bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on Expert System for Electric Locomotives Fault Diagnosis
Authors: Cheng Shu , Chen Te Fang , Li Wei
Published: September 2012

The complexity of locomotive onboard devices and their coupling relationship are increasing along with the high-speed development of our nation’s railway vehicle technology. By combining diagnostic technique with expert system and using fault trees and rules, a new monitor and diagnosis method has been proposed on the overall view of railway vehicles to enhance the diagnosis accuracy. This research is supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program ("863" Program) of China, the result of this research has been statically tested on relevant electric locomotives.
Multi-Robots Path Planning Based on Improved Artificial Potential Field Method
Authors: Hu Yu Lan , Zhang Qi Song
Published: September 2012

Mobile path planning is a focus area and the key to intelligent technologies in robot. As one of the most basic and important topics the problem of mobile robot path planning solve the trouble that the robot avoid obstacles in the environment and how to successfully reach the destination. On the emergence of case that is the robot can not reach the target point and easy to fall into local minimum .This will be optimized by improving the way repulsive field function, When the robot close to the target point, not only the gravity of the gravitational field continue to reduce but also the repulsion of the repulsive force field has also been decreasing. This would solve the problem that when the robot reach the target point but easy to fall into local minimal solution. In traditional artificial potential field method, the target is static, but due to prey (i.e. target) is dynamic in this article, the traditional artificial potential field of gravitational field function is not suitable for the situation discussed. Therefore this paper puts forward a dynamic movement is based on the goal of the gravitational field of new functions.
Gold Nanoparticle Aggregates Preparation by (3-aminpopropyl)- Trimethoxysilane for Highly Active SERS Substrates
Authors: Zhou Min , Ma Qiu Mei , Wang Yan Wei , Yang Guang Can
Published: September 2012

A simple preparation method of gold nanoparticle aggregates for highly active surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates is developed by adding APS to gold sol under vigorous magnetic stirring. The optical and morphological properties of these aggregates are examined by UV-vis spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. It is found that the SERS activity of the new synthesized gold nanoparticle aggregates is about 200 higher than that of single gold nanoparticles with Rhodamine 6G(R6G) probe.
Simulation on Obstacle Avoidance Method for Multi-Robots in Movement Control Process
Authors: Hu Yu Lan
Published: September 2012

Obstacle avoidance in move control process is a key intelligent technology in robot control. As one of the most basic and important topics the problem of mobile robot path planning solve the trouble that the robot avoid obstacles in the environment and how to successfully reach the destination. This paper introdues the artificial potential field method for robot obstacle avoidance. Then this paper presents the simulation on obstacle avoidance method for multi-robots in move control process. Firstly, the paper introduces simulation on obstacle avoidance method in matlab environment. Second, this paper introduces simulation on obstacle avoidance method in movement process for multi-robots using software Multigen Vega and Multigen Creator to realize. At last, simulation results show the movement process for multi-robots in multiple obstacles. Multi-robots have good obstacle avoidance effect.
Research on Nonlinear Control of AC Active Magnetic Bearings
Authors: Zhu De Hong , Xu Rong , Lu Li Hu , Liu Hai Juan
Published: September 2012

For the five degree-of-freedom (5-DOF) AC active magnetic bearing (AMB), which is a multivariable, nonlinear and strongly coupled system, conventional single-variable controller cannot meet the control requirements. Based on the state space model of 5-DOF AC AMB and direct feedback linearization, the equations of coordinate transform and nonlinear state feedback can be simplified into differentiating output equations, which achieves the input-output linearization of 5-DOF AC AMB system. Then, the system can be decoupled into five independent 2-order linear subsystems and realizes the completely decoupling of 5-DOF. Finally, the internal model control (IMC) method is employed to synthesize the subsystems, in order to avoid the performance deteriorated due to the model error and external disturbance. The results of simulation example demonstrate that this decoupling control strategy can realize not only the dynamic decoupling of 5-DOF AC AMB, but also the good dynamic/static performance and robustness.
A New Mathematical Model of Brake Test Stand Control System
Authors: Yang Cheng Hui
Published: September 2012

All of the performances of the car, break performance is one of the most important. In the stage of automotive design, road tests usually are not available, only special brake tests are used to simulate the test. Using brake tester is a good measure to decide the vehicle braking performance. To carry out the brakes test and to explore inertia, it can better simulate the actual use of the brake mode and environmental conditions, a more realistic response to brake performance, not only brake to improve the level of R & D to enhance the braking technology, but also can improve brake testing technology to improve the design level test bench, the most critical is a good control analysis of the mathematical modeling of the brake product development, quality control, and vehicle braking performance are very important. Based on the data calculation and analysis, model, and the control algorithm, obtained reasonable control of the brake test bench mathematical modeling, and the method to do the appropriate improvements.
AutoLISP Drawing Using the Second Development of AutoCAD
Authors: Ma Chun Yang , Ma Chun Hua , Chu Dian Qing , Yang Zhan Fa
Published: September 2012

AutoCAD software is the most popular engineering graphics software today. It is a high performance general drawing platform and used by most of the engineering and technical person. In this paper, the second development of AutoCAD was used to analyze and discuss.
The Vibration Analysis and Improvements of Nitrogen Reciprocating Compressor and Pipeline
Authors: Zhou Xin , Wu Zhen Huan , Yang Guoan
Published: September 2012

Excessive vibration was observed from nitrogen reciprocating compressor buffer tanks and pipelines since the operation of this unit started in a coal chemical plant. Welding points had been frequently cracked on bolt buffer tanks, pipelines and bolts, which often led to a delivery failure of coal for subsequent reaction, causing great economic losses. In order to identify the root cause of vibration, a comprehensive analysis on the reciprocating compressor and pipeline system was conducted. The vibration has been kept within an acceptable range after the adjustment. The total production in the factory has been increased with effectively controlled cost and energy consumption. The probability of production system shutdown and accident is also significantly reduced.
Study on the High-Efficiency Smoothness Grinding of Soft Magnetic Powder Cores
Authors: Ueno Tomoyuki , Ishimine Tomoyuki , Matsunuma Kenji , Nishioka Takao , Mochida Yasushi , Shimada Yoshiyuki
Published: September 2012

Soft magnetic powder cores are materials manufactured by pressing pure iron powder covered with insulating film into shape. These are widely known soft magnetic materials which are used as essential electromagnetic conversion parts in automobiles and household appliances. In recent years, demand for higher magnetic properties and dimensional precision has been growing with respect to soft magnetic powder cores. It has therefore become necessary to develop a high-efficiency, high-precision finishing method. The issues to be addressed with regard to this kind of method are: (1) the pure iron used in these materials displays ductility resulting in burring and cohesion to machining tools, (2) these materials are green compacts with low binding forces between powder particles and high tendencies towards cracking and gouging, and (3) these materials possess residual pores at levels of several percent thus resulting in microscopically intermittent processing which causes heavy machining tool wear. We have solved these issues through the development of a super-smooth finishing method designed for soft magnetic powder cores.
Accurate Extraction of Normal Residual Error for Compensation Grinding
Authors: Chen Feng Jun , Yin Shao Hui , Yu Jian Wu
Published: September 2012

An extracting method of normal residual error from a ground profile was proposed in this paper. Original measurement data was re-processed for obtaining an actual ground profile in an on-machine contact measurement system. The robust Gaussian regression filtering and NURBS fitting methods were employed to filter and fit these discrete data for getting the accurate realistic ground profile. By utilizing iterative partitioning algorithm, the normal residual error could be accurately obtained between the actual ground profile and the ideal one. Measurement data achieved from grinding experiment of aspheric mould were dealt with. After form error compensation grinding, the difference between normal residual error and original reached 40 nm in stead of initially 140 nm.
Experimental Investigation on Ultrasonic Assisted Grinding of High Volume Fraction SiC Particles Reinforced Al Matrix Composites
Authors: Dong Z.G. , Ma F.J. , Kang Ren Ke , Su K.
Published: September 2012

The surface integrity of the machined components of the high volume fraction SiC particle reinforced Al composites (SiCp/Al) is important as it influences the performance of the part. The grinding experiments of 55% volume fraction SiC particles reinforced Al composite with and without ultrasonic-assisted were performed. The grinding forces were tested, on which the effects of the grinding parameters were analyzed. The surface topography of SiCp/Al after ultrasonic assisted grinding were observed, based on which the material removal mode was discussed.
Grinding Performance Using Alkaline Electrolyzed and High-Frequency Reduced Water
Authors: Iba Shinichi , Ohashi Kazuhito , Honiden Kazuyuki , Kitajima Iwao , Tsukamoto Shinya
Published: September 2012

The purpose of this study is to develop the environment-friendly coolant. Cylindrical plunge grinding tests are carried out using alkaline electrolyzed water, high-frequency reduced water and alkali-reduced water as coolant. Most effective coolant is brought out in comparison with surface roughness, grinding force and workpiece surface temperature. Moreover, elemental analyses and measurements of contact angle of treated water are carried out in order to clarify the effect on grinding performance. Furthermore, elemental analyses and observation of evaporation residues in treated water are also carried out. As a result, grinding performance using alkali-reduced water is better than that using alkaline electrolyzed water or high-frequency reduced water.
Influence of the Metallurgical Transformation Induced by Grinding on the Residual Stresses Computation
Authors: Youssef Sawsen , Sallem Haifa , Brosse Alexandre , Hamdi Hédi
Published: September 2012

Grinding is one of the important metal cutting processes used extensively in the finishing operation to get components of desired shape, size and accuracy. A perfect control of this process is thus necessary to ensure correct final part and limit damage. Lifetime of machined part depends on the surface integrity especially in terms of microstructure changes and residual stresses. The best way to control those factors is to study the way they appear. Thus, it is important to set up experimentation to get the maximum informations during the grinding process, with in situ measurements and after, on the final surface. On one side, forces and power were measured, on the other side temperature measurements were conducted using an infrared digital video camera. In fact the grinding temperature and the temperature gradients are the major factors which influence surface integrity. Experimentations show white layers in the near ground surface and the measured temperature is higher than the austenitizing temperature. The workpiece subsurface was then characterized by observing and measuring microstructural changes of surface layer. Numerical simulations, using SYSWELD software are performed to formalize what is modeled. Metallurgical transformation is then taken into account in the grinding FE model. The comparison showed that numerical model is capable to accurately predict the white layer thickness and residual stresses values.
T-Dress, A Novel Approach in Dressing and Structuring of Grinding Wheels
Authors: Tawakoli Taghi , Daneshi Amir
Published: September 2012

Since the grinding wheel topography directly influences the grinding forces and material removal mechanism, the dressing of grinding wheels has a decisive role in the desired product quality achievement. A new dressing concept is introduced in this paper in order to reach the optimum chip formation condition. The novel dresser, T-Dress, creates a new structure on the grinding wheel owing to which remarkable reduction in grinding forces occur. These lead to the lower heat generation in the wheel-workpiece contact zone and consequently lower thermal damages. The experiments prove about 40% lower grinding forces in grinding of bearing steel materials, 100Cr6, when dressing with T-Dress compared to the case of dressing with conventional profile rollers with almost no difference in the ground surface roughness values.
A Study on the Characteristics of a Wafer Final Polishing Process at Various Machining and Temperature Variation
Authors: Kim Sung Hyun , Lee Sang Gyun , Choi Seung Gun , Choi Woong Kirl , Lee Eun Sang , Lee Chul Hee , Choi Hon Jong
Published: September 2012

The polishing is one of the important methods in manufacturing of silicon wafer and in thinning of completed device wafer. Generally, getting a flat surface such as a mirror is the purpose of the process. The wafer surface roughness is affected by many variables such as the characteristics of the carrier head unit, operation, speed, the pad and slurry temperature. Optimum process conditions for experimental temperature, down-force, slurry ratio are investigated, time is used as a fixed factor. This study will report the evaluation on surface of wafer by dependent of varying platen, chuck rpm, temperature variation, and oscillation which affect it has on the surface roughness. In this experiment, it is determined the optimum condition for polishing silicon wafers. By using optimum condition, it helps to achieve an ultra precision mirror like surface.
A New Automatic Backlash Adjustment Method for Lapping of Spiral Bevel Gear
Authors: Yu Jian Wu , Deng Yi Jian , Zou Wen Yi , Zhang Gong Fa
Published: September 2012

Based on the lapping principle of spiral bevel gears and hypoid gears, this paper focuses on a new automatic backlash adjustment method for lapping process, which includes on-line detection and measurement of backlash, automatic backlash control and software etc. The experimental results shows that this on-line automatic backlash control method is efficiency and stable in lapping process, and it can improve gear surface finishing and reduce transmission noise apparently.
Kinematics Simulation of Eccentric Dual Rotated-Plates Lapping for Bearing Balls
Authors: Yao Wei Feng , Yuan Ju Long , Lv Bing Hai , Deng Qian Fa
Published: September 2012

Eccentric dual rotated-plates lapping is used for bearing balls finishing. The trajectory of ball in lapping is crucial for the ball’s geometric precision after finishing. The present work is to set up the model of eccentric dual rotated-plates lapping machine and simulate the ball processing in kinematics, and research the effect of carrier on the ball trajectory, through calculating the ball’s kinetic parameters of revolution speed, rotation speed and spin angle, and drawing the ball trajectory.
Effect of MnS on the Cutting Mechanism of Powder Metallurgy Steel in Cutting Speeds Ranging from 1 m/s to 150 m/s
Authors: Shinozuka Jun , Yachi Hidenobu , Higashi Tappei , Sando Masato , Maetani Toshio , Unami Shigeru , Ozaki Yukiko
Published: September 2012

Orthogonal cutting experiment of powder metallurgy steel was performed in cutting speeds ranging from 1 m/s to 150 m/s. High-speed cutting experiment was carried out with a high-speed impact-cutting tester. This study focuses on the change in the effects of free-cutting of manganese sulfide with cutting speed. The principal force and thrust force were measured. The cross sections of the chip and of the machined surface were observed. Color mapping analysis of the tool-chip contact region on the rake face with EPMA was done. Although the serrated type of chip formed in all experiments, the cutting mechanism was analyzed by employing a shear plane model. This paper discusses how the effect that MnS promotes the ductile fracture and the effect that MnS improves the friction property at the tool-chip interface change as the cutting speed increases.
Slicing Brittle Material with Active Braze Coating Diamond Wire
Authors: Tso Pei Lum , Chen Yong Ting , Pai Wen Liang
Published: September 2012

The slicing technology with active braze coating diamond wire has been studied to lower the manufacturing cost and to increase the efficiency of wire sawing. The study shows that the grains have strong retention on the resin matrix as well as longer tool life.
Investigation of Micro-Drilling for Printed Circuit Boards Containing High-Hardness Fillers
Authors: Funabiki Taiji , Hirogaki Toshiki , Aoyama Eiichi , Ogawa Keiji , Kodama Hiroyuki
Published: September 2012

This paper describes micro-drilling processes for printed circuit boards (PCBs) containing fillers with high hardness and high thermal conductivity. Inspired primarily by devices such as digital cameras, laptop computers, and wireless communications devices, the electronics field today is continuously demanding smaller, lighter, and more technologically advanced high performance devices. However, that the increase in semiconductor-generated heat tends to affect such devices negatively. Additionally, from the viewpoint of environmental problems, electric vehicles and LEDs are being developed actively. PCBs are one of the principal components for building such devices. In recent years, PCBs containing alumina fillers with high thermal conductivity have been developed and begun to be widely used. However, when processing these PCBs, the drill tools become severely worn because of the filler’s high hardness. We therefore examined the drill wear characteristics. The results show the filler is the main factor that causes drill wear, while the increase in cutting force does not affect it. The cutting force increases with the drill wear linearly. Moreover, the characteristic of PCBs with higher filler content rates is close to that of inorganic material like ceramics.
Chip Formation Characteristics in High-Speed Machining of Hardened AISI1045 Steel
Authors: Wang Bing , Liu Zhan Qiang , Yang Qi Biao
Published: September 2012

Analyzing mechanism of the chip formation is a significant way to understand the metal cutting process better. The characterization of serrated chip formation in high speed machining of hardened AISI1045 steel is investigated with the aid of optical microscopy and micro-hardness measurement in this paper. The chip morphology evolving from continuous one to serrated one with the cutting speed increasing from 100-1500m/min is observed. Compared with the continuous chip pattern, serrated chip has its particular characterization parameters. The characteristics of serration degree and the segmentation frequency of the serrated chip are presented. The micro-hardness at the adiabatic shear band of serrated chip is then measured. The results show that the serration degree and segmentation frequency of serrated chip have a tendency of enhancement with the cutting speed increasing. The micro-hardness along the adiabatic shear band increases with the cutting speed increasing due to severe strain hardening. With a critical speed at about 100-200m/min, micro-hardness decreases from the tool-chip interface to the free surface of the chip.
Study on Fine Groove Milling of Microchannel Dies – Tool Bending in Milling of Micro-Grooves
Authors: Iwatsuka Kenichi , Isokawa Yoshihito , Maeda Yukio , Tanaka Hideaki , Yazawa Takanori , Suzuki Shinya
Published: September 2012

Microchannel chips for use in micro total analysis systems have recently been attracting attention in the medical field. The photolithography technology employed in semiconductor manufacturing is generally used to manufacture microchannel chip dies. However, this technology involves several processes such as mask fabrication and application of a photoresist to a substrate as well as expensive clean room facilities. In light of this, this study examines ways to form a fine groove by using a micro-end mill. The relationship between the cutting conditions and the bending of a micro-end mill were experimentally examined. In addition, we calculated the tilt angle of the tool used in micro-groove milling on the basis of specific cutting force and tool stiffness.
A Processing Technical Analysis for the Characteristics of Forces and Surface Roughness in Micro-Scale Milling
Authors: Gong Ya Dong , Zhang Jin Feng , Cheng Jun , Zhang Yong Zhen
Published: September 2012

The spindle speed, federate and axial depth of micro-milling are found to have a significant influence on the micro milling forces and surface roughness through experimental analysis of the micro-end milling process. To investigate these issues, an orthogonal test method is developed in this present work. Firstly, experimental analysis for the micro-milling forces and surface roughness was performed based on the micro-end-milling experiments of AL5083-O by using 0.396mm diameter micro-end mills with a miniaturized machine tool. Then, the datum of experiments were classified and analyzed by the orthogonal test method. Finally, the laws of micro-milling forces and surface roughness with changing process parameters were found and summarized. The spindle speed has a significant effect on the micro milling forces and surface roughness. In a word, the results of this work were useful to understand the characteristics of machining process and improve the machining performances.
Thermal Analysis of Multi-Pass Laser Irradiation on Fused Silica
Authors: Yao Peng , Huang Chuan Zhen , Wang Jun , Kuriyagawa Tunemoto
Published: September 2012

A rough ground fused silica surface can be ground in a ductile mode by ultra-precision grinding after repairing the surface and subsurface micro cracks (SSMC) by CO2 laser irradiation. In this paper, 2D finite element thermal analysis of unidirectional multi-pass laser irradiation on fused silica was conducted, and the simulation results were compared with the thermal analysis and experiments results of single pass laser irradiation. Thermal analysis results show that the SSMC on the ground fused silica can be repaired and surface roughness can be decreased simultaneously by unidirectinal laser raster scan with a power of 10.5 W, a scan velocity of 0.2 m/s and a scan spacing of 40 μm.
Optimal Design of the Grinding Parameter on Zr-4 Cladding Tubes Abrasive Belt Grinding Based on BP and GA
Authors: Yang Yu , Huang Yun , Zhang Ming Xiang , Wei He Ping
Published: September 2012

This paper used BP(Neural Networks) to establish parameter optimization design method for Zr-4 clad tube belt grinding. The BP can get strong nonlinear mapping capability through training, obtain better grinding parameter model; GA(Genetic Algorithm) is not dependent on the specific situation of the problem and it has strong robustness, so it can provides optimization framework for Zr-4 clad tube belt grinding parameter optimization design of nonlinear optimization. This paper optimized the single objective and multi-objective of the abrasive belt life n and grinding roughness Rz, obtained satisfied optimization results and the corresponding grinding conditions.
Grinding Force in Creep Feed Grinding of Titanium Alloy with Monolayer Brazed CBN Wheels
Authors: Yang Chang Yong , Xu Jiu Hua , Ding Wen Feng
Published: September 2012

In this paper, grinding forces of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V are measured during creep feed grinding with brazed cubic boron nitride (CBN) wheels. The effects of process parameters on grinding force, force ratio and specific grinding energy are investigated in detail. The grinding force is low and force ratio is about 1.5, and the specific grinding energy of titanium alloys Ti-6Al-4V is about 65J/mm3. Also, CBN wheels brazed with composite filler of Ag-Cu-Ti and 0.5wt.% lanthanum show better grinding performance than the counterpart brazed with Ag-Cu-Ti filler in this investigation.
Observations of Cracks from Microscopic Holes of PEEK Bearings under Rolling-Contact Fatigue in Water
Authors: Oyama Shunsuke , Kida Katsuyuki , Santos Edson Costa , Koike Hitonobu , Honda Takashi , Kashima Yuji
Published: September 2012

The behavior of surface cracks in PEEK thrust bearings under rolling contact fatigue (RCF) was investigated. Eight small holes were introduced along the bottom race surface, and RCF tests underwater using different loads were carried out. The cracks growing from the holes were observed by using a microscope. It was found that the surface cracks could not be explained by Hertzian crack theory or the ‘wedge effect’ models. This indicates that the standard theories cannot be generally applied to investigation of PEEK bearings working under RCF in water.
Modeling of Direct Extrusion of Porous Powder Billets
Authors: Ryabicheva Lyudmila , Usatyuk Dmytro , Beloshitskij Nikolaj
Published: September 2012

The computer modeling results for direct extrusion of porous powder billets on a basis of the plasticity theory relations are presented. Distributions of stress-strain state parameters and density during direct extrusion of hollow detail from copper powder billet have obtained. The optimal value of backpressure, that ensures a uniform stress-strain state and given density of detail have found. The dependences of backpressure value from relative depth of cavity and extrusion pressure from backpressure are recommended.
A New Anti-Brake System Verification in Electric Vehicle Driven by Four Wheel Motors Based on GB 21670-2008
Authors: Wang Qing Nian , Yang Yu , Jin Li Qiang
Published: September 2012

In this paper, first, a hypothesis that ABS(Anti-Brake System) regulation of EV(Electric Vehicle) could be realized only by wheel motor was put up, then based on the logic threshold method, an ABS control strategy was designed to test this hypothesis. Furthermore, the four wheel motors directly drive EV model was created and simulated with this control strategy in AMESim, co-simulated with MATLAB/Simulink. At last, according to the Chinese rule GB 21670-2008, this EV ABS control strategy was validated theoretically.
The Study of Configuration Algorithm Based on Variable Resources
Authors: Peng Kai
Published: September 2012

The mission of manufacturing network is to optimize configuration according to the parameters provided by the resources. This paper discusses the variability in resources, samples the parameters of resources at different times, finds out the changing order by linear regression, makes the average value of the parameters within the work time to be the parameter of this resource, considers all the values on the basis of weight, obtains the specific optimization standard, and puts forward the optimization algorithm of variable resources.
Research on Internet of Things Technology in Railway Signal Device Management
Authors: Wang Jian Hua , Yu Yan , Zhang Wei , Yu Dan
Published: September 2012

Signal device management is an important mission to ensure the safe operation of the railway, and it is a definite orientation for the future development to apply the Internet of Things technology in railway signal device management. This article introduces the relevant concepts of the Internet of Things, and analyzes the current information construction level of China's railway signal device management. Based on actual requirements on railway signal device management, it gives the implementation plans of management platform based on the Internet of Things technology and as well analyzes the key technology. And it provides a reference for the application of the Internet of Things in the railway signal device management.
Design of Distributed Brillouin Scattering Sensor System for Structural Health Monitoring
Authors: Yoon Hyuk Jin , Song Kwang Yong , Kim Jung Seok , Na Hee Seung
Published: September 2012

A fiber optic sensor system based on stimulated Brillouin scattering is realized to measure the strain distribution along the fiber itself as a sensing medium. Prototypes of the system are advanced from the partly integrated system to reinforced cooling system with fully integrated following the schematic diagram which improves the stability of the optical power with polarization maintaining fiber components. Single lock-in detection using optical chopper is used to achieve the high signal to noise ratio. Optical components are separated with optical logger to isolate the heats from electronic components such as electric power, lock-in amplifier, DAQ and lots of controllers. Electronic logger is designed with air cooling system. 3D design of optical and electronic logger is drafted.
Model and Heuristic Algorithm for Steel Productive Resources Balance Problem
Authors: Zhou Bing Li , Zhang Qun
Published: September 2012

A nonlinear model is proposed for balancing the steel productive resources. In the model, the sharing and the competition between products and resources are presented, and four optimization objects are introduced. According to the model and the characteristics of the problem, a heuristic algorithm based on constraint satisfaction is proposed. Variables selection is guided by the optimization objects. During the process of assigning values, constraint propagation is adopted to narrow the value domain, and back tracking is adopted to avoid the conflict with the constraints. The validity of the model and the algorithm is testified by calculating the data from production practices.
Development of High Temperature Electron Bombardment Evaporator for Ultra-High Vacuum
Authors: Zhang Sheng Fang , Liu Jing Pei , Zhang Guan Hua , Yang Mei Hua , Han Ai Ling , Guo Fang Zhun
Published: September 2012

To improve the techniques of molecular beam epitaxy, the electron bombardment evaporator for high temperature evaporation in ultra-high vacuum is designed, and then its performances, such as power-temperature relationship, stability of beam flux as well as molecular beam distribution, are tested by using Ag source. Through adjusting the electric current of tungsten filament can achieve the remarkable heating power in high-voltage, and the crucible temperature rises with increasing heating power, and it exceeds 1600°C at around 60W. The evaporator can reach thermal equilibrium state in a quite short time and produce a highly stable beam flux of Ag at low deposition rate. A 9mm diameter homogeneous flux platform area is obtained at the position 60mm away from the nozzle, and this area can provide high quality beam flux for molecular beam epitaxy. These results show, the electron bombardment evaporator can meet the demands for ultra-high vacuum molecular beam epitaxy growth completely.
Welded Joint Fatigue Cumulative Damage MMM Characteristic
Authors: Xing Hai Yan , Yang Wen Guang , E Yi Nan
Published: September 2012

Metal magnetic memory (MMM) technology, based on magnetic-mechanical effect, is a new nondestructive testing. In order to study MMM signal characteristics of welded joint fatigue cumulative damage, Steel 20 welded plate specimens were tested under multi-cyclic fatigue loading. The average value of fatigue loading is 35kN and the stress ratio is 1/6. The MMM behavior of the welded joint fatigue cumulative damage is given. It has been found that non-uniform welding residual stress influences MMM signal distribution at the initial stage of the experiment. With the increasing of fatigue cycles, welded joint fatigue damage is cumulated and the stress is redistributed again. MMM signal begins to be stable regular and shows a fluctuation-arising trend along with the increase of damage degree. By establishing the relationship between the damage degree and the MMM characteristic signals, the welded joint cumulative fatigue damage can be evaluated by MMM method.
Research of Micro Burr in Miniaturized Milling Process
Authors: Cao Zi Yang , Li Hua
Published: September 2012

The milling characteristics experiments with typical micro three dimensional parts are done by the developed 3-axis micro-milling machine tool, and the micro burr formed in micro-milling process is observed and analyzed. Burr formation and its influence factors in micro-milling process are studied and general influencing rule of each factor to burr formation is summarized. Based on the results, the purpose to reduce the burr is achieved through choosing proper machining parameters and tool material.
An Evolutionary Neighborhood Search Algorithm for Flexible Job-Shop Scheduling Problem in Steel Tube Production
Authors: Shi Can Tao , Yang Guo Jun , Li Tie Ke
Published: September 2012

This paper focuses on the tube processing context in steel tube production and constructs a flexible job-shop scheduling problem (FJSP) model with consideration of the typical features and constraints. An evolutionary neighborhood search algorithm which consists of process consolidation (PC) strategy, production line adjustment (LA) strategy and elimination mechanism (EM) strategy is proposed. The computational tests show that the proposed algorithm has good performance.
On Constitutive Relations in Non-Smooth Elasto/Viscoplasticity
Authors: de Angelis Fabio
Published: September 2012

A general treatment of constitutive relations in elastoplasticity and elasto/viscoplasticity is presented. The treatment holds for general non-smooth problems and it applies to non-smooth yield criteria and to functions characterized by non-differentiability. The formulation is developed by resorting to the tools provided by convex analysis and subdifferential calculus which are the appropriate instruments for dealing with convex criteria and non-smooth functions. General formulations of constitutive relations and evolutive laws are presented for elastoplasticity and elasto/viscoplasticity and connections are illustrated between the general elastoplastic model problem and the general elasto/viscoplastic model problem. The presented generalized treatment proves to be well-suited for the development of variational formulations for structural problems in elastoplasticity and elasto/viscoplasticity.
Computational Issues in Rate-Dependent Plasticity Models
Authors: de Angelis Fabio
Published: September 2012

In the present paper computational issues and numerical integration algorithms are illustrated with reference to the evolutive process in rate-dependent plasticity problems. The adopted methodology conveniently relates the rate-dependent consistency parameter of the plasticity model with the flow function of the constitutive model in use. A fully implicit integration scheme is applied which correctly reduces to the inviscid limit for null viscosity parameter. Numerical examples and computational results are reported which illustrate the effectiveness of the procedure.
Waveband Selection for FTIR/ATR Spectroscopy Analysis of Total Cholesterol in Human Serum
Authors: Xie Jun , Pan Tao
Published: September 2012

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and attenuated total reflection (ATR) technology were successfully applied for the analysis of total cholesterol (TC) in human serum. An appropriate waveband with stability was selected by the moving window partial least-squares (MWPLS) regression through a rigorous modeling process. The selected waveband was 3065 cm-1 to 945 cm-1, the corresponding PLS factor was 15. The modeling effect M-SEPAve, M-SEPStd, M-RP,Ave, and M-RP,Std were 0.408 mmol/L, 0.068 mmol/L, 0.949, and 0.022, respectively. V-SEP and V-RP, were 0.419 mmol /L and 0.932, respectively. It indicated that the method has good prediction effect and stability, and provided valuable references for designing specialized spectroscopic instruments.
Microporous Bio-Membrane Materials Based on High Molecular Weight Polylactide and Low Molecular Weight Poly(ethylene glycol)
Authors: Shen Teng Fei , Lu Man Geng , Liang Li Yan
Published: September 2012

In this work, microporous membrane biomaterials based on high weight molecular polylactide (PLA) and low molecular weight poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) using rapid solvent evaporation method were prepared and investigated. The effect of PEG segments added on the thermal and degradation behaviors was studied. According to the results, produced PLA/PEG biomaterial has lower glass transition temperature (Tg)in comparison with neat PLA. It was also found that the degradation rates of the PLA/PEG biomaterials were significantly increased with adding of PEG, which explained by increasing hydrophilic groups. For better porous fixation, CL-blocked polyisocyanate (CL-bp), which was synthesized from reaction of isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) with dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA) and Trimethylolpropane (TMP) followed by addition of caprolactam (CL), were introduced. The microporous forms were observed by the scanning electron microscope (SEM), which showed the mean diameters of prepared PLA/PEG microporous were around 10μm.
Preparation of ZnAl2O4 Spinel Directly from Zinc Aluminum Layered Double Hydroxide Precursor
Authors: Song Jian Ye , Leng Ming Zhe , Fu Xing Qi , Liu Jian Qiang
Published: September 2012

Single-phase ZnAl2O4 spinel has been prepared by a novel simple route using layered double hydroxide as a precursor. ZnAl2O4 spinel is directly obtained by calcination of zinc aluminum layered double hydroxide (Zn/Al molar radio is 0.5) without further chemical treatment. The key feature of this method is that it affords uniform distribution of all metal cations on an atomic level in the precursor. The structural characteristics of the as-synthesized precursor and the resulted calcined products are obtained by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope.
Effect of Cooling Rate on Tensile Properties of Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr Alloy
Authors: Fu Yan Yan , Hui Song Xiao , Ye Wen Jun , Mi Xu Jun
Published: September 2012

The effects of cooling rate on the tensile properties of Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr alloy with different microstructures were investigated at room temperature. The results indicate that as the cooling rates (water quench, air cooling and furnace cooling) get slower, the quantity and size of primary α phase of Widmanstatten microstructure and bi-modal microstructure increase, resulting in lower strength but higher ductility. The alloy from solution treatment at 820°C for 1 h followed by air cooling and aging treatment at 580°C for 4h is in good balance of strength and ductility.
Functionalization of ZnO Nanowires for Potential p-Nitrophenol Sensing Applications
Authors: Gupta Anurag , Kim Bruce C. , Edwards Eugene , Brantley Christina , Ruffin Paul
Published: September 2012

In this work, we demonstrate the functionalization of zinc oxide nanowires with carboxylic acid moieties and investigate their potential application as p-nitrophenol sensors. First, synthesis of high quality zinc oxide nanowires along with appropriate characterization results is discussed. Subsequently, oleic acid, as a model system, is used to examine functionalization behavior of nanowire surface. Vibrational spectroscopic techniques are employed to determine nature of bonding and orientation of oleic acid molecule at nanowire surface. Photoluminescence properties of modified- and unmodified ZnO nanowires with oleic acid were investigated. Based on these results, an appropriate receptor capable of sensitive optical detection of p-nitrophenol is proposed. In addition, results on sensing mechanism of the receptor based on fluorescence quenching are reported, which highlight the capability of selective and sensitive detection of p-nitrophenol analyte using the receptor.
From Waste to Electronics: Printed Circuit Boards Using Renewable Resources of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch
Authors: Zawawi Nor Aini Ahmad , Ismail Alyani , Abdan Khalina , Mahdi Mohd Adzir
Published: September 2012

Printed circuit boards (PCB) are widely used in electronic devices, at low and high frequency applications. Unfortunately, conventional PCBs are basically made from toxic petroleum products. Once they are unusable, they are bound to be thrown away since they are not recyclable or easily decomposed. In solving this problem, a new PCB substrate, which is based on reinforcing natural fiber with thermoplastics, is proposed. Oil palm empty fruit bunch has been chosen as raw material while polypropylene (PP) was added as filler. In modeling the prototype, five different loadings of natural fiber reinforced with different percentages of weight of PP were studied. The reflection method (one-port reflection coefficient method) is employed in measuring the permittivity. The measurement covers permittivity and dielectric loss.
Studying on Shielding Effect in the Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection System
Authors: Huang Yi , Fang Zhi Gang
Published: September 2012

In order to study “shielding effect” problems of sacrificial anode cathodic protection system in the ballast water tanks, two sets of experiments, the “block-type shielding effect” and the “absorbed-type shielding effect” are carried out by changing the clapboard height and the distance from the upper surface of sacrificial anode to the copper tube, and corresponding numerical simulations are carried out. Both of the experimental data and the numerical simulation results illustrate the two kinds of “shielding effect” as mentioned above, and according to which, both the two kinds of “shielding effect” should be surely taken into account in sacrificial anode cathodic protection system for a ballast water tank.
Improvement of Abrasion Wear Resistance of Ductile Iron by Two-Step Austempering
Authors: Silawong Prapaporn , Panitchagul Apichart , Inthidech Sudsakorn , Akkarapattanagoon Narong , Kitkamthorn Usanee
Published: September 2012

Abrasion wear rates of conventional and two-step austempered ductile cast iron (ADI) were investigated. Conventional austempering and two-step austempering processes were carried out at 280, 300, and 320°C. Microstructures revealed that higher austemperig temperature resulted in coarser ausferrite and higher volume fractions of blocky retained austenite. The ausferrite in two-step austempered ADI was slightly coarser comparing to the coventional ADI since the temperature was raised by 30°C during austempering. Two-body abrasion wear rates of ADIs were studied using a Suga abrasion wear tester. It was found wear rates of the two-step ADI become significantly lower than those of the conventional ADI, especially when the austempering was carried out at low temperature, i.e. 280°C. Such behavior was due to the strong influence of high carbon concentration in retained austenite eventhough the ausferrite matrix was coarser.
Effect of Basicity on Continuous Casting Mold Flux Properties
Authors: Zhu Xin Hua , Zhu Li Guang , Liu Yu , Wang Peng Fei
Published: September 2012

Basicity is an important parameter which can determine the performance of continuous casting fluxes, and it have different effects on flux of various physical and chemical properties. This paper discusses the relationship and impact between basicity and the physical and chemical properties of flux, Which proved how changes of basicity affect physical and chemical properties of flux, and then how it affects the flux function .
Relationship between Load, Rotation Speed and, Strength in All - PEEK and PEEK Race – PTFE Retainer Hybrid Polymer Bearings under Dry Rolling Contact Fatigue
Authors: Mizobe Koshiro , Honda Takashi , Koike Hitonobu , Santos Edson Costa , Kida Katsuyuki , Kashima Yuji
Published: September 2012

The production of bearings is focusing on polymers, such as polyether ether ketone (PEEK), a tough semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer with excellent mechanical properties and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), a material with low friction coefficient. The purpose of this study was to establish the properties of hybrid PEEK races – PTFE retainer bearings. Rolling contact fatigue tests were performed in order to investigate the wear properties of such components and the relation between load and rotation speed. It is concluded that by using a PTFE retainer, no wear occurs under thrust load ranging from 200N to 800N at 300rpm.
Peritectic-Steel Mold Fluxes
Authors: Zhu Xin Hua , Zhu Li Huang , Liu Yu , Liu Tian Long
Published: September 2012

As peritectic steel is crack sensitive steel, peritectic-steel mold flux needs a higher performance requirement, In this paper, it is analyzed in detail that various properties of peritectic steel mold flux have effects on the quality of peritectic steel billet .
Precipitation Behavior of a Maraging Stainless Steel
Authors: Jiang Yue , Ai Ying Ying , Wang Qi Ting
Published: September 2012

The changes of precipitation phases and matrix structures in Fe-13Cr-7Ni-4Mo-4Co-2W maraging stainless steel at different temperature were studied by using the Thermo-Calc software. The research was on the microstructures and precipitation behaviors of the maraging stainless steel, the performance is investigated through solution and aging treatment by TEMand SADP. The calculation results were in good agreement with the experiments, which demonstrated that when maraging stainless steel was treated in high temperature, the Laves-Fe2Mo precipitates became totally dissolved as the temperature was above 1050°C, and about 8% of R phase was found during aging. The calculation provides a guiding significant to the establishment of reasonable heat treatment process and the development of new materials.
Influence of MgO Additive on Fluidized Bed Reduction of Iron Ore Fines under Simulate COREX Reducing Gas
Authors: Shao Jian Hua , Tang Hui Qing , Guo Zhan Cheng
Published: September 2012

Influence of mixing MgO additive on fluidized bed reduction of iron ore fines using simulate COREX reducing gas was investigated. Experiments were conducted at 1073 K in a visualization fluidized bed. Mixing MgO additive was carried out using powder method and solution method. It was found that mixing MgO into ore fines using solution method could increase fluidization time from 12 to 80 minutes, and improve the metallization ratio from 22% to 81%. Reason was that coating MgO could effectively insulate the contact of metallic iron on particles, which provided the reaction time for carbon deposition and the production of Fe3C with low stickiness. Therefore, the decrease of metallic iron on particle surface led to the decrease of particle stickiness in fluidized bed reduction
Study on Parameter Optimization of Copper Smelting in Civil Engineering
Authors: Zhang Xiao Long , Yao Shi Wen , Hu Jian Hang , Wang Hua
Published: September 2012

The process of copper converter smelting has very complex nonlinear relations, so that its mathematical model can not be created accurately. In this paper, considering that the LS-SVM has strong nonlinear approximation ability, the organization and optimization model based on LS-SVM to assist copper smelting production is proposed, namely compensating the original model and improving the precision of the model using LS-SVM. To simulate using real production data of a copper smelting company, the result shows that this model’s precision is high, this can be used to guide the practice production and it is very effective in civil engineering