bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dietary analysis of an uncharacteristic population of the Mountain Pygmy-possum(Burramys parvus)in the Kosciuszko National Park, New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Hawke Tahneal , Bates Hayley , Hand Suzanne , Archer Michael , Broome Linda
Published: January 2019

Background

The Mountain Pygmy-possum (Burramys parvus) is a critically endangered marsupial, endemic to alpine regions of southern Australia. We investigated the diet of a recently discovered population of the possum in northern Kosciuszko National Park, NSW, Australia. This new population occurs at elevations well below the once-presumed lower elevation limit of 1,600 m.

Goals and Methods

Faecal material was analysed to determine if dietary composition differed between individuals in the newly discovered northern population and those in the higher elevation southern population, and to examine how diet was influenced by rainfall in the southern population and seasonal changes in resource availability in the northern population.

Results and Discussion

The diet ofB. parvusin the northern population comprised of arthropods, fruits and seeds. Results indicate the diet of both populations shares most of the same invertebrate orders and plant species. However, in the absence of preferred food types available to the southern population, individuals of the northern population opportunistically consumed different species that were similar to those preferred by individuals in higher altitude populations. Differing rainfall amounts had a significant effect on diet, with years of below average rainfall having a greater percentage composition and diversity of invertebrates. Seasonal variation was also recorded, with the northern population increasing the diversity of invertebrates in their diet during the Autumn months when Bogong Moths (Agrotis infusa) were absent from those sites, raising questions about the possum’s dependence on the species

Conclusions

Measurable effects of rainfall amount and seasonal variation on the dietary composition suggest that predicted climatic variability will have a significant impact on its diet, potentially impacting its future survival. Findings suggest that it is likely thatB. parvusis not restricted by dietary requirements to its current pattern of distribution. This new understanding needs to be considered when formulating future conservation strategies for this critically endangered species.
A turiasaurian sauropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Wealden Supergroup of the United Kingdom
Authors: Mannion Philip D.
Published: January 2019

The Jurassic/Cretaceous (J/K) boundary, 145 million years ago, has long been recognised as an extinction event or faunal turnover for sauropod dinosaurs, with many ‘basal’ lineages disappearing. However, recently, a number of ‘extinct’ groups have been recognised in the Early Cretaceous, including diplodocids in Gondwana, and non-titanosauriform macronarians in Laurasia. Turiasauria, a clade of non-neosauropod eusauropods, was originally thought to have been restricted to the Late Jurassic of western Europe. However, its distribution has recently been extended to the Late Jurassic of Tanzania (Tendaguria tanzaniensis), as well as to the Early Cretaceous of the USA (Mierasaurus bobyoungiandMoabosaurus utahensis), demonstrating the survival of another ‘basal’ clade across the J/K boundary. Teeth from the Middle Jurassic–Early Cretaceous of western Europe and North Africa have also tentatively been attributed to turiasaurs, whilst recent phylogenetic analyses recovered Late Jurassic taxa from Argentina and China as further members of Turiasauria. Here, an anterior dorsal centrum and neural arch (both NHMUK 1871) from the Early Cretaceous Wealden Supergroup of the UK are described for the first time. NHMUK 1871 shares several synapomorphies with Turiasauria, especially the turiasaursMoabosaurusandTendaguria, including: (1) a strongly dorsoventrally compressed centrum; (2) the retention of prominent epipophyses; and (3) an extremely low, non-bifid neural spine. NHMUK 1871 therefore represents the first postcranial evidence for Turiasauria from European deposits of Early Cretaceous age. Although turiasaurs show clear heterodont dentition, only broad, characteristically ‘heart’-shaped teeth can currently be attributed to Turiasauria with confidence. As such, several putative turiasaur occurrences based on isolated teeth from Europe, as well as the Middle Jurassic and Early Cretaceous of Africa, cannot be confidently referred to Turiasauria. Unequivocal evidence for turiasaurs is therefore restricted to the late Middle Jurassic–Early Cretaceous of western Europe, the Late Jurassic of Tanzania, and the late Early Cretaceous of the USA, although remains from elsewhere might ultimately demonstrate that the group had a near-global distribution.
Transcriptome profiling reveals the role of ZBTB38 knock-down in human neuroblastoma
Authors: Chen Jie , Xing Chaofeng , Yan Li , Wang Yabing , Wang Haosen , Zhang Zongmeng , Yu Daolun , Li Jie , Li Honglin , Li Jun , Cai Yafei
Published: January 2019

ZBTB38 belongs to the zinc finger protein family and contains the typical BTB domains. As a transcription factor, ZBTB38 is involved in cell regulation, proliferation and apoptosis, whereas, functional deficiency of ZBTB38 induces the human neuroblastoma (NB) cell death potentially. To have some insight into the role of ZBTB38 in NB development, high throughput RNA sequencing was performed using the human NB cell line SH-SY5Y with the deletion of ZBTB38. In the present study, 2,438 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in ZBTB38−/− SH-SY5Y cells were obtained, 83.5% of which was down-regulated. Functional annotation of the DEGs in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database revealed that most of the identified genes were enriched in the neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway, including PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathway. we also observed that ZBTB38 affects expression of CDK4/6, Cyclin E, MDM2, ATM, ATR, PTEN, Gadd45, and PIGs in the p53 signaling pathway. In addition, ZBTB38 knockdown significantly suppresses the expression of autophagy-related key genes including PIK3C2A and RB1CC1. The present meeting provides evidence to molecular mechanism of ZBTB38 modulating NB development and targeted anti-tumor therapies.
Clinical factors associated with circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in primary breast cancer
Authors: Zhou Yidong , Xu Yaping , Gong Yuhua , Zhang Yanyan , Lu Yaping , Wang Changjun , Yao Ru , Li Peng , Guan Yanfang , Wang Jiayin , Xia Xuefeng , Yang Ling , Yi Xin , Sun Qiang
Published: January 2019

Noninvasive circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) can be used to predict breast cancer recurrence and prognosis. In this study, we detected 226 and 114 somatic variants in tumor DNA from 70 primary breast cancer (PBC) patients (98.59%) and ctDNA from 48 patients (67.61%), respectively. Gene frequencies of tumor DNA and ctDNA significantly correlated (R2 = 0.9532, P < 0.0001), and tumor‐derived variants were detectable in the blood of 43 patients. ctDNA was more often detected in locally advanced/metastatic and nonluminal patients. Multivariate analysis revealed that individual N stage (P < 0.001) and hormone receptor (HR) status (P = 0.001) could independently predict the detectability of tumor‐derived mutations in blood. The maximal variant allele frequency of ctDNA was significantly higher in patients with stage IV/M1 (P = 0.0136) and stage T3/T4 (P = 0.0085) cancers. Finally, clonal variants in tumor DNA were more easily traced in ctDNA than subclonal variants (84.62% vs 48.75%). In conclusion, ctDNA fragments concordant with tumor DNA can be consistently detected in the majority of tested PBC patients, which may enable noninvasive genomic profiling of PBC, particularly for patients with advanced‐stage tumors and positive HR status.
Educating for Artistic Thinking through Visual Arts: Examples of Pedagogical Practice in
E
urope
Authors: Buschkühle Carl‐Peter
Published: January 2019

A core aspect of an artistic education is the development of the creativity of each individual. This creativity is not restricted to the field of the arts. Moreover, it is understood as an existential creativity for which the arts aims to offer a special field of education that is undertaken in a playful manner. In light of this aim, the creation process of students plays a major role. In this process, students combine knowledge with creation and develop their abilities to think artistically, honing their sensitivity of perception, critical reflection, and personal imagination. These abilities are basic elements of human thought and facilitate individuals' ability to live in global societies, where working on one's personal biography and acting in a self‐responsible way are crucial challenges in democratic societies. This chapter combines basic aspects of the theory of artistic education with practical examples from four European countries.
Pedagogy and the A/r/tographic Invitation
Authors: Triggs Valerie , Irwin Rita L.
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers the significance of a/r/tographic image‐making for pedagogical practice. Through inviting a pedagogy that is not just about eliciting behavior, we examine the potential in images for intervening in traditional notions of cause and effect between teaching and learning. We analyze the a/r/tographic invitation for pedagogy by considering how images invite a sense of connection as well as difference through being both performative and relational. Recognizing the relational responsibility in the performativity of images compels attunement to a more immediate kinship between teaching and learning: an asymmetric relation from within which bodies may be propelled into further experience, rather than toward any ultimate culmination.
The Escuelas de Pintura al
A
ire
L
ibre in
M
exico: Multiculturality and Popular Education
Authors: Barbosa Ana Mae
Published: January 2019

The Escuelas de Pintura al Aire Libre (Open‐Air Schools of Painting) in Mexico, which existed from 1913 to 1933, were a Mexican modernist movement in art education that integrated art as free expression and art as culture. It was influenced by two methodologies: the
método de dibujo
(drawing method) of Adolfo Best Maugard and the ideas of Alfredo Ramos Martínez. This chapter specifically studies the influence of Adolfo Best Maugard.
Art Education inSingapore
Authors: Lian Kehk Bee
Published: January 2019

This chapter chronicles and discusses arts education within the context of schools in Singapore. There is a comprehensive literature on arts and culture policies in Singapore, but little has been mentioned about art education. Singapore's People's Action Party government has been careful in deploying education policies for nation‐building since the British government ceased its rule in 1959. Many of the government's visions and plans rely heavily on education as their main strategic instrument. With the government's recent recognition of art's economic potentials and other benefits in the new economy has come increased investment in the arts as well as attention to art education. This chapter examines some significant episodes in Singapore's education and art education landscape and concludes that, while positive strides have been made in key elements such as the syllabuses and teacher education, the verdict on whether Singapore is a nation with “creative” citizens remains open.
Visual Arts Education in Museums across Four Cultural Contexts
Authors: Yuan Yanyue
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces the main historical trajectories and contemporary trends of visual arts education in museum settings across four cultural contexts (i.e., the UK, the USA, Mainland China, and Singapore). The review begins with an outline of museum education in the four contexts, identifying two waves of museum education in the two Western countries and the strong influence of the political and economic agendas on museum education in mainland China and Singapore. This is followed by a brief overview of visual arts education in museum settings, with particular attention to its connection with formal education in schools. This chapter considers the historical paths of museum education and presents a vision of museums that embraces humanistic values with regard to increasing the application of technology and growing the advocacy role of museums in promoting psychological wellbeing.
Establishing Foundations/Imagining Futures: Constructivism and Pragmatism
Authors: Siegesmund Richard
Published: January 2019

Constructivism is a theory of knowledge acquisition based on the learner's interactive experience with the physical world. Constructivism is associated with articulating clear antecedent instructional objectives and alignment of students' exploratory tasks. Pragmatism is a type of constructivism that often lacks presuppositions of the knowledge to be achieved. In contrast to instructional objectives, pragmatists advocate expressive outcomes that recognize and encourage students' ability to reconfigure problems in order to move inquiry in unanticipated directions. Furthermore, pragmatism does not seek to replicate the present or the past. Instead, it hopes to create a new, unanticipated, and more inclusive social future. This approach fits contemporary philosophies of new materialisms that emphasize limits to human understanding and the agency of indeterminate nonhuman factors that interact with human intentions to shape a world that may be navigated with qualitative reasoning but that ultimately lies outside of quantification and control.
Philosophies of Creative Leadership in Historical Context: Paradigms and Practices in Art & Design Education
Authors: Rolling James Haywood
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the various philosophies of practice and pedagogy emerging from the historical‐subject‐centered, society‐centered, and child‐centered triad in art & design education, not as oppositional systems for meaning‐making but as part of a larger continuum of creative leadership and human development.
Alterities
Authors: Grassom Brian James
Published: January 2019

Art's essence is beyond instrumental knowledge. This beyond is, elegantly and paradoxically, within. It is also, arguably, the final cause of education. Within art, as within education, is that which cannot be contained in a system. This is art's essential quality, and art bears a paradoxical relation to itself. The same might be said of education, but education as institution allows its essence to be dominated by a system, wherein it occupies an allotted space and an instrumental form. Art education is a hybrid, with art contained in education's form. Since art is essentially free in its own form, this relationship is problematic: anaporia. Art cannot be contained in the space of education. Through its alterity – its otherness to appropriative knowing – art overflows the system. Art overflows education, reminding it that knowledge overflows itself. In the light of this surplus or excess over the normative, education becomes self‐knowledge and expansion, both individually and universally.
The Pedagogical Potential of Artworks
Authors: O'Donoghue Dónal
Published: January 2019

This chapter is concerned with the pedagogical potential of contemporary artworks. It examines what it means to conceptualize contemporary artworks as pedagogical objects with educative potential. Focusing on three contemporary artworks, the chapter explores how artworks can potentially bring one to an awareness of oneself and of one's place in the world, or introduce one to aspects of the world that have been previously overlooked. Further, the chapter considers how contemporary artworks can offer opportunities to contemplate the world one inhabits and makes through inhabitation. A central argument is that there is something important to be gained by thinking about (and approaching) artworks as pedagogical objects and as educative events, if we believe that artworks are not reducible to the various interpretations made of them, given that every interpretation of an artwork is shaped by one's need to make sense of it in the way that one does and by using the meaning‐making strategies at hand.
Early Childhood Art Curriculum
Authors: Thompson Christine Marmé
Published: January 2019

Ideally, art curricula for young children should encompass elements of formal and informal learning, resulting in a sustained and intentional third pedagogical site, where children's indifference to disciplinary boundaries is celebrated as a form of kinship with contemporary art practice. Young children's artistic experience should incorporate both a growing mastery of multiple media and symbolic languages and a curriculum that blends exploratory and self‐guided experiences with collaborative inquiries on themes and topics of interest to them. The early childhood art curriculum should reflect young children's growing competencies, theories, and curiosities; encourage multilayered investigations and continual exchange of ideas and expertise; introduce children to contemporary art and artists who are engaged in similar inquiries; respect the intelligence and competencies of young children and their capacity to develop and share ideas and theories about the world; and approach early art education as a social and ethical practice.
AEuropean Framework for Visual Competencies
Authors: Haanstra Folkert , Wagner Ernst
Published: January 2019

The European Network for Visual Literacy (ENViL) developed the idea of a common framework for visual competencies based on the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, and has created a prototype of such a framework. This framework acts as a model that systematizes and structures competencies for dealing with images, objects, and signs; operationalizes the main sub‐competencies (in reception and production); and, where possible, formulates competency levels using scales. In its application, the framework describes situations relating to the individual and society where images, objects, and visual signs are used. The framework does not favor a particular disciplinary theory but allows individual countries to select specific competencies and foci that fit their view of the domain of visual literacy.
S
outh
A
merican Art and Design Curriculum
Authors: Martins Raimundo , Tourinho Irene , Somma Fernando Miranda
Published: January 2019

There is diversity in the art and design curricula of South American regions and in the traditions that characterize the various institutional systems. In contrast to design curricula, only recently have art curricula included technological resources and practices as part of their content. In university training degrees there are historical differences and similarities between the guidelines for art and design curricula. The availability of, and access to, art and design courses changes according to shifts in government educational policies and in market and professional demands. Curricula may also change as a result of changes in accountability requirements and in national mandatory exams. Ideological, political, and economic constraints and orientations impact institutional decisions and practices powerfully in relation to curriculum. An issue that is highlighted is how teachers are dealing with both current inhibitors such as low salary, lack of continuing education, the high number of students in the classrooms, and rigid prescriptions about what has to be taught, and enablers such as integrated teaching, collaborative projects, and pedagogical support with curriculum guidelines whose aim is to innovate and to improve professional training.
New Frontiers in Biocatalysis
Authors: Woodley John M. , Turner Nicholas J.
Published: January 2019

While biotechnology has developed at an increasing pace in recent years, the developments in the field of biocatalysis have been spectacular, driven by the opportunity to tune the catalytic properties of enzymes to particular reactions, using protein engineering. This opens new opportunities for synthetic organic chemists as well as chemical engineers. The design of processes now needs to incorporate the design of new pathways to existing or new products, from more sustainable feedstocks, as well as the design of the biocatalyst to match reactor requirements. Protein engineering also enables more stable catalysts to be developed allowing continuous reactor operation, as well as the application of more rigorous kinetic analysis. Each of these areas will be discussed in this chapter, which reveal several new and exciting areas at the interface of synthetic organic chemistry, protein engineering, and chemical engineering.
NMRSpectroscopy and Microscopy in Reaction Engineering and Catalysis
Authors: D'Agostino Carmine , Mantle Mick D. , Sederman Andrew J.
Published: January 2019

The sections in this article are
Comparing phase‐ and amplitude‐gated volumetric modulated arc therapy for stereotactic body radiation therapy using 3D printed lung phantom
Authors: Lee Minsik , Yoon KyoungJun , Cho Byungchul , Kim Su Ssan , Song Si Yeol , Choi Eun Kyung , Ahn SeungDo , Lee Sang‐Wook , Kwak JungWon
Published: January 2019

Purpose

To compare the dosimetric impact and treatment delivery efficacy of phase‐gated volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) vs amplitude‐gated VMAT for stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for lung cancer by using realistic three‐dimensional‐printed phantoms.

Methods

Four patient‐specific moving lung phantoms that closely simulate the heterogeneity of lung tissue and breathing patterns were fabricated with four planning computed tomography (CT) images for lung SBRT cases. The phantoms were designed to be bisected for the measurement of two‐dimensional dose distributions by using EBT3 dosimetry film. The dosimetric accuracy of treatment under respiratory motion was analyzed with the gamma index (2%/1 mm) between the plan dose and film dose measured under phase‐ and amplitude‐gated VMAT. For the validation of the direct usage of the real‐time position management (RPM) data for respiratory motion, the relationship between the RPM signal and the diaphragm position was measured by four‐dimensional CT. By using data recorded during the beam delivery of both phase‐ and amplitude‐gated VMAT, the total time intervals were compared for each treatment mode.

Results

Film dosimetry showed a 5.2 ± 4.2% difference of gamma passing rate (2%/1 mm) on average between the phase‐ vs amplitude‐gated VMAT [77.7% (72.7%–85.9%) for the phase mode and 82.9% (81.4%–86.2%) for the amplitude mode]. For delivery efficiency, frequent interruptions were observed during the phase‐gated VMAT, which stopped the beam delivery and required a certain amount of time before resuming the beam. This abnormality in phase‐gated VMAT caused a prolonged treatment delivery time of 366 s compared with 183 s for amplitude‐gated VMAT.

Conclusions

Considering the dosimetric accuracy and delivery efficacy between the gating methods, amplitude mode is superior to phase mode for gated VMAT treatment.
Radiation dose and image quality comparison during spine surgery with two different, intraoperative 3D imaging navigation systems
Authors: Nachabe Rami , Strauss Keith , Schueler Beth , Bydon Mohamad
Published: January 2019

Careful protocol selection is required during intraoperative three‐dimensional (3D) imaging for spine surgery to manage patient radiation dose and achieve clinical image quality. Radiation dose and image quality of a Medtronic O‐arm commonly used during spine surgery, and a Philips hybrid operating room equipped with XperCT C‐arm 3D cone‐beam CT (hCBCT) are compared. The mobile O‐arm (mCBCT) offers three different radiation dose settings (low, standard, and high), for four different patient sizes (small, medium, large, and extra large). The patient's radiation dose rate is constant during the entire 3D scan. In contrast, C‐CBCT spine imaging uses three different field of views (27, 37, and 48 cm) using automatic exposure control (AEC) that modulates the patient's radiation dose rate during the 3D scan based on changing patient thickness. hCBCT uses additional x‐ray beam filtration. Small, medium, and large trunk phantoms designed to mimic spine and soft tissue were imaged to assess radiation dose and image quality of the two systems. The estimated measured “patient” dose for the small, medium, and large phantoms imaged by the mCBCT considering all the dose settings ranged from 9.4–27.6 mGy, 8.9–33.3 mGy, and 13.8–40.6 mGy, respectively. The “patient” dose values for the same phantoms imaged with hCBCT were 2.8–4.6 mGy, 5.7–10.0 mGy, and 11.0–15.2 mGy. The CNR for the small, medium, and large phantoms was 2.9 to 3.7, 2.0 to 3.0, and 2.5 to 2.6 times higher with the hCBCT system, respectively. Hounsfield unit accuracy, noise, and uniformity of hCBCT exceeded the performance of the mCBCT; spatial resolution was comparable. Added x‐ray beam filtration and AEC capability achieved clinical image quality for intraoperative spine surgery at reduced radiation dose to the patient in comparison to a reference O‐arm system without these capabilities.
Grades of brain arteriovenous malformations and risk of hemorrhage and death
Authors: Stefani Marco A. , Sgarabotto Ribeiro Diego , Mohr Jay P.
Published: January 2019

Objective

To assess the relationship of the grade of unruptured and untreated Brain Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs), with the risk of subsequent stroke and death during follow‐up.

Methods

This prospective study was drawn from a cohort of adult patients with unruptured AVMs, who participated in the conservative treatment arm (medical management only for headache or seizures) of the randomized clinical trial of unruptured brain AVMs (ARUBA study). The grade of AVMs (Spetzler–Martin scale) was dichotomized into categories: AVMs of grades I and II were considered low grade; AVMs of grades III and IV were considered high grade. There were no grade V AVM patients in ARUBA. The primary outcome was symptomatic stroke (hemorrhagic or ischemic – documented by imaging) or death.

Results

The conservative treatment group had 123 patients (“as treated” analysis). 71 (57.7%) had lesions characterized for this analysis as low‐grade lesions and 52 (42.2%) as high grade. From the total of 10 (8.13%) primary outcomes, three occurred (4.22%) in low‐grade AVMs and seven (13.46%) in high‐grade AVMs (P = 0.0942).

Interpretation

Statistical analysis of the cohort of patients with unruptured and untreated AVMs from ARUBA study showed that the graduation categories (Spetzler–Martin grades) were not associated with the outcome of subsequent stroke or death.
Tailoring the Rolling Texture of AZ31 Mg Alloy with Calcium and Tin Addition
Authors: Guo Fei , Jiang Luyao , Yang Mingbo , Ma Yanlong , Deng Yongqiang , Zhang Dingfei , Pan Fusheng
Published: January 2019

A small amount of Ca and Sn is added into AZ31 alloy separately to modify its deformation behavior and optimized rolling texture. Results show that addition of Sn increases the activation of twinning in AZ31. Some unusual double twins, inducing and double twins, are activated in AZ31–0.5Sn alloy. Refined grains with similar orientation as their parents are produced by continuous static recrystallization, which limits texture modification in AZT310. Ca gives rise to a remarkable grain refinement during hot rolling. Recrystallized grains in AZX310 exhibit a weaker double peak texture with a wide orientation spread. It is found that Al2Ca particles simulate recrystallized nucleation and some of these refined grains exhibit non‐basal orientations. Primary compression twins are favorable nucleation sites for recrystallization and they are more effective in texture modification compared to other double twins.
Fast Growth of Thin MAPbI3 Crystal Wafers on Aqueous Solution Surface for Efficient Lateral‐Structure Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Ye , Dong Qingfeng , Fang Yanjun , Lin Yuze , Deng Yehao , Huang Jinsong
Published: January 2019

Solar‐grade single or multiple crystalline wafers are needed in large quantities in the solar cell industry, and are generally formed by a top‐down process from crystal ingots, which causes a significant waste of materials and energy during slicing, polishing, and other processing. Here, a bottom‐up technique that allows the growth of wafer‐size hybrid perovskite multiple crystals directly from aqueous solution is reported. Single‐crystalline hybrid perovskite wafers with centimeter size are grown at the top surface of a perovskite precursor solution. As well as saving raw materials, this method provides unprecedented advantages such as easily tunable thickness and rapid growth of the crystals. These crystalline wafers show high crystallinity, broader light absorption, and a long carrier recombination lifetime, comparable with those of bulk single crystals. Lateral‐structure perovskite solar cells made of these crystals demonstrate a record power conversion efficiency of 5.9%.
Dynamic Screening and Slow Cooling of Hot Carriers in Lead Halide Perovskites
Authors: Joshi Prakriti Pradhan , Maehrlein Sebastian F. , Zhu Xiaoyang
Published: January 2019

Among the exceptional properties of lead halide perovskites (LHPs) is the ultraslow cooling of hot carriers. Carrier densities below the Mott density for large polarons (≤ ≈1018 cm−3) are focused on here. As in other semiconductors, a nascent hot electron distribution initially cools down via emission of longitudinal optical (LO) phonons on the 10−14–10−13 s timescale. What distinguishes LHPs from conventional semiconductors is the exceptionally efficient screening in the former. The dielectric screening in LHPs on the 10−13 s timescale results in an order‐of‐magnitude reduction in the Coulomb potential upon the formation of a large polaron, likely with ferroelectric‐like local ordering. Further LO‐phonon emission is inhibited, and this leads to partial retention of hot electron energy on the 10−12 s timescale, more so in hybrid LHPs than in their all‐inorganic counterparts. Further cooling of hot polarons occurs on the 10−10 s timescale, and this can be attributed to the slow diffusion of heat out of the large polaron volume due to the low thermal conductivity of LHPs. Like other carrier properties, slow hot carrier cooling in LHPs can be intimately related to efficient screening in a soft, anharmonic, and dynamically disordered lattice.
Interplay between Composition, Electronic Structure, Disorder, and Doping due to Dual Sublattice Mixing in Nonequilibrium Synthesis of ZnSnN2:O
Authors: Pan Jie , Cordell Jacob , Tucker Garritt J. , Tamboli Adele C. , Zakutayev Andriy , Lany Stephan
Published: January 2019

The opportunity for enhanced functional properties in semiconductor solid solutions has attracted vast scientific interest for a variety of novel applications. However, the functional versatility originating from the additional degrees of freedom due to atomic composition and ordering comes along with new challenges in characterization and modeling. Developing predictive synthesis–structure–property relationships is prerequisite for effective materials design strategies. Here, a first‐principles based model for property prediction in such complex semiconductor materials is presented. This framework incorporates nonequilibrium synthesis, dopants and defects, and the change of the electronic structure with composition and short range order. This approach is applied to ZnSnN2 (ZTN) which has attracted recent interest for photovoltaics. The unintentional oxygen incorporation and its correlation with the cation stoichiometry leads to the formation of a solid solution with dual sublattice mixing. A nonmonotonic doping behavior as a function of the composition is uncovered. The degenerate doping of near‐stoichiometric ZTN, which is detrimental for potential applications, can be lowered into the 1017 cm−3 range in highly off‐stoichiometric material, in quantitative agreement with experiments.
Physically Coating Nanofiltration Membranes with Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots for Simultaneously Improved Water Permeability and Salt/Dye Rejection
Authors: Zhao Guoke , Hu Ruirui , He Yijia , Zhu Hongwei
Published: January 2019

A physically bound coating of graphene oxide quantum dots (GO QDs) on thin‐film composite polyamide nanofiltration (NF) membranes is prepared through a pressure‐assisted filtration method to simultaneously improve the membranes' water permeability and salt/dye rejection. It is the first attempt to use carbon‐based nanoparticles as surface coating to improve the efficiency of water filtration membranes. Influences of the GO QDs' coating on the hydrophilicity and surface charge of the membranes are investigated by water contact angle and zeta potential measurements. With the GO QDs' coating, the surface roughness and hydrophilicity of the membranes increase, and the membrane surface becomes more negatively charged. Water permeability and salt/dye rejection of GO QD–coated NF membranes increase simultaneously in model salt/dye aqueous solutions, and negatively charged methyl orange. The increased water permeability can be ascribed to the improved membrane surface hydrophilicity, while the increased salt/dye rejection can be attributed to the improved surface electronegativity. The detachment of GO QDs during testing is negligible, which is confirmed by a long‐time stability test with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterizations. The interactions between GO QDs' and NF membranes' surface are strong enough so that the coating exhibits good durability.
Aligned Ionogel Electrolytes for High‐Temperature Supercapacitors
Authors: Liu Xinhua , Taiwo Oluwadamilola O. , Yin Chengyao , Ouyang Mengzheng , Chowdhury Ridwanur , Wang Baofeng , Wang Huizhi , Wu Billy , Brandon Nigel P. , Wang Qigang , Cooper Samuel J.
Published: January 2019

Ionogels are a new class of promising materials for use in all‐solid‐state energy storage devices in which they can function as an integrated separator and electrolyte. However, their performance is limited by the presence of a crosslinking polymer, which is needed to improve the mechanical properties, but compromises their ionic conductivity. Here, directional freezing is used followed by a solvent replacement method to prepare aligned nanocomposite ionogels which exhibit enhanced ionic conductivity, good mechanical strength, and thermal stability simultaneously. The aligned ionogel based supercapacitor achieves a 29% higher specific capacitance (176 F g−1 at 25 °C and 1 A g−1) than an equivalent nonaligned form. Notably, this thermally stable aligned ionogel has a high ionic conductivity of 22.1 mS cm−1 and achieves a high specific capacitance of 167 F g−1 at 10 A g−1 and 200 °C. Furthermore, the diffusion simulations conducted on 3D reconstructed tomography images are employed to explain the improved conductivity in the relevant direction of the aligned structure compared to the nonaligned. This work demonstrates the synthesis, analysis, and use of aligned ionogels as supercapacitor separators and electrolytes, representing a promising direction for the development of wearable electronics coupled with image based process and simulations.
Janitor workload and occupational injuries
Authors: Green Deirdre R. , Gerberich Susan G. , Kim Hyun , Ryan Andrew D. , McGovern Patricia M. , Church Timothy R. , Schwartz Adam , Arauz Rony F.
Published: January 2019

Background

This study was designed to identify potential effects of workload and sleep on injury occurrence.

Methods

Questionnaires were disseminated to janitors in the SEIU Local 26 union; 390 responded and provided information on workload, sleep, and injury outcomes. Quantitative measurements of workload and sleep were collected via FitBit devices from a subset of 58 janitors. Regression techniques were implemented to determine risk.

Results

Thirty‐seven percent reported increased workload over the study period Adjusted analyses indicated a significant effect of change in workload (RR: 1.94; 95%CI: 1.40‐2.70) and sleep hours (RR: 2.21; 95%CI: 1.33‐3.66) on occupational injury. Among those with sleep disturbances, injury risk was greater for those with less than five, versus more than five, days of moderate to vigorous physical activity; RR: 2.77; 95%CI: 1.16‐6.59).

Conclusions

Increased workload and sleep disturbances increased the risk of injury, suggesting employers should address these factors to mitigate occupational injuries.
ALG11‐CDG syndrome: Expanding the phenotype
Authors: Haanpää Maria K. , Ng Bobby G. , Gallant Natalie M. , Singh Kathryn E. , Brown Candida , Kimonis Virginia , Freeze Hudson H. , Muller Eric A.
Published: January 2019

ALG11‐Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation (ALG11‐CDG, also known as congenital disorder of glycosylation type Ip) is an inherited inborn error of metabolism due to abnormal protein and lipid glycosylation. We describe two unrelated patients with ALG11‐CDG due to novel mutations, review the literature of previously described affected individuals, and further expand the clinical phenotype. Both affected individuals reported here had severe psychomotor disabilities and epilepsy. Their fibroblasts synthesized truncated precursor glycan structures, consistent with ALG11‐CDG, while also showing hypoglycosylation of a novel biomarker, GP130. Surprisingly, one patient presented with normal transferrin glycosylation profile, a feature that has not been reported previously in patients with ALG11‐CDG. Together, our data expand the clinical and mutational spectrum of ALG11‐CDG.
Intermolecular Nitrene Insertion by Bimetallic Catalysts
Authors: Ho Po‐Hsiun , Hung Chao‐Chun , Wang Yen‐Hsiang , Jing Chuang Gary
Published: January 2019

An intermolecular nitrene insertion catalyzed by heterobimetallic Co−Pd complexes is reported herein. In a previous report, paddlewheel complex CoPd(OAc)4 was found to have similar reactivity with the well‐known catalyst, Rh2(OAc)4 in the intramolecular C−H amination. For the more challenging intermolecular reaction, biscarboxylate ligand esp acid was used for the Co−Pd core. The reactivity of CoPdesp2 was compared with its dirhodium counterparts in the aziridination of cyclic alkenes. Also, a biscarboxylate, HPH acid with the skeleton of xanthene was synthesized and tested on the dirhodium core in the aziridination reactions. Both of Rh2HPH2 and Rh2esp(OAc)2 were found to be competent catalysts in the intermolecular aziridination of cyclic alkenes.
Synthesis of Chiral α‐Mercapto‐β‐acylamido Esters via One‐Pot Asymmetric Hydrosilylation−transacylation of α‐Acylthio‐β‐Enamino Esters
Authors: Dai Xingjie , Liu Min , Huang Min , Zhang Jiayan , Xu Xiaoying , Yuan Weicheng , Zhang Xiaomei
Published: January 2019

Chiral α‐mercapto‐β‐amino acid derivatives are highly significant for the development of new synthetic methodology and pharmaceutics. Until now, only a few catalytic asymmetric transformations for the synthesis of optically active α‐mercapto‐β‐amino acid derivatives have been developed. In continuation of our ongoing research on asymmetric hydrosilylation, herein we report a one‐pot asymmetric hydrosilylation‐transacylation of N‐unprotected α‐acylthio‐β‐enamino esters by employing a chiral picolinamide Lewis base as a catalyst. The reactions afforded a wide variety of α‐mercapto‐β‐acylamido esters with good yields (up to 99%) in good diastereoselectivities (>20 : 1 d.r.) and moderate to good enantioselectivities (up to 86% ee). Furthermore, the absolute configuration of one product was determined and the configurations of other products were assigned by analogy. Finally, based on the absolute configuration of the product, a mechanism was proposed.
Templat‐freie Synthese und selektive Befüllung von Janus‐Nanocups
Authors: Qiang Xiaolian , Steinhaus Andrea , Chen Chen , Chakroun Ramzi , Gröschel André H.
Published: January 2019

Wir berichten über die Herstellung von Janus‐Nanocups (JNCs) mit anisotroper Form und Oberfläche durch Selbstorganisation von ABC‐Triblock‐Terpolymeren im beengten Raum, induziert durch Lösungsmittel‐Verdampfung. Während der Mikrophasenseparation in sphärischer Begrenzung bildet das Triblock‐Terpolymer spontan hemisphärische Mikropartikel mit einer inneren Lamellen‐Lamellen(ll)‐Morphologie. Durch Vernetzung und nachträgliches Zerlegen der Mikropartikel entstehen JNCs mit unterschiedlicher Chemie auf der Innen‐ und Außenseite. Die mechanische Stabilität der JNCs lässt sich durch Variation der Länge des vernetzbaren Polymer‐Blocks kontrollieren. Die Stabilität ist dabei vor allem relevant, um das Öffnen/Schließen der Kavität zu steuern. Wir nutzen die Janus‐Eigenschaften zur selektiven Beladung, z. B. mit Polymeren oder Goldnanopartikeln. Dank ihrer gerichteten Eigenschaften könnten die JNCs als Mikroschwimmer, zur Wasserreinigung, als Wirkstofftransporter, als Template oder als Nanoreaktoren genutzt werden.
Four Oxidation States in a Single Photoredox Nickel‐Based Catalytic Cycle: A Computational Study
Authors: de Aguirre Adiran , Funes‐Ardoiz Ignacio , Maseras Feliu
Published: January 2019

The computational characterization of the full catalytic cycle for the synthesis of indoline from the reaction between iodoacetanilide and a terminal alkene catalyzed by a nickel complex and a photoactive ruthenium species is presented. A variety of oxidation states of nickel, Ni0, NiI, NiII, and NiIII, is shown to participate in the mechanism. Ni0 is necessary for the oxidative addition of the C−I bond, which goes through a NiI intermediate and results in a NiII species. The NiII species inserts into the alkene, but does not undergo the reductive elimination necessary for C−N bond formation. This oxidatively induced reductive elimination can be accomplished only after oxidation to NiIII by the photoactive ruthenium species. All the reaction steps are computationally characterized, and the barriers for the single‐electron transfer steps calculated using a modified version of the Marcus Theory.
Lattice Opening upon Bulk Reductive Covalent Functionalization of Black Phosphorus
Authors: Wild Stefan , Fickert Michael , Mitrovic Aleksandra , Lloret Vicent , Neiss Christian , Vidal‐Moya José Alejandro , Rivero‐Crespo Miguel Ángel , Leyva‐Pérez Antonio , Werbach Katharina , Peterlik Herwig , Grabau Mathias , Wittkämper Haiko , Papp Christian , Steinrück Hans‐Peter , Pichler Thomas , Görling Andreas , Hauke Frank , Abellán Gonzalo , Hirsch Andreas
Published: January 2019

The chemical bulk reductive covalent functionalization of thin‐layer black phosphorus (BP) using BP intercalation compounds has been developed. Through effective reductive activation, covalent functionalization of the charged BP by reaction with organic alkyl halides is achieved. Functionalization was extensively demonstrated by means of several spectroscopic techniques and DFT calculations; the products showed higher functionalization degrees than those obtained by neutral routes.
Effect of novel aliphatic fluoro‐diol content on synthesis and properties of waterborne polyurethanes
Authors: Tsen Wen‐Chin , Lee Chia‐Fan , Su Yu‐Ru , Gu Jia‐Hao , Suen Maw‐Cherng
Published: January 2019

This study synthesized a waterborne polyurethane (WPU) prepolymer by using polytetramethylene glycol, isophorone diisocyanate, and 2,2,3,3,4,4,4‐Heptafluoro‐butynic acid 2,2‐bis‐hydroxymethyl‐butyl ester (HFBA). Subsequently, a series of novel HFBA/WPUs were synthesized by adopting ethylenediamine as the chain extender. The results from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated that the CO groups of HFBA/WPUs shifted to lower wavenumbers as the HFBA content increased. Moreover, when the HFBA content of the synthesized HFBA/WPUs increased, the WPU initial decomposition temperature, glass transition temperature, tensile strength, and Young's modulus also increased. Furthermore, the results of atomic force microscopy identified a relatively high number of humpy protrusions and roughness levels in the HFBA/WPUs with a relatively high HFBA content, causing higher hydrophobicity of these HFBA/WPUs. Furthermore, in vitro platelet and erythrocyte adhesion experiments revealed that increasing the HFBA content lowered platelet and erythrocyte adhesion on the surface of the WPUs. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47356.
Self‐assembly of a renewable lignin biopolymer in nanoparticles with multiple morphologies
Authors: Bao Dandan , Xie Yuntao , Ma Shenglin , Wu Zhibing , Piao Ji‐Gang
Published: January 2019

Lignin is considered one of the main biorenewable polymers from natural resources. Each year, a large amount of lignin is generated as a waste byproduct of the pulping process in the paper industry. However, it is seldom treated as a value‐added material because of its undefined structure, the diverse methods of isolation and processing, and the origin of the material; these greatly hinder its application. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore new potential applications of this readily available yet underappreciated natural product. In this study, we developed a preparation method of lignin‐based microstructures or nanostructures via self‐assembly. We created various self‐assembled nanostructures, including nanocubes, nanorods, nano‐octahedrons, nanobranches, and other morphologies, by choosing different types of simple inorganic acids at various pHs. Some of these nanostructures have never been reported. These structures were fully characterized with scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering. All of them were uniform and stable. They displayed little or no cytotoxicity to cells in vitro at concentrations up to 1024 μg/mL. We hope the results of this study provide some insight for the future development of new applications of lignin‐based materials. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47482.
Acrylate‐based photosensitive resin for stereolithographic three‐dimensional printing
Authors: Zhang Xueqian , Xu Yu , Li Lei , Yan Bei , Bao Jianjun , Zhang Aiming
Published: January 2019

In this article, we report an acrylate‐based three‐dimensional (3D) printing stereolithography rapid‐prototyping photosensitive resin with a low viscosity, small volumetric shrinkage, high photoreactivity, and excellent strength. The resin was a compound prepared with bisphenol A epoxy acrylate (BAEA) as the main matrix, 1,6‐hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) and tri(propylene glycol) diacrylate (TPGDA) as reactive diluents, pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA) as the crosslinking agent, and 2‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl propiophenone (1173) and diphenyl(2,4,6‐trimethyl benzoyl)phosphine oxide (TPO) as photoinitiators. The photocuring kinetics of the resins with different photoinitiator types and loadings were studied via real‐time IR spectroscopy, which provided insights into the optimization of photoinitiator composition and printing parameter settings. The results show that the content change of each component affected the viscosity of the photosensitive resin; this was accompanied by fluctuations in the volume shrinkage and mechanical strength of the cured products. Although an increase in the molar ratio of the reactive diluent remarkably reduced the viscosity of the photosensitive resin and thereby boosted photopolymerization, it also caused an increase in the volume shrinkage and a sacrifice of mechanical strength. Finally, as shown by a comparison of the other samples we studied, the resin composed of 30 mmol HDDA, 50 mmol TPGDA, 10 mmol PETA, 10 mmol BAEA, 2.5 mol % TPO, and 2.5 mol % 1173 achieved the best viscosity of 239.53 mPa s at 25 °C, the minimum shrinkage rate of 4.36%, and the maximum tensile strength of 43.19 MPa. The 3D printing curing products had the closest size to the design dimensions of the computer‐aided design model; this indicated that the resin seemed to be a most promising candidate for 3D printing applications. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47487.