bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autoimmune disease and sickle cell anaemia: ‘Intersecting pathways and differential diagnosis’
Authors: Piccin Andrea , O'Connor‐Byrne Niamh , Daves Massimo , Lynch Kelvin , Farshbaf Amin Daei , Martin‐Loeches Ignacio
Published: March 2022

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited disorder, which occurs due to a single gene mutation. It has multisystemic manifestations, affecting millions of people worldwide. The effect of SCD on joints and musculature can overlap with clinical features of autoimmune disease (AD). It is therefore difficult for clinical haematologists and physicians treating SCD patients to discriminate between these two conditions clinically. A delay in diagnosis leads to untreated symptoms and treatment differs considerably. An accurate knowledge of clinical findings and laboratory results of AD and SCD can help physicians avoid this. In the review that follows, we examine the existing literature on SCD and AD, and describe the features that may distinguish SCD and autoimmune disease such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. We aim to guide clinical haematologists and physicians towards a more rapid diagnosis of AD in sickle cell anaemia patients, by correct interpretation of the clinical assessment and commonly available diagnostics.
Pandemic vulnerability, policy feedback and support for immigration: Evidence from Asia
Authors: Lee Siu‐yau , Yuen Samson , Or Nick H. K. , Cheng Edmund W. , Yue Ricci P. H.
Published: March 2022

Past studies have shown that disease threat increases people's hostility towards immigrants. However, in our survey (N = 9571) conducted in five advanced Asian economies during the outbreak of COVID‐19, we found that COVID‐19 vulnerability was positively associated with support for immigration. Drawing on insight from policy feedback theories, we propose that the positive association is caused by the presence of widespread border crossing restrictions, which have changed the meaning and cost implications of COVID‐19. As the outbreak expands, the pandemic has become not just a threat to people's health but also a barrier to globalization. Consequently, people who are worried about the disease may see globalization processes, including migration, as signs of pandemic relief. We find supportive evidence in our analysis. First, the positive association between COVID‐19 vulnerability and support for immigration is more salient among respondents who considered restrictions on international travel to be stringent. Second, the positive association between COVID‐19 vulnerability and immigration attitude was mediated by perceived economic threat from the pandemic and contribution by immigrants towards the containment of the pandemic. These findings suggest that disease control measures adopted at the global level may alter certain widely accepted effects of disease threat on immigration attitudes.
The changing landscape of pediatric lung transplantation
Authors: Avdimiretz Nicholas , Benden Christian
Published: March 2022

There has been a shift over decades in the diagnostic indications for lung transplantation in children; in particular, there has been a reduction in the proportion of pediatric cystic fibrosis (CF) patients undergoing lung transplantation early in life, and more transplants occurring in other diagnostic groups. Here, we examine trends in pediatric lung transplantation with regards to indications by analyzing data from the United Network of Organ Sharing, the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Thoracic Transplant Registry, and other sources. Over the past two years, there has been a precipitous decline in both the number of transplants due to CF and the proportion of CF cases relative to the total number of transplants, likely not solely due to the COVID‐19 pandemic. In 2020, primary pulmonary arterial hypertension for the first‐time surpassed CF as main indication for pediatric lung transplantation in the United States, a finding that is also reflected in international data. We discuss the effect of novel CFTR modulator therapies as a major factor leading to this shifting landscape. Based on our trending, pulmonary hypertension‐related diagnoses and pediatric interstitial lung diseases are rising indications, for which we suggest adjustments of consensus guidelines around candidate selection criteria.
Emergency department admissions induced by drug–drug interactions in the elderly: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Letinier Louis , Pujade Iris , Duthoit Perrine , Evrard Grégoire , Salvo Francesco , Gil‐Jardine Cédric , Pariente Antoine
Published: March 2022

The elderly people are increasingly exposed to polymedication and therefore to the risks of drug–drug interactions (DDIs). However, there are few data available on the clinical consequences of these drug combinations. We investigated the impact of the various DDIs classified as severe in terms of emergency admissions in the elderly. A cross‐sectional study was conducted using information from the emergency department admissions of Bordeaux University Hospital between September 2016 and August 2017. Events of interest were frequency of concomitant uses of interacting drugs that are contraindicated or warned against and frequency of emergency admissions due to contraindicated or warned against concomitant uses of interacting drugs. Five thousand, eight hundred sixty (5860) admissions to the emergency department were analyzed. A total of 375 (6.4%) contraindicated or warned against concomitant uses were identified, including 163 contraindicated (43.5%) and 212 warned against (56.5%). Reason for admission appeared likely related to the underlying DDI in 58 cases. Within these, 36 admissions were assessed as probably due to a DDI (0.6% of hospitalizations) and 22 as certainly (0.4% of hospitalizations). Of these, there were 24 (45%) admissions related to a long QT syndrome (LQTS), nine (16%) related to a drug overdose, and eight (14%) related to a hemorrhage. An antidepressant was involved in 22 of the 24 cases of LQTS. Seven of the eight cases of hemorrhage involved the antithrombotic agents / non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs combination. Elderly patients admitted to emergency departments are particularly exposed to high‐risk potential DDIs. These drug combinations lead mainly to LQTS and involve certain antidepressants.
Multi‐scale event causality extraction via simultaneous knowledge‐attention and convolutional neural network
Authors: Yu Xiaoxiao , Wang Xinzhi , Luo Xiangfeng , Gao Jianqi
Published: March 2022

Event causality extraction is a challenging task in natural language processing (NLP), which plays an important role in event prediction, scene generation, question answering and textual entailment. Most existing methods focus on extracting single‐scale (such as phrase) event causality, while fails to extract multi‐scale (such as word, phrase, sentence) event causality. To fill the gap, we propose multi‐scale event causality extraction via simultaneous knowledge‐attention and convolutional neural network (KA‐CNN). First, knowledge‐attention takes N‐gram embedding as input and takes semantic features, fused with prior knowledge through causal associative link network (CALN), as output. Second, multi‐scale CNN is designed with word embedding as input and semantic feature of corpus as output. Third, bidirectional long short‐term memory with conditional random field (BiLSTM + CRF) is conducted after concatenation of features from knowledge‐attention and multi‐scale CNN. Finally, we compare our results with other baselines. The experimental results show that our proposed method shows promising result in extracting multi‐scale event causality.
Chirplet transform‐based machine‐learning approach towards classification of cognitive state change using galvanic skin response and photoplethysmography signals
Authors: Saha Shuvodeep , Jindal Komal , Shakti Divya , Tewary Suman , Sardana Viren
Published: March 2022

Recent advances in the field of cognitive sciences have provided evidence to classify activities with different cognitive engagement levels. High cognitive load and sustained attention may predispose an individual to psychological and physical stress and may result in a lack of performance. Cognitive load monitoring of professionals in high precision fields has gathered significant attention in the current research scenario. The proposed work in continuity has tried to demonstrate the use of two non‐invasive physiological sensing modalities viz. galvanic skin response (GSR) and photoplethysmography (PPG) to elucidate effectiveness in picking up differences of two induced cognitive state categories based on machine learning and statistical methods. This paper demonstrates how GSR and PPG signals data can be effectively utilized to examine the shift in cognitive load. The present work proposes the use of general linear chirplet transform (GLCT) to evaluate the time‐frequency characteristic of GSR and PPG signals and utilize the statistical features in classification. Random Forest, Decision Tree, and k‐Nearest Neighbours demonstrated an accuracy of 92.13%, 88.0%, and 86.13% respectively on a dataset of 20 subjects against an optimized feature set, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed methodology for differentiating pre‐defined categories of cognitive load. The study shows the potential of GSR and PPG signals attributes and time‐frequency representation using GLCT to monitor cognitive load in real‐life conditions. The proposed work also indicates the possibility to extend the same to attention‐demanding fields such as aviation, medicine, and manufacturing for effective remediation of fatigue periods with increased cognitive demand, which, if sustained, may lead to cognitive decline in the long run.
A mutant allele of glycoprotein M6‐B (Gpm6b) facilitates behavioral flexibility but increases delay discounting
Authors: Sanchez‐Roige Sandra , Barnes Samuel A. , Mallari Jazlene , Wood Rebecca , Polesskaya Oksana , Palmer Abraham A.
Published: March 2022

The neuronal membrane glycoprotein M6B (Gpm6b) gene encodes a membrane glycoprotein that belongs to the proteolipid protein family, and is enriched in neurons, oligodendrocytes, and subset of astrocytes in the central nervous system. GPM6B is thought to play a role in neuronal differentiation, myelination, and inactivation of the serotonin transporter via internalization. Recent human genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have implicated membrane glycoproteins (both GPM6B and GPM6A) in the regulation of traits relevant to psychiatric disorders, including neuroticism, depressed affect, and delay discounting. Mouse studies have implicated Gpm6b in sensorimotor gating and regulation of serotonergic signaling. We used CRISPR to create a mutant Glycoprotein M6B (Gpm6b) allele on a C57BL/6J mouse background. Because Gpm6b is located on the X chromosome, we focused on male Gpm6b mutant mice and their wild‐type littermates (WT) in two behavioral tests that measured aspects of impulsive or flexible decision‐making. We found that Gpm6b deletion caused deficits in a delay discounting task. In contrast, reward sensitivity was enhanced thereby facilitating behavioral flexibility and improving performance in the probabilistic reversal learning task. Taken together these data further delineate the role of Gpm6b in decision making behaviors that are relevant to multiple psychiatric disorders.
Similarities, differences and overlaps between frailty and Parkinson's disease
Authors: Ebina Junya , Ebihara Satoru , Kano Osamu
Published: March 2022

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder clinically characterized by bradykinesia, rest tremor, rigidity, and postural and gait disturbances, which are frequently observed in older people. It also shows non‐motor symptoms, such as depression, anxiety, cognitive impairment and dementia. The number of patients is gradually increasing worldwide. Aging is a risk factor for the onset of Parkinson's disease, and various physiological effects of aging influence its progression. Frailty is a geriatric syndrome in which the reversible and vulnerable status between robustness and disability is affected by various physiological stressors with aging. Frailty consists of physical, psychological and social aspects. Furthermore, sarcopenia, a syndrome characterized by the loss of muscle mass, strength and function, is also significantly associated with frailty. To maintain the quality of life of older people, frailty, including sarcopenia, should be quickly and appropriately managed. Polypharmacy is an important factor causing the progression of frailty in geriatric syndrome. Although Parkinson's disease and frailty have similar symptoms, and are considered to affect each other, the clinical features and mechanisms of both largely remain unclear. Nevertheless, little literature on the relationship between frailty and Parkinson's disease is currently available. This narrative review aims to clarify the relationships between Parkinson's disease and frailty, not only on the physical, but also on the mental, cognitive, and social aspects and issues regarding polypharmacy in Parkinson's disease explored by previous studies. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22: 259–270.
Piketty amongst the historians: Introduction to a symposium on Thomas Piketty's Capital and Ideology
Authors: Coopersmith Jonathan , Popp Andrew
Published: March 2022

This essay introduces this forum on Thomas Piketty's Capitalism and Ideology. We outline the debates that emerge from a joint reading of the six contributions to the forum. In doing so we assess the importance of Piketty's contribution to historical debates on capitalism, ideology, and inequality and consider how historians might respond to the challenges Piketty presents.
Investigation of the effect of metoclopramide on proliferation signal molecules in breast tissue
Authors: Umur Nurcan , İldan Çalım Selda , Yazıcı Gülce Naz , Gurgen Seren Gulsen
Published: March 2022

Metoclopramide (MCP) is a drug that has been widely used in recent years due to its hyperprolactinaemia effect on mothers during breastfeeding. The aim of this study was to investigate the proliferative changes that MCP may cause in the maternal breast tissue. In this study, 18 Wistar albino young–adult breastfeeding mothers with their offspring were divided into three groups: control group, low‐dose MCP‐applied group and high‐dose MCP‐applied group. The experiment was carried out during the lactation period and at the end of 21 days. Prolactin, BrdU and Ki‐67 breast tissue distributions were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and tissue levels were evaluated biochemically by the ELISA method. According to ELISA and immunohistochemistry results in breast tissue, there was no significant difference between Ki‐67 and BrdU results in all groups. Metoclopramide did not change the expression of proliferation molecules Ki‐67 and BrdU in breast tissue. These results suggested that while metoclopramide increases breast proliferation, it does not have the risk of transforming the tissue into a tumour.
The link between smoking, drinking and wages: Health, workplace social capital or discrimination?
Authors: Dilmaghani Maryam
Published: March 2022

Using the Canadian General Social Survey of 2016, the present article examines how smoking and drinking associate with earnings. Among both men and women, those who drink have higher wages than the abstainers. The investigation of the channel of impact indicates that health and workplace social capital only explain a small portion of the drinking premium. There is a penalty associated with occasional smoking for men and daily smoking for women. Likewise, health status and workplace social capital cannot fully explain these gaps away. Further explorations, exploiting information on workplace size and union status of the employees, suggest that the patterns are at least partly driven by differentiated treatment and discrimination. The implications are discussed.
Remote programming of cardiac implantable electronic devices: A novel approach to program cardiac devices for magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Siddamsetti Sisir , Shinn Alexander , Gautam Sandeep
Published: March 2022

Background

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with MRI‐conditional cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIED) remain a logistical issue for device programming during the scan. In current practice, a trained person needs to be present on‐site to program CIED for MRI scan. This can cause delay in patient care, rescheduling of tests and increase healthcare costs. A novel remote programming (RP) strategy can be utilized to reprogram the CIED remotely. We sought to explore the feasibility and safety of RP of CIEDs in patients undergoing MRI scan.

Methods

We implemented the Medtronic CIED RP software at our institution after ensuring HIPAA compliance. The MRI technician started the session by contacting an off‐site remote operator and placing a programmer wand from the 2090 Medtronic programmer over the CIED. The remote operator logged into a remote access software and provided a unique access code to the MRI technician. After entering the access code into the programmer, the remote operator was able to program the device as needed. We conducted a periodic audit of the first 209 patients who underwent RP of CIEDs for MRI. Outcomes analyzed were successful completion of RP sessions and time saved per scan.

Results

Of the 209 MRI scans, 51 scans were performed urgently. There were no connectivity and programming problems or need for MRI rescheduling. In‐person reprogramming was not required for any patient. All scans were completed safely in a timely manner, and there were no reports of CIED malfunction. Time saved per scan was estimated to be 28 ± 10 min.

Conclusions

Remote programming of CIEDs for MRI scans is a safe and effective strategy.
Attention to audiovisual speech does not facilitate language acquisition in infants with familial history of autism
Authors: Chawarska Katarzyna , Lewkowicz David , Feiner Hannah , Macari Suzanne , Vernetti Angelina
Published: March 2022

Background

Due to familial liability, siblings of children with ASD exhibit elevated risk for language delays. The processes contributing to language delays in this population remain unclear.

Methods

Considering well‐established links between attention to dynamic audiovisual cues inherent in a speaker’s face and speech processing, we investigated if attention to a speaker’s face and mouth differs in 12‐month‐old infants at high familial risk for ASD but without ASD diagnosis (hr‐sib; n = 91) and in infants at low familial risk (lr‐sib; n = 62) for ASD and whether attention at 12 months predicts language outcomes at 18 months.

Results

At 12 months, hr‐sib and lr‐sib infants did not differ in attention to face (p = .14), mouth preference (p = .30), or in receptive and expressive language scores (p = .36, p = .33). At 18 months, the hr‐sib infants had lower receptive (p = .01) but not expressive (p = .84) language scores than the lr‐sib infants. In the lr‐sib infants, greater attention to the face (p = .022) and a mouth preference (p = .025) contributed to better language outcomes at 18 months. In the hr‐sib infants, neither attention to the face nor a mouth preference was associated with language outcomes at 18 months.

Conclusions

Unlike low‐risk infants, high‐risk infants do not appear to benefit from audiovisual prosodic and speech cues in the service of language acquisition despite intact attention to these cues. We propose that impaired processing of audiovisual cues may constitute the link between genetic risk factors and poor language outcomes observed across the autism risk spectrum and may represent a promising endophenotype in autism.
Heat and mass transfer modeling and quality changes during deep fat frying: A comprehensive review
Authors: Dash Kshirod K. , Sharma Maanas , Tiwari Ajita
Published: March 2022

The deep fat frying of food involves simultaneous heat and mass transfer between the food product and surrounding oil and hence the frying operation is complex in nature. Heat is transferred from the frying medium to the product surface by convection and from the surface to the core of the food through conduction. The specific heat, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and convective heat transfer coefficient are the major factors that greatly affect the rate of heat transfer. The heat transfer study for deep fat frying of food products revealed that the Fourier number was in the range of 0.1–0.5. The fat uptake and moisture loss are the primary modes of mass transfer during this process. For deep fat frying, the mass transfer coefficient for different food materials was found to be in the range of 10−4–10−6 m/s. The moisture diffusivity for various food materials was measured in the range of 10−6–10−10 m2/s. This review presents the different models implemented to assess the heat and mass transfer parameters during deep‐fat frying of different food materials. The effects of frying process parameters on color, texture, and different physical properties of fried food were discussed. Overall, this review includes information related to the frying of different food products that will assist the food processing connoisseurs and industries in predicting and optimizing the frying process parameters to obtain the desired quality in the product and make the process energy efficient.

Practical Applications

Frying involves the convective heat transfer from the frying medium to the surface of the food product and conduction heat transfer within the food. During frying, the moisture and oil transport are controlled by diffusion gradient and capillary flow. Most of the oil penetrates into the food during cooling through the channels and pores of the product. The physicochemical changes in the fried product are regulated by frying process factors such as frying oil temperature, frying time, and thermal characteristics of the food. The intense heat of frying imparts a rich aroma and texture to fried foods. Modeling and optimization of frying is very important in order to produce high‐quality fried food products. Heat transfer parameters such as thermal diffusivity, heat transfer coefficient, Fourier number, and Biot number are important in analyzing and improving the product's frying operation. The food technologists would be able to analyze the mechanism of oil absorption and produce low‐oil fried food products if they had a better understanding of heat and mass transfer.
Comparative study on the resveratrol extraction rate and antioxidant activity of peanut treated by different drying methods
Authors: Zhu Kaiyang , Liu Wenchao , Ren Guangyue , Duan Xu , Cao Weiwei , Li Linlin , Qiu Caixia , Chu Qianqian
Published: March 2022

Resveratrol is a phenolic compound and has significant benefits for human health. Peanut, rich in resveratrol and with considerable biological activity, is generally considered as the raw material of functional food. Because of the low output of fresh peanut extracts, dried peanut powder often be used for extracting functional components. The effects of hot‐air drying (HD), infrared radiation drying (IRD), and microwave‐freeze‐drying (MFD) on the resveratrol extraction income and antioxidant activity of peanut were study. The most valid and economical method was IRD. The IRD peanut resveratrol extraction ratio was 33.5% and the DPPH free radical eliminate rate was 42.5%. The MFD peanut resveratrol extraction ratio was 40.9% and the DPPH free radical eliminate rate was 40.3%. However, the MFD energy consumption was the most.

Practical Applications

This study investigated the effects of different drying methods on the drying characteristics of peanuts and the extraction rate of the antioxidant active substance resveratrol. It was found that MFD could be used to obtain peanut powder with high resveratrol extraction rate and antioxidant activity, and IRD had excellent energy‐saving performance, and the relatively high extraction rate of the corresponding product is more favored by the industry. The results obtained in the current work would help the comprehensive utilization of peanut and provide new ideas for the food industry to extract natural compound.
Modeling colorectal cancer: A bio‐resource of 50 patient‐derived organoid lines
Authors: Engel Rebekah M , Jardé Thierry , Oliva Karen , Kerr Genevieve , Chan Wing Hei , Hlavca Sara , Nickless David , Archer Stuart K , Yap Raymond , Ranchod Pravin , Bell Stephen , Niap Ann , Koulis Christine , Chong Ashley , Wilkins Simon , Dale Trevor C , Hollins Andrew J , McMurrick Paul J , Abud Helen E
Published: March 2022

Background and Aim

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. To improve outcomes for these patients, we need to develop new treatment strategies. Personalized cancer medicine, where patients are treated based on the characteristics of their own tumor, has gained significant interest for its promise to improve outcomes and reduce unnecessary side effects. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential utility of patient‐derived colorectal cancer organoids (PDCOs) in a personalized cancer medicine setting.

Methods

Patient‐derived colorectal cancer organoids were derived from tissue obtained from treatment‐naïve patients undergoing surgical resection for the treatment of CRC. We examined the recapitulation of key histopathological, molecular, and phenotypic characteristics of the primary tumor.

Results

We created a bio‐resource of PDCOs from primary and metastatic CRCs. Key histopathological features were retained in PDCOs when compared with the primary tumor. Additionally, a cohort of 12 PDCOs, and their corresponding primary tumors and normal sample, were characterized through whole exome sequencing and somatic variant calling. These PDCOs exhibited a high level of concordance in key driver mutations when compared with the primary tumor.

Conclusions

Patient‐derived colorectal cancer organoids recapitulate characteristics of the tissue from which they are derived and are a powerful tool for cancer research. Further research will determine their utility for predicting patient outcomes in a personalized cancer medicine setting.
Individual fibre separation in 3D fibrous materials imaged by X‐ray tomography
Authors: Depriester Dorian , Rolland du Roscoat Sabine , Orgéas Laurent , Geindreau Christian , Levrard Benjamin , Brémond Florian
Published: March 2022

Modelling the physical behaviour of fibrous materials still remains a great challenge because it requires to evaluate the inner structure of the different phases at the phase scale (fibre or matrix) and the at constituent scale (fibre). X‐ray computed tomography (CT) imaging can help to characterize and to model these structures, since it allows separating the phases, based on the grey level of CT scans. However, once the fibrous phase has been isolated, automatically separating the fibres from each other is still very challenging. This work aims at proposing a method which allows separating the fibres and localizing the fibre–fibre contacts for various fibres geometries, that is: straight or woven fibres, with circular or non‐circular cross sections, in a way that is independent of the fibres orientations. This method uses the local orientation of the structure formed by the fibrous phase and then introduces the misorientation angle. The threshold of this angle is the only parameter required to separate the fibres. This paper investigates the efficiency of the proposed algorithm in various conditions, for instance by changing the image resolution or the fibre tortuosity on synthetic images. Finally, the proposed algorithm is applied to real images or samples made up of synthetic solid fibres.
“Motivations, demography, and clinical features of body dysmorphic disorder among people seeking cosmetic treatments: A study of 199 patients”
Authors: Dobosz Maria , Rogowska Patrycja , Sokołowska Ewa , Szczerkowska‐Dobosz Aneta
Published: March 2022

Background

Motivations for getting aesthetic medicine treatments concern not only the improvement of the physical appearance but also internal aspects such as feeling more confident or happier. Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a disorder that affects from 5 to 15% of aesthetic medicine clients and characterizes by an obsessive preoccupation with a non‐visible or minimal defect in appearance.

Aims

The aim of the study was to assess the main motivations, demography, and clinical features of body dysmorphic disorder among people seeking cosmetic treatments.

Methods

A single‐center study was performed using an anonymous questionnaire on 199 patients of the private aesthetic medicine clinic in Gdansk, Poland.

Results

A typical client of an aesthetic clinic is a woman aged 40 to 50, with higher education, who undergoes aesthetic treatments more than twice a year, mainly with botulinum toxin injections. The most common motivations are the desire to achieve a fresh look, the will to reduce the signs of aging, and to invest in oneself. Furthermore, over 38% of patients stated that they were having critical and recurring thoughts about their appearance, which affected their daily functioning and caused a decrease in their well‐being. Almost 20% of them performed repetitive activities, such as frequently looking in the mirror or asking others for opinions about their appearance. 15.6% of patients presented at least two characteristic features of BDD.

Conclusions

Patients seeking cosmetic treatments may suffer from body dysmorphic disorder, thus the need for aesthetic medicine practitioners to be aware of this disease.
Effectiveness and safety of carboxytocin versus oxytocin in preventing postpartum hemorrhage: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Sun Haiyan , Xu Lei , Li Yu , Zhao Shurong
Published: March 2022

Objective

This study compared the effectiveness and safety of carbetocin and oxytocin in preventing postpartum hemorrhage (PPH).

Methods

A systematic literature search was performed on PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for relevant studies published up to February 2019. Next, two independent reviewers screened the studies according to the selection criteria as well as the strategies recommended by the Cochrane Collaboration. Data were then extracted and evaluated. All statistical analyses were performed using RevMan 5.1.

Results

A total of 24 studies involving 37 383 patients were included for analysis. For cesarean section patients, carbetocin was superior to oxytocin in reduction of the need for additional uterine contraction (odds ratio [OR] = 0.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.35, 0.65], p < 0.00001), PPH (OR = 0.70, 95% CI [0.51, 0.95], p = 0.02), blood loss (mean [MD] = −64.36, 95% CI [−107.78, −20.93], p = 0.004), and transfusion (OR = 0.59, 95% CI [0.42, 0.82], p = 0.002), and there was no significant difference in severe PPH (OR = 0.84, 95% CI [0.66, 1.090], p = 0.19). For vaginal delivery patients, carbetocin was superior to oxytocin in reduction of the need for additional uterine contractions (OR = 0.48, 95% CI [0.25, 0.93], p = 0.03), PPH (OR = 0.28, 95% CI [0.09, 0.91], p = 0.03), and blood loss (MD = −63.52, 95% CI [−113.43, −13.60], p = 0.01), and there were no significant differences in severe PPH (OR = 0.82, 95% CI [0.40, 1.69], p = 0.59) and transfusion (OR = 0.60, 95% CI [0.22, 1.61], p = 0.31). With regard to safety, for cesarean section patients, carbetocin was superior to oxytocin in reduction of the incidence of headache (OR = 0.72, [0.55, 0.95], p = 0.02), and there were no significant differences in nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, flushing, tremors, itching, dizziness, and fever. For vaginal delivery patients, there were no significant differences in nausea, vomiting, headache, abdominal pain, flushing, tremors, itching, dizziness, and fever between the two drugs.

Conclusion

For patients undergoing cesarean section and vaginal delivery, carbetocin was superior to oxytocin in effectiveness and similar in safety. Therefore, carbetocin is expected to be an alternative uterine contraction agent for preventing PPH.
Does the use of omega‐3 fatty acids as an adjunct to non‐surgical periodontal therapy provide additional benefits in the treatment of periodontitis? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Castro dos Santos Nidia C. , Furukawa Monique V. , Oliveira‐Cardoso Ingrid , Cortelli Jose Roberto , Feres Magda , Van Dyke Thomas , Rovai Emanuel S.
Published: March 2022

This review aimed to assess the impact of dietary omega‐3 fatty acids as an adjunct to non‐surgical periodontal treatment when compared with periodontal treatment alone on periodontal clinical parameters of periodontitis patients. We included only randomized clinical trials (RCTs) with at least 3‐months follow‐up of non‐surgical periodontal therapy, in combination with dietary omega‐3 fatty acids. The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and LILACS databases were searched for articles published up to October 2021. Random‐effects meta‐analyses were conducted to determine the change in clinical attachment level (CAL), probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and gingival index (GI) after therapy. Of the eight hundred eighty‐four potentially relevant papers retrieved from the electronic databases, 10 RCTs were selected for qualitative analysis, and of these, 8 RCTs were included in meta‐analysis. RCTs showed a significant PPD reduction/CAL gain associated with the use of omega‐3 fatty acids. The pooled estimates revealed significant overall PPD reduction of 0.42 mm (95% CI 0.15, 0.68) and CAL gain 0.58 mm (95% CI 0.24, 0.92). In individuals with periodontitis, the use of omega‐3 fatty acid dietary supplementation as an adjunct to non‐surgical periodontal treatment can provide additional benefits in CAL gain and PPD reduction, compared with non‐surgical periodontal treatment alone.
Impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on rural and urban cancer patients' experiences, health behaviors, and perceptions
Authors: Peoples Anita R. , Oswald Laura B. , Ose Jennifer , Daniels Bailee , Himbert Caroline , Hathaway Cassandra A. , Gigic Biljana , Kirchhoff Anne C. , Lin Tengda , Grossman Douglas , Tward Jonathan , Varghese Thomas K. , Figueiredo Jane C. , Toriola Adetunji T. , Beck Anna , Scaife Courtney , Shibata David , LaStayo Paul , Gonzalez Brian , Salas Karen , Ashworth Anjelica , Matsen Cindy , Christenson Cristina , Ma Debra S. , Colman Howard , Hunt Jason P. , Jones Kevin B. , Lee Catherine J. , Larson Mikaela , Onega Tracy , Akerley Wallace L. , Li Christopher I. , Schneider Martin , Penedo Frank J. , Siegel Erin M. , Tworoger Shelley S. , Ulrich Cornelia M.
Published: March 2022

Purpose

The COVID‐19 pandemic has disrupted many facets of life. We evaluated pandemic‐related health care experiences, COVID‐19 prevention behaviors and measures, health behaviors, and psychosocial outcomes among rural and urban cancer patients.

Methods

Among 1,472 adult cancer patients, who visited Huntsman Cancer Institute in the past 4 years and completed a COVID‐19 survey (August‐September 2020), we assessed the impact of the pandemic on medical appointments, prevention/health behaviors, and psychosocial factors, stratified by urbanicity.

Findings

Mean age was 61 years, with 52% female, 97% non‐Hispanic White, and 27% were residing in rural areas. Rural versus urban patients were more likely to be older, not employed, uninsured, former/current smokers, consume alcohol, and have pandemic‐related changes/cancellations in surgery appointments (all P<.05). Changes/cancellations in other health care access (eg, doctor's visits) were also common, particularly among urban patients. Urban versus rural patients were more likely to socially distance, use masks and hand sanitizer, and experience changes in exercise habits and in their daily lives (all P<.05). Less social interaction and financial stress were common among cancer patients but did not differ by urbanicity.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that the COVID‐19 pandemic had a substantial impact on cancer patients, with several challenges specific to rural patients. This comprehensive study provides unique insights into the first 6 months of COVID‐19 pandemic‐related experiences and continuity of care among rural and urban cancer patients predominantly from Utah. Further research is needed to better characterize the pandemic's short‐ and long‐term effects on rural and urban cancer patients and appropriate interventions.
The effect of bolus size on masticatory parameters at swallowing threshold in children using a hard, solid, artificial test food
Authors: Wintergerst Ana , Gómez‐Zúñiga Roberto Samuel
Published: March 2022

The effect of different bolus sizes on food breakdown has been studied in adults, but not in children. The objective of this study was to study median particle size (MPS) and other parameters of masticatory function at swallowing threshold (ST) in 8–10‐year‐old‐children with two different bolus sizes. A randomized crossover trial was undertaken in 89 eight to ten‐year‐old children. The study was performed with informed consent and ethical approval. The artificial test food used was made of a condensation silicone (Optosil Comfort) following a standardized protocol. Two bolus sizes (three or four quarters of a 20‐mm diameter, 5‐mm thick tablet) were randomized to avoid an order effect and tested in different sessions. Variables were: MPS (X50) at ST, number of cycles until ST, sequence and cycle duration as well as cycles/g. Comparisons were performed with paired t and Wilcoxon tests, regressions and correlations were run. Cutoff for statistical significance was .05. Statistically significant differences were found for all variables; X50 (2.5 ± 0.8 vs. 2.8 ± 0.7 mm, p < .001), cycles until ST (38 vs. 40, p = .022), sequence (25 vs. 27 s, p = .003), and cycle duration (650 vs. 683 ms, p = .015) and cycles/g (27 vs. 21 cycles/g, p < .001), three or four quarters, respectively. In conclusion, in children, as in adults, chewing on a bigger bolus size leads to a larger MPS (X50) at ST. When chewing on a larger bolus the number of cycles increases, but not enough to swallow the same particle size since the number of cycles/g is less with a bigger bolus size.
On Witnessing, Standing with, and Collaborating: Thoughts on Expertise, Knowledge Production, and the Ethics of Compensation
Authors: Burrell Jennifer
Published: March 2022

Anthropologists have struggled with the issue of how to “give back” to the people who have welcomed us, collaborated with us, and become our friends. Expert witnessing for the asylum cases of members of communities that have opened their doors to us is one way of addressing uneven relationships and power dynamics.  I provide expertise for cases almost exclusively from a place where I have worked for decades in Guatemala, a site of intensive migration.  This contribution discusses the convergence of research and asylum claims, the donations to a scholarship fund I request as compensation, and the realm of the everyday in the construction of legal narratives.
EMP80 mediates the C‐to‐U editing of nad7 and atp4 and interacts with ZmDYW2 in maize mitochondria
Authors: Zhao Jiao , Cao Shi‐Kai , Li Xiu‐Lan , Liu Rui , Sun Feng , Jiang Rui‐Cheng , Xu Chunhui , Tan Bao‐Cai
Published: March 2022

RNA C‐to‐U editing is important to the expression and function of organellar genes in plants. Although several families of proteins have been identified to participate in this process, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood.

Here we report the function of EMP80 in the C‐to‐U editing at the nad7‐769 and atp4‐118 sites, and the potential recruitment of ZmDYW2 as a trans deaminase in maize (Zea mays) mitochondria.

Loss of EMP80 function arrests embryogenesis and endosperm development in maize. EMP80 is a PPR‐E+ protein localised to mitochondria. An absence of EMP80 abolishes the C‐to‐U RNA editing at nad7‐769 and atp4‐118 sites, resulting in a cysteine‐to‐arginine (Cys→Arg) change in Nad7 and Atp4 in the emp80 mutant. The amino acid change consequently reduces the assembly of complexes I and V, leading to an accumulation of the F1 subcomplex of complex V. EMP80 was found to interact with atypical DYW‐type PPR protein ZmDYW2, which interacts with ZmNUWA.

Co‐expression of ZmNUWA enhances the interaction between EMP80 and ZmDYW2, suggesting that EMP80 potentially recruits ZmDYW2 as a trans deaminase through protein–protein interaction, and ZmNUWA may function as an enhancer of this interaction.
Maintenance of phenotypic plasticity is linked to oxidative stress in spadefoot toad larvae
Authors: Burraco Pablo , Rendón Miguel A. , Díaz‐Paniagua Carmen , Gomez‐Mestre Ivan
Published: March 2022

Phenotypic plasticity allows organisms to improve the match between their phenotype and heterogeneous environments. Theoretical models have argued that costs of maintaining the sensory and response machinery necessary for adaptive phenotypic plasticity are important determinants to the evolution of plasticity. Despite recurrent arguments invoking putative metabolic costs associated with maintenance of cellular machinery, no studies have yet attempted to quantify it from a molecular standpoint. Here we experimentally examine physiological differences across genotypes (sibships) of spadefoot toad larvae with different degrees of plasticity in response to predator cues. We observed marked differences across sibships in developmental, growth and morphological responses to predators, and tested whether increased plasticity was associated with oxidative stress or immune suppression. We observed that more plastic sibships experienced higher antioxidant enzymatic activity when reared in the absence of predator cues, i.e. not expressing their plastic responses. The degree of plasticity was also associated with higher lipid peroxidation and slightly greater granulocyte‐to‐lymphocyte ratio. Higher antioxidant activity in highly plastic sibships suggests that maintenance of phenotypic plasticity may be linked to energy demanding metabolic processes. Our findings suggest that having the potential to produce plastic responses may incur oxidative and immunological costs. In the long term, such maintenance costs may erode individual fitness and even constrain the evolution of plasticity. To our knowledge, this is the first empirical evidence indicating the existence of a physiological cost to the maintenance of phenotypic plasticity.
A primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma case report and literature review. The new WHO classification
Authors: Maglione Michele , Bussani Rossana , Camurri Piloni Nicolò , Bevilacqua Lorenzo
Published: March 2022

Aim

Cyst‐like lesions in the mandible rarely develop into malignancies, and the reported incidence is between 0.3% and 2%. The present study describes a rare case of primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma of the mandible arising from an odontogenic cyst.

Materials and Methods

An 80‐year‐old male was referred to Trieste University Maggiore Hospital (Trieste, Italy), with acute pain in the left retromolar area.

An initial examination revealed extra oral swelling without paresthesia of the IAN. Following an intraoral examination, the oral mucosa was edematous, percussion pain was experienced on the lower left second molar. Panoramic radiography revealed a retained lower left wisdom tooth and an irregular radiolucent area between the lower left second molar and the mandibular angle with clear margins. Computed tomography revealed diffuse bone resorption and an extensive loss of cortical bone on the lingual side.

Results

A biopsy was performed during the surgery to remove the second lower left molar and the wisdom tooth, the pathological diagnosis was of squamous cell carcinoma arising from the epithelial lining of the odontogenic cyst. MRI with contrast agent was also performed. Shortly after the patient has been proposed a complete resective surgery of the mass including the infiltrated areas and then a reconstructive part to restore the function and aesthetic.

Conclusion

The follow‐up of a large inflammatory cyst is essential for early diagnosis of malignant neoplasm. This approach allows lower invasive treatments and major survival of these patients.
Targeted suppression of gibberellin biosynthetic genes ZmGA20ox3 and ZmGA20ox5 produces a short stature maize ideotype
Authors: Paciorek Tomasz , Chiapelli Brandi J. , Wang Joan Yiqiong , Paciorek Marta , Yang Heping , Sant Anagha , Val Dale L. , Boddu Jayanand , Liu Kang , Gu Chiyu , Brzostowski Lillian F. , Wang Huai , Allen Edwards M. , Dietrich Charles R. , Gillespie Kelly M. , Edwards Janice , Goldshmidt Alexander , Neelam Anil , Slewinski Thomas L.
Published: March 2022

Maize is one of the world’s most widely cultivated crops. As future demands for maize will continue to rise, fields will face ever more frequent and extreme weather patterns that directly affect crop productivity. Development of environmentally resilient crops with improved standability in the field, like wheat and rice, was enabled by shifting the architecture of plants to a short stature ideotype. However, such architectural change has not been implemented in maize due to the unique interactions between gibberellin (GA) and floral morphology which limited the use of the same type of mutations as in rice and wheat. Here, we report the development of a short stature maize ideotype in commercial hybrid germplasm, which was generated by targeted suppression of the biosynthetic pathway for GA. To accomplish this, we utilized a dominant, miRNA‐based construct expressed in a hemizygous state to selectively reduce expression of the ZmGA20ox3 and ZmGA20ox5 genes that control GA biosynthesis primarily in vegetative tissues. Suppression of both genes resulted in the reduction of GA levels leading to inhibition of cell elongation in internodal tissues, which reduced plant height. Expression of the miRNA did not alter GA levels in reproductive tissues, and thus, the reproductive potential of the plants remained unchanged. As a result, we developed a dominant, short‐stature maize ideotype that is conducive for the commercial production of hybrid maize. We expect that the new maize ideotype would enable more efficient and more sustainable maize farming for a growing world population.
The status of chronic lung disease diagnosis in Japan: Secondary publication
Authors: Ito Masato , Tomotaki Seiichi , Isayama Tetsuya , Hara Hiroko , Hirata Katsuya , Arai Hirokazu
Published: March 2022

Background

In Japan, the definition and classification of neonatal chronic lung disease (CLD) used for its diagnosis are a combination of those used in Japan and abroad.

Methods

To clarify the current state of CLD diagnosis, a questionnaire survey was conducted.

Results

Half of the patients of the medical centers included in the study were diagnosed with CLD in real time, while the other half were diagnosed after discharge. In addition, in approximately 70% of the facilities, diagnosis was made after discussions various among medical teams. In approximately 80% of the centers, the chest radiography used for CLD diagnosis were evaluated by multiple doctors. Furthermore, some centers used chest X‐rays that were taken at approximately 28 days of age for CLD diagnosis, whereas at other facilities, diagnosis was made regardless of time at which the chest radiography were obtained. Only a small number of centers have established criteria for determining the necessity of oxygen at the corrected age of 36 weeks, and the target saturation of peripheral oxygen levels also tend to vary for each facility. Whether the conditions wherein the patient receives respiratory support for apnea or respiratory tract diseases should be considered as CLD also differed among the facilities.

Conclusions

It is necessary to reassess the definition and classification of CLD in Japan to accurately evaluate and improve the quality of respiratory management based on the long‐term prognosis.