bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunotargeting with CD154 (CD40 Ligand) Enhances DNA Vaccine Responses in Ducks
Authors: Gares Sheryl L. , Fischer Karl P. , Congly Stephen E. , Lacoste Stacey , Addison William R. , Tyrrell D. Lorne , Gutfreund Klaus S.
Published: August 2006

Engagement of CD154 on activated T cells with CD40 on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) potentiates adaptive immune responses in mammals. Soluble multimeric forms of CD154 have been used as an adjuvant or in immunotargeting strategies to enhance vaccine responses. The objective of our study was to examine the ability of duck CD154 (DuCD154) to enhance DNA vaccine responses in the duck hepatitis B model. Constructs were generated to express the functional domain of DuCD154 (tCD154), truncated duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) core antigen (tcore) and chimera of tcore fused to tCD154 (tcore-tCD154). Expression in LMH cells demonstrated that all proteins were secreted and that tCD154 and tcore-tCD154 formed multimers. Ducks immunized with the plasmid ptcore-tCD154 developed accelerated and enhanced core-specific antibody responses compared to ducks immunized with ptcore or ptcore plus ptCD154. Antibody responses were better sustained in both ptcore-tCD154- and ptcore plus ptCD154-immunized ducks. Core-specific proliferative responses of duck peripheral blood mononuclear cells were enhanced in ducks immunized with ptcore-tCD154 or ptcore alone. This study suggests that the role of CD154 in the regulation of adaptive immune responses had already evolved before the divergence of birds and mammals. Thus, targeting of antigens to APCs with CD154 is an effective strategy to enhance DNA vaccine responses not only in mammalian species but also in avian species.
SCALING ALGEBRAS AND SUPERSELECTION SECTORS: STUDY OF A CLASS OF MODELS
Authors: D'ANTONI CLAUDIO , MORSELLA GERARDO
Published: August 2006

We analyze a class of quantum field theory models illustrating some of the possibilities that have emerged in the general study of the short distance properties of superselection sectors, performed in a previous paper (together with R. Verch). In particular, we show that for each pair (G, N), with G a compact Lie group and N a closed normal subgroup, there is a net of observable algebras which has (a subset of) DHR sectors in 1-1 correspondence with classes of irreducible representations of G, and such that only the sectors corresponding to representations of G/N are preserved in the scaling limit. In the way of achieving this result, we derive sufficient conditions under which the scaling limit of a tensor product theory coincides with the product of the scaling limit theories.
SiC MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Authors: PENSL GERHARD , CIOBANU FLORIN , FRANK THOMAS , KRIEGER MICHAEL , RESHANOV SERGEY , SCHMID FRANK , WEIDNER MICHAEL
Published: August 2006

This chapter briefly summarizes device-relevant material properties of the wide bandgap semiconductor silicon carbide. The polytypes 4 H -, 6 H - and 3 C - SiC are predominantly considered. These SiC polytypes can reproducibly be grown as single crystals; they have superior electronic and thermal material properties. The conductivity type can be adjusted by shallow donors and acceptors. Special sections are related to the diffusion of dopants, to the impurity conduction, to the minority carrier lifetime and to the different types of traps generated at the interface of thermally grown SiC/SiO 2 structures.
SILICON CARBIDE SCHOTTKY BARRIER DIODE
Authors: Zhao Jian H. , Sheng Kuang , Lebron-Velilla Ramon C.
Published: August 2006

This chapter reviews the status of SiC Schottky barrier diode development. The fundamentals of Schottky barrier diodes are first provided, followed by the review of high-voltage SiC Schottky barrier diodes, junction-barrier Schottky diodes and merged-pin-Schottky diodes. The development history is reviewed and the key performance parameters are discussed. Applications of SiC SBDs in power electronics circuits as well as other areas such as gas sensors, microwave and UV detections are also presented, followed by discussion of remaining challenges.
ABSORPTION AND EMISSION PROCESSES IN NONCOMMUTATIVE SPACE
Authors: YUCE C.
Published: August 2006

Atom-field interaction and absorption, emission of photons in noncommutative space are investigated. We calculate the rate and the directional distribution of the radiation. The modified selection rules which govern allowed and forbidden transitions in noncommutative space are derived.
PROPER PROJECTIVE SYMMETRY IN THE SCHWARZSCHILD METRIC
Authors: SHABBIR GHULAM , AMER QURESHI M.
Published: August 2006

A study of proper projective symmetry in the Schwarzschild metric is given by using algebric and direct integration techniques. It is shown that projective collineations admitted by the above metric are the Killing vector fields.
COMPUTATIONAL GEOMETRY COLUMN 47
Authors: O'ROURKE JOSEPH
Published: August 2006

A remarkable theorem is described: "It is possible to tile the plane with non-overlapping squares using exactly one square of each integral dimension". Thus, one can "square the plane".
MODELING TUMOR IMMUNOLOGY
Authors: LOLLINI P.-L. , MOTTA S. , PAPPALARDO F.
Published: August 2006

The aim of this paper is to discuss biological and computational models of tumor-immune system interactions. To this end we provid first a short introduction to the field of general immunology, then a more in-depth exposition of cancer immunology. Finally we discuss a first approach to vaccine that prevent tumor onset from a biological point of view and we describe how to reproduce this phenomenon from a computational model.
MODELLING THE RESPONSE OF VASCULAR TUMOURS TO CHEMOTHERAPY: A MULTISCALE APPROACH
Authors: BYRNE HELEN M. , OWEN MARKUS R. , ALARCON TOMAS , MURPHY JAMES , MAINI PHILIP K.
Published: August 2006

An existing multiscale model is extended to study the response of a vascularised tumour to treatment with chemotherapeutic drugs which target proliferating cells. The underlying hybrid cellular automaton model couples tissue-level processes (e.g. blood flow, vascular adaptation, oxygen and drug transport) with cellular and subcellular phenomena (e.g. competition for space, progress through the cell cycle, natural cell death and drug-induced cell kill and the expression of angiogenic factors). New simulations suggest that, in the absence of therapy, vascular adaptation induced by angiogenic factors can stimulate spatio-temporal oscillations in the tumour's composition.

Numerical simulations are presented and show that, depending on the choice of model parameters, when a drug which kills proliferating cells is continuously infused through the vasculature, three cases may arise: the tumour is eliminated by the drug; the tumour continues to expand into the normal tissue; or, the tumour undergoes spatio-temporal oscillations, with regions of high vascular and tumour cell density alternating with regions of low vascular and tumour cell density. The implications of these results and possible directions for future research are also discussed.
RECURRING HARMONIC WALKS AND NETWORK MOTIFS IN WESTERN MUSIC
Authors: ITZKOVITZ SHALEV , MILO RON , KASHTAN NADAV , LEVITT REUVEN , LAHAV AMIR , ALON URI
Published: August 2006

Western harmony is comprised of sequences of chords, which obey grammatical rules. It is of interest to develop a compact representation of the harmonic movement of chord sequences. Here, we apply an approach from analysis of complex networks, known as "network motifs" to define repeating dynamical patterns in musical harmony. We describe each piece as a graph, where the nodes are chords and the directed edges connect chords which occur consecutively in the piece. We detect several patterns, each of which is a walk on this graph, which recur in diverse musical pieces from the Baroque to modern-day popular music. These patterns include cycles of three or four nodes, with up to two mutual edges (edges that point in both directions). Cliques and patterns with more than two mutual edges are rare. Some of these universal patterns of harmony are well known and correspond to basic principles of music theory such as hierarchy and directionality. This approach can be extended to search for recurring patterns in other musical components and to study other dynamical systems that can be represented as walks on graphs.
PERIODIC SOLUTIONS OF A DISCRETE TIME NONAUTONOMOUS TWO-SPECIES MUTUALISTIC SYSTEM WITH DELAYS
Authors: LIU ZHIJUN , CHEN LANSUN
Published: August 2006

We establish a discrete time non-autonomous two-species mutualistic system with delays by considering the influence of many generations on the density of species population. With the help of the method of coincidence degree and some techniques, an easily verifiable sufficient condition is derived for the existence of at least one positive periodic solution of the above system. Biological interpretations of the main result are also given.
The application of 3D geological modelling to aquifer recharge assessments in an urban environment
Authors: Lelliott M.R. , Bridge D. McC. , Kessler H. , Price S.J. , Seymour K.J.
Published: August 2006

The development of an attributed 3D model of the Quaternary deposits across 75 km
2
of central Manchester and Salford is providing a basis for new types of applied (thematic) outputs. Proprietary software designed specifically for use in Quaternary sequences has been used to construct a model of the glacial and post-glacial sequences in an area now undergoing rapid regeneration. The potential of the model to deliver information relevant to a range of practical applications is illustrated by an urban groundwater case study centred on the industrial area of Trafford Park. The sensitivity of the Permo-Triassic sandstone bedrock aquifer to pollution and the extent to which recharge may occur have been analysed through detailed characterization of the underlying superficial deposits. Potential hydrogeological pathways from ground surface to the sandstone are identified, and thematic outputs show the importance of the Manchester Ship Canal and related waterways as potential sources of recharge and pollution of the bedrock aquifer. The move towards 3D modelling of the shallow subsurface provides flexibility in meeting user needs that is not available from conventional 2D geological sources. It is suggested that modelling of this type should be used by site developers and remediators to design more targeted and cost-effective site investigations and risk assessments.
First time landslide in Keuper mudstones in Avilés, Asturias, Spain
Authors: Pugh R.C. , Puell F.
Published: August 2006

On 27 November 2003 at approximately 12 pm a failure occurred without warning on a 52° mudstone slope adjacent to the customer carpark of a large department store in Avilés, Spain. No physical damage was caused to the department store but a high-pressure water main in the upper part of the slope was ruptured. A major concern was the proximity of a six-storey residential building at a distance of only 10 m from the crown failure scarp. Additionally, the resulting spoil caused the closure of the goods access road and rendered unusable numerous parking spaces. The estimated volume of the failure was
c
. 2000 m
3
. Following the failure, emergency remedial works were implemented to ensure the short-term stability of the failed mass and prevent possible retrogression of the failure towards the buildings. Geotechnical instrumentation was installed to monitor the stability of the area. A back-analysis of the failure was undertaken and, in conjunction with the results of the site characterization, led to a definitive solution: a rock-fill gravity retaining wall and an upper anchored rock-fill gravity retaining wall were designed and constructed, and the water main was re-routed away from the slope.
Cell and animal models of mtDNA biology: progress and prospects
Authors: Khan Shaharyar M. , Smigrodzki Rafal M. , Swerdlow Russell H.
Published: August 2006

The past two decades have witnessed an evolving understanding of the mitochondrial genome’s (mtDNA) role in basic biology and disease. From the recognition that mutations in mtDNA can be responsible for human disease to recent efforts showing that mtDNA mutations accumulate over time and may be responsible for some phenotypes of aging, the field of mitochondrial genetics has greatly benefited from the creation of cell and animal models of mtDNA mutation. In this review, we critically discuss the past two decades of efforts and insights gained from cell and animal models of mtDNA mutation. We attempt to reconcile the varied and at times contradictory findings by highlighting the various methodologies employed and using human mtDNA disease as a guide to better understanding of cell and animal mtDNA models. We end with a discussion of scientific and therapeutic challenges and prospects for the future of mtDNA transfection and gene therapy.
An Increase in Calcium Influx Contributes to Post-Tetanic Potentiation at the Rat Calyx of Held Synapse
Authors: Habets Ron L. P. , Borst J. Gerard G.
Published: August 2006

We studied the contribution of a change in presynaptic calcium influx to posttetanic potentiation (PTP) in the calyx of Held synapse, an axosomatic synapse in the auditory brain stem. We made whole cell patch-clamp recordings of a principal cell after loading of the presynaptic terminal with a calcium dye. After induction of PTP by a high-frequency train of afferent stimuli, the Fluo-4 fluorescence transients evoked by an action potential became on average 15 ± 4% larger ( n = 7). Model predictions did not match the fluorescence transients evoked by trains of brief calcium currents unless the endogenous calcium buffer had low affinity for calcium, making a contribution of saturation of the endogenous buffer to the synaptic potentiation we observed in the present experiments less likely. Our data therefore suggest that the increase of release probability during PTP at the calyx of Held synapse is largely explained by an increase in the calcium influx per action potential.
Intrinsic and Synaptic Mechanisms Determining the Timing of Neuron Population Activity During Hippocampal Theta Oscillation
Authors: Orbán Gergő , Kiss Tamás , Érdi Péter
Published: August 2006

Hippocampal theta (3–8 Hz) is a major electrophysiological activity in rodents, which can be found in primates and humans as well. During theta activity, pyramidal cells and different classes of interneurons were shown to discharge at different phases of the extracellular theta. A recent in vitro study has shown that theta-frequency oscillation can be elicited in a hippocampal CA1 slice by the activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors with similar pharmacological and physiological profile that was found in vivo. We constructed a conductance based three-population network model of the hippocampal CA1 region to study the specific roles of neuron types in the generation of the in vitro theta oscillation and the emergent network properties. Interactions between pairs of neuron populations were studied systematically to assess synchronization and delay properties. We showed that the circuitry consisting of pyramidal cells and two types of hippocampal interneurons [basket and oriens lacunosum-moleculare (O-LM) neurons] was able to generate coherent theta-frequency population oscillation. Furthermore, we found that hyperpolarization-activated nonspecific cation current in pyramidal cells, but not in O-LM neurons, plays an important role in the timing of spike generation, and thus synchronization of pyramidal cells. The model was shown to exhibit the same phase differences between neuron population activities found in vivo, supporting the idea that these patterns of activity are determined internal to the hippocampus.
Cytotoxicity of Docetaxel (Taxotere®) Used as a Single Agent and in Combination with Radiation in Human Gastric, Cervical and Pancreatic Cancer Cells
Authors: Balcer-Kubiczek Elizabeth K. , Attarpour Mona , Jiang Jing , Kennedy Andrew S. , Suntharalingam Mohan
Published: August 2006

Background: Docetaxel (Taxotere®) has gained increasing attention in clinical applications. We investigated the cytotoxic and radiosensitizing potential of docetaxel at nanomolar concentrations in six cell lines derived from tumors that rarely respond to radiation or chemotherapy, with special consideration of mechanisms of resistance, including the p53 mutational status. Methods: Cells derived from carcinomas of the human stomach (p53 mutant Hs746T, p53 wild type AGS), cervix (p53 wild type CaSki, p53 mutant HeLa) or pancreas (p53 mutant BxPC3 and Capan-1) were treated for 24 h with docetaxel at various concentrations (0.1–5 nM) to obtain drug doses for inhibiting clonogenicity by approximately 50% (IC50). Cells were X-irradiated without docetaxel or after 24 h of docetaxel treatment at IC50. Radiation doses ranged from 0 up to 10 Gy. Mitotic index, multinucleation, apoptosis and necrosis after 24 h of drug exposure at 1 nM were quantified in representative gastric and cervical cell lines by fluorescence microscopy. Results: Docetaxel treatment for 24 h resulted in a dose-dependent loss of clonogenicity, with 1.0 or 0.3 nM producing approximately 50% survival of gastric or cervix and pancreatic cells, respectively. After correction for the drug toxicity, the combination of isoeffective concentrations of docetaxel with graded X-ray doses resulted either in a moderate synergy or additivity. The dose reduction factors at the 50 and 20% survival levels were statistically greater than those for Hs746T or AGS cells. For CaSki, HeLa, BxPC3 or Capan-1 cells, the dose reduction factors were statistically not different from unity. Conclusion: Docetaxel was active against tumor cells of different origins. Combined effects of docetaxel and radiation were at least additive and depended on the intrinsic sensitivity to drug alone. There was no significant evidence of drug-induced mitotic arrest. Compared to drug-resistant gastric cells, exposure to the drug alone of drug-sensitive cervical cells resulted in more severe multinucleation. The p53 status did not contribute directly to the effect of drug alone or in combination with radiation.
Sweeping Proclamations and Local Nitty-Gritty: Knowledge and Social Problems
Authors: Kalekin-Fishman Devorah
Published: August 2006

The paper argues that sweeping proclamations about the effects of globalization relate to a world which is antithetic to that of real people. While, for example, politicians strive to meet what they 'know' to be the demands of socio-economic globalization; people contending with the problems such policies raise, deploy a repertoire of local knowledge and concomitant practices. Their knowledge combines traditional lore and lessons learned over a lifetime from dealings in ordinary local contexts. With the help of theorizations of globalization and of everyday life, it is possible to show how local knowledge interacts with the global, and to touch on indicators which are potentially decisive for the differential evolution of the 'glocal'.
Cambodia's Ethnic Vietnamese: Minority Rights and Domestic Politics
Authors: Amer Ramses
Published: August 2006

The study's main aim is to analyse the situation of the ethnic Vietnamese in Cambodia. Anti-Vietnamese sentiments have been regularly displayed by the Cambodian elite and in the policies of the Cambodian authorities, the roots and effects of these attitudes are explored. The anti-Vietnamese discourse in Cambodia shows that the perceptions of Vietnam as a state, influence the attitudes towards the Vietnamese minority. Discriminatory policies implemented by the Cambodian authorities and attacks instigated by such policies led to the virtual elimination of the Vietnamese minority in the 1970s, when some 420,000 Vietnamese were expelled or fled to Vietnam. In the 1980s ethnic Vietnamese returned to Cambodia while in the 1990s, politically motivated attacks on ethnic Vietnamese were carried out on a number of occasions. These attacks posed a real threat to the Vietnamese community at large.
A Generalized Momentum Framework for Looking at Baroclinic Circulations
Authors: Zurita-Gotor Pablo , Lindzen Richard S.
Published: August 2006

This paper introduces the concept of potential momentum, which is a nonlocal measure of the thermal structure that has momentum units. Physically, it may be interpreted as the zonal momentum that the flow would realize through an adiabatic redistribution of mass that made the isentropic thickness uniform poleward of a reference latitude. At the surface, a poleward temperature gradient is equivalent to an easterly reservoir of potential momentum. Potential momentum gives a global picture of the thermal field that also takes into account the meridional structure.

When the mean flow is redefined in terms of the total momentum (the standard zonal momentum plus this newly defined potential momentum), the mean-flow response to the eddy forcing can be formulated locally. This allows one to relate in equilibrium the eddy absorption and the restoration of the mean flow. Using the concept of potential momentum, vertical propagation can be related to thermal forcing by means of an equation analogous to the relation between meridional propagation and surface friction. Based on these ideas, it is argued that the time-mean eddy propagation is largely constrained by the strength and structure of the forcing.

The new formalism is applied to a forced–dissipative two-layer model to study the dependence of meridional and vertical propagation and of the global circulation on changes in the diabatic and frictional forcing time scales. It is found that baroclinic adjustment, in the form of a fixed potential vorticity (PV) gradient, is a good approximation because the intensity of the circulation only depends weakly on the forcing time scale. Another remarkable result is that, owing to the robustness of this PV gradient, thermal homogenization is always enhanced with stronger friction.
Factor Analysis in Counseling Psychology Research, Training, and Practice
Authors: Kahn Jeffrey H.
Published: August 2006

Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) have contributed to test development and validation in counseling psychology, but additional applications have not been fully realized. The author presents an overview of the goals, terminology, and procedures of factor analysis; reviews best practices for extracting, retaining, and rotating factors in EFA; describes issues related to CFA, including potential hypotheses, how parameters are estimated, and current guidelines regarding sample size and the use of fit indices; and reviews more sophisticated applications of CFA, including multiple-groups analysis and testing of hierarchical models. Finally, the author recommends how to increase the application of factor analysis to counseling psychologists’ work in research, training, and practice settings.
Discriminant Analysis in Counseling Psychology Research
Authors: Sherry Alissa
Published: August 2006

Social science research often entails the comparison of two or more groups. For example, researchers may explore differences between sexes, races, ethnicities, sexual identities, treatment conditions, diagnostic categories, or various other grouping variables. While there are a number of ways to approach these comparisons, applied social science researchers often become comfortable with only one or two and may lack the time to learn or investigate others that may be more appropriate for their research questions. This article presents discriminant analysis as one of these alternative approaches. More specifically, it describes descriptive discriminant analysis in greater detail, including an example using SPSS (Version 11.0) output.
A comparative study of social work intervention in context in Zambia and England
Authors: Muleya Wilson
Published: August 2006

English

This study compared practitioners views on how work environments affected their choice of theory in social work context in Zambia and England. It found no significant differences in theories used, but found variations in levels of application. Different work environment factors influenced practitioners choice of intervention method in each country.

French

Cette étude compare les points de vue de praticiens sur l'influence qu'a exercé l'environnement professionnel dans le choix des théories qu'ils ont choisi d'appliquer en travail social en Zambie et en Angleterre. Les résultats indiquent qu'il n'y a pas de différences significatives dans le choix même des théories, mais elle révèlent par contre des variations au plan de l'application. Des facteurs relatifs à l'environnement de travail ont influencé les professionnels dans le choix de leurs méthodes d'intervention dans chacun des pays.

Spanish

Se comparan los puntos de vista de los trabajadores sociales sobre cómo el ambiente del trabajo influyó su elección de teoría in el contexto del trabajo social de Zambia e Inglaterra. El estudio no halló diferencias significativas en las teorías usadas, pero halló diferencias en los niveles de aplicación. Distintos factores ambientales influyeron qué método de intervención escogieron los trabajadores en cada país.
A Methodology for Finding Invariants of Motion for Asymmetric Systems with Gauge-Transformed Umbra Lagrangian Generated by Bond Graphs
Authors: Mukherjee Amalendu , Rastogi Vikas , Dasgupta Anirvan
Published: August 2006

The purpose of this article is to obtain conservation laws (invariants of motion) for different energy domains through the extended Noether theorem and bond graphs. Bond graphs are profitably used in representing the physics of a system as well as obtaining its umbra-Lagrangian. The article extends Lagrangian-Hamiltonian mechanics to deal with asymmetries in the system, which incorporates dissipative and nonpotential fields in a compact Lagrangian form, such that one may obtain invariants of motion through extension of Noether’s theorem. A detailed methodology is outlined in this article for obtaining the invariants of motion for a general class of asymmetric systems with a gauge-transformed umbra-Lagrangian. Symmetrization of an asymmetric system is introduced through the concept of gauge functions, for which the classical Noether theorem is extended over vector fields in the extended manifold comprising real and umbra displacements and velocities, as well as real time. A generalization of the variational principle or least action principle is also presented, which leads to the proposed form of the umbra-Lagrange equation through recursive minimization of functionals. Several illustrative examples are given to elucidate this concept in different physical contexts.
Modelling of Radial Fiber Migration in Yarns
Authors: Neckářa Bohuslav , Soni Mahinder Kumar , Das Dipayan
Published: August 2006

Treloar’s vision [ J. Textile Inst. 56, T359-T380 (1965)] of an ideal fiber intersecting the cylindrical yarn at all radii with the same (mean) frequency is not accurate and consequently the derived model does not correspondent to reality. This paper introduces a modified model of radial fiber migration in yarns and it is shown that the length of a fiber increases equidistantly with the steps of radius and each fiber in the yarn approximately follows a conical path. The derived theoretical relations were found to be in acceptable agreement with the experimental observations.
Sorption Properties of Flax Fibers Depending on Pretreatment Processes and their Environmental Impact
Authors: Fakin D. , Golob V. , Kleinschek K. Stana , Le Marechal A. Majcen
Published: August 2006

The purpose of this research was to investigate the influence of different pre-treatment processes, on the sorption properties of flax fibers and the impact of residual treatment baths on environmental pollution. Flax fibers were subjected to different scouring processes (alkaline, acidic and enzymatic scouring) and, subsequently, oxidative bleaching, with and without application of ultrasound energy. The sorption properties of differently pre-treated flax fibers were defined by iodine sorption value, moisture sorption, and water retention power. The residual pre-treatment baths were ecologically analyzed using total organic carbon, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand and biological degradability. The obtained results indicated that the alkaline, acidic and enzymatic scourings of flax fibers have a significant effect on their sorption properties and, consequently, on the bleaching process. The application of ultrasound in the scouring and bleaching bath increased the fiber weight loss and water retention power of the flax fibers, as well as improving the ecological parameters. The optimal pre-treatment process was enzymatic bioscouring because it provided a lower weight loss, a better absorptivity of the flax fibers, and is less environmentally harmful.
Standardizing a Pre-treatment Cleaning Procedure and Effects of Application on Apparel Fabrics
Authors: Gore S. E. , Laing R. M. , Wilson C. A. , Carr D. J. , Niven B. E.
Published: August 2006

The objective of this work was to develop a pre-treatment (cleaning) procedure for a wide range of apparel fabrics and to determine whether differences observed in the properties of fabrics which had and had not been pre-treated were significant. Properties relevant to the manufacture and/or performance of apparel included mass per unit area, thickness, bending length, flex-ural rigidity, drape coefficient, air permeability, water vapor permeability, liquid absorptive capacity, drying time, ‘dry’ thermal resistance, ultra-violet transmission. Results for the same property on the same fabric measured when the fabrics had and had not been pre-treated generally differed significantly, confirming the importance of pre-treatment prior to measuring these properties, particularly when claiming in-use attributes of fabrics. A procedure for pre-treatment is recommended: six consecutive cleaning cycles following procedure 8A of British Standard EN ISO 6330: 2001 (i.e. not dried between cycles), and dried flat following procedure C of this standard.
Bending Rigidity of Yarns
Authors: Park Jung-Whan , Oh Ae-Gyeong
Published: August 2006

The bending behavior of yarn is affected by mechanical properties, arrangement and interaction between its constituent fibers and yarn geometry. In this study the yarn bending rigidity was obtained from the tensile modulus of its constituent fibers and yarn geometry and structural parameters and it was shown that the dimensionless yarn bending rigidity decreased as the ratio of tensile modulus to the shear modulus of the constituent fibers increased. Furthermore, the yarn bending rigidity decreased as the surface helix angle of the yarn increased. When compared with previous research, there was good agreement between the findings of Owen, Zurek, and Platt’s and the results of this study.
Urban Public High School Teachers’ Beliefs about Science Learner Characteristics
Authors: Prime Glenda M. , Miranda Rommel J.
Published: August 2006

This qualitative study addresses the link between urban high school teachers’ beliefs about their students’ preparedness to achieve success in science and the teachers’ reported curricular responses to those beliefs. Eight high school science teachers from schools representing a range of achievement levels were interviewed using semistructured, in-depth interview techniques. The findings suggest that teachers view science as a special subject that requires special qualities. Teachers saw their own students as largely lacking in those qualities needed for success in science and reported such modifications to the curriculum as “slowing down,” deemphasizing some topics, and reducing the depth of coverage.
The Relationship Between Visual Analysis and Five Statistical Analyses in a Simple AB Single-Case Research Design
Authors: Brossart Daniel F. , Parker Richard I. , Olson Elizabeth A. , Mahadevan Lakshmi
Published: August 2006

This study explored some practical issues for single-case researchers who rely on visual analysis of graphed data, but who also may consider supplemental use of promising statistical analysis techniques. The study sought to answer three major questions: (a) What is a typical range of effect sizes from these analytic techniques for data from “effective interventions”? (b) How closely do results from these same analytic techniques concur with visual-analysis-based judgments of effective interventions? and (c) What role does autocorrelation play in interpretation of these analytic results? To answer these questions, five analytic techniques were compared with the judgments of 45 doctoral students and faculty, who rated intervention effectiveness from visual analysis of 35 fabricated AB design graphs. Implications for researchers and practitioners using single-case designs are discussed.
Physical Exercise as a Reinforcer to Promote Calmness of an ADHD Child
Authors: Azrin Nathan H. , Ehle Christopher T. , Beaumont Amy L.
Published: August 2006

Age-appropriate reinforcers have been found to be effective in promoting attentiveness and calmness with children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The present study with a 4-year-old ADHD boy found attentive calmness was substantially increased from a mean of about 3 seconds per trial to the maximum scheduled duration of 60 seconds by using a scheduled period of physical activity as the reinforcer for the attentive-calmness. These results suggest the possible use of this type of reinforcer as an addition or substitution for the usual reinforcers in contingency management with ADHD children.
Measuring Homework Compliance in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adolescent Depression
Authors: Gaynor Scott T. , Lawrence P. Scott , Nelson-Gray Rosemery O.
Published: August 2006

Despite the importance placed on completion of extra-session homework in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), a review of the available literature suggests there is much about the nature of homework compliance that remains to be empirically evaluated. This is especially true among youth receiving CBT. The present study begins to address how best to measure homework compliance and offers a fine-grained, single-case analysis of homework compliance during acute treatment with depressed adolescents. The results demonstrate that 56% of homework assignments were completed. Also observed was substantial within-subject temporal variability in homework compliance and a tendency for compliance to decrease during the course of treatment. These data call into question the adequacy of any static aggregate measure of homework compliance and have implications for both researchers and clinicians.
Speed of Eating as a Determinant of Bulimic Desire to Vomit
Authors: Azrin Nathan H. , Kellen Michael J. , Ehle Christopher T. , Brooks Jeannie S.
Published: August 2006

Studies of self-induced vomiting of retarded persons have found that the rate of eating and the amount eaten alter this problem. The present study attempted to determine whether this same relation was exhibited by the nonretarded bulimic. A nonretarded bulimic woman provided her subjective ratings of her desire to vomit after eating her taboo foods at a fast versus slowed versus normal rate using a within participant experimental design. The desire to vomit was found to be near absent after the slowed eating of the taboo foods but was at a high level that endured after the rapid or normal eating. These results suggest a neglected determinant of adult bulimia that may be used in clinical treatment, pending confirmation by a larger sample with measures of actual vomiting as was previously evidenced by the inpatient retarded vomiters.
Effects of Adding On-the-Job Feedback to Conventional Analog Staff Training in a Nursing Home
Authors: Arco Lucius , du Toit Elaine
Published: August 2006

The aims of this study were to examine effects of on-the-job feedback after conventional analog staff training and to corroborate earlier findings of competent performance maintained without feedback from others. The study took place in a nursing home with four staff participants and a resident with problem behaviors. A multiple baseline design with measures of staff and resident behavior was used, supplemented with social validity reports. The staff training program consisted of conventional group workshops plus individual on-the-job feedback. During maintenance, staff members continued recording resident behaviors but without further on-the-job feedback. Results show that after workshop training, staff performance increased, but only one staff participant demonstrated competency. With on-the-job feedback, all staff participants achieved and maintained competency. Procedures were effective and acceptable, and resident behaviors showed corresponding changes.
Ego-Involvement and the Difficulty Law of Motivation: Effects on Performance-Related Cardiovascular Response
Authors: Gendolla Guido H. E. , Richter Michael
Published: August 2006

Two experiments found that effort-related cardiovascular reactivity under ego-involvement follows the principles of motivational intensity theory. Experiment 1 manipulated ego-involvement and the difficulty of a memory task. Under high ego-involvement, cardiovascular reactivity during task performance increased with fixed task difficulty; an unfixed performance standard elicited the same high reactivity as a fixed high standard. Experiment 2 manipulated ego-involvement and administered a memory task with unfixed versus extremely high performance standards. High ego-involvement increased cardiovascular reactivity only when the performance standard was unfixed but not when success was obviously impossible. Both studies found associations between cardiovascular reactivity and achievement and controlled for emotional states. The findings clarify previous research and theorizing about ego-involvement and motivation.
Crossed Categorization in Common Ingroup Contexts
Authors: Crisp Richard J. , Walsh Judi , Hewstone Miles
Published: August 2006

In three experiments, the authors tested the hypothesis that a common ingroup context would moderate evaluations of crossed category targets. In Experiment 1, the typical additive pattern of evaluation across artificial crossed category groups became a social inclusion pattern in a common ingroup context. In Experiment 2, the authors manipulated the importance of real crossed category targets. When the crossed groups were of low importance, the effects of imposing a common ingroup replicated those observed in Experiment 1. For important crossed groups, however, the additive pattern remained. In Experiment 3, the authors measured perceived importance of the crossed groups to social identity prior to introducing a common ingroup context. The effects of a common categorization on evaluations were again moderated by perceived importance. These findings are discussed in the context of integrating crossed categorization and common ingroup identity models of multiple categorization.
Ambivalence Toward the Body: Death, Neuroticism, and the Flight From Physical Sensation
Authors: Goldenberg Jamie L. , Hart Joshua , Pyszczynski Tom , Warnica Gwendolyn M. , Landau Mark , Thomas Lisa
Published: August 2006

Based on terror management theory, the authors suggest that ambivalent reactions to the human body are partially rooted in the association of the physical body with inescapable death and that individuals high in neuroticism are particularly vulnerable to such difficulties. Three experiments demonstrated that priming thoughts about one’s death leads individuals high in neuroticism to flee from physical sensations, including pleasurable ones. In response to mortality salience, highly neurotic individuals spent less time submerging their arm in ice-cold water and using an electric foot massager but did not avoid stimulation in nontactile modalities (i.e., listening to music). The discussion highlights the role of existentially motivated self-repression in inhibitions surrounding the body.
The Future within the Present: Seven Theses for a Robust Twenty-First-Century Socialism
Authors: Laibman David
Published: August 2006

To meet today’s challenges, including successful mobilization around people’s most immediate needs, a rigorous and inspiring vision of a new society—socialism—is more necessary than ever. Without creating rigid or utopian schemes, we can affirm and develop some of the most essential elements in that vision: progressive transcendence of the alienating and polarizing content of spontaneous markets; democratic coordination and planning, at all levels from central to decentral; and creative engagement with the vast potentials of modern information technology. This project must also recover and embrace all of the lessons, both positive and negative, of the twentieth-century postcapitalist experience, especially that of the USSR.
Neoliberalism and Social Security
Authors: Wolfson Martin H.
Published: August 2006

The stagnant wages, worsening distribution of income, and slower economic growth that have resulted from neoliberalism have weakened Social Security’s future viability. Moreover, the prediction of a future “crisis” for Social Security is based on the assumption of continued antiworker neoliberal policies, and neoliberal policy proposals to “save” Social Security have provided a rationale for redistributing tax burdens away from the rich and further promoting the neoliberal agenda.
The Estimated Economic Impact of a Chicago Big Box Living Wage Ordinance
Authors: Baiman Ron
Published: August 2006

Using publicly available data sources and data supplied by Wal-Mart, I estimate the impact of a proposed “big box living wage ordinance” on a new Wal-Mart store scheduled to open in Chicago in the spring of 2006. I find that an ordinance that mandates a $10.00 per hour minimum wage and a $3.00 per hour health care insurance benefit for stores of more than 75,000 square feet would lead to an approximately 15.3 percent increase in labor cost for an average Chicago “big box” retailer. I estimate that, if the entire cost of the mandate were passed on to consumers through price increases, this could be recovered through an approximately 2.1 percent price increase.
A Chinese Social Structure of Accumulation for Capitalist Long-Wave Upswing?
Authors: O’Hara Phillip Anthony
Published: August 2006

The objective of this article is to examine whether China has a viable macro social structure of accumulation (SSA) for capitalist long-wave upswing into the early decades of the twenty-first century. The article commences with the SSA index of performance and potentiality (IPP) through which phases of capitalist development can be scrutinized. The rest of the article details the components of the IPP, first the more technical institutional factors and then broader indicators of development. The article concludes that China is currently an emerging capitalist economy and that it is likely to continue through long-wave upswing through core industrialization during the next fifteen years. There are critical limits to capitalist development in China—including problems associated with capital productivity, innovation, pollution, and rural-urban dynamics—and these are likely to restrict long-term performance by about 2020.
Public’s and Police Officers’ Interpretation and Handling of Domestic Violence Cases
Authors: Stalans Loretta J. , Finn Mary A.
Published: August 2006

The public’s and police officers’interpretation and handling of realistic hypothetical domestic violence cases and their stereotypic views about domestic violence are discussed. A sample of 131 experienced officers, 127 novice officers, and 157 adult laypersons were randomly assigned to read a domestic violence case. Experienced officers were more likely to arrest only the husband than were laypersons or rookie officers even when respondents inferred that the husband was primarily responsible or had used violence before. Experienced officers considered their stereotypic beliefs about battered women’s propensity to use self-defense in arriving at their arrest decision whereas laypersons and rookie officers did not. These findings indicate that the public and police officers have not adopted the feminists’ message that arrest is the best response to handle all domestic violence cases. Policy implications are discussed.
Women’s Response to Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Ruiz-Pérez Isabel , Mata-Pariente Nelva , Plazaola-Castaño Juncal
Published: August 2006

The responses of women to a situation of abuse by their partner has hardly been addressed in the literature. Using a self-administered, anonymous questionnaire, 400 women attending three practices in a primary health care center in Granada (Spain) were studied. The women’s response to abuse was used as a dependent variable. Sociodemographics, intensity, duration, and combination of the types of abuse were used as independent variables. Lifetime prevalence of any type of partner abuse was 22.8%. Of abused women, 68% showed an active response, attempting to resolve the situation mainly through separation (58.2%). The factors independently associated with a woman’s active response were being separated, widowed, or divorced; reporting a greater intensity of abuse; and being younger than age 35 years. The results of this study show that a large majority of abused women in Spain try to resolve their situation, and that they are not passive victims.
“If It Hurts You, Then It Is Not a Joke”
Authors: Sears Heather A. , Byers E. Sandra , Whelan John J. , Saint-Pierre Marcelle
Published: August 2006

This study examined adolescents’ ideas about girls’ and boys’ use and experience of physical and psychological abuse in heterosexual dating relationships. Canadian high school students who were enrolled in Grades 9 and 11 took part in single-gender focus groups. Eight themes emerged from the analysis. The themes highlight the importance teenagers place on context for defining specific behaviors as abusive. They also underscore gender differences in the criteria adolescents use to make these judgments, in the forms of abusive behavior teenagers typically use in a dating relationship, and in the reasons for youths’ declining use of physical abuse and increasing use of psychological abuse. These views have important implications for future research and for programs targeting adolescent dating violence.
Rape-Myth Congruent Beliefs in Women Resulting from Exposure to Violent Pornography
Authors: Davis Kelly Cue , Norris Jeanette , George William H. , Martell Joel , Heiman Julia R.
Published: August 2006

Previous research findings indicate that women suffer a variety of detrimental effects from exposure to violent pornography. This study used an experimental paradigm to examine the effects of a moderate alcohol dose and alcohol expectancies on women’s acute reactions to a violent pornographic stimulus. A community sample of female social drinkers ( N = 134) read an eroticized rape depiction after completing an alcohol administration protocol. As predicted, intoxicated participants were less likely to label the depicted events as rape than their sober counterparts. A path analytic model illustrated that participants’ self-reported sexual arousal to the stimulus, as influenced by alcohol consumption and expectancies, resulted in increased rape myth congruent perceptions of the victim and decreased labeling of the incident as rape. Findings suggest that acute alcohol intoxication during violent pornography exposure may ultimately result in women developing more calloused attitudes toward rape and rape victims.