bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Representation Theory of Lie Groups
Authors: Atiyah M. F. , Bott R. , Helgason S. , Kazhdan D. , Kostant B. , Lustztig G.
Published: April 2013

Lie groups and their representations occupy an important place in mathematics with applications in such diverse fields as differential geometry, number theory, differential equations and physics. In 1977 a symposium was held in Oxford to introduce this rapidly developing and expanding subject to non-specialists. This volume contains the lectures of ten distinguished mathematicians designed to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the fundamental theory and appreciate the range of results. This volume contains much to interest mathematicians and theoretical physicists from advanced undergraduate level upwards.
The Abbot’s House at Westminster
Authors: Robinson J. Armitage
Published: April 2013

In this 1911 work, J. Armitage Robinson uses architectural and documentary sources to discuss the history of the abbot's buildings at Westminster Abbey. The medieval monastic remains are extensive, but have been considerably modified over the centuries. The abbey muniments provide much information on the building's history, and Robinson includes many documents, both medieval and post-Reformation, to trace the development of the complex and how it was used. As dean of the abbey, Robinson had unprecedented access, and so was able to work out the architectural history more fully than had been possible in previous studies. As the abbey grew in importance and wealth, so the status of the abbot grew, necessitating grander buildings for entertaining. The medieval abbey must have been a continual building site, to judge by the frequent references to structural work in the accounts. This is a valuable study of an important surviving medieval building.
A Catalogue of the Collection of Cambrian and Silurian Fossils Contained in the Geological Museum of the University of Cambridge
Authors: Salter J. W. , Sedgwick Adam , Morris John
Published: April 2013

John William Salter (1820–1869) was an English naturalist and geologist, best known for his work as palaeontologist to the Geological Survey of Great Britain. This is a complete catalogue of the Cambrian and Silurian fossils in the Geological Museum at the University of Cambridge. Preceded by a detailed introductory section on the Palæozoic system, the catalogue is arranged by geological strata, covering the various groups of Cambrian and Silurian fossils. The entries include detailed illustrations, along with references to the location of each fossil in the collection, its name and details of its place of origin. Revised by staff of the University and published posthumously in 1873, the catalogue also contains a substantial preface by Adam Sedgwick, famous for his role in the development of modern geology,which provides fascinating insights into the geological advances of the Victorian era.
FPF Ring Theory
Authors: Faith Carl , Page Stanley
Published: April 2013

This is the first book on the subject of FPF rings and the systematic use of the notion of the generator of the category mod-R of all right R-modules and its relationship to faithful modules. This carries out the program, explicit of inherent, in the work of G Azumaya, H. Bass, R. Dedekind, S. Endo, I. Kaplansky, K. Morita, T. Nakayama, R. Thrall, and more recently, W. Brandal, R. Pierce, T. Shores, R. and S. Wiegand and P. Vamos, among others. FPF rings include quasi-Frobenius rings (and thus finite rings over fields), pseudo-Frobenius (PF) rings (and thus injective cogenerator rings), bounded Dedekind prime rings and the following commutative rings; self-injective rings, Prufer rings, all rings over which every finitely generated module decomposes into a direct sum of cyclic modules (=FGC rings), and hence almost maximal valuation rings. Any product (finite or infinite) of commutative or self-basic PFP rings is FPF. A number of important classes of FPF rings are completely characterised including semiprime Neotherian, semiperfect Neotherian, perfect nonsingular prime, regular and self-injective rings. Finite group rings over PF or commutative injective rings are FPF. This work is the culmination of a decade of research and writing by the authors and includes all known theorems on the subject of noncommutative FPF rings. This book will be of interest to professional mathematicians, especially those with an interest in noncommutative ring theory and module theory.
Forms of Thought
Authors: Lowe E. J.
Published: April 2013

Forms of thought are involved whenever we name, describe, or identify things, and whenever we distinguish between what is, might be, or must be the case. It appears to be a distinctive feature of human thought that we can have modal thoughts, about what might be possible or necessary, and conditional thoughts, about what would or might be the case if something else were the case. Even the simplest thoughts are structured like sentences, containing referential and predicative elements, and studying these structures is the main task of philosophical logic. This clear and accessible book investigates the forms of thought, drawing out and focusing on the central logical notions of reference, predication, identity, modality and conditionality. It will be useful to students and other interested readers in epistemology and metaphysics, philosophy of mind and language, and philosophical logic.
Lectures on Bochner-Riesz Means
Authors: Davis Katherine Michelle , Chang Yang-Chun
Published: April 2013

This book is concerned with the modern theory of Fourier series. Treating developments since Zygmund's classic study, the authors begin with a thorough discussion of the classical one-dimensional theory from a modern perspective. The text then takes up the developments of the 1970s, beginning with Fefferman's famous disc counterexample. The culminating chapter presents Cordoba's geometric theory of Kayeka maximal functions and multipliers. Research workers in the fields of Fourier analysis and harmonic analysis will find this a valuable account of these developments. Second year graduate students, who are familiar with Lebesgue theory and are acquainted with distributions, will be able to use this as a textbook which will bring them up to the exciting open questions in the field.
Algebraic Combinatorics on Words
Authors: Lothaire M.
Published: April 2013

Combinatorics on words has arisen independently within several branches of mathematics, for instance number theory, group theory and probability, and appears frequently in problems related to theoretical computer science. The first unified treatment of the area was given in Lothaire's book Combinatorics on Words. Originally published in 2002, this book presents several more topics and provides deeper insights into subjects discussed in the previous volume. An introductory chapter provides the reader with all the necessary background material. There are numerous examples, full proofs whenever possible and a notes section discussing further developments in the area. This book is both a comprehensive introduction to the subject and a valuable reference source for researchers.
The Drug Wars in America, 1940–1973
Authors: Frydl Kathleen J.
Published: April 2013

The Drug Wars in America, 1940–1973 argues that the US government has clung to its militant drug war, despite its obvious failures, because effective control of illicit traffic and consumption were never the critical factors motivating its adoption in the first place. Instead, Kathleen J. Frydl shows that the shift from regulating illicit drugs through taxes and tariffs to criminalizing the drug trade developed from, and was marked by, other dilemmas of governance in an age of vastly expanding state power. Most believe the 'drug war' was inaugurated by President Richard Nixon's declaration of a war on drugs in 1971, but in fact his announcement heralded changes that had taken place in the two decades prior. Frydl examines this critical interval of time between regulation and prohibition, demonstrating that the war on drugs advanced certain state agendas, such as policing inner cities or exercising power abroad.
The Meaning of Meat and the Structure of the Odyssey
Authors: Bakker Egbert J.
Published: April 2013

This comprehensive study of the Odyssey sees in meat and meat consumption a centre of gravitation for the interpretation of the poem. It aims to place the cultural practices represented in the poem against the background of the (agricultural) lived reality of the poem's audiences in the archaic age, and to align the themes of the adventures in Odysseus' wanderings with the events that transpire at Ithaca in the hero's absence. The criminal meat consumption of the suitors of Penelope in the civilised space of Ithaca is shown to resonate with the adventures of Odysseus and his companions in the pre-cultural worlds they are forced to visit. The book draws on folklore studies, the anthropology of hunting cultures, the comparative study of oral traditions, and the agricultural history of archaic and classical Greece. It will also be of interest to narratologists and students of folklore and Homeric poetics.
The Merchants' Capital
Authors: Marler Scott P.
Published: April 2013

As cotton production shifted toward the southwestern states during the first half of the nineteenth century, New Orleans became increasingly important to the South's plantation economy. Handling the city's wide-ranging commerce was a globally oriented business community that represented a qualitatively unique form of wealth accumulation - merchant capital - that was based on the extraction of profit from exchange processes. However, like the slave-based mode of production with which they were allied, New Orleans merchants faced growing pressures during the antebellum era. Their complacent failure to improve the port's infrastructure or invest in manufacturing left them vulnerable to competition from the fast-developing industrial economy of the North, weaknesses that were fatally exposed during the Civil War and Reconstruction. Changes to regional and national economic structures after the Union victory prevented New Orleans from recovering its commercial dominance, and the former first-rank American city quickly devolved into a notorious site of political corruption and endemic poverty.
Dickens
Authors: Ward Adolphus William
Published: April 2013

Published in the first series of English Men of Letters in 1882, this biography of Charles Dickens (1812–70) provides a short introduction to the life and works of the most popular author of the Victorian era. Sir Adolphus William Ward (1837–1924), a prominent scholar who taught at the newly founded the University of Manchester and became President of the British Academy, wrote on English literature from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries, and translated Curtius' History of Greece. His work complements earlier biographies of the writer who styled himself as 'The Inimitable' and whose influence as a novelist, social commentator and social reformer cannot be overstated. The life is treated chronologically, and a final chapter discusses 'the future of Dickens' fame', concluding that although he has faults as a novelist, his place in the canon of English literature is secure.
Northward over the Great Ice
Authors: Peary Robert E.
Published: April 2013

Robert Edwin Peary (1856–1920), the distinguished American Arctic explorer, is usually credited as the first person to have reached the geographic North Pole, in 1909. First published in 1898, this two-volume work recounts Peary's expeditions across the interior ice-cap of Northern Greenland in the years 1886 and 1891–7. It describes Peary's contacts with the local Inuit tribes and the valuable scientific discoveries he made in geography, and natural history. Peary also documents the discovery and conveyance to the United States of the Cape York meteorites, from which the Inuit had extracted iron, but whose whereabouts had been a secret. In Volume 1, Peary recounts his first two expeditions in Greenland. On the first, in 1886, he travelled over the Greenland ice sheet for 100 miles. On the second, in 1891–2, he and seven companions (including his wife) sledged 1300 miles to North-East Greenland.
Northward Over the Great Ice
Authors: Peary Robert E.
Published: April 2013

Robert Edwin Peary (1856–1920), the distinguished American Arctic explorer, is usually credited as the first person to have reached the geographic North Pole, in 1909. First published in 1898, this two-volume work recounts Peary's expeditions across the interior ice-cap of Northern Greenland in the years 1886 and 1891–7. It describes Peary's contacts with the local Inuit tribes and the valuable scientific discoveries he made in geography, and natural history. Peary also documents the discovery and conveyance to the United States of the Cape York meteorites, from which the Inuit had extracted iron, but whose whereabouts had been a secret. Volume 2 recounts Peary's later expeditions in Greenland, including a 25-month stay in which he first attempted to reach the North Pole. Peary's wife, Josephine, who accompanied him on many of his expeditions, gave birth to their daughter less than 900 miles from the Pole in 1893.
Memorials of Cambridge
Authors: Cooper Charles Henry
Published: April 2013

When Charles Henry Cooper (1808–66) undertook to revise the text of the 1841 Memorials of Cambridge, illustrated by the engraver John Le Keux (1783–1846), he was under the impression that 'only a slight amount of labour' would be imposed on him. However, this three-volume work was altered and modified so extensively that it may be considered as entirely re-written. Containing over 250 photographs, engravings and etchings, Volumes 1 and 2 of the work are a comprehensive guide to the Cambridge colleges, while Volume 3 is almost entirely concerned with the history of other landmarks throughout the city, such as the Fitzwilliam Museum, the Guildhall and the Botanic Garden. It was published in 1860, just six years before Cooper's death, and stands as a detailed and fully illustrated guide to Cambridge at that time. Volume 2, dealing with the colleges in order of their foundation, covers Christ's to Emmanuel.
An Aide-de-Camp's Recollections of Service in China
Authors: Cunynghame Arthur
Published: April 2013

This two-volume work, published in 1844, is a memoir of time spent in China by Captain Arthur Cunynghame (1812–84), aide-de-camp to Major-General Lord Saltoun, Commander of the East India Company's troops in China. Cunynghame set off from Plymouth Sound on board HMS Belle-Isle in late 1841 to take up his post, and the first half of Volume 1 consists of a description of the long journey out to China (they touched at Rio de Janeiro before re-crossing the Atlantic to South Africa, and later visited Singapore and Hong Kong). Once in China, Cunynghame travelled widely in the course of his duties, and recorded his experiences in detail, from the wonders of the Yangtse River to the walls of Nankin: as he observes in his dedication, 'events and anecdotes occurring in a country that is so strange and new to all Europe may be worth recording'.
An Authentic Account of an Embassy from the King of Great Britain to the Emperor of China
Authors: Staunton George
Published: April 2013

George Leonard Staunton (1737–1801) arrived in China in 1792 as a member of a British delegation whose objective was to improve trade and establish better diplomatic relations with the Chinese, who, at the time, restricted economic activity with foreigners to the port of Canton (Guangzhou). Although the group managed to secure an audience with the Qianlong Emperor - to whom the British envoy Lord Macartney famously refused to kowtow - their mission failed. Staunton kept detailed notes throughout his time in China, and in 1797 this two-volume account of the visit was published, and later translated into French and German. Volume 2 describes in detail the Emperor's reception of the British delegation - including a description and discussion of the kowtowing incident - thus giving a rare glimpse into the Imperial court at a time when Westerners were almost never allowed access. Staunton also provides further descriptions of the delegation's travels around China.
Chinese Music
Authors: Van Aalst J. A.
Published: April 2013

First published in 1884 by the Statistical Department of the Inspectorate General of Customs in Shanghai, this work is probably best known as a source of musical material for Puccini's opera Turandot. It was reprinted several times and remained the primary source in a Western language of detailed information on Chinese music until the mid-twentieth century. Van Aalst, born in Belgium in 1858, spent his working life with the Imperial Maritime Customs Service where his ability as a musician was noticed by the Inspector General, Robert Hart. It is thought likely that the work was published to coincide with the London Health Exhibition of 1884 in South Kensington to which Van Aalst had been sent to lecture. Different types of music (ritual and popular), the range of instruments, and musical notation are all explained, the intention being to enable a better understanding of Chinese music by those in the West.
Through Central Borneo
Authors: Lumholtz Carl
Published: April 2013

The Norwegian explorer and ethnographer Carl Lumholtz (1851–1922) wrote the influential ethnographic studies Among Cannibals and Unknown Mexico (both reissued in this series) after his journeys through Australia and Mexico respectively. In 1913, Lumholtz went on his final expedition, which aimed to explore the large parts of Borneo unknown to the rest of the world. Interested by tales of head-hunting, he wanted to spend time with the indigenous people and conduct research. Originally published in 1920, this two-volume work is Lumholtz's account of his expedition. Many of the illustrations in the work are from photographs taken by the author, including pictures of members of the different tribes he stayed with. Volume 1 begins with an overview of Borneo and goes on to describe the expedition's journey into the jungle, and the various ceremonies experienced during the journey, which provide interesting insights into tribal life and belief systems.
A Journey to the Tea Countries of China
Authors: Fortune Robert
Published: April 2013

'My object is to give a peep into the Celestial Empire, to show its strange hills and romantic valleys, its rivers and canals … and its strange and interesting people.' Robert Fortune (1813–80), the author of several books on China, was a keen botanist. He first went to China for the Royal Horticultural Society, but soon returned on behalf of the East India Company in order to collect tea specimens for the British government's plantations in the Himalayas. In this entertaining account, first published in 1852, Fortune includes stories of how he disguised himself in Chinese clothes to gain access to districts barred to Europeans, of watching farmers sail in what seemed to be wash-tubs, and the bizarre dyeing process that saw large quantities of Prussian Blue and gypsum poured into green tea. Full of panoramic descriptions and engaging anecdotes, this book is ideal for historians and modern-day travellers alike.
The Golden Bough
Authors: Frazer James George
Published: April 2013

This work by Sir James Frazer (1854–1941) is widely considered to be one of the most important early texts in the fields of psychology and anthropology. At the same time, by applying modern methods of comparative ethnography to the classical world, and revealing the superstition and irrationality beneath the surface of the classical culture which had for so long been a model for Western civilisation, it was extremely controversial. Frazer was greatly influenced by E. B. Tylor's Primitive Culture (also reissued in this series), and by the work of the biblical scholar William Robertson Smith, to whom the first edition is dedicated. The twelve-volume third edition, reissued here, was greatly revised and enlarged, and published between 1911 and 1915; the two-volume first edition (1890) is also available in this series. Volume 1 (1911) explores the belief that kings could harness Nature.
The Golden Bough
Authors: Frazer James George
Published: April 2013

This work by Sir James Frazer (1854–1941) is widely considered to be one of the most important early texts in the fields of psychology and anthropology. At the same time, by applying modern methods of comparative ethnography to the classical world, and revealing the superstition and irrationality beneath the surface of the classical culture which had for so long been a model for Western civilisation, it was extremely controversial. Frazer was greatly influenced by E. B. Tylor's Primitive Culture (also reissued in this series), and by the work of the biblical scholar William Robertson Smith, to whom the first edition is dedicated. The twelve-volume third edition, reissued here, was greatly revised and enlarged, and published between 1911 and 1915; the two-volume first edition (1890) is also available in this series. Volume 5 (1914) considers the oriental roots of the Greek myths of Adonis and Attis.
Just War and International Order
Authors: Rengger Nicholas
Published: April 2013

At the opening of the twenty-first century, while obviously the world is still struggling with violence and conflict, many commentators argue that there are many reasons for supposing that restrictions on the use of force are growing. The establishment of the International Criminal Court, the growing sophistication of international humanitarian law and the 'rebirth' of the just war tradition over the last fifty years are all taken as signs of this trend. This book argues that, on the contrary, the just war tradition, allied to a historically powerful and increasingly dominant conception of politics in general, is complicit with an expansion of the grounds of supposedly legitimate force, rather than a restriction of it. In offering a critique of this trajectory, 'Just War and International Order' also seeks to illuminate a worrying trend for international order more generally and consider what, if any, alternative there might be to it.
René Cassin and Human Rights
Authors: Winter Jay , Prost Antoine
Published: April 2013

Through the life of one extraordinary man, this biography reveals what the term human rights meant to the men and women who endured two world wars, and how this major political and intellectual movement ultimately inspired and enshrined the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. René Cassin was a man of his generation, committed to moving from war to peace through international law, and whose work won him the Nobel Peace Prize in 1968. His life crossed all the major events of the first seventy years of the twentieth century, and illustrates the hopes, aspirations, failures and achievements of an entire generation. It shows how today's human rights regimes emerged from the First World War as a pacifist response to that catastrophe and how, after 1945, human rights became a way to go beyond the dangers of absolute state sovereignty, helping to create today's European project.
Managing Extreme Climate Change Risks through Insurance
Authors: Botzen W. J. Wouter
Published: April 2013

In recent years, the damage caused by natural disasters has increased worldwide; this trend will only continue with the impact of climate change. Despite this, the role for the most common mechanism for managing risk - insurance - has received little attention. This book considers the contribution that insurance arrangements can make to society's management of the risks of natural hazards in a changing climate. It also looks at the potential impacts of climate change on the insurance sector, and insurers' responses to climate change. The author combines theory with evidence from the rich experiences of the Netherlands together with examples from around the world. He recognises the role of the individual in preparing for disasters, as well as the difficulties individuals have in understanding and dealing with infrequent risks. Written in plain language, this book will appeal to researchers and policy-makers alike.
Israel's Security Networks
Authors: Sheffer Gabriel , Barak Oren
Published: April 2013

Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, and particularly after the Israeli-Arab War of 1967, a highly informal but simultaneously potent security network has influenced Israel's domestic sphere. Composed of acting and former security personnel and their partners in the state's various civilian spheres, this security network has affected Israeli culture, politics, society, economy, public discourse and foreign relations. This book discusses this major sociopolitical phenomenon and its effects in a comparative and theoretical perspective. First, it defines Israel's security network in a broad theoretical and comparative perspective. Second, it explains how Israel's security network emerged and acquired a hegemonic position in the area of national security and foreign policy. Third, it describes the security network and identifies its members. Fourth, it discusses and explains the multitude of roles that Israel's security network has come to play both domestically and externally. Fifth, it discusses similar phenomena in other relevant cases. Finally, it presents general analytical and theoretical conclusions.
Gender and Timebound Commandments in Judaism
Authors: Alexander Elizabeth Shanks
Published: April 2013

The rule that exempts women from rituals that need to be performed at specific times (so-called timebound, positive commandments) has served for centuries to stabilize Jewish gender. It has provided a rationale for women's centrality at home and their absence from the synagogue. Departing from dominant popular and scholarly views, Elizabeth Shanks Alexander argues that the rule was not conceived to structure women's religious lives, but rather became a tool for social engineering only after it underwent shifts in meaning during its transmission. Alexander narrates the rule's complicated history, establishing the purposes for which it was initially formulated and the shifts in interpretation that led to its being perceived as a key marker of Jewish gender. At the end of her study, Alexander points to women's exemption from particular rituals (Shema, tefillin and Torah study), which, she argues, are better places to look for insight into rabbinic gender.
Legal and Economic Principles of World Trade Law
Authors: American Law Institute
Published: April 2013

The World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement covers international commerce in goods and services including measures that directly affect trade, such as import tariffs and quotas, and almost any type of internal measure with an impact on trade. Legal and Economic Principles of World Trade Law contributes to the analysis of the texts of World Trade Law in law and economics, reporting work done to identify improvements to the interpretation of the Agreement. It starts with background studies, the first summarizes The Genesis of the GATT, which highlights the negotiating history of the GATT 1947–8; the second introduces the economics of trade agreements. These are followed by two main studies. The first, authored by Bagwell, Staiger and Sykes, discusses legal and economic aspects of the GATT regulation of border policy instruments, such as import tariffs and import quotas. The second, written by Grossman, Horn and Mavroidis, focuses on the core provision for the regulation of domestic policy instruments - the National Treatment principles in Art. III GATT.
Trends in just war thinking during the US presidential debates 2000–12: genocide prevention and the renewed salience of last resort
Authors: BRUNSTETTER DANIEL R.
Published: April 2013

In this article, I explore the place of the just war tradition in US foreign policy by examining the use of just war language in the presidential debates in 2000 (Bush-Gore), 2004 (Bush-Kerry), 2008 (McCain-Obama), and 2012 (Obama-Romney). While critics focus on the use and abuse of just war language as rhetorical gloss to persuade the public an upcoming conflict is morally legitimate while serving the national interest, the debates showcase just war principles as part of a language of critical engagement. Each debate cycle allowed for critical reflection on the foreign policy decisions and just war philosophy of the incumbent president. During the time period I examine, the process of critical engagement identified two moral shortcomings of the past – the failure to act to stop the genocide in Rwanda and the premature use of force in Iraq. These perceived failures catalysed convergence, across party lines, on the way some jus ad bellum principles were understood: Just cause as including the moral obligation to intervene in some way to stop genocide and the renewed salience of the principle of last resort. There remained, however, stark differences in the way legitimate authority was understood.
Necessity and non-combatant immunity
Authors: LAZAR SETH
Published: April 2013

The principle of non-combatant immunity protects non-combatants against intentional attacks in war. It is the most widely endorsed and deeply held moral constraint on the conduct of war. And yet it is difficult to justify. Recent developments in just war theory have undermined the canonical argument in its favour – Michael Walzer's, inJust and Unjust Wars. Some now deny that non-combatant immunity has principled foundations, arguing instead that it is entirely explained by a different principle: that of necessity. In war, as in ordinary life, harms to others can be justified only if they are necessary. Attacking non-combatants, the argument goes, is never necessary, so never justified. Although often repeated, this argument has never been explored in depth. In this article, I evaluate the necessity-based argument for non-combatant immunity, drawing together theoretical analysis and empirical research on anti-civilian tactics in interstate warfare, counterinsurgency, and terrorism.
Representing Green Radicalism: the limits of state-based representation in global climate governance
Authors: STEVENSON HAYLEY
Published: April 2013

In recent years, the post-neoliberal bloc of Latin America countries, ALBA, has fashioned a role for itself in international climate change negotiations as representing the voice of ‘the people’. In this article I draw on innovative theorising of representation to critically examine this claim. I argue that although ALBA has sought to construct a constituency based on the malleable notion of ‘the people’, its function is better understood as ‘discursive representation’, and specifically as representation of Green Radical discourses. Such forms of representation are potentially important in global governance given the challenges of capturing the interests of all affected parties. I critically evaluate this case of discursive representation in terms of its rhetorical efficacy; accountability; consistency; and legitimacy. Although certain favourable elements emerge from this evaluation, this case also points to the hazards of transmitting a public discourse through a state-based representative in multilateral settings.
Mediated and unmediated market dependence in the Flemish countryside in the nineteenth century: two paths of rural development
Authors: RONSIJN WOUTER
Published: April 2013

Recently, several studies have cast new light on the relative roles of commerce and exchange in rural areas. This article examines the importance of extra-local trade in two contrasting regions of the nineteenth-century Flemish countryside, Oudenaarde and Saint-Nicolas. In the first region, the size distribution of holdings was such that market dependence was ‘mediated’; rural output circulated via reciprocal personal relationships. In the second region, market dependence was ‘unmediated’ and rural producers were more directly involved in the market. The article also highlights the complexity of the commercialisation of the countryside, and the need to move beyond the traditional opposing views that have long dominated the debate on the commercialisation of the countryside.
An improved structural model for cellulose II
Authors: Kaduk James A. , Blanton Thomas N.
Published: April 2013

A sample of cellulose II, prepared by deacetylation of cellulose acetate, has permitted more precise determination of the unit-cell parameters by the Rietveld method. Cellulose II is monoclinic, with space group P21c-axis unique (or P1121) (No. 4) and refined unit-cell parameters a = 8.076(13), b = 9.144(10), c = 10.386(20) Å, γ = 117.00(8)°, and V = 683.5(18) Å3. A density functional geometry optimization using these fixed unit-cell parameters has resulted in an improved structural model for cellulose II. A powder pattern calculated from this new model has been submitted to the ICDD for inclusion in future releases of the Powder Diffraction File.
Sustainability and the measurement of wealth: further reflections
Authors: Arrow Kenneth J. , Dasgupta Partha , Goulder Lawrence H. , Mumford Kevin J. , Oleson Kirsten
Published: April 2013

The June 2012 issue of Environment and Development Economics published a symposium with considerable focus on our paper, ‘Sustainability and the measurement of wealth’. The Symposium also contained five articles in which other researchers offered valuable comments on our paper. The present note replies to those comments. It clarifies important issues and reveals how important questions relating to sustainability analysis can be fruitfully addressed within our framework. These include questions about the treatment of time, the use of shadow prices and the treatment of transnational externalities. This note also offers new theoretical results that help substantiate our earlier empirical finding that the value of human health is something very different from the value of the consumption permitted by health and survival.
Editorial
Authors: Johnson Dale E.
Published: April 2013

This supplement is a continuing step in the development of
Microscopy and Microanalysis. The journal was launched
in 1995 under the title JMSA, as the official journal of
the Microscopy Society of America. In 1997 the journal was renamed
and placed in the hands of Springer-Verlag, one of the world's
leading publishers of scientific journals. In order to ensure the
completeness and integrity of library collections, the scientific
articles from Volumes 1 and 2 of JMSA are reprinted here as a
supplement to Microscopy and Microanalysis.
High-Speed Fluorescence Microscopy: Lifetime Imaging in the
Biomedical Sciences
Authors: Periasamy Ammasi , Wang Xue F. , Wodnick Pawel , Gordon Gerald W. , Kwon Seongwook , Diliberto Pamela A. , Herman Brian
Published: April 2013

The ability to observe the behavior of living cells and tissues
provides unparalleled access to information regarding the
organization and dynamics of complex cellular structures. While
great strides have been made over the past 30 to 40 years in
the design and application of a variety of novel optical
microscopic techniques, until recently, it has not been possible
to image biological phenomena that occur over very short time
periods (nanosecond to millisecond) or over short distances
(10 to 1000 Å). However, the recent combination of (1) very
rapidly gated and sensitive image intensifiers and (2) the ability
to deliver fluorescence excitation energy to intact living
biological specimens in a pulsed or sinusoidally modulated fashion
has allowed such measurements to become a reality through the
imaging of the lifetimes of fluorescent molecules. This capability
has resulted in the ability to observe the dynamic organization
and interaction of cellular components on a spatial and temporal
scale previously not possible using other microscopic techniques.
This paper discusses the implementation of a fluorescence lifetime
imaging microscope (FLIM) and provides a review of some of the
applications of such an instrument. These include measurements
of receptor topography and subunit interactions using fluorescence
resonance energy transfer (FRET), fluorescence anisotropy of
phospholipids in cell membranes, cytosolic free calcium
(Ca2+)i and the detection of human
papillomavirus (HPV) infection in clinical cervicovaginal smears.
Hemagglutinin-Catalyzed Cell-Cell Fusion: Kinetics of Initial
Pore Formation from Video Rate, Multi-Wavelength Fluorescence
Microscopy
Authors: Morris Stephen J. , Howard Daniel E. , Chang Teng H. , Sarkar Debi P. , Blumenthal Robert
Published: April 2013

Cell-cell fusion induced by the hemagglutinin (HA)
spike-glycoprotein of influenza virus has been studied extensively
using transfected cells expressing the protein. The initial
fusion event is the formation of a small pore connecting the
two cells. Its appearance has been measured by sudden changes
in capacitance by whole cell patch clamp and more recently by
the sudden change in the fluorescence of a possibly
potential-sensitive fluorophore. Using a new design of fluorescence
video microscopy capable of capturing multiple images at differing
wavelengths of light simultaneously at video rates, this
fluorescence event is shown to follow exponential kinetics,
with a life time, τ, of approximately 350 ms.
Three-Dimensional Imaging and Electrophysiology of Live Aplysia
Neurons during Volume Pertubation: Confocal Light and High-Voltage
Electron Microscopy
Authors: Fejtl Michael , Szarowski Donald H. , Decker Diane , Buttle Karolyn , Carpenter David O. , Turner James N.
Published: April 2013

We have used confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM),
high-voltage electron microscopy (HVEM), and intracellular
recording techniques to study volume changes in cultured
Aplysia pacemaker neurons. Hyper- and hypo-tonic
artificial sea water (ASW) decreased the pacemaker frequency
and led to depolarization and hyperpolarization, respectively.
However, when negative or positive current was injected into
neurons in normal ASW, the frequency decreased with
hyperpolarization but increased with depolarization. This suggests
that the membrane potential is not the only factor underlying
the reduction of the pacemaker activity.

Changes in cell volume were monitored with a CLSM and paralleled
progressive changes in osmolarity. The neurons swelled and shrank
nonuniformly, and, although an optical section through the middle
of the cell was monitored every 4 s for as long as 14 min, a
regulatory volume decrease or increase was never observed,
indicating an osmometer-like behavior. The time course of shrinkage
was faster than swelling after returning to control ASW after
a hypotonic shock, reflecting a possible mechanical stress on
the cytoskeleton.

Thick sections observed in the HVEM confirmed that membrane
infoldings were present in our cultured Aplysia neurons.
We hypothesize that a change in length of the latter in shrunken
and swollen neurons could provide an explanation on the
ultrastructural level for the increase and decrease in membrane
surface area observed by CLSM. We conclude that by combining
a confocal microscope with an electrophysiological set-up,
three-dimensional morphology and physiological properties can
be studied in living cells in real-time. This approach provides
the means to correlate cell volume-related alterations and physiology.
Gold Covalently Bound to Antibodies
Authors: Hainfeld James F.
Published: April 2013

A new class of gold immunoprobes has been developed with substantially different characteristics from the usual colloidal gold probes. Instead of chunks of gold metal (colloidal gold) just adsorbed to immunoglobulins by ionic or hydrophobic interactions, well-defined gold compounds are covalently attached to antibodies. Gold, along with several other metals, is known to form organo-cluster compounds with multiple metal atoms. The first gold cluster immunoprobe developed was undecagold (Au11), containing 11 gold atoms in an 0.8-nm sphere (Figure 1), covalently attached to Fab′ antibody fragments (Hainfeld, 1987). A more recent development has been the synthesis of a larger 1.4-nm gold cluster (Hainfeld et al, 1991; Hainfeld and Furuya, 1992).
Hepatic Subcellular Compartmentation of Cytoplasmic
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Determined by Immunogold Electron
Microscopy
Authors: Gao Kuixiong , Cardell Emma Lou , Morris Randal E. , Giffin Bruce F. , Cardell Robert R.
Published: April 2013

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) is the rate-limiting
gluconeogenic enzyme and in liver occurs in a lobular gradient
from periportal to pericentral regions. The subcellular
distribution of cytoplasmic PEPCK molecules within hepatocytes
and its relationship to organelles have not been determined
previously. In this study, we have used immunogold electron
microscopy to evaluate the subcellar distribution of the enzyme,
in addition to brightfield and epipolarized light microscopy.
Cryosections (10 μm) of perfusion-fixed rat liver were
collected on silanated slides and immunostained using goat anti-rat
PEPCK followed by 5-nm gold-labeled secondary and tertiary
antibodies. Additionally, free-floating vibratome sections (25,
50, and 100 μm) of perfusion-immersion-fixed rat liver were
immunogold stained using goat anti-rat PEPCK and 5-nm gold-labeled
secondary antibody, with and without silver enhancement. The
immunogold labeled sections from both procedures were embedded
in epoxy resin for the preparation of thin sections for electron
microscopy. The results showed that the gold-labeled antibodies
penetrated the entire thickness of cryosections, resulting in
a high signal for PEPCK, but membranes in general, the smooth
endoplasmic reticulum in particular, were not identifiable as
electron dense unit membranes. On the other hand, the vibratome
sections of well-fixed tissue allowed good visualization of
the ultrastructure of cellular organelles, with the smooth
endoplasmic reticulum appearing as vesicles and tubules with
electron dense unit membranes; however, the penetration of the
gold-labeled antibody was limited to cells at the surface of
the vibratome sections. In both procedures, PEPCK, as indicated
by gold particles, is predominantly in the glycogen areas of
the cytosome and not in mitochondria, nuclei, Golgi apparatus,
or other cell organelles. Hepatocytes in periportal regions
have a compact subcellular distribution of PEPCK shown by gold
particles; hepatocytes in pericentral regions have a diffuse
subcellular distribution of PEPCK and thus more scattered gold
particles. When normal serum replaced the first antibody in
the immunogold staining procedures, the background was very
low.
A Differential Interference Contrast-Based Light Microscopic
System for Laser Microsurgery and Optical Trapping of Selected
Chromosomes during Mitosis In Vivo
Authors: Cole Richard W. , Khodjakov Alexey , Wright William H. , Rieder Conly L.
Published: April 2013

Laser microsurgery and laser-generated optical force traps
(optical tweezers) are both valuable light microscopic-based
approaches for studying intra- and extracellular motility
processes, including chromosome segregation during mitosis.
Here we describe a system in use in our laboratory that allows
living cells to be followed by high-resolution differential
interference contrast (DIC) video-enhanced time-lapse light
microscopy while selected mitotic organelles and spindle components
are subjected to laser microsurgery and/or manipulation
with an optical force trap. This system couples the output from
two different Neodymium-YAG lasers to the same inverted light
microscope equipped with both phase-contrast and de Senarmont
compensation DIC optics, a motorized stage, and a high-resolution
low-light-level CCD camera. Unlike similar systems using
phase-contrast optics, our DIC-based system can image living
cells in thin optical sections without contamination due to
phase halos or out-of-focus object information. These advantages
greatly facilitate laser-based light microscopic studies on
mitotic organelles and components, including spindle poles
(centrosomes) and kinetochores, which are at or below the
resolution limit of the light microscope and buried within a
large complex structure. When used in conjunction with image
processing and high-resolution object-tracking techniques, our
system provides new information on the roles that kinetochores
and spindle microtubules play during chromosome segregation
in plant and animal cells.
Freezing without Ice Crystal Damage: Semithin and Ultrathin
Frozen Sections of Ethanol-Infiltrated Tissue for Microscopy, with
Applications to Immunocytochemistry
Authors: Christensen A. Kent , Lowry Terry B.
Published: April 2013

Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) has long been a standard reagent used
in preparing tissues for light and electron microscopy. After
fixation, tissues are usually dehydrated with ethanol before
being embedded in paraffin or plastic. In this study we show
that the ethanol-infiltrated tissue can be frozen and sectioned
directly without embedding. When tissue impregnated with ethanol
is cooled below about −117°C with liquid nitrogen,
the ethanol solidifies without appreciable crystallization.
The frozen tissue can then be sectioned in a commercial
cryoultramicrotome that is set at −155 to −170°C
to produce semithin frozen sections (0.5 to 3 μm thick)
for light microscopy or ultrathin frozen sections (50 to 100
nm thick) for electron microscopy. Sections are picked up and
mounted on glass slides or EM grids by means that are in current
use for ice ultrathin frozen sectioning. Because there is no
apparent freezing damage, the morphology in these ethanol frozen
sections of unembedded tissue appears generally quite good,
often resembling that obtained by conventional EM techniques.
Examples are provided that illustrate the use of this material
for immunocytochemistry at the light and electron microscope
levels.
Z-Contrast Imaging in the Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope
Authors: Pennycook S.J. , Jesson D.E. , Chisholm M.F. , Browning N.D. , McGibbon A.J. , McGibbon M.M.
Published: April 2013

Z-contrast STEM using an annular detector can provide an
intuitively interpretable, column-by-column, compositional map
of crystals. Incoherent imaging reduces dynamical effects to
second order so that the map directly reflects the positions
of the atomic columns and their relative high-angle scattering
power. This article outlines how these characteristics arise,
presents some examples of the insights available from a direct
image, and discusses recent developments of atomic-resolution
microanalysis, direct structure retrieval by maximum entropy
analysis, and Z-contrast imaging at 1.4 Å resolution using a
300-kV STEM.
Quantitation of X-Ray Radiographic Elemental Maps Using
Factorial Analysis of Correspondence: Methods and Programs
Authors: Trebbia P. , Ferrar G.
Published: April 2013

We examine the problem of building quantitative elemental maps
from X-ray absorption images (radiography). As we suggested
in a previous publication in Microbeam Analysis, factorial
analysis of correspondence is shown to be an optimal method,
in the least squares sense, for solving the multilinear equation
system given by Beer's law: it relates to an efficient
description of the problem in the concentration phase space.
We explain how factorial analysis is related to singular value
decomposition and we give a complete description of the algorithm.
The method can be applied to any multilinear analytical technique
as well. Programs are written in C and Mathematica® languages.
Academic users may obtain the relevant software (source and
code) as freeware directly from the authors.
Application of Factor Analysis and Artificial Neural Network
in Electron Spectroscopic Depth Profiling
Authors: Bubert Henning , Niebuhr Tamara
Published: April 2013

Depth profiling has been performed by using Auger electron
spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry in combination
with Ar-ion sputtering. The data obtained by both surface-analytical
methods have been evaluated by means of factor analysis and partly by
applying artificial neural network in order to determine the compositional
layering of different thin-films such as TiNx on Ti,
Cr2O3/CrN sandwich layer, and copper
oxide on Cu. Both multivariate statistical methods applied to
the same data sets lead to results that agree well within
statistical deviations provided that the structure of the
artificial neural network is constructed appropriate to the
actual problem.