bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systemic Absorption of Gentamicin Nasal Irrigations
Authors: Whatley W. Stites , Chandra Rakesh K. , MacDonald C. Bruce
Published: August 2006

Objective

To determine if gentamicin nasal irrigation is systemically absorbed, and to identify any ototoxic side effects related to its use.

Design

Retrospective review of 12 patients treated with gentamicin nasal irrigations (30 cc of 80 mg/L solution used bilaterally twice daily).

Methods

Serum gentamicin levels were assayed after the course treatment. Pure tone audiometry (250–8000 Hz) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DP-OAEs) at 7280, 5133, 3640 and 2560 Hz were obtained before and after therapy.

Results

Twelve patients (age 4 to 74, mean 43) with chronic rhinosinusitis were treated for 3–15 weeks (mean 7 weeks). All patients had undergone previous endoscopic sinus surgery. Ten patients had pretreatment cultures that grew organisms sensitive to gentamicin (Pseudomonas, Proteus, or methacillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus), and three patients had cystic fibrosis. Ten of 12 patients (83%) had detectable posttreatment levels of gentamicin, with a mean serum level of 0.42 mcg/mL (range 0.3 to 0.7 mcg/mL). Four of 12 patients (33%) had serum gentamicin levels within the normal range for gentamicin trough (0.5 to 2 mcg/mL). Comparison of pre- and posttreatment audiologic data revealed no significant change in PTA or DP-OAE, except for the right ear at 8000 Hz on PTA (p = 0.035) where a mean of 7 dB loss was observed. No patient reported hearing loss or vertigo during treatment.

Conclusion

Gentamicin nasal irrigation may be systemically absorbed. Although the otologic consequences of this finding are questionable, patients receiving gentamicin nasal irrigations should be counseled regarding this hypothetical possibility.
Subjective Headache before and after Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Moretz William H. , Kountakis Stilianos E.
Published: August 2006

Background

The aim of this study was to show the effect of endoscopic sinus surgery on subjective headache scores in patients diagnosed with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with or without nasal polyps.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from 201 patients over a 2-year period. Headache and Sino-Nasal Outcomes Test (SNOT-20) mean scores were compared preoperatively and 2 years postoperatively on patients diagnosed with CRS with or without nasal polyps.

Results

Two hundred one patients underwent surgical management of CRS with or without nasal polyps over a 3-year period. One hundred four patients were men and 97 were women, with a mean age of 49 (range, 18–80 years) years. Polyps were present in 78 patients with CRS. The mean subjective headache score based on a 0–10 visual analog scale improved from 4.7 preoperatively to 0.8 2 years postoperatively (p < 0.0001). The mean headache score of 123 patients without polyps was larger compared with 78 patients with polyps (5.1 versus 4.1, respectively; p < 0.05). As previously reported, the mean overall preoperative and postoperative SNOT-20 scores were 28.7 and 6.7, respectively (p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Headache is a common symptom with CRS, present in 73.6% of our patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery for CRS with or without nasal polyps. An overall decrease in mean headache scores was noted at 2-year follow-up.
Characterization of Oxidative Pathways in Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Sinonasal Polyposis
Authors: Citardi Martin J. , Song Wei , Batra Pete S. , Lanza Donald C. , Hazen Stanley L.
Published: August 2006

Background

Eosinophils are a characteristic inflammatory cell infiltrate in both chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and sinonasal polyposis (SNP). The posttranslational modifications, 3-bromo-tyrosine (Br-Tyr) and 3-chloro-tyrosine (Cl-Tyr), serve as specific molecular markers for production of brominating and chlorinating oxidants, respectively, by the eosinophil peroxidase and myeloperoxidase systems of leukocytes. The aim of this study was to identify mechanisms of oxidative protein modifications in sinonasal mucosa of CRS and SNP patients by measuring Br-Tyr, Cl-Tyr, and alternative molecular markers of distinct oxidative pathways.

Methods

Levels of Br-Tyr; Cl-Tyr; di-Tyrosine (di-Tyr), a specific oxidative cross-link; ortho-tyrosine (o-Tyr) and meta-tyrosine (m-Tyr), markers for protein modification by hydroxyl radical-like oxidants; and nitro-tyrosine (NO2-Tyr), a stable product of nitric oxide (NO)–derived oxidants, were measured in anterior ethmoid mucosa tissue from CRS and SNP patients, as well as in middle turbinate mucosa from normal volunteers, using tandem mass spectrometry.

Results

Tissue levels of Br-Tyr were significantly higher in the CRS group compared with the control group (797 μmol/mol versus 515 μmol/mol tyrosine, p < 0.015), but no differences were detected for Cl-Tyr, di-Tyr, m-Tyr, o-Tyr, and NO2-Tyr. Tissue levels of both Br-Tyr and di-Tyr were significantly higher in the SNP group compared with the control group (879 μmol/mol versus 515 μmol/mol, p < 0.005; 5090 μmol/mol versus 1700 μmol/mol, p < 0.024, respectively), but no differences were detected for Cl-Tyr, m-Tyr, o-Tyr, and NO2-Tyr.

Conclusion

Br-Tyr, a molecular footprint predominantly formed by eosinophil peroxidase–catalyzed tissue damage, may serve as an objective index of CRS and SNP disease activity.
Effectiveness of Intraoperative Mitomycin C in Maintaining the Patency of a Frontal Sinusotomy: A Preliminary Report of a Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Chan Kwai-Onn , Gervais Mireille , Tsaparas Yotis , Genoway Krista A. , Manarey Casey , Javer Amin R.
Published: August 2006

Background

Postoperative scarring in the frontal recess is the most common cause of iatrogenic frontal sinusitis. Topical mitomycin-C (MMC) is an antifibroblastic agent that has been shown to reduce clinical scarring. This is a preliminary report of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial using MMC to determine its effectiveness in reducing frontal recess stenosis after frontal sinusotomy.

Methods

All patients with chronic rhinosinusitis undergoing primary or revision bilateral image-guided endoscopic sinus surgery were enrolled. Patients requiring frontal sinus stents and those with allergic fungal sinusitis were excluded. After completion of the frontal sinusotomy, dimensions of the frontal recess were measured using curved Frazer suction diameters. A neuropattie soaked in 0.5 mg/mL of MMC was then placed into one frontal recess for 4 minutes in a randomized manner. A saline control was used for the other side. The primary surgeon was blinded to the medicated side intraoperatively and throughout the follow-up period. Measurements of the frontal recess were repeated at 1, 3, and 6 months.

Results

There was no difference in the degree of frontal recess stenosis between the MMC and control sides at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively for both primary and revision cases.

Conclusion

One-time intraoperative topical MMC is not effective in reducing postoperative frontal recess stenosis in both primary and revision cases.
Intranasal Deposition of Nebulized Saline: A Radionuclide Distribution Study
Authors: Hwang Peter H. , Woo Rachel J. , Fong Karen J.
Published: August 2006

Background

Despite the popularity of various nasal sprays and nebulizers, there are limited data regarding the anatomic distribution of particles generated by these devices. This pilot study sought to characterize distribution patterns of nebulized and sprayed saline particles in normal subjects and postsurgical sinus patients.

Methods

Fifteen subjects were studied in three trials: metered-dose nasal spray bottle versus vortex-propelled nebulizer in normal subjects, passive-diffusion nebulizer versus vortex nebulizer in normal subjects, and passive nebulizer versus vortex nebulizer in postsurgical sinus patients. Radiolabeled saline was administered, and nose, lungs, and stomach were imaged. Images were scored by four blinded reviewers for degree of penetration at nine anatomic subsites.

Results

Compared with spray bottle, the vortex nebulizer showed more focal intranasal distribution with reduced nasopharyngeal, pharyngeal, and gastric penetration in normal subjects. Three of five subjects showed probable frontal sinus penetration by vortex nebulizer, but no other sinus penetration was noted. No patients showed sinus penetration with the spray bottle. In a separate trial against the passive nebulizer, the vortex nebulizer again showed a greater tendency for sinus penetration in normal subjects, with three of five showing some degree of sphenoid penetration and one of five showing slight maxillary penetration. In contrast, no sinus penetration was observed with the passive nebulizer. In the postsurgical patient cohort, minimal sinus penetration was noted with either the vortex nebulizer or the passive nebulizer. Despite surgically patent sinuses, only one of five subjects showed any type of sinus penetration.

Conclusion

The nebulizer and nasal spray devices tested in general showed limited penetration of the sinuses in both normal and postoperative patients. The device showing greatest promise for sinus penetration in normal patients was the vortex nebulizer, with an overall penetration rate in normal patients of 30% in the frontal, 30% in the sphenoid, and 10% in the maxillary. Understanding delivery patterns of topical therapies may be important in evaluating the efficacy of various topical treatment modalities.
Decreased Nasal Mucosal Sensitivity in Older Subjects
Authors: Wrobel Bozena B. , Bien Alexander G. , Holbrook Eric H. , Meyer George E. , Bratney Neil A. , Meza Jane , Leopold Donald A.
Published: August 2006

Background

The sensitivity of the human nasal cavity mucosa to touch is not well understood. The site of receptors and mode of action responsible for the sensation of the nasal airflow is a topic of controversy. Previous studies have suggested that the skin-lined nasal vestibule is more sensitive to airflow than the mucosa of the nasal cavity. A possible decline in nasal sensitivity to airflow in older subjects has not been studied.

Methods

The threshold of the mucosal sensitivity to jets of air was assessed in 76 subjects with healthy nasal cavities. A total of 141 nostrils were tested, 67 in younger patients and 74 in older patients.

Results

Statistically significant (p < 0.001) increases in thresholds were found for all points tested for older patients compared with the younger patients. In general, the more sensitive locations were in the nasal vestibule. The nasal cavity mucosa in the inferior meatus was slightly more sensitive than the middle meatus.

Conclusion

We have measured the threshold to touch (air jet sensitivity) in nine places in each of 141 nasal cavities and determined that the variability and sensitivity of these measurements among people varies by age and the distance from the nostril. Older subjects were found to have a higher threshold for the sensation of air flow, and the nasal vestibule was found to be more sensitive than the rest of the nasal cavity mucosa with the inferior meatus slightly more sensitive then the middle meatus.
Evaluation of Nasal Volume by Acoustic Rhinometry before and after Physical Exercise
Authors: Fonseca Marconi T. , Voegels Richard L. , Pinto Kelerson M. C.
Published: August 2006

Background

The nasal structures generate airflow resistance that can reach ∼50% of the total respiratory resistance. There are a series of factors that can alter the volume of these structures, among them physical exercise. The objective of this study was to determine the degree of changes in nasal volume at different levels of physical exercise, evaluating the influence of exercise intensity and duration, as well as the duration of the effect of exercise on the nasal mucosa.

Methods

Nineteen individuals were submitted to three distinct physical tests on a cycle ergometer: test 1, exercising for 5 minutes on a cycle ergometer at 50% the maximal load; test 2, exercising for 10 minutes on a cycle ergometer at 50% the maximal load; and test 3, exercising for 5 minutes on a cycle ergometer at 75% the maximal load. In each test, nasal volume was measured by acoustic rhinometry immediately after the end of exercise and 10 and 20 minutes thereafter.

Results

The rhinometry results showed a significant increase (p < 0.001) in nasal volume after physical exercise for all tests performed. At 20 minutes, nasal volume had returned close to resting levels in all three tests. Comparison of the degree of improvement of nasal volume between the three physical tests showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) between T1 and T2 (T2 presented gain of 8.3% more in nasal volume than T1). Test 3 showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) compared with the other two tests, with 5.8% higher gain in nasal volume observed compared with T1, while the increase was 2.5% lower than in T2.

Conclusion

Physical exercise in general causes a significant increase in nasal volume, with the duration of exercise exerting a greater effect on the degree of improvement than intensity.
Increased Expression of Acidic Mammalian Chitinase in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps
Authors: Ramanathan Murugappan , Lee Won-Kyung , Lane Andrew P.
Published: August 2006

Background

Chitin is an abundant polysaccharide found in fungi, insects, and parasitic nematodes. Innate immune host defense against chitin-containing pathogens include production of chitinases. In human lower airways, acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) is produced in epithelial cells via a Th2-specific, IL-13–dependent pathway, and may act as an inflammatory mediator in asthma. The role of AMCase in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has not been studied previously.

Methods

Eleven controls and 22 subjects with medically recalcitrant CRS were prospectively enrolled before undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery. RNA was extracted from surgically obtained ethmoid mucosa, and real-time PCR was used to determine expression of AMCase, eotaxin, and IL-13. Subjects were followed for at least 6 months postoperatively to assess for polyp recurrence. Based on the presence or absence of polyps, the subjects were classified as either recalcitrant or responsive to therapy.

Results

AMCase mRNA was detected in the sinus mucosa of 72% of control subjects and in 72% of patients with eosinophilic CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). The expression of AMCase was significantly greater in recalcitrant CRSwNP than it was in treatment-responsive CRSwNP. There was no significant difference in IL-13 expression between these two groups.

Conclusion

AMCase may be an important mediator in the pathogenesis of Th2 inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract. Failure of medical and surgical therapy in CRSwNP is associated with significantly increased expression of AMCase, but not the Th2 cytokines IL-13 and eotaxin. Additional studies are needed to determine the potential of AMCase as a therapeutic target in CRSwNP.
Altered Sinonasal Ciliary Dynamics in Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Chen Bei , Shaari Jeffrey , Claire Steven Eau , Palmer James N. , Chiu Alexander G. , Kennedy David W. , Cohen Noam A.
Published: August 2006

Background

Although multiple etiologies contribute to the development of rhinosinusitis, a common pathophysiological sequelae is ineffective sinonasal mucociliary clearance, resulting in stasis of sinonasal secretions, with subsequent infection, and persistent inflammation. The respiratory cilia beat continually at a basal rate, while during times of stress, such as exercise or infection, ciliary beat frequency (CBF) increases, accelerating mucus clearance. Previous investigations have led to conflicting results with some authors reporting decreased CBF while others have found normal values of CBF in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Additionally, these studies have only analyzed basal CBF. The goal of this study was to compare the basal as well as the stimulated sinonasal CBF in patients with CRS versus controls.

Methods

A dual temperature controlled perfusion chamber, differential interference contrast microscopy, and high-speed digital video were used to analyze both basal and adenosine triphosphate (100 μM)–stimulated CBF in human sinonasal mucosal explants.

Results

Although no difference in basal CBF was detected between control and CRS patients, a marked difference in stimulated CBF was noted. Exogenously applied adenosine triphosphate resulted in a 50–70% increase of CBF in control tissue with a minimally observed CBF increase in explants from CRS patients.

Conclusion

Dynamic regulation of respiratory ciliary activity is critical for the respiratory epithelium to adapt to varying environmental situations. Thus, diminished or absent adaptation could predispose the sinonasal cavity to accumulation of inhaled infectious and noxious particulate matter resulting in infection/inflammation. Our findings suggest that CRS patients have decreased sinonasal ciliary adaptation to environmental stimuli.
Correlation between Fiberoptic Nasal Endoscopy and Acoustic Rhinometry in Adults without Nasal Complaints
Authors: Ouriques Débora Mery , Carlini Daniela , Fujita Reginaldo , Pignatari Shirley Shizue Nagata , Weckx Luc Louis Maurice
Published: August 2006

Background

Acoustic rhinometry indirectly calculates cross-sectional areas of the nose at various locations from the nostrils and the total volume of the nasal cavity. These parameters are calculated from an area-distance curve displayed by the device.

Methods

Seventy-seven adults between the ages of 20 and 40 years who had no nasal complaints were examined by acoustic rhinometry and fiberoptic nasal endoscopy in an attempt to compare and correlate areas of nasal narrowing detected by these two methods.

Results

The comparison between the distances to the various narrowed areas revealed a statistically significant correlation between the first three constrictions detected by acoustic rhinometry and the first three areas of anatomic narrowing measured by fiberoptic nasal endoscopy in both nares but no correlation between the fourth constriction and the fourth measurement on either side.

Conclusion

The results confirm an anatomic correlation between the two examination methods, identifying the first constriction as the nasal valve, the second constriction as the head of the inferior nasal turbinate, and the third constriction as the head of the middle turbinate. The fourth constriction did not correspond to the choanal region.
Outcome of Endoscopic Sinus Surgery in Children with Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Ramadan Hassan H. , Hinerman Raymond A.
Published: August 2006

Background

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a morbid condition in children with chronic rhinosinusitis. The study goal was to determine whether children with AR who are undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) will have a poor outcome.

Methods

The study population consisted of141 patients who underwent ESS between January 1994 and December 2002. The outcome of ESS was measured at least 1 year after the operation.

Results

The overall success rate was 80%. Children with an allergy had 77% success rate compared with children with no allergy who had an 84% success rate (p = 0.25). Children with AR who were on treatment before surgery had an 84% success rate compared with 62% for those children with AR but were not treated (p = 0.022).

Conclusion

ESS in children with AR does not have a poorer outcome. Treatment of the allergy before surgery may improve the success of ESS.
Changes in Nasal Resonance after Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Jiang Rong-San , Huang Hui-Tsu
Published: August 2006

Background

Hyponasality may be present in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis because of decreased resonance of nasal cavities. Nasalance is a parameter of nasality measured by a nasometer. This study investigated the influence of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) on nasalance and determined the correlation of the nasalance change with nasal volume change.

Methods

When patients with chronic rhinosinusitis underwent FESS, nasalance was measured by nasometry and nasal volume was measured by acoustic rhinometry before and at least 6 months after surgery.

Results

There were 81 eligible patients enrolled in the study. Nasalance scores and nasal volumes were significantly increased after FESS. The increased nasalance value was moderately correlated with the increased midnasal and postnasal volumes. The correlation between postoperative changes in nasalance scores and nasal volumes was more remarkable in patients without nasal polyps than in those with nasal polyps and it was also higher in patients with allergic rhinitis than in those without allergic rhinitis.

Conclusion

This study showed that the FESS effectively increased nasalance scores and nasal volumes in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, but the increase in nasalance scores did not appear to be achieved largely through the increased nasal volumes.
Image Guidance: A Survey of Attitudes and Use
Authors: Orlandi Richard R. , Petersen Everett
Published: August 2006

Background

The aim of this study was to determine access to, usage of, and attitudes toward image guidance in endoscopic sinus and anterior skull base surgery.

Methods

We performed a survey of American Rhinologic Society members.

Results

Of 1050 surveys mailed, 340 (32.4%) were returned and scored. Image guidance was available to 86% of respondents. Eighteen percent of respondents did not use image guidance in any cases, and 25% used it in up to 10% of cases. Eight percent of respondents used image guidance in >90% of cases. Respondents felt the primary indication for this technology is in revision or advanced cases. Seventy percent of respondents felt image guidance was not typically indicated for a primary total ethmoidectomy and >90% of respondents felt it was either a relative or absolute indication for revision frontal sinus exploration, modified Lothrop procedure, or closure of cerebrospinal fluid leak. Attitudes of the respondents did not vary by year of residency completion or by the use of image guidance during residency. Current access to image guidance was associated with a higher likelihood of feeling it was indicated.

Conclusion

The majority of respondents had access to image guidance. Many feel it is a relative or absolute indication for revision and advanced endoscopic sinus and skull base procedures. A very small minority used this technology in all cases. The results of this survey reflect the opinion of the respondents. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the American Rhinologic Society or of practicing otolaryngologists in general.
Pattern of Inflammation and Impact of Staphylococcus Aureus Enterotoxins in Nasal Polyps from Southern China
Authors: Zhang Nan , Holtappels Gabriele , Claeys Cindy , Huang Ganquan , van Cauwenberge Paul , Bachert Claus
Published: August 2006

Background

This study analyzes the impact of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins (SAEs) and the inflammatory pattern in polyps from China.

Methods

Nasal tissue was obtained from 27 consecutive bilateral nasal polyps and 15 control patients and assayed for eotaxin, interleukin-5, soluble interleukin-2 receptor, transforming growth factor (TGF) β1, myeloperoxidase, eosinophil cationic protein, total IgE, and specific IgE to SAEs. Activated eosinophils were stained using EG2 antibodies in polyps from Chinese and comparative white patients.

Results

The number of EG2+ eosinophils was significantly lower in polyps from Chinese patients versus white patients. Chinese polyps showed significantly increased IgE and soluble interleukin-2 receptor versus control samples, whereas TGF-β1 was significantly decreased. Ten of 27 samples in the polyp group versus 0 of 15 controls contained SAE-IgE (p < 0.01). TGF-β1 was significantly down-regulated in SAE+ samples versus SAE- samples (p = 0.04).

Conclusion

Nasal polyps from China are characterized by B- and T-cell activation, a minor eosinophilic inflammation compared with polyps from white subjects, and a decrease in TGF-β1 in comparison with control inferior turbinate tissue. One-third of patients with polyps showed an IgE response to SAEs.
Endoscopic Sinus Surgery for the Treatment of Vascular Tumors
Authors: Sciarretta Vittorio , Pasquini Ernesto , Farneti Giovanni , Frank Giorgio , Mazzatenta Diego , Calbucci Fabio
Published: August 2006

Background

This study points out the effectiveness of the endoscopic approach for the treatment of vascular lesions such as angiofibroma, hemangioma, and hemangiopericytoma involving the nose and paranasal sinuses.

Methods

We performed a retrospective study at an academic tertiary referral center. Thirteen patients, diagnosed with vascular tumors of the nose and paranasal sinuses were treated endoscopically between February 1996 and July 2003. All patients underwent endonasal endoscopic surgery. Preoperative angiography with embolization was performed in all but two cases.

Results

The follow-up of this series varied from 6 to 75 months (mean, 23 months); only one recurrence (8%) was observed in the juvenile angiofibroma group encountered 20 months postoperatively. This recurrence was again treated endoscopically. The average intraoperative blood loss for the removal of the juvenile angiofibroma group was 300 mL and it was 100 mL for the other vascular tumors.

Conclusion

Endoscopic treatment alone is an effective approach for the removal of selected cases of vascular tumors. Even in the presence of a lesion with limited intracranial extension, the tumor still may be amenable to an endoscopic approach alone. On the contrary, this is not true if the intracranial extension receives feeding vessels from the internal carotid arterial system.
Inflammatory Pathway Gene Expression in Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Anand Vijay K. , Kacker Ashutosh , Orjuela Andres F. , Huang Clark , Manarey Casey , Xiang Jenny
Published: August 2006

Background

The main objective in this preliminary experiment was to compare gene expression in the sinus mucosa of patients with chronic hyperplastic rhinosinusitis (CRS) against normal subjects, using gene microarray technology. The specific aim was to examine alterations in inflammatory mediator expression in patients with CRS. We performed a prospective experimental study.

Methods

Total RNA samples were obtained from the sinus mucosa biopsies of 14 patients with chronic hyperplastic sinusitis and 4 normal controls, using the Affymetrix recommended protocol. The data for 22,000 genes on the GeneChip U133A were generated from 18 hybridizations. Affymetrix GeneChip 5.0 was used as the image acquisition software for the U133A chips. Data normalization, log transformation, statistical analysis, and pattern study were performed with GeneSpring software. Comparison between patients with CRS and normal controls were performed using the Welch t-test, with log transformed data.

Results

There were a total of 1283 genes scored as differentially expressed between groups. The value of p, the probability of a false positive, was set to <0.05. Hierarchical clustering was applied to study coexpression patterns of the 1283 significant genes. The inflammatory pathway was overlaid with the differential expressed gene list. Four genes involved in the inflammatory pathway, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12A, IL-13, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α (2) were consistently overexpressed in patients with hyperplastic CRS.

Conclusion

There is overexpression of four major genes of the inflammatory pathway (IL-6, IL-12A, IL-13, and TNF-α (2)) in patients with CRS compared with the normal population. Defining gene expression profiles may help elucidate new key factors in the pathogenesis of CRS and perhaps aid in the development of new therapeutic modalities.
Surgical Management of Lesions of the Sphenoid Lateral Recess
Authors: Tami Thomas A.
Published: August 2006

Background

Pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus occasionally includes an extensive lateral recess creating an area beneath the temporal lobe that is relatively inaccessible to surgical intervention. Pathology in this anatomic location presents special surgical and therapeutic challenges. Recently, several authors have described the endoscopic transpterygopalatine fossa approach to this anatomic region. This approach is associated with minimal morbidity while providing direct endoscopic surgical access for managing a variety of disease processes in this region.

Methods

This study presents eight cases requiring this approach or a modification of this approach. Six patients presented with temporal lobe meningoencephaloceles with cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. Each case was managed successfully through this surgical approach.

Results

One patient experienced transient postoperative palatal anesthesia due to injury to the greater palatine nerve and another complained of ipsilateral dry eye postoperatively. Two other patients had neoplasms (inverting papilloma and chondrosarcoma), which were successfully addressed through this technique. There were no postoperative complications in these patients.

Conclusion

We have previously described the relationships of neural and vascular structures in this anatomic region. This article will review these relationships as they pertain to this surgical approach and will discuss the indications, techniques, and surgical outcomes in this series of patients. This approach is a valuable addition to the endoscopic armamentarium of the experienced endoscopic surgeon.
Epidermoids of the Paranasal Sinuses and Beyond: Endoscopic Management
Authors: Chandra Rakesh K. , Palmer James N.
Published: August 2006

Background

Epidermoid tumors of the craniofacial skeleton are uncommon, with the exception of acquired cholesteatoma of the temporal bone. These lesions may be primary embryologic in origin or, less frequently, may be iatrogenic or posttraumatic.

Methods

We report three cases of unusually encountered epidermoids, all of which were managed by endoscopic marsupialization via paranasal sinus approaches. We also review the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of these rare entities.

Results

The first patient is a 60-year-old man with a congenital epidermoid of the petrous apex removed via an endoscopic transsphenoid approach assisted by image-guided surgical navigation with CT/MRA merge. The second case is a 48-year-old woman with a history of trauma found to have a mass in the pterygopalatine space. An endoscopic transmaxillary approach was used to ligate the internal maxillary artery and marsupialize the cyst into the maxillary sinus. The third patient is a 22-year-old woman with a supraorbital ethmoid epidermoid tumor discovered intraoperatively during surgery for a presumed mucocele. This patient also had a known history of trauma. The cyst was marsupialized into the adjacent frontal sinus. Image-guided surgical navigation using CT was performed in the latter two cases. All patients are free of recurrence with follow-up ranging from 14 to 26 months.

Conclusion

With advancements in endoscopic techniques, including the use of image guidance, many of these relatively uncommon lesions can be managed by minimally invasive approaches via the paranasal sinuses.
Single‐Cell Sequencing Reveals MYOF‐Enriched Monocyte/Macrophage Subcluster as a Favorable Prognostic Factor in Sepsis
Authors: Zhang Yi‐Fan , Yi Zhu‐Jun , Zhang Wen‐Feng , Yang Lian , Qi Feng , Yu Ting , Zhu Zhu , Li Ming‐Jie , Cheng Yao , Zhao Lei , Gong Jian‐Ping , Li Pei‐Zhi
Published: March 2024

This research utilized single‐cell RNA sequencing to map the immune cell landscape in sepsis, revealing 28 distinct cell clusters and categorizing them into nine major types. Delving into the monocyte/macrophage subclusters, 12 unique subclusters are identified and pathway enrichment analyses are conducted using KEGG and GO, discovering enriched pathways such as oxidative phosphorylation and antigen processing. Further GSVA and AUCell assessments show varied activation of interferon pathways, especially in subclusters 4 and 11. The clinical correlation analysis reveals genes significantly linked to survival outcomes. Additionally, cellular differentiation in these subclusters is explored. Building on these insights, the differential gene expression within these subclusters is specifically scrutinized, which reveal MYOF as a key gene with elevated expression levels in the survivor group. This finding is further supported by in‐depth pathway enrichment analysis and the examination of cellular differentiation trajectories, where MYOF's role became evident in the context of immune response regulation and sepsis progression. Validating the role of the MYOF gene in sepsis, a dose‐dependent response to LPS in THP‐1 cells and C57 mice is observed. Finally, inter‐cellular communications are analyzed, particularly focusing on the MYOF+Mono/Macro subcluster, which indicates a pivotal role in immune regulation and potential therapeutic targeting.
Enhancing CAR‐NK Cells Against Solid Tumors Through Chemical and Genetic Fortification with DOTAP‐Functionalized Lipid Nanoparticles
Authors: Shin Ha Eun , Han Jun‐Hyeok , Park Joo Dong , Park Minji , Han Jieun , Kang Min‐Ho , Lee Jung Seung , Park Chun Gwon , Park Juwon , Kim Hyun‐Young , Cho Duck , Park Wooram
Published: March 2024

Natural killer (NK) cells are crucial in the innate immune response and show promise in cancer immunotherapy, but face challenges in activation and targeted gene delivery. In this study, bifunctional lipid nanoparticles (DLNPs) containing 1,2‐dioleoyl‐3‐trimethylammonium‐propane (DOTAP), designed to bolster the antitumor efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor‐modified NK (CAR‐NK) cells by facilitating activation and efficient CAR mRNA delivery are introduced. The DLNPs, created by functionalizing FDA‐approved LNP compositions, exhibit excellent mRNA encapsulation and colloidal stability. NK cells primed with DLNPs show increased cytotoxicity against cancer cells via extracellular signal‐regulated kinase/Mitogen‐Activated Protein Kinase pathway modulation and mitochondrial dynamics changes. The DLNPs enter NK cells predominantly through clathrin‐mediated endocytosis, boosting mRNA delivery and overcoming NK cells' resistance to genetic manipulation. CAR‐NK cells targeting glypican‐3, prevalent in hepatocellular carcinoma, show significant therapeutic effects in an orthotopic mouse model. These findings underscore the potential of DLNPs in enhancing CAR‐NK cell therapy for solid tumors, marking a significant stride in NK cell‐based cancer immunotherapy and broadening prospects for NK cell‐related disease interventions.
Hybrid Materials From Peptide Nanofibrils and Magnetic Beads to Concentrate and Isolate Virus Particles
Authors: Hayn Manuel , John Torsten , Bandak Juhaina , Rauch‐Wirth Lena , Abel Bernd , Münch Jan
Published: March 2024

Peptide nanofibrils (PNFs) are considered a novel and highly efficient class of retroviral transduction enhancers due to their ability to efficiently bind virus particles and promote their attachment to the membrane of target cells. In this study, the virus‐binding properties of enhancing factor C (EF‐C) PNFs are used to develop a method for concentrating and isolating HIV‐1 particles without the need for centrifugation. Upon incubation in a virus‐laden sample, PNF‐coated magnetic beads facilitate magnetic separation, effectively depleting virus particles from the solution and consequently reducing its infectious nature. Remarkably, the isolated virus particles maintain their infectivity and exhibit an enhanced ability to infect target cells due to the complexation with EF‐C PNFs. This enhancement is pivotal for further virus propagation in cell cultures or detailed analysis. The presented method addresses the urgent need for more rapid, sensitive detection, and purification technologies for viral agents. It provides a tool to efficiently capture, isolate, and concentrate HIV‐1 particles. This may significantly improve the sensitivity of existing diagnostic tools and analytical tests.
Real Competitors to Ruby: The Triel Oxonitridoborates AlB4O6N, Al0.97Cr0.03B4O6N, and Al0.83Cr0.17B4O6N
Authors: Widmann Ingo , Kinik Gülsüm , Jähnig Maximilian , Glaum Robert , Schwarz Marcus , Wüstefeld Christina , Johrendt Dirk , Tribus Martina , Hejny Clivia , Bayarjargal Lkhamsuren , Dubrovinsky Leonid , Heymann Gunter , Suta Markus , Huppertz Hubert
Published: March 2024

AlB4O6N, Al0.97Cr0.03B4O6N, and Al0.83Cr0.17B4O6N are the first representatives of the recently established structure‐family of oxonitridoborates containing Al3+. These compounds are isotypic to CrB4O6N and are synthesized in a multi‐anvil press under high‐pressure/high‐temperature conditions of 7.0 GPa/1350 °C. Structural refinement by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction shows that they crystallize in the space group P63mc (no. 186) with two formula units per cell. Detailed characterization including high‐temperature X‐ray powder diffraction (HT‐XRD), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), measurements of second harmonic generation (SHG), hardness, photoluminescence properties, vibrational spectroscopy, and band structure calculations reveal intriguing physicochemical properties that strongly resemble the famous material ruby.
Antibacterial Plasma Coating with Aggregation‐Induced Emission Photosensitizers to Prevent Surgical Site Infections
Authors: Sahu Resmarani , Ninan Neethu , Nguyen Ngoc Huu , Wang Jianzhong , Nguyen Manh Tuong , Vasilev Krasimir , Truong Vi Khanh , Tang Youhong
Published: March 2024

Surgical site infections (SSI) are major post‐operative complications following surgery. Reducing SSI is a global urgency as they account for huge pecuniary, physiological, and emotional burdens for patients. Antibiotic resistance is the main challenge for surgeons dealing with SSIs. Aggregation‐induced emission photosensitisers (AIE PS) with their distinct optical characteristics, biocompatibility, low toxicity, and target specificity, hold the potential for the treatment of SSI. Herein, a synergetic strategy combining plasma polymerization and AIE PS is adopted to develop coatings that can eradicate SSI‐causing bacteria. These coatings can preferentially kill Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria over mammalian cells after triggered by light irradiation. The cell viability and immunostaining studies confirmed their biocompatibility on mammalian cells. The antibacterial mechanistic studies explored their ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is crucial for overcoming antibiotic resistance. Thus, this study opens an avenue toward antibacterial coatings to decrease the prevalence of SSI.
Liquid‐Assisted Laser Nanotexturing of Silicon: Onset of Hydrodynamic Processes Regulated by Laser‐Induced Periodic Surface Structures
Authors: Borodaenko Yulia , Pavlov Dmitriy , Cherepakhin Artem , Mitsai Eugeny , Pilnik Andrei , Syubaev Sergey , Gurbatov Stanislav O. , Modin Evgeny , Porfirev Aleksey P. , Khonina Svetlana N. , Shevlyagin Aleksandr V. , Gurevich Evgeny L. , Kuchmizhak Aleksandr A.
Published: March 2024

Upon systematic studies of femtosecond‐laser processing of monocrystalline Si in oxidation‐preventing methanol, it is shown that the electromagnetic processes dominating at initial steps of the progressive morphology evolution define the onset of the hydrodynamic processes and morphology upon subsequent multi‐pulse exposure. Under promoted exposure quasi‐regular subwavelength laser‐induced periodic surface structures (LIPSSs) are justified to evolve through the template‐assisted development of the Rayleigh‐Plateau hydrodynamic instability in the molten ridges forming quasi‐regular patterns with a supra‐wavelength periodicity and preferential alignment along polarization direction of the incident light. Subsequent exposure promotes fusion‐assisted morphology rearrangement resulting in a spiky surface with random orientation, yet constant inter‐structure distance correlated with initial LIPSS periodicity. Along with the insight onto the physical picture driving the morphology evolution and supra‐wavelength nanostructure formation, this experiments also demonstrated that resulting quasi‐regular and random spiky morphology can be tailored by the intensity/polarization distribution of incident laser beam allowing on‐demand surface nanotexturing with diverse hierarchical surface morphologies exhibiting reduced reflectivity at visible and shortwave‐IR wavelengths. Finally, the practical attractiveness of the suggested approach for improving near‐IR photoresponse and expanding operation spectral range of vertical p‐n junction Si photodetector operating under room temperature and zero‐bias conditions via single‐step annealing‐free nanopatterning is highlighted.
Integrated CPU Monitoring Using 2D Temperature Sensor Arrays Directly Printed on Heat Sinks
Authors: Huber Robert , Belles Daniel , Bücher Tim , Franke Leonard , Amrouch Hussam , Lemmer Uli
Published: March 2024

In today's digital world, the demand for computer security and system reliability is a crucial element. Monitoring the CPU temperature during operation provides valuable insights but is currently limited to the embedded on‐chip sensors. The implementation of an extra security layer based on temperature monitoring can detect anomalies in an early stage, identify malware, and help mitigate attacks. The approach of integrating more on‐chip temperature sensors into the silicon is avoided due to space, power limitations, and cost constraints. However, the field of printed electronics and sensor technology has recently seen significant progress. This is the first work that introduces a fully‐printed temperature sensor array integrated onto the cooling unit of a CPU. It offers a novel approach for the practical implementation of such sensors into an operational computer system. The present sensor array, consisting of 396 sensor pixels, detects local hotspots induced by the underneath CPU cores, leading to an individual thermal fingerprint. This unique method paves the way for addressing pivotal elements of computer security, as deviations from expected thermal behavior can signal malicious activities. Additionally, this innovation facilitates reliability optimization. The detailed thermal map garnered provides insights into which cores are subjected to significant stress over time.
Protective action in the workplace in the time of COVID‐19: The role of worker representation
Authors: Ollé‐Espluga Laia , Payá Castiblanque Raúl , Llorens‐Serrano Clara , Esteve‐Matalí Laura , Navarro‐Giné Albert
Published: March 2024

Background

This study addresses the contribution of worker representation to health and safety in the pandemic context. To do so, we examine whether the self‐reported presence of representatives in workplaces is associated with the implementation of anti‐COVID‐19 protective action and with which type of measures their existence is most strongly associated (individual, collective or organizational). The article also explores how the presence of worker representatives and anti‐COVID‐19 protective measures are distributed according to workers' socio‐professional characteristics and company features.

Methods

This is a cross‐sectional study based on an online survey conducted in Spain (n = 19,452 workers). Multiple Correspondence Analysis was used for the multivariate description while the association between worker representation and protective measures was assessed by robust Poisson regressions.

Results

The maps resulting from the Multiple Correspondence Analysis allow for the identification of patterns of inequalities in protection, with a clear occupational social class divide. The regression models show that protective measures are applied more frequently where worker representatives exist, this association being particularly strong in relation to organizational measures.

Conclusions

The presence of worker representation is systematically associated with a greater presence of protective measures, which could have implications for the reduction of social inequalities resulting from labor‐management practices.
Total Synthesis of Lobatamides A and C
Authors: Yasui Soichiro , Banjo Shona , Nagashima Yoshiyuki , Okada Yuto , Yoshikawa Kao , Nakata Keisuke , Chida Noritaka , Okamura Toshitaka , Sato Takaaki
Published: March 2024

The total synthesis of lobatamides A (1 a) and C (1 c) via a common bislactone intermediate is reported. The allylic aryl moiety including a trisubstituted Z‐olefin was constructed by hydroboration of a 1,1‐disubstituted allene and subsequent Migita‐Kosugi‐Stille coupling. Although the seco acid proved to be highly unstable even in the presence of weak bases, Zhao macrolactonization under acidic conditions via the α‐acyloxyenamide successfully provided the common bislactone intermediate. Hydrozirconation‐iodination of the terminal alkyne and subsequent copper‐mediated coupling with primary amides proceeded successfully in the presence of the sensitive bislactone framework. The developed synthetic route enables the late‐stage installation of enamide side chains, which are crucial structures for V‐ATPase inhibition.
Motion and interaction of in‐line bubbles in quiescent non‐aqueous solutions of hydrocarbon resin
Authors: Mei Li , Luo Denghan , Zhang Zhongyao , Chen Xiaopeng , Huang Lifang , Liang Jiezhen , Wei Xiaojie , Liu Bei , Wang Linlin
Published: March 2024

Hydrocarbon resin (HR) is an essential fine chemical. The preparation and application process of HR involves lots of gas–liquid heterogeneous reactions, and the bubbly flow behavior influences them significantly. Using high‐speed photography and digital image processing techniques, the motion and interaction of in‐line bubbles in non‐aqueous solutions of HR are examined in this article. The results show a critical gas flow rate that can change the bubbling regime. It can be observed that viscosity features prominently in changing the shape of bubbles and their motion. As the viscosity increases, the bubbles are more prone to coalescence, and the bubble coalescence process gradually changes from connected slip‐rising coalescence to connected‐rising coalescence. The viscosity transition region between non‐coalescent and coalescent systems in non‐aqueous solutions of HR occurs at 3.6–9.2 mPa·s. Further, a force analysis shows that in paired bubbles, the leading bubble can be viewed as an individual bubble unaffected by trailing bubble before the two bubbles collide, but in the wake of the leading bubble, the drag force on the trailing bubble decreases and the added mass force increases.
Improving dye removal ability and fouling resistance of thin‐film nanocomposite nanofiltration membranes using a new citric acid functionalized FSM‐16 mesoporous
Authors: Mohammadifar Ashkan , Rahimi Masoud , Zinadini Sirus
Published: March 2024

The development of superior thin‐film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes with good separation performance and anti‐fouling capacity is required to address the larger‐scale freshwater need. In this study, a new citric acid‐functionalized FSM‐16 (CA‐FSM‐16) mesoporous was successfully synthesized and characterized. Subsequently, it was introduced on the surface of the sodium hydroxide/cyanuric chloride‐activated PES membrane to fabricate the CA‐FSM‐16 TFN membrane. It was investigated how various CA‐FSM‐16 loadings affected the overall physicochemical characteristics and performance of the membrane. The SEM analysis confirmed the TFN structure of the fabricated membranes. All manufactured membranes displayed improved hydrophilicity and flux. For the pristine membrane, the salt (Na2SO4) rejection was measured 73.20 ± 2.10%, whereas for the TFN‐0.08 membrane, it was measured 91.40 ± 1.80%. The dye rejection experiment in cross‐flow filtration showed that the TFN‐0.08 membrane had the maximum licorice retention among the membranes (99.10 ± 2.00%). In addition, the CA‐FSM‐16 TFN membranes demonstrated superior antifouling performance, especially the optimum membrane (TFN‐0.08), which showed a high flux recovery ratio (FRR) of 97.10 ± 1.90% and a low irreversible fouling ratio (DRir) of 2.90%. The introduction of CA‐FSM‐16 on the surface of the PES membrane via the surface modification method was a potentially useful technology to fabricate a high‐performing TFN membrane for water treatment applications.