bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Statistical Analysis off Water Utility Operating Data for 1965 and 1970
Authors: Seidel Harris F.
Published: February 2018

Since 1945 AWWA has conducted a periodic pulse‐taking of the industry through the collection of operating data from water utilities throughout the US. The raw data from surveys for 1965 and 1970 are summarized and analyzed as an aid to readier interpretation by management.
The Hezekiah Tunnel
Authors: Abrahams Harold J.
Published: February 2018

To ensure a source of water to the city of Jerusalem, King Hezekiah of Judah had a tunnel bored through solid rock to connect spring to reservoir. The author describes water supply strategy from more than 2500 years ago.
Water Supply Problems in Jakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Nazir Irwin
Published: February 2018

The author discusses water supply in the capital city of Indonesia, where explosive population growth and a deteriorating distribution system are major problems.
Evaluation of Cartridge Filters for Removal of Small Fibers From Drinking Water
Authors: Cook P.M. , Glass G.E. , Marklund D.R. , Tucker J. H.
Published: February 2018

Prior to completion of new water treatment facilities in Duluth, Minn., contamination of the community's water supply by amphibole fibers led to widespread use of individual filtration systems in homes and public buildings. Laboratory tests of several types of cartridge filters, backed by extensive field monitoring of operating filter installations, revealed a number of performance problems and shed light on how to correct them.
Training and Certification of Water Utility Operators in Michigan‐1925 to 1978
Authors: Sacks Richard , Brown Elgar
Published: February 2018

Outlined here are the training and certification programs used in Michigan. Stressed is the state's commitment to a program that is comprehensive yet flexible enough to respond to operator needs as they arise.
Comparative Disinfection Efficiency of Bromine Chloride and Chlorine for Poliovirus
Authors: Keswick Bruce H. , Fujioka Roger S. , Burbank Nathan C. , Loh Phillip C.
Published: February 2018

Prompted by numerous problems connected with the use of chlorine as a water and wastewater disinfectant, experiments were done to compare the disinfection efficiencies of bromine chloride (BrCI) and chlorine. Results point to BrCI as the more effective disinfectant; followup studies now under way are outlined.
The Formation of Trihalomethanes
Authors: Trussell R. Rhodes , Umphres Mark D.
Published: February 2018

Presented here is a review of current knowledge of trihalomethane formation in natural waters, including the effects of preozonation, bromide, pH, and chlorine dose. Areas needing further study are outlined.
Controlling Organics: The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power Experience
Authors: McBride D.G.
Published: February 2018

Although tests show the level of trihalomethanes in the Los Angeles water supply system to be within the proposed limit of 100 μg/I, they are above levels suggested for future standards. Department personnel are investigating treatment alternatives that will allow compliance with both the proposed and projected future regulations for control of trihalomethanes and synthetic organics.
Controlling Organics: The Casitas Municipal Water District Experience
Authors: Barnett Richard H. , Trussell Albert R.
Published: February 2018

Proposed new filtration and treatment facilities for the Casitas Municipal Water District provided occasion for pilot plant studies and a thorough monitoring program to identify potential organics problems and explore approaches to dealing with them.
The Duluth Experience – Asbestos, Water, And the Public
Authors: Peterson David L.
Published: February 2018

Increasing public involvement in social concerns can generate pressure for action on an emotional and immediate basis rather than a rational and delayed basis.
Bench‐Scale Tests for In Situ Filter Media Cleaning at Owosso, Mich., Water Treatment Plant
Authors: Singhal Ashok K. , Memmer Roger G.
Published: February 2018

When filter media grains become coated after an extended period of operation they can be replaced or cleaned. Outlined here are bench‐scale tests and full‐scale procedures for in situ cleaning of filter media with hydrochloric acid.
A Statistical Model for Predicting Chloroform Levels in Chlorinated Surface Water Supplies
Authors: Moore Gary S. , Tuthill Robert W. , Polakoff David W.
Published: February 2018

Multiple regression analysis of a number of routinely measured characteristics—temperature, turbidity, color, pH, free residual chlorine, total residual chlorine, and chloroform—of the raw water, finished plant water, and distribution system water of nineteen Massachusetts communities showed chlorine dosage to be the most reliable predictor of chloroform levels in the water supply.
Methods of Leak Detection: An Overview
Authors: Cole E. Shaw
Published: February 2018

For a successful leak detection and control program, methods such as waste metering, district flow measurement, and pinpointing have proven effective. Currently used techniques and equipment, including leak detection devices patented between 1935 and 1976, are surveyed.
Chloroform Formation in Public Water Supplies: A Case Study
Authors: Young John S. , Singer Philip C.
Published: February 2018

Laboratory investigations backed by field studies of two North Carolina water systems explored the potential for chloroform formation as a function of raw water characteristics and chlorination practices and examined the efficiency of various coagulants in removing organic chloroform precursors.
Coagulation of Montmorillonite Suspensions With Aluminum Sulfate
Authors: Rubin Alan J. , Blocksidge Hugh
Published: February 2018

The application of classical colloid theory, including the Schulze‐Hardy rule, may be irrelevant to water treatment practice when using hydrolyzing metal salts.
Predicting Frost Depth; Protecting Underground Pipelines
Authors: Cohen Arieh , Fielding M.B.
Published: February 2018

To aid in protecting buried pipelines in a climate where winter temperatures can fall as low as ‐30°C, a study was undertaken to find better formulas for predicting frost depth so as to more reliably select optimum pipeline placement depths.
Computer‐Based Process Control
Authors: Luscombe John S.
Published: February 2018

The objective of process control is to obtain the maximum cost benefits from a computer‐based control system. However, during project development many things can go wrong, and software costs may drastically increase the total system cost. It is therefore important that water system operators, managers, and engineers know how to select the right hardware and software for a computer‐based system.
Flexible Reservoir Covers: A Case Study
Authors: Elwell Frederick H.
Published: February 2018

Polyethylene flexible covers provide cost‐effective, weather‐resistant protection of water supplies in open reservoirs, though maintenance may prove more costly than anticipated.
Water Utilities: Disadvantages
Authors: Rice I.M.
Published: February 2018

In water‐short areas of the nation ownership of water supplies is critical to survival and growth. Valuable rights are involved. Another obstacle to regionalization is the complication involved in changing contractual relationships. Unwillingness of any of the parties to alter the contractual relationships could result in litigation which would negate a regionalization effort. The financial implications of transferring ownership to a regional organization pose perhaps the biggest impediment to regionalization.
Notes and Comments: The Adoption of Metrics by the Water Supply Commission of Victoria, Australia
Authors: Murley K.
Published: February 2018

Prompted by Ken Mains's “The Effect of Metrication on Design,” the author describes the conversion by the State Rivers and Water Supply Commission of Victoria, Australia, to use of metric units for measuring volume and flow rates and for various product specifications. These units have proved practical for water delivery, measurement, and flood‐routing operations.
Computer Applications: A Tool for Water Distribution Engineering
Authors: Caves Joel L. , Earl Thomas C.
Published: February 2018

The application of computer capabilities to the technical functions of water distribution will become increasingly important as both the costs of distribution and the public pressure to reduce these costs escalate.
Developing a Computer Program for Distribution System Analysis
Authors: Davis Allen L. , Jeppson Roland W.
Published: February 2018

Computer analysis tools have been developed for evaluating the performance of both current and proposed systems at moderate cost. These tools include time‐saving input and output devices, formats, and an analysis program that simulates all appurtenances commonly encountered in a water distribution system.
An Analytic Approach to Scheduling Pipe Replacement
Authors: Shamir Uri , Howard Charles D.D.
Published: February 2018

A procedure is described that uses the history of main breaks to forecast how the number of breaks would change with time if the pipe were not replaced; a separate analysis predicts the failure rate of newly installed pipes. These forecasts are combined with cost data and a discount rate that accounts for inflation to determine the optimal replacement date.
Control of Lead Corrosion
Authors: Patterson James W. , O'Brien Joseph E.
Published: February 2018

Corrosion passivation is shown to be an effective method of reducing and controlling lead corrosion, particularly in soft water. Adjusting the pH of low alkalinity waters can control corrosion to a limited extent; use of zinc orthophosphate results in no reduction in lead corrosion and may actually increase corrosion.
the Economics of Water Projects: Peaceful Coexistence
Authors: Merson Allan
Published: February 2018

The most significant requirement of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) is probably the consideration of project alternatives. NEPA was designed as a planning tool, but those who find its application delay‐producing continue to ignore its proper role and timing in the design process.
Direct Filtration Using Polyelectrolyte Coagulants
Authors: Letterman Raymond D. , Sama Rami Reddy , DiDomenico Edward J.
Published: February 2018

Characteristic of a direct filtration system with dual media filters and catibnic polyelectrolytes as sole coagulants is the formation of a filtration zone that moves down through the bed. The rate of filtration advancement is determined by the pretreatment and filter operating conditions. A rate exists that tends to maximize water production per filter run and avoids turbidity breakthrough before the terminal head loss is reached.
Federal Funding for Municipal: A Matter of National Priority
Authors: Koch Edward I.
Published: February 2018

Federal funding for municipal water resource and distribution systems is a concept which has a clear historical, economic, and social justification at the top of the nation's priorities. Without federal funding support many major cities will be severely impacted in terms of economic development.
Urban Drought in the San Francisco Bay Area: A Study of Institutional and Social Resiliency
Authors: Hoffman Mark , Glickstein Robert , Liroff Stuart
Published: February 2018

Research indicates that the degree to which residential and, to a lesser extent, commercial and industrial customers are willing to restrict their water consumption Is influenced more by the degree to which they believe there is a shortage requiring conservation than by any other factor.
Labor Wage Rates, Productivity, and the Cost of Water Supply
Authors: Clark Robert M.
Published: February 2018

Because of the importance of operating costs in the overall utility expenditure pattern, it is important for utility managers to minimize the overall cost of water supply and not simply the cost of capital facilities.
Training New Operators: One Utility's Approach
Authors: Bair Jonathan M. , Pollock John K.
Published: February 2018

An experimental program conducted at the Rivanna Water and Sewer Authority (Charlottesville, Va.) has advanced a partial solution to the problem of securing and training new technicians.
Proposition 13: Implications for the Bond Market
Authors: Subbotin Victor T.
Published: February 2018

A year ago this month California's Proposition 13 went into effect, with far‐reaching and not yet fully plumbed financial consequences for the state's public agencies. As other states confront the possibility of similar measures restricting the taxing powers of local entities, the California experience is being closely watched. The impact of Proposition 13 on the bond market, the prime source of capital financing for water utilities, is described here.
A New Membrane Filter Procedure for Bacterial Counts in Potable Water and Swimming Pool Samples
Authors: Taylor Raymond H. , Geldreich Edwin E.
Published: February 2018

Many water utilities that now use a standard plate count to monitor the bacterial level in finished water supplies would prefer to use a membrane filter procedure if a standard method were available. A new agar medium used with a membrane filter procedure is reported to produce higher bacterial counts than those obtained using the standard pour plate procedure.
Chemical Aspects of the Relationship Between Drinking Water Quality and Long‐Term Health Effects: An Overview
Authors: Westendorf John R. , Middleton Andrew C.
Published: February 2018

The relationship of water hardness, trace metals, and long‐term health effects—especially cardiovascular disease—is not fully understood, but several water factors may influence health and disease, and these may produce different effects in different geographical areas.
Activated Carbon Versus Resin Adsorption of 2‐Methylisoborneol and Chloroform
Authors: Chudyk Wayne A. , Snoeyink Vernon L. , Beckmann Dennis , Temperly Terrance J.
Published: February 2018

Adsorption isotherms and bench‐scale column studies were used in this study to compare the performance of five types of commercially available activated Carbons and three types of resin for the removal of two typical pollutants, 2‐methylisoborneol (MIB) and chloroform, from water.
Analytical Note—Fluorescein Tracer Technique for Detection of Groundwater Contamination
Authors: Reznek S. , Hayden William , Lee Maria
Published: February 2018

Described is a detection procedure to measure fluorescein by fluorometry which is useful in tracing suspected seepage from a contaminated groundwater source.
Notes and Comments: The Stability of Nitrate in Unpreserved Potable Water Samples
Authors: Delfino Joseph J.
Published: February 2018

The results of this study support T.J. Williams's recently published contention that the need for acid preservation of potable water supplies for nitrate testing, as mandated by the Safe Drinking Water Act, has not been adequately established.
An Overview of Liquid Ion Exchange With Emphasis on Alum Recovery
Authors: Cornwell David A.
Published: February 2018

The second of three articles on the use of liquid ion exchange for aluminum recovery from water treatment plant sludges describes the process and summarizes the method used in developing data for the evaluation of a liquid ion exchange procedure.
Bacterial Dynamics in a Water Supply Reservoir: A Case Study
Authors: Geldreich Edwin E. , Nash Harry D. , Spino Donald F. , Reasoner Donald J.
Published: February 2018

Adequate appraisal of the status of stored water quality and the detection of subtle ecological changes that may be occurring requires a microbiological sampling protocol that is sensitive to the three‐dimensional aspects of a large body of water.
The Impact of Federal Water Policy on State Planning: A Cautionary Example
Authors: Robie Ronald B.
Published: February 2018

Long‐term water policy reform would be more successful if the federal government accepted state water system laws and cooperated with the states to ensure that the reforms are workable and that the affected local and state agencies are involved in their planning. A review of California's experience illustrates the present potential for conflict.
Analytical Note: A New DPD‐Steadifac Method for Specific Determination of Free Available Chlorine in the Presence of High Monochloramine
Authors: Palin A.T.
Published: February 2018

Described is a recent modification to titrimetric and colorimetric DPD methods, in which thioacetamide is used as a supplementary reagent to ensure accurate measurement of free available chlorine under extreme conditions.
Interagency Connections: Insurance Against Interruptions in Supply
Authors: Boyle Daniel B.
Published: February 2018

Occasionally, for either planned or unplanned reasons, a water agency can have a temporary breakdown in its water supply system. If this involves a major source of supply, the agency will have to use stored water or other backup sources to meet its needs. In Southern California, interagency connections have proven to be important backup sources.
The Effectiveness of In‐Line Aqueduct Treatment
Authors: Treweek Gordon P.
Published: February 2018

Through statistical analysis of flows in the Los Angeles aqueduct, this study determined that the addition of cationic polymers to provide in‐line flocculation of suspended particulate matter also resulted in an average 3 to 4 percent reduction in carrying capacity of the aqueduct.
Removal of Radium‐226 From Sarasota County, Fla., Drinking Water by Reverse Osmosis
Authors: Sorg Thomas J. , Forbes Robert W. , Chambers David S.
Published: February 2018

Eight reverse osmosis treatment systems were used in Sarasota County (Fla.) for the removal of Ra‐226 and other dissolved solids from water. Although the age, type, and performance of the eight systems varied, all systems lowered the Ra‐226 concentration in the raw water to below the EPA maximum contaminant level of 5 pCi/L.
Analyzing the Risk of Drought: the Occoquan Experience
Authors: Sheer Daniel P.
Published: February 2018

During a recent drought in Fairfax County, Va., two practical risk analysis techniques were developed to determine the possibility of extreme water shortages and to evaluate the policies necessary for reducing those risks to acceptable levels.
Laboratory Technique for Measurement of pH for Corrosion Control Studies and Water Not in Equilibrium With the Atmosphere
Authors: Schock Michael R. , Mueller William , Buelow Ralph W.
Published: February 2018

Water quality analyses are very sensitive, and it is critical that the pH be measured as accurately as possible. This technique was developed after the authors observed that many water utility and research laboratory personnel follow poor techniques for determining pH.
Energy Costs: A New Factor in Pipe Size Selection
Authors: Walski Thomas M.
Published: February 2018

With energy costs rising at an even greater rate than construction costs, it may be cost effective over the life of a transmission line to select a larger pipe size than would traditionally be used.
Modifications of the Tentative Standard Method for Improved Virus Recovery Efficiency
Authors: Sobsey Mark D. , Glass J. Steven , Jacobs Robert R. , Rutala William A.
Published: February 2018

Deficiencies in the tentative standard method (TSM) for concentrating viruses from water (explored by the authors in the May Journal) can be overcome or circumvented by certain procedural modifications. These modified procedures can improve virus adsorption by polyvalent cation enhancement or the use of alternative adsorbent filters, and can also enhance elution of adsorbed viruses.
Orthokinetic Flocculation in Deep Bed Granular Water Filters
Authors: Willson Ian R. , Lekkas Themistokles D. , Fox Geoffrey T.J.
Published: February 2018

The mechanism of orthokinetic flocculation is assessed in relation to the geometric properties of laminar flow in an idealized capillary model of a granular filter. The velocity gradient (G), which controls the ultimate floc size, Is shown to have a significant effect on the removal efficiency of the filter.
Control of Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water
Authors: Duke Donald T. , Siria Jeffrey W. , Burton Bruce D. , Amundsen Dewey W.
Published: February 2018

The Louisville (Ky.) Water Company's experience confirms that implementation of effective treatment methods for THM control is neither impossible nor overly difficult; each plant must survey its individual needs for THM control and select the most appropriate and economical technology.
The Why, What, and How of Maintaining System Records
Authors: Luksa Robert A.
Published: February 2018

Complete, up‐to‐date records, including as‐built drawings, are not mere paperwork but essential tools for promoting efficient maintenance of distribution system components and for providing background data needed for sound utility management.
The Use of a Perforated Baffle at the Inlet of Rectangular Settling Basins
Authors: Di Bernardo Luiz , Giorgetti Marcius F.
Published: February 2018

The methods commonly used to design a perforated baffle at the inlet of rectangular settling basins are still being refined. Recently this pilot plant study was conducted to determine the optimum distance required for intermixing to occur between the jets of neighboring ports and the effect of Reynolds number on that distance. The use of small nozzles in place of a circular orifice was also explored.
How to Keep Ahead of the Regulators
Authors: Gleason Victor E.
Published: February 2018

One way to keep pace with regulatory growth is to know the requirements and consequences of those regulations affecting water utility operations. A look at eleven types of federal, state, and local legislation maps out what each utility should be aware of for successful operation now and in the future.
The Effects of Permanganate Pretreatment on Trihalomethane Formation in Drinking Water
Authors: Singer Philip C. , Borchardt James H. , Colthurst Jean M.
Published: February 2018

Besides satisfying conventional pretreatment requirements for oxidation of iron and manganese and destruction of taste‐ and odor‐causing substances, permanganate has the potential to oxidize humic and other organic contaminants in water that serve as precursors of trihalomethanes.
Tapping drinking water data: a prototype system
Authors: Deininger Rolf A. , Thomas Richard P. , Clark Robert M.
Published: February 2018

As decisions on new water quality standards are made, it is imperative that information be available on how many public water systems are affected and to what extent. A recently developed prototype data analysis and management system with online interactive capabilities would permit authorized users to interrogate the system and analyze data on US utilities and selected water quality parameters.
Large‐scale ozone‐DE filtration: an industry first
Authors: Bryant Edward A. , Brailey Donald
Published: February 2018

A comparative study of high‐rate conventional treatment, direct filtration with granular media, and ozone–diatomaceous earth (DE) filtration for treatment for an upland water supply in an urban area focused on water quality, efficiency of operation and maintenance, and esthetic and cost considerations. For this particular application, the ozone–DE treatment proved to be the process of choice.
The occurrence of microorganisms in water main encrustations
Authors: Allen Martin J. , Taylor Raymond H. , Geldreich Edwin E.
Published: February 2018

Colonization of microorganisms and resultant high bacterial populations often occur on or within protective encrustations or tubercules inside a distribution system. Formation of these encrustations is affected by a variety of physical, chemical, and biological activities within the pipes, which can be examined in situ by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM photographs demonstrate graphically the survival of microorganisms in the distribution system and their possible role in tubercle formation.
Design of aeration towers to strip volatile contaminants from drinking water
Authors: Kavanaugh Michael C. , Trussell R. Rhodes
Published: February 2018

Chlorohydrocarbon solvents in concentrations up to 1 mg/L are being found with disturbing frequency in ground and surface water supplies across the US. In addition, trihalomethane levels in many water systems exceed the federal standard of 0.1 mg/L. Preliminary analyses suggest that aeration may be a cost‐effective process for removal of these trace organic contaminants. The authors have developed a procedure for the process design of air stripping in packed towers for the removal of volatile organic contaminants, which follow Henry's law at low concentrations. The design methodology incorporates the effects on system design of water and air temperature, volatility of the contaminant, and type and size of packing. It provides an analytical method for estimating the relative cost of air stripping for removal of volatile organic compounds, as well as a quantitative framework for design and evaluation of pilot plant studies.
Recent developments in filtration system design
Authors: Trussell R. Rhodes , Trussell Albert R. , Lang John S. , Tate Carol H.
Published: February 2018

Filter performance has traditionally been characterized by effluent quality (usually turbidity) and net water production. The common yardstick for measuring the latter has been the length of filter run, but other criteria for assessing filter performance, such as filtration rate and backwash volume, can provide more useful data.
Reducing pipeline damage: a dollars‐and‐sense approach
Authors: Hendrick George A.
Published: February 2018

Pipeline damage by equipment operated in proximity to existing underground utilities costs millions of dollars each year and poses considerable hazard to workmen and the public. Excavation in proximity to buried facilities is a long‐established fact of life and the probability of damage is recognized to be directly proportional to the preparation, investigation, and notification activities that have preceded actual excavation. In order to alleviate this problem and provide a simple and effective notification method, utility and pipeline operators in many areas banded together to establish one‐call notification systems. It has been well demonstrated that these systems have substantially reduced damage costs.
A usable input‐output flow chart of a municipal water system
Authors: Bengoechea Ventura , Hendricks David W. , Krempel Roger E.
Published: February 2018

As a rule, municipal water systems are highly complex. A new systems analysis tool, called the input‐output water transactions table, is a simple means to understand both the details and overall structure of a complex system and to facilitate technical planning and informed decision making.
Public health aspects of alternative water disinfectants
Authors: Greenberg Arnold E.
Published: February 2018

Although chlorine dioxide and ozone are good disinfecting agents, the health effects of their reaction products are incompletely understood. The chlorite ion produced by chlorine dioxide and oxidized organic compounds resulting from ozonation may be toxic. Until or unless these substances are identified and their safety demonstrated, neither chlorine dioxide nor ozone should be substituted for chlorine in water disinfection.
Uses of ozone in drinking water treatment
Authors: Rice Rip G. , Robson C. Michael , Miller G. Wade , Hill Archibald G.
Published: February 2018

Ozone has been used continuously for the treatment of drinking water since 1906, when it was first installed in the city of Nice, France, for disinfection purposes. Although many water treatment plants throughout the world still utilize ozone primarily for disinfection, most modern plants rely on ozone to perform one or more oxidation functions. Applications for ozonation now include oxidation of inorganic and organic materials, flocculation and microflocculation for removal of turbidity or suspended solids, and, recently, promotion of aerobic biological processes conducted in filter and adsorption media.
Water reuse: projecting markets and costs
Authors: Horne F. Wiley , Anderton Richard L. , Grant Frank A.
Published: February 2018

Some 200 ML of water are reused in Los Angeles and Orange counties each day for a variety of uses. Spurred by a statewide drought some two years ago, area water and wastewater utilities conducted the Orange and Los Angeles Counties Water Reuse Study, which revealed that long‐term reuse potential for the region is 1150 ML/d. The study spawned a 10‐year project plan that would expand reuse applications and make water reuse an official part of the California Water Plan.
The anatomy of an ozone plant
Authors: LePage Wilfred L.
Published: February 2018

The application of ozone to a water treatment process stream, as exemplified by the Monroe, Mich., ozonation facilities for taste and odor control, requires certain basic elements, regardless of the purpose for which ozone is applied. Ozone generators, contactors, and controls in a plant employing ozone for bacterial disinfection might be identical to those of a facility ozonating for odor and taste destruction or oxidation of iron and manganese. Moreover, the problems, capital and operating costs, maintenance demands, and safety considerations will be similar.
Alternative filtration methods for removal of Giardia cysts and cyst models
Authors: Logsdon Gary S. , Symons James M. , Hoye Robert L. , Arozarena Michael M.
Published: February 2018

The recent occurrence of waterborne giardiasis outbreaks has spurred renewed interest in water filtration for cyst removal. Studies with cyst models and Giardia muris cysts suggest that properly operated water filtration plants should be able to remove a high percentage of G. lamblia cysts. For effective cyst removal, diatomaceous earth (DE) filters need 1.0 kg/m2 diatomite precoat plus body feed, and granular media filters require coagulation of raw water and production of filtered turbidity well below 1.0 ntu throughout the entire filter run.
Expanding computer applications to reduce energy consumption
Authors: Gilman Harold D.
Published: February 2018

Where a digital computer is installed in a plant for monitoring treatment operations, the application can be augmented to include power and energy monitoring. This enables the computer to generate timely displays for operator decision making to reduce power and energy within the constraints of maintaining treatment quality and demand levels. To provide guidance in the control of energy and power, four major factors of the plant electric bill—energy charge, fuel adjustment charge, demand charge, and power factor adjustment—are described with respect to basic definitions and recommendations toward cost reduction.
Groundwater contamination in Connecticut
Authors: Woodhull Richard S.
Published: February 2018

Trace quantities of volatile organic chemicals that are potentially carcinogenic are widespread in Connecticut's groundwaters. Techniques are being found for identifying and dealing with this contamination. The cost to towns and individuals runs high, warranting the development of a governmental aid program directed specifically to this problem.
Deteriorating sources deserve concern
Authors: Okun Daniel A.
Published: February 2018

This letter comments on “Experience With Chloramines as Primary Disinfectants” by Kenneth E. Shull, published in the February 1981 issue of JOURNAL AWWA. The writer's points of contention are raw water quality, coliform density, and regulations.
Face to Face
Authors: Kalbermatten John M. , Zullo Joseph A.
Published: February 2018

John M. Kalbermatten, water and wastewater adviser to World Bank, and Joseph A. Zullo, publications director of AWWA, discuss the World Bank's involvement in the International Drinking Water and Sanitation Decade, 1981‐1990. World Bank financing, developing countries, health standards, contamination, training, and appropriate technologies are among the topics covered. Appropriate Technology
Water rates should be based on sound economics
Authors: Robie Ronald B.
Published: February 2018

This letter addresses points raised in “Declining Block Rates Can Encourage Water Conservation” (JOURNAL AWWA, January 1981). Rate schedules based on costs versus revenue requirements are discussed.
Trihalomethane formation in North Carolina drinking waters
Authors: Singer Philip C. , III James J. Barry , Palen Glenn M. , Scrivner Alan E.
Published: February 2018

Analyses of trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water have shown that these contaminants are formed during the course of water treatment in nine large cities in North Carolina. Research indicates that ultraviolet absorbance and total organic carbon are good indicators of THMs and their precursors. Statistical analysis of research data was also used to identify seasonal variations, temperature effects, geographic trends, and the other water quality characteristics and treatment practices that contribute to formation of THMs.
Specific organic removals by granular activated carbon pilot contactors
Authors: Yohe Thomas L. , Suffet Irwin H. , Cairo Patrick R.
Published: February 2018

In pilot‐plant studies of Philadelphia drinking water, concentrations of organics in finished water varied. Pilot column effluent concentrations of organics exceeded influent levels if the influent concentrations were low. This “chromatographic effect” was most pronounced for variable or poorly adsorbed organics. Displacement‐desorption is postulated as the mechanism for this phenomenon.
Chemical pretreatment for activated‐carbon adsorption
Authors: Randtke Stephen J. , Jepsen Christopher P.
Published: February 2018

Organic substances from five different sources were effectively removed from water by coagulation. The effectiveness was related to the dosage of coagulant relative to the amount of organic matter present, the inorganic composition of the water, and the type of organic matter present. The predominant mechanism for removal was the precipitation of insoluble organo–aluminum complexes. Coagulation significantly increased the adsorptive capacity of activated carbon for the remaining organic matter, except when little or no removal of total organic carbon occurred during coagulation. Neither coagulation nor softening preferentially removed either strongly adsorbing or weakly adsorbing fractions of the organic substances studied.
Synthetic adsorbents and activated carbons for water treatment: overview and experimental comparisons
Authors: Weber Walter J. , van Vliet Benjamin M.
Published: February 2018

The first of a two‐part series evaluating alternative adsorbents for removal of trace organics from water supplies, this paper presents an overview of previous work and an experimental comparison of representative granular activated carbons and eight of the more promising synthetic adsorbents for adsorption of selected classes of organic compounds. Particular emphasis is placed on comparative equilibrium performance. The second part of the series provides a statistical analysis of the comparative data and an interpretation of factors controlling the performance characteristics of adsorbents for water treatment applications.
Activated carbon adsorption of humic substances
Authors: Lee Michael C. , Snoeyink Vernon L. , Crittenden John C.
Published: February 2018

Activated carbon pore‐size distribution is an important parameter relative to the carbon's capacity for adsorbing humic substances. The effect of coagulation on adsorption also should be examined whenever granular activated carbon is to be used following coagulation.
Deteriorating sources evoke additional concern
Authors: Shull Kenneth E.
Published: February 2018

The author of “Experience With Chloramines as Primary Disinfectants” (JOURNAL AWWA, February 1981) points out that certain points in the article were overlooked by the author of “Deteriorating Sources Deserve Concern” (JOURNAL AWWA, June 1981).
New concepts in filtration plant design and rehabilitation
Authors: Bowers A. Eugene , II James D. Beard
Published: February 2018

Numerous changes in filtration plant designs have evolved during the past 20 years. Many changes are subtle; others depart radically from traditional design. One of the most important advancements in treatment process control has focused on filter performance. Collectively, these innovations have significantly improved the reliability of plant operation.
Upgrading to increase treatment capacity
Authors: Brodeur Timothy P.
Published: February 2018

The Manatee County (Fla.) utilities system undertook plant and laboratory studies prior to expanding their water treatment plant by 46 percent to meet peak demands in the most economical way. These studies resulted in the desired production increase as well as an estimated $2‐million savings in construction costs and an annual savings of about $10 000 in energy consumption.
Optimizing coagulation with pilot filters and zeta potential
Authors: Neuman William E.
Published: February 2018

Coagulation is one of the most important treatment processes required for a surface water supply to assure acceptable finished water quality. The key to good coagulation control is using techniques easily understood by operating personnel. The American Water Works Service Company, Inc., Haddon Heights, N.J., uses two practical testing techniques for coagulation control: pilot filters and zeta potential.
Upgrading water treatment plants in San Diego
Authors: King Richard W. , Crossley Eugene I.
Published: February 2018

When San Diego's requirements lor treated water had reached the critical limit, the city had to evaluate the capabilities of its water treatment plants. Feasibility studies showed that needs could be met without changing the physical size of the plants and without sacrificing quality. Modifications included a change of filter media and filter controllers and a change to high‐energy mixers and flocculators.
Closed‐loop stripping analysis as a tool for solving taste and odor problems
Authors: McGuire Michael J. , Krasner Stuart W. , Hwang Cordelia J. , Izaguirre George
Published: February 2018

The strategy of the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWDSC) for coping with difficult earthy‐musty odors encompasses sensory, microbiological, and trace organic analytical techniques. The closed‐loop stripping analysis (CLSA) technique allows identification of several taste‐ and odor‐causing organic substances (e.g., geosmin and 2‐methylisoborneol) in water, sediments, and cultures at low nanogram‐per‐litre levels. CLSA is as sensitive as or more sensitive than the human nose and qualitatively more reliable. Extensive data assembled before and during odor episodes, along with multiple sources of raw water and a flexible distribution system, enable MWDSC to control earthy‐musty odors.
Cavitation limits for valves
Authors: Rahmeyer William J.
Published: February 2018

Valves are used in piping systems to control flow rates and to regulate pressures. Whenever a large pressure drop occurs across a valve, the possibility of cavitation exists. A system can be subject to noise, vibration, and erosion damage when operating in a cavitating flow range. To quantify these effects in terms of different stages of cavitation, this paper presents design limits and testing procedures for cavitation in valves. The author hopes that such design criteria will be included in future testing specifications such as those in the Instrument Society of America ISA‐S39.2.
Factors affecting coliform bacteria growth in distribution systems
Authors: Martin R.S. , Gates W.H. , Tobin R.S. , Grantham D. , Sumarah R. , Wolfe P. , Forestall P.
Published: February 2018

Laboratory studies were carried out to determine which factors influence the survival and growth of coliforms, particularly Klebsiella pneumoniae, in drinking water distribution systems. Tubercle material scraped from the lumen of distribution pipes adversely affected the maintenance of a free available chlorine residual and supported K. pneumoniae growth. The pH of the water markedly influenced the survival of bacteria; 50 percent of the organisms survived at least 22 hours at pH 7.3 and 7.9, whereas 50 percent of the organisms survived only 1 hour at pH 9.0. The addition of lime to the raw water was an effective method of pH and bacteria control. The addition of more than 5 mg/L lime to the raw water caused at least 99 percent reduction in K. pneumoniae levels. The lime addition method was successfully employed to control the growth of this bacterium in the distribution system at Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
Communicating with water utility customers
Authors: Kutchins Kay
Published: February 2018

Everything a water utility does—from meter reading to bond issues—has an effect on the public's image of the utility. Every employee from top management to telephone operator has a responsibility for communicating with the customer. A planned communications program can help utilities reach technical objectives and achieve public support for their programs.
Evaluating regenerated activated carbon through laboratory and pilot‐column studies
Authors: Cairo Patrick R. , Coyle James T. , Davis John J. , Neukrug Howard M. , Suffet Irwin H. , Wicklund Arnold
Published: February 2018

Preliminary studies suggest that the conventional method of carbon regeneration at 962° C (1750°F), which was developed for carbon heavily laden with industrial and wastewater organics, may be too harsh a condition for carbon used for drinking water. Regeneration at 542° C (1000° F) may lead to adsorption sites being clogged. At 850° C (1550° F), carbon regeneration restored the carbon capacity for MEK and n‐butanol probes during laboratory studies.
Procedures for analyzing organic contaminants in drinking water
Authors: Brass Herbert J.
Published: February 2018

A review of the measurement techniques for the control of organic chemicals in drinking water is presented. Because data acquired since the mid‐1970s have shown a wide variety of specific organic chemicals to be present in finished drinking waters and their sources of supply, it is increasingly important for water utility laboratories to have sophisticated analytical capabilities available to them.
Performance of granular activated carbon for total organic carbon removal
Authors: Roberts Paul V. , Summers R. Scott
Published: February 2018

The results of papers presented at the second of two conferences concerning the state of the art of the application of oxidation and adsorption techniques (including granular activated carbon) in the treatment of drinking water were analyzed for their application to GAC use in the United States. Total organic carbon was used as the parameter for measuring the removal of collective organics. Results of European investigations fell primarily in the mid‐range of the spectrum of results in the United States. The authors believe that given the substantially larger body of experience with GAC in Europe, it would be advantageous for North American specialists to draw on this information.
Regulations or public service?
Authors: Bumstead John C.
Published: February 2018

Many small‐ and medium‐sized water systems are deficient in managerial expertise and technical and operational capability. State agencies could provide assistance to these systems. It is suggested that state health departments be solely responsible for setting standards and monitoring performance of treatment facilities, and that environmental agencies provide community water systems with the knowledge needed to reach and maintain design performance levels. Regulations, operation and maintenance are covered.
Industry helps conserve municipal water
Authors: Levine Paul R.
Published: February 2018

By developing systems to recycle process and cooling water, tapping groundwater sources, and promoting water conservation education, a major manufacturer reduced its water consumption by as much as 58 percent. The program helped alleviate municipal water shortages in Attleboro, Mass.
Adsorption of toxic and carcinogenic compounds from water
Authors: Weber Walter J. , Pirbazari Massoud
Published: February 2018

The Michigan Adsorption Design and Application Model—applied here to seven specific toxic or carcinogenic compounds found in US surface waters and groundwaters—is being used for data synthesis and for simulation and prediction of the performance of carbon beds in removing trace quantities of such compounds under conditions approximating water treatment practice.
Water supply and distribution in larger communities
Authors: Pavia Richard A.
Published: February 2018

Water utilities are perhaps the hardest hit of all utilities faced with inflation and customer resistance to rate and tax increases, because their ratios of capital investment to revenue are the highest of the basic utilities. This article describes how the Chicago water system is dealing with these problems.
Construction services: a contractor's view
Authors: Gentry William W.
Published: February 2018

Attitudes of owners and contractors alike can save money and needless conflict during construction projects. The owner of a medium‐sized construction firm outlines his respect for cooperative owners and his punch list of danger signals.
Operator Certification
Authors: Eberhardt William A.
Published: February 2018

Contrary to a statement made in “Operator Certification: 1980 Status Report” (JOURNAL AWWA December 1981), certification of individual waste treatment plant operators is not mandatory in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
Alternatives for controlling organics in groundwater supplies
Authors: Dyksen John E. , Hess Alan F.
Published: February 2018

Organic chemical compounds have infiltrated many groundwater sources. Since thousands of small water systems rely on groundwater sources for potable water, an economical means of controlling or treating supplies is essential. This article outlines alternatives for bringing such systems into compliance and compares the costs of each method.
Movement of organic contaminants in groundwater: implications for water supply
Authors: Roberts Paul V. , Reinhard Martin , Valocchi Albert J.
Published: February 2018

Contamination of groundwaters in the United States by organic compounds is reviewed in terms of its occurrence, behavior, and treatment. In particular, the sorption, dispersion, advection, and degradation of organics in groundwater are considered.
Rates and consumption
Authors: Sawchuk Lloyd
Published: February 2018

This reader argues that Comer and Beilock, in “How Rate Structures and Elasticities Affect Water Consumption” (JOURNAL AWWA June 1982), overlooked the concept of ceteris paribus, used the word “refutes” incorrectly, and misled readers with their discussion of varying residential elasticities of demand. Reference is made to “Delivery Block Rates Can Encourage Water Conservation” (JOURNAL AWWA January 1981) as an accurate source for determining rates and consumption.
Funding improvements with debt capital and revenues
Authors: Marshall W.N.
Published: February 2018

A municipal water utility about to engage in a major construction program necessitating a bond sale and forcing an increase in water rates should plan to fund all capital expenditures with a combination of bond proceeds and revenues. The optimum combination of funds Is related to interest rates, duration of construction, and debt service coverage. The greater the impositions of the bond market, the greater are the advantages of combination funding.
Testing the membrane plugging factor in reverse osmosis
Authors: Comstock Daniel
Published: February 2018

The plugging factor or silt density index test is being used widely as a predictor of feedwater quality for reverse osmosis. A research project was conducted to determine the theory behind this important membrane test. It was determined that in most instances, plugging of membrane filters was due to blocking filtration by particles of the filtered suspension. For seawater, an additional plugging mechanism—organic molecules—came into play.