bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factor Structure of the Job Stress Questionnaire (JSQ) in Three Occupational Groups
Authors: Hamel Karin , Bracken Duane
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present study was to analyze the internal consistency and factorial composition of the Job Stress Questionnaire (JSQ), a perceptual measure of job related stress, and to compare its factor structure across three occupational groups as well as comparing the empirical solutions to the a priori dimensions hypothesized for this scale. The results indicated acceptable reliabilities for three of the four subscales while factor analysis revealed limited support for the factorial validity of the instrument. Subgroup analyses by occupational category showed differential factor dimensionality for blue collar, white collar, and professional workers. The results were discussed in terms of their implications of job stress as a function of occupational class membership.
Navajo Adolescents Scores on a Primary Language Questionnaire, the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices (RSPM) and the Comprehensive Test of Basic Skills (CTBS): A Correlational Study
Authors: Sidles Craig , Mac Avoy James
Published: March 2007

One hundred twenty-four Navajo 14, 15, and 16 year-old regular classroom adolescents from schools in Arizona and New Mexico were administered three instruments: a Primary Language Questionnaire, the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices (RSPM) and the Comprehensive Tests of Basic Skills (CTBS). Correlations between the RSPM scores and CTBS achievement levels ranged from the upper .30's to the upper .40's, and all were significant at the .01 level. Correlational data indicated that the agreement between RSPM and CTBS scores was higher for female than for male students. Norms were established for this sample of Navajo adolescents on the Raven. Interpretations of the findings include implications for educators and psychometricians working with Navajo adolescents. Also included is a discussion of these findings as they relate to cultural sensitivity in testing, and research questions for future exploration.
Measurement Characteristics of the Group Embedded Figures Test
Authors: Thompson Bruce , Melancon Janet G.
Published: March 2007

The results of the present study strongly indicate that the Group Embedded Figures Test has desired measurement characteristics. The results are consistent with previous research, though the present study employed a more sophisticated measurement theory than has typically been employed in past research with the measure: that is, generalizability theory. Furthermore, test and item difficulty and item discrimination coefficients also had desirable values.
A Comparison of Mixed Standard Scale Ratings Calculated with Blanz and Ghiselli's and Saal's Scoring Algorithms
Authors: Desselles Mitzi L. , Dobbins Gregory H.
Published: March 2007

The present study compared the accuracy of mixed standard scale (MSS) ratings determined with either the Blanz and Ghiselli (1972) or the Saal (1979) scoring algorithm. A laboratory methodology was used so that the true level of ratee performance would be available and the accuracy of ratings could serve as dependent measures. Eighty-four undergraduate students observed four videotapes of managers interacting with subordinates and rated each manager on a MSS. The MSS was scored using the Blanz and Ghiselli and Saal algorithms. Analyses indicated that MSS ratings calculated with Saal's algorithm were more accurate than those calculated with Blanz and Ghiselli's method. Implications of the findings for past research and the future use of mixed standard scales are discussed.
Unweighted and Weighted Measures of Children's Giving
Authors: Vandenplas-Holper Christiane , Crivisqui-Linares Carmen , Ketele Jean-Marie De
Published: March 2007

An unweighted and two weighted measures of children's giving were used in two experiments designed to enhance children's prosocial development. Since the weighted measures take indirectly into account the subjects' underlying motives for giving, they are supposed to be more valid indicators of the underlying processes than the unweighted measures which are traditionally used in studies on children's prosocial development. The paper describes the rationale for the construction of the unweighted and weighted measures, presents data on test-retest reliability and validity as well as treatment outcomes for the two experiments.
The Effect of Variations in Answer Sheet Format on Performance on the Dat Clerical Speed and Accuracy Test
Authors: Hodgkinson G. P.
Published: March 2007

Form W of the Differential Aptitude Tests-Clerical Speed and Accuracy Test was administered to a group of one hundred college students using two different answer sheets, the Westinghouse Answer Sheet used during the standardization trials and a new version recently published in conjunction with the test. Each subject completed the test using one version of the answer sheet. It was found that the two versions yield comparable scores.
An Analysis of Gender Differences in the Factor Structure of the Career Decision Scale
Authors: Hartman Bruce W. , Jenkins Stephen J. , Fuqua Dale R. , Sutherland Viola E.
Published: March 2007

The factor structure of the Career Decision Scale, but not total scores, showed gender differences in a sample of undergraduate college students. The factor structure of the CDS tended to be more stable for females than males over a six-week interval. The only item on the CDS that describes an interpersonal reason for being undecided was omitted from the factor structure for females, but not males. Reliance on total scores remains the most useful option because of the instability of the factor structure over time and across samples. In the search for variables which contribute to our understanding of career indecision, those which differentiate between the indecision experienced by males and females are still undetermined and are a useful area for further research.
Contrasts for the Residual Interaction in Latin Square Designs
Authors: Thompson Paul A.
Published: March 2007

The current methods available for the computation of the residual interaction in the Latin square (and higher order fractional designs) are rather ad hoc. The algorithms which exist to construct the residual interaction contrasts are complex and confusing. Additionally, it is difficult to generalize them to other types of fractional factorial designs. These contrasts may be developed with the Gram-Schmidt orthonormalization. Extensions of the approach are developed.
A Psychometric Evaluation of the Multiple Choice Version of the Miner Sentence Completion Scale
Authors: Eberhardt Bruce J. , Yap Choon K. , Basuray M. Tom
Published: March 2007

A psychometric evaluation of the multiple choice version of the Miner Sentence Completion Scale (MSCS) was conducted. One hundred eighty-nine male and 82 female senior business students enrolled in a Business Policy course responded to the MSCS and the Manifest Needs Questionnaire (MNQ). Reliability estimates (coefficient alphas) were calculated for the subscales and the Total Score measure of the MSCS. The subjects' responses to the MSCS were also factor analyzed. Scale scores from the MSCS were correlated to the scores from the MNQ. The results indicated that the MSCS subscales lacked reliability and that the seven-subscale structure, suggested by Miner (1965), was not supported. The results and recommendations for the future use of the multiple choice version of the MSCS were discussed.
The Validation of the Student Social Orientations Questionnaire
Authors: Katz Yaacov J , Schmida Mirjam
Published: March 2007

The aim of the present study was to ascertain the validity of the Students' Social Orientation Questionnaire (SSOQ), a new instrument specially compiled to measure high school students' orientations toward major social issues. The findings indicate that the SSOQ is a valid and reliable measure of occupational aspirations, social image, study motivation, social integration and good citizen-ship for a representative sample of Israeli high school students.
The Convergence of the Results of Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis in the Latent Structure of a Standardized Affective Measure
Authors: Michael William B. , Bachelor Patricia , Bachelor Barry , Michael Joan J.
Published: March 2007

For a sample of 271 tenthand eleventh-grade students from middle-class families residing in a suburban setting, both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were carried out on a correlation matrix of 90 items and on a correlation matrix of 18 subtests, each consisting of five items. Both correlation matrixes were derived from an affective measure comprising six relatively homogeneous factor scales, each with 15 items. A comparison of the various orthogonal and oblique solutions for the item correlation matrix and for the subtest correlation matrix revealed comparable dimensions. Application of goodness-of-fit indexes in the confirmatory analyses revealed that the six-factor oblique solution for either the item or subtest correlation matrix accounted for the greatest amount of covariation in each matrix. It was concluded that in the instance of a multidimensional affective measure with homogeneous scales a high degree of convergence was realized in the solutions obtained by either exploratory or confirmatory factor analyses whether intercorrelations of items or of composites of items (subtests) were examined.
Concurrent Validity of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) for Adolescents
Authors: Lee Steven W. , Piersel Wayne C. , Friedlander Richard , Collamer William
Published: March 2007

The Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (CMAS) originally created in 1956, has been revised by Reynolds and Richmond (1978). New validity data on the scale were needed, and Reynolds (1980, 1982) has provided promising validity data on the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) for elementary school aged children. Since little validity data are available for the RCMAS with adolescents, this study was designed to examine the concurrent validity of the RCMAS for adolescents. The expected relationships between the RCMAS and similar measures from the MMPI were found, indicating that the RCMAS may indeed be a valid measure of anxiety for adolescents. Aspects of discriminant validity (Campbell and Fiske, 1959) were evaluated and directions for future validity studies presented.
Class Size and Student Ratings of Tertiary Courses
Authors: Watkins David , Afzulpurkar Nitin
Published: March 2007

Data from student ratings of 224 under-graduate courses at a New Zealand university were utilised to explore the relationship between size of class and student satisfaction with their course. Evidence was found for a larger negative association than is typically found in North American studies. However, there was little indication to suggest that this relationship was non-linear in form.
Longitudinal Changes in the Study Habits of Successful College Students
Authors: Bartling Carl A.
Published: March 2007

Data from a longitudinal study showed that after two years of college study successful students (those completing the first two years) were less likely to report using systematic study methods than when they started college, but more likely to report using "deep level" approaches to study (i.e., higher scores on the Synthesis-Analysis scale of a shortened form of the Inventory of Learning Processes [Bartling, 1987]). Comparisons based on timelagged correlations (predictive validities of the inventory scales versus corresponding concurrent and postdictive validities with semester GPAs as criteria) support the conclusion that students' perceptions of their learning and study habits are more dependent upon their current and past academic performances than are their academic performances dependent upon their learning and study habits.
A Reexamination of the Attitudes toward Computer Usage Scale
Authors: Brown Thomas S. , Brown James T. , Baack Sharon A.
Published: March 2007

The Attitudes Toward Computer Usage Scale (ATCUS) was factor analyzed using a sample of elderly adults (average age 73). The resulting factor structure was compared with previously reported results obtained with a sample of college-age students. Results of this study indicated differences in the two-factor patterns. Discussion focuses on the need to include adults of all ages when developing this type of measuring instrument.
Confirmatory Factor Analyses of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised and the Hong Kong-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Authors: Lee Lai-Min Paul , Lam Y. Raymond
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to assess the developmental and the cultural invariance of the factor structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R). Both the WISC-R and an adapted version of the WISC-R, adapted for use in Hong Kong, called the HK-WISC, were examined by using confirmatory factor analysis. Age groups of children 7, 10, and 13 years old were studied to assess the developmental invariance of the WISC-R and of the HK-WISC. The results supported the conjecture of cultural invariance of the WISC-R.
Suinn Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale for Elementary School Students (MARS-E): Psychometric and Normative Data
Authors: Suinn Richard M. , Taylor Susan , Edwards Ruth W.
Published: March 2007

The Suinn Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale, Elementary Form (MARS-E) is described along with validity and reliability information. The scale is composed of 26 items which assess the degree to which students experience anxiety in specific life situations. Psychometric data were obtained on 1,119 fourth, fifth, and sixth graders from six schools. Results indicated that the MARS-E scores are significantly correlated with achievement scores from the Stanford Achievement Test on mathematics skills. Factor analysis identified two factors, named mathematics test anxiety, and mathematics performance evaluation anxiety.
Some Results on Reliability for the Longitudinal Measurement of Change: Implications for the Design of Studies of Individual Growth
Authors: Willett John B.
Published: March 2007

When changes in educational or psychological status are being measured, every subject in the sample must be observed on several chronologically successive occasions. In the pursuit of such longitudinal data, traditional researchers have been content to administer only a pre-test and a post-test (thus collecting two waves of data on each subject). More recently, however, methodologists have argued that multiwave data (i.e., more than two waves) must be collected for the effective measurement of change. Multi-wave data allows a suitable mathematical model to be fitted to each of the individual growth records as a way of summarizing the growth of each subject. Subsequent investigations of between-individual differences in growth can then be based on the results of these fits.

In this article, individual growth-modeling permits the reliability of change measurement to be examined. This reliability is shown to depend upon three factors: the magnitude of the inter-individual heterogeneity in true growth, the size of the measurement-error variance, and the number of waves of data that have been collected. The paper demonstrates that dramatic increases in the reliability of change measurement can be achieved by collecting relatively few additional waves of data, a finding that has considerable import for the informed design of longitudinal studies of individual change.
Global versus Specific Cognitive Measures and their Relationship to Assertion Deficits
Authors: Mizes J. Scott , Morgan Glen D. , Buder Jane
Published: March 2007

Assertion deficits are hypothesized to be due to either skill deficits or cognitive appraisal. Several correlational studies, however, have found only a modest relationship or association between assertion deficits and measures of cognitive distortion. This may be a consequence of utilizing measures of cognitions that are "global" rather than situation or problem specific (Mischel, 1968). This study directly compared the relative strength of association of global cognitive measures versus an assertion specific cognitive measure with assertion. The assertion specific measure was more strongly related to assertion skills as compared to the global cognitive measures. Implications for this finding is discussed.
The Test of Word-Finding in Discourse: Diagnostic Utility Evidence
Authors: German Diane J. , Glasnapp Douglas R.
Published: March 2007

The Test of Word Finding in Discourse (TWF-D) was developed as a diagnostic instrument to identify children who potentially have word finding disorders defined by atypically high frequencies of word finding behaviors exhibited in verbal discourse. Validity evidence is provided by the present study demonstrating that the TWF-D efficiently and with a high degree of accuracy differentiates between children with clinically diagnosed word-finding disorders and normal learning children. A global index of word finding behaviors resulted in correct classification of over 90% of the children in both groups. Subsequent application of discriminant analysis results to a normative sample indicated that children identified using the TWF-D global index exhibited one of two primary word finding behavioral patterns: (a) atypically high substitution responses or atypically high reformulation, and (b) repetition responses in the presence of low substitution responses.
Factor Analysis of the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale: Why is Replication So Difficult?
Authors: Watters Derek A. , Thomas B. Helen , Streiner David L.
Published: March 2007

This study represented an attempt to replicate the factor structure obtained by Lindal and Venables (1983) for the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale (NSLCS) for Children. Although the same factor analytic techniques were used on a similarly-constituted sample, a somewhat different solution was obtained. Comrey (1973) suggested that scales with dichotomous items cannot be factor analyzed reliably. As a more rigorous test of this theory, the factor analyses performed on two randomly-selected samples from one study were compared. However, this replication attempt also failed. The authors concluded that the dichotomous nature of the NSLCS Scale is the reason that replication of its factor structure has been so elusive.
Distinguishing Personal and Social Values
Authors: Mueller Daniel J. , Wornhoff Steven A.
Published: March 2007

This study establishes an empirical distinction between values applied to one's own behaviors and goals (personal values) and the same values applied to other persons' behaviors and to goals one holds for society (social values). This distinction is demonstrated through the construction of seven pairs of personal and social value scales (the Indiana Value Scales) and an examination of their intercorrelations. These scales, together with the Survey of Personal Values and the Survey of Interpersonal Values by Gordon, and with the Rokeach Value Survey were administered to 100 college students. Correlations of the personal and social scales of the Indiana Value Scales with counterpart scales in the Rokeach and Gordon Inventories are compared to determine the extent to which these popular standardized value inventories are focusing on personal vs social value applications.
A Program to Select the Best Items that Maximize Cronbach's Alpha
Authors: Flebus Giovanni Battista
Published: March 2007

A FORTRAN program is described that provides for a search for the maximum alpha coefficient through the incorporation of two common methods employed for item analysis along with priority information into a stepwise selection procedure.
Race, Gender, and Maternal Education Differences on Three Measures of the Early Screening Profiles
Authors: Ittenbach Richard F. , Harrison Patti L.
Published: March 2007

The records of 979 preschool children were used to determine if differences in early childhood development can be accounted for by differences in performance on three measures of the Early Screening Profiles. A 2 × 2 × 3 (Race × Gender × Maternal education) MANOVA design was used for analysis with Cognitive/Language, Self-Help/Social, and Motor Profile standard scores as the three dependent variables. No statistically significant multivariate three-way or two-way interactions were observed. Univariate follow-ups to statistically significant main effects for race and maternal education that yielded statistically significant F values (a = .01) produced the following: (a) children classified as white scored significantly higher than children classified as black on both the Cognitive and Motor Profiles; (b) children for whom mothers reported high or medium levels of formal education scored higher than children for whom mothers reported low levels of formal education on the Cognitive Profile; and (c) children for whom mothers reported medium levels of formal education scored significantly higher than children for whom mothers reported low levels of formal education on the Motor Profile.
Reliability and Factor Structure of the Managerial Potential Scale
Authors: Novelli Luke , Gryskiewicz Nur
Published: March 2007

The 34-Item Managerial Potential Scale (MP) of the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) was investigated. The results of the reliabilities (Cronbach's alpha) and the factor analysis (principle components, varimax rotation) suggest that the MP Scale should not be used for management selection or development due to the obtained low estimates of internal-consistency reliability and an ambiguous factor structure.
The Effect of Collapsing Ordered Polytomous Scales on Parameter Estimates in Structural Equation Measurement Models
Authors: Brown R. L.
Published: March 2007

This study explores the influence collapsing ordered polytomous variable scales has on structural equation measurement model parameter estimates. Four parameter estimation procedures (i.e., NTGLS, ADF, POLYCHORIC, and TOBIT) were investigated for their efficacy in recovering simulated structural equation measurement model parameters at three different scale collapse levels. Results from a Monte Carlo study indicate that both NTGLS and ADF procedures performed poorly in the recovery of the estimates, whereas the latent projection procedures (i.e., POLYCHORIC and TOBIT) performed well. Although a slight improvement was noticed in the estimates for the NTGLS and ADF procedures, while collapsing the scales, this result was considered trivial. The latent projection procedures were not affected by changes in scale level.
Exploratory N = 1 Profile Analysis
Authors: Bird Kevin D.
Published: March 2007

A method is outlined for the analysis of the shape of an individual profile of scores on a standardized test battery such as the WAIS-R. The method makes use of a simultaneous test procedure allowing for an overall test of profile flatness, together with follow-up tests on all contrasts of interest, including any that may be suggested by an examination of the observed-pattern of scores.
Construct and Concurrent Validation of the Andrews and Withey Job Satisfaction Questionnaire
Authors: Rentsch Joan R. , Steel Robert P.
Published: March 2007

Two studies evaluating the psychometric properties of Andrews and Withey's (1976) overall job satisfaction questionnaire were performed. Study 1 found that the Andrews and Withey questionnaire correlated significantly with both the Job Descriptive Index (r = .70,p < .001) and the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (r = .70, p < .001). Study 2 found that the Andrews and Withey satisfaction scale was significantly correlated with job performance, organizational commitment, and turnover intentions.
Assessment of Individual Differences in Preferences for Holistic-Analytic Strategies: Evaluation of Some Commonly Available Instruments
Authors: Beyler Jane , Schmeck Ronald Ray
Published: March 2007

Recently, it has become more acceptable to assume two different types of cognitive processes: analytic, rule-based, and sequential versus holistic, episode-based, or simply "nonanalytic." Results of both educational research and cognitive laboratory research suggest the presence of a holistic-analytic continuum of individual differences in cognitive functioning. The present investigation was designed to compare several potential measures of the holistic-analytic dimension. Evidence for construct validity comes from the convergence of measures that should theoretically assess the holistic-analytic dimension (i.e., sensing, intuiting, judging, and perceiving on Myers-Briggs Type Indicator; the left and right hemispheric preferences of the Human Information Processing Survey; and the Fact Retention, Methodical Study, Holist and Serialist scales of the Inventory of Learning Processes). Construct validity of the holist-analytic dimension was also supported by the divergence of measures assessing a dimension theoretically unrelated to the holistic-analytic construct (i.e., the introversion extraversion scales of the Myers-Briggs and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire). Additional findings revealed a relationship between the Deep and Elaborative Processing scales of the Inventory of Learning Processes and the Integrated scale of the Human Information Processing Survey.
Psychometric Properties of the Washington University Sentence Completion Test
Authors: Novy Diane M. , Francis David J.
Published: March 2007

The psychometric properties of the two halves the Washington University Sentence Completion Test (SCT) Form 81 were examined by comparing the fit of structural equation models representing parallel, tau-equivalent, and congeneric properties. Data for these models were based on item-sum scores for the two halves of the SCT and eight measures of aspects of ego development, the construct purportedly measured by the SCT. The data were from a sample of 265 adults. The results suggest that the parallel model provides both a parsimonious and good fit for the data. These results provide empirical justification for those users of the SCe who have the need for shorter, interchangeable, and reliable forms of the test.
Powcor: A Power Analysis and Sample Size Program for Testing Differences between Dependent and Indepwendent Correlations
Authors: Allison David B. , Gorman Bernard S.
Published: March 2007

POWCOR is a BASIC program that computes power or needed sample sizes for detecting the differences between pairs of correlated or independent correlation coefficients. The program can compute power for unequal samples sizes, given independent correlations.
Gender as a Moderator Variable in Predicting Success in a Master of Arts in Teaching Program
Authors: Kirchner Grace L.
Published: March 2007

To test for the presence of gender as a moderator variable, a hierarchical regression analysis was performed using scores on the general section of the GRE and undergraduate GPA to predict the graduate GPA's of 23 male and 80 female Master of Arts in Teaching students. A significant main effect was found for the set of academic predictors, but no significant interaction was found between gender and the academic predictors.
Measuring Social Desirability: Short Forms of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale
Authors: Fischer Donald G. , Fick Carol
Published: March 2007

A practical difficulty with the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (SDS) is its length. Preferring a shorter measure of social desirability, researchers have devised a number of short forms of the SDS. The present study used confirmatory factor analysis to establish the adequacy of these subscales in measuring social desirability. Results showed that (a) of the six short forms of SDS considered two models (XI and X2) provide the best measures of social desirability, (b) improved measures of all of the models can be constructed, and (c) improved measures of the dimensions, denial and attribution, thought to measure the latent construct of social approval can also be constructed.
The Development and Factorial Validation of the Academic Setting Evaluation Questionnaire
Authors: Fernandez Juan , Mateo Miguel A.
Published: March 2007

In contrast to the large volume of research that examines university teaching quality, there is a considerable shortage of studies, both theoretical and empirical, on the setting in which faculty members carry out their teaching and research duties. The present investigation attempts to partially fill this vacuum by providing an analysis of the reliability, dimensionality, and transituational in-variance of the Academic Setting Evaluation Questionnaire (ASEQ). This instrument was administered to two representative samples of Madrid Complutense University faculty members. Three dimensions emerged: (a) Satisfaction with Working Conditions, (b) Social Climate, and (c) Relationship with Students.
Discriminant and Convergent Validity of the Problem Solving Style Questionnaire
Authors: Tepper Bennett J. , Tetrault Linda A. , Braun Charles K. , Romero Jose Eulogio
Published: March 2007

This investigation assesses the validity of the Problem Solving Style Questionnaire's (PSSQ) two subscales (abstractness/concreteness and action/reflection). Confirmatory factor analyses with the PSSQ and Honey and Mumford's (1982) Learning Styles Questionnaire provide support for the convergent and discriminant validity of the PSSQ. Although further examination of the psychometric properties of the PSSQ is warranted, the PSSQ represents an encouraging alternative to other measures of learning style.
The Reliability and Validity of the Icelandic Parent Development Inventory for Children from 36 Months to 72 Months
Authors: Gudmundsson Einar , Gretarsson Sigurdur J.
Published: March 2007

The construction of a 190-item developmental inventory for 36-72 month children based on parental report is described. In a sample of 508 mothers (Study 1), alpha-coefficients ranged from r = .72 to r = .90 for the eight subtests. A series of principal components analyses of the subtests' standardized total scores at three age levels revealed two components in each case, one verbal and one motor. The two components accounted for 62.6% (36-47 month olds), 63.3% (48-59 month olds), and 64.3% (60-72 month olds) of the variance of the eight subtests' standardized total scores. In a separate investigation of 27 mother-child dyads (Study 2), the inventory's subtests revealed satisfactory convergent-divergent validity when correlated with subscales of the Griffith's Mental Development Scale.
The Descriptive Tests of Mathematics Skills:Predictive Validity for an Elementary Mathematics Concepts and Structures Course
Authors: Meyer John H. , Woodard Peggy G. , Suddick David E.
Published: March 2007

The Descriptive Tests of Mathematics Skills (DTMS) were designed for a wide range of uses at the lower division level. Two DTMS tests, Arithmetic Skills and Elementary Algebra Skills, were used to set a minimum standard for transferring juniors majoring in elementary education to enroll in an advanced mathematics concepts and structures course at a midwestern upper-division university. For the 60 students passing both tests and earning a grade in the class, significant predictive validity coefficients were found. When multivariate analysis was applied, it was found that the model could be simplified to only the Elementary Algebra Skills test. Nevertheless, DTMS can be used effectively to place upper-division elementary education majors into an advanced mathematics concepts and structures course.
Growth Rate Reliability in Longitudinal Measurement
Authors: Woodruff David , Houston Mark
Published: March 2007

The reliability of the growth rate parameter estimator first presented by J. B. Willet for a linear growth model is derived and critically examined. The effects on the reliability of the growth rate of the intervals between the longitudinal measurements and the covariances between the longitudinal measurements are distinguished. It is demonstrated that, mathematically, the latter and not the former functionally determines the reliability of the growth rate, but it is also recognized that, practically, the time intervals may affect the covariances.
The Relation between the Structure of Temperament Questionnaire and Other Personality Domains
Authors: Dumenci Levent
Published: March 2007

The relation between temperament and five dimensions of personality was investigated. Correlations between the Structure of Temperament Questionnaire (STQ) and the NEO-Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) indicated that only two emotionality scales of the STQ were highly correlated with the six facets of the Extroversion scale of the NEO-PI. By means of a two-factor solution of STQ items, a new instrument was constructed. When correlated with the NEO-PI scales, the new instrument converged to the personality domains of Neuroticism and Extraversion.
The Degree of Congruence between Test Standards and Test Documentation with in Journal Publications
Authors: Qualls Audrey L. , Moss Angela D.
Published: March 2007

The present study examined the extent to which testing practices comply with professional guidelines regarding examination of relevant reliability and validity evidence. The focus of testing use was limited to published research investigations appearing in 1992 American Psychological Association journals. Data regarding the use of paper and pencil tests, type of instrument, and reliability and validity information were abstracted from each article. Reliability and validity evidence supporting the use of a particular test for a specific contextual application was often lacking. Documentation of both of these key psychometric properties was reported for 20% of the 2,167 instruments used. About half(49%) of instrumentation was supported with evidence of one type or the other. When reported, test use was generally supported by internal consistency reliability and construct validity evidence.
A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Test Anxeety Inventory Using Canadian High School Students
Authors: Gierl Mark J. , Rogers W. Todd
Published: March 2007

The Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI) is one of the most widely used surveys to assess overall test anxiety. In addition, scores are available for two components of anxiety: emotionality and worry. However, there is controversy about the nature of these two components. The authors of the TAI suggest that these two factors are orthogonal, whereas others suggest that they are oblique. Working with a sample of 335 male and 389 female school-leaving students from Canada, confirmatory factor analyses revealed that a two-factor oblique model provided the best fit to the data. The two-factor oblique model was also found to be invariant across sex. However, given that the means differed between males and females, the use of separate norms should be continued.
On The Discriminant Validity of the Meyer and Allen Measure of Organizational Commitment: How Does it Fit with the Work Commitment Construct?
Authors: Cohen Aaron
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to examine the discriminant validity of the Meyer and Allen scales of organizational commitment and their relationships to commitment of different foci such as work involvement, job involvement, career commitment, and the Protestant work ethic. A total of 238 usable questionnaires were returned from nurses from two hospitals in western Canada. Results of confirmatory factor analysis (LISREL) and correlation analysis showed a good discriminant validity among the seven commitment foci; the three organizational commitment foci, and the four work commitment foci. The data also showed that the fit measures of the Meyer and Allen scales were better than those of the widespread Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ).
The Impact of Number of Jobs and Selection Ratio on Classification Efficiency: An Extended Table of Brogden's Allocation Average
Authors: Alf Edward F. , Abrahams Norman M.
Published: March 2007

This article is an extension of Brodgen's table of allocation averages, presented in EPM in 1959. The current table deals with up to 1,000 jobs and rejection rates ranging from 0 to 90%.
Computer Studies Measuring the Joint Agreement between Multiple Raters and a Standard
Authors: Berry Kenneth J. , Mielke Paul W
Published: March 2007

A FORTRAN subroutine is presented to calculate a generalized measure of agreement between multiple raters and a set of correct responses at any level of measurement and among multiple responses, along with the associated probability value, under the null hypothesis.
Power Calculation for Multiple Comparisons of two Independent Samples on P Variables Using PROC IML in SAS
Authors: Algina James
Published: March 2007

In this study, the SAS system was used to program power calculations for multiple comparisons of two groups on p variables. Three programs were prepared to accommodate variations in the information that may be available to do the power analysis.
The Responsibility Scale: A Research Note on Dissertation Completion
Authors: Kluever Raymond C. , Green Kathy E.
Published: March 2007

As individuals mature, increasing responsibility is taken for life events, but there is variation in this maturation from one individual to another. These individual differences can be observed in the doctoral candidate's acceptance of responsibility for completing the doctoral dissertation. The Responsibility Scale was completed by 142 graduates and 97 nongraduates (all but dissertations [ABDs]) in a college of education. A principal components analysis of the scale indicated that two factors underlie responses. The scale appears useful for assessing attitudes of doctoral candidates toward responsibility for dissertation tasks and for planning student advising based on these attitudes.
Another Look at the Dimensionality of the School Participant Empowerment Scale
Authors: Klecker Beverly M. , Loadman William E.
Published: March 2007

Teacher empowerment is a cornerstone of most educational (restructuring) reform movements. This investigation explored the stability, reliability, and validity of scores on the subscales of Short and Rinehart's School Participant Empowerment Scale with data from a large sample of classroom teachers working in Ohio. The sample of 4,091 teachers was representative of state and national populations of classroom teachers. Confirmatory factor analysis failed to confirm the subscales identified by Short and Rinehart. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify six revised subscales. Use and validity for scores on the new subscales are discussed.
The Prediction of Preference for Familiar Urban Places
Authors: Herzog Thomas R. , Kaplan Stephen , Kaplan Rachel
Published: March 2007

The experience of the urban environment was studied in terms of how it is categorized, what people's preferences are, and the extent to which complexity and familiarity can account for these preferences. College students rated urban scenes on these three variables under three methods of scene presentation: Slides, Label (name and location), and Imagery (Label with instructions to imagine the scene). A nonmetric factor analysis of the preference ratings for the Slide condition yielded five urban dimensions: Cultural, Contemporary, Commercial, Entertainment, and Campus. The pattern of results was virtually identical across the three presentation conditions. The five urban dimensions differed significantly in terms of each of the rating scales. Both complexity and familiarity were factors in accounting for the obtained preferences, pointing to the need for examining a variety of predictor variables. At the same time, the fact that the pattern of relationships was quite different across the content dimensions points to the need for caution in interpreting results based on relatively global prediction of preference.
Decelerating Environmentally Destructive Lawn-Walking
Authors: Hayes Steven C. , Cone John D.
Published: March 2007

Three general strategies (response difficulty, chaining, and prompting) were used to generate six interventions to decrease lawn walking in a park. Interventions were evaluated in separate ABA designs during which 1885 persons (61% male) were observed. While none of the three strategies appeared generally superior, some interventions were more effective than others. Formal prompts (signs) and procedures involving response difficulty (i.e., physical barriers to pathways) were most effective. An intervention designed by professional planners independent of this study was also evaluated and shown to increase lawn walking slightly, though not significantly, rather than to decrease it. The value of conducting a behavioral analysis prior to implementing permanent environmental rearrangements was emphasized.
Planning to Move
Authors: Wofsey Elizabeth , Rierdan Jill , Wapner Seymour
Published: March 2007

Individuals with articulated plans for moving to a new environment and individuals lacking such plans produced written descriptions and drawings of their currently inhabited environment. The results of three experiments-involving both cross-sectional and longitudinal investigations-indicated consistently that individuals with highly articulated plans represented their currently inhabited environment in a manner which could be characterized as reflecting significantly greater self-world distancing than did individuals lacking articulated plans.
Human Values and the Prisoner of War
Authors: Rutledge Howard E. , Hunter Edna J. , Dahl Barbara B.
Published: March 2007

This study compares a group of 80 former prisoners of war (POWs) with a matched comparison group to determine whether or not the experience of long-term deprivation of basic needs affected the value framework of the POW. This investigation also examines the relationship between the POWs value systems after release and (a) the period of time spent in captivity (captured pre-1969 versus post-1969) and (b) the length of time in solitary confinement during captivity. Results show that, out of eight value categories measured, the POW group scored significantly lower on the one value, Power, when compared with the controls. Although the majority of the POWs perceived that a shift in values had occurred during captivity, findings indicate these changes were minimal. The limitations of this study are discussed in light of alternative interpretations of the findings.
The Perception of Traversed Distance
Authors: Sadalla Edward K. , Magel Stephen G.
Published: March 2007

Three studies were conducted to explore the effect of path structure on the perception of traversed distance. Based upon anecdotal reports, it was hypothesized that the estimated length of a route would be positively related to the perceived number of turns on that route. Obtained data strongly supported this angularity hypothesis; increasing the number of right angle turns distributed along a pathway consistently increased the estimated length of the pathway. Controls used in these studies indicated that this effect was not due to actual or perceived travel time, to any particular path structure, or to the straight line distance between origin and goal. Three explanations of this finding were discussed: a storage size model, a scaling model, and an effort interpretation.
Assessment of Environmental Aesthetics in Scenic Highway Corridors
Authors: Evans Gary W. , Wood Kenneth W.
Published: March 2007

Independent groups viewed either an existing designated California Highway Scenic Corridor, a sympathetically modified version consisting of minimum human intrusion, or a more unsympathetic version of the present corridor reflecting greater human intrusion. The introduction of sympathetic or more urbanized development along the scenic roadway reduced overall scenic quality. The development and validation of a suitable, kinetic simulation technique for use in the evaluation of roadside environments is also presented.
Post-Occupancy Evaluation
Authors: Zimring Craig M. , Reizenstein Janet E.
Published: March 2007

Post-occupancy evaluation (POE) is defined as examination of the effectiveness for human users of occupied, designed environments. POEs generally focus on a single type of designed setting, tend to describe rather than manipulate, and are usually aimed at application. Within this wide focus, POEs vary considerably, and three conceptual dimensions-generality, breadth of focus, and applicability-are useful in cataloguing them. These dimensions are described and their implications for POE sponsorship and methods are discussed. Suggestions are proposed for future developments of the field.
Citizen Participation in the Design and Evaluation of a Park
Authors: Kaplan Rachel
Published: March 2007

A survey conducted at the initiation of a parks and recreation department indicated strong satisfaction with a year-old downtown vest-pocket park. The problems noted were few: Traffic flow was the biggest, safety turne out to be of little importance, and planned activities were a source of conflicting feelings. The satisfactions were many: The strongest was simply having a bit of nature in the downtown area. The positive feelings toward the park and the fact that people had a sense of ownership toward it suggest this to be a resource that can enhance people's sense of involvement with their communities.
Crowding, Privacy, and Coping
Authors: Walden Tedra A. , Nelson Paul A. , Smith Dale E.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the relationship between living in crowded dormitory conditions and values and expectancies of privacy in 51 entering college freshmen. Aggression, withdrawal, and attitudes toward the environment and toward roommates were assessed. Results indicated that crowded living conditions did affect students' values of privacy but not expectations for obtaining privacy. Locus of control did not mediate responses to high-density living conditions. Crowding was differentially responded to by males and females, with females apparently being less disturbed by the crowded conditions. Females tended to increase values of privacy and spent more time in the more dense rooms while males decreased their values of privacy and withdrew from the situation, spending considerably less time in the higher density dormitory rooms. It is suggested that males and females have different thresholds for feeling crowded and may employ different cognitive and behavioral coping mechanisms for adapting to crowded conditions.
Development of Visual Preference for Natural Environments
Authors: Balling John D. , Falk John H.
Published: March 2007

Human visual preferences for slides of five natural landscapes or biomes-tropical rain forest, temperate deciduous forest, coniferous forest, savanna, and desert-were examined. Subjects were third graders, sixth graders, ninth graders, college students, adults, senior citizens, and a group of professional foresters. A series of 20 slides, 4 examples of each biome, was shown twice to each group of subjects. On one pass through the slides, subjects judged how much they would like to live in an area similar to the one represented; on the other pass, subjects rated the slides for how much they would like to visit an area similar to the one shown. Judgments were made on a 6-point Likert scale. Elementary schoolchildren showed a significant preference for savanna over all other biomes. From midadolescence and through adulthood, more familiar natural environments were equally preferred to savanna. Results were interpreted as providing limited support for the hypothesis that humans have an innate preference for savanna-like settings that arises from their long evolutionary history on the savannas of East Africa.
Lunar-Lunacy Research
Authors: Campbell David E.
Published: March 2007

Research on the relationship between phase of the moon and human behavior indicative of "lunacy" should not be encouraged. The hypothesized lunar-lunacy relationship appears to lack validity. Theories to explain the hypothesized correlation by means of gravitational forces and airion effects are untenable upon close scrutiny. Researchers in this area are encouraged to explore more promising environmental influences than lunar effects.