bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Testing the individual and social learning abilities of task-naïve captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes sp.) in a nut-cracking task
Authors: Neadle Damien , Bandini Elisa , Tennie Claudio
Published: March 2020

Nut-cracking is often cited as one of the most complex behaviours observed in wild chimpanzees. However, the cognitive mechanisms behind its acquisition are still debated. The current null hypothesis is that the form of nut-cracking behaviour relies on variants of social learning, with some researchers arguing, more precisely, that copying variants of social learning mechanisms are necessary. However, to date, very few experiments have directly investigated the potentially sufficient role of individual learning in explaining the behavioural form of nut-cracking. Despite this, the available data provides some evidence for the spontaneous acquisition of nut-cracking by chimpanzees; later group acquisition was then found to be at least facilitated by (unspecified) variants of social learning. The latter findings are in line with both suggested hypotheses, i.e., that copying social learning is required and that other (non-copying) social learning mechanisms are at play. Here we present the first study which focused (initially) on the role of individual learning for the acquisition of the nut-cracking behavioural form in chimpanzees. We tested task-naïve chimpanzees (N = 13) with an extended baseline condition to examine whether the behaviour would emerge spontaneously. After the baseline condition (which was unsuccessful), we tested for the role of social learning by providing social information in a step-wise fashion, culminating in a full action demonstration of nut-cracking by a human demonstrator (this last condition made it possible for the observers to copy all actions underlying the behaviour). Despite the opportunities to individually and/or socially learn nut-cracking, none of the chimpanzees tested here cracked nuts using tools in any of the conditions in our study; thus, providing no conclusive evidence for either competing hypothesis. We conclude that this failure was the product of an interplay of factors, including behavioural conservatism and the existence of a potential sensitive learning period for nut-cracking in chimpanzees. The possibility remains that nut-cracking is a behaviour that chimpanzees can individually learn. However, this behaviour might only be acquired when chimpanzees are still inside their sensitive learning period, and when ecological and developmental conditions allow for it. The possibility remains that nut-cracking is an example of a culture dependent trait in non-human great apes. Recommendations for future research projects to address this question are considered.
Small Millet Farming Drifting towards Progression: An Attitudinal Study
Authors: Jaisridhar P. , Parasuraman P. , Divakar Shashikant
Published: March 2020

As farmers have started to grow millets in recent times, farming is taking a slow drift towards progression. Past studies justifies this with various reasons viz., reduced water table, labour shortage, progressive market for millets and so on. Is it really because of this reason farming is taking a drift or is it because of farmers themselves. To understand this, the current study was conducted in Vellore and Tiruvannamalai districts where millet is being extensively cultivated. A 3-point Likert Summated Scale containing pre-tested statements was developed and used to measure the perceived factors favouring millet farming in the current scenario. The total sample size was 120 and most of respondents belonged to small and marginal farming category. The results revealed that, 85.00 percent of the respondents’ in Tiruvannamalai district and 80.00 percent of the respondents in Vellore district agreed towards, supportive role of millets in marginal farmer’s life followed by 55.00 percent of the respondents in Tiruvannamalai and 70.00 percent of the respondents in Vellore agreeing to lack of awareness on environmental sustainability and nutritional health benefits of millets. Factors that have contributed towards favourable attitude towards millet farming were use of communication tools & participation in trainings for information utilization and utilization of media sources to gain knowledge over cultivation and market  trends.
Propagation of Aloysia citriodora Palau Using Different Cutting Types under Light Intensity
Authors: Silva Orivaldo Benedito da , Goelzer Ademir , Santos Cleberton Correia , Torales Elissandra Pacito , Zárate Néstor Antonio Heredia , Vieira Maria do Carmo
Published: March 2020

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of types of cuttings and light intensity on cidró vegetative propagation.

Place and Duration of Study: Medicinal Plants Garden, Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD), Dourados, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, September to November 2016.

Methodology: The experiment was carried out under two light conditions (shaded and full light), evaluating three types of cuttings (softwood, semi-hardwood and hardwood). Experimental design was a 2 x 3 factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications.

Results: Hardwood cuttings showed the highest survival rates (86% and 82%), regardless of light. Highest fresh weight (0.6062 g plant-1) and dry mass (0.2987 g plant-1) with a leaf of 44.57 cm2 were from hardwood cuttings, regardless of the light, while the longest root length were those of softwood cuttings under full light. Physiological indices varied as a function of light intensity, The highest values of leaf area ratio (46.11 cm2 g-1) and specific leaf mass (0.0037 g cm-2) occurred in cuttings under full light.

Conclusion: The vegetative propagation of cidró can be carried out using the hardwood portion of the cutting branch, under full light.
Synergistic Effect of Acoustic and Vacuum Drying to Antioxidant Attributes of Cordyceps militaris
Authors: Nguyen Minh Phuoc
Published: March 2020

Acoustic drying allows the utilization of lower temperatures than conventional methodology in the drying process. Vacuum drying is one of the most energy demanding processes. Water evaporation also takes place at lower temperatures under vacuum and hence the product processing temperature can be significantly lower, offering higher product quality. Cordyceps militaris is a well-known entamophagus fungus with wonderful health benefits such as adaptogenic, aphrodisiac, anti-oxidant, anti-aging, neuroprotective, nootropic, immunomodulatory, anti-cancer and hepatoprotective role by its phytochemical constituents. This study focused on the synergistic effects of acoustic and vacuum drying on antioxidant properties of Cordyceps militaris. We noticed that acoustic drying at power 800 W in frequency 40kHz combined with vacuum drying at pressure -0.8 bar were suitable for dehydration of this valuable material. From this approach, a combination of acoustic and vacuum drying created a synergistic effect consuming less energy than single drying method because it can be performed at low temperature while maintaining the product quality and wholesomeness. Moisture content is partly removed by acoustic drying and further dehydration in a vacuum dryer to reduce moisture to a stable level.
Insular and occipital changes in visual snow syndrome: a BOLD fMRI and MRS study
Authors: Puledda Francesca , Ffytche Dominic , Lythgoe David J. , O’Daly Owen , Schankin Christoph , Williams Steven C. R. , Goadsby Peter J.
Published: March 2020

Objective

To investigate the pathophysiology of visual snow (VS), through a combined functional neuroimaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐MRS) approach.

Methods

We applied a functional MRI block‐design protocol studying the responses to a visual stimulation mimicking VS, in combination with 1H‐MRS over the right lingual gyrus, in 24 patients with VS compared to an equal number of age‐ and gender‐matched healthy controls.

Results

We found reduced BOLD responses to the visual stimulus with respect to baseline in VS patients compared to controls, in the left (k = 291; P = 0.025; peak MNI coordinate [‐34 12 ‐6]) and right (k = 100; P = 0.003; peak MNI coordinate [44 14 ‐2]) anterior insula. Our spectroscopy analysis revealed a significant increase in lactate concentrations in patients with respect to controls (0.66 ± 0.9 mmol/L vs. 0.07 ± 0.2 mmol/L; P < 0.001) in the right lingual gyrus. In this area, there was a significant negative correlation between lactate concentrations and BOLD responses to visual stimulation (P = 0.004; r = −0.42), which was dependent on belonging to the patient group.

Interpretation

As shown by our BOLD analysis, VS is characterized by a difference in bilateral insular responses to a visual stimulus mimicking VS itself, which could be due to disruptions within the salience network. Our results also suggest that patients with VS have a localized disturbance in extrastriate anaerobic metabolism, which may in turn cause a decreased metabolic reserve for the regular processing of visual stimuli.
Robust adaptive tracking control for nontriangular time‐delay nonlinear systems with input dead‐zone and multiple uncertainties
Authors: Xue Lingrong , Liu Zhen‐Guo , Wu Yuqiang
Published: March 2020

This article studies the robust adaptive tracking control problem of nontriangular nonlinear systems that are affected by multiple state delays rather than the input‐delay. Different from the related studies, the considered systems involve input dead‐zone and various uncertainties arising in the control coefficients, structure parameters, time delays, and disturbances. A new adaptive control strategy is presented by introducing a dynamic‐gain‐based Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functional and by generalizing the tuning function method in the framework of time‐delay system theory. All the states of the closed‐loop system are bounded and the tracking error can be adjusted sufficiently small. In the simulation, the delayed chemical system is studied to demonstrate the validity of the strategy.
Thermo‐Responsive Polymer Capsules in Real‐Time One‐Step RT‐PCR for Highly Multiplex RNA Analysis
Authors: Kim Junsun , Jung Seungwon , Kim Mi Yeon , Kim Bong Kyun , Kwon Soon Hwan , Kim Sang Kyung
Published: March 2020

Rapid and simple detection of RNA targets is in high demand due to the growing threat of pandemic viruses. One‐step real‐time, reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (One‐step RT‐qPCR) using a controlled release system of thermo‐responsive materials is developed in this paper to enable high‐fidelity RNA analysis as suppressing by‐products. The nanocapsules, consisting of upper critical solution temperature (UCST) material and PCR primers, carry or release the primers depending upon the temperature. The UCST nanocapsules are introduced into hydrogel microparticles incorporated with RT primers and then the target RNA is selectively amplified in the microparticle through one‐step RT‐qPCR. Severe side products are sharply subdued by separating the PCR primers from the RT process by means of the microparticles with nanocapsules. Because the one‐step assay is now implemented in a single microparticle, multiple target RNAs can be analyzed in a simple RT‐qPCR of multiple particles. Reliable 18‐plex one‐step RT‐qPCR is successfully conducted within 30 min using single‐color fluorescent optics. This work also explains the facile fabrication processes used for the thermo‐responsive nanocapsules and hydrogel microparticles by the blending polymerization method. Extensible multiplex analysis of influenza virus demonstrates the versatile uses of this one‐step RT‐qPCR platform.
Recent Progress in the Construction of C−N Bonds via Metal‐Free Radical C(sp3)−H Functionalization
Authors: Song Si‐Zhe , Meng Ya‐Nan , Li Qiang , Wei Wen‐Ting
Published: March 2020

Nitrogen‐containing compounds widely exist in pharmaceuticals and multifunctional materials. Thus, the development of C−N bond formation reactions is of great importance in synthetic chemistry. Since 2014, obvious progress has been made in the construction of C−N bonds via metal‐free radical C(sp3)−H functionalization, which is one of the major protocols due to its high reaction activity and mild conditions. To the best of our knowledge, there are still no exclusive reviews about the formation of C−N bonds through metal‐free radical C(sp3)−H functionalization. This review aims to highlight the recent advances in this area since 2014, according to the type of the nitrogen source (amines, amides, sulfonamides, azoles, azides and other nitrogen sources). The paper is focused on discussions about the reaction mechanisms and selected examples of substrates have also been listed.

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Enantioselective Dearomative Cyclization of Homotryptamines with Allenamides into Indolo[2,3‐b]quinolines
Authors: Biswas Soumen , Kim Hanbyul , Le Anh Cao Kiet , Shin Seunghoon
Published: March 2020

We have developed a catalytic asymmetric dearomative cyclization of homotryptamine derivatives, furnishing enantioenriched indolo[2,3‐b]quinoline scaffolds. The activation of allenamides in the presence of chiral phosphoric acids triggered the dearomative cyclization in up to 99% ee.

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3D‐Printed Microrobots with Integrated Structural Color for Identification and Tracking
Authors: Koepele Cara A. , Guix Maria , Bi Chenghao , Adam Georges , Cappelleri David J.
Published: March 2020

The implementation of two‐photon polymerization (TPP) in the microrobotics community has permitted the fabrication of complex 3D structures at the microscale, creating novel platforms with potential biomedical applications for minimizing procedure invasiveness and diagnosis accuracy. Although advanced functionalities for manipulation and drug delivery tasks have been explored, one remaining challenge is achieving improved visualization, identification, and accurate closed‐loop control of microscale robots. To enable this, distinguishable identifying and trackable features must be included on the microrobot. Toward this end, the construction of micro‐ and nanoscale patterns using TPP is demonstrated for the first time on microrobot surfaces with the intent of mimicking color‐expressing nanostructures present on beetles or butterflies. The patterns provide identification and tracking targets due to their vivid color expression under visible light. Helical and rectangular microrobots are designed with the topical patterns and further functionalized with magnetic materials to be externally actuated by magnetic fields. Vision‐based tracking of a 20 μm × 30 μm colored feature on a 100 μm‐long helical microrobot using a fixed angular position light source during microrobotic motion is shown. This versatile structural color patterning approach shows great potential for the visual differentiation of various microrobots and tracking for improved closed‐loop control.
Tunable Electromechanical Liquid Crystal Elastomer Actuators
Authors: Guin Tyler , Hinton Holly E. , Burgeson Eric , Bowland Christopher C. , Kearney Logan T. , Li Yuzhan , Ivanov Ilia , Nguyen Ngoc A. , Naskar Amit K.
Published: March 2020

Liquid crystal elastomers (LCE) are soft materials which anisotropically shape morph in response to external stimuli. Herein, a method to produce large‐area carbon nanotube–LCE nanocomposite films with exceptional electrostrictive properties is examined. A methodology to produce telechelic precursor oligomeric composites at scale (>100 g) is presented along with the continuous casting and photocuring process. The carbon nanotubes are well‐aligned and well‐dispersed in the films, which exhibit exceptional anisotropic thermomechanical, optical, and thermal shape change characteristics. When an electric field is applied through the film thickness, the material quickly and reversibly contracts along the alignment direction. As an example, a compliant carbon nanotube–LCE film contracts >4% against a 140 kPa load, roughly comparable to the blocking force of many natural muscular tissues. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that this tunable contraction is dependent upon the electric field strength, and that the contraction mimics the form function of the input electric field (e.g., a sine wave). These compliant actuators are excellent candidates for incorporation into soft and/or biological systems.
40th Annual David W Smith Workshop on Malformations and Morphogenesis: Abstracts of the 2019 Annual Meeting
Authors: Braddock Stephen R. , Lipinski Robert J. , Carey John C.
Published: March 2020

The 40th Annual David W. Smith Workshop on Malformations and Morphogenesis occurred August 23rd ‐28th, 2019 at the Snowbird Resort in Snowbird, Utah. The Workshop, which honors the legacy of David W. Smith, brought together clinicians and researchers interested in congenital malformations and their underlying mechanisms of morphogenesis from around the world. In addition to mechanisms of morphogenesis and delineation of new syndromes, the Workshop highlighted five themes: deformations, disruptions and fetal dysmorphology; orofacial clefting; central nervous system malformations; ciliopathies; and X‐linked intellectual disabilities. This Conference Report includes the abstracts presented at the 2019 Workshop.
Haploinsufficiency of the basic helix–loop–helix transcription factorHAND2causes congenital heart defects
Authors: Cohen Ana S. A. , Simotas Christopher , Webb Bryn D. , Shi Huanzhi , Khan Wahab A. , Edelmann Lisa , Scott Stuart A. , Singh Ram
Published: March 2020

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are caused by a disruption in heart morphogenesis, which is dependent, in part, on a network of transcription factors (TFs) that regulate myocardial development. Heterozygous sequence variants in the basic helix–loop–helix TF gene heart and neural crest derivatives expressed 2 (HAND2)have been reported among some patients with CHDs; however,HAND2has not yet been established as a Mendelian disease gene. We report a 31‐month‐old male with unicommissural unicuspid aortic valve, moderate aortic stenosis, and mild pulmonic stenosis. Chromosome analysis revealed a normal 46,XY karyotype, and a CHD sequencing panel was negative for pathogenic variants inNKX2.5,GATA4,TBX5, andCHD7. However, chromosomal microarray (CMA) testing identified a heterozygous 546.0‐kb deletion on chromosome 4q34.1 (174364195_174910239[GRCh37/hg19]) that included exons 1 and 2 ofSCRG1,HAND2, andHAND2‐AS1. Familial CMA testing determined that the deletion was paternally inherited, which supported a likely pathogenic classification as the proband's father had previously undergone surgery for Tetralogy of Fallot. The family history was also notable for a paternal uncle who had previously died from complications related to an unknown heart defect. Taken together, this first report of aHAND2andHAND2‐AS1deletion in a family with CHDs strongly supports haploinsufficiency ofHAND2as an autosomal dominant cause of CHD.
Visible Light and Molecular Iodine‐Mediated Diastereoselective Intermolecular Lactonization of Styrenes with Carbonyls
Authors: Oe Karin , Goto Mayuki , Maejima Saki , Yamaguchi Eiji , Itoh Akichika
Published: March 2020

γ‐Lactones and their derivatives show diverse biological activities, and lactone skeletons are found in various naturally occurring products, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals. Although there are hundreds of methodologies for synthesizing γ‐lactone, the methods that are straightforward, environmentally friendly, and stereoselective are almost unknown. In this study, the molecular iodine/visible light‐mediated highly cis‐diastereoselective lactonization reaction of styrenes with Meldrum's acid was achieved. The developed reaction proceeded with the formation of a C−C bond at the olefin's β‐position and a C−O bond at its α‐position via a single‐step reaction with high diastereoselectivity and moderate‐to‐good yield.
Titanium Doping to Enhance Thermoelectric Performance of 19‐Electron VCoSb Half‐Heusler Compounds with Vanadium Vacancies
Authors: Li Shan , Bai Fengxian , Wang Ruifang , Chen Chen , Li Xiaofang , Cao Feng , Yu Bo , Sui Jiehe , Liu Xingjun , Ren Zhifeng , Zhang Qian
Published: March 2020

The 19‐electron VCoSb compounds are actually composites of an off‐stoichiometric half‐Heusler phase and impurities. Here the compositional adjustment is systematically studied in V1−xCoSb to obtain single‐phase V0.955CoSb. Hall measurements suggest that such a V vacancy, as well as Ti doping, can optimize the carrier concentration, which decreases from ≈11.3 × 1021 cm−3 for VCoSb to ≈6.3 × 1021 cm−3 for V0.755Ti0.2CoSb. Low sound velocity contributes to the intrinsically low lattice thermal conductivity for VCoSb‐based materials. The high Ti‐dopant content results in enhanced point‐defect scattering, which further decreases the lattice thermal conductivity. Finally, the optimized n‐type V0.855Ti0.1CoSb is found to reach a peak ZT of ≈0.7 at 973 K. The work demonstrates that the VCoSb‐based half‐Heuslers are promising thermoelectric materials.
Two‐Dimensional Perovskite Oxynitride K2LaTa2O6N with an H+/K+ Exchangeability in Aqueous Solution Forming a Stable Photocatalyst for Visible‐Light H2 Evolution
Authors: Oshima Takayoshi , Ichibha Tom , Oqmhula Kenji , Hibino Keisuke , Mogi Hiroto , Yamashita Shunsuke , Fujii Kotaro , Miseki Yugo , Hongo Kenta , Lu Daling , Maezono Ryo , Sayama Kazuhiro , Yashima Masatomo , Kimoto Koji , Kato Hideki , Kakihana Masato , Kageyama Hiroshi , Maeda Kazuhiko
Published: March 2020

Undoped layered oxynitrides have not been considered as promising H2‐evolution photocatalysts because of the low chemical stability of oxynitrides in aqueous solution. Here, we demonstrate the synthesis of a new layered perovskite oxynitride, K2LaTa2O6N, as an exceptional example of a water‐tolerant photocatalyst for H2 evolution under visible light. The material underwent in‐situ H+/K+ exchange in aqueous solution while keeping its visible‐light‐absorption capability. Protonated K2LaTa2O6N, modified with an Ir cocatalyst, exhibited excellent catalytic activity toward H2 evolution in the presence of I− as an electron donor and under visible light; the activity was six times higher than Pt/ZrO2/TaON, one of the best‐performing oxynitride photocatalysts for H2 evolution. Overall water splitting was also achieved using the Ir‐loaded, protonated K2LaTa2O6N in combination with Cs‐modified Pt/WO3 as an O2 evolution photocatalyst in the presence of an I3−/I− shuttle redox couple.
Sulfonated Microporous Polymer Membranes with Fast and Selective Ion Transport for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage
Authors: Zuo Peipei , Li Yuanyuan , Wang Anqi , Tan Rui , Liu Yahua , Liang Xian , Sheng Fangmeng , Tang Gonggen , Ge Liang , Wu Liang , Song Qilei , McKeown Neil B. , Yang Zhengjin , Xu Tongwen
Published: March 2020

Membranes which allow fast and selective transport of protons and cations are required for a wide range of electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices, such as proton‐exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells (PEMFCs) and redox flow batteries (RFBs). Herein we report a new approach to designing solution‐processable ion‐selective polymer membranes with both intrinsic microporosity and ion‐conductive functionality. Polymers are synthesized with rigid and contorted backbones, which incorporate hydrophobic fluorinated and hydrophilic sulfonic acid functional groups, to produce membranes with negatively charged subnanometer‐sized confined ionic channels. The ready transport of protons and cations through these membranes, and the high selectivity towards nanometer‐sized redox‐active molecules, enable efficient and stable operation of an aqueous alkaline quinone redox flow battery and a hydrogen PEM fuel cell.
Design of Turn‐On Near‐Infrared Fluorescent Probes for Highly Sensitive and Selective Monitoring of Biopolymers
Authors: Ducharme Gerard T. , LaCasse Zane , Sheth Tanya , Nesterova Irina V. , Nesterov Evgueni E.
Published: March 2020

Simple, sensitive, and selective detection of specific biopolymers is critical in a broad range of biomedical and technological areas. We present a design of turn‐on near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes with intrinsically high signal‐to‐background ratio. The fluorescent signal generation mechanism is based on the aggregation/de‐aggregation of phthalocyanine chromophores controlled by selective binding of small‐molecule “anchor” groups to a specific binding site of a target biopolymer. As a proof‐of‐concept, we demonstrate a design of a sensor for EGFR tyrosine kinase—an important target in cancer research. The universality of the fluorescent signal generation mechanism, as well as the dependence of the response selectivity on the choice of the small‐molecule “anchor” group, make it possible to use this approach to design reliable turn‐on NIR fluorescent sensors for detecting specific protein targets present in the low‐nanomolar concentration range.
Activatable Molecular Probes for Second Near‐Infrared Fluorescence, Chemiluminescence, and Photoacoustic Imaging
Authors: Huang Jiaguo , Pu Kanyi
Published: March 2020

Optical imaging plays a crucial role in biomedicine. However, due to strong light scattering and autofluorescence in biological tissue between 650–900 nm, conventional optical imaging often has a poor signal‐to‐background ratio and shallow penetration depth, which limits its ability in deep‐tissue in vivo imaging. Second near‐infrared fluorescence, chemiluminescence, and photoacoustic imaging modalities mitigate these issues by their respective advantages of minimized light scattering, eliminated external excitation, and ultrasound detection. To enable disease detection, activatable molecular probes (AMPs) with the ability to change their second near‐infrared fluorescence, chemiluminescence, or photoacoustic signals in response to a biomarker have been developed. This Minireview summarizes the molecular design strategies, sensing mechanisms, and imaging applications of AMPs. The potential challenges and perspectives of AMPs in deep‐tissue imaging are also discussed.
Novel metal complexes of 3‐acetylcoumarin‐2‐hydrazinobenzothiazole Schiff base: Design, structural characterizations, DNA binding, DFT calculations, molecular docking and biological studies
Authors: Elsayed Shadia A. , El‐Gharabawy Hoda M. , Butler Ian S. , Atlam Faten M.
Published: March 2020

Five new Cu (II), Zn (II), Pd (II), Ru (III) and Ag(I) complexes, derived from the 3‐acetylcoumarin‐2‐hydrazinobenzothiazole Schiff base (Hachbt), have been synthesized and characterized. The structures were established with the aid of elemental analyses (C, H, N), FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR, ESR, UV–visible and ESI‐mass spectra. The complexes were also investigated by magnetic susceptibility, thermal gravimetric analysis (TG‐DTA) and cyclic voltammetry measurements. The results suggest that the Schiff base ligand behaves in two different ways: neutral mono/bidentate or mono‐negative bi/tridentate. The calf thymus DNA (CT DNA) binding affinities of Hachbt and its complexes have been examined by UV–visible spectroscopy. The antifungal activity of the compounds was also screened against two fungal species of wood‐decay basidiomycetes using the agar dilution method. Different complexes caused a reduction in the fungal colony diameters at a media concentration of 100 μg/ml. The best antifungal activity was observed for the Pd (II) and Ag(I) complexes with a 60% and 79% reduction, respectively. The effect of the complexes on the ability of the same fungi to decolorize poly‐R dye on agar plates was also tested. All of the complexes showed an enhanced effect on the decolorization ability and the Cu (II) and Ru (III) complexes exhibited the strongest effect at a media concentration of 5 μg/ml. Theoretical studies were performed for all the complexes using the DFT/B3LYP/6–31 + g(d) basis set for calculations on the ligand atoms and LAN2DZ for the Pd (II) complex. The optimized geometries were found to be in a good agreement with the proposed structures. The molecular docking calculations show that the binding affinity of the Pd (II) complex is −309.170‐309.2 kcal/mol, which suggests complexation with the DNA minor groove.
Investigation of improved dielectric and thermal properties of ternary nanocomposite PMMA/MXene/ZnO fabricated by in‐situ bulk polymerization
Authors: Ul Haq Yasir , Murtaza Imran , Mazhar Sadaf , Ahmad Naeem , Qarni Awais A. , Ul Haq Zeeshan , Khan Shahid A. , Iqbal Mahmood
Published: March 2020

Electric power system applications demand for high‐temperature dielectric materials. The improved performance of polymer nanocomposites requires improvement in their thermal conductivity & stability, dielectric stability and processing technique. However, they often lose their dielectric properties with a rise in temperature. Here, we offer a solution by incorporating electrically conducting material (MXene) and semiconducting inorganic nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) into an insulating PMMA polymer matrix to maintain high dielectric constant, both at the room and high temperature. Therefore, to achieve desirable thermal and dielectric properties is the main objective of the present study based on the homogeneous distribution of the nanofillers by in‐situ bulk polymerization assisted by strong sonication in the corresponding polymer. The introduction of MXene and ZnO NPs into the PMMA not only acquires a substantial increment in the dielectric constant, to attain a value 437, with minimum energy loss of 0.36 at 25 Hz, but also improves the thermal conductivity of PMMA up to 14 times by causing the reduction of thermal resistance, which is actually responsible for the poor thermal conductivity of amorphous pure PMMA polymer. More importantly, hybrid PMMA/4:2 wt% MXene:ZnO nanocomposite leads to an excellent thermal stability. Moreover, further characterization of the synthesized nanocomposites by FTIR, SEM and XRD leads to the evaluation of strong interaction of ternary components with PMMA matrix.
Cover Image, Volume 14, Issue 2
Authors: Zhang Jingzhi , Cai Di , Qin Yanlin , Liu Dehua , Zhao Xuebing
Published: March 2020

The cover image is based on the Review Article High value‐added monomer chemicals and functional bio‐based materials derived from polymeric components of lignocellulose by organosolv fractionation by Xuebing Zhao et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2057.

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Evaluative Diversity and the Board, Part 2
Authors: Santos‐Lang Chris
Published: March 2020

Chris Santos‐Lang maintains GRINfree.com which documents tools that social groups can use to manage their evaluative diversity, sometimes called “political diversity” or “moral disagreement.” This article updates his 2016 article in Board Leadership by describing three additional emerging tools for boards of directors.
A sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for quantitative bioanalysis of fingolimod in human blood: Application to pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Gopinath R. , Narenderan S. T. , Kumar M. , Babu B.
Published: March 2020

A simple and sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the determination of fingolimod in human blood. The analyte and internal standard fingolimod‐d4 were extracted from 300 μl of human blood using protein precipitation coupled with solid‐phase extraction method. The chromatographic separation was achieved with a Kinetex biphenyl column (100 × 4.6 mm, 2.6 μm) under isocratic conditions at the flow rate of 0.8 ml/min and column temperature was maintained at 45°C. The detection of analyte and internal standard was carried out by tandem mass spectrometry, operated in positive ion and multiple reaction monitoring acquisition mode. The method was fully validated for its selectivity, precision, accuracy, linearity, stability, detection and quantification limit. The extraction recovery of fingolimod in human blood ranged from 98.39 to 99.54%. The developed method was linear over the concentration range of 5–2500 pg/ml with a detection limit of 1 pg/ml. The developed method was validated and successfully applied for pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of fingolimod capsules.
The role of metamemory on cognitive complaints in cancer patients
Authors: Giffard Bénédicte , Perrotin Audrey , Allain Philippe , Dayan Jacques , Eustache Francis , Grellard Jean‐Michel , Faveyrial Audrey , Joly Florence , Lange Marie
Published: March 2020

Objective

Although cancer patients frequently report cognitive disturbances, it is commonly asserted a lack of association between cognitive complaints and neuropsychological test performances. Our goal was to better understand the relationships between subjective and objective cognitive scores through a metamemory monitoring assessment.

Methods

Sixty cancer patients currently treated by chemotherapy and/or targeted therapy, and 30 healthy controls (HC) were included. Cognitive complaint was assessed by FACT‐cog, QAM and DEX questionnaires. One or more z‐scores ≤−1.65 among these three questionnaires defined the presence of cognitive complaints. Objective cognitive performances assessed episodic memory, processing speed and executive functions/working memory (ESR paradigm, TMT, Stroop, n‐back). Metamemory was assessed with a Judgment of Learning (JOL) task.

Results

Patients with cognitive complaints had significantly more depressive and anxiety symptoms (ps < .004), and lower performances on several cognitive tests (ps < .05) than both patients without complaints and HC. More specifically, analyses of the metamemory scores revealed that HC gave significantly more overestimations (“Yes” judgment and incorrect recall) than patients with cognitive complaints (p = .036). For these patients, JOL scores correlated positively with executive functioning (ps < .01).

Conclusion

Metamemory monitoring seems to be well‐preserved during cancer. What is more, patients make less overestimation than HC, and they do not underestimate their memory. An accurate self‐estimation of memory abilities in cancer patients, particularly those with mild cognitive deficits, may play an adaptive function. Our results suggest that the discrepancy frequently reported between cognitive complaints and objective cognitive scores may not be related to metamemory monitoring dysfunction.
Construction of integrated cloud computing platform for Japanese autonomous learning and examination
Authors: Sun Suping
Published: March 2020

Regarding autonomous learning, Japan is no special case which characterizes the advancement of Japan's selection tests and school educational plan—especially since World War II—is a particularly focussed spotlight on names, dates, certainties, and figures as opposed to the verbal correspondence of ideas. However, for a couple of excellent establishments, both secondary schools and colleges strenuously stay away from test addresses that approach understudies to develop a composed reaction or even to peruse a section of a huge length. This disregard of the composed word would be inconceivable in social orders like China, Korea, and Vietnam, with their long custom of composing common administration assessments based on the Confucian classics. In this paper, Fuzzy reinforcement Oracle Database Algorithm has been used for changing the information on the board and organization. However, empowering the autonomous database is basic to our prosperity. the autonomous database learning subscription is an all‐computerized learning arrangement which is perfect for cloud directors, cloud engineers, and business experts, who need to get familiar with an autonomous database. This cloud learning subscription shows how the arrangement of a cloud based autonomous database cloud is appropriate for the remaining tasks at hand and a necessity. This is an extraordinary beginning stage for any individual who needs to find out about the main autonomous database in the market.
Expression profiles of miRNAs in giant cell tumor of bone showed miR‐187‐5p and miR‐1323 can regulate biological functions through inhibiting FRS2
Authors: Jin Yuanhan , Zhang Jing , Zhu Hao , Fan Gentao , Zhou Guangxin
Published: March 2020

Background

Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is considered to be a kind of borderline tumor, which has a tendency to recur and translocate. MicroRNAs are one type of small noncoding RNA, which can inhibit the translation of targeted mRNA through RNA‐induced silencing complex.

Methods

Microarray was conducted on three groups of tumor tissues and normal tissues from patients with GCTB, and results showed different expression profiles of miRNAs with Gene Ontology analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis. The functions of miR‐187‐5p and miR‐1323, which were highly expressed in GCTB, were examined by 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (EDU), transwell, and CCK8 assays. RNAhybrid et al. (RNA prediction softwares) predicted that the two microRNAs targeted fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 (FRS2), which was verified by luciferase assay and rescue experiments.

Results

miR‐187‐5p and miR‐1323 were highly expressed in tumor tissues. They can jointly regulate the biological functions of GCTB in vitro. Luciferase assay confirmed that the two microRNAs can bind to the 3′ untranslated regions (UTR) of mRNA of FRS2. And, rescue experiments verified the relationships between the two microRNAs and FRS2.

Conclusion

There were some different‐expressed microRNAs between GCTB and normal tissues. miR‐187‐5p and miR‐1323 can regulate the biological functions of GCTB through influencing the expression of FRS2.
Sticking to common values: Neighbourhood social cohesion moderates the effect of value congruence on life satisfaction
Authors: Ponizovskiy Vladimir , Arant Regina , Larsen Mandi , Boehnke Klaus
Published: March 2020

This article aims to explicate the role of social cohesion in the relationship between adherence to common values and life satisfaction. Shared values are often assumed to be a constitutive element of social cohesion and are used in measurement of the concept. However, sociopsychological theory of values sees social cohesion rather as a moderator of the link between value congruence and life satisfaction, not as a constituent of value congruence. Based on a representative survey of the city of Bremen, Germany (N = 2605), we predict life satisfaction from person‐group value congruence and neighbourhood social cohesion. We find no relationship between value congruence and social cohesion, but a significant positive moderating effect of social cohesion on the relationship between value congruence and life satisfaction. The findings suggest that sticking to common values does not increase social cohesion, but that positive effects of value congruence are more pronounced in high‐cohesion neighbourhoods.
Design and Synthesis of Novel Arylisoxazole‐Chromenone Carboxamides: Investigation of Biological Activities Associated with Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Saeedi Mina , Rastegari Arezoo , Hariri Roshanak , Mirfazli Seyedeh Sara , Mahdavi Mohammad , Edraki Najmeh , Firuzi Omidreza , Akbarzadeh Tahmineh
Published: March 2020

A novel series of hybrid arylisoxazole‐chromenone carboxamides were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitory activity based on the modified Ellman's method. Among synthesized compounds, 5‐(3‐nitrophenyl)‐N‐{4‐[(2‐oxo‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐7‐yl)oxy]phenyl}‐1,2‐oxazole‐3‐carboxamide depicted the most acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity (IC50=1.23 μm) and 5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐N‐{4‐[(2‐oxo‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐7‐yl)oxy]phenyl}‐1,2‐oxazole‐3‐carboxamide was found to be the most potent butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitor (IC50=9.71 μm). 5‐(3‐Nitrophenyl)‐N‐{4‐[(2‐oxo‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐7‐yl)oxy]phenyl}‐1,2‐oxazole‐3‐carboxamide was further investigated for its BACE1 inhibitory activity as well as neuroprotectivity and metal chelating ability as important factors involved in onset and progress of Alzheimer's disease. It could inhibit BACE1 by 48.46 % at 50 μm. It also showed 6.4 % protection at 25 μm and satisfactory chelating ability toward Zn2+, Fe2+, and Cu2+ ions. Docking studies of 5‐(3‐nitrophenyl)‐N‐{4‐[(2‐oxo‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐7‐yl)oxy]phenyl}‐1,2‐oxazole‐3‐carboxamide and 5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐N‐{4‐[(2‐oxo‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐7‐yl)oxy]phenyl}‐1,2‐oxazole‐3‐carboxamide confirmed desired interactions with those amino acid residues of the AChE and BChE, respectively.
Transcription factorIRX5 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation and inhibits apoptosis by regulating the p53 signalling pathway
Authors: Zhu Liying , Dai Longguang , Yang Nenghong , Liu Mi , Ma Shuang , Li Chengcheng , Shen Jie , Lin Tao , Wang Dan , Pan Wei , Li Xing
Published: March 2020

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and the third most frequent cause of cancer‐related death. The IRX5 transcription factor plays a different role in multiple cancers and contributes to the development of many tumours. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of IRX5 in HCC. In this study, we found that IRX5 was abnormally upregulated in HCC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. IRX5 promoted HCC cell proliferation and upregulated the expression of cyclin D1 and knockdown of IRX5 suppressed tumorigenicity in vivo. Furthermore, knockdown of IRX5 increased p53 and Bax expression and decreased Bcl‐2 expression. Thus, IRX5 suppressed apoptosis in HCC cells by inhibiting the p53 signalling pathway, indicating its role as a treatment target for HCC.

Significance of the study

Our study demonstrated that IRX5 was abnormally upregulated in HCC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. IRX5 promoted HCC cell proliferation and upregulated the expression of cyclin D1, and knockdown of IRX5 suppressed tumorigenicity in vivo. Furthermore, knockdown of IRX5 increased p53 and Bax expression and decreased Bcl‐2 expression. IRX5 suppressed apoptosis in HCC cells by inhibiting the p53 signalling pathway, indicating its role as a treatment target for HCC.
Effect of pentoses, hexoses, and hydrolyzed arabinoxylan on the most abundant sugar, organic acid, and alcohol contents during rye sourdough bread production
Authors: Buksa Krzysztof
Published: March 2020

Background and objectives

Based on the available literature, there are indications that the sugar composition present in rye flour, including pentoses present in arabinoxylan (AX), may have a significant impact on the relative proportions of fermentation products. The purpose of the study was to examine the changes in content of the most abundant sugars, organic acids, and alcohols caused by the addition of hexoses, pentoses, or hydrolyzed AX to rye flour at the beginning of the sourdough fermentation process.

Findings

The HPLC procedures revealed that during rye sourdough fermentation, 1% of added pentoses act differently compared to hexoses. Available pentose residues in flour used for sourdough preparation caused higher acidification of dough, higher acetic acid biosynthesis, and a favorable ratio of lactic acid to acetic acid content.

Conclusions

In order to provide appropriate amounts of arabinose and xylose residues in rye flour, AX could be used as a source of pentoses. However, in this case appropriate xylanase activity during sourdough fermentation must be provided.

Significance and novelty

For the first time, the changes in fermentation products were investigated under standardized conditions during the rye sourdough bread production process in sourdough, dough after final fermentation, and baked bread. This research revealed the influence of AX and xylanases on bread flavor during rye sourdough bread production.
Monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy complicated by discordant premature closure of ductus arteriosus
Authors: Corti Carla Giuseppina , Faiola Stefano , Lanna Mariano Matteo , Castoldi Francesca , Lista Gianluca , Nespoli Luisa Federica , Mannarino Savina , Rustico Mariangela
Published: March 2020

Prenatal DA closure due to early maternal intake of high‐dose paracetamol and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. MC twin pregnancy uncomplicated by TTTS with discordant prenatal DA closure.
Self‐Concept, Attitudes Toward Career Counseling, and Work Readiness of Malaysian Vocational Students
Authors: Lau Poh Li , Anctil Tina , Ee Guan Teik , Jaafar Jas Laile Suzana , Kin Teoh Gaik
Published: March 2020

The authors examined the relationship between self‐concept, attitudes toward career counseling, and work readiness among 574 Malaysian vocational students. Attitudes toward career counseling have been studied in Western cultures; however, little is known about how career counseling is perceived in Eastern cultures. Attitudes toward career counseling were examined as a potential mediator of the relationship between self‐concept and work readiness. The authors applied structural equation modeling to explain these relationships. Value of career counseling was found to significantly mediate the link between self‐concept and work readiness. Results supported a direct relationship between positive self‐concept and work readiness skills. This may be due, in part, to a heightened value of career counseling among vocational students that increases career awareness and thus enhances work readiness. Future research could include samples with more female participants and additional constructs, such as self‐efficacy and career adaptability.
Medicare Reimbursement for Counselors: Counseling Professionals’ Advocacy Beliefs and Behavior
Authors: Fullen Matthew C. , Lawson Gerard , Sharma Jyotsana
Published: March 2020

The authors analyzed data from 5,528 American Counseling Association members to examine advocacy beliefs and behavior regarding Medicare reimbursement and advocacy for counselors. Nearly half (49.3%) of the respondents had participated in one or more forms of Medicare reimbursement advocacy. Advocacy participation differed significantly by professional status.
A Self‐Assembled Small‐Molecule‐Based Hole‐Transporting Material for Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Más‐Montoya Miriam , Gómez Paula , Curiel David , da Silva Ivan , Wang Junke , Janssen René A. J.
Published: March 2020

Hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite solar cells have recently emerged as one of the most promising low‐cost photovoltaic technologies. The remarkable progress of perovskite photovoltaics is closely related to advances in interfacial engineering and development of charge selective interlayers. Herein, we present the synthesis and characterization of a fused azapolyheteroaromatic small molecule, namely anthradi‐7‐azaindole (ADAI), with outstanding performance as a hole‐transporting layer in perovskite solar cells with inverted architecture. Its molecular arrangement, induced by hydrogen‐bond‐directed self‐assembly, favors a suitable morphology of the perovskite layer, reducing the effects of recombination as revealed by light intensity dependence, photoluminescence, and electroluminescence studies.