bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intakes of Processed Meat and Red Meat in Koreans Are Far Below the Level Referred to Increase the Risk of Colorectal Cancer by IARC
Authors: Lee Jee Yeon , Yon Miyong , Kim Dohee , Nam Jiwoon , Park Seungjoo , Lee Haeng‐Shin , Kim Cho‐il
Published: November 2023

Recently, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of the World Health Organization (WHO) has released the result of the evaluation on the carcinogenicity of the consumption of red meat (RM) and processed meat (PM). Processed meat was classified as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), based on sufficient evidence in humans that the consumption of processed meat causes colorectal cancer. And, the experts concluded that each 50 gram portion of processed meat eaten daily increases the risk of colorectal cancer by 18%. This prompted us to look into the RM and PM intake of the Korean population using the dietary intake data collected by 24‐hr recall method from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Data from 2010 through 2013 KNHANES were merged to increase the statistical power while giving equal weighs to each year data and analyzed. Beef, veal, pork, lamb, mutton, goat, boar, rabbit and whale meat was included in RM, and hot dogs, ham, sausages, bacon, beef jerky, beef patty as well as canned meat was considered PM. Although the intake per capita per day was 57.13±0.93 g (mean±SE) for RM and 6.82±0.22 g for PM, adolescent boys and young men showed a mean RM intake close to 100 g/person/day, the level cited for a possible increase of cancer risk by 17%. However, mean PM intake was much lower than the referred level even in the aforementioned subpopulations. In general, intake among females were about half of that among males for each age group examined. Even though it is not clear if there is any threshold in RM or PM intake for a definite increase in cancer risk, it seems quite plausible to say that current intake of PM and RM among Koreans are low enough to be away from serious health concern yet. However, cautions need to be exercised not to increase RM intake any further among adolescent boys and young men especially. Government's effort to conduct risk assessments in order to balance the risks and benefits of eating RM and PM and to provide the best possible dietary recommendations is warranted.
Discrepancies Between Health Professionals’ Understanding and the Evidence For Sugars Related Nutrition Issues in Canada
Authors: Wang Flora , DiAngelo Chiara L. , Pasut Laura , Marsden Sandra L.
Published: November 2023

Media articles often focus on added sugars consumption as being responsible for rising rates of obesity, diabetes and other chronic health concerns. However, meta‐analyses consistently demonstrate that sugars are no more likely to contribute to weight gain than other energy sources when compared on an isocaloric basis. The World Health Organization (WHO) sugars guideline recommends limiting “free sugars” (i.e. added sugars plus 100% fruit juices) to less than 10% of energy based on evidence related to dental caries, not obesity or other chronic diseases. Since health professionals are relied upon to communicate accurate scientific information to both the general public and the media, the objective of this study was to assess Canadian health professionals’ perceptions of added sugars consumption in relation to obesity and their understanding of the scientific basis of the WHO sugars guideline. Two sets of questionnaires were distributed to Canadian health professionals at national dietetics and nutrition conferences in 2013 and 2014, respectively. A total of 511 health professionals, primarily dietitians, voluntarily completed the 2013 survey in which less than half (44%) of respondents held the correct perception that the sugars found in fruits and vegetables are metabolized in the same way as sugars added to foods, and that sugars are no more likely to contribute to weight gain than other energy sources in the diet. Almost half (47%) thought sugars from “other foods” category in Canada's Food Guide contributed 15% of daily energy intake—double the actual contribution (i.e. 7.5% of energy). In the 2014 survey (n=355), two‐thirds (64%) of respondents thought added sugars contribute 21–23% of total energy intake in Canada – twice the actual amount of 11% of daily calories estimated based on total sugars data from the 2004 Canadian Community Health Survey. Very few (9%) respondents knew added sugars consumption in Canada is approximately one‐third (30%) less than US consumption. One in ten correctly identified that the WHO 10% guideline for “free sugars” intake was based on evidence related to dental caries only, while the majority (72%) thought the guideline was based on evidence related to all of the listed options: obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and dental caries. In conclusion, a number of knowledge gaps on sugars‐related topics were identified among surveyed health professionals. Further investigation in a larger population is warranted. Future research will also focus on best practices (e.g. tools, resources) to help support the communication of evidence‐based information related to sugars to the general public and the media.
Ingesting 25 g/day Milled Chia Seeds for Two Weeks Does Not Affect Exercise Performance
Authors: Nieman David , Meaney Mary Pat
Published: November 2023

Milled chia seed contains 4.4 grams of α‐linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n‐3) per 25 gram serving; previous research in our laboratory indicates that plasma ALA increases significantly within 2 h after ingestion, and chronically within the first week of regular intake. Human studies suggest that 60–85% of ALA is utilized by tissues for energy, higher than the 50% conversion shown for other plant oils. The purpose of this project was to study the effects of increased alpha linolenic acid (ALA) intake through two‐weeks of supplementation with 25 gm/day milled chia seed on exercise performance in endurance athletes. This study utilized a randomized, crossover research design, with 18 trained cyclists (age 34.9±1.6 years, 351±9.6 wattsmax) operating as their own controls. Participants added 25 g/day milled chia seeds to their normal diet for two weeks, or maintained their own regular diets (randomized order). After the supplementation period, participants rode on their own bicycles on CompuTrainers for 1.75 hours (3:00–4:45 pm) at 70–75% VO2max (or ~60% wattsmax) followed by a 15‐km time trial, and then crossed over to the opposite condition. Blood samples were collected before and after the 2‐week supplementation periods, and plasma samples were analyzed for ALA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) using an HP 6890N gas chromatograph (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA USA) equipped with a 5975B Inert XL MSD mass spectrometer detector. A DB‐23 GC column (60 m × 250 μm × 0.15 μm) from Agilent Technologies (Palo Alto, CA USA) was used to separate the methyl esters of the extracted fatty acids. After 2‐weeks of supplementation with 25 gm/day milled chia seed, plasma ALA and EPA increased 46.1±11.0 (183±37.5%) and 4.56±1.74 μg/ml (36.9±14.7%), respectively, compared to −2.43±1.21 and −1.98±1.53 μg/ml, respectively, when not ingesting chia seeds (P<0.001, P=0.004), with no trial differences for plasma DHA. After the 1.75‐h pre‐load at 60% wattsmax, the time to complete the 15‐km trial and average power output did not differ between the milled chia seed and no chia seed treatments (28.32±2.22 and 28.30±2.29 min; 251±39.7 and 247±55.2 watts, respectively, P=0.970, 0.641). In summary, despite significant increases in plasma ALA and EPA, these data do not support that 2‐weeks supplementation with 25 gm/d milled chia seed has an influence on 15‐km cycling time trial performance.
The Perceived Impact of Moving to United States on Eating Habits among College Students from Countries Gulf Cooperation Council
Authors: Huwaikem Mashael , Campa Adriana
Published: November 2023

Objective

To evaluate the social‐culture factors affect the changes in eating habits among college students from the Cooperation Council Gulf Cooperation Council of the Arab states at Gulf (GCC), which include Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arabs Of Emirates.

Methods

This was a semi‐qualitative, retrospective study of 80 college students from GCC. Eligible participants resided in the United States for at least six months, were older than 18 years, and originated from one of the GCC countries. Data were collected through a self‐administered questionnaire addressing socio‐demographics and cultural factors that may have influenced changes in their diet such as age, gender, anthropometrics, nationality, socio‐economic characteristics (education and income) and dietary habits in their country of origin and perceived changes in eating behavior and time and type of food consumed. Quality of the diet before and after immigration was measured by the Healthy Eating Index (HEI). Descriptive statistics, T‐tests (independent‐samples, and paired), χ2, Spearman's and Partial Correlations were conducted using SPSS vs. 21. Alpha was set at 0.1. The study was approved by the Florida International University Institutional Review Board.

Results

Participants were mostly males (70%) and Saudi (57.5%); 78.8% were single and 82.5% had been living more than a year in Miami, Florida. Being male was significantly and inversely correlated with an improved HEI (r = −0.278, P=0.012) and having higher BMI was positively correlated with moving to Miami (r = 0.259, P=0.021). After the participants moved, lunch became more frequently their main meal in contrast with dinner in their native country (Positive Likelihood ratio [LR+]= 12.056, P=0.061). In Miami, students were more likely to have a more balanced meals according to their HEI score (LR+= 4.4, P=0.037) than when they were in their native country. When participants’ eating behaviors before and after living in Miami were compared, the most important changes after they moved were significant decreases in eating out, and increased cooking and skipping meals.

Conclusions

Cooking and eating behaviors before immigration were associated with deeply rooted cultural beliefs and values; however, when moving into a culture with different and varied dietary habits, away from their native country, changes in eating habits were observed in GCC college students within 6 month to one year of being in the United States. Moreover, most of the changes improved the quality of their diet by selecting more balanced meals, according to US Dietary guidelines. Men changed their food habits and cooking behaviors significantly more than women.
The Effects of Resistance Training with L‐carnitine Supplementation on Total Antioxidant Capacity and Lipid Peroxidation in Untrained Men
Authors: Koozehchian Majid , Falah Ebrahim , Daneshfar Amin , Kaveh Maryam , Sanchez Brittany K , Owlia Gaolamali , Moosakhani Alireza , Nazem Ghazaleh , Moradi Najmeh , Kreider Richard B
Published: November 2023

Background & Purpose

Exercise training can disrupt the balance between free radical production and the body antioxidant defense system resulting in a condition known as oxidative stress. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of eight weeks of resistance training with L‐carnitine supplementation on total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in untrained males.

Methodology

In a double‐masked, randomized, placebo‐controlled study, 20 untrained males (age= 25±1yrs) were assigned into either supplement (n=9) or placebo (n=11) groups. Both groups followed the same resistance training program three days per week for eight consecutive weeks. During the study, the supplement group received L‐carnitine 2g daily, and the placebo group received maltodextrin capsules. Anthropometric measurements, dietary intakes and blood markers including TAC and MDA were measured pre and post treatment data were analyzed using paired t test, independent t‐test and analysis of covariance at the significance level of P≤0.05. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS version 22.0 software.

Results

Results showed that the supplement group experienced a significant increase in TAC as well as a significant decrease in serum MDA levels following the training program (P≤0.05), while there was only a significant difference at serum MDA levels between groups following the training (P≤0.05). Furthermore, no significant difference was found in variables in the placebo group following the training program (P>0.05).

Conclusion

Present findings suggest that 2 g/day of L‐carnitine increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the TAC in healthy subjects. L‐carnitine supplementation might be a considered as a protective strategy to regulate oxidative stress during exercise training period.
Korean Fermented Soy Sauce Modulate Na+/K+‐ATPase Activity in HK‐2 Cells
Authors: Cha Youn‐Soo , Mun Eun‐Gyung , Kim Mina , Yook Jin‐seon
Published: November 2023

Na+/K+‐ATPase (NKA) is membrane transporter in mammals. The proximal tubules of kidney play a key role in the maintenance of ionic homeostasis functioning via Na+ and water reabsorption. Modulation of NKA is an important mechanism for animal cells to survive in diverse environments, especially in the compensation of hypertonicity‐induced disturbances. HK‐2 cells are human renal proximal tubule cell line; it has NAK in apical membrane which functions as the first step to absorb the Na+. Also, NAK, Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3), Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX), Na+/HCO3− cotranspoter (NBC), and carbonic anhydrase (CA) control the absorption of salt. Korean fermented soy sauce including doenjang and ganjang, fermented from meju using Bacillus and Aspergillus species of bacteria. Fermentation of soybeans alters the profiles of isoflavonoids, small peptides, and urea cycle intermediated. However, fermented soy sauce contains high‐salt, which secure the long‐term fermentation. This problem can be health problem in high‐salt intake such as hypertension. HK‐2 cells were exposed to hypertonic condition (600 mOsm/kg H2O), and the relative NKA activity were analyzed via spectrophotometer. NKA activity was increased in HK‐2 cell upon hypertonic challenge in time‐dependency. NHE3 activity was also increase such as NKA activity in various concentration of hypertonic condition (400~600 mOsm/kg H2O) for 24 hours. Korean fermented soy sauce modulates NKA and NHE3 activities in HK‐2 cells.

Support or Funding Information

This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education(2015R1D1A3A01015869)
Gut microbiota in wild type Caenorhabditis elegans: Stimulation by media containing dietary fiber from Prowashonupana barley
Authors: Zheng Jolene , Gao Chenfei , Raggio Anne M , Enright Frederick M , Martin Roy J , Janes Marlene E , Greenway Frank L , Keenan Michael J
Published: November 2023

Resistant starches reduce intestinal fat deposition and improve healthspan in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model organism as seen in rodents and humans. This study is to identify the intestinal anaerobic bacteria in wild type C. elegans. Control group received Escherichia coli (OP50) and experimental group received additional Prowashonupana barley (PWB, 1%). One week later, the total genomic DNA (cfu/ml) of the animals was extracted and bacterial DNA was evaluated using qRT‐PCR. Lactobacillus spp was 7.16×108‐fold higher than Bacteroides‐Prevotella group, and 2.86×108–fold more than Bifidobacteriumgenus, and 6.4×103‐fold greater than Clostridium Cluster XIVa and XIVb. The bacteria that were increased post PWB feeding: Clostridium Cluster XIVa and XIVb (633%, P=0.0353), Bacteroides‐Prevotella group (472%, P=0.007), and Bifidobacteriumgenus (250%, P<0.001). These data of the anaerobic bacteria indicated the intestinal origin, and increased components of the total bacterial population with the PWB treatment, and proved the general concept, for the first time, that the C. elegans intestinal tract contained anaerobic bacteria capable of fermenting fermentable carbohydrates. Future studies using DNA sequencing of the 16SrRNA gene are warranted. The C. elegans organism is a low cost and convenient model for rapidly testing dietary substances that provide health benefits and offer a solution to treat obesity in humans.

Support or Funding Information

Grant support to Dr. Jolene Zheng from Louisiana Board of Regents Support Fund and Ardent Milles (Denver, CO) (LEQSF(2012‐13)‐RD‐B‐09). Dr. Mark LeBlanc (Agricultural Chemistry Department, Louisiana State University) assisted to prepare Prowashonupana barley. The nematode strains used in this work were provided by the Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (University of Minnesota, MN), which is funded by the NIH National Center for Research Resources (NCRR).
Pectin Feeding for 16 Weeks Improves Learning and Memory in Young C57Bl/6 J Mice: A Relationship to the Gut Microbiota?
Authors: Mailing Lucy , Allen Jacob , Liu Tzu‐Wen , Bhattacharya Tushar , Park Pul , Pence Brandt , Rodney Johnson , Fahey George , Swanson Kelly , Rhodes Justin , Woods Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Pectin is a soluble, fermentable dietary fiber that can improve intestinal homeostasis in mammals. Beyond the gut, recent evidence suggests a positive relationship between fiber intake and learning and memory in humans. The potential mechanisms by which fermentable, dietary fibers can modulate behavior have not been fully explored.

Hypothesis

We hypothesized that mice fed pectin (5%) for 16 weeks would have enhanced learning and memory compared to mice fed only cellulose and that these differences would be related to the gut microbiota.

Methods

Two cohorts of C57Bl/6J mice were randomized to a pectin (n=20) or cellulose diet (n=20) and fed for 16 weeks. Thereafter, learning and memory tests were conducted and distal colon contents were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing to measure compositional changes in the microbiota.

Results

Mice fed pectin displayed shorter distance traveled during acquisition and shorter average distance from the platform during the 24 hour probe trial of the Morris water maze when compared to the mice fed cellulose (p<0.05). Unweighted UniFrac revealed a significant shift in the community structure of the microbiota as a result of pectin feeding (p<0.01). Further analysis found that two microbial genera, Oscillospira spp. and Bilophila spp., were positively associated with distance from the platform during the 24‐hour probe test and latency to find the platform at day 5 of the acquisition phase (p<0.05). These genera, which were significantly reduced by pectin feeding (p<0.05), are strongly associated with gut paracellular permeability and systemic inflammation in mice and humans.

Conclusion

Together, these data suggest that dietary pectin improves learning and memory, likely through alteration of the gut microbiota. Further study is needed to elucidate the mechanisms involved, including microbial‐host interactions and gut‐brain communication.
Decreased Abundance of Firmicutes in the Gut Microbiota After Consumption of a Diet Containing Milk Fats
Authors: Walsh Helen , Haq Hira , Cersosimo Laura , Kien Craig Lawrence , Kraft Jana
Published: November 2023

Intestinal microbiota play a relevant role in health maintenance and disease prevention. Diet has been shown to influence the intestinal bacterial density, communities, and subsequently their functions. Recent studies have indicated that a diet high in fat causes changes in the intestinal microbiota affecting the host's metabolic phenotype. However, little is known about the relationship between fat quality and bacterial community structure. Several studies have linked the intestinal bacterial composition with the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and recent research provides evidence that the consumption of high‐fat dairy products is associated with a reduction in the risk of type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that a diet containing dairy fat would shift the intestinal bacterial structure as a result of the unique ruminant‐derived fatty acids. Twelve healthy adults (6 male; mean ± SEM, age: 27.2 ± 1.7 y; body mass index: 23.0 ± 0.9 kg/m2) were included in an 8‐wk randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled feeding trial. After a 1‐wk run‐in period, subjects consumed a balanced DASH‐style diet for two 3‐wk interventions (separated by a 1‐wk washout period reflecting a representative U.S. diet) with either 3 servings of whole yogurt (milk fat diet; MF) or fat‐free yogurt supplemented with a control fat (control diet, CON). Fecal samples were collected at the end of each diet intervention for the analysis of intestinal bacterial composition using next‐generation sequencing. From the total sequence reads, Firmicutes were the most abundant bacterial phylum during CON (57.2 ± 7.0%) and were lower after MF (49.9 ± 5.0%, P = 0.040). Diet did not affect the abundance of the phylum Bacteroidetes. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio of the intestinal microbiota was lower after MF compared to CON (MF: 2.9 ± 1.1%, CON: 4.5 ± 1.5%; P = 0.047). The relative abundance of the class Bacilli was lower (P = 0.023) after MF consumption (0.88 ±0.19) compared to the CON (2.10 ± 0.45) and family Streptococcaceae (P = 0.026) was lower after MF consumption (0.82 ± 0.18%) when compared to the CON (1.90 ± 0.4%). No statistically significant differences were observed in other bacterial classes, orders, or families. Our results indicate that milk‐derived fat modifies the distribution of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, the two major phyla inhabiting the human intestinal tract.

Support or Funding Information

This trial was funded by the Dairy Research Institute/National Dairy Council (Rosemont, IL).
Modulation of Colonic Microbiota Populations by Polyphenolic Containing Sorghum Brans May Protect Against Development of Metabolic Disease
Authors: Lloyd Shannon K. , Ritchie Lauren E. , Hicks Kristen K. , Azcarate‐Peril M. Andrea , Turner Nancy D.
Published: November 2023

Polyphenols in diets rich in fruits, vegetables and whole grains may protect against metabolic disease states such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and chronic inflammation by influencing the distribution of colonic bacteria. This study was conducted to determine if the consumption of sorghum brans containing 3‐deoxyanthocyanins and/or condensed tannins could shift bacterial populations in healthy rats towards a phenotype that is thought to be more protective against the development of metabolic disease. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were initially provided a standard pelleted diet followed by a semi‐purified diet containing cellulose, sumac bran, black bran, or high‐tannin black bran (n=7/group) for 9 wk. Diets were matched to contain 6% dietary fiber and other macronutrients so that they only differed by the type of polyphenolic compounds in each bran. Fecal samples were collected 1 wk prior to beginning the experimental diets (day 0) and at 25, 32, 38, and 63 d following initiation of experimental diets to assess changes in microbial populations across time within diets and between diets. The cellulose diet increased the abundance of Firmicutes from baseline (p=0.0028), which was accompanied by a reduction of Bacteroidetes (p=0.0004); characteristics similar to those seen in individuals with obesity, type 2 diabetes and inflammation. In contrast, sumac bran reduced abundance of Firmicutes (p=0.0010) and increased abundance of Bacteroidetes (p=0.0033); changes associated with a reduced incidence of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and inflammation in individuals. At the genus level two bacteria associated with reduced metabolic disease, Bacteroides and Akkermansia, were increased from baseline by sorghum brans. Bacteroides was increased by sumac, high‐tannin black, and black bran (p<0.0001, p=0.0013, p=0.0052 respectively). An initial increase in Bacteroides caused by cellulose (p=0.0284) returned to baseline by day 32. Condensed tannin containing sumac and high‐tannin black brans increased Akkermansia from baseline (p=0.0559, p=0.0114 respectively), whereas black bran and cellulose had no effect. These seemingly beneficial modulations of microbiota populations due to consumption of sorghum brans containing different types of polyphenolic compounds suggest that the addition of these sorghum brans to polyphenol‐depleted diets may help protect against development of metabolic disease states such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and inflammation by improving colonic microbiota.

Support or Funding Information

Funded by USCP HMV006‐12 and NIEHS P30ES023512
Comparison of Preparative High Density Lipoprotein Separation Methods for Subsequent Omic Analysis
Authors: Zhu Chenghao , Sacchi Romina , Rhodes Christopher , Tan Bowen , Muchena John K. , Lebrilla Carlito B. , Zivkovic Angela M.
Published: November 2023

Multiple methods are used to separate high density lipoprotein (HDL) from plasma, including an array of density‐based ultracentrifugation methods, as well as dextran sulfate separation. Ultracentrifugation is the gold standard for lipoprotein isolation and has been used to assess HDL for decades. However, it is thought that the high sheer stress and high salt concentrations in density ultracentrifugation based methods may lead to the loss of specific molecular species in HDL. Moreover, none of the current methods have been optimized and validated for subsequent omic anaylsis. In this study, several HDL separation methods were optimized and validated, including multiple sequential flotation and gradient ultracentrifugation methods, and the dextran sulfate precipitation method. These methods were compared using a standard pooled HDL sample and analyses were completed in triplicate. Lipidomic, proteomic, and glycomic analyses were performed on the separated HDL using mass spectrometry. Our results show that there were differences between methods in the proteome, lipidome, and glycome of HDL indicating that the specific HDL isolation protocol influences the compositional analysis of HDL.
Functional Characterization Reveals Human ELOVL3 Role in the Biosynthesis of iso‐20:0
Authors: Wang Zhen , Park Hui Gyu , Lawrence Peter , Kothapalli Kumar S. D. , Brenna J. Thomas
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Branched chain fatty acids (BCFA) are major, bioactive components of the human diet, present from later fetal life throughout normal aging. Our objective was to investigate the catalytic activity of saturated fatty acid elongases (ELOVL1, ELOVL3, ELOVL6 and ELOVL7) by checking for enhanced conversion of BCFA substrate to product.

Methods

The open reading frame of ELOVL1, 3, 6 and 7 were cloned into a pcDNA3.1 expression vector. ELOVL1, ELOVL3, ELOVL6, ELOVL7 and empty vector control were transiently transfected into MCF7 breast cancer cells using Polyplus jetPRIME transfection reagent. Twenty four hours (h) after transfection cells were supplemented with 80 μM of albumin‐bound iso‐18:0 fatty acid substrate and were allowed to incubate for 24 h. After incubation, the cells were washed twice with 1× PBS, removed by trypsinization and fatty acids analyzed.

Results

ELOVL3 transfected cells showed enhanced conversion of iso‐18:0 to iso‐20:0 compared to control and other elongases. The relative conversions of iso‐18:0 → iso‐20:0 from two biological replicates for ELOVL3 and control was 3.96 ± 0.01 and 2.02 ± 0.02, respectively. ELOVL7 showed moderate activity (3.14 ± 0.16), whereas, ELOVL1 and ELOVL6 showed no activity towards iso‐18:0.

Conclusion

This is the first report of human elongase(s) showing activity specifically towards BCFA substrate.

Support or Funding Information

NIH R01 AT007003
Size and Timing Matter: Differential Triglyceride Responses to Three Meal Conditions
Authors: Emerson Sam R. , Kurti Stephanie P. , Teeman Colby S. , Emerson Emily M. , Cull Brooke J. , Haub Mark D. , Rosenkranz Sara K.
Published: November 2023

INTRODUCTION

A substantial rise in blood lipids, namely triglycerides, following a meal is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease, visceral adiposity, and insulin resistance. However, the vast majority of research investigating the effects of a meal on blood lipids have not utilized test meals that accurately reflect typical consumption. The purpose of this study was to compare the triglyceride response of more realistic meals, containing moderate fat and energy content, against a high‐fat meal (HFM) typically used to test triglyceride response.

METHODS

Eight men (age: 25.8 ± 6.9 years) completed three meal trials: a HFM (17 kcal/kg body mass, 60% fat, 23% CHO); a moderate‐fat meal (MFM; 8.5 kcal/kg body mass, 30% fat, 52% CHO); and a biphasic meal (BPM), in which participants consumed the MFM at baseline and again three hours later. Venous blood samples were collected via indwelling catheter at baseline and then hourly for six hours post‐meal to assess the triglyceride response.

RESULTS

Baseline triglyceride values were 115.0 ± 67.5 mg/dL. Two participants presented with high mean fasting triglycerides (>150 mg/dL), while the remaining six had normal fasting triglycerides (<150 mg/dL). Peak triglycerides were significantly greater (p = 0.008) following the HFM (300.6 ± 174.6 mg/dL) compared to the MFM (164.1 ± 102.3 mg/dL), but the BPM (209.9 ± 191.9 mg/dL) was not significantly different from the HFM (p = 0.073) or the MFM (p = 0.999). The time to peak triglyceride response was significantly longer in the HFM (4.0 ± 1.2 hours; p = 0.027) and the BPM (4.5 ± 1.1 hours; p = 0.022) compared to the MFM (2.8 ± 1.2 hours), with no difference (p = 0.499) between the HFM and BPM. Total area under the curve (AUC) for triglycerides was significantly greater following the HFM (1409.3 ± 815.0 mg/dL × 6 hrs) compared to the MFM (819.1 ± 491.5 mg/dL × 6 hrs; p = 0.001) and the BPM (1003.1 ± 825.8 mg/dL × 6 hrs; p = 0.037), although the MFM and BPM were not significantly different (p = 0.952). Incremental AUC for triglycerides was also significantly greater following the HFM (679.5 ± 414.9 mg/dL × 6 hrs) versus the MFM (213.5 ± 201.7 mg/dL × 6 hrs; p = 0.004) and the BPM (300.9 ± 333.0 mg/dL × 6 hrs; p = 0.018), with no difference (p = 0.999) between the MFM and BPM.

CONCLUSIONS

Two main deductions may be drawn from these findings: 1) the drastic postprandial triglyceride response following HFMs observed in previous studies may not be representative of the daily metabolic challenge of individuals eating relatively more moderate meals; and 2) when eating a HFM, smaller and/or more frequent meals appear to be better with regard to avoiding substantial postprandial triglyceride fluctuation and potential subsequent cardiovascular risk.
Diet‐induced activation of PPARδ improves liver metabolic profiles in mice
Authors: Paton Chad M , Vaughan Roger A , Alpergin Erbu , Assadi‐Porter Fariba , Dowd Michael K
Published: November 2023

Peroxisome proliferator activator receptor delta (PPARδ) has been shown to be an effective target to combat obesity and metabolic disease, however non‐pharmacological methods of activation have yet to be identified. We tested the ability of various naturally occurring oils to increase PPARδ activity and found that cottonseed oil (CSO) was effective in activating liver expression and activity.

Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a diet supplemented with various oils (50% Kcal from fat‐matched for macronutrient and caloric content) for 4 weeks with body weight and food intake measured weekly. Total energy expenditure, glucose tolerance, and tissue protein and mRNA expression was measured after 4‐weeks. NMR‐based metabolomics was conducted on liver homogenates to examine changes in pathways of macronutrient metabolism.

There were no differences between chow‐ and CSO‐fed mice in body weight or food intake (Kcal/wk) however total energy expenditure and fat oxidation increased compared to chow‐fed groups. Additionally, CSO‐fed mice displayed significantly elevated liver PPARδ and Pgc‐1 expression that correlated with energy expenditure. Metabolomic analyses revealed that the livers of CSO‐fed mice closely matched those of chow‐fed and significantly differed from other fat‐enriched diet groups using principal component analyses. Fatty acid composition of the diets and livers revealed no significant differences in lipid species between groups, with the exception of dihydrosterculic acid (DHSA). DHSA is a cyclopropene fatty acid that may be responsible for increasing fatty acid oxidation in liver. Additional studies designed to assess the effect of DHSA on PPARδ‐mediated metabolic control are ongoing.

Taken together, our observations support the hypothesis that CSO may be useful as a dietary means to increase PPARδ expression with concomitant elevations in total energy expenditure and improved hepatic fatty acid oxidation. A diet containing 50% of total calories from CSO did not cause weight gain and promoted improved molecular adaptations in both liver and skeletal muscle.

Support or Funding Information

Cotton Incorporated.
The Variant R230C Is Associated to a Higher Risk for Hypoalphalipoproteinemia, in School‐aged Mexicans of Hidalgo, Mexico
Authors: Gamo Andrea Gutierrez , Barrera Elizabeth María Tejero , García Marcos Galván , Gamez‐Valdez Elí , Fernández Juan Carlos , Contreras Alejandra Virginia , Rodríguez Guadalupe López
Published: November 2023

A criteria for Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is low HDL‐c levels, a frequent trait in Mexico. Additionally to diet and lifestyle patterns, a genetic variant of the ABCA1 gene (R230C) is associated with this, and other metabolic traits in adults. The prevalence of this variant in Mexican mestizos is 10.9%, and is higher in Amerindians (AMI) (8–21%) as compared with other world populations. This variant is associated with low levels of HDL‐c in school‐aged children, although with MetS remains to be determined.

Objective

To analyze the association of the R230C variant with anthropometric and biochemical variables, AMI ancestry and MetS by two definitions, in unrelated school‐aged Mexicans of Hidalgo, Mexico. Anthropometric and biochemical data were measured, the R230C variant and 15 ancestry informative markers (AIMs) were genotyped in 735 unrelated Mexican school‐age children aged 4–13 years old, using TaqMan allele discrimination assays. MetS was identified using two definitions (De Ferranti et al (DF), and De Ferranti modified (DFM) in HDL‐c definition).

Results

Prevalence of the MetS was 18.10% and 10.34% using DF and DFM, respectively. The C230 allele was not associated with MetS nor AMI ancestry, as estimated by 15 AIMs (Rho=0.060, p=0.106). The C230 allele was significantly associated with lower levels of HDL‐c (p=0.039) and remained significant after adjustment for gender, age, insulin, HOMA index, AMI ancestry, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist‐to‐height ratio (C230C,β= −0.063 and R230C,β=0.021, p=0.011,η2=0.013). The main effect of this variant was stronger than BMI (η2=0.007, p=0.022) and WC (η2=0.007, p=0.017). This variant was associated with a higher risk for hypoalphalipoproteinemia (HA) using <35mg/dL (OR=1.66, CI1.143–2.420, p=0.008) and ≤40mg/dL (OR=1.55, CI1.082–2.221, p=0.016) cut‐off points.

Conclusions

HA is frequent in school‐aged children of Hidalgo, Mexico using international cut‐off points. The C230 allele is associated with low HDL‐c levels and a higher risk for HA. However, this variant was not associated with MetS or Amerindian ancestry in this study. Cut‐off points for HA may need to be reviewed among different populations and age groups.
Korean Pine Nut Oil Replacement decreases intestinal lipid uptake while improves hepatic lipid metabolism in High‐Fat Diet Fed Mice
Authors: Shuang Zhu , Park Soyoung , Lim Yeseo , Shin Sunhye , Han Sung Nim
Published: November 2023

Consumption of pine nut oil (PNO) was shown to reduce weight gain and attenuate hepatic steatosis in mice fed with high fat diet (HFD). In this study, we aimed to explore the effects of PNO on both intestinal and hepatic lipid metabolism in mice fed a HFD. Five‐week‐old C57BL/6 mice were fed control diets containing 10% energy fat from either Soybean Oil (SBO) or PNO (SC or PC groups), or HFD (45% energy from fat) containing 15% energy fat from lard and 30% energy fat from SBO or PNO (SHF or PHF groups) for 12 weeks. Expression of genes related to intestinal fatty acid (FA) uptake and channeling (Cd36, Fatp4, Acsl5, Acbp), intestinal chylomicron synthesis (Mttp, ApoB48, ApoA4), hepatic lipid uptake and channeling (Lrp1, Fatp5, Acsl1, Acbp), hepatic triacylglycerol (TG) lipolysis and FA oxidation (Atgl, Cpt1a, Acadl, Ehhadh, Acaa1), as well as very low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL) assembly (ApoB100) were determined by real‐time PCR. Overall, replacement of SBO with PNO resulted in significantly less body weight gain (P<0.05). In intestine, PNO‐fed mice had significantly lower Cd36 mRNA expression (P<0.05). ApoA4 mRNA levels were significantly lower in PHF compared with SHF (P<0.05). In addition, PNO consumption tended to result in higher hepatic mRNA levels of Atgl (P=0.08) and Cpt1a (P=0.051). The mRNA levels of Acadl and ApoB100 were significantly higher in mice fed PNO diet (both P<0.05). Together, lower Cd36 and ApoA4 mRNA expression in PNO consumption groups suggest that PNO may decrease activities of intestinal FA uptake and chylomicron assembly in intestine. The tendency of higher Atgl and Cpt1a mRNA expression, together with the significantly higher Acadl and ApoB100 mRNA expression in PNO‐fed group may imply that PNO could increase hepatic TG metabolism; mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and VLDL assembly. In conclusion, PNO replacement may function to prevent excessive lipid uptake by intestine as well as improve hepatic lipid metabolism in HFD fed mice.

Support or Funding Information

Supported by the grant from the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea (NRF‐2010‐0024878)
Retroconversion of Docosahexaenoic Acid (22:6n‐3) to Eicosapentaenoic Acid (20:5n‐3) Dominates Over Elongation to 24:6n‐3 in Human Cells
Authors: Park Hi Kyu , Lawrence Peter , Kothapalli Kumar S.D. , Brenna J. Thomas
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n‐3) is the major omega‐3 fatty acid in the brain phospholipids. It can be consumed in the diet but the details of its metabolic fate are not well defined. Our main objective was to determine whether the neural cell lines handle 22:6n‐3 differently than the visceral tissue derived cell lines.

Methods

Four human cancer cells, MCF7 breast cancer, HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma, SK‐N‐SH neuroblastoma, and Y79 retinoblastoma cells were incubated with albumin‐bound 13C‐22:6n‐3 for 24 h. Cells were harvested after 24 h, fatty acid methyl esters prepared and analyzed by GC‐FID and GC‐covalent adduct chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (GC‐CACI‐MS/MS).

Results

The 13C‐DHA was converted to 13C‐EPA (20:5n‐3) by retroconversion and 13C‐24:6n‐3 by elongation with no synthesis of intermediates 13C‐DPA (22:5n‐3) and 13C‐24:5n‐3 in all four human cells. The conversion of 22:6n‐3 to 20:5n‐3 was much greater in the breast and hepatic cells compared to the neuroblastoma and retinoblastoma cells, suggesting a further mechanism by which high 22:6n‐3 and very low 20:5n‐3 are maintained in neural tissue. The elongation product 13C‐24:6n‐3 was observed in all cells well below 13C‐EPA peak.

Conclusion

These results show that the major metabolic transformation of newly imported 22:6n‐3 is a channeled retroconversion to 20:5n‐3 and are consistent with the hypothesis that the efficiency is lower in neural cells.

Support or Funding Information

This work was supported by U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Grant R01 AT007003 from the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (formerly the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine) and the Office of Dietary Supplements.
Fat Weight Rises with Increased Severity of Obesity in Women but Not Lean Body Mass
Authors: Babb Tony G , Bernhardt Vipa , Bhammar Dharini , Stickford Jonathon , Basset J. Todd , Marines‐Price Rubria , Roman Maria
Published: November 2023

PURPOSE

Not only is fat weight greater in comparisons between nonobese and obese adults but also lean body mass (LBM). In a retrospective analysis, we investigated whether LBM increases with the magnitude of fat weight in obese women. We hypothesized that LBM would increase in proportion to the increase in body size.

METHODS

As part of other studies, 207 otherwise healthy obese women between 20 and 45 yr. had body composition determinations by hydrostatic weighing. The subjects were grouped based on their percent body fat (%BF): 1=30≤%BF<40, n=25; 2= 40≤%BF<45, n=54; 3=45≤%BF<50, n=86; and 4=50≤%BF<60, n=42. The groups were compared by ANOVA and the relationships between variables were investigated by regression analysis.

RESULTS

Age and height were not different among groups. Body weight (kg) was not different between the first two groups, but increased significantly thereafter: 84.6±10.6, 88.0±10.2, 99.4±13.0, and 106.5±14.7, respectively. %BF increased significantly (p<0.0001) among groups 37.2±2.2, 42.9±1.6, 47.4±1.4, 51.7±1.3 (mean±SD), respectively. Fat weight (kg) also increased significantly (p<0.0001) among groups explaining 66% of %BF. However, LBM did not increase or decrease (p>0.1986) with the magnitude of obesity: 52.9±6.2, 50.2±5.9, 52.1±6.7, and 50.7±6.6, respectively, and there was no association between LBM and %BF. There was a modest association between LBM and fat weight (R2=0.28, p<0.001) and height (R2=0.41, p<0.0001). As a percent of body weight, LBM decreased significantly (p<0.0001) with the increase in %BF: 62.7±2.3, 57.1±1.6, 52.4±1.4, 47.7±1.7, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

LBM does not increase or decrease with greater classifications of obesity in women. The relationships among %BF, fat weight, and LBM suggest that other factors are involved in the determination of LBM independent of support of fat weight or total body weight.

Support or Funding Information

Supported by NIH Grant R01 HL096782, King Charitable Foundation Trust, and Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas
Assessment of Visceral Adipose Tissue by Dual Energy X‐Ray Absorptiometry and Magnetic Resonance Imaging among a Young Adult Obese Population
Authors: Carpenter Catherine L , Sarma Manoj , Nagarajan Rajakumar , Lee Cathy C , Thomas M Albert , Go Vay Liang , Hahn Theodore J
Published: November 2023

Background

Development of successful weight loss interventions requires accurate assessment of body composition especially when measuring effects of dietary and exercise weight loss approaches. Because increasing proportions of the population are becoming obese, translation of measurement‐rich assessments from the clinical setting into the population setting are essential. Increasing visceral adipose tissue in the intra‐abdominal area during weight gain, independent of total adipose tissue, is associated with cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, type‐2 diabetes, and cancer risk of several sites. The most accurate imaging of visceral fat (VF) is abdominal X‐ray computed tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Dual‐energy X‐Ray absorptiometry (iDXA) with the enCORE™ CoreScan software specifically designed to estimate visceral fat can measure body composition with low radiation exposure and potentially high precision. The iDXA could represent an accurate and less‐expensive option to CT and MRI, although only a few studies have validated iDXA abdominal visceral fat imaging against MRI or CT.

Aims and Methods

To more accurately estimate associations between metabolic parameters associated with adipose tissue, we conducted tandem measurements of abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat using the MRI and iDXA to determine if iDXA was accurately estimating visceral fat.

Results

A total of 37 subjects, with average age of 28 years old who were mostly female (58%) and Caucasian (62%) had iDXA scans conducted at baseline. On average, they had class 1 obesity (BMI = 38 kg/m2), with average weight of 253 pounds. Their visceral fat averaged 1633 ± 929 grams and total android fat mass was 5531 ± 2160 grams. Of the 37 subjects who had iDXA scans, 13 subjects also had MRI scans within one to two days of the iDXA scan. These 13 subjects had an average MRI assessment of 7918.38±1778.74 cm3 visceral adipose tissue and 12180.08±3702.56 cm3 subcutaneous. Correlations for visceral adipose tissue measurement by both the iDXA and MRI was r=0.59, p=0.04.

Conclusions

While MRI is the gold standard for assessing visceral abdominal fat, scanning with the iDXA is reasonably accurate. Precision could be improved with a larger sample size.

Support or Funding Information

NIH, R01 DK090406
Effects of Endurance and Strength Training and Their Combined Intervention on Body Composition of High School Students
Authors: He Jing , Cui Di , Sun Youping
Published: November 2023

OBJECTIVE

To compare the effects of endurance and strength training and their combination on the body composition of high school students.

METHODS

Subjects (n=125) were randomized into endurance training (E), strength training (S), combined strength and endurance training (SE), or control group(C) for 18 weeks, 3 times/week, for 25 min. Bioelectrical impedance analysis were perform before and after training.

RESULTS

Body weight, BMI (Body Mass Index), body fat, body fat rate and muscle mass significantly decreased in E (both P<0.01). Body weight, BMI, body fat and muscle mass significantly increased in S (both P < 0.01), body fat rate increased significantly (P<0.05). Body fat, body fat rate and muscle mass significantly decreased in SE (P < 0.01). Body fat rate decreased significantly in C (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

Endurance training led to decrease in body weight, BMI, body fat, body fat rate and muscle mass. Strength training led to increase in body weight, BMI, body fat, body fat rate and muscle mass. Strength and endurance combination training led to decrease in body fat, body fat rate and muscle mass.

Support or Funding Information

The key lab of adolescent health intervention and exercise assessment
Energy Expenditure in Children with Prader‐Willi Syndrome During Walking
Authors: Chavoya Frank Alexander , Slowetzky‐Amaro Alexandre , Castner Diobel , Hyde Adam , Ramirez Joshua , Wong Anna , Layvant Vitaly , Rubin Daniela
Published: November 2023

Prader‐Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a complex genetic disorder caused by a deletion of the paternal chromosome 15. PWS is characterized by increased body fat, hypotonia, growth hormone (GH) deficiency, motor and cognitive disabilities, and hyperphagia, potentially resulting in obesity. This study measured and compared calorie expenditure while walking in PWS and controls. Participants included 8 children with PWS (7 were on GH replacement therapy; mean age = 11.1±0.8 y; body mass = 44.7±11.7 kg; body fat = 37.2±11.4 %; lean mass = 26.4±4.3 kg), 9 lean children (mean age = 9.8±2.0y; body mass = 35.4±11.3 kg; body fat = 22.2±8.6 %; lean mass = 25.5±11.6 kg), and 10 obese children (mean age = 10.6±1.1 y; body mass = 62.1±14.6 kg; body fat = 44.4±3.7 %; lean mass = 33.3±5.1 kg). Fat free mass (FFM) and body fat % were measured with dual x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA). Participants walked for three 5‐minute bouts on a treadmill at 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 mph, with a 6‐minute seated rest period in between speeds. Expired gases were analyzed for minutes 4–5 of each speed. There were no group by time interactions for any of the variables of interest. PWS children had a higher VO2 ml/kg/min than obese children (p=0.04), but were similar to lean children (p=1.00); PWS children exhibited a greater caloric expenditure in kcal/kg/min than obese (p=0.03), but similar to lean (p=1.00). No other differences were found among the PWS and control groups during walking for VO2 when expressed in L/min or ml/FFM/min, caloric expenditure when expressed in kcal/min or kcal/FFM/min, or metabolic equivalents. The results of this study suggest that children with PWS are expending similar calories as lean controls of comparable body mass while walking. Thus, the difference in body fat does not appear to affect calories spent doing the same absolute work in PWS.