bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FISIONOMIA E ESTRUTURA DE VEGETAÇÃO DE CAATINGA EM DIFERENTES AMBIENTES EM SERRA TALHADA - PERNAMBUCO
Authors: Farias Séfora Gil Gomes de , Rodal Maria Jesus Nogueira , Melo André Laurênio de , Silva Maria Amanda Menezes , Lima André Luiz Alves de
Published: July 2016

Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de investigar a influência da heterogeneidade espacial dos fatores abióticos sobre os padrões espaciais da estrutura da vegetação do componente lenhoso e sua regeneração em uma área de caatinga, no sertão de Pernambuco. O estudo foi realizado em uma área de caatinga localizada no Parque Estadual da Mata da Pimenteira, município de Serra Talhada, Pernambuco. A amostragem foi dividida em dois ambientes, um próximo ao curso d’água com vegetação mais densa (I) e outro a 100 m do curso d’água com vegetação mais aberta (II). Em cada ambiente foram instaladas quatro parcelas permanentes de 20 × 50 m subdivididas em 10 parcelas de 10 × 10 m, nas quais foram medidos os indivíduos vivos com diâmetro do caule ao nível do solo (DNS) ≥ 3 cm e altura total ≥ 1 m. Em um dos vértices de cada parcela foi plotada uma subparcela de 2 × 2 m para medir a altura e o diâmetro dos indivíduos das espécies amostradas no componente lenhoso com DNS entre 0,5 e 2,9 cm (regeneração). Foram calculados os descritores fitossociológicos gerais da comunidade dos diferentes ambientes e avaliada a distribuição de indivíduos em histogramas, tanto do componente lenhoso como para a regeneração. Após verificação da normalidade pelo teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov, os valores dos descritores fitossociológicos por parcela foram comparados entre os ambientes. Nos dados com distribuição normal, foi empregada a análise de variância (ANOVA) de um critério. Dados sem distribuição normal foram analisados pelo teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney. Os ambientes apresentaram diferenças significativas quanto ao número de indivíduos (4047,5 versus 3332,5 ind.ha-1) e área basal (23,6 versus 17,6 m2. ha-1), com valores significativamente superiores no ambiente I, padrão oposto ao da regeneração em que o número de indivíduos e a área basal foram maiores no ambiente II (9187,5 versus 10937,5 ind.ha-1) e (1,9 versus 2,5 m2. ha-1), respectivamente. No total foram amostradas 50 espécies (incluindo o componente arbóreo e regenerante), havendo diferenças significativas em termos de diversidade entre os ambientes nos diferentes estratos, embora a similaridade seja superior a 80%. A maioria das variáveis químicas e texturais dos solos não diferiram estatisticamente, com exceção dos teores de Al3+ que apresentou teores superiores no ambiente I. Das demais variáveis edáficas, apenas a pedregosidade diferiu entre os ambientes I e II (3,87 versus 1,47%). A distinção fisionômica da vegetação entre os ambientes é resultado da presença de populações com indivíduos de maiores alturas e diâmetros no ambiente I. A heterogeneidade espacial das variáveis ambientais encontrada nos ambientes estudados, explicou parte das variações das características florístico-estrutural da vegetação.
AVALIAÇÃO DA RESTAURAÇÃO PASSIVA DE UMA ÁREA DE MATA ATLÂNTICA APÓS O CORTE RASO DE UMA PLANTAÇÃO DE Cupressus lusitanica MILL
Authors: Cielo-Filho Roque , Souza Joice Aparecida Dias de
Published: July 2016

Cupressus lusitanica Mill. possui um potencial relativamente baixo para promover a regeneração de espécies nativas sob o dossel da floresta. Entretanto, após o corte raso de uma plantação de Cupressus lusitanica na Floresta Estadual de Avaré (FEA), sudeste do Brasil, uma vigorosa regeneração de espécies arbustivoarbóreas da floresta Atlântica foi observada. Avaliou-se a restauração passiva desse sítio comparando sua vegetação com a vegetação estabelecida em clareiras artificiais abertas em floresta secundária no Parque Estadual da Cantareira (PEC), sudeste do Brasil. A distribuição de frequência de síndromes de dispersão para espécies e a taxa de redução da abundância das espécies pioneiras em um gráfico de rol de abundância não diferiram entre as duas áreas. As curvas de rarefação para riqueza de espécies e diversidade do PEC ficaram abaixo das curvas correspondentes da FEA. As proporções de espécies não pioneiras e de indivíduos de espécies não pioneiras foram maiores na FEA. A distribuição de frequência de síndromes de dispersão para indivíduos diferiu entre as duas áreas devido a uma predominância mais acentuada de zoocoria na FEA. A taxa de redução da abundância das espécies não pioneiras em um gráfico de rol de abundância foi menor na FEA. Concluiu-se que a restauração passiva pode recuperar atributos da vegetação nativa após o corte raso de plantações florestais desprovidas de conspícua regeneração de espécies nativas no sub-bosque. No entanto, esse fenômeno pode ser influenciado por propriedades particulares da espécie florestal, práticas de exploração e integridade da dispersão de sementes pela fauna.
ANÁLISE ESPACIAL DA PRODUTIVIDADE DE SERAPILHEIRA EM UMA MATA DE GALERIA
Authors: Aquino Priscila Sales Rodrigues , Nappo Mauro Eloi , Rodrigues Marcos Sales , Pereira Ismael Martins , Matricardi Eraldo Aparecido Trondoli , Pelá Gláucia de Mello
Published: July 2016

Matas de galeria possuem grande diversidade genética e desempenham importantes funções ecológicas, como a proteção das nascentes, controle da erosão e funcionam como filtros retendo poluentes. A serapilheira, que pode ser usada como um indicativo de produtividade ecológica é amplamente coletada por meio de coletores que são distribuídos aleatoriamente em um ecossistema florestal. No entanto, a distribuição da vegetação pode apresentar dependência espacial, logo, a produtividade da serapilheira pode ser mapeada utilizando técnicas geoestatísticas o que permite a delimitação de zonas de manejo. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência de métodos geoestatísticos na delimitação de zonas de manejo da produtividade de serapilheira em uma área de mata de galeria. O estudo foi realizado na mata de galeria do córrego Lava-pés (3 ha) em Ipameri - GO, utilizando-se 60 coletores (cada um com 0,33 m² de área e suspensos a 0,65 m do solo) instalados em uma malha regular georreferenciada de 32 x 32 m. A serapilheira foi coletada mensalmente de dezembro de 2011 a novembro de 2012. Todas as amostras foram separadas manualmente nas frações: folhas (FF), ramos (FR - galhos e cascas), e estruturas reprodutivas (FER - flores, frutos e sementes) e foram expressas em kg ha-1. Realizou-se a análise estatística descritiva e geoestatística dos dados. A produtividade de serapilheira para a FF e o total apresentou forte dependência espacial. A FR e a FER apresentaram efeito pepita puro. O mapa dos valores de serapilheira total obtido pelo método de interpolação Krigagem indicaram áreas de produtividade variando de 900 a 10.900 Kg ha-1ano, evidenciando alta variabilidade na área. Foi possível por meio da técnica de interpolação krigagem delimitar zonas de manejo da produtividade de serapilheira na mata de galeria estudada, o que permitiu o manejo florestal específico da serapilheira.
CARACTERIZAÇÃO GEOTÉCNICA E CLASSIFICAÇÃO DE SOLOS PARA ESTRADAS FLORESTAIS: ESTUDO DE CASO
Authors: Emmert Fabiano , Pereira Reginaldo Sérgio
Published: July 2016

Visando à utilização adequada de solos em estradas florestais, o estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar geotecnicamente e classificar tipos de solos locais, identificando o emprego adequado em infraestruturas rodoviárias. O estudo foi realizado em áreas florestais no município de Niquelândia, Goiás. Coletaram-se solos finos e granulares predominantes, denominados SL e HA, respectivamente. Os solos foram submetidos a ensaios geotécnicos apropriados para obras rodoviárias, identificando os grupos pertencentes de acordo com as metodologias de classificação TRB e MCT. Os resultados demonstram que o solo SL, com fração predominante de areia fina, possui baixa plasticidade e pertence aos grupos A-4(1) e LA’, segundo TRB e MCT respectivamente. A tensão suportada alcançou 385,10 kPa na maior energia de compactação. A capacidade de suporte foi maior na energia de compactação intermediária. Para o solo granular HA, a fração predominante foi de pedregulho fino e seu enquadramento no grupo TRB foi A-1-b. Segundo a metodologia MCT, o solo SL é material prioritário para base e subleito de estradas. O comportamento esperado para o solo SL é satisfatório como material empregado no subleito, e o HA, excelente, segundo a classificação TRB. A capacidade dos solos SL e HA indicam que devem ser empregados como reforço de subleito e base, respectivamente. Em estradas florestais, o solo SL pode ser empregado como subleito e HA como base ou revestimento primário.
USO ENERGÉTICO DE RESÍDUOS MADEIREIROS NA PRODUÇÃO DE CERÂMICAS NO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO
Authors: Lopes Guilherme de Andrade , Brito José Otávio , Moura Luiz Fernando de
Published: July 2016

O uso da biomassa florestal é uma importante alternativa de fonte energética renovável, econômica, técnica e ambientalmente viável, disputando espaço com outras fontes energéticas, mais caras ou não renováveis, tais como gás natural, óleo diesel e GLP. Dentro do setor industrial, maior consumidor de energia a partir de biomassa, destaca-se o segmento de cerâmicas vermelhas, tradicional consumidor de lenha para a produção de energia. Uma considerável parcela de empresas deste setor recentemente passou a utilizar, como alternativa de energia, cavacos produzidos a partir de resíduos madeireiros diversos. A opção por esse tipo de biomassa se deve a quatro principais razões: maior disponibilidade desse material para aquisição no mercado; envolver um importante aspecto ambiental, uma vez que se trata de um material de origem renovável; por proporcionar uma maior homogeneidade durante a combustão, quando comparado com a lenha; e possibilita a automação da alimentação dos fornos. O presente estudo teve por objetivo caracterizar e descrever o segmento de cerâmicas vermelhas no Estado de São Paulo quanto ao consumo de resíduos madeireiros para fins energéticos. A pesquisa por amostragem coletou dados regionais sobre a quantidade e eficiência do uso de resíduos madeireiros como fonte de geração de energia no setor, bem como aspectos tecnológicos, econômicos e logísticos associados ao uso desta biomassa. Estima-se que o uso de cavacos de madeira vem sendo adotado atualmente por cerca de 80% das cerâmicas de porte médio no Estado de São Paulo. Os cavacos são originados de resíduos de serrarias, operações da colheita florestal de pinus e eucalipto, poda de arborização urbana e reciclagem de produtos madeireirosem geral. Oraio médio de distância para suprimento dos cavacos até as cerâmicas é de aproximadamente 200 km. As cerâmicas avaliadas compram os cavacos de terceiros a um preço médio em torno de R$ 43,00 por m³. A eficiência média apurada foi de 1,4 m³ de cavaco para cada milheiro de peças acabadas produzidas. As cerâmicas expressaram a necessidade de maior regularidade na qualidade deste biocombustível, que normalmente varia a cada carga recebida.
CLOSED-FORM SOLUTION TO AN ECONOMIC GROWTH LOGISTIC MODEL WITH CONSTANT MIGRATION
Authors: Juchem Neto João Plínio , Claeyssen Julio Cesar Ruiz , Ritelli Daniele , Scarpello Giovanni Mingari
Published: July 2016

This paper considers a Solow-Swan economic growth model with the labor force ruled by the logistic equation added by a constant migration rate, I. We prove the global asymptotic stability of the capital and production per capita. Considering a Cobb-Douglas production function, we show this model to have a closed-form solution, which is expressed in terms of the Beta and Appell F1 special functions. We also show, through simulations, that if I>0, it implies in a smaller capital and product per capita in the short term, but in a higher  capital and product per capita in the middle and long terms. In both cases, these per capita variables converge to the same steady-state given by the model without migration. If I<0 the transient behavior is the opposite. Finally, if I=0, we recover the solution for the pure logistic case, involving Gauss' Hypergeometric Function 2F1.
INFORMATION MEASURES FOR RECORD RANKED SET SAMPLES
Authors: Tahmasebi Saeid , Afshari Mahmoud , Eskandarzadeh Maryam
Published: July 2016

Salehi and Ahmadi (2014) introduced a new sampling scheme for generating record-breaking data called record ranked set sampling. In this paper, we consider the uncertainty and information content of record ranked set samples (RRSS) in terms of Shannon entropy, Rényi and Kullback-Leibler (KL) information measures. We show that the difference between the Shannon entropy of RRSS and the simple random samples (SRS) is depends on the parent distribution F. We also compare the information content of RRSS with a SRS data in the uniform, exponential, Weibull, Pareto, and gamma distributions. We obtain similar results for RRSS under the Rényi information. Finally, we show that the KL information between the distribution of SRS and distribution of RRSS is distribution-free and increases as the sample size increases.
DETERMINING THE OPTIMAL GEOMETRY OF RBS CONNECTION FOR ENHANCEMENT OF SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF STEEL MOMENT FRAMES
Authors: Khosravi Hossein , Kalatjari Vahidreza , Einabadi Hadi
Published: July 2016

In a RBS connection, the stress concentration is being prevented on the location of joint via local reduction of beam section near the column and the place of plastic hinge is being transferred from connection to a section of a beam near to the column. A special ilk of RBS connection which is named dogbone connection and its beam wings are cut from a circle in an arcuate form, has displayed a desirable performance against to the seismic loads. This paper aims at obtaining the best cutting geometry of the beam wing in order to improve the performance of the connection against to the seismic loads. For this purpose in this research, we have opted a several panel zone with different dimension on the beam wing under the influence of the seismic loads in Finite Element software called Abaqus along with a cyclic loading, modeled displacement control index and the best sample of cutting dimension among from the samples that are modeled.
DESIGN A SECURITY FIREWALL POLICY TO FILTER INCOMING TRAFFIC IN PACKET SWITCHED NETWORKS USING CLASSIFICATION METHODS
Authors: Bateni Shirin , Khavasi Ali Asghar
Published: July 2016

Firewalls are core elements in network security. However, managing firewall rules, especially for enterprise networks, has become complex and error-prone. Firewall filtering rules have to be carefully written and organized in order to correctly implement the security policy. In addition, inserting or modifying a filtering rule requires to overcome and filter a range of special attacks or issues in network. In this paper, we present a machine learning based algorithm that filter Denial of Service (DoS) attacks in networks. This filtering algorithm has been designed by using a classification algorithm based on principal component and correlation based filters. We show good quality and performance of our algorithm experimentally by executing our algorithm on a several packet flow data sets.
ESTUDO DA VIABILIDADE DE IMPLANTAÇÃO DE UM ROTEIRO TURÍSTICO COM ÊNFASE AO TURISMO CEMITERIAL
Authors: Santos Nara Rejane Zamberlan dos , Vogel Hamilton Munari , Weber Mirla Andrade
Published: July 2016

The cemeteries, nowadays, can be understood as places for reflections since we’ve lived in a world with profound transformations.  The cemetery space from São Gabriel-RS was the object of study as well as another burial places in the city as Capela dos Fuzilados and Capela dos Noivinhos and the funerary niche with the monsignor Henrique Rech remains, at Matriz Church, for the purpose of a history reading, assets and throught their attractives, check the possibility of actions for valuation of those places to make a city sightseeing tour. Based on literature review, place visits and documentation, the research developed at the city main site – cemetery, more places of the city where it’s admitted to find buried people who became popular saints in the collective imagination. The collected data matches to expectation of high valued cultural, historical and patrimonial places, however it points to a need of public or private initiatives both to this patrimony safeguard and to the possibility of exploration as a city sightseeing tour.
LOGÍSTICA REVERSA DE LIXO ELETRÔNICO NAS ORGANIZAÇÕES PÚBLICAS
Authors: Carvalho Débora Freitas , Barata Ana Júlia Senna Sarmento , Alves Ricardo Ribeiro
Published: July 2016

Technological innovations facilitate the activities of the society in general, however, are responsible for obsolescence of equipment electronics computing, and generate the problem of how to properly allocate these obsolete equipment that makes up the junk. Reverse logistics emerges as a solution for responsible and proper disposal of such equipment. This work aims to analyze the activity of reverse logistics of IT equipment in public organizations in São Gabriel - RS. Interviews were conducted with those responsible for managing these electronic public organizations in the city. Public organizations surveyed employ a significant number of these devices. It was noted that the reverse logistics though little known in the city, motivated a great interest of respondents in the problem that were exposed. However, the lack of incentives and disclosure are considered the main obstacles to adoption of this practice.
GESTÃO DE RESÍDUOS ELETRÔNICOS: ESTUDO DE CASO EM UMA ORGANIZAÇÃO MILITAR DE SÃO GABRIEL/RS
Authors: Benetti Luciana Borba , Quintana Jaqueline De Freitas
Published: July 2016

The article deals with the analysis of the disposal of electronic waste in the military organization 13th Mechanized Communications Company and its overall objective to characterize the procedures used in the management of electronic waste. The theoretical framework deals with electronic waste concepts, the situation of waste in Brazil, incorrect disposal of the consequences and possible solutions for final disposal. A case study where the data were collected through direct on-site observation and application of semi-structured interviews with the environmental manager of the organization was held. The research provides understand the reality of the process of managing electronic waste: computers and their peripherals. First we tried to identify which types of electronic waste and the disposal was subsequently analyzed. As a result of research it was found that the organization has a large number of obsolete equipment and is concerned about the proper disposal and, because of this, has a management system. Through the Environmental Management Plan was possible to make the proper disposal of electronic waste, and in 2014 the remains were sent to the Company Químea and this year were directed to deposit the City Hall, where it will be responsible for giving adequate final destination waste.
ANÁLISE DAS POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS IMPLEMENTADAS PARA A GESTÃO DOS RECURSOS HÍDRICOS NO BRASIL
Authors: Souza Jocemar Santos de , Moraes Beatriz Stoll
Published: July 2016

Although the planet is covered by 70% water, poor distribution of this mineral causes some areas of the globe suffer from its lack. Even Brazil being privileged with 13% of freshwater around the planet, it was necessary the creation and implementation of laws for its preservation. This article aims to present the history of Brazilian legislation related to Water Management, since its inception to the current period. According to the bibliography, it is clear that concern for water resources in Brazil was initially for navigation and agriculture. From the year 1934, the Water Code went on to encourage the industrial use of water resources, defining water as a public good, common or private use. Only with the implementation of Law 9,433 / 1997, called the National Water Resources Policy (PNRH) is what happened to give more importance to sustainable water management, with satisfactory quality standards for the various types of use. In 2000 it was created the National Water Agency (Law 9984), which has as main features the disciplinary implementation, operation, control and evaluation of management instruments created by PNRH.
AVALIAÇÃO DA GESTÃO DOS RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS DE SAÚDE DA IRMANDADE SANTA CASA DE CARIDADE DE SÃO GABRIEL-RS SOB A ÓTICA DA NOVA LEGISLAÇÃO BRASILEIRA
Authors: Pereira Ana Paula da Motta , Moraes Beatriz Stoll
Published: July 2016

The increasing awareness about the risks on public health and environment, caused by solid residues generated by health service, is mainly due to its infectious fractions. In Brazil, there's  thousand health units producing these residues and, in most cities, the handling issue and final arrangement are not yet resolved. The Irmandade da Santa Casa of São Gabriel, RS, acknowledging its responsability as generator of health residues sought to adjust to the legislation and minimize the impacts caused on the environment and others afected by its activities. Thus, the present study sought to, through exploratory research, analyze the conditions of the management of solid wastes on health services which are produced by Irmandade da Santa Casa in order to verify the compliance with the existing legal standards. The present study used the resolution of the executive board ( DC ) 306/2004 of the National Health Surveillance Agency ( ANVISA ), the Resolution 358/2005 of the National Environment Council ( CONAMA ) , and 2010 12.305 law which establishes the national policy on solid waste to evaluate and compare the reality of the institution. Through research it was possible to identify strengths and weaknesses on the management of waste as well as some necessary adjustments based on the current legislation.
Effect of Function-Enhanced Mesenchymal Stem Cells Infected With Decorin-Expressing Adenovirus on Hepatic Fibrosis
Authors: Jang Yoon Ok , Cho Mee-Yon , Yun Chae-Ok , Baik Soon Koo , Park Kyu-Sang , Cha Seung-Kuy , Chang Sei Jin , Kim Moon Young , Lim Yoo Li , Kwon Sang Ok
Published: July 2016

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are known to have an antifibrotic effect and could be used as vehicles for targeted gene delivery. Decorin plays a protective role against fibrogenesis by modulating the degradation of the extracellular matrix. The aim of this study was to determine whether the antifibrotic effect of a combination treatment consisting of BM-MSCs and decorin on hepatic fibrosis is superior to BM-MSCs alone. The effects of BM-MSCs infected with decorin-expressing adenovirus (DCN-MSCs) on hepatic fibrosis were examined in a rat model of thioacetamide (TAA)-induced cirrhosis. The effects of infection with decorin-expressing adenovirus and of incubation with the conditioned medium of DCN-MSCs on transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling were analyzed in immortalized human hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). According to the Laennec fibrosis scoring system, cirrhotic livers from rats treated with DCN-MSCs exhibited histological improvement compared with cirrhotic livers from rats treated with control adenovirus-infected MSCs (CA-MSCs). DCN-MSC treatment reduced hepatic collagen distribution, lowered the hydroxyproline content, and rescued liver function impairment in rats with TAA-induced cirrhosis. These protective effects were more potent with DCN-MSCs than with CA-MSCs. The upregulation of collagen-1, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), TGF-β1, and Smad3 phosphorylation in cirrhotic livers was prevented by DCN-MSC administration. Intriguingly, medium from cultured DCN-MSCs blocked both Smad3 phosphorylation and exogenous TGF-β1 stimulated α-SMA synthesis in HSCs. DCN-MSCs exert strong protective effects against hepatic fibrosis by suppressing TGF-β/Smad signaling. Thus, treatment with DCN-MSCs is a potentially novel and efficient therapeutic approach for patients with intractable cirrhosis.

Significance

A combination treatment consisting of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and decorin strongly inhibited the progression of thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats, compared with BM-MSCs alone. Furthermore, the significant inhibitory effect of BM-MSCs infected with decorin-expressing adenovirus was attributed to suppressing transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad signaling pathway, supported by attenuation of TGF-β1 expression and inhibition of Smad3 phosphorylation. Therefore, treatment with BM-MSCs infected with decorin-expressing adenovirus could constitute a novel and efficient therapeutic approach for patients with intractable cirrhosis.
Analysis of Traffic Accidents Leading to Death Using Tripod Beta Method in Yazd, Iran
Authors: Ebrahemzadih Mehrzad , Giahi Omid , Foroginasab Farshad
Published: July 2016

This study tried to find the original causes of road accidents to prevent their occurrence. This was a descriptive-analytic retrospective study which assessed 1,000 cases of road accidents leading to death during 2003-2013 using the Tripod Beta method. The latent problems, the contributing preconditions, and corrective strategies for the prevention of occurrence of these accidents were determined. The findings of this study revealed that violation of traffic safety rules, especially deliberate violations and risk-takings decreased with increasing age. In comparative status of the superficial problems, illegal and impermissible speed of drivers accounted for 19.10%, in comparative status of preconditions, violation of safety rules accounted for 32.6% and finally, in comparative status of the latent problems, the presence of financial constraints and time pressure in designing and manufacturing of the cars, and quality of city streets, roads, accounted for 20.1%, of the leading causes of occurrence of accidents in this study.
Research on the Equilibrium Speed-Density Relationship Around Flyover Work Zone
Authors: Cao Jin Xin , Liu Xiao Han
Published: July 2016

Increasing traffic demand has already reached the capacity of existing traffic facilities in most cities. In order to alleviate the traffic pressure and expand the capacity of the road network, constructing flyovers has become an effective way in most cities in China. During the period of the flyover construction, work zones occupy road space, impact traffic flow characteristics and driver behaviour; therefore, this causes a significant reduction of the capacity. Researching of the traffic flow characteristics during the period of flyover construction can improve traffic organization and traffic safety around work zones. This study analyses the traffic flow characteristics around the flyover work zone based on the site data collected in Hohhot City, China. This study shows that the traditional Logistic model for the equilibrium speed-density relationship is not applied to the traffic flow around the flyover work zone. Based on an in-depth analysis of the traffic flow characteristics and specific driver behaviours, this paper proposes an improved Logistic model to depict the equilibrium speed-density relationship around the flyover work zone. To analyse the mathematical characteristics of the speed-density relationship, this paper proposes a method to insert virtual data points into the initial data, which can make the fit curve be continuous.
Quantitative Description of Medical Student Interest in Neurology and Psychiatry
Authors: Ramos Raddy L. , Cuoco Joshua A. , Guercio Erik , Levitan Thomas
Published: July 2016

Context: Given the well-documented shortage of physicians in primary care and several other specialties, quantitative understanding of residency application and matching data among osteopathic and allopathic medical students has implications for predicting trends in the physician workforce.

Objectives: To estimate medical student interest in neurology and psychiatry based on numbers of applicants and matches to neurology and psychiatry osteopathic and allopathic residency programs. Also, to gauge students’ previous academic experience with brain and cognitive sciences.

Methods: The number of available postgraduate year 1 positions, applicants, and matches from graduating years 2011 through 2015 were collected from the National Matching Services Inc and the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine for osteopathic programs and the National Resident Matching Program and the Association of American Medical Colleges for allopathic programs. To determine and compare osteopathic and allopathic medical students’ interest in neurology and psychiatry, the number of positions, applicants, and matches were analyzed considering the number of total osteopathic and allopathic graduates in the given year using 2-tailed χ2 analyses with Yates correction. In addition, osteopathic and allopathic medical schools’ websites were reviewed to determine whether neurology and psychiatry rotations were required. Osteopathic medical students’ reported undergraduate majors were also gathered.

Results: Compared with allopathic medical students, osteopathic medical students had significantly greater interest (as measured by applicants) in neurology (χ2
1=11.85, P<.001) and psychiatry (χ2
1=39.07, P<.001), and an equal proportion of osteopathic and allopathic medical students matched in neurology and psychiatry residency programs. Approximately 6% of osteopathic vs nearly 85% of allopathic medical schools had required neurology rotations. Nearly 10% of osteopathic applicants and matriculants had undergraduate coursework in brain and cognitive sciences.

Conclusion: Osteopathic medical students demonstrated greater interest than allopathic medical students in neurology and psychiatry based on the proportion of residency program applicants but similar interests as measured by matches. Required rotations did not appear to influence students’ interests.
Assessment of Research Interests of First-Year Osteopathic Medical Students
Authors: Carter John , McClellan Nicholas , McFaul Derek , Massey Blaine L. , Guenther Elisabeth , Kisby Glen
Published: July 2016

Context: According to a 2014 survey, 59% of students entering allopathic medical school reported previous research experience. However, limited data exist on the amount of research experience that students have before entering osteopathic medical school. A strong understanding of the research skills and level of interest of first-year osteopathic medical students is essential for developing research programs at osteopathic medical schools. Limited data exist on the amount of research experience that students have before starting osteopathic medical school. A strong understanding of the research skills and level of interest of first-year medical students is essential for developing research programs at osteopathic medical schools.

Objective: To determine the amount of previous research experience of first-year osteopathic medical students, their level of interest in participating in research during medical school, the factors influencing their interest in research, and their research fields of interest.

Methods: First-year osteopathic medical students (class of 2019) at the Western University of Health Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific in Pomona, California (WesternU/COMP), and Pacific-Northwest in Lebanon, Oregon (WesternU/COMP-Northwest), campuses were surveyed about their previous research experiences and whether they were interested in participating in research during medical school. Surveys were administered through an anonymous online portal. Responses were evaluated for evidence of interest in conducting research.

Results: Of the 346 osteopathic medical students invited to participate in the study, the response rate was 77% (N=266). A total of 167 from WesternU/COMP and 99 from the WesternU/COMP-Northwest responded. More than 215 students (81%) reported they had participated in research before entering medical school. In addition, 200 students (75%) either expressed a strong interest in participating in research during medical school or were currently conducting research. Among research areas, clinical research was the overwhelming favorite, with 218 students (82%) expressing interest.

Conclusion: First-year osteopathic students may have comparable amounts of research experience as allopathic medical students. Although these findings are limited to 2 campuses of 1 osteopathic medical school, they suggest that first-year osteopathic medical students are highly motivated to participate in research while in medical school.
Vitamin D prevents glycation of proteins: an in vitro study
Authors: Iqbal Sarah , Alam Md. Maroof , Naseem Imrana
Published: July 2016

Human serum albumin (HSA) is an important protein involved in the transport of hormones, fatty acids, drugs, and other macromolecules. Under hyperglycemic conditions, this molecule undergoes irreversible modification that affects its structure and function. In this study, we explored the effect of two forms of vitamin D, a nutraceutical, on glycation modification in HSA. The protein was incubated with a physiologically high concentration of glucose in the presence of vitamin D metabolites. After 21 days, samples were tested for secondary structural changes, side chain modification, and the presence of advanced glycation end products. Vitamin D metabolites could reduce glycation modification, albeit only to a small extent. Interaction studies reveal that Vitamin D interaction with HSA can prevent protein glycation.
Representing 3‐D cloud radiation effects in two‐stream schemes: 2. Matrix formulation and broadband evaluation
Authors: Hogan Robin J. , Schäfer Sophia A. K. , Klinger Carolin , Chiu J. Christine , Mayer Bernhard
Published: July 2016

Estimating the impact of radiation transport through cloud sides on the global energy budget is hampered by the lack of a fast radiation scheme suitable for use in global atmospheric models that can represent these effects in both the shortwave and longwave. This two‐part paper describes the development of such a scheme, which we refer to as the Speedy Algorithm for Radiative Transfer through Cloud Sides (SPARTACUS). The principle of the method is to add extra terms to the two‐stream equations to represent lateral transport between clear and cloudy regions, which vary in proportion to the length of cloud edge as a function of height. The present paper describes a robust and accurate method for solving the coupled system of equations in both the shortwave and longwave in terms of matrix exponentials. This solver has been coupled to a correlated‐k model for gas absorption. We then confirm the accuracy of SPARTACUS by performing broadband comparisons with fully 3‐D radiation calculations by the Monte Carlo model “MYSTIC” for a cumulus cloud field, examining particularly the percentage change in cloud radiative effect (CRE) when 3‐D effects are introduced. In the shortwave, SPARTACUS correctly captures this change to CRE, which varies with solar zenith angle between −25% and +120%. In the longwave, SPARTACUS captures well the increase in radiative cooling of the cloud, although it is only able to correctly simulate the 30% increase in surface CRE (around 4 W m−2) if an approximate correction is made for cloud clustering.
Cutaneous Mucinoses
Authors: Rongioletti Franco
Published: July 2016

The cutaneous mucinoses are a heterogeneous group of disorders whose main characteristic is abnormal mucin deposition in the skin. The aetiopathogenesis of cutaneous mucinoses is unknown, although cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor α and β, interleukin 1, interleukin 6 and transforming growth factor β and/or polyclonal and monoclonal immunoglobulins and other unidentified factors in the serum of affected patients may induce up‐regulation of glycosaminoglycan synthesis. The cutaneous mucinoses are divided into two categories: (i) primary cutaneous mucinoses in which the mucin deposit is the main histological feature resulting in clinically distinctive lesions; and (ii) secondary mucinoses in which the mucin deposition is only an additional histological epiphenomenon. Primary mucinoses can be divided into dermal and follicular mucinoses. The former includes lichen myxoedematosus, reticular erythematous mucinosis, scleroedema, mucinoses in thyroid disease, papular and nodular mucinosis in connective tissue diseases, self‐healing juvenile cutaneous mucinosis, cutaneous focal mucinosis, digital myxoid cyst; the latter include Pinkus follicular mucinosis and urticaria‐like follicular mucinosis. Associated disorders include paraproteinaemia (scleromyxoedema, scleroedema), diabetes mellitus (scleroedema), hyperthyroidism (pretibial myxoedema), hypothyroidism (generalized myxoedema) and lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis or scleroderma (papular and nodular mucinosis in connective tissue diseases).
Cutaneous Vasculitis
Authors: Levell Nick J. , Mukhtyar Chetan
Published: July 2016

Overview

Vasculitis is usually a multisystem disorder that presents in a myriad of ways. Diagnosis is based on a detailed history and careful examination. Patients may present to different specialties and their care should be led by a multidisciplinary team involving physicians with a specialist interest in vasculitis. Vasculitis can be classified by aetiology or by calibre of the vessel involved. The accepted nomenclature was defined by an international consensus meeting held in 2012; cutaneous vasculitides are considered under the umbrella of ‘single organ vasculitis’, although the classification has been expanded in this chapter. Ill‐defined entities that do not have an identified pathological basis have not been included. It should be recognized that names and classifications will change in the future with greater understanding of the underlying mechanisms of disease. The treatment of primary vasculitis involves immunosuppression. The balance between disease severity and adverse effects of treatment requires expertise and experience in management of these rare conditions. Secondary vasculitis may be due to infection, drugs, malignancy or inflammatory disease. Treating the underlying condition may resolve the vasculitis.
Settling the Nomads: Rural Urban Framework, an Incremental Urban Strategy for Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Authors: Bolchover Joshua
Published: July 2016

Over the last quarter‐century, labour prospects linked to the discovery of exploitable natural resources have drawn former nomads to construct their traditional tent‐houses in an ever‐expanding, infrastructureless sprawl around the Mongolian capital. Guest‐Editor Joshua Bolchover sets out how the collaborative practice Rural Urban Framework, which he cofounded, is engaged in establishing a strategy to solve the practical problems posed by this transition of nomadic structures to a sedentary setting.
Durana, Albania: A Field of Possibilities
Authors: Fabi Ambra , Piovene Giovanni
Published: July 2016

Durana is a disjointed metropolitan area that sprang up between Albania's two main cities Tirana and Durrës after the fall of communism. A government‐run competition in late 2014 sought ideas for improvements to public space in the region. Here, Ambra Fabi and Giovanni Piovene of PIOVENEF ABI – part of a multidisciplinary team that supplied one of the winning proposals – set out their vision, which works at multiple scales from masterplanning to individual architectural interventions.
Flexible Textile Strain Wireless Sensor Functionalized with Hybrid Carbon Nanomaterials Supported ZnO Nanowires with Controlled Aspect Ratio
Authors: Lee Taemin , Lee Wonoh , Kim Sung‐Woo , Kim Jae Joon , Kim Byeong‐Su
Published: July 2016

Smart fabrics and interactive textiles have attracted great interest as a newly emergent material because of their multifunctional capabilities. Herein, a highly robust wireless flexible strain sensor on the basis of commercial textile by the integration of functional hybrid carbon nanomaterials and piezoresistive material is fabricated. Specifically, a solution‐processable spray‐assisted coating approach that enables the creation of a uniform coating over a large area of fabrics is employed. The textile‐based strain sensor exhibits a highly stable and immediate response over a wide range of bending curvatures and structural properties of ZnO nanowires because of their different deflection behaviors. The wearing performance with attaching on commercial fabrics is further demonstrated. The as‐prepared sensor responds well to diverse body motions with accurate detection of strain magnitude and even extends its viability in wireless remote sensing by connecting to a wireless transmitter. The novel approach for the modification of textiles with functional nanomaterials may provide a feasible approach for the production of textile‐based electronics without employing any sophisticated fabrication processes, and it further exploits the diverse functionalities by utilizing various sensing components.
High‐Performance All‐Polymer Photoresponse Devices Based on Acceptor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Wang Xiaofen , Lv Lei , Li Lingliang , Chen Yusheng , Zhang Kai , Chen Haoran , Dong Huanli , Huang Jinsong , Shen Guozhen , Yang Zhou , Huang Hui
Published: July 2016

Three acceptor–acceptor (A–A) type conjugated polymers based on isoindigo and naphthalene diimide/perylene diimide are designed and synthesized to study the effects of building blocks and alkyl chains on the polymer properties and performance of all‐polymer photoresponse devices. Variation of the building blocks and alkyl chains can influence the thermal, optical, and electrochemical properties of the polymers, as indicated by thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, UV–vis, cyclic voltammetry, and density functional theory calculations. Based on the A–A type conjugated polymers, the most efficient all‐polymer photovoltaic cells are achieved with an efficiency of 2.68%, and the first all‐polymer photodetectors are constructed with high responsivity (0.12 A W−1) and detectivity (1.2 × 1012 Jones), comparable to those of the best fullerene based organic photodetectors and inorganic photodetectors. Photoluminescence spectra, charge transport properties, and morphology of blend films are investigated to elucidate the influence of polymeric structures on device performances. This contribution demonstrates a strategy of systematically tuning the polymeric structures to achieve high performance all‐polymer photoresponse devices.
Dissociated and Reconstituted Cartilage Microparticles in Densified Collagen Induce Local hMSC Differentiation
Authors: Novak Tyler , Seelbinder Benjamin , Twitchell Celina M. , Voytik‐Harbin Sherry L. , Neu Corey P.
Published: July 2016

Current use of decellularized articular cartilage as a regenerative platform suffers from limited implant diffusion characteristics and cellular infiltration. Attempts to address this concern using decellularized cartilage microparticles allow for customized implant shape, tailored porosity, and improved cell infiltration. However, these developments utilize severe crosslinking agents that adversely affect cell differentiation, and fail to attain clinically relevant mechanical properties required for the implant survival. These issues have been overcome through the formation of a composite approach, combining the advantages of mature, decellularized tissue with tunable features of a reconstituted collagen hydrogel system. Through the application of a plastic compression regime, cellularized composite structures are formed that exceeded the percolation threshold of the cartilage microparticles and exhibited clinically relevant mechanical properties. Chemical reduction and mechanical reconstitution methods to investigate the contributions of glycosaminoglycan and collagenous components to chondrogenic induction and matrix properties have been utilized. With the inclusion of human mesenchymal stem cells into the composite system, microenvironment‐dependent cell morphology and phenotype when in contact with cartilage microparticles are shown. This work demonstrates a cartilage microparticle composite matrix with clinically relevant mechanical properties, and chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem that infiltrate both native and chemically reduced cartilage microparticles.
Membranen aus zweidimensionalen Materialien: eine neue Familie hochleistungsfähiger Trennmembranen
Authors: Liu Gongping , Jin Wanqin , Xu Nanping
Published: July 2016

Seit einiger Zeit werden zweidimensionale (2D‐)Materialien mit einer Dicke im atomaren Bereich als Nanobaueinheiten verwendet, um hochleistungsfähige Trennmembranen zu entwickeln, die einzigartige Nanoporen und/oder Nanokanäle bieten. Diese 2D‐Material‐Membranen zeigen außergewöhnliche Permeationseigenschaften, was einen neuen Weg zu ultraschnellen und hoch selektiven Membranen für die Wasser‐ und Gastrennung ebnet. In diesem Kurzaufsatz fassen wir die letzten richtungsweisenden Studien zu 2D‐Material‐Membranen in Form von Nanoblättern und schichtförmigen Membranen zusammen, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf den Ausgangsmaterialien, den Nanostrukturen und den Transporteigenschaften liegen wird. Außerdem diskutieren wir kurz Herausforderungen und zukünftige Richtungen der 2D‐Material‐Membran für eine verbreitete Umsetzung in der Praxis.
Untersuchungen zum Ansatz der Vorverformungen beim Nachweis der Kippsicherheit schlanker Träger
Authors: Kolodziejczyk Agnieszka , Höller Tobias , Maurer Reinhard , Sauermann Knud
Published: July 2016

Die sichere und zugleich wirtschaftliche Bemessung kippgefährdeter schlanker Stahlbeton‐ und Spannbetonträger erfordert eine realitätsnahe Berechnung nach Theorie II. Ordnung unter Berücksichtigung des nichtlinearen Werkstoffverhaltens. Neben dem Steifigkeitsabfall infolge Rissbildung stellen dabei die geometrischen Ersatzimperfektionen einen wichtigen Einflussparameter dar. Letztere müssen sowohl Bauungenauigkeiten als auch strukturelle Imperfektionen abdecken.

Die Empfehlung der DIN EN 1992‐1‐1, die geometrischen Imperfektionen affin zur ersten Eigenform mit einem maximalen Stich ei,geom = Leff/300 anzusetzen, erscheint insbesondere bei großen Spannweiten sehr konservativ. Für die Überprüfung dieses Ansatzes wurden Laserscan‐Messungen von herstellungs‐ und einbaubedingten Imperfektionen an schlanken Stahlbetonbindern der Lärmschutzeinhausung Köln‐Lövenich durchgeführt.

Auf Grundlage nichtlinearer Simulationsrechnungen werden die gemessenen geometrischen Imperfektionen auf äquivalente Vorverformungen analog zum Normansatz mit einer maximalen Auslenkung ei,geom zurückgeführt und statistisch ausgewertet. Darüber hinaus wird der Einfluss von strukturellen Imperfektionen infolge von Eigenspannungen durch Spannungsumlagerungen infolge Kriechens und Schwindens des Betons untersucht.

Investigation of initial imperfections for the analysis of slender beams against lateral instability

In order to ensure a safe and economic design of slender reinforced and prestressed concrete beams prone to lateral instability, a realistic analysis under consideration of second order effects and the nonlinear material behavior is required. Such analyses are significantly affected by the decrease of member stiffness due to cracking and the consideration of initial imperfections. The latter should cover geometric imperfections resulting from the construction process as well as structural imperfections.

In DIN EN 1992‐1‐1 it is recommended to assume geometric imperfections corresponding to the first eigenmode with a maximum horizontal deflection of ei,geom = Leff/300. This appears to be very conservative, especially for long‐span girders. In order to compare the approach of DIN EN 1992‐1‐1 with actual values, laserscan measurements of the geometric imperfections of slender reinforced concrete beams of the Köln‐Lövenich noise reduction tunnel were performed.

Based on nonlinear FEM‐analyses, the measured geometric imperfections are reconverted into equivalent geometric imperfections in line with the approach of DIN EN 1992‐1‐1 with a maximum horizontal deflection ei,geom. Subsequently, statistical analyses of these values are carried out. Furthermore, the influence of structural imperfections due to internal stresses resulting from stress redistribution between steel and concrete due to creep and shrinkage are investigated.