bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Azathioprine Versus Cyclosporine on Kidney Graft Survival in Transfused and Nontransfused Ummatched Mongrel Dogs
Authors: Finco Delmar R. , Rawlings Clarence A. , Crowell Wayne A. , Brown Scott A. , Barsanti Jeanne A.
Published: March 2010

Sixteen mongrel dogs had bilateral nephrectomy and received a renal allograft from an unmatched mongrel. One group of eight dogs was treated orally with azathioprine and prednisone; another group of eight dogs was treated orally with cyclosporine and prednisone. Four dogs of each group received four blood transfusions each prior to surgery.

Mean survival time was nearly the same in the azathioprine‐treated and the cyclosporine‐treated dogs. Transfusions prolonged survival in the azathioprine‐treated group but not in the cyclosporine‐treated group. Retrospective measurement of whole blood trough cyclosporine concentrations indicated marked variation between dogs and in the same dog at different times. This variation may have influenced graft survival.

Only one dog survived the 9‐month period of observation, indicating that refinements of the techniques used in this study will be required for long‐term survival of renal allografts in unrelated mongrel dogs.
Insulinoma and Subclinical Peripheral Neuropathy in Two Dogs
Authors: Braund Kyle G. , Steiss Janet E. , Amling Karen A. , Toivio‐Kinnucan Maria , Case Lisa C. , Kemppainen Robert J. , Coleman Elaine S.
Published: March 2010

Two dogs with diffuse, subclinical polyneuropathy associated with insulinoma are reported. Seizures were the dominant sign of central nervous system disease. One dog had clinical signs of facial nerve paralysis. Lesions in selected appendicular and cranial nerves included a mixture of demyelination, remyelination, and axonal degeneration. The incidence (range: 18–47%) of these changes far exceeded that of comparable nerves from six control dogs (range 0–11%). Myopathic and electrodiagnostic findings were compatible with the nerve changes.
Probable Vitamin K‐Deficient Bleeding in Two Cats With Malabsorption Syndrome Secondary to Lymphocytic Plasmacytic Enteritis
Authors: Edwards David F. , Russell Robert G.
Published: March 2010

Two cats with intestinal malabsorption developed a hemorrhagic diathesis. Although unsubstantiated, the probable cause of bleeding was a chronic malabsorption of fat and the fat‐soluble vitamin K. When treated_with vitamin Ki per os, one cat's clotting times were only partially corrected. Since vitamin K, is actively absorbed in the proximal small intestine, the incomplete response of this case to orally administered vitamin K, was predictable. The infrequent occurrence of bleeding in animals with malabsorption is, in part, attributable to the ileal and colonic absorption of bacterially derived vitamin K2. For this reason, nonspecific use of antibiotics in these animals is contraindicated. Since long‐chain, polyunsaturated fats impair vitamin K absorption, dietary fat given to animals with malasorption should be restricted to medium‐ and short‐chain, saturated fats. Vitamin K should be administered subcutaneously to these animals if prolonged clotting times or active bleeding is present, and routinely prior to surgery. Oral supplementation with vitamin K3, which is absorbed in the colon and less lipid soluble than vitamin Ki, should be given to animals with malabsorption that are maintained as outpatients. Adequate dosage levels of vitamin K3, however, are yet to be established for the cat, and dose‐dependent hemolytic anemia is a probable toxic manifestation.
Clinical, Clinicopathologic, and Epidemiologic Features of Anhidrosis in Central Florida Thoroughbred Horses
Authors: Mayhew I. G. , II H. O. Ferguson
Published: March 2010

A group of 834 Thoroughbred horses was surveyed on four central Florida farms for clinical and epidemiologic features of anhidrosis. In addition, comparative analysis was made of serum thyroxine, serum electrolytes, and fractional urinary electrolyte excretion ratios. An overall disease prevalence of 6.12% was observed. Training horses and nonpregnant broodmares had a predilection for the disease. Adolescent horses were infrequently affected. There was no correlation with sex or color. Comparative clinical signs, related to thermoregulatory compromise, included tachypnea and hyperthermia. Long‐term effects included focal and generalized alopecia, decreased appetite, and impaired performance. Previously reported hypothyroidism and hypochloremia were not demonstrated; however, fractional urinary chloride excretion ratios indicated a significant relative conservation of chloride.
Histoplasma capsulatum Osteomyelitis in the Cat
Authors: Wolf Alice M.
Published: March 2010

Seven cats with osseous lesions as the primary manifestation of disseminatedHistoplasma capsulatuminfection were evaluated. The major clinical signs in these cats were related to the bony lesions and included lameness, bone pain, and soft tissue swelling of limbs and joints. Other clinical and pathologic findings were similar to previously reported forms of disseminated histoplasmosis in the cat. The radiographic appearance of the lesions was predominantly osteolytic; periosteal and endosteal new bone production was present in some cases. Infection occurred primarily in bones of the appendicular skeleton with a predilection for sites below the elbow and stifle joints.
Incessant Atrial Tachycardias in a Dog With Tricuspid Dysplasia
Authors: de Madron Eric , Vet Med , Kadish Alan , Spear Joseph F. , Knight David H.
Published: March 2010

In a dog, tricuspid regurgitation due to congenital tricuspid dysplasia resulted in extreme right heart enlargement and right heart failure. Incessant supraventricular tachycardias were present, requiring the intravenous administration of verapamil to reduce the ventricular rate. Oral therapy using a combination of verapamil and quinidine was partially effective in controlling the ventricular rate during the following week. At that time, electrophysiologic studies were performed. They revealed that a succession of several atrial tachycardias with different cycle lengths, including one episode of atrial flutter, was present. Atrial activity was spanning the majority of the cycle length in all these arrhythmias. Epicardial mapping was performed during the atrial flutter. This enabled the detection of a depolarization wave‐front traveling counterclockwise from the dorsolateral right atrium toward the right appendage, following the tricuspid valve annulus. No areas of abnormal conduction were detected. Because programmed electric stimulation maneuvers could not be performed, definitive conclusions about the mechanism of the arrhythmia could not be drawn. The two most likely possibilities were circus movement using part of the dilated tricuspid valve annulus as an anatomic barrier or a leading circle type of re‐entry.
Therapy of Suspected Septicemia in Neonatal Foals Using Plasma‐containing Antibodies to Core Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Authors: Morris Debra Deem , Whitlock Robert H.
Published: March 2010

Equine antiserum to core lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was evaluated in a double‐blind prospective study for therapeutic benefit in suspected septicemia in neonatal foals. Forty foals younger than 7 days of age were included in the study by satisfaction of clinical and laboratory criteria, suggestive of gram‐negative septicemia. Twenty‐two foals were treated with core LPS antiserum (plasma produced from horses which were hyperimmunized with rough gram‐negative mutant bacterin) and 18 foals received “nonimmune” plasma (from horses prior to immunization against core LPS). All foals received antimicrobials, fluids, and other supportive care measures, depending on clinical signs and according to accepted current practice. The clinical and laboratory data of each foal were monitored and recorded daily for 14 days after plasma treatment or until death.

The overall survival rate of these 40 foals with septicemia was 52.5%. The most prevalent diagnoses in addition to septicemia were enteritis and pneumonia. Of 30 positive bacterial cultures, 93% were due to gram‐negative organisms. There was no statistically significant increase in survival rate in the 22 foals given core LPS antiserum (P± 0.05).
The Clinical and Pathologic Heterogeneity of Feline Alpha‐Mannosidosis
Authors: Cummings J. F. , Wood P. A. , de Lahunta A. , Walkley S. U. , Boeuf L. Le
Published: March 2010

Three Domestic Long‐haired cats from a litter of five afflicted with alpha‐mannosidosis (a‐mannosi‐dosis) were studied clinically and pathologically. Many of these findings contrasted with those made previously in kittens with deficiency of a‐mannosidase. In these cats, the clinical signs were generally milder, more slowly progressive, and did not include the prominent skeletal deformities, ocular abnormalities, or hepatomegaly that were reported in prior studies of Persian and Domestic Short‐haired kittens. While the Domestic Long‐haired cats were spared the central nervous system (CNS) myelin deficiency, which was severe in the Persian but mild in the Domestic Short‐haired cats, the extensive loss of Purkinje cells in their cerebellar cortices was without precedent. Additionally, ultrastructural study of the neuronal cytosomes showed a diversity not recorded in the earlier cases. The observed phenotypic heterogeneity was sufficient enough to consider separating feline a‐mannosidosis into severe, acute and milder, chronic forms in a manner analogous to the Type I and Type II distinctions made in infants and juveniles. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1988; 2:163–170)
Canine Osteosarcoma
Authors: Mauldin Guy Neal , Matus Robert E. , Withrow Stephen J. , Patnaik Amiya K.
Published: March 2010

Osteosarcoma was diagnosed in 38 dogs. Thirty‐six tumors originated from the appendicular skeleton and two from the axial skeleton. Nineteen of the dogs were treated with amputation alone, and 19 were treated with amputation and adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of doxorubicin and cisplatin. The 36 dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma had complete amputation of the affected limb, whereas the two dogs with osteosarcoma of the axial skeleton had anen blocresection.

The mean survival of the 19 dogs treated with amputation alone was 218 days (median, 175 days). Ten dogs were alive at 6 months and four survived 1 year. None of the dogs survived longer than 16 months. Radiographic lesions consistent with metastatic osteosarcoma were seen after surgery in the nine dogs in which radiographs were taken.

The mean survival of the 19 dogs treated with amputation and chemotherapy was 415 days (median, 300 days). Drug toxicity was not observed. Fifteen dogs were alive at 6 months, seven dogs were alive at 1 year, 5 dogs were alive at 2 years, and two dogs were alive at 3 years or longer. One dog is alive and well at 25 months. Radiographic lesions suggestive of metastatic osteosarcoma developed in the other 18 dogs. The 19 dogs treated with amputation and chemotherapy had significantly longer survival times than the dogs treated with amputation alone. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1988; 2:177–1805
Thoracic, Abdominal and Vertebral Actinomycosis
Authors: Edwards David F. , Nyland Thomas G. , Weigel Joseph P.
Published: March 2010

The clinical, laboratory, radiographic, and histologic features and the response to therapy in three dogs with actinomycosis are reported. One dog (dog 1) had a 12‐cm nonresectable mass extending from the ventrolateral chest wall into the left ventricular myocardium. Another dog (dog 2) had a diffuse peritonitis with “sulfur granules‘1and two large masses. One of these masses was nonresectable involving adjacent abdominal structures. A third dog (dog 3) had a subvertebral mass at Ti_3producing quadra‐plegia. Two dogs had periosteal reactions involving adjacent sternebrae (dog 1) or ribs and vertebral bodies (dog 3) that are characteristic ofActinomycesspp infections. In dogs 1 and 2 the diagnosis was based on the morphologic and tinctorial properties of free sulfur granules and/or tissue granules. Culture results were variable. Tissue from dog 1 yielded no growth, while polymicrobial infections, which includedActinomycesspp, were identified in dogs 2 and 3.Actinomyces odontolyticuswas isolated from dog 3.

Although the actinomycotic granulomas were either not excised or only partially excised from dogs 1 and 2, both animals were cured by the oral administration of high doses of penicillin G for 19 and 6 months, respectively. Dog 3 responded dramatically to the same antibiotic therapy given for 5 months. However, within4months of discontinuing treatment an abscess and draining fistulous tracts developed in the left axillary region. Two surgical fistulectomies and additional penicillin therapy were required to cure this animal.

These cases and the current veterinary and human literature on actinomycosis are used to propose a rational approach to the treatment of actinomycosis in the dog. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1988; 2:184–191)
Effects of a Specific Thromboxane Synthetase Inhibitor on Development of Experimental Dirofilaria immitis Immune Complex Glomerulonephritis in the Dog
Authors: Grauer Gregory F. , Culham Cynthia A. , Dubielzig Richard R. , Presto Susan K. , Oberley Terry D. , Thomas Chester B. , Grieve Robert B.
Published: March 2010

Twelve Beagle dogs were immunized with aqueous‐solubleDirofilaria immitisantigens, and subsequent to at least fivefold increases in serum antibody titer, 6 mg of homologous antigen was infused into the left renal artery. Six dogs were treated once daily starting the day of infusion with 0.75 mg/kg of 1‐benzylimidazole (1‐BIM) in saline. Six control dogs were given saline only. Light, immunofluorescent, and transmission electron microscopic examinations of renal tissue from control dogs, 10 days after antigen infusion, showed a mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis in the left kidney with polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) infiltration and fibrin deposition. Immunoglobulin (Ig) G, M, C3, andDirofilariaantigen deposits were observed in a segmental granular pattern. Mesangial, subendothelial, and intramembranous electron dense deposits were observed, andsaxti‐Dirofilariaantibodies were demonstrated in kidney eluates from each dog. Administration of 1‐BIM had no significant effect on IgG, IgM, C3, or antigen deposits, electron dense deposits, or concentration of antibody in kidney eluates. However, 1‐BIM‐treated dogs had less glomerular cell proliferation, periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS) positive glomerular staining, PMNL infiltration, and fibrin deposition. These data suggest that thromboxane is an important mediator in the development of immune complex glomerulonephritis, and that in certain circumstances, inhibition of thromboxane synthesis may be an effective therapy for immune complex glomerulonephritis in the dog. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1988; 2:192–200)
Cerebrospinal Fluid Changes in Two Horses With Central Nervous System Nematodiasis (Micronema deletrix)
Authors: Darien Benjamin J. , Belknap James , Nietfeld Jerome
Published: March 2010

Two horses with cerebrospinal nematodiasis(Micronema deletrix)had signs similar to those of other neurologic diseases resulting from parasitic (fly larvae, protozoa, or other helminths) migration through the central nervous system (CNS). In one horse (horse 1), a 13‐year‐old Paso Fino stallion, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was slightly xanthochromic (1+), with a pleocytosis (25 nucleated cells/μl) and a normal protein level (69 mg/dl). A CSF differential cell count showed 15% neutrophils, 56% lymphocytes, 22% macrophages, 5% eosinophils, and 2% basophils. In the other horse (horse 2), a 19‐year‐old Tennessee Walking Horse stallion, the CSF was modestly xanthochromic (2+), with a pleocytosis (81 nucleated cells/μl) and a modestly elevated protein concentration (114 mg/dl). A CSF differential cell count showed 9% neutrophils, 41% lymphocytes, and 50% macrophages. The CSF changes were consistent with those described for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis and verminous encephalitis. The microscopic lesions in both brains contained multifocal areas of malaria and granulomatous inflammation. Meningeal vessels throughout the brain were greatly thickened and inflamed, and they contained parasites. The CSF changes were not specific and histopathologic examination was required for a definitive diagnosis. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1988; 2:201–205)
Primary Hypoparathyroidism in the Dog: Report of 15 Cases and Review of 13 Previously Reported Cases
Authors: Bruyette David S. , Feldman Edward C.
Published: March 2010

Fifteen dogs with primary hypoparathyroidism diagnosed at the University of California Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital were compared with 13 previously reported cases. Age, sex, breed, and historical and physical findings were similar in both groups of dogs. Middle‐aged females were affected primarily. A history of neurologic or neuromuscular disease was present in all 28 dogs, with 18 dogs having seizures. Posterior lenticular cataract formation secondary to hypocalcemia was suspected in six dogs. The most characteristic biochemical finding in all dogs was profound hypocalcemia (<6.5 mg/dl) and mild hyperphosphatemia. Serum magnesium concentrations were decreased in two dogs. Serum parathyroid hormone concentrations were consistent with the diagnosis of primary hypoparathyroidism in eight of nine dogs. Lymphocytic parathyroiditis was diagnosed in the 12 dogs from which tissue was submitted for histopathology. Successful management of the patient depended on frequent monitoring of the serum calcium concentration during initial and maintenance therapy.
Investigation of Caval Syndrome in Dogs Experimentally Infected WithDirofilaria immitis
Authors: Atkins Clarke E. , Keene Bruce W. , McGuirk Sheila M.
Published: March 2010

Nine of 16 dogs inoculated with 200 infective heartworm larvae developed caval syndrome (CS) of heartworm disease (HWD). There was no difference between dogs that did and did not develop CS with regard to total heartworm burden, burden relative to body weight, or female heartworm burden, indicating that factors other than worm mass are involved in the pathogenesis of CS. Male dogs were twice as frequently affected as females, although this finding was not statistically significant.

Dogs afflicted with CS exhibited radiographic, pathologic, and hemodynamic evidence of chronic HWD. In a model of single heartworm exposure, these findings strongly support the theory that CS develops due to retrograde migration of adult worms from the pulmonary arteries and right ventricle to the right atrium and venae cavae.

Pulmonary artery pressures were dramatically and significantly greater in dogs with CS (60 ± 18 torr) as compared to non‐CS (30 ± 4 torr) dogs with equal worm burdens.
Efficacy and Toxicity of Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide Used in the Treatment of Selected Malignant Tumors in 23 Cats
Authors: Mauldin Guy Neal , Matus Robert E. , Patnaik Amiya K. , Bond Betsy R. , Mooney Samantha C.
Published: March 2010

Twenty‐three cats with malignant, nonhematopoietic tumors were treated with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide. Fourteen cats had nonresectable tumors of the mammary gland, and nine had tumors of the oral cavity. Of the cats with mammary gland adenocarcinoma, seven cats had a partial response to treatment and seven cats had no response. Of the cats with oral tumors, one cat had a complete response, three cats had a partial response, and five cats had no response. All 23 cats are dead because of tumor progression or recurrence. Toxic effects were seen in 18 of the cats; most were transient and required no alteration in the treatment protocol. A high response rate combined with acceptable toxicity warrants further evaluation of combination doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide chemotherapy in cats with nonhematopoietic neoplasia.
Hypernatremia in Calves
Authors: Pringle John K. , Berthiaume Linda M. M.
Published: March 2010

Hypernatremia (sodium chloride intoxication) is described in two calves due to presumed mixing errors of oral electrolyte solutions while undergoing therapy for neonatal diarrhea. The experimental induction of hypernatremia in two clinically normal calves is also reported. Physical findings in diarrheic calves included depression, weakness, dehydration, and diarrhea. Serum sodium concentrations were found to be 171.6 mEq/1 and 208.0 mEq/1, respectively. Treatment with intravenous fluids was attempted in both cases, but one calf died after 6 hours and the other calf died after 2 days and exhibited periodic convulsions before death. Experimental induction with oral administration of 11 of electrolyte concentrate, which contained approximately 2750 mEq sodium revealed that the normal calves would willingly consume the solution as mixed with milk and develop clinical signs of hypernatremia within 6 hours of administration. Serum sodium concentrations of 176.0 and 179.8 were found in the experimental calves and coincided with the onset of overt depression and weakness, at which time they were euthanatized. Cerebrospinal fluid electrolyte analysis paralleled the serum electrolyte alterations.
Myasthenia Gravis in the Cat
Authors: Joseph Richard J. , Carrillo Joseph M. , Lennon Vanda A.
Published: March 2010

Myasthenia gravis (MG) was diagnosed in four cats–one had an apparently congenital form and three had the acquired autoimmune form. All four cats were examined because of episodes of weakness including gait abnormalities, voice change, neck ventroflexion, and regurgitation. Palpebral reflexes were absent in all cats. Administration of edrophonium chloride resulted in transient resolution of clinical signs in all four cats. Three cats were tested for the presence of serum autoantibodies against acetylcholine receptor (AChR) by radioimmunoassay. Two cats with acquired MG had anti‐AChR antibody titers of 10.5 and 96.8 nmol/1 (normal, ≤0.03 nmol/1). Antibodies were not detected in the cat with presumptive congenital MG. All four cats were treated with pyridostigmine bromide. Two cats with acquired MG were euthanatized because of clinical deterioration. The third cat with acquired MG has been asymptomatic since 2 months after diagnosis. The cat with presumed congenital MG is alive 3 years after diagnosis.
Treatment of Congenital Pulmonic Stenosis in Two Dogs by Balloon Valvuloplasty
Authors: Sisson D. David , MacCoy Douglas M.
Published: March 2010

Balloon valvuloplasty was performed on two dogs with pulmonic valve stenosis. Immediately following balloon valvuloplasty, peak right ventricular systolic pressure declined from 92 to 44 mm Hg in the first dog and from 108 to 46 mm Hg in the second dog. The peak systolic pressure gradient across the pulmonic valve declined from 60 to 12 mm Hg in the first dog and from 84 to 22 mm Hg in the second dog. Hemodynamic improvement was sustained in both dogs at the time of recatheterization 3 months later. Both dogs tolerated the procedure well and there were no serious complications. It was concluded that balloon valvuloplasty offers an alternative to surgery for the treatment of valvular pulmonic stenosis in dogs. The exact indications for and limitations of balloon valvuloplasty must await the results of additional and more long‐term studies.
Radiotherapy of Metastatic Seminoma in the Dog Case Reports
Authors: McDonald Robert K. , Walker Michael , Legendre Alfred M. , VanEe Rene T. , Gompf Rebecca E.
Published: March 2010

Four dogs with metastatic seminoma were treated with cesium 137 teleradiotherapy. Minimum total tumor dose ranged from 17 to 40 gray (Gy) and was usually given through bilateral opposing sublumbar ports in eight to ten fractions, with three fractions given weekly. The tumor regressed in all four dogs. The first dog (case 1) was free of tumor and died of non‐tumor related causes at 57 months. The second dog (case 2) was free of tumor but was euthanatized at 37 months for a limb fracture. The third dog (case 3) was euthanatized for undetermined pulmonary disease 43 months after radiotherapy. The fourth dog (case 4) was euthanatized 6 months following radiotherapy because of transitional cell carcinoma and renal failure. No evidence of seminoma was found at necropsy. Radiotherapy was shown to be effective treatment for seminoma with regional metastasis.
Evaluation of Citrate‐Phosphate‐ Dextrose‐Adenine as a Storage Medium for Packed Canine Erythrocytes
Authors: Price G. Sylvester , Armstrong P. Jane , McLeod Deborah A. , Babineau Cynthia A. , Metcalf Michael R. , Sellett Louis C.
Published: March 2010

Packed canine red blood cells (RBCs) stored in the anticoagulant‐preservative solution citrate‐phos‐phate‐dextrose‐adenine (CPDA‐1) were studied at 1,10, 20, 30, and 40 days. The extracellular concentrations of potassium and sodium, erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume, and osmotic fragility increased during storage (P <0.05). There was a decrease in the pH, plasma concentration of glucose, and erythrocyte concentrations of 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate (2,3‐DPG) and adenosine‐5 ‐triphosphate (P <0.05). Erythrocyte 2,3‐DPG concentration decreased by 54% within the first 24 hours of storage (P <0.001). Posttransfusion viability (PTV) decreased from 90% on day 1 to 46% on day 40 (P < 0.05). The PTV of the RBCs stored for 10 and 20 days complied with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) standard.

Although there are marked biochemical and hematologic changes in stored packed red blood cells (pRBCs), 20‐day‐old units may be expected to be of acceptable quality. The sharp decrease in 2,3‐DPG concentration suggests a reduction in oxygen carrying capacity in erythrocytes stored as pRBCs. Hyperkalemia occurs during storage of pRBCs and does not appear to be associated with high intraeryth‐rocytic potassium concentrations.
Complete Heart Block in a Dog Seropositive forBorrelia burgdorferi: Similarity to Human Lyme Carditis
Authors: Levy Steven A. , Duray Paul Harrison
Published: March 2010

disease has been recognized in humans since 1975 when it was associated with an outbreak of oligoarthritis in children in Lyme, Connecticut. Erythema chronicum migrans (ECM) is a clinical marker for the human disease, which usually appears within 3 to 32 days after an infected tick bite. Lyme disease is caused by spirochete,Borrelia burgdorferi, which is vectored by the hard ticksIxodes damminiorIxodes pacificusin the United States. In humans, Lyme disease has been found to cause a variety of clinical syndromes including cardiopathy, neuropathy, dermatopathy, and arthropathy. Human Lyme carditis is characterized by varying degrees of atrioventricular (AV) heart block that usually resolve regardless of therapy. Lyme disease has been reported in the dog as an arthropathy. This article reports a case of complete heart block and myocarditis in a dog with a positive titer forB burgdorferi, in which clinical and pathologic findings were similar to those seen in human Lyme myocarditis.
Recording of Visual‐Evoked Potentials in Dogs With Scalp Electrodes
Authors: Bichsel Pierre , Jr John E. Oliver , Coulter Dwight B. , Brown J.
Published: March 2010

Following unsuccessful attempts to record visual‐evoked potentials (VEPs) in dogs with scalp electrodes, adoption of a new stimulation technique seems to be beneficial. Previously, flashes of white light administered after dark adaptation induced relatively high amplitude electroretinograms (ERGs) covering any VEP activity over the surface of the skull. ERG amplitude, however, can be significantly reduced using flashes of red light after light adaptation (mostly cone stimulation). Simultaneous ERG and VEP recording allows identification of VEPs composed of three significantly different negative peaks (N1, N2, and N3) measured in dogs anesthetized with chloralose and halothane. No more than two of the three peaS:s were seen in one recording. Only the N1 and N3 waves were consistently recorded in dogs anesthetized with thiopental and thiopental combined with halothane. In 0% of all recordings, N1 was seen alone. The other VEPs consisted of N1 and N2, or N1 and N3 occurring concurrently. The simultaneous occurrence of N2 and N3 waves, however, was never seen. Among all recordings, N1 was most frequently recorded (85% of measurements), followed by N3 and N2 (38% and 31% of measurements, respectively).

Peaks of less than 90 ms are highly reproducible. Anesthesia is necessary to eliminate frequent artifacts obtained in conscious and sedated dogs. Thiopental and/or halothane had no effect on measured latencies compared with chloralose.
Neuronal‐Visceral GM1 Gangliosidosis in Portuguese Water Dogs
Authors: Shell Linda G. , Potthoff AI , Katherman Anne , Saunders Geoffrey K. , Wood Philip A. , Giger Urs , Carithers Robert
Published: March 2010

Three female siblings in a litter of seven Portuguese Water dogs (PWDs) showed clinical signs of ataxia and/or lameness at 5 months of age. Signs of cerebellar dysfunction (intention tremors, ataxia, wide‐based stance, dysmetria, and/or nystagmus) and mild limb weakness developed rapidly. Results of hemograms (three dogs), blood chemistry profiles (two dogs), urinalyses (two dogs), electroencephalograms (two dogs), and radiographs of the limbs or pelvis (three dogs), vertebrae (two dogs), and skull (one dog) were unremarkable except for an absolute lymphocytosis in one dog. Routine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analyses were normal in all three dogs. However, the CSF creatine kinase concentration was elevated in the one dog in which it was measured. Mucopolysacchariduria was present in all three dogs. Due to the rapid progression of clinical signs and a poor prognosis, all three dogs were euthanatized between 6 and 7 months of age. Histopathologic and electron microscopic studies showed neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions, vacuolated hepatocytes, and vacuolated renal tubular epithelial cells, compatible with the diagnosis of a storage disease. Beta‐galactosidase activities in leukocytes, serum, and brain homogenates were reduced when compared with that in normal dogs and the stored product was identified as GM, ganglioside, confirming GM, gangliosidosis. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1989; 3:1–7)
Abdominal Auscultation in the Detection of Experimentally Induced Gastrointestinal Sand Accumulation
Authors: Ragle Claude A. , DVM Dennis M. Meagher , Schrader Joel L. , Honnas Clifford M.
Published: March 2010

A blind study was designed to determine if abdominal auscultation is an effective method for detecting the presence of intestinal sand. Fifteen horses divided into two groups were used in the study. There were seven horses in Group 1 and eight horses in Group 2. All horses were auscultated and determined to be free of sand sounds before initiation of Trial 1. Group 1 horses were given 4.2 g/kg body weight of sand via nasogastric tube using carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) as a suspending agent at 9.0 ml/kg body weight. Group 2 horses were given CMC only. Horses remained in the same group through all trials. A total of five trials, each lasting 24 hours, was performed. Dosing with sand and CMC or CMC alone was repeated at the beginning of each trial. Abdominal auscultation was performed on each of the 15 horses beginning on Trial 2 by an investigator with no knowledge of the grouping of the horses. The ventral abdomen was auscultated for 5 minutes at 7 hours and 17 hours after trial initiation. When a horse was considered positive for intestinal sand by auscultation, the horse was eliminated from future trials. On Trial 2, no horses were positive; on Trial 3, one horse; on Trial 4, two horses, and on Trial 5, four horses. Sounds considered characteristic for sand in the intestinal tract were eventually identified in all Group 1 horses. No horses in Group 2 were ever identified as having sounds characteristic for intestinal sand at any point during this investigation. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1989; 3:12–14)
A Syndrome Resembling Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis in the Dog
Authors: Postorino N. C. , Wheeler S.L. , Park R. D. , Powers B. E. , Withrow S. J.
Published: March 2010

Lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LYG) was diagnosed in seven dogs. Most of the affected dogs were young to middle ‐aged, and there was no breed or sex predilection. Basophilia was detected in six of the seven dogs. Radiographic abnormalities included lung lobe consolidation or pulmonary mass lesions, as well as abnormally large tracheobronchial lymph nodes. Histologic changes included angiocentric and angiodestructive pulmonary infiltrates characterized by large lymphoreticular and plasmacytoid cells as well as normal lymphocytes, eosinophils, and plasma cells. Five dogs were treated with combination chemotherapy, and three had a complete response to treatment. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1989; 3:15–19)
Postnatal Development of Brainstem Auditory‐Evoked Potentials, Electroretinograms, and Visual‐Evoked Potentials in the Calf
Authors: Strain George M. , Graham Margaret C. , Claxton Marjorie S. , Olcott Bruce M.
Published: March 2010

Brainstem auditory‐evoked potentials (BAEP), electroretinograms (ERG), and visual‐evoked potentials (VEP) were recorded for eight calves from birth to 56 days and the values compared with previously determined adult responses. The BAEPs, ERGs, and VEPs recorded within the first 24 hours after birth contained all of the peaks seen in adult recordings. Varying degrees of maturation of the responses were documented as changes in latency and amplitude with age. The BAEPs were adult‐like at birth, with latencies falling within the mean, plus or minus one standard deviation, for adult cows. A small but significant decrease in latency with age was seen for the first, second, and fourth peaks of the response. The ERG amplitudes were also within the adult range for the entire period of the study. Latencies to the a‐ and b‐waves declined during the first 14 days and then stabilized at adult values. The VEP latencies decreased with age, with late peaks changing more than early peaks. Latencies of all but the first peak decreased to values less than the adult range. Two VEP amplitudes increased significantly with age. Developmental patterns in the calf and other precocious species are compared to those in altricious (nonprecocious) species. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1989; 3:231–237)
Gastroduodenal Ulceration in Dogs
Authors: Stanton Marylynn E. , Bright Ronald M.
Published: March 2010

Forty three dogs with non‐neoplastic canine gastric and/or duodenal ulcers were diagnosed at the University of Tennessee Veterinary Teaching Hospital (UTVTH) and reviewed in conjunction with dogs reported in the literature. No age, sex, or breed predilection was found. Most of the 43 UTVTH dogs presented with clinical signs referable to gastrointestinal disease, but evidence of hemorrhage was not always present. Nonregenerative anemia was a common (33/43 dogs) finding. Diagnosis of ulcer disease was made by contrast radiography, with clinical evidence of gastrointestinal hemorrhage, or surgery, endoscopy, or necropsy. Treatment with nonsteroidal, anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and hepatic disease were the two most common predisposing factors for ulcer disease. Dogs with liver disease tended to have duodenal ulcers, dogs receiving NSAID treatment tended to have pyloroantral ulcers, and dogs with mastocytosis had ulcers in multiple locations. Three dogs with duodenal ulcers receiving NSAID treatment had an additional predisposing factor. Surgical treatment (with or without medical treatment) had a good outcome when the predisposing factors could be controlled or eliminated. Only 3 of 27 dogs in both the surgical and medically treated groups died from ulcer disease, whereas 6 of 16 dogs in the untreated group died from ulcer disease. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1989; 3:238–244)
Primary Hypoadrenocorticism in Ten Cats
Authors: Peterson Mark E. , Greco Deborah S. , Orth David N.
Published: March 2010

Primary hypoadrenocorticism was diagnosed in ten young to middle‐aged cats of mixed breeding. Five of the cats were male, and five were female. Historic signs included lethargy (n = 10), anorexia (n = 10), weight loss (n = 9), vomiting (n = 4), and polyuria (n = 3). Dehydration (n = 9), hypothermia (n = 8), prolonged capillary refill time (n = 5), weak pulse (n = 5), collapse (n = 3), and sinus bradycardia (n = 2) were found on physical examination. Results of initial laboratory tests revealed anemia (n = 3), absolute lymphocytosis (n = 2), absolute eosinophilia (n = 1), and azotemia and hyperphosphatemia (n = 10). Serum electrolyte changes included hyponatremia (n = 10), hyperkalemia (n = 9), hypochloremia (n = 9), and hypercalcemia (n = 1). The diagnosis of primary adrenocortical insufficiency was established on the basis of results of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation tests (n = 10) and endogenous plasma ACTH determinations (n = 7). Initial therapy for hypoadrenocorticism included intravenous administration of 0.9% saline and dexamethasone and intramuscular administration of desoxycorticosterone acetate in oil. Three cats were euthanatized shortly after diagnosis because of poor clinical response. Results of necropsy examination were unremarkable except for complete destruction of both adrenal cortices. Seven cats were treated chronically with oral prednisone or intramuscular methylprednisolone acetate for glucocorticoid supplementation and with oral fludrocortisone acetate or intramuscular injections of repository desoxycorticosterone pivalate for mineralocorticoid replacement. One cat died after 47 days of therapy from unknown causes; the other six cats are still alive and well after 3 to 70 months of treatment.
Leukotrienes
Authors: Hansen Bemie
Published: March 2010

Leukotrienes are a novel group of chemical messengers derived from arachidonic acid. They are produced by several different tissues by processes linked to phospholipid flux in response to specific stimuli. The leukotrienes interact with specific receptors in target cell membranes to initiate a response. Most of these responsive cells are derived from bone marrow, skin, smooth muscle, and vascular endothelium. Leukotrienes are powerful mediators of inflammation and smooth muscle contraction, and there is increasing evidence that they are important factors in immune‐mediated disease. Several available effective antiinflammatory drugs may act partially by inhibiting the production of leukotrienes.
X‐Chromosomal Monosomy (77, XO) in a Doberman Pinscher With Gonadal Dysgenesis
Authors: Smith F. W. K. , Buoen L. C. , Weber A. F. , Johnston S. D. , Randolph J. F. , Waters D. J.
Published: March 2010

A 6‐month‐old stunted female Doberman Pinscher was found to have a 77, X0 chromosomal complement. The ovaries were small, consisting primarily of interstitial‐type cells and solid epithelial cords. The dam, sire, and a male littermate had normal karyotypes.
Brainstem Auditory‐Evoked Potentials in Holstein Cows
Authors: Strain George M. , Olcott Bruce M. , Thompson David R. , Graham Margaret C.
Published: March 2010

Brainstem auditory‐evoked potentials (BAEP) were recorded from 29 Holstein cows in a typical clinical setting. The latencies of five positive peaks in the BAEP were measured, and latency‐intensity functions were determined. The BAEP was similar to that reported in humans, dogs, horses, and other species. The responses were reproducible for each cow, with low variability between cows. Four peaks (I, II, III, V) were present in all recordings, and a fifth (IV) was present infrequently. All peak latencies decreased as click‐stimulus intensity increased. The threshold for detection of the BAEP was higher than expected for the cow compared with the horse.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis and Clinical Outcome of Eight Dogs With Eosinophilic Meningoencephalomyelitis
Authors: Smith‐Maxie Laura L. , Parent Joane P. , Rand Jacqueline , Wilcock Brian P. , Norris AIan M.
Published: March 2010

Eight dogs, 14 weeks to 5.5 years of age, had signs of diffuse or multifocal meningoencephalomyelitis. The total white cell counts of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ranged from 11 to 5,550 cells/μl; the percentage of eosinophils ranged from 21% to 98%. The total CSF protein content range was 19 to 1,430 mg/dl. On necropsy, two dogs had granulomatous encephalomyelitis due to protozoan infection. The other six dogs, of which three were Golden Retriever dogs, appeared to have an idiopathic eosinophilic meningoencephalitis; four of these dogs recovered. The significance of eosinophils in CSF and the possible emergence of a new encephalitic syndrome of dogs involving a hypersensitivity to an unknown agent is also discussed.
Alterations in Carbohydrate Metabolism in Canine Lymphoma
Authors: Vail David M. , Ogilvie Gregory K. , Wheeler Steven L. , Fettman Martin J. , Johnston Shirley D. , Hegstad Rebecca L.
Published: March 2010

Following an overnight fast, blood samples were obtained from 14 dogs with previously untreated lymphoma before and 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes following an intravenous challenge with 500 rug/kg dextrose. Samples were assayed for glucose, lactate, and insulin concentrations and compared statistically with ten control dogs of similar weight and age undergoing an identical dextrose challenge. Dogs with lymphoma had similar glucose tolerance curves when compared with controls. Lactate concentrations were significantly higher (P< 0.001) at baseline and all time periods of the glucose tolerance test in dogs with lymphoma when compared with controls. Rise in lactate concentrations over baseline levels in the first 30 minutes of the glucose tolerance test were significantly higher in dogs with lymphoma (P= 0.011). Insulin concentrations were significantly higher (P< 0.001) at baseline and at the 5‐, 45‐, 60‐, and 90‐minute time periods of the glucose tolerance test in dogs with lymphoma. Rise in insulin concentrations over baseline in the first 5 minutes of the glucose tolerance test were also significantly greater in dogs with lymphoma (P= 0.021). These results indicate carbohydrate metabolism is altered in dogs with lymphoma. Many of these alterations parallel those observed in human patients suffering from cancer cachexia making canine lymphoma a potential model for further study of the pathogenesis and therapy of cancer cachexia. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1990; 4:8–11)
Medical Management of Recurrent Seizures in Dogs and Cats
Authors: Lane Stephen B. , Bunch Susan E.
Published: March 2010

The problem of recurrent seizures is a common and challenging one in veterinary medical practice. The pathophysiology and pharmacologic suppression of focal seizure activity have been studied extensively in basic research settings, yet little is known of the genesis, modulation, and termination of generalized seizures, the most common form of seizures noted to occur in companion animals. Knowledge concerning the pharmacokinetic fate of anticonvulsant drugs currently used in veterinary medicine is adequate, though prospective clinical studies of the efficacy of these drugs in the treatment of various types of seizures are lacking. This study will review the available literature regarding the pharmacology, use, and side effects of anticonvulsant drugs currently available for control of recurrent seizures in companion animals. Alternative anticonvulsant drugs will also be described. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1990; 4:26–39)
Chlorpyrifos Toxicosis in Two Cats
Authors: Jaggy Andre , Oliver John E.
Published: March 2010

Organophosphate compounds are widely employed for control of external parasites in cats and for control of insects in homes and yards. Chlorpyrifos is a long‐acting organophosphate (OP) available for use as a systemically and topically acting parasiticide and insecticide in cattle. Its use on cats is not recommended, and no previous clinical cases of toxicosis have been described. Two cases of chronic chlorpyrifos toxicosis in cats are presented and pathophysiology as well as treatment are discussed. The cats had been showing signs of chronic organophosphate toxicosis before diazepam administration. Signs of acute organophosphate toxicosis were precipitated after diazepam was given. Treatment with pralidoxime chloride (2‐PAM) and atropine was attempted. Response to treatment was dramatic and complete recovery was achieved with six injections of pralidoxime and atropine administration. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1990; 4:135–139)
Increased Serum Alanine Aminotransferase Activity Associated With Muscle Necrosis in the Dog
Authors: Valentine Beth A. , Blue Julia T. , Shelley Sonjia M. , Cooper Barry J.
Published: March 2010

Serum activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was consistently increasedin dogs with canine X‐linked muscular dystrophy (CXMD), a primary myopathy characterized by profound and on‐going skeletal muscle necrosis. In order to determine whether the ALT was of liver origin, serum activity of creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), ALT, and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) obtained from dystrophic dogs was compared with enzyme activity present in clinically normal dogs. In dystrophic dogs at all ages tested, serum activity of CK, AST, and ALT was increased, and significant increases were present in dogs four weeks or older. In contrast, SDH activity in dystrophic dogs was not statistically different from values in clinically normal dogs. Ultrastructural examination of liver tissue revealed no evidence of hepatic degeneration in dystrophic dogs. It was concluded that increased serum activity of ALT in the dog may be associated with severe skeletal muscle degeneration, without concurrent hepatocellular necrosis. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1990; 4:140–143)
Cisplatin (cisdiamminedichloroplatinum) for Treatment of Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder or Urethra
Authors: Moore A. S. , Cardona A. , Shapiro W. , Madewell B. R.
Published: March 2010

The records of 15 sequential cases of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder or urethra in dogs were examined to determine the results of treatment with cisplatin (cisdiamminedichloroplatinum) and to record and assess toxicities. All dogs had measurable disease and were considered eligible for evaluation of toxicity following one cisplatin treatment. Three dogs were eliminatedfrom evaluation of efficacy because of acute toxicities. Of the 12 remaining dogs that received two or more cisplatin treatments, evaluations at the end of the second month of treatment revealed no complete responses; however, three dogsshowed partial responses and six dogs maintained stable disease. Three dogs hadtumor progression. The median survival time for these 12 dogs was 180 days (mean, 220 days; range, 36 to 589 days). Three dogs were azotemic before treatment. Two of these dogs showed improvement in renal function following therapy. Six of the other twelve dogs developed increases in serum creatinine during therapy. The objective and subjective improvements of some dogs to cisplatin chemotherapy suggest that this agent is active in selected dogs with transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary tract. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1990; 4:148–152)