bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Levels of Prostaglandins in the Small Intestine of Rats during Primary and Secondary Infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis
Authors: Dineen J.K. , Kelly J.D.
Published: July 2009

The level of PGE is increased 10-fold in intestinal tissues during primary infection of the rat with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Peak levels (ca. 7,000 pg/cm) were assayed in the jejunal site of infection on day 7 of infection and similar levels were recorded in ‘post-infection’ (ileal) segments at this time. The level of PGE in ‘post-infection’ segments showed further increase to 12,000 pg/cm on day 10. The level of PGE also increased in ‘pre-infection’ (duodenal) but this was delayed by 4–5 days. The level of PGF also increased during primary infection (from about 100 to 950 pg/cm) but this occurred after expulsion. Increase in the level of PGE occurred earlier (at 3–4 days) during secondary challenge given 19 days after primary infection, but the PGE levels followed the primary response when challenge was given 10 weeks after primary infection. It is suggested that PGE plays a dual role in parasite immunity. (1) PGE may directly affect metabolism of the parasite. In this event it is also suggested that protective antibodies cause the release of PG. (2) Elevated levels of PGE act indirectly by affecting gastrointestinal function which alters the microenvironment at the site of infection. The duodenal migration of parasites may be due to this effect of PGE.
Sugar Polymers in Rats and Man
Authors: Dhar H.L. , Hanahoe T.H.P. , West G.B.
Published: July 2009

Intracutaneous injections of a glucan contaminant of invert sugar solutions and crude cane sugar into human skin produced a localised wheal and erythema reaction. The glucan was also active on intradermal injection into both dextran-sensitive and dextran-resisiant rats.
Evaluation of Tobacco Hypersensitivity Responses in the Mouse
Authors: Justus David E. , Adams David A.
Published: July 2009

CFW female mice immunized with tobacco leaf extract developed type 1 skin and mast cell sensitivities that could be quantitated. The presence of both IgG1- and IgE-tobacco-mast-cell-sensitizing antibodies was detected by 2 and 48 h. PCA test. On the basis of these findings, it is suggested that mice can serve as good animal models for critical investigation of tobacco hypersensitivity in the laboratory.
Analysis of T-Cell-Specific Functions in Continuous Lymphocytic Cell Lines
Authors: Namba Yuziro , Waksman Byron H.
Published: July 2009

Four T-cell lines of mouse origin (EL-4, S-49, R-1, and L-5178Y) with similar characteristics (Thy-1-positive, and PHA-sensitive) were tested for reactivity with various antigens. EL-4 cells alone were shown to form rosettes at 4 °C with thymocytes (positive for either Thy-1.1 or Thy-1.2) and with Thy-1-positive lymph node cells of various mouse strains. Comparable rosette formation did not occur with Thy-1-negative lymphnode cells or red blood cells, nor with rat or rabbit thymocytes. The thymocytes which attached to the tumor cells formed a cluster at one pole of the cell after warming at 37 °C for 10 min. After incubation for 40 min at 37 °C, most of the rosettes disappeared. This process was blocked by sodium azide and dinitrophenol, suggesting that the movement of thymocytes to one pole of the tumor cell and subsequent release are energy-dependent. These results suggest that the EL-4 cell line, originally derived from a carcinogen-induced lymphoma of C57BL/6, may have been an autoimmune lymphoma reactive against T cells.
Presence and Characterization of Lymphokines in Mouse Ascites Tumor Fluids
Authors: Zschiesche W. , Fahlbusch Bärbel , Gutsche W.
Published: July 2009

Considerable skin-reactive and macrophage-disappearance-inducing activities were detected in cell-free fluids of 2 mouse ascites tumors (Ehrlich ascites tumor, leukemia L 1210). Fractionation of the supernatants by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, and DEAE-Sephadex A-50 column chromatography resulted in characterization of a proteinaceous substance which accounts for skin-reactive activity. The factor responsible bears a close physicochemical and biological resemblance to the skin-reactive factor of lymphocytic origin which is known to be generated by specific or nonspecific stimulation of lymphocytes in vitro, or to be produced spontaneously by lymphoblastoid cell lines. The biological significance of the findings is discussed.
Nature of the Union between Sheep Red Blood Cells and T Lymphocytes
Authors: Pang G.T.M. , Wiggins P.M. , Wilson J.D.
Published: July 2009

Calcium ions acting as salt bridges between the receptor on T lymphocytes and the negatively charged sites on sheep red blood cells (SRBC) are probably involved in rosette formation. Evidence to support this hypothesis includes the results of manipulating the ionic concentration of Ca2+-free incubation medium and rosette inhibition in the presence of EDTA. Optimal rosette formation occurred when NaCl was the supporting electrolyte and the ionic strength was 100–150 mM. Neither KC1, CaCl2, MgCl2 nor Na2SO4 were effective as supporting electrolytes. SRBC pretreated with neuraminidase showed improved rosette formation of lower ionic strength than control cells.
Visualization Principles in Thin-Layer Immunoassays (TIA) on Plastic Surfaces
Authors: Elwing Hans , Nilsson Lars-Åke , Ouchterlony Örjan
Published: July 2009

Macromolecules may adsorb firmly as a monolayer to plastic surfaces and still retain their property to react specifically with antibodies. In the present communication four different principles for visualization of such antigen-antibody interactions on plastic surfaces are described. In addition, a diffusion-in-gel method for quantitation of antibodies is presented. The described methods offer simple, sensitive and accurate means of assaying antigen-antibody reactions.
Effect of Catecholamines and Sympatholytics on Survival and Circulatory Parameters in Protracted Anaphylactic Shock of Guinea Pigs
Authors: Molls M. , Bernauer W.
Published: July 2009

Protracted anaphylactic shock of guinea pigs led to death in over 90% of the animals, and good protection was obtained with an infusion of adrenaline after dibenamine pretreatment. Adrenaline alone, in doses which prevented the anaphylactic fall of arterial blood pressure, had no beneficial effect. Practolol abolished the therapeutic action of the combination of dibenamine/adrenaline. Stimulation of β-receptors by isoproterenol did not increase the survival rate. With dopamine, however, a significant prolongation of the survival times was obtained.
Factors in the Tissue Eosinophil Responses in Human Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions
Authors: Zweiman Burton , Slott Robert I. , Atkins Paul C.
Published: July 2009

Factors underlying the eosinophil responses in the tissue sites of immediate hypersensitivity reactions have been investigated. A quantitative assessment of the number of eosinophils appearing in skin test reactions to ragweed antigen and compound 48/80 in ragweed-sensitive humans has been compared with several other parameters. There was a moderate, statistically significant, correlation with serum levels of IgE-class antiragweed antibody; also, eosinophil responses were minimal or absent in minimally positive threshold dilution skin tests. Tissue eosinophil responses were generally limited to those with baseline blood eosinophil levels of at least 150 mm3; however, there was no correlation between blood and tissue eosinophil levels in individual subjects. These findings suggest that the pathogenesis of the observed tissue eosinophil responses may be multifactorial.
5-Bromodeoxyuridine-Light Inactivation of Human Lymphocytes Stimulated by Mitogens and Allogeneic Cells: Evidence for Distinct T-Lymphocyte Subsets
Authors: Touraine J.L. , Touraine F. , Hadden J.W. , Hadden E.M. , Good R.A.
Published: July 2009

The study of human peripheral blood currently permits enumeration of circulating B and T lymphocytes as well as the analysis of functional responses in vitro following stimulation with mitogens, antigens or allogeneic cells. In the present experiments, subsets of these major lymphocyte populations were analyzed by dissecting in vitro responses using an ablative technique. After an initial culture period of lymphocytes with a mitogen, the proliferating cells were inactivated with 5-bromodeoxyuridine and light, then the capacity of the remaining lymphocytes to respond to the same or a different mitogenic influence was tested. Responsiveness to a different stimulant in the presence of no further response to the first stimulant was taken as evidence for a different responding cell population. A large subset of peripheral blood lymphocytes was responsive to both phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A); ablation of the cells responsive to one left little or no cells responsive to the other. Pokeweed mitogen (PWM) stimulated a portion of the PHA-Con A-responsive subset and an approximately equal subset unresponsive to PHA or Con A. Other evidence indicates that with each of these mitogens (especially with PHA and Con A in a soluble form), most of the proliferative response of peripheral blood B lymphocytes is indirectly triggered and is dependent on T cell stimulation. The population of PHA-Con A-responsive cells is, therefore, interpreted to represent a major T cell subset plus recruited cells; the PWM-responsive population would include a T cell subset having also PHA and Con A responsiveness, and another subset of T (or perhaps B) cells. The mitogen-sensitive population showed no overlap with cells responsive to allogeneic stimulation in mixed leukocyte culture. Ablation of the mitogen-responsive cells potentiated the mixed leukocyte reaction, suggesting that a suppressive influence was removed with the inactivation of the mitogen-responsive cells. It appears, therefore, that distinct subsets of T lymphocytes differentially responsive to PHA-Con A, to PWM and to allogeneic stimulation are present in the human peripheral blood.
A Ubiquitous Tissue Antigen and its Corresponding Antibody in Sera of Patients with Glomerulonephritides
Authors: Palosuo T. , Andres G.A. , Milgrom F.
Published: July 2009

Sera and 5% PEG-precipitates from 20 patients with IMN, 18 with MPGN, 20 with SLE, 8 with anti-GBM disease and 17 with other varieties of glomerulonephritides, 19 patients with chronic liver or intestinal diseases, as well as those from 40 healthy adults, were tested by gel precipitation for the presence of a ubiquitous tissue antigen (UTA) and/or its corresponding antibody, previously shown to be associated with renal disorders. The antigen was detected in sera of 5 patients with IMN, one with anti-GBM disease and one with SLE. Corresponding antibodies were present in sera of 2 patients with IMN. In 4 of 5 patients with IMN the UTA was only detected if the sera were first treated with PEG (mol. wt. 6,000) which induces precipitation of antigen-antibody complexes and other high molecular weight components in serum. The UTA was not detected in renal glomeruli by immunofluorescence. The possible significance of these findings in the pathogenesis of renal diseases is discussed.
Immune Deposit Nephritis in Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: Andres G.A. , Kano K. , Elwood C. , Prezyna A. , Sepulveda M. , Milgrom F.
Published: July 2009

A 22-year-old white male (L. V.) died of gram-negative septicemia complicacating infectious mononucleosis (IM) that was associated with jaundice and oliguric renal failure. The kidney showed mesangial granular deposits of IgM and C3, mesangial electron-dense deposits, and interstitial infiltrates of mononuclear cells, including atypical lymphocytes. Eluates obtained from kidney, spleen and liver contained Paul-Bunnell (PB) antibodies. Presence of PB antigens in these tissues was indicated by absorption of PB antibodies from IM sera, with the sediments resulting from tissue elutions. The IgM mesangial deposits were partially eluted with acid buffer at 56 C and then reconstituted by incubation with IM sera or with immunoglobulins eluted from tissues of patient L. V. The presence in renal structures of PB antigens, IgM heterophile antibody, C3 and electron-dense deposits is consistent with the hypothesis that heterophile immune complexes were localized in the kidney and that they contribute in the pathogenesis of IM nephritis.
The Requirement of Thymus Competence for Both Humoral and Cell-Mediated Steps in Expulsion of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis from Mice
Authors: Jacobson Richard H. , Reed Norman D.
Published: July 2009

The worm damaging process (step 1 of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis expulsion from rodents) does not occur in congenitally thymus-deficient (nude) mice as determined by worm morphology, female worm fecundity, and kinetics of worm expulsion upon transfer into normal rats. Expulsion of damaged N. brasiliensis (step 2) does not occur subsequent to transfer of such worms from rats into nude mice. Morphological changes and reduced fecundity appeared in adult worms from normal thymus-bearing mice as early as the first day of patency (day 6 of infection). Thus, the worm damaging process is initiated several days earlier in mice than in rats and may, therefore, account for the reduced longevity of N. brasiliensis in mice compared with rats.
Cryoprecipitates and Immune Complexes: Differentiation between Cold Insoluble Immune Complexes and Nonspecific Cryoprecipitates
Authors: Griswold W.R. , Stafford Ann , Incaudo G.A.
Published: July 2009

Cold insoluble circulating immune complexes occurred in 77% of rabbits immunized with 125I BSA. 9.8% of the total cryoprotein was 125I BSA. This represented 43% of the serum antigen. Tripling the antigen concentration in vitro decreased the amount of cold insoluble antigen by as much as 83%. In nonspecific cryoprecipitates only 0.4% of the total cryoprotein was 125I BSA. This represented only 0.028% of the serum antigen. Tripling of the antigen concentration in vitro increased the amount of cold insoluble antigen. Cold insoluble circulating immune complexes occur at a critical antigen-antibody ratio and can be differentiated from nonspecific cryoprecipitates.
Effects of in vivo Administered B. pertussis and Other Adjuvants on the Mitotic Responses of Lymphocytes in vitro
Authors: Gery I. , Schiffmann Z. , Weiss I. , Mugraby Lea
Published: July 2009

Intraperitoneal treatment of mice with adjuvants affects the in vitro response of their lymphocytes toward class-specific mitogens. Spleen cells from animals injected with Corynebacterium parvum organisms showed in some cases an increase in their response to all mitogens, while in other experiments, a moderate decrease in the reaction to T-specific mitogens (concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin) was found. Injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and in particular Bordetella pertussis bacteria, brought about a marked reduction in the response of spleen cells to B mitogens (LPS and PPD) but had little or no effect on the reaction to the T mitogens. Intraperitoneal administration of B. pertussis caused a marked depletion of lymph nodes and a high level of lymphocytosis. Blood cells of the treated mice showed an increased response to T mitogens, whereas mesenterial lymph node cultures reacted higher than the controls to LPS and without stimulation. No change was noted in the responses of cells from the axillary lymph nodes of these pertussis-treated mice.
Studies on Passive Transfer of Anti-Dextran and Anti-Egg Albumin Reactivity in the Rat
Authors: Baxter James H. , Adamik Ronald
Published: July 2009

We were unable, passively, to transfer reactivity against dextran to the skin or peritoneal mast cells of non-dextran-reactive rats, by using serum or material eluted at pH 3 from mast cells of spontaneously dextran-reactive rats. When the dextran-reactive donor rats had also been immunized against egg albumin (EA) with pertussis vaccine (inducing IgE anti-EA antibody), passive sensitivity against EA (but not against dextran) could easily be transferred. The results indicated that the anti-dextran reactivity is not due to IgE antibody. Systemic reactions against dextran and EA differed in pattern, supporting the concept that the two substances acted through different mechanisms.
Immunoglobulins, Complement and Foreign Antigens in Human Tumor Cells
Authors: Seegal Beatrice C. , Hsu Konrad C. , Lattimer John K. , Habif David V. , Tannenbaum Myron
Published: July 2009

Fluorescein-labeled antibodies (FA) to human immunoglobulins, complement, fetal proteins and other antigens were used to search for these immunologic reactants in malignant and benign neoplasia as well as in control tissues. The FA reacted with five or more target antigens in 42 of 59 (70%) malignant tumors and 21 of 53 (40%) benign tumors. The remaining neoplasia and normal tissues showed positive staining with fewer than five specific antibodies. IgM, IgA, BlC, fetal proteins and HSV were the antigens found most frequently. This indicates that neoplasia exhibits immunologic activity more frequently than normal tissue.
Studies on Immune Responses to Parasite Antigens in Mice
Authors: Mitchell G.F. , Lewers H.M.
Published: July 2009

Several nematode parasites contain phosphorylcholine (PC), and mice infected with Ascaris suum and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis produce IgM anti-PC antibodies. PC is a hapten which usually induces highly restricted antibody responses in mice and the conjugate DNP-Ficoll-PC inhibits an adoptive secondary anti DNP antibody response to DNP-flagellin whereas comparable doses of DNP-Ficoll and Ficoll-PC do not. The finding suggests that the restricted anti-PC responses to PC-containing antigens described in the literature may involve a degree of inhibition within the B-cell population (partial tolerance induction), that uni- and multi-cellular parasites of various types may ‘utilize’ molecules such as PC to induce a state of selective tolerance to parasite antigens, and that such a mechanism may be one means of facilitating survival of the parasites in their hosts and the production of antigenic variants of the parasite.
Fetuin
Authors: Gupta Sudhir , Goel Zarina , Grieco Michael H.
Published: July 2009

Peripheral blood lymphocytes from six healthy control subjects were incubated in vitro with fetuin and enumerated for sheep erythrocyte rosette forming T cells. Significant enhancement of rosette-forming T lymphocytes was observed in a dose-related manner. The physical presence of fetuin is not required for this effect. Incubation of lymphocytes with human AB serum has no significant effect on the rosette formation. This enhancing effect of fetuin appears to be secondary to alteration in T lymphocyte surface receptors for sheep erythrocytes.
T and B Lymphocyte Populations in Human Normal Lymph Node, Regional Tumour Lymph Node and Inflammatory Lymph Node
Authors: Eremin O. , Plumb D. , Coombs R.R.A.
Published: July 2009

We have determined the T and B lymphocyte subpopulations in normal human lymph nodes. The lymphocyte profile was the same irrespective of the anatomical distribution and was similar to that found in peripheral blood with identical T and B cell values but with a lower Fc and a higher C3-receptor-bearing lymphocyte subpopulation. This pattern showed a marked change in the regional nodes of patients with mammary carcinoma and nodes draining a variety of other solid tumours, with a fall in T and pronounced elevation of B, Fc and C3 cells but with a persistence of C3 predominance. The lymphocyte profile found in tonsils and nodes draining inflammatory foci was a similar but further exaggeration of the tumour node pattern, with reversal of T and B cell ratios. The T and B lymphocyte percentages in the peripheral blood of patients with clinically localized breast cancer are identical to those of the healthy controls. Different Fc/C3 subsets exist in peripheral blood and lymphoid structures and probably represent a differential functional heterogeneity. Proximity of tumour to the draining node modified this profile.
Organ Distribution of Immunocompetent Cells in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Jokipii A.M.M. , Jokipii L. , Kosunen T.U.
Published: July 2009

The splenic plaque-forming cell response of inbred guinea pigs to sheep erythrocytes was abolished by whole-body X-irradiation with 600 rad. The minimum doses of various cell types from normal syngeneic donors to restore the response significantly were 100 × 106 spleen or lymph node cells or 500 × 106 bone marrow or thymus cells. The combination of 100 × 106 thymus and 100 × 106 bone marrow cells provided statistically significant restoration, but not much more than 100 × 106 bone marrow cells alone. The lack of thymus-marrow synergism suggests that in guinea pigs the antigen-reactive cells and antibody-forming cell precursors are not in the same way enriched in the thymus and bone marrow as in mice.
Diagnosis of Reaginic Allergy with House Dust, Animal Dander and Pollen Allergens in Adult Patients
Authors: Eriksson Nils E. , Ahlstedt Staffan , Belin Lars
Published: July 2009

RAST analyses were performed with house dust, animal dander and eleven pollen allergens in 410 adult patients with asthma and/or rhinitis and the findings were compared with skin test and provocation test results. The overall correlation between 1,316 provocation tests and RAST was 78% and the correlation between 1,778 skin tests and RAST was 66%. The relationships between RAST and in vivo tests differed considerably from allergen to allergen. No significant differences were found between various age groups. According to the in vivo tests the RAST showed more often positive results in patients with pronounced allergy than in patients with low-grade allergy. Higher RAST classes were most often combined with positive in vivo tests. It is concluded that in cases with RAST classes 2–4, a reasonably well-established allergy diagnosis can be reached without the inclusion of additional in vivo tests. In other cases, however, application of further diagnostic methods is required.
The First Isoimmune Blood Group System of Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta): the Graded Drh System
Authors: Socha W.W. , Wiener A.S. , Moor-Jankowski J. , Valerio D.
Published: July 2009

The simian-type blood group specificity Drh of rhesus monkeys, first described in 1967, has been proved to be the keystone of a rhesus monkey blood group system, holding a position comparable to that of Rh₀ in the Rh-Hr system. Unlike the Rh-Hr system, however, it does not react well by the ficinated red cell technique and it includes a series of antigens giving graded reactions comparable to those of the human A1–A2 subgroups. The antigens of the Drh system appear to be the most strongly immunogenic, and are thus of greatest importance for the experimental use of these animals, such as in transplantation and blood transfusion.
Immunoglobulins in Nasal Secretion with Special Reference to IgE
Authors: Deuschl H.
Published: July 2009

14 adult patients with allergic rhinitis due to timothy pollen were observed for 13 weeks during the grass pollen season. IgE, IgA and timothy-specific IgE antibodies could be quantified in all serum and secretion samples. Total IgE and specific IgE antibodies in both serum and secretion reached significantly higher levels in samples taken during and after the pollen season than before the season. These seasonal changes proved to be significantly more pronounced in nasal secretion than in serum. An indication of local production in the nasal mucosa of IgE, IgA and specific IgE antibodies was also found.
Determination of α-Fetoprotein by a New Paper Disc Radioimmunoassay of the Sandwich Type
Authors: Johansson S.G.O. , Kjessler B. , Sherman M.S.
Published: July 2009

Determination of α-fetoprotein (AFP) in the 1- to 500-μg/litre range has been shown to be of diagnostic value in a variety of clinical settings, in particular, in prenatal diagnosis and the monitoring of pregnancies. A modified paper disc sandwich radioimmunoassay (sandwich RIA) is described which meets the essential criteria for large-scale assaying for AFP. The sandwich RIA is based upon anti-AFP antiserum, which is available commercially, and thus purified AFP is not essential. The sandwich RIA (1) is simple to run and gives results within 24 h; (2) has a comparatively broad range of sensitivity; (3) requires no apparatus other than a gamma-scintillation counter, and (4) has an acceptable level of accuracy. We have used the described sandwich RIA for AFP in routine obstetrical practice for over 2 years. Our experience, encompassing more than 15,000 samples, has been most satisfactory.
Flour Allergy in Bakers
Authors: Blands J. , Diamant B. , Kallós P. , Kallós-Deffner L. , Løwenstein H.
Published: July 2009

Extract of wheat flour obtained by extraction, centrifugation and dialysis was immunochemically characterized by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis using rabbit antibodies. The analysis revealed wheat flour to be composed of 40 antigens, some of which were immunologically partially identical with antigens of rye flour and of common grass pollen. Furthermore, antigens of the gliadin fraction of wheat flour were identified. 25 bakers with allergic complaints working in and around Copenhagen were clinically tested with wheat flour and related extracts. Among 13 bakers with respiratory complaints (asthma and/or rhinitis), 11 showed positive reactions to wheat flour extract when tested in histamine release from basophil leukocytes radioallergosorbent test and skin test, whereas further 2 were positive in the basophil test only. The ability of the IgE of individual sera to adsorb to the individual antigens of wheat flour was examined by means of crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis. On the basis of these results, individual allergenic components of wheat flour were identified, three of these with comparatively high affinity and frequency.
Anaphylactoid Reactions in Rats and the Blood Sugar Level
Authors: Harper D. , West G.B.
Published: July 2009

When the blood sugar level in rats is reduced by insulin, the carrageenan-anaphylactoid reaction in one hindpaw is inhibited although the dextran-anaphylactoid reaction in the other hindpaw of the same animals is potentiated. When the blood sugar level is raised after alloxan pretreatment, the carrageenan reaction is potentiated whereas the dextran reaction is inhibited. The results support the hypothesis that the two local irritants exert their effects by involving different mechanisms.
Role of T Lymphocytes in the Humoral Immune Response
Authors: Rollo J. , Davie J.M.
Published: July 2009

The influence of antigen charge on the anti-hapten antibody response and antigen-stimulated blastogenic response in vitro was measured in guinea pigs. The animals were immunized with dinitrophenylated bovine albumin (DNP-BSA; p1 4.9), methylated DNP-BSA (DNP-MBSA; p1 >10), and DNP-lysozyme (p1 >10). While the lymph node lymphocytes clearly distinguished between DNP-BSA and DNP-MBSA in terms of the magnitude of the antigen-stimulated 3H-thymidine incorporation, no differences were seen with respect to the characteristics of the antibody response. Thus, lgG1-to-IgG2 ratios, DEAE cellulose fractions and isoelectric focus profiles of anti-DNP sera from animals immunized with DNP-BSA, DNP-MBSA and DNP-lysozyme were indistinguishable.
Monocyte and Neutrophil Chemotactic Activity of Normal and Diluted Human Serum and Plasma
Authors: Jungi T.W.
Published: July 2009

The chemotactic activity of normal and diluted human serum and plasma for human monocytes and neutrophils was investigated. Undiluted, neither serum nor plasma attract monocytes, but this is attributable to an inhibitor masking chemotactic activity. When diluted 3- to 100-fold, appreciable activity for monocyte is detected. In contrast, chemotactic activity for neutrophils is already demonstrable in undiluted normal serum. Chemotactic activities are heat-labile, behave as pseudoglobulins, do not pass through a Diaflo PM 30 membrane and are not inactivated by treatment with di-isopropylfluorophosphate. They seem to be unrelated to the recognized components (or split products) of complement, kallikrein formation, clotting, fibrinolysis or isoantibody-blood cell-complement interaction. Upon complement activation of serum, neutrophil and monocyte chemotactic activities were generated which differed in several respects from the normal serum activities. The relative increase in activity upon activation of serum compared with normal serum was generally high for neutrophils but low for monocytes.
Evaluation of Antigen-Induced Buffy Coat Leucocyte Aggregation as a Simple Test of Allergic Reactivity
Authors: Ford P.M. , Ford Sally E. , Gibson Jennifer
Published: July 2009

The phenomenon of antigen-induced aggregation of human buffy coat leucocytes correlates well with skin testing using purified protein derivative of tuberculin as the antigen and in this system appears to be a simple, sensitive test of cell-mediated immunity. The same phenomenon may, however, be used as an indicator of humoral immunity. In addition antigen-induced buffy coat leucocyte aggregation is suppressed by serum from patients with Hodgkin’s disease and sarcoidosis. The possible uses and also the limitations of this test are discussed.
Plasma Cells in Vertebrate Paraocular Glands
Authors: Aitken I.D. , Survashe B.D.
Published: July 2009

The Harderian and lachrymal glands of eight mammals and two reptiles were examined histologically for plasma cells and the extent of infiltration compared to that in the Harderian gland of the fowl. Moderate accumulations were observed in one or both glands of the goat, sheep, cow, horse, dog and pig, but only few cells were present in the glands of the mouse and rabbit. No plasma cells were encountered in snake glands but some were detected in both glands of lizards. It is suggested that glandular secretions contribute to local immunity.
Inhibition of Reagin-Mediated PCA Reactions in Monkeys and Histamine Release from Human Leukocytes by Human IgG4 Subclass
Authors: Vijay H.M. , Perelmutter L.
Published: July 2009

Human myeloma proteins of IgG4 subclass in contrast to myeloma proteins IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3, were capable of blocking PCA reactions in monkeys mediated by human reaginic antibodies of IgE class. In addition to IgE, IgG4 myeloma protein was also capable of sensitizing leukocytes from normal individuals and gave histamine release (HR) upon challenge with anti-human IgG4. Leukocytes from 11 allergic individuals and from 9 normal subjects sensitized with the serum of allergic patients, were capable of releasing histamine with anti-human IgG4, anti-human IgE, and the specific allergen. No response was obtained with anti-human IgG1 and IgG3 sera. Leukocytes from the normal individuals released histamine from 3 to 20% with anti-human IgG4 and from 6 to 30% with anti-human IgE. Moreover, normal leukocytes sensitized with IgG4 myeloma protein or a serum of an allergic patient heated at 56°C for 2 h, released a significant amount of histamine on challenge with anti-human IgG4 whereas no response was obtained with anti-human IgE. The biological role of human IgG4 in immediate hypersensitivity reactions is discussed in relation to human IgE.
Failure to Demonstrate Involvement of Prostaglandins in the Immune Expulsion of Trichostrongylus colubriformis from the Intestine of Guinea Pigs
Authors: Rothwell T.L.W. , Love R.J. , Goodrich B.S.
Published: July 2009

The intraduodenal injection of synthetic prostaglandins did not lead to the expulsion of Trichostrongylus colubriformis from the intestine of guinea pigs. Treatment of immune guinea pigs with aspirin and indomethacin failed to inhibit the expulsion of a challenge infection with this nematode. These results suggest that in this infection, unlike Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection in the rat, prostaglandins do not play an important role in the immune expulsion of the parasite from the intestine.
Ferritin and Ovalbumin Binding Blood Lymphoid Cells in Fetal Sheep
Authors: Symons D.B.A. , Binns R.M. , Lay Carol A. , Walters D.E.
Published: July 2009

Lymphoid cells from blood of fetal sheep between 70 and 140 days of gestational age were examined for surface immunoglobulin (sig) and for surface binding of horse spleen ferritin FITC and ovalbumin FITC. Fetuses of all ages had cells which bound ferritin or ovalbumin, the proportion of these cells in the lymphocyte preparations from blood decreasing with increasing age of the fetus. A similar decline in the proportion of sig cells with age was found. The simultaneous occurrence of fetal lymphoid cells binding ferritin or ovalbumin is discussed in relation to the sig population and to the property of the sheep fetus to respond sequentially to different antigens by the production of antibody.
Enhancement of the Allogeneic Effect by Irradiation of Transferred Cells
Authors: Lindholm L. , Strannegård Ö.
Published: July 2009

Hot-pulse treatment of parental thymus or spleen cells increased their ability to simulate antibody synthesis in F1 hybrid recipient mice. A similar effect was obtained after treatment of the cells with low doses of X-irradiation. Likewise, irradiation of syngeneic unprimed cells made them stimulatory on antibody production. The production of IgG, IgM as well as IgE antibodies was enhanced after transfer of irradiated cells. The results suggest that irradiation preferentially inactivates suppressor cells, that are present in the thymus and the spleen.
Immune Suppression Induced by Acetoacetylated Antigen
Authors: Strannegård Ö. , Lindholm L.
Published: July 2009

Injection of acetoacetylated antigen into rabbits with an ongoing reagin response abrogated this response. The possibility that this phenomenon might be due to activation of suppressor cells was studied in mice. Thymus or spleen cells from animals which had been primed with acetoacetylated antigen were able to suppress the IgG and IgM antibody response upon transfer to syngeneic mice. Maximal suppressive effect was observed 12–14 days after priming with native as well as acetoacetylated antigen. The IgG and IgM responses were equally affected by the transferred suppressor cells.
Isolation of Dinitrophenyl-Skin Protein Conjugates by Immunoadsorbent Chromatography
Authors: Lewis Fred A. , Heise Eugene R.
Published: July 2009

Immunoadsorbent columns charged with rabbit anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) antibody were used to isolate and concentrate DNP-protein conjugates from the 105,000 g supernate of extracts prepared from guinea pig epidermis previously painted with dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). Conjugates isolated in this manner elicited positive delayed hypersensitivity skin tests when injected intradermally into DNFB-sensitized animals. Dinitrophenylated epidermal protein conjugates prepared in vitro were capable of specifically inhibiting the migration of peritoneal exudate cells obtained from DNFB-sensitized guinea pigs. These results demonstrate the application of immunoadsorbent chromatography and the migration inhibition assay to the further definition of the epitopes involved in contact sensitivity.
Inhibitory Effect of α-Globulins of Different Origin on the Cell-Mediated Immune Responses in Mice
Authors: Ptak W. , Gumińska Maria , Stachurska Barbara , Czarnik Z.
Published: July 2009

α-Globulins prepared from different biological sources (human and bovine sera, mouse ascitic fluid, human ovarian cyst fluid) were separated by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose into fractions A, B and C. Whereas fractions A and B had no immunosuppressive activity, fraction C injected into mice shortly before antigen administration, but not after, significantly inhibited the contact sensitivity to oxazolone. Single high doses were preferential over divided doses given on several occasions. In transfer experiments when cells of animals sensitized to oxazolone were injected into recipients treated previously with fraction C, the response was also inhibited. Fraction C, when administered into F1 hybrid mice before injection of parental splenocytes, prevented the development of GVH reaction. The authors point out that the critical concentration of α-globulins at the time of antigen administration is necessary to make T lymphocytes hyporesponsive, and when once triggered by antigen they become refractory to α-globulins action.
Modified Antibody Response in Rabbits Treated with Diphenylhydantoin
Authors: Fossan G.O.
Published: July 2009

Rabbits immunized subcutaneously with a mixture of normal human serum, Freund’s complete adjuvant and a soluble diphenylhydantoin preparation, produced antibodies that differed qualitatively and quantitatively from the controls, as revealed by immunoelectrophoresis and passive haemagglutination. Antibodies to human IgG were greatly increased, whereas antibodies to human albumin were not influenced, and antibodies to some α- and β-globulins were reduced.
Detection by Indirect Immunofluorescence of Fc Receptors in Cells Acutely Infected with Herpes simplex Virus
Authors: Feorino Paul M. , Shore Steven L. , Reimer Charles B.
Published: July 2009

In attempting to use the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFA) to measure antibodies to herpes simplex virus (HSV), we found that all human sera gave a positive reaction with Chang liver cells infected with type 1 (HSV). All sera gave equivalent titers of 320–640 for acetone-fixed cells and about 40 for live cells (membrane fluorescence) in the presence of fluorescein-labeled antisera to human Ig; none of the sera reacted with uninfected cells. The fluorescence seen in fixed cells was primarily cytoplasmic; some cells showed a diffuse fluorescence, obscuring the demarcation between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Purified IgG from antibody-negative human sera and a purified Fc fragment of IgG were positive both for cytoplasmic and membrane fluorescence, whereas F(ab′)2, IgM and IgA were unreactive. The reaction was also seen when an antiserum conjugate specific for the Fc fragment of IgG was used. The reactive IgG was present in freshly prepared plasma and serum; it could not be removed from serum either by ultracentrifugation or by serial absorption with HSV-infected cells. These findings suggest that the nonspecificity of the IFA results from the formation of low-avidity bonds between the large mass of native serum IgG and an Fc receptor on the plasma membrane and in the cytoplasm of cells infected with HSV. The results also suggest that extreme caution be exercised in attempting to use the IFA in the serodiagnosis of infections with HSV and perhaps the other human herpes-viruses.
Microcytotoxicity Test in Allograft Immunity
Authors: Bröcker Eva-Bettina , Kuhlencordt Klaus Michael , Müller-Ruchholtz Wolfgang
Published: July 2009

To obtain further insight into the informatory possibilities of the TakasugiKlein microcytotoxicity test (MCT), mouse spleen cells were prepared after a single immunization with 5 × 107 H-2 incompatible cells and tested for reactivity against mouse fibroblasts. The following three aspects were investigated: (1) Specificity of the reaction: various mixtures of different target cells revealed absence of innocent bystander kill even after 48 h test incubation. (2) Kinetics of the reactivity after short-term (20 h) or long-term (48 h) incubation: the former disappeared rapidly, whereas the latter remained detectable beyond day 60 after immunization. This suggests the activity of different cells: an early killer cell and a later increasingly dominating effector cell which requires long-term incubation with the target. (3) Characterization of the effector cells: anti-theta-serum treatment abolished MCT reactivity completely at early and late stages after immunization. Nylon wool effluent (T-enriched) spleen cells were absolutely more active after short-term but became relatively less effective after long-term incubation as compared to nonseparated spleen cells, suggesting a higher adhesiveness of the cells which operate the 48 h reaction. The findings may demonstrate the usefulness of the MCT for in vitro studies on presence and behavior of different cells involved in allograft immunity in vivo.
Detoxified Hymenoptera Venoms: Preliminary Studies of in vitro Cytotoxicity and Antigenicity of Apis mellifera ‘Venomoid’
Authors: Okazaki Tadao , Ilea Viorel S. , Wypych John I. , Reisman Robert E. , Arbesman Carl E.
Published: July 2009

The preparation of detoxified venom (venomoid) of Apis mellifera is described. The venomoid obtained by formaldehyde detoxification retained significant antigenicity. Radioallergosorbent test (RAST) inhibition studies indicated a loss of the affinity of the venomoid for the venom-specific human IgE antibody. In rabbits the venomoid was capable of producing precipitating antibodies which cross-reacted with the original venom. Cytotoxic activity of venomoid as measured by nonimmunological histamine release and hemolytic activity with human cells was not detectable in vitro. Further studies seem warranted for the establishment of a venomoid as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in the management of the hypersensitivity reactions to venom.
Immunoreactivity to Nuclear Antigens in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus with or without Nephritis, and in Other Connective Tissue Diseases, with Particular Reference to the RNA-Protein Antigen
Authors: Mulli J.C. , Cruchaud A.
Published: July 2009

The incidence of autoantibodies to various nuclear antigens was studied in 64 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 137 patients with various connective tissue diseases, 63 other patients and 90 controls. A positive correlation was found between SLE, nephritis and the presence of antibody against native DNA. Antibody to denatured DNA showed no specificity for SLE and was correlated with the absence of nephritis. Antibody to RNA protein occurred mainly in SLE, regardless of the presence or absence of nephritis.
Evaluation of RAST Inhibition as a Method for Standardization of Ragweed Pollen Extracts
Authors: Arbesman Carl E. , Wypych John I. , Reisman Robert E.
Published: July 2009

The RAST inhibition technique was evaluated as a method for standardization of ragweed pollen extracts. Seven different ragweed extracts were examined. There was no relationship between the RAST inhibition results and the commonly used parameters of extract potency including weight/volume, PNU and total protein measurements. Intradermal skin test end point titration was variable in different patients and could not correlated with RAST inhibition results. However, RAST inhibition potency did correlate with the antigen E content of the extract and this finding suggests that RAST inhibition might provide a method for better standardization of allergen extracts.
Cell-Mediated and Humoral Immune Responses in Mice
Authors: Katsura Y. , Inaba K. , Izumi T. , Uesaka I.
Published: July 2009

Conditions for the induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) in mice to serum proteins ware studied. DTH to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was induced by a subcutaneous immunization with the antigen emulsified with Freund’s complete adjuvant. The level of DTH was found to be dependent not only on the dose of antigen but also on the amount of mycobacteria included in the adjuvant. DTH to other serum proteins was also induced under the same sensitizing conditions as for BSA. Success in the adoptive transfer with lymphoid cells and suppressive effect of anti-thymocyte serum indicated that delayed-type reaction studied here was the manifestation of cell-mediated immunity.
Diagnosis of Reaginic Allergy with House Dust, Animal Dander and Pollen Allergens in Adult Patients
Authors: Eriksson Nils E.
Published: July 2009

The results of skin tests (ST) were compared with those of 2,055 provocation tests (PT) in 403 adult patients with asthma and/or allergic rhinitis. The overall agreement between ST and PT results was 77%. Various correlation figures were found for different allergens. In patients with pronounced allergy in the shock organ the proportion of positive ST was higher than in those with low-grade allergy. It is concluded that only strong ST reactions should be relied upon. In other cases additional diagnostic methods are recommended. The diagnostic precision of ST is of the same order of size as that of the radioallergosorbent test.
Differential Airway Reactivity to Carbachol and Physostigmine Sulfate in Rhesus Monkeys with and without Reagin-Mediated Respiratory Responses
Authors: Miller Michael M. , Patterson Roy
Published: July 2009

Bronchial airway reactivity to carbachol (CAR) and physostigmine (PHY) was individually measured in three rhesus monkeys with and three rhesus monkeys without reagin-mediated respiratory responses (RR). The three monkeys with reagin-mediated RR demonstrated bronchial hyperreactivity to CAR (p <0.25) but not PHY when compared with the three control monkeys. No correlation between airway reactivity to CAR and PHY was noted in all six monkeys. We conclude that monkeys with reagin-mediated RR possess airway hyperreactivity to the exogenously administered acetylcholine analogue CAR, but not to the endogenous acetylcholine which is released in vivo by PHY.
Effect of Maternal Immunization on the Antibody Response of Low Responder Rats
Authors: Gill, III Thomas J. , Kunz Heinz W. , Davis Bridgett K.
Published: July 2009

The offspring of low responder F344 female rats that were immunized with poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) aggregated with MeBSA prior to mating showed a higher antibody response to the polypeptide antigen than did the offspring of unimmunized females. Immunization of the mothers with unaggregated polypeptide, or with DNP-BGG, did not affect the antibody response of the offspring, even when high doses of antigen were used. When the polypeptide used to immunize the mothers was given as an aggregate, some crossed the placenta to the fetus. The antigen was first detected in the placenta, blood and liver of the fetus at 15 days of gestational age. After birth, it was in the liver and spleen up to 6 weeks of age, and thereafter it was present only in the bone marrow.
Immune Responses During Human Schistosomiasis Mansoni
Authors: Colley Daniel G. , Cook Joseph A. , Freeman, jr. George L. , Bartholomew Richard K. , Jordan Peter
Published: July 2009

In vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis assays were performed using peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from patients with schistosomiasis mansoni. Their infection was well characterized both clinically and in regard to the duration and intensity of Schistosoma mansoni infection. Subjects who were either not infected with any helminths or who were negative for S.mansoni but infected with other helminths provided two control groups. Cultures were exposed to various concentrations of heterogeneous soluble antigens prepared either from S. mansoni eggs, worms, or cercariae. In this series there was no statistical correlation between the intensity of infection (as determined by eggs/ml of feces) and the degree of cell-mediated reactivity observed by lymphocyte blastogenesis to any of the antigenic preparations. Individual patient lymphocyte responsiveness varied considerably. However, analysis of the data by groups, based upon the longevity of their S. mansoni infection, demonstrated different patterns of reactivity in regard to the antigen preparations. Responses to the egg antigens were only present early in infection. In contrast, reactivities stimulated by either the worm or cercarial preparations increased in a direct relationship to the duration of S. mansoni infection.
Comparison of Human Stratum corneum, Callus and Psoriatic Scales by Means of Serological Methods
Authors: Krogh H.K. , Tønder O.
Published: July 2009

Homogenated stratum corneum, callus and psoriatic scales were extracted with (1) phenol water (PW) and (2) the combined use of trypsin digestion and phenol water extraction (TPW). The serological properties of the various preparations obtained were compared, using indirect haemagglutination, absorption and inhibition tests. The PW and TPW water phases contained two different antigens which were common to all three tissues. In addition, the periodate-treated TPW water phase of stratum corneum contained an erythrocyte-sensitizing antigenic determinant. This, however, cross-reacted with the untreated and periodate-treated preparation of psoriatic scales, whereas callus lacked the determinant present after treatment with periodate. Apparently callus and psoriatic scales lacked some components present in stratum corneum, but determinants specific for callus or psoriatic scales were not detected.