bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genesis
Authors: Smith Theophus H
Published: November 2023

These verses announce the Genesis theme in James Weldon Johnson’s collection of sermonic poems, God’s Trombones (1927). Easily recognizable, as the poem proceeds, is the fact that “The Creation” is Johnson’s retelling of Genesis chapters 1–2. It is also, we learn in the preface, the seminal composition in this classic work of black religious expression. Each of the eight chapters in God’s Trombones is exquisitely crafted and presented in its provenance: black America’s folk preaching tradition, with its rich appropriation of biblical narrative and symbolism. The book as a whole, moreover, aims to circumscribe a broad span of biblical themes with selections that extend from “The Creation” to “The Judgement Day.” By virtually encompassing the Hebrew and Christian Scriptures within the range of a single work, God’s Trombones offers a rare, even a unique, literary production. At the same time, black culture is replete with kindred impulses and projects. Many observers have noted this enduring cultural intention: to represent black experiences and perspectives by means of a diverse selection of biblical texts and themes. In this study I use the concept of “conjuring culture” as the vehicle for analyzing some of those representations, and the role they play in the historical projects and cultural strategies of black North Americans.
Studying a System in Formation
Authors: Abu-Lughod Janet L
Published: November 2023

The second half of the thirteenth century was a remarkable moment in world history. Never before had so many regions of the Old World come in contact with one another-albeit still only superficially. At the beginning of the Christian era, the Roman and Chinese empires had been in indirect contact, but the connections between them declined when both empires fragmented. In the seventh and eighth centuries, Islam unified many parts of the central region that lay between the European and Chinese extremities, reaching out in both directions, but the peripheral areas of this reviving world economy still remained relatively isolated from one another. By the eleventh and, even more, twelfth century, many parts of the Old World began to become integrated into a system of exchange from which all apparently benefited. The apogee of this cycle came between the end of the thirteenth and the first decades of the fourteenth century, by which time even Europe and China had established direct, if decidedly limited, contact with each another.
All the Sillks of China
Authors: Abu-Lughod Janet L
Published: November 2023

The most extensive, populous, and technologically advanced region of the medieval world was China. Its impressive strength had accumulated over the course of its long history of state organization, intellectual sophistication, and efficient peasant production. During the Sung dynasty period (960 until 1234 in the north, continuing to 1276 in the south), in spite of successive “barbarian” threats from the northern fringes that eventually culminated in Mongol conquest and rule of the entire country under the Yuan dynasty (1276-1368), China may have reached her highest level of premodern achievement.
Revolution in the Making
Authors: Bayat Mangol
Published: November 2023

By the end of the year A.H. 1323/February 1906, all groups involved in the political disturbances in the capital, covertly or overtly, had set aside their ideological or personal differences to concentrate on one issue, the establishment of a house of justice, by now commonly referred to as a majles. Although at this stage the term meant different things to different individuals, it served as a rallying point for all parties interested in bringing about the fall of Ain al-Daula from power, either as an end in itself or as a means to attain broader goals.
Searching For The Light
Authors: Birnbaum Norman
Published: November 2023

This book examines a central element of social welfare, old age security, exploring the history of policies in both developed and underdeveloped countries to assess their structure, ideology and effectiveness. The authors test five theoretical perspectives on old-age security policy in four industrial nations (the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Germany) and three developing countries (India, Nigeria, Brazil), challenging the view that old age policy is the outcome of class conflict between capital and labour. Instead, the authors adopt a neo-pluralist perspective which emphasizes the influence of ethnic religious and regional groups, as well as “the grey lobby”, over that of class-based groups. The authors attempt to test ideas derived in part from these historical case studies by analysing quantitative data from a broader sample of countries (18 industrial nationa and 32 developing nations), and they use these results to anticipate future policy developments in the U.S.
The Annales School and Social Theory
Authors: Birnbaum Norman
Published: November 2023

Our conference has heard something of a sociological analysis of the diffusion of the work of the Annales school. The analysis ought to be worthy of the work of the Annales historians when they study the spread of mentalites; that is, it ought to begin in concrete data. My own contact with the work of the school began when I was a graduate student in sociology at Harvard University from 1947 to 1952. George Homans had begun his career as a historical sociologist, and he insisted to anyone who cared to listen that they ignored the work of the Annales group at their peril. Not many listened. The reading of graduate students in sociology at Harvard those days was not broad, since it was the view that that tradition of social thought had reached its culmination-if not perfection itself-in the work of our distinguished teacher, Talcott Parsons. Pious footnotes, in principle, could be added to the canon. That other and very different approaches might be of value was not an idea that many entertained.
Students, Professors and Philosopher Kings (1973)
Authors: Birnbaum Norman
Published: November 2023

The invitation to prepare a chapter giving “a critical view of the university: academia as a defender of the existing social order and its potentialities as a critic” was both an honor and an embarrassment. Honors are easily dealt with; embarrassments tend to prolong themselves. Have not much ink, typewriter ribbon, photocopy, and print been expended to treat precisely this theme? Universities in the United States, in Western and Eastern Europe, in Latin America, in Asia, and in Africa have been discussed in extenso (if not ad absurdum). Heads of state, ministers of education, rectors, presidents, and deans have delivered opinions of varying degrees of ponderosity and ponderability. The working professoriat has been heard from. Indeed, a new academic specialty has arisen from the ashes of academic conflagration: the study of universities themselves. The image of the phoenix comes to mind, but it is not entirely appropriate, as the fires which burned in some universities were never all-consuming.
Collections: The Essence of the Museum
Authors: Butcher-Younghans Sherry
Published: November 2023

In planning for the growth of its collections, we urge each museum to set, clear, rational and appropriate goals for the contribution it can make to the stewardship of our cultural and natural heritage. It is important that every museum collect both carefully and purposefully. Each museum must exercise care by collecting within its capacity to house and preserve the objects, artifacts and specimens in its stewardship; each must collect purposefully by continuing its own traditions of quality and diversity. A periodic review of the collections policy will ensure that it is in keeping with current professional standards and the purposes of the institution.
Architectural Preservation: Maintaining the Historic House Exterior
Authors: Butcher-Younghans Sherry
Published: November 2023

Preservation means stabilizing a structure in its existing form by preventing further change or deterioration. This Chapter Concerns the preservation of existing historic structures. The term preservation, as used here, describes the process of continual maintenance of a property in a historically concerned and sensitive manner to ensure its survival. Preservation is different than restoration, which refers to the “recreating of the original architectural elements in a building so that it closely resembles the appearance it had at some previous point in time.” Issues of restoration will not be covered here, since this book presupposes the historic house has been restored. However, general references on the subject can be found at the end of the book.
Telling the Story: Interpreting the Historic House
Authors: Butcher-Younghans Sherry
Published: November 2023

After The Historic house has been saved and restored, its financial future secured, the collections organized and documented, it is time to concentrate on interpreting the house. But what is “interpretation,” and how can it be accomplished in a way that presents historical information accurately, holds the visitor’s interest, and meets a sound educational objective? Interpretation, the structure in which information about the historic house is presented, is an attempt to stimulate the senses and arouse the imagination. It can be an interchange with a costumed interpreter portraying a pioneer woman churning butter. It is the realization that the butter that she is making looks, smells, and tastes like the unsalted butter one buys in grocery stores today.
Volunteers in the Historic House Museum
Authors: Butcher-Younghans Sherry
Published: November 2023

When French Statesman and writer Alexis de Tocqueville traveled in the United States in 1831 and 1832, he was amazed by the generosity of Americans in lending their time and expertise voluntarily. Today that same spirit persists for the benefit of individuals, institutions, and communities. In this tradition, volunteers continue to fill vital roles in American museums, with some 70,000 serving throughout the country.1 Without volunteers the majority of smaller museums, especially historic houses, would not be able to open their doors.
Cities Of The Gods
Authors: Dawson Doyne
Published: November 2023

Cities of the Gods is a historical study of the theory of Utopian communism in ancient Greek thought, identifying and assessing its several currents. The author looks at the reason for the decline of the Utopian traditions after c. 150 BC and suggests that the main factor was the Roman conquest of the Greek world, which produced a more conservative intellectual climate. He concludes by looking at the evidence for the survival of utopian traditions, particularly their influence on early Christianity.
Beyond Mass Production
Authors: Kenney Martin , Florida Richard
Published: November 2023

During the 1980s and continuing into the 1990s, more than 1,000 Japanese firms established `transplant’ manufacturing operations in the US. Many of these have been in mature industries like steel and automobiles, but many have also been in high technology industries as well. The success of these ventures is the result of the sweeping revolution in the organization of technology, work, and production that lies at the heart of the Japanese model of production. This book explores the rise of the Japanese model and provides a detailed examination of the processes which have brought about its transfer to the US. It presents new and original data on the extent of Japanese investment in both US heavy industry and high technology. It suggests that Japanese capitalism has developed a new world-class standard of production organization which is transferable and is in the process of being transferred to other advanced industrial nations.
Casuistry and the Case for Business Ethics
Authors: Ciulla Joanne B
Published: November 2023

If you put your ear to the ground of history and listen closely, you will hear a variety of ongoing conversations about the moral problems of everyday life. Sometimes strange and sometimes familiar, these discussions take place at the crossroads of the humanities. Philosophers, theologians, historians, poets, and playwrights each, in their own way contribute to the dialogue. Today, real-life ethical problems sell newspapers and glue people to TV soap operas. As the stuff of gossip, moral problems titillate. As the foundation of comedy and tragedy, they move us to laughter and tears—reminding us that we are not simply spectators but participants in the human condition. Against the backdrop of this long-standing fascination with morality, it is odd to think that a subject such as business ethics is new.
Cultures In Organizations
Authors: Martin Joanne
Published: November 2023

This is essentially a textbook in organizational culture. But, unlike most textbooks authors, Professor Martin is making a contribution to the field in that she focusses on a way of looking at the field that is new. In the past, those who have studied organizational culture have usually done so from one of three perspectives: 1) “Integration” - all members of an organization share a consensus of values and purpose; 2) “Differentiation” - there are frequent conflicts among groups in organizations with limited consensus; 3) “Fragmentation” - there is considereable ambiguity in organizations with consensus coexisting with conflict, and much change among groups. The author argues that the best way to view organizations is to see them through all three perspectives - each revealing a different kind of truth. The author has done extensive research studying the organizational culture of a large California high technology firm (which is not identified in the book). She interviewed many employees at different levels and in different departments, and used surveys to extend the interviews. Her work is like an ethnography in which the researcher’s own perspectives and cultural norms have to be accounted for. As a result, the book explores what she learned from her studies and how she learned it.
Seeing Cultures from Different Points of View
Authors: Martin Joanne
Published: November 2023

What does it mean to say that an organization has a culture or cultures? It is the purpose of this book to give an extended answer to that question. However, it would be useful to get an intuitive sense, at the beginning, of what culture can mean in organizations. It is a rare person who has not had experience with a variety of organizations-schools, clubs, teams, charities, as well as the government bureaucracies and business organizations-that are the primary focus of this book. As individuals come into contact with organizations, they come into contact with dress norms, stories people tell about what goes on, the organization’s formal rules and procedures, its informal codes of behavior, rituals, tasks, pay systems, jargon, and jokes only understood by insiders, and so on. These elements are some of the manifestations of organizational culture. When cultural members interpret the meanings of these manifestations, their perceptions, memories, beliefs, experi-ences, and values will vary, so interpretations will differ-even of the same phenomenon. The patterns or configurations of these interpretations, and the ways they are enacted, constitute culture. The word patterns, like the word cultures in the title of this book, is plural. This book is about differences in perspective.
OZCO: An Integration View
Authors: Martin Joanne
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents the first of three views of OZCO, summarizes these data in the form of a matrix, and explains the ways this matrix framework can be used to represent and understand the differences among widely disparate ways of under-standing cultures. In the first part of this chapter, OZCO employees talk about the ways the firm encourages egalitarianism, fosters innovation, and expresses concern about employees’ physical and mental well-being. In accord with the Integration perspective, cultural manifestations are consistent with these espoused values, little dissent is evident, and little mention of ambiguity is made. In this cultural view, consistency, consensus, and clarity are evident.
The Integration Perspective: Harmony and Homogeneity
Authors: Martin Joanne
Published: November 2023

Studies written from the Integration perspective describe a cultural unity that has no place for doubt, uncertainty, or collective dissent. Many, but not all, Integration studies portray leaders as culture creators and culture transformers-high-ranking managers who have the capacity to envision and enact a culture that inspires intense loyalty, strong commitment, increased productivity, sometimes even greater profitability. Many managers would like to create a culture, reflective of their own values, that would generate both loyalty and productivity. No wonder, then, that the Integration perspective has become so popular among researchers who write primarily to a managerial audience. It is misleading, how-ever, to imply that only managerially oriented researchers produce studies written from an Integration point of view. As outlined below, this perspective has a wide range of adherents, particularly in the United States.
OZCO: A Differentiation View
Authors: Martin Joanne
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents the second of the three views of OZCO. In this account employees challenge OZCO’s commitment to the values of egalitarianism, innovation, and concern for employee well-being, espoused in the first, Integration view of this firm. In accord with the Differentiation perspective, this account exposes inconsistencies and views organization-wide consensus as a myth. Difference and conflict replace homogeneity and harmony.
The Differentiation Perspective: Separation and Conflict
Authors: Martin Joanne
Published: November 2023

According to the Differentiation perspective, the apparently seamless unities of the Integration perspective mask a series of overlapping, nested organizational subcultures. These subcultures co-exist, sometimes in harmony, sometimes in conflict, and sometimes in indifference to each other. The Differentiation perspective unveils the workings of power in organizations, acknowledges conflicts of interest between groups, and attends to differences of opinion. This chapter introduces the Differentiation perspective and extends it to incorporate insights about environmental influences on the development of cultures in organizations. Differentiation views of organizational culture have three defining characteristics. First, interpretations of content themes, practices, and forms are often inconsistent. Second, the Differentiation perspective is suspicious of claims of organization-wide consensus. To the extent that consensus exists, it is seen as located primarily within subcultural boundaries. Third, within subcultural boundaries, clarity reigns, while ambiguity is relegated to the periphery. These defining elements of the Differentiation perspective (inconsistency, subcultural consensus, and the relegation of ambiguity to the periphery of subcultures) are explored in more detail below, using quotations from studies that illustrate this viewpoint.
Giving Up the Authority Game: A Postmodern Critique of the Three-Perspective Framework
Authors: Martin Joanne
Published: November 2023

OZCO was selected as a pseudonym in part because Baum’s classic tale, The Wizard of Oz, captures much of the spirit of this multi perspective approach to understanding cultures in organizations. Dorothy’s long journey on the yellow brick road ended at the gates of the Emerald City of Oz, where she hoped to find the Wizard and ask him to send her back to Kansas. The guard at the gate of the city would not let her enter until she had put on some spectacles. She was given a box of spectacles to choose from: all of which had green lenses.
The Story Of Deborah And Barak
Authors: Grottanelli Cristiano
Published: November 2023

Against the complex reconstruction of many latter-day khorizontes (such as Richter, Schulte, Boling),1 D. W. Gooding2 has shown convincingly that the Book of Judges is a coherent text, perfectly structured, and possibly written, from beginning to end, as an autonomous unit by a single author (or possibly, I would add, by a single “school”). In spite of this, there is no way to deny that the book contains many distinct stories, and that the stories were surely not in vented by the author (or “school”). They go back to traditions of various types and origins; and some of them are surely mythical.
Wheatstone Bridge
Authors: Murray William M , Miller William R
Published: November 2023

Although the potentiometric circuit, shown in Fig. 5.1 and discussed in Chapter 4, possesses many desirable characteristics for use with strain gages, nevertheless, it does present the difficulty that the strain signal, L1E, must either be measured in combination with a very much larger voltage, E, or first isolated and then measured by itself.
Sensitivity Variation
Authors: Murray William M , Miller William R
Published: November 2023

Why should one desire to vary the sensitivity of strain gages, or the circuits of which they form a part? In general, this requirement stems from a need to put the indications from two or more strain gages on a common basis, or in the correct relative proportions. There are numerous special situations which may show up.
Transducers
Authors: Murray William M , Miller William R
Published: November 2023

When one or more strain gages are used to measure some quantity whose magnitude can be determined by the indication of strain on some load bearing member, the whole unit is frequently described as a transducer. The load-bearing member may have one, two, three, or more strain gages mounted on it, depending on the quantity to be measured, the precision desired, and the influence of extraneous effects, some of which can be eliminated or reduced to negligible proportions.
In the Wake of War
Authors: Diefendorf Jeffry M
Published: November 2023

This is the first comprehensive study of the rebuilding of West Germany’s cities following the Second World War. Most major urban centres had been reduced to rubble by the end of the war, yet they were rebuilt faster than anyone thought possible. Diefendorf presents a wealth of material on all aspects of reconstruction - from the bombing itself and removal of debris, to urban planning, architecture, and execution. Using the designs of city planners, the author examines continuities in urban planning and architecture that lead back into the Nazi era and before. The text is accompanied by numerous photographs selected from hundreds in Diefendorf’s collection.
“Paramosque” Structures and Their Development
Authors: Poston Larry
Published: November 2023

Jakob Spener did not consider himself a reformer in the tradition of Luther and Calvin. He did not intend to establish a sect in competition with other Protestant churches, and he never formally severed his ties with the Lutheran church in Germany. But his collegia piatatus gathered in homes during the week, enjoying an atmosphere of warmth and community that was far more conducive to an emphasis upon Christian experience in daily life than was the foreboding air of the European cathedrals. These meetings, however, were viewed with suspicion by both civil and ecclesiastical author ities, who were aware of the dissent of the Moravians, Mennonites, and other Anabaptist groups elsewhere on the continent. Already troubled by the continuing Catholic presence, Germany did not need additional conflicts at home, and so, while no actual persecution of the kind associated with the Inquisition was instituted, pressure was brought to bear upon the Pietists to keep them from straying too far from the orthodox fold. One of the measures taken was the closing of several universities to persons espousing Pietist con victions. In response, the Pietists opened their own university at Halle in 1694, and out of this institution grew the first Protestant missionary agency, the Danish-Halle Mission. One of the first graduates of Halle University, Ludwig von Zinzendorf (1700-1760), introduced pietistic concepts to a group of Anabaptist refugees he had permitted to build a town on his property. From this group he recruited the first members of what became the Moravian Missionary Society.
Conversion to Islam
Authors: Poston Larry
Published: November 2023

The topic of conversion to Islam has been very little explored. T. W. Arnold remarked in The Preaching of Islam that “Muslim literature is singularly poor in those records of conversions that occupy such a large place in the literature of the Christian Church,” and Richard Bulliet observed in 1979 that “although interest in the subject has grown in recent years ... the great conversion experience that fundamentally changed world history by uniting the peoples of Middle East in a new religion has had few modern chroniclers.”
The Word as Scalpel
Authors: Bloom Samuel W
Published: November 2023

Medical Sociology is now an established subdiscipline in both medicine and sociology. This book traces the intellectual and institutional evolution of the field in relation to antecendents of the past 2000 years and developments in American sociology and medicine since the turn of the century. Drawing on his own experience as a participant and witness, Bloom provides an engaging account of the ongoing search for knowledge about the relationship between illness, medicine, and society.
First Steps toward Social Identity
Authors: Bloom Samuel W
Published: November 2023

The substantial intellectual and methodological foundations for a sociology of medicine that had accumulated by 1940 did not immediately spawn an identifiable special field. Even the name “medical sociology,” in spite of its appearance at the end of the nineteenth century, disappeared, and exactly when it surfaced again is obscure. Nevertheless, the subject matter began to be taught, in the thirties by Bernhard Stern at Columbia, in the early 1940s at the University of Chicago by Everett Hughes and by Leo Simmons at Yale. Research on medical problems was part of the generally enhanced role of sociologists in the Second World War, and several of the field’s outstanding pioneers trace their entry into medical sociology to wartime research.
Postwar Medical Sociology
Authors: Bloom Samuel W
Published: November 2023

Virtually none of those who became the first generation of medical sociologists were trained in any formal way to study problems of health, illness, or the medical profession. This should not suggest that they changed direction when they became medical sociologists. Quite the contrary; there are strong continuities between their early and later work. The career of August B. (Sandy) Hollingshead is typical of this pattern. His first major research was a study of “Elmtown,” a midwestern town.’ The central theme was the influence of social class on the lives of its adolescents. When in the early postwar years Hollingshead turned his attention toward studies of medical problems, the design and methodology remained consistent with his Elmtown research but the focus became the influences of social class on mental illness. Leo Srole was also the author of a community study, conducted before the war.
The Role of NIMH, 1946-1975
Authors: Bloom Samuel W
Published: November 2023

At midcentury, the institutions responsible for higher education in the United States were poised for a radical transformation. The changes that followed the war appear at first to pick up and continue the prewar trends, but they were both more fundamental and more diverse. For example, the scientific function of the medical school that Abraham Flexner had recommended in 1910 had been gradually realized during the next two decades. By 1930, as Stevens has so clearly documented, “the faculties in the best schools had become scientific investigators.” However, the role of such faculty investigators did not radically change during the thirties. Support for research projects occasionally received earmarked foundation grants, but “in large part, medical schools made no distinction between teaching and research.” Following the war, the research function became dominant, reflecting a structural change that altered the social environment of medical schools in a way that no one had predicted, not even the ubiquitous Flexner.
Introductory note to *1953/9
Authors: Goldfarb Warren
Published: November 2023

In 1953 Gödel accepted the invitation of Paul Arthur Schilpp, the editor of the series The Library of Living Philosophers, to write a paper for Schilpp’s projected volume on Rudolf Carnap. This would have been Godel’s third contribution to the series, after 1944 on Russell and 1949a on Einstein. Gödel continued working on the paper over the next six years. He wrote Schilpp in 1954 that the paper was essentially done, but he wanted to add some paragraphs on Carnap’s more recent work, in 1955 that it would be done soon, in 1956 that it would be done “within two weeks”, and in 1957 that, as he was reducing the size of the paper to one-third or one-quarter, he should be able to get it done “very soon”.
The Historical Context: 1976-1986
Authors: Useem Bert , Kimball Peter
Published: November 2023

The social turbulence of the 1960s and early 1970s ended; the crisis in the prisons did not. New issues emerged, and with them new forms of riots. Three changes in American society proved especially important for prisons and the sort of riots that were to occur in them.
Deadly Conflict—Penitentiary of New Mexico (1980)
Authors: Useem Bert , Kimball Peter
Published: November 2023

There are two riots that every prisoner has heard of. One is Attica. The other was more recent. Prisoners have a hard time placing it exactly; they say it was in Texas, or Mexico, or somewhere in the Southwest. But they know what kind of riot it was: a bloody, deadly thing. They call it “the one where 47 people got killed” or “where they cut everybody’s heads off.” Their beliefs do the event justice, so far as they go.
Country Patterns in R&D Organization: The United States and Japan
Authors: Westney Eleanor
Published: November 2023

Empirical studies of country patterns in R&D have been dominated by the systemlevel analysis of aggregate national variables. One common approach has been the comparative analysis of national data on such variables as research expenditures, patent applications, and the numbers and distribution of researchers (e.g., Okimoto and Saxonhouse 1987; Slaughter and Utterback 1990). Another approach has been to study the state’s role in the R&D system (Brooks 1986; Ergas 1987; Derian 1990). However, the growing interest in the effect of institutionalized patterns in manufacturing organization on technological change and country competitiveness raises the question of whether country patterns in R&D organization—patterns that cut across industries and individual firms—also influence national trajectories in the pace and direction of technological change.
The Diffusion of American Organizing Principles to Europe
Authors: Parkinson Bruce Kogut David
Published: November 2023

The slow productivity growth of the United States during the 1970s and 1980s has all but eradicated the remarkable esteem in which its industry was held in the years immediately following World War II. In Europe, wartime destruction left little doubt that economic structures had to be remade in accordance with two seemingly mutually exclusive models of the United States and the Soviet Union. Yet, though they were widely different, it was hardly coincidental that both models encouraged the growth of mass production run by large organizations. It had been the American example in the earlier part of the century that was the target of Soviet emulation. It was the American model, even if emulated only indirectly, that dominated the ideas of best practice in Europe, and elsewhere, at the midpoint of this century.
Supplying the Toyota Production System: Intercorporate Organizational Evolution and Supplier Subsystems
Authors: Fruin W Mark , Nishiguchi Toshihiro
Published: November 2023

There is now overwhelming agreement that the Toyota Production System (TPS) represents the world’s best practice for the manufacture of motor vehicles (Womack, Jones, and Roos 1990), though there is little evidence why the TPS works so well. The surprisingly large yet strategically important number of suppliers to Toyota Motor Corporation is a particularly confounding aspect of this puzzle. Though a sizeable literature has appeared relating the postwar Japanese motor vehicle industry to issues of industrial structure, industrial relations, and economic growth (e.g., Ono and Odaka 1988; Cusumano 1985), little integration has been made between these themes, especially with regard to assembler-supplier relations.
Sociology and Subjectivity
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis
Published: November 2023

The common denominator of the social sciences (evident in sociology in particular) is subjectivism, the tendency to deny that human behavior is normally driven by a reasoned response to a knowable reality. I do not dispute the role of subjective factors in decision making, or even the place of human will in directing the course of events; I deny that the subjective element obliterates all objective elements. To say that the world has no rules in the name of ideology is no better than to offer a diet of strict determinism.
Human Life, Political Domination, and Social Science
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis
Published: November 2023

If the first step toward a reconstruction of social research is to examine the actual conditions of professional life and academic ideologies, then the next step must surely be to locate a broad field of study—one that enlists the aid of empirical studies to normative issues. As I tried to demonstrate in Taking Lives, one critical frame of reference (although not necessarily the only such field) is the social meaning of life and death. I do not imply by this some course in the biology of the life-cycle, but rather the study of the mechanisms and purposes in the arbitrary termination of life in the name of state power, military necessity, racial purity, ethnic cleansing, or religious holy war.
Freedom, Planning, and the Moral Order
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis
Published: November 2023

American notions of freedom, planning, and democratic society are largely derived from a twentieth-century context and, more exactly, from a post-World War II series of notions that emphasized a belief that a caring society must overcome a careless state. The operative word in this, of course, is planning, since we obviously derive our notions of freedom and ethics from a large variety of sources ranging from ancient Greece to eighteenth-century Europe.1
Introduction
Authors: Parker Eugene N
Published: November 2023

The magnetostatic theorem has broad application to the activity of the external magnetic fields of planets, stars, interstellar gas clouds, and galaxies, and to the magnetic fields in laboratory plasmas. In particular the theorem indicates that magnetic fields are highly dissipative. as a consc4ucnce of their internal current sheets, providing the principal heat source that creates the flares and X-ray coronas of stars and galaxies, and providing the aurora in the magnetic field of the Earth and other planets.
The Field Equations
Authors: Parker Eugene N
Published: November 2023

Maxwell’s equations can be written in terms of various field vectors E, D, H, B, A, j, etc. The first step is to establish the most convenient vector quantities for formulating the basic equations of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). We find it simplest to deal directly with the electric field E and the magnetic field B, in a system of units (e.g., cgs) that is compatible with the basic symmetry of Maxwell’s equations.
Effects of Resistivity
Authors: Parker Eugene N
Published: November 2023

Theoretical development of the spontaneous formation of tangential discontinuities in the foregoing chapters ha been based on the ideal state of vanishing electrical resistivity. The purpose has been lo establish and understand the basic theorem of magnetostatics. that the lowest available energy slate or all but the most symmetric field topologies involve the: formation or surfaces of tangential discontinuity (current sheets).
Episcopal Women as Community Leaders: Galveston, 1900-1989
Authors: Turner Elizabeth Hayes
Published: November 2023

Soon after Galveston entered the twentieth century it became a victim of the 1900 hurricane, at that time the worst natural disaster to have occurred in North America. Although suffering from the loss of an estimated 6,000 lives and two-thirds of its structures, the city began immediately to restore, rebuild, and reorganize.
Beyond the Parallel Church: Strategies of Separatism and Integration in the Governing Councils of the Episcopal Church
Authors: Donovan Mary Sudman
Published: November 2023

The Episcopal Church, through most of its history, operated with two separate definitions of church membership: one for men and another for women. Until 1970 membership for women did not include participation in the church’s political life. Though Episcopalians prided them­ selves on having a polity that was both traditional and democratic, they were generally blind to the crucial error in the church’s claim to be democratic: the exclusion of women members from its political processes. At baptism, women were welcomed as equal members of Christ’s kingdom and urged to work and pray and give for the spread of that kingdom, but their voices were not heard in the assemblies that discussed the means of spreading that kingdom, nor were their votes counted when leadership for the earthly church was being chosen. In most dioceses, prior to the 1950s, women were not allowed to serve on parish vestries nor to represent the parish at diocesan functions.
Old Ship of Zion
Authors: Pitts Walter F
Published: November 2023

This is a major new study of the African origins of African-American forms of worship, based on the author’s fieldwork in black Baptist churches in rural Texas. Through historical comparisons and linguistic analysis, Pitts uncovers striking parallels between “Afro-Baptist” services and the religious rituals of Western and Central Africa, as well as other African-derived rituals in the Caribbean, Brazil etc.
“We Free!” History of the Afro-Baptist Church
Authors: Pitts Walter F
Published: November 2023

The origins of the Afro-Baptist church lie in the antebellum South. For the sake of clear analysis, the history of this church is best seen as developing in three stages before the Civil War. The first stage begins with the European colonization of North America in the seventeenth century and ends approximately in 1750, two decades before the American Revolutionary War. The second stage begins in the mid-eighteenth century as the first waves of the Great Awakening revival reached the American colonies. The last stage begins in the second decade of the nineteenth century, after the winding down of the Second Awakening revivals, when the ominous threats of slave insurrections convinced many planters to convert their chattel en masse. This last stage concludes with the South’s military defeat by the Union army and the freeing of black bondsmen after the Civil War.
Capitalists in Spite of Themselves
Authors: Lachmann Richard
Published: November 2023

Richard Lachmann's work offers a new explanation for the origins of nation-states and capitalist markets in early modern Europe. Comparing regions and cities within and across England, France, Italy, Spain, and the Netherlands from the twelfth to the eighteenth centuries, Lachmann shows how conflict among feudal elites---landlords, clerics, kings and officeholders---transformed the bases of their control over land and labor, forcing the winners of feudal conflicts to become capitalists in spite of themselves as they took defensive actions to protect their privileges from rivals in the aftermath of the Reformation.
State Formation: England and France
Authors: Lachmann Richard
Published: November 2023

Something began to happen in the sixteenth century in the most unlikely places. Rural aristocrats, who previously had defined their interests in terms of particularistic corporate and local privileges, were drawn into nationwide networks. As those networks became institutionalized, aristocrats, once locally oriented, began holding office in nation-states and developing new, broad class interests as the beneficiaries of capitalist relations of production.
Elite Defensiveness and the Transformation of Class Relations: England and France
Authors: Lachmann Richard
Published: November 2023

The conflicts engendered by the Reformation and the subsequent concentration of certain elite powers within statelike structures posed mortal dangers to the privileges of the rural aristocracies of England and France. Chapter 4 traces the differing institutional Reformations in Britain and France and the varying absolutisms created in each nation. The task of this chapter is to explain how landlords responded to the new dangers and how those responses transformed agrarian class relations in the two countries.
Josephus as Prophet
Authors: Gray Rebecca
Published: November 2023

We have seen that Josephus did not make a claim to prophetic authority in connection with his account of the Jewish revolt against Rome and the events leading up to it. He seems to have been firmly convinced that the sort of prophets who wrote books that contained completely reliable history belonged to the distant past; they were part of a succession that began with Moses and ended, definitively, after the reign of Artaxerxes. In other contexts, however, Josephus was less hesitant about making prophetic claims for himself. This chapter considers the evidence suggesting that he understood himself, and intended to present himself, as a prophet.
Europe and Islam
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

Between these two terms, “Europe” and “Islam,” there is, or there would appear to be, a certain asymmetry. The one is a geographical expression, the name of a continent, one of several-the number has varied from two to seven-into which the earth’s surface is divided. The other is a religion. One might reasonably speak of Europe and Asia, of Europe and Africa, or one might speak of lslam and Christendom, or of islam and Buddhism. But what can one say about Europe and Islam? This asymmetry is more apparent than real. Europe is a European notion, as is the whole geographical system of continents, of which Europe was the first. Europe conceived and made Europe; Europe discovered, named, and in a sense made America. Centuries earlier, Europe had in­ vented both Asia and Africa, the inhabitants of which, until the age of European world supremacy in the nineteenth century, were unaware of these names, these identities, even of these classifications which Europeans had devised for them. Even in Europe, the notion of Europe as a cultural and political entity was relatively modem-a postmedieval secularized re­ statement of what had previously been known as Christendom.
Legal and Historical Reflections on the Position of Muslim Populations Under Non-Muslim Rule
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

One of the earliest Muslim visitors to western Europe in modern times was a certain Mirza Abu Talib Khan, an Indian of Perso Turkish back­ ground, who traveled in England and France between 1798 and 1803 and wrote an extensive and detailed account of his journeys, adventures, and impressions. During his stay in London he was taken several times to the Houses of Parliament. He was not impressed by what he saw, remarking that their oratory reminded him of the squawking of a flock of parrots. He was, however, astonished when he found that this was a legislative assembly, with the duty of enacting laws to regulate both civil and criminal matters-defining offenses and prescribing penalties. Unlike the Muslims, the English, he explains to his readers, did not accept any divinely revealed holy law to guide them and regulate their lives in these matters and were therefore reduced to the pitiable expedient of making their own laws “in accordance with the exigencies of the time, their own dispositions, and the experience of their judges.”1
Pseudo-Philo
Authors: Murphy Frederick J
Published: November 2023

This is a literary and theological study of the Biblical Antiquities of Pseudo-Philo. Using the methodologies of redaction and literary criticism, Murphy provides an analysis of the whole of the Biblical Antiquities. After a chapter-by-chapter analysis, Murphy addresses several topics more generally--major characters, major themes, and the historical context of the work. At the end of this book are full concordances to the Latin text which will be valuable tools for future research. This book will prove an important resource for students of Jewish interpretation of the Bible at the end of the Second Temple period. It sheds light on Jewish thought of the period regarding covenant, leadership in Israel, women in Israel, relations with Gentiles, divine providence, divine retribution, eschatology, and many other subjects. The study furnishes a broad interpretive context for future work on the Biblical Antiquities and gives students of the Bible access to an important literary and religious product of first-century Judaism.
American Transcendentalism and Asian Religions
Authors: Versluis Arthur
Published: November 2023

The first major study since the 1930s of the relationship between American Transcendentalism and Asian religions, and the first comprehensive work to include post-Civil War Transcendentalists like Samuel Johnson, this book is encyclopedic in scope. Beginning with the inception of Transcendentalist Orientalism in Europe, Versluis covers the entire history of American Transcendentalism into the twentieth century, and the profound influence of Orientalism on the movement--including its analogues and influences in world religious dialogue. He examines what he calls “positive Orientalism,” which recognizes the value and perennial truths in Asian religions and cultures, not only in the writings of major figures like Thoreau and Emerson, but also in contemporary popular magazines. Versluis’s exploration of the impact of Transcendentalism on the twentieth-century study of comparative religions has ramifications for the study of religious history, comparative religion, literature, politics, history, and art history.
The Poetry of Sterling A. Brown
Authors: Stuckey Sterling
Published: November 2023

It was a weekend in the summer of 1962 at a resort near Detroit, just on the other side of the Canadian border. We were listening to a recording being amplified throughout the grounds of poets reading their works. Just standing at that early hour on a Sunday morning would have been, under most circumstances, an achievement, but this time I was startled upright and determined to get to the record player to discover whose voice it was. The voice belonged to Sterling A. Brown. I wondered then and later how a Williams College Phi Beta Kappa, a Harvard man, a college professor, and eminent writer could have a voice with so much of earth and sky and sunlight and dark clouds about it; a voice unafraid, an instrument blues-tinged.
Toward A History of Blacks in North America
Authors: Stuckey Sterling
Published: November 2023

As a result of forces unleashed by the Renaissance and the Commercial Revolution-the sharp increase in trade that resulted from the imperial expansion of Spain and Portugal in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries-millions of Africans were forcibly brought to the Americas to work as slaves. The desire of Spain and other European nations to exploit rapidly the New World’s considerable resources was the governing factor in a process of slave trading which, having begun officially in 1517, lasted more than three centuries.