bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlation of Sunlight Exposure and Different Morphological Types of Age‐Related Cataract
Authors: Li Xiaochun , Cao Xiaoguang , Yu Yingying , Bao Yongzhen
Published: November 2021

Purpose. The previous lab and clinical studies of the correlation between the ultraviolet B and age‐related cataract (ARC) did not reach in the universal agreement, especially in different morphological types of ARC. It is important to systemically summarize those previous data of epidemiological studies, which might penetrate the relevance between three morphological types of ARC, cortical, nuclear, and posterior capsular (PSC), with sunlight exposure. Methods. PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, Embase, and Cochrane were searched online. Data were extracted and recalculated, and quality check was performed by hand. Review Manager was used to perform the fixed effects meta‐analysis on ARC and its morphological types. The highest exposed dose group was defined as the exposed group, and the lowest dose group as the control group as possible. Results. Finally, the number of analyzed studies was 31: 20 for ARC and twelve, eleven, and nine for the morphological types cortical, nuclear, and PSC, respectively. The pooled OR for ARC was 1.15 (range 1.00~43.78, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.21). The cortical cataract revealed a slightly higher risk, and pooled OR was 1.03 (range 0.67~2.91, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.03). But the pooled OR for nuclear and PSC were 1.00 (range 0.50~5.35, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.00) and 0.99 (range 0.57~1.87, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.01), respectively. Conclusions. The systemic analysis of epidemiological articles reported till now reveals a significantly increased risk of ARC for those exposed with more sunlight, especially the morphological type of cortical cataract.
Preparation of Palm Oil Industry’s Biomass-Based Graphene Composite for the Adsorptive Removal of Methylene Blue
Authors: Teow Yeit Haan , Wan Mohammad Hamdan Wan Nur Athirah , Mohammad Abdul Wahab
Published: November 2021

The ability of POME-based graphene shell composite (P-GSC), an adsorbent generated from oil palm wastes abundantly available in Malaysia such as POME and PKS, was examined in removing methylene blue (MB) dye by adsorption. Adsorption experiments, involving a batch column study and a batch equilibrium study, were conducted to investigate the efficiency of synthesized P-GSC from PKS as a base material in the removal of MB dye. The batch column study demonstrated that small-sized synthesized P-GSC from PKS as a base material could remove up to 98.5% for concentration. Therefore, the following batch equilibrium study was carried out on small-sized P-GSC only. Adsorption isotherms and kinetic isotherms were studied, from which the experimental data showed that the adsorption exhibited a good fit with the Freundlich model ([Formula: see text]) and followed the pseudo-second order model ([Formula: see text]). FESEM, XPS, and XRD morphological and elemental analysis indicated the successful graphinization of POME on the P-GSC surface. The concept of deploying POME as the carbonaceous source to produce P-GSC, and then, deploying the resultant P-GSC as the adsorbent for MB dye removal has presented promising practical potential. Such cost-effective and environmentally friendly reuse of waste materials is envisioned to promote a ‘zero-waste industry.’
Evaluation of the Outcomes of Coronectomy Procedure versus Surgical Extraction of Lower Third Molars Which Have a High Risk for Inferior Alveolar Nerve Injury: A Systematic Review
Authors: Abu-Mostafa Nedal , AlRejaie Lulwah M. , Almutairi Fahad A. , Alajaji Ruba A. , Alkodair Maram M. , Alzahem Nourah A.
Published: November 2021

Background and Objectives. Surgical extraction of mandibular third molars (3rd M) may cause inferior alveolar nerve injury (IANI), whereas in coronectomy the crowns of 3rd M are removed, keeping the roots intact to avoid IANI. This study aims to review the literature which evaluated coronectomy effectiveness as an alternative for surgical extraction of 3rd M that have a high risk of trauma to the inferior alveolar canal. A computerized literature search was conducted on the databases PubMed, SCOPUS, and ScienceDirect to gather information regarding the coronectomy procedure from inception till June 5, 2020. A total of 97 articles were identified, and seven studies were finally included for conducting qualitative analysis: 3 randomized clinical trials and 4 clinical controlled trials. Cochrane Collaboration’s tool was used for assessing risk of bias. Coronectomy procedures were performed on 15–171 teeth. In the control group, extraction procedures were done on 15–178 teeth. Results. No study reported permanent inferior alveolar nerve injury (p-IANI) regarding coronectomy; however, transient inferior alveolar nerve injury (t-IANI) was reported in 0–2.20% of successful coronectomy and 0–8% of failed coronectomy. Postextraction t-IANI ranged from 0% to 16.66% while p-IANI from 0% to 3.63%. In 5 studies, root migration occurred in 2% to 85.3% of cases and the distance rate was 2.33–3.43 mm at 6 months postoperatively; then the migration gradually decreased and stopped at 12 months. Conclusion. This systematic review revealed that coronectomy is an efficient alternative for the management of impacted 3rd M with a high risk of IANI. Patients who got antibiotics postcoronectomy procedures had lower infection rates than those who did not receive antibiotic therapy. We recommend further research on coronectomy with longer follow-up periods to assess the retained roots’ long-term outcomes and to assess the effect of antibiotics administration on postcoronectomy infection rate. This systematic review is registered under number CRD42020198394.
Enabling Fairness-Aware and Privacy-Preserving for Quality Evaluation in Vehicular Crowdsensing: A Decentralized Approach
Authors: Wang Zhihong , Li Yongbiao , Li Dingcheng , Li Ming , Zhang Bincheng , Huang Shishi , He Wen
Published: November 2021

With the rapid development of vehicular crowdsensing, it becomes easier and more efficient for mobile devices to sense, compute, and measure various data. However, how to address the fair quality evaluation between the platform and participants while preserving the privacy of solutions is still a challenge. In the work, we present a fairness-aware and privacy-preserving scheme for worker quality evaluation by leveraging the blockchain, trusted execution environment (TEE), and machine learning technologies. Specifically, we build our framework atop the decentralized blockchain which can resist a single point of failure/compromise. The smart contracts paradigm in blockchain enforces correct and automatic program execution for task processing. In addition, machine learning and TEE are utilized to evaluate the quality of data collected by the sensors in a privacy-preserving and fair way, eliminating human subject judgement of the sensing solutions. Finally, a prototype of the proposed scheme is implemented to verify the feasibility and efficiency with a benchmark dataset.
Double Meander Dipole Antenna Array with Enhanced Bandwidth and Gain
Authors: Awl Halgurd N. , Mahmud Rashad H. , Karim Bakhtiar A. , Abdulkarim Yadgar I. , Karaaslan Muharrem , Deng Lianwen , Luo Heng
Published: November 2021

In this paper, a new design of high gain and wide bandwidth microstrip patch antenna array containing double meander dipole structure is proposed. Two in-phase resonant frequencies in the Ku-band (12–18 GHz) could be achieved in the double meander dipole array structure, which lead to enhance impedance bandwidth without costing extra design section. Besides, further enhanced gain of 2 dBi of the array over the entire operating frequency range has been achieved by introducing a double-layer substrate technique. The proposed antenna has been fabricated using the E33 model LPKF prototyping PCB machine. The measurement results have been performed, and they are in very good agreement with the simulation results. The measured –10 dB impedance bandwidth indicates that the array provides a very wide bandwidth which is around 30% at the center frequency of 15.5 GHz. A stable gain with a peak value of 10 dBi is achieved over the operating frequency range. The E- and H-plane radiation patterns are simulated, and a very low sidelobe level is predicted. The proposed antenna is simple and has relatively low-profile, and it could be a good candidate for millimeter wave communications.
A Low-Cost, Autonomous Gait Detection and Estimation System for Analyzing Gait Impairments in Mice
Authors: Damale Pranav U. , Chong Edwin K. P. , Hammond Sean L. , Tjalkens Ronald B.
Published: November 2021

With the advancement in imaging technology, many commercial systems have been developed for performing motion analysis in mice. However, available commercial systems are expensive and use proprietary software. In this paper, we describe a low-cost, camera-based design of an autonomous gait acquisition and analysis system for inspecting gait deficits in C57BL/6 mice. Our system includes video acquisition, autonomous gait-event detection, gait-parameter extraction, and result visualization. We provide a simple, user-friendly, step-by-step detailed methodology to apply well-known image processing techniques for detecting mice footfalls and calculating various gait parameters for analyzing gait abnormalities in healthy and neurotraumatic mice. The system was used in a live animal study for assessing recovery in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Using the videos acquired in the study, we validate the performance of our system with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and Hit : Miss : False (H : M : F) detection analyses. Our system correctly detected the mice footfalls with an average H : M : F score of 92.1 : 2.3 : 5.6. The values for the area under an ROC curve for all the ROC plots are above 0.95, which indicates an almost perfect detection model. The ROC and H : M : F analyses show that our system produces accurate gait detection. The results observed from the gait assessment study are in agreement with the known literature. This demonstrates the practical viability of our system as a gait analysis tool.
Fatty Acid Contents and Stability of Oyster Nut Oil (Telfairia pedata) Compared to Flaxseed and Sunflower Oil
Authors: Mwakasege Emmanuel , Treydte Anna , Hoeglinger Otmar , Kassim Neema , Makule Edna
Published: November 2021

The selection of healthy fats for consumption is important. Linoleic acid (LA) (omega-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (omega-3) are essential polyunsaturated fatty acids required for the maintenance of good health; however, LA derivatives such as arachidonic acid (AA) are associated with the onset of inflammatory diseases, and both are prone to oxidation and deterioration. This study compared the fatty acid contents, peroxide value (PV), p-anisidine value (p-AV), and free fatty acids (FFA) of the oyster nut oil with refined sunflower, nonrefined sunflower, and flaxseed oil stored at 27°C for 40 days. Flaxseed oil had significantly high ALA content (59.8%) compared to 0.1-0.5% for oyster nut and sunflower oil brands. The LA content was high in sunflower brands (50.3-52.8%) compared to the oyster nut (48%) and flaxseed oil 14.7%. Oleic acid was lower in oyster nut oil (8.6%) and flaxseed oil 15.8% compared to sunflower brands (35.7-38.2%). As a consequence, oyster nut and flaxseed recorded higher PV of 4.35-2.88 mEq O2/kg and FFA 0.26-0.47% compared to sunflower brands. The p-AV recorded small values which were not significantly different in all samples. Although oyster nut is widely consumed by pregnant and lactating women across Africa, its keeping quality in nonrefined form is low compared to flaxseed and sunflower oil as shown in this study. Hence, the fatty acid contents in oyster nuts should be consumed in other alternative forms such as flour and roasted kernels rather than its oil when in nonrefined form. This study will enable the consumption balance of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids and the keeping quality of oils which is key to health.
Melatonin Ameliorates Valproic Acid‐Induced Neurogenesis Impairment: The Role of Oxidative Stress in Adult Rats
Authors: Aranarochana Anusara , Sirichoat Apiwat , Pannangrong Wanassanun , Wigmore Peter , Welbat Jariya Umka
Published: November 2021

Background. Valproic acid (anticonvulsant medication) has been found to inhibit histone deacetylase activity and suppress hippocampal neurogenesis, which causes memory impairment in both humans and rodents. The neurohormone melatonin, which regulates mammalian seasonal and circadian physiology, has recently been shown to have neuroprotective properties, counteracting memory impairment associated with VPA‐caused hippocampal neurogenesis reduction. This study is aimed at investigating the molecular mechanisms of melatonin associated with VPA‐induced hippocampal neurogenesis and memory impairment. Methods. Male Spraque‐Dawley rats received VPA (300 mg/kg) twice daily or melatonin (8 mg/kg/day) or some rats were given melatonin for 14 days during VPA administration. Results. The VPA‐treated rats showed a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the hippocampus and p21‐positive cells in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG) but decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. Moreover, VPA significantly decreased levels of nestin, Notchl, nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2), doublecortin (DCX), sex determining region Y‐box 2 (SOX2), and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Conclusions. We found that melatonin was able to counteract these neurotoxic effects, acting as a neuroprotectant in VPA‐induced memory hippocampal neurogenesis impairment by preventing intracellular oxidative stress and increasing antioxidant activity.
Study of Baicalin toward COVID-19 Treatment: In silico Target Analysis and in vitro Inhibitory Effects on SARS-CoV-2 Proteases
Authors: Lin Chingju , Tsai Fuu-Jen , Hsu Yuan-Man , Ho Tsung-Jung , Wang Guo-Kai , Chiu Yu-Jen , Ha Hai-Anh , Yang Jai-Sing
Published: November 2021

Negative impacts of COVID-19 on human health and economic and social activities urge scientists to develop effective treatments. Baicalin is a natural flavonoid, extracted from a traditional medicinal plant, previously reported with anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, we used pharmacophore fitting and molecular docking to screen and determine docking patterns and the binding affinity of baicalin on 3 major targets of SARS-CoV-2 (3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease [3CLpro], papain-like protease [PLpro], and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase). The obtained data revealed that baicalin has high pharmacophore fitting on 3CLpro and predicted good binding affinity on PLpro. Moreover, using the enzymatic assay, we examined the inhibitory effect of baicalin in vitro on the screened enzymes. Baicalin also exhibits inhibitory effect on these proteases in vitro. Additionally, we performed pharmacophore-based screening of baicalin on human targets and conducted pathway analysis to explore the potential cytoprotective effects of baicalin in the host cell that may be beneficial for COVID-19 treatment. The result suggested that baicalin has multiple targets in human cell that may induce multiple pharmacological effects. The result of pathway analysis implied that these targets may be associated with baicalin-induced bioactivities that are involved with signals of pro-inflammation factors, such as cytokine and chemokine. Taken together with supportive data from the literature, the bioactivities of bailalin may be beneficial for COVID-19 treatment by reducing cytokine-induced acute inflammation. In conclusion, baicalin is potentially a good candidate for developing new therapeutic to treat COVID-19.
Nivolumab-Induced Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
Authors: Sweep Boudewijn , Wilgenhof Sofie , Anten Sander
Published: November 2021

Immunotherapy is increasingly gaining applicability for several malignancies. While the survival of several malignancies has dramatically improved, immune-related adverse events (irAEs) can occur and can cause severe damage to patients. Side effects such as colitis are well known nowadays; however, with increased use of immunotherapy, less common side effects should also be addressed. In this article, 2 patients that received nivolumab developed exocrine dysfunction of the pancreas. Endocrine dysfunction has been well known, but exocrine dysfunction is less often described. It is important to be aware of this side effect because it is possibly underdiagnosed. Symptoms often mimic symptoms of malignancy, chemotherapy side effects, or immune-related colitis. Although the exact mechanism is yet to be elaborated, dormant CD8+ T cells are likely to be involved. No known therapy is yet been proven to be effective. More knowledge and research about irAEs will lead to possible therapies that will be effective. Currently, high-dose prednisone is recommended based on expert opinion.
Next-Generation Sequencing Gene Panels and “Solo” Clinical Exome Sequencing Applied in Structurally Abnormal Fetuses
Authors: Pauta Montse , Campos Berta , Segura-Puimedon Maria , Arca Gemma , Nadal Alfons , Tubau Albert , Perez Silvia Pina , Marimon Edda , Martín Lourdes , López-Quesada Eva , Sabrià Joan , Muñoz Begoña , Garcia Esperanza , Paz Y. Miño Fernanda , Borobio Virginia , Gomez Olga , Eixarch Elisenda , Lopez Monica , Comas Rovira Montserrat , Borrell Antoni
Published: November 2021

Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the diagnostic yield of 2 different next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches: gene panel and “solo” clinical exome sequencing (solo-CES), in fetuses with structural anomalies and normal chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA), in the absence of a known familial mutation. Methodology: Gene panels encompassing from 2 to 140 genes, were applied mainly in persistent nuchal fold/fetal hydrops and in large hyperechogenic kidneys. Solo-CES, which entails sequencing the fetus alone and only interpreting the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man genes, was performed in multisystem or recurrent structural anomalies. Results: During the study period (2015–2020), 153 NGS studies were performed in 148 structurally abnormal fetuses with a normal CMA. The overall diagnostic yield accounted for 35% (53/153) of samples and 36% (53/148) of the fetuses. Diagnostic yield with the gene panels was 31% (15/49), similar to 37% (38/104) in solo-CES. Conclusions: A monogenic disease was established as the underlying cause in 35% of selected fetal structural anomalies by gene panels and solo-CES.
Second-Degree Type 2 Atrioventricular Block Requiring Permanent Cardiac Pacing in Patients on CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Report of Two Cases
Authors: Cicini Maria Paola , Ferretti Gianluigi , Morace Nicola , Nisticò Cecilia , Cognetti Francesco , Rulli Francesco
Published: November 2021

Introduction: A wide spectrum of cardiovascular (CV) toxicity is associated with anticancer treatment, and nearly all chemotherapeutic agents can elicit CV toxicity. Inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 (CDK4/6Is) have become standard of care in the treatment of hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative metastatic breast cancer (MBC). CV side effects are uncommon with CDK4/6Is and only include QT prolongation, with a low incidence rate. Case Presentation: This paper describes 2 cases of new-onset second-degree type 2 atrioventricular (AV) blocks requiring permanent cardiac pacing involving 2 women with MBC receiving ribociclib or abemaciclib. Both our patients had no known history or risk factors of cardiac disease and a normal 12-lead resting electrocardiogram (ECG) when diagnosed with breast adenocarcinoma. Both patients have been subjected to surveillance for cardiotoxicity with serial ECG and echocardiography. No left ventricular dysfunction or arrhythmia was found during the follow-up, and cardiac biomarkers were normal. Conclusion: To our knowledge, these are the first cases reported in the literature of new-onset advanced AV blocks in patients under treatment with CDK4/6Is, suggesting the clinical relevance of a more frequent ECG monitoring, besides the QT interval, in these patients.
Effects of Cannabis on Cardiovascular System: The Good, the Bad, and the Many Unknowns
Authors: Dabiri Ali E. , Kassab Ghassan S.
Published: November 2021

Cannabis is currently the most consumed illicit substance in the world, and gradual legalization in the USA makes it important to understand the health consequences of the use of this substance. With growing body of evidence that some cannabis ingredients may be beneficial in various aspects of hemostasis, additional research is clearly needed in various clinical areas. In addition to understanding the efficacy, research efforts should also include studies that address any harmful effects of the compounds or administration methods that may result in adverse effects. This review is focused on the cardiometabolic effects of cannabis use. Cardiometabolic diseases are among the leading causes of death in the USA and around the world. The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of the known medicinal benefits of selected cannabis cannabinoids and the known side effects or contraindications. More importantly, we have proposed new questions and signposts in cannabis research to uncover additional medicinal benefits and identify the health hazards with focus on cardiovascular disease.
The Evolution of Very Early Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Autoimmune Hepatitis, and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis in a Young Girl
Authors: Dey Aditi , Peck Jacquelin , Wilsey Michael , Walter Jolan , Nguyen Johnny , Gonzalez-Gomez Ignacio , Karjoo Sara
Published: November 2021

Very early onset inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), or primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) alone is a rare condition in young children. The combination of all 3 autoimmune disorders in a 16-month-old child is even rarer. The onset and etiology of these diseases is multifactorial and typically unknown. However, when the children are diagnosed, the accepted view point is that the inflammation was likely present for months to years prior. This case is unique because the gastrointestinal problems started from infancy, and evolved to the development of Crohn’s disease, AIH, and PSC at a very early age. This case helps bring to light that very early onset autoimmune disorders may in fact present with symptoms of feeding difficulties, growth failure, and formula intolerance. Patients may be diagnosed initially with allergic enterocolitis in infancy. Although few children with these symptoms evolve to develop autoimmune diseases at an older age, clinicians should consider following these children more closely. This case also demonstrates how hard it is to diagnose very early onset autoimmune disorders, as they mimic other illnesses.
Geriatrische Dermatologie: Die Zukunft der stationären dermatologischen Versorgung?
Authors: Braun-Falco Markus
Published: November 2021

The demographic trend of an ageing society is mirrored in the rising number of hospitalized geriatric patients in Germany. However, there is still a wide gap of knowledge regarding the dermatological diseases, comorbidities and performed procedures within this growingly important group of patients. The study was conducted as a retrospective monocentric data analysis of all patients 65 years or older from the Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Germany. In total, 10,009 individual hospitalizations were included from 2009 to 2017, and there was a notable increase of geriatric patients in the study period. This study illustrates the following: leading major diagnoses included malignant neoplasm of the head and neck, ulcerated and non-ulcerated inflammatory spectrum of chronic venous insufficiency, whereas angina pectoris, type 2 diabetes and cardiac diseases were noted most frequently as secondary diagnoses. Patients with venous diseases had considerably more often cardiopulmonary minor diagnoses, whereas endocrine diagnoses peaked in the cohort of patients with psoriasis and psychiatric and muscululoskeletal disorders in patients with bullous dieseases. Moh’s surgery, dressings and multimodal dermatological treatments were the most often encoded procedures.
Orbitale Traumata
Authors: Gabel-Pfisterer Ameli
Published: November 2021

Orbitale Traumata können sich vielfältig präsentieren und durch eine Vielzahl beteiligter neurovaskulärer Strukturen im Knochenkäfig eine visusbedrohende Verletzung darstellen. Eine adäquate radiologische Darstellung ist wichtig, um eine unter Umständen zeitkritische und eventuell interdisziplinäre Therapie mit HNO, MKG oder Neurochirurgie zügig einleiten zu können.
Nem instituição, nem indivíduo: notas sobre carisma e agência a partir de testemunhos de graças de devotos de dois frades franciscanos
Authors: Almeida Juliano Florczak
Published: November 2021

Este texto se debruça sobre testemunhos de graças de devotos de frei Fabiano de Cristo (1676-1747) e de frei Rogério Neuhaus (1859-1934), a fim de discutir as noções de carisma e agência. O material analisado consiste em cartas escritas pelos devotos e encontradas em suas biografias e em arquivos franciscanos. A reflexão sobre o carisma se mostrou um bom meio de pôr em tela as discussões sobre divíduo, indivíduo e agência. Na esteira da agenda de pesquisa da antropologia dos últimos anos, que objetiva ir além de certa “razão sociológica”, este texto afirma que, para compreender as relações entre frades e seus devotos, parece prejudicial ter que escolher entre carisma de função ou individual. Nessas cartas, a agência não pode ser somente encontrada nem no indivíduo, nem na instituição e sim diluída em toda a malha que reúne divindades, humanos e outras coisas. Além disso, o artigo argumenta que os testemunhos de graça evocam uma noção de divíduo.
Futebol em campo, no campo da etnologia: o desporto bretão e a esportividade ameríndia
Authors: Costa Carlos Eduardo
Published: November 2021

Este texto pretende debater a difusão do futebol em comunidades indígenas ecoando seu reconhecido potencial universalizante. Apesar de incipientes interpretações teóricas desde o ponto de vista etnológico, sua prática é amplamente descrita em etnografias de variadas regiões. A proposta é a retomada de obras que trabalharam o tema na demonstração de suas relações com instituições tradicionais e modalidades nativas. A expansão do futebol promove transformações que passam pela pacificação das relações interétnicas; esportificação de disputas corporais; ressignificação estética; anexação onomástica. Enfim, é incorporado a partir do conjunto de relações próprias a cada contexto. A conexão entre essas obras seminais e o material etnográfico elaborado em pesquisas realizadas junto aos Kalapalo do Alto Xingu visa demonstrar as possibilidades de desenvolvimento dos diálogos entre etnologia e antropologia das práticas esportivas.
Capitalismo: sem rivais e na encruzilhada
Authors: Oliveira Tiago
Published: November 2021

Em “Capitalismo Sem Rivais, o futuro do sistema que domina o mundo”, Branko Milanovic reflete sobre o sistema econômico em que vivemos e o confronto atual entre seus dois modelos: o capitalismo meritocrático liberal e o capitalismo político. A partir de uma leitura original da história econômica contemporânea e da reflexão sobre o futuro do capitalismo, o autor discute com rigor os principais problemas que afligem as sociedades contemporâneas como as desigualdades, as políticas sociais, as migrações, a corrupção e a globalização, e propõe medidas para enfrentá-los, o que torna a sua obra especialmente relevante para países de níveis de desenvolvimento mais baixos, a exemplo dos latino-americanos.
Políticas de transferência de renda e de assistência no Brasil: descontinuidades recentes e os desafios colocados pela Covid-19
Authors: Simoni Junior Sergio
Published: November 2021

Este artigo analisa aspectos da implementação do Auxílio Emergencial no Brasil, criado para combater as crises sanitária, econômica e social acarretadas pela pandemia de Covid-19. Este benefício trouxe desafios para o futuro de políticas permanentes de transferência de renda com vistas à superação de vulnerabilidades, expressando dilemas também enfrentados por outros países da América Latina. Para além da importância da elevação da cobertura e dos valores dos benefícios, ressaltam-se dois aspectos cruciais que têm sido negligenciados pelas discussões correntes e que se revelaram precários no Auxílio Emergencial: a importância de uma efetiva articulação federativa e de um cadastro de beneficiários com informações abrangentes de suas condições de vida. Os resultados obtidos a partir de modelos estatísticos aplicados ao nível municipal revelam que parte da magnitude do grupo de “invisíveis”, pessoas até então ausentes dos registros governamentais, é explicada pela desidratação recente das estruturas da política de assistência social, ou seja, por processos de policy drift. Conclui-se que a crise da pandemia poderia ter sido combatida com maior rapidez caso esta política social não estivesse defasada, e argumenta-se que a efetividade futura das políticas de transferência de renda depende da retomada dos instrumentos do Cadastro Único de Programas Sociais.
A América Latina se caracterizou nos últimos anos pela inovação neste setor de políticas públicas, particularmente o Brasil, com o Programa Bolsa-Família. No entanto, a magnitude do Auxílio Emergencial em termos do valor do benefício transferido e da cobertura alcançada mostrou a necessidade de reformulação das políticas tradicionais de transferência de renda, agenda que atinge os demais países da América Latina.   
Neste artigo, por meio de análise intensiva do caso brasileiro, com referência à situação de demais países, chamo atenção para aspectos importantes que estão sendo negligenciados nas discussões correntes. O funcionamento efetivo das políticas de transferência depende da articulação intergovernamental e deve estar balizado em cadastros abrangentes e inclusivos. A análise com métodos quantitativos multivariados no nível municipal revela que grande parte dos “invisíveis”, pessoas até então ausentes dos registros governamentais, se deve à desidratação recente da assistência social no Brasil.
La relevancia de la paz positiva para enfrentar desafíos sociales: el post-acuerdo de paz y la pandemia de covid-19 en Colombia
Authors: Chaparro Lina , Chagas-Bastos Fabrício
Published: November 2021

El gobierno colombiano y el grupo guerrillero de las FARC—EP (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia—Ejército del Pueblo), después de más medio siglo de conflicto en el país, llegaron a un acuerdo de paz en 2016. El Acuerdo de Paz de La Habana, desde una perspectiva de paz positiva, trae más que un posible fin a la violencia a Colombia: aborda los desafíos a la protección social profundamente arraigados legados por el conflicto, además de una refundación del Estado colombiano. Hay una laguna teórica y empírica, todavía, sobre ¿por qué y cómo pueden los mecanismos de justicia transicional colaborar con la promoción de medidas de protección social y abordar sus desafíos en ambientes de construcción de paz? En este artículo argumentamos que la justicia de transición impulsada por el Acuerdo es una herramienta fundamental para hacer frente a los desafíos a la protección social en Colombia —sean ellos históricos u oriundos de la pandemia de COVID-19. Proponemos un nuevo ángulo a las perspectivas tradicionales de construcción de paz, justicia de transición, y estudios de protección social, mostrando que hay ganancias analíticas en una perspectiva interdisciplinaria que va hacia un punto intermedio entre los aspectos minimalistas y maximalistas de los estudios construcción de paz, y que incorpora los mecanismos de justicia de transición los desafíos sociales bajo un plan de desarrollo a largo plazo.
Apresentação do número especial “Trabalho e Proteção Social na América Latina: desenvolvimentos recentes e os desafios diante da crise pandêmica”
Authors: Oliveira Maria Clara , Oliveira Tiago
Published: November 2021

Apresentação do número especial “Trabalho e Proteção Social na América Latina: desenvolvimentos recentes e os desafios diante da crise pandêmica”
Uma “República de Bacharéis”: entre Mandarins do Direito e Donos do Poder
Authors: Petrarca Fernanda Rios , Nunes Arthur Ives
Published: November 2021

Este artigo examina a constituição da elite jurídica sergipana de fins do século XIX até as primeiras décadas do século XX, com o objetivo de examinar os seus padrões de recrutamento e suas modalidades de ascensão profissional. Em termos metodológicos, partimos daqueles que ocuparam as posições dirigentes na esfera jurídica no estado e analisamos as trajetórias destes profissionais considerando, num primeiro momento, o perfil sociográfico e a relação com o espaço econômico, social e político. E, num segundo momento, a história política do grupo familiar do qual faziam parte. Os principais resultados desta pesquisa permitem apontar que as relações de base familiar forneceram os critérios fundamentais para o recrutamento e ascensão no judiciário. Além disso, o título de bacharel em direito representou uma estratégia decisiva nas formas de reestruturação das elites políticas e econômicas, uma vez que por meio deste diploma as elites não só conservaram sua po- sição dominante, valorizando seu capital social, como controlaram o acesso às posições dirigentes dentro do sistema de justiça.
Ruy Fausto e a dialetização da dialética
Authors: Alves Régis de Melo
Published: November 2021

Resenha de O capital e a lógica de Hegel: dialética marxiana, dialética hegeliana, de Ruy Fausto. Traduzido por Arthur Hussne Bernardo, Nicolau Spadoni e Paulo Amaral (São Paulo: Editora Unesp, 2021).
Hannah Arendt e Ruy Fausto sobre a gênese do totalitarismo de esquerda
Authors: Frateschi Yara
Published: November 2021

O presente artigo reconstrói as análises que Hannah Arendt e Ruy Fausto fazem das origens do totalitarismo de esquerda a fim de mostrar que, embora Fausto pretenda preencher uma lacuna deixada por Arendt, o caminho que ele segue ao traçar a gênese do totalitarismo soviético é o mesmo seguido por ela nos anos 1950 e 1960 e vai do stalinismo para o leninismo, para o bolchevismo chegando ao jacobinismo, sem descuidar do importante legado de Marx e também do menos evidente legado das filosofias modernas do progresso.
Exodus 21, the Sale of Daughters, and the Cuneiform Sources of Nuzi
Authors: Justel Josué J.
Published: November 2021

The context and purpose of Exod 21:7–11 has been the subject of much debate. One of the most recent treatments is that of Joseph Fleishman, who suggested that the law did not allude to a father selling his daughter, but to giving her in marriage. To that end, he adduced a number of parallels that included several cuneiform legal documents, such as those of Nuzi, in North Iraq. This contribution attempts to assess the weight of those Nuzian parallels.
Commercial Companies as Applicants before the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Karski Karol , Ziemblicki Bartosz
Published: November 2021

The status of commercial companies in international human rights law is controversial. Despite efforts to subject them to legal obligations in this field, they still cannot be held accountable for human rights violations. Companies have a standing before a few international courts, but only one international human rights court – the European Court of Human Rights. Surprisingly though, they can be applicants but never respondents. Even though this has been the reality for several decades now, it still raises a lot of concerns among academics. The Court itself justifies its decisions very sparingly. Meanwhile the scope of protection for companies constantly increases through its jurisprudence. Some rights, originally clearly designed to protect human beings, today apply to corporations as well.
Legal Position of Administrative Courts in Poland
Authors: Wiącek Marcin
Published: November 2021

The article concerns the administrative judiciary in Poland. Firstly, the Author discusses the legal bases (in particular, the constitutional bases) and the scope of competence of Polish administrative courts, that is to say the ‘voivodeship’ administrative courts (courts of first instance) and the Supreme Administrative Court (court of second instance). Administrative courts in Poland are, in general, the “courts of cassation”, which means they may only control the legality of administrative decisions and may not determine the state of facts, nor replace administrative decisions by their judgments. Administrative courts are vested with the competence to apply the Constitution and they actively cooperate with the Constitutional Tribunal (in particular, by addressing ‘questions of law’ to the Tribunal). Secondly, the Author presents the scope of competence of the Commercial and Financial Chambers of the Supreme Administrative Court and considers selected legal problems in the administrative courts’ jurisprudence in commercial and financial cases.
New Dates for Megalithic Stele Monuments of Gedeo, South Ethiopia
Authors: Zena Ashenafi G. , Duff Andrew I. , Melesse Addisalem , Wolff John A. , Beldados Alemseged , Shackley M. Steven
Published: November 2021

This paper reports the results of an archaeological survey and test excavation conducted in one of the ancient megalithic stele sites in south Ethiopia, Sakaro Sodo. The Sakaro Sodo stele site is situated in Gedeo zone, which is known to have the largest number and highest concentration of megalithic stele monuments in Africa, with an estimate of more than 10,000 stelae in sixty or more sites. Prior to our work, only one absolute date was available (850 ± 40 BP) (Joussaume 2012) from a stele site in the Gedeo zone, suggesting stele sites began to be constructed in the region approximately a millennium ago. We report here new AMS dates suggesting that stelae were being emplaced about 2000 BP, pushing the creation of these monuments back at least a millennium. Additionally, we report preliminary findings from characterizing the geochemical properties of obsidian artifacts recovered from stele sites, and stone used to make stelae. While compositional analysis of obsidian suggests long-distance movement of material from sources located in northern Kenya, petrographic microscopy and electron microprobe analyses show a strong connection of stelae to local geological tuff exposures/sources.
A New Three-Dimensional Residual Flow Theory and Its Application to Brewer–Dobson Circulation in the Middle and Upper Stratosphere
Authors: Sato Kaoru , Kinoshita Takenari , Matsushita Yuki , Kohma Masashi
Published: November 2021

This study formulates three-dimensional (3D) residual flow, treating both stationary and transient waves. The zonal and meridional momentum equations contain four terms: the geostrophic wind tendency, Coriolis force for the residual horizontal flow, product of the geostrophic wind and potential vorticity other than the constant planetary vorticity, and friction. The thermodynamic equation contains three terms: the potential temperature tendency, advection of the basic potential temperature by the residual vertical flow, and diabatic heating. The zonal mean of the 3D residual flow equals the time mean of the residual flow of the transformed Eulerian-mean equations. The new residual flow is the sum of that derived by Plumb for transient waves and the quadratic terms of the time-mean fields, which correspond approximately to the Stokes correction due to stationary waves. The 3D residual flow and momentum equations are symmetric in the zonal and meridional directions, in contrast with those formulated by Kinoshita et al., which treat the time-mean zonal-mean zonal wind as the basic wind. The newly derived formulas are applied to the climatology of the 3D structure of the deep branch of the Brewer–Dobson circulation. In the Northern Hemisphere in December–February, the residual flows are directed inward toward the polar vortex strongly over east Siberia, where the downward flow is maximized, and weakly over the Atlantic; meanwhile, they are directed outward from the vortex over North America and Europe. A longitudinal dependence of the poleward flow is also observed in the Southern Hemisphere in June–August.
Diversity of Marine Heatwaves in the South China Sea Regulated by ENSO Phase
Authors: Liu Kai , Xu Kang , Zhu Congwen , Liu Boqi
Published: November 2021

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) in the South China Sea (SCS) have dramatic impacts on local ecosystems, fisheries, and aquacultures. Our results show that SCS MHWs were strongly regulated by El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) with a distinct life cycle during 1982–2018. Based on the ENSO-associated sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) warming peaks in the SCS, we can classify SCS MHWs into three categories: El Niño-P1 during the first warming peak of El Niño from September to the following February, El Niño-P2 during the second warming peak of El Niño from the following June to September, and La Niña-P1 during the single warming peak of La Niña from the following February to May. The three types of SCS MHWs are all affected by the lower-level enhanced anticyclone over the western North Pacific (WNP), but their physical mechanisms are quite different. In El Niño-P1, SCS MHWs are mostly induced by enhanced net downward shortwave radiation and reduced latent heat flux loss over the southwestern and northern SCS, respectively. In El Niño-P2, SCS MHWs are primarily attributed to weaker entrainment cooling caused by a local enhanced anticyclone and stronger Ekman downwelling in the central-northern SCS. However, in La Niña-P1, SCS MHWs are mainly contributed by the reduced latent heat loss due to the weaker WNP anticyclone centered east of the Philippines on the pentad time scale. The distinct spatial distributions of MHWs show phase locking with ENSO-associated SCS SSTA warming, which provides a potential seasonal forecast of SCS MHWs according to the ENSO phase.
Wind Turbulence over Misaligned Surface Waves and Air–Sea Momentum Flux. Part II: Waves in Oblique Wind
Authors: Husain Nyla T. , Hara Tetsu , Sullivan Peter P.
Published: November 2021

The coupled dynamics of turbulent airflow and a spectrum of waves are known to modify air–sea momentum and scalar fluxes. Waves traveling at oblique angles to the wind are common in the open ocean, and their effects may be especially relevant when constraining fluxes in storm and tropical cyclone conditions. In this study, we employ large-eddy simulation for airflow over steep, strongly forced waves following and opposing oblique wind to elucidate its impacts on the wind speed magnitude and direction, drag coefficient, and wave growth/decay rate. We find that oblique wind maintains a signature of airflow separation while introducing a cross-wave component strongly modified by the waves. The directions of mean wind speed and mean wind shear vary significantly with height and are misaligned from the wind stress direction, particularly toward the surface. As the oblique angle increases, the wave form drag remains positive, but the wave impact on the equivalent surface roughness (drag coefficient) rapidly decreases and becomes negative at large angles. Our findings have significant implications for how the sea-state-dependent drag coefficient is parameterized in forecast models. Our results also suggest that wind speed and wind stress measurements performed on a wave-following platform can be strongly contaminated by the platform motion if the instrument is inside the wave boundary layer of dominant waves.

Significance Statement

Surface waves increase friction at the sea surface and modify how wind forces upper-ocean currents and turbulence. Therefore, it is important to include effects of different wave conditions in weather and climate forecasts. We aim to inform more accurate forecasts by investigating wind blowing over waves propagating in oblique directions using large-eddy simulation. We find that waves traveling at a 45° angle or larger to the wind grow as expected, but do not increase or even decrease the surface friction felt by the wind—a surprising result that has significant implications for how oblique wind-waves are represented as a source of surface friction in forecast models.
The PASS Course: Practical Anatomy and Surgical Skills Course as a Pragmatic Primer for Senior Medical Students Pursuing Surgical Residency
Authors: Mullens Cody Lendon , Battin Alexander , Grabo Daniel J. , Borgstrom David C. , Thomay Alan A.
Published: November 2021

The senior year of undergraduate medical education has been scrutinized for lacking emphasis from educators and value for students. Surgical residency program directors and medical students have reported different sets of perceived weaknesses as surgical trainees enter residency. With this in mind, we developed a novel rotation for senior medical students pursuing surgical residency. The rotation incorporates practical didactics, robust skill and simulation training, and an enriching anatomy experience that entails dissections and operations on embalmed and fresh tissue cadavers. To our knowledge, this is the first reported formal training experience for medical students that involves working with fresh tissue cadavers, which have been described as effective models for live human tissue in the operating room. We describe our multifaceted curriculum in detail, discuss its organization, and elaborate on its potential value. We also provide detailed explanations of the curriculum components so that other surgical educators may consider adopting them.
Prospective Factors that Predict American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination Performance: A Systematic Review
Authors: Velez David R
Published: November 2021

Introduction

American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination (ABSITE) performance has become an important factor when monitoring resident progress. Understanding which prospective factors predict performance can help identify residents at risk.

Methods

A literature search was conducted searching PubMed, EMBASE, and JAMA Network from June 2011 to June 2021, in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Searches were performed for the terms “ABSITE” and “American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination.” Prospective factors such as prior examination performance, clinical evaluations, and demographics were evaluated.

Results

A final 35 studies were included. The prospective factor most consistently found to predict ABSITE performance is performance on prior knowledge-based examinations such as the USMLE step exams. The ACGME Medical Knowledge 1 milestone evaluation also appears to correlate to ABSITE performance, although clinical evaluations, in general, do not. Demographics have no significant correlation to ABSITE performance.

Discussion

Using performance on prior knowledge-based examinations programs may be able to identify residents at risk for failing ABSITE. It may be possible to initiate early intervention before rather than only remediation after poor performance.