bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE HEAT CAPACITIES OF SILVER, NICKEL, ZINC, CADMIUM AND LEAD FROM − 80° TO 120 °C.
Authors: Bronson H. L. , Wilson A. J. C.
Published: April 2011

The mean heat capacities over 10° intervals from − 80° to 120 °C. have been determined for silver, nickel, zinc, cadmium and lead. The average deviation of the points from a smooth curve was in each case less than 0.1%, and it is believed that the absolute values are not in error by more than this amount.The method used was the adiabatic electric heating of a kilogram or more of the metal in an all-copper jacket.The following equations have been found to fit the curves with maximum deviations of about 0.1%:[Formula: see text]where D(θ/T) is the Debye function and the units are joules per gram per °C.A discussion of the theoretical basis for the equations is given together with some calculations of heat capacities using data (coefficient of expansion, compressibility, etc.) involving no measurements of heat.As a matter of convenience and for purposes of comparison, tables of heat capacities at 10° intervals are given for each metal. Quadratic or linear equations which fit the experimental curves within 0.25% are also given.
THE PROPERTIES OF SALT-CLAY ROAD-SURFACING MIXTURES
Authors: Gill A. F.
Published: April 2011

This paper describes experiments designed to throw light on the mechanism underlying the beneficial effect that had been observed in field trials of salt treatment of clay road surfaces. Data are presented which show that no chemical reactions are involved, and that physical-chemical effects are of negligible importance. The results indicate that the main effect of salt additions to the clay is a greatly decreased rate of drying, together with, under ideal conditions, complete elimination of drying shrinkage.
NOTE ON ISOTOPES IN SNOW AND RAIN WATER
Authors: Alexander W. A. , Munro L. A.
Published: April 2011

not available
THE SORPTION OF IODINE BY POLYVINYL ALCOHOL
Authors: Gallay Wilfred
Published: April 2011

Iodine is taken up by polyvinyl alcohol from aqueous solution according to the adsorption isotherm. From aqueous methyl and ethyl alcohol solutions, the sorption obeys Henry's law. One electrolyte measured was absorbed by the colloid. The relation of Kroeker between weight of adsorbent and sorption of adsorbate, keeping total adsorbate constant, holds only at higher concentrations of adsorbent. Pre-absorption of an electrolyte does not materially affect adsorption of iodine by polyvinyl alcohol. The nature of the blue polyvinyl alcohol-iodine complex is discussed.
FATTY ACIDS AND THEIR ESTERS: III. IODINE VALUES BY THE BROMINE VAPOR METHOD
Authors: Brocklesby H. N. , Harding K. F.
Published: April 2011

A modified bromine vapor method for iodine value determination that allows of the determination of substitution is described. For non-conjugated unsaturated oils free from oxidation or polymerization products, values are obtained that are in close agreement with those found by Wijs' method. The unsaturation of conjugated esters can be determined satisfactorily. Owing to substitution, the unsaturation of oxidized or polymerized esters cannot be determined by this method.
THE BASE-EXCHANGING PROPERTIES OF SYNTHETIC ALUMINO-SILICATE MATERIALS
Authors: Ferguson J. B. , Musgrave J. R. , Patton J. R.
Published: April 2011

The base-exchanges silver[Formula: see text]sodium and copper[Formula: see text]sodium have been studied over a wide range of experimental conditions. An equation of the type [Formula: see text] was found suitable for the correlation of many results. The effects of temperature, anion, solvent and dilution upon the exchange reaction were observed.
THE HOMOGENEOUS UNIMOLECULAR DECOMPOSITION OF GASEOUS ALKYL NITRITES: VII. A GENERAL DISCUSSION OF THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL CONFIGURATION ON THE REACTION RATE
Authors: Steacie E. W. R. , Katz S. , Rosenberg S. L. , Smith W. McF.
Published: April 2011

A general discussion is given of the rate of unimolecular decomposition of an homologous series of compounds from the point of view of the Kassel theory. The experimental evidence is discussed with special reference to the decomposition of the alkyl nitrites. It is concluded that existing theories are unable to account for the progressive increase in rate as one ascends the homologous series.
MICROSCOPIC FEATURES OF CERTAIN ALBERTA COALS
Authors: Jones I. W.
Published: April 2011

Microscopic examination of Alberta coals shows that they are composed principally of materials derived from the woody parts of plants. Many woody structures are visible in thin sections and on polished and etched surfaces. Spores are present in the coals, but are relatively few in number. The resin content varies considerably, attaining a high proportion in the cannel coals of the Crowsnest Pass region in British Columbia, bordering the southwestern part of Alberta. The correlation of seams in the Alberta coal deposits on the basis of their microscopical characters has not yet proved to be feasible. A wide field is open here for palaeobotanical research on the nature and classification of the plant structures visible in these coals by means of the microscope. The investigation described here may be considered as being relatively only a beginning to further work that should be done in the study of the microscopical features of Alberta coals by the geologist, chemist and botanist.
A METHOD FOR ACCURATE TITRATIONS
Authors: Pall D. B.
Published: April 2011

A method that renders titrations having indistinct color end points more accurate, and that makes possible their use with colored solutions has been developed. Application of the method to the problems of the sugar refinery gave satisfactory results.
SORPTION OF DEUTERIUM OXIDE BY CELLULOSE
Authors: King T. , Ouellet C.
Published: April 2011

The sorption of deuterium oxide by cellulose at 23.4 °C. was investigated over the whole range of vapor pressures and found to show the same characteristics as that of water. The molar quantities sorbed at a given pressure are equal, and the kinetic curves exhibit the same features. After desorption of deuterium oxide, a small but permanent increase in the weight of the cellulose was observed. This suggested an exchange reaction between deuterium and hydrogen atoms.
FROST-HARDENING STUDIES WITH LIVING CELLS: I. OSMOTIC AND BOUND WATER CHANGES IN RELATION TO FROST RESISTANCE AND THE SEASONAL CYCLE
Authors: Levitt J. , Scarth G. W.
Published: April 2011

The osmotic pressure and non-solvent space of the cells of various types of plant were estimated by the plasmolytic method and related to frost resistance and the seasonal cycle.Osmotic pressure always rises with hardening and falls with dehardening, and it generally reaches higher values or begins to rise earlier in the hardier species and varieties.The effect of osmotic pressure in reducing the amount of ice formation is enhanced in woody plants by the condition that only about half the cell volume is occupied by the osmotically active solution. The remainder, i.e., the non-solvent space, is shown to consist partly of bound water and must therefore represent hydrophilic colloid. This occupies an even larger proportion of the sap vacuole than of the protoplasm, and it increases notably with hardening. This change, besides reducing intercellular ice, is regarded as protecting the most vulnerable part of the cell, viz., the vacuole, from being frozen at very low temperatures.
AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGY: SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF PRECIPITATION IN SASKATCHEWAN AND ALBERTA
Authors: Hopkins J. W.
Published: April 2011

A five-year moving average of autumn and winter (Sept. 1 to March 31) and spring and summer (April 1 to Aug. 31) precipitation showed undoubted variation with time over the years 1898–1934, periods of above- and below-average moisture alternating, though not with simple periodicity. There were in addition large irregular annual variations in the amounts recorded at individual stations.In spite of irregularities, to be expected in the limited sample of years available, the frequency distribution of seasonal precipitation at Edmonton, Calgary, Battleford and Swift Current showed no gross asymmetry, seasons with precipitation in the vicinity of the average being on the whole the more numerous. There were, however, qualitative differences in the frequency distribution of the annual amounts of rain in the five individual spring and summer months. Correlation studies revealed no consistent association between the amount of precipitation in different spring and summer months of the same year, or between the totals for the autumn and winter, and for the following spring and summer period.The average (1916–1932) percentage of days on which rain fell showed a distinct seasonal trend during spring and summer, being lowest in April and highest in June. Similar variation was noted in the average amount of rain per rainy day, which was also lowest in April and highest in June and July. In all five months the frequency distribution of the daily amounts (exclusive of zero) was decidedly skew, the smaller amounts being much the more numerous. The proportion of the total precipitation received in small daily amounts was on the average much increased during periods of subnormal rainfall.Although there was a significant correlation between the total precipitation at different stations in the same district during the same month, analyses of variance revealed that there was also considerable local variation in the four districts studied. The monthly amounts received in daily quantities exceeding 0.30 in. per day showed relatively even greater local variation than did the total precipitation. Consequently, the intensity of precipitation, as measured by the percentage of the monthly totals accruing from the larger daily falls, was also subject to appreciable local fluctuations.Some agricultural implications of these aspects of the weather are indicated.
VIRUS STUDIES: II. STREAK X, A DISEASE OF TOMATOES CAUSED BY A VIRUS OF THE POTATO X GROUP UNASSOCIATED WITH TOBACCO MOSAIC
Authors: Newton William
Published: April 2011

A streak disease of tomatoes was found to be caused by a virus of the potato X group unassociated with tobacco virus 1. The disease markedly reduced the yield of marketable fruit in several greenhouses near Victoria. The symptoms resemble those induced by ordinary potato virus X in conjunction with tobacco mosaic. The host range, lethal temperature, longevity in vitro, and dilution extinction point of the virus resemble ordinary potato X. Streak X may be distinguished from ordinary potato X by the more pronounced symptoms it induces on tobacco, Datura, Nicotiana glutinosa, and tomato, and particularly by the streaking and necrosis of the stems and leaves of tomato. The virus causing this streak disease could not be recovered from Irish Cobbler potatoes after an incubation period of ten days, neither did the characteristic symptoms occur on tomatoes already infected with the ordinary potato virus X. The virus was recovered unchanged from X-free potato seedlings. The antigen reaction also proved that the streak virus belonged to the potato virus X group.
ON THE FOURTH STAGE LARVA OF CHABERTIA OVINA
Authors: Griffiths Henry J.
Published: April 2011

The structure of the early fourth stage larva of Chabertia ovina, a common parasite of ruminants, is described in detail.
NOTE ON THE EUPATHEOSCOPE AND THE MEASUREMENT OF EQUIVALENT TEMPERATURE IN CANADA
Authors: Niven C. D.
Published: April 2011

Readings have been taken on the eupatheoscope and compared with readings on thermometers and with readings on the A.S.H.V.E. effective temperature chart It was found that the mean of the readings on two thermometers, situated one at the floor level and one at the level of the head of a sedentary worker gave a value fairly close to the reading on the eupatheoscope. The general conclusion is reached that elaborate apparatus for reading comfort temperature is not justified until an explanation has been given of what constitutes the "freshness" of air, but that in Canada in rating comfort conditions more attention should be paid to temperature gradients, which are pronounced during spells of zero weather.
ABSORPTION CURVES AND RANGES FOR HOMOGENEOUS β-RAYS
Authors: Marshall J. S. , Ward A. G.
Published: April 2011

β-rays were bent in a uniform magnetic field, after which they entered, as approximately homogeneous rays, an ionization chamber connected to a linear amplifier. Absorption curves in aluminium were determined for various values of H ρ. The active materials were radium E and uranium X.
THE MEASUREMENT OF EXTRA HARD X-RAYS AND GAMMA RAYS IN ROENTGENS
Authors: Laurence G. C.
Published: April 2011

The intensity in roentgens per second of X-rays or γ-rays harder than 0.03 Å may be measured with a small thimble chamber with homogeneous walls of elements below atomic number 13 and thick enough to be impermeable to the fastest secondary β-rays. The ionization current measured under saturation conditions at standard temperature and pressure is divided by BV, and correction is made for the apparent absorption of the X-rays m the walls. V is the volume of the chamber and B is given by[Formula: see text]A table (Table IV) of the values of 2 loge (Zw/Za) for different wall materials is given, and J, K, and L are plotted (Fig. 2) as functions of the quality of the radiation.The absolute intensity of radiation in quanta per square centimetre per second may be obtained from[Formula: see text]in which c is the ionization current per unit volume in the chamber, at standard temperature and pressure, produced by one quantum per square centimetre per second.The intensity of the radiation from one milligram of radium in equilibrium, and covered by platinum of wall thickness t, at one centimetre distance is (8.98 − 1.17 mm.−1 × t) roentgens per hour approximately, it t is not less than 0.3 mm.
AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL
Authors: Jordan E. C.
Published: April 2011

The simple, automatic volume control circuit of radio receivers has been adapted for use in the studio amplifier of a broadcasting station to give a semiautomatic control of programs. The circuit adjustments for optimum control action were determined experimentally, and then this control action was analyzed by means of oscillograms. The effects of different time constants and degrees of control were noted, and methods for varying the latter indicated. The circuit is shown to be distortionless, except in so far as manual control of amplifier gain may be said to introduce "distortion". The control action, while not fully automatic, is complete enough to be of real assistance to the operator.
THE REFRACTIVE INDICES OF LIQUID OXYGEN, NITROGEN, AND HYDROGEN
Authors: Johns H. E. , Wilhelm J. O.
Published: April 2011

The refractive indices of liquid oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen at temperatures ranging from the normal boiling point to the normal freezing point of the liquefied gases were determined by means of a Wollaston cell for the wavelengths 6939Å, 5461Å, and 4358Å. The values obtained at the normal boiling point for λ = 5461Å were: oxygen, 1.2242; nitrogen, 1.1990; hydrogen, 1.1120.
ABSORPTION STEP-WEAKENERS OF ANTIMONY
Authors: Langstroth G. O. , McRae D. R.
Published: April 2011

It is of advantage to the spectroscopic analyst to have a means of quickly preparing a step-weakener of any required characteristics. A method has been developed in which antimony films are deposited by thermal decomposition of the trihydride. The apparatus required is simple, and a multi-step, weakener may be made in 20 min. The films are nearly neutral below λ 4000Å. Their optical density is quite uniform, and they are sufficiently strong for all practical purposes. For high precision work, the construction of the weakener must be such that undesirable interference effects are avoided. A consideration of the theory of interference phenomena in light transmitted through thin plates suggests several possible methods of construction. Some of these have been adopted and have been found to be satisfactory in practice.
THE EFFICIENCY OF PACKINGS FOR LABORATORY DISTILLING COLUMNS
Authors: Marshall Melville J. , Walker Forestier , Baker Donald H.
Published: April 2011

The efficiency of jack chain packings, with alcohol-water mixtures, increases by only 13.2% with decrease in the size of the chain links from No. 18 to No. 22, while a drop in capacity of 36.7% is noted. If all factors are taken into consideration, No. 18 jack chain is the most desirable of those studied. The efficiency of Lessing rings, 0.22 in. in diameter, is higher than that of any of the chains studied, but the capacity is much less than that of No. 18 chain, and only slightly better than that of No. 22 chain.
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARIACEOUS PLANTS: XIV. CORYPALLINE, CORLUMIDINE AND THEIR CONSTITUTIONS
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

Corypalline, C11H15O2N, a new phenolic alkaloid from Corydalis pallida and from the seeds of C. aurea, on methylation yielded the known 2-methyl-6:7-dimethoxy-tetrahydro-isoquinoline. On ethylation it yielded 2-methyl-6-methoxy-7-ethoxy-tetrahydro-isoquinoline identical with a specimen synthesized for purposes of comparison. Corypalline therefore is 2-methyl-6-methoxy-7-hydroxy-tetrahydro-isoquinoline, a synthesis of which was achieved.Oxidative fission of corlumidine O-ethyl ether yielded a base identical with a synthetic specimen of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-6-methoxy-7-ethoxy-tetrahydro-isoquinoline. Treatment of the degradative as well as the synthetic base with alkali yielded the corresponding 1-keto-isoquinoline. Corlumidine therefore is 7-O-desmethyl-corlumine.Syntheses of 2-methyl-6-ethoxy-7-methoxy-tetrahydro-isoquinoline and the corresponding 1-keto-derivative are described.
STUDIES ON HOMOGENEOUS FIRST ORDER GAS REACTIONS: VI. THE DECOMPOSITION OF METHYLENE DIACETATE, METHYLENE DIPROPIONATE, AND METHYLENE DIBUTYRATE
Authors: Coffin C. C. , Beazley W. B.
Published: April 2011

The homogeneous decomposition of methylene diacetate vapor to formaldehyde and acetic anhydride at temperatures between 220° and 305 °C. and at pressures ranging from several centimetres of mercury to several atmospheres has been studied. Reaction rates were determined by analytical and by pressure change methods. The first order decomposition is opposed by a second order recombination. A secondary reaction makes it impossible to determine the exact position of the resulting equilibrium. Within the rather large experimental error, methylene diacetate has the same activation energy (33,000 cal.) as its homologues. Its specific reaction velocity is smaller than that of the ethylidene esters. Methylene dipropionate and dibutyrate decompose at the same rate as the diacetate. These facts are in accord with the hypothesis that the extent to which a radical can contribute to the energy of activation is dependent upon its position in the molecule. Veolcity constants are given by the equation [Formula: see text]
STUDIES ON HOMOGENEOUS FIRST ORDER GAS REACTIONS: VIII. THE DECOMPOSITION OF TRICHLORETHYLIDENE DIACETATE AND TRICHLORETHYLIDENE DIBUTYRATE
Authors: Parlee N. A. D. , Dacey J. R. , Coffin C. C.
Published: April 2011

Trichlorethylidene diacetate and trichlorethylidene dibutyrate have been found to decompose at temperatures between 200° and 290 °C. at a measurable rate to give chloral and an acid anhydride. The reactions are homogeneous and of the first order, and have the same specific velocity in both the liquid and vapor states. The activation energy is identical (within experimental error) with that previously found for non-chlorinated members of this series of esters. The two compounds decompose at the same rate, in agreement with the hypothesis that the anhydride radicals do not easily exchange energy with the bonds that break. This reaction velocity, which is somewhat smaller than that of ethylidene diacetate at any temperature, is given by the equation [Formula: see text].
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE CHLORINATION OF SPRUCE WOOD AND OF THE RESULTING CHLOROLIGNIN
Authors: Jansen G. V. , Bain J. W.
Published: April 2011

Spruce sawdust was chlorinated under various conditions in an attempt to procure a homogeneous lignin chloride. Success finally attended the use of methyl alcohol as a medium for chlorination. The lignin chloride, which was dissolved by the alcohol during the chlorination and subsequently precipitated by the addition of water, was cream white in color, and analysis showed it to be an alcohol lignin.A homogeneous fraction (No. 2) was obtained from the re-chlorinated product, and it proved to be a chlorinated analogue of Hibbert's monomethylated methyl alcohol lignin, the formulas of the two products being C42H22O6Cl13(OH)2(OCH3)7, and C42H32O6(OH)3(OCH3)7. The molecular weight and the presence of the two hydroxyl groups were confirmed by acetylation, when 2.0 acetyl groups entered the molecule. Eleven of the chlorine atoms in Fraction 2 have evidently replaced ten hydrogen atoms and one hydroxyl group by simple substitution in methyl alcohol lignin, leaving two chlorine atoms which have apparently entered to saturate a double bond. Seven of these chlorine atoms have been shown to be readily removable either by an alkali or by acid reduction. The other six, because of their stable union with the molecule, are surmised to be joined to an aromatic nucleus or at least to some type of ring structure. The product has been shown to react stoichiometrically within limits as narrow as could be expected for such a large molecule.
FREE RADICALS IN ORGANIC DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS: I. THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF MIXTURES OF METHYL ETHER AND DEUTERO-ACETONE
Authors: Steacie E. W. R. , Alexander W. A.
Published: April 2011

A new method of obtaining information concerning the participation of free radicals in decomposition reactions is described. A mixture of two organic compounds is decomposed, all the hydrogen in one of the compounds having been replaced by deuterium. By an examination of the distribution of deuterium among the products, it is possible to obtain considerable insight into the mechanism of the process.Mixtures of deutero-acetone and dimethyl ether have been decomposed at 590 °C. It is found that the hydrogen in the products is entirely "light" within the experimental error. This precludes the possibility that formaldehyde (which is the source of the hydrogen) decomposes by a free radical mechanism, HCHO = H + CHO, as otherwise reaction of hydrogen atoms with deutero-acetone would lead to the formation of HD.It is also concluded that it is unlikely that formaldehyde formed in the methyl ether decomposition is decomposed by sensitization from methyl radicals from the ether decomposition. If this were the case we would expect to have the reactions[Formula: see text]and again hydrogen atoms by reaction with deutero-acetone would yield HD.The method of investigation seems to have interesting possibilities and to be of wide applicability.
THE EFFECT OF ALCOHOLS ON THE TIME OF SET OF ALKALINE SILICA GELS
Authors: Munro L. A. , Alves C. A.
Published: April 2011

Measurements have been made of the decrease in time of set of alkaline silica gels induced by a series of alcohols and acetone. Acetone, propyl, and butyl alcohols caused a marked increase in pH of the gel during setting. Glycol has a much smaller effect on setting time than the monohydric alcohols, while with glycerol the time of set of the alkaline gels was actually increased. Time of set is not strictly paralleled by the dielectric constant.
THE CATALYTIC DEHYDRATION OF ETHYL ALCOHOL BY ALUMINA. II.
Authors: Alexander W. A. , Horn W. R. , Munro L. A.
Published: April 2011

The decomposition of ethyl alcohol by two different samples of commercial alumina at 318° and 450 °C. has been studied. The effect of time or previous use of the catalyst on the course of the reaction has been examined at 300° and 318 °C. It has been found that the course of the reaction changes with change in water content of the catalysts. For the particular alumina used, there is one optimum water content for the production of ether and another for ethylene. For catalysts initially high in water there is a change in the sense of the reaction with use. Ignited catalysts of zero water content are not inactive, but become less effective for dehydration; this favors the production of ether.
THE EFFECT OF SULPHITE LIQUOR COMPOSITION ON THE RATE OF DELIGNIFICATION OF SPRUCE WOOD AND YIELD OF PULP
Authors: Calhoun J. M. , Yorston F. H. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

A technique has been devised for studying the delignification of wood in sulphite liquor under accurately controlled conditions. The rate of delignification of resin extracted spruce wood-meal has been determined at 130 °C. over the concentration range 0.2 to 1.4% combined, and 2 to 14% total, sulphur dioxide. The reaction shows a systematic deviation from the first order relation that is the same for any composition of liquor. A quantitative relation between the rate of delignification and the concentration of free sulphur dioxide, or better, the partial pressure of sulphur dioxide gas, has been established. The nature and significance of this relation is discussed in connection with the mechanism of the delignification process. It has been shown that the hydrogen ion concentration alone does not determine the rate of cooking, but evidence is presented that indicates that the product of the concentrations of the hydrogen and bisulphite ions is the controlling factor.The yield of pulp for any given lignin content is independent of the free sulphur dioxide over the whole concentration range, but increases in a marked manner with the concentration of the combined. An explanation is offered, and the practical aspects are pointed out.
FORMATION OF OZONE IN AN A-C. LOW PRESSURE DISCHARGE TUBE
Authors: Senkus M.
Published: April 2011

Passage of a glow discharge through oxygen at a pressure of 25 mm. of mercury and 17,000 volts apparently produces no ozone. The non-production of ozone is due to deozonization at the electrodes. A discharge tube is described that can be used for the demonstration and quantitative investigation of the formation of ozone in a glow discharge.
THE SOIL-BLOCK WASHING METHOD IN QUANTITATIVE ROOT STUDY
Authors: Pavlychenko T. K.
Published: April 2011

It has been observed consistently that competition among plants first takes place between the root systems, and that the nature, vigor, extent and distribution of the root systems have an important bearing, on the development of top growth. A new technique for root studies, the Soil-block Washing Method, is described in considerable detail. This method enables the investigator to procure entire root systems at any stage of plant development, from plants grown under natural soil conditions.
THE NITRATE REDUCTION TEST AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN THE DETECTION OF BACILLUS LARVAE
Authors: Lochhead A. G.
Published: April 2011

Bacillus larvae differs from most nitrate-reducing species in its ability to accumulate nitrite in nutrient solutions containing but small amounts of nitrate (0.001%). Most nitrate-reducing organisms show no accumulation of nitrite at this concentration owing to assimilation of nitrate or disappearance of nitrite through reduction or assimilation. With many nitrate-reducing bacteria disappearance of nitrite keeps pace with nitrite formation only up to a certain concentration, varying with the organism, above which nitrite may accumulate.The ability of B. larvae to accumulate nitrite in semi-solid carrot or turnip extract media with no added nitrate is of considerable aid in the cultural test for this organism. Of five other organisms concerned with brood disease or occurring as contaminants in comb, which were grown in association with B. larvae, none showed interference with accumulation of nitrite by the latter except B. orpheus. With this species a positive nitrite test was dependent on the relative development of the organisms, B. larvae exerting a certain antagonistic action. None of the eight species of bacteria tested prevented recognition of growth of B. larvae in the semi-solid medium.
PRELIMINARY STUDIES OF THE TRANSFER OF FOUR STRAINS OF DITYLENCHUS DIPSACI (KÜHN 1858) FILIPJEV 1936
Authors: Hastings R. J. , Newton Wm.
Published: April 2011

The bulb and stem nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaci, attacks narcissus, iris, red clover and strawberry in the Pacific Northwest. The isolations from each of these important crops are herein described as strains.Preliminary studies of the transfer of these strains establish the existence of three strains of D. dipsaci in the Pacific Northwest, viz.:(i) Red clover strain; characterized by causing swollen crowns and stunt in red clover seedlings.(ii) Strawberry strain; characterized by a limited host range, swollen crowns in strawberry seedlings, and entrance into red clover seedlings without visible tissue reactions.(iii) Narcissus and iris strain; characterized by a wide host range and entrance into clover and strawberry seedlings without visible tissue reactions.No satisfactory technique of establishing the host range of the biological strains of D. dipsaci has been developed. The clamping of glass rings filled with a nematode suspension in moist pulverized peat to the foliage of test plants did not affect the test plants in a constant manner. The examination of seedlings after clarification in a lacto-phenol solution containing acid fuchsin gave more constant results. The seedlings were removed from infested soil shortly after they appeared above ground.The reports of host specificity of the red clover strain were not confirmed, for the red clover strain entered white clover and alfalfa, hitherto considered resistant. Likewise, the reports of host specificity of the narcissus strain were not supported by our experimental results. The narcissus strain entered red clover and oats, also considered resistant hitherto.
LABORATORY MALTING. I. EQUIPMENT
Authors: Anderson J. Ansel
Published: April 2011

A laboratory malting plant is described which consists of duplicate steep tanks, germination chambers and kilns, each having a capacity of eight 350-gm. samples. The two steep tanks are equipped independently with immersion heaters and thermoregulators and are cooled by a continuous flow of water from a thermostatically controlled supply tank. The two germination chambers are controlled by independent air-conditioning units. The kilns are electrically heated, the controls being adapted to give either stepwise or continuously rising temperatures. The malt in both germinators and kilns is rotated continuously in cylindrical cages. Duplicate sets of equipment were built in order to make possible simultaneous study of different malting procedures. The equipment is discussed in the light of one year's experience with it and various improvements are suggested.
THE PROTECTIVE LAYERS OF THE APPLE
Authors: Bell Hugh P.
Published: April 2011

The development of the four protective layers of the apple, namely the hairs, cuticle, epidermis and hypodermis, is described in detail, from the time the flower emerges from the winter bud early in May, until harvest time early in October. The gradual loss of living and active cell contents is recorded for each layer. Measurements of cuticle thickness for the period of the study are listed and an approximate date is given for each stage of development. The descriptions of tissue morphology are supplemented by ten illustrations.
CYLINDROCARPON EHRENBERGI WR., AND OTHER SPECIES, AS ROOT PARASITES OF ALFALFA AND SWEET CLOVER IN ALBERTA
Authors: Cormack M. W.
Published: April 2011

Cylindrocarpon Ehrenbergi appears to be one of the most important pathogenic fungi associated with early spring injury of roots of alfalfa and sweet clover in Alberta. It occurs in virgin and cultivated soils. It produces distinctive symptoms, and is highly pathogenic in the early spring, but less virulent during the growing season. It can invade unwounded roots through lenticels or the basal tissues of branch roots, or by direct penetration. It is also pathogenic on roots of Trifolium spp. This species has not been previously reported on the legume forage crops, and very little is known concerning its parasitism on other plants.On the roots of alfalfa and sweet clover C. obtusisporum is slightly to moderately pathogenic, C. radicicola is very weakly pathogenic, and C. olidum is non-pathogenic. These species occur infrequently on diseased roots, and usually in association with C. Ehrenbergi. C. radicicola has been reported as an important root parasite of other plants.Isolates of C. Ehrenbergi differ in degree of pathogenicity, and there is some evidence of host specialization. They also differ markedly in morphological and cultural characteristics, which, however, do not appear to be correlated with their parasitic abilities. The temperature range for growth of C. Ehrenbergi in pure culture is from − 2° to 32 °C., but different isolates do not have the same optima. Isolates with an optimum at about 19 °C. caused the most damage in the early spring, while one which grew best at 24 °C. proved the most virulent during summer. The optimum hydrogen ion concentration for growth of C. Ehrenbergi varies with the medium employed. Growth and spore germination studies indicate that the iso-electric point for the fungus lies at approximately pH 5.1.Most of the commonly grown varieties of alfalfa and sweet clover are susceptible to attack by C. Ehrenbergi, but resistant species like Medicago falcata may prove valuable as plant breeding material. Apparently cereal crops are not attacked by the pathogen, therefore they should be grown for several years in severely infested fields.
CHEMICAL WEED KILLERS: III. RELATIVE TOXICITY OF SEVERAL CHEMICALS TO PERENNIALS UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS
Authors: Cook W. H. , Manson J. M. , Pavlychenko T. K. , Garrow P.
Published: April 2011

Of 15 chemicals applied to perennial weeds over the same range of dosages, only five appear to possess a useful toxicity as judged by the number of living plants 12 months after treatment. The effective chemicals can be classified into three groups according to their toxicity, (i) sodium chlorate; (ii) barium chlorate and arsenic pentoxide; and (iii) ammonium thiocyanate and sodium arsenite. The relative toxicity of these three groups of chemicals, judged from the certainly lethal dosage, appears to fall in the proportions of 1:1.5:> 2.
BIOLOGICAL NOTES ON THE CHRYSOPIDAE
Authors: Putman Wm. L.
Published: April 2011

This paper presents further biological and ecological data on the Chrysopidae gathered during a study of the predators of the oriental fruit moth. The species concerned are Chrysopa rufilabris Burm.; C. plorabunda Fitch; C. downesi R. C. Smith; C. oculata Say; C. nigricornis Burm.; Meleoma signoretti Fitch and M. emuncta Fitch. Data on life history include relation of development to temperature, number of generations, method of overwintering, and oviposition. The early stages of C. downesi, M. signoretti and M. emuncta are described. Seasonal prevalence and fluctuations in abundance from year to year are discussed and notes are given on natural control agencies. The value of chrysopids in the biological control of the fruit moth is summarized, with the conclusion that only in exceptional seasons are they of appreciable importance.
STUDIES ON THE HETEROPHYID TREMATODE APOPHALLUS VENUSTUS (RANSOM, 1920) IN CANADA: PART II. LIFE HISTORY AND BIONOMICS
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M.
Published: April 2011

The eggs of the trematode pass into water, embryonate and are swallowed by the snail, Goniobasis livescens. They do not hatch in water. In the snail, multiplication through redia and daughter redia stages takes place and cercariae, with long flanged tails and pigmented eyespots, are produced. These escape into the water, but have a free life of less than 48 hours. To survive during this period, they must penetrate the skin of a fish, a great variety of which are successful intermediaries. In the muscle of the fish, the cercaria encysts to become metacercaria, which is however not immediately infective. Infection of the definitive host is by ingestion of the uncooked fish.
THE PARASITES OF PIGEONS IN CANADA
Authors: Miller M. J.
Published: April 2011

All the helminths found in the domestic pigeon are reviewed and notes on their distribution location in the host, and pathogenicity are given. Three helminths, Ascaridia columbae, Capillaria columbae and Echinostoma paraulum, have been found in Canadian pigeons and described, Echinostoma paraulum being recorded for the first time in North America. The lip characteristics of Ascaridia columbae, which until now have been little studied, are described in detail.
THE EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF PIGEONS AND POULTRY WITH ASCARIDIA AND HETERAKIS
Authors: Miller M. J.
Published: April 2011

The results of investigations on the intertransmission of pigeon and fowl parasites are presented. They show that Heterakis gallinae and Ascaridia galli from the fowl are not transmissible to pigeons. Larval Ascaridia columbae, however, will develop in young chicks to a 96-hour stage, although they are not present 120 hours after infection.
THE TAXONOMY OF DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM (LINNÉ, 1758) IN WESTERN CANADA
Authors: Wardle Robert Arnold , McColl Ellen Louise
Published: April 2011

On the basis of accepted criteria for the differentiation of species of Diphyllobothrium Cobbold, diphyllobothriid material from humans and dogs in Manitoba, one of the three endemic areas of diphyllobothriosis in North America, is adjudged to be homogeneous and to be specifically identical with authenticated D. latum material from Russia, Finland and Japan. The classificatory value of various characteristics of D. latum and the extent of variability of these characteristics in Canadian material are discussed.
PLASMA LIPIDS IN ACTIVELY IMMUNIZED RABBITS
Authors: Boyd Eldon M. , Orr J. H. , Reed G. B.
Published: April 2011

No statistically significant change was noted in the phospholipid and free cholesterol content of the plasma of 16 rabbits following a period of six weeks of active immunization against Streptococcus viridans as compared with 28 non-immunized controls.
LARVAL AND ADULT STAGES OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ANOMURA
Authors: Hart Josephine F. L.
Published: April 2011

The external morphology of the adult stage of four species of Anomura (hermit crabs), Upogebia pugettensis (Dana), Paguristes turgidus (Stimpson), Pagurus beringanus (Benedict) and Orthopagurus schmitti (Stevens) is compared and the larval stages described. Emphasis is placed on the value of larval stages in clarifying our understanding of the taxonomy and interrelationships of the group. This study seems especially important in the Anomura because of the modifications of the adults which fit them for so specialized a mode of existence. It seems probable that some of the similarities exhibited by them are due more to convergence, as a result of similar mode of life, than to close affinity. This is illustrated by the superficial similarity of the adults of Paguristes turgidus and Pagurus beringanus and the dissimilarity of their larvae, as contrasted with apparent differences between the adult Pagurus beringanus and Orthopagurus schmitti, whose larvae are alike. By a comparison of the least modified appendages (the mouth parts) of the adults, the same relationship becomes apparent as was suggested by a study of the larvae. It is therefore concluded that by a comparison of both the larval and adult phases a clearer understanding of the affinities of the species under consideration is obtained.
SPECIAL PROBLEMS CONNECTED WITH THE TAKE-OFF AND LANDING OF AIRCRAFT
Authors: Green J. J.
Published: April 2011

A theoretical analysis has been made of the effect of gradient, wind, and combinations thereof, on the take-off and landing of aeroplanes. Formulas and charts are given which permit the determination of the length of the ground run for any given conditions providing that the performance on a level surface in still air is known.The effect of wind and current on the take-off of seaplanes has also been investigated. Formulas and charts have been derived for the determination of take-off time and distance under any given conditions from a knowledge of the take-off speed, time, and distance in still air and still water. This analysis indicates that in the take-off of seaplanes the wind is in general of more importance than the current, and, in consequence, take-off should always be carried out upwind.
THE REMOVAL OF WALL DEPOSITS BY HIGH FREQUENCY DISCHARGES
Authors: Hay R. H.
Published: April 2011

When a high frequency discharge is maintained between external sleeve electrodes in a tube coated with a thin metallic film, the film is removed from some regions and deposited in others, to give patterns which vary with frequency, pressure, the nature of the gas carrying the discharge, the nature of the film, and the tube diameter. Frequencies of 3.0, 60, and 300 megacycles per sec. have been used with discharges in air, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen, at pressures ranging from 0.07 to 3.5 mm. of mercury and with coatings of silver and, in some cases, of sulphur. Tubes of 18 and 38 mm. outside diameter were used with a standard electrode spacing of 8 cm. and an electrode width of 1 cm.Evidence is given that the removal is of two types: (i) local, taking place underneath the electrodes; and (ii) general, occurring adjacent to the positive column of the discharge. The cause of both types is found in the bombardment by positive ions: the local, or electrode, effect varies inversely as the pressure and the frequency; the general removal is independent of frequency, but varies directly as the pressure and the gas ion mobility, and inversely as the radius of the tube.In interpreting the results, use is made of the hypothesis that the high frequency discharge is in effect two d-c. discharges with the electrodes as cathodes and the positive column as an effective anode. Verification has been found in the alteration of the positive column, the Faraday dark space, and the negative glow, with pressure variation and the variation of electrode spacing, and in the reaction of the negative glow to a transverse magnetic field.Deposition regions are identified with the intersection of the negative glow and the tube wall, but no satisfactory explanation is offered for the fine structure sometimes observed in such regions.
ACTION OF PHENYLMAGNESIUM BROMIDE ON ANTHRAQUINONES
Authors: Allen C. F. H. , McGibbon R. W.
Published: April 2011

This preliminary report of the action of phenylmagnesium bromide on anthraquinone contains the description of a procedure for avoiding the recovery of large amounts of unchanged quinone, with consequent increasing of the yield. Butyl ether is preferable to toluene for "forced" Grignard reactions.
THE CONVERSION OF FURFURYL ALCOHOL TO LEVULINIC ACID
Authors: Leger Frank , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

not available
THE HEATS OF ADSORPTION OF ALKALIS BY STANDARD CELLULOSE
Authors: Morrison J. L. , Campbell W. Boyd , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The heats of adsorption of aqueous sodium, potassium, and lithium hydroxides, and some salt solutions by cotton cellulose have been measured. The adsorption of alkali by cellulose seems to be ionic rather than molecular; more particularly, it appears to be closely related to the availability of the H+ ion from the very weakly acidic cellulose, and of the OH− ion from the electrolyte.
ANALYTICAL NOTES. I.
Authors: Davis C. W.
Published: April 2011

An organic selenide is decomposed with an oxidizing mixture containing an excess of halogen. Selenium is determined gravimetrically as the metal.The same oxidizing mixture is used for the decomposition of an organic mercury compound commonly used as a seed disinfectant.A method is described by means of which elements difficult to separate may be determined by using two analytical methods followed by simple algebraic calculation for the unknowns.Solid calcium acetate is used to retain the phosphorus on ignition of soybean oils.
LOBINALINE, AN ALKALOID FROM LOBELIA CARDINALIS L.
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

Lobelia cardinalis L. was found to contain essentially only one alkaloid, which has been named lobinaline. Its empirical formula probably is C28H38ON2, and this bears no obvious relation to the alkaloids of L. inflata. It does, however, yield benzoic acid on oxidation with alkaline permanganate, but only one mono-substituted benzene nucleus is present. Lobinaline mono-hydrochloride is virtually insoluble in cold water but dissolves readily in dilute acids.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE HYDROGEN-CHLORIDE-PROPYLENE REACTION IN THE REGION OF THE CRITICAL TEMPERATURE
Authors: Holder C. H. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The reaction between hydrogen chloride and propylene has been studied in the gaseous state above the critical temperature and in the liquid state just below the critical temperature. Pressures were used such that the density of the gaseous mixtures could be made as great as the density of the liquid mixture at some temperature.The rate of reaction above the critical temperature increases slowly with increasing pressure until a certain critical density is attained, after which the rate increases rapidly. In the liquid state the reaction has a positive temperature coefficient except for a 25° temperature range just below the critical temperature. In this region there is a rapid decrease in density of the medium with rise in temperature and a negative temperature coefficient occurs.The density of the liquid reactants at a number of temperatures just below the critical temperature (here defined as the temperature where the visible meniscus disappears) has been reproduced above the critical temperature for a small temperature range. The reaction velocity data obtained under these conditions show a minimum in passing through the critical temperature region.The above results have been interpreted on the basis of a "structure" characteristic of the liquid state which favors higher reaction velocity and which may exist above the critical temperature at sufficiently high densities.
STUDIES ON FOOT AND ROOT ROT OF WHEAT: V. THE RELATION OF PHOSPHORUS, POTASSIUM, NITROGEN, AND CALCIUM NUTRITION TO THE FOOT- AND ROOT-ROT DISEASE OF WHEAT CAUSED BY HELMINTHOSPORIUM SATIVUM P. K. & B.
Authors: Broadfoot W. C. , Tyner L. E.
Published: April 2011

The effect of different amounts of phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, and calcium upon the development of the foot-rot disease of wheat caused by Helminthosporium sativum P. K. & B. was studied in the greenhouse. The wheat grains were planted in sterilized pure quartz sand to which the necessary nutrients and spore suspension of the pathogen were added. The experiments were maintained under aseptic conditions during the first ten days. The disease increased when the ionic concentration of potassium, nitrogen, and calcium was decreased below that of the complete nutrient solution, but no significant reduction of the disease was observed when the concentrations of all of the elements, including phosphorus, were increased above those in the complete nutrient solution. Apparently extremely small concentrations of phosphorus had no effect on the disease one way or the other. These conclusions apply to the disease on the seedling stage of wheat.
THE TRANSFERENCE OF DURUM AND DICOCCUM CHARACTERS TO 21-CHROMOSOME WHEAT LINES BY CROSSING
Authors: Arnason T. J.
Published: April 2011

Hybrids between vulgare (n = 21) and emmer (n = 14) wheats were backcrossed to vulgare, and segregates having the vulgare chromosome number were studied with respect to their emmer characters. Eleven of the 24 characters used in a vulgare-durum cross and 6 of the 23 characters used in a vulgare-dicoccum cross appeared in emmer condition in hybrids. Most of the other characters differed from the vulgare form in a number of segregates. From a comparison of the results of this investigation and a previous one dealing with 14-chromosome segregates, it is concluded that the vulgare form of many characters is due to genes in the primary chromosome sets A and B, the vulgare form of many others to genes in both the primary sets and the secondary set C.