bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trophic discrimination factor of nitrogen isotopes within amino acids in the dobsonfly Protohermes grandis (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) larvae in a controlled feeding experiment
Authors: Ishikawa Naoto F. , Hayashi Fumio , Sasaki Yoko , Chikaraishi Yoshito , Ohkouchi Naohiko
Published: March 2017

The trophic discrimination factor (TDF) of nitrogen isotopes (15N/14N) within amino acids, between a stream‐dwelling dobsonfly larva (Protohermes grandis: Megaloptera; Corydalidae) and its diet (chironomid larvae), was determined in controlled feeding experiments. Last‐instar larvae of P. grandis were collected from the Yozawa‐gawa River, central Japan, and reared in the laboratory. After fed to satiation for 1 month, one group of larvae was each fed one living chironomid larva per day for 4 weeks, while a second group was starved for 8 weeks. The larvae were harvested at intervals and the nitrogen isotopic composition of glutamic acid (δ15NGlu) and phenylalanine (δ15NPhe) were determined to calculate TDF. The mean TDF of satiated and starved larvae were 7.1‰ ± 0.5‰ (n = 3) and 7.3‰ ± 0.5‰ (n = 5), respectively. Thus, the TDF for P. grandis larvae in this study was similar to that reported for other arthropods (approximately 7‰) and was independent of satiation or starvation. A previous study of wild P. grandis larvae, based on the δ15NGlu and δ15NPhe values, estimated its trophic position (TP) as approximately 2.0 ± 0.1 (n = 5), a low value close to that of algivores, although they are generally characterized as carnivores (usually accepted as TP ≥ 3). The TDF for P. grandis larvae suggests that their low TPs in nature were caused by incorporation of vascular plant‐derived amino acids (with a different δ15N profile from that of algae) and not by an unusually low TDF or by the effects of the satiation/starvation on amino acid metabolism.
Climate change induced molting mismatch? Mountain hare abundance reduced by duration of snow cover and predator abundance
Authors: Pedersen Simen , Odden Morten , Pedersen Hans Chr.
Published: March 2017

In northern latitudes, species that have adapted to snow cover by molting and changing pelage color will be particularly vulnerable to climate change, as predation levels may increase due to a mismatch with background coloration. Here, we investigated the synergistic effect of mammalian generalist predators (red foxVulpes vulpesand pine martenMartes martes) and the duration of snow cover on the abundance of a winter‐adapted species, the mountain hare (Lepus timidus). We analyzed 12 yr of data from 622 snow tracking lines in southeast Norway along a gradient in annual duration of snow‐covered ground. The mountain hare abundance index was positively related to the generalist predator abundance index, probably due to a combined numerical and functional response of the predators. The mountain hare abundance index was negatively associated with a short duration of snow cover, and this effect was stronger in areas with a high predator abundance index. Hence, we demonstrated a causal link between the mountain hare abundance index, predators, and the duration of snow cover. We expect declining mountain hare densities in the future caused by interactive effects of reduced duration of snow‐covered ground, potentially increasing generalist predator densities and the limited ability of mountain hares to adapt to the climate change‐induced molting mismatch.
The neuroprotective agent Rasagiline mesylate attenuates cardiac remodeling after experimental myocardial infarction
Authors: Varela Aimilia , Mavroidis Manolis , Katsimpoulas Michalis , Sfiroera Irini , Kappa Niki , Mesa Angelica , Kostomitsopoulos Nikolaos G. , Cokkinos Dennis V.
Published: March 2017

Aim

Rasagiline mesylate (N‐propargyl‐1 (R)‐aminoindan) (RG) is a selective, potent irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase‐B with cardioprotective and anti‐apoptotic properties. We investigated whether it could be cardioprotective in a rat model undergoing experimental myocardial infarction (MI) by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery.

Methods and results

RG was administered, intraperitoneally, for 28 days (2 mg/kg) starting 24 h after MI induction. Echocardiography analysis revealed a significant reduction in left ventricular end‐systolic and diastolic dimensions and preserved fractional shortening in RG‐treated compared with normal saline group at 28 days post‐MI (31.6 ± 2.3 vs. 19.6 ± 1.8, P < 0.0001), respectively. Treatment with RG prevented tissue fibrosis as indicated by interstitial collagen estimation by immunofluorescence staining and hydroxyproline content and attenuated the number of apoptotic myocytes in the border zone (65%) as indicated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Caspase 3 relative protein levels were significantly decreased in the non‐infarcted myocardium. Markedly decreased malondialdehyde levels in the border zone indicate a reduction in tissue oxidative stress.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrates a positive effect of RG in the post‐MI period with a significant attenuation in cardiac remodelling.
Applying the TOR(C)QUE in iNKT cells: A new twist in an old tale
Authors: Verykokakis Mihalis , Kee Barbara L.
Published: March 2017

The mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) protein controls the machinery necessary for T‐cell activation, differentiation, and memory formation, as a component of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2, which function both downstream and upstream of AKT. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a unique T‐cell subset that exist in a primed state, capable of rapid activation, and produce large quantities of cytokines. iNKT‐cell effector differentiation is dependent on the mTORC1 complex; however, the requirements for mTORC2 in iNKT cells have been controversial. In this issue, Sklarz et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2017. 47: 516–526] provide a careful analysis of the requirements for the mTORC2 component Rictor in iNKT cells, providing a new twist in this unfolding tale. The authors demonstrate that Rictor is required for iNKT‐cell proliferation and survival during the key stage of intrathymic expansion and that Rictor supports the development of NKT17 cells, an effector subset which depends on the transcription factor RORγt and produces interleukin (IL)‐17, in both the thymus and the lung. IL‐4‐producing NKT2 cells develop in the absence of Rictor but the cytotoxic potential of iNKT cells is Rictor‐dependent.
Biological soil crusts: diminutive communities of potential global importance
Authors: Ferrenberg Scott , Tucker Colin L , Reed Sasha C
Published: March 2017

Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) are widespread, diverse communities of cyanobacteria, fungi, lichens, and mosses living on soil surfaces, primarily in drylands. Biocrusts can locally govern primary production, soil fertility, hydrology, and surface energy balance, with considerable variation in these functions across alternate community states. Further, these communities have been implicated in Earth system functioning via potential influences on global biogeochemistry and climate. Biocrusts are easily destroyed by disturbances and appear to be exceptionally vulnerable to warming temperatures and altered precipitation inputs, signaling possible losses of dryland functions with global change. Despite these concerns, we lack sufficient spatiotemporal data on biocrust function, cover, and community structure to confidently assess their ecological roles across the extensive dryland biome. Here, we present the case for cross‐scale research and restoration efforts coupled with remote‐sensing and modeling approaches that improve our collective understanding of biocrust responses to global change and the ecological roles of these diminutive communities at global scales.
Characteristic trajectories of ecosystem services in mountains
Authors: Locatelli Bruno , Lavorel Sandra , Sloan Sean , Tappeiner Ulrike , Geneletti Davide
Published: March 2017

Intensification of land use and management over recent decades has resulted in trade‐offs between food or timber production and other ecosystem services (ES). Despite an increase in scholarly publications on ES, the temporal aspects of ES trade‐offs have largely been neglected to date. Here we explore how past and future land‐use trajectories (pathways of change) influence ES over time, using mountain landscapes as a model. Based on a synthesis of 51 cases of temporal changes in ES within mountain landscapes, we analyze how changes in land‐use intensity influence the supply of ten key services and we describe six typical examples (archetypes) of ES change. Our analysis reveals that land‐use intensity is an important factor shaping these archetypes. Land‐use intensification often degrades ES (eg recreation and water regulation), with the exception of services targeted by intensification (food or timber) and with differences between forest and agricultural intensification. Service degradation following intensification is not always reversed by reductions in land‐use intensity (termed “extensification”).
Gender difference in the association and presentation of visual hallucinations in dementia with Lewy bodies: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Chiu Pai‐Yi , Teng Po‐Ren , Wei Cheng‐Yu , Wang Chein‐Wei , Tsai Chun‐Tang
Published: March 2017

Objective

Visual hallucinations (VHs) are among the most striking features of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). We investigated gender differences in the association and presentation of VHs in DLB.

Methods

A cross‐sectional analysis of baseline data from a prospective, longitudinal study on dementia was performed. Cumulative frequency, 1‐month frequency, and phenomenology of VHs were summarized and compared between female and male patients with DLB. Gender differences in the factors associated with VHs were investigated in patients with and without hallucinations.

Results

A total of 152 patients including 65 (42.8%) women and 87 (57.2%) men were analyzed. The cumulative and 1‐month frequencies of VHs were 60% and 55.4%, respectively, in women and 44.8% and 41.4%, respectively, in men. Adjusting for age and disease severity resulted in the inclusion of more women in the VH group [odds ratio (OR) = 2.33, p = 0.028)] than in the non‐VH group. In female participants, older age (OR = 9.16, p = 0.003) and higher neuropsychiatric inventory score (OR = 4.89, p = 0.009) were associated with VHs, whereas in male participants, more severe dementia stage (clinical dementia rating 2–3 versus clinical dementia rating 0.5, OR = 6.22, p = 0.008) and higher rates of using antipsychotics (OR = 9.64, p = 0.047) were associated with VHs.

Conclusion

The frequencies of 1‐month and cumulative VHs were high in DLB, which indicated a high prevalence as well as a high persistency of VHs in DLB. The patterns of factors associated with VHs differed between female and male patients. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How task demands shape brain responses to visual food cues
Authors: Pohl Tanja Maria , Tempelmann Claus , Noesselt Toemme
Published: March 2017

Several previous imaging studies have aimed at identifying the neural basis of visual food cue processing in humans. However, there is little consistency of the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) results across studies. Here, we tested the hypothesis that this variability across studies might – at least in part – be caused by the different tasks employed. In particular, we assessed directly the influence of task set on brain responses to food stimuli with fMRI using two tasks (colour vs. edibility judgement, between‐subjects design). When participants judged colour, the left insula, the left inferior parietal lobule, occipital areas, the left orbitofrontal cortex and other frontal areas expressed enhanced fMRI responses to food relative to non‐food pictures. However, when judging edibility, enhanced fMRI responses to food pictures were observed in the superior and middle frontal gyrus and in medial frontal areas including the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. This pattern of results indicates that task sets can significantly alter the neural underpinnings of food cue processing. We propose that judging low‐level visual stimulus characteristics – such as colour – triggers stimulus‐related representations in the visual and even in gustatory cortex (insula), whereas discriminating abstract stimulus categories activates higher order representations in both the anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2897–2912, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hepatic mitochondrial DNA/Toll‐like receptor 9/MicroRNA‐223 forms a negative feedback loop to limit neutrophil overactivation and acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in mice
Authors: He Yong , Feng Dechun , Li Man , Gao Yanhang , Ramirez Teresa , Cao Haixia , Kim Seung‐Jin , Yang Yang , Cai Yan , Ju Cynthia , Wang Hua , Li Jun , Gao Bin
Published: March 2017

Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is a leading cause of acute liver failure worldwide, in which mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) released by damaged hepatocytes activates neutrophils through binding of Toll‐like receptor 9 (TLR9), further aggravating liver injury. Here, we demonstrated that mtDNA/TLR9 also activates a negative feedback pathway through induction of microRNA‐223 (miR‐223) to limit neutrophil overactivation and liver injury. After injection of APAP in mice, levels of miR‐223, the most abundant miRNAs in neutrophils, were highly elevated in neutrophils. Disruption of the miR‐223 gene exacerbated APAP‐induced hepatic neutrophil infiltration, oxidative stress, and injury and enhanced TLR9 ligand‐mediated activation of proinflammatory mediators in neutrophils. An additional deletion of the intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM‐1) gene ameliorated APAP‐induced neutrophil infiltration and liver injury in miR‐223 knockout mice. In vitro experiments revealed that miR‐223‐deficient neutrophils were more susceptible to TLR9 agonist‐mediated induction of proinflammatory mediators and nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) signaling, whereas overexpression of miR‐223 attenuated these effects in neutrophils. Moreover, inhibition of TLR9 signaling by either treatment with a TLR9 inhibitor or by disruption of TLR9 gene partially, but significantly, suppressed miR‐223 expression in neutrophils post‐APAP injection. In contrast, activation of TLR9 up‐regulated miR‐223 expression in neutrophils in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, activation of TLR9 up‐regulated miR‐223 by enhancing NF‐κB binding on miR‐223 promoter, whereas miR‐223 attenuated TLR9/NF‐κB‐mediated inflammation by targeting IκB kinase α expression. Collectively, up‐regulation of miR‐223 plays a key role in terminating the acute neutrophilic response and is a therapeutic target for treatment of APAP‐induced liver failure. (Hepatology 2017;66:220–234).
Low hepatitis B virus–specific T‐cell response in males correlates with high regulatory T‐cell numbers in murine models
Authors: Kosinska Anna D. , Pishraft‐Sabet Leila , Wu Weimin , Fang Zhong , Lenart Marzena , Chen Jieliang , Dietze Kirsten K. , Wang Cong , Kemper Thekla , Lin Yong , Yeh Shiou‐Hwei , Liu Jia , Dittmer Ulf , Yuan Zhenghong , Roggendorf Michael , Lu Mengji
Published: March 2017

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection shows significant gender‐related differences in pathogenesis, disease progression, and development of hepatocellular carcinoma. The gender‐associated differences in HBV replication and viral protein levels may be associated with distinct HBV‐specific immune responses in the host. In the present study, we examined the impact of gender on HBV‐specific immune responses in two different mouse models representing transient and persistent hepadnaviral infection; hydrodynamic injection with the HBV genome mimicked acute HBV infection, whereas the efficacy of therapeutic vaccination was studied in the woodchuck hepatitis virus transgenic mouse model. Consistent with previous reports, significantly higher HBV DNA and protein levels were detected in male compared to female mice. Although hydrodynamic injection with the HBV genome resulted in similar numbers of intrahepatic HBV‐specific cluster of differentiation 8–positive (CD8+) T cells, their functionality was significantly reduced in males and correlated with higher numbers of intrahepatic regulatory T cells (Tregs). Similar effects were observed in woodchuck hepatitis virus transgenic mice immunized with a DNA prime‐recombinant adenovirus boost vaccination protocol. Male mice showed functionally suppressed woodchuck hepatitis virus–specific CD8+ T‐cell responses in the liver and significantly higher numbers of intrahepatic Tregs compared to females. Blockade of Treg responses in male mice led to augmented effector functions of specific CD8+ T cells and subsequently improved virus control in both models of transient and persistent hepadnaviral infection. Conclusion: The functionality of virus‐specific CD8+ T cells in male mice was suppressed by intrahepatic Tregs and inversely correlated with levels of hepadnaviral DNA and viral protein; the induction of intrahepatic Tregs by viral replication and/or protein levels may explain the gender‐related differences in the outcomes of HBV infection and limit the success of immunotherapeutic strategies in male patients. (Hepatology 2017;66:69–83).
In vivo targeting of protein antigens to dendritic cells using anti‐DEC‐205 single chain antibody improves HIV Gag specific CD4+ T cell responses protecting from airway challenge with recombinant vaccinia‐gag virus
Authors: Ngu Loveline N. , Nji Nadesh N. , Ambada Georgia E. , Sagnia Bertrand , Sake Carol Ngane , Tchadji Jules Colinc , Njambe Priso Ghislain Donald , Lissom Abel , Tchouangueu Thibau Flaurant , Manga Tebit Denis , Waffo Alain Bopda , Park Chae Gyu , Steinman Ralph M. , Überla Klaus , Nchinda Godwin W.
Published: March 2017

Introduction

Targeting antigens to dendritic cells (DCs) in vivo via a DC‐restricted endocytic receptor, DEC205, has been validated to enhance immunity in several vaccine platforms. Particularly atttractive is selected delivery of proteins to DCs in vivo because it enables proteins to be more immunogenic and provides a cheaper and effective way for repeated immunizations.

Methods

In this study, we tested the efficacy of a single chain antibody to DEC205 (scDEC) to deliver protein antigens selectively to DCs in vivo and to induce protective immunity.

Results

In comparison to soluble Ovalbumin (OVA) antigen, when recombinant scDEC:OVA protein was injected subcutaneously (s.c.) into mice, the OVA protein was selectively presented by DCs to both TCR transgenic CD8+ and CD4+ T cells approximately 500 and 100 times more efficient than soluble OVA, respectively, and could persist for seven days following s.c. injection of the scDEC205:OVA. Similarly selective targeting of HIV Gag P24 to DCs in vivo using scDEC‐Gag protein plus polyICLC vaccine resulted in strong, long lasting, polyfuntional CD4+ T cells in mice which were protective against airway challenge by a recombinant vaccinia‐gag virus.

Conclusion

Thus targeting protein antigens to DCs using scDEC can be used either alone or in combination with other strategies for effective immunization.
Effect of fetal presentation on sonographic estimation of fetal weight according to different formulas
Authors: Shmueli Anat , Aviram Amir , Bardin Ron , Wiznitzer Arnon , Chen Rony , Gabbay‐Benziv Rinat
Published: March 2017

Objective

To compare the accuracy of various sonographic estimation of fetal weight (sEFW) formulas for breech‐presenting fetuses.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of sEFW performed within 3 days of delivery in a tertiary medical center in Israel between July 2007 and December 2014 was conducted. Breech‐presenting singleton fetuses were matched by sex and birth weight to vertex‐presenting fetuses. sEFW was calculated using 21 formulas. Systematic and random errors, proportion of estimates (POE) within 10% of actual birth weight, and reliability analysis were used to compare sonographic accuracy. The best performing formula was determined by Euclidean distance.

Results

Both groups contained 274 fetuses. Systematic error was lower for breech fetuses when compared with control fetuses in 17 of 21 formulas; there was no significant difference in random error between the breech and vertex groups. For vertex fetuses, Euclidean distance was smaller in 17 of 21 formulas, and POE within 10% of birth weight was higher in most formulas. Cronbach α value was higher for vertex fetuses than for breech fetuses in all formulas. The formulas of Combs et al. and Hadlock et al. were highest ranking for breech‐presenting fetuses.

Conclusion

sEFW might be more accurate for vertex than for breech fetuses.
Diagnostic performance of the Gynecology Imaging Reporting and Data System for malignant adnexal masses
Authors: Zhang Tan , Li Fangxuan , Liu Juntian , Zhang Sheng
Published: March 2017

Objective

To evaluate the Gynecology Imaging Reporting and Data System (GI‐RADS) for diagnosis of malignant adnexal masses in a Chinese population.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted of patients who underwent evaluation of suspected adnexal masses at a hospital in Tianjin, China, between January 1, 2015, and January 31, 2016. Ultrasonographic diagnosis was based on the GI‐RADS classification—a standardized summary of imaging data that estimates the risk of malignancy—and compared with the final pathological diagnosis.

Results

Among 242 patients, thick wall, solid papillary projection, solid area, central blood flow, ascites, and GI‐RADS classification were associated with malignancy (P<0.05 for all variables). The 263 masses evaluated were classified as GI‐RADS 2 (functional cyst; n=65), GI‐RADS 3 (benign neoplasm; n=68), GI‐RADS 4 (one or two morphological findings suggestive of malignancy; n=101), and GI‐RADS 5 (≥3 morphological findings suggestive of malignancy; n=28). Four malignant cases with false‐negative findings were misclassified as GI‐RADS 3, whereas 24 benign cases with false‐positive findings were misclassified as GI‐RADS 4. The sensitivity, specificity, false‐positive rate, false‐negative rate, accuracy, and Youden index of the GI‐RADS classification were 96.4%, 84.3%, 18.5%, 3.0%, 89.3%, and 80.7%, respectively.

Conclusion

The GI‐RADS classification performed well in the diagnosis of malignant adnexal masses.
Interplay between siderophores and colibactin genotoxin in Escherichia coli
Authors: Martin Patricia , Tronnet Sophie , Garcie Christophe , Oswald Eric
Published: March 2017

Highly pathogenic Escherichia coli strains that belong to the phylogenetic group B2 have developed a greater ability to acquire iron (heme receptor and numerous siderophores), to produce the genotoxin colibactin and to synthesize antimicrobial siderophore‐microcins. There is an increased prevalence of these E. coli strains over the last 30 years in the intestinal microbiota in industrialized countries. Integrating the regulation of fitness/virulence factors, such as siderophores, colibactin and siderophore‐microcins into networks that respond to specific environmental signals, such as the local iron concentration, could result in an accurate production of specific fitness/virulence factors, so that the E. coli can adapt to the competitive environment that is the gut and/or the blood. Iron deficiency is common in infancy, even in industrialized countries. Usual strategies for anemia correction are iron supplementation and iron fortification of foods. The long‐term consequences and risks associated with high iron supply in the light of this iron‐dependent network described in this review could explain at least in part the increased prevalence of E. coli B2 in the gut of people in industrialized countries. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(6):435–441, 2017
Copper metallothioneins
Authors: Calvo Jenifer , Jung Hunmin , Meloni Gabriele
Published: March 2017

Metallothioneins (MTs) are a class of low molecular weight and cysteine‐rich metal binding proteins present in all the branches of the tree of life. MTs efficiently bind with high affinity several essential and toxic divalent and monovalent transition metals by forming characteristic polynuclear metal‐thiolate clusters within their structure. MTs fulfil multiple biological functions related to their metal binding properties, with essential roles in both Zn(II) and Cu(I) homeostasis as well as metal detoxification. Depending on the organism considered, the primary sequence, and the specific physiological and metabolic status, Cu(I)‐bound MT isoforms have been isolated, and their chemistry and biology characterized. Besides the recognized role in the biochemistry of divalent metals, it is becoming evident that unique biological functions in selectively controlling copper levels, its reactivity as well as copper‐mediated biochemical processes have evolved in some members of the MT superfamily. Selected examples are reviewed to highlight the peculiar chemical properties and biological functions of copper MTs. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 69(4):236–245, 2017
The Daybook Defense: How Reflection Fosters the Identity Work of Readers and Writers
Authors: Vetter Amy , Myers Joy , Reynolds Jeanie , Stumb Adrienne , Barrier Coley
Published: March 2017

Classrooms play a large part in shaping youths’ identities as readers and writers. Due to the pressures of high‐stakes exams, for example, reading and writing identities are often defined by a set of academic skills that students can or cannot perform. Such rigid concepts of readers and writers often cause secondary students to believe that their literacy abilities are fixed (i.e., as struggling readers). This study explores how reflective conversations through a daybook defense (an oral reflective assessment for a writer's notebook) opened opportunities for students to redefine what it meant to read and write in two English language arts classrooms. Findings suggest that reflections opened opportunities for students to articulate behaviors of reader/writer identities and express beliefs about reader/writer identities. Implications suggest that such reflective opportunities can provide spaces for students to rewrite reader/writer identities in the classroom.
Serum galectin‐3 level as a marker of thrombogenicity in atrial fibrillation
Authors: Kocyigit Duygu , Gurses Kadri Murat , Yalcin Muhammed Ulvi , Canpinar Hande , Canpolat Ugur , Evranos Banu , Yorgun Hikmet , Ozer Necla , Guc Dicle , Aytemir Kudret
Published: March 2017

Background

Left atrial appendage flow velocity (LAAFV) and presence of spontaneous echo contrast (SEC) have been reported to be predictors of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. Galectin‐3 is a biomarker reflecting pro‐inflammatory status, whose role in AF has recently drawn attention, particularly in persistent AF population.

Aim

In this study we aimed to investigate the association between serum galectin‐3 levels and echocardiographic predictors of thromboembolism in persistent AF patients.

Methods

We included 65 persistent AF patients (55.50±10.67 years, 46.15% male). Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was performed to assess LAAFV and presence of left atrial (LA)/LA appendage (LAA)‐located SEC and thrombus prior to direct current cardioversion or catheter ablation for AF.

Results

Median galectin‐3 level was 0.63 ng/mL. Serum galectin‐3 levels were significantly correlated with LAAFV (r=−.440, P<.001). Serum galectin‐3 levels were associated with presence of SEC (P<.001), and LA thrombus (P=.008). Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that a serum galectin‐3 greater or equal to the cut‐off value of 0.69 predicted presence of SEC with a sensitivity and specificity of 91.00% and 79.00%, respectively (P<.001).

Conclusion

In conclusion, in the setting of persistent AF, serum galectin‐3 levels are associated with presence of SEC and LAAFV on TEE. Our findings suggest that serum galectin‐3 level may have a place in thromboembolism risk stratification in persistent AF patients.
Association of 758 G/A polymorphism of 3′untranslated region of prohibitin with risk of gastric cancer
Authors: Xiang Fenfen , Ni Zhenhua , Zhan Yueping , Xu Jian , Wu Rong , Kang Xiangdong
Published: March 2017

Background

A polymorphic variant allele (T‐allele) in the 3′‐UTR of prohibitin (C‐to‐T at nucleotide 729) was reported to be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. However, the association between the 3′‐UTR polymorphism of prohibitin and the susceptibility to gastric cancer remains unknown. Thus, we investigated the distribution of prohibitin genotypes in Chinese patients with gastric cancer and subsequently analyzed the association between the 3′‐UTR polymorphism of prohibitin and the risk of gastric cancer in that population.

Methods

The distribution of 3′‐UTR polymorphism of prohibitin in 82 gastric cancer patients was determined by sequencing and compared with that of 171 healthy controls. Luciferase reporter assay was used to investigate the effect of 3′‐UTRs variant on PHB expression.

Results

Our study discovered two major polymorphic sites in the 3′‐UTR of prohibitin (C‐to‐T at nucleotide 729 and G to A at nucleotide 758). The C/T polymorphism at 729 site was not associated with the increased risk of gastric cancer (P=.961, OR=1.044, 95%CI: 0.187‐5.818); however, G/A polymorphism at nucleotide 758 increased the risk of gastric cancer (P=.017, OR=1.923, 95%CI: 1.119‐3.305). Luciferase reporter constructs containing the 758A allele showed higher luciferase activity compared with the wild‐type allele, which indicated that 758 G>A in 3′‐UTR increased PHB expression.

Conclusions

The G to A transition but not the C‐to‐T transition in the 3′‐UTR of prohibitin was associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer in Chinese population.
Rapid ABO genotyping by high‐speed droplet allele‐specific PCR using crude samples
Authors: Taira Chiaki , Matsuda Kazuyuki , Takeichi Naoya , Furukawa Satomi , Sugano Mitsutoshi , Uehara Takeshi , Okumura Nobuo , Honda Takayuki
Published: March 2017

Background

ABO genotyping has common tools for personal identification of forensic and transplantation field. We developed a new method based on a droplet allele‐specific PCR (droplet‐AS‐PCR) that enabled rapid PCR amplification. We attempted rapid ABO genotyping using crude DNA isolated from dried blood and buccal cells.

Methods

We designed allele‐specific primers for three SNPs (at nucleotides 261, 526, and 803) in exons 6 and 7 of the ABO gene. We pretreated dried blood and buccal cells with proteinase K, and obtained crude DNAs without DNA purification.

Results

Droplet‐AS‐PCR allowed specific amplification of the SNPs at the three loci using crude DNA, with results similar to those for DNA extracted from fresh peripheral blood. The sensitivity of the methods was 5%‐10%. The genotyping of extracted DNA and crude DNA were completed within 8 and 9 minutes, respectively. The genotypes determined by the droplet‐AS‐PCR method were always consistent with those obtained by direct sequencing.

Conclusion

The droplet‐AS‐PCR method enabled rapid and specific amplification of three SNPs of the ABO gene from crude DNA treated with proteinase K. ABO genotyping by the droplet‐AS‐PCR has the potential to be applied to various fields including a forensic medicine and transplantation medical care.
A combined photocatalytic‐biological wastewater treatment approach: a steady‐state model
Authors: Shidlovsky Zach , Yaron Sima , Paz Yaron
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND

Water purification is challenged by the co‐presence of contaminants, some of which are too toxic for bacteria or too opaque for photocatalytic processes. This challenge may be overcome by utilizing two types of reactors (for example biological and photocatalytic) operating in sequence. Realization of this approach should be based on a steady state model for calculating the optimal design under nominal conditions, a non‐steady state responding to fluctuating conditions and fast measurement of toxicity and turbidity.

RESULTS

A steady‐state model, examining the effect of coexisting toxicity and turbidity on the optimal sequence, on the relative retention times in the two reactors and on the effect of recycling, under an estimated cost function constraint is presented. It was found that the optimal sequence depends on the relative importance of toxicity and turbidity, that a single branch operation is likely to be more cost effective than dual branch (Bio→photocatalytic in parallel with photocatalytic→Bio) system.

CONCLUSION

It is recommended to add the possibility for altering flow direction to account for operation under non‐nominal conditions. To decrease instability during flow‐direction switching, a recycling option should be added. Recycling may also be beneficial in particular when the activated biological medium has sluggish kinetics. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Pd@ionosilica as heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst for continuous flow reductive upgrade of cinnamaldehyde
Authors: Braun Max , Thach Ut Dong , Prelot Bénédicte , Hesemann Peter , Esposito Davide
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND

The effective exploitation of biomass for the preparation of fuels and platform chemicals requires the development of novel catalysts and catalytic methods. In this regard, ionosilicas appear as promising candidates due to their properties and tunability.

RESULTS

A novel Pd@ionosilica is prepared by a straightforward ion exchange method based on amorphous ionosilica and sodium tetrachloropalladate. The resulting hybrid material is evaluated as catalyst for the continuous flow reduction of cinnamaldehyde as an exemplary biorefinery case study.

CONCLUSION

This work reports the application of metal@ionosilica hybrid materials as catalysts for the continuous flow upgrade of bio‐sourced molecules, showing promising results in the case of cinnamaldehyde, here used as exemplary compound. The findings disclosed in this paper provide interesting insights for the development of second generation metal@ionosilica composites for catalytic applications within biorefinery. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis, Antimicrobial Activity and Molecular Docking Study of Thiazole Derivatives
Authors: Farghaly Thoraya A. , Abdallah Magda A. , Khedr Mohammed A. , Mahmoud Huda K.
Published: March 2017

The reaction of 4‐thiochromane thiocarbohydrazone with a series of hydrazonoyl halides in dioxane in the presence of triethylamine afforded novel thiochromane derivatives incorporating 1,3‐thiazole moiety. The structure of the latter compounds was established by elemental analysis and spectral technique and by their chemical transformation. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of the newly synthesized compounds was screened and the results showed that some compounds have higher activity than the applied fungicide and bactericide. The antimicrobial activity of the most active compounds was interpreted by molecular docking study.
Promoter polymorphism (T‐1486C) of TLR‐9 gene is associated with knee osteoarthritis in a Turkish population
Authors: Balbaloglu Ozlem , Sabah Ozcan Seda , Korkmaz Murat , Yılmaz Neziha
Published: March 2017

In this study, we aimed to determine whether TLR‐9 T‐1486C SNP was associated with susceptibility to OA in the Turkish population. The study group comprised 272 patients with Grade 2‐3‐4 knee OA according to the Kellgren‐Lawrence scoring system and the control group was formed of 296 individuals with Grade 0–1. The TLR‐9 genotype were assessed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. An analysis of TLR‐9 promoter −1486T/C polymorphism revealed that the −1486CC genotype appeared to have a higher risk for OA and −1486TT and −1486CT genotypes have a protective effect against the development of OA (crude OR = 0.473, 95% CI = 0.297–0.754, p = 0.002, adjusted OR = 0.531, 95% CI = 0.326–0.864, p = 0.011). This study indicate that there is a correlation of TLR‐9 T‐1486C gene polymorphism with advanced knee OA in a Turkish population. Changed in TLR expression due to different allelles may cause osteoarthrith development outcome cartilage degeneration. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:2484–2489, 2017.
Recovery of pectic hydrocolloids and phenolics from huanglongbing related dropped citrus fruit
Authors: Cameron Randall G , Chau Hoa K , Hotchkiss Arland T , Manthey John A
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND

Citrus pre‐harvest fruit drop, caused by huanglongbing infection, has increased dramatically concomitant with declining tree health and crop harvest size. This loss of harvestable fruit is damaging to both growers and juice processors. Recovering and converting this fruit to alternative value added products would benefit the citrus industry. Therefore, we have explored the potential of using this fruit as a feedstock in our newly developed pilot scale continuous steam explosion process.

RESULTS

Whole fruits were converted to steam‐exploded biomass using a continuous pilot scale process. The sugar composition of raw fruit and steam‐exploded biomass was determined. Recovered pectic hydrocolloids and phenolic compounds were characterized. Pectic hydrocolloids comprised 78 g kg−1 of the dry material in the dropped fruit. Following the steam explosion process almost all of the pectic hydrocolloids were recoverable with a water wash. They could be functionalized in situ or separated from the milieu. Additionally, approximately 40% of the polymethoxylated flavones, 10% of the flavanone glycosides, 85% of the limonoids and almost 100% of hydroxycinnamates were simultaneously recovered.

CONCLUSION

The continuous steam explosion of pre‐harvest dropped citrus fruit provides an enhanced, environmentally friendly method for the release and recovery of valuable coproducts from wasted biomass. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral effects of three essential oil blends
Authors: Brochot Amandine , Guilbot Angèle , Haddioui Laïla , Roques Christine
Published: March 2017

New agents that are effective against common pathogens are needed particularly for those resistant to conventional antimicrobial agents. Essential oils (EOs) are known for their antimicrobial activity. Using the broth microdilution method, we showed that (1) two unique blends of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Daucus carota, Eucalyptus globulus and Rosmarinus officinalis EOs (AB1 and AB2; cinnamon EOs from two different suppliers) were active against the fourteen Gram‐positive and ‐negative bacteria strains tested, including some antibiotic‐resistant strains. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranged from 0.01% to 3% v/v with minimal bactericidal concentrations from <0.01% to 6.00% v/v; (2) a blend of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Daucus carota, Syzygium aromaticum, Origanum vulgare EOs was antifungal to the six Candida strains tested, with MICs ranging from 0.01% to 0.05% v/v with minimal fungicidal concentrations from 0.02% to 0.05% v/v. Blend AB1 was also effective against H1N1 and HSV1 viruses. With this dual activity, against H1N1 and against S. aureus and S. pneumoniae notably, AB1 may be interesting to treat influenza and postinfluenza bacterial pneumonia infections. These blends could be very useful in clinical practice to combat common infections including those caused by microorganisms resistant to antimicrobial drugs.
Oscillation criteria for odd‐order nonlinear delay differential equations with a middle term
Authors: Grace S. R. , Jadlovská I. , Zafer A.
Published: March 2017

The oscillation of solutions of thenth‐order delay differential equationurn:x-wiley:mma:media:mma4377:mma4377-math-0001

was studied in [S. R. Grace and A. Zafer, Math. Meth. Appl. Sci. 2016, 39 1150–1158] whennis even and thenodd case has been referred to as an interesting open problem. In the present work, our primary aim is to address this situation. Our method of the proof that is quite different from the aforementioned study is essentially new. We introduceVn−1‐type solutions and use comparisons with first‐order oscillatory and second‐order nonoscillatory equations. Examples are given to illustrate the main results. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐resolution fiber‐optic dosimeters for microbeam radiation therapy
Authors: Archer James , Li Enbang , Petasecca Marco , Lerch Michael , Rosenfeld Anatoly , Carolan Martin
Published: March 2017

Purpose

A high resolution, water equivalent, optical and passive x‐ray dosimeter has been constructed using plastic scintillator and optical fiber. This dosimeter has a peak edge‐on spatial resolution of 100 μm in one dimension, with a 10 μm resolution dosimeter under investigation. The dosimeter design has a potential application in synchrotron x‐ray microbeam radiation therapy where a high resolution is vital for accurate dose measurements and quality assurance.

Methods

BC‐400 plastic scintillator, of thickness 100 μm, was optically coupled to an optical fiber with core diameter 1 mm. The end was coated in optical paint to improve sensitivity. An identical fiber was made without the scintillator to measure the background Cherenkov radiation induced in the fiber, to allow background signal subtraction. The light captured by the fibers was measured by PMTs. The probe system was exposed to a 6 MV, 10 × 10 cm2 LINAC x‐ray field and the beam profile was measured at 100 cm, as well as the depth dose profile.

Results

The measured profiles matched well with ionisation chamber data. Important beam parameters such as penumbra width and percent depth dose at various depths matched the ionisation chamber data, within uncertainty.

Conclusions

This work demonstrates that high resolutions can be achieved with a scintillation and optical fiber system. The probe is water‐equivalent, passive, energy independent, radiation hard and inexpensive, making it ideal for further improvements for use with microbeam radiation therapy.
Hardness and approximation for network flow interdiction
Authors: Chestnut Stephen R. , Zenklusen Rico
Published: March 2017

In the Network Flow Interdiction problem, an adversary attacks a network in order to minimize the maximum s‐t‐flow. Very little is known about the approximatibility of this problem, despite decades of interest in it. It is, surprisingly, nontrivial to obtain in polynomial time an approximation guarantee that is independent of the number of edges in the graph and their capacities. We present the first such approximation algorithm, which has approximation ratio at most 2(n−1) for any graph with n vertices. We complement the algorithm with a hardness theorem. Past work has shown that Network Flow Interdiction cannot be much easier to approximate than Densest k‐Subgraph. We show that any nϵ‐approximation algorithm for Network Flow Interdiction, or one of several variants, would imply a 2n4ϵ‐approximation algorithm for Densest k‐Subgraph, which is an improvement over past work in terms of the polynomial factor. We also show that Network Flow Interdiction is essentially the same as the Budgeted Minimum s‐t‐Cut problem, and transferring our results gives hardness and an approximation algorithm for that problem, as well. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 69(4), 378–387 2017
De Novo Modular Development of a Foldameric Protein–Protein Interaction Inhibitor for Separate Hot Spots: A Dynamic Covalent Assembly Approach
Authors: Bartus Éva , Hegedüs Zsófia , Wéber Edit , Csipak Brigitta , Szakonyi Gerda , Martinek Tamás A.
Published: March 2017

Protein–protein interactions stabilized by multiple separate hot spots are highly challenging targets for synthetic scaffolds. Surface‐mimetic foldamers bearing multiple recognition segments are promising candidate inhibitors. In this work, a modular bottom‐up approach is implemented by identifying short foldameric recognition segments that interact with the independent hot spots, and connecting them through dynamic covalent library (DCL) optimization. The independent hot spots of a model target (calmodulin) are mapped with hexameric β‐peptide helices using a pull‐down assay. Recognition segment hits are subjected to a target‐templated DCL ligation through thiol–disulfide exchange. The most potent derivative displays low nanomolar affinity towards calmodulin and effectively inhibits the calmodulin–TRPV1 interaction. The DCL assembly of the folded segments offers an efficient approach towards the de novo development of a high‐affinity inhibitor of protein–protein interactions.
How Cohesive is the Chinese Bureaucracy? A Case Study of Street‐level Bureaucrats in China
Authors: Zang Xiaowei
Published: March 2017

Institutional analyses of the developmental state claim that the principal source of state capacity is internal cohesiveness, which is defined as the tendency for the rank and file of the civil service to be in unity while working together towards national goals. In the literature on the China model, the strong capacity of the Chinese state has been taken for granted, and internal cohesiveness in the Chinese bureaucracy has not been problematized. This knowledge gap is narrowed by studying data on the Bureau of Urban Management (i.e. Chengguan) in China. Recent studies are reviewed of bureaucratic logics and behaviour that question the extent of collaboration between higher authorities and their subordinates (i.e. vertical cohesiveness) in China. Next, the essay theorizes about how these bureaucratic logics may also undermine collaboration among government bureaus (horizontal cohesiveness). Background information is offered about Chengguan and reports on the challenges identified by Chengguan officers to work with people in other bureaus. The research does not find any solid evidence of horizontal cohesiveness in the Chinese bureaucracy. This calls for an effort to reassess the validity of the China model. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High expression of insulin receptor on tumour‐associated blood vessels in invasive bladder cancer predicts poor overall and progression‐free survival
Authors: Roudnicky Filip , Dieterich Lothar C , Poyet Cedric , Buser Lorenz , Wild Peter , Tang Dave , Camenzind Peter , Ho Chien Hsien , Otto Vivianne I , Detmar Michael
Published: March 2017

Bladder cancer is a frequently recurring disease with a very poor prognosis once progressed to invasive stages, and tumour‐associated blood vessels play a crucial role in this process. In order to identify novel biomarkers associated with progression, we isolated blood vascular endothelial cells (BECs) from human invasive bladder cancers and matched normal bladder tissue, and found that tumour‐associated BECs greatly up‐regulated the expression of insulin receptor (INSR). High expression of INSR on BECs of invasive bladder cancers was significantly associated with shorter progression‐free and overall survival. Furthermore, increased expression of the INSR ligand IGF‐2 in invasive bladder cancers was associated with reduced overall survival. INSR may therefore represent a novel biomarker to predict cancer progression. Mechanistically, we observed pronounced hypoxia in human bladder cancer tissue, and found a positive correlation between the expression of the hypoxia marker gene GLUT1 and vascular INSR expression, indicating that hypoxia drives INSR expression in tumour‐associated blood vessels. In line with this, exposure of cultured BECs and human bladder cancer cell lines to hypoxia led to increased expression of INSR and IGF‐2, respectively, and IGF‐2 increased BEC migration through the activation of INSR in vitro. Taken together, we identified vascular INSR expression as a potential biomarker for progression in bladder cancer. Furthermore, our data suggest that IGF‐2/INSR mediated paracrine crosstalk between bladder cancer cells and endothelial cells is functionally involved in tumour angiogenesis and may thus represent a new therapeutic target. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.