bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estado nutricional e fatores sociodemográficos em adultos residentes em Ribeirão Preto, SP, 2006: projeto OBEDIARP
Authors: Moraes Suzana Alves de , Humberto Janaina Silva Martins , Freitas Isabel Cristina Martins de
Published: January 2012

OBJETIVO: Estimar as prevalências de sobrepeso e obesidade e identificar fatores sociodemográficos associados a estes desfechos, em residentes de Ribeirão Preto - SP, Brasil, em 2006. MÉTODOS: Estudo epidemiológico transversal, de base populacional, conduzido em adultos de ambos os sexos com 30 anos e mais. O processo de amostragem foi desenvolvido em três estágios, sorteando-se inicialmente 81 setores censitários e, subsequentemente, 1.671 domicílios e 1.205 elegíveis. A variabilidade introduzida na terceira fração de amostragem (sorteio de elegíveis) foi corrigida pela atribuição de pesos, originando amostra ponderada de 2.197 participantes. O estado nutricional foi classificado em três categorias (eutróficos, sobrepeso e obesos), utilizando-se os pontos de corte para o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), recomendados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde-2000. Para a investigação de fatores associados ao sobrepeso e à obesidade, utilizou-se a regressão de Poisson, obtendo-se razões de prevalência que foram estimadas por pontos e por intervalos com 95% de confiança. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de sobrepeso foi mais elevada entre os homens (49,7%) que entre as mulheres (33,7%), ocorrendo o inverso em relação à obesidade, nas mulheres, cuja prevalência (27,5%) ultrapassou a dos homens (19,1%). Nos modelos finais, ao se considerar o "sobrepeso", permaneceram como fatores positivamente associados: as faixas etárias de "50 a 59 anos" e "60 anos e mais"; o "1º terço" de renda e "viver com companheiro(a)". Em relação ao sexo, ser do sexo feminino constituiu-se em fator de proteção para este desfecho. Para a "obesidade", todas as categorias de idade e o estado marital permaneceram positivamente associados a este desfecho. CONCLUSÃO: Além da elevada prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade no município, a detecção de diferentes conjuntos de variáveis sociodemográficas associadas aos componentes do excesso de peso indica a necessidade de estratégias específicas de intervenção sobre estes grupos, tendo em vista a promoção da saúde e a prevenção de doenças crônico-degenerativas, na população.
Fatores associados à capacidade para o trabalho e percepção de fadiga em trabalhadores de enfermagem da Amazônia ocidental
Authors: Vasconcelos Suleima Pedroza , Fischer Frida Marina , Reis Alberto Olavo Advincula , Moreno Cláudia Roberta de Castro
Published: January 2012

OBJETIVO: Analisar os fatores associados à capacidade inadequada para o trabalho e à percepção de fadiga entre os profissionais de enfermagem. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal desenvolvido com 272 trabalhadores em um hospital de urgência e emergência de Rio Branco/Acre. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio dos seguintes instrumentos: questionário sobre dados sociodemográficos, condições de trabalho e estilo de vida; Índice de Capacidade para o Trabalho - ICT; e Questionário de Percepção de Fadiga. Para análise dos fatores associados à capacidade inadequada para o trabalho e à percepção de fadiga elevada foi utilizada a regressão de Poisson bivariada e múltipla. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de capacidade inadequada para o trabalho foi de 40,8%, tendo como fatores associados: sexo feminino (RP = 1,84; IC95% 1,06 - 3,18); referir outro vínculo empregatício (RP = 1,71; 1,25 - 2,35); número de funcionários insuficiente (RP = 1,96; 1,10 - 3,47); tarefas repetitivas e monótonas (RP = 1,84; 1,24 - 2,72); três ou mais morbidades sem diagnóstico médico (RP = 1,48; 1,06 - 2,06); fadiga elevada (RP = 2,37; 1,81 - 3,12). A prevalência de fadiga elevada foi de 25,7% e os fatores associados foram: tarefas repetitivas e monótonas (RP = 1,74; 1,00 - 3,03); referir de três a cinco morbidades com diagnóstico médico (RP = 1,98; 1,00 - 3,11) e seis ou mais morbidades (RP = 3,79; 2,04 - 7,03), segundo a auto-avaliação do profissional. CONCLUSÕES: O estudo evidencia que grande parte população estudada apresenta capacidade inadequada para o trabalho e níveis elevados de fadiga, apontando para a necessidade de intervenções no plano individual (condições de vida) e no ambiente de trabalho, principalmente no que tange aos aspectos organizacionais.
Queda dos homicídios no município de São Paulo: uma análise exploratória de possíveis condicionantes
Authors: Peres Maria Fernanda Tourinho , Almeida Juliana Feliciano de , Vicentin Diego , Cerda Magdalena , Cardia Nancy , Adorno Sérgio
Published: January 2012

Ao longo da primeira década dos anos 2000, a taxa de mortalidade por homicídio (TMH) apresentou uma expressiva redução no Estado e no Município de São Paulo (MSP). O objetivo deste estudo é descrever a evolução das TMH e de indicadores sociodemográficos, de investimento em políticas sociais e segurança pública, e analisar a correlação entre a evolução das TMHs e das variáveis independentes no MSP entre 1996 e 2008. Foi realizado um estudo ecológico de série temporal, exploratório. As seguintes variáveis foram incluídas: TMH por 100.000 habitantes, indicadores sociodemográficos, investimentos em políticas sociais e de segurança pública. Foram calculadas as médias móveis de todas as variáveis e a tendência foi analisada através de Regressão Linear. Foram calculadas as variações percentual anual, média anual e percentual periódica, e a associação foi testada por meio da análise de correlação de Spearman entre a variação percentual anual das variáveis. Foram encontradas correlações com a proporção de jovens na população (r = 0,69), taxa de desemprego (r = 0,60), investimento estadual em educação e cultura (r = 0,87) e saúde e saneamento (r = 0,56), investimento municipal (r = 0,68) e estadual (r = 0,53) em segurança pública, armas apreendidas (r = 0,69) e taxa de encarceramento-aprisionamento (r = 0,71). Os resultados apresentados permitem sustentar a hipótese de que alterações demográficas, aceleração da economia, em especial a queda do desemprego, investimentos em políticas sociais e mudanças nas políticas de segurança pública atuam sinergicamente para a redução da TMH em São Paulo. Torna-se necessário o desenvolvimento de modelos de análise complexos que incorporem a atuação conjunta dos distintos fatores com potencial explicativo.
Normas brasileiras para o Affective Norms for English Words
Authors: Kristensen Christian Haag , Gomes Carlos Falcão de Azevedo , Justo Alice Reuwsaat , Vieira Karin
Published: January 2012

INTRODUÇÃO: O presente estudo realizou a tradução e adaptação do Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW) para o português brasileiro (ANEW-Br) e obteve medidas de emocionalidade para um conjunto de 1.046 palavras em português. MÉTODO: Uma amostra de 755 universitários de ambos os sexos utilizou as escalas de valência e alerta do Self-Assessment Manikin para julgar a emocionalidade de 1.046 palavras em português. RESULTADOS: Os valores de valência ficaram no intervalo de 1,16 a 8,80, enquanto que os valores de alerta ficaram no intervalo de 2,22 a 7,67. Análises adicionais indicaram que as medidas de valência e alerta se mostraram fidedignas, além de sugerir adequação do método utilizado para coleta das medidas de emocionalidade. CONCLUSÃO: A disponibilização das normas brasileiras para o ANEW representa um avanço metodológico para pesquisadores brasileiros no desenvolvimento de futuros estudos sobre os efeitos da emoção na cognição humana.
Cryptic biodiversity effects: importance of functional redundancy revealed through addition of food web complexity
Authors: Philpott Stacy M. , Pardee Gabriella L. , Gonthier David J.
Published: January 2012

Interactions between predators and the degree of functional redundancy among multiple predator species may determine whether herbivores experience increased or decreased predation risk. Specialist parasites can modify predator behavior, yet rarely have cascading effects on multiple predator species and prey been evaluated. We examined influences of specialist phorid parasites (Pseudacteon spp.) on three predatory ant species and herbivores in a coffee agroecosystem. Specifically, we examined whether changes in ant richness affected fruit damage by the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) and whether phorids altered multi‐predator effects. Each ant species reduced borer damage, and without phorids, increasing predator richness did not further decrease borer damage. However, with phorids, activity of one ant species was reduced, indicating that the presence of multiple ant species was necessary to limit borer damage. In addition, phorid presence revealed synergistic effects of multiple ant species, not observed without the presence of this parasite. Thus, a trait‐mediated cascade resulting from a parasite‐induced predator behavioral change revealed the importance of functional redundancy, predator diversity, and food web complexity for control of this important pest.
Generalists and specialists along a latitudinal transect: patterns of thermal adaptation in six species of damselflies
Authors: Nilsson-Örtman Viktor , Stoks Robby , De Block Marjan , Johansson Frank
Published: January 2012

Tropical organisms colonizing temperate environments face reduced average temperatures and dramatic thermal fluctuations. Theoretical models postulate that thermal specialization should be favored either when little environmental variation is experienced within generations or when among‐generation variation is small relative to within‐generation variation. To test these predictions, we studied six temperate species of damselflies differing in latitudinal distribution. We developed a computer model simulating how organisms experience environmental variation (accounting for diapause and voltinism) and performed a laboratory experiment assaying thermal sensitivities of growth rates. The computer model showed opposing latitudinal trends in among‐ and within‐generation thermal variability: within‐generation thermal variability decreased toward higher latitudes, whereas relative levels of among‐generation thermal variability peaked at midlatitudes (where a shift in voltinism occurred). The growth experiment showed that low‐latitude species were more thermally generalized than mid‐ and high‐latitude species, supporting the prediction that generalists are favored under high levels of within‐generation variation. Northern species had steeper, near‐exponential reaction norms suggestive of thermal specialization. However, they had strikingly high thermal optima and grew very slowly over most of the thermal range they are expected to experience in the field. This observation is at present difficult to explain. These results highlight the importance of considering interactions between life history and environmental variation when deriving expectations of thermal adaptation.
Evaluating Constant Volume Depletion Data
Authors: Whitson Curtis Hays , Torp Stein Børre
Published: January 2012

This paper presents results of analyzing constant volume depletion data obtained from experimental analyses of gas condensates and volatile oils. Theoretical and practical developments are supported by analyses of experimental data from two North Sea condensate reservoirs.

The three major contributions of this work are: (1) presentation of material balance equations used to calculate fluid (particularly liquid) properties from measured constant volume depletion data, (2) a simple method for calculating "black oil" formation volume factors and solution gas-oil ratios for volatile systems using material balance results and a separator flash program, and (3) investigation of the Peng-Robinson equation of state as a tool for matching measured PVT data and studying vapor-liquid equilibria phenomena during constant volume depletion.

The main example presented is a rich gas condensate whose measured, calculated and simulated phase behavior are fully documented in tables and figures. Complete description of the heptanes-plus fraction is also included so that other engineers can check, modify and hopefully improve fluid characterization using the Peng-Robinson (or any other) equation of state.
Challenges and Solutions in Global-Flow-Based Scaleup of Permeability: Isolated Flow Bodies
Authors: Stone Matthew T. , Wu Xiao-Hui , Parashkevov Rossen R. , Lyons Stephen L.
Published: January 2012

One of the unresolved issues preventing the practical application of a flow based global upscaling of permeability is the problem of isolated flow bodies. Isolated flow bodies make a global flow difficult to define in these regions. New and innovative techniques to calculate flow in these regions and how to imbed these solutions into a global upscaling framework are discussed. Specifically, answers to questions of how to apply boundary conditions to isolated bodies and how to handle the barriers are presented. Resolving the issue of isolated flow bodies is a necessary and significant step to enabling global upscaling on a more widespread basis.

The proposed techniques have been applied to several models, demonstrating the capability to use these methods in a global upscaling framework. Together these methods allow the application of global upscaling to a greater variety of geologic model types, enabling the application of global upscaling in situations not previously possible.

Examples of the application of the method show that global upscaling is feasible and provides advantages over industry standard local upscaling methods. Different global upscaling techniques show different behavior on certain model types. The advantages and disadvantages for each technique when applied to different types of models are discussed.
A New Multipoint Flux Approximation for Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Chen Qian-Yong , Wan Jing , Yang Yahan , Mifflin Rick T.
Published: January 2012

Multi-point flux approximations (MPFAs) have been developed in recent years to improve the accuracy of the flux computation for reservoir simulation when the reservoir grids are not K-orthogonal. Recent studies, however, have shown that commonly used MPFA approaches could pose severe limitations. Specifically, it has been observed that MPFA can cause severe nonphysical oscillations in numerical solutions for the single-phase pressure equation if the permeability field is strongly anisotropic. Some researchers have linked those numerical oscillations to the lack of monotonicity in the solution matrix for the discretization problem and efforts have been made to improve MPFA so that matrix monotonicity can be restored.

This paper will present new techniques, collectively called enriched multi-point flux approximations (EMPFAs), to reduce or eliminate numerical oscillations in the solutions. The key to improving the consistency and accuracy of the local flux calculations is the introduction of new temporary unknowns and the application of better pressure interpolation techniques. EMPFA can be used for modeling general multiphase flows in 2-dimensional or 3-dimensional reservoir models, and the grid can be Cartesian, Voronoi, or even arbitrary. Simulation results will demonstrate the differences among EMPFA, MPFA, and the original two-point flux approximation (TPFA).
Unique Solution for Fracture Isolation Resolves Breakthrough Challenges in Horizontal Slim Hole Well
Authors: Al-Mumen Adib A. , Al-Umran Mohammed I. , Agrawal Pradeep , Jorgensen Thomas , Smith Peter E.
Published: January 2012

A mature well in a carbonate reservoir in Saudi Arabia was no longer producing and was sidetracked in a workover operation to regain production. This paper describes the usage of swellable packers to isolate a detrimentally water producing fracture encountered during drilling of a 3-7/8" slim hole horizontal in a naturally fractured carbonate reservoir. No means of open hole/slim hole isolation were available prior to the introduction of swellable packers. The packers were successfully run and the well was brought into production at good rates and low water cut.
Offshore Benign Water-Based Drilling Fluid can Prevent Hard Brittle Shale Hydration and Maintain Borehole Stability
Authors: Peng Chunyao , Feng Wenqiang , Yan Xiaolin , Yan Jienian , Luo Xiangdong
Published: January 2012

In the South West of Weizhou Island, a region of growing importance in oil and gas production in South China Sea, drilling delays and suspension of wells prior to reaching the targets due to wellbore instability, have occurred frequently. The hard brittle shales rich in the formation play the key problematic role. As a result, economic benefits through the use of new drilling technologies are significantly reduced due to high additional drilling costs.

Conventional water-based drilling fluids didn't conquer the problematic formation. They can not prevent filtration from invading formation effectively, thereby the shale hydration and prore pressure increase can not be eliminated. Alternatively, oil-based drilling fluids can provide superb borehole stability. Especially formulated with the efficient sealing materials, they can be available in drilling the hard brittle shale formation. It had been proven by some successful cases in the South West of Weizhou Oilfield. However, the employment of oil-based drilling fluids is cause for increasing concern due to offshore environmental restrictions and expensive disposal costs.

An environmentally acceptable water-based drilling fluid, which is based on methylglucoside and silicate, is developed to conquer the hard brittle shale formation. It has been confirmed from numerous laboratory results that the MS drilling fluid exhibited perfect filtration loss control and inhibitive abilities and also can effectively seal microfractures by physical packing and chemical precipitation. It stabilizes the hard brittle shale by the same mechanism as did oil-based drilling fluid in preventing shale hydration, pore pressure increase and weakening of shale by effectively developing sufficient osmotic force to offset hydraulic and chemical forces acting to cause filtration flux into the hard brittle shale.

MS drilling fluid has given its first offshore field trial in Weizhou oilfield. The data from the pilot well has showed that the novel drilling fluid exhibited excellent inhibition and lubricity which approaches or even exceeds oil-based fluids.
Through-Tubing Casing Exit and Inflatable Technologies Combine to Deliver Enhanced Production during Coiled Tubing Drilling Campaign in the Middle East
Authors: Garfield Garry
Published: January 2012

As part of a coiled tubing drilling re-entry campaign for a client in the Middle East, a well required a through-tubing casing exit system to enable the subsequent drilling assembly access to drill a new lateral. On completion of the drilling phase, a production well test determined that water production from the lower perforations in the main bore had increased to an unacceptable limit, and a water shut-off solution was required.

The paper will provide a comprehensive overview of utilizing a through-tubing whipstock system deployed with coiled tubing in order to create an effective window in the production liner. One of the major advantages of a coiled tubing deployed exit system is the ability to mill a window in the casing in a restricted wellbore environment. The whipstock can be deployed into a live-well environment without the necessity of removing the completion equipment, thus eliminating the requirement for a workover rig or potentially reservoir-damaging well kill fluids. The paper will also focus on the use of through-tubing inflatable technology and the relationship of utilizing these unique devices for water shut-off applications.

The case history will detail the running of a new exit system showing the economic benefits of utilizing live well intervention deployment methods for whipstock placement as well as the rig cost savings of utilizing coiled tubing deployed mills and motors for delivering a casing window. The case history will also detail inflatable technology for water shut off applications for this particular well focusing on the ability to run and set the inflatable device in a cross-flow environment.
Dynamic Formations Rendered Less Problematic with Solid Expandable Technology
Authors: Jennings Iain
Published: January 2012

To reach drilling objectives in dynamic formations requires robust technology that can adapt to unpredictable wellbore conditions. Such is the case with operations in Asia Pacific; a very tectonically active region. The shifting plates put the earth's crust under extreme stress, which has a propensity to cause various difficult drilling conditions including: FaultsHigh pore pressureWellbore instability

These issues are difficult to predict, both in occurrence and true vertical depth (TVD), and are usually mitigated by running an unplanned string of casing. Unexpected conditions requiring a casing point put the drilling plan at risk when reservoir objectives are hole-size dependent. Standard oil country tubular goods (OCTG) reduce the wellbore inside diameter (ID) every time a casing string is set. When the situation dictates setting casing higher than planned, solid expandable technology has successfully minimized wellbore reduction and enabled the operator to get back to the casing program with an optimized hole size.

Planning solid expandable systems into wellbore construction as a design element, rather than a contingency plan, has averted numerous problems identified during the drilling process.

Conventional solid expandable systems minimize loss of hole size, while single-diameter expandable systems (including openhole cladding) provide solutions without loss of hole size. By utilizing single-diameter technology, zones and formations can be sealed, allowing the next hole section to be drilled with the same bit as the previous. In this capacity, expandable systems become an enabling technology for previously undrillable wells.

This paper will discuss how solid expandable tubular systems have evolved to include a technology suite of options that addresses drilling challenges in active formations. Case histories will be used to illustrate the technical and economic value brought to projects by way of solid expandable system application.
Cost Evaluation for the First Running Experience of Expandable Openhole Liner for Unexpected Problems in Drilling Well, Iran
Authors: Yousafi Y. , Fazaelizadeh M. , Hareland G. , kustamsi A. , Mirhaj S. A. , Shirkavand F.
Published: January 2012

The expandable openhole liner system is used as solution for operational challenges associated with borehole instabilities, pore pressure/fracture gradient issues and the effect of salt or subsalt formation. All these operational challenges produce pre- mature downsizing of well's tubular.

While drilling in the Kupal oilfield located in south west of Ahwaz, Iran, an isolated extreme thief zone was penetrated resulting in a possible unplanned conventional liner was run, decreasing further deeper hole sizes. The smaller size of liner would have cause problems such as lower reservoir production rate and putting limitations on running measurement tools to evaluate the reservoir. Because of these aforementioned negative effects of running a conventional liner it was instead desided to run an expandable openhole liner.

This paper discusses challenges and solutions for running the first expandable openhole liner in Iran to reach a proposed target with the planned hole sizes as well as a cost evaluation and comparison of two wells, one using expandable open hole liner and one using conventional liner.
A Simple Analytical Model for Vertical Permeability Prediction (Alternate Title: Modelling vertical permeability at microscopic and reservoir scales)
Authors: Uguru C. I. , Onyeagoro U. O. , Onuoha K. M.
Published: January 2012

With reservoir management leaning increasingly on numerical simulation, adequate reservoir characterization is critical to the process of developing good reservoir models that can be used to predict reservoir performance. Previously vertical permeability for reservoirs was modelled based on facies/genetic unit averages of kv/kh (vertical permeability to horizontal permeability) ratios. This method does not account for reservoir heterogeneity. Additionally, this averaging method has been found to be quite sub-optimal because the wide range of the values for kv/kh ratios for any genetic unit makes representation by a single average value grossly inadequate. In the quest for improved reservoir characterization an analytical model for predicting vertical permeability has been developed and is discussed in this paper. The model is based on the architecture of reservoirs, core data from the Niger Delta, the laws for permeability averaging and elementary differential calculus. With the proposed model continuous property curves for vertical permeability that account for reservoir heterogeneity can be generated for any reservoir interval of interest. This was hitherto not possible with the previous techniques. Comparisons of modelled vertical permeability profiles with real data show excellent agreement and indicate that the proposed model adds reasonable value to the effort to describe reservoirs better. Having matched core data on vertical permeability a "tuning" scheme based on outcrop analogues and log character is proposed for modeling vertical permeability on a reservoir scale. The advice of this paper is not to focus on devising an appropriate permeability averaging technique but on the reservoir character that will dominate fluid flow under the influence of a pressure gradient.
Optimization of Behind Casing Resistivity Analysis Using Nuclear Logs
Authors: Akem Benjamin , Anyaehie James , Arogun Olubunmi , Abangwu Prince
Published: January 2012

Conventional resistivity analysis has been used for evaluation of hydrocarbon saturation in both exploratory and development wells. Resistivity logs are however not sufficient for performance of a fluid characterization because resistivity cannot detect variation in hydrocarbon densities. As a result, additional logs such as nuclear, sonic and nuclear magnetic resonance logs are required to perform a satisfactory evaluation of hydrocarbon fluid typing and saturation computation.

This paper focuses on recommended best practices for combination of behind casing resistivity measurements and complementary logs in matured fields for evaluation of hydrocarbon/water contacts, detection of by-passed reserves and fluid typing.

An example from the eastern Niger Delta shows where cased hole formation resistivity results were optimized with pulsed neutron spectroscopy measurements in performing a successful workover program and improving production rates by over 80%
Upscaling Local CO2 Trapping During Buoyancy-Driven Flow
Authors: Saadatpoor Ehsan , Bryant Steven L. , Sepehrnoori Kamy
Published: January 2012

Assessment of storage capacity of a formation and the risk involved in using that capacity are essential tasks for large scale carbon sequestration. Simulations are useful tools for this purpose, but some modes of trapping that reduce risk present challenges for simulators. One of these modes is local capillary trapping, which occurs during buoyancy-driven flow through rocks with fine-scale heterogeneity. However, fine-scale simulation is always costly or even impractical, and an accurate upscaling method would greatly facilitate assessment of large fields nominated for storage. This application is a useful example in the science of upscaling of a flow process in which the displacement physics are tightly coupled to the rock heterogeneity.

We examine the basis for upscaling local capillary trapping for practical coarse-grid simulations. We carry out a series of full-physics simulations of buoyancy-driven migration of CO2 within heterogeneous aquifers. The simulations include studies of a leak appearing in the top seal after buoyant migration has ended. The effect of heterogeneity enters via scaled capillary pressure curves for all grid blocks. We vary the degree of coarsening and compare the distribution of CO2 into different storage modes for each simulation. Preferential flow paths, which contain CO2 trapped at saturations far above core-scale residual, exhibit structures several times larger than the correlation length of the permeability field. A coarse-grid simulation that only upscales heterogeneity is inaccurate to capture this behavior. Hence, we use simulations and post process the data to compute a new parameter called effective residual saturation for the whole aquifer domain. A linear relationship is shown to exist between effective maximum residual gas saturation and mass of CO2 escaped through leaks. The relationship holds for grid blocks larger than the correlation lengths of permeability field and entry pressure field.
Fracture Mechanics Interpretation of Leak-Off Tests
Authors: Aadnoy Bernt S. , Mostafavi Vahid , Hareland Geir
Published: January 2012

This paper presents a model for leak-off interpretation that includes evaluation after the borehole is fractured. The Kirsch equation is valid up to the conventional leak-off point, but beyond leak-off the hole is fractured, and an elastoplastic bridge model applies to ultimate failure. Also presented is an evaluation of in-situ stress interpretations from leak-off tests.

Findings of the new model are that the leak-off point using Kirsch is correctly defined by the in-situ stress state and the rock tensile strength. The model also explains the circulation loss problem with oil based drilling fluids where the wellbore strength reduces to the minimum horizontal stress level.
Direct Detection of Downward Flow of Water Behind Casing Using Oxygen Activation Technique in Inverted Mode
Authors: Akram Naveed , Ali Shahzad , Shaukat Bilal , Mughal Muhammad Haroon , Khidri Muzammil Ahmed , Rana Muhammad Shafique
Published: January 2012

It has been long recognized that using the conventional production logging tool in combination with the electrical probes measurement for water holdup can resolve the source identification of water inside the borehole. The source of water for single layer reservoir can be identified easily and can be complex for borehole involving multilayers and multiphase. The current limitations with the conventional production logging tool is that it covers the quantitative measurements inside borehole and to some extent qualitative measurement behind casing e.g. temperature profile.

The conditions get complex in the absence of cement behind casing and multiple pay zones behind the production casing and thus mixture profile tends to complicate the identification of phases within borehole. An alternative way to identify the hydraulic isolation between layers is to detect fluid movement directly behind the casing. Using a novel approach of Oxygen activation of water, the axial movements of water can be identified and quantified.

A Solid state neutron source in a stationary logging tool is first turned on activating the oxygen in the region near the wellbore, and then turned off. If the oxygen in stationary, decay is exponential and predictable. However, if flow is present, axial fluid movement transports some of the temporarily activated atomic oxygen in the water past three detectors where gamma ray count rate transient responses are recorded. Analysis of transients allows direct detection of water flow in annular space, a velocity measurement, and an estimate of the flow magnitude.

The case study presents oil producing well with two reservoirs started producing excessive amount of water. Where top reservoir was cement squeezed. The water producing zones across bottom reservoir was to be identified and to investigate if top reservoir contributing this water behind the liner. First time in Pakistan Oxygen activation technique with detectors at bottom (inverted mode) was utilized along with conventional production logging tool to resolve the source of water flowing downward behind casing.
Role of EWT in Declaration of Commerciality & Field Development
Authors: Rehman Zaghum Ur , Jozsef Tomics , Ahmed Nadeem
Published: January 2012

Every hydrocarbon discovery is not of commercial scale. Once a reservoir is discovered by drilling an exploration well with encouraging results with presence of hydrocarbons, an extended testing period starts to authenticate the in-place hydrocarbon volumes and deliverable rates and gain more knowledge on reservoir driving mechanism, heterogeneity, geometry, etc. which helps to make field development plan and hence the declaration of commerciality.

OMV Pakistan GmbH. has two discoveries in year 2007, Tajjal and Latif. Tajjal reservoir was discovered in May 2007 in Gambat Exploration License, whereas Latif was discovered in February 2007 in Latif Exploration License. Tajjal is located in south-east of Sawan gas field and Latif is in south-east of Miano gas field, operated by OMV GmbH. Both Tajjal and Latif wells were suspended for almost a year and half until gas pipelines laid from Tajjal and Latif to Sawan CPP and Kandwari CPP respectively for processing the raw gas. Couple of wells drilled in each discovery based on G&G input before start of EWT period as a part of field appraisal plan. In January 2009, extended well test (EWT), an extended testing period started to confirm the in-place volumes and instigate the field development plan for both the discoveries.

EWT is planned to acquire dynamic data for Tajjal & Latif, on average after every 3 months of production a flow after flow test & build-up data have been acquired for estimating reservoir pressure, permeability, type of aquifer & skin factors. Acquired reservoir pressure have substantially used for estimating Gas Initially In Place (GIIP).

Gas in-place estimates are made using EWT data by different techniques; P/Z plots, flowing material balance, analytical model, numerical model and well test evaluations. Results from these methods are reasonably comparable. A resolution will be drawn at the end of EWT phase regarding declaration of commerciality and hence full field development.
Hydraulic Fracturing in Gas Condensate Reservoirs: Successes, Setbacks and Lessons Learnt
Authors: Khan M. Noman , Siddiqui Fareed I. , Mansur Sheharyar , Ali Syed Dost
Published: January 2012

Hydraulic fracturing is being widely employed to augment wells’ productivity, thus facilitating proper depletion of the reservoir fluids and adding to the recoverable hydrocarbon reserves. The benefits of hydraulic fracturing are particularly pronounced in reservoirs exhibiting low permeability, high skin and, in case of gas condensate reservoirs, near wellbore condensate banking.

A gas condensate field, code name ‘Delta’, has been producing from sandstone reservoirs for the last two decades. Most of the wells have been suffering from low productivity primarily due to a relatively low reservoir permeability (0.5 to 10mD) and high drilling induced skin. The problem has become more pronounced with the depletion of reservoir pressure resulting in condensate drop out around the wellbore.

This paper details the envisioned economic incentives and the post-frac deliverability results from the recent hydraulic fracturing campaign carried out in a gas condensate field. The paper highlights the operational challenges encountered and the evolution of the hydraulic fracturing treatment design, execution and post-frac completion / flow-back strategy based on our experiences that contributed towards a successful and challenging campaign.
A Process for Safety and Environmental Excellence
Authors: Admire J. D. , Bradford R. A.
Published: January 2012

For a company to realize the highest levels of success, consistent performance must be maintained in the many elements that define "operating excellence". Employees and contractors involved in Alaska's oil and gas businesses will easily recognize that safety and environmental protection are core values in operating excellence and critical to a company's success.

Process oriented approaches, often used to guide a business toward continuous improvement in the elements of operating excellence, also have great potential to provide for improvements in safety and environmental programs. This paper outlines the Phillips Petroleum Company Process for Safety and Environmental Excellence (PSEE), which is used to guide the Company in its quest for continuous improvement in safety and environmental programs.

PSEE serves as a management tool to achieve the objectives of being the safest company in the industry, protecting the health of employees and the environment, and being recognized as a valued member of the community. The process establishes a foundation based on people, assets, and systems. Seventeen elements are defined to provide the framework which the Company's operating locations use to improve safety and environmental programs based on the risks at each location.

It is generally recognized that one key to a successful safety and environmental program is focussing on behaviors which lead to accidents, injuries, releases, and other unplanned incidents. The seventeen PSEE elements guide each operating location toward this focus and provide a planning process for continuous improvement.
The Impact of Community Health Workers on Behavioral Outcomes and Glycemic Control of Diabetes Patients on the U.S.-Mexico Border
Authors: Ryabov Igor
Published: January 2012

This study attempts to determine the impact of Community Health Workers ( promotoras de salud) on the self-management practices of people with diabetes on the U.S.-Mexico Border. The region has higher incidence rates of type 2 diabetes than the nation as a whole due to its Mexican-American population, an ethnic group genetically vulnerable to the disease. Unlike prior research that investigated the overall effectiveness of the CHWs, this study monitored a wide range of biologic (HbA1c, BMI) and behavioral (diabetes knowledge, self-efficacy, self-management activities scores) outcomes among the diabetes patients. The experimental research design tested whether or not the monthly visits by CHWs to the diabetic patients helped them in controlling their disease. The sample ( N = 30) was recruited from Mexican-American diabetes patients aged 30 or above. The intervention group received monthly visits from CHWs, while the control group did not. The intervention group showed a significant improvement after 2 years of intervention in all outcomes, except Body Mass Index (BMI).
Glucose Mass Transfer Under Substrate Inhibition Conditions in a Stationary Basket Bioreactor with Immobilized Yeast Cells
Authors: Galaction Anca Irina , Rotaru Roxana , Cascaval Dan
Published: January 2012

The work is dedicated to the study on the external and internal mass transfers of glucose for alcoholic fermentation under glucose inhibition limitation using a bioreactor with stationary basket beds of immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. By means of the substrate mass balance for a single particle of biocatalysts, considering the kinetic model adapted for the inhibitory effect of glucose, specific mathematical models have been developed for describing the profiles of the substrate concentration in the outer and inner regions of biocatalysts and, implicitly, for estimating its mass flows in the liquid boundary layer surrounding the particle and inside the particle. The values of the mass flows are significantly influenced by the internal diffusion velocity of substrate and rate of the biochemical reaction of substrate consumption, but also by the position inside the basket bed. These influences cumulated led to the appearance of biological inactive region near the particle centre, its magnitude varying from 0.34 to 31% from the overall volume of particles.

The presented results are the first unitary approach of the aspects of substrate mass transfer in a basket bed of immobilized biocatalysts, the proposed models being original and complex.
Mechanical Damage to Pinto Bean Seeds as Affected by Moisture Content, Impact Velocity and Seed Orientation
Authors: Shahbazi Feizollah , Analooei Mohamad , Saffar Ali
Published: January 2012

The objective of this experiment was evaluate of the impact damage to pinto bean seeds where seed moisture content (9.25, 12.51, 15.01, 17.52, 20.01% wet basis), impact velocity (5.5, 8, 10, 12.5 and 15m/s) and seed orientation (end and side) were independent variables. The study was conducted under laboratory conditions, using an impact damage assessment device. The results showed that impact velocity, moisture content and seed orientation significantly influenced the physical damages of pinto beans at 1% level. Increasing the impact velocity from 5.5 to 15m/s caused an increase in the mean values of damage from 0.39 to 37.30%. With increase the moisture content from 9.25 to 17.52%, the mean values of percentage of damaged beans decreased significantly from 41.24 to 4.27%. However, by a higher increase in the moisture from 17.52 to 20.01%, the mean values of physically damaged beans showed a nonsignificant increasing trend. There was an optimum moisture level of 17.52% at which seed damage was minimized. The relationship between the percent of physical damage with impact velocity and beans moisture content was expressed mathematically. It was found that the percentage damage to seeds was a quadratic function of moisture content and impact velocity. Impact to the end of the seeds (18.62%) produced the higher damage than side orientation (13.12%).
Interaction and Purpose in Highly Entrepreneurial Communities
Authors: Fortunato Michael W-P , McLaughlin Diane K.
Published: January 2012

In an attempt to understand more about community-level variation in entrepreneurship, this research article focuses on two possible sources of variation within the local society: the amount of interaction among entrepreneurs, and between entrepreneurs and local institutions; and the purposive nature of these interactions. Theories about social interaction, such as Granovetter’s (1973) theory of weak ties and Burt’s (1995) theory of structural holes, are used to understand how large, diverse networks may impact not only information exchange, but information and skills necessary for entrepreneurship. Also, Wilkinson’s (1991) interactional field theory is presented as a way to understand how not only network ties, but the content that flows over those ties in the form of a common community purpose, can equally structure behavior around entrepreneurship. Hypotheses are generated from these social theories and tested empirically using a six-community case study involving both entrepreneurs and institutional actors/representatives in both high- and low-entrepreneurship communities. Interaction and purpose are examined to understand how these may differ across communities with different levels of entrepreneurship. The implications of the findings for entrepreneurship development at the community level is discussed, with a focus on how entrepreneurship can be supported more effectively, quickly, and inexpensively using the community's interactive capacity.
Comparison of surgical site infection rates in clean and clean-contaminated wounds in dogs and cats after minimally invasive versus open surgery: 179 cases (2007–2008)
Authors: Mayhew Philipp D. , Freeman Lynetta , Kwan Toni , Brown Dorothy C.
Published: January 2012

Objective—To report and compare the surgical site infection (SSI) rates for clean and clean-contaminated procedures performed by either a minimally invasive surgical or open surgical approach in a large population of dogs and cats.

Design—Prospective case series.

Animals—179 patients (dogs and cats) undergoing minimally invasive abdominal or thoracic surgery.

Procedures—Case information from all animals that underwent minimally invasive abdominal or thoracic surgery was prospectively collected and compared with an existing database of the same information collected from 379 patients undergoing laparotomy or thoracotomy via an open surgical approach. For both groups, an SSI was defined as any surgical wound in which purulent discharge was observed within 14 days after the procedure. Follow-up for all patients was obtained by direct examination or telephone interviews.

Results—Overall SSI rate in the minimally invasive surgery (MIS) group was 1.7% and in the open surgery (OS) group was 5.5%. On univariate analysis, there was a significantly lower SSI rate in the MIS group, compared with the SSI rate for the OS group. On multivariable logistic regression analysis, this difference appeared to be a result of the fact that surgery times were longer (median, 105 vs 75 minutes) and hair was clipped ≥ 4 hours prior to surgery for more animals (23% vs 11 %) in the OS group, compared with the MIS group.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—MIS may be associated with a lower SSI rate, compared with OS, but confounding factors such as differences in surgery time and preoperative preparation contributed in part to this finding. As such, surgical approach cannot be categorized as an independent risk factor for SSIs in small animals until further studies are performed.
Analysis of cribra orbitalia in the earliest inhabitants of medieval Vilnius
Authors: Jatautis Šarūnas , Mitokaitė Ieva , Jankauskas Rimantas
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this work is to present an analysis of cribra orbitalia (CO) from the population of a medieval cemetery in Vilnius, Lithuania, dated between the end of the 13th to the beginning of the 15th centuries. The sample consisted of 208 individuals with sufficiently preserved orbits: 82 subadults and 122 adults. CO was correlated with sex, age-at-death, and three skeletal indicators of biological health: linear enamel hypoplasia, periostitis, and adult femur length as a proxy value for stature. Siler's and Gompertz-Makeham's parametric models of mortality as well as χ2 statistics were used to evaluate these relationships. Almost one-third of all analyzed individuals had signs of CO, including approximately 60% of the subadults. There was a very strong relationship between the age-at-death and incidence of CO, i.e., individuals with the lesion were dying much younger. The frequency of CO among the sexes was not statistically significant. On the other hand, CO had a negative effect only on adult males, i.e., males who had the lesion died at a younger age. Furthermore, CO and linear enamel hypoplasia were positively related for subadults, whereas no significant relationships were found among adults of corresponding sex. Incidence of periostitis and adult stature were not related to CO.
Effect of consecutive aerobic and resistance exercise on cortisol, immunoglobulin A, and creatine kinase responses in male students
Authors: Arazi Hamid , Azizi Mohammad
Published: January 2012

Effect of consecutive aerobic and resistance exercise on cortisol, immunoglobulin A, and creatine kinase responses in male students

Study aim: To investigate the effects of consecutive aerobic and resistance exercise on Cortisol, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), and Creatine kinase (CK) responses of male students.

Material and methods: Eight subjects (mean age 21.0 ± 1.5 years) completed two trail, aerobic ergometer exercises (60% VO2max; 45-min) and resistance (80% 1RM; 45-min) exercise concurrently; each subject was his own control. Blood samples were collected pre-exercise, post-exercise, and 3 hours after exercise. One-way ANOVA with repeated measure and LSD post-hoc tests were used to evaluate changes in Cortisol, IgA, and CK during baseline and exercise periods.

Results: During baseline, there were no differences between exercise day (ED) values and those obtained at rest day (RD) for Cortisol, IgA, and CK. After exercise, Cortisol concentration in ED was significantly higher than RD (p<0.05); however, changes in IgA and CK responses were not significant.

Conclusions: This type of consecutive exercise didn't increase susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infection and muscle damage. Therefore, it can be useful for the preparation phase of training for athletes.