bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VII.—The Cirripede ‘Brachylepas Oretacea’, H. Woodward
Authors: Withers Thomas H.
Published: May 2009

Among the fossil Cirripedia the species ‘Brachylepas cretacea’ is of extreme interest, since it affords an important connecting link between the pedunculate and sessile forms. Records of its geographical distribution, moreover, show it to have an exceedingly wide range, but up to the present its vertical range appears to be restricted to the zone of Belemnitella mucronata in the Upper Senonian. We owe our knowledge of Brachylepas to Dr. H. Woodward, F.R.S., who in 1868 founded the species B. cretacea on a single valve under the genus Pyrgoma, and in 1901 on a further and more complete specimen established the genus Brachylepas and the family Brachylepadidæ. Attention is now drawn to this species mainly on account of the fortunate find of the remaining valves of the capitulum.
II.—Notes on the Genus Trinucleus.—Part I
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

The large collection of specimens of the various species of Trinucleus from British Ordovician beds which is available for study in the Sedgwick Museum offers unsurpassed opportunities for determining the characters of the members of this interesting genus as represented in the British Isles. The following notes have been compiled from a comparative study of this material supplemented by specimens from the Jermyn Street Museum and elsewhere. The frequent addition of specimens to the collection at Cambridge since Salter and McCoy's time have allowed for a more comprehensive and complete survey to be made than was then possible, though several doubtful points still await better material before they can be cleared up.
III.—The Cirripede ‘Brachylepas cretacea’, H. Woodward
Authors: Withers Thomas H.
Published: May 2009

In addition to the valves from Lüneburg herein mentioned, it has been possible to examine the more important of the material described by previous authors, namely: (1) the valve figured by H. Woodward (1868) asPyrgoma cretacea, and subsequently (1901) asBrachylepas cretacea, now in the British Museum (Natural History), registered I. 14029; (2) the nearly complete capitulum figured as B.oretaceaby H. Woodward (1901), in the collection of Dr. A. W. Rowe, of Margate; (3) the valve figured by Marsson (1880) asPollicipes cancellatus, together with other valves studied by him, now in the Geologisches Landesmuseum of Berlin; (4) the valve figured by Quenstedt (1883) asP. Iœvissimus, now in the University of Tübingen; (5) the valve mentioned by Boehm(1906), in the Geologisches Landesmuseum of Berlin; and (6) a large number of more or less broken carinæ and rostra, with several scuta and terga, obtained from the Chalk of Rügen by Mrs. Agnes Laur, and acquired by the British Museum (Natural History).
II.—On the Structure of the Palate in the Primitive Theriodonts
Authors: Broom R.
Published: May 2009

For some years it has appeared to me that in the Order Theriodontia as generally accepted there were included a number of forms not at all nearly related to the typical genus, Galesaurus, and in a number of papers I have referred to these as ‘Primitive Theriodonts.’ The best known genera are Ælurosaurus and Ictidosuchus, but as in neither of these have the details of palatal structure been very clearly made out, it has been impossible to say how far they differed from the typical Theriodonts.
I.—The Functions of Geology in Education and Practical Life
Authors: Watts W. W.
Published: May 2009

At the Leeds Meeting of the British Association in 1890, my old friend Professor A. H. Green delivered an address to the Section which has generally been regarded as expressing an opinion adverse to the use of the science of geology as an educational agent. Some of the expressions used by him, if taken alone, certainly seem to bear out this interpretation. For instance, he says: “Geologists are in danger of becoming loose reasoners”; further he says: “I cannot shut my eyes to the fact that when geology is to be used as a means of education there are certain attendant risks that need to be carefully and watchfully guarded against.” Then he adds: “Inferences based on such incomplete and shaky foundations must necessarily be largely hypothetical.”

Such expressions, falling from an accomplished mathematician and one who was such an eminent field geologist as Professor Green, the author of some of the most trustworthy and most useful of the Geological Survey memoirs, and above all one of the clearest of our teachers and the writer of the best and most eminently practical textbook on physical geology in this or any other language, naturally exercised great influence on contemporary thought. And I should be as unwise as I am certainly rash in endeavouring to controvert them but for the fact that I think he only half believed his own words. He remarks that “to be forewarned is a proverbial safeguard, and those who are alive to a danger will cast about for a means of guarding against it.
IX.—Note on Vestinautilus Crasslmarginatus, A. H. Foord
Authors: Crick G. C.
Published: May 2009

The species Vestinautilus crassimarginatus was founded in 1900 by Dr. A. H. Foord upon some (apparently three) spec mens from the Carboniferous Limestone of Little Island, near Cork. It was described as follows:—
IV.—On the origin of certain Clay-bands in the Limestone of the Crich Inlier
Authors: Sargent H. C.
Published: May 2009

In the Carboniferous Limestone of the Crich inlier in Derbyshire, there are numerous clay-bands or partings interbedded with the limestone which appear to throw considerable light on the geological history of the area.
V.—Outlines of the Geology of Mozambique
Authors: Holmes Arthur , Wray D. A.
Published: May 2009

In 1911 Mr. E. J. Wayland, F.G.S., and the authors visited the Portuguese East African province of Mozambique in the interests of the Memba Minerals, Ltd. The country was very little known geographically, and except along the coast, it was a terra incognita to geologists. We hope in due course to publish a detailed account of our observations, but as it will be some time before this can be completed, it seems advisable to give a short résumé of the salient geological features of the territory. It is hoped that these resultswill prove of interest to students of East African geology, especially in their bearing on problems of theoretical interest concerning the geological history of that portion of the globe.
III.—The Uppermost Silurian and Old Red Sandstone of South Staffordshire
Authors: King W. Wickham , Lewis W. J.
Published: May 2009

In the core of the Netherton Anticline at Saltwells, near Dudley, in the vicinity of a small area of basalt marked on the Geological Survey maps, Mr. King, in February last, discovered a series of rocks, ranging from the Upper Ludlow Mudstones to the Old Red Sandstone, cropping out from beneath the base of the Coal-measures of South Staffordshire. During April Mr. Lewis independently recognized Silurian here, and we agreed to work out the details together.
III.—The supposed Cretaceo-Tertiary Succession of New Zealand
Authors: Park James
Published: May 2009

The theory of a Cretaceo-Tertiary succession in New Zealand was first formulated by Captain Hutton in the early seventies mainly on the evidence of the Waipara sections in North Canterbury, where there appeared to be an unbroken succession from the Cretaceous into the Lower Tertiary. He correlated the Weka Pass Stone with the Ototara Stone, and in the main his views were adopted by Sir James Hector and the Geological Survey.
I.—The Species of Cidaris from the Lower Greensand of Faringdon
Authors: Hawkins Herbert L.
Published: May 2009

Of the varied Echinoid fauna from the well-known ‘Sponge-gravels’ of Faringdon, Berkshire, there are no constituent forms of which the remains are more abundant than those of Cidaris. It is no exaggeration to say that every handful of the ‘gravel’ will include many fragments of radioles, and some portions of test, which can he ascribed to that comprehensive genus.
IV.—On some Freshwater Mollusca from the Pliocene Deposits of East Anglia
Authors: Kennard A. S. , Woodward B. B.
Published: May 2009

Non-marine Mollusca are extremely rare in the Pliocene deposits of this country, which fact must always be a matter of regret to the Palæontologist, since they are of the utmost importance in connexion with the origin of our present fauna. Unfortunately, in addition to their rarity, they are often decorticated or fragmentary, whence no doubt the differences in opinion as to their correct determination. A re-examination of all the available material has convinced us that there is still much to be done before it will be possible to reach finality. In these matters so much depends on one's standpoint. If one starts with the preconceived idea that the Pliocene shells must be identical with the recent forms, it is easy enough to identify them, even if one has to go to Japan or Greenland to find its present habitat. If, on the other hand, one considers it better to study carefully the results of recent work on other branches of the fauna, it is obvious that different results will be arrived at. Hence we are quite prepared for any differences of opinion as to the correctness of our views or the wisdom of creating four new species, as we now venture to do.
I.—Some Notes on the Geology of the Bermuda Islands
Authors: Bullen R. Ashington
Published: May 2009

(4) Recent Æolian Sands.—On the south shore the sand has made or is making some encroachments on the land, in others on the sea. The ‘live’ sand-dunes are principally to be found at Tuckerstown, but there are some movements at Elbow (or Middleton) Bay and at Warwick Long Bay. The shell-sand is mostly made up of the broken shells of various marine species, some few being entire, with which are mingled the broken tubes of serpulæ, fragments of nullipores and corallines, and the red shells of a Vermetus, viz. Teganodus (Siliquaria) ruber, Schum. This latter is so plentiful as to give a distinctly red appearance to the sand of some beaches.
II.—On the Tuberculation of the Holectypoida
Authors: Hawkins Herbert L.
Published: May 2009

It may be taken that the general tendency of the evolution of surface ornament (and therefore of the radioles) in the Holectypoida was a dual one. The largo tubercles become gradually restricted to the adoral surface, and often reduced in number, while the actual density of the tuberculation increases. This increase is attained, either by a simple multiplication of the normal vertical series, as in Discoïdea (this being sometimes associated with the transformation of granules to tubercles at the ambitus), or by a more uniform distribution of those series over the area of the plates, and the frequent substitution of two tubercles in the place of one, as in Conulus. Both these types of change lead away from the primitive, ‘Regular’ condition of tuberculation, and trend towards the Clypeastroid and Cassidulid arrangement.
I.—Upper Cretaceous Terebelloids from England
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

In April, 1879, William Davies published in the GeologicalMagazine (n.s., Dec. II, Vol. VI. pp. 145–8) a paper on “Some Fish Exuviæ from the Chalk, generally referred to Dercetis elongatus, Ag.; and on a new species of Fossil Annelide, Terebella Lewesiensis”. Herein he discussed certain longitudinal or tubular agglomerations of fish-debris, originally named Murœna(?) Lewesiensis, by G. A. Mantell, but subsequently assigned by L. Agassiz to the fish described by him as Dercetis elongatus. References to the various papers and books in which these remains had been mentioned will be found in the paper quoted. From his profound knowledge of fossil fish Davies was able to show that these agglomerations contained the remains of more than one species of fish, and he considered that the fragments had been collected and affixed to their tubes by annelids allied to the modern Terebella. It is well known that some living species of that genus have similar tube-building habits, so that the suggestion made by Davies has been generally accepted, and the specimens in the British Museum on which he based his conclusions have since then been labelled Terebella(?) Lewesiensis Mantell sp.
II.—Evidence bearing upon the Position of the Twt Hill Conglomerate
Authors: Roberts R. D.
Published: May 2009

A discussion has more than once arisen, in the course of the last two years, respecting the true position or the quartz conglomerate exposed near Twt Hill, Carnarvon, which was first described by Prof. Bonney and Mr. Houghton in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vol. xxxv. p. 321. The typical quarry is situated on the S.E. side of the ridge, close underneath Twt Hill, and the exposure there shows the quartz conglomerate in juxtaposition to the granitoid rock that constitutes the axis of the ridge. The authors describe a passage between the granitoidite below and the conglomerate above, and state that the latter “passes lip into a rock which has some resemblance to the bottom rock” (granitoidite). In the GEOL. MAG. for March, 1880, p. 118, Dr. Callaway writes: “Messrs. Bonney and Houghton have detected at Twt Hill a passage between the granitoidite and a quartzose conglomerate with a S.E. dip. I have visited this section, and having examined the rock inch by inch, I can entirely confirm their identification.”
V.—On the Glaciation of the Shetlands
Authors: Home David Milne
Published: May 2009

In the February Number of the Geological Magazine, there is an article by Messrs. B. N. Peach and J. Home, answering the doubts expressed by me regarding the soundness of their views on this subject.
V.—On the Correlation of the Lower Palæozoic Rocks of Britain and Scandinavia
Authors: Lapworth Charles
Published: May 2009

In the pages of the Geol. Mag., about a year ago, I called attention to the rapid growth of our knowledge of the sequence and fossils of the Lower Palæozoic Rocks of Sweden, through the brilliant discoveries of the officers of the Swedish Geological Survey; and pointed out what appeared to myself to be their special bearing upon certain controverted points in British Geology. During the past year the additional results obtained by the same group of earnest and unprejudiced observers are so important in themselves, and have been worked out with such care and elaboration, that we have now a tolerably complete view of the entire Lower Palaeozoic Succession in the Scandinavian Peninsula, and are, for the first time, in a position to attempt the detailed correlation of its recognized rock groups with their representatives in Britain.
III.—Two New British Carboniferous Insects, with Remarks on those already known
Authors: Scudder Samuel H.
Published: May 2009

By the kind communication of my friend, the Rev. P. B. Brodie, M.A., F.G.S., I have been able to study two very striking wing-fragments from the Coal-measures of Great Britain, which are interesting, not only from the excessive rarity of such remains in this country, but also from their relationship to the two or three already known.
V.—The Sudden Extinction of the Mammoth
Authors: Howorth H.
Published: May 2009

In a previous paper I urged that the conclusions there arrived at necessitated certain corollaries which are not universally accepted, and to which I hoped to call attention in the future. One of these I now venture to shortly discuss.
II.—How to Work in the Archæan Rocks
Authors: Callaway C.
Published: May 2009

The Archæan (Pre-Cambrian) rocks of Britain have of late years received considerable attention, owing partly to the more or less complete working out of the younger groups, and partly, perhaps, to the fascination which attends a study of peculiar complexity. Whatever interest attaches to the correlation of formations which can be easily identified by their organic remains, or which can be traced across country for scores of miles in unbroken lines, it will be readily understood that the spirit of inquiry will be strongly piqued when it is challenged to construct orderly systems out of rock-masses to which the ordinary tests can be but partially applied. Yet much has been done towards the establishment of a succession amongst these ancient groups. In America, Dr. Sterry Hunt describes six distinct systems.
III.—On the Occurrence of Megaceros Hibernicus, Owen, in the Ancient Lacustrine Deposits of Ireland; with Remarks on the Probable Age of these Beds
Authors: Williams W.
Published: May 2009

The old lacustrine deposits of Ireland do not seem to have attracted so much attention from geologists as they deserve. By the old lacustrine deposits, we understand the dried-up lakes at present occupied by peat-bogs, with their underlying beds of marl and clays. During the past century it was known that in these bogs, or in the marl-beds beneath them, were found antlers and bones of a gigantic extinct deer, which Professor Owen named Megaceros Hibernicus, and now popularly known as the “Irish Elk,”1 not that it was exclusively confined to Ireland, its remains having been found in England and Scotland, also in France and Germany, and it is even reported to occur in caves as far east as the Altai Mountains in Asia.
V.—What is Laterite?
Authors: Fermor L. Leigh
Published: May 2009

1. The term laterite is used in two ways, namely, stratigraphically as the name of a geological formation, and petrographically as the name of a tropical superficial rock. This discussion relates only to the use of the term as a rock name.

2. Laterite (or rather some varieties of it) is formed by a process, the modus operandi of which is not discussed here, by which certain rocks undergo superficial decomposition, with the removal in solution of combined silica, lime, magnesia, soda, and potash, and with the residual accumulation, assisted, no doubt, by capillary action, metasomatic replacement, and segregative changes of a hydrated mixture of oxides of iron, aluminium, and titanium, with, more rarely, manganese. These oxides and hydroxides of iron, aluminium, titanium, and manganese are designated the lateritic constituents.

3. This residual rock is true laterite, and the presence of any considerable proportion (> x10 per cent) of non-lateritic constituents requires expression in the mime, as it always indicates want of completion in the process of lateritization. True laterite contains, then, 90 to 100 per cent of lateritic constituents.
III.—The Geological History of South Africa
Authors: Hatch F. H.
Published: May 2009

After the granites, gneisses, schists, and sediments which make up the Swaziland System had been elevated to form a continental area extending over the northern and western portions of South Africa, denudation began, and the material thus produced was carried to the sea to form the Witwatersrand Beds. The nature of these sediments—they consist of conglomerates, grits, and shales—indicates a marine period with shallow-water conditions, which continued almost uninterruptedly during their deposition. They were accumulated first on a sinking, and then on a rising sea bottom, for the lower beds are composed largely of mud and fine sand, conglomerates only becoming abundant in the upper beds, which were formed in the later portion of the period when the sea had become sufficiently shallow to allow of the accumulation of shingle and gravel. There is evidence in the Southern Transvaal that the land from which the sediments were mainly derived lay to the west, the sea to the east, for the lower Witwatersrand Beds, which consist solely of mudstones and fine sandstones in the east, gradually develop conglomerates with a decreasing amount of shale towards the west.
V.—The Pendleton Earth-shake of November 25th, 1905
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

Pendleton lies on the north-west side of Manchester and within the borough of Salford, and is traversed by the well-known Pendleton or Irwell Valley fault, a fault which has been traced for more than twenty miles from the neighbourhood of Bolton to that of Poynton in Cheshire. The fault is still slowly growing, for, on February 10th, 1889, a slip near Bolton gave rise to an earthquake of intensity 6, felt over an area of about 2,500 square miles. Small superficial movements may also be taking place close to Pendleton, though here probably aided by mining operations. Within the last seven years there have been local shakes on three occasions, namely, February 27th, 1899, April 7th, 1900, and November 25th, 1905. The materials for the study of the first two of these shakes are not quite sufficient to determine the boundaries of their disturbed areas with accuracy. The areas appear, however, to have been approximately circular in form and about four or five miles in diameter. In both cases the intensity of the shock was 4, or nearly 5. In 1899 the centre of the disturbed area was about half a mile north of Pendleton and a short distance on the north-east or downthrow side of the Pendleton fault; in 1900 it lay a mile or two farther to the south or south-south-east of the former centre.
I.—Lamarck and Playfair: A Geological Retrospect of the Year 1802.
Authors: Geikie Archibald
Published: May 2009

If Lamarck allowed his brilliant faculty of generalisation to lead him far astray in his opinions regarding the origin of rocks, he bad formed a saner judgment on the causes that have developed the present terrestrial topography. The first chapter of the “Hydrogéologie ” is devoted to a consideration of the natural results that arise from the circulation of water over the surface of the land. This subject, he remarks, affords less scope than any other for the exercise of the imagination in framing hypotheses, for it can be studied on a basis of facts which are generally familiar. Though the question required to be considered in his treatise and was capable of easy solution, yet it seemed to him to be novel, at least from a general point of view, and to have been previously neglected by physicists and naturalists. He appears to have formed his conclusions regarding it independently, and to have been unaware how far he had been anticipated by previous observers. It is singularthat he makes no allusion to the work of his distinguished fellow-countryman Desmarest, who some thirty years previously had demonstrated, from a prolouged and minute investigation of the volcanic history of Auvergne, that the valleys of that region have been excavated by the streams which flow in them. He does not refer to the enunciation of the same doctrine by De Saussure a few years later in regard to the valleys of the Alps, nor to the clear presentation of similar views by Hutton, whose system had been expounded to French readers by Desmarest. But though he was mistaken in supposing that the doctrine was novel, Lamarck was not surpassed by any of his predecessors in the firmness with which he espoused it, and in the clearness with which he presented it to the world.
II.—Sedgwick Museum Notes
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

A Small collection of fossils from the Bokkeveld Beds has recently been sent to me for identification by the South African Museum, and some of them have been generously presented to the Sedgwick Museum. Amongst this material it is interesting to find some genera not previously recorded from the Cape and some new species. The majority of the specimens are in the condition of internal casts, and hence present especial difficulties in their determination, so that in a few cases some uncertainty must remain as to the generic position of the fossils. However, I am able to record for the first time from these beds the occurrence of the well-known lamellibranchiate genus Buchiola, and of a shell which may be identified with Nyussa arguta, Hall, of the North American Devonian. The genus Buchiola occurs in argillaceous nodules from the Zwartberg Pass crowded with individuals of the species which I have named B. subpalmata and with a few examples of an undetermined species. No other associated fossils can be recognised in these nodules, but I am informed that an abundant fauna is found in the beds at this locality.
I.—Cirripedes from the Trimmingham Chalk and other localities in Norfolk
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Some years since Mr. Reginald M. Brydone, F.G.S., placed in my hands a number of fossil Cirripedes from the Chalk of Trimmingham, Norfolk, with the request that I would describe them. Others have lately been sent to me by Mr. Clement Reid, F.R.S., from his private collection and from the Geological Survey Museum; also a set of Chalk Lepadidæ from Dr. Arthur Rowe, F.G.S., of Margate, collected by him in the vicinity of Norwich. I now take up the study of these too long neglected specimens.
IV.—The Somabula Diamond Field of Rhodesia
Authors: Mennell F. P.
Published: May 2009

The last few years have inaugurated a new era in the history of the South African diamond deposits, inasmuch as rich bodies of diamantiferous ground have been located at great distances from localities which have previously been worked successfully. The group of which the Premier Mine is the best known member is the most striking example of this extension of area, but the centre of gravity of the diamond-mining industry seems to be gradually shifting northward, and the opening up of the interesting deposit of the Somabula Forest, so far north of any other known occurrence, foreshadows the development of an important branch of the industry in the Cinderella of the South African provinces, as Rhodesia has been not inaptly termed.
V.—A Key to the Published Figures of the Cretaceous Forms of the Polyzoan genus Entalophora
Authors: Lang W. D.
Published: May 2009

In view of the vigour with which the investigation of the English Chalk is at present being carried out by amateurs, resulting in the accumulation of large numbers of fossil specimens which give rise to difficulties of nomenclature, the publication of a key to aid collectors in determining the specific position of members of one of the largest Cretaceous genera of the phylum Polyzoa does not seem inappropriate.
II.—Notice of some Fossils from Singapore discovered by John B. Scrivenor, F.G.S., Geologist to the Federated Malay States
Authors: Newton R. Bullen
Published: May 2009

As representing the first fossils yet recorded from Singapore, these specimens are of considerable interest. They principally consist of marine Lamellibranch remains accompanied by an obscure indeterminable Gasteropod, and a few fragmentary terrestrial plants. Their condition, however, as casts and impressions renders them most difficult to work out satisfactorily, more especially the shells where only external features of the valves are available for study. Some of the specimens, however, retain certain points of structure or contour which appear to have an important bearing on their probable geological age. The association of land and marine organisms would at once suggest an estuarine or lagoon origin for the beds containing them, more especially as the mollusca belong to genera or families which may be regarded as of shallow-water habit, whilst the plant-remains might be accounted for by the close proximity of land or the transporting agency of river action. Among the shells, that referred to Goniomya is of chief interest, since it belongs almost exclusively to the Mesozoic period, being particularly characteristic of Jurassic rocks and of much rarer occurrence in deposits of Cretaceous age.
IV.—The Zones of the Lower Chalk
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J.
Published: May 2009

In the September number of this Magazine Mr. T. O. Bosworth raises some questions with regard to the zoning of the Lower Chalk in general, and of Cambridgeshire in particular. As I am responsible for the subdivision of the Lower Chalk of this country into zones I suppose the matter concerns me more than anyone else.
IV.—Notes on the Operculate Madreporaria Rugosa from Yass, New South Wales
Authors: Shearsby A. J.
Published: May 2009

The town of Yass, N.S.W., is situated on the Southern Railway about 190 miles from Sydney. It is the centre of one of the most picturesque districts to be met with on the journey from Sydney to Melbourne. The surrounding country is a veritable geological and palæontological paradise for the collector, who may depend upon turning up some new and interesting specimens every trip he takes to the district. The town itself is built on the Upper Silurian rocks, which about two miles distant, at a bend in the Yass River known as Hatton's Corner, offer to the palæontologist one of the most prolific collecting-grounds in Australia. Amongst the first to investigate these rocks were the Rev. W. B. Clarke and Mr. C. Jenkins, whose work was followed by a survey in 1882 by the Mines Department. Further good work was done by Mr. John Mitchell whilst stationed in the district; but even at this late hour there is a large amount of interesting work awaiting completion.
V.—On Concretionary Nodules with Plant-Remains found in the Old Bed of the Yarra at S. Melbourne; and their Resemblance to the Calcareous Nodules known as ‘Coal-Balls.’
Authors: Chapman Frederick
Published: May 2009

Although many of the nodular bodies met with in sedimentary rocks which were formerly held to be concretions or simple aggregations of mineral matter have since been found to be due to the work of minute animals or plants, there is yet a more numerous class of true concretions which were undoubtedly formed by chemical reaction in the surrounding water and sediments; the resulting precipitation being often deposited upon nuclei of organic origin, as fish, woody fragments, or shells. Occasionally these nodules were of subsequent formation to the deposit in which they occur. In nodules which include organic remains, the segregation was accelerated by the partial decay of the included organic fragments.
VI.—On the Recent Tufaceous Deposit of Totland Bay, Isle of Wight
Authors: Kennard A. Saxter , Warren S. Hazzledine
Published: May 2009

On the top of the cliff between Headon Hill and Widdick Chine, in Totland Bay, there is a Recent tufaceous deposit containing land and fresh-water shells. It extends along the cliff for nearly 350 yards in a north-easterly direction from the base of Headon Hill, and is about 60 feet above the sea-level.

It was first described by Mr. Joshua Trimmer, and subsequently by Professor Edward Forbes and Mr. H. W. Bristow. In the more recent memoir on the Isle of Wight the earlier descriptions are quoted, but the section is described as being then almost entirely overgrown.
II.—Further Notes on the Mammals of the Eocene of Egypt
Authors: Andrews C. W.
Published: May 2009

The skull of one species (A. Zitteli) of this remarkable ungulate has already been figured by Mr. Beadnell, and also in this Magazine (December, 1903), where its general form is well shown. Details of the structure of the skull and skeleton will be given in the monograph, so that only a few of the more important characters need be referred to here.

The pedunculate occipital condyles are very large and prominent; the occipital surface slopes strongly forwards and is bordered by a massive lambdoidal ridge, which on either side (in old animals at least) rises into a prominent backwardly directed boss of bone, almost like a blunt horn. The parietal region of the cranial roof is flat and is at right angles to the side walls of the skull, being sharply marked off from them by well-defined ridges, which form the upper limits of the temporal fossæ. The suture between the parietals is obliterated in the youngest skull examined. The pair of small posterior horns over the orbits are borne exclusively by the frontals, while the great anterior pair seem to be formed entirely by the enormously developed nasals.
I.—On Some Samples of Rock from Borings at Sangregrande, Trinidad.—Part I
Authors: Guppy R. J. Lechmere
Published: May 2009

I have been favoured by P. N. H. Jones, Esq., engineer of the Waterworks, with specimens from a boring at Sangregrande undertaken by the Government of Trinidad with a view to ascertain the extent and position of the Tertiary coal-seams of that district and other facts. The specimens consist of a dark-coloured (blackish) sand-rock, finely (but slightly irregularly) laminated, the lamination being at an angle of about 50° from the horizontal. The samples came from 150, 250, 400, 500, and 600 feet deep below the surface. I examined each one separately, but as the differences between them, whether as regards mineral constitution or organic contents, are only slight, and in fact two portions from the same depth show often as much difference as samples from different depths, I shall describe the whole together. These specimens are from boring No. 3, Plate VII.
III.—Eocene Echinoids from Sokoto
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

It is fortunate that Captain Lelean not merely discovered these fossils at Garadimi in Sokoto, but that he had enough sense of their importance to spend some time and trouble in their collection, and that now he has generously presented them to the British Museum. The collection includes four echinoid tests, five natural casts of Mollusca, and a few rock-specimens containing Operculina and other Foraminifera. The Mollusca, so far as their state of preservation admits, have been determined by Mr. R. Bullen Newton as: 3 Lucina cf. gigantea Deshayes, 1 Voluta cf. cithara Lamarck, and 1 undetermined Gastropod. The Echinoidea were partly covered by an impure limestone closely adherent to the test. The portions not so covered were in many places considerably worn, and the calcite was split by cracks, probably due to alternations of temperature, and rendering it very difficult to follow the course of the sutures. The appearance of these and the other specimens shows clearly that they have been lying on the surface of the ground for some time, and, in fact, Captain Lelean informs me that they were not picked out of the solid rock, but from the talus at the foot of the cliff. The notable variations in the matrix of the different specimens are thus accounted for. None the less it will be seen in the sequel that all the specimens are consistent with the ascription of a Middle Eocene age to the mass of limestone from which they were derived. Of the four echinoids, two have been determined as belonging to the genus Plesiolampas and two to the genus Hemiaster.
I.—On the Discovery of Coal-measures under New Red Sandstone, and on the so-called Permian Rocks of St. Helens, Lancashire
Authors: Strahan A.
Published: May 2009

During the last few years the Coal-measures have been reached through the overlying New Red Sandstone in three Collieries, and in three bore-holes, in that part of South Lancashire which lies between the St. Helens and Wigan Coal-fields and the River Mersey. The results were in some degree unforeseen, as the Trias was thinner than might have been expected, while it seems likely that the Permian formation is altogether absent.
IV.—The Rocks of Northern Guernsey
Authors: Parkinson John
Published: May 2009

In a communication to the Geological Society in 1900 I had occasion to compare the rocks of the south-eastern coast of Jersey with the hornblende gabbro, diorites, and granites of Northern Guernsey; and to point out that in general terms the petrographical types of the two islands bore a close resemblance to each other, group for group, in sequence and general relations. Since work abroad renders it improbable that I shall be able to devote much additional time to this subject, the following notes are given as a possible aid to future observers.
VII.—Note on the Occurrence of Arenig Rocks in the West of Ireland
Authors: Muff H. B. , Carruthers R. G.
Published: May 2009

Whilst examining the tract of Lower Palæozoic rocks and metamorphic schists around Killary Harbour, in Connemara (an examination primarily undertaken to ascertain the relations of the fossiliferous sediments to the schists in that area), an extensive tract of Arenig rocks has been discovered on both sides of the harbour. In 1905 Didgmograpti of the extensus and superstes types were found, and during last Summer several specimens, of Phyllograptus and Tetragraptus also, together with many other forms.
III.—On the Affinities of the Triassic Plant Yuccites vogesiacus, Schimper & Mougeot
Authors: Arber E. A. Newell
Published: May 2009

In a paper published in 1907, in the Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, I described and figured, under the name Zamites grandis, sp. nov., some excellent specimens of detached leaves recently collected by my friend Mr. L. J. Wills, B.A., F.G.S., from the Keuper rocks of Bromsgrove (Worcestershire).
IV.—Limulus Woodwardi, sp. nov., from the Lower Oolite of England
Authors: Watson D. M. S.
Published: May 2009

My friend Mr. F. H. Gravely during September, 1908, obtained from the ruins of an old wall at Doddington, near Wellingborough in Northamptonshire, the carapace of an Arthropod, the value of which he at once recognized. This specimen he has now presented to the Manchester Museum, and by his kindness I am enabled to offer a short description of it here.
V.—Note on the Igneous Rocks of Singapore, with special reference to the Granite and Associated Rocks carrying Rhombic Pyroxene
Authors: Scrivenor J. B.
Published: May 2009

In a former paper the writer endeavoured to show the connection between the sedimentary rocks of Singapore and certain rocks in Pahang. On the occasions when opportunities for geological work in Singapore have presented themselves numerous specimens of igneous rocks have been collected, and it is the purpose of the present paper to describe briefly the observations recorded. It is hoped that this will give some further idea of the geology of the island of Singapore; but apart from a general description the pyroxene - bearing rocks associated with the granite appear to the writer to require a note as being of exceptional petrological interest.
VII.—Note on the Shore Sand of St. Ives Bay, Cornwall
Authors: Crook T. , Davies G. M.
Published: May 2009

The shore and dune sand of St. Ives Bay is typically light-coloured owing to the predominance of calcareous matter in the form of shell fragments, etc. But the actual proportion of the platy shell fragments to the heavier and more granular ingredients of the sand varies considerably, especially within the limits of high- and lowwater marks, as is usually the case. Some of the heavier ingredients are dark-coloured, and may be observed to have been streaked out in bands or aggregated in patches at the surface, where they have been concentrated by the action of the waves. Where heavy minerals abound, tidal action can be seen to have effected a persistent concentration about the mean high-water mark, where the heavier ingredients predominate for at least a foot beneath the surface. Such a band can be easily traced for a considerable distance in the vicinity of the Red River.
II.—On the Jaw Apparatus of Discoidea cylindrica (Lamarck)
Authors: Hawkins Herbert L.
Published: May 2009

Whilst searching through the duplicate drawers in the Manchester Museum I found recently a specimen of Discoidea cylindrica which contained the dental apparatus in a very good state of preservation. The softness of the matrix within the test made it possible to develop and extract the jaws, and thus to detect several new features of interest.
VII.—A Note onPhacops(Trimerocephalus)lævis(Münst.)
Authors: Thomas Ivor
Published: May 2009

The British form recognized under this designation appears to have been first recorded and figured from this country by J. de C. Sowerby (16, pl. lvii, fig. 30), who named itAsaphusorTrinucleus(?). He remarks “that no trace of the position of the eyes remains on the cast, which is also the case with the genusTrinucleus, Murchison”. This form was afterwards allocated by Salter toPhacops (Trimerocephalus) lœvis(Münst.) (13, p. 16, pl. i, figs. 5–7; 14, p. 1, pl. ix, figs. 1–5). Phillips had previously named the same speciesCalymene lœvis, Münst. (8, p. 129, pl. lv, fig. 250), a determination which both Salter (13, p. 16) and M'Coy (6, p. 404) showed to be at fault. This was complicated by the fact that Münster (7, pl. x, fig. 6; 7a, pl. v, fig. 4) had described two different forms under the same specific name,Trinucleus ? lœvisandCalymene lœvis, the latter of which Salter (13, p. 18) correctly adjudged to be a synonym ofPhacops granulatus(Münst.) (Calymeneauct.) (7a, pl. v, fig. 3). M'Coy had previously noted the identity ofC. lœvis, Münst., withCalymene granulataof the same author, but assigned it to his genusPortlockia(6, p. 404).
V.—The Constitution of the Igneous Rocks
Authors: Mennell F. P.
Published: May 2009

In a paper read at the 1903 meeting of the British Association and afterwards published in this Magazine, the method of calculating the chemical constitution of the igneous rocks by the collation of analyses was criticized, and the results were compared with those based on actual field-work in an area where such rocks were very abundant. Mr. F. W. Clarke, whose results and those of Mr. Harker had interested me in the problem, has recently published a fresh calculation of the results of the rock analyses made in the Laboratory of the United States Geological Survey. It is not proposed to discuss these results in detail, and it will suffice for my present purpose to take the question of silica percentage alone. Mr. Clarke's average for all the 1,358 rocks analyzed up to the end of 1903 works out at 60·91. Mr. Clarke, however, admits that the ‘salic’ rocks are more abundant than the other classes, and he further grants that my criticism of his previous results is entitled to some weight, though he thinks that a wider range of observation would probably modify my opinion that granite is practically the average igneous rock.
II—On the Liassic Fish Osteorachis Macrocephalus
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: May 2009

Among the fishes of the Lower Lias of Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire, described by Egerton from imperfect evidence, is the genus Osteorachis, with the single species, O. macrocephalus. The original description and figure are so unsatisfactory that nothing beyond the name of the fish is quoted even in Zittel's “Handbuch” (vol. iii, p. 230), while this bears an appended query; and the author's definition of the genus is certainly much too vague to admit of any precise determination of its systematic relationships. Under these circumstances it is of interest to return to a consideration of the fish in the light of more recently discovered specimens, which seem to the present writer to comprise not only examples of the trunk but also, at least, one satisfactory head.
VIII.—On a Sandy Ironstone Occurring above the Chalk at Capel, Near Dover
Authors: Rutley Frank
Published: May 2009

Between Dover and Folkestone there are certain deposits of ferruginous sandstone or sandy ironstone, well known to geologists, and somewhat doubtfully referred to some portion of the crag. They may be the equivalents of the Lenham Beds, which are assumed to be the lower part of the Coralline crag, and which have been correlated with the Diestian Beds of Belgium. This view is entertained by Prof. Prestwich, Mr. Clement Reid, and others, and is based upon palæontological evidence (chiefly from Lenham, near Maidstone), from which locality Mr. Reid procured casts of the following fossils:
IV.—Shell-Structure in the Ammonoidea
Authors: Schwarz H. L.
Published: May 2009

The shell-structure of the Ammonoidea has received very inadequate attention from palæontologists; in most cases authors are content with describing the shell of the recent Nautilus, and saying that that of the Ammonites is exactly the same. Prof. Judd therefore suggested that I should take the subject up, when working as a research student under him. As a result, I have found that the resemblance of the Nautilus- to the Ammonite-shell is literally true; but the structure of the extinct forms throws an altogether new light on that of the recent one, while the usual homology of parts between the two requires, I think, revision.
IV.—Contribution to the Fauna of the Chalk Rock
Authors: Chatwin Charles P. , Withers Thomas H.
Published: May 2009

Although small examples of Ammonites are fairly common in the Chalk Rock (Turonian) of this country, large examples are decidedly rare. The only species of Ammonites as yet recorded from this bed are Prionocyclus neptuni, Geinitz, sp., and Pachydiscus peramplus, Mantell, sp. The former species is always of a small size and is not at all common, but small examples of the latter species, averaging 1½ inches in diameter, are often found, and one large example measuring 8 inches across has been recorded by Mr. H. Woods.
VI.—On a Method of Splitting Ironstone Nodules by means of an Artificial Freezing Mixture
Authors: Moysey L.
Published: May 2009

Most geologists who have had anything to do with the ironstone nodules in the Coal-measures have been struck by their perverse and refractory behaviour under the hammer. How one nodule will refuse to break under the most well-directed blows, and another, though breaking easily, will exhibit to the disappointed collector a clean bright surface of clay-ironstone, without a trace of that organism that he hoped, and almost had a right to expect, was there. It seems therefore necessary to find some other and perhaps less violent method of breaking them.
VI.—The Waterberg Sandstone
Authors: Schwarz E. H. L.
Published: May 2009

The geology of South Africa is once again being brought to the notice of European geologists in the able papers by Dr. Voit in the Zeitschrift für praktische Geologie. In the first instalment Dr. Voit follows Drs. Hatch & Corstorphine in correlating the Waterberg Sandstone with the Table Mountain Sandstone, which is a small matter perhaps, but as it would in Europe be equivalent to correlating the Old Red Sandstone with the Torridon Sandstone, it is necessary to state the objections to this correlation and enable geologists to judge for themselves whether it is right or wrong.
V.—Preliminary Notes on the Late Connection and Separation of the Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Spencer J. W.
Published: May 2009

Having recently returned from another season's work in the West Indies and Mexico, where I was collecting additional data bearing upon the stupendous changes of level of land and sea which have lately affected the American continent, I find the review of the “Reconstruction of the Antillean Continent” by Mr. Jukes-Browne in the Geological Magazine, April 1895, p. 173, a few points of which may be further explained at the same time that I furnish some advance notes concerning recently observed phenomena which greatly strengthen the theory of stupendous changes of level in the Pleistocene period. Many months must elapse before I shall be able to complete the studies for publication, so that my papers on Cuba, Jamaica, and Mexico shall be published.
IX.—On Glauconite from Woodburn, Carrickfergus, Co. Antrim
Authors: Hoskins A. Percy
Published: May 2009

Glauconite may be described as essentially a hydrous silicate of iron and potash, but of very variable composition, and generally containing varying proportions of other bodies, such as alumina, lime, and magnesia. It is found at different horizons in the whole geological series of rocks from the Cambrian up to the most recent Tertiary layers, and, indeed, is particularly interesting in being one of the very few silicates which are in actual process of formation on the sea-bed at the present time. The physical characteristics of glauconite grains are practically the same throughout the series, the normal colour being dark green, but sometimes being yellowish, greyish, or even almost red. These variations of colour, however, mean at least the commencement of decomposition. The size of the grains is usually about one millimetre in diameter, and although much larger masses are sometimes found these are merely agglomerations of the smaller grains. Under the microscope the grains appear quite homogeneous unless some foreign body is enclosed, or, as sometimes occurs, the commencement of decomposition gives a more or less zonary appearance to them.