bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ion Exchange for Reclamation of Reusable Supplies
Authors: Eliassen Roll , Wyckoff Bruce M. , Tonkin Charles D.
Published: February 2018

The Water Quality Control Laboratory at Stanford University conducted a project on the feasibility of reclamation of reusable water from sewage. The objective of the project was to demonstrate that water can be reclaimed for beneficial use. Reclamation includes the removal of biodegradable organic matter, trace organics of an exotic nature, and phosphorus and nitrogen. Laboratory work was performed at Stanford University, and pilot plant work was done in cooperation with the city of Palo Alto, California. The pilot plant has been used to confirm the results of laboratory studies on tertiary treatment and to demonstrate the feasibility of wastewater renovation processes.
Well Point Systems for Ground Water Supply
Authors: Powers J. Patrick
Published: February 2018

This article discusses well point systems, a group of small‐diameter wells connected to a common header and pump. The well points can be installed to any depth, 60‐100 ft being not uncommon. Widespread use of well point systems for control of groundwater during construction dates from about 1924. Today in the U.S., thousands of temporary installations are made each year. With these systems, flows ranging from a few thousand to many millions of gallons per day are removed from the ground and dumped into the nearest sewer or stream. This article discusses the problems associated with temporary dewatering systems, and presents examples of successful well point systems.
Concurrent Collection of Hydraulic and Sediment Data in Rivers
Authors: Dempster George R. , Stevens Herbert H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a method of concurrently collecting hydraulic and sediment data that utilizes existing equipment. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with US‐AEC, conducted an investigation on the lower Columbia River, downstream from the Hanford Atomic Energy Reservation in southeast Washington. The need for concurrent observation of velocity, depth, and suspended‐ sediment concentrations in the river, especially in reaches affected by tides, led to a study of the multiple use of a suspended‐sediment sampler; first, as a sounding weight in conjunction with a current meter; and second, as a sediment sampler.
Operator Torques for Butterfly Valves
Authors: Benjes Henry H.
Published: February 2018

The torque required to operate a butterfly valve is dependent upon valve diameter, shaft diameter, bearing friction coefficient, type of seat and seat material, shutoff pressure, velocity, disc configuration, system head characteristics, and piping arrangement. These factors combine into four kinds of torque that are discussed in the article. The article includes an example of the arithmetic for determining the maximum operator torque required for a typical valve.
Pneumatic Application of Cement‐Mortar Tank Coatings
Authors: McCaughan Frank A.
Published: February 2018

The city of Corpus Christi, Texas, has experienced considerable difficulty with both interior and exterior corrosion of its steel water tanks. After many years of experience with various types of interior coatings in several of the elevated tanks in the city, it was found that good protection at low initial and maintenance costs can be obtained by the application of a cement‐mortar coating below the high‐water line and a grease compound on all steel surfaces above the high‐water line. This article discusses the application of this practice in Corpus Christi.
Treatment With Ozone
Authors: O'Donovan D. C.
Published: February 2018

This study used a combination of fine‐mesh straining‐ozonation for the disinfection and decolorization of three Irish lake waters. Fine‐mesh straining consists of simple filtration through a fabric whose aperture size is measured in microns. A discussion of the article by Elwood L. Bean of the Philadelphia Water Department is included.
Management Control Tools
Authors: Trester Ralph H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses management control tools, or those tools that people should use to manage a company, many of which are provided by a utility's accounting department. They include budgeting, responsibility accounting, internal auditing, many tools related to control of personnel, productivity accounting, data‐processing equipment, and computer systems.
Challenge of AWWA's Future
Authors: Baxter Samuel S.
Published: February 2018

This article presents a statement by Samuel S. Baxter on the importance of AWWA adjusting itself to the changing environment, political and otherwise, in this nation for the common goals of improving the water industry and providing better service to the public. He stresses that the internal organization of AWWA needs an overhauling if it is to achieve its goals 5 years from now or in the longer period ahead as urbanization and increased population threaten to overwhelm the industry. He cites two publications, the first being a report of a committee of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce on the subject of the future of trade associations. The second publication is an interview with Abel Wolman, in which he suggests that a living organism which does not adjust itself to its environment will gradually decay and die, and that those organisms which live are those that do adjust.
Public Image Through Employees
Authors: Morse Daniel P.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the importance of a utility's public image and how it demands a thorough, continuous program to support it. the favorable public image desired by utility managers is achieved by the employees' quiet, effective, selfless job performances in addition to their participation in various types of community and civic affairs.
Master Planning for Water Utility Systems
Authors: Proudfit Donald P.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the important elements of a master plan for water utility systems, including considerations of service area, projected population and demands, water source and treatment, distribution system, and financial aspects of the overall plan. A master plan should be designed to supply water without interruption and at an equitable cost to the various classes of customers. The article presents the master plans of Milwaukee and Madison, Wisconsin, as good examples of some of the basic concepts of “metropolitan area” planning.
Comparison of Costs of Remote Control and Manual Operation
Authors: Harman Harry D.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses one utility's experience with telemetering and remote‐control equipment, which is used in the distribution system for monitoring and control of pumps. The utility's experience with remote‐control equipment was so successful that it was decided to investigate the possibility of using it in a plant that was in the initial planning stage. The new plant would be operated completely without personnel from a control panel located in the control center of the existing plant. This article discusses feasibility studies, advantages of remote control, bids for the plant instrumentation, features of the new plant, change of flow rates, distribution system control, and the first two years of operating experience.
Advantages of Utility Management Audit
Authors: Slinkard Charles
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the advantages of a management audit and how it assists top management by: providing an evaluation of the management planning and control systems in use in the organization; stimulating a higher degree of efficiency within the organization; uncovering deficiencies in the organization; demonstrating the need for long range improvement programs; and, providing an almost first‐hand account of activity on all organizational levels.
Automation of Water Utility Operations
Authors: O'Leaiy Thomas V.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the experience of the Philadelphia Suburban Water Company with installing an automated utility operations system. Applications of automation cover utility operations and billing and customer service.
Determination of Total Glycoluril in Swimming Pool Water
Authors: DePablo Raul S.
Published: February 2018

The use of tetrachloroglycoluril as a sanitizing agent in swimming pool water required a procedure to determine total glycoluril after its addition to the pool. The chromogenic reagent in this procedure has been used for several determinations, as reported in the literature, but no quantitative applications for glycoluril have been made previously.
Water Quality at Loch Raven Reservoir
Authors: Walesh Stuart G.
Published: February 2018

Stuart G. Walesh comments on a JOURNAL article by R.O. Sylvester and R.W. Seabloom concerning the effect of impoundment on water quality that indicates initial impoundment by the Hanson Reservoir had little effect on water quality. This discussion by Walesh describes how Loch Raven Reservoir, the principal source of water supply for Baltimore, Maryland, when subjected to initial conditions different from those at the Hanson Reservoir, did significantly influence water quality.
Graphical Method for Determining Coefficient of Transmissibility
Authors: Csallany Sandor C.
Published: February 2018

This article presents a simple graphical method of determining the coefficients of transmissibility from specific‐capacity data for practical ranges of coefficients of storage (artesian and water‐table conditions) pumping periods, and for wells with diameters of 6‐50 inches. The method is based on the Theis nonequilibrium formula and is basically a refinement of previous work done by Theirs and Meyer.
Economic Significance of Unaccounted‐for Water
Authors: Simmons John G.
Published: February 2018

Unaccounted‐for water may have significant effects upon the financial picture of a water system in various ways. This paper demonstrates some of the ways in which unaccounted‐ for water through leakage losses, unauthorized use, and meter underregistration may affect a water system.
Application of Systems Analysis to Problems in Water and Waste Water Treatment
Authors: Lynn Walter R.
Published: February 2018

The people working on systems analysis research applications to water resources problems have interests congruent with traditional engineering. The system analysts seek results by the more explicit procedures made possible by recent mathematical and computational developments. Many people find it difficult to follow some of the current work because of the rapid rate of development in this area of mathematics, an area to which too few engineers have had exposure in depth. As a consequence, the literature is difficult for them because the notation itself is strange. Research in this area has had, and is expected to continue to have, a profound beneficial effect upon the entire field of water resources and the practice of engineering in general.
Progress in Michigan's Water Industry
Authors: Velde T. L. Vander
Published: February 2018

This article discusses Michigan's water resources and sources of supply.
Pollution Control in the Land of the Pharaohs
Authors: Cleary Edward J.
Published: February 2018

This article parallels issues of water pollution control in the U.S. today with those that date back thousands of years to the time of the Pharaohs in Egypt.
Hydrologic Feasibility and River Basin Planning
Authors: Hendricks E. L.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses approaching water development through comprehensive river basin planning. A brief review is provided of the types of criteria that must be used in the decision‐making process as it relates to river basin planning, along with feasibility criteria, economic criteria, social criteria, political criteria, technologic problems, and the hydrologic cycle.
Aerial Photogrammetry for Distribution System Mapping
Authors: Collins Thomas L.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the application of aerial photogrammetric mapping and survey services for the design and construction of a water distribution system. The article presents a project using this technology in the southeastern section of Baltimore County, Maryland, known as Holly Neck.
Tomorrow Was Ten Years Ago
Authors: Shull Kenneth E.
Published: February 2018

This article begins with a discussion of the slow development of the water industry as compared to other industries, stating that water utilities are 10 years or more behind in many areas, including water treatment and training. The article presents an eight‐part formula for a program that is adequate for the present and future, and at the same time, is sufficiently complete to build the unbuilt bridges of the past.
The Bank and the Water Utility
Authors: Wharton Donald G.
Published: February 2018

This article describes how the banking industry has played an important role in water industry projects financed by bond issues. The bank looks upon the utility as a source of inventory money, just as the utility looks upon a watershed or a river as the source of its inventory. The deposit accounts are the reservoir for the bank, and services are provided to divert utility funds into this reservoir. The bank's objective is to assist the utility in this management and to provide other services as collateral benefits.
Plant Experiences at Flint Mich.
Authors: Harwood Raymond M.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses experiences related to oxidation and adsorption processes used in the treatment of the Flint River water. The material is presented in three parts: historical development of standard treatment; evaluation of results; and, specific problems of taste and odor requiring adjustments to the process.
Development of Optimization Models for Carbon Bed Design
Authors: Dostal K. A. , Harrington J. J. , Clark R. M. , Robeck G. G.
Published: February 2018

This article presents optimization models that incorporated technologic and economic considerations in order to determine a best preliminary design for the unit process of granular carbon adsorption. Only the case of continuous reactivation was considered. Under some seasonal demand patterns, it may be more economical to operate the furnace on an intermittent basis. Such a policy would require the inclusion of additional startup and shutdown costs, and probably higher maintenance costs. These are not conveniently considered in the linear programing formulations; but this aspect could be investigated in the case of no off‐line storage by a dynamic programing approach.
Quantitative Analysis of Reservoir and Stream Yields
Authors: Smith H. F. , Stall John B. , Dawes Julius H.
Published: February 2018

This article describes hydrologic research conducted by the Illinois State Water Survey to meet the growing need for water in the state. Methods of determining reservoir and stream yields are discussed, as well as how these methods were applied to Illinois conditions.
Present and Future of Stray Traction Current Problems in the United States
Authors: Hamilton Hugh L.
Published: February 2018

The transition from old street railway systems to new subway or surface rapid transit lines offers the opportunity for the reduction of stray current damage to underground structures. For this to happen, the traction system must be carefully designed to minimize stray earth currents. The owners of underground utilities must adjust their systems to compensate for the new conditions. The coordination of activities through appropriate committees and the use of sound engineering methods can simplify the realization of minimal corrosion conditions.
Bacteria in an Impounding Reservoir
Authors: Coutant Charles C. , Shapple Richard F.
Published: February 2018

This article presents data from assays for coliform organisms and from direct counting of all bacterial cells in water samples taken above and below the Green Lane impounding reservoir, built and operated by the Philadelphia Suburban Water Company. The results of direct counts of all bacterial species indicate an actual enrichment of the water with bacterial cells in passage through the impoundment during this period.
Management's Responsibility for Safety
Authors: Henzi Harry R.
Published: February 2018

This article provides an overview of the historical development of the industrial safety movement in the United States in order to explain the underlying concepts of management's moral, legal, and economic responsibility for safety. The article reviews some of the provisions of the California Workmen's Compensation and Safety Laws that emphasize management's responsibility for accident prevention. In addition, seven basic elements of safety are outlined. These should be helpful to management in carrying out its responsibility for safety. The particular aspect of safety presented in this article is management's responsibilities for industrial accident prevention.
Basic Capitalization of Investor‐Owned Water Utilities
Authors: Silliman Fred B.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses broadening the limitations on the amount of debt allowed an investor‐owned water utility.
Problem of Water Utility Relocation Work Associated With Street Improvement Projects
Authors: Johnson Karl A.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the planning and execution of utility relocations, stressing that the work should be done by water department crews where the department is adequately staffed to handle the work. Any work that cannot be handled in this manner should be done under contracts closely administered by the water department. The article provides various reasons for not allowing work on a public water system to become a secondary part of a larger project.
Foot‐Operated Vacuum Line Valve and Automatic Drain for Membrane Filtration
Authors: Fisgus A. R. , Rhines C. E.
Published: February 2018

The advantages and apparatus design of a foot‐operated vacuum line valve and automatic drain for membrane filtration are presented.
Relation Between Fluctuations in United States Climatic Patterns and 1962–65 Drought
Authors: Namias Jerome
Published: February 2018

Climatic fluctuations are continually taking place over large areas of the world. These fluctuations may last a week, a month, a season, a year, a decade, a century, or upwards to millennia. Meteorologists recognize these fluctuations as integral parts of the total weather picture. This article describes certain features of this climatic fluctuation in terms of rainfall and temperature patterns, relates these features to the prevailing large‐scale air currents in the atmosphere well above the earth's surface, and proposes a theory that might explain how these abnormal conditions have been generated and maintained.
Correct Meter Sizing
Authors: Moodhe Neil S.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the three requirements of meter sizing: it must produce estimates greater than average for all fixtures on the system during periods of heaviest demand; the method must yield reasonably accurate estimates of peak demand so as to avoid oversizing of piping; and, it must be adaptable for estimating the demand of groups of like fixtures as well as any number of different kinds. The criteria used by the author to examine the problem is listed, along with factors to consider when computing loss of pressure or head loss, and the experiences of four major city water utilities.
Occurrence of Phosphates in Surface Waters and Some Related Problems
Authors: Missingham G. A.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses some of the most important previous work on phosphate studies and reviews and compares their significance with some recent pertinent studies in Canada.
Weir Instrumentation lor River Management
Authors: Girand James
Published: February 2018

In 1958, the state of New Jersey began construction of two storage projects. One of these, known as Spruce Run, is an on‐river reservoir with a capacity of 11 bil gal. The other is an off‐river pumped‐storage project with a reservoir capacity of 55 bil gal. The operational plan of these projects included the release of stored water into the stream channels below the dams, which would then flow into diversion points further downstream. By utilizing the normal flows in the Raritan River basin, the useful water produced by the project was greatly increased over the amount which would be available if the lakes were tapped directly. This article discusses studies conducted on the management of the water releases so that the maximum use could be obtained with a minimum amount of waste. Special wier instruments were installed in addition to long‐established U.S. Geological Survey gaging stations, which were effective in pinpointing the exact problems facing the project.
The Financial Advisor
Authors: Heeseler E. Carlton
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the function of a financial advisor in assisting a community to create a new bond issue. The article discusses various methods of financing a proposed project, the preparation of legal documents, timing the sale, lower interest, and fees and expenses.
Multiple Level Outlet Works for Del Valle Reservoir
Authors: Drown R. D. , McCullough C. A.
Published: February 2018

In 1963, it was decided to develop a basis for the design of multiple level outlet works for the Del Valle Dam and Reservoir Project along the route of the South Bay Aqueduct. The California Department of Water Resources initiated a study to determine the costs and benefits of such an operation. This paper presents background material, the results of the study and information on the current construction status of the Del Valle Project.
Influence of Environmental Factors on the Nitrogen Cycle in Water
Authors: DeMarco Jack , Kurbiel Jerzy , Symons James M. , Robeck Gordon
Published: February 2018

Understanding the behavior of impounded water is essential to the evaluation of any project involving streamflow regulation for water quality. Since 1962, the Engineering Activities Section of the Basic and Applied Sciences Program of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration has been studying this subject, as specified in amended P.L. 87‐660. The study presented in this article was one in a series, designed to investigate the influence of natural environmental factors on the nitrogen cycle. There have been many studies of natural environments, but few controlled studies to demonstrate the influence of environmental factors on the rate and extent of nitrification. Equipment and methods are discussed, along with typical nitrification patterns, seed concentration, ammonia nitrogen concentration, relative turbulence, nitrites and nitrates, organics, and bacterial enumeration.
Nuclear‐Energized Turbidity Monitor for Treatment Plants
Authors: Hirsch A. Adler
Published: February 2018

The article discusses what is possibly the first application of nuclear energy to water treatment plants in the form of a target for monitoring turbidity after dark. This target is an embedded luminous disc which emits light through the activation of a phosphor by ß‐rays from krypton 85. This device is completely self contained and self sufficient, needing no external current or power pack. Light level is constant enough for purposes of qualitative determination. Radiation hazards are inconsequential, although the proper regulatory agency should be contacted prior to acquisition.
New Methods for the Colorimetric Determination of Halogen Residuals. Part II. Free and Total Chlorine
Authors: Black A. P. , Whittle G. P.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a method for the determination of free chlorine using leuco crystal violet as the indicator. It provides accurate and reproducible results with minimal interference from combined chlorine at relatively high water temperatures. The method is very rapid, taking only a matter of seconds to develop the test color, and the stability of the developed color allows ample time for accurate color matching with standards. The effect of sample temperature on the accuracy of the method is negligible over a wide range and constituents normally present in water do not interfere. The oxidized forms of manganese produce the only serious interference found, and in the relatively few waters presenting this problem, it can be solved by using a suitable arsenite modification. Application of the test method in field studies involving swimming pool and treatment plant waters gave results very similar to those obtained by amperometric titration. All reagents were easily prepared and demonstrate exceptional stability in solution form. The test method is successfully used with free‐chlorine concentrations of 2 mg/l or less, but may be extended greater than this concentration by appropriate dilution methods. A very sensitive method for total chlorine is presented and when used in conjunction with the free‐chlorine test, will permit the determination of a combined chlorine residual by difference.
The Control of Water Hammer by Automatic Valves
Authors: Lescovich Joseph E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the prevention and dissipation of surges using automatic control valves. The automatic surge‐relief valve is a pilot‐controlled throttling valve whose opening and closing controls are individually adjustable. The article provides a brief review of surge theory, the “critical period”, the pump check valve, the electric check valve, the solenoid pilot valve, the recirculation valve, the swing check valve, the surge pressure relief valve, the pilot‐operated surge relief valve, the surge anticipator valve, the surge sensor, sizing the surge relief valve, gravity flow, and the uphill pumping system.
Pressure‐Control Structures for Large Pipelines
Authors: Winn W. Paul
Published: February 2018

This article discusses pressure‐control structures on large diameter pipelines in the distribution system of the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. The article discusses three functions that the pressure‐control structures are designed to perform: maintaining operating pressure upstream and downstream; controlling the flow of water; and, preventing the pressure in adjacent reaches of the pipeline from exceeding the design pressure. The article presents as an example the Santiago Creek and Coastal pressure‐control structures on East Orange County Feeder No.2 of the San Diego County Water Authority distribution system.
Water Hammer Control in Los Angeles Distribution Pumping Plants
Authors: Rosenbaum Arthur A. , Marynick Stephen M.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by providing a brief overview of how to determine whether a surge problem exists. If surge control is necessary, the article discusses several methods: for normal starting and stopping surges, the pump bypass system is used; for normal starting and stopping plus pressure regulation or water level control, the automatic valve in the discharge line is used; for power failure control, a surge chamber is used when the size will not be too great; and, for power failure protection when a surge chamber cannot be installed, the anticipator type of valve is used.
India: A Good Market
Authors: Chatterjee K. N.
Published: February 2018

In this article, the writer appeals to the industrialists of friendly countries to take a keen interest in India's program for industrial development, particularly for water and allied industries due to the scarcity of water in India.
Ground Water—A Neglected Resource
Authors: Geraghty James J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the extent of groundwater resources in the U.S., and divides the country's groundwater into five major groundwater provinces, with four provinces extending more or less in a north‐south direction, and a fifth province cutting across the northerly boundaries of the other four. Topics covered include: differences in utilization; variations in temperature; salinity; contamination by wastes; depletion; mining of groundwater; and, utilization schedules.
Water Quality Changes Due to Impoundment
Authors: Powell Marcus P. , Berthouex P. M.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses 15 years of stream flow, turbidity, and coliform organism data from the Iowa River at Iowa City. The Iowa River drains 4,375 sq. mi. of extensively farmed, fertile prairie soil, 3,271 sq. mi. of which are above Iowa City. The University of Iowa and Iowa City each maintain separate water treatment plants, each using the Iowa River as the primary supply. All samples were taken from the raw water intake of the university plant, 5 or 6 days a week, between 1950 and 1965. Stream flow measurements were furnished by the U.S. Geological Survey. Bacterial analyses were performed by the Iowa State Hygienic Laboratories. The Coralville Flood Control Dam, about 6 miles above Iowa City, was put into operation Sep. 18, 1958. This divides the period of record so that “before” and “after” water quality data can be analyzed.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Sevin in Natural Waters
Authors: Aly Osman M.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a spectrophotometric method that was developed for the determination of sevin (l‐naphthyl‐N‐methylcarbamate) as well as its hydrolysis product, l‐naphthol, in natural waters. The quantitative determination involves the extraction with chloroform and the hydrolysis of sevin to I‐naphthol. The latter reacts with 4‐aminoantipyrine and an oxidizing agent in alkaline medium to form a red‐colored complex. Ammonia‐phosphate buffer was used to stabilize the pH at 8.2 ± 0.3. Free I‐naphthol, if present, is removed from the chloroform extract into a basic aqueous solution and can be determined separately. The sensitivity is about 5 µg/l for sevin and 8 µg/l for l‐naphthol. Recoveries were 98.5 per cent for sevin and 99 per cent for I‐naphthol.
National Cataloging Center for Water Resources Research
Authors: Long Bill L.
Published: February 2018

During the past several decades there has been a growing concern about the nation's water supply. As a result, a broadly based water research program is now under way by the National Cataloging Center for Water Resources Research. This article discusses the role of the center and the services that it provides to those engaged in research and management in this area.
Behavior of Synthetic Organics in Stratified Impoundments
Authors: DeMarco Jack , Symons James M. , Robeck Gordon G.
Published: February 2018

This paper has shown qualitatively the behavior of a range of synthetic organics in simulated stratified impoundments, using natural river water. The results indicate that particular environments that may be present in impoundments could inhibit the degradation of certain synthetic organics. This could lead to a deterioration of water quality in a system planned for enhancement of downstream water.
Hyphomicrobia—A Significant Factor in Manganese Problems
Authors: Tyler Peter A. , Marshall Kevin C.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a study in Tasmania where deposits containing up to 50 per cent manganese occur in hydroelectric pipelines. It has been shown experimentally that microorganisms are essential to initiate these deposits, and that stalked, budding bacteria (Hyphomicrobium) are of far greater significance in this role than the usually‐implicated chlamydobacteria. A laboratory system was devised to reproduce field conditions. A relatively large volume of lake water was pumped through a system of glass tubes in which manganese deposition took place. With the use of metabolic inhibitors, it was shown that microorganisms are essential to initiate manganese deposition. Examination of pipeline deposits strongly suggests that the continuing process of accumulation is also microbiologic.
New Jersey Water Problems and Planning
Authors: Hughes Richard J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses water issues and planning in the state of New Jersey. Water and air pollution control measures are presented, along with New Jersey's Clean Water Council, Delaware River planning, the Great Tocks Island Dam, the northeastern U.S. drought of the early 1960s, and planning on a regional basis.
Detroit's Metropolitan Water Service–A New Dimension
Authors: Remus Gerald J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the organization of the Detroit Department of Water Supply. It is administered by a Board of Commissioners, financing is entirely by revenue bonds, and the water department acts as a water wholesaler. The development of a master program for water supply and wastewater treatment is discussed, along with rate increases.
Estimating Water Well Specific Capacity Utilizing Permeability of Disturbed Samples
Authors: Patchick Paul F.
Published: February 2018

Water supply engineers and hydrogeologists are often faced with the necessity of estimating the probable yield and draw down of a well, with only drill cuttings or bailed samples available. Sophisticated devices such as radioactive tracer isotopes and self potential‐resistivity electric‐loggers are now being utilized in groundwater hydrology. Experience, judgment, and common sense, however, are indispensable in dealing with most problems. The following case history illustrates a hydrogeologist's approach to a typical problem. The methods described in this article can give acceptable results, if sound judgment is used, local conditions are known, sampling methods are described, and the technique is not abused by expecting too much accuracy.
Use of Filter Conditioners in Water Treatment
Authors: Geise G. D. , Pitman R. W. , Wells G. W.
Published: February 2018

The use of filter conditioners has been instrumental in achieving substantial savings in chemical usage, and for a significant increase in plant capacity with minor capital expenditures. This article reviews the use of a filter conditioner and discusses recent testing of feed control parameters at the Hanford, California, water treatment plants.
Electrokinetic Studies of Slow Sand Filtration Process
Authors: Edwards D. M. , Monke E. J.
Published: February 2018

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of pH, period of operation, and column depth on the electrokinetic properties and internal behavior mechanism of a clay‐silica system. The operation of a slow sand filter was partially simulated in the laboratory by passing colloidal clay suspensions through a column of porous silica sand.
Total Management of Water Resources
Authors: Smith Robert L.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by broadly defining the term “total management” of water resources. The article goes on to discuss organizations that achieve total management of water resources based on economic, institutional, and jurisdictional as well as hydrologic considerations.
Rapid Modified Eriochrome Cyanine R Method for Determination of Aluminum in Water
Authors: Shull Kenneth E. , Guthan Gene R.
Published: February 2018

This study developed a rapid, sensitive, accurate method for the determination of small amounts of aluminum in water. The method uses an eriochrome cyanine R dye that is a modification of Knight's method. The key factors in the modification are adjustment of the dye solutions and elimination of alkalinity, which, even in “trace” amounts, has a marked inhibitory effect. Other interferences are also eliminated, including iron and manganese with ascorbic acid, complex phosphates by boiling with acid, and fluoride, removed either by volatilization or by adding known concentrations of the ion to the aluminum solutions used in preparing calibration curves. Data are also presented to show that glass wool, absorbent cotton, and most filter papers remove nearly all the soluble aluminum from an aluminum solution. Only membrane filters can be used with confidence for this purpose. Finally, using the PSW modified method, it has been possible to demonstrate that aluminum concentrations of 0.05 mg/l or less can be expected in the filter effluent from a well‐operated water treatment plant.
Salt‐Water Contamination in Wells in the Sara‐Sands Area on Siesta Key, Sarasota County, Fla.
Authors: Joyner Boyd F. , Sutcliffe H.
Published: February 2018

In late 1962, problems of water quality began to occur in water supply wells in the Sara‐Sands area on Siesta Key in Sarasota County, Florida. Water from several of the wells became salty and unsuitable for any use except sanitary purposes. This article discusses an investigation by the Sarasota County Health Department, the U.S. Geological Survey, the Florida Geological Survey, and Sarasota County, to discover the source of the salt water. It was discovered that the galvanized iron casing was perforated in the zones of corrosive water in the surface sand and upper Hawthorn Formation. Saline water leaked through holes in the corroded casings and flowed downward to zone 1, causing a deterioration of quality. This problem was solved by grouting the well casings.
Resume of Ground Water Hydrology in the Southern San Joaquin Valley
Authors: Manning John C.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the southern part of California's San Joaquin Valley, particularly within Kern County. With groundwater supplying a relatively large proportion of the total agricultural irrigation demand, this is a region of intensive groundwater development, and in recent years, it has had a severe groundwater overdraft. Alleviation of the overdraft by importing water from northern California has been a major goal of Kern County water users for many years. With imminent deliveries of Feather River water to Kern County through the state aqueduct (beginning in 1968), groundwater levels may now be near their all‐time lows. This article summarizes conditions which have caused the large overdraft and suggest possible changes that may occur within the groundwater basin in the future.
Employer‐Employee Relations
Authors: Dyer Garvin H.
Published: February 2018

Water utilities must be managed by professionals who know how to apply proper personnel policies. Water rates must be adjusted so that salaries and benefits will attract and retain qualified employees. This should be done without making it necessary for employees to resort to unionization. The future of employer‐employee relations in the water industry is, to a large extent, in the hands of the owners and managers of the utilities.
The Importance of Communications in Modern Society
Authors: Murray G. H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses strategies for improving communications, dealing with significant differences within organizations, and different management theories. The article discusses three strategies for dealing with differences in organizations: working mainly “one to one” between individuals; working with groups and using the group meetings for an information exchange and deemphasizing the problem‐solving and decision‐making roles of the group; and, using groups to work through differences to move toward better solutions and away from win‐lose situations.
Communications in Purification
Authors: Dillener John A. , Radziul Joseph V.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the communications problems of large treatment plants. The article presents the communications gap and indicates the benefits that may be derived if communications are improved for treatment plants. The article also discusses the communication phases that must be developed if water purification is eventually to be under direct control by a computer in the next decade.
Work Simplification—An Application of Communications
Authors: Powell Ralph E.
Published: February 2018

This article defines work simplification as the systematic analysis of the factors in work, in order to revise or develop methods to save effort, time, or money. Some of these factors are: the working environment; materials used; processes and procedures used; equipment and facilities for work purposes; tools; and, hand and body motions. Some of these methods are the elimination of unnecessary work, increased effectiveness of effort, smooth and balanced flow of processes, simplicity, standardization, proper implementation of the new methods, and review of revisions.
Electrokinetic Behavior of Aluminum Species in Dilute Dispersed Kaolinite Systems
Authors: Black A. P. , Chen Ching‐lin
Published: February 2018

The objective of this study was to examine the specific behavior of the different aluminum ion species including hydrated trivalent aluminum ion, hydrolyzed polymeric multivalent aluminum ions, and colloidal aluminum hydroxide in aluminum‐kaolinite interactions with the subsequent destabilization of a dispersed system of negatively charged clay particles. The major experimental work investigated the various destabilization phenomena at three arbitrarily chosen final pH values: pH 3, pH 5, and pH 8. Microelectrophoretic techniques were used throughout this study in order to reveal any significant differences in the electrokinetic properties of the flocs which might be attributed to specific hydrolysis products, and also to elucidate the charge reversal phenomena due to the specific adsorption of the polymeric multivalent aluminum ions.
Composite Water‐Sampling Device
Authors: Gardner Wayne S. , Campbell J. E.
Published: February 2018

This article describes a sampling device for the chemical analysis and evaluation of a water supply that is constructed by connecting a synchronous electric motor to an overflow pipet and samples the water at periodic intervals. With a motor that rotates at an appropriate rate and a pipet that delivers an appropriate volume, this sampling device delivers a composite sample of desired volume over a given period. The sample comes into contact with only glass or Teflon parts of the device.
Nitrate Estimation With an OT Kit
Authors: Macejunas Anthony
Published: February 2018

This article describes a simple field nitrate method that utilizes readily available reagents and apparatus. The method is based upon the production of chlorine by the reaction of nitrate with hydrochloric acid in diluted sulfuric acid. The chlorine produced reacts with orthotolidine (OT) and is estimated in a color comparator. Conditions in the procedure are purposely altered to favor two reactions. The first reaction is that of nitrate with hydrochloric acid to produce chlorine. The second reaction is that of the OT with the produced chlorine.
The Great Lakes Water Resource
Authors: Poston H. W. , Ownbey C. R.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses water quality control in the Great Lakes Basin. It briefly reviews water resources issues of the Great Lakes as published in a JOURNAL AWWA article in September 1964. The article presents current action underway on water pollution control, and discusses the advantages of developing a program similar to the Tennessee Valley Authority, which would be responsible for managing the water resources of the Great Lakes Basin.
Discovery and Control of Live Organisms in the Great Yarmouth Water Supply
Authors: Phillips J. H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the identification and control efforts of a live specimen of Asellus, the water louse, in 1958 in the treated water of Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom. Dosing of all water supplied from the Ormesby plant was undertaken with pyrethrins at 0.002 ppm for a period of 21 days, beginning on Nov. 17, 1958. Prior dechlorination with SO2 was necessary because chlorine inactivates pyrethrins. Other live organisms were detected in the system, and it was observed that a chlorine residual in excess of 0.05 ppm significantly reduced the number of all the organisms present. The 63 hydrants and washouts mentioned in the article were sampled from September 1960 to May 1965. The origin of infestation is discussed, along with filter experiments.
Characterization and Conditioning of Water Treatment Plant Sludge
Authors: Gates Charles D. , McDermott Raymond F.
Published: February 2018

The objectives of this study were to: develop methods for sampling and measuring the characteristics of the alum sludge collected in the settling basins of rapid sand filtration plants; collect data on the characteristics of this sludge at a water treatment plant in order to predict the applicability of various treatment processes; and, determine whether the relationship between dosage and specific resistance of an alum sludge is a valid measure of the effect of synthetic organic polyelectrolytes on its dewatering characteristics. The two plants chosen for the study were both rapid sand filter plants treating surface water from essentially rural watersheds, impounded in plant A but not in plant B. The only chemicals added to the influent were chlorine and alum, except for small doses of active carbon added in plant A for 2 days. Rapid and slow‐mixing were followed by sedimentation in rectangular, concrete, manually cleaned basins.
Metallic Elements in Inland Waterways
Authors: Toth Stephen J.
Published: February 2018

As a result of the water analyses and correlation with pound‐per‐acre rating for various fish, it was found that rainbow trout and other fish have a strong aversion to nickel and other heavy metals. Rainbow trout do not survive in water with more than 0.1 ppm nickel, whereas brook and brown trout can survive. It is believed that based on atomic absorption analysis of water it can be accurately predicted that water can be stocked with certain fish in order to assure maximum productivity and eliminate fishkill. These findings can be used by state conservation agencies as a guide in stocking streams and impoundments. The damming of a stream to form an impoundment without checking the composition of the tributaries may lead to the creation of a sterile impoundment. This is well illustrated by Matawan Lake in Matawan, N.J. Two tributaries to this impoundment contribute sufficient sulfuric acid and soluble aluminum to kill almost all of the animal and plant life.
Water Pricing in Residential Areas
Authors: Howe Charles W.
Published: February 2018

This article suggests a framework to bring cost and demand considerations together to determine water prices. The main emphasis is on the demand for water in residential areas.
Chlorination and Dechlorination: A Scientific and Practical Approach
Authors: White George C.
Published: February 2018

In recent years, water treatment plants have been designed to provide for prechlorination and postchlorination in conjunction with a variety of intermediate points of application; that is, ahead of filters and sometimes ahead of sedimentation units (postflocculation). This type of design is based largely upon a consensus that postchlorination is a must for disinfection, that prechlorination will aid taste and odor control and prevention of algae growths in sedimentation basins, and that the intermediate points will remedy any unforeseen problems that may arise. This article discusses whether all these points of chlorination are necessary considering the time and expense of additional hardware necessary to meter and transport the chlorine solution.
Solids Concentration and Performance of Solids Contact Softeners
Authors: Kross Russell E. , Fisher Neil B. , Paulson Wayne L.
Published: February 2018

This article reports on the results obtained in full‐scale parallel operation at the University of Iowa of two solids contact units at various concentrations of solids. This unit was designed for light turbidity and algae removal, lime‐soda softening, and industrial waste treatment. The article lists the operational variables used to control the functions of each unit and obtain the desired effluent quality and quantity. Details of the experimental procedure and results are discussed.