bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
System Dynamic Approach to Improve Emergency Response in Humanitarian Logistics in Indonesia
Authors: Sundara Gregorios Yogas , Ariningsih Paulina Kus
Published: February 2021

Volatile and vulnerable conditions during disaster relief cause many problems on the coordination of aid replenishments. Research states that partnership improves coordination thus reducing the uncertainty condition along supply chain including in replenishment. This paper aims to fulfill the research gap on examining the impact of partnership in the disaster relief process. Dynamic characteristics model of this case was built by modifying the beer distribution game through Vensim PLE Plus. Model had been validated and verified with the West Java Regional Disaster Management Authority (BPPD). The simulation was run for for two types of product: repetitive demand (food package) and one-time demand (blanket). Total cost, bullwhip effect, and total distribution time for each scenario are then compared. The simulation results show that the proposed scenario, which is developed based on the usage of blockchain on the partnership system, can reduce the total distribution time for about 43% for blanket and 27% for food package. Meanwhile, the total cost for blankets can be reduced for about 29% and 13% for food packages. But on the other side, the partnership system had aggravated the bullwhip effect. Some future potential researches are also proposed in this study.
On-Foot Hyperlocal Delivery - An Overview, Challenges, and Opportunities: Case Studies in Korea
Authors: Yahya Bernardo Nugroho
Published: February 2021

During the Covid19 pandemic, many local business were struggling to survive. With the rising of click and collect solutions, business strives to survive by offering pick-up points and maintaining the social distance policy. The demand for goods and services of customers are met instantly from the local offline shops via digital platform. Meanwhile, local businesses in a specific geographical area are still striving from the hard times due to least popularity and competitivenes in the services such as delivery. Hyperlocal delivery comes into the logistics industry to meet the issues from local businesses. While the hyperlocal delivery terminology is still new, there have been some real world practices. This study attempts to define the hyperlocal delivery and explore multiple case studies to analyze the on-foot delivery as a rising of quick commerce in the gig economy. The multiple case studies will take place on the hyperlocal delivery business models in South Korea. The overview of the hyperlocal “on-foot” delivery will be described in four dimension of analysis; strategy, customer, cost-revenue, and process model. At the end, some research challenges and opportunities are presented to show how the research communities can contribute to the field
Gases and Vapors Affecting the Respiratory System
Authors: Harber Philip , Beckett William S. , Fedoruk Marion J.
Published: February 2021

Respiratory effects of gases and vapors are frequent, ranging from temporary discomfort to fatal responses. Acute high‐level exposures to directly toxic agents (e.g. phosgene and chlorine gas) may be fatal, and more prolonged exposure to lower levels of irritant gases is frequent and significant. Asphyxiants prevent oxygen utilization either by displacing oxygen from the ambient air or by chemically poisoning hemoglobin or the mitochondria. Work‐related asthma includes both occupational asthma (caused by work exposures) and work‐exacerbated asthma (preexisting asthma worsened by workplace factors). Irritants and allergens adversely affect the nasal mucosa and the larynx. Gas/vapor exposures contribute to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Bronchiolitis obliterans, a severe disease of the small airways, develops as a late consequence of acute high‐level exposure (e.g. sulfur dioxide releases) or from more prolonged exposure to moderate levels of certain chemicals, particularly in the flavoring industry. Gas/vapor exposure may lead to malignancies of the upper airway, larynx, and lung. Industrial accidents, natural events, and chemical terrorism/warfare can lead to mass casualties. Most respiratory system disorders due to gas/vapor exposures in workplaces are preventable. Control of exposures, respiratory personal protection equipment, preparedness for potential releases, and screening for early adverse effects are essential.
Decision Needs and Preferred Strategies for Shared Decision‐Making in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Perspectives of Canadian Urban Indigenous Women
Authors: Umaefulam Valerie , Fox Terri‐Lynn , Barnabe Cheryl
Published: February 2021

Objective

Decision‐making for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is complex, with multiple beneficial medication options available, but with the potential for treatment‐related adverse effects and significant economic considerations. Indigenous patients make treatment decisions informed by an interplay of clinical, family, and societal factors. Shared decision‐making may represent an approach to support treatment decisions in a culturally congruent manner. Our objective was to identify aspects of arthritis care that Indigenous participants found relevant for shared decision‐making and to explore preferences for shared decision‐making strategies.

Methods

A purposive sampling from rheumatology clinics that provide services to Indigenous patients in a Canadian urban center was used to recruit participants for interviews. Seven participants were recruited to reach content saturation. Interview content was coded by 2 individuals, including an Indigenous patient with RA, and the data were analyzed via thematic analysis.

Results

Participants were all women ages 37–61 years living with RA. Participants supported the idea that shared decision‐making would be beneficial, primarily to support decisions around treatment plans and medication changes. Shared decision‐making approaches would need to reflect Indigenous‐specific content areas, such as benefits and risks of therapy informed by data from Indigenous patient populations and inclusion of traditional modes of healing. All participants were interested in having a decision coach and preferred that decision aids be in both paper and electronic formats for accessibility.

Conclusion

This study advances knowledge in the priority areas and specific content needed in the shared decision‐making process and the preferences of shared decision‐making strategies relevant and appropriate for urban Indigenous women living with RA in Canada.
Integrating Computational and Experimental Workflows for Accelerated Organic Materials Discovery
Authors: Greenaway Rebecca L. , Jelfs Kim E.
Published: February 2021

Organic materials find application in a range of areas, including optoelectronics, sensing, encapsulation, molecular separations, and photocatalysis. The discovery of materials is frustratingly slow however, particularly when contrasted to the vast chemical space of possibilities based on the near limitless options for organic molecular precursors. The difficulty in predicting the material assembly, and consequent properties, of any molecule is another significant roadblock to targeted materials design. There has been significant progress in the development of computational approaches to screen large numbers of materials, for both their structure and properties, helping guide synthetic researchers toward promising materials. In particular, artificial intelligence techniques have the potential to make significant impact in many elements of the discovery process. Alongside this, automation and robotics are increasing the scale and speed with which materials synthesis can be realized. Herein, the focus is on demonstrating the power of integrating computational and experimental materials discovery programmes, including both a summary of key situations where approaches can be combined and a series of case studies that demonstrate recent successes.
Room Temperature to 150 °C Lithium Metal Batteries Enabled by a Rigid Molecular Ionic Composite Electrolyte
Authors: Yu Deyang , Pan Xiaona , Bostwick Joshua E. , Zanelotti Curt J. , Mu Linqin , Colby Ralph H. , Lin Feng , Madsen Louis A.
Published: February 2021

Molecular ionic composites (MICs), made from ionic liquids and a rigid‐rod polymer poly(2,2′‐disulfonyl‐4,4′‐benzidine terephthalamide) (PBDT), are a new type of rigid gel electrolyte that combine fast ion transport with high thermal stability and mechanical strength. In this work, a MIC electrolyte membrane is prepared that is composed of PBDT, lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), and 1‐butyl‐1‐methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (Pyr14TFSI) in a mass ratio of 10:10:80. The ionic conductivity at 25 °C is 0.56 mS cm−1 with no added flammable/volatile components. Although the polymer content is only 10 wt%, this MIC membrane is rigid with a tensile modulus of 410 MPa at room temperature. The MIC membrane remains stable and rigid at 200 °C with the shear storage modulus (G′) only slightly decreasing by 35%. Li/MIC/LiFePO4 cells demonstrate stable cycling performance over a wide temperature range from 23 to 150 °C. The specific discharge capacity at 100 and 150 °C at 1 C rate exceeds 160 mAh g−1. The discharge capacity retention is 99% after 50 cycles at 150 °C. This stable battery performance shows that this low polymer content MIC membrane qualifies for use as a solid electrolyte in lithium metal batteries operating over a wide temperature range.
Mergers and acquisitions in the U.S. agribusiness sector, 1990–2017
Authors: Trejo‐Pech Carlos J. O. , Gunderson Michael A. , Lambert Dayton M.
Published: February 2021

The study examines financial and transaction characteristics that influence mergers and acquisitions (M&A) in U.S. agribusinesses. During the M&A private phase, we model the likelihood of firms becoming bidders or targets as a function of firms' past financial performance. During the M&A public phase, the likelihood of bidders becoming acquirers is modeled as a function of firms' past financial performance and M&A transaction characteristics. The results for the subset of bidders in the M&A private phase suggest that the likelihood of a firm becoming a bidder is positively correlated with the bidder's firm size 1 year before the M&A announcement. In contrast, the likelihood of a firm becoming a bidder is negatively associated with bidder's leverage, cash level, and very low market valuations. For the subset of targeted firms, the likelihood of firms being targeted is positively associated with the firm's leverage and negatively related with its profitability. Our results for the M&A public phase model show that firm experience in the M&A market is positively associated with the likelihood of acquisition completion. In addition, relative to nonhorizontal transactions, horizontal mergers tend to be more difficult to complete. [EconLit Citations: G34, M2].
High‐Density Lewis Acid Sites in Porous Single‐Crystalline Monoliths to Enhance Propane Dehydrogenation at Reduced Temperatures
Authors: Lin Guoming , Su Yunqi , Duan Xiuyun , Xie Kui
Published: February 2021

The non‐oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propylene plays an important role in the light‐olefin chemical industry. However, the conversion and selectivity remain a fundamental challenge at low temperatures. Here we create and engineer high‐density Lewis acid sites at well‐defined surfaces in porous single‐crystalline Mo2N and MoN monoliths to enhance the non‐oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propylene. The top‐layer Mo ions with unsaturated Mo‐N1/6and Mo‐N1/3coordination structures provide high‐density Lewis acid sites at the surface, leading to the effective activation of C−H bonds without the overcracking of C−C bonds during the non‐oxidative dehydrogenation of propane. We demonstrate a propane conversion of ≈11 % and a propylene selectivity of ≈95 % with porous single‐crystalline Mo2N and MoN monoliths at 500 °C.
Harnessing Hypoxia‐Dependent Cyanine Photocages for In Vivo Precision Drug Release
Authors: Zhang Yutao , Yan Chenxu , Zheng Qiaoqiao , Jia Qian , Wang Zhongliang , Shi Ping , Guo Zhiqian
Published: February 2021

Photocaging holds promise for the precise manipulation of biological events in space and time. However, current near‐infrared (NIR) photocages are oxygen‐dependent for their photolysis and lack of timely feedback regulation, which has proven to be the major bottleneck for targeted therapy. Herein, we present a hypoxia‐dependent photo‐activation mechanism of dialkylamine‐substituted cyanine (Cy‐NH) accompanied by emissive fragments generation, which was validated with retrosynthesis and spectral analysis. For the first time, we have realized the orthogonal manipulation of this hypoxia‐dependent photocaging and dual‐modal optical signals in living cells and tumor‐bearing mice, making a breakthrough in the direct spatiotemporal control and in vivo feedback regulation. This unique photoactivation mechanism overcomes the limitation of hypoxia, which allows site‐specific remote control for targeted therapy, and expands the photo‐trigger toolbox for on‐demand drug release, especially in a physiological context with dual‐mode optical imaging under hypoxia.
Preparation of Nano‐Emulsion‐Based Hydrogels Conjugated Curcumin as Model Functional Lipid Bioactive Compound
Authors: Heidarifard Maryam , Taghavi Elham , Anarjan Navideh
Published: February 2021

The preparation of nanoemulsion‐based alginate hydrogels, containing curcumin was the aim of current study. The nanoemulsions of coconut oil were prepared using solvent‐displacement technique and then the obtained nanoemulsions were converted to hydrogels using the ion‐gelling process. The effects of formulation parameters, namely, sodium alginate concentration (1–2 g L−1), the weight ratio of calcium chloride to sodium alginate (2–4), and curcumin to sodium alginate (1–3), were also evaluated on swelling percentage, gel fraction, curcumin load, curcumin release, and antibacterial inhibitory zone of hydrogels. All studied characteristics were successfully correlated to the selected independent variables by second‐order polynomial equations as models, with relatively high coefficients of determinations (R2 > 86). According to multiple numerical optimization analysis, the most desired hydrogels can be obtained using 1.9 g L−1 sodium alginate, curcumin/sodium alginate of 2.5 g g−1, and calcium chloride/sodium alginate of 2.2 g g−1, with the maximum swelling ratio (216%), gel fraction (29.9%), curcumin load (59.12%), antibacterial activity (clear‐zone diameter of 5.27 cm), and the least curcumin release after 12 hours (87.75%). It was also resulted that the curcumin release from prepared optimum hydrogel obeys the first order kinetics. No significant differences between the measured and predicted data confirmed the suitability of suggested models.
Simple approach for the plasma treatment of polymeric membranes and investigation of the aging effect
Authors: Marques Ingrid R. , Silveira Camila , Leite Monique J. L. , Piacentini Artur M. , Binder Cristiano , Dotto Marta E. R. , Ambrosi Alan , Di Luccio Marco , da Costa Cristiane
Published: February 2021

The modification of the surface characteristics after treatment with plasma in polymeric materials, such as the aging phenomenon, calls the attention of research in the area of nonthermal plasma technology. In this work, a direct treatment with dielectric‐barrier discharge plasma was used on the surfaces of ultrafiltration membranes. The measurements of the contact angle with water, attenuated total reflectance accessory, zeta potential, atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy‐MEV were performed on the surfaces to verify changes after plasma treatment and to understand the occurrence and timing of the plasma aging effect. In the analysis of the membrane performance, hydraulic permeation and protein retention tests were performed. The results showed an improvement in wettability and hydrophilic properties in the post‐treated membranes. The study of reversibility/aging of the post‐plasma surface is important for research that deals with the modification of polymeric membranes. Changes in surface morphology, topography and wettability of the membranes were observed up to seven days after treatment, with a tendency to return to the initial characteristics of the membranes.
Identifying protoclusters in distant universe
Authors: da Costa Mariana Rubet , Menéndez‐Delmestre Karín
Published: February 2021

Properties of galaxies, such as color, age, and star formation activity, appear to be associated with the environment in which they are immersed. To investigate how the environment‐galaxy relation is established, we study protoclusters, which are numerically dense environments of galaxies in the early Universe, and which give rise to galaxy clusters today. In this work, we use submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) ‐ which are very dusty and distant galaxies, with their copious infrared emission redshifted to the submillimeter wavelengths ‐ as lampposts to trace potential sites of protocluster regions. We undertook deep observations of the environment of SMGs with well‐established spectroscopic redshifts in the range of z ≃ 1–5. We made a combination of deep imaging and spectroscopic observations to identify Lyman‐alpha emitters (LAEs) as a means to assess the more typical star‐forming galaxies in these regions. We identified more than 300 LAE candidates in four potential protocluster regions. Of these, 200 have already been spectroscopically confirmed to be at the SMG redshifts. This is consistent with them being part of the same structure. By probing the redshift range z ≃ 1–5, which corresponds to ≥4 Giga years, we seek insights on the evolution of protoclusters over this time interval.
Newcomer refugee and immigrant youth negotiate transnational civic learning and participation in school
Authors: Dávila Liv T.
Published: February 2021

This article analyses the perspectives and experiences of refugee and immigrant secondary school students in the USA who are from the Democratic Republic of Congo to examine the interplay between identity and civic education, and broader socio‐political discourses around immigration and inclusion. Data are drawn from a 2‐year qualitative study that took place between 2016 and 2018, and included interviews, field notes from classroom observations and recordings of classroom discourse in high school civics classes. Findings are analysed through anthropological framings of citizenship and provide important insight into how marginalisation in one context is experienced in another—how refugee and immigrant youth’s socially conscious identities in resettlement contexts can be borne out of personal and familial histories that transcend geographical borders. In so doing, it showcases how civic learning can involve a dialogic process of self‐representation and representation of group memberships. This research emphasises these youth’s inherent agency and resistance to single‐story narratives about their lives. It concludes with implications for teachers and learners on incorporating active, critical and participatory transnational citizenship education into the classroom.
A novel fluorescent probe for rapid detection of sulfur dioxide in living cells
Authors: Hu Qian , Guo Rui , Zhang Liang , Liu Qing , Cai Shushun , Lin Weiying
Published: February 2021

Sulfur dioxide is one of the reactive sulfur species, which has significant physiological functions in cells. Some physiological processes are closely related to SO2 in organisms, and the high concentration of SO2 in living cells can cause many diseases. In order to investigate the unique function of SO2 at the subcellular level, developing a molecular tool which could detect of SO2 within organelles is imperative. Hence, we developed a cationic dye named HQ‐SO2 as a new fluorescent probe to specifically monitor SO2, which was easy to obtain through one‐step reaction. It took Michael addition reaction as the mechanism of reaction for detection of SO2. In addition, this probe showed a series of highly favorable properties such as rapid response rate, low cytotoxicity, high selectivity, low detection limit, and good photostability, which enabled the probe to track SO2 in living cells.
Studies on the structural and optical properties of samarium β‐diketonate complex incorporated electrospun poly(methylmethacrylate) nanofibres with different architectures
Authors: Philip Princy , Jose Tomlal , Jose Adon , Cherian Shijo K.
Published: February 2021

Electrospinning is the most favourable method for production of polymer nanofibres. In this study, we prepared a samarium β‐diketonate complex that incorporated pure, surface‐roughened and coaxial hollow poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) nanofibres through electrospinning. The successful incorporation of this samarium complex into the PMMA nanofibres with different architectures was elucidated through various structural and morphological studies. Optical investigations as well as other characterization techniques for the pure, surface‐roughened and coaxial hollow PMMA nanofibres before and after incorporating the samarium β‐diketonate complex explained the host matrix nature of the PMMA nanofibres. Photoluminescence properties of the pure and structurally modified PMMA nanofibres were enhanced two or three times after incorporating the samarium complex into the fibre. Comparison of the optical properties between the pure and structurally modified PMMA nanofibres incorporating the samarium β‐diketonate complex demonstrated the structural and optical improvements as well as the better host matrix nature of the surface‐roughened and coaxial hollow PMMA nanofibres over pure PMMA nanofibres for the samarium β‐diketonate complex. These optical enhancements make these materials applicable for various optical devices.
Synthesis and characterization of a Eu3+‐activated Ba2–xV2O7:xEu3+ phosphor using a hydrothermal method: a potential material for near‐UV‐WLED applications
Authors: Venkatesh Bharathi N. , Jeyakumaran T. , Ramaswamy S. , Jayabalakrishnan S.S.
Published: February 2021

Eu3+‐activated Ba2V2O7 (Ba2–xV2O7:xEu3+) phosphor materials were synthesized using a hydrothermal method and different concentrations of europium (x = 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, and 0.05%). Phase purity, structural, morphological, optical, and luminescence characteristics of the as‐synthesized phosphors were studied using powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution scanning electron microscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectrometry. The recorded XRD patterns of the as‐synthesized phosphors were indexed and predicted to be a triclinic structure. A cube‐like morphology was obtained for the as‐prepared samples. Broad absorption in the UV region from 200 nm to 380 nm was observed and the good transparency in the visible region at 400–800 nm originated from the [VO4]3− group charge transfer (CT) transition. The broad emission peak centred at 499 nm was due to the CT band of the [VO4]3− group. Also, a sharp peak observed at 613 nm was due to the electric dipole transition of 5D0→7F2 of Eu3+ ions that occupied the lattice sites without inversion symmetry for all concentrations. The colour qualities of the as‐prepared samples were calculated using Commission International de l'Eclairage coordinates. The colour‐rending index (CRI) value was 86 for the Ba1.97V2O7:0.03Eu3+ phosphor. Furthermore, a WLED with a high CRI value of 95 was achieved by coupling the 3 W 356 nm near‐UV light‐emitting diode (LED) chip with the Ba2–xV2O7:xEu3+ phosphor. These results suggested that the as‐prepared phosphor materials are potential candidates for fabrication of near‐UV chip excited WLEDs.
Metabolite profiling of IMID‐2, a novel anticancer molecule of piperazine derivative: In silico prediction, in vitro and in vivo metabolite characterization using UPLC–QTOF–MS/MS
Authors: Panday Niraj Kumar , Thakkar Disha , Patel Sagarkumar , Shard Amit , Sengupta Pinaki
Published: February 2021

IMID‐2, a newly identified piperazine‐based anticancer molecule, has been shown to be cytotoxic against various cancer cell lines. The primary aim of this research was to identify and characterize possible metabolites of the molecule formed during biotransformation. A metabolite identification study was first executed using an in silico tool to predict the possible metabolism sites of IMID‐2. Thereafter, metabolites generated in vitro (rat liver microsomes, rat S9 fractions and human liver microsomes) and in vivo (rat plasma, urine and feces) were identified and characterized employing UPLC–QTOF–MS/MS. A total of eight metabolites, among which were six in phase I and two in phase II reactions, were recognized. The plausible structure of the metabolites and probable metabolic pathway have been established based on the mass fragmentation pattern, mass ppm error, ring double bond calculation and nitrogen rule. The majority of phase I metabolites were generated by N‐oxidation, hydroxylation, oxidative deamination followed by reduction, oxidative dechlorination, N‐dearylation, and N‐dealkylation. Glucuronidation played a significant role in the formation of phase II metabolites of the molecule.
Chemical Biology Tools To Investigate Malaria Parasites
Authors: Broichhagen Johannes , Kilian Nicole
Published: February 2021

Parasitic diseases like malaria tropica have been shaping human evolution and history since the beginning of mankind. After infection, the response of the human host ranges from asymptomatic to severe and may culminate in death. Therefore, proper examination of the parasite's biology is pivotal to deciphering unique molecular, biochemical and cell biological processes, which in turn ensure the identification of treatment strategies, such as potent drug targets and vaccine candidates. However, implementing molecular biology methods for genetic manipulation proves to be difficult for many parasite model organisms. The development of fast and straightforward applicable alternatives, for instance small‐molecule probes from the field of chemical biology, is essential. In this review, we will recapitulate the highlights of previous molecular and chemical biology approaches that have already created insight and understanding of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. We discuss current developments from the field of chemical biology and explore how their application could advance research into this parasite in the future. We anticipate that the described approaches will help to close knowledge gaps in the biology of P. falciparum and we hope that researchers will be inspired to use these methods to gain knowledge – with the aim of ending this devastating disease.
Nicorandil‐induced colovesical fistula in a patient with diverticular disease
Authors: Noyes James D. , Mordi Ify R. , Zeb Qaiser , Lang Chim C.
Published: February 2021

Nicorandil's adverse effects can cause severe patient morbidity and can present to any specialty. Those with underlying diverticular disease are most susceptible. Medication reviews are vital for patients presenting with ulcer or fistula symptoms.
A prevertebral desmoplastic fibroblastoma presenting with sleep‐related breathing dysfunction
Authors: Bielak Cezary , Ahmed Jake , Atif Tehreem , Nair Uma , Arya Arvind , Zeitoun Hisham , Thomas Ligy
Published: February 2021

Desmoplastic fibromas exceedingly rarely present in the retro/parapharyngeal space but should be considered in differential diagnosis for benign lumps in these anatomical regions.
Reactivation cytomegalovirus leading to acute myocardial infarction—A first reported case in an immunocompetent patient
Authors: Yousaf Zohaib , Albaz Nadeen , Abdelmajid Alaaedin A. , Sabobeh Taher , Elzouki Abdel‐Naser
Published: February 2021

Reactivation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in immunocompetent patients may lead to increase morbidity and mortality. A clinical suspicion allows timely diagnosis, treatment, and favorable outcome. In a subject without apparent risk factors for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), CMV can be a possibility.
Pericecal fossa strangulated internal hernia
Authors: Seretis Charalampos , Katz Christian , Ahmed Aftab , Palit Amitabh , Piramanayagam Balasubramaniam , Marimuthu Kalimuthu
Published: February 2021

Pericecal fossa internal hernias are a rare cause of intestinal obstruction, and high clinical suspicion is required to diagnose them.
Wärmeübertragung im durchströmten Kreisrohr – Erzwungene laminare Strömung
Authors: Zehner Peter
Published: February 2021

Die einschlägig bekannten Gleichungen für die lokalen Nusselt‐Zahlen Nu(x) wurden neu interpretiert. Durch deren Integration wurden einfache Gleichungen unter konsequenter Einhaltung von Gültigkeitsgrenzen für die mittleren Nu‐Zahlen hergeleitet. Mit diesen ist es möglich, die Temperaturabhängigkeit von Stoffdaten gezielt zu berücksichtigen. Die hergeleiteten Korrekturfaktoren zeigen die unterschiedlichen Einflüsse von Viskosität, Wärmeleitfähigkeit und spezifischer Wärmekapazität auf. Die als Korrektiv üblicherweise verwendete Prandtl‐Zahl Pr hält theoretischen Überlegungen nicht stand. Außerdem wurden in Abhängigkeit von den Betriebsbedingungen – wie Gegen‐ oder Gleichstrom – die Auswirkungen einer nicht konstanten Wandtemperatur mathematisch erfasst.
Diastereodivergent Hydrosilylative Enyne Cyclization Catalyzed by N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Ni(0)†
Authors: Yu Meng , Yong Xuefeng , Gao Weiwei , Ho Chun‐Yu
Published: February 2021

Main observation and conclusion

Catalytic diastereodivergent hydrosilylative enyne cyclization with high generality and broad scope was achieved using electronic activated N‐heterocyclic carbene‐Ni(0) as a catalyst and R3SiH as silane (IPrCl, syn‐ : anti‐selectivity from up to 98 : 2 to 7 : 93 by Z = O, NH vs. NMs, R1 = n‐pentyl). Heterocycles bearing homoallylsilane rather than vinylsilane was obtained chemoselectively. The undesired yet highly competitive reactivity was suppressed, like direct hydrosilylation of alkene and alkyne concurrently. Optionally, the homoallylsilane products could be reduced further in one‐pot using IPrMe as ligand and (EtO)3SiH as silane under otherwise the same standard condition as the above, offering practical access to additional stereocenters and more diverse product structures from enynes.
Electric Field Driven Surface Ion Transport in Hydrophobic Nanopores†
Authors: Ding Xin‐Lei , Wu Zeng‐Qiang , Li Zhong‐Qiu , Xia Xing‐Hua
Published: February 2021

Main observation and conclusion

Water behavior in nanoconfined hydrophobic environment is different from that in the bulk, which greatly influences mass transport. Hydrophobicity switching of nanopores showing great potential for controlled water or ion transport has been realized through several methods, especially the voltage‐triggered wetting/dewetting inspired by biological ion channels. However, in the hydrophobic silanized nanopores, the finite ionic current is still observed and the ion transport mechanism is not yet clear. Here, we explore the ion transport behavior in the hydrophobic silanized anodic aluminum oxide (AAO). Ion transport through this hydrophobic membrane is confirmed, although no aqueous pathway was observed. Results show that ions transport through the cross‐linked silane layer on the inner surface. It is revealed that metal ions, not just the protons or hydroxide ions, are involved in the ion transport driven by external electric field. This study provides a new insight into the ion transport in nanoconfined hydrophobic environment, which is helpful to understand the biological processes and design new nanofluidic devices.
Investigation of designers' colour selection process
Authors: Chen Yun , Yu Luwen , Westland Stephen , Cheung Vien
Published: February 2021

Although many design process studies and design theories have been developed and presented, in reality designers have rarely followed standard rules. A design process is often more a form of personal self‐expression. The type of approach that designers use in their design work depends on their preference, experience, and education background. Therefore, this work focused on understanding the design process and the colour selection method by collecting data from designers and their design process with the aim to summarize a general colour selection method. This work employs a semi‐structured interview approach in a one‐to‐one interview format to investigate the process of design and collect their colour selection method. A total of 20 designers were interviewed from different design areas, working experience, age groups, cultural background, and workplace around Korea, China, South Africa, Mexico, and the United Kingdom. In the end, a three‐step‐method of colour selection was summarized and this highlighted the importance of colour association in the colour selection process.
Aβ misfolding in blood plasma measured by immuno‐infrared‐sensor as an age‐independent risk marker of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Möllers Tobias , Stocker Hannah , Perna Laura , Nabers Andreas , Rujescu Dan , Hartmann Annette M. , Holleczek Bernd , Schöttker Ben , Gerwert Klaus , Brenner Hermann
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Determining potential risk factors of amyloid beta (Aβ) misfolding in blood, a risk marker for clinical Alzheimer's disease (AD), could have important implications for its utility in future research and clinical settings.

Methods

Participants aged 50 to 75 years attending a general health examination were recruited for a prospective community‐based cohort study in Saarland, Germany, in 2000 to 2002. For these analyses, participants with available Aβ misfolding measurements and clinical AD information at 17‐year follow‐up were included (n = 444).

Results

Age did not show any association with Aβ misfolding in plasma; however, a strong association of both age and Aβ misfolding with the incidence of clinical AD was evident. Education and cardiovascular diseases were likewise not associated with Aβ misfolding.

Discussion

Structural measurement of Aβ misfolding in blood plasma is an age‐independent risk marker of clinical AD among older adults, supporting that risk of clinical AD is already largely determined before older adulthood.
Growth patterns of the pan‐European freshwater mussel, Anodonta anatina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Bivalvia: Unionidae), vary with sex and mortality in populations
Authors: Müller Tomasz , Labecka Anna Maria , Zając Katarzyna , Czarnoleski Marcin
Published: February 2021

Post‐maturation growth leading to indeterminate growth patterns is widespread in nature. However, its adaptive value is unclear. Life history theory suggests this allocation strategy may be favored by temporal pulses in the intensity of mortality and/or the capacity to produce new tissues.

Addressing the origin of indeterminate growth and the variability of growth patterns, we studied the growth of duck mussels, Anodonta anatina, a pan‐European unionid, in 18 Polish lakes. For each population, the sex, size, and age of collected mussels were measured to estimate Bertalanffy's growth curve parameters. We integrated information on A. anatina mortality rates, lake trophy, biofouling by zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, and the prevalence of parasitic trematode larvae to identify selective conditions in lakes.

We found two sources of mortality in A. anatina populations, pertaining to adverse effects of zebra mussel biofouling and trophy state on mussel survival. Additionally, populations with heavier biofouling presented a smaller abundance of parasites, indicative of a relationship between filtering intensity and contraction of water‐borne trematode larvae by filtering A. anatina.

Consistently for each sex, populations with a greater trophy‐related mortality were characterized in A. anatina by a smaller asymptotic size Lmax, indicative of a life history response to mortality risk involving early maturation at a smaller body size. In all populations, females featured higher mortality and larger asymptotic size versus males.

Our findings support a theoretical view that adaptive responses to selection involve adjustments in the lifetime resource allocation patterns. These adjustments should be considered drivers of the origin of indeterminate growth strategy in species taking parental care by offspring brooding in body cavities.
Why do women support socio‐economic systems that favour men more? A registered test of system justification‐ and social identity‐inspired hope explanations
Authors: Owuamalam Chuma Kevin , Caricati Luca , Rubin Mark , Matos Andrea Soledad , Spears Russell
Published: February 2021

Why do women support social and economic arrangements that disadvantage them? System justification theory (SJT) proposes that an autonomous system‐level motive is responsible for this tendency, beyond any group‐interested considerations (e.g., hope of future group advancement). The social identity model of system attitudes (SIMSA) disputes the existence of a unique system‐level motive and instead argues that hope of future group advancement can explain women's system‐justifying attitudes. Meta‐analyzed results from three experiments (Studies 1, N = 200; 2, N = 200; & 3, N = 700 women) revealed, consistent with SIMSA's social identity‐based explanation, that strongly identified women supported socio‐economic systems that historically favor men over women, mostly when they were hopeful about future gender equity. Contrary to SJT's system motive explanation, we did not find consistent evidence across the studies represented in our meta‐analysis that women were more supportive of socio‐economic realities that undercuts their group's interests when group motives were nonsalient.
A Bayesian hierarchically structured prior for rare‐variant association testing
Authors: Yang Yi , Basu Saonli , Zhang Lin
Published: February 2021

Although genome‐wide association studies have been widely used to identify associations between complex diseases and genetic variants, standard single‐variant analyses often have limited power when applied to rare variants. To overcome this problem, set‐based methods have been developed with the aim of boosting power by borrowing strength from multiple rare variants. We propose the adaptive hierarchically structured variable selection (HSVS‐A) before test for association of rare variants in a set with continuous or dichotomous phenotypes and to estimate the effect of individual rare variants simultaneously. HSVS‐A has the flexibility to integrate a pairwise weighting scheme, which adaptively induces desirable correlations among variants of similar significance such that we can borrow information from potentially causal and noncausal rare variants to boost power. Simulation studies show that for both continuous and dichotomous phenotypes, HSVS‐A is powerful when there are multiple causal rare variants, either in the same or opposite direction of effect, with the presence of a large number of noncausal variants. We also apply HSVS‐A to the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium Crohn's disease data for testing the association of Crohn's disease with rare variants in pathways. HSVS‐A identifies two pathways harboring novel protective rare variants for Crohn's disease.
Alterations in hippocampal subfield and amygdala subregion volumes in posttraumatic subjects with and without posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Zhang Lianqing , Lu Lu , Bu Xuan , Li Hailong , Tang Shi , Gao Yingxue , Liang Kaili , Zhang Suming , Hu Xinyue , Wang Yanlin , Li Lei , Hu Xinyu , Lim Kelvin O , Gong Qiyong , Huang Xiaoqi
Published: February 2021

The hippocampus and amygdala are important structures in the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, the exact relationship between these structures and stress or PTSD remains unclear. Moreover, they consist of several functionally distinct subfields/subregions that may serve different roles in the neuropathophysiology of PTSD. Here we present a subregional profile of the hippocampus and amygdala in 145 survivors of a major earthquake and 56 non‐traumatized healthy controls (HCs). We found that the bilateral hippocampus and left amygdala were significantly smaller in survivors than in HCs, and there was no difference between survivors with (n = 69) and without PTSD (trauma‐exposed controls [TCs], n = 76). Analyses revealed similar results in most subfields/subregions, except that the right hippocampal body (in a head‐body‐tail segmentation scheme), right presubiculum, and left amygdala medial nuclei (Me) were significantly larger in PTSD patients than in TCs but smaller than in HCs. Larger hippocampal body were associated with the time since trauma in PTSD patients. The volume of the right cortical nucleus (Co) was negatively correlated with the severity of symptoms in the PTSD group but positively correlated with the same measurement in the TC group. This correlation between symptom severity and Co volume was significantly different between the PTSD and TCs. Together, we demonstrated that generalized smaller volumes in the hippocampus and amygdala were more likely to be trauma‐related than PTSD‐specific, and their subfields/subregions were distinctively affected. Notably, larger left Me, right hippocampal body and presubiculum were PTSD‐specific; these could be preexisting factors for PTSD or reflect rapid posttraumatic reshaping.
A number’s game: Towards a solution to the policing of ringfenced COVID Hotspots
Authors: Spennemann Dirk H. R.
Published: February 2021

Issued addressed

COVID‐19 has highlighted the disruptive, cross‐sectorial effects a sudden‐onset pandemic has on a globally interconnected world. The control of community transmission requires the identification and isolation of hotspots, commonly achieved through blanket measures or through ring‐fencing. A simpler and more readily policeable, and geographically more flexible system is needed that allows both law enforcement and the public to detect people moving outside the ringfenced areas.

Methods

A narrative examination of the border closure between New South Wales and Victoria in June to September 2020.

Results

Enforcement of people's movement in and out of ring‐fenced areas relies on voluntary, ethical compliance coupled with legal prosecution of violators. Despite extensive community health promotion for COVID‐safe behaviour, the events of 2020 showed multiple, flagrant violations which were caught during random spot checks, as well as at the Murray River, a hard border set up along readily controllable and patrollable features (bridges).

Conclusions

Given that most medium and long‐distance movement in Australia is vehicular‐based, this paper advocates for the introduction of European‐style local government area based car registration which makes ‘out of bounds’ vehicle traffic readily recognisable by their number plates.

So what?

Public health promotion, coupled with convenient and ubiquitous observation and enforcement tool, is likely to moderate community behaviour and ensure increased compliance with the directives of health authorities and associated promotion of COVID‐safe behaviour.
‘One hundred dollars is a big help, but to continue, it’s a challenge’: A qualitative study exploring correlates and barriers to Active Kids voucher uptake in western Sydney
Authors: Virgona Natalie , Foley Bridget C. , Ryan Helen , Nolan Michelle , Reece Lindsey
Published: February 2021

Introduction

The Active Kids voucher is a universal, state‐wide voucher program, provided by the New South Wales (NSW) Government, Office of Sport. All school‐aged children in NSW are eligible to receive a voucher to reduce registration costs of structured physical activity programs. This study explores reasons behind lower uptake among children who are overweight or obese, from cultural and linguistically diverse families and those living in low socio‐economic areas.

Methods

Participants were recruited through a convenience sample of parent/carers who participated in the NSW Health Go4Fun program. Qualitative data were collected using focus groups. The Framework method was adapted for the analysis, taking an interpretive phenomenological approach.

Results

Study participants (n = 54) were all parents of children who were overweight or obese from both low and high socio‐economic status (SES). Most reported speaking a primary language other than English at home (65%). Parents were mostly aware of the Active Kids program (91%) and reported that the voucher had a positive impact on their children's participation in structured physical activity. A range of socio‐ecological factors, in addition to activity cost, influenced whether parents were able to use an Active Kids voucher and participate in structured physical activity.

Conclusions

The Active Kids voucher does not alleviate all barriers, particularly for families living in low socio‐economic areas. Engagement of this population in structured physical activities using the Active Kids vouchers could be strengthened through the implementation of effective interventions which comprehensively address the remaining barriers, such as access and flexibility of programs with local stakeholders and activity providers.
A critical zone observatory dedicated to suspended sediment transport: The meso‐scale Galabre catchment (southern French Alps)
Authors: Legout Cédric , Freche Guilhem , Biron Romain , Esteves Michel , Navratil Oldrich , Nord Guillaume , Uber Magdalena , Grangeon Thomas , Hachgenei Nico , Boudevillain Brice , Voiron Céline , Spadini Lorenzo
Published: February 2021

The 20 km2 Galabre catchment belongs to the French network of critical zone observatories (OZCAR; Gaillardet et al., Vadose Zone Journal, 2018, 17(1), 1–24). It is representative of the sedimentary lithology and meteorological forcing found in Mediterranean and mountainous areas. Due to the presence of highly erodible and sloping badlands on various lithologies, the site was instrumented in 2007 to understand the dynamics of suspended sediments (SS) in such areas. Two meteorological stations including measurements of air temperature, wind speed and direction, air moisture, rainfall intensity, raindrop size and velocity distribution were installed both in the upper and lower part of the catchment. At the catchment outlet, a gauging station records the water level, temperature and turbidity (10 min time‐step). Stream water samples are collected automatically to estimate SS concentration‐turbidity relationships, allowing quantification of SS fluxes with known uncertainty. The sediment samples are further characterized by measuring their particle size distributions and by applying a low‐cost sediment fingerprinting approach using spectrocolorimetric tracers. Thus, the contributions of badlands located on different lithologies to total SS flux are quantified at a high temporal resolution, providing the opportunity to better analyse the links between meteorological forcing variability and watershed hydrosedimentary response. The set of measurements was extended to the dissolved phase in 2017. Both stream water electrical conductivity and major ion concentrations are measured each week and every 3 h during storm events. This extension of measurements to the dissolved phase will allow progress in understanding both the origin of the water during the events and the partitioning between particulate and dissolved fluxes of solutes in the critical zone. All data sets are available at https://doi.osug.fr/public/DRAIXBLEONE_GAL/index.html.