bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved method to graft polyaniline on E‐glass fabric to enhance its electronic conductivity
Authors: Geetha Sivasubramanian , Kumar Konda Kannan Satheesh , Trivedi Dinesh Chandra
Published: April 2005

A method to enhance the electronic conductivity of polyaniline grafted E‐glass fabric is described. The influence of substituted aromatic sulfonic acids as primary dopants on conductivity of the grafted polyaniline–E‐glass fabrics is studied. The conducting fabrics obtained in this method were characterized by UV‐vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction study, thermogravimetric analysis, and conductivity. Shielding effectiveness measurements on these Pan–E‐glass fabrics showed that the performance is improved (i.e., 0.01 MHz = 49 dB, 1000 MHz = 7 dB) compared to earlier studies (i.e., 0.05 MHz = 37 dB, 1000 MHz = 1 dB) without pretreatment of fabrics. Possible application of these fabrics, e.g., for dissipation of electrostatic charge, is suggested. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2316–2323, 2005
Synthesis and antitumor activity of poly(3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐pyran‐co‐maleic anhydride‐co‐vinyl acetate)
Authors: Can Hatice Kaplan , Doğan A. Lale , Rzaev Zakir M. O. , Uner Ayşegül Hasegeli , Güner Ali
Published: April 2005

The radical‐initiated terpolymerization of 3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐pyran (DHP), maleic anhydride (MA), and vinyl acetate (VA), which were used as a donor–acceptor–donor system, was carried out in methyl ethyl ketone in the presence of 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator at 65°C in a nitrogen atmosphere. The synthesis and characterization of binary and ternary copolymers, some kinetic parameters of terpolymerization, the terpolymer‐composition/thermal‐behavior relationship, and the antitumor activity of the synthesized polymers were examined. The polymerization of the DHP–MA–VA monomer system predominantly proceeded by the alternating terpolymerization mechanism. The in vitro cytotoxicities of poly(3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐pyran‐alt‐maleic anhydride) [poly(DHP‐alt‐MA)] and poly(3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐pyran‐co‐maleic anhydride‐co‐vinyl acetate) [poly(DHP‐co‐MA‐co‐VA)] were evaluated with Raji cells (human Burkitt lymphoma cell line). The antitumor activity of the prepared anion‐active poly(DHP‐alt‐MA) and poly(DHP‐co‐MA‐co‐VA) polymers were studied with methyl–thiazol–tetrazolium testing, and the 50% cytotoxic dose was calculated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2352–2359, 2005
Swelling and thermal behaviors of a starch‐based superabsorbent hydrogel with quaternary ammonium and carboxyl groups
Authors: Cao Li‐Qin , Xu Shi‐Mei , Feng Shun , Wang Ji‐De
Published: April 2005

A starch‐based superabsorbent hydrogel with quaternary ammonium and carboxyl groups is synthesized in aqueous solution. Various factors, including the initiator dose, the crosslinker dose, and the dose and the concentration of the acrylate monomer, as well as the polymerization temperature, are investigated in terms of the swelling in distilled water and in a 0.9% NaCl solution. Furthermore, the thermal degradation of the modified starch graft copolymer is studied under an air atmosphere. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2392–2398, 2005
Environmental responses of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate derivatized dextran) hydrogels
Authors: Chen Li , Dong Jing , Ding Yamei , Han Weijun
Published: April 2005

A series of intelligent hydrogels (poly(NIPA‐co‐GMA‐Dex)) were synthesized by copolymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) and glycidyl methacrylate derivatized dextran (GMA‐Dex) in aqueous solution with different ratios. Their swelling behaviors at different temperatures and in different pH and ionic strengths, and their mechanical properties were studied. It has found that poly(NIPA‐co‐GMA‐Dex) hydrogels are temperature‐, pH‐, and ionic strength‐sensitive associated with the roles of the component PNIPA and GMA‐Dex, respectively. Most significantly, poly (NIPA‐co‐GMA‐Dex) hydrogels exhibit simultaneously good swelling properties and mechanical properties. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2435–2439, 2005
Effect of vulcanizing system on the crosslink density of nitrile rubber compounds
Authors: Lawandy S. N. , Halim S. F.
Published: April 2005

The synergistic activity of binary accelerator systems in rubber vulcanization is well known. Binary accelerator systems are being widely used in industry and are becoming increasingly popular because of the fact that such mixed systems can produce a vulcanizate with superior mechanical properties compared to those of stock cured with a single accelerator. The authors have studied the performance of a binary accelerator system based on cyclohexyl benzothiazole sulfenamide (CBS), tetramethyl thiuram disulphide (TMTD) in the sulfur vulcanization of nitrile rubber. The amount of sulfur and accelerator was varied to change the network crosslink density of vulcanizates. The observed mutual activity has been discussed based on the mechanical properties and crosslink density. The physical crosslink density of the various nitrile rubber mixes was estimated using the Kinetic Theory of Elasticity. The mechanical properties of the various rubber compounds were related to the corresponding crosslink density estimated for each compound. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2440–2445, 2005
Patterned cell determination in a plant tissue: The secondary phloem of trees
Authors: Barlow Peter
Published: April 2005

The secondary vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) of woody plants originate from a vascular cambium and develop as radially oriented files of cells. The secondary phloem is composed of three or four cell types, which are organised into characteristic recurrent cellular sequences within the radial cell files of this tissue. There is a gradient of auxin (indole acetic acid) across both the cambium and the immediately postmitotic cells within the xylem and phloem domains, and it is believed that this morphogen, probably in concert with other morphogenic factors, is closely associated with the determination and differentiation of the different cells types in each tissue. A hypothesis is developed that, in conjunction with the positional values conferred by the graded radial distribution of morphogen, cell divisions at particular positions within the cambium are sufficient to determine not only each of the phloem cell types but also their recurrent pattern of differentiation within each radial cell file. BioEssays 27: 533–541, 2005. © 2005 Wiley periodicals, Inc.
Nonsense‐mediated RNA decay: A molecular system micromanaging individual gene activities and suppressing genomic noise
Authors: Alonso Claudio R.
Published: April 2005

Nonsense‐mediated RNA decay (NMD) is an evolutionary conserved system of RNA surveillance that detects and degrades RNA transcripts containing nonsense mutations. Given that these mutations arise at a relatively low frequency, are there any as yet unknown substrates of NMD in a wild‐type cell? With this question in mind, Mendell et al.1 have used a microarray assay to identify those human genes under NMD regulation. Their results show that, in human cells, NMD regulates hundreds of physiologic transcripts and not just those containing nonsense mutations. Among the NMD targets are a number of non‐functional RNAs expressed from vestigial sequences derived from retroviral and transposable elements. These findings support the notion that NMD is a high profile post‐transcriptional mechanism micromanaging the activity of multiple gene batteries and suppressing the expression of genetic remnants. BioEssays 27:463–466, 2005. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A walk from the wild side: The genetics of domestication of livestock and crops
Authors: Goodrich Justin , Wiener Pam
Published: April 2005

The phenotypic variation found in domesticated plants and animals is striking, so much so that Darwin used it to illustrate the power of selection to effect change. Recent developments in genomics technologies are leading to dramatic progress in elucidating the genetic changes that occur during domestication. The Genetics Society Autumn Meeting on the genetics of domestication took place in November 2004 at the Royal Society in London, and was organised by Helen Sang (Roslin Institute, UK) and Jonathan Jones (John Innes Centre, UK). The meeting brought together many of the leading researchers on livestock and crop domestication and provided a timely and exciting account of recent progress in the field. BioEssays 27:574–576, 2005. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exo‐Mechanism Proximity‐Accelerated Alkylations: Investigations of Linkers, Electrophiles and Surface Mutations in Engineered Cyclophilin–Cyclosporin Systems
Authors: Levitsky Konstantin , Boersma Melissa D. , Ciolli Christopher J. , Belshaw Peter J.
Published: April 2005

Investigations on the scope and utility of exo‐mechanism proximity‐accelerated reactions in engineered receptor–ligand systems are reported. We synthesized a series of electrophilic cyclosporin (CsA) derivatives by varying electrophiles and linker lengths, prepared a series of nucleophilic cysteine mutations on the surface of cyclophilin A (Cyp), and examined their reactivity and specificity in proximity‐accelerated reactions. Acrylamide and epoxide electrophiles afforded useful reactivity and high specificity for alkylation of engineered receptors in Jurkat cell extracts. We found that remote cysteines (>17 Å from the ligand) could be alkylated with useful rates under physiological conditions. The results from mutations of the receptor surface suggest that the dominant factors governing the rates of proximity‐accelerated reactions are related to the local environment of the reactive group on the protein surface. This study defines several parameters affecting reactivity in exo‐mechanism proximity‐accelerated reactions and provides guidance for the design of experiments for biological investigations involving proximity‐accelerated reactions.
Design of Organic Semiconductors: Tuning the Electronic Properties of π‐Conjugated Oligothiophenes with the 3,4‐Ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) Building Block
Authors: Turbiez Mathieu , Frère Pierre , Allain Magali , Videlot Christine , Ackermann Jörg , Roncali Jean
Published: April 2005

Hybrid oligothiophenes based on a various combinations of thiophene and 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) groups have been synthesized. UV/Vis absorption spectra show that the number and relative positions of the EDOT groups considerably affect the width of the HOMO–LUMO gap and the rigidity of the conjugated system. Analysis of the crystallographic structure of two hybrid quaterthiophenes confirms that insertion of two adjacent EDOT units in the middle of the molecule leads to a self‐rigidification of the conjugated systems by intramolecular S⋅⋅⋅O interactions. Cyclic voltammetry data shows that the first oxidation potential of the oligomers decreases with increasing chain length and increasing number of EDOT groups for a given chain length. Electrochemical studies and theoretical calculations show that the positions of the EDOT units in the conjugated chain control the potential difference (ΔEp) between the first and second oxidation steps. Moving the EDOT groups from the outer to the inner positions of the conjugated system increases ΔEp. Theoretical calculations confirm that this phenomenon reflects an increase of the intramolecular coulombic repulsion between positive charges in the dication. A thin‐film field‐effect transistor was fabricated by vacuum sublimation of a pentamer with alternating thiophene–EDOT structure, and the hole mobility was determined.
Efficient Synthesis of Five‐ and Seven‐Membered‐Ring Heterocycles by Rhodium(II)‐Catalyzed [3+2] and [3+4] Cycloaddition of Diazodicarbonyl Compounds with Conjugated Dienes
Authors: Rok Lee Yong , Cheol Hwang Jae
Published: April 2005

Rhodium(II)‐catalyzed reactions of diazodicarbonyl compounds with a variety of conjugated dienes have been examined. These reactions provide a simple and rapid route to dihydrofurans and dihydrooxepines with a variety of substituents on the ring. The formation of these products is interpreted in terms of a stepwise mechanism. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Monatin and Its Stereoisomers: Chemoenzymatic Synthesis and Taste Properties
Authors: Bassoli Angela , Borgonovo Gigliola , Busnelli Gilberto , Morini Gabriella , Drew Michael G. B.
Published: April 2005

The sweet natural compound monatin 1 has two stereogenic centres and the (2S,4S) absolute configuration has been attributed to the natural isomer. We obtained all four stereoisomers as pure compounds by a six‐step synthetic sequence. The stereogenic centre at C‐4 was introduced stereoselectively by a regio‐ and enantiospecific enzymatic hydrolysis of the racemic ethyl dicarboxylate 4 using a protease from Aspergillus oryzae. The absolute configuration of the intermediate products was assigned by X‐ray diffraction of chiral derivatives. The stereogenic centre at C‐2 was introduced non‐specifically, and the resulting diastereomeric mixtures were separated by RP‐HPLC. The absolute configurations of the final products were established by comparing retention times on a chiral HPLC column with those of known samples. The four stereoisomers were submitted to tasting trials and three of them, particularly the (2R,4R) isomer, were found to be intensely sweet. A sample of natural monatin analysed under the same conditions is shown to contain all the four stereoisomers. The relative stereoisomeric content in the plant, as well as the possible isomerisation of the chiral centres during extraction and manipulation of monatin samples, are important points that need to be clarified by extensive analysis of the natural extracts. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
A Highly Efficient and Practical New Allylboronate Tartramide for the Asymmetric Allylboration of Achiral Aldehydes
Authors: Chen Wansuo , Liu Yanzhu , Chen Zhirong
Published: April 2005

Chiral homoallylic alcohols can be prepared from aldehydes upon reaction with two optically pure allylboronatetartramides. The enantiomeric excess is 10–15 % higher for the allylation of benzaldehyde when using N,N'‐dibenzyl‐tartramide auxiliary 5b than when using N,N'‐diphenyl‐tartramide (5a). 2‐Allyl‐N,N'‐dibenzyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolane‐4,5‐dicarbamide (2b) affords homoallylic alcohols with 90–99 % ee upon reaction with some representative aldehydes. The derivatised chiral auxiliaries can be recovered by simple recrystallization, in 85 % yield, without any loss of specific rotation. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Aminium Hexachloroantimonate Salts as Latent Sources of Antimony Pentachloride in Pinacolic Rearrangement of Vicinal Diols
Authors: Ciminale, Luigi Lopez Francesco , Nacci Angelo , D’Accolti Lucia , Vitale Floriana
Published: April 2005

Rearrangements of various vicinal diols (1a–f) induced by hexachloroantimonate aminium salts A or B were found to occur in a similar manner when antimony pentachloride was used instead of aminium salts. Antimony pentachloride is proposed as the active catalytic species, possibly deriving from the oxidation of the hexachloroantimonate anion SbCl6– by the aminium counterpart. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
An Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidinones by a Samarium Diiodide Catalyzed Biginelli Reaction Under Solvent‐Free Conditions
Authors: Han Xiaoyan , Xu Fan , Luo Yiqin , Shen Qi
Published: April 2005

The Biginelli reaction, a one‐pot condensation of aldehydes, urea or thiourea, and β‐dicarbonyl compounds, is efficiently catalyzed by samarium diiodide. The biologically active dihydropyrimidinones are easily synthesized in moderate to excellent yields under solvent‐free conditions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Diastereoselective Route to Novel Fused or Bridged Tricyclic β‐Lactams through Intramolecular Nitrone–Alkene Cycloaddition of 2‐Azetidinone‐Tethered Alkenylaldehydes – Synthetic Applications to Carbacephams and Cyclic β‐Amino Acid Derivatives
Authors: Alcaide Benito , Sáez Elena
Published: April 2005

A convenient, regio‐ and stereoselective direct route to optically pure unusually fused or bridged tricyclic β‐lactams has been developed by use of intramolecular nitrone–alkene cycloaddition (INAC) reactions of easily available monocyclic 2‐azetidinone‐tethered alkenylaldehydes as the key synthetic step. The regioselectivity of the cycloaddition can be tuned by moving the alkene substituent from N1 to C3 on the 2‐azetidinone ring. In addition, some simple, interesting transformations were tested on representative examples of the different types of tricyclic systems prepared, in order to demonstrate their potential as intermediates in the preparation of differently polyfunctionalized compounds, including carbacepham derivatives and related unconventional bicyclic systems containing medium‐sized rings fused to the β‐lactam nucleus, as well as several types of cyclic β‐amino acid derivatives. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Preparation of Bicyclo[4.3.0]nonanes by an Organocatalytic Intramolecular Diels–Alder Reaction
Authors: Selkälä Sami A. , Koskinen Ari M. P.
Published: April 2005

The bicyclo[4.3.0]nonane substructure is an abundant structure found in several natural compounds. A novel enantioselective organocatalytic cycloaddition was used to prepare the bicyclo[4.3.0]nonane skeleton. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Dynamics of Predator‐Prey Interactions in Continuous Cultures
Authors: Alhumazi K. , Ajbar A.
Published: April 2005

This paper studies the behavior of a general unstructured kinetic model for continuous bioreactors involving interactions between predator, prey and a limiting substrate. The analysis carried out in this paper shows how closed analytical conditions for arbitrary growth rates can be derived that describe the conditions for the existence of the interacting species in an oscillatory behavior. It is also demonstrated how practical diagrams in terms of operating and kinetic parameters can be constructed that classify the different behavior predicted by the model. Applications of these general results to a number of experimentally validated models have revealed that the saturation model always predicts hard oscillations for a certain range of dilution rates, for any values of model parameters. Bifurcation diagrams in the operating parameter space permitted the delineation of regions of hard oscillations, regions of static coexistence, regions of predator washout and regions of total washout. The analysis of the double saturation model has proven its ability to predict two Hopf points. Hard oscillations are therefore expected within the dilution rates corresponding to the two Hopf points. Practical diagrams were also constructed to delineate the boundaries separating hard oscillations from static coexistence and washout conditions.
Inactivation of E. coli in Cranberry Juice by a High Voltage Pulsed Electric Field
Authors: Sen Gupta B. , Masterson F. , Magee T. R. A.
Published: April 2005

The aim of this work was to study the effect of a high voltage pulsed electric field (PEF) on the inactivation of E. coli in cranberry juice to achieve the regulatory requirement of a 5‐log reduction in the microbial count. PEF processing involved the application of high voltage pulses to liquid or semi‐solid materials, placed between two electrodes at ambient, sub‐ambient, or supra‐ambient temperature. In this work, cranberry juice, inoculated with E. coli was subjected to 60 pulses in the voltage range of 5 to 40 kV/cm. The experiments were carried out at 20 °C. The temperature rise was less than 2 °C at the average treatment time of 80 s. PEF is an emerging non‐thermal technology for food preservation that retains the natural taste of food. It has mainly been applied to improve the shelf life of such foods as milk, liquid eggs and fruit juices.
Enzyme Production of the Edible Mushroom Pleorotus ostreatus in Shaken Cultures Completed with Agro‐Industrial Wastes
Authors: Morais H. , Forgács E. , Cserháti T.
Published: April 2005

The enzyme production of the white‐rot fungus, the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus, was determined in shaken culture media containing extracts of agro‐industrial wastes (tomato, potato and pepper residues) as an unique carbon source. The activity of β‐glucosidase, xylanase, laccase as well as manganese‐dependent and independent peroxidases was measured at 0, 3.5, 7.0, 10.5, 14.0, 17.5, 21.0, 24.5, 28.0 and 31.5 days of cultivation. A spectral mapping technique and non‐linear mapping were employed for the calculation of the relationships among the fermentation parameters, such as fermentation time, enzyme activity and selectivity of enzyme production. It was established that P. ostreatus produced β‐glucosidase, xylanase, laccase, manganese‐dependent and independent peroxidases in each culture medium and that the enzyme activities were higher in cultures containing agro‐industrial wastes than in the control containing glucose as a carbon source. The spectral mapping technique allowed demonstrating that the enzyme activities were the highest in the culture completed with pepper extract followed by cultures containing potato and tomato extracts. The differences among the selectivity of the enzyme activities were negligible up to 21.0 days of fermentation and reached the maximum at the end of the fermentation process. The production of laccase as well as manganese‐dependent and independent peroxidases showed similar patterns while the selectivity patterns of xylanase and β‐galactoside production were different. In addition, it became evident that the agro‐industrial wastes influenced the enzyme production in a distinct way.
Partially overlapping time series: a new model for volatility dynamics in commodity futures
Authors: Smith Aaron
Published: April 2005

In commodity futures markets, contracts with various delivery dates trade simultaneously. Applied researchers typically discard the majority of the data and form a single time series by choosing only one price observation per day. This strategy precludes a full understanding of these markets and can induce complicated nonlinear dynamics in the data. In this paper, I introduce the partially overlapping time series (POTS) model to model jointly all traded contracts. The POTS model incorporates time‐to‐delivery, storability, seasonality and GARCH effects. I apply the POTS model to corn futures at the Chicago Board of Trade and the results uncover substantial inefficiency associated with delivery on corn futures. The results also support two theories of commodity pricing: the theory of storage and the Samuelson effect. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increased expression of calcineurin in human colorectal adenocarcinomas
Authors: Lakshmikuttyamma Ashakumary , Selvakumar Ponniah , Kanthan Rani , Kanthan Selliah Chandra , Sharma Rajendra K.
Published: April 2005

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer death in the Western world. Calcineurin (CaN), a Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)‐dependent protein phosphatase, is important for Ca2+‐mediated signal transduction. The main objective of this study is to examine the potential role of Ca2+/CaM‐dependent protein phosphatase in both normal and in invasive tumor components of human samples. In this study, we carried out 45 cases of CaN activity, 13 cases of CaN protein expression by Western blot analysis, and 6 cases for immunohistochemical analysis in both normal and invasive tumor components of human samples. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that strong cytoplasmic staining of varying intensity was observed in colon tumors of all patients compared to normal mucosa. In addition, Western blot analysis revealed a prominent overexpressed immunoreactive band with an apparent molecular mass of 60 kDa catalytic alpha subunit (CaN A) as well as CaN Aα and β in colon tumor samples. Elevated CaN protein expression appears to be a possible link between Ca2+ signaling and oncogenic processes. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Validating the organizational climate measure: links to managerial practices, productivity and innovation
Authors: Patterson Malcolm G. , West Michael A. , Shackleton Viv J. , Dawson Jeremy F. , Lawthom Rebecca , Maitlis Sally , Robinson David L. , Wallace Alison M.
Published: April 2005

This paper describes the development and validation of a multidimensional measure of organizational climate, the Organizational Climate Measure (OCM), based upon Quinn and Rohrbaugh's Competing Values model. A sample of 6869 employees across 55 manufacturing organizations completed the questionnaire. The 17 scales contained within the measure had acceptable levels of reliability and were factorially distinct. Concurrent validity was measured by correlating employees' ratings with managers' and interviewers' descriptions of managerial practices and organizational characteristics. Predictive validity was established using measures of productivity and innovation. The OCM also discriminated effectively between organizations, demonstrating good discriminant validity. The measure offers researchers a relatively comprehensive and flexible approach to the assessment of organizational members' experience and promises applied and theoretical benefits. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The case for the ability‐based model of emotional intelligence in organizational behavior
Authors: Daus Catherine S. , Ashkanasy Neal M.
Published: April 2005

In this second counterpoint article, we refute the claims of Landy, Locke, and Conte, and make the more specific case for our perspective, which is that ability‐based models of emotional intelligence have value to add in the domain of organizational psychology. In this article, we address remaining issues, such as general concerns about the tenor and tone of the debates on this topic, a tendency for detractors to collapse across emotional intelligence models when reviewing the evidence and making judgments, and subsequent penchant to thereby discount all models, including the ability‐based one, as lacking validity. We specifically refute the following three claims from our critics with the most recent empirically based evidence: (1) emotional intelligence is dominated by opportunistic ‘academics‐turned‐consultants’ who have amassed much fame and fortune based on a concept that is shabby science at best; (2) the measurement of emotional intelligence is grounded in unstable, psychometrically flawed instruments, which have not demonstrated appropriate discriminant and predictive validity to warrant/justify their use; and (3) there is weak empirical evidence that emotional intelligence is related to anything of importance in organizations. We thus end with an overview of the empirical evidence supporting the role of emotional intelligence in organizational and social behavior. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of trust and confidentiality on strategic organizational change programmes: a case study of post‐acquisition integration
Authors: Harwood Ian , Ashleigh Melanie
Published: April 2005

This paper explores the dynamics of trust and confidentiality during post‐merger and acquisition integration planning. The case of a four‐year integration programme in a FTSE100 healthcare organization provides the context, with a specific focus on the scenario planning phase where participants were bound by a confidentiality agreement.

Factors relating to trust and confidentiality are identified as being problematic within the project integration team. Conflicts were apparent in communication needs, enforced short project timescales and value incongruence. Recommendations are suggested to alleviate the tensions created by these factors.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managing distance in a global virtual team: the evolution of trust through technology‐mediated relational communication
Authors: Henttonen Kaisa , Blomqvist Kirsimarja
Published: April 2005

Virtual teams offer the potential for the efficient combination of a dispersed workforce and the potential for leveraging diffuse knowledge and skills effectively for collaborative innovation. Information technology plays an important role in virtual teams, but virtual teamwork also involves significant social redesign. Trust is argued to be an important component in team development and effectiveness, and within this paper we explore the role and development of trust in the early stages of a virtual team.

On the basis of findings from a web‐based questionnaire and interviews with global virtual team members in a major telecommunications company it appears that communications technology supports relationship building in tasks related to information sharing and storing and relational communication to a lesser degree. The antecedents of trust in the virtual team identified are similar to the antecedents of trust in a traditional collocated team context, and it appears that virtual team leaders and members approach virtual teams as an extension of traditional teamwork.

On the basis of the research results it is argued that relational communication and psychosocial factors such as trust, commitment and communication play an important role in the functioning of virtual teams. It is also suggested that where virtual team leaders and members attempt to approach virtual teams as an extension of traditional teamwork, many of the potential benefits may not be realized while much of the expense related to virtual teamwork remains.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential reflectance spectroscopies of semiconductor surfaces
Authors: Borensztein Y.
Published: April 2005

An outline of optical spectroscopies of semiconductor surfaces based on reflectance of ultraviolet and visible light is presented. The principle of the two main differential techniques which are widely used are discussed: the surface differential reflectance spectroscopy (SDRS) gives the change of reflectance of a clean surface due to chemisorption of foreign atoms or molecules; the reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy measures the difference along the two principal directions in reflectances of an anisotropic surface, either clean or adsorbate‐covered.

The ability of these techniques for investigating surfaces is illustrated by examples on different semiconductors (Si, Ge, III–V). In particular, it is shown that the comparison of experiments with theoretical studies allows us to get deep information on the structure of the surfaces, their reconstruction, and their changes induced by temperature or by adsorption. Monitoring the adsorption of gas, including the determination of adsorption sites and the kinetics of chemisorption, is also addressed. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sample Size Matters: A Guide for Surgeons
Authors: Guller Ulrich , Oertli Daniel
Published: April 2005

Considerations of sample size computations in the medical literature have gained increasing importance over the past decade and are now often mandatory for scientific grant proposals, protocols, and publications. However, many surgeons are ill‐prepared to understand the parameters on which the appropriate sample size is based. The present article has several objectives: first, to review the need for sample size considerations; second, to explain the ingredients necessary for sample size computations in simple, nonmathematic language; third, to provide options for reducing the sample size if it seems impracticably large; and fourth, to help avoid some of the more common mistakes encountered when computing sample sizes.
Changes in the structure and function of the North Sea fish foodweb, 1973–2000, and the impacts of fishing and climate
Authors: Heath Michael R.
Published: April 2005

North Sea environmental and biological data were analysed to examine 30-year changes in production and consumption in the fish foodweb. The analysis revealed that the demand for secondary production placed on the ecosystem by fish declined from approximately 20 g C m−2 y−1 in the 1970s to 16 g C m−2 y−1 in the 1990s. Over the same period, the proportion of demand provided by zooplankton production increased from around 70% to 75%. The overall decrease was mainly due to a reduction in piscivorous demersal fish. Average secondary production by omnivorous zooplankton was estimated to be 35 g C m−2 y−1, and annual fluctuations were positively correlated with the gross production of planktivorous fish. The results suggest a “bottom-up” control of the pelagic foodweb. Individual planktivore species have been impacted by fishing, but the populations of other functionally similar species have expanded to fill the vacant niches, thus maintaining the planktivore role in the system. In contrast, the results indicate that benthos production was more “top-down” controlled. Overall, demersal fish species have been depleted by fishing, with no obvious species expansions to fill the vacant niche, releasing the benthos from predation pressure, and leading to an increase in benthic production and fisheries for invertebrates.
Estimation of Atlantic salmon smolt carrying capacity of rivers using expert knowledge
Authors: Uusitalo Laura , Kuikka Sakari , Romakkaniemi Atso
Published: April 2005

A mixed salmon fishery with both natural wild salmon stocks and reared salmon exists in the Baltic Sea. The agreed-upon goal of management is to safeguard the wild stocks, and the practical management objectives have been agreed to attain at least a 50% maximum salmon production capacity in each river. This natural production capacity is, however, largely unknown. Here, a new approach has been used to estimate the salmon maximum production capacity of northern Baltic Sea rivers. A probabilistic salmon production capacity model was built entirely upon expert knowledge. The model describes the external physical and biological factors of the rivers and the juvenile salmon stocks' response to these factors. We found that the experts estimated the carrying capacity to be considerably higher than former estimates. A very high uncertainty was, however, connected with these estimates. We also found considerable disagreement over the general carrying capacity level among the experts; the major uncertainty emerged from the conflicting views of the experts. The result implies that perhaps operational management objectives other than those based on maximal smolt production levels should be considered to decrease the uncertainty connected with evaluation of management success.
Morphometric variation of yellowtail flounder
Authors: Cadrin Steven X. , Silva Vaughn M.
Published: April 2005

Significant variation in morphometry was found between sexes of yellowtail flounder and among eight geographic areas, from the Grand Bank to the Mid-Atlantic Bight. Females had relatively deeper abdomens and larger heads than males. Newfoundland samples had relatively shorter bodies, deeper abdomens and longer heads than those from south of Nova Scotia. Morphometric analyses classified 71–95% of yellowtail to the correct Canadian area, but accuracy was lower for areas off the northeastern United States (43–76%). Morphometric differences are consistent with differences in ontogenetic rates among groups. However, shape differences were not strong enough to delineate geographic stocks off the northeastern United States.
THE MAN WHO WROTE A NEW WOMAN NOVEL: GRANT ALLEN'STHE WOMAN WHO DIDAND THE GENDERING OF NEW WOMAN AUTHORSHIP
Authors: Warne Vanessa , Colligan Colette
Published: April 2005

IN1895,GRANT ALLEN PUBLISHED A NEW WOMAN NOVELentitledThe Woman Who Did. This treatise-like novel appeared as part of the Keynotes Series, a group of ideologically progressive texts published by John Lane for Bodley Head in the 1890s. As Margaret Diane Stetz writes, Lane made this series “a haven for ‘New Woman’ fiction, naturalistic short stories, and ‘decadent’ poetry and art” (72). Marketed as status and sex objects (81), many of the thirty-three novels and short-story collections that make up the series concern themselves with New Woman issues such as marriage and female sexuality. Lane had taken the name for this series from George Egerton'sKeynotes(1893), a collection of short stories told from the perspective of an emancipated woman.The Woman Who Did, published two years later, also featured a New Woman and became the most notorious book of the series. Combining a free-love, anti-marriage message with a tragic plot, Allen's novel focuses on a clergyman's daughter, Herminia Barton, who refuses to marry the father of her child, Alan Merrick, on feminist principles. Unwilling to enter an institution that she compares to “vile slavery” (43), she chooses to live unmarried with her lover and daughter until his death. She withstands the calumny of family and friends and years of grieving and penury only to discover in the end that her daughter rejects her feminism and views her illegitimacy not as the “supreme privilege” her mother believed it to be, but rather as a “curse” (132). In a way typical of New Woman novels, the story ends with the heroine's suicide.
UNNATURAL INTERBREEDING: H. G. WELLS'SA MODERN UTOPIAAS SPECIES AND GENRE
Authors: Quamen Harvey N.
Published: April 2005

Does a theory of literary kinds involve the supposition that every work belongs to a kind? The question is not raised in any discussion we know. If we were to answer by analogy to the natural world, we should certainly answer ‘yes’: even the whale and the bat can be placed; and we admit of creatures who are transitions from one kingdom to another.

—René Wellek and Austin Warren,Theory of Literature(1942)
READING A HEAD:JANE EYRE, PHRENOLOGY, AND THE HOMOEROTICS OF LEGIBILITY
Authors: Armstrong Mary A.
Published: April 2005

JANE EYREIS A NOVEL INTENSELY CONCERNEDwith reading and being read. It is a text fixated on acts of literacy and states of legibility, and it produces reading as a compelling, multivalent locus for narrative pleasures and for the articulation of desire.Jane Eyregrants the greatest possible significance to every form of literacy, frequently structuring its articulations of the erotic through reading: reading books or watching others read them, successfully (or unsuccessfully) reading the faces and heads of others, and controlling or failing to command one's legibility. These many crucial literacies do not originate from a chance narrative enthusiasm, but are centrally linked to the novel's equally intense interest in the classificatory arrangements of phrenological systems. Phrenology, that famous nineteenth-century pseudo-science of reading, enables the production of the novel's multiple erotic strands, structuring not only a considerable portion of the heterosexual romance plot(s), but articulating and enabling the novel's female homoerotic dynamics, as well.
“THE FIT AND UNFIT”: SUITABLE SETTLERS FOR BRITAIN'S MID-NINETEENTH-CENTURY COLONIAL POSSESSIONS
Authors: Grant Robert
Published: April 2005

IN 1830, 57,000 PASSENGERS DEPARTEDBRITISH PORTSfor overseas destinations. By 1840, the figure had risen to 185,000; by 1850, it had reached 281,000, a five-fold increase in just twenty years. Although these figures relate toalldepartees, they nevertheless give some indication of the sheer scale of mid nineteenth-century emigration from Britain, and it should be no surprise that a sizeable industry developed to supply the growing number of passengers, to meet their victualling needs, provide tools, equipment, and accommodation, as well as information about prospective destinations. The emigrant's departure was urged on by an outpouring of enthusiastic writings in mainstream periodicals and newspapers, by emigrant handbooks, illustrated volumes, and hand-colored prints. These descriptions of new, alluring, distant lands were set off against equally stylized construals of the old country in which the relative independence available to colonial settlers was contrasted with the unfavorable situation many faced in Britain. Addressing himself to the agricultural laborer in 1843, for example, John Chase bade him scan the changeable British skies, consider the bitter winter, poor accommodation, endemic sickness, his wife and children starving, the apothecary's bill accumulating, while the tax gatherer and landlord hovered at the door. Then look at the Cape, Chase urged, with its celestial climate, where sickness was the exception, where doctors pined for want of patients and apothecaries were impoverished for want of custom, where the tax gatherer was never seen and the landlord was the emigrant himself (243–44).
THOMAS MITCHELL AND THE WELLINGTON CAVES: THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG SCIENCE, RELIGION, AND AESTHETICS IN EARLY-NINETEENTH-CENTURY AUSTRALIA
Authors: Heckenberg Kerry
Published: April 2005

THOMASMITCHELL(1792–1855), explorer and Surveyor-General in New South Wales between 1828 and 1855, was a talented and competent draughtsman who was responsible for the original sketches and even some of the lithographs he used to illustrate his two journals of exploration, published in 1838 and 1848. In this paper, I will be concerned with the 1838 journal, entitledThree Expeditions into the Interior of Eastern Australia; with descriptions of the recently explored region of Australia Felix, and of the Present Colony of New South Wales. On the whole, it is a detailed and lavishly illustrated account of the land Mitchell encountered, along with its inhabitants and natural history. My particular interest is in offering an explanation for differences between a sepia sketch depicting a cave at Wellington, NSW, that Mitchell prepared as one of the illustrations for geological material included in this journal, and the final lithograph.
THE IMPERIAL FOOD CHAIN: EATING AS AN INTERFACE OF POWER IN WOMEN WRITERS' GEOGRAPHY PRIMERS
Authors: Norcia Megan A.
Published: April 2005

…the ancient metaphor of the lean and the fat, the eaters and the eaten, still haunts the frame of political discourse.

—Frank Lestringant,Cannibals: The Discovery and Representation of the Cannibal from Columbus to Jules Verne

Space–my space–is not the context of which I constitute the textuality: instead, it is first of all my body, and then it is my body's counterpart or “other,” its mirror-image or shadow: it is the shifting intersection between that which touches, penetrates, threatens or begets my body on the one hand, all other bodies on the other.

—Henri Lefebvre,The Production of Space
CURE, CLASSIFICATION, AND JOHN CLARE
Authors: Faubert Michelle
Published: April 2005

THE NINETEENTH CENTURYis an important period in the history of psychiatry. According to the accepted narrative about the development of psychiatry as a field, in October of 1793, Philippe Pinel freed the patients at Bicêtre, the hospital for the insane in Paris. This act “heralded a new attitude to the insane,” as Pinel “abolished brutal repression” and “replaced it by a humanitarian medical approach” (Hunter 603). The French physician's approach to madness was officially brought to English soil when his text,A Treatise on Insanity, was translated into English in 1806 by D. D. Davis. His methods then began to appear in English practice and positively bloomed by mid century, particularly in the form of moral management, which advocated freeing patients of physical restraints and emphasizing their abilities to monitor their own behavior, while re-educating them about social mores and expectations (Showalter 27). The period from 1790 to 1850 has been called “the birth of psychiatry” (Donnelly viii).
MALTHUSIAN MENOPAUSE: AGING AND SEXUALITY IN ELIZABETH GASKELL'SCRANFORD
Authors: Niles Lisa
Published: April 2005

IN AN EARLY VERSIONof Elizabeth Gaskell's Cranford sketches, “The Last Generation of England” (1849), the narrator expresses a “wish…to put upon record some of the details of country town life,…for even in small towns, scarcely removed from villages, the phases of society are rapidly changing” (319). Before she begins her ethnographic preservation project, however, the narrator provides a disclaimer, suggesting the difficulty of categorizing the various aspects of what she is about to write: “As for classing the details with which I am acquainted under any heads, that will be impossible from their heterogeneous nature; I must write them down as they arise in my memory” (319). She then goes on to provide precisely what she claims is impossible–a categorical litany of the local inhabitants, beginning with the daughters of “very old” families who, “if unmarried, retired to live in–on their annuities, and gave the ton to the society there” (319). The reader is quickly taken through the town's social register, from “widows of the cadets of these same families,” to “professional men and their wives,” to a “grade lower…a class of single or widow ladies,” and on “[b]elow again,” to “the shopkeepers,” “the usual respectable and disrespectable poor,” and “a set of young men, [hanging about] ready for mischief and brutality” (319–20). Through her description, the narrator performs a double disavowal; heterogeneity prevents classification, but that very heterogeneity is itself what produces the need to classify. The rural society that serves as a precursor toCranford(1851–53) represents a diversity that must be categorized–its hierarchy organized according to its uniqueness of place. Rendered as particular, readily-identifiable positions within the eccentric space of provincial English society, Cranford's denizens are inscribed through the Victorian fascination with taxonomy–a fascination with the seemingly paradoxical possibilities of “classing the details.”
READING CLASS
Authors: Mitchell Sally
Published: April 2005

THIRTY OR FORTY YEARS AGO, in the United States at least, we confidently used the terms “highbrow,” “middlebrow,” and “lowbrow” to describe not only reading matter but all sorts of cultural artifacts; and we generally assumed that the terms described quality or value as well as defining the social and intellectual class of people who chose one instead of the others. When it came to the study of British literature, we learned that the novel and the popular novel were (in the beginning) one and the same: that when the fictional prose narrative became a recognized literary form in English it was distinguished by its commercial character and its wide readership. Novels were the reading of the middle classes and particularly of women, tainted both by gender and by the disrepute attached by writing with an eye on public reception rather than artistic integrity. By the 1840s, however, novels had become a vehicle for serious thought. For a very short time, best-selling authors were also great writers. A serious novelist could speak with a voice of cultural authority–and also earn a substantial income. There were, of course, light and ephemeral fictions (and whole classes of sub-literature such as penny dreadfuls and cheap romances), but in the middle of the nineteenth century, we once learned, it was generally assumed that a book read by a great many people was probably worth reading.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Sussman Herbert
Published: April 2005

WITH THESE ESSAYS, Victorian Literature and Culture begins a regular feature, “Victorians Live,” whose subject is how the Victorians still “live,” how they remain “live,” lively, alive. The focus is the intersection of the world of Victorian scholarship that the readers of VLC inhabit, with the larger world of representation. For, quite remarkably, in our globalized time, the Victorians remain “in”–from museum blockbusters to specialized exhibitions, from home decoration to popular fiction and graphic novels, from Masterpiece Theatre to Hollywood retellings of canonical novels. Rather than assuming an abyss between serious academic pursuits and the unserious non-academic world, Victorians Live seeks to chart the complex and ongoing dynamic wherein academic reinterpretations of the past, albeit in unexpected ways and with considerable time lags, shape the popular vision of the nineteenth century, and conversely, how contemporary social concerns as well as market demands on publishers and museums shape scholarship.