bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systemic treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Aggarwal Manushi , Arain Abeer , Jin Zhaohui
Published: September 2018

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers with high mortality worldwide. Treatment options for patients with advanced stage HCC remain a great challenge. However, novel agents especially small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor and innovative immunotherapy demonstrate new promising therapeutic options for these patients. This review article summarizes systemic treatment options evaluated in HCC focusing on the most recently published data and ongoing studies.
Millepora species (Fire Coral) Sting: A Case Report and Review of Recommended Management
Authors: Kropp Lauren M. , Parsley Christopher B. , Burnett Omer Lee
Published: September 2018

Fire corals ( Millepora spp) are the second most common reef-forming organisms and are frequently found in tropical and subtropical waters. Fire corals are not true corals but rather hydrozoans more closely related to jellyfish and sea nettles. Rigidly affixed to the reef and with a branching structure, each fire coral is a colony of numerous individual hydrozoans forming a collective symbiotic organism. It is common for divers to accidentally make contact with fire corals. Fire coral contact is characterized by the immediate onset of burning pain caused by venom discharge from numerous tiny nematocysts located externally on the creature. Treatment consists of saltwater irrigation of the wound, nematocyst removal, and supportive care of the associated symptoms of pain, dermatitis, and pruritus. Rarely, fire coral can cause systemic toxicity. We present a case report of a 30-y-old recreational diver who experienced a fire coral sting of her left anterior thigh and review the recommended prevention and management of fire coral stings.
Opening new markets for clean energy: The role of project developers in the global diffusion of renewable energy technologies
Authors: Steffen Bjarne , Matsuo Tyeler , Steinemann Davita , Schmidt Tobias S.
Published: September 2018

As renewable energy supply chains have grown increasingly globalized, national clean energy transitions have become highly influenced by international dynamics. However, these dynamics are themselves collectively shaped by domestic policy that drives the deployment of renewables. While spatial spillovers of domestic renewable energy policies have been studied on an aggregate level regarding policy diffusion or the flows of technology across countries, implications on an actor-level have been largely neglected. This article addresses this gap by analyzing global patterns of market openings for wind, solar PV, and biomass, focusing on the role of private project developers in developing countries. We use a mixed method design, based on a newly merged dataset encompassing eighty countries, and on interviews with pioneering project developers. Results highlight how patterns in market openings are shaped considerably by technology characteristics. Further, empirical results show international private developers are a key first mover in many developing countries. We explore drivers for this internationalization trend, including the impact of international developers' home country policies and the accumulation of tacit knowledge from home country markets for market openings abroad. Finally, we discuss implications for industrial policy and argue for further research on global spillovers of national policies on the actor-level.
Application of a fluorescent marker with quantitative bioburden methods to assess cleanliness
Authors: Hung I-Chen , Chang Hao-Yuan , Cheng Aristine , Chen An-Chi , Ting Ling , Chen Mei-Wen , Lai Yeur-Hur , Sheng Wang-Huei
Published: September 2018

Background

Improvement of environmental cleaning in hospitals has been shown to decrease in-hospital cross transmission of pathogens. Several objective methods, including aerobic colony counts (ACCs), the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence assay, and the fluorescent marker method have been developed to assess cleanliness. However, the standard interpretation of cleanliness using the fluorescent marker method remains uncertain.

Objective

To assess the fluorescent marker method as a tool for determining the effectiveness of hospital cleaning.

Design

A prospective survey study.

Setting

An academic medical center.

Methods

The same 10 high-touch surfaces were tested after each terminal cleaning using (1) the fluorescent marker method, (2) the ATP assay, and (3) the ACC method. Using the fluorescent marker method under study, surfaces were classified as totally clean, partially clean, or not clean. The ACC method was used as the standard for comparison.

Results

According to the fluorescent marker method, of the 830 high-touch surfaces, 321 surfaces (38.7%) were totally clean (TC group), 84 surfaces (10.1%) were partially clean (PC group), and 425 surfaces (51.2%) were not clean (NC group). The TC group had significantly lower ATP and ACC values (mean ± SD, 428.7 ± 1,180.0 relative light units [RLU] and 15.6 ± 77.3 colony forming units [CFU]/100 cm2) than the PC group (1,386.8 ± 2,434.0 RLU and 34.9 ± 87.2 CFU/100 cm2) and the NC group (1,132.9 ± 2,976.1 RLU and 46.8 ± 119.2 CFU/100 cm2).

Conclusions

The fluorescent marker method provided a simple, reliable, and real-time assessment of environmental cleaning in hospitals. Our results indicate that only a surface determined to be totally clean using the fluorescent marker method could be considered clean.
Unsophisticated and naive? Fragmenting monolithic understandings of Islam
Authors: Syed Jawad , Pio Edwina
Published: September 2018

Mainstream academic literature and media use the word ‘Islam’ or ‘Muslim’ in a monolithic manner that implies internal homogeneity. However, the Islamic faith is subject to multiple interpretations, with multiple types of Muslims who practice Islam based on their ideological interpretations, sect, ethnicity and gender. Drawing on a review of literatures on Islam and Muslims from diverse fields such as religion, gender, diversity and extremism, we present a taxonomy of different types of Muslims, and highlight implications for management, organizations and governance. We trace ideological sources of divergence among variants of Islam and analyze how certain doctrinal and jurisprudential associations may reflect intolerance and extremism.
Timing of post-resistance exercise nutrient ingestion: effects on gastric emptying and glucose and amino acid responses in humans
Authors: Kashima Hideaki , Sugimura Kana , Taniyawa Kana , Kondo Rumi , Endo Masako Yamaoka , Tanimoto Shota , Kobayashi Toshio , Miura Akira , Fukuba Yoshiyuki
Published: September 2018

This study examined the effects of post-resistance exercise protein ingestion timing on the rate of gastric emptying (GE) and blood glucose (BG) and plasma branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) responses. In all, eleven healthy participants randomly ingested 400 ml of a nutrient-rich drink containing 12 g carbohydrates and 20 g protein at rest (Con), at 5 min (post-exercise (PE)-5) or at 30 min (PE-30) after a single bout of strenuous resistance exercises. The first and second sets comprised ten repetitions at 50 % of each participant’s one-repetition maximum (1RM). The third, fourth and fifth sets comprised ten repetitions at 75 % of 1RM, and the sixth set involved repeated repetitions until exhaustion. Following ingestion of the nutrient-rich drink, we assessed the GE rate using 13C-sodium acetate breath test and evaluated two parameters according to the Tmax-calc (time when the recovery per hour is maximised), which is a standard analytical method, and T1/2 (time when the total cumulative dose of [13CO2] reaches one-half). Tmax-calc and T1/2 were slower for the PE-5 condition than for either the PE-30 or Con condition (Tmax-calc; Con: 53 (sd 7) min, PE-5: 83 (sd 16) min, PE-30: 62 (sd 9) min, T1/2; Con: 91 (sd 7) min, PE-5: 113 (sd 21) min, PE-30: 91 (sd 11) min, P<0·05). BG and BCAA responses were also slower for the PE-5 condition than for either the PE-30 or Con condition. Ingesting nutrients immediately after strenuous resistance exercise acutely delayed GE, which affected BG and plasma BCAA levels in blood circulation.
Combined influence of depressive symptoms and systemic inflammation on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: evidence for differential effects by gender in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Authors: Lawes Samantha , Demakakos Panayotes , Steptoe Andrew , Lewis Glyn , Carvalho Livia A.
Published: September 2018

Background

Depressive symptoms and inflammation are risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. We investigated the combined association of these factors with the prediction of CVD and all-cause mortality in a representative cohort of older men and women.

Methods

We measured C-reactive protein (CRP) and depressive symptoms in 5328 men and women aged 52–89 years in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Depressive symptoms were measured using the eight-item Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. CRP was analysed from peripheral blood. Mortality was ascertained from national registers and associations with depressive symptoms and inflammation were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models.

Results

We identified 112 CVD related deaths out of 420 all-cause deaths in men and 109 CVD related deaths out of 334 all-cause deaths in women over a mean follow-up of 7.7 years. Men with both depressive symptoms and high CRP (3–20 mg/L) had an increased risk of CVD mortality (hazard ratio; 95% confidence interval: 3.89; 2.04–7.44) and all-cause mortality (2.40; 1.65–3.48) after adjusting for age, socioeconomic variables and health behaviours. This considerably exceeds the risks associated with high CRP alone (CVD 2.43; 1.59–3.71, all-cause 1.49; 1.20–1.84). There was no significant increase in mortality risk associated with depressive symptoms alone in men. In women, neither depressive symptoms or inflammation alone or the combination of both significantly predicted CVD or all-cause mortality.

Conclusions

The combination of depressive symptoms and increased inflammation confers a considerable increase in CVD mortality risk for men. These effects appear to be independent, suggesting an additive role.
Early change in reward and punishment sensitivity as a predictor of response to antidepressant treatment for major depressive disorder: a CAN-BIND-1 report
Authors: Allen Timothy A. , Lam Raymond W. , Milev Roumen , Rizvi Sakina J. , Frey Benicio N. , MacQueen Glenda M. , Müller Daniel J. , Uher Rudolf , Kennedy Sidney H. , Quilty Lena C.
Published: September 2018

Background

In an effort to optimize patient outcomes, considerable attention is being devoted to identifying patient characteristics associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) and its responsiveness to treatment. In the current study, we extend this work by evaluating whether early change in these sensitivities is associated with response to antidepressant treatment for MDD.

Methods

Participants included 210 patients with MDD who were treated with 8 weeks of escitalopram and 112 healthy comparison participants. Of the original 210 patients, 90 non-responders received adjunctive aripiprazole for an additional 8 weeks. Symptoms of depression and anhedonia were assessed at the beginning of treatment and 8 weeks later in both samples. Reward and punishment sensitivity were assessed using the BIS/BAS scales measured at the initiation of treatment and 2 weeks later.

Results

Individuals with MDD exhibited higher punishment sensitivity and lower reward sensitivity compared with healthy comparison participants. Change in reward sensitivity during the first 2 weeks of treatment was associated with improved depressive symptoms and anhedonia following 8 weeks of treatment with escitalopram. Similarly, improvement in reward responsiveness during the first 2 weeks of adjunctive therapy with aripiprazole was associated with fewer symptoms of depression at post-treatment.

Conclusions

Findings highlight the predictive utility of early change in reward sensitivity during antidepressant treatment for major depression. In a clinical setting, a lack of change in early reward processing may signal a need to modify a patient's treatment plan with alternative or augmented treatment approaches.
Revisiting ‘The Birth of Biopolitics’: Foucault's Account of Neoliberalism and the Remaking of Social Policy
Authors: GARRETT PAUL MICHAEL
Published: September 2018

The article charts the history and trajectory of neoliberalism provided in Foucault's 1979 lectures on ‘The Birth of Biopolitics’. In these fascinating contributions, first published in English translation ten years ago, Foucault identifies German and American forms of neoliberalism, defined in opposition to both the Beveridge reforms and Roosevelt's New Deal. In seeking to comprehend Foucault's articulation of neoliberalism it is important to locate it in the context of contemporary debates on the future of socialism and the reconfiguration of social policy. Despite theoretical problems with his account, the lecture series continues to aid our understanding of the contemporary evolution of social policy.
Latin American Realities
Authors: Shannon William V.
Published: September 2018

In 1943, Vice President Henry Wallace made a triumphal goodwill tour of Latin America and received tumultuous acclaim from large audiences everywhere. In 1958, Vice President Richard Nixon made a comparable trip through Latin America and his reception ranged from indifference to indignity.

The marked contrast between the two journeys is a fact of major concern for Americans. The decisive difference does not lie in die respective personal merits of Mr. Wallace and Mr. Nixon, although these personal qualities have some importance. Nor is it that Latin America in the past fifteen years has entered a quickened state of revolutionary change, although that is also true. The fundamental difference is not that Latin America has changed in the past fifteen years but that the world role of the United States has changed.
America's Soft Sell
Authors: Patterton Jack
Published: September 2018

The American Pavilion at the World's Fair here is officially controversial. President Eisenhower, described as “very irritated” at the bad notices our exhibition has received, dispatched George V. Allen, Director of the United States Information Agency, to Brussels to give him a personal report. The President's action made the adverse opinions expressed by many writers and private citizens returning from the fair a subject of official inquiry.

This controversy over our representation here has its ironic aspects. While everyone who visits the fair agrees there is much to criticize, little agreement exists on the basis for the criticism. Many vociferous attacks have been launched from assumptions that are questionable or even inconsistent.
American Promise and World Demands
Authors: Fitzsitnons M. A.
Published: September 2018

The question "What does America stand for?" ultimately asks "What is American Civilization?" Americans have usually replied with a confidence and oprimism that did not wholly mask uneasiness. In the American Republic's early days its citizens felt an urgent necessity to identify their new nation in the international community. A later history of uprooting and rapid change kept the sense of newness and the question of identity alive and quick.
Religion and the Bomb
Authors: Hartt Julian N.
Published: September 2018

In his article “Morality and Modern War,” published last December, John Courtney Murray anatomized several of the central elements of the problem—and he did it in his characteristically clear and coolheaded way. Beyond this, he argued that there is a sane middle ground between the extremes of pacifism and bellicism, and that the health of the nations demand that they occupy this middle ground. I have no inclination to part company with Father Murray's judiciousness and perceptiveness, in order to traffic either with sentimentalists or with cynics, with those who piously believe that love can dispense with force or with those who scornfully believe that love, and even justice, merely complicate the efficient and decisive use of force in pursuit of national self-interest. Accordingly the questions which I raise here reflect, I hope, great sympathy for the stabilizing and moderating claims of reason, whose voice is too seldom and too impatiently heard in the land in our troubled times.
The Ethics of Calculation
Authors: Lefever Ernest W.
Published: September 2018

Last May George F. Kennan in The Atlantic (“Foreign Policy and Christian Conscience”) had some advice for moralists concerned with nuclear weapons and international politics. Much of his advice is good. He warns against “pouring Christian enthusiasm into unsuitable vessels † designed to contain the earthly calculations of practical politicians.” His lucid statement on the limits of the United Nations and foreign economic aid can help provide the basis for morally responsible support of these widely misunderstood foreign policy instruments. His comments on the moral ambiguities in the colonialism issue are timely.
The Moralities of Negotiation
Authors: Platig E. Raymond
Published: September 2018

Many well-intentioned people have long recognized the absence in our century of any effective international law, government and mores. They have also wasted a lot of time attempting to conjure up constitutional governments for the world, to codify, revise and extend international law, and to call forth a mostly non-existent world public opinion. In a world rent by such basic ideological and cultural splits as is ours, these efforts are foredoomed to failure.

The much more relevant question for one interested in peace in this nuclear-missile’ age is whether or not the United States and the Soviet Union can settle through negotiation some of the political problems of the Cold War. If they cannot agree to “live and let live” as sovereign states in a world of sovereign states, on what basis can we expect that they will engage in that much more intimate collaboration out of which mores, law and government can grow?
After the United Arab Republic
Authors: Molnar Thomas
Published: September 2018

The quickly resolved crisis of the so-called United Arab Republic has a few lessons for the student of Near Eastern affairs. The first is that the regimes erected on the ruins of British and French presence are not so stable as their improvised leaders pretend; the second lesson is that their policy of conquest or, rather, non-colonialism, carries in it the seeds of destruction; and the third lesson points to the great force of nationalism which in this, as in other parts of the world, is shaping the destinies of old and new peoples.

Judging by its aspects in the Near Eastern countries, nationalism is a complex phenomenon. In the eyes of the Egyptians, for example, the awakening is baptized by the name of “revolution,” although for the Western eye the country seems to dream the eternal dreams of the slow-rolling Nile. The catchwords on everybody's lips are “industrialization,” “unity of all Arabs,” and “Israel must be destroyed,” —a mixture of realism and illusions.
“Public” Ethics
Authors: Deats Paul
Published: September 2018

Fadier John Courtney Murray, in die May issue of Worldview, defined the real issue of "Morality and Foreign Policy" as die nature of morality itself. He defined die debate between die "old" and "new" moralities as an intramural one within Protestantism, and Protestant moralists are by definition unable to use the resources of natural law.
Ethics, Technology, and Nuclear War, I
Authors: Coffey Joseph I.
Published: September 2018

Archaeological studies indicate that human beings have killed each other during all the period of time that they have been on earth History tells us that wars have been waged for is long is records run. This penchant of human beings for conflict whether as individuals as members of social groups or as citizens of the communities which we call nations has been variously explained. Some have characterized conflict as a basic human instinct while others have extolled combat—and especially war— as ennobling the individual ind purifying the race. In more pragmatic terms war his been waged for territorial and economic gains and has been justified in terms of its contribution to the growth of peoples and the development of states.
The New Extremists of the Right
Authors: Horchler Richard
Published: September 2018

If the ultra-rightist balloon has not already burst, it is at least losing its air at a rapid rate. Together with the other ultra-right anti-Communist crusader groups, the John Birch Society has been condemned by every important political figure in the nation, even Barry Goldwater; by spokesmen and official bodies representing all the major religions, including Catholics, Baptists and evangelicals; by every newspaper and magazine that is not itself an avowed part of the extremist-right propaganda apparatus, even such as the New York Daily News and William F. Buckley's National Review.
CIA and the Penkovsky Affair
Authors: Blackstock Paul W.
Published: September 2018

In an enlightened foreword to the October 1963 issue of Holiday Magazine, an issue devoted entirely to Russia, the editors observed that “there is a constant pressure here by a loud and rabid minority, including many in high places, who want no words said or written about Russia unless they are loaded with hate and provocation.”

The editors could hardly have foreseen that some two years later, under C.I.A. auspices, the American public would be exposed to the so-called Penkovsky Papers (Doubleday, 411 pp., $5.95), a book which is literally “loaded with hate and provocation” and which unfortunately became a best-seller overnight. The book's appearance at a time when U.S.-Soviet relations were already strained over the muddled situation in Vietnam may be purely accidental or it may be simply another case of “the right hand of government not knowing what the left is doing” as was amply illustrated in The Invisible Government.
Christianity and Atheism: A Dialogue?
Authors: Riga Peter J.
Published: September 2018

In his first encyclical, Ecclesiam Suam, Pope Paul VI wrote that atheism “is the most serious problem of our time.” The reason is that an ideological atheism denies God and oppresses the Church, and that it is often identified with economic, social and political regimes, among which atheistic communism is the chief. Dialogue in such circumstances is admittedly very difficult, for any group which is persecuted seeks first and foremost its survival and the survival of values it thinks essential.

The Christian, however, cannot despair, for two reasons. First, he must seek out his enemy to do him good, to return benevolence for malevolence, to seek what binds and heals rather than what separates and destroys. The Christian knows that even when he must resist the injustices of his enemy there are bounds of morality beyond which he may not go; he knows he must never discontinue the sometimes discouraging attempt to seek peace and an atmosphere of trust and confidence.
A Search for Solutions
Authors: Moore Arthur
Published: September 2018

The far-from-new observation that conferences look remarkably different from the inside and from the outside was strongly reinforced in the minds of delegates to the Fifth World Order Study Conference held in Cleveland, Ohio, November 18-21, under the sponsorship of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. The six hundred delegates, consultants, and observers spent four days arguing a variety of subjects bearing such resounding names as “The Power Struggle and Security in a Nuclear-Space Age,” “Changing Conditions of Human Rights,” and “Overseas Areas of Rapid Social Change.“
General de Gaulle Among the Europeans
Authors: Molnar Thomas
Published: September 2018

One beneficial effect of Charles de Gaulle's memorable declaration on January 14 was that it clarified issues which were badly confused even in the minds of the politicians. The immediate outcry was, of course, tremendous, not only in die American and British press, but in the European capitals as well. Yet, as de Gaulle stuck by his guns and calmly went on to torpedo the Brussels negotiations, it became clear that he meant what he said; as always, one man's firmness—the press pointed out how rare this quality is today—obliges others to accommodate themselves to his views and will.
Ethics, Technology, and Nuclear War, III
Authors: Coffey Joseph I.
Published: September 2018

The dilemma which confronts us today is that to maintain the peace we must threaten millions of men, women and children with destruction. And if our efforts to maintain the peace fail, there is an increasing possibility that these people will form the only feasible targets for our retaliatory strikes.

Although there may be those who can face such a situation with equanimity, they are few and far between.
Wars of National Liberation: The Methodology of Christian Ethics II
Authors: Weber Theodore R.
Published: September 2018

The primary ethical problem for United States policy in regard to “wars of national liberation” is that of intervention, not war. To be sure, the morality of war must be faced together with the morality of intervention. But the basic question for the intervention is not whether morally it may use force and take human life, but whether morally it may exercise power where it has no authority. By what right does the United States seek to influence the relationships, structures, and focus of authority of another political entity—or evert of a nonentity in process of becoming an entity?

Justifiable intervention is an admissible—although limited—concept except to those persons who reject every unilateral use of national power, and to those who take an absolutistic stand in favor of the principle of non-intervention (and that stand also requires an ethical defense).
Dilemmas in Military Strategy
Authors: Bussey Donald S.
Published: September 2018

The classic conflict in society is between liberty on one hand and order on the other. The conflict has been made more acute by the challenges we face in the contemporary world, whether the challenge be that of automation, the explosion of the new nations, or the problems associated with national defense in the nuclear age.

I wish to discuss some of the dilemmas that we face in military strategy, where—just as in the classic conflict between order and freedom—we are forced to choose between conflicting and sometimes incompatible objectives. The problem in both cases is to achieve the proper balance between desirable ends. It is my hope that by examining some of these hard choices, it will be possible to provide some insight into the considerations that enter into the development of national security policy.
Vietnam: The Shifting Contours
Authors: Porter Gary
Published: September 2018

The carefully graduated increases in manpower and in the intensity of bombing attacks and the wellpublicized U.S. diplomatic efforts for negotiations, make it appear—at least as I write this—that the United States is conducting in Vietnam a well-controlled and limited military operation.

This impression of limitation and control, implying as it does the discriminating application of military power in the service of political ends, is morally soothing. It is nevertheless an illusory impression which cannot avoid being exposed as the war progresses. For the underlying fact of the U.S. commitment in Vietnam is that its objective is no longer the politics of South Vietnam.
The Political Ethics of Dean Acheson
Authors: Gendler Everett
Published: September 2018

For some time now the going has been rough. The crest of one crisis is hardly followed by the trough of false resolution when the next billow comes surging along to pitch us sharply once more. And in such turbulent waters it is, of course, hard for those up on the bridge to spend much time or energy giving us below reassurance about crew, compasses, routings, or destination. A nice but vague, flow of words, sounding suspiciously pre-recorded, and that is all.

But now and then one comes down from the bridge, relieved of duties up there, and from him there are impressions to be had. Such is the case with Mr. Dean Acheson, and the impressions are far from encouraging.
Vietnam: Power and Moral Purpose
Authors: Sterling Richard W.
Published: September 2018

These comments were not inspired by the articles in recent issues of worldview, but they have, I think, a decided revelance. A Smith student told me recently of a Vietnam teach-in held cooperatively by Smith, Holyoke, Amherst and the University of Massachusetts. She discussed some of the speakers at this teach-in—among them a physicist, a professor of English, and a political scientist. The only trouble was, she said, the physics and English professors kept raising moral issues, and all we heard from the political professor in reply was power politics.

I think this remark highlights a very serious issue today in American discussions about Vietnam. If one side is talking only moral issues and the other talking only power politics, there is no true dialogue. People only end up shouting at each other.
Ethics in the Dirty War
Authors: Geyer Alan
Published: September 2018

In the days following President Johnson's April 7 Vietnam policy speech at Johns Hopkins University, it has seemed more difficult than ever to gain a morally secure vantage point from which to view American involvement in that “dirty and brutal and difficult war.“

There was a chorus of acclamation which included U Thant, the leaders of many nations, and a generous press. Joseph Alsop credited the President with a “great speech” of “noble aims, high aspirations, and warmly humane feelings,” the high paint of which was the quotation from Deuteronomy: “I call heaven and earth to record this day against you, that I have set before you life and death….“

Several days later, the morning mail brought the simultaneous complaints of Human Events and the Fellowship of Reconciliation against Mr. Johnson.
The Nuclear Obsession: V. The “Stately Minuet” of the A.B.M. Debate
Authors: Walker Jack
Published: September 2018

The currently emerging debate on the desirability of the U.S. undertaking to deploy an anti-ballistic missile defense system (A.B.M.) threatens to become the next national defense issue to have an impact on national elections. In the past we have all become familiar with real or alleged “bomber gaps,” “missile gaps,” and “conventional gaps.” The basis for all these “gaps” was a deep fear that potential enemies would subject ns to nuclear blackmail, or that our own failure to develop other kinds of military forces would require us to respond to any emergency with an all-out nuclear attack.

In an earlier essay, I pointed out how our obsession with nuclear war had encouraged us to discount the significance of conventional war. I want now to turn to an examination of how specific groups in the U.S. have changed their positions in recent years on the subject of defensive weapons. In doing so I have borrowed the term used in 1960 by Henry Kissinger to describe the shifting arguments of the Air Force and Navy.
Moral Concerns and Economic Strength
Authors: Mendelsohn Jack
Published: September 2018

"Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for you tithe mint and dill and cummin, and have neglected the weightier matters of the late, justice and mercy and faith " - Jesus (Gospel of Matthew)

"We cannot keep our moral convictions in one pocket and our thoughts and action about business and politics and social order and justice in another pocket quite apart."

-Bishop Arthur Lichtcnberger

Past Presiding Bishop

Episcopal Church, U.S.A.

Should churches, to the extent that they have economic muscle, use it to attack specific social evils and to support specific ethical ideals? The deepening involvement of religions bodies in social problems has brought them face to face with an old quandry in a new guise.’ Are there really two realms, God's and Mammon's, or is there only one a kingdom of heaven on earth to be established at least in part by judicious combinations of moral right and economic might?
Shahbandars in The Archipelago
Authors: Purbatjaraka Purnadi
Published: September 2018

Stimulated by the publications of Moreland and Blagden who have both discussed the institution of the Shahbandar, this paper presents the results of some further research on this subject. It gives special attention to some specific points, such as the origin of the institution in the Archipelago and the functions of the Shahbandar from the view-point of international relations, i.e. his dealings with foreigners and foreign powers.
Pacifism: The Dynamics of Dissent
Authors: Egan Edmund J.
Published: September 2018

In the current wave of conscientious objection, draft refusal, pacifism, crypto-pacifism and simple concern with war and morality, it is noteworthy that informed discussion of “just war” theory has been at a minimum, Tiiis fact is worth examining within a somewhat wider philosophical dimension than is perhaps customary.

The notion of “just war” represents an aspect of classical, even Hellenic ethical theory. In it the emphasis is macrocosmic, taking as its starting point the community considered as an organic whole, and seeking the “common good” of that community. This search for “common good” necessarily entails a balancing of claims, rights and needs. Historically, such a calculus has for its goal a benevolent reasonableness in the society, a quality that has generally been termed justice.
Communism, Revolution and the Third World
Authors: Blackstock Paul W.
Published: September 2018

The classical cold war period began with the founding of the Cominform in the fall of 1947 and ended with the death of Stalin in June, 1953. But, as the Soviet poet Yevtushenko has observed, “Stalin's Heirs” are still very much with us; not only Soviet but also U.S. policy is heavily burdened with the Stalinist heritage of the cold war period.

For the USSR the Geneva Summit Conference cleared the way for the 1956 20th Party Congress and the new General Line which recognized that in a world threatened with thermonuclear holocaust, coexistence is better thari no-existence, and that war —meaning general war—is no longer inevitable.
Civil Disobedience and the State
Authors: Quade Quentin L.
Published: September 2018

It stems true to say that on the matter of war all Christians travel a
common path-—a pith recognizing the sacredness the high value of life and
the awfulness of life-taking—until they come to a fork in that road with one
route being pacifism and the other being thf acceptance of war as a
sometimes just act. The essential meaning of Just War theory is portrayed by
the second path it is in assertion that under some circumstances war mil be
a justifiable enterprise for the Christian. To say that war's justice or
lack there of cannot be known a priori but only after the
examination of the values at stake and an assessment of circumstances and
thereby to place war along with other classes of human action under the
aegis of prudence—that is the basis of the Just War position.
Religion, Moral Authority, and Intervention
Authors: Quade Quentin L.
Published: September 2018

If one believes in the universal brotherhood of man, the idea of a world polity—long available in history—is becoming today more desirable, more feasible and more urgent. But the question then arises: how can I help achieve justice with and among my international brothers, realizing that the nation-state presently and necessarily is the primary vehicle for international actions? How can religion and moral authority contribute to this objective?
Notes on a Tradition
Authors: Lynd Staughton
Published: September 2018

When the “Fort Hood Three” announced their intention to refuse to serve in Vietnam because the war, in their conscientious judgment, was immoral, illegal, and unjust, a spokesman for the Pentagon condemned them on the ground that they could have applied for conscientious objector status before induction.

But under present Selective Service law the Fort Hood Three could not have applied for conscientious objector status, because they are not pacifists. I believe that most American young men who refuse to serve in Vietnam are in the same position: they are not conscientiously opposed to all wars, but they are conscientiously opposed to this war.
Discretionary Armed Service
Authors: Ramsey Paul
Published: September 2018

“Is military service in this country's armed forces an option exercisable solely at the discretion of the individual?”

A quick answer to this question would be to say: “That depends on his discretion.”

This is to say that whether an individual is apt rightfully to exercise the choice extended him by a system of optional service would depend on how his conscience — his discretion — has been formed and informed. Moreover, whether any government in securing the political common good could ever grant armed service at the discretion of individuals depends on whether the citizens of a nation are more like Socrates, who while suffering imprisonment and death for conscience's sake still effectually acknowledged “the conscience of the laws,” than they are like Sophists putting in individualistic claims that their own subjective opinion is the measure of truth.
Moral Objection and Political Opposition
Authors: Harrington Michael
Published: September 2018

The remarks on conscientious objection in the Freedom House statement do not clarify a complicated, difficult subject. Indeed, I think they reduce an important complexity to a polemical simplicity.

One of the “fantasies” which Freedom House objects to — and which it attributes by implication to the anti-war movement on the issue of Vietnam — is the notion “that military service in this country's armed forces is an option exercisable solely at the discretion of the individual.”
The Nuclear Obsession: IV. Military “Efficiency”
Authors: Walker Jack
Published: September 2018

In previous essays on the nuclear obsession, I have criticized those whose horror of nuclear war seems to have impaired their perceptions of military and political reality. Such individuals and groups either look for abstract theories which promise that wars can be fought at minimum cost (perhaps by mercenaries who are outside the mainstream of American life) or strive for moralistic declarations of intent designed to inhibit nuclear proliferation.
A New Pattern for America
Authors: Morgenthau Hans J.
Published: September 2018

Three historic patterns can be discerned in the relations America has established with the outside world. America has offered itself as a model to the world, it has entered the world as a missionary, and it has confronted the world as a crusader. In recent years a fourth pattern has been added: America bestrides the world as an imperial power with global responsibilities. In the Spring of 1965, when I endeavored to define this new pattern of American foreign policy under the heading of “globalism,” a national newspaper refused to print my article with the explanation that there was no such tiling. In the meantime the ideologues of the Johnson Administration, such as Professors Brzezinski and Rostow, have confirmed my view. They have proclaimed “the American decade,” “a decade of opportunity and responsibility for the United States.”
Ethical Rhetoric & Ethical Reality: Vietnam and the Middle East
Authors: Derr Thomas Sieger
Published: September 2018

Both the long, unending war in Vietnam and the sudden, brief Arab-Israeli conflict continue to provoke strong — and diverse ethical assessments. In the blizzard of righteousness which is piling up around us we are told by many that the Johnson Administration is immoral, by others that it did or is doing the only thing ethical realism finds conceivable. Sometimes the judgment is made within-the framework of what is usually called “situation ethics.” sometimes it proceeds instead from an “ethic of principles.” From the evidence of the articles themselves the method does not evidently ordain the conclusion; or if it does, then there are some verv clever knaves at work twisting each method to yield the wrong answers.
Disarmament: The Great Misconception
Authors: Vieg John A.
Published: September 2018

As in treating the ilis of a single body, so even more in treating the ills of the body politic, one of the commonest mistakes "physicians" make is to waste time by concerning themselves with symptoms rather than with causes. This, in a nutshell, is what is wrong with the campaign to save mankind from war through disarmament. If a substantial curtailment of armaments could be accomplished, it would certainly reduce the incidence of death and destruction should a war break out. But it has almost no bearing, in and of itself, on the actual prevention of war.
Dialogue and Nuclear Conflict
Authors: Winter Gibson
Published: September 2018

Consideration of moral responsibility in nuclear combat has been caught between stupefied horror at the enormity of such conflict and largely hysterical protests by nuclear pacifists. Meanwhile, the large body of citizenry who entertain moderate views have found it difficult to formulate their feelings in a coherent way. Moreover, the technical discussions of nuclear combat, counter-city warfare, overkill, etc. have overshadowed moral reflection—particularly because technical discussion sustains an aura of secrecy.
Gandhi's Political Ethics
Authors: Power Paul F.
Published: September 2018

The centenary this year of Gandhi's birth provides an occasionJ to reassess the significance of the Indian leader. His political ethics and supporting notions about man and the state seem to me especially important in his teachings and practices. They have their weaknesses, but they should not be overlooked in any effort to reassess the complex and at times baffling Mahatma. Because Ganhdi's ideas about government and politics have been likened to those of Henry David Thoreau and Leo Tolstoy, his unique contribution has often been obscured. Gandhi borrowed Thoreau's term “civil disobedience” which the New England individualist had coined to explain his kind of opposition to the Mexican war and slavery. Yet there is a considerable gap between Gandhi's metaphysics and Thoreau's. As to Tolstoy, Gandhi's premises resemble some of the convictions of the Russian writer after he became a Christian anarchist. But the Indian leader placed more trust in the perfectability of public institutions than Tolstoy did. Without denying the utility of the frequent and inevitable comparisons, Gandhi's synthetic political philosophy is best seen by itself.
On Judgment Sans Understanding
Authors: Brandon Donald
Published: September 2018

James Reston wrote recently, “It is a time of strong passions and weak reason.” While one can hardly say anything but touché, could not the same be said of the whole Age of Conflict since 1914? The Time of Troubles which began with the outbreak of what was known before 1939 as the Great War has been characterized by many conflicts and crises, triumphs and tragedies. Vietnam, Nigeria, the Middle East, racial strife in America and elsewhere around the globe all are part of the pattern of this painful epoch of transition. Instead of putting these and other leading issues of the day in historical perspective, all too many leaders in this country have outdone the under-thirty set in irrationality.
The Restless American and a New Foreign Policy
Authors: Good Robert C.
Published: September 2018

I have been out of the mainstream of American life for four years serving in an active, yet very remote, corner of Africa, I have decided however to make virtue of incompetence and —- like Rip van Winkle — present a kaleidoscope of impressions on my rediscovery of a deeply changed America.

When I left this country there had been no Watts, no Newark or Detroit, no fires ten blocks from the White House or machine guns on the Capitol steps. Berkeley was just Berkeley, not a harbinger of turmoil to come. We were about to pass our most important Civil Rights bill and Martin Luther King's impossible dream was perhaps possible after all. Vietnam was becoming more serious, though hardly a national trauma.
The European Students' Revolt
Authors: Kortenaar Henry ten
Published: September 2018

There are countries in the world where students traditionally play a constant, or at least recurrent, role in national politics. This is, generally speaking, not the case in Europe. Part of the tradition of European universities is a disdaining aloofness from the surrounding society and its "petty politics." This tradition did not exclude endless and passionate theoretical debates on the "perfect state," with recurrent Platonic dreams of an intellectual aristocracy governing the lower race, but if did not encourage a student to "dirty his hands" with real politics. If some students betrayed their caste by getting involved in outside politics, they soon dropped out of sight of their colleagues, and, more likely than not, out of their, courses as well.
The “New Nationalism”
Authors: Denney George C.
Published: September 2018

Nationalism is of course a state of mind. It is a way of thinking which seizes a rather large group of people, usually all living in the same area, and causes them to consider themselves a nation; that is, as an actual or potential governing organization to which they give their loyalty. We continue to live in an era of nation-states. To give one's primary political loyalty to a sub-national group is to be provincial, to give it to another nation is to skirt being subversive, and to give it to a group of nations is to espouse supranationalism. In this context, what docs it mean to speak of “the new nationalism“?

There are many surprises in the use of the term “new nationalism.” It sometimes refers to nationalism typical of a new nation.
Anarchism, Violence and Civil Disorder
Authors: Blackstock Paul W.
Published: September 2018

The Liberal's Dilemma and the Anarchism of Youth. The sensitive individual in the Western world has nearly always been impelled to protest the injustices of. the political and social order in which he finds himself. For example, very early in life Stephen Spender observed that "to be born is to be a Robinson Crusoe, cast up by elemental powers upon an island," that "all men are not free to share what nature offers here … are not permitted to explore the world into which they are born." Throughout their lives they are "sealed into leaden slums as into living tombs." To this general awareness of the plight of the poor, the New Left in this country has added a sense of burning moral indignation that the colored minority has also been sealed into ghettos and deprived of civil rights and human dignity.
Human Nature and International Community, Part II
Authors: Tillman Seth
Published: September 2018

Of all of the activities in which the United States is currently engaged abroad, one of the few of which we can be unreservedly proud is the work of our Peace Corps. Tapping the idealism of the younger generation, disciplining it, directing it, and giving it concrete form, the Peace Corps has come to represent abroad something very near the best of American life and values and society. (I spent five weeks in the winter of 1966-1967 visiting Peace Corps volunteers in Latin America and came back a strong admirer of the Peace Corps, its philosophy and, most of all, of the volunteers.)
Philosophers and Public Policy
Authors: Murchland Bernard
Published: September 2018

When I first began to study philosophy, there was not much concern with its political implications. One thought of philosophers as being a few removes from the public forum, concerned with loftier matters, operating far from the untidiness of the social scene in a cool oasis where the imagination could play and consciousness unfold at its own pace. It was a pure world, to be sure, and the purist view is by no means an obsolete one. Just the other day I heard a well-known philosopher in heated argument with a campus activist say that the responsibilities of a professional philosopher end with his profession, that his political obligations qua philosopher were nil.