bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Archaeology and History of Slavery in South Sudan in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: LANE PAUL , JOHNSON DOUGLAS
Published: February 2012

This chapter presents a synopsis of the historical evidence concerning the expansion of slavery and the trade in ivory during the Turco-Egyptian era in the Sudan between 1820 and 1881, and a description of the results of recent and very preliminary archaeological investigations at three sites associated with this trade around the town of Rumbek in Lakes State, South Sudan. The chapter begins with a brief review of the establishment of Ottoman rule in Egypt, before moving on to consider the broader geopolitical forces that gave rise to the decision by the Egyptian Khedive, Mehmed Ali, to invade Sinnar, Kordofan and adjacent areas of northern Sudan. It then discusses the economic consequences and legal changes following the establishment of Turco-Egyptian rule that helped create the conditions for the expansion of slaving expeditions into southern Sudan and the establishment of a series of fortified camps or zaribas in these areas.
‘The Horrid Popish Plot’
Authors: Hinds Peter
Published: February 2012

The Popish plot was an alleged Catholic conspiracy to assassinate Charles II and re-introduce the Catholic faith to England. Despite it being a fiction, belief in the plot became widespread and many innocent Catholics were sent to their deaths. Moving away from the focus of recent histories of the plot, which remain predominately in the realms of parliamentary discussion, courts of law and the councils of the King, this volume considers how details of the plot circulated more broadly. It investigates the many media used, primarily print, but also manuscript and word-of-mouth, for instance in books, pamphlets, newspapers, and ballads. The most prolific commentator on the Popish plot was Roger L'Estrange, the press censor during the reigns of Charles II and James II. L'Estrange was interested in the working of the London book trade at this time, and as one who did not believe there was a Popish plot, wrote prolifically in order publicly to cast doubt upon it. L'Estrange's writings provide us with valuable insights into the production, dissemination, and reception of political opinion in this period. Drawing on the insights of literary studies, political history, and the history of the book, reading this volume will further understanding in how belief in such an extraordinary plot took hold amongst so many.
‘[T]aking up Plots upon Trust’:1 Titus Oates, Roger L’Estrange, and Popular Polemic
Authors: Hinds Peter
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses an introduction to Titus Oates and Roger L'Estrange. It provides contexts for their behaviour and actions in the 1670s and 1680s. The author uses L'Estrange as an observer and critic of the times through which he lived, as well as a narrative anchor to some degree. This helps in making sense of the comment on the political events during the period. Political satire during this period is also discussed.
‘[W]ill you have your Throats cut ere you will believe?’:1 Popish Plot(s)
Authors: Hinds Peter
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses an outline of the key but controversial details of the Popish Plot. It studies particular misreports and misrepresentations of these details, whether unwitting or otherwise. The different media of communication used to disseminate plot information is studied, and specific examples of each media are provided. The Popish Plot ‘Narratives’ and the ‘Pope-burning processions’ are also discussed.
Introduction
Authors: NEWSON LINDA A. , KING JOHN P.
Published: February 2012

This volume was a result of a symposium that discussed the history and culture of Mexico. It focuses on the city's culture and history and presents specific perspectives derived from the observant eyes and lens of the different authors and scholars of the chapters here, containing insight from various fields. While Mexico is generally assumed to be a city afflicted with problems such as social inequality, environmental denigration and traffic congestion made worse by government inadequacies and mismanagement, this volume presents a rather optimistic note that reverberates in the chronicles and voices in the chapters. Building on this sentiment, the chapters that follow aim to celebrate Mexico City as a focal point of cultural creativity, dynamism and diversity. From its foundation in 1324 as Tenochtitlan to the present day, the volume provides a window to the constantly evolving space that is Mexico City.
The Claims of Culture at Empire's End
Authors: Dueck Jennifer M.
Published: February 2012

This volume asks fundamental questions about the political impact of cultural institutions by exploring the power struggles for control over such institutions in Syria and Lebanon under French Mandate rule. Countering assertions of French imperial cultural ascendancy and self-confidence, the book demonstrates the diverse capacities of Arab and other local communities, to forge competing cultural identities that would, in later years, form the basis for rising political self-enfranchisement. Drawing on a wide array of written sources and oral testimonies, the book illuminates how political and religious leaders fought to harness the force of culture through projects as diverse as schools, cinema, scouting, and tourism. These leaders were to be found not only in the French colonial administration or the burgeoning Syrian and Lebanese parliaments, but also in student societies, missionary congregations, and philanthropic organizations. The book pays particular attention to the last decade of French rule before Syrian and Lebanese independence as a critical time of transition and debate. The rich individual histories of institutions such as the American University of Beirut, the secular French Mission laïque, or the Jesuit missionaries come together in a broader narrative that speaks to the ongoing Syrian and Lebanese journeys toward national identity.
Fractured Messages in a Common Tongue: France’s Educational Emissaries
Authors: Dueck Jennifer M.
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the French cultural networks, addressing various conflicts and contrary agendas among players who were all ostensibly united in their goal to provide a French education for local children. French culture in the Levant during the 1930s and 1940s is inseparable from the person of Gabriel Bounoure. He combined a single-minded devotion to promoting French culture with flexibility and sophistication in his approach to both Syro-Lebanese and French political struggles. The discussion also addresses the effects of the successive Vichy and Free French administrations on the status of three specific groups of private educators: the Catholic missions, the secular Mission laïque française, and the Jewish Alliance israélite universelle.
An Enduring Dilemma: Teaching National Identity in Lebanon
Authors: Dueck Jennifer M.
Published: February 2012

The situation in Lebanon shared many features with that in Syria. Education and language were symbolic pillars of political power and collective identity in both countries. That said, there were marked differences between the educational systems in Syria and Lebanon. In spite of the occasional threat of violence, schools in Lebanon did not become targets for popular aggression as they did in Syria. Struggles over education were confined to the political sphere where the debates were sometimes intense. The actual practice of politics was dominated by intra-sectarian conflict in which Christians and Muslims formed cross-confessional allegiances to further their interests within their own communities. The discussion also considers how educational provision affected the network of relationships between the French government, the French missionaries, the Maronite Patriarchy, and the Maqāsid Islamic Charitable Association.
Rivalries Redoubled: Americans in the Levant
Authors: Dueck Jennifer M.
Published: February 2012

This chapter considers American involvement during the war years. Unlike Britain, the USA had a sizeable social and cultural network in Syria and Lebanon, owing mainly to the work of American Protestant missions. This strong educational presence provided the American government with an institutional framework around which to develop stable long-term cultural networks. Moreover, the USA's reputation for political disinterestedness and anti-imperialism endeared it to much of the local population. Where the British used direct contact between their military officials and the French teaching establishments to hinder French cultural activities, American influence on education took place through grass-roots activism and diplomatic intervention. The ties that American educators had fostered with the local population for decades provided a foundation for powerful bilateral exchanges during the Second World War.
For My Country: Scouting as a National Movement
Authors: Dueck Jennifer M.
Published: February 2012

This chapter looks at how scouting features were manifested within Syria and Lebanon respectively, and brings out the specificities arising from differences in the Syrian and Lebanese political landscapes. The variegated and multi-layered nature of scouting in Syria and Lebanon can be seen in the intertwined networks that took part in it. These networks included French scout associations, fascist youth leagues, government authorities, community leaders, and, not least, the local scout participants. While the scout networks throughout the two nations shared many features, including similar foreign influences and local ideologies, they were also marked by national specificities which affected how scouting evolved as a political tool. The wide appeal of scouting in so many different cultures effectively ensured that no government could claim the right to monopolize or police its use.
‘Ye Shall Know Them by Their Names’: Names and Identity among the Irish and the English
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: February 2012

This chapter aims to address several questions concerning the identification of Irishmen in England in the period before the arrival of the Vikings. It focuses on the onosmatic aspects of the questions and investigates the inter-related questions about the distinctiveness of Old Irish personal names. The chapter attempts to develop a method for tracking down Irishmen who do not have obviously Irish names.
Trouble at the White House: Anglo-Irish Relations and the Cult of St Martin
Authors: Mullins Juliet
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the doubtful issues in Bede's account of the pre-Viking history of Britain and Ireland in his Historia Ecclesiastica (HE). It focuses on the section of the HE where Bede attributed the conversion of the Picts to the work of Columba and the Christianisation of the southern Picts to one Nynia episcopo reuerentissimo et sanctissimo uiro de natione Brettonum. The chapter explores the origins of the cult of Saint Martin of Tours and considers what evidence it might offer about the nexus of influences operating upon Bede's account of the conversion.
Anglo-Saxon, Irish and British Relations: Hanging-Bowls Reconsidered
Authors: Youngs Susan
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the origin of the enamelled hanging-bowls discovered in Sutton Hoo and their implications for understanding Anglo-Saxon, Irish, and British relations. It suggests that such bowls were originally made in some of the most prosperous centres of British Britain from the mid-sixth century, and that the fashion for them was exported to Ireland much later than the first wave of brooches and pins of around the year 400. The chapter contends that the problem concerning the origin of the bowls can be resolved by the suggestion that it was on both sides of the northern Irish Sea littoral that Viking raiders found hanging-bowls and enamelled buckets.
Sand-dunes and Stray Finds: Evidence for Pre-Viking Trade?
Authors: Griffiths David
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines discoveries of pre-Viking material that have occurred in sand-dune-dominated coastal margins and evaluates whether they are indicative of pre-Viking trade in the British and Irish Islands. It explains that sporadic occurrence of early medieval metalwork, glass, and pottery in these locations largely lacks contextual support and that this raises a number of interpretive problems. The chapter also provides some thoughts about Anglo-Irish economic contact during the mid-first millennium.
Studying Early Christian Sculpture in England and Ireland: The Object of Art History or Archaeology?
Authors: Hawkes Jane
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines whether the current study of the early Christian sculpture of England and Ireland is the object of art history or archaeology. It explains that the methods used to study early medieval sculpture in Ireland and England are accepted and discredited in both archaeological and art-historical circles. The chapter investigates two distinct approaches in Ireland and England, which intersect so thoroughly with art history and archaeology that they have come to be used to examine the medieval sculpture.
Incongruities, Ironies and Achievements: India’s Tryst with Modernity
Authors: JEFFERY ROGER , HEATH ANTHONY
Published: February 2012

This chapter introduces the economic, social, and political aspects of Indian modernities. It considers the question of uneven modernisation and studies the sphere of politics. The Indian economy and reform is discussed in detail as well.
Growing Regional Variation: Demographic Change and its Implications
Authors: DYSON TIM
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses some of the principal factors that have conditioned changes in the demography of India. The demographic trends at the regional and national level are examined, followed by a discussion of the likely consequences of current population trends. The last section of the chapter includes comments on recent work that has attempted to explain demographic change. Population growth, mortality, and fertility are some topics covered in this chapter.
Costly Absences, Coercive Presences: Health Care in Rural North India
Authors: JEFFERY PATRICIA , JEFFERY ROGER
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses health care in rural north India. It examines the access of villagers in the Bijnor district of western Uttar Pradesh to health care during the early 2000s. The liberalisation, health care, and health status in India is studied, along with the declining state investment in health services. Limiting fertility and removing polio in India is examined in the latter portion of the chapter.
Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth
Authors: JOSHI VIJAY
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the economic growth of India after gaining its independence. It shows that there was growth and poverty reduction after 1980 and looks at the concept of macroeconomic balance. Structural reform is also discussed in the chapter. It is determined that in the second half of India's post-independence career, growth has increased dramatically as a consequence of economic reform. This reform was able to unshackle the economy from the firm grip of controls and exposed it to international competition.
The Blind Side of Globalisation: Auditing Merchant Producers in India’s Export Sector
Authors: GUPTA DIPANKAR
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses globalisation and the export sector of India, looking at employment and economic growth in the country. It starts with a study of the rise of small-scale industries, which are part of the fastest expanding sector in India. Merchant producerism and cheap labour is discussed, followed by globalisation and social audits. Child labour, contract labour, the absent present worker, and overtime are some of the topics discussed as well. Finally, the chapter ends by determining whether globalisation has made a difference in the economy of India.
Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1
Authors: VAID DIVYA , HEATH ANTHONY
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses intergenerational class mobility, which is the extent to which sons — and even daughters — follow in their father's footsteps. It asks how ‘open’ India is, and whether it is becoming more ‘open’ with greater equality of opportunity as it slowly modernises. The discussion is limited to the patterns of intergenerational mobility of men and women who are actually in paid employment.
The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004
Authors: HEATH OLIVER , YADAV YOGENDRA
Published: February 2012

This chapter explores the relationship formed between the social structure of India and its contemporary patterns. It tries to show how this relates to the theories of social cleavage alignment, and examines change in the cleavage structure of party competition. The chapter also discusses how different contemporary patterns of political conflict in India are from those of the past.
A Left Front Election
Authors: BANERJEE MUKULIKA
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the electoral ethnography of a campaign in the state of West Bengal. It presents a thick ethnographic description of the campaigning process and traces the numerous techniques used. The political messages and organisational hierarchies at every level of the state's population help in answering why incumbent governments suffer repeated electoral defeats.
The Challenge of Representing the Complex Reality of India
Authors: MANOR JAMES
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the challenge of representing the complex reality of India. It presents notable conclusions from the previous chapters, which provide information on India's society, politics, demography, and culture. It provides a little context to these past discussions, in order to provide a little more coherence and a better understanding of the study.
Networks and the Evolution of Socio-material Differentiation
Authors: Knappett Carl
Published: February 2012

Ideas of ‘distributed mind’ are invaluable to archaeology in explaining the intimate involvement of artefacts in human cognition. Much of the work in this domain, however, focuses on proximate interactions of very limited numbers of individuals and artefacts. This chapter argues that people need to broaden the understanding of distributed mind to encompass whole assemblages of artefacts spread across space and time; and that these assemblages can be best conceptualized as networks in which both objects and people are enfolded and enacted. While such networks may exist to some extent in the Palaeolithic and Neolithic eras, it is with the Bronze Age that they really come to the fore, extending the scale of human action beyond the proximate like never before. Examples of this extensive socio-material differentiation are taken from the Aegean Bronze Age, with a focus on pottery.
What is Cognition? Extended Cognition and the Criterion of the Cognitive
Authors: Rowlands Mark
Published: February 2012

According to the thesis of the extended mind, at least some cognitive processes extend into the cognizing subject's environment in the sense that they are composed of processes of manipulation, exploitation, and transformation performed by that subject on suitable environmental structures. In contrast, according to the thesis of the embedded mind, the manipulation, exploitation, and transformation of information-bearing structures provides a useful scaffolding which facilitates cognitive processes but does not, even in part, constitute them. The two theses are distinct but often confused. The extended mind has attracted three ostensibly distinct kinds of objection, all of which on further analysis reduce to the idea that the arguments for the extended mind in fact only establish the thesis of the embedded mind. This chapter argues that these three objections can all be resolved by the provision of an adequate and properly motivated criterion of the cognitive.
The Archaeology of Group Size
Authors: Grove Matt
Published: February 2012

This chapter aims to summarize the results of recent research producing estimates of hominin range areas, population sizes, and land use patterns based on archaeological data. Estimates of such variables are essential to any geographic or demographic discussion of human evolution, yet at present no generally applicable quantitative method is available to link them to the often abundant data of the archaeological record. Such data offer a unique window onto the patterns of adaptation characterizing prehistoric human populations, and developing a generic method to describe trajectories of change will allow researchers to compare range areas, population sizes and land use patterns between different regions and periods from throughout the vast spatio-temporal range of human evolution. The discussion gives particular emphasis to estimating a trajectory of group size through time from shortly after 2 million years ago until approximately 14,000 years ago.
Peter Astbury Brunt 1917–2005
Authors: Crawford Michael
Published: February 2012

Peter Astbury Brunt (1917–2005), a Fellow of the British Academy, served in the Ministry of Shipping (later War Transport), alongside his undergraduate contemporary and friend, Basil Dickinson. After his release from the Ministry, he took up at the beginning of 1946 a Senior Demyship at Magdalen College, to which he had been elected the previous autumn, and the Craven Fellowship that had been awarded to him in 1939, choosing as a topic for research the relations between governed and governors in the Roman Empire, and set off for the British School at Rome. It was Roman Stoicism that claimed more and more of Brunt's attention. He was happy to admit the influence on his thinking of Geoffrey de Ste Croix, despite the differences in their political views. One of the themes that occupied Brunt during the period from 1951 to 1968 was that of ancient slavery. During his seventeen years in the University of Oxford, he undertook major administrative tasks both for his college and for the university.
Michael Vincent Levey 1927–2008
Authors: White Christopher
Published: February 2012

Michael Vincent Levey (1927–2008), a Fellow of the British Academy, devoted his professional career to the National Gallery, becoming one of its most distinguished and effective directors. During his time in office (1973–1987), he was substantially responsible for modernising the Gallery in both its attitudes and services to the public. New programmes were introduced and new galleries were built, and, most important of all, a number of masterpieces were added to the collection. At a New Year's Eve party in 1953, Levey met Brigid Brophy, an up-and-coming novelist, the daughter of the writer John Brophy. Love was instantaneous and in six months they were married. His most wide-ranging innovation in the administration of the National Gallery was the creation of a fully professional Education Department. At his death, Levey was engaged in writing a biography of Ellen Terry, which met both his great interest in the history of the theatre and his fascination with a magnetic personality who had long intrigued him.
William Watson 1917–2007
Authors: Scott Rosemary
Published: February 2012

William Watson (1917–2007), a Fellow of the British Academy, was a scholar whose contribution to the field of Asian art and archaeology was both multifaceted and far-reaching. He earned a scholarship to Gonville and Caius College at the University of Cambridge to read Modern and Medieval Languages (1936–1939), and it was at Cambridge that he met a fellow-student Katherine Armfield, whom he married in 1940. After World War II, Watson took up his first post in the arts in 1947, joining the staff of the British and Medieval Department of the British Museum. In 1966, he left the British Museum and moved to the Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art to become its Director and take up the professorship of Chinese Art and Archaeology at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Watson travelled widely and often, and he became fascinated with the arts and language of Japan.
Bryan Ronald Wilson 1926–2004
Authors: Barker Eileen
Published: February 2012

Bryan Ronald Wilson (1926–2004), a Fellow of the British Academy, was a world-renowned sociologist of religion. He was awarded a D.Litt. by the University of Oxford in 1994, the same year that he was elected a Fellow of the British Academy. Wilson was also awarded an Arnold Gerstenberg studentship, which allowed him to take up a place at the London School of Economics, where Maurice Ginsberg introduced him to the literature of the sociology of religion and where he developed a life-long interest in sectarian movements. He returned to Yorkshire to take up an Assistant Lectureship in Sociology in the Department of Social Studies at the University of Leeds in October 1955, being promoted to Lecturer in 1957. There Wilson taught courses on urban sociology, sociological theory, and the social institutions of modern Britain, as well as on the sociology of religion. He was a Fellow of All Souls College for thirty years. The themes of secularisation, rationalism, and sectarianism were of particular interest to Wilson throughout his academic life.
Deities, Devils, and Dams: Elizabeth I, Dover Harbour and the Family of Love
Authors: WOOTTON DAVID
Published: February 2012

This lecture presents the text of the speech about Elizabeth I Queen of England delivered by the author at the 2008 Raleigh Lecture on History held at the British Academy. It explores the religious movement called the Family of Love and discusses Sir Walter Raleigh's knowledge about the discourse on Dover Harbour, which was later spuriously attributed to him. The lecture provides an excerpt and interpretation of Queen Elizabeth's poem titled On Monsieur's Departure.
Auden Unparadized
Authors: PERRY SEAMUS
Published: February 2012

This lecture presents the text of the speech about English poet W.H. Auden delivered by the author at the 2008 Chatterton Lecture on Poetry held at the British Academy. It discusses criticism on Auden as a poet who somehow lived beyond the early moment of his greatest and most amazing genius, and as one whose latest effort represented nothing less than the decline and fall of modernist poetry. The lecture also provides a critical analysis of some of Auden's most notable works.
Living Apart, Living Together? The Role of Intergroup Contact in Social Integration
Authors: HEWSTONE MILES
Published: February 2012

This lecture presents the text of the speech about the role of intergroup contact in social integration delivered by the author at the 2006 Joint British Academy/British Psychological Society Lecture held at the British Academy. It explores the different perspectives on mixing and considers what can be learned from available data. The lecture discusses different types of intergroup contact and explains the policy implications of intergroup contact based on social-psychological theory.
From Mohajer to Hamwatan: The Reintegration Experiences of Second generation Afghans Returning from Pakistan and Iran
Authors: Saito Mamiko , Kantor Paula
Published: February 2012

In addition to the traumatic and post-traumatic effects migration has on young refugees, prolonged displacement poses a greater effect. It affects the young refugees’ perception of their selves, homeland and future. Reintegration of young refugees is more difficult as most of them have profound alienated feelings towards their homeland which they feel that they barely know and they often feel intense attachment to the host country in which they grew up. This chapter addresses some gaps to better understand the less visible social and emotional trajectories experienced by young Afghan refugees in the process of reintegration to their homeland. It examines the personal journeys resulting from the respondent’s experiences of Iran and Pakistan, and their return to Afghanistan: their resettlement and their remigration. It highlights the expectations and the meaning of returning and repatriation to the homeland through the perspectives of the young refugees. The first section of the chapter provides a background to the study and the approach for the selection of a target group. The next section discusses the contradictory characteristics of young Afghan refugees who grew up as refugees in Pakistan and Iran, and looks at their perceptions and expectations with regard to Afghanistan. The last sections are devoted to the discussion of the barriers to successful reintegration and the key issues which can provide support to young returning Afghans beyond material assistance.
‘Hey, Afghani!’ Identity Contentions among Iranians and Afghan Refugees
Authors: Olszewska Zuzanna
Published: February 2012

This chapter addresses issues of identity and rootlessness as expressed through poetry. It focuses in on the second generation of Afghan refugees who were portrayed as a confused generation subjected to the ‘pains of exile’ and ‘identity crisis’. It explores the representations of Afghans in Iran and examines the ways in which the Iran-educated Afghans responded and defied their marginalization through their own discourse and poetry. By examining the poetry of these second generation Afghan refugees, the social transformations taking place in this group or refugees and the tensions in the Iranian society are illuminated. These poems illustrate the distressing ambivalence experienced by the second-generation Afghan refugees in Iran.
The Refugee Factor in Two Protracted Conflicts: Cyprus and Palestine Compared
Authors: Loizos Peter , Kelly Tobias
Published: February 2012

In the early years of the twenty-first century, two peace processes that were deemed promising came to a halt. In Cyprus, the Annan Plan was rejected by the majority of Greek-Cypriots and in Israel/Palestine, the Oslo Peace Process collapsed in the second intifada. This chapter provides a comparative exploration of the roles the refugees played as individuals and as groups in the eventual failure of various peace processes as well as the political issues that have contributed to such failure. It focuses on the Greek-Cypriot refugees and the Palestinian refugees as the treatment of the rights of these groups of refugees were deemed the most controversial issue in the peace processes. In this chapter, the historical conditions, legal statuses, access to political representations and the geopolitical factors that have influenced the manner with which the conflict and refugees are dealt with are explored and examined. The various sections of the chapter are devoted to the rationale behind the failure of the Annan Plan and the Oslo Peace Process and the role of the refugees in this failure. The chapter concludes with some suggestions about the implications of refugee issues in order to settle long-term conflict.
Interactions between Defectiveness and Syncretism
Authors: Stump Gregory
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines some defective patterns that interact with the language's patterns of syncretism. It examines the early Indic declensional morphology to determine some varied interactions between defectiveness and syncretism. In the Indic morphology, three canonical kinds of interaction were defined: defectiveness may override syncretism, syncretism may determine the domain of defectiveness, and syncretism may override defectiveness. Theoretical explanation of these interactions suggests that the language's morphology makes reference to two distinct paradigms. These paradigms are: 1) content paradigms which express the range of syntactic uses to which the lexemes may be put; and 2) form paradigms which express the range of inflectional realization to which the root may arise. Syncretism is a property of form paradigms while defectiveness is a property of both form and content paradigms. Whilst various assumptions are presented herein on the possible interactions between defectiveness and syncretism, the chapter suggests that a wide-ranging and careful examination of such interactions in a variety of languages is needed.
The Authority of Antiquity: England and the Protestant Latin Bible
Authors: Gordon Bruce
Published: February 2012

This chapter provides a complex narrative of biblical translation in Protestant scholarship. It draws attention to Protestant efforts to produce a universal Latin translation as an intermediary between the original languages of Scripture and the vernacular. Despite the tendency to associate Protestantism with personal reading of Scripture, the multiple levels involved in biblical interpretation complicate any straightforward relationship between reformation, text, and individual reader. The Latin Bible translation also held the potential of unifying Protestants by becoming the basis of all vernacular translations. The attempt to harmonise Protestant theology through a single Latin translation, however, ultimately exposed deep divisions in Protestant biblical scholarship. The chapter also notes that Archbishop Cranmer not only extended hospitality to continental scholars fleeing from the restoration of Catholic worship under the Augsburg Interim, but solicited their work on the Latin Bible translation and laboured to bridge divisions between them.
Milton, Marriage, and the Politics of Gender
Authors: Cox Rosanna
Published: February 2012

This chapter investigates the seventeenth-century cultural and historical context of Milton's portrayal the relationship of Adam and Eve in Paradise Lost. This approach aims to bring the intellectual, doctrinal, and political debates with which he engaged in his portrayal of the relationship between the sexes. The chapter examines Milton' understanding of the ideas of woman, womanhood, and the cultural debates about the relationship of man and woman in marriage and in the household, and the ways in which these conceptions formed his political and theological outlook. Milton's thoughts on gender and marriage, which were grounded in reformation and seventeenth-century Puritan teachings, in political debates on family and political obligation, and in the ideological and imaginative relationships between politics and gender, formed his prose and poetry on the relationship of man and woman.
Lombardy before the Lombard League
Authors: Raccagni Gianluca
Published: February 2012

This chapter describes Lombardy before the Lombard League. The first section cites the different definitions attached to the term ‘Lombardy’. The multiple definitions attached to it could easily create misunderstanding. In order to avoid this, the Po Valley as a whole was sometimes defined as tota Langobardia (whole Lombardy). Primary sources, including some documentary ones produced by the League itself, often simply define the latter as ‘Lombard League’ or ‘the Lombards’. The second section describes the fortunes of the Kingdom of Italy and the rise of the city communes. The last section describes the revival of the imperial authority under Frederick Barbarossa.
Structure of the League
Authors: Raccagni Gianluca
Published: February 2012

This chapter describes the structure of the Lombard League. The first section examines the set of rules and the government. On the whole, the structure of the League evolved over time, reaching maturity by the end of the 1160s with its only standing institution being the college of the rectors, who were closely associated with the governing bodies of its members, at least during the long contest with the empire. The dominating role of the city communes is well documented by the frequent description in the sources of the association as a concordia or societas civitatum, but the League also included other kinds of members, such as communities without the status of civitas and individuals. The second section looks into the role of loca, individuals, and lords. The last section describes the transmission of the documentary sources.
The Palestinian Context of Rabbinic Judaism
Authors: MILLAR FERGUS
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the rabbinic Judaism from the Palestinian context. It suggests that it is not possible to provide any unambiguous framework which will offer clues to the context, or contexts, in which the extraordinary corpus of rabbinic works was composed. It concludes that the composition of the rabbinic literature could only take place in a society marked by a complex interplay of beliefs, ethnic identities and languages and identifies the most common points of reference in Jewish religious writing.
The Tosefta and Its Value for Historical Research: Questioning the Historical Reliability of Case Stories
Authors: REICHMAN RONEN
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the reliability of using the tosefta for historical research. It explains that the tosefta is a compilation of early rabbinic legal traditions which date from the first to the early third century CE. It discusses the different manuscripts, editions and translations of the tosefta. It concludes that the narratives or case stories in the tosefta possess significance for historical research and their relevance ranges from an increased understanding of the daily life of the Jews in Palestine and the activity of the rabbis in society to the more precise determination of their power and position within society.
Halakhic Midrashim as Historical Sources
Authors: STEMBERGER GÜNTER
Published: February 2012

This chapter evaluates the usefulness and reliability of the halakhic midrashim as a historical resource. It explains that the halakhic midrashim as commentaries on the biblical books of Exodus through Deuteronomy with a special emphasis on their importance for the halakhah or the religious law. It describes the manuscripts, printed editions, and translations of the halakhic midrashim. It concludes that the halakhic midrashim do not offer information on political history, they offer lot of details regarding daily life in Palestine in the second and third centuries and the way the rabbis understood it.
Problems in the Use of the Babylonian Talmud for the History of Late-Roman Palestine: The Example of Astrology
Authors: KALMIN RICHARD
Published: February 2012

This chapter evaluates the use of the Babylonian Talmud for the study of the history of late-Roman Palestine using astrology as a case example. It explains that the Babylonian Talmud contains much material which derives from Palestine and may sometimes preserve Palestinian rabbinic material in a form closer to the original than is found in Palestinian compilations. Palestinian sources often do not contain trustworthy evidence about Palestinian Sages and institutions.
Targum
Authors: HAYWARD ROBERT
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the current state of investigation into targum. It explains that targum is the term used to describe the ancient Aramaic versions of books of the Hebrew Bible which incorporate, in varying degrees, explanations of the biblical text. It describes the available manuscripts and printed editions of the targum. The findings reveal that recent scholarly work on the Aramaic Targumim has shown itself less willing than earlier research to identify historical information preserved in the extant texts, and to make use of that information either to comment on the date and provenance of the Targumim, or to supplement our historical knowledge.
The Epistle of Sherira Gaon
Authors: BRODY ROBERT
Published: February 2012

This chapter comments on the epistle of Sherira Gaon, which is considered an extraordinary instance of the genre of Geonic responsa written in 986 or 987. Sherira's Epistle is exceptional both in terms of its length and subject matter and it addresses a number of questions formulated by Rabbi Nissim b. Jacob ibn Shahin on behalf of the scholars of Qayrawan. This chapter questions Sherira's use of talmudic sources and oral traditions in the responsa and suggests that Sherira's statements are almost inversely proportional to the extent to which they are supported by the Talmud itself.
Material Culture and Daily Life
Authors: HEZSER CATHERINE
Published: February 2012

This chapter evaluates the use of rabbinic literature in the study of Jewish daily life and material culture. It explains that one of the main problems associated with research on material culture and daily life is the establishment of a proper relationship between rabbinic literary references and archaeological data, between text and object. It suggests that these problems can be resolved by approaching the issues on the basis of a historical-critical study of rabbinic sources in a broad interdisciplinary framework, which takes account of archaeological research within the Graeco-Roman and early Byzantine context and which uses tools, methods and models developed by the social sciences.
Economy and Society
Authors: LAPIN HAYIM
Published: February 2012

This chapter evaluates the use of rabbinic literature in the study of the economy and society in Roman Palestine. It suggests that rabbinic literature can be an important resource for social and economic historians of the second through the fourth centuries and later only if it is properly understood. It explains that rabbinic texts reflect considerable concern for the stuff of economic and social history, and they do so from the perspective of conformist but fundamentally alienated provincials.
Alan Milner Everitt 1926–2008
Authors: Thirsk Joan
Published: February 2012

Alan Everitt's name will always be associated with the remarkable flowering of local history in England from the 1950s onwards. Yet he did not start out as a local historian, and he would readily have admitted his own surprise that he was led that way. But from his earliest days Everitt was instinctively drawn to observing people around him in the finest detail, noting their dress, mannerisms, and idiosyncrasies, listening to their accents and small talk at the bus stop, silently capturing fragmentary impressions of others' lives, and coming gradually to realise that everywhere, in country or town, anywhere outside one's own familiar circle, people experienced a different flavour of life from his own. Thus, when Everitt trained as a historian and developed a deep interest in local history, he became a shrewd and original observer.
Robert Clifford Latham 1912–1995
Authors: Duffy Eamon
Published: February 2012

Robert Clifford Latham never wrote a monograph of his own, and published fewer than a dozen scholarly articles. But his life-enhancing work as editor of the definitive edition of the most vivid and revealing diary in the language will be remembered with affection and gratitude far beyond the world of learning, when the historical writings of most of his colleagues and contemporaries have been long forgotten. The six manuscript volumes of the diary of Samuel Pepys formed part of the magnificent library Pepys had bequeathed to his Alma Mater, Magdalene College Cambridge. Overlooked for more than a century, they were first published in a much abbreviated and bowdlerized form in 1825. Both the College and Bell and Sons, the publishers of the Diary, were acutely aware of the need for a new scholarly edition, but for the first half of the 20th century the project was dogged by amateurism and a marked absence of urgency on the part of those involved. Latham eventually undertook editorial oversight of the project as a whole. The success of the Pepys edition brought him many honours: the CBE in 1973, election to the British Academy in 1982, an honorary Fellowship of Magdalene in 1984, and of Royal Holloway in 1989.
Geoffrey Lewis Lewis 1920–2008
Authors: Repp R. C.
Published: February 2012

Professor Geoffrey Lewis Lewis was a pioneer in Turkish Studies in Britain and an internationally admired scholar in the field. In considering the body of his work as a whole, two consistent themes emerge, two driving forces behind it: first, a deep, continuing fascination with language, and now especially with Turkish; and second, a rooted and constantly developing love of Turkey and its people and a concomitant desire to bring its language, history, and culture to the attention of the English-speaking world by a variety of means, all of them grounded in a thorough scholarly engagement with his subject.
George Christopher Stead 1913–2008
Authors: Wickham L. R.
Published: February 2012

George Christopher Stead's aim, throughout his scholarly work, was to lay bare and explain. He was very good at it, as this first piece in 1961 shows. It is a fine example of Stead's mature thinking. All the features that distinguish his work and made it fresh at the time are apparent here: clarity and directness, thoroughness of research, a gift for illustration of a technical point of logic from plain examples; and the, perhaps most noticeable, sign of an essay on some patristic theme's being his very own–the presence in it of critical appraisal. Though Stead was, sometimes and in other contexts, to voice sharply destructive criticism, his appraisals are usually conducted, as in this first essay, so that sympathy with the ancient writer is preserved.
Denis Crispin Twitchett 1925–2006
Authors: Mcmullen David
Published: February 2012

Denis Crispin Twitchett was always at the forefront in exploiting the great changes that took place. He had every reason for confidence. Twitchett knew the European languages from his schooldays and, by virtue of his command of East Asian written languages, was well qualified to provide intellectual and scholarly leadership. His reading of academic Japanese was effortless and this gave him ready access to the best body of secondary scholarship on medieval Chinese economic history of the middle decades of the 20th century. Twitchett once said of himself that he ‘began life as a physical geographer, graduated in the high tradition of European Sinology, worked in the field of economic history, and administer[ed] a department of languages and literature’. All these very different fields exerted profound influence on his scholarship, interacting to make him the rounded humanist scholar that he became.
Shakespeare, Oaths and Vows
Authors: Kerrigan John
Published: February 2012

This chapter presents the text of a lecture on oaths and vows in the works William Shakespeare given at the British Academy's 2009 Shakespeare Lecture. This text aims to rectify scholarly neglect of the Shakespeare's excessive use of oaths and vows in his plays. Using philosophical and stage-related arguments, it highlights Shakespeare's awareness of the paradoxes of oath-taking and vowing and their potency in performance.
Arthur Miller: Realism, Language, Poetry
Authors: Bigsby Christopher
Published: February 2012

This chapter presents the text of a lecture on works of American author Arthur Miller given at the British Academy's 2009 Sarah Tryphena Phillips Lecture in American Literature. This text attempts to explore Miller's supposed realism, his language, and his thirst for the poetic. It explains that though Miller may be one of the most distinguished playwrights America has produced, he is also one of the most criticised. His early canonical work was often treated with condescension or political disdain and he was dismissed by a number of influential American critics as prosaic, a simple realist.