bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementation of an OR Efficiency Program
Authors: Scheriff Kathryn , Gunderson Douglas , Intelisano Anthony
Published: November 2008

PERIOPERATIVE EFFICIENCY is considered a hallmark for physician and patient satisfaction.

AN OR EFFICIENCY PROGRAM was implemented in a hospital in the northeastern United States in 2005. After one year, improvements were seen in OR schedule adherence, room turnover time, and staff member consistency across all shifts.

A WELL‐EXECUTED PERIOPERATIVE efficiency program may not only enhance physician and patient satisfaction, but also may improve staff satisfaction and patient safety. AORN J 88 (November 2008) 775–789. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
Hand‐Off Communication: A Requisite for Perioperative Patient Safety
Authors: Amato‐Vealey Elaine J. , Barba Marianne P. , Vealey Ryan J.
Published: November 2008

TRANSITIONS FROM ONE CARE PROVIDER to another put patients at increased risk of injuries and errors. A standardized approach to hand‐off communication helps minimize these risks.

ONE RECOGNIZED APPROACH to addressing this concern is the SBAR (ie, situation, background, assessment, recommendation) communication technique. Reference cards with the SBAR communication approach can be used by all staff members during hand offs in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative phases of surgical patient care. AORN J 88 (November 2008) 763–770. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
Reconstruction of a bacterial isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Maury Jérôme , Asadollahi Mohammad A. , Møller Kasper , Schalk Michel , Clark Anthony , Formenti Luca R. , Nielsen Jens
Published: November 2008

A eukaryotic mevalonate pathway transferred and expressed in Escherichia coli, and a mammalian hydrocortisone biosynthetic pathway rebuilt in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are examples showing that transferring metabolic pathways from one organism to another can have a powerful impact on cell properties. In this study, we reconstructed the E. coli isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway in S. cerevisiae. Genes encoding the seven enzymatic steps of the pathway were cloned and expressed in S. cerevisiae. mRNA from the seven genes was detected, and the pathway was shown able to sustain growth of yeast in conditions of inhibition of its constitutive isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway.
PCDH24‐induced contact inhibition involves downregulation of β‐catenin signaling
Authors: Ose Rui , Yanagawa Toshihide , Ikeda Shun , Ohara Osamu , Koga Hisashi
Published: November 2008

Elevated expression of the protocadherin LKC (PCDH24) in HCT116 colon carcinoma cells has been shown to induce contact inhibition, thereby completely abolishing tumor formation in vivo (Carcinogenesis, 2002; 23(7):1139–1148). To clarify the molecular mechanism behind this effect, we performed 2‐DE/MS and DNA microarray analyses in order to compare protein and gene expression patterns of parental HCT116 and PCDH24‐expressing HTC116 derivative cells. The data revealed drastic changes in phenotypic markers between parental and PCDH24‐expressing cells. We found that in PCDH24‐expressing cells β‐catenin, a major player in TCF/lef signaling, is retained in a submembranous location. β‐catenin retention coincided with a subsequent decrease in downstream targets of β‐catenin such as CD44, PLAUR, Myc, cyclin D1 and Met. From these findings we propose a novel model for the suppression of β‐catenin signaling by PCDH24 that leads to contact inhibition.
Food Deficits and Agricultural Policies in Tropical Africa
Authors: Lofchie Michael F. , Commins Stephen K.
Published: November 2008

Hunger is the most immediate, visible, and compelling symptom of a continent-wide agricultural breakdown in tropical Africa. The crisis of food deficits has now become so perennial and so widespread that it can no longer be understood as the outcome of particular political or climatic occurrences such as wars, ethnic strife, or drought. SubSaharan Africa is the only region in the world where food productionper capitahas declined during the past two decades. As a result, the average calorie intakeper capitahas now fallen below minimal nutritional standards in a majority of African countries. By current estimates, approximately 150 million out of Africa's 450 million people suffer from some form of malnutrition originating in an inadequate supply of foodstuffs. This abysmal picture is further highlighted by the fact that the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations recently indicated that no fewer than 28 African countries were faced with food shortages so critical that further famine might occur imminently. This stark reality challenges fundamentally our earlier assumptions about the possibility of economic devlopment.
The Historical, Economic, and Political Bases of France's African Policy
Authors: Martin Guy
Published: November 2008

A Quarter of a century has elapsed since France granted independence to her former colonies in West and Central Africa. Yet to this day, France continues to wield considerable power and influence in these countries politically, economically, socially, and culturally, thanks to a tightly-knit network of formal and informal relations. France's African policy has been remarkably constant and stable through the various successive governments of the Fifth Republic. How can this persistent situation of dominance/dependency and this continuity in foreign policy be accounted for? More specifically, the present study tries to analyse the main characteristics and essential mechanisms of France/s post-colonial policy in Africa, all too often shrouded under a veil of secrecy, albeit premised on a number of historical factors for its ideological foundation. On this basis, a variety of economic and political interests have been developed which constitute the main elements of this policy and its principal explanatory variables. Eventually, it is concluded that a neo-colonial strategy has been adopted in order to preserve a status quo that is clearly favourable to the conservative interests of the western world in general, and to France in particular.
African Personal Dictatorships
Authors: Decalo Samuel
Published: November 2008

Nearly two decades ago Aristide Zolberg suggested that the most visible feature of independent Africa might well be instability and not stability, cleavage and conflict rather than unity and consensus. This observation holds equally true today. The elusive formula assuring the establishment of a viable and integrative political order has eluded many African states. Their failure politically to institutionalise themselves and to forge ahead in the direction of national integration and socio-economic development has been documented in the voluminous literature that has sprung up since Zolberg's original analysis. Ravaged now by natural disasters, international conflict or civil war, and military coups, early expectations of a relatively smooth transition from colonialism to meaningful independence have been dashed. While striking exceptions do exist, neither the richer nor the more developed nations are necessarily assured of stability and unity, given the continental context of scarcity and conflict.
Projections of Internal Migration in Malawi: Implications for Development
Authors: Segal Edwin S.
Published: November 2008

Most of the world's developing nations are primarily rural and agricultural. Therefore, governments have tended to place a policy emphasis on development in those sectors, usually as a result of employing the relatively straightforward argument that they should focus on the needs of the largest proportion of the inhabitants. The movement of population is generally seen in the light of rural–urban migration, although there is some evidence and opinion that this is not per se as massive as usually estimated. In addition, Rakesh Mohan has developed an economic model that suggests a close linkage between the success of rural development policies and an expansion in urbanisation, based on the assumption that the former increase both demand for and awareness of urban goods and services, resulting in a greater propensity for people to move to those places where these resources are most readily availabe. Thus, the more it has to turn its attention to the urban consequences.
Christians, Colonists, and Conversion: a View from the Nilotic Sudan
Authors: Burton John W.
Published: November 2008

The majority opinion of those who have contributed to the literature on conversion in sub-Saharan Africa suggests that Islam has been more ‘successful’ than Christianity in attracting the faithful. The standard inventory of explanations for this state of affairs include the following: first, it has been commonly noted, Islam has proved to be more compatible than Christianity with indigenous customs, cosmology, and morality. A second point that has been argued with some consistency (though evidencing not a small measure of ethno-centric bias) is that ‘it is easier for the African to govern himself by the few rules set forth by Mohammedanism…than…by the all-embracing stringent laws of Christianity’. A third, more encompassing stance, implies that conversion to Islam can be accounted for sociologically, ‘while the acceptance of Christianity involves the recognition of divine truth’, in which case a similar line of analysis is uncalled for. Thus, according to William Arens, a thorough review of the voluminous literature indicates that there is an ‘ideological flavour’ in much of what is accepted as objective and authoritative material on this topic, and that a more balanced understanding of the facts could be realised if greater attention was given to the study of the social context of evangelical Christianity in Black Africa.
Gabon: a Neo-Colonial Enclave of Enduring French Interest
Authors: Reed Michael C.
Published: November 2008

French culture, economy, and polity have long dominated the small African country of Gabon. The French control of the colonial era, which reached its nadir in the 1898–1930 period of the brutal ‘concessionary companies’, has been replaced, since independence in 1960, by an insidiousrapprochementwith Paris, fashioned by Gabon's leadership. A French journalist long familiar with the continent has written, ‘Gabon is an extreme case, verging on caricature, of neocolonialism ’.
Population, Poverty, and Underdevelopment in the Southern Sudan
Authors: House William J.
Published: November 2008

The Christian and animist population of the Southern Sudan is largely composed of black Africans, estimated to number 5·3 million in 1983, as against the 15·3 million, predominantly Arabic and Muslim, who inhabit the Northern Sudan. The economy of the Southern Sudan, comprised of the three semi-autonomous regions of Bahr El Ghazal, Upper Nile, and Equatoria, remains one of the least developed in sub-Saharan Africa. The great majority of the population is engaged in subsistence agriculture, although some limited cash income is generated from the sale of surplus crops, and nomadic pastoralism is also widely practised. Only about three per cent of the inhabitants live in the three regional capitals of Wau, Malakal, and Juba, and they have to depend heavily for work in the public sector and small-scale informal activities.
The Outlook for Contemporary Africa
Authors: Chisiza D. K.
Published: November 2008

This article sets out to portray the mood, the aspirations, the determination, and the main problems of contemporary Africa. To some extent it is necessary to distinguish between colonial Africa and free Africa, although the differences between the two should not be exaggerated.
Towards Realism in French African Writing
Authors: Moore Gerald
Published: November 2008

‘Blackness is not absence, but refusal’ said Aimé Césaire. The only trouble with refusal as a literary posture is that it is inclined to produce writing which is concerned with public gesture rather than with private and particular observation. Until recently, the great bulk of French writing by Africans could be fairly labelled as romantic, rhetorical, and directed at general rather than individual situations. That is to say, there was a preference for romantically revolutionary statements about ‘the situation of the negro’, rather than exploratory statements about the situation of the individual writer at a particular moment in space and time.
Universities and Nation-building in Africa
Authors: Dillon Wilton S.
Published: November 2008

This is an exploratory approach to the question of what universities have to do with nation-building in Africa, and to the more general question of how people learn to behave like nationals.
Nyasaland Economic Symposium
Authors: Hopkins P. G. H.
Published: November 2008

‘A truly amazing achievement by a truly amazing man.’ This was the verdict of one visiting economist upon this symposium and upon the man who conceived and organised the whole project, Dunduzu Chisiza, then Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Finance in the new Malawi Government. The imaginativeness of the concept, the painstaking planning of every detail, and the whole-hearted co-operation he obtained from all involved—these are a measure of the loss to Africa resulting from Mr Chisiza's death in September 1962.
Conference on the Development of Higher Education
Authors: Lockwood John
Published: November 2008

This U.N.E.S.C.O conference proved to be a most valuable complement to the Addis Ababa conference of May 1961, which had dealt with African education in general. Delegations attended from 31 countries, as well as observers from 13 non-African states and from international organisations and private foundations. Interest was concentrated mainly upon university development.
Pan-Africanism and Pan-Somalism
Authors: Lewis I. M.
Published: November 2008

Somali attitudes towards Pan-Africanism, and more particularly towards the federation of African states, have to be understood in relation to the very special conditions of the Horn of Africa. It will be necessary therefore to begin this survey with a few general remarks about the Somali Peninsula and the special characteristics of Somali nationalism.
Party Conflict in Zanzibar
Authors: Lofchie Michael
Published: November 2008

The British Protectorate of Zanzibar, comprising the two islands of Zanzibar and Pemba and a number of small adjacent islands, is progressing from Protectorate status towards self-government. In strict constitutional terms, Zanzibar is a multi-racial state with an Arab Sultan under the protection of the Government of Great Britain. Though the concept of protectorate implies a limited domestic role on the part of the protecting power, Great Britain has—through usage, agreement, and concession—come to occupy a position of decisive ascendancy within Zanzibar. The present policy of the British administration is to devolve full political power into local hands through a process of constitutional development which will result in a fully representative system of government. This policy has expressed itself in Zanzibar, as elsewhere in the British African territories, in the expansion of the unofficial side of the Legislative Council, in the gradual replacement of nominated and ex-officio members of the Legislative Council by members chosen on the basis of nation-wide common roll elections, and in the introduction of a ministerial system, which is now to be followed by internal self-government.
The Restatement of African Customary Law: A Comment
Authors: Twining William
Published: November 2008

In 1959 the School of Oriental and African Studies of the University of London received a grant from the Nuffield Foundation to finance a comprehensive plan for the systematic recording and restatement of African customary law. The Project was an ambitious one, aiming to cover 16 countries in Anglophonic Africa, containing several hundred different bodies of customary law. Although limited in the first instance to the law relating to marriage, the family, land tenure, and succession, this is still an enormous undertaking. After a rather slow start, the Project is now well under way, and the appearance in print of its first major publication1 affords a convenient opportunity for an assessment of its methods, aims, and progress to date.
Seminar on Urgent Administrative Problems of African Governments
Authors: Laberge Edward
Published: November 2008

This seminar was held in accordance with a resolution of the third session of the Economic Commission for Africa, which sponsored it jointly with the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations; it was the first U.N. activity in the field of public administration in Africa. The participants included representatives from 17 African countries, and from the following specialised organisations: F.A.O., I.C.A.O., I.L.O., W.H.O., E.C.A., and the International Union of Local Authorities.
Markets in Africa
Authors: Hill Polly
Published: November 2008

Economists in Africa hold a narrow view of their scope. Traditionally they have been almost entirely concerned with the economic relationship between Africa and the West, with the import and export trade: the colonial situation was, in a sense, all that interested them. Nowadays their interests have extended to include statistical ‘survey work’ and, of course, problems of economic development. So successfully conducted are the surveys (at least in some countries) and so well backed are they by U.N. funds, that there is a real danger of a complete identification of African economics with statistics, and already the idea seems to be spreading that it is somewhat disreputable for economists to handle material which cannot be quantified. As for ‘development economics’, this—pace E.C.A.—is indeed an under-developed subject. Only recently have economists, such as W. B. Reddaway,1 begun to doubt the appropriateness to Africa and other under-developed areas of certain western concepts and assumptions. And scarcely any economists in Africa are yet showing any awareness of the need to study the structure of the indigenous economy—except statistically.
East African Economic Integration
Authors: Nye Joseph S.
Published: November 2008

In 1961, a Nigerian newspaper commented, with reference to the economic integration of East Africa, ‘these three States have stolen a march on the older African States. They have achieved one of the main objectives of pan-African nationalism, without tears.’1 Two years later the leaders of Tanganyika, Uganda, and Kenya announced their intention of going beyond economic integration by forming a federation. If this comes about, economic integration will have led to political integration, but at the same time Africa will be deprived of a chance of testing the viability of economic and administrative unions that stop short of federation. Whatever the outcome, the experience of East Africa will be of great importance, not only to African leaders concerned with the economic development of relatively small States, but also to economic and political theorists.
African Conference on Local Courts and Customary Law
Authors: Ibik Jacob O.
Published: November 2008

This conference was sponsored jointly by the Government of Tanganyika and the University College, Dar es Salaam, and was financed by the Ford Foundation. It was attended by delegates from African countries, some of whose legal systems have been influenced by common law, some by European civil law or Islamic law. Official representatives came from Ethiopia, Ghana, the Ivory, Coast, Nigeria, Northern Rhodesia, Nyasaland, Sierra Leone, the Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, Tanganyika, and Zanzibar. Some celebrated authorities on Islamic law and African customary law attended as observers, and contributed a great deal to the discussions. The chairman of the conference was the Tanganyikan Minister of Justice, Sheik Amri Abedi, and the secretary general was Mr P. J. Nkambo Mugerwa of the local Faculty of Law.
The Ivory Coast Constitution: An Accelerator, not a Brake
Authors: Alexander A. S.
Published: November 2008

The purpose of this article is not only to explain an African constitution, but also to examine, in that context, certain general ideas about constitutions and politics. The Ivory Coast, a former French West African colony, gained full independence as late as 1960. As a newly independent state, with a population of under four million, the Ivory Coast is participating in a nation-building experiment which the flood of new countries has made a widespread phenomenon of our times. The experiment is doubly meaningful for other countries. First, its results will weigh significantly in the balance of world power; secondly, as Ivorians look to the western example in pursuing their experiment, the West can see, reflected in Ivorians' words and deeds, a new and different image of itself.
Middle East/North Africa Program, University of Southern California
Authors: Beling Willard A.
Published: November 2008

The University introduced area courses on the Middle East and North Africa into its regular offerings in the academic year 1960–1. This Program is a part of the School of International Relations, and focuses on contemporary area problems, in contrast to the more traditional approach of oriental studies. It also differs by concentrating on both the Mashriq (East) and the Maghreb (North Africa), rather than solely on the eastern Mediterranean. The community of interests, language, and culture of these two regions, plus the increasing importance of North Africa in world affairs, emphasises the practicality of this treatment.
Conference on Ghana's Seven-Year Development Plan
Authors: Lawson Rowena M.
Published: November 2008

A panel of international economists recently assembled at the University of Ghana in response to a unique invitation to discuss the draft of Ghana's latest Development Plan. The distinguished guests included Professor C. Z. Bobrowski (Poland), Professor J. Bognar (Hungary), Professor H. C. Bos (Netherlands), Professor A. O. Hirshman (United States), Mr N. Kaldor (England), Professor W. A. Lewis (West Indies), Dr Abdel Rahman (Egypt), Professor K. N. Raj (India), Mr Dudley Seers (E.C.A.), Mr J. Weeks (Liberia), and Dr Abdullah Sikta (Libya). Their informed criticism and advice, based on wide experience of developing economies, will go a long way to ensure that the optimum use is made of Ghana's extensive economic resources to achieve rapid growth.
A.M.S.A.C. Conference on Southern Africa in Transition
Authors: Modisane Bloke
Published: November 2008

Without political freedom there can be no cultural freedom; a programme of cultural emancipation is dependent, therefore, on national liberation, and one would like to believe that this ‘therefore’ influenced the determination by the American Society of African Culture to focus more sharply not only on cultural exchanges but on the political battle for the mind of southern Africa. This fourth international conference, held at Howard University under the title ‘Southern Africa in Transition’, was ‘aimed at focusing widespread attention on the complex and difficult problems being faced by those struggling for freedom in this troubled area’. It was attended by an impressive group of Afro-American, white American, and European Africanists, together with African leaders of countries from the Congo to the Cape.
On a Dynamic Model for Rural Development in Africa
Authors: Ollawa Patrick E.
Published: November 2008

Over the past decade a pervasive concern of African political leaders, development planners, and social scientists has been to find ways and means of improving the lot of those in the rural areas: they comprise the bulk of the population of the tropical African states and continue in the 1970S to be socially and economically the most deprived social group.1 Despite the ‘highest priority’ assigned to rural development in the policy documents of many African governments, neither the allocation of public funds nor the implementation of development strategies have been energetically directed towards improving the living standards of the rural masses. Equally, the recognition of the need for a new development model by an increasing number of scholars has yet to produce adequate guidance for those African régimes which are seeking to transform the rural areas.
The Overlooked Spiritual Factor in Africa
Authors: Agyeman Opoku
Published: November 2008

There are various explanatory analyses of the instability and persistent underdevelopment in Africa. The general presumption points to a case of arrested development to begin with – the product of slavery and colonialism – a retardation that constitutes the inauspicious legacy on which newly independent African states have to build. It is argued that this ill-augury of colonial inheritance exerts a momentum of its own, intensifying in the post-independence era the cancerous growth of ethnic fissures, constitutional disequilibrations, economic disasters, and fresh dominations.
An Evaluation of Kenya's Rural Industrial Development Programme
Authors: Livingstone Ian
Published: November 2008

An increasing tendency in recent years has been to encourage small-scale industries as an important part of development programmes in the Third World. There has been a general emphasis on the rural sector, and a specific concern with job creation and income distribution, from which stem, for instance, the recent I.L.O. reports on the employment problems of various countries.1 In the case of Kenya and the Philippines, the promotion of small scale and rural industries has been elevated to the status of a component in a new ‘strategy’ for development. A great many countries adopted such programmes some time ago, mainly because they satisfy several of the obvious criteria for industry choice, such as labour intensity, use of local materials, and geographical dispersability, but it cannot be said that they have so far met with a great deal of success. An evaluation of Kenya's experience to date has recently been carried out by the author.2
Formal Education Systems and Poverty-Focused Planning
Authors: Colclough Christopher
Published: November 2008

Over the first U.N. development decade the Third World has made rather faster progress, as measured by the growth in national incomes, than had been expected. Nevertheless, though the average income per capita has risen by about 50 per cent since 1960 (with total income having almost doubled), these increases have been very unequally distributed both between and within countries. This has led to the conclusion, now widely held, that growth-oriented development strataegies are alone unlidely to solve the problem of poverty. Similarly, there has been a move away from the confidence placed upon the growth of national income per capita as an effective index of social welfare. There has therefore been a quickening interest, particularly on the part of multilateral and bilataeral donor agencies – notably the World Bank, I.L.O., O.D.M., and S.I.D.A. – in promoting changes in domestic policies within the Third World which would focus more upon increasing the welfare of the poorest groups.
Political Culture in Rural Botswana: a Survey Result
Authors: Parson Jack
Published: November 2008

Political culture may be defined as the attitudes, beliefs, and values held by a population and directed towards the political system of which it is a part,1 and includes what people know about that system and their evaluation of its work.

The concept is of importance for two main reasons. First, the attitudes that people have will help determine their behaviour. If the view is held that development must involve popular participation, then it is important to look at those factors which might affect whether or not people will participate. The second, and related, reason is that political culture tells us something about the degree to which people accept as legitimate and useful the political system under which they live. This is important to know when considering questions, for example, that have to do with the potential for political instability.
Reformism, Revisionism, and Redicalism in African Political Economy During the 1990s
Authors: Shaw Timothy M.
Published: November 2008

African states and studies are in a profound period of revisionism as the ‘lost decade’ of the 1980s yields to the ‘adjustment reforms’ of the 1990s. The relative optimism and expansion of the initial years of independence have long since been superseded by pessimism and contraction as successive energy, drought, debt, and devaluation shocks have resulted in impoverishment and inequalities. The former has affected ‘vulnerable groups’ in particular – women, children, elderly and peripheral communities1– while the latter has occurred both within and between states. A few classes and countries have thrived despite or because of the continental crisis – more bourgeois fractions and more informal sectors on the one hand and, on the other, Botswana, Mauritius, and Zimbabwe. Africa at the end of the 1990s will likely be more marginal, vulnerable, and unequal than ever, as indicated in the final section, hardly the revolutionary, nationalist scenario anticipated after World War II, but more realistic and realisable none the less.2
Two-Partyism and Democratic Transition in Nigeria
Authors: Oyediran Oyeleye , Agbaje Adigun
Published: November 2008

After coming to power in 1985 via what might be described as a ‘palace coup’, General Ibrahim Babangida quickly earned himself the sobriquet of the ‘Maradona’ of Nigerian politics. In October 1989 the President surpassed his own record of unpredictability and unorthodoxy, and surprised even the closest watchers of his military régime by announcing that two parties would be established by fiat and provided with initial funding in the context of the agreed programme of transition to democratic civilian rule, laid out between 1986 and 1987, and scheduled to terminate with the inauguration of the Third Republic in 1992.
National Accounts in Africa
Authors: Lury D. A.
Published: November 2008

There was a considerable increase in the number of African countries compiling national accounts during the 1950's; ‘what was once the happy hunting ground of the independent research worker has become the routine preoccupation of official statisticians and international Civil Servants.’1 A comparison of the methods of calculation in use was speeded up when the U.N. Economic Commission for Africa was established, and the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth (made up of national accounts workers in different countries) sponsored a regional conference for Africa in January 1961. Official statisticians at that conference proceeded immediately to a U.N.E.C.A. meeting and considered the role national accounts calculations could play in Africa, and how far a standardised system was possible. This article reviews the published papers considered at the I.A.R.I.W. conference, and other relevant publications recently becoming available.2
Centre d'Etudes Politiques, Université Lovanium, Léopoldville
Authors: Verhaegen Benoit
Published: November 2008

The Political Studies Centre is one of the four divisions of the University's Institut de recherches économiques et sociales (I.R.E.S.). The other three are: Le Centre de recherches économiques, Le Centre de études sociologiques, Le Centre d'éperfectionnement en gestion des affaires. I.R.E.S., at present under the direction of Professor H. Leclercq, was founded by means of grants from the Ford Foundation in 1958, but developed into its present form in 1962, with the creation of its four divisions. The Institute publishes. Notes et documents de I's I.R.E.S. (duplicated, 1960 onwards), and a review, Cahiers économiques et sociaux (every two months, 1963 onwards).
Nigeria: Political Non-alignment and Economic Alignment
Authors: Anglin Douglas G.
Published: November 2008

It is commonly claimed by critics both within Nigeria and outside that, while the present Government preaches political non-alignment, it does not practise it, and indeed cannot because of Nigeria's economic alignment with the west. The present article seeks to assess the validity of this thesis. Three separate propositions are involved: first, that Nigeria professes but does not pursue a policy of non-alignment; secondly, that Nigeria is economically tied to the west; and finally, and most important, that there is a causal connexion between the two.
Some Aspects of Economic Policy in Tanganyika, 1945–60
Authors: Ehrlich Cyril
Published: November 2008

An understanding of Tanganyika's economy must begin with the bleak geographical facts. In 1945 an area of some 343,000 square miles, larger than France and Britain together, supported a mere seven million people. The size and distribution of this population resulted from an oppressive physical environment over which remarkably little human control was exerted. One example of this was man's subservience to the tsetse fly, which—as a result rather than a cause of under-population1— infested some 60 per cent of the land. Even more serious were the hazards of a rainfall that exhibited all the vices—inadequate and irregular in its geographical distribution, capricious in its seasonal visitations. Prolonged periods of drought were common everywhere except at the coast and near Lakes Victoria and Nyasa. As the overwhelming majority of the people were subsistence producers, the incidence of rainfall was a principal and variable determinant of economic welfare. Thus, for example, 1946 was a bad year; there were food shortages in every province and in some areas the Government had to organise famine relief. The rice crop failed almost completely, maize was grievously affected, and even sorghum and millet, the most drought-resistant of grain crops, were sufficient for only half the year. In the following year rainfall was heavy and well distributed; indeed in the Highlands it was excessive, destroying crops through flood and disease. But generally harvests were the biggest since 1943 and ‘a long back-log of tribal ceremonies’ was elebrated.2
African Studies Association of the United States
Authors: Bates Margaret L.
Published: November 2008

This Association was founded in 1958 as a meeting point for all American scholars seriously interested in African affairs, and it is now one of the most active organisations in the field. African study in the United States started much earlier, with the pioneering field work of Melville Herskovits, the interest of Lincoln University in the education of young Africans, and the first steps by W. E. B. Du Bois to create a Pan-African movement. During World War II, there were attempts to organise an international conference on Africa. Most academic interest, however, dates from the late 1940's, when the Carnegie Corporation of New York extended its programme of grants to universities for area studies to include the African field, gave funds for fellowships and sent groups of mature scholars to Africa for ‘look-see’ tours. In the 1950's, the Ford Foundation made major grants to Northwestern, Boston, and Howard Universities, and established a field training fellowship programme under which a majority of the younger Africanists now active in the United States have been trained. Other university programmes have followed; there are now more than 20.
Conference on Adult Education in East and Central Africa
Authors: Noak H.
Published: November 2008

In East and Central Africa considerable investment in physical capital is now being made. This must be matched by investment in human capital, if the full benefit is to be gained. Professor John Lewis, of the University of London, stressed ‘The Place of Adult Education in Education Development Planning’ in his contribution to this conference. Educating children will produce results in six to ten years' time. Educational investment in adults can produce results more quickly. But at present the effort to educate adults, such as it is, is spread over many agencies. For significant results adult education must be integrated into a country's general development plan.
Seminar on Social Aspects of Economic Development
Authors: Nypan Astrid
Published: November 2008

This seminar was arranged by the Peace Research Institute in Oslo for the purpose of bringing together scattered research workers for the exchange of ideas and methods. They were able to draw on experience from Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

P. Heintz, director of the Latin American School of Sociology, Santiago, opened the seminar with a talk on the relationship between anomie and development. He mentioned institutional anomie, the compartmentalisation of sectors of society, which occurs, for example, when education fails to make any contribution to the economy. Although he paid more attention to individual anomie, and how it can be absorbed into and dissolved by anomie structures, the institutional concept would appear to be extremely relevant to development problems. Labour markets and the transformation from ascribed to achieved status were mentioned as mechanisms to reduce institutional anomie.
Investment Laws and Regulations in Africa
Authors: Ahooja Krishna
Published: November 2008

For a contemporary observer of African affairs, the year 1960 is a convenient date of departure. A large number of new nations appeared on the scene with a bang. The economist, political scientist, and sociologist have hardly begun to evaluate and examine the consequences of this transformation. A significant fact has often escaped attention. Each independent country as it emerged from the darkness of colonialism began by accepting economic planning as an instrument of policy. As the development plans were being drafted, almost simultaneously new investment laws were debated and enacted.
Economic Transition in Africa
Authors: Patel Surendra J.
Published: November 2008

Africa is a vast continent. It embraces nearly one-fourth of the land surface of the earth. The last decade has witnessed a profound transformation of its political landscape. Thirty-four countries have attained their independence. The rest of the continent will soon be governed by its people. The broad sweep of the surge towards independence has belied those predictions of only a decade ago that the political transition to independence in Africa would take a long time. This has already come about. But the continent yet remains mostly ill-fed, ill-clad, ill-housed, and illiterate. The popular pressure to overcome the age-old afflictions of mankind—poverty, disease, and lack of knowledge—is mounting. The new African governments are beginning their first faltering steps towards the economic transition from poverty to relative affluence.
British Educational Policy in West and Central Africa
Authors: Brown Godfrey N.
Published: November 2008

There is an understandable tendency to think that the first overt action taken by the British Government in respect of colonial education in Africa was the setting up of an Advisory Committee on Native Education in the British Tropical African Dependencies in 1923. This is not in fact true. There was for instance a Privy Council memorandum of 1847 on ‘industrial schools for coloured races’, in many ways a remarkable document, setting forth a number of ideas that were to be later accepted in colonial provision for education in Africa—ideas such as the interdependence of moral and physical training, the need for the school to make an impact on the local community in respect of agricultural development and improved sanitation, the need to adapt the content of the curriculum to local needs, and the advisability of the teacher being familiar with the local culture. And of course British experience in education in India provided some terms of reference for educationists in other parts of the world ruled by Britain. Often they tended to treat the Indian experience as a warning of what to avoid: for instance, it was believed that the use of English as a medium of instruction, as recommended in Macaulay's minute of 1833, might have contributed to the Mutiny of 1857; and also the structure of Indian education was considered rather top-heavy, following the establishment of universities whose students became leaders in the movements of political discontent. These “lessons’ were to be incorporated in British thinking about education in Africa in the following century.
Conference on the Role of Industrialisation in Developing Countries
Authors: Robinson Ronald
Published: November 2008

At the fourth Cambridge conference on development problems, the role of industry was discussed by ministers, senior officials, economic advisers, and business executives, from 22 African, Asian, and Caribbean countries, the United Nations, and the World Bank. Have some, if not all, of Africa's new nations now reached the stage when it would pay them to put their biggest bets on quick industrialisation? Or must they go on putting most of their money and brains into bringing about an agricultural revolution first, before striving for industrial take-off? These questions started the conference off on one of its big themes.
A New Daily Newspaper in Guinea
Authors: Lee Michael
Published: November 2008

Those interested in the progress of African socialism will welcome the recent decision of the Parti démocratique de Guinée (P.D.G.) to turn the official party organ, Horoya, into a daily newspaper instead of a weekly. This enables Africanists outside the Republic of Guinea to make a closer study of party activities and the evolution of party doctrine. The Government printing press, Imprimerie Patrice Lumumba, began the first daily issues in March 1964.
Conference of Speakers and Clerks of Parliaments of Eastern and Central African Territories
Authors: Vanderfelt R. V.
Published: November 2008

The practice of holding conferences of Commonwealth Speakers or Presiding Officers of legislatures and of the Clerks of those legislatures is not as prevalent as one would expect in view of the importance which is attached to the institution of parliament as a bond between Commonwealth countries.

For many years India has provided an outstanding example of co-operation in this field. The first conference of Presiding Officers of the various legislatures in that country took place in New Delhi in 1921. Since then these conferences have been held periodically and they have now become a regular annual event. The agenda largely comprises procedural points of interest; no votes are taken and no formal resolutions are adopted. The first conference of Secretaries of legislative bodies in India was held at Gwalior in 1953, and subsequent conferences have been held annually in different states.
International Congress on French-Speaking Africa
Authors: Lewis William H.
Published: November 2008

Under the auspices of the U.S. Department of State, the Ford Foundation, Georgetown University, and the African-American Institute, more than 75 scholars and other specialists convened at the Shoreham Hotel, Washington, D.C., to exchange views on problems of political and social change in francophone Africa, and to discuss them with a much wider audience of government officials and diplomats from Africa, Western Europe, Canada, and the United States. The programme, the first of its kind ever held in the United States, was organised and directed by Dr William H. Lewis of Georgetown University.
Seminar on African Primary Production and International Trade
Authors: Stewart Ian G.
Published: November 2008

This three-day seminar was held under the auspices of the University of Edinburgh's Department of Political Economy and Centre of African Studies. It was organised by Ian G. Stewart, Reader in Economics and Vice-Convener of the Centre of African Studies Committee, and was attended by some 40 African, American, and British economists concerned with trade and development prospects for African primary commodities. Included among the invited participants were academic and government economists from Ghana, Nigeria, the Sudan, and East Africa, as well as from the U.N. Economic Commission for Africa and research centres in Britain and the U.S.A.
University of East Africa Conference on Public Policy: III. Problems of Foreign Aid
Authors: Christofas Kenneth
Published: November 2008

The chairman of the conference, who presided at the opening session, was Rashidi Kawawa, Second Vice-President ofthe United Republic of Tanzania. The conference was fortunate to have an East African Minister as discussion leader at each of its plenary sessions; and it was particularly valuable that the three Tanzania Ministers of State, A. Z. N. Swai, A. H. Jamal, and A. M. Babu, were able to devote so much time to participating in the work of the conference. Each of the three East African countries sent a strong team of Ministers, Members of Parliament, and civil servants; particularly notable contributions were made by J. G. Kiano, Minister for Commerce and Cooperatives in the Government of Kenya, and C. Obwangor, Minister for Justice for Uganda. The three wings of the University of East Africa were formidably represented; and there were observers from the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (Addis Ababa), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (Paris), the Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of East Africa, the U.S.A.I.D., and the Ford Foundation, without whose financial generosity the conference could not have taken place. Finally, there was a selection of ‘specialists’ from overseas: Nicholas Kaldor from Cambridge, William Clark from the Overseas Development Institute in London, Vladimir Martynov from the Institute of World Economy and International Affairs in Moscow, George Skorov from the International Institute for Educational Planning in Paris, M. R. Shroff, Deputy Economic Adviser to the Government of India, whose contribution was generally regarded as quite outstanding, and myself, a sort of governmental wolf in academic sheep's clothing.
The Specialised Commissions of the Organisation of African Unity
Authors: Legum Colin
Published: November 2008

Because it is easy to dramatise the stuff of politics, Pan-Africanism is usually discussed only in terms of its political implications. But its protagonists justify their confidence in its value by their belief that functional co-operation on a regional and continental basis offers the best—perhaps the only—way of meeting the social and economic challenges facing the nascent modern African societies. For them, therefore, the real test of Pan-Africanism's success lies not simply in whether the independent African states can succeed in maintaining a single political organisation such as the Organisation of African Unity, but whether it is capable of making an effective contribution towards improving and strengthening Africa's economies and societies. The O.A.U.'s specialised commissions are, therefore, of crucial importance in evaluating the achievements, or potentialities, of Pan-Africanism.
Elites in French-Speaking West Africa: The Social Basis of Ideas
Authors: Wallerstein Immanuel
Published: November 2008

When French administration was established in West Africa, largely at the turn of the century (with the principal exception of parts of Senegal, which have been French-administered for some 300 years), the existing social structures ranged widely from some quite simple, egalitarian groups to some very highly stratified and centralised political systems, often conquest states where the distinction between ‘noble’ and ‘commoner’ was clearly recognised and had consequences in the style of life and the possibilities of a career.
Regional Administration in Tanzania
Authors: Tordoff William
Published: November 2008

Most new African countries have faced the problem of overhauling and refurbishing their local administrative machinery to cope with a variety of new tasks, and to fill the gap left by the removal of expatriate district officers. Indeed, it is precisely because this problem is not unique to Tanzania that students of government outside East Africa may be interested in an account of its regional administration.1