bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling the negative Poisson's ratio of compressed fused fibre networks
Authors: Tatlier Mehmet , Berhan Lesley
Published: August 2009

Examples of auxetic fused fibrous assemblies can be found among both natural and synthetic materials. In theory, fibrous network materials can exhibit negative Poisson's ratios, yet the deformation mechanisms and parameters which give rise to a negative Poisson's ratio in disordered fibrous materials are not well understood, and this class of auxetic materials remains largely under‐explored. The potential applications of auxetic fibre networks include their use as reinforcement in composites. The process of embedding auxetic random fibrous networks in a polymer matrix is an attractive alternate route to the manufacture of auxetic composites; however, before such an approach can be developed, a methodology for designing fibrous networks with the desired negative Poisson's ratios must first be established. This requires an understanding of the factors which bring about negative Poisson's ratios in these materials. In this work, we present a modelling approach to study the auxetic behaviour of compressed fused fibrous networks. Finite element analyses of three‐dimensional stochastic fibre networks were performed to gain insight into the effects of parameters such as network anisotropy, network density and degree of network compression on the out‐of‐plane Poisson's ratio. The simulation results suggest that compression and anisotropy are the critical parameters that give rise to auxetic behaviour in these materials. We comment on the use of this model to inform the design of fibrous auxetic materials across different length scales, and on the feasibility of developing auxetic composites by using auxetic fibrous networks as the reinforcing phase. Preliminary experimental results indicate that this approach is a promising route in the pursuit of negative Poisson's ratio composites.
Negative mass sound shielding structures: Early results
Authors: Calius Emilio P. , Bremaud Xavier , Smith Bryan , Hall Andrew
Published: August 2009

Elastic meta‐materials or meta‐composites can be designed to have a negative effective mass density at certain vibration frequencies, thus blocking wave propagation through the material within that frequency band. The negative mass behaviour is generated by resonant structures within the material that oscillate 180° out of phase with the acoustic pressure waves applied to the surface. As this research is in its initial stages this paper describes work in progress in both the experimental and numerical domains, and some early results from solids containing geometrically simple spring–mass resonant structures. Behaviour is characterized experimentally by dynamic tests of individual resonators as well as impedance tube measurements of panel‐like structures containing multiple resonant elements. The experimental results exhibit clear evidence of the expected resonances, and partial band gap behaviour. Finite element models of both single resonant elements and impedance tube specimens are being developed, and the current status of these models is described. Their results to date show good agreement with the mass law and qualitative agreement with the experimental results.
Compressive uniaxial properties of auxetic open cell PU based foams
Authors: Cadamagnani F. , Frontoni S. , Bianchi M. , Scarpa F.
Published: August 2009

The mechanical properties of negative Poisson's ratio foams are described under compressive loading both from a numerical and experimental point of view. Different samples of open cell PU (polyurethane) based auxetic foams (i.e. with negative Poisson's ratio) were manufactured following a dedicated manufacturing process, using different compression ratios and temperature profiles. High strain rate and quasi static compressive loading tests were performed in order to benchmark the numerical model. A numerical technique based on loading simulations of statistical assemblies of cells has been adapted to represent the uniaxial compressive behaviour of the auxetic foams. The results can be applied to predict the auxetic foam's behaviour and solving problems related to protection and packaging.
Amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats treated with fucoidan
Authors: Kim Heechul , Moon Changjong , Park Eun‐jin , Jee Youngheun , Ahn Meejung , Wie Myung Bok , Shin Taekyun
Published: August 2009

We examined whether fucoidan affected the clinical symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rats. EAE was induced in Lewis rats that were immunized with guinea‐pig myelin basic protein (MBP) and complete Freund's adjuvant. Fucoidan (50 mg/kg, daily) was administered to rats with EAE intraperitoneally, either in the EAE induction phase from either 1 day before immunization to day 7 post‐immunization (PI), or the effector phase from day 8 to 14 PI, to test which phase of rat EAE is affected by fucoidan treatment.

The onset, severity and duration of EAE paralysis in the fucoidan‐treated group in the days 8–14 PI‐treated rats, but not in days −1–7 PI‐treated rats, were significantly delayed, suppressed and reduced, respectively, compared with the vehicle‐treated controls. Treatment with fucoidan reduced the encephalitogenic response and TNF‐α production during EAE. Moreover, the clinical amelioration coincided with decreased infiltration of inflammatory cells in the EAE‐affected spinal cord. The ameliorative effect of fucoidan on clinical paralysis in EAE‐affected rats may be mediated, in part, by the suppression of the autoreactive T cell response and inflammatory cytokine production. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacokinetics of vanillin and its effects on mechanical hypersensitivity in a rat model of neuropathic pain
Authors: Beaudry Francis , Ross Andréanne , Lema Pablo Patricio , Vachon Pascal
Published: August 2009

The analgesic effects of vanillin on neuropathic pain was evaluated using thermal sensitivity and mechanical allodynia using the sciatic nerve constriction model (n = 30 rats). To determine the pharmacokinetics of vanillin, rats (n = 6/administration route) received either 20 or 100 mg/kg of vanillin i.v. and p.o., respectively. For the pharmacodynamic study, baseline levels for hyperalgesia and allodynia were taken for 5 days prior to surgery. Following surgery each group (n = 6 rats/group) received either vanillin (50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg), morphine (2 mg/kg or 6 mg/kg) or the vehicle only. Pharmacokinetic results following p.o. administrations are Cmax 290.24 ng/mL, Tmax 4 h, relative clearance 62.17 L/h/kg and T1/2 10.3 h. The bioavailability is 7.6%. Mechanical allodynia was decreased on treatment days 1, 2, 3, 5 (p < 0.003) and not on day 4 (p > 0.02) with 50 mg/kg vanillin, whereas at 100 mg/kg p.o. a decrease was noted only on days 7 and 8 (p < 0.003). No effect on hyperalgesia was seen following vanillin administration. In conclusion, vanillin is bioavailable and seems to have an alleviating effect on mechanical allodynia, and not on hyperalgesia, when evaluated with a chronic constriction nerve injury rat model of neuropathic pain. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New selectable host–marker systems for multiple genetic manipulations based on TRP1, MET2 and ADE2 in the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha
Authors: Cheon Seon Ah , Choo Jinho , Ubiyvovk Vera M. , Park Jeong‐Nam , Kim Moo Woong , Oh Doo‐Byoung , Kwon Ohsuk , Sibirny Andriy A. , Kim Jeong‐Yoon , Kang Hyun Ah
Published: August 2009

Interest has been increasing in the thermotolerant methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha as a useful system for fundamental research and applied purposes. Only a few genetic marker genes and auxotrophic hosts are yet available for this yeast. Here we isolated and developed H. polymorpha TRP1, MET2 and ADE2 genes as selectable markers for multiple genetic manipulations. The H. polymorpha TRP1 (HpTRP1), MET2 (HpMET2) and ADE2 (HpADE2) genes were sequentially disrupted, using an HpURA3 pop‐out cassette in H. polymorpha to generate a series of new multiple auxotrophic strains, including up to a quintuple auxotrophic strain. Unexpectedly, the HpTRP1 deletion mutants required additional tryptophan supplementation for their full growth, even on complex media such as YPD. Despite the clearly increased resistance to 5‐fluoroanthranilic acid of the HpTRP1 deletion mutants, the HpTRP1 blaster cassette does not appear to be usable as a counter‐selection marker in H. polymorpha. Expression vectors carrying HpADE2, HpTRP1 or HpMET2 with their own promoters and terminators as selectable markers were constructed and used to co‐transform the quintuple auxotrophic strain for the targeted expression of a heterologous gene, Aspergillus saitoi MsdS, at the ER, the Golgi and the cell surface, respectively. The nucleotide sequences presented here were submitted to GenBank under Accession Nos AY795576 (HpTRP1), FJ226453 (HpMET2) and FJ493241 (HpADE2), respectively. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prospective Study Comparing Multi‐Detector Row CT and Endoscopy in Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Authors: Frattaroli Fabrizio M. , Casciani Emanuele , Spoletini Domenico , Polettini Elisabetta , Nunziale Aldo , Bertini Luca , Vestri Annarita , Gualdi Gianfranco , Pappalardo Giuseppe
Published: August 2009

Background

Upper and lower acute gastrointestinal bleeding (AGIB) is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity. The latest computerized tomography (CT) imaging techniques play an important role in the treatment of this pathology.

Methods

Twenty‐nine patients with severe AGIB (11 upper, 18 lower), all hemodynamically stable, underwent endoscopy followed by a multi‐detector row CT (MDCT) scan. Endoscopic and MDCT accuracy for the anatomical localization and etiology of AGIB was assessed, the diagnosis being considered correct when the two procedures were concordant or when the diagnosis was confirmed by angiographic, surgical, or post‐mortem findings.

Results

The sensitivity in identifying the site and etiology of bleeding was, respectively, 100% and 90.9% for the MDCT scan, compared with 72.7% and 54.5% for endoscopy in upper AGIB, and 100% and 88.2% for the MDCT scan, compared with 52.9% and 52.9% for endoscopy, in lower AGIB.

Conclusions

Considering the advantages of MDCT over endoscopy, we propose a new diagnostic algorithm for AGIB.
Ten Years of Experience Training Non‐Physician Anesthesia Providers in Haiti
Authors: Rosseel Peter , Trelles Miguel , Guilavogui Seydouba , Ford Nathan , Chu Kathryn
Published: August 2009

Surgery is increasingly recognized as an effective means of treating a proportion of the global burden of disease, especially in resource‐limited countries. Often non‐physicians, such as nurses, provide the majority of anesthesia; however, their training and formal supervision is often of low priority or even non‐existent. To increase the number of safe anesthesia providers in Haiti, Médecins Sans Frontières has trained nurse anesthetists (NAs) for over 10 years. This article describes the challenges, outcomes, and future directions of this training program. From 1998 to 2008, 24 students graduated. Nineteen (79%) continue to work as NAs in Haiti and 5 (21%) have emigrated. In 2008, NAs were critical in providing anesthesia during a post‐hurricane emergency where they performed 330 procedures. Mortality was 0.3% and not associated with lack of anesthesiologist supervision. The completion rate of this training program was high and the majority of graduates continue to work as nurse anesthetists in Haiti. Successful training requires a setting with a sufficient volume and diversity of operations, appropriate anesthesia equipment, a structured and comprehensive training program, and recognition of the training program by the national ministry of health and relevant professional bodies. Preliminary outcomes support findings elsewhere that NAs can be a safe and effective alternative where anesthesiologists are scarce. Training non‐physician anesthetists is a feasible and important way to scale up surgical services resource limited settings.
From the retailing revolution to the consumer revolution: Department stores in modern Shanghai
Authors: Ling-ling LIEN
Published: August 2009

Following the Industrial Revolution in Europe and America, the market was flooded with manufacturing goods. To promote sales, the department store that stressed a “low profit, high volume” model appeared in Shanghai. Sellers lowered prices to encourage purchases, and used rapid and high volume turnover to make up for lower profits. To speed up turnover, department stores invented various devices to increase sales, including intensive media advertising, open and comfortable store spaces, and free and attentive services. The new sales philosophy and tactics not only brought about a breakthrough in the retailing, but also reshaped consumer life and urban culture. The Shanghai department store evinced the social and cultural meaning of consumption in its building and inner design, its application of new technology, and its promotional activities and products display. A consumer lifestyle centering on the department store also remolded the Shanghai society.
The visualization of Wang Zhaojun in the vicissitude of time
Authors: Jinghong ZHOU
Published: August 2009

Wang Zhaojun was a romanticized historical figure. The visualization of her was characterized by specific historical and social backgrounds. While her image was shaped with the thousands of years’ expansion of northern interethnic relations in ancient China, the united modern multi-ethnic state created her glorious image as “an angel bringing about national harmony, peace, and unity.”
The Chinese version of “intellectual”
Authors: Weigui FANG
Published: August 2009

The source, evolution, application and characteristics of the Chinese concept “zhishi fenzi” 知识分子 are well worth further exploration. Meanwhile, the development and meaning of the Western concept “intellectual” throughout the history are discussed in the article to provide better understanding of its historical evolution and theoretical researches, and to reveal misunderstanding and mistaken views about this concept in China’s academic circles. The disparity between the concept of “zhishi fenzi” in China and in the West lies in not only the history of concept but also that of thought whereas the translation of “intellectual” into “zhishi fenzi” is the problem of understanding. The concept history of “zhishi fenzi” clearly shows that it is a self-contained notion that can stand alone with its Chinese source and characteristics.
On Qianzi wen in the Sinological literary history of Asia
Authors: Xiaoping WANG
Published: August 2009

Qianzi wen exerted great influence in Japan. Nowadays, experts find it necessary to further study the numerous and diverse sequels of Qianzi wen, because no systematic research had actually been made on them. This article, focusing on the spread of Qianzi wen in Korean Peninsula and Japan, is intended to discuss its influence on East Asian literature, especially on Sinological literature.
The influence and misreading of Brecht in China
Authors: Xingliang HU
Published: August 2009

Bertolt Brecht was one of the most famous and one the most controversial dramatists of the 20th century. Brecht, who had great influence on the development of drama in China in the New Period (the period after the end of the Cultural Revolution), also brought many problems. Those problems also made different people in Chinese theatrical circles have different opinions of Brecht. Some scholars think that the introduction of Brecht’s plays in the New Period was “a historical mistake”. Some even doubt if Brecht’s theory met artistic law, or if Brecht’s plays are of value. Why was Brecht so popular in the Chinese theatrical circles in the New Period? What does Brecht mean to Chinese drama? Why was Brecht misread in China? Did Chinese drama really need Brecht? This article offers serious reflections and analysis of those questions.
An investigation into the stylistic features and principles of the seven-characters-a-line poetry in the Han and Wei Dynasties
Authors: Xiaoyin GE
Published: August 2009

As the Han Dynasty gave way to the Wei Dynasty, new views emerged on the practice of metrical compositions in the structural transformation of four-character and three-character phrases into expressions that were compounded from shizi 实字 (the content word), or could stand alone in the grammatical sense. The research is conducted on the rhythmical correlation between the two expressions, which accounts for the common phenomenon for both folk songs and proverbs and the poetry that emulates the style of Lisao 离骚 (The Sorrow at the Estrangement), and this forms the background with which the rhythmical patterns are in gestation for the poems with seven characters to a line. The principles that influence the patterned rhythms determine the stylistic features that characterize the artistic structure during the initial stage, which is built upon a cluster of discrete sentences to be joined or even on a single self-contained line in isolation, through which the thread of the common narrative was not likely to run. This remarkable achievement was undertaken in a few poetic works with seven characters to a line composed at the end of the Eastern Han Period, which transcended the limitations exposed in the style itself, and which prepared society for the gradual acceptance of the genre in its narrative and lyrical application. This experience did not develop fully in contrast to the poetry with five characters per line, which had a different origin and in which was fundamentally based on the belated development of poetry with seven characters to a line during the Han and Wei Dynasties.
The abridgement of famous Tang Dynasty poetry by later generations
Authors: Lifeng MO
Published: August 2009

Some famous Tang Dynasty poems were once abridged by later generations. The earliest abridgements occurred in the Tang Dynasty because the music officials in charge of music intended to make the poems suitable for singing. However, the success of some abridgements was attributed to literary creation. Among the various abridgements of the famous Tang poems, the most successful instances formed a truncated verse by segmenting four lines from the original works. The author holds that this phenomenon in literary history indicated the pursuit of terseness, which was a popular feature of ancient Chinese poetic creation. Moreover, it also reflected the later poets’ criticism and amended the artistic criterion of the Tang poetry.
Tocotrienols Suppress Proinflammatory Markers and Cyclooxygenase‐2 Expression in RAW264.7 Macrophages
Authors: Yam Mun‐Li , Abdul Hafid Sitti Rahma , Cheng Hwee‐Ming , Nesaretnam Kalanithi
Published: August 2009

Tocotrienols are powerful chain breaking antioxidant. Moreover, they are now known to exhibit various non‐antioxidant properties such as anti‐cancer, neuroprotective and hypocholesterolemic functions. This study was undertaken to investigate the anti‐inflammatory effects of tocotrienol‐rich fraction (TRF) and individual tocotrienol isoforms namely δ‐, γ‐, and α‐tocotrienol on lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. The widely studied vitamin E form, α‐tocopherol, was used as comparison. Stimulation of RAW264.7 with lipopolysaccharide induced the release of various inflammatory markers. 10 μg/ml of TRF and all tocotrienol isoforms significantly inhibited the production of interleukin‐6 and nitric oxide. However, only α‐tocotrienol demonstrated a significant effect in lowering tumor necrosis factor‐α production. Besides, TRF and all tocotrienol isoforms except γ‐tocotrienol reduced prostaglandin E2 release. It was accompanied by the down‐regulation of cyclooxygenase‐2 gene expression by all vitamin E forms except α‐tocopherol. Collectively, the data suggested that tocotrienols are better anti‐inflammatory agents than α‐tocopherol and the most effective form is δ‐tocotrienol.
Influence of Vertical Centrifugation on Extra Virgin Olive Oil Quality
Authors: Masella Piernicola , Parenti Alessandro , Spugnoli Paolo , Calamai Luca
Published: August 2009

The qualitative effects of vertical centrifugation (VC), i.e., the last step of the extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) extraction process, were investigated on an industrial scale by sampling EVOOs before and after VC. Several parameters were determined to evaluate EVOO quality. Vertical centrifugation results in a marked loss of volatile aromatic compounds, whereas only a slightly variation was recorded in the hydrophilic phenols concentration.
Brief report: How do they manage social interaction? The influence of concealing academic achievement information on self‐monitoring by adolescents with low achievement
Authors: Zhang Baoshan , Zhao Jun‐Yan , Yu Guoliang
Published: August 2009

During social interactions people self‐monitor their behavior at least partially to conceal socially devalued characteristics. This study examined the influences of concealing academic achievement on self‐monitoring in an academically‐relevant social interaction. An interview paradigm called for school‐aged adolescent participants (total N = 86) who either did or did not have low (academic) achievement to play the role of someone who did or did not have low achievement while answering academically‐relevant questions. The data suggest that adolescents with low achievement (low achievers) were more likely to tailor their behaviors according to the situational cues than did those without low achievement (non‐low achievers). On the other hand, low achievers who played the role of good students (these adolescents could conceal their low academic achievement characteristics) were most likely to regulate their behaviors according to their inner cues (e.g., real feelings).
School performance, peer association, psychological and behavioral adjustments: A comparison between Chinese adolescents with and without siblings
Authors: Liu Ruth X. , Lin Wei , Chen Zeng‐yin
Published: August 2009

We test theoretically informed hypotheses using survey reports of adolescents attending three middle schools in the outskirts of Fuzhou, Fujian, China. Results yielded by regression analyses are quite consistent with the hypothesized relationships, that is, Chinese singleton adolescents are more likely to anticipate going to college than non‐singleton adolescents. Further, singletons are more associated with conventional peers and they report better adjustments both psychologically and behaviorally than non‐singleton adolescents. Singletons and non‐singletons, however, are not different in their self‐reported performance in four school subjects, namely, Chinese, Math, English, and Political Studies. These results are discussed in light of the theoretical literature, especially related to attachment theory, resource dilution theory as well as confluence model.
Ganglioside‐induced amyloid formation by human islet amyloid polypeptide in lipid rafts
Authors: Wakabayashi Masaki , Matsuzaki Katsumi
Published: August 2009

Human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) is the primary component of the amyloid deposits found in the pancreatic islets of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, it is unknown how amyloid fibrils are formed in vivo. In this study, we demonstrate that gangliosides play an essential role in the formation of amyloid deposits by hIAPP on plasma membranes. Amyloid fibrils accumulated in ganglioside‐ and cholesterol‐rich microscopic domains (‘lipid rafts’). The depletion of gangliosides or cholesterol significantly reduced the amount of amyloid deposited. These results clearly showed that the formation of amyloid fibrils was mediated by gangliosides in lipid rafts.
Kinetic and thermodynamic properties of the folding and assembly of formate dehydrogenase
Authors: Ordu Emel B. , Cameron Gus , Clarke Anthony R. , Karagüler Nevin Gül
Published: August 2009

The folding mechanism and stability of dimeric formate dehydrogenase from Candida methylica was analysed by exposure to denaturing agents and to heat. Equilibrium denaturation data yielded a dissociation constant of about 10−13
M for assembly of the protein from unfolded chains and the kinetics of refolding and unfolding revealed that the overall process comprises two steps. In the first step a marginally stable folded monomeric state is formed at a rate (k
1) of about 2 × 10−3
s−1 (by deduction k
−1 is about10−4
s−1) and assembles into the active dimeric state with a bimolecular rate constant (k
2) of about 2 × 104
M−1
s−1. The rate of dissociation of the dimeric state in physiological conditions is extremely slow (k
−2
∼ 3 × 10−7
s−1).
Effect of clindamycin treatment on vaginal inflammatory markers in pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis and a positive fetal fibronectin test
Authors: Diaz‐Cueto Laura , Dominguez‐Lopez Pablo , Tena‐Alavez Gilberto , Cuica‐Flores Adrian , Rosales‐Ortiz Sergio , Arechavaleta‐Velasco Fabian
Published: August 2009

Objective

To compare the levels of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐8 in the vaginal secretions of pregnant women with a positive fetal fibronectin (fFN) test result with or without asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis (BV) before and after treatment with oral clindamycin.

Methods

A prospective cohort study was conducted among 43 pregnant women with a positive fFN test result. All patients were treated with clindamycin, and the pre‐ and post‐treatment levels of IL‐1β, IL‐6, and MMP‐8 were compared.

Results

Before treatment, levels of IL‐1β and MMP‐8 were significantly higher in women with BV compared with women without BV (P < 0.05). Vaginal levels of IL‐1β and IL‐6, but not MMP‐8, decreased after treatment in pregnant women with BV.

Conclusions

The inability of clindamycin to decrease MMP‐8 vaginal levels may explain why it is ineffective in reducing preterm birth in pregnant women with positive fFN and BV.
Adverse neonatal outcomes associated with trial of labor after previous cesarean delivery in an inner‐city hospital in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Olusanya Bolajoko O. , Solanke Olumuyiwa A.
Published: August 2009

Objective

To identify delivery methods and associated adverse neonatal outcomes after previous cesarean delivery.

Methods

A retrospective cross‐sectional study in an inner‐city maternity hospital in Lagos, Nigeria, in which outcomes associated with delivery methods were determined by multinomial logistic regression.

Results

Of 435 eligible singleton deliveries, 171 (39.3%) occurred via elective cesarean, 249 (57.2%) via emergency cesarean, and 15 (3.4%) after successful trial of labor. Emergency cesarean delivery was associated with low 1‐minute Apgar scores compared with successful trial of labor. It was also associated with low 5‐minute Apgar scores compared with elective cesarean delivery, in addition to hyperbilirubinemia and admission to the special care baby unit. Successful trial of labor was less likely to be associated with low 1‐minute Apgar scores than was elective cesarean delivery. The delivery methods were not associated with risk of sensorineural hearing loss.

Conclusion

Trial of labor is common in this tertiary hospital among women with previous cesarean delivery and is associated with high failure rates and adverse neonatal outcomes with potential developmental risks.
Validation of the Danish 7-day pre-coded food diary among adults: energy intake v. energy expenditure and recording length
Authors: Biltoft-Jensen Anja , Matthiessen Jeppe , Rasmussen Lone B. , Fagt Sisse , Groth Margit V. , Hels Ole
Published: August 2009

Under-reporting of energy intake (EI) is a well-known problem when measuring dietary intake in free-living populations. The present study aimed at quantifying misreporting by comparing EI estimated from the Danish pre-coded food diary against energy expenditure (EE) measured with a validated position-and-motion instrument (ActiReg®). Further, the influence of recording length on EI:BMR, percentage consumers, the number of meal occasions and recorded food items per meal was examined. A total of 138 Danish volunteers aged 20–59 years wore the ActiReg® and recorded their food intake for 7 consecutive days. Data for 2504 participants from the National Dietary Survey 2000–2 were used for comparison of characteristics and recording length. The results showed that EI was underestimated by 12 % on average compared with EE measured by ActiReg® (PreMed AS, Oslo, Norway). The 95 % limits of agreement for EI and EE were − 6·29 and 3·09 MJ/d. Of the participants, 73 % were classified as acceptable reporters, 26 % as under-reporters and 1 % as over-reporters. EI:BMR was significantly lower on 1–3 consecutive recording days compared with 4–7 recording days (P < 0·03). Percentage consumers of selected food items increased with number of recording days. When recording length was 7 d, the number of reported food items per meal differed between acceptable reporters and under-reporters. EI:BMR was the same on 4 and 7 consecutive recording days. This was, however, a result of under-reporting in the beginning and the end of the 7 d reporting. Together, the results indicate that EI was underestimated at group level and that a 7 d recording is preferable to a 4 d recording period.
DEFOE, DISSENT, AND EARLY WHIG IDEOLOGY
Authors: CLARK K. R. P.
Published: August 2009

The nature of Whig ideology at its formation in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries continues to attract the attention of historians of political thought. This article contends that prevalent understandings of the taxonomy of the subject nevertheless still often remain secular, and do not fully attend to the religious constituencies of the authors involved. One key author was Daniel Defoe, who was credited with several anonymous pamphlets published after the Revolution of 1688. The effect of these attributions is to reinforce a homogenized picture of early Whig political ideology that fails to identify differences between authors who used similar terms such as ‘contract’, ‘resistance’, and ‘natural law’. This article de-attributes certain of these pamphlets, outlines the consequences for the history of political thought of that de-attribution, re-establishes Defoe's own political identity, and proposes that such a taxonomy should give more attention to religious difference.
VOLUNTEERISM AND EARLY RECRUITMENT EFFORTS IN DEVONSHIRE, AUGUST 1914–DECEMBER 1915
Authors: WHITE BONNIE J.
Published: August 2009

Historians of Britain and the First World War have debated the extent to which there was a rush to colours in August 1914, as well as the consequences of bringing the war effort to the communities and homes of the civilian population. While the historiography has gradually shifted away from accepting that the wave of volunteerism in 1914 was ultimately an expression of patriotism and support for the war effort, there is still little understanding of the impact of the recruitment and propaganda campaigns at the local level. Focusing on newspaper reports and recruitment records, this article offers an examination of how Devonians responded to recruiting agents and their attempts to get men to enlist, and the effect on communities, families, and individuals who were targeted by both civilian and military authorities. This study reveals that Devon's recruitment profile differed from national trends due to occupational and geographical factors, as well as the refusal of small county newspapers to practise self-censorship.
THE FORD ADMINISTRATION AND SECURITY POLICY IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC AFTER THE FALL OF SAIGON
Authors: GAWTHORPE ANDREW J.
Published: August 2009

This article enhances our understanding of the Ford administration's foreign policy by examining how it sought to react to a changed situation in the Asia-Pacific after the fall of Saigon in May 1975. It shows how changes in regional politics forced the administration to adapt to a situation in which allies began to look to the Communist countries for friendship and to reconsider having American forces on their soil. It illustrates this situation by looking at base negotiations in Thailand and the Philippines, and the administration's search for an alternative arrangement in the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. It then reconsiders two crisis situations in the region to examine the relevance of the superpower competition to the administration's responses. This aids our understanding of the role that regional factors played in tactical foreign policy decisions taken by the Ford administration, extending beyond a focus on the superpower competition that has marked the historiography of the administration in the past.
A NEW INTELLECTUAL HISTORY? JONATHAN ISRAEL'S ENLIGHTENMENT
Authors: LA VOPA ANTHONY J.
Published: August 2009

This review points out the dangers of taking Jonathan Israel's volumes on the Enlightenment as a new framework for Enlightenment studies. Despite Israel's claim in Enlightenment contested to have historicized our understanding of the Enlightenment, his modus operandi is fundamentally unhistorical, and the result is a presentist interpretation with an oversimplified classification of thinkers into ‘radical’ and ‘moderate’ camps. The review suggests more effective ways to make a truly historicized Enlightenment present for us now, especially by devoting more attention to the literary and rhetorical properties of Enlightenment texts.
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ON INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, MINING, AND PROSTITUTION
Authors: LAITE JULIA ANN
Published: August 2009

Prostitution has been linked by many historians and social commentators to the industrial development and capitalism of the modern age, and there is no better example of this than the prostitution that developed in mining regions from the mid-nineteenth century. Using research on mining-related prostitution, and other social histories of mining communities where prostitution inevitably forms a part, large or small, of the historian's analysis of the mining region, this article will review, contrast, and compare prostitution in various mining contexts, in different national and colonial settings. From the American and Canadian gold rushes in the mid- and late nineteenth century, to the more established mining frontiers of the later North American West, to the corporate mining towns of Chile in the interwar years, to the copper and gold mines of southern Africa and Kenya in the first half of the twentieth century, commercial sex was present and prominent as the mining industry and mining communities developed.1 Challenging the simplistic images and stereotypes of prostitution that are popularly associated with the American mining frontier, historians have shown that prostitution's place in mining communities, and its connection to industrial development, was as complex as it was pervasive and enduring.
Probability Judgment Error and Speculation in Laboratory Asset Market Bubbles
Authors: Ackert Lucy F. , Charupat Narat , Deaves Richard , Kluger Brian D.
Published: August 2009

In 12 sessions conducted in a typical bubble-generating experimental environment, we design a pair of assets that can detect both irrationality and speculative behavior. The specific form of irrationality we investigate is the probability judgment error associated with low-probability, high-payoff outcomes. Independently, we test for speculation by comparing prices of identically paying assets in multiperiod versus single-period markets. We establish that aggregate irrationality measured in one dimension (probability judgment error) is associated with aggregate irrationality measured in another (bubble formation).
A systematic review of interventions aimed at the prevention of weight gain in adults
Authors: Lombard Catherine B , Deeks Amanda A , Teede Helena J
Published: August 2009

Objective

The WHO has recommended that prevention of overweight and obesity should begin early and target adults, including those with an acceptable BMI. The aim of the present paper was to systematically review published interventions with a specific stated aim to prevent weight gain.

Design

Five databases were searched to July 2008. The reference lists of review articles and obesity society meetings abstracts were hand searched. Interventions were included if the primary aim was to prevent weight gain and they included a comparison group.

Results

Ten publications were included, describing nine separate interventions in adults of various ages and target populations. All interventions incorporated diet and physical activity with behaviour change strategies. Most studies were between 1 and 3 years in duration. Five studies reported a significant difference in weight between intervention and control subjects of between 1·0 and 3·5 kg, due largely to an increase in weight in the control group. However, there was a lack of consistent, clear, psychological models and a failure to identify successful components. More intensive interventions were not always successful, nor were mail-only or clinic-based interventions. In contrast, interventions that included mixed modes of delivery with some personal contact were successful.

Conclusions

There were relatively few trials aimed at the prevention of weight gain. Existing trials varied by intensity, delivery methods, target groups and study components, and therefore provide limited opportunities for comparison of effect size. Further large, effective, evidence-based programmes are urgently needed in the general population as well as high-risk groups.
Serving of free school lunch to secondary-school pupils – a pilot study with health implications
Authors: Ask Anne Selvik , Hernes Sigrunn , Aarek Ingebjørg , Vik Frøydis , Brodahl Cornelia , Haugen Margaretha
Published: August 2009

Objective

To study whether service of a free school lunch has an impact on weight development and food intake among pupils at a lower secondary school, and to assess the association between self-perceived school behaviour and food intake.

Design

A controlled intervention study involving service of a free healthy school lunch to 9th grade pupils took place over 4 months, from January to May 2007. Weight and height were measured before and after the intervention. The pupils also completed a short FFQ and a questionnaire concerning self-perceived school behaviour and the classroom environment before and after the intervention. A healthy food score was calculated using the FFQ data.

Setting

All 9th graders at three different lower secondary schools in southern Norway were invited to participate. One school was randomly selected as the intervention school.

Subjects

Fifty-eight pupils (91 %) from the intervention school and ninety-two pupils (77 %) from the control schools participated.

Results

BMI did not increase among the girls at the intervention school, but increased significantly among the boys at the intervention school and among the control school groups. The healthy food score correlated positively with the trait ‘satisfied with schoolwork’ (P < 0·001). Fifteen per cent of the variance in food score could be explained by gender and the trait ‘satisfied with schoolwork’.

Conclusions

Serving of a healthy free school lunch to secondary-school pupils may result in restricted weight gain. Further studies are needed to clarify the impact of school meals on overweight and academic performance.
STRONGLY GORENSTEIN FLAT MODULES
Authors: DING NANQING , LI YUANLIN , MAO LIXIN
Published: August 2009

In this paper, strongly Gorenstein flat modules are introduced and investigated. An R-module M is called strongly Gorenstein flat if there is an exact sequence ⋯→P1→P0→P0→P1→⋯ of projective R-modules with M=ker (P0→P1) such that Hom(−,F) leaves the sequence exact whenever F is a flat R-module. Several well-known classes of rings are characterized in terms of strongly Gorenstein flat modules. Some examples are given to show that strongly Gorenstein flat modules over coherent rings lie strictly between projective modules and Gorenstein flat modules. The strongly Gorenstein flat dimension and the existence of strongly Gorenstein flat precovers and pre-envelopes are also studied.
HF radar observations of small‐scale surface current variability in the Straits of Florida
Authors: Parks A. B. , Shay L. K. , Johns W. E. , Martinez‐Pedraja J. , Gurgel K.‐W.
Published: August 2009

A dual‐station high‐frequency Wellen radar (WERA), transmitting at 16.045 MHz, was deployed along the eastern Florida Shelf and operated and maintained by the University of Miami's Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science. From September 2004 to June 2005, a moored acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) acquired subsurface current measurements within the radar footprint along the shelf break at 86‐m depth. The shallowest ADCP bin located at 14‐m depth was used as a comparison for the WERA surface measurements. RMS differences ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 m s−1 between the surface and 14‐m depth, with good agreement over most of the period. Regression analyses indicated slopes near unity in the north‐south (v) component and ≈0.5 for the east‐west (u) component velocities. When utilized in tandem with the ADCP subsurface measurements, WERA enables three‐dimensional snapshots of coastal oceanographic features to be resolved. For example, from December 2004 through February 2005, three energetic circulation patterns were observed: (1) a subsurface stratified countercurrent, (2) a submesoscale coherent vortex, and (3) a mesoscale circulation feature, i.e., a propagating Tortugas gyre. These features represent the significant current variability along the western flank of the Florida Current that impacts the coastal ocean.
Tectonosedimentary evolution related to extreme crustal thinning ahead of a propagating ocean: Example of the western Pyrenees
Authors: Jammes Suzon , Manatschal Gianreto , Lavier Luc , Masini Emmanuel
Published: August 2009

In this paper we describe the tectonosedimentary evolution and its subsequent inversion of a basin that underwent extreme crustal thinning in a transtensional setting ahead of a propagating ocean in the western Pyrenees. The Labourd‐Mauléon area situated in the western Pyrenees, at the termination of the V‐shaped Bay of Biscay, is an ideal natural laboratory to study how such complex basins evolve in time and space. Because of a mild inversion of the basin during Pyrenean compression, the rift structures and their relations to basement rocks and sediments are exposed and can be directly studied in the field. The basin shows a complex polyphase evolution that starts with left‐lateral dominated transtension in latest Jurassic–early Aptian time. This event is overprinted by a late Aptian–early Albian extension that is related to the counterclockwise rotation of Iberia away from Europe leading to the opening of the Bay of Biscay. During this stage, the Late Triassic to Jurassic carbonate platform was stretched, salt migrated, and detachment faults exhumed upper and lower crustal and mantle rocks to the seafloor. The final structure of the basin resembles a sag basin floored by exhumed rocks overlain by extensional allochthons and compartmentalized by N40° to N60° transfer faults. The sedimentary architecture is characterized by late Aptian synrift sediments (e.g., Urgonian limestones) that were deposited in fault‐bounded basins and are overlain by thick latest Aptian to Albo‐Cenomanian sediments (e.g., Flysch noir) that define a sag sequence. The complex tectonosedimentary evolution of the basin is associated with salt tectonics and overprinted by a major magmatic/thermal event that postdates mantle exhumation.
Complex dielectric permittivity measurements from ground‐penetrating radar data to estimate snow liquid water content in the pendular regime
Authors: Bradford John H. , Harper Joel T. , Brown Joel
Published: August 2009

Monitoring the snow water equivalent (SWE) is critical to effective management of water resources in many parts of the world that depend on the mountain snowpack for water storage. There are currently no methods to remotely sense SWE with accuracy over large lateral distances in the steep and often forested terrain of mountain basins. Previous studies have shown that measurements of ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) velocity can provide accurate estimates of SWE in dry snow. Introduction of liquid water into the snowpack results in a three‐phase system that cannot be accurately characterized with GPR velocity alone. We show that measuring the frequency‐dependent GPR signal attenuation and velocity provides a direct estimate of the complex dielectric permittivity. Because the imaginary component is a function only of liquid water content, we can utilize both the real and imaginary components of the permittivity to estimate liquid water content, snow density, and SWE using existing empirical relationships that are valid in the pendular regime. We tested this new method at two field sites and found that the estimates were accurate to within 12% of gravimetric methods in both a moist and a dry snowpack. GPR has the potential to provide SWE estimates across large lateral distances over a broad range of snow conditions.
Fully resolved observations of auroral medium frequency burst radio emissions
Authors: Bunch N. L. , LaBelle J.
Published: August 2009

Auroral MF burst is a naturally occurring spontaneous emission characterizing substorm onsets. Between March 21 and April 19, 2008, a full‐waveform receiver at Toolik Lake, Alaska, detected 23 examples of MF burst. The high‐resolution continuous waveform data show that MF burst consists of a superposition of structured emissions, defined as those with sharp boundaries on frequency‐time diagrams, and unstructured emissions which are more diffuse. Structured emissions account for 30–40% of the wave power, although this should be considered a lower bound since unstructured emission could represent weak or overlapping structured emissions. Structured emissions have a repeatable frequency‐time pattern in which their leading edge decreases from a well‐defined upper bound, at first slowly and then more rapidly over about 100 ms. This timescale is too long to be explained by wave propagation delay alone. Assuming emission at the local electron plasma frequency in the bottomside ionosphere, the source must move downward at 400–1000 km/s in order to explain the observed time delay.
Influence of riverine alkalinity on carbonate species in the Okhotsk Sea
Authors: Watanabe Y. W. , Nishioka J. , Shigemitsu M. , Mimura A. , Nakatsuka T.
Published: August 2009

Comparing data set of carbonate species and other hydrographic chemical properties in 1999, 2000 and 2006 in the Okhotsk Sea, we found that salinity‐normalized alkalinity in the subsurface water has shown a rate of increase by 2.6 ± 0.1 μmol kg−1 y−1 while the increase in salinity‐normalized dissolved inorganic carbon corrected by AOU was almost half of that in alkalinity. Therefore, pH has increased by 0.013 ± 0.001 pH unit y−1 in the subsurface water (26.5 – 27.3 σθ) which is the origin of the North Pacific intermediate water. This increase in pH could be explained by the increase in alkalinity in the Amur River in the last decade, suggesting a possibility that could mitigate one‐fifth of recent ocean acidification in the North Pacific.
Satellite observations of recent power plant construction in Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Streets David G. , He Kebin
Published: August 2009

About 50% of the increase in China's NOx emissions since 2000 can be attributed to the construction of new power plants. We show that the newly added NOx emissions from new power plants in Inner Mongolia, China, were detected by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) aboard NASA's Aura satellite. Increase rates of NO2 columns from OMI and NOx emissions from inventories are even in quantitative agreement in cases where new facilities are added to already‐developed regions. This study confirms that the OMI products are quite capable of identifying the construction of large new emitting facilities through detection of their NOx emissions.