bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shear-Induced Arching of Particle-Laden Flows in Microtubes
Authors: Sharp Kendra V. , Adrian Ronald J.
Published: November 2021

Despite the growing interest in microfluidic systems, the study of two-phase flows in such systems thus far has been somewhat limited in scope. Examples of recent studies of two-phase flows in microchannels include flows containing liquid and gas (Tran, 1998; Stanley, 1997), the dispersion of laminar fluid streams (Galambos, 1998), and the flow of very dilute particle suspensions through micropumps (Jang et al., 1999).

The present experiments identify ‘shear-induced arching’ as a new mechanism causing microtube blockage. This mechanism is most likely to occur when 0.33D < dp < 0.46D, where dp is the particle diameter and D is the microtube diameter, and was observed for flows of particle-laden fluids with concentration, ϕ, as low as 0.5%. Following a simple geometrical analysis, for 0.33D < dp < 0.46D, it can be shown that once the particles are in the arching configuration, lateral forces induced by the shear on the arch can hold the particles in place and stabilize the arch. Experiments were performed over a range of particle-to-rube diameter ratios. As predicted, if enough of the particles in any given experiment had a diameter of 0.33D–0.46D, blockages occurred in the microtube.
An Electrokinetic Instability Micromixer
Authors: Oddy Michael H. , Santiago Juan G. , Mikkelsen James C.
Published: November 2021

We present the design, fabrication, and characterization of a micromixer that uses an electrokinetic instability (EKI) as the stirring mechanism. We have observed that microchannel liquid flows subjected to sinusoidally alternating electric fields exhibit, under certain electric field strengths and geometries, a flow instability capable of rapidly stirring micro- and nanoliter volume solutions [1]. We have performed a fluorescein dilution experiment to observe the rapid dispersion of dyed and undyed buffers within the mixing chamber as a result of EKI stirring. The flow field was imaged using an inverted, epifluorescent microscope fitted with a 12 bit, cooled CCD camera. We have initially characterized the mixer performance by computing ensemble-averaged probability density functions (PDF’s) and power spectra of the instantaneous, spatial fluorescence intensity fields. This novel stirring mechanism has the potential for significantly improving the functionality of microfluidic, bioanalytical devices.
Design of a Microfin Array Heat Sink Using Flow-Induced Vibration to Enhance the Heat Transfer Rate in the Laminar Flow Regime
Authors: Go Jeung Sang , Lim Geunbae , Yun Hayong , Kim Sung Jin , Song Inseob
Published: November 2021

This paper presented design guideline of the microfin array heat sink using flow-induced vibration to increase the heat transfer rate in the laminar flow regime. Effect of the flow-induced vibration of a microfin array on heat transfer enhancement was investigated experimentally by comparing the thermal resistances of the microfin array heat sink and those of a plain-wall heat sink. At the air velocities of 4.4m/s and 5.5 m/s, an increase of 5.5% and 11.5% in the heat transfer rate was obtained, respectively. The microfin flow sensor also characterized the flow-induced vibration of the microfin. It was determined that the microfin vibrates with the fundamental natural frequency regardless of the air velocity. It was also shown that the vibrating displacement of the microfin is increased with increasing air velocity and then saturated over a certain value of air velocity. Based on the numerical analysis of the temperature distribution resulted from microfin vibration and experimental results, a simple heat transfer model (heat pumping model) was proposed to understand the heat transfer mechanism of a microfin array heat sink. Under the geometric and structural constraints, the maximum heat transfer enhancement was obtained at the intersection of the minimum thickness of the microfin and constraint of the bending angle.
Electroosmotic Flow in a Grooved Micro-Channel Configuration: A Comparative Study of μ-PIV Measurements and Numerical Simulations
Authors: Dutta Prashanta , Kim Min Jun , Kihm Kenneth D. , Beskok Ali
Published: November 2021

This paper presents global and point-wise comparisons of experimental measurements and numerical simulation results of electroosmotically driven flows in grooved micro-channels. The micro-channels are made by photolithography using poly-dimethyl-siloxane (PDMS), a type of silicon product, which is transparent, permeable to a variety of liquids and vapors. Experiments are performed using a micro-scale particle image velocimetry (μ-PIV) system developed for measurement of flows in micro-channel geometries. Full field velocity distributions are measured in Eulerian viewpoint by tracking the fluorescence images. The numerical algorithm is based on the spectral element formulation of incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with electroosmotic forcing. The algorithm utilizes modal expansions in mixed quadrilateral and triangular meshes, enabling complex geometry discretizations with spectral accuracy. Comparisons of experimental and numerical results show good agreements, validating both numerical and experimental methodologies.
Infrared Diagnostics for the Measurement of Fluid and Solid Motion in Micromachined Devices
Authors: Breuer Kenneth S. , Bird James C. , Han Gengxin , Westin K. Johan A.
Published: November 2021

A new velocimetry system has been developed for use in microdevices that incorporate silicon as their structural material. The system is designed to illuminate and measure particle and surface motions using infrared wavelengths, taking advantage of the fact that silicon is largely transmissive to light with wavelength above 1 micron. The system allows us to observe motion inside silicon-based microdevices, which are otherwise opaque to light at visible wavelengths. By analyzing these images using both time-of-flight and phase-locked techniques, we can make quantitative measurements about the position and speed of internal surfaces and the motion of fluids inside complex microfabricated devices.
Molecular Tagging Velocimetry Measurements in Supersonic Micro Jets
Authors: Lempert Walter R. , Jiang Naibo , Sethuram Subin , Samimy Mo
Published: November 2021

Acetone-based Molecular Tagging Velocimetry (MTV) is demonstrated in high sub-sonic and supersonic (Mach 1.8) nitrogen and air free jets produced by nozzles with exit dimensions of order 1 mm. Measurements are performed in the static pressure range 1–110 torr, with spatial resolution of approximately 10 microns. The statistical uncertainty (2σ) in velocity is found to be of order 6–10 m/sec, approximately independent of flow field pressure. Spectral emission scans indicate that under some circumstances, the CH radical is formed in the flow, which is believed to be the primary light emitting species in air flows.
Solder-Assembled MEMS Flaps to Enhance Fluid Mixing
Authors: Ma Zhichun , Peacock T. , Bradley E. , Lee Y. C.
Published: November 2021

Thermal actuator-based MEMS flaps with a length scale of 1,000 μm were developed for the enhancement of fluid mixing. These flaps were much larger than typical MEMS devices, and the experiment required an array of 10 flaps to be soldered onto a ceramic substrate with precision assembly. As a result, in the initial fabrication it was difficult to achieve good assembly yields capable of providing large deflections. To improve the yields and deflections, we have modified the flap design by reducing the size of solder pads, removing sharp corners, changing the number and the width of the actuator’s hot arms, and strengthening the support beams. In addition, we have developed a controllable process to reflow tin/lead solder on gold pads. Numerical simulations were used in the design process to assist in improving performance. The deflection was increased from 6.4 to 11.1 μm under a 5-V apply and the maximum von Mises stress reduced from 2000 to 500 Mpa. The simulated deflection-vs.-voltage relationship was verified by experimental characterizations.
Flexible Circuit-Based RF MEMS Switches
Authors: Wang Chunjun , Ramadoss Ramesh , Lee Simone , Gupta K. C. , Bright Victor M. , Lee Y. C.
Published: November 2021

This paper describes a new microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) switch fabricated using flexible circuit technologies. Hundreds of such switches can be laminated onto a large-area printed circuit board (PCB) with other RF devices and circuits. The switches are fabricated using low-cost, low-loss flexible circuit material Kapton-E polyimide film. Switches with actuation voltages as low as 73 V are reported.
A Simple Method for Determination of Thermal Conductivity Coefficients of Thin Films
Authors: Pan Chi Hsiang , Tung Chien Li
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we present a simple method to determine thermal conductivity coefficients (TCC) of thin films with a compact characterization microstructure and by using common measuring apparatus. The microstructure can be fabricated by a simple surface micromachining technique and in situ along with active devices on the same chip. Analytical expressions are derived to calculate the thermal conductivity coefficients of thin films from the experimental data. Experimental results with a heavily n-doped LPCVD poly crystalline silicon film are used herein to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The obtained thermal conductivity coefficient seems to decrease a little as temperature increase and the average is around 39 Wm−1 °C−1 at 400°C below.
Noncontact Physical Removal of Nano-Scale Particles From Surfaces
Authors: Busnaina Ahmed A. , Lin Hong
Published: November 2021

With the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors decreasing the particle removal requirements from 125nm (0.3–0.75/cm2) in 1997 to 25nm (0.01–0.15/cm2) in 2011, an era of the most challenging cleaning applications in semiconductor manufacturing is upon us [1. Megasonic cleaning is a widely used non-contact cleaning technique. In megasonic cleaning, wafers are immersed in a cleaning liquid medium to which sonic energy is applied. High intensity sound waves generate pressure fluctuations and acoustic streaming which detach the particles from the surface and remove them. Busnaina et al [2–3 studied megasonic particle removal and the effect of acoustic streaming on the cleaning process especially in post-CMP applications. It is important to know the advantage and the limitation of megasonic cleaning technique in nano-scale particles removal.
Fabrication of Novel Polysilazane MEMS Structures by Microcasting
Authors: Liew Li-Anne , Cross Tsali , Bright Victor M. , Raj Rishi
Published: November 2021

This paper presents a technique to fabricate MEMS from a novel, optically transparent polysilazane material. Polysilazane is a hybrid organic/inorganic polymeric glass that is highly transparent in the infrared to ultraviolet range and exhibits thermal stability superior to that of organic glasses such as polycarbonate and PMMA at temperatures up to 230 °C without losing optical transparency. In addition, the UV absorption of the polysilazane is closer to that of silicate glass than to pure organic polymeric glasses. This paper is the first reported work on fabricating MEMS out of this novel material, which has many potential applications in optical MEMS. The fabrication process based on casting in micro molds made photolithographically from SU8 photoresist is described, and a fundamental study of the cure depth of the polysilazane is reported. A polysilazane phase transmission grating is fabricated and demonstrated as a proof of concept optical device.
A Batch Fabrication Micro-Ball Array for Optical Coupling in Free Space Communication
Authors: Shen S.-C. , Chou H.-P.
Published: November 2021

The paper presents novel concepts of batch fabrication of micro-ball lens array technology integrated on the silicon-based wafer by which can improve appropriate distance for optical fiber coupling. The silicon-based optical coupling platform consists of the self-parking framework (including flat-topped mesa and intersection of two v-grooves) and micro-ball lens array for optical fiber coupling purpose. The structure of optical coupling platform is able to improve distance between fiber and micro-ball lens and to increase coupling efficiency. Optical measurement reveals an insertion loss below 2.5dB with wavelength 635nm in single-mode fiber. The micro-ball lens array is batch fabricated by polymeric material and thick photoresist, and then bonded them onto flat-topped mesa correspondently that adjoins to the v-groove. The corner compensation offers a method to fabricate flat-topped mesa in the intersection of two v-grooves. This fabrication process not only provides accurate coupling distance between fibers and micro-ball lens, but also reduces micro-assembly cost.
An Experimental Investigation of Flow-Induced Cavity Resonance
Authors: Zoccola Paul J. , Farabee Theodore M.
Published: November 2021

Excitation of cavity resonance by flow over an aperture is often a source of unwanted noise in aerospace, automotive, and marine applications. An experimental investigation of this phenomenon was conducted. Detailed measurements of the cavity pressure and the velocity field in the opening were performed in a quiet flow facility. Spectral data on cavity pressure fluctuations obtained for a variety of configurations were analyzed over a range of speeds to determine the behavior of both sheartones and cavity tones during non-resonant and resonant conditions. The mean and fluctuating velocity profiles as well as the cross-spectral properties between the velocity components and cavity pressure were also obtained within the cavity opening. Phase between the velocity components and the pressure was used to calculate the streamwise convection velocities across the opening. A novel technique used to measure vorticity allowed calculation of the measured energy production in the opening. The data support the finding that the resonant and non-resonant conditions are distinguished by the behavior of the convection velocity and by the distribution of energy production in the flow field.
Lifting Surface Flow, Pressure, and Vibration at High Reynolds-Number
Authors: Bourgoyne Dwayne A. , Judge Carolyn Q. , Hamel Josh , Ceccio Steven L. , Dowling David R.
Published: November 2021

This paper describes an experimental effort to identify and document the turbulent flow, induced surface pressures, and structural response of a hydrofoil at chord-based Reynolds numbers up to 60 million. Special interest is focused on the trailing edge of the foil where most of the measurements are made. The experiments are conducted at the US Navy’s W. B. Morgan Large Cavitation Channel with a two-dimensional test-section-spanning hydrofoil (2.1 m chord, 3.0 m span) at flow speeds from 0.5 to 18.3 m/s. The foil section is a modified NACA 16 with a flat pressure side. The measurements presented in this paper include foil surface static and dynamic pressures, foil vibration, LDV-determined average flow speeds and turbulence quantities, and PIV flow fields in the immediate vicinity of the foil’s trailing edge.
A Transmission Line Approach to the Acoustic Analysis of Piping Systems
Authors: Stokes Ann , Conti Matt , Corrado Charles , Arzoumanian Sevag
Published: November 2021

We present a wave transmission line model developed to understand the transmission of energy through fluid-filled piping systems. The piping systems are represented as a sequence of components, e.g. valves, bends, and other components, connected with straight pipe sections. The transmission line model makes use of experimentally- or analytically-determined scattering coefficients to represent component behavior. The coefficients capture important coupling between fluid and structure, and among different structural wave types. The measurement of these coefficients is the subject of a separate paper [1]. The straight pipe segments are modeled analytically using fluid-filled, thick shell theory. Their motion is described in terms of amplitudes of freely traveling, left-and-right propagating waves.

Results are presented which compare transfer functions measured on a piping system to predictions from the transmission line model, where each component is modeled with experimentally determined scattering coefficients. Initial results highlight important issues regarding the use of reciprocity, passivity, and causality to improve the quality of coefficients which are difficult to measure (for example, where certain frequency bands had high signal to noise). Algorithms for determining whether measured coefficients meet constraints on passivity, reciprocity, and causality are introduced. Predictions comparing analytical and measured coefficients are shown for a single-component (elbow) piping system.
Damping Loss Factor Estimation for Test-Based Vehicle SEA Modeling
Authors: Woo Jae-Hak , Zeng Xiandi
Published: November 2021

In the test-based SEA models, the major parameters are measured or estimated from measured quantities. One of the parameters is Damping Loss Factor (DLF) of the air (passenger) cavity of a vehicle. In the SEA model, the air cavity is divided into several sub-cavities. The required DLF for each sub-cavity can be calculated from the reverberation time (T60) measured in that sub-cavity in the vehicle. However, if nothing is done to separate one sub-cavity from other sub-cavities in the T60 measurement in the vehicle, the measured T60 for that sub-cavity is the T60 of the whole air cavity. When the resulted DLF is used in SEA model of that sub-cavity, it is the DLF of the whole air cavity that is used for a sub-cavity, which will result in an over/under-damped. Thus, the prediction from such a SEA model will have bias error especially in the higher frequency range. This has been seen in the results of a vehicle SEA model. In this paper, a method is proposed to estimate the DLF of each sub-cavity based on the T60 of the whole air cavity. When these estimated DLF’s are used in the SEA model for each sub-cavity, the correlation in SEA model was improved by 2.5∼3 dB above 1kHz.
Identification of Incoherent Noise Sources
Authors: Raveendra S. T. , Sureshkumar S.
Published: November 2021

A Nearfield Acoustical Holography (NAH) technique that is applicable to the identification of multiple, incoherent noise sources from measured sound pressure fields are described. Initially, a partial coherence approach is adopted to decouple an incoherent acoustic field into a set of fully coherent, mutually incoherent partial fields. Subsequently, NAH is applied individually to each coherent partial field to reconstruct the corresponding source field. A boundary element based NAH reconstruction procedure is utilized so that the technique is valid for arbitrary source geometry. The process is validated by identifying the sources in a two-speaker system that was driven by independent signal generators.
A Computational Process for Pass-by Noise Simulation
Authors: Zhang Zhidong , Vlahopoulos Nickolas , Allen T. , Zhang K. Y.
Published: November 2021

The Indirect Boundary Element Analysis is employed for developing a computational pass-by noise simulation capability. An acoustic field reconstruction process is developed in order to generate the definition of the main pass-by noise sources in a numerical model. Numerical boundary element models that characterize the individual sources are combined with a vehicle model for developing a system model for pass-by noise simulation. The numerical algorithm for defining generic sources is validated initially by employing analytical solutions. The numerical techniques are also validated through comparison between numerical results and test data for component level and system level analyses. Specifically, the generic source definition capability is validated by comparing the actual and the computationally reconstructed acoustic field for an engine intake manifold. The overall pass-by noise simulation capability is validated by computing the maximum overall sound pressure level for a vehicle under two different driving conditions.
Introduction to Thermoacoustic Engines and Refrigerators
Authors: Poese Matthew E. , Garrett Steven L.
Published: November 2021

Glassblowers observed the generation of sound in the presence of temperature gradients over one hundred years ago. It was less than twenty years ago that the reverse process — the use of high-amplitude sound to produce refrigeration — was first demonstrated. Due to the discovery of the “hole-in-the-ozone” and the ratification of the Montreal Protocols, research in thermoacoustics has accelerated during the past decade. In 1992, an electrically powered thermoacoustic refrigerator was placed in orbit on the Space Shuttle and a larger thermoacoustic chiller for shipboard electronics was operated to cool radar equipment for a week on board a US Navy destroyer in 1995. More recently, a heat-driven thermoacoustic device, built by the team at Los Alamos, was used to liquefy natural gas at a rate in excess of 140 gal/day by burning part of the gas stream.
A Multiple-Frequency Partial-Field Method for Exterior Acoustics Based on Padé via Lanczos Approximants
Authors: Wagner Marcus M. , Pinsky Peter M. , Malhotra Manish
Published: November 2021

A solution methodology is introduced for the efficient computation of the acoustic field over restricted domains and for a frequency window. Typically, such partial field solutions include, for example, surfaces enclosing the radiating structure or even single points in the computational domain. The multiple-frequency partial-field (MFPF) method starts out by reformulating the finite element matrix system into a suitable shifted form. The DtN map is used as a radiation boundary condition and is interpreted as a low rank update of the matrix problem. The shifted standard form is then approximated by a rational matrix-valued Padé approximant and solved simultaneously over a frequency range. To obtain the Padé approximation, a banded unsymmetric Lanczos process is applied on the standard shifted form exploiting the matrix Padé-via-Lanczos connection. Numerical examples show the feasibility of the outlined procedure.
Computation of Time Harmonic Acoustic Waves in a Duct With Nonuniform Mean Flow
Authors: Ali Amr A. , Atassi Oliver V. , Atassi Hafiz M.
Published: November 2021

The propagation of time-harmonic acoustic and vortical waves in a nonuniform swirling mean flow is studied. A second order accurate numerical scheme is used in solving the linearized Euler equations for an annular duct geometry. A three dimensional ‘exact’ nonreflecting boundary condition is applied downstream of the truncated duct. The numerical issues of implementing the nonreflecting boundary conditions are investigated. Solutions are presented for uniform and nonuniform swirling flows and compared with analytical solutions for validation. The computational results are in good agreement with the theory.
Decentralized Control of Structural Acoustic Radiation
Authors: Frampton Kenneth D.
Published: November 2021

Although the application of active control to vibrations has been investigated from many years, the extension of this technology to large-scale systems has been thwarted, in part, by an overwhelming need for computational effort, data transmission and electrical power. This need has been overwhelming in the sense that the potential applications are unable to bear the power, weight and complex communications requirement of large-scale centralized control systems. Recent developments in MEMS devices and networked embedded devices have changed the focus of such applications from centralized control architectures to decentralized ones. A decentralized control system is one that consists of many autonomous, or semi-autonomous, localized controllers called nodes, acting on a single plant, in order to achieve a global control objective. Each of these nodes has the following capabilities and assets: 1) a relatively limited computational capability including limited memory, 2) oversight of a suite of sensors and actuators and 3) a communications link (either wired or wireless) with neighboring or regional nodes. The objective of a decentralized controller is the same as for a centralized control system: to maintain some desirable global system behavior in the presences of disturbances. However, decentralized controllers do so with each node possessing only a limited amount of information on the global systems response. Exactly what information each node has access to, and how that information is used, is the topic of this investigation.
Analysis of a Biological Ultrasonic Sensory System
Authors: Danak A. D. , Hastings M. C.
Published: November 2021

A mathematical model is developed to examine the ability of American shad to detect ultrasound. The preliminary model is integral in obtaining a thorough understanding of the impact of the swimbladder and unique structures in the inner ear of the American shad on auditory sensitivity. Behavioral studies have already shown that a few fish species, including American shad (Alosa sapidissima) can detect ultrasonic frequencies up to 200 kHz (Dunning et.al., 1992; Nestler, Ploskey, and Pickery, 1992; Mann, Lu, and Popper, 1997; Mann, et. al 1998; Popper et.al, 1999). Although the auditory mechanisms involved are yet to be determined, all evidence obtained from this initial model suggests that the inner ear and auditory processing system play a key role. Once fully completed, such a model can be used to initiate development of a man-made sensor with similar capabilities of the shad ear for use in vivo clinical procedures using ultrasound.
Ladder Rung vs. Siderail Hand Grip Strategies
Authors: Barnett Ralph L. , Poczynok Peter J.
Published: November 2021

When climbers lose their foothold on fixed, straight or extension ladders, the incipient fall may be arrested by gripping either the ladder rungs or siderails. Grasping the rungs provides an interference or power grip; squeezing the siderails provides a friction grip which is the primary focus of this paper. The falling scenario begins with free fall that lasts for the duration of the simple reaction time. Free fall is then decelerated by contravening friction forces derived from hand grip forces rapidly applied to the siderails. Using hand grip/time histories for various individuals, their fall distances were calculated for bare and gloved hands on a vertical steel fixed ladder. Sometimes the candidates could not arrest their falls; often their fall distance was too great to prevent ground impact. Under some circumstances, the vertical motion was brought under timely control. Although a rich literature is available for characterizing grip strength, data reflecting grip/time profiles does not appear. Grip strength/time diagrams were measured for fourteen test subjects.
The Machine Operator’s Jammed-Feedstock-Clearing Task: A Safety Design Challenge
Authors: Etherton J. R. , McKenzie E. A.
Published: November 2021

Workers are often exposed to injury risk from sudden and unexpected machine movement when clearing jammed material from process machinery. An engineered safety response can effectively intervene to control or eliminate this risk. Backstrom and Doos (1998) found that about 25% of injuries involving automated machinery were preceded by a disturbance in process material flow such as a piece of material becoming stuck, crooked or getting in an otherwise faulty position. In the US, lockout is required when an employee is required to place any part of his or her body into an area on a machine or piece of equipment where work is actually performed upon the material being processed (point of operation) or where an associated danger zone exists during a machine operating cycle. Minor tool changes and adjustments, and other minor servicing activities, which take place during normal production operations, are not covered by the OSHA lockout standard if they are routine, repetitive, and integral to the use of the equipment for production, provided that the work is performed using alternative measures which provide effective protection [emphasis added] (OSHA, 1989). Machine control systems that can automatically detect and respond to hazardous operating conditions could be a way to reduce machine-related injury and fatality rates. Accurate laboratory testing criteria, based on key patterns manifested by the machine during hazardous events are vital to developing such new safety technology. This paper discusses safety design challenges in designing reliable safeguarding associated with machinery.
International Safety Alert Symbol
Authors: Barnett Ralph L. , Wambaja Raymond
Published: November 2021

With the adoption of the international safety alert symbol, the safety profession has lost an important weapon in the war against injury. The symbol is not uniquely associated with safety, it does not have an optimum shape and it has no intrinsic pictorial to communicate danger to untrained people from every culture. The symbol represents a tragic “missed opportunity” for mobilizing personal vigilance.
Robust Designs, Utilizing Six-Sigma Quality Processes, Linked to a USMC Weapon System
Authors: Strifas Nick , Kalamajka Bob , Ruzzene Massimo
Published: November 2021

This study describes the approach to integrate Six-sigma and Robust Design approaches on a US Marine Corps (USMC) program. Six Sigma and Robust Design techniques are tightly coupled to ensure that a design is both manufacturable and also serves the needs of the US Marines. Six Sigma is an aggressive (stretch) goal that sets a high standard of excellence for the development of a world class quality product (Short Range Anti-tank Weapon - SRAW) for the US Marines. This study also describes how the design team is linking Six Sigma and Robust Design, to ensure that a very complex product, with many steps and processes involved in its manufacture, can be recognized as a superior one.
Friction-Related Aspects of Human Pushing
Authors: Pattin Cheryl A. , Barnett Ralph L.
Published: November 2021

Human pushing capability affects performance in the areas of crowd and animal control, the security of locked doors and railings, the removal of tree stumps and entrenched vehicles, the maneuvering of furniture, and in athletic pursuits such as football or wrestling. Pushing capability is a function of both individual characteristics (e.g., muscular strength, body weight, and the distribution of that weight) and attributes of the pushing task itself (e.g., footwear/floor and torso/object friction). Mathematical relationships among these factors are developed. Using these relationships, the maximum push that can be generated without slip were calculated for the following two conditions: (1) LEAN only, with the torso about to slip down the pushed object and feet about to slip along the floor and (2) PUSH along the body contact line with the torso about to slip up the pushed object and the feet about to slip along the floor.
The Explosion of a Fireworks Storage Facility and its Causes
Authors: Ale B. J. M.
Published: November 2021

On 13 may 2000 an explosion occurred in a fireworks storage and trading facility in Enschede, the Netherlands. Twenty-two people were killed and some 900 injured. The material damage was approximately 400 MEuro.

Immediately after the accident an investigation was started into the causes of the accident. Special attention was given to the unexpected violence of the explosion. The investigative committee installed by the Government used results and advice of domestic and international institutes to obtain results.

It appeared that the firm had a long history of violating permits, that the city had legalised these violations and that inspectorates and state institutions were not aware of the hazards thus created. Especially the importance of the correct classification of the fireworks and of the storage of the correct types and quantities went unnoticed. As a result prior to May 13 2000 most of the fireworks stored at the premises were more powerful than the labels indicated and in fact a significant part of the storage was mass-explosive contrary to the current permit.
Risk Analysis of the Storage Facility of S.E. Fireworks in Enschede, the Netherlands
Authors: de Haag P. A. M. Uijt , Laheij G. M. H. , Ale B. J. M.
Published: November 2021

In the course of the investigation into an explosion in a fireworks storage facility in the Netherlands risk analyses were performed on the facility as it should have been under the current legislation and permits and as it actually was. The results show that under the current legislation the facility was acceptable in its present location, if it adhered to the terms of its permit. However as it actually was it was completely unacceptable.

The results are compared with the results of analyses of industrial facilities and other hazardous activities to place the risk of storage of pyrotechnics in the context of other industrial risk.
The History of Heat Transfer
Authors: Fletcher L. S. “Skip”
Published: November 2021

This history begins in the 1700s with controversy over the nature of heat, and it follows the evolution of the study of heat into the exciting discipline of heat transfer. The contributions of the natural philosophers, astronomers, and physicists of the past have established a foundation for the discipline which is critical to technological advancement in such areas as energy generation, microelectronics, air breathing engines and thermal protection systems. The development of the thermometer in 1709 led to the studies of numerous individuals, including some colorful personalities. Among those were Count Rumford, whose meticulous experiments, combined with the mathematical developments of Fourier, led to the establishment of the field of conduction heat transfer. Fluid mechanicians such as Reynolds, Prandtl, Nusselt, and Grashoff contributed concepts and analyses that were the basis for the understanding of convective heat transfer. During that same time, many physicists were investigating the phenomenon of energy transfer by radiation. Among those investigators were Planck, Stefan, and Boltzmann, who developed the foundations of radiation heat transfer. These three modes, conduction convection, and radiation, continue to be the basic areas of analysis in the field of heat transfer. This history will explore some of the personalities who made major contributions to the evolution of heat transfer. It will also suggest that while heat transfer may be considered mature in some areas, in other areas it is still in its infancy, awaiting the creativity of present and future heat transfer practitioners.
Partnering to Succeed: Keys to Managing Technology Development, Risk and Globalization
Authors: Honda Hiroshi
Published: November 2021

The subject symposium on “Partnering to Succeed: Keys to Managing Technology Development, Risk and Globalization” is held under the sponsorship of Engineering and Technology Management (E&TM) Group at the 2001 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition (IMECE) with its congress highlight topic of “Progress Through Partnerships: Team Approaches for Today’s Economy,” following a success of the 2000 ASME IMECE E&TM Group Symposium on “Successfully Managing the Risk and Development of Your Business and Technology” with its congress highlight topic of “Beyond the Traditional Boundaries.” The 2000 symposium counted over 500 attendees (1), (2), increased by more than 2.5 times from about 200 attendees for all the sessions organized for IMECE 1999 by three divisions of the E&TM Group.

The original proposal for these 2000 and 2001 IMECE symposia, shown in Appendix, was submitted to then E&TM Group Vice President Arnold Rothstein by the author at the Technology & Society (T&S) and Management Division Executive Committee and E&TM Group Operating Board meetings at IMECE 1999 in Nashville. E&TM Group Representative Kenneth Home and session track leaders were instrumental in carrying out these symposia, with the cooperation and support of Arnold Rothstein and his successor Jeff Rode, Division Chairs John Paul and Robert Bums (T&S), Steven Nichols (Management Division), and David Pyatt (Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis Division (SERAD)) and other members of the division executive committees and the group operating board.

The current paper introduces key issues to be discussed at the subject “twenty-six session” symposium for ASME 2001 IMECE, with trends of our time and the originally proposed symposium concept taken into consideration.
History of Technology 1950–2000 Engineering Changes Observed
Authors: Thayer Keith
Published: November 2021

This paper covers the period from 1950 through year 2000 as seen by a practitioner in the Design Industry. The changes have been more than just technology. The paper addresses the methods of doing the engineering, the observed philosophies; locations for performing the work; products involved, safety issues, human relations, and education.
Novel Energy Efficient and Environmentally Friendly Space-Conditioning Systems: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Garimella Srinivas
Published: November 2021

This paper discusses several different approaches to increase the energy efficiency and decrease the environmental impact of space-conditioning systems. The use of microchannel components and hydronic coupling is presented as a method to drastically reduce the size and refrigerant inventories of the refrigerant-carrying components of vapor-compression heat pumps. Design aspects of heat pumps using carbon dioxide, a natural refrigerant with minimal environmental impact, are discussed, and novel component geometries that offer compactness are presented. The advantages of absorption heat pumps using waste heat and natural gas are discussed, and innovative component designs are presented. It is believed that these innovations will hasten the commercialization of these environmentally benign alternatives to CFC- and HCFC-based vapor-compression systems. The environmental benefits of waste heat-driven absorption chillers are quantified in terms of the energy savings, greenhouse gas emission reductions, and installed electric power reductions. Ground coupling of these heat pumps is also discussed, with specific examples of the performance improvement over similar air-coupled heat pumps.
Project Based Learning Taking Micro Gas Turbine As a Theme
Authors: Kaneko Shigehiko , Watanabe Tatsuo
Published: November 2021

In our department, we developed 5KW micro gas turbine and initiated Project Based Learning (PBL) program by utilizing home made micro gas turbine. We started with defining the problem when we introduce such a small size gas turbine to home, convenience store and hotels etc. and try to find the suitable counter measure. Problems to be solved were categorized as interlock system, remote monitoring and control, pressure pulsation in gas supply pipelines and so on. This year, we made two project groups composed of students, professors, gas and turbine company working on developing control system for gas turbine system and the device for suppressing pressure pulsation in supply gas pipeline due to the gas compressor. In this paper, we will introduce how we started PBL program using micro gas turbine, basic principle of our program and the outcome.
Assessing community noise annoyance: A review of two decades of the international technical specification ISO/TS 15666:2003
Authors: Clark Charlotte , Gjestland Truls , Lavia Lisa , Notley Hilary , Michaud David , Morinaga Makoto
Published: November 2021

The robust assessment of noise annoyance is of key importance given that it is the most prevalent community response in populations exposed to environmental noise. In 1993, the International Commission on Biological Effects of Noise Community Response to Noise team began formalizing a standardized methodology for assessing noise annoyance which resulted in reporting guidelines and recommendations later published as a Technical Specification (TS) in 2003 by the International Standards Organization (ISO) [(2003). ISO/TS 15666]. This TS, intended to inform the international community on the quantification of the exposure-response relationship between noise exposure and annoyance, has been in circulation for nearly two decades and was updated in 2021 by ISO [(2021). ISO/TS 15666] by an international working group (ISO TC43/SC1/WG62). This paper reviews use of the 2003 TS, identifies common adaptations in use, and summarizes the revisions. Methodological issues arising from the use of the 5-point verbal and the 11-point numeric scale questions and the scoring of “highly annoyed” are discussed. The revisions are designed to encourage further standardization in noise annoyance research. The paper highlights research needs that, if addressed, would strengthen the methodology underlying the assessment of noise annoyance including multidimensional assessments of annoyance.
TSC1 loss increases risk for tauopathy by inducing tau acetylation and preventing tau clearance via chaperone-mediated autophagy
Authors: Alquezar Carolina , Schoch Kathleen M. , Geier Ethan G. , Ramos Eliana Marisa , Scrivo Aurora , Li Kathy H. , Argouarch Andrea R. , Mlynarski Elisabeth E. , Dombroski Beth , DeTure Michael , Dickson Dennis W. , Yokoyama Jennifer S. , Cuervo Ana M. , Burlingame Alma L. , Schellenberg Gerard D. , Miller Timothy M. , Miller Bruce L. , Kao Aimee W.
Published: November 2021

TSC1/hamartin haploinsufficiency increases risk for tauopathy by promoting tau acetylation and accumulation.
PD-1 independent of PD-L1 ligation promotes glioblastoma growth through the NFκB pathway
Authors: Mirzaei Reza , Gordon Ashley , Zemp Franz J. , Kumar Mehul , Sarkar Susobhan , Luchman H. Artee , Bellail Anita C. , Hao Chunhai , Mahoney Douglas J. , Dunn Jeff F. , Bose Pinaki , Yong V. Wee
Published: November 2021

PD-1 on glioblastoma cells promotes brain tumor growth, and therapeutic antibodies cannot suppress its proliferative effects.
Second life and recycling: Energy and environmental sustainability perspectives for high-performance lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Tao Yanqiu , Rahn Christopher D. , Archer Lynden A. , You Fengqi
Published: November 2021

Sustainability of reusing Li-ion batteries is hindered by high nickel content and is susceptible to use and recycling choices.
Novel suction-based in vivo cutaneous DNA transfection platform
Authors: Lallow Emran O. , Jhumur Nandita C. , Ahmed Ijaz , Kudchodkar Sagar B. , Roberts Christine C. , Jeong Moonsup , Melnik Juliet M. , Park Sarah H. , Muthumani Kar , Shan Jerry W. , Zahn Jeffrey D. , Shreiber David I. , Singer Jonathan P. , Park Young K. , Maslow Joel N. , Lin Hao
Published: November 2021

Suction-mediated cutaneous DNA uptake yielded high in vivo efficiency and thus provides an alternative transfection platform.
DNA methylation at a nutritionally sensitive region of the
PAX8
gene is associated with thyroid volume and function in Gambian children
Authors: Candler Toby , Kessler Noah J. , Gunasekara Chathura J. , Ward Kate A. , James Philip , Laritsky Eleonora , Baker Maria S. , Dyer Roger , Elango Rajavel , Jeffries David , Waterland Robert A. , Moore Sophie E. , Ludgate Marian , Prentice Andrew M. , Silver Matt J.
Published: November 2021

Child
PAX8
methylation is associated with thyroid volume and function and influenced by maternal periconceptional nutrition.
Elastic turbulence generates anomalous flow resistance in porous media
Authors: Browne Christopher A. , Datta Sujit S.
Published: November 2021

Microscopy reveals that polymers cause chaotic flow fluctuations in a porous medium, increasing macroscopic flow resistance.
Polio eradication campaign loses ground
Authors: Roberts Leslie
Published: November 2021

Surging cases in Pakistan and Africa have dashed hopes of defeating the virus this year.
Ancient cattle genomics, origins, and rapid turnover in the Fertile Crescent
Authors: Verdugo Marta Pereira , Mullin Victoria E. , Scheu Amelie , Mattiangeli Valeria , Daly Kevin G. , Maisano Delser Pierpaolo , Hare Andrew J. , Burger Joachim , Collins Matthew J. , Kehati Ron , Hesse Paula , Fulton Deirdre , Sauer Eberhard W. , Mohaseb Fatemeh A. , Davoudi Hossein , Khazaeli Roya , Lhuillier Johanna , Rapin Claude , Ebrahimi Saeed , Khasanov Mutalib , Vahidi S. M. Farhad , MacHugh David E. , Ertuğrul Okan , Koukouli-Chrysanthaki Chaido , Sampson Adamantios , Kazantzis George , Kontopoulos Ioannis , Bulatovic Jelena , Stojanović Ivana , Mikdad Abdesalam , Benecke Norbert , Linstädter Jörg , Sablin Mikhail , Bendrey Robin , Gourichon Lionel , Arbuckle Benjamin S. , Mashkour Marjan , Orton David , Horwitz Liora Kolska , Teasdale Matthew D. , Bradley Daniel G.
Published: November 2021

How cow genomes have moo-ved

Cattle were domesticated ∼10,000 years ago, but analysis of modern breeds has not elucidated their origins. Verdugo
et al.
performed genome-wide analysis of 67 ancient Near Eastern
Bos taurus
DNA samples. Several populations of ancient aurochs were progenitors of domestic cows. These genetic lineages mixed ∼4000 years ago in a region around the Indus Valley. Interestingly, mitochondrial analysis indicated that genetic material likely derived from arid-adapted
Bos indicus
(zebu) bulls was introduced by introgression.

Science
, this issue p.
173
Stromal directives can control cancer
Authors: Tlsty Thea D. , Gascard Philippe
Published: November 2021

Could reprogramming the pretumor microenvironment transform cancer care?
Comment on “Long-term measles-induced immunomodulation increases overall childhood infectious disease mortality”
Authors: Thakkar Niket , McCarthy Kevin A.
Published: November 2021

Mina
et al
. (Reports, 8 May 2015, p. 694) used population-level statistical analysis to argue that measles infection results in a 2- to 3-year immunomodulation, implicating measles in substantially more child mortality than previously thought. We show, using both simulation and data from Iceland, that the statistical approach used may be confounded by the 2-year periodicity of measles incidence in the areas studied.
Thwarting and exploiting Nazi science
The Bastard Brigade
Sam Kean
Little, Brown, 2019. 460 pp.
Taking Nazi Technology
Douglas M. O'Reagan
Johns Hopkins University Press, 2019. 294 pp.
Authors: Hall Charlie
Published: November 2021

A thrilling tale of wartime derring-do meets a richly researched story of postwar intellectual exploitation
American adventure and autonomous cars
Are We There Yet?: The American Automobile Past, Present, and Driverless
Dan Albert
Norton, 2019. 400 pp.
Authors: Vinsel Lee
Published: November 2021

What will become of U.S. car culture in the age of self-driving vehicles?
Deficiency in X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein promotes susceptibility to microbial triggers of intestinal inflammation
Authors: Strigli Anne , Gopalakrishnan Shreya , Zeissig Yvonne , Basic Marijana , Wang Jun , Schwerd Tobias , Doms Shauni , Peuker Kenneth , Hartwig Jelka , Harder Jürgen , Hönscheid Pia , Arnold Philipp , Kurth Thomas , Rost Fabian , Petersen Britt-Sabina , Forster Michael , Franke Andre , Kelsen Judith R. , Rohlfs Meino , Klein Christoph , Muise Aleixo M. , Warner Neil , Nambu Ryusuke , Mayerle Julia , Török Helga-Paula , Linkermann Andreas , Muders Michael H. , Baretton Gustavo B. , Hampe Jochen , Aust Daniela E. , Baines John F. , Bleich André , Zeissig Sebastian
Published: November 2021

Deficiency in XIAP is associated with Paneth cell defects and susceptibility to microbiota-dependent intestinal inflammation.
DuraBle tolerance to CNS antigens
Authors: Lichtman Andrew
Published: November 2021

B cell development occurs in the meninges of mice and primates, and central nervous system antigen–specific B cells are negatively selected there but not in bone marrow.