bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Barbarous North? Criminality in Early Modern Scotland
Authors: Kilday Anne‐Marie
Published: February 2013

The notion that Scotland has long been depicted as a lawless, ‘uncivilized’ nation by its more ‘civilized’ southern counterpart is a historical red herring. Rather, it was not until the nineteenth century, when a general moral panic regarding crime and criminal activity took hold across Britain as a whole, that Scotland, in particular, was portrayed as a bad example to its neighbours south of the Tweed. By the mid-nineteenth century, the link between rising crime and social disintegration was strongly felt in a Scottish context. This article discusses the historiography of crime and criminality (including violence) in early modern Scotland. It also examines the extent to which the nineteenth-century concept of the ‘Barbarous North’ was applicable to Scotland during the early modern era. The article analyses nearly 6,500 criminal prosecutions brought before the Scottish Justiciary Court between 1700 and 1830.
Immigrants
Authors: Braber Ben
Published: February 2013

As the nation transformed between 1760 and 1914, large numbers of immigrants settled in Scotland. Several hundred thousand came from Ireland and England. Smaller but still significant groups arrived from India, the British colonies and dependencies, the German and Italian states, and the Russian Empire. The 1911 Census recorded the presence in Scotland of almost 400,000 persons born outside the country, accounting for about 9 per cent of the total population. No comprehensive study has been made of the history of immigrants and their descendants in Scotland. This article compares the experiences of immigrants in Scotland, focusing on four of the largest groups in the main settlement area before and during World War I: the Irish, Germans, Russians, and Italians in central Scotland. It looks at Irish Catholics and Protestants, along with Jews and Lithuanians.
The Impact of the Victorian Empire
Authors: Breitenbach Esther
Published: February 2013

If we look for evidence of the impact of the British Empire on Victorian Scotland, we can find it everywhere: in offering economic opportunities and imperial careers; in patterns of migration from Scotland; in changing patterns of consumption and in advertising; in the military contribution of Scots and the iconic imagery of the highland soldier; in the commitment of churches to foreign missions; in the achievements of famous Scots whether as colonial administrators, generals, or missionaries; in commercial, industrial, and business connections; in the press, periodicals, and literature; and in politics. Home and empire exerted mutual influences on one another, as Scottish culture informed the practice of Scots abroad, and they in turn transmitted their images of empire back home. This interconnectedness is central to understanding the impact of Empire on Scotland in the Victorian period, and how multifaceted this impact was, manifesting itself within politics, economy, military, religion, culture, civil society, and press.
A New Scotland? The Economy
Authors: Peden George
Published: February 2013

In the late twentieth century, Scotland's economy underwent restructuring no less radical than in the Industrial Revolution. Whereas almost one in three Scots was in industrial employment in 1979, by 1986, fewer than one in four were. On the other hand, Christopher Harvie's characterization of the Scottish experience under Margaret Thatcher's government of 1979–1990 as ‘instant post-industrialization’ is open to two modifications. First, economists were discussing what they already called de-industrialization before she became prime minister, and second, the decline in industrial employment continued long after she resigned. This article examines the nature of de-industrialization and how it fits into long-term trends in Scottish history. It also considers how Scottish industries and services have fared since 1965, and how economic restructuring affected the different regions of Scotland.
Constrained Utility Maximization and Demand System Estimation
Authors: Piggott Nicholas E. , Marsh Thomas L.
Published: February 2013

This article provides an overview of the literature on consumer and demand system analysis with emphasis on complete food demand systems. It presents theoretical foundations, constrained utility maximization, properties, and general demand restrictions. It discusses dual functions, including the expenditure function, the indirect utility function, and the distance function. The first three dual approaches are standard tools of the applied demand system analyst. Then it introduces the issue of welfare effects and integrability along with separability and aggregation. The article also provides a review of functional forms and covers econometric issues that include estimation, inference and hypothesis testing, specification tests, and other empirical issues. Models of the almost ideal demand and inverse systems as well as some additional hypothesis tests and inferences regarding model performance are estimated and reported.
Household Production Theory and Models
Authors: Huffman Wallace E.
Published: February 2013

This article presents a brief review of empirical studies of food demand, especially linkages to household production theory and models. It discusses several types of microeconomic models of household decision-making and highlights their implications for empirical food demand studies. Relative to neoclassical demand functions, the models of productive household behavior that are developed in this article include the opportunity cost of time of adults, full-income budget constraint, and technical efficiency or technical change in household production as determinants of the demand for food and other inputs. The article also gives an empirical application of insights gained from household production theory for a household input demand system fitted to unique data on the US household sector over the post-Second World War period. Finally, it addresses how future food demand studies might build a stronger bridge to the models of household behavior including a production function and resource of human time of adult household members.
Models of Horizontal Product Differentiation in Food Markets
Authors: Mérel Pierre R. , Sexton Richard J.
Published: February 2013

Product differentiation is certainly one of the salient characteristics of today's food markets in developed economies. This article focuses on models of horizontal differentiation and on conceptual models. It presents a general framework to modeling markets with differentiated products and illustrates the limitations to this approach. It argues that a solution is to impose more structure on the model, for example by assuming either horizontal or vertical differentiation. This article presents a generalized version of Hotelling's original model and derives the short-run equilibrium and key comparative statics. It then considers further extensions and generalizations of the short-run model, and discusses applications of the model to food markets. It addresses the question of firms' optimal location in the product space and considers horizontal product differentiation based upon multiple product characteristics.
Food Security Policy in Developed Countries
Authors: Wilde Parke
Published: February 2013

This article reviews food security measurement and its connection to policy responses in developed countries. It focuses on survey-based methods, sometimes called “third generation” measures of food security. This article discusses examples drawn from across a range of developed countries whenever possible. It presents the relationship between food insecurity and hunger definitions. It then moves on to a discussion of advantage and disadvantage of the multiple-question approach. Countries address food security through general economic policies and through more specific food assistance programs. This article deals with general economic policies including anti-poverty programs and interventions to support the low-wage labor market and concludes that developed countries associate food security with symptoms of material deprivation and social exclusion for which the primary response is the income-based social safety net more broadly.
Food Safety Policy
Authors: Hoffmann Sandra A.
Published: February 2013

The aim of this article is to orient economists new to the issue of food safety. It provides an overview of the scope of current food safety problems and the food safety policy reforms being adopted to address them around the world. Current efforts to modernize food safety policy are being shaped by several larger trends: globalization, use of risk analysis and cost-benefit analysis in public administration, and total quality management regimes in industry. Then, this article briefly examines two major roles that public economics can play in food safety policy: better informing policymakers about the social benefits and costs of their decisions and strengthening risk assessment. It reviews a rather coherent set of policy reforms that are being adopted worldwide to modernize food safety policy and shows that it will be a challenge for economists to make certain that their insights are heard and their relevance understood.
Food Away From Home
Authors: Stewart Hayden
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on food away from home in the United States, changes in this market over time, and how these changes raise questions for policymakers and others concerned about both agriculture and diet quality. Changes in what people eat can also affect nutrient intake and overall health. Model of household production provides a theoretical framework within which researchers can analyze the demand for food away from home. This article also states that empirical research also demonstrates the importance of a household's demographic characteristics. It also suggests how the size of the market for food away from home could change over time. Demographic trends in the population contributing to changes in demand are also discussed. The growing popularity of food away from home suggests that this market will be ever more important to the welfare of both consumers and agriculture.
Effects of Generic Advertising on Food Demand
Authors: Kaiser Harry M.
Published: February 2013

The purpose of this article is to examine the effects that generic advertising have on the demand for food and on nutrition in the United States. It begins with an overview of generic advertising programs in the United States. This is followed by a conceptual discussion of the economic impacts of these programs on consumers and producers. The empirical methods economists use to examine the effects of generic advertising on food demand are reviewed. This is followed by a discussion of the results of selected studies with a particular focus on demand impacts. It examines the impact of generic advertising on obesity and poor nutrition. The chapter ends with a conclusion of findings of some nutritionists and economists that have been highly critical of generic advertising, and have linked the rise in these programs to the increasing trend in obesity in the United States.
Ethical Considerations and Food Demand
Authors: Loureiro Maria L.
Published: February 2013

Food is becoming more and more an item on the political agenda around the world. Ethical guidelines may require minimal harm to animals, proper labor conditions, or good environmental conditions, among others. This article documents the importance of ethical attributes in current consumption patterns and shows multiple studies on the various aspects of ethical consumption. The objectives of this article are twofold: first, to provide some background information to contextualize the multiple ethical claims according to different underlying economic and physiological theories; and second, to assess the marginal value of each of the main ethical food claims present nowadays in the marketplace. Results with respect to the relative preferences toward the various ethical claims are described and discussed. With respect to consumers' preferences toward ethical claims, (GM)-free claims are the most valued ones in the marketplace worldwide. Implications of this result are discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Solan Lawrence M. , Tiersma Peter M.
Published: February 2013

The relationship between language and law raises a variety of questions, such as: What is it about legal language that sounds so different, even though it must be some dialect of natural language or we would not understand it at all? What linguistic features of laws and other legal documents make them susceptible to lawyerly manipulation, and is there a way to combat this practice? How does the language of police interaction with citizens, or interaction within the courtroom, reflect the power relationships that people experience when they enter those realms, whether voluntarily or otherwise? Can the explosion of learning about language and cognition be harnessed to produce reliable expert evidence in the courtroom on such matters as identifying people by the way they speak or write? If intellectual property consists of language, does that mean that a person or company can literally own a part of our linguistic heritage? The study of law has become comfortably interdisciplinary in the past thirty years. The major infiltrators were not the language sciences, but rather economics and sociology.
Text And Genre
Authors: Gotti Maurizio
Published: February 2013

A number of features distinguish legal texts not only from those with general language, but also from other specialized texts. The avoidance of the use of standard textual norms in favor of ‘deviant’ options is not at all arbitrary, but derives from the main pragmatic principles typical of the legal field. The most important of these principles concerns avoidance of ambiguity and precision of interpretation. This criterion also explains the high degree of conservatism typical of the law. The reverence for tradition observed in legal language also reflects its close link with the ancient practice of using special formulae for oaths or appointments, for drafting edicts and statutes, for issuing laws, conferring honors, or assigning property. This article focuses on legal text and genre. It discusses the complexity of legal texts, the use of anaphoric reference to increase textual cohesion, textual mapping, use of conjunctions, performative texts, drafting conventions, textual schematization, semantics of legal genres, and intertextuality.
Constitutional Interpretation
Authors: Bennett Robert W.
Published: February 2013

Contemporary debates about constitutional interpretation in the United States seem fixated on what is called ‘originalism’, the view that, regardless of when some constitutional issue arises, guidance for resolving it is to be sought in ‘original’ sources, those which accompanied the promulgation of the constitutional language in question. The apparent alternative is ‘living constitutionalism’, in which a large dose of judicial discretion keeps constitutional interpretation in touch with a changing world. This is seen by originalists as relegating ill-defined responsibility to the doubtful authority of the judiciary. Originalists invoke the writtenness of the Constitution, the desirability of stability in the law, specific constitutional provision for amendments as signaling the acceptable mechanism for change, and the tenuous democratic credentials of life-tenured federal judges to depict originalism as the right approach to constitutional interpretation, and living constitutionalism as misbegotten. This article provides an overview of originalism and living constitutionalism. It first discusses constitutional language and original intention before focusing on the summing problem, degrees of generality of language, degrees of generality of intentions, unforeseen problems, and constitutional amendments.
Ambiguity And Vagueness In Legal Interpretation
Authors: Poscher Ralf
Published: February 2013

Few topics in the theory of language are as closely related to legal interpretation as the linguistic indeterminacy associated with ambiguity and vagueness. Significant portions of the institutional legal system, especially courts at the appellate level and supreme courts, are for the most part concerned not with disentangling the facts of cases but with the indeterminacies of the law. In a colloquial sense, both vagueness and ambiguity are employed generically to indicate indeterminacy. This is the sense in which vagueness is understood in the ‘void for vagueness’ doctrine, according to which a statute is considered void if it is framed in terms so indeterminate that its meaning can only be guessed at. Vagueness may relate to individuation or classification. There are at least four different vantage points from which to address the problems caused by vagueness: logic, ontology, epistemology, and semantics. This article explores ambiguity and vagueness in legal interpretation, and discusses other forms of indeterminacy, kinds of vagueness, and vagueness and the rule of law.
Language And Law In The European Union: The Multilingual Jurisprudence Of The Ecj
Authors: McAuliffe Karen
Published: February 2013

Unlike other international organizations, which appear to function smoothly using only a few official languages, the European Union (EU) currently has twenty-three. There are numerous historical and political reasons for this policy of multilingualism. The most important reason, however, lies in the nature of EU law: the activity of the institutions of the EU is such that it creates a whole new ‘EU law’ in the form of regulations, decisions, and recommendations, which is applicable in each Member State, to each citizen and legal person. This article considers the production of multilingual law in the EU, and in particular the multilingual jurisprudence produced by the European Court of Justice (ECJ). After discussing the language regime at the ECJ, it examines the drafting of the jurisprudence of the Court, judges' référendaires, advocates general's référendaires, the translation of judgments and orders of the Court into all of the EU official languages, and that translation of the ECJ jurisprudence by lawyer-linguists. The article concludes by looking at some difficulties in the production of a multilingual jurisprudence at the ECJ.
Linguistic Human Rights
Authors: Skutnabb-Kangas Tove
Published: February 2013

Genuine peaceful contact presupposes a mutual will to try to understand the other party's signed or spoken signals and symbols; to accommodate, and to learn at least some of them (often using a pidgin, an auxiliary simplified language), or to learn a common lingua franca, foreign to both. For dominant groups, their own rights have often been, and still are, invisible: they take them for granted. Even today, this is one of the problems when discussing and trying to formulate linguistic/language rights (LRs). Dominant linguistic groups often feel a need to formally codify their language rights only when dominated groups, for example indigenous/tribal peoples, or minorities of various kinds (ITMs), start demanding LRs for themselves. Most people connect LRs mainly to ITMs, and most LRs are found among special minority or indigenous rights rather than general human rights (HRs). This article discusses LRs as HRs, LRs versus linguistic human rights (LHRs), LHRs for linguistic majorities and minorities, collective LHRs, justifications for LHRs, individual positive LHRs, and LHRs and the role of indigenous peoples.
The Language of Consent in Police Encounters
Authors: Nadler Janice , Trout J. D.
Published: February 2013

This article deals with public encounters between citizens and police officers in the United States, focusing on encounters in which police question and search citizens without probable cause or even reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. It argues that when police officers seek permission to conduct a search, citizens often feel enormous pressure to say yes. But in most criminal cases, judges do not acknowledge these pressures, generally choosing instead to spotlight the politeness and restraint of the officers' language and demeanor. The discussion begins by considering the practical importance of the consent search as a crime investigation tool, and then looks at legal standards for such searches, including the ‘free to terminate’ test. To appreciate the controlling power of language, it also discusses general pragmatics and its application to police encounters. The article concludes by describing pragmatics and police authority, and analyzes empirical evidence regarding the language of consent in police encounters.
Courtroom Discourse in China
Authors: Liao Meizhen
Published: February 2013

This article examines courtroom discourse in China in terms of its three components: the contextual, the interactional, and the propositional. After briefly introducing the Chinese legal culture and system, it considers courtroom questioning and interaction patterns as well as a courtroom judgment. For the analysis of the interactional component, the article uses the transcription of a criminal trial involving a charge of destruction of private property. The data for the analysis of the propositional component is a judgment from a lower court in Shanghai. Courtroom discourse in the article means criminal courtroom discourse, rather than courtroom discourse in general. Fa and Li are two core concepts in traditional Chinese legal culture, and represent the debate between the doctrines of Legalism and Confucianism. The article also introduces some of the key points about judicial proceedings in China, along with courtroom judgment (sentencing).
Types of Constitutions
Authors: Grimm Dieter
Published: February 2013

This article presents a history of ideas of constitutional designs and conceptions of constitutionalism. It discusses the problem with typologies, identifying the object, the constitution as law, constitutions as expressions of political ideas, and national and international constitutions.
Constitution
Authors: Tushnet Mark
Published: February 2013

This article examines three topics that have persistently arisen in connection with discussions of constitutions: What is the relation between a constitution and a ‘nation’ or a ‘people’, understood as those who reside within the territory for which the constitution is a constitution? What is the relation between written and unwritten principles of a constitution? And, to what extent must constitutions and their constituent elements be more permanent than ‘ordinary’ legal rules, and by what mechanisms is the requisite degree of permanence maintained?
States of Emergency
Authors: Dyzenhaus David
Published: February 2013

States of emergency may play a unique role in constitutional practice and theory. A comparison of constitutional orders reveals that they have to choose between seeking to entrench in a written constitution, if they have one, rules about how the state may respond to an emergency, and leaving such responses to be decided as and when an emergency occurs. This article sets out some examples of constitutional design and looks at some examples of constitutional practice show the basis for the Schmittean view of states of emergency and their implications for constitutionalism. The ramifications of this issue go far beyond states of emergency, a phenomenon of which lawyers and political scientists in the United States are well aware as they seek to deal with the way in which the office of the president and the executive in general seem increasingly free of constitutional and legal constraints. But the examples hardly tell unambiguously in favour of Schmitt. Indeed, they might serve to show that the constitutional choice is not between various institutions — the executive, the legislature and the judiciary — but between a vacuous or merely procedural account of legality and one that links procedure to substance. Moreover, the latter requires that all three powers work together in ensuring that responses to emergencies accord with constitutional principles.
Horizontal Structuring
Authors: Martinez Jenny S.
Published: February 2013

The term ‘horizontal structuring’ refers to the constitutional system for allocating power among government actors at the same geographic level of organization. The concept is referred to in some systems as ‘separation of powers’. Modern democracies do not all employ the same forms of horizontal structuring. For example, while presidential systems typically involve a sharp distinction between executive and legislative power, parliamentary systems do not. Indeed, constitutional systems range in a spectrum from those with strong separation of powers (e.g., the United States) to those with greater fusion of powers (e.g., the United Kingdom), with many falling somewhere in the middle. Some constitutions further subdivide power within a branch of government — for example by creating a bicameral legislature with an upper and lower house, or by creating both a president and a prime minister. This article explores the various forms of horizontal structuring employed in modern constitutional democracies, as well as debates about their relative advantages and disadvantages.
The Regulatory State
Authors: Rose‐Ackerman Susan
Published: February 2013

The challenges to constitutional law raised by the modern administrative state take contrasting forms in presidential and parliamentary systems. This article focuses on the differences between the US presidential system and the procedural requirements of its Administrative Procedure Act (APA), on the one hand, and parliamentary democracies where the government must maintain the confidence of the legislature, on the other. The need to assure technical competence may clash with both public accountability under the APA and political accountability to parliament. The article is organized as follows. Section II discusses delegation of policymaking authority outside the legislature. Section III concentrates on the creation of independent agencies and their connection to regulatory policy and government oversight. Section IV considers the role both of economic analysis in the policy process and of procedural requirements designed to further political and public accountability. Section V brings in the courts' role in reviewing and overseeing the regulatory process in the rest of government. Section VI concludes with some reflections on the connection between administrative law, public policymaking, and democratic legitimacy.
Constitutional Interpretation
Authors: Goldsworthy Jeffrey
Published: February 2013

The provisions of national constitutions, like other laws, are often ambiguous, vague, contradictory, insufficiently explicit, or even silent as to constitutional disputes that judges must decide. In addition, they sometimes seem inadequate to deal appropriately with developments that threaten principles the constitution was intended to safeguard, developments that its founders either failed or were unable to anticipate. How judges resolve these problems through ‘interpretation’ is problematic and controversial, mainly because legitimate interpretation is difficult to distinguish from illegitimate change. This article discusses the interpretive methodologies of the courts of six federations that were the subject of a recent comparative study and then provides some explanations of the differences between them. These are Australia, Canada, Germany, India, South Africa, and the United States.
Proportionality (2)
Authors: Barak Aharon
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on one area governed by proportionality, namely, that of a right grounded in the constitution that is limited by a sub-constitutional norm (such as an ‘ordinary’ statute or common law rule). Such a limitation is constitutional only if it is proportional. It also considers the application of proportionality in those legal systems (such as the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and the Australian state of Victoria) in which there is no constitutional bill of rights and rights are based on a statute that provides, in its limitation clause, that the rights may be limited by law. The article begins by considering the methodological aspect of proportionality as the standard for determining the constitutionality of a sub-constitutional norm that limits a constitutional right. It examines the four elements of proportionality — proper purpose, rational connection, necessity, and proportionality stricto sensu (balancing) — and investigates the formal role of proportionality in limiting a constitutional right. The analytical investigation aims to determine the questions posed by the elements of proportionality, but analytical investigation alone cannot provide the answers to those questions. The answers are to be found primarily in the society's understanding of democracy, separation of powers, and constitutional rights. It is these answers that give proportionality its moral depth.
Political Parties and the Constitution
Authors: Skach Cindy
Published: February 2013

Political parties and party system dynamics are critical to understanding how constitutions work, and why they may not, in spite of well-intentioned designs. Unfortunately, much of the recent literature in comparative constitutional law has paid little attention to the multiple ways our basic constitutional structures are conditioned by political parties and party system dynamics. With a plea for greater integration between studies of parties and constitutions, this article offers an overview of the interaction effects between political parties and party systems, and the three constitutional types found in the democratic world today — presidentialism, parliamentarism, and semi-presidentialism. It concludes with an illustration of these effects from the case of Weimar Germany.
Due Process
Authors: Vogler Richard
Published: February 2013

This article discusses the issue of procedural due process as it is understood globally in light of instruments such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. It also evaluates the contribution of the international courts and agencies in promoting adversarial due process around the world. The focus throughout will be on due process in criminal proceedings.
Bioethics and Basic Rights: Persons, Humans, and Boundaries of Life
Authors: Sándor Judit
Published: February 2013

This article explores the connections between bioethics and basic rights partly by analyzing the basic legal norms of bioethics, and partly by comparing thematic cases from the jurisdictions of the European Court of Human Rights and the US Supreme Court, as well as some cases from other jurisdictions. It focuses on two major lines of thought in contemporary bioethics: the first is concerned with the boundaries of life (e.g., issues of embryo research, assisted reproduction, and end of life decisions) and the second is related to the contemporary exploration of the frontiers of the human body (issues such as the use of human tissues and human DNA for research and other purposes).
The European Union's Unresolved Constitution
Authors: Walker Neil
Published: February 2013

This article shows how widespread and how volatile the language of constitutionalism has become in today's EU. It poses the baseline question of the very possibility of a constitutional law for the EU — a question that all positions in favour of a constitution, written or unwritten, are bound to answer affirmatively. The article begins by considering the EU against a general background of constitutional imagination and definition. In so doing, it explains why our understanding of the EU is influenced by the historic centrality of the modern state to constitutional theory and practice, but also why, in these inescapable but incomplete terms, the EU is an unresolved constitutional entity. It then considers how the EU's putatively constitutional features have emerged and unfolded, in so doing focusing on the centrality of law. And as this centrality has come under pressure in the mature EU, the article looks at the changing constitutional challenges and opportunities of this new post-state polity.
Constitutionalism and Transitional Justice
Authors: Méndez Juan E.
Published: February 2013

This article seeks to bring to the foreground the factors that surround the meeting of transitional justice and constitutionalism within the wider perspective of viewing each as a means towards a common end. Constitutional processes and norms weave themselves intricately into the matrices of transitional justice, which are heavily influenced by evolving norms in international law, even though they are to be implemented domestically. This interaction between two normative frameworks and spheres of influence — one domestic, the other international — has become increasingly evident, highlighting the need for further examination.
Grammaticalization and generative grammar: a difficult liaison
Authors: van Gelderen Elly
Published: February 2013

This article examines the relation between grammaticalisation and generative grammar. It describes the generative attitude towards historical linguistics in general and then to grammaticalisation in particular and describes what the locus of change is in a generative model. It reviews some early work on historical linguistics within generative grammar. It concludes that the child's innate principles are in fact responsible for grammaticalisation and that generative grammar can therefore gain much insight from grammaticalisation processes.
Grammaticalization and Cognitive Grammar
Authors: Langacker Ronald W.
Published: February 2013

This article examines the relation between grammaticalisation and cognitive grammar. It explains that cognitive grammar has a natural affinity with grammaticalisation owing to some basic features of the framework. It suggests that cognitive grammar provides an appropriate and revealing framework for investigating grammaticalisation and other diachronic phenomena and argues that a full account of grammaticalisation requires explicit descriptions of the conceptual structures and grammatical constructions involved at every stage.
Grammaticalization and linguistic typology
Authors: Bisang Walter
Published: February 2013

This article considers grammaticalisation in relation to linguistic typology and presents topological studies of grammaticalisation. It addresses the question of how grammaticalisation is realized, a question that ultimately entails a typology of manifestations of grammaticalisation. It suggests that the processes of grammaticalisation are not cross-linguistically homogeneous because there is a certain degree of cross-linguistic variation concerning the interaction between pragmatics and form. It also argues that East and mainland Southeast Asian (EMSEA) languages represent a type of grammaticalisation that is characterized by its limited coevolution of meaning and form.
Grammaticalization and language acquisition
Authors: Diessel Holger
Published: February 2013

This article evaluates the relation between grammaticalisation and language acquisition. It compares several cases of grammaticalisation to the development of grammatical markers in child language and suggests that there are striking parallels in the semantic development of grammatical markers in ontogeny and diachrony. The findings reveal that there is no evidence that the acquisition of grammatical markers repeats the process of grammaticalisation or that the historical development of grammatical markers originates from changes in child language.
Grammaticalization and language change in the individual
Authors: Raumolin‐Brunberg Helena , Nurmi Arja
Published: February 2013

This article explores the importance of language change in the individual in grammaticalisation research. It provides a general discussion of the linguistic behaviour of individuals under change in progress, from both the cross-sectional and the longitudinal angles. It offers a detailed case study of three auxiliaries in the language of three English gentlemen around the turn of the seventeenth century. The analysis reveals a great deal of variation between individuals in terms of their participation in ongoing linguistic changes.
Grammaticalization in non‐standard varieties of English
Authors: Kortmann Bernd , Schneider Agnes
Published: February 2013

This article deals with grammaticalisation phenomena in non-standard varieties of the English language which are not found in spontaneous spoken varieties of Standard English. It aims to identify the wide range of interesting grammaticalisation phenomena to be observed in the non-standard (including contact) varieties of English. It investigates whether there are markedly different grammaticalisation patterns in spontaneous spoken non-standard varieties compared with what we know about (written and spoken) standard varieties of English and whether there are instances of grammaticalisation which operate on a global level in the Anglophone world.
The areal dimension of grammaticalization
Authors: Heine Bernd , Kuteva Tania
Published: February 2013

This article describes the areal dimension of grammaticalisation resulting from language contact. It shows that grammaticalisation is a ubiquitous process in language contact which may affect any part of language structure and exhibits the same format in all of its manifestations. It provides some examples of how languages have been influenced by other languages in developing new grammatical use patterns and categories. It investigates how grammaticalisation leads to a real relationship among languages by highlighting the notion of grammaticalization area.
The grammaticalization of passives
Authors: Wiemer Björn
Published: February 2013

This article examines the grammaticalisation of the linguistic category of passives. It explains that the notion ‘passive’ comprises morphologically marked devices by which the highest-ranking or single argument of a predicate is syntactically demoted, while a lower-ranking argument can be promoted to a syntactically privileged position. It describes the diachronic relation between the foregrounding and backgrounding passives.
The grammaticalization of modality
Authors: Ziegeler Debra
Published: February 2013

This article examines the grammaticalisation of linguistic modality. It discusses the grammaticalisation of modality in relation to its diachronic sense, using as an example the evolution of English modal verbs and then to its sense referring to the diverse synchronic representation of mood across languages today. It also considers the problems of defining the synchronic grammaticalization of modal categories in present-day typology and the pragmatic issues of the diachronic development of English modal verbs.
Grammaticalization in Turkic languages
Authors: Johanson Lars
Published: February 2013

This article presents an overview of grammaticalisation in Turkic languages. It provides examples of typical grammaticalisation processes observed in Turkic languages and explains that the present-day members of this language family can be divided into six branches. It discusses different sources of grammaticalisation in Turkic languages including unknown sources, nonverbal sources, and verbal sources.
Romania
Authors: Ioanid Radu
Published: February 2013

The modern Romanian state was born in the nineteenth century, as a result of the struggle for the independence and unity of its intellectual and political elites in a fragile and shifting equilibrium between the Great Powers. Its political functioning remained troubled. Between the two world wars, governmental majorities never cooperated with the opposition, even though their programmes were not very different. Electoral fraud and electoral premiums characterized the inter-war Romanian electoral process. Romanian fascism proclaimed itself to be the spiritual heir of the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century native strains of conservatism and xenophobia. The most powerful component of this xenophobia was anti-Semitism, which from the nineteenth century expressed itself in economic, social, religious, and political models. Basically, most of the founding fathers of the Romanian modern state who took on any major role in politics, economics, social sciences, philosophy, or literature, were anti-Semites.
Questions Left Unaddressed by Religious Familism: Is Spirituality Relevant to Nontraditional Families?
Authors: Mahoney Annette , Krumrei Elizabeth J.
Published: February 2013

Given the growing pluralism in family structures, this chapter highlights the role of religion and spirituality in the formation and maintenance of diverse types of families. We outline commonalities and differences that exist among major world religions about forming and maintaining family relationships. Consistent with the predominant conceptual model called religious familism, most research on faith and family life focuses on traditional families (i.e., married heterosexual couples with biological children). We summarize findings on these families that largely assess spirituality indirectly via markers of religious participation (e.g., religious affiliation, attendance, salience). We then review in more detail research on spirituality within nontraditional families, focusing on families comprised of cohabitating couples, same-sex couples, and single parenthood because these nontraditional families have received the most, albeit limited, empirical attention. Given evidence of the interdependence of religion and traditional family forms, research is needed to determine the relevance of spirituality for nontraditional families.
Translation of Eastern Meditative Disciplines Into Western Psychotherapy
Authors: Semple Randye J. , Hatt Sean P.
Published: February 2013

This chapter describes the history and influence of Buddhist meditative disciplines on Western psychotherapy. Beginning with an overview of Buddhist traditions, a brief discussion of some of the foundational tenets of Buddhist psychology is offered. An overview of the dialog between Buddhism and psychotherapy from the early 1900s to the present is traced. The shift from meditation as a spiritual discipline to mindfulness as a secular practice is explored. Four of the most widely studied and practiced mindfulness-oriented psychotherapies are described: mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT). The chapter ends with an invitation to consider the reciprocal influence of meditation as a spiritual discipline and as a secular practice. What benefits might be realized by reevaluating the therapeutic secularization of these ancient and profound spiritual practices? We consider the desirability, form, and likelihood of a possible reintegration.
Spirituality and Recovery From Serious Mental Problems
Authors: Lukoff David
Published: February 2013

This chapter summarizes theory, research, and treatment regarding spirituality and recovery from serious mental problems (SMPs). The incorporation of spirituality into the recovery model was initiated by consumers starting in the 1970s and has become widely accepted in the United States and around the world. Support for this comes from research showing the generally beneficial effects of spirituality on health, including mental health problems; surveys documenting the role that spiritual beliefs and practices play in many who are recovering from SMPs; and the importance of religious coping for people facing serious health problems, including SMPs. Some successful therapeutic approaches for integrating spirituality into recovery are discussed.
Constructing the Connection Between Spirituality, Work, and Family
Authors: Richmond Lee Joyce
Published: February 2013

The chapter is a discussion of the connection between spirituality, work, and family. First, an explanation is offered of how social change has necessitated a renaissance of interest in meaning and purpose. This is followed by an historical perspective of work from the standpoint of religion, culture, and psychology. Next, there is a brief introduction to the postmodern theories and definitions that make possible serious study of spirituality as it is perceived by individuals at home and at work. Practical issues that people face and their implications for therapy are illustrated. Finally, the importance to psychologists and psychotherapists of understanding the connection that exists between spirituality, work, and family is illustrated.
The Psychology of Near-Death Experiences and Spirituality
Authors: Greyson Bruce
Published: February 2013

Near-death experiences (NDEs) occur in 10%–20% of people who come close to death, and they are similar to mystical experiences occurring in other settings. Their incidence and features are not influenced by prior religious beliefs, although cultural background may affect the interpretation of some of those features. However, NDEs profoundly influence one's subsequent sense of spirituality, leading to increased compassion, altruism, and sense of purpose in life, and to decreased fear of death, competitiveness, and materialistic interests. They do not necessarily lead to an increased involvement in organized religion but rather tend to foster an internal sense of connection to the divine and to something greater than the self. The mechanism by which NDEs bring about these changes is unclear, but it may be related to their inescapable challenge to the materialistic model of mind-brain identity and the implication that there is a spiritual component to humans that appears, under extreme circumstances, to function independent of the physical body.
Journey From a Materialist to a Postmaterialist Perspective—A Portrait
Authors: Sperry Len
Published: February 2013

It is not uncommon for the course of one's professional and personal life to evolve. Often this evolution involves significant changes in assumptions and premises about science and human nature. The career trajectory of a professional clinician and researcher is described in terms of three distinct phases: materialistic, dualistic, and postmaterialistic.
Food and the Annales School
Authors: Watts Sydney
Published: February 2013

Food history emerged as a serious academic pursuit in the wake of a major reorientation in the field of history led by French scholars of the Annales School. Established in 1929 by French historians Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre, the Annales in 1929 was a ground-breaking journal dedicated to historical and contemporary research in economics and sociology. Although the Annales is not solely responsible for the rise of social history, its founders undertook ambitious studies focusing on historical standards of living, material lives, demographic trends, and mentalities of pre-modern peoples, a research interest which typically addressed the history of agriculture and problems of subsistence. This article explores how the Annales School has shaped the field of food history by looking at three significant"moments": agricultural patterns and cognitive frameworks of pre-modern societies, food production and food consumption as a foundation of social and economic life, and the history of cuisine through a cultural approach to taste and identity. The article concludes by assessing the influence of the Annales School on the history of food outside of France.
Labor Histories of Food
Authors: Deutsch Tracey
Published: February 2013

Food and work are inextricably linked, but this relationship has never been straightforward. People have used a wide array of strategies to transform raw materials into food, and these strategies reflect the different social contexts and systems in which food has been eaten. This article explores the tremendous amount of labor necessary to produce food and establishes the central role of labor to studies of food history. It does so by focusing on food gathering, food production, and food consumption over time. after providing an overview of the early history of food work and the "commercial turn" that marked global food production and consumption beginning in the late middle ages, the article discusses three sites of food-related labor: the commercial world of food processing (especially manufacturing and retail), farms, and domestic spaces.