bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Celestina as Chameleon: The Early Translations
Authors: Kish Kathleen
Published: February 2021

Las traducciones antiguas de Celestina surgieron del interior de un contexto social dotado de una próspera clase mercantil internacional. Una colección ecléctica de inmigrantes a través de Europa apoyó la producción y venta de la Tragicomedia en multitud de lenguas, entre las que se incluye el español, durante 150 años. Este artículo proporciona una visión de conjunto de aquella historia para establecer por qué estas traducciones siguen siendo importantes: ofrecen indicaciones para la reconstrucción de la primera edición perdida en castellano e indicios para descifrar pasajes enigmáticos de la obra original, que permiten vislumbrar las culturas que las produjeron y enriquecen la experiencia literaria para los lectores de hoy. Como el camaleón, las traducciones antiguas generalmente procuran acomodarse al nuevo ambiente en el que se encuentran. De esta manera pueden considerarse como ejemplos de uno de los métodos principales de la traducción. Así contrastan con las traducciones que se esfuerzan por ser netamente auténticas. Éstas incluso demuestran, al fin y al cabo, que su fuente es inaccesible.
Lilit Pralor y La Celestina: un estudio comparado de la literatura amorosa entre Tailandia y España
Authors: Luesakul Pasuree
Published: February 2021

A fines del siglo XV y principios del XVI, cuando aún no existía ningún contacto entre Tailandia y España, surgieron dos de las obras literarias más importantes de la historia de la literatura de los respectivos países: Lilit Pralor y La Celestina. Partiendo de un contexto social y tradición literaria totalmente distintos, las obras presentan un paralelismo en el tratamiento de la historia del amor loco-ilícito, logrado a través del uso de la magia, que arrastra la vida de los protagonistas hacia el final trágico; comparten así, de manera sorprendente, importantes elementos argumentales, que revelan, a la vez, la universalidad y la singularidad de los aspectos literario-culturales de Tailandia y España.
Los prólogos en prosa de La Celestina
Authors: Morros Mestres Bienvenido
Published: February 2021

Rojas escribió dos prólogos distintos para cada una de sus versiones de La Celestina en los que tuvo en cuenta el prólogo que Eneas Silvio Piccolomini había escrito para su Historia de duobus amantibus. En el primero de los dos, se dirige a un amigo a quien dedica su obra para compensarlo de los beneficios que había recibido de él. En el suyo Piccolomini se dirige a su antiguo maestro de derecho para anunciarle que escribirá la historia de amor que le ha pedido, porque también se siente en deuda con él. El futuro papa Pío II sabe que su interlocutor le ha hecho semejante petición porque sufre una impotencia sexual a la que piensa poner remedio con la lectura de la obra de su discípulo. En el segundo prólogo, Rojas también satisface la demanda de los lectores más jóvenes de la Comedia al alargar por un mes los amores de sus dos protagonistas. A pesar de haber creado parte de sus respectivas obras como un estímulo al amor carnal tanto el autor italiano como el español les han dado un final trágico para disuadir a su público de que lo practiquen.
Amor, magia y tiempo en La Celestina
Authors: Sevilla Arroyo Florencio
Published: February 2021

«Amor», «magia» y «tiempo» son temas integrales en La Celestina gracias, sobre todo, a la magistral alianza que se establece entre los tres para llevar a buen puerto literario la intención última de la Tragicomedia. Concebida, ante todo, como magnífica y contundente reprobatio amoris, manipula con singular habilidad al tiempo y a la magia para arreciar la eficacia de la lección perseguida: el primero se comprime al máximo en unos cuantos días representados, mientras que se alarga implícitamente sin plazo, para evidenciar la precipitación vertiginosa del pecado amoroso; la segunda justifica, precisamente, la inmediatez de la caída pasional, agravando la culpabilidad de los intervinientes. Así, una comedia amorosa tan convencional como anodina, desemboca repentinamente, precipitada por las artes mágicas, en una tragicomedia admirable.
Enrique Fernández (ed.), Pornoboscodidascalus Latinus (1624). Kaspar Barth’ s Neo-Latin Translation of «Celestina», Chapel Hill, University of Carolina Press (North Carolina Studies in the Romance Languages and Literatures, 284), 2006
Authors: Doñas Antonio
Published: February 2021

N/A
La Celestina. Chamizal National Memorial xxxiii Siglo de Oro Drama Festival, March 5-8, 2008. El Paso, Texas
Authors: Weissberger Barbara
Published: February 2021

N/A
De posverdad, ¿que no tenemos nada que decir?
Authors: López-Borrull Alexandre
Published: February 2021

Hace unos días mi compañero Víctor Cavaller reflexionaba en un artículo en COMeIN sobre la posverdad. Ciertamente, desde el momento en que fue llamada palabra del año por Oxford Dictionaries entre todos hemos hablado bastante de ella. Recientemente, sin embargo, tras la victoria de Trump en las elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos, lo que gente como Michael Moore y otros anunciaban y los grandes medios de comunicación negaban, se ha dado a la posverdad un enfoque diferente. ¿Qué es lo que hace que pase aquello que no se ha analizado muy bien que podía pasar? Pues las noticias falsas, las fake news, y los algoritmos de Facebook y Google.
Información asimétrica
Authors: Cavaller Víctor
Published: February 2021

Hace dieciséis años, en el año 2001, los economistas Joseph Stiglitz, George Akerlof y Michael Spence recibieron el Premio Nobel de Economía por sus aportaciones a la teoría de la información asimétrica, concepto aplicado al análisis económico de los mercados. Información asimétrica hace referencia a la posición desigual en cuanto a la cantidad y a la calidad de la información disponible de las partes que intervienen en una compraventa de un producto o un servicio.
One-shot analysis of translated mammalian lncRNAs with AHARIBO
Authors: Minati Luca , Firrito Claudia , Del Piano Alessia , Peretti Alberto , Sidoli Simone , Peroni Daniele , Belli Romina , Gandolfi Francesco , Romanel Alessandro , Bernabo Paola , Zasso Jacopo , Quattrone Alessandro , Guella Graziano , Lauria Fabio , Viero Gabriella , Clamer Massimiliano
Published: February 2021

A vast portion of the mammalian genome is transcribed as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) acting in the cytoplasm with largely unknown functions. Surprisingly, lncRNAs have been shown to interact with ribosomes, encode peptides, or act as ribosome sponges. These functions still remain mostly undetected and understudied owing to the lack of efficient tools for genome-wide simultaneous identification of ribosome-associated and peptide-producing lncRNAs. Here, we present AHA-mediated RIBOsome isolation (AHARIBO), a method for the detection of lncRNAs either untranslated, but associated with ribosomes, or encoding small peptides. Using AHARIBO in mouse embryonic stem cells during neuronal differentiation, we isolated ribosome-protected RNA fragments, translated RNAs, and corresponding de novo synthesized peptides. Besides identifying mRNAs under active translation and associated ribosomes, we found and distinguished lncRNAs acting as ribosome sponges or encoding micropeptides, laying the ground for a better functional understanding of hundreds of lncRNAs.
An overview of Holocene climate reconstructions in northernmost Fennoscandia
Authors: Sjögren Per J.E.
Published: February 2021

An overview of climate reconstructions considering summer air temperatures and effective precipitation is provided for northernmost Fennoscandia. During the earliest part of the Holocene (11,700–10,000 cal. BP), temperatures rose rapidly and were followed by mild, wet and variable conditions. An early major warming peaked around 9500 cal. BP, although many records indicate that the main Holocene warming first occurred about c. 8000 cal. BP. The sub-regional pattern of climate change suggests a defining influence of the westerlies and the North Cape Current. Non-analog climatic conditions and lags in vegetation responses to climate change may explain some of the discrepancies seen in the early Holocene between proxies. In contrast to the perceivable variable onset of the main Holocene warm period, maximum temperatures are relatively consistent between the records, indicating temperatures 1.5±0.5°C above present. Precipitation was generally high from 10,000 cal. BP but decreased towards 8000 cal. BP when dry climatic conditions became predominant. After a stable period 8000–6000 cal. BP a gradual cooling was initiated, with a more abrupt period of change 4500–3800 cal. BP when the warm and dry climate of the mid-Holocene changed into the cool, wet and unstable climate of the late Holocene. Modern conditions were reached c. 2800 cal. BP. The Holocene Thermal Maximum may be defined several different ways: as temperatures distinctly above modern delimited to 9500–4000 cal. BP; as peak temperatures 9500–6000 cal. BP; and/or as climax vegetation in the period 8000–4000 cal. BP. Prior to 8000 cal. BP vegetation probably lagged behind the warming, whereas in the period 8000–4000 cal. BP an equilibrium between climate and vegetation was established.
Scoping review of distribution models for selected Amblyomma ticks and rickettsial group pathogens
Authors: Lippi Catherine A. , Gaff Holly D. , White Alexis L. , Ryan Sadie J.
Published: February 2021

The rising prevalence of tick-borne diseases in humans in recent decades has called attention to the need for more information on geographic risk for public health planning. Species distribution models (SDMs) are an increasingly utilized method of constructing potential geographic ranges. There are many knowledge gaps in our understanding of risk of exposure to tick-borne pathogens, particularly for those in the rickettsial group. Here, we conducted a systematic scoping review of the SDM literature for rickettsial pathogens and tick vectors in the genus Amblyomma. Of the 174 reviewed articles, only 24 studies used SDMs to estimate the potential extent of vector and/or pathogen ranges. The majority of studies (79%) estimated only tick distributions using vector presence as a proxy for pathogen exposure. Studies were conducted at different scales and across multiple continents. Few studies undertook original data collection, and SDMs were mostly built with presence-only datasets from public database or surveillance sources. The reliance on existing data sources, using ticks as a proxy for disease risk, may simply reflect a lag in new data acquisition and a thorough understanding of the tick-pathogen ecology involved.
Co-expression of 16S rRNA Methyltransferase and Carbapenemase in Multidrug Resistant Gram Negative Bacteria
Authors: Tipparthi Sandeep Kumar , Akula Swathi , Rajkumar HRV , Reddy A Ravishankar , Manderwad Guru Prasad
Published: February 2021

Introduction: The drug resistance caused by bacteria has complicated the fight against the infectious diseases and recovery of the patients from the diseases. Multiple mode of drug resistant mechanisms including epigenetic and enzymatic mode have been involved in the genesis of drug resistance leaving only fewer antibiotics for the treatment. Studies has shown the presence of 16S methyltransferase which is associated with carbapenem drug resistance. Early detection of different multimode of bacterial drug resistance helps in reducing the dissemination rate and treatment failures. Aim: To detect the genes related to the methylation mode of bacterial drug resistant mechanism including armA (aminoglycoside resistance methylase), rmtA, rmtB, rmtC and rmtD (rmt-RNA methyltrasferase) as well as genes OXA-48 (Oxacillinase), VIM (Verona intergron metallo-β lactamase) and KPC (Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase) in the production of carbapenemases and also to identify the co-expression of these genes in the gram negative bacterial isolates. Materials and Methods: Prospective study was conducted through application of multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)for detection of 16S methyltransferase genes including armA, rmtA, rmtB, rmtC and rmtD and carbpenemase VIM, KPC and OXA-48 genes, respectively. A total of 200 multidrug resistant gram negative bacilli were evaluated for presence of these genes. The antibiotic sensitivity was evaluated using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: The gram negative bacteria which were isolated includes Acinetobacter spp. 20, E.coli-85, Klebsiella spp.-55 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa-40 from several specimens such as urine, endotracheal tube-secretion, wound swab, sputum, pus etc. A total of 121 (61%) of the bacterial isolates were resistant to either gentamicin or amikacin and netilimycin and 50 (25%) bacterial isolates were resistant to either imipenem or carbapenem. A total of 48 (24%) isolates were resistant to both aminoglycosides and carbapenems. The 16S methyltransferase genes including armA gene was detected in 16 isolates, rmtB in 15 isolates, rmtC in 10 isolates and rmtD detected in 13 isolates The carbapenem genes detected including VIM in 20 isolates, OXA-48 in 25 isolates and KPC was detected in 13 bacterial isolates. Co-expression of both methyltransferase and carbapenemase were detected in nine isolates. Conclusion: The presence of multiple mode of bacterial drug resistance mechanisms including epigenetic and enzymatic modes have been found to be associated with resistance to different classes of antibiotics. The application of multiplex PCR helps in detection of multiple genes involved in bacterial drug resistance and helps in prevention of rapid spread of bacterial drug resistance and prevention of overuse of antibiotics.
Assessment of Psychomotor Skill using Mentally Guided Imagery and Physical Practice in Medical Interns- An Interventional Study
Authors: Anu S , Uwaraja N , Somaskandan R , Vairapraveena R , Jeyashree K , Ranjith VB
Published: February 2021

Introduction: Mentally Guided Imagery (MGI) has successfully been applied in sports for skill acquisition and performance enhancement. Despite the fact that athletes often use mental imagery as a part of their preparation, it has not been extensively explored as a learning technique in medical education. Few studies had highlighted mental imagery as a way to review and practice surgical skills efficiently. The present study aimed to assess the efficiency of intubation skills acquired through mental imagery in medical interns. Aim: To assess and compare the effect of Guided mental imagery and physical practice using mannequins on intubation technique among 40 medical Interns after seven days of training. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Emergency Medicine, Velammal Medical College and Hospital, Madurai over a period of seven days. Forty house surgeons were randomly divided into two groups. Group A (n=20) practiced MGI on intubation technique and Group B (n=20) practiced on mannequins one hour everyday for seven days. The performance of the students was assessed using a graded Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE). Results: Results of Group A and Group B were analysed and compared statistically using paired and unpaired t-test. Though there was significant difference between the pre and post values in the MGI group (p<0.001), there was no statistically significant difference (p=0.216) in the post-intervention scores between the Mentally Guided Imagery (MGI) and physical practice group. Conclusion: Guided mental imagery was as effective as additional physical practice for medical students learning to perform intubation.
Changes in Sleep Across Different Phases of Life of Medical Students and Impact of Home Confinement on Sleep during COVID-19 Lockdown
Authors: Kumar Shailesh , Mahour Jitendra , Arjariya Ravikant , Singh Jaidev
Published: February 2021

Introduction: Sleep is indispensable. The sleep habits changes with age and is influenced by external factors. The nationwide enforcement of complete lockdown lead to home confinement of all the students as classes in colleges were suspended on orders of the Government of India. Aim: To find out changes in the sleep pattern and quality in different phases of life of the students namely from school days, to college days and during the period of home confinement during COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire in the form of online form was shared with the students of MBBS first year in four Government medical colleges of Madhya Pradesh during nationwide lockdown on 1st May, 2020. The information about sleep pattern, usual bed time, average duration of sleep, sleep quality and student’s perception about adequate sleep during college days and during lockdown period was recorded. The statistical analysis was done by Wilcoxon signed rank test, and Chi-squaretest. Thesatisfaction with sleep quality was recorded on a five point Likert’s scale as very dissatisfied, dissatisfied, neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, satisfied and very satisfied. Results: A total 760 students participated in the present study. During usual college days among all participants, majority 373 (49.1%) of them had night owl type of sleep pattern. Maximum number of students 358 (47.10%) had morning lark type of sleep pattern during school days. The highest percentage of students 271 (35.7%) with no fixed pattern of sleep was observed during the period of home confinement due to lockdown. A total of 383 (50.4%) students reported that their average duration of night sleep during usual college days was six to seven hours per day. A total of 698 (91.8%) students reported that they are able to take adequate sleep at home during lockdown period. A statistically significant association was found between sleep pattern during college days and gender of participants (p-value <0.01). Wilcoxon signed rank test results showed statistically significant (p<0.001) change in number of students whose bed time changed during college days as compared to school days and during lockdown as compared to bed time during college days. Conclusion: In majority of the participants, sleep pattern changed to night owl type during college days from morning lark type during school days. The home confinement in lockdown period due to global viral pandemic has positively impacted sleep of students in terms of bed time, sleep quality and quantity.
Myroides causing Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection in Diabetic Patients: An Emerging Multidrug Resistant “Superbug”
Authors: Chauhan Kalpana , Chaturvedi Priyanka , Singh Ravi Pratap , Pandey Anita
Published: February 2021

Myroidesis a nonfermentative, gram-negative rod shaped bacterium which is an emerging multidrug resistant pathogen causing many serious hospital acquired infections like Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI). The authors report a case series (four cases) of CAUTI caused by Myroides species which was resistant to all tested antibiotics (ticarcillin-clavulanic acid, piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftazidime, cefepime, aztreonam, cefoperazonesulbactam, imipenem, meropenem, amikacin, gentamycin ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, colistin, tigecycline) and sensitive only to minocycline (minimum inhibitory concentration <1 μg/mL), in long-standing Diabetic Mellitus Type II patients. All the four patients were successfully treated with minocycline. Present cases highlight the importance of Myroides as a pathogen in Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in diabetic patients, especially in nosocomial settings which clinicians should keep in mind.
Transforming Activity Groups to Business Units - Emerging Fisherwomen Managers in Kerala, India
Authors: Salim Shyam S. , Shinu A. M.
Published: February 2021

The fisheries sector in Kerala, on account of its management initiatives on fisheries sustainability and fisher welfare, posses a unique example for the other coastal states. The state has pioneered many novel management measures and fisher welfare programmes which led to commendable socio-economic standards comparable even with the Western world.   Post Tsunami during 2004 in Kerala wreathed havoc in terms of inventory and human losses which led to the initiation of Society for Assistance to fisherwomen (SAF) under the umbrella of Department of Fisheries, Government of Kerala. Over the years SAF planned and implemented many flagship programmes among which Theeramythri was instrumental in empowering women. Currently, there are more than   1200 units providing meaningful employment to more than 5000 women.  The fisher empowerment improved considerably post joining SAF from 0.41to 0.64. The empowerment determinants included economical (30.7%), legal (22.81%), political (20.18%) social (14.91%) and psychological (11.4%). SAF envisioned transforming these groups from a mere activity group into viable business units with more financial outlays, repayments, commitment at self-sufficiency, getting more collateral financial support. In the mission toward converting activity groups into business, SAF provided additional fund on a short term basis which included revolving fund, technology fund and shift to business. The study assessed the impact of these funds in augmenting the performance of over 600 activity groups in Kerala. The results showed that both sale turnover and income increased consequent to receipt of additional fund. The repayment rates were also high at 80 percent showing promising future.
Market Strategies for Promotion of Millets: A Critical Analysis on Assessment of Market Potential of Ready to Eat (RTE) and Ready to Cook (RTC) Millet Based Products in Hyderabad
Authors: Pravallika D. R. , Rao B. Dayakar , Seema . , Chary D. Srinivasa , Devi N. Sri
Published: February 2021

Aim: To understand the millet product features influencing consumers buying behavior and to analyze the market potential for Ready to Eat (RTE) and Ready to Cook (RTC) millet-based products in Hyderabad.

Study Design: Experimental Design.

Place and Duration of Study: 6 months, Hyderabad.

Methodology: It attained the objective of analyzing market potential of millets (RTE and RTC) and also to determine the product features influencing consumer buying behavior, for which 120 consumers and 30 dealers of millets were interviewed through structured questionnaires. The results revealed that the majority of the sampled consumers are already acquainted with the consumption of finger millet, sorghum and pearl millet mostly during the Breakfast, Dinner and Lunch hours. Frequency of consumption was found to be more as both RTE and RTC forms, (46%), followed by staple grains (29%), only RTC (13%) and RTE (12%). Among all the influencing factors ‘price’ holds first rank followed by taste (second), brand(third), promotional offers(fourth) and packaging(fifth). Application of one sample t-test was done which presents that the average monthly expenses on millets were ≥ Rs.250. From the dealers’ data, it was revealed that the average price per unit for RTE is Rs.90 for the sampled millet products which were higher than that of RTC, (Rs.79.06) and grain form (Rs.77.77). By conducting a comparative analysis between the annual expenses of the consumer sample and the annual sales of the dealer sample it was found that the market has a huge potential which can still be penetrated and explored to build a lucrative market for millets in future.
Economics of Rice Production among Beneficiaries of Anchor Borrowers Programme in Gerie Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria
Authors: Bitrus A. , Yakubu H. , Patrick T. , Stephen S. F.
Published: February 2021

This study examined the economics of rice production among beneficiaries of the anchor borrowers programme (ABP) in Gerie LGA of Adamawa State, Nigeria. Multistage random sampling was employed to select respondents for the study. Structured questionnaires were the instruments used for data collection. A sample of 85 farmers was used for the study. Percentages, means, frequency, maximum, minimum, budgetary techniques and stochastic frontier production function were the analytical tools employed. The results of the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents revealed that the majority (76%) of the farmers was headed by males; most (72.8%) were within the age range of 30 – 49 years and majority (90%) were married. Results from the budgetary techniques showed that the gross margin per hectare was ₦75,087.4 indicating production of rice among the farmers is profitable since the gross margin estimated has a positive value. The result also showed that mean economic efficiency (EE) recorded was 0.67 (67%), with maximum of 0.94 (94%) and a minimum EE of 0.34 (34%) indicating that the respondents are not fully economically efficient in rice production in the study area. The major constraints faced by rice farmers in the study area were identified among others to be inadequate credit, limited farm size and high cost of transportation. Finally, it was recommended among others that policies geared towards investment in credit, land tenue and means of transportation towards achieving effective production should be formulated.
Analysis of Inventory Model with Time Dependent Quadratic Demand Function Including Time Variable Deterioration Rate without Shortage
Authors: Rahman Md. Atiqur , Uddin Mohammed Forhad
Published: February 2021

This paper deals with an inventory model for deteriorating items along with time dependent demand which is quadratic function of time. In this model, the deterioration rate follows deterministic deterioration which is quadratic function of time. Here shortages are not allowed. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate minimum total cost per unit time of the inventory model. The result are validated with the help of numerical example. The sensitivity analysis of the optimal solution with respect to various parameters is carried out. Finally the behavior of the relation between parameters and total inventory cost have been shown using figure.
In vitro Evaluation of the Fungicidal Potential of Aqueous and Methanolic Extracts of Thevetia peruviana on the Development of Rigidoporus lignosus, Causal Agent of White Root rot of Hevea brasiliensis
Authors: Mboussi Serge Bertrand , Heu Alain , Nsangou Abdou Nourou Kone , Ajebe Martial Douanla , Ntsefong Godswill Ntsomboh , Dooh Jules Patrice Ngoh , Ambang Zachée
Published: February 2021

Aims: The objective of this work is to evaluate the effect of (aqueous (EAq) and methanolic (ME)) extracts of Thevetia peruviana on the in vitro development of Rigidoporus lignosus.

Study Design: A synthetic fungicide (Onazol 100), two extracts at differents concentrations: C1 = 3.5 mg / ml; C2 = 7 mg / ml; C3 = 15 mg / ml; C4 = 30 mg / ml; C5 = 50 mg / ml and C6 = 100 mg / ml for EAq; C1 = 3.5 ml/ml; C2 = 7 ml/ml; C3 = 15 ml/ml; C4 = 30 ml/ml; C5 = 50 ml/ml for ME and a negative control (T = 0 mg / ml) were used.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in pathology laboratory at University of Yaounde I and IRAD of Nkolbisson in 2018.

Methodology: Daily measurements of the pathogen's development was used to evaluate the average growth (D) of the mycelium. The inhibition percentages of the different doses of EAq, ME and ONAZOL 100 were calculated after 4 to 5 days of growth of the fungus.

Results: The major result obtained compared to the rate of rot showed that the treatments EAq, ME (C6) and ONAZOL 100 were closed. The disease rates at different concentrations of C1 to C6 were 13.91 to 100% for ME, 9.34 to 100% for EAq, and 100% for ONAZOL 100.

Conclusion: The two extracts are promising, and on small and medium scale, could be an effective and cheap formulation for the control of Rigidoporus lignosus.
An Examination of Clan Names and Clan Praises as Anthroponymic Domains in Swati Culture
Authors: Thwala Jozi Joseph
Published: February 2021

The objectives of this study are to examine and interpret the meanings of the selected clan names and clan praises. Their sequences, laudatory and eulogic views highlight their significances and generic perspectives. In Swati culture, clan name is shared by a nuclear family and passed from father to sons. In patrilineal societies, clan names are vital for maintenance and sustenance of lineage hierarchy. Clan names are commonly called surnames. The prefix sur-in surname is derived from Latin, meaning super, above or beyond. The word, tibongo (clan names) is derived from the verb, bonga (thank; praise). The word, tinanatelo (clan praises) is derived from the verb, nanatela (be genial towards; show courtesy to and praise). Their anthroponymic domains are evident when they are used as address form. Each Swati clan name has a primary or main clan praise which is widely known by the society and almost equivalent to the clan name, for example, Matfonsi (Droplets) –Mjabulase! (Ever-elated one), Maphosa (Thrower)-Tsekwane (An owl) and Malindzisa (One who keeps others waiting)-Tfwala (Carry). In addition to the main clan praise, a number of secondary clan praise names follow and make a series of praise phrases. It is evident that all types of praises have their poetic features that are highlighted by bards, onomasticians, folklorists and oral poetry specialists.
Reforçar a identidade e a autoridade: as casas de courás libertos em Vila Rica e Mariana no século XVIII
Authors: De Castro Maia Moacir Rodrigo
Published: February 2021

O artigo acompanha um grupo de libertos africanos, nomeado nas fontes portuguesas como courás, couranos ou variantes, para entender como constituíram suas casas em dois importantes núcleos urbanos da capitania de Minas Gerais ao longo do século XVIII. A economia do ouro possibilitou uma significativa posse de trabalhadores escravos para alguns desses senhores negros. O estudo desvenda a origem desses escravizados e como muitos desses lares mantiveram uma estreita relação com o passado africano desse grupo. De forma comparativa e também conectada, percebeu-se como as duas povoações vizinhas possuíam grupos de africanos forros que, além da alforria, adquiriram bens: casas, estabelecimentos comerciais, minas de ouro e, principalmente, trabalhadores escravos da mesma identidade étnica.

Palavras-chave: diáspora africana | libertos | escravidão | identidade étnica | posse escravista.

 

Abstract:

This article discusses a group of freed African people identified in Portuguese sources as Courás or Couranos, seeking to understand how they formed their homes in two important urban centers of the Captaincy of Minas Gerais during the eighteenth century. The gold-mining economy facilitated the acquisition of significant numbers of enslaved laborers by black masters. The study examines the origin of these enslaved people and the way in which many of these households maintained a close relationship with their African past. Usinga comparative and connected approach, this paper shows that in both of the two neighboring towns there were enclaves of freed Africans who, in addition to obtaining manumission, also acquired various forms of property, including  houses, commercial establishments, gold mines and especially, enslaved people of the same ethnic identity.

Keywords: african diaspora | african freed people | slavery | ethnic identity | slave ownership.
História ambiental de comunidades mocambeiras na Amazônia durante a escravidão e o pós-abolição
Authors: Neto José Maia Bezerra
Published: February 2021

Resenha de:
DE LA TORRE, Oscar. The People of the River: Nature and Identity in Black Amazonia, 1835-1945. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018. 238 p.
Do Valongo ao Porto Maravilha: uma análise marxista da história do porto do Rio de Janeiro
Authors: De Paoli Paula
Published: February 2021

Resenha de:
GONÇALVES, Guilherme Leite; COSTA, Sérgio. Um porto no capitalismo global: desvendando a acumulação entrelaçada no Rio de Janeiro. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2020. 152p.
REMOÇÃO DE MATÉRIA ORGÂNICA E NITROGÊNIO EM REATOR HÍBRIDO ANAERÓBIO/AERÓBIO/ANÓXICO OPERADO EM BATELADAS SEQUENCIAIS
Authors: Callado Nelia Henriques , Chagas Heitor Carvalho de Almeida , Damianovic Marcia Helena Rissato Zamariolli
Published: February 2021

O crescimento urbano, sem o acompanhamento de sistema de esgotamento sanitário, induz a uma tendência de descentralização de estações de tratamento de efluentes (ETEs), visando à remoção não só de matéria orgânica carbonácea, mas também a remoção/recuperação de nutrientes. O nitrogênio, além de causar problemas de eutrofização em corpos de água, pode levar à contaminação de águas superficiais e subterrâneas por nitrato, cuja ingestão está associada a efeitos adversos à saúde. Este trabalho apresenta e discute o desempenho de um Reator em Bateladas Sequenciais (RSB), tratando esgoto sanitário, em escala de bancada, operando com ciclos de 24 horas, a fim de remover matéria orgânica e nitrogênio, tendo a fase de reação submetida a períodos anaeróbio, aeróbio e anóxico, com o intuito de avaliar o potencial de incorporação desta tecnologia como opção no tratamento descentralizado de esgotos em empreendimentos residenciais e comerciais. Os resultados mostraram um rápido estabelecimento de eficiência conjunta de remoção de DQO de 70% e de nitrogênio de 42%, mesmo sem utilizar fonte externa de carbono. Conclui-se que o RSB se apresenta como uma alternativa atraente para aplicação no meio urbano, minimizando os impactos de lançamento dos esgotos no solo, nos sistemas urbanos de drenagem, em corpos de água, bem como atende os padrões ambientais de lançamento.

 

REMOVAL OF ORGANIC MATTER AND NITROGEN IN ANAEROBIC/ANOXIC HYBRID REACTOR OPERATED ON SEQUENTIAL BATCHES

Urban growth without the accompaniment of a sewage system leads to a trend towards decentralization of effluent treatment stations (ETEs), aiming at the removal not only of carbonaceous organic matter, but also the removal / recovery of nutrients. Nitrogen, in addition to causing eutrophication problems in bodies of water, can lead to contamination of surface and groundwater by nitrate, the intake of which is associated with adverse health effects. This work presents and discusses the performance of a Sequential Batch Reactor (RSB), treating sanitary sewage, on a bench scale operating with 24-hour cycles, aiming at the removal of organic matter and nitrogen, with the reaction phase submitted to anaerobic periods, aerobic and anoxic, in order to evaluate the potential of incorporating this technology as an option in the decentralized treatment of sewage in residential and commercial enterprises. The results showed a rapid establishment of joint efficiency in removing COD of 70% and nitrogen of 42%, even without using an external carbon source. It is concluded that the RSB presents itself as an attractive alternative for application in the urban environment, minimizing the impacts of the discharge of sewers in the soil, in the urban drainage systems, in bodies of water and meeting the environmental standards of release.
Milliscale Substrate Curvature Promotes Myoblast Self‐Organization and Differentiation
Authors: Connon Che J. , Gouveia Ricardo M.
Published: February 2021

Biological tissues comprise complex structural environments known to influence cell behavior via multiple interdependent sensing and transduction mechanisms. Yet, and despite the predominantly nonplanar geometry of these environments, the impact of tissue‐size (milliscale) curvature on cell behavior is largely overlooked or underestimated. This study explores how concave, hemicylinder‐shaped surfaces 3–50 mm in diameter affect the migration, proliferation, orientation, and differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. Notably, these milliscale cues significantly affect cell responses compared with planar substrates, with myoblasts grown on surfaces 7.5–15 mm in diameter showing prevalent migration and alignment parallel to the curvature axis. Moreover, surfaces within this curvature range promote myoblast differentiation and the formation of denser, more compact tissues comprising highly oriented multinucleated myotubes. Based on the similarity of effects, it is further proposed that myoblast susceptibility to substrate curvature depends on mechanotransduction signaling. This model thus supports the notion that cellular responses to substrate curvature and compliance share the same molecular pathways and that control of cell behavior can be achieved via modulation of either individual parameter or in combination. This correlation is relevant for elucidating how muscle tissue forms and heals, as well as for designing better biomaterials and more appropriate cell–surface interfaces.
Poly(2,5‐Dihydroxy‐1,4‐Benzoquinonyl Sulfide) As an Efficient Cathode for High‐Performance Aqueous Zinc–Organic Batteries
Authors: Sun Tao , Li Zong‐Jun , Zhi Yong‐Feng , Huang Yin‐Juan , Fan Hong Jin , Zhang Qichun
Published: February 2021

Aqueous rechargeable zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) have attracted considerable attention as a promising candidate for low‐cost and high‐safety electrochemical energy storage. However, the advancement of ZIBs is strongly hindered by the sluggish ionic diffusion and structural instability of inorganic metal oxide cathode materials during the Zn2+ insertion/extraction. To address these issues, a new organic host material, poly(2,5‐dihydroxy‐1,4‐benzoquinonyl sulfide) (PDBS), has been designed and applied for zinc ion storage due to its elastic structural factors (tunable space and soft lattice). The aqueous Zn‐organic batteries based on the PDBS cathode show outstanding cycling stability and rate capability. The coordination moieties (O and S) display the strong electron donor character during the discharging process and can act as the coordination arms to host Zn2+. Also, under the electrochemical environment, the malleable polymer structure of PDBS permits the rotation and bending of polymer chains to facilitate the insertion/extraction of Zn2+, manifesting the superiority and uniqueness of organic electrode materials in the polyvalent cation storage. Finally, quasi‐solid‐state batteries based on aqueous gel electrolyte demonstrate highly stable capacity under different bending conditions.
Graphdiyne Ultrathin Nanosheets for Efficient Water Splitting
Authors: Liu Yuxin , Xue Yurui , Yu Huidi , Hui Lan , Huang Bolong , Li Yuliang
Published: February 2021

Graphdiyne (GDY) is an emerging 2D carbon material that exhibits unusual structures and properties. Therefore, growing heterogeneous materials on the surface of GDY is very attractive to achieve efficient energy utilization. Here, a simple method for the controllable synthesis of ultrathin charge‐transfer complexes (CTs) of nickel with terephthalic acid nanosheets on GDY is reported. This catalyst shows record‐high oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity with an overpotential of only 155 mV to deliver a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in an alkaline electrolyte. Density functional theory calculations reveals that a strong p–d coupling effect in the GDY–CT interface region enhances the overall electronic activity, resulting in fast reversible redox‐switching with a low electron‐transfer barrier. Experimental characterization confirms that GDY plays a key role in modulating the morphological and electronic structures to accelerate the OER rate. These findings are expected to contribute to the design of more efficient catalysts for the realization of efficient hydrogen energy technologies.
Multishell Nanoparticles with “Linkage Mechanism” for Thermal Responsive Photodynamic and Gas Synergistic Therapy
Authors: Zhu Jiawei , Wang Weili , Wang Xiaorui , Zhong Liping , Song Xuejiao , Wang Wenjun , Zhao Yongxiang , Dong Xiaochen
Published: February 2021

The strategies of combining photodynamic therapy (PDT) with other therapeutics are considered to be the most suitable methods in improving the antitumor therapeutic efficiency. Herein, a “Linkage Mechanism” strategy based on thermal controllable multishell nanoparticles (CuS@SiO2‐l‐Arg (l‐arginine)@PCM (phase‐change material)‐Ce6 (chiorin e6)) is proposed for combing PDT and NO‐based gas therapy. Upon 1060 nm laser irradiation, the PCMs will melt under the photothermal effect induced by CuS and the loaded Ce6 and l‐Arg can accurately release from the nanoparticles. Under further 660 nm laser irradiation, the released Ce6 will produce plenty of singlet oxygen (1O2) for PDT, while the generated 1O2 can oxidize l‐Arg to release NO for the synergy of PDT and gas therapy. The “Linkage Mechanism” can achieve precise release of the payloads under the control of photothermal effect at tumor site, and the chain reaction of PDT and gas therapy overcomes the problem of premature release of gas during transportation. Benefiting from the guidance of fluorescence imaging and second near infrared photoacoustic imaging by Ce6 and CuS, both in vitro and in vivo experiments present effective antitumor efficiencies. The nanoparticles provide new ideas for controllable release of drugs and the synergistic effect of multiple treatments, possessing great application prospects.
Chlorinated Spiroconjugated Fused Extended Aromatics for Multifunctional Organic Electronics
Authors: Meng Dong , Wang Rui , Lin Janice B. , Yang Jonathan Lee , Nuryyeva Selbi , Lin Yu‐Che , Yuan Shuai , Wang Zhao‐Kui , Zhang Elizabeth , Xiao Chengyi , Zhu Danlei , Jiang Lang , Zhao Yepin , Li Zhenxing , Zhu Chenhui , Houk Kendall N. , Yang Yang
Published: February 2021

The synthesis of a new molecule, SFIC‐Cl, is reported, which features enhanced π‐electron delocalization by spiroconjugation and narrowed bandgap by chlorination. SFIC‐Cl is integrated into a single‐crystal transistor (OFET) and organic light‐emitting diode (OLED). The material demonstrates remarkable transport abilities across various solution‐processed OFETs and retains efficient radiance in a near‐infrared OLED emitting light at 700 nm. Furthermore, the intermolecular multi‐dimensional connection of SFIC‐Cl enables the fabrication of a single‐component large‐area (2 × 2 cm2) near‐infrared OLED by spin‐coating. The SFIC‐Cl‐acceptor‐based solar cell shows excellent power conversion efficiency of 10.16% resulting from the broadened and strong absorption and well‐matched energy levels. The study demonstrates that chlorinated spiroconjugated fused systems offer a novel direction toward the development of high‐performance organic semiconductor materials for hybrid organic electronic devices.
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of cytotoxic activities of arylnaphthalene lignans and aza‐analogs
Authors: Ourhzif El‐Mahdi , Pâris Arnaud , Abrunhosa‐Thomas Isabelle , Ketatni El Mostafa , Chalard Pierre , Khouili Mostafa , Daniellou Richard , Troin Yves , Akssira Mohamed
Published: February 2021

A concise and versatile synthetic strategy for the total synthesis of arylnaphthalene lignans and aza‐analogs was developed. The main objective was to develop synthetic tactics for the creation of the lactone and lactam unit that would give access to an array of synthetic, natural, and/or bioactive compounds through rather simple chemical manipulation. The flexibility and potentiality of these new processes were further illustrated by the total synthesis of retrojusticidin B (13b), justicidin C (14b), and methoxy‐vitedoamine A (22a). In this study, a series of novel aryl‐naphthalene lignans and aza‐analogs were synthesized, and the cytotoxic activities of all compounds on cancer cell growth were evaluated. The target compounds were structurally characterized by 1H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), 13C NMR, infrared, high‐resolution mass spectrometry, and X‐ray crystallography. The IC50 values of these compounds on five tumor cell lines (A549, HS683, MCF‐7, SK‐MEL‐28, and B16‐F1) were obtained by MTT (3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) colorimetric assay. Five of the compounds exhibited excellent activity compared to 5‐fluorouracil and etoposide against the five cell lines tested, with IC50 values ranging from 1 to 10 μM.
Ellis‐van Creveld syndrome novel pathogenic variant in the EVC2 gene a patient from Turkey
Authors: Öztürk Özden , Bağış Haydar , Bolu Semih , Çevik Muhammer Özgür
Published: February 2021

Ellis‐van Creveld syndrome 10‐year‐old Turkish girl and her parents were first degree cousins. A novel pathogenic variant (p.Glu1178Glyfs*82) was detected in the EVC2 gene in patient. She had no peg‐shaped teeth, multiple frenula, and limb shortness.
Tension orbit secondary to a carious primary molar—A case report
Authors: Jaisani Mehul R. , Dongol Ashok , Acharya Pradeep , Yadav Anjani Kr , Pasvan Chandrakant , Rai Siddhartha , Pande Rikta , Koirala Bandana , Shah Shankar , Lavaju Poonam , Laverick Sean
Published: February 2021

Though rare, a pediatric dentist should have background knowledge of this kind of presentation which can greatly affect their patient's quality of life and leave them with a significant deficit at a very young age.
Azo compounds in the pharmaceutical context
Authors: Ducci Matthias
Published: February 2021

5‐Aminosalicylsäure (5‐ASA) wird aufgrund seiner entzündungshemmenden Wirkung in Arzneimitteln gegen Darmerkrankungen, wie z. B. Morbus Crohn und Colitis ulcerosa, eingesetzt. In unveränderter Form ist diese Verbindung in magensaftresistenten Tabletten enthalten, um die frühzeitige Absorption und anschließende Metabolisierung zu verhindern. Eine andere Strategie wird mit dem Prodrug‐Konzept verfolgt: Hierzu wird 5‐ASA in Azosalicylsäure, eine stabile Verbindung ohne eigene biologische Aktivität, überführt. Diese Verbindung wird dann im Darm durch bakterielle Azoreduktasen in aktive 5‐ASA‐Moleküle gespalten. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird zunächst ein Blick auf die interessante Entwicklungsgeschichte von Azosalicylsäure geworfen. Anschließend werden umfangreiche Anregungen (Konzept, Experimente, Modelle) gegeben, auf welche Weise diese spannende und fächergreifende Thematik in den Chemieunterricht der Sek. II implementiert werden kann.
Scheduled macroeconomic news announcements and Forex volatility forecasting
Authors: Plíhal Tomáš
Published: February 2021

In the world of finance, the volatility of asset prices plays a crucial role, for example, in portfolio optimization or the valuation of derivatives. Macroeconomic news announcements are among the most important factors that influence volatility in financial markets. This paper focuses on the effect of scheduled macroeconomic news announcements on the realized volatility of the most traded currency pairs, EUR/USD, GBP/USD, and USD/JPY, from 2009 to 2017. Realized volatility is analysed on a daily basis, and it is also decomposed into continuous and jump components that are analysed separately. We focus on out‐of‐sample forecasting and provide strong evidence that scheduled macroeconomic news announcements play a statistically significant role in volatility models. Forecasting accuracy is improved by up to 12.4%. These results are important for future practical applications in various areas of finance.
Head and neck surgery global outreach: Ethics, planning, and impact
Authors: Luginbuhl Adam , Kahue Charissa N. , Stewart Matthew , Curry Joseph M. , Weed Donald , Zender Chad , Netterville James , Zafereo Mark
Published: February 2021

Background

Head and neck surgical oncology and reconstruction are uniquely suited to address burdens of disease in underserved areas. Since these efforts are not well known in our specialty, we sought to understand global outreach throughout our society of surgeons.

Methods

Survey distributed to members of the American Head and Neck Surgery involved in international humanitarian head and neck surgical outreach trips.

Results

Thirty surgeons reported an average of seven trips to over 70 destinations. Identification of candidates, finances, on‐site patient care, complications, long‐term post‐surgical care, ethics, and educational goals are reported. We report a success rate of 90% on 125 free flaps performed in these settings.

Conclusions

The effort to answer the call for alleviating the global burden of surgical disease is strong within our specialty. There is a shared focus on humanitarian effort and teaching. Ethics of high resource surgeries such as free flap reconstruction remains controversial.