bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Fantasies, Hope and Compelling Narratives
Authors: Odendaal Nancy
Published: September 2023

This introduction offers an alternative means for understanding smart cities in Africa by surfacing the contradictions and problematic discourses that often inform them. It introduces the structuring themes of the book: mobility, food security, social mobilization and public culture. This chapter is also central to establishing the ethos and conceptual lens that inform its narrative.
The Expansive Nature of Platforms
Authors: Odendaal Nancy
Published: September 2023

This chapter is essentially a literature review that focuses primarily on platform urbanism. The aim is to explore current debates on the platform economy in contemporary cities and how this applies to the Global South and Africa. Furthermore, the intention is also to explore the technical qualities of digital platforms and their implications for disruptive urban practices.
Cyborg Activism
Authors: Odendaal Nancy
Published: September 2023

Social mobilization is an important feature of African cities where inequality and political power undermine livelihoods. By examining digitally driven activism in South Africa and Sierra Leone, this chapter explores the notion of ‘cyborg activism’ to illustrate the experiential and hybrid dimensions of such processes. Co-production of knowledge is an important aspect of these examples because the notion of agency is revised and revisited.
Conclusion: On Understanding Situated Platform Urbanism
Authors: Odendaal Nancy
Published: September 2023

This conclusion answers the main question posed by the book: if corporate smart promises are inadequate in responding meaningfully to urban challenges in Africa, how do disruptive practices that use digital platforms do so more effectively? It also tells the conceptual story about how we make sense of socio-technical change in geographies that are politically unstable, spatially fragmented and highly inequitable, using a postcolonial STS approach. The chapter is structured around five dimensions of platform urbanism in African cities: space; the importance of flow and connection in socio-technical relations; the centrality of trust and continuity in enabling the application of technology; the tensions between existing governance frames and emerging regimes because of the digital evolution; and the African city as hybrid, that is, a messy entanglement of the old and the new.
Decolonisation and Legal Knowledge
Authors: Adébísí Folúke&
Published: September 2023

This book examines conceptual issues that legal academics (and anyone with ancillary interests) should take into account when considering the origins of colonialism (and its logics) and how legal knowledge is implicated in this process. This examination connects itself to recent debates around decolonisation of knowledge in higher education. ‘Decolonising the curriculum/law school’ has become a term of art, whose activity, especially within higher education in the Global North, often does not involve decolonisation at all and whose proposed area of influence should extend well beyond the curriculum. Therefore, this book responds to this misuse by exploring what decolonisation actually means, broadly, but also specifically in relation to legal knowledge. Thus, the book unsettles some specific premises upon which legal knowledge is engaged in law schools, especially the ways in which uses of body-politics have facilitated the granting of unequal transactional lawful value and power to the human and to space–time. Recognising the tensions that exist between abiding with the standards of the discipline and producing future worlds that break from colonial logics that are often predicated on those standards, this book strives for a way to engage with those tensions within legal knowledge, while still remaining true to the radical vision of decolonisation.
Theories of Decolonisation; or, to Break All the Tables and Create the World Necessary for Us All to Survive
Authors: Adébísí Folúké
Published: September 2023

This chapter focuses on a detailed examination of the interrelation between colonisation and decolonisation. There is emphasis within this examination on theorisations of decolonisation that conceptualise the normativity of the colonial in constructing theoretical and practical opposition to it. This examination proceeds through the different contexts in which this colonisation/decolonisation relationship manifests itself: settler states, post-colonial states, as well within colonising states, such as the UK. Special attention is paid to the spatial–temporal continuities and overlaps within these structures and their refusals. It is noted that the long survival of the logics and praxes of ongoing colonialism is due, in part, to its ability to co-opt the other, adapt itself, and evolve when necessary. The chapter recognises and argues for the need for strategies for decolonisation to account for this, especially in relation to such work done in law schools in universities.
Race, Class, Parenting and Children's Leisure
Authors: Mukherjee Utsa
Published: September 2023

Children’s leisure lives in the UK are changing, with increasing dominance of organised activities and screen-based leisure. These shifts have reconfigured parenting practices too, with middle-class parents investing heavily in their children’s organised leisure schedules. However, our current understandings of these processes are race-blind and based mostly on the experiences of white middle-class families. Meanwhile, leisure itself has come to constitute an important sector in the UK economy with policy debates increasingly linking leisure to personal wellbeing, happiness, and social cohesion. This book intervenes in these debates and presents the first dedicated UK-based study of middle-class Indian parents and their 8-to-12-year-old children. Drawing upon interview narratives and participatory drawing activities, Utsa Mukherjee demonstrates the salience of both race and class in shaping leisure-based parenting cultures and children’s leisure geographies. By bridging childhood studies, family studies and leisure studies, this book breaks new grounds in the theorisation of children’s leisure and contributes to key sociological debates around children’s agency and parenting practices in racialised minority middle-class contexts. The nuanced insights into the reproduction of classed and racial inequalities and identities offered here are particularly relevant in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has exposed the extent of social inequalities in Britain.
Concluding Thoughts
Authors: Mukherjee Utsa
Published: September 2023

The concluding chapter draws together the insights presented in preceding chapters to reflect on the core question broached by the study in the first place, that is how race and class intersect, inflect and shape the everyday leisurescapes of middle-class British Indian children and their underpinning leisure-based parenting ideologies. In doing so, it outlines the key findings of the study, and delineate their contribution to contemporary debates within cultural sociology, sociology of education, childhood studies and parenting culture studies.
Humour and Politics in Africa: An Overview
Authors: Hammett Daniel , Martin Laura S. , Nwankwọ Izuu
Published: September 2023

This chapter provides a comprehensive background of the both the history of and contemporary literature on humour and politics in Africa. Africa has rich humorous traditions that are frequently overlooked but which underpin many contemporary forms of humour. In addition, we explore many of the contemporary arguments related to humour and politics. Finally, we map out why it is important to highlight the agency of humour because it provides a more holistic view of the multiple and simultaneous political work humour actually does.
Feminism and Protest Camps in Spain: From the Indignados to Feminist Encampments
Authors: Nicolau Emma Gómez
Published: September 2023

The global wave of social movement struggles between 2011 and 2014 witnessed a revival of encampments as a form of protest. Protest camps were primarily considered as sites of everyday, prefigurative politics, in which an alternative future could be constructed in the here and now. Feminist and queer approaches to encampments, however, have cast light on the prevalence of structural power within them. Through an analysis of the 15-M anti-austerity movement in several Spanish cities in 2011 and of a feminist camp established for International Women’s Day 2020 in Valencia, this chapter will explore both the possibilities and boundaries of protest camps as a form of resistance. It will discuss how safety may be built through recognition strategies that give account of other subjectivities with intersectional vulnerabilities, and how horizontality is always stratified by power. Finally, the chapter updates the concept of woman-only spaces, thanks to the inclusion of Spanish transfeminist experiences in the feminist encampment. From this perspective, if non-mixed camps constantly revise their dynamics of inclusion and exclusion, they can function as a starting point for the recognition of marginal subjectivities and thus for a more genuinely inclusive and transformative politics.
Remembering an Eco/Feminist Peace Camp
Authors: Moore Niamh
Published: September 2023

This chapter asks (how) are feminist peace camps remembered? In a book premised on a lack of attention to feminist peace camps, this chapter explores why and how feminist peace camps enter, or fail to enter, feminist cultural memory. It treats ‘feminist amnesia’, the forgetting of certain moments and movements of feminism, as a social and political process, sometimes an intentional process, with profound consequences for feminism, and the world we inhabit. It takes an ecofeminist peace camp in Clayoquot Sound in the early 1990s as a site through which to intervene in mainstream narratives of feminism. The chapter recounts research in the mid-1990s, the publication of a book on the camp in the mid-2010s, and the subsequent creation of a digital archive of oral histories of activists in late 2010s. The chapter diffracts these moments through accounts of mainstream feminism and its forgetting and disavowal of eco/feminist peace camps, despite their critical importance as sites of a feminist prefigurative politics. Ultimately the chapter asks what contemporary feminism would look like if it was recast through a history of feminist peace camps.
Idylls (and Horrors)
Authors: Scott John , Staines Zoe
Published: September 2023

Chapter 2 develops a critical framework to examine islands and crime, and functions as something akin to a literature review. It situates island criminologies within these existing criminological lines of inquiry, while also taking an interdisciplinary, global, and critical approach to exploring how islandness might further inflect extant criminological theorizing. The chapter initially examines criminological interest in geographies, including criminology’s general bias towards urban life in the Global North and concomitant neglect of crime in island spaces and places, which exist on the periphery of peripheries. The chapter then draws on fictional accounts of islands and crime and attempts to provide some foundations for an interpretive or cultural approach to island criminologies. In doing so, it extends the concept of islandness to account for two broad, polar visions of islands, which are best operationalized through the lens of power relations: island idylls and island horrors. We argue here for a criminological approach to small-scale and remote societies that conceptualizes both place and space, and which centres the importance of power in understanding different forms of social regulation.
Isolation
Authors: Scott John , Staines Zoe
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores how the isolation and remoteness of islands might influence and inflect criminological theorizing. As touched on in Chapter 2, islands have tended to be imagined through a Western lens as spaces that are both idealized and feared; their separateness and isolation prompt visions of paradise, but also dislocation and banishment. Island isolation promises a reprieve from the pressures of ‘mainstream’ (‘mainland’) society, but for those who emigrate (or are exiled) to islands, also implies abandonment – the island-dweller either abandoning mainland society, or indeed mainland society abandoning them. This chapter considers the use of islands as sites for managing sick and polluted bodies, including through quarantine stations and lock hospitals, drawing parallels to the way that islands have been used for banishment of the criminal body (for example, islands as prisons). Overall, we argue that criminology has often lacked critical engagement with public health, despite its historical and contemporary significance in regulating bodies, and despite frequent crossover in the use of isolated island spaces to prevent pollution of the body politic by ‘disappearing’ sick, poor, and criminal classes. This chapter seeks to at least partially correct this.
‘You’re Judged a Lot’: Australian Sudanese and South Sudanese Youths’ Perspectives on Their Experiences in Public Spaces
Authors: Macaulay Luke
Published: September 2023

Experiences within public spaces can influence the belonging of refugee youth communities. For those from these communities who are ‘visibly different’ from socially and politically constructed identity norms, this can disrupt their overall sense of belonging resulting in marginalisation within public spaces. Experiences within public spaces has become a pertinent issue for Australian Sudanese and South Sudanese youth at a time when their identities have been politicised within media and politics, situating these youth as dangerous ‘outsiders’. Utilising a voice-centred relational methodology approach, this chapter presents and discusses Australian Sudanese and South Sudanese youths’ perspectives on their experiences in public spaces in the city of Melbourne. Findings suggest that these young people’s experiences within public spaces are influenced by the consequences of negative racialised public and political discourses, whereby these youth feel they are under control and surveillance in public spaces relative to a sense of visible difference.
Hair Salons as ‘Private-Public Spaces’: Exploring the Experiences of Young Migrant Women in an Urban Township in South Africa
Authors: Walker Rebecca , Clacherty Glynis
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines the experiences and life-worlds of young migrant women in Thembisa, a sprawling township on the outskirts of the city of Johannesburg, South Africa. Based on conversations and interviews in small hairdressing salons where the young women congregate, the chapter explores how they form relationships and build networks around what we refer to as ‘private-public’ spaces. ‘Private-public’ spaces describe the ways in which a space like a hair salon can be open to anyone on a busy, open street but also be a space for creating (sometimes temporary) friendships, networks and threads of trust among girls and young women looking for better futures in a different country. Exploring how the teenage girls, many of whom have become mothers themselves at a young age, do not fit the stereotypical picture of a vulnerable child migrant, the chapter argues for a greater focus on the realities and needs of migrant youth and especially girls as they move across borders, and base their survival on spaces which simultaneously expose and provide protection from the precarious experiences of everyday life in South Africa.
Mitigating Social Inequities in Quebec: Governance Law to the Rescue?
Authors: Couture-Ménard Marie-Ève , Bernier Louise , Breton Mylaine , Ménard Jean-Frédéric
Published: September 2023

All over the world as in Quebec, the COVID-19 crisis forced the government to declare a state of public health emergency. Under this exceptional regime, decision-making is extremely centralized and is more based on a top-down approach. The Government of Quebec has thus ordered public health measures of an exorbitant scope, applying to all citizens regardless of their particular living conditions. Certain measures, for example, curfews, have thus created or exacerbated social inequalities, particularly in terms of exposure to the risk posed by COVID-19, access to healthcare or educational services or the ability to comply with certain health instructions, adding a burden for populations that are often already vulnerable. To mitigate this phenomenon, bottom-up initiatives addressing social inequities have emerged in the margins of state action; other initiatives bringing stakeholders together to find solutions have been demanded by the state. Taking a few of those initiatives as examples (groups with food insecurity, victims of domestic violence, people experiencing homelessness), the authors propose an analysis of this governance born during the crisis to remedy the shortcomings of state law, paying particular attention to the norms developed by the participating actors to organize their actions.
Accounting for Uncertain Opportunities
Authors: Timcke Scott
Published: September 2023

This chapter looks at how issues around rights, partiality and accountability test the luck-neutralization impulse that is at the core of luck egalitarianism. The chapter reviews Williams’ arguments on equality, counterposing them to Nozick’s outright rejection of the egalitarian terms of reference. This is to show the limits of both liberal and conservative critiques of equality as well as open the door to assess whether Marxian conceptions of equality might have more merit.
Practice Case Study: Reconnecting Employee and Employer Engagement through Continuous Improvement of Policy
Authors: Hamilton Andrew
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores the intentions behind, progress made and practical barriers faced by the Australian government in its bid to help more people with disabilities gain meaningful employment. Insights into these issues along with some key recommendations are illustrated through a case study of Holy Cross Services as an Australian Disability Enterprise (ADE). Four key dimensions are explored, based on a continuous improvement approach to supporting people with different abilities in achieving their career goals. Firstly, an overview is provided of the Australian employment market for people with a disability and recent changes. Secondly, the case study reviews the design and implementation of a supported-employment service-delivery model designed to empower people in achieving their career ambitions. Thirdly, an introduction is presented to the challenges encountered by people with different abilities as they progress through their career opportunities. Finally, the learnings and principles informed by these initiatives and case study are discussed to support future employment models for empowering the individual to achieve their career goals and enabling employers to employ more people with different abilities.
Introduction
Authors: Leonardsson Hanna
Published: September 2023

Introducing the book, Navigating the Local: Local Peacebuilding in Lebanese Municipalities, this chapter presents the local peacebuilding debate and the dilemma between promoting locally contextualized peacebuilding strategies and the need for knowledge on peacebuilding beyond isolated events and analytical concepts. As part of that introduction, the chapter discusses the shift towards decentering and ‘the local’ within studies of democracy, development and peacebuilding, and the meaning of smaller units, bottom-up processes and local agency in different local peacebuilding approaches. In addition, the chapter introduces local service delivery, local interactions and vertical relationships as peacebuilding functions. Finally, the chapter introduces the three Lebanese municipalities of Bourj Hammoud, Tyre and Saida and provides a brief note on the methodological approach.
How to Build a Stock Exchange
Authors: Roscoe Philip
Published: September 2023

What is the stock market, and why is it always on the news? Why is finance so important? How do stock markets work, and what do they really do? Financial markets are an inescapable part of the modern world but remain poorly understood. How to Build a Stock Exchange sets out to answer these questions by way of a journey through the histories and narratives of finance, combining meticulous historical-sociological research with anecdotes, reflections on the narratives and ideologies of finance and the author’s autobiographical reminiscences. The book takes the stock exchange both as an institution in its own right and as a rhetorical figure to explore finance more broadly. It focuses on the material and technological drivers of the markets, as well as the social relationships and rituals that keep markets functioning. It identifies exchanges as embedded in specific historical and political trajectories, showing the mutually constitutive relationship of modern nation states and financial markets. It shows how financial institutions are equally constituted by narratives, which work to set rules of participation, identity and conduct. Most of all, it makes the case that stock exchanges – and the other institutions of finance – are products of chance and circumstance. Finance, it argues, is a social technology, a reflection of its makers. While the stock exchange as we know it is central to so many contemporary global problems, it is not, the book suggests, entirely beyond change.
Prologue
Authors: Roscoe Philip
Published: September 2023

The Prologue takes the reader to the violence and expropriation at the heart of modern finance, via the massacre on the slave ship Zong and the ensuing legal action against the ship’s insurers. It explains how slave merchants built a transatlantic banking system on the bodies of the enslaved, a mechanism that allowed financial flows to break free from the bodily trade and circulate safely, cleanly and swiftly. It suggests that these patterns exist in modern finance, and that they underpinned the 2008 credit crisis. The Prologue introduces the argument of the book, that stock exchanges are social and material technologies with distinct histories.
Epilogue
Authors: Roscoe Philip
Published: September 2023

This final chapter stages a dialogue between the author and the stock exchange. It equivocates after Chapter 14’s abrupt dismissal of the possibilities of finance: perhaps there might be a role for new financial markets in very focused cases. It suggests a market in recyclable materials and a Scottish stock exchange as two such possibilities. The stock exchange defends itself against the book’s accusations: it is a social technology, a reflection of the society that created it.
Conclusion
Authors: Henshaw Alexis
Published: September 2023

This final chapter summarizes the findings of the book and discusses potential implications for policy. Ultimately, it argues that technology in its current form acts as an amplifier for hierarchies of gender, race, class, dis/ability, and sexuality – a predictable outgrowth of an industry that brings an androcentric vision to development. This final chapter also speculates on the future research agenda in this area, reflecting on how feminist security studies can engage in debates about technology and politics in a way that reflects feminist commitments. It reflects on the need to broaden intersectional dialogue while also reaching out to critical scholarship on surveillance and labour. This discussion concludes with a call to action for feminist and critical researchers as well as international relations scholars, practitioners, and activists interested in change.
Work and Alienation in the Platform Economy
Authors: Kassem Sarrah
Published: September 2023

It is becoming increasingly clear: platforms, formerly hidden behind the veils of entrepreneurship, are (re)shaping the world of work and workers. As Amazon has become a forerunner in setting these trends, this book examines two key and contrasting Amazon platforms: its e-commerce platform and its digital labor platform, Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk). By accessing the workers of the (digital) shop floor, it explores how different organizations of platforms estrange and alienate workers, and how, despite these conditions, workers organize within their political–economic contexts to express their agency. To do so, it differentiates between the nature of the platform and the nature of the work. While the former can be location-based or web-based, the latter refers to a traditional time-wage or gig wage. The case of Amazon’s e-commerce platform, meaning the workforce in its warehouses, resembles a location-based traditional time-wage platform, whereas MTurk is an example of a web-based gig piece-wage platform. By investigating these platforms within their political–economic context and approaching their workers on a (digital) shopfloor level, this book argues that the nature of the platform and the nature of the work organize and alienate workers in different ways, with different repercussions for their collective organization, which make themselves felt in traditional and more alternative ways. In doing so, this book shares insights into the different ways in which platforms are structured and reproduce historical continuities in organizing workers and their labor, as well as into contemporary developments that reshape labor realities and how workers organize themselves within these.
Aspects of Asia as an International System
Authors: Roth Antoine
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines systemic features of Asia that have conditioned and shaped China’s foreign policy choices over the centuries. Specifically, it examines the variation in the degree of asymmetry of power between China and its neighbours in different subregions and over time, the impact of the rapid growth in transport, communication, and social technologies used in Asia over the past two centuries, and the effect of the introduction in the region of the Western norms of nation statehood and sovereign equality. The chapter argues that China’s advantage in terms of power vis-à-vis its neighbours is today approaching the height it enjoyed at the apogee of the greatest dynasties, but also points out that the increase in the volume and intensity of inter-state interactions in the modern world and the existence of a systemic norm of sovereign equality among states that form the ground rules for those interactions today present new challenges for China’s ambitions to shape international order in Asia.
The Ideal of Hierarchical Order
Authors: Roth Antoine
Published: September 2023

This chapter defines ‘hierarchical order’ as an ideal type based on the Confucian–Legalist fusion that became the official orthodoxy of the Chinese imperial state. It identifies five elements that compose this ideal type, namely, a strong concern with order as a value in itself, the association of order with hierarchy understood as the rationalization of natural human inequalities, the justification in moral terms of the superior position of some social actors over others, the maintenance of the hierarchical order through ritual, and the mobilization of three tools of the state – its mastery of language, the awesomeness derived from military might, and its ability to offer material benefits – to enforce compliance with ritual norms. This chapter details how these elements fit together to form an ideal of hierarchical order that has exerted a strong power of attraction on Chinese statesmen throughout the centuries.
Statecraft in the Long Imperial Era
Authors: Roth Antoine
Published: September 2023

This chapter offers an overview of the techniques and tools used by Chinese statesmen to sustain their vision of a hierarchical Sinocentric order covering all-under-heaven over the course of the imperial era. It emphasizes three points in particular. First, Chinese statesmen remained steadfastly attached to the idea of a hierarchy centred on the Son of Heaven as the only path to order and to the exaltation of his superior moral qualities. They did not falter even when reality sometimes strayed very far from those ideals. Second, the role of ritual in maintaining this order went far beyond the reception of tribute and the granting of imperial titles to forge suzerain–vassal relations with other polities, although these were indeed the most common and favoured ritual institutions. The chapter therefore analyses the broader universe of Chinese techniques of ‘rule through ritual’ (lizhi), and their purpose and function. Third, it was well understood throughout the imperial era that the power to ‘rectify names’, to awe through military might, and to offer economic benefits to visitors were essential tools to make others comply with the Chinese vision of hierarchical order.
China’s Forced Entry into International Society and the Transformation of the Ideal of Hierarchical Order
Authors: Roth Antoine
Published: September 2023

This chapter turns its attention to the impact China’s forced entrance into the modern society of states at the turn of the 20th century has had on its vision of hierarchical order. It highlights the shift towards a teleological view of history and the birth of a sense of mission for China to transform a corrupt world order into a more just one. It also discusses China’s continuing determination to be recognized as first among Asian states, even as it embraced Western norms of inter-state relations and its renewed sense of moral superiority over Western great powers, seen as malevolent and predatory. In contrast, China was depicted as a worthier leader of Asia based on an idealized vision of its role as a benevolent and admired overlord in imperial times and on the modern role it claimed as the vanguard of the anti-imperialist struggle for national liberation. The chapter finally examines China’s obsession with questions of status on the international stage within the new framework of Western-style diplomacy, using its experience at the two Hague peace conferences and in the League of Nations as examples.
Conclusion
Authors: Roth Antoine
Published: September 2023

This concluding chapter summarizes the argument of the book and emphasizes once again the particular importance China puts on moral principles and, more concretely, on ritualized diplomatic interactions as means to sustain international order in Asia and regularly reaffirm its superior position. This, more than anything, is what makes the order envisioned by China unique. The book closes with reflections on what its findings mean for our understanding of the balance between realism and idealism in Chinese foreign policy, its simultaneous insistence on sticking to abstract principles and on the pragmatic pursuit of national interests, and its designs for order beyond its immediate neighbourhood.
Labour Conflicts in the Digital Age
Authors: della Porta Donatella , Emilio Chesta Riccardo , Cini Lorenzo
Published: September 2023

This volume offers a first systematic attempt to combine social movement studies and industrial relation studies in the analysis of the new labour conflicts in the platform economy. Contributing to the increasing interest in the workers’ voice in platform labour and in worker protest in the platform economy, the book offers a comparative analysis of the mobilizing trajectories, the organizational forms, and action repertoires of different categories of platform workers. Providing an all-encompassing overview of such a heterogeneous workforce, we explain the internal differences as related to distinct resources and opportunities for collective action. We first explore the mobilization capacities and forms of contention of a vast array of digital workers. We then analyze several episodes of labour mobilization that have been taking place over the past decade in specific sectors of the digital-based economy, in both crowdwork (online micro workers such as Amazon Mechanical Turk) and on-demand work via apps (warehouse and last-mile logistics, and food-delivery). While our empirical investigation focuses on the important mobilization trajectories of food-delivery couriers and Amazon drivers in the Italian context, we broaden our perspective to other cases, within and beyond Europe, on the basis of a systematic secondary analysis of emerging research.
Business as Usual despite Reform: The Indonesian Military under Jokowi
Authors: Setiyawan Dahlia Gratia
Published: September 2023

The eras that preceded the Jokowi years and the fossilization of the views and values therein, is one factor that has contributed to the TNI’s evolution into its present form. This path dependency can be summarized as follows: because civilians are to be mistrusted and only the military knows what is best for the nation, TNI entrenchment in economic, political and social life is both natural and necessary. An additional factor is Jokowi’s need for legitimacy, which has compelled him to accommodate figures associated with the New Order. Accordingly, this chapter goes into greater depth than existing scholarship in analysing the ideology and actions of military hardliners who have surrounded the president. Leaning on and delegating authority to such figures has shifted civil–military relations in favour of the TNI, particularly when it comes to MOOTW, in numerous ways. This chapter considers several of them: Army counterterrorism manoeuvring, proxy war threat inflation, old guard anti-communism and the TNI’s handling of the COVID-19 pandemic. All represent military entrenchment couched in a serious distrust of civilian leadership.
Curing National Insecurity through Developmental Authoritarianism in South Korea’s Civil–Military Relations
Authors: Lee Il Woo , Chong Alan
Published: September 2023

South Korea is not completely distinct in its practice of civil–military relations from the rest of Asia. As we argue in this chapter, the tussle over democracy in civil–military relations is more a symptom than a primary explanatory framework for South Korea. This is in view of the heavy social, psychological and ideological burdens imposed by the legacies of Japanese colonialism, as well as the panicked improvisation of the South Korean economic growth strategies that started under General Park Chung-hee’s direction between 1961 and 1979. Today, the failure to fully civilianize, or better yet, to fully liberalize, remains endemic to the South Korean political system. The threat from North Korea serves as a political prop for authoritarian elites. In short, South Korea’s current political stability was attained at a cost and its economic powerhouse status achieved through compromises arbitered by military rule and justified against a geopolitical environment of exaggerated insecurity.
Socialism and Its Critics
Authors: Martell Luke
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses criticisms of socialism and how it can respond. The ways socialism can respond to criticisms are categorized into several types. The chapter outlines communism and other types of socialism. The case is made for socialism as collective ownership and economic equality. The chapter outlines communism in theory. It says that problems in attempts at communism can be responded to by the development of socialist forms within capitalism and means of change that are non-statist and bottom-up, while with a role for the state too – that is, pluralist socialism. The chapter discusses Right-wing green and feminist criticisms of socialism. It argues that socialism can adapt to the deficiencies exposed by green and feminist criticisms and that expansion of adjusted socialism can help deal with ecological problems and non-class inequality. It is suggested that liberal and neoliberal criticisms require adaptation, expansion to help meet liberal goals, but also self-limitation of socialism. A pluralist socialism is argued for – not pluralism or liberalism with socialism, but a socialism with liberalism and pluralism.
Alternative Globalization
Authors: Martell Luke
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses alternative societies at a global level. It looks at the emergence of the anti-globalization movement and attempts at alter-globalization. It is argued that global government is unlikely to be successful because of the difficulties of finding common agreement across divisions of ideology and material interest between actors internationally. The chapter makes the case that pursuing change at an international level is more effectively done through sub-global internationalism between actors with shared ideological goals or geopolitical interests. It is argued one way change can globally lead to alternative globalization is through open borders for the free movement of people. Arguments for open borders based on freedom, obligations, and equality are outlined. Myths about the scale of international migration and its negative economic and social effects are countered with evidence. The chapter argues that open borders would not lead to huge unmanageable population movements. It contends that evidence on attitudes to migration shows more potential for support for open borders than it seems at first. What an alternative global society with open borders would look like is outlined.
Conclusion
Authors: Martell Luke
Published: September 2023

The conclusion summarizes the chapters and their main coverage. It outlines how the book has covered both alternatives in theory and alternatives being tried now or in the past in practical, realizable forms. It reiterates and reasserts the main core of the book, which is for utopianism in many forms, materialist and free, and pluralist socialism that includes liberalism, ecology, feminism, decolonial alternatives, and collective ownership, local and national, in an inclusively democratized form. It reiterates the argument of the book against dichotomous approaches and false oppositions, and for a pluralist, multilevel socialism both in the means of alternative society – political and extra-political; local, national, and international; in combination and not opposed – and the form it should take – socialist but with liberalism and diversity – not a pluralism that includes socialism but a socialism that includes pluralism.
The Ambiguous Modernism of Seyla Benhabib (2009)
Authors: Onuf Nicholas Greenwood
Published: September 2023

Seyla Benhabib is an exceptionally influential political theorist, whose work international theorists have too often overlooked. Chapter 6 seeks to remedy this neglect by putting her Habermasian background and Arendtian concerns into perspective and then by addressing her effort to derive universal principles of ethical conduct from a powerful assessment of liberal modernity. International theorists are to be faulted for failing to appreciate the extent to which the modern world in all its complexity is a necessary frame of reference for their deliberations. Benhabib’s struggle to save liberalism from itself falters for much the same reason. She fails to see that modernism in literature and the arts is an age-defining political project. Responding as it does to functional differentiation in modern society, rather than the rationalization of modern societies, modernist concerns subvert progressive liberal sentiments.
Expertise in Crisis
Authors: Caudill David S.
Published: September 2023

Within the “culture wars” dividing many nations politically, there is another persistent division, intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic, over the trustworthiness of consensus science—the so-called “crisis of expertise.” Perhaps counterintuitively, however, the solution is likely not to wear “Because Science” T-shirts while insisting on “cold, hard facts.” Indeed, a certain level of modesty—regarding the uncertainties and tentativeness of even the best science—is necessary for the type of understanding and communication that might convince someone to change their scientific beliefs. While some scholars identify an anti-science ideology in certain segments of the citizenry, we should not ignore the ideological, almost religious, belief structures on both sides in the crisis of expertise. The purpose of this book is to analyze the crisis of expertise in terms of ideology, defined in this book as an inevitable worldview. Acknowledging the difficulty of useful discourse between groups who seem to live in different realities, the book employs a unique constellation of disciplinary frameworks to diagnose the crisis of expertise, including sociology of science, anthropology of religion, art history, and Wittgenstein’s philosophy of language. Reconceiving science as a field of numerous uncertainties, together with recognizing each side in the crisis of expertise as having faith-like commitments, will best serve the goals of self-understanding and persuasive communication with respect to scientific disputes in the culture wars generally and specifically in governmental policy contexts.
Belief as a Form of Expertise
Authors: Caudill David S.
Published: September 2023

This chapter turns to religious belief as an example of expertise, drawing on: (1) the study of religious practices in the anthropology of religion; (2) the literature associated with the so-called Third Wave in Science and Technology Studies; and (3) Wittgenstein’s concept of forms of life, including his remarks on the potential for communication across ideological or religious boundaries. There are actually four expert communities in the crisis of expertise, namely: (1) consensus scientists; (2) non-scientist citizens who believe in consensus science; (3) fringe (or “minority”) scientists; and (4) non-scientist believers in fringe science. Expertise, that is, should be associated neither with esoteric knowledge (such as scientific principles), nor with “correct” views (even astrologers can be “experts”). Religious believers become experts in the language, practices, and principles of their community, just as scientists become experts in the language, practices, and principles of their discipline. Both occupy, in Wittgenstein’s terminology, a “form of life,” or worldview.
Communicating across Worldviews
Authors: Caudill David S.
Published: September 2023

This chapter argues that viewing the crisis of expertise in terms of a battle between “expertises,” grounded in faith-like commitments, will best serve the goals of communication, persuasion, and understanding in policy disputes in a divided nation. Since conflicting expert communities have specialized languages and values that, respectively, unite and distinguish each community, the solution to the crisis of expertise involves persuasive communication between worldviews. Communication is made possible by: (1) self-awareness that we are all ideological; (2) modesty about the science in which one believes (that is, recognizing uncertainties); and (3) a common anchor in some level of scientific data and method (hence, my argument and solution do not apply to ordinary “culture war” controversies, such as who won the 2020 US presidential election). That analysis finds support in the literature associated with science communication theory and conflict resolution in policy disputes. However, this chapter’s approach differs from similar analyses by scholars in this field who, like Naomi Oreskes, emphasize a diversity of viewpoints as a key to trustworthy science and, like Frank Fischer, emphasize citizen science and deliberative collaboration in policy arguments.
Conclusion
Authors: Caudill David S.
Published: September 2023

This conclusion confirms that while the culture wars generally seem intractable, there is hope for constructive and persuasive communication, based on understanding another’s perspective and values, in the crisis of expertise. That diagnosis goes beyond the familiar observations that a cultural distrust of expertise persists, that consensus science is worthy of acceptance, and that (in light of social studies of science) we should be modest about consensus because science is tentative and often uncertain. Specifically, this book adopts Third Wave categories of expertise, extending that theoretical framework with a new constellation of disciplinary approaches—the anthropology of religion, the neo-Calvinist critique of the Enlightenment, and Wittgenstein’s later philosophy—to highlight the inevitability of ideological commitments in the crisis of expertise. Once that is acknowledged, it is possible to at least understand that believers in fringe science occupy a different world than consensus scientists, and that persuasive communication requires understanding that world.
Leaks: From Whistleblowing to Doxxing
Authors: Bellaby Ross W.
Published: September 2023

This chapter will detail the underlying ethical arguments for leaks most broadly and how these, in turn, shape how both the retaliation hacks as well as penetrative information gathering hacks are to be judged. To help classify the discussion, those information leaks involving insiders using their privileged position to collect and then distribute information will be referred to as whistleblowing. In comparison, those instances where an outsider gains access to internal information and shares it widely, will be referred to as ‘doxxing’ (a neologism originating from a spelling alteration of the abbreviation ‘docs’, a shorter version of ‘documents’). This will include ‘institutional doxxing’ when referring to organizations or corporations having their internal documentation shared, and ‘individual doxxing’ when referring to a person’s personal information being shared. This chapter will set out the relevant ethical issues in order to then evaluate the most prominent case examples. It will argue that when a leak reveals sufficient wrongdoing or pertains to information where there is a right to know, often involving information of a political nature, and that the act of leaking does not cause direct harm to another, there are instances where both whistleblowing and doxxing can be justified.
Contesting County Lines
Authors: Densley James , McLean Robert , Brick Carlton
Published: September 2023

It is rare to call an academic book a page-tuner, but this is no ordinary academic book. Contesting County Lines draws on ethnographic research and interviews with an entire cast of characters from two county lines drugs networks to ‘re-up’ on knowledge about these emerging phenomena. Written in a narrative criminology style that reads almost like a novel, this book challenges some of the conventional wisdom underpinning the ‘standard story’ about county lines. First, the findings show that crime opportunities and drug market expansion can be secondary motivations for gang proliferation and gang member migration. People migrate from hub cities to remote county sites not just at the direction of gang leaders, but for personal, family reasons. Second, while some drug runners are bullied, exploited and cuckooed, the findings challenge the ‘passive vulnerability’ narrative of county lines because some people enter into county lines of their own volition – they have agency and fully embrace a life of deviant entrepreneurship. Third, while some drug dealers enthusiastically embrace the always-on culture of modern drug dealing and the use of smartphones and social media to reach clients, others find delivery dealing a chore and only do it to keep up with consumer demands and customer preferences. Finally, the book documents in vivid detail that even if county lines are regulated by violence, too much violence is bad for business, and this can be the end of the line for organized crime groups. Aimed at students, scholars, practitioners and policymakers, this book warns against concept creep in criminology and offers new ways of thinking about drug-crime prevention, intervention and enforcement.