bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Famine, Impoverishment and the Creation of a Labor Reserve in Central Tanzania
Authors: MADDOX GREGORY H.
Published: December 2007

An often under‐recognized response to drought by members of pastoral and mixed farming communities in Africa is semi‐regular migration in search of wage employment. Among the Gogo of the Dodoma and Singida Regions of central Tanzania this strategy has increasingly, since the 1940s, been the response of individuals to a cycle of drought, loss of livestock, and impoverishment. Before World War II hardly any people left Ugogo for wage labor; by 1955 20 per cent of the population was estimated to be absent at any particular time, with the proportion rising sharply during years of drought. Today, local stereotypes depict the Wagogo as beggars and casual laborers throughout Tanzania. The transitional period between 1942 and 1955 was marked by four major famines in which thousands of people died of malnutrition and associated diseases. These famines also marked a dramatic change in the distribution of livestock ownership as wealthy cattle owners no longer used livestock to control the labor of food deficit households and individuals found themselves forced into migrant labor. Colonial policy during and after the war helped precipitate these changes through labor conscription and the demand for labor from the Groundnut Scheme in the Kongwa area of the region.
The Displaced Poor and Resettlement Policies in Bangladesh
Authors: ZAMAN M.Q.
Published: December 2007

Bangladesh is a land of natural disasters. Every year the country is affected by flood, riverbank erosion, drought, coastal cyclone and tornado. Riverbank erosion alone displaces an estimated one million people annually. Based on research carried out in Bangladesh in 1984–85, this paper critically examines resettlement options of the displaced poor in the light of existing policies for developing more effective short and long‐term resettlement and development strategies.
The Structure of Regional Conflict in Northern Ethiopia
Authors: CLAPHAM CHRISTOPHER
Published: December 2007

A conventional view of regional conflict in Ethiopia is that it is the result of the domination and exploitation of conquered peoples by the central Ethiopian state. The pattern of regional conflict does not, however, fit this explanation. The most important threat to the central government today comes not from the recently conquered pastoral and sedentary peoples of southern Ethiopia but from the northern highlands (Eritrea, Tigray, northern Wollo and Gonder) which have been associated with the Ethiopian state for many centuries. A more satisfactory explanation needs to take into account both the political and economic bases of revolt in northern Ethiopia following the 1974 revolution. Politically, the people were alienated from a national government of which they had previously often been a dominant part. Economically, the progressive marginalisation and agricultural degradation of the northern highlands was accelerated by the policies of the post‐1974 government, policies which brought immediate and important benefits to the southern regions.
The Impact of Drought on Production, Consumption and Nutrition in Southwestern Kenya
Authors: KENNEDY EILEEN
Published: December 2007

In this paper I compare the effects of the 1984 drought on agricultural production, income, food consumption, and nutrition of farm and non‐farm households in South Nyanza District, Kenya. Survey work covered the period 1984 to 1987. It was the late arrival of the long rains in spring 1984, rather than an absolute shortfall in rain, that caused most of the fluctuations in agricultural production. Agricultural households who were least affected by the drought were able to cope by increasing the amount of cultivated land and by relying more on coarse grain production. Coping strategies for the landless households in South Nyanza were more limited and this group of households therefore experienced greater fluctuations in income between the drought and non‐drought periods than did most types of agricultural households. Surprisingly, changes in food consumption between the drought and non‐drought periods were small for most households. In spite of differences in production, food availability and incomes, however, the health and nutritional status of pre‐school‐aged children was not significantly different in the two time periods. Differences in health and nutritional status appear to be influenced more by community‐level health and sanitation factors than by differences in agricultural production and incomes in drought and non‐drought years.
A Comparison of Health Provision and Status in Ban Napho Refugee Camp and Nakhon Phanom Province, Northeastern Thailand
Authors: MAYBIN SUSANNA
Published: December 2007

Health care provision and health status in Ban Napho Refugee Camp is compared with that of the surrounding Nakhon Phanom Province for the year 1988. Records for the period 1984–88 were also examined to compare trends in health status. Personal experience of health services in the Camp and visits made to local schools and health facilities were also used in the comparison. Although direct comparison was difficult (because of the mobile nature of the camp population and problems to do with the interpretation of statistics), it was found that health care for refugees was more comprehensive, at a primary level, than for the Thai population of the surrounding Province. Access to primary health care facilities in the Camp was, moreover, easier and free of charge. This may explain the higher use of health facilities in the Camp but, despite this, health and nutritional status appeared to be worse in the Camp than in the Province. Possible reasons for the difference in reported health status and the use of facilities are discussed.
Rapid Nutrition Surveys: How Many Clusters are Enough?
Authors: BINKIN NANCY , SULLIVAN KEVIN , STAEHLING NORMAN , NIEBURG PHILLIP
Published: December 2007

On the basis of theoretical considerations, population‐based nutrition surveys of 30 clusters of 30 children should provide reasonably valid estimates of the prevalence of malnutrition with at least 95 per cent confidence that the estimated prevalence differs from the true value by no more than 5 per cent. In areas of famine in Africa, where an urgent need often exists for rapid nutritional assessment to determine the extent and severity of the problem, visiting 30 sites is often logistically difficult. To determine the effects of using fewer than 30 clusters on the validity and precision of the estimated level of undernutrition, we used data from the 1983 Swaziland National Nutrition Survey and from rapid nutrition surveys performed in 1984 and 1985 in Burkina Faso, Guinea, and Niger. Fewer than 30 clusters may result in point prevalence estimates that differ dramatically from the true prevalence and, in most instances, are less precise. In contrast, little is gained by collecting more than 30 clusters. In summary, around 30 clusters provides relatively valid and precise estimates of the prevalence of undernutrition, and every effort should be made to obtain the logistic support required to study this number of clusters.
Variations in Disaster Evacuation Behavior: Public Responses Versus Private Sector Executive Decision‐Making Processes
Authors: DRABEK THOMAS E.
Published: December 2007

Data obtained from 65 executives working for tourism firms in three sample communities permitted comparison with the public warning response literature regarding three topics: disaster evacuation planning, initial warning responses, and disaster evacuation behavior. Disaster evacuation planning was reported by nearly all of these business executives, although it was highly variable in content, completeness, and formality. Managerial responses to post‐disaster warnings paralleled the type of complex social processes that have been documented within the public response literature, except that warning sources and confirmation behavior were significantly affected by contact with authorities. Five key areas of difference were discovered in disaster evacuation behavior pertaining to: influence of planning, firm versus family priorities, shelter selection, looting concerns, and media contacts.
Drought and Development in Marsabit District, Kenya
Authors: FRATKIN ELLIOT
Published: December 2007

Extensive drought in the 1970s and 1980s prompted national and international development efforts aimed at the pastoralist populations of Marsabit District of Kenya. Famine relief efforts by the Catholic Church and the African Inland Mission contributed to the settling of former nomads and the growth of small towns, while international development efforts, including UNESCO's Integrated Project in Arid Lands (IPAL) focused on range conservation and the improvement of livestock marketing. The sedentarization of pastoralists has led to greater access to health care, education, and other social services, but has also contributed to economic differentiation and rural proletarianization. Local economies are now based on a combination of subsistence pastoralism, livestock marketing, and wage‐labor, indicating that the process of sedentarization is a complex one with varying consequences for different sectors of the population.
Entitlements, Coping Mechanisms and Indicators of Access to Food: Wollo Region, Ethiopia, 1987–88
Authors: KELLY MARION
Published: December 2007

Vulnerability to famine and traditional responses to food insecurity in Wollo Region, Ethiopia are described. The timeliness of anthropometric and socio‐economic indicators of access to food is then assessed, using data collected in Wollo by Save the Children Fund during 1987–88, a period of drought and subsequent food insecurity. The movements of different indicators are then examined for evidence of correspondence at sub‐district level. The author concludes that although anthropometric status does not respond as early as crop yield or grain price, a deterioration in anthropometric status is detectable at a stage when livestock and migration indicators show little or no change and mortality rate remains unaffected. At sub‐district level, changes in different indicators are not well‐correlated.
Repatriation of 150,000 Sudanese Refugees from Ethiopia: The Manipulation of Civilians in a Situation of Civil Conflict
Authors: SCOTT‐VILLIERS ALASTAIR , SCOTT‐VILLIERS PATTA , DODGE COLE P.
Published: December 2007

This paper outlines the dramatic return to Sudan of 150,000 men, women and children from Itang Refugee Camp in Ethiopia in June 1991. These people were pawns in Sudan's civil war, manipulated by governments, military forces and the media – a state of affairs that the international community failed to deal with effectively. At the time of the return to Sudan, ICRC and the United Nations were working to assist the returnees in two different areas and each had a different access agreement and thus a different impact on the survival of the returnees. The paper focuses on the role of political awareness and negotiation in the protection of refugees and in the organisation of relief in the context of a civil war.
Restocking Refugee Pastoralists in the Horn of Africa
Authors: UNRUH JON D.
Published: December 2007

Repeated and lingering famine in the Horn of Africa has produced enormous pastoralist refugee populations in a region where livestock production is a major form of land use. Permanently settling destitute pastoralists has a record of failure. It can disrupt host land‐uses, causing social and ecological problems, and prevent the utilization of very large grazing areas where pastoralism may be the only ecologically and economically sustainable land‐use. Herd reconstitution should be considered an option in relief and rehabilitation programmes for pastoralists. This paper examines a design where the most proven and immediate way of sustaining stockless pastoralists – farming – can be used to facilitate restocking objectives. Using data gathered in Somalia, estimates of livestock carrying capacity are linked with forage resources, land area, livestock units, and the frequency of good, average, and poor (drought) water years, to explore the possibilities for incorporating restocking into refugee rehabilitation efforts.
New Policy Directions in Disaster Preparedness and Response in Ethiopia
Authors: VILLUMSTAD STEIN , HENDRIE BARBARA
Published: December 2007

Following the fall of the government of Mengistu Haile Mariam in May 1991, the Transitional Government of Ethiopia has initiated new policy directions in relation to national disaster preparedness and response. Drawing on the lessons learnt from more than a decade's experience of famine and famine relief work in the north of the country, policies are emerging from the reconstituted Relief and Rehabilitation Commission that represent a new agenda for the conduct of assistance programs. These changes have important implications for the relationship between the Transitional Government, international aid organizations and local communities.
Socio‐economic Restructuring and Vulnerability to Environmental Hazards in Bulgaria
Authors: YARNAL BRENT
Published: December 2007

The restructuring of Bulgaria's social, economic and political system includes a change in the way it handles disaster preparation and response. During the Cold War, the entire country drilled regularly in civil defense, which was under the control of the army. A recent decree and pending leg̈islation transfers civil defense from the military to the Council of Ministers, which has developed a national plan for defense against environmental hazards. This research shows that the transformation from command to market economy, plus the country's severe economic crisis, is degrading existing civil defense structures, preventing the implementation of the proposed new organization and increasing the population's vulnerability to hazards. Case studies of a small city, a petrochemical complex, coastal‐zone hazards management, earthquake hazards regulation and the Kozloduy nuclear facility demonstrate Bulgaria's increasing vulnerability to environmental hazards.
Malnutrition and Mortality During Recent Famines in Ethiopia: Implications for Food Aid and Rehabilitation
Authors: KLOOS HELMUT , LINDTJORN BERNT
Published: December 2007

The 1972‐73 and 1984‐85 famines varied significantly among different populations within famine areas at the regional, community and household levels. Political and social factors were crucial in this pattern. Evidence from both pastoral and farming areas indicates that the development of community‐based resources may be less disruptive socially and economically and result in less morbidity and mortality than dependence on relief shelters. Areas needing further study are identified.
Saving Children During the Depression: Britain's Silent Emergency, 1919–1939
Authors: WEBSTER CHARLES
Published: December 2007

The health of a large section of the British population was more adversely affected by the interwar Depression than was acknowledged by official sources. Particular concern was aroused by the condition of women and children. Many new charitable bodies were formed in response to this problem, and these included Save the Children Fund. This paper gives an indication of the scale of the health problem, which was particularly severe in the areas of heavy industry and high unemployment. It then considers the role of charitable organisations in drawing attention to the severity of deprivation and campaigning for appropriate responses on the part of government. Although these pressure groups were energetic and professional in their campaigning, it is conceded that in the short term they exercised only limited influence. However, it is argued that they won the intellectual contest. Finally, it is pointed out that their policies came to be accepted during World War II; thereby organisations like Save the Children Fund contributed to laying the foundations of the modern welfare state.
An Examination of the 1990‐91 Famine in Sudan
Authors: PATEL MAHESH
Published: December 2007

Shortly before and during the harvest of 1990, a series of warnings were issued by concerned international and UN agencies that Sudan would experience a very poor harvest followed by an acute food shortage over the period 1990‐91. The 1990 harvest was estimated to be similar to that obtained in 1984. After the very poor harvest in 1984, Sudan experienced a major famine during which deaths may have numbered in the hundreds of thousands. There were fears that this experience might be repeated in 1990 ‐ 91. By the time of the subsequent 1991 harvest, it was clear to all that a severe food crisis had been experienced. There were severe shortages of water and food and very high malnutrition rates of children were noted by UNICEF across a wide range of areas. Despite these adverse indications, starvation deaths were probably numbered in thousands, rather than hundreds of thousands. Famine mortality, which may include deaths from famine associated disease, was similarly low. The initial predictions, it now seems, may have over‐estimated famine mortality almost one hundred times. Several potential explanations of the over‐estimate are examined. These include prediction errors, government and donor responses to the drought such as food aid and immunization, and traditional community and household level coping strategies in times of food shortage.
Monitoring Local Food Security and Coping Strategies: Lessons from Information Collection and Analysis in Mopti, Mali
Authors: LAMBERT R.J.
Published: December 2007

Save the Children Fund (UK) established a local food security monitoring project in the Mopti region of Mali, which was operational between 1987 and 1993. This article describes some of the lessons learnt from this experience of monitoring food security and coping strategies. It illustrates how coping strategies can be an important element in tracking vulnerability in the Sahel, but that interpretation is complex and there are limitations to their use. Secondly, consideration must be given to the institutional context in which information systems are set up. Information providers must be linked institutionally to response mechanisms, to ensure that data are fed systematically into the design, implementation and monitoring of appropriate response.
The Impact of a Reduced and Uncertain Food Supply in Three Besieged Cities of Bosnia‐Hercegovina
Authors: WATSON FIONA , VESPA JOSEPHINE
Published: December 2007

Nutritional status and household food security were longitudinally monitored in three besieged cities of Bosnia‐Hercegovina (Sarajevo, Zenica and Tuzla) during the winter and spring of 1993 to 1994. The objectives were to provide early warning of a deterioration in the food and nutrition situation and identify particularly vulnerable groups so that action could be taken to prevent potential undernutrition and target resources to the most needy. Before the cease‐fire, which came into effect at the end of February 1994, trends in various indicators (weight loss, decline of household food stocks, rising food prices, reduction in food aid distribution, sale of possessions) suggested that the situation was deteriorating. Access to food improved as a result of the cease‐fire, however, which was reflected in improvements in indicators of food security and weight gain. The impact of, and response to, the food emergency differed between individuals, households and locations; the elderly were found to be more nutritionally vulnerable than children or adults, households with the least access to resources were the most food insecure, while the city of Zenica appeared to be particularly hard hit. The findings show the effects of an uncertain and reduced food supply on a previously well‐fed healthy population in an industrialised country. The value and constraints of an Early Warning System set up to monitor trends in an emergency in a European context are discussed.
Flood Control Projects in Bangladesh: Reasons for Failure and Recommendations for Improvement
Authors: HOQUE M. MOZZAMMEL , SIDDIQUE MOHAMMED ABU BAKAR
Published: December 2007

Flood control and drainage projects in Bangladesh are intended to give protection from main river floods, flash floods in the east and northeast of the country, and saline intrusion in the lower delta and to improve drainage in order to avoid crop damage. While in some cases such projects have had positive results, in many others their benefits have fallen well below expectations. One of the major reasons for the poor performance of projects is embankment failure, brought about by poor planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance. Recommended measures to improve the efficiency of projects include the involvement of local people in the planning and operation of projects, better training of management staff and the allocation of adequate funds for maintenance.
Choice and Constraints in Floodplain Occupation: The Influence of Structural Factors on Residential Location in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: CHAN NGAI WENG
Published: December 2007

In Peninsular Malaysia ‘structural‘ factors are found to influence strongly people's persistent occupation of floodplains. Thus, despite a high level of flood hazard awareness, a high level of pessimism and a high level of expectation of future floods, poorer individuals seldom attempt to leave for more advantageous locations but are instead trapped in their present locations by structural factors such as poverty, low residential and occupational mobility, low educational attainment, traditional land inheritance, government aid, and government disaster preparedness, relief and rehabilitation programmes. These forces exert a strong influence upon individuals and largely control their choice of residential location in response to flood hazards, thereby reinforcing the persistent occupation of floodplains. Structural factors such as lawlessness, rural—urban migration, floodplain encroachment and squatting are also highly influential in leading people to move. Even for those who move, structural factors have largely confined their choice of residential location to urban floodplains.
Evaluation of Long‐term Community Recovery from Hurricane Andrew: Sources of Assistance Received by Population Sub‐groups
Authors: MCDONNELL SHARON , TROIANO RICHARD P. , BARKER NANCY , NOJI ERIC , HLADY W. GARY , HOPKINS RICHARD
Published: December 2007

Two three‐stage cluster surveys were conducted in South Dade County, Florida, 14 months apart, to assess recovery following Hurricane Andrew. Response rates were 75 per cent and 84 per cent. Sources of assistance used in recovery from Hurricane Andrew differed according to race, per capita income, ethnicity, and education. Reports of improved living situation post‐hurricane were not associated with receiving relief assistance, but reports of a worse situation were associated with loss of income, being exploited, or job loss. The number of households reporting problems with crime and community violence doubled between the two surveys. Disaster relief efforts had less impact on subjective long‐term recovery than did job or income loss or housing repair difficulties. Existing sources of assistance were used more often than specific post‐hurricane relief resources. The demographic make‐up of a community may determine which are the most effective means to inform them after a disaster and what sources of assistance may be useful.
The Continuing Metamorphosis of the Humanitarian Practitioner: Some New Colours for an Endangered Chameleon
Authors: SLIM HUGO
Published: December 2007

In this article I set out an agenda of good practice for today's humanitarian practitioner. I first outline the distinctive political and conflict‐related features of today's complex political emergencies, and the new interventionist strategies of the international community and the United Nations in responding to them. From this description of the new operating environment faced by humanitarian practitioners since the end of the Cold War, I go on to identify a range of key skills required by today's relief workers. These include: informed political analysis; negotiation skills; conflict analysis management and resolution; propaganda monitoring and humanitarian broadcasting; a broader understanding of vulnerability to include notions of political, ethnic, gender and class based vulnerability; human rights monitoring and reporting; military liaison; and personal security and staff welfare. Finally, the article focuses on the moral skills required by today's humanitarian practitioners if they are to work out a new model of humanitarian identity and positioning which supersedes the traditional but devalued notion of neutrality.
From Relief to Development: Food for Work in Bangladesh
Authors: HYDER MASOOD
Published: December 2007

The National Food‐assisted Works Programme for Water and Land Development in Bangladesh which began as a relief operation in 1975, was designed to evolve gradually into a development‐oriented programme. This complex and largely successful transition offers a study in change of relevance to the current debate on the relief–development continuum. What emerges from a review of the Bangladesh experience is that the transition from relief to development is as complex as it is desirable, and that while there is a ‘continuum of sorts if it can be reached, getting there has lately become more arduous.’
Protecting Tourists from Death and Injury in Coastal Storms
Authors: BURBY RAYMOND J. , WAGNER FRITZ
Published: December 2007

Hurricanes, typhoons, tsunamis and other storms force thousands to flee coastal regions every year. In many cases, resort areas have been severely damaged and tourists placed in jeopardy. This article examines ways tourist businesses can and already have protected holiday‐makers from coastal storm hazards through emergency evacuation and other measures. Using data from a sample of large and small hotels in New Orleans, Louisiana, we find considerable variation in protective behaviour. To explain this variation, we look at how perceptions and preparedness differ by both managerial and organisational characteristics. We then suggest a variety of measures that can be taken by hotels in coastal resort areas to reduce risk.
Awareness, Preparedness and Adjustment Measures of River‐bank Erosion‐prone People: A Case Study
Authors: MAMUN MUHAMMAD Z.
Published: December 2007

People prone to the effects of river‐bank erosion are well aware of the hazard they face, but see it as an unavoidable evil. Communities' lack of success in combating erosion can be attributed to their poverty and to their not knowing about any means to mitigate its effects. Households in safer areas have reduced their dependency on agriculture and developed more scope for non‐farm activities, however, this is often difficult given the limited development of local enterprise. The major parameters that influence the adjustment measures after erosion are the education, skills, occupation and financial state of those affected. Those most vulnerable are households very much dependent on agriculture: for them resettlement to distant urban areas is not an option.
Information Exchange in the Disaster Zone: Interaction Between Aid Workers and Recipients in South Sudan
Authors: JOK JOK MADUT
Published: December 2007

The author's experience of information collection and analysis in the Bahr‐el‐Ghazal region of south Sudan is reflected on here. The paper suggests that existing strategies of needs assessment are often based on misunderstandings about the cultural, social and economic conditions of war‐affected communities. Furthermore, the needs assessment process has taken on a life of its own: for the intended beneficiaries it is often a wearying experience, but one which can yield benefits if the ‘correct’ answers are provided to sometimes ridiculous and often insensitive questions. For the assessors, participatory patterns of data collection provide an apparently scientific justification for decision‐making in contexts characterised by complex political and moral dilemmas and organisational confusion.
Setting and Evaluating the Energy Content of Emergency Rations
Authors: SCHOFIELD E.C. , MASON J.B.
Published: December 2007

This paper examines the setting and evaluation of emergency rations for refugees and displaced people. After defining the purpose for which rations are designed, the variables affecting their quantification are discussed. The debate concerning the use of one as opposed to a range of energy levels for different populations is highlighted in a review of recent proposals for ration levels.

It is demonstrated that up to a twofold range occurs if different combinations of the main parameters are used. This has important implications for the large‐scale provision of food. The use of one figure for the setting and evaluation of rations for all populations is inappropriate; figures should be set according to specific context and need. To achieve this, a practical two‐stage approach is proposed. Stage 1, probably a desk exercise, uses pre‐calculated ‘look‐up’ tables which provide energy values for each country. These figures are for immediate use as ‘rule‐of‐thumb’ estimates, based on clearly defined parameters. The second stage involves refining the values using improved information on local conditions collected by field assessment.
Refugee Density and Dependence: Practical Implications of Camp Size
Authors: COSGRAVE JOHN
Published: December 2007

Different refugee camps may have widely differing morbidity and mortality rates. Some of these differences are ascribed to environmental factors. This paper reviews the key issues relating to one environmental factor: the size of the refugee camp, and provides a tentative theoretical framework for examining the effect of camp size on refugees. This effect may not be considered because aid workers chronically underestimate the value of the refugees' contribution to their own survival. Large camps settle great numbers of refugees to the hinterland of the camp and limit their access to resources available there. This may increase refugee dependency and vulnerability. There is some slight evidence from the analysis of data provided by Mercer (1992) that child mortality rates (aged 0–4 years) are positively correlated with camp size (as inferred from child populations). If other factors allow, it might be wise for camp planners to try to limit camps to a size which allows refugees reasonable access to local resources.
Food Aid and Nutritional Programmes During the Rwandan Emergency
Authors: SHOHAM JEREMY
Published: December 2007

In contrast to several other recent emergencies1, the response of the international relief community to the Rwandan emergency appears largely to have prevented widespread malnutrition and related mortality. While it is true that aspects of the response in the food and nutrition sector were in various ways open to criticism and may have contributed to unnecessarily high levels of wasting in some camps at various points in time, the appalling excesses of famine witnessed in other recent African crises was not revisited during this emergency. Indeed, the main factors contributing to mortality and morbidity during the Rwandan emergency were violence and epidemics rather than lack of food and nutritional support.
NOTES ON NEW BOOKS
Authors: Gillers A. , Willoughby L. A.
Published: December 2007

R. Bach, Tragik und Grösse der deutschen Romantik, München, Duncker und Humblot

W. A. Krüger, Spitteler und die Journulistik

A. Leitzmann, Wilhelm Heinse in Zeugnissen seiner Zeitgenossen (Jenaer Germanistische Forschungen, xxxi), Jena, Frommann

H. Cysarz, Die grossen Themen der suldetendeutschen Schrifttums‐Geschidte, Brünn, Wien, Leipzig, Rohrer

W. Rasch, Herder. Sein Leben und Werk im Umriss. Halle, Niemeyer

B. von Wiese, Die Dramen Schillers. Politik und Tragödie. Meyers Kleine Handbücher, xii).

H. Carossa, Wirkungen Goethes in der Gegenwart.

Das Lied der Karschin. Die Gedichte der Anna Luise Karschin mit einem Bericht ihres Lebens, hrsg. von H. Mensel.

K. Pfeiffer. Zum höhsten Dasein.

Schiller. Philosophische Briefe. Neu herausgegeben und eingeleitet von A. Holthusen.

Letters of Ludwig Tieck. Hitherto unpublished, 1792–1853. Collected and edited by E. H. Zeydel, P. Matenko, R. H. Fife.

Der deutsche Rbein. Wanderungen und Fahrten der Romantik. Mit einer Einleitung von P. 0. Rave.

K. Harnisch. Deuitsche Malererzählungen.

Ronald Peacock, Hölderlin.

Mary Beare, The German Popular Play Atis and the Venetian Opera

Bertha Meyer, Salon Sketches
REVIEWS
Authors: Foote P. G.
Published: December 2007

Eyrbyggja Saga. Translated from the Icelandic by Paul Schach. Introduction and verse translations by Lee M. Hollander. The University of Nebraska Press: 1959, and the American‐Scandinavian Foundation.

Vollständiges Lateinisch‐Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch zur althochdeutschen Isidor‐Übersetzung. By Hans Eggers.

Die Gestalt Marias imgeistlkhen Schauspiel des deutschen Mittelalters. By Theo Meier.

Studien zum Nibelungenlied. By Burghart Wachinger.

Ulrich von Liechtenstein: Nan im hohen Dienst. Edited and translated by Walter Zitzenbacher.

Humanistické jednolisty z Lužice. By Mirjam Bohatcová.

Studies in German Literature. General Editors: L. W. Forster and B. A. Rowley. No. I, Heine: Buck der Lieder. By S. S. Prawer.

Wilhelin Raabe. An Introduction to his Novels. By Barker Fairley.
REPORT
Authors: REISS H. S.
Published: December 2007

Ursprünglichkeit und Tradition. The Third I.V.G. Congress at Amsterdam
REVEIWS
Authors: Hatto A.T.
Published: December 2007

Oral literature. Seven essays, edited by Joseph J. Duggan.

Mittelhochdeutsche Heldendichtung. By Werner Hoffmann.

Eckenlied Fassung L. Edited by Martin Wierschin.

Sämtliche Dramen By Jos Murer

Rudolf II and his World: a Study in Intellectual History 1576–1612. By R. J. W. Evans.

Cenodoxus. By Jacob Bidermann.

Hammer‐Purgstall und Goethe. Dem Zaubermeister das Werkzeug. By Ingeborg Hildegard Solbrig.

Celan‐Studen. By Peter Szondi.
THE AFFLICTION OF PROSE: THOMAS BERNHARD'S CRITIQUE OF SELF‐EXPRESSION IN KORREKTUR, JA, AND DER STIMMENIMITATOR
Authors: Plow Geoffrey
Published: December 2007

Das Furchtbarste ist für mich Prosa schreiben …Überhaupt das Schwierigste … Und von dem Augenblick an, in dem ich das bemerkt habe und gewußt hab’, habe ich mir geschworen, nur noch Prosa zu schreiben.1
RICHMOND IN LITERATURE: ON THREE THEMES IN UWE JOHNSON'S JAHRESTAGE
Authors: Gaines Jeremy
Published: December 2007

Nach diesem begeisterten Bekenntnis zu kulinarischen Forderungen hätten wir da noch ein anderes Mittel, einen Roman einzusch4aUtzen. Es ist was mit Zählen. Zu zählen wären die Beziehungen zwischen den Personen, Vorfällen, Schauplätzen, Zeiteinheiten, Motiven, Techniken der Substruktur und, abermals, den Personen … Es sollte etwas mehr sein, als daβ Mrs. Brown in ihrem Nachbarn, Mr. Smith oder dem Straβenbahnschaffner, endlich ihren Urenkel erkennt, der seit achtzig Jahren als vermiβt galt, … Nein, solche Beziehungen miissen fest sein, vielfaltig verwirklicht, lebensfahig, gleich denen im tatsächlichen Leben. Sie sollten zumindest in Reichweite dessen kommen, was Mrs. Brown der Virginia Woolf im Eisenbahnwagen angetan hat.
REVIEWS
Authors: George M. D.
Published: December 2007

The Cambridge Ancient History. Volume VII: The Hellenistic Monarchies and the Rise of Rome. Edited by S. A. Cook, F. E. adcock, M. P. Charlesworth

Freedmen in the Early Roman Empire. By A. M. Duff

Junior Classical Companion: a reference book of Greek and Roman History.

A Junior Ancient History. By A. L. Data

The Story of Greece and Rome. By J. C. and H. G. Robertson

The Ancient World and its Legacy to us. By A. W. F. Blunt

Britain and Europe, Book I. By R. A. F. Mears

The Path to History, Book II, Stories of the Middle Ages. By Nannie Niemeyer

The Headway Histories: Book III, Making the English Homeland. By F. W. Tickner

English Girlhood at School: a Study of Women's Education through Twelve Centuries. By Dorothy Gardiner

Feudal Germany. By J. W. Thompson
LEISURE AND RECREATION
Authors: REID DOUGLAS
Published: December 2007

LEISURE AND CLASS IN VICTORIAN ENGLAND: RATIONAL RECREATION AND THE CONTEST FOR CONTROL, 1830–1885. By Peter Bailey.

THE SPICE OF LIFE: PLEASURES OF THE VICTORIAN AGE. By Patrick Beaver.

THE ENGLISHMAN'S CHRISTMAS: A SOCIAL HISTORY. By J. A. R. Pimlott.

THE LIFE AND ART OF ANDREW DUCROW and THE ROMANTIC AGE OF THE ENGLISH CIRCUS. By A. H. Saxon. Hamden

THE BLACKPOOL LANDLADY: A SOCIAL HISTORY. By John K. Walton.

LEISURE AND SOCIETY 1830–1950. By James Walvin.
The Development of British Theory and Practice of the Balance of Power before 1714
Authors: Sheehan M.
Published: December 2007

Heaven, (that has placed this island to give law, To balance Europe, and her states to awe) In this conjunction does on Britain smile: The greatest leader, and the greatest isle!
1
In Search of Decolonisation
Authors: Darwin J.G.
Published: December 2007

Imperialism and After: Continuities and Discontinuities. Edited by Wolfgang J. Mommsen and Jürgen Osterhammel.

Decolonisation: the Fall of the European Empires. By M.E. Chamberlain.

Standing Guard: Protecting Foreign Capital in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. By Charles Lipson.

United States Foreign Oil Policy, 1919–1948. By Stephen J. Randall.

The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951. By W. Roger Louis.

Failure in Palestine: British and United States Policy after the Second World War. By Martin Jones.

Documents on the Foreign Policy of Israel. Volume 2 October 1948–April 1949 with companion volume. Edited by Yehoshua Freundlich.

The Other Arab‐Israeli Conflict: Making America's Middle East Policy from Truman to Reagan. By Steven L.
Eden the Diplomatist, 1931–56: Suezide of a Statesman?*
Authors: Reynolds David
Published: December 2007

Anthony Eden. By Robert Rhodes James

Anthony Eden at the Foreign Office, 1931–1938. By A.R. Peters

The Fringes of Power: Downing Street Diaries, 1939–1955. By John Colville

Descent to Suez: Diaries, 1951–56. By Evelyn Shuckburgh

The Geneva Conference of 1954 on Indochina. By James Cable

The Failure of the Eden Government. By Richard Lamb
Christopher Hill's Revolution
Authors: Morrill John
Published: December 2007

The Collected Essays of Christopher Hill: Volume One: Writing and Revolution in 17th Century England.

Volume Two: Religion and Politics in 17th Century England.

Volume Three: People and Ideas in 17th Century England.

Reviving the English Revolution. By Geoff Eley and William Hunt
THE PENSION SYSTEM FOR THE ELDERLY IN CANADA1
Authors: Clark J. I.
Published: December 2007

This article is an abridged form of the paper prepared for presentation to the Session on “Pension Systems and Economic Problems of Aging” at the VIIIth World Congress of Sociology, Toronto, 19–24 August 1974.
THE SOCIAL SECURITY CRISIS: AN INTERNATIONAL DILEMMA1
Authors: Fisher Paul
Published: December 2007

Social security systems throughout the world are in a dilemma. The over‐expansion of the sixties has compounded the current recession's unemployment and other problems and created an “ideal” system difficult for the economically depressed countries to alter.

Older workers are particularly hard hit during recessions. They are often pressured into retirement, with no financial or career alternatives, in an attempt to free up jobs for younger and hard‐to‐place workers. Many schemes have been devised to compensate older workers for their losses: high unemployment compensation, partial unemployment benefits and a liberal interpretation of disability insurance and other assistance programmes not specifically designed for the elderly.

The author exposes many proposals for altering social security but concludes that most schemes have not yet been implemented. While international economic recovery would surely heal the ailing systems, the author contends there are remedial measures, largely ignored at present, that could be taken to soothe the systems' wounds.
Social assistance in a shrinking Canadian welfare state
Authors: Lightman Ernie S.
Published: December 2007

Social assistance, variously known as “welfare” or “the dole”, stands at the very base of the modern welfare state and must remain when all other societal, community and family supports have vanished. This paper examines social assistance in Canada, primarily through the Canada Assistance Plan (CAP), the key legislation operative in the area of divided jurisdiction between the central and provincial governments. It considers how CAP has fared in the midst of a substantial weakening of the country's total social support system over the past 15 years, attempts to explain the programme's relatively protected position, and speculates briefly on the future of social assistance.
Handicapped by old and new traps: Hungary's health care reform
Authors: Orosz Eva
Published: December 2007

Since the early 1980s, grave challenges have faced Hungarian health policy. The health status of the population stagnated between the mid‐1960s and mid‐1970s, and has dramatically deteriorated since then. In the 1980s the multidimensional crisis of the health care system deepened. Its overhaul must embrace every component: policy‐making, ownership, financing, management, service structure, patient rights, medical education, etc. The main purpose of this paper is to describe how health policy has (or has not) responded to these challenges. First it summarizes the inheritance of the state‐socialist regime, then it outlines the recent changes in social insurance legislation, and finally it compares official goals with the way the reform is actually proceeding. The paper is intended to discuss the connection between health care reform and the historic transformation of the political regime and the economy.
Swedish occupational injury insurance: A laudable programme in need of reform
Authors: Mikaelsson Bo , Lister Charles
Published: December 2007

The Swedish occupational insurance system attributes an occupational cause to any injury or illness in the absence of overwhelming contrary evidence. Illnesses compensable under other sections of Sweden's welfare system are thereby shifted to the occupational programme. Examples are provided involving cases based upon ambient smoke and fumes in the workplace. The results greatly inflate the system's costs, discourage scientific evaluations of the causes of illnesses and injuries, and hinder programmes for the prevention of occupational maladies. A laudable effort to promote employee welfare thus has the actual consequence of reducing the system's overall benefits. The arrangement has provoked demands for reform, which warrant careful study to reduce the system's administrative burdens and potential for arbitrariness. Several possible approaches to reform are discussed
Administration of the Tunisian social security system: Reorganization and rationalization
Authors: Bouslah Ezzeddine
Published: December 2007

The Tunisian system, which is set up on the basis of “a pluralist occupational model”1 resulting from successive additions of occupational‐type schemes, is very complex in structure. The proliferation of both the legal texts and the parties involved is so marked that it is not an exaggeration to refer to a multitude of subsystems which, taken together, are worthy of the title “system” only as a matter of convenience. Incompatibilities and the variety of logical structures are reflected in a lack of rationality and the need for an overall reform — which has been under discussion for some two decades but which was particularly intense starting in the early 1980s.2 Enactment of Law No. 8686 of 1 September 1986, dealing with the reorganization of the social security funds, which was supposed to finalize this debate, paradoxically relaunched it and provoked renewed bitter arguments. The legislative action was received negatively by almost all parties concerned and the Law itself has never been applied. The ineffectiveness of this reform and the wait‐and‐see attitude of the public authorities have been due to the difficulties inherent in trying to master the elements of a global reform which would necessitate reorganization of the administrative bodies and harmonization of schemes. In treating these separately, the legislator condemned the reform to inadequacy or ineffectiveness. This has been the case owing to a series of major obstacles which have been felt all the more because the 1986 law turned out to be inappropriate to deal with its own objectives.
Family policy and a social incomes policy: The case of the single‐parent allowance in France
Authors: Messu Michel
Published: December 2007

From the outset, French family policy has vacillated between several objectives: defending the institution of the family, encouraging childbirth and reducing social inequalities. In the current context of social policy, certain family allowances take on the appearance of veritable social incomes policy measures. Children, in the same way as loss of employment or disablement, give rise to entitlement to social solidarity. This paper will examine the case of the single‐parent allowance, introduced in France in 1976, and will place it in the context of “minimum social incomes”, taken to mean those that afford a modicum of self‐respect, rather than being mere subsistence incomes.
Economic support in old age: The role of social insurance in developing countries
Authors: Schulz James H.
Published: December 2007

The origins of social insurance in industrialized and developing countries are discussed. In recent years social insurance programmes in many developing countries have come under sharp attack. Major issues have been raised with regard to how these programmes are operating, especially with regard to problems of inadequate coverage, adequacy and equity, shortfalls in financing, and administrative mismanagement. In addition to discussing these problem areas, the article reviews the major social insurance options: the family, social assistance, employer sponsored pensions, and savings plans encouraged or operated by governments.
Poverty in Russia
Authors: George Vic , Rimachevskaya Natalia
Published: December 2007

This article concentrates on poverty debates during the last few years of the Soviet Union under Gorbachev and in Russia today under Yeltsin. Some references to previous years are made in order to provide some historical context for these debates. The article is divided into two parts: the first examines debates on the definitions of poverty, while the second looks at its depth and extent. The discussion will provide one more illustration of the now generally accepted thesis that the way poverty is defined inevitably affects the extent of measured poverty and the policy measures for its amelioration.
Integrating citizen's income with social insurance
Authors: Gray Anne
Published: December 2007

Citizen's income or social dividend schemes are a way of avoiding the “poverty trap”, or disincentive effect, inherent in withdrawing unemployment compensation completely when the beneficiary returns to work. If there are inadequate financial incentives for the unemployed to return to work, the benefit administration may feel the need for tighter discipline of the unemployed, threatening to withdraw benefit from those who reject offers of low‐paid work. Citizen's income provides better incentives to work without so much need for sanctions. The article explores four different methods of introducing a citizen's income gradually by allowing people to keep an increasing proportion of their benefit as they move from unemployment into work. New transfers would also be made to never‐unemployed workers, to secure equity between all persons whatever their employment status or history. The best method is to define an hourly unemployment benefit, and make benefit for a certain number of hours unconditional on employment status. This gives better incentives to work part‐time than existing benefit systems, and fairer treatment for those who can only find a part‐time job. Minimum wage regulation is important, to prevent employers taking advantage of a citizen's income to reduce wage rates.