bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resurgence and alternative‐reinforcer magnitude
Authors: Craig Andrew R. , Browning Kaitlyn O. , Nall Rusty W. , Marshall Ciara M. , Shahan Timothy A.
Published: February 2017

Resurgence is defined as an increase in the frequency of a previously reinforced target response when an alternative source of reinforcement is suspended. Despite an extensive body of research examining factors that affect resurgence, the effects of alternative‐reinforcer magnitude have not been examined. Thus, the present experiments aimed to fill this gap in the literature. In Experiment 1, rats pressed levers for single‐pellet reinforcers during Phase 1. In Phase 2, target‐lever pressing was extinguished, and alternative‐lever pressing produced either five‐pellet, one‐pellet, or no alternative reinforcement. In Phase 3, alternative reinforcement was suspended to test for resurgence. Five‐pellet alternative reinforcement produced faster elimination and greater resurgence of target‐lever pressing than one‐pellet alternative reinforcement. In Experiment 2, effects of decreasing alternative‐reinforcer magnitude on resurgence were examined. Rats pressed levers and pulled chains for six‐pellet reinforcers during Phases 1 and 2, respectively. In Phase 3, alternative reinforcement was decreased to three pellets for one group, one pellet for a second group, and suspended altogether for a third group. Shifting from six‐pellet to one‐pellet alternative reinforcement produced as much resurgence as suspending alternative reinforcement altogether, while shifting from six pellets to three pellets did not produce resurgence. These results suggest that alternative‐reinforcer magnitude has effects on elimination and resurgence of target behavior that are similar to those of alternative‐reinforcer rate. Thus, both suppression of target behavior during alternative reinforcement and resurgence when conditions of alternative reinforcement are altered may be related to variables that affect the value of the alternative‐reinforcement source.
Image formation in diffusion MRI: A review of recent technical developments
Authors: Wu Wenchuan , Miller Karla L.
Published: February 2017

Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a standard imaging tool in clinical neurology, and is becoming increasingly important for neuroscience studies due to its ability to depict complex neuroanatomy (eg, white matter connectivity). Single‐shot echo‐planar imaging is currently the predominant formation method for diffusion MRI, but suffers from blurring, distortion, and low spatial resolution. A number of methods have been proposed to address these limitations and improve diffusion MRI acquisition. Here, the recent technical developments for image formation in diffusion MRI are reviewed. We discuss three areas of advance in diffusion MRI: improving image fidelity, accelerating acquisition, and increasing the signal‐to‐noise ratio.

Level of Evidence: 5

Technical Efficacy: Stage 1

J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;46:646–662
Diffusion tensor imaging of the anterior cruciate ligament graft
Authors: Van Dyck Pieter , Froeling Martijn , De Smet Eline , Pullens Pim , Torfs Michaël , Verdonk Peter , Sijbers Jan , Parizel Paul M. , Jeurissen Ben
Published: February 2017

Purpose

A great need exists for objective biomarkers to assess graft healing following ACL reconstruction to guide the time of return to sports. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and reliability of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to delineate the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft and to investigate its diffusion properties using a clinical 3T scanner.

Materials and Methods

DTI of the knee (b = 0, 400, and 800 s/mm2, 10 diffusion directions, repeated 16 times for a total of 336 diffusion‐weighted volumes) was performed at 3T in 17 patients between 3 and 7 months (mean, 4 months) following ACL reconstruction. Tractography was performed by two independent observers to delineate the ACL graft. Fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD) were calculated within the graft. Interrater reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the scan–rescan reproducibility was evaluated based on the percentage coefficient of variance (%CV) across 20 repetition bootknife samples.

Results

In all subjects, tractography of the ACL graft was feasible. Quantitative evaluation of the diffusion properties of the ACL graft yielded the following mean ± SD values: FA = 0.23 ± 0.04; MD = 1.30 ± 0.11 × 10−3 mm2/s; AD = 1.61 ± 0.12 × 10−3 mm2/s, and RD = 1.15 ± 0.11 × 10−3 mm2/s. Interrater reliability for the DTI parameters was excellent (ICC = 0.91–0.98). Mean %CVs for FA, MD, AD, and RD were 4.6%, 3.5%, 3.7%, and 4.4%, respectively.

Conclusion

We demonstrated the feasibility and reliability of DTI for the visualization and quantitative evaluation of the ACL graft at 3T.

Level of Evidence: 3

Technical Efficacy: Stage 1

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;46:1423–1432.
Comparative performances of the 7th and the 8th editions of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging systems for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Spolverato Gaya , Bagante Fabio , Weiss Matthew , Alexandrescu Sorin , Marques Hugo P. , Aldrighetti Luca , Maithel Shishir K. , Pulitano Carlo , Bauer Todd W. , Shen Feng , Poultsides George A. , Soubrane Oliver , Martel Guillaume , Koerkamp Bas Groot , Guglielmi Alfredo , Itaru Endo , Pawlik Timothy M.
Published: February 2017

Background

We sought to evaluate and validate the 8th edition of the AJCC classification using a multi‐institutional cohort of patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC).

Methods

Patients undergoing curative‐intent hepatic resection for ICC between 1990 and 2015 at 14 major hepatobiliary centers were included and were staged according to 7th and 8th editions AJCC criteria.

Results

A total of 1154 patients underwent liver resection for ICC. When patients were staged using the AJCC 7th edition, T2a, T2b, and T4 patients had a higher hazard ratio (HR) of death compared with T1 (T2a, HR 1.43, P = 0.004; T2b, HR 1.99, P < 0.001; T4, HR 2.20, P < 0.001). T3 patients had a higher HR of death compared with T1 patients (HR 1.30, P = 0.029) but lower than T2a and T2b. According to AJCC 8th edition, T1b, T2, and T4 patients were at higher risk of death compared with T1a patients (T1b, HR 1.91, P < 0.001; T2, HR 2.29, P < 0.001; T4, HR 4.16, P < 0.001). As in the AJCC 7th edition, AJCC 8th edition T3 patients had a higher HR of death compared with T1 patients (HR 1.65, P  = 0.001) but lower than T1b and T2. AJCC 8th edition. T‐category performed slightly better than AJCC 7th edition with a C‐index of 0.609 versus 0.590.

Conclusions

A staging system that perfectly discriminates between stages has not yet been developed, but the AJCC 8th edition was able to better stratify the risk of death of Stage III and T3 patients.
Development of a validated strategy for the determination of tryptamine in human cerebrospinal fluid in the presence of competitors using molecularly imprinted polymers
Authors: Luliński Piotr , Bamburowicz‐Klimkowska Magdalena , Dana Mariusz , Maciejewska Dorota
Published: February 2017

This study presents a validated strategy for the determination of tryptamine in the presence of its competitors, which involves the molecularly imprinted solid‐phase extraction combined with high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorimetric detection. Tryptamine‐imprinted microscale sorbent was produced from 4‐vinylbenzoic acid and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate in methanol by precipitation polymerization, and its imprinting factor was equal to 15.4 in static experiments or 18.6 in dynamic binding experiments. The method for tryptamine determination in the presence of serotonin and l‐tryptophan was validated using a complex matrix of bovine serum albumin yielding the recoveries of tryptamine that ranged between 98.7 and 107.0%. Very low limits of detection and limits of quantification for tryptamine (19.9 and 60.3 nmol/L, respectively) allow the quantification of tryptamine in human cerebrospinal fluid in the presence of tryptophan and serotonin.
A novel mesocosm setup for benthic‐pelagic coupling experiments
Authors: Dimitriou Panagiotis D. , Papageorgiou Nafsika , Geropoulos Antonios , Kalogeropoulou Vasiliki , Moraitis Manolis , Santi Ioulia , Tsikopoulou Irini , Pitta Paraskevi , Karakassis Ioannis
Published: February 2017

A new mesocosm setup containing both water column and sediment suitable for benthic‐pelagic coupling experiments is described. The presence of a large volume of water (>1.5 m3) with sufficient depth (4 m) on the top of the sediment, combined with a large volume of sediment on the bottom (30 cm height, 80 L volume) offers new opportunities for benthic‐pelagic experiments on the mesocosm scale. The experimental setup includes a mesocosm bag, a securing ring with a cap on the top, a sediment container on the bottom, sediment traps, an autonomous water sampling system at specific depths, and a newly developed sediment sampler for collecting samples without disturbing the system. The mesocosm setup was successfully deployed in the context of a benthic‐pelagic coupling eutrophication experiment in the CRETACOSMOS mesocosm facilities of the Hellenic Centre for Marine Research in Crete. A number of variables related to the technical aspects and proper ecosystem functions of the mesocosm setup were monitored throughout the duration of the experiment (58 d), which proved that the proposed setup is suitable for benthic‐pelagic coupling experiments, providing an intermediate experimental tool between small‐scale micro/benthocosm experiments and large scale in situ sea experiments.
Study of the Effects of Intramolecular and Intermolecular Hydrogen‐Bonding Systems on the Polymerization of Amide‐Containing Benzoxazines
Authors: Han Lu , Zhang Kan , Ishida Hatsuo , Froimowicz Pablo
Published: February 2017

Pure para and ortho position amide benzoxazines, pHBA‐a and oHBA‐a, are synthesized. The hydrogen bonding interactions occurring in pHBA‐a and oHBA‐a are studied by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. FT‐IR results show that, while pHBA‐a presents intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions, oHBA‐a exhibits an intramolecular five‐membered‐ring hydrogen‐bonding system between the NH in the amide group and the oxygen in the oxazine ring. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is used to study the thermal properties of the resins and their respective polymers. A deeper understanding of the hydrogen bond interactions in this family of resins is attempted to have better insights on how these systems influence the polymerization behavior not only with respect to the polymerization temperature but also with respect to the propagation step.

image
An adaptive model for rapid and direct estimation of extravascular extracellular space in dynamic contrast enhanced MRI studies
Authors: Dehkordi Azimeh N.V. , Kamali‐Asl Alireza , Ewing James R. , Wen Ning , Chetty Indrin J. , Bagher‐Ebadian Hassan
Published: February 2017

Extravascular extracellular space (ve) is a key parameter to characterize the tissue of cerebral tumors. This study introduces an artificial neural network (ANN) as a fast, direct, and accurate estimator ofvefrom a time trace of the longitudinal relaxation rate, ΔR1(R1 = 1/T1), in DCE‐MRI studies. Using the extended Tofts equation, a set of ΔR1profiles was simulated in the presence of eight different signal to noise ratios. A set of gain‐ and noise‐insensitive features was generated from the simulated ΔR1profiles and used as the ANN training set. AK‐fold cross‐validation method was employed for training, testing, and optimization of the ANN. The performance of the optimal ANN (12:6:1, 12 features as input vector, six neurons in hidden layer, and one output) in estimatingveat a resolution of 10% (error of ±5%) was 82%. The ANN was applied on DCE‐MRI data of 26 glioblastoma patients to estimatevein tumor regions. Its results were compared with the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) ofve. The two techniques showed a strong agreement (r = 0.82,p < 0.0001). Results implied that the perfected ANN was less sensitive to noise and outperformed the MLE method in estimation ofve.
One‐Pot Synthesis of a bis‐Pocket Corrole through a 14‐fold Bromination Reaction
Authors: Norheim Hans‐Kristian , Schneider Christian , Gagnon Kevin J. , Ghosh Abhik
Published: February 2017

A one‐pot protocol, effecting 14‐fold bromination with elemental bromine, has afforded copper β‐octabromo‐meso‐tris(2,6‐dibromo‐3,5‐dimethoxyphenyl)corrole, a new bis‐pocket metallocorrole. The Cu complex underwent smooth demetalation under reductive conditions, affording the free corrole ligand, which in turn could be readily complexed to MnIII and AuIII. A single‐crystal X‐ray structure was obtained for the MnIII complex.
Azido chelating fiber: synthesis, characterization and adsorption performances towards Hg2+ and Pb2+ from water
Authors: Zhang Like , Wang Yanan , Huang Jiajia , Yuan Siguo
Published: February 2017

Herein, we report the synthesis and adsorption property of a novel chelating fiber containing azido group. Firstly, the brominated fiber (PP‐St‐DVB‐Br) was obtained via the reaction of polypropylene‐(g)‐styrene‐divinylbenzene fiber (PP‐St‐DVB) with bromine in CH2Cl2 solution. Then, azido chelating fiber (PP‐St‐DVB‐N3) was prepared by azidation of PP‐St‐DVB‐Br fiber. Its structure and properties were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and chemical titration, respectively. The micromophology and functional group distribution in fibrous matrix were investigated by scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results show that the chelating fiber has high functional group contents (2.11 mmol/g for PP‐St‐DVB‐N3) and uniform distribution. Different from granulate chelating resin, the novel fibrous adsorbent possesses excellent adsorption ability for Hg(II) and Pb(II) ions (408.9 mg/g for Hg2+ and 334.4 mg/g for Pb2+), and the adsorption capacity of the fiber has no loss until five cycles. The novel absorbent material shows the potential application prospect in the treatment of heavy metal wastewater. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement of interfacial adhesion in PP/PS blends enhanced with supersonic atmosphere plasma spraying surface‐treated carbon fiber
Authors: Chang Qiuxiang , Zhao Haojie , He Runqin
Published: February 2017

The effects of surface treatment of a carbon fiber (CF) by supersonic atmosphere plasma spraying (SAPS) on the interfacial adhesion behavior and morphology of polypropylene/polystyrene (PP/PS) matrix blends filled CF composites were investigated. Effects of surface treated a commercial CF on mechanical properties are studied. Contact angle was measured to examine the changes in wettability of the CF. The chemical and morphological changes were characterized by using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. PP/PS/CF composites were fabricated with and without SAPS treatment, and their interlaminar fracture toughnesses were compared. The results showed that the interlaminar shear strength of composites has been greatly improved filled SAPS modification CF. The water contact angle of resin sample decreased 50% after addition of SAPS surface‐treated CF. Scanning electron microscopy results on the fractured surface exhibited PP/PS blends adhered well around the CFs of the SAPS‐treated specimen compared with that of the untreated specimen. This attributed to the CF interlock, and it improves the wetting between fibers and resins. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fire safety of bridges – methodology supporting design and forensic evaluation
Authors: Yanagisawa Norifumi , Imagawa Yusuke , Ohyama Osamu , Rutner Marcus , Kurita Akimitsu
Published: February 2017

Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Eng. Akimitsu Kurita on his 70th birthday, in honour of his scientific achievements, guidance and the education of his students.

Fire safety in bridge design is not as developed as fire safety in building design, even though a bridge failure can cause significant economic damage impacting on an area. This paper addresses an unanswered question with regard to fire safety, i.e. the capability to identify the governing failure mode of a bridge subjected to severe fire loading and ranking the regions of greatest fire exposure risk. Hence, this proposed methodology is also expected to support forensic work identifying the failure mode where a bridge has failed due to a severe fire, as will be shown using the 9‐Mile Road Overpass collapse as an example. In an effort to mitigate fire damage, the fire protection panel (FFP) is introduced, which is part of a sacrificial structure shielding the bridge superstructure from exposure to fire from underneath.
Design of composite columns with cross‐sections not covered by Eurocode 4
Authors: Hanswille Gerhard , Bergmann Marco , Bergmann Reinhard
Published: February 2017

Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Akimitsu Kurita on his 70th birthday

The use of composite columns with special types of sections e.g. concrete filled tubes with massive inner cores became very popular in the last years. These sections are not in the scope of the simplified design method of Eurocode 4. The paper deals with a design proposal for columns with those sections based on the general design method and it shows how this method can also be used extending the scope of the simplified design method in Eurocode 4.
Evaluating early‐age shrinkage effects in steel concrete composite beam‐like structures
Authors: Li Xi , Glisic Branko
Published: February 2017

Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Akimitsu Kurita on his 70th birthday

The shrinkage of concrete is a material phenomenon that occurs due to the reduction in the concrete's volume over time. In composite beam‐like structures, the shrinkage of concrete elements affects strains and stresses in the overall composite section. The ability to identify and estimate early‐age shrinkage in beam‐like structures allows the creation of a baseline for strain‐based structural health monitoring, and enables a more thorough understanding of structural performance and condition. In this project, the early‐age shrinkage behaviour of steel‐concrete composite beam structures was studied with an integrated approach using monitoring data from a reduced‐scale test structure and simulation results from finite element analysis. A simplified analytical expression was developed to study further the range of magnitude of shrinkage in the concrete slab and the resultant strain distribution in steel girders. The goal of this paper is to create an innovative, comprehensive and widely applicable procedure that identifies and quantifies early‐age shrinkage in steel‐concrete composite beam‐like structures and its effects on the overall composite cross‐section.
Experimental and numerical analyses of the effectiveness of high‐frequency peening processes
Authors: Mangerig Ingbert , Kroyer Robert , Koller Matthias
Published: February 2017

Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Akimitsu Kurita on his 70th birthday

To assess fatigue behaviour, experimental tests were conducted on material specimens furnished with hammer peening tracks, with two different types of treatment being employed. The results of fatigue tests on treated specimens were compared with those of untreated specimens and assessed. Non‐linear analyses with the FE program ADINA, taking into account the stress–distortion behaviour of a material subjected to fatigue, were conducted as part of the test concept, specimen analysis, evaluation of the test results and probing the mode of action of both techniques.
Hybrid Text: An Engaging Genre to Teach Content Area Material Across the Curriculum
Authors: Bintz William P. , Ciecierski Lisa M.
Published: February 2017

The Common Core State Standards for English language arts expect that teachers will use narrative and informational texts to teach content area material across the curriculum. However, many teachers at all grade levels struggle to incorporate both kinds of text, especially given the vast amount of specialized content they are required to teach. The purpose of this article is to introduce hybrid text as an engaging genre that artfully integrates narrative and informational text and teaches content area material across the curriculum. It begins by situating hybrid text within the Common Core Anchor Standards for Reading. Next, it describes how hybrid texts can integrate narrative and informational text. Then, it identifies several design features and discusses potentials of hybrid text. It ends by sharing suggested hybrid texts that teachers can use to teach mathematics, science, social studies, and language arts.
New university offers opportunity to create office from scratch
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: February 2017

When Heather Howell toured Florida Polytechnic University, where she had accepted the position of university registrar, she had to wear closed‐toe shoes and a hard hat — a purple one, themed for the school's colors.
Employment and social trends by region
Authors: Kühn Stefan , Milasi Santo , Horne Richard , Yoon Sheena
Published: February 2017

This chapter will assess both across and within regions (i) recent economic and labour market developments; and (ii) short‐term employment and social prospects.
Functional Parallel Factor Analysis for Functions of One- and Two-dimensional Arguments
Authors: Choi Ji Yeh , Hwang Heungsun , Timmerman Marieke E.
Published: February 2017

Parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) is a useful multivariate method for decomposing three-way data that consist of three different types of entities simultaneously. This method estimates trilinear components, each of which is a low-dimensional representation of a set of entities, often called a mode, to explain the maximum variance of the data. Functional PARAFAC permits the entities in different modes to be smooth functions or curves, varying over a continuum, rather than a collection of unconnected responses. The existing functional PARAFAC methods handle functions of a one-dimensional argument (e.g., time) only. In this paper, we propose a new extension of functional PARAFAC for handling three-way data whose responses are sequenced along both a two-dimensional domain (e.g., a plane with x- and y-axis coordinates) and a one-dimensional argument. Technically, the proposed method combines PARAFAC with basis function expansion approximations, using a set of piecewise quadratic finite element basis functions for estimating two-dimensional smooth functions and a set of one-dimensional basis functions for estimating one-dimensional smooth functions. In a simulation study, the proposed method appeared to outperform the conventional PARAFAC. We apply the method to EEG data to demonstrate its empirical usefulness.
“Spherulite-like” jadeite growth in shock-melt veins of the Novosibirsk H5/6 chondrite
Authors: Bazhan I.S. , Ozawa Shin , Miyahara M. , Ohtani E. , Litasov K.D.
Published: February 2017

The Novosibirsk H5/6 ordinary chondrite has signs of shock metamorphism, such as dark shock-melt veins (SMVs) crossing the chondrite host rock. The plagioclase composition grains (Ab78An14Or7) with jadeite were found in the host-rock fragments inside the SMVs. Jadeite has an unusual radial-concentric spherulite-like microtexture. The spherulite-like jadeite formed from the molten plagioclase grain under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions during an impact event. The crystallization was accompanied by sodium–potassium differentiation between coexisting jadeite and residual melt. The PT-conditions of jadeite formation were estimated to be 3–14 GPa and 1400–2150 °C. Jadeite crystallization, Na–K differentiation, and the pressure–temperature estimates of jadeite formation in the Novosibirsk chondrite are very close to those in the Chelyabinsk LL5 chondrite. The spherulite-like microtexture and jadeite–glass coexistence, most likely, point to a high cooling rate of the SMVs at the pressure release stage of the metamorphic process.
Mineralogical and geochemical features of bacterial mats and travertines of the Khoito-Gol thermal spring (East Sayan)
Authors: Tatarinov A.V. , Yalovik L.I. , Kashkak E.S. , Danilova E.V. , Khromova E.A. , Khakhinov V.V. , Namsaraev B.B.
Published: February 2017

The mineralogical and geochemical features of the Khoito-Gol ecosystem (fresh thermal waters–microorganisms–travertines) of the Baikal Rift Zone and the aspects of the interaction among its components were studied. The research has shown that the behavior, distribution, and accumulation of trace elements are determined mostly by the geochemical barriers of geologic and biologic genesis in the flowing-water habitat of bacteria of the Khoito-Gol spring. Formation of biominerals by different functional groups of its bacterial community is considered.
Sur une généralisation de l’inégalité de Wirtinger
Authors: Dacorogna B. , Gangbo W. , Subía N.
Published: February 2017

A generalization of Wirtinger’s inequality
. – Let

\alpha_{\mathrm{I}} = \alpha_{\mathrm{I}}(p,q) = \min \left\{\frac{\|u'\|_{\mathrm{L}^p}}{\|u\|_{\mathrm{L}^q}} \;\vert\;
u \in \mathrm{W}^{1,p}(-1,1)\{0\}, u(-1) = u(1), \int_{-1}^1 u|u|^{q-2} = 0 \right\},

\alpha_{\mathrm{II}} = \alpha_{\mathrm{II}}(p,q) = \min \left\{\frac{\|u'\|_{\mathrm{L}^p}}{\|u\|_{\mathrm{L}^q}} \;\vert\;
u \in \mathrm{W}^{1,p}(-1,1)\{0\}, u(-1) = u(1),\int _{-1}^1 u = 0\right\}.

We compute explicitly αI, and we show that for

q ≦ 2p

,

\alpha_{\mathrm{I}}=\alpha_{\mathrm{II}}

while for

q

sufficiently large

\alpha_{\mathrm{II}}<\alpha_{\mathrm{I}}

.

Soient

\alpha_{\mathrm{I}} = \alpha_{\mathrm{I}}(p,q) = \min \left\{\frac{\|u'\|_{\mathrm{L}^p}}{\|u\|_{\mathrm{L}^q}} \;\vert\;
u \in \mathrm{W}^{1,p}(-1,1)\{0\}, u(-1) = u(1), \int_{-1}^1 u|u|^{q-2} = 0 \right\},

\alpha_{\mathrm{II}} = \alpha_{\mathrm{II}}(p,q) = \min \left\{\frac{\|u'\|_{\mathrm{L}^p}}{\|u\|_{\mathrm{L}^q}} \;\vert\;
u \in \mathrm{W}^{1,p}(-1,1)\{0\}, u(-1) = u(1),\int _{-1}^1 u = 0\right\}.

On calcule explicitement αI, et on montre que pour

q ≦ 2p

,

\alpha_{\mathrm{I}}=\alpha_{\mathrm{II}}

, mais pour

q

suffisamment grand

\alpha_{\mathrm{II}}<\alpha_{\mathrm{I}}

.
Régularité de la solution d’un problème variationnel
Authors: Tahraoui R.
Published: February 2017

Regularity of the solution of a variational problem
. − We give a regularity result for a variationnal problem, as a consequence, we obtain an existence result for a class of non convex optimization problems.

Nous donnons un résultat de régularité pour un problème variationnel. Comme conséquence, nous obtenons un résultat d’existence pour une classe de problèmes en optimisation non convexe.
Un principe de concentration-compacité pour les suites de surfaces Riemanniennes
Authors: Troyanov M.
Published: February 2017

In this paper, we study sequences of metrics on a compact surface

S

, with bounded area and curvature. We prove that, if the conformal structure of these metrics remains bounded, then either the sequence has a convergent subsequence or there exists a point at which a certain amount of positive curvature concentrates. This level of concentration is computed. (When the curvature is uniformely bounded, then this level is

2 π

.)

Nous étudions dans cet article des suites de métriques à aire et courbure bornées sur une surface compacte

S

. Nous démontrons que, si la structure conforme reste bornée, alors ou bien il existe une sous-suite convergente, ou bien il existe un point où une certaine quantité positive de courbure se concentre. Ce niveau de concentration est calculé, (dans le cas où la courbure est bornée uniformément, ce niveau est

2π

).
Boundary regularity for solutions of the equation of prescribed Gauss curvature
Authors: Urbas J.I.E.
Published: February 2017

We study the boundary regularity of convex solutions of the equation of prescribed Gauss curvature in a domain

Ω ⊂ ℝ^n

in the case that the gradient of the solution is infinite on some relatively open, uniformly convex portion

Γ

of

∂Ω

. Under suitable conditions on the data we show that near

Γ × ℝ

the graph of

u

is a smooth hypersurface (as a submanifold of

ℝ^{n + 1}

) and that

u|_Γ

is smooth. In particular,

u

is Hölder continuous with exponent

1/2

near

Г

.
Roman Geographies of the Nile
Authors: Merrills Andy
Published: February 2017

The River Nile fascinated the Romans and appeared in maps, written descriptions, texts, poems and paintings of the developing empire. Tantalised by the unique status of the river, explorers were sent to find the sources of the Nile, while natural philosophers meditated on its deeper metaphysical significance. Andy Merrills' book, Roman Geographies of the Nile, examines the very different images of the river that emerged from these descriptions - from anthropomorphic figures, brought repeatedly into Rome in military triumphs, through the frequently whimsical landscape vignettes from the houses of Pompeii, to the limitless river that spilled through the pages of Lucan's Civil War, and symbolised a conflict - and an empire - without end. Considering cultural and political contexts alongside the other Niles that flowed through the Roman world in this period, this book provides a wholly original interpretation of the deeper significance of geographical knowledge during the later Roman Republic and early Principate.
PROBABILITY OF RECEIVING AN INDEMNITY PAYMENT FROM FEEDER CATTLE LIVESTOCK RISK PROTECTION INSURANCE
Authors: MERRITT MEAGAN G. , GRIFFITH ANDREW P. , BOYER CHRISTOPHER N. , LEWIS KAREN E.
Published: February 2017

Livestock risk protection (LRP) insurance is a price risk management tool available to cattle producers; however, producers have been hesitant to adopt LRP. The objective of the study was to determine the monthly feeder cattle LRP contract coverage level and length maximizing the probability of the LRP net price being greater than the CME Feeder Cattle Index (CME FCI) price. The CME FCI prices were higher than the LRP net price for the majority of the contract lengths and coverage levels. Several coverage lengths and levels provided similar price protection, and there was no consistent preferred coverage length and level.
Fully essential dynamics for area-preserving surface homeomorphisms
Authors: KOROPECKI ANDRES , TAL FABIO ARMANDO
Published: February 2017

We study the interplay between the dynamics of area-preserving surface homeomorphisms homotopic to the identity and the topology of the surface. We define fully essential dynamics and generalize the results previously obtained on strictly toral dynamics to surfaces of higher genus. Non-fully essential dynamics are, in a way, reducible to surfaces of lower genus, while in the fully essential case the dynamics is decomposed into a disjoint union of periodic bounded disks and a complementary invariant externally transitive continuum $C$. When the Misiurewicz–Ziemian rotation set has non-empty interior the dynamics is fully essential, and the set $C$ is (externally) sensitive on initial conditions and realizes all of the rotational dynamics. As a fundamental tool we introduce the notion of homotopically bounded sets and we prove a general boundedness result for invariant open sets when the fixed point set is inessential.
RedeAmericas: building research capacity in young leaders for sustainable growth in community mental health services in Latin America
Authors: Yang L. , Pratt C. , Valencia E. , Conover S. , Fernández R. , Burrone M. S. , Cavalcanti M. T. , Lovisi G. , Rojas G. , Alvarado R. , Galea S. , Price L. N. , Susser E.
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this paper is to describe the development and initial accomplishments of a training program of young leaders in community mental health research as part of a Latin American initiative known as RedeAmericas. RedeAmericas was one of five regional ‘Hubs’ funded by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) to improve community mental health care and build mental health research capacity in low- and middle-income countries. It included investigators in six Latin American cities – Santiago, Chile; Medellín, Colombia; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and Córdoba, Neuquén, and Buenos Aires in Argentina – working together with a team affiliated with the Global Mental Health program at Columbia University in New York City. One component of RedeAmericas was a capacity-building effort that included an Awardee program for early career researchers in the mental health field. We review the aims of this component, how it developed, and what was learned that would be useful for future capacity-building efforts, and also comment on future prospects for maintaining this type of effort.
MHD Double Diffusive Natural Convection Flow Over Exponentially Accelerated Inclined Plate
Authors: Seth G. S. , Tripathi R. , Sharma R. , Chamkha A. J.
Published: February 2017

An investigation of unsteady MHD double diffusive natural convection flow of a viscous, incompressible, electrically conducting, heat absorbing, radiating and chemically-reactive fluid past an exponentially accelerated moving inclined plate in a fluid-saturated porous medium, when the temperature of the plate and the concentration at the surface of the plate have ramped profiles, is carried out. Exact solutions for the fluid velocity, fluid temperature and the species concentration, under Boussinesq approximation, are obtained in closed form by the Laplace transform technique. The expressions for the shear stress, rate of heat transfer and the rate of mass transfer at the plate are also derived. Numerical evaluations of the fluid velocity, fluid temperature and the species concentration are performed and displayed graphically whereas those of the shear stress, rate of heat transfer and the rate of mass transfer at the plate are presented in tabular form for various values of the pertinent flow parameters.
Reduction of HbA1c levels by fucoxanthin-enriched akamoku oil possibly involves the thrifty allele of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1): a randomised controlled trial in normal-weight and obese Japanese adults
Authors: Mikami Nana , Hosokawa Masashi , Miyashita Kazuo , Sohma Hitoshi , Ito Yoichi M. , Kokai Yasuo
Published: February 2017

Lifestyle-related problems are becoming a major health threat in East Asian countries. Therefore, finding an efficacious nutraceutical for this population is important. One candidate is fucoxanthin (Fx), a carotenoid abundantly found in edible brown seaweed that has been associated with a number of valuable health-promoting benefits. Unfortunately, clinical studies of Fx are limited. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of Fx on obesity-related parameters in Japanese subjects harbouring an SNP associated with lifestyle-related problems. In all, sixty normal-weight and obese Japanese adults with BMI over 22 kg/m2were single-blinded and randomly assigned to three Fx-dose cohorts and administered Fx-enriched akamoku oil containing Fx at 0, 1 or 2 mg/d for 8 weeks (n20 per group). Parameters relating to obesity and serum Fx metabolites were measured before and after intervention, but no significant differences were observed between and within the groups. Despite no changes in visceral fat areas and resting energy expenditures after intervention, we observed a significant decline in HbA1c levels in the 2 mg/d Fx group compared with that in the 0 mg/d group (P < 0·05), which was correlated with an increase in serum fucoxanthinol (Fx metabolite) levels. In addition, HbA1c levels declined more significantly in subjects with G/G alleles of the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) gene than in those with the A/A and A/G alleles (P < 0·05). We conclude that although Fx supplementation does not affect visceral fat areas, it may reduce HbA1c levels in those harbouring the thrifty allele ofUCP1-3826A/G.
The Founding of the African Studies Association
Authors: Carter Gwendolen M.
Published: February 2017

As the African Studies Association celebrates its twenty-fifth anniversary, it is a good time to look back at the circumstances of its founding in 1957, and to acknowledge the key role played by the Carnegie Corporation and, in particular, by its President, Dr. Alan Pifer, in facilitating that event. For the Corporation, this was only one of a long series of constructive activities related to Africa, dating back to 1926. For American scholars concerned with that continent, the concept of an American African Studies Association was at first problematic, but in practice it has created new and fruitful opportunities for interaction with colleagues at home and abroad, stimulating the growth and maturity of African studies.

Discussions by an ad hoc committee on the potentialities of an American scholarly body concerned with the study of Africa took place intermittently in Alan Pifer's office from 1955 on. The group involved in these discussions was composed at various times of William Brown, Gwendolen Carter, Gray Cowan, William Hance, Ruth Sloan, Franklin Frazier, and George Carpenter. Pifer felt strongly that there should be a scholarly association concerned with Africa that would be free of government influences such as inevitably were affecting the African-American Institute because of its almost complete dependence on government agencies for support. The ad hoc committee ultimately agreed that it would be appropriate to call a meeting of scholars concerned with Africa in order to decide whether or not there was substantial support for such an association.

It was in the name of the ad hoc committee that the invitations went out to approximately thirty-six individuals from scholarly and other fields to attend what was called The African Studies Association Conference to be held at the Hotel Roosevelt in New York from March 22–24, 1957. The participants were selected with a view to geographical and disciplinary distribution as well as their reputation as Africanists. Their function was to decide whether or not an organization should be formed to promote the serious study of Africa. The cost of the conference was met by a discretionary grant of $6,500 from the Carnegie Corporation, but the management of the conference was left entirely in the hands of the conferees.
A Note on Government Sponsored African Programs at Boston University
Authors: Fletcher John L.
Published: February 2017

The Boston University African Studies Program inaugurated a program for the United States Government in June 1959 when an orientation and training course for International Cooperation Administration (the predecessor of the Agency for International Development) career personnel to be assigned to African posts was undertaken. A special staff was appointed to administer the program under the direction of the Director of the African Studies Program. In 1961 the Development Research Center was formally established within the African Studies Program with responsibility for administering contract activities. John D. Montgomery, who was in charge of contract activities from 1960 to 1963, was succeeded as Director of the Development Research Center by John L. Fletcher, Jr., Professor of Government at Boston University. Other members of the Center's staff have included Edouard Bustin, Associate Research Professor of Government; Wilbert J. LeMelle, Assistant Research Professor of Government; John W. Sommer, Research Assistant; and Claudia W. Moyne, Research Associate. Regular staff members of the African Studies Program also participate in the work of the Development Research Center by delivering lectures and giving informal instruction.

During the period of the first contract, 140 career employees studied at Boston University. The program for the first group of employees included seven months of study, part of which was at Boston University and part in Europe and Africa. For the second group of employees, trained in 1960, a shorter period of study included work in Boston as well as a European phase at Oxford, London, Brussels, and Paris. For the third group there was a seven-week's program conducted entirely in Boston. Subsequent groups received four weeks of instruction in Boston. In addition to the lectures and published written materials, the course also included the study and discussion of special case studies in technical assistance and group exercises in the design and analysis of foreign aid programs for selected countries.
United States Economic Aid to Africa: I. A Background Paper
Authors: Black Lloyd D.
Published: February 2017

This brief discussion of United States economic aid to Africa has been compiled as a factual summary rather than an analysis or critical evaluation of present programs. A general description of economic aid, and of the activities of the Agency for International Development, is followed by a more detailed note on a country program in operation, that in the Sudan.

Although not the largest single donor in Africa, the U.S. Government in fiscal 1962 and again in fiscal 1963 provided about $500 million in economic assistance to 34 African countries. Surplus food and fiber under the Food for Peace Program accounted for nearly half of this aid. In contrast, other Free World government sources provided about $1, 200 million, and the Sino-Soviet Bloc extended $200 to $250 million in credits. Thus, the U.S. contributed roughly one-fourth of Africa's $2 billion in annual external economic assistance from government sources. In addition important contributions were made by U.S. private foundations, religious organizations, and other nongovernment groups. U.S. direct investments in “AID Africa” rose to about $800 million in 1962 from about $100 million in 1950.
Colonialism and the African Liberation Committee
Authors: Kambona Oscar
Published: February 2017

Each century has its dominant themes, which invest with particular significance all the varied events and situations which are chronicled as history. As “Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité” dominated the eighteenth century, and slavery, abolition and emancipation agitated the nineteenth, so the liberation movement or decolonization is one of the outstanding phenomena of the twentieth century. Save for the great issues of communism versus capitalism, and the geopolitical and ethical considerations surrounding nuclear weapons and rocketry, no other issue has so captured men's imaginations and allegiance or wrought such dramatic transformation in the status and condition of peoples. The remarkable effect of this phenomenon can be demonstrated by reference to the continent of Africa alone, although the full significance and effect can be grasped only by appreciating similar transformations in Asia, in the Caribbean, and miscellaneous other places in the world.

For many decades prior to 1957, there had been only two independent states in the whole of Africa. The continent which had been the cradle of human civilization and enriched the cultures of many other distant lands and nations had seen its lights of freedom snuffed out one by one. My own country, in which the oldest surviving evidences of early human society exist, struggled valiantly but vainly to resist the tide of European imperialism which flowed irresistibly over Africa -- indeed over most of the world -- and was at its full flood during the latter half of the nineteenth and early part of the twentieth century. Only Ethiopia, with its proud dynasty tracing its lineage backward through two thousands of years, and Liberia -- a symbol of the brave efforts of the emancipation movement -- survived the blandishments and violence of the imperialist forces. Those forces had signified their ascendancy in the Berlin Treaty of 1885, and for another three-quarters of a century the eclipse of freedom in this part of the world justified its description as “the Dark Continent.”
International Activities of the United States Department of Commerce with Particular Reference to Africa
Authors: Blankenheimer Bernard
Published: February 2017

The United States Department of Commerce is the largest data collecting organization in the world. Its Bureau of the Census has the monumental job every ten years of conducting a population census; its Office of Business Economics has the important task of measuring the national income and computing the balance of international payments and is also nationally known for a family of publications including the scholarly monthly SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS.

These data are intended primarily to provide statistical guidelines relative to the course of the domestic economy. However, a different kind of data collection activity is carried on regularly by the Department in the Bureau of International Programs and the Bureau of International Business Operations. These two bureaus have primary responsibility within the department for the promotion of United States foreign commerce and private international investments. Both are new organizational units created as of August 8, 1961 to replace the former Bureau of Foreign Commerce, and both are under the supervision of the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for International Affairs who is, in turn, responsible directly to the Secretary of Commerce. In announcing this reorganization in the department's international affairs' responsibilities, Secretary Hodges stated that the Commerce Department must “fulfill our role in formulating U.S. foreign economic policy especially as it affects the American business community. … We want to be in a position to advise both business and government on the imminent changes in world trade and investment resulting from regional economic integration, from the threat of the Sino Soviet Bloc, and from our own economic growth. We need better methods to evaluate and set upon developments abroad which have an impact on the U.S. foreign and domestic trade.”
Nutritional and nutraceutical aspects of KAMUT® khorasan wheat grown during the last two decades
Authors: DI LORETO A. , DI SILVESTRO R. , DINELLI G. , BREGOLA V. , STENICO V. , SFERRAZZA R. E. , MAROTTI I. , QUINN R. , BOSI S.
Published: February 2017

Recently, organic farming systems have attracted the attention of consumers because of their low environmental impact. Organic agriculture is a valid alternative to conventional farming and ancient wheat, such as KAMUT® khorasan wheat (T. turgidum ssp. turanicum), has emerged as an industry leader for its nutritional and functional properties (anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and prebiotic).

The aim of the present study was to evaluate environmental effects on the quality of KAMUT® khorasan grains harvested in the last two decades (1989–2012) on one farm in Montana (USA), through the evaluation of phytochemical accumulation. Results revealed high variability in the amounts of macronutrients and nutraceuticals. In particular, from 1989 to 2012, there was a decreasing trend in starch content (ranging from 70·87 to 50·54/100 g) and amylose (from 41·48 to 31·46% of total starch) with a slight increase of insoluble dietary fibre (from 12·14 to 17·75/100 g). The soluble dietary fibre content varied among the years of cultivation even if the general trend remained constant (4·57–2·82/100 g). High variability of total polyphenols content was observed with the free soluble fraction present at lower levels than bound polyphenols (BP). Moreover, an inverse correlation between free and BP was observed. The results obtained in the present study show that the influence of environmental conditions plays a fundamental role in the accumulation of primary and secondary metabolites in wheat kernels and strongly modulate the nutritional and nutraceutical value of flour.