bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REACTIONS OF RABBITS TO NON-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Derick C. L. , Swift Homer F.
Published: June 2004

1. Accompanying and following the evolution of a secondary reaction in the skin of rabbits after inoculation with suitable doses of certain non-hemolytic streptococci there quickly develops a general state of hypersensitiveness or allergy towards these streptococci.

2. This state is made evident by ophthalmic reactions following corneal inoculations, by much increased reactivity of the skin following intracutaneous reinoculations, and by lethal reactions, resembling tuberculin shock, following intravenous inoculations.

3. In a given hypersensitive rabbit there is a rough parallelism in the intensities of these different kinds of reactions.

4. This type of hypersensitiveness or bacterial allergy does not follow primary intravenous inoculation of rabbits with comparable doses of the streptococci employed.

5. As the development of this type of hypersensitiveness or bacterial allergy seems to accompany the production of focal lesions of a certain intensity, it is probable that in these foci are produced the substances or conditions which lead to this type of bacterial allergy.
REACTIONS OF RABBITS TO NON-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Swift Homer F. , Derick C. L.
Published: June 2004

Rabbits immunized intravenously with living culture or nucleoproteins of non-hemolytic streptococci react to subsequent intracutaneous inoculations with homologous streptococci with smaller and harder lesions than are shown by normal animals similarly inoculated; and they do not develop the general manifestations of hypersensitiveness such as are shown by animals previously inoculated into the tissues with the same cultures.

A rabbit may react to intracutaneous inoculation with non-hemolytic streptococci in one of four ways, depending on whether it is normal, hypersensitive, immune or cachectic. Most normal animals show a secondary reaction about 10 days after inoculation with suitable strains of non-hemolytic streptococci; hypersensitive, allergic, or hyperergic animals show much larger lesions than do normals with the corresponding doses of the same streptococci, and practically never show secondary reactions; immune animals show smaller and harder early lesions and usually do not have secondary reactions if they are fairly well immunized. Cachectic animals show very soft and rapidly fading primary reactions and no secondary reactions.
STUDIES ON SOUTH AMERICAN YELLOW FEVER
Authors: Davis Nelson C.
Published: June 2004

These experiments indicate that, although there are quantitative differences in virulence and minor differences in behavior, the African strain and the Brazilian strains of yellow fever virus tested are immunologically the same.
THE PRODUCTION AND TITRATION OF POTENT HORSE ANTIPNEUMOTOXIN
Authors: Parker Julia T. , McCoy Mary Van S.
Published: June 2004

1. The serum of horses immunized with increasing doses of certain anaerobically produced autolysates of pneumococci contain potent neutralizing antibodies for the pneumotoxin.

2. The method for the in vitro titration of these horse antipneumotoxic serums is given.
FURTHER NOTES ON THE FILTRATION OF THE VIRUS OF VACCINIA
Authors: Ward Hugh K.
Published: June 2004

1. A very active filtrate can be obtained from vaccinia lesions by grinding up the fresh tissue with glass fragments, emulsifying in hormone broth, centrifuging the emulsion and filtering the supernatant fluid through a Berkefeld V filter.

2. The sterile filtrate so obtained has been shown by comparative titration on rabbits to have about one-sixteenth of the activity of the non-sterile emulsion used in human vaccination.

3. Centrifugation of such a filtrate shows a partial concentration of the virus in the lowermost layer.

4. The virus survives for a long time, if the filtrate is kept near the freezing point, and probably will survive indefinitely if kept frozen. The addition of glycerine is not necessary.
THE EFFECT OF UNILATERAL NEPHRECTOMY ON THE TOTAL NUMBER OF OPEN GLOMERULI IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Moore Robert A. , Lukianoff Gregory F.
Published: June 2004

1. Under the experimental conditions employed, from 44 to 78 per cent of the glomeruli of the normal rabbit kidney contain circulating blood at any one moment.

2. After unilateral nephrectomy the number of glomeruli in the remaining kidney, which contain circulating blood, is increased to 91 to 99 per cent.

3. Compensation for the removal of one kidney is accomplished during the first 10 days at least, by an increase of the number of open glomeruli in the opposite kidney.
THE EFFECT OF CATAPHORESIS ON POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS
Authors: Olitsky P. K. , Rhoads C. P. , Long P. H.
Published: June 2004

1. Under ordinary conditions of hydrogen ion concentration the virus of poliomyelitis, as such, or associated with particles in fine suspension, migrates in an electrical field to the anode. It follows that the virus bears an electronegative charge.

2. By means of cataphoresis, the virus can be recovered from a non-infective mixture of virus and specific immune serum.

3. By the same means it is possible to reveal the presence of virus in the central nervous system of a monkey which has recovered from the active stage of experimental poliomyelitis.
A STUDY OF THE GENERALIZATION OF VACCINE VIRUS FROM ENHANCED SKIN LESIONS
Authors: Stewart Fred W. , Duran-Reynals F.
Published: June 2004

Rabbits bearing very intensive skin lesions resulting from the intracutaneous injection of neurovirus plus testicular extract show typical histological alterations in the gonads, suprarenals, liver, spleen, lung, lymph nodes, and bone marrow.

Similar but less wide-spread alterations are found after intravenous injection of neurovirus.

Although testicle extract injected intracutaneously with neurovirus has a marked enhancing action upon the activity of the latter, the same mixture injected intravenously yields no sign of any such enhancement.

The significance of these observations as regards the question of the ectodermotropism of vaccine virus is discussed, and the doctrine of specific organ affinities is considered.
SEROLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF STERIC ISOMERS (ANTIGENS CONTAINING TARTARIC ACIDS)
Authors: Landsteiner K. , van der Scheer J.
Published: June 2004

In continuation of studies on the stereochemical specificity of serum reactions, antigens were examined containing the acyl radicals of the levo-, dextro-, and meso-tartaric acids. It was found that in this case also, immune sera can readily be obtained which differentiate sharply the three antigens identical in every other respect but possessing stereoisomeric groups.

Since the tartaric acids by their chemical constitution belong to the same class of substances as sugar acids the results have a bearing upon the question of the specificity of natural antigens containing carbohydrates such as have been described by Avery and Heidelberger.
THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN THE HUMAN BEING AFTER INJECTION WITH NORMAL HORSE SERUM
Authors: Tuft Louis , Ramsdell Susan Griffith
Published: June 2004

After the injection of normal horse serum in the human being, serum sickness occurs even more regularly than in cases treated with the various immune sera, but this is not accompanied by the production, to any notable degree, of circulating antibodies of the various types that are regularly to be demonstrated after the administration of immune serum and its resulting serum sickness.

Since normal horse serum therefore appears to be weakly antigenic, and immune serum highly antigenic for the human being, one must assume that this difference is the result of some alteration in its antigenic characteristics produced during the course of the immunization or of its preparation for use; or that the specific antibody which is responsible for the phenomenon of serum sickness has not yet been identified; or that this phenomenon is not in any way dependent on the presence of the various known antibodies to normal horse serum.
STUDIES ON IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Sugg John Y. , Richardson Lurline V. , Neill James M.
Published: June 2004

Mice vaccinated with yeast were protected against subsequent infection with Type II pneumococci, but not against Types I or III. While the protection was not universal, as high a percentage of mice acquired active anti-Type II immunity, as was obtained by vaccination of another group of mice with Type II pneumococci themselves. This specific protection of mice by active immunization with the yeast antigen, is probably due to the same immunological relationship responsible for the anti-Type II reactivity of the antisera of rabbits immunized with yeast antigen.
A MECHANISM OF CONSERVATION IN THE KIDNEYS OF THE WINTER FROG
Authors: Oliver Jean , Shevky Eshref
Published: June 2004

1. A method of conservation has been demonstrated in the kidneys of winter frogs.

2. The mechanism of this conservation is an increase in the absorptive function and a decrease in the excretory activity of the tubular epithelium.

3. The excessive absorptive process may be depressed by various means. Such a depression in the tubular activity is followed by large increases in the rate of excretion of water, salts and, if present in the urine, phenol red.

4. Further evidence is thus obtained which supports the theory that phenol red is excreted chiefly through the glomeruli.
THE BLOOD IN HOG CHOLERA
Authors: Lewis Paul A. , Shope Richard E.
Published: June 2004

1. Prolonged and systematic examination of blood from swine with hog cholera has failed to reveal any formed element that could be identified with the etiological virus. Culture has likewise been unsuccessful.

2. The quantitative blood changes in hog cholera consist in a slowly progressive anemia, usually moderate in degree, and a rapidly progressive severe leucopenia affecting cells of the polymorphonuclear series most markedly but also including those of the lymphocytic series.

3. Incubation of hog cholera blood results in a further progress of the leucopenia, in vitro, if heparin has been used as the anticoagulant, but there is no significant change if potassium oxalate or sodium citrate has been used.

4. Consideration of the leucocytic reactions prevailing in experimental infection with B. suisepticus, in infectious enteritis, in swine influenza, following successful immunization against hog cholera, and following infection of cholera-sick swine with secondary invaders indicates that the leucocyte count would be of aid in the differential diagnosis of hog cholera.
AN APPARATUS FOR THE STUDY OF RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT AND BASAL METABOLISM OF MICE
Authors: Ebeling Albert H. , Corey Robert B.
Published: June 2004

A simple apparatus has been developed for the study of the respiratory quotient and basal metabolism of mice. Data are given which indicate that the values for the respiratory quotient obtained are accurate to within 0.02. The apparatus is especially designed for rapid, routine manipulation.
THE EFFECT OF UNILATERAL NEPHRECTOMY ON THE SENILE ATROPHY OF THE KIDNEY IN THE WHITE RAT
Authors: Moore Robert A. , Hellman Louis M.
Published: June 2004

1. In senility in the white rat there is a decrease in the total number of glomerular units.

2, The decrease in glomerular units is associated with an increase in the average diameter and a greater variation in size, of the remaining glomeruli.

3. Unilateral nephrectomy during adult life has no effect on these senile changes.
A CONCENTRATING DIALYZER
Authors: Simms Henry S.
Published: June 2004

An apparatus is described for dialyzing aqueous solutions and simultaneously concentrating them to a thick syrup, or even to dryness. The fluid is placed in collodion bags with reservoir bulbs open to atmospheric pressure. The bags are surrounded by flowing cold water, under negative pressure, and are subjected of a rocking motion. Over a liter of fluid can be concentrated to a few cubic centimeters in 3 to 4 hours. It is kept cold and sterile during the process.
STUDIES ON VITAL STAINING
Authors: Smith H. P.
Published: June 2004

When large amounts of brilliant vital red are injected into the blood stream of dogs, the dye is gradually removed from circulation, and most of it is deposited in numerous phagocytic cells which are scattered throughout various organs and tissues. The dye occurs largely in the form of tiny red granules crowded together in the cytoplasm of these cells.

If Niagara sky blue, a closely related dyestuff, is injected, it too is taken up and stored in these same cells. It is shown that the presence of red dye in the tissues does not inhibit the cells from taking up the blue one.

The normal ability of the phagocytes to take up Niagara sky blue is observed also when this dye is injected simultaneously with brilliant vital red. This normal response toward the blue dye is seen even though the phagocytes are busied at the same time in the process of engulfing and storing the red dye.

These experiments show that it is difficult if not impossible to "block" the cells with one dye so that their ability to take up another is even slightly impaired.

The two dyes employed in these studies are shown to be particularly suitable for experiments of the sort here reported.
CUTANEOUS REACTIONS WITH CULTURE FILTRATES OF THE COLON TYPHOID TYPE
Authors: Ecker E. E. , Welch H.
Published: June 2004

The observations of Ecker and Rimington on the production of skin reactions with synthetic medium culture filtrates (concentrated and dialyzed) of organisms belonging to the colon-typhoid group have been confirmed and extended.

The filtrates show a marked degree of thermostability and marked resistance to ultraviolet radiation.

Intravenous injections of the filtrates stimulate the production of precipitins. No precipitins are produced in the sera of rabbits that receive intracutaneous injections only.

At no time during the course of immunization was the skin reaction obliterated. An indurative process was noted at the site of injection (skin) during the course of immunization. Mixtures of the filtrates with their homologous antisera, obtained from animals immunized by the intravenous route, and injected into skin, also failed to obliterate the erythema and edema.

The observations of Shwartzman have been confirmed; the Shwartzman phenomenon appears to be group or species specific. Filtrates from enterococci failed to produce the phenomenon. Filtrates of other unrelated organisms have not been studied.

The products of Shwartzman and of Ecker and Rimington appear to be the same.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF COLOSTRUM
Authors: Smith Theobald
Published: June 2004

The protective antibody content of normal cow serum is below that of colostrum of the same animal. The method used does not permit the titration of the actual amount of the antibody in serum. Quantities up to 2 cc. have no protective effect. The same limitations apply to the titration of milk owing to the introduction of large quantitites of foreign protein into the peritoneal cavity of the guinea pig. When cows were immunized and a serum of high titer obtained, the antibodies in the milk of such cows rose to within the range of the method of testing. The relation of the protective capacity of serum to that of milk was approximately 1/120 and 1/40 in the two animals. These figures do not differ much from those obtained by early investigators titrating the antitoxic content of serum and milk of animals undergoing immunization with diphtheria toxin. In the two experiments on calves, 2¼ and 18 days old respectively, fed a highly protective serum, no increase in agglutinins or protective antibodies could be demonstrated. The postponement of colostrum to the 12th and 18th hour, respectively did not prevent normal growth.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF COLOSTRUM
Authors: Smith Theobald
Published: June 2004

Renal lesions chiefly the result of obstructive processes were associated with intranuclear bodies in the epithelium of straight and convoluted tubules. In one animal these bodies were found in large numbers in otherwise still normal organs. The affected animals had been fed cow serum in place of colostrum.
REACTIONS OF RABBITS TO INTRACUTANEOUS INJECTIONS OF PNEUMOCOCCI AND THEIR PRODUCTS
Authors: Julianelle Louis A.
Published: June 2004

1. About two-thirds of the rabbits injected intracutaneously with suspensions of heat-killed S or R pneumococci develop an increased eye reactivity.

2. Eye reactions in these animals may be elicited by the instillation of "nucleoprotein," or of a solution of Pneumococcus from which the acid precipitable and heat coagulable proteins have been removed. The eye reactions are not elicited, under the conditions described, by living R cells or the protein-free, type-specific, polysaccharides.

3. Rabbits do not develop an increased eye reactivity following intravenous injections of the intact cell.

4. Rabbits do not develop an increased eye reactivity following injections of soluble derivatives of Pneumococcus.

5. Experimental infection by Pneumococcus may stimulate eye reactivity in rabbits.

6. Eye reactivity occurs in animals actively resistant to infection.

7. Eye reactions are observed more frequently in rabbits which show the secondary reaction.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SPECIFIC INFECTIOUS CYSTITIS AND PYELONEPHRITIS OF COWS
Authors: Jones F. S. , Little Ralph B.
Published: June 2004

Bacteriological examination of the genito-urinary tract of calves originating in a herd in which infectious cystitis and pyelonephritis exists among the cows, revealed a variety of cultural types of diphtheroids. Of these types, one obtained from a considerable number of the calves resembled in morphology and cultural characters the organism cultivated from the actual cases of the disease. This group had agglutination affinities like those of the organism mentioned and was capable of absorbing agglutinin from antiserum specific for it. When three cows were inoculated intra-urethrally with cultures isolated from the sheaths of calves, two developed transient infections and the other a severe prolonged cystitis and pyelonephritis.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF RABBITS TO INFECTION BY THE INHALATION OF TYPE II PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Stillman Ernest G.
Published: June 2004

1. The susceptibility of rabbits to inhalations of pneumococci varies in direct proportion to the virulence of the organism for rabbits.

2. When rabbits are exposed to a pneumococcus spray, irrespective of the virulence of the organism, the bacteria readily penetrate into the lower respiratory tract.

3. When rabbits are exposed to a spray of avirulent degenerated "R" form of pneumococcus, septicemia does not occur and pneumococci are seldom recovered from the liver, kidney or spleen.

4. When rabbits are exposed to a spray of slightly virulent Pneumococcus Type II (SAv) a non-fatal septicemia may occur and pneumococci may be recovered from the liver, kidney and spleen.

5. When rabbits are exposed to a spray of virulent Type II (Sv) pneumococci, septicemia may occur which in certain instances terminates fatally. Pneumococci may also be recovered from the liver, kidney and spleen.
A TYPE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE DISTINCT FROM THE SPECIFIC CARBOHYDRATE IN PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE I
Authors: Enders John F.
Published: June 2004

1. Evidence has been presented for the existence of a substance distinct from the specific carbohydrate in the autolytic products of Pneumococcus Type I.

2. The substance reacts specifically by precipitating homologous antiserum which either occurs naturally without antibody against the specific carbohydrate or has been deprived of that antibody artificially.

3. In guinea pigs passively sensitized with such antisera the homologous autolysate containing the substance alone produces typical lethal anaphylactic shock.

4. In weakly alkaline solution the substance is destroyed by boiling. In weakly acid solution it resists a temperature of 100°C. for at least ½ hour. Autoclaving for 1 hour at 15 pounds pressure in either acid or alkaline solution destroys its activity as precipitinogen.

5. The substance is resistant to peptic digestion.

6. The chemical nature and the possible identification of the substance as a haptene have been discussed.
A STUDY OF THE RESISTANCE OF NORMAL HUMAN BEINGS TO RECENTLY ISOLATED STRAINS OF PATHOGENIC PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Robertson O. H. , Cornwell M. Agnes
Published: June 2004

With a view to obtaining information as to the virulence of pneumococci for human beings a study was made of the pneumococcidal action of normal human serum-leucocyte mixtures for freshly isolated strains of pathogenic pneumococci. It was found that human beings as a group showed well marked pneumococcus destroying power in their blood for all types of organisms studied. Individuals, however, exhibited wide variations in their reactions against the different types. These ranged from marked killing effect for one type of pneumococcus to none or slight against another. While reactions against different strains within the type often varied considerably this difference was less, on the whole, than that between types. An interpretation of these findings in the light of previous animal experiments in which actual determination of resistance to pneumococcus infection was made leads to the inference that human beings in general possess a considerable degree of natural immunity to all types of pneumococci but that individuals may be relatively susceptible to one or more types and at the same time resistant to others; also that pathogenic strains of pneumococci vary much in their virulence for man.
THE EFFECT OF BACTERIAL VARIATION UPON THE FACTORS NECESSARY FOR THE PHENOMENON OF LOCAL SKIN REACTIVITY TO BACTERIAL FILTRATES
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory
Published: June 2004

In this paper there is reported the effect of bacterial variation upon the reacting factors of the phenomenon of local skin reactivity to bacterial culture filtrates. By means of the method described in the text the following results were obtained:

Various stock strains of B. typhosus were found to produce reacting factors which differed in their neutralizability by anti-stock immune sera. The reacting factors of low neutralizability also possessed low antigenicity. The passage of strains through mice brought about in one instance a lowering of neutralizability of reacting factors and in another instance had no effect. It was possible to increase the antigenicity of the reacting factors by passage of the strain through mice.

Transformation of "stock" strain into "rough" brought about the formation of reacting factors of new specificity. The "rough" reacting factors were neutralized by homologous sera and also differed in their neutralizability.

Reacting factors of various degrees of neutralizability were produced by stock strains which did not display any difference in colony appearance (with one exception). The "rough" reacting factors appeared in strains of typical "rough" colony morphology. However, "rough" strains of the same degree of roughness morphologically differed in the neutralizability of their reacting factors. The changes in neutralizability elicited by passage through mice had no influence on colony morphology.

There seemed to be a parallelism between the degree of agglutinability of stock strains by anti-stock sera and the degree of neutralizability of reacting factors of the same strain.

It was possible to obtain a partial loss of neutralizability by passage through mice with and without change in agglutinability. The agglutination titer of anti-rough serum was not an indication of its anti-rough neutralizing properties.

The degree of neutralizability of "rough" reacting factors paralleled the specific serum agglutinability of the strains producing them.

Abundant precipitation occurred in mixtures of toxic filtrates and immune serum in spite of low neutralization. The filtrates of rough cultures non-neutralizable by anti-stock sera failed to precipitate with the latter. The appearance of neutralizing anti-rough antibodies was coincident with the development of anti-rough precipitates.

The rough strains possessed a lower virulence than the stock strains from which they were derived. However, there was no difference in the virulence of "rough" strains, the reacting factors of which differed in their neutralizability. The filtrates containing "rough" reacting factors were seemingly as lethal to mice and rabbits as were filtrates of stock cultures of B. typhosus.

The possible relation of these findings to the immunological understanding of the course of infectious diseases and to serum therapy is discussed.
FURTHER EXPERIMENTS IN TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Castaneda M. Ruiz
Published: June 2004

Precise interpretation of our experiments seems to impose the following conclusions:

Guinea pigs inoculated with washed Rickettsiae from Mexican typhus fever develop a disease identical with that resulting from inoculations with whole tunica scrapings, blood or other virulent material, and become thereby immunized to European typhus fever.

The etiological agent of Mexican typhus fever is the Rickettsia body of the type described by Mooser (5) in the tunica vaginalis of infected guinea pigs; and it is likely that the etiological agent of European typhus fever is an organism similar to this, but not identical with it in some of its minor biological characteristics.
THE NUMBER OF OPEN GLOMERULI IN ACUTE MERCURIC CHLORIDE NEPHROSIS
Authors: Moore Robert A. , Hellman Louis M.
Published: June 2004

Acute mercurial nephrosis in the rabbit is not associated with a decrease of glomerular circulation.
IMMUNIZATION WITH MIXTURES OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS AND ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE
Authors: Rhoads C. P.
Published: June 2004

Preliminary experiments are presented which indicate that poliomyelitis virus can be inactivated by a certain preparation of aluminum hydroxide. This effect is seen at neutrality and at a pH of 5.5, but not at a pH of 8.8. Monkeys treated by repeated subcutaneous injections of poliomyelitis virus so inactivated evince immunity as shown by resistance to intranasal instillation and intracerebral inoculation as well as by the neutralizing power of their sera. The treatments which give rise to the immunity produce no symptoms of disease.
STUDIES ON IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Sugg John Y. , Neill James M.
Published: June 2004

This paper reports inter-reactions of anaphylaxis and precipitation between antigens and antisera derived from the Type II variety of pneumococcus and from one variety of yeast. That the reactions occurred only with Type II and not with Types I and III is proof that the pneumococcus antigen responsible for the anaphylaxis of the antiyeast sensitized animals was the type-specific carbohydrate (S).

Pronounced differences in respect to reactivity with the pneumococcus antigen were found between individual antiyeast sera that were of equal potency in respect to reactivity with the yeast antigen. This fact emphasizes the desirability of the use of antisera from a large number of individual animals in the study of microbial inter-relationships.
A POTENT ANTIPOLIOMYELITIC HORSE SERUM CONCENTRATE AND ITS EXPERIMENTAL USE IN INFECTED MONKEYS
Authors: Weyer Elliott R. , Park William H. , Banzhaf E. J.
Published: June 2004

1. The horse, apparently itself unsusceptible to poliomyelitis, can be stimulated in certain cases but not all to the production of virucidal antibodies.

2. The virucidal potency of such immune serum can be raised to a point comparable to that of human convalescent serum and when concentrated and refined exhibits a four-fold increase in potency.

3. Such concentrates have proved effective in the prevention of paralysis in inoculated monkeys when given intraspinously before the onset of paralysis.

4. Treatment has been found more effective when therapeutic serums are given through the spinal route.

5. Pooled serum from "normal" adult donors has proved effective in neutralizing virus but its potency is approximately one-half that of convalescent serum.
EXPERIMENTAL NEPHRITIS IN THE FROG
Authors: Oliver Jean , Shevky Eshref
Published: June 2004

1. A method of testing the frog's kidney by means of perfusion is described.

2. This is made possible by dissociating, as far as possible, from the total function of the organ the functions of its constituent parts.

3. The characteristics by which tubular, glomerular, and combined tubular-glomerular lesions may be recognized are described.
THE ACCUMULATION OF IRON IN TUBERCULOUS AREAS
Authors: Menkin Valy , Menkin Miriam F.
Published: June 2004

Repeated daily intravenous injections of ferric chloride solution are followed by an accumulation of iron in tuberculous areas of lungs. The iron accumulates in the caseous areas of tubercles and is demonstrable by the Prussian blue reaction.

Quantitative determinations corroborate these results and show that the iron content of lung tissue in tuberculous animals injected with ferric chloride exceeds that in normal animals injected with this salt, as well as that in non-injected tuberculous animals.
NERVE ENDINGS IN NUTRITIONAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Rogers W. M. , Pappenheimer A. M. , Goettsch Marianne
Published: June 2004

The nutritional muscle dystrophy of guinea pigs and rabbits is primarily a degeneration of the muscle fibers and is not associated with visible alterations of the peripheral nerves or their motor terminals.
CRITERIA OF THE AGE OF LYMPHOCYTES IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD
Authors: Wiseman Bruce K.
Published: June 2004

The study of blood from rabbits with normal and with hyperactive lymphatic tissue reveals, in the latter, a greater percentage of lymphocytes with heavily basophilic cytoplasm and numerous mitochondria. This indicates that cytoplasmic basophilia and mitochondrial content can serve as criteria of the degree of maturity of the lymphocyte, these characters having the same significance in this relation as obtains with other blood cells. Basophilia is the more evident and reliable indicator of youth of the cells. The classification of lymphocytes into three groups, according to degree of basophilia, has yielded figures which show the proportions of the three to be relatively stable in blood from normal adult human beings and rabbits.

Size is not strictly a function of age in lymphocytes. Moreover, there is no correspondence in the size of lymphocytes in supravital films and in fixed specimens obtained by the "cover glass" method. There is a change of size during fixation. Although lymphocytes of intermediate and large size may be of any age, in supravital preparations the majority are young cells, whereas in fixed films the reverse obtains. The small lymphocyte may be of any age in specimens examined by either technique.

The total number of lymphocytes circulating at any given time is not necessarily an index to lymphoid activity.
SOME ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOMICROGRAPHS OF B. SUBTILIS
Authors: Wyckoff Ralph W. G. , Ter Louw Adrian L.
Published: June 2004

1. Type-specific antipneumococcus immunity has been induced in rabbits by immunization with antigen prepared by combining a specific derivative of the capsular polysaccharide of Type III Pneumococcus with globulin from horse serum.

2. Rabbits immunized with this antigen acquire active immunity against infection with virulent Type III pneumococci.

3. The sera of the immune rabbits contain type-specific antibodies which precipitate the Type III capsular polysaccharide, agglutinate Type III pneumococci, and specifically protect mice against Type III infection.

4. The experimental data are discussed with reference to: (1) the concurrence in the immune sera of type-specific antibodies for Pneumococcus and precipitins for horse globulin; (2) the determining influence of the capsular polysaccharide on the specificity of the antigen as a whole; (3) the unity of the type-specific precipitins, agglutinins, and protective antibodies induced by a single compo of the pneu mococcus in chemical union with an unrelated, animal protein.
THE TRANSMISSION OF THE VIRUS OF MEXICAN TYPHUS FROM RAT TO RAT BY POLYPLAX SPINULOSUS
Authors: Mooser H. , Castaneda M. Ruiz , Zinsser Hans
Published: June 2004

Polyplax spinulosus, the common rat louse, is easily infected with the virus of typhus by feeding on infected rats. As in the case of Pediculus humanus, such feedings are followed by the appearance of large numbers of Rickettsia prowazeki within the gut of the insect. The virus of Mexican typhus can be transmitted from rat to rat by Polyplax spinulosus by methods of feeding simulating natural conditions. It seems, therefore, that this ectoparasite is an important factor in maintaining an endozoic of Mexican typhus among wild rats.
HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE BONE MARROW IN FASTED AND POLYNEURITIC PIGEONS
Authors: Moore Robert A. , Barlow O. W.
Published: June 2004

1. The histological changes of the bone marrow in fasted and rice disease pigeons are essentially the same.

2. The histological changes of the bone marrow in pure vitamin B deficiency consist of degeneration and edema and slight endothelial proliferation of the small vascular channels, but with active hematopoiesis.

3. The anemia of rice disease in pigeons is in large part a starvation anemia and not directly related to vitamin B deficiency.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND LOCALIZATION OF THE DERMAL PNEUMOCOCCIC LESION IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Goodner Kenneth
Published: June 2004

An attempt has been made to analyze the factors involved in the development and localization of the dermal pneumococcic lesion in the rabbit.

The character and quantity of the edema fluid which forms during the early phases of the lesion are intimately concerned in its development and spread. It contains an antithrombic substance, probably derived from the pneumococci, and delayed coagulation probably facilitates its movement through the tissue. The direction of spread in the skin is determined by gravity, and the fluid finally localizes in the more dependent regions. The distance that the pneumococcic lesion travels and the local tissue characters have much to do with the amount of fluid that accumulates.

Studies are also reported of some factors which alter the rate of spread of the edema fluid. An acceleration in rate occurs when H. influenzae is used as an associative infective agent with the Pneumococcus.
ORAL IMMUNIZATION AGAINST PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPES II AND III AND THE NORMAL VARIATION IN RESISTANCE TO THESE TYPES AMONG RATS
Authors: Ross Victor
Published: June 2004

1. Considerable variation in the resistance of different rats toward Type II pneumococcus has been demonstrated. In general, older rats survive much greater doses than young ones, illustrating the acquisition of a natural partial immunity. The same is true for Type III but the immunity appears somewhat later in life and does not reach the same height.

2. An active immunity can be created against Types II and III in rats by feeding the dead organisms or the Berkefeld filtrate of the bile salt-dissolved cells. This immunity resembles that obtained against Type I in several respects.
ANTIGENIC STREPTOCOCCAL HEMOLYSIN
Authors: Todd E. W.
Published: June 2004

1. Normal serum, used in cultures for preparation of the streptolysin, modifies the properties of the streptolysin, causing delayed hemolysis, increased filterability, resistance to oxidation or reduction, and absence of antigenicity.

1. Streptolysin prepared without serum is an active antigen.

3. Similar temperatures are required to destroy the antigenic activity of serum-free streptolysin and the skin reactivity of Dick toxin.

4. Scarlet fever antitoxin contains antistreptolysin which does not neutralise serum streptolysin and which can be detected only by titration against serum-free streptolysin.

5. The antihemolysin which neutralises serum-free streptolysin is species-specific but not type-specific.
THE VESSELS INVOLVED IN HYDROSTATIC TRANSUDATION
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Hudack Stephen
Published: June 2004

The gradient of permeability which exists along the cutaneous capillaries and venules is accentuated and broadened in scope by increasing the venous pressure moderately. Under such circumstances transudation leading to edema takes place most abundantly from the venules. The permeability of the portion of the capillary web that is near the arterioles increases only when the venous pressure rises so high as to approximate that in the arteries. Under such circumstances the gradient of permeability along the small vessels disappears, the capillaries and venules everywhere leaking fluid. The character of the vital staining developing under such circumstances indicates, like the evidence of previous work, that the cause for the gradient is to be sought in a structural differentiation.
THE GRADIENT OF PERMEABILITY OF THE SKIN VESSELS AS INFLUENCED BY HEAT, COLD, AND LIGHT
Authors: Hudack Stephen , McMaster Philip D.
Published: June 2004

The mounting gradient of permeability along the small vessels of the corium is essentially unaltered by active hyperemia produced by heat, cold, or light. Only when the vascular walls are so damaged that rapid leakage ensues, as shown by the development of edema, does the permeability of the capillary web as a whole approximate that of the venules. It is plain that the normal gradient of vascular permeability depends upon the integrity of the vessel wall.

The method of experiment described can be utilized for a study of the functional changes which result in the lesions due to burning and freezing.
THE AGE FACTOR IN THE VELOCITY OF THE GROWTH OF FIBROBLASTS IN THE HEALING WOUND
Authors: Howes Edward L. , Harvey Samuel C.
Published: June 2004

The velocity curve of fibroplasia in the healing of wounds in young rats reached its end-point 3 days ahead of a similar curve for adults. Strength and fibroplasia were manifest 1 day sooner than in the adults. A study of the increments of the curve showed that the rate of fibroplasia during the accelerated phase was less in the young and that it lasted longer. Correspondingly, retardation appeared later and was less in amount than in the curve for the adult rats. The amount of retardation was even less than in the curve obtained for adults on a high protein diet, in spite of the fact that in this latter curve there was a definite increase in the rate of fibroplasia.

Healing in the young, therefore, is more rapid than in adults because fibroplasia begins earlier and is less retarded, not because the rate of fibroplasia is greater.

Growth of the young is not hindered by the process of wound healing.
REACTION OF RABBITS TO STREPTOCOCCI: COMPARATIVE SENSITIZING EFFECT OF INTRACUTANEOUS AND INTRAVENOUS INOCULA IN MINUTE DOSES
Authors: Schultz M. P. , Swift Homer F.
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbits were rendered very hypersensitive by relatively small doses of green streptococci given intracutaneously, and somewhat less hypersensitive by similar doses of heat-killed vaccine prepared from hemolytic streptococci.

2. Animals receiving the same doses intravenously gave, upon subsequent testing, lesions slightly more marked than normal controls; but these lesions were qualitatively hard and nodular compared with the large edematous lesions in the cutaneously sensitized group.

3. There was no parallelism between the degree of cutaneous or ophthalmic hypersensitivity and agglutinin titer in the blood serum.

4. Bacterial hypersensitivity to whole streptococci appears to depend more upon previously induced focal infection than upon circulating antibodies.
II. RENAL THRESHOLD FOR HEMOGLOBIN IN DOGS UNINFLUENCED BY MERCURY POISONING
Authors: Havill William H. , Lichty John A. , Taylor Gordon B. , Whipple George H.
Published: June 2004

The minimal or depression renal threshold for dog hemoglobin is not modified by moderate doses of mercuric chloride.

This type of renal injury involves the epithelium of the convoluted tubules but the glomeruli escape.

We are unable to explain our findings if we assume that the tubular epithelium takes an active part in the passage of dog hemoglobin from the blood into the urine.

The evidence points toward the glomerular tuft as responsible for the passage of the hemoglobin from the blood plasma into the tubules. The glomerular tuft establishes the true hemoglobin threshold under these conditions.

If the convoluted tubules are normal, we note that hemoglobin is taken into the epithelium and this explains the high initial renal threshold.

With repeated hemoglobin injections this tubular epithelium becomes stuffed with hemoglobin pigment fractions and can absorb no more, which explains the minimal or depression threshold. Further injury of this tubular epithelium with mercury causes no change in this minimal renal threshold, unless we produce actual tubular obstruction.
THE EFFECT OF ANTITESTICULAR SERUM ON THE ENHANCEMENT VALUE OF TESTICLE EXTRACT
Authors: Duran-Reynals F.
Published: June 2004

The experiments reported here show that the infection-enhancing factor of testicle extract is neutralized in vitro by an antiserum against homologous testicle extract. An antiserum developed against a testicle extract of one species does not influence the enhancing and spreading factor of the extract from another species. Rabbits immunized against testicle extract do not exhibit any alteration in the spreading or enhancing effect of extracts employed later, even when the testicle extract used is from the same species as that employed for the immunization.

Whether the in vitro inactivation of the active factor is a specific neutralization, or is the result of adsorption of the factor on the flocculate formed, has not been definitely determined. The fact that there is no neutralization in vivo, and that the antiserum acts only on extracts from the same species, when definite flocculation takes place, tends to emphasize the probability that the neutralization is not a direct one, but is incidental to the flocculation mentioned.
REACTIONS OF RABBITS TO INTRACUTANEOUS INJECTIONS OF PNEUMOCOCCI AND THEIR PRODUCTS
Authors: Julianelle L. A. , Morris M. C.
Published: June 2004

1. Following repeated intracutaneous injections of heat-killed S or R pneumococci, rabbits acquire an increased skin reactivity to the nucleoprotein of both Pneumococcus and indifferent Streptococcus.

2. Rabbits acquire a skin reactivity to the proteins of both the organisms mentioned after receiving intracutaneous injections of heat-killed indifferent streptococci.

3. Injections of pneumococci into the skin are followed in some rabbits by an eye sensitivity to pneumococcus protein but not to streptococcus protein nor to suspensions of either living organism.

4. Injections of indifferent streptococci into the skin are followed, in some rabbits, by an eye sensitivity to suspensions of live indifferent Streptococcus, but not to R Pneumococcus or to the nucleoprotein of either organism. Measured in terms of bacterial specificity therefore, the eye sensitivity possesses a specificity which is not shared by the skin sensitivity.

5. The sera of rabbits injected intracutaneously with pneumococci or indifferent streptococci contain agglutinins for both R Pneurnococcus and indifferent Streptococcus.

6. Only those animals injected with pneumococci acquire resistance to pneumococcal infection.
THE RELATION OF HEART WEIGHT TO THE BASAL METABOLISM AS VARIED BY THYROID ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Smith Francis M. , MacKay Eaton M.
Published: June 2004

A linear relationship exists in the albino rat between the heart weight and the basal metabolic rate when varied by the administration of active thyroid material. It is suggested that this increase in heart weight which follows the increase in metabolism after thyroid is in the nature of a simple work hypertrophy of the myocardium.
MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE LUNGS OF RATS LIVING UNDER COMPRESSED AIR CONDITIONS
Authors: Smith F. J. C. , Bennett Granville A. , Heim J. W. , Thomson R. M. , Drinker C. K.
Published: June 2004

1. The alveolar cells in the lungs of young rats are greater in number and size than in old rats, a gradual transition to the state in the latter occurring from about the 4th to the 6th months of life.

2. On prolonged exposure to an environment having an 83.6 per cent oxygen tension, the cellularity of the alveoli is increased in both young and old animals, so that after 2 to 3 weeks it is impossible to distinguish them by morphological differences. Numerous mitotic figures are present in the alveolar cells. This hyperplasia and hypertrophy is a change which persists for months after the rats return to normal air.

3. Young rats do not develop the symptoms of acute oxygen poisoning, although some perivascular edema and dilatation of the lymphatics results on the 4th day of exposure, when intense acute pulmonary edema is present in old rats.

4. The mortality of acute oxygen poisoning is directly proportional to the age of the animals, although the majority of rats under 6 months of age survive this state and continue in apparent good health for as long as 72 days. All deaths during the acute stage in an 83.6 per cent oxygen tension occur on the 4th day of exposure.

5. After 1 month of exposure lesions are to be seen in the small arterioles of the lungs, consisting of a thickening and hyalinization of the walls with ultimate thrombosis of many. These vascular changes are identical with those seen in the arterioles of the kidney in chronic vascular nephritis.

6. Around the 45th day of exposure the large pulmonary arteries contain lesions in the media. The walls become loose meshed, thickened, and hyalinized, and hyaline cartilage formation is associated with these changes.

7. Reexposure of animals following an interval of 40 days in normal air subsequent to the first exposure of 72 days, does not produce any clinical or pathological changes. An adaptation to this toxic oxygen tension is produced during the first exposure, so that oxygen poisoning does not occur on second exposure. The increased cellularity of the alveolar walls persists.

8. The similarity in the morphological structure of the alveoli in young rats and in previously exposed old rats has a definite relationship to the adaptation that occurs to an oxygen tension of 83.6 per cent, preventing the development of acute oxygen poisoning on reexposure.
PROPERTIES OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF A CHICKEN TUMOR
Authors: Murphy James B. , Sturm Ernest , Claude Albert , Helmer Oscar M.
Published: June 2004

By two methods a protein fraction can be separated out from a Chicken Tumor I extract, which carries all the tumor-producing agent. The precipitate can be dissolved and reprecipitated a number of times without loss of activity. The agent can be largely dissociated from the protein as shown by the fact that aluminum hydroxide will adsorb the protein from an extract and leave the agent behind. This purified material has a very low protein content, if any, as shown by both chemical and biological tests.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE NATURE OF THE PHENOMENON OF LOCAL SKIN REACTIVITY TO BACTERIAL FILTRATES: TOXIC FACTORS DERIVED FROM THE BLOOD SERUM
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory
Published: June 2004

Observations reported here seem to demonstrate the liberation or formation of a toxic principle in blood serum through a colloidal disturbance in the latter. The principle is able to elicit severe injury in tissues made vulnerable by a bacterial filtrate.
THE DETECTION OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS IN SO CALLED ABORTIVE TYPES OF THE DISEASE
Authors: Paul John R. , Trask J. D.
Published: June 2004

Experiments are reported which describe the isolation of poliomyelitis virus from the throats of two patients during an attack of so called abortive poliomyelitis (Wickman type), or what we have termed characteristic minor illnesses in association with poliomyelitis.

This finding represents added evidence in favor of the belief, previously held by many observers, that certain types of minor illness, which accompany an epidemic of poliomyelitis, probably represent mild cases of the disease.