia. In comparison to vitamin B12, there was a negligible drop in Hb, PCV, and RBC levels in the infected groups. Both J. secunda extract and vitamin B12 did not improve the hematinic status of the mice infected with P. berghei. The hematinic condition of the mice with P. berghei infection was not improved by J. secunda extract or vitamin B12. Biochemical analysis showed no toxicity due to extract intake.

Conclusion: Justicia secunda leaf extract has anti-plasmodial efficacy in P. berghei-infected mice. Studies are required to validate these findings in humans.
Investigation of potential targets and mechanisms of action of Bailing tablets on vitiligo based on network pharmacology and molecular docking
Authors: Wang Yiwen , Zhu Xiaoxia
Published: May 2023

Purpose: To investigate the potential molecular mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of Bailing Tablet (BLT) on vitiligo.

Methods: The targets of BLT and vitiligo-related genes were obtained from public databases. The approach of network pharmacology was utilized to explore the potential mechanisms and candidate targets. Molecular docking was applied to assess the binding strength between BLT's compounds and relevant targets.

Results: A total of 144 active compounds and 275 corresponding targets were identified in BLT, as well as 1342 genes associated with vitiligo. A total of Forty-three intersected genes were considered as candidate targets of BLT against vitiligo. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network showed that ALB, AKT1, and IL6 were the top 3 genes with higher interactions, playing more crucial roles in this network. In addition, it was found that the candidate targets of BLT on vitiligo were significantly associated with a variety of biological processes (apoptosis, cell proliferation, and gene expression regulation) and pathways (signal transduction pathway, apoptosis, and necroptosis). The topological analysis of the herb-compound-target-pathway network highlighted the important roles of AKT1, CDK2, and NOS2 in the therapeutic effects of BLT on vitiligo. Molecular docking analysis revealed a good binding force among the 3 genes and corresponding targets.

Conclusion: The underlying mechanisms of action of BLT against vitiligo have been systematically elucidated, thus affording an effective strategy for unraveling the pharmacological mechanisms of action of TCM. The findings also provide a deeper understanding of BLT and its use in the treatment of vitiligo.
Efficacy of epirubicin plus docetaxel or paclitaxel in the treatment of breast cancer
Authors: Zhu Chen , Gan Pan-pan , Sun Na-lin , Cao Li-qun
Published: May 2023

Purpose: To determine the clinical efficacy of epirubicin plus docetaxel or paclitaxel in the management of breast cancer.

Methods: This study was a randomized controlled trial that recruited 78 patients with breast cancer treated in The First People’s Hospital of Anqing between December 2018 and March 2021. The participants were randomized to receive either epirubicin plus docetaxel (control group) or epirubicin plus paclitaxel (study group), with 39 cases in each group. Clinical outcomes, adverse events, quality of life, and prognosis of the two groups were compared.

Results: Epirubicin plus paclitaxel produced greater efficacy than epirubicin plus docetaxel (p < 0.05). The combination also exhibited a higher safety profile versus epirubicin with docetaxel, as evidenced by lower incidences of nausea and vomiting, intestinal discomfort, muscle pain, and dyspnea reactions (p < 0.05). Epirubicin with paclitaxel resulted in greater improvement in quality of life in patients than epirubicin plus docetaxel (p < 0.05) as well as provided more benefits in terms of survival and recurrence control than epirubicin plus docetaxel (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: Epirubicin/paclitaxel combination alleviates clinical symptoms, reduces adverse events, enhances patient prognosis, lowers the risk of postoperative recurrence, and provides superior quality of life when compared to epirubicin/docetaxel combination in breast cancer patients. Nonetheless, large-scale and better-randomized clinical trials are required to validate the findings of this study.
Efficacy of acupuncture and Chinese herbal fumigation comprehensive therapy in relieving neck, shoulder, lumbar, and leg pain in patients
Authors: Huang Jian , Wang Hong , Chen Jun , Huang Yizhi , Wang Yingyin , Pan Bin
Published: May 2023

Purpose: To investigate the clinical efficacy of acupuncture and Chinese herbal fumigation in relieving neck, shoulder, lumbar, and leg pain in patients.

Methods: This study recruited 94 patients with neck, shoulder, lumbar, and leg pain admitted to Ma’anshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine between January 2019 and December 2020. The patients were randomized into either study group or comprehensive group. Study group was given routine therapy, including administration of celecoxib capsules and imrecoxib tablets, fumigation, and acupuncture, while the comprehensive group received comprehensive therapy, including celecoxib capsules and imrecoxib tablets + acupuncture + fumigation + rehabilitation exercise + needle knife therapy. The treatment outcome, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome score, visual analogue scale (VAS) score, Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score, Barthel index, Fugl-Meyer score, and MOS item short-form health survey (SF-36) scores were recorded.

Results: Comprehensive therapy resulted in significantly better treatment outcomes than routine therapy (p < 0.05). The swelling, pain, and functional limitation TCM evidence score in the comprehensive group were lower than those in the study group (p < 0.05). Comprehensive therapy was associated with a more significant reduction in the VAS scores of patients and more enrichment in JOA scores and Barthel index than routine therapy (p < 0.05). Patients treated with comprehensive therapy showed higher FuglMeyer (upper limb and lower limb) and SF-36 scores than those with routine therapy (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: Acupuncture and Chinese herbal fumigation comprehensive therapy effectively relieve the pain of patients and promote recovery of lumbar spine function as well as motor ability, thereby enhancing the patient’s quality of life.