bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Educational simulation model for studying the impact of distributed generation on distribution networks using ATP-EMTP software
Authors: Stojković Saša , Bjekić Miroslav , Janda ŽArko
Published: December 2014

This work presents the use of the modern software tool Alternative Transients Program (ATP) in the teaching of power engineering, within the course Computer Aided Engineering. A simulation model is presented through which it is possible to analyse the effects of distributed generators (DG) on the operation of a distribution network in both a steady and a transient state, with the objective of fulfilling the conditions for connection. This problem was selected not only because it allows students to gain proper insight into the phenomena within a distribution network with a connected distributed generator, but also because it has been shown that the problem of educating engineers is often a constraining factor for implementing distributed generation (DG). It is shown that by using the software tool ATP-EMTP, very complex phenomena in large networks can be studied without great difficulty or the need for analytical methods. The problem-based learning (PBL) method was applied.
Web-based system in mechatronics learning: Views of undergraduate engineering students
Authors: Shyr Wen-Jye , Lin Chia-Ming
Published: December 2014

This work concerns a Web-based system for learning some principles and methods in a mechatronics system that can be accessed remotely over the Internet, at any time and from any location. The investigation involves a case study to illustrate a manufacturing process and evaluate the remote experimental procedure. The main aim reported here is to determine students’ perceptions towards Web-based versus traditional experiments and identify any differences in final grade point averages. The experiment was performed at National Changhua University of Education, Taiwan, with an implementation period covering six semesters and a total of 226 students divided randomly into ‘traditional’ and ‘Web-based’ groups. The Web-based system helped students understand the concepts and master the technologies associated with Web-based mechatronic monitoring and control. Four out of six semesters surveyed recorded statistically significant differences between student perceptions of traditional and Web-based experimentation.
A problem-based introduction to microwave technology for undergraduates
Authors: Quan Shaohui
Published: December 2014

In China, Microwave Technology is a specialised basic course for the undergraduate student whose major is electronics and information engineering. At Beihang University (BUAA) it is arranged in the first semester of the junior year (i.e. the third of a four-year course) and mainly includes transmission line theory, the theory of waveguides, microstrip transmission lines, the analysis of microwave networks and microwave passive components. In this paper, a problem-based introduction to microwave technology is presented, with the aim of increasing the students’ interest and motivation to study this course. A pyramidal course structure for electrical engineering undergraduates in BUAA is then proposed, and the course orientation and outline of the Microwave Technology course incorporated within it. Questionnaire-based surveys demonstrate the positive effect of the course.
Efinaconazole Topical Solution, 10%
Authors: Pollak Richard A.
Published: December 2014

Background

Toenail onychomycosis is a common disease with limited treatment options; treatment failure and relapse are frequently encountered. Many patients experience long-standing disease affecting multiple toenails, with substantial discomfort and pain. Although some patients might prefer a topical therapy, efficacy with ciclopirox nail lacquer has been disappointing.

Methods

Efinaconazole topical solution, 10% is the first topical triazole antifungal agent specifically developed for the treatment of onychomycosis. This paper reviews the preclinical and clinical data on efinaconazole topical solution, 10%.

Results

Efinaconazole has a broad spectrum of antifungal activity in vitro and is more potent than ciclopirox against common onychomycosis pathogens. It has a more optimal keratin affinity than ciclopirox, and it exhibits significantly greater in vivo activity owing to its superior nail penetration. Mycologic cure rates at week 52 were 55.2% (study 1) and 53.4% (study 2) with efinaconazole topical solution, 10% compared with 16.8% and 16.9%, respectively, with vehicle (P<.001 for both). In addition, efinaconazole is well tolerated.

Conclusions

Efinaconazole topical solution, 10% may likely become a preferred topical agent for the management of mild-to-moderate onychomycosis.
Assessing Plantar Pressure Distribution in Children with Flatfoot Arch
Authors: Pauk Jolanta , Ihnatouski Mikhail , Najafi Bijan
Published: December 2014

Background

Flatfoot, or pes planus, is one of the most common foot posture problems in children that may lead to lower-extremity pain owing to a potential increase in plantar pressure. First, we compared plantar pressure distribution between children with and without flatfoot. Second, we examined the reliability and accuracy of a simple metric for characterization of foot posture: the Clarke angle. Third, we proposed a mathematical model to predict plantar pressure magnitude under the medial arch using body mass and the Clarke angle.

Methods

Sixty children with flatfoot and 33 aged-matched controls were recruited. Measurements included in-shoe plantar pressure distribution, ground reaction force, Clarke angle, and radiography assessment. The measured Clarke angle was compared with radiographic measurements, and its test-retest reliability was determined. A mathematical model was fitted to predict plantar pressure distribution under the medial arch using easy-to-measure variables (body mass and the Clarke angle).

Results

A high correlation was observed between the Clarke angle and radiography measurements (r > 0.9; P < 10−6). Excellent between- and within-day test-retest reliability for Clarke angle measurement (intraclass correlation coefficient, >0.9) was observed. Results also suggest that pressure magnitude under the medial arch can be estimated using the Clarke angle and body mass (R2 = 0.95; error, <0.04 N/cm2 [2%]).

Conclusions

This study suggests that the Clarke angle is a practical, reliable, and sensitive metric for quantification of medial arch height in children and could be recommended for research and clinical applications. It can also be used to estimate plantar pressure under the medial arch, which, in turn, may assist in the timely intervention and prognosis of prospective problems associated with flatfoot posture.
Complications of Sodium Hydroxide Chemical Matrixectomy
Authors: Bostancı Seher , Koçyiğit Pelin , Güngör Hilayda Karakök , Parlak Nehir
Published: December 2014

Ingrown toenails are seen most commonly in young adults, and they can seriously affect daily life. Partial nail avulsion with chemical matrixectomy, generally by using either sodium hydroxide or phenol, is one of the most effective treatment methods. Known complications of phenol matrixectomy are unpredictable tissue damage, prolonged postoperative drainage, increased secondary infection rates, periostitis, and poor cosmetic results. To our knowledge, there have been no reports about the complications related to sodium hydroxide matrixectomy. Herein, we describe three patients who developed nail dystrophy, allodynia, and hyperalgesia after sodium hydroxide matrixectomy.
Editorial
Authors: Otterstad Ann Merete , Osgood Jayne , Bloch Mimi , Taguchi Hillevi Lenz , Sandvik Ninni , Bustos Marcela Montserrat Fonseca
Published: December 2014

This guest-edited Special Issue of RERM celebrates the enormous contribution that Professor Jeanette Rhedding-Jones made to the field of educational research over her life time.
Student-Teacher Relationship and Student Academic Motivation
Authors: Jasmi Adibah Najihah , Hin Lim Chong
Published: December 2014

This qualitative study investigates the link between student-teacher relationship and student’s academic motivation. Two 16-year old male students from a public boarding school in the Peninsular of Malaysia were chosen as participants. Data were gathered from two unstructured interviews. Five themes within the student-teacher relationship were identified throughout the interviews: care, support, trust, approachable and expectation. The findings suggest that academic motivation is fostered when teachers show genuine care towards the students, provide continuous support to the students, build trust in the relationship, be approachable to the students, and have a reasonably high expectation towards students’ achievement.
Characteristics of Hispanic Patients With Dermatomyositis
Authors: Lin Rachel R. , Williams Kimberly N. , Warp Peyton V. , Alvarez Cespedes David , Elman Scott A. , Maderal Andrea D.
Published: August 2024

This cohort study compares the clinical features and outcomes of dermatomyositis between Hispanic and non-Hispanic patients.
Deer Hunting Season and Firearm Violence in US Rural Counties
Authors: Sharkey Patrick , Cristancho Juan Camilo , Semenza Daniel
Published: August 2024

Importance

Firearm violence is a major public health problem in the US. However, relatively little research has focused particular attention on firearm violence in rural areas, and few studies have used research designs that draw on exogenous variation in the prevalence of firearms to estimate the association between firearm presence and shootings.

Objective

To investigate the association between the start of deer hunting season and shootings in rural counties in the US.

Design, Setting, and Participants

In this cohort study, data from all rural US counties in states with available data on the timing of deer hunting season were matched with data on shootings from the Gun Violence Archive from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2021.

Exposure

Shootings in the first 3 weeks of deer hunting season were compared with the week prior to the start of deer hunting season.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The main outcome was daily total shootings. The association between the start of deer hunting season and shootings was estimated using Poisson regression models to analyze change within counties while controlling for relevant calendar year, month of year, and seasonal effects.

Results

The sample included 854 rural counties with a mean (SD) population of 16 416 (18 329) per county and 5.4 (13.3) annual shootings per 100 000 people. The county fixed-effects specification analyzing the association between deer hunting season and shootings showed that relative to the week prior to deer hunting season, the incidence rate ratio for total shootings was 1.49 (95% CI, 1.13-1.95) for the first week of deer hunting season and 1.41 (95% CI, 1.02-1.94) for the second week of deer hunting season. Estimates remained consistent when excluding hunting accidents and were most pronounced in states with more hunting licenses per capita.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study of the association between the start of deer hunting season and firearm violence, results showed that the start of deer hunting season was associated with a substantial increase in shootings. The findings highlight the role of firearm prevalence in gun violence and suggest the need for focused policies designed to reduce firearm violence in areas with substantial hunting activity during the first weeks of deer hunting season.
Surface guided ring gantry radiotherapy in deep inspiration breath hold for breast cancer patients
Authors: Kadhim Mustafa , Haraldsson André , Kügele Malin , Enocson Hedda , Bäck Sven , Ceberg Sofie
Published: August 2024

Purpose

This study investigated the use of surface guided radiotherapy (SGRT) in combination with a tomotherapy treatment mode using discrete delivery angles for deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) treatments of breast cancer (bc). We aimed to assess the feasibility and dosimetric advantages of this approach.

Materials and methods

We evaluated camera occlusion in the Radixact treatment system bore and the stability of DIBH signals during couch movement. The SGRT system's ability to maintain signal and surface image accuracy was analyzed at different depths within the bore. Dosimetric parameters were compared and measured for 20 left‐sided bc patients receiving TomoDirect (TD) tangential radiotherapy in both DIBH and free breathing (FB).

Results

The SGRT system maintained surface coverage and precise DIBH‐signal at depths up to 40 cm beyond the treatment center. Camera occlusion occurred in the clavicular and neck regions due to the patient's morphology and gantry geometry. Nonetheless, the system accurately detected respiratory motion for all measurements. The DIBH plans significantly (p < 0.001) reduced mean heart and left anterior descending artery (LAD) radiation doses by up to 40%, with a 50% reduction in near‐maximum heart and LAD doses, respectively. No significant dosimetric differences between DIBH and FB were observed in other investigated parameters and volumes.

Conclusions

Camera occlusion and couch movement minimally impacted the real‐time surface image accuracy needed for DIBH treatments of bc. DIBH reduced heart and LAD radiation doses significantly compared to FB, indicating the feasibility and dosimetric benefits of combining these modalities.
Adaptive sliding mode control for quadrotor transport systems with uncertain parameters and disturbances
Authors: Huang Longkang , Yang Yanhua , Chen Yang
Published: August 2024

Quadrotor transportation systems have been widely utilized in both commercial and civilian fields. However, challenges arise due to the variable payload mass and unpredictable wind disturbances during cargo transport, potentially leading to excessive payload swinging and system instability. To tackle this issue, this article proposes an adaptive sliding mode control approach that concurrently achieves trajectory tracking for the quadrotor and mitigates payload swinging. In the outer loop subsystem, the quadrotor dynamics model is partitioned into two components that is, actuated and underactuated components. Sliding surfaces are designed based on this divided system model, and two adaptive laws are designed to compensate for payload mass uncertainty and unknown wind disturbances. The system's asymptotic stability is assured through the application of the Lyapunov theorem. In the inner loop subsystem, a disturbance rejection controller is formulated. Comparative simulation results conclusively demonstrate the outstanding performance of the proposed method in terms of trajectory tracking and robustness.
In Situ High‐Temperature X‐ray Diffraction Study of the Thermal Stability of the Co0.22Cr0.23Fe0.29Ni0.20Ti0.06 High‐Entropy Alloy Produced by High‐Energy Ball Milling
Authors: Kovalev Dmitry Yu. , Vadchenko Sergey G. , Rogachev Alexander S.
Published: August 2024

In this report, the effect of Ti addition on the phase evolution of a near‐equiatomic CoCrFeNi‐based high‐entropy alloy (HEA) during annealing in a vacuum is described. The HEA Co0.22Cr0.23Fe0.29Ni0.20Ti0.06 is synthesized through mechanical alloying of constituent elements for a milling duration of 1 h. The as‐prepared HEA is a two‐phase alloy containing body centred cubic (BCC) precipitates in an face centred cubic (FCC) matrix. The thermal stability of the HEA is experimentally studied by subjecting it to 5 h of isothermal annealing at 600, 800, and 1000 °C, using high‐temperature X‐ray diffraction (HTXRD). The HTXRD analysis indicates a noteworthy reduction in the BCC phase content after isothermal annealing at 600 °C. The formation of intermetallic σ‐phases does not occur. At temperatures of 800 and 1000 °C, the alloy matrix exhibits a single‐phase FCC solid solution. At 800 and 1000 °C, HEA undergoes partial oxidation, resulting in the formation of oxide phases on the surface and within the particles of the powder in the form of nanoscale inclusions. This oxidation depletes the metal matrix with titanium, leading to a change in the composition of the HEA. The alloy transforms into a CoCrFeNi solid solution containing 3–4 at% Ti. Thus, the alloy matrix phase remains a stable FCC solid solution.
Enhanced Photorefractive Performance by Controlling Ion‐Assisted Charge Injection and Accumulation with Random Biphenyl Co‐Polymerized Poly(Carbazolyl‐Amine)
Authors: Tsai Meng‐Che , Wang Kuo‐Lung , Wada Satoshi , Hsieh Chu‐Liang , Tseng Liang‐Chieh , Horie Masaki , Sassa Takafumi
Published: August 2024

In this study, the synthesis of poly(carbazolyl‐amine)s with a random co‐polymerized biphenyl group through the Buchwald–Hartwig amination to enhance ion‐assisted space‐charge‐limited current (SCLC) and achieve efficient performance in photorefractive (PR) polymers, is reported. By modulating the polymer crystallinity, the efficient accumulation of ions near an electrode is achieved and enhanced ion‐assisted SCLC is realized, which results in a magnified electric field inside the polymers. The internal electric field is increased by the stacked charges injected from the electrode, and it is further enhanced by the washing out of ions. The polymer, blended with the electro–optical chromophore and sensitizer, exhibits a high PR sensitivity of 16.7 cm3 kJ−1 and a device stability of up to E = 80 V µm−1 at a wavelength of 633 nm, which is comparable to that of the inorganic crystals Bi12SiO20 and Sn2P2S6.
Nanosecond Laser Debonding Using an Ultrathin Absorber Layer in a Transparent Composite: Making a Light‐Powered Exploding Bolt
Authors: Anwar Touhid Bin , Bardeen Christopher J.
Published: August 2024

Localized heating of an adhesive interface can separate glued substrates for recycling or reconfiguring. Light provides a way to deposit energy at this type of buried interface, but the photon energy must still be transformed into thermal energy. The deposition of an ultrathin (<1 µm) absorbing layer before gluing provides a way to build this photothermal capability into the bonded structure. To demonstrate this concept, a submicron absorbing layer composed of the dye Fluorescein 27 (F27) is applied to a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) substrate that is glued to a second PMMA piece using a commercial cyanoacrylate adhesive. The laser debonding is characterized as function of dye layer thickness, applied pressure, and laser pulse fluence. A 450 nm thick dye layer retained a high adhesive strength of 3.5 MPa but can be debonded by a single 532 nm nanosecond laser pulse with a fluence ≤ 0.7 J cm−2. Decomposition of the absorbing layer resulted in rapid gas evolution that left the micron‐scale surface morphology of the PMMA substrate intact. This system enabled the fabrication of an optical analog to the exploding bolt, where a single laser pulse can impulsively separate a structural fastener.
Nanozyme‐Enabled Biomedical Diagnosis: Advances, Trends, and Challenges
Authors: Tian Qingzhen , Li Shu , Tang Zheng , Zhang Ziyu , Du Dan , Zhang Xiao , Niu Xiangheng , Lin Yuehe
Published: August 2024

As nanoscale materials with the function of catalyzing substrates through enzymatic kinetics, nanozymes are regarded as potential alternatives to natural enzymes. Compared to protein‐based enzymes, nanozymes exhibit attractive characteristics of low preparation cost, robust activity, flexible performance adjustment, and versatile functionalization. These advantages endow them with wide use from biochemical sensing and environmental remediation to medical theranostics. Especially in biomedical diagnosis, the feature of catalytic signal amplification provided by nanozymes makes them function as emerging labels for the detection of biomarkers and diseases, with rapid developments observed in recent years. To provide a comprehensive overview of recent progress made in this dynamic field, here an overview of biomedical diagnosis enabled by nanozymes is provided. This review first summarizes the synthesis of nanozyme materials and then discusses the main strategies applied to enhance their catalytic activity and specificity. Subsequently, representative utilization of nanozymes combined with biological elements in disease diagnosis is reviewed, including the detection of biomarkers related to metabolic, cardiovascular, nervous, and digestive diseases as well as cancers. Finally, some development trends in nanozyme‐enabled biomedical diagnosis are highlighted, and corresponding challenges are also pointed out, aiming to inspire future efforts to further advance this promising field.
Chirality‐Induced Magnetic Polarization by Charge Localization in a Chiral Supramolecular Crystal
Authors: Verhage Michael , Bampoulis Pantelis , Preuss Marco D. , Filot Ivo , Joosten Rick R. M. , Friedrich Heiner , Meijer E. W. , Flipse Kees
Published: August 2024

The chirality‐induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect is a fascinating phenomenon that correlates the molecular structure with electron spin‐polarization (SP). Experimental procedures to quantify the spin‐filtering magnitude have extensively used magnetic‐field‐dependent conductive AFM. In this work chiral crystals of imide‐substituted coronene bisimide ((S)‐CBI‐GCH) are studied to explain the dynamics of the current–voltage I − V spectra and the origin of superimposed peaks are investigated. A dynamic voltage‐sweep rate‐dependent phenomenon can give rise to complex I − V curves. The redox group, capable of localization of charge, acts as a localized state that interferes with the continuum of the π – π stacking, giving rise to Fano resonances. A novel mechanism for dynamic transport is introduced, which provides insight into the origin of spin‐polarized charge in crystallized CBI‐GCH molecules after absorption on a metallic substrate, guided by transient charge polarization. Crucially, interference between charge localization and delocalization during transport may be important properties in understanding the magnetochiral phenomena observed by electrostatic force microscopy. Finally, it is observed that charge trapping sensitively modifies the injection barrier from direct tunneling to Fowler–Nordheim tunneling transport supporting nonlinearity in CISS for this class of molecules.
Recent Advances in Antimony Selenide Photodetectors
Authors: Liu Jiaojiao , Chen Zhenbo , Wu Cheng , Yu Xiaoming , Yu Xuan , Chen Chao , Li Zhenhua , Qiao Qian , Cao Yu , Zhou Yingtang
Published: August 2024

Photodetectors (PDs) rapidly capture optical signals and convert them into electrical signals, making them indispensable in a variety of applications including imaging, optical communication, remote sensing, and biological detection. Recently, antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) has achieved remarkable progress due to its earth‐abundant, low toxicity, low price, suitable bandgap width, high absorption coefficient, and unique structural characteristics. Sb2Se3 has been extensively studied in solar cells, but there's a lack of timely updates in the field of PDs. A literature review based on Sb2Se3 PDs is urgently warranted. This review aims to provide a concise understanding of the latest progress in Sb2Se3 PDs, with a focus on the basic characteristics and the performance optimization for Sb2Se3 photoconductive‐type and photodiode‐type detectors, including nanostructure regulation, process optimization, and stability improvement of flexible devices. Furthermore, the application progresses of Sb2Se3 PDs in heart rate monitoring, and monolithic‐integrated matrix images are introduced. Finally, this review presents various strategies with potential and feasibility to address challenges for the rapid development and commercial application of Sb2Se3 PDs.
Robust Field‐Free Switching Using Large Unconventional Spin‐Orbit Torque in an All‐Van der Waals Heterostructure
Authors: Zhang Yiyang , Ren Xiaolin , Liu Ruizi , Chen Zehan , Wu Xuezhao , Pang Jie , Wang Wei , Lan Guibin , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Shi Youguo , Yu Guoqiang , Shao Qiming
Published: August 2024

The emerging all‐van der Waals (vdW) magnetic heterostructure provides a new platform to control the magnetization by the electric field beyond the traditional spintronics devices. One promising strategy is using unconventional spin‐orbit torque (SOT) exerted by the out‐of‐plane polarized spin current to enable deterministic magnetization switching and enhance the switching efficiency. However, in all‐vdW heterostructures, large unconventional SOT remains elusive and the robustness of the field‐free switching against external magnetic field has not been examined, which hinders further applications. Here, the study demonstrates the field‐free switching in an all‐vdW heterostructure combining a type‐II Weyl semimetal TaIrTe4 and above‐room‐temperature ferromagnet Fe3GaTe2. The fully field‐free switching can be achieved at 2.56 × 1010 A m−2 at 300 K and a large SOT effective field efficiency of the out‐of‐plane polarized spin current generated by TaIrTe4 is determined to be 0.37. Moreover, it is found that the switching polarity cannot be changed until the external in‐plane magnetic field reaches 252 mT, indicating a robust switching against the magnetic field. The numerical simulation suggests the large unconventional SOT reduces the switching current density and enhances the robustness of the switching. The work shows that all‐vdW heterostructures are promising candidates for future highly efficient and stable SOT‐based devices.
Antifreeze Polyvinyl Alcohol Organohydrogel Sensors Containing Polypyrrole Nanowires Self‐Assembled onto Graphene Oxide Nanoplatelets with High Electrical Conductivity and Improved Mechanical Properties
Authors: Yang Pengcheng , Bai Junwei , Olivieri Federico , Santillo Chiara , Castaldo Rachele , Gentile Gennaro , Zhang Junhua , Lavorgna Marino , Buonocore Giovanna G.
Published: August 2024

Conductive hydrogels exhibit significant potential for flexible electronics owing to their exceptional flexibility, resistance to deformation, and high conductivity. However, there is a critical need to develop hydrogels that can withstand extremely low temperatures while exhibiting good mechanical properties. In this study, carboxyl‐modified polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the gel matrix, dimethylsulfoxide and water as a mixed solvent solution, and graphene oxide (GO) assembled polypyrrole (PPy) nanowires are used to prepare a new type of antifreeze conductive organohydrogel (PGOPPy). The PGOPPy organohydrogel demonstrates outstanding antifreeze properties, retaining its flexibility at temperatures as low as −75 °C. It exhibits a fracture strength of 0.80 MPa and an elongation at break of 436% at room temperature. Remarkably, after being stored at room temperature for 15 days, the diameter of the PGOPPy organohydrogel changes only by 4%. Moreover, PGOPPy shows high electrical conductivity, up to 1.07 S m−1, and exhibits variable conductivity in response to mechanical deformation, with a stable response over cyclic deformations, allowing its use as a sensor to monitor body movements. Results demonstrate that the developed material is very promising as an effective sensor technology for use in extremely cold environments. Moreover, this work provides a general method for preparing antifreeze organhydrogels using water and dimethylsulfoxide as mixed solvents.
Two Photocatalytic Pathways for Reductive Dearomatizations of N‐Arylformylindoles by a Visible‐Light Triplet Organocatalyst
Authors: Ma Meng‐Yue , Cai Yi‐Ping , Song Qin‐Hua
Published: August 2024

A visible‐light triplet photocatalyst 5‐acetyl‐2‐mercapto‐benzoic acid methyl ester (AcBSH) was developed through introducing acetyl into benzenethiolate to improve the efficiency of intersystem crossing (ISC) and using o‐methoxyformyl to increase the molar extinction coefficient. In the photocatalytic system of AcBSH, the reductive dearomatization of N‐arylformylindoles is achieved to afford the desired indolines in moderate to excellent yields, including both indoles without (1) and with 2‐substituent (2). The 2‐substituent is a steric hindrance for the conjugation between benzoyl and indole moiety, and makes indole 2 and indole 1 exhibit different reduction potentials (Ered) and different triplet energy levels (ΔET). Thereby, two kinds of substrates undergo primarily two photocatalytic pathways: i) successive SET/protonation pathway, which merging photosensitization via triplet‐triplet energy transfer (EnT) and photoinduced SET for substrates 1, and ii) single electron transfer (SET) from the triplet photocatalyst and a concerted hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process for substrates 2.
Effector Binding Sequentially Alters KRAS Dimerization on the Membrane: New Insights Into RAS‐Mediated RAF Activation
Authors: Lee Soo‐Yeon , Eun Hyun‐Jong , Lee Ki‐Young
Published: August 2024

RAS proteins are peripheral membrane GTPases that activate multiple downstream effectors for cell proliferation and differentiation. The formation of a signaling RAS–RAF complex at the plasma membrane is implicated in a quarter of all human cancers; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this work, nanodisc platforms and paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) analyses to determine the structure of a hetero‐tetrameric complex comprising KRAS and the RAS‐binding domain (RBD) and cysteine‐rich domain (CRD) of activated RAF1 are employed. The binding of the RBD or RBD–CRD differentially alters the dimerization modes of KRAS on both anionic and neutral membranes, validated by interface‐specific mutagenesis. Notably, the RBD binding allosterically generated two distinct KRAS dimer interfaces in equilibrium, favored by KRAS free and in complex with the RBD–CRD, respectively. Additional interactions of the CRD with both KRAS protomers are mutually cooperative to stabilize a new dimer configuration of KRAS bound to the RBD–CRD. The RAF binding sequentially alters KRAS dimerization, providing new insights into RAF activation, including a configurational transition of the KRAS dimer to provide an interaction site for the CRD and release the autoinhibited RAF complex. These methods are applicable to many other signaling protein complexes on the membrane.
Enhanced Emitting Dipole Orientation Based on Asymmetric Iridium(III) Complexes for Efficient Saturated‐Blue Phosphorescent OLEDs
Authors: Shi Kefei , Wu Chengcheng , Zhang He , Tong Kai‐Ning , He Wei , Li Wansi , Jin Zhaoyun , Jung Sinyeong , Li Siqi , Wang Xin , Gong Shaolong , Zhang Yuewei , Zhang Dongdong , Kang Feiyu , Chi Yun , Yang Chuluo , Wei Guodan
Published: August 2024

Three novel asymmetric Ir(III) complexes have been rationally designed to optimize their emitting dipole orientations (EDO) and enhance light outcoupling in blue phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), thereby boosting their external quantum efficiency (EQE). Bulky electron‐donating groups (EDGs), namely: carbazole (Cz), di‐tert‐butyl carbazole (tBuCz), and phenoxazine (Pxz) are incorporated into the tridentate dicarbene pincer chelate to induce high degree of packing anisotropy, simultaneously enhancing their photophysical properties. Angle‐dependent photoluminescence (ADPL) measurements indicate increased horizontal transition dipole ratios of 0.89 and 0.90 for the Ir(III) complexes Cz‐dfppy‐CN and tBuCz‐dfppy‐CN, respectively. Analysis of the single crystal structure and density functional theory (DFT) calculation results revealed an inherent correlation between molecular aspect ratio and EDO. Utilizing the newly obtained emitters, the blue OLED devices demonstrated exceptional performance, achieving a maximum EQE of 30.7% at a Commission International de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinate of (0.140, 0.148). Optical transfer matrix‐based simulations confirmed a maximum outcoupling efficiency of 35% due to improved EDO. Finally, the tandem OLED and hyper‐OLED devices exhibited a maximum EQE of 44.2% and 31.6%, respectively, together with good device stability. This rational molecular design provides straightforward guidelines to reach highly efficient and stable saturated blue emission.
Mimosa‐Inspired Body Temperature‐Responsive Shape Memory Polymer Networks: High Energy Densities and Multi‐Recyclability
Authors: Kong Qingming , Tan Yu , Zhang Haiyang , Zhu Tengyang , Li Yitan , Xing Yongzheng , Wang Xu
Published: August 2024

Inspired by the Mimosa plant, this study herein develops a unique dynamic shape memory polymer (SMP) network capable of transitioning from hard to pliable with heat, featuring reversible actuation, self‐healing, recyclability, and degradability. This material is adept at simulating the functionalities of artificial muscles for a variety of tasks, with a remarkable specific energy density of 1.8 J g−1—≈46 times higher than that of human skeletal muscle. As an intelligent manipulator, it demonstrates remarkable proficiency in identifying and handling items at high temperatures. Its suitable rate of shape recovery around human body temperature indicates its promising utility as an implant material for addressing acute obstructions. The dynamic covalent bonding within the network structure not only provides excellent resistance to solvents but also bestows remarkable abilities for self‐healing, reprocessing, and degradation. These attributes significantly boost its practicality and environmental sustainability. Anticipated to promote advancements in the sectors of biomedical devices, soft robotics, and smart actuators, this SMP network represents a forward leap in simulating artificial muscles, marking a stride toward the future of adaptive and sustainable technology.
Cellulose/castor oil‐based polyurethane film composite for aqueous Cd and Pb adsorption: Evaluation using laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy
Authors: Iqhrammullah Muhammad , Suyanto Hery , Rahmi Rahmi , Fahrurrozi  , Patra Aldi , Abdulmadjid Syahrun Nur
Published: August 2024

Castor oil‐based polyurethane has been researched for its utility in heavy metal adsorption. To improve the adsorptive performance, the polymer can be incorporated with cellulose—a renewable and widely available biopolymer. The aim of this research was to synthesize a film composite prepared from castor oil‐based polyurethane and cellulose for adsorptive removal of aqueous Cd and Pb. One‐shoot synthesis method was employed by mixing cellulose filler with castor oil and toluene diisocyanate (TDI). Characterization was carried out by FT‐IR, SEM, TGA, DSC, and contact angle analyses. Batch adsorption was carried out for the Cd and Pb with variations in contact time and initial pH, before analyzed for the adsorptive performance using 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser spectroscopy. The resulted adsorbents had improved thermal stability, and lower hydrophobicity. Adsorption of Pb and Cd increased 2 and 35 times after the addition of 0.1 g cellulose, respectively. Batch adsorption test revealed that the optimum conditions are 120‐min contact time and pH of 9 and 7 (for Cd and Pb, respectively). In conclusion, incorporation of cellulose could modify the characteristics of castor oil‐based polyurethane film and improve the adsorption of Cd and Pb.
Physicochemical and sensory properties of fermented milk supplemented with sundried African horned melon
Authors: Micheni Brenda , Owaga Eddy , Mugendi Beatrice
Published: August 2024

African horned melon (AHM) (Cucumis metuliferus), indigenous to Kenya. It contains high polyphenol and antioxidant content, yet remains underutilized in food products. This study sought to increase the utilization of AHM by developing a supplemented milk product and evaluating the effects of sundried AHM powder on the physicochemical and sensory properties of the fermented milk product. The fermented milk was supplemented with three different forms of AHM powder: whole fruit, peel, and seed, at concentrations of 0.5%, 0.7%, and 1% w/v. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, total titratable acidity (TTA), syneresis, texture, and viscosity were measured, alongside sensory acceptability assessments. Statistical analysis demonstrated significant differences (p < 0.05) in physicochemical and sensory properties between the control (did not contain AHM) and supplemented samples, particularly at higher concentrations and extended storage periods. The inclusion of AHM powder markedly influenced the fermented milk's properties, with increased TTA and syneresis in samples with higher melon powder concentrations. TTA ranged between 0.32% and 0.46% among all samples during storage which were comparatively higher than the recommended values for fermented milk products at 0.3%. pH findings range was 4.22 and 4.58. The pH range between 4.2 and 4.6 is recommended by FDA for fermented milk. Syneresis were between 2% and 13%. Texture was between 1.24 and 3.95 N. Viscosity was between 1.67 and 3.87 cP. Sensory scores ranged from 8.00 to 2.67 during storage. Fruit seed powder (FSP1) recorded the lowest amount of pH. Control maintained a higher score in the sensory attributes.
Optimizing Yolk–Shell ZnCo2S4 Nanoparticles for Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance: Failure Mechanism Analysis and Material Design
Authors: Hsiang Hsing‐I , Chang Ming‐Hao , Chung Sheng‐Heng
Published: August 2024

Ternary metal sulfides hold the potential to deliver electrochemical supercapacitors with theoretically high power and energy densities, as well as an extended cycle life. However, the novel bimetallic ternary metal sulfides suffer from rapid loss of their specific capacitance and poor cycle life because their electrochemical reactions involve multiple redox steps, volume expansion, and irreversible structural changes. Thus, understanding the failure mechanisms in terms of the material chemistry is important for designing novel energy materials with high electrochemical stability during long‐term cycling. In this study, yolk–shell ZnCo2S4 (ZCS) nanoparticles are synthesized and modified with either a carbon shell (ZCS@C) or a polypyrrole (PPy) coating (ZCS@PPy) to explore the failure mechanism of yolk–shell ZCS nanoparticles via the decomposition of their shells. The optimal ZCS@C addresses these issues, producing high capacitance (171 F g−1 at 2 A g−1) with high retention (78 % after 5,000 cycles). Therefore, we comprehensively report this investigation on the effects of the physical chemistry and electrochemistry of ZCS materials on the performance of electrochemical supercapacitors, aiming to design ZCS@C electrochemical materials that effectively address the proposed failure mechanisms.
State LGBTQ policy environments and the cancer burden in sexual and gender minoritized communities in the United States
Authors: Weideman Ben C. D. , McAlpine Donna
Published: August 2024

Purpose

Our objective was to assess the association between state policies related to sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) and cancer prevalence and survivorship indicators in a sexual and gender minoritized (SGM) population in the United States.

Methods

Data from the 2017–2021 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were used to measure cancer diagnosis, physical and mental health, and substance use for SGM adult cancer survivors. A state policy Z‐score, ranging from most restrictive to most protective state policies related to SOGI, was computed from data available from the Movement Advancement Project. Survey‐weighted logistic regression was used to test the relationship between state policies and cancer‐related outcomes for SGM people.

Results

More protective state policies were associated with lower odds of a cancer diagnosis (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.87–0.97). Among SGM cancer survivors, increasing protective state policies were associated with lower odds of poor physical health (AOR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.74–0.94), lower odds of difficulty walking or climbing stairs (AOR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.80–1.00), and lower odds of difficulty concentrating or remembering (AOR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.78–0.98). No significant associations were found between state policies and mental health, depression, substance use, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease among SGM cancer survivors.

Conclusion

SGM people diagnosed with cancer are more likely to live in restrictive policy states, and survivors in those states have worse physical health and cognitive disability. Additional research should investigate potential causal relationships between state policies and SGM cancer outcomes.
GC‐MS Assisted Determination of 26 Compounds in Phlomis Stewartii Extract Exhibiting Antioxidant, Antifungal, and Antibacterial Properties
Authors: Farooq Aroosa , Ali Samar , Ullah Hamid , Khan Anwar , Nawaz Faheem , Farooq Samra , Sarwar Aziza , Ali Saqib , Khan Dilfaraz , Ullah Riffat , Iqbal Shazia
Published: August 2024

Medicinal plants have long been studied for their therapeutic benifits. The present research aims to unveil complex phytochemical profile and therapeutic properties of ethyl acetate fraction of Phlomis stewartii, an important medicinal plant. In this context, the Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry (GC‐MS) analysis of the fraction identified 26 compounds. Additionally, the fraction exhibited concentration dependent antioxidant activity with an IC50 value lower than the standard antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene. The antifungal activity of the fraction examined against F. oxysporum, A. alternate, and R. solani resulted in almost complete inhibition (>90 %) of fungal growth. Furthermore, the fraction exhibited significant antibacterial potential against B. subtilus, S. aureus, E. coli, and S. dysenteriae, with inhibition zones of 18±0.22, 17±0.22, 12±0.11, and 10±0.12, respectively. Briefly, the plant extract was found to be highly potent, particularly in its antifungal action. Further studies, including natural products isolation coupled with bioassays, are recommended for promising drug candidates discovery.
Exploring the Exo‐Metabolomes and Volatile and Non‐Volatile Compounds of Metarhizium Carneum and Lecanicillium Uredinophilum
Authors: Gamboa‐Becerra Roberto , Monribot‐Villanueva Juan L. , Carrión Gloria , Guerrero‐Analco José A. , Desgarennes Damaris
Published: August 2024

Efforts are intensifying to identify bioactive microbial metabolites from biocontrol agents to manage plant pathogens in critical crops. This study examined both volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and non‐volatile compounds from Metarhizium carneum and Lecanicillium uredinophilum strains for their antimicrobial effects against various phytopathogens and analyzed their exo‐metabolomes. M. carneum VOCs inhibited four bacterial and eight fungal species by up to 45.45 %, while L. uredinophilum VOCs inhibited five bacterial and eight fungal species by up to 50.91 %. Additionally, n‐BuOH extracts from both biocontrol agents effectively targeted three fungi and five bacteria. The exo‐metabolomes of M. carneum and L. uredinophilum included 125 and 102 spectrometric features, respectively, primarily consisting of polyketides, alkaloids, lipids, organic aromatic compounds, terpenoids, and peptides. Our findings revealed a correlation between the phylogenetic relationships of M. carneum strains, their bioactivity patterns against phytopathogens, and their metabolomic profiles. Notably, some compounds detected in both fungi previously demonstrated biological activity against plant pathogens, enhancing their biocontrol potential. This study not only evidences the antimicrobial properties of diffusible compounds from M. carneum and L. uredinophilum, but also documents the antimicrobial potential of their VOCs for the first time, supporting their use in sustainable agricultural practices, reducing reliance on chemical inputs.
Incidence and predictors of vascular complications following transcatheter aortic valve implantation: A comparison of the MANTA and suture‐based vascular closure devices
Authors: Sehgal Kartik , Butala Anant D. , Stub Dion , Palmer Sonny , Noaman Samer , Haji Kawa , Htun Nay , Johnston Rozanne , Walton Antony , Nanayakkara Shane
Published: August 2024

Background

Vascular complications post‐transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) are common. Recent data regarding predictors of vascular complications are limited, particularly comparing newer plug‐based devices versus traditional suture‐based vascular closure devices (VCD).

Aim

The primary objective was to identify characteristics that predict a higher risk of vascular complications in TAVI patients, as judged by the VARC‐3 criteria, specifically comparing risk factors between suture‐based vs MANTA device closure.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of patients who underwent TAVI between December 2019 and September 2023 was performed. Logistic regression and propensity score matching was performed to ascertain risk factors for vascular complications post‐TAVI.

Results

Of the 1763 patients, there were 106 vascular complications (6%). There was a nonsignificant increased complication rate in MANTA vs suture‐based device closure (8.3% vs 5.3%, p = 0.064). Among these, the most common complications were VCD failure (23%), pseudoaneurysm (20%) and arterial dissection (19%). Obesity (p = 0.021), anemia (p = 0.039) and MANTA device use (p = 0.027) were predictors of vascular complications. Within the MANTA cohort, novel oral anticoagulant (NOAC) use was predictive of vascular complications (p = 0.002). Among suture‐based devices, obesity (p = 0.037) and anaemia (p = 0.017) were significant predictors. A propensity matched analysis derived 90 pairs of patients matched for age, gender, diabetes, peripheral arterial disease, NOAC use, anemia and obesity, identifying an average treatment effect of 0.039 (p = 0.04) when MANTA device closure was performed.

Conclusion

Vascular complications in TAVI remain common. Identifying predictors such as MANTA device closure, obesity, anemia, and baseline NOAC use will allow for improved risk stratification and appropriate VCD selection in patients undergoing TAVI.
S‐acylation of Ca2+ transport proteins in cancer
Authors: Kouba Sana , Demaurex Nicolas
Published: August 2024

Alterations in cellular calcium (Ca2+) signals have been causally associated with the development and progression of human cancers. Cellular Ca2+ signals are generated by channels, pumps, and exchangers that move Ca2+ ions across membranes and are decoded by effector proteins in the cytosol or in organelles. S‐acylation, the reversible addition of 16‐carbon fatty acids to proteins, modulates the activity of Ca2+ transporters by altering their affinity for lipids, and enzymes mediating this reversible post‐translational modification have also been linked to several types of cancers. Here, we compile studies reporting an association between Ca2+ transporters or S‐acylation enzymes with specific cancers, as well as studies reporting or predicting the S‐acylation of Ca2+ transporters. We then discuss the potential role of S‐acylation in the oncogenic potential of a subset of Ca2+ transport proteins involved in cancer.
Metal‐Free Diversification of Unprotected Amino Acid Drugs via Tandem Reaction of 2‐(2‐oxo‐2‐aryl/alkylethyl)benzonitrile in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Sharma Himanshi , Kumar Manoj , Raj Bhatt Padam , Singh Priyamvada , Rathi Brijesh
Published: August 2024

Herein, we report an efficient strategy towards the synthesis of amino acid substituted isoquinoline derivatives via reaction of unprotected amino acid/amino acid ester/amino acid based drugs with 2‐(2‐oxo‐2‐aryl/alkylethyl)benzonitrile under metal‐free conditions. The developed protocol is highly simple and shows functional group tolerance to provide corresponding novel amino acid substituted isoquinolines in aqueous medium. The applicability of the reaction is an easier modification of well‐known drugs and successfully extended to gram‐scale synthesis.
Review on Catalytic Meinwald Rearrangement of Epoxides
Authors: Zhang Yulong , Hu Bowen , Chen Yushuang , Wang Zhen
Published: August 2024

The past few decades have witnessed tremendous development within epoxides. Among the many known reactions involving epoxide, Meinwald rearrangements represent one of the most important and attractive approaches, which can transform epoxides into versatile carbonyl compounds. Given the high efficiency of this protocol, substantial efforts have been made by researchers by utilizing multiple catalyst systems. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the Meinwald rearrangement (from 2014 onward), along with detailed discussions on mechanistic insights. This review aims to highlight the importance and value of these methodologies, thereby promoting further investigation and application.