bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical Attractiveness and Public Intimacy of Married Couples: An Observational Study
Authors: Harrell W. Andrew
Published: May 2006

Observational data were collected in a field setting on 558 married couples. It was found that physically attractive couples were more likely than unattractive couples to show public intimacy, i. e., to engage in mutual talking, smiling and touching. Younger couples displayed more public
intimacy than older couples. Couples who were similar in age interacted more than couples who were different in age. There was less interaction if the female was older than the male than if the male was older. For couples accompanied by a child, there was a tendency for less adult-to-adult
interaction when the child was more attractive than the parents. Finally, husband-wife differences in attractiveness did not significantly influence intimacy.
Body Build Satisfaction and the Congruency of Body Build Perceptions
Authors: Hankins Norman , Ailey Roger C.
Published: May 2006

Female subjects were classified as satisfied (n = 15) or dissatisfied (n = 15) with their body build and were administered the Somatotype Rating Scale. The SRS allowed subjects to rate their own body build, their wished for body build, the typical female body build, and the body build
of a same-sex best friend and a dating partner. Compared with dissatisfied subjects, satisfied subjects showed greater congruency between their own and wished-for body build, and greater congruency between their own and friend/date body builds, but less congruency between their own body build
and the female body build stereotype.
First Impressions of Talking Rates in Opposite-sex and Same-Sex Interactions
Authors: Kleinke Chris L. , Kahn Margi Lenga , Beach Tully Tracy
Published: May 2006

Four experiments were conducted in which subjects evaluated people who talked 20, 50 or 80% of the time in opposite-sex or same-sex interactions. Multivariate analysis of results showed that first impressions of talking rate can be understood in terms of a "potency" dimension and a "liking" dimension. People who talked 80% of the time were evaluated as being domineering, out going, selfish, inconsiderate, inattentive, impolite, cold, and disliked by the other person. People talking 50% of the time were evaluated as being likeable, attentive, polite, and warm. People talking 20% of the time were evaluated as being submissive, introverted, unselfish and unintelligent. There was no interaction between speaker sex and amount of talking in opposite-sex dyads. Males in same-sex interactions were evaluated as being cold when they spoke 20% of the time and females in same-sex interactions were evaluated as being cold, inattentive, and intelligent when they spoke 80% of the time. Suggestions were given for an attributional study of talking rate.
Information-processing and Motivated Distortion in the Attribution of Causality for Success and Failure
Authors: Gleason James M. , Arkin Robert M.- , Shaver Kelly G
Published: May 2006

An experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of both informational and motivational factors on observers' attributions. Observers evaluated the behavior of a "student therapist" who attempted to follow a prescribed procedure for reducing minor phobia in a presumed client.
Observers were informed of the Probable Outcome of the therapy (positive or negative), and later learned of the Actual Outcome (successful or unsuccessful). Personal Involvement in evaluating the actor's performance was induced in half the observers by informing them they would take the actor's
role themselves; the remaining half were told the study would conclude with their judgments. Consistent with previous theorizing and research about information processing, subjects attributed greater causality to the therapist's delivery when the actual outcome differed from the expected outcome
than when there was agreement between the two. Subjects also attributed greater causality to the actor for a successful than for an unsuccessful outcome. Personal involvement led observers to attribute less causality to the actor than subjects who expected only to observe; an unexpected interaction
of Personal Involvement and Probable Outcome also emerged. However, the strongest motivationally based prediction, an interaction of Personal Involvement and Actual Outcome, was not confirmed.
An Analysis of the Differences in Self-Concept of Male and Female Monozygotic Twins
Authors: Levine Carolyn , Eller Ben , Whitmore Harold L.
Published: May 2006

Differences in the self-concept of male and female monozygotic twins were compared as measured by the Tennessee Sea-Concept Scale. Forty sets of monozygotic twins (20 male, 20 female) were randomly selected for the study. Their responses were scored and the Student t test was computed
for each of 11 categories of self-concept to assess differences in female and male scores. The results indicated that female monozygotic twins were more satisfied with their "total" self- concepts including the self-concept categories of identity, behavior, moral-ethical, personal, family
and number of deviant scores, when compared with male monozygotic twins.
PERSON PERCEPTION AND THE EVALUATION OF ABORIGINAL TOPICAL ART: HOW TO CHANGE STEREOTYPES
Authors: Larsen Knud S.
Published: May 2006

This article reports on a study of impression formation. The evaluation of products by stimulus persons is affected by the adaptation-level concept, the contrast-assimilation principle, and balance theory concepts. Discrepant information produces cognitive reorganization and overevaluation.
Two experimental groups (n=54) participated in one of two conditions. In one, a white stimulus person appeared as the “artist” of ten drawings; in the second condition, an Aboriginal “artist” claimed authorship of the identical products. Subsequently, the subjects were
asked to evaluate the drawings on an open-ended question and the semantic differential. The results show that the drawings attributed to the Aboriginal “artist” produced more positive impressions and were rated more highly on the semantic differential. These data suggest the importance
of developing minority models to counter predominant stereotypes in the white community.
THE ATTRIBUTOR'S UNPROMPTED USE OF STRENGTH AND DIRECTION OF CONSENSUS INFORMATION
Authors: Herzberger Sharon D.
Published: May 2006

Studied the attributor's unprompted use of consensus information to judge behavior. By examining the context, attributors were able to estimate the degree of consensus to expect for the actor's behavior. Participants read vignettes that described real-life situations and imagined
themselves or an acquaintance performing a socially desirable or undesirable action in the situation. The vignettes varied according to expected direction of consensus (a majority would be expected to act in desirable or undesirable manner) and expected strength of consensus (strong, moderate,
or weak majority). Higher situational attributions were found when the actor's behavior was congruent with, rather than in contrast to, the expected consensus, particularly when the behavior was undesirable. Furthermore, higher situational attributions were evoked by expected majority
performance of undesirable acts than desirable acts. Attributors did not distinguish among strengths of consensus; nor was there differential attention to consensus for self-versus other-attributions.
SOCIALITY: A CONTENT ANALYSIS SCALE FOR VERBALIZATIONS
Authors: Viney Linda L. , Westbrook Mary T.
Published: May 2006

Conceptualizations of positive interpersonal relationships by Danziger (1976) and Osgood (1970) formed the basis of. a content analysis scale for verbalizations. The resulting Sociality Scale score (SS) is the total of seven subscales. The relationship types of Solidarity, Intimacy, influence and undifferentiated Shared Experience form one subset of subscales, and the relationship roles of Reactor, Initiator and Joint Actor form the other. SS proved to have acceptable levels of inter-rater reliability and considerable consistency over time. Verbalizations collected from 540 people experiencing different events were used to establish its validity. As hypothesized, high scorers tended to relate more positively to others, to maintain relationships better with others, to exhibit more interpersonal skills and to experience less anxiety and hostility than low scorers.
CORRELATES OF PHYSICAL BEAUTY IN MEN AND WOMEN
Authors: Horvath Theodore
Published: May 2006

Front-view drawings of male and female figures were rated for attractiveness by subjects of both sexes. The subject sexes did not differ in terms of the physique parameters judged relatively attractive. For female stimuli, attractiveness correlated negatively with waist width and hip
width, and directly with figure slenderness. For male stimuli, attractiveness correlated positively with shoulder width and upper body taper.
BOLD BUILD PERCEPTIONS IN MALE AND FEMALE COLLEGE STUDENTS
Authors: Bailey Roger C. , Hankins Norman E.
Published: May 2006

The Somatotype Rating Scale (SRS) was administered to 35 male and 35 female college students. The SRS allowed subjects to rate their own body build, their wished-for body build, and the body build of the typical and ideal male and female. While there was close agreement between males
and females on the measures, females exhibited more dissatisfaction with their body build and greater congruency between their self-concept and their same-sex stereotype than did males. Results were discussed as possibly revealing the emergence of a mesomorphic body build ideal in both sexes.
SELF-DISCLOSURE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSTRUING: A PERSONAL CONSTRUCT APPROACH TO INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTIONS
Authors: Neimeyer Greg J. , Banikiotes Paul G. , Ianni Lynn E.
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relationship between self-disclosure (SD) and the types of personal constructs utilized by individuals in conceptualizing their interpersonal relationships. Deriving from Duck's (1973) “inferential theory” of interpersonal
relations, SD was conceptualized as a process which mediates the evolution of more advanced, “psychological” construing. As a test of SD's mediational function, it was argued that such dimensions should be differentially meaningful when applied to a range of SD targets. Further,
a positive relation between the targets' level of SD and its rated meaningfulness along subjects' own psychological dimensions was predicted. Conversely, no such differentiation was predicted along subjects' earlier, more “physicalistic” constructs. All predictions
received support, with one general exception. Highly polarized negative relations, though low SD targets, received more meaningful ratings along psychological constructs than some higher SD targets.
SOMATOPSYCHIC EFFECTS OF HYPERTENSION: A THEORETICAL POSITION
Authors: Gibson Gail S. , Benson Frank B.
Published: May 2006

Somatopsychic effects of hypertension such as severe anxiety, depression and insomnia often indicate a critical need for psychological consultation the treatment process. The effects of biological factors in the behavi4 of hypertensive individuals may constitute more suffering than
the mo direct biological ones. These debilitating factors are often negated health care deliverers even though they play a significant role in ti prognosis of hypertension, and are easily understood. The development effective treatment modalities must include intervention strategies
f somatopsychic effects as well as others.
THE DISCRIMINATING POWER OF ECOLOGICAL VARIABLES IN THE RECRUITMENT OF MEN AND WOMEN RURAL POLITICIANS
Authors: Jones Woodrow , Starr Rachel
Published: May 2006

The growth of political activism by women has been studied mostly in the urban environment. This study focuses on rural environment and those factors which predict the recruitment of women in that environment. A survey of 192 women and 113 men elicited the effect of sex on the political
recruitment process in the rural parts of Oregon. The sample is composed of politicians at the local level as well as the lower house of the state legislature. The findings indicate that the traditional variables from the literature of political recruitment tend to be more supportive of men
rather than women. Further, that the ecological setting is important in determining the recruitment pattern of men and women politicians.
DETECTING PSYCHOPATHOLOGICAL REACTIONS TO NATURAL DISASTER: A METHODOLOGICAL NOTE1
Authors: Perry Ronald W.
Published: May 2006

This paper notes that there appears to be substantial empirical support for each of two opposing views in a controversy. There is a psychiatric literature which argues that natural disasters can cause severe negative psychological reactions in victims. An opposing literature, generated
by sociologists and psychologists, purports to show that natural disasters do not produce adverse reactions. This paper argues that the apparent empirical stalemate ∼s probably a function of methodological difficulties, and seeks to explain the contradictory findings on the basis of different
measurement strategies and problems of study design.
PERFORMANCE COMPONENTS OF FIELD-DEPENDENCE MEASURES AND THE APPLICATION OF MULTIVARIATE PROCEDURES
Authors: Loo Robert
Published: May 2006

Components underlying performance on field-dependence measures were examined. On the basis of these components and of the relationships between field-dependence measures and intelligence tests, it was suggested that field-dependence measures form two somewhat distinct clusters, embedded-figures
and adjustment tests. It was noted that embedded-figures tests are related to intelligence, whereas adjustment tests are independent of intelligence. It was recommended that comprehensive rather than limited studies be conducted with an emphasis on the application of multivariate techniques
to the understanding of the field-dependence dimension and especially in the study of its developmental and cross-cultural aspects.
PERCEPTION OF TIME AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS AND RESIDENTS OF A METROPOLITAN COMMUNITY
Authors: Koenig Fredrick
Published: May 2006

A sample of college undergraduates and a sample of residents in the city in which the college is located were asked to draw three circles representing the past, present, and future. Among the college students, 52% indicated future dominance by drawing the future circle largest,
while only 44% of the residents of the city did so. Relatedness was indicated by 54% of the students who drew circles that were touching, overlapping, or concentric, while only 11% of the city residents did so. A segment of 14% of the metropolitan sample could not
respond to the test at all, but all of the college students were able to.
SUPPORTING SINGLE CAUSE INFERENCES WHEN MULTIPLE CAUSATION IS IMPLIED
Authors: Vestewig Richard E.
Published: May 2006

Subjects drew causal inferences about interpersonal and achievement events, and ranked the information aspects on their importance in reaching the inference. High information was ranked most important for drawing a stimulus inference, low distinctiveness information was most important
for drawing a person inference, and low consistency information was most important for drawing a circumstance inference.
EVALUATION APPREHENSION, SOCIAL DESIRABILITY, AND THE INTERPRETATION OF TEST CORRELATIONS
Authors: Thomas Charles B. , Hall Judith A. , Miller Frederick D. , Dewhirst Joseph R. , Fine Gary Alan , Taylor Marylee , Rosnow Ralph L.
Published: May 2006

This paper investigates the relationship between the concepts of social desirability and evaluation apprehension. The Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale and the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale were administered to 63 Harvard and Radcliffe students. As predicted, there was a moderate
negative correlation between social desirability and manifest anxiety in the (anonymous) high evaluation apprehension condition (r = −0.35, p = 0.05); and a substantially reduced correlation in the (anonymous) low evaluation apprehension condition (r = −0.04). Nonanonymous subjects
also had a lower mean score on the Talyor Manifest Anxiety Scale than did anonymous subjects. The results demonstrate a link between evaluation apprehension and social desirability, and indicate the importance of the nature of the testing situation in clinical or applied settings.
WILLINGNESS TO PROVIDE FEEDBACK TO DEPRESSED PERSONS
Authors: Robbins Brain P. , Strack Stephen , Coyne James C.
Published: May 2006

It was hypothesized that identifying a recipient of social feedback as depressed would significantly affect the willingness of subjects to provide their reactions, and that therefore depressed persons receive different feed. back than nondepressed persons displaying the same behavior.
Subjects listened to recorded descriptions of a male or female person who was described simply as a friend, or additionally, as having been depressed for a few days o ra month. The major finding was that subjects indicated they were less willing to provide positive reactions to the depressed
target stimuli, and this was found to be the case for both solicited and volunteered reactions. Overall, female subjects were significantly more willing to provide both positive and negative reactions than were males. It was proposed that depressed persons are highly susceptible to environmental
response, and that the withholding of positive reactions to depressed persons is in need of further study.
PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS RELATED TO SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BEHAVIORAL CONTAGION
Authors: Ogunlade James O.
Published: May 2006

The concept of behavioral contagion first introduced by Le Ban (1895) has been employed to explain the spread of mood, attitude, and behavior from one person to another or from one person to a whole group, or even from one group of persons to another group. Social scientists since then
have also suggested that certain behaviors are inherently more “infectious” than others, especially those that are associated with incidents of “mass phenomena”. It has also been suggested that a “contagious process” underlies the apparently immediate spread
of behavior that sometimes occurs in group situations such as in crowds or other gatherings.
PSYCHOLOGICAL TIME AND SOCIOLOGY: A RESEARCH AGENDA
Authors: Hogan H. Wayne
Published: May 2006

Psychological time is presently seen as potentially being both an independent and a dependent dimension associated with such sociological and psychological phenomena as social change, environmental design, personal space, esthetics, and color considerations. Several “annotated”
hypotheses are offered, with the suggestion that their testing will ultimately demonstrate that the psychological experience of time has many more sociological implications than have heretofore been recognized.
APPROACH-AVOIDANCE BEHAVIORS AS A FUNCTION OF PLEASANTNESS AND AROUSING QUALITY OF SETTINGS AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN STIMULUS SCREENING
Authors: Hines Melissa , Mehrabian Albert
Published: May 2006

Preference, affiliation, and work, three intercorrelated aspects of approach-avoidance to everyday environments, were investigated using slide stimuli. The slides were selected from a sample of 360 portraying a variety of indoor and outdoor settings, each of which had been rated by
groups of subjects on pleasantness-unpleasantness and arousing quality. The 72 slides used represented a 3 Pleasantness-Unpleasantness X 3 Arousing Quality X 8 Replications design. Written responses of subjects to the slides were obtained using standardized measures of approach-avoidance:
desire to seek, stay in, and explore the setting (preference), desire to interact socially in the setting (affiliation), and desire to work in the setting (work). All three approach behaviors were monotonically increasing functions of setting pleasantness. Desire to work was inversely related
to increases in arousing quality of settings. Arousing quality and pleasantness interacted to determine the dependent measures of preference and affiliation. Preference was an increasing function of arousing quality in pleasant situations, an inverted U-shaped function of arousing quality
in neutrally pleasant situations, and a Ushaped function of arousing quality in unpleasant situations. Affiliation was affected primarily by arousing quality in unpleasant situations. Here, it was a U-shaped function of arousing quality—a relationship that was more pronounced for the
more arousable (nonscreening) subjects. For the preference and work measures, screening and pleasantness also interacted, showing that variations in pleasantness-unpleasantness had a more pronounced effect on the approach behaviors of nonscreeners than of screeners.
ACHIEVEMENT AND AFFILIATION: A MOTIVATIONAL PERSPECTIVE OF SEX DIFFERENCES
Authors: Kelemen Victor Paul
Published: May 2006

Achievement and affiliation behavior are important issues in the literature of sex-role differences. Males have been viewed as being achievement-oriented, and female affiliation-oriented. Deaux (1976) has mentioned a series of arguments which attempt to explain how and why males and females differ in these behaviors. This study replicated the Lunneborg and Rosenwood (1972) study in an attempt to further review the achievement versus affiliation argument. In addition to their techniques, the Personality Research Form (Form A) was also administered to a sample of 180 high school and college males and females. While the results of this study fail to resolve the achievement versus affiliation argument, it nevertheless offers some new possible explanations to the noted differences. Ultimately, the achievement-affiliation argument will have to be viewed only insofar as age and education remain important considerations in the sex differences studies of achievement behavior.
IMPACT OF FATHER LOSS ON THE FAMILY
Authors: Parish Thomas S. , Kappes Bruno M.
Published: May 2006

In this study, 421 undergraduate students evaluated their natural mothers, natural fathers, and stepfathers (where applicable) by rating them on the Personal Attribute Inventory. The findings from this study indicated that parents from families broken by divorce were consistently more
negatively evaluated than were parents from either intact families or families where the father had died. These findings held regardless of whether or not the mother had remarried and regardless of the sex of the students doing the evaluations.
CONGRUENCY AND ACCURACY OF BODY BUILD PERCEPTIONS IN DATING COUPLES
Authors: Bailey Roger C. , Chorosevic Patricia
Published: May 2006

Sixteen dating couples gave body build profiles for self, date, and the expected view of self by date along Sheldon's three physique components of endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy. Correlations of these body build profiles indicated that daters had a greater need for the
partner to support their own body build concept than they did that the partner match their body build concept. In comparison to social judgments, males had distorted perceptions of the endomorphy component in self and date. Females had very accurate self-perceptions, although they erred in
the direction of perceiving their partner as matching a male ideal body build. Body build perceptions also related to several measures of dating attraction.
SEX-TYPING AND MEANS OF INFLUENCE IN MARRIAGE
Authors: Rim Y
Published: May 2006

The relationship between masculinity, femininity, and androgyny on the one hand, and the use of different means of influence in marriage on the other, was investigated. Sixty married men and 60 married women served as subjects. It was found that androgynous husbands tended to use fewer
last-resort, dependency and authoritative, and more give-up means of influence. Androgynous wives tended to use significantly less give-up, accommodative, dependency and authoritative means, than did other groups. It can be concluded that different sex-role types will also differ in the use
of means of influence in marriage.
SOCIAL DISTANCE AMONG THE YORUBA OF NIGERIA
Authors: Ogunlade James O.
Published: May 2006

A modified Bogardus Social Distance Scale was administered to 90 children, of ages ranging from 14 to 16 years, living in a rural area of a part of the Yoruba land. Subjects were to react to five other groups apart from their own. It was found that despite the fact that the subjects
and the other groups formed the same ethnic group, subjects expressed a social proximity to their own group and social distance to others in terms of choice of spouses, and a reverse trend was revealed in terms of acceptance of others as employees.
CONFORMITY IN THE ASCH EXPERIMENT: INNER-OTHER DIRECTEDNESS AND THE “DEFIANT SUBJECT
Authors: Lamb Theodore A. , Alsikafi Majeed
Published: May 2006

McCarthyism of the 1950s was proposed by Larsen (1974) as an explanation for Asch's (1956) high rates of conformity. Larsen discovered low rates of conformity in his research. Riesman et al. (1950) would argue that conformity rates should be increasing rather than decreasing because
of a growing predominance of “other-directed” personality types in modern societies, in addition, contamination of Ss could be produced by familiarization with Asch's widely known techniques and results. A replication of Asch's classic conformity experiment was conducted
to examine three hypotheses: (1) the more other-directed, the greater the tendency to conform; (2) conformity rates in studies today will be higher than those in previous studies; (3) Ss familiar with the nature of the experiment from previous experience should conform more than Ss unfamiliar
with the experiment. Hypotheses 1 and 2 were supported (p <0.001). Hypothesis 3 was not supported. The “defiant subject effect” is proposed as a possible reason for the lack of significance of hypothesis 3 and a partial explanation for Larsen's (1974) findings.
INDIVIDUAL NEED STATES AND THEIR PERCEPTIONS OF LEADER BEHAVIOR
Authors: Niebuhr Robert E. , Bedetan Arthur G. , Armenatcis Achilles A.
Published: May 2006

A field study in a hospital's nursing service organization was conducted to investigate the relationship of subordinate personality characteristics with perceptions of leader behavior. Measures of four individual need states (independence, achievement, affiliation, power) were
obtained from the subjects as well as their perceptions of leader behavior. The study found a number of significant relationships between subordinate personality characteristics and both instrumental and supportive leader behavior perceptions, the primary finding being that individuals strongly
motivated toward self-goals (achievement, power, independence) rather than other-directed goals (affiliation) apparently perceive their leader to be less active, particularly with regard to instrumental supervisory behavior. The implications of these results are discussed with respect to the
focus of future research regarding the influence of individual personality characteristics in behavioral studies.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE EFFECT OF EXTRINSIC REINFORCERS ON INTRINSICALLY MOTIVATED BEHAVIOR: EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL
Authors: Brennan Thomas P. , Glover John A.
Published: May 2006

A review of the literature in the area of intrinsic-extrinsic motivation revealed several experimental and theoretical problems. The current study provided a series of three conditions under which intrinsic motivation was tested, a true control, a directions only condition and a directions
plus reinforcement condition. Both the directions and the directions plus reinforcement groups were observed to have increased their time on the task during the experimental phases, and when extrinsic reinforcement and directions were removed, the subjects in these two conditions maintained
intrinsically motivated behaviors at levels significantly above the levels observed during the baseline phase and significantly higher than the control group. These results were in contrast to those previously reported in the literature. The discussion portion of the paper examined the faulty
logic, and understanding of operant theory implicit in the literature in extrinsic-intrinsic motivation, and provided suggestions for alternative means of supplanting operant theory with more effective, workable theories of behavior.
EFFECT OF AN INNOVATIVE EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM UPO SELF.ACTUALIZATION AND PSYCHOSOCIAL MATURITY: A REPLICATION AND FOLLOW UP
Authors: Goldman Jeffrey A. , Olczak Paul V.
Published: May 2006

Previous research found that an innovative educational program had a negative effect on its participants' personality development when compared with appropriate controls. The present study attempted to: (1) replicate this unexpected finding by comparing 13 entering freshmen in
the following year's program with controls on changes in self-actualization and psychosocial maturity, and (2) follow up the subjects in the original study one year later to assess the permanency of the initial finding. Results indicated that: (1) for the replication, control subjects
increased their scores on three out of 19 scales of the inventories while program participants' scores remained the same, and (2) for the follow up, when retested one year later, there were no significant differences between the two original groups.
COGNITIVE COMPLEXITY AND THE EFFECTS OF THOUGHT ON ATTITUDE CHANGE1
Authors: O'keefe Daniel J. , Brady Robert M.
Published: May 2006

Subjects varying in cognitive complexity rated 35 six-trait sets according to how much they would like a person who had the qualities listed; then each subject re-read one set, thought about the person described, and wrote an impression of the person and re-rated the person on an evaluative
scale. Each subject then completed the same procedures for a second trait set as a same-subjects replication. Contrary to Abraham Tesser's explanation of the effects of thought on attitude change, the attitudes of cognitively complex subjects were not more likely to polarize after thought:
no differences between complex and noncomplex subjects were obtained with the original set, and with the replication set noncomplex subjects were more likely to polarize. The results also suggest limitations on the generality and powerfulness of the polarization phenomenon.
AFFECT AND MORAL REASONING
Authors: Olejnik Anthony B. , Larue Asenath A.
Published: May 2006

Temporary mood states were induced to determine the impact of affect on moral reasoning. College students were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions: positive, negative, or neutral moods prior to completing the Defining Issues Test (DIT) of moral development. P-scores
on the DIT were significantly higher in the positive affect condition than in either of the other conditions. These results are discussed in relation to previous studies on situational factors influencing moral judgments and social behaviors.
THE SOCIAL COSTS OF OBESITY: A NON-REACTIVE FIELD STUDY
Authors: Benson Peter L. , Severs Drew , Tatgenhorst John , Loddengaard Nancy
Published: May 2006

The major purposes of this study were to investigate whether devaluation of obese persons, a phenomenon demonstrated exclusively in laboratory settings using reactive measures, generalizes to a nonreactive field setting. Seventy public health administrators were asked, via the mail,
to help a college junior assess her chances of getting into graduate school and finding employment in this field. Subjects received a cover letter, a standard résumé∼, and a questionnaire. A picture of the student was affixed to some of the résumés. Subjects
were randomly assigned to one of three picture conditions: obese, normal, or no picture. Forty-six percent of the questionnaires were returned. Significantly fewer forms were returned in the obese condition than in the normal and no picture conditions. On both the graduate school and employment
questionnaire items, forecasts were considerably more pessimistic than in the other two picture conditions. Implications of these findings are discussed.
AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS OF PRIVATE SEXUAL BEHAVIORS AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS: SOME IMPLICATIONS FOR A THEORY OF CLASS DIFFERENCES IN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
Authors: Eve Raymond A. , Renslow Donald G..
Published: May 2006

The research reported is based on an analysis of anonymous questionnaire data received from 72 Ss who were students at a southern public university. Ss filled out questionnaires at their leisure and returned them in sealed envelopes. A wide range of sexual behaviors and fantasies were
self-reported by Ss including oral-genital sex, genital sex, homosexuality, bondage, sadomasochism, partialism, incest, pederasty, oralism, scatological acts, number of sexual partners, and premarital intercourse. The resulting data were presented in tabular form and compared with earlier
national data sets. It was also noted that often fairly strong measures of association emerged in a positive direction between socioeconomic status and participation in (and/or approval of) “deviant” sexual behaviors.
ALTERNATIVE SOCIOLOGY FOR ALTERNATIVE LIFE STYLES: A METHODOLOGICAL CRITIQUE OF STUDIES OF SWINGING
Authors: Biblarz Arturo , Biblarz Dolores Noonan
Published: May 2006

A systematic examination of studies of couples who openly exchange sexual partners shows that the consistent claims by researchers that such practices have positive consequences for the marriage, and for each individual partner, are based more on the researchers' biases than on
sound empirical evidence. This paper questions both the theoretical premises and the research techniques used by students of swinging to arrive at their conclusions, and suggests a theoretical framework and a research methodology that will allow the emergence of both positive and negative
consequences of alternative life styles. To make this possible, techniques are proposed that permit the researcher to find consequences based on the point of view of the participants and on the basis of observations made independently of the subjects' perception of their own reality.
It is also recommended that such studies can only be properly carried out using a longitudinal approach and carefully selected control groups.
PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF SELF-DISCLOSURE
Authors: Ksionzky Sheldon , Mehrabian Albert
Published: May 2006

The present investigation studied the correlates of role (discloser vs. facilitator) and the personality characteristics of Sensitivity to Rejection and Affiliative Tendency in self-disclosing behaviors and social judgments and evaluations of the partner following self-disclosure. Results
indicated that disclosers, compared with facilitators, talked more, and had more breadth and depth of disclosure. Facilitators were more authoritative and dominant in their remarks. As predicted, persons scoring higher on Sensitivity to Rejection disclosed less. This finding is consistent
with sensitive persons' feelings of vulnerability in social situations. Those scoring higher on Affiliative Tendency disclosed more.
A CONTINGENCY APPROACH FOR UNDERSTANDING EQUITY THEORY AND ITS PREDICTIONS
Authors: Neumann Yoram
Published: May 2006

This study is an empirical examination of equity theory as a predictor of pay satisfaction among managers. A contingency model is developed and confirmed. The basic idea is that equity theory does not apply universally for all situations, but is rather restricted to tasks with a high level of perceived certainty. In other situations, where information concerning the tasks and their characteristics is quite unpredictable and less certain, the assessment of the reward system as equitable or inequitable can be a very difficult task and maximization is often used as the operating norm. Consequently, three hypotheses were tested and supported: (1) Under conditions of high uncertainty, maximization has a stronger relationship with pay satisfaction than equity; (2) Under conditions of low certainty, equity has a stronger relationship with pay satisfaction than maximization; (3) Under conditions of moderate uncertainty, both equity and maximization have strong direct relationships with pay satisfaction. The implications of this study for other studies of organizations are discussed.
RELATIONSHIPS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LOCUS OF CONTROL AND TRAIT ANXIETY AMONG INPATIENTS
Authors: Archer Robert P. , Bedell Jeffrey R. , Amuso Kathy
Published: May 2006

This study investigated the locus of control and anxiety characteristics of psychiatric patients in a 9-week residential skill training program. Statistical analyses of the admission responses of 127 patients showed that greater internality on the I-E Scale was related to lower STAI
Trait Anxiety scores. Further, significant I-E and STAI Scale differences were found between patients in varying diagnostic categories. Conduct disordered patients were significantly more internal than other diagnostic groups, and the trait anxiety mean score for neurotic patients was significantly
higher than that of conduct disordered and psychotic patients. Finally, statistical analyses compared scores from the pre- and post-treatment administrations of the I-E and STAI A-Trait Scales for a subgroup of 44 patients. Results demonstrated significant shifts toward greater internality
and lower trait anxiety as a function of short-term skill training treatment.
COLLECTIVE POSSESSION AND OWNERSHIP: A STUDY OF ITS JUDGED FEASIBILITY AND DESIRABILITY
Authors: Furby Lita
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this study was to chart the psychological dimensions of collective ownership, thereby opening this topic to further systematic inquiry. It was an exploratory study examining (a) the meaning or mechanics of collective possession, and (b) evaluations of collective possession.
Interview questions about collective possession were administered to (a) 150 Americans, 30 at each of five age levels (kindergarten, second, fifth, and eleventh grades, and 40- to 50-year-old adults), and (b) 120 Israelis, 60 from the kibbutz and 60 from the city (in each case, 30 of kindergarten
age and 30 of fifth-grade age). A content analysis was performed on the interview responses. The resulting dimensions both of the meaning of collective possession and of evaluations of collective possession are presented, and the relative saliences of these dimensions for the different age
and cultural groups are discussed.
EXPECTATIONS AND PERSISTENCE: AN EXPERIMENTAL COMPARISON OF BANDURA AND ROTTER
Authors: Haines Phil. , McGrath Pat , Pirot Mike
Published: May 2006

Bandura and Rotter have both examined the role of expectancy. Bandura has suggested that high efficacy-expectations for a particular problem-solving behavior would correspond with greater persistence on similar tasks and lower efficacy-expectations would correspond with less persistence.
Consistent with Rotter's locus of control construct, persistence on a problem-solving task should relate to “internality” whereas lack of persistence should be related to “externality”.Forty subjects were administered the I-F Scale and randomly assigned to
four groups. The group conditions, Relevant Failure, Irrelevant Failure, Relevant Success and Irrelevant Success, were used to differentially manipulate subjects' efficacy-expectations. Subjects from the two failure groups were given low performance feedback over a series of anagrams,
and subjects from the two success groups were given high performance feedback. The subjects in the relevant condition were instructed that their performance reflected intellectual functioning. Those subjects in the irrelevant groups were told that their performance depended on how much practice
they had with similar problems in the past. Following the expectancy manipulations, each subject was given a similar, but insolvable anagram task.High and significant negative correlations were obtained between I-B Scale scores and persistence, while there was a low and insignificant correlation
between efficacy-expectations and persistence. In addition, there were no significant differences between groups on the persistence measure. It was concluded that beliefs in locus of control are strongly related to persistence in problem-solving behavior and that efficacy-expectations do not
play a significant role.
THE EFFECTS OF VOCAL PARTICIPATION AND QUESTIONING BEHAVIOR ON PERCEPTIONS OF DOMINANCE
Authors: Folger Joseph P.
Published: May 2006

This study was designed to assess the relative effects of two types of communicative cues on perceptions of dominance. Stimulus tapes were constructed of two-person conversations in which the amount of vocal participation a speaker contributed and the type of question asked (closed-ended/open-ended)
in the interaction were controlled. The results of a 3 × 2 × 2 (floor time by question type by speaker role) ANOVA revealed that (a) vocal participation is a stronger contributor to perceptions of dominance than either open-ended questions which manage the interaction or closed-ended
questions which lead the respondent in a desired direction, and (b) closed-ended questions are seen as more dominant than open-ended questions. The results are discussed in terms of the monitoring demands the cues place on an observer.
PERSONALITY: TRENDS IN THEORY AND RESEARCH
Authors: Johnson William G. , Wildman Hal E. , Bell Sue
Published: May 2006

Characteristics of personality research were surveyed and compared with previous reports in an attempt to identify trends. Current research in personality is guided by microtheories which explore the variables influencing specific behaviors with traditional theories of personality being
less evident. Experimental research designs are more prevalent and the majority of studies were conducted in laboratory settings within single sessions on college students. Dissatisfaction with the current status of research and the proper focus of “personality” is considered and
partially supported. However, rather than leaving the mainstream of psychology with an excursion into personology, a continued association between personality and experimental psychology is advocated.
RETALIATORY AGGRESSION BY HIGH AND LOW MACHIAVELLIANS AGAINST REMORSEFUL AND NON-REMORSEFUL WRONGDOERS
Authors: Harrel W. Andrew
Published: May 2006

Forty-eight female subjects observed a confederate steal money from them. When accused of stealing, the confederate either expressed remorse or did not express remorse. Subjects were then given the opportunity to aggress against the confederate. More aggression was directed against
a non-remorseful than against a remorseful confederate. There was also a significant interaction effect of the remorse manipulation and subject's level of Machiavellianism. High Machs aggressed more against a remorseful confederate than did low Machs. High Machs were more suspicious of
the remorseful confederate's sincerity. High Machs also tended to show less aggression than low Machs toward the non-remorseful wrongdoer.
CULTURAL DEPRIVATION REFLECTED IN LINGUISTIC ACQUISITION AND DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Peretti Peter O. , Austin Sandra
Published: May 2006

Cultural deprivation has been found to affect the acquisition, development, and utilization of language for the child. Social class, home and environmental variables are among the most significant as underlying dimensions of language patterns. Their influences are considered and discussed,
as is language, as a series of conditioned responses reinforced in the developmental process.
IMMUNIZATION OF A CONTROVERTED BELIEF THROUGH GROUP DISCUSSION
Authors: Quereshi M. Y. , Strauss Lloyd A.
Published: May 2006

An extension of McGuire's inoculation theory, from the area of cultural truisms to the realm of controverted beliefs, was investigated by manipulating previous attack as part of a group discussion situation in which actual defense of an issue was considered essential for having
an inoculating effect. Results (p < 0.05) favored the main hypothesis when group I (requiring defense in response to a written verbal attack) was compared with the control group, but there were no significant differences between group I and group 2 (requiring discussion but no defense since
there was no verbal attack).
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND BLACK AND WHITE INTELLIGENCE REVISITED
Authors: Tate Douglas , Gibson Gail
Published: May 2006

The mean average difference previously recorded between blacks and whites on intelligence may be an artifact based upon the differences in education and socioeconomic position of blacks and whites in this country. Previous studies in this area, with a few exceptions, have been comparing
lower class blacks with second-third through tenth generation middle class whites. Only recently in this country has a true black middle class emerged that has had access to both education and income. Even though black income nationally is still only 61% of white income, the black middle
class income has approached 75% of white income. This increase in disposable income is being invested in youth development. Second generation black youth of middle class status will show many attributes of the American achievement syndrome. The black youth in this study exceeded the
white sample mean on the Stanford-Binet and the WISCR. The black mean was 128.63 with a standard deviation of 14.44, while the white mean was 115.75 with a standard deviation of 13.37. The difference was significant at the 0.001 level.
THE EFFECTS OF HIGH SPATIAL DENSITY ON HUMOR APPRECIATION: AGE AND SEX DIFFERENCES
Authors: Prerost Frank J.
Published: May 2006

The social facilitation of humor appreciation is a widely held belief but narrowly researched concept. This study was designed to show the involvement of spatial density as well as social density in the appreciation of humor. Male and female adolescents representing ages 11 to 18 years
participated under conditions of high and low spatial density. High spatial density was found to significantly diminish appreciation of three humor types. Significant sex and age differences in reactivity to spatial density were found. Results expand current knowledge of the effects of density
on the appreciation of humor and suggest the capability of spatial density to inhibit positive affect.
DEVELOPMENT OF SORTING SKILLS IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Cameron Catherine Ann , Davidson Mary Lou
Published: May 2006

Vygotsky (1962) has described the course of human cognitive growth, stating that children classify first “syncretically”, then “complexively”, and ultimately “conceptually”. The only chronological milestone which he specifies is puberty, at which time the potential for true conceptual behavior is believed to have developed. This study identifies Vygotsky's phases of conceptual development in normal school aged children. It also examines his assumption that verbal labels are critical to the development of concepts. Thirty 8-year-old and thirty 11-year-old school children were tested using the Vygotsky block-sorting task. One-third of the children at each age were given in original sorting, standard nonsense labels, one-third familiar labels, and one-third no labels. Subjects were subsequently requested to re-sort the blocks with no labels provided, and then to sort a new set of objects using the same dimensions as in original sorting, to test for transfer effects. Both qualitative and quantitative measures of performance indicate that there is a significant change in sorting behavior from 8 to 11 years of age, with cornplexive sorting predominating at both ages. The effects of labeling treatments failed to support Vygotsky's contention, at least with children at these ages, that nonsense labels facilitate performance or transfer. However, familiar labels facilitated performance over both nonsense and no labels. Transfer of the originally trained concepts was positive and the relationship between original performance and transfer was significant.
FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THE MACHIAVELLIAN SCALE
Authors: Ahmed S. M. S. , Stewart R. A. C.
Published: May 2006

The paper is a report of a factor analytical study of the Christie and Gies Machiavellian Scale. Subjects were 122 part-time and full-time students from Laurentian University, Canada. Principal components analysis and varimax rotation revealed five psychologically interpretable factors
with, latent roots above 1.0. These were named Machiavellian tactics, Pollyanna syndrome, Machiavellian tactics negative, Moral ideal and Machiavellian view. These factors are somewhat different from the factor analytical findings of Christie and Gies, and do not show Machiavellianism as a
unitary trait. Some links are drawn between Kohlberg's moral development theory and the present results.