bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gold(III)‐dithiocarbamato anticancer agents: Activity, toxicology and histopathological studies in rodents
Authors: Marzano Cristina , Ronconi Luca , Chiara Federica , Giron Maria Cecilia , Faustinelli Ivo , Cristofori Patrizia , Trevisan Andrea , Fregona Dolores
Published: September 2010

Gold(III)‐dithiocarbamato complexes have recently gained increasing attention as potential anticancer agents because of their strong tumor cell growth–inhibitory effects, generally achieved by exploiting non‐cisplatin‐like mechanisms of action. The rationale of our research work is to combine the antitumor properties of the gold(III) metal center with the potential chemoprotective function of coordinated dithiocarbamates in order to reduce toxic side effects (in particular nephrotoxicity) induced by clinically established platinum‐based drugs. In this context, [AuIIIBr2(ESDT)] (AUL12) was proved to exert promising and outstanding antitumor activity in vitro and to overcome both acquired and intrinsic resistance showed by some types of tumors toward cisplatin. As a subsequent extension of our previous work, we here report on detailed in vivo studies in rodents, including antitumor activity toward three transplantable murine tumor models, toxicity, nephrotoxicity and histopathological investigations. Remarkably, the gold(III) complex AUL12 stands out for higher anticancer activity than cisplatin toward all the murine tumor models examined, inducing up to 80% inhibition of tumor growth. In addition, it shows low acute toxicity levels (lethal dose, LD50 = 30 mg kg−1) and reduced nephrotoxicity. Altogether, these results confirm the reliability of our drug design strategy and support the validation of this gold(III)‐dithiocarbamato derivative as a suitable candidate for clinical trials.
Prevalence of genotype‐specific human papillomavirus infection and cervical neoplasia in Taiwan: A community‐based survey of 10,602 women
Authors: Chen Hui‐Chi , You San‐Lin , Hsieh Chang‐Yao , Schiffman Mark , Lin Ching‐Yu , Pan Mei‐Hung , Chou Yi‐Chun , Liaw Kai‐Li , Hsing Ann W. , Chen Chien‐Jen ,   CBCSP‐HPV Study Group
Published: September 2010

Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes cervical neoplasia; but limited data are available from Asia. We conducted a large‐scale community‐based cohort study in Taiwan to estimate prevalence of genotype‐specific HPV infection and cervical neoplasia. Following written informed consent, cervical cells for cytology and HPV testing were collected from 11,923 participants (aged 30–65 years old, mean 46.3) in 1991–1992. Genotyping was performed using MY11/GP6+ PCR‐based HPV Blot (EasyChip) for 39 HPV types. The overall HPV prevalence was 16.2% for 10,602 eligible participants, and 13.8% for 10,190 cytologically normal participants. The most common carcinogenic types were HPV52 (2.5%), HPV16 (2.0%), HPV56 (1.8%), HPV18 (1.6%), HPV33 (1.2%), HPV58 (1.3%) and HPV39 (1.0%). Among the 56 prevalent invasive and in situ cases, HPV16 (48.2%) was most common, followed by HPV58 (25.0%), HPV52 (19.6%), HPV31 (8.9%), HPV33 (8.9%) and HPV18 (3.6%). HPV16 and HPV58 caused cytological HSIL+ at younger ages than HPV52. Approximately half of the cervical cancer cases and high‐grade precursors in Taiwan could be prevented by prophylactic vaccines against HPV16 and HPV18 infection. Up to 40% more could be prevented by targeting HPV58, HPV52, HPV33 and HPV31, arguing for the introduction of vaccines including more types.
The Contribution of Microelectrodes to Electroanalytical Chemistry: From Reaction Mechanisms and Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy to Ocean Sensors
Authors: Denuault Guy
Published: September 2010

The advent of microelectrodes has opened new areas of study and significantly improved the quality of electroanalytical data. Using examples from the author’s work, this brief review describes contributions made by microelectrodes to the field of electroanalytical chemistry. Several fundamental studies, ranging from the development of theoretical approaches for the scanning electrochemical microscope to the determination of the mechanism and kinetics of coupled chemical reactions, are recalled. Most involve a serious dose of numerical simulations. Several applied studies illustrate the development of experimental approaches, in particular the development of nanostructured microelectrodes, to improve the reliability and quality of the microelectrode response for analytical measurements and sensing.
Treatment of adult insomnia with cognitive–behavioral therapya
Authors: Pigeon Wilfred R.
Published: September 2010

Insomnia is a highly prevalent disorder that occurs frequently in its acute form and at a rate of approximately 10% in its chronic form. There is a high prevalence of insomnia in a variety of medical and psychiatric conditions. Cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) may be employed for chronic insomnia as well as for insomnia in the context of other conditions such as chronic pain conditions. In such cases, some simple adaptations to standard CBT for insomnia are useful. This article reviews the typical assessment and CBT for adult insomnia, which have substantial empirical support for its efficacy. A case illustrates the core treatment processes and demonstrates that improving sleep in the context of conditions like chronic pain can lead to better management of such conditions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 66:1–13, 2010.
Infestation experience of a rodent host and offspring viability of fleas: variation among host–parasite associations
Authors: Khokhlova Irina S. , Ghazaryan Lusine , Degen A. Allan , Krasnov Boris R.
Published: September 2010

We studied survival and development of preimagoes and the ability to withstand starvation of adults in two flea species, host‐specificParapulex chephrenisand host‐opportunisticXenopsylla ramesis, when parent fleas fed on a typical (Acomys cahirinusandDipodillus dasyurus, respectively) or an atypical (D. dasyurusandA. cahirinus, respectively) rodent host that either had never been parasitized by fleas (pristine) or had previously been exposed to fleas. We asked whether a repeatedly infested host acquired resistance that would cause decreased viability of the next generation fleas. Survival of preimaginalP. chephreniswas similar, independent of host species or its infestation status. PreimaginalX. ramesishad a higher survival rate when their parents fed on preinfested than on pristine typical hosts, whereas no effect of infestation status of an atypical host was found.P. chephrenisdeveloped faster if their parents fed on atypical than on typical hosts and on pristine than on preinfested hosts of either species.X. ramesisdeveloped faster if parents fed on pristine than preinfested typical hosts, but no difference in duration of development was found for atypical hosts. Under starvation,P. chephrenislived longer if their parents fed on preinfested than on pristine typical hosts, but their lifespan did not depend on infestation status of atypical hosts. The latter was also true forX. ramesisand both host species. We conclude that a host is constrained in its ability to cope with a parasite, whereas a parasite is able to cope with defence responses of a host.J. Exp. Zool. 313A:680–689, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The peacock's train (Pavo cristatus and Pavo cristatus mut. alba) I. structure, mechanics, and chemistry of the tail feather coverts
Authors: Weiss Ingrid M. , Kirchner Helmut O.K.
Published: September 2010

The feathers in the train of the peacock serve not for flying but for sexual display. They are long, slender beams loaded in bending by their own weight. An outer circular conical shell, the cortex, is filled by a closed foam of 7.6% relative density, the medulla, both of feather keratin. Outer diameter and thickness of the cortex decrease linearly from the body toward the tip. This self‐similar geometry leads to a division of labor. The cortex (longitudinal Young's modulus 3.3 GPa, transverse modulus 1 GPa) provides 96% of the longitudinal strength and bending rigidity of the feather. The medulla (Young's modulus 10 MPa) provides 96% of the transverse compressive rigidity. Fracture stress of the cortex, both longitudinal and transverse, is 120 MPa. J. Exp. Zool. 313A:690–703, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Potential genetic bases of morphological evolution in the triassic fish Saurichthys
Authors: Schmid Leonhard , Sánchez‐Villagra Marcelo R.
Published: September 2010

Originating from an ancestor covered entirely by uniform rhomboid scales with numerous, highly segmented fin rays, the Triassic basal actinopterygian fish Saurichthys radiated into species diagnosed by different degrees of loss in scales, rays, and dermal bones. Such changes are analogous to those reported in mutants of different extant species, such as sticklebacks, zebrafish, and medaka. With this background, we infer a loss of function or a regulatory change of a signaling pathway as a key mechanism behind the morphological diversity of Saurichthys. Either the fibroblast growth factor pathway was affected, assuming that gene duplication had occurred, as for example in the closely related acipenserids or in teleosts, or the ectodysplasin pathway was involved, assuming that its pleiotropic effects led to viable morphological diversification. In contrast to a gradualistic model of evolution, a change in a major developmental gene serves as a viable explanation for the essential differences among the species of Saurichthys in the paleoecological context in which they originated. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 314B:519–526, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reactivity of gaseous sodiated ions derived from benzene dicarboxylate salts toward residual water in the collision gas
Authors: Chan Chang‐Ching , Axe Frank U. , Bolgar Mark , Attygalle Athula B.
Published: September 2010

The sodium adduct of disodium salts of benzene dicarboxylic acids (m/z 233), when subjected to collision‐induced dissociation (CID), undergoes a facile loss of CO2 to produce an ion of m/z 189, which retains all the three sodium atoms of the precursor. The CID spectrum of this unusual m/z 189 ion shows significant peaks at m/z 167, 63 and 85. The enigmatic m/z 167 ion, which appeared to represent a loss of a 22‐Da neutral fragment from the precursor ion is in fact a fragment produced by the interaction of the m/z 189 ion with traces of water present in the collision gas. The change of the m/z 167 peak to 168, when D2O vapor was introduced to the collision gas of a Q‐ToF instrument, proved that such an intervention of water could occur even in collision cells of tandem‐in‐space mass spectrometers. The m/z 189 ion has such high affinity for water; it forms an ion/molecule complex even during the brief residence time of ions in collision cells of triple quadrupole instruments. The complex formed in this way then eliminates elements of NaOH to produce the ion observed at m/z 167. In an ion trap, the relative intensity of the m/z 167 peak increases with longer activation time even at the lowest possible collision energy setting. Similarly, the m/z 145 ion (which represents the sodium adduct of phenelenedisodium, formed by two consecutive losses of CO2 from the m/z 233 ion of meta‐ and para‐isomers) interacts with water to produce a fragment ion at m/z 123 for the sodium adduct of phenylsodium. Other uncommon ions that originate also from water/ion interactions are observed at m/z 85 and 63 for [Na3O]+ and [Na2OH]+, respectively. Tandem mass spectrometric experiments conducted with appropriately deuterium‐labeled compounds confirmed that the proton required for the formation of the [Na2OH]+ ion originates from traces of water present in the collision gas and not from the ring protons of the aromatic moiety. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epidemiological and molecular assessment of a rubella outbreak in North‐Eastern Italy
Authors: D'Agaro Pierlanfranco , Dal Molin Gianna , Zamparo Emanuela , Rossi Tatiana , Micuzzo Michele , Busetti Marina , Santon Daniela , Campello Cesare
Published: September 2010

From January to June 2008, a rubella outbreak involving 111 laboratory confirmed cases occurred in the Friuli Venezia Giulia (FVG) region of North‐Eastern Italy. The outbreak occurred initially in two residential homes for young adults disabled mentally and physically. Subsequently, the epidemic spread to the general population. Young adult cohorts were mostly affected and the mean age of the patients was 26.8 years; the majority of cases were male (73.8%), with a mean age of 26.6 years in males and 27.4 in females. Three pregnant women had a primary infection and two had their pregnancies terminated. Genotyping of 16 isolates showed the circulation of RUBV 2B, a genotype originating from Asia and South Africa and now present in Europe. In addition, molecular analysis revealed a well defined space‐temporal spread of two viruses showing distinct sequences. A seroepidemiological survey carried out in a city within the same geographical area showed that the proportion of women of childbearing age still susceptible to rubella virus was 5.5%, fairly close to the figure (<5%) expected by 2010. J. Med. Virol. 82:1976–1982, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Toll‐like receptor 7 rs179008/Gln11Leu gene variants in chronic hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Askar Eva , Ramadori Giuliano , Mihm Sabine
Published: September 2010

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects an estimated 3% of the world's population. The natural outcome of infection and the natural course of disease are highly variable. Sensing of viral single‐stranded RNA (ssRNA) by Toll‐like receptor 7 (TLR7) is likely involved in early pathogen detection and host response to viral infections. This study analyzed epidemiological and clinical data from 136 patients with HCV infection with regard to rs179008/Gln11Leu, a non‐synonymous polymorphism within exon 3 of the X‐linked TLR7 gene, the variant allele of which is suggested to code for a functionally impaired protein. Allele‐specific transcript quantification (ASTQ) analyses in heterozygous females revealed individual skewed mosaicism in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Thus, analyses were restricted to homo‐ and hemizygous individuals. Among the clinical and histological parameters studied, the variant allele T was found to be solely associated with the presence of portal lymphoid aggregates. Whereas hepatic viral load and expression of genes known to be induced in chronic HCV infection were not found to differ in patients with wild‐type or variant TLR7 rs179008 genotype, significant lower gene expression of interleukin‐29 (IL‐29)/lambda1 interferon (IFN‐λ1) and both of its receptor subunits was found for T homo‐ and hemizygous patients. Irrespective of the minor differences in disease phenotype including hepatic viral load, natural, and alpha interferon (IFN‐α)‐mediated outcome of infection, and disease activity and progression, the significant differences in hepatic IL‐29/IFN‐λ1 and IFN‐λ receptor gene expression between TLR7 rs179008 T and A allele patients might have implications for responsiveness to future IFN‐λ‐based approaches. J. Med. Virol. 82:1859–1868, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential cellular immune responses to wild‐type and attenuated edmonston tag measles virus strains are primarily defined by the viral phosphoprotein gene
Authors: Haralambieva Iana H. , Ovsyannikova Inna G. , Dhiman Neelam , Vierkant Robert A. , Jacobson Robert M. , Poland Gregory A.
Published: September 2010

The measles virus phosphoprotein (P) gene encodes the P, V, and C proteins, which have multiple functions including type I interferon (IFN) inhibition. With a focus on viral immune modulation, we conducted a study on healthy vaccinees (n = 179) to compare cytokine secretion patterns/cell frequencies and gene expression after in vitro encounter with a highly attenuated strain of measles virus (MVEdmtag), wild‐type MV (MVwt) or recombinant MVEdmtag expressing the wild‐type P gene (MVwtP). Cytokines were quantified by ELISA and Elispot. Gene expression profiling was performed using real‐time PCR. We found differential MV‐specific cytokine responses to all detected cytokines characterized by significantly higher cytokine levels (P < 0.001) and higher frequencies (P < 0.0001) of cytokine‐producing cells after stimulation with the highly attenuated MVEdmtag strain in comparison with MVwt or MVwtP. Furthermore, gene expression profiling revealed significant cytokine suppression at the transcriptional level for viruses encoding the functional wt P gene, compared to attenuated MVEdmtag (P < 0.05). Using lentivirus‐mediated stable expression of P gene‐encoded proteins in human cell lines, we demonstrated that the expression of the functional wt V protein significantly down‐modulated the induction of IFNs type I, II, and III in lymphocytes and monocytes. Taken together our results indicate that Th1, Th2, and innate/inflammatory cytokine responses in vaccinees are suppressed both at the protein and transcriptional level by viruses expressing the functional wt P gene products. The functional P gene‐encoded viral proteins (particularly V proteins) emerge as crucial immune evasion factors for modulating and shaping the measles virus‐specific cytokine responses in humans. J. Med. Virol. 82:1966–1975, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Viral loads of herpes simplex virus in clinical samples—A 5‐year retrospective analysis
Authors: Tang Julian W. , Lin Mingxuan , Chiu Lily , Koay Evelyn S.C.
Published: September 2010

Viral loads of herpes simplex virus (HSV) are not monitored usually for the effective clinical management of HSV‐related diseases. However, recently, there has been more interest about the typical HSV levels in clinical specimens, and how such data may improve understanding of the behavior of this virus in such clinical presentations, particularly in immunocompromised patients, where more prolonged therapy using higher doses of antiviral drugs may be required. Using an in‐house quantitative HSV‐1/HSV‐2 polymerase chain reaction assay, an observational, retrospective 5‐year analysis of diagnostic, quantitative HSV‐1 and HSV‐2 DNA levels was conducted. The results (all in median log10 DNA copies/ml), including perhaps the first quantitative comparison of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) HSV viral loads, were as follows: CSF: HSV‐1, 3.40 (range 2.30–8.98) versus HSV‐2, 3.60 (range 2.31–6.86) (P = 0.559); plasma: HSV‐1, 3.20 (range 2.23–5.51) versus HSV‐2, 3.20 (range 3.18–3.41) (P = 0.905); genital swabs: HSV‐1, 6.79 (range 2.28–8.48) versus HSV‐2, 6.97 (range 3.40–9.66) (P = 0.810); oral swabs: HSV‐1, 7.28 (range 2.46–10.04) versus HSV‐2, 5.62 (range 4.60–6.63) (P = 0.529). Note that with the samples usually collected for HSV testing (i.e., CSF, plasma, oral, and genital swabs) there was no significant difference in the viral loads between HSV‐1 and HSV‐2 types, nor between immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients for each of these different HSV types. Indeed, even between immunocompromised patients with similar diseases, for these samples, the HSV loads were found to vary considerably. These findings may therefore limit the usefulness of monitoring HSV loads in everyday clinical practice. J. Med. Virol. 82:1911–1916, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical characteristics of hepatitis E in a “Non‐Endemic” population
Authors: Turner Jeff , Godkin Andrew , Neville Peter , Kingham Jerry , Ch'ng Chin Lye
Published: September 2010

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus with predominant fecal oral spread. Traditionally in Western Europe it is associated with travel to endemic countries, but an increasing number of locally acquired cases have been reported throughout England. Patients presenting with acute non‐travel associated HEV infection in south Wales over a 25‐month period were monitored, in an attempt to understand the clinical picture and epidemiology in our patient population. Twenty‐four patients were identified with non‐travel associated HEV infection and studied prospectively. Patient demographics, symptoms, and serial laboratory results were recorded. There was a male/female ratio of 3:1, with a median patient age of 65.5 years old. Patients developed a significant icteric hepatitis (median peak bilirubin: 139 µmol/L, median peak AST: 1,973 IU/L and ALT: 2,021 IU/L), with liver function remaining abnormal for ∼7 weeks. All patients in whom HEV RNA was isolated were infected with genotype 3. Forty‐six percent of patients presented during winter months. The data show a group mortality rate of 4.2%, similar to that reported in endemic countries. HEV results in a severe and occasionally fatal hepatitis. Testing for hepatitis E is now recommended in any patient presenting with acute hepatitis of unknown etiology. J. Med. Virol. 82:1899–1902, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular characterization, distribution, and dynamics of hepatitis C virus genotypes in blood donors in Colombia
Authors: Mora Mónica Viviana Alvarado , Romano Camila Malta , Gomes‐Gouvêa Michele Soares , Gutiérrez Maria Fernanda , Carrilho Flair José , Pinho João Renato Rebello
Published: September 2010

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a frequent cause of acute and chronic hepatitis and a leading cause for cirrhosis of the liver and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV is classified in six major genotypes and more than 70 subtypes. In Colombian blood banks, serum samples were tested for anti‐HCV antibodies using a third‐generation ELISA. The aim of this study was to characterize the viral sequences in plasma of 184 volunteer blood donors who attended the “Banco Nacional de Sangre de la Cruz Roja Colombiana,” Bogotá, Colombia. Three different HCV genomic regions were amplified by nested PCR. The first of these was a segment of 180 bp of the 5′UTR region to confirm the previous diagnosis by ELISA. From those that were positive to the 5′UTR region, two further segments were amplified for genotyping and subtyping by phylogenetic analysis: a segment of 380 bp from the NS5B region; and a segment of 391 bp from the E1 region. The distribution of HCV subtypes was: 1b (82.8%), 1a (5.7%), 2a (5.7%), 2b (2.8%), and 3a (2.8%). By applying Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation, it was estimated that HCV‐1b was introduced into Bogotá around 1950. Also, this subtype spread at an exponential rate between about 1970 to about 1990, after which transmission of HCV was reduced by anti‐HCV testing of this population. Among Colombian blood donors, HCV genotype 1b is the most frequent genotype, especially in large urban conglomerates such as Bogotá, as is the case in other South American countries. J. Med. Virol. 82:1889–1898, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of low‐risk and high‐risk types of human papillomavirus and other risk factors for HPV infection in Germany within different age groups in women up to 30 years of age: An epidemiological observational study
Authors: Iftner Thomas , Eberle Sonja , Iftner Angelika , Holz Barbara , Banik Norbert , Quint Wim , Straube Anja‐Natascha
Published: September 2010

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is frequent in young women and persistent infection may lead to cervical cancer. Therefore, vaccination against HPV is recommended for young women in the age group from 12–17 years in Germany. However, epidemiological data on the prevalence of HPV types and risk factors for infection for younger women in Germany is scarce. To address this, an observational study was performed in Germany including 1,692 women aged 10–30 years. After a routine Pap smear, cervical swabs were tested for high‐risk and low‐risk HPV, respectively, using the Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) test, and genotyped using the PCR‐based tests SPF10/LiPA25 and PapilloCheck®. In addition, the women were interviewed regarding their medical history and lifestyle factors. Three hundred seventy‐seven (22.28%) women had positive HC2 results. The proportion of HPV positive women was highest in the 20–22 age group with 28.3%. Predominant HPV types were HPV 16, 42, 51 and HPV 16, 51, 31 as defined by PapilloCheck® and SPF10/LiPA25, respectively. 95.8% of women did not show signs of any cervical lesion. Adjusted analysis identified number of sexual partners (OR:1.105; 95% CI:[1.069–1.142]), smoking (OR:1.508; [1.155–1.968]), and vaccination against HPV (OR:0.589; [0.398–0.872]) rather than increasing age as risk associated with HPV infection. Comparison of the genotyping assays showed that they correspond well regarding the high‐risk HPV types but less well for low‐risk HPV types. This epidemiological study shows that high‐risk HPV infection is common in young women in Germany. According to our data, vaccination of young women could have a potential impact on the prevention of HPV infection and cervical disease. J. Med. Virol. 82:1928–1939, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laser Market: Good Reason for Optimism
Authors: Thoss Andreas
Published: September 2010

The financial crisis had an enormous impact on the laser industry. In 2009, the total turnover from laser material processing systems fell by a staggering 41%. Making any prognosis was very difficult throughout the past year, with the number of incoming orders dropping in some cases to almost zero. Now it seems as if the worst is over and we are witnessing a strong growth in the current year. Nevertheless, the pre‐crisis level of 2008 remains some way off and it remains to be seen when it will be reached again.
Nd:YAG‐Laser Welding with Dynamic Beam Forming
Authors: Klotzbücher Thomas , Braune Torsten , Arlt Alfred G. , Kolb Gunther
Published: September 2010

Fuel processor / fuel cell systems for mobile applications are expected to be future mass products. Therefore, fabrication techniques are required, which can cope with high volume production at competitive pricing. Finally, the stainless steel or aluminium reactors and heat‐exchangers will be sealed by automated procedures such as laser welding, limiting the heat impact onto the catalysts applied in the reformers. Laser welding with dynamic beam forming is capable to weld the plate stacks of the heat‐exchanger reliably and mechanically stable to meet the demands of daily operation of such reactors.
Expanding in the Niche
Authors: Treffert Claudia
Published: September 2010

Lasers and a niche strategy: cleverly combined, this can develop into a success story. As part of a strategic mix, this has led to more than 20 years of remarkable growth for a mechanical engineering company in Germany's Baden.
CO2 Laser System Enhances Food Packaging
Authors: Gaebler Frank , Büchter Edwin
Published: September 2010

The food packaging industry has many applications which can benefit from laser technology. These include tasks such as perforating and slitting paper and plastic films. However, this industry presents challenges in that it is particularly cost sensitive, yet also demands very high process throughput. Furthermore, laser based equipment must sometimes be installed in environments which are less than ideal in terms of available space and ambient vibration.
Non‐Newtonian transient thermoelastohydrodynamic lubrication analysis of an involute spur gear
Authors: Wang You‐Qiang , Yi Xue‐Juan
Published: September 2010

The lubrication design of gear is based on the assumption that the lubricant is an ideal Newtonian fluid. In fact, The Ree–Eyring fluid model is more in agreement with the lubricant rheological behaviour under medium or mild duty load. It is necessary for engineering lubrication design to study the non‐Newtonian transient thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) of gear. In the paper, a full numerical solution to the non‐Newtonian transient thermal EHL of gear is obtained by utilising the multi‐grid method, which has strong numerical stability, a quick convergence rate and a high degree of accuracy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complex valued Ray–Singer torsion II
Authors: Burghelea Dan , Haller Stefan
Published: September 2010

In this paper we extend Witten–Helffer–Sjöstrand theory from selfadjoint Laplacians based on fiber wise Hermitian metrics to nonselfadjoint Laplacians based on fiber wise non‐degenerate symmetric bilinear forms. As an application we show that results about the asymptotics of the Ray–Singer torsion of self‐adjoint Witten deformation, as well as the strategy proposed by Burghelea–Friedlander–Kappeler to derive the comparison of Ray–Singer and Reidemeister torsion, can be extended to nonself‐adjoint Witten deformation. This is then used to conclude the equality of complex analytic and Milnor–Turaev torsion, at least for odd dimensional manifolds, up to sign (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of the contact area and diffusion conditions during the fabrication of aluminum – magnesium – compounds
Authors: Neugebauer R. , Glaß R. , Popp M. , Porstmann S. , Kunze S.
Published: September 2010

Die zunehmende Forderung nach Effizienzsteigerung und Energieeinsparung kann speziell im Fahrzeug‐ und Maschinenbau durch innovativen Leichtbau umgesetzt werden. Ein Ansatz ist die Verwendung und Erschließung von Magnesiumlegierungen für die industrielle Anwendung, was durch die hohe Affinität zu Sauerstoff und der daher geringen Korrosionsbeständigkeit des Magnesiums erschwert wird. Um einen den Anforderungen entsprechenden Korrosionsschutz gewährleisten zu können, sind dicke mit konventionellen Beschichtungsverfahren nicht realisierbare Ummantellungen herzustellen, die gegenwärtig aus Aluminium bestehen sollen. Ein weiterer Anspruch besteht darin, eine gegen mechanische Einwirkungen resistente Schutzschicht zu erzeugen. Diese muss Aufgrund ihrer Dimensionierung und dem somit höheren Masseanteil, einen Beitrag zur Aufnahme der angreifenden Biege‐ und Torsionsbelastung im Materialverbund leisten. Dazu muss zwischen der Ummantelung und dem Kernwerkstoff bzw. den einzelnen Schichten ein stoffschlüssiger Materialverbund erzeugt werden. Um die wesentlichen Voraussetzungen für die Verbundbildung zu ermitteln, wird hier als Demonstratorversuch das Querfließpressen genutzt. Untersuchungsgegenstand war es dabei, wie sich in den Verbund eingebrachte Zwischenschichten auf die Verbundfestigkeit auswirken.

The increasing demand for efficiency and energy savings can be satisfied by innovative lightweight construction, especially in the automotive and mechanical engineering industry. One approach is the use and development of magnesium alloys for industrial applications. Due to the high affinity for oxygen magnesium has a low corrosion resistance with limits its application considerably. In order to ensure the appropriate corrosion protection, conventional methods cannot be used, but cladding can supply the required protection. The goal is to create a protective layer resistant to mechanical damage. All the layers in such a composite have to withstand bending and torsion loads, but to realize this, there must be a material bond between the lamination layers. In order to determine the essential conditions for the bond formation a lateral extrusion device was used. A bond initially of aluminum and magnesium alloys was formed between semi‐finished products and the data generated will be presented in this document, with special focus on how an added inter layer compounds influenced the bond.
Hard anodizing of a coarse and an ultrafine‐grained aluminium‐copper alloy with incorporated alumina and silicon carbide particles
Authors: Händel M. , Nickel D. , Alisch G. , Lampke T.
Published: September 2010

Die Hartanodisierbarkeit der pulvermetallurgisch hergestellten Aluminium‐Matrix‐Komposite (Al‐Cu‐Legierung, EN AW‐2017) mit inkorporierten Aluminiumoxid‐ bzw. Siliziumkarbid‐Partikeln wurde in Abhängigkeit von Verstärkungspartikelgröße (fein oder nano) und ‐gehalt (5 oder 15 Vol.‐%) untersucht. Hierbei wurden Schichtdicken von über 20 μm erzielt. Die erhaltenen Schichten und Schicht‐Substrat‐Übergänge wurden in Abhängigkeit von Art, Größe und Anteil der Verstärkungskomponente mikrostrukturell charakterisiert. Darin inbegriffen ist die Durchführung einer röntgenografischen Phasenanalyse. Die Reproduzierbarkeit des an diesen Substratwerkstoff angepassten Prozesses wird anhand der erzielbaren Schichtdickenverteilungen dargestellt. Sie stellt eine Funktion der Anodisierdauer dar. Exemplarisch wurden die Auswirkungen der durch das ECAP‐Verfahren (Equal Channel Angular Pressing) induzierten feinkörnigen Mikrostruktur auf das Anodisierverhalten und die Schichteigenschaften untersucht.

The hard anodizing of aluminium matrix composites (aluminium copper alloy, EN AW‐2017) with incorporated alumina and silicon carbide particles fabricated by powder metallurgy was investigated depending on reinforcement particle size (fine or nano) and fraction (5 or 15 % by volume). The resulting layers with a thickness of more than 20 μm and the layer substrate interface were characterized subject to character, size and fraction of the reinforcement component. Furthermore a phase analysis was carried out. The reproducibility of this adapted process was proven by the achievable oxide layer thickness distribution as a function of anodization time. The impact of an ultrafine‐grained microstructure induced by equal channel angular pressing on the anodization behaviour and layer characteristics was examined exemplarily.
Combined ultrasonic resistance brazing of aluminium
Authors: Wielage B. , Hoyer I. , Weis S.
Published: September 2010

Das Widerstandslöten ist ein optimales Verfahren zum Löten von Aluminium und Aluminiummatrix‐Verbundwerkstoffen dar. Die gezielte und direkte Erwärmung der Fügestelle stellt eine minimale thermische Beeinflussung der Grundwerkstoffeigenschaften und optimale Verbindungseigenschaften sicher. Dies ist besonders bei Werkstoffen von Bedeutung, die mittels des ECAP‐Verfahrens (equal channel angular pressing) hergestellt werden. Durch die Kombination der Widerstandserwärmung mit der Einleitung einer Ultraschallschwingung ist ein flussmittelfreies Fügen möglich. Vorgestellt werden ausgewählte Ergebnisse zum Widerstandslöten von Aluminiumwerkstoffen mittels Zinkbasis‐Loten.

Resistance brazing is an optimal procedure for joining aluminium and aluminium matrix composites. The directed heat input into the brazing zone ensures the preservation of the properties of the base material and optimal properties of the brazed joint. This is especially important for composites produced by ECAP (equal channel angular pressing). The combination of the resistance brazing and an ultrasound process enables a flux less joining. Selected test results of resistance brazed aluminium using Zink‐based fillers are shown.
Scaling up the equal‐channel angular pressing process – a study on a 6000 aluminium alloy
Authors: Frint P. , Halle T. , Wagner M. F.‐X. , Hockauf M. , Lampke T.
Published: September 2010

In dieser Arbeit wird das Potenzial der ECAP‐Umformung (engl. Equal‐Channel Angular Pressing) für eine Skalierung vom Labor‐ zum industriellen Großmaßstab betrachtet. Im Fokus der Untersuchungen stehen dabei insbesondere die Erfassung und Quantifizierung von Skalierungseffekten auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften. Am Beispiel einer gut pressbaren Aluminiumknetlegierung der 6000er Reihe werden ECAP‐Umformungen mit Halbzeugquerschnitten von 15×15 mm2 und 50×50 mm2 realisiert. Neben der Charakterisierung der mechanischen Werkstoffeigenschaften durch Härtemessungen und Zugversuche werden relevante Prozessparameter beleuchtet: In beiden Größenmaßstäben besteht ein linearer Zusammenhang zwischen der zur Umformung notwendigen Presskraft und der Halbzeuglänge. Dieser Effekt kann direkt der mit steigender Halbzeuglänge zunehmenden Reibung zugeschrieben werden. Durch eine Charakterisierung der lokalen, richtungsabhängigen Werkstoffeigenschaften nach ECAP wird gezeigt, dass jeweils nur geringe Eigenschaftsunterschiede innerhalb der umgeformten Halbzeuge im Industriemaßstab vorliegen. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine Skalierung der ECAP‐Umformung hin zu industriell relevanten Querschnitten problemlos möglich ist, und dass die in der Literatur vorgestellten Kombinationen aus ECAP und anschließender Wärmebehandlung gut vom Klein‐ auf den Großmaßstab übertragen werden können.

In the present study, the potential for up‐scaling the equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) process from laboratory to an industrial scale is investigated. Special attention is placed on detecting and quantifying size effects on the mechanical properties of a 6000 series aluminium alloy (AA6060). ECAP is performed with two different cross sections (15×15 mm2 and 50×50 mm2). In addition to the characterisation of material properties by hardness measurements and tensile testing, the relevant processing parameters are considered: For both billet sizes, the pressing force is a linear function of the billet length, which can be directly related to frictional effects that increase linearly with increasing billet length. The local, post‐ECAP mechanical properties are determined by tensile testing of specimens with different orientations with respect to the pressing direction. The mechanical data demonstrate that the ECAP billet on an industrial length scale exhibits a good homogeneity. Furthermore the results of the present study show that homogeneous, large scale UFG materials can be achieved via ECAP processing. Moreover, the combination of ECAP and subsequent heat‐treatments previously proposed in the literature can directly be applied to an industrial scale.
Disability culture in West Africa: qualitative research indicating barriers and progress in the greater Accra region of Ghana
Authors: Reynolds Stacey
Published: September 2010

In 2006, Ghana passed a Disability Rights Bill which proposes that by 2016 Ghana will provide disabled persons in the country with a variety of services and equal employment opportunities. This article presents interviews conducted with community leaders from the Greater Accra region of Ghana in 2009, examining the current views of persons with disabilities in the country. Using qualitative analytic methods, these interviews were coded for themes and examined in relation to historical perceptions of disabled persons in Ghana. The results suggest that there appears to be a growing acceptance that people with disabilities have rights as human beings and that the Disability Rights Bill is a positive step in the right direction for Ghana. There was no consensus, however, on what these basic rights entail, and who is responsible for enforcing and funding new policies. A potential barrier to progress included non‐biologically based beliefs about what causes disability, which were reported to resonate strongly with many Ghanaians. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design, optimization, and manufacturing of a multiple‐thickness profile extrusion die with a cross flow
Authors: Rezaei Shahreza A. , Behravesh A.H. , Bakhshi Jooybari M. , Soury E.
Published: September 2010

This article presents a procedure to achieve a uniform outlet flow of molten polymer for a complex die profile with various thicknesses in die outlet cross section. According to a specific optimization methodology, the die was optimized based on varying die land length. The scope of this article includes: 3D flow simulation, optimization of the die velocity outputs based on the results of simulation process, and comparison of numerical predictions with the experimental data. Finally a significant result obtained by this work indicates higher ratio of the land length to the height of the zone with cross flow rather than the zones that are directly fed by the extruder. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Analysis of phagosomal proteomes: From latex‐bead to bacterial phagosomes
Authors: Li Qingbo , Jagannath Chinnaswamy , Rao Prahlad K. , Singh Christopher R. , Lostumbo Giovanni
Published: September 2010

Phagosomal proteome characterization has contributed significantly to the understanding of host–pathogen interaction and the mechanism of infectious diseases caused by intracellular bacteria. The latex bead‐containing phagosome has been widely used as a model system to study phagosomal proteomes at a global level. In contrast, the study of bacteria‐containing phagosomes at a similar level has just begun. A number of intracellular microbial species are studied for their proteomes during the invasion of a host, providing insight into their metabolic adaptation in host cells and interaction with host‐cell antimicrobial environments. In this review, we attempt to summarize the most recent advancements in the proteomic study of microbial phagosomes, especially those originating from mouse or human cells. We also briefly describe the proteomics of latex bead‐containing phagosomes because they are often used as model phagosomes for study. We provide descriptions on major biological and technological components in phagosomal proteome studies. We also discuss the role of phagosomal proteome study in the broader horizon of systems biology and the technological challenges in phagosomal proteome characterization.
p53‐Dependent subcellular proteome localization following DNA damage
Authors: Boisvert François‐Michel , Lamond Angus I.
Published: September 2010

The nucleolus is involved in regulating several aspects of stress responses and cell cycle arrest through the tumor suppressor p53. Under normal conditions, p53 is a short‐lived protein that is present in cells at a barely detectable level. Upon exposure of cells to various forms of exogenous stress, such as DNA damage, there is a stabilization of p53 which is then responsible for an ensuing cascade of events. To further investigate the effect of p53 activation, we used a MS‐based proteomics method to provide an unbiased, quantitative and high‐throughput approach for measuring the subcellular distribution of the proteome that is dependent on p53. The spatial proteomics method analyses a whole cell extract created by recombining differentially labeled subcellular fractions derived from cells in which proteins have been mass labeled with heavy isotopes [Boisvert, F.‐M., Lam, Y. W., Lamont, D., Lamond, A. I., Mol. Cell. Proteomics 2010, 9, 457–470]. This was used here to measure the relative distribution between cytoplasm, nucleus and nucleolus of around 2000 proteins in HCT116 cells that are either expressing wild‐type p53 or null for p53. Spatial proteomics also facilitates a proteome‐wide comparison of changes in protein localization in response to a wide range of physiological and experimental perturbations. We used this method to study differences in protein localization in HCT116 cells either with or without p53, and studied the differences in cellular response to DNA damage following treatment of HCT116 cells with etoposide in both p53 wild‐type and null genetic backgrounds.
Proteomic analysis of clathrin‐coated vesicles
Authors: McPherson Peter S.
Published: September 2010

For more than 50 years cell biologists have embraced the concept that biochemical and enzymatic analysis of isolated subcellular fractions provides insight into the function and machineries of cellular compartments including organelles. The utility of this approach has been significantly enhanced with the advent of mass spectrometry leading to the broad application of organelle proteomics. Clathrin‐coated vesicles (CCVs) form at the plasma membrane where they select protein and lipid cargo for endocytic entry into cells. CCVs also form at the trans‐Golgi network, where they function in protein transport from the secretory pathway to the endosomal/lysosomal system. Herein we will describe how organelle proteomics of CCVs has greatly expanded our knowledge of the machineries, mechanisms and sites of clathrin‐mediated membrane trafficking.
Synthesis of Poly(3,3‐Bis‐Azidomethyl Oxetane) via Direct Azidation of Poly(3,3‐Bis‐Bromo Oxetane)
Authors: Guo Kai , Luo Yunjun , Chen Jinzhou , Li Xinfa , Huang Lingge
Published: September 2010

In order to avoid using highly unstable and sensitive monomer 3,3‐bis‐azidomethyl oxetane, poly(3,3‐bis‐azidomethyl oxetane) (PBAMO) was successfully synthesized via azidation of poly(3,3‐bis‐bromo oxetane) (PBBrMO) in the aprotic and polar solvent cyclohexanone in the presence of a catalyst. It was found that the azidation proceeded very fast and almost completed in 6 h when the reaction temperature was up to 115 °C. PBAMO was characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR).
High Energy Materials, Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics, Jai Prakash Agrawal
Authors: Tarver Craig M.
Published: September 2010

, Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany, 2010, 464 pp., ISBN‐10: 3‐527‐32610‐3, ISBN‐13 978‐3‐527‐32610‐5, 159 €.
A comparison of the different helices adopted by α‐ and β‐peptides suggests different reasons for their stability
Authors: Allison Jane R. , Müller Marlen , van Gunsteren Wilfred F.
Published: September 2010

The right‐handed α‐helix is the dominant helical fold of α‐peptides, whereas the left‐handed 314‐helix is the dominant helical fold of β‐peptides. Using molecular dynamics simulations, the properties of α‐helical α‐peptides and 314‐helical β‐peptides with different C‐terminal protonation states and in the solvents water and methanol are compared. The observed energetic and entropic differences can be traced to differences in the polarity of the solvent‐accessible surface area and, in particular, the solute dipole moments, suggesting different reasons for their stability.
Effect of using suboptimal alignments in template‐based protein structure prediction
Authors: Chen Hao , Kihara Daisuke
Published: September 2010

Computational protein structure prediction remains a challenging task in protein bioinformatics. In the recent years, the importance of template‐based structure prediction is increasing because of the growing number of protein structures solved by the structural genomics projects. To capitalize the significant efforts and investments paid on the structural genomics projects, it is urgent to establish effective ways to use the solved structures as templates by developing methods for exploiting remotely related proteins that cannot be simply identified by homology. In this work, we examine the effect of using suboptimal alignments in template‐based protein structure prediction. We showed that suboptimal alignments are often more accurate than the optimal one, and such accurate suboptimal alignments can occur even at a very low rank of the alignment score. Suboptimal alignments contain a significant number of correct amino acid residue contacts. Moreover, suboptimal alignments can improve template‐based models when used as input to Modeller. Finally, we use suboptimal alignments for handling a contact potential in a probabilistic way in a threading program, SUPRB. The probabilistic contacts strategy outperforms the partly thawed approach, which only uses the optimal alignment in defining residue contacts, and also the re‐ranking strategy, which uses the contact potential in re‐ranking alignments. The comparison with existing methods in the template‐recognition test shows that SUPRB is very competitive and outperforms existing methods. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.