bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic body acceleration increases by 20% during flight ontogeny of greylag geese Anser anser
Authors: Gatt Marie Claire , Quetting Michael , Cheng Yachang , Wikelski Martin
Published: November 2019

Despite our knowledge of the biophysical and behavioural changes during flight ontogeny in juvenile birds, little is known about the changes in the mechanical aspects of energy expenditure during early flight development, particularly in migratory species. Here, we investigate in a unique experimental setup how energy expended during flights changes over time beginning with early ontogeny. We calculate overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA) as a proxy for energy expenditure in a group of hand raised greylag geese Anser anser trained to fly behind a microlight aircraft. We propose two potential hypotheses; energy expenditure either increases with increasing physiological suitability (the ‘physical development hypothesis’), or decreases as a result of behavioural improvements mitigating flight costs (the ‘behavioural development hypothesis’). There was a significant temporal increase of flight duration and ODBA over time, supporting the ‘physical development hypothesis’. This suggests that early on in flight ontogeny behavioural development leading to flight efficiency plays a weaker role in shaping ODBA changes than the increased physical ability to expend energy in flight. We discuss these findings and the implications of flight development on the life history of migratory species.
Wuzang Wenyang Huayu decoction regulates differentially expressed transcripts in the rats' hippocampus after cerebral hypoperfusion
Authors: Xia Meng , Ruan Ziyun , Chen Ben , Wang Yunqiao , Zhou Zengzi , Ren Shiding , Wu Lin , Tang Nong
Published: November 2019

The modified Wenyang Huayu decoction has been widely used to treat vascular dementia in China for thousands of years. We have previously proved that a modified version, Wuzang Wenyang Huayu decoction has the potential to be a more effective clinical treatment that can attenuate cerebral ischaemic injury. However, the global transcript profile and signalling conduction pathways regulated by this recipe remains unclear. This study established a two‐vessel occlusion rat model by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. Two groups of rats were intragastrically treated Wuzang Wenyang Huayu 2.5 g/kg vs or Piracetam 0.15 g/kg for 2 weeks. Learning and memory abilities were measured with Morris water maze. Neuronal plasticity was observed by HE staining. Differentially expressed transcripts of rat hippocampus were analysed by transcriptomics with Illumina HiSeq2500 platform. Results showed that Wuzang Wenyang Huayu decoction significantly alleviated learning, memory deficits, coordination dysfunction and prevented hippocampus cellular injury; Results further revealed the increased gene expression in KEGG metabolic pathways (MT‐ND2. MT‐ND3, MT‐ND4, MT‐ND4L, MT‐ND5 and MT‐ATP8) and genes involved in signal transduction, carcinogenesis, immune system, endocrine system, nervous system etc (Results further revealed differential expression of genes involved in various systems, including MT‐ND2) Our discovery is likely to provide new insights to molecular mechanisms of Wuzang Wenyang Huayu regarding hippocampal transcripts in a murine vascular dementia model.
Familial tendency as a determinant of tooth loss during long‐term periodontal therapy
Authors: Fardal Øystein , Skau Irene , Grytten Jostein
Published: November 2019

Aim

Little evidence exists on how familial tendencies affect the long‐term success of periodontal therapy. The aim of this study was to compare outcomes for two generations and their control patients treated in the same private practice.

Materials/methods

Parents and their children were observed for tooth loss between 1986 and 2017. Matching control groups were identified from the same practice, one for the parent and one for the children group. The control patients had no close family members with a history of periodontal diseases. Both the generations and control groups completed a similar course of periodontal therapy. The matching strategy aimed at making the groups as similar as possible with respect to well‐known risk and prognostic factors. The data were analysed by multiple regression where the outcome was the number of teeth lost due to periodontal disease.

Results

A total of 435 patients were identified (148 parents, 154 children and 133 controls). 72 parents and 61 children (133) had more than 5 years follow‐up (average 15.5 and 12.9 years, respectively). Balancing tests showed that the matching was successful. 65% of tooth loss was attributable to close family history. The regression showed that the parent generation lost 1.02 more teeth than the controls, while the children lost 0.61 more teeth.

Conclusion

Having close family members with a history of periodontal diseases is a strong prognostic factor affecting the long‐term outcome of periodontal therapy.
Acne fulminans and Cutibacterium acnes phylotypes
Authors: Bocquet‐Trémoureux S. , Corvec S. , Khammari A. , Dagnelie M.‐A. , Boisrobert A. , Dreno B.
Published: November 2019

Background

Acne fulminans (AF) is a rare and severe form of inflammatory acne. It is characterized by a sudden worsening of acne with appearance of ulceronecrotic lesions, which can be associated with systemic signs. Its pathophysiology and the best therapeutic strategy are only partially known.

Objective

Our main objectives were to describe the clinical and biological profile of AF patients and to determine whether there was a difference in Cutibacterium acnes phylotype in AF compared to acne vulgaris. The secondary objective was to assess the efficacy of different therapies.

Methods

A retrospective observational study was conducted in all patients followed for AF in our department between 2008 and 2018. Bacteriological samples were taken from each patient to analyse C. acnes phylotype distribution. The therapeutic response was assessed using the ECLA and GEA scales.

Results

Fifteen patients with a median age of 15 years were included (12 men, 80%). A family history of acne was found in 86.7% of patients. Nine patients (60%) had isotretinoin‐induced AF. Only one patient (6.7%) showed systemic signs. The bacteriological culture was positive for C. acnes in 80% of patients. The predominant phylotype was IA1 in 60% of patients, corresponding to the predominant phylotype in acne vulgaris. Only 33.3% of patients were in remission after a first‐line treatment with systemic corticosteroids, alone or in combination. Seven patients were treated with biotherapy, including five successfully with secukinumab.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that there is no specific C. acnes phylotype associated with AF, raising the hypothesis that acute inflammation associated with AF may be more related to an abnormal cutaneous innate immunity activation. The use of preventive strategies, the impact of combined treatments and an assessment of the role of biotherapies, especially anti‐IL‐17, in AF treatment remain to be more investigated.
The role of common ancestry and gene flow in the evolution of human‐directed play behaviour in dogs
Authors: Garamszegi László Zsolt , Temrin Hans , Kubinyi Enikő , Miklósi Ádám , Kolm Niclas
Published: November 2019

Among‐population variance of phenotypic traits is of high relevance for understanding evolutionary mechanisms that operate in relatively short timescales, but various sources of nonindependence, such as common ancestry and gene flow, can hamper the interpretations. In this comparative analysis of 138 dog breeds, we demonstrate how such confounders can independently shape the evolution of a behavioural trait (human‐directed play behaviour from the Dog Mentality Assessment project). We combined information on genetic relatedness and haplotype sharing to reflect common ancestry and gene flow, respectively, and entered these into a phylogenetic mixed model to partition the among‐breed variance of human‐directed play behaviour while also accounting for within‐breed variance. We found that 75% of the among‐breed variance was explained by overall genetic relatedness among breeds, whereas 15% could be attributed to haplotype sharing that arises from gene flow. Therefore, most of the differences in human‐directed play behaviour among breeds have likely been caused by constraints of common ancestry as a likely consequence of past selection regimes. On the other hand, gene flow caused by crosses among breeds has played a minor, but not negligible role. Our study serves as an example of an analytical approach that can be applied to comparative situations where the effects of shared origin and gene flow require quantification and appropriate statistical control in a within‐species/among‐population framework. Altogether, our results suggest that the evolutionary history of dog breeds has left remarkable signatures on the among‐breed variation of a behavioural phenotype.
No basal or drug‐induced sex differences in striatal dopaminergic levels: a cluster and meta‐analysis of rat microdialysis studies
Authors: Egenrieder Lisamon , Mitricheva Ekaterina , Spanagel Rainer , Noori Hamid R.
Published: November 2019

Sex differences in behavioural patterns of drug abuse and dependence have been hypothesized to be a consequence of sexual dimorphisms in brain pathways, particularly within the dopaminergic reward circuitry. Yet, how potential sex differences are manifested at a neurochemical level remains unclear. Here, we use a meta‐analysis approach to investigate whether animal studies robustly indicate a different regulation of striatal dopamine transmission in males and females. Data from 39 microdialysis experiments on female rats (n = 676) were extracted and statistically compared with data from 1523 male rats. All drugs of abuse, independent of their molecular mechanisms of action, notably increase extracellular dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and caudate putamen (CPu). No significant sex differences in basal levels or in dopaminergic response to drugs of abuse were found. However, basal dopamine levels in CPu (but not NAc) were significantly altered by ovariectomy. In conclusion, there are no sex‐dependent differences in basal dopamine levels within the NAc and CPu. Previously reported sex differences in the CPu seem to be a result of ovariectomy and may only to a lesser, non‐significant degree be attributed to a sexual duality.

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Protein kinase inhibitors infused intraventricularly or into the ventromedial hypothalamus block short latency facilitation of lordosis by oestradiol
Authors: Domínguez‐Ordóñez Raymundo , García‐Juárez Marcos , Lima‐Hernández Francisco J. , Gómora‐Arrati Porfirio , Domínguez‐Salazar Emilio , Luna‐Hernández Ailyn , Hoffman Kurt L. , Blaustein Jeffrey D. , Etgen Anne M. , González‐Flores Oscar
Published: November 2019

An injection of unesterified oestradiol (E2) facilitates receptive behaviour in E2 benzoate (EB)‐primed, ovariectomised female rats when it is administered i.c.v. or systemically. The present study tested the hypothesis that inhibitors of protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase G (PKG) or the Src/mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) complex interfere with E2 facilitation of receptive behaviour. In Experiment 1, lordosis induced by i.c.v. infusion of E2 was significantly reduced by i.c.v. administration of Rp‐cAMPS, a PKA inhibitor, KT5823, a PKG inhibitor, and PP2 and PD98059, Src and MAPK inhibitors, respectively, between 30 and 240 minutes after infusion. In Experiment 2, we determined whether the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is one of the neural sites at which those intracellular pathways participate in lordosis behaviour induced by E2. Administration of each of the four protein kinase inhibitors into the VMH blocked facilitation of lordosis induced by infusion of E2 also into the VMH. These data support the hypothesis that activation of several protein kinase pathways is involved in the facilitation of lordosis by E2 in EB‐primed rats.
The external effects of inner‐city shopping centers: Evidence from the Netherlands
Authors: Zhang Song , van Duijn Mark , van der Vlist Arno J.
Published: November 2019

Shopping center redevelopment is inevitable to remain attractive for consumers. In this paper, we investigate the external effects of shopping center redevelopment on nearby residential property prices. Using a difference‐in‐difference empirical framework, we find the redevelopment has positive external effects on nearby property prices. We find the price of a property located next to a redeveloped shopping center increases by 1.43% on average just after redevelopment. Our results indicate that these positive external effects wear off rather rapidly across space and over time. This suggests that shopping center redevelopment plays a substantial, but limited, role in combating neighborhood deprivation.
Prevalence and risk factors of gross motor delay in pre‐schoolers
Authors: Veldman Sanne LC , Jones Rachel A , Chandler Paul , Robinson Leah E , Okely Anthony D
Published: November 2019

Aim

Gross motor skills are important for children's health and development. Delays in these skills are a concern for healthy developmental trajectories and therefore early identification of delay is important. This study screened for gross motor delay in children from low‐income communities and investigated potential risk factors associated with gross motor delay.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study involved 701 pre‐schoolers (Mage = 54.1 ± 8.6 months, 52.8% boys) from childcare services in low‐income and remote communities in Australia. Gross motor delay was assessed using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire – third edition. Potential risk factors included: sex, age, birthweight, prematurity status, weight status, childcare service, postcode, parent's education, parent's marital status, parent's employment and family income.

Results

Results showed 4.4% of the children were delayed in gross motor skills and 8.8% were at risk of delay. Logistic regression showed being a boy (odds ratio (OR) 1.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12–2.84), underweight (OR 2.72, 95% CI 1.18–6.30) or overweight (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.00–3.33), and parental unemployment (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.01–3.16) were factors associated with a higher odds of children being delayed or at risk of gross motor delay. A higher family income (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.13–0.93) was associated with lower odds of delay.

Conclusion

This unique study demonstrated children in low‐income communities, especially boys, underweight and overweight children, have higher odds of being at risk of gross motor delay. Therefore, early screening is vital in this population in order to identify delays and potentially intervene with appropriate motor skill interventions.
Hypothetical treatment of patients with non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis: Potential impact on important clinical outcomes
Authors: Younossi Zobair M. , Tampi Radhika P. , Nader Fatema , Younossi Issah M. , Cable Rebecca , Srishord Manirath , Racila Andrei
Published: November 2019

Background & Aims

Currently, standard of care (SOC) treatment for NASH is limited to lifestyle modifications. Drug regimens are being evaluated currently. We assessed the impact of a short‐term hypothetical treatment on clinical outcomes of NASH.

Methods

Markov models estimated differences in outcomes between SOC and 2 hypothetical NASH treatments (A and B). We modelled 10 000 50‐year‐old biopsy‐proven NASH patients over lifetime horizon. Health states included NASH with fibrosis (F1‐F3), cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver transplant and mortality. Fibrosis Regression Factor (FRF) variable modelled the probability of 1‐3 stage fibrosis improvement with treatment. Annual probability of treatment (ATP) ranged from 10%‐70%. Treatment success was defined as regression to fibrosis, whereas failure was defined as progression to stages beyond cirrhosis. In treatment‐A, successful treatment was followed by a maintenance regimen which stopped disease progression. After a successful treatment‐B, patients remained at risk of disease progression. Differences in outcomes were calculated between both treatments and SOC models. We conducted a probabilistic sensitivity analysis.

Results

At 10% to 70% ATP, treatment‐A averts 353 to 782 liver transplants and 1277 to 2381 liver‐related deaths relative to SOC. Treatment‐B averts 129 to 437 liver transplants and 386 to 1043 liver‐related deaths.Sensitivity analysis shows our model is robust in estimating liver‐related mortality and LTs averted, but is sensitive when estimating QALYs gained.

Conclusions

With a small annual probability of treatment and FRF = 1, a 2‐year treatment followed by maintenance of histologic improvement for patients would be highly beneficial relative to short‐term treatment alone.
Nonverbal Ability and Scientific Vocabulary Predict Children's Causal Reasoning in Science Better than Generic Language
Authors: Dündar‐Coecke Selma , Tolmie Andrew
Published: November 2019

Verbal and nonverbal forms of thinking exhibit widespread dissociation at neural and behavioral level. The importance of this for children's causal thinking and its implications for school science are largely unknown. Assessing 5‐ to 10‐year‐olds' responses (N = 231), verbal ability predicted causal reasoning, but only at lower levels, while nonverbal ability was the strongest predictor at higher levels of causal inference. We also distinguished between generic and scientific vocabulary use (n = 101). The results showed that use of scientific vocabulary predicted causal reasoning beyond generic, and connected more to nonverbal thinking. The findings highlighted the importance of elementary school science activities supporting application of nonverbal ability in thinking about causal processes; the benefits of linking nonverbal imagery to scientific vocabulary; and shortcomings in understanding of the forms/sources of nonverbal ability and their role in learning.
Translanguaging and Public Service Encounters: Language Learning in the Library
Authors: CREESE ANGELA , BLACKLEDGE ADRIAN
Published: November 2019

This article explores the information desk of a city library as a site for language learning. Using a linguistic ethnographic approach, the interactions between a customer experience and information assistant and the many library users who approach her information desk were analysed. Findings are that, in addition to providing information about library resources, information desks are sites at which bits and pieces of different languages are taught and learned. Such language teaching and learning episodes created interactions of inclusion and welcome that went far beyond purely transactional information. Rather, language‐related episodes created moments of human contact and engagement, which were upheld through the translanguaging practices of interactants, the disposition and workplace competence of library staff, and the spatial ecology of the information desk. Furthermore, the article contributes to ongoing theoretical debates about translanguaging by noting that normativity and pressure toward uniformity are as much a part of languaging processes as creativity and flexibility. Our definition of translanguaging recognises the opposing pull of centrifugal and centripetal forces. The article ends by asking what schools, and language education, might learn from public libraries in creating arenas that maintain communitarianism, diversity of expression, and the development of civic skills.
PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 7 is important for early responses to elevated temperature in Arabidopsis seedlings
Authors: Fiorucci Anne-Sophie , Galvão Vinicius Costa , Ince Yetkin Çaka , Boccaccini Alessandra , Goyal Anupama , Allenbach Petrolati Laure , Trevisan Martine , Fankhauser Christian
Published: November 2019

In response to elevated ambient temperature Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings display a thermomorphogenic response that includes elongation of hypocotyls and petioles. Phytochrome B and cryptochrome 1 are two photoreceptors also playing a role in thermomorphogenesis. Downstream of both environmental sensors PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4) is essential to trigger this response at least in part through the production of the growth promoting hormone auxin.

Using a genetic approach, we identified PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 7 (PIF7) as a novel player for thermomorphogenesis and compared the phenotypes of pif7 and pif4 mutants. We investigated the role of PIF7 during temperature‐regulated gene expression and the regulation of PIF7 transcript and protein by temperature.

Furthermore, pif7 and pif4 loss‐of‐function mutants were similarly unresponsive to increased temperature. This included hypocotyl elongation and induction of genes encoding auxin biosynthetic or signalling proteins. PIF7 bound to the promoters of auxin biosynthesis and signalling genes. In response to temperature elevation PIF7 transcripts decreased while PIF7 protein levels increased rapidly.

Our results reveal the importance of PIF7 for thermomorphogenesis and indicate that PIF7 and PIF4 likely depend on each other possibly by forming heterodimers. Elevated temperature rapidly enhances PIF7 protein accumulation, which may contribute to the thermomorphogenic response.
Functional genomics analysis reveals two novel genes required for littorine biosynthesis
Authors: Qiu Fei , Zeng Junlan , Wang Jing , Huang Jian‐Ping , Zhou Wei , Yang Chunxian , Lan Xiaozhong , Chen Min , Huang Sheng‐Xiong , Kai Guoyin , Liao Zhihua
Published: November 2019

Some medicinal plants of the Solanaceae produce pharmaceutical tropane alkaloids (TAs), such as hyoscyamine and scopolamine. Littorine is a key biosynthetic intermediate in the hyoscyamine and scopolamine biosynthetic pathways. However, the mechanism underlying littorine formation from the precursors phenyllactate and tropine is not completely understood.

Here, we report the elucidation of littorine biosynthesis through a functional genomics approach and functional identification of two novel biosynthesis genes that encode phenyllactate UDP‐glycosyltransferase (UGT1) and littorine synthase (LS).

UGT1 and LS are highly and specifically expressed in Atropa belladonna secondary roots. Suppression of either UGT1 or LS disrupted the biosynthesis of littorine and its TA derivatives (hyoscyamine and scopolamine). Purified His‐tagged UGT1 catalysed phenyllactate glycosylation to form phenyllactylglucose. UGT1 and LS co‐expression in tobacco leaves led to littorine synthesis if tropine and phenyllactate were added.

This identification of UGT1 and LS provides the missing link in littorine biosynthesis. The results pave the way for producing hyoscyamine and scopolamine for medical use by metabolic engineering or synthetic biology.
Private Sector Debt, Financial Constraints, and the Effects of Monetary Policy: Evidence from the US
Authors: Breitenlechner Max , Scharler Johann
Published: November 2019

We characterize the response of U.S. real GDP to monetary policy shocks conditional on the level of private sector debt and the degree to which financial constraints are binding. To incorporate state‐dependent effects of monetary policy, we use the local projection framework. We find that although the amount of private sector debt potentially weakens the monetary policy transmission mechanism, policy shocks exert substantially larger effects on output when high private debt coincides with binding financial constraints.
Transmission of a Resource Boom: The Case of Australia
Authors: Dungey Mardi , Fry‐Mckibbin Renee , Volkov Vladimir
Published: November 2019

This paper presents evidence on the macroeconomic adjustment of a resource‐rich country to a resource boom using the effects of Chinese industrialization on Australia from 1988 to 2016. An SVAR model is specified, incorporating a proxy for Chinese resource demand and commodity prices to identify the effects of commodity supply and demand shocks on the Australian macroeconomy. We develop a multivariate historical decomposition to show how resource sector shocks lead the economy to deviate from a long‐run projection. The paper identifies four phases of the transmission of the resource boom before its conclusion in 2015.
Assessing the Financial Impact of Natural Disasters on Local Governments
Authors: Chen Gang
Published: November 2019

In recent decades, the increase in the frequency and the severity of natural disasters has posed growing challenges to governments’ disaster response activities. Disasters can have a considerable financial impact on local governments, but this impact has not been systematically analyzed. This study assesses disaster impact using 17 years of panel data (between 1996 and 2012) from the city and county governments in New York state. The research examines many aspects of local governments’ financial conditions, including liquidity, fund balance, and debt. It tests whether governments’ financial conditions are affected by disasters and whether fiscal institutions moderate disasters’ impacts. The results show that a local government's unreserved fund balance and disaster reserve significantly affect its financial condition, while financial condition indicators are not significantly impacted by natural disasters when the fiscal institution variables are controlled.
Transcription factor BnaA9.WRKY47 contributes to the adaptation of Brassica napus to low boron stress by up‐regulating the boric acid channel gene BnaA3.NIP5;1
Authors: Feng Yingna , Cui Rui , Wang Sheliang , He Mingliang , Hua Yingpeng , Shi Lei , Ye Xiangsheng , Xu Fangsen
Published: November 2019

Boron (B) deficiency is one of the major causes of growth inhibition and yield reduction in Brassica napus (B. napus). However, the molecular mechanisms of low B adaptation in B. napus are largely unknown. Here, fifty‐one BnaWRKY transcription factors were identified as responsive to B deficiency in B. napus, in which BnaAn.WRKY26, BnaA9.WRKY47, BnaA1.WKRY53 and BnaCn.WRKY57 were tested in yeast one‐hybrid assays and showed strong binding activity with conserved sequences containing a W box in the promoters of the B transport‐related genes BnaNIP5;1s and BnaBOR1s. Green fluorescent protein fused to the target protein demonstrated the nuclear localization of BnaA9.WRKY47. CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated knockout lines of BnaA9.WRKY47 in B. napus had increased sensitivity to low B and lower contents of B than wild‐type plants. In contrast, overexpression of BnaA9.WRKY47 enhanced the adaptation to low B with higher B contents in tissues than in wild‐type plants. Consistent with the phenotypic response and B accumulation in these transgenic lines, the transcription activity of BnaA3.NIP5;1, a B efficiency candidate gene, was decreased in the knockout lines but was significantly increased in the overexpressing lines under low B conditions. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays, transient expression experiments in tobacco and in situ hybridizations showed that BnaA9.WRKY47 directly activated BnaA3.NIP5;1 expression through binding to the specific cis‐element. Taken together, our findings support BnaWRKYs as new participants in response to low B, and BnaA9.WRKY47 contributes to the adaptation of B. napus to B deficiency through up‐regulating BnaA3.NIP5;1 expression to facilitate efficient B uptake.
Robust Inference on Population Indirect Causal Effects: The Generalized Front Door Criterion
Authors: Fulcher Isabel R. , Shpitser Ilya , Marealle Stella , Tchetgen Tchetgen Eric J.
Published: November 2019

Standard methods for inference about direct and indirect effects require stringent no-unmeasured-confounding assumptions which often fail to hold in practice, particularly in observational studies. The goal of the paper is to introduce a new form of indirect effect, the population intervention indirect effect, that can be non-parametrically identified in the presence of an unmeasured common cause of exposure and outcome. This new type of indirect effect captures the extent to which the effect of exposure is mediated by an intermediate variable under an intervention that holds the component of exposure directly influencing the outcome at its observed value. The population intervention indirect effect is in fact the indirect component of the population intervention effect, introduced by Hubbard and Van der Laan. Interestingly, our identification criterion generalizes Judea Pearl’s front door criterion as it does not require no direct effect of exposure not mediated by the intermediate variable. For inference, we develop both parametric and semiparametric methods, including a novel doubly robust semiparametric locally efficient estimator, that perform very well in simulation studies. Finally, the methods proposed are used to measure the effectiveness of monetary saving recommendations among women enrolled in a maternal health programme in Tanzania.
Ground reaction force across the transition during sprint acceleration
Authors: Nagahara Ryu , Kanehisa Hiroaki , Fukunaga Tetsuo
Published: November 2019

Abrupt changes in kinematics during sprint acceleration called transitions have previously been observed. This study aimed to examine whether ground reaction force (GRF) variables during sprint acceleration also show specific features of the transitions. Twenty‐one male sprinters performed 60‐m sprints, during which GRF data were recorded. Step‐to‐step spatiotemporal and GRF variables were approximated using an exponential function and three straight lines. Moreover, statistical parametric mapping (SPM) was used to test changes in GRF curves across the transitions. For running speed, the exponential approximation resulted in smaller root‐mean‐square (RMS) of residuals. For the other variables, however, RMS of residuals was smaller when the three lines approximation was adopted. Breakpoints around the 5th and 15th steps were detected using effective vertical impulse during the braking phase with the three lines approximation. Across the breakpoints, SPM showed significant differences in the antero‐posterior GRF curves at the next step after the first breakpoint and at the second breakpoint. Moreover, the second braking phase of the antero‐posterior GRF appeared at the next step after the first breakpoint, and the corresponding first propulsive phase disappeared at the second breakpoint. Consequently, changes in GRF variables during sprint acceleration are likely accompanied by specific alterations. The breakpoints around the 5th and 15th steps found in an effective vertical impulse during the braking phase can be a criterion indicating transitions in GRF variables during sprint acceleration. The transitions are characterized by an appearance and disappearance of the second braking and first propulsive phases, respectively, of the antero‐posterior GRF.
Full‐length MHC class II alleles in three New World monkey species
Authors: Otting Nel , de Groot Natasja G. , Bontrop Ronald E.
Published: November 2019

Thirty newly identified full‐length MHC class II alleles in three New World monkey species.
The novel HLA‐B*58:118 allele was identified during high‐resolution HLA typing
Authors: Li Gang , Li Wang‐Xia , Shi Weidong
Published: November 2019

HLA‐B*58:118 differs from HLA‐B*58:01:01:01 by one nucleotide exchange at position 556(G>A) with an amino exchange.
Computational Approaches to Comics Analysis
Authors: Laubrock Jochen , Dunst Alexander
Published: November 2019

Comics are complex documents whose reception engages cognitive processes such as scene perception, language processing, and narrative understanding. Possibly because of their complexity, they have rarely been studied in cognitive science. Modeling the stimulus ideally requires a formal description, which can be provided by feature descriptors from computer vision and computational linguistics. With a focus on document analysis, here we review work on the computational modeling of comics. We argue that the development of modern feature descriptors based on deep learning techniques has made sufficient progress to allow the investigation of complex material such as comics for reception studies, including experimentation and computational modeling of cognitive processes.
Nursing student patient safety errors in the practice domain: a scoping review protocol of the quantitative and qualitative evidence
Authors: Raymond June , Godfrey Christina M. , Medves Jennifer M. , Ross-White Amanda
Published: November 2019

Review question/objective:

The objective of this scoping review is to identify the range of patient safety events that includes patient safety errors, harms or near misses that student nurses make while nursing in their clinical placements. The question that will guide this review is: what types of hazards, healthcare-associated harms, patient safety incidents, reportable circumstances, near misses, harmful incidents, no harm incidents and injuries to patients are being made and reported by nursing students during their practice in healthcare facilities?
Acoustic-Structure Interaction in an Adaptive Helmholtz Resonator by Compliance and Constraint
Authors: Cui Shichao , Harne Ryan L.
Published: November 2019

The acoustic energy attenuation capabilities of traditional Helmholtz resonators are enhanced by various methods, including by coupled resonators, absorbing materials, or replacement of rigid walls with flexible structures. Drawing from these concepts to envision a new platform of adaptive Helmholtz resonator, this research studies an adaptive acoustic resonator with an internal compliant structural member. The interaction between the structure and acoustic domain is controlled by compression constraint. By applying uniaxial compression to the resonator, the flexible member may be buckled, which drastically tailors the acoustic-structure interaction mechanisms in the overall system. A phenomenological analytical model is formulated and experimentally validated to scrutinize these characteristics. It is found that the compression constraint may enhance damping capabilities of the resonator by adapting the acoustic-structure interaction between the resonator and the enclosure. The area ratio of the flexible member to the resonator opening and the ratio of the fundamental natural frequency of the flexible member to that of the enclosure are discovered to have a significant influence on the system behavior. These results reveal new avenues for acoustic resonator concepts exploiting compliant internal structures to tailor acoustic energy attenuation properties.
Smartphone: An alternative to ground control points for orienting virtual outcrop models and assessing their quality
Authors: Tavani Stefano , Corradetti Amerigo , Granado Pablo , Snidero Marco , Seers Thomas D. , Mazzoli Stefano
Published: November 2019

The application of structure from motion–multiview stereo (SfM-MVS) photogrammetry to map metric- to hectometric-scale exposures facilitates the production of three-dimensional (3-D) surface reconstructions with centimeter resolution and range error. In order to be useful for geospatial data interrogation, models must be correctly located, scaled, and oriented, which typically requires the geolocation of manually positioned ground control points with survey-grade accuracy. The cost and operational complexity of portable tools capable of achieving such positional accuracy and precision is a major obstacle in the routine deployment of SfM-MVS photogrammetry in many fields, including geological fieldwork. Here, we propose a procedure to overcome this limitation and to produce satisfactorily oriented models, which involves the use of photo orientation information recorded by smartphones. Photos captured with smartphones are used to: (1) build test models for evaluating the accuracy of the method, and (2) build smartphone-derived models of outcrops, used to reference higher-resolution models reconstructed from image data collected using digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) and mirrorless cameras. Our results are encouraging and indicate that the proposed workflow can produce registrations with high relative accuracies using consumer-grade smartphones. We also find that comparison between measured and estimated photo orientation can be successfully used to detect errors and distortions within the 3-D models.
ВТОРАЯ НАХОДКА LIPARIS KUMOKIRI (ORCHIDACEAE) В ХАБАРОВСКОМ КРАЕ, "БОТАНИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ"
Authors: МЕЛЬНИКОВА А.Б.
Published: November 2019

Впервые приведены сведения о местонахождении Liparis kumokiri на территории Болышехехцир-ского заповедника, данный пункт является вторым местонахождением в Хабаровском крае.
ПО ПОВОДУ СТАТЬИ М. В. КОЗЛОВА И Е. Л. ВОРОБЕЙНИКА "ОСТОРОЖНО - НЕКОРРЕКТНЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ К АНАЛИЗУ ДАННЫХ ИЛИ ОБ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИИ НЕПАРАМЕТРИЧЕСКИХ МЕТОДОВ В БОТАНИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯХ", "БОТАНИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ"
Authors: ИПАТОВ В.С.
Published: November 2019

Комментарии к статье М. В. Козлова и Е. Л. Воробейчика.
О НЕКОТОРЫХ РЕДКИХ ВИДАХ СОСУДИСТЫХ РАСТЕНИЙ С ОСТРОВОВ ВЫБОРГСКОГО ЗАЛИВА (ЛЕНИНГРАДСКАЯ ОБЛАСТЬ), "БОТАНИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ"
Authors: ГЛАЗКОВА Е.А.
Published: November 2019

Приведены сведения о наиболее интересных находках сосудистых растений, обнаруженных автором на островах Выборгского залива в 2005-2009 и 2011 гг. Все 29 приведенных видов являются редкими для Северо-Запада европейской части России, из них 20 видов подлежат охране на территории Ленинградской обл. Крупка седоватая (Draba incana L.), ранее считавшаяся исчезнувшей в регионе, обнаружена на многих островах Выборгского залива. Для ряда видов (Melica picta K. Koch, Draba incana и др.) уточнены сведения, касающиеся их экологической приуроченности. Многие виды впервые указываются для островов Выборгского залива.
О ДВУХ ВИДАХ СЕКЦИИ PTEROLEPIS РОДА SCHOENOPLECTUS (CYPERACEAE), "БОТАНИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ"
Authors: СТЕПАНОВА Н.Ю. , ТАТАНОВ И.В.
Published: November 2019

Представлены результаты изучения изменчивости и интерградации Schoenoplectus litoralis и S. kasachstanicus. Показано, что S. kasachstanicus не имеет достоверных отличительных признаков по генеративным органам от S. litoralis, а варьирование его вегетативных признаков, прежде всего степени развития листовых пластинок, обусловлено возрастным состоянием особей, условиями их произрастания и связанной с этими условиями стратегией вегетативного размножения. S. kasachstanicus является эколого-онтогенетической формой S. litoralis, которая представлена длиннолистными молодыми особями (в пре- и раннегенеративном состоянии), развивающимися из боковых почек удлиненных ползучих корневищ в проточных водоемах со слабо заиленным дном на глубине от 0.5-0.7 м и в условиях незанятого растительностью пространства. Приведены сведения о типификации S. litoralis и некоторых его синонимов, данные об экологии и географическом распространении.
ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННАЯ И ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ СТРУКТУРА РАСТИТЕЛЬНОСТИ ДРЕВЕСНО-ПУШИЦЕВО-СФАГНОВЫХ БОЛОТ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ ЧАСТИ ПРИВОЛЖСКОЙ ВОЗВЫШЕННОСТИ, "БОТАНИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ"
Authors: БЛАГОВЕЩЕНСКИЙ И.В.
Published: November 2019

Дан анализ пространственной и функциональной структуры сообществ асс. Pino-Betulo pubescentis-Sphagnetum angustifolii (Filatov et Yurev 1913) Smagin 2000, субасс. menyanthetosum Smagin 1988 и субасс. eriophoreto-fruticuletosum Smagin 1988 той же ассоциации. Для этих сообществ характерна неоднородность растительного покрова, которую в соответствии с принятыми в данной работе критериями следует считать мозаичностью.
НОВЫЕ ВИДЫ ФЛОРЫ АМУРСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, "БОТАНИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ"
Authors: СТАРЧЕНКО В.М. , ДАРМАН Г.Ф.
Published: November 2019

Впервые для Амурской обл. приводятся Chrysosplenium pseudofauriei, Polystichum craspedosorum и Rumex graminifolius.
ДИАТОМОВЫЕ ВОДОРОСЛИ ВОДОЕМОВ НАУРЗУМСКОГО ЗАПОВЕДНИКА (СЕВЕРНЫЙ КАЗАХСТАН), "БОТАНИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ"
Authors: БОРОДУЛИНА О.В.
Published: November 2019

Приведены результаты изучения диатомовых водорослей в водоемах Наурзумского заповедника. Обнаружено 119 видов Bacillariophyta, из которых 1 род и 16 видов впервые отмечаются для Северного Казахстана. Обсуждается таксономический состав и экологические характеристики водорослей в изученных водоемах.
ФЛОРА ПАМЯТНИКА ПРИРОДЫ "ПЕЩЕРА ПРОЩАЛЬНАЯ" (ХАБАРОВСКИЙ КРАЙ), "БОТАНИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ"
Authors: КРЮКОВА М.В.
Published: November 2019

Дана характеристика видового разнообразия растительного покрова памятника природы «Пещера Прощальная», расположенного на западном макросклоне Северного Сихотэ-Алиня в бассейне р. Хор (Хабаровский край). Приведен конспект флоры рассматриваемой территории, насчитывающий 360 видов сосудистых растений из 236 родов и 95 семейств.
ВНОВЬ О ПОНЯТИИ "ФИТОЦЕНОЗ", "БОТАНИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ"
Authors: ИПАТОВ В.С.
Published: November 2019

Обосновано понимание фитоценоза как элементарной представительной единицы растительного покрова, гетерогенной по составу и пространственной структуре (строению).
РАСТИТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ОСТРОВА ВРАНГЕЛЯ НА ГРАДИЕНТЕ УВЛАЖНЕНИЯ, "БОТАНИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ"
Authors: ХОЛОД С.С.
Published: November 2019

Рассмотрен процесс построения экологической шкалы по Л.Г. Раменскому, осуществленный впервые для условий арктических тундр. Предложен экоклин для более чем 100 таксонов по градиенту почвенного увлажнения для северной зональной полосы о-ва Врангеля. Для ряда видов характерна ярко выраженная двувершинность, свидетельствующая о наличии довольно сильного влияния другого фактора, а также гетерогенности местоположения. Использование таких статистических характеристик, как средневзвешенная напряженность фактора совместно с дисперсией, позволили выявить 5 экологических групп видов, среди которых наибольшей удаленностью от других на градиенте характеризуется группа гигротопов. Ординация синтаксонов позволила выявить характер связи проективного покрытия ряда групп растений и положения синтаксона на шкале. Наиболее сильная связь с фактором увлажнения прослеживается для мохообразных.
ПОЛИЭМБРИОНИЯ У ALLIUM SCHOENOPRASUM(ALLIACEAE). ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЕ ЗАРОДЫШЕЙ, "БОТАНИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ"
Authors: ВИНОГРАДОВА Г.Ю.
Published: November 2019

В результате детального эмбриологического исследования выявлено, что полиэмбриония у Allium schoenoprasum обусловлена формированием двух зародышевых мешков из халазальной и микропилярной клеток диады. Наиболее часто дополнительные зародышевые мешки гибнут на 2—4-ядерной стадии, что скоррелировано с отсутствием или ограничением их полярно направленного роста к халазальной части семязачатка — зоне активного транспорта питательных веществ. В единичных случаях оба зародышевых мешка завершают свое развитие и имеют идентичное строение. Отмечена возможность формирования зародышей в обоих зародышевых мешках после оплодотворения их яйцеклеток, однако частота полиэмбрионии снижается за счет относительно высокой стерильности пыльцы. Эмбриогенез в обоих случаях происходит сходным образом по Asterad-типу. На основании анализа результатов и сравнения с литературными данными высказано предположение, что потенции к развитию обеих клеток диады связаны с генетическим полиморфизмом таксона и регулируются в ходе мейоза. Реализация потенций (дальнейшее развитие зародышевых мешков) связана с конкурентными условиями в семязачатке. Развитие двух зародышей в одном семени происходит в условиях минимальной конкуренции, поскольку каждый зародыш взаимодействует с элементами «собственного» зародышевого мешка — сначала с синергидами, а затем с эндоспермом.
ТРАВЯНО-ЗЕЛЕНОМОШНЫЕ МЕЗОФИЛЬНЫЕ СОСНЯКИ СРЕДНЕЙ И СЕВЕРНОЙ ТАЙГИ ЕВРОПЕЙСКОЙ РОССИИ, "БОТАНИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ"
Authors: КУЧЕРОВ И.Б.
Published: November 2019

По данным полевых исследований 1996—2012 гг., в различных регионах средней и северной тайги Европейской России методом доминантно-флористической классификации выделено 6 синтаксонов травяно-зеленомошных (кисличных, папоротничковых, вейниковых и костянично-брусничных) сосновых лесов — 4 ассоциации с 4 субассоциациями. Проанализировано географическое распространение выделенных синтаксонов, их приуроченность к выходам горным пород различных типов.
МОРФОЛОГО-АНАТОМИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ AUTUMNALIA INNOPINATA (UMBELLIFERAE), "БОТАНИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ"
Authors: БЕШКО Н.Ю. , ХАМРАЕВА Д.Т. , ЮСУПОВА Д.М. , БАТОШОВ А.Р.
Published: November 2019

В результате полевых и лабораторных исследований были выявлены ранее не известные экологические и морфолого-анатомические особенности Autumnalia innopinata — узкого эндемика Нуратинских гор (Узбекистан) и одного из наиболее редких и малоизученных видов среднеазиатских Umbelliferae.
СТРУКТУРА КОНКРЕТНЫХ ФЛОР СОСУДИСТЫХ РАСТЕНИЙ И ФЛОРИСТИЧЕСКОЕ РАЙОНИРОВАНИЕ КАНИНО-МЕЗЕНСКОЙ ГИПОАРКТИКИ, "БОТАНИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ"
Authors: СЕРГИЕНКО В.Г.
Published: November 2019

Рассматриваются флористическое богатство и дифференциация флоры сосудистых растений в Канино-Мезенской Гипоарктике. Изучено таксономическое разнообразие 17 конкретных флор. Дан сравнительный анализ конкретных флор. Исследована географическая структура по широтным и долготным фракциям и группам видов. Предложена схема флористического районирования.
ВАСКУЛЯРНАЯ АНАТОМИЯ ЦВЕТКА КАК ИСТОЧНИК ИНФОРМАЦИИ ОБ ЭВОЛЮЦИИ ПОКРЫТОСЕМЕННЫХ РАСТЕНИЙ: ИСТОРИЯ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ И СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЯ, "БОТАНИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ"
Authors: НУРАЛИЕВ М.С. , СОКОЛОВ Д.Д.
Published: November 2019

Проведен обзор работ в области анатомии растений, раскрывающих взгляды специалистов на использование васкулатуры цветка как источника информации для установления гомологий и проведения филогенетических реконструкций. Рассмотрен принцип васкулярного консерватизма и доводы против возможности его применения. Даны примеры изучения и интерпретации проводящей системы цветка разных таксонов покрытосеменных растений. Различные гипотезы о характере морфогенеза и эволюции проводящей системы, выдвинутые в XX в. на основе анатомических данных, сопоставлены с полученными в конце XX — начале XXI в. сведениями о закономерностях регуляции развития прокамбиальных тяжей и примордиев филломов цветка. Результаты таких физиологических исследований подтверждают и дополняют аргументы противников существования васкулярного консерватизма. С другой стороны, эти результаты не противоречат возможности существования рудиментарных структур в проводящей системе, наличие которых было продемонстрировано многочисленными примерами. Для объяснения всего разнообразия васкулатуры цветков необходимо детальное изучение механизмов формирования и наследования признаков проводящей системы.
ОСОБЕННОСТИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ РАСТИТЕЛЬНОГО ПОКРОВА НА ЛАВОВЫХ ПОТОКАХ ВУЛКАНА КРАШЕНИННИКОВА (ВОСТОЧНАЯ КАМЧАТКА), "БОТАНИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ"
Authors: НЕШАТАЕВА В.Ю. , ПЕСТЕРОВ А.О. , ГИМЕЛЬБРАНТ Д.Е. , ФЕДОСОВ В.Э.
Published: November 2019

Охарактеризованы пионерные растительные сообщества и группировки на датированных разновозрастных лавовых потоках вулкана Крашенинникова (Восточная Камчатка). Рассмотрены особенности формирования растительного покрова в зависимости от возраста лавового субстрата, структуры лавового потока и скорости накопления мелкозема. Приведена геоботаническая характеристика пионерных сообществ и группировок на лавовых потоках возраста от 400 до 2600 лет. Установлены последовательные стадии первичных сукцессий на лавовых субстратах. Дан сравнительный анализ последовательных стадий сингенетических сукцессий на лавах вулканов Крашенинникова и Плоского Толбачика (Ключевская группа вулканов, Центральная Камчатка).