bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of non-Markovianity with maximal extractable qubit-reservoir entanglement
Authors: Han Pei-Rong , Wu Fan , Huang Xin-Jie , Wu Huai-Zhi , Yi Wei , Wen Jianming , Yang Zhen-Biao , Zheng Shi-Biao
Published: September 2024

Understanding the dynamical behavior of a qubit in a reservoir is critical to applications in quantum technological protocols, ranging from quantum computation to quantum metrology. The effect of the reservoir depends on the reservoir's spectral structure as well as on the qubit-reservoir coupling strength. We here propose a measure for quantifying the non-Markovian effect of a reservoir with a Lorentzian spectrum, based on the maximum qubit-reservoir quantum entanglement that can be extracted. Numerical simulation shows that this entanglement exhibits a monotonous behavior in response to the variation of the coupling strength. We confirm the validity of this measure with an experiment where a superconducting qubit is controllably coupled to a lossy resonator, which acts as a reservoir for the qubit. The experimental results illustrate that the maximal extractable entanglement is progressively increased with the strengthening of non-Markovianity.
Method for remaining useful life prediction of rolling bearings based on deep reinforcement learning
Authors: Wang Yipeng , Li Yonghua , Lu Hang , Wang Denglong
Published: September 2024

In contemporary industrial systems, the prediction of remaining useful life (RUL) is recognized as a valuable maintenance strategy for health management due to its ability to monitor equipment operational status in real time and ensure the safety of industrial production. Current studies have largely concentrated on deep learning (DL) techniques, leading to a shortage of RUL prediction methods that utilize deep reinforcement learning (DRL). To further enhance application and research, this paper introduces a novel approach to RUL prediction based on DRL, specifically using a combination of Convolutional Neural Network-Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Network (CNN-BiLSTM) and the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) algorithm. The proposed method reframes the conventional task of estimating RUL as a Markov decision process (MDP), effectively integrating the feature extraction capabilities of DL with the decision-making abilities of DRL. Initially, a hybrid CNN-BiLSTM is employed to establish an agent that can extract degradation features from raw signals. Subsequently, the DDPG algorithm within DRL is leveraged to develop the RUL prediction mechanism, completing the MDP by defining appropriate action spaces and reward functions. The agent, through repeated trials and optimization, learns to map the current operational state of the rolling bearing to its remaining service life. Validation analysis was performed on the intelligent maintenance systems (IMS) bearing dataset. The findings suggest that the DRL-based approach outperforms the current methodologies, demonstrating a superior performance in root mean square error (MSE) and MSE metrics. The predicted outcomes align more closely with the actual lifespan values.
Dipolar induced nonreciprocal magnon hybridization in FeNi/YIG bilayers
Authors: Kong Xiangjie , Song Wenjie , Li Chaozhong , Ong C. K. , Chai Guozhi
Published: September 2024

We investigated the magnon hybridization behavior in FeNi films, which were deposited on the yttrium-iron garnet (YIG) films by using Brillouin light scattering. Nonreciprocal magnon hybridizations have been detected not only on the mode densities but also the dispersion relations. The perpendicular standing spin wave mode confined in the thickness direction hybridized with the top surface magnetostatic surface spin wave at smaller wave vectors range while hybridized with the bottom surface mode at larger wave vectors range. The dipolar interaction between the FeNi layer and the YIG layer should be the main reason for the nonreciprocal hybridization of the two modes in the FeNi layer. The nonreciprocal hybridization characteristics of FeNi/YIG double-layer magnetic films enrich the nonreciprocal magnon hybridization system and might have potential application in constructing spin wave-based devices.
Decay characteristics and application predictions of far-field high-pressure water: Jet velocity and volume fraction
Authors: Jiang Mingjun , Yin Lingxiao , Liu Yingke , Sun Biao , Xiong Ji , Bu Xiangyang , Wang Fengchao , Zhang Liyao
Published: September 2024

In the field of deep mining engineering, high-pressure water jets progress toward larger diameters and higher velocities to enhance their impact performance. Understanding the decay characteristics as well as their implications remains challenging. In this article, the jet spread coefficients (k and c) within the empirical model of jet diffusion are determined by series of lab experiments, while simulations using the Eulerian method are conducted by implementing the modified diffusion model as a subroutine. The effects of spread coefficient, jet velocity, and nozzle diameter on the degree of jet decay are studied. The results show that the jet spread coefficient increases logarithmically with increasing jet velocity. With the increase in nozzle diameter, the growth of spread coefficient k of the jet gradually decreases. Increasing the nozzle diameter and spread coefficient k can effectively reduce the decay degree of jet axial velocity and water volume fraction. Notably, although the increase in jet velocity does not impact the decay of axial velocity, it exacerbates the decay of water volume fraction. Similarly, the increase in spread coefficient c has no effect on the reduction of water volume fraction, but it intensifies the decay of jet axial velocity. The combined effects of increased jet velocity and jet spread coefficient weaken the degree of jet decay. The research presents a comprehensive and innovative study of jet diffusion and attenuation phenomena. These insights not only expand the application of jet diffusion models but also provide theoretical support for understanding and optimizing the application of jets.
Polarization-dependent photoemission electron microscopy for domain imaging of inorganic and molecular materials
Authors: Ghosh Atreyie , Spellberg Joseph L. , King Sarah B.
Published: September 2024

Polarization-dependent photoemission electron microscopy (PD-PEEM) exploits spatial variation in the optical selection rules of materials to image domain formation and material organization on the nanoscale. In this Perspective, we discuss the mechanism of PD-PEEM that results in the observed image contrast in experiments and provide examples of a wide range of material domain structures that PD-PEEM has been able to elucidate, including molecular and polymer domains, local electronic structure and defect symmetry, (anti)ferroelectricity, and ferromagnetism. In the end, we discuss challenges and new directions that are possible with this tool for probing domain structure in materials, including investigating the formation of transient ordered states, multiferroics, and the influence of molecular and polymer order and disorder on excited state dynamics and charge transport.
Monte Carlo simulations of glass-forming liquids beyond Metropolis
Authors: Berthier Ludovic , Ghimenti Federico , van Wijland Frédéric
Published: September 2024

Monte Carlo simulations are widely employed to measure the physical properties of glass-forming liquids in thermal equilibrium. Combined with local Monte Carlo moves, the Metropolis algorithm can also be used to simulate the relaxation dynamics, thus offering an efficient alternative to molecular dynamics. Monte Carlo simulations are, however, more versatile because carefully designed Monte Carlo algorithms can more efficiently sample the rugged free energy landscape characteristic of glassy systems. After a brief overview of Monte Carlo studies of glass-formers, we define and implement a series of Monte Carlo algorithms in a three-dimensional model of polydisperse hard spheres. We show that the standard local Metropolis algorithm is the slowest and that implementing collective moves or breaking detailed balance enhances the efficiency of the Monte Carlo sampling. We use time correlation functions to provide a microscopic interpretation of these observations. Seventy years after its invention, the Monte Carlo method remains the most efficient and versatile tool to compute low-temperature properties in supercooled liquids.
MOSP: A user-interface package for simulating metal nanoparticle’s structure and reactivity under operando conditions
Authors: Ying Lei , Zhu Beien , Gao Yi
Published: September 2024

The structures of metal nanoparticles (NPs) significantly influence their catalytic reactivities. Recent in situ experimental observations of dramatic structural changes in NPs underscore the need to establish a dynamic structure–property relationship that accounts for the reconstruction of NPs in reactive environments. Here, we present the MOSP, a free and open-source graphical user interface (GUI) package designed to simulate the structure and reactivity of metal NPs under operando conditions. MOSP integrates two models: the multiscale structure reconstruction model predicting equilibrium metal NP structures under specific reaction conditions and the kinetic Monte Carlo model simulating the reaction dynamics. This combination allows for the exploration of the dynamic structure–property relationships of NPs. MOSP enhances user accessibility through its intuitive GUI, facilitating easy input, post-processing, and visualization of simulation data. This article is the release note of MOSP, focusing on its implementation and functionality.
Investigation of models to estimate flight performance of gliding birds from wakes
Authors: Song Jialei , Chen Changyao , Cheney Jorn A. , Usherwood James R. , Bomphrey Richard J.
Published: September 2024

Mathematical models based on inviscid flow theory are effective at predicting the aerodynamic forces on large-scale aircraft. Avian flight, however, is characterized by smaller sizes, slower speeds, and increased influence of viscous effects associated with lower Reynolds numbers. Therefore, inviscid mathematical models of avian flight should be used with caution. The assumptions used in such models, such as thin wings and streamlined bodies, may be violated by birds, potentially introducing additional error. To investigate the applicability of the existing models to calculate the aerodynamic performance of bird flight, we compared predictions using simulated wakes with those calculated directly from forces on the bird surface, both derived from computational fluid dynamics of a high-fidelity barn owl geometry in free gliding flight. Two lift models and two drag models are assessed. We show that the generalized Kutta–Joukowski model, corrected by the streamwise velocity, can predict not only the lift but also span loading well. Drag was predicted best by a drag model based on the conservation of fluid momentum in a control volume. Finally, we estimated force production for three raptor species across nine gliding flights by applying the best lift model to wake flow fields measured with particle tracking velocimetry.
Characteristic analysis of tunnel collapse arch in weak rock mass
Authors: Wang Jintong , Gao Xin , Liu Hongliang , Dai Ling , Li Xiong , Ren Zhengtao , Bai Bin , Fan Hongyun
Published: September 2024

The stress of surrounding rock and supporting structure is very complicated during the construction of a loose rock tunnel. The characteristics analysis of collapse arch is very important for the construction safety. This paper compares and analyzes the applicability of the full section method and the three-step method under shallow buried loose surrounding rock, reveals the influence law of tunnel excavation height span ratio on the stability of a pseudo-collapse arch of surrounding rock under shallow buried loose surrounding rock, and rationally chooses the three-step method as the dominant construction method of tunnel construction under this geological condition. For the three-step construction method, the optimization study of the excavation height of the upper step is carried out, the relationship between the excavation height of the tunnel and the stress concentration area under the condition of shallow buried loose surrounding rock is revealed, the influence of surrounding rock stress release on the stability of the tunnel surrounding rock is explored, and the damage of tunnel rock mass caused by the stress concentration phenomenon is analyzed. It is determined that the optimal excavation height of the upper step is 0.4H under the geological conditions of the DS project in Sichuan province, China, under construction. This paper analyzes the influence of structural plane spacing on the stability of a tunnel collapse arch under shallow buried loose conditions and reveals the law that the smaller the structural plane spacing, the worse the self-bearing capacity of the collapse arch, and the higher the risk of engineering accidents such as rock collapse or even collapse in the tunnel, which effectively guides the safe construction of the tunnel under shallow buried loose geological conditions.
RASPA3: A Monte Carlo code for computing adsorption and diffusion in nanoporous materials and thermodynamics properties of fluids
Authors: Ran Y. A. , Sharma S. , Balestra S. R. G. , Li Z. , Calero S. , Vlugt T. J. H. , Snurr R. Q. , Dubbeldam D.
Published: September 2024

We present RASPA3, a molecular simulation code for computing adsorption and diffusion in nanoporous materials and thermodynamic and transport properties of fluids. It implements force field based classical Monte Carlo/molecular dynamics in various ensembles. In this article, we introduce the new additions and changes compared to RASPA2. RASPA3 is rewritten from the ground up in C++23 with speed and code readability in mind. Transition-matrix Monte Carlo is added to compute the density of states and free energies. The Monte Carlo code for rigid molecules is based on quaternions, and the atomic positions needed in the energy evaluation are recreated from the center of mass position and quaternion orientation. The expanded ensemble methodology for fractional molecules, with a scaling parameter λ between 0 and 1, now also keeps track of analytic expressions of dU/dλ, allowing independent verification of the chemical potential using thermodynamic integration. The source code is freely available under the MIT license on GitHub. Using this code, we compare four Monte Carlo (MC) insertion/deletion techniques: unbiased Metropolis MC, Configurational-Bias Monte Carlo (CBMC), Continuous Fractional Component MC (CFCMC), and CB/CFCMC. We compare particle distribution shapes, acceptance ratios, accuracy and speed of isotherm computation, enthalpies of adsorption, and chemical potentials, over a wide range of loadings and systems, for the grand canonical ensemble and for the Gibbs ensemble.
Large-scale control in turbulent flows over surface riblets
Authors: Duan Peng-Yu , Chen Xi , Ji Yong , Yao Jie , Hussain Fazle
Published: September 2024

The drag reduction efficacy of a large-scale flow control over a rough surface is studied via direct numerical simulations of turbulent channels (at friction Reynolds numbers Reτ=180) by combining together wall riblets and streamwise counter-rotating swirls. In particular, the height of triangular riblets is h+≈10 (+indicating wall units), while the number of riblets (NRib in the range 1–56) along the periodic spanwise direction is varied to find the optimum. The swirls are generated by the spanwise opposed wall-jet forcing (SOJF) in the Navier–Stokes equation, whose controlling parameters follow the optimal ones as for the smooth wall. In total, 12 cases of combined SOJF and riblets are performed to investigate the coupling effects between the two methods. We find a range of NRib=7–14 (with the spanwise width z+≈140−280) yields the largest drag reduction (up to 20%) for Reτ=180, much higher than riblets control only (about 3%). Compared to SOJF control only, riblets suppress the secondary swirls of SOJF hence decreasing drag, while the lateral and down washing motions of SOJF impinging on riblets would increase drag—the opposite two effects thus giving rise to an optimal. Through examinations on coherent structures, we elucidate that the attenuation of both large-scale coherent motions and small-scale random fluctuations leads to the net drag reduction. We conclude that large-scale control is a robust approach in the cases of rough surfaces, and the parameters can be selected for maximum drag reduction in each particular situation.
Two-dimensional analysis of electrical behavior in composite semiconductor shell structures with magnetic field tuning
Authors: Wang Tiqing , Zhu Feng , Li Peng , Xu Zelin , Ma Tingfeng , Kuznetsova Iren , Dong Bin , Qian Zhenghua
Published: September 2024

To precisely investigate the electric properties and reveal the intrinsic interaction mechanisms between multiple fields in the composite magneto-electric-semiconductor shell structure, two-dimensional analyses were conducted within the framework of the third-order shear deformation theory and the coupled field theory. The governing equations for the composite piezoelectric semiconductor (PS) shell structures were derived using the principle of virtual work. Field distributions of the composite PS shell structures were obtained by expanding basic field quantities into Fourier series along the width direction and using the differential quadrature method. Prior to analysis, the convergence and correctness of the adopted method were evaluated. Several numerical examples were presented to demonstrate how magnetic manipulation can tune electrical behavior. It was found that inhomogeneous shear strain induced by applied magnetic fields is the key factor affecting potential variation in the composite PS shells. The appearance of potential barriers and wells in the composite PS shell structure with an opposite c axis is explained thoroughly. Additionally, the effect of magnetic field non-uniformity on the composite PS shell structure was investigated using an equivalent body force model, offering valuable insights for designing thin-film devices.
Low threshold, high temperature operation of continuous wave interband cascade lasers near 5 μm
Authors: Lin Yuzhe , Ma Yuan , Zheng Wanhua , Zhang Kedong , Lu Hong , Yang Rui Q.
Published: September 2024

We report significant improvements in threshold current density and maximum operating temperature in continuous wave (CW) operation of interband cascade lasers (ICLs) near 5 μm. The uncoated ICLs were demonstrated at room temperature with a threshold current density of 343.8 A/cm2 and an output power of 31 mW/facet at 25 °C in CW mode. Different ICLs made from the same wafer were compared to study the impact of device dimensions on performance. The threshold current density of 331 A/cm2 achieved from a facet-uncoated 5 mm-long device at 25 °C is the lowest among all previously reported room temperature CW ICLs with emission wavelengths longer than 4 μm. Compared to the previous record of 480 A/cm2 at 4.75 μm for a facet-coated 4-mm-long ICL at 25 °C, this value of 331 A/cm2 is reduced by 31%, representing a substantial improvement. Benefited from improved device fabrication and enhanced thermal dissipation, the maximum CW operating temperature of the device reached 66 °C, which is the highest ever reported for ICLs with similar emission wavelengths.
Analysis of physiological pulsating flow of Carreau fluid in a curved cerebral artery
Authors: Li Keyun , Zhang Yan , Gao Jun , Sun Dezhou , Bai Yu
Published: September 2024

The study of blood flow in curved arteries aims to understand how hemodynamic behavior is affected by geometric factors, which is crucial for revealing the formation and progression of vascular diseases. Currently, most studies on blood flow in curved vessels have utilized computational fluid dynamics software. Numerical calculations have typically concentrated on the steady flow of Newtonian fluid in curved vessels with circular cross sections, while non-Newtonian fluid flow has predominantly been calculated in curved pipes with rectangular cross sections. In this paper, the governing equation of Carreau fluid flow in a curved cerebral artery with constant curvature is established using a curvilinear coordinate system, with the flow driven by a physiological pulsatile pressure gradient. Deriving support from finite difference method, numerical solutions are acquired, whose convergence and validity are verified. It is concluded that time-averaged wall shear stress peaks at the inner side of the artery, resulting in the risk of atherosclerosis, while relative residence time peaks at the outer side, causing the likelihood of cerebral infarction there. While an increase in δ amplifies the amplitude of both, it has barely any effect on their values at θ = π/2 and θ = 3π/2. Time-averaged Dean number is first defined to evaluate the development of secondary flow in curved arteries over a cardiac cycle. Near the wall, it peaks at the inner side of the vessel and escalates markedly with larger δ. This study can provide an effective reference for the early prevention and diagnosis of cerebral artery infarction.
Three-dimensional numerical simulations and experimental studies on the viscoelastic rheological and deformation behavior of polymer catheter in gas-assisted extrusion processing
Authors: Zhang Xiaohui , Huang Xingyuan , Chen Shuiquan
Published: September 2024

Gas-assisted extrusion is an effective method for improving the deformation behavior of polymer catheters during extrusion. However, the underlying mechanisms that dictate how geometrical and constitutive models influence the complex rheological behavior of the melt are not yet fully understood, which hinders further utilization and optimization. In this study, the three-dimensional (3D) gas–liquid–gas model for catheter gas-assisted extrusion was constructed. Subsequently, the Bird–Carreau model and the Phan–Thien–Tanner (PTT) model were employed in finite element numerical simulations to analyze the complex behavior. For comparative analysis, simplified two-dimensional (2D) model numerical simulations were also conducted. Additionally, experiments on catheter gas-assisted extrusion and parameterization studies of key constitutive model parameters were performed. The findings indicate that the 3D model, when integrated with the PTT constitutive model, demonstrates superior predictability and aligns more closely with experimental results. Furthermore, as the flow rate increases, discrepancies among different models diminish, and the distance required for the melt and gas to achieve motion equilibrium decreases. The internal mechanisms behind these phenomena are elucidated through the analysis of velocity and stress field distributions. This research enhances our understanding of the complex rheological behavior in polymer catheter gas-assisted extrusion, providing valuable insights for both academic research and industrial production in this field.
Raft-like lipid mixtures in the highly coarse-grained Cooke membrane model
Authors: Varma Malavika , Khuri-Makdisi Farid , Deserno Markus
Published: September 2024

Lipid rafts are nanoscopic assemblies of sphingolipids, cholesterol, and specific membrane proteins. They are believed to underlie the experimentally observed lateral heterogeneity of eukaryotic plasma membranes and implicated in many cellular processes, such as signaling and trafficking. Ternary model membranes consisting of saturated lipids, unsaturated lipids, and cholesterol are common proxies because they exhibit phase coexistence between a liquid-ordered (lo) and liquid-disordered (ld) phase and an associated critical point. However, plasma membranes are also asymmetric in terms of lipid type, lipid abundance, leaflet tension, and corresponding cholesterol distribution, suggesting that rafts cannot be examined separately from questions about elasticity, curvature torques, and internal mechanical stresses. Unfortunately, it is challenging to capture this wide range of physical phenomenology in a single model that can access sufficiently long length- and time scales. Here we extend the highly coarse-grained Cooke model for lipids, which has been extensively characterized on the curvature-elastic front, to also represent raft-like lo/ld mixing thermodynamics. In particular, we capture the shape and tie lines of a coexistence region that narrows upon cholesterol addition, terminates at a critical point, and has coexisting phases that reflect key differences in membrane order and lipid packing. We furthermore examine elasticity and lipid diffusion for both phase separated and pure systems and how they change upon the addition of cholesterol. We anticipate that this model will enable significant insight into lo/ld phase separation and the associated question of lipid rafts for membranes that have compositionally distinct leaflets that are likely under differential stress—like the plasma membrane.
Effect of ground-state charge transfer on photoexcited charge transfer in transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructures
Authors: Liu Xiaojing , Wang Yongsheng , Zhang Xiaoxian , Li Guili , Ren Fangying , Wang Jiarong , Zhao Kun , He Jiaqi , He Dawei , Zheng Ting , Zhao Hui
Published: September 2024

We report an experimental investigation on the effect of ground-state charge transfer and its induced electric field on photoexcited charge transfer in van der Waals heterostructures. Two heterostructure samples were fabricated by stacking an undoped WSe2 monolayer with either a Nb-doped or undoped MoSe2 monolayer. While no ground-state charge transfer is expected in the MoSe2/WSe2 heterostructure, the doped holes in the MoSe2:Nb/WSe2 heterostructure can transfer to WSe2, creating a space-charge electric field. By comparing the photoluminescence and time-resolved differential reflectance of the two heterostructures, we find that photoexcited hole transfer from MoSe2 to WSe2 is largely blocked by this field, whereas photoexcited electron transfer from WSe2 to MoSe2 is less affected. These results provide insight into the impact of doping on the charge-transfer performance of van der Waals heterostructures.
Edge sites regulation, strain and electric field effect on MoS2/CoS2 heterojunction catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Zhang Jiahao , Kang Chen , Ren Junfeng , Chen Meina , Lin Zijing
Published: September 2024

Heterojunction catalysts in the field of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) from electrocatalytic water splitting have recently become a hot research topic. In this paper, we systematically calculated the HER catalytic performance of a MoS2/CoS2 heterojunction for the first time, considering the effect of edge sites regulation, strain and electric field. The results indicate that the MoS2/CoS2 heterojunction exhibits synergistic catalytic performance compared to MoS2 and CoS2, the HER catalytic activity of which can be improved by exposing more edge sites or regulating the S content on the edges, with an optimized ratio of 25%. Surprisingly, applying strain has a slight effect on the catalytic activity of the edge, however, an obvious effect on the basal plane. For example, applying 2% tensile strain on the MoS2/CoS2 heterojunction can improve the edge catalytic performance by 13%, and for the basal plane, this value can reach 92%. In this case, the catalytic performance of the basal plane is better than that of the edge with 2% and without strain. Since the basal plane accounts for the majority of the two-dimensional catalysts, the catalytic performance of the basal plane is generally much lower than that of the edge. This discovery is of great significance, which means by adjusting strain, the catalytic performance of the heterojunction catalyst is likely to be improved by orders of magnitude. Moreover, considering the actual experimental process, we also calculated the effect of the electric field and found that 0.7 V/Å electric field can enhance the HER catalytic activity of the MoS2/CoS2 heterojunction by 23%.
Photoelectron spectroscopy of deprotonated benzonitrile
Authors: Ashworth Eleanor K. , Bull James N.
Published: September 2024

The recent discovery of cyano-substituted aromatic and two-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules in Taurus Molecular Cloud-1 has prompted questions on how the electronic structure and excited-state dynamics of these molecules are linked with their existence and abundance. Here, we report a photodetachment and frequency- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy study of jet-cooled para-deprotonated benzonitrile (p-[Bzn-H]−). The adiabatic detachment energy was determined as 1.70 ± 0.01 eV, in good agreement with CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ calculations. The spectra across the first few electron-volts above threshold are dominated by prompt autodetachment processes associated with excitation of at least five short-lived (tens of femtoseconds) temporary anion shaped resonances since excitation cross sections are several orders of magnitude larger than direct photodetachment cross sections. The photoexcitation vibronic profile is dominated by a ≈640 cm−1 ring deformation mode. [Bzn-H]− lacks a valence-localized excited state situated below the detachment threshold and does not exhibit thermionic emission following excitation of the temporary anion resonances. Thus, [Bzn-H]− is unlikely to be stable in many interstellar environments.
A new genus of bamboo coral (Octocorallia: Scleralcyonacea: Keratoisididae) from the Whittard Canyon, Ireland, Northeast Atlantic
Authors: Morrissey Declan , Allcock A. Louise , Quattrini Andrea M.
Published: September 2024

Deep-sea corals are rarely identified to species due to a lack of taxonomic expertise and paucity of sampling. Herein we describe a new genus from the family Keratoisididae collected from the Northeast Atlantic. Using both nuclear (2010 conserved element loci) and complete mitogenome phylogenies, we found this genus to be closely related to the genera Dokidisis and Jasonisis. In the nuclear phylogeny, each genus occupied a distinct well-supported clade. All three genera lack thorned- or double-star sclerites in the pharynx; instead they have flattened rods, a potential unifying feature of the keratoisidid group J3 of Watling et al. (2022). The newly described genus Explorisis gen. nov. has a unique sclerome including spindles and tapered rods that differentiates it from its sister genera. Explorisis katharina sp. nov. is characterised by volcano to cylindrical shaped polyps, striated rods and spindles in the polyp body, and elongated flattened rods in the coenenchyme, whereas Explorisis poppyae sp. nov. has heavily granulated spindles and rods in both the polyp body and coenenchyme. Genetic variation within the mitogenomes across both Explorisis gen. nov. species is limited with mutations in just 3 of 14 protein coding regions. ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:141BD76E-8C83-43BE-8E1E-B8C53CD7CEF7
Language sentiment predicts changes in depressive symptoms
Authors: Hur Jihyun K. , Heffner Joseph , Feng Gloria W. , Joormann Jutta , Rutledge Robb B.
Published: September 2024

The prevalence of depression is a major societal health concern, and there is an ongoing need to develop tools that predict who will become depressed. Past research suggests that depression changes the language we use, but it is unclear whether language is predictive of worsening symptoms. Here, we test whether the sentiment of brief written linguistic responses predicts changes in depression. Across two studies (N= 467), participants provided responses to neutral open-ended questions, narrating aspects of their lives relevant to depression (e.g., mood, motivation, sleep). Participants also completed the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to assess depressive symptoms and a risky decision-making task with periodic measurements of momentary happiness to quantify mood dynamics. The sentiment of written responses was evaluated by human raters (N= 470), Large Language Models (LLMs; ChatGPT 3.5 and 4.0), and the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) tool. We found that language sentiment evaluated by human raters and LLMs, but not LIWC, predicted changes in depressive symptoms at a three-week follow-up. Using computational modeling, we found that language sentiment was associated with current mood, but language sentiment predicted symptom changes even after controlling for current mood. In summary, we demonstrate a scalable tool that combines brief written responses with sentiment analysis by AI tools that matches human performance in the prediction of future psychiatric symptoms.
Illusory interparty disagreement: Partisans agree on what hate speech to censor but do not know it
Authors: Solomon Brittany C. , Hall Matthew E. K. , Hemmen Abigail , Druckman James N.
Published: September 2024

Whether and when to censor hate speech are long-standing points of contention in the US. The latest iteration of these debates entails grappling with content regulation on social media in an age of intense partisan polarization. But do partisans disagree about what types of hate speech to censor on social media or do they merely differ on how much hate speech to censor? And do they understand out-party censorship preferences? We examine these questions in a nationally representative conjoint survey experiment (participant
N
= 3,357; decision
N
= 40,284). We find that, although Democrats support more censorship than Republicans, partisans generally agree on what types of hate speech are most deserving of censorship in terms of the speech’s target, source, and severity. Despite this substantial cross-party agreement, partisans mistakenly believe that members of the other party prioritize protecting different targets of hate speech. For example, a major disconnect between the two parties is that Democrats overestimate and Republicans underestimate the other party’s willingness to censor speech targeting Whites. We conclude that partisan differences on censoring hate speech are largely based on free speech values and misperceptions rather than identity-based social divisions.
The telencephalon is a neuronal substrate for systemic inflammatory responses in teleosts via polyamine metabolism
Authors: Mani Amir , Haddad Farah , Barreda Daniel R. , Salinas Irene
Published: September 2024

Systemic inflammation elicits sickness behaviors and fever by engaging a complex neuronal circuitry that begins in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus. Ectotherms such as teleost fish display sickness behaviors in response to infection or inflammation, seeking warmer temperatures to enhance survival via behavioral fever responses. To date, the hypothalamus is the only brain region implicated in sickness behaviors and behavioral fever in teleosts. Yet, the complexity of neurobehavioral manifestations underlying sickness responses in teleosts suggests engagement of higher processing areas of the brain. Using in vivo models of systemic inflammation in rainbow trout, we find canonical pyrogenic cytokine responses in the hypothalamus whereas in the telencephalon and the optic tectum
il-1b
and
tnfa
expression is decoupled from
il-6
expression. Polyamine metabolism changes, characterized by accumulation of putrescine and decreases in spermine and spermidine, are recorded in the telencephalon but not hypothalamus upon systemic injection of bacteria. While systemic inflammation causes canonical behavioral fever in trout, blockade of bacterial polyamine metabolism prior to injection abrogates behavioral fever, polyamine responses, and telencephalic but not hypothalamic cytokine responses. Combined, our work identifies the telencephalon as a neuronal substrate for brain responses to systemic inflammation in teleosts and uncovers the role of polyamines as critical chemical mediators in sickness behaviors.
Zircon geochemistry from early evolved terranes records coeval stagnant- and mobile-lid tectonic regimes
Authors: Mixon Emily E. , Bauer Ann M. , Blum Tyler B. , Valley John W. , Rizo Hanika , O’Neil Jonathan , Kitajima Kouki
Published: September 2024

Determining the mechanisms by which the earliest continental crust was generated and reworked is important for constraining the evolution of Earth’s geodynamic, surface, and atmospheric conditions. However, the details of early plate tectonic settings often remain obscured by the intervening ~4 Ga of crustal recycling. Covariations of U, Nb, Sc, and Yb in zircon have been shown to faithfully reflect Phanerozoic whole-rock-based plate-tectonic discriminators and are therefore useful in distinguishing zircons crystallized in ridge, plume, and arc-like environments, both in the present and in deep time. However, application of these proxies to deciphering tectonic settings on the early Earth has thus far been limited to select portions of the detrital zircon record. Here, we present in situ trace-element and oxygen isotope compositions for magmatic zircons from crystalline crustal rocks of the Acasta Gneiss Complex and the Saglek-Hebron Complex, Canada. Integrated with information from whole-rock geochemistry and zircon U-Pb, Hf, and O isotopes, our zircon U-Nb-Sc-Yb results reveal that melting of hydrated basalt was not restricted to a single tectonomagmatic process during the Archean but was operative during the reworking of Hadean protocrust and the generation of juvenile crust within two cratons, as early as 3.9 Ga. We observe zircon trace-element compositions indicative of hydrous melting in settings that otherwise host seemingly differing whole-rock geochemistry, zircon Hf, and zircon O isotopes, suggesting contemporaneous operation of stagnant-lid (oceanic plateau) and mobile-lid (arc-like) regimes in the early Archean.
Olfactory deficit and gastrointestinal dysfunction precede motor abnormalities in alpha-Synuclein G51D knock-in mice
Authors: Kim YoungDoo , McInnes Joseph , Kim Jiyoen , Liang Yan Hong Wei , Veeraragavan Surabi , Garza Alexandra Rae , Belfort Benjamin David Webst , Arenkiel Benjamin , Samaco Rodney , Zoghbi Huda Yahya
Published: September 2024

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is typically a sporadic late-onset disorder, which has made it difficult to model in mice. Several transgenic mouse models bearing mutations in
SNCA
, which encodes alpha-Synuclein (α-Syn), have been made, but these lines do not express
SNCA
in a physiologically accurate spatiotemporal pattern, which limits the ability of the mice to recapitulate the features of human PD. Here, we generated knock-in mice bearing the G51D
SNCA
mutation. After establishing that their motor symptoms begin at 9 mo of age, we then sought earlier pathologies. We assessed the phosphorylation at Serine 129 of α-Syn in different tissues and detected phospho-α-Syn in the olfactory bulb and enteric nervous system at 3 mo of age. Olfactory deficit and impaired gut transit followed at 6 mo, preceding motor symptoms. The

Snca
G51D

mice thus parallel the progression of human PD and will enable us to study PD pathogenesis and test future therapies.
Developing and implementing an Einsteinian science curriculum from years 3–10: A. Concepts, rationale and learning outcomes
Authors: Kaur Tejinder , Kersting Magdalena , Blair David , Adams Kyla , Treagust David , Santoso Jesse , Lonshakova Anastasia , Boublil Shon , Zadnik Marjan , Ju Li , Wood David , Horne Elaine , McGoran Darren
Published: September 2024

There has been a growing realisation that school science curricula do not adequately reflect the revolutionary changes in our scientific understanding of the 20th century. This discrepancy between current school education and our modern scientific understanding has led to calls for the modernisation of the science curriculum. Although there have been attempts to introduce topics of Einsteinian physics (i.e. quantum physics and relativity) to school education, often at the secondary level, we still lack a seamless curriculum in which modern science concepts are gradually introduced in primary and middle schools. Guided by the Model of Educational Reconstruction and following a mixed-methods research design, the Einstein-First project aims to address this gap. Einstein-First has developed and implemented an Einsteinian curriculum from Years 3–10 (students aged 7–16) that resolves the disconnect between science in schools and modern scientific understanding. This paper presents the concepts and rationale for the Einstein-First learning approach, as well as a summary of learning outcomes in six Australian schools with 315 students across Years 3–10. Our generally positive findings lay the foundation for informed curriculum development and school education that provides all students with awareness and appreciation of the fundamental concepts that underpin the technologies of the modern world.
Dimension matters: precision and incompatibility in multi-parameter quantum estimation models
Authors: Candeloro Alessandro , Pazhotan Zahra , Paris Matteo G A
Published: September 2024

We study the role of probe dimension in determining the bounds of precision and the level of incompatibility in multi-parameter quantum estimation problems. In particular, we focus on the paradigmatic case of unitary encoding generated by

su

(
2
)

and compare precision and incompatibility in the estimation of the same parameters across representations of different dimensions. For two- and three-parameter unitary models, we prove that if the dimension of the probe is smaller than the number of parameters, then simultaneous estimation is not possible (the quantum Fisher matrix is singular). If the dimension is equal to the number of parameters, estimation is possible but the model exhibits maximal (asymptotic) incompatibility. However, for larger dimensions, there is always a state for which the incompatibility vanishes, and the symmetric Cramér-Rao bound is achievable. We also critically examine the performance of the so-called asymptotic incompatibility (AI) in characterising the difference between the Holevo-Cramér-Rao bound and the Symmetric Logarithmic Derivative one, showing that the AI measure alone may fail to adequately quantify this gap. Assessing the determinant of the Quantum Fisher Information Matrix is crucial for a precise characterisation of the model’s nature. Nonetheless, the AI measure still plays a relevant role since it encapsulates the non-classicality of the model in one scalar quantity rather than in a matrix form (i.e. the Uhlmann curvature).
Sexual dysfunction following retinoid treatment: a systematic review
Authors: Oi-Yee Li Heidi , Pastukhova Elena , Brandts-Longtin Olivier , Bailey Adrian , Tan Marcus G , Kirchhof Mark G
Published: September 2024

Despite product monograph warnings of post-retinoid sexual dysfunction (PRSD) for isotretinoin and recent policy decisions regarding the safety of isotretinoin, this study demonstrates that there remains conflicting and low-quality evidence on this topic and it is not possible to ascertain causation between retinoids and PRSD. Dermatologists and patients should be aware of the conflicting data regarding sexual dysfunction associated with systemic retinoid therapy. Routine screening for sexual side-effects during systemic retinoid treatment may be reasonable, as patients are less likely to self-disclose sexual health concerns.
Methotrexate versus ciclosporin in the treatment of severe atopic eczema in children: an economic evaluation
Authors: Sach Tracey H , Chan Kaitlyn R , Jones Ashley P , Rosala-Hallas Anna , Spowart Catherine , Ashoor Farhiya , Irvine Alan , Beattie Paula , Baron Susannah , Browne Fiona , Wan Mandy , Ahmed Amina , Flohr Carsten
Published: September 2024

Ciclosporin (CsA) and methotrexate (MTX) are both frequently prescribed drugs for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) in children and young people. Historically, CsA has been the most commonly used conventional systemic treatment for severe paediatric AD, but MTX is being increasingly used as an alternative first-line conventional systemic treatment, especially in middle- and low-income settings. We found that MTX provides an effective and low-cost first-line systemic treatment for severe AD and is a suitable alternative to CsA.
Similar patterns of brain activity for holistic representation of working memory: a study in children and adults
Authors: Zhang Yi Fan , Strelnikov Kuzma
Published: September 2024

Working memory is the fundamental function of the various cognitive processes and abilities in the overall trajectory of development. Significant advances in multivariate analysis of human functional magnetic resonance imaging data have converged functional segregation models toward integrated representation-based models. However, due to the inherent limitations of the multi-voxel pattern analysis method, we are unable to determine whether the underlying neural representations are spatially similar in the brain. Our study attempts to answer this question by examining the spatial similarity of brain activity during the working memory task in children and adults. Our results reveal similar patterns of activity between the regions involved in working memory. This functional network of similar spatial patterns was observed in both normally developing children and adults. However, the between-region similarity was more pronounced in adults than in children and associated with better performance. We propose an exchange of similar information flows through the brain at an integrated level of working memory processes, underpinning the holistic nature of working memory representation.
Association of serum zinc with mineral stress in chronic kidney disease
Authors: Sohail Azmat , Obereigner Jakob , Mitter Gregor , Schmid Thomas , Hofer Anna-Sofie , Schuster Gerhard , Hügl Astrid , Dorninger Angelika H , Mandl Markus , Pasch Andreas , Lackner Helmut K , Papousek Ilona , Dieplinger Benjamin , Suessner Susanne , Antlanger Marlies , Cejka Daniel , Alesutan Ioana , Voelkl Jakob
Published: September 2024

Background

The excessive cardiovascular mortality of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) could be linked to mineral stress, the biological consequence of calcium-phosphate nanoparticle exposure. This study investigated whether zinc is associated with mineral stress markers in CKD.

Methods

Zinc and T50 (serum calcification propensity) as well as hydrodynamic radius of secondary calciprotein particles (CPP2) were measured in blood donors and CKD patients with/out dialysis.

Results

Serum zinc concentrations and T50 were reduced, while CPP2 radius was increased in CKD patients. Serum zinc levels positively correlated with T50 and inversely correlated with CPP2 radius. In a hierarchical linear regression model, T50 was associated with age, calcium, phosphate, magnesium and albumin. Addition of zinc significantly improved prediction of the model, confirming an additional contribution of zinc to T50. Similar observations were made for the association of zinc and CPP2 radius, but spiking experiments indicated that zinc may stronger modify T50 than CPP2 radius. Also, urinary zinc excretion was increased in patients with kidney disease and correlated to T50 and CPP2 radius. Serum zinc further correlated with markers of arterial stiffness in blood donors and CKD patients, but these associations did not remain significant in a multivariate linear regression model.

Conclusions

Reduced serum zinc levels in CKD appear directly linked to lower T50 and associated with larger CPP2 radius. Further studies on the associations of zinc and mineral stress as well as putative therapeutic benefits of zinc supplementation are required.