bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of HIV infection on pre‐ and post‐liver transplant mortality in patients with organ failure
Authors: Fan X , Fang J , Wu X , Poulsen K , Miyata T , Kim A , Yu L , Wang X , Zhang X , Zhang K , Han Q , Liu Z
Published: May 2021

Objectives

Organ failure (OF), a leading cause of death in HIV‐positive individuals, is common in patients undergoing liver transplantation (LT). We examined the impact of HIV infection on pre‐ and post‐LT mortalities in cirrhotic patients stratified by the number and type of OFs.

Methods

We performed a cross‐sectional study and a retrospective cohort study using the US National Inpatient Sample (NIS) and the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) registry data, respectively. Patients who had not yet undergone LT from the NIS database (2010–2014) and patients undergoing LT from the UNOS database (2003–2016) were included in the study.

Results

Analysis of patients (201 348) from the NIS database showed that one [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.531; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.160–2.023], two (aOR 1.624; 95% CI 1.266–2.083) or three or more OFs (aOR 1.349; 95% CI 1.165–1.562) were associated with higher pre‐LT mortality in HIV‐infected patients compared with HIV‐negative patients with the corresponding number of OFs. In patients without OF, HIV infection was not associated with increased pre‐LT mortality. UNOS data for patients undergoing LT (38 942) showed that the presence of two or more OFs was associated with increased post‐LT 1‐year mortality in HIV‐infected patients compared with non‐HIV‐infected patients with the corresponding number of OFs (aOR 2.342; 95% CI 1.576–3.480). However, in patients with no OF or only one OF, HIV infection was not associated with increased post‐LT 1‐year mortality (aOR 1.372; 95% CI 0.911–2.068).

Conclusions

The results of this study emphasize the importance of preventing OF development, and justify LT for HIV‐infected patients with no or only one OF.
International registry of dermatological manifestations secondary to COVID‐19 infection in 347 Hispanic patients from 25 countries
Authors: Ocampo‐Candiani Jorge , Ramos‐Cavazos Cesar Jair , Arellano‐Mendoza Maria Ivonne , Arenas‐Guzmán Roberto , Beirana‐Palencia Angélica , Salmon‐Demongin Alfredo , Welsh‐Hernández Esperanza , Cabo Horacio A. , Gómez‐Flores Minerva , Dominguez‐Cherit Judith , Criado Paulo Ricardo , Castro‐López Helena , Alfaro‐Sánchez Abraham Benjamin , García‐Vargas Alejandro , Cohen‐Sabban Emilia N. , del Solar Manuel , Fich Félix , Galimberti Gastón , Gatti Carlos Fernando , López‐Estebaranz José Luis , Lupi Omar , Olmos‐Pérez Miguel , Pérez‐Alfonzo Ricardo
Published: May 2021

Background

The infection by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has been associated with multiple cutaneous manifestations, although characterization of them in Hispanic patients with darker skin phototypes is lacking. The objective of this study is to characterize the clinical dermatological manifestations associated with COVID‐19 infection in cases with few or without general symptoms in patients from Latin America.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study using a questionnaire that was made for health professionals (physicians with a specialty in dermatology) to investigate dermatological lesions associated with COVID‐19 infection in patients from 25 countries of Latin America. The survey was active from June 9 to July 30, 2020.

Results

In this study, information was collected from a total of 347 patients. We found a female gender predominance: 179/347 (51.6%). The mean age at presentation was 40.87 years. The most frequent dermatological manifestations were maculopapular rash and urticarial lesions, followed by papulovesicular lesions, vesicular lesions, chilblain‐like lesions, papular lesions, ecchymosis, petechial purpura, pityriasis rosea‐like lesions, pruritus, palmoplantar dysesthesias, transient livedo, acral necrosis, palpable purpura, livedo racemosa, and retiform purpura. As far as we know, there are no previous reports of pruritus and palmoplantar dysesthesias.

Conclusions

This registry emphasizes skin manifestations as an important criterion for establishing the diagnosis of COVID‐19 infection in Latin American countries. This information will be useful for the early identification of suspected cases by health professionals (dermatologists and nondermatologists) and will allow contact tracing to mitigate the impact on health systems at different levels.
Application of whey of Mozzarella di Bufala Campana fermented by lactic acid bacteria as a bread biopreservative agent
Authors: Luz Carlos , Quiles Juan M. , Romano Raffaele , Blaiotta Giuseppe , Rodríguez Lorena , Meca Giuseppe
Published: May 2021

A total of nine isolated lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from tomato and sourdough with antifungal activity were employed to revaluate the whey of Mozzarella di Bufala through the fermentation process for 72 h at 37 °C. Then, the fermented whey (BWF) was characterised and used as biopreservative in bread formulation. L. plantarum TR7 and L. plantarum TR2 strains showed average lactic acid concentration in BWF of 13.8 g L−1. Also, the bread volatile organic compounds (VOC) analysis showed an increase in hexanal, benzeneacetaldehyde, benzaldehyde and pyrazine tetramethyl when using BWF as ingredient. Moreover, the DPPH‐inhibitory activity of bread with BWF extract also reflected a 33% rise in comparison with control bread. The application of BWF as a biopreservation agent in bread showed an increase in shelf life compared with bread with 0.3% calcium propionate and bread control for 2 and 15 days, respectively. BWF can be used as an interesting biopreservation strategy of bread.
Rule‐based versus feedback‐based coaching for situational judgment tests
Authors: Zhang Charlene , Sackett Paul R. , Naemi Bobby D.
Published: May 2021

The use of situational judgment tests (SJTs) in high‐stakes selection contexts has led to the emergence of commercial coaching programs aimed at increasing individuals’ performance. The present study uses a pre–post experimental design to investigate coaching effects on an SJT’s mean score and relationships with external variables. General strategies with which to guide how respondents answer SJT questions were developed for rule‐based coaching. Item‐level feedback was provided for feedback‐based coaching. Results suggest that (a) both rule‐based and feedback‐based coaching are similarly effective at increasing mean SJT scores, (b) coaching does not detract from the SJT’s ability to correlate with other variables, and (c) knowledge of ineffective behaviors are more coachable than knowledge of effective behaviors.
Psychometric validation of the Portuguese version of the Measure of Anxiety in Selection Interviews
Authors: Santos Anabela Caetano , Arriaga Patrícia , Simões Celeste
Published: May 2021

Feeling anxiety in a job interview is common. It is important to have a valid, reliable, and culturally adapted measure, enabling cross‐cultural comparisons. Our main goal was to examine the psychometric properties of the Measure of Anxiety in Selection Interviews (MASI) in a Portuguese sample, since no similar measure is available in the Portuguese language. The MASI was developed to capture five dimensions of anxiety: Communication, appearance, social, performance, and behavior. We tested 436 participants (337 women; aged 18–61 years old) with and without prior job interview experience. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated an adequate fit for the five‐factor solution. Good internal and test–retest reliability (two weeks between assessments) was observed. The MASI‐P positively correlated with social anxiety/fear, but negatively correlated with age, number of previous job interviews, and perceived performance on the last job interview. Overall, the use of MASI‐P can be advantageous in job interview training, research, and employment processes.
Prevention and management of infectious complications in prostate biopsy: A review
Authors: Shigemura Katsumi , Fujisawa Masato
Published: May 2021

Prostate biopsies are common procedures for urologists, performed in order to detect and diagnose prostate cancer. Procedures continue to evolve, for instance, recently there has been an increase in the use of the transperineal approach, and the emergence of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria has become a challenge. This review examines the recent prostate biopsy literature as well as the guidelines of three urological associations. We review the recent literature, including our own recent studies, and the Japanese Urological Association, European Association of Urology and American Urological Association guidelines, and summarize the current recommendations regarding the prevention of infectious complications that can occur after prostate biopsy, including the use of antimicrobial agents, and the management and treatment of such complications. Current recommendations include single‐dose or 1‐day use of oral quinolones for infection control, along with consideration of high‐risk patients with diabetes, steroid use, large prostates, or high residual urine volume for instance. Targeted therapies based on the results of rectal swabs carried out prior to transrectal prostate biopsy, which can provide better inhibitory data with regard to post‐prostate biopsy infectious complications, can also be considered. In conclusion, oral quinolones for low‐risk patients and targeted therapies for high‐risk patients are recommended when using a transrectal approach to prostate biopsy, and oral quinolones are recommended when using a transperineal approach. Further randomized controlled trials are necessary to draw more definitive conclusions.
Decreased urothelial cytoskeleton and cell proliferation protein expression suggest interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome patients with Hunner’s lesion and grade 3 glomerulation might be different from other types of patients
Authors: Jhang Jia‐Fong , Jiang Yuan‐Hong , Hsu Yung‐Hsiang , Ho Han‐Chen , Kuo Hann‐Chorng
Published: May 2021

Objectives

To explore the expression of cytoskeletal and cell proliferation proteins in urothelial cells of patients diagnosed with various clinical subtypes of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome.

Methods

Biopsy specimens from 85 interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome patients were classified according to findings on cystoscopy. Cytokeratins and cell proliferation proteins detected in the specimens were evaluated with immunofluorescence staining and quantified with western blotting. A total of 22 patients diagnosed with pure stress urinary incontinence were enrolled as controls.

Results

Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome patients with Hunner’s lesion and with grade 3 glomerulation hemorrhage had smaller bladder capacities than the other interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome patients without Hunner’s lesion. Diminished expression of CK14, CK20, cell proliferation protein tumor protein 63, sonic hedgehog, and fibroblast growth factor receptors 3 and 4, and increased expression of CK5 and BCL2‐associated X protein were observed in biopsy specimens from patients with Hunner’s lesion compared with those from patients without Hunner’s lesion and controls. In the patients with grade 3 glomerulation hemorrhage, lower expression levels of urothelial CK20, tumor protein 63 and fibroblast growth factor receptor 4, and lower expression of CK5 and BCL2‐associated X protein were detected compared with other types of NHIC.

Conclusion

A diminished expression of proliferation proteins tumor protein 63 and the mature urothelium marker CK20, and increased expression of the immature marker CK5 in specimens from both Hunner’s lesion and grade 3 glomerulation hemorrhage patients can be observed. The urothelium of patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome might be in a state of persistent or chronic injury that could relate to the limited expression of cell proliferation proteins.
Spatial control of gene expression in flies using bacterially derived binary transactivation systems
Authors: Gamez S. , Vesga L. C. , Mendez‐Sanchez S. C. , Akbari O. S.
Published: May 2021

Controlling gene expression is an instrumental tool for biotechnology, as it enables the dissection of gene function, affording precise spatial–temporal resolution. To generate this control, binary transactivational systems have been used employing a modular activator consisting of a DNA binding domain(s) fused to activation domain(s). For fly genetics, many binary transactivational systems have been exploited in vivo; however, as the study of complex problems often requires multiple systems that can be used in parallel, there is a need to identify additional bipartite genetic systems. To expand this molecular genetic toolbox, we tested multiple bacterially derived binary transactivational systems in Drosophila melanogaster including the p‐CymR operon from Pseudomonas putida, PipR operon from Streptomyces coelicolor, TtgR operon from Pseudomonas putida and the VanR operon from Caulobacter crescentus. Our work provides the first characterization of these systems in an animal model in vivo. For each system, we demonstrate robust tissue‐specific spatial transactivation of reporter gene expression, enabling future studies to exploit these transactivational systems for molecular genetic studies.
Migrant trailing spouses: Career adaptability and occupational downshifting
Authors: Venugopal Vidhula , Huq Afreen
Published: May 2021

This study examines career adaptability of trailing spouses whose comparative advantage most strikingly illustrates the erosion over time of career agency for migrant women, or what is known as “occupational downshifting.” Problematising occupational downshifting as a major obstacle to social integration of trailing spouses, we explore how cultural tensions play out vocationally, and the career choices available to trailing spouses become so diminished over time that their agency can be considered “bounded.” Using a life story approach, our study provides evidence of the lived experiences of constrained agency and paradox of 12 early childhood educators in Australia. Our evidence demonstrates that the choice of moving for the family not only creates occupational precarity, but a more grievous occupational downshifting. We consider strategies like vocational facilitation to address the needs of trailing spouses as individuals, and as such facilitate migrant integration and neutralise the forces leading to occupational downshifting.
Interdependencies between Toll‐like receptors in Leishmania infection
Authors: Shukla Divanshu , Patidar Ashok , Sarma Uddipan , Chauhan Prashant , Pandey Surya Prakash , Chandel Himanshu Singh , Bodhale Neelam , Ghosh Soumya Kanti , Guzman Carlos Alberto , Ebensen Thomas , Silvestre Ricardo , Sarkar Arup , Saha Bhaskar , Bhattacharjee Surajit
Published: May 2021

Multiple pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on a pathogen's surface imply their simultaneous recognition by the host cell membrane‐located multiple PAMP‐specific Toll‐like receptors (TLRs). The TLRs on endosomes recognize internalized pathogen‐derived nucleic acids and trigger anti‐pathogen immune responses aimed at eliminating the intracellular pathogen. Whether the TLRs influence each other's expression and effector responses—termed TLR interdependency—remains unknown. Herein, we first probed the existence of TLR interdependencies and next determined how targeting TLR interdependencies might determine the outcome of Leishmania infection. We observed that TLRs selectively altered expression of their own and of other TLRs revealing novel TLR interdependencies. Leishmania major—an intra‐macrophage parasite inflicting the disease cutaneous leishmaniasis in 88 countries—altered this TLR interdependency unfolding a unique immune evasion mechanism. We targeted this TLR interdependency by selective silencing of rationally chosen TLRs and by stimulation with selective TLR ligands working out a novel phase‐specific treatment regimen. Targeting the TLR interdependency elicited a host‐protective anti‐leishmanial immune response and reduced parasite burden. To test whether this observation could be used as a scientific rationale for treating a potentially fatal L. donovani infection, which causes visceral leishmaniasis, we targeted the inter‐TLR dependency adopting the same treatment regimen. We observed reduced splenic Leishman–Donovan units accompanied by host‐protective immune response in susceptible BALB/c mice. The TLR interdependency optimizes TLR‐induced immune response by a novel immunoregulatory framework and scientifically rationalizes targeting TLRs in tandem and in sequence for redirecting immune responses against an intracellular pathogen.
The effect of ankyloglossia and tongue‐tie division on speech articulation: A systematic review
Authors: Wang Jiahe , Yang Xiaoyu , Hao Siyuan , Wang Yan
Published: May 2021

Aim

Ankyloglossia is a common congenital malformation characterized by a short, thick, or tight tongue frenulum, and its effect on speech articulation remains controversial. This study aimed to evaluate (a) the association between ankyloglossia and speech disorders, and (b) the effectiveness of surgical interventions on the articulation of patients with ankyloglossia.

Material and Methods

A comprehensive search of PubMed was conducted. Randomized control trials (RCTs), cohort studies, case‐control studies, and case series with more than five cases were included.

Result

Of the 16 included studies, except for one cross‐sectional study, all studies were small in sample size. The evidence quality was generally low, with an average of 3.88 in a 7‐point system. Three studies investigated the occurrence of speech disorders in the ankyloglossia population and obtained different results. Fifteen studies assessed the effectiveness of surgery, among which eight self‐control studies observed significant postoperative improvement, whereas three of four cohort studies with untreated controls reported no significant differences. Three RCTs compared surgical techniques and one pointed out the advantage of frenuloplasty over frenulotomy.

Conclusion

There was no clear connection between ankyloglossia and speech disorders. More widely accepted uniform grading systems and well‐designed clinical studies are needed.
The use of detergent‐based aqueous two‐phase systems for the isolation of extracellular proteins: purification of a lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia
Authors: Terstappen GC , Geerts AJ , Kula MR
Published: May 2021

The partitioning of a variety of extracellular lipases, both pro‐ and eucaryotic, in detergent‐based aqueous two‐phase systems was examined. The results revealed that all procaryotic lipases showed a clear preference for the detergent‐rich coacervate phase. In contrast, all eucaryotic lipases were significantly excluded from this phase, most probably caused by their glycosylation. The potential of such detergent‐based systems for the isolation of extracellular lipases directly from cell‐free culture broth was analyzed using the bacterium Pseudomonas cepacia (DSM 50181). This strain was identified after a limited screening for lipase activity. About 76% of the lipase could be extracted into the coacervate phase in just one purification step, leading to a four‐fold concentration of lipase and a purification factor of 24.
Discovery of new broadband yellow‐emitting nitridoalumosilicate phosphor and its pc‐WLED application
Authors: Ye Shanshan , Zhao Quan , Geng Wanying , Zhang Weibin , Cai Zhihui , Wu Peng , Ding Jianyan , Wu Quansheng
Published: May 2021

Developing a yellow phosphor with broadband emission covering more red‐light areas is an effective approach to achieve high‐quality solid‐state lighting. In this study, a novel yellow‐emitting nitride phosphor, Ca5Si2Al2N8:Ce3+, was successfully prepared at atmospheric pressure and lower temperatures (1300°C), and its structure‐property relation was revealed using crystal refinement, photoluminescence (PL) spectra, time‐resolved PL spectra, and density‐functional theory calculations. The results demonstrate that Ca atoms occupy three different crystallographic sites in the lattice, which are substituted by Ce3+ to form multiple luminescence centers. Thus, Ca5Si2Al2N8:Ce3+ emits strong yellow light with a maximum peak at 585 nm and a wide emission band. Compared with YAG:Ce3+, Ca5Si2Al2N8:Ce3+ has a wider emission band with a FWHM of 150 nm, which can effectively cover the green and red areas. Moreover, the sample can be fully excited by a blue LED chip due to its broad excitation band. Notably, the Ca5Si2Al2N8's tight crystal structure composed of edge‐sharing AlN4 and SiN4 tetrahedra pairs guarantee its thermochemical stability and quantum efficiency. Furthermore, Ca5Si2Al2N8:Ce3+ exhibits better thermal stability than YAG:Ce3+. The results indicate that Ca5Si2Al2N8:Ce3+ is a promising yellow phosphor for WLEDs.
Direct ink writing of hierarchical porous ultra‐high temperature ceramics (ZrB2)
Authors: Sesso Mitchell L. , Slater Sonya , Thornton John , Franks George V.
Published: May 2021

An approach to producing hierarchical multi‐scale porous ultra‐high temperature ceramics (zirconium diboride, ZrB2) using 3D printing has been developed. Porous ceramic filaments can be 3D printed via Direct Ink Writing (DIW) (paste extrusion). Millimeter scale porosity is created by the 3D printed scaffold filaments. We introduce 20‐micron‐scale porosity into the scaffold filaments with the addition of oil to produce capillary suspension paste inks. Micron‐scale porosity is also developed by partial sintering of the ceramic. The rheological (flow) properties of the capillary suspension paste inks suitable for printing by extrusion through the needle of the 3D printer have been characterized. The samples are strengthened by partial sintering at high temperatures. Complex‐shaped components can be printed and sintered into crack‐free components, but distortion during drying and sintering lead to poor shape and tolerance control. X‐ray tomography is used to characterize the internal structure of the printed components. Printed test bars measured in 4‐point bend testing exhibit high strength to density ratio. Such materials potentially have applications as insulation near very high‐temperature surfaces in aerospace applications.
Plasma bubbling effect on essential oil yield, extraction efficiency, and flavor compound of Cuminum cyminum L. seeds
Authors: Sharanyakanth Paatre Shashikanthalu , Lokeswari Ramireddy , Mahendran Radhakrishnan
Published: May 2021

Plasma bubbling at solid–liquid mixture is a non‐thermal technology for spice processing to retain its flavors and fragrances. Cumin is a regularly consumed spice with significant medicinal properties and has 2–5% essential oil that imparts the characteristic aroma to the seeds. Plasma bubbling influence at a different voltage (175, 180, and 185 V), exposure time (30, 60, and 90 min), and particle size (whole and 0.5 mm) on the essential oil yield and its subsequent effect on flavor compounds were estimated. Increase of voltage to 185 V and bubbling time to 90 min, cumin essential oil yield and extraction efficiency raised from 2.42 to 3.22% and 55.89 to 74.36% for 0.5 mm size, 3.22 to 4% and 74.36 to 92.37% for whole seeds respectively compared to control. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis showed 21.27 and 31.48% enhancement in cuminaldehyde content after plasma bubbling compared to control of whole and 0.5 mm seeds, respectively.

Practical applications

An approach to optimize non‐thermal plasma bubbling process parameters for improving Cuminum cyminum L. essential oil extraction by retaining its flavor compound (Cuminaldehyde) was performed in the present study. Plasma bubbling assisted hydrodistillation method is easy, cost‐effective, and also retains flavor compound in essential oil. The data obtained are valuable to scale up a batch scale plasma bubbling process extraction of cumin essential oil to a large or pilot‐scale system since the results showed a rise in essential oil extraction yield and improvement in cuminaldehyde content.
Electrically assisted ionic gelling encapsulation of enzymatically extracted zinc‐chlorophyll derivatives from stinging nettle (Urtica urens L.)
Authors: Tekin İdil , Ersus Seda
Published: May 2021

This study evaluates the effect of four different encapsulation techniques. Zn‐chlorophyll derivatives obtained by enzymatic extraction with 26.80% yield compared to nonenzymatic extraction from stinging nettle were encapsulated with (i) ionic gelling, (ii) ionic gelling + chitosan coating, (iii) electrically assisted ionic gelling (iv) electrically assisted ionic gelling + chitosan coating methods. The decrease in total chlorophyll content at the end of the 8 weeks storage in the capsules according to the initial amount was found to be 17.32, 44.97, 4.18 and 26.52%, respectively. Depending on the total chlorophyll content, the decrease in a* value in the capsules according to the initial amount was found to be 30.00, 68.63, 8.16 and 53.04%, respectively. The capsules prepared by the electrical method provided the highest protection of chlorophyll during storage. Chitosan application as a second layer to capsules resulted in an increase in chlorophyll decay in both ionic gelling and electrically assisted ionic gelling methods (p < 0.05). It has been determined that the application of chitosan in chlorophyll encapsulation is not appropriate due to the poor color and malodor effect.

Practical applications

Natural colorants are food additives that are widely used to increase the acceptance of products in the food industry. Nowadays, the demand of consumers for natural products has increased the studies on this subject and the search for solutions to problems. The most important problem of natural colorants is their low stability. The development of natural colorants with high stability requires different techniques such as encapsulation or innovations in the molecular structure. With the applied techniques, the stability of natural products can be increased as well as innovative forms of the products obtained can find market share in the industry.
A historical flash flood chronology for Britain
Authors: Archer David , Fowler Hayley
Published: May 2021

The chronology provides a record of flash flood events in Britain based on data collated mainly between 1700 and 2020. The primary purpose of the chronology is to improve the risk assessment of flash floods of given magnitude. It is divided into 18 regions of the country and contains descriptions of nearly 8000 events. It extends a previous chronology covering northern and southwest England which is provided as an online resource in (http://ceg-fepsys.ncl.ac.uk/outputs/). Flash floods have had a variety of previous definitions but are here defined in terms of the speed of onset which can apply to both river floods and surface water floods. The chronology for the first time provides a comprehensive list of surface water floods and their recorded impact on cities, towns and villages. It also draws attention to the prevalence of very rapid rates of rise in river level either as ‘walls of water’, or at a rate likely to endanger life as a result of intense rainfall. Nearly 300 such events have been identified mainly in upland areas of northern England, Wales and Scotland. Practical and theoretical issues with respect to flood risk assessment and warning are discussed. The chronology is available to download and is hosted onhttps://www.jbatrust.org/how-we-help/publications-resources/rivers-and-coasts/uk-chronology-of-flash-floods-1/
Hepatitis C virus eradication decreases the risks of liver cirrhosis and cirrhosis‐related complications (Taiwanese chronic hepatitis C cohort)
Authors: Hsu Wei‐Fan , Tsai Pei‐Chein , Chen Chi‐Yi , Tseng Kuo‐Chih , Lai Hsueh‐Chou , Kuo Hsing‐Tao , Hung Chao‐Hung , Tung Shui‐Yi , Wang Jing‐Houng , Chen Jyh‐Jou , Lee Pei‐Lun , Chien Ron‐Nan , Lin Chun‐Yen , Yang Chi‐Chieh , Lo Gin‐Ho , Tai Chi‐Ming , Lin Chih‐Wen , Kao Jia‐Horng , Liu Chun‐Jen , Liu Chen‐Hua , Yan Sheng‐Lei , Bair Ming‐Jong , Su Wei‐Wen , Chu Cheng‐Hsin , Chen Chih‐Jen , Lo Ching‐Chu , Cheng Pin‐Nan , Chiu Yen‐Cheng , Wang Chia‐Chi , Cheng Jin‐Shiung , Tsai Wei‐Lun , Lin Han‐Chieh , Huang Yi‐Hsiang , Huang Jee‐Fu , Dai Chia‐Yen , Chuang Wan‐Long , Yu Ming‐Lung , Peng Cheng‐Yuan
Published: May 2021

Background and Aim

It is currently unknown how hepatitis C virus (HCV) eradication with pegylated interferon and ribavirin (PR) therapy affects the incidence of new‐onset liver cirrhosis (LC) in patients without cirrhosis and the incidence of decompensated liver disease (DLD) or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with cirrhosis.

Methods

Taiwanese chronic hepatitis C cohort (T‐COACH) is a nationwide HCV registry cohort from 23 hospitals in Taiwan recruited between 2003 and 2015. This study enrolled 10 693 patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC), linked to the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, receiving PR therapy for at least 4 weeks for new‐onset LC and liver‐related complications (DLD or HCC).

Results

Of the 10 693 patients, 1372 (12.8%) patients had LC, and the mean age was 54.0 ± 11.4 years. The mean follow‐up duration was 4.38 ± 2.79 years, with overall 46 798 person‐years. The 10‐year cumulative incidence rates of new‐onset LC were 5.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.2–7.7) in patients without cirrhosis with a sustained virologic response (SVR) and 21.9% (95% CI: 13.4–32.4) in those without SVR (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.22, P < 0.001). The 10‐year cumulative incidence rates of liver‐related complications were 21.4% (95% CI: 11.1–37.2) in patients with cirrhosis with SVR and 47.0% (95% CI: 11.1–86.0) in those without SVR after adjustment for age, sex, and competing mortality (HR: 0.52, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Hepatitis C virus eradication with PR therapy decreased the incidence of new‐onset LC in noncirrhotic patients and the incidence of liver‐related complications in cirrhotic patients with CHC.
Life‐space mobility and healthcare costs and utilization in older men
Authors: Sheets Kerry M. , Kats Allyson M. , Langsetmo Lisa , Mackey Dawn , Fink Howard A. , Diem Susan J. , Duan‐Porter Wei , Cawthon Peggy M. , Schousboe John T. , Ensrud Kristine E.
Published: May 2021

Objectives

To determine the association of life‐space score with subsequent healthcare costs and utilization.

Design

Prospective cohort study (Osteoporotic Fracture in Men [MrOS]).

Setting

Six U.S. sites.

Participants

A total of 1555 community‐dwelling men (mean age 79.3 years; 91.5% white, non‐Hispanic) participating in the MrOS Year 7 (Y7) examination linked with their Medicare claims data.

Measurements

Life‐space during the past month was assessed as 0 (daily restriction to one's bedroom) to 120 (daily trips outside one's town without assistance) and categorized (0–40, 41–60, 61–80, 81–100, 101–120). Total annualized direct healthcare costs and utilization were ascertained during 36 months after the Y7 examination.

Results

Mean total annualized costs (2020 U.S. dollars) steadily increased across category of life‐space score, from $7954 (standard deviation [SD] 16,576) among men with life‐space scores of 101–120 to $26,430 (SD 28,433) among men with life‐space scores of 0–40 (p < 0.001). After adjustment for demographics, men with a life‐space score of 0–40 versus men with a life‐space score of 101–120 had greater mean total costs (cost ratio [CR] = 2.52; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.84–3.45) and greater risk of subsequent hospitalization (odds ratio [OR] 4.72, 95% CI 2.61–8.53) and skilled nursing facility (SNF) stay (OR 7.32, 95% CI 3.65–14.66). Life‐space score was no longer significantly associated with total healthcare costs (CR for 0–40 vs 101–120 1.29; 95% CI 0.91–1.84) and hospitalization (OR 1.76, 95% CI 0.89–3.51) after simultaneous consideration of demographics, medical factors, self‐reported health and function, and the frailty phenotype; the association of life‐space with SNF stay remained significant (OR 2.86, 95% CI 1.26–6.49).

Conclusion

Our results highlight the importance of function and mobility in predicting future healthcare costs and suggest the simple and convenient life‐space score may in part capture risks from major geriatric domains and improve identification of older, community‐dwelling men likely to require costly care.
Total environmental impacts of Japanese material production
Authors: Aoki‐Suzuki Chika , Dente Sébastien M. R. , Tanaka Daisuke , Kayo Chihiro , Murakami Shinsuke , Fujii Chiharu , Tahara Kiyotaka , Hashimoto Seiji
Published: May 2021

Decoupling well‐being from resource use and its associated environmental impacts through resource efficiency and circular economy has become the mainstream agenda for sustainable development. Resource productivity and material flow indicators have been widely used to evaluate resource decoupling. Several approaches have been introduced in Europe to calculate the life cycle environmental impact of resource use at the macro‐level and assess impact decoupling. However, no studies have been conducted to estimate the overall aggregated environmental impact (total environmental impact) associated with resource use in all resource categories using statistical data at the national level and life cycle inventory databases in Japan. This study is the first assessment of the total environmental impact at the national level in Japan, particularly addressing the production process for 213 materials. The study makes it possible to distinguish the 4 phases for environmental impact generation (foreign supply chain, domestic supply chain, production process, and use), 12 environmental impact areas, and the resource category (biomass, fossil, metal, and non‐metallic mineral) of each material. The study shows that there is a higher impact generated by production and foreign supply chain phases in biomass and fossil resources such as crops, livestock, dairy products, and petroleum and coal products as well as some metals (steel and copper). These results imply that measures to reduce resource use and improve energy efficiency in direct production and foreign supply chains through local resource procurement and further resource‐efficient approaches, including the circular economy, should be prioritized for Japan, with its resource‐scarce and manufacturing‐oriented economy.
The presence of maxillary fourth molar in the Sri Lankan toque monkey (Macaca sinica aurifrons)
Authors: Gabadage Dinesh E. , Rodrigo Kalangi , Manamendra‐Arachchi Kelum N. , Premarathne Sonali Rangika
Published: May 2021

We describe the presence of fourth molar teeth in the upper jaw of a subspecies (Macaca sinica aurifrons) of the endemic toque macaque of Sri Lanka. Compared to the first three molars, supernumerary ones were smaller by more than 50%, showed four cuspids in the crowns, and had three roots. This observation contributes to knowledge of orthodontic anomalies presence in primate populations while spotlighting the importance of osteological observation.
Chinese Millenials' happiness and materialism: Explanations from two life‐course theories, self‐esteem, and money‐attitudes
Authors: Inseng Duh Helen , Yu Hong , Ni Yuefeng
Published: May 2021

Born in an era of single‐child families and raised in the rapidly growing and globally connected milieu where material wealth is ranked at the top of life's achievements, Chinese millennials are feared to be materialistic. We assessed whether this was the case and whether happiness is gained from materialism. By questioning processes through which materialism develops, we examined how self‐esteem, money attitudes and human capital, and socialization life‐course theories explain materialism. We collected data from 207 millennials and conducted structural equation modeling and mediation analyses. We found that Chinese millennials were moderately materialistic and do obtain some happiness from materialism. Materialism was explained by the human capital and socialization life‐course theory, whereby self‐esteem mediated in how family resources received and peer communication during adolescence impacted materialism at young adulthood. Self‐esteem was a good predictor of five money‐attitude dimensions, which can help and hinder materialism depending on the dimension consumers hold.
Factors associated with self‐management practices and self‐efficacy among adults with cancer under treatment in Saudi Arabia
Authors: AL‐Harithy Fatimah Mohammad , Wazqar Dhuha Youssef
Published: May 2021

Aims and Objectives

To discover the current state of self‐management practices and levels of self‐efficacy among adults with cancer under treatment in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia, and to identify their associated factors.

Background

The prevalence of cancer and cancer treatment‐related problems is increasing in Saudi Arabia. However, effective cancer care programmes are not provided in this country.

Design

Cross‐sectional correlational study.

Methods

This study was conducted with a convenience sample of 130 adults with cancer under treatment from May 2020–August 2020 at the largest tertiary care hospital providing cancer care in the western region, Saudi Arabia. The study methods were compliant with the STROBE checklist. Data were collected by Self‐Care Inventory, Strategies Used by People to Promote Health, and sociodemographic and clinical surveys. Descriptive statistics and stepwise linear regression analysis were performed.

Results

The total score for self‐management practices was 84.38 (SD = 13.66) and self‐efficacy, as a strong associated factor of self‐management, earned a total score of 104.24 (SD = 15.87). Stepwise regression analysis identified self‐efficacy, age and education level as important associated variables, explaining 57.6% of the total variance in self‐management practices. Significant effects of age, gender, marital status and duration of cancer on patients' self‐efficacy were also found.

Conclusions

The levels of self‐management practices and self‐efficacy to manage cancer treatment‐related problems demonstrated by patients with cancer in this study were rated as a medium. Self‐efficacy, age and education level were the significant factors associated with self‐management practices of patients in Saudi Arabia. Age, gender, marital status and duration of cancer were identified as associated factors of self‐efficacy.

Relevance to clinical practice

Enhancing patient's adherence to self‐management practices and increase patient's self‐efficacy through adopting educational intervention programmes, considering patient's sociodemographic and disease‐related characteristics, and continuous patient education must be taken into consideration in the cancer management plan.
Creating Versus Negating Togetherness: Perceptual and Emotional Differences in Parent‐Teenager Reported Time
Authors: Milkie Melissa A. , Wray Dana , Boeckmann Irene
Published: May 2021

Objective

We examine discrepancies between parents' and adolescents' reports of the quantity and the quality, or emotional valence, of time spent together.

Background

The question of how much time parents spend with children is vital to scholars and families. Although parents' reports of time with children are taken as standard and reliable, assessing different family actors' perspectives on time together is important to consider.

Method

Using the perspectives of 15–17‐year‐old adolescents and of parents with teenagers aged 15–17 years, we examine reports of parent–teen co‐presence (“in the room with”) and emotions during daily activities. Data are from American Time Use Survey time diaries (2003–2018) and the 2010, 2012, and 2013 Well‐Being Modules.

Results

There are considerable perceptual discrepancies in the amount of time reported as together. Parents report nearly an hour per day more than teenagers do—with the weekly gap equivalent to about an entire school day. Though the perceptual gap is sizeable, the emotional one is not: both generations experience reported time together as more meaningful, happier, and less stressful than time apart, partly due to the nature of activities and presence of other people. Social statuses, including parental employment and educational attainment, pattern perceptions of time together and well‐being during reported co‐presence.

Conclusion

Ultimately, generational position and social statuses shape perceptions of co‐presence in the form of “creating” versus “negating” classifications of togetherness.
Fetal MRI assessment of posterior fossa anomalies: A review
Authors: Miller Elka , Orman Gunes , Huisman Thierry A.G.M.
Published: May 2021

Prenatal ultrasound (US) is the first prenatal imaging tool for screening and evaluation of posterior fossa malformations since it is noninvasive, widely available, and safe for both mother and child. Fetal MRI is a widely used secondary technique to confirm, correct, or complement questionable US findings and plays an essential role in evaluating fetuses with suspected US findings and /or positive family history. The main sequences of fetal MRI consist of T2‐weighted (T2w) ultrafast, single‐shot sequences. Axial, coronal, and sagittal images are typically acquired allowing for a detailed evaluation of the posterior fossa contents. Also, various complimentary sequences, such as T1w, T2*w gradient sequences, or advanced techniques, including diffusion‐weighted imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy, may provide additional information based on the studied malformation. Inclusion of these techniques should be done with careful risk–benefit analysis. The use of fetal MRI also aims to evaluate for associated anomalies. In addition, prenatal diagnosis of posterior fossa malformations is still a challenge but advances in knowledge in human developmental anatomy, genetic, and imaging recognition patterns have enabled us to shed some light on prognostic information that will help with the counseling of families. Finally, high‐resolution late third trimester fetal MRI offers a safe alternative to early postnatal MR imaging, basically taking advantage of the uterine environment as a kind of “maternal incubator.” Our goal is to discuss the spectrum of prenatal posterior fossa pathologies that can be studied by fetal MRI and their key neuroimaging features.
Transitioning to chronic temporomandibular disorder pain: A combination of patient vulnerabilities and iatrogenesis
Authors: Greene Charles S. , Manfredini Daniele
Published: May 2021

Background

Based on a variety of studies conducted in recent years, some of the factors that might contribute to the negative treatment responses of some TMD patients have been elucidated.

Methods

This paper describes known vulnerability factors that make individuals susceptible to developing temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), as well as those that contribute to the perpetuation of such problems. In addition, the topic of iatrogenesis is discussed as a major contributor to the negative outcomes that can be seen in this field.

Results

At the patient level, anatomical, psychosocial and genetic factors may contribute to individual vulnerability. The anatomy and pathophysiology of muscles, joints, disc and nerves may all be involved in predisposing to TMD symptoms, especially when the patients have pain elsewhere in the body. Among the psychosocial factors, some features may be elucidated by the DC/TMD axis II, while others (eg illness behaviour, Munchausen syndrome, lack of acceptance of non‐mechanical approaches) require careful evaluation by trained clinicians. Genetic predisposition to first onset TMDs and to chronification of symptoms has been identified for individuals with certain psychological traits, presence of comorbid conditions and certain abnormal clinical manifestations. Regarding iatrogenesis, sins of omission may influence the clinical picture, with the main ones being misdiagnosis and undertreatment. Joint repositioning strategies, occlusal modifications, abuse of oral appliances, use of diagnostic technologies, nocebo effect and complications with intracapsular treatments are the most frequent sins of commission that may contribute to chronification of TMDs. The patients who present with massive occlusal and jaw repositioning changes combined with persistent severe orofacial pain are not a rarity within TMD and orofacial pain canters; these patients are the most difficult ones to manage because of this horrific combination of negative factors.

Conclusions

The information presented in this paper will help clinicians to understand better why some individuals develop temporomandibular disorders, why some of them will progress to becoming chronic patients, and what the appropriate responses may be.
Trajectories of Substance Use and Well‐being in Early and Middle Adolescence Shaped by Social Connectedness
Authors: O’Donnell Alexander W. , Stuart Jaimee , Jose Paul E. , Homel Jacqueline
Published: May 2021

Increasing substance use and decreasing well‐being are typical in adolescence, yet how social contexts shape disparate development during this time is less well‐understood. A latent growth class analysis was conducted that identified groups of early (N = 706; Agem = 12.20) and middle (N = 666; Agem = 14.38) adolescents distinguished by rates of substance use and well‐being over three years. In both cohorts, the largest group reported low substance use and high well‐being, with a smaller group exhibiting maladaptive trajectories for both substance use and well‐being. Two additional groups were identified during middle adolescence characterized by either low well‐being or high substance use. Family connectedness was a protective factor, while high peer connectedness was a risk factor for substance‐use groups and low peer connectedness for languishing.