bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of inositol monophosphatase by lithium chloride induces selective macrophage apoptosis in atherosclerotic plaques
Authors: De Meyer Inge , Martinet Wim , Van Hove Cor E , Schrijvers Dorien M , Hoymans Vicky Y , Van Vaeck Luc , Fransen Paul , Bult Hidde , De Meyer Guido RY
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Lithium chloride (LiCl) inhibits inositol monophosphatase (IMPase) at therapeutic concentrations. Given that LiCl induces death in cultured macrophages and that macrophages play an active role in atherosclerotic plaque destabilization, we investigated whether LiCl would induce selective macrophage death to stabilize the structure of the plaque.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effect of LiCl was assessed on macrophages and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in culture, in isolated atherosclerotic carotid arteries from rabbits and after local in vivo treatment via osmotic minipumps to rabbits with collared atherosclerotic carotid arteries. In addition, in vitro experiments were performed to elucidate the mechanism of LiCl‐induced macrophage death.

KEY RESULTS In vitro, whereas SMCs were highly resistant, LiCl induced macrophage death characterized by externalization of phosphatidylserine, caspase‐3 cleavage and DNA fragmentation, all indicative of apoptosis. LiCl reduced inositol‐1,4,5‐trisphosphate levels in macrophages. Moreover, the IMPase inhibitor L‐690 330 as well as IMPase gene silencing induced macrophage apoptosis. Both in vitro treatment of rabbit atherosclerotic carotid arteries with LiCl and local in vivo administration of LiCl to the plaques decreased plaque macrophages through apoptosis, as shown by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick‐end labelling (TUNEL), without affecting SMCs. Vasomotor studies in vitro showed that LiCl did not affect the functionality of SMCs and endothelial cells.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS LiCl selectively decreased the macrophage load in rabbit atherosclerotic plaques via IMPase inhibition without affecting the viability or functionality of SMCs and endothelial cells. These data provide evidence for local administration of an IMPase inhibitor to stabilize atherosclerotic plaques.
Anisotropic Variance Functions in Geographically Weighted Regression Models
Authors: Páez Antonio
Published: December 2010

Most standard methods of statistical analysis used in the social and environmental sciences are built upon the basic assumptions of independence, homogeneity, and isotropy. A notable exception to this rule is the collection of methods used in geographical analysis, which have been designed to take into account serial dependence often observed in spatial data. In addition, recent developments, in particular the method of geographically weighted regression, have provided the tools to model non‐stationary processes, and thus evidence that challenges the assumption of homogeneity. The assumption of isotropy, however, although suspect, has received considerably less attention, and there is thus a need for tools to study anisotropy in a more systematic fashion. In this paper we expand the method of geographically weighted regression in a simple yet effective way to explore the topic of anisotropy in spatial processes. We discuss two different estimation situations and exemplify the proposed technical development by means of a case study. The results suggest that anisotropy issues might be a fairly common occurrence in spatial processes and/or in the statistical modeling of spatial processes.
A Scale‐Sensitive Test of Attraction and Repulsion Between Spatial Point Patterns
Authors: Smith Tony E.
Published: December 2010

There exist a variety of tests for attraction and repulsion effects between spatial point populations, most notably those involving either nearest‐neighbor or cell‐count statistics. Diggle and Cox (1981) showed that for the nearest‐neighbor approach, a powerful test could be constructed using Kendall's rank correlation coefficient. In the present paper, this approach is extended to cell‐count statistics in a manner paralleling the K‐function approach of Lotwick and Silverman (1982). The advantage of the present test is that, unlike nearest‐neighbors, one can identify the spatial scales at which repulsion or attraction are most significant. In addition, it avoids the torus‐wrapping restrictions implicit in the Monte Carlo testing procedure of Lotwick and Silverman. Examples are developed to show that this testing procedure can in fact identify both attraction and repulsion between the same pair of point populations at different scales of analysis.
Using enriched stable isotopes of barium and magnesium to batch mark otoliths of larval golden perch (Macquaria ambigua, Richardson)
Authors: Woodcock S. H. , Gillanders B. M. , Munro A. R. , McGovern F. , Crook D. A. , Sanger A. C.
Published: December 2010

Woodcock SH, Gillanders BM, Munro AR, McGovern F, Crook DA, Sanger AC. Using enriched stable isotopes of barium and magnesium to batch mark otoliths of larval golden perch (Macquaria ambigua, Richardson). Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2011: 20: 157–165. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract –  Enriched stable isotope immersion techniques were used to mark the otoliths of larval golden perch (Macquaria ambigua) immediately post‐hatch. Two experiments were undertaken: the first involved rearing larvae in water enriched with three concentrations of 137Ba for 1–5 days. Marks were produced in as little as 1 day; however, otolith isotope ratios reached equilibrium with the water in 5 days at 90 μg·l−1. The second experiment involved rearing larvae in isotope enriched water with combinations of stable isotopes of Ba and Mg for 4 days after hatching. Seven significantly different isotopic signatures were produced using three Ba isotopes, which were reflective of the water. Only slight differences were found in otoliths of larvae that were reared in combinations of Mg isotopes, which did not reflect the water chemistry. The length of golden perch at 3 weeks of age showed that isotope immersion did not negatively affect early growth.
Spawning behaviour of amemasu charr, Salvelinus leucomaenis leucomaenis, with a discussion of the macroevolutionary patterns of postspawning behaviour in the Salmoninae
Authors: Esteve Manu , McLennan Deborah A. , Kawahara Mitsuru
Published: December 2010

Abstract –  Video cameras inside underwater housings were used to record the spawning behaviour of a subspecies of the white‐spotted charr, the amemasu charr (Salvelinus leucomaenis leucomaenis) in the Tokimae and Onbetsu Rivers, Hokkaido, Japan. Unlike other Salvelinus species, in which females use lateral swings of their bodies to ventilate and distribute eggs over gravel crevices (undulating) immediately after spawning, female amemasu charr covered their eggs with beats of their tails (cover digging). Cover digging right after spawning has previously been documented in Salmo, Oncorhynchus and Parahucho. Phylogenetic analysis of postspawning behaviours in the Salmoninae indicated that (i) resting then covering the eggs is plesiomorphic for the group, (ii) undulating replaced resting in the ancestor of Salvelinus, (iii) cover digging was advanced in the behavioural sequence to occur immediately after egg deposition in the ancestor of Parahucho + Salmo + Oncorhynchus and in the amemasu.
Hepatoblastoma in a 4‐year‐old girl with Fanconi anaemia
Authors: Kopic Sascha , Eirich Katharina , Schuster Beatrice , Hanenberg Helmut , Varon‐Mateeva Raymonda , Rittinger Olaf , Schimpl Günther , Schindler Detlev , Jones Neil
Published: December 2010

Case report:  Hepatoblastoma was diagnosed in a 4‐year‐old girl receiving growth hormone substitution therapy for short stature. Owing to multiple congenital malformations, VACTERL‐H (vertebral, anal, cardiac, tracheal, renal and limb anomalies with hydrocephalus) association had been suggested. Elevated chromosomal breakage rates and G2 phase arrest induced by DNA‐crosslinking agents in cellular assays confirmed the diagnosis of Fanconi anaemia (FA), a tumour susceptibility syndrome known to be associated with hepatocellular carcinoma following androgen therapy. Subsequent genotyping revealed biallelic mutations in the FANCD1/BRCA2 gene.

Conclusion:  We describe the first case of hepatoblastoma in a patient with FA to raise awareness of this tumour type in the close clinical observation of early cancer‐prone forms of this condition, particularly in the presence of FANCD1/BRCA2 mutations. The present case also underscores the importance of FA testing in patients with VACTERL(‐H).
WHY LABOR IMPERIALISM? AFL–CIO'S FOREIGN POLICY LEADERS AND THE DEVELOPING WORLD
Authors: Scipes Kim
Published: December 2010

Arguing that the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and then after 1955, the American Federation of Labor–Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL‐CIO), have sought to dominate labor organizations globally, this article establishes this theoretically as “labor imperialism.” The essay then asks: why do labor leaders engage in labor imperialism? This essay examines past efforts to explain labor imperialism, and finds none of them sufficient. It suggests that this labor imperialism is based on an ideological approach. To test this hypothesis, it examines Labor's foreign policy under AFL and then AFL–CIO presidents Gompers, Meany, Kirkland, and Sweeney, and argues that the hypothesis that Labor's imperialism is based on an ideological construct is confirmed. Further, it identifies the ideological construct on which it is based as American Nationalism. It argues that efforts to challenge labor's imperialism must specifically challenge the American nationalism upon which it is based.
CONTEMPORARY LABOR RESISTANCE IN CHINA, 1989–2009
Authors: Au Loong‐Yu , Bai Ruixue
Published: December 2010

In contemporary China, no sustained labor movement has emerged in the strict sense of the term, namely, an organized social movement initiated from below aimed at the redistribution of national income for the benefit of labor, or power sharing. The reasons for the absence of a militant labor movement in the early twenty‐first century contrast with previous historical periods. The authoritarianism of the one‐party state remains the most important factor throughout all the periods of leadership under the Chinese Communist Party, but there were also significant differences between the Mao period (1949–1976) and the Deng/post‐Deng period (1979–2009). In the former period, especially after 1956, workers were granted the title of zhurenweng (masters of the house); as “the leading class” in “socialist China,” they were seen by the party as the incarnation of “socialist industrialization.” The working class was the primary social force that the party had to rely on in the fight against “revisionism” or “capitalist restoration.” These titles must be heavily qualified by the fact that the workers, like the peasants, did not enjoy basic political freedoms, let alone genuine democratic rights to elect their workplace managers, trade union leadership, or their national leaders. In their daily lives, the honorary title of zhurenweng meant little to workers, who day in and day out had to take orders from their supposed “public servants,” the cadres.
MANAGED LABOR OR HUMAN RIGHTS: CONFLICTING DIRECTIONS FOR IMMIGRATION REFORM
Authors: Bacon David
Published: December 2010

Most of the world's migrants are people displaced from poor countries, traveling to wealthy ones. Their migration is increasingly organized by both the sending countries, increasingly dependent on the remittances sent home by overseas workers, and the receiving countries, which are dependent on their labor. In this global labor supply scheme, however, the rights of workers and the welfare of their communities are not recognized or protected. Yet migrants themselves are asserting new forms of citizenship and new political rights that would give them much greater protection and a much greater voice in this system. Ultimately, the greatest protection for workers and communities, however, is the solidarity among workers themselves.
TEAM PLAYERS?
Authors: Whalen Lisa
Published: December 2010

Based upon my experience as the only female working for a construction company, this essay examines the impact of gender roles upon professional and personal relationships. It opens with a narrative of my first‐ever attempt at playing paintball with my co‐workers; incorporates my reflections about the increasingly war‐like and misogynistic nature of the games as the day wore on; and concludes with an analysis of how gender determined how we played games—both on the field that day and in subsequent interactions when we returned to work.
Post-Translational Inactivation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Transgenic Sickle Cell Mouse Penis
Authors: Musicki Biljana , Champion Hunter C. , Hsu Lewis L. , Bivalacqua Trinity J. , Burnett Arthur L.
Published: December 2010

Introduction

Sickle cell disease (SCD)-associated priapism is characterized by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) dysfunction in the penis. However, the mechanism of decreased eNOS function/activation in the penis in association with SCD is not known.

Aims

Our hypothesis in the present study was that eNOS is functionally inactivated in the SCD penis in association with impairments in eNOS post-translational phosphorylation and the enzyme’s interactions with its regulatory proteins.

Methods

Sickle cell transgenic (sickle) mice were used as an animal model of SCD. Wild-type (WT) mice served as controls. Penes were excised at baseline for molecular studies. eNOS phosphorylation on Ser-1177 (positive regulatory site) and Thr-495 (negative regulatory site), total eNOS, and phosphorylated AKT (upstream mediator of eNOS phosphorylation on Ser-1177) expressions, and eNOS interactions with heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) and caveolin-1 were measured by Western blot. Constitutive NOS catalytic activity was measured by conversion of L-[14C]arginine-to-L-[14C]citrulline in the presence of calcium.

Main Outcome Measures

Molecular mechanisms of eNOS dysfunction in the sickle mouse penis.

Results

eNOS phosphorylated on Ser-1177, an active portion of eNOS, was decreased in the sickle mouse penis compared with WT penis. eNOS interaction with its positive protein regulator HSP90, but not with its negative protein regulator caveolin-1, and phosphorylated AKT expression, as well as constitutive NOS activity, were also decreased in the sickle mouse penis compared with WT penis. eNOS phosphorylated on Thr-495, total eNOS, HSP90, and caveolin-1 protein expressions in the penis were not affected by SCD.

Conclusions

These findings provide a molecular basis for chronically reduced eNOS function in the penis by SCD, which involves decreased eNOS phosphorylation on Ser-1177 and decreased eNOS-HSP90 interaction.
Quality of Life and Sexual Function After Type c2/Type III Radical Hysterectomy for Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer: A Prospective Study
Authors: Plotti Francesco , Sansone Milena , Di Donato Violante , Antonelli Elena , Altavilla Tiziana , Angioli Roberto , Panici Pierluigi Benedetti
Published: December 2010

Introduction

The introduction of screening programs have made cervical cancer detectable at earlier stages and in younger patients. Nevertheless, only a few studies have examined the QoL and sexual function in disease-free cervical cancer survivors.

Aim

The objective of this study is to evaluate the sexual function in a cervical cancer patient’s group treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) plus type C2/type III radical hysterectomy (RH).

Methods

We have enrolled in the oncologic group (OG) sexually active patients affected by cervical cancer (stage IB2 to IIIB) treated with NACT followed by RH.

Main Outcome Measures

Included subjects were interviewed with the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ-CX24 Questionnaire. Two consecutive assessments were recorded: at the first evaluation postoperatively (T1) and at the 12-month follow-up visit (T2). Results were compared with a benign gynecological disease group (BG) and with a healthy control group (HG).

Results

A total of 33 patients for OG, 37 for BG, and 35 women for HG were recruited. After surgery, sexual activity has been resumed by 76% of the OG patients and 83.7% of the BG patients (P = not significant). Cancer survivors had clinically worse problems with symptom experience, body image, and sexual/vaginal functioning than controls (P < 0.05). OG patients also reported more severe lymphedema, peripheral neuropathy, menopausal symptoms, and sexual worry. For sexual activity, the score difference between cancer survivors and women with benign gynecological disease is not statically significant. Concerning sexual enjoyment assessment, our study shows comparable results for OG and BG.

Conclusion

Nevertheless, the worsening of symptom experience, body image, and sexual/vaginal functioning, OG patients have same sexual activity and sexual enjoyment data compared with those of BG patients. Thus, NACT followed by RH could be a valid therapeutic strategy to treat and improve well-being especially in young cervical cancer patients.
Glycosylated Serum Protein May Improve Our Ability to Predict Endothelial and Erectile Dysfunction in Nonorganic Patients
Authors: Huang Yanping , Sun Xiangzhou , Liu Guihua , Yao Fengjuan , Zheng Fufu , Dai Yuping , Tu Xiangan , Xie Xiaoyan , Deng Liwen , Zhang Dingmei , Zhang Yadong , Bian Jun , Gao Yong , Ye Yunlin , Deng Chunhua , Zhang Yuanyuan
Published: December 2010

Introduction

Early prediction of erectile dysfunction (ED) is critical in the treatment of impotence. Underlying pathogenesis may be the reason for ED without organic causes in young men.

Aim

We evaluated the early predictive value of glycosylated serum protein (GSP) in young patients whose ED was diagnosed as “nonorganic” in origin according to general criteria.

Methods

A total of 150 young men with ED and 27 healthy men without ED were evaluated, including International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5), causes of ED, influential or risk factors for ED, vascular parameters, and serum biochemical markers. Fifty-two ED patients aged 20–40 years without known etiology and 22 age-matched normal subjects were enrolled. The further assessment of two groups focused on vascular endothelial function and glycometabolic state.

Main Outcome Measures

Relationships among the IIEF-5 scores, flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and GSP were analyzed in cases vs. controls, using Pearson’s correlation and multiple linear regression analysis.

Results

No significant differences in baseline characteristics, cardiovascular risks, and conventional biomarkers were found between testing and control groups, except fasting blood glucose level (4.69 ± 0.50 vs. 4.29 ± 0.48, P = 0.003). FMD values were significantly reduced in cases compared with controls and correlated positively with IIEF-5 scores (r = 0.629, P < 0.001). GSP levels were significantly increased in the ED cases compared with controls and correlated negatively with IIEF-5 scores (r = −0.504, P < 0.001) and FMD values (r = −0.469, P < 0.001). These parameters independently predicted ED presence. The positive predictive value of FMD > 11.55% for excluding ED and of GSP > 210.50 mg/L for diagnosing ED were 86.4% (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.942, specificity: 88.4%) and 84.5% (AUC: 0.864, specificity: 72.7%), respectively.

Conclusions

Underlying glycometabolic disorder and subclinical endothelial dysfunction may be served as early markers for organic ED in young ED patients without well-known related risk factors. GSP level may improve our ability to predict endothelial dysfunction and erectile dysfunction.
Impact of Long-Term Gonadotropin Replacement Treatment on Sleep in Men with Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism
Authors: Ismailogullari Sevda , Korkmaz Cuma , Peker Yüksel , Bayram Fahri , Karaca Züleyha , Aksu Murat
Published: December 2010

Introduction

Concern has been expressed in recently published literature that gonadotropin replacement therapy (GnRT) in hypogonadism may alter sleep architecture and induce, or worsen, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Aim

To investigate the sleep stages and sleep-breathing parameters in young men with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH)—a treatable form of male infertility and sexual dysfunction—before and 12 months following GnRT.

Methods

Sixteen male patients with IHH (mean age 27.5 ± 10.5 years, range 17–48 years) and 16 individually age-matched healthy men were included in the study. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) was administered 1,500 U intramuscularly three times/week for 6 months, and then 75 U twice/week, recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was added to HCG for the following 6 months. Polysomnography (PSG) recordings were performed at baseline in all and following the GnRT in the patient group.

Main Outcome Measures

Sleep stages and sleep-breathing parameters on PSG.

Results

Patients with IHH had a higher percentage of slow-wave-sleep (SWS) (22.3 ± 6.3%) compared to that in the healthy controls (14.5 ± 9.5%; P = 0.009). Four patients and one control subject had OSA (Apnea-Hypopnea Index [AHI] > 5-h) at baseline (not significant). Following the GnRT in the patient group, there was a slight decrease in SWS (18.6 ± 6.4%; P = 0.05) without any significant changes regarding the sleep-breathing parameters in the whole patient group. However, of the four patients with OSA at baseline, the GnRT was associated with worsening of the AHI in three of them.

Conclusions

IHH in men is associated with a higher percentage of SWS. One-year GnRT slightly decreases SWS and does not induce OSA. However, in patients with OSA at baseline long-term GnRT should be exercised with caution.
Isolated Infection of a Decommissioned Penile Prosthesis Reservoir with Actinomyces neuii
Authors: Hsi Ryan S. , Hotaling James M. , Spencer Elysia S. , Bollyky Paul L. , Walsh Thomas J.
Published: December 2010

Introduction

Inflatable penile prostheses (IPPs) are a well-established and reliable treatment for medication refractory erectile dysfunction. The most serious complication with IPPs is infection, with the reported incidence after primary placement 1% to 3% and after revision surgery 8% to 18%.

Aim

The aim of this report is to describe an infected decommissioned IPP reservoir with Actinomyces neuii with successful preservation of a functioning implant.

Methods

After 9 years of successful use with an IPP (AMS 700 CX) for Peyronie’s disease and organic erectile dysfunction, a 79-year-old man underwent replacement with an AMS 700 LGX. The decommissioned reservoir was kept in the right prevesical space, and the new reservoir was placed in the left prevesical space. Three months later, he presented with right inguinal pain and swelling.

Results

He was found to have an infected right reservoir with A. neuii, sparing his new IPP. After removal of the right reservoir, he had an uneventful recovery and has shown no evidence of infection in the new device.

Conclusion

Revision surgery for IPPs carries a higher risk for implant infection. This is the first report of a genitourinary implant infection with A. neuii. Aggressive surgical and medical treatment may allow preservation of the functioning implant, despite gross infection of the decommissioned reservoir.
The Diagnostic Value of the Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool and its Association with Intravaginal Ejaculatory Latency Time
Authors: Kam Sung Chul , Han Deok Hyun , Lee Sung Won
Published: December 2010

Introduction

Premature ejaculation (PE) is the most prevalent male ejaculation disorder. The premature ejaculation diagnostic tool (PEDT) was developed to systematically apply the DSM-IV-TR criteria in diagnostic PE.

Aims

To evaluate the diagnostic value of the PEDT and its association with intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT).

Methods

(i) Korean validation of PEDT: data was collected from men interviewed by one of the two clinical experts, who made a diagnostic of present or absence of PE, using DSM-IV-TR criteria. A total of 103 patients with PE and 100 men without PE were enrolled into the study and requested to complete the PEDT; and (ii) The correlation between IELT and PEDT: 200 participants were enrolled and each participant was asked to make out PEDT. All participants were requested to measure IELT.

Main Outcome Measures

Validity and reliability of the PEDT and its association with IELT.

Results

The geometric mean IELT of the PE group was 115.37 ± 78.14 seconds. The number of men reporting IELTs of <1, 1 to ≤2, and >2 minutes were 28 (28.6%), 29 (29.6%), and 41 (41.8%), respectively. The Cronbach’s alpha score was calculated as 0.93, showing adequate internal consistency. The test–retest correlation coefficients of each item were higher than 0.72 and the correlation coefficients of the total score was 0.88. (P < 0.001) Sensitivity and specificity analyses suggested a score of ≤8 indicated no PE, 9 and 10 probable PE, and ≥11 PE. The PEDT total score and IELT showed an adequate negative correlation. (ρ = −0.77, P < 0.0001) also, the PEDT total score of the PE subgroup (IELT ≤ 2 minutes) and IELT showed a negative correlation. (ρ = −0.6, P < 0.0001)

Conclusions

The PEDT was highly effective in detecting the presence of PE. The result of our study supports its validity as a diagnostic tool in the clinical setting.
Chronic Vardenafil Treatment Improves Erectile Function via Structural Maintenance of Penile Corpora Cavernosa in Rats with Acute Arteriogenic Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Hotta Yuji , Hattori Mayuko , Kataoka Tomoya , Ohno Risa , Mikumo Mayumi , Maeda Yasuhiro , Kimura Kazunori
Published: December 2010

Introduction

Chronic phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor treatment may be useful in reversing erectile dysfunction (ED). However, the mechanisms of this improvement remain unknown.

Aim

The aim of this article was to determine the mechanisms of the improvement by chronic vardenafil treatment for acute arteriogenic ED in rats.

Methods

Eight-week-old male Wistar-ST rats were divided into four groups: sham-operated rats (Control group) and rats with acute arteriogenic ED induced by ligating bilateral internal iliac arteries (Ligation group), subsequently treated with low-dose (0.4 mg/kg/day; VL group) or high-dose (4.0 mg/kg/day; VH group) vardenafil for 20 days from 1 week after ligature.

Main Outcome Measures

Erectile function was assessed based on changes of intracavernous pressure (ICP) followed by electrostimulation of the cavernous nerves and was evaluated by the area under the curve of ICP/area under the curve of mean arterial pressure (area of ICP/MAP). Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, vascular endothelial growth factor-A, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), inducible NOS, and neuronal NOS mRNA expression levels in penile corpus cavernosum were determined by real-time PCR. Western blotting for TGF-β1 protein levels and Masson trichrome staining of penile tissues were performed in each at group 4 weeks after surgery.

Results

In the VH group, area of ICP/MAP was significantly improved when compared with the Ligation group (P < 0.01). The smooth muscle (SM)/collagen ratio in the VH group was significantly higher than in the Ligation group (P < 0.05), and was comparable with that in the Control group. TGF-β1 mRNA and protein levels in the VH group were significantly lower when compared with the Ligation group (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Chronic vardenafil administration ameliorates impairment of penile hemodynamics and maintains normal SM to collagen ratio in cavernous tissues after acute arterial injury in rats.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF CATECHIN‐IMPREGNATED PVA–STARCH FILM ON RED MEAT
Authors: WU JIH‐GUAN , WANG PEI‐JIN , CHEN SHAUN C.
Published: December 2010

A biodegradable polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)–starch film was fabricated for use as a packaging film with added antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. PVA–starch films were impregnated with catechins extracted from green tea. The catechins were identified and quantified by HPLC, and the antioxidant and antimicrobial characteristics of the packaging film were examined using thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substance values and cell count methods. The results showed that tensile strength and elongation decreased with increasing amounts of incorporated constituents. In a model study, the inclusion of catechins at a level of 1,000 ppm inhibited the growth of airborne microorganisms, and antioxidant capacity in cooking oil was clearly reached when 500 ppm catechins were incorporated into the film. In a feasibility test, a level of 1,000 ppm was found to be sufficient for effective antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of raw beef at refrigeration temperatures. The results suggest that a PVA–starch film with catechins incorporated may be beneficial for maintaining food quality through its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Certain phytochemicals have both antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and could be incorporated into packaging films for quality retention. Therefore, the use of catechin into a biodegradable film composed of polyvinyl alcohol and starch should be beneficial to assure quality and to be environment friendly. The active film developed in this study can be used as a home‐use wrap for fresh meat products, such as red meat, poultry or seafood, as these products are very susceptible to oxidation and microbial growth.
QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF PORK LOIN WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF MARBLING FROM DUROC AND IBERIAN CROSS
Authors: UTRILLA MARIA CRISTINA , SORIANO ALMUDENA , RUIZ ANTONIA GARCÍA
Published: December 2010

In the present study, the effect of marbling level of pork and the quality attributes of pork loins obtained from 42 pure Duroc × pure Iberian pigs (21 castrates, 21 sows) were studied. Generally, sex had less influence than degree of marbling on loin quality: results for physicochemical characteristics and color were similar for castrates and sows, whereas differences in marbling prompted significant differences (P < 0.05) for almost all parameters tested. Pressure‐induced water loss, moisture, protein and ash content all increased as the degree of marbling decreased; by contrast, fat content, calorie content and color parameters L* and b* all rose with increased marbling. Quantitative descriptive sensory analysis showed that raw castrate loins displayed more marbling than raw sow loins; after cooking, however, both were similar in appearance. Aroma and taste properties were also similar after roasting, although there were sex‐related differences in terms of texture. The panelist preferred the most heavily marbled loins.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The Iberian pork sector is increasingly making use of 25 and 50% Iberian × Duroc crosses, with a view to obtaining commercial hybrids providing improved productive traits compared with pure Iberian stock, with no loss of the rusticity and capacity for environmental adaptation characteristic of the Iberian pig; there is also no significant decline in intramuscular fat levels.

Marketed Duroc × Iberian meat displays varying degrees of marbling, leading to variations in sensory attributes. This study defined differences in the sensory qualities of Duroc × Iberian pork loin as a function of three levels of marbling: slight, moderate and heavy.
EFFECTS OF 6‐BA TREATMENTS ON YELLOWING AND QUALITY OF STORED ROCKET (ERUCA SATIVA MILL.) LEAVES
Authors: KOUKOUNARAS ATHANASIOS , SIOMOS ANASTASIOS S. , SFAKIOTAKIS EVANGELOS
Published: December 2010

The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of 6‐benzylaminopurine (6‐BA) treatment on yellowing in order to retain the postharvest quality of rocket leaves. Results of the first experiment showed that the most effective 6‐BA concentration was 10 µL/L, as treated leaves had lower respiration rate, less yellowing and remained marketable after 14‐day storage at 8C. Results of the second experiment showed that treatment with 10 µL/L 6‐BA for 30, 60 or 120 s significantly reduced respiration rate from the 4th day of storage as well as yellowing, color and chlorophyll changes at the end of the 14‐day storage period. However, the most effective dipping time was that of 60 s, as treated leaves retained their initial chlorophyll content. No appreciable effect of that treatment on ascorbic acid, nitrates, soluble solids, total phenols and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity of rocket leaves was observed in comparison with the control.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Rocket is characterized by extremely high respiration rate and rapid senescence after harvest, which result in very short postharvest life. It is known that the exogenous application of cytokinins reduced chlorophyll degradation in many horticultural products. This work investigates an effective combination of concentration/time treatment to retard yellowing as well as the effect of these treatments on respiration rate, color and some nutritional parameters of stored rocket leaves. The information obtained from this study could provide the opportunity to extend the postharvest life of a highly perishable product.
Effects of Nutritional and Environmental Conditions on Salmonella sp. Biofilm Formation
Authors: Speranza Barbara , Corbo Maria Rosaria , Sinigaglia Milena
Published: December 2010

Abstract:  Biofilm formation on food industry surfaces has important health and economic consequences, since they can serve as a potential source of contamination for food products, which may lead to food spoilage or transmission of diseases. Salmonella sp. is one of the most important foodborne pathogens and several studies have led to the discovery that these bacteria are capable of adhering and forming biofilms on different surfaces. The attachment of bacterial cells is affected by several factors, including the medium in which they are grown, motility, growth phase of the cells, type and properties of the inert material, presence of organic material, temperature, pH, contact time, and so on. This investigation focused on the study and quantification of the effects of temperature (20 to 40 °C), pH (4.5 to 7.5), and medium composition (0.5 to 2.5 g/L of peptone) on biofilm formation by Salmonella sp. on stainless steel through surface response modeling. Results highlighted that the target strain was able to adhere on stainless steel, under all the conditions tested. To assess potential differences, the aptitude to biofilm formation (ABF), defined as the time necessary to start adhesion on the surface, was calculated by using the Gompertz equation. This parameter was modeled through a stepwise regression procedure and experimental conditions resulting in the greater ABF were growth in poor media (1.0 to 1.5 g/L of peptone), incubation temperature of about 30 °C, pH close to 6.0.

Practical Application:  The importance of this work lies in its extension of our knowledge about the effect of different environmental conditions on Salmonella adherence to stainless steel food‐processing equipment, as a better understanding of biofilms may provide valuable pathways for the prevention of biofilm formation.
Permeabilization of Plant Tissues by Monopolar Pulsed Electric Fields: Effect of Frequency
Authors: Asavasanti Suvaluk , Ristenpart William , Stroeve Pieter , Barrett Diane M.
Published: December 2010

Abstract:  Pulsed electric fields (PEF) nonthermally induce cell membrane permeabilization and thereby improve dehydration and extraction efficiencies in food plant materials. Effects of electrical field strength and number of pulses on plant tissue integrity have been studied extensively. Two previous studies on the effect of pulse frequency, however, did not provide a clear view: one study suggested no effect of frequency, while the other found a greater impact on tissue integrity at lower frequency. This study establishes the effect of pulse frequency on integrity of onion tissues. Changes in electrical characteristics, ion leakage, texture parameters, and percent weight loss were quantified for a wide range of pulse frequencies under conditions of fixed field strength and pulse number. Optical microscopy and viable‐cell staining provided direct visualization of effects on individual cells. The key finding is that lower frequencies (f < 1 Hz) cause more damage to tissue integrity than higher frequencies (f= 1 to 5000 Hz). Intriguingly, the optical microscopy observations demonstrate that the speed of intracellular convective motion (that is, cytoplasmic streaming) following PEF application is strongly correlated with PEF frequency. We provide the first in situ visualization of the intracellular consequence of PEF at different frequencies in a plant tissue. We hypothesize that cytoplasmic streaming plays a significant role in moving conductive ionic species from permeabilized cells to the intercellular space between plant cells, making subsequent pulses more efficacious at sufficiently low frequencies. The results suggest that decreasing the pulse frequency in PEF may minimize the number of pulses needed to achieve a desired amount of permeabilization, thus lowering the total energy consumption.

Practical Application:  PEF cause pores to be formed in plant cell membranes, thereby improve moisture removal and potential extraction of desirable components. This study used in situ microscopic evaluation of onion cells, as they were pulsed with electric fields at different frequencies, to determine whether frequency was an important parameter. We illustrate that membranes were more effectively broken at lower frequencies as compared to higher frequencies. Application of this information will allow for improved design of PEF systems for more energy efficient dehydration or extraction of plant tissues.
Extraction, Partial Characterization, and Storage Stability of β‐Glucosidase from Propolis
Authors: Zhang Cui‐Ping , Zheng Huo‐Qing , Hu Fu‐Liang
Published: December 2010

Abstract:  Extraction and assay conditions for β‐glucosidase from propolis were optimized. Highest enzyme activity was obtained in a citric acid‐disodium hydrogen phosphate buffer at pH 6.0 with 2.5% insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone at incubation temperature of 57 °C. β‐Glucosidase activities were found in all freshly harvested propolis while β‐glucosidase activities were scarcely present in the randomly bought propolis. Propolis was stored at –20 °C and 4 °C for 3 mo with almost no loss of β‐glucosidase activity, but at room temperature the activity decreased exponentially with the increase of storage time. These results indicated that the activity of β‐glucosidase could be a candidate for propolis‐freshness index. β‐Glucosidase from propolis was capable of hydrolyzing p‐nitrophenyl‐β‐D‐glucoside and p‐nitrophenyl‐β‐D‐galactoside, but lacked activity toward p‐nitrophenyl‐β‐D‐glucuronide, p‐nitrophenyl‐β‐D‐cellobioside, amygdalin, cellobiose, and gentiobiose. These results were consistent with the hypothesis that flavonoid glucosides were hydrolyzed by β‐glucosidase during propolis collection and processing and provided a possible explanation for why some flavonoid biosides (that is, rutin and isorhamnetin‐3‐O‐rutinoside) exist in propolis.

Practical Application:  β‐Glucosidase activity was detected and partial characterization of the enzyme was determined in propolis. The enzyme activity decreased exponentially with the increase of storage time at room temperature, which suggested that the activity of β‐glucosidase could be regarded as a freshness index of propolis. The research will be useful for studying the chemical constituents of propolis.
Improved Consistency in DNPH‐Mediated Pyruvic Acid Analysis of Onion Juice by Modifying the Sample Processing Order
Authors: Yoo Kil Sun , Lee Eun Jin , Patil Bhimanagouda S.
Published: December 2010

Abstract:  Onion pungency is commonly measured on absorbency of the wine pink color that results from adding NaOH to the heated mixture of dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) and onion juice. However, significant variation exists among several modifications of the original Schwimmer and Weston (SW) method. We observed differences in pyruvic acid concentrations of 20%–30% between our automated method and a batch method with manual absorbency readings. To determine the source of the differences, we examined the heating time and waiting time of the sample‐DNPH mixtures and found no differences. The differences were caused by differential color degradation between the pyruvic acid standards and onion juice samples. These differences could be minimized by reading the absorbency within 1 min of NaOH addition. Using this information, we devised the one‐by‐one method to control the reading time at 30 s. We compared 5 different analysis methods of 40 onion samples representing 4 onion colors. The automated, high‐performance liquid chromatography, and SW methods had similar results, with only about a 5% difference. However, the batch method resulted in differences of approximately 24% as compared to the automated method. The one‐by‐one method produced very comparable results, within 5%, to the automated method. By modifying the procedure to ensure a uniform and fast reading time, we increased the consistency between the pungency analysis methods. Therefore, fast and uniform absorbency reading time is essential for an accurate measurement of pungency in undiluted onion juice.
Quenching Enhancement of the Singlet Excited State of Pheophorbide‐a by DNA in the Presence of the Quinone Carboquone
Authors: Díaz‐Espinosa Yisaira , Crespo‐Hernández Carlos E. , Alegría Antonio E. , García Carmelo , Arce Rafael
Published: December 2010

Changes in the emission fluorescence intensity of pheophorbide‐a (PHEO) in the presence of carboquone (CARBOQ) were used to obtain the association constant, the number of CARBOQ molecules interacting with PHEO, and the fluorescence quantum yield of the complex. Excitation spectra of mixtures of PHEO and CARBOQ in ethanol (EtOH) show an unresolved doublet in the red‐most excitation band of PHEO, indicating the formation of a loose ground‐state complex. The 1:1 CARBOQ–PHEO complex shows a higher fluorescence quantum yield in EtOH (0.41 ± 0.02) than in buffer solution (0.089 ± 0.002), which is also higher than that of the PHEO monomer (0.28). Quenching of the PHEO fluorescence by DNA nucleosides and double‐stranded oligonucleotides was also observed and the bimolecular quenching rate constants were determined. The quenching rate constant increase as the oxidation potential of the DNA nucleoside increases. Larger quenching constants were obtained in the presence of CARBOQ suggesting that CARBOQ enhances DNA photo‐oxidation, presumably by inhibiting the back–electron‐transfer reaction from the photoreduced PHEO to the oxidized base. Thus, the enhanced DNA‐base photosensitized oxidation by PHEO in the presence of CARBOQ may be related to the large extent by which this quinone covalently binds to DNA, as previously reported.
Genetic barcoding of marine leeches (Ozobranchus spp.) from Florida sea turtles and their divergence in host specificity
Authors: McGOWIN AUDREY E. , TRUONG TRIET M. , CORBETT ADRIAN M. , BAGLEY DEAN A. , EHRHART LLEWELLYN M. , BRESETTE MICHAEL J. , WEEGE STEVEN T. , CLARK DAVE
Published: December 2010

Ozobranchus margoi and Ozobranchus branchiatus are the only two species of marine turtle leeches (Ozobranchus spp.) known to inhabit the Atlantic coast of the United States and the Gulf of Mexico. In early reports of fibropapillomatosis (FP) in green turtles (Chelonia mydas), O. branchiatus was implicated as a vector in the transmission of Fibropapilloma‐associated turtle herpesvirus (FPTHV). It is imperative that the leech species be identified to elucidate the role Ozobranchus spp. may play in disease transmission. In this study, Ozobranchus branchiatus has been identified for the first time on a loggerhead (Caretta caretta) turtle, and the molecular data for this species is now available for the first time in GenBank. Both species of leeches were also found infecting a single C. mydas. Using morphological taxonomy combined with distance‐ and character‐based genetic sequence analyses, this study has established a DNA barcode for both species of Ozobranchus spp. leech and has shown it can be applied successfully to the identification of leeches at earlier stages of development when morphological taxonomy cannot be employed. The results suggest a different haplotype may exist for O. branchiatus leeches found on C. caretta versus C. mydas. Leech cocoon residue collected from a C. mydas was identified using the new method.
Advancing Water Trade: A Preliminary Investigation of Urban‐Irrigation Options Contracts in the Ovens Basin, Victoria, Australia*
Authors: Leroux Anke , Crase Lin
Published: December 2010

Climate change predictions include forecasts of higher variability in rainfall and river flows leading to greater uncertainty about future availability of water across urban and agricultural sectors. Under conditions of water scarcity, it makes economic sense to facilitate the transfer of water from low‐ to high‐value users. This paper provides insights into the merits of water options contracts as a vehicle for facilitating trade and represents an alternative to the politically contentious permanent sale of water by agriculturalists. In addition, we provide some indicative results from an analysis of the feasibility of options contracts in an inter‐sectoral setting by considering their deployment to remove urban/industrial water restrictions. A case study of the urban community of Wangaratta and upstream agricultural interests has been selected. The objective is to identify the conditions under which option contracts might work and to highlight the important contract design features that need to be considered.
The Private Rate of Return to an Economics Degree: An Update*
Authors: Daly Anne Elizabeth , Lewis Philip E. T.
Published: December 2010

The article reports estimates of the private rate of return to Economics, Law and Business degrees using the same methodology as applied to four earlier Census years in an earlier article. It shows that investment in these degrees generates a good return for individuals, although the return has declined somewhat since 2001 for Economics and Law. Of the three degrees studied here, an Economics degree generates the highest return for men. For women the rates of return estimated were lower than for men and the rate of return on a Law degree was the highest. This pattern reflects the smaller proportion of female Economics graduates in full‐time employment and the lower median incomes of those in full‐time employment. In the light of the continuing decline in completions in Economics, this article offers some evidence of the positive monetary benefits of completing an Economics degree which can be used to encourage students to study more Economics.
Industry Structure Issues in the Water and Wastewater Sectors in Australia: A Comment on Abbott and Cohen
Authors: Dollery Brian , Crase Lin
Published: December 2010

In this brief comment on Abbott and Cohen (2010), we identify two shortcomings in their paper on the Australian water and wastewater sectors. First, the empirical literature survey in the paper is deficient because it does not adequately cover the Australian scholarly work in the area. This neglect inter alia negates some of the recommendations for further research offered by Abbott and Cohen (2010). Second, the paper has overlooked important work on urban water markets in Australia undertaken by the Productivity Commission. This has also served to undermine some of the conclusions drawn in the paper.
Australian Federal Government Failure: The Rise and Fall of the Home Insulation Program
Authors: Dollery Brian , Hovey Martin
Published: December 2010

Controversy surrounded the recent ill‐fated Commonwealth Government’s Home Insulation Program (HIP) from the outset and continues after the HIP was abruptly halted. Public disquiet has been aroused not only by the death and injury which has resulted from the HIP, but also the perceived waste of public funds. Drawing on the Hawke Review (2010) of the HIP, this article examines the HIP through the analytical lenses of the government failure paradigm as well as the literature on decentralisation and economic efficiency. It is argued that the HIP represents a “case study” of how governments should not pursue public expenditure programmes.