bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk Assessment for Petroleum Contamination Exposure in Groundwater
Authors: Shen Jing , Huang Guo He , Yang Qi , Li Chao , Shi Bin , Shen Yang Shuo , He Li
Published: June 2012

This paper presents a human health risk assessment approach based on fuzzy transport simulation (HHRA-FTS) to create the response relationships between contaminants transport and human health. Compared to the conventional methods, HHRA-FTS employs the fuzzy transport simulation to model the concentration and fate of contaminants, and takes into account different exposure pathways of pollutions in risk assessment. It has the advantage of avoiding miscalculation of results in terms of giving an interval values for the concentration of contamination by the fuzzy simulation. The HHRA-FTS approach is applied to a real-world PH-contaminated groundwater system in Pinggu County, located in northwest of Beijing, China, for demonstration studies.
Study on Safety Production Environment Mechanism
Authors: Liu Wei , Zhang Shi Yun
Published: June 2012

In this paper, safety production environment mechanism is analyzed, and An evaluation model for safety investment benefits is presented. From the viewpoint of proion system situations and capital flow transition between safety investment and accident loss in enterprises, the relationship of production investment, production output and safety investment benefits are deduced. By comparing production systems with and without safety investment, the variation rules and their model between safety investment benefits and accident loss in extreme and actual situations are analyzed. Finally, the expressions of safety investment benefits are derived for general actual cases. The proposed evaluation model can provide an important and scientific basis to evaluate safety investment benefits and be employed in a number of ways to improve it for enterprises and safety administrator.
Analysis on Basic Conditions and Main Control Factors of Accumulation in Eastern Area of Yishan Slope of Ordos Basin
Authors: Shi Bao Hong , Wang Juan , Zhang Yan
Published: June 2012

The group of reservoir and cap-rock in Chang4+5 and Chang6 has good basic conditions of accumulation in eastern area of Yishan Slope of Ordos Basin, because it located up the high quality sources rocks (Chang7) and had a lot of hydrocarbon migrated from western areas. The reservoirs were the sand bodies formed in the distributary channels of delta plain and subaqueous distributary channels of delta front. The cap-rocks were the mudstones and compacted siltites formed in the floodplain and interdistributary areas.They composed lithologic traps. The types of petroleum reservoirs belong to lithologic hydrocarbon reservoir. The distribution of oil layers controlled by depositional microfacies and the excellent quality group of reservoir and cap-rock and migration conditions.
Present Situation on Beneficiation of Lead-Zinc Oxide Ore
Authors: Liu Si Qing , Wang Wan Ping , Song Bao Xu , Zhang Min
Published: June 2012

With the exhausting of lead–zinc sulphide ores, the recovery of lead-zinc oxide ores becomes more and more significant. Extensive work has been carried out at home and abroad on the treatment of lead and zinc oxide ores in reagent scheme, flotation flowsheets, and joint process. Sliming is one of the main reasons why the lead-zinc oxides are difficult to recover. Eliminating the influence of slime and strengthening the study of joint process are the main development trends in future work.
Process Mineralogy of a Low Grade Cu-Ni-PGM Sulphide Ore and its Implications for Mineral Processing
Authors: Liu Si Qing , Song Bao Xu , Liu Quan Jun , Wang Wan Ping
Published: June 2012

Based on process mineralogical study of a low-grade Cu-Ni-platinum group metal(PGM) sulfide ore in SW China, the occurrence of Cu and Ni, the distribution of platinum group minerals (PGMs) and their relationships with other minerals are determined in detail, which provides scientific reference for forthcoming mineral processing and extractive metallurgy. The mineralogical results show that 18 individual PGMs containing all the 6 platinum group elements (PGEs) are investigated, and it can be concluded that the PGMs in the ores mainly occur as individual minerals. SEM images show that the PGMs are mainly disseminated in sulphides, most occur as inclusions or semi-inclusions, and part are inlayed along the other minerals to form coarse compound grains. Due to the the complex mineral composition and texture, processing the Cu-Ni-PGM ores by traditional flotation may be difficult to get a good processing performance.
Recovery of Silver from Zinc Leach Residue by Flotation
Authors: Liu Jian , Wen Shu Ming , Wu Dan Dan
Published: June 2012

The study aims to recovery of silver minerals from zinc leach residue by flotation method with mixed collectors, namely, ammonium dibutyl dithiophosphate (ADD) and diethyl dithiocarbamate (DD). The effect of key parameters, i.e., grinding fineness, dosage of collectors and dosage of sodium chloride on the flotation performance was investigated. The results indicate that dosages of ADD and DD have both significant effects on the flotation performance, and sodium chloride plays an important role in the increase of the grade of silver, by eliminating the detrimental effect of Zn2+ in the pulp. The optimum conditions for flotation of silver from the material were identified as grinding fineness of 90%, dosage of ADD at 400 g/t, dosage of DD at 75 g/t and dosage of NaCl at 60 g/t; under such a condition, a sliver recovery of 76.92% with a concentrate grade of 2012.30 g/t was achieved, and the tailing from the flotation has a lower sliver grade of 17.30g/t, with only 15.04% of silver lost in the tailing.
Recovery of Ultrafine Copper Oxide Mineral with Vacuum Flotation
Authors: Liu Dian Wen , Fang Jian Jun , Zhang Xiao Lin , Bai Shao Jun , Wei Zhi Cong , Wen Shu Ming , Zhang Wen Bin
Published: June 2012

Tangdan copper oxide ore deposit, located in the northeast Yunnan province of China, is the largest independent copper oxide deposit in China. The ore from the deposit is characterized by low grade, high oxidation ratio and fine-grained dissemination, which results in the poor flotation recovery. The analysis of plant flotation data reveals that the loss of copper minerals into tailings is mainly with coarse size fraction, due to its insufficient liberation and finer size, especially for the size fraction below 10 microns, which are very difficult to be floated with conventional flotation methods. In order to improve the flotation performance of the ore, laboratory tests include Hallimond flotation and vacuum flotation were respectively conducted with pure malachite, the dominant copper oxide mineral in the deposit; and the results indicate that a finer grinding fineness up to -325 mesh even -400 mesh is required to decrease the copper loss in the coarse size fraction, and vacuum flotation provides a promising way for the recovery of ultrafine malachites.
Study on Extracting Potassium from Potassium Feldspar with Molten Salt Leaching Method
Authors: Song Jian Guo , Wang Xin Zhi , Xiao Shao Dan , Liu Wei
Published: June 2012

This article aims to study the technology of extracting potassium from potassium feldspar with molten salt leaching method and to analyze the effects of temperature, reaction time and other factors on extracting potassium, concluding the optimal process conditions of extracting potassium with molten leaching method from potash feldspar.
Study on Terminal Velocity of Particles in the Teetered Bed Separator
Authors: Ma Rui Xin , Liu Wen Li , Shi Chang Sheng
Published: June 2012

Several mathematical models describing particle separation and predict the separations in TBS are available. Because of the complexity of these models, Galvin’s model and Das’s model are of most interest. Equations of Galvin’s model, Das’s model and Alien’s law are used to predict the values of the terminal velocities. Free settling tests of 25 samples were undertaken. The average deviation of Galvin’s model is 0.019043, the values predicted by equations of Galvin’s model are most closes to the experimental data. Therefore, correlation equations of Galvin’s model should be chosen to calculate the terminal velocity of particles in the TBS.
Study on the Interaction in Silica-Sphalerite-Mixture (Silica:Sphalerite=4:1)-Gypsum Systems
Authors: Ren Hao , Yang Xiao Lian , Song Gui Lan
Published: June 2012

There is a remarkable interaction when fine particles adsorbed calcium ions in sphalerite / silica system, it is not conducive to mineral flotation. That is the key to how to reduce or eliminate calcium ions for reducing the interactions. This paper focuses on Zeta potential and Zeta potential distribution (ZPD) with single minerals and Mixture (silica/sphalerite=4:1) in gypsum solution, and the interactions of the sphalerite / silica particles was analyzed.
Study on the Interaction in Silica-Sphalerite-Mixture (Silica:Sphalerite =4:1)-Calcium Carbonate Systems
Authors: Ren Hao , Ning Jing , Song Gui Lan
Published: June 2012

There is a remarkable interaction when fine particles adsorbed calcium ions in sphalerite / silica system, it is not conducive to mineral flotation. The key is to how to reduce or eliminate calcium ions. The calcium ions concentration is decreased significantly if the accumulation of gypsum is converted to calcium carbonate in the circulating water. This paper focuses on Zeta potential and Zeta potential distribution (ZPD) with single minerals and Mixture (silica/sphalerite=4:1) in calcium carbonate solution, and the interactions of the sphalerite / silica particles was analyzed.
Choice and Application of Governance Mode of Mining Subsidence Areas in Cities
Authors: Zhang Guang Wei , Wang Le Jie , Fang Jun , Cao Xin Kuan
Published: June 2012

Abstract. This paper, taking Tangshan City as an example, through analysis of the ecosystem’s carrying capacity before governance, elaborates the necessity of mining subsidence control, studies three different management modes, analyses the feasibility of global ecological management mode, and, from different views, evaluates their treatment effects.
Sulfur Content Reduction and Iron Grade Improvement of V-Ti Magnetite Concentrate by Combining Reverse Flotation and Magnetic Separation
Authors: Deng Jiu Shuai , Wen Shu Ming , Bai Shao Jun , Xie Mei Fang , Shen Hai Ying
Published: June 2012

For low-grade iron ore, smelting costs and resource wastage will be increased. Product quality of such ore is affected adversely by an excessive amount of sulfur. This also causes environmental pollution. In accordance with the vanadium-titanium (V-Ti) magnetite concentrate properties with low iron grade and high sulfur content, the joint process of magnetic separation and flotation was carried out. Magnetic separation was conducted to increase the iron grade, while reverse flotation was used to reduce sulfur content. Results show that the feeding mainly contains titanomagnetite, hematite, and pyrite. The sulfur was primarily found in pyrite. The separation effect was influenced by the grinding fineness, magnetic intensity, collector type and dosage, and pH value. At a grinding fineness of −45 μm accounting for 87%, most of the iron minerals exhibited monomer dissociation. An open-circuit experiment was carried out under the best conditions of magnetic intensity, as well as collector and modifier dosage. Good experimental results were obtained as follows: the iron grade increased to 57.17%, iron recovery was 89.94%, sulfur content decreased from 0.66% to 0.26%, reverse flotation of sulfur foam concentrate contained almost 15.68% sulfur, the upgrade ratio was about 23, and the cobalt in the sulfur concentrate was enriched 20-fold. A method for improving the comprehensive utilization level and effect of mineral resources is provided in this study.
The Effect of Mixed Collectors on Zinc Oxide Flotation
Authors: Wu Dan Dan , Wen Shu Ming , Liu Jian , Shen Hai Ying , Bai Shao Jun
Published: June 2012

In this study, factors influencing zinc oxide flotation are investigated. These factors include the dosages of sulfidizing reagent, the pH of the regulator and the activator, the use of sodium carbonate as the pH regulator and activator, the use of copper sulfate as the activator and the use of isoamyl xanthate as the collector. All of the above factors are essential to the effective recovery of zinc oxide. Flotation using mixed collectors (isoamyl xanthogenate + dithionphosphate) showed promising results. The ratio of the mixed collectors and the addition sequence of the mixed collectors were important in attaining a true mixed collector for zinc oxide flotation. In the closed circuit experiment, these agents helped to produce a zinc concentrate with 12.41% Zn, 80.03% recovery and 17.29% Zn in the tailings. The zinc concentrate with 12.41% Zn was used as a material for hydrometallurgy to collect zinc.
The Experimental Research on the Separation for Floatation of the Sulfur and Arsenic in a Refractory Gold Ore
Authors: Liu Zhi Lin , Ye Xue Jun , Wei De Zhou
Published: June 2012

The ore belongs to a kind of refractory gold ore cotaining arsenic and high-sulfur, contains high-sulfur and low-gold, and arsenopyrite is the main host mineral for Au. Because the floating gold fine with arsenic from sulfur floatation. lead to high content of arsenic in sulfur concentrate. This part of the gold loss in the sulfur concentrate. By optimizing the structure of floatation flow and using the new inhabitor LY100 for arsenic, the indexes of small-scale closed circuit test were obtained: the sulfur concentrate grading at 48.78% with a recovery of 44.76% and with As 0.47%, the arsenic concertrate grading at 15.95% with a recovery of 75.14%.
Analysis on Gas Drainage Based on High-Pressure Water Injection
Authors: Zheng Chao , Yang Tian Hong , Yu Qing Lei , Zhang Peng Hai
Published: June 2012

Gas outburst has been a major disaster in high gas mine. Flow law of gas in coal seam was studied, and gas drainage measures were proposed were extraordinarily useful for mine safety and rational use of gas. Finite element numerical method was applied to study changing law of gas pressure before and after the high-pressure water injection and damage deformation of coal under high-pressure water based on fluid-solid coupling and gas-solid coupling and damage theory. This research shows that: (1) a damage area was generated in coal seam under high-pressure water injection. Range of the damage area increase rapidly at the start of water injection and gradually slow down with the passage of time, eventually be more stable. (2) The permeability of rock mass of coal under high-pressure water injection. (3) High-pressure water injection had significant effect on gas drainage in a certain area. It provided a theoretical basis for selecting reasonable design programs to product gas by high-pressure water injection technology.
Application Study of Phase Inversion for Drilling Fluid in Well Lianhua 000-X2#
Authors: Yang Li , An Yun Peng , Tian Nan , Ma Jun , Yao Jian Hua
Published: June 2012

In order to reduce the flow resistance of a water-based drilling fluid, emulsifiers tend to be added into the drilling fluid mixed with oil at the same time. However, inappropriate proportion or oil-based pipe free agent with low HLB value could easily trigger the phase inversion of the drilling fluid, causing its stability loss or even water–solid separation. Therefore, starting from the root cause of the phase inversion, the surfactivity of solid-phase materials in the drilling fluid was changed from hydrophobicity to hydrophilicity by adding surfactants with high HLB value. Then its colloidal properties were reestablished by combining alkali diluting agent, and the drilling fluid with phase inversion of well Lianhua 000-X2# was treated indoors. The results of the field application in the well show that high-HLB surfactant can solve the phase inversion of a water-based drilling fluid properly, and that barite sedimentation and well control problem, caused by the phase inversion of the water-based drilling fluid with high-density, can be avoided.
Development of a New Drilling Fluid Additive from Lignosulfonate
Authors: Zhang Jie , Chen Gang , Yang Nai Wang
Published: June 2012

Nitration-oxidation lignosulfonate (NOLS) was prepared using lignosulfonate (LS) as raw material. The product was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The performance as a drilling fluid additive was evaluated with regard to rhology, filtration and temperature resistance. The results showed that NOLS can improve the viscosity under room temperature, decrease the viscosity under high temperature and reduce the filtration more effectively than that of lignosulfonate, which display its good temperature resistance. So NOLS may be used as sustained release nitrogen fertilizer in agriculture as it was abandoned after the drilling process.
Improved Genetic Algorithm for Gas Well Production Dynamic Optimization Model
Authors: Ding Xian Feng
Published: June 2012

In this paper, An improved genetic algorithm that Powell genetic annealing exact penalty function method was proposed to deal with the non-linear characteristics in gas well production dynamic optimization model. The direct method with Powell to unconstrained optimization problems as a parallel operator as selection, crossover and mutation operator, was embedded into the basic genetic algorithm. Powell operator was defined in genetic algorithm and using annealing exact penalty function control penalty term, so the hybrid genetic algorithm for the global optimal solution to unconstrained optimization problem was made. The method avoided the difficulties of solving the model gradient, and effectively overcome searching local optimal solution and not high success probability by artificially giving more initial point to calculate and seek the optimal solution with Powell method. And the method significantly improved the convergence probability of the global optimal solution in the genetic algorithm. The method was practical and effective by analysis of examples, and it can give suggestion for gas well reasonable production system.
The Key Technology Research of the Water Injection System Energy Saving for Super Low Permeability Reservoir in Changqing Oil Field
Authors: Huang Zhi Qiang , Chen Zhen , Zheng Gang , Xue Jian Qiang , Li Xue Yuan
Published: June 2012

With the characteristics of low permeability, pressure and abundance, it's extremely hard to exploit the super low permeability reservoirs in ChangQing oil field. For this reason, the water injection recovery technique has been widely used. Analysis showed that a serious problem of high energy consumption exist in the water injection system, the power consumption of which accounts for about 44%. And the energy cost of pump units reach up to 43%, it's the highest energy consumption link in the system. In this paper the load rate classification method (LRCM) is firstly adopted to statistical analyze water injection stations, which are divided into the owing and over load rate stations. As a result, the owing load rate stations accounts for 83.8%, with a serious phenomenon of the Big Horse Pull A Small Carriage, causing the large-scale backflow in the station, and the efficiency is low, the energy consumption is on the high side. Aimed at water injection stations with different load rate, the methods of reasonable shutting down the pumps, pump replacement, optimizing the transmission ratio and piston size, as well as the speed control technology have been used to make the outlet flow and actual demand reasonable matching. The test result shows that the energy saving technology is well targeted, simple, practical and low cost. The pump units’ efficiency improves obviously, the consumption reduces by 10%, which greatly improve the oilfield economic benefits.
Accumulated Conditions of Shale Gas in the Middle-Low Palaeozoic, Yangtze Platform, China
Authors: Hu Hai Yan , He Zhen Duo , Chen Bao Cai
Published: June 2012

Shale gas is an important unconventional natural gas resource. There is probably abundant shale gas resource in the Longmaxi Formation of the lower Silurian, Sichuan Basin, West China. Longmaxi Formation is high quality source rock, its TOC(total organic carbon) up to the most vulue 6.5 percent; the Formation more than 1percent TOC is up to 105 meters. Because of high maturity, it cannot identify the kerogen type by element Carbon and Hydron ratio, rather than carbon isotopic value. The isotopic carbon values of Kerogens are more than 29.67 permillage, which showed One Type Kerogen. In the Longmaxi Formation, source rock is up to post maturity and lack of vitrinite, so vitrinite reflectance cannot measure the source maturity. It can measure bitumen reflectance, then calculate relevant vitrinite reflectance (Ro) by bitumen reflectance to identify the organic matter thermal evolution degree. The result showed the maturity degree of organic matter equal to more than 3 percent vitrinite reflectance (Ro), which showed the source rock yielded rich thermogenic gas during the geological thermal evolution. The source rock of Longmaxi Formation has some silt partly composed of quartz mineral, up to 40 percent, which is beneficial to gas reservoir. So, it has available shale gas developed elements because of rich organic matter, high thermal maturity degree, good pool. The geological analogy method is used to assess the resource potential. Sichuan Basin has drastically similar to Michigan Basin and San Juan Basin in basin type, seal conditions, reservoir states, source rock, matched condition and so on. So they are selected as standard basin. Sixteen parameters are used to appraise the shale gas pool geological conditions. Compared with Michigan Basin and San Juan Basin by analogy method, Longmaxi Formation shale gas potential is 0.06-0.36 billion cubic meter per square kilometer.
A New Approach for Oil Drilling Bit Selection with Fractal Theory
Authors: Yang Ming He
Published: June 2012

In the oil drilling engineering, the choice of the best bit-type can improve penetration rate, shorten the drilling cycle time and speed up the oil field exploration and development pace. The drill bits type optimal selection has important meaning in oil drilling engineering. Based on the brief introduction of fractal theory, it pointes out that the fractal theory can describe the depositional sequence of formations with self-similar characteristics in this paper. It puts forward a method of calculating correlation dimension with multivariate model according to log information. It has also established statistical relationship between correlation dimension and the working performance standard of bits. At the end of the paper the bit types selection method, adopting the correlation dimension, has given out. This method is practically feasible through the example validation.
Fracture and Gas Potential in Tight Sandstone Reservoirs in the Eastern Part of Sulige Gas Field, Ordos Basin (China)
Authors: Yang Ren Chao , Li Yi Jun , Zhang Tao , Fan Ai Ping , Wang Yan Long
Published: June 2012

Sulige gas field in Ordos Basin is the largest discovered gas field in China. But tight sandstone reservoirs is becoming the main limitation of natural gas exploration and exploitation in Sulige gas field. Intensively analysis on micro-pore structure of sandstone reservoirs in Shan1 member of Shanxi formation and He8 member of Shihexizi formation in Permian system in the eastern part of Sulige gas field are conducted by means of drill core observation, slice identification, SEM analysis, casting slice and mercury injection etc. analytical methods. Result shows that fracture is well developed in sandstone reservoirs in the northern part of the interest area, by which petrophysical property of tight sandstone reservoir is improved distinctly. Types of fracture are dominated by diaclase and the diagenesis cracks. Main direction of the fractures is NE and NW, and the angle of the two groups fractures is nearly 90°.But one set of the conjugate shear fractures would develop well and the other was rest rained by the influenced of strong anisotropism of sandbodies. Diaclase and the diagenesis cracks developed along the boundery of tectonic divisions. Fracture is one of the important reasons for improvement of permeability in tight sandstone reservoirs. Gas potential of sandstone in fracture-developed section is much better than that of non-fracture section. Consequently, it is signaficant for all of reservoir forecasting, high productivity gas pool seeking, design and construction of natural gas exploitation to grasp distribution laws of fracture.
Research on Horizontal Well Development Effect Assessment in Super-Low-Abundance Thin Reservoir
Authors: Nie Bin , Liu Yue Tian , Zhang Ting Jing
Published: June 2012

Based on the actual production data, this paper selected some evaluation parameters and established reasonable evaluation criterion for the horizontal well development effect in the ultra low-abundance and thin zone reservoir by using statistical analysis method，reservoir engineering analysis process and reservoir numerical simulation technology .In addition, a development effect evaluation system specially for the horizontal well development effect in the ultra low-abundance and thin layer reservoir was build up with the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation approach. Finally, the evaluation system were applied in several low-abundance and thin reservoir blocks. It was shown that the evaluation system can scientifically estimate the development effect of this kind of reservoir and has a practical application value.
An Improved Artificial Neural Network for Recognition of Beam Pump Dynamometer Card
Authors: Ni Jun , Ren Zhan Li , Han Guo Qing
Published: June 2012

Beam pump dynamometer card plays an important role in identifying the production state of oil wells. With an ability to reflect any non-linear mapping relationship, the artificial neural network (ANN) can be used in pattern recognition. This paper illuminates ANN realization in identifying fault kinds of dynamometer cards, including a back-propagation algorithm, characteristics of the Dynamometer card and some examples. It is concluded that the buildup of a neural network and the abstract of dynamometer cards are important to successful application.
Application of Dynamic Data Mining and Case-Based Reasoning in the Drilling Fault Diagnosis
Authors: Li Qi , Zhai Peng , Zhao Yun Li
Published: June 2012

Most of the traditional drilling fault diagnosis & decision systems use static data mining technology, so the update of knowledge base becomes its bottlenecks in its development. In order to meet the actual needs, this paper puts forward the method, which combines dynamic data mining technology with case-based reasoning technology, to design drilling fault diagnosis & decision systems. First, design drilling fault diagnosis system overall, then describe the realization of how to realize dynamic data mining and case-based reasoning in detail, finally, introduce some question about the update of knowledge base.
Borehole Stability Analysis and its Application in Xujiahe Formation of ZJ Block
Authors: Su Kan Hua , Liu Hong , Wang Jun
Published: June 2012

The mainly borehole problems are sticking (collapse) and circulation loss in Xujiahe formation of ZJ block, so the drilling rate is very low. In order to improve the penetration of rate of ZJ block, the rock mechanical test method, ground stress test method, well history statistics method, and logging data analysis method were adopted. The borehole stability mechanism of xujiahe formation was analyzed. Combined with the drilling fluid experimental evaluation, the measures of improve wellbore stability of xujiahe formation was Proposed. Field application tests show that, the borehole problems and its processing time are greatly reduced using those proposed measures. The penetration of rate in the Xujiahe formation of test well increased 20-30%, and the application effect is obvious.
Design of Self Swellable Casing Centralizer for Zonal Isolation in Petroleum Wells - A Utility Model of Well Completion Tool
Authors: Yin Fei , Gao Bao Kui , Qin Xing , Han Xuan Zhuo , Zhang Hong Qiang
Published: June 2012

In view of the problem that fluid channeling between zones resulting from poor quality of cement sheath, a new casing centralizer is designed. The centralizer can make casing string in position as usual and seals micro-channels by the oil/water swellable rubber. Swellable rubber slices are inlaid in centralizer edges to add sealing efficiency. In order to seal diversion trenches effectively, axial moveable rubber bars are designed. During slurry injection, rubber bars are pushed upwards by differential pressure to open the flowpathes; after displacement, rubber bars reset under spring force. So, a circular sealing strip is formed by rubber slices and rubber bars for zonal isolation. In the paper, structure and working principle of this tool are described, materials and components are matched, structure strength is calculated, and the feasibility of the new tool is discussed.
Experiment Research of Flooding Efficiency on Alternative Injection of Low-Tension System and Foam System
Authors: Wang Ke Liang , Jiao Guang Pu , Feng Han , Fu Tian Tian
Published: June 2012

To make binary low-tension system play a vital role in improving oil displacement efficiency and foam system expand swept volume, binary low-tension system alternates with binary foam system flooding laboratory research is carried out after the polymer flooding technology. The method of airflow is used to proceed with foaming performance experiments by nitrogen gas. Surfactant CYL which foaming performance is stronger has good compatibility with alkali-free surfactant. The evaluation of the interfacial tension experiments shows that surfactant HLX has a low interfacial tension; the HLX's ability of reducing interfacial tension is less affected by CYL. It is shown through experiment that displacement recovery of binary foam system is 7.84% and binary low-tension system is 5.87% after polymer flooding, as well as the injection pattern of (0.05PV binary foam system+0.05PV N2+0.1PV binary low-tension system) alternating three times is best, which displacement recovery is 14.22% and 12.26% in natural core after polymer flooding. The injection pattern of profile control and oil displacement can attain a perfect effect after polymer flooding.
Failure Analysis on Fracture of a 3-1/2″ P110SS Tubing
Authors: Han Yan , Zhao Xue Hui , Zhang Juantao , Cai Rui , Lin Guan Fa
Published: June 2012

The tubing, as a key ingredient in the well development, worked always under very complex stress and corrosion conditions, the failure of the tubing could cause huge losses. In this paper, a fractured 3-1/2″ P110SS tubing was analyzed through physical and chemical properties testing, SEM, EDS, and XRD method. The results showed that the failure of the tubing was belong to hydrogen sulfide stress corrosion cracking. The tubing material could not pass the SSC test, it was inappropriate to use in well contained high hydrogen sulfide.
Generational Technology of Computational Grid in Porous Media Based on Digital Image
Authors: Liu Jian Jun , Chen Wan Lin
Published: June 2012

Based on digital imaging processing technology, a generational method of computational grid of porous media is developed for numerical simulation. Transformation of original microscopical image from grayscale into binary one and vector-graph are used for reconstructing a geometric model of porous media. Computational grid of porous media geometry model by COMSOL Multiphysics software can provide an effective way for the latter finite element analysis of porous media.
Mesozoic Intrusive Rocks Characteristics and Comparative between the West Hubei-Jiangxi and the East Jiangsu-Anhui
Authors: Qu Cui Xia , Yang Xing Ke , He Hu Jun , Song Hong Ye
Published: June 2012

This paper relies on "The base structure and guide the middle and lower Yangtze River mine - re-controlling factors of research project" in order to study the Mesozoic intrusive rocks in the characteristics of the middle and lower Yangtze River area and distribute-on of the western part of Hubei - Jiangxi and eastern Jiangsu - Anhui comparative study of eastern and western areas. On the basis of the full collection and comprehensive study of previous data, with the actual project work and research, through comprehensive research and analysis, bounded on the east and west of Jiujiang area controlled by different tectonic framework of characteristics of intrusive rock, mainly from the petrology, rock chemistry, magma sources and diagenetic characteristics such as age were compared with paper.
Influence of Back Pressure on Testing Starting Pressure Gradient in Low Permeability Gas Field
Authors: Yan Jian , Liu Xiao Juan
Published: June 2012

For the existence of formation water, the capillary force increases when the gas flow in the cores, so the flow may display starting pressure gradient. However, during the lab testing, sometimes it is found that the starting pressure gradient changes in different test conditions: when the outlet pressure is atmosphere, only the water saturation reaches critical value (Sw)c, the quasi starting pressure exists; but when the outlet pressure is not atmosphere; it is easy to find the quasi staring pressure in the same water saturation. And the quasi starting pressure under the later condition is larger than that in former condition. It is also found that the quasi starting pressures are both power function to the ratio of core coefficient and water saturation. The experimental results provide some theoretical references for recognizing the flow characteristics in low permeability gas reservoirs.
Research on the Mechanical Advantage of Subsea Connector
Authors: Tian Kai , Duan Meng Lan , Hong Yi , Bai Peng Hui , Zheng Li Jun , Luo Xiao Lan
Published: June 2012

Subsea connector is one of the critical device used in the development of subsea wells. Analyzing the locking mechanism is important for the optimization design of it. An simple method based on freebody diagrams and simple friction theory is demonstrated to analyze the mechanical advantage of subsea connectors, which is mainly related to coefficient of sliding friction. The equation derived is plotted for different sets of friction coefficient to analyze their influences. It is demonstrated that the mechanical advantage(MA) is highest at friction coefficients near zero. Changes of a few range may alter connector clamping force by a significant factor.
Research Progresses of Hydraulics for Extended Reach Drilling in China, Part III: Hydraulics Design Method and Risk Analysis System
Authors: Guo Xiao Le , Wang Zhi Ming , Long Zhi Hui
Published: June 2012

The extended reach drilling (ERD) is being adopted widely in China. But it also brought a series of technical difficulties because of its own characteristics. Some progresses were made after several years of hard work in China about Hydraulics for ERD. In the paper of “Research Progresses and Perspectives of Hydraulics for Extended Reach Drilling in China, Part I” and “ Part II”, the author demenstrated part of these progresses including cuttings transport model, precise model of pressure loss calculation, hole cleaning monitoring method and hydraulic extended limit calculation model and analysis. In this paper, the rest were presented which inlcuding hydraulics design method and risk analysis system for ERD. Based on the above studies, the author finally developed a system of hole cleaning monitoring and hydraulics design and its risk analysis which could provide theoretical support and useful tool for engineering design and risk analysis before drilling. These researches are helpful to ERD and have enriched the hydraulic theory of ERD.
Simulation and Design for Bidirectional Hydraulic Control Check Valve of a Logging Instrument
Authors: Dai Min Qiang , Zhao Sheng Dun , Cai Wei
Published: June 2012

Logging instrument are work in severe environment such as 140 MPa formation pressure, H2S corrosive content, 50 hours continuous working time, 175 °C ambient temperature without heat dissipation etc. The paper designed the bidirectional hydraulic control check valve which is a key control element of MDT logging instrument. And a simulation model was established based on AMESim to analyze the structure and function of the design.
Simulation of Sand Production with a Coupled Seepage-Deformation-Damage Model
Authors: Sun Feng , Liu Bo , Xue Shifeng
Published: June 2012

The deformation of the oil sand matrix is an important issue given that in situ and well pumping induced stresses impact on the susceptibility of the oil reservoir to produce sand. Focusing on this problem, a fully coupled seepage-deformation-damage model is developed to simulate the enhanced sand production phenomena. Finite element method with explicit and sequential iterative algorithm is used to solve the coupled governing equation system. Simulation results relating perforation cavity propagation, sand production rate and cumulative sand production are presented. The study suggests that the proposed model may be used to generate quantitative information for predicting sand production and optimizing pressure drawdown.
Study on Harmless Technology of Waste Oil-Based Drilling Fluid
Authors: Wang Ping Quan , Qian Zhi Wei , Bai Yang , Li Zai Jun , Meng Shuang
Published: June 2012

Oil-based drilling fluids are essential for challenging drilling operations. However oil-based drilling fluid after using for the well site and the surrounding environment also poses a serious negative effect. Therefore, for studying on harmless technology of waste oil-based drilling fluid in this paper. Base on the tradition treatment technology for waste oil-based drilling fluid, by the preferred for treatment chemicals, improved the experimental methods and conditions, achieved some research results. Added 8.5g/L xylene/ispropanol complex demulsifier under the 50°C, pH value of 4 conditions to breaking the waste oil-based drilling fluid, the remove base oil rate is 84%, the moisture content is less than 1%, reached the "Twelfth Five-Year" major projects of national requirements' indicators; added 11ml/100g breaker SW-B, 10g/100g lime and 30g/100g cement to system for curing the waste drilling fluid, the solidified strength of the cured than 0.5MPa; Determined to leaching toxicity of solid waste, the pollution index of leaching toxicity of solid waste meeting National Integrated wastewater discharge standard (GB8978-1996).
The Development of an Oil Reservoir with Condensate Gas Cap
Authors: Song Heng , Zhao Lun , Li Jian Xin , Shi Kou
Published: June 2012

The development of gas-oil reservoir with condensate gas is more difficult than pure gas reservoir or oil reservoir. This article gives the example of G oil reservoir the development of gas cap and oil rim. According to the characteristic of the oil developing and the results of numerical simulation, the rules for oil and gas developing and developing time have been defined, by which the recoveries of gas, oil, and condensate oil will reach a significantly high level.
Hydroisomerization of N-Hexadecane on a Highly Selective Zeolite Catalyst
Authors: Zhang Peng Fei , Chen Yi Liang , Guo Shi Ling
Published: June 2012

n-hexadecane was selected as model compound and studied the hydroisomerization performance on SAPO-11 zeolite catalyst. Platinum was loaded on by wet impregnation with H2PtCl6.6H2O solution . Experiments conditions were as follows : hydrogen pressure ranging from 1.0 to 3.0 MPa, reaction temperature ranging from 320 to 380 °C , WHSV ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 h-1 , molar ratio of hydrogen to n-hexadecane ranging 10 to 40 . The results show that Pt/SAPO-11 zeolite catalyst has a highly conversion and selectivity.
Measurement and Correlation for Vapor Pressure and Excess Enthalpy of the New Working Pairs：Water/Ethanol/Methanol + Ionic Liquids 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Diethylphosphate
Authors: Zhang Xiao Dong , Hu Da Peng , Zhao Zong Chang
Published: June 2012

Three binary solutions composed of ionic liquid (IL), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethylphosphate ([EMIM] [DEP]), and selected refrigerants (water, ethanol or methanol) were proposed as new working pairs for absorption heat pumps or absorption refrigerators. The vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data were measured by a static method at different temperatures and at different ILs mole factions and correlated by the None-Random Two Liquids (NRTL) activity coefficient models, and the average relative deviation were less than 3.3%. The solutions showed strong negative deviation from the Raoult's Law and were able to absorb vapor of water, ethanol or methanol. The excess enthalpies were measured and correlated at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. The results indicated that the mixing of [EMIM] [DEP] with water, ethanol or methanol were exothermal. The proposed solutions were proved to possess one of the fundamental features that a working pair must have in absorption cycle.
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Azo Aromatic Diacyl Chlorides
Authors: Jia Qing Chao , Chen Yan Jun , Hou Hong Min
Published: June 2012

Six azo aromatic diacyl chlorides were synthesized under microwave irradiation. The method offers better yields in shorter reaction times compared to classical heating approaches and ultrasonic irradiation.
Research on Characteristics of Spiral Flow Generator in a Horizontal Liquid-Solid Circulation Fluidized Bed
Authors: Liu Yan , Zhang Shao Feng , Zhang Wei
Published: June 2012

An experimental study is carried out to investigate the structure parameters and pressure drop characteristics of a spiral flow generator in a horizontal liquid-solid circulation fluidized bed. The CCD image measurement and data processing system was used to study the particles distribution at different angles covering 10°, 15°, 20°and 25°normal to the axial ﬂow direction. Increasing the vane angle resulted in lower particles non-uniform results. The vane angle has important influence on generation of the spiral flow in horizontal circulation fluidized bed. The pressure loss with spiral flow generator is higher than that without spiral flow generator. The average increase in pressure losses was about 110% in comparison with that for the pipe without spiral flow generator. The vane angle of 15° represented the minimum pressure drop values.
Investigation into the Functions of Alkali and Surfactant in Chemical Flooding for Enhanced Heavy-Oil Recovery
Authors: Ge Ji Jiang , Pei Hai Hua , Zhang Gui Cai , Hu Xiao Dong , Jin Lu Chao
Published: June 2012

In this study, a comparative study of alkaline flooding and alkali-surfactant flooding were conducted for Zhuangxi heavy oil with viscosity of 325 mPa•s at 55 °C. The results of core flooding tests show that the tertiary oil recovery of alkali-surfactant flooding are lower than those of alkaline-only flooding, in spite of the coexistence of the surfactant and alkali can reduce the IFT between the heavy oil and aqueous phase to an ultralow level. Further flood study via glass-etching micromodel tests demonstrates that injected alkaline-only solution can penetrate into the oil phase and creates some discontinuous water droplet inside the oil phase that tend to lower the mobility of the injected water and lead to the improvement of sweep efficiency. While for alkali-surfactant flooding, heavy oil is easily emulsified in brine by an alkaline plus very dilute surfactant formula to form oil-in-water emulsion, and then entrained in the water phase. Therefore, viscous fingering phenomena occur during the alkali-surfactant flooding, resulting in relatively lower sweep efficiency.
Research of Oil Product Secondary Distribution Optimization Based on Particular Service Level
Authors: Shen Chun Hao , Miao Rui , Ge Min , Jiang Zhi Bin
Published: June 2012

Domestic product oil sales companies are striving for decreasing logistics cost and improving logistics service level to strengthen core competitiveness. The paper will explore how to optimize the secondary distribution of oil product, with respecting to the relationship between logistics cost and logistics service level. Firstly, the character of product oil logistics and the relationship of benefit deviation between logistics cost and logistics service is elaborated. Secondly, the optimization model of product oil secondary distribution based on particular service level is built. At last an example is introduced to verify the effectiveness of this model. The result provides some support on decision making to the domestic product oil sales companies.
Researches on Daqing Oilfield Scale Analysis and Removal Method
Authors: Wang Xue Qin , Meng Ling Hui , Zhu Hong Wei , Liu Li , Huang Yu Dong
Published: June 2012

The scale formation in the oilfield has been a serious problem during the oil recovery process, which influences the oil recovery efficiency tremendously. The composition and surface morphology of the scale obtained from the oil well of Daqing Oilfield of China was analyzed by XRF, XRD and SEM. The results show that, the main compositions of the scale are crystal CaCO3 and amorphous SiO2. Different organic and inorganic acid was used in the scale removal experiments. It’s the inorganic acid that takes the most important part in the scale removal process.
Study on Desanding Technology Based on Gravity Sedimentation in Oil Gathering and Transportation Station
Authors: Yao Pei Fen , Xiao Rong Ge , Zhang Qiao Sheng , Zhan Jing
Published: June 2012

This paper is about the study on desanding technology based on the characteristics of the produced fluid and the principle of the suspension gravity settling. Proposed a new type of three-phase separator by analyzing the species of gravity desanding and the main influencing factors of sedimentation (including particle properties, liquid properties, solid-liquid ratio, containers and stir) .The inclined plane is substituted by a plane on the internal components of the container, which makes the sand deposits easily and then removed by desander. The design principle of the desander is based on the principle of jetting pump (the desanding technology in airtight container). It has been applied to oil filed successfully and provides a reference for further study.
Study on Resin Coated Sand Proppant Used for Oil Production
Authors: Chen Tao , Wang Guo Zhen , Gao Jie , Yang Yan Dan , Ma Rui , Lei Xin Rong , Yan Chun Jie
Published: June 2012

A method of preparing precured resin coated sand particles was developed. The effects of resins dosages, plasticizer and coupling agent on the sphericity, roundness, crush resistance and flow conductivity of pre-cured resin coated sand were also discussed. Compared with raw sand, the sphericity and roundness of this resin coated sand particles is higher. It also possessed excellent properties to company sample, such as better resistance to crushing, as well as higher short term flow conductivity. By use of the resin coated sand, the cost could be reduced, and the yield of raw oil will be increased. It is a promising method of modified sand in field of hydraulic fracturing treatment.
Characteristic Metallurgical Relations and Qualities of the Iron Clamps of the Epikourios Apollo
Authors: Dasargyri Georgia
Published: June 2012

Abstract The subject of the present research work referred to the metallurgical examination of five iron clamps taken from the Epikourios Apollo by the Conservation Committee. The temple constitutes one of the most famous ancient temples dedicated to Apollon, built in (420-410 BC) by Iktinos, the same civil engineer who previously created Parthenon. For this reason, the new temple characterized as “the twined Parthenon”. This study makes an effort to clarify some important questions related to their manufacture, composition and iron ore origin.