bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VPS34 regulates dynamin to determine the endocytosis of mitochondria-targeted zinc oxide nanoparticles in human osteosarcoma cells
Authors: Pan Xiaoyu , He Guanping , Hai Bao , Liu Yu , Bian Lei , Yong Lei , Zhang Hanwen , Yang Chenlong , Du Chuanchao , Mao Tianli , Ma Yunlong , Jia Fei , Dou Xinyu , Zhai Shuheng , Liu Xiaoguang
Published: February 2021

ZnO NPs enter into osteosarcoma cells via VPS34/dynamin 2 pathway and accumulated in mitochondria, initiating mitophagy and subsequent apoptosis.
Validation and optimization of cutting parameters for Ti-6Al-4V turning operation using DEFORM 3D simulations and Taguchi method
Authors: Obiko Japheth Oirere , Mwema Fredrick Madaraka , Bodunrin Michael Oluwatosin
Published: February 2021

In this study, we show that optimising cutting forces as a machining response gave the most favourable conditions for turning of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Using a combination of computational methods involving DEFORM simulations, Taguchi Design of Experiment (DOE) and analysis of variance (ANOVA), it was possible to minimise typical machining response such as the cutting force, cutting power and chip-tool interface temperature. The turning parameters that were varied in this study include cutting speed, depth of cut and feed rate. The optimum turning parameter combinations that would minimise the machining responses were established by using the “smaller the better” criterion and selecting the highest value of Signal to Noise Ratio. Confirmatory simulation revealed that using cutting speed of 120 m/min, 0.25 mm depth of cut and 0.1 mm/rev feed rate, the lowest cutting force of 88.21 N and chip-tool interface temperature of 387.24 °C can be obtained. Regression analysis indicated that the highest correlation coefficient of 0.97 was obtained between cutting forces and the turning parameters. The relationship between cutting forces and the turning parameters was linear since first-order regression model was sufficient.
The space weather station at the University of Alcala
Authors: Guerrero Antonio , Cid Consuelo , García Alberto , Domínguez Emilio , Montoya Fernando , Saiz Elena
Published: February 2021

The Space Weather station at the University of Alcala (UAH-STA) is a place for instrumentation that is able to produce useful products and services even in a worst case scenario (when power grid and/or communications have been compromised), assuring the access of critical data to decision-makers and consequently, increasing the confidence to take actions. The current development consists of an antenna to monitor ionospheric disturbances through the reception of very low frequency waves and a magnetometer to indicate the geomagnetic disturbances caused by sources external to the Earth. This work shows the development of both instruments and some examples of ionospheric and geomagnetic events recorded by both of them. This project serves also as a success story of using space weather as a teaching tool due to the involvement of undergraduate students at their final stage of industrial and telecommunication engineering.
Hypertensive Erkrankungen in der Schwangerschaft
Authors: Schneider Johanna , Walz Gerd , Neumann-Haefelin Elke
Published: February 2021

Hypertensive disorders occur in up to 10 % of pregnancies and increase both maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The most important differential diagnoses comprise pre-existing chronic hypertension, pregnancy-associated hypertension, and preeclampsia with simultaneous proteinuria. Antihypertensive therapy during pregnancy should be initiated when blood pressure is 150–160/100–110 mmHg. With regard to an earlier initiation of therapy, the data situation is not clear. Pre-eclampsia is defined as new or pre-existing elevated blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg in pregnancy with at least one new organ manifestation, usually proteinuria ≥ 300 mg/day or ≥ 30 mg/mmol in the protein-creatinine ratio. Thrombotic microangiopathies TTP and aHUS are altogether rare but potentially life-threatening diseases that should be clarified in case of severe or atypical courses.
Kalkaneusfrakturen – operative Taktik und Erfolgskontrolle
Authors: Marx Christine , Kamin Konrad , Rammelt Stefan
Published: February 2021

Kalkaneusfrakturen sind häufige Verletzungen des Fußes und stellen ein anspruchsvolles Krankheitsbild dar. Sie bedürfen einer sorgfältigen Diagnostik einschließlich multiplanarer CT-Bildgebung und einer individuellen Therapieplanung. Insbesondere der Weichteilbefund hat großen Einfluss auf die therapeutischen Optionen und das Therapieergebnis. Nicht dislozierte und extraartikuläre Frakturen ohne relevante Achsfehlstellung und Verbreiterung des Fersenbeins können i. d. R. konservativ behandelt werden. Intraartikuläre Frakturen mit Verwerfungen ab 2 mm und relevante Fehlstellungen des Fersenbeins bedürfen der operativen Therapie. Diese erfolgt klassischerweise über einen ausgedehnten lateralen Zugang mittels Plattenosteosynthese. Aufgrund der vergleichsweise hohen Rate an Wundheilungsstörungen haben sich weniger invasive Verfahren, wie die Reposition über einen Sinus-tarsi-Zugang mit perkutaner Schraubenosteosynthese, etabliert.
Das „Interdisciplinary Spine Fellowship” in England
Authors: Rothenfluh Dominique A , Reynolds Jeremy , Bojanic Stana
Published: February 2021

Die Wirbelsäulenchirurgie hat sich zu einer Subspezialität von Orthopädie und Neurochirurgie entwickelt, obwohl offiziell zurzeit noch nicht als solche anerkannt. Speziell in England haben hohe Wartezeiten für Patienten und geografische Lücken in der Versorgung von Wirbelsäulenpatienten die Bildung von Wirbelsäulennetzwerken begünstigt. Damit in dieser Struktur die Qualität verbessert werden kann, muss die Variabilität von Entscheidungen und Behandlungskonzepten vermindert werden. Dies soll mit einer strukturierten Weiterbildung gelingen, welche die speziellen Aspekte von Orthopädie und Neurochirurgie beinhaltet. Es wird erwartet, dass ein Fellowship die Kompetenz der Chirurgen erhöht und so die Qualität und Behandlungsresultate verbessert. Das interdisziplinäre Fellowship der Spinal Training Interface Group (STIG) vereinigt Lerninhalte von Orthopädie und Neurochirurgie in einem definierten Weiterbildungscurriculum. Dieses hat die Lernziele zur praktischen Umsetzung als sog. „Skills” in 4 Module eingeteilt: Allgemeine Prinzipien, Kritische Erkrankungen, Pathologische Wirbelsäule und optional Fortgeschrittene Behandlungsmethoden. Um die Bedingungen zur Komplettierung des Fellowships zu erfüllen, muss die Absolvierung der einzelnen Skills dokumentiert sein. Das Fellowship dauert mindestens ein Jahr. Die strukturierte Weiterbildung im Rahmen des interdisziplinären Fellowships soll so eine flächendeckende qualitativ hochstehende Grundversorgung gewährleisten und sicherstellen, dass Spezialwissen und Fertigkeiten dort zur Verfügung stehen, wo sie benötigt werden.
Das AO Spine Ausbildungskonzept
Authors: Scholz M.
Published: February 2021

AO Spine ist einer der weltweit führenden Aus- und Weiterbildungsanbieter im Wirbelsäulensektor. In 2019 wurden ca. 260 Bildungsveranstaltungen angeboten, an denen über 13.800 Wirbelsäulenchirurgen teilnahmen. Das „lebenslange Lernen“ ist dabei der Leitgedanke, um Wirbelsäulenchirurgen in jeder Stufe ihrer Ausbildung mit den passenden Bildungsangeboten zu unterstützen. Die AOSpine setzt dabei auf ein curriculäres Ausbildungskonzept, welches die Basis jeder Ausbildungsveranstaltung bildet. Angeboten werden unter anderem Kurse, Seminare und online Webinare sowie auch eine logistische und finanzielle Unterstützungen für internationale wirbelsäulenchirurgische Hospitationen. Im Jahr 2019 wurde erstmals ein „AO Spine Diploma Examen“ etabliert, womit AO Spine Mitglieder ihr erworbenes Wissen auf internationaler Ebene zertifizieren lassen können.
Zusatzweiterbildung „Spezielle Wirbelsäulenchirurgie“ – Das Konzept einer interdisziplinären Weiterbildung
Authors: Kothe Ralph
Published: February 2021

Die Zusatzweiterbildung „Spezielle Wirbelsäulenchirurgie“ soll zukünftig eine strukturierte Ausbildung von Wirbelsäulenchirurgen ermöglichen. Zugangsberechtigt sind Fachärzte für Neurochirurgie sowie Fachärzte für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie. Die Ausbildungsdauer beträgt 24 Monate und orientiert sich in den Inhalten an dem Weiterbildungscurriculum der DWG zur persönlichen Zertifizierung. Es gibt 6 Themenblöcke, die sich neben den Grundlagen mit den unterschiedlichen Pathologiegruppen befassen (degenerativ, Deformitäten, Trauma, Tumor/Entzündungen und intradurale Pathologien) Ein siebter Block bezieht sich auf die operativen Techniken. Das Ausbildungscurriculum ermöglicht damit eine umfassende interdisziplinäre Ausbildung, die der klinischen Realität mit ihrer zunehmenden operativen Spezialisierung gerecht wird. Die konservative Behandlung von Wirbelsäulenerkrankungen ist im vorliegenden Curriculum nicht enthalten, da es sich ausschließlich um eine operative Spezialisierung handelt. Die Einführung einer Zusatzweiterbildung kann nur durch die Bundesärztekammer und den Bundesärztetag erfolgen. Hierzu befindet sich die DWG aktuell in Gesprächen mit den Muttergesellschaften und der Ständigen Konferenz „Ärztliche Weiterbildung“ der Bundesärztekammer.
Pro: Sollen sich Wirbelsäulenchirurgen mit basiswissenschaftlichen Projekten herumschlagen?
Authors: Vajkoczy Peter
Published: February 2021

Als wissenschaftliche Fachgesellschaft hat die Deutsche Wirbelsäulengesellschaft nicht nur die Verantwortung und Aufgabe, die Wirbelsäulenmedizin in der klinischen Versorgung sowie Fort- und Weiterbildung auf höchstem Niveau voranzutreiben und zu profilieren, sondern sie muss sich auch mit den Anforderungen an beste mögliche wissenschaftliche Leistung auseinandersetzen. Die wissenschaftlichen Aktivitäten im Allgemeinen und hier v. a. grundlagenwissenschaftliche Aktivitäten sind von zentraler Bedeutung für die Profilbildung der Wirbelsäulenmedizin und für das Standing der Gesellschaft im Vergleich zu Fachgesellschaften, die inhaltlich, klinisch, wissenschaftlich konkurrieren. Darüber hinaus ist die Grundlagenforschung für die Ausbildung der zukünftigen Generation von Wirbelsäulenchirurgen unerlässlich. Gerade in akademischen Zentren erscheint es unabdingbar, dass sich die Mitglieder der DWG zunehmend auch mit grundlagenwissenschaftlichen Fragestellungen und mit der Bearbeitung dieser Projekte auseinandersetzen. Modelle, wie so etwas im klinischen Alltag zu realisieren ist, könnten Clinical Scientist Programme der Wirbelsäulenchirurgie, Kollaborationen mit grundlagenwissenschaftlichen Instituten und nationale Netzwerkbildungen sein. Diesem Thema sollte sich die Deutsche Wirbelsäulengesellschaft in den nächsten 5 bis 7 Jahren unbedingt verschreiben.
Kontra: Sollen sich Wirbelsäulenchirurgen mit basiswissenschaftlichen Projekten herumschlagen?
Authors: Ringel Florian
Published: February 2021

Trotz der hohen Bedeutung basiswissenschaftlicher medizinischer Forschung für die Entwicklung neuer Therapien lässt sich bereits über viele Jahre ein Rückgang von Grundlagenprojekten beobachten. Auch in der Wirbelsäulenchirurgie resultiert aus Grundlagenprojekten nur ein kleiner Teil der Veröffentlichungen. Daraus ergibt sich die Frage, ob Wirbelsäulenchirurgen aktiv basiswissenschaftliche Projekte initiieren und durchführen sollten um die Zahl relevanter Grundlagenprojekte zu steigern.

Bedingt durch die zunehmenden Anforderungen der klinischen Krankenversorgung und auch klinischen Forschung, die eine Subspezialisierung notwendig machen, erscheinen die vorhandenen Ressourcen jedoch in den meisten Fällen nicht ausreichend, sich an der Grundlagenforschung aktiv zu beteiligen. Auch die methodische Komplexität der Grundlagenforschung macht eine Bearbeitung im Nebenschluss schwer möglich, was durch die Ausbildung von „Clinician scientists“ nicht kompensiert werden konnte.

Aus diesem Grund sollten akademisch aktive Wirbelsäulenchirurgen eher den engen Kontakt zu Grundlagenwissenschaftlern suchen, um klinische Fragestellungen in Grundlagenprojekte einzubringen, als eigenständig solche Projekte durchzuführen.
Patient Education – Apps für die Patientenkommunikation
Authors: Wagner Daniel
Published: February 2021

Digitale Gesundheitsanwendungen können die Rolle des Patienten in der Gesundheitsversorgung durch eine verbesserte Gesundheitskompetenz mit mehr Eigenverantwortung und Mitgestaltung durch Verhaltensänderungen fördern. Voraussetzungen und Wege durch Kommunikationsmöglichkeiten der digitalen Welt sollen aufgezeigt werden.
Surgical Process Institute (SPI)
Authors: Unterberg Caius
Published: February 2021

Als Bestandteil des digitalen Ökosystems von Johnson & Johnson, stellt das Surgical Process Institute (SPI) den ersten Schritt in Richtung einer smarten Operation dar. SPI digitalisiert die chirurgische Erfahrung, um Ärztinnen und Ärzte auf der ganzen Welt dabei zu unterstützen, eine gleichbleibend hohe Versorgungsqualität bei gleichzeitiger Effizienz im Operationssaal zu ermöglichen.
Patient-reported Outcome Measures (PROMs)
Authors: Weiß Marie
Published: February 2021

Zweifellos wird das Thema Digitalisierung sowohl im Sozial- und Gesundheitswesen als auch in vielen anderen Arbeits- und Lebensbereichen bereits seit einigen Jahren, teilweise auch kontrovers, diskutiert. Sowohl Experten als auch Patientinnen und Patienten sind davon überzeugt, dass die Digitalisierung die Gesundheitsversorgung in den nächsten Jahren bereichern kann. Die Zukunft ist digital, das hat uns nicht zuletzt auch die Corona-Pandemie unfreiwillig vor Augen geführt. Aber machen wir uns nichts vor, anders als beispielsweise im angelsächsischen oder skandinavischen Raum gibt es in deutschen Krankenhäusern bei dem Thema Digitalisierung nach wie vor großen Nachholbedarf. Die Gründe für das langsame Voranschreiten Digitalisierung in deutschen Krankenhäusern sind vielfältig. Als die größten Hemmnisse neben unzureichenden Finanzierungsmöglichkeiten gelten mangelnde Kompatibilität bzw. Interoperabilität der IT, fehlende Standardisierung von Prozessen und der Datenschutz. Ein immenses Optimierungspotenzial der Qualitätssicherung bieten beispielsweise Patientenbefragungen. Bei der Ermittlung der Patientenzufriedenheit spielen sog. PROMs (Patient-reported Outcome Measures) eine wichtige Rolle. Dabei handelt es sich um Fragen, die von Patientinnen und Patienten meist anhand eines vorhandenen Fragebogens beantwortet werden. Auf diese Weise soll gemessen werden, wie diese ihren eigenen Gesundheitszustand wahrnehmen. Im Bereich der digitalisierten Messung der Patientenzufriedenheit stellt der „digitale Klinikkompass“ der birkle IT AG ein positives Beispiel für einen unkomplizierten, innovationsstarken sowie gewinnbringenden Ansatz des digitalen Wandels im Gesundheitswesen dar. Er bietet ein Real-Time Patienten-Feedback zur Qualitätssicherung. Durch die automatische Auswertung der Daten sind alle Informationen in Echtzeit und ohne Umwege für die Verwaltung und das Management des Krankenhauses verfügbar. Letzten Endes können flächendeckende Feedback-Möglichkeiten durch Patienten nicht nur die Leistungsfähigkeit von Krankenhäusern verbessern, sondern auch das Vertrauen in Gesundheitseinrichtungen stärken.
Entwicklung einer Verletzungsdatenbank (Injury Surveillance System, ISS) im Judo
Authors: Jaeger Jascha Drew , Schmitt Kai-Uwe
Published: February 2021

Hintergrund Judo ist ein beliebter Kampfsport mit hohem Verletzungsrisiko. Bisher sind nur wenige Informationen über Verletzungen im nichtkompetitiven Judo und Judo auf Breitensportniveau bekannt. Verletzungen im Schweizer Judosport wurden bisher nicht systematisch erfasst. Ziel dieses Projekts war die Entwicklung eines Systems zur Erfassung von Verletzungen im Judo. Neben einer systematischen Datenerfassung ermöglicht dies die Planung und Bewertung von Strategien zur Prävention von Sportverletzungen.

Methoden Als Grundlage wurde eine Umfrage zu Verletzungen im Schweizer Judo durchgeführt. Darauf aufbauend wurde ein Datenbanksystem mit einem Webinterface zur systematischen Erfassung von Verletzungen implementiert. Das System wurde von mehreren Judo-Athleten auf seine Funktionalität getestet.

Ergebnisse 34,2 % aller Antworten der Umfrage stammten von Breitensportlern. Es wurden hauptsächlich Verletzungen der oberen Extremitäten, insbesondere der Schultern, und der unteren Extremitäten, insbesondere der Knie, erlitten. Unter Berücksichtigung der Ergebnisse und Erfahrungen aus der Umfrage wurde das SJISS (Swiss Judo Injury Surveillance System) etabliert. Dabei handelt es sich um ein webbasiertes Verletzungsüberwachungssystem für das Schweizer Judo.

Fazit Erstmals wurde ein Instrument entwickelt, das eine kontinuierliche und systematische Erfassung von Verletzungen im Schweizer Judo ermöglicht. Auf dieser Basis kann ein Monitoring der Verletzungssituation erfolgen und es können Programme zur Prävention entwickelt und ausgewertet werden.
Effects of Plyometric Training with Agility Ladder on Physical Fitness in Youth Soccer Players
Authors: Padrón-Cabo Alexis , Lorenzo-Martínez Miguel , Pérez-Ferreirós Alexandra , Costa Pablo B. , Rey Ezequiel
Published: February 2021

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of plyometric training with an agility ladder on components of physical fitness in youth soccer players. A total of twenty male under-13 soccer players were randomly assigned to a plyometric training group with an agility ladder (n=10) or a control group (n=10). Before and after training intervention linear sprint test (5 m, 10 m, 20 m), vertical jump ability (squat jump, countermovement jump and countermovement jump with arms), agility test, and slalom dribble test were assessed. The plyometric training with agility ladder was applied two times per week over six weeks. Data were analyzed using linear mixed model. The plyometric training group showed significant improvements (p<0.001) from pre-test to post-test in countermovement jump, countermovement jump with arms, and slalom dribble test. In the control group, no significant enhancements were obtained in all performance tests (p>0.05). The between-group analysis showed significant differences in countermovement jump with arms (p=0.03), but no significant differences (p>0.05) were found in squat jump, countermovement jump, sprint, agility test, and slalom dribble test. In conclusion, the short-term plyometric training with agility ladder seems to be ineffective and not time-efficient to improve physical fitness in youth soccer players. However, the interpretation of these results must be understood within the sample size limitations.
Differenzialdiagnose Rückenschmerzen mit Entzündungsparametern: Fallvorstellung: Manifestation einer CPPD als Crowned Dens Syndrom mit Befall peripherer Gelenke
Authors: Kleyer Arnd , Roemer Frank , Schett Georg , Manger Bernhard
Published: February 2021

Der aktuelle Fall beschreibt den Fall eines 84 jährigen Patienten mit zunächst unklaren Rückenschmerzen und hohen Entzündungsparameter. Nach Ausschluss infektiöser Ursache konnte im Verlauf eine CPPD (Calcium pyrophosphat deposition disease) Erkrankung mit Wirbelsäulenbefall diagnostiziert werden. Neue radiologische Segmentierungsverfahren erlaubten zudem die Detektion von CPPD Kristallen in peripheren Gelenken. Nach Gabe von Prednisolon und Kineret konnte die Beschwerdesymptomatik erfolgreich behandelt werden.
Falls in Rheumatoid Patients: Does Ankle and Foot Ultrasonography have a Predictive Role? A Single-blind Study
Authors: Alkady Eman A.M. , Abdelaziz Marwa Mahmoud , Abdelwahed Dalia , Mahran Safaa A.
Published: February 2021

Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients have a higher prevalence of falls compared with the healthy population. Several risk factors of falls in RA have been postulated, including high disease activity, low balance, muscle weakness and non-treatment with biologics.

Aim of the work We investigated our hypothesis that the sonographically detected ankle and foot changes in RA patients can predict falls in this population. To our knowledge, no previous study had investigated this before.

Methods In a total of 101 RA patients, we performed assessments of disease activity, disability level, gait speed, balance status, clinical examination of ankle and foot and an MSUS assessment of the ankle and foot joints and tendons as possible risk factors of falls.

Results The Berg balance test had the highest fall-predicting power (71.3%), followed by a gait speed test and restricted range of motion (ROM) of the Rt. subtalar joint, each with a predictive power of 70.3%. Of the sonographic findings, erosion of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint was the most accurate fall predictor, followed by erosion of the talonavicular joint and tenosynovitis of the ankle dorsal flexors with an area under the curve of 0.656, 0.642 and 0.614, respectively.

Conclusion The use of the MSUS as an adjunct objective method for predicting falls in RA patients has not been studied before. It was found that clinical foot and balance testing was a superior and easier way of predicting falls in RA patients than using ultrasonography.
Non-fatal Bihemispheric Penetrating Brain Injury from a Crossbow Arrow with Good Clinical Outcome: Case Report
Authors: Januário José Gonçalo de Oliveira Machado Saraiva , Almeida Gonçalo Abreu Mesquita Borges de , Calado Carlos José Rios Godinho , Monteiro Joaquim António Toscano Ferreira
Published: February 2021

Crossbow injuries to the head have seldom been reported in the literature, and they represent a unique type of penetrating brain injury (PBI) in which a low-velocity arrow results in an intracranial fragment larger than most high-velocity projectiles, usually with a lethal outcome. We present the case of a 34-year-old man who attempted suicide with a self-inflicted cranial injury from a crossbow arrow, with a right parietal point of entry and a palpable subcutaneous tip in the left parietal region. The emergency team reported a Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score of 15, and the patient was brought sedated and intubated. Computed tomography (CT) imaging scans showed that the arrow crossed both parietal lobes, with mild subarachnoid hemorrhage and small cerebral contusions adjacent to its intracranial path. Careful retrograde removal of the penetrating arrow was performed in the CT suite, followed by an immediate CT scan, which excluded procedure-related complications. The patient woke up easily and was discharged 3 days later with mild left hand apraxia and no other neurologic deficits. To the best of our knowledge, there are no similar case reports describing both good clinical outcome and rapid discharge after a bihemispheric PBI. Individualizing the management of each patient is therefore crucial to achieve the best possible outcome as PBI cases still represent a major challenge to practicing neurosurgeons worldwide.
Functional Voice Assessment and Therapy Methods Supported by Telepractice, VoiceEvalU8, and Estill Voice Training
Authors: Grillo Elizabeth U.
Published: February 2021

Functional assessment and therapy methods are necessary for a client-centered approach that addresses the client's vocal needs across all environments. The purpose of this article is to present the approach with the intent to encourage discussion and implementation among educators, clinicians, researchers, and students. The functional approach is defined and its importance is described within the context of the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health with support provided by synchronous and asynchronous telepractice, the VoiceEvalU8 app, server, and web portal, and a framework that defines voice qualities (e.g., resonance, twang, loud, and others) by the anatomy and physiology of the voice production system (i.e., Estill Figures for Voice). Case scenarios are presented to highlight application of the functional voice approach.
Mesenchymal Tumors and Lymphoproliferative Diseases of the Stomach and Duodenum
Authors: Andhalgaonkar Tanmay , Sinha Rakesh
Published: February 2021

Neoplasms of the stomach are classified into two large categories on the basis of the cell of origin: epithelial and nonepithelia. The vast majority of both benign and malignant tumors of the stomach are of epithelial origin, with mesenchymal and neuroendocrine tumors being much less common. The epithelial tumors arise from the mucosa while the nonepithelial tumors arise from the submucosa, muscularis propria, or serosa. The nonepithelial or intramural tumors of stomach include gastrointestinal stromal tumors, leiomyomas, schwannoma, granular cell tumors, glomus tumor, leiomyosarcoma, Kaposi sarcoma, lymphoma, and others. In this review, radiological appearance of mesenchymal tumors and lymphoproliferative tumors are described.
High-Risk Pulmonary Embolism: Embolectomy and Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Authors: Murray John L. , Zapata David , Keeling William B.
Published: February 2021

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common medical condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality. It is the third most common cause of death in the United States. Historically, surgery for PE was associated with a high mortality rate, and this led to a significant decrease in the volume of operations being performed. However, significant improvements in patient selection and outcomes for surgical pulmonary embolectomy (SPE) at the end of the 20th century led to a renewed interest in the procedure. SPE was historically reserved for patients presenting with acute PE and hemodynamic collapse or cardiac arrest. Contemporary data has provided sufficient evidence to support earlier intervention for patients with acute PE who demonstrate clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic signs of right ventricular dysfunction. Institutions with cardiac surgery capabilities are implementing SPE earlier for the management of both massive and submassive PEs with excellent short-term and long-term outcomes. Recently, venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) has been employed successfully to treat patients with massive PE. Excellent short-term outcomes have been reported for patients suffering from PE after treatment with VA-ECMO. Further research, specifically with randomized controlled trials, is needed to determine the appropriate timing and patient selection for the use of VA-ECMO in patients with PE. These data would lead to updated guidelines and algorithms incorporating VA-ECMO and SPE for patients with PE.
Considerations in Free Flap Reconstruction of the Midface
Authors: Hammer Daniel , Vincent Aurora G. , Williams Fayette , Ducic Yadranko
Published: February 2021

Midface reconstruction has been a consistent challenge for reconstructive surgeons even with the significant advances in technology and technique achieved over the recent years. A meticulous preoperative assessment of the patient is required to properly assess the defect or anticipated defect, determine proper reconstructive surgical plan, and discuss expected functional and aesthetic outcomes with the patient. For years we have employed local flaps, regional flaps, obturators, alloplastic implants, free flaps, or a combination of the previously mentioned techniques to address complex midface reconstruction. Free flap reconstruction in the midface requires special considerations for the pedicle, flap selection, and flap design to ensure an optimal outcome. The introduction of virtual surgical planning for reconstruction has enhanced patient outcomes to include advances in immediate dental rehabilitation at the time of free flap surgery. Postoperative considerations including quality of life, functional and aesthetic outcomes, and management of complications will also be discussed.
CTLA-4 (+49A/G) Polymorphism in Type 1 Diabetes Children of Sudanese Population
Authors: Khalid Kheiralla Khalid E.
Published: February 2021

Background Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an organ-specific T cell-mediated autoimmune disease, characterized by destruction of pancreatic islets. Cytotoxic lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is a negative regulator of T cell proliferation, thus conferring susceptibility to autoimmunity.

Aims This study aimed to investigate the association of CTLA-4 +49A/G (rs231775) polymorphism with a risk of T1DM in Sudanese children.

Methods This a case–control study included 100 children with T1DM, referred to the pediatric clinic at referral pediatric teaching hospital in Gezira State-Sudan. Hundred unrelated healthy controls were recruited from departments in the same hospital. Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)-preserved blood using QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit (QIAamp Blood) (QIAGEN; Valencia, CA). The polymerase chain reaction PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and sequencing were applied for the CTLA-4 (+49A/G) genotyping. The changes accompanied the polymorphism were evaluated using relevant bioinformatics tools.

Results The genotype and allele frequencies of the CTLA-4 (+49A/G) polymorphism were significantly different between the patients and controls (p = 0.00013 and 0.0002, respectively). In particular, the frequency of the G allele, GG homozygous genotype, and AG heterozygous genotype were significantly increased in patients than in controls ([28% versus 7%, odds ratio (OR) = 5.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.77–9.65, p = 0.00] [12% versus 2%, OR = 6.68, CI = 1.46–30.69, p = 0.01] [32% versus 10%, OR = 4.24, CI = 1.95–9.21, p = 0.00], respectively). The presence of the G allele (homozygous) showed an influence on the signal peptide polarity, hydrophobicity, and α-helix propensity of the CTLA-protein.

Conclusion The results further support the association of CTLA-4 (+49A/G) polymorphism and the risk of T1DM in our study population.
Two-Dimensional Conjugated Covalent Organic Framework Films via Oxidative C–C Coupling Reactions at a Liquid–Liquid Interface
Authors: Wu Shaofei , Phan Hoa , Li Jing , Xu Haomin , Li Xing , Wang Dingguan , Herng Tun Seng , Han Yi , Wee Andrew , Ding Jun , Lu Jiong , Wu Jishan
Published: February 2021

The construction of conjugated covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with strong C–C bond linkage remains a big challenge. Herein, we report a new strategy by using an oxidative C–C coupling reaction between electron-rich pyrrole rings at a liquid–liquid interface. Two threefold symmetric monomers containing three terminal pyrrole units were tested, and both gave two-dimensional conjugated COF films with good crystallinity. The bipyrrole units in the as-formed COFs are partially doped, which can be reduced to the neutral form by hydrazine and redoped by I2 vapor. The I2-doped films showed high conductivity (1.35 S/m). Meanwhile, the unpaired electrons exhibited moderate interlayer antiferromagnetic coupling.
Ultracold neutron properties of the Eljen-299-02D deuterated scintillator
Authors: Tang Z. , Watkins E. B. , Clayton S. M. , Currie S. A. , Fellers D. E. , Hassan Md. T. , Hooks D. E. , Ito T. M. , Lawrence S. K. , MacDonald S. W. T. , Makela M. , Morris C. L. , Neukirch L. P. , Saunders A. , O’Shaughnessy C. M. , Cude-Woods C. , Choi J. H. , Young A. R. , Zeck B. A. , Gonzalez F. , Liu C. Y. , Floyd N. C. , Hickerson K. P. , Holley A. T. , Johnson B. A. , Lambert J. C. , Pattie R. W.
Published: February 2021

In this paper, we report studies of the Fermi potential and loss per bounce of ultracold neutrons (UCNs) on a deuterated scintillator (Eljen-299-02D). These UCN properties of the scintillator enable its use in a wide variety of applications in fundamental neutron research.
Suppression of the regrowth interface leakage current in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs by unactivated Mg doped GaN layer
Authors: Liu T. , Watanabe H. , Nitta S. , Wang J. , Yu G. , Ando Y. , Honda Y. , Amano H. , Tanaka A. , Koide Y.
Published: February 2021

The leakage current caused by the Si pileup at the regrowth interface of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) is significantly suppressed by the semi-insulating Mg-doped GaN layer. Mg is unintentionally doped and can be originated from the graphite susceptor of metal organic vapor phase epitaxy. Before regrowth of the AlGaN/GaN heterostructure, the GaN template is treated with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hydrogen peroxide/potassium hydroxide (H2O2/KOH) solution to promote the adsorption of Mg on the GaN surface. The Mg-doped GaN channel layer is highly resistive due to the passivation of hydrogen. The p–n junction formed by the weakly p-type Mg-doped GaN layer and the n-type Si pileup layer depletes the excess electrons at the regrowth interface. As a result, the off-state drain leakage current of the HEMT device can be decreased by two orders of magnitude at 40 V.
Origin of spin–orbit torque in single-layer CoFeB investigated via in-plane harmonic Hall measurements
Authors: Du Ye , Thompson Ryan , Kohda Makoto , Nitta Junsaku
Published: February 2021

The current-induced spin–orbit torque in single-layer ferromagnetic CoFeB thin films is quantitatively investigated by using in-plane harmonic Hall measurements. After the subtraction of thermal contributions such as the anomalous and ordinary Nernst effects, the obtained overall spin–orbit torque is successfully decomposed into damping-like (DL) and field-like (FL) terms. The DL and FL torques exhibit opposite trends of ferromagnetic layer thickness dependence before saturation, giving rise to distinctively different spin torque efficiencies: the DL torque efficiency shows a strong thickness dependence, while the FL torque efficiency is almost independent of the thickness. Such a result shows strong evidence that the DL torque originates from a spin-Hall-like charge-spin conversion in the ferromagnet, while the FL torque stems from interfacial effects such as the Rashba–Edelstein effect. With both DL and FL torques quantified in the single-layer CoFeB, our results exhibit an important step toward the understanding of nontrivial spin–orbit torques in single-layer ferromagnetic thin films.
Isotope-specific reactions of acetonitrile (CH3CN) with trapped, translationally cold CCl+
Authors: Krohn O. A. , Catani K. J. , Greenberg J. , Sundar S. P. , da Silva G. , Lewandowski H. J.
Published: February 2021

The gas-phase reaction of CCl+ with acetonitrile (CH3CN) is studied using a linear Paul ion trap coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. This work builds on a previous study of the reaction of CCl+ with acetylene [K. J. Catani et al., J. Chem. Phys. 152, 234310 (2020)] and further explores the reactivity of CCl+ with organic neutral molecules. Both of the reactant species are relevant in observations and models of chemistry in the interstellar medium. Nitriles, in particular, are noted for their relevance in prebiotic chemistry and are found in the atmosphere of Titan, one of Saturn’s moons. This work represents one of the first studied reactions of a halogenated carbocation with a nitrile and the first exploration of CCl+ with a nitrile. Reactant isotopologues are used to unambiguously assign ionic primary products from this reaction: HNCCl+ and C2H3+. Branching ratios are measured, and both primary products are determined to be equally probable. Quantum chemical and statistical reaction rate theory calculations illuminate pertinent information for interpreting the reaction data, including reaction thermodynamics and a potential energy surface for the reaction, as well as rate constants and branching ratios for the observed products. In particular, the reaction products and potential energy surface stimulate questions regarding the strength and role of the nitrile functional group, which can be further explored with more reactions of this class.
Preparation and characterization of core–shell structured FOX-7/F2602 PBX with improved thermal stability and reduced sensitivity
Authors: Yang Yue , Li Xiaodong , Zhao Yue , Han Yuanqi , Sun Yantao , Wang Jingyu
Published: February 2021

To improve thermal stability and security of energetic materials, the core–shell structured FOX-7 (1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene)/F2602 (fluoroelastomer) PBX (polymer bonded explosive) was prepared from recrystallized FOX-7 by a spray drying strategy. The morphology and crystal form of the recrystallized FOX-7 were retained, and the mean particle size of the FOX-7/F2602 PBX was apparently reduced from 39.72 µm of raw FOX-7 to 1.50 µm. SEM, TEM, and XPS analysis showed that F2602 was deposited on the surface of FOX-7 to form a core–shell structured composite. The formation mechanism of the core–shell composite was proposed. Compared with the recrystallized FOX-7 grains, the prepared FOX-7/F2602 PBX had higher apparent Ea and Tb, which signifies improved thermal stability and thermal safety. The impact sensitivity test showed that the critical height value (H50) of the FOX-7/F2602 composite had remarkable enhancement, indicating better mechanical security. This work provides a simple and effective method to prepare the core–shell structured energetic composite with enhanced safety performance.
Correlation between enhanced lattice distortion and volume fraction of polar nanoregions in quenched Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3–BaTiO3 ceramics
Authors: Wohninsland Andreas , Fetzer Ann-Katrin , Riaz Adeel , Kleebe Hans-Joachim , Rödel Jürgen , Kodumudi Venkataraman Lalitha
Published: February 2021

Quenching has been established as a viable method to increase the depolarization temperature in (100-x) Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3–xBaTiO3 (NBT–xBT). The proposed hypothesis of a stabilized ferroelectric order would entail changes in the polarized volume. To this end, air-quenched and furnace cooled samples of four compositions of NBT–xBT with x = 3, 6, 9, and 12 mol. % BT were studied. Upon quenching, all the compositions demonstrate an increase in the ferroelectric to relaxor transition temperature, TF-R, by 23–44 °C and enhanced lattice distortion. Resonance frequency damping analysis was utilized to measure Young's modulus in the temperature range of 25 °C to 800 °C and to estimate the volume fraction of polar nanoregions using a composite model. Quenching leads to an 8% decrease in Young's modulus, but to an increase in the volume fraction of polar nanoregions by 12% at 300 °C for NBT-6BT. Transmission electron microscopy investigations of quenched NBT-6BT reveal a combination of lamellar domains and more homogenous areas with nanometer-sized domains. The existence of lamellar domains in quenched morphotropic phase boundary compositions together with enhanced lattice distortion and a decrease in dielectric frequency dispersion substantiate the premise of a stabilized ferroelectric order.
Large amplitude slow ion-acoustic solitons, supersolitons, and double layers in a warm negative ion plasma with superthermal electrons
Authors: Mushinzimana X. , Nsengiyumva F. , Yadav L. L.
Published: February 2021

The pseudopotential approach is used to investigate the ion thermal and electron superthermal effects on the slow mode solitary wave propagation characteristics in a negative ion plasma, comprising warm positive and negative ions and kappa-distributed electrons. The Sagdeev pseudopotential for the plasma model is derived and analyzed in a systematic way. While it is well known that a negative ion plasma supports the propagation of the fast mode normal solitons, it is found that it supports, in addition to the slow mode normal solitons, the propagation of the slow mode supersolitons and double layers for high values of the negative ion density. The double layers occur as the lower limit to the supersoliton existence range and as the limiting factor for the propagation of normal solitons. When the relative temperature of the two ion species decreases, it is found that the Mach number range supporting the propagation of the nonlinear structures reduces, while the amplitudes of solitons and supersolitons decrease, and these effects are enhanced by the superthermal behavior of the electrons. The amplitudes of the double layers increase with a decrease in the relative temperature of the two ion species but decrease with an increase in the electron superthermality.
Enhancement of electromagnetic wave absorption in MnFe2O4 nano-hollow spheres
Authors: Mandal Dipika , Mandal Kalyan
Published: February 2021

In order to obtain a light-weight, stable, and cost-effective yet efficient electromagnetic (EM) wave absorbing material, here, we investigated EM wave attenuation properties of as-synthesized low-density MnFe2O4 nano-hollow spheres (NHS) in-detail, varying their sizes [mean diameter (in nm) of sample sets = 100, 220, 300, 450, and 550] within a widely used frequency range of 1–20 GHz. In addition to larger interfacial area and magnetic anisotropy of NHSs, multiple internal reflections in its hollow core promote better EM wave absorption. Therefore, tuning of NHS sizes is demonstrated as an effective strategy to achieve an excellent microwave absorber, and MnFe2O4 NHS of diameter ∼450 nm is found to exhibit a maximum reflection loss (RL) of approximately −52.6 dB, total shielding efficiency (SETotal) of approximately −39.5 dB, and a high attenuation constant (α) of ∼285 Np/m due to best impedance matching, |Zin/Z0| ∼ 1, along with significant dielectric and magnetic losses. Furthermore, a thickness-dependent study on 450 nm NHS composites reveals that optimum RL reached approximately −55.4 dB at 9.6 GHz for t = 5.1 mm with a broad total effective bandwidth (RL < −10 dB, i.e., attenuation >90%) of ∼3.7 GHz. Moreover, the analysis from the quarter-wavelength model for best matching thickness (tm) displays a good agreement between experimental and calculated tm values. This study presents optimized 450 nm MnFe2O4 NHS at much lower filler concentration (only 20 wt. % in the epoxy resin matrix) as a highly promising low-cost and light-weight microwave absorber suitable for practical high-frequency applications.
Compact high-current pulse generator for laboratory studies of high energy density matter
Authors: Gleizer S. , Maler D. , Flyat E. , Rososhek A. , Efimov S. , Leopold J. , Krasik Ya. E.
Published: February 2021

We present the design and parameters of a compact and mobile high-current pulse generator, which can be applied in the study of warm dense matter in university laboratories. The generator dimensions are 550 × 570 × 590 mm3, the weight is ∼70 kg, and it consists of four “bricks” connected in parallel. Each brick, made up of 2 × 40 nF, 100 kV low-inductance capacitors connected in parallel, has its own multi-gap and multichannel ball gas spark switch, triggered via a capacitively coupled triggering by a positive polarity pulse of ∼80 kV amplitude and ∼15 ns rise time. At a charging voltage of ∼70 kV, the generator produces a ∼155 kA current pulse with a rise time of ∼220 ns on a ∼15 nH inductive short-circuit load and a ∼90 kA amplitude current pulse in the underwater electrical explosion of a copper wire.
Tunable magnetism in ferroelectric
α
-In2Se3 by hole-doping
Authors: Liu Chang , Wang Bing , Jia Guanwei , Liu Pengyu , Yin Huabing , Guan Shan , Cheng Zhenxiang
Published: February 2021

Two-dimensional (2D) multiferroics attract intensive investigations because of underlying science and their potential applications. Although many 2D systems have been observed/predicted to be ferroelectric or ferromagnetic, 2D materials with both ferroic properties are still scarce. By using first-principles calculations, we predict that hole-doping can induce robust ferromagnetism in 2D ferroelectric α-In2Se3 due to its unique flatband structure, and the Curie temperature (TC) can be much higher than room temperature. Moreover, the doping concentration, strain, and number of layers can effectively modulate the magnetic moment and TC of the material. Interestingly, strong magnetoelectric coupling is found at the surface of hole doped multilayer α-In2Se3, which allows nonvolatile electric control of magnetization. Our work provides a feasible approach for designing/searching 2D multiferroics with great potential in future device applications, such as memory devices and sensors.
Viscuit and the fluctuation theorem investigation of shear viscosity by molecular dynamics simulations: The information and the noise
Authors: Heyes D. M. , Dini D. , Smith E. R.
Published: February 2021

The shear viscosity, η, of model liquids and solids is investigated within the framework of the viscuit and Fluctuation Theorem (FT) probability distribution function (PDF) theories, following Heyes et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 152, 194504 (2020)] using equilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on Lennard-Jones and Weeks–Chandler–Andersen model systems. The viscosity can be obtained in equilibrium MD simulation from the first moment of the viscuit PDF, which is shown for finite simulation lengths to give a less noisy plateau region than the Green–Kubo method. Two other formulas for the shear viscosity in terms of the viscuit and PDF analysis are also derived. A separation of the time-dependent average negative and positive viscuits extrapolated from the noise dominated region to zero time provides another route to η. The third method involves the relative number of positive and negative viscuits and their PDF standard deviations on the two sides for an equilibrium system. For the FT and finite shear rates, accurate analytic expressions for the relative number of positive to negative block average shear stresses is derived assuming a shifted Gaussian PDF, which is shown to agree well with non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. A similar treatment of the positive and negative block average contributions to the viscosity is also shown to match the simulation data very well.
Smooth, low rate, selective GaN/AlGaN etch
Authors: Beheshti Mohammadsadegh , Westerman Russell
Published: February 2021

The aluminum content is widely used in III-N semiconductors as a determiner of material etch characters. Applications consisting of thin GaN/AlGaN heterostructures can afford a maximum of 6 nm of a thin AlGaN layer over etch demand complex processes with precise low etch rates and low etched GaN surface roughness. In this paper, the effects of bias power and SF6 flow ratios on the chlorine chemistry etch rate, selectivity, and GaN surface roughness are investigated in a high-frequency bias generator and low power inductively coupled plasma configuration. Bias power and SF6 flow control the etch responses and are used to find the optimal spots for low etch rate, low GaN roughness, and high GaN:AlGaN selectivity for the fabrication of devices consisting of thin GaN/AlGaN heterostructures. The results are compared with the other selective gas chemistries and the more common 13.56 MHz frequency bias generator.
Accurate physical modeling and synchronization control of dual-linear-motor-driven gantry with dynamic load
Authors: Li Chao , Sun Yuandong , Pu Shiliang
Published: February 2021

To achieve high-accuracy tracking of a dual-linear-motor-driven (DLMD) gantry, high-level synchronization between redundant actuators becomes a non-negligible factor and also a difficult issue to be solved priorly. Especially, when both X and Y axes are simultaneously operating to accomplish complex tasks efficiently, additional coupling effects will be generated by the dynamic load presented on the crossbeam, which makes the synchronization issue more complicated than the case with static load. However, due to the absence of an accurate model to fully reveal the complete coupling characteristics, existing approaches to this issue still have inherent limitations. Therefore, this paper focuses on the systematic physical modeling and synchronization control of a DLMD gantry with a dynamic load presented on the crossbeam. A complete coupling mathematical model is established first, by fully considering two linear motions (X-axis and Y-axis) and also including the additional rotational motion of the crossbeam. Built upon the effective model information, corresponding solutions by compensating the dynamic load effects and actively controlling the rotational dynamics to regulate the internal forces have been proposed, leading to a novel adaptive robust synchronization control method. The results of comparative experiments verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method in dealing with the synchronization issue subjected to dynamic load effects.