bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
USING MULTIPLE ASSESSORS TO EVALUATE CORE COMPETENCIES OF NURSING STUDENTS: A 360° EVALUATION APPROACH
Authors: R. Hemalatha , Shakuntala B S
Published: April 2020

Traditional student evaluations have always been by the teaching faculty with less or no input from the nurses, patients, peers or even student's self. The objective of our study was to use 360 degree feedback in the evaluation of core competencies of final year nursing students and compare the ratings of RN, patients, peers and self rating of student. 374 final year students of selected nursing colleges in Bangalore and Tumkur were enrolled for the study. Patients, RN, peers and students themselves completed evaluator-specific evaluations in the first week of clinical period by using a validated 3 point rating scale of 40 items for both the peer and self and 21 and 20 items for the patients and RN respectively. Mean scores were tallied for each domain and for the total scale. Agreement between the raters was done using Pearson's correlation coefficient. A total of 1496 evaluations were completed for 374 samples. The mean item score ranged from 4.86 to 5.17 across all competency domains. The overall mean rating score for self, peer, client and RN was 43.7(SD 3.16), 43.6 (SD 2.34), 20.6 (SD 1.65) and 20.2 (SD 1.83) respectively. The self and peer ratings of the students were higher than the ratings of RN's and patients. None of the students were at the novice level. The Pearson's correlation coefficient between peer and self evaluation was statistically significant(r=0.28; p at 0.01 level). There was a weak but statistically significant positive relationship between peer and RN evaluation(r=0.11; p at 0.05 level). As different raters rated the students differently there was no significant relationship between self, patient, and RN ratings. This study finds potential value in the use of 360 degree evaluation of nursing students in both the hospital and community settings.
DENTAL CARIES AND FLUORIDE LEVELS IN WATER AND MILK IN 13-15 YEAR OLD ADOLESCENT POPULATION IN DAKSHINA KANNADA DISTRICT, INDIA
Authors: Hegde Mithra N. , Punja Ashwitha , Bhat Ganesh , Mahale Uday S.
Published: April 2020

Introduction

Dental caries is an infectious microbiological disease affecting all age groups. Fluoride slows down the progression of an existing carious lesion thus reducing the incidence of dental caries. World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends 0.5 to 1 ppm fluoride content in community water supply and milk fluoridation in case of non-feasibility of community water fluoridation. The aim of present study was to determine fluoride levels in water and milk in Dakshina Kannada District and to co-relate them with the DMFT scores in13-15 year old adolescent population.

Methodology

Water samples were collected from six different regions and sources from Dakshina Kannada District. Water samples were tested for fluoride content by ion specific electrode. A school dental survey was conducted to determine different brands of milk consumed by the children and their DMFT index. Milk samples were tested for fluoride levels by Ion Specific electrode using TSAB-II solution. DMFT scores were correlated with fluoride level of milk consumed by population. Interobesrver reliability by kappa statistics and association test with one way ANOVA was done.

Results

The range of fluoride levels in waters samples was 0.01 to 0.17 ppm and that of milk samples was 0.176 to 1.38 ppm. There was no much difference in fluoride levels of different milk sources. Hence association between DMFT and milk fluoride levels was not statistically significant (p=0.2).

Conclusion

Negligible amounts of Fluoride levels were found in water and milk. There is scope to conduct milk or water fluoridation programme in South Kannada District as a caries prevention method.
STUDY OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT IN VARIOUS HOSPITALS IN DAVANGERE CITY OF KARNATAKA, INDIA
Authors: Thirumala S.
Published: April 2020

This research article is to survey the practice of biomedical waste such as collection, storage, transportation and disposal along with the amount of generated biomedical waste in various hospitals in Davangere city, and create awareness among the staff and patient about biomedical wastes. The survey result on biomedical waste generation, disposal and methods adopted in various hospitals of Davangere city are discussed.
A STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF PLACENTAL CORD DRAINAGE ON THE DURATION OF THIRD STAGE OF LABOUR AMONG INTRANATAL WOMEN IN A SELECTED HOSPITAL AT MANGALORE
Authors: Joseph Taniya , Nayak Sabitha
Published: April 2020

The study was conducted to assess the effect of placental cord drainage on the duration of third stage of labour among intra natal women. The study design adopted was true experimental approach with two group post-test only research design. The base line clinical Proforma were used to collect the data from the womem in control and experimental group. Data obtained in these areas were analysed rd by descriptive and inferential statistics. The study finding also revealed that there is a significant difference between the duration of 3rd stage of labour among experimental group and control group. & there is no significant association between the duration of third stage of labour and selected demographic variables among experimental group and control group.
KAP STUDY OF FACTORS PROMOTING BREASTFEEDING IN NURSING MOTHERS AND PREGNANT WOMEN
Authors: Shetty Sharanya B. , K. Sudarshan Shetty
Published: April 2020

Background: Breastfeeding is known to be central in an infant's nutrition and growth worldwide. Fewer mothers offer breast milk in this crucial period due to various misconceptions and cultural beliefs. Our objective was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of breast feeding and identify misconceptions regarding breast feeding practices in suburban south Indian town.

Methodology: Observational study conducted in a tertiary teaching hospital of coastal south India. A total of 300 subjects including pregnant and nursing mothers attending the outpatient departments were recruited. Subjects were briefed orally, consent taken and a structured questionnaire administered by a single observer. Mothers who were unable to breast feed due to medical contraindications were excluded. The data was analysed using SPSS software. Univariate and binary regression analyses were performed for associations.

Results: Among the subjects 36% had primary education and 12% were graduates. Majority (61%) lived in a joint family. Only 52.3% of the subjects received advice on breastfeeding during antenatal visits, out of which only 19.3% had a breast examination. 58.7% knew that breastfeeding should be initiated within 1 hour of child birth but only 48% of the mothers who had delivered initiated breastfeeding within 1 hour. 71.6% of the mothers knew that exclusive breastfeeding should be practised for 6 months. On univariate analysis mothers with more than 1 child, vaginal delivery and an educated partner had awareness of breastfeeding and practiced healthy breastfeeding.

Conclusion: Our study emphasises the need to counsel mothers regarding breastfeeding practices early during antenatal visits and not postpone till after delivery, include the spouse for support, sensitise the health care giver and improve infrastructure for a successful breastfeeding initiation.
PREVALENCE OF CANDIDA ASSOCIATED DENTURE STOMATITIS (CADS) AND SPECIATION OF CANDIDA AMONG COMPLETE DENTURE WEARERS OF SOUTH WEST COASTAL REGION OF KARNATAKA
Authors: Bhat Vinaya , Sharma S.M. , Shetty Veena , Shastry C.S. , Rao Vaman , Shenoy Shilpa M. , Saha Santanu , Balaji Sriram
Published: April 2020

A denture wearer is highly prone to develop Candida associated denture stomatitis (CADS), due to the conversion of the normal oral commensal Candida spp. into a pathogen under favorable conditions. Immuno-compromised status, trauma from the prosthesis, other systemic conditions and improper maintenance of the dentures by the patient are few of the causative agents which turn the oral balance into an unhealthy and unsuitable foundation for the wearing of the prosthesis. Prevalence of denture stomatitis caused by the fungi Candida has been identified worldwide and has been reported to be around 65 to 70% of the denture wearers. The main species that causes infection has been Candida albicans, however, recently, there is a shift to non-Candida albicans-Candida (NCAC).

This cross-sectional survey was undertaken to find the prevalence of denture stomatitis and the causative species in the south westcoastal region of Karnataka.
A PILOT STUDY ON KNOWLEDGE & PRACTICE REGARDING PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS UTILISATION OF SAFETY MEASURES AMONG FISHERMEN WORKING AT A SELECTED HA. B.R
Authors: Rodrigues Devina E. , Kiran Udaya
Published: April 2020

A pilot study was conducted to assess the knowledge, practice on occupational hazards and attitude towards utilization of safety measures among fishermen at Malpe fishing harbor from 5-8-2012 to19-8-2012.The descriptive survey study was conducted among 40 fishermen. Convenient sampling technique was used in selection of sample. The data was collected by face to face interview using structured knowledge questionnaire with 30 items on knowledge on occupational hazards, 3 point scale to elicit the self reported practices in prevention of occupational hazards and by 5 point likert scale to determine the attitude towards utilization of safety measures. The overall knowledge indicated that 55% of the subjects had inadequate knowledge and rest had adequate knowledge related to work related hazards. In the area of psycho-social the subjects had adequate knowledge (63%, SD 1.05); the least possession of knowledge was in the area of safety devices (47.5%). Fishermen had moderately adequate practices (55.29%) and area wise practice score had revealed that subjects had poor practices concerning personal protective devices. Attitude found to be moderate among fishermen (95%).There was significant relationship between knowledge and practice score(r= 0.366, df= 38, P= 0.304) as well as practice and attitude scores(r = 0.370) at 0.05 level of significance. Found no correlation between knowledge and attitude scores. The study highlights the need to inspire the fishermen to improve their safety at work place and develop positive attitude about utilization of safety devices.
FACIAL ARTERY ON FACE - A STUDY ON SOUTH INDIAN CADAVERS AND SPECIMENS
Authors: Quadros Lydia S. , Babu Arathy , D'souza Antony Sylvan
Published: April 2020

Context: Facial artery is usually the main artery supplying the face. It gives three named branches on the face, the inferior labial, the superior labial and the lateral nasal and continues as the angular artery. Face is also supplied by the transverse facial artery and the arteries accompanying the cutaneous nerves.

Aim: In the present study, variations of facial artery on face were observed.

Settings & design: Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal.

Material & method: The present study was performed on 38 males and 12 females' formalin-fixed hemi-faces. Diameter of facial artery was noted at two specific points using a fine microcaliper.

Results: The variations were divided into 3 categories. Out of 38 male hemi-faces, 100% right and 78% left hemi-faces belonged to type I category; 22% left hemi-faces belonged to Type III category. Out of 12 female hemi-faces, 80% right and 80% left hemi-faces belonged to Type I category, 18% left hemi-faces belonged to Type II category and 20% right and 2% left hemi-faces belonged to Type III category. Premasseteric branch was observed in 4 hemi-faces; a duplex with a prominent lateral angular branch was observed in 4 hemi-faces and anenlarged transverse facial artery was seen in 2 hemi-faces. The diameter of facial artery at its origin and at the antero-inferior angle of masseter muscle was larger in males.

Conclusion: This study shows that the variations in the branches and the diameter of the facial artery were relatively larger in males when compared to females.
HEALTH SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF RURAL ADULTS
Authors: Dominic Rose Ann , N. Shashidhara Y. , Nayak Malathi G.
Published: April 2020

Background: The knowledge of health seeking behavior is pivotal for prevention, treatment, management of disease and promotion of health. Proper understanding of those health seeking behaviors could reduce delay to diagnosis, improve treatment compliance and improve health promotion strategies in a variety of contexts.

Objectives: to assess the health seeking behavior among rural adults towards private and public health care facilities in case of selected health problems, to find the association between health seeking behavior and selected demographic variables.

Materials and Methods: A descriptive survey was done among 260 rural adults by using self administered rating scale questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for the analysis.

Results: Among the 260 samples 28.8% were having positive health seeking behavior towards government health care facilities. Majority of the sample i.e. 71.2% were having negative health seeking behavior towards government health care facilities. There is a significant association between health seeking behavior and demographic variables such as age, education and family income.

Conclusion: Majority of the sample prefers to use private health care facilities during the period of their illness. Awareness to be given to the community people regarding availability of public health care facilities.
IN VIVO ANALYSIS OF LIPID PEROXIDATION AND TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT STATUS IN SUBJECTS TREATED WITH STAINLESS STEEL ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES
Authors: Quadras Dilip Daniel , Nayak U.S. Krishna , N. Suchetha Kumari , Pujari Prashant , R. Vijay , Dethose Ajay
Published: April 2020

Introduction: Nickel is a strong immunologic sensitizer, although nickel sensitivity has been reported to be lower in subjects who have received orthodontic treatment; perhaps they develop immunological tolerance over the long period of treatment. Hence the present aim of the work was to determine the levels of lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant status in Serum and Saliva in subjects treated with stainless steel Orthodontic appliances.

Methods and Materials: The study group included 25 participants and Samples were taken in different time intervals: Time interval 1- Collection of samples before the appliances fixed, Time interval 2- Collection of sample after one week of fixed appliances, Time interval 3- Collection of sample after three months of fixed appliances each from the Orthodontic Department of A. B.Shetty Memorial institute of dental science.

Lipid peroxidation (Malondialdehyde) level is estimated using Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method. Total antioxidant level was estimated using Phosphomolybdenum method.

Conclusion: Total antioxidant and Malondialdehyde levels are increased in case of Females compared to Males in serum whereas in case of Saliva Total antioxidant level is increased in Time interval 2 and 3 in Males compared to Females.
A STUDY TO ASSESS THE TFFECTIVENESS OF PLANNED TEACHING PROGRAMME (PTP) ON POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME (PCOS) AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS IN SELECTED HIGH SCHOOLS AT MANGALORE
Authors: D'Souza Pramila
Published: April 2020

A study was done to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme (PTP) on polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) among adolescent girls in selected high schools at Mangalore. The main objectives of the study were

1. To assess the pre-test level of knowledge regarding PCOS among adolescent girls in Selected high schools at Mangalore.

2. To evaluate the effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on knowledge regarding Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome among adolescent girls in selected high schools at Mangalore.

3. To find the association between the pre-test knowledge score of adolescent girls and selected variables.

An evaluatory approach with pre-experimental one group pre-test post-test design was used for the study. The subjects were 100 adolescent girls selected by convenience sampling technique. PTP was administered after the assessment of pre-intervention knowledge on PCOS. Post intervention knowledge was assessed on the 7th day of the administration of PTP through the same structured knowledge questionnaire. The results of this study in general showed, the significant difference between the mean pre-test and posttest knowledge score (t99=7.02, p<0.05).The significant difference was found in between all the areas. There was no association between the pre-test knowledge score and selected demographic variables. Hence it can be concluded that PTP was effective in gaining knowledge of adolescent girls on PCOS. which was evident in post-test knowledge score.
DIAGNOSTIC EFFICACY OF MODIFIED ALVARADO SCORE OVER GRADDED COMPRESSION ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Authors: Dsouza Caren , Martis John , Vaidyanathan Vinay
Published: April 2020

Background: Acute appendicitis is one of the commonest surgical emergencies. Despite a life time cumulative risk of nearly 7% its diagnosis remains a challenge. The risks of two primary outcomes must be balanced in the management of presumed appendicitis: perforation and misdiagnosis.The rate of misdiagnosis in certain populations is as high as 40%. Diagnostic aids like modified Alvarado score and ultrasonography can dramatically reduce the negative appendicectomies.

Methods:Data was collected from 60 patients with complains of right iliac fossa pain over a period of 9 months to our hospital. All patients were categorised using the Alvarado score and Graded compression ultrasonography was done. The preoperative and histological findings were compared with the preoperative diagnosis. The collected data was analysed with regards to various parameters like sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and diagnostic accuracy.

Results:In our study of 60 patients, 56 patients underwent appendicectomy out of which a histological confirmation of appendicitis was obtained for 50 patients, giving a negative appendicectomy rate of 12%.

By taking a cut-off point of 7 for the Modified Alvarado score, a sensitivity of 97.56%, specificity of 66.67%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 95.23%, negative predictive value (NPV) of 80% and accuracy of 87.2% were calculated. Using the cut-off point of 6, a sensitivity of 90% specificity of 50%, PPV of 69.23%, NPV of 80% and accuracy of 55.56% were obtained. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy rate of ultrasonography was 92.15%, 88.9%, 97.19%, 66.7% and 85%, respectively.

Conclusion:The presence of a modified Alvarado score > 7 was found to be a dependable aid in the preoperative diagnosis of acute appendicitis. In cases where the score was negative or equivocal, ultrasonography greatly helped in the diagnosis thereby reducing the incidence of negative appendicectomies.
PCR: A FAST DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION FOR SPINAL TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Kumar M. Ajith , R. Kini Abhishek , A. Shetty Veena , M. Shantharam Shetty
Published: April 2020

PCR, as a new faster diagnostic modality for tuberculosis is slowly picking up in our country where nearly six million cases of tuberculosis exists, of which 3% are skeletal tuberculosis. Confirmation of diagnosis by traditional methods takes around couple of weeks and requires a high bacteriological load in the sample.

We are presenting a spinal tuberculosis case where preoperative sample from the surgical empyema proved sufficient for definitive diagnosis of tuberculosis using PCR against hsp65 gene with nucleotide sequence specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

With this case report we have been able to bring about the advantages of PCR i.e. high specificity, early diagnosis and the ease of operations in PCR as compared to other traditional diagnostic modalities for tuberculosis.
SPONTANEOUS ACHILLES TENDON RUPTURE - A CASE OF OCHRONOSIS
Authors: Shetty Sanath Kumar , R. Raj Sankar N. , P. Nirmal Babu , Mathias Lawrence J. , Bhat Shubha P. , Rai Ravindranath
Published: April 2020

Alkaptonuria is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterised by the absence of homogentisic acid oxidase and the subsequent accumulation of homogentisic acid, a metabolic product of the aromatic aminoacids phenylalanine and tyrosine; which is deposited in articular cartilages, intervertebral discs, sclera, tympanic membrane, tendons and ligaments leading to their degeneration. Here we describe a case of spontaneous rupture of Achilles tendon1,2,3 due to Ochronosis.
EVALUATION OF CERVICAL WEAR AND OCCLUSAL WEAR IN SUBJECTS WITH CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS - A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY
Authors: Permi Shwethashri R , Bhandary Rahul , Thomas Biju
Published: April 2020

Tooth wear (attrition, erosion and abrasion) is perceived internationally as a growing problem. The loss of tooth substance at the cemento- enamel junction because of causes other than dental caries has been identified as non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) or cervical wear. NCCLs can lead to hypersensitivity, plaque retention, pulpal involvement, root fracture and aesthetic problems.

Hence study was done to evaluate association of cervical wear with occlusal wear from clinical periodontal prospective in individuals with chronic periodontitis. Periodontal parameters like plaque index, gingival index, gingival recession and tooth mobility were assessed. The levels of cervical wear and occlusal wear were determined according to tooth wear index. Premolars were more likely to develop cervical wear than anterior teeth (incisors, canines) and molars. In conclusion, the significant association of cervical wear with the periodontal status suggested the role of abrasion and its possible combined action of erosion in the etiology of NCCLs.
POSITIVE ASPIRATION AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE DURING INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE BLOCK - A PROSPECTIVE STUDY
Authors: Mohan Muralee , Jain Tarun , Prasad Rajendra , Sharma S M , T. Anju Gopinathan
Published: April 2020

Background and aims: It is a basic rule to aspirate before injection when giving an inferior alveolar nerve block because the local anaesthetic may fail if the injection is given into a blood vessel, and the local anaesthetic solution may have undesirable systemic effects. There are reports that indicate aspiration is not performed in every injection. The aim of the present study was to assess the incidence of intravascular needle entrance in inferior alveolar nerve block injections.

Patients and methods: Interns and postgraduates of our institute performed inferior alveolar nerve block injections using conventional technique in 250 patients undergoing minor oral surgical procedures. The results of aspiration were reported. Aspirable syringes and 27 gauge long needles were used, and the method of aspiration was similar in all cases.

Data were analyzed using t-test.

Results: 20% of inferior alveolar nerve block injections were aspiration positive. Of all injections, 15.8% were intravascular on the right side and 14.8% were intravascular on the left. There were no statistically significant differences between right and left injection sites (P = 0.778). Between the ages of 9 and 19 the incidence of intravascular penetration was significantly greater than at other ages (10/28 compared with 39/222, P = 0.04).

Conclusion: Aspiration of the syringe after the needle had been placed in position for an inferior alveolar nerve block (but before the anaesthetic solution was injected) in 250 patients showed that the tip of the needle was in a blood vessel in 49 (20%). Aspiration of blood was significantly more common in patients aged 9–19 years than in all others (P=0.04). It seems that side of injection has no considerable effect in incidence of intravascular needle entrance.
EVALUATION OF HAZARDS OF WASTE MATERIALS IN CLINICS AND HOSPITALS: A RESEARCH
Authors: Srivastava Ram Kumar , Ali Iqbal , Wadhawani Puneet , Kumar Anand , Awasthi Praveen
Published: April 2020

Wastes from the cities and villages cannot be avoided from man's existence. It is essential to safely put these unwanted or discarded material away, in the interest of the community. During human activities a lot of waste matter is produced due to various development project, industrialization and modernization of the community. In this study waste materials were collected from various hospitals and rural and urban residential areas. These wastes were divided into two main categories- Health care waste and domestic waste. The survey indicated 80% solid waste deals with the domestic and urban waste while only 20% deals with the health care waste. The health care waste is regarded hazardous and may cause a variety of health risk.
EFFECT OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION ON KNOWLEDGE OF SELECTED VECTOR BORNE DISEASES AMONG THE SELF HELP GROUPS
Authors: Babu Neethu Maria , N. Shashidara Y ,   Manjula
Published: April 2020

The study is conducted to assess the effect of community participation on knowledge of selected vector borne diseases among the self help groups. The sample include eight self help groups having 10 members each, with 40 in the experimental and control group each. Research approach was quantitative-evaluative approach and design used was quasi experimental pre test post test control group design. The study was carried out in two phases. In the first phase, the health teaching by the researcher was given to selected members of self help groups with a duration of 45 minutes and in the phase 2, these trained members gave health teaching to the other members of the self help groups. A leaflet was given to the control group. The post test knowledge was assessed over a period of 7 to 9 days after the intervention in both the phases. The community participation has found to be effective with a p value of.001. The study concluded that the community participation was effective in terms of knowledge gain.
INSCIENCE, DAY TO DAY STRUGGLE AND DISTRESS: LIVED EXPERIENCES OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LEG AND FOOT ULCER
Authors: P. Kirupa
Published: April 2020

Chronic leg and foot ulcers leads to negative physical, physiological, social and psychological impact on clients and families, thus decreasing their quality of life. A qualitative study on experiences of person living with chronic venous ulcer in Sweden, reported that person living with chronic ulceration have experiencing the decreased wellbeing, pain and struggle between the hope and despair. In this study phenomenological design was used. Six participants were interviewed with interview schedule by the purposive sampling method. Lack of knowledge and ignorance, dressing and foot care, day to day struggle, discomforts, financial hardship, Emotional reaction and self-adaptive measures and supports were six themes identified in the Qualitative data analysis. It was reported that, feeling of fear, loneliness/sad were experienced by the patients. Severe pain in the wound site that interfere with day to day activities and produces stress in relation to meeting daily activities and difficulty in financial resources because of decreased work capacity and loss of job. The adaptive measures like massaging the around the wound, playing with children, doing small works in sitting position and accepting the situation, consuming alcohol and smoking were followed. Participant encountered herbal medicine worsens the leg ulcer. Results were highlighted the impact of the chronic leg and ulcer and psychological and emotional disturbances ignorance of adequate leg ulcer care inevitably increases the risk of amputation. Study recommended the intervention to deal the emotional disturbances in order to prevent the risk of distress and depression.
DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC PRODUCTS REDUCES ANXIETY IN MICE AGAINST ELECTRON BEAM RADIATION INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS
Authors: N. Suchetha Kumari , N. Madhu L
Published: April 2020

Background: Cortisol is a hormonal marker of stress which gets released into the blood by adrenal glands during a stressful situation. Mothers of children with autism will usually be experiencing great psychological trauma and therefore will be under high levels of stress. This stress might disturb the health and normal physiology of these mothers thus there is a need for study on the stress markers like cortisol in mothers of children with autism.

Materials and Methods: Saliva of 20 mothers of children with autism and 20 mothers of healthy children were collected during early hours of the day (8 – 8.30 am) and during evenings (4 – 4.15 pm) subjected for cortisol assay using ELISA test. RESULTS: Mothers of children with autism were found to have significantly lower levels of salivary cortisol throughout the day as compared to mothers of healthy children.

Conclusion: There is a need for interventions for mothers of children with autism
ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF PATIENTS RECEIVING CHEMOTHERAPY
Authors: R. Bincy , Chacko Beena
Published: April 2020

Background: Cancer treatment itself and particularly chemotherapy seems to be an important nutritional risk factor. Early nutritional assessment can identify problems to help patients increase or maintain weight, improve their response to treatment, and reduce complications.This study aimed to determine the nutritional status of patients receiving chemotherapy.

Methods: A prospective study was conducted among 30 subjects between 30 and 70 years of age diagnosed with cancer of various sites and scheduled for first cycle of chemotherapy. Nutritional status of each subject was assessed based on nutritional parameters i.e. Anthropometric [BMI (body mass index), MAMC (mid-arm muscle circumference), TSF (triceps skinfold thickness)], MAC (mid-arm circumference) and Biochemical [(Hb and Albumin)] measurements before the initiation of chemotherapy, and follow-up assessment was performed on the third week after the first cycle of chemotherapy.

Results: In this study it has been found that 90% of subjects suffered from weight loss after the first cycle of chemotherapy (3wks post treatment). The't' test showed a significant decrease in TSF [t=5.4(p0.01)] and MAC [t=6.86 (p<0.01)] before and after 3 weeks of chemotherapy. The't' test showed a decrease in MAMC, t=5.83(p<0.01) before and after 3 weeks of chemotherapy. The mean serum Albumin level of the patients before and after 3weeks of chemotherapy was 3.16±.50 g/dl and 3.07±.49 g/dl respectively. A significant decrease in albumin [t=4.17 at p<0.01 level] was observed in patients after chemotherapy. The mean haemoglobin level of the patients before and after 3weeks of chemotherapy was10.64±1.88 g/dl and10.41 ± 1.89 g/dl respectively, which showed a significant decrease [(t=13.32 at p<0.01 level)].

Conclusion: The nutritional status assessment must be carried out on each patient at the beginning and during the treatment. The cancer patients who are receiving chemotherapy are at risk of malnutrition.
COMPARATIVE STUDY TO ASSESS THE STRESS AMONG WORKING AND NON-WORKING ANTENATAL MOTHERS IN SELECTED HOSPITALS OF UDUPI DISTRICT
Authors: Fernandes Maggie , Jose Binitha , Castelino Seema , Prabhu Sandhya , Kamath Pratibha , Kurian Nami
Published: April 2020

A comparative study was conducted to assess the stress among working and non-working antenatal mothers in order to develop an information leaflet on antenatal stress management.

Materials & Methods: Descriptive survey study was conductedamong working and non-working (30 each) antenatal mothers between the age group of 18-40 years in three local hospitals of Udupi district. The stress was assessed using stress assessment scale and selected a purposive sampling technique.

Results: Data shows majority (47%) of the non-working antenatal mothers were in the age group of 18-25 years, 63% of them were primiparous mothers, among these (53%) were between 29-40 weeks of gestation. Most of the working (67%) participated were in the age group of 26-32 years, majority (73%) of them were moderate workers and primipara mothers, 57% of them were between 29-40 weeks of gestation. Stress assessment scale was used to assess the stress, 63% of working antenatal mothers sometimes felt that they had lack of strength, 67% of working and 50% of non-working antenatal mothers sometimes complaining of not getting adequate sleep at night, 50% of working antenatal mothers sometimes felt that they were lacking in socialization due to pregnancy. The t value showed that (p= 0.007) there was significant difference between working and non working antenatal mothers stress score.

Conclusion: Since all antenatal mothers participated in this study had mild stress and there was significant difference among working and non-working antenatal mothers stress score. The researchers concluded that antenatal mothers are at more risk of developing stress during pregnancy.
ROTATION OF UPPER LIMBS IN THE OVERWEIGHT
Authors: Kumar Arunachalam
Published: April 2020

The human body's structure is remarkable in that it is basically uniform across the populations. Apart from a few dissimilarities in skin color and external features, at the visceral and microscopic levels, man is unusually identical. Minor ethnic variations, both acquired or congenital and atavistic traits apart, human morphology is universal.

In this brief communication I present and discuss an observation made on the position of the free upper limb in the erect adult. It is seen that body weight influences forelimb position. In the stout, stocky and overweight, the upper limb is at rest, held medially rotated (axially); the degree of axial rotation being directly related to the increase in body weight.
DYSMENORRHOEA AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS - CHARACTERISTICS AND SYMPTOMS EXPERIENCED DURING MENSTRUATION
Authors: S. Nayana George , Priyadarshini Sangeetha , Shetty Sheela
Published: April 2020

Background: Dysmenorrhoea, recurrent cramping lower abdominal pain is one of the common problems experienced by many adolescent girls. The prevalence of dysmenorrhoea among adolescent girls ranges from 60 to 83 percent and many adolescence reported limitation on daily activities.

Method: A descriptive survey was conducted among 233 adolescent girls in four residential schools of Udupi district, Karnataka to identify dysmenorrhoea, characteristics and associated symptoms.

Results: The prevalence of dysmenorrhoea in adolescent girls was found to be 146(62.70%). Out of 233 samples 28(12%) had mild pain, 77(33%) had moderate pain and 41(17.6%) had severe pain during menstruation. Tiredness 110(75.34%), back pain 106(72.60%) and irritability 97(66.43%) were the most common symptoms associated with dysmenorrhoea. A positive association was found between dysmenorrhoea and family history.

Conclusion: Dysmenorrhoea is a very common problem among adolescent girls and they experience a number of physical, gastrointestinal and psychological symptoms. The findings of this study indicate the magnitude of the problem and the need for appropriate intervention through a change in lifestyle.
A CORRELATIVE STUDY TO ASSESS THE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELLBEING AND SELF-ESTEEM AMONG ADULT CHILDREN OF MENTALLY ILL PARENT/S IN SELECTED HOSPITAL OF UDUPI DISTRICT
Authors: Jayakrishnan K. ,   Shalini,   Savitha
Published: April 2020

Introduction: Caregivers across the world, who are often unrecognised and under supported, are deeply and personally impacted by the care they provide. The recognition of high levels of caregiver morbidity demands a holistic approach and nurses need to be more responsive to the needs of carers and care-recipients rather than focussing on the patient alone. Aims and Objectives: to determine the psychological wellbeing of adult children with mentally ill parent/s, to assess the level of self-esteem of adult children of their mentally ill parent/s, and to find the relationship between psychological wellbeing and self-esteem.

Study design: descriptive correlational study design.

Methods and materials: study was conducted among 63 adult children of mentally ill parents by using convenient sampling technique. A survey approach was used for the study. Tools used for the study were Demographic Proforma, Psychological wellbeing scale, and Rosenberg's self-esteem scale.

Results: Majority, 35 (55.6%) of the samples were found to be having high psychological wellbeing. 27 (42.9%) of the samples were intermediate psychological wellbeing and only 1 (1.6%) participant was having low psychological wellbeing. Majority (68.3%) of the samples were found to be having normal self-esteem. (30.2%) of the samples were with low self-esteem and only (1.6%) participant was having high self-esteem. There is no significant correlation was found between psychological wellbeing and self-esteem (r = 0.044, p= 0.730).
FREQUENCY OF ABO AND RHESUS (D) BLOOD GROUPS IN DAKSHINA KANNADA DISTRICT OF KARNATAKA - A STUDY FROM RURAL TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL IN SOUTH INDIA
Authors: Rao Chandrika , Shetty Jayaprakash
Published: April 2020

Background: ABO and Rh blood groups are most important blood groups in human beings. The frequency of four main blood group systems varies in population throughout the world and even in different parts of country. Objective if this study was to identify distribution of ABO and Rh blood group system.

Materials and methods: The study was conducted in rural tertiary care hospital from January 2008 to December 2012. Data were collected from Blood Bank grouping records. All blood samples processed during period of observation were included in study.

Results: During the period of observation total 43,103 numbers of blood groups were performed. Patient's samples were 28,305 and donor's samples were 14,798. The frequency of blood group O in our population was 42.0% (40.1% O Rh positive and 1.8% O Rh negative). The frequency of blood group B in our population was 27.3% (25.6% B Rh positive and 1.62% B Rh negative) followed by blood group A was 25.8% (24.3% A Rh positive and 1.4% A Rh negative) and blood group AB was 4.8% (4.4% AB Rh positive and 1.4% AB Rh negative) and a two Bombay blood group donors (0.0046%). Rh positive were 94.64% and Rh negative were 5.35%.

Discussion: O positive blood group is significantly high in our population. Every transfusion centre should have a record of frequency of blood group system in their population. It helps in inventory management. Knowledge of blood group distribution is important for clinical studies, for reliable geographical information and for forensic studies in the population.
COMPARE KNOWLEDGE ON SELF CARE MANAGEMENT OF PREGNANCY INDUCED HYPERTENSION BETWEEN PRIMI GRAVID AND MULTIGRAVIDA
Authors: P. Prathima
Published: April 2020

Objectives: to assess and compare the knowledge on self-care management of pregnancy induced hypertension among primi gravid and multi gravida mothers.

Method: A non-experimental descriptive comparative was conducted between 40 primi gravida mother and 40 multi gravida mothers who were selected by using purposive sampling to assess knowledge on self-care management of pregnancy induced hypertension. Self-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Appropriate Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse data and to draw inferences.

Results: 55% of primi gravida mothers and 40 % of multi gravid mothers had inadequate knowledge. Only 2.5% of primi gravida and 5% of multi gravida mothers had adequate knowledge. Respondents from primigravida had knowledge about 31.8 % and 38.6% regarding signs & symptoms and Preventive measures. 35% and 44.7 % of multi mothers were aware about signs & symptoms and preventive measures respectively. Which shows all the respondent were less aware about pregnancy induced hypertension. And there is an association between age & Monthly income on knowledge level.

Conclusion: There is a necessity to provide information for those specific at risk population. Which helps to increase the knowledge, develop positive attitude, prevent complications and to have better maternal and child health.
A CLINICAL STUDY OF INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION AND CO- RELATING FACTORS OF CLEFT LIP AND CLEFT PALATE AMONG KARNATAKA & KERALA POPULATION
Authors: Samuel Soumi , Prasad B. Rajendra , Kumari Suchetha , Tejaswi S. Sandeep , S. Sanal T.
Published: April 2020

The aim of this prospective study is to determine the incidences of cleft lip and palate in Karnataka & Kerala population. It also highlights a part of embryological aspect and theories that help to correlate and understand the incidence of the congenital anomaly. This prospective study were conducted in 1000 patients having cleft lip and palate deformities and classified, incidences and types of patterns of occurrences were statistically analysed. It was observed that incidences of Cleft lip and palate is more common in males were 51.9% and that of Cleft palate is more prevelant in females were - 48.1%
THE TLINICAL EFFICACY OF AUTOLOGOUS CONCENTRATED PLATELETS IN TREATMENT OF TMJ DISORDERS - A PILOT STUDY
Authors: Sharma S.M. , Thakar Dhruvit
Published: April 2020

Platelet rich plasma is a natural concentrate of autologous blood growth factor which is obtained by sequestering and concentrating platelets by gradient density centrifugation experimented in different fields of medicine in order to test its potential to enhance tissue regeneration. These platelets when activated undergo degranulation to release growth factors with healing properties. It also contains plasma, cytokines, thrombin, and other growth factors that are implicated in wound healing and have inherent biological and adhesive properties. The aim of the study is to explore a novel approach to treat degenerative lesion of the articular cartilage of temporomandibular joint. Patients with chronic degenerative conditions of the joint, were treated with intra articular PRP injections. The procedure involved collection of 10 ml of venous blood and twice centrifuged to obtain 2 ml of PRP which was used for injection after activation by calcium chloride. The patients were clinically prospectively evaluated before and at the end of the treatment, and at 2, 4, and 6 months of follow up. Inter incisical mouth opening, clicking of temporomandibular joint and VAS for pain were used for clinical evaluation. The results showed significant improvement of all clinical scores from basal evaluation to the end of the therapy and on follow up at 2-6 months. The preliminary results indicate that the treatment with PRP injections are safe and has the potential to reduce pain and improvement joint function with low degree of articular degeneration.
AN INVITRO COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF FRACTURE RESISTANCE OF ENDODONTICALLY TREATED TEETH OBTURATED WITH RESILON AND GUTTA-PERCHA
Authors: Halkai Kiran , Halkai Rahul , Hegde Mithra N. , Kumar Vijay ,   Arpita
Published: April 2020

Aim: To compare and evaluate in-vitro the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth obturated with resilon & epiphany sealer and guttapercha using different sealers. Epoxy resin based sealer AH-plus and zinc oxide eugenol based sealer-TubliSeal (EWT).

Methodology: sixty four human single rooted maxillary anterior teeth, cleaned stored in 0.9% saline. All the teeth were decoronated to root length 14mm and bucco-lingual diameter of 5-7mm, After access openings teeth were instrumented using K3.06 up to final apical size 30/.06 and randomly allocated into 4 experimental groups (n=16 per group). Group 1(Control group): teeth were instrumented but not obturated, Group 2: Resilon cones and epiphany SE-sealer. Group 3: guttapercha cones and epoxy based sealer AH plus. Group 4: guttapercha and Tubli seal EWT. Coronal seal was done using IRM cement. Each of the specimens were tested for fracture resistance by instron universal testing machine.

Results: Higher fracture resistance values were observed for group 2 (Resilon & Epiphany SE sealer) followed by group 3(Guttapercha & AH Plus sealer) and group 4(Guttapercha & TubliSeal EWT) when compared to group1 (control-instrumented but not obturated).

Conclusion: filling the root canals with contemporary polymer based root canal obturating system- Resilon increased the in vitro fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth.
CLINICAL EVALUATION OF CHEMO-BECHANICAL CARIES REMOVAL USING CARIE-CARE SYSTEM AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Hegde Amitha M. , C. Preethi V. , Shetty Amarshree , Shetty Shreema
Published: April 2020

Dental caries is considered as one of the most serious dental diseases that results in localized dissolution and destruction of the calcified tooth tissues. As possible alternatives to conventional techniques of caries removal, chemo mechanical caries removal systems have emerged. AIM: To clinically observe the advantages of Chemo-mechanical method of caries removal over Conventional technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 64 teeth of 32children with class 1 open carious lesions were selected for the study from the school dental clinic after taking written consent. They were divided into two equal groups according to method of caries removal (32 chemomechanical and 32 conventional from both primary and permanent teeth respectively). In Group I, caries was removed using the carie-care system and in Group II, with the conventional drill and were restored equally with amalgam and ketac molar respectively. The restored teeth were followed up after 1 week, 1 month, 6 months and 1 year respectively for its clinical success. RESULTS: The results were subjected to statistical analysis using students paired t-test and chi-square tests. It showed that though Chemomechanical technique took a marginal increase in time compared to the conventional technique, it was found to be more comfortable for all the children. Amalgam restorations showed better retention compared to ketac molar restorations in both the techniques. CONCLUSION: Chemomechanical technique though time consuming is definitely superior compared to conventional technique in pediatric dentistry, provided we use a less technique sensitive restorative material which retains in the oral cavity for longer period of time. It is definitely a better treatment protocol in school based dental treatment compared to conventional technique
CORRELATION OF ANTIOXIDANT LEVELS IN SYNOVIAL FLUID TO INTENSITY OF PAIN IN OSTEOARTHRITIS OF KNEE
Authors: Esmayil Hiba , Shetty Siddharth M.
Published: April 2020

Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) refers to progressive degeneration of articular cartilage with gradual painful disorganisation of the joint. Lipid peroxidation mediated by free radicals is the major mechanism of cell membrane destruction and cell damage. It is a known that there is an increased oxidative stress in OA and very little is known about the relation between the pain and decreased antioxidant levels. This study aimed at understanding the relation between the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of synovial fluid in OA knee with the intensity of pain.

Materials and Methods: 30 patients with clinicoradiologically evidence of knee OA were included in the study and pain was scored using Visual Analog Scale. 1ml synovial fluid was aspirated from the knee and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was estimated. Statistical analysis between the pain score and the SOD and the TAC was done independently by Spearman's rank correlation method and correlation coefficient was obtained.

Results: It was found that SOD and the TAC values were reduced in our subjects with mean value of 0.06477 ± 0.044814 and 122.51000 ± 50.764829 respectively. The mean value of pain was 6.70 ± 1.317. A significant correlation between SOD level and pain score (p<0.05) was obtained. However, the correlation between TAC level and pain score was not significant (p>0.05).

Conclusion: The study concluded that there is a positive correlation between the intensity of pain and SOD levels in the synovial fluid in OA of knee which is due to the increased free radicals produced.