bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic selection procedures for constrained inbreeding
and their consequences for pedigree development
Authors: GRUNDY B. , VILLANUEVA B. , WOOLLIAMS J. A.
Published: July 2002

A novel selection algorithm for maximizing genetic response while
constraining the rate of
inbreeding is presented. It is shown that the proposed method controls
the rate of inbreeding by
maintaining the sum of squared genetic contributions at a constant value
and represents an
improvement on previous procedures. To maintain a constant rate of inbreeding
the contributions
from all generations are weighted equally and this is facilitated by modifying
the numerator
relationship matrix. By considering the optimization of the contributions
of many generations the
initial mating proportions (the genetic contributions to the next generation)
are not equal to their
long-term values, but are set equal to the expected long-term contributions
given the current
information. This is confirmed by the regression of the long-term contributions
on the assigned
mating proportions being close to one. The gain obtained from the selection
algorithm is
compared with the maximum theoretical genetic gain under constrained inbreeding.
It is concluded
that this theoretical upper bound is in general unattainable, but from
this a concept of genetic
efficiency in terms of resources and constraints is derived.
A population genetic model for the evolution of
synonymous codon usage: patterns and predictions
Authors: McVEAN GILEAN A. T. , CHARLESWORTH BRIAN
Published: July 2002

Patterns of synonymous codon usage are determined by the forces of mutation, selection and drift.
We elaborate on previous population genetic models of codon usage to incorporate parameters of
population polymorphism, and demonstrate that the degree of codon bias expected in a single
sequence picked at random from the population is accurately predicted by previous models,
irrespective of population polymorphism. This new model is used to explore the relationships
between synonymous codon usage, nucleotide site diversity and the rate of substitution. We derive
the equilibrium frequency distribution of weakly selected segregating sites under the infinite-sites
model, and the expected nucleotide site diversity. Contrary to intuition, levels of silent-site
diversity can increase with the strength of selection acting on codon usage. We also predict the
effects of background selection on statistics of synonymous codon usage and derive simple
formulae to predict patterns of codon usage at amino acids with more than two synonymous
codons, and the effects of variation in selection coefficient between sites within a gene. We show
that patterns of silent-site variation and synonymous codon usage on the X chromosome and
autosomes in Drosophila are compatible with recessivity of the fitness effects of unpreferred
codons. Finally, we suggest that there still exist considerable discrepancies between current models
and data.
Kinematics of rock flow in a crustal-scale shear zone:
implication for the orogenic evolution of the southwestern
Hellenides
Authors: XYPOLIAS P. , DOUTSOS T.
Published: July 2002

Combined shear-sense criteria, finite-strain data and vorticity analyses were used to study
the deformation path in a curved crustal-scale shear zone (Phyllite–Quartzite Series) of the southwestern
Hellenides. The results are combined with data on the structural evolution of a cover nappe
(Pindos thrust belt) to provide new insights into the orogenic evolution of this region.

Ductile deformation within the Phyllite–Quartzite Series was associated with a top-to-the-west-southwest
shearing and was partitioned into two structural domains: a root zone and a frontal
domain. The root zone is characterized by vertical coaxial stretching, high strain and upward movement
of the material, while the frontal domain comprises simple-shear deformation at the base and
pure shear at the top. This pattern suggests superposition of pure shear on simple-shear deformation,
and implies tectonic extrusion of the material from the root zone.

The initiation of brittle deformation in the Pindos thrust belt was associated with westward translation
above the sub-horizontal Pindos Thrust. Later, as the mountain range elevated, normal faulting at
high altitudes and migration of thrusting to the west occurred, while east-directed folding and thrusting
in the belt started to the east.

According to the proposed model, crustal thickening was taking place throughout the Oligocene
and early Miocene, including the subduction of the Apulian beneath the Pelagonian microcontinent
and the intracontinental subduction of the Phyllite–Quartzite Series. During the lower Miocene,
vertical buoyancy forces led to the successive steepening of the shear zone and the simultaneous
duplexing of its basement, facilitating tectonic extrusion of the material from its root zone. Finally, an
indentation process caused vertical expulsion of the orogenic wedge and gravity collapse in the brittle
crust.
Lower Palaeozoic stratigraphy and palaeontology, Karadere–Zirze area, Pontus Mountains, northern Turkey
Authors: DEAN W. T. , MONOD O. , RICKARDS R. B. , DEMIR OSMAN , BULTYNCK P.
Published: July 2002

Lower Palaeozoic rocks in the Karadere-Zirze area, east of Safranbolu (Pontides, northern
Turkey), range from Early Ordovician to Silurian. Overlying the probably Tremadoc Bakacak
Formation are Aydos Formation quartzites, followed conformably by the Karadere Formation, dated
as Early Arenig to Early Llanvirn by means of graptolites which are assigned to seventeen genera
and include three new forms: Eoglyptograptus bouceki, Prolasiograptus haplus praecursor and
Undulograptus? mui. Late Arenig trilobites from the Karadere Formation include Bergamia,
Cyclopyge, Dionidella?, Leioshumardia and Seleneceme. In the Limestone Member of the overlying
Ketencikdere Formation, uncommon trilobites suggest only a mid- to late Ordovician age, but conodonts
with Colour Alteration Index 5–6 indicate the Amorphognathus tvaerensis Biozone (early
Caradoc). Macrofossils are rare in the Siltstone Member, but conodonts from the middle of the unit
suggest the highest subzone of the A. tvaerensis Biozone; the youngest visible strata are, on acritarch
evidence, at least as high as Caradoc, but the Ashgill is not confirmed and the contact with overlying
Silurian rocks is unexposed. The Findikli Formation comprises: a Lower Member, black argillites with
Llandovery graptolites and acritarchs; and an Upper Member, grey shales with late Wenlock graptolites,
overlain unconformably by Devonian rocks. The succession differs significantly from contemporaneous
deposits in southern Turkey and its affinities lie with western Europe, including the Welsh
Basin.
Biotic and geochemical response to anoxic events: the Aptian pelagic succession of the Gargano Promontory (southern Italy)
Authors: LUCIANI VALERIA , COBIANCHI MIRIAM , JENKYNS HUGH C.
Published: July 2002

Microfossil distribution patterns and high-resolution δ13C and δ18O curves, calibrated
against planktonic foraminiferal and calcareous nannofossil data, are provided for the Aptian pelagic
Coppitella section of the Gargano Promontory (southern Italy). The succession consists of cyclically
arranged couplets of bioturbated grey marlstones and off-white marly limestones, referable to the
Marne a Fucoidi. In the lower portion of the section, two thin black shales were recognized. The high-resolution
δ13C curve presented here correlates with those of other Alpine–Tethyan sections, albeit with
lower absolute values. The onset of deposition of organic-rich sediments falls at the top of the interval
of unchanging carbon-isotope values, whereas the upper black shale is documented from the interval of
the main Aptian positive δ13C excursion. According to our biostratigraphic data, the deposition of
organic matter in the Gargano Promontory persisted through Early/Late Aptian boundary time. Using
a chemostratigraphic definition, only the lower black shale is referred to the Selli Level. As far as the
biotic response is concerned, the onset of the ‘nannoconid crisis’ is recorded considerably below the
lower black shale, whereas the ‘Globigerinelloides eclipse’ is recorded below and within the upper
black shale. The distribution of meso-eutrophic indices (Zygodiscus spp., radiolaria) vs. moderate-fertility
indices (Rhagodiscus asper and Lithraphidites carniolensis) testifies to a modest increase of surface-water
fertility only throughout the stratigraphically higher black shale. The occurrence of a benthic
foraminiferal fauna, albeit impoverished, in both the basal and upper black horizons clearly documents
dysaerobic rather than completely anoxic conditions on the sea floor. Relative sea-level rise at the time
of the Selli Event in the Gargano Promontory is documented by drowning and foundering of the
Apulia platform margin, situated adjacent to the basin in which the Marne a Fucoidi accumulated.
Structure of the North Indian continental margin in the

Ladakh–Zanskar Himalayas: implications for the timing of

obduction of the Spontang ophiolite, India–Asia collision and

deformation events in the Himalaya
Authors: SEARLE MIKE , CORFIELD RICHARD I. , STEPHENSON BEN , MCCARRON JOE
Published: July 2002

The collision of India and Asia can be defined as a process that
started

with the closing of the

Tethyan ocean that, during Mesozoic and early Tertiary times, separated
the

two continental plates.

Following initial contact of Indian and Asian continental crust, the Indian

plate continued its northward drift

into Asia, a process which continues to this day. In the Ladakh–Zanskar

Himalaya the youngest marine sediments,

both in the Indus suture zone and along the northern continental margin
of

India, are lowermost

Eocene Nummulitic limestones dated at ∼54 Ma. Along the north Indian

shelf margin, southwest-facing

folded Palaeocene–Lower Eocene shallow-marine limestones unconformably

overlie highly deformed

Mesozoic shelf carbonates and allochthonous Upper Cretaceous shales, indicating

an initial deformation

event during the latest Cretaceous–early Palaeocene, corresponding
with

the timing of obduction of the

Spontang ophiolite onto the Indian margin. It is suggested here that all

the ophiolites from Oman, along

western Pakistan (Bela, Muslim Bagh, Zhob and Waziristan) to the Spontang

and Amlang-la ophiolites in

the Himalaya were obducted during the late Cretaceous and earliest

Palaeocene, prior to the closing of Tethys.

The major phase of crustal shortening followed the India–Asia
collision

producing spectacular folds and

thrusts across the Zanskar range. A new structural profile across the Indian

continental margin along the

Zanskar River gorge is presented here. Four main units are separated by
major

detachments including both

normal faults (e.g. Zanskar, Karsha Detachments), southwest-directed thrusts

reactivated as northeast-directed

normal faults (e.g. Zangla Detachment), breakback thrusts (e.g. Photoksar
Thrust)

and late Tertiary

backthrusts (e.g. Zanskar Backthrust). The normal faults place younger
rocks

onto older and separate two

units, both showing compressional tectonics, but have no net crustal extension

across them. Rather, they are

related to rapid exhumation of the structurally lower, middle and deep

crustal metamorphic rocks of the

High Himalaya along the footwall of the Zanskar Detachment. The backthrusting

affects the northern margin

of the Zanskar shelf and the entire Indus suture zone, including the

mid-Eocene–Miocene post-collisional

fluvial and lacustrine molasse sediments (Indus Group), and therefore must

be Pliocene–Pleistocene

in age. Minimum amounts of crustal shortening across the Indian continental

margin are 150–170 km

although extreme ductile folding makes any balancing exercise questionable.
Basement geology and Palaeozoic–Mesozoic mafic dykes from the

Cape Meredith Complex, Falkland Islands: a record of repeated

intracontinental extension
Authors: THISTLEWOOD L. , LEAT P. T. , MILLAR I. L. , STOREY B. C. , VAUGHAN A. P. M.
Published: July 2002

Mafic dykes (Groups A–D) intruded into Mesoproterozoic basement

amphibolites, gneisses, and

granitoids of the Cape Meredith Complex on the southern tip of West Falkland,

provide an important record

of at least three periods of lithospheric extension during Palaeozoic and

Jurassic times. Group A dykes are

calc-alkaline lamprophyres that were generated by partial melting of an

enriched subcontinental lithospheric

mantle in Cambro-Ordovician times. Group B dykes are Ordovician dolerites

derived from an

asthenospheric mantle source, perhaps during the same extensional episode
as

Group A dykes. Group C

dykes were also derived from an asthenospheric source and are possibly
of

Silurian age. The youngest,

Group D, dykes are part of the widespread Jurassic Gondwana province. This

group contains an oceanic

island basalt-like sample and an enriched sample similar to both Group
A

lamprophyres and to the Jurassic

Ferrar province in Antarctica. These correlations have interesting implications

for the composition and

evolution of mantle sources through time; the co-existence of Cambrian

lamprophyres and Jurassic Ferrar-type

magmas in the Cape Meredith Complex demonstrate for the first time that

the enriched lithospheric

mantle source postulated for the Ferrar magmas existed as far back

as Cambrian times.
Timing of magmatism, foreland basin development,

metamorphism and inversion in the Anglo-Brabant fold belt
Authors: VAN GROOTEL G. , VERNIERS J. , GEERKENS B. , LADURON D. , VERHAEREN M. , HERTOGEN J. , DE VOS W.
Published: July 2002

New data implying crustal activation of Eastern Avalonia along
the

Anglo-Brabant fold belt are

presented. Late Ordovician subduction-related magmatism in East Anglia
and

the Brabant Massif, coupled

with accelerated subsidence in the Anglia Basin and in the Brabant Massif

during Silurian time, indicate a

foreland basin development. Final collision resulted in folding, cleavage

development and thrusting during

the mid-Lochkovian to mid-Eifelian. In the southeast of the Anglo-Brabant
fold

belt, Acadian deformation

produced basin inversion and the regional antiformal structure of the Brabant

Massif. The uplift, inferred

from the sedimentology, petrography and reworked palynomorphs in the Lower

Devonian of the Dinant

Synclinorium is confirmed by illite crystallinity studies. The tectonic
model

discussed implies the presence

of two subduction zones in the eastern part of Eastern Avalonia, one along
the

Anglo-Brabant fold belt and

another under the North Sea in the prolongation of the North German–Polish

Caledonides.
Proterozoic and Cambrian successions in Upper Silesia:

an Avalonian terrane in southern Poland
Authors: MOCZYDŁOWSKA M.
Published: July 2002

All Cambrian series and several Cambrian biozones have been recognized

using acritarch

biochronology within the siliciclastic successions underlying Upper Silesia

in southern Poland. The entire

Cambrian succession is around 580 m thick and contains rare Lower

Cambrian trilobites of the Acado-Baltic

faunal province. Acritarch associations are taxonomically comparable to

those recorded in Baltica,

Laurentia and Gondwana, but their closest taxonomic affinity is with Iberia.

The Cambrian succession accumulated

in a shallow shelf environment and is almost flat-lying, unmetamorphosed,

uncleaved and in normal

stratigraphic order. It underlies paraconformably Lower Devonian deposits

and overlies unconformably

steeply dipping metasediments of undetermined Precambrian age. Tectonic

deformation and metamorphism

to greenschist grade in these Precambrian strata must have occurred in
the

Proterozoic, and are attributed to

the Cadomian orogeny because similar Cadomian basement complexes occur
in

the adjoining Brno Massif

and in the East Avalonian and Armorican terranes. Upper Silesia appears
to

be a stable crustal block bordered

by deep faults whose sedimentary cover has not been affected by tectonic

deformation other than

faulting. Based on the recognition of Cadomian age basement, the distribution

of trilobites and acritarchs

and the tectonostratigraphic relationships to adjacent areas, the Upper

Silesia terrane is interpreted to be a

distal segment of East Avalonia that in Cambrian times faced Iberia. An

extension of the Tornquist Suture

from the Intra-Sudetic Fault is seen in the Kraków-Myszków
Fault

Zone at the margin of Upper Silesia. The

Intra-Sudetic Fault zone and the Kraków-Myszków Fault Zone

contain Early Palaeozoic rocks deformed

during the Caledonian orogeny, and mark the boundary between the Caledonian

accretionary belt and areas unaffected by this orogeny.
The Sudetes as a Palaeozoic orogen in central Europe
Authors: ŻELAŹNIEWICZ A.
Published: July 2002

Two metasedimentary complexes are exposed in the Sudetes Mountains
of

Poland, Germany

and the Czech Republic. Succession I comprises pelites and greywackes of

Neoproterozoic–Cambrian age,

deformed and metamorphosed prior to intrusion by S-type porphyritic granites
at

515–480 Ma. Succession

II comprises a sandstone–mudstone–chert sequence and

turbidite sequence of Ordovician–early

Carboniferous age accompanied by bimodal volcanogenic rocks. Both

successions were intruded by late- to

post-orogenic granitoid intrusions at 340–300 Ma. The sedimentary

rocks of succession II show increasing

maturity until mid–late Devonian times. Inversion of the basins,

commencing in late Devonian–early

Carboniferous times, was reflected in the emplacement of turbidites

and olistostromes, concurrent with the

uplift of a metamorphic core complex of succession I rocks. The

original stratigraphic order of the successions

was maintained, thus crustal imbrication was not significant. Instead,

extensional faulting became

important, followed by transpression on almost orthogonal fault zones,

resulting in the presently observed

juxtaposition of crustal blocks. The Palaeozoic sequences developed in

mainly ensialic basins on Cadomian

and older basement, parts of which became strongly reworked (2.6 to 0.54
Ga

zircon inheritance ages) and

incorporated into the Palaeozoic structures. The orogen developed either
on the

rifted margin of peri-Gondwana

or on a rifted-away fragment of pre-Baltica. The Sudetic section of the

Variscan Orogen is of

broadly Alpine style, with significant basement involvement, but apparently

without evidence for long-lived

subduction of wide oceans or the accretion of numerous exotic terranes.
Age of the Grampian event: a Discussion of “New evidence that
the
Lower Cambrian Leny Limestone at Callander, Perthshire, belongs to the
Dalradian
Supergroup, and a reassessment of the ‘exotic’ status
of the Highland Border Complex”
Authors: Harris A. L. , Fettes D. J. , Soper N. J.
Published: July 2002

As a contribution to the current debate on the age of the Grampian

Orogeny in the Scottish Dalradian, we comment on the valuable
paper by Tanner (1995) that establishes stratigraphical
continuity between the ‘Dalradian’ Ben Ledi Formation and
the ‘Highland Border’ Keltie Water Formation that contains

the Lower Cambrian Leny Limestone (Cowie, Rushton &
Stubblefield, 1972, p. 17). Tanner's interpretation of the
stratigraphy differs in detail from that of Harris & Fettes
(1972). We unreservedly accept Tanner's mapping and the
stratigraphical changes that follow from it: there are two
units of black slate and limestone; that containing the fossiliferous
limestone of Leny Old Quarry is the younger.
Ductile transpression and localization of deformation along
tectonic boundaries in the Caledonides of northwestern Ireland
Authors: ALSOP G. I. , BRYSON R. , HUTTON D. H. W.
Published: July 2002

Orogenesis is increasingly interpreted in terms of strain focusing,

localization and partitioning
processes. Such heterogeneous deformation is considered a consequence
of the tectonic framework,
with pre-existing structural and stratigraphic variability providing inherent
zones of crustal
weakness. Detailed structural investigation of Neoproterozoic Dalradian
metasediments in the
Glencolumbkille region, northwest Ireland, enables patterns of reworking

and strain localization to be
assessed in terms of four overprinting ductile deformation episodes.
A well-defined and intricate
Dalradian stratigraphy provides readily distinguishable markers which
not only focus deformation
along marked rheological boundaries, but also aid in the definition
and identification of resultant
geometries. Overall structural and stratigraphic relationships show
that whilst D1 was not associated
with major structures, D2 is related to north–northeast

directed folding and ductile thrusting resulting
in a major phase of crustal thickening and almandine-amphibolite
facies metamorphism. Structures
generated during D2 deformation subsequently became the locus

of intense D3 strain and were reactivated
in an oblique sense associated with south or southwest
directed translations. Local overprinting
relationships clearly demonstrate S2 fabrics being transposed

by S3 resulting in a composite foliation
over large areas. Similarly, the L2 mineral lineation is
abruptly transposed by L3 over relatively small
distances indicating high D3 strain gradients and the
susceptibility of lineations to reworking. The
final stage of ductile deformation (D4) which was
increasingly localized and focused into earlier
(D2−D3) high strain zones, is marked by a
pronounced phase of sinistral transpression associated with
clockwise cleavage and minor fold transection of northwest
verging upright folds. Sinistral shear is
strongly partitioned in to the steep limbs of mesoscopic F4

folds. The detailed investigation of structures
generated within such multiply deformed and reworked zones provides evidence
of both the
kinematic and tectonic evolution of regional deformation systems.
Extensional Jurassic tectonism of an eastern Subbetic section
(southern Spain)
Authors: REY J.
Published: July 2002

The subsidence and stratigraphic evolution in an eastern section
of the Subbetic Zone
(External Zones of the Betic Cordilleras, Spain) during Jurassic and
early Cretaceous times have been
examined. The sediments have been deposited on a passive margin
undergoing rifting. The data indicate
that the activity was complex and spasmodic, with two distinct rift and
post-rift phases. The
beginning of the first syn-rift and post-rift phases are recorded
by two regional sedimentary breaks, in
the Late Carixian and in the Bathonian, respectively. The second
rift and post-rift phases began, with
less clearly defined limits, during the Oxfordian and at the
Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary, respectively.
Pollen and dinoflagellates from the Red Crag at
Walton-on-the-Naze, Essex: evidence for a mild climatic
phase during the early Late Pliocene of eastern England
Authors: HEAD MARTIN J.
Published: July 2002

Spot sampling of the Red Crag Formation at Walton-on-the-Naze,
Essex (= Walton Cray) has
revealed a diverse record of dinoflagellates, pollen, and other palynomorphs.
Pollen from a basal horizon
is dominated by Pinus, but also contains high values of Sciadopitys
and a small but diverse component of
deciduous mesothermal trees. Taxodium is more common at 2 m above
the base of the Red Crag and
may represent a different part of a climate cycle. A mild- to warm-temperate
climate is inferred for
the Walton assemblages and a correlation with the Reuverian B pollen substage
(Late Pliocene, 3.0 to
>2.6 Ma) is demonstrated, thereby constraining the timing of an important
marine transgression in
eastern England.

Dinoflagellates from the basal horizon and from 2 m above the base of
the Red Crag generally indicate
a restricted marine environment, but outer neritic to oceanic dinoflagellates
are occasionally present,
and imply the penetration of more saline North Atlantic water masses into
the southern North
Sea basin. Mild- to warm-temperate conditions are indicated by the presence
of several thermophilic
species. The Walton assemblages have strong similarities with those of
the mid-Pliocene Coralline
Crag Formation of eastern England, but differ in the presence of Bitectatodinium
tepikiense, which,
along with an apparently reduced species richness, gives evidence of cooler
conditions. A number of
thermophilic species at Walton are not reported from younger Pliocene deposits
in eastern England,
perhaps reflecting a less equable climate after Northern Hemisphere cooling
at 2.55 Ma.
The mode of emplacement of the Honningsvåg Intrusive Suite,

Magerøya, northern Norway
Authors: ROBINS BRIAN
Published: July 2002

The Honningsvåg Intrusive Suite consists of several layered

mafic/ultramafic intrusions and a
transgressive body of igneous breccia that appears to represent a magma

conduit. It is emplaced into a
Silurian, flysch-type sedimentary sequence that is thermally metamorphosed
to spotted slate,
cordierite–andalusite or pyroxene hornfels and agmatitic migmatite.

Folds and flattened reduction spots in
the hornfelses suggest that emplacement took place after Caledonian
deformation and development of a
slaty cleavage. Tectonic rotation subsequent to emplacement has led to

exposure of the Honningsvåg
Intrusive Suite in a natural cross-section corresponding to ∼10 km

of crustal depth. Basaltic magma was initially
emplaced as a several-kilometre-tall pipe that crystallized to form
Intrusion 1. A second magma chamber
was initiated alongside this pipe and subsequently expanded laterally
into a sill-like magma body as
batches of olivine-saturated basalt were added. A later magma chamber,

represented by Intrusion 4, developed
largely within the cumulates forming the upper part of Intrusion 2 and

appears to have been accompanied
by opening of a broad inclined feeder into which blocks and slabs of
older cumulates collapsed. The
resulting igneous breccias of Intrusion 3 are chaotic and largely
clast-dominated in the lower part of the conduit,
but enclosed slabs are matrix supported and orientated parallel to an
originally subhorizontal banding
in the feldspathic peridotite matrix in the upper part. The core of
the breccia body has a troctolite matrix and
contains blocks of older breccia, suggesting re-opening of the conduit,

either during the crystallization of
Intrusion 4 or possibly during the development of chambers represented

by the younger layered intrusions.
The cumulates in Intrusion 4 subsided sufficiently to invert marginal
parts of the Layered Series before a
further magma chamber was initiated in its roof rocks. The last major
magma chamber opened alongside
Intrusion 5 and extended upwards as a pipe or broad dyke to the highest

structural levels exposed. Cross-cutting
relationships show that the Honningsvåg magma chambers were not
active simultaneously but were
emplaced sequentially, generally at successively higher structural
levels. Olivine tholeiite magma initially
pooled in a crustal zone where it had neutral buoyancy. Subsequent
chambers are suggested to have been initiated
by emplacement of magma along the density discontinuities that existed
above
and around crystallized
intrusions and their associated hornfelses. Chambers evolved by
fractional crystallization, assimilation
of country rocks and periodic replenishment. The abandonment of magma
chambers may have resulted
from the expulsion of low-density residual melts.
The Leonian Stage (early Middle Cambrian): a unit for
Cambrian correlation in the Mediterranean subprovince
Authors: SDZUY K. , LIÑÁN E. , GOZALO R.
Published: July 2002

The Leonian (early Middle Cambrian) regional Stage of Iberia is
revised from a lithostratigraphic
and biostratigraphic point of view in order to propose it as a chronostratigraphic
unit for the
Mediterranean subprovince (outcrops in Spain, France, Italy, Germany, Morocco
and Turkey). This
revision now permits a correlation of the Leonian Stage with the other
early Middle Cambrian
regional Stages. For this correlation the first appearance datum (FAD)
of Eoparadoxides mureroensis,
Macannaia spp., Schistocephalus antiquus and Oryctocara
granulata are employed for the lower
boundary; while the FADs of Badulesia tenera, Ctenocephalus
(Hartella) spp., Parasolenopleura
aculeata and Triplagnostus gibbus are employed for the upper
boundary.
Large volume silicic volcanism along the proto-Pacific margin
of Gondwana: lithological and stratigraphical investigations
from the Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: RILEY TEAL R. , LEAT PHILIP T.
Published: July 2002

Jurassic magmatism in western Gondwana produced the most voluminous
episode of continental
volcanism in the Phanerozoic era. During the Early to Middle Jurassic,
some 2.5–3 million km3 of
dominantly basalt, and to a lesser extent rhyolite, were erupted onto a
supercontinent in the early
stages of break-up. The major silicic portion of the Gondwana magmatic
province is exposed in
Patagonian South America. The volcanic rocks of Patagonia have been collectively
termed the Chon-Aike
Province and constitute one of the world's most voluminous silicic
provinces. The volcanic rocks
are predominantly pyroclastic, dominated by ignimbrite units of rhyolite
composition. Volcanic rocks
crop out sporadically across much of the once contiguous Antarctic Peninsula,
and are considered to
form an extension of the Chon-Aike Province. A continuation of the province
to include the Antarctic
Peninsula would extend its strike length along the active Pacific margin
by c. 2000 km.

Volcanic rocks exposed along the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula,
defined here as the Mapple
Formation, are also dominated by rhyolitic ignimbrite flows, with individual
units up to 80 m in thickness,
and a total thickness of c. 1 km. The ignimbrites vary in degree
of welding, from high-grade
rheomorphic ignimbrites with parataxitic textures, to unwelded, lithic-rich
ignimbrites. Rhyolite lava
flows, air-fall horizons, debris flow deposits and epiclastic deposits
are volumetrically minor, occurring
as interbedded units within the ignimbrite succession.

The lithology and stratigraphy of the Jurassic volcanic rocks of the
Mapple Formation are presented,
and comparisons are made to the Chon-Aike Province. A consistent stratigraphy
of Permo-Triassic
metasedimentary rocks, unconformably overlain by terrestrial mudstone–siltstone
sequences,
which are in turn conformably overlain by largely silicic, subaerial volcanic
rocks, is present at several
localities along the Antarctic Peninsula, and at localities in the Chon-Aike
Province. Precise (zircon
U–Pb) Middle Jurassic ages exist for two volcanic formations from
the Antarctic Peninsula, and a
Middle–Lower Jurassic age has been suggested for the underlying sedimentary
formations based on
fossil flora analysis. The Antarctic Peninsula chronostratigraphy, coupled
with lithological similarities,
indicate a close relationship to those sequences of the Chon-Aike province.
Basement-controlled Neogene polyphase cover thrusting and
basin development along the Chianti Mountains ridge
(Northern Apennines, Italy)
Authors: BONINI MARCO
Published: July 2002

The Chianti Mountains is an important sector of an E-verging regional
thrust-related fold
(the so-called Tuscan Nappe) extending along the whole length of the Northern
Apennines. This
thrust system involves the Tuscan Sequence superposing the Macigno sandstones
onto Cervarola-Falterona
sandstones, both of which are sedimented in adjacent foredeep basins. Detailed
field
mapping and analysis of superposition relations among tectonic structures,
as well as correlation
between structures and syntectonic deposition, has allowed Chianti Mountain
evolution to be interpreted
in terms of three main stages of deformation.

The D1 stage resulted in the NE-directed synsedimentary thrusting
of the Macigno onto the
Cervarola-Falterona sandstones, while large NE to ENE-vergent thrust-related
folds developed during
the two successive deformation stages (D2 and D3).
Fault-propagation folds developed during the D2
stage, and were affected by the Main Chianti Mountains Thrust (MCMT) during
the successive D3
stage. In particular, the D3 stage has been correlated to the
development, during the Pliocene period, of
the hinterland Upper Valdarno Basin, which was previously considered to
be an extensional basin. In
fact, this continental basin formed along the eastern margin of the Chianti
Mountains, ahead of the
MCMT that also produced a shortening of the basin fill. With the beginning
of the Quaternary
period, the tectonic regime switched to extensional, as manifested by the
development of a normal
fault system on the opposite basin margin.

The data presented here allow us to infer that the Chianti Mountains
thrust system (D2 and D3)
developed during a time interval spanning from the Late Miocene (∼12
Ma) until the Late Pliocene
(∼2 Ma) periods. In the Northern Apennines, polyphase thrusting recorded
by cover rocks has been
related to the activity of basement thrusts, which have been recently evidenced
by geophysical data. In
this context, the two latest stages of deformation recognised in the Chianti
Mountains have been
attributed to the activity of the Abetone–Cetona crustal thrust,
the deformational effects of which
propagated forward in the sedimentary cover.
Relations between Ricci curvature and shape operator for submanifolds with arbitrary codimensions
Authors: CHEN BANG-YEN
Published: July 2002

First we define the notion of k-Ricci curvature of a Riemannian n-manifold. Then we establish sharp relations between the k-Ricci curvature and the shape operator and also between the k-Ricci curvature and the squared mean curvature for a submanifold in a Riemannian space form with arbitrary codimension. Several applications of such relationships are also presented.
URBAN CULTURE AND COURT CULTURE IN

THE EUROPEAN PAST
Authors: DIXON C. SCOTT
Published: July 2002

Flesh and stone. The body and the city in western civilization.

By Richard Sennett. London:

Faber & Faber, 1994. Pp. 431. ISBN 0-571-17390-X. £25.00

Renaissance warrior and patron. The reign of Francis I.

By R. J. Knecht. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1994. Pp. xxv+612. ISBN 0-521-41796-1. £45.00.

The early modern city 1450–1750. By Christopher R.

Friedrichs. London: Longman, 1995.

Pp. ix+381. ISBN 0-582-01321-6. £14.99.

The court artist. On the ancestry of the modern artist.

By Martin Warnke. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1993. Pp. xx+299. ISBN 0-521-36375-6. £35.00.

Renaissance and revolution. Humanists, scholars, craftsmen &

natural philosophers in early modern

Europe. Edited by J. V. Field and Frank A. J. L. James. Cambridge:
Cambridge

University Press, 1994. Pp. xv+291. ISBN 0-521-43427-0. £37.50.
THE IDEOLOGY OF CHARITY, THE IMAGE OF THE ENGLISH POOR LAW,

AND DEBATES OVER THE RIGHT TO ASSISTANCE IN FRANCE, 1830–1905
Authors: SMITH TIMOTHY B.
Published: July 2002

In France during the period 1830–1905, the very boundaries

of the debate on the social

question were dictated by a foreign example, the English Poor Law.

French fears of national public

assistance programmes were grounded in a widespread disdain for the Poor

Law. In this article I

examine many of the major French works on charity and assistance written

between the 1830s and

1900s and the debates surrounding reform proposals. I argue that the opponents

of compulsory, tax-financed public assistance created a negative image
of

the English Poor Law in order to discredit

attempts to introduce, first, the ‘right to assistance’ in

1848–1851, and later, bills providing for free

medical assistance for the poor and aid to the elderly indigent in the

1890s and 1900s. I conclude with

a discussion of how the proponents of mandatory, national assistance

programmes defeated a carefully

orchestrated and misleading public relations campaign led by some of the

opponents of social welfare during the 1890s and 1900s.
SMALL LANDOWNERS AND LAND DISTRIBUTION IN IRAN, 1962–71
Authors: Majd Mohammad Gholi
Published: July 2002

During the Cold War years following World War II, the U.S. government and international agencies such as the World Bank and FAO strongly advocated and pushed for land reform (distribution) in countries under U.S. influence. Examples of American-sponsored land reforms included the land-distribution programs in Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, South Vietnam, Iran, the Philippines, and El Salvador. Land reform in practice consisted of giving the ownership of land to the cultivating tenants and sharecroppers. By giving land to the tenants, it was believed that a communist revolution or takeover could be avoided. The modern theoretical basis for land reform can be found in the writings of such Marxist scholars as Alain de Janvry, the non-Marxist writers Albert Berry and William Cline, and the World Bank economists Hans Binswanger and Miranda Elgins.1 Marxist writers had stressed the political aspects of “anti-feudal” reforms. Such reforms were said to promote political stability as well as strengthen capitalism. How the abrogation of private-property rights was supposed to “strengthen” capitalism was not really explained. Non-Marxist writers concentrated on increased efficiency and increased output that was expected from land redistribution. Berry and Cline showed that in labor-surplus underdeveloped dual economies with a bi-modal farm structure (where large commercial and small subsistence farms existed side by side), a land reform that redistributed land from large farms to small farms increased agricultural production and rural welfare, and brought about economic growth and development. In addition, land reform was seen to result in greater social equity (taking land from wealthy landowners and giving it to poor farmers). It was an article of faith among the proponents of land reform that “the hated class of absentee landlords” did not fulfill any useful socio-economic function, at least none that could not be performed equally well by some government agency. They also believed that sharecropping and tenancy did not fulfill any useful social and economic functions. It was implicitly assumed in the theoretical writings that the rights of a small number of individuals were to be sacrificed for the benefit of the many. In none of the theoretical literature was the possibility of expropriating a large number of individuals advocated or even considered.
Migration and Opportunity: An Antipodean Perspective
Authors: Haines Robin , Kleinig Margrette , Oxley Deborah , Richards Eric
Published: July 2002

Australian data can reflect on British questions, about the quality of immigrant labour, and the opportunities gained by migrating, in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Three case studies are presented. The first uses quantitative methods and convict transportation records to argue that Ireland suffered a “brain drain” when Britain industrialized, siphoning off the cream of its workers to England and some, eventually, to Australia. Drawing on an entirely different type of data, the second study reaches strikingly similar positive conclusions about the qualities of Australia's early assisted immigrants: three splendidly visible immigrants stand for the tens of thousands of people who sailed out of urban and rural Britain to the distant colonies. A no less optimistic view of Australia's immigrants half a century later is demonstrated in the third case study on female domestic servants. Often referred to as the submerged stratum of the workforce, the most oppressed and the least skilled, the label “domestic servant” obscured a wide range of internal distinctions of rank and experience, and too often simply homogenized them into a sump of “surplus women”. This study helps to rescue the immigrant women from this fate and invests them with individuality and volition, offering the vision of the intercontinentally peripatetic domestic, piloting her way about the globe, taking advantage of colonial labour shortages to maximize her mobility and her family strategies. Best of all, these migrants emerge as individuals out of the mass, faces with names, people with agenda.
Efficiency of alpha-lattice designs in international variety yield

trials of barley and wheat
Authors: YAU S. K.
Published: July 2002

Use of an alpha-lattice design in 714 international yield

trials of barley, durum wheat and bread wheat in 1990/91 to

1992/93 resulted in an average efficiency 18% higher than the

randomized complete block design when average variance was used as

the comparison criterion. Alpha-lattice was generally most efficient

when the C.V.s of the trials were high. It was also slightly

more efficient for low-yielding than for high-yielding trials, and

for rainfed than for irrigated trials. Since the changeover to

alpha-lattice designs requires no new major input or changes in

present field layout, its use for international trials is

recommended.
Influence of duodenal infusion of betaine or choline on
blood metabolites and duodenal electrical activity in
Friesian calves
Authors: PUCHAŁA R. , ZABIELSKI R. , LEŚNIEWSKA V. , GRALAK M. , KIELA P. , BAREJ W.
Published: July 2002

Four, 4-week old Friesian calves (BW=50±3 kg), fitted with
duodenal, portal and jugular catheters
and duodenal electrodes, were used to study the metabolism of duodenally
infused betaine (Bet) or
choline (Chol) and their effects on blood sulphur amino acids and duodenal
myoelectrical migrating
complexes (MMC). Animals were fed milk replacer at 5% BW twice daily, but
were starved overnight
prior to the experimental procedure. Animals received a saline infusion
for 2 h at 1 ml/min followed
by a 1 h infusion of 1·2 or 3·6 mmol of either Bet or Chol.
Infusion of saline was continued for another
2 h after the cessation of the amino acid infusion. Duodenal MMC were measured
with a computer-based
data acquisition system (MacLab, ADI, Australia). There were no differences
in measured
blood metabolites between the jugular and portal vein; therefore, only
average values were presented.
Plasma Met concentrations increased from 20 μm, 20 min after
initiating Bet infusion, whereas a
lower dose of Chol decreased plasma Met and a higher one had no effect.
The highest plasma
methionine (Met) concentration (29 μm) occurred 45 min after
the onset of the Bet infusion (1·2
mmol). Compared to the 3·6 mmol Bet infusion, the intraduodenal
infusion of 1·2 mmol of Bet
resulted in a greater area (P<0·001) under the plasma
Met concentration curve (281·6 v. 73·3 mmol).
A similar pattern was observed for plasma cystine concentrations. Infusion
of Bet or Chol did not
change the duration of MMC but Bet increased the number of spikes during
the phase of low spiking
activity (37·5 v. 14·6 pre-infusion, spikes/min;
P<0·01). Chol had the same effect but only after the

infusion ceased (29·3 v. 11·5 spikes/min; P<0·01).
The velocity of migration of regular spiking
activity (RSA; related to digesta transport) increased as a result of infusion
(16·4 pre-infusion v. 31·3
Bet, 25·2 Chol cm/min; P<0·01). Chol caused
an immediate increase in the velocity of migration of
RSA, whereas with the Bet infusion an increase was observed after cessation
of infusion. Increased
concentrations of sulphur amino acids during Bet infusion could indicate
that labile methyl groups
may be limited in calves. Postruminal Bet and Chol supplementation may
cause a decrease in nutrient
absorption in the small intestine by increasing digesta transport.
The combination of the n-alkanes and 13C techniques
to estimate individual dry matter intakes of herbage
and maize silage by grazing dairy cows
Authors: GARCÍA S. C. , HOLMES C. W. , HODGSON J. , MACDONALD A.
Published: July 2002

Two studies were conducted at Massey University in 1998. Expt 1 investigated the combined use
of n-alkanes and 13C techniques for the estimation of individual proportions and total intakes of
herbage (H) and maize silage (MS) by dairy cows. Expt 2 measured the variation in the amount of
MS consumed by individual cows fed as a group. In Expt 1, six dry Holstein–Friesian cows were kept
indoors and fed a diet containing one of the following H[ratio ]MS ratios (dry matter basis)[ratio ]100[ratio ]0, 80[ratio ]20,
60[ratio ]40, 40[ratio ]60, 20[ratio ]80 or 10[ratio ]90 for 25 days. Cows were dosed with a slow-release capsule containing
8 g of dotriacontane (C32) and 8 g of hexatriacontane (C36). Intake estimates were based on individual
faecal samples collected twice daily during two 5-day periods. In Expt 2 (grazing trial), 12 early-lactation cows were selected from a commercial herd of 48 autumn-calving cows and blocked into
pairs according to milk yield, lactation length and lactation number in a complete block randomized
design. Within each pair, cows were randomly assigned to two treatments: supplemented, S (4 kg MS
DM per cow after the morning milking in feed troughs) or not supplemented, NS. Another eight cows
were randomly selected from the rest of the herd to increase the number of individual estimations of
H and MS intakes. Cows grazed perennial ryegrass-white clover pasture during the rest of the day.
In Expt 1, H[ratio ]MS ratios were not accurately predicted by the odd-chained n-alkanes, but there was
a strong linear relationship between the concentration of 13C in faeces and actual H: MS ratios in
the diet. The 13C method was therefore combined with the n-alkanes, resulting in accurate
estimations of H and MS intakes. In Expt 2, a large variation was observed among individual cows
in their daily intakes of MS (range 0·94 to 5·09 kg DM per cow, coefficient of variation = 36%), but
this variation in MS intake was not associated with milk yield (P > 0·05). The results indicate that
the n-alkane and 13C techniques can be successfully combined to estimate the intake of MS and H
of grazing cows supplemented as a group. Under the conditions of the present study, individual cows
differ considerably in the amount of maize silage consumed per day, although the reasons for this are
not clear.
Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation during pod wall
development of white lupin genotypes differing in
proportion of pod walls
Authors: LAGUNES-ESPINOZA L. C. , HUYGHE C. , PAPINEAU J. , SHIELD I.
Published: July 2002

Pods of white lupin are characterized by a high proportion of pod walls in the pod mass at maturity.
Genotypic variation in pod wall thickness at maturity and in proportion of pod walls has been
described in this species. The objective of this study was to describe the pod and seed development
in two ecotypes and one cultivar of spring-sown white lupin differing in proportion of pod walls, and
to estimate the precise stage of development when the differences in pod wall dry matter among
genotypes are first observed. The nitrogen content was also determined during the pod development
of three genotypes. LA356, E084 and Lublanc were grown in the field in the UK and France in 1998
and 1999. The duration of pod and seed development was similar among genotypes and environmental
conditions. Proportion of pod walls by dry weight at maturity were 0·21–0·23 for LA356, 0·27–0·28
for E084 and 0·30 for Lublanc. The ecotype with the lowest proportion of pod walls accumulated less
dry matter in the pod walls than those with the highest proportion.

Variation in pod wall dry matter per seed between genotypes was observed early during the pod
development (300°C days from flowering) and it was maintained during all pod development. No
significant differences were observed for the total nitrogen content at maturity among genotypes with
high and low proportion of pod walls.
Winning the Peace: American Planning for a Profitable Post-War World
Authors: J. VISER VICTOR
Published: July 2002

Shortly after the end of World War II, on 11 December 1945, James Webb
Young, Chairman of the Advertising Council and Director of the J.
Walter Thompson Company, spoke to the annual meeting of the
American Association of Advertising Agencies at the Continental Hotel
in Chicago. The title of his speech was, “What Advertising Learned From
the War,” and in it Young talked about an immediate post-war period
that was, by most accounts, an exuberant time for an America flushed by
a victory that finally marked it as a true global power. The American
government proclaimed it, the American people believed it, and American
business stood ready to sell it through an advertising industry that itself
had come of age during, and because of, the war.