bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urban Precarity and Aspirational Compromise: Feeling Otherwise in a Mozambican Suburb
Authors: Archambault Julie Soleil
Published: August 2021

The rapidly expanding Mozambican suburb of Inhapossa is very much the product of urban precarity. Indeed, most people only end up there after having exhausted other options. Striking, however, is how residents have, in recent years, discursively and materially constructed the suburb as an idyllic urban place in the making, so much so that Inhapossa has become one of the most coveted neighborhoods in the area. This article proposes an ethnographic reflection on urban precarity that draws on theories “from the South” and extends the notion of suburb to the shifting urban edge in Mozambique. It examines how local land struggles have created new opportunities for people from very different backgrounds, and whose lives became entangled in unexpected life‐enhancing ways, to craft better futures for themselves and their families. Locating the transformative potential of urban precarity in the work of attuning one’s aspirations with one’s circumstances, it shows how the suburb—a space of aspirational compromise—can become a space of aspirational achievement.
“Race Is a Fiction; Racism Is Not”? Understandings of Race in Antiracist Education
Authors: Bynum Gregory
Published: August 2021

Philosophers and other scholars writing on the idea of race have pointed to a tension, in society and in intellectual life, between (1) an understanding of race as an experienced identity, the experience of which must not be denied in the interest of both social justice and critical attentiveness to social structures of racist oppression; and (2) the idea that “race” is a fiction — that, in light of ever‐increasing biological and genetic evidence, race is a clearly inadequate and inappropriate way of categorizing human beings, an oppressive, unjust, and inhumane myth. In this conflicted situation, how should educators, and educational philosophers in particular, respond to racism? Gregory Bynum takes this as the central question of his article: Should educators move away from a view of race as defining people's identities to an understanding of race as a fiction, to be relegated to the past?
Parental Alienation: Science and Law. Edited By Demosthenes Lorandos and William Bernet
Authors: Saini Michael , Drozd Leslie
Published: August 2021

Parental Alienation: Science and Law is a book that brings together known supporters of parental alienation theory to review the definitions, prevalence, consequences and interventions for treating cases where parental alienation has been identified as the dominant cause of parent‐child contact problems. The book provides a review of published literature that favors parental alienation theory and highlights topics and issues that are central to the promotion of parental alienation in the family courts. The book is purposely written with the aim to educate about parental alienation and to debunk the detractors (including sections that specifically refute opposing claims).
The cross‐sectional return predictability of employment growth: A liquidity risk explanation
Authors: Liu Weimin , Luo Di , Park Seyoung , Zhao Huainan
Published: August 2021

Employment growth (EG) is related to liquidity fundamentals of investment opportunities, firm health, and information environment and quality. This, in turn, implies that liquidity risk may play a role in explaining the relation between EG and stock returns. We find strong empirical evidence supporting the link between EG and liquidity risk. Stocks of high‐EG firms are more liquid and exposed to lower liquidity risk than stocks of low‐EG firms. After adjusting for liquidity risk, EG loses its power to predict returns.
Shifts in fine‐scale distribution and breeding success of boreal waterbirds along gradients in ice‐out timing and habitat structure
Authors: Pöysä Hannu , Paasivaara Antti
Published: August 2021

Climate change and other anthropogenic stressors affect freshwater ecosystems worldwide. A prominent manifestation of climate change impacts on aquatic systems at high latitudes is the advance of ice‐out date (IOD). Earlier IOD should be advantageous for species such as migratory waterbirds that are dependent on open water to initiate breeding; earlier breeding usually means higher reproductive success.

However, advance of IOD may induce phenological mismatches that have negative impacts on the species involved. This may alter habitat dynamics, challenging habitat selection by breeding individuals. An additional challenge is imposed by changes in habitat quality, particularly if preferred habitats deteriorate.

Here, we investigated how the fine‐scale distribution of breeding individuals and breeding success have changed along gradients in IOD and habitat structure (richness of emergent vegetation) in a boreal waterbird assemblage in southeastern Finland from 1991 to 2018.

IOD varied considerably between nearby lakes. The distribution of breeding individuals of the common teal (Anas crecca) and horned grebe (Podiceps auritus) shifted toward lakes with relatively late IOD while Eurasian wigeon (Mareca penelope) and tufted duck (Aythya fuligula) shifted toward lakes with sparse emergent vegetation. Also, breeding success in common teal showed a decreasing trend at lakes with relatively early IOD, while it increased on lakes with relatively late IOD. Success in tufted duck breeding decreased on lakes with rich emergent vegetation, while the opposite was true on lakes with sparse emergent vegetation. The mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) was the only species that did not show a shift in breeding distribution or breeding success along either of the environmental gradients.

The findings suggest that a potentially positive climate‐driven impact on breeding phenology (earlier IOD) was over‐ridden by negative changes in habitat quality. The results underline the need to understand the complexity of the effects of multiple stressors in boreal freshwater ecosystems for their successful management.
Ccdc134 deficiency impairs cerebellar development and motor coordination
Authors: Yin Sha , Liao Qinyuan , Wang Yida , Shi Qianwen , Xia Peng , Yi Ming , Huang Jing
Published: August 2021

Coiled‐coil domain containing 134 (CCDC134) has been shown to serve as an immune cytokine to exert antitumor effects and to act as a novel regulator of hADA2a to affect PCAF acetyltransferase activity. While Ccdc134 loss causes abnormal brain development in mice, the significance of CCDC134 in neuronal development in vivo is controversial. Here, we report that CCDC134 is highly expressed in Purkinje cells (PCs) at all developmental stages and regulates mammalian cerebellar development in a cell type‐specific manner. Selective deletion of Ccdc134 in mouse neural stem cells (NSCs) caused defects in cerebellar morphogenesis, including a decrease in the number of PCs and impairment of PC dendritic growth, as well as abnormal granule cell development. Moreover, loss of Ccdc134 caused progressive motor dysfunction with deficits in motor coordination and motor learning. Finally, Ccdc134 deficiency inhibited Wnt signaling but increased Ataxin1 levels. Our findings provide evidence that CCDC134 plays an important role in cerebellar development, possibly through regulating Wnt signaling and Ataxin1 expression levels, and in controlling cerebellar function for motor coordination and motor learning, ultimately making it a potential contributor to cerebellar pathogenesis.
Walking speed and short physical performance battery are associated with conversion to long‐term care need: A study in outpatients of a locomotive syndrome‐frailty clinic
Authors: Kawamura Koki , Kondo Izumi , Osawa Aiko , Tanimoto Masanori , Matsui Yasumoto , Arai Hidenori
Published: August 2021

Aim

As the number of frail and disabled older people increases in Japan, systems are needed to detect efficiently the populations at high risk in need of care and to allow early intervention. We investigated cut‐off values for those physical functioning assessments adopted by AWGS 2019 associated with new or worsening long‐term care insurance (LTCI) certification.

Methods

We recruited 497 outpatients from our locomotive syndrome‐frailty clinic. After excluding patients who had undergone orthopedic surgery right after assessment or ≤65 years old, 233 patients (mean age, 78 ± 6 years) were included. Logistic regression analysis was performed using new certification for LTCI services need or deterioration of care status in 1 year as the dependent variable and physical function and other assessments as independent variables. Next, we constructed receiver operating characteristic curves and calculated areas under the curve and optimal cut‐off values.

Results

During 1‐year follow‐up, 37 patients (16%) obtained new certification for LTCI services need or deterioration of status. After adjusting, usual walking speed and Short Physical Performance Battery score were significantly associated with outcomes. With receiver operating characteristic curves, usual walking speed as the test variable showed an area under the curve of 0.740 with a cut‐off of 0.92 m/s, whereas the Short Physical Performance Battery score showed an area under the curve of 0.737 with a cut‐off score of 9.

Conclusions

Slower walking speed and lower Short Physical Performance Battery score may predict new or worsening LTCI for older people. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 919–925.
Modelling the effect of environmental variables on the reproductive success of Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus) in Sardinia, Italy
Authors: Aresu Mauro , Pennino Maria Grazia , De Rosa Davide , Rotta Andrea , Berlinguer Fiammetta
Published: August 2021

Old World vultures are experiencing dramatic population declines and now are among the species most threatened with extinction. Understanding the environmental variables that can influence the reproductive indexes of vulture populations can facilitate both habitat and species management. The aim of this study was to identify which environmental variables primarily affect the breeding successes of the Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus in northern Sardinia by applying a Bayesian hierarchical model. A unique dataset of reproductive records (197 nests monitored over 39 years for a total of 992 breeding records) was used. Eight environmental and topographical variables describing the habitat at the nesting sites were considered as potential predictors of breeding success. These included mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, isothermality, elevation, the normalized difference vegetation index, wind speed, and the aspect and slope of the land surface. In addition, we also considered the effect of human disturbance and the type of nest. According to our best model, the probability of successfully raising a chick in Griffon Vultures was higher in nests exposed to a high wind speed, not covered by natural shelters, where the vegetation was mostly represented by shrub and pastures, with low human disturbance and in years with low rainfall. This model will be useful for management of the breeding habitat and to identify the area most suitable for Griffon Vulture reproduction. This information is crucial for programming conservation measures aimed at enlarging the area of occupancy of the species.
Effect of low‐level laser therapy on postoperative pain after single‐visit root canal retreatment of mandibular molars: A randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Fazlyab Mahta , Esmaeili Shahmirzadi Sepideh , Esnaashari Ehsan , Azizi Arash , Moshari Amir Abbas
Published: August 2021

Aim

To compare the effect of low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) on postoperative pain after single‐visit root canal retreatment on mandibular molars.

Methodology

This randomized controlled clinical trial included 36 patients referred to the Department of Endodontics, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Healthy patients who required root canal retreatment on symptomatic first or second mandibular molars, with a PAI index score of 2 or 3, preoperative tooth and percussion pain of <56 mm on a 170‐mm visual analogue scale (VAS) were included. After local anaesthesia using inferior alveolar nerve block followed by rubber dam isolation and access cavity preparation, the D RaCe retreatment system was used to remove the existing root filling material, and after canal negotiation and gaining patency, working length was determined with an apex locator. Further canal enlargement was carried out with size 35, 0.04 taper, and size 40, 0.04 taper RaCe rotary instruments and then canals were filled using laterally compacted gutta–percha points and AH Plus sealer. The patients were randomly assigned to treatment groups: In the LLLT group, a 980‐nm diode laser set at 6.89 W/cm2 energy density, 0.5 W power, and a tip diameter of 10 mm were activated from the buccal side on the mesial and distal root apices for 15 s. In the sham group, the laser handpiece was placed inside the patient's mouth at the same location, but the laser was not activated. Then patients were instructed to record their postoperative pain levels at 4, 8, 12 and 24 h and 2, 3 and 7 days after treatment on separate VAS scales. For data analysis, the independent sample t and the Mann–Whitney U tests were used. Nominal variables were analysed by using the chi‐square test.

Results

In the LLLT group, the most intense pain was reported 24 and 48 h post‐treatment [mean (SD) = 0.22 (0.54) for both], whereas in the sham group, the most intense pain level was observed 4 h post‐treatment [mean (SD) = 0.78 (0.80)]. At the 4‐h interval, pain intensity was significantly lower in the LLLT group (p = .016).

Conclusions

Low‐level laser therapy reduced postoperative pain after single‐visit root canal retreatment of mandibular molars only four hours following the procedure.
Crack‐free cathode of intermediate‐temperature solid oxide fuel cells via electrospray deposition
Authors: Li Guangmin , Kim Jeong Hun , Son Ji‐Won , Choi Mansoo , Kim Hyoungchul , Shin Sung Soo
Published: August 2021

Cracks and delamination primarily revealed in the microscale‐thick cathode have been known as the major cause of increasing the polarization resistance and inhibiting the low‐temperature operation of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Besides, these defects were originated from the polymer dispersant, essential for the fabrication of the bulk cathode layer. Herein, we manufactured a crack‐free cathode layer by optimizing the deposition temperature (Tdep) of the powder‐suspension electrospray deposition (ESD) process through thermal characterization of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), a polymer used in the slurry of ESD. SOFCs with the cathode deposited at the glass transition temperature of PVP resulted in a maximum power density of 0.481 W/cm2, 37% and 39% improved than those with the cathode deposited at Tdep = 25 and 200℃, respectively, at 650℃. Furthermore, the effect of uniformly dispersed morphology of cathode without defects was demonstrated by the reduction of polarization resistance through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis.
Low‐cost inkjet printing of thin‐film mullite structures
Authors: Žitňan Michal , Müller Lenka , Zub Karina , Schubert Ulrich S. , Galusek Dušan , Wondraczek Lothar
Published: August 2021

A commodity inkjet printer was modified to print layered ceramic structures on stiff glass substrates, using inks in the form of sols with mullite stoichiometry. The sol composition was optimized in terms of ink viscosity, surface tension, and evaporation properties. The ink was then fed into a multi‐nozzle commodity printer head and deposited by ink‐jetting. Thin lines without bulges with a thickness of ∼1.8 μm with concave profile and a line width of ∼100 μm were successfully printed on fused silica substrates. The presence of mullite was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and XRD after sintering of printed structures.
Frequency of compound hot–dry weather extremes has significantly increased in Australia since 1889
Authors: Collins Brian
Published: August 2021

There is high confidence that climate change has increased the probability of concurrent temperature‐precipitation extremes, changed their spatial‐temporal variations and affected the relationships between drivers of such natural hazards. However, the extent of such changes has been less investigated in Australia. Daily data spanning the period 1889‐2019 (131 years) were extracted from SILO gridded dataset at 700 grid cells (1◦ × 1◦) across Australia to calculate annual and seasonal mean daily maximum temperature (MMT) and total precipitation (TPR). A nonparametric multivariate copula framework was adopted to estimate the return period of compound hot‐dry (CHD) events based on an ‘And’ hazard scenario (hotter than a threshold ‘And’ drier than a threshold). CHD extremes were defined as years with joint return periods of longer than 25 years calculated over the period 1889‐2019. Mann‐Kendall nonparametric tests were used to analyse trends in MMT and TPR as well as in the frequency of univariate and CHD extremes. Results showed a general cooling‐wetting trend over 1889‐1989. Significant increasing trends were detected over 1990‐2019 in the frequency and severity of hot extremes across the country while trends in dry extremes were mostly insignificant (and decreasing). A significant increase in the association between temperature and precipitation was identified at various temporal scales. While the frequency of CHD extremes was mostly stable over 1889‐1989, it significantly increased between 1990 and 2019 at 44% of studied grid cells, mostly located in the north, south‐east and southwest.
Effects of high temperature during anthesis and grain filling on physiological characteristics of winter wheat cultivars
Authors: Mirosavljević Milan , Mikić Sanja , Župunski Vesna , Kondić Špika Ankica , Trkulja Dragana , Ottosen Carl‐Otto , Zhou Rong , Abdelhakim Lamis
Published: August 2021

Due to climate change, multiple heat events are expected to be an additional limiting factor that will adversely affect wheat production. The study aimed to analyze the physiological response to heat stress in four winter wheat cultivars at different physiological stages under greenhouse conditions during 2019. The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll index, maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II, fructose, glucose and sucrose content, grain yield per plant, grain weight and number of grains per plant were analyzed in wheat cultivars under short periods of heat stress at anthesis and mid‐grain filling, and combined stress at anthesis and mid‐grain filling. The results of the study indicated that heat stress modified the photosynthesis‐related and grain yield–related traits. Moreover, heat stress caused a decrease of sucrose content, while fructose and glucose content increased. Heat stress had more pronounced effects on the photosynthetic parameters and grain yield during grain filling than during anthesis. A significant variation observed among cultivar responses to the negative impact of heat stress highlighted the fact that cultivars Pobeda and Gladius were more tolerant than Renesansa and Simonida. Different cultivar reactions to heat stress during anthesis and grain filling indicated the need to conduct further studies with wheat cultivars of different origin in order to identify additional sources of tolerance.
Knockdown of CENPK inhibits cell growth and facilitates apoptosis via PTEN‐PI3K‐AKT signalling pathway in gastric cancer
Authors: Wu Shusheng , Cao Lulu , Ke Lihong , Yan Ying , Luo Huiqin , Hu Xiaoxiu , Niu Jiayu , Li Huimin , Xu Huijun , Chen Wenju , Pan Yueyin , He Yifu
Published: August 2021

Previous studies have indicated that centromere protein K (CENPK) is upregulated in several cancers and related to tumorigenesis. Nevertheless, the potential function of CENPK in gastric cancer (GC) remains unknown. Here, we investigated the function of CENPK on oncogenicity and explored its underlying mechanisms in GC. Our results showed that CENPK was dramatically overexpressed in GC and was associated with poor prognosis through bioinformatics analysis. We demonstrated that CENPK is upregulated in GC tissues and cell lines. Moreover, knockdown of CENPK significantly inhibited proliferation in vitro and attenuated the growth of implanted GCs in vivo. In addition, CENPK silencing induced G1 phase cell cycle arrest and facilitated apoptosis of GC cells. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that the PI3K‐AKT signalling pathway was considerably enriched. Knockdown of CENPK decreased the expression of PI3K, p‐Akt (Ser437) and p‐GSK3β (Ser9) in GC cells, and increased the expression of PTEN. In conclusion, this study indicated that CENPK was overexpressed in GC and may promote gastric carcinogenesis through the PTEN‐PI3K‐AKT signalling pathway. Thus, CENPK may be a potential target for cancer therapeutics in GC.
Optimization of immunization procedure for SWCNTs‐based subunit vaccine with mannose modification against spring viraemia of carp virus in common carp
Authors: Gong Yu‐Ming , Zhang Chen , Li Yang , Chen Guo , Wang Gao‐Xue , Zhu Bin
Published: August 2021

Immersion vaccination of single‐walled carbon nanotubes loaded with mannose‐modified glycoprotein (SWCNTs‐MG) vaccine has been proved to be effective in preventing spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV). Immunization procedure has immense consequence on the immune effect of the immersion vaccine. However, immunization procedure optimization for SWCNTs‐MG vaccine against SVCV has not been reported. In this study, accordingly, a full‐factor experiment was designed to optimize the immunization procedure of SWCNTs‐MG vaccine by three aspects of vaccine dose (30 mg/L, 40 mg/L and 50 mg/L), immunization density (8 fish L−1, 24 fish L−1 and 48 fish L−1) and immunization time (6, 12 and 24 hr). Furthermore, we used the immunization group (A1B2C1, 30 mg/L, 24 fish L−1 and 6 hr) in the previous study as a positive control (PC) to evaluate the immunization effect optimized conditions from the expression of immune‐related genes and relative percentage survival (RPS). At 28 days post‐vaccination (DPV), common carps were intraperitoneal injected SVCV challenged test indicated that the A1B2C2 group (30 mg/L, 24 fish L−1, 12 hr) displayed superiority of protective efficacy compare with other groups and the RPS with 77.9%, which was 15.6% higher than the PC group of RPS with 62.3%. Moreover, the expression of immune‐related genes such as IL‐10, CD4 and MHC‐II was also significantly higher than PC group. The specific experimental flow chart is shown in Figure 1. Conclusively, these results demonstrated that vaccine dose, immunization density and immunization time are 30 mg/L, 24 fish L−1 and 12 hr, which is the more appropriate immunization programme with juvenile carp for SWCNTs‐MG vaccine. This study provides a profitable reference for improving the immune efficiency of aquatic immersion vaccine.

The experiment process and timeline chart of the present research

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Political to Personal: Shifts in Youths’ Attitudes Following the 2016 U.S. Presidential Race and Election
Authors: O’Brien Michael , Spielvogel Bryn , Coley Rebekah Levine
Published: August 2021

Sociopolitical events have been associated with shifts in youth mental health and attitudes. This study assessed six cohorts of American 12th graders (2012–2017) to examine trends in youths’ attitudes about themselves, the future, and others surrounding the U.S. 2016 presidential race and election. Analyses assessed overall trends and variation by political affiliation. Results indicated a rise across cohorts in future pessimism and nihilism after 2015, driven by youth identified as Democrat rather than Republican. A rise in concern for others was similarly driven by Democrat youth, whereas a rise in value of diversity was shared across all political identities. In contrast, Republican youth cohorts reported increasing external locus of control relative to their Democratic peers. Implications are discussed.
Psychometric Validation of the Japanese Version of the Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale (CASSS) in Early Adolescents1,2
Authors: Shinkawa Hiroki , Takahashi Michio , Adachi Masaki , Murayama Yasuo , Yasuda Sayura , Malecki Christine Kerres , Nakamura Kazuhiko
Published: August 2021

Social support in children and adolescents is fundamental for preventing mental health problems. Differences in sources and types of social support may lead to differential effects on psychosocial outcomes; however, tools to assess these differences are lacking in Japan. The present study investigated the reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale (CASSS) in 1,068 students aged 9–15 years. A confirmatory factor analysis showed robustness for the five‐factor model, while the third‐order factor model, which integrated the overall scale and four subdomains (types: emotional, informational, appraisal, and instrumental) within the five domains (sources: parent, teacher, classmate, close friend, and school) above, also met criteria for good model fit. The overall scale and all domains and subdomains demonstrated sufficient internal consistency (α = .76–.98). For construct validity, there were significant correlations between CASSS scores and prosocial behavior, internalizing or externalizing problems as assessed by the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), and depressive symptoms assessed by the Depression Self‐Rating Scale for Children (DSRS‐C). The agreement rate between these correlation coefficients and the prespecified hypothesis was 89.6%. These results suggest that the Japanese version of the CASSS has adequate reliability and validity and can be used to assess perceived social support among Japanese early adolescents.
Plant nitrate supply regulates Erwinia amylovora virulence gene expression in Arabidopsis
Authors: Farjad Mahsa , Clément Gilles , Launay Alban , Jeridi Roua , Jolivet Sylvie , Citerne Sylvie , Rigault Martine , Soulie Marie‐Christine , Dinant Sylvie , Fagard Mathilde
Published: August 2021

We showed previously that nitrogen (N) limitation decreases Arabidopsis resistance to Erwinia amylovora (Ea). We show that decreased resistance to bacteria in low N is correlated with lower apoplastic reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and lower jasmonic acid (JA) pathway expression. Consistently, pretreatment with methyl jasmonate (Me‐JA) increased the resistance of plants grown under low N. In parallel, we show that in planta titres of a nonvirulent type III secretion system (T3SS)‐deficient Ea mutant were lower than those of wildtype Ea in low N, as expected, but surprisingly not in high N. This lack of difference in high N was consistent with the low expression of the T3SS‐encoding hrp virulence genes by wildtype Ea in plants grown in high N compared to plants grown in low N. This suggests that expressing its virulence factors in planta could be a major limiting factor for Ea in the nonhost Arabidopsis. To test this hypothesis, we preincubated Ea in an inducing medium that triggers expression of hrp genes in vitro, prior to inoculation. This preincubation strongly enhanced Ea titres in planta, independently of the plant N status, and was correlated to a significant repression of JA‐dependent genes. Finally, we identify two clusters of metabolites associated with resistance or with susceptibility to Ea. Altogether, our data showed that high susceptibility of Arabidopsis to Ea, under low N or following preincubation in hrp‐inducing medium, is correlated with high expression of the Ea hrp genes in planta and low expression of the JA signalling pathway, and is correlated with the accumulation of specific metabolites.
Occurrence and characteristics of pain after ICU discharge: A longitudinal study
Authors: Valsø Åse , Rustøen Tone , Småstuen Milada Cvancarova , Puntillo Kathleen , Skogstad Laila , Schou‐Bredal Inger , Sunde Kjetil , Tøien Kirsti
Published: August 2021

Background

Pain is a serious problem for intensive care unit (ICU) patients, but we are lacking data on pain at the hospital ward after ICU discharge.

Aims and Objectives

To describe pain intensity, ‐interference with function and ‐location in patients up to 1 year after ICU discharge. To identify demographic and clinical variables and their association with worst pain intensity and pain interference.

Design

A longitudinal descriptive secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial on nurse‐led follow‐up consultations on post‐traumatic stress and sense of coherence after ICU discharge.

Methods

Pain intensity, ‐interference, and ‐location were measured using Brief Pain Inventory at the hospital ward and 3, 6, and 12 months after ICU discharge. For associations, data were analysed using multivariate linear mixed models for repeated measures.

Results

Of 523 included patients, 68% reported worst pain intensity score above 0 (no pain) at the ward. Estimated means for worst pain intensity and –interference (from 0 to 10) after ICU discharge were 5.5 [CI 4.6‐6.5] and 4.5 [CI 3.7‐5.3], and decreased to 3.8 [CI 2.8‐4.8] (P ≤ .001) and 2.9 [CI 2.1‐3.7] after 12 months (P ≤ .001). Most common pain locations were abdomen (43%), lower lumbar back (28%), and shoulder/forearm (22%). At 12 months, post‐traumatic stress (PTS) symptoms ≥25 (scale 10‐70), female gender, shorter ICU stay, and more traumatic ICU memories were significantly associated with higher worst pain intensity. PTS symptoms ≥25, female gender, more traumatic ICU memories, younger age, and not having an internal medical diagnosis were significantly associated with higher pain interference.

Conclusions

Early after ICU discharge pain was present in 68% of patients. Thereafter, pain intensity and ‐interference declined, but pain intensity was still at a moderate level at 12 months. Health professionals should be aware of patients' pain and identify potentially vulnerable patients.

Implication for Practice

Longitudinal assessment of factors associated with pain early after ICU discharge and the following year is a first step that could improve follow‐up focus and contribute to reduced development of chronic pain.
Timing‐dependent differential effects of unexpected events on error processing reveal the interactive dynamics of surprise and error processing
Authors: Guan Yao , Wessel Jan R.
Published: August 2021

When unexpected events occur during goal‐directed behavior, they automatically trigger an orienting‐related cascade of psychological and neural processes through which they influence behavior and cognition. If the unexpected event was caused by an action error, additional error‐specific, strategic‐related processes have been proposed to follow the initial orienting period. Little is known about the neural interactions between action errors and unexpected perceptual events, two instantiations of unexpected events, in these two putative stages of post‐error processing. Here, we aimed to address this by investigating the electrophysiological dynamics associated with action errors and unexpected perceptual events using scalp EEG with a focus on the frontal midline (FM) delta‐to‐theta oscillations (1–8 Hz) indicative of the performance‐monitoring system. Specifically, we examined how the timing of unexpected sounds would influence behavior and neural oscillations after action errors, depending on the length of the intertrial interval (ITI). Our data showed that unexpected sounds aggravated post‐error decreases in accuracy when they occurred (1) immediately after errors (i.e., post‐error orienting period), regardless of ITI and (2) immediately after the post‐error stimulus (i.e., post‐error strategic period), at short ITIs. Meanwhile, action errors and unexpected sounds independently produced increased FM delta‐to‐theta power during the post‐error orienting period, regardless of ITIs. However, when unexpected sounds occurred during the post‐error strategic period, action errors produced lower FM delta‐to‐theta power than correct responses, at short ITIs. These differential effects of unexpected events on behavior and FM delta‐to‐theta dynamics support the notion of the two post‐error periods during which different processes are implemented.
Why don’t we know more about the minds of authentic people?
Authors: Beer Jennifer S. , Brandler Serena
Published: August 2021

By definition, authentic people presumably do not fall prey to the self‐evaluation biases which pervade human social cognition yet a close look at the existing literature suggests this presumption is ill‐founded. For example, only a few studies have examined whether people feel more authentic when they make decisions which express their true selves in the face of social pressure. In contrast to theories of authenticity, studies find that feelings of authenticity are either unrelated or unexpectedly decreased in relation to decisions which draw on the true self. Furthermore, behavioral and neural research do not consistently find that feelings of authenticity arise in the absence of self‐serving biases. We propose that we know a lot less about the thoughts of an authentic person than is widely believed and some of the core assumptions may be wrong. We posit specific methodological considerations and research questions which need to be addressed before it will be possible to conclude whether core assumptions about social cognition and authenticity have robust empirical support (or need to be revised). A research program which illuminates the relation between social cognition and authenticity will be helpful for understanding the manner in which a person's thoughts contribute to the experience of authenticity and its benefits.
Identification of the novel HLA‐DQB1*03:454 allele using next‐generation sequencing
Authors: Yu Kyunghee , Kang Jiung , Jung Sunmi , Lee Jina , Park Younhee
Published: August 2021

The HLA‐DQB1*03:454 allele differs from HLA‐DQB1*03:01:01:01 allele by a single nucleotide at codon 227.
Dynamic interplay between AfadinS1795 phosphorylation and diet regulates glucose homeostasis in obese mice
Authors: Tozzi Marco , Brown Erin L. , Petersen Patricia S. S. , Lundh Morten , Isidor Marie S. , Plucińska Kaja , Nielsen Thomas S. , Agueda‐Oyarzabal Marina , Small Lewin , Treebak Jonas T. , Emanuelli Brice
Published: August 2021

Key points

Afadin is a ubiquitously expressed scaffold protein with a recently discovered role in insulin signalling and glucose metabolism.

Insulin‐stimulated phosphorylation of Afadin at S1795 occurs in insulin‐responsive tissues such as adipose tissue, muscle, liver, pancreas and heart.

Afadin abundance and AfadinS1795 phosphorylation are dynamically regulated in metabolic tissues during diet‐induced obesity progression.

Genetic silencing of AfadinS1795 phosphorylation improves glucose homeostasis in the early stages of diet‐induced metabolic dysregulation.

AfadinS1795 phosphorylation contributes to the early development of obesity‐related complications in mice.

Obesity is associated with systemic insulin resistance and numerous metabolic disorders. Yet, the mechanisms underlying impaired insulin action during obesity remain to be fully elucidated. Afadin is a multifunctional scaffold protein with the ability to modulate insulin action through its phosphorylation at S1795 in adipocytes. In the present study, we report that insulin‐stimulated AfadinS1795 phosphorylation is not restricted to adipose tissues, but is a common signalling event in insulin‐responsive tissues including muscle, liver, pancreas and heart. Furthermore, a dynamic regulation of Afadin abundance occurred during diet‐induced obesity progression, while its phosphorylation was progressively attenuated. To investigate the role of AfadinS1795 phosphorylation in the regulation of whole‐body metabolic homeostasis, we generated a phospho‐defective mouse model (Afadin SA) in which the Afadin phosphorylation site was silenced (S1795A) at the whole‐body level using CRISPR‐Cas9‐mediated gene editing. Metabolic characterization of these mice under basal physiological conditions or during a high‐fat diet (HFD) challenge revealed that preventing AfadinS1795 phosphorylation improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance and increased liver glycogen storage in the early stage of diet‐induced metabolic dysregulation, without affecting body weight. Together, our findings reveal that AfadinS1795 phosphorylation in metabolic tissues is critical during obesity progression and contributes to promote systemic insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in the early phase of diet‐induced obesity.
Fibrin Glue and Conduit Form a Composite Structure in Digital Nerve Repair
Authors: Schimoler Patrick J. , Pope David , Kharlamov Alexander , Tang Peter , Miller Mark Carl
Published: August 2021

Repair of severed nerves without autograft or allograft has included suture, suture with glue alone, suture with conduit and suture with glue augmentation to conduit, where use of conduit is considered for separation of the nerve ends from 5 mm to 3 cm. Repairs must not only serve acutely to provide apposition of nerve ends but must enable the healing of the nerve. Using biological conduit can place suture at the ends of the conduit while fibrin glue alone eliminates suture but with limited strength. The combination of conduit and glue offers the growth guidance of conduit with sufficient strength from the glue to maintain the nerve within the conduit. The role of fibrin glue in the integrity of the repair remains an open question, however. We sought to determine the factors in the strength of a glue-conduit-nerve construct and include consideration of standard suture repair. Fresh-frozen cadaveric digital nerves were repaired with suture alone, with glue alone or with suture and glue together and then loaded to failure. Previously tested specimens with conduit, suture and glue were considered for comparison. The suture alone (2.02 N) and suture with glue (2.24 N) were not statistically different from each other but were statistically stronger than glue alone (0.15 N). When compared to the earlier results of the strength of conduit with glue (0.65 N), these simple results show that the glue and conduit act together. The increased area over which the glue adheres to the nerve and conduit creates a composite structure stronger than either alone.
Electromyography-Based Validation of a Musculoskeletal Hand Model
Authors: Melzner Maximilian , Engelhardt Lucas , Simon Ulrich , Dendorfer Sebastian
Published: August 2021

Regarding the prevention of injuries and rehabilitation of the human hand, musculoskeletal simulations using an inverse dynamics approach allow for insights of the muscle recruitment and thus acting forces on the hand. Currently, several hand models from various research groups are in use, which are mainly validated by the comparison of numerical and anatomical moment arms. In contrast to this validation and model-building technique by cadaver studies, the aim of this study is to further validate a recently published hand model [1] by analyzing numerically calculated muscle activities in comparison to experimentally measured electromyographical signals of the muscles. Therefore, the electromyographical signals of 10 hand muscles of five test subjects performing seven different hand movements were measured. The kinematics of these tasks were used as input for the hand model, and the numerical muscle activities were computed. To analyze the relationship between simulated and measured activities, the time difference of the muscle on- and off-set points was calculated, which resulted in a mean on- and off-set time difference of 0.58 s between the experimental data and the model. The largest differences were detected for movements that mainly addressed the wrist. One major issue comparing simulated and measured muscle activities of the hand is cross-talk. Nevertheless, the results show that the hand model fits the experiment quite accurately despite some limitations and is a further step toward patient-specific modeling of the upper extremity.
Designing Resilience: Seismic Analysis and Civil Design of Hinkley Point C Offshore Heat Sink
Authors: Parkinson Dyllan , Kukla Konrad , Clear Stuart
Published: August 2021

After nearly 20 years, a new British nuclear power station is being built at Hinkley Point, UK. A significant level of resilience is expected of the nuclear power plant, which is reflected in the UK regulatory requirements. As this takes place post-Fukushima and several other significant seismic events around the world, the expectations for resilience in design are heightened. Therefore, a substantial level of resilience is considered for the water-cooling supply system, which is the subject of this paper. As part of the cooling system, the heat sink consists of several marine structures, including the intake and outfall offshore heads. These offshore structures provide the required level of cooling water at any stage of the power plant operation, including extreme events. Therefore, to ensure an adequate level of resilience, all plausible eventualities must be considered in the design. In this paper, the design of six large offshore civil structures, forming an integral part of the Hinkley Point C (HPC) heat sink is summarized. It discusses the comprehensive soil and structural analyses and innovative civil design undertaken by the designer (Jacobs), the industry leading construction techniques employed by the contractor (Balfour Beatty), and the advanced 3D reinforcement model created by detailer while being supported throughout by the client (EDF's Nuclear New Build NNB).
Effects of Plate Edge Thickness on Droplet Generation Caused by Water Film Breakup at the Plate Edge
Authors: Ito Daisuke , Nakano Susumu , Matsuzaki Yu , Takeda Yoichi
Published: August 2021

Droplets generated at trailing edges of low-pressure steam turbines strike the leading edge of moving blades, resulting in severe damage by erosion. Although the trailing edges of stationary blades employed in the steam turbine industry are often sharpened to produce fine droplets, this process requires further investigation. In this study, water film flows on a plate and breakup patterns are observed and measured to investigate the breakup behavior and the effect of the plate edge thickness. First, to determine the general characteristics of droplet formation of water film flows, the droplet diameter frequency distributions, which significantly affect erosion damage, are measured for several flow conditions. Profiles of frequency distribution of the droplet diameters exhibit on approximately linear in a semilog graph. Water lumps formed on the plate edge are expressed as a spanwise wavelength and initiate the primary breakup of the water film, while fine droplets whose diameters are similar to the critical diameter are generated and are assumed to contribute significantly to erosion damage. The effect of edge thickness on droplet diameter frequency distribution and the spanwise wavelength are observed. The plate edge thickness does not affect the frequency distributions of the droplet diameter. However, it does affect the spanwise wavelength, which is related to the intermittent discharge of water from the edge. The spanwise wavelength and discharged water period become longer when the plate edge thickness increases. Based on an experiment involving the highest airflow velocity, the discharged water frequency is similar to that generated by a general turbine rotation speed.
Analysis of Mechanochemical Reaction in Dual Shot Peening
Authors: Qi Ye , Nguyen Vinh , Melkote Shreyes , Varenberg Michael
Published: August 2021

Using a combination of solid mechanics and reaction kinetics models, this work simulates a mechanochemical reaction in dual shot peening with a mixture of Al2O3 and Cu2S particles used to form a tribologically beneficial iron sulfide layer on treated surfaces. The model predicts that the dissociation of the Fe–Fe and Cu–S bonds needed for the formation of Fe–S bonds accelerates monotonically with an increase in the shot peening particle speed, whereas its rate reaches a local maximum at the impact angle of about 75 deg. The latter finding is validated by treating the rake faces of high-speed steel cutting tools and performing orthogonal cutting experiments in which the tools peened at the impact angle of 75 deg exhibit lower cutting and thrust forces than those peened at 40 deg. Additional peening parameters, namely, the particle volume ratio and the stage speed, are found to be much less statistically significant under the conditions tested. The developed approach may be instrumental in guiding process optimization to improve the tribological performance of mechanochemically treated surfaces.
Aerodynamic Influence of a Bleed on the Last Stage of a Low-Pressure Compressor and S-Duct
Authors: Spanelis Apostolos , Walker A. Duncan
Published: August 2021

This paper uses computational fluid dynamics to investigate the effect of an engine handling bleed situated on the outer casing downstream of the last rotor stage of a low-pressure compressor and upstream of the outlet guide vane and S-shaped duct. The model, validated against existing experimental data, utilized an unsteady Reynolds-averaging Navier–Stokes (RANS) solver incorporating a Reynolds stress closure to examine the unsteady component interactions. The results showed that at bleed rates less than 25% of the mainstream flow, the bleed effects were negligible. However, at higher bleed rates, performance was significantly degraded. A uniform flow extraction hypothesis was employed to separate the positional bias effects of the bleed from the bulk flow diffusion. This revealed that the bleed-induced radial flow distortion can significantly affect the outlet guide vane (OGV) loading distribution, which thereby dictates the position and type of stall within the OGV passage. Extraction of the rotor tip leakage via the shroud bleed, combined with the radial flow distortion, contributed to a 28% reduction in duct loss at 10% bleed and up to 50% reduced loss at 25% bleed. The actual amount of flow required to be extracted for an OGV stall to develop was 30%. That was independent of the bleed location and the type of stall. For bleeds up to 20%, the S-duct displayed a remarkable resilience and consistency of flow variables at duct exit. However, a stalled OGV deteriorated the radial flow uniformity that was presented to the high-pressure compressor.
Interfacial Competitive Debonding of a Bilayer Elastic Film on a Rigid Substrate
Authors: Yin Hanbin , Yao Yin , Yang Yazheng , Peng Zhilong , Chen Shaohua
Published: August 2021

Different from the system of a single-layer elastic film on a rigid substrate, the debonding interface is difficult to determine in a bilayer or multilayer film-substrate system. A peeling model of a bilayer elastic film on a rigid substrate is established in the present paper, in order to predict which interface debonding occurs first. The interfacial competitive debonding mechanism is theoretically analyzed with the help of the beam bending theory. A criterion of which interface debonding occurs first is proposed. It is found that the interfacial debonding path is mainly controlled by five dimensionless parameters, i.e., the strength ratio and the critical separation distance ratio of the upper and lower interfaces, the Young's modulus ratio and the thickness ratio of the upper and lower films, and the possible initial cantilever length for ease of loading. The corresponding competitive debonding map is well obtained. From the map, which interface debonding occurs first can be easily predicted. It is interesting to find that the interfacial debonding path can be well tuned by any one of the five parameters. The results of the finite element calculation further confirm the theoretical predictions. The present work can not only provide a theoretical method to determine the interfacial debonding path but also be helpful for the optimal design of multilayer film-substrate systems in practical applications.
Time grows short to curb warming, report warns
Authors: O'Grady Cathleen
Published: August 2021

IPCC science analysis concludes human role ‘unequivocal’ and impact ‘unprecedented’
Streams that flow only part of the year are getting even drier
Authors: Stokstad Erik
Published: August 2021

Analysis of intermittent U.S. waterways finds many are shriveling earlier and remaining dry for much longer