bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Involvement of local renin‐angiotensin system in immunosuppression of tumor microenvironment
Authors: Nakamura Kenta , Yaguchi Tomonori , Ohmura Gaku , Kobayashi Asuka , Kawamura Naoshi , Iwata Takashi , Kiniwa Yukiko , Okuyama Ryuhei , Kawakami Yutaka
Published: October 2017

To improve current cancer immunotherapies, strategies to modulate various immunosuppressive cells including myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) which were shown to be negative factors in immune‐checkpoint blockade therapy, need to be developed. In the present study, we evaluated the role of the local renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) in the tumor immune‐microenvironment using murine models bearing tumor cell lines in which RAS was not involved in their proliferation and angiogenetic ability. Giving angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB) to C57BL/6 mice bearing murine colon cancer cell line MC38 resulted in significant enhancement of tumor antigen gp70 specific T cells. ARB administration did not change the numbers of CD11b+ myeloid cells in tumors, but significantly reduced their T‐cell inhibitory ability along with decreased production of various immunosuppressive factors including interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐10, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and arginase by CD11b+ cells in tumors. ARB also decreased expression of immunosuppressive factors such as chemokine ligand 12 and nitric oxide synthase 2 in cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAF). Last, combination of ARB and anti‐programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) antibodies resulted in significant augmentation of anti‐tumor effects in a CD8+ T cell‐dependent way. These results showed that RAS is involved in the generation of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment caused by myeloid cells and fibroblasts, other than the previously shown proliferative and angiogenetic properties of cancer cells and macrophages, and that ARB can transform the immunosuppressive properties of MDSC and CAF and could be used in combination with PD‐1/PD‐L1 immune‐checkpoint blockade therapy.
Early interaction in autism spectrum disorder: Mothers' and children's behaviours during joint engagement
Authors: Kaale A. , Smith L. , Nordahl‐Hansen A. , Fagerland M. W. , Kasari C.
Published: October 2017

Background

More knowledge about the interaction between young children with autism spectrum disorder and their parents is one way to improve intervention. This study aims to investigate the behaviours of mothers and children with autism spectrum disorder during joint engagement, with a focus on pacing or rate (i.e., incidences per minute) of their behaviours when being in this state.

Method

Video recordings of 10 min of free‐play between 58 children (2–4 years) diagnosed with childhood autism and their mothers were used to examine rate of mothers' and children's behaviours (i.e., toy introduction, toy expansion, positive affect, and language) during joint engagement, the association between rate of mothers and children's behaviours, the relation between rate of mothers' behaviours and time in joint engagement, and how child factors might be associated with the latter.

Results

Mothers(m) and children(c) showed similar rate of positive affect (Mm = 0.6/Mc = 0.5) and toy expansion (Mm = 0.7/Mc = 0.7) per minute, whereas mothers talked almost three times more than their children (Mm = 10.2/Mc = 3.8). In contrast, mothers introduced fewer toys compared to the children (Mm = 0.7/Mc = 1.2). Rate of mothers' toy introduction, toy expansion, and positive affect was inversely related to time in joint engagement (Regression coefficient = −70.7 to −48.5, p = .006 to .024). Rates of mothers' and children's behaviours were associated (Spearman rank order coefficient = .53 to .29, p < .001 to .03), but neither rate of children's behaviours nor mental age was associated with the observed relation between rate of these maternal behaviours and time in joint engagement.

Conclusion

Time in joint engagement was related to rate of mothers' behaviours and children's mental age but not to rate of children's behaviours in this study. Thus, intervention teaching parents of young children with autism strategies designed to increase time in joint engagement may be vital. The complex nature of the interaction between mother and child behaviours in promoting joint engagement warrants further elucidation.
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome demonstrate worsening markers of cardiovascular risk over the short‐term despite declining hyperandrogenaemia: Results of a longitudinal study with community controls
Authors: Huddleston Heather G. , Quinn Molly M. , Kao Chia‐Ning , Lenhart Nikolaus , Rosen Mitchell P. , Cedars Marcelle I.
Published: October 2017

Objective

To compare age‐associated changes in cardiovascular risk markers in lean and obese reproductive‐aged women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with community controls.

Design

Longitudinal study at an academic medical centre

Patients

Patients diagnosed with PCOS by 2004 Rotterdam criteria in a multidisciplinary clinic were systematically enrolled from 2006‐2014 in a PCOS cohort study and subsequently agreed to participate in a longitudinal study. The comparison controls were from the prospective, longitudinal Ovarian Aging (OVA) study, which consists of healthy women with regular menstrual cycles recruited from 2006 to 2011.

Measurements

Cardiovascular risk markers and hormone parameters at baseline and follow‐up.

Results

Obese and lean PCOS (n = 38) and control women (n = 296) completed two study visits. The follow‐up time (3.5 ± 1.5 vs 4.0 ± 0.8 years, P = .06) and magnitude of BMI gain (+0.1 kg/m2/y [−0.11, 0.36] vs +0.26 [−0.18, 0.87] P = .19) did not differ between obese and lean PCOS and controls. In PCOS subjects, total testosterone decreased in both obese and lean, but the decrease was greater in obese subjects (−0.09 nmol/L per year; 95% CI: −0.16, −0.02 vs −0.04 nmol/L per year; 95%CI: −0.11, 0.03). Compared to their respective controls, obese and lean PCOS saw worsening triglyceride (TG) levels (P < .05) and HOMA‐IR (P < .05) over time, but there was no difference in change in LDL, HDL, fasting glucose, C‐reactive protein or ALT.

Conclusions

In a longitudinal study, reproductive‐aged women with PCOS demonstrated declines in biochemical hyperandrogenaemia over time. Despite this, PCOS subjects experienced steeper increases in cardiovascular risk factors associated with insulin resistance, including triglycerides and HOMA‐IR.
Males with prolactinoma are at increased risk of incident cardiovascular disease
Authors: Toulis Konstantinos A. , Robbins Tim , Reddy Narendra , Balachandran Kumarendran , Gokhale Krishna , Wijesinghe Haren , Cheng Kar Keung , Karavitaki Niki , Wass John , Nirantharakumar Krishnarajah
Published: October 2017

Objective

To investigate whether the risk of incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) is increased in patients with prolactinoma.

Design

Population‐based, retrospective, open‐cohort study using The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database.

Patients

A total of 2233 patients with prolactinoma and 10 355 matched controls (1:5 ratio) from UK General Practices contributing to THIN were included. Sex, age, body mass index and smoking status were used as matching parameters. The primary outcome was any incident CVD, defined by Read codes suggesting myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, stroke, transient ischaemic attack or heart failure. Sex‐specific‐adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRRs) were calculated with Poisson regression, using clinically relevant parameters as model covariates. Sensitivity analyses were performed to check whether a change in the initial assumptions could have an impact on the findings.

Results

During the 6‐year observation period, the composite CVD outcome was recorded in 54 patients with prolactinoma and 180 “nonexposed” individuals. The incidence rate was 1.8 and 14.8 per 1000 person‐years for the females and males with prolactinoma, respectively. The aIRRs for CVD were estimated at 0.99 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.61‐1.61, P = .968)] in female patients and 1.94 (95% CI: 1.29‐2.91, P = .001) in male patients. These findings remained robust in sensitivity analyses restricting to patients with documented record of dopamine agonist treatment and those with newly diagnosed prolactinoma.

Conclusions

In contrast to females, men with prolactinoma have increased risk for incident CVD; the aetiology of this gender‐specific finding remains to be elucidated.
Timeframe of socket cortication after tooth extraction: A retrospective radiographic study
Authors: Bertl Kristina , Kukla Edmund Benjamin , Albugami Rajaa , Beck Florian , Gahleitner André , Stavropoulos Andreas
Published: October 2017

Objectives

To assess the timeframe between tooth extraction and radiographically detectable socket cortication in humans.

Methods

Two hundred and fifty patients with a CT scan ≤36 months after tooth extraction were included. First, three orthoradial multiplanar reconstruction slices, representing the major part of the extraction socket, were scored regarding the degree of bone healing as (i) healed, that is, complete/continuous cortication of the socket entrance, or (ii) non‐healed. Thereafter, based on the results of all three slices, the stage of cortication of the extraction socket, as one unit, was classified as (i) non‐corticated, that is, all three slices judged as non‐healed, (ii) partially corticated, that is, 1 or 2 slices judged as non‐healed, or (iii) completely corticated, that is, all three slices judged as healed. The possible effect of several independent parameters, that is, age, gender, timeframe between tooth extraction and CT scan, tooth type, extent of radiographic bone loss of the extracted tooth, tooth‐gap type, smoking status, presence of any systemic disease, and medication intake, on cortication status was statistically evaluated.

Results

Three to 6 months after tooth extraction, 27% of the sockets were judged as non‐corticated and 53% were judged as partially corticated. After 9–12 months, >80% of the sockets were corticated, while some incompletely corticated sockets were detected up to 15 months after extraction. Each additional month after tooth extraction contributed significantly to a higher likelihood of a more advanced stage of cortication, while radiographic bone loss ≥75% significantly prolonged cortication time; no other independent variable had a significant effect.

Conclusions

The results indicate a considerably long timeframe until complete cortication of an extraction socket, that is, 3–6 months after tooth extraction 3 of 4 sockets were still not completely corticated, and only after 9–12 months, complete cortication was observed in about 80% of the sockets.
Do preoperative oral antibiotics increase Clostridium difficile infection rates? An analysis of 13 959 colectomy patients
Authors: Parthasarathy M. , Bowers D. , Groot‐Wassink T.
Published: October 2017

Aim

The aim of this study was to determine whether or not preoperative oral antibiotic preparation (POAP) increases the rate of Clostridium difficile colitis (CDC) in patients undergoing colectomy.

Method

In 2015, data for colectomies had been collected prospectively and recorded in the targeted colectomy option of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP). This was available for retrospective analysis. Data available for analysis included elective and emergency status, POAP, surgical approach, primary anastomosis and CDC status. The effect of POAP on CDC was analysed and risk adjusted for 14 separate preoperative variables.

Results

In all, 13 959 adult patients underwent a colectomy in 2015 (POAP group 5311 and non‐ POAP group 8648). The overall rate of CDC in colectomy patients was 1.6% (227/13 959). On univariate analysis, CDC was significantly less common in the POAP group than in the non‐POAP group (1.2% vs 1.9%, P = 0.003). Univariate analysis of a further 41 preoperative variables revealed 14 to be associated with CDC. However, after risk adjustment with these 14 variables, POAP lost its statistical significance (adjusted OR 0.902, 95% CI 0.584–1.486, P = 0.685). Only patients with pre‐existing systemic inflammatory response syndrome appeared to be at increased risk of CDC (adjusted OR 2.154, 95% CI 1.139–4.074, P = 0.018).

Conclusion

At the very least this study suggests it is safe to use POAP in colectomy patients without increasing the rate of CDC unless they have pre‐existing systemic inflammatory response syndrome.
Making Tough Choices: Picking the Appropriate Conservation Decision‐Making Tool
Authors: Bower Shannon D. , Brownscombe Jacob W. , Birnie‐Gauvin Kim , Ford Matthew I. , Moraga Andrew D. , Pusiak Ryan J. P. , Turenne Eric D. , Zolderdo Aaron J. , Cooke Steven J. , Bennett Joseph R.
Published: October 2017

Conservation practitioners face complex challenges due to resource limitations, biological and socioeconomic trade‐offs, involvement of diverse interest groups, and data deficiencies. To help address these challenges, there are a growing number of frameworks for systematic decision making. Three prominent frameworks are structured decision making, systematic conservation prioritization, and systematic reviews. These frameworks have numerous conceptual linkages, and offer rigorous and transparent solutions to conservation problems. However, they differ in their assumptions and applicability. Here, we provide guidance on how to choose among these frameworks for solving conservation problems, and how to identify less rigorous techniques when time or data availability limit options. Each framework emphasizes the need for proper problem consideration and formulation, and includes steps for monitoring and evaluation. We recommend clear and documented problem formulation, adopting structured decision‐making processes, and archiving results in a global database to support conservation professionals in making evidence‐based decisions in the future.
Tropical‐temperate comparison of landscape‐scale arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species distributions
Authors: Chaudhary V. Bala , Cuenca Gisela , Johnson Nancy C.
Published: October 2017

Aim

Mycorrhizas are among the most common symbioses on Earth, impacting plant community structure and ecosystem functioning, yet little landscape‐scale data linking mycorrhizal fungal diversity to biotic and abiotic properties exist to inform conservation. We examined arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal diversity in tropical and temperate locations and identified potential drivers of species distributions and diversity for use as proxy indicators in biodiversity conservation.

Location

AM fungal communities were documented at 60 sites in the Colorado Plateau in south‐western United States and La Gran Sabana in south‐eastern Venezuela.

Methods

Communities of plants and AM fungi and abiotic variables were measured along 50‐m transects in three vegetation types (shrublands, forests, and traditional agricultural fields). Model selection and multivariate analyses were used to evaluate environmental predictors of AM fungal diversity and community structure.

Results

AM fungal species richness (α diversity) and community structure, but not among‐site turnover (β diversity), differed between tropical and temperate locations; only 15% of taxa were present in both locations. In unmanaged sites, AM fungal richness was not correlated with plant richness, but instead predicted by soil pH and temperature (temperate) or precipitation and latitude (tropics). The structure of AM fungal communities was influenced by plant identity but not plant diversity in both locations. Traditional, sedentary Hopi agriculture influenced AM fungal communities on the Colorado Plateau, but Pemón shifting slash‐and‐burn agriculture did not alter AM fungal communities at La Gran Sabana. At both locations, AM fungal community structure was linked to soil texture and nitrogen.

Main conclusions

Our study demonstrates similarity between tropical and temperate regions in the biotic and abiotic drivers of landscape‐scale AM fungal species distributions. Soil and climate as well as habitat heterogeneity may serve as proxy indicators of AM fungal communities for use in conservation planning to preserve the ecosystem functions and services of mycorrhizas.
Risk of pre‐eclampsia in women taking metformin: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Alqudah A. , McKinley M. C. , McNally R. , Graham U. , Watson C. J. , Lyons T. J. , McClements L.
Published: October 2017

Aims

To perform meta‐analyses of studies evaluating the risk of pre‐eclampsia in high‐risk insulin‐resistant women taking metformin prior to, or during pregnancy.

Methods

A search was conducted of the Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science and Scopus databases. Both randomized controlled trials and prospective observational cohort studies of metformin treatment vs. placebo/control or insulin either prior to or during pregnancy were selected. The main outcome measure was the incidence of pre‐eclampsia in each treatment group.

Results

Overall, in five randomized controlled trials comparing metformin treatment (n = 611) with placebo/control (n = 609), no difference in the risk of pre‐eclampsia was found [combined/pooled risk ratio (RR), 0.86 (95% CI 0.33–2.26); P = 0.76; I2 = 66%]. Meta‐analysis of four cohort studies again showed no significant effect [RR, 1.21 (95% CI 0.56–2.61); P = 0.62; I2 = 30%]. A meta‐analysis of eight randomized controlled trials comparing metformin (n = 838) with insulin (n = 836), however, showed a reduced risk of pre‐eclampsia with metformin [RR, 0.68 (95% CI 0.48–0.95); P = 0.02; I2 = 0%]. No heterogeneity was present in the metformin vs. insulin analysis of randomized controlled trials, whereas high levels of heterogeneity were present in studies comparing metformin with placebo/control. Pre‐eclampsia was a secondary outcome in most of the studies. The mean weight gain from time of enrolment to delivery was lower in the metformin group (P = 0.05, metformin vs. placebo; P = 0.004, metformin vs. insulin).

Conclusions

In studies randomizing pregnant women to glucose‐lowering therapy, metformin was associated with lower gestational weight gain and a lower risk of pre‐eclampsia compared with insulin.
Households’ preferences for attributes of Conditional Cash Transfer programmes: A choice experiment in Ghana
Authors: Yeboah Felix Kwame , Lupi Frank , Kaplowitz Michael D. , Kerr John M.
Published: October 2017

Conditional cash transfer (CCT) is increasingly being integrated into poverty reduction strategies in developing countries. However, debate remains over key elements ofCCTprogramme design. Using a discrete choice model, this article examines Ghanaian households’ preferences regarding keyCCTprogramme design elements including conditionality, targeting, and payment method. The results revealed a preference forCCTdesigns that target beneficiaries with limited or no productive capacity andCCTdesigns that are conditional on beneficiaries either investing in children's human capital or performing communal service, relative to unconditional programmes. Also, direct bank deposit was revealed as the preferred payment mode relative to receipt of cash payments or use of mobile money systems.
The impacts of predators and parasites on wild bumblebee colonies
Authors: GOULSON DAVE , O'CONNOR STEPH , PARK KIRSTY J.
Published: October 2017

1. The study of wild bumblebee nests has been hindered by the difficulty in locating and observing them. Here, 47 wild nests were located using a sniffer dog and volunteers. The entrances to 32 nests were filmed continuously to identify successful nests (those that produced gynes) and observe vertebrate species interactions.

2. Of the 47 nests, 71% and 21% produced gynes in 2010 and 2011, respectively.

3. A total of 39 vertebrate species were filmed at entrances but the majority did not interact with the nests. Great tits (Parus major) depredated or attempted to depredate bees on 32 occasions at the entrances to 10 nests, something that has not previously been described. Small mammals were very often recorded accessing entrances to bumblebee nests, but whether they depredated bees was not known, and frequently visited nests were no less likely to produce gynes. Eight nests were entered by adult wax moths, Aphomia sociella.

4. The faeces of 1179 workers from 29 Bombus terrestris nests were screened microscopically for parasites. Crithidia bombi infections were apparent in 49% of worker bees, while Nosema bombi and Apicystis bombi were present in 5.5% and 0.68% of bees, respectively. Nests with a high prevalence of C. bombi infection were less likely to produce gynes, the first evidence of a direct impact of this common parasite on bumblebee colony reproduction in wild nests.

5. Overall, our data indicate that bumblebee nests are at the heart of a rich web of interactions between many different predator and parasite species.
Detection of a new heterozygous germline ETV6 mutation in a case with hyperdiploid acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Duployez Nicolas , Abou Chahla Wadih , Lejeune Sophie , Marceau‐Renaut Alice , Letizia Guillaume , Boyer Thomas , Geffroy Sandrine , Peyrouze Pauline , Grardel Nathalie , Nelken Brigitte , Michel Gérard , Bertrand Yves , Preudhomme Claude
Published: October 2017

ETV6 is a target of recurrent aberrations in sporadic and familial acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Here, we report on a new pedigree with a germline ETV6 mutation in which the index patient and his father developed high hyperdiploid (HeH) ALL and polycythemia vera at age 13 and 51, respectively. The index patient achieved durable complete remission without transplantation but had persistent moderate thrombocytopenia without bleeding tendency. To determine the prevalence of ETV6 alterations in HeH‐ALL, we screened 81 unrelated subjects with HeH‐ALL by single nucleotide polymorphism array and high‐throughput sequencing for the ETV6 gene. Overall, ETV6 microdeletions and mutations were identified in 9% of cases, all of which were somatic and considered as secondary events. Apart from the index patient, no germline ETV6 aberration was identified. Finally, we reviewed the literature for ETV6 germline aberrations and predispositions to ALL.
Planting exotic relatives has increased the threat posed by Dothistroma septosporum to the Caledonian pine populations of Scotland
Authors: Piotrowska Marta J. , Riddell Carolyn , Hoebe Peter N. , Ennos Richard A.
Published: October 2017

To manage emerging forest diseases and prevent their occurrence in the future, it is essential to determine the origin(s) of the pathogens involved and identify the management practices that have ultimately caused disease problems. One such practice is the widespread planting of exotic tree species within the range of related native taxa. This can lead to emerging forest disease both by facilitating introduction of exotic pathogens and by providing susceptible hosts on which epidemics of native pathogens can develop. We used microsatellite markers to determine the origins of the pathogen Dothistroma septosporum responsible for the current outbreak of Dothistroma needle blight (DNB) on native Caledonian Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) populations in Scotland and evaluated the role played by widespread planting of two exotic pine species in the development of the disease outbreak. We distinguished three races of D. septosporum in Scotland, one of low genetic diversity associated with introduced lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), one of high diversity probably derived from the DNB epidemic on introduced Corsican pine (Pinus nigra subsp. laricio) in England and a third of intermediate diversity apparently endemic on Caledonian Scots pine. These races differed for both growth rate and exudate production in culture. Planting of exotic pine stands in the UK appears to have facilitated the introduction of two exotic races of D. septosporum into Scotland which now pose a threat to native Caledonian pines both directly and through potential hybridization and introgression with the endemic race. Our results indicate that both removal of exotic species from the vicinity of Caledonian pine populations and restriction of movement of planting material are required to minimize the impact of the current DNB outbreak. They also demonstrate that planting exotic species that are related to native species reduces rather than enhances the resilience of forests to pathogens.
Influence of dental materials on cells of the equine periodontium
Authors: Ringeisen H. , Pöschke A. , Krähling B. , Schröck C. , Stoll M. , Vogelsberg J. , Failing K. , Staszyk C.
Published: October 2017

Background

Therapy for equine periodontal disease can include filling of the periodontal pockets and widened interproximal spaces. Recommended dental materials are generally adopted from human dentistry.

Objectives

To evaluate the biocompatibility of dental materials for equine periodontal fillings in vitro.

Study design

In vitro experiments.

Methods

Four different dental materials (PeriCare®, Provicol®, Calxyl® and Honigum) were tested on equine periodontal fibroblasts. Possible cytotoxic effects were assessed microscopically and by MTT assay, and the expression of inflammatory marker genes was measured by qRT‐PCR.

Results

PeriCare® and Provicol® had no effects on the cells, whereas Honigum and Calxyl® were associated with severe cytotoxic effects.

Main limitations

The results of this in vitro study need to be confirmed by clinical studies.

Conclusions

Before adapting dental materials from human dentistry, it is crucial to initially test them in a specific equine model.
Culture and Family Process: Measures of Familism for Filipino and Korean American Parents
Authors: Choi Yoonsun , Kim Tae Yeun , Noh Samuel , Lee Jeanette , Takeuchi David
Published: October 2017

This study tests the psychometric properties of multiple survey items and scales that are either underused or newly developed to assess familism among Asian Americans. Using data collected from 150 Filipino and 188 Korean American parents (mostly mothers) in the Midwest region in 2013, the measures were examined for validity and reliability for each group and, when appropriate, for cross‐cultural equivalence across the groups. Several scales and their items showed high quality psychometric properties and are ready for use to more accurately assess family process of each target group and to conduct comparative analyses. The findings also show that, contrary to the expectation, Filipino American families express more traditional aspects of familism than do Korean American families, and are more likely to reinforce traditional familism beliefs and behaviors among their children. This study reinforces a need for more empirical‐ and subgroup‐specific research effort.
Microbial diversity and iron oxidation at Okuoku‐hachikurou Onsen, a Japanese hot spring analog of Precambrian iron formations
Authors: Ward L. M. , Idei A. , Terajima S. , Kakegawa T. , Fischer W. W. , McGlynn S. E.
Published: October 2017

Banded iron formations (BIFs) are rock deposits common in the Archean and Paleoproterozoic (and regionally Neoproterozoic) sedimentary successions. Multiple hypotheses for their deposition exist, principally invoking the precipitation of iron via the metabolic activities of oxygenic, photoferrotrophic, and/or aerobic iron‐oxidizing bacteria. Some isolated environments support chemistry and mineralogy analogous to processes involved in BIF deposition, and their study can aid in untangling the factors that lead to iron precipitation. One such process analog system occurs at Okuoku‐hachikurou (OHK) Onsen in Akita Prefecture, Japan. OHK is an iron‐ and CO2‐rich, circumneutral hot spring that produces a range of precipitated mineral textures containing fine laminae of aragonite and iron oxides that resemble BIF fabrics. Here, we have performed 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of microbial communities across the range of microenvironments in OHK to describe the microbial diversity present and to gain insight into the cycling of iron, oxygen, and carbon in this ecosystem. These analyses suggest that productivity at OHK is based on aerobic iron‐oxidizing Gallionellaceae. In contrast to other BIF analog sites, Cyanobacteria, anoxygenic phototrophs, and iron‐reducing micro‐organisms are present at only low abundances. These observations support a hypothesis where low growth yields and the high stoichiometry of iron oxidized per carbon fixed by aerobic iron‐oxidizing chemoautotrophs like Gallionellaceae result in accumulation of iron oxide phases without stoichiometric buildup of organic matter. This system supports little dissimilatory iron reduction, further setting OHK apart from other process analog sites where iron oxidation is primarily driven by phototrophic organisms. This positions OHK as a study area where the controls on primary productivity in iron‐rich environments can be further elucidated. When compared with geological data, the metabolisms and mineralogy at OHK are most similar to specific BIF occurrences deposited after the Great Oxygenation Event, and generally discordant with those that accumulated before it.
The Migraine Attack as a Homeostatic, Neuroprotective Response to Brain Oxidative Stress: Preliminary Evidence for a Theory
Authors: Borkum Jonathan M.
Published: October 2017

Background

Previous research has suggested that migraineurs show higher levels of oxidative stress (lipid peroxides) between migraine attacks and that migraine triggers may further increase brain oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is transduced into a neural signal by the TRPA1 ion channel on meningeal pain receptors, eliciting neurogenic inflammation, a key event in migraine. Thus, migraines may be a response to brain oxidative stress.

Results

In this article, a number of migraine components are considered: cortical spreading depression, platelet activation, plasma protein extravasation, endothelial nitric oxide synthesis, and the release of serotonin, substance P, calcitonin gene‐related peptide, and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor. Evidence is presented from in vitro research and animal and human studies of ischemia suggesting that each component has neuroprotective functions, decreasing oxidant production, upregulating antioxidant enzymes, stimulating neurogenesis, preventing apoptosis, facilitating mitochondrial biogenesis, and/or releasing growth factors in the brain. Feedback loops between these components are described. Limitations and challenges to the model are discussed.

Conclusions

The theory is presented that migraines are an integrated defensive, neuroprotective response to brain oxidative stress.
Social welfare services staff burnout in Cyprus: Who is responsible?
Authors: Parlalis Stavros K. , Christodoulou Panayiota
Published: October 2017

This is the first study to explore among social welfare services staff in Cyprus the main stress factors that lead to burnout. Using focus groups, the study explored and analysed the perceptions of 120 social welfare services staff members. The aim of the focus group meetings was to identify methods that could minimise the risk of employee burnout. The main stressors that participants experienced were: inadequate appreciation from the management, lack of support and guidance, lack of autonomy, complex responsibilities, lack of recognition and respect in their workplace, low self‐confidence, low self‐respect and feelings of rejection. Participants suggested that continuous education and training could reduce work stress; for example, new knowledge, the development of new skills, the improvement of their ability to prioritise tasks and become organised and the improvement of self‐criticism and self‐knowledge.
Negotiating class, femininity and career: Latin American migrant women entrepreneurs in Spain
Authors: Villares‐Varela María
Published: October 2017

This article analyses how the gendered and classed positions of migrant women explain the meanings of becoming an entrepreneur and the role of their spouses in their occupational trajectories. Using a translocational positionality approach, the article challenges the claim that women escape patriarchal domination by establishing their own businesses. The narratives of 35 Latin American women entrepreneurs in Spain reveal that becoming an entrepreneur is conditioned by class‐based ideas of masculinity and femininity. I argue that middle‐class Latin American immigrant women become entrepreneurs to promote their spouse's career advancement while conforming to class‐based norms of femininity. In contrast, lower class Latin American women view the business as a space of autonomy and occupational upward mobility that nevertheless also complies with working‐class definitions of femininity. The policy implications of these findings relate to making class aspirations central to the support of labour market integration and empowerment of migrant women.
Book Review
Authors: Henderson Robert D.
Published: October 2017

PURCHASING AND MATERIALS MANAGEMENT: TEXT AND CASES, BY LAMAR LEE, JR. AND DONALD W. DOBLER, (New York, New York: McGraw‐Hill Book Company, 1965. 716 pages. $9.50)
Book Review
Authors: McDowell J. H.
Published: October 2017

PURCHASING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, BY STUART F. HEINRITZ AND PAUL V. FARRELL, (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice‐Hall, Inc., Fourth Edition, 1965. 426 pages. 512.00)
Book Review
Authors: Hahn James D.
Published: October 2017

VALUE ANALYSIS/VALUE ENGINEERING, Edited by WILLIAM D. FALCON, (New York: American Management Association, 1965. 128 pages. $4.00, members; $6.00. nonmembers)
Liquid‐phase sintering of highly Na+ ion conducting Na3Zr2Si2PO12 ceramics using Na3BO3 additive
Authors: Noi Kousuke , Suzuki Kenji , Tanibata Naoto , Hayashi Akitoshi , Tatsumisago Masahiro
Published: October 2017

Na3Zr2Si2PO12 (NASICON) is a promising material as a solid electrolyte for all‐solid‐state sodium batteries. Nevertheless, one challenge for the application of NASICON in batteries is their high sintering temperature above 1200°C, which can lead to volatilization of light elements and undesirable side reactions with electrode materials at such high temperatures. In this study, liquid‐phase sintering of NASICON with a Na3BO3 (NBO) additive was performed for the first time to lower the NASICON sintering temperature. A dense NASICON‐based ceramic was successfully obtained by sintering at 900°C with 4.8 wt% NBO. This liquid‐phase sintered NASICON ceramic exhibited high total conductivity of ~1 × 10−3 S cm−1 at room temperature and low conduction activation energy of 28 kJ mol−1. Since the room‐temperature conductivity is identical to that of conventional high‐temperature‐sintered NASICON, NBO was demonstrated as a good liquid‐phase sintering additive for NASICON solid electrolyte. In the NASICON with 4.8 wt% NBO ceramic, most of the NASICON grains directly bonded with each other and some submicron sodium borates segregated in particulate form without full penetration to NASICON grain boundaries. This characteristic composite microstructure contributed to the high conductivity of the liquid‐phase sintered NASICON.
Effect of composite type and placement technique on cuspal strain
Authors: Ólafsson Vilhelm G. , Ritter André V. , Swift Edward J. , Boushell Lee W. , Ko Ching‐Chang , Jackson Gabrielle R. , Ahmed Sumitha N. , Donovan Terence E.
Published: October 2017

Objective

To compare the cuspal strain in Class II restorations made with bulk‐fill and conventional composite resins.

Materials and methods

Fifty extracted maxillary premolars were mounted into phenolic rings and divided into five groups (n = 10). Specimens received standardized MOD preparations. A two‐step self‐etch adhesive was applied and the preparations were restored using a custom matrix as follows: Filtek Supreme Ultra in eight 2‐mm increments (FSUI); Filtek Supreme Ultra in bulk (FSUB); SonicFill in bulk (SF); SureFil SDR flow in bulk, covered with a 2‐mm occlusal layer of Filtek Supreme Ultra (SDR/FSU); Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill in bulk (TEBF). Strain gages bonded to the buccal and lingual cusps recorded cuspal strain during restorations. End strain values were determined and data were subjected to Kruskal‐Wallis testing, followed by one‐way ANOVA and Tukey´s post hoc test.

Results

Combined strain values and standard deviations (in µɛ) were: FSUI: 723 ± 102.8, FSUB: 929.2 ± 571.9, SF: 519.1 ± 80.2, SDR‐FSU: 497.4 ± 67.6 and TEBF: 604.5 ± 127.1. A significant difference was found between group FSUI and groups SF, SDR‐FSU, and TEBF. Group FSUB showed significantly higher mean strain and greater standard deviation than all other groups due to cuspal fractures, and was thus excluded from the statistical analysis.

Conclusions

The tested bulk‐fill composite resins exerted less strain onto tooth structure than the incrementally placed conventional composite resin, although the magnitude of generated strain was product‐dependent. Bulk‐filling with conventional composite resins is contraindicated.

Clinical significance

Bulk‐fill composite resins exerted less strain onto adjacent tooth structure than a traditional composite, even when that composite is was placed incrementally. Bulk‐filling with traditional composite resins is unpredictable and contraindicated.
Variation in the SSUrDNA of the Genus Protostelium Leads to a New Phylogenetic Understanding of the Genus and of the Species Concept for Protostelium mycophaga (Protosteliida, Amoebozoa)
Authors: Shadwick John D. L. , Silberman Jeffery D. , Spiegel Frederick W.
Published: October 2017

Members of the genus Protostelium (including P. mycophaga, P. nocturnum, and P. okumukumu) are protosteloid amoebae commonly found in terrestrial habitats on dead plant matter. They, along with the closely allied nominal genus Planoprotostelium, containing the single species Pl. aurantium, all have an amoeboid trophic stage with acutely pointed subpseudopodia and orange lipid droplets in the granuloplasm. These amoebae form stalked fruiting bodies topped with a single, usually deciduous spore. The species are identified based on their fruiting body morphologies except for Pl. aurantium which looks similar to P. mycophaga in fruiting morphology, but has amoebae that can make flagella in liquid medium. We built phylogenetic trees using nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences of 35 isolates from the genera Protostelium and Planoprotostelium and found that (1) the nonflagellated P. nocturnum and P. okumukumu branch basally in the genus Protostelium, (2) the flagellate, Pl. aurantium falls within the genus Protostelium in a monophyletic clade with the nominal variety, P. mycophaga var. crassipes, (3) the cultures initially identified as Protostelium mycophaga can be divided into at least three morphologically recognizable taxa, P. aurantium n. comb., P. apiculatum n. sp., and P. m. rodmani n. subsp., as well as a paraphyletic assemblage that includes the remainder of the P. mycophaga morphotype. These findings have implications for understanding the ecology, evolution, and diversity of these amoeboid organisms and for using these amoebae as models for other amoeboid groups.
First insights into the function of the sawshark rostrum through examination of rostral tooth microwear
Authors: Nevatte R. J. , Wueringer B. E. , Jacob D. E. , Park J. M. , Williamson J. E.
Published: October 2017

Potential roles of the rostrum of sawsharks (Pristiophoridae), including predation and self‐defence, were assessed through a variety of inferential methods. Comparison of microwear on the surface of the rostral teeth of sawsharks and sawfishes (Pristidae) show that microwear patterns are alike and suggest that the elongate rostra in these two elasmobranch families are used for a similar purpose (predation). Raman spectroscopy indicates that the rostral teeth of both sawsharks and sawfishes are composed of hydroxyapatite, but differ in their collagen content. Sawfishes possess collagen throughout their rostral teeth whereas collagen is present only in the centre of the rostral teeth of sawsharks, which may relate to differences in ecological use. The ratio of rostrum length to total length in the common sawshark Pristiophorus cirratus was found to be similar to the largetooth sawfish Pristis pristis but not the knifetooth sawfish Anoxypristis cuspidata. Analysis of the stomach contents of P. cirratus indicates that the diet consists of demersal fishes and crustaceans, with shrimp from the family Pandalidae being the most important dietary component. No prey item showed evidence of wounds inflicted by the rostral teeth. In light of the similarities in microwear patterns, rostral tooth chemistry and diet with sawfishes, it is hypothesised that sawsharks use their rostrum in a similar manner for predation (sensing and capturing prey) and possibly for self‐defence.
Kinetic modeling of hazelnut drying: Effects of different cultivars and drying parameters
Authors: Giraudo A. , Valentini N. , Venturello A. , Savorani F. , Bertone E. , Bonazzola G. , Zeppa G. , Geobaldo F.
Published: October 2017

In this study, for the first time, six different hazelnut cultivars, characterized by different carpological traits (diameter, volume, weight, density, shell thickness, shape index, empty volume between kernel and shell), were utilized for conducting 60 experiments in a lab‐scale convective dryer, in which different drying air conditions (temperatures: 20 °C, 35 °C, 50 °C; relative humidity: 20%, 40%, 60%; airflow: 0.5 m/s) were explored with a Design of Experiment approach. The obtained drying curves where mathematically modeled and, among the tested kinetic models, the Fick's equation proved to best fit the drying data and was chosen to estimate the equilibrium moisture content (Me) and the drying rate (k) for each experiment, based on the studied variables. The k parameter was found to be greatly affected (p < .01) by the carpological traits related to the hazelnut dimension, by T and RH. Conversely, a weak correlation (p ≈ .05) was found between the carpological traits and Me which, instead, resulted being greatly affected by T and RH (p < .01).

Practical applications

The precise definition of the complex dynamics involved in hazelnut drying process represents a crucial step toward an exhaustive comprehension and optimization of the drying process itself. The possibility of tailoring the process parameters to guarantee the best drying conditions for a specific lot of shelled hazelnuts represents an important goal eagerly pursued by the modern confectionary industry. During the last years, this topic has attracted a broad industrial interest, resulting in many research studies investigating the drying process. Our study takes into consideration not only the classical drying parameters but also the variability introduced by the carpological traits of different hazelnut cultivars and allows defining a mathematical model of general applicability, which describes the drying process and that could be potentially exploited to optimize the performance of the hazelnut drying at the industrial level.
Three‐dimensional distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase, vasopressin and oxytocin neurones in the transparent postnatal mouse brain
Authors: Godefroy D. , Dominici C. , Hardin‐Pouzet H. , Anouar Y. , Melik‐Parsadaniantz S. , Rostène W. , Reaux‐Le Goazigo A.
Published: October 2017

Over the years, advances in immunohistochemistry techniques have been a critical step in detecting and mapping neuromodulatory substances in the central nervous system. The better quality and specificity of primary antibodies, new staining procedures and the spectacular development of imaging technologies have allowed such progress. Very recently, new methods permitting tissue transparency have been successfully used on brain tissues. In the present study, we combined whole‐mount immunostaining for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), oxytocin (OXT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), with the iDISCO+ clearing method, light‐sheet microscopy and semi‐automated counting of three‐dimensionally‐labelled neurones to obtain a (3D) distribution of these neuronal populations in a 5‐day postnatal (P5) mouse brain. Segmentation procedure and 3D reconstruction allowed us, with high resolution, to map TH staining of the various catecholaminergic cell groups and their ascending and descending fibre pathways. We show that TH pathways are present in the whole P5 mouse brain, similar to that observed in the adult rat brain. We also provide new information on the postnatal distribution of OXT and AVP immunoreactive cells in the mouse hypothalamus, and show that, compared to AVP neurones, OXT neurones in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei are not yet mature in the early postnatal period. 3D semi‐automatic quantitative analysis of the PVN reveals that OXT cell bodies are more numerous than AVP neurones, although their immunoreactive soma have a volume half smaller. More AVP nerve fibres compared to OXT were observed in the PVN and the retrochiasmatic area. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrate the utility and the potency of imaging large brain tissues with clearing procedures coupled to novel 3D imaging technologies to study, localise and quantify neurotransmitter substances involved in brain and neuroendocrine functions.
Association between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and change in bone mineral density in prospective cohorts
Authors: Segna D. , Bauer D. C. , Feller M. , Schneider C. , Fink H. A. , Aubert C. E. , Collet T.‐H. , da Costa B. R. , Fischer K. , Peeters R. P. , Cappola A. R. , Blum M. R. , van Dorland H. A. , Robbins J. , Naylor K. , Eastell R. , Uitterlinden A. G. , Rivadeneira Ramirez F. , Gogakos A. , Gussekloo J. , Williams G. R. , Schwartz A. , Cauley J. A. , Aujesky D. A. , Bischoff‐Ferrari H. A. , Rodondi N. ,   the Thyroid Studies Collaboration
Published: October 2017

Background

Subclinical hyperthyroidism (SHyper) has been associated with increased risk of hip and other fractures, but the linking mechanisms remain unclear.

Objective

To investigate the association between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and bone loss.

Methods

Individual participant data analysis was performed after a systematic literature search inMEDLINE/EMBASE(1946–2016). Two reviewers independently screened and selected prospective cohorts providing baseline thyroid status and serial bone mineral density (BMD) measurements. We classified thyroid status as euthyroidism (thyroid‐stimulating hormone [TSH] 0.45–4.49 mIU/L),SHyper (TSH< 0.45 mIU/L) and subclinical hypothyroidism (SHypo, TSH ≥ 4.50–19.99 mIU/L) both with normal free thyroxine levels. Our primary outcome was annualized percentageBMDchange (%ΔBMD) from serial dual X‐ray absorptiometry scans of the femoral neck, total hip and lumbar spine, obtained from multivariable regression in a random‐effects two‐step approach.

Results

Amongst 5458 individuals (median age 72 years, 49.1% women) from six prospective cohorts, 451 (8.3%) hadSHypo and 284 (5.2%) hadSHyper. During 36 569 person‐years of follow‐up, those withSHyper had a greater annual bone loss at the femoral neck versus euthyroidism: %ΔBMD= −0.18 (95% CI: −0.34, −0.02;I2= 0%), with a nonstatistically significant pattern at the total hip: %ΔBMD = −0.14 (95% CI: −0.38, 0.10;I2= 53%), but not at the lumbar spine: %ΔBMD = 0.03 (95% CI: −0.30, 0.36;I2= 25%); especially participants with TSH < 0.10 mIU/L showed an increased bone loss in the femoral neck (%Δ BMD = −0.59; [95% CI: −0.99, −0.19]) and total hip region (%ΔBMD = −0.46 [95% CI: −1.05, −0.13]). In contrast,SHypo was not associated with bone loss at any site.

Conclusion

Amongst adults,SHyper was associated with increased femoral neck bone loss, potentially contributing to the increased fracture risk.