bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diyanet Çocuk Dergisinde İlhami Ayrancı’nın Hikâyeleri
Authors: Dağ Hatice Zeynep
Published: September 2023

The Diyanet Çocuk (Diyanet Children) is a journal for children that started its publication life in 1979 and continues to be published once a month today. As stated in its name, the journal belongs to the Presidency of Religious Affairs. Studying how children's literature gets a place in a religious magazine is important for the development of religious children's literature. The fact that the periodical in question of the journal has a long history clearly demonstrates this development. In Turkish literature, the first forms used in writing for children are fairy tales and stories. The story type is widely preferred to give children the values they want to be given. For this reason, in this study, fifteen stories of Assoc. Prof. Dr. İlhami Ayrancı, published in the journal between February of 1993 and November 2002, were examined. After the information about the journal was mentioned first, information about the author Ayrancı was given. Fifteen works then were examined, and the outstanding topics were identified, and their pedagogical relation to the child was discussed. The volumes between 1979 and 2013 have not been digitized. Therefore, the study was carried out in the periodicals archive located in the Library of the Presidency of Religious Affairs. Although the writings have a memoir feature, they have been conveyed by narrating. For this reason, it has been evaluated as a story. Some parts are in the mood of conversation as if talking to the reader, sometimes at the beginning of the stories and sometimes at the end. Each part is irrespective of each other. The author acts a teacher and often includes dialogues with his students in the school environment. According to our findings, the stories are not suitable for classification. However, if we refer to the content, five of the fifteen stories focuses on motherhood. Some have been written on the importance of caring for the mother and obedience. In the two stories, children were given information about religious terms such as “fasting and religous day”. In addition, in the stories, there are topics such as not being greedy, appreciating, not being prejudiced, and not breaking hearts. On the other hand, some sentences like “...the bodies could only be recovered from the hillside piece by piece." which are pedagogically inappropriate descriptions includes, but the author's sensitivity to children is clearly visible. The stories written by Ayrancı, published in the Journal of Diyanet Children, inform children about both ethical, moral, and religious issues.
Türkiye ile KKTC Arasında Suçluların İadesi Prosedürü
Authors: Az Mehmet Salih
Published: September 2023

International judicial assistance (letters rogatory) is a set of procedures carried out by a competent judicial authority of one state on behalf of the judicial authority of another state. Extradition is also an important part of international judicial assistance and is defined as the surrender to a foreign state, upon request, of persons, for whom it was alleged that they have committed a crime in one country and fled to another country while being tried or serving a sentence, in order them to be tried or to serve the sentence imposed. With the extradition process, it has been aimed to ensure that people who commit crimes are not rewarded and that criminality is effectively combated. Türkiye also frequently resorts to extradition due to the large number of our citizens living abroad, the travels done easily within the scope of the visa exemption agreements concluded between the countries, and the illegal exits from the country. In particular, the high number of suspects, accused persons, or convicts who move between the two countries by taking advantage of the freedom and ease of travel provided within the framework of historical ties and close political relations between Türkiye and Northern Cyprus (TRNC) increases further the importance of international judicial assistance and extradition. In this declaration herein, due to the aforementioned reasons, the extradition process between Türkiye and Northern Cyprus (TRNC) is examined within the framework of both countries’ domestic law in this regard and of the bilateral agreement on judicial assistance between them. First of all, general information is given about international judicial assistance and extradition, which is an essential part thereof. Subsequently, the extradition process (such as legislation, institutions conducting the extradition process, provisional arrest, surrender phase, and rule of specialty) is discussed within the scope of the domestic law and the bilateral agreement. In addition, information was briefly provided on ‘‘deportation’’ as well, which is considered as an alternative to extradition in practice and among the applied security measures. Finally, the importance of extradition due to the historical ties and close political relations between Türkiye and the Northern Cyprus (TRNC) was emphasized, conducting trials and preventing impunity for whom it has been alleged that they committed crimes and effectively combating criminality were addressed within the framework of the statistics belonging to the last decade.
Din Kültürü ve Ahlak Bilgisi Dersi Kitaplarında Yer Alan Alevîlik ve Bektaşîlik ile İlgili Konuların Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: Şentürk Fatma
Published: September 2023

Subject of the Study; Examining the content of Alevism and Bektashism in the Religious Culture and Moral Knowledge textbooks. The scope of work; It consists of 7th grade textbooks of Planet Publishing and 12th grade textbooks of Gün Publishing, which were prepared as a result of the curriculum created in 2018 and approved by the Ministry of Education Education and Discipline Board with the decision of 78 numbers on May 28, 2018. Likewise; Alevism and Bektashism are only covered in 7th and 12th grade DKAB textbooks. Our problem in the study is to evaluate the aspect of the content related to Alevism and Bektashism in the Religious Culture and Moral Knowledge curriculum. Alevism and Bektashism, in the 5th unit of the 7th grade Religious Culture and Moral Knowledge textbook and in the 3rd units of the 12th grade Religious Culture and Moral Knowledge textbook, under the title of Sufi Interpretations in Islamic Thought, he had a detailed knowledge area called “Alevism and Bektashism”. It has been brought together with students from many frameworks and a comprehensive content has been created. It is necessary to make the books a correct information content and to give the students the real information they will encounter in the society. For this reason, it becomes necessary to examine the information in the books.Examining how the concepts and subjects related to Alevism and Bektashism are handled in the books, understanding and explaining Alevism and Bektashism correctly reveals the importance of our study. The aim of our study is to investigate and evaluate which concepts or peoples belonging to Alevism and Bektashism are included in the Religious Culture and Moral Knowledge books. The main sources of our work; Religious Culture and Moral Education Curriculum (Primary School 4th, Secondary School 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th Grades), Religious Culture and Moral Knowledge Curriculum (High School 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th Grades), 7th and 12th Grades. class Religious Culture and Moral Knowledge textbooks. Qualitative approach and literature review method were used in our study. When we come to the conclusion of the study; The state, by addressing the members of the tradition, reflected their understanding in the curriculum. However, we could not find an expression that would include the characteristics of all the common acceptances in all groups evaluated under the roof of Alevism and Bektashism. Criticisms such as distorting the information given by using the main sources of this Alevi and Bektashi tradition, Buyruk and Maqalat, have been blocked. In addition, the concepts of Alevism and Bektashism were evaluated as 'same', their differences were not included, and this situation was not an accurate definition. It would be beneficial for the content of the subject to be researched more comprehensively by experts and for the Religious Culture and Moral Knowledge branch teachers to be subjected to seminars and trainings in order to be informed about the subject.
Dijital Çağda Değer Eğitiminde Çizgi Filmlerin Yeri: ‘Rafadan Tayfa’ Örneği
Authors: Daşcı Aslıhan Aybüke
Published: September 2023

The main subject of the study is the analysis of the content of the cartoon movie Rafadan Tayfa in terms of values education in the context of justice, truthfulness, tolerance, compassion, industriousness, patience, respect, helpfulness, empathy, and greetings. The study is based on the root values determined by the Ministry of National Education.  Values are an essential element that affects first one's behavior and then society. Children learn these values in many different ways. Especially television, one of the digital age products, is a communication tool that plays a significant role in value transfer with the programs it contains. This study is essential in answering how value education can be given in the digital age, especially by using television as a tool. In addition, this study is critical in revealing how and to what extent the cartoons broadcasted on children's channels that children can easily access address values. Document analysis technique, which is one of the qualitative research techniques, was used in the study. In our study, we tried to examine the root values in the first ten episodes of the cartoon Rafadan Tayfa broadcast in Turkey. As a result of the research, it was determined that the values of benevolence with the children always helping each other and the elders of the neighborhood, compassion with the behavior of the neighborhood residents to the dog Yumağ and other animals, respect for nature with the tradition of planting trees, respect for elders with the events they experienced with Uncle Basri, love for the little ones with Uncle Basri's behavior towards children, and unity and solidarity with their help to Uncle Nuri, the grocer. Each episode of the cartoon about Turkish neighborhood culture examined a different value around a different event, and the values were tried to be transferred to children appropriately. In particular, values such as benevolence, generosity, unity, respect for elders, and protection of the little ones were emphasized. It has been revealed that the cartoon is a good example of permanent teaching in the digital age in line with the principle of vitality. In our opinion, the cartoon, the subject of our research, has successfully transferred values and has been able to transfer the targeted gains to children appropriately. Our study has revealed that value education in the digital age can be realized through many different channels and other methods. The important thing is to catch up with the age, to be aware of the characteristics of children, and to provide technical competence.
Kâdirȋ Dervişi Gulâmȋ’nin Divanı’ndaki Tasavvufi Unsurlar
Authors: Ceviz Zehra
Published: September 2023

Sufi facts in the Diwan of Qādirī Dervish Gulāmī, The path ‘Abd al-Qādir Gulāmī reflection in her poems in the Diwan of the Gulāmī, to which he is a follower, has been studied. The spiritual resources that the poets who own the diwan were fed are among the basic facts of the work. In order to grasp the depth of meaning in the poet's poems, it is necessary to consider the spiritual path he followed and the states he lived. Our study is important in terms of better understanding the meaning of his poems by examining the effect of the Qādirī, which is the main source of the spiritual elements that our Sufi Poet Gulāmī feeds on, on his Diwan The product of poets who have diwan in literature; It is the social, political and social mirror of the period. The way to understand his poems is to know the soul and spirit world of the poet. That's why, research has been carried out in order to clarify the place of the poet's poems in the world of meaning. One of the literary values ​​of Sivas,‘Abd al-Qādir Gulāmī , who completed his diwan at a young age, is known by the researches, which is one of the main sources he fed while creating his work. In our study, it is aimed to contribute to a better understanding of the poet's identity and the reflection of the sect on his poems by examining the mystical facts in his Diwan in detail. A literature review was conducted using the qualitative research method. The poet's life was compared with the relevant sources, and the detailed investigation of the Diwan transcribed by Meģmed Arslan and the scanning of mystical terms were made. Turkish-Islamic Literature is the carrier of literary facts that serve as a bridge between the past and the present. In our study, the diwan of Sivaslı ‘Abd al-Qādir Gulāmī, one of our 19th century poets, has survived to the present day; It has been studied in detail in terms of religion and mysticism, the literary and mystical personality of the poet has been investigated, and the mystical facts in the work have been studied. In terms of shedding light on the depth and richness of meaning in our Sufi poet's poems, the Qādirīyya sect, which he is a follower of, has been mentioned. He contributed to the understanding of the mystical facts in his poems and to the deep influence of the meaning. As a result of the researches and studies, it has been understood that the source of the depth in his poems is the richness of his spiritual world, as a representative of a tradition, as seen in the general of Sufi diwan poets. In this context, it is aimed to ensure that his poems and Gulāmī are seen better today and that they are likely to be spread later.
*This article is extracted from my master thesis dissertation entitled Doç. Dr. Ramazan Süer, supervised by Zehra Ceviz (Master’s Thesis, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Institute of Social Sciences, 2023).
Rus ve İsrailli Oryantalistlerin Çalışmaları Etrafında Oryantalizm Tarifi: ‘el-İstişrâk el-Rûsîyeh dirâseh târîkhîyeh şâmileh’ ile ‘el-İstişrâk el-İsraili fî el-maṣâdir el-ʻIbrīyyeh’ Kitapları Örneği
Authors: Acar Ali
Published: September 2023

The definition of Orientalism has gained momentum in more than one area until today and has become controversial in the dimension of a common definition. This study aims to contribute to this definition. Orientalists with the same aim give a new identity to the definition of Orientalism with their work in the East, not in a Western way. Another aim is to examine the loss of meaning of the concepts of "East and West" as regional definitions. The study basically aims to find answers to two important questions. First; Was the definition of Orientalism made only by Western orientalists? Latter; Can an author from an Eastern nation be considered an Orientalist? It is hoped that some titles of works copyrighted in this way will also benefit this discussion. The first of these books ''al-Istishrāq al-Rūsīyah dirāsah tārīkhīyah shāmilah'' (Russian Orientalism- General Historical Study-) which, was published by Prof. Dr. Sadun Mahmud As- Saamuk in 2003 in Jordan. It raises the question of whether Russian orientalism can be seen from Western orientalist studies. However, there is the book'' al-Istishrāq al-Israili fī al-maṣādir al-ʻIbrīyah''(Israel Orientalism in The Hebrew Sources) that was published by Mahmud Cela Idris in 1995 in Egypt, It has brought to mind the question of whether Israeli Orientalism should be reduced to the West, and will form the center of the definition to be described. Working in this way has a comparative method in terms of method. As a result of this study, Orientalism is on the verge of being redefined within the framework of the studies of orientalists who are far from the East-West (Regional) patterns it has, leaving the portrait of the nation and the state, for the same purpose. For this purpose, the ideas, suspicions, and claims of Russian and Israeli orientalists around Islam and Muslims will nullify the definition of Orientalism, which is indexed to the West. Now the East will start a tradition of Orientalism within itself. The globalizing world will have continued the state logic of Israeli orientalists with the help of Israeli orientalists. However, the work of Russian Orientalists will be similar to the work of Israeli Orientalists. In addition, Russian orientalists will reveal the logic of the notion of Islamic Arab History. Under this heading, Islam and Muslims will be targeted.
Dağıstan’dan Bursa’ya Göç Eden Mutasavvıf Ebû Muhammed Medenî ve Tasavvuf Anlayışı
Authors: Kızılgül Kılıç Hatice Merve , Akot Bülent
Published: September 2023

In this study, the focus is on Abu Muhammad al-Madani bin Osman Daghistani (d. 1332/1913), a Sufi who migrated from Daghistan to Bursa due to the increasing Russian occupation in the North Caucasus, beginning in the second half of the 19th century. Within this scope, the hagiographies and Sufi perspectives of al-Madani will be explored. The saints of Bursa had a profound spiritual impact on Ottoman history. Bursa, a center where many significant saints resided and exerted their influence, was considered the spiritual capital of the Ottoman Empire for approximately two centuries before Istanbul. Sufis who migrated from Daghistan to Bursa and the notable individuals they nurtured became renowned not only in the late Ottoman period but also in the Republic era, leaving their mark on Turkey and the world. These figures include al-Madani, Sharafaddin Zaynal Abidin Daghistani, and Abdullah Daghistani. Gaining a better understanding of al-Madani and his Sufi perspective sheds light on the Sufi understanding and history of that era. This study aims to meticulously examine the life, hagiographies, and Sufi perspectives of al-Madani, one of the Sufis who migrated from the North Caucasus to Bursa. The migration process of al-Madani and his family from Daghistan to Bursa, their dissemination of Sufi teachings in Bursa, and their impact on Ottoman society form the focal point of the research. Ottoman archival records, hagiographies, letters, research articles, books, and other data sources have been compiled to thoroughly examine the lives, migration processes, Sufi teachings, and impacts of these Sufis in detail. By considering the social and cultural context of al-Madani's time, efforts have been made to comprehend the spiritual values and influence he contributed to the Ottoman Empire and Turkey. It's observed that al-Madani engaged in conflict with the Russians during his youth. His struggle extended as far as Siberia and continued until he migrated to Turkey. He played a role in leading Caucasian immigrants to settle in the area between today's Yalova and Orhangazi, where the present-day Güney village is situated. It's known that al-Madani authored a work titled "Ya Veledi," which delves into the intricacies of the Naqshbandi Order. A branch of the Naqshbandi Order led by al-Madani was transplanted from Daghistan to Turkey. The influence of the disciples trained by al-Madani and his successor, Sharafatddin Zaynal Abidin Daqhistani, continues to be felt up to the present day. Abdullah Daqhistani and Hacı Ihsan Tamgüney are among these figures.
Mehmet Akif Ersoy’un İslam Aile Hukukunun Bazı Konuları Hakkındaki Görüşleri
Authors: Erdoğan Sümeyye
Published: September 2023

Mehmet Akif Ersoy defends the necessity of a society based on Islamic principles. He also dealt with social issues through his poems. In his poetry corpus called Safahat, he gave place to the wars, corruption, economic troubles, disagreements, and social changes experienced by Turkish society. Mehmet Akif draws attention to the excess and negative aspects of these great changes in society. He stated that the reason for the situations that cause enchantment in the society is the departure from the rules and rules of Islam. He states that the solution is only to live the religious provisions correctly. According to Akif, there is a need for good fiqh scholars who explain religion correctly to people in order to achieve this situation. The understanding of religion in the society; It should be corrected by filtering the mind based on the Qur'an, Sunnah, and consensus. Likewise, people's inadequate and wrong knowledge in the field of fiqh brings corruption into many issues in society. Undoubtedly, the concept of family is among those most affected by the bad consequences of being away from religion. According to Mehmet Akif, societies that do not have a proper family life are doomed to fall behind. The problems in family life that Mehmet Akif faced and criticized during his lifetime still remain valid today. For this reason, in our study, the social problems of family life witnessed and criticized by Mehmet Akif were evaluated in terms of Islamic law. Thus, it is desired to clearly reveal the corruption in family life caused by moving away from the rules of Islamic law. Due to the fact that they are within the scope of the subject, the poetic stories conveyed in the poems of Köse İmam, Meyhane, and Asım are emphasized. In the plots of the poems, we come across the subjects of dowry, alimony, polygamy, relationship between spouses, property regime, and divorce. Mehmet Akif's comments about the case studies in the work are included. Afterwards, a statement was made on the relevant subject, and the misunderstood/applied situations were explained according to Islamic law. As a result of the study, we see the damage to family life of the deactivation or misinterpretation of the provisions of religion. According to Mehmet Akif, issues such as giving women the value they deserve in family life, removing polygamy from being an arbitrary practice, correcting misconceptions about divorce, obtaining and protecting women's financial rights during the marriage process are only possible with the correct understanding of Islamic legal principles. Because, from a society where women are not even considered human beings, girls are buried alive, and there is uncertainty in family life, a society of the century of bliss has been reached only with Islam. For this reason, women, children, and family life suffer the most in societies where religion/fiqh is put into the background. Raising the generation that will carry a nation forward is only possible by removing the wrong information about the family and correcting the problems.
II. Vatikan Konsili: Katolik Kilisesinin İslam’a Bakışı ve Müslümanlarla İlişkisi
Authors: Çekici Elif
Published: September 2023

This paper deals with the Catholic Church’s perspective on Islam and ıts  relationship with  Muslims in  the light of the Second Vatican Council documents. It is very important because the Second Vatican Council and ıts decisions to understand the Catholic and Muslim relations today.  Although the Church discussed Catholic-Muslims relations 60 years ago, but since the Vatican II is the last general council, it based all decisions and implementations regarding Islam and relations with Muslims on this Council. Morever, ıt is the general council refering to Muslims for the first time. It is the council that officially begins Catholic-Muslim relations and determines how to will be these relations. Nostra Aetate, the declaration on the Church's relationship with non-Christian religions, is the council document most concerning to Muslims. In this document, espacially the Church's approaches to Islam and its relation with Muslims.The phrase "in our time" in the first paragraph of the document justifies the Church's attitude towards Islam and its closeness with Muslims. Today, more than half of the world's eight billion population consists of Christians (mostly Catholic) and Muslims. And nowadays, just as this document (N.A.1) states, humanity is getting closer to each other, and the bonds between different people are getting stronger due to travels, migrations, media, and technological developments. At the same time, Catholic-Muslim encounters increases rapidly on some platforms in which information and ideas are exchanged such as social media. Thusly, the Church determined the ways of how to dialogue and collobaration with Muslims in order to live together in Nostra Aetate. This paper aimed to reveal the Second Vatican Council's teaching on Islam and the Catholic-Muslim relationship. As well, the Catholic-Muslims relations analyized from Catholic Church’s perspective. It's refered to the other council documents such as Lumen Gentium, Gaudium et Spes, Ad Gentes, including Nostra Aetate. The following main sources studying is: Austin Flannery's the book in which he gathered the documents of the council, Vatican Council II: Constitutions, Decrees, Declarations; Catholicism Engaging Other Faiths Vatican II and its Impact” edited by Vladimir Latinovic; Gavin D’Costa’s Vatican II, Catholic Doctrines on Jews and Muslims; S. J. Gerald O’Collins’s The Second Vatican Council on Other Religions. Thus, this paper, provided in a historical method, replied to the question of how important the decisions of Vatican Council II is understanding contemporary Catholic-Muslim relations. And than, It presented the Church that recognizes non-Christian religions within the inclusivist paradigm, ıts positive speech and conciliation attitude towards Islam and Muslims. Finally, It illuminated to the style of dialogue based on mutual understanding and collaboration that the Church initiated with Islam and Muslims.
The Influence Of Project Based Learning (Pjbl) For Students Creative Thinking Ability Of Twelfth Grade At Yabhinka Welding Techniques Vocational High School In Cilegon
Authors: Febnesia Helleni , Iman Atep , Supriyatna Deddy
Published: September 2023

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of the Project Based Learning (PjBL) learning model on the creative thinking skills of Twelfth Class Welding Engineering students at Yabhinka Vocational High School in Cilegon. This research employs a quantitative approach and a quasi-experimental methodology. Students of Twelfth Class Welding Engineering at Yabhinka Vocational High School for the academic year 2020/2021 comprised the research sample, with of Twelfth Class Welding Engineering 1 comprising 18 student samples serving as the experimental class and class of Twelfth Class Welding Engineering 2 totaling 18 student samples serving as the control class. The data collection instrument was an essay-based, 10-question test of creative reasoning abilities. Examine the hypothesis using the Paired Sample t Test and Independent Test in this study. The posttest mean is 82.9, the mean observation value is 86.11, and the project mean is 84.14, according to the results of the study conducted in of Twelfth Class Welding Engineering 1, which employs the Project Based Learning (PjBL) learning model. of Twelfth Class Welding Engineering 2 students who did not use the Project Based Learning (PjBL) learning model achieved a posttest mean of 71.7, an observation mean of 74.56, and a project mean of 49.9. The results of hypothesis testing with the Independent t-test statistic show a significant value of 0.000 or less than 0.05, so it can be concluded that the Project Based Learning (PjBL) learning model has an effect on the creative thinking abilities of of Twelfth Class Welding Engineering.
Antimonopoly policy in Georgia
Authors:   Grigol Robakidze University, Fetelava Slava
Published: September 2023

In the article "Antimonopoly Policy in Georgia", the author emphasizes the role and importance of economic competition policy in the process of formation of a market economy in the country. In addition, it presents the process of formation and development of this policy in Georgia in dynamics, which is divided into fourteen stages, taking into account the expected changes (the creation of the Competition Council and the unification of enforcement mechanisms under the umbrella of one competition body in the future). In addition, the positive and negative aspects of the policy implemented in the country at each stage have been analyzed and a conclusion has been made that the anti-monopoly policy implemented in Georgia since the beginning of the nineties of the last century - in the beginning and in the last period - was outstanding. That is, from the first, second and eighth stages onwards - the practice of antimonopoly regulation can really be considered successful or at least partially successful. Also, the opinion is expressed that after the planned institutional change from January 1, 2025, and finally, with the introduction of the implementation process of the unified antimonopoly policy in the country through one body (National Competition Agency/Competition Council), the enforcement of the antimonopoly policy in the country will be even more successful, which will make the business environment in Georgia safer and more attractive. Keywords: antimonopoly policy, institutional changes.
Black and White Shades of Social Network: Political-Economic and Psychological Aspects
Authors:   Grigol Robakidze University, Archvadze Joseph , Kurkhuli Lia
Published: September 2023

The introduction of social networks (Facebook, Twitter, google+, Instagram, Youtube, Whatsapp, Tik Tok, Linkedin, etc.) is the largest transition in the history of mankind, in terms of dissemination of information since Gutenberg began printing. Its "passing pawns" are efficiency, mass character and instantaneous distribution. The behavior of people and their relationships social networks took on a strong "boarding". Before our eyes, a process is taking place when an increasing part of the population is changing the "Party of the TV" to the "Party of the Internet." Social networks have significantly narrowed, and in fact put an end to, the monopoly of television in the formation of public opinion. Moreover, they, in particular Facebook, having overcome the barriers of almost any censorship, have turned the globe into one "global village". This is actually the "agora" of the twenty-first century. They adequately continued the process of "levelling" between the rich and the poor in terms of access to news, entertainment, shows, provided earlier by traditional media (press, radio, television). The Internet began, and the social network accelerated an unprecedented language revolution, rooted or filled with new meaning in everyday life “traditional” words, terms or phrases: hashtag, selfie, trolling, ban, chat, blog, avatar, meme, gif, etc. Over-reliance on the Internet and social media has become a global disease that surpasses the most acute, formidable pandemics in human history in scale. This means that excessive dependence on social networks is too similar to gambling addiction - the repetition of the same actions for a long time and a weakened perception of time, the replacement of real life and activity with virtual ... The development of information technology is “encouraging” by stuffing more and more new functions and expanding the range of possibilities of smartphone functions, which further strengthens people's attachment to them and the social and psychological problems associated with it. At the same time, the development of dialectics suggests that the time is not far off when the opposite trend will also appear: the desire for liberation from excessive dependence on the Internet and gadgets, as a measure of true freedom. The time will come when such freedom will be as prestigious as owning a personal computer or a mobile phone a few decades ago... Keywords: Internet, Social network, Facebook, Information, Addiction.
Orthodox Teaching of Self-knowledge and Socio-economic Synergism
Authors:   Grigol Robakidze University, Shikhashvili Giorgi , Rusidze Kakhaber
Published: September 2023

The article outlines the Orthodox teaching on self-awareness and socio-economic synergism and theological economy. By God's providence, the socio-economic development of individual countries and the entire humanity should be based on the Christian doctrine. Keywords: Knowing yourself. Socio-economic synergism. Theological economy. God, Motherland, Man.
Directions for improving the compliance of employment policy and learning outcomes of higher education in Georgia
Authors:   Grigol Robakidze University, Kharaishvili Medea
Published: September 2023

The article discusses the importance of the employment policy and directions for the improvement of higher education in Georgia. Employment policy can be defined as a set of programs and opportunities through which the state tries to increase the employment rate in the country. Ensuring the effective employment of the population is extremely important for accelerating the economic development in the country and solving existing social problems. It is important to focus on the formation of human capital when conducting employment policy. Human capital is the main factor in the formation of innovative economy and knowledge economy as a post-development high level. It is influenced by education, knowledge, skills, competencies, attitudes, health and well-being. Investing in human capital, as well as investing in physical capital, increases the labor productivity of individuals, it has a significant impact on the quantitative and qualitative development of working capacity. The availability of qualified workforce ensures both the increase of labor productivity and the attraction of investments in production. Keywords: employment policy, human capital, learning outcomes, higher education, investments.
Diasporas In Georgia: Number and Structure
Authors:   Grigol Robakidze University, Tukhashvili Mirian , Shelia Mzia
Published: September 2023

After the annexation of Georgia by Russia in early XIX century, the number and relative share of diaspora in the territory of Georgia grew steadily. It was one of the directions of the implementation of Russian policy in the Caucasus region that continued until the Second World War and was then followed by the process of slow reduction of the share of diasporas in the entire population, which accelerated exponentiallyin the post-Soviet period after the restoration of the independence of Georgia. The reason for this is that due to the disastrous deterioration of the living conditions, diasporas tend to go abroad at a higher pace than the representatives of the autochthonous Georgian and Abkhazian ethnicities do. The reduction of the number of diasporas was influenced by the process of integration of diasporas into the Georgian ethnos. In the post-Soviet period, the number of population of the main autochthonous Georgian ethnicity decreased by 512 thousand people, i.e. 13.5%, while the number of Abkhazians increased by 30%, and the total number of diasporas decreasedby 2.5 times. Great changes have taken place in the demographic structure of diasporas that was manifested in the aging of all diasporas. In the period of 1989-2014, the median age in the Russian diaspora increased from 36.7 years to 48.8 years, among Armenians - from 30.5 to 38.4 years, among Azerbaijanis - from 23.5 to 32.2 years, and in the total population of Georgia- from 30.7 to 37.7 years. In the post-Soviet period, Turkish, Arab, Iranian, Indian and Chinese diasporas were formed and tend to increase. The economic and cultural advancement of Georgia that occurred in the recent period provides a fertile ground for attracting the population of Asian countries for migration purposes. It becomes necessary to regulate immigration flows with a carefully thought - out policy. Keywords: Georgia, Diaspora, Ethnos, Population.
Macroeconomic facts. Georgia
Authors:   Grigol Robakidze University, Giorkhelidze Demur
Published: September 2023

The paper discusses and systematizes the macroeconomic facts that have been formed in Georgia during the last several decades and create a common basis for understanding and understanding the processes of economic growth and development. These facts allow us to understand in the medium and long-term perspective (20-30 years), what the possibilities of economic growth can be, on what basis macroeconomic policy should be built and to make growth forecasts. In any case, at least the rating is acceptable. Due to the nature of the modern economy, this is a very difficult issue, but it is possible using modern means (methods) of assessment. Keywords: macroeconomic facts, economic growth, macroeconomic policy, growth forecasting.
The Shadow Banking in Georgia
Authors:   Grigol Robakidze University, Lashkhi Mariam
Published: September 2023

Shadow banking is an important component of many financial systems. Due to their role in transferring risks to the financial system, institutions operating within the shadow banking system require increased attention, as demonstrated by the recent global crisis. This paper aims to investigate the size and trend of the shadow banking sector in the context of financial stability in Georgia. For this purpose, an analysis of the financial sector of Georgia was conducted to study the activities of shadow banks and the potential risks related to their activities. The study uses FSB and ESRB methodology to estimate the size of shadow banking in Georgia and the associated risk. The results of the analysis indicate that non-bank financial institutions, such as leasing and pawn shops, are part of the shadow banking system, which is not subject to banking regulation. Their actions and activities do not pose a threat to financial stability at the moment. The shadow banking system in Georgia is relatively small and currently does not represent a significant systemic risk. However, there are a number of factors that can increase the risk of the shadow banking system in Georgia, including: Growth in non-banking financial institutions that are not subject to the same level of regulation as the banking sector; Increasing interconnection of NBFIs with the banking system; Use of complex financial instruments, which complicates risk assessment. The lack of comprehensive and high-quality information on the shadow banking system in Georgia is a major challenge for effective risk assessment, as NBFIs are not required to report their activities to the authorities and there is a lack of transparency in the shadow banking system. In order to mitigate the risks posed by the shadow banking system, it is important to improve the regulation of NBFIs and increase the transparency of the shadow banking system. This initiative will allow policymakers to better understand the risks caused by the shadow banking system and take measures to reduce these risks. Keywords: shadow banking, non-bank financial institution, other financial intuitions, financial stability.
CBDC - Digital Currency of Central Banks: Advantages and Disadvantages
Authors:   Grigol Robakidze University, Chikobava Malkhaz
Published: September 2023

The article discusses the advantages and possible disadvantages of CBDC (Central Bank Digital Currencies). This issue gained special relevance after the global financial crisis of 2008-2009. It is no exaggeration to say that in recent years the entire world has been swept up in the fever of creating Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC). More than a hundred central banks are engaged in this topic. Central banks of the People's Republic of China, India, Sweden, Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation and some other countries can be considered the most advanced in this matter. In about a dozen countries, the authorities have already announced the introduction of digital currency. But it's mostly the smaller jurisdictions that experts say are being used as testing grounds. The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) has studied the issue of CBDC in depth. It provides advisory assistance to individual countries' central banks in the preparation of digital currency projects and also initiates projects to connect individual countries' digital currency systems to use CBDC as a means of payment between countries. Some experts suggest that the BIS has far-reaching goals to create a single CBDC for all countries - a global digital currency that should replace the US dollar (Heller, 2021). As for the International Monetary Fund (IMF), until recently the topic of CBDC was of peripheral interest to it. However, by 2023, the IMF's interest has shifted towards digital currency. In April of this year, the annual spring session of the governing bodies of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank (WB) was held in Washington, where there were a number of speeches on the topic of CBDC. Keywords: digital currency, cryptocurrency, bitcoin, central bank digital currency, commercial banks, central banks.
Sustainable Urbanization and Ziph’s Law for Georgian Cities
Authors:   Grigol Robakidze University, Totladze Lia , Khuskivadze Mamuka
Published: September 2023

In the modern post-pandemic world to pandemic challenges were added global humanitarian, economic, logistical, and other problems caused by the Russia-Ukraine war. In this context, it is vital for all countries to maintain the appropriate rate of sustainable development to protect the macroeconomic environment. The phenomenon of urbanization maintains a special place in sustainable development goals. The paper discusses the concept of urbanization as a social transformation and its relationship to the country's development indicators. The positive and negative effects of urbanization are analyzed. The article emphasizes empirical aspects of population concentration and considers Zipf's law for Georgian cities. Keywords: Sustainable development goals; Urbanization; Modelin; Zipf's law.
Gig economy and its development trends in the conditions of modern globalization in Georgia
Authors:   Grigol Robakidze University, Tsartsidze Murman , Gabadadze Shota
Published: September 2023

In the conditions of modern globalization, according to account the features of the development trends of the world economy, the formation of a flexible labor market is a necessary condition for economic development in the country. The latter implies the development and effective use of modern flexible forms of employment. As a result, modern forms of non-standard employment and working time regimes have spread and are widely developing in international practice, among which the leading place is occupied by remote employment. They respond quickly and flexibly to the dynamics of economic development, on its variable conditions and ensure the optimal realization of the interests of the subjects of the labor market as its main goal. Flexible, free forms of employment are developing in the conditions of the gig-economy. It is based on the use of new digital technologies, which requires modern companies to rethink traditional approaches to employment and management problems, revision and consistent integration in this completely new digital space. In the conditions of the gig economy, the rational use of working time is also carried out, and it significantly expands the employment opportunities of socially vulnerable layers of the population (young people, women, disabled people, pensioners and others). Accordingly, in this paper is discussed meaning of gig-economy, peculiarities of its functioning and development trends in Georgia. It is justified, that in the conditions of the gig economy, business and service, various forms of employment carried out using digital technologies are mainly located in the informal sector of the economy and in the current period it is characterized by a rather growing trend. The paper also evaluates the pros and cons of gig-economy development and Its impact on the overall process of economic development. Keywords: Gig-economy, labour market, employment, remote employment, informal employment, labor relations.
Variable Structure Optimal Control Problem for the Economic-Political Systems with Continuous Intermediate Conditions
Authors:   Grigol Robakidze University, Arsenashvili Akaki
Published: September 2023

Investigation of variable structure optimal control problems is one of the important directions of the optimal control theory. Change of the structure of a system means that the system at some beforehand unknown moment may go over from one law of movement to another. Moreover, after changing the structure the initial condition of the system depends on its previous state. This joins them into a single system with variable structure. Such problems are important for various practical applications. In this article we consider the general economic system, the main purpose of which is to meet all the basic needs of society. It also takes into account the fact that the essence of the economic system depends on the political system in society, which is constant at certain intervals of time, but can change at any time unknown in advance. This feature of the economic-political system allows us to consider this system as a variable structure optimal control system with continuous intermediate conditions. We introduce indicators of efficiency and effectiveness of the economic system, which give us information about the state of the economic system at a given time interval and at a given point in time, respectively. One simple linear variable structure economic-political system optimal control problem is presented for illustration. Keywords: variable structure, control problem, economic system, political system, effectiveness of the economic system, system efficiency.
Budget administration mechanisms in the context of the global economy
Authors:   Grigol Robakidze University, Tabatadze Marina , Tandilashvili Anna
Published: September 2023

In today's dynamic landscape, modern global systems are redefining the standards and priorities of national economic policies. Countries' economic status is experiencing significant shifts due to their participation in these systems. As a result of these changes, the current world economy is marked by the proliferation of regionalism and the emergence of spatial economic frameworks. Therefore, the classical economic concepts are evolving, giving rise to a new model known as economic nationalism. This paradigm shift generates new risks and increases their severity and scale. The overarching goal of economic policy is now centered around ensuring and predicting the stability of development. Discussions are underway to address the challenges of achieving economic balance and securing its social and institutional sustainability. In addition to the decentralization of the unified governance system, the global economy is characterized by the activation of centralized governance elements within the individual countries. This necessitates the development of new standards for global cooperation and the careful balancing of integrative and national development factors. The question of the government's influence on the economy and the delegation of its powers is once again becoming pertinent. The effective coordination of public administration is built upon the principle of government decentralization, which serves as the primary component of a democratic societal model and facilitates the transfer of management tools to the public. The key objectives of this research are centered around the optimal allocation of state government functions and study the hierarchical principles of territorial organization within the country, the fiscal mechanisms for distributing powers, as well as the particularities of structuring of the spatial economy and its budgetary provision mechanisms. The paper discusses the priority governance standards of modern world economic processes, their conceptual, institutional, and legal foundations, as well as the challenges related to the coordination of economic systems within the global environment. Additionally, the paper addresses the optimal distribution of functions between different budget levels and explores the role of budget system decentralization in economic management. The paper highlights the peculiarities of budget system decentralization in the context of Georgia. Keywords: coordination of economic systems, regionalism and spatial economy, optimal power distribution, budget decentralization, governance standards.