bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Institutional Safeguards for Cost Benefit Analysis: Lessons from the Chilean National Investment System
Authors: Gómez-Lobo Andrés
Published: March 2012

This paper discusses some institutional and procedural designs that can strengthen CBA as a decision making tool within the public sector. Our discussion is based on Chile's National Public Investment System (SNI) the earliest and most consolidated investment appraisal system in Latin America. The objective of Chile's SNI is to provide a coherent framework for identifying, coordinating, evaluating and implementing public investments. Chile's SNI has several interesting institutional characteristics. For example, it standardizes project presentation formats, establishes explicit application and evaluation processes for public funds, provides general as well as sector specific methodological guidelines for CBA of projects and programs, and introduces a system of “checks and balances” by separating the institution that evaluates projects from the institutions promoting projects. Besides describing the system and highlighting the features we believe strengthen the use of project appraisal as a decision making tool. The paper also presents data on the number of projects appraised by sector, the overall results of appraisals and other administrative data, as well as a summary of ex-post studies for a sample of road, rural electricity, education and health projects. Unfortunately, the limited data available and the lack of a proper counterfactual scenario do not allow for strong conclusions to be made regarding the performance of the system. However, the data presented serves as an illustration of the Chilean system and it may be of value to researches in this field as well as to policymakers in other countries wishing to improve their public investment systems.
Skills of the Trade: The Tufts Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry
Authors: Thorat Teja , Cangelosi Michael , Neumann Peter J.
Published: March 2012

The Tufts Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) Registry (www.cearegistry.org) is a publicly available comprehensive database of cost-utility analyses of health interventions published in the peer-reviewed medical and public health literature. This article discusses the database structure, methodology of data extraction, current trends in cost-utility analyses and impact of the Registry.
General productivity: How become waxed and wax became a copula
Authors: Petré, Peter
Published: March 2012

This article provides an analysis—within the framework of Radical Construction Grammar—of how become developed into a copula ‘become’ out of an original sense ‘arrive’, and wax, originally ‘grow’, also came to be used as a copula ‘become’. Importantly, it explains why these verbs successfully became fully productive copulas in a very short period of time. It is argued that this happened after a pre-copular stage had reached a cognitive threshold value. The occurrence of this threshold is related to the fact that the copular constructions featuring become and wax were not the end result of a single diachronic lineage of constructions (i.e. one construction developed out of another one, one at a time). Instead, the copularization of these verbs was the result of an interaction between lineages of constructions, belonging to two groups: (i) constructions involving become or wax, which gradually changed and interacted with each other; (ii) constructions involving already existing copulas, notably weorđan ‘become’, which provided a generally productive analog upon which the newly emerging copulas could graft. Generally, the article calls attention to the importance of multiple source constructions and thresholds in understanding grammaticalization processes and productivity.
The tempered spectrum of quasi-split classical groups III:
The odd orthogonal groups
Authors: Goldberg David , Shahidi Freydoon
Published: March 2012

We study the tempered spectrum of special orthogonal groups of odd degree over p-adic fields of characteristic zero. Residues of intertwining operators for representations parabolically induced from arbitrary maximal parabolic subgroups are determined in terms of non-vanishing of weighted sums of twisted orbital integrals. This is connected with the theory of twisted endoscopy, and poles of the Langlands L-functions, in particular, with the Rankin product L-function between irreducible (generic) supercuspidal representations of the classical group SO2m+1(F) and those of GLk(F). These poles are described for, any m and k, explicitly in terms of twisted endoscopy. Moreover, we show these poles describe precisely when a supercuspidal representation of GLk(F) is the local component of the transfer from a special odd orthogonal group.
On the existence of semifields of order q
8 admitting elementary abelian groups of order 8
Authors: Al-Ali Bani Ata Mashhour I. , Al-Shemas Eman
Published: March 2012

The aim of this paper is to show that there is no semifield of order
q
8, q an odd prime, over 𝔽
q
, which admits an elementary
abelian 2-group E ≅ 23 of automorphisms.
Weighted norm
inequalities for multilinear Calderón–Zygmund operators
on non-homogeneous metric measure spaces
Authors: Hu Guoen , Meng Yan , Yang Dachun
Published: March 2012

Let

(
𝒳
,
d
,
μ
)

$({\mathcal {X}},d,\mu )$

be a metric measure
space and satisfy the so-called upper doubling condition and the
geometrically doubling condition. Under this assumption,
the authors establish some weighted norm inequalities for the multilinear
Calderón–Zygmund operators via first obtaining some weighted estimates involving
the John–Strömberg maximal operators and the John–Strömberg sharp maximal operators.
Bloch–Kato pro-p groups and locally powerful groups
Authors: Quadrelli Claudio
Published: March 2012

A Bloch–Kato pro-p group G is a pro-p group with the property
that the

𝔽
p

$\mathbb {F}_p$

-cohomology ring of every closed subgroup of G is quadratic. It is shown that either such a pro-p group G contains no closed free pro-p groups of infinite rank,
or there exists an orientation

θ
:
G
→

ℤ
p
×

$\theta \colon G\rightarrow \mathbb {Z}_p^\times $

such that G is θ-abelian.
In case that G is also finitely generated, this implies that
G is powerful, p-adic analytic with

d
(
G
)
=
cd
(
G
)

$d(G)=\operatorname{cd}(G)$

, and
its

𝔽
p

$\mathbb {F}_p$

-cohomology ring is an exterior algebra. These results will be obtained by studying locally powerful groups. There are certain Galois-theoretical implications,
since Bloch–Kato pro-p groups arise naturally as maximal pro-p quotients
and pro-p Sylow subgroups of absolute Galois groups. Finally, we study certain closure operations of the class of Bloch–Kato pro-p groups,
connected with the Elementary Type Conjecture.
On seven-dimensional quaternionic contact solvable Lie groups
Authors: Conti Diego , Fernández Marisa , Santisteban José A.
Published: March 2012

We answer in the affirmative a question posed by Ivanov
and Vassilev on the existence of a seven-dimensional
quaternionic contact manifold
with closed fundamental 4-form and non-vanishing
torsion endomorphism.
Moreover, we
show an approach to the classification of seven-dimensional solvable Lie groups having an integrable left invariant
quaternionic contact
structure. In particular, we prove that the
unique seven-dimensional nilpotent Lie group admitting such a structure
is the quaternionic Heisenberg group.
Primitive ideals in quantum Schubert cells: Dimension of the strata
Authors: Bell Jason , Casteels Karel , Launois Stéphane
Published: March 2012

The aim of this paper is to study the representation theory of quantum Schubert cells. Let

𝔤

$\mathfrak {g}$

be a simple complex Lie algebra. To each element w of the Weyl group W of

𝔤

$\mathfrak {g}$

, De Concini, Kac and Procesi have attached a subalgebra

U
q

[
w
]

$U_q[w]$

of the quantised enveloping algebra

U
q

(
𝔤
)

$U_q(\mathfrak {g})$

. Recently, Yakimov showed that these algebras can be interpreted as the (quantum) Schubert cells on quantum flag manifolds. In this paper, we study the primitive ideals of

U
q

[
w
]

$U_q[w]$

. More precisely, it follows from the Stratification Theorem of Goodearl and Letzter, and from recent works of Mériaux–Cauchon and Yakimov, that the primitive spectrum of

U
q

[
w
]

$U_q[w]$

admits a stratification indexed by those elements

v
∈
W

$v \in W$

with

v
≤
w

$v \le w$

in the Bruhat order. Moreover each stratum is homeomorphic to the spectrum of maximal ideals of a torus. The main result of this paper gives an explicit formula for the dimension of the stratum associated to a pair

v
≤
w

$v \le w$

.
On Lp
resolvent estimates for Laplace–Beltrami operators on compact manifolds
Authors: Dos Santos Ferreira David , Kenig Carlos E. , Salo Mikko
Published: March 2012

In this article we prove Lp
estimates for resolvents of Laplace–Beltrami operators on compact Riemannian manifolds, generalizing results of Kenig, Ruiz and Sogge (1987) in the Euclidean case and Shen (2001) for the torus. We follow Sogge (1988) and construct Hadamard's parametrix, then use classical boundedness results on integral operators with oscillatory kernels related to the Carleson and Sjölin condition. Our initial motivation was to obtain Lp
Carleman estimates with limiting Carleman weights generalizing those of Jerison and Kenig (1985); we illustrate the pertinence of Lp
resolvent
estimates by showing the relation with Carleman estimates. Such estimates are useful in the construction of complex
geometrical optics solutions to the Schrödinger equation with unbounded potentials, an essential device for solving
anisotropic inverse problems.
Effect of Gap Position in Broken V-rib Roughness Combined with Staggered Rib on Thermohydraulic Performance of Solar Air Heater
Authors: Patil Anil K. , Saini J. S. , Kumar K.
Published: March 2012

Application of artificial roughness on underside of absorber surface has been found to be effective technique to improve thermo hydraulic performance of solar air heaters. In progression to the previous researches, the present study discloses the effect of broken V-rib roughness combined with staggered ribs on heat transfer and friction in a flow through artificially roughened solar air heater duct. The experimentations were performed to collect the data on heat transfer and friction by varying the Reynolds number (Re) between 3000 and 17,000, relative gap position (
Synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of new heterocyclic system: [1,2,4]triazolo[3′,4′:6,1]pyridazino[4,3-e][1,3,4]thiadiazine
Authors: Rahimizadeh Mohammad , Shiri Ali , Ranaei Mahsa , Bakavoli Mehdi
Published: March 2012

A series of 1,2,4-triazolo[3′,4′:6,1]pyridazino[4,3-e][1,3,4]thiadiazines have been synthesized by intermolecular cycli­zation of a hydrazide derivative with various triethyl ortho­esters. The antibacterial activity of various derivatives of this new heterocyclic system was evaluated.
Maximum GCD Among Pairs of Random Integers
Authors: Darling R. W. R. , Pyle E. E.
Published: March 2012

Fix
Values of the Euler and Carmichael Functions which are Sums of Three Squares
Authors: Pollack Paul
Published: March 2012

Let
Note on the Diophantine Equation Xt + Yt = BZt
Authors: Dupuy Benjamin
Published: March 2012

In this paper, we consider the diophantine equation
The (Exponential) Bipartitional Polynomials and Polynomial Sequences of Trinomial Type: Part I
Authors: Mihoubi Miloud , Belbachir Hacène
Published: March 2012

The aim of this paper is to investigate and present the general properties of the (exponential) bipartitional polynomials. After establishing relations between bipartitional polynomials and polynomial sequences of binomial and trinomial type, a number of identities are deduced.
Partition of an Integer into Distinct Bounded Parts, Identities and Bounds
Authors: Bidar Mohammadreza
Published: March 2012

The partition function
Number of Permutations with Prescribed Up-Down Structure as a Function of Two Variables
Authors: Shevelev Vladimir
Published: March 2012

We consider the number of permutations with prescribed up-down structure as a function of two arguments: the number
On the Maximal Cross Number of Unique Factorization Zero-Sum Sequences over a Finite Abelian Group
Authors: Gao Weidong , Wang Linlin
Published: March 2012

Let

denote the cross number of

We determine
A note on a result of Skiba
Authors: Li Changwen
Published: March 2012

Let
Some skew linear groups with Engel's condition
Authors: Ramezan-Nassab Mojtaba , Kiani Dariush
Published: March 2012

Let
Inverse problem of determining absorption coefficient in the wave equation by BC method
Authors: Pestov Leonid
Published: March 2012

We consider the inverse multidimensional problem for wave equation with
unknown variable speed and absorption. A linear procedure based on the BC
method for absorption reconstruction is proposed. The speed stays unknown.
Der Tatbestand des Verbots wettbewerbsbeschränkender Vereinbarungen
Authors: Mohr Jochen , König Carsten
Published: March 2012

Das Wettbewerbsrecht (»Kartellrecht«) gehört aufgrund seiner ökonomischen Bezüge zu den schwierigsten universitären Schwerpunktbereichen. Seit dem Beitrag von Andreas Heinemann in der JURA 2003 (S. 649 ff., 721 ff.) haben sich im deutschen und europäischen Wettbewerbsrecht tiefgreifende Veränderungen ergeben. Aufgrund der großen Bedeutung des »Kartellverbots« für das Verständnis des deutschen und europäischen Wirtschaftsrechts führt der vorliegende Beitrag in zwei Teilen systematisch in dessen wesentliche Inhalte ein. Teil 1 behandelt im Folgenden den Tatbestand des Verbots wettbewerbsbeschränkender Vereinbarungen gem. Art. 101 Abs. 1 AEUV, � 1 GWB. Teil 2, der in einem der nächsten Hefte erscheint, bezieht sich sodann auf die Rechtfertigung tatbestandlicher Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen gem. Art. 101 Abs. 3 AEUV, � 2 GWB, die Rechtsfolgen von Verstö�en gegen das Kartellverbot sowie dessen Verhältnis zum Missbrauchsverbot und zur Fusionskontrolle.
Die Begründetheit des Organstreits vor dem Bundesverfassungsgericht in der Fallbearbeitung
Authors: Fuerst Anna-Miria , Steffahn Volker
Published: March 2012

Ziel des Beitrags ist es, Klausurbearbeitern allgemeine Leitlinien für den Aufbau der Begründetheitsprüfung eines verfassungsrechtlichen Organstreits an die Hand zu geben. Erfahrungsgemäß bereitet diese Schwierigkeiten, nicht zuletzt weil im Unterricht und didaktischen Schrifttum vor allem die Zulässigkeitsprüfung strukturiert behandelt wird. Zudem hat der Organstreit – anders als beispielsweise die verfassungsrechtliche Normenkontrolle – keine einheitliche Handlungsform der öffentlichen Gewalt zum Gegenstand, an dem sich die Prüfung der Begründetheit orientieren kann, sondern ist als Streit um die Reichweite ganz unterschiedlicher verfassungsrechtlicher Kompetenzen ausgestaltet. Dennoch ist eine Grundstruktur als Ausgangspunkt möglich. Im Übrigen bietet sich eine Strukturierung nach Fallgruppen an.
Der Begriff der »Urkunde« im Strafgesetzbuch
Authors: Satzger Helmut
Published: March 2012

Das StGB enthält eine Reihe von – gerade auch für das Studium
wichtigen – Delikten, deren Tatobjekt eine »Urkunde«
ist. Neben den zentralen Vorschriften der Urkundenfälschung (§ 267 I StGB) und der Urkundenunterdrückung (§ 274 I Nr. 1 StGB) knüpfen mit §§ 271 I, 348 I StGB (mittelbare Falschbeurkundung/Falschbeurkundung im Amt) und
§ 269 I StGB (Fälschung beweiserheblicher Tatsachen) auch weniger geläufige Straftatbestände an den Urkundenbegriff an. Jedem Studierenden müssen die Definition der Urkunde und die damit verbundenen Probleme bekannt sein, um sicher unter diesen eher technischen und nicht aus sich selbst heraus erschließbaren Begriff subsumieren zu können. Wichtig ist darüber hinaus die Kenntnis bestimmter Sonderformen der Urkunde sowie die fast schon »klassische« – und klausurträchtige – Diskussion um die Einordnung von Kopie und Fax.
Die Vorkaufsrechte des BGB
Authors: Schreiber Klaus
Published: March 2012

Die Vorkaufsrechte werden im Studium und in der Examensvorbereitung oftmals nur stiefmütterlich behandelt. Sie eignen sich jedoch gut, um bei den Studierenden weithin bekannte Materien – wie Probleme aus dem Allgemeinen Teil des BGB oder aus dem Kaufrecht – anhand ungewöhnlicher Fallgestaltungen abzufragen. Daher werden im folgenden
Beitrag die Vorkaufsrechte des BGB dargestellt. Zunächst werden die allgemeinen Grundsätze erörtert (I.), bevor auf die rechtsgeschäftlich begründeten Vorkaufsrechte schuldrechtlicher und dinglicher Natur eingegangen wird (II.). Abschließend werden die Besonderheiten der gesetzlich begründeten Vorkaufsrechte aufgezeigt (III.).
Ausnahme von der Patentierbarkeit bei Verwendung menschlicher Embryonen
Authors: Uhrich Ralf
Published: March 2012

Das Patentrecht gehört wohl für die wenigsten Studenten zum Curriculum ihrer juristischen Ausbildung. Die äu�erst reizvolle Verzahnung von juristischen und technischen Fragestellungen wirkt für viele auf den ersten Blick abschreckend. Zu Unrecht! Vor diesem Hintergrund erläutert der
vorliegende Beitrag eine im Patentrecht viel diskutierte Fragestellung aus dem Bereich der Biotechnologie. Neben einer
aktuellen Entscheidung des EuGH werden außerdem damit im Zusammenhang stehende Grundzüge des Patent- und des Patentverfahrensrechts vermittelt. Aus didaktischen Gründen erfolgt die Einkleidung in eine Falllösung.
Übungsklausur ÖR Umweltrechtliche Verbandsklage und Bodenschutz
Authors: Jungbluth David
Published: March 2012

Der Fall behandelt klassische Probleme des Verwaltungs-, Verwaltungsprozess- und Gefahrenabwehrechts in einem den Studenten weniger vertrauten Terrain. Anhand einer umweltrechtlichen Verbandsklage werden aktuelle Fragen aus dem Bereich des Umweltrechts, insbesondere des Bodenschutzes, erörtert. Abgrenzungsprobleme zwischen verschiedenen Umweltfachgesetzen sowie dem Umweltschadensgesetz stehen hierbei im Mittelpunkt. Zudem werden bekannte Problematiken, wie der behördliche Ermessensspielraum oder die Störerauswahl, unter der Prämisse umweltrechtlicher Vorgaben aus dem Umweltschadensgesetz, welches der Umsetzung europäischer Richtlinien dient, untersucht.
Recht und Zeit – Zur Endlichkeit der Geltungsdauer und »Überlagerung« von Gesetzen
Authors: Hoffmann Jan
Published: March 2012

Am Anfang der juristischen Ausbildung im Öffentlichen
Recht steht regelmäßig die Frage, ob ein Gesetz (wirksam)
zustande gekommen – also »gesetzt« worden – ist. Nur, wenn
eine Rechtsnorm vorhanden ist, können daraus Rechtsfolgen
abgeleitet werden. Einmal geschaffenes (positives) Recht gilt
aber nicht unendlich. Denn Recht wird für bestimmte Rahmenbedingungen
gesetzt; es »steht ständig im Kontext der
sozialen Verhältnisse und gesellschaftlich-politischen Anschauungen
«, wie das BVerfG in seiner berühmten Soraya-
Entscheidung betont hat. Ändern sich die Rahmenbedingungen,
stellt sich die Frage, ob und wie das einmal
geschaffene Recht unwirksam werden kann. Die hier vorgenommene
Darstellung basiert auf rechtspositiver Sicht,
versucht aber die Brücke zum Naturrecht aufzuzeigen.
Die aktuelle Entscheidung Handeln unter fremdem Namen und Rechtsscheinhaftung bei Nutzung eines fremden eBay-Accounts
Authors: Linardatos Dimitrios
Published: March 2012

Jüngst hat sich der BGH mit der Frage beschäftigt, ob eine
unsorgfältige Aufbewahrung der Zugangsdaten zu einem
eBay-Mitgliedskonto eine vertragliche Haftung des Kontoinhabers
nach sich ziehen kann. Im Mittelpunkt stand dabei
die Frage, ob die Grundsätze zur Anscheinsvollmacht greifen.
Der BGH bekräftigt dabei die Fortgeltung der tradierten
Tatbestandsvoraussetzungen zur Anscheinsvollmacht im Internetverkehr,
scheint aber den Weg einer korrigierenden Auslegung
bei Onlinediensten mit hohen Sicherheitsstandards
offen zu lassen. Der Beitrag macht demgegenüber auf die
Besonderheiten des Rechtsinstituts »Handeln unter fremdem
Namen« aufmerksam und steht einer Anwendung der
Anscheinsvollmacht mit Blick auf die Wertungen des § 172
BGB kritisch gegenüber.
Rechtsfolgen wirtschaftlich für Auftraggeber vorteilhafter unwirksamer Vergütungsvereinbarungen mit Rechtsanwälten
Authors: Foerster Max
Published: March 2012

Genügt eine Vergütungsvereinbarung nicht den Anforderungen der §§ 3 a Abs. 1 S. 1, 2 oder 4 a Abs. 1, 2 RVG, kann der Rechtsanwalt gemäß § 4 b RVG eine höhere als die gesetzliche Vergütung nicht
fordern. Diese vom Gesetzgeber selbst als unvollständige Regelung angesehene Norm lässt offen, wie in Fällen zu verfahren ist, in denen unwirksame Honorarvereinbarungen gegenüber dem gesetzlichen Gebührenanspruch des Rechtsanwaltes für Auftraggeber wirtschaftlich vorteilhaft wären.
Probleme des Prozessbetrugs
Authors: Krell Paul
Published: March 2012

Vor den Zivilgerichten wird mit harten Bandagen gekämpft. Für ein obsiegendes Urteil gehen die Parteien dabei bis an die Grenzen des Zulässigen – und oft darüber hinaus. So erfährt jeder Jurist spätestens in seiner Referendarzeit, dass Kläger und Beklagter zumeist zwei völlig verschiedene Sachverhalte schildern. Nicht selten wandert die Zivilakte daher anschließend weiter zur Staatsanwaltschaft, die das Zivilverfahren dann unter strafrechtlichen Gesichtspunkten aufzuarbeiten hat – was nicht immer leicht fällt.
Probing nanoscale behavior of magnetic materials with soft X-ray spectromicroscopy
Authors: Fischer Peter , Fadley Charles S.
Published: March 2012

The magnetic properties of matter continue to be a vibrant research area driven both by scientific curiosity to unravel the basic physical processes which govern magnetism and the vast and diverse utilization of magnetic materials in current and future devices, e.g., in information and sensor technologies. Relevant length and time scales approach fundamental limits of magnetism and with state-of-the-art synthesis approaches we are able to create and tailor unprecedented properties. Novel analytical tools are required to match these advances and soft X-ray probes are among the most promising ones. Strong and element-specific magnetic X-ray dichroism effects as well as the nanometer wavelength of photons and the availability of fsec short and intense X-ray pulses at upcoming X-ray sources enable unique experimental opportunities for the study of magnetic behavior. This article provides an overview of recent achievements and future perspectives in magnetic soft X-ray spectromicroscopies which permit us to gain spatially resolved insight into the ultrafast spin dynamics and the magnetic properties of buried interfaces of advanced magnetic nanostructures.
Re-thinking the role of intellectual property in nano-strategy
Authors: Giordani Sara
Published: March 2012

In two past studies we observed and analyzed a group of European new and adolescent ventures, looking in particular at how they were about exploiting nanotechnology-based business opportunities, what was the role of intellectual property rights (IPRs), mainly patents, in those strategies, what was the link between patent filings in nanotechnology and exploitation patterns in the market. We formulated hypotheses and proposed an interpretative model of the strategic decisions and business choices. After a couple of years we took the opportunity to revisit some of the hypotheses and outcomes of the proposed interpretative model. If the overall framework of analysis is still, at least partly, applicable to the current situation, new trends emerge, which involve: the creation of extended portfolios of IPRs and intangible assets, which are both technology and marketing related, the entry of strategic investors and the new role of the financial and funding instruments, and the emergence of new types of consolidation patterns which are rooted in the net of strategic partnerships, collaborations and new forms of alliances in the supply chain and in the market.
Facilitating teachers’ development of nanoscale science, engineering, and technology content knowledge
Authors: Bryan Lynn A. , Sederberg David , Daly Shanna , Sears David , Giordano Nicholas
Published: March 2012

As nanoscale science, engineering, and technology (NSET) becomes more integrated into precollege science curricula, it is crucial for teachers to develop coherent understandings of science principles (e.g., the structure of matter, size and scale, forces and interactions, and size-dependent properties) that allow them to coordinate these understandings from the macro- to the nanoscale. Furthermore, as teachers acquire new NSET content knowledge through professional learning opportunities, it is incumbent upon NSET educators to understand their developing content knowledge. To this end, we report results from a study in which we used a pre-/post-/delayed-posttest design to examine the change in 24 secondary (grades 7–12) science teachers’ NSET content knowledge as a result of their participation in a year-long professional development program that consisted of a 2-week intensive course and academic year follow-up activities. Participants showed significant gains from pretest to posttest and significant gains on the delayed test compared to the pretest. We also present trends that emerged in teachers’ open-ended responses that provided deeper insight into teachers’ NSET content knowledge. Finally, we discuss issues related to the assessment of teachers’ NSET content knowledge as well as the design of NSET professional development for teachers.
Research opportunities at the Molecular Foundry
Authors: Risbud Aditi S.
Published: March 2012

The Molecular Foundry is a Department of Energy-funded Nanoscale Science Research Center (NSRC) providing support to researchers from around the world. Nanoscience has the potential to open new frontiers in energy, electronics, materials science and healthcare. Research conducted at the Molecular Foundry identifies these new frontiers and develops science and technology strategies to enable them. Organized into six interdependent research facilities, the Foundry and its affiliated research laboratories provide access to state-of-the-art instrumentation, scientific expertise and specialized techniques to help users address myriad challenges in nanoscience and nanotechnology.
Light Microscopic and Color Television Image Analysis of the Development of Staining on Chlorhexidine‐Treated Surfaces
Authors: Addy M. , Prayitno S. W.
Published: March 2012

Tooth staining with the use of chlorhexidine preparations is the major problem of long term application. Evidence suggests that the staining arises from a cationic/anionic interaction of chlorhexidine with components of certain dietary materials. The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare visually the development of tea and coffee staining on acrylic and tooth specimens treated with chlorhexidine and to follow the development of tea staining on perspex by light microscopy and color television image analysis. All specimens were maintained in their respective beverage for 5 days with test specimens removed three times a day and placed for 2 minutes in an 0.2% chlorhexidine solution. Both test tooth and acrylic specimens showed comparable and markedly increased staining by the beverages compared with control specimens. Color television image analysis of test specimens demonstrated more marked and rapid development of tea staining when studied on a daily basis. Microscopic examination revealed the staining to be made up of small particles of material which increased in size and coalesced with time. Again, marked differences were apparent in the stain on test and control specimens. The results of this in vitro method provided further evidence for a dietary aetiology to chlorhexidine staining and were consistent with clinical findings. Such a method may be useful to assess staining arising from the use of other anti‐plaque agents.
The Use of Prophylactic Penicillin in Periodontal Surgery
Authors: Pendrill K. , Reddy J.
Published: March 2012

In an attempt to prevent postoperative sequellae dentists often prescribe penicillin or other antibiotics following periodontal surgery. A review of the literature shows conflicting reports about this procedure. This study investigated the efficacy of prophylactic penicillin in 19 human subjects undergoing periodontal surgery. Following initial therapy, flap surgery was undertaken in at least two comparable quadrants in each patient. Using a split mouth technique, patients were either given phenoxymethyl penicillin or a placebo following flap surgery for 5 days. Pain, infection, plaque levels, gingivitis and crevicular fluid flow were measured during a 4 week period. There were no differences between the placebo or penicillin sides in any of the parameters studied, except that the pain experience was significantly lower on the penicillin operated side. Within the limitations of this study it is difficult to substantiate the routine use of antibiotics following periodontal surgery.
Conditions and Pathological Features of Rapidly Destructive, Experimental Periodontitis in Dogs
Authors: Schroeder H. E. , Lindhe J.
Published: March 2012

In order to analyze the conditions for rapidly destructive periodontitis and to describe the early histopathological changes and bone degradation, periodontitis lesions were produced in five male Beagle dogs, 8 to 12 months of age. Cotton floss ligatures were placed around the crowns of upper and lower third and fourth premolars for periods of 4, 7, 14, 21 days. The buccal gingival tissues, being slightly inflamed initially, were clinically scored for various symptoms of inflammation. Block biopsies of premolars and the adjacent buccal periodontal tissues were taken and processed for light and electron microscopy. Depending on the ligature position in relation to the gingival margin (above, at, deep below) at the day of biopsy harvest, three groups of selected biopsies were formed, and randomly selected sections of these were used for various histometric measurements, for stereological estimation of the size and composition of the connective tissue infiltrate and the osteoclast density, and for general histopathological evaluation. The resulting data and observations implied that (1) onset and maintenance of this periodontitis lesion depend on subgingival ulceration, (2) rapid bone destruction is the result of osteoclast activity stimulated by acute inflammation, and (3) bone degradation occurs independently of the loss of collagen fiber attachment and the apical migration of the junctional epithelium.
Demonstration of Probes in Human Periodontal Pockets
Authors: Garnick Jerry J. , Spray John R. , Vernino Daniel M. , Klawitter Jerome J.
Published: March 2012

Twenty‐two anterior and bicuspid teeth that previously had been designated for extraction, were removed from 11 male patients. Two teeth were extracted from each patient and each tooth had a periodontal pocket of at least 4 mm and a Gingival Index of 2 or 3. One tooth in each patient was subjected to scaling, root planing, and plaque control in an effort to reduce gingival inflammation. By means of an orthodontic tube and composite resin bonding material a periodontal probe under 15 to 20 gm of pressure was fixed in the periodontal pocket of each tooth. The specimens were removed en bloc and histologic specimens prepared. The conclusions were that when the gingiva is inflamed, the tip of the periodontal probe tends to extend to the apical base of the junctional epithelium or slightly beyond but there is great variation in this position. Further, it was concluded that the position of the probe tip during probing is not affected by the depth of the sulcus or periodontal pocket.
Neutrophils and IgG at the Host‐Plaque Interface on Children's Teeth
Authors: Newman H. N.
Published: March 2012

This study is part of an investigation aimed at discovering how subcontact area plaque, unlike corresponding embrasure plaque, survives the host response and enters the gingival crevice. Approximal gingival margin plaques incorporating these two sites were obtained from children's teeth and subjected to transmission electron and immunoelectron microscopy. The specimens were examined for the main components of the initial host response at the plaquehost interface, namely polymorphonuclear leukocytes and IgG. Both were found preferentially at the actual apical border of plaque, especially in embrasures. Some polymorphs showed evidence of phagocytosis. Most of those in contact with plaque showed lysosome and glycogen loss and occasional phagocytosis. It was concluded that at least one important mechanism by which chronic gingivitis and approximal caries are initiated, involves lack of polymorph activity apical to the contact area. Possible explanations include the stagnation of gingival fluid so that neutrophils do not reach the plaque, failure of neutrophils to adhere to tapering border plaque, lysis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) or elaboration of antichemotactic or other factors inhibiting PMN function by the colonizers of the gingival crevice.
Reactive Lesions of the Gingiva: A Clinicopathological Study of 741 Cases
Authors: Kfir Yehoshua , Buchner Amos , Hansen Louis S.
Published: March 2012

A series of 741 consecutive cases of localized hyperplastic lesions of the gingiva were studied. The lesions were reclassified into four groups: pyogenic granuloma, peripheral giant cell granuloma, fibrous hyperplasia and peripheral fibroma with calcification. This study indicates that there are some differences between these groups in age and sex distribution as well as in location and size of the lesion. Fibrous hyperplasia was the most common type, followed in descending order by pyogenic granuloma, peripheral fibroma with calcification and peripheral giant cell granuloma. The peripheral giant cell granuloma showed no sex predilection while fibrous hyperplasia, pyogenic granuloma and peripheral fibroma with calcification were more common in females. Pyogenic granuloma and peripheral fibroma with calcification occur in younger patients more often than fibrous hyperplasia, and thus may represent a stage in the development of fibrous hyperplasia.
Immunopathology of Periodontal Disease: I. Immunologic Profiles in Periodontitis and Juvenile Periodontitis
Authors: Johnson R. J. , Matthews J. L. , Stone M. J. , Hurt W. C. , Newman J. T.
Published: March 2012

Eleven patients with periodontitis, ten patients with juvenile periodontitis and ten control subjects were studied to compare systemic and local immunologic responses and various other blood parameters. A more intensified immunologic response was seen in juvenile periodontitis as compared to periodontitis or controls as evidenced by: (1) greater number of plasma cells and lymphocytes in biopsy specimens of involved gingiva stained by Harris hematoxylin and eosin; (2) significant decrease in serum C4 levels and slightly elevated serum IgG levels as determined by radial immunodiffusion; (3) marked increase of positive fluorescing cells in biopsy specimens stained with antihuman immunoglobulin conjugate and an increase in complement deposition in the same tissues as determined by immunofluorescence. No significant differences among the two groups of patients and control subjects were observed with respect to complete blood counts, coagulation studies, or blood glucose levels. These findings suggest that the immunologic responses in periodontitis and juvenile periodontitis are qualitatively similar, but that the intensity of the response is greater in juvenile periodontitis.
Studies on the Immunogenicity of Allogeneic Sclera in a Rabbit Model System
Authors: Lang Kenneth , Engel David , Chandler John , Ammons William
Published: March 2012

The immunogenicity of allogeneic sclera was tested in a rabbit model system. Twelve linebred New Zealand rabbits were injected with various doses of a crude homogenate of allogeneic sclera suspended in complete Freund's adjuvant. The eyes were observed grossly and histologically for inflammatory changes indicative of autoimmune responsiveness for up to 10 weeks after the first injection. Control and test animals were sacrificed and their lymphoid cells tested in vitro for sensitivity to scierai antigens. Delayed hypersensitivity to sclera antigens was evaluated and sera examined for antibody to sclera. No evidence of autoimmunity to the animals eyes in either test or control rabbits was noted. Lymphocyte cultures from all but one appeared inhibited by the presence of the sclera. The addition of microgram concentrations of either the crude sclera homogenate or soluble substances obtained by centrifugation of the homogenate to lymphocyte cultures inhibited mitogen‐induced DNA synthesis by 46 to 91%. Sclera appears to be a weak immunogen. It is conceivable that allogeneic sclera could be a more potent immunogen in animals of a specific genetic constitution. Sclera may modulate the immune response by activating a suppressor mechanism and this activation may play a role in the lack of immune responsiveness clinically observed in vivo.
A Clinical Evaluation of Proplast as a Periodontal Implant Material
Authors: Radell Barry L. , Cassingham R. Jack
Published: March 2012

Five patients received a Proplast implant in combination two‐ and three‐wall osseous defects. In four of the cases the implant material was removed within 6 weeks due to failure to maintain primary closure over the Proplast and subsequent inflammation. One implant remained in place for 6 months with no apparent visual signs of inflammation. However, an 8 mm pocket remained, the area was reentered, and histologie sections made. The histologic sections revealed Proplast intermixed with bone, and the presence of foreign body giant cells.
The Comparative Analysis of Clinically Normal and Inflamed Human Gingiva: Study 1: Protein Separation by Anionic and Cationic Disc Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Dombrowski John C. , Schacterle George R. , Pollack Robert L.
Published: March 2012

Homogenates were prepared from sections of both clinically normal and clinically inflamed human gingival tissue. After centrifugation, supernatants were quantitated for protein and subjected to anionic and cationic electrophoresis. Samples of gingival blood and venous blood were similarly subjected to electrophoresis. Significant protein pattern differences are reported for the anionic tissue separations, and for the cationic tissue and plasma separations.
Sulcular Exudate Protein Levels as an Indicator of the Clinical Inflammatory Response
Authors: Shapiro Leonard , Novaes Arthur B. , Fillios Louis , Simons Glen , Goldman Henry M.
Published: March 2012

Protein concentrations in gingival fluid exudate were obtained in both the clinically minimal and severe inflammatory states. A comparison of the results indicated no significant differences in the two groups studied. Since total protein concentrations do not appear to reflect accurately the clinical inflammatory status of the gingival tissues, specific components of the protein molecule should be studied.
Gingival Fluid Fucose to Protein Ratios as Indicators of the Severity of Periodontal Disease
Authors: Novaes Arthur B. , Shapiro Leonard , Fillios Louis C. , Wood Nelson
Published: March 2012

Total fucose and protein was measured in gingival fluid samples collected from 16 human subjects. A significantly higher total protein concentration was found for the control (clinically normal) group when compared to the experimental (severe clinical inflammation) group. This is probably due to the higher gingival flow rate found in the experimental group. The total fucose analyses showed no statistical difference between both groups, but when fucose to protein ratios were studied, a significantly higher ratio was found for the experimental group when compared to the controls. This probably represents the breakdown of plasma and tissue glycoproteins which may occur as a result of inflammation.
The Bite Plate—An Adjunct in Periodontic and Orthodontic Therapy
Authors: Kessler Matthew
Published: March 2012

This report reviews bite plate therapy and describes several variations of bite plates. Bite plates may be useful as an adjunct to periodontic and orthodontic therapy. They may be used as a diagnostic appliance, to take mobile teeth out of trauma by disarticulating them, to allow teeth to extrude and shallow out associated osseous deformities, and to eliminate the superimposed occlusal trauma that may be caused by the parafunctional habits that can develop during orthodontic tooth movement. The change in vertical position of the dentition and the decrease in overbite are primarily due to eruption of the posterior teeth and not intrusion of the lower anterior teeth. The decrease in overbite may be accompanied by an increase in overjet and an alteration of the mesio‐distal and bucco‐lingual occlusal landmarks. In some cases the use of a bite plate may cause the development of an anterior open bite. Any such occlusal alterations produced by the bite plate should be corrected by occlusal adjustment or orthodontic therapy and occlusal adjustment.
The Effect of Intensive Antibacterial Therapy on the Sulcular Environment in Monkeys: Part II: Inflammation, Mitotic Activity and Keratinization of the Sulcular Epithelium
Authors: Caffesse Raul G. , Kornman Kenneth S. , Nasjleti Carlos E.
Published: March 2012

The effect of an almost complete elimination of bacterial plaque upon the sulcular tissues was studied in Rhesus monkeys. They received thorough scaling and polishing and daily antibacterial therapy for 40 days. Biopsies including the gingival sulcus area were taken periodically during experimentation. They were also taken up to 74 days after therapy was discontinued. Biopsies were evaluated histologically for inflammation and keratinization. Half of each biopsy was exposed in vitro to tritiated thymidine to determine mitotic activity of the sulcular and junctional epithelium. The Inflammatory Index decreased from 28.3 in the junctional epithelium (Zone A) and 30.3 in the sulcular epithelium (Zone B) to approximately 3 to 4 in both zones after 40 days of therapy. The Radioactive Index decreased from 24.7 in Zone A and 29.7 in Zone B initially to approximately 2.0 in Zone A and to less than 1.0 in Zone B at Day 40. Both Radioactive Index and Inflammatory Index approached pretreatment levels 74 days after cessation of antibacterial procedures. The most striking feature histologically was a progressive keratinization, demonstrated by specific stains, of the sulcular epithelium. This change was coincident with the decreases in bacteria, inflammation, and mitotic activity. This study achieved an alteration in the sulcular environment by producing a decrease in the number of bacteria, inflammation, and mitotic activity. Keratinization of the gingival sulcus became evident as the sulcular environment changed. It seems reasonable to postulate that reduction in the subgingival bacterial flora reduces inflammation, reduces mitotic activity and allows full differentiation of the sulcular epithelium.
The Effect of Root Decalcification on the Formation of “Functionally” Oriented Collagen Fibers
Authors: Morris Melvin L.
Published: March 2012

It has been shown that “functionally” oriented collagen fibers will attach to cementum when a healthy root fragment is implanted subcutaneously in the rat along with decalcified autogenous bone. The purpose of the present study was to show how prior root decalcification affected this inductive action. Twenty‐six pairs of bone and root were implanted in 13 200‐gm, female, white, Sherman strain rats. The postoperative periods ranged from 1 week to 12 months. The results showed that root decalcification prevented formation of the “functionally” oriented fibers and inhibited bone induction by the decalcified autogenous bone. It was suggested that all roots have an inhibitor, the least amount in periodontally healthy roots and the most in periodontally diseased roots. It was also suggested that the clinical successes in reattachment reported with acid treatment of roots were due to the denaturant effects rather than surface decalcification.
Pathogenicity Testing of Macaca arctoides Subgingival Plaque Following Chlorhexidine Treatment
Authors: Mashimo Paul A. , Umemoto Toshio , Slots Jorgen , Genco Robert J. , Ellison Solon A.
Published: March 2012

Potential infectivity of subgingival plaque of Macaca arctoides in guinea pig leg muscle was examined before, during, and after chlorhexidine treatment. The regime of chlorhexidine administration did not appear to alter the monkey subgingival microflora markedly and had no demonstrable effects on the pathogenicity of the subgingival plaque. These data confirm previous suggestions that chlorhexidine essentially does not penetrate into the deeper part of periodontal pockets following a supragingival mode of administration.
Insulin I125 Distribution Within Oral Tissues
Authors: Pourdeihimi Bahram , Keene Joseph J. , Gargiulo Anthony W. , Toto Patrick D.
Published: March 2012

The localization of insulin I125 in oral tissues of the rat was investigated. Eight rats were made chemically diabetic in order to study the tissue distribution of insulin I125. Two nondiabetic control animals were also injected with the tracer. Another animal served as a complete control (i.e., not injected with either the diabetic inducer or insulin I125). Additional controls were sections of thyroid and liver. Experimental rats were sacrificed at preselected time intervals and autoradiographic procedures were performed subsequent to conventional histologic studies. Qualitative grain counts were made of each slide in order to compare with the background count. All oral tissues studied except dentin showed insulin I125 uptake.
Practice Styles and Opportunities in Periodontics
Authors: Born David O. , Barrington Erwin P.
Published: March 2012

A survey of the 3,048 Active and Affdiate members of the American Academy of Periodontology was conducted by the Task Force on Manpower of the Academy to elicit information concerning practice styles and perceived opportunities for practice. Responses from 1,580 periodontists are presented in tables which include data on general demographics of periodontists, expected age at which partial and full retirement will take place, forms of practice, weeks per year and hours per week spent in practice, number of patient visits per year, number of practice locations, years in present community, population of present community, average distance traveled by patients in the periodontal practice, numbers of dentists referring to the practice, weeks waiting time to examine new patients and to begin new treatment series, patient load, preferences regarding weeks of advance booking, perceptions regarding the supply of periodontal services in the respondent's local area as well as in other areas known to the respondent, and factors which influence selection of a practice location. Data presented were collected between November of 1978 and April, 1979.
Association Between ABO Blood Groups, HL‐A Antigens and Periodontal Diseases in Young Adults: A Follow‐Up Study
Authors: Kaslick Ralph S. , West Theodore L. , Chasens Abram I.
Published: March 2012

Two hundred and thirty‐eight Caucasians were studied for ABO blood typing and for HLA antigens. The subjects were divided into normal, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, chronic gingivitis, periodontosis and Periodontitis groups. Results showed the chronic gingivitis group was significantly different in ABO grouping than the control group with the gingivitis subjects having a larger percentage of AB types and a smaller percentage of O types. The periodontosis group showed a trend toward more A and B blood groups and a smaller percentage of O groups than the controls. Compared to the normal group there was a significant reduction in HL‐A2 antigen frequency in the Periodontitis groups and a trend in reduced frequency in the periodontosis group.