bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐block‐poly(ethylene glycol) and Poly(lactide)‐block‐poly(ethylene glycol)
Authors: Karagöz Ayşe , Dinçer Sevil
Published: October 2010

Summary: This study reported the preparation and characterization of PCL‐b‐mPEG (poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐block‐poly(ethylene glycol)) and PLL‐b‐mPEG (poly(L‐lactide)‐block‐poly(ethylene glycol)) diblock copolymers by microwave heating and comparison of resulted products the ones with prepared by conventional heating. Diblock copolymers were synthesized successfully by the microwave‐assisted ROP in the presence of stannous octoate (SnOct2) as catalyst under nitrogen atmosphere in different monomer ratios. Structural and functional characterization of copolymers were performed by FTIR, 1H‐NMR and DSC. Molecular weight values were determined by GPC and also calculated from 1H‐NMR. According to the results, microwave irradiation allowed to obtain polymers with very narrow size distribution in very short reaction time. Similar polymers prepared by conventional heating were also synthesized for comparison. Molecular weight and conversion of polymers were increased by irradiation time. This change was continued until a certain time point after which no more increase was observed. It was concluded that microwave irradiation is a succesful method to obtain these diblock copolymers in very short reaction time and with a similar conversion obtained by conventional method.
Designer Self‐Assembling Peptide Materials for Diverse Applications
Authors: Hauser Charlotte A.E. , Zhang Shuguang
Published: October 2010

Summary: Macromolecuar chemistry and polymer science have had an enormous impact in many areas of science, engineering, medicine and our daily life. It has not only changed our way of life forever, but also continuously to improve our living standard. Macromolecuar chemistry now also encompasses bioengineering, biomimetics, designer biological materials and nanobiotechnology. Here we summarize a few classes of short peptides that we discovered and invented with broad applications including 3D tissue cell culture, reparative and regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, slow drug release, stabilization of membrane proteins for develop nanobiotechnology and molecular devices. Molecular design using short peptides as new materials will play increasingly important role in biomedical research, nanobiotechnology, clinical science and medicine.
Syntheses of Conjugated Polymers for Photonics
Authors: Výprachtický Drahomír , Cimrová Věra , Kmínek Ivan , Pavlačková Petra
Published: October 2010

Summary: By the Suzuki coupling reaction of 9,9‐dioctyl‐2,7‐bis(1,3,2‐dioxaborinan‐2‐yl)fluorene (I) and 3,5‐di‐tert‐butylphenyl 2,5‐dibromobenzenesulfonate (II) the alternating poly{[9,9‐dioctylfluoren‐2,7‐diyl]‐alt‐[2‐(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐phenoxysulfonyl)‐1,4‐phenylene]} (III) was synthesized. Alkaline hydrolysis of III gave a conjugated polyelectrolyte carrying sulfonic acid groups (IV). Monomers 2,5‐dibromo‐3‐[2‐(pyren‐1‐yl)vinyl]thiophene and 2,5‐dibromo‐3‐[2‐(quinolin‐4‐yl)vinyl)thiophene were prepared and copolymerized with I to afford poly{[9,9‐dioctylfluoren‐2,7‐diyl]‐alt‐[3‐(2‐(pyren‐1‐yl)vinyl)thiophen‐2,5‐diyl]} (V) and poly{[9,9‐dioctylfluoren‐2,7‐diyl]‐alt‐[3‐(2‐(quinolin‐4‐yl)‐vinyl)thiophen‐2,5‐diyl] (VI), respectively. Conjugated backbone of V contains the conjugated pyrene unit in the side chain. Similarly the side chain of VI contains the conjugated quinoline structure unit which can be for instance protonated. By the Suzuki polycondensation reaction of I and of the prepared methyl 3‐(2,7‐dibromocarbazole‐9‐yl)propionate (VII) the new poly{[9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐2,7‐diyl]‐alt‐[9‐(2‐methoxycarbonylethyl)carbazole‐2,7‐diyl]} (VIII) was synthesized and characterized.
Mathematical Model for Microencapsulation of Pancreatic Islets within a Biofunctional PEG Hydrogel
Authors: Kızılel Seda
Published: October 2010

The results of a mathematical model for surface‐initiated polymerization of biofunctional PEG‐based hydrogels to predict gel properties prior to synthesis is reported. The mathematical model developed in this study describes microencapsulation of islets within an insulinotropic peptide (GLP‐1) functionalized PEG hydrogels. Experimental measurements of the thickness and swelling of GLP‐1 functionalized hydrogel membranes compare well with the model. The model is capable of predicting the crosslink density, thickness, and the level of GLP‐1 incorporation within the membrane. This study demonstrates the possibility of modulating the concentration of biological cues in highly permissive and biofunctional PEG hydrogels for optimizing engineered tissue function.

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Regional cortical grey matter loss in Parkinson's disease without dementia is independent from visual hallucinations
Authors: Meppelink Anne Marthe , de Jong Bauke M. , Teune Laura K. , van Laar Teus
Published: October 2010

In our previous functional magnetic resonance imaging study, Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with visual hallucinations (VH) showed reduced activations in ventral/lateral visual association cortices preceding image recognition, compared with both PD patients without VH and healthy controls. The primary aim of the current study was to investigate whether functional deficits are associated with grey matter volume changes. In addition, possible grey matter differences between all PD patients and healthy controls were assessed. By using 3‐Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and voxel‐based morphometry (VBM), we found no differences between PD patients with (n = 11) and without VH (n = 13). However, grey matter decreases of the bilateral prefrontal and parietal cortex, left anterior superior temporal, and left middle occipital gyrus were found in the total group of PD patients, compared with controls (n = 14). This indicates that previously demonstrated functional deficits in PD patients with VH are not associated with grey matter loss. The strong left parietal reduction in both nondemented patient groups was hemisphere specific and independent of the side of PD symptoms. © 2010Movement Disorder Society.
Two‐scale modeling of solute dispersion in unsaturated double‐porosity media: Homogenization and experimental validation
Authors: Tran Ngoc Tien Dung , Lewandowska Jolanta , Vauclin Michel , Bertin Henri
Published: October 2010

A two‐scale modeling of solute transport in double‐porosity (DP) media under unsaturated water flow conditions is presented. The macroscopic model was developed by applying the asymptotic homogenization method. It is based on theoretical and empirical considerations dealing with the orders of magnitude of characteristic quantities involved in the process. For this purpose a physical model that mimics the behavior of DP medium was built. The resulting two‐equation model relies on a coupling exchange term between micro‐ and macro‐porosity subdomains associated with local non‐equilibrium solute concentrations. The model was numerically implemented (Comsol Multiphysics®) to simulate the macroscopic one‐dimensional physical process taking place into the porous medium of 3D periodic microstructure. A series of dispersion experiments of NaCl solution under unsaturated steady‐state flow conditions were performed. The experimental results were used first to calibrate the dispersion coefficient of the model, and second to validate it through two other independent experiments. The excellent agreement between the numerical simulations and the measurements of the time evolution of the non‐symmetrical breakthrough curves provides a proof of predictive capacity of the developed model. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of infarcted murine heart function: comparison of prospectively triggered with self‐gated MRI
Authors: Bovens Sandra M. , te Boekhorst Bernard C.M. , Ouden Krista den , van de Kolk Kees W.A. , Nauerth Arno , Nederhoff Marcel G.J. , Pasterkamp Gerard , ten Hove Michiel , van Echteld Cees J.A.
Published: October 2010

Measurement of cardiac function is often performed in mice after, for example, a myocardial infarction. Cardiac MRI is often used because it is noninvasive and provides high temporal and spatial resolution for the left and right ventricle. In animal cardiac MRI, the quality of the required electrocardiogram signal is variable and sometimes deteriorates over time, especially with infarcted hearts or cardiac hypertrophy. Therefore, we compared the self‐gated IntraGateFLASH method with a prospectively triggered FLASH (fast low‐angle shot) method in mice with myocardial infarcts (n = 16) and in control mice (n = 21). Mice with a myocardial infarct and control mice were imaged in a vertical 9.4‐T MR system. Images of contiguous 1‐mm slices were acquired from apex to base with prospective and self‐gated methods. Data were processed to calculate cardiac function parameters for the left and right ventricle. The signal‐to‐noise and contrast‐to‐noise ratios were calculated in mid‐ventricular slices. The signal‐to‐noise and contrast‐to‐noise ratios of the self‐gated data were higher than those of the prospectively gated data. Differences between the two gating methods in the cardiac function parameters for both left and right ventricle (e.g. end‐diastolic volumes) did not exceed the inter‐observer variability in control or myocardial infarcted mice. Both methods gave comparable results with regard to the cardiac function parameters in both healthy control mice and mice with myocardial infarcts. Moreover, the self‐gated method provided better signal‐to‐noise and contrast‐to‐noise ratios when the acquisition time was equal. In conclusion, the self‐gated method is suitable for routine use in cardiac MRI in mice with myocardial infarcts as well as in control mice, and obviates the need for electrocardiogram triggering and respiratory gating. In both gating methods, more than 10 frames per cardiac cycle are recommended. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Noninvasive detection of carboxypeptidase G2 activity in vivo
Authors: Jamin Yann , Smyth Lynette , Robinson Simon P. , Poon Evon S. C. , Eykyn Thomas R. , Springer Caroline J. , Leach Martin O. , Payne Geoffrey S.
Published: October 2010

The pseudomonad protein, carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2), is a prodrug‐activating enzyme utilized in the targeted chemotherapy strategies of antibody‐ and gene‐directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT and GDEPT). We have developed a noninvasive imaging approach to monitor CPG2 activity in vivo that will facilitate the preclinical and clinical development of CPG2‐based ADEPT and GDEPT strategies. Cleavage of the novel reporter probe, 3,5‐difluorobenzoyl‐L‐glutamic acid (3,5‐DFBGlu), by CPG2, in human colon adenocarcinoma WiDr xenografts engineered to stably express CPG2, was monitored using 19F MRSI. The high signal‐to‐noise ratio afforded by the two MR‐equivalent 19F nuclei of 3,5‐DFBGlu, and the 1.4 ppm 19F chemical shift difference on CPG2‐mediated cleavage, enabled the dynamics and quantification of the apparent pharmacokinetics of 3,5‐DFBGlu and its CPG2‐mediated cleavage in the tumor to be evaluated. In addition, the apparent rate of increase of 3,5‐difluorobenzoic acid concentration could also provide a biomarker of CPG2 activity levels in tumors of patients undergoing CPG2‐based therapies, as well as a biomarker of treatment response. The addition of in vivo reporter probes, such as 3,5‐DFBGlu, to the armamentarium of prodrugs cleaved by CPG2 affords new applications for CPG2 as a gene reporter of transgene expression. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A possible case of treponemal disease from England dating to the 11th–12th century AD
Authors: Mays S. , Vincent S. , Meadows J.
Published: October 2010

This short report describes a human skeleton from an archaeological site in England showing signs of treponemal disease. A radiocarbon determination indicates that it is firmly pre‐Columbian in date. The implications for recent debates concerning the origin of treponemal disease in Europe are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large‐scale immunohistochemical examination for lymphoreticular prion protein in tonsil specimens collected in Britain
Authors: de Marco Mar Fernandez , Linehan Jacqueline , Gill O Noel , Clewley Jonathan P , Brandner Sebastian
Published: October 2010

There have been 173 cases of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD) in the UK, as of 5 July 2010, as a result of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy epidemic. The number of individuals subclinically infected with vCJD, and thus the eventual number of cases, remains, however, uncertain. In an attempt to address this problem, 63 007 tonsil tissue specimens were previously tested by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the presence of disease‐related prion protein (PrPres) and found to be negative. To confirm the reliability of this result, all those in the birth cohort most at risk (1961–1985) and a few others, including controls, have now been tested by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Histological slides were prepared from 10 075 anonymized formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues and examined for PrPres with two anti‐prion protein antibodies, ICMS35 and KG9. One specimen showed a single strongly positive follicle with both antibodies, on two slides from adjacent sections. As this specimen was negative when it was further investigated by EIA, IHC, and immunoblotting, it is unclear whether the patient from whom the tonsil came will go on to develop vCJD. If, however, this is the case, then a finding of 1 out of 9160 gives a prevalence of disease‐related prion protein in the British population of 109 per million, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 3–608 per million, which is not statistically different (exact p = 0.63) from population prevalence estimates based on finding three positives out of 10 278 in a previous IHC study of appendix tissue. If this is not the case, a finding of 0 out of 9160 gives a prevalence of 0–403 per million (95% CI) for the 1961‐1985 cohort, which is also not different (exact p = 0.25) from previous population prevalence estimates. Therefore, the results of this work could be summarized as finding, by IHC, no or one vCJD‐positive individual. Copyright © 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical complications in severe pediatric sickle cell disease and the impact of hydroxyurea
Authors: Tripathi Avnish , Jerrell Jeanette M. , Stallworth James R.
Published: October 2010

Background

More evidence of the safety and effectiveness of hydroxyurea (HU) in community‐based cohorts of pediatric patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) are needed. The association of HU with organ‐specific clinical complications and adverse events is examined herein.

Methods

Medicaid medical and pharmacy claims for the calendar years January 1996 through December 2006 were used to identify a cohort of children and adolescent patients (ages 17 and under) with a diagnosis of SCD (homozygous) who were treated with HU and developed disparate complications or adverse side effects. Of the 2,194 pediatric SCD patients identified, 175 (8%) were treated with HU. Incidence density matching (1 case: 2 controls) was used to select the control group on age, gender, ethnicity, time in the Medicaid data set, and baseline severity resulting in a total study cohort of 523 cases.

Results

Organ‐specific complications were more likely in the HU‐treated group compared to non‐HU‐treated group: cardiovascular complications (odds ratio [OR] = 3.15; confidence interval [CI] = 1.97–5.03); hepatic complications (OR 5.41; CI = 3.54–8.27); renal complications (OR 5.09; CI 3.37–7.67); and pulmonary complications (OR 4.07; CI 1.88–8.79). Many of these conditions began developing before HU was prescribed. Developing three or more complications was also more likely in the HU group (27.4% vs. 7.0%, P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Extending previous findings to routine practice settings, HU is being administered to the most severely ill children with SCD, many of whom had already started to develop organ‐specific complications, but it is not associated with development of serious adverse events. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;56:90–94. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of hospitalizations for intentional self‐harm when E‐codes are incompletely recorded
Authors: Patrick Amanda R. , Miller Matthew , Barber Catherine W. , Wang Philip S. , Canning Claire F. , Schneeweiss Sebastian
Published: October 2010

Context

Suicidal behavior has gained attention as an adverse outcome of prescription drug use. Hospitalizations for intentional self‐harm, including suicide, can be identified in administrative claims databases using external cause of injury codes (E‐codes). However, rates of E‐code completeness in US government and commercial claims databases are low due to issues with hospital billing software.

Objective

To develop an algorithm to identify intentional self‐harm hospitalizations using recorded injury and psychiatric diagnosis codes in the absence of E‐code reporting.

Methods

We sampled hospitalizations with an injury diagnosis (ICD‐9 800–995) from two databases with high rates of E‐coding completeness: 1999–2001 British Columbia, Canada data and the 2004 US Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Our gold standard for intentional self‐harm was a diagnosis of E950‐E958. We constructed algorithms to identify these hospitalizations using information on type of injury and presence of specific psychiatric diagnoses.

Results

The algorithm that identified intentional self‐harm hospitalizations with high sensitivity and specificity was a diagnosis of poisoning, toxic effects, open wound to elbow, wrist, or forearm, or asphyxiation; plus a diagnosis of depression, mania, personality disorder, psychotic disorder, or adjustment reaction. This had a sensitivity of 63%, specificity of 99% and positive predictive value (PPV) of 86% in the Canadian database. Values in the US data were 74, 98, and 73%. PPV was highest (80%) in patients under 25 and lowest those over 65 (44%).

Conclusions

The proposed algorithm may be useful for researchers attempting to study intentional self‐harm in claims databases with incomplete E‐code reporting, especially among younger populations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of the use of phytosterol/‐stanol‐enriched margarines on adherence to statin therapy
Authors: Eussen Simone R. B. M. , de Jong Nynke , Rompelberg Cathy J. M. , Garssen Johan , Verschuren W. M. Monique , Klungel Olaf H.
Published: October 2010

Purpose

The use of margarines enriched with phytosterols or phytostanols is recommended as an appropriate adjunctive therapy for patients with certain lipid profiles, but may result in a behavioral modification leading to a change in person's adherence to lipid‐lowering drug treatment. This study aimed to examine the influence of the use of margarines enriched with phytosterols/‐stanols on adherence to statin therapy.

Methods

Retrospective data from food frequency questionnaires were used to assess phytosterol/‐stanol‐enriched margarine intake from a population based, longitudinal cohort between 1998 and 2007. Intake data were linked to pharmacy‐dispensing records. Multivariate Cox proportional‐hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios for discontinuation of statin therapy. Drug‐taking compliance was compared between users and non‐users of enriched margarine using the Mann–Whitney U‐test. Pre‐defined subgroup analyses were performed to evaluate differences in adherence between prevalent statin users and starters of statins.

Results

Among 4848 subjects, 522 used statins only and 60 combined these drugs with phytosterol/‐stanol‐enriched margarine. Overall statin discontinuation rates were not significantly different between the users and non‐users of enriched margarine, but more combination users discontinued statin therapy within 12 months in the subgroup of starters (HRadj: 2.52 [95%CI: 1.06–6.00]). Drug‐taking compliance was high in both users and non‐users of enriched margarine and was slightly lower in combination users (P < 0.10).

Conclusions

These results imply that persons who combine enriched margarines with statins may neglect taking their drug according to the prescription. Further investigations in larger populations are important, especially among patients susceptible to a low adherence to drug therapy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Designing multifunctional chemical sensors using Ni and Cu doped carbon nanotubes
Authors: Mowbray D. J. , Garca‐Lastra J. M. , Thygesen K. S. , Rubio A. , Jacobsen K. W.
Published: October 2010

We demonstrate a “bottom up” approach to the computational design of a multifunctional chemical sensor. General techniques are employed for describing the adsorption coverage and resistance properties of the sensor based on density functional theory and non‐equilibrium Green's function methodologies, respectively. Specifically, we show how Ni and Cu doped metallic (6,6) single‐walled carbon nanotubes may work as effective multifunctional sensors for both CO and NH3.
Field effect transistors on graphitized polymer surfaces
Authors: Koval Y. , Lazareva I. , Müller P. , Müller K. , Henkel K. , Friedrich D.
Published: October 2010

Conducting properties of several polymers after low‐energy ion irradiation were investigated. The enhancement of conductance induced by the ions is discussed in terms of graphitization. Field effect transistors (FET) on the graphitized polymer surfaces were studied. We found that the field effect mobility depends on the conductivity of the graphitized surfaces according to the power relation σ ∼ µ0.82. Such behavior is typical for disordered organic semiconductors with a variable range hopping mechanism of conductance. In contrast, the graphitized surfaces with a semimetallic type of conductance demonstrate a high carrier mobility ∼1 cm2/Vs, which is almost independent on the conductance. These semimetallic materials consist of 2 and 3 nm graphene patches and are characterized by a significantly smaller disorder level. However, for a feasible FET application the carrier concentration in the graphitized surfaces must be reduced. Possibilities to improve the performance of the FETs are discussed.
Thermal expansion studies of indium–iron oxide
Authors: Qadri S. B. , Fahed C. , Kim H. , Piqué A. , Mahadik N. A. , Rao M. V.
Published: October 2010

Linear thermal expansion coefficients for the cubic bixbyite phase of bulk In2−xFexO3 have been determined using high resolution X‐ray diffraction. The addition of Fe2O3 to In2O3 results in the formation of solid solutions in the body centered cubic phase with a decreasing lattice parameters as a function of increasing Fe content. The thermal expansion coefficients for solid solutions showed increased values in comparison to the values for pure In2O3 phase.
Influence of surface structure on the performance of black‐silicon solar cell
Authors: Lin Ching‐Hsi , Dimitrov Dimitre Z. , Du Chen‐Hsun , Lan Chung‐Wen
Published: October 2010

The nanotextured silicon surface appears black due to almost complete light trapping in a broad spectral range, which will give rise to high‐energy conversion efficiency. However, the complexity of the nanotextured silicon surface enhances the surface recombination and thus usually diminishes the strengths of low light reflection. Nanoscale texturing surface structure is susceptible to changes and such a property allows better opportunities to modify the structure to maximize the advantages of low light reflection, while minimizing the disadvantages of surface recombination. Through the adjustment of nanotextured surface, the performance of a black solar cell can be improved. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of various nanoscale surface structures on the performance of solar cells (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Elastic moduli of hard c‐Zr3N4 from laser ultrasonic measurements
Authors: Zerr Andreas , Chigarev Nikolay , Brenner Renald , Dzivenko Dmytro A. , Gusev Vitalyi
Published: October 2010

The bulk and shear moduli of dense polycrystalline oxygen‐bearing c‐Zr3N4 were determined to be B0 = 217(20) GPa and G0 = 163(9) GPa, respectively, using laser ultrasonic technique combined with a numerical analysis of the sample porosity. While the obtained B0 is in excellent agreement with the earlier high‐pressure compression measurements, the G0 value is 70% higher than the previous estimate. Since both G0 and hardness of the dense c‐Zr3N4 exceed those of γ‐Si3N4, c‐Zr3N4 vies for the rank of the third hardest material after diamond and cubic BN. Our results also support the suggestion that shear modulus is a robust predictor of hardness. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mechanical and lattice dynamical properties of the Re2C compound
Authors: Ozisik Haci , Deligoz Engin , Colakoglu Kemal , Surucu Gokhan
Published: October 2010

In this work, density functional theory calculations on the structural, mechanical, and lattice dynamical properties of Re2C within ReB2‐type structure are reported. The generalized gradient approximation has been used for modeling exchange–correlation effects. We have predicted the lattice constants, bulk modulus, bond distances, elastic constants, shear modulus, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, hardness, Debye temperature, and sound velocities of this compound. Furthermore, the band structure, phonon dispersion curves and corresponding density of states are computed. The obtained results are in good agreement with the available experimental and other theoretical data. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Die Ausführung und CE‐Kennzeichnungvon Stahltragwerken nach DIN EN 1090
Authors: Ummenhofer Thomas , Volz Michael
Published: October 2010

In Kürze wird die europäische Norm DIN EN 1090‐1 “Ausführung von Stahltragwerken und Aluminiumtragwerken” in Verbindung mit DIN EN 1090‐2 in Deutschland und in Europa eingeführt. Die bisherigen nationalen Regelungen der DIN 18800‐7 werden nach einer Übergangsfrist zurückgezogen. Bauteile für Stahltragwerke werden dann CE‐kennzeichnungspflichtig. DIN EN 1090‐1 “Konformitätsnachweisverfahren für tragende Stahlbauteile” enthält die Regelungen, die ein Hersteller umsetzen muss, wenn er seine Bauteile mit dem CE‐Zeichen versehen will. Dazu gehören im Wesentlichen die Einrichtung einer werkseigenen Produktionskontrolle sowie eine Zertifizierung durch eine notifizierte Stelle. Die technischen Anforderungen an Stahltragwerke sind in DIN EN 1090‐2 “Technische Regeln für die Ausführung von Stahltragwerken” geregelt. Stahlbauten werden in vier verschiedene Ausführungsklassen unterteilt, die von möglichen Schadensfolgen, von der Beanspruchung und von der Schwierigkeit der Fertigung abhängen. Von der Zuordnung in diese Ausführungsklassen hängen die Anforderungen an Betriebe bezüglich Personal, Einrichtungen und Abläufen ab.

he execution and CE marking of steel structures according to DIN EN 1090. The European standard for the execution of steel structures DIN EN 1090‐1 in connection with DIN EN 1090‐2 will soon be introduced in Germany and Europe. The national regulations of DIN 18800‐7 will be withdrawn after a co‐existing period. Components for steel structures are then subject to mandatory CE marking. DIN EN 1090‐1 provides the regulations, which a producer has to implement, if he wants to label his components with the CE marking. This includes an establishment of a factory production control and a certification by a notified body. The technical requirements for the execution of steel structures can be found in DIN EN 1090‐2. Steel structures are divided into four different execution classes which depend on possible consequences, type of load and the difficulty of the production. The requirements concerning factories regarding personal, facility and procedure depend on the execution class.
Persistent right umbilical vein: a prenatal condition worth mentioning?
Authors: Weichert J. , Hartge D. , Germer U. , Axt‐Fliedner R. , Gembruch U.
Published: October 2010

Objectives

To investigate the incidence and clinical impact of prenatally diagnosed persistent right umbilical vein (PRUV) in a referral population and to evaluate the findings together with those from previous publications.

Methods

This was a retrospective analysis of 39 cases with PRUV diagnosed in three tertiary referral centers for prenatal medicine between 1996 and 2009. Fetuses with situs inversus, situs ambiguous and heterotaxy (left and right isomerism) were excluded. During the study period 46 653 consecutive high‐ and low‐risk pregnancies were examined. The prenatal sonograms and neonatal outcome data of affected individuals were reviewed. Our findings were analyzed together with findings retrieved from the scientific literature.

Results

Twenty‐nine fetuses had an isolated PRUV as a single anomaly, whereas 10/39 (25.6%) were found to have PRUV accompanied by additional minor and major abnormalities. These anomalies comprised mainly cardiovascular, genitourinary and gastrointestinal malformations. In common with our series, previously published cases of isolated PRUV (n = 197) displayed an uneventful course of pregnancy and a favorable postnatal outcome. Sixty‐six previously reported cases of PRUV with additional anomalies were identified in the literature. Intrahepatic umbilical drainage is the most frequent type of PRUV. Including our cases, there were 16 cases (5.3%) with extrahepatic drainage of PRUV, all of which had additional anomalies.

Conclusions

Consistent with previous reports, in the majority of cases (74.8%) PRUV is an isolated finding. While these cases carry an excellent prognosis, PRUV can be associated with severe congenital anomalies, so this finding should prompt detailed prenatal assessment of the fetus. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low‐resistance hepatic artery flow in first‐trimester fetuses: an ominous sign
Authors: Bilardo C. M. , Timmerman E. , Robles De Medina P. G. , Clur S. A.
Published: October 2010

Objective

Low‐resistance hepatic artery (HA) flow has been reported in severely growth‐restricted fetuses. The same finding has been incidentally observed in first‐trimester fetuses with enlarged nuchal translucency (NT). The aim of this study was to investigate HA flow in first‐trimester fetuses.

Methods

Crown–rump length (CRL), NT, ductus venosus (DV) pulsatility index for veins (PIV) and HA pulsatility index (PI) were measured prospectively in fetuses at increased risk on first‐trimester assessment for aneuploidy and in a control group of low‐risk fetuses. Outcome of pregnancy was known in all cases. Independent sample t‐test was used for intergroup comparison.

Results

NT, DV‐PIV and HA‐PI were measured prospectively in 59 fetuses. Thirty‐four had an enlarged NT and underwent karyotyping, which was abnormal in 16 cases (trisomy 21, n = 12; trisomy 18, n = 3; 47,XXY, n = 1). Two pregnancies were terminated in view of fetal anomalies. In three other infants an abnormality was confirmed after birth (Noonan syndrome, unspecified genetic syndrome and cardiac defect). The remaining 13 fetuses with enlarged NT and the 25 with normal NT had an uneventful pregnancy outcome. HA‐PI was significantly and inversely correlated with NT and DV‐PIV. Mean HA‐PI was significantly lower in fetuses with adverse outcome (chromosomal anomalies 1.60; chromosomally normal fetuses with adverse outcome 1.66) than in controls (2.03).

Conclusions

Low‐resistance HA flow can be observed in first‐trimester fetuses and, based on its association with adverse outcome, it can be regarded as an ominous sign. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrasound‐guided tandem placement for low‐dose‐rate brachytherapy in advanced cervical cancer minimizes risk of intraoperative uterine perforation
Authors: Watkins J. M. , Kearney P. L. , Opfermann K. J. , Ackerman S. J. , Jenrette J. M. , Kohler M. F.
Published: October 2010

Objectives

Tandem placement as part of low‐dose‐rate (LDR) brachytherapy boost for cervical cancer may be complicated by uterine perforation. The objective of this study was to describe a 10‐year experience of using intraoperative ultrasound guidance in an attempt to minimize the risk of uterine perforation.

Methods

Operative and inpatient records were reviewed to identify cases in which intraoperative ultrasound guidance was employed in order to assist tandem placement, and to determine whether clinical or radiographic findings subsequently suggested uterine perforation. Demographic factors were collected in order to determine the baseline risk of perforation within this population.

Results

Between 1998 and 2008, 71 patients underwent 110 ultrasound‐guided placements of tandem applicators. The median age was 48 (range, 26–88) years, and 20% were older than 60 years. Disease stage was FIGO IB1 (n = 10), IB2 (n = 13), IIA (n = 4), IIB (n = 19), IIIA (n = 2), IIIB (n = 16), IVA (n = 5) and IVB (n = 2). The median gravidity was 3 (range 1–10) and median parity was 3 (range 0–10). Seven patients had a preimplant history of pelvic infection, four had a history of intrauterine contraceptive device use, and 10 had a prior history of Cesarean section delivery. Only one patient experienced infection that may have been attributable to tandem placement‐associated uterine perforation. At median survivor follow‐up of 34 months, 19 patients had died. The estimated 3‐year disease‐free and overall survival rates for the entire population were 60% and 66%, respectively.

Conclusions

Within the present population, intraoperative ultrasound guidance of tandem placement was associated with no confirmed cases of uterine perforation. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transparente Elektroden aus Silber
Authors: Georg Andreas
Published: October 2010

Dünne Schichten aus Silber werden bereits großflächig in Wärmeschutzverglasungen eingesetzt und zeigen gute Leitfähigkeiten bei hohen Transmissionen vor allem im sichtbaren Spektralbereich. Im nahen Infraroten fällt die Transmission ab, was jedoch durch eine Ausnutzung von Interferenzen wieder ausgeglichen werden kann. Dünne Schichten aus Silber können kostengünstig hergestellt und insbesondere auch gut auf Foliensubstraten abgeschieden werden. Durch zusätzliche dielektrische Schichten lässt sich das Schichtsystem auf weitere Anforderungen anpassen, ohne die Leitfähigkeit zu beeinträchtigen. Beispiele sind die Vermeidung von Barrieren, die Anpassung der Austrittsarbeit oder die Stabilisierung gegen folgende Prozessschritte. Dadurch sind Silberelektroden für organische Leuchtdioden oder Solarzellen von besonderem Interesse.
Neural basis of visual selective attention
Authors: Chelazzi Leonardo , Della Libera Chiara , Sani Ilaria , Santandrea Elisa
Published: October 2010

Attentional modulation along the object‐recognition pathway of the cortical visual system of primates has been shown to consist of enhanced representation of the retinal input at a specific location in space, or of objects located anywhere in the visual field which possess a critical object feature. Moreover, selective attention mechanisms allow the visual system to resolve competition among multiple objects in a crowded scene in favor of the object that is relevant for the current behavior. Finally, selective attention affects the spontaneous activity of neurons as well as their visually driven responses, and it does so not only by modulating the spiking activity of individual neurons, but also by modulating the degree of coherent firing within the critical neuronal populations. WIREs Cogni Sci 2011 2 392–407 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.117

This article is categorized under:

Neuroscience > Cognition
A Prognostic Model and Treatment Strategy for Intrahepatic Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Curative Resection
Authors: Umeda Yuzo , Matsuda Hiroaki , Sadamori Hiroshi , Matsukawa Hiroyoshi , Yagi Takahito , Fujiwara Toshiyoshi
Published: October 2010

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic factors for intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after curative resection.

Methods

Of 297 patients with HCC who underwent curative resection between 1998 and 2007, 145 had intrahepatic recurrence, and 125 of these were enrolled in this study. We analyzed the relationships between overall survival after HCC recurrence and 20 variables at initial hepatectomy and recurrence.

Results

Recurrent HCC was treated by repeat hepatectomy (Re‐Hr, n = 29), radiofrequency ablation (RFA, n = 58), or transarterial chemoembolization (TAE, n = 38). Complete tumor control (CTC) by Re–He and RFA was selected for 70% of patients. RFA‐treated patients had more tumors, smaller tumors, and poorer liver function at recurrence than the Re‐Hr group. The overall 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year post‐recurrence survival rates (SR) were 93.1, 66.8, 58.1%; 94.7, 75.1, 48.3%; and 80.1, 22.5, 0%, respectively, in the Re‐Hr, RFA, and TAE groups. The SR was better for Re‐Hr and RFA than for TAE (p < 0.0001). Outcomes were similar in Re‐Hr and RFA, regardless of recurrent tumor size. Multivariate analysis identified Child‐Pugh grade B, AFP ≥100 ng/ml at recurrence, recurrent tumor size ≥3 cm, tumor number ≥3, and CTC as significant prognostic factors for overall post‐recurrence survival. A scoring system using 1 point for each patient‐background factor provided a well‐categorized predictive model. The overall 3‐/5‐year post‐recurrence SRs were 83.1/59.3%, 64.1/41.9%, 42.0/18.0%, and 13.6/0% at risk number (R) R0, R1, R2, and R3/4, respectively (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Significant prognostic factors for intrahepatic recurrent HCC are poor hepatic reserve, AFP, recurrent tumor size and number, and CTC. Selection of treatment modality for intrahepatic recurrence requires the clinician to be mindful of the predictive factors and to control tumors aggressively by adequate treatment, selected by balancing various conditions.
Brief report: Activities in heterosexual romantic relationships: Grade differences and associations with relationship satisfaction
Authors: Carlson Wendy , Rose Amanda J.
Published: October 2010

Whereas much research addresses relations of youths’ heterosexual romantic relationships with sexual and/or delinquent activities, less attention has been paid to youths’ more normative, day‐to‐day activities with romantic partners. This gap in the literature is problematic given that these activities define the substance of the relationships and likely are connected to relationship satisfaction. In the current study, 223 youths in fifth (28 boys; 32 girls), eighth (31 boys; 40 girls), and eleventh (36 boys; 56 girls) grades reporting current romantic relationships indicated their engagement in activities with romantic partners and relationship satisfaction. Findings revealed important grade differences in activity involvement, with eighth‐ and eleventh‐graders reporting higher engagement than fifth‐graders, especially in out‐of‐school activities. Additionally, engagement in out‐of‐school activities was most strongly associated with relationship satisfaction for all grades.
An Approach to Consistent Patient Education
Authors: Ortoleva Catherine
Published: October 2010

Patient education is instrumental to postoperative recovery. To that end, the nurse must be able to decipher the discharge instructions and the patient and caregivers must be able to understand them. Ambulatory surgery patients are in the clinical setting for shorter periods; therefore, nurses need to provide these patients with effective educational tools that will assist them in achieving optimal surgical outcomes. In an effort to improve our perioperative and discharge orders, which were being handwritten, I created standardized forms that require little handwriting and allow surgeons to complete their orders by checkmarking the items. Use of these forms has improved turnover time, provided nurses and patients with orders that are easier to read and understand, and produced fewer incidences in which information is left off orders or misunderstood. Following up with patients to ensure their comprehension and active participation in their postsurgical care allows the nurses to assess the success of surgical care and patient satisfaction.
Surgical Resection of Atrial Myxomas
Authors: Hill Marites , Cherry Cecile , Maloney Martin , Midyette Paula
Published: October 2010

Myxomas are the most common form of benign cardiac tumors; these tumors occur primarily in the atria. Most myxomas are idiopathic in origin, but in rare cases, patients have a family history of myxomas. Although these tumors are benign, myxomas have the potential to cause serious complications, including embolic events and partial or complete obstruction of intracardiac blood flow. Currently, there is no effective medical treatment, and surgical excision of the tumor is necessary. Typically, surgical resection of an atrial myxoma is performed via a median sternotomy with the patient on cardiopulmonary bypass. Recurrence of a myxoma after surgical excision is extremely rare, and most patients have an excellent prognosis after surgery.
Clinical Issues—October 2010
Authors: Chard Robin
Published: October 2010

This Month

Advance preparation of IV fluids and IV fluid hang time

Key words: IV fluid preparation, medication administration, aseptic technique.

Medication reconciliation across the continuum of care

Key words: National Patient Safety Goals, medication reconciliation.

Preventing pressure ulcer development in surgical patients

Key words: perioperative pressure ulcers, pressure ulcer assessment tool, ulcer risk assessment tool.
Spinal cord plasticity and acid‐sensing ion channels involvement in a rodent model of irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Matriconl Julien , Gelotl Agathe , Etiennel Monique , Lazdunskil Michel , Mullerl Emilie , Ardidl Denis
Published: October 2010

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastro‐intestinal disorder characterized by intractable chronic abdominal pain. In this study, we examined the possible spinal mechanisms underlying colonic hypersensitivity (CHS) using a non‐inflammatory rat model of IBS induced by rectal enemas of butyrate, a short‐chain fatty acid. We hypothesized that spinal plasticity could be responsible for CHS and that ASIC channels, which are known to support pain‐elicited currents in the spinal cord, could contribute to central sensitization in our model of IBS. First, in order to determine if visceral pain relies on changes in spinal activity, we analyzed Fos expression in the spinal cord of rats treated with butyrate following a challenge with repetitive noxious colorectal distension. We found that Fos immunoreactivity was increased in thoracic T10–11–12, lumbar L1–2–6 and sacral S1 spinal segments. In control rats treated with saline, noxious repetitive colorectal distensions evoked Fos expression only in L1–2–6 and S1 spinal segments. Secondly, intrathecal injection of PcTx1, a specific ASIC1A antagonist, in the lumbar spinal cord completely prevented the development of CHS induced by butyrate. ASIC1 and 2 mRNAs, especially ASIC1A, were upregulated in the lumbar spinal cord. ASIC1A could thus contribute to spinal sensitization in our model of IBS, as it is supported by spinal colocalization of ASIC1A and Fos proteins. The whole data pinpoint a potential critical role of thoracic spinal cord in non‐inflammatory pain states such as IBS and suggest that ASIC channels are part of the molecular effectors of central sensitization leading to visceral pain.
Regional analgesia in Italy: A survey of current practice
Authors: Allegri Massimo , Niebel Thekla , Bugada Dario , Coluzzi Flaminia , Baciarello Marco , Berti Marco , Tinelli Carmine , Borghi Battista , Grossi Paolo ,   RICALOR Group Investigators
Published: October 2010

Two decades of attention have focused on regional anesthesia, both central neuraxial blockades as well as peripheral blocks. Though there are a considerable number of recent publications on the topic, the complex issues around the effect of regional anesthesia on outcome have not been completely resolved, possibly because the data are often not procedure‐specific.

In this survey, we tried to focus on current Italian practice and therapeutical criteria in the management of postoperative pain. We also evaluated how the clinical practice of the respondents follows the international and national guidelines for postoperative pain.

A questionnaire was mailed to 64 anesthesiologists who had been identified from a database kept by the RICALOR Group (Registro Italiano Complicanze Anestesia LOcoRegionale — Italian Registry of Complications during Locoregional Anesthesia). The survey requested information regarding demographic data and general management, postoperative pain management and guidelines, and specific questions on epidural analgesia and on peripheral blocks.

Only 35 of the 64 anesthesiologists answered the questionnaire and sended it back for analysis. Basing on these 35 returns, data from 51 surgical units (some respondent referred data of more surgical units) leading to 135 departments (surgical units may be constituted by more departments) were analyzed. A total of 245,382 surgical procedures were analyzed. Regional analgesia was used in 46.71% of the procedures.

In university and teaching‐hospitals, protocols concerning regional anesthesia were attended and shared with the whole staff more often than in non‐teaching hospitals (P = 0.0001).

For postoperative pain management 31.48% of responders used <10% of regional analgesia, 20.37% used 10–30%, 25.93% used 30–50%, 14.81% used 50–75% and 7.41% used >75% of regional analgesia.

We identified a huge variety of responses regarding therapeutical protocols but the majority of responders used the drugs with the best safety/efficacy profile.

In conclusion, we demonstrated an improvement in the management of postoperative pain compared to previous studies, but still efforts should be made to standardize daily practice in order to avoid complications and improve safety.
Epidural space and chronic pain
Authors: Raffaeli William , Righetti Donatella , Andruccioli Jessica , Sarti Donatella
Published: October 2010

Epidural fibrosis, flogosis, hyperemia and stasis, are some of the pathological morphologies that can be found in the epidural space (ES) of patients affected from failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS), stenosis and other chronic painful pathologies, usually grouped in the class of low back pain (LBP) syndrome. As a consequence of lumbar spine surgery fibrotic tissue commonly replace epidural fat, and large amounts of scar tissue are found around nerve roots. The diagnostic tools currently available, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computer tomography (CT) are dramatically poor, and allow only the definition of pathological structural contents. The only method for monitoring the dura anatomy is during the epiduroscopy, which has been revalued only recently for the diagnosis and the treatment of FBSS. In 2001 we introduced a new endoscopic technique (the Raffaeli method) for the lysis of adhesions under direct imaging, and the study of normal and pathological morphologies of the dura.