bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Daughter of Saul, or Saul Leanya: The Gendered Place of Atrocity in László Nemes's Son of Saul
Authors: Haragos Szidonia
Published: September 2021

László Nemes's 2015 production, Son of Saul (Saul fia), is one of the most critically acclaimed Holocaust movies to date. The film disrupts canonical notions of visual representation of the special squads of Jewish inmates, or Sonderkommando, forced to work in the crematoria. Simultaneously, it radically re-genders an exceptional survival scene recorded as autobiographical truth by witness testimony. A young Hungarian girl's survival of a Zyklon B gassing became exceptional among other incidents of survival in Auschwitz-Birkenau due to the medical assistance offered and the resuscitation administered by the Hungarian medical doctor of the crematoria, Miklos Nyiszli. Son of Saul effectively swaps the body of this teenage girl with the body of a boy in order to re-create a foundational patrilineal story of powerful ideological impact and legitimating force. Pursuing a project of reestablishing a hegemonic male discourse over the Holocaust, the film also portrays a female inmate as one of the four women who made the 7 October 1944 Sonderkommando revolt in Auschwitz-Birkenau possible by smuggling in the explosives for the insurgents. Ella's disconcerting neediness in the film seems uniquely misplaced onto a woman tortured by the Gestapo and hanged without having betrayed her accomplices. While Son of Saul offers its own remarkably successful solutions and modes of cinematic transcendence portraying the ultimate sites of extermination, it does not convey an adequate understanding of gender relations transformed by the historical context of the Final Solution and the vital role of women in the Jewish resistance to the Nazi-orchestrated genocide.
On Carolee
Authors: Rainer Yvonne
Published: September 2021

The essay celebrates Carolee Schneemann, the author's friend and colleague since their first meeting in the early 1960s at Judson Memorial Church, New York. The essay describes the author's and Schneemann's participation in the dance workshops at Judson. The essay cites select works produced by Schneemann at Judson, including Lateral Splay (1962) and Meat Joy (1964). The essay reflects on the relation between the dance workshops and Schneemann's work in painting. It gives particular focus to Schneemann's canonic “solo” Interior Scroll (1975) and the author's experience of the artist's retrospective exhibition Kinetic Painting at MoMA PS1 in 2018. The author presented this essay in the memorial service for Schneemann at Judson Memorial Church on 3 May 2019.
American as Apple Pie
Authors: Levin Erica
Published: September 2021

This brief tribute to Carolee Schneemann examines her self-conception as an American artist, considering how it intersects with the disruptive performance of gender norms in Americana I Ching Apple Pie (1972). The work was originally staged for the camera in Schneemann's London kitchen in 1972, during a period in which the artist was living in voluntary exile. She published a performance score for the piece in her artist's book Parts of a Body House (1972) and reprinted it in Cezanne She Was a Great Painter (1974–75). This essay reads Americana I Ching Apple Pie as an unruly reenactment of the highly gendered role that the filmmaker Stan Brakhage cast Schneemann to play in his short experimental film Cat's Cradle (1959). It considers the way she understood home and homeland as two interlocking fronts in the ongoing battle over how gender is encoded and enacted. It concludes by briefly considering the reception of Schneemann's work by a younger generation of artists, including Sondra Perry, who staged an homage to Americana I Ching Apple Pie in 2015.
Rereading Rape in the Critical Canon
Authors: Spampinato Erin A.
Published: September 2021

This essay identifies what the author terms “adjudicative reading,” a tendency in literary criticism to read novels depicting sexual violence as if in a court of law. Adjudicative reading tracks characters’ motivations and the physical outcomes of their actions as if novels can offer evidence, or lack thereof, of criminal conduct. This legalistic style of criticism not only ignores the fictionality of incidences of rape in novels, but it replicates the prejudices inherent in historical rape law by centering the experiences of the accused character over and against the harm caused to the fictional victim of rape. By contrast, the “capacious” conception of rape proposed here refuses to locate rape in a particular bodily act (as the law does), rejects the yoking of rape’s harms to a particular gender, and understands various forms of violence as equally serious (rather than creating a hierarchy of sexual assault, as current legal conceptions tend to do).
Reduction of cortical parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic interneurons in a rodent hyperoxia model of preterm birth brain injury with deficits in social behavior and cognition
Authors: Scheuer Till , dem Brinke Elena auf , Grosser Sabine , Wolf Susanne A. , Mattei Daniele , Sharkovska Yuliya , Barthel Paula C. , Endesfelder Stefanie , Friedrich Vivien , Bührer Christoph , Vida Imre , Schmitz Thomas
Published: September 2021

The inhibitory GABAergic system in the brain is involved in the etiology of various psychiatric problems, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and others. These disorders are influenced not only by genetic but also by environmental factors, such as preterm birth, although the underlying mechanisms are not known. In a translational hyperoxia model, exposing mice pups at P5 to 80% oxygen for 48 h to mimic a steep rise of oxygen exposure caused by preterm birth from in utero into room air, we documented a persistent reduction of cortical mature parvalbumin-expressing interneurons until adulthood. Developmental delay of cortical myelin was observed, together with decreased expression of oligodendroglial glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a factor involved in interneuronal development. Electrophysiological and morphological properties of remaining interneurons were unaffected. Behavioral deficits were observed for social interaction, learning and attention. These results demonstrate that neonatal oxidative stress can lead to decreased interneuron density and to psychiatric symptoms. The obtained cortical myelin deficit and decreased oligodendroglial GDNF expression indicate that an impaired oligodendroglial-interneuronal interplay contributes to interneuronal damage.
Myokine Expression and Tumor-Suppressive Effect of Serum after 12 wk of Exercise in Prostate Cancer Patients on ADT
Authors: KIM JIN-SOO , WILSON REBEKAH L. , TAAFFE DENNIS R. , GALVÃO DANIEL A. , GRAY ELIN , NEWTON ROBERT U.
Published: September 2021

Purpose

Although several mechanisms have been proposed for the tumor-suppressive effect of exercise, little attention has been given to myokines, even though skeletal muscle is heavily recruited during exercise resulting in myokine surges. We measured resting serum myokine levels before and after an exercise-based intervention and the effect of this serum on prostate cancer cell growth.

Methods

Ten prostate cancer patients undertaking androgen deprivation therapy (age, 73.3 ± 5.6 yr) undertook a 12-wk exercise-based intervention including supervised resistance training, self-directed aerobic exercise, and protein supplementation. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and muscle strength by the one-repetition maximum method. Fasting blood was collected at baseline and postintervention, and serum levels of myokines—secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine, oncostatin M (OSM), decorin, insulin-like growth factor-1, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3)—were measured. The growth of the prostate cancer cell line DU145 with baseline and postintervention serum was measured.

Results

Body weight (P = 0.011), fat mass (P = 0.012), and percent body fat (P = 0.033) were reduced, whereas percent lean mass (P = 0.001) increased, as did strength (leg press, P = 0.006; chest press, P = 0.020) across the intervention. Serum OSM levels (P = 0.020) and relative serum OSM levels (P = 0.020) increased compared with baseline. A significant reduction in DU145 Cell Index (P = 0.012) and growth rate (P = 0.012) was observed after applying postintervention serum compared with baseline serum.

Conclusions

This study provides evidence for enhanced myokine expression and tumor-suppressive effects of serum from chronically exercise-trained prostate cancer patients on androgen deprivation therapy.
Ultrasound-guided Procedures Allow Delay of Definitive Treatment for Core Muscle Injuries
Authors: POOR ALEXANDER E. , WARREN ALEC , ZOGA ADAM C. , MEYERS WILLIAM C. , ROEDL JOHANNES B.
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Core muscle injuries (CMI) are common in every sport. To minimize lost playing time, providers apply various nonsurgical treatments, including platelet-rich plasma, corticosteroids, ultrasound (US)-guided percutaneous tenotomy, and prolotherapy. Limited data exist with regard to their effectiveness. We chose to review a cohort of consecutive professional and collegiate athletes who sustained CMI at various points within their seasons and underwent a combination of US-guided percutaneous needle “tenotomy” and corticosteroid injections to complete the remainder of their seasons.

Methods

Twenty-five consecutive collegiate or professional athletes with CMI involving the rectus abdominis–adductor aponeurotic plate were included in this retrospective study. Athletes with concomitant symptomatic hip femoroacetabular impingement were included in the study. The primary outcome measure was whether athletes completed their seasons. Secondary measures were weeks played after the procedures (delay until surgery), need for repeat procedures, and outcomes after eventual surgery. Postoperative performance was assessed via interviews at 6 wk and 6 months postoperatively.

Results

Twenty-one of 25 (84%) athletes completed their seasons. On average, athletes returned to play 3 d (range, 1–9 d) after the procedures. Surgical repair was delayed a mean of 18 wk (range, 2–44 wk). Seven athletes had concomitant symptomatic femoroacetabular impingement and six underwent combined hip arthroscopy and core muscle repairs. Among 17 patients who eventually had core muscle surgery alone (no hip surgery), 82% (14 of 17) reported performing at their preinjury level at 6 wk. At 6 months, 96% of postop athletes (22 of 23) reported performing at their preinjury level.

Conclusions

Temporizing CMI with US-guided percutaneous tenotomy and corticosteroid injections is effective in allowing continued sport participation among high-level athletes and does not negatively affect postoperative outcomes.
Predicting Upper Quadrant Musculoskeletal Injuries in the Military: A Cohort Study
Authors: CAMPBELL KRISTYN E. , PARENT ERIC C. , CRUMBACK DANIEL J. , HEBERT JACQUELINE S.
Published: September 2021

Purpose

This study aimed to identify characteristics and movement-based tests that predict upper quadrant musculoskeletal injury (UQI) in military personnel over a 12-month follow-up.

Methods

A prospective observational cohort study of military members (n = 494; 91.9% male) was conducted. Baseline predictors associated with UQI were gathered through surveys and movement-based tests. Survey data included demographic information, injury history, and biosocial factors. Movement-based tests include the following: Y Balance Tests (YBT), Functional Movement Screen, Selective Functional Movement Assessment lumbar multisegmental mobility, modified–modified Schober, side bridge, ankle mobility, modified Sorensen, and passive lumbar extension. Self-reported UQI was collected through monthly online surveys, and 87% completed the follow-up. Univariate associations were determined between potential predictors and UQI. A forward, stepwise logistic regression model was used to identify the best combination of predictors for UQI.

Results

Twenty-seven had UQI. Univariate associations existed with three demographic (smoking, >1 previous UQI, baseline upper quadrant function ≤90%), three pain-related (Selective Functional Movement Assessment rotation, side bridge, hurdle step), and six movement-based variables (YBT upper quarter (UQ) superolateral worst score ≤57.75 cm, YBT-UQ composite worst score ≤81.1%, failed shoulder clearance, Sorenson <72.14 s, in-line lunge total score <15, and in-line lunge asymmetry >1). Smoking, baseline upper quadrant function ≤90%, and YBT-UQ composite score ≤81.1% predicted UQI in the logistic regression while controlling for age and sex. Presenting two or more predictors resulted in good specificity (85.6%; odds ratio, 4.8; 95% confidence interval, 2.2–10.8), and at least one predictor resulted in 81.5% sensitivity (odds ratio, 3.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–8.7).

Conclusions

A modifiable movement-based test (YBT-UQ), perceived upper limb function, and smoking predicted UQI. A specific (two or more) and sensitive (at least one predictor) model could identify persons at higher risk.
Exercise-induced Bronchodilation Equalizes Exercise Ventilatory Mechanics despite Variable Baseline Airway Function in Asthma
Authors: ROSSMAN MATTHEW J. , PETRICS GREG , KLANSKY ANDREW , CRAIG KASIE , IRVIN CHARLES G. , HAVERKAMP HANS CHRISTIAN
Published: September 2021

Purpose

We quantified the magnitude of exercise-induced bronchodilation in adult asthmatics under conditions of narrowed and dilated airways. We then assessed the effect of the bronchodilation on ventilatory capacity and the extent of ventilatory limitation during exercise.

Methods

Eleven asthmatics completed three exercise bouts on a cycle ergometer. Exercise was preceded by no treatment (trialCON), inhaled β2 agonist (trialBD), or a eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea challenge (trialBC). Maximal expiratory flow-volume maneuvers (MEFV) were performed before and within 40 s of exercise cessation. Exercise tidal flow-volume loops were placed within the preexercise and postexercise MEFV curve and used to determine expiratory flow limitation and maximum ventilatory capacity (V˙ECap).

Results

Preexercise airway function was different among the trials (forced expiratory volume 1 s during trialCON, trialBD, and trialBC = 3.3 ± 0.8 L, 3.8 ± 0.8 L, and 2.9 ± 0.8 L, respectively; P < 0.05). Maximal expired airflow increased with exercise during all three trials, but the increase was greatest during trialBC (delta forced expiratory volume 1 s during trialCON, trialBD, and trialBC = +12.2% ± 13.1%, +5.2% ± 5.7%, +28.1% ± 15.7%). Thus, the extent of expiratory flow limitation decreased, and V˙ECap increased, when the postexercise MEFV curve was used. During trialCON and trialBC, actual exercise ventilation exceeded V˙ECap calculated with the preexercise MEFV curve in seven and nine subjects, respectively.

Conclusions

These findings demonstrate the critical importance of exercise bronchodilation in the asthmatic with narrowed airways. Of clinical relevance, the results also highlight the importance of assessing airway function during or immediately after exercise in asthmatic persons; otherwise, mechanical limitations to exercise ventilation will be overestimated.
Scheduling the Main Professional Football League of Argentina
Authors: Durán Guillermo , Guajardo Mario , Gutiérrez Facundo , Marenco Javier , Sauré Denis , Zamorano Gonzalo
Published: September 2021

In this paper, we describe our work in scheduling Argentina’s First Division professional football league, the Superliga. Following existing work in sports scheduling, we develop an integer programming model for the Superliga season schedule and then, solve it using a decomposition approach. Unlike previous work, this scheme is based on the creation and assignment of cluster patterns, which take advantage of the model’s geographically driven handling of sporting fairness. We also model the assignment of matches to specific dates and time slots while simultaneously considering various conditions relating to or imposed by game broadcasters, the government, and international tournament calendars. Our work was implemented to schedule the Superliga’s 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 seasons, achieving clear improvements on a number of criteria over the previous approach.
Computation of Dynamic Equilibria in Series-Parallel Networks
Authors: Kaiser Marcus
Published: September 2021

We consider dynamic equilibria for flows over time under the fluid queuing model. In this model, queues on the links of a network take care of flow propagation. Flow enters the network at a single source and leaves at a single sink. In a dynamic equilibrium, every infinitesimally small flow particle reaches the sink as early as possible given the pattern of the rest of the flow. Although this model has been examined for many decades, progress has been relatively recent. In particular, the derivatives of dynamic equilibria have been characterized as thin flows with resetting, which allows for more structural results. Our two main results are based on the formulation of thin flows with resetting as a linear complementarity problem and its analysis. We present a constructive proof of existence for dynamic equilibria if the inflow rate is right-monotone. The complexity of computing thin flows with resetting, which occurs as a subproblem in this method, is still open. We settle it for the class of two-terminal, series-parallel networks by giving a recursive algorithm that solves the problem for all flow values simultaneously in polynomial time.
An Improved Integral Column Generation Algorithm Using Machine Learning for Aircrew Pairing
Authors: Tahir Adil , Quesnel Frédéric , Desaulniers Guy , El Hallaoui Issmail , Yaakoubi Yassine
Published: September 2021

The crew-pairing problem (CPP) is solved in the first step of the crew-scheduling process. It consists of creating a set of pairings (sequence of flights, connections, and rests forming one or multiple days of work for an anonymous crew member) that covers a given set of flights at minimum cost. Those pairings are assigned to crew members in a subsequent crew-rostering step. In this paper, we propose a new integral column-generation algorithm for the CPP, called improved integral column generation with prediction ([Formula: see text]), which leaps from one integer solution to another until a near-optimal solution is found. Our algorithm improves on previous integral column-generation algorithms by introducing a set of reduced subproblems. Those subproblems only contain flight connections that have a high probability of being selected in a near-optimal solution and are, therefore, solved faster. We predict flight-connection probabilities using a deep neural network trained in a supervised framework. We test [Formula: see text] on several real-life instances and show that it outperforms a state-of-the-art integral column-generation algorithm as well as a branch-and-price heuristic commonly used in commercial airline planning software, in terms of both solution costs and computing times. We highlight the contributions of the neural network to [Formula: see text].
Terapia tópica para el tratamiento del dolor en heridas neoplásicas malignas: protocolo de revisión de alcance
Authors: Ferreira Suzana Aparecida da Costa , González Carol V. Serna , Faresin Adriane Aparecida da Costa , Thum Magali , Rosa Talita dos Santos , Woo Kevin , Santos Vera L.C. de Gouveia
Published: September 2021

Sinopsis

Introducción:

El 14,5% de los pacientes con cáncer desarrolla heridas neoplásicas malignas (HNM), caracterizadas como friables, exudativas, fétidas, sangrantes y dolorosas. Algunos estudios reportan que todos los pacientes con HNM experimentan dolor, pero hay escasez de evidencia científica para fundamentar su tratamiento.

Objetivo:

Mapear y examinar la evidencia existente sobre terapias tópicas para manejar el dolor en pacientes adultos con HNM.

Método:

Se diseñó un protocolo de revisión de alcance, de acuerdo con la metodología del Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Serán consultadas las bases de datos CINAHL, LILACS, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane, NICE, Scopus, JBISRIR y la literatura gris, para la búsqueda de estudios publicados y no publicados en inglés, portugués y español. La selección estará a cargo de, al menos, dos revisores. La síntesis de los resultados será narrativa, con gráficos y tablas. Se incluirán estudios cualitativos, cuantitativos y revisiones, que describan el uso de terapias tópicas para el dolor en pacientes con HNM.

Conclusión:

Este estudio permitirá clasificar y discutir las terapias tópicas disponibles, y recomendar futuros estudios primarios.
Estrategias de protección antimicrobiana en el cuidado de heridas: evidencia para el uso de apósitos recubiertos con DACC
Authors: Rippon Mark G. , Rogers Alan A. , Ousey Karen
Published: September 2021

Sinopsis

Antecedentes:

Normalmente, las infecciones son tratadas con antimicrobianos (antibióticos, antisépticos, etc.). La resistencia antimicrobiana (AMR, por sus siglas en inglés) se ha convertido en una de las amenazas del siglo XXI más graves para la salud mundial. Las heridas pueden ser una fuente de infección al permitir la entrada libre de microorganismos dentro del cuerpo, incluyendo bacterias resistentes a antimicrobianos. El desarrollo de nuevos antimicrobianos (especialmente, antibióticos) no está siguiendo el ritmo de la evolución de microorganismos resistentes y de formas novedosas de abordar este problema con la urgencia que demanda. Una de estas iniciativas ha sido el desarrollo de programas de protección antimicrobiana (AMS, por sus siglas en inglés), que brindan capacitación a los trabajadores del área de la salud y controlan la prescripción, enfocándose en los antimicrobianos para reducir la probabilidad de que se produzca AMR. El uso de apósitos para herida que utilizan el aislamiento físico y el abordaje de retención, en vez de agentes antimicrobianos, para reducir la carga bacteriana ofrecen un abordaje novedoso para apoyar a los AMS. La fijación bacteriana por los apósitos y su retiro físico, en lugar de la muerte activa, minimiza su daño y, además, previene la liberación de endotoxinas dañinas.

Objetivo:

Resaltar los AMS para la promoción del uso correcto de antimicrobianos e investigar cómo los apósitos recubiertos con cloruro de dialquilcarbamilo (DACC) pueden ayudar a cubrir las metas de los AMS.

Método:

Se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos de revisiones sistemáticas, Medline, Cochrane y Google Scholar con el fin de identificar artículos publicados que describan los datos relacionados con los AMS, y el uso de una gran variedad de apósitos para heridas para la prevención y/o tratamiento de infecciones de la herida. La evidencia que respalda a los apósitos para heridas alternativos que pueden reducir la biocarga y prevenir y/o tratar la infección de heridas de forma tal que no maten ni dañen a los microorganismos (por ejemplo, fijándose activamente y retirando intactos a los microorganismos de las heridas) fue posteriormente revisada de forma oral.

Conclusión:

Algunos apósitos para heridas actúan a través de mecanismos que promueven la fijación y absorción física, aislamiento y retiro de microorganismos intactos de la base de la herida (por ejemplo, un apósito para heridas que utiliza la tecnología DACC para prevenir/reducir la infección). Esta es una herramienta valiosa que cumple con los requisitos del AMS (por ejemplo, reducción del uso de antimicrobianos en esquemas de tratamiento de heridas) al reducir la biocarga de la herida sin inducir/seleccionar bacterias resistentes.
The First Irish Cities
Authors: Dickson David
Published: September 2021

A backward corner of Europe in 1600, Ireland was transformed during the following centuries. This was most evident in the rise of its cities, notably Dublin and Cork. The book explores ten urban centers and their patterns of physical, social, and cultural evolution, relating this to the legacies of a violent past, and it reflects on their subsequent partial eclipse. Beautifully illustrated, the book reveals how the country's cities were distinctive and — through the Irish diaspora — influential beyond Ireland's shores.
What Is in the Historia de Méjico?
Authors: Van Young Eric
Published: September 2021

The chapter offers an analysis of the Historia de Méjico, with an extended comparison between Alamán’s work and that of his friend Carlos María de Bustamante, who wrote a highly colored, heroic-nationalist treatment of the 1810 insurgency. Alamán expresses a positive but qualified judgement of the colonial period and a low opinion of Mexico’s indigenous people. He laments the racially-tinged violence of the Hidalgo movement, condemning the priest for setting Mexico along the path of violent internal conflict and political instability, while singling out Agustín de Iturbide’s heroic role in consummating Mexican independence through canny military statesmanship, and Father José María Morelos as the greatest leader among the insurgents. His final opinion was that Mexican independence was inevitable in any case, but that it took a wrong turn because of Hidalgo’s jacquerie-like uprising. The chapter concludes with a melancholy evocation of the materialism that modernization had brought to Mexico by mid-century.
The Faiths of Others
Authors: Howard Thomas Albert
Published: September 2021

In recent decades, organizations committed to interreligious or interfaith dialogue have proliferated, both in the Western and non-Western worlds. Why, how so, and what exactly is interreligious dialogue? These are the touchstone questions of this book, the first major history of interreligious dialogue in the modern age. The book narrates and analyzes several key turning points in the history of interfaith dialogue before examining, in the conclusion, the contemporary landscape. While many have theorized about and/or practiced interreligious dialogue, few have attended carefully to its past, connecting its emergence and spread with broader developments in modern history. Interreligious dialogue — grasped in light of careful, critical attention to its past — holds promise for helping people of diverse faith backgrounds to foster cooperation and knowledge of one another while contributing insight into contemporary, global religious pluralism.
The End of the Cold War
Authors: Rosato Sebastian
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines U.S.-Soviet relations at the end of the Cold War (1985-90). The bulk of the chapter draws on the primary and secondary historical record to evaluate how American and Soviet decision makers viewed each other’s intentions, focusing on the Soviet Union’s early unilateral arms control initiatives; Moscow’s efforts to forge a “grand compromise”; the negotiation and aftermath of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty; and Moscow’s retrenchment, including its withdrawal from Afghanistan and announcement that it would make significant cuts to its conventional forces in Europe. Were they confident that their counterparts had benign intentions—that is, did they trust each other—as asserted by intentions optimists? Or were they uncertain about each other’s intentions, which is to say that they mistrusted each other, as suggested by intentions pessimism? Having shown that Washington and Moscow were acutely uncertain about each other’s intentions in each case, the chapter then describes the resulting U.S.-Soviet security competition. Finally, the chapter examines the last two years of the Cold War and demonstrates that although neither side came close to trusting the other, only the United States continued to compete for security, because the Soviet Union could not afford to sustain the effort.
A Rich Place, a Poor State
Authors: Gillingham Paul
Published: September 2021

This chapter analyzes the history of the state of Veracruz between 1880 and 1945. It charts the social impact of industrialization, the beginnings of oil extraction and the economic take off of the Porfiriato. It explores the notably low impact of the armed revolution on that economy, and the subsequent gains of organized labour and agrarian radicals in the 1920s and 30s in real wages, land, and political representation. Generals gave way to civilians and graduates in government, and a young generation of veracruzanos led by Miguel Alemán began their ascent to power in Mexico City. At the same time, however, in Alemán’s homeland peasant and labour movements fractured, the power of the military and violent landowners grew, corruption flourished, and the economy stalled. By the early 1940s Veracruz was a failed state.
Conclusion
Authors: Gillingham Paul
Published: September 2021

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
Effectiveness of interventions for the management of primary frozen shoulder
Authors: Rex Saleema S. , Kottam Lucksy , McDaid Catriona , Brealey Stephen , Dias Joseph , Hewitt Catherine E. , Keding Ada , Lamb Sarah E. , Wright Kath , Rangan Amar
Published: September 2021

Aims

This systematic review places a recently completed multicentre randomized controlled trial (RCT), UK FROST, in the context of existing randomized evidence for the management of primary frozen shoulder. UK FROST compared the effectiveness of pre-specified physiotherapy techniques with a steroid injection (PTSI), manipulation under anaesthesia (MUA) with a steroid injection, and arthroscopic capsular release (ACR). This review updates a 2012 review focusing on the effectiveness of MUA, ACR, hydrodilatation, and PTSI.

Methods

MEDLINE, Embase, PEDro, Science Citation Index, Clinicaltrials.gov, CENTRAL, and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry were searched up to December 2018. Reference lists of included studies were screened. No language restrictions applied. Eligible studies were RCTs comparing the effectiveness of MUA, ACR, PTSI, and hydrodilatation against each other, or supportive care or no treatment, for the management of primary frozen shoulder.

Results

Nine RCTs were included. The primary outcome of patient-reported shoulder function at long-term follow-up (> 6 months and ≤ 12 months) was reported for five treatment comparisons across four studies. Standardized mean differences (SMD) were: ACR versus MUA: 0.21 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.00 to 0.42), ACR versus supportive care: -0.13 (95% CI -1.10 to 0.83), and ACR versus PTSI: 0.33 (95% CI 0.07 to 0.59) and 0.25 (95% CI -0.34 to 0.85), all favouring ACR; MUA versus supportive care: 0 (95% CI -0.44 to 0.44) not favouring either; and MUA versus PTSI: 0.12 (95% CI -0.14 to 0.37) favouring MUA. None of these differences met the threshold of clinical significance agreed for the UK FROST and most confidence intervals included zero.

Conclusion

The findings from a recent multicentre RCT provided the strongest evidence that, when compared with each other, neither PTSI, MUA, nor ACR are clinically superior. Evidence from smaller RCTs did not change this conclusion. The effectiveness of hydrodilatation based on four RCTs was inconclusive and there remains an evidence gap. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(9):773–784.
Treatment of Ruptured Meningocele Post-Brachial Plexus Surgery: Potential Life-Threatening Complication-An Unique Case Report of Management of Ruptured Meningocele Post-Brachial Plexus Surgery to Avoid Dreadful Complication
Authors: Parag B. Lad , Pankaj Ahire , Sanket Tanpure
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Formation of meningocele in brachial plexus injury is known and can be diagnosed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It is mainly reported in brachial plexus root avulsion injuries and does not require specific treatment. We report accurate diagnosis and management of dreadful complication due to rupture of meningocele post-brachial plexus exploration.
Case Report: A 23-year-old engineer presented at 4 months post-bike accident right side extended brachial plexus injury involving C5, C6, and C7. On MRI, he had meningocele in C6-7 root region. We performed supraclavicular exploration of brachial plexus and distal nerve transfers for shoulder abduction and elbow flexion. During surgery, the meningocele was ruptured. As the cyst was deep and extending toward apex of lung, the diagnosis of fluid drained had to be distinguished from pleural fluid with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We found hemo-glucose test and beta-2-transferrin levels are mandatory to confirm the diagnosis. Post-surgery, the patient had drainage of almost 500 cc of CSF from wound every day for 3 days. This was managed by repeat MRI and finally lumbar puncture drainage helped to seal the meningocele in neck.
Conclusion: Meningocele in brachial plexus injury is common but rupture of cyst can be fatal. To confirm the origin of fluid, beta-2-transferin level is more specific test than the hemo-glucose test. Lumbar puncture and drainage away from neck can be more reliable modality of treatment in case of intraoperative rupture of such cysts if drainage is excessive postoperatively.
Keywords: Meningocele rupture, cerebrospinal fluid leak, accurate diagnosis, management.
Marginalisation and inclusion
Authors: Watt Paul
Published: September 2021

This chapter draws upon social tenants’ housing histories and employment experiences to assess urban marginalisation with reference to class, race and gender. Since the 1970s, social housing estates in Western cities have been characterised by poverty, deprivation and stigmatisation. London’s public/social housing has increasingly accommodated deprived and socially marginalised groups including the poor, unemployed, sick and disabled, lone-parent families, ethnic minority groups, and the homeless (Hamnett). This process has been conceptualised as residualisation, social exclusion, and socio-tenurial polarisation. These conceptual frameworks are critiqued along three dimensions. First, they have under-emphasised the dynamic, spatial and inclusionary aspects of tenants’ labour market engagement; female residents often work in the local labour market, and such employment contributes towards working-class getting by and place belonging (Chapter 6). Second, estates have become more socially and ethnically diverse and inclusionary spaces (Sassen). Third, in terms of tenure preferences, council/social housing is valued because, unlike the private rental sector (PRS), it provides security at manageable rents. Contrary to the residualisation thesis regarding social renting, it’s the PRS which has consistently been the tenure of last resort for working-class Londoners. The final section focusses on the shifting relationship between homelessness and social renting.
Degeneration
Authors: Watt Paul
Published: September 2021

This chapter analyses what happens once regeneration moves beyond the early consultation stage. In stark contrast to the official regeneration rationale – creating better places – residents experience physical, social, symbolic and psychosocial degeneration. Physical degeneration entails managed decline – worse maintenance, repairs and cleaning services, while about-to-be demolished estates miss out on Decent Homes Programme funding (Chapter 2). Social degeneration occurs as familiar neighbours leave and are replaced by a shifting gallery of squatters, temporary tenants and property guardians. Estates consequently become more socially anomic places as local social capital declines and anti-social behaviour increases. The half-empty estates, pock-marked by boarded-up properties, suffer symbolic degeneration as they perversely become attractive locations for mass media urban dystopian programmes and films, heightening territorial stigmatisation. Psychosocial degeneration occurs as the remaining residents suffer from enormous psychological strain – including the noise and dust stresses of living on a building site, the depressive loss of familiar faces, and anxiety regarding displacement. The endless nature of degeneration/regeneration propels residents into a limbo-land of lives put on hold. These degeneration strands close the ontological gap between the ‘sink estate’ place myth and residents’ lived experiences. As this gap closes, the stage is set for residents’ displacement (Chapter 10).
Displacement
Authors: Watt Paul
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on residents’ displacement experiences, including their feelings prior to moving – displacement anxiety – and their spatial relocation. It begins with an overview of dispossession with reference to social cleansing. Council tenants have the fullest rehousing rights, including the right-to-return to the redeveloped estates. Among tenants who realised the right-to-return by moving into new flats in the redeveloped estates, rehousing experiences varied, with a few regarding it as positive, while others grieved at losing their beloved old homes. Tenants who had been physically displaced away from their estates found relocation stressful. Owner-occupiers experienced extensive displacement anxiety, and only a few returned to the redeveloped estates. Temporary tenants experienced rehousing as a traumatic part of their never-ending housing precarity. The contingent nature of council tenants’ right-to-return is assessed, one which is negatively affected by the elongated nature of regeneration and also by limited social rental re-provision in the redeveloped estates (Chapter 3 and 4). In some cases, such as the Carpenters estate in Newham (Chapter 12), there is nothing to return to because no redevelopment has occurred. The final section considers agency, choice and control, with temporary tenants experiencing an overtly coercive rehousing process via evictions and court appearances.
Fighting or mixing: quantitative and qualitative research
Authors: Thompson Paul , Plummer Ken , Demireva Neli
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on the age-old debate in the social sciences about the primacy of methods and the relationship of our pioneers to one of the main ideological battles blighting disciplines such as sociology. Every researcher makes a conscious decision to adopt a qualitative or quantitative method in their social enquiry, or sometimes to even mix them both, and it would have been extremely unusual for the pioneers not to engage sometimes with the oppressive responsibility to pick a 'side'. The chapter explores the extremes in this debate, as well as less-entrenched positions that advocate a middle-ground approach.
Fieldwork: making methods
Authors: Thompson Paul , Plummer Ken , Demireva Neli
Published: September 2021

The opening voices (voices 5) to the chapter are those of two very early fieldworkers — Raymond Firth's Voyage to Tikopia, and W.W. Williams observations of the English Village, Gosforth. They introduce the newness and engagement with such research: they were two of our earliest pioneers. Overall, the chapter aims to capture the excitement of creating and shaping an early research methodology. It starts with a very short history of fieldwork, highlighting just how much it has changed; and then examines the ways in which some pioneers made their first forays into method, facing new problems and helping gradually to shape modern methodology. Prominent in this was the development of community studies and the rise of the interview as a method.
Ideology and politics in government, central and local
Authors: Marshall Tim
Published: September 2021

Government is central to the activity of planning. Here the basic functioning of planning in England in central and local government is summarised. The place of planning as a part of public bureaucracies is analysed. It is argued that bureaucracy is a vital and valuable aspect of government, which can help to promote fair treatment and prevent corruption. However, planning is only in part a bureaucratic activity, as much of its work demands specific and creative responses to local circumstances. Analysis is then given of the operation of planning at the local level, identifying the role of local politicians and the formation of local political and ideological planning contexts. Case studies draw on Oxfordshire and Hampshire experience in recent decades. A final section analyses the ideological and political framing of the neighbourhood planning instituted in England in the last decade, identifying the weaknesses that this suffers from, as well as some potential for learning.
Ideology and politics in professions, lobbying, consultancies and pressure groups
Authors: Marshall Tim
Published: September 2021

Planning takes place not only within governmental processes but also in a myriad of political activities affected by pressure groups and lobbies. The planning profession is itself part of this world of pressure politics as are other related professions. The range of pressure groups is surveyed, including the world of think tanks relevant to planning. It is argued that there is also a “dark side” of pressure politics which seeks to influence the planning system, like all public policy areas. Study of this murky and hardly regulated field of commercial lobbying firms is presented. The chapter then considers how far this problematic lobbying system may be impacting on planning at central and local levels. It is concluded that there is nothing like a pluralist level playing field in planning in England, with moneyed interests likely to have a strong influence on policy making and local decision making.
Post-professionalism and allied health
Authors: Nancarrow Susan , Borthwick Alan
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores post-professional roles in detail, and the implications of these roles for the allied health professions generally. One relatively unique feature of the allied health professions is the extent of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary working across the continuum of professionalisation. These trans- and interdisciplinary relationships can be negotiated at a team or institutional level; however, they are also formalised into recognised training structures and professional hierarchies, particularly in the fields of diabetes education, mental health and in generic assessment and case management roles, such as with the National Disability Insurance Scheme in Australia and with intermediate and transitional care for older people in the UK.
Conclusion
Authors: Prabhakar Rajiv
Published: September 2021

This concluding chapter reflects on some of the things that critics of financial inclusion might learn from its supporters. As many critics of financial inclusion are already engaging with policy topics at some level, they might benefit from a deeper engagement with policy detail. This might pave the way for more detailed criticisms. The chapter then uses the example of the financial education of young people to highlight the varying nature of policy, which might also inform theoretical discussions of the everyday life of finance. Indeed, financial education is important in building financial capability. Finally, the chapter suggests some possible further areas of research that build upon some of the arguments contained in this book.
Europeanised policy making in Ireland
Authors: Murphy Mary C.
Published: September 2021

In this chapter the influence of the European Union (EU) on the policy making process and policy analysis in Ireland is examined. The country’s EU membership has been marked by periods of volatility, with support for the institution wavering at times. Membership has aided Ireland’s global positioning and ability to cope with international competition, but has also constrained the policy analysis process as autonomous action by national actors can be limited by legal commitments to EU membership. Also, policy initiatives emanating from the EU have sometimes challenged conservative domestic constituencies. The chapter provides a pair of case studies to demonstrate a variety of Europeanisation effects across the Irish policy analysis spectrum. Being part of the EU has produced distinct patterns of adaptation and contestation at the domestic level. The consequences of EU membership have been both expansive and comprehensive, impacting on a myriad of domestic issues, sectors and policies.
Irish science policy: a case study in evidence-based policy design for small open economies
Authors: Cullina Eoin , Harold Jason , McHale John
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines national science policy as a case-study in evidence-based policy design. Its reviews the strategy and science of Irish science policy in light of the challenges for such policies in an SOE. The success of knowledge intensive industries depends on access to knowledge. However, private firms tend to underinvest in basic science where much of the benefit spills over to other firms, highlighting an important role for governments. Governments of SOEs face two challenges in devising a strategy for science policy: first, the benefits of science investments are likely to flow disproportionately to other countries; second, small size may limit the benefits of agglomeration economies that are central to many knowledge-intensive industries. Despite obvious spillover and scale challenges – geographical stickiness of new knowledge production and the capacity to absorb knowledge from the global stock depends on being active at the frontiers of knowledge production. The chapter concludes that the national benefit of research is the advantage in being able to access knowledge produced elsewhere.
Youth Prospects in the Digital Society
Authors: Bynner John , Heinz Walter
Published: September 2021

Youth Prospects in the Digital Society In an age when the next generation have worse prospects than their parents, this book appraises the challenges that young people face resulting from the instability and uncertainty of their lives. Based on young people’s experience of education, training, employment, family life and political participation in England and Germany, the book examines the impact of digitalisation on identity in the context of rising inequality. The focus is on the effects of technological transformation, fragile European Union institutions, growing nationalism and mental and economic stress arising from the Covid-19 pandemic on youth transitions and the ever-present shadow of climate change. Such an uncertain context presents systemic challenge for the forms and effectiveness of youth policy in the different national contexts as addressed in each of the chapters that follows. Youth policy is shaped by such key issues as the future of vocational education and training in the digital society, job creation, family, political engagement and community life, the impact of social media and universal connectivity. The book argues that government should be under an obligation to ensure that every young person has access to the technical, economic, and educational resources needed to shape their personal transition to adulthood and acquire the capability needed to participate fully in the digital society.
Rural community vignette
Authors: Webster Della , Humphries Sylvia
Published: September 2021

This chapter illustrates a few things people need to know to live well in rural Canada, especially those who are aging. It emphasizes the need for a reliable vehicle and knowledge on what to do and prepare for emergencies, such as power outages, snowstorms, ice buildup, and vehicle and machine breakdowns. It also points out how the small size of rural communities can lead to social isolation, especially for someone who is new to the area. the chapter reviews observations and knowledge of aging experiences, challenges, and opportunities in two communities in rural New Brunswick. It starts with an overview of each community in New Brunswick, followed by a summary of the unique barriers and opportunities to aging well in rural areas.