bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A institucionalização do Conselho de Pesquisas no Brasil: inspirações históricas internacionais e identidade para a concepção das áreas do conhecimento
Authors: Marques Angelica Alves da Cunha
Published: January 2018

Introdução: Considera a escassez de registros históricos acerca da trajetória do Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas no Brasil, hoje CNPq, bem como da noção de que a instituição teria sido inspirada na sua congênere francesa.Objetivo: Este artigo objetiva apresentar as inspirações históricas no contexto internacional, especialmente na França, e a formação da identidade institucional desse Conselho.Metodologia: Trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, cujos referenciais teóricos assentam-se nos conceitos de “prestígio internacional” e de “capital científico”.Resultados: Como resultados dessa pesquisa, apresenta um breve histórico dos conselhos de pesquisa dos Estados Unidos, do Canadá, do Reino Unido e, especialmente, da França, bem como das suas principais divisões atuais, relacionadas às classificações das áreas do conhecimento. Apresenta, ainda, a trajetória de concepção, criação e desenvolvimento do CNPq, as áreas do conhecimento reconhecidas pela instituição ao longo do tempo, discutindo aspectos de aproximação aos conselhos internacionais, suas inspirações tendo em vista o prestígio internacional dessas instituições, e as suas particularidades, mediante o capital científico político e institucional.Conclusões: Conclui que os aspectos políticos e institucionais predominam no estabelecimento do Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas no Brasil, uma vez que as inspirações internacionais são variadas e não parecem se traduzir na identidade institucional que se alinha ao contexto nacional.
Cultura Feirante de Informação: um relato de campo sobre as feiras de livro do Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Salomão Amanda , Saldanha Gustavo Silva
Published: January 2018

Considerando-se a importância das feiras de livro para a democratização e incentivo do livro e da leitura, bem como a escassez da temática na literatura científica, o presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre ocupação simbólica e circulação e apropriação dos saberes a partir de duas feiras de livro do Rio de Janeiro: Primavera dos Livros, promovida pela Liga Brasileira de Editoras (LIBRE) e as Feiras de Livro de iniciativa da Associação Brasileira do Livro (ABL). A metodologia utilizada pautou-se na intervenção, nos anos de 2014 e 2015, nas duas feiras mencionadas, tendo por base aportes do método etnográfico. Buscou-se observar as práticas e trocas informacionais ocorridas no espaço da feira, enfatizando as mediações humanas e tecnológicas vivenciadas por seus objetos e atores. Como resultado, inferiu-se que a ocupação do espaço propiciada pelas feiras de livros se dá de forma simbólica, uma vez que proporciona a relação dos indivíduos com os objetos estruturados no locus da feira. Tornou-se possível aos seus frequentadores construir uma rede de significados aos elementos e características do espaço, sendo o livro e a feira, por exemplo, objetos de apropriação simbólica do saber para os membros dessa cultura feirante. Entendeu-se que as feiras agem como um outro ambiente de produção, organização e disseminação do conhecimento, diferentes daqueles vivenciados em arquivos, museus e bibliotecas, uma vez que o saber e a mediação da informação ocorrem de maneira distinta à forma tradicional.
Alinhamentos necessários entre o registro eletrônico de saúde e o sistema de saúde
Authors: Galvao Maria Cristiane Barbosa , Ricarte Ivan Luiz Marques
Published: January 2018

Introdução: Não se pode compreender o registro eletrônico de saúde sem o entendimento do sistema de saúde, isto é, do contexto em que ele é produzido, organizado e utilizado.Objetivo: Apresentar as principais características do Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro, bem como delinear a proposta do Ministério da Saúde para a criação do registro eletrônico de saúde de alcance nacional.Metodologia: Empregou-se a análise documental de cunho qualitativo exploratório, sendo analisados textos técnico-científicos, legislações, notícias e palestras proferidas por representantes do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil.Resultados: O modelo de saúde brasileiro prioriza as dimensões físico-biológicas, psicológicas e sociais dos indivíduos, bem como a assistência prestada por equipes multiprofissionais. Em decorrência de tais características, o registro eletrônico de saúde nacional comportará as informações de saúde de cada paciente, produzidos por diferentes unidades de saúde, localizadas em diferentes regiões geográficas, podendo ser acessado pelo próprio paciente mediante identificação unívoca e senha, bem como por unidades de saúde ou profissionais de saúde que estejam prestando a assistência em saúde.Conclusão: É imperativo que pesquisadores e profissionais da informação participem efetivamente como atores do sistema de saúde e da proposição, desenvolvimento e manutenção do registro eletrônico de saúde de âmbito nacional.
O prontuário eletrônico do paciente na perspectiva das recomendações de usabilidade: proposta de organização da informação
Authors: Kawakami Tatiana Tissa , Lunardelli Rosane Alvares , Vechiato Fernando Luiz
Published: January 2018

Introdução: dentre as diversas esferas de estudos existentes, ressalta-se a informação na área da Saúde. Mais especificamente, foca-se o prontuário eletrônico do paciente e questões relacionadas à sua organização informacional e usabilidade.Objetivos: desenvolver proposta de recomendações de usabilidade aplicáveis ao prontuário eletrônico do paciente. Mais especificamente, identificar, mediante revisão de literatura especializada, recomendações de Usabilidade e desenvolver um checklist com recomendações de Usabilidade para o prontuário eletrônico do paciente.Metodologia: o estudo é de finalidade básica e cunho teórico. Utilizou-se o método dedutivo de delineamento documental.Resultados: elaboração de checklist com recomendações de Usabilidade aplicáveis ao prontuário.Conclusão: recomendações de usabilidade podem ser utilizadas para aprimoramento do prontuário eletrônico do paciente. Ainda assim, destaca-se que conhecimentos do âmbito da Ciência da Informação devem ser considerados e somados, uma vez que grande parte de conteúdos relacionados à Usabilidade referem-se a aspectos operacionais e visuais da interface, não contemplando de maneira clara e direta a questão informacional.
A prática da Arquitetura de Informação no âmbito de projeto de Enterprise Content Management: um relato de caso
Authors: Teixeira Livia Marangon Duffles , Aganette Elisângela Cristina , Almeida Mauricio Barcellos
Published: January 2018

O artigo relata o caso de um projeto de ECM no contexto da CEMIG cujo objetivo consiste em gerenciar, de forma centralizada e controlada, as obras de expansão das redes de distribuição realizadas em todo o estado de Minas Gerais com envolvimento de equipe do quadro da CEMIG e de empresas terceirizadas, com atuações em diferentes etapas do projeto. A demanda deste projeto se concentra em controlar prazos e fluxos de aprovação de documentos, desde a concepção do projeto de engenharia até a conclusão da obra. Inicialmente, o projeto de ECM configurou-se como uma abordagem complexa, entremeado por atividades intricadas que envolviam diversos atores e papéis. Nesse contexto, um estudo embasado na Arquitetura da Informação, com levantamentos pontuais, classificados, categorizados e organizados, norteou o desenvolvimento de um módulo da ferramenta de ECM que possibilitou atender à referida demanda. O presente artigo, além de relatar o caso de um projeto de ECM na CEMIG, evidencia o importante papel e a atuação do profissional da informação como diferencial em um projeto baseado na Arquitetura de Informação, que se ratifica pela ampla e satisfatória utilização da ferramenta desenvolvida no âmbito do projeto.
THE USE OF ENERGY FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES AND EMPLOYMENT
Authors: Gradziuk Piotr
Published: January 2018

The aim of the executed research is to determine the influence of harvesting renewable energy on the labour market.
Eurostat Databases provided a source of empirical data concerning the amount of produced energy. The number of the
employed and the performance of the installed equipment were determined thanks to reports drafted by EurObserv’ER
or International Renewable Energy Agency (2016). The following sectors were considered: solid biofuels, biogas, liquid
biofuels, geothermal, hydropower, municipal waste, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal and wind power. The research
concerned 28 member states of the EU between 2009 and 2015. The results presented were based on averaged data on
both employment and the volume of primary energy production and installed capacity. The estimated models show that
the solar and wind energy sectors were characterized by the highest labor intensity in the analyzed period.
ADDING VALUE IN FOOD SUPPLY CHAINS – CASE STUDY
Authors: Kania Józef , Musiał Wiesław
Published: January 2018

The paper analyses the selected group of fruit and vegetable producers in terms of answers to three key research questions: which is an innovation in the examined group, how the added value is created and how this group interacts to the local rural community. The selection of this organization for research in the Malopolska province was based on criteria such as organizational innovation, uniqueness of the solution and cooperation with the ODR. Source data was obtained by the direct interview method conducted by the authors with representatives of the Management Board. It was found that the Group is a unique example of vertical integration „forward” and capturing added value from the market by eliminating all intermediaries. It is a business model that covers the whole supply chain, i.e. from the field to the store shelves. The high quality of the products and the large variety of them make it possible to achieve high income and invest in further development. The Group has created new jobs in the local environment, disseminates good practices in orchards, production and processing, and through taxes and sponsorship contributes to the economic development of the local community.
QUALITY STANDARDS IN RURAL TOURISM AND AGROTURISTRY
IN POLAND AND UKRAINE IN OPINION OF POTENTIAL CUSTOMERS
Authors: Łukasiewicz Katarzyna
Published: January 2018

The article presents the problem of quality standard in rural tourism and agritourism in the opinion of potential clients
on the example of Poland and Ukraine. Available studies show that both in Poland and in Ukraine quality standards in
the field of rural tourism and agritourism exist. The article presents the factors that determine the functioning systems of
categorization of rural accommodation. The results of own research conducted among the inhabitants of Poland and Ukraine
in 2016 were also used to present the opinions of potential clients on the importance of quality in the provision of services
in rural tourism and agritourism. It has been found that quality plays an important role in the development of rural tourism
and agritourism. The standard of quality in rural tourism and agritourism is a necessity in the present day as most of the
respondents are guaranteed to meet the requirements of the given category.
Perspectivas de desigualdades sociais no curso de graduação em Administração Pública de uma universidade pública federal
Authors: Baptista Vinicius Ferreira , Santos Wanderson Cesar
Published: January 2018

Neste texto discute-se a percepção de estudantes do curso de graduação em Administração Pública de uma universidade federal em relação às dimensões de desigualdades sociais de gênero, raça e diversidade sexual. Apoiamo-nos na análise bibliográfica e pela pesquisa de campo. Percebemos que as três dimensões são pouco discutidas, quando não negligenciadas, o que provoca resistência e pouca abertura às mesmas, gerando incômodos quando são abordadas. Ao se negligenciar, propositadamente, a abordagem das três dimensões, ou de outras que tratem de grupos sociais marginalizados, põe-se em xeque a universidade como local de debate e reflexão sobre ideias e problemas sociais.Palavras-chave: projeto pedagógico; administração pública; desigualdades sociais.
Perfiles de personalidad y síndromes clínicos en personas sin hogar
Authors: Rodríguez-Pellejero Jose M. , Núñez Juan L. , Hernández Débora
Published: January 2018

Abstract: Personality profiles and clinical syndromes in the homeless . The aims of this study were to analyze in a sample of homeless persons the prevalence of clinical personality patterns and clinical syndromes, to examine the relationship between the two, and to identify common personality profiles. Participants were 144 subjects, 35 women and 109 men, with a mean age of 42 years, all in a situation of chronic social exclusion, 67% were homeless for more than a year, and 33% more than three years. During the evaluation period they resided in a shelter for the homeless. Results showed that clinical personality patterns and clinical syndromes with higher prevalence, according to Millon’s model, were respectively: depressive, narcissistic and paranoid, as well as anxiety, drug dependence and thought disorder. In addition, cluster analysis classified subjects into two groups "narcissistic-adaptive" and "depressive-paranoid". These results suggest that treatment and health resources should be adapted based on psychiatric deterioration, considering the homeless as a heterogeneous group with different psychosocial needs.Resumen: Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: analizar la prevalencia de patrones clínicos de personalidad y de síndromes clínicos, examinar la relación entre ambos e identificar perfiles de personalidad comunes en una muestra de personas sin hogar. Los participantes fueron 144 sujetos, 35 mujeres y 109 hombres, con una media de edad de 42 años, todos ellos en una situación de exclusión social crónica, el 67% llevaba sin hogar un periodo de tiempo superior a un año, y el 33% más de tres años. Durante el periodo de evaluación residían en un albergue para personas sin hogar. Los resultados mostraron que los patrones clínicos de personalidad y los síndromes clínicos de mayor prevalencia, de acuerdo al modelo de Millon, fueron: depresivo, narcisista y paranoide, así como la ansiedad, la drogodependencia y el trastorno del pensamiento, respectivamente. Además, el análisis de cluster clasificó a los sujetos en dos grupos “narcisista-adaptativo” y “depresivo-paranoide”. Estos resultados sugieren que se deben adaptar los tratamientos y recursos sanitarios en función del deterioro psiquiátrico, considerando a las personas sin hogar como un colectivo heterogéneo con necesidades psicosociales diferentes.
Revisión de los procedimientos de evaluación observacional y cognitiva en población con ansiedad social
Authors: Alcántara-Jiménez María M. , Garcia-Lopez LuisJoaquin
Published: January 2018

Abstract: A revision of observational and cognitive assessment measures for a population with social anxiety. Nowadays, a considerable number of self-report instruments assess cognitive and observational aspects of social anxiety disorder which makes it difficult for researchers and clinicians to remain actualized. To bridge this gap, this study concerns revising existing instruments of social anxiety measures, specifically observational and cognitive assessment tools for a population with social anxiety. The findings reveal that, notwithstanding existing instruments, further studies are needed that examine psychometric properties in different ranges of age, culture, and populations.Resumen: En los últimos años existe un elevado número de instrumentos de evaluación que han examinado aspectos observacionales y cognitivos del trastorno de ansiedad social, lo que dificulta que investigadores y clínicos puedan estar actualizados. Con el fin de cubrir esta laguna, este trabajo trata sobre la revisión de los instrumentos existentes de evaluación de ansiedad social, específicamente los instrumentos de evaluación observacional y cognitiva en población con ansiedad social. Los datos revelan que, a pesar de los instrumentos existentes, aún se precisa de nuevas investigaciones que examinen sus propiedades psicométricas en diferentes rangos de edad, culturas y poblaciones.
How to optimize aesthetic outcomes in implant-based breast reconstruction
Authors: Nava Maurizio Bruno , Catanuto Giuseppe , Rocco Nicola
Published: January 2018

The evolution of breast reconstructive surgery keeps pace with the evolution of breast oncologic surgery. The reconstructive choice should always balance the optimal local control of disease and the best cosmetic result, reflecting an informed decision that is shared with the patient, who is always at the center of the decision-making process. Implant-based breast reconstruction following mastectomy represents a complex choice. In order to obtain optimal results, the following considerations are mandatory: thorough preoperative planning, a complete knowledge of the devices that are used, accurately performed surgery, and appropriate follow-up.
A Global Geospatial Ecosystem Services Estimate of Urban Agriculture
Authors: Clinton Nicholas , Stuhlmacher Michelle , Miles Albie , Uludere Aragon Nazli , Wagner Melissa , Georgescu Matei , Herwig Chris , Gong Peng
Published: January 2018

Though urban agriculture (UA), defined here as growing of crops in cities, is increasing in popularity and importance globally, little is known about the aggregate benefits of such natural capital in built‐up areas. Here, we introduce a quantitative framework to assess global aggregate ecosystem services from existing vegetation in cities and an intensive UA adoption scenario based on data‐driven estimates of urban morphology and vacant land. We analyzed global population, urban, meteorological, terrain, and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) datasets in Google Earth Engine to derive global scale estimates, aggregated by country, of services provided by UA. We estimate the value of four ecosystem services provided by existing vegetation in urban areas to be on the order of $33 billion annually. We project potential annual food production of 100–180 million tonnes, energy savings ranging from 14 to 15 billion kilowatt hours, nitrogen sequestration between 100,000 and 170,000 tonnes, and avoided storm water runoff between 45 and 57 billion cubic meters annually. In addition, we estimate that food production, nitrogen fixation, energy savings, pollination, climate regulation, soil formation and biological control of pests could be worth as much as $80–160 billion annually in a scenario of intense UA implementation. Our results demonstrate significant country‐to‐country variability in UA‐derived ecosystem services and reduction of food insecurity. These estimates represent the first effort to consistently quantify these incentives globally, and highlight the relative spatial importance of built environments to act as change agents that alleviate mounting concerns associated with global environmental change and unsustainable development.
The Biosphere Under Potential Paris Outcomes
Authors: Ostberg Sebastian , Boysen Lena R. , Schaphoff Sibyll , Lucht Wolfgang , Gerten Dieter
Published: January 2018

Rapid economic and population growth over the last centuries have started to push the Earth out of its Holocene state into the Anthropocene. In this new era, ecosystems across the globe face mounting dual pressure from human land use change (LUC) and climate change (CC). With the Paris Agreement, the international community has committed to holding global warming below 2°C above preindustrial levels, yet current pledges by countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions appear insufficient to achieve that goal. At the same time, the sustainable development goals strive to reduce inequalities between countries and provide sufficient food, feed, and clean energy to a growing world population likely to reach more than 9 billion by 2050. Here, we present a macro‐scale analysis of the projected impacts of both CC and LUC on the terrestrial biosphere over the 21st century using the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) to illustrate possible trajectories following the Paris Agreement. We find that CC may cause major impacts in landscapes covering between 16% and 65% of the global ice‐free land surface by the end of the century, depending on the success or failure of achieving the Paris goal. Accounting for LUC impacts in addition, this number increases to 38%–80%. Thus, CC will likely replace LUC as the major driver of ecosystem change unless global warming can be limited to well below 2°C. We also find a substantial risk that impacts of agricultural expansion may offset some of the benefits of ambitious climate protection for ecosystems.
Polymorphic Nature of Iron and Degree of Lattice Preferred Orientation Beneath the Earth's Inner Core Boundary
Authors: Mattesini Maurizio , Belonoshko Anatoly B. , Tkalčić Hrvoje
Published: January 2018

Deciphering the polymorphic nature and the degree of iron lattice‐preferred orientation in the Earth's inner core holds a key to understanding the present status and evolution of the inner core. A multiphase lattice‐preferred orientation pattern is obtained for the top 350 km of the inner core by means of the ab initio based Candy Wrapper Velocity Model coupled to a Monte Carlo phase discrimination scheme. The achieved geographic distribution of lattice alignment is characterized by two regions of freezing, namely within South America and the Western Central Pacific, that exhibit an uncommon high degree of lattice orientation. In contrast, widespread regions of melting of relatively weak lattice ordering permeate the rest of the inner core. The obtained multiphase lattice‐preferred orientation pattern is in line with mantle‐constrained geodynamo simulations and allows to setup an ad hoc mineral physics scenario for the complex Earth's inner core. It is found that the cubic phase of iron is the dominating iron polymorph in the outermost part of the inner core.
Contributions of Greenhouse Gas Forcing and the Southern Annular Mode to Historical Southern Ocean Surface Temperature Trends
Authors: Kostov Yavor , Ferreira David , Armour Kyle C. , Marshall John
Published: January 2018

We examine the 1979–2014 Southern Ocean (SO) sea surface temperature (SST) trends simulated in an ensemble of coupled general circulation models and evaluate possible causes of the models' inability to reproduce the observed 1979–2014 SO cooling. For each model we estimate the response of SO SST to step changes in greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing and in the seasonal indices of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). Using these step‐response functions, we skillfully reconstruct the models' 1979–2014 SO SST trends. Consistent with the seasonal signature of the Antarctic ozone hole and the seasonality of SO stratification, the summer and fall SAM exert a large impact on the simulated SO SST trends. We further identify conditions that favor multidecadal SO cooling: (1) a weak SO warming response to GHG forcing, (2) a strong multidecadal SO cooling response to a positive SAM trend, and (3) a historical SAM trend as strong as in observations.
Ionospheric Total Electron Content Response to the Great American Solar Eclipse of 21 August 2017
Authors: Cherniak Iurii , Zakharenkova Irina
Published: January 2018

Using a comprehensive database of ~4,000 ground‐based Global Navigation Satellite Systems stations, we investigate the ionosphere's response to the 21 August 2017 solar eclipse. The high‐resolution, two‐dimensional maps of the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) were constructed using combined GPS and GLONASS measurements. Solar eclipse resulted in a continent‐size TEC decrease with stronger effects up to 50% over the U.S. eastern coast. Along the totality path within an area of 75% obscuration TEC decreased by ~30–40%. We reveal a latitudinal dependence of the TEC response with equatorward expansion of TEC depletion. Recovery signature in the form of large‐scale TEC enhancement up to 20–30% occurred in posteclipse period. Swarm and DMSP satellites encountered the eclipse‐induced plasma density depletion and posteclipse increase at 450 km height and above. These effects were associated with downward plasma fluxes from topside ionosphere/plasmasphere and thermospheric changes.
Climate Impacts From a Removal of Anthropogenic Aerosol Emissions
Authors: Samset B. H. , Sand M. , Smith C. J. , Bauer S. E. , Forster P. M. , Fuglestvedt J. S. , Osprey S. , Schleussner C.‐F.
Published: January 2018

Limiting global warming to 1.5 or 2.0°C requires strong mitigation of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Concurrently, emissions of anthropogenic aerosols will decline, due to coemission with GHG, and measures to improve air quality. However, the combined climate effect of GHG and aerosol emissions over the industrial era is poorly constrained. Here we show the climate impacts from removing present‐day anthropogenic aerosol emissions and compare them to the impacts from moderate GHG‐dominated global warming. Removing aerosols induces a global mean surface heating of 0.5–1.1°C, and precipitation increase of 2.0–4.6%. Extreme weather indices also increase. We find a higher sensitivity of extreme events to aerosol reductions, per degree of surface warming, in particular over the major aerosol emission regions. Under near‐term warming, we find that regional climate change will depend strongly on the balance between aerosol and GHG forcing.
Effects of Friction and Plastic Deformation in Shock‐Comminuted Damaged Rocks on Impact Heating
Authors: Kurosawa Kosuke , Genda Hidenori
Published: January 2018

Hypervelocity impacts cause significant heating of planetary bodies. Such events are recorded by a reset of 40Ar‐36Ar ages and/or impact melts. Here we investigate the influence of friction and plastic deformation in shock‐generated comminuted rocks on the degree of impact heating using the iSALE shock‐physics code. We demonstrate that conversion from kinetic to internal energy in the targets with strength occurs during pressure release, and additional heating becomes significant for low‐velocity impacts (<10 km s−1). This additional heat reduces the impact‐velocity thresholds required to heat the targets with the 0.1 projectile mass to temperatures for the onset of Ar loss and melting from 8 and 10 km s−1, respectively, for strengthless rocks to 2 and 6 km s−1 for typical rocks. Our results suggest that the impact conditions required to produce the unique features caused by impact heating span a much wider range than previously thought.
Reexamining the Nonlinear Moisture‐Precipitation Relationship Over the Tropical Oceans
Authors: Rushley S. S. , Kim D. , Bretherton C. S. , Ahn M.‐S.
Published: January 2018

Bretherton et al. (2004) used the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) version 5 product to derive an exponential curve that describes the relationship between precipitation and column relative humidity (CRH) over the tropical oceans. The curve, which features a precipitation pickup at a CRH of about 0.75 and a rapid increase of precipitation with CRH after the pickup, has been widely used in the studies of the tropical atmosphere. This study reexamines the moisture‐precipitation relationship by using the version 7 SSM/I data, in which several biases in the previous version are corrected, and evaluates the relationship in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) models. In the revised exponential curve derived using the updated satellite data, the precipitation pickup occurs at a higher CRH (~0.8), and precipitation increases more slowly with CRH than in the previous curve. In most CMIP5 models, the precipitation pickup is too early due to the common model bias of overestimated (underestimated) precipitation in the dry (wet) regime.
Broadband (0–4 Hz) Ground Motions for a Magnitude 7.0 Hayward Fault Earthquake With Three‐Dimensional Structure and Topography
Authors: Rodgers Arthur J. , Pitarka Arben , Petersson N. Anders , Sjögreen Björn , McCallen David B.
Published: January 2018

We performed fully deterministic broadband (0–4 Hz) high‐performance computing ground motion simulations of a magnitude 7.0 scenario earthquake on the Hayward Fault (HF) in the San Francisco Bay Area of Northern California. Simulations consider average one‐dimensional (1‐D) and three‐dimensional (3‐D) anelastic structure with flat and topographic free surfaces. Ground motion intensity measures (GMIMs) for the 3‐D model display dramatic differences across the HF due to geologic heterogeneity, with low wave speeds east of the HF amplifying motions. The median GMIMs agree well with Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs); however, the 3‐D model generates more scatter than the 1‐D model. Ratios of 3‐D/1‐D GMIMs from the same source allow isolation of path and site effects for the 3‐D model. These ratios show remarkably similar trends as site‐specific factors for the GMPE predictions, suggesting that wave propagation effects in our 3‐D simulations are on average consistent with empirical data.
Possible Noise Nature of Elsässer Variable z− in Highly Alfvénic Solar Wind Fluctuations
Authors: Wang X. , Tu C.‐Y. , He J.‐S. , Wang L.‐H. , Yao S. , Zhang L.
Published: January 2018

It has been a long‐standing debate on the nature of Elsässer variable z− observed in the solar wind fluctuations. It is widely believed that z− represents inward propagating Alfvén waves and interacts nonlinearly with z+ (outward propagating Alfvén waves) to generate energy cascade. However, z− variations sometimes show a feature of convective structures. Here we present a new data analysis on autocorrelation functions of z− in order to get some definite information on its nature. We find that there is usually a large drop on the z− autocorrelation function when the solar wind fluctuations are highly Alfvénic. The large drop observed by Helios 2 spacecraft near 0.3 AU appears at the first nonzero time lag τ = 81 s, where the value of the autocorrelation coefficient drops to 25%–65% of that at τ = 0 s. Beyond the first nonzero time lag, the autocorrelation coefficient decreases gradually to zero. The drop of z− correlation function also appears in the Wind observations near 1 AU. These features of the z− correlation function may suggest that z− fluctuations consist of two components: high‐frequency white noise and low‐frequency pseudo structures, which correspond to flat and steep parts of z− power spectrum, respectively. This explanation is confirmed by doing a simple test on an artificial time series, which is obtained from the superposition of a random data series on its smoothed sequence. Our results suggest that in highly Alfvénic fluctuations, z− may not contribute importantly to the interactions with z+ to produce energy cascade.
Polarization of Narrowband VLF Transmitter Signals as an Ionospheric Diagnostic
Authors: Gross N. C. , Cohen M. B. , Said R. K. , Gołkowski M.
Published: January 2018

Very low frequency (VLF, 3–30 kHz) transmitter remote sensing has long been used as a simple yet useful diagnostic for the D region ionosphere (60–90 km). All it requires is a VLF radio receiver that records the amplitude and/or phase of a beacon signal as a function of time. During both ambient and disturbed conditions, the received signal can be compared to predictions from a theoretical model to infer ionospheric waveguide properties like electron density. Amplitude and phase have in most cases been analyzed each as individual data streams, often only the amplitude is used. Scattered field formulation combines amplitude and phase effectively, but does not address how to combine two magnetic field components. We present polarization ellipse analysis of VLF transmitter signals using two horizontal components of the magnetic field. The shape of the polarization ellipse is unchanged as the source phase varies, which circumvents a significant problem where VLF transmitters have an unknown source phase. A synchronized two‐channel MSK demodulation algorithm is introduced to mitigate 90° ambiguity in the phase difference between the horizontal magnetic field components. Additionally, the synchronized demodulation improves phase measurements during low‐SNR conditions. Using the polarization ellipse formulation, we take a new look at diurnal VLF transmitter variations, ambient conditions, and ionospheric disturbances from solar flares, lightning‐ionospheric heating, and lightning‐induced electron precipitation, and find differing signatures in the polarization ellipse.
Network‐Based Detection and Classification of Seismovolcanic Tremors: Example From the Klyuchevskoy Volcanic Group in Kamchatka
Authors: Soubestre Jean , Shapiro Nikolai M. , Seydoux Léonard , de Rosny Julien , Droznin Dmitry V. , Droznina Svetlana Ya. , Senyukov Sergey L. , Gordeev Evgeniy I.
Published: January 2018

We develop a network‐based method for detecting and classifying seismovolcanic tremors. The proposed approach exploits the coherence of tremor signals across the network that is estimated from the array covariance matrix. The method is applied to four and a half years of continuous seismic data recorded by 19 permanent seismic stations in the vicinity of the Klyuchevskoy volcanic group in Kamchatka (Russia), where five volcanoes were erupting during the considered time period. We compute and analyze daily covariance matrices together with their eigenvalues and eigenvectors. As a first step, most coherent signals corresponding to dominating tremor sources are detected based on the width of the covariance matrix eigenvalues distribution. Thus, volcanic tremors of the two volcanoes known as most active during the considered period, Klyuchevskoy and Tolbachik, are efficiently detected. As a next step, we consider the daily array covariance matrix's first eigenvector. Our main hypothesis is that these eigenvectors represent the principal components of the daily seismic wavefield and, for days with tremor activity, characterize dominant tremor sources. Those daily first eigenvectors, which can be used as network‐based fingerprints of tremor sources, are then grouped into clusters using correlation coefficient as a measure of the vector similarity. As a result, we identify seven clusters associated with different periods of activity of four volcanoes: Tolbachik, Klyuchevskoy, Shiveluch, and Kizimen. The developed method does not require a priori knowledge and is fully automatic; and the database of the network‐based tremor fingerprints can be continuously enriched with newly available data.
Inverse Problems in Geodynamics Using Machine Learning Algorithms
Authors: Shahnas M. H. , Yuen D. A. , Pysklywec R. N.
Published: January 2018

During the past few decades numerical studies have been widely employed to explore the style of circulation and mixing in the mantle of Earth and other planets. However, in geodynamical studies there are many properties from mineral physics, geochemistry, and petrology in these numerical models. Machine learning, as a computational statistic‐related technique and a subfield of artificial intelligence, has rapidly emerged recently in many fields of sciences and engineering. We focus here on the application of supervised machine learning (SML) algorithms in predictions of mantle flow processes. Specifically, we emphasize on estimating mantle properties by employing machine learning techniques in solving an inverse problem. Using snapshots of numerical convection models as training samples, we enable machine learning models to determine the magnitude of the spin transition‐induced density anomalies that can cause flow stagnation at midmantle depths. Employing support vector machine algorithms, we show that SML techniques can successfully predict the magnitude of mantle density anomalies and can also be used in characterizing mantle flow patterns. The technique can be extended to more complex geodynamic problems in mantle dynamics by employing deep learning algorithms for putting constraints on properties such as viscosity, elastic parameters, and the nature of thermal and chemical anomalies.
The Dallas‐Fort Worth Airport Earthquake Sequence: Seismicity Beyond Injection Period
Authors: Ogwari Paul O. , DeShon Heather R. , Hornbach Matthew J.
Published: January 2018

The 2008 Dallas‐Fort Worth Airport earthquakes mark the beginning of seismicity rate changes linked to oil and gas operations in the central United States. We assess the spatial and temporal evolution of the sequence through December 2015 using template‐based waveform correlation and relative location methods. We locate ~400 earthquakes spanning 2008–2015 along a basement fault mapped as the Airport fault. The sequence exhibits temporally variable b values, and small‐magnitude (m < 3.4) earthquakes spread northeast along strike over time. Pore pressure diffusion models indicate that the high‐volume brine injection well located within 1 km of the 2008 earthquakes, although only operating from September 2008 to August 2009, contributes most significantly to long‐term pressure perturbations, and hence stress changes, along the fault; a second long‐operating, low‐volume injector located 10 km north causes insufficient pressure changes. High‐volume injection for a short time period near a critically stressed fault can induce long‐lasting seismicity.
Scaling Properties of Arctic Sea Ice Deformation in a High‐Resolution Viscous‐Plastic Sea Ice Model and in Satellite Observations
Authors: Hutter Nils , Losch Martin , Menemenlis Dimitris
Published: January 2018

Sea ice models with the traditional viscous‐plastic (VP) rheology and very small horizontal grid spacing can resolve leads and deformation rates localized along Linear Kinematic Features (LKF). In a 1 km pan‐Arctic sea ice‐ocean simulation, the small‐scale sea ice deformations are evaluated with a scaling analysis in relation to satellite observations of the Envisat Geophysical Processor System (EGPS) in the Central Arctic. A new coupled scaling analysis for data on Eulerian grids is used to determine the spatial and temporal scaling and the coupling between temporal and spatial scales. The spatial scaling of the modeled sea ice deformation implies multifractality. It is also coupled to temporal scales and varies realistically by region and season. The agreement of the spatial scaling with satellite observations challenges previous results with VP models at coarser resolution, which did not reproduce the observed scaling. The temporal scaling analysis shows that the VP model, as configured in this 1 km simulation, does not fully resolve the intermittency of sea ice deformation that is observed in satellite data.
Flow Patterns in the Eastern Chukchi Sea: 2010–2015
Authors: Stabeno Phyllis , Kachel Nancy , Ladd Carol , Woodgate Rebecca
Published: January 2018

From 2010 to 2015, moorings were deployed on the northern Chukchi Sea at nine sites. Deployment duration varied from 5 years at a site off Icy Cape to 1 year at a site north of Hanna Shoal. In addition, 39 satellite‐tracked drifters (drogue depth 25–30 m) were deployed in the region during 2012–2015. The goals of this manuscript are to describe currents in the Chukchi Sea and their relationship to ice and winds. The north‐south pressure gradient results in, on average, a northward flow over the Chukchi shelf, which is modified by local winds. The volume transport near Icy Cape (∼0.4 Sv) was ∼40% of flow through Bering Strait and varied seasonally, accounting for >50% of summer and ∼20% of winter transport in Bering Strait. Current direction was strongly influenced by bathymetry, with northward flow through the Central Channel and eastward flow south of Hanna Shoal. The latter joined the coastal flow exiting the shelf via Barrow Canyon. Drifter trajectories indicated the transit from Bering Strait to the mouth of Barrow Canyon took ∼90 days during the ice‐free season. Most (∼70%) of the drifters turned westward at the mouth of Barrow Canyon and continued westward in the Chukchi Slope Current. This slope flow was largely confined to the upper 300 m, and although it existed year‐round, it was strongest in spring and summer. Drifter trajectories indicated that the Chukchi Slope Current extends as far west as the mouth of Herald Canyon. The remaining ∼30% of the drifters turned eastward or were intercepted by sea ice.
Surface Connectivity and Interocean Exchanges From Drifter‐Based Transition Matrices
Authors: McAdam Ronan , van Sebille Erik
Published: January 2018

Global surface transport in the ocean can be represented by using the observed trajectories of drifters to calculate probability distribution functions. The oceanographic applications of the Markov Chain approach to modeling include tracking of floating debris and water masses, globally and on yearly‐to‐centennial time scales. Here we analyze the error inherent with mapping trajectories onto a grid and the consequences for ocean transport modeling and detection of accumulation structures. A sensitivity analysis of Markov Chain parameters is performed in an idealized Stommel gyre and western boundary current as well as with observed ocean drifters, complementing previous studies on widespread floating debris accumulation. Focusing on two key areas of interocean exchange—the Agulhas system and the North Atlantic intergyre transport barrier—we assess the capacity of the Markov Chain methodology to detect surface connectivity and dynamic transport barriers. Finally, we extend the methodology's functionality to separate the geostrophic and nongeostrophic contributions to interocean exchange in these key regions.
Retrieving Temperature Anomaly in the Global Subsurface and Deeper Ocean From Satellite Observations
Authors: Su Hua , Li Wene , Yan Xiao‐Hai
Published: January 2018

Retrieving the subsurface and deeper ocean (SDO) dynamic parameters from satellite observations is crucial for effectively understanding ocean interior anomalies and dynamic processes, but it is challenging to accurately estimate the subsurface thermal structure over the global scale from sea surface parameters. This study proposes a new approach based on Random Forest (RF) machine learning to retrieve subsurface temperature anomaly (STA) in the global ocean from multisource satellite observations including sea surface height anomaly (SSHA), sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA), sea surface salinity anomaly (SSSA), and sea surface wind anomaly (SSWA) via in situ Argo data for RF training and testing. RF machine‐learning approach can accurately retrieve the STA in the global ocean from satellite observations of sea surface parameters (SSHA, SSTA, SSSA, SSWA). The Argo STA data were used to validate the accuracy and reliability of the results from the RF model. The results indicated that SSHA, SSTA, SSSA, and SSWA together are useful parameters for detecting SDO thermal information and obtaining accurate STA estimations. The proposed method also outperformed support vector regression (SVR) in global STA estimation. It will be a useful technique for studying SDO thermal variability and its role in global climate system from global‐scale satellite observations.
Decadal Shift in West China Autumn Precipitation and its Association With Sea Surface Temperature
Authors: Wei Ting , He Shengping , Yan Qing , Dong Wenjie , Wen Xiaohang
Published: January 2018

West China autumn precipitation (WCAP) is the final stage of the rainy season in mainland China and is characterized as the secondary peak in annual cycle of precipitation in West China. This study reveals that WCAP experienced a significant interdecadal shift around the mid‐1980s, with greatly reduced precipitation after this shift. Features related to the decrease in WCAP include the weakening of warm, wet southerlies prevailing from the oceans to inland China, the weakened Eurasian pattern, and the southward displacement of the East Asian jet stream (EAJS). Further analysis indicates that the interdecadal changes in WCAP may be attributed to the interdecadal increasing of sea surface temperature (SST) in the Indo‐Pacific warm pool (SSTIOP), North Pacific (SSTNP), and central equatorial Pacific (SSTCEP) after the 1980s. The warmer SSTIOP contributes to a weaker meridional land‐sea thermal contrast, which inducts an anomalous local meridional circulation and northerly. The warmer SSTNP stimulates a Rossby wave train that leads to weakened West Pacific subtropical high and accompanying cyclonic circulation anomaly, hindering the transport of water vapor inland from the oceans. The increased SSTCEP leads to the southward displacement of the EAJS and its secondary circulation, generating an anomalous descending branch and reduced WCAP. Numerical simulations further support the conclusions derived from the diagnostic analysis that the decadal warming of the SSTIOP, SSTNP, and SSTCEP synergistically contributes to the reduction of WCAP after the 1980s.
Distinct Contributions of Ice Nucleation, Large‐Scale Environment, and Shallow Cumulus Detrainment to Cloud Phase Partitioning With NCAR CAM5
Authors: Wang Yong , Zhang Damao , Liu Xiaohong , Wang Zhien
Published: January 2018

Mixed‐phase clouds containing both liquid droplets and ice particles occur frequently at high latitudes and in the midlatitude storm track regions. Simulations of the cloud phase partitioning between liquid and ice hydrometeors in state‐of‐the‐art global climate models are still associated with large biases. In this study, the phase partitioning in terms of liquid mass phase ratio (MPRliq, defined as the ratio of liquid mass to total condensed water mass) simulated from the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5) is evaluated against the observational data from A‐Train satellite remote sensors. Modeled MPRliq is significantly lower than observations on the global scale, especially in the Southern Hemisphere (e.g., Southern Ocean and the Antarctic). Sensitivity tests with CAM5 are conducted to investigate the distinct contributions of heterogeneous ice nucleation, shallow cumulus detrainment, and large‐scale environment (e.g., winds, temperature, and water vapor) to the low MPRliq biases. Our results show that an aerosol‐aware ice nucleation parameterization increases the MPRliq especially at temperatures colder than −20°C and significantly improves the model agreements with observations in the Polar regions in summer. The decrease of threshold temperature over which all detrained cloud water is liquid from 268 to 253 K enhances the MPRliq and improves the MPRliq mostly over the Southern Ocean. By constraining water vapor in CAM5 toward reanalysis, modeled low biases in many geographical regions are largely reduced through a significant decrease of cloud ice mass mixing ratio.
An Evaluation of the Shortwave Direct Aerosol Radiative Forcing Using CALIOP and MODIS Observations
Authors: Oikawa Eiji , Nakajima Teruyuki , Winker David
Published: January 2018

In this study, all‐sky ShortWave Direct Aerosol Radiative Forcing (SWDARF) at the top of atmosphere is estimated using the method of Oikawa et al. (2013) applied to two generations of Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) Level 2 products, i.e., version 2 (V2) and version 3 (V3), and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud product. The estimated SWDARF in Oikawa et al. (2013) was based on CALIPSO V2 product, which contained significant errors in cloud clearing and low‐altitude aerosols. This error was corrected in V3, resulting in greatly improved and significantly different aerosol and cloud distributions. In clear‐sky conditions, the magnitude of aerosol optical thickness underestimation becomes smaller and SWDARF becomes more negative using the V3 product. In addition, above‐cloud aerosols, which cause positive SWDARF, are less frequently detected and below‐cloud aerosols are more frequently detected in the V3 product than in the V2 product, so that cloudy‐sky SWDARF becomes more negative using the V3 product. From these results, clear‐sky, cloudy‐sky, and all‐sky SWDARFs become more negative using the V3 product than the V2 product. The magnitude of negative SWDARF using the V3 product is more than twice as large as the V2 product under all‐sky conditions due to V3 improvements in the lidar retrieval algorithms. Considering the uncertainties of aerosol and cloud measurements, annual zonal averages of clear‐sky, cloudy‐sky, and all‐sky SWDARFs from 60°S to 60°N are estimated as −4.0 ± 0.2, −1.1 ± 0.3, and −2.1 ± 0.2 Wm−2 from the V3 product.