bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of endogenous opioids in the control of gastric sensorimotor function
Authors: Geeraerts B. , Mimidis K. , Van Oudenhove L. , Vos R. , Karamanolis G. , Tack J.
Published: May 2008

Abstract  Endogenous opioids have been implicated not only in the process of feeding but also in the control of gastric sensitivity and gastric motor responses, and impairment of antinociceptive opioid pathways has been hypothesized to contribute to the pathogenesis of functional dyspepsia. Our aim was to study the effect of suppression of endogenous opioid action by naloxone on gastric sensorimotor function in healthy volunteers. During intravenous administration of saline or naloxone (0.4 mg intravenous bolus followed by continuous infusion 20 μg kg−1 h−1), sensitivity to gastric distension, gastric accommodation and fundic phasic contractility were evaluated by barostat in 15 subjects. Nutrient tolerance and meal‐related symptoms were assessed using a satiety drinking test (n = 13), and solid and liquid gastric emptying were evaluated by breath test (n = 14). Naloxone did not influence gastric compliance and sensitivity. No effect on preprandial gastric tone was found but meal‐induced accommodation was significantly inhibited by naloxone (P = 0.031). Subjects receiving naloxone demonstrated a higher motility index before (20.8 ± 2.4 vs 28.0 ± 1.9 mL s−1, P = 0.007) and after (15.2 ± 2.0 vs 22.7 ± 1.5 mL s−1, P = 0.0006) the meal. Naloxone significantly decreased the amount of food ingested at maximum satiety (715.4 ± 77.7 vs 617.3 ± 61.3 mL, P = 0.03). No effect of naloxone on gastric emptying was observed and intensity of postprandial symptoms was unchanged. These observations suggest that endogenous opioids are involved in the control of gastric accommodation and phasic contractility but not in the control of sensitivity to gastric distension or gastric emptying in healthy volunteers.
A novel HLA‐DPA1*0204 allele was identified in a Chinese individual
Authors: Zhao H. , Dai W.‐J. , He Y.‐M. , Zhu F.‐M. , Yan L.‐X.
Published: May 2008

We report here the identification of a novel human leukocyte antigen‐DPA1*0204 allele that was detected by polymerase chain reaction sequence‐based typing.
Can pediatric steroid‐free renal transplantation improve growth and metabolic complications?
Authors: Bhakta Nihar , Marik Jennifer , Malekzadeh Mohammad , Gjertson David , Ettenger Robert
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  We analyzed the effects of a steroid avoidance protocol in pediatric renal transplant recipients on calculated CrCl (Schwartz), CMV infection, cholesterol, height Z scores, weight Z scores, and BMI Z scores in a case control trial with contemporaneous controls. From 1999 to 2004, 19 pediatric patients (age 1–20 yr) received transplants without steroids using immunosuppression with tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and daclizumab. Control patients (n = 30) were matched for length of follow‐up (minimum one yr), donor type age, type of immunosuppression, sex, date of transplant, and original disease, and CMV status. Graft survival at one year was 100% in both groups. Mean CrCl of steroid‐free vs. control patients were not different at 1 year post‐transplant. CMV disease was more prevalent in steroid‐treated control group (seven of 30 patients) vs. the steroid free control group (zero of 19). Height delta Z scores at one year were NOT different between groups. Weight and BMI delta Z scores were significantly higher in the control group. Cholesterol levels at one year post‐transplant were different in the two groups but NOT ABNORMALLY elevated in either group. At one yr post‐transplant, steroid‐free immunosuppression with tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and daclizumab provides outcomes that are equivalent or superior to those in contemporaneous control patients receiving steroids.
Importance of glutathione in the nodulation process of peanut (Arachis hypogaea)
Authors: Bianucci Eliana , Tordable María del Carmen , Fabra Adrina , Castro Stella
Published: May 2008

GSH appears to be essential for proper development of the root nodules during the symbiotic association of legume–rhizobia in which the entry of rhizobia involves the formation of infection threads. In the particular case of peanut–rhizobia symbiosis, the entry of rhizobia occurs by the mechanism of infection called ‘crack entry’, i.e. entry at the point of emergence of lateral roots. We have previously shown the role of GSH content of Bradyrhizobium sp. SEMIA 6144 during the symbiotic association with peanut using a GSH‐deficient mutant obtained by disruption of the gshA gene, encoding γ‐glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ‐GCS), which was able to induce nodules in peanut roots without alterations in the symbiotic phenotype. To investigate the role of the peanut GSH content in the symbiosis, the compound l‐buthionine‐sulfoximine (BSO), a specific inhibitor of γ‐GCS in plants, was used. There were no differences in the plant growth and the typical anatomic structure of the peanut roots when the plants grew in the Fahraeus medium either in presence or in absence of 0.1 mM BSO. However, the GSH content was reduced by 51% after treatment with BSO. The BSO‐treated plants inoculated with wild‐type or mutant strains of Bradyrhizobium sp. showed a significant reduction in the number and dry weight of nodules, suggesting that GSH content could play an important role in the nodulation process of root peanut with Bradyrhizobium sp.
Interactions between drought, ABA application and supplemental UV‐B inPopulus yunnanensis
Authors: Duan Baoli , Xuan Zuying , Zhang Xiaolu , Korpelainen Helena , Li Chunyang
Published: May 2008

To test whether drought and ABA application alter the effects of enhanced UV‐B on the growth and biomass allocation ofPopulus yunnanensisDode, cuttings were grown in pots at two ABA levels, two watering regimes and two UV‐B levels for one growth season. Exposure to enhanced UV‐B radiation significantly decreased plant growth and photosynthesis under well‐watered conditions, but these effects were obscured by drought, which alone caused growth reduction. Drought may contribute to masking the effects of UV‐B radiation. The accumulation of UV‐B absorbing compounds and the increase of the ABA content induced by drought could reduce the effectiveness of UV‐B radiation. ABA application did not have large direct effects on biomass accumulation and allocation. Evidence for interactions between UV‐B and ABA was detected for only a few measured traits. Therefore, there was little evidence to support a pivotal role for ABA in regulating a centralized whole plant response to enhanced UV‐B. Yet, we recorded an ABA‐induced decrease in stomatal conductance (gs) and increase in UV‐B absorbing compounds and carbon isotope composition (δ13C) in response to enhanced UV‐B. The allometric analysis revealed that regression models between root and shoot biomass in response to enhanced UV‐B are different for plants under well‐watered and drought conditions. Enhanced UV‐B led to a significant displacement of the allometric regression line under well‐watered condition, while allometric trajectories for both UV‐B regimes did not differ significantly under drought condition.
Incisional surgical infection in heart transplantation
Authors: Ramos A. , Asensio A. , Muñez E. , Torre‐Cisneros J. , Blanes M. , Carratalá J. , Segovia J. , Munoz P. , Cisneros J.M. , Bou G. , Aguado J.M. , Cervera C. , Gurgui M.M.
Published: May 2008

Background. Incisional surgical site infections (ISSIs) are common bacterial infections in heart transplantation (HT). The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence, etiology, timing, and risk factors for ISSIs.

Methods. A prospective study was performed, which included all heart transplants carried out in the participating hospitals (pertaining to the Spanish National Hospital Network RESITRA) between August 2003 and February 2005. A population of 292 consecutive patients was included (84.9% males). The definition of ISSI used in the study was based on the Centers for Disease Control criteria.

Results. Seventeen episodes of ISSIs were recorded in 14 patients (4.8%; confidence interval [CI] 95% 2.7–7.7%). The median time from transplant to ISSI was 14 days (range 3–75). Two patients (14%) died; fatality was related to ISSI (mediastinitis) in 1 patient (7%). Coagulase‐negative staphylococci (7 cases), methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (3 cases), Proteus mirabilis, extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase‐producing Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Candida glabrata, 1 case each, were the isolated pathogens. The duration of extracorporeal circulation was longer in patients with ISSI, although the difference did not reach statistical significance. Antibiotic prophylaxis with ciprofloxacin alone (odds ratio, 15.8; 95% CI, 1.2–216.9) was independently associated with the development of ISSI.

Conclusions. ISSIs in HT are frequently caused by resistant bacteria and Candida, but are associated with good prognosis.
Identification and gene expression of porcine fatty acid transport protein 1 isoforms
Authors: Shu G. , Zhu X. T. , Wang X. Q. , Song Y. Z. , Bin Y. F. , Zhang Y. L. , Gao P. , Jiang Q. Y.
Published: May 2008

Fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP‐1) is a membrane associated protein, which facilitates the long chain fatty acids (LCFA) transport across the plasma membrane for the LCFA utilization and storage. In this study, the cDNA structure of porcine FATP‐1 was investigated and the gene expression patterns of porcine FATP‐1 in different tissues were tested by RT‐PCR and Southern blot analysis. The results showed that there were five pFATP‐1 mRNA species, namely, FATP‐1a, FATP‐1aV, FATP‐1b, FATP‐1c and FATP‐1cV and are generated by alternative splicing of primary transcript. Deduced pFATP‐1a protein showed 91.6% and 87.5% identities with those of human and rat. RT‐PCR and Southern blot analysis demonstrated widespread tissue distribution of each pFATP‐1 isoform mRNA, most abundantly in the brain, heart, lung, jejunum, testis, pancreas and trapezius muscle. Real‐time quantitative RT‐PCR revealed that pFATP‐1 mRNA expressions in masseter and trapezius muscles were much higher than those in longissimus, gluteus medius and adipose tissues. These results suggested a crucial physiological role of pFATP‐1 in fatty acid utilization in muscles, especially red muscles tissues, rather than fat storage in adipose tissues.
Effects of field bean (Vicia faba L. var. minor) dietary supplementation on plasma thyroid hormones, insulin, insulin‐like growth factor‐1 concentrations and mohair characteristics in growing Angora goat kids
Authors: Acuti G. , Todini L. , Malfatti A. , Antonini M. , Barbato O. , Trabalza‐Marinucci M.
Published: May 2008

Twenty‐two Angora kids were used to study the effect of a dietary supplementation with field bean (Vicia faba L. var. minor) on hair follicle activity, mohair characteristics and plasma total thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), insulin (INS) and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) concentrations. At birth, their mothers were divided in two groups (S: supplemented, C: control), the S group being supplemented with 300 g/head/day of whole field bean. At weaning, diet of kids from S group was supplemented with 80 g/head/day of whole field bean. At weaning, secondary hair follicle activity (S: 0.91 ± 0.01, C: 0.84 ± 0.02, p < 0.01) and staple length (S: 5.82 ± 0.13 cm, C: 5.16 ± 0.14 cm, p < 0.001) were greater in the S group. At 155 days of age, secondary fibre diameter (S: 16.54 ± 0.35 μm, C: 18.09 ± 0.31 μm, p < 0.01) was higher in the C kids. Concentrations of total plasma T4 and T3 were higher (p < 0.001) in S (120 ± 12 and 4.87 ± 0.92 ng/ml respectively) than in C kids (92 ± 8 and 2.97 ± 0.77 ng/ml respectively). At weaning, T4 values were negatively correlated (p < 0.05) with the secondary fibre diameter and the T3/T4 ratio was positively correlated (p < 0.05) with the secondary to primary hair follicle ratio. At 155 days of age, both T3 and T3/T4 values were positively correlated (p < 0.01) with staple length. Plasma INS (0.11 ± 0.03 ng/ml) and total IGF‐1 concentrations (232 ± 13 ng/ml) were not affected by diet. Improvements of diet quality in kids positively affected fibre diameter and length and follicle activity rate. We suggest that increased circulating thyroid hormones concentrations, but not those of INS and IGF‐1, may contribute to the beneficial actions of nutritional supplementation on anatomical growth and mohair production of kids.
Low reproductive success for copepods during a bloom of the non‐aldehyde‐producing diatom Cerataulina pelagica in the North Adriatic Sea
Authors: Ianora Adrianna , Casotti Raffaella , Bastianini Mauro , Brunet Christophe , D’Ippolito Giuliana , Acri Francesco , Fontana Angelo , Cutignano Adele , Turner Jefferson T. , Miralto Antonio
Published: May 2008

Egg production rates and/or hatching success in the copepods Acartia clausi, Calanus helgolandicus and Temora longicornis were negatively affected by a late spring (May–June 2003) phytoplankton bloom in the North Adriatic Sea, dominated mainly by the large diatom Cerataulina pelagica. Highest total concentrations of 3.3·104 cells·ml−1 were located in the vicinity of the Po River, which also corresponded to the area where the highest numbers of phaeophorbides were measured (0.779, 0.528 and 0.419 μg·l−1, respectively, compared to an average of the remaining stations of 0.183 ± 0.049 SD), suggesting some grazing on the bloom. Phytoplankton biomass in terms of carbon was dominated by diatoms, representing on average 42% of total phytoplankton carbon and more than 80% at several stations. Cerataulina pelagica, Cyclotella spp., Chaetoceros spp. and small unidentified centric diatoms dominated the diatom community numerically but C. pelagica was by far the dominant diatom in terms of carbon due to its large cell size. This species represented more than 60% of the diatom biomass at nine of the 14 stations sampled, and was absent only at one station, which was the most offshore station sampled during the cruise. Although polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) were not detected, other oxylipins which are hydroxy and keto derivatives of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids that affect copepod reproduction were found in these samples. Hence, we can attribute the negative impact of diatoms not only to PUAs, as previously believed, but also to these compounds. This is the first direct evidence of the presence of oxylipins other than PUAs in marine blooms dominated by diatoms.
Composition and activity of external carbonic anhydrase of microalgae from karst lakes in China
Authors: Wu Yanyou , Li Pingping , Wang Baoli , Liu Congqiang , He Mei , Chen Chuan
Published: May 2008

The species composition, the net photosynthetic O2 evolution rate and the activity of external carbonic anhydrase (CA) of microalgae from three reservoirs were studied. Carbonic anhydrase activity had a significant positive correlation with the density of Cyanobacteria in Lake Aha. Microalgae's carbonic anhydrase activity in Lakes Baihua and Hongfeng was related to the density of Chlorophyceae. The species abundances of microalgae in Lake Aha, Lake Baihua, and Lake Hongfeng were different. A relationship between carbonic anhydrase activity and net photosynthetic O2 evolution rate had also been established. Algae with external CA influenced the algal productivity. These results demonstrate the role of external CA in facilitating the availability of CO2 that limits the photosynthesis of microalgae in karst lakes in China.
Roles of type IV pili, flagellum‐mediated motility and extracellular DNA in the formation of mature multicellular structures in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms
Authors: Barken Kim B. , Pamp Sünje J. , Yang Liang , Gjermansen Morten , Bertrand Jacob J. , Klausen Mikkel , Givskov Michael , Whitchurch Cynthia B. , Engel Joanne N. , Tolker‐Nielsen Tim
Published: May 2008

When grown as a biofilm in laboratory flow chambers Pseudomonas aeruginosa can develop mushroom‐shaped multicellular structures consisting of distinct subpopulations in the cap and stalk portions. We have previously presented evidence that formation of the cap portion of the mushroom‐shaped structures in P. aeruginosa biofilms occurs via bacterial migration and depends on type IV pili (Mol Microbiol 50: 61–68). In the present study we examine additional factors involved in the formation of this multicellular substructure. While pilA mutants, lacking type IV pili, are deficient in mushroom cap formation, pilH and chpA mutants, which are inactivated in the type IV pili‐linked chemosensory system, showed only minor defects in cap formation. On the contrary, fliM mutants, which are non‐flagellated, and cheY mutants, which are inactivated in the flagellum‐linked chemotaxis system, were largely deficient in cap formation. Experiments involving DNase treatment of developing biofilms provided evidence that extracellular DNA plays a role in cap formation. Moreover, mutants that are deficient in quorum sensing‐controlled DNA release formed microcolonies upon which wild‐type bacteria could not form caps. These results constitute evidence that type IV pili, flagellum‐mediated motility and quorum sensing‐controlled DNA release are involved in the formation of mature multicellular structures in P. aeruginosa biofilms.
Molecular analysis of a novel gene cluster encoding an insect toxin in plant‐associated strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens
Authors: Péchy‐Tarr Maria , Bruck Denny J. , Maurhofer Monika , Fischer Esther , Vogne Christelle , Henkels Marcella D. , Donahue Kelly M. , Grunder Jürg , Loper Joyce E. , Keel Christoph
Published: May 2008

Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 and the related strain Pf‐5 are well‐characterized representatives of rhizosphere bacteria that have the capacity to protect crop plants from fungal root diseases, mainly by releasing a variety of exoproducts that are toxic to plant pathogenic fungi. Here, we report that the two plant‐beneficial pseudomonads also exhibit potent insecticidal activity. Anti‐insect activity is linked to a novel genomic locus encoding a large protein toxin termed Fit (for P. fluorescensinsecticidal toxin) that is related to the insect toxin Mcf (Makes caterpillars floppy) of the entomopathogen Photorhabdus luminescens, a mutualist of insect‐invading nematodes. When injected into the haemocoel, even low doses of P. fluorescens CHA0 or Pf‐5 killed larvae of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta and the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella. In contrast, mutants of CHA0 or Pf‐5 with deletions in the Fit toxin gene were significantly less virulent to the larvae. When expressed from an inducible promoter in a non‐toxic Escherichia coli host, the Fit toxin gene was sufficient to render the bacterium toxic to both insect hosts. Our findings establish the Fit gene products of P. fluorescens CHA0 and Pf‐5 as potent insect toxins that define previously unappreciated anti‐insect properties of these plant‐colonizing bacteria.
The Cry48Aa‐Cry49Aa binary toxin from Bacillus sphaericus exhibits highly restricted target specificity
Authors: Jones Gareth W. , Wirth Margaret C. , Monnerat Rose G. , Berry Colin
Published: May 2008

The Cry48Aa/Cry49Aa binary toxin of Bacillus sphaericus was recently discovered by its ability to kill Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito larvae through a novel interaction between its two components. We have investigated the target specificity of this toxin and show it to be non‐toxic to coleopteran, lepidopteran and other dipteran insects, including closely related Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes. This represents an unusually restricted target range for crystal toxins from either B. sphaericus or Bacillus thuringiensis. Gut extracts from Culex and Aedes larvae show differential processing of the Cry48Aa protein, with the location of cleavage sites in Culex reflecting those previously shown for the activation of Cry4 toxins in mosquitoes. Pre‐activation of Cry48Aa/Cry49Aa with Culex extracts, however, fails to induce toxicity to Aedes larvae. Co‐administration of Cry49Aa with Cry4Aa gives higher than predicted toxicity, perhaps suggesting weak synergism against Culex larvae between Cry49Aa and other three‐domain Cry toxins.
The presence of lymphovascular invasion in radical cystectomy specimens from patients with urothelial carcinoma portends a poor clinical prognosis
Authors: Canter Daniel , Guzzo Thomas , Resnick Matthew , Magerfleisch Laurie , Sonnad Seema , Bergey Meredith , Tomazewski John , Vaughn David , Van Arsdalen Keith , Malkowicz Bruce
Published: May 2008

OBJECTIVES

To assess the prognostic significance of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) on clinical outcomes in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder treated with radical cystectomy (RC).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We retrospectively evaluated a prospectively maintained and authorised cystectomy database; the presence or absence of LVI was determined by pathological examination of the RC specimen. Cox regression analysis and Kaplan‐Meier tables were developed to evaluate the contribution of LVI to clinical outcomes.

RESULTS

In all, we analysed 356 patients treated with RC and urinary diversion between 1988 and 2006, with a mean follow‐up of 45.6 months. Of these patients, 242 (68%) had no evidence of LVI in the RC specimen, whereas 114 (32%) had LVI. Patients with LVI tended to present with higher pathological stage; 84 (74%) had pT3 or pT4 disease. On univariable analysis the presence of LVI conferred a significant risk for decreased overall, cancer‐specific and recurrence‐free survival (P < 0.001); the mean values for LVI‐negative patients were 96.8, 157.4, and 135.0 months, respectively, vs LVI‐positive patients, whose survival times were 52.3, 82.7 and 75.2 months, respectively. The multivariable analysis showed significant independent risk for cancer‐specific and overall survival for patients who were LVI‐positive and had no lymph‐node metastases. The hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) were 1.63 (1.06–2.51, P < 0.026) and 1.81 (1.06–3.08, P < 0.03) for overall and disease‐specific survival, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The presence of LVI in the pathological RC specimen confers significant independent risk for reduced bladder cancer‐specific and overall survival. This variable could be used to prospectively stratify patients who would benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy.
A safe and simple solution for intravesical tension‐free vaginal tape erosion: removal by standard transurethral resection
Authors: Huwyler Mirjam , Springer Johannes , Kessler Thomas M. , Burkhard Fiona C.
Published: May 2008

OBJECTIVE

To report our experience with the successful removal of visible tension‐free vaginal tape (TVT) by standard transurethral electroresection, as intravesical tape erosion after TVT is a rare complication, and removal can be challenging, with few cases reported.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Five patients presenting with TVT erosion into the bladder were treated at our institutions from December 2004 to July 2007; all had standard transurethral electroresection. Their records were reviewed retrospectively to retrieve data on presenting symptoms, diagnostic tests, surgical procedures and outcomes.

RESULTS

The median (range) interval between the TVT procedure and the onset of symptoms was 17 (1–32) months. The predominant symptoms were painful micturition, recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI), urgency and urge incontinence. There were no complications during surgery. The storage symptoms and UTI resolved completely after removing the eroded mesh in all but one patient. Cystoscopy at 1 month after surgery showed complete healing of the bladder mucosa.

CONCLUSION

Although TVT erosion into the bladder is rare, persistent symptoms, particularly recurrent UTIs, must raise some suspicion for this condition. Standard transurethral electroresection seems to be a safe, simple, minimally invasive and successful treatment option for TVT removal.
Risk factors associated with renal parenchymal fracture during laparoscopic cryoablation
Authors: Hruby Gregory , Edelstein Andrew , Karpf Jason , Durak Evren , Phillips Courtney , Lehman Daniel , Landman Jaime
Published: May 2008

OBJECTIVE

To assess the risk factors for haemorrhage and renal fracture associated with renal cryoablation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In a porcine model, 120 cryoablations were administered in 26 pigs, with five groups of 24 ice‐balls each; in groups 1 and 2 asynchronous cryoprobe activation was evaluated for the 1.47‐ and 3.4‐mm cryoprobes (IceRods, Galil Medical, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA), respectively; in group 3, three‐3.4 mm cryoprobes were used to examine synchronous probe activation; in group 4 the 1.47‐mm cryoprobe was used to examine single‐probe activation with premature cryoprobe extraction; and in group 5 we used a new ‘guillotine’ technique for upper‐pole renal cryoablation. Ice‐ball fractures and haemorrhage were characterized by the location, length and depth of each fracture, was well as the degree of bleeding.

RESULTS

In all, 26 domestic pigs successfully had renal cryoablation procedures. In group 1 and 4 there were no episodes of renal fracture; in group 2 renal fracture occurred in 10 (42%) trials. Group 3 had 22 (92%) renal fractures during the freeze/thaw cycle. Group 5 had 13 (54%) renal fractures during the freeze/thaw cycle, and there was an additional ice‐ball fracture during probe removal once in 24 times.

CONCLUSIONS

Renal fracture is most common with the application of larger 3.4‐mm cryoprobes in the synchronous and asynchronous setting. Under standard application, smaller (1.47‐mm) cryoprobes result in little renal fracture or bleeding. The use of the guillotine technique is associated with a greater risk of renal fracture.
The long‐term outcome of prenatally detected posterior urethral valves: a 10 to 23‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Kousidis Grigorios , Thomas David F.M. , Morgan Henry , Haider Nadeem , Subramaniam Ramnath , Feather Sally
Published: May 2008

OBJECTIVE

To document the functional outcome of patients with prenatally detected posterior urethral valves (PUV) in the second decade of life, and to evaluate the possible impact of prenatal diagnosis on the long‐term outcome of this condition

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We analysed the functional outcome of 25 patients with prenatally detected PUV born between 1984 and 1996, whose mean (range) age at follow‐up was 17.7 (10–23) years. The findings were compared with those in 17 patients (mean age 16.1 years) who had presented clinically to our unit during the same period. The duration of follow‐up in both groups was ≥10 years. Late outcomes were also compared with published data for PUV. Outcome measures included; death, incidence of end‐stage renal failure (ESRF), age at transplantation and the most the recently available plasma creatinine level in untransplanted patients. We also examined any possible association between functional outcome and early predictors, including nadir plasma creatinine level at <1 year and vesico‐ureteric reflux (VUR).

RESULTS

Three patients died (12%), two as neonates and one aged 3 years. Of five patients who had been shunted in utero, four died or developed early‐onset renal failure. In the 23 prenatally detected patients who survived the neonatal period, four (17%) had a renal transplant at a mean (range) age of 6.5  (3.0–12.0) years. Of 19 patients with prenatally detected PUV who had not been transplanted in the first 12 years of life, only one (5%) developed new‐onset ESRF at 10.0–23.4 years whilst 11 (58%) of these patients had normal creatinine values. In the untransplanted patients there was a statistically significant correlation between age and plasma creatinine level, but no correlation between late functional outcome and nadir creatinine in the first year of life, or bilateral VUR.

CONCLUSIONS

Prenatal diagnosis had little impact on mortality or ESRF in the first decade of life. This appears to be largely predetermined by renal dysplasia and the severity of intrauterine obstruction. However, the functional outcome of patients with prenatally detected PUV aged 10–23 years was considerably better than published long‐term data and the outcome of clinically presenting patients in our study. These findings suggest that the long‐term prognosis of PUV of intermediate severity might be improved by prenatal diagnosis.
The effect of ovariectomy and oestrogen therapy on the free fatty acid content, endogenous lipase activity, and phospholipid content of the rabbit urinary bladder
Authors: Lin Wei‐Yu , Radu Florian , Schuler Catherine , Leggett Robert E. , Mannikarottu Anita , Levin Robert M.
Published: May 2008

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effects of ovariectomy (Ovx) and oestrogen therapy on the free fatty acid (FFA) content, endogenous lipase activity, and the phospholipid (PL) content of the urinary bladder, as reduced circulating oestrogen during and after the menopause has been linked to various bladder dysfunctions including incontinence and recurrent urinary tract infections.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In all, 12 New Zealand White female rabbits were separated into three groups; the Ovx + oestrogen group received Ovx and treatment with conjugated β‐oestradiol (3 weeks), the Ovx group received Ovx and vehicle (3 weeks), and the control group received sham operation and vehicle. Cystometry was used to evaluate compliance and in vitro muscle strip studies quantified contractility. For the bulk of the bladder, the muscle and mucosa were separated; FFA and PL concentrations were analysed using standard biochemical techniques.

RESULTS

The bladder contractile responses and compliance decreased after Ovx and returned to or above normal after oestrogen administration. Both FFA and PL concentrations of the mucosa were about three times greater than that of the smooth muscle. Ovx significantly reduced the FFA and PL concentrations of both muscle and mucosa, while oestrogen therapy restored them to normal.

CONCLUSIONS

Reduced FFA and PL content of the smooth muscle membranes would decrease their fluidity and contribute to decreased compliance and contractility. Reduced FFA and PL content of the mucosa would be consistent with mucosal damage and may contribute to the increased incidences of incontinence and bladder infection.
Docetaxel, with or without estramustine phosphate, as first‐line chemotherapy for hormone‐refractory prostate cancer: results of a multicentre, randomized phase II trial
Authors: Caffo Orazio , Sava Teodoro , Comploj Evi , Fariello Annamaria , Zustovich Fable , Segati Romana , Sacco Cosimo , Valduga Francesco , Cetto Gianluigi , Galligioni Enzo
Published: May 2008

OBJECTIVE

To report the results of a randomized phase II trial of docetaxel with and without estramustine phosphate (EP) in patients with hormone‐refractory prostate cancer (HRPC).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Patients with progressive HRPC were randomized to receive docetaxel 70 mg/m2 on day 1 (arm A), or docetaxel 70 mg/m2 on day 2 plus oral EP three times daily, at a total daily dose of 840 mg, on days 1–5 (arm B). The primary objective of the trial was to evaluate the activity of the treatments in terms of the response in prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level.

RESULTS

Forty‐five of the 49 patients centrally randomized to arm A and 44 of the 46 in arm B were evaluable for activity. The PSA level decreased by ≥50% in 40% of the patients in arm A and in 75% of those in arm B. The median time to PSA progression was 20 weeks in arm A and 30 weeks in arm B. The patients in arm B had an improvement in pain over time.

CONCLUSION

These data support the existence of a possible advantage in combining docetaxel and EP, which should be verified in a specific randomized phase III study.
The prevalence of the G2019S and R1441C/G/H mutations in LRRK2 in German patients with Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Möller J. C. , Rissling I. , Mylius V. , Höft C. , Eggert K. M. , Oertel W. H
Published: May 2008

Background and purpose:  The prevalence of the heterozygous G2019S and R1441C/G/H mutations in LRRK2 in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) has shown a great variability depending on the sample population. Here we investigated the prevalence of these mutations in a large cohort of German PD patients (n = 1049).

Results:  We observed heterozygous G2019S mutations in five patients with apparently sporadic late‐onset PD (LOPD; n = 3) and young‐onset PD (YOPD) (one sporadic and one familial), respectively, resulting in an overall prevalence of 0.5%. No R1441C/G/H mutation was found in our sample.

Discussion:  In summary, the overall prevalence of the G2019S mutation in German PD patients is apparently somewhat lower than in patients from other nearby European countries. In contrast to previous reports, the G2019S mutation was also observed in apparently sporadic German LOPD patients.
Post‐stroke sexual functioning in first stroke patients
Authors: Tamam Y. , Tamam L. , Akil E. , Yasan A. , Tamam B.
Published: May 2008

Background and purpose:  Although physical problems after stroke have been well studied, there is little information on one of the crucial aspects of the quality of life of those patients, namely sexual functioning and satisfaction. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of stroke on sexual functioning in a stable cohort of Turkish stroke patients with mild or no disability and to assess the relationship between post‐stroke sexuality and a number of socio‐demographic, clinical and laboratory variables.

Methods:  The sexual functioning of 103 Turkish stroke patients with no disability or mild disability was assessed in two consecutive interviews along with clinical and sociodemographic features. NIH stroke, Glasgow coma, Barthel, and Rankin scales were also applied to assess neurologic status and disability.

Results:  Most of the patients were male (61%) and illiterate (70%). There was a significant difference between the baseline and post‐stroke frequency of sexual activity of the patients. The differences between baseline and post‐stroke vaginal lubrication, orgasms and satisfaction were all statistically significant. This latter difference was significant for both genders. Frequency of coitus both prior to and after the stroke was significantly different between males and females. Erection and ejaculation of the males was significantly affected by the stroke, and lubrication and orgasm was affected in the females. Interestingly, fear of recurrent stroke did not differ between genders.

Discussion and Conclusion:  Our study has shown that Turkish stroke survivors have sexual health needs during the rehabilitation process, though this has not been addressed previously. Sexual health needs seem to be affected by cultural factors and biases.
Intralesional immunotherapy with killed Mycobacterium w vaccine for the treatment of ano‐genital warts: an open label pilot study
Authors: Gupta S , Malhotra AK , Verma KK , Sharma VK
Published: May 2008

Background  Intralesional immunotherapy with skin test antigens and vaccines has been found to be effective in the management of genital and extragenital warts.

Objective  To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intralesional Mycobacterium w (Mw) vaccine monotherapy for the treatment of ano‐genital warts.

Patients and methods  Ten patients clinically diagnosed to have external ano‐genital warts, including three with giant ano‐genital warts (Buschke Löwenstein tumour), were included in this open‐label pilot study. Two patients were human immunodeficiency virus seropositive, and one was on iatrogenic immunosuppression for renal transplantation. Mw vaccine (0.1 mL) was initially injected intradermally in the deltoid region on both the sides, followed 2 weeks later by intradermal intralesional injection into the genital warts. Intralesional injections were repeated weekly until either complete clearance or a maximum of 10 injections was achieved.

Results  One patient was lost to follow‐up after the first intralesional injection. In 8 out of remaining 9 patients (88.9%), the genital warts cleared completely. In one patient with giant perianal wart, the lesion was reduced to less than 5% of its volume after 10 intralesional injections, which was later electrosurgically excised. The treatment was well tolerated by the majority of the patients. The adverse reactions were noted in four patients, which were reversible. No recurrence was seen after a mean follow‐up of 5.1 months.

Conclusion  Intralesional immunotherapy of ano‐genital warts with Mw vaccine seems to be a promising new approach, which needs to be evaluated in the randomized controlled trials.
Emerging roles for neogenin and its ligands in CNS development
Authors: De Vries Melissa , Cooper Helen M.
Published: May 2008

It is now well established that the netrin guidance cues and their receptors comprise a major molecular guidance system driving axon pathfinding during nervous system development. One netrin receptor, neogenin, is now emerging as a key regulator of many developmental processes throughout the embryo. Unexpectedly, a new family of neogenin ligands, the repulsive guidance molecule (RGM) family, has recently been identified. The functional outcome of neogenin activation is dictated by both the nature of the ligand as well as the developmental context. Netrin‐1–neogenin interactions mediate chemoattractive axon guidance, while RGMa–neogenin interactions repel axons. Neogenin is required for the establishment of the pseudostratified epithelium of the neural tube, probably by promoting cell adhesion. In addition, a role for RGMa and neogenin in neuronal differentiation has been demonstrated. While neogenin signaling cascades are poorly understood, the opposing responses of neogenin to RGMa and netrin‐1 in the context of axon guidance indicates that neogenin signaling is complex and subject to tight spatiotemporal regulation. In summary, neogenin is a multifunctional receptor regulating diverse developmental processes. Thus, its contribution to neural development is proving to be considerably more extensive than originally predicted.
The effect of guanylate cyclase inhibitors on non‐adrenergic and non‐cholinergic neurogenic relaxations of the South American opossum lower esophageal sphincter
Authors: Matsuda Nilce Mitiko , Lemos Moysés Costa , Feitosa Rui Libório
Published: May 2008

South American (SA) opossum lower esophageal sphincter (LES) circular smooth muscle relaxes by activation of enteric nerves elicited by EFS (electrical field stimulation, 0.5 ms, 48 V, 0.5–8 Hz for 10 s). The identity of the mediator released and the cellular mechanism, however, remain to be fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the enzyme soluble guanylate cyclase (cGC) inhibitors, cystamine (100 μm), methylene blue (30 μm), LY 83583 (6‐anilino‐5,8 quinoledione, 10 μm) and ODQ (H‐[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3]quinoxalin‐1‐one, 1 μm) on the relaxations induced by EFS and by exogenous NO (nitric oxide, 0.5 mm) or NO‐donors on SA opossum LES smooth muscle strips. EFS caused frequency‐dependent relaxations, which were inhibited by NO‐synthase inhibitors and abolished by tetrodotoxin. Cystamine did not affect relaxations caused by EFS and NO or NO‐donor. Methylene blue also failed to affect EFS‐caused relaxations, although it was capable of inhibiting relaxation induced by NO. LY 83583 inhibited relaxations induced by NO, but did not affect those induced by EFS or by SNAP and HXA. ODQ abolished relaxations caused by EFS at lower frequencies and by HXA (hydroxylamine, 10 μm) and SNAP (S‐nitroso‐N‐acetyl penicillamine, 10 μm). Relaxations at higher frequencies of EFS and induced by SNP (sodium nitroprusside, 30 μm) and NO were only reduced by ODQ. These findings indicate that activation of the cGC can be involved in relaxations induced by EFS at lower frequencies, but other mechanisms can be involved at higher frequencies of EFS and caused by SNP or NO.
Effect of succinic acid monoethyl ester on hemoglobin glycation and tail tendon collagen properties in type 2 diabetic rats
Authors: Saravanan Ramalingam , Pari Leelavinothan
Published: May 2008

Succinic acid monoethyl ester (EMS) was recently proposed as an insulinotropic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of EMS and metformin administration on tail collagen content and its characteristics in streptozotocin–nicotinamide‐induced type 2 diabetic rats. EMS was administered intraperitoneally for 30 days to normal and diabetic rats. In the diabetic rats, a significant increase in the levels of glucose, glycated hemoglobin, hydroxyproline, collagen content, extent glycation, fluorescence, neutral salt, acid and pepsin soluble collagen content was absorbed with a significant decrease in the level of insulin, hemoglobin in streptozotocin‐nicotinamide diabetic rats. Moreover, a daily administration of nonglucidic nutrient EMS and metformin significantly decreased the levels of glucose, glycated hemoglobin, hydroxyproline, collagen content, extent glycation, fluorescence, neutral salt, acid and pepsin soluble collagen content, whereas it increased insulin, hemoglobin levels in diabetic rats. The positive influence of nonglucidic nutrient on both collagen content and its properties suggests a potential mechanism for the ability of EMS to delay diabetic complications.
Bleeding risks of combination vs. single antiplatelet therapy: a meta‐analysis of 18 randomized trials comprising 129 314 patients
Authors: Serebruany Victor L. , Malinin Alex I. , Ferguson James J. , Vahabi Javad , Atar Dan , Hennekens Charles H.
Published: May 2008

A number of antiplatelet drugs, principally aspirin alone or in combination, have been evaluated in randomized trials of survivors of prior occlusive vascular disease events or of individuals at high risk because of multiple cardiovascular risk factors. In this meta‐analysis we compare single and dual antiplatelet regimens to quantitate the risks of bleeding. Data from randomized trials published in English in 1988–2006 were retrieved from MEDLINE, OVID, and CARDIOSOURCE. Inclusion criteria were clinical follow‐up for at least 1 month and the presence of data on bleeding complications. Information was compiled on sample size, antiplatelet agents tested, patient characteristics as well as major, minor, fatal and intracranial bleeding. Using these criteria, we identified 18 randomized trials, which included 129 314 patients. For each endpoint, relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Dual antiplatelet therapy is associated with a significantly increased risk of major (RR 1.47, CI = 1.36–1.60) and minor bleeding events (RR 1.56, CI = 1.47–1.66) compared to single agent therapy. Although based on small numbers, there were no significant differences in fatal (RR 1.10, CI = 0.87–1.40) or intracranial (RR 1.07, CI = 0.85–1.35) bleedings although the CIs are wide to make definite assessments. Patients treated with dual antiplatelet therapy have an approximately 40–50% increase in risks of major and minor bleeding compared to those receiving single agent therapy during the duration of the scrutinized trials. The magnitude of this excess risk is not so remote from the approximately 60% increase observed in trials comparing single antiplatelet agents to placebo. This excess risk should be considered when choosing the optimal antiplatelet strategy for long‐term treatment of patients with prior occlusive vascular events or those at high risk of developing occlusive vascular disease.
Epigallocatechin gallate improves serum lipid profile and erythrocyte and cardiac tissue antioxidant parameters in Wistar rats fed an atherogenic diet
Authors: Ramesh E. , Elanchezhian R. , Sakthivel M. , Jayakumar T. , Senthil Kumar R.S. , Geraldine P. , Thomas P.A.
Published: May 2008

Oxidative stress is believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of hypercholesterolaemic atherosclerosis; hence, various antioxidant compounds are being evaluated for potential anti‐atherogenic effects. The present study assessed the efficacy of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), an antioxidant component of the plant Camellia sinensis, in improving serum lipid profile and antioxidant parameters in erythrocytes and cardiac tissue in rats fed an atherogenic diet. In male albino Wistar rats fed an atherogenic diet for 30 days, significantly increased serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoprotein cholesterol fractions and cardiac risk ratio were noted, compared with levels in rats fed a normal diet. Intraperitoneal administration of EGCG (100 mg/kg) for 7 or 15 days to the atherogenic diet‐fed rats resulted in significantly lower serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low‐density and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol fractions and a significantly higher serum level of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with levels in atherogenic diet‐fed, saline‐treated rats. Significantly higher mean malondialdehyde levels and significantly lower mean activities of antioxidant enzymes and mean levels of non‐enzymatic antioxidants occurred in atherogenic diet‐fed rats compared with those fed a normal diet. When atherogenic diet‐fed rats received EGCG treatment for 7 or 15 days, significantly lower mean levels of MDA, higher mean levels of non‐enzymatic antioxidants and higher mean activities of enzymatic antioxidants occurred, compared with those in saline‐treated rats. Thus, EGCG appears to ameliorate disruptions of serum lipid profile and of antioxidant parameters in erythrocyte and cardiac tissue of Wistar rats fed an atherogenic diet; these results may be relevant to treating human atherosclerosis.
Dispensing of anxiolytics and hypnotics in southeastern France: demographic factors and determinants of geographic variations
Authors: Bocquier Aurélie , Bezzou Kamel , Nauleau Steve , Verger Pierre
Published: May 2008

We examined geographic variations in the dispensing of anxiolytics and hypnotics (AX‐HY) and their determinants at the canton level in southeastern France. Data were collected from the 2005 outpatient database of the Southeastern France General Health Insurance Fund, covering more than 70% of the population. We calculated the annual age‐adjusted prevalence rates of subjects filling prescriptions for AX‐HY at least once (to measure ‘overall use’) and at least six times (‘chronic use’), assessed geographic variations with the extremal quotient and weighted coefficient of variation, and conducted simple and multiple linear regression analysis to study their determinants. Prevalence rates of overall and chronic AX‐HY use were 15.5% and 5.9%, respectively, and varied significantly between cantons, by a factor of 3–4. The prevalence of mental illness and that of chronic illness were independently and positively associated with overall and chronic use; unemployment rates and mean family income were positively associated only with overall use. Density of general practitioners did not explain geographic variations. These results provide a basis for targeting interventions to reduce AX‐HY use and promoting appropriate discontinuation. Future studies should examine trends in those geographic variations.