bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Submarine Ground Water Discharge Driven by Tidal Pumping in a Heterogeneous Aquifer
Authors: Li Xinya , Hu Bill X. , Burnett William C. , Santos Isaac R. , Chanton Jeffery P.
Published: April 2009

Submarine ground water discharge (SGD) is now recognized as an important water pathway between land and sea. It is difficult to quantitatively predict SGD owing to its significant spatial and temporal variability. This study focuses on quantitative estimation of SGD caused by tidally induced sea water recirculation and a terrestrial hydraulic gradient. A two‐dimensional hydrogeological model was developed to simulate SGD from a coastal unconfined aquifer in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico, where previous SGD studies were performed. A density‐variable numerical code, SEAWAT2000, was applied to simulate SGD. To accurately predict discharge, various influencing factors such as heterogeneity in conductivity, uncertain boundary conditions, and tidal pumping were systematically assessed. The tidally influenced sea water recirculation zone and the fresh water–salt water mixing zone under various tidal patterns, tidal ranges, and water table heights were also investigated. The model was calibrated and validated from long‐term, intensive measurements at the study site. The percentage of fresh SGD relative to total SGD ranged from 4% to 50% under normal conditions. Based on simulations of two field measurements in summer and spring, respectively, the fresh water ratios were 9% and 15%, respectively. These results support the hypothesis that the SGD induced by tidally driven sea water recirculation is much larger than terrestrial fresh ground water discharge at this site. The estimates of total and fresh SGD are at the low and high ends, respectively, of the estimation ranges obtained from geochemical tracers (e.g., 222Rn).
INFANTICIDE, MATRICIDE OR SUICIDE
Authors: Minne Carine
Published: April 2009

abstract

This chapter gives an account of a young woman suffering from a personality disorder who killed her baby and her psychoanalytic psychotherapy treatment in high security over several years. The focus is on three main areas. Firstly, the severity of her family dysfunction, especially her relationship with her own mother, gradually emerged in the course of treatment and this led to the infanticide also being viewed as a suicidal or even matricidal act as the patient's identifications with mother and baby altered repeatedly. Secondly, the course of treatment also raised particular countertransferential difficulties with this patient who was, at times, extremely hostile and occasionally violent during sessions and these are also described. Lastly, prognostic expectations and hopes for patients with this degree of disturbance are reviewed
Eleven new microsatellite loci for the tiger rattlesnake (Crotalus tigris)
Authors: MUNGUIA‐VEGA A. , PELZ‐SERRANO K. , GOODE M. , CULVER M.
Published: April 2009

Eleven microsatellite loci were isolated from an enriched genomic library from the tiger rattlesnake Crotalus tigris. Average observed heterozygosities in two populations were 0.456 and 0.427, respectively, and mean number of alleles were 7.54 (range 2–14) and 4.72 (range 2–13) respectively. No evidence of linkage disequilibrium was found across pairs of loci. The markers will be used in a long‐term study examining the potential effects of urbanization on population dynamics and connectivity of this species in the mountain ranges surrounding Tucson, Arizona.
Roots versus Shoots in Nutrient Uptake by Aquatic Macrophytes in Flowing Waters
Authors: Chambers P. A. , Prepas E. E. , Bothwell M. L. , Hamilton H. R.
Published: April 2009

Transplant experiments conducted in the South Saskatchewan River, Saskatchewan, Canada showed that the aquatic macrophyte, Potamogeton crispus, obtained most of its nutrients through the roots. When plants were grown in buckets containing high (602 μg∙g−1 total phosphorus; 712 μg∙g−1 total organic nitrogen) or low (258 μg∙g−1 total phosphorus; 109 μg∙g−1 total organic nitrogen) nutrient sediments and exposed to high (75 μg∙L−1 soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP); 530 μg∙L−1 total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), or low (10 μg∙L−1 SRP; 323 μg∙L−1 TDN) nutrient concentrations in the open water, biomass, shoot density and tissue nutrient concentrations were largely determined by sediment type, rather than open water chemistry. These results indicate that the roots are an important site of nutrient uptake for aquatic macrophytes in flowing waters.
Novel pressure control in supercritical fluid chromatography using a resistively heated restrictor
Authors: Li Jian Jun , Thurbide Kevin B.
Published: April 2009

An alternative means of independently controlling column pressure in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) by resistively heating the post-column restrictor is demonstrated. Compared to conventional block heating methods, resistive restrictor heating provides at least four times greater pressure programming rates and allows for much faster cooling times in between runs, thereby increasing sample throughput. When applying resistive restrictor heating in proximity to a flame ionization detector, the chromatographic baseline noise increases substantially and obscures peaks. However, adding about 100 mL/min of nitrogen into the flame burner essentially removes this noise and returns the detector response to normal. The analyte retention time in consecutive pressure gradient trials reproduces well with a minimal relative standard deviation of 0.36% (n = 3). The resistive restrictor heating technique presented is also found to be equally effective for either capillary or packed SFC operating modes. Results suggest that this method can potentially provide a simple, inexpensive, and convenient alternative to limited passive restrictors or more costly and complex backpressure regulators that are often used to maintain system pressure in supercritical fluid chromatography.
ABOUT GRAVITOMAGNETISM
Authors: MALEKOLKALAMI BEHROOZ , FARHOUDI MEHRDAD
Published: April 2009

The gravitomagnetic field is the force exerted by a moving body on the basis of the intriguing interplay between geometry and dynamics which is the analog to the magnetic field of a moving charged body in electromagnetism. The existence of such a field has been demonstrated based on special relativity approach and also by special relativity plus the gravitational time dilation for two different cases, a moving infinite line and a uniformly moving point mass, respectively. We treat these two approaches when the applied cases are switched while appropriate key points are employed. Thus, we demonstrate that the strength of the resulted gravitomagnetic field in the latter approach is twice the former. Then, we also discuss the full linearized general relativity and show that it should give the same strength for gravitomagnetic field as the latter approach. Hence, through an exact analogy with the electrodynamic equations, we present an argument in order to indicate the best definition amongst those considered in this issue in the literature. Finally, we investigate the gravitomagnetic effects and consequences of different definitions on the geodesic equation including the second order approximation terms.
PRIME IDEALS IN TERNARY SEMIGROUPS
Authors: Shabir Muhammad , Bashir Shahida
Published: April 2009

In this paper we define prime, semiprime and irreducible ideals in ternary semigroups. We also define semisimple ternary semigroups and prove that a ternary semigroup is semisimple if and only if each of its ideals is semiprime.
Numerical Solutions of the Generalized Burgers‐Huxley Equation by a Differential Quadrature Method
Authors: Sari Murat , Gürarslan Gürhan
Published: April 2009

Numerical solutions of the generalized Burgers‐Huxley equation are obtained using a polynomial differential quadrature method with minimal computational effort. To achieve this, a combination of a polynomial‐based differential quadrature method in space and a low‐storage third‐order total variation diminishing Runge‐Kutta scheme in time has been used. The computed results with the use of this technique have been compared with the exact solution to show the required accuracy of it. Since the scheme is explicit, linearization is not needed and the approximate solution to the nonlinear equation is obtained easily. The effectiveness of this method is verified through illustrative examples. The present method is seen to be a very reliable alternative method to some existing techniques for such realistic problems.
The Relation of Genetic and Environmental Factors to Systemic Inflammatory Biomarker Concentrations
Authors: Schnabel Renate B. , Lunetta Kathryn L. , Larson Martin G. , Dupuis Josée , Lipinska Izabella , Rong Jian , Chen Ming-Huei , Zhao Zhenming , Yamamoto Jennifer F. , Meigs James B. , Nicaud Viviane , Perret Claire , Zeller Tanja , Blankenberg Stefan , Tiret Laurence , Keaney John F. , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Benjamin Emelia J.
Published: April 2009

Background—

Environmental and genetic correlates of inflammatory marker variability are incompletely understood. In the family-based Framingham Heart Study, we investigated heritability and candidate gene associations of systemic inflammatory biomarkers.

Methods and Results—

In offspring participants (n=3710), we examined 11 inflammatory biomarkers (CD40 ligand, C-reactive protein, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, interleukin-6, urinary isoprostanes, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, myeloperoxidase, P-selectin, tumor necrosis factor-α, tumor necrosis factor receptor II, fibrinogen). Heritability and bivariate genetic and environmental correlations were assessed by Sequential Oligogenic Linkage Analysis routines in 1012 family members. We examined 1943 tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 233 inflammatory pathway genes with ≥5 minor allele carriers using a general genetic linear model. Clinical correlates explained 2.4% (CD40 ligand) to 28.5% (C-reactive protein) of the variability in inflammatory biomarkers. Estimated heritability ranged from 10.9% (isoprostanes) to 44.8% (P-selectin). Most correlations between biomarkers were weak although statistically significant. A total of 45 single-nucleotide polymorphism-biomarker associations met the
q
-value threshold of 0.25. Novel top single-nucleotide polymorphisms were observed in
ICAM1
gene in relation to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 concentrations (rs1799969,
P
=1.32�10
−8
) and
MPO
in relation to myeloperoxidase (rs28730837,
P
=1.9�10
−5
). Lowest
P
values for
trans
-acting single-nucleotide polymorphisms were observed for
APCS
with monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 concentrations (rs1374486,
P
=1.01�10
−7
) and confirmed for
IL6R
with interleukin-6 concentrations (rs8192284,
P
=3.36�10
−5
). Novel potential candidates (
APCS, MPO
) need to be replicated.

Conclusions—

Our community-based data support the relevance of clinical and genetic factors for explaining variation in inflammatory biomarker traits.
Islamic Finance and Dispute Resolution: Part 2
Authors: Nadar Aisha
Published: April 2009

The Islamic Financial Industry is an industry that organises financial services in accordance with Islamic Law, in the same way as the traditional financial industry is organised in accordance with secular law. The unique challenges facing the industry in terms of compliance with Islamic law have been internationally recognised in relation to capital adequacy, risk management, corporate governance, transparency and disclosure. The same, however, has not been true in the area of dispute resolution. The purpose of this paper is to identify the unique challenges facing Islamic finance in compliance with Islamic law in the ambit of English courts, evaluate the features of international commercial arbitration as they relate to overcoming these challenges, and provide some suggestions for going forward. The paper is structured as follows. Section 1 will provide a discussion on governing law of contract and the limitations imposed by English courts on party autonomy. Section 2 discusses International commercial arbitration as an alternative dispute resolution forum. Section 3 presents some ideas for going forward, within the context of historical lessons. Finally the paper presents some conclusions in Section 4.
Blood, Tigers, Dragons: The Physiology of Transcendence for Women
Authors: Valussi Elena
Published: April 2009

This article sets out to compare visions of the female body and its processes found in Chinese medicine and in a Daoist tradition called nüdan, or female alchemy. This tradition, developed fully in the late Ming and Qing periods, describes the female body in ways very similar to those of Chinese medicine. However, despite the fact that loci, fluids and processes are described in a similar manner in the two textual traditions, the goals to reach are strikingly different. In the case of medicine, the goal is health, well-being, regularity, and the production of children, while in the case of female alchemy, the main goal is transcendence, achieved through the reversal of natural female processes like menstruation, gestation and childbirth.
Pacific Water Transport in the Western Arctic Ocean Simulated by an Eddy-Resolving Coupled Sea Ice–Ocean Model
Authors: Watanabe Eiji , Hasumi Hiroyasu
Published: April 2009

The process of the Pacific water transport in the Chukchi Sea and the southern Canada Basin is investigated by using an eddy-resolving coupled sea ice–ocean model. The simulation result demonstrates that the Pacific water flows into the basin by mesoscale baroclinic eddies, which are generated and developed as a result of the instability of a narrow and intense jet through the Barrow Canyon. Each eddy has a baroclinic anticyclonic structure, and its horizontal and vertical scales grow up by being merged with other ones during August and September, they separate into anticyclones whose diameters are about 50 km in October, and then they gradually shrink in early winter. The Pacific water transport across the Beaufort shelf break reaches maximum (about 0.3 Sv, where 1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) during late summer and early autumn when the eddy activities are enhanced. The sensitivity experiments indicate that the shelf-to-basin transport differs depending on the sea ice condition in the Chukchi Sea during summer. The difference is found to be associated with the jet strength, which is closely related to the location of the sea ice margin. When the sea ice margin is located in the Canada Basin, the jet is stronger, and mesoscale eddy activities and corresponding inflow of the Pacific water into the basin are enhanced. When sea ice remains in the shelf even in late summer, sea ice ocean stress plays a great role in braking the jet and the consequent suppression of the shelf-to-basin transport. The freshwater and heat transports into the basin associated with the Pacific water inflow depend on not only the volume flux but also on surface buoyancy flux in the shelf, which varies according to sea ice condition. The freshwater transport referenced to 34.8 psu is 259 km3 yr−1 in the medium sea ice extent case. Although the Pacific water becomes freshened as a result of its mixing with sea ice meltwater in the large extent case, the freshwater transport is still less than in the other cases. The heat transport is promoted by preferable absorption of solar heat in addition to energetic eddy-induced transport in the small extent case. The heat amount provided into the basin is equivalent to the reduction of sea ice thickness by about 1 m yr−1 north of the Chukchi and Beaufort shelf breaks.
Current Literature: Pediatric Feeding Disorders
Authors: Manikam R
Published: April 2009

Pediatric feeding disorders are common: 25% of children are reported to present with some form of feeding disorder. This number increases to 80% in developmentally delayed children. Consequences of feeding disorders can be severe, including growth failure, susceptibility to chronic illness, and even death. Feeding disorders occur in children who are healthy, who have gastrointestinal disorders, and in those with special needs. Most feeding disorders have underlying organic causes. However, overwhelming evidence indicates that abnormal feeding patterns are not solely due to organic impairment. As such, feeding disorders should be conceptualized on a continuum between psycho‐social and organic factors. Disordered feeding in a child is seldom limited to the child alone; it also is a family problem. Assessment and treatment are best conducted by an interdisciplinary team of professionals. At minimum, the team should include a gastroenterologist, nutritionist, behavioral psychologist, and occupational or speech therapist. Intervention should be comprehensive and include treatment of the medical condition, behavioral modification to alter the child's inappropriate learned feeding patterns, and parent education and training in appropriate parenting and feeding skills. A majority of feeding problems can be resolved or greatly improved through medical, oromotor, and behavioral therapy. Behavioral feeding strategies have been applied successfully even in organically mediated feeding disorders. To avoid iatrogenic feeding problems, initial attempts to achieve nutritional goals in malnourished children should be via the oral route. The need for exclusive tube feedings should be minimized. (J Clin Gastro 30:34–46, 2000)
Clinical Research: The Use of Probiotics with the Treatment of Diarrhea
Authors: Cresci Gail A.
Published: April 2009

Diarrhea is a significant worldwide health problem. The bacterial flora of the gastrointestinal tract plays an essential role in maintaining the integrity of the enterocyte, modulating metabolic and immunologic processes, and protecting against colonization by invasive pathogens. Disruptions of this finely tuned and stable gut flora has profound effects on the protective barrier. Antibiotics used to treat infectious diarrhea promote the emergence of resistant organisms, and multiple‐antibiotic resistance has become a major public health issue. Preservation of protective species or recolonization with nonpathogenic lactobacilli, particularly Lactobacilli GG, has shown promising results in treating several forms of diarrhea, including rotavirus diarrhea, bacterial diarrhea, traveler's diarrhea, and Clostridium difficile relapsing diarrhea.
Clinical Research: Comparing Alternatives to an Extensive Hydrolyzed Protein Formula in Feeding Premature Infants Following Gastrointestinal Resection and Enterostomy Placement
Authors: Puangco Maria A. , Schanler Richard J.
Published: April 2009

Objective: Parenteral nutrition and extensive protein hydrolysates (EPH) are standard nutrition therapy for infants after gastrointestinal (GI) resection and enterostomy placement. This retrospective, nonrandomized study compared feeding regimens in this population of infants. Methods: Thirty‐five premature infants with GI resections between 1 and 74 cm and enterostomy placement were fed fortified human milk (FEBM), preterm formula, or EPH. Feeding tolerance, growth, and biochemical indicators of nutritional status were monitored. Results: Study groups were dissimilar in birth weight. However, growth and feeding tolerance were consistent among groups. More alkaline phosphatase and serum phosphorus values were outside the reference range in the FEBM group. Sixty percent of all infants studied thrived on enteral feedings. Conclusions: These findings suggest no increased risks for premature infants fed preterm formula as the feeding regimen postintestinal resection. We also demonstrated that it is possible to achieve approximately full volumes of feeding in most cases with uncomplicated GI disease.
Nutritional Support in Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Mizock Barry A.
Published: April 2009

Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) represent points on a spectrum of acute hypoxic respiratory failure that are distinguished by the severity of associated hypoxemia. The hallmark of ALI/ARDS is an increase in pulmonary capillary permeability resulting from epithelial and endothelial injury; a variety of inflammatory mediators are involved in the pathogenesis, including toxic oxygen radicals, cytokines, and eicosanoids. Patients with ALI/ARDS are at high risk for malnutrition because the underlying disease increases caloric expenditure and promotes the loss of lean body mass; this, in turn, has adverse effects on pulmonary and immune function. The type of fatty acids (FA) that comprise the cell membrane of alveolar macrophages and neutrophils is influenced by dietary fat intake; this, in turn, impacts on the nature of eicosanoid mediators produced during ALI/ARDS. Diets high in linoleic acid (LA) promote an inflammatory response by stimulating production of arachidonic acid and its derived eicosanoids. Nutritional supplementation with ω‐3 FA can lessen the inflammatory response and be of therapeutic benefit in patients with ALI/ARDS. This article reviews the pathology and pathophysiology of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, summarizes animal and human studies that delineate the effects of modified FA solutions, and provides clinical recommendations for the nutrition support of patients with ALI/ARDS.
An Integral-Equation Approach for Defaultable Bond Prices with Application to Credit Spreads
Authors: Chen Yu-Ting , Lee Cheng-Few , Sheu Yuan-Chung
Published: April 2009

We study defaultable bond prices in the Black–Cox model with jumps in the asset value. The jump-size distribution is arbitrary, and following Longstaff and Schwartz (1995) and Zhou (2001) we assume that, if default occurs, the recovery at maturity depends on the ‘severity of default’. Under this general setting, the vehicle for our analysis is an integral equation. With the aid of this, we prove some properties of the bond price which are consistent numerically and empirically with earlier works. In particular, the limiting credit spread as time to maturity tends to 0 is nonzero. As a byproduct, we show that the integral equation implies an infinite-series expansion for the bond price.
Asymptotic Properties of a Mean-Field Model with a Continuous-State-Dependent Switching Process
Authors: Xi Fubao , Yin G.
Published: April 2009

This work is concerned with a class of mean-field models given by a switching diffusion with a continuous-state-dependent switching process. Focusing on asymptotic properties, the regularity or nonexplosiveness, Feller continuity, and strong Feller continuity are established by means of introducing certain auxiliary processes and by making use of the truncations. Based on these results, exponential ergodicity is obtained under the Foster–Lyapunov drift conditions. By virtue of the coupling methods, the strong ergodicity or uniform ergodicity in the sense of convergence in the variation norm is established for the mean-field model with a Markovian switching process. Besides this, several examples are presented for demonstration and illustration.
Cell-cycle regulation and dynamics of cytoplasmic compartments containing the promyelocytic leukemia protein and nucleoporins
Authors: Jul-Larsen Åsne , Grudic Amra , Bjerkvig Rolf , Ove Bøe Stig
Published: April 2009

Nucleoporins and the promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) represent structural entities of nuclear pore complexes and PML nuclear bodies, respectively. In addition, these proteins might function in a common biological mechanism, because at least two different nucleoporins, Nup98 and Nup214, as well as PML, can become aberrantly expressed as oncogenic fusion proteins in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. Here we show that PML and nucleoporins become directed to common cytoplasmic compartments during the mitosis-to-G1 transition of the cell cycle. These protein assemblies, which we have termed CyPNs (cytoplasmic assemblies of PML and nucleoporins), move on the microtubular network and become stably connected to the nuclear membrane once contact with the nucleus has been made. The ability of PML to target CyPNs depends on its nuclear localization signal, and loss of PML causes an increase in cytoplasmic-bound versus nuclear-membrane-bound nucleoporins. CyPNs are also targeted by the acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) fusion protein PML-RARα and can be readily detected within the APL cell line NB4. These results provide insight into a dynamic pool of cytoplasmic nucleoporins that form a complex with the tumor suppressor protein PML during the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
A Stim1-dependent, noncapacitative Ca2+-entry pathway is activated by B-cell-receptor stimulation and depletion of Ca2+
Authors: Morita Takao , Tanimura Akihiko , Baba Yoshihiro , Kurosaki Tomohiro , Tojyo Yosuke
Published: April 2009

The depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores activates capacitative Ca2+ entry (CCE), which is a Ca2+-selective and La3+-sensitive entry pathway. Here, we report a novel mechanism of La3+-resistant Ca2+ entry that is synergistically regulated by B-cell-receptor (BCR) stimulation and Ca2+ store depletion. In DT40 cells, stimulation of BCRs with anti-IgM antibodies induced Ca2+ release and subsequent Ca2+ entry in the presence of 0.3 μM La3+, a condition in which CCE is completely blocked. This phenomenon was not observed in inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-deficient DT40 (IP3R-KO) cells. However, in response to thapsigargin pretreatment, BCR stimulation induced La3+-resistant Ca2+ entry into both wild-type and IP3R-KO cells. These results indicate that BCR stimulation alone does not activate Ca2+ entry, whereas BCR stimulation and depleted Ca2+ stores (either due to IP3R-mediated Ca2+ release or Ca2+ uptake inhibition) work in concert to activate La3+-resistant Ca2+ entry. This Ca2+ entry was inhibited by genistein. In addition, BCR-mediated Ca2+ entry was completely abolished in Stim1-deficient DT40 cells and was restored by overexpression of YFP-Stim1, but was unaffected by double knockdown of Orai1 and Orai2. These results demonstrate a unique non-CCE pathway, in which Ca2+ entry depends on Stim1- and BCR-mediated activation of tyrosine kinases.
Book Review
Authors: Reimer Jessica , Teucher Ulrich
Published: April 2009

Hunger By Raymond Tallis Stocksfield: Acumen Publishing Limited, 2008, £9.99, ISBN 978‐1‐84465‐155‐9
Cochlear Damage Changes the Distribution of Vesicular Glutamate Transporters Associated with Auditory and Nonauditory Inputs to the Cochlear Nucleus
Authors: Zeng Chunhua , Nannapaneni Nishant , Zhou Jianxun , Hughes Larry F. , Shore Susan
Published: April 2009

Integration of multimodal information is essential for understanding complex environments. In the auditory system, multisensory integration first occurs in the cochlear nucleus (CN), where auditory nerve and somatosensory pathways converge (Shore, 2005). A unique feature of multisensory neurons is their propensity to receive cross-modal compensation after deafening. Based on our findings that the vesicular glutamate transporters, VGLUT1 and VGLUT2, are differentially associated with auditory nerve and somatosensory inputs to the CN, respectively (Zhou et al., 2007), we examined their relative distributions after unilateral deafening. After unilateral intracochlear injections of kanamycin (1 and 2 weeks), VGLUT1 immunoreactivity (ir) in the magnocellular CN ipsilateral to the cochlear damage was significantly decreased, whereas VGLUT2-ir in regions that receive nonauditory input was significantly increased 2 weeks after deafening. The pathway-specific amplification of VGLUT2 expression in the CN suggests that, in compensatory response to deafening, the nonauditory influence on CN is significantly enhanced. One undesirable consequence of enhanced glutamatergic inputs could be the increased spontaneous rates in CN neurons that occur after hearing loss and that have been proposed as correlates of the phantom auditory sensations commonly called tinnitus.
FGF8 Signaling Regulates Growth of Midbrain Dopaminergic Axons by Inducing Semaphorin 3F
Authors: Yamauchi Kenta , Mizushima Shigeki , Tamada Atsushi , Yamamoto Nobuhiko , Takashima Seiji , Murakami Fujio
Published: April 2009

Accumulating evidence indicates that signaling centers controlling the dorsoventral (DV) polarization of the neural tube, the roof plate and the floor plate, play crucial roles in axon guidance along the DV axis. However, the role of signaling centers regulating the rostrocaudal (RC) polarization of the neural tube in axon guidance along the RC axis remains unknown. Here, we show that a signaling center located at the midbrain–hindbrain boundary (MHB) regulates the rostrally directed growth of axons from midbrain dopaminergic neurons (mDANs). We found that beads soaked with fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8), a signaling molecule that mediates patterning activities of the MHB, repelled mDAN axons that extended through the diencephalon. This repulsion may be mediated bysemaphorin 3F(sema3F) because (1) FGF8-soaked beads induced an increase in expression ofsema3F, (2)sema3Fexpression in the midbrain was essentially abolished by the application of an FGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and (3) mDAN axonal growth was also inhibited by sema3F. Furthermore, mDAN axons expressed a sema3F receptor, neuropilin-2 (nrp2), and the removal ofnrp-2by gene targeting caused caudal growth of mDAN axons. These results indicate that the MHB signaling center regulates the growth polarity of mDAN axons along the RC axis by inducing sema3F.
Endocannabinoid-Mediated Long-Term Depression in the Avian Midbrain Expressed Presynaptically and Postsynaptically
Authors: Penzo Mario Alexander , Peña José Luis
Published: April 2009

Here, we examined long-term synaptic plasticity in the avian auditory midbrain, a region involved in experience-dependent learning. We found that coactivation ofN-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) and type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1R) induces long-term depression (LTD) at the synapse between the central shell and the external portion of the inferior colliculus of the chicken. Although endocannabinoids are commonly thought of as presynaptic modulators, recent reports have suggested that they can also modulate the postsynaptic site. In the avian midbrain, we found that LTD is mediated by both presynaptic and postsynaptic changes. The presynaptic mechanism consists of a decrease in neurotransmitter release, whereas a depression of NMDAR-mediated current takes place on the postsynaptic side. Both the presynaptic and the postsynaptic effects depend on CB1R activation. The reduction of postsynaptic NMDAR currents represents a novel role of endocannabinoids in synaptic modulation.
Konsum statt Arbeit? Zum Wandel von Individualität in der modernen Massengesellschaft
Authors: Wirsching Andreas
Published: April 2009

Vorspann

Was begründet in modernen Massengesellschaften Individualität und Identität? Rechte wie linke Kultur- und Konsumkritiker waren sich – zumindest in Europa und hier vor allem in Deutschland – lange einig, dass der Herausbildung autonomer, eigenverantwortlicher Persönlichkeiten in der schönen neuen Welt der organisierten Vermassung und Vermarktung enge Grenzen gesetzt seien. In den Vereinigten Staaten hingegen entwickelte sich bereits im 19. Jahrhundert ein anderes Denkmodell, das die Massen- und Konsumgesellschaft positiv konnotierte und insbesondere auch die Individualitätsgewinne durch Konsum betonte. In der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts, so Andreas Wirsching, gewann das konsumistische Paradigma auch in der Alten Welt eine Art kulturelle Hegemonie, während die traditionelle Kultur- und Konsumkritik fast ganz verstummte. Der in Augsburg lehrende Historiker beschreibt diesen spektakulären Paradigmenwechsel und spürt auch seinen Ursachen nach, die er in tiefgreifenden gesellschaftlichen Umwälzungsprozessen erkennt. In den postindustriellen Gesellschaften des Westens, so seine These, werden Eigendefinition und Selbstbilder weitaus weniger als früher durch Arbeit konstruiert. Immer größeres Gewicht gewinnen dagegen die individuellen Chancen auf dem Markt der Freizeit und des Konsums.
Early Life Stress Induces Both Acute and Chronic Colonic Barrier Dysfunction
Authors: Gareau Mélanie G. , Wine Eytan , Sherman Philip M.
Published: April 2009

Exposure to stress in early life can have a profound impact on health in later life, including intestinal pathology. Maternal separation is a well-established and reproducible model of early life stress in rodents that leads to the development of mood disorders and altered intestinal function, including visceral hypersensitivity, colonic dysmotility, and increased intestinal permeability. In this article, we highlight the consequences of disruption of normal programming after exposure to maternal separation in neonates: the development of intestinal alterations in both neonatal and adult animals as well as the accompanying behavioral changes. Mechanisms of action include corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and nerve growth factor (NGF), which signal both in the brain and in the periphery. Exposure to stress in early life also can alter bacterial colonization, which is prevented by treatment with probiotic organisms. We conclude by highlighting the link between stress and colonic permeability in humans, including the increased risk of disease relapse in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).
Characterization of hypertriglyceridemia and response to treatment with insulin in horses, ponies, and donkeys: 44 cases (1995–2005)
Authors: Waitt Laura H. , Cebra Christopher K.
Published: April 2009

Objective—To characterize signalment, clinical signs of disease, and clinical response to insulin in equids with hypertriglyceridemia.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—20 horses, 17 ponies, and 7 donkeys with hypertriglyceridemia.

Procedures—For analysis of medical record data, horses, donkeys, and ponies with multiple serum or plasma triglycerides measurements were separated into groups. Hypertriglyceridemic equids that were (HT-I; n = 14) or were not (HT-N; 10) treated with insulin consisted of equids with an initial triglycerides concentration > 44 mg/dL but < 500 mg/dL. Equids with an initial triglycerides concentration > 500 mg/dL, all of which were treated with insulin, constituted the lipemic group (LIP-I; 20). Each group included a full range of ages. Pretreatment and posttreatment values from serum or plasma biochemical analyses were compared among groups.

Results—No age predilection for hypertriglyceridemia was apparent. Of the 29 female equids, only 7 (24%) were lactating or pregnant. Multiple illnesses were diagnosed in hypertriglyceridemic equids, including colitis (14/44; 32%) and colic (9/44; 20%). Many breeds were affected, including 16 (36%) American Miniature Horses and 9 (20%) Arabians or Arabian crossbreds. The mean posttreatment triglycerides concentration was not significantly different from the initial value in HT-N equids (175 vs 125 mg/dL) but was significantly lower than the pretreatment triglycerides concentration in HT-I (252 vs 55 mg/dL) and LIP-I (872 vs 87 mg/dL) equids.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Equids of all ages and sexes with various diseases had hypertriglyceridemia. Insulin treatment decreased the triglycerides concentrations in affected equids.
PHASED MULTI‐TARGET AREAL DEVELOPMENT COMPETITIONS: ALGORITHMS FOR COMPETITOR ALLOCATION
Authors: Lahdenperä Pertti
Published: April 2009

The prevailing practice in new areal real estate development is for public and private actors to perform their duties by turns. Yet, the planning process could benefit from simultaneous contributions from society and developers and their designers. That, again, requires that the municipality selects the private partner consortia prior to completion of the local detailed plan through a competition in order to find the most potential actors and the best ideas for implementation of an urban structure of high quality. Candidates will be attracted by offering them the right to implement a residential/business block as a developer. The several blocks involved in an areal development project, and the laboriousness of producing competitive solutions, require a well planned selection process. A novel multi‐target competition process was developed which is presented in this paper with special emphasis on the allocation algorithms that allow selecting the most qualified competitors for parallel follow-up competitions from among a large group of registered candidates. The approach was tested in an actual real estate development project in the municipal district of Vuores which was the original reason for launching the study. Santruka Pletojant nekilnojamaji turta naujose teritorijose, vieši ir privatūs asmenys dažniausiai savo pareigas vykdo paeiliui. Tačiau planavimo procesui būtu tik geriau, jei tuo pačiu metu prisidetu ir visuomene, ir vystytojai, ir projektuotojai. Tam velgi reikia, kad savivaldybe paskelbtu konkursa ir pasirinktu privačiu partneriu grupes prieš užbaigdama vietini detaluji plana didžiausia potenciala turintiems dalyviams aptikti ir geriausioms idejoms surinkti, kokybiškai miesto struktūrai išvystyti. Kai teritoriju pletros projektas apima kelis kvartalus, o kuriant konkurencingus sprendimus idedama daug darbo, reikia gerai suplanuoto atrankos proceso. Yra sukurtas novatoriškas daugiatikslis konkurso procesas, pristatomas šiame darbe, daugiau demesio skiriama paskirstymo algoritmams, kuriuos naudojant iš daugybes registruotu kandidatu galima atrinkti tinkamiausius tolesniems tuo pat metu vykdomiems konkursams. Toks būdas patikrintas realiame nekilnojamojo turto pletros projekte, kuris vyko Vuores savivaldybes teritorijoje, ir būtent del šios priežasties pradetas šis tyrimas.
Pseudogout of the temporomandibular joint: Immediate reconstruction with total joint arthroplasty
Authors: Kathju Sandeep , Cohen Ruben , Lasko Leslie‐Ann , Aynechi Moris , Dattilo David J.
Published: April 2009

Background

Pseudogout of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a rare disorder with <40 reported cases in the English‐language literature. It is usually treated with surgical resection and condylectomy alone.

Methods

We report the case of a 68‐year‐old woman presenting with a preauricular mass resulting from calcium pyrophosphate deposition (pseudogout) in the TMJ, who underwent surgical resection with immediate reconstruction.

Results

Open surgical resection to completely remove the mass confirmed substantial erosion of the condyle and disc, necessitating condylectomy and discectomy. The joint was thereafter immediately reconstructed by total joint arthroplasty using a Christensen TMJ implant sized to the patient's anatomy. The patient was able to resume a regular diet and demonstrated marked improvement in her interincisal opening.

Conclusion

Immediate reconstruction of the TMJ with total joint arthroplasty is a safe and effective measure following removal of this (and potentially other) TMJ lesions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Experimental study of extreme shear stress for shallow flow under simulated rainfall
Authors: Lu Jau‐Yau , Lee Jun‐Ji , Lu Tai‐Fang , Hong Jian‐Hao
Published: April 2009

The raindrop impact and overland flow are two major factors causing soil detachment and particle transportation. In this study, the turbulent characteristics of the shallow rain‐impacted water flow were investigated using a 2‐D fibre‐optic laser Doppler velocimetry (FLDV) and an artificial rainfall simulator. The fluctuating turbulent shear stress was computed using digital data processing techniques. The experimental data showed that the Reynolds shear stress follows a probability distribution with heavy tails. The tail probability increases with an increase of rainfall intensity or raindrop diameter, and it decreases with an increase of Reynolds number. A modified empirical equation was derived using both the raindrop diameter and rainfall intensity as independent variables to provide a better prediction of the Darcy‐Weisbach friction coefficient f under rainfall conditions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ethical issues regarding fertility preservation in adolescents and children
Authors: Cohen Cynthia B.
Published: April 2009

Certain forms of treatment for cancer in children and adolescents may significantly affect their fertility. Oncologists and specialists in reproductive medicine are attempting to use various methods of fertility preservation to address this problem. However, major medical/biological issues must be resolved before many of these methods can be considered accepted medical treatments. In addition, ethical considerations that such treatments bring to the fore, including those relevant to assent by children and the provision of experimental treatment to children, must be taken into account. This article addresses the current and future medical and ethical status of the development of fertility‐preserving treatment for adolescents and children who are to receive cancer treatment. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:249–253. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Student conscientiousness, self‐regulated learning, and science achievement: An explorative field study
Authors: Eilam Billie , Zeidner Moshe , Aharon Irit
Published: April 2009

This explorative field study examined the mediating role of self‐regulated learning (SRL) in the relationship between the personality trait of conscientiousness, SRL, and science achievement in a sample of junior high school students. Over the course of an entire academic year, data on enacted SRL were collected each week for 52 eighth‐grade students in the context of an inquiry‐based ecology project. Data were also collected on personality traits, self‐reported study strategies, science project achievement, and grade point average. Findings show significant relationships between conscientiousness, SRL, and achievement. As hypothesized, conscientiousness was shown to significantly impact academic achievement in the inquiry‐based course, mediated by enacted SRL. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stalkers and harassers of royalty: the role of mental illness and motivation
Authors: James D. V. , Mullen P. E. , Pathé M. T. , Meloy J. R. , Preston L. F. , Darnley B. , Farnham F. R.
Published: April 2009

Background

Public figures are at increased risk of attracting unwanted attention in the form of intrusions, stalking and, occasionally, attack. Whereas the potential threat to the British Royal Family from terrorists and organized groups is clearly defined, there is a dearth of knowledge about that from individual harassers and stalkers. This paper reports findings from the first systematic study of this group.

Method

A retrospective study was conducted of a randomly selected stratified sample (n=275) of 8001 files compiled by the Metropolitan Police Service's Royalty Protection Unit over 15 years on inappropriate communications or approaches to members of the British Royal Family. Cases were split into behavioural types. Evidence of major mental illness was recorded from the files. Cases were classified according to a motivational typology. An analysis was undertaken of associations between motivation, type of behaviour and mental illness.

Results

Of the study sample, 83.6% were suffering from serious mental illness. Different forms of behaviour were associated with different patterns of symptomatology. Cases could be separated into eight motivational groups, which also showed significant differences in mental state. Marked differences in the intrusiveness of behaviour were found between motivational groups.

Conclusions

The high prevalence of mental illness indicates the relevance of psychiatric intervention. This would serve the health interests of psychotic individuals and alleviate protection concerns without the necessity of attempting large numbers of individual risk predictions. The finding that some motivations are more likely to drive intrusive behaviours than others may help focus both health and protection interventions.
A CANCELLATION PROPERTY OF THE MOORE–PENROSE INVERSE OF TRIPLE PRODUCTS
Authors: DAMM TOBIAS , WIMMER HARALD K.
Published: April 2009

We study the matrix equation C(BXC)†B=X†, where X† denotes the Moore–Penrose inverse. We derive conditions for the consistency of the equation and express all its solutions using singular vectors of B and C. Applications to compliance matrices in molecular dynamics, to mixed reverse-order laws of generalized inverses and to weighted Moore–Penrose inverses are given.
Tracer‐derived freshwater composition of the Siberian continental shelf and slope following the extreme Arctic summer of 2007
Authors: Abrahamsen E. Povl , Meredith Michael P. , Falkner Kelly Kenison , Torres‐Valdes Sinhue , Leng Melanie J. , Alkire Matthew B. , Bacon Sheldon , Laxon Seymour W. , Polyakov Igor , Ivanov Vladimir
Published: April 2009

We investigate the freshwater composition of the shelf and slope of the Arctic Ocean north of the New Siberian Islands using geochemical tracer data (δ18O, Ba, and PO*4) collected following the extreme summer of 2007. We find that the anomalous wind patterns that partly explained the sea ice minimum at this time also led to significant quantities of Pacific‐derived surface water in the westernmost part of the Makarov Basin. We also find larger quantities of meteoric water near Lomonosov Ridge than were found in 1995. Dissolved barium is depleted in the upper layers in one region of our study area, probably as a result of biological activity in open waters. Increasingly ice‐free conditions compromise the quantitative use of barium as a tracer of river water in the Arctic Ocean.
Equatorward diffuse auroral emissions at Jupiter: Simultaneous HST and Galileo observations
Authors: Radioti A. , Tomás A. T. , Grodent D. , Gérard J.‐C. , Gustin J. , Bonford B. , Krupp N. , Woch J. , Menietti J. D.
Published: April 2009

We study the auroral emissions equatorward of the main oval based on Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of both Jovian hemispheres on September 20, 1997. On the same day, Galileo observed changes in the electron pitch angle distribution between the inner and middle magnetosphere (PAD boundary), indicative of electron diffusion. This region, magnetically maps to the equatorward diffuse emissions on both hemispheres. Whistler mode waves, observed simultaneously, can scatter electrons into the loss cone and lead to electron precipitation in the ionosphere. Based on simultaneous HST FUV and Galileo wave and electron data we test the conditions for electron scattering by whistler mode waves and derive the energy flux precipitated in the ionosphere. The comparison of the derived precipitation energy flux with the observed auroral brightness indicates that the energy contained in the PAD boundary can account for the auroral emissions.
Gei constructions in Mandarin Chinese and bei constructions in Cantonese
Authors: Wong May L-Y
Published: April 2009

This paper examines the use of gei constructions in Mandarin Chinese and bei constructions in Cantonese within three corpora (of spoken and written Chinese and Hong Kong Cantonese). There are seven structural patterns in which gei/VLgei takes two objects. The order of these objects is determined by the principle of end-weight. Another four structural patterns see the co-occurrence of verb phrases with gei/V-gei. About four percent of gei constructions are used to mark a passivised verb. The study also reveals that the fronting of direct object marked by the preposition ba is a rather formal style. In the contrast between Mandarin gei constructions and Cantonese bei constructions, it was found that (i) the order of indirect object followed by direct object as in Mandarin Chinese reverses in Cantonese; (ii) when compared with Mandarin gei, Cantonese bei is more commonly used as a passive marker and as a verb meaning ‘allow’.