bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors related cough and associated medications
Authors: GÜVEN Alper Tuna , ÖZDEDE Murat
Published: January 2024

Introduction: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) are among the main anti-hypertensive medications. While they are generally well tolerated, dry cough is one of their important side effects, with a frequency of up to 10 percent. Medications that are associated with increased ACEi-related cough frequency are not well described. We wanted to evaluate medications that might have an effect on ACEi-related cough.

Methods: This study was designed as a post-hoc analysis of our previously published study. Patients who were on ACEi were identified, and demographics, comorbidities, laboratory data, and medications were retrieved via electronic medical records. Patients who reported cough and whose cough ceased after ACEi withdrawal were defined as having an "ACEi-related cough." Patients were grouped according to their ACEi-related cough presence.

Results: One hundred and twenty-one patients were included in the study, of whom 14 experienced ACEi-related coughs. All medications except for low-dose acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and calcium channel blockers (CCB) were similar between the groups. Low-dose ASA use was significantly higher among patients who experienced ACEi-related cough (50% vs. 16.8%, p = 0.04). On the other hand, CCB use was associated with lower ACEi-related cough (7.7% vs. 35.5%, p = 0.03). Medications other than ASA and CCB, demographics, comorbidities, and laboratory data were similar across the groups.

Discussion: ACEi-related cough risk is higher among patients on low-dose ASA and lower among patients on CCB. Further studies are needed to demonstrate if there is a “safe” acetylsalicylic acid dose that is not associated with ACEi-related cough.
Preparation and characterisation of Pd nanocatalyst supported on nickel mesh
Authors: Tomiczek B.
Published: January 2024

The primary aim of the publication is to show the possibility of the synthesis of palladium nanoparticles directly on the nickel molecular mesh. A combination of chemical and physicochemical methods was used.
INFARTO AGUDO DO MIOCARDIO EM EX-ATLETA PROFISSIONAL: RELATO DE CASO
Authors: Neves Marco Antonio Orsini , Tavares Thiago de Mello , De Lemos Gabriel Soares , Schinko Francisco Gomes Bonetto , Magnani Mirela Hoffmann , Nascimento Isabela de Oliveira , Malegarie Nazareno Miguel
Published: January 2024

Introdução: O Infarto agudo do miocárdio, ocorre quando o suprimento sanguíneo para uma parte do coração é interrompido, geralmente devido a uma obstrução nas artérias coronárias que fornecem sangue ao músculo cardíaco. O Infarto Agudo do Miocardio com elevação do segmento com supra de ST é caracterizado por uma elevação no eletrocardiograma que indica uma obstrução aguda das artérias coronárias e geralmente requer tratamento urgente. O Infarto Agudo do Miocardio sem supra de ST geralmente tem sintomas menos graves e pode ser tratado com medicamentos e, em alguns casos, cirurgia. Método: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa do tipo relato de caso. Relato de caso e discussão: Paciente deu entrada na urgência e emergência com história de estresse emocional, apresentando hemiparesia, sudorese, marcha ataxia e parética. Paciente praticante de esportes, dislipidêmico, sem fatores de risco, sem doenças ou medicamentos de uso contínuo, apresentando sintomas atípicos de Infarto Agudo do Miocardio, sem dor precordial ou dispneia. Foi levantado como hipóteses diagnósticas Infarto agudo do miocardio e acidente isquêmico transitório, constatando Infarto Agudo do miocárdio com supra desnivelamento de seguimento ST no eletrocardiograma, foi feito o diagnóstico e realizado a angioplastia. Conclusão: O infarto agudo do miocárdio é uma doença que pode se apresentar com diferentes sinais e sintomas, a má investigação e o diagnóstico tardio pode levar o paciente a óbito ou a prejuízo na qualidade de vida.
PROGRAMA MAIS MÉDICOS: HISTÓRIA, OBJETIVOS E ABRANGÊNCIA
Authors: Neves Marco Antonio Orsini , Tavares Thiago de Mello , De Lemos Gabriel Soares , Schinko Francisco Gomes Bonetto , Magnani Mirela Hoffmann , Nascimento Isabela de Oliveira , Malegarie Nazareno Miguel
Published: January 2024

Introdução: O Programa Mais Médicos foi criado em 2013 com o objetivo de garantir acesso à assistência médica básica para as populações mais vulneráveis do Brasil, principalmente nas regiões mais remotas e carentes do país. É uma iniciativa do Governo federal em parceria com as prefeituras municipais e visa fortalecer a atenção básica à saúde. Desde sua criação o programa tem sido uma importante ferramenta na redução das desigualdades no acesso à saúde e na melhoria da qualidade de vida das comunidades atendidas. Objetivo: Buscar informações sobre a história, objetivo e abrangência do programa. Afim de formar uma opinião sobre sua importância no cenário nacional. Métodos: Sendo uma revisão integrativa da literatura, de caráter exploratório e descritivo. Para o cruzamento de dados foram utilizados os descritores: Programa Mais Médicos, Atenção primária à saúde, sistema único de saúde. Resultados: Houve uma mudança significativa nos indicadores de saúde após a adesão do programa, diminuindo a escassez de médicos em áreas menos privilegiadas e melhorando a atenção primária. Porém, há muitos médicos estrangeiros adotando condutas que não condizem com protocolos utilizados no Brasil. Houve também melhora no acesso a saúde. Conclusão: Desde sua criação, o programa tem sido fundamental para a promoção da saúde e do acesso aos cuidados médicos em áreas carentes. Priorizando a atenção básica à saúde e o aumento da oferta de médicos nessas regiões, o programa contribuiu para a redução das desigualdades em saúde e para uma melhor qualidade de vida das populações atendidas. O acesso a saúde é um direito da população, e deve ser oferecido da melhor maneira, a necessidade de se ter um profissional, não pode estar acima da sua capacidade em cuidar da saúde da população.
PROSES PEMBUATAN TABUNG GAS 12 KG MENGGUNAKAN MATERIAL JIS-SG 255
Authors: Christofel Jarot Yudaputranto  , Supriyono Supriyono
Published: January 2024

A gas cylinder is a container in the shape of a tube and is used to store gas produced from oil refineries. The manufacturing process goes through various processes and the selection of strong materials to withstand the gas pressure in the cylinder. The main materials used in making the 12 kg gas cylinder are JIS SG 255 and SPHC. The 12 kg tube was designed with a tube height of 750 mm and a diameter of 280 mm. The SMAW welding process was carried out for the circumference and GMAW welding for the handguard and footring. To determine the area and volume of the weld on the 12 kg gas cylinder, area and volume calculations were carried out, so that it can be seen that the surface area of the 12 kg gas cylinder is 30.772 mm2, while the weld volume of the tube is known to be 115.395 cm3. Then, after welding the gas cylinder, proceed with annealing to restore the condition of the tube after welding with gradual heat temperatures, namely 200°C, 600°C and 200°C with a time of ± 14 minutes. Leak testing on tubes is carried out with two types of tests, namely hydrostatic tests and leak tests, hydrostatic tests on tubes use 31 bar water pressure with a quality of 50%, while for this leak test the tube is given air to find out whether the gas cylinder has a leak or not with a quality of 100 %.
PERANCANGAN APLIKASI PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA ASING YANG INTERAKTIF MENGGUNAKAN METODE MERN
Authors: Faris Mas’ud  , Nuryuliani
Published: January 2024

There are many ways to learn some foreign language. Some people are afraid to learn a foreign language because they are afraid of the high costs. This can be solved by using a website-based online chat application, which provides features for practicing foreign language conversations. The "Website-based Online Chat" application applies MERN stack technology (MongoDB, Express JS, React JS, Node JS). The design of this application aims to provide an interactive and effective foreign language learning experience. The "Online Chat" application allows users to interact directly via the chat feature in real time. The output of this research is a website-based Online Chat Application Prototype developed with MERN technology, which consists of components such as Mongo DB, Express JS, React, and Node JS. This application provides a feature for communicating via Online Chat in real time so that communication can be more efficient and ontime.
VARIOUS CONJUNCTIONS IN THE BOOK OF FLOATING IN SPACE BY NAELA ALI USING HALLIDAY AND HASAN THEORY
Authors: Wanda Anastania  , Chintia Handayani
Published: January 2024

In this study, we analyzed the various conjunctions that appear in Naera Ali's book Floating in Space. The purpose of the study is to find out the various of conjunctions and which ones are used most often in each conversation in the book. This study used qualitative methods. This study is based on the theory of Halliday and Hasan (1976). Types of conjunctions include additive, inverse, causal, and temporal. The researchers found that there were 192 conjunctions data for every conversation. The details are: 100 additive data, 41 adversarial data, 48 causal data, and 3 temporal data. The most commonly used conjunction is addition.
Analisis Kompetensi Tenaga Tata Usaha Untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Administrasi Sekolah Di SD Satit Phatnawitya Thailand
Authors: Nurhakiki  , Ramlah Siti
Published: January 2024

This study aims to describe the competence of administrative staff in improving the quality of education administration at Satit Phatnawitya Elementary School in Thailand. The type of this research is descriptive qualitative which describes and examines the real conditions of the object of research based on authentic data collected. The research subjects consisted of the principal, 2 administrative staff, 5 teachers and 3 students. Data collection techniques using observation, interviews and documentation. The results of this study indicate that: the competence of administrative staff at SD Satit Phatnawitya Thailand in carrying out their duties can be carried out properly.   Be it personal competence, social competence, and managerial competence. However, it still needs to be improved regarding technical competence, especially with regard to the efficiency of working time, this is because the quantity of administrative staff is still lacking. In addition, they also double as an educator (teacher) this is what causes the quality of performance to not be carried out optimally. As for the efforts made to improve the quality of education administration, they try to do excellent service by doing work outside working hours (overtime) to complete tasks. In addition, they also prioritise and establish good cooperation by filling each other's shortcomings between colleagues (administrative staff).
Politics of the Poverty Shock in Developing Countries
Authors: Osabu-Kle Daniel
Published: January 2024

The ancient Greeks conceived of development as an immanent and cyclical movement towards and from the fulfilment of a potential. It implied a natural and intransitive process within an entity which an agent cannot impose on an object. This view of development began to change when Europeans considered it their burden to civilize Africans after five hundred years of their enslavement of the same Africans. It ended in 1949 when President Truman’s ‘Point Four’ reinvented development as a transitive process that an agent can perform on an entity, and called for investment of the inexhaustible technical knowledge and capital available in the developed world in the underdeveloped area of the globe. Despite the invention of development to eradicate poverty, famine and endemic hunger constitute the plight of scores of millions of people in the world. This article supports the view that the architects and adherents of the invention of the development have so paid lip service to eradication of poverty that development has become a process for making the rich richer and the poor poorer. It discusses the political definition and measurement of poverty, the causes of poverty, the politics and strategies advanced for solving the poverty problem, and explains why development has failed to eradicate poverty in the third world. Instead of being eradicated, poverty has been politicized in both developed and developing countries with liberal democracy and the market ideology as part of the problem rather than part of the solution. The scenario is such that expecting the rich nations to help eradicate poverty in the third world is similar to expecting the blind to lead the blind, for even in the rich countries, liberal democracy and the market have failed to eradicate poverty.
Structural Adjustment Programmes and the Development of Low-Income Landlordism in Tanzania: The Case of Mbeya Municipality and Dar es Salaam City
Authors: Kiduanga Juma
Published: January 2024

The contribution made by SAPs to landlords was to create rented house properties, which were beneficial both to the landlords and tenants. In Dar es Salaam city and Urban Mbeya there has been an increase in housing stock as a result of rented houses built by landlords in the context of the programmes. The rented house properties contributed were used by the owners as productive assets and rented out to generate incomes, which were used to meet various socio-economic needs of the landlords. The tenants benefited from the rented houses contributed by having places to live and carry out their various socio-economic activities.

Despite all the above benefits the study found that while in Dar es Salaam 81% of 99 rented houses surveyed were incomplete in various physical structures and lacked electricity that of Urban Mbeya constituted 74% of 100 rented houses, an indication of poor conditions of many rented houses available in the neighbourhoods. The houses in Dar es Salaam in addition of being characterised by those two aspects water was also missing in many of them. Three factors accounted for the situation of poor condition of rented houses in the surveyed areas of Dar es Salaam and Urban Mbeya. First, the inability of government agencies responsible for issuing security of tenure to landlords on rented properties. Secondly, the problem of inadequate finance existed to the side of the landlords, a situation attributed to an erosion of their incomes. And thirdly, bureaucracy exercised by some of TANESCO officials.

SAPs had never acted as a force that made incomes of the landlords to be eroded. Instead the programmes created various opportunities for the landlords and tenants to tap them in order to generate incomes that could be used as financial resources for improving and building housing respectively. The opportunities facilitated by SAPs were skills development, micro finance enterprises/organisations development and development of pro-poverty reduction strategies. It was found that many households however never benefited from the opportunities created by the programmes due to factors like unreliable market, stiff conditions of loans imposed by the micro finance enterprises, lack of loan management skills existed among the households, lack of awareness among the households on the existence of micro finance enterprises in the neighbourhoods and failure of the pro-poverty reduction strategies to trickle down to the households.
Sustainability of Pastoral Livelihoods in Roadside Settlements in Tanzania: A Case of Vigwaza and Dakawa Villages
Authors: Mwamfupe Davis
Published: January 2024

Drawing from a sample of two roadside settlements in Tanzania, this paper examines the sustainability of pastoral livelihoods in these locations. It notes that in recent decades the centuries-old balance between pastoral systems and nature has become unviable due to gradual erosion of access to land and water. In addition, changes in lifestyles, coupled with the impact of education, economic pressure, environment and social interaction between pastoral and non-pastoral communities, have all contributed to the changes in the pastoral ways of life. In response to this, pastoralists are increasingly diversifying their livelihoods both within their traditional homelands and in distant areas. This diversification has necessitated changes in pastoralists’ settlement patterns. One such a change has been the migration into roadside settlements where, in addition to livestock-keeping, they also engage in non-pastoral activities. Findings reveal that migrant pastoralists have maintained their tendency to rebuild the livestock herds, and with increased number of livestock, environmental degradation, though at the moment localized, poses a threat to the sustainability of their livelihoods. Therefore, although pastoral livelihoods have been diversified, in the long run they are far from being sustainable. This is largely due to the threat that increased livestock pose to the environment, and some policy failures to address the problems of the pastoralists in general.
Differentials in Men’s Participation in Family Planning in Tanzania: A Case Study of Mbeya Region
Authors: Sichona Francis , Mbago Maurice
Published: January 2024

This paper investigates factors influencing men’s participation in family planning in Mbeya Region, Tanzania. Mbeya was selected for this study because it is one of the regions with high fertility and low contraceptive use in the country. Using field data collected from 568 married men aged between 15 and 59 years, the paper shows that men’s knowledge of contraceptives in Mbeya region was highest for male condoms and lowest for the diaphragm. The study also found that men’s current use of modern contraceptives is significantly associated with age, education, number of living children, and desired number of additional children. However, when the effect of these variables was tested through a logistic regression, only education and number of living children were found to be significant predictors of current use of modern contraceptives.
Post-Economic Liberalization Coping Strategies After Introduction of One Licence System in Tanzania: A Case of the Matengo Coffee Growers in Mbinga District
Authors: Mhando David , Itani Juichi
Published: January 2024

This paper examines coffee production in post-economic liberalisation in Mbinga District, Tanzania. It documents the coping strategies of the Matengo coffee growers after introduction of one licence in coffee marketing system in Tanzania in 2002. It gives a succinct history of coffee marketing as well as impact of the 2001 Coffee Industry Act. It explores how the coffee farmers sustained coffee production despite increasing costs of production and business malpractices of the Private Coffee Buyers (PCB). This paper is based on study conducted in Mbinga District. The sample size was 86 respondents who were selected randomly, as well as 20 members from two farmers groups. The study found out that production of high quality coffee, and proper timing of coffee marketing, are some of the strategies adopted by the Matengo coffee growers after introduction of one licensing system following the liberalization of coffee marketing system. The paper concludes that despite the odds of coffee cultivation after market liberalization, the Matengo coffee growers are used to the free market system, and have to a greater extent managed to adopt well the coping mechanisms to sustain coffee production.
Changes and Continuities in Local Articulations of Life, Illness and Healing in Rural Africa: A Case Study of the Iraqw of North-Central Tanzania
Authors: Lawi Yusufu
Published: January 2024

This article explores the ways in which rural communities in Tanzania perceived and articulated human life, illness, and death in the distant past, and the manner and extent to which such perceptions have changed in recent times. It uses a case study of the Iraqw ethnic community in the Mbulu-Hanang’ area to discern the manner in which rural people in the late pre-colonial and early colonial periods understood and elaborated on life in general, illness types and causality, and how healing comes about. Towards the end a brief analysis is made of the manner in which these traditional perceptions have been changing in recent years. The article concludes that the late 19th century Iraqw perceptions of life, illness, and death were based on a mix of rational and mystic ideas, which were themselves closely bound with concrete social relations obtaining in the community, and that the recent partial transformations in such perceptions are motivated by continuing changes in the local cultural context. A brief statement on the practical significance of these conclusions closes the discussion.
Factors Affecting Contraceptive Use Among Married Women in Chuadanga District, Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman Mizanur , Akter Shamima
Published: January 2024

The purpose of this study is to examine the socio-demographic determinants of contraceptive use among the married women in Chuadanga District, Bangladesh. A sample of 300 women comprising 200 from rural and 100 from urban was used. Some statistical tools such as cross tabulation, chi-square test statistic, and binary logistic regression model were used through SPSS-10, to assess the association between contraceptive use and demographic and socioeconomic variables, with special focus on contraceptive use behaviour of the married women. In our study, 88.0% of the respondents practice contraceptives, and the remaining 12.0% do not practice. Chi-square test statistics shows that respondent age at first marriage and couple’s educational qualification are the most important significant factors that are associated with the use of contraception. The second most significant factors include current age, parity, religion and watching TV. Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that among the included socio-demographic variables only four variables—i.e., age at first marriage, religion, both respondents’ and their spouses’ educational qualification—are statistically significant. From the cross tabulation and logistic regression analysis, we find that women with secondary and below level are more likely to use contraceptives than higher educated women. In case of husbands’ educational level, the reverse is true. Thus, the risk of contraceptive use is higher among low level educated younger women and lower age at marriage.
Control of Soil Erosion in Mzinga River Catchment In the Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania: Approaches and Practices
Authors: Mulengera M. K. , Lulandala L. L. L. , Maliondo S. M. , Maerere A. P. , Temu R. P. C. , Bengesi C. P. Msuya , Mvena Z. S. K.
Published: January 2024

Soil erosion is a serious problem in Tanzania that leads to land degradation and rapid siltation of water reservoirs and water supply structures. This paper presents findings from a project initiated in 2003/2004 to rehabilitate the Mzinga River Catchment. The objective of the project was to rehabilitate the highly degraded catchment in order to improve peoples’ economic well being by imparting knowledge of raising tree seedlings in nurseries, growing forest and fruit trees, practicing agroforestry, and by establishing mechanical conservation works. The catchment conservation approach adopted was land user free choice in collaboration with community conservation committee and other key stake holders. Soil erosion measurements were done on fields, fallow lands, and semi-natural vegetation areas to monitor land use practices that contribute greatly to catchment degradation. Sediment yield modelling was done to determine rates of sediment yields from the catchment. The study results show very high soil erosion rates (up to more than 33 tons/ha) on agricultural lands, and sediment yields from the Mzinga river catchment of about 17 tons/ha per year. The study showed that conservation activities need extension to overcome the bad historical experiences of the communities in the catchment area, and to have more farmers adopting appropriate soil conservation measures after demonstrated increased productivity and economic benefits that will be achieved through good land husbandry practices and planted forest and fruit trees.
Demographic and Macroeconomic Consequences of HIV/AIDS in Eritrea
Authors: Kidane Asmerom
Published: January 2024

This paper considers the demographic and macroeconomic consequences of HIV/AIDS in Eritrea. Since there has never been census in the country, this study compared two estimates—one by USBC and another by this author. The latter estimate took into consideration some particular episodes that may have impacted the size, age and gender distribution of the Eritrean population. The USBC population estimate and related demographic indicators do not appear to represent the true picture. The paper summarized a hypothesized relation between HIV/AIDS and demographic variables. This is followed by projecting mortality, fertility, population growth, along with expectation of life at birth in the absence and presence of HIV/AIDS. It appears the impact of the disease on the stated demographic variables are relatively minimal—the rates of change being less than 5%. On the other hand, the effect of HIV/AIDS on key macroeconomic variables—including aggregate saving, labour force and dependency ratio—appear to be considerable (more than 5%). In particular, aggregate saving may be reduced by as much as 36.4%.
Enhancing Financial Inclusion for Poverty Eradication: Which way for Tanzania?
Authors: Kilindo A. A. L.
Published: January 2024

Development of effective financial sector policies in relation to promoting poverty-reducing economic growth has been receiving increasing global focus, and the challenges are becoming more daunting. The form of financial sector development and the institutional characteristics of the banking sector matter a lot in supporting financial stability and security, and pro-poor patterns of growth. Financial inclusion is aimed at providing banking financial services to more people in a fair transparent and equitable manner, and at affordable cost. This paper assesses the extent of financial inclusion in Tanzania. It finds out that all financial exclusion elements prevail. In reality, large numbers of the population in urban and rural areas are not accessing banking facilities and financial exclusion is common. The study recommends that poverty reduction requires the strengthening of the financial sector in terms of efficiency and regulation, boosting domestic savings, enhancing the access to credit and provision of financial services to small and medium enterprise so as to meet needs of the poor both in the urban and rural areas.
An Analysis of Gender Based Participation In the Context of Participatory Development Approaches
Authors: Mhando D. G. , Nindi S. J. , Ganja S. K.
Published: January 2024

Bottom-up development approach has fostered greater emphasis on the current popularly accepted participatory methodologies as an important development strategy tool. Institutionalisation of participatory rural appraisal and, opportunities and obstacle to development methodology underscore the importance of participatory approaches. This paper analysed gender participation basing on the conflicting interests and differences in some of the projects executed through participatory development approaches. The study randomly interviewed a sample of 100 respondents from two villages. It used questionnaires, checklist and Harvard analytical framework for data collection. Results showed that about 53% of the respondents did not understand the meaning of participation and participatory approach; and women laboured most in community development projects. Socio-cultural, participatory tool application, economic, and nature of the project were the factors found to influence major variation in gender participation. The paper recommends that participatory methodology and gender analytical framework be formalised by PRA activists to facilitate local leaders and the entire community in defining gender attribute, socio-cultural and economic differences prior to project execution. Planners should ensure that capacities and capacitating strategies, in terms of skills and resources to participatory development practitioner, are given priority. Also, policies should stipulate gender analytical components as a must criterion for project approval.
The Impact of Extended Family on Household Poverty in Korogwe Township
Authors: Lyimo-Macha J. G. , Kaijage J. M.
Published: January 2024

The objectives of this study, which was carried in Korogwe township, was to examine major constraints facing household members living in an extended family, identify number of households with extended and nuclear families, determine the number of dependants in households in an extended family, establish the contribution of extended families to household income and compare economic status between extended and nuclear families. The study adopted a cross-sectional design, administering a structured questionnaire to both members living in an extended family and nuclear family. It drew a representative sample of 120 respondents from a population of households in three wards, and analysed the resulting data statistically using SPSS, doing statistical tests using chi-square to test for statistical association between households with extended and nuclear family. The results show that household poverty influence the existence of extended family as people from poor families shift to moderate or wealthier families for assistance, or frequently request remittances. The study recommends reinforcement of a social welfare policy that can cope with the existing situation of extended families. There is also a need for education among heads households, especially on capital provision remittances as a coping strategy to problems that require frequent support from relatives. Furthermore, there is need for appropriate strategies to empower those who are in active labour but are not employed, especially in urban areas where employment is a big problem.
Population Increase and Vulnerability to Disasters In the Informal Settlements of Mwanza City, Tanzania
Authors: Hambati Hambati
Published: January 2024

Urban population growth has demonstrated synergetic relationship with the growth of informal settlements and disasters. The increase in the number of people and their properties in informal settlements have accelerated the vulnerability of communities to disaster risks. This study employs Participatory Disaster Risk Assessment (PDRA) methodology to analyse vulnerability to disasters at household and community levels. Analysis and interpretation based on socio-economic and political ecology status of local community revealed that people living, and working in Mwanza city and their properties have been exposed to natural, human-made and human-induced hazards and disasters. The study revealed thatthesedisasters have threatened and destroyed the economies of poor households, both in terms of their frequency and severity of the damages.The study findings show that the future stability of Mwanza city ecosystem is on threat should the increased number of people and human activities on hazardous land persist. To improve quality of life and safety in the community prone to natural, human-made and human-induced disasters, there should be mitigation measures and strategies to reduce severity of disasters and to improve safety and security of people and their property. The study recommends that measures and strategies aimed at reducing disaster should address the whole set of issues leading to poverty and disparities within the community under the umbrella of neo-liberalism.
Determination of HIV/AIDS Risk Behavioural Factors Among University of Dodoma Students in Tanzania
Authors: Abbas Ismail , Akarro R. R. J.
Published: January 2024

This study was conducted among university students at the University of Dodoma, and sought to determine whether knowledge on HIV/AIDS, attitudes and beliefs can predict practices that causes HIV infections. A pre-designed questionnaire was administered in this cross-sectional study in a sample of 547 (539 students plus 8 lecturers). The data on responses of students to HIV/AIDS related knowledge, attitudes and beliefs were analyzed preliminarily using frequencies and cross tabulations. Ordinal Logistic Regression (OLR) was used in analyzing the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. The OLR for sex under the influence of alcohol (p<0.001) had significant contribution from gender, knowledge on transmission through sexual contact, beliefs about HIV/AIDS and attitudes toward VCT testing. The OLR for sex without condom (p<0.001) had significant contributions from gender and attitudes toward condom use. Knowledge on transmission through sexual contact, beliefs about HIV/AIDS, attitudes toward VCT testing, and condom use appeared to be common predictors of HIV/AIDS risk behavioural factors among students.
Patterns and Covariates of Age at First Birth In Botswana: Duration Analysis Approach
Authors: Kidane Asmerom , Bariagaber Hadgu
Published: January 2024

The paper considers the covariates of age at first birth in Botswana. It reviews the conceptual issues on the relation between age at first birth and fertility, and then summarizes the socio-economic and demographic situation of the country. The specific objective of the study was to see the relation between age at first birth and fertility. Once the relation was specified and estimated, it used Event History Analysis or Survival Function to determine the pattern of age at first birth, followed by estimating and comparing variation in survival function by the level of education, income and residence. Thereafter it applied the Cox Proportional hazard to see the effect of the three covariates together on the age at first birth. The findings show that there is a significant negative relation between age at first birth and fertility as measured by children ever-born (CEB). The overall conclusion suggests that delayed age at first birth as having a substantial impact on depressing fertility. From the study one is able to predict that if a mother’s age at first birth is increased by ten years, fertility as measured by children ever born will decrease by 12%, a significant reduction. This is likely to have positive impact on the welfare of mothers and children.
The Tragedy of the Commons and High Fertility, Social Mobility and Poverty in Tanzania Mainland
Authors: Maghimbi Sam
Published: January 2024

The demographic revolution reached Tanzania and other third world countries in an accelerated form. Pronatalists operate on grounds of an ahistorical demography and set aside this point because of ideology. They see no connection between high fertility and absolute poverty. Few scholars will now argue that in Sub-Saharan Africa rapid population growth is compatible with rapid economic growth. Even the Marxian argument that population growth will give rise to a multiplication of production units where capitalism is not developed in not tenable. Quite often the new units are lower in productivity and organization, and Malthusian types of hunger are common. Little vertical and intergenerational mobility in the Tanzanian society produced long-term fatalism, which is conducive to high fertility. It is argued that the tragedy of the commons in resources ownership, services and reproduction hinders social mobility and the evolution of a large middle class. The tragedy entrenches poverty and directly contributes to high fertility. Freedom in reproduction, like freedom in land use, brings ruin to all. It is shown that poor people have an idealistic view that they have the right to have many children, and these children have the right to education, health, land, etc., but what is missing in this idealistic view is an insistence that rights and responsibilities must go together. Asserting inalienable rights while ignoring or denying marching responsibilities brings ruin to all. Thus the paper concludes that that promoting a rapid evolution of a middle class may bring a more judicious balance between population and resources use.
Gauging the Potential for Integrating Paratransit Operators Into the Dar es Salaam BRT Feeder System through Own Capital
Authors: Mfinanga David
Published: January 2024

An efficient urban transport is very important in providing mobility to an increasing urban population and sustaining urban economic development. Public transport service in Dar es Salaam city is mostly provided by paratransit or small capacity buses (daladalas), whose service are poor with low comfort, security, safety and convenience. To alleviate the situation, the City is planning for a city Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system that will displace the existing paratransit operators from the earmarked corridors. This paper evaluates the potential for the paratransit operators to provide services in the less capital and specification demanding feeder system of the BRT. It is argued that paratransit owners, organised in companies or cooperatives, can raise enough capital to purchase the specified number of feeder buses by either contributing own money or selling their vehicles. It is concluded that there is a high potential for the existing paratransit operators to be integrated into the BRT feeder system through their own capital.
The Vulnerability of Urban Communities to Flood Hazards In Tanzania: A Case of Dar es Salaam City
Authors: Hambati Herbert
Published: January 2024

Losses from environmental flood hazards have escalated in the recent decades, prompting a reorientation of emergency management systems away from simple post-event response. The degree to which populations are vulnerable to flood hazards is not solely dependent upon proximity to the source of the threat or the physical nature of the hazard—social factors also play a significant role in determining vulnerability. This paper presents a participatory disaster risk method for assessing vulnerability in spatial terms using both physical and social indicators. It reveals that the most physically vulnerable places do not always spatially intersect with the most vulnerable populations. This is an important finding because it reflects the likely ‘social costs’ of hazards. While economic losses might be large in areas of high physical risk to floods, the resident population also may have greater safety nets (insurance, additional financial resources) to absorb and recover from the loss quickly. Conversely, it would take only a moderate hazard event to disrupt the well-being of the majority residents (who are more socially of vulnerable, but perhaps do not reside in the highest areas of physical risks to floods) and retard their longer-term recovery from disasters. This paper advances theoretical and conceptual understanding of the spatial dimensions of vulnerability. It further highlights the merger of conceptualizations of human-environment relationships with geographical techniques in understanding contemporary public policy issues.
The Influence of Healthcare Reforms on Patient-Health Provider Relationships in Chato and Muleba Districts, Tanzania
Authors: Kamugisha Gozibert
Published: January 2024

Previous studies on healthcare reforms in Tanzania reported that healthcare provision has improved significantly since the implementation of the ongoing healthcare reforms. However, the influence of the reforms on the nature of patient-health provider relationships has remained unclear. This paper uses data from a study conducted in Chato and Muleba districts to reveal the nature of the relationships and their determinants. Survey questionnaires (390) were administered to healthcare users selected from catchment areas of four health facilities by using systematic random sampling. The study findings indicate that patient-health provider relationships in the study areas are largely paternalistic in both public and private health facilities, but the level of paternalism is significantly higher in the former. Patients under exemption and waiver modes of access to healthcare significantly face more paternalism than their counterparts under user fees and healthcare insurance. A patient experiences mutual or paternalistic patient-health provider relationship depending on one’s mode of access to healthcare, the level of education, and the type of health facility one attends. Mechanisms need to be devised within the framework of the current healthcare reforms to improve patient-health provider relationships as it is an important aspect in healthcare provision.
Can’t a Girl Have it All? Interrogating Gender Paradigms in Ama Ata Aidoo’s The Girl Who Can and Other Stories
Authors: Silkiluwasha Mpale
Published: January 2024

This article seeks to explore Ama Ata Aidoo’s (2002) work for the purpose of interrogating how African feminists and/or women writers represent challenges facing African women, as well as suggested or implied solutions to their problems. The analysis interprets the stories ‘Lice’, ‘Comparisons’, ‘The Girl Who Can’, and ‘Heavy Moments’ in an attempt to identify elements of women’s oppression under patriarchy rule, and to what extent women can challenge that system. Although some female characters in these stories have proved to challenge the system and subverted men’s hierarchy, the underlying implications as to what a woman ought to do to overcome the oppression leaves a lot to be desired. The article attempts to disentangle Aidoo's narratives, and in the process of disentangling it demonstrates newly established feminist constructs that ought to be subverted.
Community Disaster Risk Assessment in Arusha City, Tanzania
Authors: Hambati Herbert
Published: January 2024

Urban population growth has demonstrated synergetic relationship with the growth of informal settlements and disasters, especially in developing countries. The increase in the density of people in informal settlements in Tanzania has accelerated theirvulnerability to disaster risks. This study employs Community Participatory Disaster Risk and Vulnerability Assessment (PDRVA) to analyse vulnerability to disasters in informal settlements in Arusha city, Tanzania. The results show that a plethora offactors—human, physical, social, and economic—interact in a complex non-linear way to shape vulnerability to disasters in informal settlements in the city. Indigenous and western knowledge in the settlements used to cope with environmental hazards hold a great potential in shifting community responses to long-term considerations. The study recommends that measures and strategies aimed at reducing disaster risks should address the whole set of issues leading to poverty and disparities within thecommunity.
The Roles of Strategic Planning in Performance Improvement in Tanzania’s Public Organizations
Authors: Kanju Shafii
Published: January 2024

Strategic planning was initially used by private organizations to improve their competitive advantage in the market and achieve major improvements in efficiency. It is considered as an essential managerial activity that enables a firm to align itself withanticipated environmental changes. In Tanzania, there has been an increased use of strategic planning as it is compulsory for public organizations. However, it is uncertain whether strategic planning is viable for performance improvement. This paper examines strategic planning in Tanzania’s public organizations. Using the University of Dar es Salaam as a case study, it seeks to attest the extent to which strategic planning is effective in public organizations. It employs qualitative analysis, and uses documentary review and elite interviews as sources of data. The major finding shows that strategic planning can be feasible in public organizations. However reliable availability of financial resources is the biggest challenge in making strategic plans to work. Basing on the study findings, the paper concludes that strategic planning is a viable path to performance improvement as it helped the university to improve performance in its core mandate. The paper recommends for disbursement of enough funds, and the university to diversify sources to ensure financial sustainability.
Education Policy and Returns to Schooling
Authors: Kahyarara Godius
Published: January 2024

This paper uses micro data from Tanzanian manufacturing firms to examine the influence of education policy on returns to schooling. The question stems from the fact that over time education systems and policies are likely to change, hence workers who attended the same level of schooling in different years are likely to display differences in returns to schooling. The paper contributes knowledge in the empirical estimation of returns to schooling where instrumental variables are usually individual characteristics such as parental background or education background. In this paper, education policy differences that affect school attendants differently are used as instruments instead. There are views that education policy is non-exogenous, and hence cannot be instrumental in endogenous schools. In this paper an attempt is made to see the extent to which this view can hold in our empirical estimations. This paper has the advantage of making use of panel data to directly estimate the effect of education policy on earnings, while controlling for schooling. The resulting estimates of the study strongly support that returns to education have changed over time. The results based on years of schooling also support this finding, but when we control for firm fixed effects, they lose their statistical significance.
Factors Facilitating the Uptake of Post-Abortion Care Services in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Mcharo Evaline
Published: January 2024

Unsafe abortion is associated with health complications which contribute to the global burden of maternal mortality. Post-abortion care is then promoted as a key strategy for addressing complications associated with unsafe, induced and spontaneous abortion. Prompt utilization of post abortion care (PAC) services has high chances of reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with abortion complications. This article employs data from a cross-sectional study in Temeke District in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, involving 103 women who sought PAC services from health facilities. Qualitative and quantitative approaches were applied in the collection and analysis of data. Random sampling was used to select the facilities, while the respondents were recruited through criterion sampling. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to women who utilized PAC services when they were about to exit health facilities. A descriptive thematic analysis approach was employed to analyse qualitative information, while descriptive statistics and univariate approaches were used to analyse quantitative data. The findings revealed that the availability of PAC services in the study facilities, sharing of information about one’s health status, ability to cater for transport and treatment costs, privacy and less waiting time, as well as availability and reliability of transport for emergency cases were the main factors that facilitated the uptake of PAC services. Also, the findings suggest that in areas where abortion is stigmatized and legally restricted, utilization of PAC services can be enhanced if such services are openly available and affordable. Moreover, privacy and less waiting time may further guarantee the uptake of PAC services. Likewise, there is a need to raise awareness about PAC and the availability of PAC services in Tanzania. Also, efforts should be made to ensure that privacy is maintained throughout the delivery of care to enhance the utilization of PAC services.