bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transparent and abrasion-resistant superhydrophobic coating with robust self-cleaning function in either air or oil
Authors: Wang Peng , Chen Mingji , Han Huilong , Fan Xiaoliang , Liu Qing , Wang Jinfeng
Published: April 2016

This paper reports an easy method to prepare a transparent superhydrophobic coating which shows a robust resistance to oil contamination, knife-scratch, sandpaper abrasion and strong acid/base attack.
An ethanolamine-functionalized fullerene as an efficient electron transport layer for high-efficiency inverted polymer solar cells
Authors: Zhen Jieming , Liu Qing , Chen Xiang , Li Dan , Qiao Qiquan , Lu Yalin , Yang Shangfeng
Published: April 2016

A novel ethanolamine (ETA)-functionalized fullerene (C60-ETA) was synthesized via a facile one-pot nucleophilic addition reaction, and was applied as an independent ETL for inverted polymer solar cells (iPSCs), affording a high PCE exceeding 9.5%, which is higher than that of the reference device based on the popularly used ZnO ETL.
Ultra-durable two-electrode Zn–air secondary batteries based on bifunctional titania nanocatalysts: a Co2+ dopant boosts the electrochemical activity
Authors: Han Li-Na , Lv Li-Bing , Zhu Qian-Cheng , Wei Xiao , Li Xin-Hao , Chen Jie-Sheng
Published: April 2016

A two-electrode Zn–air battery made of the Co-doped TiO2 based air cathode offered superior high energy density and ultra-high stability.
Hybrid nanostructures combining graphene–MoS2 quantum dots for gas sensing
Authors: Yue Niu , Weicheng Jiao , Rongguo Wang , Guomin Ding , Yifan Huang
Published: April 2016

In this work, we report a facile technique for the synthesis of graphene/MoS2 quantum dots hybrid nanostructures for gas sensing.
A QSPR approach to the ecotoxicity of ionic liquids (Vibrio fischeri) using VolSurf principal properties
Authors: Paterno’ Alessio , Scire Salvatore , Musumarra Giuseppe
Published: April 2016

In silico structural descriptors for both cation and anion counterparts of ILs allow the prediction of Vibrio fischeri toxicity by means of a simple three parameter equation.
Optimal frequency increment selection in frequency diverse multiple‐input–multiple‐output radar
Authors: Xiang Zhe , Chen Baixiao
Published: April 2016

Frequency diverse array (FDA) can provide a range‐angle‐dependent beam by controlling the frequency increment between adjacent elements. However, in conventional FDA, the frequency increment is fixed, resulting in a significant restrain of jamming performance in various environments. With the above finding, the authors propose an optimal frequency increment selection method by maximising the output signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio in each coherent processing interval for multiple‐input–multiple‐output‐FDA radar. In addition, the discrimination method for the target and the jamming is studied. Simulation results demonstrate that jamming can be effectively discriminated and suppressed with the radar configuration, and better performance is achieved with an optimal frequency increment.
Subblocks interleaving PTS technique with minimum processing time for PAPR reduction in OFDM systems
Authors: Al‐Hussaini Khalid , Ali Borhanuddin Mohd , Varahram Pooria , Hashim Shaiful Jahari , Farrell Ronan
Published: April 2016

This study presents subblocks interleaving partial transmit sequence (SBI‐PTS) technique having low complexity for reducing the peak‐to‐average power ratio in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems. In this technique, a new subblocks interleaver is proposed, in which each subblock is interleaved with the others. Moreover, a new optimisation scheme is introduced, in which the number of iterations is made to be equal to the number of subblocks only which results in reduced processing time and less computation that leads to reduced complexity. Simulation results demonstrate that the new technique can effectively reduce the complexity by up to 99.95% (for subblocks number M = 16, inverse fast Fourier transform size N = 256) compared with the conventional PTS and new existing PTS techniques and yield good bit error rate performance. The other salient feature of this scheme is that it does not require side information and thus it offers increased transmission efficiency.
Early Posterior Vault Distraction Osteogenesis for the Treatment of Syndromic Craniosynostosis
Authors: Johns Dana , Anstadt Erin , Donato Daniel , Kestle John , Riva-Cambrin Jay , Siddiqi Faizi , Gociman Barbu
Published: April 2016

Posterior cranial vault distraction (PCVD) has become an important modality in the management of complex craniosynostosis to increase intracranial volume and improve the cranial vault appearance. This technique can safely be performed as early as 3 months of age for the initial management of patients with complex craniosynostosis. A retrospective review was performed of all the patients with syndromic, multiple-suture synostosis treated with PCVD at Primary Children's Hospital in Salt Lake City, Utah, between 2012 and 2014. During this time period, a total of nine children with an average corrected age of 21.4 weeks were treated. Demographics, intraoperative data, and postoperative distraction data were collected. Occipital frontal head circumferences (OFCs) were recorded pre- and postdistraction, and at 3- and 6-month follow-up examinations. All patients had a substantial increase in head circumference with subjective improvement of the posterior calvarium shape. The average increase in OFC from preoperative to postdistraction was 4.9 cm. Only two significant postoperative complications were encountered, one hardware infection and one cerebrospinal fluid leak. PCVD is an effective procedure in the management of complex craniosynostosis and can be safely initiated very early in life.
The Regenerative Potential of Notochordal Cells in a Nucleus Pulposus Explant
Authors: Arkesteijn Irene T. M. , Potier Esther , Ito Keita
Published: April 2016

Study Design

In vitro disk explant culture.

Objective

Notochordal cells (NCs) have been shown to upregulate matrix production by nucleus pulposus (NP) cells in coculture. To examine the translation of these in vitro results to a nativelike setting, the regenerative potential of NCs injected into NP tissue was assessed in this study.

Methods

NP explants were cultured after injection with NCs in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or with PBS alone (sham). At days 0 and 42, cell viability and morphology, water, DNA, sulfated glycosaminoglycan and hydroxyproline content, and gene expression of anabolic markers were analyzed.

Results

NCs remained viable during culture, but their morphology changed. The biochemical content remained unchanged, except for the DNA content in the NC group. Overall ACAN expression remained unchanged, whereas COL2A1 decreased during culture.

Conclusions

No overall anabolic response was observed when NCs were injected into NP explants. NCs were found to survive but did not display the typical NC morphology by the end of the culture period.
Manganese-centered tubular boron cluster – MnB16−: A new class of transition-metal molecules
Authors: Jian Tian , Li Wan-Lu , Popov Ivan A. , Lopez Gary V. , Chen Xin , Boldyrev Alexander I. , Li Jun , Wang Lai-Sheng
Published: April 2016

We report the observation of a manganese-centered tubular boron cluster (MnB16−), which is characterized by photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. The relatively simple pattern of the photoelectron spectrum indicates the cluster to be highly symmetric. Ab initio calculations show that MnB16− has a Mn-centered tubular structure with C4v symmetry due to first-order Jahn-Teller effect, while neutral MnB16 reduces to C2v symmetry due to second-order Jahn-Teller effect. In MnB16−, two unpaired electrons are observed, one on the Mn 3dz2 orbital and another on the B16 tube, making it an unusual biradical. Strong covalent bonding is found between the Mn 3d orbitals and the B16 tube, which helps to stabilize the tubular structure. The current result suggests that there may exist a whole class of metal-stabilized tubular boron clusters. These metal-doped boron clusters provide a new bonding modality for transition metals, as well as a new avenue to design boron-based nanomaterials.
Mixed-mode high-power impulse magnetron sputter deposition of tetrahedral amorphous carbon with pulse-length control of ionization
Authors: Tucker M. D. , Ganesan R. , McCulloch D. G. , Partridge J. G. , Stueber M. , Ulrich S. , Bilek M. M. M. , McKenzie D. R. , Marks N. A.
Published: April 2016

High-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) is used to deposit amorphous carbon thin films with sp3 fractions of 13% to 82%. Increasing the pulse length results in a transition from conventional HiPIMS deposition to a “mixed-mode” in which an arc triggers on the target surface, resulting in a large flux of carbon ions. The films are characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, ellipsometry, nanoindentation, elastic recoil detection analysis, and measurements of stress and contact angle. All properties vary in a consistent manner, showing a high tetrahedral character only for long pulses, demonstrating that mixed-mode deposition is the source of the high carbon ion flux. Varying the substrate bias reveals an “energy window” effect, where the sp3 fraction of the films is greatest for a substrate bias around −100 V and decreases for higher or lower bias values. In the absence of bias, the films' properties show little dependence on the pulse length, showing that energetic ions are the origin of the highly tetrahedral character.
Effect of local structures on crystallization in deeply undercooled metallic glass-forming liquids
Authors: Jiang S. Q. , Wu Z. W. , Li M. Z.
Published: April 2016

The crystallization mechanism in deeply undercooled ZrCu metallic glass-forming liquids was investigated via molecular dynamics simulations. It was found that the crystallization process is mainly controlled by the growth of crystal nuclei formed by the BCC-like atomic clusters, consistent with experimental speculations. The crystallization rate is found to relate to the number of growing crystal nuclei in the crystallization process. The crystallization rate in systems with more crystal nuclei is significantly hindered by the larger surface fractions of crystal nuclei and their different crystalline orientations. It is further revealed that in the crystallization in deeply undercooled regions, the BCC-like crystal nuclei are formed from the inside of the precursors formed by the FCC-like atomic clusters, and growing at the expense of the precursors. Meanwhile, the precursors are expanding at the expense of the outside atomic clusters. This process is consistent with the so-called Ostwald step rule. The atomic structures of metallic glasses are found to have significant impact on the subsequent crystallization process. In the Zr85Cu15 system, the stronger spatial correlation of Cu atoms could hinder the crystallization processes in deeply undercooled regions.
Ring polymer molecular dynamics fast computation of rate coefficients on accurate potential energy surfaces in local configuration space: Application to the abstraction of hydrogen from methane
Authors: Meng Qingyong , Chen Jun , Zhang Dong H.
Published: April 2016

To fast and accurately compute rate coefficients of the H/D + CH4 → H2/HD + CH3 reactions, we propose a segmented strategy for fitting suitable potential energy surface (PES), on which ring-polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD) simulations are performed. On the basis of recently developed permutation invariant polynomial neural-network approach [J. Li et al., J. Chem. Phys. 142, 204302 (2015)], PESs in local configuration spaces are constructed. In this strategy, global PES is divided into three parts, including asymptotic, intermediate, and interaction parts, along the reaction coordinate. Since less fitting parameters are involved in the local PESs, the computational efficiency for operating the PES routine is largely enhanced by a factor of ∼20, comparing with that for global PES. On interaction part, the RPMD computational time for the transmission coefficient can be further efficiently reduced by cutting off the redundant part of the child trajectories. For H + CH4, good agreements among the present RPMD rates and those from previous simulations as well as experimental results are found. For D + CH4, on the other hand, qualitative agreement between present RPMD and experimental results is predicted.
Symmetry operators of Killing spinors and superalgebras in AdS5
Authors: Ertem Ümit
Published: April 2016

We construct the first-order symmetry operators of Killing spinor equation in terms of odd Killing-Yano forms. By modifying the Schouten-Nijenhuis bracket of Killing-Yano forms, we show that the symmetry operators of Killing spinors close into an algebra in AdS5 spacetime. Since the symmetry operator algebra of Killing spinors corresponds to a Jacobi identity in extended Killing superalgebras, we investigate the possible extensions of Killing superalgebras to include higher-degree Killing-Yano forms. We found that there is a superalgebra extension but no Lie superalgebra extension of the Killing superalgebra constructed out of Killing spinors and odd Killing-Yano forms in AdS5 background.
Seed yield of canola (Brassica napus L.) is determined primarily by biomass in a high-yielding environment
Authors: Zhang Heping , Flottmann Sam
Published: April 2016

The better performance of hybrid canola compared with open-pollinated triazine-tolerant canola can be associated with greater biomass and harvest index. We compared several hybrid and open-pollinated canola cultivars in field conditions to (i) quantitatively analyse yield formation and identify the key drivers of yield formation process; (ii) investigate biomass accumulation and partitioning and evaluate the relative importance of biomass, harvest index and yield components. Six elite varieties, two from each of the three types (triazine-tolerant (TT), hybrid TT, and hybrid imidazolinone-tolerant (IT) or conventional (CV) (hybrid IT/CV)) of canola, were grown under the optimum crop management in the 3 years from 2009 to 2011 in the high-rainfall zone of south-western Australia. Leaf area, specific leaf area, light interception, biomass, seed yield and yield components were measured at key growth stages to determine biomass accumulation, crop growth rate (CGR), radiation-use efficiency and to investigate the relationship between yield, biomass, CGR, specific leaf area, yield components and harvest index. Hybrid IT/CV canola grew more vigorously with thicker leaves and greater leaf area, allocated more biomass into leaves, intercepted more radiation, produced higher biomass in the vegetative stage and maintained its biomass superiority throughout the whole crop cycle. It had radiation-use efficiency of 1.74 g MJ m–2 photosynthetic active radiation, 28% higher (P < 0.001) than TT canola (1.41 g MJ m–2 photosynthetic active radiation) and 16% higher (P < 0.001) than hybrid TT canola (1.52 g MJ m–2 photosynthetic active radiation). The average CGR for hybrid IT/CV canola (12.1 g m–2 day–1) was 32% higher than that of TT canola (9.2 g m–2 day–1) from budding to the beginning of pod filling. Hybrid IT/CV canola produced 38% higher seed yield than TT canola in favourable growing conditions (2009, 2011). However, there was no yield difference between the hybrid IT/CV, hybrid TT, and TT canola in the drought year (2010). The number of pods m–2 and seeds m–2 was highly associated with biomass at vegetative, budding, flowering, podding and maturity and CGR from budding to podding. High yield in hybrid canola was attributed mainly to higher biomass from each phenological phase from the vegetative stage to maturity and not to improved harvest index.
A phenological model of winter oilseed rape according to the BBCH scale
Authors: Böttcher Ulf , Rampin Enrico , Hartmann Karla , Zanetti Federica , Flenet Francis , Morison Muriel , Kage Henning
Published: April 2016

Implementation of the BBCH coding system for winter oilseed rape (OSR) phenology simulation can allow detailed description of crop ontogeny necessary for crop management and crop growth modelling. We developed such a BBCH model using an existing approach (Habekotté 1997).
The new model describes winter OSR development by a combination of differential and conversion equations based on the structure of the BRASNAP-PH model (Habekotté 1997). Six phenological phases were reproduced daily according to the BBCH codes (00–89): emergence (00–09), leaf development (10–19), stem elongation (30–39), inflorescence emergence (50–59), flowering (60–69) and pod development-maturation period (70–89). The model takes into account temperature (including vernalisation) and photoperiod as the main environmental forces affecting crop phenology. The macro stages of leaf development and shooting were reproduced considering the rates of leaf appearance and internode extension. Model calibration and validation were performed using an extensive database of phenological observations collected from several experimental sites across France (n = 144), Germany (n = 839) and Italy (n = 577). The stability of the parameterisation was checked by a cross-calibration procedure.
Applied to the independent datasets used for validation and cross-validation, the model was able to predict the whole-crop cycle with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.8 and 3.2 BBCH stages, respectively. Particularly accurate predictions of winter OSR development were obtained with the Italian datasets (RMSE: 2.1 and 2.3 BBCH stages for validation and cross-validation, respectively). Considering the phenological phases separately, emergence, leaf development, flowering and the pod development–maturation period were simulated with RMSE of 1.0, 2.4, 2.9 and 3.2 BBCH stages, respectively (validation datasets). Slightly higher uncertainty emerged in the prediction of stem elongation and inflorescence emergence phases (RMSE: 3.5 and 4.1 BBCH stages, validation datasets).
The model reproduced winter OSR development with a sufficient degree of accuracy for a wide range of years, locations, sowing dates and genotypes, resulting in an efficient and widely applicable prediction tool with relevant practical purposes in the crop management scheduling.
Assessing the possibilities and challenges of patient involvement in sexual, reproductive and HIV/AIDS services
Authors: Meyrick Jane , Gray Debra , Jones Abigail
Published: April 2016

Background: Patient and public involvement (PPI) is a key feature of healthcare services in the UK. Sexual and reproductive health and HIV (SRHH) services face unique PPI challenges, as the anonymity and confidentiality required by service users can be a barrier to attracting patient input. PPI could improve sexual health services, through increased trust in services and the ability to tackle sexual health inequalities. However, specific practical guidance on how to address PPI in sexual health and the evidence to support it is sparse. Methods: This research aims to begin building an evidence base for PPI in sexual health services through: 1) an audit of PPI in SRHH in the Bristol region; and 2) a parallel survey of potential users of sexual health services about their experiences of PPI. For the audit, 18 SRHH organisations from all those in the region invited complete a short online survey, representing a range of different service providers. For the survey, participants, through a convenience sample via the University of the West of England and social media, were invited to complete an anonymous online survey of their experiences of PPI in SSRHs; 96 people responded. Results: Reliance on customer satisfaction approaches and patients not being asked for feedback or what PP is for are reported. Services cite under-resourcing and a lack of time as barriers. Conclusions: Improving the use of patient’s voice in SRHH could be supported through clarity of purpose (measured against outcomes), better communication with patients, and the need for flexible methods.
Liquid–liquid phase transition in hydrogen by coupled electron–ion Monte Carlo simulations
Authors: Pierleoni Carlo , Morales Miguel A. , Rillo Giovanni , Holzmann Markus , Ceperley David M.
Published: April 2016

Significance

Understanding hydrogen metallization under pressure and its interplay with molecular dissociation is still a major challenge in high-pressure and fundamental physics. We report results of quantum Monte Carlo simulations that indicate that the two phenomena occur simultaneously through a first-order phase transition in fluid hydrogen at megabar pressures and temperatures of 1,000 K. The predicted pressures are close to claims of metallization based on static compression experiments but are lower than that of recent dynamic compression measurements. The simulation results represent the most reliable theoretical prediction yet of the liquid–liquid transition in hydrogen and provide constraints for future experiments.
The role of passives in the formation of hierarchical systems in Northern California
Authors: Jany Carmen
Published: April 2016

Passive constructions have been considered as possible sources for grammatical systems based on person hierarchies (Mithun 2007, 2010, 2012). Mithun (2012: 285) shows how patterns of core argument marking in Northern California could have spread areally as a result of language contact. In this paper I build on Mithun’s work, examining core argument patterns and passive constructions in ten Northern California languages and exploring why passives have led to hierarchical systems in some languages, but not in others. A number of features are shown to always be present in languages with hierarchical systems, though passive constructions are not always involved. The results indicate that the grammatical systems crystallized at different stages of development, which explains many of the irregularities.
Synchronic and diachronic accounts of phonological features in Central Chumash languages
Authors: Henry Timothy P.
Published: April 2016

Synchronic and diachronic explanations of phonological processes are, by necessity, often treated as mutually exclusive phenomena within any language; we accept that diachronic sound changes are not actively applied to any underlying forms. Extinct languages complicate this arrangement since distinguishing between synchronic and diachronic phonological processes can be difficult without access to native, fluent speakers. In this paper, I examine previously proposed synchronic accounts of several Central Chumash phonological alternations and suggest alternate diachronic explanations. I concur with others (such as Wang 1969) that, when synchronic rules fail to describe a phonology, our concept of sound change must enlarge and allow us to consider the role of diachronic processes in observable synchronic phenomena.
Contact and semantic shift in extreme language endangerment
Authors: Berez-Kroeker Andrea L.
Published: April 2016

This paper examines the effects of contact with English on the directional system of Ahtna, an endangered Athabascan language of Alaska. The Ahtna directionals reference direction and location in the geographic landscape, but contact with the dominant English system is causing changes in lexicon and possibly the replacement of the entire semantic basis of directional reckoning in Ahtna. I present conversational evidence showing that the conflation of the Ahtna concept of upriver with the English concept of north is leading to the breakdown of the entire Ahtna cognitive directional basis. Although Ahtna is so endangered that we are not likely to witness the full replacement of its directional system, we can still see the processes of contact-induced change at work.
Huron/Wendat interactions with the Seneca language
Authors: Lukaniec Megan , Chafe Wallace
Published: April 2016

This paper examines a historical language shift from Wendat, or Huron (Iroquoian), to Seneca (Iroquoian). Speakers of the two related polysynthetic languages were in intense contact with one another during the late 17th century when Wendat refugees settled in Seneca towns. Evidence for this language shift is scattered throughout two manuscript dictionaries dating from the same period. As Wendat speakers shifted to Seneca, various types of contact-induced change occurred, including phonological, lexical, semantic, and grammatical changes. Sources of Wendat and Modern Seneca data provide the basis for comparison to the heavily Wendat-influenced Seneca found in the manuscript Tsonnontuan dictionaries.
Language contact and word structure
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y.
Published: April 2016

Intensive language contact between genetically unrelated languages may result in their structural adjustment to each other. The languages will then converge and become similar in their grammar. The effects of language contact are expected to be particularly strong if a dominant language is in the process of ousting the endangered one spoken by a minority group. Tariana, a highly endangered Arawak language, is under pressure from Tucano, an East Tucanoan language. Tucano is the majority indigenous language within the context of the Brazilian part of the Vaupés River Basin Linguistic area. The recent Tucanoan impact on Tariana, a highly synthetic language, involves typologically unusual changes in the order of morphemes within the verbal word, and are indicative of extreme convergence between the two languages.
Auxiliation and typological shift
Authors: Hintz Daniel J.
Published: April 2016

This paper documents the formation of auxiliary verbs and suffixes in Quechua and examines how processes of language evolution and contact introduce new aspectual contrasts expressed through verbal periphrases. Quechuan languages provide an excellent opportunity to examine the interaction of internal and external motivations for change because the auxiliation process suggests sequences of regular developments and also provides evidence for changes induced by contact with Spanish. The creation of numerous auxiliaries, coupled with stimulation of their productivity, enlarges the role for grammatical expression through periphrasis. Additionally, the contact-induced obstruction of verbal suffix formation weakens the sustainability of polysynthesis via renewal. Although the initial effects are minor, these contact phenomena initiate a shift toward an increasingly analytic, less polysynthetic morphology.
An Evaluation of a Mindfulness Group in CAMHS Using Dramatherapy Practice
Authors: McLachlan Niel , Laletin Linda
Published: April 2016

This article describes the introduction of a mindfulness group combined with dramatherapy principles within a CAMHS setting. An initial focus is on the evidence base for mindfulness therapies when applied to the adolescent population. Following a description of the group programme content, the article focuses on outcomes. Although quantitative data does not indicate any meaningful change from pre- to post-group participation, qualitative feedback from the group participants and in-session observations from the group facilitators does indicate participant benefit associated with group participation. Finally, the article concludes that a more robust qualitative methodology to measure outcome should be implemented in future groups.
Performance evaluation of PVD coatings due to sequential indentation tests
Authors: Zha X. , Wang N. , Jiang F. , Xu X.
Published: April 2016

The present work investigated mechanical properties and fracture mechanisms of monolayer TiAlSiN coating and multilayer TiAlSiN nano-coating by sequential load-indentation tests. The coatings were deposited on cemented carbide substrate by physical vapour deposition method. After indentation tests, surface morphology and residual indentation depth of two coatings were observed by using SEM and 3D optical profiler. The load–displacement curves were measured and there is almost linear correlation between applied loads and indentation depths in loading portion. It was also found that monolayer TiAlSiN coating is more susceptible to crack initiation and propagation compared with multilayer TiAlSiN nano-coating. The shape of ring cracks for two coatings is different due to the different coating capacity of the stress concentration resistance. Besides, cracks number of multilayer TiAlSiN nano-coating are less and most cracks distribute in a broad zone around indentation edge. It could be concluded that fracture resistance of multilayer TiAlSiN nano-coating is superior.
The Victorian Novel Dreams of the Real
Authors: Jaffe Audrey
Published: April 2016

The Victorian Novel Dreams of the Real argues that Victorian novelistic realism is a product of the Victorians’ overarching desire, both cultural and ideological, for the real. What the book calls “realist fantasy” describes the way in which the conventions used to represent characters’ dreams, daydreams, and fantasies also shape the more general and generalized fantasy that constitutes each particular novel’s imagining of the real. In readings of George Eliot’s Adam Bede, Dickens’s Oliver Twist, Hardy’s Mayor of Casterbridge, Trollope’s Orley Farm, and Wilkie Collins’s Armadale, the book demonstrates that realism and fantasy in these novels are not opposed, but rather occupy the same space and are constructed via the same conventions. Refusing to distinguish their objects of knowledge from their objects of desire, the novels invite readers to do the same. The book’s contention that Victorian fiction builds on a general nineteenth-century desire for the real draws on the way the structure of Victorian ideologies—about, for example, domesticity, character, gender, nationality, and the possibility of objectivity—support the Althusserian and Lacanian account of ideology as an “imaginary relationship to the real conditions of existence,” with the term “imaginary” defined not as an escape from the real but rather as the real, insofar as that is the name given to the institutions and structures that invest ideology with the substance and solidity the Victorians prized.
“Outside the Gates of Everything”
Authors: Jaffe Audrey
Published: April 2016

This chapter discusses the use of space to both include and exclude characters and readers in Hardy’s The Return of the Native, Jude the Obscure, and The Woodlanders. It includes a revisionary account of metonymy and a redefinition of realism’s use of landscape, arguing that realist representation returns to the reader/spectator an affirming reflection of him/herself, while at the same time excluding those who do not see themselves in these same surroundings. In this reading, realist conventions typically seen as making a space for, and defining, a novel’s characters and readers—conventions such as metonymy and ideological structures such as interpellation—are indistinguishable from a character’s fantasy that the world is paying particular attention to him. Hardy exposes the real as bounded: a space that includes and excludes.
Armadale
Authors: Jaffe Audrey
Published: April 2016

This chapter discusses Wilkie Collins’s use of the idea of the real—including allusions to a real ship named The Armadale and a desire on the part of his sensational characters to live realist lives--to anchor this sensation novel The novel centers on the interpretation of a dream, and the chapter includes discussion of the way Freud’s dream theory, like Armadale itself, presents the dreamer as a vehicle for transforming one genre into another, forging sensational dramas from the banal details of everyday life. It includes an extended account of the ostensible difference between character in sensation fiction—defined according to role or position—and realist character, defined as unique and possessing interiority, proposing that Armadale’s sensational characters long to be realist ones.
Introduction
Authors: Turner Jason
Published: April 2016

This chapter clears up some preliminary issues and assumptions needed for the defense of factalism to be given. A kind of neutrality about logical consequence, which relies on a variant of Georg Kreisel’s squeezing argument, is outlined. The chapter also spells out the project’s ontologically realistic attitude as well as its commitment to a distinction between ontology and ideology. Technical notation is also explained.
Tractarian Geometry
Authors: Turner Jason
Published: April 2016

If the facts are arranged in a logical space, it must have a quasi-geometric structure. This chapter axiomatizes that quasi-geometry. Tractarian geometry has two kinds of geometric structures: quality spaces and hypersurfaces. The axioms use two primitive quasi-geometric notions, one for each kind of structure. Results are proven about the resulting geometry, culminating in the Predicational Determination Theorem, which says that any fact can be uniquely located by a single quality space and a sequence of hypersurfaces.
Modality
Authors: Turner Jason
Published: April 2016

Combinatorial theories of modality aim to understand possibility and necessity as being about how reality’s basic building blocks do and don’t fit together. Factalism is well-suited to such a theory, as it can identify ‘basic building blocks’ with the facts. The factalist’s simplest combinatorial theory vindicates necessitism—the view that whatever can exist does so necessarily—and faces the ‘colour-exclusion problem’. Several strategies for solving the colour-exclusion problem are outlined. Some give up on reductive ambitions, and some do not. The virtues and vices of necessitism are also discussed, and some methods for avoiding necessitism while endorsing an combinatorial analysis are outlined.
Alternatives and Applications
Authors: Turner Jason
Published: April 2016

Tractarian factalism treats facts as occupying a logical space. That space can be considered in three ways, familiar from discussions of ordinary spaces. The dualist picture holds that there are two kinds of things: points and their occupants. Relationalism rejects the points and keeps the occupants; supersubstantivalism rejects the occupants and keeps the points. This chapter examines how factalism looks on each of these three understandings. It further examines whether the factalist’s facts can serve as truthmakers. Factalism is then abandoned, and the resources of Tractarian geometry are applied to monism, the view that there is only one ultimate (concrete) thing, and to Ontological Nihilism, the view that there is absolutely nothing at all.
Latent Class Analysis of Neurodevelopmental Deficit After Exposure to Anesthesia in Early Childhood
Authors: Ing Caleb , Wall Melanie M. , DiMaggio Charles J. , Whitehouse Andrew J.O. , Hegarty Mary K. , Sun Ming , von Ungern-Sternberg Britta S. , Li Guohua , Sun Lena S.
Published: April 2016

Introduction:

Although some studies have reported an association between early exposure to anesthesia and surgery and long-term neurodevelopmental deficit, the clinical phenotype of children exposed to anesthesia is still unknown.

Methods:

Data were obtained from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort Study (Raine) with neuropsychological tests at age 10 years measuring language, cognition, motor function, and behavior. Latent class analysis of the tests was used to divide the cohort into mutually exclusive subclasses of neurodevelopmental deficit. Multivariable polytomous logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between exposure to surgery and anesthesia and each latent class, adjusting for demographic and medical covariates.

Results:

In our cohort of 1444 children, latent class analysis identified 4 subclasses: (1) Normal: few deficits (n=1135, 78.6%); (2) Language and Cognitive deficits: primarily language, cognitive, and motor deficits (n=96, 6.6%); (3) Behavioral deficits: primarily behavioral deficits, (n=151, 10.5%); and (4) Severe deficits: deficits in all neuropsychological domains (n=62, 4.3%). Language and cognitive deficit group children were more likely to have exposure before age 3 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17-3.81), whereas a difference in exposure was not found between Behavioral or Severe deficit children (aOR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.58-1.73, and aOR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.34-2.15, respectively) and Normal children.

Conclusions:

Our results suggest that in evaluating children exposed to surgery and anesthesia at an early age, the phenotype of interest may be children with deficits primarily in language and cognition, and not children with broad neurodevelopmental delay or primarily behavioral deficits.
Rigid Intramedullary Nailing of Femoral Shaft Fractures for Patients Age 12 and Younger: Indications and Technique
Authors: Martus Jeffrey E.
Published: April 2016

Femoral shaft fractures are common injuries in the pediatric and adolescent age groups. Rigid intramedullary nailing is an excellent treatment option for older children and adolescents, particularly for length-unstable fractures and larger patients (>49 kg). Appropriate indications, contraindications, and preoperative assessment are described. The rigid nailing surgical technique is detailed including positioning, operative steps, pearls, and pitfalls. Complications and the reported outcomes of lateral trochanteric entry nailing are reviewed from the published series.
Percutaneous Reduction of Displaced Radial Neck Fractures Achieves Better Results Compared With Fractures Treated by Open Reduction
Authors: Shabtai Lior , Arkader Alexandre
Published: April 2016

There is uniform agreement in the literature that radial neck fracture with <30 degrees of angulation and minimal translation in younger children can be managed by casting alone, without the need for closed reduction. For more severe fractures, closed manipulation techniques followed by percutaneous reduction technique (in case closed reduction fails) should be performed before switching to an open reduction technique. Debate still exists regarding the best treatment protocol for severely displaced fractures. Although some surgeons favor open reduction with the argument that repeat manipulations may cause iatrogenic injuries, and stiffness, others believe that open reduction is one of the most contributing factors for poor outcome. On the basis of this paradigm, we present our treatment algorithm based on the data demonstrating that percutaneous reduction of displaced radial neck fractures achieve better results than open reduction.
Chen’s Double Eyelid Fold Ratio
Authors: Chen Chen-Chia , Tai Hao-Chih , Huang Chien-Lin
Published: April 2016

Background:

Double eyelidplasty can construct palpebral folds and enhance beauty perception for Asians with single eyelids. A new palpebral parameter for the quantitative interpretation of surgical outcomes is proposed on the basis of a photometric study of the altered proportions of Asian eyes after double eyelid operation.

Methods:

A total of 100 Asian adults with single upper eyelids who were satisfied with the enlarged eyes by operation were included in the study. A retrospective measurement of palpebral parameters in the frontal profile both preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively was performed. The proportions of various parameters in the eyebrow–eye aesthetic unit were calculated and analyzed.

Results:

Double eyelidplasty can augment the vertical dimension of palpebral fissure by 27.9% increase on average. The vertical ratio of palpebral fissure to the eyebrow–eye unit is augmented by 34.4% increase. The vertical ratio of the subunit below double eyelid fold peak to the unit is augmented by 82.6% increase.

Conclusions:

Double eyelidplasty can substantially enlarge the vertical dimensions of the eyes of Asians with single eyelids. The eyes are perceived to be larger because of the visually assimilated illusion of the superimposed eyelid fold and the relative proportions of the eyebrow–eye unit. The authors propose using a vertical ratio of the subunit below double eyelid fold peak in the eyebrow–eye unit to measure the visually perceived proportion of the eye in the unit. This ratio can be applied clinically for a quantitative evaluation of the surgical outcome after double eyelidplasty.
Robotic Endoscopic Off-Pump Total Pericardiectomy in Constrictive Pericarditis
Authors: Maciolek Kimberly , Asfaw Zewditu E. , Krienbring Dorothy J. , Arnsdorf Susan E. , Balkhy Husam H.
Published: April 2016

Objective

Although rare, constrictive pericarditis is a serious condition with debilitating symptoms and often severe heart failure. Total pericardiectomy is the most effective treatment and is traditionally performed via median sternotomy. With the increasing use of minimally invasive techniques, there have been reports of partial pericardiectomy via thoracoscopy but with suboptimal exposure and difficulty identifying both phrenic nerves. Robotic surgery offers both small incisions and enhanced visualization. We present four cases of robotic endoscopic off-pump total pericardiectomy for constrictive pericarditis.

Methods

Four patients underwent off-pump total pericardiectomy with robotic assistance for constrictive pericarditis. All had constrictive physiology demonstrated by right heart catheterization and/or echo-cardiogram. One was also found to have coronary artery disease and underwent concurrent totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting left internal mammary artery to left anterior descending artery. Ports were placed in the left second, fourth, and sixth intercostal spaces. The left lung was isolated and deflated with CO2 insufflation, aiding in exposure. With the use of electrocautery, the pericardium was removed first posterior to the left phrenic nerve, then anteriorly all the way to the right phrenic nerve, and caudally from the diaphragmatic reflection to the great vessel cephalad. A stabilizer in the subcostal fourth robotic arm was used to assist in the dissection.

Results

Two of four patients were extubated within 6 hours after surgery and transferred to the floor on postoperative day 1. Both were discharged home by postoperative day 5. Two of four patients had preoperative sequelae from chronic constriction and necessitated longer hospital and intensive care unit stays but had improvement in symptoms and were discharged home within 3 weeks.

Conclusions

Total pericardiectomy for constrictive pericarditis can be performed using a robotic approach. In contrast to thoracoscopy, it offers better visualization of both phrenic nerves, avoids injury, and allows a thorough pericardial dissection. In our experience, the robotic left chest approach has proven more efficacious in removing the posterior pericardium than is allowed with median sternotomy.
Paradoxical articular manifestations in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases treated with infliximab
Authors: Thiebault Henri , Boyard-Lasselin Pauline , Guignant Caroline , Guillaume Nicolas , Wacrenier Adrien , Sabbagh Charles , Rebibo Lionel , Brazier Franck , Meynier Jonathan , Nguyen-Khac Eric , Dupas Jean-Louis , Goëb Vincent , Fumery Mathurin
Published: April 2016

Introduction

Articular involvement is the most common extraintestinal manifestation associated with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Manifestations are ‘paradoxical’ when they occur during treatment, notably with anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) drugs, which are expected to prevent or treat them. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency, characteristics, and associated factors of paradoxical articular manifestations in patients with IBD treated with anti-TNF.

Patients and methods

In this prospective single-center study, an examination by a rheumatologist was systematically offered to all patients with IBD treated with infliximab (IFX) to assess the prevalence of articular manifestations and distinguish between those related to treatment and those associated with intestinal disease. Paradoxical manifestations were defined as the occurrence of articular manifestations (excluding induced lupus and hypersensitivity reactions) during anti-TNF therapy in patients with intestinal remission. Measures of biological inflammatory, immunological markers, HLA-B27 allele, IFX trough levels, and anti-IFX antibody (Ab) were performed for all patients.

Results

Between May 2013 and April 2014, 65 patients with Crohn’s disease and 15 with patients ulcerative colitis treated with IFX were included. The median duration of anti-TNF therapy was 66 months [quartile (Q)1=23 months–Q3=81 months]. Articular manifestations were observed in 50 (62%) patients treated with IFX. Eleven percent (n=9) were considered to be associated with IBD and 16% (n=13) to be associated with anti-TNF therapy. Among articular manifestations associated with anti-TNF therapy, nine (11%) patients were considered paradoxical, two (2%) as drug-induced lupus, and two (2%) as a hypersensitivity reaction. Among the nine patients with paradoxical manifestations, all had Crohn’s disease in clinical remission, three patients presented a spondyloarthropathy, and three developed associated paradoxical psoriasis. No patient discontinued anti-TNF because of the articular manifestations. Methotrexate was effective on articular symptoms in two of the three treated patients with paradoxical manifestations. No clinical or biological factors, including IFX trough levels, were associated with the occurrence of paradoxical manifestations.

Conclusion

Paradoxical articular manifestations in IBD patients treated by anti-TNF are common, affecting more than 10% of patients. These events are generally mild and do not need discontinuation of anti-TNF therapy.
Histiocytic neoplasms in the era of personalized genomic medicine
Authors: Durham Benjamin H. , Diamond Eli L. , Abdel-Wahab Omar
Published: April 2016

Purpose of review

Since the discovery of B-Raf proto-oncogene (BRAF) V600E mutations in histiocytic neoplasms, diverse kinase alterations have been uncovered inBRAFV600E-wildtype histiocytoses. The purpose of this review is to outline recent molecular advances in histiocytic neoplasms and discuss their impact on the pathogenesis and treatment of these disorders.

Recent findings

Activating kinase alterations discovered inBRAFV600E-wildtype Langerhans (LCH) and non-Langerhans cell histiocytoses (non-LCH) result in constitutive activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase and/or phosphoinositide 3-kinases-Akt murine thymoma pathways. These kinase alterations include activating mutations in A-Raf proto-oncogene, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1, neuroblastoma rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog, Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog, and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3 kinase, catalytic subunit α kinases in LCH and non-LCH;BRAF, anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase, and neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor type 1 fusions, as well as the Ets variant 3-nuclear receptor coactivator 2 fusion in non-LCH; and mutations in the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 and Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog kinases in LCH and histiocytic sarcoma, respectively. These discoveries have refined the understanding of the histiocytoses as clonal, myeloid neoplasms driven by constitutive mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and identified molecular therapeutic targets with promising clinical responses to rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibition.

Genomic analyses over the last 6 years have identified targetable kinase alterations inBRAFV600E-wildtype histiocytic neoplasms. However, despite this progress, the molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic responsiveness of non-BRAFV600E kinase alterations are still poorly defined in these disorders.