bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Qualitative Analysis of Career Choice Pathways of College-Oriented Rural Central Appalachian High School Students
Authors: Carrico Cheryl , Matusovich Holly M. , Paretti Marie C.
Published: August 2017

To explore the ways context may shape career choices, we used a qualitative approach to analyze interviews with college-oriented high school students from the rural Central Appalachia region of Virginia. Using social cognitive career theory, we analyzed pathways to career choices and relevant contextual factors, using data from 24 interviews. Results revealed that participants’ pathways partially matched the model, though we also found variant pathways triggered by significant environmental influences and incomplete pathways due to variations in possible career plans. Explanatory factors included status as prospective first-generation college student, outcome expectations that included remaining local and having job stability, and an emergent factor of continuing generation Appalachian. The patterns that emerged with respect to contextual factors and career choice pathways highlight the importance of culture and context when examining how students make career choices. This research extends prior research by examining career pathways using student’s own words as data. Moreover, the patterns offer insights career coaches, counselors, and educators can use in supporting students’ post–high school career planning.
Genomic Imprinting Is Implicated in the Psychology of Music
Authors: Mehr Samuel A. , Kotler Jennifer , Howard Rhea M. , Haig David , Krasnow Max M.
Published: August 2017

Why do people sing to babies? Human infants are relatively altricial and need their parents’ attention to survive. Infant-directed song may constitute a signal of that attention. In Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), a rare disorder of genomic imprinting, genes from chromosome 15q11–q13 that are typically paternally expressed are unexpressed, which results in exaggeration of traits that reduce offspring’s investment demands on the mother. PWS may thus be associated with a distinctive musical phenotype. We report unusual responses to music in people with PWS. Subjects with PWS ( N = 39) moved more during music listening, exhibited greater reductions in heart rate in response to music listening, and displayed a specific deficit in pitch-discrimination ability relative to typically developing adults and children ( N = 589). Paternally expressed genes from 15q11–q13, which are unexpressed in PWS, may thus increase demands for music and enhance perceptual sensitivity to music. These results implicate genomic imprinting in the psychology of music, informing theories of music’s evolutionary history.
The making of mind
Authors: Meares Russell
Published: August 2017

Objectives

The ordinary, ongoing sense of personal existing, variously called higher order consciousness, mind, or self, is disintegrated, constricted and distorted in those who have suffered repetitive psychological traumata. Their speech has the form of a ‘chronicle’, literal and asymbolic. This paper offers a condensed rationale for a relational approach to this, so far, neglected problem.

Conclusions:

A restorative and generative kind of relatedness is ‘natural’, the propensity for it being given to us by our biological heritage. Its first form is a game between babies and caregivers, a ‘proto-conversation’. Principles derived from this, and related developmental behaviours, guide a form of therapeutic relatedness consisting of an interactive, to-and-fro ‘patterning’ of verbal ‘pictures’, or analogues, of the subject’s immediate experience. The analogue is the first form of symbol, the use of which is the hallmark of the human.
Effect of Renal Function on Dosing of Non–Vitamin K Antagonist Direct Oral Anticoagulants Among Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Shrestha Sulena , Baser Onur , Kwong Winghan Jacqueline
Published: August 2017

Background: Non–vitamin K antagonist direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are fixed-dose regimens indicated for stroke prevention in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients. Dose adjustment is necessary among patients with renal insufficiency to optimize efficacy and safety. Objective: To assess DOAC dosing appropriateness and its effect on clinical outcomes in NVAF patients. Methods: Adult NVAF patients with ≥1 DOAC pharmacy claim (January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2014), continuous enrollment for ≥12 months post–index DOAC claim, and documented creatinine clearance within 3 months preindex date in the Optum/Humedica SmartFile database were eligible. DOAC dosage was classified as inappropriate or appropriate by level of renal function, age, and body weight per US prescription information. Cox proportional models were used to assess the risks of bleeding and stroke associated with inappropriate DOAC dosage. Results: Of the 388 eligible patients, 69 (17.8%) were inappropriately dosed, and rivaroxaban had the highest inappropriate dosing rate. Most inappropriately dosed patients were underdosed. Inappropriately dosed patients were more likely to be older, female, and have a body weight of ≤60 kg; they also had higher mean CHA2DS2-VASc and Charlson comorbidity index scores (all P < 0.05). Overtreated patients had a higher risk of bleeding (hazard ratio [HR] = 5.4; P = 0.006) than undertreated patients (HR = 3.1; P = 0.025) relative to appropriately dosed patients. However, no significant difference in stroke risk was observed, most likely because very few stroke events were observed in the study. Conclusions: Inappropriate dosing occurred among patients with normal and insufficient renal function. The consideration of clinical factors beyond renal function is necessary to reduce bleeding risk associated with DOAC therapy.
Normative Values for Colonic Transit Time and Patient Assessment of Constipation in Adults With Functional Constipation: Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis
Authors: Miller Larry E , Ibarra Alvin , Ouwehand Arthur C
Published: August 2017

Availability of normative patient outcome data may assist in designing experiments and estimating sample sizes. The purpose of this review was to determine normative ranges for colonic transit time (CTT), Patient Assessment of Constipation-Symptoms (PAC-SYM), and Patient Assessment of Constipation-Quality of Life (PAC-QOL) in adults diagnosed with functional constipation per Rome III guidelines. Pooled estimates were derived from random-effects meta-analysis. Meta-regression was used to explore sources of heterogeneity among studies. A total of 24 studies (3786 patients) were included in the review. In 10 studies with 1119 patients, pooled CTT was 58 hours (95% confidence interval [CI]: 50-65 hours). Publication bias was not evident (Egger P = .51); heterogeneity was high ( I2 = 92%, P < .001). In meta-regression, geographical location explained 57% of the between-study variance, with CTT significantly longer in studies conducted in Europe (71 hours) compared with Asia (49 hours) or the Americas (44 hours). In 9 studies with 2061 patients, pooled PAC-SYM was 1.70 (95% CI: 1.58-1.83). Publication bias was not evident (Egger P = .44). Heterogeneity was high ( I2 = 90%, P < .001); however, no study or patient factor influenced PAC-SYM in meta-regression. In 12 studies with 1805 patients, pooled PAC-QOL was 1.97 (95% CI: 1.70-2.24). Publication bias was not evident (Egger P = .28); heterogeneity was high ( I2 = 98%, P < .001). In meta-regression, age explained 52% of the between-study variance, with older age associated with lower PAC-QOL scores. Overall, in adults diagnosed with functional constipation per Rome III criteria, significant heterogeneity in CTT, PAC-SYM, and PAC-QOL exists among studies. Variability among studies may be explained by geography and patient factors.
Development of a computational optimisation system to determine constitutive equation constants for metal alloys
Authors: Politis Nicholas J , Politis Denis J
Published: August 2017

Simulations of metal forming processes typically use constitutive equations to describe material properties over a wide range of temperatures and strain rates. Classically, determining a set of values for the large number of constants present in more complex constitutive models presented great difficulty to researchers. In this paper, an algorithmic method of determining the constants of such constitutive equations is presented. The Genetic Algorithm implementation utilising MATLAB is described, and example fits to experimental data are presented. A study is performed to improve the performance of the method by combining the Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm optimisation methods into a hybrid algorithm and to exploit the inherent advantages of both methods of solution. Comparative performance between the GA-only and hybrid algorithm are presented, and it is found that such a Hybrid Solver is significantly more computationally efficient and produces more accurate parameter estimations.
The Use of a Reflective Learning Journal in an Introductory Statistics Course
Authors: Denton Ashley Waggoner
Published: August 2017

Reflective learning entails a thoughtful learning process through which one not only learns a particular piece of knowledge or skill, but better understands how one learned it—knowledge that can then be transferred well beyond the scope of the specific learning experience. This type of thinking empowers learners by making them more active participants in the learning process. There is also evidence to suggest that reflective learning can help students manage the negative emotions (e.g., anxiety, and disappointment) that may arise while taking a challenging course. Such emotions can be rampant in statistics courses, especially for non-statistics majors (e.g., psychology students). Because the introductory statistics course is such an important (though often dreaded) course for psychology undergraduates, I believed that the learning experience could be improved if students were encouraged to engage in more reflective thinking. To this end, I introduced a reflective learning journal into my class. In this report, I briefly review my rationale for incorporating a reflective learning journal into an introductory statistics course. I then describe how this was accomplished and share some preliminary evidence of its positive effects on the student learning experience.
Understanding Social Isolation Among Urban Aging Adults: Informing Occupation-Based Approaches
Authors: Hand Carri , Retrum Jessica , Ware George , Iwasaki Patricia , Moaalii Gabe , Main Deborah S.
Published: August 2017

Socially isolated aging adults are at risk of poor health and well-being. Occupational therapy can help address this issue; however, information is needed to guide such work. National surveys characterize social isolation in populations of aging adults but fail to provide meaningful information at a community level. The objective of this study is to describe multiple dimensions of social isolation and related factors among aging adults in diverse urban neighborhoods. Community-based participatory research involving a door-to-door survey of adults 50 years and older was used. Participants ( N = 161) reported social isolation in terms of small social networks (24%) and wanting more social engagement (43%). Participants aged 50 to 64 years reported the highest levels of isolation in most dimensions. Low income, poor health, lack of transportation, and infrequent information access appeared linked to social isolation. Occupational therapists can address social isolation in similar urban communities through policy and practice that facilitate social engagement and network building.
New parallel processing strategies in complex event processing systems with data streams
Authors: Xiao Fuyuan , Zhan Cheng , Lai Hong , Tao Li , Qu Zhiguo
Published: August 2017

Sensor network–based application has gained increasing attention where data streams gathered from distributed sensors need to be processed and analyzed with timely responses. Distributed complex event processing is an effective technology to handle these data streams by matching of incoming events to persistent pattern queries. Therefore, a well-managed parallel processing scheme is required to improve both system performance and the quality-of-service guarantees of the system. However, the specific properties of pattern operators increase the difficulties of implementing parallel processing. To address this issue, a new parallelization model and three parallel processing strategies are proposed for distributed complex event processing systems. The effects of temporal constraints, for example, sliding windows, are included in the new parallelization model to enable the processing load for the overlap between windows of a batch induced by each input event to be shared by the downstream machines to avoid events that may result in wrong decisions. The proposed parallel strategies can keep the complex event processing system working stably and continuously during the elapsed time. Finally, the application of our work is demonstrated using experiments on the StreamBase system regardless of the increased input rate of the stream or the increased time window size of the operator.
Role of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in Italy
Authors: Mantero Marco , Aliberti Stefano , Azzari Chiara , Moriondo Maria , Nieddu Francesco , Blasi Francesco , Di Pasquale Marta
Published: August 2017

Background:

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of exacerbations due to Streptococcus pneumoniae in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients during stable state.

Methods:

We conducted a prospective, observational, cohort study including stable COPD patients, who were evaluated at least every 4 months over a 24-month period at the Respiratory Unit of the IRCCS Policlinico Hospital in Milan, Italy, from 2012 to 2015. Sputum samples were collected at enrollment during stable state to evaluate the frequency of S. pneumoniae colonization and in case of an acute exacerbation to evaluate the incidence of pneumococcal infection.

Results:

A total of 79 stable patients with moderate to very severe COPD were enrolled. A total of 217 samples were collected, and 27% ( n = 59) of those were positive for S. pneumoniae. A total of four exacerbations due to S. pneumoniae occurred during follow up (0.31 per 100 person/month). Among positive samples of S. pneumoniae, 109 serotypes were identified. The most frequent serotypes in moderate-to-severe COPD patients during both stable state and exacerbation were 19F (12%), 18 (10%), 19A and 9V (9%) and 35 F (7%). Only 32% of COPD patients were effectively vaccinated for S. pneumoniae with PPV23 vaccine.

Conclusion:

The most frequent S. pneumoniae serotypes in COPD patients are 19F, 18, 19A, 9V and 35 F, and that almost 50% of S. pneumoniae strains could be covered by PCV13 in adult COPD patients.
Guideline for stopping anticoagulants prior to urological procedures
Authors: Kanthabalan Abi , Dawson Chris
Published: August 2017

There is a lack of clear evidence and guidelines on how to reverse anticoagulation prior to emergency and elective urological procedures. Our aim was to produce local hospital guidelines based on current evidence to simplify the perioperative process of stopping traditional and novel oral anticoagulants and antiplatelet therapy.
Exploring the acceptability and feasibility of a preconception and diabetes information app for women with pregestational diabetes: A mixed-methods study protocol
Authors: Nwolise Chidiebere Hope , Carey Nicola , Shawe Jill
Published: August 2017

Background

Women with diabetes are at increased risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Preconception care can improve pregnancy outcomes and is paramount to minimise complications, but, current provision is sub-optimal. Mobile technology, particularly smartphones and apps have the potential to improve preconception care provision but research is lacking in this area. The need to use modern technologies to improve preconception care knowledge and awareness led to the development of a preconception and diabetes information app in Stage A of this study.

Objective

The aim of this paper, Stage B of the study, is to explore the feasibility and acceptability of the Preconception and Diabetes Information app to improve preconception care knowledge and attitudes in women with diabetes, and explore the potential for wider implementation.

Methods

A mixed-methods study design adopting a quasi-experimental approach will assess women's knowledge and attitudes related to preconception care, and level of patient activation (knowledge and confidence for self-management of health) before and after the three-month intervention period. A log of activity will be used to determine engagement with the app and semi-structured interviews will explore women's experiences.

Conclusions

This is the first study to explore the acceptability and feasibility of a preconception and diabetes information app for women with diabetes. The app has potential to change the way preconception care is delivered, improve pregnancy outcomes and be widely implemented both in developed and developing countries. This is important given the considerable shortfalls in current preconception care services in the United Kingdom and around the world.
Chronotype, Sleep Behavior, and the Big Five Personality Factors
Authors: Randler Christoph , Schredl Michael , Göritz Anja S.
Published: August 2017

Chronotype refers to individual differences in sleep timing and in preferences for a given time of day while sleep duration refers to the hours of sleep. Here, we assessed chronotype, sleep duration, and nightmare frequency in relation to the Big Five personality factors. Overall, 2,492 persons (1,437 women, 1,055 men) completed the online survey between March 23, 2015, and April 8, 2015. The mean age of the sample was 47.75 ± 14.41 years. In bivariate correlations, age, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness were related to morningness, and openness to experience and neuroticism were related to eveningness. In the multiple regression, gender, neuroticism, and agreeableness were not related to chronotype. Morning types slept less at weekends than evening types, and evening types showed longer sleep latencies. Neuroticism showed the strongest effect on nightmare frequency followed by openness to experience. Nightmare frequency declined with age, and there was a small but significant effect of conscientiousness on nightmare frequency; persons with higher conscientiousness scores reported slightly more often nightmares. Chronotype was not associated with nightmare frequency. To conclude, chronotype is associated with personality factors and sleep behavior (sleep duration on weekends and sleep latency).
Potentially Preventable Hospitalizations and the Burden of Healthcare-Associated Infections
Authors: Lorden Andrea L. , Jiang Luohua , Radcliff Tiffany A. , Kelly Kathleen A. , Ohsfeldt Robert L.
Published: August 2017

Background:

An estimated 4% of hospital admissions acquired healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and accounted for $9.8 (USD) billion in direct cost during 2011. In 2010, nearly 140 000 of the 3.5 million potentially preventable hospitalizations (PPHs) may have acquired an HAI. There is a knowledge gap regarding the co-occurrence of these events.

Aims:

To estimate the period occurrences and likelihood of acquiring an HAI for the PPH population.

Methods:

Retrospective, cross-sectional study using logistic regression analysis of 2011 Texas Inpatient Discharge Public Use Data File including 2.6 million admissions from 576 acute care hospitals. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Prevention Quality Indicator software identified PPH, and existing administrative data identification methodologies were refined for Clostridium difficile infection, central line–associated bloodstream infection, catheter-associated urinary tract infection, and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Odds of acquiring HAIs when admitted with PPH were adjusted for demographic, health status, hospital, and community characteristics.

Findings:

We identified 272 923 PPH, 14 219 HAI, and 986 admissions with PPH and HAI. Odds of acquiring an HAI for diabetic patients admitted for lower extremity amputation demonstrated significantly increased odds ratio of 2.9 (95% confidence interval: 2.16-3.91) for Clostridium difficile infection. Other PPH patients had lower odds of acquiring HAI compared to non-PPH patients, and results were frequently significant.

Conclusions:

Clinical implications include increased risk of HAI among diabetic patients admitted for lower extremity amputation. Methodological implications include identification of rare events for inpatient subpopulations and the need for improved codification of HAIs to improve cost and policy analyses regarding allocation of resources toward clinical improvements.
Cervical Cerclage: Does the Location of the Suture Placement Make a Difference?
Authors: Petrikovsky Boris , Terrani Michael , Swancoat Steven , Dillon Alison
Published: August 2017

Introduction: The aim of cervical cerclage is to prevent or treat cervical insufficiency. The goal of the study was to investigate the correlation between the location of the cerclage suture within the cervix and its efficacy in preventing preterm birth. Materials and methods: Sixty-seven images of the cervix performed within two weeks of cerclage placement were extracted from the sonographic database and collected. The location of cerclage was divided into three categories: within the vicinity of the internal os, in the middle portion of the cervix, and in the vicinity of the external os. Gestational age at delivery was analyzed in the groups. Results: In 26 patients, the suture was identified in the vicinity of the internal os. Most of these patients delivered between 34 and 41 weeks of pregnancy. In 29 patients, the suture was located in the middle portion of the cervix. Most of these patients delivered between 33 and 40 weeks of pregnancy. The third group consisted of 12 patients, in whom cervical cerclages were detected in the lower third of the cervix in the vicinity of external os. Five of the 12 patients delivered prior to 30 weeks of pregnancy; the rest delivered between 30 and 34 weeks. Conclusion: Our experience links the sonographically detected cerclage location with pregnancy outcome.
H3

K27M/I
mutations promote context-dependent transformation in acute myeloid leukemia with RUNX1 alterations
Authors: Lehnertz Bernhard , Zhang Yu Wei , Boivin Isabel , Mayotte Nadine , Tomellini Elisa , Chagraoui Jalila , Lavallée Vincent-Philippe , Hébert Josée , Sauvageau Guy
Published: August 2017

Key Points

First characterization of neomorphic H3K27 mutations in AML. H3 K27 mutations are associated with and collaborate with RUNX1 mutations and translocations.
Safety and persistence of WT1-specific T-cell receptor gene−transduced lymphocytes in patients with AML and MDS
Authors: Tawara Isao , Kageyama Shinichi , Miyahara Yoshihiro , Fujiwara Hiroshi , Nishida Tetsuya , Akatsuka Yoshiki , Ikeda Hiroaki , Tanimoto Kazushi , Terakura Seitaro , Murata Makoto , Inaguma Yoko , Masuya Masahiro , Inoue Naoki , Kidokoro Tomohide , Okamoto Sachiko , Tomura Daisuke , Chono Hideto , Nukaya Ikuei , Mineno Junichi , Naoe Tomoki , Emi Nobuhiko , Yasukawa Masaki , Katayama Naoyuki , Shiku Hiroshi
Published: August 2017

Key Points

WT1-specific TCR-redirected T-cell therapy for AML and MDS is safe, and the T cells persisted in vivo and trafficked to bone marrow. Transient decreases of leukemic cell in bone marrow were shown.
Protected sampling is preferable in bronchoscopic studies of the airway microbiome
Authors: Grønseth Rune , Drengenes Christine , Wiker Harald G. , Tangedal Solveig , Xue Yaxin , Husebø Gunnar Reksten , Svanes Øistein , Lehmann Sverre , Aardal Marit , Hoang Tuyen , Kalananthan Tharmini , Hjellestad Martinsen Einar Marius , Orvedal Leiten Elise , Aanerud Marianne , Nordeide Eli , Haaland Ingvild , Jonassen Inge , Bakke Per , Eagan Tomas
Published: August 2017

The aim was to evaluate susceptibility of oropharyngeal contamination with various bronchoscopic sampling techniques.

67 patients with obstructive lung disease and 58 control subjects underwent bronchoscopy with small-volume lavage (SVL) through the working channel, protected bronchoalveolar lavage (PBAL) and bilateral protected specimen brush (PSB) sampling. Subjects also provided an oral wash (OW) sample, and negative control samples were gathered for each bronchoscopy procedure. DNA encoding bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA was sequenced and bioinformatically processed to cluster into operational taxonomic units (OTU), assign taxonomy and obtain measures of diversity.

The proportion of Proteobacteria increased, whereas Firmicutes diminished in the order OW, SVL, PBAL, PSB (p<0.01). The alpha-diversity decreased in the same order (p<0.01). Also, beta-diversity varied by sampling method (p<0.01), and visualisation of principal coordinates analyses indicated that differences in diversity were smaller between OW and SVL and OW and PBAL samples than for OW and the PSB samples. The order of sampling (leftversusright first) did not influence alpha- or beta-diversity for PSB samples.

Studies of the airway microbiota need to address the potential for oropharyngeal contamination, and protected sampling might represent an acceptable measure to minimise this problem.
Virtual environments for safety learning in construction and engineering: seeking evidence and identifying gaps for future research
Authors: Kassem Mohamad , Benomran Leila , Teizer Jochen
Published: August 2017

Background

Injuries and fatalities resulting from work place accidents remain a global concern within the construction and engineering sectors. Education and training of personnel are two of the primary approaches for establishing a safe work environment. Virtual Environments (VE) are being increasingly investigated as a complementary approach for safety learning. Despite the proliferation of VE studies for safety learning, there is still limited evidence about their effectiveness or benefits, extent of coverage of the risk management process, and limitations.

Methods

This articles poses the following research questions: (1) are VE providing an effective learning means to address safety risks in construction and engineering sectors?, (2) what are the areas that require improvement?, and (3) to what extent are VE addressing the established risk management process (i.e., risk identification, risk evaluation, risk response planning, and risk monitoring and control)? To address these the research questions, this research employs: (a) a systematic literature review and analysis of VE studies for safety learning; and (b) a gap analysis technique.

Results

The findings suggest: (a) the evidence of the effectiveness of VE as an intervention for safety learning across the entirety of the risk management process are still limited; (b) ‘risk identification’, where learners improve their abilities to spot hazards, is the most investigated phase in the risk management process, (c) VE applications in other risk management phases (i.e. ‘risk evaluation’, ‘risk response planning’, and ‘risk monitoring and controlling’) receive very limited attention compared to the risk identification phase.

Conclusion

The areas of recommendations for future research included the need to: (a) intensify real-life observational studies to provide evidence about the comparative performance of learners in VE against those of learners by other means through the setting of control groups; (b) extend studies to, and concurrently address, all the risk management phases; (b) intensify studies in other sectors including chemical, oil and gas, and manufacturing; (d) address human factors such as communication, language and cognitive distraction. An analysis of the limitations of current VE studies in each of the recommendation areas accompanied with suggestions for future research is proposed.
Draft genome sequences of two opportunistic pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus cohnii isolated from human patients
Authors: Mendoza-Olazarán Soraya , Garcia-Mazcorro José F. , Morfín-Otero Rayo , Villarreal-Treviño Licet , Camacho-Ortiz Adrián , Rodríguez-Noriega Eduardo , Bocanegra-Ibarias Paola , Maldonado-Garza Héctor J. , Dowd Scot E. , Garza-González Elvira
Published: August 2017

Herein, we report the draft-genome sequences and annotation of two opportunistic pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus cohnii isolated from humans. One strain (SC-57) was isolated from blood from a male patient in May 2006 and the other (SC-532) from a catheter from a male patient in June 2006.

Similar to other genomes of Staphylococcus species, most genes (42%) of both strains are involved in metabolism of amino acids and derivatives, carbohydrates and proteins. Eighty (4%) genes are involved in virulence, disease, and defense and both species show phenotypic low biofilm production and evidence of increased antibiotic resistance associated to biofilm production. From both isolates, a new Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec was detected: mec class A, ccr type 1. This is the first report of whole genome sequences of opportunistic S. cohnii isolated from human patients.
Editorial: The nose knows
Authors: Cancro Michael P , Allman David M
Published: August 2017

Discussion on how nasal epithelial cells govern the quality of local humoral immunity.
Molecular mechanisms of inflammasome signaling
Authors: Mathur Anukriti , Hayward Jenni A , Man Si Ming
Published: August 2017

The inflammasome is a macromolecular protein complex that mediates proteolytic cleavage of pro-IL-1β and -IL-18 and induces cell death in the form of pyroptosis. Certain nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs), absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2)-like receptors (ALRs), or tripartite motif (TRIM) family receptors trigger the assembly of an inflammasome in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Recent studies have revealed a multitude of host components and signals that are essential for controlling canonical and noncanonical inflammasome activation and pyroptosis. These include pore-forming gasdermin proteins, the never in mitosis A-related kinase 7 (NEK7), IFN-inducible proteins (IFIs), reactive oxygen species (ROS), autophagy, potassium efflux, mitochondrial perturbations, and microbial metabolites. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular and signaling mechanisms that provide stringent regulation over the activation and effector functions of the inflammasome.
Tranexamic Acid Administration During On-Pump Cardiac Surgery: A Survey of Current Practices Among Canadian Anesthetists Working in Academic Centers
Authors: Spence Jessica , Long Steven , Tidy Antonella , Raymer Karen , Devereaux P. J. , Lamy Andre , Whitlock Richard , Syed Summer
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUND:

Tranexamic acid (TXA) is commonly administered during on-pump cardiac surgery to minimize bleeding. However, an optimal dosing regimen has not been described, and recent studies suggest that higher doses may be associated with seizure. Little is known about current practice among cardiac anesthetists.

METHODS:

We contacted all academic anesthesia departments in Canada to identify cardiac anesthetists, who represent the majority of practitioners. This group constituted our sampling frame. Information regarding participant demographics, TXA dose, and administration details were obtained by electronic survey. Responses were analyzed descriptively. To compare dose, we assumed an 80-kg patient and 3 hours of infusion time. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare average dose across provinces.

RESULTS:

Among 341 Canadian academic cardiac anesthetists, 234 completed the survey (68.2% response rate). Among respondents, 86.3% administer TXA to all patients; 13.7% administer it to some. Most (68.4%) administer an infusion after a bolus; other modes included infusion (4.7%), single bolus (13.2%), 2 or more boluses (12.0%), or another regimen (1.7%). The mean (standard deviation) dose given was 49 mg/kg (24), with a range from 10 to 100 mg/kg. The mean dose varied across provinces from 23 to 55 mg/kg (P = .001).

CONCLUSIONS:

TXA is given to nearly all patients undergoing on-pump cardiac surgery at academic hospitals in Canada. However, there is significant heterogeneity in practice between individuals and across provinces. Further research is needed to determine the TXA dose that maximizes efficacy and minimizes side effects.
The RNA modification landscape in human disease
Authors: Jonkhout Nicky , Tran Julia , Smith Martin A. , Schonrock Nicole , Mattick John S. , Novoa Eva Maria
Published: August 2017

RNA modifications have been historically considered as fine-tuning chemo-structural features of infrastructural RNAs, such as rRNAs, tRNAs, and snoRNAs. This view has changed dramatically in recent years, to a large extent as a result of systematic efforts to map and quantify various RNA modifications in a transcriptome-wide manner, revealing that RNA modifications are reversible, dynamically regulated, far more widespread than originally thought, and involved in major biological processes, including cell differentiation, sex determination, and stress responses. Here we summarize the state of knowledge and provide a catalog of RNA modifications and their links to neurological disorders, cancers, and other diseases. With the advent of direct RNA-sequencing technologies, we expect that this catalog will help prioritize those RNA modifications for transcriptome-wide maps.
What is open peer review? A systematic review
Authors: Ross-Hellauer Tony
Published: August 2017

Background: “Open peer review” (OPR), despite being a major pillar of Open Science, has neither a standardized definition nor an agreed schema of its features and implementations. The literature reflects this, with numerous overlapping and contradictory definitions. While for some the term refers to peer review where the identities of both author and reviewer are disclosed to each other, for others it signifies systems where reviewer reports are published alongside articles. For others it signifies both of these conditions, and for yet others it describes systems where not only “invited experts” are able to comment. For still others, it includes a variety of combinations of these and other novel methods.

Methods: Recognising the absence of a consensus view on what open peer review is, this article undertakes a systematic review of definitions of “open peer review” or “open review”, to create a corpus of 122 definitions. These definitions are systematically analysed to build a coherent typology of the various innovations in peer review signified by the term, and hence provide the precise technical definition currently lacking.

Results: This quantifiable data yields rich information on the range and extent of differing definitions over time and by broad subject area. Quantifying definitions in this way allows us to accurately portray exactly how ambiguously the phrase “open peer review” has been used thus far, for the literature offers 22 distinct configurations of seven traits, effectively meaning that there are 22 different definitions of OPR in the literature reviewed.

Conclusions: I propose a pragmatic definition of open peer review as an umbrella term for a number of overlapping ways that peer review models can be adapted in line with the aims of Open Science, including making reviewer and author identities open, publishing review reports and enabling greater participation in the peer review process.
SPECTRUM OF SOLUBLE PROTEINS OF SPRING WHEAT LEAVES FOR FOLIAR TREATMENT BY CHELATE MICROERTILER ZHUSS-2
Authors: Пахомова Валентина , Pahomova Valentina , Даминова Насия , Daminova Nasiya , Кузнецова Наталья , Kuznecova Natal'ya
Published: August 2017

The spectrum of soluble proteins of spring wheat leaves was studied for foliar treatment with chelated copper, molybdenum-containing microfertilizer ZhUSS-2 (0.1% solution). Electrophoretically, polypeptides with a molecular mass of 13.2 - 145 kD were detected. The qualitative composition of soluble proteins in the leaves of spring wheat plants under the influence of foliar treatment during the vegetation did not change, however, their quantitative changes were observed. During a single treatment of spring wheat in the tillering phase, an increase in polypeptides with a molecular mass of 145 and 94 kD was recorded; the content of polypeptides with molecular weights of 13.2 - 66 kD decreased in comparison with the control sample. When the plants were sprayed twice in the tillering and tubing phases, the content of these polypeptides as well as polypeptides with molecular weights of 45 and 41 kD increased. The content of other detected polypeptides also decreased compared to the control variant. During a three-fold treatment of spring wheat plants in the tillering, tubing and blossoming-flowering phases with the ZhUSS-2 preparation, the number of all detected polypeptides increased in comparison with the control sample. Thus, the response of the metabolism of soluble proteins in the cells of spring wheat leaves to the action of foliar top dressing with copper, molybdenum-containing chelate microfertilizer of ZhUSS-2 brand in different phases of vegetation is different and depends on the dose of exposure. Particular attention should be paid to the role of two polypeptides in the treatment of vegetative plants by ZhUSS-2 M.M. 94 kD and, mainly, 145 kD. There is a reason to believe that copper molybdenum-containing chelate microfertilizer ZhUSS-2 exhibits the action of an abiogenic elicitor, which leads to activation of the gene apparatus of cells. The possible functional role of these proteins is discussed.
Effect of pre-operative expectations on the outcomes following total shoulder arthroplasty
Authors: Swarup I. , Henn C. M. , Nguyen J. T. , Dines D. M. , Craig E. V. , Warren R. F. , Gulotta L. V. , Henn III R. F.
Published: August 2017

Aims

Few studies have evaluated the relationship between patients’ pre-operative expectations and the outcome of orthopaedic procedures. Our aim was to determine the effect of expectations on the outcome after primary anatomical total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). We hypothesised that patients with greater expectations would have better outcomes.

Patients and Methods

Patients undergoing primary anatomical TSA completed the Hospital for Special Surgery’s Shoulder Expectations Survey pre-operatively. The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), Shoulder Activity Scale (SAS), Short-Form-36 (SF-36), and visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain, fatigue, and general health scores were also collected pre-operatively and two years post-operatively. Pearson correlations were used to assess the relationship between the number of expectations and the outcomes. Differences in outcomes between those with higher and lower levels of expectations for each expectation were assessed by independent samples t-test. Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to control for potential confounding factors.

Results

A total of 67 patients were evaluated two years post-operatively. Most parameters of outcome improved significantly from baseline and most patients were satisfied. A greater number of expectations was associated with a significantly greater improvement in the ASES score (p = 0.02). In the multivariable analysis, a greater number of expectations was an independent predictor of better ASES, VAS and SF-36 scores, as well as improvements in ASES and VAS pain scores (p < 0.05). Greater expectations for many specific expectation questions were significantly associated with better outcomes (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

TSA is a successful procedure with significant improvements in outcome, and greater pre-operative expectations are associated with better outcomes. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:1190–6.
Late presentation of developmental dysplasia of the hip
Authors: Talbot C. , Adam J. , Paton R.
Published: August 2017

Aims

Despite the presence of screening programmes, infants continue to present with late developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), the impact of which is significant. The aim of this study was to assess infants with late presenting dislocation of the hip despite universal clinical neonatal and selective ultrasound screening.

Patients and Methods

Between 01 January 1997 to 31 December 2011, a prospective, longitudinal study was undertaken of a cohort of 64 670 live births. Late presenting dislocation was defined as presentation after three months of age. Diagnosis was confirmed by ultrasound and plain radiography. Patient demographics, referral type, reason for referral, risk factors (breech presentation/strong family history) and clinical and radiological findings were recorded.

Results

There were 31 infants with an irreducible dislocation of the hip, an incidence of 0.48 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.34 to 0.68) per 1000 live births. Of these, 18 (0.28 (95% CI 0.17 to 0.44) per 1000 live births; 58%) presented late. All infants had a documented normal newborn clinical examination and no abnormality reported in the six to eight week check. Of the 18 late presenting cases 72% (n = 13) had no risk factors: 16 were referred by GPs and two were late due to administrative issues (missed appointments). The mean time to diagnosis was 62.4 weeks (19 to 84).

Conclusion

Despite universal clinical neonatal and selective ultrasound screening, late cases of irreducible hip dislocation still occur. We recommend an update of the national screening programme for DDH, a review of training and education of healthcare professionals involved in the physical examination of neonates and infants, and the addition of a further assessment after the six to eight week check. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:1250–5.
The effect of implant position on bone strain following lateral unicompartmental knee arthroplasty
Authors: Ali A. M. , Newman S. D. S. , Hooper P. A. , Davies C. M. , Cobb J. P.
Published: August 2017

Objectives

Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) is a demanding procedure, with tibial component subsidence or pain from high tibial strain being potential causes of revision. The optimal position in terms of load transfer has not been documented for lateral UKA. Our aim was to determine the effect of tibial component position on proximal tibial strain.

Methods

A total of 16 composite tibias were implanted with an Oxford Domed Lateral Partial Knee implant using cutting guides to define tibial slope and resection depth. Four implant positions were assessed: standard (5° posterior slope); 10° posterior slope; 5° reverse tibial slope; and 4 mm increased tibial resection. Using an electrodynamic axial-torsional materials testing machine (Instron 5565), a compressive load of 1.5 kN was applied at 60 N/s on a meniscal bearing via a matching femoral component. Tibial strain beneath the implant was measured using a calibrated Digital Image Correlation system.

Results

A 5° increase in tibial component posterior slope resulted in a 53% increase in mean major principal strain in the posterior tibial zone adjacent to the implant (p = 0.003). The highest strains for all implant positions were recorded in the anterior cortex 2 cm to 3 cm distal to the implant. Posteriorly, strain tended to decrease with increasing distance from the implant. Lateral cortical strain showed no significant relationship with implant position.

Conclusion

Relatively small changes in implant position and orientation may significantly affect tibial cortical strain. Avoidance of excessive posterior tibial slope may be advisable during lateral UKA. Cite this article: A. M. Ali, S. D. S. Newman, P. A. Hooper, C. M. Davies, J. P. Cobb. The effect of implant position on bone strain following lateral unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: A Biomechanical Model Using Digital Image Correlation. Bone Joint Res 2017;6:522–529. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.68.BJR-2017-0067.R1.
Development, But on Whose Terms?
Authors: Rebecca Richards
Published: August 2017

Sixty years of liberal development engagements with African states has had a significant impact upon socio-political relationships and expectations within the state. Societal expectations for the liberalization of economic-political space are evident within many African states, shaped through forms of normative intervention and liberal conditioning. However, with a rise of Chinese intervention in the African state, primarily through relationships centered on economic exchanges between China and African elites, the pressure for political change is being removed. This hegemonic shift not only changes who is influencing the African state, but also what is influencing as a normative shift is concurrently taking place. If societal expectations of liberalization are no longer supported by external pressures for change, what impact will this have on socio-political relationships within African states? This article questions the impact of a normative shift, or a potential normative shift, within development interactions and transactions, arguing that the removal of direct external liberal demands will raise socio-political tensions, and thus threaten stability, within African states engaged in Chinese development interactions.
Reconsidering the Net Generation: Putting the focus back on the technological landscape
Authors: Lunceford Brett , Rockwell Steven C.
Published: August 2017

Scholars and pundits alike have devoted considerable attention to the so-called ‘Net Generation’, arguing that their status as ‘digital natives’ requires a complete reconception of how educators use technology. Although the explosion of educational technologies warrants closer examination, we argue that the need for this change comes not from some generational Zeitgeist, but rather the change in the technological landscape. Thus, a more fruitful approach is to examine educational technologies from a media ecology standpoint, considering what these technologies enhance, retrieve, reverse into and obsolesce.
‘I Remember You’: Exploring glam metal’s re-emergence in contemporary metal music markets
Authors: Kummer Jenna
Published: August 2017

Due to glam metal’s ‘We’re Not Gonna Take It’ attitude, the music was labeled by political groups such as the Parents’ Music Resource Center (PMRC) as being countercultural and therefore dangerous for youth to listen to during its peak in the 1980s. Since then, glam metal has been renewed amid a nostalgic performance circuit, but also in television as softer and more familiar in some respects. Through a critical discourse and semiotic analysis of glam metal in reality television and television advertising, this article considers which attributes of contemporary culture might complement provisional identification with an extinguished subcultural style. Considering the notions of recontextualization and the aesthetic of the apparently real alongside postmodern discussions of identity and authenticity, this article’s findings suggest a move towards commonly held values of mature neoliberalism in the return of the glam metal genre in today’s metal music markets.
PARÂMETROS INDUSTRIAIS DA PRODUÇÃO DE DOCE DE LEITE
Authors: Oliveira Ana Carolina Paiva de , Pinto Sandra Maria , De Carvalho Antônio Fernandes , Schuck Pierre , Perrone Ítalo Tuler , Abreu Luiz Ronaldo
Published: August 2017

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar parâmetros industriais da produção de doce de leite. Durante 37 produções em escala industrial foram determinados o rendimento, o teor de sólidos solúveis e umidade do produto, o consumo de vapor e a duração da evaporação. Correlações foram estabelecidas entre as variáveis. A equação ST = 1,02 SL + 1,15, sendo ST = teor de sólidos totais, SL = teor de sólidos solúveis, descreve a relação entre ST e SL e constitui importante ferramenta para padronizar a produção e a composição do produto. A correlação mais forte estabelecida entre as variáveis ocorreu entre o tempo de produção (minutos) e o consumo de vapor (kg/h). O balanço de massa indicou uma perda média de 11,8% durante as produções. Melhorias na transferência do leite, açúcar e do produto final são indicadas como a principal solução para a redução das perdas nestas produções de doce de leite.