bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular imaging of angiogenesis to delineate the tumor margins in glioma rat model with endoglin‐targeted paramagnetic liposomes using 3T MRI
Authors: Qiu Long‐Hua , Zhang Jia‐Wen , Li Shu‐Ping , Xie Cao , Yao Zhen‐Wei , Feng Xiao‐Yuan
Published: March 2014

Purpose

To evaluate the use of endoglin‐targeted paramagnetic liposomes in delineating the glioma margins using magnetic resonance (MR) angiogenesis imaging in a rat model.

Materials and Methods

Four liposome preparations, including nontargeted paramagnetic liposomes (Gd‐SLs), isotype control IgG‐coupled paramagnetic liposomes (IgG‐Gd‐SLs), endoglin monoclonal antibody coupled paramagnetic liposomes (MAb‐Gd‐SLs), and biotinylated antibodies (Bio‐MAb)/streptavidin‐coupled paramagnetic liposomes (SAv‐Gd‐SLs) for two‐step pretargeting imaging, were formulated. All animal experiments were carried out with the approval of the Shanghai Animal Care. C6 glioma‐bearing Sprague‐Dawley rats were intravenously injected with gadolinium‐diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd‐DTPA) or the previously mentioned liposomes (n = 5) and imaged with MR. T1‐weighted MRI was performed before and dynamically repeated after different contrast agents were injected. The enhancement features of the tumors were compared.

Results

The signal enhancement of the tumor in the two‐step pretargeting group increased by 117.9 ± 5.3% at the periphery and 109.2 ± 3.5% in the center (P = 0.032) at the 8‐hour timepoint after SAv‐Gd‐SLs injection. Ring‐like enhancement margins were demonstrated at the periphery of the tumor in the two‐step targeted group. The specificity of the targeted liposomes was supported by the competitive study. The signal of peak enhancement using MAb‐Gd‐SLs was 59% less than that of the two‐step group and only slightly higher than the non‐targeted groups.

Conclusion

The two‐step endoglin‐targeted imaging using biotin‐streptavidin interaction was demonstrated to induce intense enhancement of the tumor periphery, which implies that this advanced MR molecular contrast agent may be suitable for accurately delineating glioma tumor margins. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:1056–1064. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Extracellular lipase of an entomopathogenic fungus effecting larvae of a scale insect
Authors: Ali Shaukat , Ren Shunxiang , Huang Zhen
Published: March 2014

Lipases play an important role in the infection process of entomopathogenic fungi by hydrolyzing the ester bonds of lipoproteins, fats and waxes present on the insect surface and in the body. Here we report the purification and characterization of an extracellular lipase from Isaria fumosorosea. The enzyme was purified (138.46‐fold) in three steps using (NH4)2SO4 precipitation followed by DEAE‐cellulose and Sephadex G‐100 column chromatography. The molecular weight of purified enzyme was determined to be 31 KDa by SDS–PAGE. The optimum temperature and pH for enzyme activity were 35 °C and 7.0, respectively, using p‐nitrophenylpalmitate as the substrate. Lipolytic activity was enhanced in the presence of Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, and NH4+ salts, while Zn+2, Fe+2, and Cu+2 inhibited enzyme activity. The enzyme displayed broad substrate specificity with the highest activity observed for coconut oil and p‐nitrophenyl carprate. Topical co‐application of purified lipase with fungal conidial suspensions decreased the median survival time (ST50) of Dysmicoccus neobrevipes nymphs as compared to the fungus alone. Our results indicate that an extracellular lipase produced by I. fumosorosea can be exploited for development of enzyme‐based insect management.
Dynamics of soil diazotrophic community structure, diversity, and functioning during the cropping period of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Authors: Rai Sandhya , Singh Dileep Kumar , Annapurna Kannepalli
Published: March 2014

The soil sampled at different growth stages along the cropping period of cotton were analyzed using various molecular tools: restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), terminal restriction length polymorphism (T‐RFLP), and cloning‐sequencing. The cluster analysis of the diazotrophic community structure of early sampled soil (0, 15, and 30 days) was found to be more closely related to each other than the later sampled one. Phylogenetic and diversity analysis of sequences obtained from the first (0 Day; C0) and last soil sample (180 day; C180) confirmed the data. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that C0 was having more unique sequences than C180 (presence of γ‐Proteobacteria exclusively in C0). A relatively higher richness of diazotrophic community sequences was observed in C0 (SACE: 30.76; SChao1: 20.94) than C180 (SACE: 18.00; SChao1: 18.00) while the evenness component of Shannon diversity index increased from C0 (0.97) to C180 (1.15). The impact of routine agricultural activities was more evident based on diazotrophic activity (measured by acetylene reduction assay) than its structure and diversity. The nitrogenase activity of C0 (1264.85 ± 35.7 ηmol of ethylene production g−1 dry soil h−1) was statistically higher when compared to all other values (p < 0.05). There was no correlation found between diazotrophic community structure/diversity and N2 fixation rates. Thus, considerable functional redundancy of nifH was concluded to be existing at the experimental site.
Does post‐infectious olfactory loss affect mood more severely than chronic sinusitis with olfactory loss?
Authors: Jung Yong G. , Lee Jun‐Seok , Park Gi C.
Published: March 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

Olfactory deficits that develop after viral upper respiratory infection (URI) may have different effects on patient depression index compared to chronic sinusitis with olfactory loss. However, there have been no controlled trials to evaluate the different effects of chronic sinusitis and URI on depression index.

Study Design

Prospective study of 25 subjects in two groups.

Methods

This study enrolled 25 participants who were diagnosed with post‐URI olfactory loss as the study group and 25 patients with chronic sinusitis and olfactory loss as a control group. Control group participants were matched for age, sex, and degree of olfactory loss (threshold, discrimination, and identification [TDI]). We compared the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores of each group and analyzed the correlation between TDI and BDI.

Results

The mean BDI score of the post‐URI group was significantly higher than that of the control group (14.52 ± 6.59 vs. 9.32 ± 5.23; P=.002). Age, sex, and TDI score did not affect BDI score in the post‐URI olfactory loss group. However, BDI score in the sinusitis group was inversely correlated with TDI score (R=−0.423; P=.035), and the BDI score of female subjects (11.00 ± 5.13) was significantly higher than that of male subjects (5.00 ± 2.16; P = .047).

Conclusions

Post‐URI olfactory loss affected patient mood more severely than chronic sinusitis with a similar degree of olfactory loss. This influence was not affected by sex, age, or TDI score in the post‐URI olfactory loss group.

Level of Evidence

3b. Laryngoscope, 124:2456–2460, 2014
Secure key distribution over a 500 km long link using a Raman ultra‐long fiber laser
Authors: El‐Taher Atalla , Kotlicki Omer , Harper Paul , Turitsyn Sergei , Scheuer Jacob
Published: March 2014

In traditional communication systems the transmission medium is considered as a given characteristic of the channel, which does not depend on the properties of the transmitter and the receiver. Recent experimental demonstrations of the feasibility of extending the laser cavity over the whole communication link connecting the two parties, forming an ultra‐long fiber laser (UFL), have raised groundbreaking possibilities in communication and particularly in secure communications. Here, a 500 km long secure key distribution link based on Raman gain UFL is demonstrated. An error‐free distribution of a random key with an average rate of 100 bps between the users is demonstrated and the key is shown to be unrecoverable to an eavesdropper employing either time or frequency domain passive attacks.
Eine neuartige innovative Auswertemethode für mikromagnetische Kennwerte zur Überwachung von Fügestellen und Strukturbauteilen im Rahmen des Structure Health Monitoring
Authors: Reuter M. , Mocka S. , Wesling V. , Schram A. , Aschermann L.
Published: March 2014

Durch statische und dynamische Belastungen ist es erforderlich, Stahlbauwerke in Abhängigkeit vom Gefährdungspotential zu überwachen. In dieser Veröffentlichung wird auf Basis mikromagnetischer Kennwerte eine neuartige Auswertemethode vorgestellt. Die Signale eines Sensorsystems werden über eine CI‐basierte Methode ausgewertet. Durch diese besondere Signalverarbeitung wird der Informationsgehalt gesteigert. Anhand der gezeigten Voruntersuchungen soll das Potenzial der Auswertemethode aufgezeigt werden.
Investigation the effect of crystal orientation of nickel‐based single crystal superalloys on bending creep tests
Authors: Wen S. , Zeng X. , Kang Z. , Yue Z.
Published: March 2014

The relationship between the three points bending creep test and the uni‐axial creep test on the single crystal superalloy was investigated by using crystal plasticity slip theory with a three‐dimensional (3D) finite element model. The purpose of the present work is to build the relationship between bending creep and conventional uni‐axial tensile creep in determining crystallographic creep parameters for face centered cubic (FCC) nickel‐based single crystal superalloys. To this aim, the bending creep performed on [001]‐, [011]‐, and [111]‐oriented nickel‐based single crystal superalloys were respectively investigated, and the data was compared with those obtained with uni‐axial tensile creep counterparts. It shows that the determination of crystallographic creep stress exponent is independent of crystallographic orientations, and the results agree reasonably well between bending creep test and uni‐axial tensile creep test. The findings may shed some light on understanding of the crystal structures and its time‐dependent deformation mechanisms with the bending creep method.
Induktive Erwärmung von partikelverstärkten Stahlpresslingen in den thixotropen Temperaturbereich
Authors: Behrens B.‐A. , Frischkorn C.
Published: March 2014

Die Hersteller von pulvermetallurgischen Bauteilen sind ständig bestrebt Fertigungsprozesse zu verbessern und bestehende Anwendungsgebiete und Einsatzbereiche ihrer Bauteile zu erweitern. Eine Möglichkeit zur Steigerung der Komplexität von pulvermetallurgischen Sinterbauteilen besteht in der Verfahrenskombination der Pulvermetallurgie mit dem Thixoschmieden. Die pulvergepressten Halbzeuge werden hierbei gegenüber der konventionellen Prozessroute bis in den thixotropen Temperaturbereich erwärmt, so dass sich bei einer anschließenden Umformung komplexe Bauteile in einem Prozessschritt realisieren lassen. Zudem bietet die Pulvermetallurgie die Möglichkeit, durch die Einbringung von keramischen Partikeln Metall‐Matrix‐Verbundwerkstoffe (engl.: metal matrix composites (MMC)) herzustellen, die gegenüber konventionellen Materialien verbesserte mechanische Eigenschaften besitzen. Innerhalb dieser Arbeit werden Grundlagenversuche zum Pressen und zur induktiven Erwärmung von partikelverstärkten Stahlpresslingen dargestellt.
Depyrogenation by the Flowing Afterglow of a Reduced‐Pressure N2–O2 Discharge (Gaseous Plasma Treatment)
Authors: Levif Pierre , Séguin Jacynthe , Moisan Michel , Barbeau Jean
Published: March 2014

The presence of pyrogens in the human body can activate the immune system leading to pathological effects, such as fever, tissue damage, septic shock, possibly even death. This is a major concern in the pharmaceutical field where injectable solutions are widely used. The main pyrogens are the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules from Gram‐negative bacteria and the lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Gram‐positive bacteria. Conventional sterilization methods cannot fully inactivate these molecules. A significant decrease of the pyrogenic activity of both LPS and LTA is obtained after exposure to the flowing afterglow of a N2–O2 discharge. We also investigated the level of pyrogenic activity ensuing from the inactivation of bacterial spores by the flowing afterglow.
Optimization of Cyclopropylamine Plasma Polymerization toward Enhanced Layer Stability in Contact with Water
Authors: Manakhov Anton , Zajíčková Lenka , Eliáš Marek , Čechal Jan , Polčák Josef , Hnilica Jaroslav , Bittnerová Štěpánka , Nečas David
Published: March 2014

The present investigation of cyclopropylamine (CPA) plasma polymerization in pulsed and continuous wave radio frequency (RF) discharges leads to the proposition of conditions at which amine‐rich films exhibit a good stability in contact with water. The analyses reveal complex structure of CPA plasma polymers containing hydrocarbon chains, primary and secondary amines, nitriles and possibly imines. The decomposition of the monomer in plasma is progressing with the composite parameter W/F (RF power over monomer flow rate) but, in pulsed discharges, it is possible to deposit the films with N/C ratio above 0.24 using higher monomer flow rate. At the optimized monomer flow rate the 280 nm thick film exhibits only 20% thickness loss after 48 h immersion in water and still contains about 5 at% of the NHx environment.
Crystal structure of toxin HP0892 from Helicobacter pylori with two Zn(II) at 1.8 Å resolution
Authors: Im Hookang , Jang Sun‐Bok , Pathak Chinar , Yang Yeon‐Jin , Yoon Hye‐Jin , Yu Tae‐Kyung , Suh Jeong‐Yong , Lee Bong‐Jin
Published: March 2014

Antibiotic resistance and microorganism virulence have been consistently exhibited by bacteria and archaea, which survive in conditions of environmental stress through toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems. The HP0892–HP0893 TA system is one of the two known TA systems belonging to Helicobacter pylori. The antitoxin, HP0893, binds and inhibits the HP0892 toxin and regulates the transcription of the TA operon. Here, we present the crystal structure of the zinc‐bound HP0892 toxin at 1.8 Å resolution. Reorientation of residues at the mRNase active site was shown. The involved residues, namely E58A, H86A, and H58A/ H60A, were mutated and the binding affinity was monitored by ITC studies. Through the structural difference between the apo and the metal‐bound state, and using a homology modeling tool, the involvement of the metal ion in mRNase active site could be identified. The most catalytically important residue, His86, reorients itself to exhibit RNase activity. His47, Glu58, and His60 are involved in metal binding where Glu58 acts as a general base and His47 and His60 may also act as a general acid in enzymatic activity. Glu58 and Asp64 are involved in substrate binding and specific sequence recognition. Arg83 is involved in phosphate binding and stabilization of the transition state, and Phe90 is involved in base packing and substrate orientation.
Electrically tunable nonreciprocity of microwave transmission through “ferrite‐varactor loaded resonant element” planar metastructure
Authors: Kraftmakher G. A. , Butylkin V. S. , Kazantsev Yu. N.
Published: March 2014

We suggest new planar metastructures “ferrite plate–varactor‐loaded resonant element” that provide voltage tunable nonreciprocity of microwaves transmission in contrast to traditional magnetic control. The effect is observed by tuning varactor capacitance with changing reverse‐bias voltages under the ferromagnetic resonance excitation near the varactor‐loaded element resonance frequency. Wide tuning range has been obtained with nonreciprocity 19 dB between 5.4 and 5.9 GHz. Presented metastructures are useful for the development of quick‐tunable nonreciprocal systems. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Study of the temperature dependence of ferromagnetic resonance measurements in nanostructured arrays
Authors: Raposo V. , Flores A. G. , Zazo M. , Sánchez M. , Iñiguez J. I. , Redondo C. , Navas D.
Published: March 2014

Ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy is a powerful technique to analyse the dynamic properties of nanostructured materials. In order to understand the dynamic phenomena in these samples, nickel and permalloy nanostructured dot and line arrays have been prepared using interference lithography. Temperature dependence of the ferromagnetic resonance measurements have been carried out at a frequency of 9.5 GHz as a function of magnetic field from 85 K to room temperature. Nickel and permalloy based samples present a different temperature dependence of the resonance field, with decreasing and increasing values respectively with higher temperatures. Resonance linewidth in permalloy is nearly constant while nickel arrays present a small decrease with increasing temperature. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Wideband ferromagnetic resonance in nanostructured line arrays
Authors: Raposo V. , Flores A. G. , Zazo M. , Iñiguez J. I. , Muñoz J. M. , Hernández P. , Torres C. , Redondo C. , Navas D.
Published: March 2014

Dynamic properties of magnetic nanostructures have recently been intensively studied due to their potential application in high density perpendicular recording media or magnetic sensors. Permalloy nanostructured line arrays have been prepared using interference lithography. The film thickness is of 50 nm for different lattice periods. The anisotropy field can be investigated by various techniques. One of these techniques is the ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy (FMR) due to the fact that the resonance field depends directly on the anisotropy. Ferromagnetic resonance measurements have been carried out at as a function of frequency from 1 to 10 GHz for magnetic fields up to 10 kA/m. The sample was placed in coplanar waveguide with the sample plane parallel to the magnetic field. The frequency dependence of the resonance field can be used to calculate the magnetization saturation and anisotropy field under suitable approximations. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magnetisation and magnetoresistance of Mo/Fe/Co superlattices
Authors: Antipov S. D. , Goryunov G. E. , Kaminskaya T. P. , Kornilov A. A. , Novikov I. M. , Pivkina M. N. , Senina V. A. , Smirnitskaya G. V.
Published: March 2014

In this paper, we present experimental studies of the structure, magnetic behavior and magnetoresistance of magnetic superlattices (MSL) [Mo(12Å)Fe(xÅ)Co(21Å)]*100 (x=4÷43). MSLs have been obtained by cathode sputtering with oscillating electrons on the substrate of mica (muscovite). MSLs investigated at room temperature are soft ferromagnets with induced in‐plane magnetic anisotropy. Changes in the spontaneous magnetization Iso and coercive force Hc, depending on the thickness of Co layers, are of oscillatory behavior, which is apparently because of the interference effects of electron waves in the spacers and interfaces. Stepped shape of the measured hysteresis loops for some MSLs, is apparently determined by the vortex behavior of the clusters magnetic moments, located in the sample plane, that is confirmed by measurements carried out on the scanning probe microscope. The observed high values of Iso, normalized to the content of Fe and Co, exceeding Iso(Fe)=1710 Gs may be observed due to increasing values of spin and orbital magnetic moments of Fe and Co in the cluster formations and in the interfaces in the states of low‐dimensional local atomic environment, as well as the possible formation of ferromagnetic order in Mo clusters. Studies of resistance and magnetoresistance (MR) of the samples at temperatures from 10 K to 290 K show semiconducting behavior of resistance and a positive sign of the magnetoresistance. The maximum value of MR for a sample of [Mo (12A) Fe (16A) Co (21A)] x100 was 0.04% for [Mo (12A) Fe (10A) Co (21A)]x100 ‐ 0.5%. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Identifying the proton transfer reaction mechanism via a proton‐bound dimeric intermediate for esomeprazoles by a kinetic method combined with density functional theory calculations
Authors: Cao Xiaoji , Zhang Feifei , Zhu Kundan , Ye Xuemin , Shen Lingxiao , Chen Jiaoyu , Mo Weimin
Published: March 2014

RATIONALE

Esomeprazole analogs are a class of important proton pump inhibitors for the treatment of gastro‐esophageal reflux diseases. Understanding the fragmentation reaction mechanism of the protonated esomeprazole analogs will facilitate the characterization of their complex metabolic fate in humans. In this paper, the kinetic method and theoretical calculations were applied to evaluate the fragmentation of protonated esomeprazole analogs.

METHODS

All collision‐induced dissociation (CID) mass spectrometry experiments were carried out using electrospray ionization (ESI) ion trap mass spectrometry in positive ion mode. Also the accurate masses of fragments were measured on by ESI quadrupole time‐of‐flight (QTOF) MS in positive ion mode. Theoretical calculations were carried out by the density functional theory (DFT) method with the 6‐31G(d) basis set in the Gaussian 03 program.

RESULTS

In the fragmentation of the protonated esomeprazole analogs, C–S bond breakage is observed, which gives rise to protonated 2‐(sulfinylmethylene)pyridines and protonated benzimidazoles. DFT calculations demonstrate that the nitrogen atom of the pyridine part is the thermodynamically most favorable protonation site, and the C–S bond cleavage is triggered by the transfer of this ionizing proton from the nitrogen atom of the pyridine part to the carbon atom of the benzimidazole part to which the sulfinyl is attached. Moreover, with the kinetic plot, the intensity ratios of two protonated product ions yield a linear relationship with the differences in proton affinities of the corresponding neutral molecules, which provides strong experimental evidence that the reaction proceeds via proton‐bound 2‐(sulfinylmethylene)pyridine/benzimidazole complex intermediates.

CONCLUSIONS

The kinetic method combined with theoretical calculations was successfully applied to probe the proton transfer reaction by proton‐bound 2‐(sulfinylmethylene)pyridine/benzimidazole complexes in the fragmentation of protonated esomeprazole analogs by ESI CID MS, which is a strong evidence that the kinetic method can be applied in identifying a proton‐bound dimeric intermediate in the fragmentation of protonated ions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interfacial Reaction between Iron‐Based Alloys and Polycrystalline α‐Al2O3
Authors: Dubberstein Tobias , Jahn Andreas , Lange Michael , Heller Hans‐Peter , Scheller Piotr R.
Published: March 2014

The effect of temperature, atmosphere, and elemental concentrations of boron and phosphorous in ferrous alloys on the wettability of polycrystalline α‐Al2O3was studied. The investigation of the wetting behavior is of major importance to the infiltration of steel into open foam ceramics. In reference Fe‐0.46 wt% C iron samples, the contact angle was investigated between 1550 and 1650 °C under Ar‐H2and Ar atmospheres and was found to decrease with increasing temperature and increasing oxygen partial pressure. Furthermore, no FeAl2O4(hercynite) spinel type inclusions were found in Fe/Al2O3experiments. In the Fe‐P binary alloys,θdecreased with increasing phosphorous content and was ≈112° for the Fe‐0.299 wt% P alloy at 1600 °C. For the Fe‐B binary alloys, a strong influence of boron on the contact angle was found. Secondary neutral mass spectrometry (SNMS) analysis showed a maximum in the boron concentration in the first 50 nm of the metallic side of the interface. In the FeCrMnNi‐P high‐alloys specimens, a reaction layer was found between the steel/ceramic interfaces. The contact angle was ca. 90°, lower than the Fe‐P binary alloys.
Different pools of postsynaptic GABAA receptors mediate inhibition evoked by low‐ and high‐frequency presynaptic stimulation at hippocampal synapses
Authors: Stepanyuk Andrey R. , Borisyuk Anya L. , Tsugorka Tetiana M. , Belan Pavel V.
Published: March 2014

Patterns of short‐term synaptic plasticity could considerably differ between synapses of the same axon. This may lead to separation of synaptic receptors transmitting either low‐ or high‐frequency signals and, therefore, may have functional consequences for the information transfer in the brain. Here, we estimated a degree of such separation at hippocampal GABAergic synapses using a use‐dependent GABAA receptor antagonist, picrotoxin, to selectively suppress a pool of GABAA receptors monosynaptically activated during the low‐frequency stimulation. The relative changes in postsynaptic responses evoked by the high‐frequency stimulation before and after such block were used to estimate the contribution of this GABAA receptor pool to synaptic transmission at high frequencies. Using this approach, we have shown that IPSCs evoked by low‐frequency (0.2 Hz) stimulation and asynchronous currents evoked by high‐frequency (20–40 Hz) stimulation are mediated by different pools of postsynaptic GABAA receptors. Thus, our findings suggest that inhibition produced by a single hippocampal interneuron may be selectively routed to different postsynaptic targets depending on the presynaptic discharge frequency. Synapse 68:344–354, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diagnosing myocardial ischaemia
Authors: Herrey Anna S.
Published: March 2014

Anna Herrey emphasises the importance of recognising symptoms of myocardial ischaemia early, and discusses investigations and treatment options. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons
The toxicity side‐effects of androgen deprivation therapy: the metabolic syndrome
Authors: Chowdhury Subhra , Dumas Lucy , Chowdhury Simon
Published: March 2014

In this series, the authors present cases of men being treated with androgen deprivation therapy, and highlight their management to prevent and treat associated toxicities. This fifth article will consider the management of the metabolic syndrome. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons
Foreskin problems in boys
Authors: Drake Tamsin
Published: March 2014

The author reviews the common clinical conditions affecting the foreskin in boys, including phimosis, paraphimosis and inflammatory penile skin conditions, and discusses their management options. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons
Prostate cancer survivorship
Authors: Goonewardene Sanchia S. , Persad Raj , Nanton Veronica , Young Annie , Makar Adel
Published: March 2014

The authors present pilot study results from a new scheme for prostate cancer survivors developed at Worcestershire Acute Hospitals. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons
Reading Informational Texts
Authors: Pennington Julie L. , Obenchain Kathryn M. , Brock Cynthia H.
Published: March 2014

The Common Core State Standards recommend that elementary students read a high percentage of informational texts. The past decade of high stakes testing has relegated social studies instruction to minimal or nonexistent status in many elementary classrooms. In order to expand teachers’ and students’ understandings of informational text, this paper presents the concept of civic transactional reading as a means to enhance reading instruction in the content area of social studies. Social studies conceptions of civic education and literacy notions of close reading and questioning are integrated as The Common Core Reading Standards and the recently created complementary Social Studies Standards provide a framework for reading Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Letter from a Birmingham Jail.
Award‐Winning Authors and Illustrators Talk About Writing and Teaching Writing
Authors: Stagg Peterson Shelley
Published: March 2014

From interviews with nine award‐winning authors and illustrators of informational books, novels and picture books come three themes that are helpful to teachers in supporting students’ writing development: (1) students’ writing should come from their interests and passions; (2) students need time and opportunity to nurture their curiosity about potential writing topics; and (3) receiving ongoing reader‐based feedback gives students a sense of the impact of their writing on readers. The illustrators’ and authors’ suggestions are particularly important at a time when national and provincial curricula require teachers to teach the technical aspects of writing, such as mastering particular text forms to achieve academic purposes, or conforming to writing conventions.
Nurturing the Inquiring Mind Through the Nonfiction Read‐Aloud
Authors: Stead Tony
Published: March 2014

In this article Tony Stead examines the importance of the nonfiction read aloud as part of ongoing daily instruction. He highlights the need to empower students in both academic achievement, and as life long lovers of nonfiction, through focused informational literature.

Many teachers struggle when selecting appropriate nonfiction materials and Tony gives helpful tips in what to look for in the selection process. He further provides a valuable list of nonfiction texts he has successfully used in the classroom. Valuable guidelines are provided in how to read selected literature to students to provide motivation and interest.

The article also provides readers with a powerful strategy called the Reading and Analyzing Nonfiction Strategy (R.A.N.) This strategy encourages students to gain literal understandings, and raise questions and inferences from information read. It is an excellent means to get students to respond to what they are reading apart from simply listing memorized facts.
Introduction of misoprostol for the treatment of incomplete abortion beyond 12 weeks of pregnancy in Benin
Authors: Adisso Sosthène , Hounkpatin Benjamin I.B. , Komongui Gounnou D. , Sambieni Olivier , Perrin René X.
Published: March 2014

Improving the care of women who have undergone a spontaneous or induced abortion is an important step in reducing abortion‐related morbidity and mortality. Both the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) and the World Health Organization recommend the use of manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) and misoprostol rather than sharp curettage to treat incomplete abortion. MVA was introduced into the public healthcare service in Benin in 2006 and since 2008 misoprostol has been available in 3 large maternity hospitals. The present study opted to use an oral dose of 800 μg and not to limit to pregnancies of up to 12 weeks, but to include women with second trimester abortions. After 5 years, results show that around three‐quarters of the women treated with misoprostol at 13–18 weeks of pregnancy required MVA to complete uterine evacuation and approximately one‐quarter had severe bleeding, confirming that the indication of misoprostol for incomplete abortion should be limited to pregnancies of up to 12 weeks.
Your Place or Mine? Institutional Capture and the Creation of Overlapping International Institutions
Authors: Urpelainen Johannes , Van de Graaf Thijs
Published: March 2014

Why do states create overlapping international institutions? This practice presents a puzzle: conventional wisdom suggests that states should use existing institutions to minimize the transaction costs of co-operation. This article proposes a bargaining approach to explain thede novocreation of overlapping international institutions. In this model, a dissatisfied ‘challenger’ state threatens to create a new institution, and a ‘defender’ state can propose to reform the currently focal institution. Overlapping institutions are created when the currently focal institution is (1) captured by interests opposed to the challenger and (2) domestic political pressure to abandon the status quo is intense. Similar to models of deterrence, the expectation that the new institution garners support among third parties is irrelevant for the equilibrium likelihood ofde novocreation. A comparative analysis of international bargaining over energy, whaling and intellectual property rights provides empirical evidence.
TRACKING CHANGES IN STATES OF CONTRACEPTIVE USE OVER TIME IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA THROUGH COHORT AND PERIOD ANALYSES
Authors: MADSEN ELIZABETH LEAHY , KUANG BERNICE , ROSS JOHN
Published: March 2014

It is difficult to gauge the success of programmatic efforts to reduce unmet need for contraception without knowing whether individual women have had their need met and adopted contraception. However, the number of true longitudinal datasets tracking the transition of panels of individual women in and out of states of contraceptive use is limited. This study analyses changes in contraceptive use states using Demographic and Health Survey data for 22 sub-Saharan African countries. A cohort approach, tracking representative samples of five-year age groups longitudinally across surveys, as well as period-based techniques, are applied to indicate whether new users of contraception have been drawn from women who previously had no need and/or those who had unmet need for family planning. The results suggest that a greater proportion of increases in contraceptive use in recent years can be attributed to decreases in the percentage of women with no need, especially among younger women, than to decreases in the proportion with unmet need.
Butqui c'est la différence? Discourse markers in Louisiana French: The case ofbutvs.mais
Authors: Dajko Nathalie , Carmichael Katie
Published: March 2014

This article examines the use of English discourse markers in Louisiana French, focusing in particular on Englishbutand its French counterpartmais. Based on data collected in Terrebonne and Lafourche Parishes, we examine the speech of bilinguals to determine the status of these markers, which provide a window onto the role of discourse markers in situations of language contact. Though the markers show an overlapping semantic and functional distribution,butmore often appears in the context of at least one pause. We also provide acoustic evidence and an analysis of the markers in different functions to conclude that the need for iconic contrast via language mixing (Maschler 1994, 1997; de Rooij 2000) is only one possible motivation for the use of foreign markers. We conclude that discourse markers may carry social meaning and be the site of identity construction as much as they are the site of text organization. (Discourse markers, bilingual discourse, codeswitching, language shift)*
Three orders in the organization of human action: On the interface between knowledge, power, and emotion in interaction and social relations
Authors: Stevanovic Melisa , Peräkylä Anssi
Published: March 2014

All social life is based on people's ability to recognize what others are doing. Recently, the mechanisms underlying this human ability have become the focus of a growing multidisciplinary interest. This article contributes to this line of research by considering how people's orientations to who they are to each other are built-in in the organization action. We outline a unifying theoretical framework in which the basic facets of human social relations are seen as being anchored in three orders—epistemic order, deontic order, and emotional order—each of which, we argue, also pertains to action recognition. This framework allows us to account for common ambiguities in action recognition and to describe relationship negotiations involving a complex interface between knowledge, power, and emotion. (Action recognition, social relations, conversation analysis, status, stance, epistemic rights, deontic rights, emotion)*
Home environments and adaptations in the context of ageing
Authors: RENAUT SYLVIE , OGG JIM , PETITE SÉGOLÈNE , CHAMAHIAN ALINE
Published: March 2014

‘Ageing in place’ initiatives form an important part of broader ‘ageing well’ strategies that are being developed in response to demographic change. Increasingly, it is acknowledged that it is important to understand how individuals shape and modify the space within their own home and immediate environment to facilitate flexible solutions in the event of a loss of independence. The research presented here aims to understand how individuals construct the space both within their own home and their immediate surroundings and how this construction is linked to their own perception of ageing and growing old. A thematic analysis of 28 qualitative interviews resulted in two differentiated responses in relation to home adaptations: those respondents who had acted to modify their home and environment and those who instead sought to delay or ‘put off’ any modifications. The results demonstrate the multi-dimensional experience of ageing, the diversity of types of home environment, and the interplay between compensatory solutions and the social contexts within which they take place. The need for a more holistic approach that takes into account factors such as an individual's experience of ageing is suggested in order to understand the use of space in home environments and the adaptations that are made to them. Policy initiatives for ‘ageing in place’ can be reinforced by closer user involvement.
The locus of Katakana–English masked phonological priming effects
Authors: ANDO ERIKO , MATSUKI KAZUNAGA , SHERIDAN HEATHER , JARED DEBRA
Published: March 2014

Japanese–English bilinguals completed a masked phonological priming study with Japanese Katakana primes and English targets. Event related potential (ERP) data were collected in addition to lexical decision responses. A cross-script phonological priming effect was observed in both measures, and the effect did not interact with frequency. In the ERP data, the phonological priming effect was evident before the frequency effect. These data, along with analyses of response latency distributions, provide evidence that the cross-script phonological priming effects were the consequence of the activation of sublexical phonological representations in a store shared by both Japanese and English. This activation fed back to sublexical and lexical orthographic representations, influencing lexical decision latencies. The implications for the Bilingual Interactive Activation (BIA+) model of word recognition are discussed.
Sexualhormone und Knochen
Authors: Kraenzlin Marius , Meier Christian
Published: March 2014

Der Knochen ist ein Gewebe mit einem lebhaften Stoffwechsel. In der Entwicklung, der Adoleszenz und während der Anpassung an Lebensumstände besteht eine komplexe Interaktion des Knochens mit lokalen, systemischen und physikalischen Einflüssen. Die Sexualhormone sind wichtige Regulatoren der Physiologie des Knochenstoffwechsels. Östrogene und Testosteron beeinflussen das Wachstum, die Reifung und Erhaltung der Knochenmasse. Die Wirkung der Sexualsteroide auf den Knochenstoffwechsel kommt durch multiple Mechanismen zustande. Die Sexualhormone beeinflussen die Bildung und Sekretion vieler Wachstumsfaktoren und haben damit einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Regulation des Knochenstoffwechsels. Die lokale und systemische Regulation des Knochenstoffwechsels bilden ein fein abgestimmtes Netzwerk, das durch die Veränderungen der Sexualhormone und den Alterungsprozess beeinflusst wird. Die biologische Wichtigkeit dieser Beeinflussung zeigt sich darin, dass ein Hypogonadismus bei beiden Geschlechtern einen Knochensubstanzverlust zur Folge hat und der Östrogenmangel ein wichtiger Faktor bei der Entstehung der postmenopausalen Osteoporose darstellt. Die Therapie mit Aromataseinhibitoren beim hormonsensitiven Mammakarzinom und die ablative Hormontherapie beim Prostata-Karzinom sind mittlerweile Standard und mit einem erhöhten Risiko für osteoporotische Frakturen assoziiert, sodass entsprechende diagnostische und bei erhöhtem Frakturrisiko therapeutische Maßnahmen angezeigt sind.
Hormonersatzbehandlung in der Andropause – Nutzen und Risiken
Authors: Nigro Nicole , Christ-Crain Mirjam , Meier Christian
Published: March 2014

Die Definition des Hypogonadismus beim älteren Mann wird kontrovers diskutiert. Neuesten Studien zufolge besteht die Diagnose a) aus mindestens drei hauptsächlich sexuellen Symptomen, wie beispielsweise Verlust der morgendlichen Erektion, geringes Sexualverlangen und erektile Dysfunktion und b) einem Testosteronspiegel im Serum von < 8 – 11 nmol/l. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Testosteronsubstitutionstherapie beim älteren Mann sich günstig auf die Muskel- und Fettmasse sowie auf die Knochenmineraldichte auswirkt, wohingegen die Auswirkungen auf Muskelstärke, Sexualfunktion, Gefühlslage und Lebensqualität umstritten sind. Viele epidemiologische Daten weisen auf einen günstigen Effekt eines höheren Testosteronspiegels auf Adipositas, Insulinresistenz, das metabolische Syndrom und Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 hin. Allerdings haben nur wenige randomisierte, placebo-kontrollierte Studien die Wirkung einer Therapie mit Testosteron auf die Insulinresistenz und den HbA1c-Spiegel untersucht – mit widersprüchlichen Ergebnissen. Aktuell sind sowohl die Sicherheit und die Wirksamkeit einer Testosteronsubstitutions-therapie nicht gänzlich gesichert. Zwar wurden bisher noch keine eindeutigen Beweise gefunden, dass die Therapie mit Testosteron an der Entstehung eines Prostatakarzinoms ursächlich beteiligt ist oder die Biologie der Prostata tatsächlich verändert, doch die Ergebnisse einer kürzlich durchgeführten Metaanalyse zeigen ein insgesamt vierfach erhöhtes Risiko für eine Prostataerkrankung bei mit Testosteron behandelten älteren Männern. Auch die Gefahr kardiovaskulärer Ereignisse ist noch ungeklärt, und Vorsicht ist vor allem bei älteren Männern mit bekannter kardiovaskulärer Erkrankung und eingeschränkter Mobilität geboten. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass die tatsächlich verfügbaren Belege für die langfristigen Risiken und den Erfolg einer Testosteron-Ersatztherapie noch sehr spärlich und sorgfältig geplante placebo-kontrollierte Studien notwendig sind. Bis dahin sollte sich die Testosteronbehandlung unter sor gfältiger Überwachung möglicher Nebenwirkungen auf Männer beschränken, die einen eindeutig erniedrigten Testosteronspiegel haben und bei denen gleichzeitig klinische Symptome vorliegen.
Im Körper gefangen sein – Das Erleben und die Bewältigung der krankheitsbedingt veränderten Bewegungsmuster von Menschen mit Parkinson und ihren Angehörigen
Authors: Kohler Myrta , Saxer Susi , Fringer André , Hantikainen Virpi
Published: March 2014

Menschen mit einer Parkinsonerkrankung leiden an verschiedenen Symptomen. Die krankheitsbedingt veränderten Bewegungsmuster stehen oft im Zentrum und wirken sich auf den Alltag der Betroffenen und Angehörigen aus. In dieser Studie wurde untersucht, wie Betroffene und Angehörige die veränderten Bewegungsmuster erleben und wie sie die daraus resultierenden Probleme im Alltag bewältigen. Es wurden leitfadengestützte Interviews mit acht Betroffenen und sechs Angehörigen durchgeführt, und anhand der Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring ausgewertet. Die Analyse ergab zwei Hauptkategorien: «Auswirkungen des veränderten Bewegungsmusters auf den Alltag» und «Bewältigungsstrategien im Umgang mit der veränderten Bewegung». Das Erleben ist geprägt durch die Empfindung «im Körper gefangen zu sein» und durch einen immer langsamer werdenden Alltag. Die Bewältigungsstrategien stellen sich sehr unterschiedlich dar. Wichtig ist allen Befragten, ihre Bewegungsfähigkeit zu erhalten. Partnerinnen und Partner übernehmen viele Tätigkeiten und unterstützen die Betroffenen selbstverständlich. Dies ist für sie mit viel Stress verbunden und mit dem Gefühl, ständig präsent sein zu müssen. Die vielfältigen Bewältigungsstrategien sollten in die tägliche Pflege von Menschen mit Parkinson miteinbezogen werden. Wichtig bei der Entwicklung von Strategien sind die Berücksichtigung des individuellen Erlebens der veränderten Bewegung und die Unterstützung der Betroffenen und ihres Umfelds damit sie in Bewegung bleiben können.
Deciphering microbial landscapes of fish eggs to mitigate emerging diseases
Authors: Liu Yiying , de Bruijn Irene , Jack Allison L H , Drynan Keith , van den Berg Albert H , Thoen Even , Sandoval-Sierra Vladimir , Skaar Ida , van West Pieter , Diéguez-Uribeondo Javier , van der Voort Menno , Mendes Rodrigo , Mazzola Mark , Raaijmakers Jos M
Published: March 2014

Animals and plants are increasingly suffering from diseases caused by fungi and oomycetes. These emerging pathogens are now recognized as a global threat to biodiversity and food security. Among oomycetes, Saprolegnia species cause significant declines in fish and amphibian populations. Fish eggs have an immature adaptive immune system and depend on nonspecific innate defences to ward off pathogens. Here, meta-taxonomic analyses revealed that Atlantic salmon eggs are home to diverse fungal, oomycete and bacterial communities. Although virulent Saprolegnia isolates were found in all salmon egg samples, a low incidence of Saprolegniosis was strongly correlated with a high richness and abundance of specific commensal Actinobacteria, with the genus Frondihabitans (Microbacteriaceae) effectively inhibiting attachment of Saprolegniato salmon eggs. These results highlight that fundamental insights into microbial landscapes of fish eggs may provide new sustainable means to mitigate emerging diseases.
Synthesis and characterization of isotopically labeled silver nanoparticles for tracing studies
Authors: Laycock Adam , Stolpe Björn , Römer Isabella , Dybowska Agnieszka , Valsami-Jones Eugenia , Lead Jamie R. , Rehkämper Mark
Published: March 2014

Optimized protocols for the small-scale synthesis of isotopically labeled silver nanoparticles and an evaluation of their environmental tracing capabilities.
A proton-conducting lanthanide metal–organic framework integrated with a dielectric anomaly and second-order nonlinear optical effect
Authors: Liang Xiaoqiang , Zhang Feng , Zhao Haixia , Ye Wei , Long Lasheng , Zhu Guangshan
Published: March 2014

A multifunctional metal–organic framework, {[Gd4(R-ttpc)2(R-Httpc)2(HCOO)2(H2O)8]·4H2O}n [JUC-125, R-H3ttpc = (3R,3′R,3′′R)-1,1′,1′′-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)-tripiperidine-3-carboxylic acid], shows proton conduction, dielectric anomalous behaviour and a second-order NLO effect.
A single thiazole orange molecule forms an exciplex in a DNA i-motif
Authors: Xu Baochang , Wu Xiangyang , Yeow Edwin K. L. , Shao Fangwei
Published: March 2014

A pH-dependent fluorescent exciplex is formed between a single thiazole orange (TO) molecule and nucleobases in a TO-conjugated DNA i-motif.
TACN-based oligomers with aromatic backbones for efficient nucleic acid delivery
Authors: Yi Wen-Jing , Yu Xing-Chi , Wang Bing , Zhang Ji , Yu Qing-Ying , Zhou Xue-Dong , Yu Xiao-Qi
Published: March 2014

Oligomers with an aromatic backbone showed highly improved gene transfection efficiency compared to 25 kDa PEI.
In situ assembly of well-dispersed gold nanoparticles on hierarchical double-walled nickel silicate hollow nanofibers as an efficient and reusable hydrogenation catalyst
Authors: Jin Renxi , Yang Yang , Li Yunfeng , Fang Lin , Xing Yan , Song Shuyan
Published: March 2014

A facile route to fabricate ultrafine AuNPs immobilized on double-walled nickel silicate hollow nanofibers assembled by nanosheets has been developed.
Molecular photo-oscillators based on highly accelerated heterocyclic azo dyes in nematic liquid crystals
Authors: Garcia-Amorós Jaume , Reig Marta , Castro M. Cidália R. , Cuadrado Alba , Raposo M. Manuela M. , Velasco Dolores
Published: March 2014

Benzothiazole-pyrrole-based azo dyes greatly enhance their thermal isomerisation rate when introduced in nematic LCs.
Transition-metal-free, visible-light induced cyclization of arylsulfonyl chlorides with 2-isocyanobiphenyls to produce phenanthridines
Authors: Gu Lijun , Jin Cheng , Liu Jiyan , Ding Hongyan , Fan Baomin
Published: March 2014

A visible-light promoted transformation of 2-isocyanobiphenyls and arylsulfonyl chlorides for the synthesis of phenanthridines under oxidant-free and transition-metal-free conditions was described.
Structures and stability of AnO4 isomers, An = Pu, Am, and Cm: a relativistic density functional study
Authors: Zaitsevskii Andréi , Schwarz W. H. Eugen
Published: March 2014

The most stable oxidation state of the tetra-oxo-actinides decreases from U(vi) to Pu(v), Np(v), and Cm(v), preferentially forming actinyl-superoxides.
Synthesis and properties of long [n]cumulenes (n≥ 5)
Authors: Januszewski Johanna A. , Tykwinski Rik R.
Published: March 2014

This review highlights the synthesis and reactivity of longer [n]cumulenes (n≥ 5) and summarizes their electronic and structural properties.