bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
¿Qué aspecto debe tener una iglesia?
Authors: Neutra Richard J.
Published: September 2016

Si nos referimos a edificios destinados a la celebración del culto religioso, ¿podemos hablar de la existencia de un denominador común?... Creo que sí; más aún, espero que la cuestión planteada desde este punto de vista presente una respuesta fácil y susceptible de utilización práctica. Pero hoy quiero hablar únicamente del aspecto y de las impresiones visuales que una iglesia debe ofrecer.
Dos obras de Minoru Yamasaki. Parke - Davis, Menlo Park California
Authors: Yamasaki,  Leinweber - Arquitectos , Ammann, Whitney Ingenieros , Halprin Lawrence
Published: September 2016

No es frecuente asociar la idea de un almacén con un edificio de extraordinarias cualidades estéticas. Lo normal es construir con un concepto puramente funcional, desde el punto de vista utilitario y constructivo, sin dar demasiada importancia a su aspecto exterior e interior. He aquí, sin embargo, un caso ejemplar en estas oficinas y almacenes del Parque-Davis, resueltos con indudable finura y ligereza.
Aprovechamiento hidroeléctrico del río Eume
Authors: Yordi de Carricarte Luciano
Published: September 2016

En la provincia de La Coruña, junto a la desembocadura del río Eume, y en las proximidades del pueblo de Puentedeume, se ha realizado el aprovechamiento hidroeléctrico de dicho río, formado, en cuestión, por tres elementos básicos: una presa de embalse de doble curvatura, de 103 m de altura; una conducción forzada, integrada por un túnel de 2.839 m de longitud y dos tuberías de 310; y una central, equipada con dos grupos de 75.000 CV.
Prefabricación III
Authors: Editorial Equipo
Published: September 2016

Como cierre de la serie de artículo sobre prefabricación —que por amabilidad de la empresa constructora Huarte y Cía., S.A., venimos publicando—, recogemos, hoy las experiencias tenidas en la prefabricación de las grandes naves de ENSIDESA cuyo taller de, laminación con 182.190 metros cuadrados de superficie cubierta, constituye un caso sin precedentes en la construcción española.
Hangar, en Miami
Authors: Editorial Equipo
Published: September 2016

El nuevo hangar de la National Airlines, construido recientemente en Miami, Florida (EE. UU.), constituye una obra esbelta de agradable aspecto arquitectónico y de forma moderna en su concepción estructural.
Los ruidos en las edificaciones (V)
Authors: Tobío José María
Published: September 2016

Para que las disposiciones a tomar en la defensa contra el ruido sean verdaderamente eficaces, es casi siempre necesario realizar medidas acústicas apropiadas. En los últimos quince años se han experimentado grandes progresos en acústica y, como consecuencia de ello, las medidas sónicas se han hecho más necesarias, más exactas y, al mismo tiempo, más sencillas. Cuando se estudia un montaje nuevo —aislante, absorbente o anti-reverberante—, es casi imprescindible comprobar "in situ" los resultados previstos en el cálculo. Esto ha de hacerse, necesariamente, con ensayos y medidas acústicas. Las medidas son igualmente indispensables cuando se trata de obtener datos para proyectar un aislamiento o acondicionamiento fónicos.
Sede Unione Donne Cattoliche. Roma
Authors: Vagnetti Luigi
Published: September 2016

El edificio está emplazado en una gran parcela, próxima a la Villa Carpetana y junto al cruce de la carretera Estatal número 1 (Aurelia) con la de Circunvalación Aurelia. Las imposiciones urbanísticas de la zona —que se encuentra fuera del plano regulador— limitan la superficie cubierta a 1/6 de la total, altura máxima de cuatro plantas y ático, y retranqueo mínimo de 6 m respecto de las lindes. Por su parte, la propiedad imponía las condiciones siguientes: alrededor de 50 despachos para albergar a 100 personas, entre dirigentes, empleados y 7 religiosos asistentes; gran salón de conferencias y reuniones, con vestíbulo, capaz para 200 asientos; capilla para más de 200 fieles, con un mínimo de 6 altares; servicios varios, tales como: biblioteca, archivos, sala de proyección, garaje, vivienda del vigilante, almacenes, vestuarios, etc., etc.
Puente en la carretera Magliana. Roma
Authors: Thellung Bonifacio
Published: September 2016

Después de la interrupción, debida a la guerra, de la construcción de un puente sobre el río Tevere, en Roma, llamado Magliana, ha entrado por fin en servicio. Esta obra, de hormigón armado, ubicada en Roma, tiene un tramo central basculante y metálico.
Iluminación del campo de Mestalla. Valencia
Authors: López-Valeiras J. M. Casal
Published: September 2016

El Valencia C. F., después de la ampliación realizada en su campo de Mestalla, que es actualmente uno de los de mayor capacidad de nuestra nación, consideró necesario el dotarlo de iluminación artificial como complemento obligado de la obra efectuada, consiguiendo así facilitar a sus seguidores la asistencia a partidos en días laborables, al ser posible el jugarlos fuera de las horas de trabajo; el poder celebrar encuentros después de anochecer, que es el momento más adecuado del día por las condiciones climatológicas de Valencia durante una gran parte del año, logrando, además, merced al alumbrado artificial, aumentar grandemente la espectacularidad del juego.
Museo Guggenheim
Authors: Lloyd Wright Frank
Published: September 2016

Desde el comienzo de su construcción, en el año 1956, The Salomon R. Guggenheim Museum ha suscitado las más diversas controversias, tanto en los ambientes técnicos como entre los "hombres de la calle". Las opiniones encontradas iban, desde la más favorable y entusiasta acogida hasta un desprecio ostensible, si bien existía en todos ellos el factor común del asombro ante la obra de proporciones plásticas y constructivas de calibre excepcional.
Central Térmica de Alcudia, Palma de Mallorca
Authors: Sánchez Conde Enrique
Published: September 2016

La Isla de Mallorca tiene escasos recursos hidráulicos y térmicos. Carece de ríos de régimen permanente aptos para realizar aprovechamientos hidroeléctricos satisfactorios, y tampoco tiene en su subsuelo combustibles en cantidad suficiente para mantener centrales térmicas importantes. Solamente existen algunas manchas de lignito, cuyas capas de potencia pequeña y de características muy variables dan un porcentaje medio que se puede fijar en un 27% de cenizas y un poder calorífico de 3.600 calorías por kilogramo.
Tengamos ideas propias
Authors: Neutra Richad J.
Published: September 2016

Refiriéndome, hace algunos años, a la Embajada de los Estados Unidos en Karachi, explicaba el proyecto al Comité. Su presidente, un caballero muy culto y arquitecto de prestigio, después de escuchar y observar cómo había yo razonado la colocación de quitasoles metálicos y móviles en un ala de la Embajada y en su parte frontal, dijo a título de amigable comentario: "¿No piensa usted, señor Neutra, que esas persianas móviles son un tanto anticuadas para un proyecto de hoy?".
Pista de hockey. Universidad de Yale
Authors: Saarinen Eero
Published: September 2016

Creo que la pista de hockey David S. Ingalle es la mejor obra que hemos llevado a cabo y me siento orgulloso de ella.
Restaurante, en Colonia
Authors: Steinbüchel y Rheinwall Arquitectos
Published: September 2016

Este restaurante constituye el elemento permanente y utilitario construido en un bellísimo parque destinado a exposición de jardinería, donde, como es lógico, se despliega ante los ojos del visitante una extraordinaria orgía de color y hermosas formas vegetales que es preciso conjugar con la creación del hombre.
Maquinaria auxiliar. Conservación de señales
Authors: Telford E. T.
Published: September 2016

La conservación en buen estado de los indicadores o pancartas de la señalización de las grandes vías, de circulación del Departamento de Carreteras del Estado de California, es tarea que corre a cargo de una Sección especial dedicada a estos menesteres.
Dallas Memorial Auditorium
Authors: Rosenlund Jack E.
Published: September 2016

La ciudad de Dallas precisaba de un edificio monumental de uso vario —para congresos, representaciones de ópera, espectáculos circenses, competiciones deportivas, exposiciones, conciertos, etc.—, con amplio espacio para estacionamiento de vehículos y buenos transportes.
Hacia un urbanismo sensitivo creador de paisajes. Bobigny y Pantin, París
Authors: Aillaud Emile
Published: September 2016

Fue preocupación fundamental de este arquitecto la integración de cada vivienda en su emplazamiento natural, en un paisaje sano, abierto e higiénico. En los casos que esto no ha sido posible, por no existir alrededores agradables, es preciso crearlos.
Nuevos puentes sobre el rio Neckar
Authors: Editorial Equipo
Published: September 2016

En la última guerra de carácter mundial, la ciudad de Heilbron y todos los puentes que en su alrededor cruzaban el río Neckar (Alemania) fueron casi totalmente destruidos. En los trabajos de reconstrucción, los puentes tuvieron su parte importante: la circulación y transportes son factores decisivos en los países eminentemente industrializados.
Escuela Humboldt, en Offenbach / Main
Authors: Steinmeyer Friedel , Novotny Fritz
Published: September 2016

El fallo de un Concurso convocado por la ciudad de Offenbach para la construcción de una escuela en dicha población, recayó en las personas de F. Steinmeyer y F. Novotny, quienes, desde entonces, se encargaron de la redacción del proyecto correspondiente.
Autopista, en Kent
Authors: Bowdler H.
Published: September 2016

Entre las nuevas mejoras en las vías de comunicaciones terrestres en Inglaterra se halla la derivación de Maidstone (Kent), cuyo objeto es el de evitar que el flujo de vehículos que actualmente pasa en tránsito por el centro de la ciudad encuentre una circulación más cómoda y libere el casco urbano de embotellamientos molestos en sus calles.
Investigaciones sobre el teatro. Su fisiología
Authors: Neutra Richard J.
Published: September 2016

Neutra ha sido invitado, como "El Americano", a tomar parte en un gran Concurso para la construcción del más famoso teatro municipal de Alemania. Su proyecto obtuvo el primer premio.
Opera de Hamburgo
Authors: Weber Gerhard
Published: September 2016

El edificio de la Opera de Hamburgo está basado en un proyecto de Schinkel, del año 1825, que no llegó a realizarse. Comenzó la construcción Wimmel en 1826, siendo terminada en 1871 por Haller. Distel levantó un nuevo escenario. En 1943 un devastador incendio destruyó la sala, pero el escenario quedó casi íntegro.
Colegio Hunter. Nueva York
Authors: Breuer Marcel
Published: September 2016

En marcado contraste con las edificaciones existentes del Colegio, han sido construidos dos nuevos elementos independientes, pero enlazados entre sí, destinados, respectivamente, a biblioteca y a clases. El estilo gótico tradicional, grave y estrecho que muestran los pabellones primitivos y la línea escueta, simplista, limpia de los dos prismas nuevos, juegan una brillante y notable armonía por contraste, cuyo éxito se debe a un cuidado estudio general y a una composición esmerada, en cuanto a masas, línea y materiales se refiere. Estos últimos, con sus colores característicos; son los mismos que predominan en las fachadas del Colegio: piedra caliza, piedra natural y ladrillo tostado.
Refuerzo y ensanche de firmes de hormigón
Authors: Rocci S.
Published: September 2016

En los países en que la técnica de ejecución de firmes de hormigón lleva ya establecida más de cuarenta se ha ido imponiendo últimamente la repavimentación de firmes, que han excedido ya con mucho su vida útil (estimada en 28,2 años por el U.S. Bureau of Public Roads, según datos oficiales de 24 Estados y 320.000 km de carreteras ejecutadas en veintiún años).
La flexión y los esfuerzos cortantes en el hormigón armado
Authors: Páez Alfredo
Published: September 2016

En este artículo, el autor expone, de forma resumida, los principios y resultados que se obtienen al aplicar una teoría revolucionaria por él presentada en diversos Congresos y Organismos Internacionales, relativa al cálculo de las vigas de hormigón armado sometidas a flexión simple. La novedad de sus principios, que desde el primer momento se apartan de la teoría clásica, y el hecho de que ya haya sido divulgada esta teoría en el extranjero, hacen que Informes de la Construcción publique esta tesis que la experimentación parece confirmar plenamente.
Interactive Holograms and Tutorials in Healthcare Education: Case Studies from the e-REAL Experience
Authors: Salvetti Fernando , Bertagni Barbara
Published: August 2016

With both portable and permanent fixtures available, the e-REAL lab encompasses users in an entirely interactive and immersive ecosystem; advanced medical simulation reaches its best thanks to interactive 3D holographic visualization. Using a number of tools, e-REAL enables not only face-to-face training, but also e-learning and remote communication across the globe.
Recommendations
Authors: Ojo Marianne
Published: August 2016

As well as contributing to a deeper insight of why focus of Corporate Social Responsibility varies between developed and developing countries, this chapter is aimed at contributing to knowledge and providing a better understanding of institutional and corporate structures operating in developed and developing countries. Such institutional and corporate structures constituting some of the factors which may impact a firm's responsibilities to much wider stakeholders, and particularly its commitment to ensuring that its activities do not adversely impact the ecosystem in which it operates. By incorporating the role of corporate governance, importance and significance of innovation and entrepreneurship, the chapter not only aims to recommend means whereby Corporate Social Responsibility can serve as a more effective tool for promoting worthy causes, and ensuring that obligations to the ecosystem and wider stakeholders are facilitated, but also highlight why a redress in the focus of Corporate Social Responsibility, as regards developing countries particularly, needs to be re-evaluated.
Image Quality Assessment and Outliers Filtering in an Image-Based Animal Supervision System
Authors: Khoramshahi Ehsan , Hietaoja Juha , Valros Anna , Yun Jinhyeon , Pastell Matti
Published: August 2016

This paper presents a probabilistic framework for the image quality assessment (QA), and filtering of outliers, in an image-based animal supervision system (asup). The proposed framework recognizes asup's imperfect frames in two stages. The first stage deals with the similarity analysis of the same-class distributions. The objective of this stage is to maximize the separability measures by defining a set of similarity indicators (SI) under the condition that the number of permissible values for them is restricted to be relatively low. The second stage, namely faulty frame recognition (FFR), deals with asup's QA training and real-time quality assessment (RTQS). In RTQS, decisions are made based on a real-time quality assessment mechanism such that the majority of the defected frames are removed from the consecutive sub routines that calculate the movements. The underlying approach consists of a set of SI indexes employed in a simple Bayesian inference model. The results confirm that a significant amount of defected frames can be efficiently classified by this approach. The performance of the proposed technique is demonstrated by the classification on a cross-validation set of mixed high and low quality frames. The classification shows a true positive rate of 88.6% while the false negative rate is only about 2.5%.
Managing Large Amounts of Data Generated by a Smart City Internet of Things Deployment
Authors: Lanza Jorge , Sotres Pablo , Sánchez Luis , Galache Jose Antonio , Santana Juan Ramón , Gutiérrez Verónica , Muñoz Luis
Published: August 2016

The Smart City concept is being developed from a lot of different axes encompassing multiple areas of social and technical sciences. However, something that is common to all these approaches is the central role that the capacity of sharing information has. Hence, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are seen as key enablers for the transformation of urban regions into Smart Cities. Two of these technologies, namely Internet of Things and Big Data, have a predominant position among them. The capacity to “sense the city” and access all this information and provide added-value services based on knowledge derived from it are critical to achieving the Smart City vision. This paper reports on the specification and implementation of a software platform enabling the management and exposure of the large amount of information that is continuously generated by the IoT deployment in the city of Santander.
Utilization of low-cost substrates for the production of nystose by Bacillus subtilis natto cct 7712
Authors: Santos Dieyssi Alves dos , Baldo Cristiani , Borsato Dionísio , Celligoi Maria Antonia Pedrine Colabone
Published: September 2016

Current analysis describes the capacity of Bacillus subtilis natto CCT 7712 to produce high amounts of nystose by low-cost substrates available in Brazil, such as commercial sucrose, sugarcane molasses and sugarcane juice. Optimization resulted in a maximum production of 179.77 g L-1 of nystose, averaging 7.49 g L-1 hour-1 of productivity and a 71.73% yield in a medium with 400 g L-1of commercial sucrose and 0.8 g L-1 of MnSO4. Fermentations with sugarcane molasses and sugarcane juice also resulted in a satisfactory production reaching 97.93 and 42.58 g L-1 nystose, respectively. High nystose production in a medium with sugarcane derivatives suggests submerged fermentation with Bacillus subtillis natto CT 7712 as a promising strategy to produce nystose at industrial level.
Phylogenetic analysis of Micracidini bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) demonstrates a single trans-Atlantic disjunction and inclusion ofCactopinusin the New World clade
Authors: Jordal Bjarte H. , Kaidel Johanna
Published: August 2016

Micracidini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is an unusual tribe of mainly bigynous bark beetles found in dry forests and scrublands in Afrotropical and Neotropical regions. Their phylogenetic relationship to other bark beetle groups is poorly known with few clues from external morphology. Hence, a phylogenetic analysis of five genes (COI, EF-1a, 28S, CAD, ArgK) and morphological (internal and external) data was conducted to test potential sister group relationships, including 56 outgroup genera in 22 tribes, and 18 species in 10 genera of Micracidini.CactopinusSchwarz – a genus with many cactus feeding species – was nested within a clade of all Neotropical and Nearctic genera. The New World was colonised by an Afrotropical ancestor about 75–85 million years ago, where cactus feeding inCactopinusevolved much later. All analyses indicated a paraphyletic clade of Afrotropical micracidines, strongly supporting inclusion of the Ipini genusDendrochilusSchedl inAfromicracisSchedl. Hypoborini appear to be one of the more plausible sistergroup candidates to Micracidini, and revealed morphological similarity in protibial and proventricular characters. Most phylogenetic results were supported independently by morphological and molecular data and therefore document the power of thorough examination of morphological characters analysed properly in a phylogenetic context.
Novel Evasion Mechanisms of the Classical Complement Pathway
Authors: Garcia Brandon L. , Zwarthoff Seline A. , Rooijakkers Suzan H. M. , Geisbrecht Brian V.
Published: September 2016

Complement is a network of soluble and cell surface-associated proteins that gives rise to a self-amplifying, yet tightly regulated system with fundamental roles in immune surveillance and clearance. Complement becomes activated on the surface of nonself cells by one of three initiating mechanisms known as the classical, lectin, and alternative pathways. Evasion of complement function is a hallmark of invasive pathogens and hematophagous organisms. Although many complement-inhibition strategies hinge on hijacking activities of endogenous complement regulatory proteins, an increasing number of uniquely evolved evasion molecules have been discovered over the past decade. In this review, we focus on several recent investigations that revealed mechanistically distinct inhibitors of the classical pathway. Because the classical pathway is an important and specific mediator of various autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, in-depth knowledge of novel evasion mechanisms could direct future development of therapeutic anti-inflammatory molecules.
A life uncertain – My baby’s vulnerability: Mothers’ lived experience of connection with their preterm infants in a Botswana neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Ncube Rosinah K. , Barlow Hilary , Mayers Pat M.
Published: August 2016

Background: Preterm and low–birth weight infants are often separated from their mothers when admitted to neonatal units for stabilisation of body temperature and technological support. Objectives: The aim of the study was to explore and describe the lived experiences of mothers regarding care of their hospitalised preterm infants in a neonatal unit in a public hospital in Gaborone, Botswana. Method: This study utilised a qualitative exploratory and descriptive phenomenological study design. Mothers of hospitalised preterm infants were purposefully selected, with whom there was extensive engagement. Two in-depth interviews were conducted with each participant (P). Results: Mothers were shocked by the sudden birth of a preterm infant and found the neonatal environment intimidating. This increased their fear and anxiety and delayed development of a relationship with their infants. Support from staff, other mothers in the neonatal unit and family members enabled the mothers to overcome their fear and to develop an emotional connection with their infants. Conclusion: On-going supportive communication with the mothers by healthcare professionals promotes their confidence and competence in caring for their preterm infants, which in turn promotes mother–infant attachment.
Variability of winter and summer surface ozone in Mexico City on the intraseasonal time scale
Authors: Barrett Bradford S. , Raga Graciela B.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Surface ozone concentrations in Mexico City frequently exceed the Mexican standard and have proven difficult to forecast due to changes in meteorological conditions at its tropical location. The Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) is largely responsible for intraseasonal variability in the tropics. Circulation patterns in the lower and upper troposphere and precipitation are associated with the oscillation as it progresses eastward around the planet. It is typically described by phases (labeled 1 through 8), which correspond to the broad longitudinal location of the active component of the oscillation with enhanced precipitation. In this study we evaluate the intraseasonal variability of winter and summer surface ozone concentrations in Mexico City was investigated over the period 1986–2014 to determine if there is a modulation by the MJO that would aid in the forecast of high pollution episodes. Over 1 000 000 hourly observations of surface ozone from five stations around the metropolitan area were standardized and then binned by active phase of the MJO, with phase determined using the Real-time Multivariate MJO Index. Highest winter ozone concentrations were found in Mexico City on days when the MJO was active and in phase 2 (over the Indian Ocean), and highest summer ozone concentrations were found on days when the MJO was active and in phase 6 (over the western Pacific Ocean). Lowest winter ozone concentrations were found during active MJO phase 8 (over the eastern Pacific Ocean), and lowest summer ozone concentrations were found during active MJO phase 1 (over the Atlantic Ocean). Anomalies of reanalysis-based cloud cover and UV-B radiation supported the observed variability in surface ozone in both summer and winter: MJO phases with highest ozone concentration had largest positive UV-B radiation anomalies and lowest cloud cover fraction, while phases with lowest ozone concentration had largest negative UV-B radiation anomalies and highest cloud cover fraction. Furthermore, geopotential height anomalies at 250 hPa favoring reduced cloudiness, and thus elevated surface ozone, were found in both seasons during MJO phases with above-normal ozone concentrations. Similar height anomalies at 250 hPa favoring enhanced cloudiness, and thus reduced surface ozone, were found in both seasons during MJO phases with below-normal ozone concentrations. These anomalies confirm a physical pathway for MJO modulation of surface ozone via modulation of the upper-troposphere.
Dynamics of canopy stomatal conductance, transpiration, and evaporation in a temperate deciduous forest, validated by carbonyl sulfide uptake
Authors: Wehr Richard , Commane Róisín , Munger J. William , McManus J.  Barry , Nelson David D. , Zahniser Mark S. , Saleska Scott R. , Wofsy Steven C.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Stomatal conductance influences both photosynthesis and transpiration, thereby coupling the carbon and water cycles and affecting surface-atmosphere energy exchange. The environmental response of stomatal conductance has been measured mainly at the leaf scale, and theoretical canopy models are relied on to upscale stomatal conductance for application in terrestrial ecosystem models and climate prediction. Here we estimate stomatal conductance and associated transpiration in a temperate deciduous forest directly at the canopy scale via two independent approaches: (i) from heat and water vapor exchange, and (ii) from carbonyl sulfide (OCS) uptake. We use the eddy covariance method to measure the net ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of OCS, and we use a flux-gradient approach to separate canopy OCS uptake from soil OCS uptake. We find that the seasonal and diurnal patterns of canopy stomatal conductance obtained by the two approaches agree (to within ±6 % diurnally), validating both methods. Canopy stomatal conductance increases linearly with above-canopy light intensity (in contrast to the leaf scale, where stomatal conductance shows declining marginal increases), and otherwise depends only on the diffuse light fraction, the canopy-average leaf-to-air water vapor gradient, and the total leaf area. Based on stomatal conductance, we partition evapotranspiration (ET) and find that evaporation increases from 0 % to 40 % of ET as the growing season progresses, driven primarily by rising soil temperature and secondarily by rainfall. Counter-intuitively, evaporation peaks at the time of year when the soil is dry and the air is moist. Our method of ET partitioning relies minimally on modeling and avoids concerns about mismatched scales or measurement types because both ET and transpiration are derived from eddy covariance data. Neither of two ecosystem models tested predicts the observed dynamics of evaporation or transpiration, indicating that ET partitioning such as that provided here is needed to further model development and improve our understanding of carbon and water cycling.
Reduced fine sediment flux and channel change in response to the managed
diversion of an upland river channel
Authors: Perks Matthew Thomas , Warburton Jeff
Published: September 2016

Abstract. This paper describes the implementation of a novel mitigation approach and subsequent adaptive management, designed to reduce the transfer of fine sediment (< 2 mm) in Glaisdale Beck, a small, predominantly upland catchment in the UK. Hydro-meteorological and suspended sediment data sets are collected over a 2-year period spanning pre- and post-diversion periods in order to assess the impact of the channel reconfiguration scheme on the fluvial suspended sediment dynamics. Analysis of the river response demonstrates that the fluvial sediment system has become more restrictive with reduced fine sediment transfer. This is characterized by reductions in flow-weighted mean suspended sediment concentrations from 77.93 mg L−1 prior to mitigation, to 74.36 mg L−1 following the diversion. A Mann–Whitney U test found statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) between the pre- and post-monitoring median suspended sediment concentrations (SSCs). Whilst application of one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) on the coefficients of sediment rating curves developed before and after the diversion found statistically significant differences (p < 0.001), with both Loga and b coefficients becoming smaller following the diversion. Non-parametric analysis indicates a reduction in residuals through time (p < 0.001), with the developed LOWESS model over-predicting sediment concentrations as the channel stabilizes. However, the channel is continuing to adjust to the reconfigured morphology, with evidence of a headward propagating knickpoint which has migrated 120 m at an exponentially decreasing rate over the last 7 years since diversion. The study demonstrates that channel reconfiguration can be effective in mitigating fine sediment flux in headwater streams but the full value of this may take many years to achieve whilst the fluvial system slowly readjusts.
Downscaling land use and land cover from the Global Change Assessment Model
for coupling with Earth system models
Authors: Le Page Yannick , West Tris O. , Link Robert , Patel Pralit
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM) is a global integrated assessment model used to project future societal and environmental scenarios, based on economic modeling and on a detailed representation of food and energy production systems. The terrestrial module in GCAM represents agricultural activities and ecosystems dynamics at the subregional scale, and must be downscaled to be used for impact assessments in gridded models (e.g., climate models). In this study, we present the downscaling algorithm of the GCAM model, which generates gridded time series of global land use and land cover (LULC) from any GCAM scenario. The downscaling is based on a number of user-defined rules and drivers, including transition priorities (e.g., crop expansion preferentially into grasslands rather than forests) and spatial constraints (e.g., nutrient availability). The default parameterization is evaluated using historical LULC change data, and a sensitivity experiment provides insights on the most critical parameters and how their influence changes regionally and in time. Finally, a reference scenario and a climate mitigation scenario are downscaled to illustrate the gridded land use outcomes of different policies on agricultural expansion and forest management. Several features of the downscaling can be modified by providing new input data or changing the parameterization, without any edits to the code. Those features include spatial resolution as well as the number and type of land classes being downscaled, thereby providing flexibility to adapt GCAM LULC scenarios to the requirements of a wide range of models and applications. The downscaling system is version controlled and freely available.
A case study of field-scale maize irrigation patterns in Western Nebraska: Implications to water managers and recommendations for hyper-resolution land surface modelling
Authors: Gibson Justin , Franz Trenton E. , Wang Tiejun , Gates John , Grassini Patricio , Yang Haishun , Eisenhauer Dean
Published: August 2016

Abstract. In many agricultural regions the human use of water from irrigation is often ignored or poorly represented in land surface models and operational forecasts. Because irrigation increases soil moisture, the feedbacks to surface energy balance, rainfall recycling, and atmospheric dynamics are not represented and may lead to reduced model skill. In this work, we describe four plausible and relatively simple irrigation routines that can be coupled to the next generation of hyper-resolution LSMs operating at scales of 1 km or less. The irrigation output from the four routines (crop model, precipitation delayed, evapotranspiration replacement, and vadose zone model irrigation based) are compared against a historical field scale irrigation database (2008–2014) from a 35 km2 study area under maize production and center pivot irrigation in western Nebraska (USA). Here we find the most conservative irrigation routine (crop model) produces seasonal totals of irrigation that compare well against the observed irrigation amounts across a range of wet and dry years but with a low bias of 80 mm yr−1. The most aggressive water savings irrigation routine (vadose zone model) indicates a potential irrigation savings of 120 mm yr−1 and yield losses of less than 3 % against the crop model benchmark and historical averages. The results from the various irrigation routines offer insights to local water managers about the potential value of water savings technologies and irrigation practices. Moreover, the routines offer the hyper-resolution LSM community a range of irrigation routines to better constrain irrigation decision making at critical temporal (daily) and spatial scales (
AUTOMATIC MRF-BASED REGISTRATION OF HIGH RESOLUTION SATELLITE VIDEO DATA
Authors: Platias C. , Vakalopoulou M. , Karantzalos K.
Published: August 2016

In this paper we propose a deformable registration framework for high resolution satellite video data able to automatically and accurately co-register satellite video frames and/or register them to a reference map/image. The proposed approach performs non-rigid registration, formulates a Markov Random Fields (MRF) model, while efficient linear programming is employed for reaching the lowest potential of the cost function. The developed approach has been applied and validated on satellite video sequences from Skybox Imaging and compared with a rigid, descriptor-based registration method. Regarding the computational performance, both the MRF-based and the descriptor-based methods were quite efficient, with the first one converging in some minutes and the second in some seconds. Regarding the registration accuracy the proposed MRF-based method significantly outperformed the descriptor-based one in all the performing experiments.
COMPARISON OF ZEB1 AND LEICA C10 INDOOR LASER SCANNING POINT CLOUDS
Authors: Sirmacek Beril , Shen Yueqian , Lindenbergh Roderik , Zlatanova Sisi , Diakite Abdoulaye
Published: August 2016

We present a comparison of point cloud generation and quality of data acquired by Zebedee (Zeb1) and Leica C10 devices which are used in the same building interior. Both sensor devices come with different practical and technical advantages. As it could be expected, these advantages come with some drawbacks. Therefore, depending on the requirements of the project, it is important to have a vision about what to expect from different sensors. In this paper, we provide a detailed analysis of the point clouds of the same room interior acquired from Zeb1 and Leica C10 sensors. First, it is visually assessed how different features appear in both the Zeb1 and Leica C10 point clouds. Next, a quantitative analysis is given by comparing local point density, local noise level and stability of local normals. Finally, a simple 3D room plan is extracted from both the Zeb1 and the Leica C10 point clouds and the lengths of constructed line segments connecting corners of the room are compared. The results show that Zeb1 is far superior in ease of data acquisition. No heavy handling, hardly no measurement planning and no point cloud registration is required from the operator. The resulting point cloud has a quality in the order of centimeters, which is fine for generating a 3D interior model of a building. Our results also clearly show that fine details of for example ornaments are invisible in the Zeb1 data. If point clouds with a quality in the order of millimeters are required, still a high-end laser scanner like the Leica C10 is required, in combination with a more sophisticated, time-consuming and elaborative data acquisition and processing approach.
TRAFFIC LIGHT DETECTION USING CONIC SECTION GEOMETRY
Authors: Hosseinyalmdary S. , Yilmaz A.
Published: August 2016

Traffic lights detection and their state recognition is a crucial task that autonomous vehicles must reliably fulfill. Despite scientific endeavors, it still is an open problem due to the variations of traffic lights and their perception in image form. Unlike previous studies, this paper investigates the use of inaccurate and publicly available GIS databases such as OpenStreetMap. In addition, we are the first to exploit conic section geometry to improve the shape cue of the traffic lights in images. Conic section also enables us to estimate the pose of the traffic lights with respect to the camera. Our approach can detect multiple traffic lights in the scene, it also is able to detect the traffic lights in the absence of prior knowledge, and detect the traffics lights as far as 70 meters. The proposed approach has been evaluated for different scenarios and the results show that the use of stereo cameras significantly improves the accuracy of the traffic lights detection and pose estimation.
HELIOS: A MULTI-PURPOSE LIDAR SIMULATION FRAMEWORK FOR RESEARCH, PLANNING AND TRAINING OF LASER SCANNING OPERATIONS WITH AIRBORNE, GROUND-BASED MOBILE AND STATIONARY PLATFORMS
Authors: Bechtold S. , Höfle B.
Published: August 2016

In many technical domains of modern society, there is a growing demand for fast, precise and automatic acquisition of digital 3D models of a wide variety of physical objects and environments. Laser scanning is a popular and widely used technology to cover this demand, but it is also expensive and complex to use to its full potential. However, there might exist scenarios where the operation of a real laser scanner could be replaced by a computer simulation, in order to save time and costs. This includes scenarios like teaching and training of laser scanning, development of new scanner hardware and scanning methods, or generation of artificial scan data sets to support the development of point cloud processing and analysis algorithms. To test the feasibility of this idea, we have developed a highly flexible laser scanning simulation framework named Heidelberg LiDAR Operations Simulator (HELIOS). HELIOS is implemented as a Java library and split up into a core component and multiple extension modules. Extensible Markup Language (XML) is used to define scanner, platform and scene models and to configure the behaviour of modules. Modules were developed and implemented for (1) loading of simulation assets and configuration (i.e. 3D scene models, scanner definitions, survey descriptions etc.), (2) playback of XML survey descriptions, (3) TLS survey planning (i.e. automatic computation of recommended scanning positions) and (4) interactive real-time 3D visualization of simulated surveys. As a proof of concept, we show the results of two experiments: First, a survey planning test in a scene that was specifically created to evaluate the quality of the survey planning algorithm. Second, a simulated TLS scan of a crop field in a precision farming scenario. The results show that HELIOS fulfills its design goals.
AIRBORNE MULTISPECTRAL LIDAR DATA FOR LAND-COVER CLASSIFICATION AND LAND/WATER MAPPING USING DIFFERENT SPECTRAL INDEXES
Authors: Morsy S. , Shaker A. , El-Rabbany A. , LaRocque P. E.
Published: August 2016

Airborne Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) data is widely used in remote sensing applications, such as topographic and landwater mapping. Recently, airborne multispectral LiDAR sensors, which acquire data at different wavelengths, are available, thus allows recording a diversity of intensity values from different land features. In this study, three normalized difference feature indexes (NDFI), for vegetation, water, and built-up area mapping, were evaluated. The NDFIs namely, NDFIG-NIR, NDFIG-MIR, and NDFINIR-MIR were calculated using data collected at three wavelengths; green: 532 nm, near-infrared (NIR): 1064 nm, and mid-infrared (MIR): 1550 nm by the world’s first airborne multispectral LiDAR sensor “Optech Titan”. The Jenks natural breaks optimization method was used to determine the threshold values for each NDFI, in order to cluster the 3D point data into two classes (water and land or vegetation and built-up area). Two sites at Scarborough, Ontario, Canada were tested to evaluate the performance of the NDFIs for land-water, vegetation, and built-up area mapping. The use of the three NDFIs succeeded to discriminate vegetation from built-up areas with an overall accuracy of 92.51%. Based on the classification results, it is suggested to use NDFIG-MIR and NDFINIR-MIR for vegetation and built-up areas extraction, respectively. The clustering results show that the direct use of NDFIs for land-water mapping has low performance. Therefore, the clustered classes, based on the NDFIs, are constrained by the recorded number of returns from different wavelengths, thus the overall accuracy is improved to 96.98%.
METRIC CALIBRATION OF A FOCUSED PLENOPTIC CAMERA BASED ON A 3D CALIBRATION TARGET
Authors: Zeller N. , Noury C. A. , Quint F. , Teulière C. , Stilla U. , Dhome M.
Published: August 2016

In this paper we present a new calibration approach for focused plenoptic cameras. We derive a new mathematical projection model of a focused plenoptic camera which considers lateral as well as depth distortion. Therefore, we derive a new depth distortion model directly from the theory of depth estimation in a focused plenoptic camera. In total the model consists of five intrinsic parameters, the parameters for radial and tangential distortion in the image plane and two new depth distortion parameters. In the proposed calibration we perform a complete bundle adjustment based on a 3D calibration target. The residual of our optimization approach is three dimensional, where the depth residual is defined by a scaled version of the inverse virtual depth difference and thus conforms well to the measured data. Our method is evaluated based on different camera setups and shows good accuracy. For a better characterization of our approach we evaluate the accuracy of virtual image points projected back to 3D space.
PREFACE
Authors: Jie Jiang
Published: August 2016

No abstract available.
THE EFFECT OF PIXEL SIZE ON THE ACCURACY OF ORTHOPHOTO PRODUCTION
Authors: Kulur S. , Yildiz F. , Selcuk O. , Yildiz M. A.
Published: August 2016

In our country, orthophoto products are used by the public and private sectors for engineering services and infrastructure projects, Orthophotos are particularly preferred due to faster and are more economical production according to vector digital photogrammetric production. Today, digital orthophotos provide an expected accuracy for engineering and infrastructure projects. In this study, the accuracy of orthophotos using pixel sizes with different sampling intervals are tested for the expectations of engineering and infrastructure projects.
PANORAMA IMAGE SETS FOR TERRESTRIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEYS
Authors: Piermattei L. , Karel W. , Vettore A. , Pfeifer N.
Published: August 2016

High resolution 3D models produced from photographs acquired with consumer-grade cameras are becoming increasingly common in the fields of geosciences. However, the quality of an image-based 3D model depends on the planning of the photogrammetric surveys. This means that the geometric configuration of the multi-view camera network and the control data have to be designed in accordance with the required accuracy, resolution and completeness. From a practical application point of view, a proper planning (of both photos and control data) of the photogrammetric survey especially for terrestrial acquisition, is not always ensured due to limited accessibility of the target object and the presence of occlusions. To solve these problems, we propose a different image acquisition strategy and we test different geo-referencing scenarios to deal with the practical issues of a terrestrial photogrammetric survey. The proposed photogrammetric survey procedure is based on the acquisition of a sequence of images in panorama mode by rotating the camera on a standard tripod. The offset of the pivot point from the projection center prevents the stitching of these images into a panorama. We demonstrate how to still take advantage of this capturing mode. The geo-referencing investigation consists of testing the use of directly observed coordinates of the camera positions, different ground control point (GCP) configurations, and GCPs with different accuracies, i.e. artificial targets vs. natural features. Images of the test field in a low-slope hill were acquired from the ground using an SLR camera. To validate the photogrammetric results a terrestrial laser scanner survey is used as benchmark.
PREFACE
Authors: Sunar Filiz
Published: August 2016

No abstract available.
USING LABEL NOISE ROBUST LOGISTIC REGRESSION FOR AUTOMATED UPDATING OF TOPOGRAPHIC GEOSPATIAL DATABASES
Authors: Maas A. , Rottensteiner F. , Heipke C.
Published: August 2016

Supervised classification of remotely sensed images is a classical method to update topographic geospatial databases. The task requires training data in the form of image data with known class labels, whose generation is time-consuming. To avoid this problem one can use the labels from the outdated database for training. As some of these labels may be wrong due to changes in land cover, one has to use training techniques that can cope with wrong class labels in the training data. In this paper we adapt a label noise tolerant training technique to the problem of database updating. No labelled data other than the existing database are necessary. The resulting label image and transition matrix between the labels can help to update the database and to detect changes between the two time epochs. Our experiments are based on different test areas, using real images with simulated existing databases. Our results show that this method can indeed detect changes that would remain undetected if label noise were not considered in training.
LOW-LEVEL TIE FEATURE EXTRACTION OF MOBILE MAPPING DATA (MLS/IMAGES) AND AERIAL IMAGERY
Authors: Jende P. , Hussnain Z. , Peter M. , Oude Elberink S. , Gerke M. , Vosselman G.
Published: August 2016

Mobile Mapping (MM) is a technique to obtain geo-information using sensors mounted on a mobile platform or vehicle. The mobile platform’s position is provided by the integration of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and Inertial Navigation Systems (INS). However, especially in urban areas, building structures can obstruct a direct line-of-sight between the GNSS receiver and navigation satellites resulting in an erroneous position estimation. Therefore, derived MM data products, such as laser point clouds or images, lack the expected positioning reliability and accuracy. This issue has been addressed by many researchers, whose aim to mitigate these effects mainly concentrates on utilising tertiary reference data. However, current approaches do not consider errors in height, cannot achieve sub-decimetre accuracy and are often not designed to work in a fully automatic fashion. We propose an automatic pipeline to rectify MM data products by employing high resolution aerial nadir and oblique imagery as horizontal and vertical reference, respectively. By exploiting the MM platform’s defective, and therefore imprecise but approximate orientation parameters, accurate feature matching techniques can be realised as a pre-processing step to minimise the MM platform’s three-dimensional positioning error. Subsequently, identified correspondences serve as constraints for an orientation update, which is conducted by an estimation or adjustment technique. Since not all MM systems employ laser scanners and imaging sensors simultaneously, and each system and data demands different approaches, two independent workflows are developed in parallel.

 Still under development, both workflows will be presented and preliminary results will be shown. The workflows comprise of three steps; feature extraction, feature matching and the orientation update. In this paper, initial results of low-level image and point cloud feature extraction methods will be discussed as well as an outline of the project and its framework will be given.