bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New measurement method of displacement susceptibility based on time‐domain current and potential combined spectra
Authors: Han Yongsen , Suo Changyou , Peng Cheng , Li Zhonghua
Published: July 2023

Displacement susceptibility is a very important parameter to characterise the displacement polarisation of dielectrics. Two methods based on the time‐domain current and potential combined spectra are proposed to measure the displacement susceptibility. One is based on the time‐domain polarisation current and decay potential combined spectra, and the other is based on the time‐domain depolarisation current and recovery potential combined spectra. The principle of the proposed methods are verified by simulation. In addition, a measurement system for the two proposed methods is built and is used to measure the displacement susceptibility of transparent organic glass and opaque nonlinear field grading materials. The experimental results are compared with those of the present optical method and the frequency‐domain method. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed methods for the measurement of displacement susceptibility are feasible and practical, which lays a foundation for the research on the polarisation characterisation of dielectrics.
Flavor composition of neutrinos from choked gamma-ray bursts
Authors: Reynoso Matias M. , Deus Florencia A.
Published: July 2023

The nature of the astrophysical sources responsible for producing the observed high energy neutrinos have yet to be unveiled. Choked gamma-ray bursts (CGRBs) are sources that have been proposed as being capable of generating the flux detected by IceCube, since no accompanying gamma-ray signal is expected from them, as required by observations. We focus on obtaining the neutrino flux and flavor composition corresponding to CGRBs under different assumptions for the target photon density and the magnetic field of the emission region. We consider the injection of both electrons and protons into the internal shocks of CGRBs, and using a steady-state transport equation, we account for all the relevant cooling processes. In particular, we include as a target forpγinteractions the usually adopted background of soft photons, which is a fraction of the thermalized emission originated at the shocked jet head. Additionally, we consider the synchrotron photons emitted by the electrons co-accelerated with the protons at the internal shocks in the jet. We also obtain the distribution of charged pions, kaons, and muons using the transport equation to account for the cooling effects due not only to synchrotron emission but also interactions with the soft photons in the ambient. We integrate the total diffuse flux of neutrinos of different flavors and compute the flavor ratios to be observed on Earth. As a consequence of the losses suffered mainly by pions and muons, we find these ratios to be dependent on the energy: for energies above ∼(105 − 106) GeV (depending on the magnetic field, proton-to-electron ratio, and jet power), we find that the electron flavor ratio decreases and the muon flavor ratio increases, while the tau flavor ratio increases only moderately. Our results are sensitive to the mentioned key physical parameters of the emitting region of CGRBs. Hence, the obtained flavor ratios are to be contrasted with cumulative data from ongoing and future neutrino instruments in order to assess the contribution of these sources to the diffuse flux of astrophysical neutrinos.
Shape models and spin states of Jupiter Trojans
Authors: Hanuš J. , Vokrouhlický D. , Nesvorný D. , Ďurech J. , Stephens R. , Benishek V. , Oey J. , Pokorný P.
Published: July 2023

The leading theory for the origin of Jupiter Trojans (JTs) assumes that JTs were captured to their orbits near the Lagrangian points of Jupiter during the early reconfiguration of the giant planets. The natural source region for the majority of JTs would then be the population of planetesimals born in a massive trans-Neptunian disk. If true, JTs represent the most accessible stable population of small Solar System bodies that formed in the outer regions of the Solar System. For this work, we compiled photometric datasets for about 1000 JTs and applied the convex inversion technique in order to assess their shapes and spin states. We obtained full solutions for 79 JTs, and partial solutions for an additional 31 JTs. We found that the observed distribution of the pole obliquities of JTs is broadly consistent with expectations from the streaming instability, which is the leading mechanism for the formation of planetesimals in the trans-Neptunian disk. The observed JTs’ pole distribution has a slightly smaller prograde vs. retrograde asymmetry (excess of obliquities >130°) than what is expected from the existing streaming instability simulations. However, this discrepancy can be plausibly reconciled by the effects of the post-formation collisional activity. Our numerical simulations of the post-capture spin evolution indicate that the JTs’ pole distribution is not significantly affected by dynamical processes such as the eccentricity excitation in resonances, close encounters with planets, or the effects of nongravitational forces. However, a few JTs exhibit large latitude variations of the rotation pole and may even temporarily transition between prograde- and retrograde-rotating categories.
Still alive and kicking: A significant outburst in changing-look AGN Mrk 1018
Authors: Brogan R. , Krumpe M. , Homan D. , Urrutia T. , Granzer T. , Husemann B. , Neumann J. , Gaspari M. , Vaughan S. P. , Croom S. M. , Combes F. , Pérez Torres M. , Coil A. , McElroy R. , Winkel N. , Singha M.
Published: July 2023

Context. Changing-look active galactic nuclei (AGN) have been observed to change their optical spectral type. Mrk 1018 is particularly unique: first classified as a type 1.9 Seyfert galaxy, it transitioned to being a type 1 Seyfert galaxy a few years later before returning to its initial classification as a type 1.9 Seyfert galaxy after ∼30 years.

Aims. We present the results of a high-cadence optical monitoring programme that caught a major outburst in 2020. Due to sunblock, only the decline could be observed for ∼200 days. We studied X-ray, UV, optical, and infrared data before and after the outburst to investigate the responses of the AGN structures.

Methods. We derived a u′-band light curve of the AGN contribution alone. The flux increased by a factor of ∼13. We confirmed this in other optical bands and determined the shape and speed of the decline in each waveband. The shapes of Hβ and Hα were analysed before and after the event. Two XMM-Newton observations (X-ray and UV) from before and after the outburst were also exploited.

Results. The outburst is asymmetric, with a swifter rise than decline. The decline is best fit by a linear function, ruling out a tidal disruption event. The optical spectrum shows no change approximately eight months before and 17 months after. The UV flux is increased slightly after the outburst but the X-ray primary flux is unchanged. However, the 6.4 keV iron line has doubled in strength. Infrared data taken 13 days after the observed optical peak already show an increased emission level as well.

Conclusions. Calculating the distance of the broad-line region and inner edge of the torus from the supermassive black hole can explain the multi-wavelength response to the outburst, in particular: i) the unchanged Hβ and Hα lines, ii) the unchanged primary X-ray spectral components, iii) the rapid and extended infrared response, as well as iv) the enhanced emission of the reflected 6.4 keV line. The outburst was due to a dramatic and short-lasting change in the intrinsic accretion rate. We discuss different models as potential causes.
Energy-resolved pulse profiles of accreting pulsars: Diagnostic tools for spectral features
Authors: Ferrigno Carlo , D’Aì Antonino , Ambrosi Elena
Published: July 2023

Aims. We introduce a method for extracting spectral information from energy-resolved light curves folded at the neutron star spin period (known as pulse profiles) in accreting X-ray binaries. Spectra of these sources are sometimes characterized by features superimposed on a smooth continuum, such as iron emission lines and cyclotron resonant scattering features. We address here the question on how to derive quantitative constraints on such features from energy-dependent changes in the pulse profiles.

Methods. We developed a robust method for determining in each energy-selected bin the value of the pulsed fraction using the fast Fourier transform opportunely truncated at the number of harmonics needed to satisfactorily describe the actual profile. We determined the uncertainty on this value by sampling through Monte Carlo simulations a total of 1000 faked profiles. We rebinned the energy-resolved pulse profiles to have a constant minimum signal-to-noise ratio throughout the whole energy band. Finally we characterize the dependence of the energy-resolved pulsed fraction using a phenomenological polynomial model and search for features corresponding to spectral signatures of iron emission or cyclotron lines using Gaussian line profiles.

Results. We apply our method to a representative sample of NuSTAR observations of well-known accreting X-ray pulsars. We show that, with this method, it is possible to characterize the pulsed fraction spectra, and to constrain the position and widths of such features with a precision comparable with the spectral results. We also explore how harmonic decomposition, correlation, and lag spectra might be used as additional probes for detection and characterization of such features.
Application of a membrane photobioreactor combined with microalgae for shrimp culture wastewater treatment
Authors: Nguyen Bao Danh , Le Thi Thanh Van , Doan Thi Thu Hang , Le Thai Hoang , Tuong Luong Quang , Vi Pham Thi Thuy , Tran Thi Van Trinh , Le Trung Duc , Thanh Tran
Published: July 2023

Shrimp farming has emerged as a multi-billion-dollar industry in our country, creating numerous economic benefits. However, this sector has several negative environmental impacts. Recent studies on the utilization of microalgae for wastewater treatment are of current interest due to their environmental remediation ability, as well as their potential to generate economic value from the biomass produced after treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the wastewater treatment efficiency of Chlorella Vulgaris using a PMBR membrane photobiological model in shrimp aquaculture. The evaluation process included an acclimatization phase and a treatment effectiveness evaluation phase, which lasted a total of 101 days. Algae biomass, the removal efficiency of COD, N-NO -, N-NO -, N-NH +, and P-PO 3-, and membrane fouling behavior were analyzed. The initial results demonstrated that the algae were well-adapted to shrimp aquaculture wastewater. The removal efficiency of N-NO -, N-NO -, N-NH +, and P-PO 3- and COD was 88.55%, 76.15%, 84.58%, 78.07%, and 81.33%, respectively. The algae biomass steadily increased from 91.3 mg/L to 327.69 mg/L, reaching an average level of about 208 mg/L. Additionally, the transmembrane pressure (TMP) evaluation indicated that the necessary time for membrane fouling removal was approximately 25-26 days.
Circular Economy Approach: Cultivating Grey Oyster Mushroom using Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Peel Waste from Starch Production
Authors: Huynh Ngoc-Han T. , Trung Le Duc , Phung Loc Nguyen , Duong Do Vinh , Tran Thanh
Published: July 2023

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is an important staple crop in Vietnam and is estimated to produce about 10.7 million tons of starch annually. The starch production process generates a large amount of solid waste, namely cassava peels, which are currently disposed of directly into the environment. This practice poses a risk of generating foul odor, attracting disease-carrying organisms, and directly affecting human health. Therefore, reusing cassava peels for growing gray oyster mushrooms is the most appropriate solution. First and foremost, the cyanide content in cassava peels must be treated using the Sun-drying method. Results showed that the cyanide level decreased to the optimal level of 0 mg/kg from 34 mg/kg. After reusing cassava peels to grow gray oyster mushrooms, the results showed that the highest yield was 272 g/bag for cassava peels substrate, while the highest yield for sawdust substrate was 293 g/bag. Statistical evaluations showed that reusing cassava peels to replace sawdust substrate for growing gray oyster mushrooms also resulted in an equivalent yield. Utilizing the substrate after growing mushrooms on cassava peels to grow cabbage produced a germination rate and plant height development equivalent to those grown on commercial fertilizer substrate.
Aqueous drilling fluids systems incorporated with green nanoparticles and industrial spent caustic: Optimum rheology and filtration loss properties
Authors: Sarbast Rasan , Kamal Ibtisam , Salih Namam , Préat Alain
Published: July 2023

Drilling fluids are one of the most significant components of drilling operations for proper functions including fluid loss reduction into the formation and outstanding rheological properties. The drilling fluids according to environmental regulations and governmental rules have to be friendly to the environment to lessen the negative effects on the environment and improve safety. In the current study, a cost-effective industrial alkali waste (spent caustic) was used as a pH controller along with the environmentally friendly uncoated and Chitosan-coated green magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) in water-based drilling fluid systems. The study focuses on exploring the impact of the alkali waste compared to the conventional alkali (NaOH) on rheology and filtration loss properties. The flow models of the drilling fluid systems were examined. The results proved that the drilling fluid formulated with polymer-coated green MNPs and waste alkali exhibited higher rheological properties and lower mud cake thickness and filtration volume compared to the reference fluid, thus, the waste alkali could replace NaOH as a pH controller. The flow behavior of new fluids could be described precisely using the Herschel-Bulkley flow model. Whereas, the Bingham plastic flow model described the fluid systems incorporated with uncoated and polymer-coated green NPs and NaOH.
Modeling of double standards and soft power in cellular automata competition systems
Authors: Bobrov Vladimir , Brodsky Yury
Published: July 2023

We consider a discrete analog of the classical A. Lotka – V. Volterra competition model by cellular automata. In the classical model, we know that the type of its time evolution depends on the double standards coefficients being at certain ranges of their possible values. The paper shows that the same situation holds for the discrete model either. We can see there is a soft power effect for the classical model. The classic competition model turns into a cooperative positional differential game, the limitations of which are the original system of competition equations by A. Lotka – V. Volterra. The controls are the coefficients of double standards when considering it concerning social systems. The effect of soft power is that the parties tend to compare the competitive pressure on them by the rival population with the one within the domestic population and may take the less stress of the opponent for his favorable attitude towards them, and more extensive – for the hostile manifestation. Whereas comparing the external competitive pressure with the internal pressure in this game does not give us any information – everything depends exclusively on the coefficients of double standards. Simulation experiments with the discrete competition model implemented in the cellular automata show that the effect of soft power also takes place in this case.
Experimental analysis of Briquetted cashew shell and tamarind seed as source of bio energy generation
Authors: Vivek C.M. , Safeer Ahamed J. , Bharathi Prakash Babu S. , Srivenkatesh K. , Koglesh M. , Akbar Batcha S. , Alameen M.
Published: July 2023

Sustainable development implies development brought to the present society without giving up on the scope of needs that future generation requires. For achieving sustainable development various goals were been fixed and indicators are been used to measure up the progress. Energy utilization is one of the important aspects for development of a country, technology etc. The energy utilized has mostly been fossil based such as coal, oil etc. These sources have been used in electric generation in most countries and crude oil refined petrol and diesel have been used for transporting purpose. The usage of the fossil-based fuels which has more carbon content in them possess the threat of polluting the environment by causing emission into the atmosphere, Moreover the availability of reserves of these sources are also become thin as these are non-renewable source of energy. For overcoming these obstacles, the developed countries are being focussing on renewable sources of energy for managing the energy demand and to have eco-friendly environment. The advancements in the field of bioenergy have contributed energy generation from different sources through various techniques. One of the important aspects about the bioenergy generation is utilizing the waste, end products of the biomass to energy. Various wastages from agro to food industries are not managed as it degrades on its own. However, these organic wastages can be viewed as a source for energy generation. The objective the experiment is analyse tamarind seed, cashew seeds and blend of both in powder form and briquetted for energy generation. The experimental result indicates that the briquetted form of is more suitable in terms of properties with higher fixed carbon contents.
Effects of Glass Fibre on the Strength and Properties of Concrete
Authors: Banerjee Pranita , Habib Mohammad Saad , Kuckian Sachin , Balushi Yasser Al , Hashami Samya Al
Published: July 2023

In the modern world, people are building very complicated civil engineering buildings. As the most important and commonly used material, concrete is often asked to have very high strength and enough workability. In the area of concrete technology, people are trying to make these kinds of concrete with unique properties. This study investigates the possibility of using glass fibre at different percentages as a partial replacement of fine aggregate. The procedure was followed as per the BS EN requirements. There did not seem to be a drastic change in the compressive strength as compared to the M30 grade concrete. The results of these factors are compared to those of standard C30-grade concrete. The flexural strength increased as the amount of glass fibre increased. The slump value decreased as the amount of glass fibre increased. Thus, a lower percentage of glass fibre would be an appropriate solution to deal with major parameters of concrete like compressive strength, flexural strength, and workability. The utilisation of the waste glass fibre in concrete would be a good option to some extent and a way for a sustainable approach.
Influence of Policy and Institutional on Sustainable Procurement in The LRT TOD Apartment Project
Authors: Hekmatsyar Danurwendho Fikri , Machfudiyanto Rossy Armyn
Published: July 2023

The procurement paradigm is broader by taking social and environmental aspects, not only based on economic aspects like the low price of goods/services purchased. Sustainable procurement can be the primary method to achieve various organizational or government goals, which policies will be achieved through this. Policy and institutional are the main forces behind sustainable procurement. Three main factors influencing the implementation of sustainable procurement are the availability of policy commitments, national laws on sustainable procurement, and solid political and organizational leadership. Barriers to sustainable procurement refer to the lack of adequate regulations and institutional leadership, which may lead to the failure of sustainable procurement objectives in construction organizations. To overcome these obstacles, necessary to analyze the relationship between policy and institutional toward sustainable procurement. This study aims to analyze the relationship between policy and institutional that influence sustainable procurement in the LRT TOD apartment project. The method in this study uses data analysis in the form of PLS-SEM with SmartPLS software. The sample of research is 125 respondents in construction procurement. The study results show that policies have a positive effect on institutional, policies have a positive effect on sustainable procurement, and institutional have a positive effect on sustainable procurement.
Laboratory Studies on Stone Mastic Asphalt with varying fillers
Authors: Vijay B.G. , Madinur Niveditha , Sanganaikar Raghavendra S.
Published: July 2023

Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) is based on the concept of designing a coarse aggregate skeleton in order to attain stone -on -stone contact is obtained, which provides a highly rut resistant bituminous course for heavy traffic loads. It is a homogeneous mixture of selected gap graded aggregate, filler and bitumen in such proportion as to yield a plastic and void less mix. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of different fillers (stone dust, bagasse ash and palm oil fuel ash) on the SMA mixes in terms of Marshall Stability values. A comprehensive laboratory tests were conducted on aggregates, Bitumen (VG-30) and fillers. The prepared SMA specimens with varying combination of filers such as 10% of stone dust, 5% of stone dust and 5% of Bagasse ash, 5% of stone dust and 5% of palm oil fuel as along with 0.3% of mineral additive (waste plastic) were subjected to marshall stability tests and results indicates that use of partial replacement of bagasse ash for stone dust as a filler material gives more stability values and less voids when compared to absolute stone dust (10%).
Environmental Impact Assessment of fly ash and GGBS based Geopolymer Concrete in Road Construction
Authors: Patil Smita , Joshi Deepa A. , Menon Radhika , Wadhwa L.K.
Published: July 2023

– Geopolymer concrete is an effective alternative to reduce adverse impacts of cement manufacturing on environment and achieving sustainable development. Road construction is a major sector, which utilizes concrete in large volume, having significant effect on environment. The present work is presented in two parts. In the first part, evaluation of CO2 emission for 1m3 of geopolymer and ordinary Portland cement concrete has been carried out and further compared. In the second part the results of first part are used to evaluate the CO2 emission for various types of road construction, National highway, State highway, Major District Road, Other District Road, Village Road for 1km of road. About 18 % of reduction in CO2 emission can be obtained by using geopolymer concrete instead of ordinary Portland cement concrete in road construction, just in 1km of stretch. Significant reduction in CO2 emission can be obtained in road sector by utilising geopolymer concrete leading to sustainability.
Building Information Modeling (BIM) Process and Assessment methods
Authors: Shewale Manisha , Khartode Bhagyashree , Shinde Nitin , Sawadatkar Sushma
Published: July 2023

The construction sector has seen the potential of Building Information Modeling (BIM) to assist a transformation in the design and construction processes. The use of BIM throughout a building project for quality control and effective information use has received very little investigation, even though it can improve design quality by reducing dispute and rework. The promise of BIM application in quality management rests in its capacity to offer multi-dimensional data including design data and time sequence due to the compatibility of design data with quality and construction process with quality control. An evolutionary method of transforming the entire building process is the 5D BIM approach. This paper introduces BIM as a strong instrument for "model analysis, detection of clashes, simulation and evaluation." In addition, BIM offers a digital machine-readable representation of building data and various other processes to enhance design, development, operating processes and boost life-cycle building functions.
Unlocking Hidden Water Resources: Mapping Groundwater Potential Zones using GIS and Remote Sensing in Kerala, India
Authors: Pillai Kiran S. , Sneha M.L. , Aiswarya S. , Anand Arya B. , Prasad Geena , Jayadev Ayona
Published: July 2023

The study describes a case study from an ecologically fragile region of Kerala, India, in which GIS and remote sensing techniques were used to identify groundwater potential zones (GWPZ). The study area has been adversely affected by pollution from various sources, and residents have become reliant on groundwater for their drinking water needs. Here, the Weighted Index Overlay Analysis method was used to identify the potential groundwater zones to assign ranking values to different classes of individual thematic maps based on their mediating and moderating influence on groundwater potentiality. Twelve thematic layers were used. The results of the GWPZ were validated by overlaying samples on the potential zones in the GIS environment. The study emphasizes the importance of GWPZ mapping for planning new abstraction well locations to meet increasing water demand and improve the awareness of groundwater availability for sustainable development.
Operational Effect on the Increase of Quay Cranes to Reduce Dwelling Time at the Container Terminal
Authors: Budiyanto Muhammad Arif , Zaki Mohammad Irfan , Suhendar Sangga Bodro
Published: July 2023

Currently, the container terminal is growing rapidly and is the entrance to world trade. Terminal productivity is one of the keys to superior service. One indicator of container terminal productivity is dwelling time. In developing countries, among the causes of high dwelling time is the lack of container handling equipment. This paper aims to study the effect of the number of quay cranes on the number of dwelling time. The investigation was carried out using a container terminal simulation. As a case study, a simulation of a container terminal with a berth length of 300 meters with average daily ship calls is 600 TEUs. The simulation is done by making the parameters of adding quay cranes to each case. The results of the simulation show the addition of a quay crane can reduce the number of dwelling time average by 0.1 days, this decrease depends on the container capacity of the ship. The results of this study provide an overview of the container terminal in port infrastructure planning.
Energy Saving Architecture Concept: Buildings with Low Energy Consumption and Emissions in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Boronbaev Erkin
Published: July 2023

The adopted concept and examples of energy-saving architecture were the basis for improving the energy efficiency and thermal microclimate conditions of the building, reducing its greenhouse gas emissions. The appropriate location, shape, orientation, and dimensions of the building, its rooms, and enclosures, especially windows, and doors, are determined. The daily, seasonal, and year-round effects on the building of renewable energies of incoming solar radiation and the environment – the energy of outdoor air, base soil, wind, sky, and surfaces facing the building are considered. Buildings with small thermal envelope surfaces in a form of a national Kyrgyz yurt and a sphere have no architectural thermal bridges that cause microclimate disturbance and mold growth. The straw bale solar passive building has a similar performance to the Nearly Zero Energy building and the Green Building. It has minimal energy consumption, CO2 emissions, embodied energy, and a low carbon footprint of used straw bales, wood frames, and clay plasterwords.
Tribological Performance Analysis of Electroless Nickel Coated Mild Steel: A Comparative Experimental Study
Authors: Ghosh Sandip , Bose Bidesh , Dolui Chirantan , Karmakar Pritam , Pal Biplob , Kumar Ashutosh , Hoque Saba Karim
Published: July 2023

In the pursuit of sustainable materials, electroless Nickel coating has emerged as a breakthrough in the development of novel materials with excellent tribological properties. In the present work, NiP and NiB coating has been performed over mild steel specimens for an hour. The tribological character for various loads of NiP and NiB-coated mild steel was determined through tribological tests. The wear behavior of both NiP and NiB-coated mild steel has been analyzed. The NiB-coated mild steel was found to show less coefficient of friction and wear rate than NiP-coated mild steel.
Statistical Analysis of Rainfall Data using non-parametric methods of Solapur District, Maharashtra, India
Authors: Chavan Chetan S. , Chipade Amar , Ghadvir Gopika , Deshpande Medha
Published: July 2023

India being a Tropical country, experiences variety Rainfall. The Rainfall is the prime input required for Design of Hydraulic structures like culverts and bridges, Irrigation canals, storm water and road drainage system, etc. To estimate the detailed design and planning of crops, statistical analysis is required. In the present study, annual rainfall data for a period of 20 years (2000 to 2019) is used to understand the statistical behavior of the rainfall in last two decades for Solapur district. Also return period by various plotting position formulae is evaluated from the annual rainfall. The rainfall variability is checked by calculating the mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation. From the study results, the rainfall pattern is found to be irregular. The best fitted probability distribution was identified based on the minimum deviation between actual and estimated values.
STS/SCA/AmSECT Clinical Practice Guidelines: Anticoagulation during Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Shore-Lesserson Linda , Baker Robert A. , Ferraris Victor , Greilich Philip E. , Fitzgerald David , Roman Philip , Hammon John
Published: July 2023

Despite more than a half century of “safe” cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), the evidence base surrounding the conduct of anticoagulation for CPB has not been organized into a succinct guideline. For this and other reasons, there is enormous practice variability relating to the use and dosing of heparin, monitoring heparin anticoagulation, reversal of anticoagulation, and the use of alternative anticoagulants. To address this and other gaps, the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS), the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists (SCA), and the American Society of Extracorporeal Technology (AmSECT) developed an Evidence Based Workgroup. This was a group of interdisciplinary professionals gathered together to summarize the evidence and create practice recommendations for various aspects of CPB. To date, anticoagulation practices in CPB have not been standardized in accordance with the evidence base. This clinical practice guideline was written with the intent to fill the evidence gap and to establish best practices in anticoagulation for CPB using the available evidence. To identify relevant evidence a systematic review was outlined and literature searches were conducted in PubMed® using standardized MeSH terms from the National Library of Medicine list of search terms. Search dates were inclusive of January 2000 to December 2015. The search yielded 833 abstracts which were reviewed by two independent reviewers. Once accepted into the full manuscript review stage, two members of the writing group evaluated each of 286 full papers for inclusion eligibility into the guideline document. Ninety-six manuscripts were included in the final review. In addition, 17 manuscripts published prior to 2000 were included to provide method, context, or additional supporting evidence for the recommendations as these papers were considered sentinel publications. Members of the writing group wrote and developed recommendations based on review of the articles obtained and achieved more than two thirds agreement on each recommendation. The quality of information for a given recommendation allowed assessment of the level of evidence as recommended by the AHA/ACCF Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Recommendations were written in the three following areas 1) Heparin dosing and monitoring for initiation and maintenance of CPB, 2) Heparin contraindications and heparin alternatives, 3) Reversal of anticoagulation during cardiac operations. It is hoped that this guideline will serve as a resource and will stimulate investigators to conduct more research and expand upon the evidence base on the topic of anticoagulation for CPB.
Anticoagulation Management during First Five Days of Infant-Pediatric Extracorporeal Life Support
Authors: Bingham Kirk R. , Riley Jeffrey B. , Schears Gregory J.
Published: July 2023

Anticoagulation during infant-pediatric extracorporeal life support (ECLS) has been a topic of study for many years, but management of anticoagulation is still only partially understood. Adequate anticoagulation during ECLS is imperative for successful outcomes and understanding the individual variables that play part is crucial for properly implementing anticoagulation management strategies. The purpose of our study was to compare the relationships between the variables of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), activated clotting time, international normalized ratio, bleeding, thrombus formation, kaolin + heparinase thromboelastograph alpha angle, kaolin thromboelastograph reaction time (KTEG R-time), heparin dose rates (HDR), antithrombin (AT), anti-Xa, bivalirudin dose rate, argatroban dose rate, interventions, and transfusions. We hypothesized that the relationship between measures of anticoagulation would be influenced by the AT levels, and a therapeutic aPTT (60–80 seconds) could be achieved by increasing, or maintaining, the overall AT above a specific threshold for infant-pediatric patients on ECLS. Thirty-five infant-pediatric patients underwent ECLS between January 2013 and January 2016. The median age was 39 days with an average weight of 3.9 ± 4.3 kg. ECLS parameters collected at least every 24 hours for the first five ECLS days. Parameters recorded by retrospective chart review were analyzed using linear regression and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis. We were unable to report a significant correlation between optimal aPTT and HDR at various AT levels. However, ROC analysis suggested that to maintain an aPTT above 60 seconds, an AT threshold of 42% or higher was observed when the HDR was >12 U/kg/h ROC analysis also determined that no thrombus was associated with an aPTT >64 seconds and decreased bleeding was associated with a KTEG R-time below 30 minutes. Based on these findings, we report multiple correlations that may help develop future standardized infant-pediatric ECLS anticoagulation protocols.
Global Cardioplegia Practices: Results from the Global Cardiopulmonary Bypass Survey
Authors: Ali Jason M. , Miles Lachlan F. , Abu-Omar Yasir , Galhardo Carlos , Falter Florian
Published: July 2023

Despite the ubiquitous use of cardioplegia in cardiac surgery, there is a lack of agreement on various aspects of cardioplegia practice. To discover current cardioplegia practices throughout the world, we undertook a global survey to document contemporary cardiopulmonary bypass practices. A 16-question, Internet-based survey was distributed by regional specialist societies, targeting adult cardiac anesthesiologists. Ten questions concerned caseload and cardioplegia practices, the remaining questions examined anticoagulation and pump-priming practices. The survey was available in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. The survey was launched in June 2015 and remained open until May 2016. A total of 923 responses were analyzed, summarizing practice in Europe (269), North America (334), South America (215), and Australia/New Zealand (105). Inter-regional responses differed for all questions asked (p< .001). In all regions other than South America, blood cardioplegia was the common arrest technique used. The most commonly used cardioplegia solutions were: St. Thomas, Bretschneider, and University of Wisconsin with significant regional variation. The use of additives (most commonly glucose, glutamate, tris-hydroxymethyl aminomethane, and aspartate) varied significantly. This survey has revealed significant variation in international practice with regards to myocardial protection, and is a reminder that there is no clear consensus on the use of cardioplegia. It is unclear why regional practice groups made the choices they have and the clinical impact remains unclear.
Preserving ECMO Cannulae Patency
Authors: McNinch Jacob , Searles Bruce , Darling Edward
Published: July 2023

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is often managed using minimal anticoagulation. This can make the circuitry susceptible to thrombosis. The ECMO cannula may be particularly vulnerable to thrombosis if flow is interrupted for an undetermined but prolonged period of time. Therefore, under conditions where cannula blood flow stasis may be prolonged and flashing, the cannulae is not an option (e.g., air in circuit) it is imperative to have an emergency plan available, which can be rapidly implemented that will provide a means of cannula patency preservation. The following outlines a system to preserve cannula patency in these instances.
Integration of Electronic Perfusion Data for Perfusion Registries
Authors: Newland Richard F. , Baker Robert A. , Barratt Chris A.
Published: July 2023

Although the potential for the utilization of electronic perfusion data (EPD) from proprietary software to facilitate the understanding and improvement of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has been recognized, the generalizability of previous reports of EPD integration are limited by superceded software or lack of sufficient detail for reproducibility. To date, the Australian and New Zealand Collaborative Perfusion Registry (ANZCPR) is the only multicentre perfusion registry to have reported the integration of EPD. The inclusion of EPD in analyses of the impact of CPB on patient outcome is important in improving the understanding of CPB practice. Perfusion registries play an important role in this process, and the incorporation of EPD into perfusion registries could make a significant contribution toward this objective. By sharing the methodology used to integrate EPD from the CONNECT™ software into the ANZCPR, our intent is to diminish some of the barriers to adoption of EPD integration into other perfusion registries, by providing an example of how EPD integration may be achieved.
Distal Perfusion Cannulation and Limb Complications in Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Authors: Elmously Adham , Bobka Thomas , Khin Sandi , Afzal Ashwad , de Biasi Andreas R. , DeBois William J. , Guy T. Sloane , D’ayala Marcus , Gulkarov Iosif , Salemi Arash , Worku Berhane
Published: July 2023

The utility of distal perfusion cannula (DPC) placement for the prevention of limb complications in patients undergoing femoral venoarterial (VA) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is poorly characterized. Patients undergoing femoral VA ECMO cannulation at two institutions were retrospectively assessed. Patients were grouped into those who did and those who did not receive a DPC at the time of primary cannulation. The primary outcome was any limb complication. Secondary outcomes included successfully weaning ECMO and in-hospital mortality. A total of 75 patients underwent femoral cannulation between December 2010 and December 2017. Of those, 65 patients (86.7%) had a DPC placed during primary cannulation and 10 patients (13.3%) did not. Baseline demographics, indications for ECMO, and hemodynamic perturbations were well matched between groups. The rate of limb complications was 14.7% (11/75) for the overall cohort and did not differ between groups (p = .6). Three patients (4%) required a four-compartment fasciotomy for compartment syndrome in the DPC group; no patients without a DPC required fasciotomy. Of the three patients who required a thrombectomy for distal ischemia, two were in the DPC group and one was in the no-DPC group (p = .3). Two patients (2.7%) underwent delayed DPC placement for limb ischemia with resolution of symptoms. The in-hospital morality rate was 59.5% and did not differ between groups (p = .5). Patients in the present study, undergoing femoral VA ECMO without preemptive DPC placement did not experience a higher rate of limb complications. However, the two patients who underwent delayed DPC placement for post-cannulation ischemia experienced resolution of symptoms, suggesting that a DPC may be used as an effective limb salvage intervention.
Recombinant Factor VIII Measurement in a Hemophilia A Patient Undergoing Cardiopulmonary Bypass–Supported Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Bezaire Jennifer , Thomson Dorothy , McNair Erick
Published: July 2023

Patients with hemophilia A (Hem A) requiring cardiopulmonary bypass–supported cardiac surgery pose unique challenges for perioperative hemostatic management. This report describes a staged perioperative approach to clinical hematologic management as applied to an 80-year-old male of O-positive blood type with mild Hem A, who underwent successful, uncomplicated coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Hematologic management primarily consisted of normalization of plasma factor VIII levels followed by standard care. Conventional laboratory methods and point-of-care-testing methods such as thromboelastography and heparin management assays were combined to guide patient care. Minimal blood loss and minimal hemodilution techniques were also used to achieve favorable outcomes. The thorough preparation and execution of care by our multidisciplinary team from perfusion, pathology and laboratory medicine, cardiovascular surgery, transfusion services, nursing, and anesthesia, facilitated a safe, smooth, clinical course and an optimal outcome.
Impact of Hemolysis on Acute Kidney Injury and Mortality in Children Supported with Cardiac Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Authors: Borasino Santiago , Kalra Yuvraj , Elam Ashley R. , Carlisle O’Meara Lawrence , Timpa Joseph G. , Goldberg Kellen G. , Collins Gaddis J. Leslie , Alten Jeffrey A.
Published: July 2023

Intravascular hemolysis with elevated plasma-free hemoglobin (PFH) complicates extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). In 50 consecutive pediatric cardiac patients requiring ECMO, we sought to describe the relationship between PFH and clinical outcomes; primary outcomes were acute kidney injury (AKI) and prolonged (>14 days) renal replacement therapy (RRT). Median age was 35 days, median weight 3.9 kg, and median ECMO duration 4.2 days. Seventy-eight percent (39/50) weaned off ECMO; survival to discharge was 50% (25/50). Seventy percent (35/50) had AKI on ECMO. Seventy-seven percent (30/39) required RRT post-ECMO; median duration was 5.2 days (0, 14.2). Prolonged RRT was associated with higher daily PFH (67.5 mg/dL [54.1, 102.5] vs. 46.7 mg/dL [40, 72.6],p= .025) and higher peak PFH (120 mg/dL [90, 200] vs. 60 mg/dL [40, 135],p= .016). After adjusting for ECMO duration and oliguria/elevated creatinine on ECMO day 0, peak PFH >90 mg/dL was associated with prolonged RRT (operating room [OR] = 18, confidence interval [CI] 1.9–167.8). Patients who died had higher daily PFH (65 mg/dL [51.6, 111.7] vs. 42.5 mg/dL [37.5, 60],p= .0040). Adjusting for ECMO duration and blood product administration, daily PFH >53 mg/dL was associated with mortality (OR 4.8, CI 1.01–23.3). Elevated PFH during pediatric cardiac ECMO is associated with prolonged RRT and non-survival to discharge. Initiatives to decrease PFH burden may improve clinical outcomes.
Role of Methadone in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Two Case Reports
Authors: Dong Erik , Fellin Robert , Ramzy Danny , Chung Joshua S. , Arabia Francisco A. , Chan Alice , Ng David , D’Attellis Nicola , Nurok Michael
Published: July 2023

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) affects pharmacokinetics/dynamics of drugs in unpredictable ways. Anecdotally, ECMO patients require high doses of opioids and sedatives, leading to concerns of tolerance. Methadone is a long-acting synthetic opioid with antagonist properties at the n-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. It has been shown to improve spontaneous breathing trials and weaning from mechanical ventilation; however, there is no literature describing its use in ECMO. We describe two patients from the cardiac surgery intensive care unit at Cedars Sinai (Los Angeles, CA) on ECMO for over 30 days maintained on methadone.
How to Manage Thrombocytopenia with ECLS: A Proposal of Clinical Reasoning Tools
Authors: Koeltz Adrien , Gendron Nicolas , Ajzenberg Nadine , Longrois Dan
Published: July 2023

Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) is increasingly used as a rescue therapy in patients with refractory cardiac/respiratory failure for temporary support or bridge to decision-making in both adult and pediatric patients. Complications such as bleeding and thrombosis remain major causes of morbidity and mortality in patients treated with ECLS. Hemostatic complications related to ECLS are multifactorial in patients with multiple organ dysfunctions and are incompletely characterized. Persisting thrombocytopenia and/or platelet dysfunction is the most frequent one. Herein, we report the case of a patient who developed severe thrombocytopenia after 5 days of ECLS associated with thrombi deposition in the circuit and oxygenator. After ECLS circuit and membrane change, we observed an increase and normalization in platelet count in 3 days. We propose a case-based reasoning to manage thrombocytopenia with ECLS.
Massive Air Embolism Caused by a Central Venous Catheter During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Authors: Kumar Akshay , Keshavamurthy Suresh , Abraham Jesus Gomez , Toyoda Yoshiya
Published: July 2023

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has become an integral treatment option for patients as a bridge to transplant, management of post cardiotomy cardiogenic shock, and for rescue after cardiopulmonary arrest. Significant strides in ECMO technology and management cannot, however, replace the importance of maintaining and following a comprehensive safety checklist. We herein report a case of massive air entrainment from an inadvertently disconnected port of a central venous catheter (CVC) in the neck which culminated in an airlock of the ECMO circuit. Ascertaining the relative position of the tip of the CVC with respect to the venous cannula on chest X-ray, tightly securing all its ports, and appraising and educating the health-care team can prevent this rare but devastating complication of fatal air embolism.
A High-Fidelity Surgical Model and Perfusion Simulator Used to Demonstrate ECMO Cannulation, Initiation, and Stabilization
Authors: Palmer David , Aspenleiter Marit , da Silva Jose , Castro-Medina Mario , Morell Victor , Sharma Mahesh , Viegas Melita
Published: July 2023

Our high-fidelity simulation model provides a realistic example for health-care professionals to experience cannulation, initiation, and hemodynamic stabilization during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy. This educational experience brings a variety of critical care specialties together, in a controlled simulation setting, to develop, master, and maintain clinical skills. This may include perfusionists, ECMO specialists, surgical technicians, registered nurses, physicians, and students. The simulation component includes a unique vascular access pad that is attached to either a static fluid model or to the Califia perfusion simulator system (Biomed Simulation, Inc., San Diego, CA). This collective high-fidelity simulation model can be surgically cannulated via a cutdown technique using an appropriately sized cannula and connected to an in situ ECMO circuit. This article explains the educational strategy, how the surgical pad is made, and the simulator connections so that any hospital can re-create this experience.