bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Madness of these Deluded People
Authors: Jones Brad A.
Published: September 2021

This chapter evaluates how loyal Britons struggled to strip rebellious Americans of their Britishness. Their counternarrative, a British common cause, was crafted in the days after the thunderclap that the First Continental Congress sounded all across the British Empire. Popular understandings of loyalism celebrated a renewed defense of monarchy and legal government, and remained committed to basic Protestant Whig principles like free trade, political liberty, and religious freedom. But the promulgators of this cause also continued to argue that their opponents were nothing more than deceived subjects who were misled by a few self-interested colonists — mostly New Englanders — into war against their own nation. Loyal subjects thus failed to make rebellious Americans into dangerous enemies. This failure presented real problems for loyal subjects across the North Atlantic. If American Patriots were just misguided Britons, then it stood to reason that the Patriot cause presented no real threat to popular understandings of Britishness. In part, this explains why so many loyal subjects were reluctant to support the war in the early years.
The British Lion Is Rouzed
Authors: Jones Brad A.
Published: September 2021

This chapter assesses how the Franco-American alliance of 1778 consolidated popular definitions of loyalism. As news of Congress's alliance with France circled the Atlantic in the summer of 1778, Britons rallied around a renewed and more resolute defense of Protestant Whig loyalism that helped to blur local and regional divisions by recasting their foes as political and religious enemies. They were shocked by the hypocrisy of a rebellion whose leaders had claimed a greater appreciation for personal liberty but were now allied with an oppressive and arbitrary Catholic nation. If, from the spring of 1775, runaway slaves and Indian warriors gave meaning and importance to a shared American common cause, then the image of Congress and rebellious colonists celebrating a union with Catholic France served similar purposes for a new, shared British common cause. The alliance had also extended the geographic reach of the war, drawing Britons from all corners of the North Atlantic into the conflict. From the summer of 1778, residents of the four colonial port cities faced repeated threats of invasions and were required to commit a greater number of men and resources to the widening war. In consequence, the loyal British Atlantic experienced a sort of rage militaire that rivaled the arming of rebellious colonists three years earlier.
In Defence of the Protestant Religion
Authors: Jones Brad A.
Published: September 2021

This chapter addresses the Gordon Riots, which revealed a shocking reality: British Protestants had died fighting against their government's attempt to relieve Catholics while their nation was at war with France and Spain. In May of 1778, as Britons rallied to the flag on news of the Franco-American alliance, Parliament passed the English Catholic Relief Act, and proposed similar bills for both Scotland and Ireland. The legislation repealed several longstanding penal laws against Catholic subjects so that they could fight in the expanded war. Like the American response to the Quebec Act four years earlier, the passage of pro-Catholic legislation (especially while the nation was at war with France) convinced many Britons that their government was conspiring to topple the Protestant nation they now so desperately sought to defend. This new war led to new explanations of loyalty and Britishness. Britons continued to depend on traditional fears of Catholic tyranny to make sense of the war, but they also expressed a greater commitment to popular understandings of Protestant Whig liberty.
Conclusion
Authors: Jones Brad A.
Published: September 2021

This concluding chapter describes how, in Britain's postwar Atlantic empire, subjects in the four colonial port cities voiced a greater commitment to monarchical government, but they also expressed a more determined defense of the rights and liberties they enjoyed. When viewed through the wider lens of the British Atlantic, this renewed embrace of Britishness also sits in tension with a diversity of local political cultures that were defined, in part, by their resident's revolutionary experiences. Britons in these four communities often made sense of the debates surrounding this period, of questions of rights and liberties and what constituted tyranny, from distinct local perspectives. Of course, such differences did not originate in the 1760s and 1770s, nor were they previously incompatible with broader characterizations of British loyalty and loyalism. But the events of this period forced these disparities into the open in ways previously unknown. Ultimately, there was little that actually bound together Britain's Atlantic empire. The actions of rebellious Americans certainly confirmed this point, but it was just as true of loyal Britons.
Establishment of the Jewish Order Service
Authors: Person Katarzyna
Published: September 2021

This chapter introduces Adam Czerniaków, chairman of the Jewish Council (Judenrat) in Warsaw, who was ordered to establish a “Jewish Order Service.” It explains that the Jewish police force was considered the Jewish equivalent of the Polish Police of the General Government, known as the Blue Police. It also highlights the Jewish Order Service in Warsaw and several other ghettos that was based on an already existing paramilitary organization, the Security Guard of the Judenrat's Labor Battalion. The chapter reviews the Labor Battalion that was established at the Judenrat at the end of 1939 to facilitate the delivery of German-imposed quota of workers for forced labor. It elaborates the establishment of the Jewish Order Service, which was set up by the Judenrat to satisfy the demands of the German authorities and provide the impoverished population with the opportunity to earn a living.
Violence and Corruption in the Exercise of Daily Duties
Authors: Person Katarzyna
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses the corruption that paralyzed both the Labor Battalion and the Guard that functioned as part of it since the first weeks of their existence. It examines how the horror of forced labor and the power that the Labor Battalion held over the individual fate of Warsaw Jews inevitably provided ample opportunity for abuse. It also recounts corruption in the form of brutal forcing of contributions for the battalion, which took place at all its levels — from its leader, Maurycy Halber, to its rank-and-file members. The chapter talks about the intervention of SS-Untersturmführer Gerhard Mende to the widespread corruption in the Labor Battalion at the beginning of June 1940. It emphasizes how the newly established Jewish Order Service initially offered hope for the end of the corrupt practices.
Policemen’s Voices
Authors: Person Katarzyna
Published: September 2021

This chapter mentions a police officer who described a scene he had witnessed during the sanitary quarantine of an apartment building in the spring of 1942. The police officer indicated two reasons why, in his opinion, the Jewish Order Service was hated during that period. The first originated in an exaggerated notion of the earnings of policemen, and the second was more psychological as it stemmed from an inability to subordinate oneself to other Jews in higher positions previously reserved for Poles. The chapter elaborates how the anonymous officer was correct in his statement, but he fails to note the fact that the main reason for the negative view of the Jewish Order Service members was their increasing zeal in carrying out German-imposed orders, their violence, and their corruption. It points out how Jewish policemen rationalized their behavior by emphasizing the external pressure they were under.
Response to Violence
Authors: Person Katarzyna
Published: September 2021

This chapter analyzes Józef Szerynski's awareness of the pathological situation that had prevailed in the Guard of the Labor Battalion, which formed the backbone of the Jewish Order Service. It highlights the first measures Szerynski undertook that were aimed at enforcing discipline among people who were not used to serving in a police organization. It also reviews the daily orders issued between November 1940 and January 1941 that reveal the disciplinary problems Szerynski had to face during this period. The chapter emphasizes how policemen had to be reminded of the need to maintain a proper appearance and to salute all senior officials, signaling obedience to authority. It discusses members of the Jewish Order Service that are still subject to the German judicial authorities in terms of criminal accountability.
Spring 1942
Authors: Person Katarzyna
Published: September 2021

This chapter highlights the journal entry of Rachela Auerbach on May 22, 1942 about a rumor that 'something' would be happening as the entire Jewish police force was placed on high alert. It discusses the information about the mass murder of the Jewish population in the eastern parts of occupied Poland that began to reach the ghetto through refugees and letters. It mentions that the underground Jewish press had alarmed its readers with news about the massacre of Vilnius Jews in Ponary. The chapter details how the German administration introduced additional forceful measures aimed at the separation of a ghetto from the rest of Warsaw, and Jews who were residing illegally on the Aryan side were more aggressively hunted down. It recounts the beginning of German surveillance of the attitude of the Jewish population and search of possible resistance leaders.
After Resettlement
Authors: Person Katarzyna
Published: September 2021

This chapter looks at the account of Calel Perechodnik, a Jewish policeman from the Otwock Ghetto who helped deliver his own wife and daughter to the transport to Treblinka during the deportations. It details the end of the organized relocation of prisoners on September 27, 1942 to the newly designated Jewish district, the so-called residual ghetto. It also mentions the tasks of the Jewish Order Service to patrol the area of the displaced ghetto, regulate traffic in the new district, and escort groups of workers to their workplaces. The chapter talks about the strengthening of the Jewish underground in the ghetto after September 1942 as the number of acts of resistance against policemen increased. It recounts Eliasz Rózanski, a member of the Jewish Fighting Organization who shot and killed deputy Jakub Lejkin and injured Stanisław Czaplinski, who was accompanying him.
The Courts
Authors: Person Katarzyna
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores the discussion of justice and revenge that began in the Warsaw Ghetto and continued in the chaos of the postwar reconstruction of Jewish life both in Poland and abroad. It highlights how Jewish newspapers, political parties, and social organizations were flooded with denunciations from those who considered themselves to be the victims of policemen. It also refers to the Honor Court of the Central Committee of Jews in Poland that “cleansed” the Jewish society in 1946 of people who cooperated with the Nazi authorities during the occupation, unmasking traitors of the Jewish people. The chapter looks at cases examined by the Honor Court, which largely concerned Jewish policemen from Warsaw, particularly lawyers who had returned to legal practice. It points out how the Honor Court did not consider the responsibility of the Jewish Order Service as an institution, but instead, each policeman was tried individually.
Conclusion
Authors: Person Katarzyna
Published: September 2021

This chapter reviews the Jewish Order Service formations in the ghettos of the General Government that displayed increasing violence and corruption, which eventually led to their forced participation in the deportations from the ghettos. It looks back at case of Warsaw, wherein the process of the Jewish Order Service's corruption started with its formation in the autumn of 1940. It also discusses the link between the endemic corruption and growing violence of the Jewish Order Service and its actions on the Umschlagplatz. The chapter highlights who was responsible for the role that the Jewish Order Service played in the history of the Warsaw Ghetto. It explains how the policemen ceased to be lawyers, assimilators, or players and became people who had a chance to save themselves and their families at the cost of the lives of others at the Umschlagplatz.
Introduction
Authors: Schweid Richard
Published: September 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of home health care in the United States. Most Americans over sixty-five want to grow old at home, but the reality is that to do so, the majority of them will eventually need someone to help with what are called activities of daily living, those things basic to maintaining life, like eating, bathing, and using the toilet, and with the instrumental activities of daily living, such as cooking and cleaning. The millions of women employed as aides to help the elderly with these tasks in the United States are treated as menial laborers, paid minimum wage, often with no benefits, although the job they are doing is critically important to both our personal well-being and that of society as a whole. Given the low pay and stressful work, it is not surprising that home health aides have one of the highest turnover rates of any job. This book then analyzes what is wrong in the current system of providing home care to the elderly and how those deficiencies might be remedied.
Observe, Record, and Report
Authors: Schweid Richard
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the home health aides' (HHAs) mantra: “observe, record, and report” (O.R.R.). At the end of each shift, Cooperative Home Care Associates (CHCA) aides filed an automated report by telephone, pressing numerals to respond to recorded questions about the tasks they had done that day. Any anomalies in the patient's physical or mental health had to be reported immediately to the client's nurse supervisor. The aides served as the eyes and ears of a patient's care team, and nowhere was O.R.R. more important as a prevention tool than with skin care. The Obama administration issued a rule allowing consumers to sue nursing homes for negligence rather than submit to binding arbitration, as is frequently specified in nursing home contracts with patients and their families. Seven months into his term, Donald Trump moved to eliminate the rule and allow nursing homes once again to insert a binding arbitration clause in their contracts. The chapter then traces the long history of money troubles between care workers and the people for whom they care. Almost all of CHCA's revenue came from clients whose home health care was paid for by federal Medicaid insurance.
The Putin Regime’s Ideological Plurality
Authors: Laruelle Marlene
Published: September 2021

This chapter investigates where a supposed “Russian fascism” can be located, looking at the political niches inside state structures that may nurture such a narrative and the grassroots actors trying to promote different components of the fascist repertoire. It examines how the Putin regime has shown an impressive capacity to adapt to new contexts and take on new challenging geopolitical environments. The chapter then argues that the Putin regime, as an ad hoc construction, regularly purges itself by excluding some of its members while at the same time developing new strategies for co-opting other segments of society, which partly explains its longevity and ability to regularly rebound. It also demonstrates a large ideological plurality, with several ecosystems competing with each other by offering the Presidential Administration new ideological products in the hope of seeing them adopted at a higher level. The chapter also identifies two segments that sometimes play with the fascist repertoire as part of a broader continuum of reactionary ideologies: the military–industrial complex and the Orthodox realm.
Russia’s Honeymoon with the European Far Right
Authors: Laruelle Marlene
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines how the Kremlin developed a policy of reaching out globally to Western far-right and populist parties. It asserts that today's Russia plays a multifaceted game of consolidating its soft power on the European stage. The chapter also reviews Russia's alliance with the European far right and its strengthening economic ties, especially energy partnerships; networking with big European businesses that are able to lobby their respective governments; and relaunching an offensive public diplomacy. It discusses the European far right's Russophile tendencies, admiring prerevolutionary Russia, whether for its autocratic regime or for the prominent role given to Orthodoxy. Ultimately, the chapter looks at the direct connections between Russians and European far-right groups after the collapse of the Iron Curtain and the opening of borders. It illustrates the mutual encounters of Russian far-right activists and Western European counterparts in three main phases: they were first pioneered by precursor figures in the 1990s, followed by the Russian Orthodox Church and the Rodina party in the early 2000s, before the relationship reached a peak when Moscow decided to position itself as the herald of a new moralist International during Vladimir Putin's third presidential mandate.
Introduction
Authors: Westermann Edward B.
Published: September 2021

This chapter unveils how the SS and policemen involved with the destruction of the European Jews experienced a twofold feeling of intoxication. First, these men went east in an imperial campaign of mass murder during which they exercised power over life and death. Second, the occupiers integrated drinking rituals into their daily routines in order to commemorate and celebrate masculine virtues of camaraderie and shared violence. The chapter discusses the promotion of a metaphorical intoxication among the German populace and how it extended to traditional holidays and massive Nazi rallies, parades, and ceremonies. It exposes the widespread practice of alcohol consumption and the horrific consequences of prohibitions on drinking during duty hours on the conquered peoples. While habitual drunkenness on duty by SS and policemen within the “old Reich” transgressed organizational norms and was punished, this chapter unfolds the testimonies given by witnesses, accomplices, and bystanders about the stories of perpetrators in the East who routinely drank on duty and whose brutality noticeably increased after their intoxication.
Taking Trophies and Hunting Jews
Authors: Westermann Edward B.
Published: September 2021

This chapter highlights the practice of trophy taking, dispossession, and atrocity in the borderlands of Eastern Europe during World War II. The taking of trophies from an enemy during wartime, like the conduct of atrocity, has been a recurrent practice throughout history. The chapter presents numerous forms of the act of trophy taking, including snapping photographs, plundering personal effects, and confiscating the teeth or hair of the victims. The chapter looks at how perpetrators' creation of killing games and the integration of hunting rituals offer insights into the ways in which racial ideology became intertwined with conceptions of masculinity and acts of mass murder. The organization of these deadly “games” provides another clear indication of the enjoyment taken by some SS men in the performance of their duties and their shared bonds established through group violence. The chapter reveals a mentality that facilitated and normalized mass murder.
Alcohol and Sexual Violence
Authors: Westermann Edward B.
Published: September 2021

This chapter reveals the widespread sexual predation by German forces on women, especially Jewish women, in the occupied eastern territories. The issue of sexual violence offers one of the clearest expressions of the ways in which geography, war, and the colonial mentality of the perpetrators allowed for the transgression of Nazi racial strictures in the East. It assesses how the acts of sexual violence by SS and police forces were commonplace in spite of the Nazi regime's own prohibition against racial defilement (Rassenschande), an act punishable by death or imprisonment. The chapter unveils numerous examples of drunken SS personnel and local auxiliaries operating in the concentration camps, the ghettos of the East, and the killing fields who sexually brutalized women, both Jews and Slavs, on a large scale. Ultimately, the chapter explains how the intersection between alcohol consumption, aggression, and male bravado found repeated expression in crimes of sexual violence in the East.
Celebrating Murder
Authors: Westermann Edward B.
Published: September 2021

This chapter describes the celebratory rituals of some perpetrators and the pleasure taken by some of the killers in their “work.” For some of them, killing in the East seemed to function in many cases as a “kind of entertainment” accompanied by a “carnivalesque atmosphere.” It illustrates how the members of SS and the police gathered at the killing site, the unit canteen, or in a local restaurant or bar to drink and boast in the wake of their murderous exploits. The chapter presents the testimonies of some witnesses, which vividly evokes the immense enjoyment taken by the perpetrators and the festive atmosphere that accompanied the murders. The chapter also details the violence inflicted on the prisoners, especially by new SS guards in the concentration camps, and how the rite of initiation became a public manifestation of one's toughness and masculinity in front of one's SS comrades. While alcohol consumption was not a prerequisite for such abuse, drinking by the guards often prepared for, accompanied, and facilitated these acts. The chapter describes the readiness for physical violence and a willingness to engage in brutality characterized these men and their behavior within the camps. In this sense, killing became a direct reflection of male toughness.
Alcohol and the German Army
Authors: Westermann Edward B.
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the idea of a comradeship that was established by sharing in intoxicating acts of obliteration that encompassed the most atrocious manifestations of human behavior. It analyses the linkage between intoxication, fury, and destruction that existed in the German army prior to the rise of National Socialism. The Wehrmacht, like its SS and police counterparts, also had a distinct organizational culture, and this culture was defined by specific beliefs, norms, and rituals, including hard drinking, that reinforced group identity and established expectations of its members. For such distinguished organizational culture, the chapter presents how this military culture established a “cult of violence” and created a trajectory for the armies of the Third Reich leading to genocide in World War II. Ultimately, the chapter investigates the racial superiority and a colonial mentality created following the maelstrom of violence inflicted on the peoples of the occupied East.
A Quiet Rage Explodes
Authors: Hill Laura Warren
Published: September 2021

This chapter traces the eruption of the Black community in response to police brutality, noting July 24, 1964 as one of the era's very first “race riots” that occurred in Rochester. It discusses how a response to police brutality ended as an indictment of the economic conditions in Rochester's ghettoes. It also argues that the three-day rebellion, which ended with the calling up of the National Guard, became a watershed moment in the city of Rochester. The chapter describes the impressive degree of precision that those men and women, youth and senior citizens demonstrated in the rebellion when they attacked the police and private property with vengeance, but exempted community institutions and stores with a reputation for fairness. It investigates the 1964 uprising that seared Black Rochester into the nation's conscience, noting the uprising as the beginning of a series of Black rebellions that rocked the nation's urban centers in the 1960s.
A Contradiction in Terms
Authors: Krasas Jackie
Published: September 2021

This chapter analyzes the challenges of being a mother without primary custody of one's child and confirms whether there will be benefits to being a noncustodial mother. It explains what the growth of noncustodial motherhood generally signals about motherhood. It also reveals and gives voice to a highly stigmatized group of women who hold a seemingly contradictory identity in contemporary US culture. The chapter examines common trajectories leading to noncustodial status, the common experiences of noncustodial mothers, and concerns where lived experiences intersect with gendered social institutions. It explores the experiences of noncustodial mothers that provide a window into the complexities and contradictions of contemporary motherhood overall.
Father of the Year
Authors: Krasas Jackie
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores how gendered social institutions shape the custody process and experiences of noncustodial mothers. It elaborates that work and employment, psychotherapy, and the law are discursively gender-neutral social institutions that rest on and reproduce existing gender hierarchies that shape a noncustodial mothers' experiences. It also explains what gendered understandings and assumptions about work and employment or home inform mothers' understandings of child custody and custody-determination processes. The chapter describes the role that the therapeutic orientation of the custody process plays in making mothers lose custody. It demonstrates the manner in which gender matters in child custody as the concept of parenting is deeply gendered, regardless of the actual genders of parents.
Still in an Abusive Relationship
Authors: Krasas Jackie
Published: September 2021

This chapter looks at the annual conference called the Battered Mothers Custody Conference, which aims to inform, support, and advocate for survivors of domestic violence. It explains that the annual event, which started in 2006, allows survivors to network with each other and with the professionals and advocates who come to present at the conference. It also mentions the publication A Judge's Guide: Making Child-Centered Decisions in Custody Cases, which urges judges to count domestic violence as a serious factor in the determination of child custody, arguing that an abuser acts de facto against the best interests of the child by virtue of their abuse. The chapter mentions recommendations in the guide for training all parties engaged in custody disputes in a domestic violence context. It points out American states that have some consideration of domestic violence built into its state custody laws.
The Inner Tradition of Fuchai
Authors: He Jianjun
Published: September 2021

This chapter talks about Fuchai, who was the last king of Wu. According to Sima Qian, Fuchai was a complicated and tragic figure who avenged his father's death, defeated Wu's long time rival Yue, extended Wu's influence to the north, and led Wu to become a political hegemon among the states. It focuses on the fall of the king of Wu by highlighting Fuchai's obstinance, his trust of dishonest words, his executions of loyal ministers, and the eventual decline of his state. It also omits the early successful years of King Fuchai and begins with the eleventh year of his rule, the year he ignored the most dangerous enemy Yue in the south and extended his power north by attacking the state of Qi. The chapter concludes with Fuchai's reluctant suicide that was preceded by expressions of remorse for killing Wu Zixu and Gongsun Sheng.
The Outer Tradition of Goujian Attacking Wu
Authors: He Jianjun
Published: September 2021

This chapter covers the period from Goujian's defeat of Wu to the end of his own state of Yue, focusing primarily on his destruction of the state and his deteriorating relationship with his ministers. It follows a chronological order and begins with Goujian's resolution to attack Wu and his preparation that involved consulting with many ministers and wisemen, mobilizing the people, and establishing law and order. After the fall of Wu, the chapter describes the King Goujian's dissatisfaction with his ministers during the celebration banquet. It focuses on the execution of Wen Zhong, whose loyalty was wrongfully doubted by Goujian. It also explores the account of Goujian's old age that consists of myth and stories of spirits, such as Wu Zixu floating in the air with Wen Zhong and the ghost of King Yuanchang's disapproval of relocating his tomb.
Activism from the Start
Authors: Garodnick Daniel R.
Published: September 2021

This chapter begins by describing the redbrick buildings that emerge out of the East Village on Manhattan's East Side, the plain and unenticing facades of Stuyvesant Town and Peter Cooper Village that disguise the unique slice of city life that takes place within. It talks about Stuy Town's idyllic quality that contradicts the tumultuous history that produced this middle-class enclave tucked in the midst of Manhattan. It also explains Stuy Town's roots that are planted in bitter soil as the town was born of government-backed, and subsidized, racist policies and displaced with poor New Yorkers. The chapter tells Stuy Town's story of activism, where elected officials, civil rights leaders, and tenants joined together to fight against corporate greed and unjust policies, and for the rights of New Yorkers. It recounts how Stuy Town emerged from a housing crisis in New York City that began during World War I.
An Unexpected Challenge
Authors: Garodnick Daniel R.
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on Daniel Garodnick and his official new role in the Tenants Association of the Stuyvesant Town. It discusses how Garodnick's work as a founder of the Market Rate Residents Network gave him the chance to meet the neighbors and get to know the Stuy Town property management team. It also highlights MetLife's use of vacancy decontrol in order to take a quarter of the units in Stuy Town out of rent stabilization, specifying the traditional rent-stabilized residents and newer tenants living in nonregulated apartments as two classes of renters. The chapter mentions Al Doyle, who still lived in Stuy Town and was the longest-serving president of the Stuyvesant Town Peter Cooper Village Tenants Association. It recounts how Doyle became the most identifiable name in the community after many years of battling MetLife.
Suddenly the “Prettiest Girl at the Dance”
Authors: Garodnick Daniel R.
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses Tishman Speyer's purchase of Stuyvesant Town for $5.4 billion, which was so large that there was not a single bank or other investor able to make a loan of such a significant amount. It describes enthusiastic investors looking to cash in on the real-estate market that lent Tishman Speyer and BlackRock what they needed to buy Stuy Town from MetLife. It also notes the appraisal that put the value of Stuy Town and Peter Cooper at $1.8 billion in 2010. The chapter highlights the $3 billion first mortgage on Stuy Town as the primary loan that paid for the property and when Tishman Speyer defaulted, the lenders were entitled to get paid back before anyone else. It explains how the $3 billion first mortgage had been packaged into five sets of other mortgages around the country and sold to investors as bonds.
Closing the Deal
Authors: Garodnick Daniel R.
Published: September 2021

This chapter refers to Doug Harmon, a real-estate broker at Eastdil Secured, that lost to Darcy Stacom of CB Richard Ellis when MetLife had put Stuyvesant Town up for sale in 2006. It reviews MetLife's desire to shoot the moon for the highest possible price, and Stacom's promise to deliver to them what they wanted without regard for the tenants' arguments about preserving middle-class housing. It also notes Harmon's intuition that the deal that was being pitched by Stacom was going to have bad consequences for the tenants. The chapter talks about how Harmon set the real-estate record for the most expensive building sale in New York City history by selling the General Motors Building for $1.4 billion in 2003. It examines the Stuy Town deal that required CWCapital to present the right buyer and push for a quick decision.
Diligence Versus Quality
Authors: Howlett Zachary M.
Published: September 2021

This chapter delves into the ideals of character, which shows how diligence and quality form competing ideals in a hegemonic negotiation between rural and urban interests. It examines how the rural character ideal of diligence is gendered and ethnicized, reinforcing the dominance of an urban, male, Han elite. It also talks about the concept of diligence in China as a characteristically rural virtue, saying that people in the countryside that are accustomed to sweat and toil are better at “eating bitterness.” The chapter investigates the devotion to diligence that pervades Chinese society, prompting the anthropologist Stevan Harrell to suggest that the importance of the family to Chinese economic life is the reason why they work so hard. It talks about Chinese businesses that are family firms, where diligence and the associated values of thriftiness and entrepreneurship forms the moral foundation of economic success.
Courage Under Fire
Authors: Howlett Zachary M.
Published: September 2021

This chapter highlights the fateful moment of the Gaokao itself, investigating the important role of attitude and composure in examination success. It shows how head teachers personify an educational contradiction, both helping children to overcome their deficits in cultural capital and encouraging them to take individual responsibility for their examination results. It also considers the relationship between knowledge and attitude, elaborating how the capriciousness of attitude is accounted for. The chapter cites Gaokao observers that commonly remark how top students can choke on the exam, whereas dark horses can tap into their latent potential to surge from behind. It elaborates how the Gaokao assesses the diligent accumulation of knowledge and the less tangible aspects of character, particularly testing the ability of students to maintain composure and mental flexibility in the face of high pressure.
Space, Missile Defense, and Nuclear Weapons
Authors: O’Hanlon Michael E.
Published: September 2021

This chapter delves much deeper into three areas — nuclear weapons, space and satellites, and missile defense. It argues that these are among the subjects in military technology that are both simple enough to be accessible to the generalist, and important and enduring enough that they can be expected to remain relevant for policymakers well into the future. The chapter also discusses the significance of space and its purposes for military activities, noting the basic principles of the national security space subject are grounded in immutable principles of physics. It examines the approach used in the study which suggests a methodology for diving deeper into other key areas of defense technology. Ultimately, the chapter contends that constructing adequate defenses, stable military balances of power, and robust means of national protection is fated to be a very difficult undertaking. To put it bluntly, two opposing countries or blocs of nations with roughly comparable military capabilities are generally not inherently safe from each other.
Wages in Global Supply Chains
Authors: Bae Jinsun
Published: September 2021

This chapter assesses progress on wages in global supply chains, using AUDCO data. The data include hourly wage rates, the gap between actual wages and minimum wages, the gap between actual wages and take-home pay, and finally the gap between these paid wages and a number of different living wage estimates drawn from 14,315 reliable audits done during the period 2011–2017 in ten countries and seven industries. These data show that wages in all countries have increased and are above the minimum wage (with a few exceptions in a small number of audits). Of course, it is difficult to credit private regulation programs with these increases, given the numerous other influences on wage levels — not the least being local labor market conditions as well as prices paid to suppliers for their product. But the fact that wages paid are above the minimum in most countries is at least consistent with code of conduct commitments. The evidence also shows that wages have been increasing every year — some codes require annual year-on-year increases. Moreover, it demonstrates that wage levels are nowhere near the living wage required by many codes of conduct. The gaps are large, and wages would need to increase considerably to reach the living wage commitments made by global firms in different countries and industries.
Infant and Child Health in the United States and France
Authors: Dutton Paul V.
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines French infant and child health programs that laid the foundation for France's family-centered social democracy. Throughout, it compares French developments to US policies and programs that sought similar child health goals in order to explain why the two nations' outcomes diverged. The comparison begins in the 1870s, when France's infant mortality rate was similar to that of the United States. During these early years, French and American social reformers, physicians, and public health experts collaborated to craft policies aimed at the reduction of maternal and infant mortality, the improvement of child health, and the alleviation of disparities between population subgroups. Ultimately, however, France proved more successful in achieving and sustaining its gains in infant and child health, even as the country experienced dramatic demographic shifts after 1950 due to immigration from its former colonial empire in Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. The chapter then identifies what lessons American policy makers might learn, adopt, or adapt from the French experience.
The Feldherr
Authors: Lockenour Jay
Published: September 2021

This chapter details Erich Ludendorff’s postwar image and his claim to strategic talent, to the title Feldherr. It discusses the epithet “battle lord” (or battle master) that justified both Ludendorff’s claim to influence after 1918 and the “stab in the back” myth, as well as his many great strategic triumphs from swiftly knocking Romania out of the war in 1916 to managing the occupied territories known as Ober Ost, to defeating the Russian colossus at the end 1917. The chapter also highlights the aspects of the German war effort that Ludendorff used to cement his legend as Feldherr and as the embodiment of German revenge fantasies in the interwar period. Ultimately, it surveys his role in the Third Supreme Command after 1916, which earned him (in the minds of many, including himself) the sobriquet “Feldherr,” or “master of battle,” which became the preferred form of address among his followers.
Epilogue
Authors: Lockenour Jay
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses the collapse of the Third Reich in 1945 and how Mathilde Ludendorff reformed a movement called Bund für Gotterkenntnis (L). An initial denazification proceeding pronounced Mathilde Ludendorff “politically untainted” and permitted her to resume her activities. With Mathilde’s disguised movement, the chapter introduces Winfried Martini, a Munich journalist, author, and radio commentator who exposed the depth of the Ludendorffs’ antisemitism and their consistent espousal of racist and militarist doctrines. The chapter examines the investigation of Mathilde’s activities and how Mathilde was reclassified as “Hauptschuldig” — a principal offender in the language of the denazification regulations. It also reviews Mathilde’s transferring of ownership and copyright of her materials in 1949 to her son-in-law, Franz Freiherr Karg von Bebenburg, nicknamed Siegfried. Ultimately, the chapter discusses how the ban on speaking impacted Mathilde to continue to spread Ludendorff’s philosophy.
Introduction
Authors: Hoffmann Michael P. , Koplinka-Loehr Carrie , Eiseman Danielle L.
Published: September 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the relationship between food and climate change. It is bad enough that climate change is melting glaciers and causing the seas to rise, but to many people the potential loss of coffee is downright scary. If not coffee, consider tea, spices, chocolate, seafood, rice, wheat, or whipped cream. The entire menu, including the before-dinner drink, salad, main course, and dessert, is all changing. Despite the legitimate potential for doom and gloom when discussing food and climate change, this book is in part a celebration of the foods and beverages we enjoy. It is also a refresher on the history of some delightful cuisines, where they come from, and their contributions to cultures and the world's economy. The chapter offers an outline of the topics that are examined in the chapters that follow.
Our Changing Climate
Authors: Hoffmann Michael P. , Koplinka-Loehr Carrie , Eiseman Danielle L.
Published: September 2021

We live in a small space. Though the earth can seem vast, as can the endless skies above, in fact we exist in a wafer-thin layer of the atmosphere averaging about 7 mi. (11 km) above sea level.1 That’s it. A very thin layer—think apple peel—on a planet that has been not too hot, not too cold, but just right for the past ten thousand years....
Climate Change
Authors: Hoffmann Michael P. , Koplinka-Loehr Carrie , Eiseman Danielle L.
Published: September 2021

A plant, whether wheat or a giant redwood, needs water, air, sunlight, the right temperature, and soil. Despite their many variations, the plants we depend on for food have these basic needs, and the animals we elect to eat have similar ones.

Plants may consist of up to 90% water, which has several roles, including moving nutrients throughout the plant and providing the turgor, or water pressure, that keeps stems and leaves upright. Water also keeps the plant cool by evaporating through small pores in the leaves. During photosynthesis, the water molecule (H...
Beer, Wine, and Spirits
Authors: Hoffmann Michael P. , Koplinka-Loehr Carrie , Eiseman Danielle L.
Published: September 2021

This chapter studies how the menu is changing, highlighting key ingredients along the way, such as hops for beer, olive oil for salads, beef as a main course, rice as a side, and vanilla for desserts. Grains for beer are faced with excessive heat; changes in water quality and quantity are affecting spirits; and wine grape production is shifting to cooler climes. Salads are not immune, with avocados and olives facing more stressful higher temperatures and water shortages. The main course follows, with emphasis on beef, poultry, and fish as well as side dishes, and the chapter looks at how they are facing increased risks from a changing climate. The meal is finished with desserts and coffee. Eight million tons of chocolate is enjoyed worldwide, along with milk products like ice cream and cheese. The problems? Hot cows give less milk; intensifying storms in Madagascar disrupt production of vanilla; and our beloved coffee is at more risk because of spreading pests.
The Main Course
Authors: Hoffmann Michael P. , Koplinka-Loehr Carrie , Eiseman Danielle L.
Published: September 2021

When we gather around the table, one dish, the main course, is often central to the meal. We plan our side dishes around it, we pair our beverages with it, and our eyes light up when it finally arrives on the table. Typically, that main attraction includes animal protein, and as incomes continue to rise around the world, so, too, will the demand for meat. Climate change is affecting the animals we eat—and some of the animals we eat are also driving climate change....
Grains, Starches, and Other Sides
Authors: Hoffmann Michael P. , Koplinka-Loehr Carrie , Eiseman Danielle L.
Published: September 2021

Our main dishes often come with a side dish or two, maybe a potato, some creamy polenta, or another grain, such as quinoa, faro, or barley. This chapter takes a closer look at some of the grains, starches, and vegetables we put on our tables every day, or even at every meal....
Dessert and Coffee
Authors: Hoffmann Michael P. , Koplinka-Loehr Carrie , Eiseman Danielle L.
Published: September 2021

Humans have evolved to prefer sweet flavors, and desserts satisfy that natural desire for sweet foods that provide energy and essential nutrients.1 Fancy cakes and confections also stir our imaginations. Dessert is the highlight of the meal, a true celebration of chemistry and food that turns milk, sugar, chocolate, eggs, and other simple ingredients into dishes that delight the eyes as well as the taste buds....
What We Can Do
Authors: Hoffmann Michael P. , Koplinka-Loehr Carrie , Eiseman Danielle L.
Published: September 2021

Farmers, food businesses, and scientists are doing their part. Now let’s turn to what each of us can do. Knowing that climate change poses increasing risks to the foods and beverages we need and love, we must adapt and cut greenhouse gas emissions in every way possible. Those of us living in rich nations such as the United States are the biggest contributors to climate change and are best positioned to tackle it....
The Lake Front Case
Authors: Kearney Joseph D. , Merrill Thomas W.
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses the most important decisions about property rights in American law: the Lake Front Case of 1892. It argues that the decision stands for the proposition that certain critical resources, most notably those associated with navigable waterways, must remain under the control of public authorities. The chapter examines how the central device of the Lake Front Case — the public trust doctrine — became a product of the exigencies of litigation. It also introduces Justice Stephen Field and his doctrinal basis to defeat the Illinois Central's powerful vested rights argument. The chapter then highlights the significance and consequences of the enactment and repeal of the Lake Front Act. It analyses how the public trust doctrine was not deployed in the litigation to freeze the submerged land in its original condition. Ultimately, the chapter reviews the longstanding controversy generated by the Illinois Central's presence on the lakefront.
The Watchdog of the Lakefront
Authors: Kearney Joseph D. , Merrill Thomas W.
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses the role of the Michigan Avenue property owners (or the Prairie Avenue owners) in opposing the ambitions of the Illinois Central Railroad on the lakefront. It examines how they became instrumental in blocking plans to locate the World's Columbian Exposition in Lake Park, and helped scuttle any number of settlement possibilities that would have allowed an expansion of the railroad's harbor facilities in the lake. The chapter highlights the Michigan Avenue owners' efforts to preserve the value of their property, and introduces the antagonists they had to contend with as Lake Park began to grow through additional landfilling and proposals proliferated to fill the lakefront with exhibition halls, armories, libraries, and museums. It investigates how the Michigan Avenue owners employed a legal tool called public dedication doctrine against proposed buildings in the park. The chapter refers to the public dedication doctrine as the right of a private landowner to enforce statements on publicly recorded plats and maps that certain lands will be devoted to public uses, such as streets, public squares, or parks. Ultimately, the chapter describes a growing number of precedents endorsing the public dedication doctrine from other jurisdictions — including several prominent decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States.