bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women's Participation in Tackle Football
Authors: Migliaccio Todd A. , Berg Ellen C.
Published: February 2008

The number of female athletes undertaking male-dominated sports, including Tackle Football, continues to grow. This article uses a physical feminist perspective to explore the potential empowerment that women may experience playing football. Through face-to-face interviews with 31 players from two women's professional football teams in the Northern California area, we identified women's perceived benefits of participation, as well as the constraints they encounter. These women must overcome a variety of obstacles in their pursuit of playing, but gain benefits through football that they feel few other sports provide. Themes emerged related to the benefits of working as a team, and meeting diverse teammates. Also, consistent with a physical feminist perspective, women enjoy the opportunity to be physical, and to use their bodies and minds in a new way. The constraints that women encounter are similar to women's experiences in other traditionally male-dominated activities and include injuries, lack of time and money, pressures from family responsibilities, and negative reactions from people outside of the sport.
Globalized Fitness in the Norwegian Context
Authors: Steen-Johnsen Kari
Published: February 2008

This article analyses the corporatization of a national sports culture, Norwegian keep-fit exercise, by commercial fitness organizations. The introduction of commercial fitness in Norway from the 1980s is examined based on advertisements from the major Norwegian commercial fitness chains, media texts and qualitative interviews with commercial fitness entrepreneurs. The neo-institutional concept of translation is used to identify how this new, global fitness culture was transformed by commercial chains to fit the Norwegian context, by drawing on ideas and values within traditional Norwegian keep-fit exercise. The conditions determining actors' possibilities for performing such a translation successfully are then discussed. In addition to adequate financial and administrative resources, the ability of actors to understand and interact with different societal sectors is pointed out as crucial to their ability to translate global, commercial concepts into local contexts. The article contributes to the existing literature on global corporatization processes of sport by using a case taken from keep-fit exercise and not from competitive and elite sport. The case involves other sets of institutions and actors, and sheds light on how aspects of sport that are not related to performance may still be used to constitute globalized sporting cultures.
Revisiting the `Physical Activity, Sexual Health, Teenage Identity Construction Nexus'
Authors: Pike Elizabeth C.J.
Published: February 2008

Teenage sexual activity and pregnancy are aspects of a perceived health crisis among youth in the United Kingdom. One suggested `solution' to this `problem' is grounded in a belief that participation in sport may delay sexual activity and reduce teenage pregnancies. This study examines the validity of this specific proposal, and the surrounding rhetoric of risk, which justify increased surveillance of young people and may have implications for their emergent adult identity. The article suggests that there is a lack of convincing evidence for a clear relationship between sport and sexual activity, and questions the social construction of `youth' which frames these recommendations.
Tackling a Problematic Behavior Management Issue
Authors: Crothers Laura M. , Kolbert Jered B.
Published: February 2008

In coping with and addressing a common child behavioral problem, classroom teachers may benefit from viewing bullying as a behavior management issue in the educational setting. The authors offer eight suggestions that specifically address childhood bullying problems in the classroom. Teachers can add these to their toolkit of behavior management strategies.
Developing Effective Behavior Intervention Plans
Authors: Killu Kim
Published: February 2008

With federal mandates to develop and implement programs for students with disabilities who have behavior problems that impede their educational performance, school personnel are faced with increasing responsibility for developing individualized interventions. Developing interventions that appropriately, effectively, and efficiently address the relationship between learning and behavior problems is a complex task that requires a host of essential elements and procedures. For intervention team members who lead and design the functional behavior assessment and behavior intervention plans, specific issues to consider in developing and monitoring these plans are discussed.
Scientific Application Performance On Leading Scalar and Vector Supercomputering Platforms
Authors: Oliker Leonid , Canning Andrew , Carter Jonathan , Shalf John , Ethier Stéphane
Published: February 2008

The last decade has witnessed a rapid proliferation of superscalar cache-based microprocessors to build high-end computing (HEC) platforms, primarily because of their generality, scalability, and cost effectiveness. However, the growing gap between sustained and peak performance for full-scale scientific applications on conventional supercomputers has become a major concern in high performance computing, requiring significantly larger systems and application scalability than implied by peak performance in order to achieve desired performance. The latest generation of custom-built parallel vector systems have the potential to address this issue for numerical algorithms with sufficient regularity in their computational structure. In this work we explore applications drawn from four areas: magnetic fusion (GTC), plasma physics (LB-MHD-3D), astrophysics (Cactus), and material science (PARATEC). We compare performance of the vector-based Cray X1, X1E, Earth Simulator, NEC SX-8, with performance of three leading commodity-based super-scalar platforms utilizing the IBM Power3, Intel Itanium2, and AMD Opteron processors. Our work makes several significant contributions: a new data-decomposition scheme for GTC that (for the first time) enables a breakthrough of the teraflop barrier; the introduction of a new three-dimensional lattice Boltzmann magneto-hydrodynamic implementation used to study the onset evolution of plasma turbulence that achieves over 26 Tflop/s on 4800 ES processors; the highest per processor performance (by far) achieved by the full-production version of the Cactus ADM-BSSN; and the largest PARATEC cell size atomistic simulation to date. Overall, results show that the vector architectures attain unprecedented aggregate performance across our application suite, demonstrating the tremendous potential of modern parallel vector systems.
An Evaluation of Marenostrum Performance
Authors: Rodriguez German , Badia Rosa M. , Labarta Jesus
Published: February 2008

The MareNostrum is a large PowerPC cluster installed at the Barcelona Supercomputing Center and was ranked fourth in the November 2005 Top500 list. This article presents an evaluation of the MareNostrum from the individual components to the final performance delivered for real applications. Beyond just reporting the achieved performance metrics, the paper aims to develop models of the machine and applications. The results of microbenchmarks and parameter fits based on simulations with Dimemas are used to generate the models. Such characterizations prove very useful to properly predict and understand the observed behavior and extrapolate expectations.
De Novo Ultrascale Atomistic Simulations On High-End Parallel Supercomputers
Authors: Nakano Aiichiro , Kalia Rajiv K. , Nomura Ken-ichi , Sharma Ashish , Vashishta Priya , Shimojo Fuyuki , C. T. van Duin Adri , Goddard William A. , Biswas Rupak , Srivastava Deepak , Yang Lin H.
Published: February 2008

We present a de novo hierarchical simulation framework for first-principles based predictive simulations of materials and their validation on high-end parallel supercomputers and geographically distributed clusters. In this framework, high-end chemically reactive and non-reactive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations explore a wide solution space to discover microscopic mechanisms that govern macroscopic material properties, into which highly accurate quantum mechanical (QM) simulations are embedded to validate the discovered mechanisms and quantify the uncertainty of the solution. The framework includes an embedded divide-and-conquer (EDC) algorithmic framework for the design of linear-scaling simulation algorithms with minimal bandwidth complexity and tight error control. The EDC framework also enables adaptive hierarchical simulation with automated model transitioning assisted by graph-based event tracking. A tunable hierarchical cellular decomposition parallelization framework then maps the O( N) EDC algorithms onto petaflops computers, while achieving performance tunability through a hierarchy of parameterized cell data/ computation structures, as well as its implementation using hybrid grid remote procedure call + message passing + threads programming. High-end computing platforms such as IBM BlueGene/L, SGI Altix 3000 and the NSF TeraGrid provide an excellent test grounds for the framework. On these platforms, we have achieved unprecedented scales of quantum-mechanically accurate and well validated, chemically reactive atomistic simulations—1.06 billion-atom fast reactive force-field MD and 11.8 million-atom (1.04 trillion grid points) quantum-mechanical MD in the framework of the EDC density functional theory on adaptive multigrids— in addition to 134 billion-atom non-reactive space—time multiresolution MD, with the parallel efficiency as high as 0.998 on 65,536 dual-processor BlueGene/L nodes. We have also achieved an automated execution of hierarchical QM/MD simulation on a grid consisting of 6 supercomputer centers in the US and Japan (in total of 150,000 processor hours), in which the number of processors change dynamically on demand and resources are allocated and migrated dynamically in response to faults. Furthermore, performance portability has been demonstrated on a wide range of platforms such as BlueGene/L, Altix 3000, and AMD Opteron-based Linux clusters.
BlueGene/L applications: Parallelism On a Massive Scale
Authors: de Supinski Bronis R. , Schulz Martin , Bulatov Vasily V. , Cabot William , Chan Bor , Cook Andrew W. , Draeger Erik W. , Glosli James N. , Greenough Jeffrey A. , Henderson Keith , Kubota Alison , Louis Steve , Miller Brian J. , Patel Mehul V. , Spelce Thomas E. , Streitz Frederick H. , Williams Peter L. , Yates Robert K. , Yoo Andy , Almasi George , Bhanot Gyan , Gara Alan , Gunnels John A. , Gupta Manish , Moreira Jose , Sexton James , Walkup Bob , Archer Charles , Gygi Francois , Germann Timothy C. , Kadau Kai , Lomdahl Peter S. , Rendleman Charles , Welcome Michael L. , McLendon William , Hendrickson Bruce , Franchetti Franz , Kral Stefan , Lorenz Jürgen , Überhuber Christoph W. , Chow Edmond , Çatalyürek Ümit
Published: February 2008

BlueGene/L (BG/L), developed through a partnership between IBM and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), is currently the world's largest system both in terms of scale, with 131,072 processors, and absolute performance, with a peak rate of 367 Tflop/s. BG/L has led the last four Top500 lists with a Linpack rate of 280.6 Tflop/s for the full machine installed at LLNL and is expected to remain the fastest computer in the next few editions. However, the real value of a machine such as BG/L derives from the scientific breakthroughs that real applications can produce by successfully using its unprecedented scale and computational power. In this paper, we describe our experiences with eight large scale applications on BG/ L from several application domains, ranging from molecular dynamics to dislocation dynamics and turbulence simulations to searches in semantic graphs. We also discuss the challenges we faced when scaling these codes and present several successful optimization techniques. All applications show excellent scaling behavior, even at very large processor counts, with one code even achieving a sustained performance of more than 100 Tflop/s, clearly demonstrating the real success of the BG/L design.
The Sexual Abuse of Boys in Organized Male Sports
Authors: Hartill Mike
Published: February 2008

Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is now a significant issue for organized sports. Since its “discovery” thirty years ago, research on CSA has been guided mostly by the “maleperpetrator—female victim” paradigm; hence, the perspective of the sexually abused male in the sports context has rarely been considered. This article considers organized male-sports as a social space that facilitates the sexual abuse of boys. Through promoting a sociological perspective on child abuse rather than an individualized and pathologized approach, I consider how the institutions of childhood, masculinity, and sports fit together and the contribution that sports make to the adult—child relation. I use Spiegel’s ecosystems model of the sexually abused male (SAM) and the sociology of sports literature to identify how some normative features of male sports contribute to the sexual abuse of male children.
Party Polarization and Citizens' Left—Right Orientations
Authors: Freire André
Published: February 2008

The article investigates the differences among West European countries in terms of the degree to which individuals' left—right self-placement is anchored in social, value and partisan factors. The study shows that clarity of party alternatives is much more important than political socialization in structuring citizens' left—right attitudes, i.e. the greater the clarity of party alternatives, the more structured the left—right orientations of citizens. As a first step in the investigation, the article seeks to show that the relative weights of social factors in explaining individual left—right self-placement, vis-à-vis values and partisan loyalties, are important, contrary to the poor results of previous studies.
Recognition Rules, Party Labels and the Number of Parties in India
Authors: Nikolenyi Csaba
Published: February 2008

This Research Note offers an alternative explanation for the variation over time in the number of parties in India's national party system. It is argued that the actual number of parties has changed in direct response to the incentives provided by the official rules and regulations on party recognition. In turn, the raw number of parties has shaped the effective number of parties positively: the more parties enter the electoral race the weaker the reductive impact of the plurality electoral system, which leads to an increase in the effective number of parties.
WHICH QUESTIONNAIRE IS BEST? THE RELIABILITY, VALIDITY AND EASE OF USE OF THE PATIENT EVALUATION MEASURE, THE DISABILITIES OF THE ARM, SHOULDER AND HAND AND THE MICHIGAN HAND OUTCOME MEASURE
Authors: DIAS J. J. , RAJAN R. A. , THOMPSON J. R.
Published: February 2008

The Patient Evaluation Measure (PEM), The Michigan Hand Outcome Questionnaire (MHQ) and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score were assessed independent of their originators for reliability, construct and criterion validity and acceptability, using an ease of use questionnaire. These were administered in random order to 100 patients with different hand and wrist disorders and with different impairments of movement, pain, sensation and strength. The internal consistency of all three questionnaires was very high suggesting redundancy in the questions. All questionnaires were reproducible and valid for finger and wrist disorders, but less for nerve disorders. All had poor construct validity. The PEM was the easiest to understand and complete, taking the least time. Correlation between the scales is high and conversion equations were calculated. All three are reliable and reproducible patient completed questionnaires, but the PEM is the easiest to use. The validity of all is suspected for nerve disorders.
PRIMARY BONE GRAFTING WITH PEDICLED FLAP COVER FOR DORSAL COMBINED INJURIES OF THE DIGITS
Authors: SABAPATHY S. R. , VENKATRAMANI H. , GIESEN T. , ULLAH A. S.
Published: February 2008

Twenty digits in 15 patients with dorsal combined tissue loss were treated by radical debridement, primary non-vascularised iliac crest bone graft and immediate lower abdominal flap cover between 1996 and 2006. The average length of the bone grafts was 3.3 (range 2.5–5) cm. No extensor tendon reconstruction was carried out. The flaps were divided at 3 weeks without delay. Permissible thinning of the flap was done at the time of division of flaps. No secondary procedure was done. All patients were retrospectively reviewed and X-rays obtained. Radiological union was achieved in 18 of 20 digits. One bone graft was removed because of infection. One bridging bone graft united with the distal phalanx but had a painless non-union with the proximal phalanx. There were no flap complications. Bone graft length resorptions of 20% and 15% occurred in two terminal bone grafts. We recommend this protocol as a solution to this challenging problem.
EARLY EXPERIENCE WITH THE TRIMED FRAGMENT-SPECIFIC FRACTURE FIXATION SYSTEM IN INTRAARTICULAR DISTAL RADIUS FRACTURES
Authors: SAW N. , ROBERTS C. , CUTBUSH K. , HODDER M. , COUZENS G. , ROSS M.
Published: February 2008

This paper reports the results of fixation of intraarticular fractures of the distal radius using the TriMed fragment-specific fixation system by surgeons early in their experience with the system. A consecutive series of 22 AO types C2 and C3 fractures in 21 patients were internally fixed with the system. Restoration of articular congruity to less than 2 mm was possible in 20 fractures. At a minimum of 6 months follow-up, mean volar and radial inclination were 8° and 25°, respectively, with no loss of reduction. The patients had a mean of 50° flexion, 63° extension and a pronation–supination arc of 149°. The mean subjective Patient Rated Wrist Score was 20. Our complication rate was comparable to other published series despite long operating times. Therefore, we commend the system as a powerful tool to treat these difficult fractures but acknowledge the significant learning curve.
INTRACTABLE NEUROSTENALGIA OF THE ULNAR NERVE ABOLISHED BY NEUROLYSIS 18 YEARS AFTER INJURY
Authors: CAMP S. J. , MILANI R. , SINISI M.
Published: February 2008

A 39 year-old farmer sustained a closed rupture of the left brachial artery, which was successfully managed by emergency vein graft repair of the artery. Adjacent nerve trunks were seen to be intact, but stretched. Burning pain in the distribution of the ulnar nerve started at day seven postoperatively, and worsened over the ensuing years. There was no response to membrane stabilising drugs, amitryptiline, nor to regional sympatholytic or local anaesthetic blocks. Neurolysis of the ulnar nerve, which was densely adherent to the dilated vein graft, abolished his pain.
Proton Irradiated Polystyrene as a Food Packaging Material
Authors: Singh Lakhwant , Kawaljeet Singh Samra  , Singh Ravinder , Kumar Ramneek
Published: February 2008

Thin polystyrene films are irradiated with protons (3MeV) under vacuum at room temperature with the absorbed dose ranging from 2 × 106 to 2 × 107 Gy. The changes in color, increase of cross-linking, and induction of microstrain on the surface of proton-irradiated polystyrene are investigated with UV-VIS, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, respectively. There are minimal changes in these properties up to 6 × 106 Gy, which is much more than the 25kGy radiations needed for sterilization.
Triploidy: 109 Prenatal Diagnoses
Authors: Witters Ingrid , Fryns Jean-Pierre
Published: February 2008

Triploidy is a common finding both in early spontaneous miscarriages and in the fetal period, presenting in 1–2% of pregnancies. It may be the result of diandry (an extra paternal haploid set) or digyny (an extra maternal haploid set).

Diandry predominates in cases of triploidy without embryos after nine weeks or in the second trimester with fetuses of relatively normal size and with placental findings of partial hydatidiform mole. Digyny predominates in early miscarriages before nine weeks with embryos or in the second trimester with fetuses with a marked asymmetrical intrauterine growth retardation and a small placenta. We reviewed 109 prenatal diagnoses of triploidy in a ten-year period. In the group with the first trimester diagnosis <14 weeks ( n=62), an interesting finding is the high percentage of recurrent miscarriage as an indication for chromosomal analysis ( n=26/62; 42%). In the second and third trimesters <14 weeks ( n=47), 29 cases had ultrasound characteristics of digynic triploidy with an asymmetrical fetal growth retardation with oligohydramnios of which three pregnancies continued above 20 weeks with abnormal Doppler waveforms and velocities. Thirteen cases had ultrasound characteristics of diandric triploidy with only mild growth retarded or normal grown fetuses with a thickened placenta. Other indications for chromosomal analysis were maternal age ( n=1) and a positive maternal serum triple test screening without ultrasound specifications ( n=4).

Early prenatal recognition of triploid pregnancies, certainly those with placental findings of partial hydatidiform mole, is important since these mothers are at risk of preeclampsia and persistent trophoblastic disease.
Sonographic Assessment of the Thyroid Gland - A Pictorial Review
Authors: Kavia Sanjay , Howlett David C
Published: February 2008

This paper describes sonographic evaluation of the thyroid gland, explaining normal sonographic appearances and illustrating the sonographic features of benign and malignant thyroid gland pathology. Sonographic appearances that may allow differentiation of benign from malignant thyroid nodules are highlighted and the role of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and other imaging techniques in the management of patients with thyroid pathology is included. This paper will be of particular interest to student and novice practitioners in ultrasound.
Runx1 is involved in primitive erythropoiesis in the mouse
Authors: Yokomizo Tomomasa , Hasegawa Kazuteru , Ishitobi Hiroyuki , Osato Motomi , Ema Masatsugu , Ito Yoshiaki , Yamamoto Masayuki , Takahashi Satoru
Published: February 2008

Targeted disruption of the Runx1/ AML1 gene in mice has demonstrated that it is required for the emergence of definitive hematopoietic cells but that it is not essential for the formation of primitive erythrocytes. These findings led to the conclusion that Runx1 is a stage-specific transcription factor acting only during definitive hematopoiesis. However, the zebrafish and Xenopus homologs of Runx1 have been shown to play roles in primitive hematopoiesis, suggesting that mouse Runx1 might also be involved in the development of primitive lineages. In this study, we show that primitive erythrocytes in Runx1−/− mice display abnormal morphology and reduced expression of Ter119, Erythroid Kruppel-like factor (EKLF, KLF1), and GATA-1. These results suggest that mouse Runx1 plays a role in the development of both primitive and definitive hematopoietic cells.
The impact of JAK2 and MPL mutations on diagnosis and prognosis of splanchnic vein thrombosis: a report on 241 cases
Authors: Kiladjian Jean-Jacques , Cervantes Francisco , Leebeek Franck W. G. , Marzac Christophe , Cassinat Bruno , Chevret Sylvie , Cazals-Hatem Dominique , Plessier Aurélie , Garcia-Pagan Juan-Carlos , Murad Sarwa Darwish , Raffa Sebastian , Janssen Harry L. A. , Gardin Claude , Cereja Sophie , Tonetti Carole , Giraudier Stéphane , Condat Bertrand , Casadevall Nicole , Fenaux Pierre , Valla Dominique C.
Published: February 2008

Myeloproliferative diseases (MPDs) represent the commonest cause of splanchnic vein thrombosis (SVT), including Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) and portal vein thrombosis (PVT), but their diagnosis is hampered by changes secondary to portal hypertension, while their influence in the outcome of SVT remains unclear. We assessed the diagnostic and prognostic value of JAK2 and MPL515 mutations in 241 SVT patients (104 BCS, 137 PVT). JAK2V617F was found in 45% of BCS and 34% of PVT, while JAK2 exon 12 and MPL515 mutations were not detected. JAK2V617F was found in 96.5% of patients with bone marrow (BM) changes specific for MPD and endogenous erythoid colonies, but also in 58% of those with only one feature and in 7% of those with neither feature. Stratifying MPD diagnosis first on JAK2V617F detection would have avoided BM investigations in 40% of the patients. In BCS, presence of MPD carried significantly poorer baseline prognostic features, required hepatic decompression procedures earlier, but had no impact on 5-year survival. Our results suggest that JAK2V617F testing should replace BM investigations as initial test for MPD in patients with SVT. Underlying MPD is associated with severe forms of BCS, but current therapy appears to offset deleterious effects of MPD on the medium-term outcome.
Fungi have three tetraspanin families with distinct functions
Authors: Lambou Karine , Tharreau Didier , Kohler Annegret , Sirven Catherine , Marguerettaz Mélanie , Barbisan Crystel , Sexton Adrienne C , Kellner Ellen M , Martin Francis , Howlett Barbara J , Orbach Marc J , Lebrun Marc-Henri
Published: February 2008

Background

Tetraspanins are small membrane proteins that belong to a superfamily encompassing 33 members in human and mouse. These proteins act as organizers of membrane-signalling complexes. So far only two tetraspanin families have been identified in fungi. These are Pls1, which is required for pathogenicity of the plant pathogenic ascomycetes, Magnaporthe grisea, Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, and Tsp2, whose function is unknown. In this report, we describe a third family of tetraspanins (Tsp3) and a new family of tetraspanin-like proteins (Tpl1) in fungi. We also describe expression of some of these genes in M. grisea and a basidiomycete, Laccaria bicolor, and also their functional analysis in M. grisea.

Results

The exhaustive search for tetraspanins in fungal genomes reveals that higher fungi (basidiomycetes and ascomycetes) contain three families of tetraspanins (Pls1, Tsp2 and Tsp3) with different distribution amongst phyla. Pls1 is found in ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, whereas Tsp2 is restricted to basidiomycetes and Tsp3 to ascomycetes. A unique copy of each of PLS1 and TSP3 was found in ascomycetes in contrast to TSP2, which has several paralogs in the basidiomycetes, Coprinus cinereus and Laccaria bicolor. A tetraspanin-like family (Tpl1) was also identified in ascomycetes. Transcriptional analyses in various tissues of L. bicolor and M. grisea showed that PLS1 and TSP2 are expressed in all tissues in L. bicolor and that TSP3 and TPL1 are overexpressed in the sexual fruiting bodies (perithecia) and mycelia of M. grisea, suggesting that these genes are not pseudogenes. Phenotypic analysis of gene replacementmutants Δtsp3 and Δtpl1 of M. grisea revealed a reduction of the pathogenicity only on rice, in contrast to Δpls1 mutants, which are completely non-pathogenic on barley and rice.

Conclusion

A new tetraspanin family (Tsp3) and a tetraspanin-like protein family (Tpl1) have been identified in fungi. Functional analysis by gene replacement showed that these proteins, as well as Pls1, are involved in the infection process of the plant pathogenic fungus M. grisea. The next challenge will be to decipher the role(s) of tetraspanins in a range of symbiotic, saprophytic and human pathogenic fungi.
Response to Neoadjuvant Therapy and Long-Term Survival in Patients With Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Liedtke Cornelia , Mazouni Chafika , Hess Kenneth R. , André Fabrice , Tordai Attila , Mejia Jaime A. , Symmans W. Fraser , Gonzalez-Angulo Ana M. , Hennessy Bryan , Green Marjorie , Cristofanilli Massimo , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. , Pusztai Lajos
Published: February 2008

Purpose

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is defined by the lack of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) expression. In this study, we compared response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and survival between patients with TNBC and non-TNBC.

Patients and Methods

Analysis of a prospectively collected clinical database was performed. We included 1,118 patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center for stage I-III breast cancer from 1985 to 2004 and for whom complete receptor information were available. Clinical and pathologic parameters, pathologic complete response rates (pCR), survival measurements, and organ-specific relapse rates were compared between patients with TNBC and non-TNBC.

Results

Two hundred fifty-five patients (23%) had TNBC. Patients with TNBC compared with non-TNBC had significantly higher pCR rates (22% v 11%; P = .034), but decreased 3-year progression-free survival rates (P < .0001) and 3-year overall survival (OS) rates (P < .0001). TNBC was associated with increased risk for visceral metastases (P = .0005), lower risk for bone recurrence (P = .027), and shorter postrecurrence survival (P < .0001). Recurrence and death rates were higher for TNBC only in the first 3 years. If pCR was achieved, patients with TNBC and non-TNBC had similar survival (P = .24). In contrast, patients with residual disease (RD) had worse OS if they had TNBC compared with non-TNBC (P < .0001).

Conclusion

Patients with TNBC have increased pCR rates compared with non-TNBC, and those with pCR have excellent survival. However, patients with RD after neoadjuvant chemotherapy have significantly worse survival if they have TNBC compared with non-TNBC, particularly in the first 3 years.
Radiation Effects on Poly(cyclohexane carbonate)
Authors: Ma Qingwei , Zhang Yumei , Gao Fengxiang , Wang Xianhong , Zhao Xiaojiang
Published: February 2008

For the first time, the effects of γ-rays radiation (60Co) on poly(cyclohexane carbonate) in air and N2 atmosphere were investigated. The analysis of the molecular weights and molecular structure of the irradiated samples indicated that chain-scission reactions occurred, whereas cross-linking reactions were absent during the radiation procedure. From the number-average molecular weight (Mn) data of the irradiated samples, the radiation chemical yields G(s) were calculated to be 2.0 scission/100 eV in air and 1.1 scission/100 eV in N2. The mechanism of the irradiated degradation reaction was also discussed.
Physical Properties of Substituted 1,3-Dioxolan-2-ones
Authors: Hagiyama Kousuke , Suzuki Keita , Ohtake Manabu , Shimada Miki , Nanbu Noritoshi , Takehara Masahiro , Ue Makoto , Sasaki Yukio
Published: February 2008

The use of a simple 1,3-dioxolan-2-one (EC) moiety allows us to investigate the substituent effect on the physical properties as highly polar solvents. We describe the temperature dependence of mass densities (ρ), refractive indexes (nD), relative permittivities (εr), and dynamic viscosities (η) of EC, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (MeEC), 4-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (EtEC), 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (FEC), and 4-methoxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (MMEC). Both εr and η of MMEC and FEC are higher than those of EC at low temperatures.
Fabrication of Electroactive Layer-by-layer Films with Myoglobin and Zirconium Phosphate Nanosheets
Authors: Yang Xiushuang , Chen Xu , Zhang Jiahui , Yang Wensheng
Published: February 2008

Electroactive multilayer films composed of exfoliated nanosheets of α-zirconium phosphate and myoglobin (Mb) have been fabricated on the surface of glassy carbon electrodes through electrostatic layer-by-layer self-assembly technique. Direct electron-transfer process of Mb immobilized in the film was investigated.
Tuning the Hoechst Dye into Color-changing Fluorescent pH Indicator in an Acidic Range
Authors: Sando Shinsuke , Narita Atsushi , Hayami Masayoshi , Aoyama Yasuhiro
Published: February 2008

We developed a new fluorescent pH indicator from a common Hoechst 33258 fluorescent dye. Unlike the parent compound, the improved Hoechst probe, wherein two methyl substituents were introduced into the terminal phenol ring, is fluorescent in an aqueous solution at neutral pH, and showed a unidirectional wavelength shift in the fluorescence emission spectra on lowering the pH. Thus, the probe can be used as a blue/green color-changing fluorescent pH indicator in an acidic range.
Novel Fluorescent Aluminum Complexes Based on N-Hydroxy-3,6-diaryl-4-phenyl-2-pyridone Ligands
Authors: Minakata Satoshi , Inada Hiroshi , Komatsu Mitsuo , Kajii Hirotake , Ohmori Yutaka , Tsumura Manabu , Namura Kiyoyuki
Published: February 2008

Novel fluorescent aluminium complexes of N-hydroxy-3,6-diaryl-4-phenyl-2-pyridone derivatives were synthesized and their fluorescent properties were investigated. The complexes having a trifluoromethyl group and a methoxy group at the para-position on the 3- and 6-phenyl groups exhibit purple fluorescence in the solid state.
Direct Asymmetric Aminoxylation Reaction Catalyzed by Axially Chiral Amino Acids
Authors: Kano Taichi , Yamamoto Akihiro , Mii Haruka , Takai Jun , Shirakawa Seiji , Maruoka Keiji
Published: February 2008

Binaphthyl-based amino acids were prepared and applied for the direct asymmetric aminoxylation of aldehydes with nitrosobenzene. The reaction catalyzed by (S)-1e proceeded smoothly to give the aminoxylated product in good yield and enantioselectivity. This method represents a rare example of the direct asymmetric aminoxylation by a non-proline-type catalyst.
First Observation of the Matrix-isolated FTIR Spectrum of Vaporized Ionic Liquid: An Example of EmimTFSI, 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide
Authors: Akai Nobuyuki , Kawai Akio , Shibuya Kazuhiko
Published: February 2008

The FTIR spectrum of vaporized ionic liquid has been measured with a low-temperature rare-gas matrix-isolation technique for the first time. 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, EmimTFSI, was employed as thermally vaporizable ionic liquid. The matrix-isolated IR spectrum was found to be different from either the IR spectrum of neat ionic liquid or the theoretically simulated stable 1:1 ion-pair spectrum. This observation may suggest that the vaporized ionic liquid has a certain structure different from either the liquid phase or theoretically expected ion-pair form.
Synthesis and Properties of 3,8-Bis[4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl]-1,10-phenanthroline for Phosphorescent OLEDs
Authors: Ge Ziyi , Hayakawa Teruaki , Ando Shinji , Ueda Mitsuru , Akiike Toshiyuki , Miyamoto Hidetoshi , Kajita Toru , Kakimoto Masa-aki
Published: February 2008

A novel bipolar molecule, 3,8-bis[4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl]-1,10-phenanthroline (CZPT) was synthesized and employed as the host in phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). A maximum luminance of 7000 cd/m2 was achieved using fac-tris(2-phenylpyridine)iridium (Ir(ppy)3) as the emitting material.
Photophysical and Photocatalytic Properties of β-Sulfonatoporphycenes
Authors: Baba Tatsushi , Shimakoshi Hisashi , Endo Ayataka , Adachi Chihaya , Hisaeda Yoshio
Published: February 2008

The photophysical properties and photooxidation ability of the β-sulfonatoporphycenes are reported. The photophysical parameters depend on the number of substitutions. The disulfonated porphycene 2 is expected to be a new photosensitizer due to its high catalytic activity and photostability.
In Vitro Gene Delivery by pDNA/Chitosan Complexes Coated with Anionic PEG Derivatives that Have a Sugar Side Chain
Authors: Hashimoto Mayu , Koyama Yoshiyuki , Sato Toshinori
Published: February 2008

We developed pDNA/chitosan complexes coated with sugar-modified PEG-A/Cs, which are poly(ethylene glycol) derivatives with a side chain of carboxylic acid and sugar. The cationic pDNA/chitosan complexes were coated with anionic sugar-modified PEG-Cs, and anionic ternary complexes were formed. Coating the pDNA/chitosan complexes with maltose- or lactose-modified PEG-A/C (Mal–PEG-A/C or Lac–PEG-A/C, respectively) greatly promoted their stability in water and transfection efficiency in vitro.
Platinum(II)-catalyzed Annulation of 5-Methyl-5-hexen-1-ols with Aldehydes
Authors: Miura Katsukiyo , Horiike Makoto , Inoue Gen , Ichikawa Junji , Hosomi Akira
Published: February 2008

In the presence of catalytic amounts of PtCl2 and AgOTf, 5-methyl-5-hexen-1-ol reacted with aldehydes to give 2,3-disubstituted tetrahydropyrans in moderate to high yields with trans-stereoselectivity. Use of 5-methyl-5-hexen-1-ols bearing a methyl group at the C1-, C2-, or C3-position led to highly stereoselective synthesis of trisubstituted tetrahydropyrans.
Technical and Economic Aspects of Carbon Capture an Storage — A Review
Authors: Balat Havva , Öz Cahide
Published: February 2008

This article deals with review of technical and economic aspects of Carbon Capture and Storage. Since the late 1980s a new concept is being developed which enables to make use of fossil fuels with a considerably reduced emission of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. The concept is often called ‘Carbon Capture and Storage’ (CCS). CCS technologies are receiving increasing attention, mainly for their potential contribution to the optimal mitigation of carbon dioxide emissions that is intended to avoid future, dangerous climate change. CCS technologies attract a lot of attention because they could allow “to reduce our carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere whilst continuing to use fossil fuels”. CCS is not a completely new technology, e.g., the United States alone is sequestering about 8.5 MtC for enhanced oil recovery each year. Today, CCS technologies are widely recognised as an important means of progress in industrialized countries.
Founding the Future: Path Dependence in the Evolution of Top Management Teams from Founding to IPO
Authors: Beckman Christine M. , Burton M. Diane
Published: February 2008

We contrast life-cycle and path-dependent views of entrepreneurial firms by examining the evolution of top management teams. We show how initial conditions constrain subsequent outcomes by demonstrating that the founding team's prior functional experiences and initial organizational functional structures predict subsequent top manager backgrounds and later functional structures. We find that narrowly experienced teams have trouble adding functional expertise not already embodied in the team. We also find that firms beginning with a limited range of functional positions are less likely to develop complete functional structures. Importantly, we do not find functional structure and functional experience to be interchangeable. We find that firms beginning with more complete functional structures are likely to go public faster, and firms beginning with broadly experienced team members obtain venture capital more quickly regardless of the experience and structural composition of the top management team in place at the time of these outcomes. Further, broadly experienced founding teams that build an early team with a full complement of functional positions achieve important milestones faster than firms that start with neither experience nor structure. This suggests that creating positions as “placeholders” in new ventures, where positions are created and filled with the intent of bringing individuals with more relevant experience onboard later, is not obviously a path by which to succeed. By examining the origins of top management team experience and functional structures, we illustrate the lasting imprint of founders on top management team composition and firm outcomes.
Perspective—Rigor and Relevance in Organization Studies: Idea Migration and Academic Journal Evolution
Authors: Daft Richard L. , Lewin Arie Y.
Published: February 2008

This perspective paper addresses the issues of rigor and relevance in organizational studies in the context of idea migration and journal evolution. We argue that creeping parochialism can happen to any journal, which reflects an evolving narrowness within boundaries of academic subcommunities. Evidence suggests that ideas do migrate across academic subcommunities, although the underlying process is not well understood and the idea flow is not symmetrical. Two kinds of knowledge relevance are discussed—the value for end users such as managers in organizations, and the value for one's own or other academic subcommunities. We argue that the most important mission of Organization Science (OS) is to be a “source” journal for academic subcommunities in organization studies by attracting and publishing new theories and ideas that increase the varieties of knowledge about organizations.
Serial reaction time performance following right parietal lobe damage
Authors: Berryhill Marian E. , Mazuz Yonatan S. , Olson Ingrid R.
Published: February 2008

The serial reaction time task (SRT) is used to assess implicit sequence learning. Neuroimaging studies implicate parietal involvement; however, the necessity of this area is unclear. We tested six unilateral right parietal patients and compared their performance to matched controls. Both groups showed similar levels of learning and explicit awareness. Two patients with the largest lesions extending into either frontal or cerebellar regions showed no learning. These data suggest that implicit sequence learning can occur despite damage to the right parietal lobe.
Ecphrasis, Interpretation, and Audience in Aeneid 1 and Odyssey 8
Authors: Beck Deborah
Published: February 2008

In the first ecphrasis in Vergil's Aeneid (1.441–94) describing Dido's temple to Juno through the eyes of Aeneas, Aeneas comes across as an isolated and confused interpreter of images of his sufferings: he understands the images he sees in one way, while the external audience understands them and his interpretation of them differently. Odysseus is neither alone nor confused when he hears Demodocus' songs in Odyssey 8. Moreover, the Odyssey—unlike the Aeneid—sees art as a basically straightforward and positive force in human life. Vergil draws on this contrast to depict Aeneas and interpretation in Aeneid 1.
Juno, Hercules, and the Muses at Rome
Authors: Hardie Alex
Published: February 2008

The Aedes Herculis Musarum (AHM), embodying musical harmony, was a symbolic focal point for political concordia at Rome. The treatment of its cult honorands in high poetry also embraces Juno Regina, whose contemporary temple was adjacent to the AHM. Juno (as Moneta) and the Muses are further associated in the function of "memory," and Juno, when offended, is susceptible to musical propitiation. The AHM is prominently identified with concord and Junonian reconciliation at the end of the Fasti, and in the Aeneid, Vergil evokes his Muse's Roman cult identity in exploring Juno's hostility towards the "Herculean" Aeneas, as also when he foreshadows her assent to the existence of Rome.
The Reception of Sophocles' Representation of Physical Pain
Authors: Budelmann Felix
Published: February 2008

Two of Sophocles' surviving tragedies contain scenes that portray the main character in excruciating pain for a sustained period of time: Philoctetes and Trachiniae. This article discusses three important stages in the reception history of these pain scenes: (1) Hercules Oetaeus, attributed to Seneca, (2) Gotthold Ephraim Lessing's Laocoon treatise, and (3) recent European adaptations. In each case, it analyzes how the later playwrights, directors, and theorists responded to certain complexities inherent in Sophocles' representation of pain. The conclusion considers this reception history overall.
Walking with Odysseus: The Portico Frame of the Odyssey Landscapes
Authors: O'Sullivan Timothy M
Published: February 2008

This article examines the cultural and artistic context of one of the most famous Roman frescoes, the Odyssey Landscapes. It argues that the painting's fictive portico frame would have evoked in the Roman viewer the experience of the ambulatio, the act of walking for leisure and contemplation that came to be an essential element of a properly Hellenized otium. The painted portico thus puts the viewers in the proper frame of mind to appreciate the intellectual associations of the painting as they walk with Odysseus on a parallel journey of philosophical reflection.
"Going Forward": A Diachronic Analysis of the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae
Authors: Corbeill Anthony
Published: February 2008

The article anteeo, written by Wilhelm Bannier, was published in the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae (TLL) in 1901. This entry has been rewritten according to contemporary standards at the institute and edited at each step in the process by editors currently at TLL. In comparing the two versions, I discuss differences between anteeo 1901 and 2007 in matters such as methods of data retrieval, rates of composition, levels of accuracy, and editorial policies. The article evaluates both the pros and cons of developments at Munich, while also serving as a primer on how to "read" a TLL article.
Secrets of Nature: The Bacon Debates Revisited
Authors: Merchant Carolyn
Published: February 2008

"To some scholars, Francis Bacon's writings have represented progress for humanity through science and technology. To others, his rhetoric has been problematical from the perspectives of women and the environment. The rise of modern science in the seventeenth century depended on a transition from occult to public knowledge of nature's secrets, from constraints against the penetration of nature's inner recesses to the assumption that nature herself was willing to reveal her own secrets. That Nature gendered as female held secrets that could be extracted from her womb through "art and the hand of man" and that women held secrets that could be extracted through dissection of her womb and bosom were part of an emerging scientific method—the method of the constrained, controlled experiment that Bacon's rhetoric inspired and that has endured through his legacy. "
Response to Brian Vickers, "Francis Bacon, Feminist Historiography, and the Dominion of Nature"
Authors: Park Katharine
Published: February 2008

Professor Vickers extracts two or three sentences out of a long article I wrote on a completely different topic and misreads them, attributing to me statements I never made and positions I have explicitly argued against. When Francis Bacon used the metaphor of rape to refer to the Baconian natural philosopher's relationship to nature, which he did relatively infrequently, he invoked the classical, "heroic" sense of rape as the act whereby gods and heroes found dynasties and empires, as in the rape of the Sabine women, the rape of Europa, and the rape of the daughters of Leucippus.
The "Historical Solution" versus the "Philosophical Solution": The Political Commentary of Christopher Dawson and Jacques Maritain, 1927–1939
Authors: Carter Stephen G
Published: February 2008

This article compares and contrasts the interwar political commentary of the English historian Christopher Dawson (1889-1970) and the French philosopher Jacques Maritain (1882-1971), two of the most widely read Catholic writers of the 1930s. The reasons for the similarities and differences between their perspectives on democracy, fascism, and the Spanish civil war are discussed. The article concludes with a brief evaluation of how their views were reflected in post-World War Two Catholic thought, and a summary of their legacies as twentieth-century Catholic intellectuals.
The Contractility of Burke's Sublime and Heterodoxies in Medicine and Art
Authors: Sarafianos Aris
Published: February 2008

This paper studies the language of contractility in Burke's Enquiry, showing it to be closely related to types of heterodox medicine including the work of his father-in-law Christopher Nugent. Extensive connections are located between these medical ideas and questions of social and professional identity, including their visual aspects in contemporary portraiture. This essay finally examines the crucial significance of contractility as the discursive template upon which Burke's aesthetic ideas were modelled, and, accordingly, offers a new genealogy and a new definition of the concept of the sublime as a radical ideal of extreme oppositions with important literary, epistemological and political implications.