bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marine Wildlife Policy: Underlying Ideologies
Authors: Weber Michael L.
Published: September 2008

This chapter focuses on the ideologies that underlie and play a major role in determining the policies of government, management, and even science. Ideology is defined as “the body of doctrines, myths, and beliefs that guides an individual, social movement, institution, class, or large group”. Prior to the 1970s, the policies for marine wildlife were dominated by an ideology of abundance. The passage of the MMPA introduced a counterideology, the ideology of scarcity. The factors leading to the passage of the MMPA are discussed.
Overcoming Barriers to Interdisciplinary Approaches to Sustainable Development
Authors: Christoffersen Leif E.
Published: September 2008

This chapter discusses the importance of integrating the environmental sciences with the social sciences, as well as the fact that this rarely happens. By definition, sustainable development implies an interdisciplinary approach. However, very little progress has been made in developing the framework for actual interdisciplinary work. The parallels between the lack of integration of social and conservation sciences and between economic and social development are described.
The Global Challenge of Sustainable Development
Authors: El-Ashry Mohamed T.
Published: September 2008

This chapter argues that the world's poor are the ones harmed the most by environmental degradation. This holds true because the poor are more directly dependent on local natural resources and are unable to afford a buffer from direct environmental harm. Several reasons why sustainable development has been such an elusive goal are discussed.
Resource Wars
Authors: Clay Jason
Published: September 2008

This chapter discusses how indigenous nations have affected conservation efforts, and how conservation efforts have affected indigenous nations. Nations are distinct from states; they are composed of culturally distinct groups, usually different from the majority culture in the country where they reside. States tend to be recent creations, while nations have existed for hundreds or thousands of years. Unfortunately, the world's states by and large have not supported the nations that reside within their boundaries. This is a loss to the entire world, as by refusing to acknowledge and empower their nations, states have eliminated vast stores of knowledge about the sustainable use of the earth's resources.
Conservation and Development: The Nam Theun 2 Dam Project in Laos
Authors: Scudder Thayer
Published: September 2008

This chapter describes the author's work on the Panel of Environmental and Social Experts (POE) for Laos' Nam Theun 2 (NT2) dam. Although generally regarded as unsustainable, large dams are thought to be a necessity in development projects. Therefore, the goal should be to make them as sustainable as possible, for both the environment and people.
A Biocultural Basis for an Ethic toward the Natural Environment
Authors: Kellert Stephen R.
Published: September 2008

This chapter addresses the contemporary environmental crisis as one that requires fundamental societal shifts of values and ethical relations to the natural world. It discusses the important and progressive changes that have occurred in perceptions of nature during the past half century, changes that have resulted in improved stewardship of aspects of the natural world. It advocates a biocultural perspective, a response that views human values and ethical relations toward the natural world as bounded by species biological requirements, but shaped and influenced by individual and cultural learning and experience.
The Future of Ecology and the Ecology of the Future
Authors: Botkin Daniel B.
Published: September 2008

This chapter begins by outlining important advances in the science of ecology. These include the fundamental recognition that ecological systems are not steady state, but instead vary over time and space. However, ecological research has failed in many ways, mainly because of the failure of ecologists to settle upon central questions. The relationship between basic and applied ecological research is discussed and it is argued that we need to eliminate the idea that basic science always precedes applications.
Gregory of Nazianzus on the Trinity and the Knowledge of God
Authors: Beeley Christopher A.
Published: September 2008

Gregory of Nazianzus has long been regarded as the premier teacher on the Holy Trinity in Eastern Christianity. Yet, ironically, for over a century historians and theologians have neglected his work in favor of his fellow Cappadocians Basil of Caesarea and Gregory of Nyssa, while Gregory has long been overshadowed in the West by Augustine. Christopher Beeley's groundbreaking study—the first comprehensive treatment in modern scholarship—examines Gregory's Trinitarian doctrine within the full range of his theological and practical vision. Following an introductory orientation to Gregory's life and theological works, the book traces Gregory's Trinitarian doctrine through a wide range of concerns, from biblical interpretation and language theory to the practicalities of Christian worship, asceticism, and pastoral ministry. It highlights the soteriological nature of Gregory's doctrine, which seamlessly integrates what have more recently been distinguished as dogmatic and ascetical, or doxological and systematic, theology. Unique among modern studies, this book examines Gregory's doctrine across his entire corpus of orations, poems, and letters, giving special attention to its highly rhetorical and contextualized form. It offers new insights in many areas and a major reinterpretation of the famous Theological Orations and Christological epistles (Ep. 101‐102, 202). By comparing Gregory's work with that of his great master, Origen, his Eastern contemporaries, and his Western counterpart, Augustine, the book shows Gregory to be the most outstanding example of the Origenist Trinitarian tradition of fourth‐century Asia Minor. Gregory offered the most powerful and comprehensive Trinitarian doctrine of his age from a distinctively Eastern point of view, largely independent of the work of Athanasius, while also representing the interests of Damasus of Rome and the Italian bishops as the leading pro‐Nicene theologian at the heart of the Eastern empire—a fact which sharply qualifies the long‐accepted dominance of the Athanasian‐Western paradigm as the normative standard for Trinitarian orthodoxy. Long eclipsed in twentieth‐century scholarship, Gregory's doctrine is now brought into full view as the major Greek authority on the Trinity and one of the greatest theologians in the history of the Church.
Introduction
Authors: Beeley Gregory A.
Published: September 2008

The introduction provides an orientation to Gregory's' life and works within his multiple contexts. It covers Gregory's family, childhood, education, training in biblical study and Greek philosophical rhetoric; his pioneering, moderate form of monasticism as a “middle path” between solitude and public service; his strong influence by Origen and complicated relationship with Basil; his theological and ecclesiastical leadership as a priest and bishop; his central role in the consolidation of the Trinitarian faith and the pro‐Nicene movement in Constantinople; and his retirement, literary corpus, and the distinctive character of the Theological Orations. In addition, it offers a summary narrative of the mid‐fourth‐century theological controversies, in which Gregory played a key part—with attention to Marcellus of Ancyra, the Council of Nicaea 325, Eusebius of Caesarea, Athanasius, Basil of Ancyra, George of Laodicea, Melitius of Antioch, Damasus and the Western synods, Eunomius and the Heterousians, the Homoiousians, the Pneumatomachians, the homoian regimes of Constantius and Valens, the synod of Antioch in 372, the religious policy of Theodosius, and other church councils; an account of the negative effects of the Antiochene schism, and a reconstruction of the Council of Constantinople 381.
God and the Theologian
Authors: Beeley Gregory A.
Published: September 2008

This chapter examines the spiritual dialectic of purification and illumination, or praxis and theoria, within which Christians come to know God. In turn, it addresses Gregory's response to the Eunomians; the theological example of Moses; Gregory's missionary approach to Greek culture; his pioneering style of moderate Christian monasticism or “philosophy,” defined as a middle path between solitude and public service; his use of Plato and Plotinus compared to the Bible; the respective roles of the human body and soul in purification; the transcendence and incomprehensibility of God; God's grace; the central place of Christian baptism; the question of Gregory's apophaticism; the positive knowledge of the divine light; the relationship between faith and reason; and the basis of Christian theology in the divine economy of salvation
Jesus Christ, the Son of God
Authors: Beeley Gregory A.
Published: September 2008

This chapter gives a new, comprehensive interpretation of Gregory's Christology, focusing on his account of creation, the fall, and final redemption; his seminal doctrine of divinization (theosis); the relationship between soteriology and Christology; the singular identity of Christ as “one and the same” God and Son; the unity of Christ, against longstanding dualistic interpretations of Gregory's Christology; the principles of Christological exegesis; Gregory's vivid sense of the divine suffering in Christ and the centrality of Christ's crucifixion and resurrection; the predominance and unifying effect of Christ's divinity on his humanity; and Gregory's Christological spirituality, whereby the doctrine of Christ is itself the means of the Christian's ascent to God. Attention is also given to Gregory's opposition to the Antiochene Christology of Diodore, in addition to as that of Eunomius and Apollinarius.
Pastoral Ministry
Authors: Beeley Gregory A.
Published: September 2008

The final chapter examines the pastoral dimension of Gregory's Trinitarian doctrine and the Trinitarian shape of his pastoral theory, on which he is the seminal teacher in Eastern and Western Christianity. Drawing on his influential Oration 2 On the Priesthood and his panegyrics on such figures as Athanasius and Basil, it traces Gregory's lifelong concern for the leadership of the Church and analyzes his understanding of pastoral ministry, while also providing an excursus on the love of the poor by all Christians. After noting the intrinsic connection between pastoral ministry and the divine economy as recorded in Scripture, it analyzes the practicalities of the cure of souls—a work that Gregory memorably terms “the art of arts and the science of sciences”—which are summed up in the pastor's adaptive treatment of different spiritual conditions. It then identifies the basis of pastoral praxis in the personal experience and virtue of the priest—exemplified above all by the apostle Paul—against which abuses of the pastoral office and the examples of bad bishops are considered. It shows the central place of the Scriptures in pastoral ministry, from the priest's preparation through the spiritual study of the Bible to the central work of the ministry of the word, which is compared with broader sacramental ministry. Finally, it locates the heart of pastoral ministry in the administration of the Holy Trinity.
Conclusion
Authors: Beeley Gregory A.
Published: September 2008

In conclusion, this book highlights the distinctive character of Gregory's theological and ecclesiastical achievement through a detailed comparison with his key predecessors and contemporaries and an account of his pervasive influence in later Christian tradition. It identifies Gregory's deep indebtedness to Origen—arguably the greatest among Origen's later disciples—and his strong reliance on the work of the Cappadocian patron saint, Gregory Thaumaturgus, particularly in the area of Christology. On the basis of detailed textual analysis, it argues for Gregory's independence of the work of Athanasius and Didymus the Blind, even as he made use of Athanasius' reputation for his own work in Constantinople. It then accounts for Gregory's substantial, and heretofore unrecognized, use of Apollinarian concepts, even as he opposes Apollinarius on a central point of soteriology. Shedding further new light, it identifies the major differences between Gregory's work and that of Basil of Caesarea and Gregory of Nyssa, who have previously been assumed to agree with one another on most matters of theological importance. Finally, it highlights Gregory's magisterial achievement as a representative of the Eastern Trinitarian tradition of Asia Minor that was based in the thought of Origen and Eusebius of Caesarea and symbolized in the Dedication Council of Antioch in 341, in distinction from the doctrine of Athanasius and the West, while also showing Gregory's accord with Damasus and the Italian synods as the pro‐Nicene representative in Constantinople.
The Elusive Dream
Authors: Edwards Korie L.
Published: September 2008

This book looks at how churches attempt to realize Dr. King's dream of racial integration. Recognizing that race is central to the organization of American life, the book situates race theory at the heart of understanding the cultural and social dynamics of racially integrated congregations and how they attract and retain members. The book, focusing on black–white interracial churches, argues that for these organizations to sustain a racially diverse congregation they must primarily appeal to whites. African‐Americans will need to affirm whites' religious and cultural predilections to retain white membership and bear the brunt of the sacrifices required to make racial integration work. In the end, interracial churches end up reproducing the racial structures they purport to oppose. The compelling stories that unfold in this book expose the tenuous nature of interracial churches and the barriers they need to overcome to realize the dream.
Introduction
Authors: Edwards Korie L.
Published: September 2008

The introductory chapter reviews the basic thesis of the book: whiteness (which includes the normativity of white culture, white privilege, and white structural dominance) governs how interracial churches work. Therefore, interracial churches work to the extent that they are first comfortable places for whites to attend. The chapter explains what is meant by whiteness and why whiteness matters. An historical overview of religious race relations in the United States is also provided. And the methods employed for this study are briefly reviewed.
Decently and in Order
Authors: Edwards Korie L.
Published: September 2008

The second chapter examines the worship styles and practices of interracial churches and compares them to those of other kinds of churches. Focusing on a conflict over worship practices that emerged during the case study, this chapter further discusses African‐Americans' and whites' perspectives on worship and illustrates how the worship styles and practices preferred by whites can come to prevail in interracial churches.
Spiritual Affirmative Action
Authors: Edwards Korie L.
Published: September 2008

This chapter examines how race matters for the leadership structure of interracial churches. Highlighting how the case‐study church responds to a recent loss of key church leaders, this chapter reveals how race and possessing white cultural capital are particularly important criteria for senior interracial church leaders.
Racial Identity
Authors: Edwards Korie L.
Published: September 2008

In a race sensitive society, how people racially identify and the salience of these identities influence their associations, including the churches they to choose to attend. This chapter explores the racial identities of interracial church attendees, and the role of racial identity for explaining who attends interracial churches.
Reproducing White Hegemony
Authors: Edwards Korie L.
Published: September 2008

This chapter presents a theoretical explanation for how interracial churches inadvertently reproduce white hegemony. It develops six archetypical categories of people (three that represent white attendees and three that represent African‐American attendees) who attend interracial churches and explains how each archetype contributes to this process.
Conclusion: The Elusive Dream
Authors: Edwards Korie L.
Published: September 2008

The concluding chapter ends the book with a discussion on the implications of the book's findings for developing racially integrated religious organizations that truly epitomize Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s dream for a cooperative, egalitarian, multiracial religious community.
Song of the Distant Dove
Authors: Scheindlin Raymond P.
Published: September 2008

Judah Halevi, the great medieval Hebrew poet, abandoned home and family in Spain (al-Andalus) at the end of his life and traveled east to die in the Holy Land. This book narrates his journey, quoting from Arabic letters by Halevi and his friends, and explores its meaning through analysis of his Hebrew poems. The poems are presented both in Hebrew and in new English verse translations and are provided with full commentary. The discussion introduces Halevi’s circle of Jewish businessmen and intellectuals in al-Andalus and Egypt, examines their way of life, and describes their position vis-à-vis Arabic and Islamic culture. It also explores the interweaving of religious ideas of Jewish, Islamic, and Hellenistic origin in Halevi’s work. Although Halevi was partially motivated by a desire to repudiate the Judeo-Arabic hybrid culture and embrace purely Jewish values, the book demonstrates that his poetry and his pilgrimage continue to reflect the Judeo-Arabic milieu. His poetry and pilgrimage also show that while the Jews’ precarious situation as a tolerated minority weighed on Halevi, he was impelled to the pilgrimage not by a grand plan for ending the Jewish exile, as is widely thought, but by a personal religious quest. Chapters 1 through 3 each deal with one of the major themes of Halevi’s poetry that point in the direction of the pilgrimage. Chapters 4 through 6 are a narrative of the pilgrimage. Chapters 7 through 10 are a study of Halevi’s poems that are explicitly about the Land of Israel and about the pilgrimage. The epilogue explores the later legend of his martyrdom.
Halevi’s Religious Development
Authors: Scheindlin Raymond P.
Published: September 2008

Halevi’s historical and cultural matrix was Islamic Spain (al-Andalus) in the taifa and Almoravid periods, home to a cosmopolitan Judeo-Arabic culture, Arabic-inspired Hebrew poetry, and a Neoplatonic outlook. Inspired partly by Islamic pietistic writing, Halevi turned away from the Neoplatonic heritage to embrace a new Jewish pietism of the kind seen in the writings of Bahya Ibn Paquda; Halevi’s career is described as a Jewish parallel to that of al-Ghazzālī, a distinguished Islamic scholar turned Sufi. Halevi’s poetry is quoted extensively to illustrate themes of a personal (as opposed to specifically Jewish) piety, such as service to God, asceticism (Arabic zuhd), trust in God (tawakkul), seeking God’s pleasure (riḍā), and repentance (tawba). The chapter concludes with a full study of four poems selected to illustrate these themes.
The Visionary
Authors: Scheindlin Raymond P.
Published: September 2008

A notable feature of Halevi’s religious poetry is its frequent depictions of spiritual experience in visual terms. Some of Halevi’s visionary imagery derives from the ancient Jewish tradition of merkava mysticism, some from the philosophical tradition. But Sufi literature may also have played a part in providing Halevi with his mature conception of the ultimate goal of religious striving. Similarly, a number of important poems depict dreams, considered a form of prophecy; it is a dream that sets the narrative of framework of the Kuzari into motion. The chapter concludes with five poems illustrating visionary experience and dreams. Of these poems, one is a report of a prophetic experience of Halevi himself proclaiming the redemption of Israel; one depicts the poet’s aspiration for a personal vision of God; and one envisions the poet in the Temple.
Alexandria
Authors: Scheindlin Raymond P.
Published: September 2008

Geniza letters and Halevi’s panegyric poems describe his arrival, together with Isaac Ibn Ezra and another companion, in Alexandria; his activities there; the many people who wanted to host him; and his desire for ascetic solitude. Outstanding characters are Aaron ibn al-’Ammānī, a judge of the Jewish court, Halevi’s main Alexandrian host; and Ḥalfon Halevi, a businessman in Fustat/Cairo with whom Halevi had been in contact while still in al-Andalus. Samuel ben Ḥanania, the head of the Jewish community of the Fatimid Empire, invites Halevi to Cairo; Halevi’s formal epistle to him displays the royal deference accorded to Samuel’s rank. Geniza letters tell of Ḥalfon’s trip to Alexandria in late 1140 in order to bring Halevi home with him to Fustat.
The Voyage
Authors: Scheindlin Raymond P.
Published: September 2008

Nine poems describe Halevi’s ocean voyage and his mental state during its course. They display his ambivalence between missing his family and longing for his goal; his fear that the Holy Land will not be a sufficient compensation for his losses; and his resolve to put himself fully into God’s hands. Several poems describe storms at sea, the terror they instill, and the opportunity they afford to put one’s trust of God to the test. The final poem is a hymn of thanksgiving for a safe arrival, probably written not on conclusion of the voyage but in anticipation of its successful conclusion.
Introduction
Authors: Gilpin Dawn R. , Murphy Priscilla J.
Published: September 2008

This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the primary objective of the book, which is to address the question: to what extent can communicators actually perform their expected role to anticipate and head off crises or to guide their organizations through crises with the least possible damage to reputation? It argues that successful crisis management is not guaranteed by scientific planning and prescriptive decision making, but by the nature of the organization, the crisis, and the environment. The book's complexity-based approach to crisis management is then described.
Predictability and Control in Complex Systems
Authors: Gilpin Dawn R. , Murphy Priscilla J.
Published: September 2008

This chapter focuses on the key difference between the two paradigms of crisis management described in Chapters 2 and 3. The traditional crisis planning process described in Chapter 2 depends on the ability of managers to predict and control multiple features of crisis situations: how organizations will behave during a crisis, how publics will respond to efforts to contain or repair the crisis, and how the company's actions will affect subsequent outcomes. The complexity view described in Chapter 3 substantially limits actors' ability to either predict or control all the interacting elements that make up a complex system.
Sorting Out the Complex World
Authors: Gilpin Dawn R. , Murphy Priscilla J.
Published: September 2008

This chapter shows how sensemaking and group learning lead to flexible, expert decision making. It presents the concept of the “expert organization” that can group effectively to both anticipate and deal with a crisis. The concept of the expert organization has affinities with Choo's (2001) “knowing organization”: one that synthesizes sensemaking, knowledge, and decision making in a cycle that leads to effective learning and adaptation.
Complexity, Crisis, and the Expert Organization
Authors: Gilpin Dawn R. , Murphy Priscilla J.
Published: September 2008

This chapter brings together three streams of thought — crisis literature, complexity, and organizational learning — showing how their combination extends the thinking about crisis communication. It summarizes the key assumptions that inform most mainstream approaches to crisis communication. They are divided into four general categories: philosophical assumptions, assumptions about organizations, assumptions about knowledge, and assumptions about crisis management.
Complex Recovery
Authors: Gilpin Dawn R. , Murphy Priscilla J.
Published: September 2008

This chapter examines mainstream and complexity-based approaches to postcrisis evaluation. Topics discussed include information gathering for postcrisis evaluation, and learning, debriefing and revision of the crisis plan. It argues that crisis behaviors reflect underlying values of an organization, expressing its way of interacting with its environment and treating its stakeholders. Although these patterns of behavior are difficult to break, change can be brought about if managers have the mind-set and the skills to facilitate it.
The Legend of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba
Authors: Bruder Edith
Published: September 2008

This chapter focuses on how the biblical episode of Solomon and the queen of Sheba played a major role in the Western perception of Africa, not only the country and its history but also its inhabitants. It argues that the connection between the Ten Tribes and Ethiopia and the lineage established by the legend of Solomon and the queen of Sheba made consistent the use of biblical imagery in the African oral cultural milieu. The convergence of these traditions from earliest times, often emerging in multifaceted and sometimes indirect combinations, contributed to the spread of an implicit connection of African inhabitants with the Hebrews.
Encountering and Reinventing the Africans and the Jews in the Colonial Era, Fifteenth to Nineteenth Centuries
Authors: Bruder Edith
Published: September 2008

This chapter focuses on the Hamitic hypothesis and its influence on both Europeans and Africans. This theory claims that anything of value found in Africa was brought there by the Hamites, who were allegedly a branch of the Caucasian race. It is shown that by the beginning of the 19th century, Hamitic hypothesis theories were widely accepted as authoritative among missionaries. Native religions were interpreted by Europeans according to similarities with ancient Hebrew rituals, and became the object of the most contradictory European fantasies. It is argued that the question of origin and precedence appears as the epicenter of the problematic of identity and religion of the Africans, as expressed by Europeans.
Appropriating Jewish History by the African Diaspora, Nineteenth to Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Bruder Edith
Published: September 2008

This chapter focuses on the theories of Afrocentrism that provided the theoretical basis for Africans to appropriate the Jewish history. By trying to restore the primacy of African influence in the world, the Afrocentrist ideology established a link of connivance with the most remote ancestors and asserted that Africans were the true original Jewish race. Following the history of these political texts, the precursors of African Diaspora identification with the Jewish Diaspora and the subsequent roots of African Judaizing movements are considered: special attention is paid to African American Jewish movements. The symbolic role of Judaism in the religious imagination of the Hebrew-Israelites (in Israel) and the Rastafarian movement (in Jamaica) is also examined.
Historical Narratives of a Jewish Presence in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Bruder Edith
Published: September 2008

This chapter provides a historical context for reconstructing the most ancient Jewish or Semitic influences on sub-Saharan Africa or to evaluate the extent of mythical realities. It argues that if we consider the mythic genealogies that recount an ancient presence of Jews in Africa and their progression into the interior of the continent as a whole, the dispersion from Egypt constitutes one of the major narrative patterns claiming a Jewish presence in Africa.
African Jews in Eastern and Southern Africa
Authors: Bruder Edith
Published: September 2008

This chapter surveys various groups in eastern and southern Africa that self-proclaimed a Jewish identity. These include the Abayudaya of Uganda; the Lemba of South Africa and Zimbabwe; Zionist and Israelite churches in South Africa; the Jews of Rusape, Zimbabwe; and the “Descendants of David” of Madagascar.
Epilogue
Authors: Bruder Edith
Published: September 2008

This final chapter examines the cultural, social, and political factors that could have led African religious traditions mingled with Christianity, and sometimes with Islam, to be superseded by a new Jewish cultural identity. It presents some hypotheses of the meaning and the benefits that these groups derive from their affiliation with Judaism.
Sense of Place and Sense of Planet
Authors: Heise Ursula K
Published: September 2008

This book analyzes the relationship between the imagination of the global and the ethical commitment to the local in environmentalist thought and writing from the 1960s to the present. Part I critically examines the emphasis on local identities and communities in North American environmentalism by establishing conceptual connections between environmentalism and ecocriticism, on one hand, and theories of globalization, transnationalism, and cosmopolitanism, on the other. It proposes the concept of “eco-cosmopolitanism” as a shorthand for envisioning these connections and the cultural and aesthetic forms into which they translate. Part II focuses on conceptualizations of environmental danger and connects environmentalist and ecocritical thought with the interdisciplinary field of risk theory in the social sciences, arguing that environmental justice theory and ecocriticism stand to benefit from closer consideration of the theories of cosmopolitanism that have arisen in this field from the analysis of transnational communities at risk. Both parts of the book combine in-depth theoretical discussion with detailed analyses of novels, poems, films, computer software, and installation artworks from the United States and abroad that translate new connections between global, national, and local forms of awareness into innovative aesthetic forms combining allegory, epic, and views of the planet as a whole with modernist and postmodernist strategies of fragmentation, montage, collage, and zooming.
4 Narrative in the World Risk Society
Authors: Heise Ursula K.
Published: September 2008

This chapter establishes connections between ecocriticism and risk theory. It gives a survey of theories of risk perception and the knowledge theoretical questions they have raised from the 1970s to the present, as well as of theories about the connection between modernization, globalization and risk. These theories, the chapter argues, are crucial for environmentalist and ecocritical approaches that seek to transform public awareness of ecological crises, at the same time that the literary perspective promises to contribute significantly to research on risk perceptions through its emphasis on narrative and metaphoric templates. The chapter also explores risk theory as a new form of global imagination through the environmental justice movement and Ulrich Beck‘s theory of cosmopolitanism, and links back to the analysis of transnationalism in Ch. 1 through the concept of “ecocosmopolitanism,” which is here further elaborated in its connection with the rise of transnational communities of risk.
5 Toxic Bodies, Corporate Poisons
Authors: Heise Ursula K.
Published: September 2008

This chapter, building on Ch. 4, analyzes the representation of local risk scenarios in two American novels that focus on exposure to chemical toxins, Don DeLillo’s White Noise and Richard Powers’s Gain. DeLillo’s novel, which reflects on a wide range of chemical risks from industrial toxins all the way to psychopharmaceuticals, uses postmodern satire to shed light on the difficulties of telling reality apart from cultural perception in the context of ecological and technological hazards. It portrays a “risk society” in Ulrich Beck’s sense in which risk has become part of the fabric of everyday life for ordinary citizens. Powers’s Gain outlines a similar scenario but explores in depth the rise of transnational corporations and global economic networks that give rise to local risks. While his narrative, more so than DeLillo’s, seeks to highlight the way in which the inhabitation of the local is shaped by global forces, it is less successful than DeLillo’s in developing a narrative technique commensurate with this ambition; Powers’s omniscient narration does not allow for the indeterminacies of risk perception that DeLillo translates into narrative form.
Conclusion
Authors: Heise Ursula K.
Published: September 2008

This brief chapter concludes the book by looking at the to-date relatively sparse output of novels and films on the issue of climate change. It investigates the narrative and cinematographic difficulties of representing global risk and the transnational communities it generates in cultural forms that evolved historically to represent individuals, families, and in some cases nations, but rarely the planet as a whole. In the analysis of works that have addressed climate change, this chapter returns to David Brin’s novel Earth as a paradigmatic example of how a text combines epic and modernist fragmentation so as to convey a sense of both the local and the global, in a literary manifestation of the eco-cosmopolitan awareness formulated in Chs. 1 and 4.
Letters to Clarissa: The Fantasy of a Female Network
Authors: Schantz Ned
Published: September 2008

This chapter considers how long-distance female networks emerge out of gothic claustrophobia to flourish in the fantasy space of epistolary suspension. As it reads Clarissa for its powerful commitment to speculation, alternatives emerge to the dominant story of female virtue as lethal singularity. That Richardson refused these alternatives becomes the key to a reading of Evelina in the shadow of Clarissa. Here epistolarity goes underground as an agoraphobic heroine seeks shelter from uninhabitable female standards.
Telephonic Film
Authors: Schantz Ned
Published: September 2008

This chapter considers what our fantasies of the telephone have to do with our fantasies at the movies. It calls out the Classical Hollywood Telephone, the quiet object whose smooth transmission of narrative information bolsters the routine operations of genre and the stable meanings of crime and romance. Exposing this dormant telephone to coincidence makes it possible to chart a path of increasing deviation from the Classical norm, moving from pat disavowals, on through generic confusion (with a long look at the disguised gothic dynamics of Pillow Talk), finally to uncanny nightmares of disconnection and exposure.
Voices Carry: Film and Telepathy
Authors: Schantz Ned
Published: September 2008

This chapter pursues the problem of coincidence on the telephone in its greatest cinematic example—Sorry, Wrong Number—all the way to the ambivalent dream of telepathy, a major fantasy of novelistic culture and troubling concern for film. Telepathy then structures a sustained comparison between film and the novel in terms of access to characters’ minds, a comparison developed in an extended reading of Shadow of a Doubt. Hitchcock’s film finally represents a turning away from telepathy and female knowledge—the double—edged legacy of the novel—toward a cinema of female mobility and speed.
What Is an Immune System?
Authors: Clark William R.
Published: September 2008

This chapter describes the immune system, and its tissue (bone marrow, lymph nodes), organ (thymus, spleen), and cellular components. The important role of lymphatic circulation is described. Also discussed are the challenges faced by the immune system, and how it meets those challenges. The evolution of the immune system in a world filled with predatory microbes is considered.
Antibodies
Authors: Clark William R.
Published: September 2008

This chapter describes the antibody arm of the adaptive immune system and how these proteins, produced by B lymphocytes, circulate throughout the body in blood and lymph and help remove microbes and other foreign matter found in these fluids. The structure of antibodies is described, as is the concept of antibody classes. The body is able to make literally billions of different antibodies, and the genetic “trick” that makes this possible is discussed. The concepts of immunological diversity and immunological memory as well as monoclonal antibodies are introduced.
How Do Antibodies Work?
Authors: Clark William R.
Published: September 2008

This chapter delves further into how antibodies actually function in eliminating foreign materials from bodily fluids. Antibodies by themselves are relatively ineffective in eliminating foreign matter. They act mainly as “tags”, labeling microbial cells, viruses, and foreign proteins for engulfment by scavenger cells called macrophages. When bound to a cell surface, antibodies can also serve as anchor points for serum proteins refered to collectively as complement, which insert pores into cells, killing them through osmotic lysis.
T Cells: The Second Arm of Adapative Immunity
Authors: Clark William R.
Published: September 2008

B cells and antibodies are only one arm of the adaptive immune system, specialized in removing foreign material from blood and lymph. The second arm of the adaptive system consists of T cells, which detect and kill cells in the body — “self” cells — that have been invaded by microbes. All viruses invade cells, as do some bacteria. T cells are a major defense against viral infection. There are two types of T cells: CD4 helper cells and CD8 killer cells. Helper cells assist B cells in making antibody, and help CD8 cells mature to kill microbially infected cells. Killer cells are also involved in graft rejection, and in the body's response to cancer.
The Immune Response to Infectious Disease: All Out War!
Authors: Clark William R.
Published: September 2008

This chapter deals with the body's response to disease caused by infection with bacteria, viruses, or other microbes. The fundamental response is based on inflammation, which is mediated by the evolutionarily oldest elements of the immune system refered to as innate immunity (as opposed to adaptive immunity). Innate immunity is described in detail, and it is shown how it is greatly amplified by cells of the adaptive immune system: T and B cells. The role of dendritic cells and class I MHC molecules is discussed. The chapter also looks more closely at how T cells deal with intracellular invasion by microbes (intracellular parasites).
Vaccines: How They Work, Why They Sometimes Don't, and What We Can Do About It
Authors: Clark William R.
Published: September 2008

The realization that many diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms ultimately made possible the rational development of vaccines. Killed or disabled microbes, their components, or even their DNA can be used to induce a state of immunity to the viable organism itself. Vaccines were largely responsible for the dramatic increase in life expectancy achieved in the 20th century. This chapter looks at how vaccines are produced, and focuses on two current challenges for world health officials — developing effective vaccines for malaria and tuberculosis. Recent advances in our understanding of how the immune system works has led to exciting new possibilities for vaccine production, particularly DNA-based vaccines.
When the Immune System Is the Problem, Not the Solution: Hypersensitivity and Allergy
Authors: Clark William R.
Published: September 2008

As scientists looked ever more closely at the immune system during the first half of the 20th century, it became apparent that in a number of situations exposure to a foreign antigen did not lead to protective immunity, but rather to a state in which subsequent exposure to the same antigen could elicit a violent, often harmful, and occasionally fatal syndrome. This phenomenon of over-reaction became known as hypersensitivity. Examples of hypersensitivity in humans include hay fever, drug and venom allergies, food allergies, and asthma. The immunological bases of these disorders are described.
Autoimmunity
Authors: Clark William R.
Published: September 2008

How does the immune system know what is self and what is foreign? The molecules of which human “self” is made are basically the same as those used in the construction of any other biological organism, including pathogenic microbes. This touches on the important issue of immune tolerance. Breakage of self-tolerance results in autoimmune disease. This chapter looks at a number of human autoimmune diseases, how they originate, how they are treated now, and promising directions for treatment in the future.
Organ Transplantation
Authors: Clark William R.
Published: September 2008

T cells are the major barrier to the transplantation of organs between other than genetically identical twins. The basis for immune rejection lies in the incredible heterogeneity among humans in histocompatibility genes and proteins. Rejection can be managed somewhat by careful histocompatibility matching of donor and recipient, and with drugs that suppress T cell function, but permanent acceptance of transplants has yet to be achieved. This chapter examines how T cells detect transplants as foreign, and the mechanisms they use to reject them. A close study of these processes may suggest better strategies for ensuring transplant survival.
First Defense: The Immune System and Bioterrorism
Authors: Clark William R.
Published: September 2008

During the first 48–72 hours of a bioterrorist attack using pathogenic microbes, the immune system will be our primary means of defense against potentially fatal disease. This chapter looks at the pathogens identified by the CDC as most likely to be used as bioweapons — anthrax, plague, smallpox, botulin toxin, tularemia, and Ebola-like viruses — and what is known of the human immune response to them. Progress in enhancing our ability to deal with these pathogens is also discussed, in particular strategies that go beyond standard vaccines.
Introduction
Authors: Dozeman Thomas B.
Published: September 2008

This overview states the two general goals of the book: (1) to construct a biblical theology of ordination that is embedded in broad reflection on the nature of holiness in biblical literature and (2) to fashion a biblical theology of ordination that is able to serve as a springboard for ecumenical dialogue between different Christian traditions with their divergent views on the nature and function of ordination. This chapter outlines the three methodologies that will guide the study: (1) holiness and the history of religions; (2) the Mosaic office and the history of the composition of the Torah; and (3) canonical criticism and the inter‐biblical interpretation of the Mosaic office.
Holiness and Ordination
Authors: Dozeman Thomas B.
Published: September 2008

This chapter interprets the nature of holiness from three different perspectives. First, the research of M. Eliade is used to holiness as an essential characteristic of God. The root meaning of holiness, separation, gives rise to the distinction between the sacred and the profane. Second it explores the important role of sanctuaries for relating the sacred and the profane in religious experience, using A. van Gennep's insight that the ordained must undergo a rite of passage to work within the realm of the sacred. Third, the research of R. Otto and J. Milgrom is used to investigate two theories of holiness (as a dynamic power and as a ritual resource), that inform all biblical theologies of ordination.
The Mosaic Office as the Model for Ordination
Authors: Dozeman Thomas B.
Published: September 2008

Here I interpret the role of Moses in Torah as personifying the authority of ordination, characterized as the Mosaic Office. The section “The Mosaic Office in Torah” clarifies the corporate nature of the story of Moses as the model for ordination in ancient Israel. “The Mosaic Office as a Rite of Passage” describes the character of religious leadership in Torah, contrasting the leadership of the ordained to the heroic idealization of kings in the ancient world. “The Call to Ordination and the Two Theories of Holiness” probes the nature of religious experience embedded in the story of Moses, providing guidelines for discerning a call to ordination.
Holiness and the Ordination to the Divine Word in Deuteronomy and in the New Testament
Authors: Dozeman Thomas B.
Published: September 2008

This chapter describes the theology of holiness in the book of Deuteronomy in order to interpret the ordination of Moses as a charismatic teacher of the divine word. The research by R. Otto on the religious experience of the numinous informs the study of Moses as a religious leader, who mediates holiness as a dynamic force in the life of Israel. The chapter offers an interpretation, through the charismatic teaching of Moses in the book of Deuteronomy, of the literary structure, divine transcendence, and the way in which holiness invades the profane world of humans.
Holiness and Ordination in the New Testament Literature
Authors: Dozeman Thomas B.
Published: September 2008

This chapter analyzes the relationship between the sacred and ordination in the New Testament literature through an examination of the offices of apostle, presbyter, deacon, and bishop, arguing that the New Testament does not provide a fully developed theology of ordination for the emerging Christian church. Rather, the references to the ordained presuppose the more extensive theological reflection on holiness and ordination within the Mosaic office of the Pentateuch for background, which indicates that the primary teaching on ordination in biblical literature is in the Hebrew scripture, rather than in the New Testament, requiring a broad view of biblical authority.
The Mosaic Office and the Ordination to Word and Sacrament in Christian Tradition
Authors: Dozeman Thomas B.
Published: September 2008

This chapter has three purposes. First, it seeks to fashion a biblical theology of ordination, that is grounded in the complex nature of the Mosaic office. Second, it explores how the structure of the Mosaic office, with the focus on the charismatic word and the sacred ritual, provides the foundation for ordination to word and sacrament in Christian tradition. Third, it investigates how individual communities of faith relate the prophetic and the priestly dimensions of the Mosaic office in unique ways that give rise to the rich variety of forms of ordination in Christian tradition, and with it the need for ecumenical dialogue.
Religion and Natural Selection
Authors: Fuller Robert C.
Published: September 2008

Emotional programs are a prime example of how natural selection designed our brains to respond to environmental challenges. Biological and psychological studies of an emotion such as fear thus tell us a great deal about how our bodies predispose us to specific kinds of religious experience. In the recent Left Behind series, apocalyptic religion elicits fear‐driven emotional responses that imbue this distinctive style of religion with characteristic moods and motivations.
Wonder and the Moral Emotions
Authors: Fuller Robert C.
Published: September 2008

The emotion of wonder is among our genetically encoded programs for responding to unexpected features of the environment. Wonder is distinct from other emotions in its ability to foster receptivity, openness, metaphysical thinking, and moral sensitivity. Biological and psychological studies of wonder help us understand the moods and motivations that distinguish aesthetic spirituality or nature religion.
The Chemistry of Consciousness
Authors: Fuller Robert C.
Published: September 2008

Every experience has a neurochemical foundation. Even the slightest alteration in the brain's accustomed neurochemistry therefore has the potential to elicit unusual experiences that might have strikingly spiritual qualities. This chapter draws upon recent studies in neuroscience to help understand the link between the “chemistry of consciousness” and episodes of religious innovation throughout American history. From Native American peyotism to the role of psychedelics in the 1960s counterculture movement, there have been clear and identifiable neurochemical substrates to Americans' quest for religious ecstasy.