bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fibre Type Effect on Mixed-Mode I/II Interlaminar Fracture in Polymer Composites
Authors: Rizov V.
Published: September 2018

The fibre type effect on mixed-mode I/II interlaminar fracture in unidirectional fibre reinforced polymer composite beams is studied. Linear-elastic fracture mechanics is applied. Three composite systems (with three different types of reinforcing fibres) are investigated. The fracture behaviour is studied in terms of the strain energy release rate using a three-dimensional virtual crack closure technique. For this purpose, a three-dimensional linear-elastic finite element model of the composite beam is developed. The distribution of the strain energy release rate mode components along the crack front is analyzed. The findings are verified by the crack closure technique. The calculations reveal that the strain energy release rate decreases with increase of the modulus of elasticity of the reinforcing fibres. This finding is attributed to the increase of the beam stiffness with the composite modulus of elasticity.
Modeling and Analysis of Clutch Facing Made up of Biodegradable Coir Fibre Based Composite Material
Authors: Arunachalam K. , Pandian G. Sundara
Published: September 2018

In past hundred years almost all components of automobile have undergone improvement due to technological advancement. Automobile sector is one of the major environment polluting sectors today. It is duty of automobile engineers to provide new and better solutions to ensure environment protection and safety. Availability of new environment-friendly composite materials helps automobile engineers to give environmental friendly solutions. One of such available new material is biodegradable natural fibre composite materials particularly coconut coir fibre based composite material. Scope of using this material in automotive industry is enormous. This paper deals with feasibility of using environment friendly coconut coir based composite material as clutch facing material. This has been done by modeling and analysis of clutch facings made up of structural steel and coir based composite material using Solid Works software and ANSYS Workbench respectively. Further comparison of mechanical properties of clutch facings made up of structural steel and coir based composite material has been done.
Study of in-plane Fatigue Failure and Life Prediction of Weave Composites under Constant and Variable Amplitude Loading
Authors: Ji Qinghui , Zhu Ping , Lu Jiahai , Liu Zhao
Published: September 2018

The fatigue behaviour of two-dimensional weave composites under constant and variable amplitude loading was discussed in this article. The theories of life prediction methods were represented, including cycle counting, S–N formulation, constant life diagrams (CLD), damage accumulation rule and stress analysis. Special focuses on CLDs were studied through the interpolation method known as the kriging model. Fatigue tests under constant amplitude loading were carried out utilising the servo-hydraulic Shimadzu testing machine. Tension–tension, tension–compression and compression–compression loading patterns were investigated in fatigue testing. The macro-failure mode was obviously different between tensile and compressive loading. Micro-failure surfaces were observed in micro-mechanism with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The Basquin equation and the linear Palmgren–Miner (P–M) rule were employed to characterize the fatigue properties under random loading conditions. A new constitutive relation was introduced which took into account the tensile-compressive asymmetry of composites. Finally, the benchmarking for the stochastic loading case was executed using proposed methodology and variable amplitude fatigue experiments. Through the contrast between prediction and the experimental data, it was inferred that the proposed prediction method under any loading conditions (stress ratios and ranges) gave an accurate life prediction.
Mechanical Properties of Bio-Composite Natural Rubber/High Density Polyethylene/Mengkuang Fiber (NRHDE/MK)
Authors: Piah Mohd Razi Mat , Baharum Azizah , Abdullah Ibrahim
Published: September 2018

The use of mengkuang fiber (MK) as a filler in NR/HDPE/MK bio-composite was investigated. The suitability of MK as reinforcing filler was studied in terms of the mechanical properties and phase morphology formed. Melt-blending was performed using an internal mixer (Haake Rheomix 600). The processing parameters identified were 135 °C temperature, 45 rpm rotor speed and 12 min processing time. The optimum MK loading in 40/60 of NR/HDPE blend was obtained at 20 wt.% with the tensile strength, tensile modulus, and impact strength of 12.4 MPa, 377 MPa and 17.2 kJ/m2, respectively. These results showed an enhancement in tensile strength of 10.7% compared to the unfilled NR/HDPE blend. The maximum impact strength obtained at 5% fiber loading was 23.5 kJ/m2, which was 7.8% higher compared to unfilled NR/HDPE blend. The FESEM micrographs showed good adhesion between MK fiber and matrix. These mechanical properties enhancements proved the suitability of mengkuang fiber as potential reinforcing filler in NR/HDPE blend.
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Solid State Self-Healing System
Authors: Muhamad Noor Nabilah , Jamil Mohd Suzeren Md.
Published: September 2018

The solid state self-healing system was obtained by employing a thermosetting epoxy resin, into which a thermoplastic is dissolved. The aim of this study is to investigate the homogeneous and heterogeneous solid state self-healing system by using thermoplastics comprised of poly(bisphenol-A-co-epichlorohydrin) (PDGEBA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) as healing agents. PDGEBA produced homogenous resin blend which undergone random molecule diffusion healing process. A heterogeneous resin blend composed of 8 wt.% PVC, PVA PE, and PP, yielding a “bricks and mortar” morphology wherein the epoxy phase exists as a matrix (mortar) interpenetrated with a percolating thermoplastic (bricks). The healing process in heterogeneous resin blend is attributed to volumetric thermal expansion of healing agent above its melting point in excess of epoxy brick expansion. Healing was achieved by heating the fractured resins to a specific temperature; above their glass transition temperature ( Tg) which obtained from dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) in order for diffusion process and thermal expansion to occur. The thermal properties and bonding formed in the epoxy resins were characterized by means of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). Izod impact test and compact tension test were conducted to demonstrate details self-healing capability of different specimens. Results of Izod impact test are in agreement with the result of compact tension test. Under compact tension test, the healable resin with PDGEBA has the highest healing efficiency of 60% followed by PVC, PP, PE, and PVA with 39%, 37%, 28% and 21% of average percentage healing efficiencies in three healing cycle respectively. Morphological studies using optical microscope verified the fracture-healing process and morphological properties of the resins.
Imaging quiz: A child with multiple trauma
Authors: Özkaçmaz Sercan
Published: September 2018

Splenic and renal infarctions are embolic conditions which usually occur secondary to cardiac problems, thromboembolic systemic diseases, and infectious conditions such as sepsis. Trauma is a relatively rare cause of visceral infarctions. Traumatic segmental renal infarction associated with total splenic infarction is extremely rare. For detecting these visceral infarctions, contrast‐enhanced computed tomography is essential, and a very careful examination is required for detecting very small infarctions and excluding total visceral infarctions. In isolated splenic or renal infarctions secondary to trauma, the common contrast‐enhanced computed tomography findings are wedge‐shaped or segmental hypodense areas in kidneys or spleen and rarely total visceral infarctions. Usually, intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal fluid collection which corresponds to bleeding from kidney or spleen is not seen in such cases. Also, the lack of evidence of active extravasation from renal/splenic arteries and pseudoaneurysm or dissection is an important finding of isolated traumatic splenic or renal infarctions. Because total infarctions can be misinterpreted in some cases, differences in density between intra‐abdominal organs allowed by computed tomography must be carefully examined. Intestinal infarctions, the other abdominal injuries, pulmonary injuries, and pelvic or thoracic bone fractures usually accompany traumatic renal or splenic infarctions. In this report, we present contrast‐enhanced computed tomography findings of a multitrauma pediatric case of traumatic total splenic and bilateral segmental renal infarction by reviewing the literature.
The HNO− radical anion: A proposed intermediate in diazeniumdiolate synthesis using nitric oxide and alkoxides
Authors: Wang Zhe-Chen , Li Ya-Ke , He Sheng-Gui , Bierbaum Veronica M
Published: September 2018

The strategy of synthesizing diazeniumdiolates (X–N(O)=NO−) through the coexistence of nitric oxide and alkoxides (RO−) was introduced by Wilhelm Traube 120 years ago. Today, despite the wide use of diazeniumdiolate derivatives to release nitric oxide in the treatment of cancer, the first step of the reaction mechanism for diazeniumdiolate synthesis remains a mystery and is thought to be complex. We have studied the gas-phase reactions of nitric oxide with alkoxides at room temperature. An electron-coupled hydrogen transfer is observed, and the radical anion HNO− is the only ionic product in these reactions. HNO− can further react with nitric oxide to form N2O and HO−.
Studies on Maleic Anhydride Grafted Reclaimed Rubber/Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber Blends
Authors: Nelson P.A. , Kutty S.K.N.
Published: September 2018

Blends of Acrylonitrile rubber with Maleic anhydride grafted Whole Tyre Reclaim WTR (MA-g-WTR) have been prepared and the cure and mechanical properties have been studied with respect to reclaim content. Control compounds containing unmodified WTR were also prepared for comparison. Grafting was confirmed by IR studies. Blends containing grafted WTR showed higher minimum torque and (max-min) torque. They also showed longer cure time, scorch time and lower cure rate. Grafting of the WTR with maleic anhydride also resulted in the improved tensile strength, abrasion resistance, compression set and resilience. However, the heat build up under dynamic loading was marginally higher for the blends containing grafted reclaimed rubber.
Use of Layered Structures in Recycling of Polymers
Authors: Márton A. , Anna P. , Marosi Gy. , Szép A. , Matkó Sz. , Rácz I. , Hornsby P. , Ahmadnia A.
Published: September 2018

Multilayer systems consisting of flame retarded and reinforced layers of recycled polymer were formed. The structure and the thickness of the interfacial layer between the phases were analysed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Raman microscopy. The sequence order of the layers was varied for achieving improvement in both the flame retardancy and mechanical performance of recycled polymers and for obtaining upcycled product this way. Investigation of injection moulded and compression moulded products demonstrated the advantage of reinforced core and flame retarded shell over the opposite structure. The multilayered structure was found an economic way for producing recycled polymer materials of improved fire resistance, flexural strength and modulus.
Properties of Dynamically Vulcanized Virgin Poly(vinylchloride)/Recycled Poly(vinylchloride)/Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber Blends
Authors: Supri H. Ismail , Yusof A.M.M.
Published: September 2018

Dynamically vulcanized virgin poly(vinylchloride)/recycled poly(vinylchloride)/acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (PVCv/PVCr/NBR) blends were prepared in a Haake Rheomix Polydrive R600/610 mixer, coupled with a mixing attachment, by melt mixing. The blends were prepared at 150°C and a rotor speed of 50 rpm. A blend ratio of PVCv to PVCr to rubber was fixed at 30:30:40 (wt%). The curative concentration was steadily increased from 0 to 0.8 phr in order to study the vulcanization effect on the blends. The properties of PVCv/PVCr/NBR blends investigated included mixing torque, stabilization torque, mechanical energy of processing, mechanical properties, swelling behaviour, and morphological characteristics. Results show that the peak stress, mixing torque, stabilization torque, mechanical energy, and swelling resistance in toluene all increased with increasing sulphur concentration, but elongation at break (Eb) exhibited the opposite trend. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination of the tensile fracture surfaces of PVCv/PVCr/NBR blends indicates that a higher energy is needed to cause catastrophic failure as the sulphur concentration increases.
Use of Marble Waste in Rubber Industry: Part I (in NR Compound)
Authors: Agrawal S. , Mandot S. , Bandyopadhyay S. , Mukhopadhyay R. , Dasgupta M. , De P.P. , Deuri A.S.
Published: September 2018

In this study an attempt has been made to utilise marble powder derived from the marble slurry produced by gangsaw machines while cutting marble blocks in the north-west of India. The marble powder has been used; 1) as a cheap filler, 2) as a semi reinforcing filler, by doing chemical treatment of the slurry and 3) as partial replacement of carbon black filler to reduce the cost of the compounds, subsequently for products and also to find suitable disposal of the powder, which is creating a serious threat to the local environment. The methodology in this study is as follows: collection of marble powder and characterisation, evaluation of rubber compound including partial replacement of carbon black filler, treatment of the marble powder to enhance the reinforcing characteristics and evaluation of the product. It was found in this study that the marble powder can be used as a cheap filler, in place of other commercial fillers like whiting. However, no significant improvement was obtained by chemical treatment of the marble powder. Marble powder can also be used as a partial replacement of carbon black (up to 10 phr) in various rubber products, which operate under static conditions.
The Effects of Trans-Polyoctene Rubber and Dynamic Vulcanization on Properties of PP/EPDM/NR Blends
Authors: Halimatuddahliana H. Ismail , Akil H. Md.
Published: September 2018

The effects of trans-polyoctene rubber (TOR) and dynamic vulcanization on the processability, tensile properties, oil resistance and morphology of unvulcanized and vulcanized polypropylene (PP)/ethylene-propylene diene terpolymer (EPDM)/ natural rubber (NR) blends were investigated. The highest stabilization torque was obtained with vulcanized PP/EPDM/NR blends containing TOR, followed by control blends and unvulcanized blends containing TOR. At a similar blend ratio the tensile strength and the stress at 100% elongation of vulcanized PP/ EPDM/NR blends containing TOR were again higher than those of unvulcanized blends containing TOR and of the control blends. However, the opposite trend was observed with respect to elongation at break, whereby vulcanized PP/EPDM/NR blend had the lowest values The oil resistance of unvulcanized and vulcanized blends containing TOR was greater than that of the control blends. From morphological studies, it is clear that the incorporation of TOR in unvulcanized and vulcanized PP/EPDM/NR blends improved the homogeneity and promoted good adhesion between phases.
Mechanical Properties of Sisal/Coir Hybrid Fibre Reinforced Natural Rubber
Authors: Haseena A.P. , Dasan K. Priya , Unnikrishnan G. , Thomas Sabu
Published: September 2018

Natural rubber was reinforced with various concentrations of sisal and coir fibres. Green strength measurements were carried out to determine the fibre orientation. The rubber–fibre interfacial bond was improved by a resorcinol-hexamethylene tetramine dry bonding system. The composites were vulcanized at 150°C, and the curing characteristics of the hybrid system were studied. The stress- strain behaviour, tensile strength, modulus, elongation at break, tear strength in longitudinal and transverse fibre orientations, Shore-A hardness and abrasion resistance were determined by standard ASTM procedures. The tensile strength, tear strength and tensile modulus increased with the addition of fibres up to 30 phr and then decreased at still higher fibre loadings. The hardness, density and abrasion resistance increased with the addition of fibres whereas the elongation at break decreased. The fracture surfaces of the composites were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The tensile properties were considered using parallel and Hirsch models.
The Problem of Die Drool in the Extrusion of Recycled Polyethylene
Authors: Brachet P. , Hinrichsen E.L. , Larsen Å. , Bjørndal L.K. , Brendryen F. , Lia T.
Published: September 2018

Present understanding of the formation of die drool is reported in light of current developments in materials for blown film polyethylene (PE). Two series of samples were collected from a blown film line, and the material from the die drool and the die channel, or blown film, were analysed separately. The techniques used included thermal analysis, melt rheology, filtration of dissolved material, and X-ray diffraction. Die drool was found to consist of segregated material, with the segregation depending on the content of high-molecular-weight branched polyethylene or impurities. As the presence of these PE materials may increase, it might be advisable for processors of recycled PE film to take prior actions to limit problems.
Studies on Maleated Natural Rubber/Organoclay Nanocomposites
Authors: Vijayalekshmi V. , George K.E. , Pavithran C.
Published: September 2018

Maleic-anhydride-grafted natural rubber prepared by gamma radiation was used for preparing natural-rubber-based nanocomposites. Modified clay (up to 7 wt.%) was used for the reinforcement. Maximum improvement in mechanical properties was observed at a filler content of 5 wt.%. The maleic anhydride concentration was varied from 1 to 5% and was found to have a significant effect on the properties of the nanocomposites. The XRD pattern shows that there is a considerable improvement in the d spacing of nanoclay with the incorporation of rubber. Exfoliated layers can be seen from TEM micrographs.
Characterisation and Thermal Decomposition Behaviour of Xanthate Compounds
Authors: Palaty S. , Devi P.V. , Mary K.J.
Published: September 2018

Zinc methyl xanthate [Zn(mext)2], zinc ethyl xanthate [Zn(ext)2], zinc isopropyl xanthate [Zn(ipxt)2], zinc butyl xanthate [Zn(bxt)2], and zinc ethylene glycol xanthate [Zn(egxt)2] were prepared in the laboratory. The reaction temperature, reaction time, and yield were optimised. The thermal decomposition behaviour of these xanthates was studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) techniques.
Rheological Behaviour of Layered Silicate–Natural Rubber Latex Nanocomposites
Authors: Mathew Shera , Varghese Siby , George K.E. , Cherian Tresa
Published: September 2018

The rheological behaviour of prevulcanised natural rubber (NR) latex nanocomposites based on layered silicates such as sodium bentonite and sodium fluorohectorite was studied. A typical commercial clay (non-layered version) was chosen as the reference. The effect of layered silicates on flow properties was analysed by investigating latex viscosity as a function of shear rate, temperature, and filler loading. In the presence of layered silicates, latex compounds show enhanced viscosity, probably owing to a network formation of silicate layers in the latex phase. The shear thinning behaviour exhibited by the nanocomposites at high temperature may be due to the network breakdown of silicate layers. Latex–layered silicate systems show pseudoplastic behaviour and increased zero shear viscosity and yield stress.
Damage evaluation of square steel tubes at material and component levels based on a cyclic loading experiment
Authors: Nie Gui-bo , Yang Tao-yuan , Zhi Xu-dong , Liu Kun
Published: September 2018

Circular and square steel tubes are two of the most commonly used members in the construction industry in China. Material damage and its accumulation cannot be neglected when structures undergo obvious deformation and material plasticity during severe earthquakes. In another published paper, a material damage constitutive model for Q235 steel was derived, and some of its parameters were defined based on a cyclic test. This article focuses on developing a normalized constitutive model at the material level and a damage model at the component level for square steel tubes based on experimentally derived results. First, the material damage behavior of 10 square steel tubes under five cyclic load schemes was investigated. The material damage and its accumulation at the material level were defined using a user-defined material sub-routine (UMAT) in the finite element software Abaqus. Next, the parameters in the constitutive model were calibrated by the fitting degree between the test result and numerical result. Furthermore, based on the experimental and numerical data, a damage model combined with deformation and energy was developed at the component level to evaluate the overall damage behavior of the specimens. Finally, the parameters in the damage model were calibrated based on the responses of the specimens at the time of collapse. The effect of material damage behavior and the accumulation of damage were found to significantly reduce the collapse load of specimens, which must be considered in the theoretical analysis and design process. The constitutive model and damage model developed in this article can be used to quantify the degree of damage of the material and components of structures under earthquake loads.
Triple parametric tool path interpolation for five-axis machining with three-dimensional cutter compensation
Authors: Li Chuanjun , Zhang Bin , Wang XueLei , Liu Qiang , Liu Huan
Published: September 2018

Parametric interpolation obtains a great success in three-axis surface machining with smooth motion, high accuracy, and high machining efficiency, but does not go well in five-axis surface machining due to lack of appropriate and efficient methods of tool path generation, interpolation, and three-dimensional cutter compensation. This article proposes a triple parametric tool path interpolation method for five-axis machining with three-dimensional cutter compensation, which proposes an appropriate triple parametric tool generation method for realizing the three-dimensional cutter compensation in five-axis parametric interpolation. A triple parametric interpolation algorithm is also proposed to realizing the simultaneous interpolation of the source data, which ensures the primitivity and maintains the accuracy. The proposed three-dimensional cutter compensation can compensate the errors caused by minor changes in cutter size, thus machining accuracy can be improved. Finally, illustrated example verifies the feasibility and applicability of the proposed methods.
Treatment of Atlas Fractures: Recommendations of the Spine Section of the German Society for Orthopaedics and Trauma (DGOU)
Authors: Kandziora Frank , Scholz Matti , Pingel Andreas , Schleicher Philipp , Yildiz Ulas , Kluger Patrick , Pumberger Matthias , Korge Andreas , Schnake Klaus John ,   the Spine Section of the German Society for Orthopaedics and Trauma
Published: September 2018

Study Design:

Narrative review and expert recommendation.

Objectives:

To establish treatment recommendations for atlas fractures based on the knowledge of the experts of the Spine Section of the German Society for Orthopaedics and Trauma.

Methods:

Neither high-level evidence studies comparing conservative and operative management nor studies matching different operative treatment strategies exist. This recommendation summarizes the knowledge of the experts of the Spine Section of the German Society for Orthopaedics and Trauma with regard to the treatment of atlas fractures.

Results:

Most atlas fractures are the result of compression forces. A valuable morphological classification system has been described by Gehweiler. For an adequate diagnosis, a computed tomography is mandatory. To distinguish between stable and unstable type 3 injuries, it is necessary to evaluate the integrity of the transverse atlantal ligament (TAL) with magnetic resonance imaging and to classify the TAL lesions. The majority of atlas fractures are stable and will be successfully managed conservatively. Unstable atlas fractures (type 3b and sagittal split type 4 fractures) should be treated by surgical stabilization. Unstable atlas fractures (type 3b) with a midsubstance ligamentous disruption or severely dislocated ligamentous bony avulsions of the TAL can successfully be treated by a C1/2 fusion. Unstable atlas fractures (type 3b) with a moderately dislocated ligamentous bony avulsion of the TAL and sagittal split type 4 fractures may be treated by atlas osteosynthesis only.

Conclusions:

Whereas the majority of atlas fractures can be managed conservatively, in specific fracture patterns surgical treatment strategies have become the standard of care.
Detection of subtle differences in seismic amplitude using convergence rate of the logistic map
Authors: Li Meng , Zheng Xiaodong , Zhang Yan
Published: September 2018

Subtle reservoir is a key target of oil and gas exploration in the future. The high similarity of seismic amplitude between the reservoir and surrounding rock presents a challenge to detecting the reservoir boundary and its distribution. We have developed a global measurement of the distance between each sample value of seismic data and the stable fixed point of the data, i.e., the seismic convergence rate defined by the logistic map, and use it to highlight subtle differences in seismic amplitude. The logistic map is a fixed-point iteration system with one control parameter. To establish the relationship between seismic data and the logistic map, we define the stable fixed point of seismic data based on the Banach contraction principle and Cauchy convergence theorem, and we derive an equation for adaptively searching for the optimal control parameter of the logistic map based on the data’s stable fixed point. According to such an equation, we design a workflow to automatically generate seismic convergence rate for an input data. The seismic convergence rate is essentially the stable fixed-point image of seismic data, which is characterized by a fine structure and interpreted as the data’s invariant set. We use numerical experiments to illustrate the characteristics of seismic convergence rate, and we use the Marmousi model experiment to demonstrate the effectiveness of the seismic convergence rate on detecting subtle edges of seismic data. Then, we use real data from two typical carbonate exploration areas in China, the Central Tarim Basin and the Ordos Basin, respectively, to show the abilities of the seismic convergence rate in detecting hidden seismic facies and in detecting subtle edges in high-coherence zones, as well as in extracting the seismic invariant set.
Quadri-joint inversion: Method and application to the Big Sky 9C 3D data set in northern Montana
Authors: Clochard Vincent , DeVault Bryan C. , Bowen David , Delépine Nicolas , Wangkawong Kanokkarn
Published: September 2018

The Kevin Dome [Formula: see text] storage project, located in northern Montana, attempted to characterize the Duperow Formation as a potential long-term storage zone for injected [Formula: see text]. A multicomponent (9C) seismic survey was acquired for the Big Sky Carbon Sequestration Partnership over a portion of the Kevin Dome using P- and S-wave sources. Prestack migrated PP, PS, SH, and SV data sets were generated. We then applied several stratigraphic inversion workflows using one or several kinds of seismic wavefield at the same time resulting in joint inversions of each data set. The aim of our study is to demonstrate the benefits of doing quadri-joint inversion of PP-, PS-, SH-, and SV-wavefields for the recovery of the elastic earth parameters, especially the S-wave impedance and density. These are crucial parameters because they can help determine lithology and porefill in the reservoir characterization workflow. Because the inversion workflow always uses the original seismic data recorded in its own time domain, it is necessary to compute registration laws between PP-PS-, PP-SH-, and PP-SV-wavefields using a time shift computation procedure (warping) based on inverted S-wave impedances from inversion of a single wavefield. This generated a significant improvement over methods that rely on attempting to match trace waveforms that may have a different phase, frequency content, and polarity. Finally, we wanted to investigate the reliability of the quadri-joint inversion results in the Bakken/Banff Formations, which have less lateral geologic variation than the underlying Duperow target. This interval shares many of the geophysical characterization challenges common to shale reservoirs in other North American basins. We computed geomechanical parameters, such as Poisson’s ratio and Young’s modulus, which are a proxy for brittleness. Comparison of these results with independent laboratory measurements in the Bakken interval demonstrates the superiority of the quadri-joint inversion method to the traditional inversion using P-wave data only.
A Study of Practice Behavior for Endotracheal Intubation Site for Children With Congenital Heart Disease Undergoing Surgery: Impact of Endotracheal Intubation Site on Perioperative Outcomes—An Analysis of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Cardiac Anesthesia Society Database
Authors: Greene Nathaniel H. , Jooste Edmund H. , Thibault Dylan P. , Wallace Amelia S. , Wang Alice , Vener David F. , Matsouaka Roland A. , Jacobs Marshall L. , Jacobs Jeffrey P. , Hill Kevin D. , Ames Warwick A.
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND:

In adults undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, oral intubation is typically preferred over nasal intubation due to reduced risk of sinusitis and infection. In children, nasal intubation is more common and sometimes preferred due to perceived benefits of less postoperative sedation and a lower risk for accidental extubation. This study sought to describe the practice of nasal intubation in the pediatric population undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery and assess the risks/benefits of a nasal route against an oral one.

METHODS:

Patients <18 years of age in the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database between January 2010 and December 2015 were included. Patients with a preoperative endotracheal tube, tracheostomy, or known airway anomalies were excluded. Multivariable modeling was used to assess the association between route of tracheal intubation and a composite measure of infection risk (wound infection, mediastinitis, septicemia, pneumonia, and endocarditis). Covariates were included to adjust for important patient characteristics (eg, weight, age, comorbidities), case complexity, and center effects. Secondary outcomes included length of intubation, hospital length of stay, and airway complications including accidental extubations. We also performed a subanalysis in children <12 months of age in high-volume centers (>100 cases/y) examining how infection risk may change with age at the time of surgery.

RESULTS:

Nasal intubation was used in 41% of operations in neonates, 38% in infants, 15% in school-aged children, and 2% in adolescents. Nasal intubation appeared protective for accidental extubation only in neonates (P = .02). Multivariable analysis in infants and neonates showed that the nasal route of intubation was not associated with the infection composite (relative risk [RR], 0.84; 95% CI, 0.59–1.18) or a shorter length of stay (RR, 0.992; 95% CI, 0.947–1.039), but was associated with a shorter intubation length (RR, 0.929; 95% CI, 0.869–0.992). Restricting to high-volume centers showed a significant interaction between age and intubation route with a risk change for infection occurring between approximately 6–12 months of age (P = .003).

CONCLUSIONS:

While older children undergoing nasal intubation trend similar to the adult population with an increased risk of infection, nasal intubation in neonates and infants does not appear to carry a similar risk. Nasal intubation in neonates and infants may also be associated with a shorter intubation length but not a shorter length of stay. Prospective studies are required to better understand these complex associations.
What Is New in Obstetric Anesthesia: The 2017 Gerard W. Ostheimer Lecture
Authors: Bateman Brian T.
Published: September 2018

The Gerard W. Ostheimer lecture is given each year at the Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology annual meeting and is intended to summarize important new scientific literature relevant to practicing obstetric anesthesiologists. This review highlights some of the most consequential papers covered in this lecture. It discusses landmark clinical trials that are likely to change the practice of obstetrics and obstetric anesthesia. It summarizes several articles that focus on how to optimize the provision of neuraxial anesthesia and postoperative pain control. Finally, it reviews studies aimed at identifying systems-based interventions that can improve obstetrical outcomes. A proposed “to-do” list focused on quality improvement initiatives that can be implemented on labor and delivery units is provided.
Vexy Thing
Authors: Perry Imani
Published: September 2018

Even as feminism has become increasingly central to our ideas about institutions, relationships, and everyday life, the term used to diagnose the problem—“patriarchy”—is used so loosely that it has lost its meaning. In Vexy Thing Imani Perry resurrects patriarchy as a target of critique, recentering it to contemporary discussions of feminism through a social and literary analysis of cultural artifacts from the Enlightenment to the present. Drawing on a rich array of sources—from nineteenth-century slavery court cases and historical vignettes to writings by Toni Morrison and Audre Lorde and art by Kara Walker and Wangechi Mutu—Perry shows how the figure of the patriarch emerged as part and parcel of modernity, the nation-state, the Industrial Revolution, and globalization. She also outlines how digital media and technology, neoliberalism, and the security state continue to prop up patriarchy. By exploring the past and present of patriarchy in the world we have inherited and are building for the future, Perry exposes its mechanisms of domination as a necessary precursor to dismantling it.
PENGARUH KECERDASAN EMOSIONAL, KECERDASAN SPIRITUAL, PERILAKU BELAJAR, DAN LINGKUNGAN BELAJAR TERHADAP TINGKAT PEMAHAMAN AKUNTANSI DENGAN PERKEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI SEBAGAI VARIABEL PEMODERASI
Authors: Utami Meitha Tyas , Sumaryanto Sumaryanto
Published: September 2018

The level of student understanding of accounting is not only measured by  the intelligence but also the emotional intelligence can be measured, spiritual intelligence, learning behavior, and the learning environment in this study is an independent variable. While the dependent variable is the level of understanding of accounting. Added moderating variable is the development of technology. The study sample of 180 accounting students UGM, STIE YKPN, UPN Veteran Yogyakarta, and UAD taken using purposive sampling technique. Data analysis techniques used in this study is a linear regression, moderated regression analysis, and the Chow test. Result of research indicate that emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence, behavioral learning, and the learning environment does not affect the level of understanding of accounting, which means that the hypothesis first, second, third, and fourth is unacceptable. In addition, the MRA test results and test results show that the Chow technological developments do not strengthen the relationship between emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence, behavioral learning, and the learning environment to the level of understanding of accounting, which means that the hypothesis fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth is not acceptable.
PENGARUH KINERJA KEUANGAN TERHADAP PENGUNGKAPAN CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSBILITY (CSR) PADA PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR YANG TERDAFTAR DI JAKARTA ISLAMIC INDEX PERIODA 2008-2012
Authors: Yuliarni Resti , Kurniawati Indah
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this study was to determine how the effect of financial performance on the disclosure of corporate social responsibility (CSR). In this study the company's financial performance is measured using return on asset (ROA), net profit margin (NPM), current ratio (CR), debt to equity ratio (DER), and inventory turnover (INTO). The sample used is secondary data from the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) Annual Report ie companies listed in the Jakarta Islamic Index on the Stock Exchange in the year 2008-2012. Samples were taken by using purposive sampling method and sample selection criteria. The samples used were 38 companies. Based on the results of tests performed by t test NPM and INTO variables significantly influence variable CSR disclosure. While going through the t test can be seen that the variable ROA, CR, and DER no significant effect on CSR disclosure. While based on simultaneous test (F test) ROA, NPM, CR, DER, and INTO simultaneously having an influence on CSR disclosure. R2 is the magnitude of 0.206. This suggests that the major effect of the independent variables are ROA, NPM, CR, DER and INTO the dependent variable is CSR disclosure can be explained by the model equations by 20.6% while the remaining 79.4% is influenced by other factors beyond research.
A new app for the bespoke weight management of nurses
Authors: Palmer Sarah Jane
Published: September 2018

The Healthy Weight Initiative for Nurses (WIN.) developed interventions that nurses can use to achieve and maintain a healthy weight. Stemming from this, a new Smartphone application (app) was launched earlier in the year. In our quarterly Technology Pages feature, Sarah Jane Palmer learns more about the app and shares with readers why it was developed and how it can help nurses to manage their weight
Research Roundup
Authors: Cowan Helen
Published: September 2018

Helen Cowan presents a selection of recently published articles of interest to nurses working in cardiovascular nursing. The aim of this roundup is to provide a brief overview of the research papers selected. A full reference is provided for those who wish to take a look at the research in further detail.
Advanced techniques in ECG
Authors: Richley Dave , Eggett Chris J
Published: September 2018

Over the course of nearly a century, the 12-lead ECG has proven to be a valuable investigation in the diagnosis and assessment of a wide range of conditions. Like all tests, it has limitations. However, in certain circumstances, and in relation to particular conditions, modification of the standard ECG recording procedure can greatly increase the diagnostic value of the test. The authors look at how modified chest electrode positions and an ajmaline provocation test can unmask Brugada syndrome that is not evident from the standard ECG; how high-resolution signal-averaged ECGs may reveal late ventricular potentials that suggest an increased risk of malignant arrhythmias or the presence of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy; and how multi-site body surface mapping may prove to be of value, particularly when combined with cardiac imaging, in elucidating the origin, and guiding the curative treatment, of certain arrhythmias.
Major psychiatric disorders and the aetiology and progression of coronary heart disease
Authors: Jackson Alun C , Barton David A , Murphy Barbara M
Published: September 2018

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and major psychiatric disorders (MPD) are among the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, underscoring the importance of prevention and intervention. It is estimated that by 2020, CVD and depression will be the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, highlighting these conditions as a serious public health issue ( Murray and Lopez, 1996 ). This article provides an overview of MPD as a risk factor for the development and progression of CVD. Specifically, this paper summarises key empirical work regarding the aetiological and prognostic risk of CVD posed by MPD (as defined on AXIS I of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) such as major depressive disorders, both unipolar and bipolar; anxiety disorders including generalised anxiety, panic disorder, phobia and post-traumatic stress disorder; schizophrenia and other psychoses; adjustment disorder; and substance use disorders. Potential mechanisms are discussed, with attention to both physiological and behavioural pathways. Effective treatments are reviewed and clinical implications of the relationship between CVD and MPD are also discussed.
ECG of the month
Authors: Regan Martin
Published: September 2018

Martin Regan presents an ECG for you to analyse
A gap in higher specialty training of 30 otolaryngology trainees
Authors: Magos Tiarnan , Kumar Gaurav , Thaj Jabin
Published: September 2018

Introduction:

A working understanding of referral to treatment is a prerequisite for the modern training registrar. This article set out to ascertain higher specialty trainees' knowledge of the rules and definitions of referral to treatment in otolaryngology in England.

Methods:

A ten-question survey on the rules and definitions of referral to treatment was distributed to higher specialty trainees in otolaryngology in London, Kent, Surrey, Sussex training deaneries.

Results:

A total of 30 surveys were collected. Overall knowledge of referral to treatment among higher specialty trainees was poor. The mean score was 3.83/7 (54.7%) and the median was 4/7 (57.1%). Previous training in referral to treatment, in the form of didactic study days, improved survey scores. The three trainees that had this previous teaching in referral to treatment had a mean score of 4.3 (61.9%).

Discussion:

This article is believed to be the first insight into the working knowledge of referral to treatment among training registrars in the UK. This article has uncovered a potential gap in higher specialty training. Formal training in referral to treatment as part of nationwide higher specialty training should be considered.
Attracting and retaining career-long clients: a 10-step plan for success
Authors: Thomas Chrissy
Published: September 2018

Having a database of loyal clients can be the best marketing tool for an aesthetic clinic, as those who are happy with their treatments will go on to recommend your practice to their friends and family. There are many ways in which staff can build long-lasting relationships with their customers, including investing time in listening to their concerns and setting realistic expectations. Chrissy Thomas offers her 10 top tips
Getting your clinic's brand started with an optimum selling strategy
Authors: Ratcliffe Jason
Published: September 2018

Without sales, it is very hard to sustain a business. If you are just starting out, your primary area of focus should be getting your first profitable sale. Jason Ratcliffe discusses the application of a business management model to get a profitable sales pipeline running. This involves considering four key questions about your clients, products, pricing and marketing activities
Reaching your target market: identifying and appealing to your ideal client base
Authors: Singh Harry
Published: September 2018

No matter how much money you spend on promoting your services, it will not be worth it if you are not targeting the people who are most likely to invest in what you offer. By considering the demographics and psychographics of your target market, you will be able to focus your efforts on what they really want and need. Harry Singh explains how you can enhance your marketing and get great results
Holiday entitlement for employees: what the law says about taking leave
Authors: Bernstein Adam
Published: September 2018

There are many misunderstandings about how employment law works, and a good number relate to the application of holiday entitlement and pay. It is a subject that is complex and takes some unravelling because mistakes can prove expensive to employers if the matter ends up in a tribunal. Adam Bernstein clarifies what the law tells employers about their employees' rights to take leave
Why are women having their sexual health monitored away from the GP surgery?
Authors: Soos Emma
Published: September 2018

Aesthetic practitioners are increasingly offering interventions, such as dermal fillers and energy-based procedures, to address issues with their patients' intimate health. To mark Sexual Health Week, which takes place from 24–30 September, Emma Soos reflects on findings from surveys conducted by her clinic, which shed light on why women are presenting to private practices over NHS care settings
Aspek Ekologis dan Determinan Produksi Kopi Arabika Spesialti di Wilayah Dataran Tinggi Sumatera Utara
Authors: Saragih Jef Rudiantho
Published: September 2018

Monoculture farming of arabica coffee plantation does not support environmental sustainability. International market demands arabica coffee product in compliance with an environmentally friendly standard which promotes ecological-based management. This study aims to identify the ecological aspects of specialty arabica coffee cultivation, and to analyze the effect of shade tree population, the use of organic fertilizer, the pruning of coffee crop, land conservation, and the control of coffee berry borer on specialty arabica coffee production. The data of ecological aspect was collected from three regencies in North Sumatera Province, namely Simalungun, North Tapanuli, and Dairi. Production determinant was analyzed concerning farming cultivation in three districts of Simalungun Regency namely Sidamanik, Pamatang Sidamanik, and Dolok Pardamean. The location was determined with multi-stage cluster sampling and the farmer samples with simple random sampling. The ecological aspect was analyzed descriptively while the determinant of arabica coffee production was analyzed with multiple regression method. The result shows that the shaded arabica coffee farming covers only 32% of the total arabica coffee production in the study area with a population of 54 trees/ha. Land conservation conducted by the farmers utilizes coffee fruit mulch (92%), individual terrace (3%), rorak (4%), and bench terrace (1%). The arabica coffee farming system managed by the farmers consists of monoculture (30%), mix farming (24%), shade coffee (32%), and multistrata coffee (14%). The pruning of coffee plants and integrated control of coffee berry borer has a significant effect on specialty arabica coffee production. Land conservation, population of shade tree, and organic fertilizer are an important production determinant on arabica coffee production in the short-term. These three ecological variables play a role to maintain land preservation and support sustainable arabica coffee production in the long-term.