bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
State and Limits to Democracy, 1997–2005
Authors: Gheissari Ali , Nasr Vali
Published: June 2006

This chapter examines the way in which state-building reignited the demand for democracy — producing a vibrant debate over balancing state-building and democracy promotion, and raising the prospects for a democratic state in Iran. Topics covered include the 1997 presidential elections, Khatami's reform program, and the emergence of a new conservatism.
Religious Activities
Authors: Morey Melanie M. , Piderit John J.
Published: June 2006

This chapter examines the contributions of religious activities at Catholic colleges and universities to the Catholic culture on campuses, specifically liturgical life, service programs, and the demonstration of religious tolerance and inclusion. The chapter also explores a complex of contested topics swirling around the question of who will be the heroic cultural leaders at Catholic colleges and universities when the presence of religious congregations is gone. In particular, it examines whether these new knowledgeable experts and role models will emphasize Catholic culture or congregational connections as they lead the institutions forward. The final section of the chapter addresses the issue and offers reasons for stressing “Catholic” culture rather than “congregational” culture.
Flourishing Cultures
Authors: Morey Melanie M. , Piderit John J.
Published: June 2006

This chapter begins with a skeptical look at conventional wisdom, suggesting how following its dictates can stifle creative approaches to critical cultural problems in organizations. This discussion is followed by a list of possible programs or strategies Catholic colleges and universities might adopt that challenge one or more forms of the conventional wisdom. In each instance, the source of the conventional wisdom is identified, the distinctively different way of proceeding is outlined, and its efficacy detailed. The suggestions are divided into four groups: academic incentives, student living and activities initiatives, campus ministry initiatives, and administrative and governance initiatives.
“A Dharma-Transmitter Who Traveled to Sung China”
Authors: Heine Steven
Published: June 2006

Dōgen was the second in a succession of Japanese monks who went to China in pursuit of true Buddhism, then returned to Japan to establish Zen temples. This chapter details the route travelled by Dōgen and Myōzen to the Ch’an temples, which was patterned after the journeys of Eisai and continued on through the Five Mountains temples in China. Dōgen spent two years seeking an authentic master, almost giving up his quest in despair. He finally settled at Mt. T’ien-t’ung around the time of Myōzen’s death. During the same year, he began training under the tutelage of Ju-ching, who would become the master that Dōgen was seeking.
Migration, Citizenship, and the European Welfare State
Authors: Schierup Carl-Ulrik , Hansen Peo , Castles Stephen
Published: June 2006

This book examines the current dilemmas of liberal anti-racist policies in European societies, linking two discourses that are normally quite separate in social science: immigration and ethnic relations research on the one hand, and the political economy of the welfare state on the other. Gunnar Myrdal’s questions in An American Dilemma are rephrased with reference to Europe’s current dual crisis — that of the established welfare state facing a declining capacity to maintain equity, and that of the nation state unable to accommodate incremental ethnic diversity. The book compares developments across the European Union with the contemporary US experience of poverty, race, and class, highlighting the major moral-political dilemma emerging across the EU out of the discord between declared ideals of citizenship and actual exclusion from civil, political, and social rights. Drawing on case-study analysis of migration, the changing welfare state, and labour markets in the UK, Germany, Italy, and Sweden, the book charts the immense variety of Europe’s social and political landscape.
four Transatlantic Convergence or Transatlantic Split? Elements for a Comparative Framework
Authors: Schierup Carl-Ulrik
Published: June 2006

This chapter elaborates a theoretical framework for the comparative analysis of social exclusion, with particular reference to migrants and ethnic minorities. It attempts to forge a synthesis of theoretical propositions within US research on ethnicity, race, gender, and class with insights from European comparative sociological studies on welfare regimes. It compares ‘racialized exclusion’ in the United States with the segregated urban spaces in which immigrants and new ethnic minorities tend to be concentrated in European societies. It also discusses the highly different development in different parts of the European Union (concentrating on the 15 states which made up the EU until 2004). The discussion reveals a complex interplay between path-dependent institutional strategies and multiple tendencies of convergence in the direction of a neo-American strategy of globalization and its characteristic forms of ‘advanced marginality’. Yet individual societies continue to cope with forces of globalization as well as processes of racialized exclusion in different ways and with different results. These differences are linked to their particular welfare regimes, institutionalized economic and political frameworks, and particular modes of organization of civil society.
ten What Creed in Europe?
Authors: Schierup Carl-Ulrik
Published: June 2006

This concluding chapter reviews the overall predicaments of the European dilemma as the EU faces the dual challenge of national-ethnic diversity and social crisis. It focuses on the issues of European moral-political identity and the future of a multinational-multi-ethnic democracy. It asks which moral-political values and institutional strategies may actually guide the future integration of one of the world’s most powerful economic and political blocs. The discussion reconnects with the overall issue of the dual crisis of the welfare state and the nation, contending that the dual crisis needs to be restated as also encompassing a crisis for the EU-European supra-nation. With the character of currently dominant EU policies and the emergent ‘post-national workfare regime’ of the Union in mind, the authors elaborate on the potential capacity of the European supra-nation to offer a viable and democratic alternative. They question today’s strong tendency to seek solutions to an apparent crisis of neo-liberal strategies in stringent immigration and asylum measures, and retrograde policies of ethno-cultural entrenchment. This serves to highlight the crucial question as to which moral-political ‘creed’ will actually prevail in the 21st century.
Capturing the Process
Authors: Dodson Debra L.
Published: June 2006

This chapter offers a heuristic model to guide the exploration of how the convergence of individual, institutional, and extra-institutional forces contribute to substantive representation of women, as well as to the probabilistic nature of the relationship between descriptive and substantive representation of women. The focus is on seven distinct yet interactive factors: the participant stream, the condition stream, the problem stream, the internal/institutional structural stream, the internal/institutional political stream, the external political stream, and the solution stream. This framework forces the discussion beyond the simple question of ‘Do women make a difference?’ to highlight strategies that can increase (or decrease) substantive representation of women regardless of women’s proportional presence.
Representing Women: Consensus and Complexity
Authors: Dodson Debra L.
Published: June 2006

In setting the foundation for a closer look at women’s impact, this introduction to Part II draws on the extensive interviews with women members to provide evidence that almost every woman interviewed — regardless of party and across Congresses — expressed some basic sense of responsibility to women. Yet this unity in theory suggested by their words posed a sharp contrast to what was often disunity (or limited unity) of action in practice, pointing to the need to deconstruct seemingly similar sentiments surrounding responsibility and connection to women.
Reproductive Rights: Gender Difference and the Paradox of Power
Authors: Dodson Debra L.
Published: June 2006

This chapter uses four legislative battles (the Freedom of Choice Act, Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances bill, Medicaid funding of abortion, and abortion provisions in the Federal Employees’ Health Benefit Act) as case studies for understanding the contested issues and complexity belying gender difference and women’s impact. While women members were seen as united around reproductive rights, institutional dynamics in this partisan environment and extra-institutional pressures encouraged the increasingly diverse group of women to give voice to diversity, defined (and re-defined) women’s priorities and their understandings of their roles and responsibilities as representatives of women, and influenced their prospects for political success within an institution whose agenda they did not control. While the case studies suggest the need to bring more women into office, they remind us that the potential of presence is limited without positional power, and that mobilized women voters who pose a gender gap threat can provide legitimacy for difference within institutions steeped in masculine values.
Women's Health: Staying the Course with a Critical Mass
Authors: Dodson Debra L.
Published: June 2006

Women’s health policy united women across party lines in the 103rd and yielded numerous victories. These successes continued a trend established in earlier Congresses and, relatively speaking, would not come under attack in the 104th when almost every other political gain previously made by women was vulnerable. As such, juxtaposition of women’s health case studies with the reproductive rights case studies allows us to go once again beyond the simple question of ‘Do women make a difference?’ to explore not only how the confluence of individual, institutional, and cultural factors gives meaning to gender and shapes the probabilistic relationship between descriptive and substantive representation of women over time and across policy areas, but also to suggest strategies for advancing substantive representation regardless of women’s proportional presence. The results illustrate the value of diversity and suggest strategies that can sustain unity amid diversity. They suggest that in addition to increasing women’s presence, substantive representation of women will be facilitated by raising the gender consciousness of women in the mass public, by reinforcing awareness (and fear) of the gender gap, and by women’s advancement within the institutional hierarchy. In short, even with a ‘mom and apple pie’ issue, making a difference requires efforts by women inside the Congress to put matters on the agenda and the mobilization of women outside the institution to give legitimacy and political teeth to demands that challenge masculinist values.
Conclusion: Looking Toward the Future
Authors: Dodson Debra L.
Published: June 2006

By going beyond the simple question ‘Do women make a difference?’ and delving into the meaning of elected women’s sense of connection of women using this dynamic framework, the results provide insight into factors that encourage substantive representation of women and shape the meaning of gender. They suggest that women may not only transform institutions, but be transformed by them and the larger political environment. To that end, the conclusion suggests six strategies likely to further substantive representation of women at any given level of descriptive representation: (1) strengthening the voices of women on the outside to encourage those on the inside to challenge masculinist values and amass the majorities they need to effect change; (2) electing men who see women as a political group with legitimate needs and interests; (3) strengthening the recruitment of gender conscious women, while nurturing gender consciousness among women inside and outside the institution; (4) increasing the legitimacy of substantive representation of women by casting achievement of such goals in terms consistent with institutional norms; (5) confronting the legitimacy of women’s claims to act for women by rejecting essentialist assumptions; and (6) confronting the contested meaning of substantive representation of women in theory and practice, while simultaneously accommodating the realities women face as actors within institutions with norms and values beyond their control. These strategies in the long term may help determine whether any compromises women make as ‘team players’ will contribute to the regendering of this political institution or simply mean more political jobs for women who reinforce long established norms, and whether ultimately we can expect ‘regendering’ within Congress to transform the nature of partisan political debate or simply reinforce the divisions of contemporary partisan politics.
The Religious Condition of Ireland 1770-1850
Authors: Yates Nigel
Published: June 2006

This book gives a detailed account of the development of the main religious denominations in Ireland between 1770 and 1850, set against the background of the main economic, political, and social developments in Ireland in this period, and the religious history of Ireland between the Reformation and the late 18th century. It makes a comparative analysis of these developments against parallel developments in the other Celtic regions of Britain and Europe: Brittany, Wales, the Isle of Man, and the western highlands and islands of Scotland. The principal arguments of this book are that, on the one hand, it was a period of reform in all the main religious denominations in Ireland, but on the other, it was one which witnessed a serious deterioration of ecumenical relations between the churches, and set the scene for the sectarian violence of the late 19th and 20th centuries. The book is the first major study of Irish religious history to be written from an interdenominational, and in some respects, a clearly non-denominational standpoint. It is based on an extensive analysis of primary source material.
2 The Non‐Religious Background to Religious Reform in Ireland 1770–1850
Authors: Yates Nigel
Published: June 2006

This chapter looks at economic, political, and social developments in Ireland that had an impact on its religious development between 1770 and 1850.
Ecclesiastical Reform in Action: Some Diocesan and Presbytery Case Studies
Authors: Yates Nigel
Published: June 2006

This chapter examines in detail, based on surviving documentary evidence, the reform programme in specific dioceses and presbyteries.
Church Building and Restoration in Ireland 1770–1850
Authors: Yates Nigel
Published: June 2006

This chapter examines the programmes of church building and restoration in Ireland between 1770 and 1850, including the evidence of surviving church interiors from this period. It concludes that this programme was one of the most ambitious and extensive in Europe. Particular attention is paid to the restoration of Church of Ireland and building of new Roman Catholic cathedrals.
7 Theological Developments and Ecumenical Relations 1770–1850
Authors: Yates Nigel
Published: June 2006

This chapter analyses the changes in the relationship between the Christian churches in Ireland in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It concludes that from the relatively good ecumenical relations at the beginning of this period, the churches came into more and more conflict with one another, and that contemporary political developments helped inflame religious sectarianism. The Evangelical movement in Ireland had a generally negative impact on ecumenical relations, and helped establish a long-term gulf between Roman Catholics and Protestants.
Introduction: The Diffusion of the Health Agenda
Authors: Cribb Alan
Published: June 2006

This introductory chapter discusses the ‘diffusion of the health agenda’ and its implications for healthcare and healthcare ethics. It begins with a thumbnail sketch of some fundamental shifts in modern health policy and services, and looks briefly at some of the philosophical changes that underpin these shifts — the so-called ‘social turn’ in healthcare. The chapter then reflects upon some of the implications of this diffused agenda for healthcare ethics.
Producing the Goods: Health, Welfare and Well‐being
Authors: Cribb Alan
Published: June 2006

This chapter focuses on one of the most important dimensions of the diffusion of the health agenda: the opening up of the ‘ends’ of health policy. It discusses the concept of health and considers the ways in which various conceptions of health or other health-related goods are, or ought to be, embodied in policies and practices, as self-consciously chosen ends or as elements built into the value field. The second part of the chapter asks some more direct questions about the nature and boundaries of healthcare and health policy, about the difficulties of isolating health from health-related goods, or health-related goods from other goods, and about some of the value tensions inherent in health-related discourses.
The Distribution of Health and Healthcare
Authors: Cribb Alan
Published: June 2006

The most important ethical implication of the diffusion of the health agenda is the growth in salience of health inequalities. Taking a broad social perspective on health opens up the consideration of patterns of determinants and patterns of health experiences. This chapter addresses the following issues: (i) What they might entail in practice, in other words: ‘What would a more equal health polity have to aim at?’ and (ii) How far should health or public policy be led by a concern with equity where this comes into conflict with other relevant values? The first part of the chapter sets out the rationale for thinking that health inequalities are ethically important. The chapter later places more emphasis on the problems of interpreting the implications of this ethical significance.
Responsibility for Health
Authors: Cribb Alan
Published: June 2006

This chapter begins by briefly reflecting on some of the different senses of responsibility. It then considers the relationship between specific examples of questions about health responsibilities and the more overarching questions. It is argued that for healthcare ethics, diffused responsibility means combining ethical analysis of policy contexts and institutions with work on individual professionals and citizens. We must examine and find ways of appraising the ethical bases and effects of the social and institutional arrangements which shape the production of health experiences and the distribution of health-related entitlements and obligations. Policy-making has to be evaluated through this lens, and the actions of individuals judged within this context. Each of these layers of appraisal is only relatively autonomous. Overall, the judgements made at each level determine the judgements we make at the others.
Professional Ethics in Context
Authors: Cribb Alan
Published: June 2006

This chapter focuses on some of the tensions and interactions between what might be called the vocational and institutional identities of health professionals, between the ways in which they would like to think they act and the ways in which institutional regimes ‘make’ them act. Topics discussed include the nature of healthcare professionalism, the division of ethical labour, models of healthcare professionalism, and value allocation and professional dilemma.
Managing Healthcare: Making or Breaking Healthcare Goods?
Authors: Cribb Alan
Published: June 2006

This chapter examines some of the ways in which forms of management shape professional roles and professional ethics. It also considers the ways in which management itself represents an increasingly important form of healthcare agency. Emphasis is given to the importance of management (and ‘managerialism’) for the value field of healthcare, and for health professional ethics in particular.
The Boundaries of Professional Legitimacy
Authors: Cribb Alan
Published: June 2006

This chapter examines the ways in which a number of elements of health promotion, namely its prevention orientation, its population orientation, and its well-being orientation, shape professional-patient relationships. Their compound effects are also considered.
1 On the Threshold
Authors: Conybeare Catherine
Published: June 2006

The Cassiciacum dialogues present Augustine in a liminal state. He chose the genre of philosophical dialogue for his first public statements as a would-be Christian to encapsulate that sense of liminality. He uses the relative informality of the genre to open up questions about the relationship of language to reality, underplay his conclusions, and let his readers take the conversation further for themselves.
Theories of Truth
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: June 2006

This chapter surveys standard theories of truth, and argues that they are all compatible with dialetheism.
Trivialism
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: June 2006

This chapter discusses trivialism, the view that all contradictions (and so all claims) are true. It examines the grounds for rejecting the view, and how one would go about engaging an opponent who holds trivialism to be true.
Rational Belief
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: June 2006

This chapter argues that the common view that believing a contradiction is the nadir of rationality should be rejected, and that rational considerations may require one to believe contradictions. An informal model of rationality as an optimization procedure under constraint is given.
Belief Revision
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: June 2006

This chapter discusses an account of belief-revision that is compatible with the rational belief of contradictions. In the process, a formal account of the model of rationality of the preceding chapter is provided. The account of belief-revision is contrasted with the familiar AGM account.
Logic and Revisability
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: June 2006

This chapter argues that logic is a theory, and can be revised as any other scientific theory. The comparison with geometry is helpful in this regard. It also discusses Quine’s views on the matter, particularly the claim that any changing of logic is a changing of subject.
Validity
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: June 2006

This chapter provides a general account of the nature of validity, both deductive and non-deductive, which may be accepted depending on what one takes the correct logic to be. It argues against a proof-theoretic characterization of validity in terms of a model-theoretic one.
2 Childrearing Rights and Their Distribution
Authors: Clayton Matthew
Published: June 2006

On what bases should childrearing rights and resources be allocated to different individuals? Criticising child-centred responses to this question, this chapter sets out a dual interest conception that takes into account the interests of parents as well as children. First, it offers a liberal defence of accommodating the interests of parents when deciding who should rear children. Dworkin’s hypothetical insurance scheme is extended to defend a conception of justice in childrearing in which resources are diverted to those who lack valuable parenting assets, or to parents whose children are difficult or costly to raise. The use of hypothetical insurance to theorize childrearing issues is defended against several objections. Finally, more detail is provided with respect to the nature of the rights that issue from the particular dual interest conception of childrearing that is defended.
4 Education for Justice
Authors: Clayton Matthew
Published: June 2006

This chapter offers an account of political or citizenship education. It argues that a central feature of citizenship education in a liberal society is the development of a sense of justice, and the virtues of civility and reciprocity that are constitutive of that sense. The discussion begins with the analysis of Brighouse’s consent-based objections to the shaping of political motivations. An alternative political motivation model is defended, which draws on Rawls’s account of the natural duty of justice. The aims of political education, with respect to the skills, attitudes and values of liberal citizens, are briefly discussed. Education for justice rejects the view that political education should seek to cultivate a sense of nationality. The aims of political education in the context of questions about global justice are considered. Certain educational issues that arise in the non-ideal world from the point of view of developing a sense of justice are addressed.
The London Market for Sovereign Debt, 1870–1913 versus Today's Markets
Authors: Mauro Paolo , Sussman Nathan , Yafeh Yishay
Published: June 2006

This chapter describes the pre-World War I London market for sovereign bonds issued by emerging countries, and compares it with the corresponding market today. It shows that the London market was large, active, and liquid, far larger than the corresponding market of today. Moreover, investors were able to rely on timely and comprehensive information regarding borrowing countries. The chapter then discusses the construction of the data sets used in the book, and analyzes the behavior of bond spreads in the historical and modern samples.
The Determinants of the Cost of Capital: Case Study Evidence
Authors: Mauro Paolo , Sussman Nathan , Yafeh Yishay
Published: June 2006

This chapter conducts a case study of spreads on sovereign bonds issued by Japan and Russia, two countries that introduced the gold standard in 1897. It is shown that Japanese spreads were relatively unaffected by the establishment of some of Japan’s most important institutions, including the promulgation of the Meiji Constitution in 1889, which explicitly guaranteed the protection of property rights and the rule of law. The only institutional reform that led to an immediate improvement in Japan’s ‘credit rating’ was the adoption of the gold standard. Japan’s war with Russia (1904-1905) and its successful outcome had a far more visible impact on spreads than most institutional reforms. The chapter also conducts a case study of the British-Dutch interest differential around the Glorious Revolution. It shows that developments regarding war and peace had a far greater impact on borrowing costs than institutional reforms.
Spreads, News, and Macroeconomics: A Multivariate Regression Analysis
Authors: Mauro Paolo , Sussman Nathan , Yafeh Yishay
Published: June 2006

This chapter presents a systematic attempt to identify the determinants of bond spreads. Using multivariate regression analysis, it relates emerging market bond spreads for 1870-1913 and for the modern period to macroeconomic variables and to categories of news articles. It is shown that past and present investors pay attention to both macroeconomic fundamentals and to information reflected in the news, especially regarding violent conflicts. News on institutional reforms rarely elicit investor response. Country-specific fundamentals and news play less of a role in determining bond spreads today than they did in the past.
Children in Medical Research
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman
Published: June 2006

This book examines the ethical issues in pediatric medical research. It argues that policies and practices on the participation of children must focus primarily on minimizing risks. It offers specific recommendations to revise Subpart D of the federal regulations to provide greater protection where necessary and remove obstacles that do not provide additional protection but interfere with access. The book is divided into four sections. Section 1 focuses on the issue of access versus protection in pediatric research. Section 2 deals with challenges to regulations. Section 3 discusses the strengths and limits of current regulations, while different case studies are examined in Section 4.
2 Access versus Protection: Minority Representation in Pediatric Research
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman
Published: June 2006

This chapter examines the extent to which pediatric researchers reported race and ethnicity (R/E) data; the representation of Black, Hispanic, and Asian children and their parents in pediatric medical research; the extent to which language may be a barrier in pediatric research; and how R/E data were collected in pediatric research. Collecting R/E data in medical research was difficult because the data were not presented in a standardized format. Black children and their parents were overrepresented, while Hispanic children and their parents were underrepresented in pediatric research. Black subjects had greater overrepresentation in clinical trials than in nontherapeutic research, and a greater representation in research that was potentially stigmatizing. Language barriers existed in pediatric research, and the most number of Hispanic and Asian participants were enrolled in research in which translation services are available.
4 Should We Provide Healthy Children with Greater Protection in Medical Research?
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman
Published: June 2006

This chapter examines whether Subpart D of the federal regulations on human subject protections provides appropriate protection for all children, when research offers no prospect of direct benefit (also known as ‘nontherapeutic research’). It shows that Subpart D provides greater protection for healthy children and allows children who have a disorder or condition to be exposed to greater risk of harm. This double standard is unjust because the distribution of burdens falls disproportionately on children with a disorder or condition. Suggestions for revising the federal regulations are presented.
7 Human Subject Protections in Pediatric Research
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman
Published: June 2006

Institutional review board (IRB) review is required for all federally funded research involving human subjects regulated by the Food and Drug Administration, or performed at an institution that accepts federal funds. The requirement to document IRB review and the procurement of informed consent (IC) in published research reports is more recent. This chapter examines to what extent research published in three peer-reviewed pediatric journals documented IRB approval and IC, and to what extent the researchers who failed to document IRB and IC stated that they had obtained appropriate IRB review and consent from subjects. It was observed that a small but significant number of pediatric research protocols failed to obtain IRB approval or a waiver.
9 Research in Schools
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman
Published: June 2006

This chapter examines the arguments for and against conducting biomedical and behavioral research in schools; whether additional human subject protections are necessary; and whose consent is necessary and how it should be procured. It is argued that while schools are a tempting venue to do biomedical and behavioral research, parents, students, teachers, school officials, researchers, and institutional review boards need to be sensitive to the unique problems that such research may raise. Schools should have written policies that address the need to protect human subjects when research is done in the school setting. Minimum guidelines for schools are presented.
11 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention Research in Childhood
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman
Published: June 2006

This chapter provides an overview of recent diabetes prediction and prediction/prevention studies beyond the newborn period. It examines whether these studies are permissible under current federal regulations, and whether proposed modifications improve human subject protections. In the process, it is clarified whether and when children ‘at risk’ for ‘a disorder or condition’ should qualify for having ‘a disorder or condition’.
14 Research not Otherwise Approvable: A Look at One 407 Protocol
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman
Published: June 2006

CFR section 46.407 of Subpart D of the federal regulations addresses research that is not otherwise approvable. Research is not otherwise approvable because either (1) it seeks to enroll healthy children, but offers no prospect of direct benefit and entails more than minimal risk; or (2) it seeks to enroll children with a disorder or condition, but offers no prospect of direct benefit and entails more than a minor increase over minimal risk. According to CFR section 46.407, such research can be permissible if it is reviewed and approved by a panel of experts convened by the secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services. The regulations also require public review of the research. Prior to the year 2000, only two panels of experts were convened. This chapter examines the University of Washington’s experience with its protocol, Precursors to Diabetes in Japanese American Youth, as a case study of the strengths and limitations of the 407 process in 2001.
15 Evolution of the 407 Process
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman
Published: June 2006

Fourteen 407 panels have been convened in the more than two decades since passage of Subpart D. The first two were in the early 1990s, and the remainder since 2001. This chapter provides a brief history of the first ten 407 panels, and then examines three of the last four panels. It concludes with several observations that can be gleaned from an historical and ethical analysis of the 407 process: observations that may be instructive for future 407 panels and for the protection of pediatric research subjects.
8 A Method for Thinking about Just Peace
Authors: Said Edward W.
Published: June 2006

In this chapter, Said argues that in the case of the Palestinians and Israelis, histories and cultures are inextricably linked ‘contrapuntally’ in symbiotic rather than mutually exclusive terms. When this understanding of circumstances occurs, it no longer seems viable to eliminate the opposition because there will always be a tomorrow in which retribution will be demanded by those who feel that an injustice had been forced upon family members or previous generations. Said emphasizes the need to think about and resolve two histories that have become interwoven, despite the fact that many have tried to define the other in contradictory terms. Part of arriving at a Just Peace entails recognizing a shared identity and common history even if this approach highlights differences. This might be a monumental task considering the trials and tribulations that have often come to pass in a conflict, but for Said, an ‘abridged memory’ is not an option that will lead to Just Peace.
Self‐Ownership and Conscription
Authors: Steiner Hillel
Published: June 2006

This essay argues that an exception to Cohen’s understanding of the right of self-ownership might be warranted in some cases of conscription. It considers cases where one is legitimately compelled to perform uncontracted services for others by being forced to rescue them from violations of moral rights. Compensation for such conscription renders it consistent with the right of self-ownership.
Is the Basic Structure Basic?
Authors: Scheffler Samuel
Published: June 2006

This essay focuses on Cohen’s recent arguments for extending the scope of justice beyond Rawls’s formulation. It argues for the merits of Rawls’s argument that the primary subject of justice should be restricted to social institutions. It contends that whether or not one agrees with Rawls’s view of what should count as the subject of justice, Cohen is wrong to understand the upshot of this to be either a paltry measure of redistribution or the accommodation of the untrammelled pursuit of selfish interests.
10 Impartiality, Solidarity, and Distributive Justice
Authors: Roemer John E.
Published: June 2006

This essay considers the role of impartiality in theories of distributive justice. Impartiality is modelled by Rawls in his famous thought experiment of a veil of ignorance, where individuals reason about principles of justice without knowing fundamental aspects of themselves — such as talent or family background. It is argued that the veil of ignorance delivers recommendations that are inconsistent with prioritarianism, that is, the view that priority should be given to ameliorating the disadvantage of the worst off. Hence, prioritarianism, which is after all far weaker than strict egalitarianism, cannot be justified by appeal to a veil of ignorance. The veil of ignorance achieves impartiality, but impartiality needs to be conjoined with a principle of solidarity in order to justify the redistribution of wealth. The resource allocation rules that jointly satisfy impartiality, priority, and solidarity are described.
5 The Ideal Language Project and the Non‐discrete
Authors: Laycock Henry
Published: June 2006

The notion of an ‘ideal language’ or ‘concept-script’ is explicated and defended, and constraints upon formal systems imposed by the ideal of transparency are explored. It is argued that non-singular symbolisms, including non-singular variables, largely fail to satisfy such constraints. In general, the semantics of non-singular expressions do not transparently reflect the corresponding ontic categories. The conditions for the possibility of transparent non-singular assertions, freed from the concept of identity, are briefly explored. The questionable influence within philosophy of the ‘Classical’ Weltanschaung is highlighted.
The Knowability Paradox
Authors: Kvanvig Jonathan L.
Published: June 2006

This book examines and proposes a solution to the knowability paradox. The paradox derives from the proof that if all truths are knowable, then all truths are known, which was first published by Frederic Fitch in 1963. It identifies two problems created by Fitch’s proof: a perceived anti-realism and the paradox created by the proof. It is argued that although the two problems are related, a defence against the threat to anti-realism is no solution to the paradox. The neo-Russellian theory of quantification is considered the only acceptable solution to the paradox, since no other approach offers any hope of addressing the fundamental paradoxicality involved in asserting a lost logical distinction between actuality and possibility.
Introduction
Authors: Kvanvig Jonathan L.
Published: June 2006

This introductory chapter begins with a brief overview of the knowability paradox — a paradox deriving from a proof that if all truths are knowable, then all truths are known — which was first published by Frederic Fitch in 1963. It cites the relative obscurity of the proof and paradox since its publication, and identifies the two problems created by Fitch’s proof. The chapters included in this volume are then described.
Chapter 1 Introductory
Authors: Sprigge T.L.S.
Published: June 2006

This introductory chapter starts the discussion by some general remarks on what makes a belief system a religious one and the criteria for calling something ‘God’. There is a brief discussion of Descartes and of Pascal and the relation between the expressions ‘the Absolute’ and ‘God’ is briefly considered.
Chapter 5 T. H. Green and the Eternal Consciousness
Authors: Sprigge T.L.S.
Published: June 2006

This chapter examines the philosophy of T. H. Green, the initial leading figure among the absolute idealists who dominated British philosophy in the late 19th century. Green sought to establish that the existence and nature of human beings, especially of the human mind, was not susceptible of a purely empirical or scientific explanation. He claimed that the only possible explanation involved reference to the existence of an Eternal Consciousness, which was gradually realizing itself in the temporal world, more especially in the life of human beings. Further issues in his philosophy are examined, such as that things count as real only if they are in unchanging relations to each other, the difference between negative and positive freedom, the nature of moral choice, the superiority of a virtue ethic to a utilitarian one.
Chapter 10 Concluding Remarks
Authors: Sprigge T.L.S.
Published: June 2006

Religion has been described in this book as ‘a truth to live by’ (that is what is thought to be a truth by the believer and is associated with ‘religious’ emotions). This last chapter considers with reference to each of the philosophers discussed at any length in this book whether his metaphysics could provide anyone who accepted it with such a ‘truth’. Each of them qualifies as religiously significant from this point of view. The truth of the system matters for anyone inclined to adopt it but what matters for others is its ethical effect upon him or her.
Karma or Grace?
Authors: Davis Stephen T.
Published: June 2006

This chapter defines two abstract systems of salvation called Karma and Grace. It then asks the question: On philosophical grounds alone, which is superior? Five criticisms that defenders of Karma might make against Grace are discussed, as well as five arguments that can be made against Karma. It is impossible to answer the question definitively without bringing in metaphysical questions like whether God exists, but the tentative conclusion is that Grace is superior.
2 John andThomasin Conflict—about What?
Authors: Dunderberg Ismo
Published: June 2006

This chapter argues that it is not tenable to assume that Thomas is dependent on John, and that the theory that their affinities go back to a common sayings source also proves problematic. The most recent theory that John was written in response to the Gospel of Thomas or to Thomasine Christians is critically examined. Scholars arguing for this theory presuppose that the figure of Thomas in the Gospel of John represents a theological position opposed by the author of this gospel, but they show no agreement as regards what this theological position is. This already suggests that the figure of Thomas in John offers too narrow a basis for far-reaching conclusions about the theology he is supposed to stand for.
3 The Figure of Thomas in the Gospel of John
Authors: Dunderberg Ismo
Published: June 2006

This chapter offers a closer discussion of the Johannine portrayal of Thomas. It argues that the author of John was unaware of the Syrian Thomas tradition: he never used the name Judas Thomas for this figure. It is shown that the theological positions ascribed to Thomas in recent scholarship are far from evident. It is neither clear that Thomas doubts the possibility of physical resurrection, nor it is clear that he is portrayed as an advocate of those seeking mystical ascent and a visio dei. The negative aspects in the Johannine portrayal of Thomas are not unique in this gospel. Several other followers of Jesus are cast in equally negative terms. It is not conceivable to assume that behind all these figures would be Christian communities rejected by the author of John.
5 The Beloved Disciple in the Gospel of John
Authors: Dunderberg Ismo
Published: June 2006

This chapter argues that the enigmatic ‘disciple Jesus loved’ in John cannot be identified, and that the evidence for his role as the founder and the leader of the Johannine group remains meagre. The Beloved Disciple is no doubt an ideal figure in John, but he is not necessarily portrayed as a paradigm of true faith to the audience. Rather, his major function is to authenticate the contents of the Gospel of John. While he is often compared to the Paraclete in John, his figure is more closely connected with that of Jesus. He is one link in the chain of the transmission of divine revelation: the Father supplied the beloved Son with this revelation, and the Beloved Disciple was needed to transmit it to future generations.
7 The Beloved Disciple in Context
Authors: Dunderberg Ismo
Published: June 2006

In this chapter, the Johannine Beloved Disciple is located within the broader context of early Christian portrayals of the disciples of Jesus. First, it is pointed out how they increasingly became portrayed as authors of early Christian texts; the Beloved Disciple in John and Thomas in the Gospel of Thomas denote the first step towards this development. Special attention is devoted to the authorial fiction created in these texts. Second, the chapter points out that several other followers of Jesus were described in terms of their specific affinity with him. These figures include, in addition to the Beloved Disciple and Thomas, Mary of Magdala, James, and Bartholomew. Most of them are portrayed as having the privilege of knowing Jesus’ hidden teaching, but they differ in their willingness to disclose this teaching to other disciples. It is suggested that the Beloved Disciple in John could be understood as an ‘anti-James’, replacing the brothers of Jesus.
1 The Language of Time
Authors: Fox Rory
Published: June 2006

This chapter examines some of the key language and terminology used by 13th century thinkers. Thirteenth-century thinkers distinguished between logically indivisible boundaries and divisible parts. As applied to time, this distinction allowed them to identify and refer to two temporal elements: temporal parts and temporal boundaries. Altogether, they seem to have deployed 10 basic terms to refer to temporal elements: instans, praesens, nunc, periodus, momentum, duratio, mora, diurnitas, protensio, and quando. Although each of these words have what appear to be obvious English translations, the medieval Latin terms often contained multiple nuances which were not always reflected in the typical English words used to translate them.
2 Temporal Simultaneity
Authors: Fox Rory
Published: June 2006

This chapter examines 13th century views of ‘simultaneity’ and their implications. It shows that medieval Latin word ‘simul’ (simultaneous) had a wide set of meanings and uses, only some of which were reserved for discussions of temporality. Since 13th century thinkers clearly valued Aristotle’s insights, the tendency was to follow his approach and understanding of temporal simultaneity, defining it in terms of temporal priority and temporal posteriority. While this approach was reductively simple, it also had the consequence of defining out of consideration the set of issues which contemporary thinkers refer to as the question of whether time can be disunified or not. Essential to formulating that question is the possession of a metaphysics and language, which will make it possible to talk of instants which are neither before nor after each other, without that entailing that the instants are temporally simultaneous.
8 Sempiternity, Angelic Time, and the Aevum
Authors: Fox Rory
Published: June 2006

This chapter examines the import and meaning of the terms sempiternitas, perpetuitas, and aeviternitas or aevum. The terms sempiternitas and perpetuitas were often used interchangeably since they were basically used to refer to limitless particulars and their durations. Medieval figures recognized two types of limitlessness: durations which had no end and durations which had neither a beginning nor an end. As the terms perpetuitas and sempiternitas could be used of both kinds of durations, it is not unusual to find them used of God, angels, souls, and heavenly bodies. The terms aeviternitas and aevum were often used in a similar way, and were sometimes used synonymously with perpetuitas and sempiternitas. Nevertheless, there were serious disagreements amongst 13th century thinkers about the nature of the aevum, in particular whether it was extended or not.