bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Substrate-Free Albumin on Perfused Rat Kidney Function
Authors: Zamlauski-Tucker Marianna J. , Cohen Julius J.
Published: November 2008

The effect of varying concentrations of substrate-free albumin (SFA) in the absence of exogenous substrate was investigated in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Consistent with starling relationship, there was a progressive decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), from 778 ± 36to41 ± 17 µl/min · g, and a progressive increase in fractional sodium reabsorption (%TNa+), from 31.1 ± 0.9 to 82.6 ± 2.3%, when the mean SFA concentration in the perfusate was increased from 3 to 10 g/dl. Perfusate flow rate (PFR) remained constant at 30 ml/min · g as the GFR decreased. When the mean perfusate SFA concentration was decreased from 3 g/dl to 0, the anticipated decrease in %TNa+ occurred but the increase in GFR did not. PFR was also reduced by one half when SFA was not present in the perfusion medium. The reason for the anomalous behavior of GFR and PFR when SFA was omitted from the perfusion medium is not clear.
Direct Effects of Altered Temperature on Renal Structure and Function
Authors: Kasiske Bertram L. , O’Donnell Michael P. , Keane William F.
Published: November 2008

Although marked alterations in temperature often accompany ischemic, acute renal failure (ARF), the effects of altered temperature on renal structure and function have received little attention. In the present investigation, isolated rat kidneys perfused at 41°C had extensive tubular damage and decreased function compared to kidneys perfused at 37°C. In contrast, kidneys perfused at 30°C had less tubular damage, and better function, than kidneys perfused at 37°C. Increased temperature caused a 50% reduction in renal ATP (0.46 ± 0.04 µM/100mg tissue protein, 37°C, vs. 0.26 ± 0.03 µM/100 mg tissue protein, 41°C; p < 0.05). The decreased ATP occurred despite reduced sodium reabsorption (129 ± 8 µM/min/g, 37°C, vs. 65 ± 12µMmin/g, 41°C, p < 0.05) and normal renal oxygen consumption (QO2). These results suggest that increased temperature may cause an uncoupling of QO2 and sodium chloride transport, and an increase in nontransport mediated, basal metabolic rate may result in depleted cellular ATP levels and renal tubular cell death.
Effects of Recovery from Anesthesia and Surgery on Renal Sodium Handling in Conscious Rats
Authors: Thomsen Klaus , Zanoni Marie Karoline , Christensen Sten
Published: November 2008

The accumulating evidence that the delivery of fluid from the proximal tubules to the loop of Henle (Vprox) can be measured in conscious rats by the lithium clearance (CLi)technique has renewed interest in developing a method by which also the glomerular filtration rate can be measured in conscious rats in a steady-state condition without influence from anesthesia and surgery. In the present study, Wistar rats of both sexes were put into a restraining cage, catheters were implanted in the jugular vein and the bladder, and renal parameters were determined under various conditions: different types of surgery, absence or presence of infusion with saline or glucose, normal or reversed diurnal rhythm, and examination at various times after surgery. In acutely operated and restrained rats given saline infusion, the proximal tubular fluid output (CLi) as well as the urinary excretion of sodium (UNaV) increased markedly during the first hours after anesthesia and surgery. After 5 h, both variables were significantly higher than in unoperated, unrestrained rats (CLi 364 ± 40 vs. 151 ± 38 µl/min/100g; UNaV 1,243 ± 433 vs. 219 ± 88 nmol/min/lOOg; means ± SD). Reversal of the diurnal rhythm did not change this pattern. Rats infused with 150 ml glucose instead of saline showed similar increases in CLi and UNaV, although the absolute levels were lower than in saline-infused rats. Rats given no infusion at all had subnormal values of CLi and UNaV. Rats operated 1–3 days before experiments and infused with saline showed enhanced although more stable values of CLi and UNaV. It is concluded that preceding anesthesia and surgery cause a lowering, and restraining and infusion an enhancement of Vprox and UNaV. As a consequence, the acutely catheterized, restrained rat model may not be suited for studies on physiological changes in tubular sodium handling.
Oxidized LDL-Mediated Macrophage Survival Involves Elongation Factor-2 Kinase
Authors: Chen Johnny H. , Riazy Maziar , Smith Ewan M. , Proud Christopher G. , Steinbrecher Urs P. , Duronio Vincent
Published: November 2008

Objective—

Macrophage survival and proliferation is believed to be a contributing factor in the development of early atherosclerotic lesions. Oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL), a key mediator in the pathogenesis of this disease, has been shown to block apoptosis in macrophages deprived of growth factor. In this report, we investigate the mechanism of oxLDL-mediated macrophage survival.

Methods and Results—

OxLDL, but not native LDL (nLDL), induces an immediate and oscillatory increase in intracellular calcium ([Ca
2+
]
i
). We also show that the calcium/calmodulin dependent kinase, eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2 kinase), is activated in response to oxLDL, an effect that can be blocked by inhibiting calcium mobilization. Furthermore, selective inhibition of eEF2 kinase reverses the prosurvival effect of oxLDL and results in cellular apoptosis. p38 MAP kinase, a negative regulator of eEF2 kinase, is activated on growth factor withdrawal, a response that can be inhibited by oxLDL. Finally, we show that oxLDL, by activating eEF2 kinase, phosphorylates and therefore inhibits eEF2, resulting in an overall decrease in protein synthesis.

Conclusion—

These results indicate a novel signaling pathway in which oxLDL can block macrophage apoptosis by mobilizing calcium and activating eEF2 kinase.
Overexpression of Adiponectin Receptors Potentiates the Antiinflammatory Action of Subeffective Dose of Globular Adiponectin in Vascular Endothelial Cells
Authors: Zhang Peng , Wang Ying , Fan Yanbo , Tang Zhihui , Wang Nanping
Published: November 2008

Objective—

A decreased plasma level of adiponectin is associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome and correlated with endothelial dysfunction. This study aimed to investigate the regulated expression of the newly identified adiponectin receptors (AdipoR1 and 2) and their roles in the endothelial expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α.

Methods and Results—

Immunohistochemical study and quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that globular adiponectin suppressed the TNF-α–induced ICAM-1 expression in a dose-dependent manner in mouse aorta and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of AdipoR1 and 2 in ECs significantly enhanced the suppressive effect of a subeffective dose of adiponectin on TNF-α–induced ICAM-1 expression and NF-κB activation. Promoter reporter assays and small interfering RNA revealed that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α may function as an important pathway downstream of adiponectin and its receptors. Furthermore, overexpression of AdipoRs in rat carotid arteries markedly decreased the induction of ICAM-1 in vivo.

Conclusions—

We provide novel evidence that upregulation of AdipoRs in ECs potentiates the antiinflammatory effect of adiponectin; modulating adiponectin receptors may have potential therapeutic applications for cardiovascular complications associated with metabolic syndrome and diabetes.
Effects of Training With a Robot-Virtual Reality System Compared With a Robot Alone on the Gait of Individuals After Stroke
Authors: Mirelman Anat , Bonato Paolo , Deutsch Judith E.
Published: November 2008

Background and Purpose—

Training of the lower extremity (LE) using a robot coupled with virtual environments has shown to transfer to improved overground locomotion. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the transfer of training of LE movements to locomotion was greater using a virtual environment coupled with a robot or with the robot alone.

Methods—

A single, blind, randomized clinical trial was conducted. Eighteen individuals poststroke participated in a 4-week training protocol. One group trained with the robot virtual reality (VR) system and the other group trained with the robot alone. Outcome measures were temporal features of gait measured in a laboratory setting and the community.

Results—

Greater changes in velocity and distance walked were demonstrated for the group trained with the robotic device coupled with the VR than training with the robot alone. Similarly, significantly greater improvements in the distance walked and number of steps taken in the community were measured for the group that trained with robot coupled with the VR. These differences were maintained at 3 months’ follow-up.

Conclusions—

The study is the first to demonstrate that LE training of individuals with chronic hemiparesis using a robotic device coupled with VR improved walking ability in the laboratory and the community better than robot training alone.
Preventing Brain Injury in Newborns With Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Sherlock Rebecca L. , McQuillen Patrick S. , Miller Steven P.
Published: November 2008

Background and Purpose—

Newborns with congenital heart disease are at high risk for brain injury and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. MRI enables the objective determination of the severity of brain injury in critically ill newborns with congenital heart disease. We will rationalize the use of MRI as a surrogate for neurodevelopmental outcome and describe novel randomization techniques that can be used in trials in this population.

Methods—

This article describes the evidence for the use of MRI and the link with neurodevelopmental outcome established in newborns. We also discuss the use of adaptive randomization techniques for future clinical trials in newborns with congenital heart disease. These strategies will be highlighted using an example.

Results—

Brain injuries occur with high frequency in newborns with congenital heart disease. It is not until school age that the full extent of neurological sequelae becomes apparent and the rapid pace of innovation in neonatal cardiac surgery prevents timely evaluation of changes in care. MRI provides a timely, safe, and reliable outcome measure and has been extensively studied in newborns with other conditions in which the link between brain injury and neurodevelopmental outcome has been established. Clinical trials using MRI as an outcome measure as well as adaptive randomization can improve the efficiency of such trials.

Conclusions—

Clinical trials of brain protection are urgently needed in newborns with congenital heart disease given the unacceptable frequency of brain injury in this population; MRI provides an early surrogate marker of long-term neurodevelopmental outcome and adaptive randomization can be used to improve the efficiency of these clinical trials.
The Hypothesis of Self-Organization for Musical Tuning Systems
Authors: Aucouturier Jean-Julien
Published: November 2008

Musical tuning systems are found in intriguing diversity in human cultures around the world and over the history of human music-making. Traditional justifications for the adoption of such musical systems consider tuning an algorithmic optimization of consonance. However, it is unclear how this can be implemented in a realistic evolutionary process, with no central entity in charge of optimization. Inspired by the methodology of artificial language evolution, the author proposes that tuning systems can emerge as the result of local musical interactions in a population. His computer simulations show that such interactional mechanisms are capable of generating coherent artificial tunings that resemble natural systems, sometimes with a diversity and complexity unaccounted for by previous theoretical justifications.
Settling It on the Field
Authors: Ramsay Kristopher W.
Published: November 2008

Using a sample of battlefield data from twentieth-century wars, the author of this article tests a number of previously untested hypotheses linking battle events and the decision to end violent conflict. The author explores how factors like the distribution of power, battlefield casualties, and information that flows from the battlefield influence war termination. The analysis speaks to the validity of competing rational choice theories of war termination.
Women, Agrarian Movements, and Militancy
Authors: Garza Anna María , Toledo Sonia
Published: November 2008

Many of the changes that directly preceded the emergence of Chiapas's contemporary social movements took place in the 1980s. The conditions that gave birth to a broad and heterogeneous women's movement included the development of contacts between campesina and indigenous women, social-movement advisers, and local academics. The process took place within a context of intense and violent transformations. A self-critical analysis of the organizational work carried out with indigenous and campesina women in those years reveals that the political goals of the time obscured the subordinate role of women participants in the agrarian struggle that have since become one of the central issues in women-related and women-led political work.
Abortion, Antifeminism, and the Return of Daniel Ortega
Authors: Kampwirth Karen
Published: November 2008

In Nicaragua, the convergence of two regional trends—the resurgence of the electoral left and the emergence of significant antifeminist movements—has important implications for our understanding of left-wing parties and gender politics. An alliance between the Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (Sandinista Front for National Liberation—FSLN) in the days before the 2006 election banned abortion even to save the woman's life. This can only be explained though the relationship of four long-term processes: (1) the FSLN's becoming a less ideological party, advocating reconciliation rather than revolution, (2) nearly a decade of pact making with the right, (3) the alienation of the feminist movement from the FSLN and divisions within it, and (4) the increasing sophistication of the antifeminist movement. The events of this period demonstrate the importance of examining gender politics in terms of the dynamic and sometimes unpredictable relationship between state, party, and civil society.
Who bullies whom? Social status asymmetries by victim gender
Authors: Rodkin Philip C. , Berger Christian
Published: November 2008

This study asks whether bullies have higher social status than their victims. Social status was measured by social preference, popularity, and physical competence as perceived by children and teachers. A survey instrument was introduced to enable identification of specific victims associated with specific bullies. The sample was 508 fourth and fifth grade children from midwest U.S. elementary schools. Results indicated that peer- and teacher-perceived popularity were the optimal status measures for capturing heterogeneity in bully—victim status imbalances. In addition, the gender of victims of male bullying was critical. Powerful, popular—aggressive bullies and unpopular victims were found in same-sex dyads, but unpopular—aggressive boys were also identified as bullying popular girls. All bullies were disliked. Implications are drawn for peer sexual harassment and for innovations in sociometric technology.
Who helps you? Self and other sources of support among youth in Japan and the USA
Authors: Crystal David S. , Kakinuma Miki , DeBell Matthew , Azuma Hiroshi , Miyashita Takahiro
Published: November 2008

Japanese and U.S. sixth, eighth, and tenth graders ( N = 2141) responded to questionnaires asking whom they depended on in six contexts of need. These contexts were: morning awakening, physical illness, emotional upset, help with homework, causing a problem, and guidance in extracurricular activities. Findings indicated that, relative to culture, contextual effects exerted an equally if not more powerful effect on students' responses. In line with traditional cross-national theorizing, U.S. youth were, overall, more self-reliant than their Japanese peers. In contrast to such theorizing, U.S. students were more interdependent with family, and Japanese students were more interdependent with peers, than their counterparts in the other country. Furthermore, both Japanese and U.S. youth showed similar age-related decreases in interdependence with family and increases in interdependence with peers. Results are discussed in terms of active dyadic help-seeking versus conceptualized notions of social identity, and recent theories of development, culture, and the self.
Why Can't We Just Talk About It?
Authors: Afifi Tamara D. , Joseph Andrea , Aldeis Desiree
Published: November 2008

This study examined how parents and adolescents talk about sex with each other and how that influences their anxiety and avoidance tendencies. When parents were receptive, informal, and composed during the conversations, their adolescents were less anxious and, in turn, were less avoidant. The child's perception of the parent's communication competence also predicted the child's anxiety, which influenced the child's avoidance. The quality of the relationship between the parent and the child also influenced how anxious and avoidant the child was during the conversation. Qualitative findings revealed that religiosity, the gender of the child, humor, peer groups, the parent's use of fear appeals, and whether the parent and child had an enmeshed relationship affected the nature of the conversations.
Imprisoned in Jamaica
Authors: Morris Patrice K.
Published: November 2008

Research on inmate experiences and responses to prison life are mostly conducted in developed countries. It has been widely documented that prisons in developing countries are inhumane and substandard and that inmates in these countries are mistreated and neglected. Yet, not much is known about the social world and experiences of inmates in these prison systems. Using a sample of 30 inmates housed in three prisons in Jamaica, this exploratory study examines inmate responses, coping, and adaptation strategies in deprived and culturally distinct prison environments. The findings reveal diverse ways in which inmates respond and interpret their prison experiences. Despite the harsh and substandard conditions of Jamaican prisons, variations in inmate experiences were related to pre-prison experiences, personal convictions, as well as prison-specific factors.
Determinants of Support for EU Membership in Turkey
Authors: Kentmen Cigdem
Published: November 2008

Citizen support for EU membership in Turkey is an area where to date little research has been conducted, although Turkey has been an EU candidate since 1999. Drawing on pooled Eurobarometer data from 2001, 2002 and 2003, this study examines to what extent attachment to Islam, utilitarian considerations and national identity explain individual support for Turkey's accession to the EU in a possible membership referendum. Logit analyses reveal that attitudes toward the EU do not vary with one's devotion to Islam. This finding implies that Islamic values are not incompatible with being part of the West and attachment to Islam does not affect attitudes toward the West, as has been suggested especially after the attacks of 11 September 2001. When it comes to joining the EU, people evaluate accession on the basis of its influence on national identity and contributions to the national economy in Turkey.
The reversal of recurrence hazard rate between ER positive and negative breast cancer patients with axillary lymph node dissection (pathological stage I-III) 3 years after surgery
Authors: Kiba Takayoshi , Inamoto Takashi , Nishimura Tsutomu , Ueno Masaya , Yanagihara Kazuhiro , Teramukai Satoshi , Kato Hironori , Toi Masakazu , Fukushima Masanori
Published: November 2008

Backgrounds

Prognostic factors are defined as biological or clinical measurement associated with overall survival and/or disease-free survival. Previous studies have shown that patients with estrogen receptor (ER) positive cancers have a better prognosis than patients whose cancers do not have these receptors.

Methods

This study investigated the assessment of variables in defining prognosis of 742 breast cancer women with pathological stage (pTNM) I-III diagnosed between 1980 and 2005 at the Kyoto University Hospital in Japan, by age, clinical stage (cTNM), pTNM, the numbers of positive lymph nodes (pN), and ER status.

Results

Multivariate analysis demonstrated that pTNM and ER status were the independent prognostic factors for overall survival, and that pTNM and pN were the independent prognostic factors for disease-free survival. For the 0- to 2-year interval, the hazard of recurrence was higher for the ER-negative patients than the ER-positive patients, and beyond 3 years the hazard was higher for ER-positive patients.

Conclusion

The present study confirmed the previous reports which showed favorable prognosis of the patients with lesser pTNM or positive ER status. A reversal of recurrence hazard rate between ER positive and negative breast cancer patients beyond 3 years after operation was detected. The fact may indicate the importance of long term adjuvant hormone therapy for ER positive cancer patients.
The expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, its receptors and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein during corpus luteum regression
Authors: Abdo Michael , Hisheh Susan , Arfuso Frank , Dharmarajan Arun
Published: November 2008

Background

Corpus luteum (CL) regression is known to occur as two parts; functional regression when steroidogenesis declines and structural regression when apoptosis is induced. Previous studies suggest this process occurs by the production of luteolytic factors, such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha).

Methods

We examined TNF-alpha, TNF-alpha receptors (TNFR1 and 2) and steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein expression during CL regression in albino Wistar rats. CL from Days 16 and 22 of pregnancy and Day 3 post-partum were examined, in addition CL from Day 16 of pregnancy were cultured in vitro to induce apoptosis. mRNA was quantitated by kinetic RT-PCR and protein expression examined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses.

Results

TNF-alpha mRNA increased on Day 3 post-partum. TNFR were immunolocalized to luteal cells, and an increase in TNFR2 mRNA observed on Day 3 post-partum whilst no change was detected in TNFR1 mRNA relative to Day 16. StAR protein decreased on Day 3 post-partum and following trophic withdrawal but no change was observed following exogenous TNF-alpha treatment. StAR mRNA decreased on Day 3 post-partum; however, it increased following trophic withdrawal and TNF-alpha treatment in vitro.

Conclusion

These results demonstrate the existence of TNFR1 and TNFR2 in rat CL and suggest the involvement of TNF-alpha in rat CL regression following parturition. Furthermore, decreased StAR expression over the same time points was consistent with the functional regression of the CL.
The effect of methyl sulphonyl methane supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress in sport horses following jumping exercise
Authors: Marañón Gonzalo , Muñoz-Escassi Bárbara , Manley William , García Cruz , Cayado Patricia , de la Muela Mercedes Sánchez , Olábarri Begoña , León Rosa , Vara Elena
Published: November 2008

Background

Exercise induces changes in several organs and tissues, and this process might be due to oxidative damage caused by free radicals and inflammatory mediators. Methyl Sulphonyl Methane, better known as MSM, is a naturally occurring sulphur compound with well-known antioxidant properties. On the other hand, Vitamin C is important in limiting free radical damage in the aqueous phase of the cell, and cellular vitamin C status may be linked to the mechanisms involved in quenching cellular reactive oxygen species. The aim of this study was to determine if supplementation with MSM and vitamin C could alleviate exercise-induced oxidative stress in horses undergoing jumping competition.

Methods

Twenty four jumping horses involved in competition were used. Horses were given the following three treatment diets: control (without supplementation), MSM 8 mg/kg, and combined supplements (MSM 8 mg/kg + Vit-C 5 mg/kg). EDTA blood samples were collected before exercise, upon arrived to the schooling area (control), and each week after last show. Nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, lipid hydroperoxides and the antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione transferase and glutathione reductase, plasma levels were determined.

Results

Competition induced a significant increase in lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. By contrary, reduced glutathione as well as antioxidant enzyme activities, were decreased. MSM administration significantly ameliorated all these exercise-related changes, and this effect was potentiated by Vit C reaching values in some of the parameters similar to those found before competition.

Conclusion

These results suggest that jumping exercise could induce harmful effects on horses, probably due to an increase in oxidative damage and proinflammatory molecules. In addition, we have demonstrated that MSM could exert some protective effect on oxidative and inflammatory exercise-induced injury.
Suppression of T cell costimulator ICOS by Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol
Authors: Lu Haitian , Kaplan Barbara L F , Ngaotepprutaram Thitirat , Kaminski Norbert E
Published: November 2008

Inducible costimulator (ICOS), a prototypic T cell costimulator, is induced on activated T cells. ICOS regulates T cell activation and Th cell differentiation and is principally involved in humoral immune responses. Previous work showed that T cell accessory function is modulated by the plant-derived cannabinoid, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). In light of an emerging role by ICOS in T cell-mediated immunity, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Δ9-THC on ICOS in activated mouse T cells. Induction of ICOS mRNA levels by phorbol ester (PMA) plus ionomycin (Io) activation in mouse splenocytes was attenuated by Δ9-THC in a concentration-related manner. Similar results were obtained in the mouse T cell line, EL4.IL-2. Anti-CD3/CD28 induced ICOS expression on CD4+ splenic T cells, which was suppressed by Δ9-THC in a time- and concentration-related manner. The PMA/Io-induced icos promoter luciferase reporter activity was also down-regulated by Δ9-THC, suggesting that the suppression of ICOS expression by Δ9-THC occurs at the transcriptional level. Moreover, transcriptional activation of the NFAT was also down-regulated by Δ9-THC as shown by a NFAT luciferase reporter assay, which is consistent with a putative role of NFAT in regulating ICOS expression. Collectively, Δ9-THC suppresses ICOS expression in activated T cells, and this suppression may be related, in part, to its modulation of NFAT signaling. The emerging role of ICOS in a wide range of immune-related diseases also suggests that it may represent a potential therapeutic target, which could be modulated by cannabinoid compounds.
Selection of differentiating cells by different levels of delta-like 1 among neural precursor cells in the developing mouse telencephalon
Authors: Kawaguchi Daichi , Yoshimatsu Takeshi , Hozumi Katsuto , Gotoh Yukiko
Published: November 2008

During the neurogenic phase of mammalian brain development, only a subpopulation of neural precursor cells (NPCs) differentiates into neurons. The mechanisms underlying this selection remain unclear. Here we provide evidence that the Notch-Delta pathway plays an important role in this selection in the developing mouse telencephalon. We found that the expression patterns of the Notch ligand delta-like 1 (Dll1) and of the active form of Notch1 were mutually exclusive and segregated into distinct NPC subpopulations in the ventricular zone of the telencephalon. When Dll1 was overexpressed in a small, but not a large, proportion of NPCs, these cells underwent neuronal differentiation in vitro and in vivo. This Dll1-induced neuronal differentiation did not occur when cells were plated at lower densities in an in vitro culture. Importantly, conditional deletion of the Dll1 gene in a small proportion of NPCs reduced neurogenesis in vivo, whereas deletion in a large proportion promoted premature neurogenesis. These results support the notion that different levels of Dll1 expression determine the fate of NPCs through cell-cell interactions, most likely through the Notch-Delta lateral inhibitory signaling pathway, thus contributing to the selection of differentiating cells.
Noise — A Stressor? Acoustic Ergonomics of Schools
Authors: Tiesler Gerhart , Oberdörster Markus
Published: November 2008

This investigation into the effects on teachers of the natural work “noise” occurring in lessons is based on an analysis of the altered pedagogical approach in everyday school life (cf. Oberdörster/Tiesler: “Modern Teaching” needs modern conditions). Is it correct to speak in general of “noise stress” or is this stress more an emotional reaction to the kind of work in which teachers are engaged? Based on recordings taken in 175 lessons this article describes how room acoustic conditions influence the teachers' measurable physiological load in relation to classroom events, teaching method and shares of speech. The data are resolved into 5-minute time slices for analysis. We analysed different conditions in one primary school (School 1) on the basis of four classrooms with a RT of > 0.5 s and four classrooms with a RT of < 0.5 s. At a second primary school (School 2) we analysed the effects of the room acoustic refurbishment (reverberation time reduced from 0.7 s to 0.4 s). Database are continuously recorded SPL, teaching activity and teacher's heart rate. Hence it is possible for the first time to consider classroom events and their effects on the teachers as a process. These physiological effects have to be confirmed by the reaction of students.
Translating metadiscourse in research articles
Authors: Peterlin Agnes
Published: November 2008

Translating research articles is common practice, although relatively little data exists on the problems in this type of translation. This study examines the translation of textual metadiscourse in academic writing, using the example of translating Slovene research articles into English. The main part of the analysis examines textual metadiscourse in 30 geography articles in Slovene and their translations into English. In addition, the same investigation is conducted in a corpus of 30 English-original geography articles. The translation strategies are analysed at two levels. At the first level, the overall strategy is analysed: the metadiscourse items are compared in the originals and the translations and instances of matching expressions, omissions, and insertions are identified. At the second level, the corresponding expressions are compared and changes made in the translation are noted. The overall results are then compared to those of the comparable target language subcorpus. The results show that not all metadiscourse items found in the original texts are translated, while, at the same time, a significant number of items are inserted in the translation. For those metadiscourse items which are translated, literal translation is chosen in over half of the cases. The results for the comparable target language corpus reveal that metadiscourse is used more frequently in English originals than in translations from Slovene.
Endogenous Hepatocyte Growth Factor Is a Niche Signal for Subventricular Zone Neural Stem Cell Amplification and Self-Renewal
Authors: Nicoleau Camille , Benzakour Omar , Agasse Fabienne , Thiriet Nathalie , Petit Jérôme , Prestoz Laetitia , Roger Michel , Jaber Mohamed , Coronas Valérie
Published: November 2008

Neural stem cells persist in the adult mammalian brain, within the subventricular zone (SVZ). The endogenous mechanisms underpinning SVZ neural stem cell proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation are not fully elucidated. In the present report, we describe a growth-stimulatory activity of liver explant-conditioned media on SVZ cell cultures and identify hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) as a major player in this effect. HGF exhibited a mitogenic activity on SVZ cell cultures in a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (ERK1/2)-dependent manner as U0126, a specific MAPK inhibitor, blocked it. Combining a functional neurosphere forming assay with immunostaining for c-Met, along with markers of SVZ cells subtypes, demonstrated that HGF promotes the expansion of neural stem-like cells that form neurospheres and self-renew. Immunostaining, HGF enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Madin-Darby canine kidney cell scattering assay indicated that SVZ cell cultures produce and release HGF. SVZ cell-conditioned media induced proliferation on SVZ cell cultures, which was blocked by HGF-neutralizing antibodies, hence implying that endogenously produced HGF accounts for a major part in SVZ mitogenic activity. Brain sections immunostaining revealed that HGF is produced by nestin-expressing cells and c-Met is expressed within the SVZ by immature cells. HGF intracerebroventricular injection promoted SVZ cell proliferation and increased the ability of these cells exposed in vivo to HGF to form neurospheres in vitro, whereas intracerebroventricular injection of HGF-neutralizing antibodies decreased SVZ cell proliferation. The present study unravels a major role, both in vitro and in vivo, for endogenous HGF in SVZ neural stem cell growth and self-renewal.
Groundwater control for construction
Authors: Preene M.
Published: November 2008

Groundwater control encompasses the range of techniques used to allow construction projects such as tunnels or basement excavations to be carried out in dry and stable conditions. Two principal approaches can be used: groundwater control by pumping, which lowers groundwater levels in the vicinity of an excavation; or groundwater control by exclusion, which relies on low-permeability cut-off walls around the excavation. Existing groundwater control technologies have been developed pragmatically, often on an empirical basis, in response to groundwater problems encountered on construction projects in the past. In the future, it is unlikely that there will be significant changes in groundwater control technology. The real challenge for the future of groundwater control methods will be the need to better predict, monitor and mitigate the impacts on the groundwater environment. The greater focus on environmental impacts from groundwater control is partly the result of increasing regulation of groundwater control works, and partly because of the increasing importance of environmental management in the planning of construction projects.
In Vitro Fluoride Release and the Antibacterial Effect of Glass Ionomers Containing Chlorhexidine Gluconate
Authors: Hoszek A. , Ericson D.
Published: November 2008

Clinical Relevance

Modification of inherent fluoride-containing materials with chlorhexidine provides an antibacterial and remineralizing varnish with potential anti-cariogenic properties.
The Role of Chlorhexidine in Caries Prevention
Authors: Autio-Gold J.
Published: November 2008

Clinical Relevance

Chlorhexidine rinses should not be recommended for use in caries prevention due to the current lack of evidence for their effectiveness.
The Epidemiology of Suicidal Behaviour in Australia
Authors: Hetzel Basil S.
Published: November 2008

There has been a striking rise in the suicide rate in Australia over the past 20 years. Between 1955 and 1965, the rate has risen from 15.1 per 100,000 in men to 18.8 and from 5.4 per 100,000 in women to 10.8 (W.H.O.). This rise is largely due to increase in self-poisoning. Studies of Victorian data from the last 20 years reveal that the rise is particularly evident in men between the ages of 25 and 44 and in women under the age of 35 and over the age of 55. It is much more evident in the metropolis of Melbourne, suggesting the importance of social factors.

There has also been a two to three times increase in cases of attempted suicide due to self-poisoning with various commonly prescribed drugs presenting in casualty departments of general hospitals since 1955. Detailed study of 150 cases seen at the Alfred Hospital in 1969 reveals the predominance of women, the importance of interpersonal, marital and family difficulties, and of social isolation, as well as past parental deprivation.

These findings indicate the desirability of restricting sedative drug prescriptions, the need for befriending services in the city, a knowledge of social services available, and education for married and family life. Better training in developmental and social psychology for medical practitioners, nurses, ministers of religion and the police will also help in prevention.
Human Sexuality in Medical Education and Practice
Authors: Pauly Ira B.
Published: November 2008

The work of Masters and Johnson has tremendously stimulated an interest in and understanding of human sexuality. These authors have discredited certain myths and erroneous notions about sexual problems, their causes and treatment. More and more couples are turning to their physicians for advice and treatment for sexual problems, but doctors are often in the uncomfortable position of being considered experts, when in fact they have little or no training in this field. For patient and doctor alike, this is an untenable situation which medical educators are only beginning to recognize and remedy.
Patient Response to Psychiatric Consultation in a General Hospital
Authors: Hughson Bernard , Lyons Robert
Published: November 2008

Inpatients referred for psychiatric consultation were evaluated during and after the consultation to determine their response to this event. A majority saw the consultation as relevant and/or helpful. The presence of anxiety or depression was associated with a positive response. Patients without a disturbance of mood responded negatively, obtained no direct benefit from consultation, and were likely to have had a diagnosis of psychogenic regional pain, alcoholism or drug dependence.
Psychosocial Stress and Ischaemic Heart Disease: A Response to Tennant
Authors: Boman Bruce
Published: November 2008

In a recent article appearing in this journal, a decision of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal granting a war pension for ischaemic heart disease arising out of the stresses of military service in World War II was severely criticised. The following is a literature review supporting the Tribunal's judgement by providing evidence for an association between both neurotic illness and stresses of varying severity on the one hand and cardiovascular disease on the other.
A Comparison of Australian Suicide Rates in 1969–73 and 1976–80
Authors: Dorsch Margaret M. , Roder David M.
Published: November 2008

Australian suicide rates were compared for the 1969–73 and 1976–80 periods by age, sex and State. Rates for males were generally at least twice those for females. The sex difference was marked, irrespective of age, State and time period. Middle-aged and older Australians generally had higher rates than 20–29-year-olds, although this finding was not consistent by State for males. The national age-standardised suicide rate for all age groups combined decreased between the 1969–73 period and 1976–80 both for males and (more so) for females. However, there was a 24% Increase for 20–29-year-old males. While the suicide rate for 20–29-year-old females decreased between the 1969–73 period and 1976–80, an analysis of yearly trends within the 1976–80 period revealed an upward trend for individuals aged 20–29 years, for both females and males.
Children who Light Fires: A Comparison between Firesetters and Non-Firesetters Referred to a Child Psychiatric Outpatient Service
Authors: Kosky Robert , Silburn Sven
Published: November 2008

This study compares firesetting children with an age- and sex-matched group of non-firesetting children referred to a child psychiatric outpatient service. Firesetting was associated with male sex, separated parents and with previous contact with welfare agencies. It was not associated with socioeconomic status. Firesetters were distinguished from the contrast group by higher levels of conduct disordered behaviour, particularly in children above the age of 11 years. Both groups had similar high levels of emotional disorder at all ages. These clinical features emphasise that firesetters have a mixed clinical picture with widespread psychopathology.
Aboriginal Suicides in Custody: A View from the Kimberley
Authors: Hunter Ernest M.
Published: November 2008

Aboriginal deaths in custody have become an issue of national concern and international attention. Amongst those dying are an increasing number who commit suicide. In the heated and tense arena of this politicized debate there are many views but little to back them up. The author examines the international literature on deaths in custody, draws from work on Aboriginal suicide in the Kimberley, including two suicides in police custody, and reports the finding of a survey of 100 prisoners conducted in the police cells in Broome. With the final report of the Muirhead Royal Commission several years away, it is imperative that all sources of information be examined to guide policy changes in the present.
Prediction of Schizophrenic Relapse Using the Parental Bonding Instrument
Authors: Parker Gordon , Johnston Penny , Hayward Linda
Published: November 2008

After admission, 57 schizophrenic patients completed two versions of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) to assess perceived recent and earlier parenting attributes. The parents were also assessed using the Camberwell Family Interview to generate Expressed Emotion (EE) scores. The schizophrenic patients, compared to matched non-clinical controls, reported a significantly greater chance (50% vs 26%) of exposure to “affectionless control” from their father. Nine months later, the subjects were re-Interviewed and their relapse status determined. The PBI measure assessing parenting over the first 16 years had greater utility than the recent parenting version of the PBI. When re-calibrated, only the father's scores on the early parenting PBI scale discriminated “relapsers” and “non-relapsers”. A multivariate analysis suggested that pre-established illness criteria and other family factors were the clearest predictors, and that PBI-defined constructs (as for EE measures) failed to add significantly to the discriminant function. The extent to which EE and PBI scales might measure similar constructs was examined, with only weak links being suggested.
Benzodiazepine Use in a Rural General Practice Population
Authors: Lyndon Robert W. , Russell Janice D.
Published: November 2008

This study investigates the prevalence and pattern of benzodiazepine use in an isolated Australian rural general practice setting. Some clinical features of psychological dependence were also examined. Data were obtained from 771 patients attending each of two general practices over a five-day period. The results indicated that 11.3% of the sample had used a benzodiazepine in the preceding four weeks and that 82% of these had been regular users for over six months. Prevalence increased with age and 36.5% of patients over the age of 70 were using benzodiazepines. Features suggesting some degree of psychological dependence were found in over 50% of users. The findings illustrate the extensive and prolonged use of benzodiazepines and raise questions about overuse and dependence, particularly in the elderly.
Efficacy and safety of motor cortex stimulation for chronic neuropathic pain: critical review of the literature
Authors: Fontaine Denys , Hamani Clement , Lozano Andres
Published: November 2008

Object

The authors systematically reviewed the published literature to evaluate the efficacy of and adverse effects after motor cortex stimulation (MCS) for chronic neuropathic pain.

Methods

A search of the PubMed database (1991–2006) using the key words “motor cortex,” “stimulation,” and “pain” yielded 244 articles. Only original nonduplicated articles were selected for further analysis; 14 studies were identified for critical review. All were series of cases and none was controlled. The outcomes in 210 patients were assessed and expressed as the percentage of patients that improved with the procedure.

Results

A good response to MCS (pain relief ≥ 40–50%) was observed in ~ 55% of patients who underwent surgery and in 45% of the 152 patients with a postoperative follow-up ≥ 1 year. Visual analog scale scores were provided in 76 patients, revealing an average 57% improvement in the 41 responders. A good response was achieved in 54% of the 117 patients with central pain and 68% of the 44 patients with trigeminal neuropathic pain. Adverse effects were reported in 10 studies, including 157 patients. Infections (5.7%) and hardware-related problems (5.1%) were relatively common complications. Seizures occurred in 19 patients (12%) in the early postoperative period, but no chronic epilepsy was reported.

Conclusions

The results of the authors' review of the literature suggest that MCS is safe and effective in the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain. Results must be considered with caution, however, as none of the trials were blinded or controlled. Studies with a better design are mandatory to confirm the efficacy of MCS for chronic neuropathic pain.
Aβ amyloid and glucose metabolism in three variants of primary progressive aphasia
Authors: Rabinovici Gil D. , Jagust William J. , Furst Ansgar J. , Ogar Jennifer M. , Racine Caroline A. , Mormino Elizabeth C. , O'Neil James P. , Lal Rayhan A. , Dronkers Nina F. , Miller Bruce L. , Gorno‐Tempini Maria Luisa
Published: November 2008

Objective

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is found at autopsy in up to one third of patients with primary progressive aphasia (PPA), but clinical features that predict AD pathology in PPA are not well defined. We studied the relationships between language presentation, Aβ amyloidosis, and glucose metabolism in three PPA variants using [11C]‐Pittsburgh compound B ([11C]PIB) and [18F]‐labeled fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ([18F]FDG‐PET).

Methods

Patients meeting PPA criteria (N = 15) were classified as logopenic aphasia (LPA), progressive nonfluent aphasia (PNFA), or semantic dementia (SD) based on language testing. [11C]PIB distribution volume ratios were calculated using Logan graphical analysis (cerebellar reference). [18F]FDG images were normalized to pons. Partial volume correction was applied.

Results

Elevated cortical PIB (by visual inspection) was more common in LPA (4/4 patients) than in PNFA (1/6) and SD (1/5) (p < 0.02). In PIB‐positive PPA, PIB uptake was diffuse and indistinguishable from the pattern in matched AD patients (n = 10). FDG patterns were focal and varied by PPA subtype, with left temporoparietal hypometabolism in LPA, left frontal hypometabolism in PNFA, and left anterior temporal hypometabolism in SD. FDG uptake was significant asymmetric (favoring left hypometabolism) in PPA (p < 0.005) but not in AD.

Interpretation

LPA is associated with Aβ amyloidosis, suggesting that subclassification of PPA based on language features can help predict the likelihood of AD pathology. Language phenotype in PPA is closely related to metabolic changes that are focal and anatomically distinct between subtypes, but not to amyloid deposition patterns that are diffuse and similar to AD. Ann Neurol 2008
DIN 1052:2004 – Neue Grundlagen für Entwurf, Berechnung und Bemessung von Holzbauwerken – Teil 4 (1): Bemessung von Verbindungen und stiftförmigen und sonstigen mechanischen Verbindungsmitteln
Authors: Lißner Karin , Rug Wolfgang , Steinmetz Dieter
Published: November 2008

Es werden Holzbau‐Verbindungsmittel beschrieben und die Regeln für die Bemessung erklärt.
ChemInform Abstract: Electronic Structure of the Iron‐Based Superconductor LaOFeP.
Authors: Lu D. H. , et al. et al.
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.