bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Presentation and outcome of tuberculous meningitis in adults in the province of Castellon, Spain: a retrospective study
Authors: ROCA B. , TORNADOR N. , TORNADOR E.
Published: January 2008

The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological and clinical features of tuberculous meningitis in the province of Castellon, Spain. Retrospective analysis was done of all cases attended during the last 15 years. The following groups of variables were assessed: sociodemographic data, medical antecedents, clinical presentation, imaging study results, analyses, cerebrospinal fluid microbiology, treatment, and outcome. Twenty-nine cases were included. Median of age of patients was 34 years, and 17 (59%) were males. HIV infection was present in 15 cases (52%), fever, the most common symptom, occurred in 27 (93%), nuchal rigidity was noted in only 16 (55%), and syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) occurred in 13 cases (45%). Chest radiograph was abnormal in 15 cases (52%). Anaemia was found in 22 subjects (76%), hypoalbuminaemia in 18 (62%) and hyponatraemia in 15 (52%). Macroscopic aspect of cerebrospinal fluid was normal in 17 cases (65%). Acid-fast stain was positive in only one case (4%). Two patients presented resistance to anti-tuberculous medications. Twelve patients (41%) died and eight (28%) presented sequelae. An association was found between death as outcome and presence of SIADH and lower level of serum cholesterol. Tuberculous meningitis is a rare and frequently difficult to recognize disease, which results in significant morbidity and mortality. We found an association of mortality with SIADH and lower level of serum cholesterol.
Geodynamic implications of the Cenozoic stress field on Seymour Island, West Antarctica
Authors: Maestro A. , López-Martínez J. , Bohoyo F. , Montes M. , Nozal F. , Santillana S. , Marenssi S.
Published: January 2008

Palaeostress inferred from brittle mesostructures in Seymour (Marambio) Island indicates a Cenozoic to Recent origin for an extensional stress field, with only local compressional stress states. Minimum horizontal stress (σ3) orientations are scattered about two main NE–SW and NW–SE modes suggesting that two stress sources have been responsible for the dominant minimum horizontal stress directions in the north-western Weddell Sea. Extensional structures within a broad-scale compressional stress field can be linked to both the decrease in relative stress magnitudes from active margins to intraplate regions and the rifting processes that occurred in the northern Weddell Sea. Stress states with NW–SE trending σ3are compatible with back-arc extension along the eastern Antarctic Peninsula. We interpret this as due to the opening of the Larsen Basin during upper Cretaceous to Eocene and to the spreading, from Pliocene to present, of the Bransfield Basin (western Antarctic Peninsula), both due to former Phoenix Plate subduction under the Antarctic Plate. NE–SW σ3orientations could be expressions of continental fragmentation of the northern Antarctic Peninsula controlling eastwards drifting of the South Orkney microcontinent and other submerged continental blocks of the southern Scotia Sea.
EMPIRICAL PROPERTIES OF CLOSED- AND OPEN-ECONOMY DSGE MODELS OF THE EURO AREA
Authors: ADOLFSON MALIN , LASÉEN STEFAN , LINDÉ JESPER , VILLANI MATTIAS
Published: January 2008

In this paper, we compare the empirical properties of closed- and open-economy DSGE models estimated on Euro area data. The comparison is made along several dimensions; we examine the models in terms of their marginal likelihoods, forecasting performance, variance decompositions, and their transmission mechanisms of monetary policy.
Tumour endoproteases: the cutting edge of cancer drug delivery?
Authors: Atkinson J M , Siller C S , Gill J H
Published: January 2008

Despite progression in anticancer drug development and improvements in the clinical utilization of therapies, current treatment regimes are still dependent upon the use of systemic antiproliferative cytotoxic agents. Although these agents are unquestionably potent, their efficacy is limited by toxicity towards ‘normal’ cells and a lack of tumour selective targeting, resulting in a therapeutic index which is modest at best. Consequently, the development of more tumour selective cancer treatments, with better discrimination between tumour and normal cells is unequivocally an important goal for cancer drug discovery. One such strategy is to exploit the tumour phenotype as a mechanism for tumour‐selective delivery of potent therapeutics. An exciting approach in this area is to develop anticancer therapeutics as prodrugs, which are non‐toxic until activated by enzymes localized specifically in the tumour. Enzymes suitable for tumour‐activated prodrug development must have increased activity in the tumour relative to non‐diseased tissue and an ability to activate the prodrug to its active form. One class of enzyme satisfying these criteria are the tumour endoproteases, particularly the serine‐ and metallo‐proteases. These proteolytic enzymes are essential for tumour angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, the major defining features of malignancy. This review describes the concept behind development of tumour‐endoprotease activated prodrugs and discusses the various studies to date that have demonstrated the huge potential of this approach for improvement of cancer therapy.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 1344–1352; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707657; published online 21 January 2008
Change in post‐translational modifications of histone H3, heat‐shock protein‐27 and MAP kinase p38 expression by curcumin in streptozotocin‐induced type I diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Tikoo K , Meena R L , Kabra D G , Gaikwad A B
Published: January 2008

Background and purpose:

Curcumin has been used to treat cancer, diabetes and other pathologies. However, little is known regarding its role in altering post‐translational modifications of histone H3. A recent report suggests that acute hyperglycaemia induces a global down‐regulation of gene expression in human tissues and epigenetic regulation of gene expression could be a novel mechanism underlying the pathological processes of hyperglycaemia. The present study was undertaken to examine changes in histone modification by curcumin treatment which prevents development of type I diabetic nephropathy.

Experimental approach:

Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were rendered diabetic using a single dose of streptozotocin (55 mg kg−1, i.p.). Diabetic nephropathy was assessed by measurements of blood urea nitrogen, albumin and creatinine levels. Post‐translational modifications of histone H3, heat shock protein‐27 (HSP‐27) and mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase p38 expression were examined by western blotting.

Key results:

Treatment of diabetic rats with curcumin significantly decreased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine and increased albumin; variables associated with the development of diabetic nephropathy. There were also increased levels of HSP‐27 and MAP kinase (p38) in diabetic kidney. However, curcumin treatment prevented this increase in HSP‐27 and p38 expression. Moreover, at nuclear level curcumin prevented the decrease in dephosphorylation and increases acetylation of histone H3.

Conclusions and implications:

Our results suggested that protection against development of diabetic nephropathy by curcumin treatment involved changes in post‐translational modifications of histone H3, expression of HSP‐27 and MAP kinase p38 in diabetic kidney.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 1225–1231; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707666; published online 21 January 2008
What systems can and can't do
Authors: Kenakin T
Published: January 2008

This commentary discusses a paper in this issue by Dr Jillian Baker on the antagonism of histamine H2 receptors. It is an excellent example of the use of pharmacological principles to determine what systems can and can't do from the point of view of agonist‐dependent antagonism. The most common model of antagonism, namely orthosteric, cannot discern agonist type; i.e. all agonists are blocked equally by a given orthosteric antagonist. Therefore, if quantitative assessment of antagonism unveils agonist dependence, then this is something an orthosteric mechanism cannot do and another mechanism must be considered. A simple alternative is a permissive allosteric model whereby the agonist and antagonist interact through conformational changes in the receptor protein. Under these circumstances, an agonist–antagonist dialogue can ensue whereby the nature of the agonist determines the magnitude of antagonist effect. Jillian Baker contrasts antagonist systems with historical data obtained for β‐adrenoceptors and the present data for histamine H2 receptors where the simpler model of orthosteric antagonism suffices and thus shows how quantitative receptor pharmacology can be used to determine the molecular mechanism of antagonism.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 841–843; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707677; published online 21 January 2008
Effect of defaunation on body conformation changes, wool yield and fibre characteristics of growing lambs in a hot semiarid environment
Authors: Santra A. , Parthasarathy S. , Karim S. A.
Published: January 2008

The efficacy of sodium laurel sulfate as a defaunating agent, as well as effect of defaunation on body confirmation changes, wool yield and fibre characteristics, were evaluated in growing lambs in a 90-day feeding experiment. Forty-five Malpura male weaner (90-day old) lambs were divided into three equal groups: defaunated, refaunated and faunated. The lambs of defaunated and refaunated groups were defaunated by oral administration of sodium laurel sulfate at the rate of 8 g/100 kg liveweight as a 10% aqueous solution. Six days after defaunation, all the lambs of the refaunated group were refaunated by inoculation of 100 mL rumen content per lamb drawn from a normal faunated sheep. All the experimental lambs were maintained under stall feeding on a complete feed containing 50 : 50 Pala (Ziziphus nummularia) leaf and concentrate. Treatments did not differ in intake of dry matter, digestible crude protein or digestible energy. Body height and paunch girth were greater (P < 0.01) in defaunated compared to refaunated and faunated lambs. With similar dry matter intake in the three experimental groups, liveweight gain, feed conversion efficiency and wool yield were higher (P < 0.01) in defaunated lambs. The wool fibre diameter and medullation percentage were higher (P < 0.01) in defaunated than refaunated and faunated lambs. It was concluded from the study that, with similar dry matter intake and plane of nutrition, the growth rate, feed conversion efficiency and wool yield were higher in defaunated lambs, as compared to refaunated and faunated lambs. Higher paunch girth in defaunated lambs resulted in a pot-bellied appearance of the animals.
Acute stress induced by the preslaughter use of electric prodders causes tougher beef meat
Authors: Warner R. D. , Ferguson D. M. , Cottrell J. J. , Knee B. W.
Published: January 2008

Adrenergic activation and hormone release preslaughter is an inevitable outcome of the systems used to move cattle to slaughter. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of acute preslaughter stress in beef cattle on postmortem muscle metabolism and the meat quality, including consumer-assessed eating quality. Eighty-four cattle were used on three separate days, with ‘mobs’ of four cattle allocated to either a ‘control’ (no electric goads used preslaughter) or a ‘stress’ (six prods given with an electric goad over 5–10 min) treatment at 15 min preslaughter. Cattle undergoing the ‘stress’ treatment had higher plasma lactate at slaughter. The prerigor pH and temperature, ultimate pH and temperature at rigor of the longissimus thoracis muscle were similar between treatments (P > 0.05 for all). The water-holding capacity of the longissimus lumborum was reduced by the ‘stress’ treatment, as indicated by higher levels of water lost during suspension (drip loss), storage (purge) for 21 days and cooking (cooking loss at 1 day postslaughter) (P < 0.05 for all). ‘Stress’ cattle produced longissimus lumborum muscle with similar sarcomere lengths and Warner–Bratzler shear force at 2, 6 and 21 days, compared to ‘control’ cattle (P < 0.05 for all). The longissimus lumborum muscle of cattle undergoing the ‘stress’ treatment was rated less tender, less juicy, with a less acceptable flavour, a lower ‘liking’ and a lower MQ4 score (P < 0.05 for all). The ‘bloomed’ surface colour (CIE L*, a*, b*) of the longissimus lumborum muscle at 2, 6 and 21 days postslaughter was similar between the ‘stress’ and ‘control’ treatments (P > 0.05 for all). In conclusion, cattle subjected to acute preslaughter stress using electric goads produced meat which the consumer rated as tougher with inferior quality. The inferior quality induced by the acute stress treatment was associated with reduced water-holding capacity but was independent of muscle pH and temperature.
Effect of cattle marketing method on beef quality and palatability
Authors: Ferguson D. M. , Warner R. D. , Walker P. J. , Knee B.
Published: January 2008

This study was conducted to determine the effect of direct consignment compared with saleyard marketing on beef quality and palatability. A total of 258 cattle (mean carcass weight 227 ± 19 kg) from nine vendor properties in Victoria, Australia were used. From each vendor group (about 30 cattle/vendor), half were either: (1) processed through a saleyard and then sent to the abattoir or (2) directly consigned to the abattoir. All cattle were slaughtered at the same abattoir and the lairage and postslaughter management of the cattle and their carcasses was standardised. The cattle that had been directly consigned were slaughtered the day after dispatch from the property, whereas saleyard cattle were slaughtered 2 days after dispatch. Striploin (longissimus lumborum) samples were evaluated 1 day postslaughter and after 14 days aging. Overall, marketing method had only a small impact on the various meat quality measures and palatability. A significant vendor × marketing method interaction was found for most traits including muscle glycogen (semimembranosus and semitendinosus), pH (1, 3 and 24 h postslaughter), L*, a* and b* colour values and consumer panel scores [tenderness, flavour and combined score (MQ4)]. Juiciness scores were unaffected by marketing method but were significantly influenced by vendor group (P < 0.001). For MQ4 score, there was a general trend showing that steaks from cattle that had been marketed through the saleyard had marginally lower MQ4 scores than those that had been directly consigned in five of the eight groups. However, this trend was only significant for two of the five groups. A significant three-way interaction between vendor group × marketing method × aging duration was found for shear force (P < 0.001) and cooking loss percentage (P < 0.001). The effect of marketing method on shear force was generally small and not always statistically significant but there was a trend indicating that saleyard marketing resulted in slightly higher shear forces at either 1 or 14 days postslaughter for the majority of the vendor groups. It was concluded that marketing method had a small but variable impact on palatability and meat quality.
Linguistic nationalism in nineteenth-century Hungary
Authors: Maitz Péter
Published: January 2008

Linguistic nationalism was a decisive linguistic ideology all through the nineteenth century. Consequently, by its very nature, it determined thinking about language throughout the entire period, and thus, linguistic behavior, as well. Based on metalinguistic data, this paper attempts to reconstruct the form of existence of this linguistic ideology in Hungary in the period of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (1867–1918). The author’s aim is not to explore and contrast the various prominent and less prominent individual views of the period but rather to reconstruct and explain the general, collective system of ideas and values that underlies their apparent multiplicity and which is more or less constant throughout the period at hand. The paper hence wishes to contribute to a significant and neglected domain of historical sociolinguistics, the recognition of the history of linguistic awareness.
Linguistic politeness in Anglo-Saxon England? A study of Old English address terms
Authors: Kohnen Thomas
Published: January 2008

This paper investigates Anglo-Saxon address terms against the background of politeness and face work. Using the Dictionary of Old English Corpus, it examines the most prominent Old English terms of nominal address associated with polite or courteous behaviour, their distribution, the typical communicative settings in which they are used and their basic pragmatic meaning. The results suggest that, at least in this field, politeness as face work may not have played a major role in Anglo-Saxon England. Rather, the use of the address terms may reflect accommodation to the overriding importance of mutual obligation and kin loyalty on the one hand, and obedience to the basic Christian ideals of humilitas and caritas on the other.
Text and the Body in a Poem by Simin Behbahani
Authors: Tourage Mahdi
Published: January 2008

This paper is a phenomenological study of one of Simin Behbahani's better known poems, “Raqqaseh,” which is about the nightly ritualized dance of a dancing girl in a tavern. It will argue that the tavern in this poem could be viewed as a cultural container for socially dangerous representations and impulses, like the metaphoric sexualized body of the dancing girl. The tavern could also be viewed as a semiotic register for the symbolic representation of the dominant normative social discourse. By viewing the dance as performance, the communicative association of the symbolic significance of the dancing girl's body and the tavern and its audience will also be discussed. This paper will argue that the reader too is implicated in the performative function of the text.
Arab intellectual concepts for cultural sociology
Authors: Dhaouadi Mahmoud
Published: January 2008

This paper presents new cultural concepts drawn from the Arab world. The terms ‘other underdevelopment’ and ‘cultural symbols’ are new as terms as well as cultural concepts in today’s social sciences. As such, they are in favour of the development of cultural sociology with a ‘strong programme’. This paper argues that the building of a cultural theory based on a different epistemology and on new cultural concepts is a legitimate possibility. This potential contribution to the growing cultural sociology has been done independently before the official meaning of cultural sociology was generally adopted.
A New Suture Material.
Authors: Devine H. B.
Published: January 2008

Richard Bertlesmann: “Carnofil‘: Ein brauchbares neues chirurgishes Nahtmaterial”, Zentraiblatt für Chirurgie
HYDATID CYSTS IN BOTH LUNGS.
Authors: Christie H. Kenrick , Barnett Sir Louis
Published: January 2008

It is obvious from a study of the above cases, in which the patients were nearly all treated by different surgeons, that the accepted treatment is by resecting portion of a rib 01 ribs over the cyst as localized by X ray examination, by evacuation of the mother membranes after complete tapping, and then by fixation of the cyst wall to the parietes with a diaainage tube in. situ for five to ten days 01 until such time as the discharge disappears. That is to say, in most of these cases treatment has consisted of open drainage. Only one patient received closed drainage; that is, an airtight junction of tissues was made around the tube, which was carried into a pail of lotion under the bed. Provided the hydatid membrane had been completely removed, this would hasten the recovery of the pneumothorax which occurs inevitably in all the cases. I n this case, too, an attempt was made to aspirate the pneumothorax could quickly be controlled by the use of one of the modern suction forms of apparatus, sirch as the electrical apparatus describetl by Bennett Jones in The British iMedicul Jountal of September 25, 1937, or the steam‐actuated suction shown by Doyle in THE AUSTRALIAN AND Nna ZEALAND. JOURNAL OF SURGEKT of October, 1937. The iise of cyclopropane‐oxygen under positive pressure may prove to be the best solution, as already me11 tioned.

Since the distrew attendant on A pneumothorax depends largely upon the suddenness with which it arises, there seems to be il good argument fo1 the induction of an artificial piieumothorax a few clays before the plenral cavity is opened. This was successfully carried out in one of the cases. The use of a pneumothorax niiglit also ticcelernte the progress of a deep seated cyst towards the pleural surface, and shorten the time of waiting before the operation is carried out.

Deep seated cysts are best treated by delay until the growth causes them to approwh the pleural surface, if they are kept meantime undei+ serial X rap observation. The period of waiting is fraught with (laager of rupture, either by pressure‐erosion of a bronchus or by infection, with consequent sudden increase in size of the cyst,. Both these complications are freely illustrated in this series of bilateral pulmonary hydatids. When a cyst I I ˜L S ruptured, the incompleteness of natural evacuation and the presence of toxamia are indications for operative intervention.
ACETYLCHOLINE SYNTHESIS AND MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
Authors: TRETHEWIE E. R. , WRIGHT R. D.
Published: January 2008

An increase in acetylcholine synthesis was detected when “normal” thymus was added to brain extracts.

A decrease in acetylcholine synthesis was observed when thymus from a severe case of myasthenia gravis was added to brain extract.

The significance of these findings is discussed.
PERFORATION OF THE INTESTINE BY AN INGESTED SHARP FOREIGN BODY
Authors: R.McKechnie W.
Published: January 2008

A report is given in detail of a perforation of the alimentary tract by an ingested sharp foreign body.

A study of ninety‐three cases of similar lesions reveals no urinary syndrome as described in this case.

Surgical removal by the perineal route was successful. Convalescence was normal and there were no complications.
PROGRESSIVE BACTERIAL SYNERGISTIC GANGRENE, WITH REPORT OF A CASE
Authors: Bonnin N. J.
Published: January 2008

A case of progressive bacterial synergistic gangrene which followed drainage of an empyema has been described.

Bacterial investigation showed the presence of a Staphylococcus aureus and an anaerobic micro‐streptococcus.

Animal inoculation tests showed the organisms to be individually innocuous to guinea‐pigs, but pathogenic in combination, though in the animals actual gangrene did not occur.

The ulcerative lesion was cured by wide excision followed by skin grafting.

The staphylococcus and anaerobic micro‐streptococcus persisted in the chronic empyema. Exhibition of penicillin resulted in elimination of the anaerobic micro‐streptococcus.

bacterial synergistic gangrene has been discussed, and the differential diagnosis between this lesion and chronic undermining burrowing ulcer is stressed.

It is suggested that for any future case penicillin therapy should be tried before excision of the ulcer is undertaken.
THE LATERAL LYMPHO‐EPITHELIAL CYST OF THE NECK: (“BRANCHIAL” CYST)
Authors: King E. S. J.
Published: January 2008

The general features of a group of cysts of the neck (commonly designated “branchial”) are, described. They are found over a relatively wide area and are related more closly with lymph nodes and lymphoid tissues than with other structures.

The various congenital hypotheses are discussed and rejected, partly because embryological investigations have indicated their inadequacy and because the cysts do not show any constant features which might support these speculations.

The relationship of the cysts to lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue suggests an alternative hypothesis.

The term “Branchial Cyst” is misleading and should be discarded.

Since it emphasises the one constant feature of the cysts and is purely descriptive, the term “Lateral Lympho‐epithelial Cyst” is suggested for the group.
THE INVERSION OPERATION IN FEMORAL HERNIA
Authors: Craig C.
Published: January 2008

A method of operating on femoral hernia has been described of which the following are the main features.

1. A tunnel is made round the neck of the sac under the inguinal ligament and interference with the inguinal canal is thus avoided.

2. The sac is treated by the method of inversion. Ten cases are reported without recurrence. It is suggested that, after removal of the sac, the femoral ring is closed by the pressure of blood in the femoral vein.
INTERDIGITAL PILONIDAL SINUS CAUSED BY WOOL.
Authors: Matheson A. D.
Published: January 2008

A case of interdigital pilonidal sinus is reported.

The etiology and management of this condition is discussed.
PATHOLOGY OF THE INTER‐DIGITAL PILONIDAL SINUS.
Authors: Hueston J. T.
Published: January 2008

The clinical features and pathology of the inter‐digital pilonidal sinus are described and a typical case history is recorded.

The treatment is briefly discussed.

The acquired nature of this lesion is emphasized as relevant to the origin of post‐anal pilonidal sinuses.
CONGENITAL TRACHEO‐OESOPHAGEAL FISTULA WITHOUT ATRESIA BUT WITH LARGE OESOPHAGEAL DIVERTICULUM
Authors: Robb Douglas
Published: January 2008

what is believed to be a rare variety of congenital oesophageal abnormality is described and a case history given. there was a fistula between trachea and oesophagus, no oesophageal atresia, and a large posterior oesophageal pouch. surgical correction gave a good result.
PARAFFINOMA OF THE BREAST
Authors: Stock Laurence F. Tinckler and Francis E.
Published: January 2008

1. Examples of paraffinoma of the breast following intramammary injection of liquid paraffin are described.

2. Case histories are recorded of patients exhibiting complications of the procedure which include sinus formation, migration of paraffin and oil embolism.

3. The pathogenesis of these complications is discussed.
HYDATID CYSTS IN PARASPINAL MUSCLE COMPARTMENTS THEIR TENDENCY TO INVADE THE SPINAL CANAL
Authors: Fitzpatrick S. C.
Published: January 2008

THIS paper is based upon six patients in whom hydatid cysts were found growing primarily in paraspinal muscle compartments. In all 6 cases no radiological or other evi‐dence could be found of the presence of primary intra‐osseous hydatid cysts. The case histories of the six cases follow.
STUDIES OF RADIO‐ACTIVE PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF INTRA‐OCULAR AND CUTANEOUS MELANOMATA
Authors: Lidgett Kelvin , Clarke K. H. , Brenk H. A. S. van den
Published: January 2008

The rationale, and application of the radioactive phosphorus uptake ratio test in the diagnosis of intra‐ocular and cutaneous melanomata, has been described and illustrated.

Preliminary results recorded for 27 patients (12 with cutaneous, and 15 with ocular disease) indicate that the 32P uptake test is useful, a differential uptake of 1.3 being taken as significant.

A correlation has been obtained between the 32P uptake ratio, and the tumour nucleoprotein content based on measurements of volume and density of tumour cell nuclei.

Attention is drawn to possible biological differences between melanomata of the iris and those of the choroid.

The correlation of 32P uptake ratios with histological diagnosis of malignancy in these tumours, is discussed.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF SOLAR RADIATION TO MELANOBLASTOMA
Authors: MCGOVERN V. J. , MACKIE B. S.
Published: January 2008

Pigmented moles acquired in adult life which subsequently became malignant appeared chiefly in the head and neck of elderly people in whom there was pronounced alteration in structure of the dermis as a result of solar radiation. We were unable to demonstrate significant degrees of collagen degeneration of solar origin in any other group of melanoblastoma patients. These facts suggest that the carcinogenic action of ultra‐violet light is mediated through its action on the dermis.
VASCULAR TRAUMA
Authors: Connell J. L.
Published: January 2008

The present day approach to limb injuries involving major vessels has been outlined. The importance of early exploration of all limbs rendered ischaemic by trauma in the region of major vessels has been stressed. Major vessel continuity, both arterial and venous, must be re‐established wherever possible. Case histories have been quoted to illustrate the principles in the management of acute and chronic vascular trauma.
HOMOTRANSPLANTATION OF THE MITRAL VALVE PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTAL REPORT AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE*
Authors: O'Brien Mark F. , Gerbode Frank
Published: January 2008

The experimental and clinical literature on the use of homograft cardiac valves has been reviewed. The variable canine results over the last decade have partly been responsible for the present day guarded, slow and apprehensive acceptance of homotrans‐plantation of human cardiac valves. Most of the experimental failures appear to be due to bacterial invasion or valve disruption from the annulus because of technical reasons.

Early or intermediate rejection phenomena do not occur. Late degenerative changes in the homograft may develop. However, the available small but acceptable evidence of long‐term human studies suggests that degeneration, if it is to occur at all, will take many years.

Our preliminary experimental observations on homotransplantation of the canine mitrale valve using fresh and acid formaldehyde preserved valves, have been outlined. I t wouldappear that the transplantation is a feasible technical operation in dogs and that the homografts are capable of continued function. The technical difficulties of suturing

Further studies are necessary to assess the long‐term results of the homograft mitral valves using various methods of preservation. Providing these results are also favour able, clinical application of this work would then appear justifiable.
THE VAGINAL REPAIR OF HIGH URINARY FISTULAE*
Authors: Garrett William J.
Published: January 2008

Summary

The vaginal approach to high vesico‐vaginal fistulae is discussed and the feasibilityand success of vaginal operations for cases where the fistula is at or above the level ofthe ureteric orifices are demonstrated.
METASTATIC SQUAMOUS CARCINOMA IN LYMPH NODES WITH ABSCESS FORMATION
Authors: Ross Harry
Published: January 2008

A series of 12 patients with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in regional lymph nodes associated with abscess formation is reviewed.

The clinical features which may lead the clinician to make a correct diagnosis are emphasized.

The management of these lesions is considered.
LIPOEDEMA
Authors: Rank B. K. , Wong G. S. C.
Published: January 2008

1. Lipoedema is described with an illustration of a recent case.

2. This condition should be distinguished from lymphoedema of the legs.

3. The differential diagnosis is discussed.

4. Comment is made on treatment.
FOETUS IN FOETU
Authors: Pai K. Ramesh , Rao K. M. Lakshmana
Published: January 2008

A case of foetus in foetu or included twin is presented. The operative findings and the anatomical features of the foetus are described in detail.

An included twin is usually a monochorionic, diamniotic, monozygotic twin of its bearer, which was included within it during development. Hence, the correct age must be the age of the host as it starts its origin and the development at the same time as a host.

Clinically a foetus in foetu usually presents as anabdominal mass with or without pressure symptoms. Radiographically a foetus in foetu may be diagnosed with ease. it should be different from soft tissue mass of renal origin such as Wilm's tumour hydronephrosis. Nephroblastomas and teratomas may contain calcification but they lack the organization of a foelus in foetu.

A foetus in foetu should be removed because of the danger of infection or infarction if it is allowed to remain within its host. The mass may be removed in its entirety or the sac may be evacuated and left in situ.
Transverse Ectopia of the Testis
Authors: Thevathasan C. G.
Published: January 2008

A case of transverse ectopia of the testis is described. From a review of the reported descriptions of this condition, a classifiation two categories is proposed.
A Case of Splenic Arterio‐Venous Aneurysm
Authors: Ting I. K.
Published: January 2008

A case of multiple aneurysms of the splenic artery is reported, with a brief review of the literature. The importance of radiography in the diagnosis of aneurysms of the splenic artery is stressed. The multiplicity of aneurysms, the risk of rupture and the fistula of the splenic vessels in the present case are discussed, and the rationale of treatment is briefly considered.
Inverted Papilloma of the Urinary Bladder: A Report of Two Cases
Authors: Sullivan J. J. , Watson J. G. , Kingston C. W. , Yaxley R. P.
Published: January 2008

Two cases of inverted papilloma of the urinary bladder are reported. The benign character of these unusual lesions is confirmed, and the importance of their recognition indicated.
The Surgical Management of Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: A Ten ‐Year Experience
Authors: Graham K. J. , Cole D. S. , Bakratt‐Boyes B. G.
Published: January 2008

Ninety consecutive patients with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms were treated surgically. The hospital mortality was 42% for the whole period, but was reduced to 33% for the last five years. Case management is outlined, with emphasis on ancesthetic and fluid management, and causes of mortality and morbidity are presented. The late results were also discussed and an actuarial survival curve was calculated.
Diverticulitis: The Indications for Elective Surgery
Authors: Lockhart‐Mummery H. E.
Published: January 2008

The incidence of diverticular disease of the colon is discussed, and the indications for surgical interference, over and above those which are absolute, are considered. In the author's experience, a second attack of diverticulitis implies a greater likelihood of subsequent attacks, and a greater likelihood also of more serious complications. In an endeavour to prevent these, the routine daily administration of 250 mg of tetracycline is suggested. “Painful diverticulitis attacks” may in fact have no inflammatory background, but can be due to spastic colon syndrome and can be relieved by sigmoid resection.
The Motor‐Scooter Handlebar Syndrome: Report of a Case
Authors: Bean A. R. , Weston T. S.
Published: January 2008

A case of acute arterial insufficiency of the right leg of a young man is described, following a blow on the inguinal region from the handlebar of a motor‐scooter. A review of the literature suggests that this is an uncommon but clear‐cut syndrome.
Simple Bone Cysts: Results of a Pilot Survey
Authors: Gray D. H.
Published: January 2008

A study of simple bone cysts is reported, giving the results of a pilot study of all cases traceable over the past 10 years in Auckland. Curettage and grafting arc shown to be of dubious value. The natural history of some examples is described to illustrate principles thought to contradict earlier concepts of the origin of these lesions.
Typhoid Osteomyelitis: Report of a Case
Authors: Chari P. R. , Choudary H. R. , Dutt K. P. , Naidu M. Lakshmi
Published: January 2008

A rare case is recorded of typhoid osteomyelitis with characteristic diaphyseal involvement of the right radius and the left ulna with sequestrum formation and microbiological confirmation from the tissues removed at operation. The literature is reviewed.
The Morphology of Congenital Dilatation of the Ureter: Intrinsic Ureteral Lesions
Authors: Cussen L. J.
Published: January 2008

Congenitally dilated ureters are divided into four groups associated with (i) intrinsic ureteral lesions, (ii) vesico‐ureteral reflux, (iii) urethral obstruction or (iv) other malformations such as myelomeningocele or the triad syndrome. One hundred and forty‐seven dilated ureters in Group 1 (caused by Intrinsic ureteral lesions), have been studied qualitatively and quantitatively by standard pathological techniques, using the average size and population of muscle cells in the dilated ureter as the quantitative index of work‐load or obstruction, and have been divided into four main types. These dilated ureters were found to be either obstructed or non‐obstructed, and the obstructing lesion was either an atresia, a stenosis, or a valve. In each of the obstructed ureters, the smooth muscle in the wall of the proximal dilated ureter was hypertrophic and hyperplastic. In contrast, in the fourth non‐obstructed type of dilated ureter, no obstructing lesion was found, and there was neither hypertrophy nor hyperplasia of muscle in the wall of the proximal dilated ureter; it is presumed that the dilatation is due to developmental lateral overgrowth of the ureter. No example of dilated ureter due to neuro‐muscular incoordination was found in this group.
The Management of Biliary Cysts
Authors: Gabriel A. Kune  , McKenzie Graham
Published: January 2008

The management of various types of biliary cysts is discussed and illustrated with five case reports.
Carcinoma in a Pharyngeal Pouch: Five‐Year Survival after Resection
Authors: Kune Gabriel A.
Published: January 2008

A 57‐year‐old man had a resection performed of a pharyngeal pouch, which was complicated by a squamous‐cell carcinoma. There is no evidence of recurrence five years later. The clinical and radiological features of this condition are briefly discussed.
Notes on Mycobacterium Ulcerans
Authors: Buckle G.
Published: January 2008

A record is given of the events leading to the discovery, the cultivation, and the animal transmission of Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative organism of the “Bairnsdale ulcer”, together with a discussion on the possible animal hosts and vectors. It is suggested as a mailer of speculation that the insectivorous bats may be incriminated as the natural hosts, and that bed‐bugs or related bugs, parasitic on bats, may be the vectors.
The Use of Trimethoprim‐Sulphamethoxazole in the Treatment of Complicated Urinary Tract Infection
Authors: Sillar Stuart
Published: January 2008

Fifty patients attending the urological department of the Meath Hospital and County Dublin Infirmary, Eire, were treated with the new chemotherapeutic agent, trimethoprim‐sulphamelhoxazole. Clinical and bacteriological studies were carried out at the end of the course of treatment and at follow‐up four weeks later. The majority of urinary pathogens were found to be sensitive to this preparation, and the development of resistant strains was minimal. The drug was found to be effective when administered for seven days, and side‐effects occurred in one patient only.
Integumentectomy for Malignant Melanoma of the Limbs
Authors: Iiueston J. T.
Published: January 2008

The entire subcutaneous space of a limb, including its skin externally and the muscular deep fascia internally, within which local lymphatic spread of malignant melanoma appears to be confined, can be excised in continuity (integumentectomy), and the limb resurfaced in a single uncomplicated procedure. The same ablation of metastatically involved tissue is obtained as by a hindquarter amputation, but in the procedure described the locomotor components of the limb are retained, so that the morbidity and disability of ultraradical amputation are avoided.
Urological Aspects of Endemic Bladder Stones in Children
Authors: Taneja O. P. , Mall M. P. , Mittal K. P.
Published: January 2008

This paper summarizes the findings in a series of 52 children suffering from vesical calculus. Urological investigation in most cases was complete, and was always as complete as circumstances permitted. Complete investigation is recommended as a routine, in order to differentiate the calculi which form de novo from those which have a background of urinary tract obstruction. Secondary changes due to the vesical calculus were found to be more marked in the presence of reflux.
Postoperative Hypoxzmia: A Possible Contributing Factor
Authors: Morton Anthony , Seymour John , Hasker William
Published: January 2008

Postoperative hgpoxœmia frequently accompanies major upper abdominal surgery, and has been the subject of much investigation. In the present study of four patients pulmonary artery pressures were measured before and after uncomplicated major upper abdominal surgery. The postoperative pulmonary artery end diastolic pressure was increased by about 70% in each patient. This rise may have been due to an increase in pulmonary venous pressure, and such a venous pressure rise may result in a redistribution of blood flow in the lungs so that more blood is diverted to the upper lobes. Such a redistribution of pulmonary blood flow could be expected to disturb ventilation perfusion ratios and promote arterial hypoxœmia.
Breast Reconstruction after Radical Mastectomy1
Authors: Hueston John , McKenzie Graham
Published: January 2008

In younger women particularly, who have undergone radical mastectomy for carcinoma, the psychological sequelœ can be profound. These can be avoided by breast reconstruction in the immediate postoperative period. The technique of this procedure, and the details of the indications for its performance, are discussed. The reconstruction can also be carried out years after the mastectomy, if the psychological impact of this has been such as to render the procedure indicated.
Choledochal Cyst: Report of a Case Associated with Hypoplasia of the Proximal Common Duct and Anomalous Insertion of the Cystic Duct
Authors: Braasch John W. , Douglas Godfrey
Published: January 2008

A case of choledochal cyst with Proximal as well as distal segmental biliary hypoplasia and anomalous insertion of the cystic duct is presented. The pathological and clinical features of choledochal cyst are outlined. Ordinarily. cystjejunostomy is the treatment of choice, but occasionally hepaticojejunostomy with or without excision of the cyst is preferable.
The Absent Adult Gallbladder
Authors: Sherson N. D.
Published: January 2008

The purpose of this report is to bring attention again to the rare condition of congenital absence of the adult gndlbladder without other congenital billiard tract abnormality, to present the only case recorded as such at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, to state the conditions that must be satisfied before the operative diagnosis is made, and to point out the need for permanent drainage of the common bile duct, which at the stage at which the abnormality is diagnosed is abnormal.

1. A further case of congenital absence of the adult gallbladder is reported.

2. Before it is reasonable to make a diagnosis of congenital absence of the gallbladder at operation, one must have dissected the extra‐hepatic ductal system, palpated binianually the lesser omentum, falciform ligament and liver, probed suspicious areas of the liver (“sounding” for stone) and performed an operative cholangiogram, this latter being the most important, and indeed an essential, manceuvre.

3. In young patients a drainage procedure, preferably biliary fenestration, is necessary to prevent continued symptoms and recurrent stone formation. In the older, more frailpatient, permanent T‐tube drainage may suffice.
Bizarre Leiomyoma of the Stomach: Case Report
Authors: Xipell J. M.
Published: January 2008

Bizarre leiomyoma of the stoirtach, which has become an accepted and well‐documented entity in the course of the past decade, has to date received mention in Australasian literature on an extremely scanty basis. A case is now reported in full in order to draw further attention to the condition, of which the characteristic features are discussed in some detail.
An Unusual Case of Complete Reduplication of the Urethra
Authors: Karanjavala D. K.
Published: January 2008

This case of complete reduplication of the urethra is un̈usual in that the accessory channel, which is far the mcre functional of the two, follows a course which takes it from the bladder neck to the anterior anal margin.
Pancreatic Ascites: A Rare Complication of Pancreatitis in Childhood
Authors: Coupland Graham
Published: January 2008

Pancreatic ascites is a rare complication of acute pancreatitis. Only 14 cases of ascites accompanying pancreatitis have so far been reported in the English and American literature. Difficulties in diagnosis may be overcome if in all obscure cases of ascites in childhood the amylase content of the ascitic fluid is estimated. The patients whose cases were reported were treated in different ways, nine by a drainage operation, one by distal pancreatectomy, and four by non‐operative means. It is recommended that laparotomy should be performed to drain the pancreas if the child's condition deteriorates.
Cystic Degeneration of the Popliteal Artery
Authors: Shannon Robert
Published: January 2008

Cystic degeneration of the poplitcal is a rare cause of intermittent claudication, most commonly affecting young adult males. The cyst is primarily adventitial, but medial necrosis, intimal damage and thrombosis may eventually occur. Evacuation of the cyst with partial excision of the wall constitutes adequate treatment of an early lesion, but in more advanced lesions, as in the case described, patch graft or replacement vein graft is required.
Tendon Fibre Arrangement and Blood Supply
Authors: Field P. L.
Published: January 2008

The digital flexor tendons have a spiral arrangement of their fibres, which minimizes distortion and improves the efficiency of load transfer in dl degrees of flexion. This article describes these fibre patterns in relation to the blood supply, which is protected during tension, angulation or compression of the tendon.
Scintiscanning in the Detection and Diagnosis of Subdural Haematoma and Hygroma
Authors: Vaughan R. J. , Lovegrove F. T. A. , And R. F. Fleay , Quinlan M. F.
Published: January 2008

Scintiscans with technetium‐99m sodium pertechnetate, or technetium‐99m EDTA, were carried out on 10 out of 21 patients with subdural hamatoma or hygroma over the period from March to June, 1970. In each case the scan successfully detected the lesion, which was projected as a rim of increased accumulation of radioactivity. The combination of a positive scan and a shift of midline structures opt echoencephalography is highly suggestive of a subdural lesion, and in the individual patient may obviate the need for cerebral arterio‐graphy. Scintiscanning is a simple, safe, and generally accurate and reliable procedure in the diagnosis of subdural lesions. It can be repeated in a doubtful case without hazard to the patient.
The Lymphatic Drainage of the Anal Margin
Authors: Hardy Kenneth J.
Published: January 2008

The lymphatic drainage of the anal canal distal to the anal valves has been studied. Evans blue dye was employed in 20 patients in order to note lymphatic drainage occurring other than to the inguinal nodes. Lymphatic drainage was observed along the course of the inferior, middle and superior rectal and the inferior mesenteric vessels.
Immunity in Cancer
Authors: Hunt P. S.
Published: January 2008

Evidence from studies of experimental and human tumours confirms that the major component of the tumour rejection response is the circulating small long‐lived lymphocyte. In vivo antibody response to tumour antigen may result in enhancement of cancer growth rate, and possibly competes with cell‐mediated surveillance and rejection in the genesis of tumours.

The host defect in cellular immunity which allows tumours to become established and grow is probably a general body phenomenon rather than one peripherally located in the draining lymph‐nodes. In the case of breast cancer this dysfunction is closely related to other endocrine factors.

Immunotherapy remains an adjunct to other forms of treatment of solid tumours. The basis of immunotherapy requires maximum repression of cellular immune rejection, with simultaneous minimal production of potentially enhancing antibody.
Drainage Techniques for Duodenal Ulceration
Authors: SCOTT PETER R.
Published: January 2008

Various drainage procedures in common use for the treatment of duodenal ulceration are critically evaluated. Particular emphasis is laid upon the technique and advantages of anterior pylorectomy.