bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GESTÃO FLORESTAL NO MARANHÃO: ESTRUTURA ESTADUAL PÓS-DESCENTRALIZAÇÃO
Authors: De Sá Rocha José Das Dores , Silva José Arimatéa , Hoeflich Vitor Afonso , Campello Francisco Carneiro Barreto
Published: July 2015

As instituições dos estados do Nordeste que assumiram a gestão florestal foram diagnosticadas pelo Ministério do Meio Ambiente em 2009. Decorrente deste estudo regional, o presente trabalho tem como objetivos: i) Caracterizar os instrumentos de política e de gestão florestal no estado do Maranhão; ii) Analisar o atual modelo de gestão florestal estadual. Os dados foram obtidos de fontes secundárias na rede mundial de computadores e através da aplicação de questionários em dois Seminários realizados no próprio estado. Os instrumentos de política e gestão florestal foram classificados segundo suas características legais, econômicas e administrativas afetas ao tema. O modelo de gestão florestal foi analisado com base no modelo de excelência em gestão pública, adaptado para o estudo. As principais conclusões foram: há conflitos legais de competências da gestão florestal no estado, entre a SEMA e a SEAGRO; a SEMA é responsável pela política e pela gestão florestal maranhense; uma Superintendência de Gestão Florestal, ainda não institucionalizada, estava, na prática operando a gestão florestal; planejamento, execução e controle da gestão florestal foram avaliados, de modo geral, em situação insatisfatória, tanto pelo público interno da SEMA quanto pelos seus usuários.Palavras-chave: Modelo de gestão florestal; descentralização; Nordeste do Brasil. AbstractForest management in the State of Maranhão, beyond decentralization. The institutions in the Northeastern states that assumed forest management were diagnosed by the Ministry of Environment in 2009. Due to this regional study, this paper aims to: i) characterize the fundamentals of policy and forest management in the state of Maranhão, ii) analyze the current model of state forest management. Data were obtained from secondary sources on the World Wide Web and through questionnaires in two seminars held within the state. The fundamentals of policy and forest management were characterized on the basis of legal instruments, administrative and economic sympathetic to the issue. The forest management model was analyzed based on the model of excellence in public management, adapted for the study. The main conclusions were: conflicts of legal jurisdiction in the state of forest management, and between SEAGRO and SEMA.SEMA is responsible for forest management policy and Maranhão, a Superintendent of Forest Management, not yet institutionalized, was in practice the operating forest management, planning, execution and control of forest management were evaluated, in general, an unsatisfactory situation, both the public and internal SEMA by its users.Keywords: Forest Management model; decentralization; Northeast of Brazil.
COMPORTAMENTO SAZONAL DA EXPORTAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE CELULOSE PARA A CHINA ENTRE 1997 E 2012
Authors: Soares Philipe Ricardo Casemiro , Cardoso Marcos Vinícius , Schirigatti Elisangela Lobo , De Almeida Alexandre Nascimento , Da Silva João Carlos Garzel Leodoro , Timofeiczyk Junior Romano
Published: July 2015

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a sazonalidade do preço da celulose brasileira comercializada com a China como ferramenta para auxiliar na tomada de decisão sobre a comercialização do produto no mercado externo. Para isso, foram coletados, no Sistema ALICE-WEB, dados de quantidade e valores totais das exportações brasileiras de celulose para a China e, após deflacionamento, foram estimados os preços de venda do produto, para a determinação do índice sazonal para diferentes períodos entre 1997 e 2012. Os resultados mostraram que o preço do produto é instável durante o ano, no entanto tende a ser superior durante o segundo semestre, mais especificamente no terceiro trimestre. Essas informações indicam que as empresas devem fortalecer o comércio de celulose com a China nesses períodos, buscando mercados alternativos quando os preços estiverem mais baixos.Palavras-chave: Sazonalidade; comércio internacional; pasta química de madeira; competitividade. AbstractSeasonal behavior of Brazilian pulp exports to China between 1997 and 2012. This study aimed to evaluate the seasonality of the price of Brazilian pulp traded with China as a tool to assist in decision making about commercialization of this product in external market. For this, data of quantity and total value from the Brazilian pulp exports to China were collected, in ALICE-WEB database, and after deflation, prices of product sales were estimated to determine the seasonal index for different periods between 1997 and 2012. The results showed that the price of the product is unstable during the year, but tends to be higher in the second semester, more specifically in the third trimester. This information indicates that companies should strengthen pulp trade pulp trade with China during these periods, seeking alternative markets when prices are lower.Keywords: Seasonality; international trade; chemical wood pulp; competitiveness.
A EXPANSÃO DOS REFLORESTAMENTOS DE EUCALIPTO NO ESTADO DE GOIÁS
Authors: Angelo Humberto , Paulucio Felipe Ferreira , Almeida Alexandre Nascimento de , Matricardi Eraldo Aparecido Trondoli , Soares Philipe Ricardo Casemiro
Published: July 2015

O reflorestamento com eucalipto está em franca expansão no Brasil devido à demanda dessa matéria-prima na indústria e construção civil. No entanto, apesar da importância das florestas plantadas como principal insumo para a indústria de base florestal e outros produtos, o eucalipto no estado de Goiás tem sido pouco estudado. Um dos motivos para a ausência de estudos no estado deve-se à falta de dados desagregados e à grande pulverização dos plantios, dificultando o levantamento dos mesmos. Este trabalho teve com objetivo levantar e analisar a evolução da área destinada ao plantio do eucalipto em três municípios do estado de Goiás. Como base metodológica, empregaram-se técnicas de análise de regressão e geoprocessamento com dados de sensoriamento remoto. Os resultados deste estudo indicam um forte potencial da atividade florestal não verticalizada nos municípios goianos de Alexânia, Abadiânia e Anápolis.Palavras-chave: Goiás; plantações florestais; Eucalyptus spp.; geoprocessamento. AbstractEvolution of eucalyptus plantations in the Goiás State. Reforestation with eucalyptus is booming in Brazil due to the demand of this raw material in industry and construction. However, despite the importance of planted forests as the main raw material for the forest-based industry and other products, the eucalyptus in the Goias State has been little studied. One reason for the lack of studies in the Goias State is due to the lack of disaggregated data and large spray of eucalyptus plantations in the state, making it difficult to obtain forestry statistics. The objective is to collect and analyze the evolution of the area planted with eucalyptus in three municipalities from Goias state. The methodology is composed by regression analysis and geoprocessing with remote sensing data. The results of this study indicate a strong potential forest from private nonindustrial lands in the municipalities of Alexânia, Abadiânia Anápolis.Keywords: Goias State; forest plantations; Eucalyptus spp.; geoprocessing.
INFLUENCIA DO HIDROGEL NO CRESCIMENTO E NO TEOR DE NUTRIENTES DAS MUDAS DE Eucalyptus dunnii
Authors: Navroski Márcio , Araujo Maristela Machado , Reiniger Lia Rejane Silveira , Muniz Marlove Fátima Brião , Pereira Mariane De Oliveira
Published: July 2015

Objetivou-se avaliar doses do hidro-retentor adicionado ao substrato sobre crescimento, teor nutricional e qualidade de mudas de Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos, constituídos de concentrações crescentes do hidrogel (0; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5 e 6,0 g.L-1). Foram utilizadas seis repetições, cada uma composta por 24 plantas. Aos 90 dias após a semeadura, foi realizada a avaliação de parâmetros morfológicos das mudas e análise nutricional da parte aérea. A dose em torno de 4,5 g.L-1 ocasiona a melhor resposta quanto às variáveis avaliadas, proporcionando maior altura, diâmetro de coleto, massa seca da parte aérea e radicular e índice de qualidade de Dickson. O uso de doses abaixo de 3 g.L-1 ou acima de 4,5 g.L-1 diminuíram a qualidade das mudas. Todos os macronutrientes apresentaram maior teor na parte aérea (caule + folhas) na presença do hidrogel. O teor dos macronutrientes na parte aérea das mudas aumenta com a adição do hidrogel, porém diminui o teor dos micronutrientes. Em geral, o uso do polímero hidro-retentor aumentou a qualidade das mudas de E. dunnii.Palavras-chave:  Produção de mudas; polímero hidroretentor; retenção de água e nutrientes; análise nutricional. AbstractDoses of hydrogel influencing growth and nutritional content in seedlings Eucalyptus dunnii. The objective was to evaluate different dosages of hidroretentor added to the substrate on the growth, nutrient content and quality of Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with six treatments, and increasing concentrations of the hydrogel (0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 g.L-1). Were six replicates, each consisting of 24 plants. At 90 days after sowing was evaluated morphological parameters of seedlings and nutritional analysis of the seedlings. The dose around 4.5 g.L-1 brings the best answer for the variables evaluated, providing greater height, diameter collect, shoot dry mass, root parts and Dickson quality index. The use of doses below 3 g.L -1 or above 4.5 g.L -1 decreased the quality of seedlings. All macronutrients showed higher content in shoots (leaves + stem) in the presence of the hydrogel. The macronutrient content of the shoots of seedlings increases with the addition of the hydrogel, but decreases the content of micronutrients. In general, the use of polymer hidroretentor increased the quality of the seedlings of E. dunnii.Keywords:  Seedling production; polymer hidroretentor; retention of water and nutrients; nutritional analysis.
POPULATION STRUCTURE OF Araucaria angustifolia IN THE IGUAÇU NATIONAL PARK
Authors: Albiero Junior Alci , Temponi Lívia Godinho , Galvão Franklin , Botosso Paulo Cesar , Guimarães Ana Tereza Bittencourt
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe aim of this study was to analyze the population structure, regeneration and spatial distribution of Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntz. within a natural forest and in forest edge with agricultural monoculture. All araucaria individuals from 10 cm high were recorded in 200 plots of 10 x 10 m. 479 individuals were sampled (416 at the edge and 63 inside). Of these, 33 were females, 37 males, 49 juveniles and 360 regenerating individuals. The population structure performance was similar to standard inverted-J. Regenerating individuals had mainly the aggregate distribution pattern, while juveniles, males and females had a uniform pattern. Density of the canopy affected frequency of the individuals, where higher frequencies at higher densities were observed, indicating that regeneration of this species is more effective in shadowed environments. Due to the large number of individuals sampled in different size classes, the Iguaçu National Park is an important conservation remaining of A. angustifolia.Keyword: Density canopy; mixed temperate rain forest; spatial distribution; regeneration.  ResumoEstrutura populacional de Araucaria angustifolia no Parque Nacional do Iguaçu. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar a estrutura populacional, regeneração e distribuição espacial de Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntz no interior de uma floresta natural e na borda de uma floresta com monocultura agrícola. Todos os indivíduos de araucária a partir de 10 cm de altura foram registrados em 200 parcelas de 10 x 10 m, sendo amostrados 479 indivíduos (416 na borda e 63 no interior). Desses, 33 eram fêmeas, 37 machos, 49 juvenis e 360 regenerantes. A estrutura da população apresentou padrão semelhante ao J-invertido. Os indivíduos regenerantes apresentaram principalmente o padrão agregado de distribuição, já para os juvenis, machos e fêmeas o padrão foi uniforme. A densidade do dossel influenciou a frequência de indivíduos, sendo observadas maiores frequências em maiores densidades, indicando que a regeneração da espécie é mais efetiva em ambientes sombreados. Devido ao grande número de indivíduos amostrados em diferentes classes de tamanho, o Parque Nacional do Iguaçu representa um importante remanescente na conservação de A. angustifolia.Palavras-chave: Densidade do dossel; Floresta Ombrófila Mista; distribuição espacial; regeneração.
PAINÉIS CIMENTO-MADEIRA DE Eucalyptus saligna COM DIFERENTES ADITIVOS QUÍMICOS E MÉTODOS DE FORMAÇÃO
Authors: Castro Vinicius Gomes , Braz Rafael Leite , Azambuja Rafael Rosa , Loiola Pedro Lício , Iwakiri Setsuo , Matos Jorge Luis Monteiro
Published: July 2015

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial de uso de diferentes aditivos químicos e métodos de formação na produção de compósitos cimento-madeira com clone de Eucalyptus saligna. Utilizou-se o cimento Portland tipo CP II-Z, como aglutinante mineral, e cloreto de cálcio (CaCl2) e cloreto de magnésio (MgCl2),como aceleradores de cura do cimento. Os painéis cimento-madeira foram produzidos pelo método de prensagem na prensa de pratos de 50,5 x 38,5 x1,5 cm, e pelo método de adensamento por vibrocompactação em dimensões de 35 x 7 x1,5 cm. Os painéis foram formados com densidade nominal de 1 g/cm³ e relação cimento:madeira de 2,75:1. Com base nos resultados, pode-se concluir que: (I) os testes de hidratação mostraram que a madeira é compatível com o cimento Portland tipo II; (II) o uso de cloreto de cálcio e de magnésio na proporção de 3% em relação à massa do cimento proporcionou incremento nas propriedades físicas e mecânicas dos painéis produzidos pelos dois métodos de formação avaliados; (III) os painéis produzidos pelo método de adensamento por vibrocompactação apresentaram menor densidade média, maior estabilidade dimensional e melhor tração perpendicular do que os painéis produzidos pelo método tradicional de prensa de pratos.Palavras-chave: Compósito cimento-madeira; vibro compactação; aceleradores de cura. AbstractWood-cement boards of Eucalyptus saligna with different chemical additives and methods of formation. The aim of this work was evaluate the potential use of different chemical additives and methods of formation for wood-cement composites with Eucalyptus saligna clones. Portland cement type II-Z was used as mineral bonding and Calcium chloride (CaCl2) and Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) as accelerator of the cement hydration. The wood-cement panels were produced by the cold press method with dimensions of 50.5 x 38.5 x1.5 cm, and by vibro-compaction densification with 35 x 7 x 1.5 cm. Both methods used a nominal density of 1.0 g/cm3 and wood: cement ratio of 1:2.75. Main results: (I) Hydration tests showed that E. saligna wood is compatible with Portland cement type II; (II) Use of Calcium and magnesium chlorides at 3% in relation of the cement dry weight improve physical and mechanical properties of wood-cement composites produced by studied methods; (III) Composites produced by vibro-compaction densification presented lower density, higher dimensional stability and higher internal bond than composites produced by the traditional cold press method.Keywords: Cement-wood composites; vibro-compaction; chemical accelerators.
“O PIBID ME SALVOU”: A TECNOLOGIZAÇÃO DE DISCURSOS E SUAS IMPLICAÇÕES NAS PRÁTICAS DE FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES/AS
Authors: Mateus Elaine Fernandes , Oliveira Vinicius , Sodre Camila Christiane Clivati
Published: July 2015

Tecnologização de discursos diz respeito à “intervenção calculada para alterar práticas discursivas como parte da engenharia da mudança social” (FAIRCLOUGH, [1995] 2010, p. 3). É um conceito que se liga à hegemonia pelo consenso e, por esta razão, central neste estudo motivado pela necessidade da crítica às “parcerias universidade-escola” realizadas no interior do Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação à Docência (PIBID) que figura atualmente em cenário nacional brasileiro como espaço privilegiado para o desenvolvimento docente. Estudos recentes têm celebrado o Programa de modo a implicitamente promover a naturalização de ideologias que nele operam como mecanismos para manutenção de seu caráter hegemônico. Este trabalho tem o propósito de refletir sobre as implicações de tal hegemonia no contexto histórico de práticas de formação docente. Para tanto, analisamos narrativas de três licenciandas, bolsistas no Programa. Por meio de categorias de análise linguístico-discursivas, discutimos identidades das professoras, e o PIBID como entidade.
AS CONCEPÇÕES FORMATIVAS E AS PRESCRIÇÕES AO TRABALHO DOCENTE TEXTUALIZADAS NO REGULAMENTO DO PIBID
Authors: Lanferdini Priscila Azevedo da Fonseca
Published: July 2015

: O crescente aumento de projetos e programas de formação docente, propostos no âmbito das políticas públicas brasileiras, acarreta a necessidade de pesquisas que busquem compreender as possibilidades e limitações de tais iniciativas. Deste modo, neste artigo objetivamos analisar o Regulamento do Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação à Docência (PIBID), a fim de investigar que concepção(ões) formativa(s) e que prescrições ao trabalho docente são textualizadas no documento. Para a análise do regulamento utilizamos o modelo de análise de textos de Bronckart (1999); Bronckart e Machado (2004); Machado e Bronckart (2009), no que se refere a três níveis procedimentais de análise: organizacional, enunciativo e semântico. Os resultados apontaram que o programa alinha-se às propostas contemporâneas de formação. As prescrições dadas ao trabalho dos professores participantes compreendem diferentes aspectos do trabalho docente, estendendo-se do planejamento à avaliação das atividades desenvolvidas. As prescrições voltadas ao trabalho dos alunos-bolsistas é genérica e depende das atividades propostas nos projetos e subprojetos.
ENSINO DE LÍNGUAS ESTRANGEIRAS: QUANDO AS POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS E A PRÁTICA NÃO SE ENCONTRAM
Authors: Nodari Janice Inês , Pedra Nylcea Thereza de Siqueira
Published: July 2015

Neste artigo pretendemos problematizar como a implementação de algumas políticas públicas têm repercutido no ensino de línguas estrangeiras e na formação de professores, especialmente de Espanhol e Inglês. Para tanto, analisamos os resultados da aplicação da Lei no. 11.161 no contexto de ensino de língua espanhola na rede estadual do Paraná, destacando como as políticas tomadas no âmbito estadual também refletem na formação inicial e continuada de professores. Em relação à língua inglesa, apresentamos o predomínio do ensino de uma habilidade, em detrimento do ensino da língua como prática social. Debruçamo-nos ainda na apresentação do Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação à Docência (PIBID) do governo federal apontando o desencontro entre o seu pleno desenvolvimento como política de incentivo às licenciaturas e a redução da oferta do ensino de língua espanhola, resultante da reorganização das matrizes curriculares, para citar apenas um exemplo. Tomando como norteadores os documentos oficiais para o ensino de língua estrangeira, bem como os pressupostos oferecidos sobre gêneros discursivos (BAKHTIN, 2000) e letramento crítico (DUBOC, 2011), objetivamos contribuir para um debate mais amplo sobre a importância de rever as políticas públicas, a formação de professores de línguas estrangeiras e o futuro da profissão.
THANK GOD IT'S FRIDAY: LETRAMENTO CRITICO E ENSINO DE INGLÊS EM UMA ESCOLA PÚBLICA
Authors: Fogaça Renata Lilian , Hibarino Denise Akemi
Published: July 2015

O presente texto tem como propósito relatar o projeto Thank God It’s Friday, realizado pelo PIBID - Inglês UFPR durante o ano de 2013 em um colégio público na região de Curitiba. Como fundamentação teórica, este projeto está baseado nas discussões do Letramento Crítico (JORDÃO, 2007; 2013; JORDÃO et al, 2013, MOTTA, 2008) e do Inglês como Língua Internacional (McKAY, 2003; MODIANO; 2001), além das problematizações sobre o ensino/aprendizagem da língua inglesa no contexto brasileiro (LIMA et al, 2011) e das Diretrizes Curriculares de Línguas Estrangeiras (DCE-LEM, 2008). Como contribuições, esta experiência busca mostrar o processo de elaboração deste projeto, bem como sua implementação e seus desafios na formação do licenciando em Letras.
INGLÊS VERDE E AMARELO: EXPERIÊNCIAS NO PIBID INGLÊS UFPR
Authors: Bueno Aline Laís , Ribeiro Isabel , Braga Rodrigo Fiorese
Published: July 2015

A visão de ensino tem se modificado à medida que a sociedade evolui. A mudança na estrutura social e a evolução tecnológica trazem novos indivíduos para dentro dos espaços de educação e forçam os organizadores desses espaços, tais como professores, equipe pedagógica e educadores a tomarem novas posições com relação a eles mesmos e suas visões. O objetivo deste trabalho é mostrar através de relatos como esses participantes e suas respectivas opiniões se transformaram, fazendo, para isso, uso de pressupostos fornecidos por Weininger (2006), Bohn (2006), Jordão (2007), Modiano (2001) e McKay (2003) aplicados ao contexto do projeto “Inglês Verde e Amarelo” (IVA) proposto pelo PIBID – Inglês da UFPR no ano de 2013. Nosso foco é a descentralização da língua inglesa dos polos culturais tradicionais embasada pelo caráter internacional da língua e o papel do professor na apresentação desta em relação às culturas que a cercam, especialmente a postura deste considerando os novos contextos de aprendizagem. Iremos expor três situações e incidiremos sobre elas as palavras dos teóricos escolhidos a fim de tentar definir o que acontece quando se colocam alunos e professores em aprendizado conjunto do que é cultura.
VARIABILITY OF MANUAL AND COMPUTERIZED METHODS FOR MEASURING CORONAL VERTEBRAL INCLINATION IN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IMAGES
Authors: Vrtovec Tomaž , Pernuš Franjo , Likar Boštjan
Published: July 2015

Objective measurement of coronal vertebral inclination (CVI) is of significant importance for evaluating spinal deformities in the coronal plane. The purpose of this study is to systematically analyze and compare manual and computerized measurements of CVI in cross-sectional and volumetric computed tomography (CT) images. Three observers independently measured CVI in 14 CT images of normal and 14 CT images of scoliotic vertebrae by using six manual and two computerized measurements. Manual measurements were obtained in coronal cross-sections by manually identifying the vertebral body corners, which served to measure CVI according to the superior and inferior tangents, left and right tangents, and mid-endplate and mid-wall lines. Computerized measurements were obtained in two dimensions (2D) and in three dimensions (3D) by manually initializing an automated method in vertebral centroids and then searching for the planes of maximal symmetry of vertebral anatomical structures. The mid-endplate lines were the most reproducible and reliable manual measurements (intra- and inter-observer variability of 0.7° and 1.2° standard deviation, SD, respectively). The computerized measurements in 3D were more reproducible and reliable (intra- and inter-observer variability of 0.5° and 0.7° SD, respectively), but were most consistent with the mid-wall lines (2.0° SD and 1.4° mean absolute difference). The manual CVI measurements based on mid-endplate lines and the computerized CVI measurements in 3D resulted in the lowest intra-observer and inter-observer variability, however, computerized CVI measurements reduce observer interaction.
Editorial: The Diversity of International ICT Law
Authors: Svantesson Dan
Published: July 2015

Editorial of the Guest Editor.
European Online Marketplace – New Measures for Consumer Protection against “Old Conflict of Laws Rules”
Authors: Jaroszek Agata
Published: July 2015

The paper aims at discussing the rationale for protecting consumers under the new directive on consumer rights (CRD) and its relation to conflict of law rules under the Regulation on the law applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I).The author is of the opinion the newly adopted legal framework for consumer protection under the directive on consumer rights seems to be more predictable especially in terms of supporting consumers with more mandatory information before the conclusion of a contract with a professional as well as a single 14 day withdrawal period for all Member States. However, the level of consumer protection in the purchase of digital content is insufficient and from the perspective of conflict of laws rules for consumer contracts under Rome I, a consumer who actively makes a purchase from a professional from another Member State or a third country cannot expect the special protective rules envisaged in the regime under CRD and Rome I to be applied by default; rather, the general rules come into play.
Mutual Legal Assistance & Other Mechanisms for Accessing Extraterritorially Located Data
Authors: Osula Anna-Maria
Published: July 2015

This article discusses the role of Mutual Legal Assistance (MLA) and other established mechanisms of international cooperation in the fight against cyber crime. The analysis is limited to mechanisms facilitating access to extraterritorially located data. After a brief account on the legal prerequisites of successful fight against cyber crime, the article proceeds to exploring both traditional as well as alternative cooperation mechanisms for transborder data access. Given the realistic assessment that the amount of digital evidence to be accessed extraterritorially will only increase with time, the article focuses on the difficulties in accessing data under the current MLA procedures. The article reiterates that States are in need for more time-effective measures for transborder data access. Unless the identified inefficiencies pertaining to MLA are addressed, the traditional focus on territoriality, and assuming the other State being the primary counterpart for carrying out investigative measures requiring transborder access to evidence, will continue to gradually shift to more operational mechanisms that do not necessarily require the prior authorisation of the State where the data is located.
Social Media - Cyber trap door to defamation
Authors: Lewis Coleen
Published: July 2015

Social media is increasing being used by persons worldwide. The nature and characteristics of social media serve to advance the exercise of the human right to freedom of expression. This article argues that while these qualities of social media has its positives, it also conversely exacerbate the risk of social media users being culpable for claims of defamation worldwide.The recently enacted Jamaican Defamation Act 2013 includes provisions which are applicable to publications via social media. This article will review those.
The New EU Regulation on Online Resolution for Consumer Disputes
Authors: Bogdan Michael
Published: July 2015

This paper deals with the central provisions of the new EU Regulation No 524/2013 on Online Dispute Resolution for Consumer Disputes, which will apply from 9 January 2016. The purpose of the Regulation is to create a European userfriendly interactive website (“ODR platform”) for out-of-court, independent, impartial, inexpensive and fast resolution of disputes stemming from online sale or service contracts between a consumer resident in the EU and a trader established in the EU. The paper presents the principal features of the Regulation and discusses its potential contribution to improved functioning of the EU internal market.
Cancer as the Disintegration of Robustness: Population-Level Variance in Gene Expression Identifies Key Differences Between Tobacco- and HPV-Associated Oropharyngeal Carcinogenesis
Authors: Ben-Dayan Miriam M. , MacCarthy Thomas , Schlecht Nicolas F. , Belbin Thomas J. , Childs Geoffrey , Smith Richard V. , Prystowsky Michael B. , Bergman Aviv
Published: July 2015

Context

Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma is associated both with tobacco use and with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. It is argued that carcinogen-driven tumorigenesis is a distinct disease from its virally driven counterpart. We hypothesized that tumorigenesis is the result of a loss of genotypic robustness resulting in an increase in phenotypic variation in tumors compared with adjacent histologically normal tissues, and that carcinogen-driven tumorigenesis results in greater variation than its virally driven counterpart.

Objectives

To examine the loss of robustness in carcinogen-driven and virally driven oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma samples, and to identify potential pathways involved.

Design

We used coefficients of variation for messenger RNA and microRNA expression to measure the loss of robustness in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma samples. Tumors were compared with matched normal tissues, and were further categorized by HPV and patient smoking status. Weighted gene coexpression networks were constructed for genes with highly variable expression among the HPV− tumors from smokers.

Results

We observed more genes with variable messenger RNA expression in tumors compared with normal tissues, regardless of HPV and smoking status, and more microRNAs with variable expression in HPV− and HPV+ tumors from smoking patients than from nonsmokers. For both the messenger RNA and microRNA data, we observed more variance among HPV− tumors from smokers compared with HPV+ tumors from nonsmokers. The gene coexpression network construction highlighted pathways that have lost robustness in carcinogen-induced tumors but appear stable in virally induced tumors.

Conclusions

Using coefficients of variation and coexpression networks, we identified multiple altered pathways that may play a role in carcinogen-driven tumorigenesis.
Sol-Gel Derived Single Layer Zeolite-MgF2 Composite Antireflective Coatings with Improved Mechanical Properties on Polycarbonate
Authors: Subasri R. , Pavithra S.
Published: July 2015

Single layer antireflective coatings with good optical and mechanical properties are difficult to be obtained on temperature sensitive substrates like plastics. This challenge has been taken up in the present study. Single layer MgF2 and for the first time, zeolite 4Å and zeolite 4Å - MgF2 composite antireflective coatings were generated by a wet chemical route on flat polycarbonate sheets and characterized for their reflectance, surface roughness, thickness, porosity, surface morphology and scratch hardness by haze measurement. Autoclaving and boiling water treatment under microwave irradiation were used in case of MgF2 sols and zeolite/zeolite-MgF2 coatings respectively. Pure MgF2 coatings deposited after autoclaving of the MgF2 sol yielded a low refractive index of 1.28 and an average reflectance of 1.9% vis-à-vis 9.7% reflectance for an uncoated polycarbonate substrate over the wavelength range of 400-1100 nm. Single layer zeolite coatings after a brief treatment in boiling water under microwave irradiation yielded a reflectance of 5.1%. A composite zeolite-MgF2 coating exhibited a reflectance of 2.8% and the percentage change in haze after crockmeter testing in case of the composite coating was lower than that of a pure MgF2 coating. This implied that the composite layer had improved mechanical properties combined with good optical properties and could be suitable for practical applications.
Tunable Photoluminescence via Thermally Evaporated ZnS Ultra Thin Films
Authors: Urakawa Yoshifumi , Gleason Karen K.
Published: July 2015

ZnS thin films have been deposited by thermal evaporation at various deposition rates. By controlling the deposition rate, the position of the maximum in the photoluminescence spectra could be easily tuned from 2.9 to 2.0 eV, which produced a corresponding change in the emission color. The optical and morphological characteristics of the ZnS thin films were measured. The photoluminescence spectra had broad peaks, suggesting a distribution of ZnS nanocrystallites dimensions. Nanocrystallites dimensions were in the range of 1 nm to 3 nm via TEM analyses. The changes in optical properties were potentially attributable to the lattice defects of ZnS crystals, including Schottky defects and the substation of sulfur atoms by oxygen atoms. The color of the resulting light emission was obtained by controlling the deposition rate of ZnS.
The Effects of Primary Oxy-Salts on Anodizing Magnesium Alloy AZ91D
Authors: Yun Yeoheung , Xue Dingchuan , Halsall Brian H. , Vanooij William , Schulz Mark J. , Shanov Vesselin
Published: July 2015

Anodization is known to be an effective way to slow down the initial corrosion rate of magnesium (Mg) and its alloys. Here, we investigated the specific use of oxy-salts to improve the corrosion resistance of anodizing coatings. Oxy-salts of silicate, phosphate, and carbonate were added separately to a sodium hydroxide alkaline electrolyte used to anodize Mg alloy AZ91D. The process was investigated in terms of anodizing behavior, the surface properties, and the corrosion behavior of AZ91D. Anodizing AZ91D using the silicate- containing electrolyte generated sparks, and produced a thicker and more corrosion-resistant layer than the other oxy-salts. In the process, MgO and SiO2 formed Mg2SiO4 at high temperatures. Coatings from the phosphate- and carbonate- containing electrolyte anodizations did not contain phosphorus or carbon. We also studied the effects of silicate concentration on the corrosion resistance and properties of the surface.
How scent and nectar influence floral antagonists and mutualists
Authors: Kessler Danny , Kallenbach Mario , Diezel Celia , Rothe Eva , Murdock Mark , Baldwin Ian T
Published: July 2015

Many plants attract and reward pollinators with floral scents and nectar, respectively, but these traits can also incur fitness costs as they also attract herbivores. This dilemma, common to most flowering plants, could be solved by not producing nectar and/or scent, thereby cheating pollinators. Both nectar and scent are highly variable in native populations of coyote tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata, with some producing no nectar at all, uncorrelated with the tobacco's main floral attractant, benzylacetone. By silencing benzylacetone biosynthesis and nectar production in all combinations by RNAi, we experimentally uncouple these floral rewards/attractrants and measure their costs/benefits in the plant's native habitat and experimental tents. Both scent and nectar increase outcrossing rates for three, separately tested, pollinators and both traits increase oviposition by a hawkmoth herbivore, with nectar being more influential than scent. These results underscore that it makes little sense to study floral traits as if they only mediated pollination services.
Determining the average path length of amplified spontaneous emission in a four-level laser near the 1/3 mode-degeneracy cavity configurations
Authors: Chen Ching-Hsu , Lu Ming-Lun , Tai Po-Tse
Published: July 2015

We determine the average path length l
s of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) by comparing the numerical slope of a straight line with the experimental slope in the graph of the square of relaxation oscillation frequency versus normalized pump ratio. The simple method is applied in an end-pumped Nd:YVO4 laser with the 1/3 mode-degeneracy cavity having the transverse mode spacing equal to 1/3 of the longitudinal mode spacing. We find that l
s is larger at the degeneracy than that far from the degeneracy. This result indicates the existence of stronger ASE at the degeneracy, which is confirmed below the threshold. This is because many spontaneous emission photons can undergo amplification not only before escaping from the gain medium but also after leaving the gain medium, owing to cavity reflection. Our method can be applied in the situations where the Auger upconversion effect is absent, weak, or well-known.
Direct preparation of Cu2ZnSnSe4 films by microwave irradiation and its dependence on the Sn/(Sn + Zn) ratio
Authors: Kaigawa Ryuji , Hashimoto Shintaro , Irago Tomoki , Klenk Reiner
Published: July 2015

Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) films with various Sn/(Sn + Zn) ratios were directly prepared on metallic Ti foils by microwave irradiation and their properties were investigated. The Sn/(Sn + Zn) ratio and Cu/(Sn + Zn) ratio of the precursor could be preserved by using a sealed container filled with 0.15 atm of Ar. Single-phase CZTSe crystals with a kesterite (stannite) structure and without by-products were observed with Sn/(Sn + Zn) ratios between 0.4 and 0.6. The hole densities of the Cu–Zn–Sn–Se films are minimal (<1017/cm3) with Sn/(Sn + Zn) ratios ranging from 0.5 to 0.6.
An additional introduced species of Nuttallanthus (Plantaginaceae) in Australia
Authors: Conn Barry John , Murray Louisa Jane
Published: July 2015

Nuttallanthus texanus (Scheele) D.A.Sutton (Plantaginaceae) has been identified as occurring in southern Queensland and eastern New South Wales, Australia. This species had not previously been distinguished from Nuttallanthus canadensis (L.) D.A.Sutton. Both species are naturalised and spread by seed. The two species can be distinguished by floral and seed morphological differences.
Whole‐Transcriptome Amplification of Single Cells for Next‐Generation Sequencing
Authors: Korfhage Christian , Fricke Evelyn , Meier Andreas
Published: July 2015

Single‐cell transcriptome analysis gives insight into the heterogeneity of neighboring cells in tissues or cell cultures. It has been shown that the variability of cells is important for biological function. However, cell variability can be an indication of disease (e.g., cancer). In order to elucidate cell variability in health and disease, single‐cell transcriptomes can be analyzed by new next‐generation sequencing (NGS) platforms. NGS analysis currently requires a few hundred nanograms of RNA. Consequently, accurate whole‐transcriptome amplification is required to analyze the transcriptome of a single cell by NGS. This unit describes the entire workflow from cells to NGS, including cell quality testing, cell lysis, gDNA removal, whole‐transcriptome amplification, and NGS library preparation. Recommendations for WTA quality control are given and optional protocols for using purified RNA for WTA and WTA purification are described. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Assaying Cell Cycle Status Using Flow Cytometry
Authors: Kim Kang Ho , Sederstrom Joel M.
Published: July 2015

In this unit, two protocols are described for analyzing cell cycle status using flow cytometry. The first is based on the simultaneous analysis of proliferation‐specific marker (Ki‐67) and cellular DNA content, which discriminate resting/quiescent cell populations (G0 cell) and quantify cell cycle distribution (G1, S, or G2/M), respectively. The second is based on differential staining of DNA and RNA through co‐staining of Hoechst 33342 and Pyronin Y, which is also useful to identify G0 cells from G1 cells. Along with these methods for analyzing cell cycle status, two additional methods for cell proliferation assays with recent updates of newly developed fluorophores, which allow multiplex analysis of cell cycle status, cell proliferation, and a gene of interest using flow cytometry, are outlined. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Glycosylation Analysis for Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation
Authors: Li Xueli , Raihan Mohd A. , Reynoso Francis Jeshira , He Miao
Published: July 2015

Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a group of diseases with highly variable phenotypes and inconsistent clinical features. Since the first description of a CDG in 1980, approximately 100 disorders have been identified. Most of these are defects in protein glycosylation, although an increasing number are defects of glycolipid or proteoglycan biosynthesis. A group of biochemical markers has been used to characterize protein glycosylation abnormalities in CDG. This unit describes three protocols that can be used to measure plasma or serum carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT) profile, N‐glycan profile, and O‐glycan profile by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS) or liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐ESI‐MS). The quantification of particular biomarkers, such as T antigens or sialylated T antigens, could also be achieved by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). These techniques can be used to identify a majority of patients with defects in protein glycosylation, although different techniques, such as flow cytometry with immunostaining, are necessary to detect defects in glycolipid or proteoglycan biosynthesis which is not included in this unit. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Prediction of flash flood hazard impact from Himalayan river profiles
Authors: Devrani R. , Singh V. , Mudd S. M. , Sinclair H. D.
Published: July 2015

To what extent can we treat topographic metrics such as river long profiles as a long‐term record of multiple extreme geomorphic events and hence use them for hazard prediction? We demonstrate that in an area of rapid mountain erosion where the landscape is highly reactive to extreme events, channel steepness measured by integrating area over upstream distance (chi analysis) can be used as an indicator of geomorphic change during flash floods. We compare normalized channel steepness to the impact of devastating floods in the upper Ganga Basin in Uttarakhand, northern India, in June 2013. The pattern of sediment accumulation and erosion is broadly predictable from the distribution of normalized channel steepness; in reaches of high steepness, channel lowering up to 5 m undercut buildings causing collapse; in low steepness reaches, channels aggraded up to 30 m and widened causing flooding and burial by sediment. Normalized channel steepness provides a first‐order prediction of the signal of geomorphic change during extreme flood events. Sediment aggradation in lower gradient reaches is a predictable characteristic of floods with a proportion of discharge fed by point sources such as glacial lakes.
Antarctic bedrock topography uncertainty and ice sheet stability
Authors: Gasson E. , DeConto R. , Pollard D.
Published: June 2015

Antarctic bedrock elevation estimates have uncertainties exceeding 1 km in certain regions. Bedrock elevation, particularly where the bedrock is below sea level and bordering the ocean, can have a large impact on ice sheet stability. We investigate how present‐day bedrock elevation uncertainty affects ice sheet model simulations for a generic past warm period based on the mid‐Pliocene, although these uncertainties are also relevant to present‐day and future ice sheet stability. We perform an ensemble of simulations with random topographic noise added with various length scales and with amplitudes tuned to the uncertainty of the Bedmap2 data set. Total Antarctic ice sheet retreat in these simulations varies between 12.6 and 17.9 m equivalent sea level rise after 3 kyrs of warm climate forcing. This study highlights the sensitivity of ice sheet models to existing uncertainties in bedrock elevation and the ongoing need for new data acquisition.
Cumulative ozone effect on canopy stomatal resistance and the impact on boundary layer dynamics and CO2 assimilation at the diurnal scale: A case study for grassland in the Netherlands
Authors: Super Ingrid , Vilà‐Guerau de Arellano Jordi , Krol Maarten C.
Published: July 2015

Biological, chemical, and dynamical processes occurring at the surface strongly interact at diurnal scales. Therefore, this study examines the seasonal ozone impact on stomatal resistance, surface energy balance, boundary layer dynamics, and CO2 assimilation at this (sub)diurnal scale under changing conditions. We combine a seasonal canopy resistance module with a surface‐boundary layer model that solves the diurnal evolution of dynamical and chemical variables in a well‐mixed, convective boundary layer. The model is constrained with observations from Cabauw (Netherlands) for the dry year 2003, representing a well‐mixed boundary layer at midlatitudes over water‐stressed grassland. To quantify the ozone impact, the Cumulative Uptake of Ozone is calculated over a growing season, which gives an estimate of the reduction in stomatal aperture and photosynthesis. From a sensitivity analysis with mixed‐layer temperature and soil moisture content we conclude that drought is the dominant factor that determines the surface energy partitioning and limits CO2 assimilation. Although drought causes stomatal closure, the results indicate that ozone damage, nevertheless, occurs. A second sensitivity analysis with CO2 and ozone shows that ozone damage causes an increase in stomatal resistance of up to 40% under high ozone levels and that CO2‐induced stomatal closure limits ozone damage. The impact on boundary layer development through the effect of CO2 and ozone on the stomatal resistance is much smaller. At the diurnal scale soil moisture influences the surface energy partitioning, which affects the entrainment of ozone‐rich air. Due to ozone damage, the CO2 assimilation flux is reduced by about 15%.
Photoacoustic Tomography for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Yao Junjie , Xia Jun , Wang Lihong V.
Published: June 2015

Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) has quickly become one of the fastest growing biomedical imaging modalities, since its first demonstration of functional imaging in small animal about a decade ago. Combining optical excitation with acoustic detection, PAT can provide detailed color pictures of tissues deep into the body without the radiation hazard of X‐rays, the lack of soft‐tissue contrast in ultrasonography, or the superficial penetration limitation of optical microscopy. This article will present cutting‐edge PAT technologies, focusing on their preclinical and clinical applications in biomedicine.
Optical Contrast Agents for Imaging, Biosensing, and Therapy
Authors: Ho Chris Jun Hui , Dinish U. S. , Olivo Malini
Published: June 2015

Over the past few decades, there has been a wide variety of optical contrast agents developed for various imaging, biosensing, and therapeutic applications. In the move toward clinical translation, research efforts have been heavily focused on improving various aspects of such contrast agents, such as sensitivity, specificity, toxicity, water solubility, and targeting efficacy. In this review, we focus on some of the notable optical contrast agents typically employed for imaging, biosensing, and therapy. The first section provides a brief discussion on the typical organic dyes used in fluorescence imaging, with a specific focus on indocyanine green, which is an important near‐infrared dye widely used for clinical applications. The second section focuses on specially designed nanotags used in surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy, a highly sensitive molecular biosensing technique with multiplexing capabilities. Multifunctional theranostic nanosensitizers concurrently used in imaging and therapy are covered in the subsequent sections. In the conclusion section, perspectives on future directions for the development of novel optical contrast agents are briefly discussed.
Singular Optics
Authors: Gbur Greg
Published: June 2015

At positions where the intensity of a wavefield vanishes, the phase is undefined and hence “singular.” Traditionally thought of as mere mathematical curiosities, thesephase singularitieshave been shown to have a well‐defined and non‐trivial mathematical structure and their existence has implications for a number of optical applications. This article summarizes the field ofsingular optics. It begins with examples of singularities that appear in optical wavefields, looks at analogies between the typical structures of singularities (optical vortices) and dislocations in crystal structures, and then considers general properties of optical vortices. The generation and detection of vortex‐carrying beams is discussed, and the angular momentum properties of such beams are analyzed. Finally, other types of singularities in wavefields are considered, and possible applications of singularities are surveyed.