bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coda
Authors: Walsh Corinne
Published: September 2023

Corinne Walsh recounts her experiences growing up as a deaf child in a hearing world. She was diagnosed as deaf at the age of four (that is, postlingually); the cause of the onset of deafness has never been determined. Because she had some residual hearing in the low-pitched range, it was decided that communication would be oralist (hearing aids and speech therapy) rather than sign language. Corinne was mainstream schooled and did not encounter marginalization because of her disability until her high school years. She excelled academically, nevertheless, and went on to complete a BA, MA, and PhD. Her doctoral research concerned hearing loss in a remote Indigenous community in northern Australia, where she found that the perceptions and experiences of community members constitute other valid ways to view and experience hearing, the body, disability, health, sickness and healing, and that Indigenous voices must be heard if change is to happen.
Introduction
Authors: Lent John A. , Lent John A.
Published: September 2023

This introductory chapter discusses the definitions, functions, and significance of political cartoons. Besides its function as a watchdog of government and the political system, the chapter also shows that the political cartoon is also a social consciousness-raising instrument that can bring attention to social problems and then campaign to change them. Furthermore, in nearly every region of the world, the purposes political cartoons serve are heavily dependent upon the processes by which they are created and sanctioned. The chapter turns to the “freedom to cartoon.” In very rare cases, and virtually nowhere in Asia, does the cartoonist have “complete” freedom, from idea conception to appearance in print. To that end, the chapter lays out the scope of Asian political cartoons to be discussed in the succeeding chapters, outlining structural, orientational, geographical, and research dimensions; common themes; and limitations and partial solutions.
Japan
Authors: Lent John A. , Lent John A.
Published: September 2023

This chapter turns to Japanese political cartooning. It begins with a historical overview, illustrating Japan's especially rich tradition of caricature, satire, and narrative. Indeed, Japanese culture has long brimmed with caricature, satire/parody, humor/playfulness, and narrative/sequence, though the latter is not as important in the realm of political cartoons. However, as the chapter shows, generally, the single-panel political cartoon lost its edge and was marginalized with the postwar rise of story comic books (manga), whose lucrative market attracted most of the skilled cartoonists at a time when some cartoon-friendly periodicals were dying. Not to mention that the increasing indecisiveness of politicians made for uninteresting drawings. These trends had a lot to do with the weakening of Japanese political cartoons, which led to the present state of the profession.
South Korea
Authors: Lent John A. , Lent John A.
Published: September 2023

This chapter studies political cartoons in South Korea. It starts with a historical overview tracing the origins of South Korea's political cartoons to illustrations in the country's earliest newspapers. It shows the adaptability of Korean political cartoons throughout history, which helped them last. Among the issues the political cartoons dealt with were the ideological struggle between rightists and leftists, the thirty-eighth parallel that divided the peninsula, the cooperative China–Korea relationship, the housing crisis, the power shift from the U.S. military to Korean civilian authorities, comparisons between U.S. and Korean products, and the reestablishment of the nation. As usual, Korean political cartoons saw highs and lows throughout Korea's history, but for the most part, political cartooning became more robust when liberalization was ushered in during the late 1980s. Another venue for reporting and commenting on social and political issues that has surfaced are social/historical realism graphic novels.
Cambodia
Authors: Lent John A. , Lent John A.
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines the dismal state of political cartooning in Cambodia. To say that Cambodian politics has been tumultuous for at least the past half century is a fair assessment. The country has faced war on its own soil, struggled through a genocidal regime, and drastically changed forms of government and name designations multiple times. During the course of Cambodia's postindependence decades, the level of freedom to cartoon fluctuated, as would be expected with the frequent changes of types of governance. The chapter takes a step back to review the historical development of political cartooning in Cambodia, beginning with the birth of the first Khmer-language newspaper, Nagara Vatta, launched in 1936.
Malaysia
Authors: Lent John A. , Lent John A.
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores political cartoonists from Malaysia. It showcases the work of Zunar (Zulkifli Anwar Ulhaque), known by cartoonists and defenders of freedom of expression worldwide for the many serious charges, arrests, book confiscations, and other harassments brought against him by the Najib Razak government, his highly publicized defiance and counterattacks, and his clever retorts and antics mocking Razak, his wife Rosmah Mansor, and the police. Zunar was regularly in trouble and suffered many Razak reprisals for nearly a dozen years. Malaysia's other cartoonist who has garnered international attention, for a longer period and for different reasons than Zunar, is Mohammad Nor Khalid, universally known as Lat. Lat is famous for his works such as Scenes of Malaysian Life as well as the autobiographical Kampung Boy.
Singapore
Authors: Lent John A. , Lent John A.
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores the freedom to cartoon in Singapore. It reveals that Singapore has pioneered a form of cartooning that has since swept much of Asia—what this chapter calls “guided cartooning.” Under guided cartooning, the cartoonist is very aware of the red lines not to be crossed and the consequences if crossed, and strictly follows the guidance of the editor, who sometimes assigns the topics and stances, and screens the cartoons prepublication. The result: self-censorship with elements of pre-censorship carrying another name. The chapter traces the evolution of Singaporean political cartoons as they covered or steered away from a variety of topics in response to political changes in the nation. It also follows the online back and forth between government censors and political cartoonists as artists' online platforms come under government scrutiny. Finally, the chapter provides some cartoonists' views of contemporary political cartoons.
Vietnam
Authors: Lent John A. , Lent John A.
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines political cartooning in Vietnam and also explores its history of political satire. Vietnam has a long history of media suppression rampant during long periods of colonialism, war, national fragmentation, and the communist ideology. With government and party ownership, a number of outright taboos, tough legislation, and self-censorship, the press, and by extension cartoonists, walk a tightrope. Political cartoonists admit to playing it safe, distancing themselves from criticizing certain policies and individuals, or attempting to get messages across by visual cues recognizable to readers but hopefully not to authorities. Vietnam is encrusted in a group of Asian countries where political cartooning has been anathema to government, party, and/or military ideologies and practices for decades. Any change in this scenario will likely be small and short-lived, as the chapter shows.
Conclusions
Authors: Lent John A.
Published: September 2023

This concluding chapter reflects on the scope of political cartooning in Asia and remarks on its potential futures. It gives an overview of the common threads of Asian political cartoons, including their penchant for political and social satire, their colonial beginnings, and their use in propaganda and calls for independence. The chapter also outlines other factors which led to the development and nurturing of political cartoons in Asia. Additionally, however, it takes a look at the multitude of setbacks faced by Asian political cartoonists, noting that almost all of Asian political cartooning faces hard times and a bleak future due to factors such as authoritarianism, colonialism, and religious violence. And yet, as the chapter shows, political cartoonists in Asia continue to keep their profession alive by meeting crippling setbacks with ingenious comebacks, while seeking other means to make a living. Indeed, the future of political cartooning in Asia is assured as long as there are imperfect governments and people's will to dissent.
Official Narratives, Origin Myths, and Tradition Invention
Authors: Machado Isabel
Published: September 2023

The first chapter discusses the narratives that established Mobile as the “birthplace of Mardi Gras” in the United States and explains how this invented tradition inevitably defined the festivity as something created by and for white elites. By analyzing these official narratives, it shows how the invention of Mobile’s Mardi Gras tradition subordinated, excluded, and erased marked bodies from the city’s carnival history.
Carnivalesque Bodies
Authors: Machado Isabel
Published: September 2023

Chapter six steps outside of official organizations to see how marked people experienced the streets of Mobile and constructed their carnivalesque identities outside of these structures. Investigating what role marked bodies could play in white supremacist and heteronormative spectacles, it shows that although laws and customs enforced racial segregation and heteronormativity, Carnival was a space to explore identity and test boundaries. It investigates bottom-up carnival celebrations in Mobile by analyzing Black spectatorship in (Black and white) spectacles and the roles played by Black people in white parades and by disruptive performers such as the Mollies in “respectable Colored Carnival.”
Plus Ça Change?
Authors: Machado Isabel
Published: September 2023

The last couple of decades of the 20th century represented a turning point in the city’s Mardi Gras reinvention as once marginalized groups increasingly became a part of the mainstream. Chapter seven looks at how Mobile changed in the last quarter of the 20th century and ponders what is gained and lost when marked bodies’ celebrations go mainstream. It also places these developments in the context of the setbacks and tragedy that affected marked communities and bodies in Mobile and discusses a cinematic representation of the city’s segregated festivities.
Black Man’s Burden: The Rhetoric of Racial Uplift
Authors: Malcolm Nigel I.
Published: September 2023

“Black Man’s Burden: The Rhetoric of Racial Uplift” critiques Bill Cosby and Alvin Poussaint’s work Come on People. The idea that poor blacks should pull themselves up by their bootstraps is not new. Yet when examined in light of Du Bois’s idea of the Talented Tenth, this self-help rhetoric now provides absolution to the Talented Tenth for their failure to lift up the masses of poor blacks. Cosby and Poussaint embrace their role as 'fathers' to the race and seek to guide their wayward children onto the path of enlightenment. While urging poor blacks to look after their children better, Cosby and Poussaint rhetorically position the black underclass in the role of children and themselves in the role of parent. The black underclass is seen as possessing the ability to move away from their status as 'victims' but lacking both the knowledge and willpower that would make this move possible.
Identification, Division, and the Rhetoric of Black Disunity
Authors: Malcolm Nigel I.
Published: September 2023

“Identification, Division, and the Rhetoric of Black Disunity” critiques Eugene Robinson’s work Disintegration. Robinson argues that blacks no longer comprise one cohesive racial group in America but rather four distinct groups. The rise of a rhetoric of black disunity seeks to replace the rhetoric of black unity that held sway throughout slavery and segregation. This rhetoric of black disunity can best be understood through the lens of identification and division. Identification among blacks is no longer based on race as class and position within society are now seen as more important factors. Class and position were always present among blacks, but they were previously never put forward as a reason for division among blacks. The rhetoric of black disunity is in fact a marker for the success of integration. It also is indicative of a profound change among blacks in regard to notions of racial solidarity and advancement in America.
Conclusion
Authors: Malcolm Nigel I.
Published: September 2023

The conclusion summarizes the rhetorics of black unity and disunity discussed earlier. It then discusses how both types of rhetoric ultimately point to the divided state of blacks in the post-civil rights era. If for Du Bois in the twentieth century the color line that separated whites from blacks was the focus of his discourse, then for blacks in the twenty-first century, issues of class that separate one black from another are now a subject of concern. In the course of a century there’s been a change in the subject of black discourse, as disunity is both acknowledged and for some is seen as potentially desirable. Integration is both a sign of success in terms of the civil rights movement and is also the catalyst for disunity among blacks in the post-civil rights era.
Confluence
Authors: Marrs Suzanne
Published: September 2023

While crime writing is often dismissed as popular rather than serious fiction, Eudora Welty and Ross Macdonald, who late in life had become close friends, believed that distinctions between literary and mystery fiction were artificial and destructive; they felt that intersections between the genres had been key to works by many writers, including themselves. In addition, each felt that the novel of detection was well suited to the complex investigation of heart-felt, autobiographical concerns, perhaps at times more suited than literary fiction; each used genre fiction to explore imaginative autobiography and personal relationships, including the one they shared. The word “confluence,” which Welty believed “exists as a reality and a symbol in one,” thus defines a pattern of experience not only for two individuals but also for these two writers.
The Fall of Frogington
Authors: Kugler Jimmy
Published: September 2023

After the surprise attack, Frog forces struggle to arm themselves for a war against a superior opponent. Much like American difficulties in the early years of the Pacific War, the Frogs suffer reverse upon reverse. A Toad attack on another city meets brave, even reckless responses from the outgunned opponent. The depiction of fighting both in the air and on the ground would be a staple of the rest of the comics. Just as the Frog counter attack on Toad pilots and paratroopers seemed successful, the Toad navy begins to shell Frogington. The Frog city—revealed to be a small town much like Lexington—is destroyed.
The Fate of a Toad Convoy
Authors: Kugler Jimmy
Published: September 2023

For the first time, Toads appear in their homeland. Officers discuss the next stages of the war, beginning with a naval force steaming to Eagle Island to capture it as a staging ground for future attacks. A spy warns the Frogs of this new threat. Quickly, Frog airmen lift off to attack the convoy, the first sea battle of the war. This Frog attack on a Toad naval force was possibly inspired by the 1942 film Air Force. Also, in the Battle of the Bismarck Sea in early March, 1943, B-17 pilots spotted and repeatedly attacked a Japanese convoy. In this first Frog victory of the war (where destroyed planes and ships are tallied like scores in an athletic contest) the Toad commitment to killing “all the Frogs” is matched by a single Frog sentiment: defeating the enemy at any cost.
The Battle of Toadajima
Authors: Kugler Jimmy
Published: September 2023

This unfinished story begins with its own splash page, promising it to be the war’s most dramatic, complex battle. For the first time Frogs attack the Toads, in a combined air, naval and land offensive. The chapter begins with an unusually long exposition of the island’s strategic location and resources important to the Toads. Jimmy clearly based his story on the February 1945 Battle of Iwo Jima. US media, freed from earlier censorship of combat reporting, related this battle’s vicious character. Newsreels, newspapers, and radio had begun to circulate news of Bataan atrocities, as well as images of corpse-littered battlefields. The comic battle quickly distills to individual combat. A downed Frog fighter pilot holds off a Toad squadron, eventually boiled down to hand-to-hand combat. This Frog soldier desperately ends his own life by killing as many of the enemy as possible. The action shifts to infantry fighting on a grassy savannah. Being unfinished, the battle’s outcome remains a puzzle.
Conclusion
Authors: Kugler Jimmy
Published: September 2023

The size of these comic stories reflects hours of dedicated practice, planning and drawing. Such adolescent art suggests a deep commitment to what was the most gripping and significant event in Jimmy’s young life. Yet he recast the Pacific war through a filter given him by propaganda-laden news and entertainment media, as well as the peculiar sensibilities of a small town Nebraska kid. Yet his stories are hardly moralistic. Despite the rightness of the Frog cause, their simple desire for vengeance matches Toad cruelty, committed to wiping out any trace of the Frogs. Throughout, the comics raise the question of racist ideas inspired by depictions of the Japanese in comic books, film and propaganda. Imagining a war so brutal, often laced with black humor, prepared his tastes for other, later, cartoons of the horror genre of increased violence.
They Also Write for Kids
Authors: Roszak Suzanne Manizza
Published: September 2023

Outside the world of children’s literature studies, children’s books by authors of well-known texts “for adults” are often forgotten or marginalized. Although many adults today read contemporary children’s and young adult fiction for pleasure, others continue to see such texts as unsuitable for older audiences, and they are unlikely to cross-read children’s books that were themselves cross-written by authors like Chinua Achebe, Anita Desai, Joy Harjo, or Amy Tan. Meanwhile, these literary voices have produced politically vital works of children’s literature whose complex themes persist across boundaries of expected audience. These works form part of a larger body of activist writing “for children” that has long challenged preconceived notions about the seriousness of such books and ideas about who, in fact, should read them. They Also Write for Kids: Cross-Writing, Activism, and Children’s Literature seeks to draw these cross-writing projects together and bring them to the attention of readers. In doing so, this book invites readers to place children’s literature in conversation with works more typically understood as being for adult audiences, read multiethnic US literature alongside texts by global writers, consider children’s poetry and nonfiction as well as fiction, and read diachronically as well as cross-culturally. These ways of reading offer points of entry into a world of books that refuse to exclude young audiences in scrutinizing topics that range from US settler colonialism and linguistic prejudice to intersectional forms of gender inequality. Too often disregarded by skeptical adults, these texts offer rich rewards to readers of all ages, and here they are brought to the fore.
Embracing Ambivalence
Authors: Roszak Suzanne Manizza
Published: September 2023

Chapter 4 explores acts of cross-writing by Anita Desai, Edwidge Danticat, and Toni Morrison. Across boundaries of expected audience, these writers’ works tend to embrace ambiguity and ambivalence, requiring readers to adopt an epistemologically sophisticated approach to understanding them. The narratives in this chapter unearth discomfiting complexities and contradictions that reside in histories of “development,” immigration, and desegregation and their private and public aftermaths. In offering up a framework for embracing these challenging topics, the books introduced here stand to further challenge popular conceptions of activist children’s literature as blandly rather than richly and powerfully didactic.
Kids Beyond Borders
Authors: Roszak Suzanne Manizza
Published: September 2023

Chapter 5 focuses on authors whose writing “for children” and “for adults” takes on issues of cross-cultural dialogue, exchange, and representation. This chapter places Gary Soto’s poetry and fiction in conversation with Julia Alvarez’s fictional cross-writing, showing how they employ cross-cultural approaches that both reflect and move beyond their authors’ transnational and otherwise multilayered identities. Read in the context of the #OwnVoices movement, this suite of books presents a multifaceted activist project: they undermine mythologies of US nationalism and exceptionalism, critique the tendency of white readerships to reward white children’s book authors for culturally appropriative and inaccurate depictions of nonwhite communities, exemplify the efforts of Latinx writers to engage in sophisticated cross-cultural modes while acting as #OwnVoices creators, and continue to problematize notions of children’s literature as unequipped to engage with these types of literary and sociopolitical nuances.
Moment of Truth
Authors: Bailey Trenton
Published: September 2023

Chapter 2 discusses the beginning of Earth, Wind & Fire’s classic period and how they began to stand out among other soul music bands. The early 1970s were fraught with intense societal issues including the Vietnam War and racial violence that discouraged many African Americans from realizing their dreams. Becoming a better person, reaching your greatest potential, and escaping negativity are ideals are found in the ancient Egyptian cosmological principles of Maat. Maat is required for the ideal world, society, and person. Through their music, Earth, Wind & Fire encouraged people to become better to make a better world. This encouragement shined in their albums Head to the Sky, Open Our Eyes, and Another Time, which are discussed in depth.
All ’N All
Authors: Bailey Trenton
Published: September 2023

The fourth chapter examines the All ‘N All album and the popular tour that followed. The author begins by analyzing the art related to the album—the first of many album covers illustrated by Shusei Nagaoka. The art combines Kemetic symbols with cosmic and spiritual imagery. Bailey then analyzes the songs on the album, beginning with the ambitious and intellectual “Serpentine Fire.” A deeper discussion of the band’s affinity for illusions and elaborate performances follows, along with the mysticism symbolism the band uses.
The Changing Times
Authors: Bailey Trenton
Published: September 2023

Chapter 6 tells of EWF in the first three years of the 1980s, beginning with their tenth studio album Faces. The author explores the song (and music video) “Let Me Talk” in depth, characterizing it as a song about problems going on in the world at the beginning of the 1980s, such as inflation, nuclear weapons, and the struggle for oil, and encourages people to discuss solutions to the problems. The albums Faces and Raise! are discussed, including more analyses of Kemetic and spiritual imagery in the related album art. “Let’s Groove,” the first hit single from Raise!, is discussed, as is “Lady Sun.”
Can’t Let Go
Authors: Bailey Trenton
Published: September 2023

Chapter 9 discusses the difficult decision White had to make and how the band persevered throughout the 1990s.In 1993, EWF released their sixteenth studio album, Millennium, which was intended to be their last. The album features songs that hearken back to EWF’s original sound, while also songs that move in the opposite direction, including “Super Hero,” written by (and featuring) Prince. In 1993, White announced he would be retiring from touring. Eventually, Philip Bailey and Verdine White would continue touring under EWF’s name. They continued to release music, as well as compilation and live albums.
The Density of Cultures
Authors: Falola Toyin
Published: September 2023

This chapter is divided into four sections. The first section discusses Africanity at home, surveying the sources of postcolonial African conditions and how issues like polygamy, family, modernity, and identity have presented Africa in line with cultural, social, and political realism in the global sphere. The second section captures Assensoh’s experience in China, where he was introduced to the Chinese laws on environment and society, including the language, history, founding principles, and how the country became one of the world’s fastest-growing economies through strategic plans and leadership. The third section focuses on the racism, superiority, and exploitation of Africans in America. The last section presents Ghana as an epitome of a nation ready for development and concludes that Assensoh’s memoir is a rich spice of memories, experiences, people, journeys and celebrations.
Contrasting Experiences of Old and New Homes in the New African Diaspora Memoirs
Authors: Falola Toyin
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses issues like culture, African communitarianism, corruption, motherhood, bad leadership in Africa, and the navigation of new cultural terrain in three major African memoirs: Emmanuel Babatunde’s Kelebogile, Michael Afolayan’s Fate of Our Mothers, and Cherno Njie’s Sweat is Invisible in the Rain. It highlights how the authors try to elevate the traditional African sense of reasoning, showing sagacity in African ways of life without taking on an Afropessimist approach. The chapter further explores African communitarianism and family care systems, politics, war, and corruption in postcolonial Africa, the roles of women in society and the essence of complementarity, as well as cultural shifts and similarities at home and abroad.
From Slave Narratives to Freedom Narratives
Authors: Falola Toyin
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses a brief history of African-American autobiographies. The literature examined in this chapter expresses a duality in identity, which evolved from a romanticization of Africa and a desire to return to roots. It also explores the negritude movement and the nexus between slave/freedom narratives and modern memoirs such as Olaudah Equiano’s, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Booker T. Washington’s Up from Slavery, Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks, and W. B. Du Bois’ The Souls of Black Folk. It highlights Afropolitanism in the twenty-first century and how the intersectional movement of Black feminism has influenced African narratives in the new century.
Howard Cruse
Authors: Utell Janine
Published: September 2023

Howard Cruse is the first biography to tell the life story of one of the most important figures in LGBTQ+ comics. A preacher’s kid from Alabama who became “the godfather of queer comics,” Cruse was a groundbreaking underground cartoonist, a wicked satirist, an LGBTQ+ activist, and a mentor to a vast network of queer comics artists. His comic strip Wendel, published in the Advocate throughout the 1980s, is considered a revolutionary moment in the development of LGBTQ+ comics, as is his inaugurating the editorship of Gay Comix with Kitchen Sink Press in 1979, which furthered the careers of important artists like Jennifer Camper and Alison Bechdel. Cruse’s graphic novel Stuck Rubber Baby, published in 1995, fictionalizes his own coming out in the context of the Civil Rights movement in 1960s Birmingham, and was a significant forerunner to contemporary graphic novels and memoirs.
Howard Cruse draws on extensive archival research and interviews while considering Cruse’s entire body of work: the cute and zany Barefootz, the unexpected innovations of the Gay Comix stories, the domestic intimacies of Wendel, the complexity and power of Stuck Rubber Baby. The book places Cruse’s art in the context of his life and his times, including the historic movements for gay rights and against the AIDS crisis, and it celebrates this extraordinary and essential figure of LGBTQ+ comics, and American comics art more broadly.
“I’m interested in the undercurrents of life, the ways people relate to each other”
Authors: Utell Janine
Published: September 2023

This chapter tells the story of the creation of Wendel, which ran in The Advocate from 1983 to 1989. Wendel chronicles the relationship of Wendel and his lover Ollie, and was an important influence on other queer cartoonists, particularly Alison Bechdel and her Dykes to Watch Out For. The chapter also addresses the changing gay and lesbian press.
“Are you crazy? Do you realize how long it would take you to draw all those pages?”
Authors: Utell Janine
Published: September 2023

This chapter focuses on the making of Stuck Rubber Baby, Howard Cruse’s graphic novel about struggling with being gay during the civil rights movement in Birmingham. The chapter shows how Cruse draws on his experiences during his college years with white supremacy, being closeted, and a sexual encounter leading to the birth of a child relinquished for adoption. The chapter looks at the reception of the novel.
The Seasons in the Life of a Boy Tramp
Authors: Minehan Thomas
Published: September 2023

Perhaps more than any other factor, climate is the harshest adversary in the daily life of unemployed and homeless youth riding the rails. Even so, the warmer South is most dangerous, especially cruel to the youngest and black transients. Young tramps know that “When it becomes colder we will have to follow once more the depressing routine of organized charity and be kicked from town to town, as we stand hungry and cold in bread lines,” which is why fifteen year-old Texas advises, “When it gets colder, we’ll go to California.”
How They Travel
Authors: Minehan Thomas
Published: September 2023

Minehan demonstrates concretely that “city relief stations as a rule are much more stringent in their attitude toward youthful vagrants than toward older transients. Where an adult is given six meals and two nights’ lodging, a boy tramp is given one meal and one nights’ lodging; a girl tramp is sent to jail.”
How They Get Food
Authors: Minehan Thomas
Published: September 2023

Again, substantive food in agencies goes to men, not boys or girls. Minehan reports, “I have seen meat cooked almost every day at missions…. The meals, however, were for local homeless men and not for transients.” Boys get “a hint of meat.” However, for “girls there are less accommodations than for boys.” The result for many youth is to sell one’s body, “steal or starve.”
Their New Education
Authors: Minehan Thomas
Published: September 2023

Tricks of the new tribal life of tramping, and how to survive. Epitomized as “Boy, be nimble; boy, be quick. Boy, look out for the shack’s big stick!” Or, less jocularly, “Ignore the pains and demands of the body, and keep going, boy, keep going.”
Tumultuous Territorial Government
Authors: Bunn Mike , Williams Clay
Published: September 2023

The United States established the Mississippi Territory upon Spanish withdrawal of the region. This new government faced many obstacles such as the region’s Native Americans, conflicting land claims, and surrounding European nations anxious to reassert themselves in Mississippi. Various territorial governors including Winthrop Sargent and others struggled to assert control while managing a freedom-loving population not used to being governed so strictly. Results led to a divisive twenty years where leaders spent more time squabbling amongst themselves than tackling the important issues of the day. Finally, the approaching issue of statehood as well as the deaths of many of the more factional leaders ended one of the more contentious periods in Mississippi history.
Land and Labor
Authors: Bunn Mike , Williams Clay
Published: September 2023

The acquisition of land for agricultural purposes and access to labor to bring it under production were critical to the economic operation of early Mississippi. The income derived from the cultivation of cotton would come to be the driving force in Mississippi’s economy. While not all Mississippians would become slaveowners, the institution of slavery that facilitated cotton’s ascendancy would be critical to the finances of planters and yeomen farmers across the state. But slavery’s rise was predicated on settlers gaining possession of the hundreds of thousands of rich lands that, with only a few notable exceptions, still lay in Native American hands at the time of statehood. Any discussion of how and why the state developed as it did must include an understanding of the process by which Mississippi’s Native Americans became dispossessed of their land and the simultaneous flourishing of the peculiar institution within their former homeland.
An Agricultural Economy
Authors: Bunn Mike , Williams Clay
Published: September 2023

Mississippians have notably been tied to the land for much of the state’s history, and the story of its early development cannot be told without an understanding of the agricultural practices which underlay its economy and consumed the working lives of a large portion of its population. That historic dependence on agriculture, heavily influenced by the cultivation of a single crop—cotton—almost to the detriment of any other enterprise, first took root in the frontier era. Development of Mississippi’s agricultural economy within the time period therefore established patterns and practices that would not only impact its course at the time, but hold sway in the state for generations.
Epilogue
Authors: Bunn Mike , Williams Clay
Published: September 2023

In January of 1840, former president Andrew Jackson undertook a journey to New Orleans to participate in the twenty-fifth anniversary celebration of his greatest triumph. He had agreed to pay a visit to the state of Mississippi on his way back home, accepting an invitation to be feted at the capitol in his namesake city of Jackson. His trip provided evidence of just how far the state had progressed between his first visit and what he almost certainly knew would be his last, involving elegant steamboats, speedy trains, and travel through what had become one of the wealthiest regions of the country. The future promised nothing if not continued, and fast-paced, physical and cultural development animated by the ideals and attitudes of its formative era. The only thing certain was that Mississippi would be front and center.
The Rhetorical Road to Brown v. Board of Education
Authors: Fenimore Wanda Little
Published: September 2023

The Rhetorical Road traces the symbolic battle that provided the locus for change in Brown v. Board of Education. Elizabeth and Waties Waring entered this battle when they delivered thirty-five speeches from 1949 to1952. Elizabeth Avery Waring was a twice-divorced Northern socialite. Her husband, federal Judge J. Waties Waring, was an eighth-generation Charlestonian whose family had enslaved people of African descent. The Warings’ goal was to arouse silent white people and pressure the federal government to intervene in the South. Elizabeth and Waties took purposeful steps to ensure that their oratory reached audiences across the United States. With each speech and media interview, they received letters – positive and negative – that they then circulated to more audiences. The responses demonstrate that a cadre of white allies existed in the pre-Brown era. The timing of the Warings’ campaign is significant in terms of Briggs v. Elliott, the school segregation case that originated in Clarendon County. Initially a bus transportation case in 1948, then an equalization case, the parent-plaintiffs persisted and in 1950, filed the first federal lawsuit to challenge legally-mandated school segregation. The Black community sustained Briggs through the appeal process until it was consolidated in Brown. This book weaves the Warings’ public address with local organizing, NAACP legal strategy, and national politics. The rhetorical history of Brown v. Board of Education reveals the terms upon which segregation was defended, the reasons that white people remained silent, and the ways that white Americans reconciled the contradiction between American democracy and white supremacy.
It All Started With a Bus
Authors: Fenimore Wanda Little
Published: September 2023

Chapter 2 details the circumstances surrounding Judge Waring’s rulings in Elmore v. Rice (1947) and Brown v. Baskin (1948) that opened the Solid South’s all-white Democratic Party primary to Black voters. The rulings triggered a threat from the Ku Klux Klan, state-wide ostracism, and an impeachment inquiry. Although publicly denounced in South Carolina, Judge Waring also received letters of support that disclosed a fissure in white supremacy’s illusion of consensus. In addition to the primary cases, the NAACP filed Pearson v. County Board of Education seeking free bus transportation for Black students in Clarendon County. The school provided buses for white students. Judge Waring held a pre-trial conference on June 9, 1948 and dismissed the case on a jurisdictional technicality. The bus transportation case revealed to the Warings that Black parents in Clarendon County were courageous enough to commence legal action to attain equal opportunities for their children.
I Hope to Make More Friends
Authors: Fenimore Wanda Little
Published: September 2023

Chapter 3 focuses on Judge Waring’s speech, “The Struggle for Negro Rights,” that he delivered when the National Lawyers Guild presented him with its Roosevelt Award. The speech marked the demise of his gradualist tendencies and birth of his burgeoning radicalism. Judge Waring addressed other audiences including an award ceremony in Charleston sponsored by the Omega Psi Phi Fraternity. The Charleston event opened the door to the local African American community. Mrs. Waring’s remarks at the Ninth Annual Harvest Tea in November of 1949 sparked Septima Clark’s inviting the judge’s wife to speak at the Coming Street YWCA’s annual meeting. While Waring cultivated a network of like-minded activists, Black parents in Clarendon County petitioned the school board to comply with separate-but-equal and provide educational facilities to Black students that were equal to those provided to white children. The white power structure levied severe repercussions upon those who signed the petition.
Brickbats and Bouquets
Authors: Fenimore Wanda Little
Published: September 2023

At the Coming Street YWCA’s annual meeting, Waring cast white Southerners as evil, rather than benevolent protectors of Southern civilization. Her language was unpleasant and objectionable. But, because it was those things, it attracted media publicity. Newspapers across the United States printed excerpts or mentioned the speech so her public condemnation of white supremacy reached a national audience. Chapter 4 delves into the rhetorical effect of Waring’s speech with an analysis of the letters that she received. More than a defense of the South, the negative responses attempted to smooth the rupture in white supremacy’s illusion of consensus. The central theme of those who responded favorably to Waring remarked on her courage. Waring’s strategic circulation of the affirming letters had the potential to embolden others to publicly oppose white supremacy and transform the repressive rhetorical culture of Jim Crow.
Only Force Will Work
Authors: Fenimore Wanda Little
Published: September 2023

Chapter 5 examines nine speeches that the Warings delivered from February 11 to April 30, 1950, beginning with Waring’s appearance on Meet the Press when she proclaimed that interracial marriage should not be illegal. The maelstrom surged. In the other speeches, the Warings repeated the same points and argument. First, they pointed out the hypocrisy of racial violence, discrimination, and disenfranchisement in the United States when the nation promoted itself as leader of the “free world” to attract decolonized territories. Second, the Warings called gradualism a false god and insisted that only force would work because the South would never voluntarily repeal segregation laws. They looked to the force of public opinion and force of federal law to end segregation. The Warings’ prolific activity in 1950 points to a purposeful rhetorical campaign designed to remove barriers to speech so that white people would publicly oppose segregation.
“A System So Corrupt”
Authors: Anderson Devery S.
Published: September 2023

This chapter covers Clyde Kennard's experience during his confinement at the Mississippi State Penitentiary. It mentions how anemia mostly affected his life during imprisonment. Friends and the NAACP did their part in helping Kennard financially, but he endured many of his struggles alone after his experience dramatically shifted when he collapsed and was taken to the prison hospital. Meanwhile, Attorney Jess Brown fronted an immediate obstacle in Parchman superintendent C.E. Breazeale when he was not granted permission to visit Kennard. However, when they did meet, Brown saw the toll Kennard's illness had taken on his body and learned that he was denied reading privileges and access to outside information.
“Martyrdom”
Authors: Anderson Devery S.
Published: September 2023

This chapter looks into the efforts to free Clyde Kennard. It elaborates on the establishment of the Clyde Kennard Fund. Similarly, students at Tougaloo College, a historically Black school just north of Jackson, began doing their part to free Clyde Kennard and sent a message directly to President Kennedy. The chapter details the moment Kennard met his family members again after his cancer diagnosis and years of imprisonment, which only made his family more determined to work for his release. It highlights Kennard's failing health, parole and subsequent passing and funeral. Reverend Malcolm Boyd viewed Kennard as a martyr with a vision for human freedom.
“Gestures Of Conscience”
Authors: Anderson Devery S.
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores further revelations into how and why Clyde Kennard was targeted. Johnny Lee Roberts, who took full responsibility for what happened at the co-op incident, admitted that Kennard was targeted for applying to University of Southern Mississippi instead of just the aforementioned incident. Roberts added that nothing would happen if Kennard was not a black man trying to get into the university. The chapter cites that people calling for Kennard's exoneration managed to get a hold of Roberts' recantation. It explains that despite the efforts in Chicago and Mississippi, relief for Kennard was in a state of limbo due to the mixed views and tremendous uncertainty about the law.
Epilogue
Authors: Anderson Devery S.
Published: September 2023

This chapter details how the University of Southern Mississippi memorializes Clyde Kennard. It cites that the school acknowledged that change to inclusivity and diversity were needed. According to University of Southern Mississippi president Rodney D. Bennett, Mississippi was committed to memorializing, honoring, and marking things that happened across the state that were and are of importance to the state's history. Kennard came to the University of Southern Mississippi with a worldview different from the campus leaders but he was powerless and paid a price when those views clashed. The chapter mentions that the Mississippi Freedom Trail Task Force selected the University of Southern Mississippi as a site for a marker to honor Kennard and his efforts.
The Killer’s Eye
Authors: Brems Brian
Published: September 2023

This chapter explicates the use of the zoom lens throughout the giallo cycle, examining its role as a visual signifier of point of view. It provides a taxonomy of the various ways that the zoom lens is harnessed in early gialli films by filmmakers such as Mario Bava and Dario Argento. The essay follows this with a broader survey of the films' various implementations of this particular cinematic tool, just coming into its own in the 1960s and 1970s alongside the giallo itself. Finally, the chapter focuses in on the self-reflexive play of the zoom lens in Andrea Bianchi's Strip Nude For Your Killer (1975).
Argento’s Evil Eye
Authors: Garan Émilie Von
Published: September 2023

Proposing a sustained engagement with the gaze and architecture, this chapter surveys the colonial presence simmering beneath the surface of the Italian giallo and stresses the importance of engaging with Italy’s ongoing histories. Looking to the cinema of Dario Argento, the chapter carefully studies the dichotomous relationship between containment and mobility in the films L’uccello dalle piume di cristallo (1970) and Tenebrae (1982), arguing that they are reflective of larger socio-political and cultural processes that can be seen through the genre more broadly.
Watch me When i Kill and The Bloodstained Shadow
Authors: Edwards Matthew
Published: September 2023

This chapter is a transcription of an interview with giallo director Antonio Bido.
The Canadian Giallo , or how the Italian Thriller Influenced The Canadian Slasher Film
Authors: Koven Mikel J.
Published: September 2023

While the connection between the Italian giallo and the slasher film has been noted by many scholars, this essay explores the connection in detail. Specifically, this essay looks at the Canadian-produced slasher films made between 1981-1983 as being particularly connected to the Italian thrillers, despite no clear or transparent referential. By focusing on key Canadian-made slasher films from this period, it is revealed they are connected more to giallo, particularly in how the films are ludic, playful, murder mysteries, more than horror films. Comparisons are made between these two cinematic forms through the ideas of the testamone occulare, the amateur detective, the ineffectual police, the sexualized murders, the discourse on modernity, sexual trauma, as well as the more obvious tropes of the black-gloved killer, the use of the I-camera, and the diversity of bloody murders in the films. The Canadian slasher film is deeply dependent on the Italian giallo.
My Roots
Authors: Pigee Vera
Published: September 2023

Vera Pigee notes how some readers have compared her book to the ground-breaking book, Roots, so narrates her own family history from her great-grandmother to her daughter in order to explain her point of view.
Movement Participants Speak
Authors: Pigee Vera
Published: September 2023

Vera Pigee interviews various people who she encountered in the movement, from foundational actors to fellow activists. She asks about their involvement and if they would repeat their actions, and what they thought about the present situation.
Travel
Authors: Pigee Vera
Published: September 2023

Vera Pigee recounts the discrimination African Americans faced in public transport and laments how people take the changes for granted today to highlight generational differences. Then she describes one incident of police harassment while driving her own car and the lack of due process in the judicial system.
Dawson’s Early Years and Education
Authors: Malone Mark Hugh
Published: September 2023

William Dawson’s early life and quest for a music education is the focus of Chapter One. The welcoming atmosphere of Tuskegee Institute and shepherding mentorship of Booker T. Washington afforded Dawson the perfect climate to grow as a musician and scholar. Participation in the Tuskegee Choir and Band, as well as opportunities to travel on the Chautauqua Circuit, enabled Dawson to encounter influential people that included noted composer Harry T. Burleigh, a student of Antonin Dvorak. Exposure to African American poets and musicians such as Paul Laurence Dunbar and Will Marion Cook, in addition to Bach, Mozart, Beethoven forged a determination in Dawson to create music that would celebrate the roots of African American music in the United States. Continuing his education at the Horner Institute of Fine Arts and the American Conservatory of Music, Dawson prepared himself to be a musical voice of the “New Negro” that was espoused by Black spokesperson Alain Locke at the outset of the Harlem Renaissance.