bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fixed Point Sets of k-Continuous Self-Maps of m-Iterated Digital Wedges
Authors: Han Sang-Eon
Published: September 2020

Let Ckn,l be a simple closed k-curves with l elements in Zn and W:=Ckn,l∨⋯∨Ckn,l︷m-times be an m-iterated digital wedges of Ckn,l, and F(Conk(W)) be an alignment of fixed point sets of W. Then, the aim of the paper is devoted to investigating various properties of F(Conk(W)). Furthermore, when proceeding with this work, this paper addresses several unsolved problems. To be specific, we firstly formulate an alignment of fixed point sets of Ckn,l, denoted by F(Conk(Ckn,l)), where l(≥7) is an odd natural number and k≠2n. Secondly, given a digital image (X,k) with X♯=n, we find a certain condition that supports n−1,n−2∈F(Conk(X)). Thirdly, after finding some features of F(Conk(W)), we develop a method of making F(Conk(W)) perfect according to the (even or odd) number l of Ckn,l. Finally, we prove that the perfectness of F(Conk(W)) is equivalent to that of F(Conk(Ckn,l)). This can play an important role in studying fixed point theory and digital curve theory. This paper only deals with k-connected digital images (X,k) such that X♯≥2.
NetVote: A Strict-Coercion Resistance Re-Voting Based Internet Voting Scheme with Linear Filtering
Authors: Querejeta-Azurmendi Iñigo , Arroyo Guardeño David , Hernández-Ardieta Jorge L. , Hernández Encinas Luis
Published: September 2020

This paper proposes NetVote, an internet voting protocol where usability and ease in deployment are a priority. We introduce the notion of strict coercion resistance, to distinguish between vote-buying and coercion resistance. We propose a protocol with ballot secrecy, practical everlasting privacy, verifiability and strict coercion resistance in the re-voting setting. Coercion is mitigated via a random dummy vote padding strategy to hide voting patterns and make re-voting deniable. This allows us to build a filtering phase with linear complexity, based on zero knowledge proofs to ensure correctness while maintaining privacy of the process. Voting tokens are formed by anonymous credentials and pseudorandom identifiers, achieving practical everlasting privacy, where even if dealing with a future computationally unbounded adversary, vote intention is still hidden. It is not assumed for voters to own cryptographic keys prior to the election, nor store cryptographic material during the election. This property allows voters not only to vote multiple times, but also from different devices each time, granting the voter a vote-from-anywhere experience. This paper builds on top of the paper published in CISIS’19. In this version, we modify the filtering. Moreover, we formally define the padding technique, which allows us to perform the linear filtering scheme. Similarly we provide more details on the protocol itself and include a section of the security analysis, where we include the formal definitions of strict coercion resistance and a game based definition of practical everlasting privacy. Finally, we prove that NetVote satisfies them all.
Arbitrage Bounds on Currency Basket Options
Authors: Hong Yi
Published: September 2020

This article exploits arbitrage valuation bounds on currency basket options. Instead of using a sophisticated model to price these options, we consider a set of pricing models that are consistent with the prices of available hedging assets. In the absence of arbitrage, we identify valuation bounds on currency basket options without model specifications. Our results extend the work in the literature by seeking tight arbitrage valuation bounds on these options. Specifically, the valuation bounds are enforced by static portfolios that consist of both cross-currency options and individual options denominated in the numeraire currency.
Sea Cucumber Derived Type I Collagen: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Senadheera Tharindu R.L. , Dave Deepika , Shahidi Fereidoon
Published: September 2020

Collagen is the major fibrillar protein in most living organisms. Among the different types of collagen, type I collagen is the most abundant one in tissues of marine invertebrates. Due to the health-related risk factors and religious constraints, use of mammalian derived collagen has been limited. This triggers the search for alternative sources of collagen for both food and non-food applications. In this regard, numerous studies have been conducted on maximizing the utilization of seafood processing by-products and address the need for collagen. However, less attention has been given to marine invertebrates and their by-products. The present review has focused on identifying sea cucumber as a potential source of collagen and discusses the general scope of collagen extraction, isolation, characterization, and physicochemical properties along with opportunities and challenges for utilizing marine-derived collagen.
Antitumour Effects of Astaxanthin and Adonixanthin on Glioblastoma
Authors: Tsuji Shohei , Nakamura Shinsuke , Maoka Takashi , Yamada Tetsuya , Imai Takahiko , Ohba Takuya , Yako Tomohiro , Hayashi Masahiro , Endo Ken , Saio Masanao , Hara Hideaki , Shimazawa Masamitsu
Published: September 2020

Several antitumour drugs have been isolated from natural products and many clinical trials are underway to evaluate their potential. There have been numerous reports about the antitumour effects of astaxanthin against several tumours but no studies into its effects against glioblastoma. Astaxanthin is a red pigment found in crustaceans and fish and is also synthesized in Haematococcus pluvialis; adonixanthin is an intermediate product of astaxanthin. It is known that both astaxanthin and adonixanthin possess radical scavenging activity and can confer a protective effect on several damages. In this study, we clarified the antitumour effects of astaxanthin and adonixanthin using glioblastoma models. Specifically, astaxanthin and adonixanthin showed an ability to suppress cell proliferation and migration in three types of glioblastoma cells. Furthermore, these compounds were confirmed to transfer to the brain in a murine model. In the murine orthotopic glioblastoma model, glioblastoma progression was suppressed by the oral administration of astaxanthin and adonixanthin at 10 and 30 mg/kg, respectively, for 10 days. These results suggest that both astaxanthin and adonixanthin have potential as treatments for glioblastoma.
Cu Homeostasis in Bacteria: The Ins and Outs
Authors: Andrei Andreea , Öztürk Yavuz , Khalfaoui-Hassani Bahia , Rauch Juna , Marckmann Dorian , Trasnea Petru-Iulian , Daldal Fevzi , Koch Hans-Georg
Published: September 2020

Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element for all living organisms and used as cofactor in key enzymes of important biological processes, such as aerobic respiration or superoxide dismutation. However, due to its toxicity, cells have developed elaborate mechanisms for Cu homeostasis, which balance Cu supply for cuproprotein biogenesis with the need to remove excess Cu. This review summarizes our current knowledge on bacterial Cu homeostasis with a focus on Gram-negative bacteria and describes the multiple strategies that bacteria use for uptake, storage and export of Cu. We furthermore describe general mechanistic principles that aid the bacterial response to toxic Cu concentrations and illustrate dedicated Cu relay systems that facilitate Cu delivery for cuproenzyme biogenesis. Progress in understanding how bacteria avoid Cu poisoning while maintaining a certain Cu quota for cell proliferation is of particular importance for microbial pathogens because Cu is utilized by the host immune system for attenuating pathogen survival in host cells.
Effect of Membrane Fouling on Fertilizer-Drawn Forward Osmosis Desalination Performance
Authors: Khraisheh Majeda , Gulied Mona , AlMomani Fares
Published: September 2020

Fertilizer-drawn forward osmosis (FDFO) has garnered immense attention for its application in the agricultural field and its potential to reuse wastewater sustainably. Membrane fouling, however, remains to be a challenge for the process. This study aims to investigate the influence of membrane fouling on the performance of the FDFO process. Synthetic wastewater (SWW) and multi-component fertilizer (MCF) were used as feed solution (FS) and draw solution (DS) with cellulose triacetate (CTA) forward osmosis (FO) membrane orientation. The performance was evaluated through water flux (WF), percentage recovery and percentage of salt reject. The WF declined from 10.32 LMH (L/m2·h) to 3.30 LMH when ultra-pure water as FS was switched with concentration FS indicating the dependence of the performance on the type of FS used. Accelerated fouling experiments conducted to verify the fouling behavior showed a decline in the water flux from 8.6 LMH to 3.09 LMH with SWW and 13.1 LMH to 3.42 LMH when deionized water was used as FS. The effects of osmotic backwashing and in situ flushing as physical cleaning methods of the foul membrane were studied through water flux and salt recovery percentage. Both cleaning methods yielded a WF close to the baseline. Osmotic backwashing yielded better results by eliminating foulant–foulant and foulant–membrane adhesion. The cleaning methods were able to recover 75% of phosphate and 60% of nitrate salts. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results validated the effectiveness of the methods for the physical cleaning of foul membranes. This study underlines the importance of the FS used in FDFO and the effectiveness of osmotic backwashing as a cleaning method of FO membranes.
The Pitting Corrosion Behavior of the Austenitic Stainless Steel 308L-316L Welded Joint
Authors: He Jinshan , Xu Shiguang , Ti Wenxin , Han Yaolei , Mei Jinna , Wang Xitao
Published: September 2020

The pitting corrosion resistance of the austenitic stainless steel 308L-316L welded joint was investigated by electrochemical tests. It is found that the weld zone was the most critical for pits to initiate in the welded joint due to relatively instable passive film with few Mo and inhomogeneous passive film induced by multiple (Mn, Al, and Si) oxides and continuous network of 13.94 vol.% δ ferrites. By statistical analysis, 53.8% pits initiated at (Mn, Al, and Si) oxides, 23.0% in austenite, and 23.2% at interface between ferrite and austenite. In addition, heat-affected zone was prone to have pitting corrosion compared with the base metal since residual strain was much higher in the region.
Fatigue Study of the Pre-Corroded 6082-T6 Aluminum Alloy in Saline Atmosphere
Authors: Muñoz Alejandro Fernández , Buenhombre José Luis Mier , García-Diez Ana Isabel , Fabal Carolina Camba , Díaz Juan José Galán
Published: September 2020

This work studies the influence of the saline atmospheric corrosion on the fatigue strength of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy. For this purpose, this alloy was subjected to tests in a salt spray corrosion chamber at different exposure times (1, 2, and 3 months) according to ASTM B117 standard. The morphological study of the pits was carried out by confocal microscopy. Subsequently, fatigue tests were performed at variable stresses whose maximum stress (Smax) was between 30% and 95% of the yield strength (S0) in order to keep them within the zone of elastic behavior of the material. Data were analyzed using the Basquin equation and the maximum likelihood function method. The results show a similar decrease in the conventional fatigue limit (2 × 106 cycles) after one month (98 MPa) and two months (91 MPa) of corrosion. After three months of corrosion, the material showed a very important reduction in the fatigue limit (68 MPa) with respect to the uncorroded material (131 MPa). The data of Se/S0 (fatigue limit/yield strength) versus the ratio Pm/Dm (pit average depth/pit diameter at zero depth) can be fitted to a logarithmic curve.
Replication Experiments and Microstructural Evolution of the Ancient Co-Fusion Steelmaking Process
Authors: Qiao Shangxiao , Qian Wei
Published: September 2020

The study of co-fusion was one of the essential topics in the history of metallurgy in China. Simulation experiments were an essential concept in the study of the co-fusion steelmaking process. This paper mainly studied the simulation experiments of co-fusion from two aspects: the replication of co-fusion swords by three different methods and the micro-analysis of the co-fusion samples. The experimental results indicated that several co-fusion swords could be made by different processes, but the carbon content and surface hardness were quite different. During repeated forge welding, the microstructure of the samples transformed from laminated to homogenized; finally, a steel with a uniform carbon content was obtained. It was challenging to determine the characteristics of co-fusion from the homogenized samples. The results prompt a rethinking of the microstructural characteristics of ancient co-fusion artifacts.
Effect of Graphene Nanoplatelets Content on the Mechanical and Wear Properties of AZ31 Alloy
Authors: Lu Tianhui , Zhou Mingyang , Ren Lingbao , Fan Lingling , Guo Yangyang , Qu Xiaoni , Zhang Hongtao , Lu Xianwen , Quan Gaofeng
Published: September 2020

Graphene, as a rising-star materials, has attracted interest in fabricating lightweight self-lubricating metal matrix composites with superior mechanical and wear properties. In this work, graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) reinforced AZ31 alloy composites were fabricated by a powder metallurgy technique and then a hot extrusion. The effects of GNPs content (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 wt.%) on the microstructures, mechanical properties, and wear performance of the extruded GNPs/AZ31 composites were studied. It was found that the addition of GNPs resulted in a weakened basal plane texture and grain refinement of the AZ31 matrix metal. Less than 1.0 wt.% GNPs in GNPs/AZ31 composites resulted in the enhancement in both Vickers hardness and tensile yield strength with acceptable elongation. The Vickers hardness and tensile yield strength of 1.0GNPs/AZ31 composite increased by 4.9% and 9.5% respectively, compared with the unreinforced AZ31. Moreover, the elongation of the composites was about the same as the AZ31 base alloy. Both the friction coefficient and the wear mass loss continuously decreased with the increasing GNPs content, which exhibited a self-lubricating effect. The relationship of the friction coefficient and wear mass loss with the GNPs content could be modeled in terms of the Holliday model and the exponential decay model, respectively. The worn surface morphology revealed that adhesive wear and abrasive wear simultaneously acted in AZ31 alloy. Nevertheless, abrasive wear became the dominant wear mechanism in the GNPs/AZ31 composites.
Inkjet-Printed Graphene-Based 1 × 2 Phased Array Antenna
Authors: Monne Mahmuda Akter , Grubb Peter Mack , Stern Harold , Subbaraman Harish , Chen Ray T. , Chen Maggie Yihong
Published: September 2020

Low-cost and conformal phased array antennas (PAAs) on flexible substrates are of particular interest in many applications. The major deterrents to developing flexible PAA systems are the difficulty in integrating antenna and electronics circuits on the flexible surface, as well as the bendability and oxidation rate of radiating elements and electronics circuits. In this research, graphene ink was developed from graphene flakes and used to inkjet print the radiating element and the active channel of field effect transistors (FETs). Bending and oxidation tests were carried out to validate the application of printed flexible graphene thin films in flexible electronics. An inkjet-printed graphene-based 1 × 2 element phased array antenna was designed and fabricated. Graphene-based field effect transistors were used as switches in the true-time delay line of the phased array antenna. The graphene phased array antenna was 100% inkjet printed on top of a 5 mil flexible Kapton® substrate, at room temperature. Four possible azimuth steering angles were designed for −26.7°, 0°, 13°, and 42.4°. Measured far-field patterns show good agreement with simulation results.
Oral Pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis Can Escape Phagocytosis of Mammalian Macrophages
Authors: Werheim Erik R. , Senior Kevin G. , Shaffer Carly A. , Cuadra Giancarlo A.
Published: September 2020

Macrophages are phagocytic cells that play a key role in host immune response and clearance of microbial pathogens. Porphyromonas gingivalis is an oral pathogen associated with the development of periodontitis. Escape from macrophage phagocytosis was tested by infecting THP-1-derived human macrophages and RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages with strains of P. gingivalis W83 and 33277 as well as Streptococcus gordonii DL1 and Escherichia coli OP50 at MOI = 100. CFU counts for all intracellular bacteria were determined. Then, infected macrophages were cultured in media without antibiotics to allow for escape and escaping bacteria were quantified by CFU counting. P. gingivalis W83 displayed over 60% of the bacterial escape from the total amount of intracellular CFUs, significantly higher compared to all other bacteria strains. In addition, bacterial escape and re-entry were also tested and P. gingivalis W83, once again, showed the highest numbers of CFUs able to exit and re-enter macrophages. Lastly, the function of the PG0717 gene of P. gingivalis W83 was tested on escape but found not related to this activity. Altogether, our results suggest that P. gingivalis W83 is able to significantly avoid macrophage phagocytosis. We propose this ability is likely linked to the chronic nature of periodontitis.
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in the Treatment of Chronic Pouchitis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Cold Frederik , Kousgaard Sabrina Just , Halkjaer Sofie Ingdam , Petersen Andreas Munk , Nielsen Hans Linde , Thorlacius-Ussing Ole , Hansen Lars Hestbjerg
Published: September 2020

The objective was to evaluate available literature on treatment of chronic pouchitis with fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) focusing on clinical outcomes, safety, and different approaches to FMT preparation and delivery. A systematic review of electronic databases was conducted using Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials Library from inception through April 2020. Human studies of all study types reporting results of FMT to treat chronic pouchitis were included. Nine studies, reporting FMT treatment of 69 patients with chronic pouchitis were found eligible for the review. Most studies were case series and cohort studies rated as having fair to poor quality due to high risk of bias and small sample size. Only one randomized controlled trial was included, finding no beneficial effect of FMT. In total clinical response after FMT was reported in 14 (31.8%) out of 44 evaluated patients at various timepoints after FMT, and clinical remission in ten (22.7%) patients. Only minor self-limiting adverse events were reported. FMT varied greatly regarding preparation, length of treatment, and route of delivery. The effects of FMT on symptoms of chronic pouchitis are not established, though some studies show promising results. Future controlled well-designed studies are warranted.
High Carbon Dioxide Treatment Modulates Sugar Metabolism and Maintains the Quality of Fresh-Cut Pear Fruit
Authors: Wang Di , Ma Quan , Belwal Tarun , Li Dong , Li Wenxuan , Li Li , Luo Zisheng
Published: September 2020

The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of 10% carbon dioxide (CO2) on the fruit quality and sugar metabolism of fresh-cut pear during storage. The results indicated that carbon dioxide treatment maintained fruit quality by delaying the decline of firmness and promoting the accumulation of total soluble solids (TSS). Moreover, carbon dioxide enhanced activities of sucrose synthase (SS), and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS). The activities of amylase, acid invertase (AI), neutral invertase (NI), SS-cleavage, fructokinase (FK), hexokinase (HK), sorbitol oxidase (SOX), NAD-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase (NAD-SDH), and NADP-SDH in CO2-treated fruit were inhibited. Expression levels of key genes were found to correspond with the related enzyme activities. As a result, the accumulation of glucose, fructose, sorbitol, and sucrose were accelerated by CO2, which were 12.58%, 13.86%, 24.7%, and 13.9% higher than those of the control at the end of storage, respectively. The results showed that CO2 could maintain the quality of fresh-cut pears by regulating the conversion of various sugar components to enhance soluble sugars content.
A Paradigm for Peptide Hormone-GPCR Analyses
Authors: Naider Fred , Becker Jeffrey M.
Published: September 2020

Work from our laboratories over the last 35 years that has focused on Ste2p, a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), and its tridecapeptide ligand α-factor is reviewed. Our work utilized the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model system for understanding peptide-GPCR interactions. It explored the structure and function of synthetic α-factor analogs and biosynthetic receptor domains, as well as designed mutations of Ste2p. The results and conclusions are described using the nuclear magnetic resonance interrogation of synthetic Ste2p transmembrane domains (TMs), the fluorescence interrogation of agonist and antagonist binding, the biochemical crosslinking of peptide analogs to Ste2p, and the phenotypes of receptor mutants. We identified the ligand-binding domain in Ste2p, the functional assemblies of TMs, unexpected and interesting ligand analogs; gained insights into the bound α-factor structure; and unraveled the function and structures of various Ste2p domains, including the N-terminus, TMs, loops connecting the TMs, and the C-terminus. Our studies showed interactions between specific residues of Ste2p in an active state, but not resting state, and the effect of ligand activation on the dimerization of Ste2p. We show that, using a battery of different biochemical and genetic approaches, deep insight can be gained into the structure and conformational dynamics of GPCR-peptide interactions in the absence of a crystal structure.
Resveratrol and Tumor Microenvironment: Mechanistic Basis and Therapeutic Targets
Authors: Talib Wamidh H. , Alsayed Ahmad Riyad , Farhan Faten , Al Kury Lina T.
Published: September 2020

Resveratrol (3,4′,5 trihydroxystilbene) is a naturally occurring non-flavonoid polyphenol. It has various pharmacological effects including antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer. Many studies have given special attention to different aspects of resveratrol anti-cancer properties and proved its high efficiency in targeting multiple cancer hallmarks. Tumor microenvironment has a critical role in cancer development and progression. Tumor cells coordinate with a cast of normal cells to aid the malignant behavior of cancer. Many cancer supporting players were detected in tumor microenvironment. These players include blood and lymphatic vessels, infiltrating immune cells, stromal fibroblasts and the extracellular matrix. Targeting tumor microenvironment components is a promising strategy in cancer therapy. Resveratrol with its diverse biological activities has the capacity to target tumor microenvironment by manipulating the function of many components surrounding cancer cells. This review summarizes the targets of resveratrol in tumor microenvironment and the mechanisms involved in this targeting. Studies discussed in this review will participate in building a solid ground for researchers to have more insight into the mechanism of action of resveratrol in tumor microenvironment.
Ruthenium(II)/(III) DMSO-Based Complexes of 2-Aminophenyl Benzimidazole with In Vitro and In Vivo Anticancer Activity
Authors: Elsayed Shadia A. , Harrypersad Shane , Sahyon Heba A. , El-Magd Mohammed Abu , Walsby Charles J.
Published: September 2020

New anticancer ruthenium(II/III) complexes [RuCl2(DMSO)2(Hapbim)] (1) and [RuCl3(DMSO) (Hapbim)] (2) (Hapbim = 2-aminophenyl benzimidazole) have been synthesized and characterized, and their chemotherapeutic potential evaluated. The interaction of the compounds with DNA was studied by both UV-Visible and fluorescence spectroscopies, revealing intercalation of both the Hapbim ligand and the Ru complexes. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the compounds was tested on human breast cancer (MCF7), human colorectal cancer (Caco2), and normal human liver cell lines (THLE-2), with compound (2) the most potent against cancer cells. The cytotoxic effect of (2) is shown to correlate with the ability of the Ru(III) complex to induce apoptosis and to cause cell-cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Notably, both compounds were inactive in the noncancerous cell line. The anticancer effect of (2) has also been studied in an EAC (Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma) mouse model. Significantly, the activity of the complex was more pronounced in vivo, with removal of the cancer burden at doses that resulted in only low levels of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. An apoptosis mechanism was determined by the observation of increased Bax and caspase 3 and decreased Bcl2 expression. Furthermore, (2) decreased oxidative stress and increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes, especially SOD, suggesting the enhancement of normal cell repair. Overall, compound (2) shows great potential as a chemotherapeutic candidate, with promising activity and low levels of side effects.
A High-Yield Process for Production of Biosugars and Hesperidin from Mandarin Peel Wastes
Authors: Cho Eun Jin , Lee Yoon Gyo , Chang Jihye , Bae Hyeun-Jong
Published: September 2020

In this research, novel biorefinery processes for obtaining value-added chemicals such as biosugar and hesperidin from mandarin peel waste (MPW) are described. Herein, three different treatment methods were comparatively evaluated to obtain high yields of biosugar and hesperidin from MPW. Each method was determined by changes in the order of three processing steps, i.e., oil removal, hesperidin extraction, and enzymatic hydrolysis. The order of the three steps was found to have a significant influence on the production yields. Biosugar and hesperidin production yields were highest with method II, where the processing steps were performed in the following order: oil removal, enzymatic hydrolysis, and hesperidin extraction. The maximum yields obtained with method II were 34.46 g of biosugar and 6.48 g of hesperidin per initial 100 g of dry MPW. Therefore, the methods shown herein are useful for the production of hesperidin and biosugar from MPW. Furthermore, the utilization of MPWs as sources of valuable materials may be of considerable economic benefits and has become increasingly attractive.
Plasmon-Assisted Direction- and Polarization-Sensitive Organic Thin-Film Detector
Authors: Haslinger Michael J. , Sivun Dmitry , Pöhl Hannes , Munkhbat Battulga , Mühlberger Michael , Klar Thomas A. , Scharber Markus C. , Hrelescu Calin
Published: September 2020

Utilizing Bragg surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) on metal nanostructures for the use in optical devices has been intensively investigated in recent years. Here, we demonstrate the integration of nanostructured metal electrodes into an ITO-free thin film bulk heterojunction organic solar cell, by direct fabrication on a nanoimprinted substrate. The nanostructured device shows interesting optical and electrical behavior, depending on angle and polarization of incidence and the side of excitation. Remarkably, for incidence through the top electrode, a dependency on linear polarization and angle of incidence can be observed. We show that these peculiar characteristics can be attributed to the excitation of dispersive and non-dispersive Bragg SPPs on the metal–dielectric interface on the top electrode and compare it with incidence through the bottom electrode. Furthermore, the optical and electrical response can be controlled by the organic photoactive material, the nanostructures, the materials used for the electrodes and the epoxy encapsulation. Our device can be used as a detector, which generates a direct electrical readout and therefore enables the measuring of the angle of incidence of up to 60° or the linear polarization state of light, in a spectral region, which is determined by the active material. Our results could furthermore lead to novel organic Bragg SPP-based sensor for a number of applications.
Developing a Highly Stable Carlina acaulis Essential Oil Nanoemulsion for Managing Lobesia botrana
Authors: Benelli Giovanni , Pavoni Lucia , Zeni Valeria , Ricciardi Renato , Cosci Francesca , Cacopardo Gloria , Gendusa Saverio , Spinozzi Eleonora , Petrelli Riccardo , Cappellacci Loredana , Maggi Filippo , Pavela Roman , Bonacucina Giulia , Lucchi Andrea
Published: September 2020

The growing interest in the development of green pest management strategies is leading to the exploitation of essential oils (EOs) as promising botanical pesticides. In this respect, nanotechnology could efficiently support the use of EOs through their encapsulation into stable nanoformulations, such as nanoemulsions (NEs), to improve their stability and efficacy. This technology assures the improvement of the chemical stability, hydrophilicity, and environmental persistence of EOs, giving an added value for the fabrication of natural insecticides effective against a wide spectrum of insect vectors and pests of public and agronomical importance. Carlina acaulis (Asteraceae) root EO has been recently proposed as a promising ingredient of a new generation of botanical insecticides. In the present study, a highly stable C. acaulis-based NE was developed. Interestingly, such a nanosystem was able to encapsulate 6% (w/w) of C. acaulis EO, showing a mean diameter of around 140 nm and a SOR (surfactant-to-oil ratio) of 0.6. Its stability was evaluated in a storage period of six months and corroborated by an accelerated stability study. Therefore, the C. acaulis EO and C. acaulis-based NE were evaluated for their toxicity against 1st instar larvae of the European grapevine moth (EGVM), Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a major vineyard pest. The chemical composition of C. acaulis EO was investigated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) revealing carlina oxide, a polyacetylene, as the main constituent. In toxicity assays, both the C. acaulis EO and the C. acaulis-based NE were highly toxic to L. botrana larvae, with LC50 values of 7.299 and 9.044 µL/mL for C. acaulis EO and NE, respectively. The C. acaulis-based NE represents a promising option to develop highly stable botanical insecticides for pest management. To date, this study represents the first evidence about the insecticidal toxicity of EOs and EO-based NEs against this major grapevine pest.
Green Synthesis and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles Using Lignin Nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Baobin , Yang Guihua , Chen Jiachuan , Fang Guigan
Published: September 2020

With the development of nanotechnology, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) have attracted enormous attention due to their special properties. The green synthesis of Au NPs from lignin would inspire the utilization of lignin and its related functional materials. In this study, a rapid preparation process of Au NPs was investigated by utilizing lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) under room temperature without chemical addition. The LNPs acted as a reducing agent, stabilizing agent, and template for the preparation of LNPs@AuNPs. The obtained LNPs@AuNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectrum, Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The possible mechanism was illustrated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), 31P, XPS, and UV analyses. The abundant hydroxyl groups (24.96 mmol/g) favored the preparation of Au NPs. Au NPs diameters of 10–30 nm were well dispersed in the LNPs. The optimal reaction conditions were a ratio of 10 mg of LNPs to 0.05 mmol HAuCl4, room temperature, and a reaction time of 30 min. The LNPs@AuNPs exhibited excellent stability in the suspension for more than seven days. The reduction process could be related to the disruption of side chains of lignin, hydroxyl group oxidation, and hydroquinones and quinones from the comproportionation reaction. The LNPs@AuNPs would open a door for the design of Au NP/lignin-derived novel functional materials.
Innovative Low-Cost Carbon/ZnO Hybrid Materials with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity towards Organic Pollutant Dyes’ Removal
Authors: Pascariu Petronela , Olaru Niculae , Rotaru Aurelian , Airinei Anton
Published: September 2020

A new type of material based on carbon/ZnO nanostructures that possesses both adsorption and photocatalytic properties was obtained in three stages: cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) microfiber mats prepared by the electrospinning method, ZnO nanostructures growth by dipping and hydrothermal methods, and finally thermal calcination at 600 °C in N2 for 30 min. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the structural characteristics. It was found that ZnO possesses a hexagonal wurtzite crystalline structure. The ZnO nanocrystals with star-like and nanorod shapes were evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements. A significant decrease in Eg value was found for carbon/ZnO hybrid materials (2.51 eV) as compared to ZnO nanostructures (3.21 eV). The photocatalytic activity was evaluated by studying the degradation of three dyes, Methylene Blue (MB), Rhodamine B (RhB) and Congo Red (CR) under visible-light irradiation. Therefore, the maximum color removal efficiency (both adsorption and photocatalytic processes) was: 97.97% of MB (C0 = 10 mg/L), 98.34% of RhB (C0 = 5 mg/L), and 91.93% of CR (C0 = 10 mg/L). Moreover, the value of the rate constant (k) was found to be 0.29 × 10−2 min−1. The novelty of this study relies on obtaining new photocatalysts based on carbon/ZnO using cheap and accessible raw materials, and low-cost preparation techniques.
Long Non-Coding RNA-Ribonucleoprotein Networks in the Post-Transcriptional Control of Gene Expression
Authors: Briata Paola , Gherzi Roberto
Published: September 2020

Although mammals possess roughly the same number of protein-coding genes as worms, it is evident that the non-coding transcriptome content has become far broader and more sophisticated during evolution. Indeed, the vital regulatory importance of both short and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) has been demonstrated during the last two decades. RNA binding proteins (RBPs) represent approximately 7.5% of all proteins and regulate the fate and function of a huge number of transcripts thus contributing to ensure cellular homeostasis. Transcriptomic and proteomic studies revealed that RBP-based complexes often include lncRNAs. This review will describe examples of how lncRNA-RBP networks can virtually control all the post-transcriptional events in the cell.
Viral Filtration Efficiency of Fabric Masks Compared with Surgical and N95 Masks
Authors: Whiley Harriet , Keerthirathne Thilini Piushani , Nisar Muhammad Atif , White Mae A. F. , Ross Kirstin E.
Published: September 2020

In response to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, current modeling supports the use of masks in community settings to reduce the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. However, concerns have been raised regarding the global shortage of medical grade masks and the limited evidence on the efficacy of fabric masks. This study used a standard mask testing method (ASTM F2101-14) and a model virus (bacteriophage MS2) to test the viral filtration efficiency (VFE) of fabric masks compared with commercially available disposable, surgical, and N95 masks. Five different types of fabric masks were purchased from the ecommerce website Etsy to represent a range of different fabric mask designs and materials currently available. One mask included a pocket for a filter; which was tested without a filter, with a dried baby wipe, and a section of a vacuum cleaner bag. A sixth fabric mask was also made according to the Victorian Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) guidelines (Australia). Three masks of each type were tested. This study found that all the fabric masks had a VFE of at least 50% when tested against aerosols with an average size of 6.0 µm (VFE(6.0 µm)). The minimum VFE of fabric masks improved (to 63%) when the larger aerosols were excluded to give and average aerosol size of 2.6 µm (VFE(2.6 µm)), which better represents inhaled aerosols that can reach the lower respiratory system. The best performing fabric masks were the cotton mask with a section of vacuum cleaner bag (VFE(6.0 µm) = 99.5%, VFE(2.6 µm) = 98.8%) or a dried baby wipe (VFE(6.0 µm) = 98.5%, VFE(2.6 µm) = 97.6%) in the pocket designed for a disposable filter, the mask made using the Victorian DHHS design (VFE(6.0 µm) = 98.6%, VFE(2.6 µm) =99.1%) and one made from a layer of 100% hemp, a layer of poly membrane, and a layer of cheesecloth (VFE(6.0 µm) = 93.6%, VFE(2.6 µm) = 89.0%). The VFE of two surgical masks (VFE(6.0 µm) = 99.9% and 99.6%, VFE(2.6 µm) = 99.5% and 98.5%) and a N95 masks (VFE(6.0 µm) = 99.9%, VFE(2.6 µm) = 99.3%) were comparable to their advertised bacterial filtration efficacy. This research supports the use of fabric masks in the community to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2; however, future research is needed to explore the optimum design in ensuring proper fit. There is also a need for mass education campaigns to disseminate this information, along with guidelines around the proper usage and washing of fabric masks.
Effects of Glycyrrhizin on Multi-Drug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Carruthers Nicholas J. , McClellan Sharon A. , Somayajulu Mallika , Pitchaikannu Ahalya , Bessert Denise , Peng Xudong , Huitsing Kylie , Stemmer Paul M. , Hazlett Linda D.
Published: September 2020

The effects of glycyrrhizin (GLY) on multi-drug resistant (MDR) systemic (MDR9) vs. ocular (B1045) Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates were determined. Proteomes of each isolate with/without GLY treatment were profiled using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The effect of GLY on adherence of MDR isolates to immortalized human (HCET) and mouse (MCEC) corneal epithelial cells, and biofilm and dispersal was tested. Both isolates were treated with GLY (0.25 minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), 10 mg/mL for MDR9 and 3.75 mg/mL for B1045) and subjected to proteomic analysis. MDR9 had a greater response to GLY (51% of identified proteins affected vs. <1% in B1045). In MDR9 vs. controls, GLY decreased the abundance of proteins for: antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, and type III secretion. Further, antibiotic resistance and type III secretion proteins had higher control abundances in MDR9 vs. B1045. GLY (5 and 10 mg/mL) significantly reduced binding of both isolates to MCEC, and B1045 to HCET. MDR9 binding to HCET was only reduced at 10 mg/mL GLY. GLY (5 and 10 mg/mL) enhanced dispersal for both isolates, at early (6.5 h) but not later times (24–72 h). This study provides evidence that GLY has a greater effect on the proteome of MDR9 vs. B1045, yet it was equally effective at disrupting adherence and early biofilm dispersal.
Data-Driven Molecular Dynamics: A Multifaceted Challenge
Authors: Bernetti Mattia , Bertazzo Martina , Masetti Matteo
Published: September 2020

The big data concept is currently revolutionizing several fields of science including drug discovery and development. While opening up new perspectives for better drug design and related strategies, big data analysis strongly challenges our current ability to manage and exploit an extraordinarily large and possibly diverse amount of information. The recent renewal of machine learning (ML)-based algorithms is key in providing the proper framework for addressing this issue. In this respect, the impact on the exploitation of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, which have recently reached mainstream status in computational drug discovery, can be remarkable. Here, we review the recent progress in the use of ML methods coupled to biomolecular simulations with potentially relevant implications for drug design. Specifically, we show how different ML-based strategies can be applied to the outcome of MD simulations for gaining knowledge and enhancing sampling. Finally, we discuss how intrinsic limitations of MD in accurately modeling biomolecular systems can be alleviated by including information coming from experimental data.
Seed Transcriptome Annotation Reveals Enhanced Expression of Genes Related to ROS Homeostasis and Ethylene Metabolism at Alternating Temperatures in Wild Cardoon
Authors: Huarte Hector R. , Puglia Giuseppe. D. , Prjibelski Andrey D. , Raccuia Salvatore A.
Published: September 2020

The association among environmental cues, ethylene response, ABA signaling, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis in the process of seed dormancy release is nowadays well-established in many species. Alternating temperatures are recognized as one of the main environmental signals determining dormancy release, but their underlying mechanisms are scarcely known. Dry after-ripened wild cardoon achenes germinated poorly at a constant temperature of 20, 15, or 10 °C, whereas germination was stimulated by 80% at alternating temperatures of 20/10 °C. Using an RNA-Seq approach, we identified 23,640 and annotated 14,078 gene transcripts expressed in dry achenes and achenes exposed to constant or alternating temperatures. Transcriptional patterns identified in dry condition included seed reserve and response to dehydration stress genes (i.e., HSPs, peroxidases, and LEAs). At a constant temperature, we observed an upregulation of ABA biosynthesis genes (i.e., NCED9), ABA-responsive genes (i.e., ABI5 and TAP), as well as other genes previously related to physiological dormancy and inhibition of germination. However, the alternating temperatures were associated with the upregulation of ethylene metabolism (i.e., ACO1, 4, and ACS10) and signaling (i.e., EXPs) genes and ROS homeostasis regulators genes (i.e., RBOH and CAT). Accordingly, the ethylene production was twice as high at alternating than at constant temperatures. The presence in the germination medium of ethylene or ROS synthesis and signaling inhibitors reduced significantly, but not completely, germination at 20/10 °C. Conversely, the presence of methyl viologen and salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM), a peroxidase inhibitor, partially increased germination at constant temperature. Taken together, the present study provides the first insights into the gene expression patterns and physiological response associated with dormancy release at alternating temperatures in wild cardoon (Cynara cardunculus var. sylvestris).
Effects of Increased N Deposition on Leaf Functional Traits of Four Contrasting Tree Species in Northeast China
Authors: Khan Attaullah , Sun Jingjue , Zarif Nowsherwan , Khan Kashif , Jamil Muhammad Atif , Yang Lixue , Clothier Brent , Rewald Boris
Published: September 2020

Northeast China is persistently affected by heavy nitrogen (N) deposition. Studying the induced variation in leaf traits is pivotal to develop an understanding of the adaptive plasticity of affected species. This study thus assesses effects of increased N deposition on leaf morphological and anatomical traits and their correlation among and with biomass allocation patterns. A factorial experiment was conducted utilizing seedlings of two gymnosperms (Larix gmelinii, Pinus koraiensis) and two angiosperms (Fraxinus mandshurica, Tilia amurensis). Leaf mass per area and leaf density decreased and leaf thickness increased under high N deposition but trait interrelations remained stable. In gymnosperms, leaf mass per area was correlated to both leaf thickness and area, while being correlated to leaf density only in angiosperms. Epidermis, mesophyll thickness, conduit and vascular bundle diameter increased. Despite the differences in taxonomic groups and leaf habits, the common patterns of variation suggest that a certain degree of convergence exists between the species’ reaction towards N deposition. However, stomata pore length increased in angiosperms, and decreased in gymnosperms under N deposition. Furthermore, biomass and leaf mass fraction were correlated to leaf traits in gymnosperms only, suggesting a differential coordination of leaf traits and biomass allocation patterns under high N deposition per taxonomic group.
Chemical Constituents of the Leaves of Campanula takesimana (Korean Bellflower) and Their Inhibitory Effects on LPS-induced PGE2 Production
Authors: Qi Yutong , Choi Se-In , Son So-Ri , Han Hee-Soo , Ahn Hye Shin , Shin Yu-Kyong , Lee Sun Hee , Lee Kyung-Tae , Kwon Hak Cheol , Jang Dae Sik
Published: September 2020

Campanula takesimana Nakai (Campanulaceae; Korean bellflower) is one of the endemic herbs of Korea. The plant has been used as traditional medicines for treating asthma, tonsillitis, and sore throat in Korea. A hot water extract of the leaves of C. takesimana exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. Repetitive chromatographic separation of the hot water extract led to the isolation of three new neolignan glucosides, campanulalignans A–C (1–3), with 15 known compounds (4–18). The structures of new compounds 1–3 were elucidated by analyzing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic data, along with high resolution quadrupole time of flight mass (HR-Q-TOF-MS) spectrometric data. Among the isolates, simplidin (7), 5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde (11), icariside F2 (12), benzyl-α-l-arabinopyranosyl-(1″→6′)-β-d-glucopyranoside (13), and kaempferol 3-O-β-d-apiosyl (1→2)-β-d-glucopyranoside (15) were isolated from the Campanulaceae family for the first time. The isolates (1, 2, and 4–18) were assessed for their anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-stimulated PGE2 production on RAW 264.7 cells. 7R,8S-Dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (5), 3′,4-O-dimethylcedrusin 9-O-β-glucopyranoside (6), pinoresinol di-O-β-d-glucoside (8), ferulic acid (10), 5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde (11), and quercetin (18) showed significant inhibitory effects on LPS-stimulated PGE2 production.
Density-Adjustable Bio-Based Polysulfide Composite Prepared by Inverse Vulcanization and Bio-Based Fillers
Authors: Liu Yanxia , Chen Yidan , Zhang Yagang , Chen Yurong , Wang Lulu , Zan Xingjie , Zhang Letao
Published: September 2020

Excess sulfur has become a global problem in petrochemical industry. Inexpensive and easily available cottonseed oil (CSO) is still underutilized. To resolve these issues, bio-based polysulfide composites were prepared via inverse vulcanization of sulfur and CSO. The density of polysulfide composites was adjusted by fillers. The results showed that Elm and cattail as the fillers had no effects on the thermal properties and chemical structures of polysulfide composites. However, the morphologies of polysulfide composites were significantly influenced by the fillers. Different types and amounts of fillers produced significantly different holes and folds in the composites. The fillers were embedded in polysulfide composites by physical filling. This study provides an alternative and promising approach for preparing affordable density-adjustable bio-based polysulfide composite.