bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surgical Site Infections in Single-dose versus Multiple-dose Broad-spectrum Intravenous Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Clean Surgeries: A Quasi-experimental Study
Authors: Shobha C , Kumar Amit , Goudar Bhimanagouda V , Emmi Shaileshkumar M
Published: May 2024

Introduction: Surgical Site Infections (SSIs) constitute a prevalent nosocomial concern among surgical patients. The incidence of SSIs typically ranges from 1-2% in the context of clean surgeries, irrespective of the use of antibiotic prophylaxis. Frequently, a single preoperative dose of antibiotics administered up to 60 minutes before surgery suffices. Aim: To compare the rates of postoperative infections following a single preoperative dose of prophylactic antibiotics with those receiving multiple postoperative doses. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted at the Surgery Department of Kumareshwara Hospital in Bagalkot, Karnataka, India. Participants included individuals aged over 18 years undergoing elective clean surgeries, with their informed consent. Patients with co-morbidities or pre-existing infections at the surgical site were excluded from the study. A total of 161 cases were enrolled, divided into two groups: Group A (single dose of broad-spectrum i.v. antibiotic with 70 patients) and Group B (multiple doses of the same broad-spectrum antibiotic with 91 patients). Independent parameters of outcome variables were analysed using the Chi-square test and Student’s t-test. Results: The mean age of study participants was 41.25±13.47 years. The incidence of SSI in Group A was 1.42%, while in Group B, it was 2.20%. The mean duration of hospital stay was shorter in Group A (6.11±3.87 days) compared to Group B (7.60±4.08 days). Conclusion: In conclusion, the study suggests that the incidence of SSIs in both groups is similar and statistically insignificant for clean surgeries. Importantly, the hospital stay was shorter in the group receiving a single preoperative dose of antibiotics compared to multiple doses of antibiotics.
Single Umbilical Artery and Associated Systemic Anomalies in Foetal and Perinatal Autopsy: An Observational Study
Authors: Kotian Chandrahas , Halehuru Milana Basavraja , Rani Hephzibah , Myageri Aneel , Rao Ravikala Vittal
Published: May 2024

Introduction: Single Umbilical Artery (SUA) is a congenital anomaly that can occur either as an isolated finding or in association with other systemic anomalies. Several studies have reported that SUA is linked to dysplastic kidneys, ventricular septal defects, oesophageal atresia, spina bifida, diaphragmatic hernia and cystic hygromas. Therefore, investigating cases of SUA in autopsies is crucial. Aim: To estimate the frequency of SUA in foetal autopsies and determine the association between SUA and other systemic anomalies. Materials and Methods: The present ambispective observational study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India, over a 13 year period from January 2009 to December 2021. A total of 63 cases of SUA detected during foetal autopsies were included. Factors such as age, parity and multiple births were collected where available. The hospital-based frequency of SUA was calculated as a percentage. The association between SUA and systemic anomalies was assessed using the Chi-square test. Results: A total of 1338 perinatal autopsies were performed during the study period, with SUA present in 63 (4.70%) cases. The most common associated anomaly was genitourinary defects identified in 16 (25.39%) cases. However, a statistically significant association was observed with musculoskeletal (11.11%), nervous (11.11%), and gastrointestinal system anomalies (19.04%) with a p-value of <0.0001. Conclusion: In the present study, SUA accounted for 4.70% of the foetal autopsies conducted during the study period. The most common associated anomalies were bilateral cystic kidneys, and VATER (Vertebral, Anal, Tracheo-oesophageal, and Renal anomalies) was the most common syndromic associations with SUA.
Clinical and Histomorphological Features of Cutaneous Adnexal Neoplasms: A Series of Eighteen Cases
Authors: Khan Shaheen , Gosavi Shital Subhash , Gogate Bageshri , Katey Madhulika Hemant , Kanpurwala Alefiya Hatim
Published: May 2024

Cutaneous Adnexal Neoplasms (CAN) are rare skin tumours with varied morphology that are often misdiagnosed clinically. The definitive diagnosis of these tumours can only be made by Histopathology (HP) based on their appendage differentiation. Though rare in occurrence, diagnosing these tumours is of prime importance, as they can mimic primary cutaneous carcinomas, cutaneous metastasis of a primary tumour, or can serve as markers of internal malignancy. Excision is mostly curative in benign tumours, and wide local excision needs to be performed to prevent recurrences. The aim of the present case series study was to investigate the histopathological spectrum of different CANs based on their appendage differentiation in a hospital-based study. A retrospective analysis was conducted over a period of 4.5 years, and all CAN cases diagnosed on HP were classified according to their appendage differentiation. The concordance between histopathological diagnosis and clinical diagnosis was calculated. Additionally, the frequency distribution of CAN in relation to demographic data was analysed. In the present case series, 18 cutaneous adnexal tumours were reported, showing a female predominance. The majority of the tumours 12 (66.67%) cases were observed in the head and neck region and exhibited a predominance of sweat gland differentiation 12 (66.67%) cases. The most common CANs were eccrine spiradenoma and pilomatrixoma, with 3 (16.67%) cases each. Sebaceous carcinoma and a rare case of Malignant Proliferating Trichilemmal Tumour (MPTT) accounted for 2 (11.11%) cases, being the only malignant tumours reported. The present study demonstrated only concordance of 4 (22.22%) cases between clinical and HP diagnosis. Therefore, the present series emphasises the importance of appendage differentiation in HP, which plays a crucial role in the definitive diagnosis, treatment planning and prognosis in CAN.
Studies on Various Taxonomic, Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Properties of Sanchezia speciosa Leonard Acanthaceae
Authors: Umoh Romanus A. , Johnny Imoh I. , Idio Emmanuel R. , Andy Nsima A. , Charles Goodnews E. , Udoh Anwanabasi E. , Owineng Daniel A. , Udom TiyoAbasi A.
Published: May 2024

Sanchezia speciosa Leonard, Acanthaceae is used as ornamental plant. It used in folklore medicine in the management of pain, anti-microbial and insecticide. An investigation was carried out to evaluate the various taxonomic, pharmacognostic and phytochemical standards to ensure the identity, purity, safety and efficacy of the medicinal plant, S. speciosa. Various observations were recorded which included microscopy, micromeritics, fluorescence, chemomicroscopy, soluble extractive values, moisture contents and phytochemical analysis. The results indicated that the epidermal shapes were both polygonal on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces. Stomatal distribution was amphistomatic with anisocytic and diacytic stomata on the adaxial and abaxial surface, respectively. Stomatal index was 21.47% on the adaxial surface and 15.43% on the abaxial surface. Micromeritics results for the leaf powder were bulk volume of 25.33± 0.408, tapped volume of 19.00± 0.00, bulk density of 0.40± 0.006, tapped density of 0.53± 0.021, Hausner’s ratio of 1.34± 0.037, Carr’s index of 25.00± 2.550 and angle of repose of 43.07°. The micromeritics indicated a passable flow. The chemo microscopy indicated presence of lignin, mucilage and starch. Fluorescence properties showed different colours under different ultraviolet lights. The water-soluble, methanol-soluble, ethanol-soluble extractive values were 14.7% w/w, 4.3% w/w and 5.0% w/w, respectively. Moisture content was 8.5% w/w. Total ash, acid-insoluble and water-soluble ash values were 20.0 % w/w, 2.0% w/w and 4.2% w/w, respectively. GC-MS of methanol extract revealed the total of 39 phytochemicals with over 5 prominent peaks having higher area% which include hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (2.64%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (4.77%), phytol (9.98%), 9,12,15 octadecatrienoic acid (12.97%), Stigmasterol (2.00%) and Squalene (28.16%). Other compounds are glycerin (5.83%), n-hexadecanoic acid (2.85%) and 9 octadecenamide (2.18%). Many of them possess good pharmacological properties. The data generated from the present study would help to authenticate S. speciosa and also affirm its folklore use in traditional medicine which has potential for further development into drug product.
Unlocking Organizational Commitment through Individual Traits and Job Satisfaction: A Millennial and Gen Z Perspective in West Borneo
Authors: Yulianto . , Toto Yusron , Saryono Udin , Sapala Silpanus Dian
Published: May 2024

Background and Purpose: This study aims to investigate the combined effects of individual characteristics, job redesign, and transformational leadership on various outcome variables, including job satisfaction, job stress and organizational commitment.
Methodology: This research is a descriptive quantitative research with a sample size of 110 millennial and generation Z workers. Data testing was carried out using the PLS-SEM method.
Findings: The research results show that individual character variables have a significant effect on job satisfaction, job stress, and organizational commitment. Transformational leadership style is proven to have a significant effect on job satisfaction, job redesign, and organizational commitment, but does not have a significant effect on individual character. Job redesign was found to have a significant effect on job satisfaction, individual character, and job stress. Job satisfaction has a significant effect on organizational commitment, but does not have a significant effect on job stress. For the mediation effect, individual character is able to mediate the relationship between job redesign and job satisfaction and job stress, while job satisfaction is only able to mediate the relationship between transformational leadership style and organizational commitment.
Contributions: Similar research conducted in developing countries and open in city centers is still very rare, even though the existing phenomena are interesting to study because there will be many differences that can be found both from individuals and even the environment, therefore this research facilitates this so that results can be obtained. this research.
Mangroves as Natural Shields: A Comprehensive Review of Their Role in Mitigating Natural Disasters and Conservation Strategies
Authors: S Mugilan , S Manivasakan , K Baranidharan , R M Jayabalakrishnan , K P Ragunath , P Hemalatha , R Ravi , S Krishnamoorthi
Published: May 2024

Mangrove ecosystems play a crucial role in mitigating the impact of natural disasters on coastal regions worldwide. This comprehensive review paper synthesizes multidisciplinary studies to explore the contribution of mangroves in reducing the risk of catastrophes such as storm surges, tsunamis, hurricanes, and coastal erosion. By analysing the complex relationships between mangroves and natural disasters, we delve into factors such as species composition, forest structure, hydrological regimes, and coastal geomorphology. Additionally, we investigate the socioeconomic implications of mangrove conservation and restoration efforts, highlighting their potential to enhance resilience and sustainable development in coastal communities. The paper presents a detailed examination of wave characteristics, types, and attenuation mechanisms, focusing on how mangrove features such as prop roots, knee roots, and pneumatophores influence wave dissipation. We discuss various numerical and statistical models used to predict wave attenuation through mangroves, providing insights into their strengths and limitations. Furthermore, we explore global and India-specific mangrove cover status, important species, and conservation measures, including legal frameworks and initiatives by governmental and non-governmental organizations. Finally, the review underscores the urgency of conserving and restoring mangrove ecosystems to safeguard both human well-being and ecological integrity in the face of escalating climate-related threats. It advocates for evidence-based decision-making and policy development in disaster risk management and climate adaptation, emphasizing the pivotal role of mangroves as natural shields against natural calamities. Overall, this paper contributes to the understanding of mangrove-mediated hazard reduction and provides guidance for maximizing the resilience of coastal communities in an increasingly volatile world.
Performance Evaluation of Poultry Mixer
Authors: Husein Jabiru , Issahaku Gazali , Yussif Bashiru
Published: May 2024

The challenges facing the local poultry farmers in Ghana is alarming. Only a few farmers have access to poultry feed mixer. The government is interested in poultry industry as viable venture for self-employment. The mixer was evaluated by using five feed ingredients; maize, wheat bran, soya meal, oyster shell, and concentrate. The measurement comparison of feed rate, time, speed, moisture content, morphology, feed losses percentage, and mixer efficiency were performed on the mixer-machine. The mixer was characterized and analyzed using a feed component of three different measures of 4.5kg, 9.0kg, and 14.5kg with their respective time of 3 minutes, 6 minutes and 9 minutes respectively. Linear regression analysis was carried out on the test results collated during the evaluation of the mixer and the analysis contributed to the determination of the effectiveness and efficiency of the machine with different feed rates and times. The percentage loss, moisture content, production rate and machine efficiency were 7.95%, 15%, 90%, and 92.07% respectfully.  The results indicated that variation in percentage loss among samples tested ranges from 5.56% to 9.33% with an average percentage of 7.95%. The results further revealed that the mixing capability of the proposed machine is effective, efficient and cheaper as compared to the existing machines used by small scale farmers. It is therefore recommended that poultry farmers should be encouraged to use the proposed mixing machine.
Extraction of Natural Food Color from Tomato, Carrot and Turmeric
Authors: Kabir Fahriha Nur A , Palleb Shohel Rana , Halim Md. Abdul , Nayan Sourav Biswas , Uddin M. Burhan , Aziz Mohammad Gulzarul
Published: May 2024

The demand for natural and healthier food products has increased dramatically in recent years due to growing consumer awareness of the impact food has on health as well as evidence of adverse effects from various ingredients, including some additives. This study evaluates the extraction method, solvent effects, precipitation, identification, purification, and lycopene, carotene, and curcumin content from turmeric, carrot, and tomato. Along-side, tomato, carrot, and turmeric samples were subjected to two different extraction and purification processes: solvent extraction for lycopene and carotene, and alkalization for curcumin. The samples were extracted and purified at room temperature (30ºC) and chilled (4ºC) for a period of three weeks. Tomato extracts had lycopene contents ranging from 0.0153 to 0.0362 mg/100g. obtained carotene content, which was then extracted using a solvent in the range of 61.43 to 81.72 mg/100g. The alkalization process produced a curcumin concentration of 91.17 to 110.41 mg/100g. Comparing the ethyl acetate extraction technique to the anti-solvent method, a greater amount of lycopene (red) and carotene (orange) precipitation was obtained. The maximum amount of curcumin precipitation obtained in lower pH solution. Lower pH is important to maintain the stability of curcumin precipitation. The experience of this research work suggested that lycopene from tomatoes, carotene from carrots, and curcumin from turmeric might be an excellent source to meet the increasing need for natural colorants.
Assessment of Plant Diversity and Soil Quality Management in Forest Land of West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Latha Ujji Pushpa , Bharose Ram , Kumar Hemant
Published: May 2024

The field experiment was set in home-garden areas under forest land of eight small towns viz.  Borampalem, Venkatapuram, Gundugolanukunta, Ramannapalem, Abdullapuram, Tirumaladevpeta, Venkatakrishnapuram, Appalarajugudem in West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh during November to March in 2021–22 assess the Plant and Tree Diversity and Soil quality parameters. The plant/tree species Phoenix sylvestris, reported the highest frequency (245.00), dominance (3.27), and basal area (7542.96 cm2).  Plumbago zeylanica had the highest relative density (6.96) and relative abundance (6.81) among all the shrub species. Plumbago zeylanica reported the highest Important value index (IVI) 17.10 while Herb species with highest density was found in Centella asiatica (0.95), frequency (35), and highest Important value index (IVI) 14.60. Soil quality parameters reflects that at the depth 0-15cm the average value of pH is found to be7.52, organic carbon is 0.56%, the amount of available nitrogen is 213.78 kg/ha, amount of available of phosphorus is 41.25 kg/ha and available potassium is 38.22 kg/ha. At the depth of 15-30 cm the Average value of pH is found to be 6.61, organic carbon is 0.39%, the amount of available nitrogen is 189.51 kg/ha, amount of available of phosphorus is 34.75 kg/ha and available potassium is 31.37 kg/h.
Mean Performance and Genetic Variability Exploration for Fruit Yield and its Attributing Traits in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Authors: Sudesh . , Bora Lila , Fandan Renu , Hegde Sapana Gurupad , Mehta Tanvi , Hardeep .
Published: May 2024

The present study was conducted to access the relative performance, genetic variability, genetic advance and heritability in thirty genotypes of tomato crop. The crop was sown under Randomized Block Design (RBD) in three replications at Regional Research Station Karnal, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, during the Autumn Winter season of 2021-22. The observations were recorded for eight parameters pertaining to the fruit yield and its attributing traits in tomato. Statistics from analysis of variance showed substantial differences among the genotypes that unveils the plausible presence of significant genetic variability which could be positively exploited in crop improvement programs. The results obtained in the experiment showed that Pusa Ruby (38 days) was earliest to flower in 50% plants followed by EC-631351 (40 days). Genotype Selection 7 took the least (66) number of days to first picking and genotype Kashi Hemant took the maximum (155 days) number of days to last picking. Genotype EC-615056 recorded the maximum (57.71 g) average fruit weight and genotypes namely EC-631457, EC-631357 and Pusa Early Dwarf observed highest fruit yield per plant. Narrow differences were recorded for the phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation for all the characters, which denotes that environment had very little influence in expression of the characters and phenotype truly represents the genotype. High to moderate magnitude of genotypic coefficient of variation and phenotypic coefficient of variation was recorded for almost all the characters in our investigation. Plant characters days to first picking, days to 50% flowering, days to last picking, plant height at harvest recorded high (>70%) magnitude of heritability in broad sense implying least influence of environment over these characters. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for characters like days to 50% flowering and plant height at harvesting.
Physiological Responses of Stress Tolerant Rice Varieties across Different Cropping Systems under Rainfed Stress
Authors: Tiwari Deepti , Patel Manoj Kumar , Priyadarsini Payal , Ankita . , Mishra Shatakashi , P. Vijai , Singh UP
Published: May 2024

Rice, sustaining half of the world's population, is traditionally cultivated through transplanting, particularly in Asia. However, challenges like excessive water use, labour demands, and environmental stresses like drought prompt the search for alternatives. Our study evaluates the impact of various crop establishment methods (CEs) – conventional puddled transplanting, direct drill seeding on flatbeds (DSR), and direct seeding on raised beds (FIRB) – on five stress-tolerant rice varieties (V): DRR 42, DRR 44, Sukha Dhan 5, Sukha Dhan 6, and Sarjoo 52. The key physiological parameters like Relative Water Content, Membrane Stability Index, and Chlorophyll content were analysed across different CE and V combinations. Notably, FIRB consistently surpasses other methods, suggesting its potential in bolstering stress tolerance and yield. Among the five varieties, Sukha Dhan 5 (V3) displays the highest RWC, Sarjoo 52 (V5) in MSI, and DRR 44 (V2) demonstrates superior chlorophyll content. These varieties underscore their pivotal role in maintaining plant water status, facilitating robust photosynthesis, and enhancing stress resilience, thereby ensuring stable yields. Our findings underscore FIRB's promise in curbing water waste and mitigating drawbacks associated with conventional transplanting practices.
Genomic Advancement in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): Harnessing Technological Breakthroughs for Future Strategies
Authors: Akhila Jana , Pandey Manoj Kumar
Published: May 2024

Wheat can be greatly improved by identifying genes that are significant to agronomy. Although progress in wheat genetics and genomics has been limited by the genome’s vast size and complexity. Wheat has a high-quality genome sequence in light of recent developments in genome sequencing and sequence assembly. Here, we propose that wheat biology can benefit from the same approaches that have been used to define biological systems in model species, such as the generation and characterization of mutants, methods for gene cloning, and enhanced transgenic technology. These tactics will encourage the establishment of wheat breeding programs and hasten the field of wheat biology. We also summarize current developments in functional genomics of wheat. In order to contribute to global food security, we conclude by talking about the future of wheat functional genomics and the sensible design-based molecular breeding of new wheat varieties. We suggest that researchers studying wheat should embrace the methods utilized for functional genomic analysis in other model species. One method for doing this is using gene cloning to find the gene causing an intriguing phenotype, deciphering the biological role of genes through the analysis of their corresponding mutants, and creating a related wheat mutant from the proposed wild-type gene to confirm the target gene’s functionality.
Effect of Home-made Cooked Feed vs. Balanced Feed on Growth Performance and Benefit-Cost Ratio of Ghungroo and Large White Yorkshire Piglets Reared under Intensive System in Sundarban Area of West Bengal, India
Authors: Roy Amit , Bera Santanu , Nath Sudhanya , Pakhira Manik Chandra , Sarkar Uttam
Published: May 2024

Aims: The present study was carried out to analyze the growth performance and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of Ghungroo and Large White Yorkshire (LWY) piglets reared under intensive housing by providing home-made cooked feeds and balanced feed.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted for a period of four months in Sundarban area of West Bengal, India.
Methodology: A total of 12 (six males and six females) piglets of each grower weaned Ghungroo and LWY piglets were randomly selected. For control group, commercially available grower pig ration were offered and for treatment group, locally available cooked feeds were offered. The body weight (kg) measurements of both the groups were taken every month from 2 to 6 months of age. Benefit-cost ratio (BCR) was calculated.
Results: The body weights obtained in groups fed with locally available cooked feeds and that of balanced ration are significantly different (P<0.05) to each other. The body weight of both Ghungroo and Large White Yorkshire (LWY) piglets in treatment group was significantly (P<0.05) less than that of the control group from 3 to 6 months of age. LWY piglets had significantly (P˂0.05) higher body weight than Ghungroo piglets in both control and treatment groups. The BCR of LWY pigs was more when compared to that of Ghungroo pigs in both control and treatment groups. It was also observed that BCR for both Ghungroo and LWY piglets was more in control groups in comparison with treatment groups.
Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that attainment of feasible body weight was not possible by only feeding locally available cooked feeds to Ghungroo and LWY piglets and so, piglets should be offered balanced ration for a profitable pig farming.
The Effect of Educational Intervention on Inhaler Technique of Patients in Asian Countries: A Systematic Review
Authors: Shahid Sara , Nadeem Laiba , Khan Maria Faisal , Gill Wasta Aslam , Nasir Minahil , Tayyab Syed Taimoor , Siddique Mavra , Ayesha Maryam , Iqbal Muhammad Zahid
Published: May 2024

Background: Inhalation therapy is the main line of treatment for the management of various respiratory diseases due to localized delivery and rapid onset of action. Incorrect inhaler technique is very common and subsequently leads to poor disease management. Pharmacist can have a positive impact on patient’s education about proper inhaler technique that can lead to a significant improvement of asthma and COPD management.
Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of pharmacist education program on inhaler technique of asthmatic and COPD patients in South Asian countries. The outcome regarding inhalation technique was reviewed and summarized.
Methodology: The outcome regarding inhalation technique was reviewed and summarized. For this systematic review, basic electronic academic databases (Scopus, Science Direct, ProQuest, Web of Science and PubMed) were used for the search, along with a manual search on Google Scholar. This systematic review was conducted by following the “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)” guidelines. Moreover, utilizing the framework of the PECO-S (Population Exposure Comparison Outcome Study design), various observational studies were recruited for this review. The ZEE tool was utilized to minimize the risk of bias among extracted cross-sectional studies. Inclusion criteria included studies on inhaler using patients of all ages from South Asian countries along with the influence of educational intervention outcomes.
Results: Out of 2191 studies, 24 studies meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the current review. All of the included studies were about pharmacist intervention on inhaler technique in South Asian countries.
Conclusion: The systematic literature review summarizes the impact of educational intervention provided to inhaler using patients from South Asian countries. It was assessed that patient education and counselling produced improvement in inhalation technique of various devices especially metered dose inhalers.  The primary outcome of most the studies was the improvement in inhaler technique assessment and enhanced quality of life. Therefore, inhaler technique education to patients should be made compulsory by the Health-care authorities to enhance compliance and effectiveness of inhalational therapy by avoiding irrational use of inhalers.
Cereal Commerce: An Indian Trade Scenario at HS 4 Digit Level
Authors: V. Priyanka, , Vedamurthy K. B. , S. Patil. Yashavantagouda, , Naresh .
Published: May 2024

India's cereal trade landscape is a complex interplay of production, export, and import dynamics, reflecting both domestic priorities and global market demands. Despite historical export restrictions on staples like wheat and rice, recent policy shifts have positioned India as a pivotal player in global cereal commerce. The present study aims to understand the Indian cereal production and trade significance at HS 4-digit level. Notably the results indicated that, India's cereal production has exhibited steady growth, with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 0.044 per cent over the years. This growth trajectory, coupled with fluctuations in India's share of world cereal production (hovering around 10-11 %), underscores the country's consistent contribution to the global market. In terms of export composition, rice stands out as the dominant commodity, comprising a significant 76.42 per cent share of the total exported value, followed by wheat and maize. On the import front, India shows a strategic reliance on specific cereals like barley, oats, and maize, which collectively constitute over 90 per cent of the imported cereal value. This import pattern reflects targeted procurement strategies based on market needs and domestic consumption patterns. Examining trade partnerships, the United States emerges as a key exporter, while China features prominently as a significant importer of cereals. Other notable exporters include Argentina, Brazil, and Australia, contributing to a diverse distribution of cereal trade globally. The results imply that understanding product groups in specific can enhance the trade performance of any country. This diversity in trade partnerships highlights India's adaptability and its ability to navigate complex international markets. Overall, India's cereal trade dynamics demonstrate a blend of strategic production growth, export prioritization, and targeted import strategies, showcasing its pivotal role and significance in the global cereals market.
High‐Throughput Live Cell Imaging of Apoptosis
Authors: Puigvert J.C. , de Bont Hans , van de Water Bob , Danen Erik H.J.
Published: June 2010

Apoptosis is important for embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, and removal of cells with (potentially transforming) DNA lesions or other types of injuries. Functional genomics screens performed to unravel apoptotic signaling cascades in the context of toxicant‐induced cell injury commonly use apoptosis as an end‐point. Here, a method to detect the accumulation of apoptotic cells in real time that is well suited for high‐throughput screens is described. The method uses automated microscopy in a 96‐well format setting to visualize binding of fluorescent annexin V to the outer membrane leaflet of apoptotic cells. The automated image acquisition is followed by quantitative analysis using bioinformatics software. A protocol for each of the steps in this kinetic method is described, which includes the caspase‐dependent apoptotic response to toxic compounds in multiple cell types and demonstrates that RNAi‐based gene silencing of candidate apoptotic regulators affects the apoptosis kinetics as expected. This protocol will be useful for functional genomics as well as chemical (drug) screens. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 47:18.10.1‐18.10.13. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR) to Find Information About Arabidopsis Genes
Authors: Lamesch Philippe , Dreher Kate , Swarbreck David , Sasidharan Rajkumar , Reiser Leonore , Huala Eva
Published: June 2010

The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR; http://arabidopsis.org) is a comprehensive Web resource of Arabidopsis biology for plant scientists. TAIR curates and integrates information about genes, proteins, gene function, gene expression, mutant phenotypes, biological materials such as clones and seed stocks, genetic markers, genetic and physical maps, biochemical pathways, genome organization, images of mutant plants, protein sub‐cellular localizations, publications, and the research community. The various data types are extensively interconnected and can be accessed through a variety of Web‐based search and display tools. This unit primarily focuses on some basic methods for searching, browsing, visualizing, and analyzing information about Arabidopsis genes and describes several new tools such as a new TAIR genome browser (GBrowse), and the TAIR synteny viewer (GBrowse_syn). We also describe how to use AraCyc for mining plant metabolic pathways. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 30:1.11.1‐1.11.51. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analyzing Shotgun Proteomic Data with PatternLab for Proteomics
Authors: Carvalho Paulo C. , Yates III John R. , Barbosa Valmir C.
Published: June 2010

PatternLab for proteomics is a one‐stop shop computational environment for analyzing shotgun proteomic data. Its modules provide means to pinpoint proteins/peptides that are differentially expressed and those that are unique to a state. It can also cluster the ones that share similar expression profiles in time‐course experiments, as well as help in interpreting results according to Gene Ontology. PatternLab is user‐friendly, simple, and provides a graphical user interface. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 30:13.13.1‐13.13.15. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Time‐Lapse Imaging of Embryonic Neural Stem Cell Division in Drosophila by Two‐Photon Microscopy
Authors: Rebollo Elena , Gonzalez Cayetano
Published: June 2010

This unit describes a protocol for live imaging of Drosophila embryonic neural stem cells using two‐photon microscopy. Compared to traditional one‐photon confocal imaging, this technique renders higher‐resolution optical sections from deeper within the embryo. It is ideally suited to following embryonic neuroblasts located underneath the neuroepithelial cell layer for several rounds of cell division. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 13:1H.2.1‐1H.2.9. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Associations of perceived neighborhood environment on health status outcomes in persons with arthritis
Authors: Martin Kathryn Remmes , Shreffler Jack , Schoster Britta , Callahan Leigh F.
Published: June 2010

Objective

To examine the association between 4 aspects of perceived neighborhood environment (aesthetics, walkability, safety, and social cohesion) and health status outcomes in a cohort of North Carolinians with self‐reported arthritis after adjustment for individual and neighborhood socioeconomic status covariates.

Methods

In a telephone survey, 696 participants self‐reported ≥1 types of arthritis or rheumatic conditions. Outcomes measured were physical and mental functioning (Short Form 12 health survey version 2 physical component and mental component summary [MCS]), functional disability (Health Assessment Questionnaire), and depressive symptomatology (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale scores <16 versus ≥16). Multivariate regression and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted using Stata, version 11.

Results

Results from separate adjusted models indicated that measures of associations for perceived neighborhood characteristics were statistically significant (P ≤ 0.001 to P = 0.017) for each health status outcome (except walkability and MCS) after adjusting for covariates. Final adjusted models included all 4 perceived neighborhood characteristics simultaneously. A 1‐point increase in perceiving worse neighborhood aesthetics predicted lower mental health (B = −1.81, P = 0.034). Individuals had increased odds of depressive symptoms if they perceived lower neighborhood safety (odds ratio [OR] 1.36, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.04–1.78; P = 0.023) and lower neighborhood social cohesion (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.03–1.96; P = 0.030).

Conclusion

Study findings indicate that an individual's perception of neighborhood environment characteristics, especially aesthetics, safety, and social cohesion, is predictive of health outcomes among adults with self‐reported arthritis, even after adjusting for key variables. Future studies interested in examining the role that community characteristics play on disability and mental health in individuals with arthritis might consider further examination of perceived neighborhood environment.
Hedonic wine price predictions and nonnormal errors
Authors: Oczkowski Edward
Published: June 2010

This paper considers using nonnormal error distributions for the hedonic wine price function, to predict “average” wine prices and hence identify over and under‐priced wines. In addition to the log‐normal distribution, the Weibull, gamma, exponential and log‐logistic distributions are employed for a comprehensive data set of over 6,000 Australian wines. Estimates of marginal attribute impacts do differ with distribution employed with the Weibull being the most different. On average for all wines, the log‐logistic distribution produces the most accurate predictions, however, the performance of distributions differs according to price range. Combining the predictions can produce substantially lower absolute errors on average, because of the varying accuracy performance of the distributions. [EconLit citations: L15, D40, C16]. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Repeated pesticide exposure among North Carolina migrant and seasonal farmworkers
Authors: Arcury Thomas A. , Grzywacz Joseph G. , Talton Jennifer W. , Chen Haiying , Vallejos Quirina M. , Galván Leonardo , Barr Dana B. , Quandt Sara A.
Published: June 2010

Background

Limited data document the multiple and repeated pesticide absorption experienced by farmworkers in an agricultural season or their risk factors.

Methods

Data were collected from 196 farmworkers four times at monthly intervals in 2007. Urine samples were tested for 12 pesticide urinary metabolites. Questionnaire data provided measures of exposure risks.

Results

Farmworkers had at least one detection for many pesticide urinary metabolites; for example, 84.2% had at least one detection for acephate, 88.8% for 3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridinol. Most farmworkers had multiple detections for specific metabolites; for example, 64.8% had two or more detections for acephate, 64.8% for 3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridinol, 79.1% for 3‐phenoxybenzoic acid, and 86.7% for 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Housing type had a consistent significant association with metabolite detections.

Conclusions

Farmworkers are exposed to multiple pesticides across an agricultural season, and they experience repeated exposures to the same pesticides. Reducing farmworker pesticide exposure and delineating the health outcomes of this exposure require more detailed data. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:802–813, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variation in physiological health of diademed sifakas across intact and fragmented forest at Tsinjoarivo, eastern Madagascar
Authors: Irwin Mitchell T. , Junge Randall E. , Raharison Jean‐Luc , Samonds Karen E.
Published: June 2010

As undisturbed habitat becomes increasingly rare, managers charged with ensuring the survival of endangered primate species must increasingly utilize disturbed and degraded habitats in species survival plans. Yet we have an imperfect understanding of the true long‐term viability of primate populations in disturbed habitat, and census data can be misleading because density is not necessarily correlated with habitat quality and population viability in predictable ways. Here we present clinical laboratory data on hematology, serum biochemistry, fat‐soluble vitamins, minerals, iron analytes, viral serology, and parasitology of diademed sifaka (Propithecus diadema), derived from the capture of 26 individuals spanning eight groups and two habitats (undisturbed vs. disturbed and fragmented) at Tsinjoarivo, Madagascar. Blood from fragment individuals had significantly lower values for several factors: white blood cell counts, bilirubin, total protein, albumin, calcium, sodium, chloride, manganese, zinc, iron and total iron‐binding capacity. Several biochemical variables were higher in immature individuals, probably due to active growth. The large number of interhabitat differences suggests that habitat disturbance has an impact on physiological health within this population, perhaps reflecting dietary stress and/or immunosuppression. These results, combined with previous data showing altered diet, slower juvenile growth, and reduced activity in disturbed forest fragments, suggest that fragment sifakas may be less healthy than continuous forest groups. Finally, Tsinjoarivo sifakas have extremely low blood urea nitrogen (perhaps reflecting protein limitation) and selenium levels relative to other lemurs. Despite their survival and reproduction in the short term in fragments, these sifakas may represent a riskier conservation investment than conspecifics in undisturbed forest, and may be more susceptible to environmental stressors. However, more data on the fitness consequences of these biochemical differences are needed for a better interpretation of their impacts on long‐term viability prospects. Am. J. Primatol. Am. J. Primatol. 72:1013–1025, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reaction‐Diffusion Systems in Intracellular Molecular Transport and Control
Authors: Soh Siowling , Byrska Marta , Kandere‐Grzybowska Kristiana , Grzybowski Bartosz A.
Published: June 2010

Chemical reactions make cells work only if the participating chemicals are delivered to desired locations in a timely and precise fashion. Most research to date has focused on active‐transport mechanisms, although passive diffusion is often equally rapid and energetically less costly. Capitalizing on these advantages, cells have developed sophisticated reaction‐diffusion (RD) systems that control a wide range of cellular functions—from chemotaxis and cell division, through signaling cascades and oscillations, to cell motility. These apparently diverse systems share many common features and are “wired” according to “generic” motifs such as nonlinear kinetics, autocatalysis, and feedback loops. Understanding the operation of these complex (bio)chemical systems requires the analysis of pertinent transport‐kinetic equations or, at least on a qualitative level, of the characteristic times of the constituent subprocesses. Therefore, in reviewing the manifestations of cellular RD, we also describe basic theory of reaction‐diffusion phenomena.
Long‐term remission after cessation of interferon‐α treatment in patients with severe uveitis due to Behçet's disease
Authors: Deuter Christoph M. E. , Zierhut Manfred , Möhle Antje , Vonthein Reinhard , Stöbiger Nicole , Kötter Ina
Published: June 2010

Objective

To retrospectively assess the development of visual acuity and the frequency and duration of relapse‐free periods in patients who were treated with interferon‐α (IFNα) for severe uveitis due to Behçet's disease (BD) and who completed a followup period of ≥2 years.

Methods

IFN alfa‐2a was administered at an initial dosage of 6 million IU per day, then tapered to a maintenance dosage of 3 million IU twice per week, and finally discontinued, if possible. In case of a relapse, IFN treatment was repeated. Visual acuity at the end of followup was compared with visual acuity when ocular disease was in remission.

Results

Of 53 patients (96 eyes), 52 (98.1%) responded to IFN. In 47 patients (88.7%), IFN could be discontinued when the disease was in remission. Twenty of these 47 (42.6%) needed a second treatment course during a median followup of 6.0 years (range 2.0–12.6 years). Visual acuity improved or remained unchanged in 91 eyes (94.8%). Ocular disease was still in remission in 50% of the patients 45.9 months after cessation of the first IFN course. The relapse rate tended to be lower in women than in men. The BD activity score decreased significantly during followup, but long‐term remission of nonocular BD manifestations was not achieved. However, since local treatments were sufficient, no systemic treatment was administered.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that IFNα induces long‐lasting remission in patients with severe ocular BD, resulting in a notable improvement in visual prognosis.
Thalamic atrophy associated with painful osteoarthritis of the hip is reversible after arthroplasty: A longitudinal voxel‐based morphometric study
Authors: Gwilym Stephen E. , Filippini Nicola , Douaud Gwenaelle , Carr Andrew J. , Tracey Irene
Published: June 2010

Objective

Voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) is a method of assessing brain gray matter volume that has previously been applied to various chronic pain conditions. From this previous work, it appears that chronic pain is associated with altered brain morphology. The present study was undertaken to assess these potential alterations in patients with painful hip osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

We studied 16 patients with unilateral right‐sided hip pain, before and 9 months after hip arthroplasty. This enabled comparison of gray matter volume in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain versus healthy controls, as well as identification of any changes in volume following alleviation of pain (after surgery). Assessment involved self‐completion questionnaires to assess pain, function, and psychosocial variables, and magnetic resonance imaging scanning of the brain for VBM analysis.

Results

Significant differences in brain gray matter volume between healthy controls and patients with painful hip arthritis were seen. Specifically, areas of the thalamus in patients with chronic OA pain exhibited decreased gray matter volume. Furthermore, when these preoperative changes were compared with the brain morphology of the patients 9 months after surgery, the areas of reduced thalamic gray matter volume were found to have “reversed” to levels seen in healthy controls.

Conclusion

Our findings confirm that gray matter volume decreases within the left thalamus in the presence of chronic pain and disability in patients with hip OA. The results also show that these thalamic volume changes reverse after hip arthroplasty and are associated with decreased pain and increased function. These findings have potential implications with regard to optimizing the timing of orthopedic interventions such as arthroplasty.
Cross‐cultural analysis of the Wikipedia community
Authors: Hara Noriko , Shachaf Pnina , Hew Khe Foon
Published: June 2010

This article reports a cross‐cultural analysis of four Wikipedias in different languages and demonstrates their roles as communities of practice (CoPs). Prior research on CoPs and on the Wikipedia community often lacks cross‐cultural analysis. Despite the fact that over 75% of Wikipedia is written in languages other than English, research on Wikipedia primarily focuses on the English Wikipedia and tends to overlook Wikipedias in other languages. This article first argues that Wikipedia communities can be analyzed and understood as CoPs. Second, norms of behaviors are examined in four Wikipedia languages (English, Hebrew, Japanese, and Malay), and the similarities and differences across these four languages are reported. Specifically, typical behaviors on three types of discussion spaces (talk, user talk, and Wikipedia talk) are identified and examined across languages. Hofstede's dimensions of cultural diversity as well as the size of the community and the function of each discussion area provide lenses for understanding the similarities and differences. As such, this article expands the research on online CoPs through an examination of cultural variations across multiple CoPs and increases our understanding of Wikipedia communities in various languages.