bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Conflict to Companionship
Authors: Arnett Jeffrey Jensen
Published: December 2023

This chapter examines the many facets of emerging adults’ relationships with their parents. First, the overall outline of relations with parents in emerging adulthood is described, showing a remarkably positive picture. Then the changes that take place when emerging adults move out of their parents’ household are examined, as well as the experiences of emerging adults who move back in again and those who remain at home. Next comes a look at the shift that often takes place in emerging adulthood from a parent-child relationship to a new relationship as friends and companions. Finally, there is a complex rendering of the enduring repercussions of parents’ divorce and remarriage—how emerging adults recall these events and how they believe they have been shaped by them, in both positive and negative ways.
Meandering Toward Marriage
Authors: Arnett Jeffrey Jensen
Published: December 2023

This chapter first looks at the qualities emerging adults hope to find in a marriage partner. Nearly all are searching for a “soul mate,” meaning someone who is a perfect fit for them in terms of compatibility and interests. Then there is an examination of how emerging adults decide when they would like to marry and a description of the widespread sense, especially among women, of having an “age 30 deadline” for marriage. Next, issues of commitment are discussed, including gender differences, and different motives for cohabitation are examined. The chapter includes an intensive look at the recent rise in single motherhood during the 20s, including its sources and its consequences. Finally, the chapter looks at how the fear of divorce shapes marriage expectations.
The Road Through College
Authors: Arnett Jeffrey Jensen
Published: December 2023

This chapter examines a variety of aspects of emerging adults’ college experiences. The first part of the chapter describes the rise in participation in “tertiary education” over the past century and the economic basis for it. Next comes a look at how emerging adults chart their course through college, including choosing a major from among many options. This section also contains a look at emerging adults who succeed in college and those who flounder, and some reasons for the differences. Then there is a critical look at the American system of allowing such widespread access to higher education but at a high cost, and a comparison to the European system, looking at the pros and cons of each. The second half of the chapter turns to what undergraduates have to say about their college experiences, for better and worse. The chapter closes with a critical look at two possible future trends, online learning and gap years.
How Important Is Social Class?
Authors: Arnett Jeffrey Jensen
Published: December 2023

Critics of the theory of emerging adulthood claim that the theory applies only to the middle- and upper-middle-class young people who go to university and have enough financial support from parents to experience personal freedom and leisure during these years, but not to the working-class and lower-class young people who have far fewer options. In this chapter this issue is first addressed by reviewing research from the national Clark Poll of 18-to-29-year-olds, showing far more similarities than differences with respect to social class. Then, four case studies are presented of African Americans in their 20s from various social class backgrounds. The Clark Poll findings and these case studies illustrate that even though there are clear and sometimes dramatic differences in life prospects depending on social class, there is enough similarity across social classes to merit the application of “emerging adulthood” to the age group as a whole.
Nostalgic Engineering
Authors: Josephson Paul R.
Published: December 2023

Russian leaders and citizens have a romantic, if uninformed, attitude toward hero projects that is similar to that of the Soviet period. This is nostalgic engineering: persistent and society-wide fascination with the Soviet technological sublime that enables individuals to overplay the successes, ignore the failures, and remain ignorant of the social and environmental costs of hero projects. Even more, these projects have been tied to the legitimacy of the authoritarian presidency of Vladimir Putin. Like Soviet leaders, Putin masterfully uses state media to show himself a master of nature and a technological savant. Russian nostalgia for Soviet technology furthermore reflects trust in current Russian leadership to restore national pride, protect the fatherland, and provide for the masses through big technology—and to carry out war on Ukraine to reconstitute the glorious Soviet heritage with Russia at its head.
The importance of epistemic norms demands an explanation
Authors: Talbot Brian
Published: December 2023

This chapter explains the book’s project, which is to argue that the epistemic norms typically focused on by philosophers do not matter enough and should be replaced by quite different norms. It articulates core concepts that are used throughout the book: “standard epistemic norms”; what it is for norms to matter or to be important; what is meant by “vindicating” norms; the distinction between pointless, mundane, and interesting beliefs; and the notion of epistemic trade-offs. The chapter argues that, if epistemic norms matter, this demands an explanation; subsequent chapters will explore different explanations for why epistemic norms could matter and show how each explanation calls for standard epistemic norms to be replaced. Finally, the chapter gives a roadmap for the rest of the book and speculates about what the norms that should replace standard epistemic norms might look like.
The Creative Personality
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith , Henriksen Danah
Published: December 2023

This chapter reviews decades of research on creativity and personality types (e.g., extroversion) and the role of emotions in creativity. Much creativity research has examined demographic traits such as gender, birth order, family influences, and community and cultural influences. The chapter then reviews research on creativity in children, including creative play, development of creativity through childhood, worldplay and creativity, and research on prodigies. Next, the chapter reviews developmental changes through the life span, including through old age. The chapter ends with a review of the research on motivation and creativity, focusing on the possibility that external rewards interfere with creativity, and reviewing the research showing that internal, or intrinsic, motivation is associated with higher creativity.
Writing
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith , Henriksen Danah
Published: December 2023

This chapter reviews research on creativity in writing. The chapter begins by summarizing the key findings of this research: Writing is not a sudden flash of insight; rather, writing is hard work, it is conscious and directed, and it is often collaborative and socially embedded, for example, when an editor reviews a draft. These findings support the rationalist view of creativity described in Chapter 2. The chapter reviews a wide range of research on creativity in writing, including: poetry as an oral art; romance novels, and how well-known authors can generate them so quickly; collaborative teams of writers, for example in TV sitcoms; and hypertext, a form of distributed collaborative writing enabled by the internet. The chapter reviews the widespread popularity of fan fiction and analyzes the phenomenon using the sociocultural model of person, domain, and field. The chapter ends by reviewing studies of posthumous publication and of “outsider” writers.
Interlude
Authors: Schwenck Anna
Published: December 2023

Taking the form of a first-hand story, “Entrepreneurial Start-Up Culture Meets Soviet-Style Suspicions” describes the author’s experiences at two youth-leadership summer camps—SakhaSeliger, in the National Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), and the Krasnoyarsk Region’s “Territory of Youth Taking Initiative Biriusa.” The story moves back and forth between her visits to Biriusa and SakhaSeliger, laying out some conjectures regarding her divergent and subjective experiences as a participating outsider. While her participation at Biriusa aroused some suspicions that she might be working for a secret service among some fellow campers, her participation in SakhaSeliger was announced on social media, heralding her subsequent status as something of a VIP at camp. Not least, it portrays her surprise at discovering the integration of a business start-up culture with an authoritarian organizational and pedagogical style (Erziehungsstil).
Wrangling Words
Authors: Stoltz Dustin S. , Taylor Marshall A.
Published: December 2023

At this stage in our text analysis journey, we consider what must be deleted, extracted, replaced, and summarized. These procedures typically involve decisions made before constructing text matrices or more complex analyses. This chapter will discuss text wrangling: systematically altering the characters of our text by replacing and removing.
Tagging Words
Authors: Stoltz Dustin S. , Taylor Marshall A.
Published: December 2023

Classifiers are automated processes that associate text with labels based on patterns in the text. Document classifiers tell us whether a piece of text - in its entirety - belongs to a predefined category. In this chapter we introduce sub-document classifiers, or taggers. Taggers share much with qualitative content analysis because pieces of relatively short pieces of texts are “coded” as instantiating a category or theme and each document may contain multiple tags.
Project Workflow and Iteration
Authors: Stoltz Dustin S. , Taylor Marshall A.
Published: December 2023

This chapter ends with consideration of perhaps one of the greatest strengths of computational methods: the capacity to iterate. However, in order to capitalize on this capacity, we must treat our project workflows as “iteration infrastructures.”
Posttraumatic stress disorder and cancer: Secondary victims
Authors: Chung Man Cheung
Published: December 2023

Chapter 4 continues the theme of cancer-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and examines the research findings that suggest that this form of PTSD can also affect patients’ family members. Children’s cancer can affect their parents who show PTSD symptoms. The parents’ PTSD symptoms may also be related to those of their children. The risk factors for PTSD or posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in parents who have survived childhood cancer are then described. These factors appear to be related to survivors’ subjective perceptions of cancer, uncertainty about the disease, loss of control, threats to life, and intensity of treatment. Rumination and coping strategies are also related to PTSD in parents. Some studies seem to have focused on the maternal burden of childhood cancer, while recognising that both fathers and mothers tend to react differently to their children’s cancer. In addition to parents, this chapter also describes research on the impact of a parent’s cancer on family members. As children grow up, they may still use avoidance strategies to cope with the effects of childhood trauma. In addition to children, the literature also describes the impact of cancer on partners and siblings. The chapter ends with some descriptions of different types of interventions for parents of children with cancer, as well as interventions specifically designed for siblings of children with cancer and for patients and partners.
Posttraumatic stress disorder and autoimmune diseases
Authors: Chung Man Cheung
Published: December 2023

Chapter 9 examines the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and autoimmune diseases. People with PTSD tend to develop arthritis and diabetes. Research is also looking at hypoglycaemic fear and hypoglycaemia-specific posttraumatic stress in people with type 1 diabetes. Childhood trauma, gender differences, and ethnicity may influence the relationship between PTSD and diabetes. PTSD/posttraumatic stress symptoms has also been studied in parents of children with diabetes and other illnesses, with mothers more likely to experience PTSD related to their children’s illness than fathers. Similarly, more mothers of children with type 1 diabetes than fathers meet diagnostic criteria for PTSD or partial PTSD related to their children’s illness. This chapter concludes with brief comments on the relationship between PTSD and type 2 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and Guillain–Barré syndrome.
Land use change and emerging infectious diseases
Authors: Salkeld Dan , Hopkins Skylar , Hayman David
Published: December 2023

Land use change is a catch-all term for ways that humans modify abiotic and biotic environments: paving surfaces, converting forests into agricultural fields, grazing livestock on grasslands, etc. These activities are important for human well-being (e.g., food security, access to social services), but they can also cause emerging infectious disease events. Disease emergence does not just depend on physical changes to environments, but also how interactions in those environments change. For example, farming wildlife and domestic species creates large and often highly susceptible host populations that may interact with both wildlife and people, creating frequent opportunities for spillover and spillback of emerging pathogens. Similarly, urbanization can create conditions where some reservoir species, like rodents, flourish and have unusually high interaction rates with humans. These mechanisms are all proximate drivers of disease emergence or disease burdens, which may or may not be the best targets for disease control interventions. For example, efforts to reduce deforestation may reduce spillover risks for some diseases, but these efforts are unlikely to be successful without addressing the ultimate drivers of deforestation, such as poverty and global demand for forest products. This chapter describes many proximate and ultimate drivers of land use change and pathogen emergence.
Navigation Examinations in the Early Modern Period
Authors: Schotte Margaret E.
Published: December 2023

Early modern navigators were required to pass examinations prior to being promoted. These were an important element of nautical training programmes, not only shaping classroom curricula and practices, but teaching mathematical techniques to diverse maritime communities from the sixteenth century onwards. Far from being monolithic, there were five distinct types of examination, each focused on a different skill. The earliest type comprised a hands-on demonstration of physical tools, including instruments, maps, and even knots. The second capacious category relied on traditional dialogues to help memorize information—about piloting, cosmography, and geography. The last type to be introduced, by the Dutch East India Company (VOC), required candidates to calculate numerical answers for the ship’s position. Evidence of these extremely influential examinations appears in textbooks, student manuscripts, and fill-in-the-blank tests through the end of the eighteenth century. This chapter analyses the relationship between practice tests and published manuals to trace how these examinations facilitated the understanding of arithmetic and geometry, trigonometry and tables, making an indelible impact on the decks of ships and beyond.
Mathematical Men in Humble Life
Authors: Despeaux Sloan Evans , Stenhouse Brigitte
Published: December 2023

Working-class men from the North of England began to form societies for their avocational, mathematical interests by the second decade of the eighteenth century. Latin mathematical texts were useless to these men, and while some of them benefited from English textbooks on algebra and geometry, it was mathematical journals that most helped inform and motivate these philomaths. In turn, these men contributed to the persistence and wide-ranging popularity of the ‘questions for answer’ genre in British journals for over 150 years. This chapter will focus on the north-west of England, on the areas surrounding the cities of Manchester and Liverpool. We will use three short-lived ‘questions for answer’ journals from this region as windows through which to view the factors that motivated the journals’ editors to promote networks of mathematical communication.
Collection, Use, Dispersal
Authors: Wardhaugh Benjamin
Published: December 2023

Charles Hutton (1737–1823) collected books from his childhood onwards, and by the time of his retirement owned what he and his friends believed was the best mathematical library in England. Following a misunderstanding with the British Museum, the collection was dispersed at auction in 1816, and few of the books can now be located. This paper discusses first Hutton’s activities as a collector of mathematical print from eighteenth-century Britain and beyond; it considers how, and how effectively, he became a contributor to mathematical print himself, reusing and extending the contents of his library. Finally it describes the dispersal of his library and of the mathematical culture in which he worked.
The Life Mathematick
Authors: Jardine Boris
Published: December 2023

John Speidell (1577–1649) was one of the pre-eminent teachers of mathematics in London in the first half of the seventeenth century, and was author of an important early work on logarithms, as well as various elementary mathematical works. His son Euclid was also a teacher of mathematics. Beyond information gleaned from their published works, we know very little about these two men. However, a manuscript written by Euclid Speidell towards the end of his life is preserved at the Lincolnshire Archives, and this sheds a great deal of light on the life and times of John Speidell. Incidental comments in the manuscript are also revealing about mathematical culture in the 1590s. Because Euclid Speidell lived until 1702 we are therefore in possession of a remarkable source, covering mathematical teaching for more than a century. One suggestion that has been made about mathematical culture in this period is confirmed: namely that instruments were central to the acquisition of knowledge, the unity of the ‘mathematical arts’, and the career progress of teachers and practitioners. With this in mind we might usefully return to questions about the place of instruments in learning: their use was the norm, not an exception, and challenges to instrumentation should be seen as radical attempts to change the order of knowledge and privilege certain kinds of expertise, rather than as rational critiques of intellectual inferiors.
A Kenyan railway? A Kenyatta railway?
Authors: Wang Yuan
Published: December 2023

This chapter lays out the ways in which Kenyan electoral institutions incentivized the political champion, in this case President Uhuru Kenyatta, to take a personalistic approach to the Chinese-sponsored Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) project. It traces Kenyatta’s personalistic approach to SGR implementation back to the historical legacy of personalism in Kenyan politics, inherited from his father, Jomo Kenyatta, and persisting in Kenya’s multiparty politics today. The comparison of two phases of the SGR shows that political championship was crucial to achieving the high effectiveness of SGR Phase 1, completed before the elections, and that the absence of Kenyatta’s championship resulted in delays in Phase 2A, started after the elections. It argues that the Kenyan president instrumentalized the Chinese-sponsored mega-railway project as his campaign capital. It also discusses the various modes of presidential intervention in SGR delivery, and the social and political impacts of these interventions.
Revolutionary democracy, developmental state, and capitalism
Authors: Wang Yuan
Published: December 2023

This chapter investigates how changes in political championship in Ethiopia influenced the implementation of the Addis Ababa–Djibouti railway project. The leadership transition from strongman Prime Minister Meles Zenawi to the ‘legacy maintainer’ Hailemariam Desalegn also marked the significant slow-down of project implementation, despite increasing efforts by Chinese contractors and Chinese government. This demonstrates the importance of the leader’s authority in project delivery, therefore making a distinction between the leader’s position and the individual, and in this case the premiership and the prime ministers themselves. Ethiopia’s deteriorating security situation after November 2015 resulted in the diversion of leadership attention from infrastructure development to maintaining stability. Projects like the railway lost political championship but industrial parks gained the leader’s commitment. The chapter briefly investigates the relative success of the Hawassa Industrial Park under the championship of Arkebe Oqubay in 2015–16. This industrial park aligned well with the survival incentive of the government to maintain stability shortly prior to and during the political crisis.
The Self and its Disorders
Authors: Gallagher Shaun
Published: December 2023

The Self and its Disorders develops a philosophical and interdisciplinary approach to the formulation of an “integrative” perspective in psychiatry. In contrast to some integrative approaches that focus on narrow brain-based conceptions, or strictly on symptomology, this book takes its bearings from embodied and enactive conceptions of human experience and builds on a perspective that understands self as a self-pattern—a pattern of processes that include bodily, experiential, affective, cognitive-psychological, reflective, narrative, intersubjective, ecological, and normative factors. It provides a philosophical analysis of the notion of self-pattern, framed in terms of dynamical organization. It then draws on phenomenological, developmental, clinical, and experimental evidence to propose a method for studying the effects of psychopathologies on the self-pattern, and includes discussions of network theory, predictive processing models, and the role of narrative. This book explores the hypothesis that psychiatric disorders are self-disorders, and includes specific discussions of schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, depression, borderline personality disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder and autism spectrum disorder, as well as traumatic effects of torture and solitary confinement. Other topics include diagnostic classification, symptom overlap, and transdiagnostic complexity. Several chapters explore a variety of philosophical issues that relate to therapeutic approaches, including deep brain stimulation, meditation-based interventions, and the use of artificial intelligence and virtual reality.
Introduction
Authors: Gallagher Shaun
Published: December 2023

This introductory chapter discusses the tension between biopsychosocial models and neurocentric approaches in psychiatry, motivating a turn to 4E (embodied, embedded, extended, and especially enactive) theories. The chapters that follow develop an interdisciplinary approach to integrative conceptions of psychiatry, distinguish between narrow and wide integration, and explicate a model based on the concept of self-pattern. According to this model, psychiatric disorders are self-disorders. This hypothesis extends the claim made by phenomenological psychiatrists about schizophrenia, namely, that schizophrenia is a disturbance affecting a very basic sense of self. The notion of self-pattern introduces a wider and more complex notion of self that facilitates the analysis of psychopathologies more generally. The chapter ends with a consideration of the difficulties involved in nosological classification.
Artificial Transformations of the Self-pattern
Authors: Gallagher Shaun
Published: December 2023

Computational psychiatry can provide a modeling tool to support or test a variety of theories of psychopathology. Machine learning techniques can identify variables with predictive values for clinical disorders and can be used to test the efficacy of antipsychotic medications. Artificial general intelligence is still a project rather than an existing product, but research and design are moving forward at a fast clip. What are the possibilities for using AI to change the self-pattern through enhancement technology? Even if, at one extreme, mind uploading may not yet be possible and may spawn a variety of philosophical issues to consider, AI applications such as natural language programs in the form of chatbots already offer therapeutic possibilities. AI enhanced virtual reality has been shown to provide diagnostic and therapeutic support in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, such as phobias and schizophrenia.
Equality and Discrimination
Authors: Bell Mark
Published: December 2023

This chapter examines Catholic Social Teaching (CST) on equality and discrimination in the workplace. CST holds that all human persons are equal in dignity. In principle, it rejects unjust discrimination, including where this takes place in the workplace. It has, though, been reticent about its support for anti-discrimination law. The chapter explores the sensitive relationship between CST and anti-discrimination by taking EU law as a case study. It probes three issues to understand better where divergence may arise between CST and secular law on discrimination. These are: (i) gender equality and the reconciliation of work and family life, (ii) the manifestation of religious beliefs in the workplace and in ethos-based organizations, (iii) LGBTQI+ rights. The chapter finds that there is considerable common ground between CST and EU anti-discrimination law. Much of the latter would be entirely in conformity with the rejection of discrimination found in contemporary CST. There are divergences on certain issues, especially in relation to the latitude for organizations with a religious ethos to depart from the ‘standard’ requirements of anti-discrimination law. Nevertheless, the chapter concludes that there are constructive contributions that can be derived from a critical engagement between CST and EU anti-discrimination law.
‘All show’d the builders, crav’d the seers care’
Authors: Cioni Francesca
Published: December 2023

‘The Crosse’ gives voice to a struggle to perform effective worship; it also seems, biographically, to record Herbert’s labours in the 1620s rebuilding of the church of St Mary at Leighton Bromswold, where he was rector. Conceptual parallels and practical correspondences between devotional service, poetic composition and church building were an important part of the devotional experience of not only poets and clergy but readers and lay worshippers too. Believers’ relationship to the church building was one of close affective and interpretive attention: the church was an edifice to be maintained as a demonstration of piety, and to be ‘read’ as an architectural metaphor. Consecration sermons offer a valuable way of understanding how the meaning and use of church buildings was consecrated, and inform The Temple’s own ‘Dedication’ and its metaphorical ‘building’ works in poems like ‘The Windows’, ‘The Altar’, and ‘JESU’.
Coda: ‘The hand you stretch/Is mine to write’
Authors: Cioni Francesca
Published: December 2023

In ‘Providence’ Herbert situates humanity within Creation as part of a literary and devotional ecology of praise. Herbert’s poetry works by material, textual, and spiritual proliferation, in the uses to which it is put by contemporary readers. Poems like ‘Coloss. 3. 3.’ both invite and resist commonplacing and recontextualization, and Herbert’s treatment of scripture performs and invites modes of reading both figurative and insistently material. Close readings of two appearances of Herbert’s poems in mid seventeenth-century manuscripts, compiled by Sir John Gibson and his son John, demonstrate the variety of uses to which The Temple was put, as well as the consistent significance of the poems’ material surface. In Samuel Speed’s Prison-pietie, Speed mimics Herbert’s verse in a way that embodies the generative work Herbert saw his devotional verse performing.
Genealogy
Authors: Huju Kira
Published: December 2023

Chapter 2 writes an embodied origin story of India’s fraught engagement with international society. It shows how the ambitious Nehruvian project of postcolonial solidarity and Third World reconstruction was, from the very founding of the Foreign Service, deeply intertwined with a narrower reading of ‘worldliness’ and the codes of cosmopolitan class signalling inherited through socialization under the British Raj. It locates this story in the elite educational and bureaucratic conditions of empire and analyses the lived experience and autobiographical narrations of native Indian Civil Service (ICS) officers as they are socialized into imperial bureaucracy through training at Oxbridge. It analyses how the torn sense of belonging under the Raj did not dissolve at Independence but was instead institutionalized into the very structures of the postcolonial Indian Foreign Service.
Milton, Longinus, and the Sublime in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Vozar Thomas Matthew
Published: December 2023

No author in the English canon seems more deserving of the epithet sublime than John Milton. Yet Milton’s sublimity has long been dismissed as an invention of eighteenth-century criticism: the poet himself, the story goes, could hardly have had any notion of the sublime, a concept that only took shape in the decades after his death with the advent of philosophical aesthetics. Such judgments fail, however, to acknowledge the importance of the fact that Milton is one of the first writers in English to refer to Longinus, the author traditionally associated with the Ancient Greek treatise On the Sublime. This book argues that Milton did have an idea of the sublime, one that came to him from Longinus but also from a larger classical tradition that offered a pre-aesthetic predecessor of the aesthetic concept of the sublime. Far from being anachronistic, Milton’s “abstracted sublimities” touch on almost every aspect of his thought, from rhetoric to politics, from science to theology. Making substantive contributions to literary scholarship, classical reception studies, and the history of ideas, this book seeks to return the sublime to its proper place at the forefront of Milton criticism, to reevaluate the diffusion of Longinian texts and concepts in early modern Europe, and to record a crucial missing chapter in the history of the sublime.
Introduction
Authors: Vozar Thomas Matthew
Published: December 2023

The introduction establishes the main themes of the book as a study of Milton, Longinus, and the idea of the sublime in the seventeenth century. It considers the reasons why the Miltonic sublime has for so long been dismissed as an anachronism and puts forward the claim that Milton in fact had at his disposal various notions of the sublime derived from Longinus and other sources. A philological investigation of words for the sublime in Greek, Latin, and the vernacular leads to the generation of a working definition of the sublime for the purposes of this study. The plan of the book is then outlined in detail, with summaries of the following chapters and appendices.
The Sublime from Antiquity to the Renaissance
Authors: Vozar Thomas Matthew
Published: December 2023

Chapter 1 outlines the development of three species of the sublime in European thought from classical antiquity to the early seventeenth century: the rhetorical, the physical or natural-philosophical, and the theological. I begin with an overview of the Peri hupsous and its context in Greek rhetorical theory, which is followed by an examination of the reception of Longinus and the Longinian sublime in early modern Europe. This provides the necessary background to the rhetorical species of sublimity, or a certain notion of lofty style, as it would have been understood by Milton and his contemporaries. I then provide sketches of the other two species of the sublime, the physical and the theological. The historical exposition furnished here prepares the ground for the subsequent chapters on Milton, each of which takes as its focus one of the three species of the sublime.
Thinking About the Revolution
Authors: Balbi Gabriele
Published: December 2023

This chapter focuses on long-standing narratives repeated for decades, which I have called mantras: the disruptive character of the revolution (after the digital revolution, nothing will be the same as before); the fact that it involves the totality of human beings and spheres of action; the fact that it is irresistible and, indeed, that opposing it is counterproductive; the fact that the revolution is never completed but will need to be happening continually (the future is the favorite tense of the digital revolution); finally, as Trotsky and others said of the Russian Revolution, it is a permanent phenomenon which has lasted for decades and will last into the future. All these mantras are buzzwords and tropes of the digital revolution which are assigned to it without much reflection. Deconstructing their origins and the reasons why they persist over time is the ultimate goal of this chapter.
Towards a More Promising Trajectory for Human Rights Due Diligence as Transnational Labour Law
Authors: Landau Ingrid
Published: December 2023

This chapter considers how human rights due diligence (HRDD) could be embedded in law in a way that would increase its potential effectiveness as a tool of transnational labour law. In doing so, it draws upon three strands of literature introduced earlier in the book: transnational labour law, regulatory theory, and legal endogeneity theory. The chapter emphasises the importance of maintaining HRDD’s broad purpose and scope and of embedding enforceable rights for workers and their representatives throughout the HRDD process. These include rights to information, to consultation, and to enforcement. It also considers appropriate national oversight and dispute resolution mechanisms for HRDD regulation. The final part of the chapter emphasises the importance of securing improvements to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development National Contact Point system.
The Turn to Metrics in International Environmental Law
Authors: Ellis Jaye
Published: December 2023

International environmental law has long incorporated quantitative approaches, such as targets and timetables for emissions reduction, and more recently has begun measuring progress towards goals through indicators, which condense a great deal of data concerning complex phenomena into a simple form, often expressed as a number. This trend has greatly accelerated with the 2015 adoption by the United Nations of the Sustainable Development Goals: metrics such as goals, targets, and indicators are now at the centre of the UN’s flagship sustainability initiative. This chapter examines whether this turn to metrics should also be understood as a turn away from law. Through an analysis of the Paris Agreement, and certain features of the climate change regime more generally, it considers some of the most important limitations of metrics and the crucial contributions that law, understood as a normative framework, makes to environmental governance.
World Trade Law and the Rise of China
Authors: Kiderlin Nina Teresa
Published: December 2023

This chapter traces China’s rise in the World Trade Organization (WTO) through a case study of changes in subsidy regulation, with a view toward understanding how China utilizes domestic legal capacity in international trade disputes. Change processes in international trade law have largely occurred through shifts in interpretation by WTO dispute settlers, highlighting the centrality of the ‘judicial’ path of change. China has been among the successful change agents using this path at the WTO, advancing its global economic and political position. Pressures of geopolitics are encapsulated within the case of subsidy regulation. Subsidy rules seemed relatively settled for several years before the dispute settlement mechanisms took a step back from the original US-favoured interpretation. The changes, which incorporated non-US favoured views, represent a test for whether the institution can accommodate a strong non-market-based economy and can strike a balance between the demands of different types of economies.
Epilogue: Fragmentary Thoughts on Informal Change
Authors: Chimni BS
Published: December 2023

The problem of change in the international system is of central concern to students of international law. The present volume, dedicated to the phenomenon of informal change, conceptualizes and documents several instances of norm adaptation. It thereby offers important theoretical insights into the nature and functioning of the international legal order. It helps among other things to underscore the relative autonomy of the legal order, ie how its internal structure, logic, and dynamics create space for informal change. But while the volume makes a significant contribution to understanding the conditions and pathways of informal change, the direction of these changes, and their cumulative impact, do not receive sufficient attention, in particular from the perspective of weak nations.
The People’s Drink in the Racial State
Authors: Terrell Robert Shea
Published: December 2023

This chapter analyzes conflicts over beer during the Nazi dictatorship. Over the course of the regime, public health officials, propagandists, and administrators in the food and agriculture apparatuses worked either to reduce German beer consumption or intervene in brewing standards. Some of these interventions were ideological, tied to the central place of public and racial health in the Nazi worldview. Others were more practical, part and parcel of managing resources and national nutrition in the course of the war. In response, administrators and ideologues confronted opposition from regional brewers and legislators who repeatedly repulsed state intervention by invoking not only traditions but also the possibility of widespread consumer unrest. While Bavarians led the charge, industrial and political allies in Baden and Württemberg quickly formed a chorus of southern Germans presenting a unified vision of beer as the national drink of the German people. More than a history of the “room for manoeuver” retained by private enterprise in Nazi Germany, these conflicts over the people’s drink in the racial state represented political skirmishes over who the German people were and what their social, economic, and cultural life looked like.
Making a National Icon
Authors: Terrell Robert Shea
Published: December 2023

This chapter analyzes the process by which the Reinheitsgebot, or Beer Purity Law, transformed from a relatively unknown production standard into a national commercial icon of the Federal Republic. The Reinheitsgebot became ubiquitous in two conflicts of market integration as Bavarian and later West German brewers and legislators framed integration as an affront to their commercial and cultural lives. In the so-called Süßbierstreit, or conflict over sweet beer, brewers and regulators in Old Bavaria sought to stem the tide of West German market integration in the form of non-Bavarian beer entering Franconia, the culturally contested areas of northern Bavaria. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Franconian borderlands became the object of battles over cultural, economic, and regulatory supremacy between Munich and Bonn. The second conflict followed a parallel trajectory but was initiated by west European market integration and set West Germans in opposition to imports from other member states of the European Economic Community. Here, capital and regulatory influence in Munich led the way, but West German regulators and consumer groups likewise joined the charge to rally behind market protectionism. Challenging the mythos of the innate place of the Reinheitsgebot in Germany, this chapter shows it was a product of market protectionism that rallied regulators and consumers alike in defense of industrial interests.
The Munich Effect
Authors: Terrell Robert Shea
Published: December 2023

This chapter telescopes Munich beer into the global register by following exports of Löwenbräu into international contexts. It specifically shows how Löwenbräu not only became the cutting edge of Bavarian exports in the decades after the Second World War, but also how its work with importers and marketers around the world transformed the global imaginary of Germany itself. For the Munich company, exports provided a strategy for rebuilding their destroyed business. Around the world, the high price point led importers and marketers to push the brand not only as a high-quality beer but also as part of an authentic German drinking experience. From Detroit to Hong Kong, the presence of Löwenbräu lent credibility to the proliferation of Oktoberfests, beer gardens, and beer cellars—venues where consumers could approximate an apparently authentic German cultural experience. While shaping the market scaffolding that would ensure sales, people in diverse fields—from patent law to advertising and from event organizing to international diplomacy—produced meanings about the product and its consumption that took on larger significance for global re-imaginings of Germany. In selling beer, this network of businesspeople also sold an image of Germany that departed from and potentially displaced the legacies of Nazism, projecting instead a jovial, unthreatening land of beer drinkers.
The Laws of Nature
Authors: Fisher John
Published: December 2023

Bradley displayed a mastery of the Principia and asserted that all natural scientific knowledge claims should be based on observation and experiment. Bradley’s course in experimental philosophy began with a polemic directed against Aristotle and Descartes, and all systems based on first principles. The laws of motion led to an examination of every branch of physical science, including hydrostatics, pneumatics, and optics. There was a conservative reaction not just against Bradley’s course, but the entire thrust of the new natural philosophy, for many with religious sensibilities viewed the reversal of the traditional hierarchies of knowledge with alarm. Bradley avoided religious controversy but as a leading educator in the physical sciences he became a symbol of the new values.
Observations Beyond Compare
Authors: Fisher John
Published: December 2023

The final decade of Bradley’s working life was centred on the survey of the stars, observed by Bradley and his assistants down to magnitude 8, visible from the Royal Observatory. These observations were reduced by Bessel and published in 1818; the reduction involved developing new methods that formed the foundations of nineteenth century positional astronomy. Bradley’s discovery of both the aberration of light and the nutation of the Earth’s axis had earlier laid the foundations of eighteenth century astrometry, while his Greenwich observations laid the bed on which Bessel’s great achievement was made. Both Bradley and Bessel were concerned with the problems of observational error and those of perceptual bias, that is, with seeing what the observer wants to see.
Conclusion
Authors: Fisher John
Published: December 2023

Bradley’s work culminated the classical age of astrometry, later superseded by advances in technology and new methodologies. His work witnessed the beginnings of modern scientific practice. The dispute over ownership of his Greenwich observations and the lack of urgency in publishing or releasing the registers devalued them. Their scientific value remained hidden until the observations were reduced by Bessel from 1807 to 1818. It was Bessel who termed Bradley’s observations as ‘incomparabilis’ because of the observational detail. This included records of all the possible sources of error, including variables such as barometric and thermometric records or clock errors, even including the ‘personal equation’ the slight variations in the observing practice between Bradley and his assistants. There is a contrast between Flamsteed and Bradley, particularly in their respective use of patronage or other forms of social or political support. The importance of James Pound is emphasized in the work and patronage enjoyed by Bradley. The work on aberration, nutation, and precession and the value of Bradley’s innovations in observation as well as his organizational skills laid the foundations of astronomical science in the eighteenth century. His work accompanied the rise of the importance of highly skilled artisans, protected by a robust patent system, who made the instruments that made Bradley’s work possible. Bradley’s nescience is discussed.
Anti-vax Protests
Authors: della Porta Donatella
Published: December 2023

This chapter looks at the evolution of different waves of anti-vax protests. In order to assess both the variety and the radicality of the protests, data from protest event analysis and video data analysis on the Italian case will be used to look first at the time and spatial evolution of the protests, then at the actors present in them and finally the forms of action employed. In particular, the chapter shows the diversity between two waves of protests, which were in fact separated by a low ebb. Following this, it compares the Italian case with the German and the Greek cases, looking at the former as an example of sustained protest and at the latter as one instead of very limited anti-vax contention. It concludes with some general observations on the interaction of waves within cycles, as an important theoretical contribution from the protest event analysis.
Organizing the Anti-vax Protests
Authors: della Porta Donatella
Published: December 2023

The chapter analyses the disembedded crowdsourced organizational model which characterized the anti-vax protests. The research on the Italian case shows, in particular, how movement entrepreneurs distributed resources for mobilization, targeting specific constituencies that they encouraged to self-organize. While actions tended to remain localized, unstable committees (at times even in the form of political parties) formed in order to launch local protests in various cities as well as a number of national events. Resources were especially invested in social media campaigns that spread fake news relating to the virus and vaccines, as well as conspiracy theories concerning plots designed to deprive citizens of their rights or even to kill them in order to solve the problem of overpopulation. The comparison with the German and Greek cases shows similarities in the crowdsourced organizational model, but also diversity in terms of the capacity of anti-vax groups to embed themselves in a broader environment.
Introduction
Authors: Jha Vyoma
Published: December 2023

In 2015, on the first day of the Paris climate talks, India and France Jointly announced the International Solar Alliance (ISA). In less than two years, the ISA—led by India and backed primarily by developing countries—became a legal entity. This book presents a case study on the making of the ISA as a new international organization. The introductory chapter introduces the book’s main purpose and arguments. It positions the book within existing scholarship and explains the motivating questions behind the empirical investigation into the creation of the ISA as a treaty-based international organization. The book is propelled by the contention that the treaty-making process invites research and analysis, particularly since there are so few instances of developing countries being at the forefront of international rule-making. It goes on to describe the research design and methods, and lays down the structure of the book.