bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Logit analysis in L2 research: measuring L1 and L2/Ln effects
Authors: Rahkonen Matti , Juurakko Taina
Published: April 2007

In quantitatively oriented L2 studies, we normally contrast two phenomena at a time, both at the group and individual level. However, it is generally acknowledged that what a learner produces is determined by a multitude of factors influencing the interlanguage (IL) simultaneously. When dealing with discrete, nominal categories, the numerical and causal relations between the variables involved cannot be adequately captured in an analysis where the phenomenon to be studied and the explanatory factors are subjected to a series of pairwise statistical tests. Instead of the two‐variable approach, multivariate techniques should be applied, since they allow for the examination of the effects of more than one explanatory variable in one and the same test. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the use of a multivariate technique known as logit analysis. Given that the IL units can be categorized in terms of L1 and L2/Ln, logit analysis makes it possible to find out whether or not L1 and L2/Ln affect IL at a statistically significant level. A further advantage is that in some circumstances the strengths of the influences can be precisely measured. The data used to demonstrate this modelling technique are taken from a study of Finnish learners' use of Swedish prepositions.
Testing past tense inflection in Norwegian: a diagnostic tool for identifying SLI children?
Authors: Simonsen Hanne Gram , Bjerkan Kirsten Meyer
Published: April 2007

Specifically language impaired (SLI) children are known to have particular problems with morphology. Their morphological competence varies, however, in accordance with the morphological structure of the language they are learning. This article examines the past tense inflection of verbs in Norwegian, a Germanic language with a verbal morphology similar to that of English, but with a less clear‐cut division into regular (weak) and irregular (strong) patterns. Experimental data from SLI children (aged 6 and 8), as well as from normally developing children (aged 4–8) and adults, were studied. The data were collected by means of a test constructed to find out how input factors like type and token frequency and phonological factors influence the acquisition and processing of past tense inflection. The goal is to evaluate whether these factors have the same effect on SLI children as on normally developing children. Also discussed is the extent to which the results of the test may function as a screening tool for identifying children with a language disorder.
The dynamic model and inherent variability: the case of northern France
Authors: Hornsby David
Published: April 2007

This paper explores the claims of the ‘dynamic’model of variation by testing it against data recorded in Avion, northern France. Parallels are drawn betweenlangue d'oïlareas of France and decreolization situations in which proponents of the dynamic model have generally worked. Evidence to support the rejection of inherent variability within the dynamic model is found to rest on invariant performance for very small numbers of tokens, and on the dubious assumption that conversational code‐switching does not occur. A lack of homogeneous speaker data in this case makes determination of lect structure all but impossible. In an attempt to isolate uni‐code sequences, co‐occurrence between variables is studied at the level of the clause, as in Burträsk by Thelander (1976, 1982). Significant differences from the Burträsk data emerge, and the claims of the dynamic model prove ultimately untest‐able in the absence of reliably homogeneous data, even in relatively short talk sequences. The researcher is ultimately forced to abandon the model or dismiss the misfit between theory and data as “performance”, which, it is argued, may well be no more than inherent variability under a different name.
Lexical knowledge and interpreter aptitude*
Authors: Skaaden Hanne
Published: April 2007

This article examines the performance of six student interpreters attending a training course at the University of Oslo. The data are drawn from video‐recordings in which the students interpret dialogues in two test situations. The students use the consecutive interpreting mode with short speaker intervals, and they perform in the language pair Norwegian/Serbo‐Croat (or now Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian). The article compares the students’performance during screening for admission to the course with their performance on the final oral exam. The assessments of their performance show a high correlation between their results on a written lexical knowledge test prior to the course and their performance on the final oral exam. In terms of Gile's effort model, the results indicate that those with good lexical knowledge use less energy for lexical access, and thus are left with more resources to handle other aspects of interpreting.
Tuning up amidst the din of discordant notes: on a recent bout of identity crisis in applied linguistics
Authors: Rajagopalan Kanavillil
Published: April 2007

This paper examines some of the key issues that were at the centre of a recent controversy over how best to characterise the status of applied linguistics (AL) and its distinctiveness vis‐à‐vis linguistics proper. It endorses the position maintained by Rampton (1992, 1993, 1997) that AL should assume its role not simply as a field independent of linguistics (the so‐called “Widdowson‐Brumfit stance”) but, more importantly, as an area of enquiry that poses a challenge to basic linguistic research, as it is customarily carried out under the aegis of mainstream linguistics. It also examines some of the criticisms of Rampton's view offered by Widdowson (1998a, b) and Brumfit (1997) and argues that Rampton's essential thesis survives their objections. The author speculates, however, that the next major paradigm shift in linguistics may well involve greater awareness on the part of researchers of the ethical, ideological and political implications of their own work. If and when this happens, the current stand‐off between mainstream linguistics and AL will lose a good deal of its raison d'être.
Genre awareness in ESP teaching: issues and implications
Authors: Skulstad Aud Solbjørg
Published: April 2007

This paper focuses on how research on conventional discourse patterns in professional settings provides useful insights into the design of LSP/ESP courses. A central issue in any discussion of LSP teaching is the identification of learners’needs. This paper rejects the notion that an LSP course should concentrate on teaching specialized vocabulary and a specific register; instead it should aim at developing the students’genre awareness. This involves sensitizing the students to the relationship between language and culture in general and between patterned language use and norms and identities of the discourse community in which these genres and rhetorical patterns are used. Genre analysis provides important data for such courses, including models of rhetorical movement which writers and speakers conventionally make. One of the questions this paper raises —“Should genre conventions be explicitly taught?”— is discussed in relation to the Australian genre debate. Also discussed is the concept of authentic texts in relation to genre awareness, and audience awareness as part of genre awareness. Most of the specific examples of ESP courses will be related to English for Business courses.
Learners and their meta‐pedagogical awareness
Authors: Block David
Published: April 2007

This article begins by introducing the concept of meta‐pedagogical awareness The term has its roots in several disciplines, in particular teacher development, language awareness, applied linguistics and educational research into self‐directed/regulated learning. The article then presents two case studies of EFL learners describing and evaluating their lessons, making the point that in the course of face‐to‐face interviews carried out over a ten‐week period, these two individuals manifested a great deal of knowledge about teaching practice (i.e. meta‐pedagogical awareness). Next, three concerns are dealt with – the status of oral data, the practical usefulness of this research, and the question of whether or not meta‐pedagogical awareness is only a useful concept for adult learners. The article closes with a call for more exploration of language learners’meta‐pedagogical awareness.
The role of figurative language in introductory science texts
Authors: Darian Steven
Published: April 2007

The article examines the role of figurative languages (tropes) – specifically, analogy and metaphor, reification and simile, personification and animation – in two introductory‐level science texts. Contrary to popular opinion, figures such as personification and animation play an important role, actually more important than analogy, in the presentation of material. The article examines dominant metaphoric themes – such as war and hunting, family and other relationships – and the specific topics they are associated with; e.g., immunity, DNA, evolution, and certain cell functions. It also analyzes some of the linguistic and discourse patterns used in various figures of speech: for example, the use of markers – verbal and typographic – to indicate that an upcoming word or phrase is being used metaphorically; or the use of extended figures of speech, and the interaction of various tropes in treatments of different scientific topics. It closes with several suggestions on the use of figurative language in teaching science.
EFFECTS OF BUTYLATED HYDROXYANISOLE (BHA) AND BUTYLATED HYDROXYTOLUENE (BHT) ON GROWTH AND AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION OF ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS
Authors: FUNG DANIEL Y. C. , TAYLOR SUE , KAHAN JOANN
Published: April 2007

Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were applied to six strains of toxigenic and six strains of non‐toxigenic Aspergillus flavus in a method similar to antibiotic susceptibility testing. The cultures were examined for growth inhibition, spore formation, pigmentation, and aflatoxin production. BHA (0.005–0.020 g per plate) had an inhibitory effect on growth and toxigenesis of the test organisms, while BHT (0.005–0.020 g per plate) had no visible inhibitory effects. Sporulation of the cultures had no direct relationship with toxigenesis in the presence of BHA. However, pigmentation of the mycelium is directly related to the intensity of fluorescence of the culture under UV. Heating of BHA did not reduce the inhibitory effect of the compound on A. flavus.
HISTAMINE PRODUCTION BY FOOD‐BORNE BACTERIAL SPECIES12
Authors: TAYLOR STEVE L. , GUTHERTZ LINDA S. , TILLMAN MATTHEW LEATHERWOOD FRED , LIEBER ELLEN R.
Published: April 2007

A total of 112 bacterial strains representing 38 species were tested for their potential to elicit food poisoning outbreaks via histamine formation in foods. Proteus morganii and Enterobacter aerogenes displayed a quantitative superiority in terms of histamine production on a trypticase‐soy broth‐histidine (TSBH) medium and a tuna fish infusion broth (TFIB). When bacteria were incubated under standardized conditions in TSBH medium, histamine accumulated to levels exceeding 50 nmoles/ml of media with a total of 23 strains, including 13 of 15 P. morganii strains, 3 of 3 E. aerogenes strains, 3 of 12 Hafnia alvei strains, 1 of 4 Providencia alcalifaciens strains, 1 of 5 Enterobacter cloacae strains, 1 of 1 Proteus rettgeri strains, and 1 of 1 Citrobacter diversus strains. However, only 8 of the 15 P. morganii strains and the 3 E. aerogenes strains were capable of generating histamine in excess of 200 nmoles/ml in the TSBH medium. Of the 23 strains capable of appreciable histamine production in TSBH medium, P. morganii and E. aerogenes were, by far, the most prolific histamine producers in TFIB. Of the organisms tested, only P. morganii and E. aerogenes would appear to have the capability of forming sufficient histamine in scombroid fish products to elicit food poisoning outbreaks.
ATTACHMENT OF CERTAIN BACTERIAL STRAINS TO CHICKEN AND BEEF MEAT
Authors: FIRSTENBERG‐EDEN RUTH , NOTERMANS S. , VAN SCHOTHORST M.
Published: April 2007

The attachment of bacteria to chicken and beef meat with and without fascia was studied. It was found that bacteria attach readily to the meat surfaces. The kinetics of attachment depend on the bacterial strain, as well as on the meat surface. Of the bacteria tested, Pseudomonas EBT/2/143 attached most readily to all meat surfaces examined. Chicken breast with fascia was the best surface for attachment.

A study was also made of the effects of storage on the multiplication of the attached bacteria and the feasibility of removing them. A high level of Salmonella infantis was found in comparison to the other bacteria after 24 h of storage at 20°C.

More investigations are needed to find out whether other serotypes of salmonellae will multiply to similar levels on these surfaces.

After micro‐colonies began to form, the newly generated bacteria were easy to remove. The hygienic consequence of this phenomenon is discussed.
FORMATION OF TOXIC METHYLHYDRAZINE DURING COOKING OF FALSE MORELS, GYROMITRA ESCULENTA
Authors: PYYSALO HEIKKI , NISKANEN AIMO , von WRIGHT ATTE
Published: April 2007

Methylhydrazine, the main metabolite of N‐methyl‐N‐formylhydra‐zones, was detected in the cooking steam of the mushrooms False morels, Gyromitra esculenta. About 25% of the original amount of acetaldehyde‐N‐methyl‐N‐formylhydrazone was decomposed during cooking process to methylhydrazine and residues of N‐methyl‐N‐formylhydrazine was detected as well.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTION OF SHORT CHAIN ALCOHOLS AND GLYCOLS
Authors: HERMAN E. B. , HAAS G. J. , CROSBY W. H. , CANTE C. J.
Published: April 2007

Antimicrobial activities of various short chain alcohols and diols against a staphylococcus, a lactobacillus and a yeast, have been determined using a liquid culture system. There appears to be a relationship between carbon chain length and antimicrobial activity, and between molecular asymmetry and antimicrobial activity. Microorganisms which are resistant to the antimicrobial activity of propylene glycol have been found to be resistant to that of ethanol as well, as demonstrated by dilution plating of suspension cultures, and observations of single cells or small groups of cells in hanging drops. Cell membrane function interference is suggested as a mechanism of action since the inhibitory activity increases directly with reduced surface tension capability in the alcohol series.
SAFETY EXAMINATION OF SOME EDIBLE OR MEDICINAL PLANTS AND PLANT CONSTITUENTS, PART 3
Authors: HIRONO IWAO , UCHIDA SHIGETOSHI HOSAKA EIJI , TAKANASHI HITOSHI , HAGA MASANOBU , SAKATA MASAKATSU , MORI HIDEKI , TANAKA TAKUJI , HIKINO HIROSHI
Published: April 2007

The carcinogenicity of vicia, galanga, lathyrus and lycium, which are plants used as human food or in folk medicine, and of caffeic acid and prunasin, which are plant constituents, was examined in an inbred strain of ACI rats. Fresh plant materials were dried, milled and mixed with the rat basal diet in the ratio of 16% and 33% of the total. The plant constituents, caffeic acid and prunasin, were mixed with the basal diet in the ratio of 0.5% and 0.03%, respectively. These diets were administered to rats for periods ranging upward from 180 days. Carcinogenic activity was not observed with any of the plants or plant constituents.
EFFECTS OF DIETARY CABBAGE (BRASSICA OLERACEA L.) ON THE TUMORIGENICITY OF 1, 2‐DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE IN MICE
Authors: SRISANGNAM C. , HENDRICKS D. G. , SHARMA R. P. , SALUNKHE D. K. , MAHONEY A. W.
Published: April 2007

Diets containing dehydrated cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) were fed to weanling male C57 BL/6 mice for nine months. Diets known to be adequate in all nutrients for mice were modified to include ground dehydrated cabbage leaves to 0, 10, 20, and 40% of their diet while holding protein, crude fiber, and lipid at constant levels. The animals were subcutaneously injected with 20 mg of 1, 2‐dimethylhydrazine (DMH) per kg body weight at weekly intervals for 36 weeks. The DMH carcino‐genicity varied with the proportion of cabbage in the diet and the tissue. Diets containing 10 and 20% cabbage enhanced DMH tumorigenicity while cabbage at 40% provided a protective effect. Tumors on the spermatic cord were the most predominant with occasional occurrence of kidney and liver tumors. Tumorigenicity is discussed in terms of two hepatic enzymes, cytochrome p‐450 and p‐nitroanisole‐o‐demethylase.
EVALUATION OF PLASTICS PACKAGING MATERIALS FOR FOOD PACKAGING APPLICATIONS: FOOD SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
Authors: GIACIN JACK R.
Published: April 2007

In evaluating a packaging system for food packaging applications, consideration must be given to the physical properties, chemical composition and extractivity of the packaging material. The last point, extractivity, or migration from the packaging material to a food contact phase, is of major concern in the selection and use of plastics packaging materials for food packaging.

The present article deals specifically with migration of indirect food additives from plastics packaging materials and the scientific principles related to migrant transport or diffusion, as they apply to food safety. These principles and their experimental basis are discussed.
TISSUE DISTRIBUTION OF 14 C‐SULFAMETHAZINE RESIDUES IN SWINE
Authors: DePAOLIS ANNELI M. , MAHER MAUREEN , KATZ STANLEY E. , ROSEN JOSEPH D.
Published: April 2007

14 C‐Sulfamethazine was administered to Yorkshire‐Hampshire pigs and the amount of radioactivity present in liver, kidney, shoulder, rear leg, loin, fat and blood was determined in pigs sacrificed 0.125, 2, 5, 10, and 15 days after withdrawal of the drug. Rapid depletion of the drug was observed from all tissues. Liver was the site of the largest concentration of radioactivity, containing an average of 30.2 and 10.1 ppb sulfamethazine (assuming all radioactivity due to parent drug) after 10 and 15 days withdrawal, respectively. Thin‐layer chromatography of liver, shoulder and kidney tissues revealed that the major portion of the radioactivity was due to metabolites.
INCREASED INACTIVATION OF BACTERIAL SPORES AT HIGH TEMPERATURES IN THE PRESENCE OF MONOGLYCERIDES12
Authors: KIMSEY H. R. , ADAMS D. M. , KABARA J. J.
Published: April 2007

The presence of monolauryl‐glyceride (monolaurin) in the heating menstruum (phosphate buffer, reconstituted non‐fat dry milk or cream style corn) of Bacillus stearothermophilus 1518 spores increased the rates of spore inactivation at 113–121°C by 2–3 fold. The ZD‐values for the spores heated with and without monolaurin were 8.7 and 6.9°C, respectively. Rates of inactivation of B. subtilis A spores also were enhanced, but spores of Clostridium perfringens NCTC 879B, C. sporogenes PA 3679, C. botulinum 62A, or C. botulinum 213B were unaffected.

Increasing the concentration of monolaurin from 0.4 mM to 3.6 mM increased the rate of inactivation, but concentrations higher than 3.6 mM did not appear to influence the effectiveness of monolaurin. All monoglyerides containing C8‐C16 saturated fatty acids appeared to increase the inactivation of B. stearothermophilus spores, but the enhancement of spore inactivation declined as the fatty acid chain length increased beyond 10 carbon atoms. The influence of monolaurin on B. stearothermophilus spores did not appear to be pH dependent over the range of pH 6 to 8.

The spore‐monolaurin interaction was not due to heat‐injury of the spores, although the interaction was dependent on the heat treatment. The increased inactivation appeared to be due to a heat enhanced chemical inactivation of the spores.
INHIBITION OF ASPERGILLUS GROWTH AND EXTRACELLULAR AFLATOXIN ACCUMULATION BY SORBIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES OF FATTY ACIDS
Authors: CHIPLEY JOHN R. , STORY LARRY D. , TODD PAMELA T. , KABARA JON J.
Published: April 2007

A study was conducted to determine the effects of sorbic acid and several derivatives of fatty acids (amides, aminimides, and monoglycerides) upon toxigenic cultures of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. A synthetic medium was inoculated with spores, incubated for 48 h at 27°C, and then supplemented with sorbic acid and fatty acid derivatives. Cultures were then incubated for an additional 5 days. Aflatoxins were extracted, separated, and quantitated. Mycelial mats were dried, weighed, and analyzed for lipid and mineral content. Cerulenin (8 μg/ml) was the most effective fatty acid derivative examined, reducing mycelial growth by 37% and completely inhibiting extracellular accumulation of aflatoxins. Other derivatives, in decreasing order of effectiveness, included M‐20 (an aminimide), lauribic, and lauricidin. Mycelia grown in the presence of fatty acid derivatives contained less phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine, cholesterol, and triglycerides, but more cardiolipin, phosphatidyl choline, free fatty acids, fatty acid esters, and diglycerides. Levels of monoglycerides and cholesterol esters remained essentially unchanged. Inhibition by sorbic acid was nonspecific, affecting both mycelial growth and extracellular aflatoxin accumulation to approximately the same extent. Utilization of fatty acid derivatives for determining mechanisms of aflatoxin accumulation and lipid biosynthesis appears promising.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF FATTY ACIDS AND THEIR ESTERS AGAINST A FILM‐FORMING YEAST IN SOY SAUCE
Authors: KATO NOBUYUKI
Published: April 2007

Antimicrobial activity of fatty acids and their glycerol and sugar esters against a film‐forming yeast isolated from raw soy sauce was determined in diluted soy sauce. In a series of fatty acids (alkyl chain length of 7, 9, 11 and 13) and their monglycerides, capric acid and monolaurin had the highest inhibitory activity. Two selected sugar esters (sucrose monocaprate and sucrose monolaurate) could not completely inhibit the growth of test organism throughout 3 weeks.
EFFECT OF GAMMA RADIATION ON TOXICITY AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM
Authors: LEWIS N. F. , GOVEKAR L. G.
Published: April 2007

Salmonella typhimurium H391 neurotoxin was sensitive to gamma radiation under in vivo conditions but resistant under in vitro conditions. Cells were detoxified after exposure to a radiation dose of 500 krad while isolated neurotoxin retained toxicity up to a dose of 3,000 krad. Detoxification of S. typhimurium H391 cells after exposure to 500 krad was accompanied by loss of antigenic properties which may be attributed to changes in the physico‐chemical behavior of the neurotoxin moiety after in vivo radiation.
SURVEY OF CIGUATERA AND TETRODOTOXIN OF BLOWFISH IN THAILAND
Authors: TOYODA MASATAKE , KINGKATE AMARA , JAENGSAWANG CHANCHAI , THANISSORN WANTHANEE , HALILAMIAN CHAWEEWOM
Published: April 2007

Twenty kinds of ciguatoxic fishes such as grouper, moray eel, barracuda, catfish and snapper, etc. were collected from fish markets in Bangkok, Chanthaburi and Chonburi. Liver and meat were extracted with ether and the presence of ciguatoxin was checked by the mouse test. Ciguatoxin was not detected in any of the samples. On the other hand, water‐extracted fractions under acetic acidic conditions from meat, skin, intestine, liver and ovary of five kinds of puffer collected from Chanthaburi, Samut Sakorn and Trat caused mouse paralysis or death. The ovaries of the green rough‐backed blowfish and the starry blowfish, which are very popular in Thailand, contained large amounts of tetrodotoxin. The starry blowfish contained 1482.0 mouse units of tetrodotoxin per gram of ovary.
ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF LAURICIDIN IN MECHANICALLY DEBONED CHICKEN, MINCED FISH AND CHICKEN SAUSAGE
Authors: BAKER ROBERT C. , POON WINNIE , KLINE DONNA , VADEHRA DHARAM V.
Published: April 2007

Aerobic plate counts on Plate Count Agar at 25°C were used to determine the time required to reach a microbial spoilage level of 1.0 × 107 C.F.U./g, for mechanically deboned chicken meat, minced fish and chicken sausage stored at 2°C. The storage times were 5, 8 and 9 days, respectively. Addition of citric acid (0.2%), ascorbic acid (0.2%) or lauricidin (250 ppm) alone extended the shelf‐life by 0–2 days. The combination of lauricidin and citric acid or lauricidin and ascorbic acid extended the time required to reach a microbial spoilage level for mechanically deboned chicken meat by as much as 7 days, minced fish by as much 4 days and chicken sausage by 8 days.
RELATIONSHIP OF ASEXUAL DEVELOPMENT TO AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION IN ASPERGILLUS PARASITICUS
Authors: BATT CARL
Published: April 2007

The association between asexual development and aflatoxin production in Aspergillus parasiticus is reviewed. Aflatoxin does not appear to be a product of asexual development. The ability to sporulate and to produce aflatoxin are not mutually exclusive of each other. The environment regulates the asexual development and aflatoxin production. The initial inoculum level will affect the competence time and the time of initiation of aflatoxin production. The time of initiation of aflatoxin production is independent of the initial composition of the medium, in contrast to the onset of sporulation which is dependent on the medium.
SIGNIFICANCE OF RESIDUAL ORGANISMS IN FOODS AFTER SUBSTERILIZING DOSES OF GAMMA RADIATION: A REVIEW1
Authors: MAXCY R. B.
Published: April 2007

The nature of the flora surviving substerilizing irradiation of foods is dependent on the dose applied and the conditions of applications as well as the microenvironment of the food. At a dose level low enough to preserve acceptable sensory properties of fresh food, few if any of the common contaminants of public health significance survive irradiation. Survivors are weakened and present no unique problem of acquired resistance through recycling. Those bacteria surviving a low dose treatment of a relatively contaminated product like ground beef can grow under normal storage conditions and cause obvious sensory spoilage. Thus, low dose irradiation extends the shelf‐life of fresh foods and reduces public health hazards, but foods so treated require normal care in production and distribution.
REGULATORY AND TOXICOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF FOOD IRRADIATION
Authors: TAKEGUCHI CLYDE A.
Published: April 2007

A major difficulty with food irradiation from a regulatory point of view is that it is related to many food issues, such as safety, labeling and consumer acceptance. Food that is intentionally irradiated is judged to be adulterated under current law unless there is a regulation for such use. As a first step in the rulemaking process, the Bureau of Foods has developed criteria useful for evaluating the safety of irradiated food by considering present knowledge in radiation chemistry and toxicity testing. These criteria will be used for evaluating existing toxicology studies and for developing policy on food irradiation.
WILL CONSUMERS ACCEPT IRRADIATED FOODS?
Authors: TITLEBAUM LIBBY F. , DUBIN ELLEN Z. , DOYLE MONA
Published: April 2007

Assays of consumer attitudes, qualitatively via a focus group and quantitatively through questionnaires, determined that freshness of produce, fish and poultry is important to consumers, but because of the availability of fresh foods and ready access to refrigeration, there is no real demand to extend the shelf‐life of foods. Consumers initially respond negatively to the idea of irradiated food, but information about the process and long‐term experimental feeding results, as well as straightforward labelling terminology (no euphemisms) will influence some consumers to purchase and try irradiated foods.
INHIBITION OF Staphylococcus Aureus IN A MODEL AGARMEAT SYSTEM BY MONOLAURIN: A RESEARCH NOTE
Authors: KABARA JON J.
Published: April 2007

A sterile agar‐meat was acidified with lactic acid and seeded with Staphylococcus aureus. Monolaurin (Lauricidin®), which is a GRAS emulsifier, caused both static and cidal effects on S. aureus 196E. When compared to potassium sorbate, Lauricidin® was slightly more active. The combination of sorbic acid and Lauricidin® (Lauribic™) gave a greater inhibitory effect than either of the substances alone. Inhibitory effects were greater on “anaerobic” than “aerobic” growth. These results indicate that monoglyceride emulsifiers like Lauricidin® alone or in combinations with other preservatives can be used in foods to create environments which are hostile to microorganisms.
EFFECT OF SPICES ON CAMPYLOBACTER jejuni AT THREE TEMPERATURES
Authors: DEIBEL KURT E. , BANWART GEORGE J.
Published: April 2007

A study was conducted on the effects of oregano, sage and ground cloves on the growth of Campylobacter jejuni. Each spice was added individually to a liquid growth medium at levels of 0.1–1%. C. jejuni was added to the spice‐broth mixture and incubated at 4°C, 25°C or 42°C. Colony forming units were determined at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 h. At 42°C and a level of 0.5% spice, cloves inhibited the growth of this organism at 16h. However, in the presence of either oregano or sage, an apparent reduction in colony forming units was noted. The presence of sage caused a greater reduction in colony forming units than did oregano. However, incubation beyond 16 h at 42°C, cell growth was noted in all three spice‐broth mixtures. In the presence of either sage or oregano, a > 3‐log decrease in colony forming units of C. jeiuni was observed when the spice‐broth mixture was incubated at 25°C.A < 1‐log reduction in colony forming units of C. jejuni in the presence of any of the three spices was revealed at 4°C.
LACK OF ADVERSE INFLUENCE OF BLACK PEPPER, ITS OLEORESIN AND PIPERINE IN THE WEANLING RAT
Authors: BHAT B. GANESH , CHANDRASEKHARA N.
Published: April 2007

Black pepper, its oleoresin or its active principle piperine fed to rats at doses 5 to 20 times normal human intake did not cause any adverse effect on: (1) growth, food efficiency ratio and organ weights; (2) RBC, WBC and differential counts; (3) the levels of blood constituents like hemoglobin, total serum proteins, albumin, globulin, sugar and cholesterol; (4) the levels of serum aminotransferases and phosphatases and (5) fat and nitrogen balance.
ASSESSMENT OF THE DISTRIBUTION AND ELIMINATION OF OCHRATOXIN A IN THE PREGNANT RAT1
Authors: BALLINGER MICHAEL B. , PHILLIPS TIMOTHY D. , KUBENA LEON F.
Published: April 2007

The distribution and elimination of %H‐ochratoxin A was studied in pregnant rats following s.c. administration of a single dose of 2.5 mg/kg on day 12 of gestation. Elimination of radioactivity from serum was biphasic. The overall elimination (beta) half life was 55.88 h. Fecal elimination of radioactivity accounted for 29.1% of the total radioactivity in the first 24 h and 36.2% in 48 h. Radioactivity in the urine accounted for 6.7% of the total at 24 h and 8.6% at 48 h. Thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) of whole fetal extracts demonstrated the presence of the parent compound 12 h after maternal dosing, with peak fetal levels (64.2 ng/g) occurring at 48 h. Virtually all of the radioactivity from the extracts was equivalent to ochratoxin A by TLC. No metabolic congeners of ochratoxin were detected in fetal tissues.
RESIDUES OF p, p′‐DDE AND DICOFOL IN MILK OF DAIRY COWS FED COMMERCIALLY PRODUCED APPLE POMACE
Authors: CHASE LARRY E. , ECKERLIN RICHARD H. , EBEL JOSEPH G. , MAYLIN GEORGE A. , GUTENMANN WALTER H. , LISK DONALD J.
Published: April 2007

Residues of the miticide, dicofol, used in orchards, as well as p,p′‐DDE a metabolite of p,p′‐DDT present as an impurity in dicofol, were found in each commercial apple pomace sampled at several locations in Central New York. Traces of dicofol and p,p′‐DDE were found in milk when cows were experimentally fed one of the pomaces for 9 days. These compounds were also detected in the milk of cows which had been fed by a dairy farmer on a practical basis for several months. It was judged that the milk residues were too low to be of health significance to consumers.
ISOLATION, ENUMERATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF AEROMONAS SP.
Authors: JOSEPH SAM W. , JANDA MICHAEL , CARNAHAN AMY
Published: April 2007

Methodologies for the isolation of Aeromonas sp. from various sources, utilizing a broad range of media, are presented. Recommendations are made for the identification of Aeromonas isolates to the species level. The current nomenclature of Aeromonas sp. is discussed with reference to previously used taxonomic systems.
FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH OR SURVIVAL OF AEROMONAS HYDROPHILA IN FOODS
Authors: PALUMBO S. A. , BUCHANAN R. L.
Published: April 2007

Recent surveys of retail fresh foods (fish and seafood, poultry, red meat, raw milk and vegetables) have indicated the presence of organisms of the Aeromonas hydrophila group in virtually every sample examined. As part of these surveys, A. hydrophila was observed to increase in number during storage of the food at 5°C. Thus, other measures to control the growth of these organisms in retail fresh foods must be sought and evaluated; in addition, measures to destroy any A. hydrophila introduced into the foods must be investigated. This review discusses the various measures besides temperature (pH, NaCl) to control the growth of A. hydrophila in foods as well as their destruction by heat, irradiation, and sanitizers.
AN INVESTIGATION ON THE POSSIBLE PRESENCE OF MORPHOLINE AND N‐NITROSOMORPHOLINE IN WAX‐COATED APPLES1
Authors: SEN NRISINHA P. , BADDOO PHILANDER A.
Published: April 2007

Fairly high levels (1.1 to 3.85%) of morpholine (MOR) and traces (140 to 670 ppb) of N‐nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) were detected in 9 commercial samples of liquid waxes used for coating apples. Also, low levels (0.25 to 7.7 ppm) of MOR but no NMOR were detected in 17 batches of apples coated with these waxes. Uncoated apples were negative for both MOR and NMOR. Although MOR is easily nitrosated, incubation of wax‐coated apples with 10 ppm nitrite under simulated gastric conditions did not form any detectable levels of NMOR (detection limit, 0.5 ppb). Therefore, the possibility of formation of NMOR in the human stomach, after ingestion of such wax‐coated apples, is highly unlikely.
GROWTH OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN KÖFTE, A TURKISH GROUND MEAT PRODUCT, CONTAINING LASER TRILOBUM SPICE
Authors: AKGÜL ATTILA , KIVANÇ MERIH
Published: April 2007

The influence of Laser trilobum spice on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus was examined in köfte, a Turkish ground meat product, prepared from three beef samples containing different fat levels, and stored at 20°C and 10°C. Spice reduced the S. aureus counts under most conditions. The growth however, varied with holding temperatures, spice levels, inoculation and beef samples. It was concluded that the use of the spice may be useful in köfte stored at the low temperature and prepared from beef with medium or high levels of fat.
BREWERS GRAINS AS A SOURCE OF SELENIUM IN BEEF CATTLE RATIONS
Authors: FOX DANNY G. , PERRY TED , ECKERLIN RICHARD H. , MANZELL KERRY L. , KENNY KEVIN P. , APPEL LESLIE D. , LISK DONALD J.
Published: April 2007

Soils, and therefore crops, deficient in selenium in the Northeastern United States are well‐known. Brewers grains containing barley grown on high‐selenium western soils should serve as an efficient supplementary source of the element in cattle rations. In this study, beef cattle were fed a diet containing brewers grains for six months and their concentration of selenium in blood was compared to a control group of cattle fed a comparable diet but without brewers grains. The concentration of selenium in the blood of the cattle receiving brewers grains increased significantly (p < 0.01) from an initial level of 12.15 ± 2.74 (average ± standard deviation) micrograms/100 mL to 22.88 ± 3.54 at the end of the feeding period. The control group showed a nonsignificant increase from 15.35 ± 2.29 to 16.19 ± 2.08. There was no significant (p > 0.05) increase in average rate of weight gain between the two treatment groups.
IDENTIFICATION OF SUPPLEMENTS THAT ENHANCE THE RECOVERY OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES ON MODIFIED VOGEL JOHNSON AGAR
Authors: SMITH J.L. , BUCHANAN R.L.
Published: April 2007

Modified Vogel Johnson agar (MVJ) has high selectivity for Listeria monocytogenes; however, it does not permit the repair and subsequent colony formation of injured cells. By the addition of 0.4% Tween 80, 25 mL/L bovine fetal serum, or 50 mL/L egg yolk tellurite enrichment (50%), the ability of MVJ to detect heat injured L. monocytogenes (Scott A strain) was increased approximately 100–fold without loss of selectivity
SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF LISTERIA MONOCTYOGENES ON BEEF TISSUE SURFACES AS AFFECTED BY SIMULATED PROCESSING CONDITIONS
Authors: DICKSON JAMES S.
Published: April 2007

The numbers of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A were followed on experimentally inoculated lean and fat beef tissue handled under a variety of simulated storage conditions at 5°C, including high and low moisture storage, simulated spray chilling, and vacuum packaging. Under high moisture storage conditions, L. monocytogenes increased approximately 3 log cycles on both lean and fat tissue after 21 days. Similar growth was observed with vacuum packaged lean tissue. Under dry storage conditions, the population decreased approximately 2 logs during the first 14 to 21 days, but the counts remained constant for 42 days. Simulated spray chilling did not affect the growth or survival of L. monocytogenes on either lean or fat tissue.
DIPHENYLAMINE RESIDUES IN APPLES AND APPLE CIDER
Authors: GUTENMANN WALTER H. , LISK DONALD J. , BLANPIED G. D.
Published: April 2007

Diphenylamine (DPA) is an antioxidant which is widely used on apples for scald control during fruit storage. Since appreciable residues of DPA remain on apples when sold, it was of interest to study the extent of possible transfer of the compound to cider. Cider was expressed from five cultivars ofDPA‐treated apples following their storage and the original fruit, the pomace and cider was analyzed for DPA residues. Only traces of the compound were found in cider with virtually all of the DPA found concentrated in the pomace. The toxicologic significance of the results are discussed.
MOLD GROWTH AND PRESENCE OF AFLATOXIN IN SOME TURKISH CHEESES
Authors: KIVANC MERIH
Published: April 2007

Twenty‐five random fresh market samples of Van herby cheese and pickled white cheese were examined for molds and aflatoxins. The mean total mold count in Van herby cheese was 2.50 × 105/g; in pickled white cheese it was 4.95 × 104/g. The mycoflora on the cheeses were determined. In all cheeses, over 65% of molds were Penicillium species. Aspergillus made up 0 to 1.6 % and 2.6 % to 4.0 % of the mold on pickled white cheese and Van herby cheese, respectively. Other isolated molds belonged to Mucor, Geotrichum and Trichoderma genera. None of the samples contained aflatoxins and none of the 6 Aspergillus isolates was an aflatoxin producer.
LACK OF GENOTOXIC EFFECTS OF PIPERINE, (THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLE OF BLACK PEPPER) IN ALBINO MICE
Authors: MURALIDHARA  , NARASIMHAMURTHY K.
Published: April 2007

The potency of piperine, the active principle of black pepper, to induce micro‐nuclei in bone‐marrow erythrocytes and dominant‐lethal mutations was investigated in male mice. Preliminary studies indicated that piperine administered (i.p.) to adult male mice at sublethal doses of 1,2 or 4 mg/kg b.w. (1/20, 1/10 or 1/15 LD50) on 5 consecutive days did not induce any clinical signs of toxicity or any significant alterations in epididymal weights, testicular weights or tes‐ticular histology. In the bone‐marrow micronucleus assay, piperine induced no significant increase in micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes suggesting its nonclastogenic nature at the tested doses. Further, it also failed to induce dominant‐lethal mutations during an 8–week sequential mating schedule of males at a dosage of 4 mg/kg b.w./ day for 5 days. The caudal sperm counts and the incidence of sperm‐head abnormalities measured at 1,3,5 and 7 week were not altered in Piperine administered males at any of the doses.
HIGHER AVERAGE MERCURY CONCENTRATION IN FISH FILLETS AFTER SKINNING AND FAT REMOVAL
Authors: GUTENMANN WALTER H. , LISK DONALD J.
Published: April 2007

Ten male and ten female brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) ranging in weight from about 500 to 3500 grams were caught in Lake Ontario. Opposite sides of each individual fish were randomly processed and trimmed to yield skinned or unskinned fillets. Skinning resulted in an increase in the average concentration of total mercury in the fillets of fish of either sex but the increases were not significant.

With the exception of the unskinned fillets of the male fish, the concentration of mercury in the fillets increased significantly as the weight of the fish of either sex increased. The fillets of the male fish appeared to be higher in mercury than that in the corresponding fillets of female fish of comparable weight. In all instances, the concentrations of mercury in skinned and unskinned fillets were well below the 1 ppm fresh weight action level of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
HYGIENIZATION OF INDIAN CHICKEN MEAT BY IONIZING RADIATION
Authors: KAMAT A. S. , ALUR M. D. , NERKAR D. P. , NAIR P. M.
Published: April 2007

Both fresh and frozen chicken meat were evaluated for microbiological status by screening for total bacterial counts and for the presence of pathogens like Enterobacteria, Bacillus cereus, coagulase positive Staphylococci and Salmonella spp. Most of the samples exhibited heavy bacterial contamination (1.2 × 105 ‐ 2.6 × 106/g), mainly with Staphylococcus spp. (1.5 × 104 ‐ 2.8 × 105/g). All the chicken samples also showed the presence of Salmonellae (3 × 101 ‐ 2.1 × 102/g). Among the different serotypes observed in chickens. S. typhimurium was common in fresh as well as frozen chicken. Radicidation at 2 kGy at cryogenic conditions (−40°C) was efficient in eliminating the natural pathogenic contamination of the poultry. Salmonella spp. viz. S. seftenberg and S. typhimurium differed in radiation sensitivity, the D10 values in phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) being 0.25 kGy and 0.12 kGy, respectively. Chicken homogenate (10%) offered approximately 2‐fold protection to these cells. Chicken samples artificially inoculated with a heavy inoculum (108 cells/g) of these 2 serotypes required higher gamma radiation doses of 4–5 kGy. The findings suggested that a dose of 2 kGy is adequate for normally contaminated chicken samples, but for the heavily contaminated chicken a dose of 4–5 kGy, depending upon the predominating Salmonella serotype present, is required.
RECOVERY OF VIBRIO METSCHNIKOVII FROM MARKET SEAFOOD
Authors: BUCK JOHN D.
Published: April 2007

Vibrio metschnikovii, a potentially pathogenic marine bacterium, was recovered from a wide variety of finfish and shellfish purchased at fish markets and supermarkets. Because limited information is available on the occurrence of this organism in food products and human disease, the observations may be relevant to public health considerations of seafood consumption.
DEVELOPMENT OF A TROPICAL FISH ASSAY FOR SAXITOXIN
Authors: LEVIN ROBERT E.
Published: April 2007

The tropical fish Notropis atherimoldes (0.2–0.4 g) was found to be highly sensitive to saxitoxin (STX) and well‐suited for use in the biological estimation of saxitoxin. STX in distilled water at a concentration of 3.3 ng/mL resulted in a paralytic end‐point being reached in 17.5 min. The assay is ideally suited for initially detecting the presence of paralytic shellfish toxins in bacterial culture supernates.
MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF TRADITIONAL MARKET CURED FISH IN TANZANIA
Authors: MUGULA JOVIN K. , LYIMO MONICA H.
Published: April 2007

The microbiological quality of six varieties of retail market traditionally cured fish in Morogoro, Tanzania was investigated over a five‐month period. The fish were contaminated with bacteria and molds at levels of: total aerobes, 106 ‐ 1.7 × 107 c.f.u/g; faecal coliforms, 1.1 × 101 ‐ 2.5 × 103 MPN/g; faecal streptococci, 1.4 × 101 ‐ 1.3 × 103 MPN/g; Staphylococcus aureus, 1.3 × 103 ‐ 8.6 × 103 c.f.u/g; Aspergillus flavus group, 2.1 × 101 ‐ 2 × 102 c.f.u/g of fish. Of faecal coliform, 45% of the isolates were Escherichia coli. Twenty‐five percent of the S. aureus isolates were coagulase positive. Sixteen percent of A. flavus isolates were aflatoxigenic. Aflatoxin contamination ranged from O to 18.5 μg/kg of fish. Insect infestation by Dermestes spp. and mites was observed. The results of this preliminary study emphasize the importance of proper processing and handling offish in the tropics in order to safeguard public health.
ANTAGONISM OF BACTERIAL COMPETITORS TOWARD LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES IN ENRICHMENT CULTURE
Authors: DALLAS HUGH L. , HITCHINS ANTHONY D.
Published: April 2007

A study was made of the competitiveness toward Listeria monocytogenes (Lm82) in Listeria enrichment broth (LEB) by bacteria isolated from foods and by strains of Enterococcus and other Gram‐positive bacteria. Competitive (i.e., able to mask during enrichment in LEB for 24 h) and noncompetitive bacteria were tested for production ofanti‐Lm82 agents in diffusion zone assays on deMann‐Rogosa‐Sharpe (MRS) agar with added beta‐glycero‐phosphate (MRSB) and in Listeria enrichment agar (LEA). Enterococci were the most active competitors. The presence of small (2–6 mm diameter) inhibitory zones on MRSB correlated significantly with competitive activity in LEB; however, the correlation was not due to the metabolic activity that produced inhibitory zones on MRSB. Zone‐producing bacteria were more likely to be competitors than were nonzone producers, but not all zone producers were competitors. Similarly, about 15% of bacteria that did not produce zones were competitive. The few inhibitory zones on LEA indicated that competitor activity in the selective enrichment broth may only rarely be due to the production of diffusible inhibitors. The most important factor in competitiveness was the ability of enterococci and some other bacteria to maintain superior numbers in the presence of prolisterial selective agents in LEB. With their superior numbers, competitors significantly decreased the pH of LEB. faster than did noncompetitors. Diffusible inhibitors produced in LEA by bacteria may also contribute significantly to competitiveness.
ANTILISTERIAL ACTIVITY OF SODIUM, POTASSIUM OR CALCIUM LACTATE IN PORK LIVER SAUSAGE
Authors: WEAVER RIVIAN A. , SHELEF LEORA A.
Published: April 2007

The antilisterial activity of sodium, potassium or calcium lactate was tested in pork liver sausage (55% moisture, 2% sodium chloride). Lactate levels of 2, 3 or 4% (w/w) were used and the sausage was sterilized and inoculated with 104–105 cells/g of Listeria monocytogenes strain Scott A. Enhanced inhibitory effects of the organism were observed with increasing concentrations of the salts at two storage temperatures. At 20C, cell numbers in the controls increased by 5 log cycles after 10 days. The change in log CFU/g in samples treated with 4% of the lactate salts was: sodium, 1.4; potassium, 1.35, and calcium, ‐1.33. At 5C, cell numbers after 50 days of storage increased by 4.5 log cycles in controls, and changes in log CFU/g in samples treated with 3% lactate were: sodium, 0.88; potassium, ‐0.67, and calcium, ‐1.49. Increasing the sodium chloride content in the product enhanced the inhibitory effects. While L. monocytogenes grew better in heat processed (water bath) than in heat sterilized sausage, cell growth was suppressed during refrigerated storage by 3% of each of the lactate salts, and the effect of the calcium salt was superior to that of either the sodium or the potassium salt. Although addition of lactates to the sausage lowered the water activity, the change was not sufficient to account for the antilisterial activity of these salts.