bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Mowing on Anthraquinone for Deterrence of Canada Geese
Authors: Ayers Christopher R. , Moorman Christopher E. , Deperno Christopher S. , Yelverton Fred H. , Wang Huixia J.
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT Anthraquinone (AQ)‐based repellents have been shown to reduce Canada goose (Branta canadensis) use of turfgrass; however, impacts of frequent mowing on efficacy of AQ have not been studied. Our objective was to determine efficacy and longevity of a rain‐fast AQ‐based avian repellent, FlightControl® PLUS (FCP), as a deterrent of free‐ranging resident Canada geese under 2 mowing frequencies. We conducted the study at 8 sites in the Triangle region (Raleigh, Durham, and Chapel Hill) of North Carolina, USA. We arranged our experiment in a randomized complete block design, with each of 8 sites containing 4 0.1‐ha treatment combinations: 1) treated with FCP and mowed every 4 days (T4), 2) treated with FCP and mowed every 8 days (T8), 3) untreated and mowed every 4 days, and 4) untreated and mowed every 8 days. We conducted 4 37‐day field sessions (Jun‐Jul 2007, Sep‐Oct 2007, Jun‐Jul 2008, and Sep‐Oct 2008), representing the summer molting phase and the full‐plumage phase. Resident goose use (measured by daily no. of droppings) was 41–70% lower on treated plots than on untreated plots, but use was similar between T4 and T8. Average FCP coverage on grass blades decreased in coverage from approximately 95% to 10% over the 30‐day posttreatment phase. Results indicate that resident Canada goose use of FCP‐treated turfgrass areas was lower than untreated areas even when chemical coverage on grass was 10%. Further, mowing frequency did not have a clear impact on the efficacy of FCP as a Canada goose repellent.
Range‐Wide Piping Plover Survival: Correlated Patterns and Temporal Declines
Authors: Roche Erin A. , Cohen Jonathan B. , Catlin Daniel H. , Amirault‐Langlais Diane L. , Cuthbert Francesca J. , Gratto‐Trevor Cheri L. , Felio Joy , Fraser James D.
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT Geographically isolated breeding populations of migratory shorebirds may be demographically connected through shared nonbreeding habitats. We used long‐term (1998–2008) mark‐recapture data on piping plovers (Charadrius melodus) collected from 7 separate studies located throughout North America to conduct a range‐wide analysis of after hatch year apparent survival (φAHY). Our objectives were to compare concurrent survival estimates from disparate breeding sites and determine whether estimates followed similar trends or were correlated among breeding populations with shared wintering grounds. Average survival estimates were higher for Great Plains populations (range = 0.69–0.81) than for Great Lakes and Atlantic Coast populations (range = 0.56–0.71). Linear trend models indicated that apparent survival declined in 4 out of 7 populations, was unchanged in 3, and was generally highest among Great Plains populations. Based on a post hoc analysis, we found evidence of correlated year‐to‐year fluctuations in annual survival among populations wintering primarily along the southeastern United States Atlantic Coast and Gulf Coast. Our results indicate shared overwintering or stopover sites may influence annual variation in survival among geographically disparate breeding populations. Declines in piping plover survival are a cause for concern, and our results highlight the need for conservation efforts to include habitat used during the migratory and wintering periods.
Apparent Survival and Population Growth of Snowy Plovers in Coastal Northern California
Authors: Mullin Stephen M. , Colwell Mark A. , Mcallister Sean E. , Dinsmore Stephen J.
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT An accurate understanding of factors influencing survival and how they affect population growth are required to determine the best conservation strategies for small populations, especially near the limit of a species' range. We estimated adult and juvenile survival for a small population of the threatened western snowy plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) in coastal northern California over 7 years (2001–2007). We also evaluated population structure and growth to determine the relative importance of immigration and local recruitment. Apparent survival for adult males (φ = 0.61 ± 0.08) was greater than that of adult females (φ = 0.50 ± 0.11), and survival of adults was greater than for juveniles (φ = 0.40 ± 0.06). An algebraic assessment of population growth (Λ) revealed that fecundity and survival were insufficient to maintain the population (Λ = 0.66–0.77), whereas estimates based on consecutive annual counts (Λ = 0.96 ± 0.26) and a Pradel model (Λ = 0.92 ± 0.11) suggested the population was more stable. These results, combined with annual variation in the number of newly marked plovers, indicate that the local population was maintained by immigration and can be classified as a sink. Management actions aimed at increasing fecundity, including predator control and greater restrictions on human activity, may be necessary to maintain this population; actions aimed at increasing adult survival are more challenging.
Modified clays, PILC’s, applied in catalysis
Authors: Delgado Blanco , Krstic Vesna , Gonzalez Pesquera , Martinez González
Published: November 2010

In this work, the capability of new materials PILC?s synthesized from
montmorillonite as support for catalysts based on Rh or Sn promoted Rh has
been studied. Rh based catalysts were synthesized by hydrogen reduction at
atmospheric pressure for a cationic organo-metallic rhodium complex. The
influence of the supports in the incorporation of the active phase has been
studied. The catalysts have been tested in the hydrogenation of
crotonaldehyde in the vapor phase at atmospheric pressure, analyzing the
effect of some working parameters in the formation of the reaction products,
namely the temperature of metal reduction, the reaction temperature, and the
addition of Sn as a promoter. For comparative purposes, natural clay and
commercial silica have also been used as supports. Both the natural clays and
the PILC?s materials have resulted adequate supports for the Rh catalysts.
The addition of Sn as a promoter modifies the selectivity leading to higher
conversion towards crotyl alcohol.
Linear salpingotomy with suturing by single incision laparoscopic surgery for tubal ectopic pregnancy
Authors: Kumakiri Jun , Kikuchi Iwaho , Kitade Mari , Matsuoka Shozo , Tokita Sachiko , Takeda Satoru
Published: November 2010

We investigated the feasibility of linear salpingotomy with suturing for ampullary tubal pregnancy via single incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS). Three patients underwent SILS between April and May 2010 at our hospital due to ampullary tubal pregnancy. A multichannel port was inserted into the umbilicus via a 2.5‐cm incision to accommodate a 5‐mm flexible laparoscope and a disposable articulating forceps. The linearly incised Fallopian tube was intracorporeally sutured using an articulating suturing device dedicated to SILS. The mean surgical duration was 54 minutes. Tubal preservation by linear salpingotomy was accomplished for all patients without up‐conversion to conventional laparoscopy. Serum β‐hCG values of all patients immediately decreased and further medical treatment was unnecessary.
5-Dimethylamino-1-phenylchromeno[2,3-c]pyrazol-4(1H)-one
Authors: Ebner Angelika , Holzer Wolfgang
Published: November 2010

The title compound was prepared by treatment of 5-fluoro-1-phenylchromeno [2,3-c]pyrazol-4(1H)-one with aqueous dimethylamine. Detailed spectroscopic data (1H NMR, 13C NMR, 15N NMR, IR, MS) are presented.
Three As of Civility: Acknowledgment, Authentic Conversations, and Action
Authors: Center Deborah L.
Published: November 2010

Nurse educators face the challenge of helping students and staff learn to address all situations in a respectful, civil manner.
Challenges and Strategies for Heart Failure Symptom Management in Older Adults
Authors: Jurgens Corrine Y. , Shurpin Kathleen M. , Gumersell Kellie A.
Published: November 2010

Heart failure (HF), predominant in adults older than 65, is a chronic and progressive syndrome frequently associated with the burden of distressing symptoms. HF symptom management is directed at treating the underlying causes of acute decompensation, which commonly relate to lack of medication adherence or dietary restriction. Therefore, for older adults capable of managing their health care needs, promotion of self-care is essential for symptom management. Using the Model of Heart Failure Self-Care as a guide, the purpose of this article is to discuss the relationship between self-care and HF symptom management and to provide nursing strategies for assessment and promotion of self-care in older adults with HF.
Scapular Osteochondromas Treated with Surgical Excision
Authors: Frost Nathan L. , Parada Stephen A. , Manoso Mark W. , Arrington Edward , Benfanti Paul
Published: November 2010

A retrospective review was performed of all osteochondroma excisions at our institution from 1994 to 2007. Postoperative functional assessment was completed with use of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) survey and a self-report questionnaire. Eight osteochondromas were excised at a mean patient age of 21.63 years. Presenting reports included pain, mass, pseudowinging, and snapping of the scapula. Physical examination identified pseudowinging, palpable mass, and pain with shoulder motion. The lesions arose from the ventral surface of the scapula in 5 patients, the dorsal surface in 2, and the inferior acromion in 1. The resected specimen averaged 10.8cm
3
. A reactive bursa was found and resected in 4 patients. At mean of 4.17 years postresection, no signs of recurrence were found in 7 patients (88%). The single patient with a recurrence had undergone 2 additional surgical procedures. Six patients (75%) reported no/mild pain with routine and strenuous activities. One patient reported moderate and 1 patient reported moderate/severe pain with routine and strenuous activities. Four patients reported post-resection function as excellent, 2 as good, 1 as average/good, and 1 as average/poor. Six patients (75%) reported feeling very satisfied with the results, 1 reported feeling satisfied, and 1 reported feeling unsatisfied. The average DASH score was 11.7 (range, 0.00–46.67). No winging or pseudowinging was identified in those available for examination, and no difference was identified in range of motion comparing the operative to the nonoperative upper extremity.

Near normal functional outcomes can be expected following excision of scapular osteochondromas.
Celebrating a Commitment to Care: Building Concernful Practices Among Practitioners
Authors: Burke Linda L. , Williams Margaret G.
Published: November 2010

Caring can be discussed and achieved in a variety of ways within various professional nursing settings. The purpose of our Commitment to Care Celebration was to share common experiences of caring among students, faculty, and staff to build community at a small midwestern college of nursing. The concernful practices of schooling learning teaching were the backbone of designing this caring experience. Narrative pedagogy invited stories of caring among participants in small circular groups to discover what was most important in caring for self and others. This event revealed a true caring experience for students, faculty, and staff, and supported how concernful practices engendered a community of learners.
Synthesis of Nursing Care Across the Life Span Using Laboratory Simulation: A Senior-Level Course
Authors: Slager Dianne , Feenstra Cheryl , Ayoola Adejoke , Flikkema Mary , Bartels Shelly
Published: November 2010

The use of simulation activities in nursing education helps students develop critical thinking skills and also enhances student learning and confidence in the practicum setting. As students complete their education, they need to integrate all they have learned to design care for patients across the life span. This article describes a senior-level skills laboratory simulation course in a baccalaureate nursing program designed to foster the shift toward independent critical thinking. The primary goal of the course was synthesis and application of students’ cumulative knowledge through teamwork, assessing, critical thinking, prioritizing, and decision making in care for diverse patients across the life span. Specifics of course development and design are included along with student responses and lessons learned.
An Integrated Dementia Intervention for Korean Older Adults
Authors: Kang Hee-Young , Bae Yeong-Suk , Kim Eun-Hee , Lee Kap-Soon , Chae Myeong-Jeong , Ju Ree-Aie
Published: November 2010

Called
dotage
in Korea, dementia is primarily characterized by cognitive impairments. Secondary manifestations include mental-emotional problems, including depression. This study was designed to examine the effects of an integrated dementia intervention for Korean older adults. The intervention is composed of cognitive stimulation training, exercise, music, art, and horticultural therapy. Participants included 38 older adults with mild dementia. Twenty were assigned to the experimental group and 18 to the control group. Participants in the experimental group attended 18 program sessions. Significant differences were found postintervention between the two groups in measures of cognitive function, depression levels, and mental-emotional health. The findings indicate that this integrated dementia intervention can be applied to help older adults with mild dementia.
Use of Complementary and Alternative Therapies During Pregnancy, Postpartum, and Lactation
Authors: Gossler Sandra M.
Published: November 2010

The use of complementary and alternative therapies for depression is an issue of growing interest for practitioners who care for women. Postpartum depression is a serious and debilitating illness that affects many women, their infants, and families. Often, women do not report feelings of sadness or depression to their health care providers due to stigma. Some women have multiple concerns in using prescription drugs, especially if they are breastfeeding their infants. In addition, more women are educating themselves about the potential side and adverse effects of prescriptions drugs and are exploring complementary and alternative therapies. With the availability of information from multiple sources, whether accurate or not, women may be using these therapies inappropriately. Two major concerns in using complementary and alternative therapies are the purity and safety of the herbs and herbal formulations and the potential lack of communication between the client and health care provider.
The Need for Empathy in the Hospital Experience of Older Adults
Authors: Sorrell Jeanne M.
Published: November 2010

As health care has become increasingly sophisticated, health care providers struggle to ensure that patients do not become isolated and overwhelmed with the many specialists, support personnel, and technology they encounter in their hospital experiences. Hospitalized older patients often have complex diagnoses and pain issues and may have fewer external supports than younger patients. Nurses may find a renewed focus on empathy valuable in enriching health care experiences for hospitalized older adults.
Progression of Diabetic Tractional Retinoschisis by Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Leung Ella , Sisk Robert A. , Flynn Harry W.
Published: November 2010

A 63-year-old woman presented with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with extensive posterior neovascularization in both eyes. Visual acuities were 20/40 in the right eye and 20/400 in the left eye with eccentric fixation. Tractional retinoschisis in the left eye that initially spared the fovea progressed over 3 years to involve the entire macula. Findings were documented by optical coherence tomography. No surgical intervention was offered. Tractional retinoschisis in proliferative diabetic retinopathy may become progressive due to cicatricial contraction of the posterior hyaloid face.
Spirituality and the hermeneutics of faith
Authors: Brümmer Vincent
Published: November 2010

The first part of this essay argues that religious experience should not be viewed as an extraordinary kind of extra-sensory perception (visions, ecstasies etc) but as ‘hermeneutical’ in the sense that it entails an interpretation of our ordinary experience (including ordinary senseperception) or sometimes of particularly impressive experiences of the world and of our lives in the light of faith. The heritage of faith in a religious tradition provides believers with a framework of understanding in terms of which they can look on things with the eyes of faith. Various key features of this kind of interpretation are explained. The second part of the essay shows how various forms of spirituality are ways in which believers are trained in looking on life and the world with the eyes of faith and explains what this entails for the life of faith.
The powerful transformation of the young man in Mark 14:51–52 and 16:5
Authors: De Villiers Pieter G.R.
Published: November 2010

This article investigates the references to the young man in two different, but related episodes in Mark 14:51–52 and 16:5. First of all, it clarifies some exegetical questions in the two sections. It then analyses the history of the interpretation of the young man in these two passages before it discusses the nature of the coherence between the two passages in greater detail. To this end, the article investigates shared motifs in the two narratives in the light of Mark’s literary techniques. Finally, it compares the two episodes of the young man with the healing of the demoniac in Mark 5, in order to reflect on the implications of reading these two passages together. These implications are spelled out in terms of the powerful notion of transformation – a key theme in biblical spirituality and central in Mark’s thought. This notion is developed as transformation in recreation, love and glory.
Synoptic-scale meteorological control on reactive bromine production and ozone depletion in the Arctic boundary layer: 3-D simulation with the GEM-AQ model
Authors: Toyota K. , McConnell J. C. , Lupu A. , Neary L. , McLinden C. A. , Richter A. , Kwok R. , Semeniuk K. , Kaminski J. W. , Gong S.-L. , Jarosz J. , Chipperfield M. P. , Sioris C. E.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. Episodes of high bromine levels and surface ozone depletion in the springtime Arctic are simulated by an online air-quality model, GEM-AQ, with gas-phase and heterogeneous reactions of inorganic bromine species and a simple scheme of air-snowpack chemical interactions implemented for this study. Snowpack on sea ice is assumed to be the only source of bromine to the atmosphere and capable of converting relatively stable bromine species to photolabile Br2 via air-snowpack interactions. A "bromine explosion", by which Br− retained in the snowpack is autocatalytically released to the atmosphere as a result of dry deposition of HOBr and BrONO2, is assumed to occur on young, first-year (FY) sea ice (or its overlying snowpack), whereas the snowpack on old, multi-year (MY) sea ice and over land is assumed only to recycle a part (but up to 100%) of bromine reservoirs lost via dry deposition back to Br2. Model runs are performed for April 2001 at a horizontal resolution of approximately 100 km × 100 km in the Arctic. The model simulates temporal variations in surface ozone mixing ratios as observed at stations in the high Arctic and the synoptic-scale evolution of enhanced BrO column amounts ("BrO clouds") as seen from satellite reasonably well. The results strongly suggest: (1) a ubiquitous source of reactive bromine exists on the FY sea ice during the Arctic springtime; and (2) the timing of bromine release to the atmosphere is largely controlled by meteorological forcing on the transport of ozone to the near-surface air. Also, if the surface snowpack supplies most of the reactive bromine in the Arctic boundary layer, it should be capable of releasing reactive bromine at temperatures as high as −10 °C, particularly on the FY sea ice in the central and eastern Arctic Ocean. Dynamically-induced BrO column variability in the lowermost stratosphere appears to interfere with the use of satellite BrO column measurements for interpreting BrO variability in the lower troposphere but probably not to the extent of totally obscuring "BrO clouds" associated with the surface source of bromine in the high Arctic. Contrary to our original intention, the present air-snowpack interaction scheme yields a majority of atmospheric bromine input via Br2 release associated empirically with a dry deposition of ozone on the snow/ice surface under sunlight to represent a trigger of bromine explosion. This implies that the bromine explosion actually occurs in the interstitial air of snowpack and/or is accelerated by heterogeneous reactions on the surface of wind-blown snow in ambient air, both of which are missing in our model but could have been approximated by a parameter adjustment for the yield of Br2 from the trigger.
Episodes of cross-polar transport in the Arctic troposphere during July 2008 as seen from models, satellite, and aircraft observations
Authors: Sodemann H. , Pommier M. , Arnold S. R. , Monks S. A. , Stebel K. , Burkhart J. F. , Hair J. W. , Diskin G. S. , Clerbaux C. , Coheur P.-F. , Hurtmans D. , Schlager H. , Blechschmidt A.-M. , Kristjánsson J. E. , Stohl A.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. During the POLARCAT summer campaign in 2008, two episodes (2–5 July and 7–10 July 2008) occurred where low-pressure systems traveled from Siberia across the Arctic Ocean towards the North Pole. The two cyclones had extensive smoke plumes embedded in their associated air masses, creating an excellent opportunity to use satellite and aircraft observations to validate the performance of atmospheric transport models in the Arctic, which is a challenging model domain due to numerical and other complications. Here we compare transport simulations of carbon monoxide (CO) from the Lagrangian transport model FLEXPART, the Eulerian chemical transport model TOMCAT, and for numerical aspects the limited-area chemical transport model WRF-Chem. Retrievals of total column CO from the IASI passive infrared sensor onboard the MetOp-A satellite are used as a total column CO reference for the two simulations. Main aspect of the comparison is how realistic horizontal and vertical structures are represented in the model simulations. Analysis of CALIPSO lidar curtains and in situ aircraft measurements provide further independent reference points to assess how reliable the model simulations are and what the main limitations are. The horizontal structure of mid-latitude pollution plumes agrees well between the IASI total column CO and the model simulations. However, finer-scale structures are too quickly diffused in the Eulerian models. Aircraft data suggest that the satellite data are biased high, while TOMCAT and WRF-Chem are biased low. FLEXPART fits the aircraft data rather well, but due to added background concentrations the simulation is not independent from observations. The multi-data, multi-model approach allows separating the influences of meteorological fields, model realisation, and grid type on the plume structure. In addition to the very good agreement between simulated and observed total column CO fields, the results also highlight the difficulty to identify a data set that most realistically represents the actual state of the atmosphere.
VOCALS-CUpEx: the Chilean Upwelling Experiment
Authors: Garreaud R. D. , Rutllant J. A. , Muñoz R. C. , Rahn D. A. , Ramos M. , Figueroa D.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. The VAMOS Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx) was a major field experiment conducted in spring of 2008 off southern Peru and northern Chile, aimed at better understanding the coupled climate systems of the southeast Pacific. Because of logistical constrains, the coastal area around 30° S was not sampled during VOCALS-REx. This area not only marks the poleward edge of the subtropical stratocumulus cloud regime (thus acting as a source of transient disturbances) but is also one of the most active upwelling centers and source of surface ocean kinetic energy along the Chilean coast. To fill such an observational gap, a small, brief, but highly focused field experiment was conducted in late spring 2009 in the near-shore region around 30° S. The Chilean Upwelling Experiment (CUpEx) was endorsed by VOCALS as a regional component. CUpEx included long-term monitoring, an intensive two-week field campaign and off-shore research flights. Our goal was to obtain an atmospheric/oceanic dataset with enough temporal and spatial coverage to be able to document (a) the mean diurnal cycles of the lower-troposphere and upper-ocean in a region of complex topography and coastline geometry, and (b) the ocean-atmosphere response to the rapid changes in coastal winds from strong, upwelling-favorable southerly winds to relaxed southerlies or even downwelling-favorable northerlies. In this paper we describe the measurement platforms and sampling strategy, and provide an observational overview, highlighting some key mean and transient features.
Pore structure 3-D imaging by synchrotron micro-tomography of graupel grains
Authors: Enzmann F. , Miedaner M. M. , Kersten M. , von Blohn N. , Mitra S. K. , Borrmann S. , Stampanoni M. , Ammann M. , Huthwelker T.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. Three dimensional air bubble structure including size distribution, concentration and spatial distribution are important clues in identifying the growth regime of graupel and hailstone. For imaging of the bubble structure, a cryo-stage was developed to adapt to the standard setup of the SLS X04SA tomography beamline (actually replaced by the TOMCAT beamline) at the Swiss Light Source synchrotron facility to the requirements of ice particle micro-tomography. The cryo-stage setup provides for the first time 3-D-data on the individual inner pore shape delineation down to μm spatial (voxel) resolution of sub-mm small naturally as well as wind tunnel rimed graupel particles. Special care must be taken for maintaining a cooling chain between sampling and measurement. It must be kept at liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K) until measurement of the original structure at the μm spatial scale. However, even at that temperature there is no chance to preserve any ice bubble structure at sub-μm spatial resolution due to the Kelvin effect. In natural graupel grains, Y-shaped morphology of air-filled pores was found. This morphology transformed into smaller and rounded voids well-known from literature when the ice particle was annealed for as short as half an hour at 265 K and must, therefore, be regarded as artificial rather than representing the in situ pore structure. With the new synchrotron tomography approach, quantitative information on the in situ pore structure statistics within individual samples representative for a known or, thus, deduced growth mode or history can be derived, in particular if combined with airplane sampling in the troposphere at in situ growth conditions.
An application of mathematical models to select the optimal alternative for an integral plan to desertification and erosion control (Chaco Area – Salta Province – Argentina)
Authors: Grau J. B. , Antón J. M. , Tarquis A. M. , Colombo F. , de los Ríos L. , Cisneros J. M.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. Multi-criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is concerned with identifying the values, uncertainties and other issues relevant in a given decision, its rationality, and the resulting optimal decision. These decisions are difficult because the complexity of the system or because of determining the optimal situation or behaviour. This work will illustrate how MCDA is applied in practice to a complex problem to resolve such us soil erosion and degradation. Desertification is a global problem and recently it has been studied in several forums as ONU that literally says: "Desertification has a very high incidence in the environmental and food security, socioeconomic stability and world sustained development". Desertification is the soil quality loss and one of FAO's most important preoccupations as hunger in the world is increasing. Multiple factors are involved of diverse nature related to: natural phenomena (water and wind erosion), human activities linked to soil and water management, and others not related to the former. In the whole world this problem exists, but its effects and solutions are different. It is necessary to take into account economical, environmental, cultural and sociological criteria. A multi-criteria model to select among different alternatives to prepare an integral plan to ameliorate or/and solve this problem in each area has been elaborated taking in account eight criteria and five alternatives. Six sub zones have been established following previous studies and in each one the initial matrix and weights have been defined to apply on different criteria. Three multicriteria decision methods have been used for the different sub zones: ELECTRE, PROMETHEE and AHP. The results show a high level of consistency among the three different multicriteria methods despite the complexity of the system studied. The methods are fully described for La Estrella sub zone, indicating election of weights, Initial Matrixes, algorithms used for PROMETHEE, and the Graph of Expert Choice showing the AHP results. A brief schema of the actions recommended for each of the six different sub zones is discussed.
N-limited or N and P co-limited indications in the surface waters of three Mediterranean basins
Authors: Tanaka T. , Thingstad T. F. , Christaki U. , Colombet J. , Cornet-Barthaux V. , Courties C. , Grattepanche J.-D. , Lagaria A. , Nedoma J. , Oriol L. , Psarra S. , Pujo-Pay M. , Van Wambeke F.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. The limiting nutrient for the pelagic microbial food web in the Mediterranean Sea was investigated in the nutrient manipulated microcosms during summer 2008. Surface waters were collected into 12 carboys at a center of anticyclonic eddy at the Western Basin, the Ionian Basin, and the Levantine Basin, respectively. As compared to the Redfield ratio, the ratio of N to P in the collected waters was always smaller in the dissolved inorganic fraction but higher in both dissolved and particulate organic fractions. Four different treatments in triplicates (addition of ammonium, phosphate, a combination of both, and the unamended control) were set up for the carboys. Responses of chemical and biological parameters in these different treatments were measured during the incubation (3–4 days). Temporal changes of turnover time of phosphate and ATP, and alkaline phosphatase activity during the incubation suggested that the phytoplankton and heterotrophic prokaryotes (Hprok) communities were not purely P-limited at any studied stations. Statistical comparison between the treatments for a given parameter measured at the end of the incubation did not find pure P-limitation in any chemical and biological parameters at three study sites. Primary production was consistently limited by N, and Hprok growth was not limited by N nor P in the Western Basin, but N-limited in the Ionian Basin, and N and P co-limited in the Levantine Basin. Our results demonstrated the gap between biogeochemical features and biological responses in terms of the limiting nutrient. We question the general notion that Mediterranean surface waters are limited by P alone during the stratified period.
Long-term spatial variations in the Baltic Sea wave fields
Authors: Soomere T. , Räämet A.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. This study focuses on spatial patterns in linear trends of numerically reconstructed basic wave properties (average and extreme wave heights, wave period) in the Baltic Sea. Numerical simulations of wave conditions for 1970–2007, using the WAM wave model and adjusted geostrophic winds, revealed extensive spatial variations in long-term changes in both average and extreme wave heights in the Baltic Sea but almost no changes in the basinwide wave activity and wave periods. There has been a statistically significant decrease in the annual mean significant wave height by more than 10% between the islands of Öland and Gotland and in the southward sea area, and a substantial increase to the south-west of Bornholm, near the coast of Latvia, between Åland and the Swedish mainland, and between the Bothnian Sea and the Bothnian Bay. Variations in extreme wave heights (defined as the threshold for 1% of the highest waves each year) show similar patterns of changes. In several areas the trends in average and extreme wave heights are different. Such a complicated pattern of changes indicates that (i) different regions of the Baltic Sea basin have experienced widespread but essentially different changes in wind properties and (ii) many seemingly controversial trends and variations established in wave properties at different sites in the recent past may reflect the natural spatial variability in the Baltic Sea wave fields.
Mobile user profiles for Personal Networks: The MAGNET Beyond case
Authors: Patrikakis Ch. Z. , Nikolakopoulos I. G. , Voulodimos A. S.
Published: November 2010

In this paper, a methodology for the definition and application of profiles for mobile devices is presented. The methodology, following the recommendations of ETSI, is used to present the definition of profiles capable of supporting Personal Networking capabilities. Furthermore, a case study for the development of a socializing service (‘Icebreaker’) is also presented. The service has just passed the early evaluation phase and proceeds to final implementation. To conclude with, this paper showcases several user interfaces already developed, as also some of their preliminary evaluation results obtained through the Wizard‐of‐Oz (WoZ) technique. The ideas described here constitute part of the work performed in the context of the European IST FP6 project MAGNET Beyond. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adolescent pregnancy in Upper Egypt
Authors: Rasheed Salah , Abdelmonem Allam , Amin Magdy
Published: November 2010

Objective

To determine the reasons for adolescent pregnancy in Upper Egypt and to evaluate maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes.

Methods

All primigravidae under 30 years of age who attended the labor/delivery ward at Sohag University Hospital, Sohag, Egypt, between December 31, 2005, and December 31, 2009, were invited to participate. Participants were allocated to the study group (up to 19 years of age at first pregnancy) or the control group (20–30 years of age at first pregnancy). Maternal, obstetric, fetal, and neonatal complications were compared between the groups, and adolescent participants completed a questionnaire to identify the reasons for pregnancy.

Results

In total, 58.2% had married seeking motherhood. Rates of ectopic pregnancy, pre‐eclampsia, eclampsia, premature rupture of membranes, preterm labor, and cesarean were significantly higher among adolescents younger than 15 years of age; the risk then decreased steadily with age and became comparable to the control group after 16 years of age.

Conclusion

Adolescent pregnancy increases the risk of ectopic pregnancy, pre‐eclampsia, eclampsia, premature rupture of membranes, preterm labor, and cesarean among mothers up to 16 years of age. After 16 years of age, pregnancy is not associated with increased risk of obstetric or neonatal complications.
Why Are Derivative Warrants More Expensive Than Options? An Empirical Study
Authors: Li Gang , Zhang Chu
Published: November 2010

Derivative warrants typically have higher prices than do otherwise identical options. Using data from the Hong Kong market during 2002–2007, we show that the price difference reflects the liquidity premium of derivative warrants over options. Newly issued derivative warrants are much more liquid than options with similar terms. As a result, long-term derivative warrants are preferred by traders who trade frequently. In spite of their higher prices, short-term returns on long-term derivative warrants are, in fact, higher than the hypothetical short-term returns on options. The differences in price and liquidity measures decline as the contracts get closer to maturity.
Clinical characteristics and audiological significance of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions in tinnitus patients with normal hearing
Authors: Kim D-K , Park S-N , Park K-H , Choi H G , Jeon E-J , Park Y-S , Yeo S W
Published: November 2010

Objective:

To define the clinical and audiological features of normal-hearing tinnitus patients with spontaneous otoacoustic emissions, and to evaluate the role of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions in tinnitus generation.

Materials and methods:

Thirty-two patients with spontaneous otoacoustic emissions were compared with 29 patients without spontaneous otoacoustic emissions, regarding clinical and audiological aspects.

Results:

The mean age of the study group subjects was significantly lower, and they experienced the kindling effect less frequently than the control group. The mean tinnitus handicap inventory score of the study group was considerably higher than that of the controls, although the difference was not statistically significant. The study group had significantly quieter tinnitus, and higher transient evoked and distortion product otoacoustic emission responses, compared with the control group.

Conclusions:

Normal-hearing tinnitus patients with spontaneous otoacoustic emissions have different clinical and audiological characteristics, compared with those without spontaneous otoacoustic emissions. Appropriate evaluation and treatment should be considered at an early stage in these patients.
The Logic of Religious Language
Authors: Robinson N. H. G.
Published: November 2010

By ‘the logic of religious language’ I understand both a problem: What is the correct account of the logic of religious language? and a theme, a recurrent theme in the modern philosophical discussion of religion, which raises a related but distinguishable question: Is the approach to religion of linguistic analysis an adequate approach? Can we do justice to the logic of religious language by attending to the recognition and analysis of different linguistic forms?
The God of Religion and the God of Philosophy
Authors: Hartshorne Charles
Published: November 2010

In several great religions God is thought of as an agent or active individual exalted in principle above other agents, the supreme creative and controlling power. But, however exalted, the deity is still, in spite of what Tillich and others say, an individual being, somehow analogous to a human person. Indeed, man is said to be created in the divine image. Without this analogy religion loses an essential trait. Not only in faiths derived from Judaism, but also in Zoroastrianism, and even in much Hinduism and some Buddhism, the analogy plays a central role.
On Understanding a General Name
Authors: Harrison Bernard
Published: November 2010

One venerable, and supposedly thoroughly discredited, way of thinking about general names is to conceive of them as names of essences. This is not as transparently foolish a conceit as is nowadays generally supposed. Locke used the term ‘essence’ in two related senses; first, as ‘the being of any thing whereby it is what it is’, and second, as a name for any principle or procedure (for example, matching against an abstract idea) which enables us to rank things under ‘sortal names’ (general names) (Locke, 1690, 3.2.15). In this latter sense, knowing the essence which corresponds to horse or lead, for example is, according to Locke, knowing ‘what are the alterations may or may not be in a horse or lead, without making either of them to be of another species’ (Locke, 1690, 3·3·13).
Culture and Colour Coding
Authors: Lloyd Barbara
Published: November 2010

Western scholars have speculated for centuries about the perceptual capacities of non-western peoples, of children, and of animals; and, more recently, about the representation and communication of perceptual experience in language. Colour is a particularly intriguing domain within which to study the communication of experience because the physical stimulation necessary for the perception of colour, light radiation, can be specified with precision, and creates an aura of rigour and certainty.
Literature as Discourse
Authors: Fowler Roger
Published: November 2010

I would say that syntax is a significant, if shifty, index of a writer's perspective on his subject-matter. In this light, please consider the syntax of my title. It is two nouns connected by a logical term, ‘as’. On one version of the programme for this lecture series, the word ‘as’ is misprinted as ‘and’; this makes a big difference. A simple conjunction of two nouns, ‘Literature and Discourse’, would suggest that I accept the meanings of the two words as stable, unanalysed. The connective ‘as’, however, is intended to announce that this juxtaposition of the two noun terms is an analysis of the two nouns, particularly the first – an examination of the nature of the first term in the light of the meaning of the second.
Agency and Freedom
Authors: Kolnai Aurel
Published: November 2010

Moore in Ethics (1912), ch. vii, writes – if I understand him right – that our basic experience of free-will resides in our certain feeling, in regard to our past actions, that we could have acted differently if we had so chosen; more exactly, that we should have acted differently if we had so chosen, which precisely means that we could have acted differently. He adds the qualifying adverb ‘sometimes’; I think we may well say always, keeping in mind, of course, (i) that we are only concerned here with ‘actions’ proper, as contrasted with involuntary movements, twitchings, starts, fits, etc., and also with wholly habitual, routine-like movements or manipulations performed without any attention and without the slightest deliberation, and (ii) that only such actions are meant here as are within our range of physical or psycho-physical power, which is anyhow implicit in the concept of choice: there is no sense in my saying that I might here and now ‘choose’ to carry this building on my back to Paris, to dismiss the present Government or to continue writing in impeccable Japanese. However, Moore is aware of the clearly meaningful objection that ‘acting as we choose’ (within those obvious limits) would not establish the fact of free-will unless it were also the case that our choice itself is (often) free, in other words that we not only choose to act so instead of acting differently but also choose to choose so instead of choosing differently. He argues that this too is indeed (often) the case, emphasising in this context our experience of the unpredictability, even by ourselves, of our future choices (or of many or most of them). He concludes, though, on a note of doubt which shows that he is not quite sure in his own mind to have definitively disposed of the objection.
Imperatives and Meaning
Authors: Grant C. K.
Published: November 2010

In recent years philosophers have given a good deal of attention to imperatives. They have concerned themselves mainly with the logical grammar of sentences of this kind, that is to say their relations to each other and to interrogative and indicative sentences. Very often this topic has been raised in terms of the problem ‘Is imperative inference possible, and if so, what kind of inference is it?’. Many philosophers have contended that there are logically valid inferences that involve imperative sentences. Against this it has been argued that no such inferences are possible. It has even been held that there are no such things as imperatives at all – regarded, that is, as types of expression logically sui generis and independent of indicative sentences.
Predestination and Freedom in Augustine's Ethics
Authors: O'Daly Gerard
Published: November 2010

In his great poemThe Wreck of the DeutschlandGerard Manley Hopkins evokes the conversions of Paul and Augustine as two contrasting examples of the way in which God may intervene in human affairs:

With an anvil-ding

And with fire in him forge thy will

Or rather, rather then, stealing as Spring

Through him, melt him but master him still:

Whether at once, as once at a crash Paul,

Or as Austin, a lingering-out sweet skill…
In‐cloud turbulence structure of marine stratocumulus
Authors: Ching J. , Riemer N. , Dunn M. , Miller M.
Published: November 2010

This study quantifies the level of turbulence inside the marine stratocumulus cloud deck over Pt. Reyes, CA, during the Marine Stratus Radiation, Aerosol, and Drizzle Experiment (MASRAD) in July 2005, and identifies the dominant sources of turbulent kinetic energy. We used vertical velocity data from a 3 mm wavelength (94‐GHz) vertically pointing Doppler radar in combination with collocated radiosonde data. The results show that the stratocumulus observed at Pt. Reyes behaves differently from that expected on the basis of previous studies due to the modified marine environment that exists there. In particular, we found a decrease of turbulence levels with height within the cloud both during day and during night. The analysis highlights that for the conditions of our study longwave radiative cooling at cloud top was compensated by a number of mechanisms, resulting in the observed profiles. The production of turbulent kinetic energy is dominantly driven by wind shear.
Oscillation of fluid‐filled cracks triggered by degassing of CO2 due to leakage along wellbores
Authors: Bohnhoff Marco , Zoback Mark D.
Published: November 2010

We present evidence for a seismic source associated with degassing CO2 during leakage along two wellbores instrumented with arrays of downhole seismometers. More than 200 microseismic events were detected in direct vicinity of the monitoring wells. The observed seismic waves are dominantly P waves and tube waves, with no (or extremely weak S) shear waves. The waveforms of these events indicate extremely rapid amplitude decays with distance across the arrays, consistent with the seismometers being in the near field of the seismic source. The frequency characteristics, first‐motion polarities and S to P amplitude ratios suggest a single force source mechanism. Because the seismic arrays were located at the depth where the density of ascending CO2 changes most rapidly, it appears that the transition of CO2 from supercritical fluid to gas triggers an oscillation of fluid‐filled cavities and fractures very close to the wellbores in which the monitoring arrays were deployed. In many aspects, the observed waveforms show a striking similarity to those modeled for degassing processes below volcanoes. We suggest that the single force represents bubble growth and resulting oscillations in cement cavities between the steel casing of the well and the rock adjacent to the wellbores and/or within fractures in the rock just outside the wellbores.
Pressing and squeezing with Piezos
Authors: Nilius Bernd
Published: November 2010

Our molecular understanding of somatosensation has been hampered by the difficulty in identifying the sensor in mammals. In a real breakthrough for the field, two proteins—Piezo 1 and 2—have recently been identified as the elusive mechano‐sensors!