bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conservation by Design
Authors: ROOT‐BERNSTEIN MEREDITH , LADLE RICHARD J.
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  Conservation researchers are increasingly aware of the need to conduct interdisciplinary research and to engage nonscientists in practical applications of conservation biology. But so far, industrial designers have been left out of such collaboration and outreach efforts. Conservation of wildlife often depends on products such as nest boxes, feeders, barriers, and corridors, all of which have a designed component that is frequently overlooked. Furthermore, many products are adopted without testing on short or long time scales. We argue that the design of products for conservation, and hence their functionality, effectiveness, and value, can be improved through collaboration with industrial designers. We see four key benefits that can arise from interactions with industrial designers: improvement of product quality and value, innovation and improvement in functionality of products, harmonization of conservation products with local values, and development of a psychological biomimesis approach to design. The role of industrial designers in conservation projects would be to improve factors such as product durability, affordability, functionality, and aesthetic appeal to local people. Designers can also help to create multiple product options whose success can be tested in the field. We propose that collaborations with industrial designers can contribute to the development of improvements to existing products and innovations in the practice of animal conservation.
P–T–X controls on phase stability and composition in LTMP metabasite rocks – a thermodynamic evaluation
Authors: PHILLIPS G. , HAND M. , OFFLER R.
Published: April 2010

The stability of pumpellyite + actinolite or riebeckite + epidote + hematite (with chlorite, albite, titanite, quartz and H2O in excess) mineral assemblages in LTMP metabasite rocks is strongly dependent on bulk composition. By using a thermodynamic approach (THERMOCALC), the importance of CaO and Fe2O3 bulk contents on the stability of these phases is illustrated using P–T and P–X phase diagrams. This approach allowed P–T conditions of ∼4.0 kbar and ∼260 °C to be calculated for the growth of pumpellyite + actinolite or riebeckite + epidote + hematite assemblages in rocks containing variable bulk CaO and Fe2O3 contents. These rocks form part of an accretionary wedge that developed along the east Australian margin during the Carboniferous–Triassic New England Orogen. P–T and P–X diagrams show that sodic amphibole, epidote and hematite will grow at these conditions in Fe2O3‐saturated (6.16 wt%) metabasic rocks, whereas actinolite and pumpellyite will be stable in CaO‐rich (10.30 wt%) rocks. With intermediate Fe2O3 (∼3.50 wt%) and CaO (∼8.30 wt%) contents, sodic amphibole, actinolite and epidote can coexist at these P–T conditions. For Fe2O3‐saturated rocks, compositional isopleths for sodic amphibole (Al3+ and Fe3+ on the M2 site), epidote (Fe3+/Fe3+ + Al3+) and chlorite (Fe2+/Fe2+ + Mg) were calculated to evaluate the efficiency of these cation exchanges as thermobarometers in LTMP metabasic rocks. Based on these calculations, it is shown that Al3+ in sodic amphibole and epidote is an excellent barometer in chlorite, albite, hematite, quartz and titanite buffered assemblages. The effectiveness of these barometers decreases with the breakdown of albite. In higher‐P stability fields where albite is absent, Fe2+‐Mg ratios in chlorite may be dependent on pressure. The Fe3+/Al and Fe2+/Mg ratios in epidote and chlorite are reliable thermometers in actinolite, epidote, chlorite, albite, quartz, hematite and titanite buffered assemblages.
Extent of neocortical resection and surgical outcome of epilepsy: Intracranial EEG analysis
Authors: Kim Dong Wook , Kim Hyun Kyung , Lee Sang Kun , Chu Kon , Chung Chun Kee
Published: April 2010

Purpose:  Intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring is an important process in the presurgical evaluation for epilepsy surgery. The objective of this study was to identify the ideal resection margin in neocortical epilepsy guided by subdural electrodes. For this purpose, we investigated the relationship between the extent of resection guided by subdural electrodes and the outcome of epilepsy surgery.

Methods:  Intracranial EEG studies were analyzed in 177 consecutive patients who had undergone resective epilepsy surgery. We reviewed various intracranial EEG findings and resection extent. We analyzed the relationships between the surgical outcomes and intracranial EEG factors: the frequency, morphology, and distribution of ictal‐onset discharges, the propagation speed, and the time lag between clinical and intracranial ictal onset. We also investigated whether the extent of resection, including the area showing ictal rhythm and various interictal abnormalities—such as frequent interictal spikes, pathologic delta waves, and paroxysmal fast activity—influenced the surgical outcome.

Results:  Seventy‐five patients (42%) were seizure free. A seizure‐free outcome was significantly associated with a resection that included the area showing ictal spreading rhythm during the first 3 s or included all the electrodes showing pathologic delta waves or frequent interictal spikes. However, subgroup analysis revealed that the extent of resection did not affect the surgical outcome in lateral temporal lobe epilepsy.

Conclusions:  The extent of resection is closely associated with surgical outcome, especially in extratemporal lobe epilepsy. Resection that includes the area with total pathologic delta waves and frequent interictal spikes predicts a good surgical outcome.
Too long or too short? New insights into abnormal cardiac repolarization in people with chronic epilepsy and its potential role in sudden unexpected death
Authors: Surges Rainer , Taggart Peter , Sander Josemir W. , Walker Matthew C.
Published: April 2010

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is probably caused by periictal cardiorespiratory alterations such as central apnea, bradyarrhythmia, and neurogenic pulmonary edema. These alterations may occur in people with epilepsy and vary in duration and severity. Seizure‐related ventricular tachyarrhythmias have also been hypothesized to be involved in SUDEP, but compelling evidence of these, or of predisposition to these, is lacking.

Ventricular tachyarrhythmias are facilitated by pathologic cardiac repolarization. Electrocardiography (ECG) indicators of pathologic cardiac repolarization, such as prolongation or shortening of QT intervals as well as increased QT dispersion, are established risk factors for life‐threatening tachyarrhythmia and sudden cardiac death (SDC). Abnormalities in cardiac repolarization have recently been described in people with epilepsy. Importantly, periictal ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation have also been reported in the absence of any underlying cardiac disease. Therefore, pathologic cardiac repolarization could promote SCD in people with epilepsy and could be one plausible cause for SUDEP.

Herein, we review abnormal cardiac repolarization in people with epilepsy, describe the putative contribution of antiepileptic drugs, and discuss the potential role of pathologic cardiac repolarization in SUDEP. Based on these, measures to reduce the risk of or prevent SUDEP may include antiarrhythmic medication and implantation of cardiac combined pacemaker–defibrillator devices.
Small temporal pole encephaloceles: A treatable cause of “lesion negative” temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Abou‐Hamden Amal , Lau Mandy , Fabinyi Gavin , Berkovic Samuel F. , Jackson Graeme D. , Anne Mitchell L. , Kalnins Renate , Fitt Greg , Archer John S.
Published: April 2010

Epilepsy due to encephaloceles of the temporal pole may be an under recognized, treatable cause of refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). We describe three adult patients initially labeled “lesion negative” TLE. In all, video–electroencephalography (EEG) revealed ictal theta in the left temporal region and positron emission tomography (PET) showed temporal lobe hypometabolism, but neuropsychology revealed preserved verbal memory. Close inspection of structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suggested subtle abnormalities at the tip of the left temporal lobe. High resolution computed tomography (CT) confirmed bony defects in the inner table of the skull. 3T MRI with fine coronal and sagittal slices indicated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain tissue protruding into the defects. All proceeded to resection of the temporal tip and became seizure free. Patients with “lesion negative” TLE should have careful review of images covering the temporal pole. If encephalocele is suspected, further imaging with high‐resolution CT and MRI can be helpful. Temporal polar resection, sparing mesial structures, appears to be curative.
Generic products of antiepileptic drugs: A perspective on bioequivalence and interchangeability
Authors: Bialer Meir , Midha Kamal K.
Published: April 2010

Most antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are currently available as generic products, yet neurologists and patients are reluctant to switch to generics. Generic AEDs are regarded as bioequivalent to brand AEDs after meeting the average bioequivalence criteria; consequently, they are considered to be interchangeable with their respective brands without loss of efficacy and safety. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) the present bioequivalence requirements are already so rigorous and constrained that there is little possibility that generics that meet regulatory bioequivalence criteria could lead to therapeutic problems. So is there a scientific rationale for the concerns about switching patients with epilepsy to bioequivalent generics? Herein we discuss the assessment of bioequivalence and propose a scaled‐average bioequivalence approach where scaling of bioequivalence is carried out based on brand lot‐to‐lot variance as an alternative to the conventional bioequivalence test as a means to determine whether switching patients to generic formulations, or vice versa, is a safe and effective therapeutic option. Meeting the proposed scaled‐average bioequivalence requirements will ensure that when an individual patient is switched, he or she has fluctuations in plasma levels similar to those from lot‐to‐lot of the brand reference levels and thus should make these generic products safely switchable without change in efficacy and safety outcomes.
Risk and Benefit Perceptions of Mobile Phone and Base Station Technology in Bangladesh
Authors: Van Kleef Ellen , Fischer Arnout R. H. , Khan Moin , Frewer Lynn J.
Published: April 2010

Research in developed countries showed that many citizens perceive that radio signals transmitted by mobile phones and base stations represent potential health risks. Less research has been conducted in developing countries focused on citizen perceptions of risks and benefits, despite the recent and rapid introduction of mobile communication technologies. This study aims to identify factors that are influential in determining the tradeoffs that Bangladeshi citizens make between risks and benefits in terms of mobile phone technology acceptance and health concerns associated with the technology. Bangladesh was selected as representative of many developing countries inasmuch as terrestrial telephone infrastructure is insubstantial, and mobile phone use has expanded rapidly over the last decade, even among the poor. Issues of importance were identified in a small‐scale qualitative study among Bangladeshi citizens (n = 13), followed by a survey within a sample of Bangladeshi citizens (n = 500). The results demonstrate that, in general, the perceived benefits of mobile phone technology outweigh the risks. The perceived benefits are primarily related to the social and personal advantages of mobile phone use, including the ability to receive emergency news about floods, cyclones, and other natural disasters. Base stations were seen as a symbol of societal advance. The results furthermore suggest that overall risk perceptions are relatively low, in particular health risks, and are primarily driven by perceptions that related to crime and social inconvenience. Perceived health risks are relatively small. These findings show that risk communication and management may be particularly effective when contextual factors of the society where the system is implemented are taken into consideration.
Ecological, Groundwater, and Human Health Risk Assessment in a Mining Region of Nicaragua
Authors: Picado Francisco , Mendoza Alfredo , Cuadra Steven , Barmen Gerhard , Jakobsson Kristina , Bengtsson Göran
Published: April 2010

The objective of the present study was to integrate the relative risk from mercury exposure to stream biota, groundwater, and humans in the Río Artiguas (Sucio) river basin, Nicaragua, where local gold mining occurs. A hazard quotient was used as a common exchange rate in probabilistic estimations of exposure and effects by means of Monte Carlo simulations. The endpoint for stream organisms was the lethal no‐observed‐effect concentration (NOECs), for groundwater the WHO guideline and the inhibitory Hg concentrations in bacteria (IC), and for humans the tolerable daily intake (TDI) and the benchmark dose level with an uncertainty factor of 10 (BMDLs0.1).

Macroinvertebrates and fish in the contaminated river are faced with a higher risk to suffer from exposure to Hg than humans eating contaminated fish and bacteria living in the groundwater. The river sediment is the most hazardous source for the macroinvertebrates, and macroinvertebrates make up the highest risk for fish. The distribution of body concentrations of Hg in fish in the mining areas of the basin may exceed the distribution of endpoint values with close to 100% probability. Similarly, the Hg concentration in cord blood of humans feeding on fish from the river was predicted to exceed the BMDLs0.1 with about 10% probability. Most of the risk to the groundwater quality is confined to the vicinity of the gold refining plants and along the river, with a probability of about 20% to exceed the guideline value.
A Model for Setting Performance Objectives for Salmonella in the Broiler Supply Chain
Authors: Tromp Seth Oscar , Franz Eelco , Rijgersberg Hajo , Van Asselt Esther , Van Der Fels‐Klerx Ine
Published: April 2010

A stochastic model for setting performance objectives for Salmonella in the broiler supply chain was developed. The goal of this study was to develop a model by which performance objectives for Salmonella prevalence at various points in the production chain can be determined, based on a preset final performance objective at the end of the processing line. The transmission of Salmonella through the broiler production chain was modeled. The prevalence at flock level was calculated from the measured prevalence at sample level. The transmission model is based on data on the occurrence of Salmonella collected in the Dutch broiler production chain during several years. The developed model can be used by policymakers and industry to determine economically and politically acceptable performance objectives for various points of the production chain and to draw conclusions about which interventions are most appropriate.
Comparison of Scoring Systems for Invasive Pests Using ROC Analysis and Monte Carlo Simulations
Authors: Makowski David , Mittinty Murthy Narasimha
Published: April 2010

Different international plant protection organisations advocate different schemes for conducting pest risk assessments. Most of these schemes use structured questionnaire in which experts are asked to score several items using an ordinal scale. The scores are then combined using a range of procedures, such as simple arithmetic mean, weighted averages, multiplication of scores, and cumulative sums. The most useful schemes will correctly identify harmful pests and identify ones that are not. As the quality of a pest risk assessment can depend on the characteristics of the scoring system used by the risk assessors (i.e., on the number of points of the scale and on the method used for combining the component scores), it is important to assess and compare the performance of different scoring systems. In this article, we proposed a new method for assessing scoring systems. Its principle is to simulate virtual data using a stochastic model and, then, to estimate sensitivity and specificity values from these data for different scoring systems. The interest of our approach was illustrated in a case study where several scoring systems were compared. Data for this analysis were generated using a probabilistic model describing the pest introduction process. The generated data were then used to simulate the outcome of scoring systems and to assess the accuracy of the decisions about positive and negative introduction. The results showed that ordinal scales with at most 5 or 6 points were sufficient and that the multiplication‐based scoring systems performed better than their sum‐based counterparts. The proposed method could be used in the future to assess a great diversity of scoring systems.
Value of Statistical Life and Cause of Accident: A Choice Experiment
Authors: Carlsson Fredrik , Daruvala Dinky , Jaldell Henrik
Published: April 2010

The purpose of this study is to compare the value of statistical life (VSL) estimates for traffic, drowning, and fire accidents. Using a choice experiment in a mail survey of 5,000 Swedish respondents we estimated the willingness to pay for risk reductions in the three accidents. In the experiment respondents were asked a series of questions, whether they would choose risk reducing investments where type of accident, cost of the investment, the risk reduction acquired, and the baseline risk varied between questions. The VSLs for fire and drowning accidents were found to be about 1/3 lower than that for traffic accidents. Although respondents worry more about traffic accidents, this alone cannot explain the difference in VSL estimates. The difference between fire and drowning accidents was not found to be statistically significant.
Atrial Tachycardia as a Proarrhythmic Effect of Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation for Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia
Authors: BENINATI SERENA , PERVERSI JACOPO , SCAGLIONE MARCO , MONTEFUSCO ANTONIO , GAITA FIORENZO
Published: April 2010

Radiofrequency catheter ablation is now the first line treatment for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. The success rate is high with a low incidence of complications. However, a possible proarrhythmic effect of radiofrequency energy has been rarely reported and no study has demonstrated a direct correlation between the anatomic site of the radiofrequency application and the origin of a new post‐ablation arrhythmia. We present a case of a focal atrial tachycardia that occurred after slow pathway radiofrequency catheter ablation for atrial nodal reentrant tachycardia and originating close to the previous ablation site. This tachycardia was successfully treated with a second ablation session. (PACE 2011; 34:e33–e37)
Successful Catheter Ablation of Focal Ventricular Fibrillation in a Patient with Nonischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: KIRUBAKARAN SENTHIL , GILL JASWINDER , RINALDI CHRISTOPHER A.
Published: April 2010

A 64‐year‐old man with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy and a biventricular defibrillator presented with recurrent ventricular fibrillation (VF) and defibrillator shocks. Evaluation of the intracardiac electrograms from his defibrillator demonstrated the consistent initiation of VF by unifocal premature ventricular complexes (PVCs). Noncontact mapping demonstrated the origin of the PVC to be near the left ventricular outflow tract toward the mitral valve ring. Several applications of radiofrequency at this position led to complete cessation of PVCs and prevented further VF. He has not had any further ventricular arrhythmias or defibrillator discharges during follow‐up. (PACE 2011; 34:e38–e42)
The Impact of New and Emerging Clinical Data on Treatment Strategies for Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: PRYSTOWSKY ERIC N , CAMM JOHN , LIP GREGORY Y.H. , ALLESSIE MAURITS , BERGMANN JEAN‐FRANÇOIS , BREITHARDT GÜNTER , BRUGADA JOSEP , CRIJNS HARRY , ELLINOR PATRICK T. , MARK DANIEL , NACCARELLI GERALD , PACKER DOUGLAS , TAMARGO JUAN
Published: April 2010

AF Treatment Strategies. Introduction: The Atrial Fibrillation (AF) Exchange Group, an international multidisciplinary group concerned with the management of AF, was convened to review recent advances in the field and the potential impact on treatment strategies.

Methods: Issues discussed included epidemiology and the impact of the rising incidence of AF on health care systems, developments in pharmacological and surgical interventions in the management of arrhythmias and thromboprophylaxis, the potential to affect treatment strategies, and barriers to implementing them.

Results: The incidence of AF and the associated burden on health care systems are increasing with aging populations, prevalence of comorbidities and more effective treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Advances in available medical treatments, in particular dronedarone and dabigatran, with other products in development, offer the possibility of changes in treatment paradigms and a greater emphasis on reducing hospitalizations and improvement in long‐term outcomes instead of a symptom/safety‐driven approach in which the priority is symptom suppression without provoking drug toxicity. Developments in catheter ablation techniques may mean that, in experienced centers, ablation may be offered as first‐line treatment in selected patient populations. Barriers to optimal treatment include underdiagnosis, lack of recognition as a serious condition and as a risk factor for stroke, limited access to care, inadequate implementation of guidelines, and poor adherence to treatment.

Conclusions: The focus of the management of AF may be changing as a consequence of new treatments based on the outcome improvements they offer. However, the benefits will not be fully realized if guidelines and guidance are not observed in routine clinical practice. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 946‐958, August 2010)
Analysis of Gunshot Residue and Associated Materials—A Review
Authors: Dalby Oliver , Butler David , Birkett Jason W.
Published: April 2010

Abstract: A comprehensive review of the scientific literature on gunshot residue (GSR) is presented. Aspects of both inorganic and organic GSR are discussed, from formation and distribution, to sample collection, preparation, and analysis using a variety of techniques. The interpretation of GSR results is also considered including issues surrounding the contamination, distribution, and transfer of GSR. Potential problems with ulterior sources of GSR like particles have been reported in the literature. For example, particles from environmental and occupational sources have been highlighted as exhibiting similar chemical and morphological characteristics to GSR. These findings are put into context with regard to interpreting samples. A move toward a “case by case” approach is argued to be more preferable to a “formal” classification system where possible. The analysis of both inorganic and organic compositions of residue samples as well as morphological considerations is considered to be a more ideal approach to GSR analysis, whereever practicable.
Stature and Body Weight Estimation from Various Footprint Measurements Among Egyptian Population
Authors: Fawzy Irene Atef , Kamal Nashwa Nabil
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  Analysis of footprints can reveal very important clues which can be used as a forensic evidence and help in the estimation of stature and body weight of an individual. In this work, bilateral footprints were obtained from 50 male Egyptian medical students ranging in age between 18 and 25. Nine measurements were taken on each footprint. The result revealed significant bilateral asymmetry (p < 0.001) except foot breadth at ball. The significant and positive highest correlation coefficients with stature were shown by toe‐5 length on right side (R = 0.58) and with body weight by foot breadth at ball on left side (R = −0.52). Regression equations presented smaller standard errors of estimate (3.52–4.69) in determination of stature than those in estimation of body weight (4.05–5.28). In conclusion, this study has provided equations that help to estimate stature and body weight from footprint measurements among Egyptians.
Free Fatty Acids Composition in Adipocere of the Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchí Ancient Remains Found in a Glacier*
Authors: Liu Chang , Park Hyun M. , Monsalve Maria V. , Chen David D. Y.
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  Adipocere is a postmortem decomposition product consisting of mostly a mixture of free fatty acids (FFAs) that are formed because of the hydrolysis of triglycerides in adipose tissues. This article describes a simple and robust method for the extraction, identification, and quantification of FFA commonly found in adipocere using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). This method was applied to analyze tissues from Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchí, ancient remains discovered in a retreating glacier in the Tatshenshini‐Alsek Park, British Columbia, Canada in August 1999. The lyophilized tissues were grinded and extracted with hexane. The trimethylsilyl fatty acid derivatives were analyzed by GC/MS, and the relative abundances of myristic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, and stearic acid were determined. Milligram per gram levels of saturated fatty acids were found in the tissues of the ancient remains, while the levels of unsaturated fatty acids, such as palmitoleic acid, were found to be negligible. The results provided further evidence of the existence of adipocere found during forensic examination of the Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchí ancient remains.
Qualitative and Quantitative Diagnosis of Lethal Cranial Neural Tube Defects from the Fetal and Neonatal Human Skeleton, with a Case Study Involving Taphonomically Altered Remains
Authors: Dudar J. Christopher
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  Cranial neural tube defect, or anencephaly, is the absence of normal brain development because of severe developmental defect in the fetus. While the current incidence of human anencephaly ranges between 1 to 5 per 1000 births, and was higher prior to folic acid supplementation, there is no discussion of anencephaly diagnosis in the forensic literature and only one published example from the archeological record. This article presents both qualitative observations of abnormal cranial elements and an osteometric method to quantitatively determine anencephaly from forensic recovery contexts where taphonomic variables may otherwise mask diagnostic characteristics. Evidence is presented for only the second case of anencephaly diagnosed from a burial context, and the first not involving soft tissue mummification. The initial recognition and accurate prediction of anencephaly is a significant contribution to investigators recovering found human fetal remains.
A Characterization of Sources of Isopropanol Detected on Postmortem Toxicologic Analysis
Authors: Kimberley Molina D.
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  Isopropanol is an important chemical to forensic pathologists in that intoxication can result in death yet presence does not necessarily indicate intoxication. Several reports have been published, which indicate that isopropanol can be created endogenously in certain situations including diabetes mellitus, starvation, dehydration, and chronic ethanol use; however, a large‐scale analysis addressing all of the possible causes of postmortem isopropanol detection has not been performed. A retrospective review of all cases examined at the Bexar County Medical Examiner’s Office between 1993 and 2008 in which isopropanol was detected in routine alcohol screening was undertaken. The cases were categorized by the source of the isopropanol, and the concentrations of isopropanol and acetone were analyzed. Analysis revealed isopropanol concentrations to be low (<100 mg/dL) in cases of antemortem and postmortem creation and in postmortem contamination and high (>100 mg/dL) in cases of antemortem exposure. These results are consistent with other published reports.
Age‐Dependent Fracture Characteristics of Rigid and Compliant Surface Impacts on the Infant Skull—A Porcine Model*,†
Authors: Baumer Timothy G. , Passalacqua Nicholas V. , Powell Brian J. , Newberry William N. , Fenton Todd W. , Haut Roger C.
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  This study documents skull fracture characteristics on infant porcine specimens under known impact conditions with respect to age and interface. A single impact causing fracture was conducted on the skull of porcine specimens aged 2–28 days (n = 76). Paired rigid and compliant impacts at the same energy were conducted at each specimen age. Impact force, impact duration, and fracture length were recorded. Energy required to initiate skull fracture increased with specimen age. For a given energy, impact of the skull with a compliant interface caused more fracture damage than with a rigid interface for specimens aged under 17 days, but less damage for specimens aged 24–28 days. The documentation of energy required to cause fracture and resulting fracture propagation with respect to impact interface and age may be of critical importance in forensic investigations of infant skull trauma.
Perineal‐Vaginal Injuries in Children: Accident or Abuse?
Authors: Liuzzi Claudia , Carabellese Felice , Vinci Francesco
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  A large number of conditions have been mistaken for abuse. Differentiating accidental injuries from inflicted injuries is important in the management of injured children. In this work, the authors describe two cases of accidental perineal‐vaginal injury in children. In case 1, a 4‐year‐old girl suffered a vaginal tear caused by violent stretching during play; in case 2, a 3‐year‐old girl had minor lacerations of labia minora and majora. The intervention of a multi‐specialist team including a forensic pathologist and forensic psychiatrist was the key factor in being able to exclude abuse by third parties in the described cases.. This leads to the appropriate recommendations to be adopted in the forensic medicine setting.
A Four‐Stage Method of Age at Death Estimation for Use in the Subadult Rib Cortex*,†
Authors: Streeter Margaret
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  Age estimation in the subadult skeleton can be rather precise when the epiphyses and dentition are present, but incomplete or commingled remains still present a challenge. Histomorphometric age‐at‐death estimation methods developed for use on adults are based on the age‐associated accumulation of osteons. In the growing skeleton, there is a poor correlation between osteon numbers and age until the latter half of the second decade. As a result, there has been no histological aging method for use in subadults. The analysis of the rib cortex of 72 subadults ranging in age from 2 to 21 years has identified a series of developmental changes in the bone microstructure that can be used to estimate age. This qualitative method utilizes the systematic changes in rib cortical morphology to classify ribs into one of four age phases. This method can be applied to immature skeletons in forensic, archaeological, and paleontological contexts.
Sudden Death After Myocardial Infarction in a High‐School Athlete
Authors: Sivridis Efthimios , Pavlidis Pavlos , Stamos Charilaos , Giatromanolaki Alexandra
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  This is an unusual case of ischemic heart disease occurring in a young female athlete, aged 14 years, in whom almost the entire posterior wall of the left ventricle was affected. The patient collapsed and died suddenly after a vigorous physical activity while resting at home. The ischemic lesion was apparently owing to right orifice stenosis in association with a small hypoplastic right coronary artery.
Long‐term results after lateral and osteotome technique sinus floor elevation: a retrospective analysis of 2190 implants over a time period of 15 years
Authors: Tetsch Jan , Tetsch Peter , Lysek Dominikus A.
Published: April 2010

Background: During a time period of 15 years (1992–2007), 2190 implants were inserted in 983 patients after sinus floor elevation.

Materials and methods: One thousand two hundred and seven implants (461 patients) were placed into sites, in which the sinus was augmented using the lateral approach (LSFE), and 983 implants (522 patients) in sites augmented with the osteotome technique. Bovine bone mineral (n=1217), β‐tricalcium phosphate (n=126), and in some cases, only autogenous bone were used for augmentation in the LSFE. Generally, bone chips that were collected during the preparation of the osteotomy were added to the bone substitutes. No additional augmentation materials were used for augmentation with the osteotome technique. A retrospective analysis of the treatment results was assessed by patients documentations that were recorded in the impDAT(R) – Program and by the evaluation of pre‐, and post‐surgical orthopantomograms.

Results: The implant survival analysis according to Kaplan–Meier showed 97.1% after 176 months of loading for both sinus floor elevation techniques.

Discussion and conclusion: The evaluation with respect to the augmentation material used did not reveal significant differences in the implant survival rate and in both cases remodelling processes could be observed in the augmented area.

To cite this article:
 Tetsch J, Tetsch P, Lysek DA. Long‐term results after lateral and osteotome technique sinus floor elevation: a retrospective analysis of 2190 implants over a time period of 15 years. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 497–503. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2008.01661.x
Immediate vs. early loading of dental implants: 3‐year results of a randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Zembić A. , Glauser R. , Khraisat A. , Hämmerle C.H.F.
Published: April 2010

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to test whether or not immediately loaded implants exhibit the same survival rates as early loaded implants.

Material and methods: Eleven patients with bilateral free end mandibles were randomly assigned to treatment either with immediately (test) or early loaded implants (control). Test implants received provisionals in occlusion on the day of surgery, control implants 6 weeks later. Parameters assessed included implant stability quotient (ISQ), plaque, prosthesis stability and radiographs at baseline (implant insertion), 1 and 3 years. The statistical analysis was performed by means of Student's paired t‐test and Wilcoxon's signed‐rank test. The level of significance was set at P<0.05.

Results: After a mean observation period of 39.8 months (36.7–53.1), three test implants were lost in two patients resulting in a survival rate of 85% compared with 100% for control implants. At baseline, the mean marginal bone level was significantly higher at test implants (mean=0.36 mm, SD ±0.5) compared with control implants (1.08±0.37 mm). For both test and control implants, the bone level significantly decreased from baseline to 3 years (test: 1.51±0.79 mm; control: 0.89±0.94 mm). The bone loss until 3 years was not significantly different between test and control group. There was no significant difference for ISQ both at test and control implants between baseline (test: 63.59±4.62 mm, control: 65.35±7.43 mm) and 3 years (test: 66.47±7.47 mm, control 68.80±8.75 mm).

Conclusions: Immediate loading was associated with a lower implant survival rate. Although the test implants were placed with increased sink depth compared with the control implants, the marginal bone levels were not different between test and control at 3 years.

To cite this article:
 Zembić A, Glauser R, Khraisat A, Hämmerle CHF. Immediate vs. early loading of dental implants: 3‐year results of a randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 481–489. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2009.01898.x
Platelet‐rich fibrin membranes as scaffolds for periosteal tissue engineering
Authors: Gassling Volker , Douglas Timothy , Warnke Patrick H. , Açil Yahya , Wiltfang Jörg , Becker Stephan T.
Published: April 2010

Objectives: Platelet‐rich fibrin (PRF)‐based membranes have been used for covering alveolar ridge augmentation side in several in vivo studies. Few in vitro studies on PRF and no studies using human periosteal cells for tissue engineering have been published. The aim is a comparison of PRF with the commonly used collagen membrane Bio‐Gide® as scaffolds for periosteal tissue engineering.

Material and methods: Human periosteal cells were seeded on membrane pieces (collagen [Bio‐Gide®] and PRF) at a density of 104 cells/well. Cell vitality was assessed by fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and propidium iodide (PI) staining, biocompatibility with the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) test and proliferation level with the MTT, WST and BrdU tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Results: PRF membranes showed slightly inferior biocompatibility, as shown by the LDH test. The metabolic activity measured by the MTT and WST tests was higher for PRF than for collagen (BioGide®). The proliferation level as measured by the BrdU test (quantitative) and SEM examinations (qualitative) revealed higher values for PRF.

Conclusion: PRF appears to be superior to collagen (Bio‐Gide®) as a scaffold for human periosteal cell proliferation. PRF membranes are suitable for in vitro cultivation of periosteal cells for bone tissue engineering.

To cite this article:
 Gassling V, Douglas T, Warnke, PH, Açil Y, Wiltfang J, Becker ST. Platelet‐rich fibrin membranes as scaffolds for periosteal tissue engineering. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 543–549. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2009.01900.x
Effect of surface contamination on osseointegration of dental implants surrounded by circumferential bone defects
Authors: Mohamed Seif , Polyzois Ioannis , Renvert Stefan , Claffey Noel
Published: April 2010

Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of surface contamination on osseointegration of dental implants surrounded by a circumferential bone defect and to compare osseointegration around Osseotite® with that around Nanotite™ implants.

Materials and methods: The premolars on both sides of the mandible in four beagle dogs were extracted. Following 4 months healing, two Nanotite™ implants and two Osseotite® implants were partially inserted in the left side of each mandible. Some threads protruded from the tissues into the oral cavity. Following a 5 week healing period, the implants were removed and the contaminated part of each implant was cleaned. They were then installed to the full implant length on the contra lateral side of the mandibles. The coronal 5 mm of each implant was surrounded by 1 mm circumferential bone defect. Following 12 weeks of healing period, the dogs were sacrificed and biopsies were obtained. Ground sections were prepared for histomorphometric analysis.

Results: All implants were associated with direct bone‐to‐implant contact on the portion of the implant surface contaminated previously and surrounded by bone defect. Nanotite™ implants performed better than Osseotite® implants.

Conclusions: The results demonstrated that implant surfaces, which were contaminated previously and were surrounded by bone defects, can osseointegrate.

To cite this article:
 Mohamed S, Polyzois I, Renvert S, Claffey N. Effect of surface contamination on osseointegration of dental implants surrounded by circumferential bone defects. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 513–519. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.01913.x
The clinical and biological features of a series of immunophenotypic variant of B‐CLL
Authors: Cro Lilla , Ferrario Andrea , Lionetti Marta , Bertoni Francesco , Zucal N Nadia , Nobili Lucia , Fabris Sonia , Todoerti Katia , Cortelezzi Agostino , Guffanti Andrea , Goldaniga Maria , Marcheselli Luigi , Neri Antonino , Lambertenghi‐Deliliers Giorgio , Baldini Luca
Published: April 2010

Objectives: To describe the clinical and biological features of a series of immunophenotypic variant of B‐CLL (v‐CLL) characterised by intermediate RMH score, in the absence of t(11;14)(q13;q32) in FISH analysis in comparison with a series of typical CLL. Methods: We studied the clinical and biological features of 63 cases of v‐CLL and 130 cases of CLL. Results: We observed significant differences in terms of age <70 yr (P < 0.001), lymphocytosis <20 × 109/L (P < 0.001), lymphocyte doubling time ≤12 months (P = 0.02), high serum β2‐microglobulin levels (P < 0.001) and splenomegaly (P = 0.002); CD38, CD49d, CD1c were more expressed in v‐CLL, CD43 in CLL (P < 0.001). IgVH mutation and trisomy 12 were more frequent in v‐CLL group (P = 0.001; P < 0.001); del13q14 in CLL (P = 0.008). Gene expression profiling of nine v‐CLL and 60 CLL indicated that the atypical group presented a specific molecular pattern. After a median follow‐up of respectively, 55 (4–196) and 60 months (6–180), 25/42 patients with v‐CLL (48%) and 55/93 patients with CLL (59%) were treated. Time to treatment was significantly shorter in IgVH‐mutated v‐CLL vs. mutated CLL (P = 0.006). The median overall survival was worse in v‐CLL‐mutated cases (P = 0.062). Conclusion: v‐CLL should be identified and dealt with separately from classic CLL. In particular, the prognostic markers that are routinely used to characterise classical B‐CLL should not be interpreted as having the same meaning.
The G‐Allele of the PSMA6−8C>G polymorphism is associated with poor outcome in multiple myeloma independently of circulating proteasome serum levels
Authors: Bachmann Hagen S. , Novotny Jürgen , Sixt Stephan , Liebisch Peter , Frey Ulrich H. , Dührsen Ulrich , Siffert Winfried , Nückel Holger
Published: April 2010

Introduction: The proteasome system plays a crucial role in several malignant disorders, especially in multiple myeloma (MM). The G‐allele of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) −8C>G in the gene PSMA6, one of seven α‐subunit genes of the 20S proteasome, was associated with myocardial infarction. Moreover, PSMA6 mRNA expression in human B‐cell lines depended on genotypes. We investigated a potential role of this novel SNP in patients with MM. Methods: PSMA6 genotypes of 116 patients with MM were associated with survival. Circulating proteasome levels (CPL) dependent on −8C>G genotypes of 70 newly diagnosed patients were studied using an anti‐20S proteasome enzyme‐linked immunoabsorbant assay (ELISA). Results: Genotype distribution (69 CC, 44 CG, 3 GG) was compatible with Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Kaplan–Meier curves revealed a significant association of PSMA6−8C>G with 5‐yr survival (P = 0.014). Median survival time was 43 months for the GG genotype and 50 months for the CG genotype. It was not reached within follow‐up by the CC genotype (CC 5‐yr survival rate 61.2%). Following hazard ratio (HR) for overall survival was calculated: G‐allele vs. CC genotype: 2.038, 95% CI 1.14–3.65, P = 0.017. In multivariate analysis the G‐allele was an independent prognostic factor (HR 2.1, P = 0.014). CPL were not significantly different between genotypes [mean CPL: CC 284.9 ng/mL vs. 303.3 ng/mL G‐allele carriers (P = 0.709)]. Conclusions: These results suggest the G‐allele of the PSMA6−8C>G polymorphism as a possible survival prognosticator.
Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms and mRNA expression for melatonin synthesis rate‐limiting enzyme in recurrent depressive disorder
Authors: Gałecki Piotr , Szemraj Janusz , Bartosz Grzegorz , Bieńkiewicz Małgorzata , Gałecka Elżbieta , Florkowski Antoni , Lewiński Andrzej , Karbownik‐Lewińska Małgorzata
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  Depressive disorder (DD) is characterised by disturbances in blood melatonin concentration. It is well known that melatonin is involved in the control of circadian rhythms, sleep included. The use of melatonin and its analogues has been found to be effective in depression therapy. Melatonin synthesis is a multistage process, where the last stage is catalysed by acetylserotonin methyltransferase (ASMT), the reported rate‐limiting melatonin synthesis enzyme. Taking into account the significance of genetic factors in depression development, the gene for ASMT may become an interesting focus for studies in patients with recurrent DD. The goal of the study was to evaluate two single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs4446909; rs5989681) of the ASMT gene, as well as mRNA expression for ASMT in recurrent DD‐affected patients. We genotyped two polymorphisms in a group of 181 recurrent DD patients and in 149 control subjects. The study was performed using the polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The distribution of genotypes in both studied SNPs in the ASMT gene differed significantly between DD and healthy subjects. The presence of AA genotype of rs4446909 polymorphism and of GG genotype of rs5989681 polymorphism was associated with lower risk for having recurrent DD. In turn, patients with depression were characterised by reduced mRNA expression for ASMT. In addition, ASMT transcript level in both recurrent DD patients and in healthy subjects depended significantly on genotype distributions in both polymorphisms. In conclusion, our results suggest the ASMT gene as a susceptibility gene for recurrent DD.
Effect of melatonin on the expression of Nrf2 and NF‐κB during cyclophosphamide‐induced urinary bladder injury in rat
Authors: Tripathi D. N. , Jena G. B.
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  Urotoxicity is one of the major problems associated with cyclophosphamide (CP) chemotherapy in cancer patients. Melatonin is a potent antioxidant and reduces CP‐induced urotoxicity. However, the molecular mechanisms of protection offered by melatonin are not yet clear. The present study investigated the role of nuclear erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) on melatonin‐mediated protection against CP‐induced urotoxicity. CP was administered intraperitoneally at the dose of 150 mg/kg to induce urotoxicity in male Sprague–Dawley rats. Melatonin treatment (10 mg/kg) was initiated 3 days before and continued for 1 day after the CP administration. Melatonin treatment reduced the CP‐induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in the urinary bladder as observed by abrogation in thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances and glutathione levels as well as comet and modified comet assay parameters. Melatonin treatment reduced the bladder damage and apoptosis as observed by histological analysis and TUNEL assay. Melatonin increased the expression of transcription factor Nrf2 as well as associated phase‐II enzymes NADPH: quinone oxidoreductase‐1 and heme oxygenase‐1. Further melatonin treatment reduced the expression of transcription factor NF‐κB. The results of the present study provide evidence that melatonin treatment favorably alters Nrf2 and NF‐κB expression and, this appears to be at least in part responsible for observed protection against CP‐induced urotoxicity.