bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stress-limiting properties of classical phytoadaptogens
Authors: Barnaulov Oleg Dmitriyevich , Osipova Tatyana Vladimirovna
Published: October 2015

A brief review of the N. V. Lazarev school study of the pharmacological properties of the classical phytoadaptogens. As the result of this research was creation a theory of state nonspecific body increased resistance induced by phytoadaptogens, and the discovery of their stress-limiting properties. Presented own data of first time comparative evaluation of anti-stress action of phytoadaptogens in the model of immobilization stress. Revealed in own clinical studies a high efficiency of polycomponent phytotherapy, including a large number of phytoadaptogens in the treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis.
ANTIOXIDANT PROTECTION SYSTEM DURING CHRONIC INFLAMATION OF THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE IN COWS
Authors: Nadein Konstantin Aleksandrovich
Published: October 2015

As clinical test material we studied the blood serum taken from clinically healthy animals (the control group) and animals with chronic inflammation of the connective tissue in an ankle joint (the experimental group). To study the antioxidant protection system enzyme component condition in cows we examined the following: catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity (as a substrate we used hydrogen dioxide and glutathione reductase), ferroxidase activity of ceruloplasmin, superoxide dismutase activity. A spectrocolorimeter «Specol 210» was used to determine the solutions absorbancy. The results shows the breakdown of membrane-bounded enzymes activity (such as glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase). These enzymes characterize the antioxidant protection system condition. It is essential to examine the antioxidant protection system condition in animals with chronic inflammation of the connective tissue in an ankle joint to enrich our knowledge about the mechanism of metabolic disorder at this type of pathology, as well as to treat and correct possible complications.
Design of ELISA test-kits for organ specific autoantibodies determination on the base of microsome fractions of adrenal and gonads steroid producing cells
Authors: Khokhlov Platon Platonovich , Shabanov Petr Dmitriyevich
Published: October 2015

The aim of this work was to design ELISA test-kits for quantitative measurement of autoantibodies to immune reactive structures of human steroid-producing cells. The antigens were immobilized in solid phase including microsome fractions of human adrenals, Leidig male cells and female ovarian granulose cells. The use of biopsy of human adrenal and gonad material, standardized antibodies fractions of patients with adrenal or gonad autoimmune lesion, have permitted to design ELISA test-kits. That test-kits have high sensibility and specificity to organ-specific autoantibodies for autoimmune diseases. These test-kits on the bases of microsome fractions of human adrenals and gonads as immobilized antigens have sensibility, accuracy and precision needed for such routine ELISA kits.
Expediency of application of animals with the spontaneous hypertensia for modelling of the metabolic syndrome
Authors: Kovaleva Maria Alexandrovna , Makarova Marina Nikolayevna , Selezneva A. I. , Makarov Valeriy Gennadyevich
Published: October 2015

When used within 11 weeks of diet “cafeteria diet” in spontaneously-hypertensive animals could lead to an increase in systolic blood pressure by 9%, sustained hyperglycemia, increased blood concentrations of triglycerides and cholesterol, as well as an increase in the relative content of visceral fat. In normotensive animals line Wistar-Kyoto prolonged use of “cafeteria diet” was accompanied only by an increase in blood glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides. Thus, the spontaneously hypertensive animals, the application of high-calorie diet demonstrated by three criteria pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome: hyperglycemia, hypertension and visceral obesity, which allows you to use the model for the study of drugs aimed at treatment of metabolic syndrome.
Dopaminergic modulation of Na+, K+ and GABA-activated currents in neurons of the mammalian central nervous system
Authors: Bukinich Anna Aleksandrovna , Shabanov Petr Dmitriyevich
Published: October 2015

He modern investigations of dopaminergic modulation of voltage-depended Na+, K+ and GABA-activated currents in neurons of the mammalian central nervous system are reviewed in the paper. On the base of own findings and literature data concerning modulating functions of dopamine on voltage-depended Na+, K+ and GABA-activated currents in neurons of the mammalian central nervous system was shown that dopamine caused individual and often not one-directed effect in various neurons of the central nervous system. A type of dopamine effect can be determined by the prevalence of the class/type of dopamine receptors on membrane of a neuron.
Usage of warfarin as a reference drugin experiments on rats
Authors: Ivkin Dmitriy Yuryevich , Buryakina Anna Veniaminovna , Stepanova Irina Leonidovna , Ivkina A. S.
Published: October 2015

The possibility of using indirect anticoagulant warfarin as a reference drug in sсreening researches on rats was considered in the article. The dose of warfarin leading to true increase of prothrombine time without any internal gemorrhagias in animals has been defined. The optimal terms of administration for warfarin were defined. The dose-dependent regularity of warfarin effect from its duration of administration to rats was revealed.
Neuronoprotective action of cortexin andcortagen
Authors: Shabanov Petr Dmitriyevic , Vislobokov Anatoliy Ivanovich
Published: October 2015

The changes of both intracellular resting potential and action potential of the identified neurons of pedal ganglia of the mollusk Planorbarius corneus CNS registered by means of intracellular microelectrodes, and ionic currents of isolated neurons under fixed potential after administration of officinal peptide drug cortexine (cortexine 0.5–1000 µg/ ml and glycine 4–4000 µM), cortexine peptides (0.5–1000 µg/ ml), glycine (0.5 and 5 µM) and tetrapeptide cortagen (0.1–10000 µM) were studied. Both the drug cortexine and cortexine peptides were shown to modulate the electrical activity of neurons by the same manner: moderately changed the resting potential, the action potential and impulse frequency that was interpreted as activating action. Glycine activated neuronal activity as cortexine but in less degree. The mixture of cortexine and glycine (drug cortexine) did not inhibit and did not disturb the functional state of neurons of action, and the hyperpolarization was always observed after administration of peptides as well as the shortening of the action potential, increase of their amplitude and reduction of impulse frequency of neurons. Tetrapeptide cortagen in concentrations 0.1–100 µM also hyperpolarized neurons by 2–3 mV and reduced their spontaneous activity that indicated on its activating (neuronoprotective) action. Cortagen in concentration 1000 µM depolarized the neurons moderately (by 2–4 mV), the increase of impulse activity was registered, and in concentration 10 mM it depolarized neurons significantly and reversible, increasing the frequency and inhibiting the generation of the action potential. Cortagen activated neurons in more degree than cortexine. Cortagen in concentration 0.1 µM also increased the amplitude of slow efflux current by 3–5 %. We did not observe the increased amplitude (activation) of influx sodium and calcium channels after administration of cortagen. A dose-dependent and reversible inhibition of amplitudes of these currents began after administration of cortagen in concentrations 100 µM and more up to 80–90 % inhibition after peptide concentration 10 mM. The inhibition of sodium channels was more intensive than calcium channels. These effects of action of the peptide administered in high concentrations can be qualified as nonspecific and toxic ones.
Influence of new antihypoxant πq1983 on mice conditioned reflexes
Authors: Sosin Denis Vladimirovich , Yevseyev Andrey Viktorovich , Pravdivtsev Vitaliy Andreyevich , Yevseyeva Marina Anatolyevna , Shabanov Petr Dmitriyevich
Published: October 2015

The dynamic of active avoidance reaction in consist of a defense conditioned reflex after intragastric administration of new selenium-containing metal-complex substances πQ1983 (100 mg/kg) possessing protective action during development of acute exogenous hypoxia in animal have been studied in experiments on mice. Timing data of the active avoidance reaction in experiments on formerly trained mice under action of this substance used in same doze were analyzed. It was established that substance πQ1983 blocks formation of conditioned reflex. In the group of trained mice antihypoxant πQ1983 increases a latent period of the avoidance reaction and decreases the avoidance time. All found effects provided by intragastric administration of the antihypoxant were short-term (15– 20 h) and reversible. The results were compared with effects of antihypoxant amthizole.
The human brain is working in the system of dual coding: a hypothesis
Authors: Bukinich Anna Aleksandrovna , Shabanov Petr Dmitriyevich
Published: October 2015

How the human brain is working is up to now unclear. Using singular neuron as an object, and pharmacological agents as a tool the neuron activity in general in the mammalian CNS has been described. The basis of all investigations was the study of dimmer (heteromer) structures associated with G-coupled receptor proteins on the surfaces of neuron membranes isolated from the own usual circle. We can organize the recombinant movement by means of physiological concentrations of pharmacological reagents if these processes were lasting in the network neurons native brain. That is, the ideal conditions for the processes generation in the neural impulse were reconstructed.
Modeling of inflammatory and degenerative damages of paradont tissue for assessment of drugs and food supplements effect
Authors: Mokrenko Yevgeniy Vladimirovich , Shabanov Petr Dmitriyevich
Published: October 2015

A rat model of inflammatory and degenerative damages of paradont tissue by means of administration of 2% solution of formaldehyde into paradont tissue with investigation of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems activity for assessment of both local and systemic antiinflamatory effects of potential antiinflamatory drugs and food supplements in stomatology was developed. The separation of local and systemic components in antiinflamatory effect spreads the possibilities of this experimental model.
The locomotor hyperactivity in the rats,produced by 5-th type methabotropicglutamate receprors antagonist MTEP and ZnCl2 injection into rostral striatum
Authors: Yakimovskiy Andrey Fedorovich
Published: October 2015

The effects of 5th type of methabotropic glutamate receptors antagonist MTEP separately or with ZnCl2 multiple injection into the rostral neostriatum in chronic experiments were investigated in rats learned with condition avoidance reflexes in “schuttle box”. The two-week daily microinjection of 3 µg MTEP, similar with 1 µl saline (control group) did not influence on condition avoidance reflexes parameters and free locomotor activity in “open field”. The injection of 3 µg MTEP with ZnCl2 (1 µg /1 µl) in rostral neostriatum impaired the avoidance conditioning and locomotor hyperactivity with motor stereotypia in part of experimental animals. As separate injection as MTEP or ZnCl2 did not produce the locomotor hyperactivity, the reasone of the changed behaviour of rats was the combined action of them administered into brain substrat. The possible changs in neurotransmitter relationship provided by zinc ions striatum saturation are discussed. The hypothesis about nigro-striatal dopaminergic system activation as a general cause is proposed.
Agonist of V 2 vasopressin receptor, 1-dezamino-8-D-arginine-vasopressin, reduces parkinson's disease symptoms
Authors: Belokoskova Svetlana Georgiyevna , Tsikunov Sergey Georgiyevich
Published: October 2015

In clinical trials have studied one of the central effects of a selective agonist of V 2 vasopressin receptors, 1-dezamino-8-D-arginine-vasopressin (DDAVP), in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and parkinsonism. In patients with a tremor-rigid shape and akinetic-rigid form of the disease regressed major movement disorders: tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia and hypokinesia. These findings point to the new properties vasopressin, enhance understanding of its functional role in humans and its potential use in neurological patients. DDAVP may be used as monotherapy in the early stages of PD and parkinsonism of various origins.
Disturbances of verbal memory and learning in patients with cerebrovascular diseases and the possibilities of their correction using arginine-vasopressin
Authors: Belokoskova Svetlana Georgiyevna , Stepanov Igor Igorevich , Tsikunov Sergey Georgiyevich
Published: October 2015

Amnestic disorders are common disturbance in patients with cerebrovascular diseases. A. R. Luria's Test of words reproduction is used more often for assessment of verbal memory in domestically neuropsychology. 10 words in A. R. Luria's Test are quite enough for assessment of short-term of verbal memory. However it is necessary test composed more number of words for designate long-term of verbal memory. In this investigation we used modification of A. R. Luria's Test (Stepanov I. I., et al. 2011). There were revealed decrease of volume of short-term and long-term verbal memory in 25 patients with dyscirculatory encephalopathy and in 10 patients with strokes as compared with control group. 9 patients with stroke received intranasal subendocrine doses of analog of V2-type receptors of arginin-vasopressin, 1-desamino-8-D-arginin-vasopressin, DDAVP. Treatment was carrying out during 10 day with interval of 2 day. There were reviled that DDAVP was not influence on memory of patients with stroke. Further inquiry of ultimate effects of course doses of neuropeptide will determine effects of neuropeptide on verbal memory in patients with stroke.
Characteristics of external respiration of rats in acute hypercapnic hypoxia and its correction by new metal-complex antihypoxant
Authors: Sosin Denis Vladimirovich , Yevseyev Andrey Viktorovich , Pravdivtsev Vitaliy Andreyevich , Shabanov Petr Dmitriyevich
Published: October 2015

Changes of external respiration parameters have been studied in experimental rats after oral introduction of new selenium-containing metal-complex substance πQ1983 in dose 100 mg/kg before and under action of acute hypercapnic hypoxia (AH+Hc). A substance for comparison was metabolic antihypoxant amthizole administered in similar way and dosage. The substances were introduced 90 min before (incubation period) placement of animals into hypoxic chambers with 1.0 L free volume. During each experiment as well as during AH+Hc a respiration curve called pneumobarogramm (PBG) was recorded continually. It has been established that the substance πQ1983 decreases parameters of lungs ventilation in the rats. According to PBG dynamics, rats protected by the substance demonstrated a high resistance level to the aroused acute hypoxia with hypercapnia, that expressed by weakening of early reactions from respiratory system under hypercapnia action, twice longer life span of animals in hypoxic experiment, and by rising of possibility to withstand low oxygen concentration. It has been proved that the substance πQ1983 significantly surpass a substance for comparison amthizole in both antihypoxic activity and influence on external respiration parameters.
Neuropeptide vasopressin and memory process
Authors: Belokoskova Svetlana Georgiyevna , Tsikunov Sergey Georgiyevich
Published: October 2015

The contemporary information about participation of neuropeptide arginin-vasopressin and its receptors in memory processes in normal and pathology processes both in animals and human beings are present in this review. The own investigational results about influence of agonist of V2 receptors of vasopressin on verbal memory and learning at patients with stroke are added too.
Influence of substance πQ1983 on evoked potentials of somatosensory cortex during acute hypoxia development
Authors: Sosin Denis Vladimirovich , Yevseyev Andrey Viktorovich , Pravdivtsev Vitaliy Andreyevich , Yevseyeva Marina Anatolyevna , Shabanov Petr Dmitriyevich
Published: October 2015

The influence of selenium-containing metal-complex substance πQ1983 on somatosensory cortex bioelectrical activity has been studied on cats (n = 22) during development of acute hypoxia. The condition of acute hypoxia was performed by making of loop including an animal, an apparatus for artificial lung ventilation, and a reservoir for respiration with 5 liter volume. Evoked activities of neurons were provided by direct electrical current irritations applied to the radial nerve of right superior extremity. Couple needle-shaped electrodes were used for mean evoked potentials registration. 100 mg/kg of the substance πQ1983 was introduced in the stomach 180 min before experiment. Also on any steps of the experiments ECG was registered. Containing of oxygen and carbon dioxide were determined by method of gas analysis in air enabled for respiration. It have been established that the substance πQ1983 taking internally increases cortex neurons functional activity period more than triple during acute hypoxia, stabilizes myocardial electrical activity, and helps animals to sustain the action of critical oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations. Finally, the substance πQ1983 may be related to the high effectively antihypoxants because it significantly rises the resistance of animals with high CNS organization level (cats) to the acute hypoxia even after introduction per os.
Resolving the electron-positron mass annihilation mystery
Authors: Oakley William S.
Published: October 2015

Mutual annihilation of low energy electrons and positrons results in two photons of equal energy. The annihilation is consistent with charge conservation but both particles have positive mass, so how do two positive masses annihilate? The issue is resolved by considering particles electromagnetic (EM) energy localized by curvature of the space-time metric. The curvature extends into the surrounding metric forming the particle’s gravitational field, usually attributed as due to mass by the observer, but only the curved space-time metric exists. In principle both positive and negative metric curvatures could exist and display positive and negative masses respectively, but both would possess positive energy. For the electron EM energy circulates in the observer domain and outside but close to an event horizon (EH), the positive metric curvature results in the impression of positive mass. Symmetry suggests positron energy circulates inside an EH and should have negative curvature. It is posited metric field curvature reverses on passage through an event horizon, thus the positron positive mass apparent to the observer arises from negative metric curvature inside the particle EH. The opposite metric curvatures of the electron and positron cancel on annihilation, eliminating their gravitational effects and thereby their apparent masses.
TEMPERATURA DE SUPERFÍCIE CELSIUS DO SENSOR TIRS/LANDSAT-8: METODOLOGIA E APLICAÇÕES
Authors: Coelho André Luiz Nascentes , Correa Wesley de Souza Campos
Published: October 2015

Este trabalho tem como objetivo, contribuir na difusão e operacionalização das geotecnologias, apresentando
os algoritmos para obtenção de temperatura da superfície horizontal Celsius na faixa infravermelho termal do
sensor TIRS/Landsat-8, banda 10. A aplicação das equações proporcionou não só identificar os maiores
percentuais de temperatura de superfície, em diferentes escalas espaciais, como também, definir o perfil do
campo térmico em distintas texturas. Além disso, foi possível comparar, em imagens, a melhoria da resolução
espacial do canal infravermelho termal Landsat-8 em relação ao Landsat-5. Tal metodologia possibilita a
aplicação em outros intervalos de datas e locais distintos, contribuindo nas pesquisas e no auxílio detomadas
de decisões.
EFEITOS ANTRÓPICOS E SUAS IMPLICAÇÕES NA BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO RIO CARAPÁ, COLÍDER –MATO GROSSO/BRASIL
Authors: Nobre Norma Aparecida de Oliveira , Roque Cassiano Garcia , Bampi Aumeri Carlos
Published: October 2015

O trabalho objetivou conhecer o perfil socioeconômico, as principais formas de uso do solo e as alterações no ambiente
natural observadas na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Carapá, no município de Colider, Mato Grosso. Realizaram-se visitas in
loco e aplicação de questionário composto por nove questões abertas. Foram entrevistados 30 camponeses em 16
diferentes comunidades rurais. Para a delimitação da área de estudo foram utilizadas informações de bases cartográficas
com imagens de satélites LandSat (TM5), que refletem a situação da cobertura do solo e a interferência antrópica sobre
o sistema natural. Os resultados mostram que a região da bacia hidrográfica e entorno encontra-se com desflorestada e,
que para ampliar as áreas de pastagens as Áreas de Preservação Permanente – APP foram suprimidas. Aliados ao
problema da ausência da vegetação ciliar e das áreas que seriam reserva legal, o solo e os recursos hídricos estão
exposto a diferentes tipos de agentes de degradação. A rede de drenagem possui 234.849 km, sendo a densidade de
drenagem considerada baixa com 6,9 m.ha
-1
. O estudo evidenciou que a região foi colonizada na década de 70 por
migrantes vindos da região sul do país, pois há um percentual expressivo de famílias oriundas do Estado do Paraná, que
trouxeram em sua bagagem o modelo de produção de uso e ocupação do solo de suas localidades de origem.
ANÁLISES DE TENDÊNCIAS EM SÉRIES TEMPORAIS ANUAIS DE DADOS CLIMÁTICOS E HIDROLÓGICOS NA BACIA DO RIO PARNAÍBA ENTRE OS ESTADOS DO MARANHÃO E PIAUÍ/BRASIL
Authors: Penereiro Júlio César , Orlando Diogo Vieira
Published: October 2015

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a ocorrência de tendências em séries temporais relativas aos índices
anuais de precipitação pluviométrica, das temperaturas mínima, média e máxima e de vazão em rios,
registradas em localidades pertencentes à bacia hidrográfica do rio Parnaíba, no nordeste do Brasil. Procurouse identificar, por meio de testes estatísticos, pontos de mudança no comportamento hidrológico e climático
em séries temporais que, dependendo da localidade, possuem diferentes períodos de intervalo de tempo.
Utilizaram-se a Análise de Regressão Linear e os testes não paramétricos de Mann-Kendall e de Pettitt. Os
resultados, apresentados em forma de gráficos, tabelas emapas, confirmam que a maioria dos locais avaliados
não registrou tendências, em particular na precipitação pluviométrica e na vazão de rios. Contudo, as análises
dos dados das temperaturas revelaram vários locais com tendências significativas confirmadas naquela região
brasileira.
Explorando la distinción política interna - política internacional: un estado del arte de la discusión
Authors: Jiménez Peña Gabriel
Published: October 2015

Para algunos teóricos la conducta de los Estados está determinada principalmente por sus características internas. En contraposición, otros argumentan que el comportamiento estatal está moldeado por el lugar que ocupan estos en el sistema internacional. El propósito aquí es abordar esta discusión y elaborar un estado del arte sobre esta distinción en las Relaciones Internacionales como ciencia. Dado que el cuerpo literario que explora la interacción política interna-política internacional es muy vasto, para abordarla o reconstruirla generalmente se acude a supuestos o lugares comunes, cinco de los cuales serán problematizados en este artículo, buscando mostrar cómo se producen de acuerdo con los desarrollos teóricos que se han construido en los últimos años sobre esta distinción.
The costs and effectiveness of chemical defenses in herbivorous insects: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Zvereva Elena L. , Kozlov Mikhail V.
Published: October 2015

Abstract

The evolution of defensive traits and strategies depends on the intensity of selection imposed by natural enemies and on the fitness costs of defenses against these enemies. We tested several hypotheses about the evolution of chemical defenses in plant‐feeding insects using a meta‐analysis. We analyzed the effectiveness (in terms of prey survival; 159 publications) and costs (in terms of reduction in performance due to defense production; 33 publications) of chemical defenses in various prey–predator systems (140 herbivore species and 124 enemy species). The chemical defenses of insect herbivores, on average, were effective against generalist predators, were not effective against specialist predators and generalist parasitoids, and increased the risk of parasitism by specialist parasitoids. The defenses were more effective against vertebrate than against invertebrate predators and most effective against birds. Defensive compounds synthesized de novo and derived from the herbivore's food plants did not differ in the magnitude of their effects. Externalization of chemical defenses enhanced their effects on naïve vertebrate predators but simultaneously increased the risk of parasitism. The defenses of specialist herbivores were more effective than those of generalists, mostly due to species that sequestered plant allelochemicals for their own defenses. Advertising of chemical defenses by warning display enhanced their effectiveness only against vertebrate predators. Aposematic colors and patterns were more effective warning signals than other types of conspicuous coloration against both experienced and naïve vertebrate predators, suggesting that certain colors and/or patterns were more important than conspicuousness for both learning and innate avoidance. The meta‐analysis did not reveal physiological costs of the production of chemical defenses across 22 herbivore species, although the results varied strongly with the method used to measure these costs. We conclude that the cost–benefit trade‐offs driving the evolution of chemical defenses in herbivorous insects are affected by ecological costs (i.e., increased susceptibility to parasitoids) more than by costs in terms of resources. Still, a favorable cost–benefit ratio, i.e., great effects for a small expenditure, may partly explain the prevalence of chemical anti‐predator defenses in insects.
Plant–soil feedback in East‐African savanna trees
Authors: Rutten Gemma , Prati Daniel , Hemp Andreas , Fischer Markus
Published: October 2015

Research in savannas has focused on tree–grass interactions, whereas tree species coexistence received little attention. A leading hypothesis to explain tree coexistence is the Janzen‐Connell model, which proposes an accumulation of host‐specific enemies, e.g., soil organisms. While it has been shown in several non‐savanna case studies that seedlings dispersed away from the mother perform better than seedlings that stay close (home‐away effect), few studies tested whether foreign seedling species can replace own seedlings under conspecific adults (replacement effect). Some studies additionally tested for negative effects of conspecific biota (conspecific effect) to demonstrate the accumulation of enemies. We tested these effects by reciprocally growing seedlings of four tree species on soil collected beneath adults of all species, with and without applying a soil sterilization treatment. We found negative home‐away effects suggesting that dispersal is advantageous and negative replacement effects suggesting species replacement under adults. While negative conspecific effects indicate accumulated enemies, positive heterospecific effects indicate an accumulation of mutualists rather than enemies for some species. We suggest that plant‐soil feedbacks may well contribute to tree coexistence in savannas due to both negative conspecific and positive heterospecific feedbacks.
Depressive Symptoms and Violence Exposure: Contributors to Repeat Pregnancies Among Adolescents
Authors: Anderson Cheryl A. , Pierce Lisa
Published: October 2015

Depressive symptoms and violence exposure (VE) often cooccur and have been recognized to influence childbearing; contribution to repeat pregnancy is unclear and examined in this article. This cross-sectional, descriptive, study screened for depressive symptoms and VE among 193 adolescent mothers at a large county hospital in Southwestern United States. Repeat pregnancy and depressive symptoms characterized one-third and one-quarter of adolescents, respectively. Despite minimal disclosure of VE, repeat pregnancy was significantly influenced by child abuse and past traumatic life experiences. Assessments and interventions with adolescents should focus on frequency of repeat pregnancies and symptoms of depression and VE. Nurses and childbirth educators are poised to offer birth control information and education, support, and resources highlighting depression and VE to adolescents.
A Model for Gas Transport in Micro Fractures of Shale and Tight Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Wu Keliu , Li Xiangfang , Wang Chenchen , Yu Wei , Chen Zhangxin
Published: October 2015

A model for gas transport in micro fractures of shale and tight gas reservoirs is established. Slip flow and Knudsen diffusion are coupled together to describe general gas transport mechanisms, which include continuous flow, slip flow, transitional flow and Knudsen diffusion. The ratios of the intermolecular collision frequency and the molecule-wall collision frequency to the total collision frequency are defined as the weight coefficients of slip flow and Knudsen diffusion, respectively. The model is validated by molecular simulation results. The results show that: (1) the model can reasonably describe the process of the mass transform of different gas transport mechanisms; (2) fracture geometry significantly impacts gas transport. Under the same fracture aperture, the higher the aspect ratio is, the stronger the gas transport capacity, and this phenomenon is more pronounced in the cases with higher gas pressure and larger fracture aperture.
The Research on the Impact of Maca Polypeptide on Sport Fatigue
Authors: Miao Hua
Published: October 2015

In order to study the effect of maca polypeptide on sport fatigue, this paper selected 40 male mice, and they were randomly divided into group A, B, C and D. group A, B and C were fed food with different concentrations of maca polypeptide, and group D was control group. After two weeks of feeding, measured physiological indexes of mice, including blood glucose, urea nitrogen and creatinine. At last gived the experimental results, as well as the analysis. Experimental results show that maca polypeptide can improve the ability of anti-fatigue mice, and in a certain concentration range, the higher the concentration, the better the resistance to fatigue.
Rheological-dynamical continuum damage model for concrete under uniaxial compression and its experimental verification
Authors: Milasinovic Dragan
Published: October 2015

A new analytical model for the prediction of concrete response under uniaxial
compression and its experimental verification is presented in this paper. The
proposed approach, referred to as the rheological-dynamical continuum damage
model, combines rheological-dynamical analogy and damage mechanics. Within
the framework of this approach the key continuum parameters such as the creep
coefficient, Poisson?s ratio and damage variable are functionally related.
The critical values of the creep coefficient and damage variable under peak
stress are used to describe the failure mode of the concrete cylinder. The
ultimate strain is determined in the post-peak regime only, using the secant
stress-strain relation from damage mechanics. The post-peak branch is used
for the energy analysis. Experimental data for five concrete compositions
were obtained during the examination presented herein. The principal
difference between compressive failure and tensile fracture is that there is
a residual stress in the specimens, which is a consequence of uniformly
accelerated motion of load during the examination of compressive strength.
The critical interpenetration displacements and crushing energy are obtained
theoretically based on the concept of global failure analysis.
Placenta Accreta and Placenta Increta: An Approach to Pathogenesis Based on the Trophoblastic Differentiation Pathway
Authors: Cramer Stewart F. , Heller Debra S.
Published: October 2015

Morbid adherence remains a puzzling disease. This paper suggests that normal and morbidly adherent placentation may be viewed best in terms of trophoblastic stem cells and the mutually exclusive branches of the trophoblastic differentiation pathway—villous trophoblast (VT), interstitial and endovascular nonvillous trophoblast (NVT) at the implantation site, and a positional variation in the chorion. Based on cases of hysterectomies for morbid adherence seen over 30 years at a community hospital, analyzed with routine keratin stains, with actin and trichrome stains as indicated, and with attempts at ultrasonography-pathology correlation, we present selected observations. In true accreta, the site of morbid adherence was to dilated basal plate vessels infiltrated by endovascular NVT, with scant interstitial NVT, and normal myometrium. It appeared that excess blood flow into the placenta was due to excessively deep keratin-positive endovascular NVT that spread—independently of interstitial NVT—in an angiocentric fashion in both accreta and increta. Retroplacental abnormalities were due to myometrial destruction by interstitial NVT in increta, sometimes requiring actin stains for detection; and to an admixture of markedly dilated endometrial glands and vessels in true accreta, best appreciated with keratin stains. Variations of depth and extent in increta may be due to variations in myometrial tone, and in the protease-antiprotease balance. Morbidly adherent fetal membranes are described, and the role of caesarean section scars in incretas is addressed.
Stillbirth: Correlations between Brain Injury and Placental Pathology
Authors: Ernst Linda M. , Bit-Ivan Esther N. , Miller Emily S. , Minturn Lucy , Bigio Eileen H. , Weese-Mayer Debra E.
Published: October 2015

Chronic placental pathologic processes such as fetal thrombotic vasculopathy have been linked to brain injury in neonates. We hypothesize that using stillbirth as a model, placental pathology can predict risk for hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. From a single institutional database of stillbirths ≥23 weeks' gestational age, we included cases with full autopsy and neuropathology examination. Bivariable analyses were performed to identify whether there was an association between placental pathologic findings and neuropathologic findings. Logistic regression was used to control for potential confounders. Among 97 potential cases, adequate tissue was analyzable from 79 cases (mean gestational age = 33 weeks). Acute central nervous system hemorrhage and acute neuronal necrosis were the most common neuropathologic processes seen in this cohort (57% for each). Maternal vascular underperfusion was the most common placental pathology but was not significantly associated with a specific neuropathologic finding. High-grade chronic villitis (HGCV) and fetal thrombotic vasculopathy (FTV) were significantly associated with increased risk for pontosubicular necrosis (odds ratios, 15.73 and 3.79, respectively). These associations persisted after controlling for potential confounders. Chronic placental pathologies, specifically HGCV and FTV, were associated with pontosubicular necrosis, suggesting that placental pathology involving the fetal vasculature and altered fetoplacental blood flow carry the greatest likelihood of hypoxic/ischemic brain injury.
Meconium-Associated Umbilical Vascular Myonecrosis: Correlations with Adverse Outcome and Placental Pathology
Authors: Cimic Adela , Baergen Rebecca N.
Published: October 2015

Intrauterine passage of meconium is common, occurring in approximately 10–15% of term births. Uncommonly, long-standing meconium exposure is associated with umbilical vascular myonecrosis, but few studies have evaluated specific clinical and pathologic features. This is a retrospective study of 481 term placentas: 139 with meconium-associated myonecrosis, 139 with meconium in fetal membranes, only 62 with meconium in the cord without myonecrosis, and 139 controls without meconium. We studied clinical factors, including clinical evidence of meconium discharge, fetal distress, APGAR scores, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD), and histologic factors, including acute chorioamnionitis, umbilical cord complications, uteroplacental malperfusion, fetal thrombosis, chorangiosis, and fetal nucleated red blod cells. Meconium myonecrosis was significantly associated with clinical meconium, fetal distress, IUGR, IUFD, acute chorioamnionitis, cord complications, fetal thrombosis, chorangiosis, and nucleated red blood cells when compared to controls ( P < 0.05). Compared to cases with meconium in the membranes only, clinical meconium, fetal distress, IUGR, chorioamnionitis, thrombosis, chorangiosis, and nucleated red blood cells remained significant. Compared to cases with meconium in the cord without myonecrosis, only chorioamnionitis retained significance. In conclusion, myonecrosis was associated with adverse clinical outcome and placental lesions associated with hypoxia. Chorioamnionitis was significantly more common in all meconium groups compared to controls. As myonecrosis is an important lesion, a clinical history of meconium should trigger a meticulous search for meconium and specifically myonecrosis.
Improving Detection of Metastatic Neuroblastoma in Bone Marrow Core Biopsies: A Proposed Immunohistochemical Approach
Authors: Parsons Lauren N. , Gheorghe Gabriela , Yan Ke , Simpson Pippa , Jarzembowski Jason A.
Published: October 2015

Bone marrow (BM) nvolvement is common in stage 4/M neuroblastoma patients and profoundly impacts clinical decision-making and predicts outcomes, but to our knowledge no standard exists for immunohistochemical evaluation of staging BMs. We examined the use of three immunostains—synaptophysin, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and PGP9.5—in detecting metastatic neuroblastoma in BM. We retrospectively selected 174 BM core biopsies from 41 neuroblastoma patients. Immunohistochemistry for synaptophysin, TH, and PGP9.5 was performed. These slides and the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)–stained slide from each BM were randomized and independently scored by three pathologists as positive, negative, or indeterminate. Cohen's κ coefficients (interobserver agreement), McNemar's test (for frequencies of positive/indeterminate interpretations), and sensitivities for each stain/combination were calculated. Interobserver agreement was higher for all immunostains (synaptophysin, 78%–90%, κ = 0.54–80.787; TH, 77%–92%, κ = 0.481–0.788; and PGP9.5, 83%–90%, κ = 0.601–0.740) than for H&Es (77%–84%, κ = 0.434–0.572). Indeterminate interpretations were more frequent with H&Es (8.9%) and synaptophysin (6.0%) than with PGP9.5 (3.5%) or TH (3.3%). TH (76%) and PGP9.5 (70%) were the immunostains most likely to correctly resolve indeterminate H&E interpretation. Mean sensitivity among all three pathologists for detection of metastasis compared to the consensus diagnosis was 42.5% for H&E alone, 70.7% to 78.8% for H&E plus one immunostain, and 81.6% to 85% for H&E plus two immunostains. Immunohistochemistry enhanced sensitivity for tumor detection particularly dramatically in cases of prior chemotherapy. PGP9.5 and TH showed good interobserver agreement, fewer indeterminate interpretations, and resolved indeterminate H&E diagnoses at the highest frequencies. Therefore, we recommend H&E and two immunostains, specifically PGP9.5 and TH, for optimal detection of metastatic neuroblastoma in BM.
Histology of Pericardial Tissue Substitutes Used in Congenital Heart Surgery
Authors: Majeed Amara , Baird Christopher , Borisuk Michele J. , Sanders Stephen P. , Padera Robert F.
Published: October 2015

Pericardium is used as a tissue substitute during pediatric heart surgery. However, little is known about the histological characteristics of pericardial tissue substitutes.

We searched our clinical and Pathology databases to identify cases in which glutaraldehyde-preserved autologous pericardium, PhotoFix bovine pericardium, or Peri-Guard Repair Patch glutaraldehyde-preserved bovine pericardium was used as patch material during cardiac surgery and in which explanted tissue substitute was available for histologic examination. Tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Masson trichrome, and Movat pentachrome, and were graded for inflammation, tissue substitute degeneration, neointima formation, and calcification. Nonparametric statistical methods were used to test differences between groups because of small sample size.

The eight patients who received PhotoFix pericardium were older (median 10 months vs 10 days, P < 0.05) and the material was in situ longer (median 14 vs 2.5 months, P < 0.05) compared to the eight who received autologous pericardium. Only three patients received glutaraldehyde-preserved bovine pericardium precluding statistical comparison. Inflammation and tissue degeneration were greater in PhotoFix pericardium compared to autologous pericardium but were no more than moderate. Neointima formation and calcification did not differ significantly between the two groups.

PhotoFix bovine pericardium is associated with more inflammation and material degeneration but calcification, and neointima formation are similar to autologous pericardium. Although the short-term outcomes are acceptable, calcification and degeneration seen in some cases suggest that long-term outcomes and performance at certain anatomic locations need further study.
Gamification in Market Research
Authors: Bailey Pippa , Pritchard Gareth , Kernohan Hollie
Published: October 2015

Research undertaken into the role of gamification in online surveys has already clearly demonstrated that applying some gamification principles can significantly increase the richness of spontaneous data and participant engagement, as well as the time that participants take to complete a survey. It is obviously appreciated that consumer engagement is critical for ensuring completion rates, reducing boredom within survey and also for panel membership moving forward, but the primary consideration and focus when designing any research survey has to be on accessing reality for the consumer and hence data validity. This paper shares the results of a research-on-research study that was conducted to understand the role of gamification, not only in terms of participant engagement and richness of data but also data validity.
Brand Equity and Store Brand Tiers: An Analysis Based on an Experimental Design
Authors: González-Benito Óscar , Martos-Partal Mercedes , Fustinoni-Venturini Mariana
Published: October 2015

The creation of strong brands interests manufacturers and distributors, as well as researchers. However, previous investigations of brand equity have focused almost exclusively on manufacturers’ brands, without considering the brand equity of store brands. A few exceptions analyse store brands from an aggregate perspective, without differentiating their types. The present study instead considers the effect of store brand tiers (e.g. generics, standard, premium) on brand equity. An experimental design compares scores for different store and manufacturer brands across branded and unbranded tests. Store brands, including premium ones, suffer a brand equity disadvantage compared with manufacturers’ brands. Generic store brands are at a clear disadvantage; premium store brands do not differ from standard store brands in terms of brand equity.
Multidimensional Structures of Brand and Country Images, and Their Effects on Product Evaluation
Authors: Koubaa Yamen , Methamem Rym Boudali , Fort Fatiha
Published: October 2015

Marketers are interested in how consumers perceive product cues in order to build an appropriate marketing mix. Country and brand images are some of the cues proven to be of significant impact on consumer behaviour. This paper studies country and brand image multidimensional structures across several brands, countries and products. A model relating country image to brand image and then to product evaluation was built with country and brand image as multidimensional concepts. A within-subject intercultural investigation serves as a basis for data collection (1,400 consumers). The investigation was done in Japan, France and Tunisia. Three products were investigated, with three brands for each product: computer (Dell, Sony and Acer); hand cream (Shiseido, Nivea and L'Oréal); and sports shoes (Nike, Asics and le coq sportif). Results show a conjoint effect of country and brand images on product evaluation in addition to their separate effects. Country image structures differ across countries and influence differently product evaluation. Similarly, brand image structures differ across brands, across countries and across products.
YBMs: Religious Identity and Consumption among Young British Muslims
Authors: Wright Hannah
Published: October 2015

This paper aims to explore the importance of religious identity amongst young second- and third-generation British Muslims. It further seeks to understand the influence, if any, religious identity has on their consumer behaviour, examining the global rise of an Islamic consumer against a more localised set of needs and preferences. Primary research for this paper consisted of qualitative interviews with young British Muslims in London and Greater Manchester, as well as a written reflection on identity and consumption completed by participants ahead of their interview. The findings of this research challenge existing assumptions around young British Muslims, and as such will be of interest to brands and research agencies alike.
The Influence of Bill Schlackman on Qualitative Research
Authors: Patterson Simon , Malpass Francesca
Published: October 2015

William 'Bill' Schlackman played a major role in the development of qualitative research in the UK. His experience in psychotherapy, clinical psychology and motivational research, as well as his relationship with Ernest Dichter, helped form what we know as qualitative research today. He ran various workshops on the use of projective techniques, for which he is widely remembered, as well as presenting a number of papers at MRS Conferences between 1961 and 1986. Schlackman's passion and enthusiasm for experimental research design, and the use of projective and motivational techniques in market research, helped propel qualitative research to achieve a deeper understanding of consumer motivations. His early work on packaging research can be equated with the modern practice of semiotics, and his development of sensitivity panels can be compared with online communities.
New Conjoint Approaches to Scaling Brand Equity and Optimising share of Preference Prediction
Authors: Guyon Hervé , Petiot Jean-François
Published: October 2015

Ratings-based conjoint analysis suffers two problems: the distortion raised by consumer perceptions of brand equity, and the lack of efficiency of probabilistic models for estimating preference shares. This article proposes two new approaches to scale customer-based brand equity using repeated measures and structural equation modeling and to estimate the share of preferences on the basis of a randomized first choice. The outcome is a new tool to predict accurate preference shares, taking into account product utilities (estimated by rating-based conjoint analysis) and the brand equity related to product attributes (estimated as a latent variable with structural equation modeling). An example with three products illustrates this new approach.