bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Domestic Applications of Comparative Marketing Analysis
Authors: Lamb Charles W.
Published: September 2004

Considers various approaches to the study of comparative marketing, suggesting methodology that provides an adequate framework on which to base comparative domestic marketing studies. States the first objective here is to explore various definitions of the term ‘comparative marketing’ to place the area of study in its rightful place; second, is to suggest a methodology provide an adequate framework on which to base domestic comparative marketing studies. Proposes that if improvement in the state of knowledge is to take place, commonality of terminology and methodology must first be established. Concludes that information provided gives the background necessary to achieve desirable objectives.
Communication Problems in the Marketing of Synthetic Meats
Authors: McCarney L.J.
Published: September 2004

Focuses attention on basic problems of marketing communications regarding housewives' changing attitudes to synthetic meats and other food‐based innovations. Posits that much development is being done in Europe, the USA and other areas of the world, to try to produce high‐protein synthetic foods, usually forms of meat substitutes, by such as BP, Courtaulds, General Mills, ICI, etc., although the UK has made only small inroads in this sphere. Investigates, using tables for emphasis, influences, innovations and approaches to synthetic meat and housewives' views on these. Concludes, in spite of initial resistance, new developments will mean products will very soon resemble best meat in texture and further developments in the flavour and colour to the protein will make it difficult to distinguish real from imitation.
Comparative Profiles of Foreign Customers and Intermediaries
Authors: Abdel‐Malek Talaat
Published: September 2004

Reports on a study of attitudes of exporting managements in different national and regional settings, regarding business exchanges. Compares also existing non‐exporting managements. First, ascertains to what extent and in what respects managers differentiate between various peoples and, second identifying differences among managers in this regard, to find out how these differences are associated with their firms' export involvement. Uses five national and regional settings as follows: US, Canadian, West European, Latin American and Asian and African. Data was analysed from a questionnaire, presented to chief executives, of a judgement sample of 175 firms in Canada, of these 158 questionnaire responses were obtained – four of these were unusable, ergo 88% were used. Sums up that management is, or should be, concerned with differences among customers rather than intermediaries.
Advertising in a Developing Economy; Opportunity and Responsibility
Authors: Harper Malcolm
Published: September 2004

Suggests that advertising has a greater influence on spending habits and life style in lesser‐developed areas than in wealthier ones – this potential imposes certain responsibilities on marketers as well as offering opportunities for balanced economic and social development of the countries concerned. Stresses that production has always been considered more respectable than distribution, and the role of the ‘middlemen’ has drawn more suspicion. States that neglecting positive potential of marketing has prevented any analysis of the possible dysfunctional effects of commercial marketing – attempts to suggest the extent of the power that lies with marketers in less‐developed countries. Concludes that if marketing techniques are viewed as valuable tools to be used in accelerating the development process, economic activity will be stimulated rather than stifled, and the increase in national income will help to contribute to a better future for all.
Consumerism and Distribution; A Management View
Authors: Beukenkamp Pieter
Published: September 2004

Questions what is really important in the consumer‐distributor relationship, suggesting what can be done by distributors and consumer organisations in order to develop consumerism. Presents marketing and consumerism in distributive areas as being of great importance. States that integrating consumerism into the marketing concept means nothing more than realising another mix, another output, with the existing specific classes of marketing instruments. Concludes it is up to consumerists and distributors to indicate clearly where marketing objectives of firms and consumers coincide, partially coincide, or clash.
Fish Marketing in Britain: Structural Change and System Performance
Authors: Rosson Philip J.
Published: September 2004

Stresses that, if the traditional UK wet fish organisations are to survive competition, then a changed approach to fish marketing is required. Attempts to trace recent developments in the marketing system for fish, following on from Taylor's work in the late 1950s. Concerns itself with the system's attempt to bridge the spatial and temporal separations within marketing. Uses tables and figures to show channels of distribution and consumption in the UK and trends from 1948 to 1971. Sums up that changing consumption patterns present a ‘turbulent’ field for the fish marketing system to attempt to adapt to.
Marketing Planning in a Social Enterprise A Conceptual Approach
Authors: Dholakia Nikhilesh , Dholakia Ruby R.
Published: September 2004

Compares the marketing functions of social enterprises with that of private enterprise, and discusses the management problems involved in the selection and implementation of a social enterprise strategy. Purports that the marketing function in a social enterprise, as in other types of enterprise, is concerned with decisions relating to the level, composition, and distribution of the output. Recognises that marketing mix decisions – e.g. product, price, place, and promotional decision – provide one specific way of determining the output enterprise. Concludes that the marketing planning problem, in a social enterprise, is a complex one, and success depends on the twin elements of operating flexibility and consumer participation.
The role of customer service in industrial marketing
Authors: Cunnigham M.T. , Roberts D.A.
Published: September 2004

Examines the role of service in influencing buying behaviour, basing its results on research carried out into the marketing of industrial raw materials. Defines Service and sets this within a conceptual theoretical framework. Attempts to identify what industrial buyers perceive as service, and measures the performance, of suppliers against key facts of service. Discusses the developing realistic marketing strategies for suppliers.
Price and product quality assessment
Authors: Masen R.S.
Published: September 2004

Identifies the relationship between price and the consumer's evaluation of product quality with regard to developing a pricing strategy. Assesses the effects of price changes, and investigates the influence of advertising on perceived product quality.
Sales analysis: a visual approach
Authors: Eardley‐Simpson J.
Published: September 2004

Develops a model of a sales analysis system, aiming to enable marketing mangers to assess information which could be available and of use to them. Reviews the relative importance of past sales information with regard to marketing decision making. Attempts to put sales data and the cost and effectiveness of disaggregation into perspective.
Marketing financial services: a review note
Authors: Davies D.G.
Published: September 2004

Looks at the dilemma of practitioners and writers in service marketing‐can an intangible service be marketed using the physical product marketer's techniques of research, pricing, etc. Aims to draw together the fragments of financial services marketing literature within the framework of a single source, hopefully creating a springboard for further research and long‐term marketing planning.
International marketing strategy decisions and the growth rate of major American firms
Authors: Coskun Sanli A.
Published: September 2004

Explores, within the framework of international research, product, distribution and price. Investigates the behaviour of large US firms with a view to identifying and difference in growth rates to their counterparts. Examines the relationship between fast growth of the corporate entity as a whole and its international marketing orientation.
Competitive marketing patterns in Canadian markets: 1958‐1967
Authors: Aylmer Richard J.
Published: September 2004

Reports the highlights of a study designed to describe certain relationships between sales trends and advertising and price patterns for nine Canadian grocery markets from 1958 to 1967. Uses the results of the study to illustrate several characteristics of modern competition and marketing, their implications for current thinking about the examine role of advertising and the applicability of the product life cycle in this context.
The marketing of services: an approach
Authors: Blois K.J.
Published: September 2004

Investigates the marketing of services, defining the term and describing previous work carried out in this area. Shows how theories of buyer behaviour can help in formulating marketing strategies by the use of examples. Suggest‐that by approaching the marketing of services through the available general theories the time and cost of developing effective techniques may be reduced.
The facet design approach to the construction of multivariate marketing models
Authors: Hornik Jacob
Published: September 2004

Introduces the concept of facet meta theory for the development of marketing theories proposes that this technique is effective in that it leads to systematic formulation of hypotheses, the definition an design of multivariate marketing studies and the analysis of data. Applies the facet approach to the marketing problem, where it is a relatively new concept, and suggests that it is a valuable model to use.
Clues to the design of a marketing mix
Authors: Kiser G.E. , Rao S.R.G. , RAO C.P.
Published: September 2004

Looks at two aspects of the industrial purchasing process: constructing a definitive any variations in their relative importance by purchasing and non‐purchasing executives when making buying decisions. Proposes that marketing manager need to know what factor influence buying behaviour in order to be able to design better a marketing mix for their organization. Suggests that marketing, managers may also benefit from an analysis of vendor attributes.
Current status of marketing theory; a European, American comparison
Authors: Ryans John K , Van't Spyker Willem
Published: September 2004

Compares the views of European and US marketing lenders on a select group of marketing theory attitudinal statements. Gives attention to the approach taken to teaching marketing at undergraduate and graduate levels. Concludes that European and US respondents reacted overall similarly.
Segmenting domestic and foreign car buyers
Authors: Doyle Peter , Weinberg Charles B.
Published: September 2004

Looks at the problem of segmentation in terms of the British car market. Identifies the distinctive needs. Media and characteristics of both British car buyers and buyers of imported makes. Gives a valid method for testing the existence of distinguishable market segments. Presents the implications of segmentation for marketing strategy.
The individuals information acquisition: test of a model
Authors: Sepstrup Preben
Published: September 2004

Describes the theory on information acquisition by the individual in relation to buying goods. Gives the results of six investigations carried out in Denmark into the operation of variable and testing of basic hypotheses in the theory of information acquisition by individuals. Reveals the difficulties of practical application of the present model.
Aspects of the application of behavioural sciences to marketing
Authors: Foxall Gardan R.
Published: September 2004

Looks at the problems and advantages of the application of sociological and social psychological concepts to marketing science. Deals with the problem of selecting relevent concepts from the behavioural sciences, and discusses the explicative power of some of these concepts. Suggests guidelines for the selection of behavioural science ideas, which are both practically and educationally appropriate.
Interregional marketing and alternative reform strategies in Ecuador
Authors: Bramley R.J.
Published: September 2004

Provides evidence, from a study on interregional marketing of selected food products carried out in Ecuador, of four problem areas for organisations concerned with marketing policy in less developed countries. Presents the four problems as: the differences between the marketing characteristics of different products; the variability of marketing drains, the relationships between scales of production and consumption and the structure of marketing chains, and the relationships between different types of marketing reform
The marketing function in its organisational context
Authors: Tookey Douglas
Published: September 2004

Looks at the effectiveness of marketing development in the organization. Relates the development of marketing in firms UK firms in a single industry to effectiveness in the areas of product development and customer relationships.
Hunting down the marketing management gap: in a developing economy
Authors: Chong Sin‐Jee
Published: September 2004

Contrasts the marketing practices of local and foreign firms in Malaysia. Finds that local firms show lower profitability and a visible management gap, while foreign firms, using advanced management skills, were able to seize new market opportunities. Progress that local firms would do well to examine the marketing practices of their foreign counterparts.
The personality‐culture relationship and its effects on interpersonal transactions
Authors: Greer Thomas , Pride William
Published: September 2004

Attempts to establish personality as an open system operating in and depending on an environment of cultural inputs. Reveals several factors which create difference among personalities along with their implications for modal personality. Discusses the effects of the personality‐cultural relationship on interpersonal transactions, focusing on the effect of culture on the individual.
Education, culture and market research
Authors: Campbell Ian , Hayhurst Roy
Published: September 2004

Investigates why the relationship between the income and occupation of a respondent (or their spouse) and consumption behaviour is not always satisfactory. Suggests that the addition of the information on a respondent's education to this factor is particularly rewarding. Uses research conducted previously by others and three surveys carried out under the supervision of the authors to illustrate this point.
A bargain theory of pricing: generalization
Authors: Bav‐Yosef Sasson
Published: September 2004

Describes the Moyer model of price bargaining process with some extensions. Provides evidence supporting the model and findings based on research into part of the UK textile manufacturing and distributive industries. Suggests that the Moyer model provides support to the theory that the channel relationships affect the bargaining interval and buying price.
The role of the comparative analysis approach in social marketing
Authors: Buxton Graham
Published: September 2004

Defines the term “comparative marketing” as a type of analysis which describes and interprets the differences and similarities between varying marketing practices and systems in two or more different countries or societies. Looks at the growth of international marketing and then goes on to examine various models of marketing. Provides a framework for comparative analysis, suggesting that effective comparative marketing analysis extends our knowledge of the interaction between social and business values and this helps to provide a more relevant marketing concept.
The three wheels of retailing: a theoretical note
Authors: Izraeli Dov
Published: September 2004

Sets forward an extension of McNair's “wheel of retailing” theory, with three instead of one, wheels. Looks at the forces of competition between the low‐end innovators, high‐end innovators and conventional stores which represent the wheels. Suggests that these forces result in mutual influence and modification, until the innovators become part of the establishment.
An analysis of the status of marketing in Egypt
Authors: Saddik Saddik
Published: September 2004

Assesses the present stage of marketing development in Egypt. Identities the basic factors responsible for the development or underdevelopment of marketing. Concludes that economic growth is directly related to marketing development which grows to fulfil the need of its economy. Reveals that in Egypt marketing is underdeveloped, which is a reflection of the economic and social setting.
Nonmetric multidimensional scaling: a user's guide
Authors: Doyle Peter
Published: September 2004

Outlines the technique of nonmetric multidimensional scaling, revealing its uses and limitations in the field of market research. Presents various study results of consumer perceptions of convenience foods and of weekly newspapers in order to illustrate this. Suggests that nonmetric multidimensional scaling will be of future use in market research.
Marketing of protein‐rich foods in developing countries
Authors: Wickström Bo
Published: September 2004

Examines the possibilities of marketing formulated commercially distributed foods for combatling malnutrition in low‐income developing countries. Looks at the general character of consumer demand and distribution of purchasing power, while also investigating income as a determinant of nutritional status. Suggests that in developing countries there is a need for low‐cost nutritious foods being stressed by marketing departments in order to tempt the consumer.
Power and influence structures in distribution channels
Authors: Wilkinson Ian F.
Published: September 2004

Examines a number of features of the power and influence structures of distribution channels. Discusses a number of dimensions of the distribution of power and influence in channel systems. Looks at the relationship between the power and influence structure of a channel and channel functioning. Considers the need for a channel leader or centre of influence. Suggests that “how” a leadership is exercised and not by “whom” is more crucial, a better alternative being a “democratic” leadership.
Restrictive marketing practices in the EEC
Authors: Fillop Christina
Published: September 2004

Examines the effect on the marketing policies of retailers and manufacturers and the protection of consumers of the laws of unfair competition which exist in most member states of the Common Market. Look at the restrictions and prohibitions on marketing practices included in the laws of unfair competition. Questions whether measures designed to protect traders from so‐called unfair competition actually do so. Suggests that the law of unfair competition undertaken by the SSC fails to examine its premisses and philosophy.
Environmental factors and marketing practices
Authors: Douglas Susan P. , Wind Yoram
Published: September 2004

Looks at the marketing strategies of companies in different countries. Suggests that there is no direct relationship between environmental‐factors and marketing practices. Reveals that countries with similar levels of development or cultural patterns did not tend to have similar practices, suggesting that the assumption of a typical pattern of marketing practice is questionable.
Some applications of operational research in advertising
Authors: Higgins J.C.
Published: September 2004

Examines the use of media scheduling in the field of advertising. Looks at newspaper publishers, in particular, investigating forecasting of advertisement space and revenue; the pricing problem of advertisement rates; and some specific applications of operational research in planning for a newspaper colour supplement. Stresses the use of relatively simple models in this area.
Trading Stamps and retail prices
Authors: Pickering J. F.
Published: September 2004

Considers the main arguments on the question of the effect of the adoption of trading stamps on retail prices. Reveals from the studies that under normal conditions trading stamps are an effective and worthwhile form of promotion to the retailer and the consumer.
The determinants of choice of supplier: a study of purchase behaviour for capital goods
Authors: Cunningham M.T. , White J.G.
Published: September 2004

Examines the field of capital goods purchases, dealing specifically with four types of standard machine tools sold into the UK market. Identifies key factors in the supplied quotation judged by the buyer to be instrumental in discriminating between successful and unsuccessful quotations. Reveals that these were taken from survey date collected by personal interview in 51 companies. Suggests that this will aid machine tool suppliers in securing orders from customers as well as providing a predictor of their prospects in any competitive bidding situation.
Modelling and marketing: two important concepts and the connection between them
Authors: Leeflang P.S.H. , Koerts J.
Published: September 2004

Gives a general definition of the concept of marketing with the end of Tunbergen's division of the elements which form an economy. Provides an additional definition – “marketing in a limited sense”. Determines to what degree marketing in a limited sence has been developed. Considers some classification models developed during the last 15 years.
Brand loyalty and the television rental market
Authors: Livesey Frank
Published: September 2004

Examines the concept of brand loyalty with relation to the television rental market. Investigates underlying determinants of consumer behaviour in order to ascertain the market better. Concludes that determinants of brand loyalty can be an important factor in relation to facing competition for marketers in service marketing.
Some factors influencing the size of the buyer's evoked set
Authors: Gronhaug Kjell
Published: September 2004

Defines an “evoked set” as those brands which become alternatives to those goods chosen by a buyer in a buying situation. Examines why the buyer chooses only to evaluate a limited number of possible choice alternatives, and investigates the number of alternatives which enter into the buyer's considerations. Tries to locate factors influencing the number of alternatives evaluated. Suggests that the size of the “evoked set” is largely determined by the buyer's experience of the buying situation and insight.
A note on Jaguar’s pricing policy
Authors: Hamsin R. , Wilkes F.M.
Published: September 2004

Looks at the pricing policy of the Jaguar XJ12 which is primarily cost based. Demonstrates the importance of having an organizational structure capable of supplying relevant information for market based pricing methods. Identifies factors which play an important part in the pricing strategy for Jaguar. Analyses the market‐based policy and cost‐based policy, stating that a market‐based policy and cost‐based policy, stating that a market‐based policy is more appropriate in that it provides: greater profits; satisfied customers; and a reduction in the factors leading to the black market.
Market segmentation by factor analysis
Authors: Doyle P.M.
Published: September 2004

Examines potential for factor analysis in indicating desirable marketing strategies within the non‐alcoholic beverages market, indicates how to identify consumer choice criteria and advertising indicators. Outlines the fundamentals of factor analysis illustrating its usefulness in market segmentation studies through an examination of the market for non‐alcoholic beverages. Concludes that market segmentation by spatial models deserves its increased attention in the literature and that factor analysis should be recognised as a valid contribution to market segmentation.
The market development of new industrial products
Authors: Briscoe G. , Cannon T. , Lewis A.L.
Published: September 2004

Explores the problems of marketing a new material to raise main demand in traditionally stable markets, and examines nine companies in depth in the steel, aluminium and plastics industries. Concerns itself with this critical functional area of the initial market development of new industrial products. Uses only two companies, one in the aluminium and the other in the steel industries, in the study. Concludes that the strong influence of financial considerations in several aspects of market development seem likely to mean only low funds will be needed compared with research and capital investment costs.
International market segmentation
Authors: Wind Yoram , Douglas Susan P.
Published: September 2004

Proposes that the concept of this study regarding market segmentation is at least as applicable to international marketing as to domestic marketing. States the three‐fold purpose is: highlight the nature and importance of international segmentation; to suggest an operational approach; and to review briefly some of the possible bases for segmenting international markets. Concludes that research should be direct not only towards identifying the relevant country and customer characteristics but also towards evaluating cost and benefits anticipated from segmenting on a given base.
Market analysis utilising cultural anthropological indicators
Authors: Cooke Peter
Published: September 2004

Suggests that cultural anthropological analysis affords a neglected tool for new product design and product improvement and this helps to minimise complexity and improve market effectiveness. States there are three objectives herein: examines the type of market where economic data alone may not be enough to make a proper market evaluation; evaluates the sort of factors which might be germane to choosing alternative markets for the current product and skills available; and suggests how such a qualitative analysis may be quantified in terms of cost variances to complete the necessary analysis. Conclusions are that only a when a wider range of data is available can a comprehensive new market strategy be finalised.
An approach to the evaluation of short post‐experience courses in marketing
Authors: Cowell Donald
Published: September 2004

Reports on a detailed evaluation of four one‐week marketing short courses for executives and focuses on before, during, and after assessments of the learning process and suggests that a wider use of such evaluative systems is long overdue. Posits that evaluative feedback after a course is completed can also be used to modify the next example, the study of marketing is now moving on from its early introductions. Aimed to discover whether marketing executives had applied any knowledge gained.
Marketing strategy in socialist industrial enterprises
Authors: Hoványi Gábor
Published: September 2004

Based on a number of samples taken in the Hungarian central organs of economic management. Describes interactions between national planning and market forces. Documents how Hungarian enterprises are interested in their annual profits and states that the three main features are, that efficiency: depends on economic productivity success; is characterised by the technical degree of productivity; can be expressed by the degree of long‐range competitiveness. Finalises that the results can be analysed from the enterprise's market strategy and these should be seen at the level of the enterprise and the national economy.
Main shopping catchments of the West Yorkshire conurbation
Authors: Richardson C. , Burkitt B.
Published: September 2004

Reports on the findings of a study to delineate trading catchment areas in the West Yorkshire conurbation of England. Delineates the associated areas of shopping influence of the seven major urban centres of the area and attempts to measure the degree of dependence of the constituent local government areas on these centres. Analyses frequency of journeys and means of travel to shop, also examines the social and economic class structure of the catchments. Concludes that this study provides a measure of each centre's shopping pull and an indication of the urban hierarchy of the area addressed.
The time sequence of events B a basis for market segmentation
Authors: Weinberg C.B.
Published: September 2004

Explores market segmentation strategies using direct mail garnering information on the baby care and motor car markets. Shows that the time sequence of certain events can be accurately predicted and that by the use of readily available records, the starting time for these sequences can be ascertained for individual consumers by name. Sums up that an approach to market segmentation has been presented based on the sequence over time of certain events.
International marketing presentations: some options
Authors: Hovell P.J. , Walters P.G.P.
Published: September 2004

Explores advantages and disadvantages arising from standardised approaches to international marketing. Questions what the essential nature of international marketing is, stating that its most obvious characteristic is that it allows for the exchange of goods and services between producer and user across international boundaries. Proposes that data should be collated across the marketing mix to ensure that an objective analysis is made. Hints that there may be some justification for applying the type of ‘localised’ strategy described to a few highly specialised markets.
The marketing of placement services
Authors: Fulop Christine
Published: September 2004

Explores the application of segmentation in this market and compares state with private provisions in the UK, states the state service cannot hope to match private provision. Accepts there is general acceptance that the concepts of marketing are as applicable to industrial as to consumer products. Reveals that the labour market suffers from lack of knowledge about vacancies, job opportunities and prospects, and about the differences in wages and salaries offered by employers. Proposes that in monetary terms, if people can be placed in work just one day earlier than at present this would save £21/2 million annually in unemployment benefits and raise national output by £10 million. Concludes that if sufficient finance could be provided by charging employers for the services of the state employment exchanges, then the introduction of necessary marketing techniques could take place much sooner.
The marketing of flowers in the United Kingdom
Authors: Hunt Alan
Published: September 2004

Identifies a small market (flowers) in comparison with western Europe – one with growth potential and examines the particular problems of this commodity. Gives a realistic assessment of the possibilities for expansion. Highlights that flowers are costly to produce, fragile to handle, have a life of no more than a few days in most cases and are used mainly as expressions of sentiment and ornament rather than for more utilitarian purposes. Summarises that flowers have a special place in consumers' appreciation, but one that could easily be lost by the use of clumsy or over‐reaching tactics.
Factors affecting newspaper choice
Authors: Wilkinson Gerald
Published: September 2004

Maintains that research in newspapers is mostly concerned with who reads a paper rather than why they make a particular choice. Believes that more emphasis should be given to the question‘why’ if development of marketing effectiveness is to be made. Specifies that increased competition between the various media and within each medium, combined with very rapid social change, has forced managements to take a much closer look at the reasons behind media choice. Concludes that it is apparent that the factors that affect newspaper readership and newspaper choice are many and complex.
Logistics in its marketing context
Authors: Christopher Martin
Published: September 2004

Spotlights the total approach to logistics in companies and indicates how it can provide a valid basis for marketing improvement. Identifies what a total logistics approach can mean for corporate development. Chronicles that management theorists have tended to concentrate on one or other of these functions suggesting orientations and techniques whereby each of these functions may be more effectively managed. Maintains that herein is an attempt to summarise some of the key concepts behind the emerging discipline of marketing logistics, but that there is some way to go before marketing logistics as a discipline is included in the‘science’category.
Examining the job attitude/salesman performance issue
Authors: Cotham James , Cravens David , Pennington Allan
Published: September 2004

Questions the value of ‘morale boosting’ as a device for salesman improvement, concludes that attention to specific attitudes is likely to prove more rewarding. Specifies the improvement of sales‐force morale is often seen as vital to effective performance. Sheds light on the scarcity of research efforts and the inconclusiveness of available findings indicate the effects of job attitudes on sales performance are uncertain and, at best, are likely to be situation specific. Chronicles that this study was designed to contribute to a small but growing body of research efforts into the question of job attitudes and selling performance.
Comparative commodity marketing structures
Authors: Galea Enriquez C.
Published: September 2004

Compares marketing approaches in 12 countries for wheat, coffee, cocoa, citrus and bananas, in some major product countries. Looks at Australia for wheat marketing along with Canada and the USA; coffee marketing is covered by Kenya, Uganda and Brazil; cocoa marketing is covered by Ghana, Nigeria and Brazil; citrus marketing involves Israel, South Africa and the USA; bananas are covered by Jamaica and Brazil. Explores all of these in depth and discusses them with breakdowns of figures.
The Polish marketing scene
Authors: Myszewski Antoni
Published: September 2004

Examines the contemporary line of thought about marketing in Poland, thereby emphasising the possibility of conceptual orientations. Acknowledges that, more or less, simultaneously with the theory of marketing there has developed in Poland another branch of the science called praxiology – the main purpose of which is to trace the general rules of any human activities and to work out useful principles of good, efficient work. Defines the three major types of authorities in Poland as: political; administrative; and territorial. Uses figures for emphasis and explains the Polish authorities role in marketing.
Statutory marketing in a developing economy
Authors: Edgar P.
Published: September 2004

Explores the role of boards and co‐operatives in the total marketing system and concludes they should be left to compete openly with the private sector. Examines this with regard to the open market in Africa and how it is still, to some extent, a social institution. States that there are three basic categories of tribal groupings in North America, Africa and the South Pacific, these are: individualist; competitive; and co‐operative, these are discussed and explained in detail. Concludes that the study has not questioned the existence of boards and co‐operatives, it has set out their roles in and contributions to, the marketing system, suggesting ways in which both can be made more effective.
Model building in marketing: a review of the British literature
Authors: Fisher Rupert , Hirst Melvyn
Published: September 2004

Makes a timely assessment of the specifically British contribution in the field of marketing models, which provides a useful basis for further development. Reviews UK writing on models of market behaviour, advertising models, distribution models, pricing models and new‐product models. Makes a distinction between macro‐ and micro‐models: a macro‐model does not require information about individual units in the market, such as households: micro‐models need data about individual units, therefore require much more information. Concludes that the findings give valuable insight into consumer purchasing patterns – providing early prediction of future success or failure.
A descriptive theory of pricing for marketing
Authors: Foxall Gordon
Published: September 2004

Explores suitable ways of modifying cost‐plus pricing policies in the context of marketing based theory. Reports the findings of a research project concerned with the procedures followed in the pricing of consumer durables, and attempts to formulate an alternative statement of pricing behaviour to the cost‐plus theory. Recounts that an empirical study was made among 17 firms in the industry, ranging from smaller organisations manufacturing relatively simple electrical heating apparatus to the industry's larger firms manufacturing washing machines, refrigerators and spin dryers. Summarises that it is hoped the marketing approach to pricing, outlined there and in the accompanying table, will assist in developing sound marketing theory.
Diffusion of innovation in the flour milling industry
Authors: Hayward George
Published: September 2004

Analyses five major innovations in the flour milling industry and the variations in attitudes and adoption practices in group mills and individual plants. Advocates that it is important for research purposes that an industry is chosen in which technical innovation was high, and also where the total number of units in the country could be approached with regard to the very limited budget available for the research. The industry chosen was the flour milling industry. Discusses the choice of innovations and methodology. Sums up that much work still needs to be done with regard to sources of information and on the role of opinion leaders.
Agency selection in international advertising
Authors: Donnelly James , Ryans John
Published: September 2004

Isolates the importance of economic level and cultural level and cultural perceptions in influencing agency selection overseas by major US companies. Recounts that many study findings, relating particularly to the use of local or US‐based advertising agencies, are examined. Particular concern is to whether or not such factors as the advertiser's attitudes towards cultural factor importance and market area economic development, are considerations in the placing of preparing and placing non‐domestic advertising. Looks at the role of culture and statements to prove advantages and disadvantages in these. Concludes that if a firm uses either US‐based agencies for overseas representation or foreign‐based agencies, its management is displaying some concern for the cultural and other differences forced between markets.
The effect of price cuts on perceived product quality in a grocery shopping simulation
Authors: Shawyer Donald , French Norman , McGann Anthony
Published: September 2004

Suggests that housewives shift brand preferences when confronted with actual price differentials in a market and, irrespective of income or educational levels, react to price cues on low‐priced grocery items. Discusses and compares various studies conducted across varying price differences and consumer stereotypes in the UK and the USA. Reports results of an experiment designed to extend empirical evidence about the relationships among brand preference, perceived quality and price cues. Sums up that this study once again confirms the basic importance of price to housewives.
Unit pricing: a positive response to consumerism
Authors: Lamont Lawrence , Rothe James , Slater Charles
Published: September 2004

Examines unit pricing of grocery products, a recent business response to the forces of consumerism in the USA, and its effects on the consumer, the retailer and the manufacturer. States that, as a pricing device, unit pricing is not entirely new, as products such as meats, dairy products and many fresh fruits and vegetables have been unit priced for years. Concludes that, before the full impact of unit pricing can be assessed, additional research questions need to be answered.
Ownership and acquisition of consumer durables: report on the Nottingham consumer durables project
Authors: Gabor André , Granger C.W.J.
Published: September 2004

Examines a study carried out on the acquisition of consumer durables by a selection of English households. Reveals the class structure of ownership, the proportion of first acquisitions and replacements, and the reasons for timing. Presents an analysis based on the returns of 548 households successfully interviewed and extensive use of tables by way of explanation. Summarises that the data gathered demonstrated the method employed and the results indicate it was worthwhile.
Consumer durables: differentiation strategy and consumer response in relation to real and apparent risk
Authors: Wood D.
Published: September 2004

Indicates the ways in which manufacturers can overcome resistance to new products and states that, in response to the risk which most consumer perceive in spending large amounts of money on an unfamiliar product, manufacturers tend to keep to new product ranges which are, apparently, similar to existing products. Emphasises that prior to purchase consumers must evaluate a possible purchase to decide whether it can generate satisfaction at least as large as the price demanded for it. Concludes that herein is offered a structure against which particular problems caused by bias and inaccurate perception by consumers, of the underlying characteristics of new products can be evaluated.
Network analysis and marketing decisions
Authors: Howard Keith
Published: September 2004

Suggests that, although the potential value of network analysis to aid marketing decisions has been recognised, there is a need for a reappraisal of the procedure in a marketing environment, in particular the distinction between the planning and control possibilities of networks. Includes an examination of the reasons why some disenchantment exists with the technique and presents the fundamentals of the approach. Weighs up that the marketing function is an area into which inflexible techniques of management do not fit easily, but has attempted to demonstrate network analysis may be used in a way making it relevant to the marketing decision – particularly at the planning stage.
Marketing in socialist societies
Authors: Wills Gordon , Hayhurst Roy
Published: September 2004

Reviews the conceptual approaches to marketing which have been developed within socialist countries. Examines in detail some of the consequences of these changes. Suggests that substantial changes are taking place in the USSR and other socialist economies. Draws comparisons with Western economies.
A model toward optimizing advertising effort on durable goods purchase
Authors: Alex Murray J.
Published: September 2004

Presents a simple model whose objective is to utilize existing and ongoing survey data in order to allow the advertising manager to segment the market in an optimum way. Shows how segmenting the market in such a way maximizes the budgetary constraints of the advertising manager.
“Out‐of‐town” regional shopping centres – a reality by 1980?
Authors: Hiller Terry J.
Published: September 2004

Examines the attitude of the consumer and local authorities to out‐of‐town shopping centres by means of results of a survey carried out in two suburbs of Bournemouth in the UK. Reveals that both the consumer and local authorities have reservations about the role of out‐of‐town shopping centres and its effect on the overall pattern of retail distribution, despite the apparent benefits of this kind of shopping.
The future development of retail and wholesale distribution in Western Europe: an analysis of trends up to 1980
Authors: Tietz Bruno
Published: September 2004

Looks at the current status of retail distribution in the European Economic Community. Forecasts likely future developments and problems, suggesting that decisions on distribution will increasingly be made on a supra‐institutional level.
British steel: the challenge for an international industry
Authors: Layton
Published: September 2004

Looks at the critical issues facing British Steel as its technological basis develops drastically. Identifies the need to acknowledge the Japanese challenge and develop planning for marketing on an international basis.
The consumer decision‐making process
Authors: Pellémans Paul A.
Published: September 2004

Proposes a general framework for thinking in which various problems related to buyer behaviour are recognized. Examines how the marketing concept has developed this century. Reviews two comprehensive consumer behaviour models briefly, and after a more thorough examination retains a third as a consumer behaviour framework. Attempts to indicate the present situation with regard to consumer behaviour.
The development and use of the mechanical tachistoscope
Authors: Lancaster Geoffrey
Published: September 2004

Describes the development and use of the mechanical tachistoscope looking at its shortcomings and problems. Provides some suggestions for future experimentation, which it is felt would lead to an improvement in the tachistoscope.
The Hungarian marketing scene
Authors: Hoványi Gabor
Published: September 2004

Defines and discusses the climate for marketing activity within Hungarian society. Compares and contrasts conditions and practice in Western countries with those in Socialist countries. Aims to emphasize characteristics of the Hungarian market which might prove useful for the marketer wishing to establish or extend marketing relations.
Pricing policies and market strategy
Authors: Pass Chris
Published: September 2004

Summarizes the findings of a study enquiring into the pricing objectives of 85 large UK companies taken from the “Times Top 500 Companies”. Compares these results with North American studies. Suggests that long‐term profit goals predominate as determinants of pricing strategies.
Marketing models in the gas industry
Authors: Hawdon David
Published: September 2004

Looks at models constructed for the gas industry domestic, central heating, cooling and industrial markets. Shows how these models can be used to permit the rapid assessment of marketing targets for appliance sales and price levels against gas supply constraints. Concludes that although these models do not provide instant solutions to the marketing problems of the gas industry they do help to organize available data in a more efficient way.
Solus agreements in a franchising context
Authors: Parker Lawrence
Published: September 2004

Examines franchising as a relatively recent concept of mass marketing. Looks at the ways in which it supports its claim of providing effective control for the customer. Investigates petrol station franchising in order to justify this claim, looking in particular at the solus system of market expansion. Concludes that franchising is an effective tool for the customer with the franchisee providing a “proven formula” for success.
The role of marketing in conglomerates
Authors: Wilson Richard
Published: September 2004

Presents a considered definition of conglomerates and examines the organizational and marketing problems that have faced these companies. Provides some suggestions for solutions to these problems, noting the significance of individual companies and their relationship with their advertising agencies. Suggests that budget must play a large part in the use of these agencies for marketing to be effective.
Irish advertising agencies as seen by their clients
Authors: Murray J.A.
Published: September 2004

Examines the general image which Irish advertisers have of Irish advertising agencies. Gives a definition of image and looks at how this applies to advertising companies in Ireland. Suggests that results show Irish advertising agencies to be somewhat lacking in creative skills and professionalism although their image at a personal level is satisfactory.
The cyclical evolution of marketing channels
Authors: Izraeli Dov
Published: September 2004

Examines the process of change in marketing channels and its cyclical nature. Looks at the contradictory problems of the needs of small retailers and efficient distribution, suggesting possible answers. Explores the implications of the rise of franchising for channels and the economy as a whole. Provides some current options for manufacturers to secure their marketing channels.