bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Provenance of archaeological wool textiles: new case studies
Authors: Frei Karin M.
Published: January 2014

In the last two decades, measurements of strontium (Sr) isotopes in archaeological bone tissues/skeletons have shown to be an effective technique for the characterisation of human and animal mobility in prehistory. More recently, this tracing system is also being applied to the investigation of archaeological textile’s provenance. The importance of ancient textiles has been often underestimated, however research of archaeological textiles is currently experiencing an extremely increasing interest as the development of new methodologies, conducting experimental studies and lancing of new projects are providing an unreached amount of new information, knowledge and impressive data sets which together build the basis of novel thinking and interpretations. This manuscript aims at summarising two of the most recently developed methods that focus on the extraction of Sr from ancient non-dyed and organic-dyed wool threads from archaeological textiles in an attempt to identify if the raw materials are local or non-local to the sites. In particular, this study presents two case studies which rely on the use of these chemical protocols. The first example deals with a wool/fur sample from a modern Greenlandic Musk ox. The purpose of this study is to characterise wool from an exotic animal on the one side, and to try to establish a link between this wool and a geologically-seen ancient and very special terrain (Archaean basement rocks from the Kangerlussuaq area of Western Greenland) on which this musk ox was grazing. Our interest was focused on whether the bioavailable Sr fraction from this terrain impacted on the composition of the wool from the animal. The second case study deals with three thread samples from four ancient wool textile pieces recovered from one and the same pre-Roman Iron Age peat bog site at Krogens Mølle (Denmark). Some of these textiles have proven to be dyed with organic dyestuffs. This study therefore aimed at applying a novel pre-cleaning methodology developed for dyed (by organic dyestuffs) wool threads from ancient textiles. The outcome of these two particular studies revealed both the potential of these novel methodologies for retrieving the original Sr isotope signature of the raw material wool, and their limitations.
Stable isotopic and chemical indicators of volcanic eruptions in tree rings from Parícutin, Mexico
Authors: France Christine A.M. , Sheppard Paul R. , Cano Nadia , Little Nicole C. , Speakman Robert J.
Published: January 2014

Annual growth rings obtained from well dated tree ring cores from Parícutin, Mexico are examined for unique chemical signatures that reflect a known local volcanic eruption and its subsequent atmospheric and terrestrial inputs. Stable carbon isotopic profiles are combined with elemental analyses to construct a chemical profile before, during, and after the known eruptive years (1943-1952) when a cinder cone formed near the town of Parícutin. Data from this well documented eruption are combined with controls obtained from outside the ash fall zone. Carbon isotopes exhibit an enriched spike (~3‰) during the eruptive period followed by a subsequent return to baseline values. This in combination with other stable isotopic indicators and increases in phosphorus, sulfur, and possibly other elements, suggest a unique set of chemical inputs from the eruption. The analytical approach developed here potentially can be used to date unknown eruptions which in the past have often relied on the common dendrochronologic technique of tree ring width determination, or on historic human records. The former method can be somewhat subjective as changes in ring width can be attributed to multiple causes in addition to volcanically induced environmental stresses; the latter method is restricted to eruptions occurring in the last few thousand years. The quantitative approach of chemical analyses presented in this preliminary study can potentially be combined with standard dendrochronological and/or 14C dating to accurately identify eruption events and place them in an anthropologic context.
Acute pulmonary melioidosis in a child: A case report and review of literature
Authors: Boruah Deb K , Prakash Arjun , Bora Reeta , Buragohain Lemanstar
Published: January 2014

Melioidosis is a rare potentially fatal infection caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, which is endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia and an emerging pathogen in India. It is a largely under-diagnosed disease and an imitator of tuberculosis, both clinically and radiologically.
Quantitative and qualitative bowel analysis using mannitol, water and iodine-based endoluminal contrast agent on 64-row detector CT
Authors: Prakashini K , Kakkar Chandan , Sambhaji Charudutt , Shetty Chandrakant M , Rao Vedula Rajanikanth
Published: January 2014

Objective: To assess the performance of mannitol as a luminal contrast as compared to water and positive contrast in evaluation of bowel on multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). Materials and Methods: Three hundred patients were randomly selected for this study and were divided equally into three groups. Each subject received 1500 ml of oral contrast. Group 1 received 3% mannitol in water, group 2 received diluted iodinated positive contrast, and group 3 received plain water without additives. Qualitative and quantitative analysis for distension, fold visibility, and overall image quality were analyzed by actual diameter measurement and point scale system at different bowel levels. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey′s HSD Post-hoc test and Pearson′s Chi-square (exact test) test were applied. Results: Group 1 showed better results for small bowel distension, intraluminal homogeneity, and visibility of mucosal folds on quantitative and qualitative analysis with statistically significant P value (P<0.001). The ileo-caecal junction distension and mural feature visibility was better with mannitol (P < 0.001). No significant difference in distension of stomach and duodenum was found between the three groups. Conclusion: Mannitol as endoluminal contrast increases the diagnostic accuracy of the investigative studies in comparison to water and iodine-based contrast by producing significantly better bowel distension and visibility of mural features with improved image quality without additional adverse effects.
Retrograde fluoroscopy-guided trans-urethral exchange of ureteral stents: Comparison of direct grasping vs. modified snare
Authors: Grasso Rosario Francesco , Faiella Eliodoro , Cazzato Roberto Luigi , Luppi Giacomo , Vescovo Riccardo Del , Giurazza Francesco , Mercurio Simona , Zobel Bruno Beomonte
Published: January 2014

Background: Several different techniques including guide-wire lasso, simple snare, modified snare (MS) and direct grasping (DG), are available for retrograde ureteral stent retrieval and exchange. Choice among them is not always easy and depends on many different factors, including the local level of expertise. Objective: To compare the MS and DG during retrograde exchange of double-J ureteral stent under fluoroscopic guidance. Settings and Design: 66 patients (36 men and 30 women; mean age 66.6 years) needing retrograde ureteral stent exchange were included. All stents were previously placed through an anterograde way. Materials and Methods: Time needed to grasp each single stent was recorded as well as the complications.Statistical Analysis: Fisher′s test was used to compare procedural time in both groups; P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: 102 stents were exchanged. Mean time was 4.46 min for DG and 7.81 min for MS (P = 0.029). No significant complications were encountered. Conclusions: Compared to the MS, the DG is easier, quicker, and less expensive.
Percutaneous transhepatic portal vein stenting in a patient with benign non-transplant postoperative portal vein stenosis: A case report
Authors: Madhusudhan KS , Agrawal Nikhil , Srivastava Deep N , Pal Sujoy , Gupta Arun K
Published: January 2014

Extrahepatic portal vein stenosis is caused by a variety of benign and malignant diseases and results in development of symptoms due to portal hypertension. Benign post-surgical adhesions causing portal vein stenosis in non-transplant population is an uncommon etiology of portal hypertension. Endovascular treatment of such patients with angioplasty and stenting is uncommonly reported in literature. We report a case of portal hypertension caused by benign postoperative portal vein fibrosis, successfully treated by self-expandable metallic stent.
Effects of Malnutrition on Children's Immunity to Bacterial Antigens in Northern Senegal
Authors: Gaayeb Lobna , Sarr Jean B. , Cames Cecile , Pinçon Claire , Hanon Jean-Baptiste , Ndiath Mamadou O. , Seck Modou , Herbert Fabien , Sagna Andre B. , Schacht Anne-Marie , Remoue Franck , Riveau Gilles , Hermann Emmanuel
Published: January 2014

To evaluate immunity to vaccine-preventable diseases according to nutritional status, a longitudinal study was conducted in Senegalese children ages 1–9 years old. A linear regression analysis predicted that weight for age was positively associated with immunoglobulin G (IgG) response to tetanus toxoid in children born during the rainy season or at the beginning of the dry season. A relationship between village, time of visits, and levels of antibodies to tetanus showed that environmental factors played a role in modulating humoral immunity to tetanus vaccine over time. Moreover, a whole-blood stimulation assay highlighted that the production of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in response to tetanus toxoid was compromised in stunted children. However, the absence of cytokine modulation in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis-purified protein derivatives and phytohemagglutinin suggests that the overall ability to produce IFN-γ was preserved in stunted children. Therefore, these results show that nutritional status can specifically alter the efficacy of long-lasting immunity to tetanus.
Pre-Travel Preparation of US Travelers Going Abroad to Provide Humanitarian Service, Global TravEpiNet 2009–2011
Authors: Stoney Rhett J. , Jentes Emily S. , Sotir Mark J. , Kozarsky Phyllis , Rao Sowmya R. , LaRocque Regina C. , Ryan Edward T. , _ _
Published: January 2014

We analyzed characteristics of humanitarian service workers (HSWs) seen pre-travel at Global TravEpiNet (GTEN) practices during 2009–2011. Of 23,264 travelers, 3,663 (16%) travelers were classified as HSWs. Among HSWs, 1,269 (35%) travelers were medical workers, 1,298 (35%) travelers were non-medical service workers, and 990 (27%) travelers were missionaries. Median age was 29 years, and 63% of travelers were female. Almost one-half (49%) traveled to 1 of 10 countries; the most frequent destinations were Haiti (14%), Honduras (8%), and Kenya (6%). Over 90% of travelers were vaccinated for or considered immune to hepatitis A, typhoid, and yellow fever. However, for hepatitis B, 292 (29%) of 990 missionaries, 228 (18%) of 1,298 non-medical service workers, and 76 (6%) of 1,269 medical workers were not vaccinated or considered immune. Of HSWs traveling to Haiti during 2010, 5% of travelers did not receive malaria chemoprophylaxis. Coordinated efforts from HSWs, HSW agencies, and clinicians could reduce vaccine coverage gaps and improve use of malaria chemoprophylaxis.
MEZGEC, Maja: Funkcionalna pismenost v manjšinskem jeziku. Koper, Univerza na Primorskem, 2012
Authors: Cergol Jadranka
Published: January 2014

Pred koncem minulega leta je pri univerzitetni založbi Annales izšla zanimiva monografija »Funkcionalna pismenost v manjšinskem jeziku: primer slovenske manjšine v Italiji« izpod peresa raziskovalke dr. Maje Mezgec, katere sozaložnika sta Pedagoška fakulteta Koper in Slovenski raziskovalni inštitut Slori iz Trsta. Monografija je izviren prispevek na področju raziskovanja funkcionalne pismenosti, saj prinaša pomembna spoznanja o dinamikah razvoja pismenosti v manjšinskem jeziku.
Metode v izobraževanju odraslih
Authors: Radovan Marko
Published: January 2014

Ko razmišljamo o izobraževanju odraslih in vseživljenjskem učenju, dajemo največji poudarek vlogi učečega se in procesom učenja, v katerih ta pridobiva znanje, spretnosti, se spreminja in spreminja svet okoli sebe. Razumevanje procesov učenja odraslih je pomembno zaradi omogočanja boljših razmer za samostojno učenje odraslih, pa tudi z vidika načrtovanja čim bolj učinkovitega poučevanja in uporabe metod izobraževanja. Odrasli se učijo na različne načine, zato je razumljivo, da obstaja cela paleta izobraževalnih oblik in metod izobraževanja, ki so značilne ali še posebej priporočljive za spodbujanje učenja v različnih življenjskih okoliščinah. Pomembna značilnost izobraževanja odraslih, ki bo razvidna tudi iz nekaterih člankov v tej številki Andragoških spoznanj, je tudi ta, da le manjši del izobraževanja poteka v formalnih okoliščinah, večinoma pa se dogaja zunaj izobraževalnih institucij. Od učitelja odraslih se pričakuje, da obvlada različne metode, ki jih lahko učinkovito uporablja v izobraževanju odraslih, in pozna dejavnike, ki jih je treba upoštevati pri njihovi izbiri in uporabi. Kot izobraževalci odraslih se moramo zavedati, da je treba za učinkovit učni proces zagotoviti aktivno sodelovanje udeležencev pri učnih dejavnostih, ki jih načrtujemo, da bi ta cilj dosegli, pa bi morali skrbno načrtovati okoliščine za učenje in pri izbiri izobraževalnih oblik in metod poskrbeti za izkušnje, ki bodo omogočale doseganje želenih rezultatov. V zadnji letošnji številki Andragoških spoznanj je kar nekaj člankov, ki se ukvarjajo prav s temi vprašanji.
Izobraževalni filmi kot del učnega gradiva za ranljive ciljne skupine
Authors: Javrh Petra
Published: January 2014

V prispevku predstavljamo teoretične poglede na učna gradiva v obliki video ali zvočnega zapisa za odrasle, ki so posebej didaktično obdelana. Opredeljujemo tudi ožji pojem izobraževalni film kot zaokroženo video gradivo, ki je didaktično strukturirano in ima v svoji zasnovi in izvedbi vnaprej določene izobraževalne cilje. Uporabo izraza »film« namesto besede »video«v tem primeru utemeljuje pogoj, ki ga mora izpolniti takšno gradivo, in sicer, da je to vsebinsko celosten, zaokrožen izdelek in ne zgolj priložnostni video posnetek. V sklepnem delu nanizamo tudi ugotovitve, nastale na podlagi izkušenj iz prakse slovenskih izobraževalcev ranljivih skupin odraslih s takimi didaktičnimi gradivi.
Družbene spremembe in vseživljenjsko učenje
Authors: Mikulec Borut
Published: January 2014

V prispevku analiziramo družbene spremembe, ki jih prinašajo procesi globalizacije, kapitalizem, individualizem in pozna moderna. Na podlagi teh sprememb pojasnjujemo premik v politiki izobraževanja odraslih, za katerega je odgovorna država in je v funkciji demokratizacije družbe, v politiko vseživljenjskega učenja kot pripravo odraslih za potrebe trga dela, pri čemer so odrasli sami odgovorni za svoj razvoj in življenjske izbire. Ob tako razumljeni politiki vseživljenjskega učenja se sprašujemo, ali je mogoča emancipacija odraslih onkraj zahtev trga po lastnem opolnomočenju.
Nacionalna energetska pot Slovenija kot interaktivna metoda učenja
Authors: Žnidaršič Bojan
Published: January 2014

Avtor predstavlja inovacijo v neformalnem izobraževanju odraslih na področju učinkovite rabe energije (URE) in obnovljivih virov energije (OVE). To je Nacionalna energetska pot Slovenija, ki z različnimi viri informacij sledi sodobnim spoznanjem o učenju odraslih, kar omogoča postopno in individualizirano konstruiranje znanja ter na podlagi tega informirano odločanje. Na spletnem portalu so predstavljeni različni nasveti in mreža 660 raznolikih stavb iz vse Slovenije. To so primeri dobrih praks, ki jih lahko iskalci informacij tudi obiščejo in se pogovorijo z lastniki. Slednji delujejo kot mreža izkušenih prostovoljcev, ki svoja spoznanja in izkušnje prenašajo novim graditeljem ali investitorjem. Pri tovrstnem izobraževanju, ki je namenjeno kakovostni izbiri energetsko učinkovitih materialov in opreme, se združuje v celoto strokovno, nekomercialno in brezplačno svetovanje ter izkustveno znanje lastnikov ali upravljavcev energetsko učinkovitih objektov.
O povezljivosti elementov različnih načinov učenja, metod in znanja
Authors: Findeisen Dušana
Published: January 2014

Avtorica uvodoma predstavi, kako različni teoretiki izobraževanja odraslih obravnavajo metode, nato pa proučuje vrednost in povezljivost posameznih elementov »učenja s poskusi in napakami« in »nedirektivnega učenja«. Tako kot so metode eklektične, razmišlja avtorica, so lahko eklektični tudi načini učenja. Avtorica ilustrira svojo hipotetično trditev z analizo »antimetode« francoskega režiserja Mauricea Pialata in jo kontrastira z metodo/metodami, kjer je zakoličen cilj in je zakoličena pot, kjer gre za vnaprej postavljen, v zaporedne sekvence urejen proces, kakršnega najpogosteje srečujemo pri snemanju filma po scenariju, režiranju gledališke predstave, v izobraževanju odraslih. Avtorica opozori na to, da je tudi učenje veščin (kako nekaj naredimo) povezano z učenjem o tem, »kako biti«, in nazadnje tudi, da metoda ne more služiti vsiljevanju znanja in resnice, saj se tako rušijo okoliščine, ki omogočajo pridobivanje ali ustvarjanje znanja.
Pogovor z Ido Srebotnik, novo predsednico Andragoškega društva Slovenije
Authors: Javrh Petra
Published: January 2014

Pogovarjali smo se z dobitnico državnega priznanja za posebne dosežke v izobraževanju odraslih za leto 2013 in hkrati novo predsednico Andragoškega društva Slovenije. Razgrnila nam je svoje osebne poglede na vlogo izobraževanja odraslih v sedanjem trenutku in se ozrla v zgodovino do začetkov tega področja pri nas. Opozorila je na več pomembnih vprašanj, ki bodo soodločala o nadaljnjem razvoju stroke.
The role of horizontal model resolution in assessing the transport of CO in a middle latitude cyclone using WRF-Chem
Authors: Klich C. A. , Fuelberg H. E.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. We use the Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) online chemical transport model to simulate a middle latitude cyclone in East Asia at three different horizontal resolutions (45, 15, and 5 km grid spacing). The cyclone contains a typical warm conveyor belt (WCB) with an embedded squall line that passes through an area having large surface concentrations (> 400 ppbv) of carbon monoxide (CO). Model output from WRF-Chem is used to compare differences between the large-scale CO vertical transport by the WCB (the 45 km simulation) with the smaller-scale transport due to its convection (the 5 km simulation). Forward trajectories are calculated from WRF-Chem output using the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. At 45 km grid spacing, the WCB exhibits gradual ascent, lofting surface CO to 6–7 km. Upon reaching the warm front, the WCB and associated CO ascend more rapidly and later turn eastward over the Pacific Ocean. Convective transport at 5 km resolution with explicitly resolved convection occurs much more rapidly, with surface CO lofted to altitudes greater than 10 km in 1 h or less. We also compute CO vertical mass fluxes over specified areas and times to compare differences in transport due to the different grid spacings. Upward CO flux exceeds 110 000 t h−1 in the domain with explicit convection when the squall line is at peak intensity, while fluxes from the two coarser resolutions are an order of magnitude smaller. Specific areas of interest within the 5 km domain are defined to compare the magnitude of convective transport to that within the entire 5 km region. Although convection encompasses only a small portion of the 5 km domain, it is responsible for ~40% of the upward CO transport. We also examine the vertical transport due to a short wave trough and its associated area of convection, not related to the cyclone, that lofts CO to the upper troposphere. Results indicate that fine-scale resolution with explicitly resolved convection is important when assessing the vertical transport of surface emissions in areas of deep convection.
Mobile measurements of ship emissions in two harbour areas in Finland
Authors: Pirjola L. , Pajunoja A. , Walden J. , Jalkanen J.-P. , Rönkkö T. , Kousa A. , Koskentalo T.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Four measurement campaigns were performed in two different environments – inside the harbour areas in the city centre of Helsinki, and along the narrow shipping channel near the city of Turku, Finland – using a mobile laboratory van during winter and summer conditions in 2010–2011. The characteristics of gaseous (CO, CO2, SO2, NO, NO2, NOx) and particulate (number and volume size distributions as well as PM2.5) emissions for 11 ships regularly operating on the Baltic Sea were studied to determine the emission parameters. The highest particle concentrations were 1.5 × 106 and 1.6 × 105 cm−3 in Helsinki and Turku, respectively, and the particle number size distributions had two modes. The dominating mode peaked at 20–30 nm, and the accumulation mode at 80–100 nm. The majority of the particle mass was volatile, since after heating the sample to 265 °C, the particle volume of the studied ship decreased by around 70%. The emission factors for NOx varied in the range of 25–100 g (kg fuel)−1, for SO2 in the range of 2.5–17.0 g (kg fuel)−1, for particle number in the range of (0.32–2.26) × 1016 # (kg fuel)−1, and for PM2.5 between 1.0–4.9 g (kg fuel)−1. The ships equipped with SCR (selective catalytic reduction) had the lowest NOx emissions, whereas the ships with DWI (direct water injection) and HAMs (humid air motors) had the lowest SO2 emissions but the highest particulate emissions. For all ships, the averaged fuel sulphur contents (FSCs) were less than 1% (by mass) but none of them was below 0.1% which will be the new EU directive starting 1 January 2015 in the SOx emission control areas; this indicates that ships operating on the Baltic Sea will face large challenges.
Evaluating terrestrial CO2 flux diagnoses and uncertainties from a simple land surface model and its residuals
Authors: Hilton T. W. , Davis K. J. , Keller K.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Global terrestrial atmosphere–ecosystem carbon dioxide fluxes are well constrained by the concentration and isotopic composition of atmospheric carbon dioxide. In contrast, considerable uncertainty persists surrounding regional contributions to the net global flux as well as the impacts of atmospheric and biological processes that drive the net flux. These uncertainties severely limit our ability to make confident predictions of future terrestrial biological carbon fluxes. Here we use a simple light-use efficiency land surface model (the Vegetation Photosynthesis Respiration Model, VPRM) driven by remotely sensed temperature, moisture, and phenology to diagnose North American gross ecosystem exchange (GEE), ecosystem respiration, and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) for the period 2001 to 2006. We optimize VPRM parameters to eddy covariance (EC) NEE observations from 65 North American FluxNet sites. We use a separate set of 27 cross-validation FluxNet sites to evaluate a range of spatial and temporal resolutions for parameter estimation. With these results we demonstrate that different spatial and temporal groupings of EC sites for parameter estimation achieve similar sum of squared residuals values through radically different spatial patterns of NEE. We also derive a regression model to estimate observed VPRM errors as a function of VPRM NEE, temperature, and precipitation. Because this estimate is based on model-observation residuals it is comprehensive of all the error sources present in modeled fluxes. We find that 1 km interannual variability in VPRM NEE is of similar magnitude to estimated 1 km VPRM NEE errors.
Millennial Minimum Temperature Variations in the Qilian Mountains, China: evidence from Tree rings
Authors: Zhang Y. , Shao X. , Yin Z.-Y. , Wang Y.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. A 1342 yr-long tree-ring chronology was developed from Qilian junipers in the central Qilian Mountains of the north-eastern Tibetan Plateau, China. The climatic implications of this chronology were investigated using simple correlation, partial correlation and response function analyses. The chronology was significantly positively correlated with temperature variables during the pre- and current growing seasons, especially with minimum temperature. The variability of the mean minimum temperature from January to August since 670 AD was then reconstructed based on the tree-ring chronology. The reconstruction explained 58.5% of the variance in the instrumental temperature records during the calibration period (1960–2011) and captured the variation patterns in minimum temperature at the annual to centennial time scales over the past millennium. The most recent 50 yr were the warmest period, while 1690–1880 was the coldest period since 670 AD. Comparisons with other temperature series from neighbouring regions and for the Northern Hemisphere as a whole supported the validity of our reconstruction and suggested that it provided a good regional representation of temperature change in the north-eastern Tibetan Plateau. The results of multi-taper spectral analysis showed the occurrence of significant quasi-periodic behaviour at a number of periods (2–3, 28.8–66.2, 113.6–169.5, and 500 yr), which were consistent with those associated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and solar activity. Some reconstructed cold events may have close relationship with the volcanic eruptions.
The MESSy aerosol submodel MADE3 (v2.0b): description and a box model test
Authors: Kaiser J. C. , Hendricks J. , Righi M. , Riemer N. , Zaveri R. A. , Metzger S. , Aquila V.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. We introduce MADE3 (Modal Aerosol Dynamics model for Europe, adapted for global applications, 3rd generation), an aerosol dynamics submodel for application within the MESSy framework (Modular Earth Submodel System). MADE3 builds on the predecessor aerosol submodels MADE and MADE-in. Its main new features are the explicit representation of coarse particle interactions both with other particles and with condensable gases, and the inclusion of hydrochloric acid (HCl)/chloride (Cl) partitioning between the gas and condensed phases. The aerosol size distribution is represented in the new submodel as a superposition of nine lognormal modes: one for fully soluble particles, one for insoluble particles, and one for mixed particles in each of three size ranges (Aitken, accumulation, and coarse mode size ranges). In order to assess the performance of MADE3 we compare it to its predecessor MADE and to the much more detailed particle-resolved aerosol model PartMC-MOSAIC in a box model simulation of an idealised marine boundary layer test case. MADE3 and MADE results are very similar, except in the coarse mode, where the aerosol is dominated by sea spray particles. Cl is reduced in MADE3 with respect to MADE due to the HCl/Cl partitioning that leads to Cl removal from the sea spray aerosol in our test case. Additionally, aerosol nitrate concentration is higher in MADE3 due to the condensation of nitric acid on coarse particles. MADE3 and PartMC-MOSAIC show substantial differences in the fine particle size distributions (sizes ≲ 2 μm) that could be relevant when simulating climate effects on a global scale. Nevertheless, the agreement between MADE3 and PartMC-MOSAIC is very good when it comes to coarse particle size distribution, and also in terms of aerosol composition. Considering these results and the well-established ability of MADE in reproducing observed aerosol loadings and composition, MADE3 seems suitable for application within a global model.
Global mass fixer algorithms for conservative tracer transport in the ECMWF model
Authors: Diamantakis M. , Flemming J.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Various mass fixer algorithms (MFA) have been implemented in the Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) of ECMWF to ensure mass conservation of atmospheric tracers within the Semi-Lagrangian (SL) advection scheme. Emphasis has been placed in implementing schemes that despite being primarily global in nature adjust the solution mostly in regions where the advected field has large gradients and therefore interpolation (transport) error is assumed larger. The MFA have been tested in weather forecast, idealised and atmospheric dispersion cases. Applying these fixers to specific humidity and cloud fields did not change the accuracy of 10 day forecasts. In other words, global mass tracer conservation is achieved without deteriorating the solution accuracy. However, for longer forecast timescales or for forecasts in which correlated species are transported, experiments suggest that MFA may improve IFS forecasts.
MEDEX: a general overview
Authors: Jansa A. , Alpert P. , Arbogast P. , Buzzi A. , Ivancan-Picek B. , Kotroni V. , Llasat M. C. , Ramis C. , Richard E. , Romero R. , Speranza A.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. The general objective of the international MEDiterranean EXperiment (MEDEX) was the better understanding and forecasting of cyclones that produce high impact weather in the Mediterranean. This paper reviews the motivation and foundation of MEDEX, the gestation, history and organisation of the project, as well as the main products and scientific achievements obtained from it. MEDEX obtained the approval of WMO and can be considered as framed within other WMO actions, such as ALPEX, MCP and, to certain extent, THORPEX and HyMeX. Through two phases (2000–2005 and 2006–2010) MEDEX has produced a specific database, with information about cyclones and high impact weather events, several main reports and a specific field campaign (DTS-MEDEX-2009). The scientific achievements are significant in fields like climatology, dynamical understanding of the physical processes and social impact of cyclones, as well as on aspects related to the location of sensitive zones for individual cases, climatology of sensitivity zones and the improvement of the forecasts through innovative methods like mesoscale ensemble prediction systems.
Dynamic response of Antarctic ice shelves to bedrock uncertainty
Authors: Sun S. , Cornford S. L. , Liu Y. , Moore J. C.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Bedrock geometry is an essential boundary condition in ice sheet modelling. The shape of the bedrock on fine scales can influences ice sheet evolution, for example through the formation of pinning points that alter grounding line dynamics. Here we test the sensitivity of the BISICLES adaptive mesh ice sheet model to small amplitude height fluctuations on different spatial scales in the bed rock topography provided by bedmap2 in the catchments of Pine Island Glacier, the Amery Ice Shelf, and a region of East Antarctica including the Denman and Totten Glaciers. We generate an ensemble of bedrock topographies by adding random noise to the bedmap2 data with amplitude determined by the accompanying estimates of bedrock uncertainty. Lower frequency coherent noise, which generates broad spatial scale (over 10s of km) errors in topography with relatively gently slopes, while higher frequency noise has steeper slopes over smaller spatial scales. We find that the small amplitude fluctuations result in only minor changes in the way these glaciers evolve. However, lower frequency noise is more important than higher frequency noise even when the features have the same height amplitudes and the total noise power is maintained. This provides optimism for credible sea level rise estimates with presently achievable densities of thickness measurements. Pine Island Glacier appears to be the most sensitive to errors in bed topography, while Lambert–Amery is stable under the present day observational data uncertainty. Totten–Denman region may undergo a retreat around Totten ice shelf, where the bedrock is lower than the sea level, especially if basal melt rates increase.
DISPERSION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CERIUM OXIDE FILLED INTO RUBBER COMPOSITES
Authors: Liu Zhaogang , Li Mei , Hu Yanhong , Fu Hai , Wang Mitang , Jiang Zaiyong
Published: January 2014

Rubber composites were synthesized by natural rubber filled with cerium oxide with different particle diameters. The dispersion morphology of cerium oxide in rubber matrix and the mechanical properties of composites were studied, and the contrast experiment of reinforcing rubber with cerium oxide was performed. The results showed that the small particles of cerium oxide had better disparity than the large particles of cerium oxide in NR. The mechanical properties of rubber filled with small particles of cerium oxide were better than those of rubber filled with large particles of cerium oxide. The crystalline rubber was measured by X-ray diffraction, which indicated that the CeO2 accelerated crystallization capacity and confined the rubber chain movement. The tensile strength of rubber was increased by this confinement.
The Importance of Law Acknowledgment for Archipelagic Province Toward the Authority Equilibrium in Managing the Natural Resources in Maritime Territory of Autonomous Region
Authors: Salmon Hendrik
Published: January 2014

Philosophically, discussion on archipelagic province should be preceded by philosophical system of Pancasila by positioning archipelagic province into the Unitary Republic of the Indonesia and the concept of Archipelagic State Principles. Treatment to be done by the Unitary Republic of the Indonesia toward archipelagic province is balanced equitable treatment; it means that the treatment to the land and water area of archipelagic province should be similar to the land area of non-archipelagic province. Based on the valid regulation, the treatments for archipelagic province all this time are unfair due to unimplemented of balanced equitable treatment, thus it affects to government condition.
Upper Thoracic Disc Disease (T1–T9) in Large-Breed Dogs
Authors: Hearon Kendra , Berg Jason M. , Bonczynski Jennifer J. , Suarez Cecilia , Bergman Philip
Published: January 2014

The purpose of this study was to identify large-breed dogs with intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) in the upper thoracic region (thoracic vertebrae 1–9 [T1–T9]). Medical records of all dogs that were diagnosed with IVDD on MRI between February 2008 and September 2011 were reviewed. Of 723 dogs diagnosed with IVDD based on MRI, 527 (72.9%) were small-breed dogs. There were 21 (10.7%) large-breed dogs with IVDD in the T1–T9 region, whereas no small-breed dogs were identified with lesions in that region. The most common upper thoracic lesion sites were T2–T3 (33.3%) and T4–T5 (25.9%). The majority of dogs with T1–T9 lesions were German shepherd dogs (52.4%). Larger, older dogs were more likely to have T1–T9 lesions and more likely to have multiple regions with IVDD, in particular German shepherd dogs (35.1%). Dogs with T1–T9 IVDD were more likely to have IVDD in another region (66.7%). All large-breed dogs presenting with T3–L3 myelopathy should have diagnostic imaging performed of their entire thoracic and lumbar spine.
Use of an Image-Guided Robotic Radiosurgery System for the Treatment of Canine Nonlymphomatous Nasal Tumors
Authors: Glasser Seth A. , Charney Sarah , Dervisis Nikolaos G. , Witten Matthew R. , Ettinger Susan , Berg Jason , Joseph Richard
Published: January 2014

An image-guided robotic stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) system can be used to deliver curative-intent radiation in either single fraction or hypofractionated doses. Medical records for 19 dogs with nonlymphomatous nasal tumors treated with hypofractionated image-guided robotic stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), either with or without adjunctive treatment, were retrospectively analyzed for survival and prognostic factors. Median survival time (MST) was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Age, breed, tumor type, stage, tumor size, prescribed radiation dose, and heterogeneity index were analyzed for prognostic significance. Dogs were treated with three consecutive-day, 8–12 gray (Gy) fractions of image-guided robotic SBRT. Overall MST was 399 days. No significant prognostic factors were identified. Acute side effects were rare and mild. Late side effects included one dog with an oronasal fistula and six dogs with seizures. In three of six dogs, seizures were a presenting complaint prior to SBRT. The cause of seizures in the remaining three dogs could not be definitively determined due to lack of follow-up computed tomography (CT) imaging. The seizures could have been related to either progression of disease or late radiation effect. Results indicate that image-guided robotic SBRT, either with or without adjunctive therapy, for canine nonlymphomatous nasal tumors provides comparable survival times (STs) to daily fractionated megavoltage radiation with fewer required fractions and fewer acute side effects.
Reinstauración de la tolerancia al etanol: la función del contexto
Authors: Miguez Gonzalo , Martínez Gabriel , Betancourt Ronald
Published: January 2014

En esta investigación se estudió la reinstauración de la tolerancia al efecto atáxico del etanol en tres grupos de ratas. Para todos los sujetos un estímulo visual (i.e., estímulo condicionado;EC) fue pareado en repetidas ocasiones con el efecto de una dosis de etanol (i.e., estímulo incondicionado, EI). Luego, los sujetos recibieron ensayos no pareados del EC con el fin de extinguir la asociación EC-EI formada en la fase previa. Posterior a la extinción, un grupo recibió una presentación no pareada del EI en el contexto de extinción, un segundo grupo recibió una presentación no pareada del EI en un contexto novedoso, y el tercer grupo no recibió presentaciones del EI. Finalmente, se evaluó la respuesta de tolerancia al efecto atáxico del etanol en ensayos de readquisición. Los datos obtenidos demuestran que la administración no señalada del efecto del etanol en el organismo reinstaura la respuesta de tolerancia anteriormente extinguida, y que el contexto donde se realiza la administración influye en la magnitud de la reinstauración de la respuesta condicionada de tolerancia. Estos datos, juntos con otros de experimentos previos, arrojan luces sobre los mecanismos que producen recaídas en terapias de exposición a claves.
La intervención motivacional y sus efectos sobre la entrada a tratamiento de adicción
Authors: López Cristián , Bruzzone Caterina , Krebs Mariana , Castro Ximena
Published: January 2014

Se presentan los resultados de un estudio de caso acerca de las vivencias de sujetos que participaron en un proceso de intervención motivacional (IM) de seis semanas de duración, que incluye la participación de terceros significativos. Se discute la importancia de incluir la llamada muestra de abstinencia en una intervención que busque motivar a la entrada a un tratamiento de adicción. Los sujetos participantes son seis adultos, con edades entre 25 y 45 años, de sexo masculino, que habían participado de un modo de intervención específico llamado intervención motivacional, que incluye la muestra de abstinencia. A partir de un análisis cualitativo de los datos, se describen los cambios producidos durante este proceso y la forma en que estos cambios facilitan que los sujetos tomen la decisión de tratarse. Los resultados muestran que la muestra de abstinencia, realizada en el contexto de una intervención con las características de la IM, tienen un efecto positivo en la decisión de los sujetos de entrar a un tratamiento. Finalmente, se remarca la importancia de ofrecer un modo de intervención que lleve a que el sujeto se sienta parte activa del proceso de cambio.
Representaciones sociales y enmarcamiento: igualdad de género y regulaciones normativas
Authors: Valencia José Francisco , Gil de Montes Lorena , Ortiz Garbiñe , Larrañaga Maider , Flores-Palacios Fátima
Published: January 2014

Se investigó el rol de enmarcamiento del mensaje como promotor de ganancias o como restaurador de pérdidas y su relación con las orientaciones del self en relación a la aceptación o rechazo a la Ley de la Igualdad de Género, aprobada por el Parlamento Español en 2007. Se diseñaron dos estudios independientes con estudiantes de Psicología (93 mujeres y 47 hombres). En el primero se manipuló el enmarcamiento del mensaje y la orientación permanente del self; y en el segundo se manipuló el enmarcamiento del mensaje, además de inducir las orientaciones del self. Los resultados muestran estabilidad en los elementos centrales de la ley y diferencias en aspectos específicos. Se discute la pertinencia y relevancia de la teoría de las Representaciones Sociales para analizar este tipo de fenómenos.
A cien años de “Psicología como la ve un conductista”
Authors: Quezada Vanetza E.
Published: January 2014

A cien años de que John B. Watson publicara Psychology as the behaviorist views it, resulta relevante revisar algunos de los principales postulados del llamado "manifiesto conductista", a la luz de los cambios que han ocurrido en la psicología desde entonces.
Micromorphology of trichomes in the flowers of the horse chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum L.
Authors: Chwil Mirosława , Weryszko-Chmielewska Elżbieta , Sulborska Aneta , Michońska Magdalena
Published: January 2014

Aesculus hippocastanum L. is an ornamental tree appreciated for its beautiful flowers and leaves. The flowers of this species contain secondary metabolites exhibiting pharmacological activity. They also produce essential oils and coloured “nectar guides”, which enable insects to reach nectar and pollen. The aim of the study was to investigate the types and characteristics of chestnut flower trichomes, which may contain biologically active substances. The analyses were performed using light, fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy. Three types of trichomes were found on the sepals and the surface of the ovary, whereas the corolla petals exhibited two types of hairs and papillae. The hairs differ in terms of their length and number of cells. The perianth and pistil had no capitate hairs, whereas the ovary exhibited the presence of colleters. Histochemical assays revealed that all the types of trichomes and papillae contained lipids or essential oils; hence, they can be classified as glandular structures. The “nectar guides” were characterised by higher density of secretory hairs than that on the rest of the petal surface, which implies that these petal fragments may emit stronger fragrance.
Effect of regulated deficit irrigation on growth, flowering and physiological responses of potted Syringa meyeri ‘Palibin’
Authors: Koniarski Michał , Matysiak Bożena
Published: January 2014

The aim of this study was to analyze the physiological and morphological response of Syringa meyeri ‘Palibin’ to different levels of irrigation and to evaluate regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) as a possible technique for saving water in nursery production and promoting of flowering. Plants were grown in 3 liter containers in an unheated greenhouse and were subjected to six irrigation treatments for 18 weeks from the be- ginning of June to mid-October 2011. A drip irrigation system was used. Irrigation treatments were established on the basis of evapotranspiration (ETp). Three constant irrigation treatments were used: 1) 1 ETp; 2) 0.75 ETp; 3) 0.5 ETp, while the other three with irrigation varying between phases were as follows: 4) 1–0.5–1; 5) 1–0.25–1; and 6) 0.5–1–0.5 ETp. The 0.75 ETp and 0.5 ETp irrigation regimes adversely affected the growth and visual quality index of plants as well as they resulted in reduced leaf conductance, transpiration, maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and CCI (chlorophyll content index). Plants grown under the 1–0.5–1 ETp regime had the same morphological parameters as plants grown under the 0.5 ETp treatment. A further reduction of water quantity supplied to plants in the 1–0.25–1 ETp regime resulted in further deterioration of the visual quality index of plants. In this study, the quality index of plants exposed to 0.5–1–0.5 ETp was similar to control plants (1 ETp). These plants were lower, more compact, and had smaller leaves than control plants. The irrigation regimes imposed in this study had no significant effect on the number of floral buds formed in relation to the control regime, except for 1–0.25–1 ETp where this number decreased.
Changes in chlorophyll content and fluorescence and fruit yield contributing traits in different genotypes of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa DUCH.)
Authors: Kaczmarska Elżbieta , Michałek Władysław
Published: January 2014

Analysis of changes in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in strawberry leaves was based on a field experiment performed in the years 2009–2010. Ten genotypes including 5 cultivars: ‘Kent’, ‘Teresa’, ‘Senga Sengana’, ‘Chandler’ and the breeding clone 1387 as well as their inbred progeny, were the object of the study. During the experiment the following indicators were evaluated: chlorophyll a and b content in fresh leaf mass as well as fluorescence parameters: minimum (F0) and maximum fluorescence yield (Fm), photochemical efficiency of PS II (Fv/Fm), actual quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Y), minimum (F0’) and maximum efficiency of fluorescence (Fm’) in the light, coefficient of photochemical (qP) and non-photo- chemical (qN) fluorescence quenching. In this work, we also examined the effect of repeated inbreeding on strawberry fruit yield and yield components. The analysis of changes of these parameters showed that inbreeding caused a reaction in all tested cultivars. In all inbred progeny, chlorophyll a and b content decreased compared to the cultivars. Generally, the photoche- mical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and the parameter ΔF/ Fm’ were not affected by strong inbreeding. In analyzing the values of the coefficients qP and qN, it has been observed that changes in their values depend on the sensitivity of the examined genotypes to self-pollination. The functioning of PS II is the most sensitive indicator of the effect of various factors on plants and is useful, among others, in breeding to select plants with a required genotype. The yield – determining features such as: fruit yield per plant, weight of single fruit, number of fruit per plant and weight of leaves per plant in S3 generation, were lower as compared with parental forms.
Impact of point‐of‐care CD4 testing on linkage to HIV care: a systematic review
Authors: Wynberg Elke , Cooke Graham , Shroufi Amir , Reid Steven D , Ford Nathan
Published: January 2014

Introduction

Point‐of‐care testing for CD4 cell count is considered a promising way of reducing the time to eligibility assessment for antiretroviral therapy (ART) and of increasing retention in care prior to treatment initiation. In this review, we assess the available evidence on the patient and programme impact of point‐of‐care CD4 testing.

Methods

We searched nine databases and two conference sites (up until 26 October 2013) for studies reporting patient and programme outcomes following the introduction of point‐of‐care CD4 testing. Where appropriate, results were pooled using random‐effects methods.

Results

Fifteen studies, mainly from sub‐Saharan Africa, were included for review, providing evidence for adults, adolescents, children and pregnant women. Compared to conventional laboratory‐based testing, point‐of‐care CD4 testing increased the likelihood of having CD4 measured [odds ratio (OR) 4.1, 95% CI 3.5–4.9, n=2] and receiving a CD4 result (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.5–5.6, n=6). Time to being tested was significantly reduced, by a median of nine days; time from CD4 testing to receiving the result was reduced by as much as 17 days. Evidence for increased treatment initiation was mixed.

Discussion

The results of this review suggest that point‐of‐care CD4 testing can increase retention in care prior to starting treatment and can also reduce time to eligibility assessment, which may result in more eligible patients being initiated on ART.