bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L'histoire de la conscience comme histoire des sciences ou Les Sciences introuvables
Authors: Ménard Claude , Limoges Camille
Published: June 2010

Ecrire un ouvrage intitulé La Révolution galiléenne; n'y faire l'analyse de la production d'aucun concept; n'exposer le procès de formation ni de la dynamique galiléenne, ni des rapports constitutifs de la théorie copernicienne à la mathématique ptoléméenne, ni de la géométrie analytique ou du principe d'inertie; taire l'architectonique des Principia de Newton et la récurrence qui s'y exerce sur les travaux de physique et d'astronomie mathématiques du siècle; tenir à juste raison que les sciences ont rapport à autre chose qu'elles mais seulement pour parler de cet autre sans jamais penser distinctement les articulations spécifiques de ce rapport, tout en faisant néanmoins de locutions impliquant l'épistémologie un usage plus fréquent que peut être tout autre historien des sciences antérieur; tenir enfin le discours de la « culture occidentale » sur la science sans rien nous dire précisément sur celle-ci, en parlant toujours de celle-là, tel est le pari qui vient d'être en 900 pages formant deux tomes, tenu et gagne. On montrera de façon sommaire que pareille entreprise comporte des aspects moins gratuitement ludique qu'il n'y paraît ici.
The New Immortality: “Readings” in Aesthetics
Authors: Payzant Geoffrey
Published: June 2010

It is no easy matter for a teacher of aesthetics to make a choice among the many textbooks now available in that subject. I have been looking at fourteen books of “readings” in aesthetics, all of them in English, and all but one of them published during the past twenty years. Three were published within the past six months: how many more will arrive before we have to settle down to work on another choice?

There are two main reasons for this proliferation of anthologies or books of “readings”. One reason is that it is almost fatally easy for a busy academic to prepare an anthology rather than to write a book. Deans and presidents are as much impressed by the book a man edits as they are by the book he writes, although they are achievements of two very different levels. The other is that aesthetics is currently big in the booming textbook industry, and every commercial publisher wants a title on the subject in his catalogue.
Marx et la religion
Authors: Blanchard Yvon
Published: June 2010

Parmi les lieux communs qui souvent véhiculent la multitude des interprétations de la pensée de Marx, il n'en est pas de plus tenaces ni de plus injustes que ceux qui concernent la religion. Ainsi, faire de Marx l'ennemi numéro I de la religion parce qu'on trouve à la lettre dans son œuvre écrite l'expression « la religion est l'opium du peuple » équivaut à une simplification bien accordée à l'objectif de traquer Marx pour le prendre en défaut. Ou encore, proposer une lecture théologique de l'œuvre de Marx qui, tout en faisant découvrir le parallélisme frappant entre la pensée qu'elle recèle el la tradition doctrinale judéo-chrétienne, aboutit à qualifier le marxisme de religion séculière ou de mystique profane est une impraticable invitation au concordisme.
Descriptive Completeness and Linguistic Variance
Authors: Michalos Alex C.
Published: June 2010

Recently Wesley Salmon has argued that a certain class of confirmation functions (C-functions) must be rejected for yielding contradictions. The C-functions involved happen to be the kind ingeniously constructed and employed most notably by Professor Carnap. More recently Keith Lehrer has argued that these C-functions may be salvaged by the adoption of a rule that eliminates certain languages. In the paragraphs that follow, it will be shown that Salmon's reply to the sort of program suggested by Lehrer is not at all convincing and that Lehrer's defence of his suggested rule of greater completeness is unacceptable.
A Plea for the French Descartes
Authors: Morris John
Published: June 2010

In a recent issue of Dialogue, John O. Nelson corrects what appears to be an inexplicable error in the Haldane-Ross edition of Descartes' Meditations. At a “very crucial place,” he tells us, the translation “fails to do justice to Descartes' text.”
Le Nominalisme et le Déclin du Moyen Age
Authors: Valcke Louis
Published: June 2010

Ce qu'on appelle l'Histoire de la Philosophie couvre un domaine très vaste et ambigu. On entend habituellement par ce terme la description critique des différentes étapes de la pensée philosophique, pour autant que cette pensée soit devenue consciente d'elle-même. En ce sens, on exposera la pensée de tel ou tel philosophe, on discutera de tel ou tel système philosophique.
In Defence of Descartes: Squaring a Reputed Circle
Authors: Nelson John O.
Published: June 2010

My final aim in this paper is to show that Descartes is not guilty, as is so often maintained, of circular argumentation in the Meditations. But first it is important to uncover and remove certain tenacious misconceptions and confusions concerning what goes on in the Meditations which lend credence to the charge of circular argumentation. In this connection Mr. Harry Frankfurt's recent article, “Memory and the Cartesian Circle,” is peculiarly instructive; for it presents not only a completely untenable defence of Descartes but one that, implicitly at least, rests on the very misconceptions that give substance to the notion of a Cartesian Circle. With the intention, then, of clearing the ground for the construction of my own defence of Descartes, I shall spend the first part of this paper examining Frankfurt's central thesis, the errors contained in it, and their sources. This thesis is contained in his statement, which I shall henceforth designate by the letter “J,” “Descartes did not attempt to justify present clear and distinct perceptions.”
Hempel's Paradox
Authors: Stove D.
Published: June 2010

Many writers, and even Professor Hempel himself, have said that Hempel's definition of confirmation has the consequence that ‘AH ravens are black’ is confirmed by any non-black non-raven. This consequence is often referred to as the paradox of the ravens, and I will sometimes refer to it so. But I do not assume that this supposed consequence is paradoxical, and in fact I will not touch at all on the question whether it is. My object is just to show that in any case it is not a consequence of Hempel's definition and that its closest relative, among the genuine consequences of that definition, is not paradoxical, even superficially.
A propos d'un livre sur la philosophie au Québec
Authors: Lagueux Maurice
Published: June 2010

Cet ensemble de textes choisis et présentés par Yvan Lamonde, jeune philosophe et historien rattaché au Centre d'Etudes canadiennes-francçaises de l'Université McGill, constitue le premier recueil de la section « Philosophic » des Cahiers du Québec, collection lancée récemment par la maison Hurtubise HMH de Montréal. On peut y voir aussi un instrument attendu qui sans doute devra être complété mais qui s'imposait manifestement chez un peuple qui à force de chercher dans l'avenir le point de départ de sa philosophie en était venu à oublier que celle-ci avait un passé. C'est pour-quoi cet ouvrage mérite de retenir l'attention tant des philosophes québécois à la recherche d'une identité un peu bousculée ces derniers temps que du philosophe anglo-canadien (ou étranger) qui s'interroge à son tour sur ce qu'ont voulu jadis et sur ce que veulent aujourd'hui les philosophes du Québec.
Husserl'S Concept of Philosophy
Authors: Pietersma H.
Published: June 2010

As philosophers speak, they think that there are things whicht they can see and speak about as philosophers. But what are these things? And what is the general character of the philosopher's statements? How can we find out whether they are true? If, as is widely agreed, the philosopher does not rely on empirical research, in which direction ought we to look for the evidence to support philosophieal statements? Husserl's transcendental-phenomenological reduction, we propose to show, can best be understood as an attempt to indicate the nature and direction of the specifically philosophieal concern. The reduction, as he understood it, determines the domain of philosophieal research, the character of philosophical statements, and the direction in which we can look for evidence to support such statements. In this paper we shall concentrate on the Ideas, the work which Husserl published in 1913 as a general introduction to phenomenology.
Artistic Verisimilitude (I)
Authors: Day J. P.
Published: June 2010

Some affirm, but others deny, that works of fine art, or at any rate certain sorts of them, should be true (T) or probable (P). This is the question which I investigate in the present essay. It has been debated by philosophers from Plato on, and much can still be learnt from earlier writers, particularly Aristotle. But I have found some recent discussions especially helpful; namely, what Strawson and Hart say about and in connexion with presupposition; Hospers' and Harris' remarks about truth-to and plausibility respectively; and Beardsley's treatment of these matters in his admirable survey of the problems of aesthetics.
De Karl Marx à Robert Tucker
Authors: Blanchard Yvon
Published: June 2010

Il est èvidemment très difficile dans un compte rendu de deux pages de souligner les arêtes principales d'un livre, surtout lorsque celui-ci est ondoyant comme l'est Philosophy and Myth in Karl Marx de Robert Tucker (i). A première vue, on est saisi par l'unité du développement présenté et par la cohérence des arguments invoqués. Mais dans l'état actuel de la marxologie, est-il possible de ne pas sursauter devant les sereines prises de position de Tucker et d'oublier de mentionner qu'il y a peut-être d'autres perspectives d'interprétation ?
Teilhard at Fordham: 1963–1964
Authors: O'Connell Robert J.
Published: June 2010

It would be naïve to think that interest in and study of Teilhard de Chardin began at Fordham only this past year. Some years ago, in fact, Fr. J. Franklin Ewing, S. J., founded a Teilhard Circle to stimulate critical study of the Jesuit paleontologist's thought, chiefly from the anthropological angle; that effort, for a number of reasons, proved to be short-lived. Several other Fordham professors,—Dr. Louis Marks in Biology and Fr. Joseph Donceel S.J. in Philosophy—have made Teilhard the object of consideration in certain of their regular courses. But 1963 did, nonetheless, witness a coincidental awakening of Teilhardian study on a wider scale than heretofore. First, Fr. Maurits Huybens, S.J., Belgian editor of the International Philosophical Quarterly and at that time residing at Fordham, proposed to give a series of six public lectures introductory to Teilhard's thought. Second, the suggestion was made quite independently, and received an interested response from faculty members of various departments, that Teilhard's Phenomenon of Man might provide a fruitful focus for an inter-disciplinary seminar, something whose desirability had been felt for some time.
On Arguing about Entailment
Authors: Woods John
Published: June 2010

In 1919, G. E. Moore introduced into technical philosophy the term “entailment.” He used it to name the converse of the relation which holds between two propositions when the one follows from or is deducible from the other. Moore believed this latter to be exemplified by the relation in which the conclusion of an argument in Barbara stands to the conjunction of its premises and by the relation in which x is coloured stands to x is red.
The Theory of Forms, Relations and Infinite Regress
Authors: Smith T. G.
Published: June 2010

Several difficulties that accompany Plato's theory of Forms have received considerable attention in the philosophical literature in the past half century. A great deal of discussion and controversy surrounds the dialogue Parmenides and the group of considerations commonly called the “Third Man Argument”. Our purpose here is to strike out in one direction suggested by this passage (Parmenides 132 a-b, 132 d), but it can in no way be thought of as an exegesis nor a logical elucidation of the “Third Man Argument” itself. While what we shall say here has an obvious affinity and connection with the Parmenides passage, the two principal questions that concern us here are of a more general nature than the specific points in the Parmenides. The first is whether Plato's theory of Forms involves a regress which is ruinous to the theory. The second is, if a self-destructive regress is a necessary consequence of the theory, what elements of Plato's theory make the regress inescapable.
Abstractions
Authors: Ryle Gilbert
Published: June 2010

St. Augustine said “When you do not ask me what Time is, I know perfectly well; but when you do ask me, I cannot think what to say.” What, then, was it that he knew perfectly well, and what was it that he did not know? Obviously he knew perfectly well such things as these, that what happened yesterday is more recent than what happened a month ago; that a traveller who walks four miles in an hour, goes twice as fast as a traveller who takes two hours over the same journey. He knew how to say things and how to understand things said to him which specified dates, durations and times of day; epochs, seasons and moments. He knew when it was midday and he could use the calendar. He could cope efficiently and easily with concrete chronological and chronometrical tasks. He could use and understand tensed verbs.
Immediate Awareness
Authors: Imlay Robert A.
Published: June 2010

The purpose of this paper is to show that we should dispense with the concept of immediate awareness, when it takes for its object the existence and nature of our sensations and images.

The question of whether we are immediately aware of the existence and nature of our sensations and images cannot be answered in a reasonable manner unless we have a firm grip on the concept of immediate awareness. Philosophers who have employed it have usually employed it in such a way that the word “immediate” in the corresponding phrase “immediate awareness” describes both the nature of the awareness and how it came to have that nature. When it describes the nature of the awareness “immediate” means “incorrigible”.
The Source of Kant's Mature Moral Theory
Authors: Wand Bernard
Published: June 2010

Some thirty years ago Klaus Reich claimed that Kant's abandonment of feeling as the source of our moral appraisals was due to his reading of Plato and the Stoics, and more interestingly that it led him to the fundamental concept of his mature moral theory, the autonomy of the will. Despite the obvious importance of the latter claim, it seems to have gone either unnoticed or unchallenged, at least in the English philosophical literature. This is particularly surprising since, apart from holding any view as to the legitimacy of singling out the source of Kant's mature moral theory, more obvious influences than those of Plato and the Stoics seem to have played such a role : the variant of Lutheran Christianity, Pietism, Rousseau, and the cultural context of the Enlightenment.
Intelligibility and Free Choice
Authors: Wand Bernard
Published: June 2010

Whether or not men have free choice is a question which arises within two distinct moral contexts. At issue in the one is their ability to decide among genuine alternatives; in the other their ability to do what they think they ought to do although their desire to perform their duty is weaker than their desire to do otherwise. The former has to do with moral decision; (he latter with moral effort. Although the two are distinct they are not unrelated. For in any moral decision a fully conscious, or rather self-conscious agent, will always take into account the likelihood of his effort succeeding in action and this will have an important bearing on the decision he makes.
Entre l'Aristotélisme et le Kantisme
Authors: Racette Jean
Published: June 2010

Né à Dijon en 1861, Maurice Blondel s'est d'abord fait connaître par deux ouvrages retentissants, L'Action de 1893 et la Lettre sur l'Apologetique de 1896. Dans ces deux oeuvres de jeunesse, qui demeurent pourtant ses chefs-d'œuvre, il prenait hardiment position aussi bien contre la philosophic scolastique que contre la philosophic moderne. Ce qui lui valut aussitôt, avec les remontrances des théologiens intégristes, les sarcasmes des philosophes rationalistcs. Qu'est-ce qui pouvait bien le pousser, lui fervent catholique, à rejeter la vénérable scolastique? En quoi la philosophic moderne, qu'il connaissait pourtant bien, lui paraissait-elle inacceptable ? Entre l'aristotélisme et le kantisme, comment ce fougueux prétendait-il frayer sa propre voie? Comment pensait-il, enfin, concilier ses exigences de philosophe avec ses croyances de chrétien?
Le Symbole Poétique
Authors: Lambert Marcel
Published: June 2010

Au moins à quelque moment de sa vie, en présence d'un paysage qui le frappe par sa beauté, à l'audition d'une mélodie qui transforme son intérieur, à la vue d'une toile qui lui transmet son message profond, à la lecture d'un poéme rayonnant d'une transcendance indéterminée, l'être humain ressent en lui-même un envoi de son âme vers un au-delà qu'il ne peut définir. Et il sent très bien que s'il s'arrêtait à le définir, il retomberait à plat dans l'objectivation quotidienne.
Corroboration and Probability
Authors: Vincent R. H.
Published: June 2010

In The Logic of Scientific Discovery, K. R. Popper says that he has A. provided “a mathematical refutation of all those theories of induction which identify the degree to which a statement is supported or confirmed or corroborated by empirical tests with its degree of probability in the sense of the calculus of probability.” He tells us that “those who identify, explicitly or implicitly, degree of corroboration, or of confirmation, or of acceptability, with probability [are] Keynes, Jeffreys, Reichenbach, Kaila, Hosiasson, and, more recently, Carnap.”
La Philosophie analytique au Colloque de Royaumont
Authors: Martinelli Lucien
Published: June 2010

Les rencontres de Royaumont sur le thème de « La Philosophic analytique » ont fourni l'occasion de mettre en relief très accusé, tant par les rapports présentés que par les discussions, les tendances de l'école anglaise d'Oxford et celles de diverses écoles « continentales », pour reprendre un terme favori de Grande-Bretagne. Le colloque aura été, en définitive, une invitation à briser, de part et d'autre, l'attitude « insulaire » qui menace réellement tout courant de pensée qui se refuse pratiquement à reconnaitre les dimensions multiples des problèmes et de l'activité philosophiques.
La Catégorie moderne de l'historique et le thomisme
Authors: Langlois Jean
Published: June 2010

Prenons comme point de départ de notre recherche l'affirmation du P. G. Fessard selon laquelle il n'y a pas de place pour «l'historique» dans le thomisme. Si nous nous en rapportons en effet à la Métaphysique d'Aristote commentée par S. Thomas, il semblerait n'y avoir que deux grandes catégories d'être: l'être de raison étudié par la logique, et l'être naturel, sujet de la philosophie. Où situer alors, dans une telle perspective, l'être historique, terre d'élection de la pensée moderne, selon l'expression du P. Fessard? Nulle part … c'est-à-dire que cet horizon demeure étranger à un tel type de philosophie.
Interprétations anciennes du fragment 62 d'Héraclite
Authors: Pépin Jean
Published: June 2010

Dans un contexte que l'on verra dans un moment, l'hérésiologue Hippolyte attribue à Héraclite les mots suivants: θνατoι θνητo, θνητo θνατoι, ζντεs τòν κεἰνων θνατoν, τòν, δ κεἱνων βoν τεθνετεspour ne rien préjuger de leur sens, il faut les traduire aussi littéralement que possible: « immortels mortels, mortels immortels, vivant la mort de ceux-là, mourant la vie de ceux-là » ; toutefois, on ne prend pas un grand risque en introduisant une copule entre le premier et le deuxième mot, entre le troisième et le quatrième, et en supposant une liaison causale entre les deux parties du fragment; on aurait alors, rejoignant à peu près la traduction proposée par Diels: « les immortels sont mortels, les mortels sont immortels, car la vie des uns est la mort des autres, et la mort des uns est la vie des autres. »
L'ontologie de Karl Rahner
Authors: Lapointe Roger
Published: June 2010

Parmi les théologiens catholiques du vingtième siécle, Karl Rahner jouit d'une autorité incontestable et d'une popularité qui lui est venue comme par surcroît. Il va sans dire que la popularité non recherchée est celle qui a le meilleur aloi. Ses travaux ont renouvelé pratiquement tous les secteurs de la théologie; ses érits ont été traduits en de multiples langues; le Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche a été réédité sous sa direction et suivant les axes majeurs de sa pensée; d'un mot, il fait école.
Berkeley's Ambiguity
Authors: Givner David A.
Published: June 2010

The subject of this study is an ambiguity which is deeply rooted in Berkeley's arguments against matter. By a is shift between two meanings of the term ‘sensible’, he is able to construct a simple “refutation” of matter. Berkeley then attempts to show that this argument is irrefutable. The ambiguity of the original argument is, however, contained in the train of supporting arguments. My purpose in bringing attention to this ambiguity is not just to reveal a mistake in Berkeley's arguments against matter. This particular mistake, I believe, deserves scrutiny not only because it is a mistake, but also because it explains the strategy and order of Berkeley's arguments against matter. Furthermore, if this explanation is correct, then some light can be cast on some puzzling features of Berkeley's philosophy.
On the role of phonology and discourse in Francilian Frenchwh-questions
Authors: HAMLAOUI FATIMA
Published: June 2010

It is argued that in Francilian French, the dialect of French spoken in the Paris metropolitan area, in-situ and frontedwh-questions have the same answerhood conditions but vary with respect to their respective focus-set (Reinhart 2006). The difference between the two types of questions lies in the discourse status of their non-whportion. Whereas thewh-phrase is never discourse-given, the non-whportion may or may not be, depending on the discourse context. In Francilian French in-situwh-questions, the non-whportion must be discourse-given. As this language exhibits a strong requirement on sentence stress to be kept rightmost it cannot, in contrast with English, assign sentence stress to a frontedwh-phrase when the non-whportion is discourse-given and needs to be destressed. The only way to simultaneously destress discourse-given items and keep sentence stress rightmost is by aligning thewh-phrase with the right edge of the clause. Whereas in Hungarian prosody triggers movement (Szendrői 2003), in Francilian French, prosody prevents it from occurring. An Optimal Theoretic analysis in the spirit of much recent work on focus and givenness in declaratives (Samek-Lodovici 2005, Féry & Samek-Lodovici 2006) captures this phenomenon.
Periclimenes cannaphilus, new species, the second palaemonid shrimp (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea) associated with sibogrinid tube worm inhabiting hydrothermal vents
Authors: Komai Tomoyuki , Nemoto Suguru , Tsuchida Shinji
Published: June 2010

A new species of the palaemonid shrimp genusPericlimenes, P. cannaphilus, is described from upper bathyal hydrothermal vents of the Bonin-Mariana Arc in the north-western Pacific at depths of 392–456 m. A symbiotic relationship between the new shrimp species and a siboglinid tube wormLamellibrachia satsumais suggested by their simultaenuous collection and further observationsin situ. Similarities in the morphology and symbiotic association suggest that the new species is closely related toP. thermohydrophilus, also associated withL. satsumain shallow hydrothermal vent fields in Kagoshima Bay, southern Japan, but differences in the rostral shape, the position of the epigastric tooth on the carapace, and the development of the hepatic tooth on the carapace morphologically differentiate the two species. Phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of the mitochondrial DNA COI gene supports the recognition of two clades corresponding to these two taxa.
Emotional reactivity in chronic schizophrenia: structural and functional brain correlates and the influence of adverse childhood experiences
Authors: Benedetti F. , Radaelli D. , Poletti S. , Falini A. , Cavallaro R. , Dallaspezia S. , Riccaboni R. , Scotti G. , Smeraldi E.
Published: June 2010

Background

Despite behavioural signs of flattened affect, patients affected by schizophrenia show enhanced sensitivity to negative stimuli. The current literature concerning neural circuitry for emotions supports dysregulations of cortico-limbic networks, but gives contrasting results. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) could persistently influence emotional regulation and neural correlates of response to emotional stimuli in healthy humans. This study evaluated the effect of ACEs and chronic undifferentiated schizophrenia on neural responses to emotional stimuli (negative facial expression).

Method

Brain blood-oxygen-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging neural responses to a face-matching paradigm, and regional grey matter (GM) volumes were studied at 3.0 T in the amygdala, hippocampus, anterior cingulated cortex (ACC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC). The severity of ACEs was assessed. Participants included 20 consecutively admitted in-patients affected by chronic undifferentiated schizophrenia, and 20 unrelated healthy volunteers from the general population.

Results

Patients reported higher ACEs than controls. Worse ACEs proportionally led to decreasing responses in the amygdala and hippocampus, and to increasing responses in the PFC and ACC in all participants. Patients showed higher activations in the amygdala and hippocampus, and lower activations in the PFC and ACC. Higher ACEs were associated with higher GM volumes in the PFC and ACC, and schizophrenia was associated with GM reduction in all studied regions.

Conclusions

Structural and functional brain correlates of emotional reactivity are influenced by both current chronic undifferentiated schizophrenia and the severity of past ACEs.
Was it Worth Having? the British Empire 1850–1950
Authors: Cain Peter
Published: June 2010

The question of whether the possession of an empire under a regime of free trade was beneficial or not to Britain has become a serious matter of dispute in recent years amongst British and American economic historians. Nonetheless, as some of them recognise, the question they are asking is hardly a novel one: they are often consciously reviving, in a more sophisticated form, a controversy which was already dividing contemporaries in Britain at the time the Corn Laws and the Navigation Acts were repealed in the late 1840s and which only lost its relevance when decolonisation began in earnest in the late 1950s. O'Brien and Davis and Huttenback are on the side of those who traditionally disparaged the economic value of empire and saw it as the preserve of special interests: Edelstein and Offer, though careful not to justify empire, are more willing to accept that the nation as a whole might have benefited materially from its possession even if the benefits were very unevenly spread. The discussion, though ingenious and highly informative has, however, been somewhat narrowly focused. So, in the latter part of the paper, it is suggested that a full assessment of the value of the empire to Britain depends upon taking account of a wider set of circumstances than has usually been evident in the current debate. In this respect, present day historians may have something to learn from the contemporary controversy where the question of the material costs and benefits of empire was always considered in the context of the social and political trajectory of the British nation.
¿Hubo convergencia económica entre los países europeos antes de la I Guerra Mundial?
Authors: Tirado Fabregat Daniel A. , Novell Jordi Pons
Published: June 2010

En este trabajo se ofrece un resumen de la literatura teórica y empírica sobre la convergencia económica y se presenta una primera caracterización del comportamiento del PIB per cápita relativo en Europa en el período previo a la I Guerra Mundial. Del estudio con datos de corte transversal se deduce el incumplimiento de la hipótesis de β-convergencia y se verifica la existencia de β-convergencia a estados estacionarios que son distintos para cada uno de los países. El análisis con datos de serie temporal refuerza el cuadro. Durante el período 1870–1913, sólo los países con niveles de renta per capita de partida medios lograron acercarse a los niveles de PIB per capita de los inicialmente más ricos.
El keynesianismo desde la óptica de los países atrasados: su adaptación por Manuel de Torres a la Economía española
Authors: Zabalza Juan
Published: June 2010

El siguiente trabajo se propone estudiar la introducción del keynesianismo en España a través de los escritos de Manuel de Torres, probablemente el más activo de los economistas que adoptaron de una u otra forma la nueva doctrina en la posguerra. Dada la escasez en España de una reflexión teórica original, el artículo prestará especial atención a la adaptación que realiza Torres de las ideas keynesianas al contexto de la economía española. En particular, las ideas keynesianas contribuyeron decisivamente a sustituir la vía agraria defendida por Torres como camino de desarrollo de la economía española por el industrialismo que sostiene en la posguerra. El artículo ofrece las claves de esta evolución doctrinal y reivindica el papel de las ideas económicas como poderoso instrumento de transformación.
Las tendencias a largo plazo de la economía argentina: 1875–2000
Authors: Villarroya Isabel Sanz
Published: June 2010

Este artículo se enmarca en el debate sobre la periodización de la historia económica de Argentina y la determinación del momento en que terminó su fase de mayor expansión. Para algunos autores, este cambio fue consecuencia de la Primera Guerra Mundial, mientras que, para otra corriente, no será hasta la Gran Depresión cuando la economía argentina comience a perder posiciones. Retomando esta discusión desde un punto de vista más analítico y a la luz de nuevos datos, utilizamos la serie de PIB per capita argentino actualmente disponible, así como técnicas de análisis univariante y contrastes de raíz unitaria, para determinar la primera ruptura significativa en la tendencia de crecimiento. Este análisis confirma 1913 como primera ruptura, mientras que 1929 solamente representa un cambio en el nivel de la serie. Al mismo tiempo, se delimitan tres grandes fases de crecimiento a largo plazo que marcan una nueva periodizáción: 1875–1913, 1914–1974 y 1975–2000.
Testing Expansion in Bounded-Degree Graphs
Authors: CZUMAJ ARTUR , SOHLER CHRISTIAN
Published: June 2010

We consider the problem oftesting expansion in bounded-degree graphs. We focus on the notion ofvertex expansion: an α-expander is a graphG= (V,E) in which every subsetU⊆Vof at most |V|/2 vertices has a neighbourhood of size at least α ⋅ |U|. Our main result is that one can distinguish good expanders from graphs that are far from being weak expanders in time$\widetilde{\O}(\sqrt{n})$. We prove that the property-testing algorithm proposed by Goldreich and Ron with appropriately set parameters accepts every α-expander with probability at least$\frac23$and rejects every graph that is ϵ-far from any α*-expander with probability at least$\frac23$, where$\expand^* \,{=}\, \Theta(\frac{\expand^2}{d^2 \log(n/\epsilon)})$anddis the maximum degree of the graphs. The algorithm assumes the bounded-degree graphs model with adjacency list graph representation and its running time is$\O(\frac{d^2 \sqrt{n} \log(n/\epsilon)} {\expand^2 \epsilon^3})$.
Gamma-oryzanol Ameliorates Insulin Resistance and Hyperlipidemia in Rats with Streptozotocin/nicotinamide-induced Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Cheng Hsing-Hsien , Ma Chien-Ya , Chou Tsui-Wei , Chen Ya-Yen , Lai Ming-Hoang
Published: June 2010

Gamma-oryzanol is a component of rice bran oil (RBO) with purported health benefits. This study evaluated the effects of gamma-oryzanol on insulin resistance and lipid metabolism in Wistar rats with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The rats were divided into three groups and consumed one of the following diets for 5 weeks: 15 % soybean oil (control group); 15 % palm oil (PO); and 15 % PO with the addition of 5.25 g gamma-oryzanol (POO). The results showed that PO markedly increased plasma low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, plasma triglycerides, and hepatic triglyceride levels, but did not reduce the area under the curve for glucose and insulin significantly, compared with the control group. Adding gamma-oryzanol to PO improved the negative influence of PO on lipid metabolism in T2DM rats. In addition, gamma-oryzanol tended to increase insulin sensitivity in T2DM rats compared to control and PO groups. Longer-term studies are needed to evaluate these effects further.
Vortical surf zone velocity fluctuations with 0(10) min period
Authors: MacMahan Jamie H. , Reniers Ad J. H. M. , Thornton Ed B.
Published: June 2010

Observations of velocity fluctuations with periods between about 4 and 30 min, thus longer than infragravity waves and referred to as very low frequency (VLF) surf zone motions, are described and compared with numerical simulations. The VLF motions discussed here exclude instabilities (generated by the wave‐driven alongshore current velocity shear) that occur in the same frequency range by selecting cases with weak alongshore currents only. Numerical simulations are based on the linear shallow water equations including friction and forced by nonlinear difference‐frequency interactions between incident sea and swell waves. The model is initialized with sea and swell frequency directional spectra observed seaward of the surf zone. Modeled and observed VLF velocity fluctuation magnitudes agree within a factor of 2; both increase approximately linearly with increasing incident wave height and rapidly decay seaward of the surf zone. Observed frequency‐wave‐number, f‐ky, spectra of VLF velocity fluctuations, estimated with instrumented alongshore arrays, are energetic in a broad range of ky in the vortical band. Observed and modeled VLF pressure fluctuations are relatively weak. Still, the model momentum balance suggests that VLF pressure gradients are as important as the nonlinear wave group forcing by sea and swell in accelerating/decelerating the VLF velocities. Model calculations demonstrate that the VLF‐f‐ky response is a function of the modulations of short‐wave forcing associated with the frequency directional distribution of the incident sea and swell spectra. This results in VLF motions which span the surf zone and have O(50–1000 m) alongshore scales with O(200–2000 s) time scales. Given the fact that modulations of short waves resulting from directionally spread incident waves are common during field conditions we expect VLFs to be ubiquitous.
Isopycnal diffusivities in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current inferred from Lagrangian floats in an eddying model
Authors: Griesel A. , Gille S. T. , Sprintall J. , McClean J. L. , LaCasce J. H. , Maltrud M. E.
Published: June 2010

Lagrangian subsurface isopycnal eddy diffusivities are calculated from numerical floats released in several regions of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) of the 0.1° Parallel Ocean Program. Lagrangian diffusivities are horizontally highly variable with no consistent latitudinal dependence. Elevated values are found in some areas in the core of the ACC, near topographic features, and close to the Brazil‐Malvinas Confluence Zone and Agulhas Retroflection. Cross‐stream eddy diffusivities are depth invariant in the model ACC. An increase of Lagrangian eddy length scales with depth is masked by the strong decrease with depth of eddy velocities. The cross‐stream diffusivities average 750 ± 250 m2s−1around the Polar Frontal Zone. The results imply that parameterizations that (only) use eddy kinetic energy to parameterize the diffusivities are incomplete. We suggest that dominant correlations of Lagrangian eddy diffusivities with eddy kinetic energy found in previous studies may have been due to the use of too short time lags in the integration of the velocity autocovariance used to infer the diffusivities. We find evidence that strong mean flow inhibits cross‐stream mixing within the ACC, but there are also areas where cross‐stream diffusivities are large in spite of strong mean flows, for example, in regions close to topographic obstacles such as the Kerguelen Plateau.
AGU Sponsors Two Congressional Science Fellows
Authors: Chell Kaitlin
Published: June 2010

AGU will sponsor not one, but two Congressional Science Fellows (CSF) for the 2010–2011 fellowship term. Beginning in September, Jason Day and Ilya Fischhoff each will spend a year working in the congressional office of a U.S. senator or representative or in the office of a congressional committee. Both fellows were selected in March by AGU's Committee on Public Affairs after a competitive interview process. Their terms will mark the 33rd year AGU has sponsored a CSF and the first year AGU has ever sponsored two CSFs at one time.
Fetal Dopamine Receptor Characteristics Assessed in Utero
Authors: Bartlett Rachel M , DeJesus Onofre T , Barnhart Todd E , Nickles R Jerome , Christian Bradley T , Graner John L , Holden James E
Published: June 2010

Any tracer in fetal tissue comes from maternal arterial blood. Provided steady state is achieved and intermediate compartments are reversible, the Logan graphical methods should be applicable to the assessment of binding parameters in the fetal brain. Two pregnant rhesus macaques were studied with fallypride and the Logan method was used to assess dopamine receptor distribution volume ratios (DVRs) in both maternal and fetal striatum. The agreement between fetal striatal DVRs using maternal arterial blood and maternal and fetal cerebellum as input functions strongly supports our hypothesis that the conditions necessary for graphical analysis have been met.
Gene expression profiling in whole blood of patients with coronary artery disease
Authors: Taurino Chiara , Miller William H. , McBride Martin W. , McClure John D. , Khanin Raya , Moreno María U. , Dymott Jane A. , Delles Christian , Dominiczak Anna F.
Published: June 2010

Owing to the dynamic nature of the transcriptome, gene expression profiling is a promising tool for discovery of disease-related genes and biological pathways. In the present study, we examined gene expression in whole blood of 12 patients with CAD (coronary artery disease) and 12 healthy control subjects. Furthermore, ten patients with CAD underwent whole-blood gene expression analysis before and after the completion of a cardiac rehabilitation programme following surgical coronary revascularization. mRNA and miRNA (microRNA) were isolated for expression profiling. Gene expression analysis identified 365 differentially expressed genes in patients with CAD compared with healthy controls (175 up- and 190 down-regulated in CAD), and 645 in CAD rehabilitation patients (196 up- and 449 down-regulated post-rehabilitation). Biological pathway analysis identified a number of canonical pathways, including oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial function, as being significantly and consistently modulated across the groups. Analysis of miRNA expression revealed a number of differentially expressed miRNAs, including hsa-miR-140-3p (control compared with CAD, P=0.017), hsa-miR-182 (control compared with CAD, P=0.093), hsa-miR-92a and hsa-miR-92b (post- compared with pre-exercise, P<0.01). Global analysis of predicted miRNA targets found significantly reduced expression of genes with target regions compared with those without: hsa-miR-140-3p (P=0.002), hsa-miR-182 (P=0.001), hsa-miR-92a and hsa-miR-92b (P=2.2×10−16). In conclusion, using whole blood as a ‘surrogate tissue’ in patients with CAD, we have identified differentially expressed miRNAs, differentially regulated genes and modulated pathways which warrant further investigation in the setting of cardiovascular function. This approach may represent a novel non-invasive strategy to unravel potentially modifiable pathways and possible therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease.
Correlation of phase transformations and magnetic properties in annealed epitaxial Fe–Pd magnetic shape memory alloy films
Authors: Buschbeck J. , Hamann S. , Ludwig A. , Holzapfel B. , Schultz L. , Fähler S.
Published: June 2010

Single-crystal-like films are promising candidates for magnetic shape memory (MSM) applications on the microscale. For defect reduction and stress relaxation, we apply a heat treatment to pulsed laser deposited, partial epitaxial Fe–Pd films with different compositions. By recrystallization starting from the epitaxial interface, single-crystal-like films are obtained. Deformation twins being present in the as-deposited state are completely eliminated. The epitaxial (100) orientation allows clear monitoring of the transformation from face centered cubic (fcc) austenite to face centered tetragonal (fct) martensite by x-ray diffraction experiments. Transformation from fcc austenite to fct martensite is hindered by constraints from the substrate. At temperatures down to 125 K residual fcc austenite is present. Magnetic measurements performed down to 50 K indicate that during further cooling the phase transformation to body centered tetragonal martensite occurs. The results show that annealing of laser deposited films is a promising route to obtain epitaxial Fe–Pd MSM films that are suitable for applications.
Diffusion of hydrogen in bcc tungsten studied with first principle calculations
Authors: Heinola K. , Ahlgren T.
Published: June 2010

First principle calculations were used to study the hydrogen migration properties in bulk bcc tungsten. Hydrogen has low solubility in tungsten and occupies the tetrahedral interstitial site with an energy difference of 0.38 eV compared to the octahedral interstitial site. The hydrogen diffusion coefficient was evaluated using the harmonic transition state theory and was found to agree with the experimental results at temperatures above 1500 K. The height of the migration barrier between two adjacent tetrahedral sites was found to be 0.21 eV, which is lower than the value 0.39 eV obtained for the migration barrier from degassing measurements in the temperature range between 1100 and 2400 K. The tunneling correction to the diffusion rate provides much better agreement with the experimental result at 29 K than the extrapolated experimental D from high temperature measurements.
Infrared lock-in carrierography (photocarrier radiometric imaging) of Si solar cells
Authors: Melnikov A. , Mandelis A. , Tolev J. , Chen P. , Huq S.
Published: June 2010

Modulated photocarrier radiometric (PCR) imaging (lock-in carrierography) of multicrystalline (mc) Si solar cells is introduced using a near-infrared (NIR) InGaAs camera and a spread superband gap laser beam as an optoelectronic source at low modulation frequencies (<10 Hz) or point-by-point scanning PCR imaging with a focused laser beam at high (kilohertz) frequencies. PCR images are supplemented by quantitative PCR frequency scans and compared to NIR optical reflectance, modulated electroluminescence (MEL) and modulated photovoltage (MPV) images. Noncontact PCR imaging is controlled by the photoexcited carrier diffusion wave and exhibits very similar images to contacting MEL and MPV. Among these methods it exhibits the highest contrast and sensitivity to mechanical and crystalline defects in the substrate at lock-in image frequencies in the range of the inverse recombination lifetime in the quasineutral region (bulk).
La-doped EuO: A rare earth ferromagnetic semiconductor with the highest Curie temperature
Authors: Miyazaki H. , Im H. J. , Terashima K. , Yagi S. , Kato M. , Soda K. , Ito T. , Kimura S.
Published: June 2010

We report the fabrication of single-crystalline La-doped EuO thin films with a Curie temperature (TC) of about 200 K, the highest among rare-earth compounds without transition metals. From first-principle band calculation and x-ray diffraction measurement, the observed increase in TC cannot be explained only by the increase in hybridization intensity due to lattice contraction and the increase in up-spin electrons of the Eu 5d state caused by the electron doping. Hybridization between the Eu 4f and donor states and/or Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yoshida interaction mediated by the doped La 5d state is a possible origin of the increase in TC.
Critical ignition in rapidly expanding self-similar flows
Authors: Radulescu Matei I. , Maxwell Brian M.
Published: June 2010

The generic problem of ignition of a particle undergoing an expansion given by a power law rate of decay behind a decaying shock is addressed in the present study. It is demonstrated, using a one-step Arrhenius irreversible reaction, that a sufficiently strong expansion wave can quench the reaction. The critical conditions for extinction are obtained in closed form in terms of the time scale for the expansion process and the thermochemical properties of the gas, yielding a critical Damkohler number, i.e., the ratio of the expansion time scale to the homogeneous ignition time scale, given by (γ−1)(Ea/RT)−1/n, where n is the power law exponent of the self-similar expansion. The critical ignition criteria, which are valid in the asymptotic limit n(γ−1)(Ea/RT)=O(1), were found in excellent agreement with numerical results. The applicability of the results obtained are discussed for ignition in rapidly expanding flows which occur behind decaying shock waves, as encountered in problems of detonation initiation by a Taylor–Sedov blast wave, and reacting jet startup, and for reactions in steady hypersonic flows around projectiles.
Low-temperature radial thermal expansion of single-walled carbon nanotube bundles saturated with nitrogen
Authors: Dolbin A. V. , Esel’son V. B. , Gavrilko V. G. , Manzhelii V. G. , Popov S. N. , Vinnikov N. A. , Sundqvist B.
Published: June 2010

The effect of N2 impurity on the radial thermal expansion coefficient αr of single-walled carbon nanotube bundles has been investigated in the temperature interval 2.2–43K by the dilatometric method. Saturation of nanotube bundles with N2 sharply increased the positive values of αr in the entire experimental temperature range and resulted in a very high, wide maximum in the thermal expansion coefficient αr(T) at T∼28K. Low-temperature impurity desorption from N2-saturated powder consisting of bundles of single-walled carbon nanotubes with open and closed ends has been investigated.
Crystal field splitting on D↔S transitions of atomic manganese isolated in solid krypton
Authors: Byrne O. , Collier M. A. , Ryan M. C. , McCaffrey J. G.
Published: June 2010

Narrow excitation features present on the [Ar]3d64s1aD(J=9∕2−1∕2)6←[Ar]3d54s2aS1∕26 transitions of manganese atoms isolated in solid Kr are analyzed within the framework of weak crystal field splitting. Use of the Wp optical lineshape function allowed identification of multiple zero-phonon lines for individual spin-orbit J states of the a aD6←aS6 transition recorded with laser-induced excitation spectroscopy. Excellent agreement exists between the predicted crystal field splitting patterns for the J levels of the aD6 state isolated in the «red» tetravacancy site of solid Kr. The tetrahedral crystal field of the «red» trapping site splits J>3∕2 levels of the aDJ6 and aD7∕24 states by approximately 30cm−1. This report represents the first definitive evidence of crystal field splitting, induced by the weak van der Waals interactions between a neutral metal atom and the rare gas atoms surrounding it in a well-defined solid-state site.