bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validity
Authors: Monopoli Paula A.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 2 surfaces the history around the decision, by both the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) and the National Woman’s Party (NWP), to immediately pivot to other goals after ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment. While each monitored the litigation around the validity of the Nineteenth Amendment, NAWSA and the NWP both had conventions that resulted in adoption of a new mission. The chapter looks closely at the debates among each group’s members as to what its new mission should be. It concludes that the immediate pivot of each group played a role in the Nineteenth Amendment’s less-than-robust constitutional meaning.
Voting and Holding Public Office
Authors: Monopoli Paula A.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 6 considers the same issue as Chapter 5, except within the context of the right to hold public office. Many suffragists characterized the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment as having secured their political liberty or freedom. Yet, as both Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 explain, that understanding of the meaning and scope of the Nineteenth Amendment was not shared by many state courts. Much as they had used statutory construction to limit the potential impact of the Nineteenth Amendment on women’s eligibility for jury service, many state courts embraced a constricted view of the scope of the Nineteenth Amendment on other political rights beyond voting, like holding elective or appointive office. This ensured the continuation of women’s partialized citizenship for decades after ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment.
Defining Equality
Authors: Monopoli Paula A.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 7 describes how class intersected with the Nineteenth Amendment, in the context of the United State Supreme Court’s decision in Adkins v. Children’s Hospital and the divisions over a proposed Equal Rights Amendment. It explores the NWP’s negotiations with social feminists and legal progressives, in the three years after ratification. That negotiation was focused on modifying the language of the proposed Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), to ensure that courts would not use it to strike down protective labor legislation for women. These efforts came to naught, and the “neutrality feminists” within the NWP arranged for the ERA to be introduced into Congress in 1923. Chapter 7 argues that Adkins was the high watermark for a potentially robust or “thick” interpretation of the Nineteenth Amendment. Social feminists and legal progressives feared that the ERA would be used in the same way Justice Sutherland invoked the Nineteenth Amendment in Adkins, to justify invalidating minimum wage legislation for women. One consequence of this battle over the ERA is that it has still not been ratified, one hundred years later. But, another consequence was to create a vacuum around the Nineteenth Amendment, contributing to the thin constitutional conception that emerged following ratification.
Moving from Present to Future
Authors: Kölbel Andrea
Published: September 2020

Chapter One locates this research conducted with public university students in Kathmandu within the conceptual debate on the role of youth in processes of social change. In bringing together different strands of research on youth, aspiration, and mobility, the chapter identifies important changes in the ways in which social scientists have thought about and, increasingly, have worked with young people in the twentieth and the twenty-first century. The discussion also shows that researchers have approached questions about young people’s agency from a rather narrow angle, as they have primarily studied instances in which young people are involved in acts of resistance or the creation of value, often in response to situations of adversity. Existing theorizations of youth agency, therefore, tend to reproduce rather than scrutinize pervasive visions of youth as agents of change and as a source of hope for a better future. In order to provide a new perspective, the conceptual approach adopted pays close attention to the varied nature of youth agency.
Confronting the Present
Authors: Kölbel Andrea
Published: September 2020

Chapter Four unpacks the decisions that students made in relation to their university studies. Drawing on the concept of ‘vital conjunctures’, it investigates to what extent students identified with somewhat stereotypical images projected onto the public university campus and explains how educated young Nepalis tried to negotiate numerous competing social pressures on an everyday basis. In an effort to comply with established notions of female and male respectability, the students made use of the campus in different and often unexpected ways. In shifting the focus of the analysis onto the reasons behind students’ absence from and presence on campus, the chapter calls attention to the spatial dimension of young people’s agency and, in so doing, advances our conceptual understanding of vital conjunctures of youth.
Introducing the Intersections
Authors: Bhattacharya Sreedeep
Published: September 2020

A commodity and its images occupy the centre stage in this book. I interrogate a range of commodities used in our day-to-day lives, not exotic objects belonging to a distant community. These are images we are familiar with and impressions that we flirt with. These are not commodities from the distant past, but things from our proximate consumerist present. In this book, I reflect on some these items of consumption and their images, and argue how our relationship with both has fundamentally transformed in the last few decades. I also build a case for an integrated model of analysis that rests on convergence of material and visual entities on popular registers of representation. My reading of these commodities and their images attempts to acknowledge the interrelationships between the materiality of a commodity and its visual manifestations. I situate my work at the intersection of the material and the visual in the popular realm and draw constant connections between a commodity’s material form, its visual manifestation, and its ...
Discovering Lineage amidst Urban Anonymity
Authors: Bhattacharya Sreedeep
Published: September 2020

Images of commodities and what they communicate continue to be the preoccupations of the second chapter as well. However, here it moves away from the class dimensions and focuses on other aspects such as representation of the urban space, anonymity, multiple identities, and niche clientele. Such commodity representations provide an interesting and alternative reading of social and spatial transformations post 1990s. It captures a shift from utility and function to experiences and aspirations in the material culture of a globalized world. It argues that there is a conscious effort to seduce the consumer by emphasizing on the desirability and the personality of the commodity by constantly connecting it to imagined ideal selves. That is how mundane is transformed into exotic, and commodities become more personal, intimate, and identifiable. These persuasive images are central to the project of comprehending the changing consumerist landscape.
Peer-Reviewed Images
Authors: Bhattacharya Sreedeep
Published: September 2020

This chapter concerns itself with the body and the circulation of its image in the consumerist landscape of contemporary India. It argues how the body is constantly under the influence of the ideal body type, which inspires consumers to reconfigure their bodies to emulate the ideal body type. This requires sufficient attention, visibility, disciplining, and display. It also explains how this emulative process reproduces similar body types through work on and care of the body, thus transforming bodies into images for visual consumption. It advances a conceptual model of image–body inseparability and situates such emulative practices within the larger context of erosion of the stigma against the eroticized body in recent times across various platforms of contemporary visual and popular media. The author argues that such stigma has significantly diminished.
Till It Lasts the Wash
Authors: Bhattacharya Sreedeep
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores T-shirt as a commodity, along with images and texts imprinted on it. It discusses the casual, flexible, and androgynous properties of T-shirt, devoid of symbolic depth. It argues that the T-shirt can host a range of texts and images because it is a vacant surface, waiting to be populated with random images and messages. It is so empty and trifling by itself that it requires textual and graphic support in order to communicate. Textual and visual contents of T-shirts are also observed and interpreted to argue that they do not necessarily translate into an obedient subscription of these messages. The mix of wit, sarcasm, and clichés is so ‘casual’ that it does not demand adherence to, involvement with, or even awareness of surface-level meaning. Simultaneously, it also asserts that the popularity of the T-shirt announces an advent and acceptance of the ephemeral, indicating a detached and dispensable relationship with commodities.
The Visuality of Materials and the Materiality of Visuals
Authors: Bhattacharya Sreedeep
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores an abandoned industrial site—a jute mill— and its material decadence. It argues how an industrial ruin subverts several normative modes of movement, vision, and arrangement. It draws attention towards how things lose their ‘material sovereignty’ as they degenerate. It makes sense of how technological shifts and restructuration of capital lead to the abandonment of productive space. It also argues that the ruining materials that are endowed with visuality of decay and the visuals that convey the transient nature of deterioration overlap each other conceptually and physically. ‘Visuality of materials’ and ‘materiality of visuals’ intersect and interact to create a unique visual and material identity of ruins.
Aaditya Thackeray
Authors: Chhibber Pradeep , Shah Harsh
Published: September 2020

Aaditya Thackeray, 30, grandson of the founder of the Shiv Sena, the Mumbai-based Hindu nationalist party, has been active in politics for just over a decade. He heads the Shiv Sena’s youth wing and is a minister in Maharashtra’s current state government. Aaditya advocates for a more open and welcoming Mumbai without renouncing the party’s adherence to nationalism, supporting children of the soil policies, and a Hindutva, which speaks up for Hindus but is not against any religion.
Akhilesh Yadav
Authors: Chhibber Pradeep , Shah Harsh
Published: September 2020

Akhilesh Yadav, son of the founder of the Samajwadi Party—Mulayam Singh Yadav, was the youngest chief minister of India’s largest state Uttar Pradesh, at 38. He is currently the president of the Samajwadi Party and an elected member of India’s Parliament. Akhilesh is proud of the large infrastructure projects he completed as chief minister while ruing that he paid less attention to the caste and religious identities, which remain central for large parts of the electorate.
Jyotiraditya Scindia
Authors: Chhibber Pradeep , Shah Harsh
Published: September 2020

Jyotiraditya Scindia, recently of the BJP, is a member of the Indian parliament’s upper house. He is the scion of Gwalior’s royal family and joined active politics with Congress party upon the untimely death of his father, a Congress politician. He has held various portfolios as a minister in the cabinets of Manmohan Singh and was widely regarded as one of the senior-most leaders of the Congress Party. Facing limits to his politics in the Congress Party politics of Madhya Pradesh, Scindia switched to the BJP in 2020.
Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore
Authors: Chhibber Pradeep , Shah Harsh
Published: September 2020

Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore, an Olympics silver medalist and former army officer who has served in counter-insurgency operations, is an unusual politician. He did not enter politics, either working his way through the BJP’s organization or familial connections. Rathore’s entry into politics was smooth - the BJP was looking for newer and non-political faces in its campaign in 2014. He fit the bill. However, it did take him some time to adjust to the workings of Indian bureaucracy and party organization. As an outsider, he is forever seeking to challenge the system and make it better.
Smriti Irani
Authors: Chhibber Pradeep , Shah Harsh
Published: September 2020

Smriti Irani is perhaps the most recognizable younger female leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), not only because of her past as a popular television actor but also because she is very forthright and known speak her mind. Smriti Irani has a wicked sense of humour; she is a modern politician who, perhaps because of her own life experiences, is a big believer in individual responsibility. She stresses the role of individuals in creating the change that they seek.
Analytical Framework and Qualitative Observations
Authors: Patibandla Murali
Published: September 2020

It develops a simple theory of Cournot strategic interactions between firms as basic framework and discusses behaviour of firms from dimensions of market structure, technology, scale economies, and value-chains (subcontracting). It demonstrates how large firms derived monopoly power in the product markets and monopsony power in the input markets. This, in turn, made them inward oriented in search of monopoly power in the Pre-reforms era. On the other hand, small and medium scale firms faced highly competitive conditions and high transactions costs in the domestic markets especially in the sub-contracting linkages with large firms. This, in turn, drove relatively efficient small and medium firms to exports where they are price takers facing lesser degree of transaction costs. The chapter also traces how exporting small and medium firms realized efficiency in production processes.
Syntax and Process in the First Movement of Mendelssohn’s Piano Trio, Op. 66
Authors: Horton Julian
Published: September 2020

This chapter develops the claim that Felix Mendelssohn’s pivotal innovation in the realm of instrumental form lies in his strikingly post-classical response to the relationship between form and syntax. The C minor Piano Trio, Op. 66, reveals a rich array of syntactic habits that depart fundamentally from high-classical precedent. Expositional main-theme groups betray ‘loosening’ techniques, which greatly enlarge their dimensions; conversely, main-theme recapitulations are subjected to rigorous truncation. In between, functional elisions and cadential deferrals, achieved by the maintenance of active bass progressions across formal divisions, promote a degree of continuity that problematizes late-eighteenth-century notions of formal demarcation. These techniques unseat Mendelssohn’s classicist image. In Op. 66, the music’s Mozartian facility masks a technical radicalism, which is one of the defining contributions to the development of Romantic form.
Introduction
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O.
Published: September 2020

The chapter provides an overview of the conservatories, their curriculum, and the ways in which the different types of music lessons interacted to reinforce the development of an ability to improvise and compose music. The first conservatories were established as orphanages in Naples, Italy. As they developed, their graduates began to dominate musical life in Europe. All music conservatories today have their roots in the first Italian conservatories.
Institutionalized Apprenticeship
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O.
Published: September 2020

Apprenticeship was the normal way to learn a trade in past centuries. A typical master might have one or two apprentices, who lived in the master’s home like members of the family. A new path for apprentices opened up with the founding in London of the Inns of Court, four institutions to train future lawyers. The combination of famous teachers, a critical mass of talented students, and the experiences of seeing law practiced in a royal city all made this new type of apprenticeship superior to what came before. The same thing happened with music training in the four conservatories of Naples. Great teachers, strong competition, and world-class music in a royal city led to conservatory students winning the best music jobs in Europe.
Solfeggi and the Acquisition of Style
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O.
Published: September 2020

In the old conservatories the equivalent of “music 101” was the class in solfeggio. This was where beginning students learned to read music, to distinguish the sizes of intervals, and to learn scales and arpeggios. Today syllables like “Do, Re, Mi” are connected with scale degrees (steps 1, 2, 3 respectively). This was not the case originally. “Mi,” for example, meant a tone with a whole step below it in the scale and a half step above it. Thus both “E,” “B,” and “F♯” were all “Mi.” Similarly, “F,” “C,” and “B♭” were all “Fa.” The chapter details how this worked and gives examples of lessons in the old style of solfeggio.
Intavolature and the Techniques of Instruments
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O.
Published: September 2020

The notion of multiple voices coming together in harmony was deeply engrained in European ideas of fine music. For little hands playing a harpsichord, to capture the effect of multiple voices required some practice and special techniques. Intavolature were teaching pieces for beginning keyboard players. These pieces both introduced the basics of keyboard technique and demonstrated how to perform the most common schemas. Intavolature also provide us today with models for what the texture and level of difficulty might have been for realizations of partimenti.
Dispositions and the Mastery of Complexity
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O.
Published: September 2020

What today we might term “orchestration” or “arranging” would have fallen under the term “disposition” in Naples. The same counterpoint, for example, could be realized as a “disposition in three voices” or “in four voices.” Each voice or instrumental part would be written on its own staff. Unlike in partimento playing, where small errors in counterpoint could be ignored, dispositions made every interrelationship visible and open to inspection and evaluation. The French four-voice realizations (realisations) in open score that figured so prominently in the contests for harmony and fugue at the Paris Conservatory were direct descendants of Neapolitan dispositions.
The Contest Piece as a Probe of Memory
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O.
Published: September 2020

At the end of the school year at the Paris Conservatory each class or studio held a contest. How a student did in the contests could determine whether or not he or she could continue in that class, advance to a higher class, or be dismissed. In the harmony contests, students would be unlikely to win any sort of prize if they could not reproduce the contrapuntal schemas suggested by patterns in the given basses or melodies. That is, a student was provided with just one of the four parts (soprano, alto, tenor, bass) and required to complete the rest of the parts. The test typically lasted six hours, with the student shut in a room without any keyboard instrument. By being sensitive to the cues in the given voice, students could retrieve from their memories the other voices of the appropriate marches harmoniques. These were descendants of the movimenti (bass motions) taught in the Naples conservatories.
Affordance and the Musical Habitus
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O.
Published: September 2020

In the terminology of design, an “affordance” is what we perceive an object as inviting us to do. Thus a doorknob invites us to turn it, a button on a computer screen invites us to click on it, and so forth. For the students in the old conservatories, specific patterns in basses and melodies invited specific completions in four voices. Using four contestants in the harmony contest of 1877 as a sample, we can judge the perceived strength of the affordances of the given melody by noticing how similar are the contestants’ responses. If three or four of the contestants realized a short passage of the given melody in the same way, it probably means that their educations and experiences had led them to hear that passage in the same way and with a very similar meaning.
The Oval and Cross
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O.
Published: September 2020

Just as apprentice musicians were taught a repertory of music schemas, so apprentice artists had to learn a repertory of visual schemas. One of the most common of these was the “oval and cross,” used to sketch the human head. The oval gave the outline of the skull while the cross (with religious symbolism) merged a vertical line for the nose with a horizontal line for the eyes. There was often a second horizontal line for the mouth. Apprentice artists had to learn to sketch the oval and cross in relation to any position of the head. Similar schemas were learned for eyes, ears, noses, hair, torsos, hands, feet, clothing, and so forth. Drawing manuals from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries provided examples to be copied.
Learning Old Music in a New Age of Digital Reproduction
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O.
Published: September 2020

There are over four hundred genres of popular music known in North America, and many more if one includes the favourite musics of recent immigrants. Which of these should be singled out and taught to children? There is no good answer to that question. Classical European music is a good alternative, one that has a rich history and is known, at least a little, all over the world. But instead of teaching children just to reproduce what is written on a page of music, why don’t we teach them to make classical music—to improvise and compose it. The rediscovery of the lessons from the old conservatories shows us how improvisation and composition can be taught to ordinary children, leading to extraordinary results.
Prehistoric Western Asia
Authors: Akkermans Peter M. M. G.
Published: September 2020

This chapter deals with prehistoric Western Asia, ca. 9500–4000 bc, when this region was the focus of a series of far-reaching socioeconomic developments that were to change the world. Early in this period a gradual shift occurred from a mobile hunter-gatherer way of life to sustained settlement in villages that were increasingly dependent upon farming. Later on, social ranking, economic intensification, and craft specialization emerged at sites throughout the Middle East (Anatolia, Iran, Mesopotamia, and the Levant), laying the foundations for the earliest urban societies in the region. The chapter argues that these changes, far from being unilateral or monolithic, reflect significant multicultural developments and long-lasting trajectories of regional differentiation, requiring the agency of innumerable individuals and generations over millennia.
Egypt’s Old Kingdom
Authors: Bussmann Richard
Published: September 2020

This chapter outlines the diachronic development of and exchanges between central and local milieus in third millennium bc Egypt. The community at court witnessed a gradual rapprochement between kings and high-ranking officials during the Old Kingdom, beginning in the Fifth Dynasty. Increasing explication of kingship in visual discourse hints at conflicting views on the position of the king. Burial arrangements differed widely across provincial Egypt and at court, revealing a high degree of social diversity. Funerary culture revolved around the establishment of social relationships and social memory, whereas ideas about life in the netherworld were rarely expressed. The majority of preserved settlements in the Old Kingdom were planned by the state. Urbanism was weakly developed compared to other early complex states. The spiritual center of provincial towns was community shrines. Their material culture exhibits a mixture of central and local features, typical of “little traditions.” The shrines served as power bases for courtiers, sent out in the late Old Kingdom by the government to establish royal power permanently in the hinterland. The history of shrines and local elites differed across the country. In the long run, local temples emerged as the economic and ideological interface between provincial communities and the crown. Temples and towns coevolved toward the New Kingdom, at which time Egyptian society had a more urban outlook.
The Early Dynastic Near East
Authors: Bartash Vitali
Published: September 2020

The Middle East in the Early Dynastic period (ca. 2900–2300 bc) was characterized by the competition of local city states for hegemony. Combined with long-range military and diplomatic relationships, this led to the creation of the first, if short-lived, larger polities in Mesopotamia and Syria, which paved the way for the emergence of the Akkad state. Cuneiform archives of temples and palaces document a gradual concentration of land, power, and wealth in the hands of an elite that included the royal family and the members of the palace and temple administration, resulting in increasing social stratification and deepening inequality in the context of surplus economy, unprecedented urbanization, and endemic war.
Work Hard
Authors: Benson Janel E. , Lee Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 4 describes first-generation students in a Work Hard geography. These academically engaged students made not only classes and homework central to their daily lives, but their friendships and social lives also were often rooted in either academic work and/or nonathletic extracurricular interests. Work Hard students report close faculty relationships and strong friendships, often with those from similar demographic backgrounds, but they are also lonely outside those spheres, avoiding the high-status social hubs of campus. Most students in this geography came through Summer Bridge, and much of their campus engagement is in reaction to the racism, classism, and sexism they feel and observe on campus. They have created friendship communities that provide affirmation and support and crafted geographies that link their social, extracurricular, and academic priorities. The overlap of these spaces provides a buffer but does not connect these students to wealthier peers.
Disconnected
Authors: Benson Janel E. , Lee Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 6 provides an overview of students in a Disconnected geography. Consistent with previous research, the largest portion of the National Longitudinal Survey of Freshmen sample are Disconnected. These students, while academically motivated and interested in a social life, struggled to make connections or find a niche, whether through classes, clubs, or social circles. One important commonality among Disconnected respondents was a delay in forming friendships: These students could not form early connections and described how difficult it was to make friends after the initial rush of being new together with other first-year students. Most students in Disconnected geographies did not participate in a substantial precollege program, wading into campus life on their own. Many of our Disconnected respondents were unhappy and unable to locate comfortable spaces on campus, in some cases despite long-term efforts to find a sense of belonging.
Ethical and Methodological Considerations for Researching Children Exposed to Political Violence
Authors: Bennouna Cyril , Stark Lindsay
Published: September 2020

Every advance in understanding the effects of exposure to political violence on children relies on the active engagement of girls and boys, whose decision to participate in research can present countless risks. Nevertheless, children’s participation in research is critical for scientific advancement. It can also confer benefits to participants, their families, and the services, programs, and policies designed to safeguard their well-being. This chapter reviews the risks, methodological challenges, and potential benefits of engaging child participants in research on political violence in order to inform ongoing discussion and reflection about best practices in this field. The chapter discusses key principles guiding ethical research with children before exploring several exemplary research processes advanced by colleagues in the field, which highlight the different ways that these principles can be applied and built on. The chapter concludes by reflecting on ongoing challenges and potential new directions for research practice in this field.
Form Follows Function
Authors: Schreiter Katrin
Published: September 2020

This chapter looks at immediate postwar economic culture in both East and West Germany. It starts by looking at German modoernism in the postwar period. Historical scholarship on German industrial design has established that aesthetics did not change very much from 1925 to 1965. The chapter looks then at the different developments in culture and aesthetics in the East compared to the West. It considers the rise and crisis of functionalism and how German design reacted to this.
Intra-German Trade and the Aesthetic Dialectic of European Integration
Authors: Schreiter Katrin
Published: September 2020

This chapter looks at the clashes when East meets West as they deal with the postwar change of economic policy from reconstruction to trade. This change pitted the two economic systems directly against each other in a competition for economic superiority. At the same time the interconnected economic infrastructure glossed over the Cold War division. This chapter presents an examination of West German attempts at balancing European integration with the German Question to bring into focus aesthetic convergence of East and West German design in the Mittelstand furniture industry.
Conservative Modernity
Authors: Schreiter Katrin
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on the role of functionalism on living space in East and West Germany. Implementation of modernization in everyday life happened gradually in the postwar German countries and there were a host of reasons for this. Thee analysis in this chapter suggests that functionalist discourse diffused German society, yet not with the consistency that the disciples of modernism would have liked. It was a conservative modernity that showed widespread awareness of the right materials, the wrong embellishments, and the need for the emotional comfort of traditions and social relations. The population accepted the practicality of functionalism's clear lines and rectangular shapes for small apartments. However, it did not accept the emotional emptiness of the functionalist extreme.
Conclusion
Authors: Schreiter Katrin
Published: September 2020

The Conclusion looks towards the end of the period in this book's discussion, the end of the 1980s. By the late 1980s,the dynamics of German-German economic competition in the realm of living standards had created an unsustainable situation for the GDR. The high costs of the promised socialist consumer society under Honecker's Unity of Economic and Social Policy program had incurred mounting debts, a strategy that relied on short-term borrowing from the West to patch holes in domestic consumer good production. This entanglement with the Federal Republic opened up the possibility of rethinking the German-German relationship.
On Material Creation
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapters 1 and 1A describe the myth of primordial creation. The chapters detail Ohrmazd’s spiritual and later material creation of finite time, the earth, the Amahraspands (Beneficent Immortals), and other creations, including the sky, water, earth, and the primordial plant, cow, and man. The chapters also describe Ahriman’s evil and nonmaterial countercreation, and the state of Mixture (gumezišn) that follows the onslaught of evil. Chapter 1A provides a more detailed and complete description of Ohrmazd’s creation.
On the Fashioning of the Lights
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapter 2 focuses on astronomy and exemplifies the relation between Iranian and Mesopotamian, Indian, and Hellenistic ideas of the cosmos. The chapter describes Ohrmazd’s creation of the celestial lights, that is, the “fixed” and wandering stars, then the moon, and lastly the sun. The chapter also discusses the twelve constellations, which are Ohrmazd’s allies in the cosmic battle, and names the four stars who act as generals of the four quadrants of the sky.
On How and Why Creation Went to Battle
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapter 3 describes Ohrmazd’s final preparations before Ahriman’s onslaught on the material world. It enumerates the different roles of the Amahraspands in the defense of creation. The chapter also contains interesting material on human psychology, namely the division of the human being into the body and four spiritual parts. The chapter also discusses the frawahr, a spiritual concept unique to the Zoroastrian tradition, and the nature of the idea of free will.
On How the Adversary Burrowed Through to Creation
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapter 4 describes the beginning of the cosmic battle between good and evil. The chapter emphasizes the role of the primordial prostitute (Jeh) in planning the onslaught against the material creation of Ohrmazd. The account of the evil contamination of Ohrmazd’s creation is given in detail. This chapter also includes an etiological myth of the origin of menstruation. Section 4B retells the Avestan story of the primordial cow’s complaint to Ohrmazd that may refer to the cessation of animal sacrifices in Zoroaster’s new religion.
On the Opposition of the Two Spirits: That Is, How the Demon Chiefs Came Spiritually to Oppose the Spiritual Deities
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapters 5 is divided into three parts. The first section includes a list of the good spirits and their respective antagonists. This section also discusses the demonic nature of the planets and their struggle with seven good constellations. The second section presents the world horoscope and the astral positions at the time of creation. The final section outlines an archaic terrestrial geography: with seven continents at the center of which is the continent of Xwanirah, dominated by Mount Tērag.
On the Stages of the Battle of Material Creation against the Evil Spirit
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

This chapter describes the response of the good creations to the onslaught of evil. Particularly interesting are the myth describing the role of the star Sirius in ensuring rainfall and the horoscope of the first man, Gayōmard, which provides an astrological explanation of his life and death.
On the Likenesses of the Creatures
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapter 7 describes how, following Ahriman’s attack on creation, Ohrmazd consigned the forms of the primordial cow and the first man, Gayōmard, to the stars, moon, and sun. The positive role assigned to the sun and moon here contradicts their negative nature, along with that of the five planets, described in chapter 2. The chapter also mentions the compositions of different types of stars, made up of water, earth, and plant essence.
On the Nature of the Lands
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapter 8 describes the division of the earth into seven continents or climes (kišwar) and the special status accorded to the central continent of Xwanirah, the site of creation and redemption and the home of the Iranians.
On the Nature of the Mountains
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapter 9 presents a list of mountains that seems to be organized according to two different geographical sources, one based on the Avestan tradition, the other on the Sasanian traditions of the “chronicles of the provinces” (ayādgārīhā ī šahrīhā). The chapter describes how Mount Harburz is the origin of all the mountains in the world.
On the Nature of the Seas
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapter 10 presents a list of seas. This list partly derives from the mythic geography of the Avesta and partly is based on historical bodies of water, including the Persian Gulf, the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea, and the Strait of Hormuz or Gulf of Oman.
On the Nature of the Rivers
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapter 11 lists the principal rivers of the world. The chapter focuses on several rivers bearing mythic significance, in particular the Arang and Dāitī, where Gayōmard and the primordial cow were both created. The chapter also discusses the ritual pollution of water and its purification and includes a list of the different kinds of liquids in the world.
On the Nature of Lakes
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapters 12 lists the principal lakes of the known world; this list overlaps in part with the list of seas in chapter 10. Some of lakes mentioned can be tentatively identified with modern bodies of water, including Lake Urumieh, Lake Sōwar, Čašma-yi Sabz in Afghanistan, Aral Sea, and Gaud-i Zira in the Sistan region.
On the Nature of Mankind
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapter 14 provides an account of the creation of the first human couple, Mašyā and Mašyāne. The chapter also provides a genealogy of their offspring, the progenitors of the races of mankind as well as of monstrous and mythical peoples. Two additional sections focus on “others”: women and monkeys and bears.
On Songs
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapter 20 is one of the Bundahišn’s most enigmatic chapters. The chapter’s central term, the word wang, can be translated as “sound,” “voice,” “cry,” or “song.” The chapter describes the songs or sounds made by various elements in the natural world as well as the song of the recitation of the Avesta and the sound of appeals for justice by righteous individuals.
On Various Things: How They Were Created and How Their Adversaries Came
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapter 24 discusses the mythical creatures that play a role in the earthly battle against evil animals and in Zoroastrian eschatology. Among others, the chapter devotes a lengthy discussion to the three-legged donkey and its function in rainmaking. However, in this and other cases, though the donkey and other creatures are mentioned already in the Zoroastrian sacred scripture, the Avesta, their mythic function remains obscure. The second part of the chapter lists which good animals oppose which evil creations and demons.
On the Mastery of the Continents
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapter 29 concerns the spiritual masters (rad) who protect and guide each of the seven continents. The chapter does not specify in detail what role these masters play, and their precise function remains unclear. Most of the chapter is devoted to describing the spiritual masters' various strongholds located on the central continent of Xwanirah. Many of the figures named in this chapter, including Jam, Syāwaxš, and Sām, are the central heroes in Iranian myth.
Namaste All Day
Authors: Jain Andrea R.
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on the appropriating and commodifying practices of spirituality industries and asks how corporations, entrepreneurs, and consumers relate spiritual practices to ethical values through marketing and consumer activities. The author analyzes popular spiritual discourses, demonstrating how the powerful and subversive expressions appliqued across yogaware and the industry’s “do good” discourses are tied to a commitment to particular “yogic” or “spiritual” values. Yet, for all of the self-actualization it offers through peace love yoga the industry also plays a capitalist game that thrives on nostalgia about lost cultural norms, as well as neoliberal narratives about the capitalist market, self-care, and personal improvement.
Chains of Causes and Conditions in Reed Work
Authors: Arbiter Eric
Published: September 2020

The condition of the bassoon, breath support, cane quality, bocal, and fingerings all affect the success of our reeds; how to get to the primary causes of problems.
The Relationship Between the Embouchure and the Reed’s Tip Opening
Authors: Arbiter Eric
Published: September 2020

How the basic tip opening of the reed can cause numerous problems in playing.
More on Fingerings
Authors: Arbiter Eric
Published: September 2020

Understanding how different (non-standard) fingerings can help solve reed problems as well as technical and musical issues.
Efficient Practicing
Authors: Arbiter Eric
Published: September 2020

A look at a psychology of successful practicing.
Afterword
Authors: Arbiter Eric
Published: September 2020

In spite of better machines, tools, and knowledge, cane remains organic and in some respects mysterious. The author finds this a positive rather than a negative fact.
Defining Dehumanization
Authors: Smith David Livingstone
Published: September 2020

This chapter defines dehumanization. After emphasizing the importance of laying out a clear definition of the term, the chapter goes on to describe dehumanization as a kind of attitude—a way of thinking about others. To dehumanize another person, in short, is to conceive of them as a subhuman animal. People often mistake dehumanization for its effects on human behavior. This chapter argues that such notions make it much more difficult to comprehend how dehumanization works. When people think of others as subhuman, they often treat them in cruel and degrading ways, and they often refer to them using slurs. But the chapter contends that bad treatment and degrading slurs are effects of dehumanization rather than dehumanization itself.
Essence
Authors: Smith David Livingstone
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses the powerful psychological biases that make possible the dehumanizing impulse. The fact that people sometimes believe that other people who appear human are really less than human illustrates something important about how the human mind works. It shows that we do not think that merely looking human is what makes a being human. Instead, we think of humanness as something deeper that is “inside” of them—something more than the portions of the physical body that meet the eye. This tendency to essentialize kinds of living things helps us get along in the world, even though it is scientifically misleading. But, as the chapter shows, it also produces states of mind that are immensely dangerous and toxic. Acknowledging one's own tendency to essentialize, and remaining vigilant about combatting it, is a crucial step toward resisting dehumanization.
The Politics of the Human
Authors: Smith David Livingstone
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the view that, far from being an objective biological category, the category of the human is an ideological construction that is basic to ways that human societies exercise power. In short, the category of the human is a social construction. The chapter points out that when a group of people essentializes itself—sees itself as fundamentally and ineradicably distinct from all other people—the concept of the human becomes indistinguishable from the concept of “our kind.” In ethnically homogenous societies, this means members of the society are human, and everyone else is not. In heterogenous societies where there is “racial” or ethnic diversity—that is, most modern societies—the situation is more complex. In such societies, the concept of the human is an ideological structure. It is a concept that is used to legitimate and regulate relations of domination. If, as is often the case, the dominant group essentializes itself, that becomes the paradigm of the human and all others are either lesser humans or, at the extreme, subhumans. This view of what it means to be human has some important implications for the struggle against dehumanization.
Illusion
Authors: Smith David Livingstone
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the nature of illusion and our vulnerability to it. Political leaders—especially those with an authoritarian bent—often use dehumanizing rhetoric as a means of persuasion because of its power to influence human behavior. First, they frighten us by getting us to think of some group of people as demons, monsters, or deadly predators. Then, they court our support by promising to save us from these terrors. The chapter considers those who are skilled in the dark arts of political persuasion as illusionists, who, under the right circumstances, can be difficult to resist. As such, it stresses the importance of understanding the nature of illusion in order to avoid being ensnared by dehumanizing rhetoric.
Radical Right Populists Inside and Outside the European Parliament
Authors: McDonnell Duncan , Werner Annika
Published: September 2020

This chapter analyses whether radical right populist parties in the European Parliament groups worked together, and the extent to which they were engaged in the EP’s legislative decision-making process. It then looks at the public face of the groups outside parliament, by investigating through press releases whether (and how) the parties sought to use their alliances and fellow group members in national election campaigns. It also examines the patterns of public events staged by the groups and their connected “Europarties” to see whether they actively promoted their alliances. Finally, the chapter discusses changes in the groups’ composition over the course of the 2014-19 legislature, focusing on the Sweden Democrats’ July 2018 decision to leave the EFDD and join the ECR.
The Fallujah Memorandum
Authors: Ingram Haroro , Whiteside Craig , Winter Charlie
Published: September 2020

The dark years of the Islamic State movement, which came after it was flattened by the Sahwa Sunni tribal uprising, fellow Sunni resistance rivals, and the US surge brigades in 2007, are characterized by a healthy dose of soul-searching. While the movement in its various forms has shared tremendous details about its people through biographies, strategy documents are harder to come by for operational security reasons. Published at a time when the group was in dire straits—a period it describes as being ‘in the desert’—this document was paid little heed and not taken very seriously. The limited curiosity and analysis was largely fueled by a general belief that the group was bereft of public support and finished. The Fallujah Memorandum, or the Khoutah Istratigya li Ta’aziz al-Moqif al-Siyasi al-Dawlat al-Islamyiah fi al-Iraq (A Strategic Plan to Improve the Political Position of the Islamic State of Iraq), was dated the month of Muharram, 1431 (18 December 2009–15 January 2010). The author’s identity is unknown, which means there is a possibility they could still be alive today. Western analysts have largely ignored the impact of the memorandum to date, as it has not been made publicly available in English.
Introduction
Authors: Uy Michael Sy
Published: September 2020

This chapter introduces the book’s sociocultural history of expertise as analyzed in arts and music grantmaking during the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, It explains the origins of the Rockefeller Foundation, Ford Foundation, and National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) as grantmaking institutions, the individuals involved, and how the missions of the two foundations eventually came to include arts funding. The 1960s and 1970s were a period of “cultural explosion,” as characterized by the popular press. During the early part of the Cold War, both foundations were also subject to congressional investigations which impacted their grantmaking. Finally, the introduction includes a chapter overview of the book, as well as its division into two parts: “Who Were the Experts?” and “Experts in Action.”