bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Foley Michael P.
Published: May 2021

This chapter presents an overview of St. Augustine's Soliloquies. The completion of the first two books of the Soliloquies in the winter of A.D. 386/387 was a groundbreaking accomplishment. Although the philosophical dialogue was by then a well-established genre, it was unprecedented to have an entire work devoted to a conversation between a man and himself. Part of the originality of the Soliloquies lies in its personification of Reason, who serves as Augustine's sole interlocutor. In an earlier dialogue, Augustine had narrated a scenario in which Reason speaks to himself; in the Soliloquies, Augustine augments this conceit by depicting Reason speaking on his own and directly to Augustine. In addition, it is unusual in a philosophical dialogue for the character that best epitomizes the philosophical life to assume a subordinate role. If the Soliloquies contributes to the quest for self-knowledge, it also shines a light on some of the obstacles in the way. Much of the Soliloquies is also devoted to the question of whether the human soul is immortal.
Book Two
Authors: Foley Michael P.
Published: May 2021

1. Augustine.

Our work has been interrupted long enough, and love is impatient, nor is there a limit to one’s tears unless love is given what it loves.1 So let’s get going with our second book.

Reason.

Let’s.

Augustine.

May we believe that God will be present to us!...
On the Immortality of the Soul; or, Notes for What Would Have Become Book Three
Authors: Foley Michael P.
Published: May 2021

1. If a discipline exists somewhere, it cannot exist unless it exists in something that lives; and if it exists forever and if nothing in which something exists forever cannot also not exist forever, then that in which a discipline exists, exists forever.1

If we who reason...
The Global Indies
Authors: Cohen Ashley L.
Published: May 2021

This book is a study of British imperialism's imaginative geography, exploring the pairing of India and the Atlantic world from literature to colonial policy. The book weaves a complex portrait of the imaginative geography of British imperialism. Contrary to most current scholarship, eighteenth-century Britons saw the empire not as separate Atlantic and Indian spheres but as an interconnected whole: the Indies. Crisscrossing the hemispheres, the book traces global histories of race, slavery, and class, from Boston to Bengal. It also reveals the empire to be pervasively present at home, in metropolitan scenes of fashionable sociability. The book reveals how the pairing of the two Indies in discourse helped produce colonial policies that linked them in practice. Combining the methods of literary studies and new imperial history, the book demonstrates how the imaginative geography of the Indies shaped the culture of British imperialism, which in turn changed the shape of the world.
Alcohol
Authors: Crandall Russell
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on the story of alcohol as among the most important in any reckoning of the war on drugs, considering alcohol is one of America's most widely consumed substances. It discusses how the word “drug” does not immediately bring alcohol to mind as it remains legal for everyday usage. It also cites drug policy scholar Mark Kleiman, who reminds that alcohol is the archetypal drug: the drug most widely used and the drug that causes the most addiction, disease, and violence. The chapter looks at estimates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, wherein alcohol accounted for 2.5 million years of potential life lost each year between 2006 and 2010. It examines how excessive drinking caused one in ten deaths among adults between twenty and sixty-four years.
Opium
Authors: Crandall Russell
Published: May 2021

This chapter begins with Thomas De Quincey, who published a book in 1821 under the title Confessions of an English Opium Eater, an autobiographical telling of his “tortured love affair” with a tincture of 10 percent opium. It analyzes that De Quincey's Confessions confronted the West with a stark description of a novel concept: drug addiction. It also speculates that opium might be humanity's first drug as it was cultivated at the same time as agricultural civilizations developed alongside bodies of water. The chapter describes the opium poppy as one of mankind's earliest attempts at genetic engineering since it was planted as early as five thousand years ago in the western Mediterranean or the Near East. It looks at ancient texts that suggest that some civilizations were aware that opium resin was habit-forming and mortally poisonous.
Kingpin
Authors: Crandall Russell
Published: May 2021

This chapter introduces Colombia's sweet-smelling cannabis as an export-grade product that was abundant from the countryside to interior cities, such as Medellín, and became the global gold standard for pot. It identifies that Colombian kingpins first shipped cannabis northward using American pilots who would land at remote airstrips to pick up hundreds of kilos at a time. It also details how cocaine was brought across by paid smugglers known as mules, estimating that imports of the white powder to the United States totalled six hundred kilos a year. The chapter recounts that the American pot generation found cocaine, which they bought for $2,000 a kilo in Colombia and started selling for more than $55,000 in the United States. It explains how the incredible profit margins of cocaine attracted a motley assortment of kingpins, such as José Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha, who was an emerald dealer before he got into the cocaine game.
Plan Colombia
Authors: Crandall Russell
Published: May 2021

This chapter begins with the American and Colombian anti-drug officials that celebrated Pablo Escobar's “decapitation,” as proof that the kingpin strategy was on its way to eradicating cocaine trafficking in Colombia. It mentions that Medellín's drug bosses met to discuss in the neighborhood of Envigado after Escobar's death, from which emerged the so-called Envigado Office lead by Don Berna. It also describes Don Berna as a formidable Medellín drug trafficker and a former member of the Marxist Popular Liberation Army. The chapter refers to the Cali cartel, an association of four billionaires who managed a worldwide cocaine monopoly, controlling everything from production in Peru and Colombia to sales in the suburbs and cities in the United States and around the globe. It emphasizes how the “decapitations” of the Medellín and Cali cartel's atomized cocaine production and trafficking into smaller entities that were much harder to track and interdict, proving that the kingpin strategy was working.
Concluding Thoughts and a Tentative Way Forward
Authors: Crandall Russell
Published: May 2021

This chapter emphasizes how 23 million Americans between the ages of twelve and sixty-five are illicit drug users despite the billions of dollars spent on prevention, treatment, law enforcement, and interdiction. It talks about marijuana use among Americans increasing steadily from 13.9 percent in 2016 to 15.9 percent in 2018. It also elaborates how the United States was buckling under an enormous drug abuse and addiction problem, with 15 million troubled users of alcohol and several million others regularly abusing illegal drugs. The chapter looks at an official Pentagon profile titled “Operation Martillo Drops the Hammer on Smugglers”, which detailed progress on the new initiative to interrupt the Florida/Caribbean channel that South American kingpins were using to transport cocaine. It recounts how four years after the Pentagon report, the Pentagon's official website headline touted Martillo as still hammering away at drug trafficking.
Police Archives Before the Police
Authors: Nicolazzo Sal
Published: May 2021

This introductory chapter discusses the definitional undefinability of the notion of “police.” This undefinability offers a conundrum when it comes to textual interpretation, but vagrancy offers a generatively loquacious archive of police. In the archive of vagrancy, one sees the making of police through the “minute particulars.” As it was a paradigmatic target of police, vagrancy also remained crucially resistant to definitional certainty, and yet it had a material, practical life as well — many of its “minute particulars” were elaborated in administrative, theoretical, and literary texts, thus generating an archive of police before “the police” had taken institutional form. Through precise attention to the deceptively small category of vagrancy as it traverses legal theory, legal practice, and print culture, one gains crucial insight into the array of practices, theories, modes and purviews of violence, and habits of perception that coalesced as “police” before the establishment of the modern police force. The chapter then considers how vagrancy connected local order-keeping to political economy.
“A Rough Unsightly Sketch”
Authors: Zitin Abigail
Published: May 2021

This chapter surveys the manifestations of empiricist antiformalism in some early texts that ground the tradition of eighteenth-century thought on the subjects of taste and beauty, beginning with Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Locke argues for an attenuated version of form, one that eschews any trappings of scholastic or Platonic philosophy. After Locke, form cannot name anything related to substance or essence; Locke endorses its use only as a synonym for figure, that is, shape or pattern, extension in space or duration in time. Drawing on Locke's Essay, both Joseph Addison and Francis Hutcheson theorize beauty as a secondary quality that emanates from an object, distinct from form, which they understand as a primary quality residing in that object.
The Figure of Practice
Authors: Zitin Abigail
Published: May 2021

This chapter argues that the idea of practice occupies a central position in the writings of Antony Ashley Cooper, the Third Earl of Shaftesbury, complicating the traditional association of Shaftesbury’s aesthetics with a concept of form. Practice enters the picture by way of his commitment to the moral exercises of classical Stoicism. Shaftesbury gives his modern Stoicism a Platonic inflection by using artistic and artisanal practices as metaphors, in his writing, for the development through exercise of one’s moral capabilities—Platonic, that is, in disavowing the materiality of the figure on which effective communication of meaning relies. This disavowal marginalizes the practical expertise of artists and artisans, specifically, their interested and materially determined understanding of beauty and its pleasures.
Making Art in the Third Critique
Authors: Zitin Abigail
Published: May 2021

This chapter inquires into the fate of artistic practice in the text responsible for making form central to the theorization of aesthetics: Immanuel Kant’s Critique of the Power of Judgment. When Kant turns his attention to art, it appears as a special case, not fully within the purview of his theory of aesthetic judgment. How might Hogarth’s practitioner-centered aesthetic theory, in The Analysis of Beauty, inform an interpretation of Kant’s Third Critique? Kant, like Hogarth before him, connects the pleasure in aesthetic judgment with the cognitive activity of formal abstraction. Thinking like an artist means exercising the perceptual capacity for formal abstraction. In Kant’s theory as well as Hogarth’s, the artist can be understood as she who models free play as a practice that can be cultivated by means of this perceptual exercise.
Salvaged Lands
Authors: Kreiner Jamie
Published: May 2021

This chapter demonstrates how farmers were thinking systemically, in similar and even complementary ways to the expansive analyzing of early medieval philosophers. The wealth of bioarchaeological data that have become available in recent decades makes it possible to see how early medieval communities were entangled in their environments — and how they integrated pig husbandry into these worlds. Early medieval farms and their ecologies were diverse, entangled, and constantly changing. And the flexibility of pigs’ own bodies and minds made them an asset as humans worked to exploit and accommodate different landscapes.
Partnerships
Authors: Kreiner Jamie
Published: May 2021

Humans obviously affected pigs’ lives in the course of raising, trading, and eating them. But pigs transformed the experiences that individual people had, and they shaped entire communities’ identities as well. This chapter focuses on a set of groups who were especially affected and even defined by pigs: swineherds, soldiers, states, and pork eaters — elites especially.
Epilogue
Authors: Kreiner Jamie
Published: May 2021

This epilogue briefly surveys the agricultural and cultural life of pigs after the early Middle Ages. Familiar patterns took new forms: in the high Middle Ages, the closeness of humans and pigs was explored in new medical and legal procedures. Pigs became salvaging accessories to a new class of coercive elites in the New World. And the Christianization of the pig was intensified, both to deepen Christians’ engagement with theologies of the flesh and to sharpen their anti-Semitism. But an in-depth history of pigs and ecologies after the first millennium still needs investigation.
Horkheimer; or, The Longing for the Wholly Other
Authors: Gordon Peter E.
Published: May 2021

Examines the concept of secularization in the writings of Max Horkheimer, with special emphasis on his shift from a more dialectical conception of religion in his early writing to his late appeal to the concept of God as “wholly other” and as the only resource for critical resistance.
Conclusion
Authors: Gordon Peter E.
Published: May 2021

Now the Lord said unto Abram, Get thee out of thy country.

—Genesis 12:1

In a 1978 lecture on the occasion of Gershom Scholem’s eightieth birthday, Jürgen Habermas offered a summary of his friend’s understanding of secularization. The lecture bears witness to the enduring friendship between two of the most consequential intellectuals of the modern era, and it testifies to the postwar reality of a “German-Jewish dialogue” whose existence in pre-Holocaust Europe Scholem himself had dismissed as little more than a myth. Of greater relevance here, however, is Habermas’s sympathetic attempt to reconstruct a theoretical justification for the persistence of religious concepts in profane life. Scholem, claims Habermas, grasped the dialectical principle that secular society might still need religion: “Only those who can bring essential elements of their religious tradition, which points beyond the merely ...
Nine-Tenths of the Law
Authors: Lund Christian
Published: May 2021

The old aphorism “possession is nine-tenths of the law” is particularly relevant in Indonesia, which has seen a string of regime changes and a shifting legal landscape for property claims. Ordinary people struggle to legalize their possessions and claim rights in competition with different branches of government, as well as police, army, and private gangs. Some people acquire land, but more seem to lose it when their lack of wealth, knowledge, language, connections, and organization leaves them vulnerable. Possession may be nine-tenths of the law, but the last tenth, recognition, still matters a great deal. Moreover, recognition often takes the form of legalization, through efforts to make claims and decisions appear legal. And, crucially, this very plausibility of legality can have the effect of law. The book is about how and why people and institutions work to make claims stick by legalizing them: the relationship between legal recognition and possession. The book explores the relationship between possession and legalization across Indonesia, examining the imaginative and improvisational interpretations of law by which Indonesians navigate dispossession.
Another Fine Mess
Authors: Lund Christian
Published: May 2021

This chapter studies three neighborhoods in Medan to map out the contentious patterns of legalization of urbanizing land. The city's expansion has largely taken place on land that was once under plantation leases. People and developers have not always waited for the land to be legally released for other purposes, and when leases finally lapsed, new urban neighborhoods or industry, rather than plantation crops, would already stand on it. This produced a legal conundrum. When a plantation lease expired, land would revert to the state of Indonesia. The state would then have several options: renewal of the lease or a change in land use and the issuing of other new leases. Renewal of a plantation lease for a densely built neighborhood spelled trouble, but so did issuing new leases for other land uses. In reality, a third, messier, option was often preferred: inaction, referral, kicking the can down the road, post festum approval, and leaving it to land-hungry people, movements, gangs, companies, soldiers, and government agencies to rough it out.
Measuring Features of Complex Systems
Authors: Ladyman J. , Wiesner K.
Published: May 2021

This chapter offers a guide to quantifying complexity based on the fruits of the analysis of the previous chapters. Many measures of complexity have been proposed since scientists first began to study complex systems, and the list is still growing. If complexity is a collection of features rather than a single phenomenon, then all quantitative measures of complexity can quantify only aspects of complexity rather than complexity as such. The chapter demonstrates the truism of complexity science that it is computational and probabilistic. It also further explains some of the new kinds of invariance and forms of universal behaviour that emerge when complex systems are modelled as networks and information-processing systems. The chapter then looks at a few, by now classic, measures of complexity from the 1980s and 1990s, including effective complexity, effective measure complexity, statistical complexity, and logical depth.
What Is a Complex System?
Authors: Ladyman J. , Wiesner K.
Published: May 2021

This chapter assesses whether there is a single natural phenomenon of complexity found in a wide variety of living and nonliving systems and which can be the subject of a single scientific theory. Is there such a thing as 'complexity science' rather than merely branches of different sciences, each of which have to deal with their own examples of complex systems? The chapter synthesises an account of how to think about complexity and complex systems from the examples and analysis of the previous chapters. Roughly speaking, there is no single phenomenon of complexity, but there are a variety of features of complex systems that manifest themselves in different ways in different contexts. Hence, complexity science is not a single scientific theory but a collection of models and theories that can be used to study the different features in common ways across different kinds of systems. The chapter then considers different views about complex systems.
Policy, education and poverty across the UK
Authors: Ivinson Gabrielle , Thompson Ian
Published: May 2021

This chapter reports on and draws lessons from the BERA Commission on Poverty and Policy Advocacy which set up five seminars and a community Forum across regions in each of the four jurisdictions of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The seminars highlighted differences between the differing political contexts of the four UK jurisdictions in terms of their conceptualisations and policy enactment around child poverty and the implications for teachers in each context. The BERA Commission found that the devolved contexts of the UK open up some limited but important spaces for difference and contestation. The chapter explores how attuning to the places where children and young people grow up provides an important lens on vulnerability, wellbeing and educational achievement.
Introduction
Authors: Dinham Adam , Arat Alp , Shaw Martha
Published: May 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of religion and belief literacy. Religion and belief literacy is both socialised and learnt. While treated in schools as a discrete and marginalised subject for children, at the same time, it overlaps with citizenship and sex education, and is colonised in communities with anxious policy instrumentalisations about migration and extremism. Thus, it will be experienced primarily in those ways rather than engaged with more openly as an ordinary part of billions of identities and lived experiences around the world. This book shows that learning about religion and belief is a lifelong process, to be engaged in by publics in schools, universities, professional training, workplaces, and communities, where everyone is a learner. Crucially, learning happens in different combinations, in different orders, with different modes, for different purposes, and at different paces for each individual. This reflects the importance of connecting the chain of learning across all the spaces through which people pass in everyday life so that the fullest range of thinking and contestations about religion and belief landscapes are more or less consistently revealed in their complexity and by recognising the boundaries and competitions between ideas.
Religion and belief in community education and learning
Authors: Dinham Adam , Arat Alp , Shaw Martha
Published: May 2021

This chapter studies religion and belief in community education and learning. There has been a long tradition of education and learning in community spaces, both formal and informal. The chapter examines the tensions across three strands of community education: cohesion education, which emphasises skills in multi-faith action; anti-extremism education, which trains community leaders to spot and prevent religion and belief extremism (including non-religious, political extremism) and increasingly addresses anti-Semitism; and citizenship education, which is something of a blend. It also looks at supplementary education in out-of-school settings, the majority of which are faith-based, the curricula of which are largely unknown, and whose very existence has therefore been controversial. This all sits in a context of the widespread absence of forms of adult education focused on politics, power, and inequality, much of which once took place in universities. However, many universities have lost such spaces in the period since around 1980.
Policy analysis in the Colombian Constitutional Court
Authors: Rodríguez-Raga Juan Carlos , Virgüez-Ruiz Santiago
Published: May 2021

This chapter uses a specific case example from the Colombian Constitutional Court (CCC) that provides insights into the phenomena of judicialization of politics and public policy. It explains the structure, powers and operation of the CCC and examines its decisions with respect to public policy on illicit drugs as part of the peace agreement. It also describes the way CCC has recently dealt with one dimension of the illicit drugs public policy related to the peace agreement reached between the Colombian government and the now demobilized guerrilla group FARC-EP. The chapter mentions the abstract constitutional review, which is an instrument the CCC uses to protect the integrity of the system of legal rules and comply with the constitutional provisions. It summarizes the highlights of the policy analysis toolbox used by the CCC and suggests a future research agenda.
Policy analysis in the health sector in Colombia
Authors: Vecino-Ortiz Andres I. , Puerto-García Stephanie , Lucumí Diego , Mosquera-Becerra Janeth
Published: May 2021

This chapter talks about health care as a universal concern and health policy. It provides an overview of policy analysis within the health care sector across problem definition, policy development and implementation stages at the national, departmental, and local levels of government. It also identifies four concrete examples of opportunities for policy analysis in the health sector, as well as two substantial obstacles or “bottlenecks.” The chapter discusses the development of policy analysis studies in the Colombian health sector since the health reform in 1993, and the heterogeneity of such development across different health sector institutions in Colombia. It assesses how policy analysis in the health sector evolved over time, highlighting the divergent development in national-level and local-level institutions.
Political parties and policy analysis in Colombia
Authors: Castro Sebastián Líppez-De
Published: May 2021

This chapter traces the development of the political party system in Colombia, focusing on characteristics related to their production or consumption of policy analysis. It stresses that political parties will not fully utilize policy analysis to guide their decisions and priorities, as long as clientelistic linkages prevail. It also mentions the third or nongovernmental sector, which is increasingly recognized as an important policy actor or potential policy actor in all countries. The chapter describes the historical trajectory of the Colombian party system, its make-up in the 21st century, and key institutional features affecting parties' use of policy analysis. It identifies some of the mechanisms through which 21st-century Colombian political parties produce or rely on policy analysis.
Introduction: the crisis and austerity neoliberalism
Authors: Etherington David
Published: May 2021

The chapter provides an overview of the key arguments and structure to the book. Of central importance is to understand austerity as a class strategy involving labour discipline through attacks on social protection and employment relations. Central to the book’s argument is the need to understand the geographical nature of labour inequalities and impacts of austerity cuts in the ‘left behind’ regions. The chapter highlights the way industrial relations and employment relations inter link as Work first policies undermine employment rights and reinforce labour market insecurity and inequality. The chapter briefly outlines the role of agency and the capacities of trade unions and social movements to negotiate and resist austerity are seen as crucial to an understanding of the contemporary welfare and employment crisis. The origins of the book is outlined, arising from previous comparative work on the Danish welfare and employment model which provides relevant lessons when discussing the link between labour and social movements and welfare regimes and alternatives to neoliberalism
Resisting welfare reforms and work-first policies
Authors: Etherington David
Published: May 2021

The chapter explores the resistance by trade unions and rights organisations against the welfare reforms. There are a variety of strategies and challenges – particularly focussed around the removal of the social safety net and the policy of in work conditionality. An important area of struggle is around gender and disability inequalities reflecting the disproportionate impact of austerity on these groups.
‘Devolving’ welfare policies in Greater Manchester’s precarious economy
Authors: Etherington David
Published: May 2021

The devolution of policies to the English regions is a key Government strategy for addressing geographical uneven development. Using Greater Manchester, the Government’s flagship devolution initiative, the chapter analyses the implementation of welfare reforms in Greater Manchester, arguing that the work first model reinforces precarious economic conditions. The chapter highlights the key actors and organisations who struggle to forge another political agenda in the region.
Introduction
Authors: Phillimore Jenny , Sigona Nando , Tonkiss Katherine
Published: May 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of superdiversity. Patterns of migration to high-income countries until the 1990s mainly consisted of many migrants coming from a few countries to a small number of places. Around the turn of the 1990s, however, a new pattern of migration and associated diversification was observed. Since its inception, the concept of 'superdiversity' was meant to move beyond an observation of ethnic and national diversity, to capture the multidimensional aspect of the processes of diversification driven by new migration, including variables such as gender and age, faith, patterns of distribution, language, labour market experiences, and different immigration statuses. The chapter then considers the politics and governance of superdiversity.
Making the most of superdiversity: notes on the potential of a new approach
Authors: Magazzini Tina
Published: May 2021

This chapter begins by problematising the relationship between identity and difference as a way to rethink the dimensions and fluidity that superdiversity consists of. It provides a brief background of the debate on the death (or serious illness, or rebranding) of multiculturalism. The chapter then locates the specificities of superdiversity. It suggests the adoption of a superdiversity approach in the drafting of guidelines on diversity management such as the Common Basic Principles for Immigrant Integration Policy in the European Union (Council of the European Union, 2004) and the Action Plan on the Integration of Third Country Nationals (European Commission, 2016). The Roma minority(ies) in Europe serves as a useful case study to exemplify how superdiversity can help us depart from the dominance of ethnicity as the main category for identity policy without negating its relevance, in order to encourage the development of inclusive policies towards minority groups and neighbourhoods that take into account multiple variables.
Superdiversity and sub-national autonomous regions: perspectives from the South Tyrolean case
Authors: Medda-Windischer Roberta
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses whether the policies aimed at protecting the historical traditional minorities in South Tyrol help or hinder the creation of a tolerant and pluralistic society, and enable a defensive approach so far adopted by the South Tyrol authorities towards migration and the cultural diversity of migrants and their families. It relies primarily on the analysis of legal and policy documents, and judgments of national and international courts as well previous literature and empirical studies on South Tyrol. The chapter focuses on the competences of the South Tyrolean authorities and the measures introduced by them as regards integration and inclusion. It also looks at several recent rulings, concerning the Province of Bozen/Bolzano, by the Italian Constitutional Court and the European Court of Justice. The chapter concludes with observations on how to develop a defensible framework for the management of new and more complex forms of diversity at the subnational autonomous level in, but also beyond, the South Tyrolean case that reconciles unity and diversity and that overcomes, at the same time, the traditional 'old–new' minority dichotomy.
Superdiversity, multiculturalism and local policies: a study on European cities
Authors: Ambrosini Maurizio
Published: May 2021

This chapter, building on a comparative study of immigration policies at the urban level in Europe, addresses the present state of multiculturalist approaches and their adaptations at the local level after the 'multiculturalism backlash' in most political discourse. In recent years, immigration policies in most European countries have been intended to reaffirm both the control of external borders and the values of identity and national belonging, and particularly so since 2001. Especially in the case of non-skilled, third country nationals, this approach can be defined as neo-assimilationist. This change in immigration policies goes hand in hand with growing disaffection with multiculturalism, at least as a discourse, in the European political debate. The chapter then analyses the relations between national frameworks and urban policies, the changing labels and the forms of continuity of local immigration policies, the involvement of civil society actors, and the appearance of local policies of exclusion. It suggests that diversity could be the new framework within which multiculturalist stances can be reshaped.
Superdiversity in the post-industrial city: a comparative analysis of backlash narratives in six European neighbourhoods
Authors: Jensen Ole
Published: May 2021

This chapter assesses how the urban setting conditions emerging us/them distinctions at neighbourhood level. This analysis involves paying particular attention to the nature and make-up of backlash narratives, as these essentially represent localised responses to changing power dynamics and resource allocations. The chapter draws on findings from fieldwork carried out at neighbourhood level in three European cities: Barcelona, London, and Turin. It discusses the conceptualisations of the post-industrial city, with particular emphasis on the application of Edward Soja's multiscalar view of the city. The chapter then looks at the relationship between post-industrial urban dynamics and emerging backlash narratives in the six selected neighbourhoods. Finally, it examines how one-off neighbourhood forums staged in each neighbourhood served to verify research findings while also providing insights into inter-group relations at neighbourhood level.
Urban poverty in Italy
Authors: Saraceno Chiara , Benassi David , Morlicchio Enrica
Published: May 2021

The chapter describes the incidence and features of poverty in the ten largest Italian cities. Exploiting the bulk of existing research, the chapter discusses how poverty is produced in each city, stressing the connection between the social organization of the urban life – including the economy, the social dynamics, the social fabric, the local politics – and the triggering of individual and household trajectories of impoverishment. Following an analysis based on maps that show how the disadvantaged population is more or less concentrated is some areas of each city, the situation of the three largest ones – Milan, Naples and Rome – is described in more detail. These three cities are very different from each other: Milan is the wealthiest city of the country, and here poverty transforms typically in social exclusion, while Naples is the ideal-typical case of Mediterranean city with a large diffusion of “integrated poverty”, but also of disqualified poverty and urban segregation. Rome is an immense territory with large dispersed and often isolated peripheries (the so-called borgate) where a highly vulnerable and variegated population live often in conflict with each other.
A late and uncertain comer in developing anti-poverty policies
Authors: Saraceno Chiara , Benassi David , Morlicchio Enrica
Published: May 2021

This chapter analyses the Italian system of social protection (including family allowances) with particular regard to its scarce efficacy in supporting the poor and to the fragmentation that often has counter-distributive effects. The fragmentation does not concern only the policy measures, but also their territorial distribution, across regions and municipalities. Particularly, although not only, in the case of poverty, until very recently there was no national policy, except for the poor old and the disabled. The responsibility for the poor (as for social services) was at the regional and municipal level, with no common framework. This long-standing situation was further strengthened by a constitutional reform in 2011. Within this institutional context, the introduction of a national minimum income provision was long opposed by various forces, notwithstanding some temporary experiments. The situation changed first at the civil society then at the policy level with the onset of the crisis, culminating with the introduction of the beginning of a minimum income scheme in 2016, followed by a reform, due to a change in the government coalition, in 2018. The fragile and changing government alliances that characterize the Italian political scene at present, together with the persistent view of the poor as “lazy” or “cheaters”, leave open the possibility that other changes may occur.
Continuities and changes in the Italian poverty regime
Authors: Saraceno Chiara , Benassi David , Morlicchio Enrica
Published: May 2021

The concluding chapter argues that the financial crisis both exposed and strengthened the weaknesses in all four dimensions whose interplay constitutes the specific Italian poverty regime. Gender arrangements within the family and exclusive expectations of family solidarity proved both risky and not always feasible. The fragmentary system of social protection became increasingly unable to protect a growing population of unemployed or precarious workers. Workers’ organizations (trade unions), while losing part of their constituency because of unemployment and labour market changes, had difficulty in representing a changed workforce. NGOs and charities were increasing under the pressure to act as substitutes of the deficiencies and failures of the welfare state. These combined weaknesses, while strengthening long-term vulnerabilities and inequalities, also created new ones.
Problematic developments are also occurring in the representation of the poor, even within the new income support measure, that ignores both the scarcity of demand and the crucial role of household composition and gender division of labour in exposing to the risk of poverty. More and more a moralisation of the discourse on poverty distinguishes between deserving and undeserving poor
Introduction
Authors: Barbera Filippo , Jones Ian Rees
Published: May 2021

Introduction chapter focuses on the principles of the modern foundational economy and its role in renewing citizenship nforming public policy are explored for the first time.
Challenging mainstream social and economic thinking, the book shows how foundational economy experiments at different scales can foster radical social innovation through collective, rather than private, consumption.
Reframing public ownership in the foundational economy: (Re)discovering a variety of forms
Authors: Plank Leonhard
Published: May 2021

Against the visible return of the state across the globe this chapter seeks to contribute to discussions on emanicpatory and progressive forms of public ownership. In line with foundational thinking such an agenda seeks to strengthen the role of citizens as active economic and political agents and aims at re-distributing power and democratization. Hence, we argue for a new framing of public ownership that also includes new (and old forms) of collective ownership beyond the central state. After a conceptual discussion that provides a critique of the dominant view on public ownership the chapter presents three illustrative case studies that provide potential for foundational provisioning with a more active role for citizens. These are: Austrian limited-profit housing associations which operate as a “social licensed” housing provider, remunicipalised French water companies with new governance mechanisms, and water cooperatives in Austria as a form of self-governed provisioning system in rural areas.
Civil society and the movement for public water: Water management and its transformation in the UK1 and Italy
Authors: Marotta Sergio , Spina Ferdinando
Published: May 2021

This chapter considers water supply within the general framework of the foundational economy. By highlighting the complex relationships in water governance between the public sector, the market and civil society, the chapter looks at the implications of the new financialised economy and the point value approach for universal access to drinking water. Moreover, it considers strengths but also limitations of the civic repair efforts toward social justice and sustainability in the water sector. First, the chapter provides an introduction to the evolution of the legal and regulatory framework for water supply in the UK and Italy. It then describes the devices of extraction and exploitation in water governance. Lastly, the chapter examines the most significant phases of the process for the remunicipalisation of water services in Italy.
Foodscapes of hope: The foundational economy of food
Authors: Morgan Kevin
Published: May 2021

This chapter argues that food studies needs to transition from moral economy as ethical critique to foundational economy as political practice because the latter can translate the values of the former into the policies and practices that are necessary to render the food system more socially and ecologically sustainable. It offers an empirical example by showing that a foundational economy of food can be fashioned through initiatives like the Food for Life programme, one of the most ambitious food system reform programmes in Europe, a programme that began as a school food reform scheme predicated on concerted action on the part of municipalities, civil society intermediaries and local communities.
Co-Creation and bridging theory-method divides
Authors: Depper Annaleise , Fullagar Simone
Published: May 2021

This chapter thinks through the possibilities and challenges posed by Co-Creation as a knowledge practice that is more than a ‘novel method’ for addressing urban inequality. We consider the onto-ethico-epistemological assumptions that underpin the ‘doing’ of co-creation as inventive practice. Drawing upon Barad (2007), Deleuze and Guattari (1987) and post-qualitative scholars (St Pierre, 2011), we ask what claims are made about participatory approaches in voicing issues of marginalisation? How are human and non-human relations recognised in creative collaborations? What role does affect play in the micropolitics of working with different desires, bodies, and techniques to effect change? New materialism offers a useful orientation to thinking through Co-Creation as a material-discursive process that has a rhizomatic, rather than linear form. Moving beyond humanist assumptions about individual creativity and essentialised identity categories, Co-Creation can be understood as a research assemblage that brings into relation objects, desires, bodies and contexts to disrupt, queer, reimagine and contest the normative (e.g. stigmatising of groups and places, and the invisibility of privileged perspectives). Using examples from our own and others’ work we explore the complex processes of Co-Creation projects, as they bring together artists, academics and communities in the face of urban inequality and marginalisation.
Co-Creation, social capital and advocacy: the Neighbourhood and Community Improvement Programme, Mexico City
Authors: Viesca Karla Valverde , Gordillo Dianell Pacheco
Published: May 2021

The aim of this chapter is to explore co-creation, as a participatory process that includes different actors and actions to have an impact on social cohesion in marginalised communities. The chapter relies on the experience of the Neighbourhood and Community Improvement Programme in Mexico City as an example of advocacy. It argues that given the important community benefits generated by advocacy, such as the development of social capital in marginalised communities in close collaboration with the State, advocacy actions cannot be dismissed since they constitute a very important participatory aspect of co-creative processes, in particular in Latin America.
A top-down experiment in Co-Creation in Greater Paris
Authors: Pruvot Ségolène
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores how Plaine Commune, the local authority in charge of urban development in an area north of Paris, has implemented a ‘top-down’ art-based collaborative process, which may be regarded as Co-Creation. The chapter analyses whether and how a process initiated by a public authority can be understood as part of the Co-Creation method defined in this book. The chapter places the reflection in the frame of the Creative Cities debate (Florida, Landry) and looks at whether and how Co-Creation can be used as a tool for inclusive Creative Cities strategies. The case-study reveals that local authorities can innovate by calling in artists for their specific creative ability, involving them as mediators, to help develop new ways of making the city, together with urban planners and residents.
When Co-Creation meets Art for Social Change: the Street Beats Band
Authors: Carpenter Juliet
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the interface between the concept of Co-Creation and the ‘Art for Social Change’ movement, taking the case of the Street Beats Band, a community-based percussion band in Vancouver, Canada. Local community members in the band collaborated with professional musicians, to perform a commissioned work at an International Contemporary Music Festival, on ‘found object’ percussion instruments that had been curated by members of Vancouver’s ‘binner’ community. The chapter illustrates that a Co-Creative process such as the Street Beats Band can empower and build community, as well as confront conventional thinking and trouble received narratives and expectations. However, while the methodology of Co-Creation holds critical potential as a tool to challenge stereotypes and marginalisation, it nevertheless operates with the structural constraints of deeply embedded power hierarchies that dominate discourse around urban disadvantage. The chapter also highlights the potential tensions and dilemmas that are embedded within a Co-Creation process, due to different visions, interests and inevitable power hierarchies. These issues should be acknowledged, addressed and negotiated by those involved, for Co-Creation to achieve its potential.
Investigating Corruption in the Afghan Police Force
Authors: Singh Danny
Published: May 2021

This book provides a unique study on the lower ranks of the Afghan police force due to the lack of empirical evidence of what attributes to the causes, practices and consequences of corruption in this institution. The book is divided into a number of sections. It commences with an understanding of how corruption, and narrowly police corruption, impact on the police force, state legitimacy and the strategies in place to mitigate such problems as part of broader security and post-conflict reconstruction initiatives. The theoretical framework comprises political, economic and cultural drivers of police corruption by drawing on semi-structured interviews with elites and a survey and structured interview conducted with street-level police officers. The findings infer that weak oversight and low pay are causes of police corruption which intensify bribery and roadside extortion. The lack of professionalism, partly due to short and unclear training, and patronage are deemed as meanings of police corruption. In terms of motivation, there is no sense of pride in Afghan policing to fulfil a clear mandate. Moreover, non-meritocratic recruitment is prevalent which exacerbates local influences, loyalties and job buying in either high-drug cultivating or urban areas. To curb patronage, police officers are rotated to distant provinces but economic hardship is further increased when catering for large families with fewer breadwinners. The book concludes that the problems with police corruption and failure to combat it results in low public confidence and state illegitimacy which can support violent opposition groups to create further instability in war-torn societies.
Locating the WISERD Project: Public policy governance towards common good
Authors: Jessop Bob
Published: May 2021

The author introduces semantic fixes and then considers institutional and spatio-temporal fixes. The analysis relates the author’s previous work on conjunctural analysis, cultural political economy, and social fixes directly to various forms of governance. Institutional and spatio-temporal fixes treat space and time as direct objects of governance, governing the spatio-temporal dimensions of other substantive objects of governance and compensating for the uneven spatio-temporal effects of governance. This facilitates the study of how the inherent contradictions and antagonisms of capitalism are governed through a historically variable set of semantic, institutional, and spatio-temporal fixes. It shows that state power can be analysed as ‘government + governance in the shadow of hierarchy’ and reveals the role of governance and multispatial metagovernance.