bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Evolving Treatment Patterns of NCAA Division I Football Players by Orthopaedic Team Physicians Over the Past Decade, 2008-2016
Authors: Carver Trevor J. , Schrock John B. , Kraeutler Matthew J. , McCarty Eric C.
Published: January 2018

Background:

Previous studies have analyzed the treatment patterns used to manage injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I football players.

Hypothesis:

Treatment patterns used to manage injuries in NCAA Division I football players will have changed over the study period.

Study Design:

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Level of Evidence:

Level 5.

Methods:

The head orthopaedic team physicians for all 128 NCAA Division I football teams were asked to complete a survey containing questions regarding experience as team physician, medical coverage of the team, reimbursement issues, and treatment preferences for some of the most common injuries occurring in football players. Responses from the current survey were compared with responses from the same survey sent to NCAA Division I team physicians in 2008.

Results:

Responses were received from 111 (111/119, 93%) NCAA Division I orthopaedic team physicians in 2008 and 115 (115/128, 90%) orthopaedic team physicians between April 2016 and April 2017. The proportion of team physicians who prefer a patellar tendon autograft for primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) increased from 67% in 2008 to 83% in 2016 ( P < 0.001). The proportion of team physicians who perform anterior shoulder stabilization arthroscopically increased from 69% in 2008 to 93% in 2016 ( P < 0.0001). Of team physicians who perform surgery for grade III posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries, the proportion who use the arthroscopic single-bundle technique increased from 49% in 2008 to 83% in 2016 ( P < 0.0001). The proportion of team physicians who use Toradol injections prior to a game to help with nagging injuries decreased from 62% in 2008 to 26% in 2016 ( P < 0.0001).

Conclusion:

Orthopaedic physicians changed their injury treatment preferences for NCAA Division I football players over the study period. In particular, physicians have changed their preferred techniques for ACLR, anterior shoulder stabilization, and PCL reconstruction. Physicians have also become more conservative with pregame Toradol injections.

Clinical Relevance:

These opinions may help guide treatment decisions and lead to better care of all athletes.
“Do You Tweet When Your Friends Are Getting Shot?” Victims’ Experience With, and Perspectives on, the Use of Social Media During a Terror Attack
Authors: Frey Elsebeth
Published: January 2018

On 22 July 2011, a lone wolf terrorist attacked Norway. At the island of Utøya, he killed 69 people. This article asks how the youth at the camp on the island used social media (SoMe) in the emergency situation caused by the terrorist. Answers could give significant contribution to the growing research on SoMe and crisis, especially since there is a research gap when it comes to examine terror victims’ use of SoMe. This study is based on qualitative interviews with eight survivors. Based on the campers’experiences, how do they evaluate the opportunities and challenges of SoMe during a terrorist attack? What were the reasons for not using SoMe? What was the purpose of using SoMe during the attack? SoMe play an essential role in crisis communication strategies as well as being an increasingly important tool for the public. Although verification of SoMe content is difficult, SoMe have become important sources for journalists. This study offers best practices for journalists from victims. Moreover, it sheds light on how SoMe played a role for the victims in alerting, giving and receiving information, as well as building hope and resilience.
Management-based Factors of Sports Celebrity Endorsement and Effect on Brand Image
Authors: Malik Abdullah , Sudhakar Bushan D. , Dutta Dhruv Shankar
Published: January 2018

Celebrity credibility for brand endorsement has been investigated in several studies since 1990. Many researches in celebrity endorsement focus on the source-based model. The model states the effectiveness of endorsers by measuring the perceived attractiveness, trustworthiness, and expertise of the celebrities in the eyes of the customers. This study attempts to understand the conceptual classification of management-based factors of celebrity endorsement through measuring the brand image. An empirical study of the top three performers from the Indian Premier League of 2016 has been carried out to understand the potential of an effective endorsement. The findings suggest that there is a positive and significant relationship between ‘management-based factors’ and ‘brand image’. Hence, the marketers should tap attributes like celebrity multiplicity, celebrity–brand congruency and celebrity activation from sports to create an impressive brand image.
From ‘Relative Surplus Population’ and ‘Dual Labour Markets’ to ‘Informal’ and ‘Formal’ Employment and Enterprises: Insights About Causation and Consequences
Authors: Bhalla Sheila
Published: January 2018

This essay traces the intellectual history of the concepts ‘informal’ sector and ‘informal economy’ from Karl Marx to Arthur Lewis, Barry Bluestone, Keith Hart and S. V. Sethuraman.* It shows how the Marxian dynamics of ‘relative surplus population’ has been replaced by the concept of ‘informal economy’. It also discusses the dynamic role of population pressure on agriculture in many countries of the Global South. Finally, it is suggested that the strategies advocated by the International Labour Organization (ILO) since the 1970s have tended to narrow the areas of investigation promoted by them.
If Mobilizing Educational Research Is the Answer, Who Can Afford to Ask the Question? An Analysis of Faculty Perspectives on Knowledge Mobilization for Scholarship in Education
Authors: Fischman Gustavo E. , Anderson Kate T. , Tefera Adai A. , Zuiker Steven J.
Published: January 2018

This article explores faculty perspectives at three colleges of education regarding strategies of knowledge mobilization for scholarship in education (KMSE), with consideration for the opportunities and challenges that accompany individual and organizational capacities for change. Faculty surveys ( n = 66) and follow-up interviews ( n = 22) suggest two important trends: First, KMSE presents both a complementary agenda and a competing demand; second, barriers and uncertainties characterize the relevance of knowledge mobilization for faculty careers in colleges of education. This study empirically illuminates the persistence of long-standing challenges regarding the relevance, accessibility, and usability of research in colleges of education housed in research-intensive universities. While KMSE holds promise for expanding the reach and impact of educational research, scholarly tensions underlying these trends suggest that individual and organizational efforts will suffice only with modifications to university procedures for identifying what counts as recognizable, assessable, and rewardable scholarly products and activities for faculty careers.
Parliamentary Elections in Algeria, 2017
Authors: Sardar Minakshi
Published: January 2018

The Algerian parliamentary election held May in 2017 was an important event amidst the low voter turnout and public uproar over worsening economic conditions. President Abdelaziz Bouteflika regime will remain for some time as he despite his ill health and poor performance in the election compared to 2012 managed to come back to the power. Since 1962, Algerian tryst with electoral politics have been an interesting chapter of the very few democracies in Arab world. The constitutional framework has hugely contributed to maintain the political situation with major amendments. This article would look into the 2017 election results and will touch upon the Algerian journey of electoral politics since 1962. While the ruling coalition comprising National Liberation Front (FLN) and National Democratic Rally (RND) retained power, there has been a shift in their electoral successes. The election witnessed one of the lowest recorded voter turnouts reflecting lack of public interest.
Glycophorin-C sialylation regulates Lu/BCAM adhesive capacity during erythrocyte aging
Authors: Klei T. R. L. , de Back D. Z. , Asif P. J. , Verkuijlen P. J. J. H. , Veldthuis M. , Ligthart P. C. , Berghuis J. , Clifford E. , Beuger B. M. , van den Berg T. K. , van Zwieten R. , El Nemer W. , van Bruggen R.
Published: January 2018

Key Points

The Lu/BCAM adhesion molecule is gradually activated during erythrocyte aging due to loss of sialic acid on glycophorin-C. Upon activation, Lu/BCAM engages a sialic acid–dependent interaction with the extracellular matrix protein laminin-α5.
TP53 Germline Variations Influence the Predisposition and Prognosis of B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Children
Authors: Qian Maoxiang , Cao Xueyuan , Devidas Meenakshi , Yang Wenjian , Cheng Cheng , Dai Yunfeng , Carroll Andrew , Heerema Nyla A. , Zhang Hui , Moriyama Takaya , Gastier-Foster Julie M. , Xu Heng , Raetz Elizabeth , Larsen Eric , Winick Naomi , Bowman W. Paul , Martin Paul L. , Mardis Elaine R. , Fulton Robert , Zambetti Gerard , Borowitz Michael , Wood Brent , Nichols Kim E. , Carroll William L. , Pui Ching-Hon , Mullighan Charles G. , Evans William E. , Hunger Stephen P. , Relling Mary V. , Loh Mignon L. , Yang Jun J.
Published: January 2018

Purpose

Germline TP53 variation is the genetic basis of Li-Fraumeni syndrome, a highly penetrant cancer predisposition condition. Recent reports of germline TP53 variants in childhood hypodiploid acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) suggest that this type of leukemia is another manifestation of Li-Fraumeni syndrome; however, the pattern, prevalence, and clinical relevance of TP53 variants in childhood ALL remain unknown.

Patients and Methods

Targeted sequencing of TP53 coding regions was performed in 3,801 children from the Children’s Oncology Group frontline ALL clinical trials, AALL0232 and P9900. TP53 variant pathogenicity was evaluated according to experimentally determined transcriptional activity, in silico prediction of damaging effects, and prevalence in non-ALL control populations. TP53 variants were analyzed for their association with ALL presenting features and treatment outcomes.

Results

We identified 49 unique nonsilent rare TP53 coding variants in 77 (2.0%) of 3,801 patients sequenced, of which 22 variants were classified as pathogenic. TP53 pathogenic variants were significantly over-represented in ALL compared with non-ALL controls (odds ratio, 5.2; P < .001). Children with TP53 pathogenic variants were significantly older at ALL diagnosis (median age, 15.5 years v 7.3 years; P < .001) and were more likely to have hypodiploid ALL (65.4% v 1.2%; P < .001). Carrying germline TP53 pathogenic variants was associated with inferior event-free survival and overall survival (hazard ratio, 4.2 and 3.9; P < .001 and .001, respectively). In particular, children with TP53 pathogenic variants were at a dramatically higher risk of second cancers than those without pathogenic variants, with 5-year cumulative incidence of 25.1% and 0.7% ( P < .001), respectively.

Conclusion

Loss-of-function germline TP53 variants predispose children to ALL and to adverse treatment outcomes with ALL therapy, particularly the risk of second malignant neoplasms.
The Possibility of Ideological Bias in Structural Macroeconomic Models
Authors: Saint-Paul Gilles
Published: January 2018

An ideologically biased expert faces trade-offs in model design. The perceived model must be autocoherent—its use by all agents delivers a self-confirming equilibrium. Policy may be influenced by manipulating the Keynesian multiplier or the Phillips curve parameters. Ideological bias may arise in a way that resembles well-known historical controversies. A larger reported Keynesian multiplier is favored by more left-wing economists, as is a flatter inflation output trade-off. Some combinations of parameters must be truthfully revealed, illustrating the tight link between parameter identification and the scope for bias that is implied by the autocoherence conditions. (JEL A11, D72, E12, E13, E52, E61, E62)
Climate Policy and Innovation: A Quantitative Macroeconomic Analysis
Authors: Fried Stephie
Published: January 2018

A carbon tax can induce innovation in green technologies. I evaluate the quantitative impact of this channel in a dynamic, general equilibrium model with endogenous innovation in fossil, green, and nonenergy inputs. I discipline the parameters using evidence from historical oil shocks, after which both energy prices and energy innovation increased substantially. I find that a carbon tax induces large changes in innovation. This innovation response increases the effectiveness of the policy at reducing emissions, resulting in a 19.2 percent decrease in the size of the carbon tax required to reduce emissions by 30 percent in 20 years. (JEL H23, O31, Q41, Q48, Q54, Q55, Q58)
Job Search Behavior over the Business Cycle
Authors: Mukoyama Toshihiko , Patterson Christina , Şahin Ayşegül
Published: January 2018

We create a novel measure of job search effort exploiting the American Time Use and Current Population Surveys. We examine the cyclicality of search effort using time-series, cross-state, and individual variation and find that it is countercyclical. We then set up a search and matching model with endogenous search effort and show that search effort does not amplify labor market fluctuations but rather dampens them. Lastly, we examine the role of search effort in driving recent unemployment dynamics and show that the unemployment rate would have been 0.5 to 1 percentage points higher in the 2008–2014 period had search effort not increased. (JEL E24, E32, J22, J64)
Is there any relationship between adc values of diffusion-weighted imaging and the histopathological prognostic factors of invasive ductal carcinoma?
Authors: Aydin Hale , Guner Bahar , Esen Bostanci Isil , Bulut Zarife Melda , Aribas Bilgin Kadri , Dogan Lutfi , Gulcelik Mehmet Ali
Published: January 2018

Objective:

MRI is being used increasingly as a modality that can provide important information about breast cancer. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is an imaging technique from which apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values can be calculated in addition to obtaining important structural information which cannot be obtained from other imaging studies. We did not find any significant relationships between ADC values and prognostic factors, but did provide some explanations for conflicting results in the literature.

Methods:

The ADC results of 61 females with invasive ductal carcinomas were evaluated. DWI was performed and ADC values were calculated from the area in which restriction of diffusion was the highest in ADC mapping. B value was 500 and region of interest (ROI) was designated between 49 and 100 mm2. Calculations were performed automatically by the device. Tissue samples were obtained for prognostic factor evaluation. The relationships between ADC and prognostic factors were investigated. Comparisons between groups were made with one-way ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis test. Pairwise comparisons were made with Dunn’s test. Analyses of categorical variables were made with Chi-square test.

Results:

We found a weak negative correlation between ADC and Ki-67 values (r = −0.279; p = 0.029). When we compared ADC values in regard to tumour type, we found no significant differences for tumour grade, Ki-67 positivity, estrogen receptor positivity, progesterone receptor positivity, C-erb B2, lymphovascular invasion and ductal carcinoma in situ or lobular carcinoma in situ component. On a side note, we found that mean ADC values decreased as tumour grade increased; however, this was not statistically significant.

Conclusion:

The literature contains studies that report conflicting results which may be caused by differences in B values, ROI area and magnetic field strength. Multicentre studies and systematic reviews of these findings may produce crucial data for the use of DWI in breast cancer.

Advances in knowledge:

To determine if any significant relationship exists between DWI findings and prognostic factors of breast cancer.
Daniel Call’s Schocker: German Knittelvers in the late twentieth century
Authors: Chisholm David
Published: January 2018

The word “Knittelvers” has been used since the eighteenth century to describe four-stress rhyming couplets which seem to be rather simply and awkwardly constructed, and whose content is frequently comical, course, vulgar or obscene. Today German Knittelvers is perhaps best known from the works of Goethe and Schiller, as well as other late eighteenth and early nineteenth century writers.Well-known examples occur together with other verse forms in Goethe’s Faust and Schiller’s Wallensteins Lager, as well as in ballads and occasional poems by both poets. While literary critics have shown considerable interest in Knittelvers written from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century, there has been almost no discussion of the further use and development of this verse form from the nineteenth century to the present, despite the fact that it continues to appear in both humorous and serious works by many contemporary German writers. This article focuses on an example of dramatic Knittelvers in a late twentieth century play, namely Daniel Call’s comedy Schocker, a modern parody of Goethe’s Faust. Among other things, Call’s play, as well as other examples of Knittelvers in works by twentieth and early twenty-first century poets, demonstrates that while this verse form has undergone some changes and variations, it still retains metrical characteristics which have remained constant since the fifteenth century. Today these four-stress couplets continue to function as a means of depicting comic, mock-heroic and tragicomic situations by means of parody, farce and burlesque satire.
The patterns of the Estonian sonnet: periodization, incidence, meter and rhyme
Authors: Lotman Rebekka
Published: January 2018

The first sonnets in Estonian language were published almost 650 years after this verse form was invented by Federico da Lentini in Sicily, in the late of 19th century. Sonnet form became instantly very popular in Estonia and has since remained the most important fixed form in Estonian poetry. Despite its widespread presence over time the last comprehensive research on Estonian sonnet was written in 1938.This article has a twofold aim. First, it will give an overview of the incidence of Estonian sonnets from its emergence in 1881 until 2015. The data will be studied from the diachronic perspective; in calculating the popularity of the sonnet form in Estonian poetry through the years, the number of the sonnets published each year has been considered in relation to the amount of published poetry books. The second aim is to outline through the statistical analyses Estonian sonnets formal patterns: rhyme schemes and meter. The sonnet’s original meter, hendecasyllable, is tradionally translated into Estonian as iambic pentameter. However, over the time various meters from various verse systems (accentual, syllabic, syllabic-accentual, free verse) have been used. The data of various meters used in Estonian sonnets will also be examined on the diachronic axis. I have divided the history of Estonian sonnets into eight parts: the division is not based only on time, but also space: post Second World War Estonian sonnet (as the whole culture) was divided into two, Estonian sonnet abroad, i. e in the free world, and sonnet in Soviet Estonia.The material for this study includes all the published sonnets in Estonian language, i.e almost 4400 texts.
Maturity and interdependence
Authors: Castledine George
Published: January 2018

Welcome to the British Journal of Midwifery, which, like its sister publication, the British Journal of Nursing, aims to promote excellence in professional health care. I hope that this journal will link midwifery with nursing while also encouraging autonomy, growth and professional development. I believe that midwifery and nursing have much to share and learn from each other. Both professions have fundamental goals which relate to the ethical way of treating people, caring for their individual needs, keeping them involved and educating them within a holistic framework.
Ultrasound in midwifery
Authors: Kenyon Sara
Published: January 2018

Ultrasound scanning is now an integral part of obstetric care. It can give us important information in early pregnancy and at the routine 20-week scan. All midwives should have a knowledge and understanding of the procedure and be familiar with its implications for pregnancy so that they can provide information and support for the women involved.
Midwives’ attitudes to abortion
Authors: Opoku Dora
Published: January 2018

In law, the repeated termination of pregnancy is not a separate issue. As long as the Abortion Act 1967 applies, doctors have the responsibility of using their clinical judgment on each separate occasion. It is not surprising that many members of society, particularly nurses directly involved with termination of pregnancy, find this situation unsatisfactory.
Postnatal care: a survey of patients’ experiences
Authors: Glazener Cathryn , Abdalla Mona , Russell Ian , Templeton Allan
Published: January 2018

The House of Commons Health Committee’s most recent report on the maternity services called for a reappraisal of the way in which postnatal care is delivered. The authors conducted a survey which suggested that women’s health and needs are indeed neglected in the postnatal period, and they argue that better prevention and treatment of the problems that occur, and support are needed.
Parenthood education and the politics of childbirth
Authors: Walsh Denis
Published: January 2018

The recent introduction of preparation for childbirth classes for women booked into a consultant unit has led to changes in the conduct and content of such classes. This article explains the rationale behind the initiative, reports the critical reflections of midwives and participants and exposes and challenges the power relationships surrounding childbirth.
Vitamin K prophylaxis in infancy
Authors: Jackson Sue
Published: January 2018

Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn (HDN) is a blood coagulation disorder due to a deficiency of vitamin K. Last year, the British Paediatric Association recommended that Vitamin K be given orally to all infants on the day of birth. However, research has not yet been completed, and there is evidence that vitamin K increases the risk of childhood cancer.
Distance learning
Authors: Brown Linda
Published: January 2018

Distance learning in midwifery education is becoming increasingly popular, both with the midwives who are undertaking courses and with their managers. This article describes this flexible mode of learning and discusses some of its advantages and disadvantages.
PREP: a flawed concept for midwives
Authors: Hallworth Chris , Warwick Cathy
Published: January 2018

Through the work of the Expert Maternity Group, set out in the latest Government publication, Changing Childbirth (Department of Health, 1993), the true role of the midwife is to be realized. Women will be able to book a midwife who can provide total care, including access to maternity unit beds and direct referral to a consultant should she need help or advice.
Home birth: can we offer women choices for childbirth?
Authors: Murphy-Black Tricia
Published: January 2018

It has been suggested that the demand for homebirths may be in the region of 8%. Some preliminary calculations of the community midwives’ workload, based on a population of 5 million as an example, are presented and their impact considered. Will midwives be able to meet the future demand for homebirths?
The Winterton Report: difficulties of implementation
Authors: Ball Jean
Published: January 2018

Although the Winterton Report (House of Commons Health Committee, 1992) sets out many proposals that have been welcomed, its implementation must be worked out within the mechanisms and constraints of the National Health Service. Contracts between purchasers and providers create an exciting opportunity for midwifery-led services, but midwifery managers face a number of problems in deciding how and when to go ahead.
Sickle cell disease: psychosocial effects on mothers
Authors: Midence Kenny
Published: January 2018

Sickle cell disease can cause violent pain in the affected areas of the body. This study focused on the mothers of children with the condition, and found that they reacted to the situation with remarkable resilience and coping adaptation.
How do midwives look?
Authors: Szczepinska Iris
Published: January 2018

Our health service is the butt of many a criticism, some more deserved than others. However, as an insider, there is one area I find difficult to defend, and that is the way we present ourselves.
Assisted fertility: how should midwives respond?
Authors: Allen Rose
Published: January 2018

The issue of choice is very relevant today to professionals and those using the maternity services. Recent government reports emphasize that women should be given the freedom to choose the care they receive (House of Commons Health Committee, 1992; DoH, 1993). The Code of Professional Conduct for the Nurse, Midwife and Health Visitor (UKCC, 1992) emphasizes the rights of patients and exhorts professionals to take account of the values, beliefs and customs of those they care for; The Treaty on European Union (Council of the European Communities and Commission of the European Communities, 1992) also accepts this principle of rights and fundamental freedom; and the Equal Opportunities Act was enacted to ensure that no individual is discriminated against on the grounds of gender or race.
Subcuticular perineal repair using a new, continuous technique
Authors: Oláh Karl S
Published: January 2018

Perineal repair is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures in the UK, and has a significant morbidity. This article reviews various methods of perineal repair and describes a continuous subcuticular method which, once learnt, is quick to perform and has excellent cosmetic results.
Letters
Authors: Sundle Hazel , Kenyon Sara , Lampard Melanie , Garland Dianne , Wells Phyllis
Published: January 2018

Uniforms are not a priority

Balanced view of ultrasound

Concern over psoraiosis

Water birth and the risk of infection
Midwives and litigation 1: accountability for midwives
Authors: Symon Andrew
Published: January 2018

The growing demand by midwives for increased professional autonomy raises the issue of accountability. This article reviews aspects of the law of negligence relating to midwifery and medical care and discusses cerebral palsy, one of the striking features of recent perinatal litigation. It then discusses the incidence of litigation and developments in the USA, which some fear may be replicated in Britain.
Advantages of antenatal and postnatal aromatherapy
Authors: Rose Suzi
Published: January 2018

Aromatherapy can be used to relieve tension and stress in the preparation for labour and to aid relaxation postnatally; however, it should only be practised by those professionals who are skilled in its use.
Letters
Authors: Shreeve Ralph , Watten Phyllis , Morgan Barbara , Davies Ruth
Published: January 2018

Response to criticism of recruitment policy at the Royal College of Mid wives

Response to criticism of recruitment policy at the Royal College of Mid wives—Reply

Role of obstetric anaesthetists

Waterbirths in Wales
Was East Herts Health Trust right to discipline waterbirth midwives?
Authors: Lewison Helen
Published: January 2018

On 14 March, two midwives, Valerie Foster and Gill Kruzins, lost their appeal against disciplinary action by East Herts Health Trust following their violation of the Trust's policy of allowing women to labour, but not to give birth, in water. The mother had informed the midwives that she intended to labour at home in a hired birthing pool and that she wished to keep her options open about delivering in water. The midwives, who had not delivered a baby in water before, asked permission for time off to observe some waterbirths in hospitals elsewhere. This was refused. They therefore prepared themselves by reading the literature and hiring a video of such a delivery. They were then able to tell the woman that as far as they could see there was no inherent danger in a water delivery, provided the labour was uncomplicated. The woman was safely delivered of a baby daughter and was reported to have said afterwards that at the end of the second stage it would have been very difficult to climb out of the pool.
Ethical issues surrounding HIV-infected midwife
Authors: Henry Christine
Published: January 2018

In the Evening Standard of Tuesday 22 March 1994, an article reported that dozens of women in north London were being tested to see if they were HIV positive, after the midwife who delivered their babies was discovered to be carrying the AIDS virus. In the Daily Telegraph on the same day, a spokesman from the Department of Health was quoted as saying that ‘the risk to the patient is very low and as yet there is no recorded incident of the virus being passed from health worker to patient.’
Midwives and litigation 2: a small-scale survey of attitudes
Authors: Symon Andrew
Published: January 2018

The concept of professionalism raises the issue of accountability, at a time when litigation concerning braindamaged babies often recieves great publicity. This article explores clinical midwives' attitudes to this situation. The results of a smallscale survey show a broad acceptance of the importance of litigation, but varying attitudes to aspects of clinical practice cited in recent court cases.
Letters
Authors: Beak Joyce , Hallworth Chris , Jowitt Margaret
Published: January 2018

RCM predictions are premature

RCM predictions are premature—Reply

More control in the community
Letters
Authors: Kelsall Jennifer , Liddell Anne , Gomme Clare C , Grant Beatrice , Sikorski Jim , Fleming Jenny , Fields Sarah , Clement Sarah
Published: January 2018

Need for first aid in shoulder dystocia

Birth position affects shoulder dystocia

Midwife advice on sex has limitations

Not all reports apply to Scotland

Common sense plugs research gaps
Protecting the perineum in childbirth 1: a retrospective view
Authors: Floud Esther
Published: January 2018

Postpartum perineal trauma causes pain and distress which can colour a woman's experience of early motherhood and, in some cases, lead to long-term physical and psychological difficulties. This article, the first in a series of three on perineal care, reviews the principles of such care since the 18th century and will act as a necessary preliminary to much-needed systematic evaluation of current theory and practice.
TAC-TIC therapy: the importance of systematic stroking
Authors: Adamson-Macedo Elvidina N , Alves Attree Joseneide Lira
Published: January 2018

A new psychoneuroimmunological model has been developed and is currently being tested to assess the effect of therapeutic touching on the development of preterm infants. The role of systematic, gentle stroking, also known as TAC-TIC therapy, in alleviating distress and enhancing the immunocompetence of preterm infants is discussed in relation to midwifery practice.
Aquanatal exercises: the midwife's role
Authors: Gill Chris
Published: January 2018

Exercise in pregnancy is becoming an increasingly important aspect of the midwife's role. There is an increased emphasis on health promotion in both social policy and midwifery which is reflected by the close liaison with community services and the provision of aquanatal sessions. This article discusses aquanatal provision in relation to the client/midwife relationship, professional accountability and health promotion.
Birth Afterthoughts: a listening and information service
Authors: Charles Julie , Curtis Lorraine
Published: January 2018

Birth Afterthoughts is a service for women who have unanswered questions and unresolved feelings about their birth experiences. It was set up by a group of midwives in Winchester to give women the opportunity to talk with a midwife, see their notes and gain information.
The need for research-based midwifery practice
Authors: Phillips Robyn
Published: January 2018

The need for midwifery to become research-based is largely undisputed. However, despite encouraging signs, progress sometimes seems slow. This article introduces a series which aims to enhance readers' research awareness by focusing on research methods, related issues and how to apply these to midwifery.
Book reviews
Authors: Davis Sam , Jones Shirley R , Millington Marian M
Published: January 2018

Midwives, Research and Childbirth. Vol. 3

Handbook for Young Mothers

FPA Contraceptive Handbook
Are midwives prepared for the home birth challenge?
Authors: Cronk Mary
Published: January 2018

Last week a popular tabloid newspaper featured a well-written full-page article entitled ‘Born into the comfort and safety of your own home’ (Daily Mail, 10 Jan 1995). Various friends, midwives and mothers phoned me to say things like ‘Isn’t it wonderful? At last the popular press is putting out the message that home birth is safe'. I agreed, but why did I feel concerned and not at all joyful as I read the article?
GPs often deter women from having a home birth
Authors: Newburn Mary , Dodds Rosemary
Published: January 2018

Most women who think that they are pregnant arrange to see their GP rather than seek out a midwife. Of course there are places where midwives have a high profile in the local community and drop-in premises, but these are few and far between. In contrast, most women are registered with a GP and are used to calling in to see their doctor at the local surgery or health centre. Therefore GPs are in a powerful position to influence women's perceptions of the choices available to them. They can provide women-centred care — taking the women's knowledge and preferences as their starting point and offering information and support accordingly — or they can provide a medical model of care, telling women what they believe to be right and only presenting the options with which they personally feel comfortable.
Should midwives conduct ventouse deliveries?
Authors: Rajkhowa M , Abukhalil I , Chapman G , O'Brien PMS
Published: January 2018

In view of the perceived safety of ventouse deliveries and the changing face of obstetric practice, a regional postal survey seeking the opinion of senior medical (n=55) and midwifery (n=23) staff as to whether midwives should conduct ventouse deliveries was carried out. Sixty per cent of the respondents (n=47) were of the opinion that they should do so. Of these, 89% (n=42) suggested that this should be limited to the use of the ‘silc cup’ and in the occipito-anterior position only. This article outlines the survey and its results.
Social support within the context of life-threatening illness
Authors: Chiverton Eileen
Published: January 2018

This paper provides an account of a small scale academically driven pilot study, which explores the subjective experience of primary carers in palliative care with a view to exploring what comprises social support. Drawing upon texts by Strauss et al (1984) and James (1989, 1992) the components of ‘carework’ are identified within the ‘dying triad’ (Gilley 1988). Trajectory shaping and management emerge as key issues and it is further suggested that ‘emotional labour’, characterised by ‘communicating cautiously’, ‘biographical work’ and ‘coping with uncertainty’, is foregrounded within the caring biography. The author also discusses the implications for client centred collaboration within community based palliative care services.
The future of specialist palliative care
Authors: Webber Jeanette
Published: January 2018

The National Council for Hospice and Specialist Palliative Care Services (NCHSPCS) has published a discussion paper exploring the future of specialist palliative care in the UK (NCHSPCS 1997). It identifies many problems which are also faced by health carers in other parts of the world as, to a large extent, they arise from trends in economic and social policies which are forcing the rationing of public expenditure. So relentless is this drive that some would argue that the total dismantling of publicly-funded health and welfare programmes is the only way to reduce national debts or deficits. In this context, health services are under enormous pressure.
Design of a professional development programme for palliative care nurses (Part Two)
Authors: Yates Patsy , Clinton Michael , Hart Gail
Published: January 2018

Yates et al (1996) provided a review of the literature on educational approaches to improving psychosocial care of terminally ill patients and their families and suggested that there was an urgent need for innovation in this area. A programme of professional development currently being offered to 181 palliative care nurses in Queensland, Australia, was also described.

This paper presents research in progress evaluating this programme which involves use of a quasi-experimental pre-post test design. It also includes process and outcome measures to assess effectiveness in improving the participant's ability to provide psychosocial care to patients and families.
General nurses' perceptions of palliative care
Authors: Holmes Susan , Pope Susan , Lamond Dawn
Published: January 2018

Although considerable progress has been made in treating cancer, it is suggested that, even at diagnosis, attempts at cure may sometimes be unrealistic. As a result, many patients may require palliative care on general hospital wards, and how general nurses understand or interpret the goals of palliative care may determine, at least in part, the care they provide.

This qualitative, exploratory study attempted to develop an understanding of the perceptions of general nurses towards palliative care. Findings indicate that this sample of nurses focused primarily on the disease and that which the patient had ‘lost’, regarding him/her not as a living person but as a dying patient. The nurses' role is seen to be that of ‘taking over’ all activities for the patient, so as to reduce suffering. The importance of maintaining quality of life and the need to respect patients' wishes are recognised, although it appears that nurses often assume that they ‘know’ what is best.

Although the nurses exhibited considerable commitment to providing the best possible care, their predominant perception of the patient as dying determined the interventions selected. This preoccupation with dying may prevent them from helping the patient to live a full life until the time of death.
A Study of Video-Mediated Opportunities for Self-Directed Learning in Required Core Curriculum
Authors: Bourdeau Debra , Roberts Donna , Wood Beverly , Korioth Johnelle
Published: January 2018

Improving a required course in our curriculum that has proven to be a challenge for our students was the focus of this study. Surveys of both students and instructors attempted to identify specific problem areas. Using the information from these surveys, the researchers developed a series of videos to explain vital course concepts and deployed these into the course sections. The purpose of the videos is to provide consistency across the multiple modalities in which we offer our courses (including online, classroom and via videoconferencing) and to improve overall student understanding. This project seeks to determine how supplemental content focusing on material identified as “difficult,” by students and instructors, can impact student performance. Challenges include the deployment of the videos across various modalities and obtaining sufficient student feedback.
The trajectory of Afterimage
Authors: Helm-Grovas Nicolas
Published: January 2018

This article charts the history of the British film magazine Afterimage, from its prehistory at the University of Essex in the late 1960s to its final issue in 1987. I trace Afterimage’s presentation of various interlocking strands of experimental and political cinema, the mutations in its theoretical and aesthetic postures, and the imbrication of the journal and its editors – Simon Field, Peter Sainsbury, and later Ian Christie and Michael O’Pray – in alternative, independent practices of film-making, programming, distribution and publishing. Via Afterimage, I sketch the history of a larger radical film culture in Britain that emerged in the late 1960s but had largely dissipated as the 1980s drew to a close.
Spotlight on Hull: Time-based art on the margins
Authors: Wilczek Emily
Published: January 2018

In 2017 Hull has been designated UK City of Culture, a bid it won on the promise of ‘coming out of the shadows’. But in its recent past Hull has been very much in the spotlight in the area of time-based art. This article looks at the emergence of this activity in Hull in the late twentieth century, and in particular the role of the artist-led organization Hull Time Based Arts (HTBA). Examples of HTBA’s programme are discussed in order to understand the significance of this organization and in particular its programming of political, formal and community specific artworks. The wider issues of community, funding and arts education are also discussed as crucial factors underpinning artist-led activity in a city.
Discoveries in the biscuit tin: The role of archives and collections in the history of artists’ moving image in Scotland
Authors: Neely Sarah
Published: January 2018

This article examines the situation of artists’ moving image works within existing archives and collections. With a specific focus on the archiving of experimental film in Scotland, the article makes use of existing research in the field, while drawing from recent interviews with artists, curators and archivists in Scotland, Ireland and Norway.
History, landscape, nation: British independent film and video in the 1970s and 1980s
Authors: Perry Colin
Published: January 2018

This article examines uses of history in British independent film and video in the 1970s and 1980s, looking at ways in which radical pasts were called on to foster struggle in the present. In tracing the influence of New Left cultural historians on independent film and video, and television, during these two decades, this article also suggests ways in which the nation is figured, contested and re-drawn in specific works by Kevin Brownlow and Andrew Mollo, Phil Mulloy and Black Audio Film Collective. A rich and diverse framework of leftist historical discourse is outlined, suggesting that the exploration of a socialized landscape (the city as well as the country) played on and renegotiated existing myths and tropes of Britishness, identity and belonging. This article also fills a gap in existing accounts of radical film’s uses of history, going beyond valedictory accounts of modernist historiography to assert the vitality of a complex counterpublic discourse. It concludes with a reflection on problems in the depiction and imagination of the past today.
The Performance of Trauma in Moving Image Art, Dirk de Bruyn (2014)
Authors: Walsh Maria
Published: January 2018

Cambridge and Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 245pp, ISBN: 9781443860536, hardback, £47.99

London: Palgrave Macmillan, 200pp, ISBN: 9781137361363, hardback, £60
Unfamiliarity and difference: The challenges of supporting arts activity in a new medium
Authors: Knight Julia
Published: January 2018

Video technology had a relatively brief lifespan, but like digital it was once a new media technology. This article revisits the newness of video in the late 1970s and early 1980s to explore the challenges it posed for supporting and promoting video art in Britain – including developing and funding a video infrastructure, creating an identity for video art and sustaining a video specific identity in the face of technological and social change. Aspects of this history resonate with the more recent history of digital technology and the article concludes that video can be understood as digital’s forerunner.
In search of lost time: Cordelia Swann, the 1980s and the use of history
Authors: Holdsworth Claire M.
Published: January 2018

This article undertakes close readings of two works by Cordelia Swann as a means of reappraising some cultural touchstones, in particular, discussion of ‘New Romantic’ film-making in British film and video during the 1980s. It examines how notions of the old and the new are displaced within Swann’s practice, altering understanding of much earlier, more distant times. By foregrounding her use of multi-source imagery and in later analysis, sound and the ‘voice’ – her personal, striking subjects create shifting conceptions of time and selfhood that affect perspective of this decade and encourage critical engagement with historiography within the moving image.
From Reel to Real – an epilogue: Feminist politics and materiality at the London Filmmakers’ Co-operative
Authors: Jacquin Maud
Published: January 2018

This article is an a posteriori reflection on the film programme entitled ‘From Reel To Real: Women, Feminism and the London Filmmakers’ Co-operative’ that I curated in the context of the 50th anniversary of the LFMC. This programme, which took place at Tate Modern and Tate Britain in September 2016, gathered more than 40 films – both single screen and expanded – by 25 film-makers from different generations. In addition to attempting to situate the unique contribution of the women film-makers associated with the LFMC in relation to both experimental and feminist film, I argue that the LFMC’s particular relationship with filmic materiality led the women film-makers to apprehend cinematic spectatorship but also subjectivity, the body or one’s relationship with the other in ways that can be productively explored in the light of recent developments in both film and feminist theory.
Cinema 66–8: The original London film-makers
Authors: Miller Henry K.
Published: January 2018

A history of the mostly London-dwelling experimental film-makers, all of them associated with art schools, who came together to form the London Filmmakers’ Co-operative in 1966, and who mostly withdrew from it shortly afterwards.
Fabrication of Polyimide Optical Waveguide on Silicon Dioxide Layer Stacked Silicon Substrate
Authors: Mahmudin Dadin , - Shobih , Daud Pamungkas , Wijayanto Yusuf Nur
Published: January 2018

Optical waveguides are important for guiding lightwave from a place to other places. Propagation and insertion losses of the optical waveguides should be considered to be in low values. Recently, optical waveguides with circular structures, which are optical fibers, are used widely for guiding lightwave in long-distance optical communication with very low propagation and insertion losses. Simultaneously, optical waveguides with planar structure are also developed for short distance communication in optical devices. We have reported design and analysis of the planar optical waveguides. In this paper, fabrication of planar optical waveguides using a polyimide material on thin silicon dioxide combined with the silicon substrate is reported. The polyimide material is used for the core of the optical waveguides. The silicon dioxide located on the silicon substrate and the air is used for cladding of the optical waveguides. Fabrication of the optical waveguides such as oxidation, photoresist coating, masking, ultra-violet exposure, and etching was done. The fabricated optical waveguides were characterized physically using a standard microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The fabrication processes and characterization results are reported and discussed in detail.