bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Refugial isolation and divergence in the Narrowheaded Gartersnake species complex (Thamnophis rufipunctatus) as revealed by multilocus DNA sequence data
Authors: WOOD DUSTIN A. , VANDERGAST A. G. , LEMOS ESPINAL J. A. , FISHER R. N. , HOLYCROSS A. T.
Published: August 2011

Glacial–interglacial cycles of the Pleistocene are hypothesized as one of the foremost contributors to biological diversification. This is especially true for cold‐adapted montane species, where range shifts have had a pronounced effect on population‐level divergence. Gartersnakes of the Thamnophis rufipunctatus species complex are restricted to cold headwater streams in the highlands of the Sierra Madre Occidental and southwestern USA. We used coalescent and multilocus phylogenetic approaches to test whether genetic diversification of this montane‐restricted species complex is consistent with two prevailing models of range fluctuation for species affected by Pleistocene climate changes. Our concatenated nuDNA and multilocus species analyses recovered evidence for the persistence of multiple lineages that are restricted geographically, despite a mtDNA signature consistent with either more recent connectivity (and introgression) or recent expansion (and incomplete lineage sorting). Divergence times estimated using a relaxed molecular clock and fossil calibrations fall within the Late Pleistocene, and zero gene flow scenarios among current geographically isolated lineages could not be rejected. These results suggest that increased climate shifts in the Late Pleistocene have driven diversification and current range retraction patterns and that the differences between markers reflect the stochasticity of gene lineages (i.e. ancestral polymorphism) rather than gene flow and introgression. These results have important implications for the conservation of T. rufipunctatus (sensu novo), which is restricted to two drainage systems in the southwestern US and has undergone a recent and dramatic decline.
Infant care practices related to sudden infant death syndrome in South Asian and White British families in the UK
Authors: Ball Helen L. , Moya Eduardo , Fairley Lesley , Westman Janette , Oddie Sam , Wright John
Published: August 2011

Ball HL, Moya E, Fairley L, Westman J, Oddie S, Wright J. Infant care practices related to sudden infant death syndrome in South Asian and White British families in the UK. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2012; 26: 3–12.

In the UK, infants of South Asian parents have a lower rate of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) than White British infants. Infant care and life style behaviours are strongly associated with SIDS risk. This paper describes and explores variability in infant care between White British and South Asian families (of Bangladeshi, Indian or Pakistani origin) in Bradford, UK (the vast majority of which were Pakistani) and identifies areas for targeted SIDS intervention. A cross‐sectional telephone interview study was conducted involving 2560 families with 2‐ to 4‐month‐old singleton infants enrolled in the Born in Bradford cohort study. Outcome measures were prevalence of self‐reported practices in infant sleeping environment, sharing sleep surfaces, breast feeding, use of dummy or pacifier, and life style behaviours. We found that, compared with White British infants, Pakistani infants were more likely to: sleep in an adult bed (OR = 8.48 [95% CI 2.92, 24.63]); be positioned on their side for sleep (OR = 4.42 [2.85, 6.86]); have a pillow in their sleep environment (OR = 9.85 [6.39, 15.19]); sleep under a duvet (OR = 3.24 [2.39, 4.40]); be swaddled for sleep (OR = 1.49 [1.13, 1.97]); ever bed‐share (OR = 2.13 [1.59, 2.86]); regularly bed‐share (OR = 3.57 [2.23, 5.72]); ever been breast‐fed (OR = 2.00 [1.58, 2.53]); and breast‐fed for 8+ weeks (OR = 1.65 [1.31, 2.07]). Additionally, Pakistani infants were less likely to: sleep in a room alone (OR = 0.05 [0.03, 0.09]); use feet‐to‐foot position (OR = 0.36 [0.26, 0.50]); sleep with a soft toy (OR = 0.52 [0.40, 0.68]); use an infant sleeping bag (OR = 0.20 [0.16, 0.26]); ever sofa‐share (OR = 0.22 [0.15, 0.34]); be receiving solid foods (OR = 0.22 [0.17, 0.30]); or use a dummy at night (OR = 0.40 [0.33, 0.50]). Pakistani infants were also less likely to be exposed to maternal smoking (OR = 0.07 [0.04, 0.12]) and to alcohol consumption by either parent. No difference was found in the prevalence of prone sleeping (OR = 1.04 [0.53, 2.01]). Night‐time infant care therefore differed significantly between South Asian and White British families. South Asian infant care practices were more likely to protect infants from the most important SIDS risks such as smoking, alcohol consumption, sofa‐sharing and solitary sleep. These differences may explain the lower rate of SIDS in this population.
Enrichment of invariant natural killer T cells in the bone marrow of visceral leishmaniasis patients
Authors: RAI A. K. , THAKUR C. P. , SETH T. , MITRA D. K.
Published: August 2011

Lipid antigens of Leishmania donovani like lipophosphoglycans are shown as a potent ligand for the activation of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. It is reported that activation of iNKT cells augments the disease pathology in experimental visceral leishmaniasis (VL). In this study, we demonstrate the enrichment of iNKT cells in the bone marrow, one of the disease sites among patients with VL.
Cerebral malaria protection in mice by species‐specific Plasmodium coinfection is associated with reduced CC chemokine levels in the brain
Authors: CLARK C. J. , PHILLIPS R. S.
Published: August 2011

Cerebral malaria is a major pathological complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection in humans. Epidemiological observations have suggested that the clinical evolution of P. falciparum infections may be influenced by the concurrent presence of another Plasmodium species. Infection of susceptible mouse strains with P. berghei ANKA (PbA) provides an experimental model of cerebral malaria which has been extensively used to identify different components of the immune system involved in cerebral malaria. This model has also been employed to investigate the influence of experimental mixed‐Plasmodium‐species infections on the expression of cerebral malaria; PbA‐induced cerebral malaria is completely inhibited by the simultaneous presence of P. yoelii yoelii 17X clone 1.1 parasites, and accumulation of CD8+ T cells in the brain vasculature is abolished. We investigated whether brain levels of CD8+‐T‐cell‐chemoattractant chemokines CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5 are reduced in these protected coinfected mice compared with PbA‐infected mice. Coinfected mice were found to exhibit significantly reduced levels of all three chemokines on day 6 post‐infection. This finding may contribute to the abolition of the accumulation of CD8+ T cells in the brain vasculature and the prevention of the development of cerebral malaria in coinfected mice.
A novel allergen Tab y 1 with inhibitory activity of platelet aggregation from salivary glands of horseflies
Authors: An S. , Ma D. , Wei J. F. , Yang X. , Yang H. W. , Yang H. , Xu X. , He S. , Lai R.
Published: August 2011

To cite this article: An S, Ma D, Wei JF, Yang X, Yang HW, Yang H, Xu X, He S, Lai R. A novel allergen Tab y 1 with inhibitory activity of platelet aggregation from salivary glands of horseflies. Allergy 2011; 66: 1420–1427.

Background:  Horsefly sting causes allergic reactions in human body. However, our knowledge on horsefly allergens remains poor.

Objectives:  To identify the novel horsefly allergens and characterize their properties.

Methods:  A native allergen protein Tab y 1 (apyrase) was purified from the salivary glands of the horsefly Tabanus yao Macquart by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Its sequence was determined by Edman degradation and cDNA cloning. Its allergenicity was assessed by immunoblotting for specific IgE, basophil activation test, skin prick test (SPT), and competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results:  Tab y 1 showed a single diffusion band of 70 kDa on SDS‐PAGE. Seventy percent (7/10) of patients with horsefly allergy tested positive to Tab y 1 in SPT; sera from 81% (30/37) of patients reacted to Tab y 1 on western blots. Purified Tab y 1 reduced approximately 42% sera IgE reactivity to horsefly salivary gland extract on a competitive ELISA. Tab y 1 upregulated the expression of CD63 and CCR3 on passively sensitized basophils by up to approximately 4.9‐fold. Tab y 1 also showed enzymatic activity to hydrolyze ATP and ADP, and potent antiplatelet aggregation and antithrombotic activities.

Conclusion:  The current work identified a novel major allergen of horsefly, Tab y 1, with antiplatelet aggregation and antithrombotic activities, which implicates Tab y 1 in helping horseflies suck host blood, meanwhile causing allergy in their human hosts.
Combination of tissue expansion and porcine mesh for secondary abdominal wall closure after pediatric liver transplantation
Authors: Lafosse Aurore , de Magnee Catherine , Brunati Andrea , Bayet Bénédicte , Vanwijck Romain , Manzanares Javier , Reding Raymond
Published: August 2011

Lafosse A, de Magnee C, Brunati A, Bayet B, Vanwijck R, Manzanares J, Reding R. Combination of tissue expansion and porcine mesh for secondary abdominal wall closure after pediatric liver transplantation.

Abstract:  We report the case of a two and a half yr boy hospitalized in our Pediatric Transplantation Unit for portal vein thrombosis following liver transplantation. After performing a meso‐Rex shunt, abdominal wall closure was impossible without compressing the portal flow. A combination of two techniques was used to perform the reconstruction of the muscular fasciae and skin layers. The association of tissue expanders and porcine mesh (Surgisis®) allowed complete abdominal wall closure with good functional and esthetic results. Use of both techniques is a useful alternative for difficult abdominal closure after liver pediatric transplantation.
ASGR1 expressed by porcine enriched liver sinusoidal endothelial cells mediates human platelet phagocytosis in vitro
Authors: Paris Leela L. , Chihara Ray K. , Reyes Luz M. , Sidner Richard A. , Estrada Jose L. , Downey Susan M. , Milgrom Daniel A. , Tector A. Joseph , Burlak Christopher
Published: August 2011

Paris LL, Chihara RK, Reyes LM, Sidner RA, Estrada JL, Downey SM, Milgrom DA, Joseph Tector A, Burlak C. ASGR1 expressed by porcine enriched liver sinusoidal endothelial cells mediates human platelet phagocytosis in vitro. Xenotransplantation 2011; 18: 245–251. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Background:  Porcine liver xenografts represent a potential solution to the organ shortage, but thrombocytopenia occurs within minutes to hours after xenotransplantation, preventing clinical application. Recently, it was discovered that porcine liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) bind and phagocytose human platelets. We examined the role of ASGR1 in binding and removing human platelets by the pig liver endothelium.

Methods:  Primary porcine enriched LSEC (eLSEC) were characterized by flow cytometry, immunoblot, quantitative PCR, and immunohistochemistry using confocal microscopy. Phagocytosis inhibition assays using anti‐ASGR1 and an ASGR1 substrate were performed. ASGR1 was targeted for siRNA knockdown, and ASGR1‐reduced cells were tested for human platelet binding and phagocytosis.

Results:  ASGR1 is expressed by eLSEC. Human platelet binding and phagocytosis by porcine eLSEC was inhibited by asialofetuin, but not fetuin, suggesting an interaction with galactose β1‐4 N‐acetyl glucosamine. Anti‐ASGR1 antibodies inhibited human platelet binding in a dose‐dependent manner. Knockdown experiments using siRNA reduced ASGR1 expression in asynchronous primary eLSEC by 40%–80%. There was a 20% reduction in translated protein significantly correlated with a 21% decrease in human platelet binding.

Conclusions:  ASGR1 on porcine eLSEC mediates phagocytosis of xenogeneic platelets.
Xenoreactive CD4+ memory T cells resist inhibition by anti‐CD44 mAb and reject islet grafts via a Th2‐dependent pathway
Authors: Peng Yuanzheng , Chen Jibing , Shao Wei , Wang Feiyu , Dai Helong , Cheng Panpan , Xia Junjie , Wang Feng , Huang Ruxin , Zhu Qi , Qi Zhongquan
Published: August 2011

Peng YZ, Chen JB, Shao W, Wang FY, Dai HL, Cheng PP, Xia JJ, Wang F, Huang R, Zhu Q, Qi Z. Xenoreactive CD4+ memory T cells resist inhibition by anti‐CD44 mAb and reject islet grafts via a Th2‐dependent pathway. Xenotransplantation 2011; 18: 252–261. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Background:  Memory T cells are a significant barrier to the induction of transplant tolerance. Our previous study demonstrated that multiple applications of anti‐CD44 monoclonal antibody (mAb) could significantly inhibit CD4+ memory T cells from mediating rejection of cardiac allografts. Now, we sought to explore the effect and mechanism of anti‐CD44 mAb on the rejection of islet allografts and xenografts mediated by CD4+ memory T cells.

Methods:  In this study, we first engrafted skin grafts of C57BL/6 (B6) mice or Dark Agouti (DA) rats onto BALB/c mice to induce donor‐reactive memory T cells. We adoptively transferred purified CD4+ memory T cells to BALB/c origin nude mice and then transplanted islet allografts and xenografts to produce the Allo‐Tx and Xeno‐Tx models, respectively. We subsequently administered multiple anti‐CD44 mAb and observed changes in the survival times of the islet grafts.

Results:  In the Allo‐Tx model, the mean survival time (MST) of the grafts was 7.7 days in the isotype group, and 20.3 days in the anti‐CD44 group. In the Xeno‐Tx model, the MST of the grafts was 7.2 days in the isotype group and 8.2 days in the anti‐CD44 group. Compared with the isotype group, CD4+ T cells on the grafts in the anti‐CD44 group were significantly decreased in both the Allo‐Tx and Xeno‐Tx models, but the proportion of CD4+ memory T cells in the spleens and draining lymph nodes of the recipient nude mice in the anti‐CD44 group was significantly decreased in the Allo‐Tx model, while it was increased in the Xeno‐Tx model. The production of donor‐specific IgG antibody in the anti‐CD44 group did not vary in the Allo‐Tx model, while it was markedly elevated in the Xeno‐Tx model. Furthermore, the expression of interferon gamma in the anti‐CD44 group was markedly decreased in both the Allo‐Tx and Xeno‐Tx models, while the expression of IL‐4 in the anti‐CD44 group was significantly increased only in the Xeno‐Tx model.

Conclusion:  Multiple applications of the anti‐CD44 mAb could significantly inhibit donor‐reactive CD4+ memory T cells from rejecting grafts via a Th1‐dependent pathway, but xenoreactive CD4+ memory T cells can avoid the effects of anti‐CD44 mAb to reject islet xenografts via a Th2‐dependent pathway.
Paramagnetic microparticles do not elicit islet cytotoxicity with co‐culture or host immune reactivity after implantation
Authors: Suszynski Thomas M. , Rizzari Michael D. , Kidder Louis S. , Mueller Kate , Chapman Christopher S. , Kitzmann Jennifer P. , Pongratz Rebecca L. , Cline Gary W. , Todd Paul W. , Kennedy David J. , O’Brien Timothy D. , Avgoustiniatos Efstathios S. , Schuurman Henk‐Jan , Papas Klearchos K.
Published: August 2011

Suszynski TM, Rizzari MD, Kidder LS, Mueller K, Chapman CS, Kitzmann JP, Pongratz RL, Cline GW, Todd PW, Kennedy DJ, O’Brien TD, Avgoustiniatos ES, Schuurman H‐J, Papas KK. Paramagnetic microparticles do not elicit islet cytotoxicity with co‐culture or host immune reactivity after implantation. Xenotransplantation 2011; 18: 239–244. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Background:  Paramagnetic microparticles (MPs) may be useful in pancreatic islet purification, in particular purification of porcine islets as a potential xenotransplantation product. We assessed whether MPs affect islet function or induce an adverse effect following implantation.

Methods:  Porcine islets were co‐cultured with 0, 500, and 1500 MPs per islet equivalent (IE) for 1 day and with 0 and 1500 MPs/IE for 7 days. Fractional viability was assessed using oxygen consumption rate normalized to DNA content (OCR/DNA) and after 7‐day co‐culture by perifusion glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and by transplantation under the renal capsule of diabetic nude mice. To assess an inflammatory response or immune reaction, MPs (∼107) were implanted under the renal capsule of C57BL/6 mice.

Results:  No statistically significant differences were measured in OCR/DNA (mean ± SE) following 1‐day co‐culture with 0, 500, or 1500 MPs/IE (243.3 ± 4.5, 211.3 ± 8.1, or 230.6 ± 11.3 nmol/min·mgDNA, respectively) or following 7‐day co‐culture with 0 or 1500 MPs/IE (248.5 ± 1.4 or 252.9 ± 4.7 nmol/min·mgDNA, respectively). GSIS was not affected by the presence of MPs; first‐ and second‐phase insulin area‐under‐the‐curve (mean ± SE) reflected no statistically significant differences after 7‐day co‐culture between 0 and 1500 MPs/IE (8.36 ± 0.29 and 8.45 ± 0.70 pg/ml·min·ngDNA for first‐phase; 69.73 ± 2.18 and 65.70 ± 4.34 pg/ml·min·ngDNA for second‐phase, respectively). Islets co‐cultured with MPs normalized hyperglycemia in diabetic nude mice, suggesting no adverse effects on in vivo islet function. Implantation of MPs did not elicit tissue injury, inflammatory change or immune reactivity.

Conclusion:  MPs do not adversely affect islet viability or function during co‐culture, and MPs are not immune reactive following implantation.
Xenotransplantation literature update, May–June 2011
Authors: Schneider Mårten K. J. , Seebach Jörg D.
Published: August 2011

Schneider MKJ, Seebach JD. Xenotransplantation literature update, May–June 2011. Xenotransplantation 2011; 18: 262–266. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.
Genetic analyses of pathogen‐specific mastitis
Authors: Holmberg M. , Fikse W.F. , Andersson‐Eklund L. , Artursson K. , Lundén A.
Published: August 2011

The aims of this study were to investigate the presence of genetic variation for susceptibility to pathogen‐specific mastitis and to examine whether haplotypes of an identified quantitative trait locus with effect on unspecific mastitis resistance had different effects on specific mastitis pathogens. Bacteriological data on mastitis pathogens were obtained from the diagnostic laboratory at the Swedish National Veterinary Institute. The data were mainly from subclinical cases of mastitis but also clinical cases were included. Variance components were estimated for incidence of the six most frequent pathogens using Markov Chain Monte Carlo methodology via Gibbs sampling. Genetic variation for susceptibility to pathogen‐specific mastitis was higher compared to estimates of general resistance to clinical mastitis in most other studies. However, because of the non‐random nature of data collection, comparisons to other studies should be made by caution. The effect of haplotype on the risk of being infected by a given mastitis pathogen, relative to other pathogens, was studied using an allele substitution model. Although there were no significant haplotype substitution effects on the resistance to any of the six mastitis pathogens, there was a significant difference between the effects of two of the haplotypes regarding the risk of acquiring aStreptococcus dysgalactiaeinfection.
Psoriasis and type 2 diabetes risk among psoriatic patients in a Spanish population
Authors: Armesto Susana , Santos‐Juanes Jorge , Galache‐Osuna Cristina , Martinez‐Camblor Pablo , Coto Eliecer , Coto‐Segura Pablo
Published: August 2011

There is accumulating evidence showing a relationship between psoriasis and an increased risk of developing cardiovascular risk factors, including diabetes mellitus type 2 and ischemic heart disease. Our aim was to investigate if there is any difference in the diabetes risk profile among psoriatic patients based on clinical findings. To test this, we carried out a prospective and descriptive hospital‐based study. Our results suggest that the highest risk of suffering from diabetes mellitus type 2 among psoriatic patients is in patients suffering from non‐familial and late‐onset disease and in patients suffering from psoriatic arthritis.
No escape from a VSD device? Complete heart block and cardiac arrest associated with a ventricular septal defect occluder device
Authors: Callaghan Michael A. , Mannion David
Published: August 2011

A 15 month old boy with a ventricular septal defect (VSD) underwent percutaneous device closure of the VSD. Five days later he collapsed; on arrival to hospital he was asystolic and received prolonged cardio‐pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with intermittent return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). He had recurrent episodic complete heart block with no ventricular escape rhythm, associated with loss of cardiac output, unresponsive to transcutaneous pacing. He was transferred to theatre, while receiving CPR, for urgent removal of the VSD device. Estimated total ‘down time’ was 70 min. The device was removed and patch closure of the VSD was performed. He made a full neurological recovery. Device closure of septal defects has become widespread. We discuss the incidence and type of arrythmias associated with their use. This case highlights an uncommon but life threatening complication of a VSD device. It also highlights that good quality CPR may lead to positive outcomes following pediatric cardiac arrest.
Prevention for pediatric low cardiac output syndrome: results from the European survey EuLoCOS‐Paed
Authors: Vogt Winnie , Läer Stephanie
Published: August 2011

Objective:  Characterize current hospital practices related to preventive drug therapy for low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS) in children with open heart surgery (OHS) in Europe.

Methods:  Web‐based questionnaire survey of European hospitals performing OHS in children, conducted between January and August 2009.

Results:  Responses to the questionnaire were obtained from 90 of 125 hospitals (72.0%) from 31 different countries across the geographical European regions. The majority of hospitals (77.8%) administered preventive drug therapy and primarily targeted patients at risk (63.3%). Twenty‐four different drug regimens were reported, involving 17 drugs from seven therapeutic drug classes. Milrinone, dopamine, epinephrine, dobutamine, and levosimendan made up 85.9% of the total drug use. Furthermore, milrinone was reported in 70.7% of all drug regimens and significantly more often in combination with other drugs than monotherapy (Δ20%, 95% CI 4.7–34.1%). Milrinone combination therapy reports included lower bolus but higher maintenance infusion doses than monotherapy reports. The timing of drug regimen administration varied across the full perioperative period, but drug regimens were mostly initiated during surgery and continued postoperatively.

Conclusion:  Although current hospital practices related to preventive drug therapy for LCOS in children with OHS are characterized by a marked variability, only few drugs make up the bulk of prescribing practice with milrinone being most commonly used. Therefore, the survey provides information on which drugs to focus research and establish safe and effective drug use. A unified approach is urgently needed to ensure that children with OHS can benefit from evidence‐based care.
Tumour diameter and decreased preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate are independently correlated in patients with renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Donin Nicholas M. , Suh Lara K. , Barlow LaMont , Hruby Gregory W. , Newhouse Jeffrey , McKiernan James
Published: August 2011

Study Type – Diagnosis (exploratory cohort)

Level of Evidence 2b

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

For over 30 years it has been recognized that there is an association between end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) and the development of malignancy, particularly renal cortical tumour. Observational studies have consistently shown that patients with severely decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) develop cancer more frequently than their age‐ and exposure‐matched controls. This study is the first of its kind to look directly at the relationship between GFR and tumour size, in an effort to begin to examine the relationship between kidney function and oncogenesis.

OBJECTIVE

• To examine the relationship between tumour diameter and estimated GFR (eGFR) in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• In total, 1009 patients undergoing partial or radical nephrectomy for unilateral RCC were identified in the Columbia Urologic Database.

• eGFR was calculated using the modification of diet in renal disease equation using demographic data and preoperative serum creatinine values.

• Data on patient demographics, tumour characteristics, and comorbidities were analyzed using univariate and multivariate regression analysis.

RESULTS

• Mean (sd, range) tumour diameter was 5.29 (3.8, 0.3–29) cm. Mean (sd, range) eGFR was 75 (23.4, 3–173) mL/min per 1.73 m2.

• In multivariate regression analysis, tumour diameter independently predicted decreased preoperative eGFR (coefficient, −0.513; P= 0.008) when controlling for hypertension and race.

• Consistent with this, decreased preoperative eGFR independently predicted increased tumour diameter (coefficient, −0.013; P= 0.007) when controlling for race, histology and smoking status.

CONCLUSION

• Tumour diameter and decreased preoperative eGFR are independently correlated in patients with RCC.
Seminal vesicle invasion: what is the best adjuvant treatment after radical prostatectomy?
Authors: Bastide Cyrille , Rossi Dominique , Lechevallier Eric , Bladou Franck , Barriol David , Bretheau Denis , Grisoni Vincent , Mancini Julien , Giusiano Sophie , Eghazarian Christophe , Van Hove Antoine
Published: August 2011

Study Type – Therapy (individual cohort)

Level of Evidence 2b

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Seminal vesicle invasion in prostate cancer has a poor prognosis. Nowadays, there is no consensus about the best adjuvant treatment after radical prostatectomy when seminal vesicle invasion is observed in the specimen.

To our knowledge, this is the first comparative study between different adjuvant treatments after radical prostatectomy when seminal vesicle invasion is observed in the specimen.

OBJECTIVE

• To evaluate the biochemical‐failure free survival according to different adjuvant treatments in patients who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) with seminal vesicle invasion (SVI).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• Between 1994 and 2008, 4090 men underwent RP in nine centres. Of these, 310 men had a SVI.

• Exclusion criteria were: detectable postoperative prostate‐specific antigen, lymph node metastases and follow‐up <18 months.

• Therefore, the study group included 199 patients. Of these, 41 received adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) only, 26 received adjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) only, 50 received adjuvant ADT combined with RT and 82 were monitored. The endpoint for this analysis was biochemical no evidence of disease (bNED).

• Preoperative prostate‐specific antigen level, specimen Gleason score, age, clinical stage, surgical margin status and adjuvant treatment were evaluated in a multivariable analysis with respect to bNED survival.

RESULTS

• After a mean (range) follow‐up of 60.3 (18–185) months, 88 (44.2%) patients had a biochemical relapse.

• The estimated 5‐ and 7‐year bNED survival were 32.6% and 25.9% for the observation group, 44.4% and 28.6% for the RT only group, 48.4% and 32.3% for the ADT only group and 82.8% and 62.1% for the adjuvant ADT combined with RT group.

• On multivariate analysis, only adjuvant ADT combined with RT (P < 0.001) was an independent prognostic factor of biochemical relapse.

CONCLUSIONS

• RP appeared to be insufficient as a single treatment for patients with SVI.

• The findings of the present study suggest that adjuvant ADT combined with RT after RP for patients with SVI confers a substantial benefit on 5‐year bNED survival.
Serum testosterone level as a predictor of biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer
Authors: Røder Martin Andreas , Christensen Ib Jarle , Berg Kasper D. , Gruschy Lisa , Brasso Klaus , Iversen Peter
Published: August 2011

Study Type – Aetiology (individual cohort)

Level of Evidence 2b

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

The precise relationship between serum testosterone (T) and prostate cancer (PCa) incidence and progression is controversial.

Low pre‐treatment serum T correlates with higher risk of BF after radical prostatectomy, and T may possess biological information about PCa progression potential.

OBJECTIVE

• To investigate serum testosterone levels as a predictor for biochemical failure (BF) after radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• Prospective cohort study with 227 patients and a median follow‐up of 7.7 years.

• Total serum testosterone was measured at diagnosis.

• Primary endpoint: 5‐year BF‐free survival defined as first PSA > 0.2 ng/mL.

• Testosterone was tested as a predictor of BF as a dichotomized and continuous variable.

RESULTS

• Median (range) age was 62 years (45–74), median PSA 9.9 ng/mL (0.4–96), and median testosterone was 14 nmol/L (2.2–40).

• BF occurred for 57 patients (26%) within 5 years.

• In multivariate analysis with age, PSA, and biopsy Gleason score, testosterone levels >11 nmol/L were an independent predictor for reduced risk of BF (hazard ratio, 0.53; 95% confidence interval, 0.31–0.90; P= 0.02).

• When analyzed as a continuous variable, testosterone was not a statistically significant predictor of BF.

CONCLUSION

• Low pretreatment serum testosterone levels correlate with a higher risk of BF, and testosterone may possess biological information about prostate cancer progression potential, which makes it an independent predictor of biochemical failure after RRP.
Expression of the tumour antigen T21 is up‐regulated in prostate cancer and is associated with tumour stage
Authors: Miles Amanda K. , Rogers Alistair , McCulloch Thomas , Hodi Zsolt , McArdle Stephanie , Bishop Michael , Rees Robert C.
Published: August 2011

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

T21 is an immunogenic prostate‐associated tumor antigen identified by SEREX expression cloning and shown to have a highly restricted mRNA expression profile. This study shows the expression of T21 at the protein level in a panel of tissues and cell lines and demonstrates increasing levels of T21 protein expression in patients with more advanced stage prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVES

To define the expression pattern of the tumour antigen T21 at the protein level in prostate tissues, prostate cell lines and a panel of normal tissues.

To correlate the expression pattern of T21 in prostate cancer with clinical parameters.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Tissue samples were collected from 79 patients presenting at clinic with either prostate cancer (63 patients) or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH, 16 patients).

A tissue microarray (TMA) was constructed from 44 of the prostate cancer tissues and areas of benign disease (43 patients) from these tissues were also included on the TMA. The remaining tissues (prostate cancer 19 patients and BPH 16 patients) were mounted fresh frozen onto cork boards and sectioned.

Full ethical approval was granted for all aspects of the study and informed patient consent was taken before tissue collection.

Immunohistochemistry was used on the prostate tumour TMA, the normal tissue TMA and the fresh‐frozen prostate tissues. Fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry was performed on prostate cell lines.

RESULTS

Expression of T21 was highly restricted within normal tissues with only the stomach, ovary, breast and prostate having detectable T21 expression.

T21 was significantly over‐expressed in prostate cancer glands compared with benign tissue and was present in >80% of the malignant specimens analysed.

Increased expression was positively correlated to pathological stage of prostate tumours.

Additionally, T21 was associated with Gleason grade and prostate‐specific antigen recurrence, although statistical significance was not reached in this restricted cohort of patients.

CONCLUSION

Taken together these results show that T21 is a potential new biomarker for advanced disease and that elevated levels of T21 appear relevant to prostate cancer development.
Long‐term outcomes of augmentation ileocystoplasty in patients with spinal cord injury: a minimum of 10 years of follow‐up
Authors: Gurung Pratik M.S. , Attar Kaka H. , Abdul‐Rahman Ahmad , Morris Tim , Hamid Rizwan , Shah P. Julian R.
Published: August 2011

Study Type – Therapy (case series)

Level of Evidence 4

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Suprasacral spinal cord injuries can result in intractable detrusor overactivity adversely effecting patients’ quality of life. It can lead to high pressure bladder resulting in urinary incontinence and deterioration of upper tract function. Augmentation cystoplasty is an accepted procedure in treating refractory neurogenic detrusor overactivity.

Several publications have reported on the short‐ to intermediate‐term outcomes with augmentation cystoplasty in patients with spinal cord injury. However, it is not known how these outcomes alter over a longer period. This study has a follow‐up of at least 10 years. It evaluates the durability of this procedure over the longer term. It also assesses the patients reported outcome over this period. This data can help counsel patients better when considering augmentation cystoplasty as a treatment option for the management of refractory neurogenic detrusor overactivity secondary to spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE

To report the long‐term outcomes of augmentation ileocystoplasty (AIC) in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI), with a minimum follow‐up period of 10 years.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We retrospectively analysed all operations performed by a single surgeon at a specialist spinal unit.

Outcomes were measured by comparing preoperative and follow‐up videocystometrograms (VCMGs).

Complications were identified from case notes and the surgery database.

Subjective assessment was through a previously validated questionnaire.

RESULTS

The mean (range) follow‐up was 14.7 (10.5–20.3) years. There were 19 patients (12 males) with a mean (range) age at time of surgery of 28.9 (12–52) years. The mean (range) period from injury to surgery was 4.5 (0.3–22) years. All had suprasacral injuries.

The VCMGs showed a significant improvement in bladder capacity and a decrease in intravesical pressures (P < 0.001).

Long‐term complications included bladder stones (n= 4); urosepsis (n= 2); vesico‐ureteric reflux ([VUR]n= 2), VUR requiring ureteric re‐implantation (n= 1); neurogenic detrusor overactivity ([NDO]n= 1); and laparatomy for bowel obstruction (n= 1). Surveillance cystoscopies did not detect any bladder neoplasms.

The response rate for the questionnaire survey was 14/17; 13/14 patients were satisfied with the operation such that they would consider it again or recommend it to a friend. No patient reported any significant changes in either bowel habit or sexual function.

CONCLUSIONS

We found that AIC has excellent long‐term outcomes in the definitive management of refractory NDO in patients with SCI.

The complications of AIC appear to be more than counterbalanced by a high level of patient satisfaction with the procedure and by the achievement of the primary aim of ensuring continence and upper tract safety in these patients.
Chinese white‐collar workers and multilingual creativity in the diaspora
Authors: YOU XIAOYE
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACT:  The nearly universal requirement of English study in colleges has afforded the language an unprecedented institutional status and given rise to an increasingly large English‐literate public in the Expanding Circle countries. Adopting the lens of domestic diaspora, the present study explores Chinese white‐collar workers' multilingual creativity when they seek to represent themselves as a distinct social form and to articulate their diasporic consciousness on an electronic bulletin board. Using thematic and rhetorical analysis, the study reveals not only patterns of social and personal behaviors of the new Chinese workforce but also the symbolic strategies that they develop to achieve agency. Rather than confining themselves to bilingual resources, white‐collar workers actively utilize resources from multiple languages (such as Standard English, Standard Mandarin, Chinese regional dialects, and Internet language), and the multimodal functions of the digital technologies. Their idiosyncratic, fluid use of English defies the time‐honored scholarly view of China English as a discrete formal linguistic system.
English teacher preference: the case of China's non‐English‐major students
Authors: HE DEYUAN , MILLER LINDSAY
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACT: In an era when English has become the uncontested world language, this study explores who Chinese non‐English majors prefer as their English teachers: English teachers from China (ETCs) or so‐called native‐speaking English teachers (NETs). This issue has been keenly debated in the Chinese press in recent years. However, it is not a debate in which the voices of the learners and teachers of English have been sufficiently reported through empirical studies. The study draws comprehensive data from 984 college students and their teachers at four universities in different parts of China. On the basis of three cross‐validated research methods (questionnaire survey, matched‐guise technique, and focused interview), it is argued that, where possible, college English classes should be taught by both ETCs and NETs, since students can benefit from the strengths of both types of teachers. In addition, ETCs should be given opportunities to train in English‐speaking countries in order to improve their own English proficiency levels and that only qualified NETs should be recruited to teach college English in China.
Internationalisation, multilingualism and English‐medium instruction
Authors: DOIZ AINTZANE , LASAGABASTER DAVID , SIERRA JUAN MANUEL
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACT:  In the new European higher education space, Universities in Europe are exhorted to cultivate and develop multilingualism. The European Commission's 2004–2006 action plan for promoting language learning and diversity speaks of the need to build an environment which is favourable to languages. Yet reality indicates that it is English which reigns supreme and has become the main foreign language used as means of instruction at European universities. Internationalisation has played a key role in this process, becoming one of the main drivers of the linguistic hegemony exerted by English. In this paper we examine the opinions of teaching staff involved in English‐medium instruction, from pedagogical ecology‐of‐language and personal viewpoints. Data were gathered using group discussion. The study was conducted at a multilingual Spanish university where majority (Spanish), minority (Basque) and foreign (English) languages coexist, resulting in some unavoidable linguistic strains. The implications for English‐medium instruction are discussed at the end of this paper.
Loss Aversion and Learning to Bid
Authors: Dittrich Dennis A. V. , Güth Werner , Kocher Martin G. , Pezanis‐Christou Paul
Published: August 2011

Bidding challenges learning theories. Even with the same bid, experiences vary stochastically: the same choice can result in either a gain or a loss. In such an environment, the question arises of how the nearly universally documented phenomenon of loss aversion affects the adaptive dynamics. We analyse the impact of loss aversion in a simple auction using the experienced‐weighted attraction model of learning. Our experimental results suggest that individual learning dynamics are highly heterogeneous and affected by loss aversion to different degrees. Apart from that, the experiment shows that loss aversion is not specific to rare decision‐making.
Simulating climate change impacts on forests and associated vascular epiphytes in a subtropical island of East Asia
Authors: Hsu Rebecca C.‐C. , Tamis Wil L. M. , Raes Niels , de Snoo Geert R. , Wolf Jan H. D. , Oostermeijer Gerard , Lin Shu‐Hua
Published: August 2011

Aim  This study aims to assess the impact of climate change on forests and vascular epiphytes, using species distribution models (SDMs).

Location  Island of Taiwan, subtropical East Asia.

Methods  A hierarchical modelling approach incorporating forest migration velocity and forest type–epiphyte interactions with classical SDMs was used to model the responses of eight forest types and 237 vascular epiphytes for the year 2100 under two climate change scenarios. Forest distributions were modelled and modified by dominant tree species’ dispersal limitations and hypothesized persistence under unfavourable climate conditions (20 years for broad‐leaved trees and 50 years for conifers). The modelled forest projections together with 16 environmental variables were used as predictors in models of epiphyte distributions. A null method was applied to validate the significance of epiphyte SDMs, and potential vulnerable species were identified by calculating range turnover rates.

Results  For the year 2100, the model predicted a reduction in the range of most forest types, especially for Picea and cypress forests, which shifted to altitudes c. 400 and 300 m higher, respectively. The models indicated that epiphyte distributions are highly correlated with forest types, and the majority (77–78%) of epiphyte species were also projected to lose 45–58% of their current range, shifting on average to altitudes c. 400 m higher than currently. Range turnover rates suggested that insensitive epiphytes were generally lowland or widespread species, whereas sensitive species were more geographically restricted, showing a higher correlation with temperature‐related factors in their distributions.

Main conclusions  The hierarchical modelling approach successfully produced interpretable results, suggesting the importance of considering biotic interactions and the inclusion of terrain‐related factors when developing SDMs for dependant species at a local scale. Long‐term monitoring of potentially vulnerable sites is advised, especially of those sites that fall outside current conservation reserves where additional human disturbance is likely to exacerbate the effect of climate change.
Multiple‐view Shape and Deformation Measurement by Combining Fringe Projection and Digital Image Correlation
Authors: Nguyen T. N. , Huntley J. M. , Burguete R. L. , Coggrave C. R.
Published: August 2011

Abstract:  We present a new method that combines the fringe projection and the digital image correlation (DIC) techniques on a single hardware platform to simultaneously measure both shape and deformation fields of three‐dimensional (3‐D) surfaces with complex geometries. The method in its basic form requires only a single camera and single projector, but this can be easily extended to a multi‐camera multi‐projector system to obtain complete 360° measurements. Multiple views of the surface profile and displacement field are automatically co‐registered in a unified global coordinate system, thereby avoiding the significant errors that can arise through the use of statistical point cloud stitching techniques. Experimental results from a two‐camera two‐projector sensor are presented and compared with results from both a standard stereo‐DIC approach and a finite element model.
Accumulation of Damage in A336 GR5 Structural Steel Subject to Complex Stress Loading
Authors: Dietrich L. , Socha G.
Published: August 2011

Abstract:  Changes in the mechanical characteristics of the structural steel because of fatigue damage accumulation are investigated in this article. Cyclic loading was performed in a complex stress state. Tubular specimens were loaded by axial force and torque, with loading performed along proportional and non‐proportional paths in the strain space. Material characteristics in the form of the stress–strain curve and yield surface were determined in the ‘as received’ state and after cyclic loading. It was found that accumulation of the fatigue damage because of cyclic loading in a complex stress state along proportional and non‐proportional paths in the strain space is manifested by the increase in inelastic response. The rate of damage was found to be higher for non‐proportional (circular) loading paths than that for proportional loading with the same strain amplitude.
A novel Y231del mutation of HFE in hereditary haemochromatosis provides in vivo evidence that the Huh‐7 is a human haemochromatotic cell line
Authors: Takano Atsuko , Niimi Hideki , Atarashi Yoshinari , Sawasaki Takuro , Terasaki Teiichi , Nakabayashi Tomoyuki , Kitajima Isao , Tobe Kazuyuki , Takahara Terumi
Published: August 2011

Hereditary haemochromatosis (HH), which is mainly associated with a C282Y polymorphism in HFE, is common among Caucasians of north European descent, but is very rare among Asians. Herein, we report a 43‐year‐old Japanese man who was diagnosed as having HH. A laboratory examination revealed an elevated serum iron level (280 μg/dl), hyperferritinemia (1698 ng/ml) and a low serum level of hepcidin‐25 (4.0 ng/ml). Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging revealed findings suggestive of iron accumulation in the liver and pancreas. HFE gene sequencing in the patient revealed a novel homozygous TAC nucleotide deletion (c. 691_693del) responsible for the loss of a tyrosine at position 231 (p. Y231del) of the HFE protein. This homozygous Y231del mutation was recently found in the Huh‐7 hepatoma cell line and was shown to prevent the translocation of HFE to the cell surface. This clinical case provides in vivo evidence suggesting that Huh‐7 is undoubtedly a human haemochromatotic cell line and, as such, is a valuable tool for investigating the pathogenesis of HFE‐related HH in humans.
Provision and quality of dialysis services in Libya
Authors: ALASHEK Wiam A. , MCINTYRE Christopher W. , TAAL Maarten W.
Published: August 2011

Dialysis is entirely funded by the public health care sector in Libya. Access to treatment is unrestricted for citizens but there is a lack of local information and no renal registry to gather national data. This cross‐sectional study aimed to investigate dialysis provision and practice in Libyan dialysis facilities in 2009. A structured interview regarding dialysis capacity, staffing and methods of assessment of dialysis patients, and infection control measures was conducted with the medical directors of all 40 dialysis centers and 28 centers were visited. A total of 2417 adult patients were receiving maintenance dialysis in 40 centers, giving a population prevalence of approximately 624 per million. Most dialysis units were located in the northern part of the country and only 12.5% were free‐standing units. Only three centers offered peritoneal dialysis. One hundred ninety‐two hemodialysis rooms hosted 713 functioning hemodialysis stations, giving a ratio of one machine to 3.4 patients. Around half of centers operated only two dialysis shifts per day. Nephrologist/internist to patient ratio was 1:40 and nurse to patient ratio was 1:3.7. We found a wide variation in monitoring of dialysis patients, with dialysis adequacy assessed only in a minority. Separate rooms were allocated for chronic viral infection seropositive patients in 92.5% of the units. In general, the provision of dialysis is adequate but several areas for improvement have been identified, including a need for implementation of guidelines, recruitment of more nephrologists, and the development of more cost‐effective alternatives such as peritoneal dialysis and transplantation.