bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insecticidal Action of the Phytohemagglutinin in Black Beans on a Bruchid Beetle
Authors: Janzen Daniel H. , Juster Harvey B. , Liener Irvin E.
Published: October 2006

Black bean (
Phaseolus vulgaris
) phytohemagglutinin added to the normal diet of a bruchid beetle (
Callosobruchus maculatus
) that can eat phytohemagglutinin-free cowpeas (
Vigna unguiculata
) but not
P. vulgaris
seeds kills the bruchid larvae. Trypsin inhibitors, found in both
P. vulgaris
and
V. unguiculata
seeds, have virtually no effect on the bruchid larvae. The conclusion is that a major part of the adaptive significance of phytohemagglutinins in black bean and other legume seeds is to protect them from attack by insect seed predators.
Imprinting to Chemical Cues: The Basis for Home Stream Selection in Salmon
Authors: Scholz Allan T. , Horrall Ross M. , Cooper Jon C. , Hasler Arthur D.
Published: October 2006

Juvenile coho salmon were exposed to morpholine or phenethyl alcohol (p-alcohol) for 1 ½ months and then released in Lake Michigan. During the spawning migration 18 months later, morpholine and p-alcohol were metered into separate streams, and the number of morpholine- and p-alcohol-exposed fish returning to each stream was determined. Seventeen other locations were also monitored. The majority of the fish exposed to morpholine were captured in the stream scented with morpholine and most fish exposed to p-alcohol were captured at the p-alcohol-treated stream. This field study demonstrates that coho salmon imprint to and utilize chemical cues for homing.
Transport Proteins in Bacteria: Common Themes in Their Design
Authors: Nikaido Hiroshi , Saier Milton H.
Published: October 2006

Bacterial transport proteins mediate passive and active transport of small solutes across membranes. Comparison of amino acid sequences shows strong conservation not only among bacterial transporters, but also between them and many transporters of animal cells; thus the study of bacterial transporters is expected to contribute to our understanding of transporters in more complex cells. During the last few years, structures of three bacterial outer membrane transporters were solved by x-ray crystallography. Much progress has also occurred in the biochemical and molecular genetic studies of transporters in the cytoplasmic membranes of bacteria, and a unifying design among membrane transporters is gradually emerging. Common structural motives and evolutionary origins among transporters with diverse energy-coupling mechanisms suggest that many transporters contain a central module forming a transmembrane channel through which the solute may pass. Energy-coupling mechanisms can be viewed as secondary features added on to these fundamental translocation units.
Depression of Norepinephrine and 5-Hydroxytryptamine in the Brain by Benzoquinolizine Derivatives
Authors: Pletscher A. , Besendorf H. , Gey K. F.
Published: October 2006

The effects of two benzoquinolizine derivatives on the 5-hydroxytryptamine and norepinephrine content of the brain of mice, and some pharmacological actions, are described. Certain central effects (such as sedation and narcosis potentiation) of benzoquinolizine derivatives and possibly of
Rauwolfia
alkaloids may be due to changes of norepinephrine metabolism rather than to changes of 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in the brain.
Blood-Brain Barrier for Adrenaline
Authors: Weil-Malherbe Hans , Axelrod Julius , Tomchick Robert
Published: October 2006

The concentration of tritium-labeled adrenaline was determined in various areas of cat brain after intravenous infusion. It did not exceed that expected from the blood content of the tissue except in the hypothalamus, where small but significant amounts of H
3
-adrenaline were found.
Incorporation of Unnatural Pyrimidine Bases into Deoxyribonucleic Acid of Mammalian Cells
Authors: Eidinoff M. L. , Cheong L. , Rich M. A.
Published: October 2006

When a mammalian cell strain was incubated with 5-iododeoxyuridine and 5-bromodeoxyuridine, DNA thymine was partially replaced by the halogen-containing pyrimidines. The extent of incorporation of the unnatural bases increased when amethopterin and hypoxanthine were added to the medium. It is thus evident that the replacement of DNA thymine by selected structural analogs, a phenomenon previously reported for bacterial systems, is applicable to cells of higher organisms.
On the Presence of Fixed Ammonium in Rocks
Authors: Stevenson F. J.
Published: October 2006

From one-fourth to one-half of the nitrogen in some granite rocks, and up to two-thirds of that in some paleozoic shales, occurred as ammonium ions held within the lattice structure of silicate minerals. The results provide greater insight into the origin of the earth's atmosphere.
Protection by Sulfur Compounds against the Air Pollutants Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide
Authors: Fairchild Edward J. , MURPHY SHELDON D. , STOKINGER HERBERT E.
Published: October 2006

Two distinct but related pathways of protection against the lethal effects of ozone and nitrogen dioxide are shown by (i) simultaneous inhalation of compounds that furnish —SH or —SS—, or both, and (ii) by injection of thiourea derivatives several days prior to exposure to these oxidant gases. The mechanism of (i) is believed similar to that proposed for the action of radiation-protective compounds; that of (ii) involves the development of a tolerance initiated by the thiourea against the oxidants.
Feeding Behavior and Electrical Stimulation of the Brain of
Carassius auratus
Authors: Grimm Robert J.
Published: October 2006

Bipolar electrodes were implanted in large goldfish in olfactory and nonolfactory areas of the central nervous system. Stimulation of olfactory areas elicited stereotyped feeding activity indistinguishable from normally induced behavior. It is suggested that the olfactory rather than the peripheral gustatory system plays the predominant role in the arousal of feeding activity.
Persistence of Alkaloids in Plant Tissue
Authors: Raffauf Robert F. , Morris Elizabeth Ann
Published: October 2006

Under appropriate conditions of preservation, alkaloids can be detected in plant tissues after extended periods of time. A positive test for this class of compounds was given by a sample of plant material estimated to be 1300 years old.
Effect of 5-Hydroxytryptamine and Iproniazid on Pregnancy
Authors: Poulson Evelyn , Botros M. , Robson J. M.
Published: October 2006

The effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine and iproniazid on pregnancy in mice and rabbits were investigated. 5-Hydroxytryptamine can interrupt pregnancy at all stages in mice but is particularly effective early and late in pregnancy. Iproniazid exerts its action essentially in the first half of pregnancy. 5-Hydroxytryptamine produces striking hemorrhage in the placenta.
Experimental Production of Mongoloid Hamsters
Authors: Toolan Helene W.
Published: October 2006

Hamsters injected at birth with fractions or cell-free filtrates of transplantable human tumor cells as well as certain tissues derived from human beings and rats carrying spontaneous cancers have developed a mongoloid deformity.
Deuterium Analysis—A Simple and Precise Method
Authors: Arnett Edward M. , Strem Michael , Hepfinger Norburt , Lipowitz Jonathan , Mcguire David
Published: October 2006

By means of reaction with calcium hydride in a generator of simple design, the water samples are converted into H
2
and HD. With hydrogen as carrier gas, the greater thermal conductivity of HD produces a peak whose size is linearly related to the deuterium content of the original water.
Electronic Structure and Nicotine-like Stimulant Activity in Choline Phenyl Ethers
Authors: Fukui Kenichi , Nagata Chikayoshi , Imamura Akira
Published: October 2006

Frontier electron density at the ether oxygen position and superdelocalizability at the ortho position show good parallelism with biological activity—that is, the stimulant activity of phenyl ether choline molecules. The mechanism of the biological action is discussed in connection with this finding.
Moisture Stress as a Requirement for Flowering of Coffee
Authors: Alvim Paulo de T.
Published: October 2006

When coffee plants are watered at relatively short intervals, so as to maintain the water content of the soil at close to field capacity, the flower buds remain dormant and no fruits are formed. Irrigation or rain induces flowering only when preceded by a period of water shortage. Water stress is apparently essential to break the dormancy of coffee flower buds.
Three-Dimensional X-ray Reflections from Anthracite and Meta-Anthracite
Authors: Ergun Sabri , Mentser Morris , O'Donnell H. J.
Published: October 2006

Careful analysis of x-ray scattering intensities of demineralized metaanthracites and high-rank anthracites formed during the Pennsylvanian geological period has revealed the presence of three-dimensional (hkl) reflections of graphite, demonstrating unequivocally that coals graphitize with metamorphism. Graphitization has been observed also with a coal formed before the Cambrian period, much earlier than most coals. A significant degree of graphitization occurs by coalification when the graphite-like layers attain a size of 25 to 30 angstroms as compared to 100 A or more by the heat treatment of amorphous carbons.
Crystal Structures of Two Viral Peptides in Complex with Murine MHC Class I H-2K
b
Authors: Fremont Daved H. , Matsumura Masazumi , Stura Enrico A. , Peterson Per A. , Wilson lan A.
Published: October 2006

The x-ray structures of a murine MHC class I molecule (H-2K
b
) were determined in complex with two different viral peptides, derived from the vesicular stomatitis virus nucleoprotein (52-59), VSV-8, and the Sendai virus nucleoprotein (324-332), SEV-9. The H-2K
b
complexes were refined at 2.3 Å for VSV-8 and 2.5 Å for SEV-9. The structure of H-2K
b
exhibits a high degree of similarity with human HLA class I, although the individual domains can have slightly altered dispositions. Both peptides bind in extended conformations with most of their surfaces buried in the H-2K
b
binding groove. The nonamer peptide maintains the same amino- and carboxyl-terminal interactions as the octamer primarily by the insertion of a bulge in the center of an otherwise β conformation. Most of the specific interactions are between side-chain atoms of H-2K
b
and main-chain atoms of peptide. This binding scheme accounts in large part for the enormous diversity of peptide sequences that bind with high affinity to class I molecules. Small but significant conformational changes in H-2K
b
are associated with peptide binding, and these synergistic movements may be an integral part of the T cell receptor recognition process.
Human Vigilance and Operant Behavior
Authors: Jerison Harry J. , Wing John F.
Published: October 2006

The analysis of vigilance as operant behavior treats illumination (observing) responses as operants that produce signal-detections. Evidence is presented that the relationship is an artifact of the procedure, and that no vigilance factor is involved in illumination-responses.
Critical Period in the Social Development of Dogs
Authors: Freedman Daniel G. , King John A. , Elliot Orville
Published: October 2006

Litters of puppies were isolated, with the bitch, in fenced acre fields from 2 to 14 weeks of age. They were removed indoors at different ages, played with for a week, and returned to the field. The pups manifested an increasing tendency to withdraw from human beings after 5 weeks of age and unless socialization occurred before 14 weeks of age, withdrawal reactions from humans became so intense that normal relationships could not thereafter be established.
A Quantifiable Behavioral Correlate of Psychotogen and Tranquilizer Actions
Authors: Ray Oakley S. , Marrazzi Amedeo S.
Published: October 2006

A representative psychotogen, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25), in doses small enough to be devoid of gross effects, increases response latency in rats to a tone indicating the availability of water reward; this effect is greatly reduced by prophylactic administration of a representative phenothiazine tranquilizer, chlorpromazine (CPZ), in doses that per se do not affect performance. The nature of the chlorpromazine action and its competition with lysergic acid diethylamide is revealed by the effects of chlorpromazine in larger doses.
Cloning of a Delta Opioid Receptor by Functional Expression
Authors: Evans Christopher J. , Keith Duane E. , Morrison Heather , Magendzo Karin , Edwards Robert H.
Published: October 2006

Opiate drugs have potent analgesic and addictive properties. These drugs interact with receptors that also mediate the response to endogenous opioid peptide ligands. However, the receptors for opioids have eluded definitive molecular characterization. By transient expression in COS cells and screening with an iodinated analog of the opioid peptide enkephalin, a complementary DNA clone encoding a functional δ opioid receptor has been identified. The sequence shows homology to G protein-coupled receptors, in particular the receptors for somatostatin, angiotensin, and interleukin-8.
Benzpyrenes in Soil
Authors: Blumer Max
Published: October 2006

Benzpyrenes appear to be common and fairly abundant constituents of soils. Both the carcinogenic 3,4-benzpyrene and its inactive 1,2-isomer have been detected spectroscopically in extracts of soils from rural areas of the eastern United States.
Transcription Factor Loading on the MMTV Promoter: A Bimodal Mechanism for Promoter Activation
Authors: Archer Trevor K. , Lefebvre Philippe , Wolford Ronald G. , Hager Gordon L.
Published: October 2006

The mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter attains a phased array of six nucleosomes when introduced into rodent cells. This architecture excludes nuclear factor 1/CCAAT transcription factor (NF1/CTF) from the promoter before glucocorticoid treatment and hormone-dependent access of nucleolytic agents to promoter DNA. In contrast, when the promoter was transiently introduced into cells, NF1/CTF was bound constitutively and nucleolytic attack was hormone-independent. Thus, induction at this promoter was a bimodal process involving receptor-dependent remodeling of chromatin that allows NF1/CTF loading and direct receptor-mediated recruitment of additional transcription factors.
Use of a Dihydrogen Osmium Complex as a Versatile
1
H NMR Recognition Probe
Authors: Li Zai-Wei , Taube Henry
Published: October 2006

A new recognition probe for biomolecules, [en
2
Os(η
2
-H
2
)]
2+
(1; en, ethylenediamine), is reported. In aqueous solution, 1 binds readily to a variety of biomolecules, including nucleotides, RNA, amino acids, peptides, and phospholipids. In each case, binding leads to a characteristic proton nuclear magnetic resonance (
1
H NMR) for the dihydrogen that appears in a spectral window in the range δ = 0 to -20 parts per million, and as well to characteristic values of the coupling
J
HD
and of the relaxation time
T
1
. Small structural differences in molecules such as DGMP (2′-deoxyguanosine 5′-monophosphate) and IMP (inosine 5′-monophosphate) or Asp and Glu can readily be distinguished, such as when 1 binds to the N-7 position of the nucleobase of DGMP or IMP and when 1 binds to the carboxylate of Asp or Glu. Upon one-electron oxidation of the metal center, diamagnetic 1 is converted to a paramagnetic probe.
Taste-Structure Correlation with α-D-Mannose and β-D-Mannose
Authors: Steinhardt Ralph G. , Calvin Allen D. , Dodd Elizabeth Anne
Published: October 2006

The so-called ambiguity of taste perception of D-mannose has been traced to actual differences in taste between the two anomers of this substance. Preliminary data indicate strongly that the α-anomer is sweet (sucrose-like) and the β-anomer is bitter (quinine-like). The difference in taste is attributed to the slight difference in structures of the anomers.
The Visual Space Sense
Authors: Ogle Kenneth N.
Published: October 2006

At the conclusion of this discussion it is important to keep in mind the influences of all the complex processes involved in visual spatial localization, among which stereopsis is only one. The various factors and cues for this spatial localization interact with, complement, reinforce, and perhaps even inhibit one another, depending upon the varying visual surroundings of the moment and upon the physiologic perfection of the visual apparatus. In one's daily work probably no single factor or group of factors dominates at all times. "Any one who knows how pliable our spatial visual perceptions are under the influence of various conditions of observation and under the influence of past experience, taken into account consciously or unconsciously, should not be surprised at the multiplicity of results of observations on different objects and with different observers" (see
18
).
Beryllium and the Growth of Bush Beans
Authors: Romney Evan M. , Childress James D. , Alexander George V.
Published: October 2006

Beryllium in nutrient solution inhibited the growth of bush beans. The initial symptom was retarded root development. Although severe stunting of plants occurred, the foliage retained normal color. Roots accumulated beryllium. Increased beryllium concentrations decreased calcium in roots, stems, leaves, and fruits, and also decreased magnesium in roots and stems. Phosphorus was slightly increased in stems, leaves, and fruit.
Specific Surface Determination of Expansible Layer Silicates
Authors: Milford M. H. , Jackson M. L.
Published: October 2006

The vacuum-oven technique for quantitative sorption of a glycerol duointerlayer by montmorillonite at 35°C is adapted to 130°C to obtain a mono-interlayer of glycerol, glycerol vapor relative pressure being controlled by temperature differential. Values obtained for montmorillonite agree closely with theoretical values based on liquid glycerol density, while vermiculite retains a mono-interlayer of somewhat less than liquid glycerol density.
Detection of
Aspergillus flavus
in Soil by Immunofluorescent Staining
Authors: Schmidt Edwin L. , Bankole Rufus O.
Published: October 2006

Strains of
Aspergillus flavus
grown in soil in the presence of buried slides could be detected on the slides by fluorescent antibody techniques. Staining with
A. flavus
antiserum labeled with fluorescein, followed by examination with fluorescence microscopy revealed characteristic fluorescence at sites of distribution of the homologous fungus. The specificity of the reaction and the absence of nonspecific absorption of antibody to soil materials suggest that the method may be useful in studying the ecology of the soil microflora.
Relationship Between Temperature and the Metabolism of Experimental Ecosystems
Authors: Beyers Robert J.
Published: October 2006

Short-term temperature variations of approximately 7°C above and below the normal maintenance temperature of balanced laboratory aquaria demonstrated that the metabolism of the ecosystem is practically independent of temperature. It is postulated that the closer a living system approaches the integration of a balanced ecosystem, the less it is affected by temperature.
Generation by Visible Light of Labile Free Radicals in the Melanin Granules of the Eye
Authors: Sever Raymond J. , Cope Freeman W. , Polis B. David
Published: October 2006

The melanin granules of the eye generate a free radical when irradiated with visible light under approximately physiological conditions. The rapid generation in light and decay in dark of the free radical as indicated by electron spin resonance studies, coupled with the anatomical proximity of the melanin granules to the rods and cones of the eye, suggest that these granules may play an important role in the visual process. The investigation of this free radical offers a possible approach to connect the photochemical events in the eye with the subsequent electrophysiological events in the nerve.
Intracellular Oxidation-Reduction States in Vivo
Authors: Chance Britton , Cohen Peter , Jobsis Frans , Schoener Brigitte
Published: October 2006

It now appears to be possible to continuously record changes in intracellular oxidation-reduction levels in terms of the fluorescence of reduced pyridine nucleotide in mitochondria of various tissues and organs in situ. Studies of kidney and brain cortex in the rat show that changes in fluorescence are not measurably affected by the presence of oxyhemoglobin. Nitrogen, sulfide, cyanide, and carbon monoxide cause increases in fluorescence to very nearly the same levels, and the increases are attributed to larger reduction of mitochondrial diphosphopyridine nucleotide. Amytal at a low blood concentration causes increased reduction in the kidney cortex, and at a high blood concentration, in the brain cortex. The qualitative response of the pyridine nucleotide to low oxygen concentrations shows the brain to be more sensitive than the kidney. The first measurable increase in pyridine nucleotide reduction observed on the brain occurs at a concentration of inspired oxygen of 8 percent. Breathing stops when the percentage increase of pyridine nucleotide reduction on the brain reaches about 90; at this point the percentage increase for the kidney is only about 30. This difference corresponds roughly to a tenfold difference in oxygen tension. Half-maximal increase in pyridine nucleotide reduction on the brain occurs at a concentration of inspired oxygen of about 4 percent and corresponds to an intracellular oxygen tension of about 0.2 mm.
Selection of Intrinsic Horizontal Connections in the Visual Cortex by Correlated Neuronal Activity
Authors: Löwel Siegrid , Singer Wolf
Published: October 2006

In the visual cortex of the brain, long-ranging tangentially oriented axon collaterals interconnect regularly spaced clusters of cells. These connections develop after birth and attain their specificity by pruning. To test whether there is selective stabilization of connections between those cells that exhibit correlated activity, kittens were raised with artificially induced strabismus (eye deviation) to eliminate the correlation between signals from the two eyes. In area 17, cell clusters were driven almost exclusively from either the right or the left eye and tangential intracortical fibers preferentially connected cell groups activated by the same eye. Thus, circuit selection depends on visual experience, and the selection criterion is the correlation of activity.
Hormonal and Nervous Control of Tanning in the Fly
Authors: Fraenkel G. , Hsiao Catherine
Published: October 2006

In the newly emerged fly, darkening and hardening of the cuticle (tanning) starts after 15 to 20 minutes but can be delayed under certain conditions. Ligaturing off the head abolishes tanning. Tanning is initiated by a signal from neurosecretory cells in the brain, transmitted to the thorax via both the central and stomatogastric nervous system. Blood from a 15-minute-old fly induces tanning when injected into the body of a head-ligatured fly. The active factor in blood is probably neither a substrate nor an enzyme necessary for tanning. It could be a new hormone, because it is neither ecdyson, nor the juvenile hormone, nor a brain hormone. This factor is entirely unspecific, being present in newly molted cockroaches (
Periplaneta
) and newly emerged adults of the beetle
Tenebrio
. A mechanism that inhibits tanning also plays a role in this reaction.
Nictitating Membrane: Classical Conditioning and Extinction in the Albino Rabbit
Authors: Gormezano I. , Schneiderman Neil , Deaux Edward , Fuentes Isreal
Published: October 2006

The distribution of response latencies and the percentage performance curve of a classical conditioning group, by comparison with a control group, indicated that the extension of the nictitating membrane elicited by a puff of air to the cornea was successfully conditioned to a previously neutral stimulus.
Electroencephalogram in the Permanently Isolated Forebrain of the Cat
Authors: Villablanca Jaime
Published: October 2006

The cerebral cortex of cats with chronic or permanent mesencephalic transections of the brain stem showed both high-voltage, slow-wave synchronized electroencephalographic patterns and low-voltage, fast-wave desynchronized rhythms when studied postoperatively. The alternation of sleep and wakefulness electrical activity in the permanently isolated forebrain is contrasted with the observations of Bremer in the acute "cerveau isolé" preparation.
Localizing Tritiated Norepinephrine in Sympathetic Axons by Electron Microscopic Autoradiography
Authors: Wolfe D. E. , Potter L. T. , Richardson K. C. , Axelrod J.
Published: October 2006

Following intravenous infusion of tritiated norepinephrine, rat pineals were prepared for combined autoradiography and electron microscopy. Concentrations of photographic grains were observed only over regions of preterminal autonomic axons containing granulated vesicles, thereby directly demonstrating uptake of norepinephrine into these axons and strongly suggesting that their granulated vesicles contain norepinephrine.
Mechanism for Plant Cellular Morphogenesis
Authors: Green Paul B.
Published: October 2006

The control of the cylindrical cell form in plants appears to reside in the orientation of the reinforcing cellulose microfibrils in the side walls. In elongating cells the fibrils are typically transverse. Control of new synthesis of oriented wall texture is shown to be in turn related to the orientation of cytoplasmic elements in the cell periphery. Three properties of these cytoplasmic elements have been deduced from polarization optical properties of treated and normal cell walls. These deduced properties— namely, possession of a long axis and the ability to build microfibrils perpendicular to it, a tendency to cross-bond to make a parallel array, and a sensitivity of this alignment to colchicine—are all well-known properties of mitotic spindle and phragmoplast fibers which form the cross-wall after mitosis. It is proposed that proteins of spindle fiber nature exist in cortical cytoplasm of plant cells and are active in the control of wall texture and cell form.
Salvage of Infarcted Myocardium by Angiogenic Action of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor
Authors: Yanagisawa-Miwa Atsuko , Uchida Yasumi , Nakamura Fumitaka , Tomaru Takanobu , Kido Hideaki , Kamijo Takeshi , Sugimoto Tsuneaki , Kaji Kazuhiko , Utsuyama Masanori , Kurashima Chieri , Ito Hideki
Published: October 2006

Coronary collateral vessels reduce damage to ischemic myocardium after coronary obstruction. Factors that stimulate collateral formation are expected to have ameliorating effects on myocardial infarction. In a canine experimental myocardial infarct model, intracoronary injection of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) improved cardiac systolic function and reduced infarct size. Treatment with bFGF increased the number of arterioles and capillaries in the infarct. Thus, the angiogenic action of bFGF might lead to a reduction in infarct size. The application of bFGF might bring about a therapeutic modality for the salvage of infarcted myocardium.
A New Dense Form of Solid Germanium
Authors: Bundy F. P. , Kasper J. S.
Published: October 2006

A new form of solid germanium, of greater density than ordinary cubic germanium, can be formed by compressing cubic germanium at pressures exceeding 120 kilobars and reducing the pressure back to that of the atmosphere. The crystal structure is tetragonal, with a equal to 5.93 angstroms and
c
, to 6.98; 12 atoms per unit cell; and theoretical density, 5.91 grams per cubic centimeter. Electrically it behaves like a semiconductor. At temperatures above 200° C it reverts rather rapidly to the cubic form.
Meteorite with Unique Features
Authors: Nininger H. H.
Published: October 2006

A brief account of the discovery in Luzon, Philippines, of a large meteorite that does not fit into any of the currently used classifications is presented; together with results of preliminary studies of its unprecedented structure, specific gravity, and multiple magnetic polarity. Its probable terrestrial age is also discussed.
Personality Test Interpretation by Digital Computer
Authors: Kleinmuntz Benjamin
Published: October 2006

In this study a set of decision rules was devised for interpreting profile patterns of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) of maladjusted and adjusted college students. The procedure used was that of computer programming of the "maladjusted" versus "adjusted" decisions of an expert test interpreter. The interpreter's decision-making processes were tape-recorded while he was thinking aloud during the sorting of the profiles of 126 college students. The programmed decision rules, which were based on the interpreter's protocol and which were improved upon by a process of trial-and-error statistical checking, yielded a greater hit percentage than the decisions of the original interpreter. In its final form, the set of objective configural inventory rules identified correctly large numbers of maladjusted college students in two cross-validation samples.
Arousal Effects on Evoked Activity in a "Nonsensory" System
Authors: Frommer Gabriel P. , Livingston Robert B.
Published: October 2006

Responses from motor cortex evoked by cerebellar stimulation have been recorded with chronically implanted electrodes from cats in different states of arousal. The response, which in the waking cat consists of a short latency biphasic component followed by one or more slower waves, was attenuated, or abolished completely, in association with electroencephalographic and behavioral signs of decreased arousal. In contrast, responses in primary somatosensory cortex evoked by stimulating the bulbar trigeminal nucleus were enhanced during periods of decreased alertness.
Sonar Signals of the Sea Lion
Authors: Poulter Thomas C.
Published: October 2006

Tape recordings were made of the underwater noises of captive sea lions swimming in a concrete pool at night. When approaching pieces of fish that were thrown into the water, the sea lions emitted trains of sound signals like those of the bat and the porpoise. A detailed analysis of these noises shows that they meet the criteria of a pulse-modulated sonar system and, in fact, reveal an amazing sophistication so far as echo ranging is concerned.
Enzyme Changes in Flight Muscle Correlated with Aging and Flight Ability in the Male Housefly
Authors: Rockstein M. , Brandt K. F.
Published: October 2006

Magnesium-activated adenosine triphosphatase activity in the giant mitochondria (sarcosomes) of the flight muscle of aging male houseflies decreases concomitantly with failure in flight as reflected in the loss of wings during the second week of adult life. Preceding the loss of wings, however, there is a rapid decline in the activity of an α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase which is located in the extramitochondrial fraction and is dependent on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.
Measurement of a Visual Motion Aftereffect in the Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Scott Thomas R. , Powell Donnie A.
Published: October 2006

A monkey was trained to discriminate between a shrinking and expanding test figure presented after steady fixation of the center of a rotating spiral. Differential shifts in the animal's perception of size constancy were found for clockwise and counter-clockwise rotation of the spiral. The magnitude of the aftereffect was within the range found in human subjects.
Individual Antigenic Specificity of Isolated Antibodies
Authors: Kunkel Henry G. , Mannik Mart , Williams Ralph C.
Published: October 2006

Antisera produced against certain isolated human antibodies showed clear antigenic differences between these antibodies. Individual antigenic specificity was demonstrated for two anti-A antibodies, one anti-dextran, and one anti-levan antibody. Failure to produce specific antisera in other instances appeared to be correlated with a greater heterogeneity of the antibody population used as antigen.
Cognitive Factors in the Extinction of the Conditioned Eyelid Response in Humans
Authors: Spence Kenneth W.
Published: October 2006

Rate of extinction of the conditioned eyelid response in humans is a function of the degree of discriminability of the procedural changes that occur with shift from acquisition to extinction. Extinction is greatly retarded when these changes are minimized or the subject is distracted by another task.
Seed Discharge in
Arceuthobium
: A Photographic Study
Authors: Hinds T. E. , Hawksworth F. G. , McGinnies W. J.
Published: October 2006

Photographs, made at a speed of 5 microseconds, of the ejection of the
Arceuthobium
seed from its fruit, show that tumbling in the vertical plane begins soon after discharge and that most seeds have turned 90 degrees when they have traveled about 6 centimeters. As the seeds leave the fruit they have a viscous sheath around the trailing end that disintegrates after the seeds have traveled about 2 to 3 centimeters. This viscous material does not act as a rudder as has been postulated.
Ribonucleic Acid: Effect on Conditioned Behavior in Rats
Authors: Cook Leonard , Davidson Arnold B. , Davis Dixon J. , Green Harry , Fellows Edwin J.
Published: October 2006

Acquisition of a behavioral response motivated by shock was enhanced in rats chronically treated with yeast ribonucleic acid, and resistance to extinction was greater in rats so treated than in controls. This extends the role of ribonucleic acid to include a behavioral effect in laboratory mammals treated with a purified preparation from yeast.
Ice Movement of Valley Glaciers Flowing into the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica
Authors: Swithinbank Charles W.
Published: October 2006

Seven glaciers from 9 to 26 kilometers in width move 0.3 to 2.3 meters per day. Byrd Glacier is the fastest moving of the known valley glaciers in Antarctica.
Differential Respirometer of Simplified and Improved Design
Authors: Gilson W. E.
Published: October 2006

A differential respirometer, with a single reference flask for multiple active flasks, and with improved digital readout (in microliters, 0 to 500) volumometers, and which eliminates the need for glassware calibration, is described.
Methanol in Normal Human Breath
Authors: Eriksen Stuart P. , Kulkarni Arun B.
Published: October 2006

Free methanol has been detected and measured, by gas-liquid chromatography, in the breath of several normal, healthy humans. It is suggested that this is a metabolic product rather than the result of diet or intestinal bacterial decomposition although there seems to be no biochemical reason for its presence.
Cerebral Cortex: A Sensorimotor Amalgam in the Marsupialia
Authors: Lende Richard A.
Published: October 2006

In the cerebral cortex of the opossum and the wallaby there is a complete and coincident overlap of the sensory and the motor representations of the body. Within this sensorimotor area it is not possible to draw the line which in other mammals separates a primarily sensory area from a primarily motor area.
Confirmation of the Crystal Structure of Tetrahedrite, Cu
12
Sb
4
S
13
Authors: Wuensch Bernhardt J.
Published: October 2006

The crystal structure of tetrahedrite, proposed in 1934 by Pauling and Neuman, has been confirmed. Least-squares refinement reduced the initial disagreement factor from 27.9 to 4.9 percent. Antimony displays three short orthogonal bonds to sulfur atoms. Two types of copper are tetrahedrally and triangularly coordinated by sulfur, respectively.
Boron-Oxygen Polyanion in the Crystal Structure of Tunellite
Authors: Clark Joan R.
Published: October 2006

The crystal structure of tunellite, SrO⋅3B
2
O
3
⋅4H
2
O, with infinite sheets of composition
n
[B
6
O
9
(OH)
2
]
2-
, has cations and water molecules in the spaces within the sheets. Adjacent sheets are held together by hydrogen bonding through the water molecules. The boron-oxygen polyanions provide the first example in hydrated borate crystals of one oxygen linked to three borons.
E2F: a Link Between the Rb Tumor Suppressor Protein and Viral Oncoproteins
Authors: Nevins Joseph R.
Published: October 2006

The cellular transcription factor E2F, previously identified as a component of early adenovirus transcription, has now been shown to be important in cell proliferation control. E2F appears to be a functional target for the action of the tumor suppressor protein Rb that is encoded by the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene. The disruption of this E2F-Rb interaction, as well as a complex involving E2F in association with the cell cycle-regulated cyclin A-cdk2 kinase complex, may be a common mechanism of action for the oncoproteins encoded by the DNA tumor viruses.
Multistep Carcinogenesis: a 1992 Perspective
Authors: Sugimura Takashi
Published: October 2006

Cancer is the leading cause of death in Japan. Recent changes in cancer incidence patterns may reflect the trend toward a more Western diet and life-style. Among the dietary factors that contribute to carcinogenesis are the heterocyclic amines, a group of mutagenic compounds present in cooked meat and fish. Carcinogenesis is a multistep process in which cells accumulate multiple genetic alterations as they progress to a more malignant phenotype. Recognition of the growing number of interacting factors that contribute to carcinogenesis may force reconsideration of current methods of risk assessment.
Counteracting Effects of Physical Exercises Performed during Prolonged Perceptual Deprivation
Authors: Zubek John P.
Published: October 2006

Subjects who were required to perform physical exercises during a week's exposure to unpatterned light and white noise showed fewer impairments on 15 behavioral measures than did subjects who were not required to exercise during the same 'period in an isolation chamber. Furthermore, fewer hallucinatory phenomena and fewer disturbances of the electroencephalogram were observed.
High-Pressure Transitions in A
(III)
B
(VI)
Compounds: Indium Telluride
Authors: Banus M. D. , Hanneman R. E. , Stroncin M. , Gooen K.
Published: October 2006

Metallic InTe(II) has a NaCl structure with
a
0
= 6.154 Å and becomes superconducting below 3.5°K. These results are substantially different from those previously reported. The pressure-temperature diagram to 850°C and 50 kb is presented.
Dehydration of Seeds in Intact Tomato Fruits
Authors: McIlrath Wayne J. , Abrol Yash P. , Heiligman Fred
Published: October 2006

Although the moisture content of the placenta and pericarp of tomato fruits older than 15 days never dropped below about 94 percent, the seeds dehydrated to approximately 50 percent moisture as these organs developed and matured. There was a loss in the total amount, as well as the percentage, of water per seed. Part of this dehydration was mediated by the seeds themselves and part appeared to be due to other portions of the fruit.
Rhesus and Crab-Eating Macaques: Intergradation in Thailand
Authors: Fooden Jack
Published: October 2006

Conspecificity of the rhesus macaque,
Macaca mulatta mulatta
(Zimmermann, 1780), and the crab-eating macaque
Macaca mulatta fascicularis
(Raffles [1821]), is established by a geographically intermediate series of three specimens transitional in tail length and coat color.
Oxidation of Carbon-14-Labeled Endogenous Lipids by Isolated Perfused Rat Heart
Authors: Shipp Joseph C. , Thomas James M. , Crevasse Lamar
Published: October 2006

Lipids of the rat heart were labeled with carbon-14 in vivo. The production of C
14
O
2
during the subsequent perfusion of these glycogen-depleted hearts with buffer, but without added substrate, provided direct evidence of the oxidation of endogenous heart lipids. The net decrease in phospholipid content alone could account for 75 percent of the total metabolic CO
2
formed.
Vision and Touch: An Experimentally Created Conflict between the Two Senses
Authors: Rock Irvin , Victor Jack
Published: October 2006

Observers were presented with an object whose visual shape, because of optical distortion, differed considerably from its tactual shape. After simultaneously grasping and viewing the object, the observers were required to indicate their impression of it by drawing it or by matching another object to it. The results reveal that vision is strongly dominant, often without the observer's being aware of a conflict.
Cellulose Acetate Membranes: Electron Microscopy of Structure
Authors: Riley Robert , Gardner J. O. , Merten Ulrich
Published: October 2006

Electron photomicrographs of cellulose acetate membranes used in the reverse osmosis process of water desalination reveal a dense surface layer with a porous substructure. The high rate of transmission for water can be correlated with the thickness of the dense layer on the air-dried surface of the membrane.
Intercellular Diffusion
Authors: Kanno Y. , Loewenstein W. R.
Published: October 2006

Fluorescein-sodium, a fluorescent tracer whose molecular weight is 376, diffuses rather freely from the interior of one cell to another in a gland epithelium (
Drosophila
) but does not diffuse along the intercellular space to the exterior. The permeability of the junctional surfaces of the cell membranes appears to be high, in contrast to the nonjunctional surfaces and intercellular spaces which represent strong diffusion barriers.
What if Minkowski Had Been Ageusic? An Alternative Angle on Diabetes
Authors: McGarry J. Denis
Published: October 2006

Despite decades of intensive investigation, the basic pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the metabolic derangements associated with diabetes mellitus have remained elusive. Explored here is the possibility that traditional concepts in this area might have carried the wrong emphasis. It is suggested that the phenomena of insulin resistance and hyperglycemia might be more readily understood if viewed in the context of underlying abnormalities of lipid metabolism.
Membrane Fusion
Authors: White Judith M.
Published: October 2006

Common themes are emerging from the study of viral, cell-cell, intracellular, and liposome fusion. Viral and cellular membrane fusion events are mediated by fusion proteins or fusion machines. Viral fusion proteins share important characteristics, notably a fusion peptide within a transmembrane-anchored polypeptide chain. At least one protein involved in a cell-cell fusion reaction resembles viral fusion proteins. Components of intracellular fusion machines are utilized in multiple membrane trafficking events and are conserved through evolution. Fusion pores develop during viral and intracellular fusion events suggesting similar mechanisms for many, if not all, fusion events.
Residual Vision in a Scotoma: Implications for Blindsight
Authors: Fendrich Robert , Wessinger C. Mark , Gazzaniga Michael S.
Published: October 2006

Blindsight, the ability of some blind patients to describe attributes of stimuli they have no conscious awareness of seeing, has been attributed to a secondary (retinotectal) visual pathway. However, it has also been proposed that blindsight could be due to residual function within the primary (geniculostriate) visual pathway. Data have now been obtained that support the second alternative. With an image stabilizer ensuring the accurate retinal placement of stimuli, dense visual field mapping was carried out with a hemianopic patient. This perimetry revealed, embedded in the patient's scotoma, an isolated 1-degree island of residual vision that was not disclosed by conventional perimetric methods. Stimuli presented to this island could be detected and discriminated, although the subject reported he did not see them. The existence of this island of vision implies a corresponding island of functioning cortex within the patient's lesion. Other instances of blindsight may be mediated by similar islands of functioning cortex.
Wavelength Generalization after Discrimination Learning with and without Errors
Authors: Terrace H. S.
Published: October 2006

Pigeons were trained to discriminate between 580 mμ (S+) and 540 mμ (S-) by procedures which resulted in either a large amount of responding to S- or in little or no responding to S-. A shift in the peak of a postdiscrimination generalization gradient, away from S-, was obtained only if the discrimination was learned with a large amount of responding to S-.
Interference in Visual Recognition
Authors: Bruner Jerome S. , Potter Mary C.
Published: October 2006

Pictures of common objects, coming slowly into focus, were viewed by adult observers. Recognition was delayed when subjects first viewed the pictures out of focus. The greater or more prolonged the initial blur, the slower the eventual recognition. Interference may be accounted for partly by the difficulty of rejecting incorrect hypotheses based on substandard cues.
Dynamics of Ribozyme Binding of Substrate Revealed by Fluorescence-Detected Stopped-Flow Methods
Authors: Bevilacqua Philip C. , Kierzek Ryszard , Johnson Kenneth A. , Turner Douglas H.
Published: October 2006

Fluorescence-detected stopped-flow and equilibrium methods have been used to study the mechanism for binding of pyrene (pyr)-labeled RNA oligomer substrates to the ribozyme (catalytic RNA) from
Tetrahymena thermophila
. The fluorescence of these substrates increases up to 25-fold on binding to the ribozyme. Stopped-flow experiments provide evidence that pyr experiences at least three different microenvironments during the binding process. A minimal mechanism is presented in which substrate initially base pairs to ribozyme and subsequently forms tertiary contacts in an RNA folding step. All four microscopic rate constants are measured for ribozyme binding of pyrCCUCU.
Electron Microscopy of Single-Stranded DNA: Circularity of DNA of Bacteriophage φX174
Authors: Freifelder David , Kleinschmidt Albrecht K. , Sinsheimer Robert L.
Published: October 2006

The single-stranded DNA of coliphage φX174 has been examined with the electron microscope by a modification of the protein-monolayer-adsorption technique. The molecules were found to be circular with a total length of 1.77 ± 0.13 microns.
Activating and Synchronizing Centers in Cat Brain: Electroencephalograms after Lesions
Authors: Camacho-Evangelista A. , Reinoso-Suárez F.
Published: October 2006

Electroencephalographic changes occur after small unilateral lesions have been made in the pontine tegmentum of cats with permanently implanted electrodes. Lesions in the area of the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis produce electroencephalographic synchronization (sleep pattern). Lesions in the pontine and caudal midbrain tegmentum, dorsal, lateral, and caudal to the lesions producing synchronization, produced electroencephalographic activation (waking pattern).
Hominid Bipedalism: Independent Evidence for the Food-Carrying Theory
Authors: Hewes Gordon W.
Published: October 2006

Habitual food carrying has been suggested as a possible major factor in making bipedal locomotion biologically advantageous so that it was selected for in early hominid evolution. This speculation, supported by slight observations of captive macaques, has now acquired greater plausibility from four recent independent reports of wild and semi-feral bipedal, food-carrying apes and monkeys from the Congo, Tanganyika, Japan, and a Puerto Rican monkey colony. The most striking evidence of the relationship between food-transport and bipedal walking comes from a troop of Japanese monkeys where the locomotor habit emerged as part of a chain of new behaviors initiated with a changed food supply.
California Sparrows Return from Displacement to Maryland
Authors: Mewaldt L. Richard
Published: October 2006

Twenty-two migratory sparrows (
Zonotrichia
) which had returned to their winter home at San Jose, California (1962-63), after being displaced 2900 kilometers to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, in the winter of 1961-62, were then displaced the 3860 kilometers to Laurel, Maryland, during the winter of 1962-63. Six of the 22 birds returned across the continent to San Jose to be recaptured during the winter of 1963-64.
High Pressure Polymorphism in Cesium
Authors: Hall H. Tracy , Merrill Leo , Barnett J. Dean
Published: October 2006

A new polymorph of cesium, existing over the narrow pressure range from about 42.2 to 42.7 kilobars at room temperature, has been discovered. Its crystal structure is face-centered-cubic with
a
= 5.800 ± 0.007 Å at 42.5 kb and 27°C. Cesium-II, which exists over the pressure range 23.7 to 42.2 kb, is also face-centered-cubic with
a
= 5.984 ± 0.011 Å at 41 kb and 27°C. An improved resistance-pressure curve and x-ray compressibility measurements for Cs are also given.