bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling Mediterranean agro-ecosystems by including agricultural trees in the LPJmL model
Authors: Fader M. , von Bloh W. , Shi S. , Bondeau A. , Cramer W.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. In the Mediterranean region, climate and land use change are expected to impact on natural and agricultural ecosystems by warming, reduced rainfall, direct degradation of ecosystems and biodiversity loss. Human population growth and socioeconomic changes, notably on the eastern and southern shores, will require increases in food production and put additional pressure on agro-ecosystems and water resources. Coping with these challenges requires informed decisions that, in turn, require assessments by means of a comprehensive agro-ecosystem and hydrological model. This study presents the inclusion of 10 Mediterranean agricultural plants, mainly perennial crops, in an agro-ecosystem model (Lund-Potsdam-Jena managed Land – LPJmL): nut trees, date palms, citrus trees, orchards, olive trees, grapes, cotton, potatoes, vegetables and fodder grasses. The model was successfully tested in three model outputs: agricultural yields, irrigation requirements and soil carbon density. With the development presented in this study, LPJmL is now able to simulate in good detail and mechanistically the functioning of Mediterranean agriculture with a comprehensive representation of ecophysiological processes for all vegetation types (natural and agricultural) and in a consistent framework that produces estimates of carbon, agricultural and hydrological variables for the entire Mediterranean basin. This development paves the way for further model extensions aiming at the representation of alternative agro-ecosystems (e.g. agroforestry), and opens the door for a large number of applications in the Mediterranean region, for example assessments of the consequences of land use transitions, the influence of management practices and climate change impacts.
SACRA – a method for the estimation of global high-resolution crop calendars from a satellite-sensed NDVI
Authors: Kotsuki S. , Tanaka K.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. To date, many studies have performed numerical estimations of biomass production and agricultural water demand to understand the present and future supply–demand relationship. A crop calendar (CC), which defines the date or month when farmers sow and harvest crops, is an essential input for the numerical estimations. This study aims to present a new global data set, the SAtellite-derived CRop calendar for Agricultural simulations (SACRA), and to discuss advantages and disadvantages compared to existing census-based and model-derived products. We estimate global CC at a spatial resolution of 5 arcmin using satellite-sensed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data, which corresponds to vegetation vitality and senescence on the land surface. Using the time series of the NDVI averaged from three consecutive years (2004–2006), sowing/harvesting dates are estimated for six crops (temperate-wheat, snow-wheat, maize, rice, soybean and cotton). We assume time series of the NDVI represent the phenology of one dominant crop and estimate CCs of the dominant crop in each grid. The dominant crops are determined using harvested areas based on census-based data. The cultivation period of SACRA is identified from the time series of the NDVI; therefore, SACRA considers current effects of human decisions and natural disasters. The difference between the estimated sowing dates and other existing products is less than 2 months (< 62 days) in most of the areas. A major disadvantage of our method is that the mixture of several crops in a grid is not considered in SACRA. The assumption of one dominant crop in each grid is a major source of discrepancy in crop calendars between SACRA and other products. The disadvantages of our approach may be reduced with future improvements based on finer satellite sensors and crop-type classification studies to consider several dominant crops in each grid. The comparison of the CC also demonstrates that identification of wheat type (sowing in spring or fall) is a major source of error in global CC estimations.
A huge deep-seated ancient rock landslide: recognition, mechanism and stability
Authors: Tang M. G. , Xu Q. , Li Y. S. , Huang R. Q. , Zheng G.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. The identification of deep-seated landslides is a difficult problem and its failure mechanism is a research hotspot. This paper mainly discusses a very attractive huge deep-seated ancient landslide, it is a very good case to go further research. About 15 years ago a large-scale abnormal geomorphy and geological phenomenon, containing a discontinuous stratum in output and color, was found in the new city of Fengjie, Three Gorges Project Reservoir, China. Two hypotheses for the interpretation of the abnormal phenomenon are a fault graben or a large-scale landslide. From then on continue collecting and analyzing relevant information, field investigation and test, now the results show that the fault graben, consisting of normal faults, could not have been formed under the north-south compressive structure stress of the local region. Meanwhile, a lot of unique geological features, interesting sliding trails and marks of the ancient landslide are discovered and identified in field and experiments. The deformation process and failure mechanism of the ancient landslide are clearly reappeared by a large centrifuge model experiment. Its failure mechanism can be analyzed as "creep-crack-cut". The experiment strongly confirms that it is a huge deep-seated ancient rock landslide. And the failure precursor and key factors of rock slope are discussed. At last, the stability analysis shows that the landslide as a whole is stable and the secondary landslides at the front are basically stable. The results provide a technical support for decision making of the land use planning and construction of the new city, Fengjie.
Short-term grazing exclusion has no impact on soil properties and nutrients of degraded alpine grassland in Tibet, China
Authors: Lu X. , Yan Y. , Sun J. , Zhang X. , Chen Y. , Wang X. , Cheng G.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Since the 1980s, alpine grasslands have been seriously degraded on the Tibetan Plateau. Grazing exclusion by fencing has been widely adopted to restore degraded grasslands. To clarify the effect of grazing exclusion on soil quality, we investigated soil properties and nutrients by comparing free-grazing (FG) and grazing exclusion (GE) grasslands in Tibet. Soil properties – including soil bulk density, pH, particle size distributions, and proportion of aggregates – showed no significant difference between FG and GE plots. Soil organic carbon, soil available nitrogen, and available phosphorus contents did not differ with grazing exclusion treatments in both the 0–15 and 15–30 cm layer. However, soil total nitrogen and total phosphorus contents were remarkably reduced due to grazing exclusion at 0–15 cm depth. Furthermore, growing season temperature and/or growing season precipitation had significant effects on almost all soil property and nutrient indicators. This study demonstrates that grazing exclusion had no impact on most soil properties and nutrients in Tibet. Additionally, the potential shift of climate conditions should be considered when recommending any policy designed for restoration of degraded soil in alpine grasslands in the future. Nevertheless, because the results of the present study come from a short-term (6–8 years) grazing exclusion, the assessments of the ecological effects of the grazing exclusion management strategy on soil quality of degraded alpine grasslands in Tibet still need long-term continued research.
Indicadores de sostenibilidad ambiental en el periurbano de la ciudad de Mar del Plata, Argentina
Authors: Zulaica Laura , Tomadoni Micaela
Published: November 2015

Los indicadores de sostenibilidad conforman herramientas útiles para la toma de decisiones. Las ciudades latinoamericanas, y especialmente las áreas de expansión sin planificación adecuada, enfrentan desafíos cada vez mayores para revertir problemáticas que amenazan su sostenibilidad. El presente trabajo evalúa de manera preliminar, la sostenibilidad ambiental del periurbano de Mar del Plata (Argentina) tomando como referencia algunos de los indicadores propuestos por el modelo del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo en la Iniciativa Ciudades Emergentes y Sostenibles. Se construyó un índice sintético (Índice de Sostenibilidad Ambiental, ISA) que integra trece indicadores agrupados en ocho temas. Las situaciones más críticas (ISA: 0,45-0,558) se identifican fundamentalmente en zonas en las que se desarrollan actividades rurales y en las que se localizan asentamientos de carácter precario. El estudio realizado profundiza en el conocimiento de la dimensión ambiental de la sostenibilidad, enfatizando en el análisis de los contrastes internos del periurbano marplatense.
Distribución y abundancia de peces de la familia Loricariidae (Pleco) y su relación con los peces de interés comercial en los alrededores de la Isla de Ometepe
Authors: Corea Jorge T. , Hernández Grettel M. , Solís Vilma , Aguilar Ariel J.
Published: November 2015

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la distribución y abundancia de peces de la familia Loricariidae (pleco) y su relación con los peces de interés comercial en los alrededores de la Isla de Ometepe, en el periodo de febrero-agosto 2012. La isla se delimitó en dos áreas, noreste y suroeste y se pescó en dos zonas (A y B). En la zona de pesca A se obtuvo un total de 116 plecos, de los cuales 115 se encontraron en las localidades del área noreste, y el contenido estomacal estaba compuesto por algas filamentosas bentónicas, detritus y materia orgánica acompañada de lodo. En la zona de pesca B se capturaron 1,438 peces pertenecientes a 7 familias y 15 especies. El área noreste presentó mayor volumen de captura que el área suroeste con 1001 y 437 peces, respectivamente. La especie más abundante fue Amphilophus citrinellus, seguida de Brycon guatemalensis y Amphilophus labiatus. Se capturaron 16 plecos, correspondiendo al 1.1% del total de peces capturados. El género Amphilophus obtuvo valores promedios de factor de condición (K) en las áreas noreste y suroeste de K= 4.4±0.30 EEM y K= 2.2±0.35 EEM, respectivamente. La localidad  más diversa fue San José del Sur (H=1.545) y la menos diversa fue San Marcos (H=0.640). El resultado del monitoreo diario en la zona B muestra la captura de 532 plecos, correspondiendo 498 peces para el área noreste y 34 para el área suroeste.
Microfinance Complementarity and Trade-Off between Financial Performance and Social Impact
Authors: Ngo Trong V.
Published: November 2015

There is a widespread belief that providing access to financial services (microfinance) or reaching the poor with microcredit are perfect solutions to establish a sustainable economy or to help kick-start a bottom-up recovery and social development animated by the poor themselves through self-employment and microenterprises. Microfinance has therefore become an important instrument for poverty alleviation and for improving the welfare of the poor in both developing and transition economies. Due to the difficulty of targeting the poor, who have a lack of collateral, microfinance institutions (MFIs) are called on to achieve a balance between social impact (poverty reduction) and positive financial performance. This paper assumes that the financial objectives of MFIs operate in opposition to each other and that a trade-off is inevitable. Unbalanced panel data of MFIs for the period 1995-2013 has been extracted from the MIX Market website. In order to solve the endogeneity problem, this paper employed the dynamic system GMM (generalized method of moments) of Blundell and Bond (1998) that is considered as the new methodology currently in use in the empirical investigation of the financial performance in banking and finance. This paper outlines some of the parameters that affect the nature of trade-offs and complementarities between social and financial objectives in microfinance performance, and provides empirical evidence from cross-country analysis. Sustainability has a positive link with outreach. MFIs tend to expand their outreach in order to achieve sustainability, based on the advantages of the economies of scale. However, a threshold which makes the trade-offs or complementarities between financial and social objectives reverse if it goes beyond a certain point is also observed.
Stock Yield and Information Asymmetry
Authors: Khansalar Ehsan , Dasht-Bayaz Mahmoud Lari , Miri Aref
Published: November 2015

One of the most fundamental economic problems is optimal allocation of resources towards high-yield investments with reasonable risk. For this achievement, it is required to have operational evaluation criteria that some of which emphasize on cash flow variables and some others on the information content of accounting interest. In order to achieve this end, in this study, the relationship between yields before interest and tax and operational cash flow with shareholders’ output in information asymmetry conditions during the life cycle of the listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange was investigated. To do testing hypotheses, multiple pooled data Regression was used. To separate the companies through life-cycle, Anthony and Ramesh’s (1992) research was used. The results of empirical tests results, by using information related to 142 firms during 2008 to 2013, indicate that in each of three stages of growth-maturity and the firms’ fading and interest before benefit and tax-have no positive and significant relationship with the output of the firms’ stock on the other hand, the interest before benefit and tax rather than operational cash flow have more information content.
Dynamic Return-Volume Relations in the Saudi Stock Market: Evidence from Quantiles Regressions
Authors: Alwagdani Othman
Published: November 2015

This paper examines the causality patterns between the lagged trading volume and returns of the Saudi stock market (TASI) for the period from2003:01 to April 2013:05, along with two consecutive sub-periods to account for pre- and post- market collapse of 2006. Using the quantile regression approach, the study finds that the return-volume relations are heterogeneous across quantiles with symmetric tendency across the mean for the full sample period. On the contrary, the study could not support the heterogeneous and symmetric effects for the first sub-sample period. The second sub-sample period is characterized by homogenous across quantiles with statistical evidence of symmetry. Thus, the study concludes that the dependence structure between the lagged volume and subsequent market returns seems to be randomly relying on the chosen period which makes volume unsuitable to be used as explanatory power for returns forecasting.
De clementiethriller als nieuw filmgenre
Authors: van Erp Judith
Published: November 2015

De clementiethriller als nieuw filmgenre. Het gebruik van gedramatiseerde voorlichtingsfilms in het toezicht

Een van de nieuwste ontwikkelingen in het gebruik van media door toezichthouders is het produceren van gedramatiseerde films, om ondernemers voor te lichten over het toezicht en af te schrikken. Met name in het mededingingstoezicht hebben mededingingsautoriteiten in verschillende landen realistische ‘docudrama’s’ geproduceerd waarin fictieve kartels worden ontmaskerd en bestraft. In deze bijdrage bespreek ik de vier belangrijkste ‘clementiefilms’ van dit moment: ‘Clementie in kartelzaken’ van de Nederlandse Mededingingsautoriteit; de ‘Competition Compliance film’ van de Britse Office of Fair Trading; het Australische ‘The Marker’ van de ACCC; en de Zweedse film ‘Be the first to tell – a film about leniency’. Hoewel de verhaallijnen in de films overeenkomsten vertonen, hebben ze inhoudelijk verschillende boodschappen. In deze bijdrage wordt een vergelijking gemaakt van de vorm en inhoud van deze films, en worden ze afgezet tegen inzichten uit sociaalwetenschappelijk onderzoek naar de achtergrond van mededingingsovertredingen om een indruk te geven van de mogelijke bijdrage van deze films aan de naleving.
Terugkerende vragen bij naming en shaming door toezichthouders
Authors: Aelen Margot
Published: November 2015

Terugkerende vragen bij naming en shaming door toezichthouders

Een thema dat direct aan toezicht in de media refereert is naming en shaming. Dat staat voor het verschijnsel dat een toezichthouder een boetebesluit publiceert met als gevolg dat de geadresseerde van het boetebesluit reputatieschade kan leiden. Het publiceren van een boetebesluit heeft binnen het kader van naming en shaming daarmee twee functies. Ten eerste is er een transparantiemotief, wat wil zeggen dat de toezichthouder zijn besluiten openbaar maakt met als doel inzicht te geven in zijn handelen en inzicht te geven in zijn handhavingsbeleid. Ten tweede is er een (in)direct handhavingsmotief: de reputatieschade kan op zichzelf door de toezichthouder worden bedoeld (en door de geadresseerde worden ervaren) als sanctie. Aan beide motieven ligt het idee ten grondslag dat openbaarmaking van boetebesluiten een preventieve functie kan hebben op het gedrag van potentiële normovertreders.
Het lastige gesprek
Authors: Brenninkmeijer Alex
Published: November 2015

Het lastige gesprek: Een reactie op ‘Toezien op publieke belangen’ vanuit het perspectief van de burger

De redactie van Tijdschrift voor Toezicht sprak met de Alex Brenninkmeijer, de Nationale ombudsman over zijn visie op het WRR-rapport
Rugwind van de WRR, tegenwind verzekerd
Authors: Fonteijn Chris
Published: November 2015

Rugwind van de WRR, tegenwind verzekerd

De auteur is verheugd te zien dat er veel parallellen zijn tussen de aanbevelingen van de WRR en de strategie en werkwijze van ACM. ACM voelt zich daardoor gesteund, want hun opvattingen en de daarop gebaseerde toezichtstijl zijn niet zonder controverse. Veranderingen gaan nu eenmaal nooit zonder slag of stoot. De auteur gaat op enkele van de aanbevelingen in het bijzonder in.
De responsieve toezichthouder
Authors: van Erp Judith , van Wingerde Karin
Published: November 2015

De responsieve toezichthouder

In deze bijdrage vragen de auteurs aandacht voor een aspect van responsive regulation dat beter aansluit bij de handhavingspraktijk; namelijk dat het de vraag adresseert hoe toezichthouders gebruik kunnen maken van het maatschappelijke krachtenveld dat bestaat uit verschillende publieke en private partijen. Deze zogenoemde tripartite handhaving is ten onrechte onderbelicht gebleven en biedt aanknopingspunten om aan de maatschappelijke functie van toezicht die de WRR bepleit, verder invulling te geven.
Juridische ruggengraat toezicht mag niet ontbreken
Authors: Ottow Annetje , de Cock Buning Madeleine
Published: November 2015

Juridische ruggengraat toezicht mag niet ontbreken

Juridische aspecten van het toezicht komen in het WRR-rapport slechts incidenteel aan de orde. In deze bijdrage gaan de auteurs door waar de WRR op dit punt ophield door nadere kleuring te geven aan de voor toezicht zo bepalende juridische context.
Toezicht: politiek opportunisme versus het veiligstellen van publieke belangen
Authors: de Bijl Paul
Published: November 2015

Toezicht: politiek opportunisme versus het veilig stellen van publieke belangen

De WRR neemt een toezichtparadox waar. Er is een roep om meer toezicht, want er gaat van alles mis, en tegelijkertijd een roep om minder toezicht, want er zijn te veel regeltjes. Toezicht staat daarmee in de schijnwerpers. Het speelt niet direct een glansrol in deze voorstelling. De avond zou kunnen eindigen met applaus van het publiek – maar als er tussentijds gejoel uitbreekt, is het nog maar de vraag hoe de voorstelling zal aflopen.
Het publieke belang van professionele toezichthouders
Authors: de Ridder Ko
Published: November 2015

Het publieke belang van professionele toezichthouders

In dit artikel bespreekt de auteur het WRR-rapport vanuit het perspectief van de toezichthouder. Hiermee doelt hij op de ‘toezichthoudende instantie’ maar meer nog op de ‘persoon van de inspecteur’
Toezicht op publieke belangen, een reactie
Authors: Roeters Annette , Verkroost Jos
Published: November 2015

Toezicht op publieke belangen, een reactie

De auteurs bekijken het rapport vanuit het perspectief van de toezichthouder. Zij geven aan dat het rapport nog aanvulling verdient in het leggen van een verbinding met de medewerkers van de inspecties die het werk op straat, in de bedrijven en in de instellingen uitvoeren en die aan de reflecties gestalte moeten geven.
Repliek vanuit de Wetenschappelijke Raad voor het Regeringsbeleid
Authors: Knottnerus André , Bokhorst Meike , de Goede Peter , Welp Pieter
Published: November 2015

Repliek vanuit de Wetenschappelijke Raad voor het Regeringsbeleid

Het feit dat een groot aantal experts de tijd en moeite heeft genomen om te reflecteren op het advies past goed bij wat de WRR beoogt: het entameren van een brede discussie over de toekomst van het overheidstoezicht. In hun reactie op de bijdragen in dit nummer gaan de medewerkers van de WRR kort in op de relevante observaties, opmerkingen en ideeën die naar voren zijn gebracht.
Safety and Efficacy of the Treatment of Cellulite and Contour Irregularities Utilizing a Petite Handpiece with a Dual Wavelength Laser-Suction Device with Massage
Authors: Saluja Raminder , Dumais Bonnie
Published: November 2015

Introduction:

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a petite handpiece with a low-level, dual-wavelength laser energy and massage device for the treatment of cellulite and contour irregularities.

Materials and Methods:

Thirteen female subjects with mild to moderate cellulite and contour irregularities were enrolled in the study. Eight treatments, delivered twice weekly, were performed with the low-level, dual-wavelength laser and massage device using a new petite handpiece. Digital photography, weight, body mass index, and circumference measurements were recorded at baseline, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months. Patient satisfaction surveys were conducted via a 6-point numerical grading system (ranging from 1 = extremely dissatisfied to 6 = extremely satisfied) at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after treatment.

Results:

Improvement in the appearance of cellulite and circumference reduction was found to be highest in patients receiving treatment to smaller areas (arms, knees, and upper back). The patient satisfaction rating was very high, and all patients would recommend the treatment to a friend or family member.

Conclusions:

Low-level, dual-wavelength laser energy and massage treatment using the petite handpiece safely improves the appearance of cellulite affecting the upper back, arms, abdomen, and knees.
Ptosis Due to Levator Disinsertion: A Specific Entity
Authors: Irfan Sameera
Published: November 2015

Introduction:

The purpose of this study is to clarify that ptosis due to levator disinsertion (traumatic) is a distinct entity from levator dehiscence (involutional).

Materials and Methods:

This was a prospective study of 12 consecutive cases of levator disinsertion seen in the oculoplastic department of a tertiary referral center between October 2009 and June 2012. There were 5 men and 6 women, one of whom had bilateral ptosis. Their ages ranged between 57 and 64 years in 11 cases; the 12th case was a 20-year-old woman. Eleven cases had had cataract surgery 6 months to 2 years previously while the 20-year-old woman developed sudden ptosis after rubbing her eye because of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. All had severe to total ptosis with very poor levator function (<4.0 mm) and a margin reflex distance 1 (MRD1) between −2.0 mm to −4.0 mm. They were managed by levator reinsertion performed by a single surgeon (S.I.) and followed up at 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months postoperatively.

Results:

Intraoperatively, the levator aponeurosis was found detached from the tarsal plate and retracted high up in the upper fornix. Postoperatively, the patients had good cosmesis with symmetrical palpebral aperture heights of 9.0–9.5 mm, MRD1 of 4.0–5.0 mm, and symmetrical upper lid creases. There was no recurrence of ptosis in any patient.

Conclusions:

This study highlights the fact that levator disinsertion is a specific clinical entity. All of the patients presented with severe ptosis and a very poor to absent levator function. This situation should not entice a surgeon to perform a brow suspension, however; the patients simply need a levator reinsertion without a levator resection.
Long-Term Efficacy of Liposuction in Patients with Axillary Hyperhidrosis
Authors: Boeni Roland
Published: November 2015

Patients with excessive sweating of their armpits frequently ask for a permanent solution. Liposuction resolves excessive sweating of the axillary cavity and has been practiced for many years. To date, however, long-term data are not available. We aimed to evaluate the long-term efficacy of liposuction performed under local anesthesia in patients with axillary hyperhidrosis. We were able to follow up with 59 patients over a period of 7 years. The results were evaluated on a subjective scale and with the iodine-starch test. There was an immediate reduction of excessive sweating in all patients after surgery. Sixteen patients asked for repeat surgery because axillary sweating recurred once the numbness disappeared. Whenever a satisfactory result was achieved that persisted for at least 3 months, there was no relapse over a period of 7 years. Liposuction is a highly successful method to reduce axillary hyperhidrosis, showing constant and permanent results once the effect is achieved. Repeat surgery may be necessary in a minority of patients.
Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism in Abdominoplasty
Authors: Ferneini Elie , Sohn Andrew , Ferneini Christina , Tobin Howard
Published: November 2015

Introduction:

Venous thromboembolism is an important and life-threatening complication associated with abdominoplasty, a common cosmetic procedure.

Materials and Methods:

A retrospective study of 100 consecutive patients who underwent abdominoplasty in an outpatient setting.

Results:

The complication rate was 35%. The most common complication was wound separation. No patient developed deep vein thrombosis, although 2 patients developed postoperative abdominal hematoma due to Lovenox prophylaxis.

Conclusions:

Abdominoplasty was found to be a safe and predictable outpatient procedure in our patient population.
Treatment of Large Keloids with Secondary-Intention Healing
Authors: Young Phillip , Fisher Michelle , Segel Jamie , Stucker Fred , Becker Adam , Chen Achih
Published: November 2015

Introduction:

The use of secondary-intention healing for the treatment of large keloids of the neck and chest is described.

Materials and Methods:

Three patients presenting for treatment of large keloids in an academic and private practice setting were treated by resection with the CO2 laser and healing by secondary intention. After epithelialization, Kenalog was injected at monthly intervals for a total of 6 injections. Photodocumentation was carried out after epithelialization, if any changes were noted, and at the end of injections to monitor any regrowth. If regrowth was noted after comparing photos with the patient's current status, steroids were resumed.

Results:

There were mild recurrences of the keloid after the procedure; however, the patients demonstrated a notable improvement from the preoperative state, and patient satisfaction was high.

Conclusions:

The use of secondary intension healing for large keloids in the neck and chest is a unique method in the armamentarium of treatments for a difficult problem.
Advanced Aesthetic Facial Rejuvenation: Sculptural Fat Restoration by Autologous Fat Transfer with Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Therapy
Authors: Schmid Peter Michael
Published: November 2015

Introduction:

The aging process uniquely challenges facial aesthetics by inherent variable soft-tissue and structural remodeling. Rejuvenation of the aging face by autologous fat transfer (AFT) enriched with adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) remains a treatment option for volume restoration and contour deficiencies, establishing facial harmony and beauty. Successful outcomes incorporate artistic principles and sound fat-grafting techniques.

Materials and Methods:

The author presents a review of current scientific PubMed literature and sculptural resources on facial aging, aesthetics, and autologous fat and stem cell grafting and describes advanced fat-grafting techniques for facial rejuvenation.

Results:

Improved clinical fat graft survivability and aesthetic outcomes have been observed in 50 patients treated by the proposed techniques of autologous fat graft and stem cell recipient bed preparation administered by sculptural fat transplantation.

Conclusions:

Sculptural fat restoration integrated with AFT and selective ADSC seeding is an important key to facial rejuvenation, producing aesthetically pleasing and lasting results.
A Pilot Prospective Comparative Trial of High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound versus Cryolipolysis for Flank Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue and Review of the Literature
Authors: Friedmann Daniel P. , Mahoney Leysin , Fabi Sabrina , Goldman Mitchel P.
Published: November 2015

Introduction:

Multiple treatment modalities exist for noninvasive body sculpting and reduction of focal adipose deposits, including high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and cryolipolysis. The focus of this study was to compare the efficacy of HIFU and cryolipolysis in the reduction of localized subcutaneous adipose tissue in the flank region.

Materials and Methods:

Eight female patients with subcutaneous adipose tissue localized to the bilateral flanks were randomized to a single treatment with either HIFU or cryolipolysis to each flank. Weight and widest-point waist circumference were recorded at baseline and at 4 monthly follow-up visits, with no significant change in weight over the study period. Two blinded investigators graded baseline and 4-month follow-up photographs for improvement using a 5-point global aesthetic improvement scale.

Results and Discussion:

Although both HIFU and cryolipolysis led to modest reductions in localized flank subcutaneous adipose tissue, there was a trend toward greater improvement in the HIFU treatment group.
Finger Dissection Followed by Squeeze Method for Cosmetic Excision of Subcutaneous Lipoma and its Results: Our Experience
Authors: Khan Parwez Sajad , Hayat Humera
Published: November 2015

Introduction:

We used finger dissection followed by the squeeze method for subcutaneous lipoma excision and report the aesthetic and treatment results of this procedure.

Materials and Methods:

A small cosmetic skin incision was made that would allow one finger for dissection. The lipoma was freed along all its sides and base and finally delivered by applying constant but gentle squeezing until the lipoma was completely delivered.

Results:

From June 2008 through June 2010, a total of 200 patients with subcutaneous lipomas who were attending our outpatient department were included in the present study. The patients were subjected to cosmetic excision of subcutaneous lipomas using finger dissection followed by the squeeze method. No technical difficulties were encountered in treating any of the patients. All of the patients were satisfied with the procedure, especially with the cosmetic wound scar.

Conclusions:

Our study supports the use of finger dissection followed by the squeeze method for cosmetic excision of subcutaneous lipoma.
Quality of Life and Self-Image of Women Who Undergo Breast Surgery for Cosmetic Reasons
Authors: Lev-Wiesel Rachel , Altman Miri , Govrin Jacki
Published: November 2015

The aim of the study was to examine to what extent breast augmentation contributes to body-image satisfaction and quality of life in women who had undergone breast augmentation. After signing a consent form to participate in the study, a convenience sample of 48 women before (n = 20) and after breast augmentation for cosmetic reasons (n = 28) were recruited from a plastic surgery clinic in Israel. In addition, 19 women matched according to age, education, and family status were recruited as controls. The mean age of participants was 28.2 (SD = 6.37) years, all had more than 12 years of education. Participants were administered a self-report anonymous questionnaire that included the following measures: depression, body image, and quality of life. Results indicated that body image was significantly positively correlated with quality of life among the overall sample. Following breast augmentation for cosmetic reasons, women showed lower level of depression. Quality of life was found to be influenced significantly by the level of depression and marginally by body image. Women who turned to surgery had higher level of depression compared to controls.
Weight Loss Tongue Patch: An Alternative Nonsurgical Method to Aid in Weight Loss in Obese Patients
Authors: Chugay Paul N. , Chugay Nikolas V.
Published: November 2015

Introduction:

Despite efforts on the part of patients, some are not able to achieve significant weight loss because of poor compliance with balanced diets and exercise programs. The tongue patch is a means of ensuring that the patient abides by a strict low-calorie diet plan to achieve maximal weight loss, while engaging in a moderate exercise regimen.

Materials and Methods:

A retrospective chart review was performed on patients who underwent the tongue patch procedure from 2009 to 2013. All patients had a piece of marlex mesh affixed to the tongue using prolene sutures. At the 30-day mark, each patient's weight was recorded. Data were then tabulated. Complications were also identified from the patient charts and analyzed.

Results:

A total of 81 patients received the tongue patch. Mean weight loss was 7.26 kg (16.0 lb; range = 0–16.8 kg/0–37 lb). The total weight lost by all participants was 501 kg (1104.5 lb). The average starting body mass index was 32.4 kg/m2 (range = 24.3–45.3 kg/m2) and average change in body mass index was 2.9 kg/m2 (range = 0–5.1 kg/m2). No serious complications were noted.

Conclusions:

While maintaining a strict low-calorie diet plan and adhering to a regular exercise regimen, patients using a tongue patch can achieve significant weight loss over a 30-day period with relatively minimal procedural risk.
Small-Incision Lower Lid Entropion Repair: Description of a Novel Procedure
Authors: Ramey Nicholas A. , Woodward Julie A. , Rose John G.
Published: November 2015

Introduction:

To describe a novel technique for lower lid entropion repair using a small incision with minimal dissection. To present surgical indications, initial outcomes, and complications associated with this technique.

Materials and Methods:

The small-incision lower lid entropion repair technique is described. A retrospective chart review of the first 5 consecutive patients undergoing this procedure in 2011 was conducted at the Dean Clinic of Madison, Wis. The medical records of these adult patients undergoing the small-incision repair were reviewed for surgical outcome, complications, and reoperation period, if applicable.

Results:

Of the first 5 consecutive patients undergoing this technique for small-incision entropion repair in 2011, all patients experienced surgical success. One patient experienced recurrence 6 months after the operation, following cataract surgery.

Conclusions:

This small-incision procedure is a safe and fast technique suitable for selected cases of involutional lower lid entropion.
Transaxillary Removal of Saline Implants
Authors: Brumfield Michael J.
Published: November 2015

The transaxillary breast augmentation surgical procedure has been used since the early 1970s. Initially, it was taught as a blind technique, but it evolved into an endoscopic approach in the 1990s, thereby providing visual confirmation of tissue planes and an improved ability to visualize and control bleeding. As with any surgical procedure, many surgeons have continued to use the blind technique with great success, and others have come back to it, having found that the blind technique does not increase bleeding. The current transaxillary technique is also a viable option for retrieving and replacing saline implants. Removal can be a difficult task, depending on the size of the implant, the tissue plane in which the implant resides, the condition of the implant, and the extent of capsule thickening. This article describes a method that accomplishes, with relative ease, the removal and replacement of saline implants.
Comprehensive Liposuction and Complete Abdominoplasty: A Review of 644 Consecutive Cases and Analysis of Complications
Authors: Nuveen Erik J. , Danford Brandon , Nuveen John P.
Published: November 2015

The standard of care in abdominal recontouring is complete abdominoplasty. Originally described in 1899 as abdominal lipectomy, the evolution of the procedure has involved rectus plication and application of tension in an effort to improve cosmetic benefits. Resistance to combined lipoaspiration has been fueled by fears of increased complications such as increased rates of ischemia, devascularization, dehiscence, seromas, and higher revision rates. A paucity of evidence supported these fears. We retrospectively reviewed 644 consecutive abdominoplasties performed by one surgeon (E.J.N.) in a facility accredited by the American Association for Ambulatory Healthcare. All patients were American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 1–3.
Upper Eyelid Fat Excision through a Brow-Lift Incision: An Investigation of Technique and Anatomic Landmarks
Authors: Fattal Michael H. , Spiegel Jeffrey H.
Published: November 2015

Introduction:

Brow-lift and upper blepharoplasty are often done sequentially to achieve adequate rejuvenation of the upper face. We describe the feasibility of a novel method of addressing both the aged forehead and upper eyelid fat pseudoherniation via an open brow-lift approach.

Materials and Methods:

We performed our technique on 6 cadaver and 3 human subjects. A brow-lift was performed in open fashion followed by upper eyelid fat excision through the superiorly exposed orbital septum. Position of the orbital fat from this approach and its ease of excision were recorded.

Results:

In all cases, the medial and central fat compartments were medial and lateral to the supraorbital nerve, respectively. Fat was accessible and amenable to excision from this approach. There were no complications related to this technique.

Conclusions:

When upper eyelid dermatochalasia is resolved when an open brow-lift is performed, this technique addresses upper eyelid fat pseudoherniation through the same brow-lift incision. Although this procedure is feasible and safe, long-term results in a greater number of patients are needed to confirm its role in aesthetic surgery.
Complications Associated with Facial Soft-Tissue Fillers
Authors: Ferneini Elie , Gady Jacob , Nuveen Erik
Published: November 2015

Minimally invasive facial cosmetic surgery procedures have seen an increase in numbers over the past decade. The two most common procedures are Botulinum toxin type A injection and soft-tissue fillers. Although soft-tissue fillers have a high safety profile, these materials have been recently associated with serious and irreversible complications. This article reviews complications associated with facial soft-tissue fillers and their management. In addition, ways to prevent these unwanted complications are discussed.
Abdominoplasty Combined with Cesarean Section: Discussion of the Evidence
Authors: Benn Teri E. , Spera Carlos E.
Published: November 2015

Introduction:

Many women are interested in having abdominoplasty performed at the time of cesarean section. Women would like to remove the excess skin and stretch marks that form during pregnancy. Abdominoplasty has been combined with other procedures and appears to be safe. Therefore, a literature review was done to investigate the data regarding combination abdominoplasty cesarean section.

Materials and Methods:

A literature search was done in PubMed, EBSCO, and the Cochrane Database using search terms for abdominoplasty and cesarean section. No articles were found in EBSCO or Cochrane databases, but PubMed yielded results.

Results:

One clinical research study was found that specifically compared abdominoplasty with combined abdominoplasty cesarean section. This study recommended against combining these procedures. Based on this literature search as well as the literature search reported by this article, there are no other studies that investigated this combined procedure.

Conclusions:

Given the one clinical study as well as general logistics and safety of combining abdominoplasty with cesarean section, more research may not be needed into this procedure. Combining abdominoplasty with other gynecologic procedures seems to have different risks and aesthetic outcomes than when combined with cesarean section.
Low-Level Laser Therapy: An Alternative Treatment for Capsular Contraction
Authors: Johnson Jason D. , Glat Paul M. , Scarlett William L.
Published: November 2015

Introduction:

Fibrous capsular contracture is the most frequent complication leading to patient dissatisfaction after breast augmentation and breast reconstruction. This multi-factorial phenomenon has been treated both surgically and nonsurgically with mixed results. At the present time, the more severe grades of capsular contracture are treated most successfully by surgical means.

Materials and Methods:

The LTU-904 laser was used on 33 patients with grades III and IV capsular contractures. Patients underwent laser treatments once a week for a period of 6 weeks. They received a 10-minute treatment using the 904-nm laser with a 2-cm square grid pattern with 1 minute of treatment in each area (300 mJ/1 min treatment = 1.5 J/cm2). Patients were administered a posttreatment survey to determine their level of improvement and satisfaction.

Results:

Surgical intervention was avoided in 93.9% of patients with grade III and IV capsular contraction. Of the patients who avoided surgery, the laser improved the stiffness of the breast by 10–95% (average, 43.6%) and an overall improvement in comfort ranging from 10–95% (average, 48.2%).

Conclusions:

Low-level laser therapy is a promising alternative treatment for grades III and IV capsular contracture. In most cases, both the patient and surgeon observed significant tissue softening and improved breast contour after treatment while avoiding surgical intervention.
Intense Pulsed Light vs Intense Pulsed Light Plus Oral Isotretinoin in Facial Rejuvenation
Authors: Hernández-Pérez Enrique , Duque Ricardo Ramírez , Khawaja Hassan Abbas
Published: November 2015

Introduction:

Because intense pulsed light (IPL) and oral isotretinoin (ISOT) are capable of improving photoaging, we tried to demonstrate if IPL alone is as effective as a combination of both procedures.

Materials and Methods:

We carried out an open, randomized, comparative, and descriptive trial in 18 Hispanic women with cutaneous aging grades II and III (Glogau). Patients were divided into 2 groups. In the frst group, only IPL was used with an Alma Laser Harmony XL machine, and 5 sessions of IPL were performed, with an interval of 2 weeks between them. At the beginning, the fluence was 12 J/cm2 and the time 12 ms, then it was increased to 13 J/cm2 and 12 ms, respectively. The second group received the same number and type of sessions of IPL, but we added oral ISOT, 20 mg 3 times a week for 10 weeks. Two 3-mm punch biopsies were taken, always from the same site: the first one, immediately prior to the beginning, and the second one 3 weeks after the end of the study. Follow-up was made 6 months after finishing the study. Controls were performed supported upon the physician, 1 nurse (always the same), and the patient herself, microscopic (2 dermatopathologists), and statistical.

Conclusions:

At the end, the combination IPL/ISOT proved to be better than IPL alone, not only clinically, but microscopically and statistically. No side effects were observed.
Treatment of Submental Fat Deposit with Cholanic Acid Intra-Adipocyte Lipolysis Compared with Liposuction Prospective Study
Authors: Makkar Rami M.
Published: November 2015

Introduction:

Over the years, liposuction has been the standard treatment for localized fatty deposit. Lipolysis is a controversial procedure based generally on phosphatidylcholine and deoxycholate injection. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of cholanic acid Aqualyx with the efficacy of liposuction in women with moderate submental fatty collection.

Materials and Methods:

A prospective randomized study of 30 women with moderate submental fatty collection. Half of the subjects were treated with cholanic acid Aqualyx and the other half with liposuction. Responses were assessed clinically and statistically.

Results:

Although the lipolysis group showed a better response, it is difficult to conclude that adipocytolisis leads to greater fat reduction compared with liposuction.
Examining the Relationship Between Family Caregivers' Emotional States and Ability to Empathize with Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Pooyania Sepideh , Lobchuk Michelle , Chernomas Wanda , Marrie Ruth Ann
Published: November 2015

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common nontraumatic cause of disability affecting young adults in Canada. Caregivers of patients with MS are highly psychologically burdened. Empathy and helping behaviors are hallmarks of quality care, but when they are challenged, suboptimal patient care can result. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of negative emotional states among primary caregivers of people with MS; the association between the caregiver's empathy-related behavior and the physical and cognitive impairment of the person with MS; and the association between the caregiver's emotional status and his or her empathy-related behaviors.

Methods: We conducted a descriptive, cross-sectional pilot study with family caregivers of noninstitutionalized individuals living with MS. We used univariate linear regression models for each potential predictor. The Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted to compare differences in caregiver empathic responses depending on Profile of Mood States subscale scores.

Results: Thirty percent of caregivers had elevated or very elevated mood scores, and such elevated scores were associated with greater functional impact of MS on the person with MS. Patient severity of cognitive impairment was not associated with caregiver mood scores. Caregiver mood state was not associated with empathy-related behaviors. Empathy-related behaviors were less frequent when levels of anger and hostility were higher, but this association did not reach statistical significance.

Conclusions: Given the elevated levels of fatigue, depression, and anger observed among caregivers in this study, clinicians need to be aware of the potential impact of caregiving and to assess the needs of caregivers.
Relationship between Personality Types Conceptualized by C. G. Jung and Latvian IT Specialist Preferences
Authors: Dargis Maris , Finke Anita , Penicina Ludmila
Published: November 2015

General people’s personality types, as well as idiosyncrasies and cognition and perception characteristics specific to each type, are a common research item, especially in such areas as pedagogics, human resource management, etc. Personality traits characteristic for individuals and teams of certain specific avocations (i.e., project teams), however, are a much less explored subject. In this area, the amount of conducted research is congruent with the geopolitical location and directly correlates with the possibility of finding practical applications for the findings of said research. This study presents the initial findings of such research, within the scope of which the idiosyncrasies common for IT specialists were explored using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) model. These initial findings can be used as the foundation for further study on the subject, helping to create a general Latvian IT specialist’s personality profile, and, possibly, identifying the areas that need development, while taking into consideration the tendencies and requirements of the Latvian IT market, as well as those of  the labour market worldwide.