bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Limb positioning and initiation: An evolutionary context of pattern and formation
Authors: Royle Samantha R. , Tabin Clifford J. , Young John J.
Published: February 2021

Before limbs or fins, can be patterned and grow they must be initiated. Initiation of the limb first involves designating a portion of lateral plate mesoderm along the flank as the site of the future limb. Following specification, a myriad of cellular and molecular events interact to generate a bud that will grow and form the limb. The past three decades has provided a wealth of understanding on how those events generate the limb bud and how variations in them result in different limb forms. Comparatively, much less attention has been given to the earliest steps of limb formation and what impacts altering the position and initiation of the limb have had on evolution. Here, we first review the processes and pathways involved in these two phases of limb initiation, as determined from amniote model systems. We then broaden our scope to examine how variation in the limb initiation module has contributed to biological diversity in amniotes. Finally, we review what is known about limb initiation in fish and amphibians, and consider what mechanisms are conserved across vertebrates.
Anthropogenically modified habitats favor bigger and bolder lizards
Authors: Pettit Lachlan , Brown Gregory P. , Ward‐Fear Georgia , Shine Richard
Published: February 2021

Anthropogenic activities often create distinctive but discontinuously distributed habitat patches with abundant food but high risk of predation. Such sites can be most effectively utilized by individuals with specific behaviors and morphologies. Thus, a widespread species that contains a diversity of sizes and behavioral types may be pre‐adapted to exploiting such hotspots. In eastern Australia, the giant (to >2 m) lizard Varanus varius (lace monitor) utilizes both disturbed (campground) and undisturbed (bushland) habitats. Our surveys of 27 sites show that lizards found in campgrounds tended to be larger and bolder than those in adjacent bushland. This divergence became even more marked after the arrival of a toxic invasive species (the cane toad, Rhinella marina) caused high mortality in larger and bolder lizards. Some of the behavioral divergences between campground and bushland lizards may be secondary consequences of differences in body size, but other habitat‐associated divergences in behavior are due to habituation and/or nonrandom mortality.
Mortality risk prediction in elderly patients with cardiogenic shock: results from the CardShock study
Authors: Hongisto Mari , Lassus Johan , Tarvasmäki Tuukka , Sionis Alessandro , Sans‐Rosello Jordi , Tolppanen Heli , Kataja Anu , Jäntti Toni , Sabell Tuija , Lindholm Matias Greve , Banaszewski Marek , Silva Cardoso Jose , Parissis John , Di Somma Salvatore , Carubelli Valentina , Jurkko Raija , Masip Josep , Harjola Veli‐Pekka ,   for the CardShock Study Investigators and the GREAT Network
Published: February 2021

Aims

This study aimed to assess the utility of contemporary clinical risk scores and explore the ability of two biomarkers [growth differentiation factor‐15 (GDF‐15) and soluble ST2 (sST2)] to improve risk prediction in elderly patients with cardiogenic shock.

Methods and results

Patients (n = 219) from the multicentre CardShock study were grouped according to age (elderly ≥75 years and younger). Characteristics, management, and outcome between the groups were compared. The ability of the CardShock risk score and the IABP‐SHOCK II score to predict in‐hospital mortality and the additional value of GDF‐15 and sST2 to improve risk prediction in the elderly was evaluated. The elderly constituted 26% of the patients (n = 56), with a higher proportion of women (41% vs. 21%, P < 0.05) and more co‐morbidities compared with the younger. The primary aetiology of shock in the elderly was acute coronary syndrome (84%), with high rates of percutaneous coronary intervention (87%). Compared with the younger, the elderly had higher in‐hospital mortality (46% vs. 33%; P = 0.08), but 1 year post‐discharge survival was excellent in both age groups (90% in the elderly vs. 88% in the younger). In the elderly, the risk prediction models demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.75 for the CardShock risk score and 0.71 for the IABP‐SHOCK II score. Incorporating GDF‐15 and sST2 improved discrimination for both risk scores with areas under the curve ranging from 0.78 to 0.84.

Conclusions

Elderly patients with cardiogenic shock have higher in‐hospital mortality compared with the younger, but post‐discharge outcomes are similar. Contemporary risk scores proved useful for early mortality risk prediction also in the elderly, and risk stratification could be further improved with biomarkers such as GDF‐15 or sST2.
MHC Class I on murine hematopoietic APC selects Type A IEL precursors in the thymus
Authors: Lee S. Thera , Georgiev Hristo , Breed Elise R. , Ruscher Roland , Hogquist Kristin A.
Published: February 2021

TCRαβ+ CD8α+CD8β–intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (CD8αα IEL) are gut T cells that maintain barrier surface homeostasis. Most CD8αα IEL are derived from thymic precursors (IELp) through a mechanism referred to as clonal diversion. In this model, self‐reactive thymocytes undergo deletion in the presence of CD28 costimulation, but in its absence undergo diversion to the IEL fate. While previous reports showed that IELp were largely β2m dependent, the APC that drive the development of these cells are poorly defined. We found that both CD80 and CD86 restrain IELp development, and conventional DCs play a prominent role. We sought to define a CD80/86 negative, MHCI positive APC that supports the development to the IEL lineage. Chimera studies showed that MHCI needs to be expressed on hematopoietic APC for selection. As thymic hematopoietic APC are heterogeneous in their expression of MHCI and costimulatory molecules, we identified four thymic APC types that were CD80/86neg/low and MHCI+. However, selective depletion of β2m in individual APC suggested functional redundancy. Thus, while hematopoietic APC play a critical role in clonal diversion, no single APC subset is specialized to promote the CD8αα IEL fate.
Synergistically Optimized Thermoelectric and Mechanical Properties in p‐Type BiSbTe by a Microdroplet Deposition Technique
Authors: Hu Haoyang , Tan Xiaojian , Guo Zhe , Wang Hongxiang , Zhou Zhilong , Xiong Chenglong , Li Zhixiang , Liu Guoqiang , Noudem Jacques G. , Jiang Jun
Published: February 2021

Bismuth telluride is widely used in thermoelectric cooling, but the commercial zone‐melting materials suffer the poor mechanical property and dramatically decrease thermoelectric performance at intermediate temperature. Herein, a low‐cost and high‐efficiency preparation technique named microdroplet deposition is demonstrated to synergistically improve the thermoelectric and mechanical properties of Bi0.48Sb1.52Te3 alloy. It is found that a weakly preferred alignment with fine grains occurs during the molten droplets flattening and stacking processes. Although the obtained power factor is not further improved, the corresponding κl is significantly suppressed due to the increased interfacial thermal resistance between flakes by the micropores and dense grain boundaries. Consequently, a peak ZT of 1.12 and a Vickers hardness of 0.60 GPa are simultaneously achieved in the microdroplet‐deposited sample.
Concurrent flame spread over vertically oriented paper sheet: The effect of sample thickness
Authors: Zhu Xianli , Jiang Yong , Zhu Ning
Published: February 2021

Packing or printing paper made out of cellulose is widely produced and used in daily life. The thickness of thin material affects the burning process significantly. Concurrent flame spread is an effective approach when analyzing and evaluating the fire hazard for combustible materials. Conducting this work will provide further understanding of the flame spread mechanism and reduce fire hazard. It will also enable investigation of the effect of sample thickness on concurrent flame spreading over the thin paper sheets experimentally. Numerically examining concurrent flame spread over thin paper sheet with varied thicknesses is also performed using Direct Numerical Simulation, which can provide more details on flame spread process. Qualitatively, the model predictions agree reasonably with the experiment in terms of the flame contour, burn duration, and flame spread rate. The moving rates of the flame base and pyrolysis front decrease with sample thickness both experimentally and numerically. The relationship between net heat flux, flame standoff distance, and solid burning rate is analyzed, with the burning rate exhibiting a similar trend to that of the net heat flux. A correlation of the flame net heat flux with the normalized distance in the pyrolysis region is also established where the flame heat flux displays a decay trend with the normalized space.
Cointegration, information transmission, and the lead‐lag effect between industry portfolios and the stock market
Authors: Troster Victor , Penalva José , Taamouti Abderrahim , Wied Dominik
Published: February 2021

This paper shows that lagged information transmission between industry portfolio and market prices entails cointegration. We analyze monthly industry portfolios in the US market for the period 1963–2015. We find cointegration between six industry portfolio and market prices. We show that the equilibrium error, the long‐term common factor between industry portfolio and market cumulative returns, has strong predictive power for excess industry portfolio returns. In line with gradual information diffusion across connected industries, the equilibrium error proxies for changes in the investment opportunity set that lead to industry return predictability by informed investors. Forecasting models including the equilibrium error have superior forecasting performance relative to models without it, illustrating the importance of cointegration between the industry portfolio and market prices. Overall, our findings have important implications for investment and risk‐management decisions, since the out‐of‐sample explanatory power of the equilibrium error is economically meaningful for making optimal portfolio allocations.
Outcomes of combined use of topical and intravenous tranexamic acid on surgical field quality during functional endoscopic sinus surgery: Randomized controlled trial
Authors: El‐Ozairy Hala Salah El‐Din , Mady Ossama Mustafa , Tawfik Gehad Mohamed , Elhennawy Ahmed Mohamed , Teaima Ahmed Abdelmoneim , Ebied Amr , Huy Nguyen Tien
Published: February 2021

Background

Intraoperative bleeding during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) poses a challenge to both surgeon and anesthetist. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of local, intravenous and combined use of tranexamic acid (TA) in improving the surgical field quality during FESS.

Methods

We conducted a randomized controlled double‐blinded prospective trial on 120 patients scheduled for elective FESS. After induction of general anesthesia, patients were randomly and evenly assigned to one of four groups; IV TA, local TA, both IV and local TA, and placebo. Surgical field was assessed using five‐point Boezaart scale. Total fentanyl and esmolol consumption, operative time, recovery time, and postoperative complications were recorded.

Results

Surgical field quality score was the best in IV and local TA group compared to others (p < 0.001). Mean operative time was found significantly shorter in IV and local TA group than placebo one. Total fentanyl consumption was significantly lower in IV and local TA group comparing to others (p = 0.025). Mean recovery time was significantly shorter for IV and local TA group compared to others. Total fentanyl consumption was significantly lower in IV and local TA group comparing to others. No significant differences were found of mean arterial pressure and heart rate decline in four groups. None of the patients in four groups required esmolol administration. No statistically significant differences were found in change of hemoglobin, hematocrit, prothrombin time, and partial thromboplastin time over time in all groups.

Conclusion

The combined use of topical and intravenous TA provided the best surgical field in FESS, less fentanyl consumption, and less recovery time without causing significant side effects.
Modulated gravity effects on nonlinear convection in viscoelastic ferromagnetic fluids between two horizontal parallel plates
Authors: Jayalatha Gopal , Muchikel Nivya
Published: February 2021

In this study, the analysis of nonlinear stability with viscoelastic ferromagnetic fluids as working media is performed by finite‐amplitude perturbations. The solution of the resulting nonautonomous system of the Lorenz model (generalized Khayat–Lorenz model of four modes) is obtained numerically to measure the amount of heat transport. The effects of elastic parameters, Prandtl number, modulation parameters, buoyancy magnetic parameter, and nonbuoyancy magnetic parameter on heat transport are studied. Heat transport is quantified through the average Nusselt number, which is determined by solving the scaled Lorenz model. As limiting cases of the study, the results of Newtonian, Maxwell, Rivlin–Ericksen fluids are determined. The results obtained have been presented graphically.
Impact of intellectual capital efficiency on financial stability in banks: Insights from an emerging economy
Authors: Ullah Atta , Pinglu Chen , Ullah Saif , Qian Ningyu , Zaman Mubasher
Published: February 2021

The paper aims to address the long‐term and short‐term effects of intellectual capital efficiency (ICE) on Pakistan's bank stability together with the banking system's inherent factors. The ICE is measured through the VAIC™ model and consists of human, rational, and structural capitals. The auto‐regressive distributed lag estimation technique results underwrite that an increase in ICE leads to better bank stability and endorses the resource‐based theory. Apart from that, findings show the long‐term role of ICE in bank stability, although statistics depict no short‐term role in this regard. The efficiency ratios, risk‐based capital, leverage, and bank size shows a positive impact in the short run. In the long run, the risk‐based capital and leverage show a decisively positive influence, while the bank size and efficiency ratio show a negative effect. Findings can be used to increase intangible investments to build a sustainable competitive advantage based on the resource‐based approach. The upcoming review is expected to consider the Fintech effect.
Cinnamaldehyde and hesperetin attenuate TNBS‐induced ulcerative colitis in rats through modulation of the JAk2/STAT3/SOCS3 pathway
Authors: Elhennawy Mayada G. , Abdelaleem Eglal A. , Zaki Amal A. , Mohamed Wafaa R.
Published: February 2021

Ulcerative colitis is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder with a negative impact on the life quality of patients. Cinnamaldehyde and hesperetin were chosen due to their antioxidants and anti‐inflammatory effects. This study explored the protective effects of cinnamaldehyde (40 and 90 mg/kg, po) and hesperetin (50 and 100 mg/kg, po) on 2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)‐induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Cinnamaldehyde and hesperetin significantly improved macroscopic and histopathological examinations with a significant reduction in myeloperoxidase and intracellular adhesion molecule‐1 expression. They significantly reduced colon oxidative stress by a significant elevation in both reduced glutathione content and superoxide dismutase activity with a significant reduction of NO content. Furthermore, cinnamaldehyde and hesperetin alleviated the inflammatory injury by a significant reduction in interleukin‐6 along with suppression of nuclear factor‐κB, receptor for advanced glycation end products, and tumor necrosis factor‐α expression. Moreover, cinnamaldehyde and hesperetin significantly decreased p‐JAK2 and p‐STAT3 while significantly increased suppressors of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) protein expression. In conclusion, cinnamaldehyde and hesperetin counteracted TNBS‐induced ulcerative colitis through antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory properties as well as modulation of the JAk2/STAT3/SOCS3 pathway.
Pharmacological evaluation of MRAP proteins on Xenopus neural melanocortin signaling
Authors: Tai Xiaolu , Xue Song , Zhang Cong , Liu Yu , Chen Jie , Han Yu , Lin Gufa , Zhang Chao
Published: February 2021

Melanocortin‐3 receptor (MC3R) and melanocortin‐4 receptor (MC4R), two neural G protein‐coupled receptors are known to be functionally critical for energy balance in vertebrates. As allosteric regulators of melanocortin receptors, melanocortin accessory proteins (MRAPs) are also involved in energy homeostasis. The interaction of MRAPs and melanocortin signaling was previously shown in mammals and zebrafish, but nothing had been reported in amphibians. As the basal class of tetrapods, amphibians occupy a phylogenetic transition between teleosts and terrestrial animals. Here we examined the evolutionary conservation of MC3R, MC4R, and MRAPs between diploid Xenopus tropicalis (xt‐) and other chordates and investigated the pharmacological regulatory properties of MRAPs on the neural MC3R and MC4R signaling. Our results showed that xtMRAP and xtMRAP2 both exerted robust potentiation effect on agonist (α‐MSH and adrenocorticotropin [ACTH]) induced activation and modulated the basal activity and cell surface translocation of xtMC3R and xtMC4R. In addition, the presence of two accessory proteins could convert xtMC3R and xtMC4R into ACTH‐preferred receptors. These findings suggest that the presence of MRAPs exhibits fine control over the pharmacological activities of the neuronal MC3R and MC4R signaling in the Xenopus tropicalis, which is physiologically relevant with the complicated transition of feeding behaviors during their life history.
Overcoming challenges of improving legacy biopharmaceutical processes
Authors: Gao Ying , Gervais David
Published: February 2021

Continuous process improvement of biopharmaceutical processes is an expectation of the current regulatory environment (e.g. ICH Q8 and Q10), and extends to older products as well as new licences. Particularly in the case of older products, process changes are also often simply required to improve process efficiency, to facilitate easier manufacture and to update materials such as chromatography resins and filters that may become unavailable due to age. These older processes, or legacy processes, present unique challenges for process improvement. This paper discusses the challenges and strategies of implementing changes and new technologies for improving legacy manufacturing processes, and outlines the issues to be addressed during process redevelopment and validation, including product and process characterisation and particular regulatory constraints to ensure product profile and quality are maintained when making process changes. Case studies are presented, with a focus on adaptation of single‐use technologies for commercial biopharmaceutical processes. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Morphogenesis of the New Zealand white rabbit tongue (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Authors: Haddad Seham , S. Abdel‐Megeid Nazema , Abumandour Mohamed M. A.
Published: February 2021

The current study was designed to describe the prenatal developmental stages of the rabbit tongue. Thirty‐five embryos of prenatal ages (E16, E19, E23, E25, E28, and Postnatal) were obtained from New Zealand white (NZW) rabbit. The primordia of the tongue were observed on the foundation as early as day 16 prenatal age (E16). The first primordia of lingual papillae were observed that including the primordia of circumvallate papillae at day 19 prenatal (E19). Thickenings of lingual epithelium developed at 19 day prenatal of embryo. At day 23–25 pc, the presence of primordia of foliate papillae was shown in addition to primordia of the fungiform and filiform papillae were found. The development of the final shape of the tongue is a longstanding process that occurs during the prenatal and postnatal life. The first primordia of gustatory papillae appear, and only later primordia of mechanical papillae are formed. In conclusion, the morphogenesis of the tongue and its lingual papillae discussed its herbivorous nature of feeding.
Green synthesis and anticancer activity of tetrahydrodipyrazolo[3,4‐b:4′,3′‐e]pyridines catalyzed by phospho sulfonic acid
Authors: Chinthaparthi Radha Rani , Chittiboena Vijaya Lakshmi , Jorepalli Sumalatha , Gangireddy Chandra Sekhar Reddy
Published: February 2021

Biologically portent/significant tetrahydrodipyrazolo[3,4‐b:4′,3′‐e]pyridines are synthesized by an efficient green synthesis of various aldehydes with 3‐methyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐5(4H)‐one in ammonium acetate using phospho sulfonic acid as a solid catalyst under microwave‐assisted interaction under solvent‐free conditions at 70°C. This methodology is easy to handle and get good to excellent yields. Later the potential in vitro antiproliferation of the titled compounds is evaluated. Among all the titled compounds, 4s and 4t showed the most potent anticancer potentiality on the used cancer cell lines of SK‐BR‐3 and HeLa (IC50 = 10.70 ± 0.27 and 12.58 ± 0.38, and 19.38 ± 0.32 and 21.55 ± 0.41 μg/mL for SK‐BR‐3 cells lines and HeLa cells lines, respectively), which were comparable to the positive control.
Wave activities characteristics during a sudden sharp drought–flood turn event in 2011 in East China
Authors: Wang Chenghai , Li Kechen , Santisirisomboon Jerasorn
Published: February 2021

The sudden turn from drought to flood (STDF) is an extreme climate event that frequently occurs over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin (MLYR) in China. This study investigates the role of the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) in a STDF event in 2011 over the MLYR and analyses its dynamic characteristics. A wavelet analysis of the rainfall evolution shows that there are two ISO modes (10–20 days and 30–60 days) during the STDF event. When rainfall turns from drought to flood, both ISO modes of rainfall simultaneously convert from the negative phase to the positive phase. Further investigation on the two intraseasonal time scales illustrates that a meridionally‐propagated Rossby wave train (RWT) propagates northward along the eastern China, and meets a zonally‐propagated RWT from the North Atlantic to the North Pacific over the MLYR. The interaction of the two RWTs above is the key factor that causes the STDF event in 2011 over the MLYR.
Asymmetric impact of the boreal spring Pacific Meridional Mode on the following winter El Niño‐Southern Oscillation
Authors: Zheng Yuqiong , Chen Wen , Chen Shangfeng , Yao Shuailei , Cheng Conglan
Published: February 2021

A number of previous studies have indicated that boreal spring Pacific Meridional Mode (SPMM) can exert notable impacts on the occurrence of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event during the subsequent winter. Here, we reveal that the impact of the SPMM on the following winter ENSO is asymmetric. During positive SPMM (+SPMM) years, strong westerly wind anomalies are induced over the tropical western Pacific via wind‐evaporation‐SST (WES) feedback. These westerly wind anomalies lead to pronounced sea surface temperature warming in the tropical central and eastern Pacific, which further develop to an El Niño‐like pattern via positive atmosphere–ocean interaction. However, easterly wind anomalies over the tropical western Pacific during negative SPMM (−SPMM) years are much weaker. The weak easterly wind anomalies cannot lead to a clear La Niña‐like pattern in the following winter. We suggest that the asymmetric strength of the westerly and easterly wind anomalies over the tropical western Pacific is due to the asymmetric intensity of the WES feedback over the tropical north Pacific, with stronger intensity in the +SPMM years. The asymmetric trade wind charging process also partly contributes to the asymmetric SPMM–ENSO relation. Atmospheric general circulation model simulations confirm that the intensity of the +SPMM‐generated westerly wind anomalies over the tropical western Pacific is stronger than that of the easterly wind anomalies related to the −SPMM. The present study indicates that it is necessary to consider the phases of the SPMM when predicting winter ENSO events based on the preceding SPMM.
Inconsistencies in study eligibility criteria are common between non‐Cochrane systematic reviews and their protocols registered in PROSPERO
Authors: Hu Kaiyan , Zhao Li , Zhou Qi , Mei Fan , Gao Qianqian , Chen Fei , Jiang Mengyao , Zhao Bing , Zhang Weiyi , Kwong Joey S. W. , Ma Yuxia , Mou Chenghua , Ma Bin
Published: February 2021

The author should give careful consideration to the study eligibility criteria of systematic reviews (SRs) and follow it after review protocol development to reduce the possibility of manipulation of inclusion. Our aim was to investigate the prevalence of differences in study eligibility criteria between non‐Cochrane SRs and their pre‐registered protocols on PROSPERO, and determined what changes were involved as well as whether those changes were explained. We searched the protocols registered on PROSPERO platform in the year of 2018 and then selected these protocols which full‐text have been published up to June 9, 2020. A random sample (n = 100) was included. Published full‐texts were identified through the protocol's final publication citation. The following five key components of study eligibility criteria were compared: participants, intervention(s)/exposure(s), comparator(s), types of study design, and outcome(s). A total of 90% of included SRs exhibited differences in study eligibility criteria, and 59/90 altered in no less than two key components. Only one SR reported and explained the rationale for changes to the individual key component (the definition of exposure). The “Outcome(s)” exhibited the greatest variation, with changes in 61% of the SRs. The “Comparator(s)/control” exhibited the smallest variation, with changes in 20% of the SRs. Differences in study eligibility criteria between the non‐Cochrane SRs and their protocols registered on PROSPERO were widespread but were seldom explained. Authors themselves, PROSPERO platform, as well as peer‐review journals and their peer‐reviewers should play a role in further improving transparency.
Otolaryngology burden of disease and surgical case triage in resource‐limited settings: An example from Cameroon
Authors: Windon Melina J. , Faniriko Marco B. A. , Bogale Mesele , Acha Everistus , Koch Wayne
Published: February 2021

Objectives

Otolaryngology services worldwide faced an unprecedented demand for case triage during the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic. We propose and apply a novel case‐leveling schema in a resource‐limited setting. Describing the surgical burden of otolaryngologic disease in this setting may critically inform resource planning to address global surgical disparities.

Methods

This is a retrospective study of otolaryngology cases performed over a 28‐month period (1/2016‐4/2018) at a hospital in rural Cameroon. Case details were collated and categorized as a surrogate measure of otolaryngologic disease in resource‐limited settings. A case‐levelling schema based on temporal urgency and anticipated impact on health was proposed and applied.

Results

1277 cases took place during the study. The largest proportion of cases were head and neck (517, 40%), followed by pediatrics (316, 25%). A four‐tiered leveling system was generated: level 1 cases were immediately life‐saving; level 2 cases were expected to result in a significant return to functions of daily living, or would prevent future death from cancer; level 3 cases aimed to significantly improve quality of life; level 4 cases were purely elective. Upon application of the schema, most cases were deemed to be level 2 (661, 52%).

Conclusion

We use our experience in a resource‐limited setting to generate and apply a novel schema to be used for otolaryngology case triage in services facing unprecedented states of emergency such as the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic. This is the first study describing the surgical otolaryngologic disease burden in a resource‐limited setting, data which may be used for future resource allocation.

Level of Evidence

4.
On‐Chip Generation of Structured Light Based on Metasurface Optoelectronic Integration
Authors: Wang Qiu‐Hua , Ni Pei‐Nan , Xie Yi‐Yang , Kan Qiang , Chen Pei‐Pei , Fu Pan , Deng Jun , Jin Tai‐Lai , Chen Hong‐Da , Lee Ho Wai Howard , Xu Chen , Genevet Patrice
Published: February 2021

Metasurfaces offer complete control of optical wavefront at the subwavelength scale, advancing a new class of artificial planar optics, including lenses, waveplates, and holograms, with unprecedented merits over conventional optical components. In particular, the ultrathin, flat, and compact characteristics of metasurfaces facilitate their integration with semiconductor devices for the development of miniaturized and multifunctional optoelectronic systems. In this work, generation of structured light is implemented at an ultracompact wafer‐level through the monolithic integration of metasurface with standard vertical cavity surface‐emitting lasers (VCSELs). This work opens new perspectives for the design of structured light systems with compactness, lightweight, and scalability. Ultracompact beam structured laser chips with versatile functionalities are experimentally demonstrated, including multichannel beams array generation, on‐chip large‐angle beam steering up to 60°, and wafer‐level holographic beam shaping with a wide field of view (about 124°). The results will promote the development of compact light structuring systems with great potential in 3D imaging, displays, robotic vision, human–computer interaction, and augmented/virtual reality.
Seeds‐Assisted Space‐Confined Growth of All‐Inorganic Perovskite Arrays for Ultralow‐Threshold Single‐Mode Lasing
Authors: Lan Shangui , Peng Yunyi , Shen Hongzhi , Wang Shuai , Ren Junwen , Zheng Zhiping , Liu Weiwei , Li Dehui
Published: February 2021

All‐inorganic lead halide perovskites have gained wide attention as a class of promising material for both fundamental investigations and optoelectronic applications due to their excellent optical properties. They simultaneously possess relatively high refractive index and high exciton binding energy exceeding 100 meV, making them possess high emission efficiency at room temperature and thus promise a coherent light source. High‐quality all‐inorganic lead halide perovskite microcrystal arrays exhibiting ultralow‐threshold single‐mode lasing would find promising applications in the on‐chip integration of photonic and electronic circuits. However, currently it is still challenging to synthesize high‐quality all‐inorganic perovskite arrays. Here, the seeds‐assisted space‐confined growth of all‐inorganic perovskite arrays is reported for ultralow‐threshold single‐mode lasing. The naturally vapor‐phase‐grown submicron plates possess high crystal quality, exhibiting an ultralow lasing threshold of ≈0.22 µJ cm–2 among reported perovskite‐based lasing. Benefiting from the space‐confined effect, the as‐grown samples have small lateral size (submicron) leading to the single whispering‐gallery mode (WGM) lasing. Importantly, the method can successfully synthesize high‐quality CsPbI3 submicron plate arrays and demonstrate single‐mode lasing in those submicron plate arrays. The study provides a convenient and effective route to controllably grow all‐inorganic submicron plate arrays for ultralow‐threshold single‐WGM lasing.
Unraveling the Energy Landscape and Energy Funneling Modulated by Hole Transport Layer for Highly Efficient Perovskite LEDs
Authors: Li Ting , Xiang Ting , Wang Miaosheng , Zhang Wei , Shi Jishan , Shao Ming , Xu Tianfei , Ahmadi Mahshid , Wu Xiaoyan , Gao Zhao , Xu Long , Chen Ping
Published: February 2021

Previous reports have demonstrated significant effects of hole transport layer (HTL) on the morphology of quasi‐2 dimensional (2D) perovskites, hole injection, and interfacial defect density. However, the effects of HTL on energy landscape and energy funneling of quasi‐2D perovskites have not been revealed so far. Herein, the PEA2Csn−1PbnBr3n+1 perovskite films are fabricated on four types of HTLs including poly(9‐vinylcarbazole):poly(ethylene oxide) (PVK:PEO), PVK, poly(3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), and nickel oxide (NiOx). The steady‐state and transient absorption spectroscopies reveal that the energy landscape and energy funneling of quasi‐2D perovskites vary significantly on different HTLs. All domains with n = 1, 2, 3, and higher order (n ≥ 4) are formed with desired population ratios on the PVK:PEO HTL, leading to the most efficient energy funneling. Furthermore, the interfacial passivation effect of PEO on the energy funneling process is studied. The light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) based on PEA2Csn−1PbnBr3n+1 and PVK:PEO (with an optimized ratio of 5.3:0.7 w/w) HTL result in a maximum luminescence of ≈23 110 cd m–2 and maximum external quantum efficiency of ≈11.5%, respectively. This is the best performance reported so far using pure PEA2Csn−1PbnBr3n+1 without perovskite composition modifications. This study provides new insights into the HTL for the development of highly efficient quasi‐2D perovskite LEDs.
Transmutation operators and a new representation for solutions of perturbed Bessel equations
Authors: Kravchenko Vladislav V. , Torba Sergii M.
Published: February 2021

New representations for an integral kernel of the transmutation operator and for a regular solution of the perturbed Bessel equation of the form
are obtained. The integral kernel is represented as a Fourier‐Jacobi series. The solution is represented as a Neumann series of Bessel functions uniformly convergent with respect to ω. For the coefficients of the series convenient for numerical computation recurrent integration formulas are obtained. The new representation improves the ones previously obtained by the authors for large values of ω and ℓ and for noninteger values of ℓ. The results are based on application of several ideas from the classical transmutation (transformation) operator theory, asymptotic formulas for the solution, results connecting the decay rate of the Fourier transform with the smoothness of a function, the Paley‐Wiener theorem, and some results from constructive approximation theory. We show that the analytical representation obtained among other possible applications offers a simple and efficient numerical method able to compute large sets of eigendata with a nondeteriorating accuracy.
A fractional Temimi‐Ansari method (FTAM) with convergence analysis for solving physical equations
Authors: Arafa Anas A. M. , El‐Sayed Ahmed M. A. , SH. Hagag Ahmed M.
Published: February 2021

The aim of this paper is to describe the new fractional Temimi‐Ansari method (FTAM) for the KdV‐Burgers equation and the Benjamin‐Bona‐Mahoney‐Burger equation (BBMB) with time fractional order. Convergence of the presented method has been successfully achieved. This method does not need any assumptions for nonlinear terms. FTAM with time fractional order is demonstrated to be a very simple and effective approach to solving nonlinear fractional problems. The accuracy and efficiency of FTAM has been demonstrated by studying the convergence of this technique.
Pro und Contra ‐ Pro Wasserstoffauto
Authors: Kreysa Gerhard
Published: February 2021

Die Breite aller Mobilitätsbedürfnisse kann von der Elektromobilität nur durch ein sinnvolles Zusammenspiel von Batterie und Brennstoffzelle abdecken.
„Das gesamte Institut stand unter Quarantäne“
Authors: Tratter Anna
Published: February 2021

Vom Anfänger bis zur Masterstudentin: Wie Studieren in der Coronapandemie funktioniert und wie es den Studierenden damit geht.
GDCh‐VAA‐Einkommensumfrage
Authors: Pereira Jaé Angela
Published: February 2021

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Wood Removals from Lakes May Not Necessarily Elicit Fish Population Responses
Authors: Smokorowski Karen E. , Pearce Jennie L. , Geiling William D. , Pratt Thomas C.
Published: February 2021

Coarse woody habitat (CWH) in aquatic ecosystems provides structural complexity and a surface for food production for fish. Depending on abundance and complexity of CWH, it is usually associated with influencing predator–prey dynamics, fostering greater localized fish abundance, increasing fish growth, and contributing to fish production, but some conflicting evidence exists about its importance as fish habitat. Our experiment was designed to test for direct linkages between whole-lake CWH availability and fish community abundance, biomass, and production. We removed ~50% of CWH from three lakes while concurrently sampling them and two other unaffected lakes as controls in a before-after–control-impact (BACI) design. Due to the loss of quality foraging habitat, structure, and cover for small fish, we hypothesized that the CWH removal would cause a measurable decline in fish abundance, biomass, and/or production. Despite CWH being a preferred habitat type for fish, our hypothesis was not supported because observed changes in measured fish community metrics could not be attributed to the CWH removal. The inability to directly link the wood removal to changes in the fish metrics we examined may have been due to a number of factors including the composition of the fish community, the high availability of alternate habitat structure (rocks, macrophytes), large quantities of wood remaining in the lakes, the relative lack of littoral habitat use by piscivores, or low statistical power (small sample size, high variance). However, we still urge resource managers to be cautious when considering authorizing removal of CWH from lakes because it does provide temporally stable year-round structure and high-quality foraging habitat with unique microbial, fungal, and invertebrate communities. Coarse woody habitat was a preferred habitat for fish and may have a greater relative importance in lakes with minimal alternative cover for fishes or in lakes containing different fish assemblages.
Indexing Reservoir Channel Catfish Population Density and Size Structure with Tandem, Baited Hoop Nets
Authors: Tyszko Stephen M. , Pritt Jeremy J. , Conroy Joseph D.
Published: February 2021

Fisheries managers efficiently sample reservoir Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus populations with tandem, baited hoop nets. However, catchability (the fraction of a fish stock caught with a defined unit of effort) of Channel Catfish with this gear and the size selectivity of this gear are not fully known. Furthermore, scientists have not identified a standard sampling period that maximizes catches while minimizing variation in catchability. Here, we estimated Channel Catfish population density (number/ha) and catchability with tandem, baited hoop nets using mark–recapture methods in three Ohio reservoirs during May–July 2016–2018. We tested for differences in catchability (1) among reservoirs; (2) among 50-mm length categories; and (3) by week. We then tested CPUE as an index of density by simulating the sampling of populations with different densities based on observed variation in catchability and estimating the statistical power to detect density differences. We found that total catchability differed among study reservoirs, among length categories, and among sampling events but did not consistently change during the May–July sampling period. Catchability of 50-mm length categories did not differ among reservoirs. The greatest catchability was observed for 400–649-mm Channel Catfish. Our power analysis showed that we could detect a large (>2:1 effect sizes) difference in density with 80% power by using 20 or more sample sites. Furthermore, our length-category-specific catchability estimates provide information to reduce bias in size structure, growth, and mortality estimates derived from Channel Catfish samples collected with tandem, baited hoop nets. We encourage further development, validation, and application of tandem, baited hoop nets to better understand differences in reservoir Channel Catfish densities and size structures.
A two‐tier urban delivery network with robot‐based deliveries
Authors: Bakach Iurii , Campbell Ann Melissa , Ehmke Jan Fabian
Published: February 2021

In this article, we investigate a two‐tier delivery network with robots operating on the second tier. We determine the optimal number of local robot hubs as well as the optimal number of robots to service all customers and compare the resulting operational cost to conventional truck‐based deliveries. Based on the well‐known p‐median problem, we present mixed‐integer programs that consider the limited range of robots due to battery size. Compared with conventional truck‐based deliveries, robot‐based deliveries can save about 70% of operational cost and even more, up to 90%, for instances with customer time windows.
Topology optimization employing a condensation method for nonlinear structural frames with supplemental mass
Authors: Changizi Navid , Warn Gordon P.
Published: February 2021

A topology optimization schema employing a condensation method for nonlinear frame structures with supplemental mass subjected to time‐varying excitation is presented. In the context of the design of structural frames, in certain applications, the supplemental mass can be order(s) of magnitude larger than the mass of the system itself. Thus, condensing the system of governing equations to only those associated with the supplemental mass, reduces the complexity and computational cost of the dynamic analysis and thus the optimization process. In addition to considering material nonlinearity, distributed plasticity, and multiaxial interactions, the hysteretic beam finite element (FE) model employed in this study has constant elastic stiffness and hysteretic matrices facilitating a Guyan‐type condensation of the nonlinear dynamic equations. Furthermore, the nonlinear dynamic equations and element evolution equations of hysteretic FE modeling are concisely presented as a system of first‐order nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) that can be solved using general ODE solvers. The schema is demonstrated on various design problems considering different arrangements of supplemental mass, where the objective is to minimize the volume of the structure subject to maximum displacement constraint using a single p‐norm.
Does oil price spur public expenditures in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and United Arab Emirates?
Authors: Faheem Muhammad , Azali Mohamed , Chin Lee , Mazlan Nur Syazwani
Published: February 2021

This paper determines the dynamic linkage of oil price and public expenditures in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and United Arab Emirates from 1991 to 2017. For this purpose, the study uses symmetric and asymmetric ARDL and Granger causality procedures. The results confirm the existence of asymmetric behaviour of oil price, which is a key factor that fiscal authorities used for the decision about public expenditures. Furthermore, the result reveals that the evidence of the Keynesian hypothesis is observed in United Arab Emirates. While Kuwait fits both theories at a time and also confirms Wagner's law only in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, the results support the spend‐and‐revenue hypothesis in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait while fiscal neutrality in United Arab Emirates. On the basis of conclusion, the study recommends that the government should re‐invest the surplus from oil receipt into other sectors of the economy on a priority basis that will reduce the negative effects of a decline in oil price.
Prenatal diagnosis of diencephalic‐mesencephalic junction dysplasia: Fetal magnetic resonance imaging phenotypes, genetic diagnoses, and outcomes
Authors: Lawrence Anne K. , Whitehead Matthew T. , Kruszka Paul , Sanapo Laura , Yano Sho , Tanpaiboon Pranoot , Muenke Maximilian , Fraser Jamie L. , du Plessis Adre J.
Published: February 2021

Objective

Report a single‐center 12‐year experience in the fetal diagnosis of diencephalic‐mesencephalic junction dysplasia (DMJD) to expand the phenotype with Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐based classification, evaluate genetic etiologies, and ascertain outcomes.

Methods

Retrospective medical record and imaging review of all fetal MRI exams with DMJD were performed at our institution.

Results

Thirty‐three pregnancies with fetal MRI findings of DMJD at 24 (18–37) weeks gestational age were studied; 70% were referred for fetal hydrocephalus. Three fetal MRI patterns were recognized. Type A (butterfly/hypothalamus‐midbrain union) was seen in two cases (6%), Type B (partial thalamus‐midbrain union) in 22 fetuses (70%), and Type C (complete/near complete midbrain‐thalamic continuity) in nine fetuses (24%). L1CAM mutations were identified in four cases, and biallelic VRK1 variants in another. Among 14 live‐born cases, 11 survived infancy, and 10 underwent postnatal brain MRI which confirmed the fetal MRI diagnosis in all but one case. Development was delayed in all surviving infants, most with additional neurological sequelae.

Conclusions

DMJD may be identified by prenatal MRI as early as 18 weeks gestation. We propose three distinct phenotypic forms of DMJD, Types A–C. Next‐generation sequencing provides an underlying molecular diagnosis in some patients, but further studies on associated genetic diagnoses and clinical outcomes are indicated.
Electrical conductivity under shear flow of molten polyethylene filled with carbon nanotubes: Experimental and modeling
Authors: Collet Anatole , Serghei Anatoli , Lhost Olivier , Trolez Yves , Cassagnau Philippe , Fulchiron René
Published: February 2021

This work aims to describe the conductivity evolution of polymer composites (polyethylene filled with carbon nanotubes) during a shearing deformation. Rheo‐electric measurements were carried out to observe the shear‐induced fillers network modification. Extended steady shear forces the conductivity to evolve asymptotically to a steady level attesting to an equilibrium between structuring and break up mechanisms in the melted polymer. Numerous experiments were conducted to cover a wide range of shear rate from 0.05 to 10 s−1 and for carbon nanotubes concentrations between 1.3 and 2.9 vol%. A model is proposed to predict the conductivity evolution under shear deformation using a simple kinetic equation inserted in a percolation law. Structuring parameter was found to be solely dependent on the temperature whereas shear induced modification terms were found to be mostly driven by the shear rate and the fillers content.
Electronic and adsorption properties of the zigzag‐edged triangle graphene nanosheets
Authors: Ding Jijun , Jin Yanxin , Chen Haixia
Published: February 2021

The electronic and adsorption properties of the zigzag‐edged triangle graphene nanosheets with different size are investigated, including the calculation of the adsorption energy, sensitivity and recovery time after adsorbing CO2, NO2, CH4 and CO. The results show that the quantum size effect is satisfied in the triangle graphene nanosheets, and its conductivity type can be changed from p to n. In addition, the triangle graphene nanosheets with n = 5 has the highest sensitivity to NO2 (374.79%), which is more than 300 times as compared to the lowest one. The recovery time of triangle graphene nanosheets with n = 4 is the shortest, and its sensitivity and recovery time are the best at 144 K. These results reveal that the zigzag‐edged triangular graphene nanosheets can serve as the fundamental structural unit for the design of high sensitivity gas sensors.