bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Iain M. Banks, February 16, 1954–June 9, 2013
Authors: Milner Andrew
Published: May 2014

The leading Scottish author Iain M. Banks was to have been the opening speaker at the conference of the European Utopian Studies Society held at New Lanark on July 1–4, 2013. His diagnosis with imminently terminal cancer made that sadly impossible. Below we publish the text of the eulogy delivered in his stead by Andrew Milner, professor of English and comparative literature at Monash University in Melbourne, Australia.
Spectral Anatomies: Heritage, Hauntology and the ‘Ghosts’ of Varosha
Authors: Sterling Colin
Published: May 2014

This paper unravels the idea of the ‘ghost town’ - and more specifically the deserted district of Varosha, Famagusta - as it relates to heritage, questioning the discursive dynamics and affective potential of what can seem a trite and therefore hollow phrase. Drawing on apposite theories of hauntology (Derrida 1993) and the ghosts of place (Bell 1997) I argue that there is a dense back-and-forth between two distinct positions in this term, both of which play into wider heritage processes. The first understands the ghost town as an empty if uniquely atmospheric space, ripe for development or ‘dark tourism’ (Lennon and Foley 2000). Heritage is implicated here in the protection and promotion of sites which may be perceived as ‘ruin porn’ - by turns melancholy and exhilarating but fundamentally removed from contemporary life. The second position unsettles this reading by focusing on the complexities of the very word ‘ghost’, here understood as ‘the sense of the presence of those who are not physically there’ (Bell 1997: 813). From this perspective, common heritage practices (including collecting, exhibiting and narrating) might be seen as an attempt to psychologically re-inhabit vacant places, a process which takes on extra significance around the highly politicised context of Varosha. Through fieldwork, archival research and intertextual and visual analysis I track the description of Varosha as a ghost town across journalism, contemporary art and diasporic discourse, in the process anatomising this spectral designation to reconceptualise its wider relevance to heritage.
News&views: Principles to Actions: Effective Mathematics Teaching as the Core for Student Learning
Authors: Huinker Deann , Leinwand Steven , Brahier Daniel
Published: May 2014

The knowledge of fractions and decimals that children develop in the elementary grades provides an essential foundation for the study of algebra and more advanced mathematics, but most teachers and students consider the topic challenging. Share your approaches to facilitating children's understanding of fractions and decimals. What classroom activities and ideas do you use to help children make sense of fractions and decimals as numbers, benchmarks, measures, quotients, or as operators? The TCM Editorial Panel invites you to share your ideas on developing K–grade 6 students' number sense for fractions and decimals. We are especially interested in manuscripts that describe ideas that have been informed by research and implementation in classrooms.
I Am a Math Coach: Now What?
Authors: Rapacki Lauren J. , Francis Dionne I. Cross
Published: May 2014

Share a teacher's ultimately empowering experience of transitioning into an ill-defined, unanticipated leadership position.
Introducing Workers’ Embedded Agency: Insights from the Brazilian Subsidiaries of a Multinational Corporation
Authors: Frangi Lorenzo
Published: May 2014

The relevance of subsidiary embeddedness in a macro-institutional environment can in no way overshadow the importance of the micro-political agency of social actors. While some researchers focus on local management’s “embedded agency,” we focus on a less-developed aspect: workers’ “embedded agency.” In order to do so, we propose an analytical model that is based on the Varieties of Capitalism model and its subsequent developments, but that also includes the workers as an active agent. This model allows us to observe the institutional resources that workers can actively mobilize. We specifically focus on the characteristics of industrial relations and education institutional sub-systems. We apply the developed analytical model to the case of the Brazilian subsidiaries of a highly global multinational corporation (MNC). Brazil represents a context where institutional constraints (i.e. corporatist industrial relations and a dualist education system) make workers’ actions the least favorable. Moreover, the highly integrated organizational environment of the MNC further reinforces this aspect. In turn, this makes it more compelling to discover how workers can nevertheless strategically activate some resources to improve their conditions. We conduct a case study and collect empirical data through semi-structured interviews and documentary analysis. More specifically, we discuss three examples of workers’ “embedded agency” (i.e. election of a bilateral committee for the prevention of accidents; plant closure; and internship and training). These bring analytical attention to workers’ collective and individual actions as well as intra- and extra-subsidiary mobilization of institutional resources.
Comment jouer la régulation dans l’industrie du jeu vidéo?
Authors: Legault Marie-Josée , Weststar Johanna
Published: May 2014

Cet article étudie les choix des concepteurs de jeux vidéo en matière de représentation de leurs intérêts à la lumière de la théorie de la mobilisation de Kelly (1998), cela dans le but de mesurer leur disposition à l’action collective. Ces travailleurs illustrent bien le cas des travailleurs du savoir dans des productions organisées par projets. Si le modèle de Kelly permet en principe d’asseoir des projections concernant la syndicalisation d’un secteur, tel n’est pas le cas ici. Notre étude nous amène plutôt à mesurer l’ampleur de la transformation du marché de l’emploi depuis l’élaboration du modèle et la distance qui sépare les besoins des travailleurs du savoir, d’une part, et les options que leur propose l’action syndicale traditionnelle telle que présentée par le modèle de Kelly, d’autre part.

Ce groupe de travailleurs remplit deux conditions propices à l’action collective : il a identifié des problèmes communs dans les conditions de travail de l’industrie et il en attribue généralement la responsabilité à l’employeur.

Cependant, trois conditions essentielles l’empêchent de s’unir en une coalition. D’abord, il est partagé entre une définition de son intérêt en termes collectifs et individuels; ensuite , il est aussi partagé quant à la conviction que la situation insatisfaisante est illégitime. Enfin, et surtout, lorsque les travailleurs analysent les coûts et les bénéfices de l’action collective, le projet de syndicalisation via le régime général d’accréditation fondé sur l’entreprise-employeur leur pose plusieurs problèmes concrets. Les concepteurs de jeux pratiquent une forme d’action collective qui contourne les contraintes que pose notre régime juridique actuel de rapports collectifs de travail. Or, la théorie de la mobilisation de Kelly assimile action collective et action syndicale traditionnelle, ce qui mérite d’être reconsidéré.
Erosion and Renewal of Professional Powers in Public Sector Employment: The Role of Occupational Community
Authors: Campbell Shelagh
Published: May 2014

This paper describes a case study of a particular form of knowledge worker; lawyers, and their efforts to achieve collective bargaining. Within self-regulated professions like law, the professional regulatory body controls much of the labour process and defines the body of professional knowledge. Apprenticeships, such as clinical locums in medicine and articles in law, play an important role in the transfer of labour process norms. However, more and more professionals seek employment in large organizations where the autonomy historically enjoyed by the self-employed worker and crafted in the confines of mentorships is increasingly subject to bureaucratic and administrative controls. In large employment settings rules and policies may interfere with workers’ exercise of professional discretion and full utilization of their knowledge. The result of the erosion of traditional labour process power under bureaucratic forms of organization leads professionals to seek alternate forms of control. Many turn to collective bargaining as a mean to wrest back control over the application of discretionary judgment from large, often public sector, employers.

In the case of the legal profession in Canada, a great many lawyers are employed in the public sector. The subspecialty of criminal prosecution was broadly framed as a service private sector lawyers once provided on a fee-for-service basis, but until relatively recently it was not a distinct area of practice to which one dedicated a career. The regularization of prosecution in the public sector results in a strong sense of occupational community among public prosecutors. The forces of bureaucratic control and occupational community act together to support collective bargaining among professionals who otherwise have been opposed to this strategy, claiming it is “unprofessional”.
Learning in Struggle: Argentina’s New Worker Cooperatives as Transformative Learning Organizations
Authors: Vieta Marcelo
Published: May 2014

This article considers Argentina’sempresas recuperadas por sus trabajadores(worker-recuperated enterprises, or ERTs) astransformative learning organizations. ERTs are illustrative of how workers’ conversions of capitalist firms into worker cooperatives—especially conversions emerging from troubled firms and in moments of deep socio-economic crises—transform workers (from managed employees to self-managed workers), work organizations (from capitalist businesses to labour-managed firms), and communities (from depleted to revitalized and self-provisioning localities).

Theoretically, the study is grounded in class-struggle, workplace learning, and social action learning approaches. These theoretical perspectives help the study work through how workplace conversions by workers, when converting troubled investor-owned or proprietary firms into worker coops, act as catalysts for contesting workplace exploitation and capitalist crises, while also beginning to move beyond them by forging new social relations of production and exchange. In the case of Argentina’s ERTs, crises in the political economy and micro-economic crises at the point of production during the collapse of the neoliberal model at the turn of the millennium heightened workers’ self-awareness of their situations of exploitation and motivated collective action. As a result, new worker cooperatives were created that also stimulated the social, cultural, and economic renewal of surrounding communities.

The study’s research method relies on extended case studies of four diverse ERTs, which included ethnographic observation and in-depth interviews. Observations of daily workflows were conducted, as well as interviews and informal conversations with founding and newer ERT workers. In a more structured portion of the interview protocol, key-informants were asked to reflect on how they had personally changed after being involved in the ERT, and how production practices and involvement with the community had transformed in the process of conversion.

The article concludes by outlining how worker, organizational, and community transformations emerge from workers’ processes ofinformal learningandlearning in struggleas they collectively strive to overcome macro- and micro-economic crises and learn to become cooperators. This learning, the study shows, occurs in two ways:intra-cooperativelyvia informal workplace learning, andinter-cooperativelybetween workers from different ERTs and with surrounding communities. The self-management forged by ERTs thus embodies new, cooperative, and community-centered values and practices for these workers that, in turn, sketch out different possibilities for economic and productive life in Argentina.
Les droits ancestraux autochtones : reconnaissance et contestation
Authors: Cook Mathieu
Published: May 2014

Cet article présente les résultats préliminaires d’une analyse de discours à propos de la controverse entourant l’Entente de principe avec les Premières Nations de Mamuitun et de Nutashkuan. Il traite de la vision des relations entre les régions centrales et périphériques qu’entretiennent les opposants à l’entente, ainsi que de la remise en question de la validité des identités autochtones. De plus, la discussion comprend une brève comparaison entre ce cas précis et d’autres controverses similaires observées ailleurs en Amérique du Nord.
Conservation et innovation
Authors: D’Orsi Annalisa
Published: May 2014

Les Innus qui souhaitent encore apprendre et transmettre la culture traditionnelle ont aujourd’hui recours à de nouvelles stratégies : écriture, documentaires, stages en forêt, cours scolaires, musées et centres culturels, sites Web et outils multimédias. Il s’agit d’arriver à composer avec les profondes transformations produites par la colonisation et par le mode de vie contemporain : la sédentarisation en réserve, les nouvelles pratiques économiques, la scolarisation des jeunes. Un rôle dramatique semble avoir été joué notamment par l’institution des écoles résidentielles catholiques, dans les années 1950. Selon plusieurs Innus, elles auraient coupé les racines culturelles des nouvelles générations. Dans la situation de crise qui en résulte, la tradition se perpétue à travers des actions novatrices, créatives et conscientes. Basé sur une recherche de terrain de plus de deux ans (2003-2006) dans la communauté innue de Uashat mak Maniutenam (Côte-Nord du Québec), cet article analyse les transformations du processus de transmission du « savoir innu » à partir d’une conception dynamique de la « tradition ».
Conception collaborative d’un outil d’aide au transfert de connaissances enseignées en formation par alternance
Authors: Veillard Laurent , Kouamé Darès Kouassi
Published: May 2014

La problématique du transfert de connaissances enseignées vers les situations de travail est en général peu prise en compte dans les formations en alternance. La plupart des dispositifs pédagogiques existants reportent plus ou moins implicitement la responsabilité du transfert sur chaque apprenant. Pourtant, de nombreux travaux de recherche montrent depuis longtemps qu’il s’agit d’un processus très difficile pour des individus isolés. L’hypothèse de départ du travail présenté dans cet article est qu’il est nécessaire d’organiser des activités collectives instrumentées pour aider les apprenants à transférer les connaissances enseignées en situation de travail. Dans cette perspective, nous rendons compte d’une démarche de conception et d’intégration d’un outil d’aide au transfert de connaissances au sein d’une formation supérieure en alternance, réalisée dans le cadre d’un travail de doctorat. Le processus de conception, réalisé en collaboration avec les formateurs, est détaillé. Nous présentons également les résultats de l’expérimentation de ce nouvel outil en situation par quelques tuteurs et alternants. Cette démarche a conduit à réorganiser le dispositif de suivi des apprentis en situation de travail, avec notamment un lien plus étroit entre les différents acteurs du suivi des apprenants.
Pratiques d’alternance et référentiels professionnels
Authors: Molina Yvette
Published: May 2014

Cet article analyse la pratique d’alternance dans le secteur de la formation en travail social, et plus particulièrement celle de la formation d’assistant de service social.

Les références mobilisées dans les pratiques des formateurs de stage, acteurs de la formation en alternance, sont interrogées au regard de l’introduction de référentiels professionnels / compétences qui sont venus accompagner une réforme d’ampleur des diplômes du travail social en France dans les années 2000.

Cette contribution prétend analyser les pratiques d’accueil en stage d’étudiants et d’étudiantes en travail social sous le prisme de l’introduction de ces nouveaux outils. Elle prend appui sur un matériau empirique recueilli lors d’une observation participante. La méthodologie retenue est celle de la construction de monographies à partir des situations d’étudiants et de leurs formateurs de stage rencontrés dans le cadre de la formation.

Les résultats de cette empirie conduisent à la conclusion que l’usage des référentiels professionnels dans les pratiques d’accompagnement des stagiaires varie selon les profils des formateurs. Une segmentation générationnelle fait apparaître trois catégories qui se distinguent selon l’expérience professionnelle et celle de l’accueil en stage acquises dans le temps. La transmission d’une culture professionnelle homogène est ainsi interrogée à travers ces pratiques d’alternance.
Alternance en formation et développement professionnel
Authors: Merhan France
Published: May 2014

Cette contribution s’appuie sur une recherche exploratoire qui a visé à analyser les processus de construction de l’identité professionnelle dans lesquels s’engagent de jeunes étudiants se formant en alternance dans le cadre d’un dispositif universitaire de formation de formateurs. Le plan empirique de l’analyse porte sur un corpus de quinze « portfolios de développement professionnel » rédigés par ces étudiants. L’analyse de ces écrits met en évidence que leur impact formateur se fonde sur une reprise, en contexte universitaire, de l’expérience de stage réalisée. L’alternance correspond ainsi à deux déplacements par rapport à l’histoire de chaque étudiant : le stage en lui-même, puis la confrontation aux savoirs formalisés, permise par le portfolio. L’objectif de cet article est double : chercher à comprendre sur quelles composantes des processus du développement professionnel des étudiants l’accompagnement à l’écriture est susceptible d’influer en contexte universitaire et, au-delà, dégager des pistes dans le domaine de l’accompagnement au regard de ses aspects professionnalisants et formatifs dans les dispositifs par alternance.
L’encadrement des stagiaires en milieu de travail
Authors: Mazalon Élisabeth , Gagnon Claudia , Roy Sandra
Published: May 2014

En prenant une part plus active dans la formation des futurs travailleurs, la personne responsable de l’encadrement des élèves en milieu de travail dans un contexte de formation professionnelle initiale, le superviseur en entreprise (MELS, 2006) ou le tuteur (Agulhon et Lechaux, 1996), exerce différentes responsabilités auprès de l’élève qui vont au-delà de ses tâches professionnelles visant la production. Quelles sont ces tâches? Quel est le type d’encadrement offert dans les entreprises québécoises impliquées dans les projets d’alternance en formation professionnelle initiale? Cet article vise à rendre compte des résultats de l’enquête par questionnaires menée auprès de plus d’une centaine de superviseurs en entreprises dans différentes régions du Québec. Sur le plan organisationnel, les résultats montrent que nous sommes essentiellement en présence d’une alternance concertée (Mazalon et Bourassa, 2003), les types Individuel supervisé et Collectif supervisé étant ressortis comme les plus fréquents. Sur le plan de la pédagogie ou de la formation en entreprise, à proprement parler, les résultats révèlent la présence d’un guidage de l’activité (Savoyant, 1995) centré sur l’exécution et le contrôle.
Le développement professionnel en soins infirmiers
Authors: Boudjaoui Mehdi , Sein-Echaluce Luisa Guitard , Sanchez Fernandez Maria , Torner Benet Teresa
Published: May 2014

Même si plusieurs réformes ont été mises en place ces dernières années, la professionnalisation de l’université en Espagne est souvent remise en question dans des rapports d’expertise internationale. Pourtant, dans ce même contexte, les formations infirmières se distinguent par une longue tradition de coopération avec le monde professionnel, d’orientation pratique des curriculums et d’ouverture vers une forme d’alternance. En fondant notre analyse sur le principe d’une distinction entre une offre de formation et ses usages effectifs, nous nous sommes posé la question des effets de ces dispositifs sur le développement professionnel d’étudiants infirmiers. À partir d’une recherche collaborative menée en Espagne dans une faculté en sciences infirmières, nous avons mis en évidence les dynamiques professionnalisantes induites par un dispositif. Au-delà de l’influence de variables contextuelles, ces conjectures éclairent les conceptions que l’on peut avoir de l’objet « formation en alternance ».
Robust and accurate prediction of residue–residue interactions across protein interfaces using evolutionary information
Authors: Ovchinnikov Sergey , Kamisetty Hetunandan , Baker David
Published: May 2014

Do the amino acid sequence identities of residues that make contact across protein interfaces covary during evolution? If so, such covariance could be used to predict contacts across interfaces and assemble models of biological complexes. We find that residue pairs identified using a pseudo-likelihood-based method to covary across protein–protein interfaces in the 50S ribosomal unit and 28 additional bacterial protein complexes with known structure are almost always in contact in the complex, provided that the number of aligned sequences is greater than the average length of the two proteins. We use this method to make subunit contact predictions for an additional 36 protein complexes with unknown structures, and present models based on these predictions for the tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic (TRAP) transporter, the tripartite efflux system, the pyruvate formate lyase-activating enzyme complex, and the methionine ABC transporter.
Realization of THz Band Mixer Using Graphene
Authors: Ghasemi Mizuji E. , Abdolali A. , Aghamohamadi F. , Danaeifar M. , Hashemi S. , Nikooei Tehrani K.
Published: May 2014

In this article a new method for creating mixer component in infrared and THz is suggested. Since the nonlinear property of admittance creates frequency components that do not exist in the input signal and the electrical conductivity is associated with admittance, in our work we have proven and simulated that the nonlinear property of graphene admittance can produce mixer component. The simulation results show that the mixer component is larger than other components, therefore the mixer works properly. Because of nano scale of graphene structure, this method paves the road to achieve super compact circuits.
A Novel Microwave Coaxial Slot Antenna for Liver Tumor Ablation
Authors: Acikgoz H. , Turer İ.
Published: May 2014

This paper is on the effect of a T-ring shape structure to enhance the capability of a microwave coaxial slot antenna (MCA) in the treatment of liver cancer. The MCA is composed of an interstitial coaxial line that is enclosed in a catheter. The T-ring shape structure is wrapped on the outer conductor of the MCA. Thanks to the new structure, the backward heating problem appearing in many coaxial antennas is reduced and the generated heat in front of the slot is higher than those for a classical MCA.
Rates and radiocarbon content of summer ecosystem respiration in response to long‐term deeper snow in the High Arctic of NW Greenland
Authors: Lupascu M. , Welker J. M. , Xu X. , Czimczik C. I.
Published: May 2014

The amount and timing of snow cover control the cycling of carbon (C), water, and energy in arctic ecosystems. The implications of changing snow cover for regional C budgets, biogeochemistry, hydrology, and albedo due to climate change are rudimentary, especially for the High Arctic. In a polar semidesert of NW Greenland, we used a ~10 year old snow manipulation experiment to quantify how deeper snow affects magnitude, seasonality, and 14C content of summer C emissions. We monitored ecosystem respiration (Reco), soil CO2, and their 14C contents over three summers in vegetated and bare areas. Additional snowpack, elevated soil water content (SWC), and temperature throughout the growing season in vegetated, but not in bare, areas. Daily Reco was positively correlated to temperature, but negatively correlated to SWC; consequently, we found no effect of increased snow on daily flux. Cumulative summertime Reco was not related to annual snowfall, but to water year precipitation (winter snow plus summer rain). Experimentally increased snowpack shortened the growing season length and reduced summertime Reco up to 40%. Soil CO2 was older under increased snow. However, we found no effect of snow depth on the Reco age because older C emissions were masked by younger CO2 produced from the litter layer or plant respiration. In the High Arctic, anticipated changes in precipitation regime associated with warming are a key uncertainty for understanding future C cycling. In polar semideserts, water year precipitation is an important driver of summertime Reco. Permafrost C is vulnerable to changes in snowpack, with a deeper snowpack‐promoting decomposition of older soil C.
An ecohydrological perspective on drought‐induced forest mortality
Authors: Parolari Anthony J. , Katul Gabriel G. , Porporato Amilcare
Published: May 2014

Regional‐scale drought‐induced forest mortality events are projected to become more frequent under future climates due to changes in rainfall patterns. The occurrence of these mortality events is driven by exogenous factors such as frequency and severity of drought and endogenous factors such as tree water and carbon use strategies. To explore the link between these exogenous and endogenous factors underlying forest mortality, a stochastic ecohydrological framework that accounts for random arrival and length of droughts as well as responses of tree water and carbon balance to soil water deficit is proposed. The main dynamics of this system are characterized with respect to the spectrum of anisohydric‐isohydric stomatal control strategies. Using results from a controlled drought experiment, a maximum tolerable drought length at the point where carbon starvation and hydraulic failure occur simultaneously is predicted, supporting the notion of coordinated hydraulic function and metabolism. We find qualitative agreement between the model predictions and observed regional‐scale canopy dieback across a precipitation gradient during the 2002–2003 southwestern United States drought. Both the model and data suggest a rapid increase of mortality frequency below a precipitation threshold. The model also provides estimates of mortality frequency for given plant drought strategies and climate regimes. The proposed ecohydrological approach can be expanded to estimate the effect of anticipated climate change on drought‐induced forest mortality and associated consequences for the water and carbon balances.
Pacific plate‐motion change at the time of the Hawaiian‐Emperor bend constrains the viscosity of Earth's asthenosphere
Authors: Iaffaldano Giampiero , Lambeck Kurt
Published: May 2014

Important constraints on asthenospheric viscosity come primarily from modeling the glacial rebound of the past 20 kyr, but remain somewhat loose because of the intrinsic resolving power of these models. We obtain narrower bounds by building on the notion that the asthenosphere also controls the ability to change plate motions over Myr. We focus on the Pacific kinematic change at the time of the Hawaiian‐Emperor bend event, which is linked to the coeval inception of subduction in the Western Pacific. We sample plausible asthenospheric viscosity and thickness values by requiring the rate at which torque varied to generate the observed kinematics consistent with the nature of subduction initiation. Uncertainties on the bend event duration and the occurrence of Pacific hot spots drift do not hamper our results that suggest that the asthenosphere viscous response to vertical shear over kyr is consistent with that to horizontal shear over Myr.
Biological Sand Filters: Low‐Cost Bioremediation Technique for Production of Clean Drinking Water
Authors: Lea Michael
Published: May 2014

Approximately 1.1 billion people in rural and peri‐urban communities of developing countries do not have access to safe drinking water. The mortality from diarrheal‐related diseases amounts to ∼2.2 million people each year from the consumption of unsafe water. Most of them are children under 5 years of age—250 deaths an hour from microbiologically contaminated water. There is conclusive evidence that one low‐cost household bioremediation intervention, use of biological sand filters, is capable of dramatically improving the microbiological quality of drinking water. This unit will describe this relatively new and proven bioremediation technology's ability to empower at‐risk populations to use naturally occurring biological principles and readily available materials as a sustainable way to achieve the health benefits of safe drinking water. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 33:1G.1.1‐1G.1.26. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Murine Norovirus: Propagation, Quantification, and Genetic Manipulation
Authors: Hwang Seungmin , Alhatlani Bader , Arias Armando , Caddy Sarah L. , Christodoulou Constantina , Bragazzi Cunha Juliana , Emmott Ed , Gonzalez‐Hernandez Marta , Kolawole Abimbola , Lu Jia , Rippinger Christine , Sorgeloos Frédéric , Thorne Lucy , Vashist Surender , Goodfellow Ian , Wobus Christiane E.
Published: May 2014

Murine norovirus (MNV) is a positive‐sense, plus‐stranded RNA virus in theCaliciviridaefamily. It is the most common pathogen in biomedical research colonies. MNV is also related to the human noroviruses, which cause the majority of nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Like the human noroviruses, MNV is an enteric virus that replicates in the intestine and is transmitted by the fecal‐oral route. MNV replicates in murine macrophages and dendritic cells in cells in culture and in the murine host. This virus is often used to study mechanisms in norovirus biology, because human noroviruses are refractory to growth in cell culture. MNV combines the availability of a cell culture and reverse genetics system with the ability to study infection in the native host. Herein, we describe a panel of techniques that are commonly used to study MNV biology.Curr. Protoc. Microbiol33:15K.2.1‐15K.2.61. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Genetic variation at the CELF1 (CUGBP, elav‐like family member 1 gene) locus is genome‐wide associated with Alzheimer's disease and obesity
Authors: Hinney Anke , Albayrak Özgür , Antel Jochen , Volckmar Anna‐Lena , Sims Rebecca , Chapman Jade , Harold Denise , Gerrish Amy , Heid Iris M. , Winkler Thomas W. , Scherag André , Wiltfang Jens , Williams Julie , Hebebrand Johannes ,   GERAD Consortium,   IGAP Consortium,   GIANT Consortium
Published: May 2014

Deviations from normal body weight are observed prior to and after the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Midlife obesity confers increased AD risk in later life, whereas late‐life obesity is associated with decreased AD risk. The role of underweight and weight loss for AD risk is controversial. Based on the hypothesis of shared genetic variants for both obesity and AD, we analyzed the variants identified for AD or obesity from genome‐wide association meta‐analyses of the GERAD (AD, cases = 6,688, controls = 13,685) and GIANT (body mass index [BMI] as measure of obesity, n = 123,865) consortia. Our cross‐disorder analysis of genome‐wide significant 39 obesity SNPs and 23 AD SNPs in these two large data sets revealed that: (1) The AD SNP rs10838725 (pAD = 1.1 × 10−08) at the locus CELF1 is also genome‐wide significant for obesity (pBMI = 7.35 × 10−09). (2) Four additional AD risk SNPs were nominally associated with obesity (rs17125944 at FERMT2, pBMI = 4.03 × 10−05, pBMI corr = 2.50 × 10−03; rs3851179 at PICALM; pBMI = 0.002, rs2075650 at TOMM40/APOE, pBMI = 0.024, rs3865444 at CD33, pBMI = 0.024). (3) SNPs at two of the obesity risk loci (rs4836133 downstream of ZNF608; pAD = 0.002 and at rs713586 downstream of RBJ/DNAJC27; pAD = 0.018) were nominally associated with AD risk. Additionally, among the SNPs used for confirmation in both studies the AD risk allele of rs1858973, with an AD association just below genome‐wide significance (pAD = 7.20 × 10−07), was also associated with obesity (SNP at IQCK/GPRC5B; pBMI = 5.21 × 10−06; pcorr = 3.24 × 10−04). Our first GWAS based cross‐disorder analysis for AD and obesity suggests that rs10838725 at the locus CELF1 might be relevant for both disorders. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Geophysical Survey in Sub‐Saharan Africa: magnetic and Electromagnetic Investigation of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Songo Mnara, Tanzania
Authors: Welham K. , Fleisher J. , Cheetham P. , Manley H. , Steele C. , Wynne‐Jones S.
Published: May 2014

Magnetometry and Slingram electromagnetic surveys were conducted at the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Songo Mnara, Tanzania, as part of a multinational programme of investigation to examine the uses of space within and outside of this stonetown. The town was a major Islamic trading port during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The surveys detected significant evidence for the containment of activities within the town walls, and previously unknown anthropogenic activity was revealed between the existing coral rag buildings, as well as within the open areas inside the town. Over 40 areas of magnetic disturbance were identified that corresponded directly with areas of high magnetic susceptibility in the Slingram electromagnetic in‐phase responses. On excavation many of these anomalies were found to correlate with wattle and daub structures, indicating a hitherto unidentified population, and the location of the anomalies also suggests a potentially deliberate delineation of space within the open areas of the stonetown. The combined results of the three geophysical data sets indicate that there are clear delineations in the use of space within Songo Mnara. This, coupled with the presence of industrial activities and evidence of more ephemeral occupation, neither of which had previously been recorded at the site, indicates that the pre‐existing town plan is in need of significant reappraisal. The current plan, based upon the remains of extant and collapsed coral buildings, can now be updated to incorporate the more ephemeral aspects of Swahili sites, including activity areas, and notably, the homes of the ‘hidden majority’ of the population. The results establish the benefit of a combined approach at these sites, and demonstrate that further invasive and non‐invasive exploration is required in order to fully exploit the significance of the role of geophysical techniques in understanding Swahili towns. © 2014 The Authors. Archaeological Prospection published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Anaerobic gut fungi: Advances in isolation, culture, and cellulolytic enzyme discovery for biofuel production
Authors: Haitjema Charles H. , Solomon Kevin V. , Henske John K. , Theodorou Michael K. , O'Malley Michelle A.
Published: May 2014

Anaerobic gut fungi are an early branching family of fungi that are commonly found in the digestive tract of ruminants and monogastric herbivores. It is becoming increasingly clear that they are the primary colonizers of ingested plant biomass, and that they significantly contribute to the decomposition of plant biomass into fermentable sugars. As such, anaerobic fungi harbor a rich reservoir of undiscovered cellulolytic enzymes and enzyme complexes that can potentially transform the conversion of lignocellulose into bioenergy products. Despite their unique evolutionary history and cellulolytic activity, few species have been isolated and studied in great detail. As a result, their life cycle, cellular physiology, genetics, and cellulolytic metabolism remain poorly understood compared to aerobic fungi. To help address this limitation, this review briefly summarizes the current body of knowledge pertaining to anaerobic fungal biology, and describes progress made in the isolation, cultivation, molecular characterization, and long‐term preservation of these microbes. We also discuss recent cellulase‐ and cellulosome‐discovery efforts from gut fungi, and how these interesting, non‐model microbes could be further adapted for biotechnology applications. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 1471–1482. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simplified carry save adder‐based array multiplier scheme and circuits design
Authors: Jia Song , Lyu Shigong , Li Xiayu , Liu Li , He Yandong
Published: May 2014

Conventional array multiplier based on carry save adders is optimized in this letter. Some specific full adders in the adders array for partial products accumulation are simplified without any cost. By modifying the logic expressions of two special full adders, circuit complexity is reduced, resulting in decreased power dissipation and propagation delay. Static circuit structures for the adders are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness. Furthermore, logical AND gates to produce partial products are redesigned to save area and power. The layout regularity of array multiplier is well preserved. Circuit simulation shows that speed and power can be improved 9.7% and 3.1% for a 4*4 structure, and the number of transistors decreases 5.3%. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consistent size‐independent harvest selection on fish body shape in two recreationally exploited marine species
Authors: Alós Josep , Palmer Miquel , Linde‐Medina Marta , Arlinghaus Robert
Published: May 2014

Harvesting wild animals may exert size‐independent selection pressures on a range of morphological, life history, and behavioral traits. Most work so far has focused on selection pressures on life history traits and body size as morphological trait. We studied here how recreational fishing selects for morphological traits related to body shape, which may correlate with underlying swimming behavior. Using landmark‐based geometric morphometrics, we found consistent recreational fishing‐induced selection pressures on body shape in two recreationally exploited marine fish species. We show that individuals with larger‐sized mouths and more streamlined and elongated bodies were more vulnerable to passively operated hook‐and‐line fishing independent of the individual's body size or condition. While the greater vulnerability of individuals with larger mouth gapes can be explained by the direct physical interaction with hooks, selection against streamlined and elongated individuals could either involve a specific foraging mode or relate to underlying elevated swimming behavior. Harvesting using passive gear is common around the globe, and thus, size‐independent selection on body shape is expected to be widespread potentially leaving behind individuals with smaller oral gapes and more compact bodies. This might have repercussions for food webs by altering foraging and predation.
Electro‐driven extraction of inorganic anions from water samples and water miscible organic solvents and analysis by ion chromatography
Authors: Nojavan Saeed , Bidarmanesh Tina , Memarzadeh Farkhondeh , Chalavi Soheila
Published: May 2014

A simple electromembrane extraction (EME) procedure combined with ion chromatography (IC) was developed to quantify inorganic anions in different pure water samples and water miscible organic solvents. The parameters affecting extraction performance, such as supported liquid membrane (SLM) solvent, extraction time, pH of donor and acceptor solutions, and extraction voltage were optimized. The optimized EME conditions were as follows: 1‐heptanol was used as the SLM solvent, the extraction time was 10 min, pHs of the acceptor and donor solutions were 10 and 7, respectively, and the extraction voltage was 15 V. The mobile phase used for IC was a combination of 1.8 mM sodium carbonate and 1.7 mM sodium bicarbonate. Under these optimized conditions, all anions had enrichment factors ranging from 67 to 117 with RSDs between 7.3 and 13.5% (n = 5). Good linearity values ranging from 2 to 1200 ng/mL with coefficients of determination (R2) between 0.987 and 0.999 were obtained. The LODs of the EME‐IC method ranged from 0.6 to 7.5 ng/mL. The developed method was applied to different samples to evaluate the feasibility of the method for real applications.
Effects of selected operational parameters on efficacy and selectivity of electromembrane extraction. Chlorophenols as model analytes
Authors: Šlampová Andrea , Kubáň Pavel , Boček Petr
Published: May 2014

Effects of organic solvent type, pH value, and composition of donor/acceptor solution on the efficacy of electromembrane extraction (EME) were examined. For the first time, a comprehensive quantitative study, based also on measurements of electric charge passed through the EME system, was carried out, which demonstrates that apart from the pH value, also the nature of counter‐ions in donor and acceptor solution plays a significant role in the electrically induced transfer of charged analytes across supported liquid membranes (SLMs). The EME transfer of model analytes correlated well with electrophoretic mobilities of inorganic cations, which were added to acceptor solutions during their alkalization with alkali metal hydroxides, and were highest for counter‐cations with highest mobilities. Up to a 53‐fold improvement of extraction efficiency was achieved for EMEs using optimized composition of donor (alkalized with KOH to pH 7) and acceptor (10 mM CsOH, pH 12) solutions. Six chlorophenols (CPs) were selected as model analytes due to the wide range of pH values that are required for their ionization and due to their high environmental relevance; quantitative measurements were carried out by CE with UV detection. Extraction recoveries of the six CPs ranged between 14 and 25% for 5 min EMEs at 150 V and 750 rpm across SLMs impregnated with 1‐ethyl‐2‐nitrobenzene. Calibration curves were strictly linear (r2 ≥ 0.999) in 0.01–10 μg/mL range, repeatability values of peak areas were between 0.7 and 5.6% and LODs for standard solutions and environmental samples were better than 5 ng/mL.
Pressurized CEC coupled with QTOF‐MS for urinary metabolomics
Authors: Wu Qian , Yu Xinwei , Wang Yan , Gu Xue , Ma Xiaoqiong , Lv Wang , Chen Zhe , Yan Chao
Published: May 2014

Pressurized CEC (pCEC) coupled with ESI‐QTOF‐MS using a sheathless interface was applied for metabolomics to develop an alternative analytical method for metabolic profiling of complex biofluid samples such as urine. The hyphenated system was investigated with mixed standards and pooled urine samples to evaluate its precision, repeatability, linearity, sensitivity, and selectivity. The applied voltage, mobile phase, and gradient elution were optimized and applied for the analysis of urinary metabolites. Multivariate data analysis was subsequently performed and used to distinguish lung cancer patients from healthy controls successfully. High separation efficiency has been achieved in pCEC due to the EOF. For metabolite identification, the pCEC‐MS separation mechnism was helpful for discriminating the fragment ions of glutamine conjugates from co‐eluted metabolites. Three glutamine conjugates, including phenylacetylglutamine, acylglutamine C8:1, and acylglutamine C6:1 were identified among 16 differential urinary metabolites of lung cancer. Receiver‐operating‐characteristic analysis of acylglutamine C8:1 resulted in an area‐under‐curve value of 0.882. Overall, this work suggests that this pCEC‐ESI‐QTOF‐MS method may provide a novel and useful platform for metabolomic studies due to its superior separation and identification.
Service providers' views of community participation at six Australian primary healthcare services: scope for empowerment and challenges to implementation
Authors: Freeman Toby , Baum Frances E. , Jolley Gwyneth M. , Lawless Angela , Edwards Tahnia , Javanparast Sara , Ziersch Anna
Published: May 2014

Community participation is a key principle of comprehensive primary health care (PHC). There is little literature on how community participation is implemented at Australian PHC services. As part of a wider study conducted in partnership with five South Australian PHC services, and one Aboriginal community controlled health service in the Northern Territory, 68 staff, manager, regional health executives, and departmental funders were interviewed about community participation, perceived benefits, and factors that influenced implementation. Additional data were collected through analysis of policy documents, service reports on activity, and a web‐based survey completed by 130 staff. A variety of community participation strategies was reported, ranging from consultation and participation as a means to improve service quality and acceptability, to substantive and structural participation strategies with an emphasis on empowerment. The Aboriginal community controlled health service in our study reported the most comprehensive community participation. Respondents from all services were positive about the benefits of participation but reported that efforts to involve service users had to compete with a centrally directed model of care emphasising individual treatment services, particularly at state‐managed services. More empowering substantive and structural participation strategies were less common than consultation or participation used to achieve prescribed goals. The most commonly reported barriers to community participation were budget and lack of flexibility in service delivery. The current central control of the state‐managed services needs to be replaced with more local management decision making if empowering community participation is to be strengthened and embedded more effectively in the culture of services. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating the distribution of water resources in western Canada using synoptic climatology and selected teleconnections. Part 2: summer season
Authors: Newton Brandi W. , Prowse Terry D. , Bonsal Barrie R.
Published: May 2014

Minor changes to seasonal air temperature and precipitation can have a substantial impact on the availability of water resources within large watersheds. Two such watersheds, the north‐flowing Mackenzie and east‐flowing Saskatchewan Basins, have been identified as highly vulnerable to such changes and, therefore, selected for study as part of the Climatic Redistribution of western Canadian Water Resources project. This project aims to evaluate spatial and temporal changes to water resource distribution through the analysis of a suite of hydroclimatic and streamflow variables. As part of this analysis, dominant summer (May–October) circulation patterns at 500 hPa for 1950–2011 are identified using the method of self‐organizing maps. Surface climate variables associated with these patterns are then identified, including both daily air temperature and precipitation and seasonal Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index values. Statistical methods are applied to assess the relationships between dominant circulation patterns and the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Results indicate that mid‐summer (July–August) is dominated by a split‐flow blocking pattern, resulting in cool (warm), wet (dry) conditions in the southern (northern) portion of the study area. By contrast, the shoulder season (May and October) is dominated by a trough of low pressure over the North Pacific Ocean. The frequency of weak split‐flow blocking is higher during positive SOI and negative PDO, whereas ridging over the western continent is more frequent during negative SOI and positive PDO. Results from this analysis increase our knowledge of processes, controlling the distribution of summer water resources in western Canada. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.