bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Educação Ambiental em uma abordagem Interdisciplinar
Authors: Silva Cesar Ary Gustavo da , Pontarolo Edilson
Published: February 2024

Environmental Education in an Interdisciplinary approach: Analysis in the Postgraduate Course in Regional Development at UTFPR, Campus Pato Branco O presente trabalho analisou a educação ambiental no currículo e na produção acadêmica do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Regional, da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campus Pato Branco, por meio de um estudo exploratório de natureza qualitativa com análises descritivas. Através das considerações iniciais sobre a interdisciplinaridade e Educação Ambiental no Ensino Superior, observou-se que a temática ambiental, vem sendo tratada de forma transversal e interdisciplinar nos trabalhos acadêmicos produzidos no programa. Pelo menos um trabalho é produzido puramente referente à Educação Ambiental por ano, e que de modo geral, a temática Educação Ambiental se apresenta de forma transversal, perpassando ambas as linhas de pesquisas e estando presente em outros projetos de pesquisa com diferentes enfoques.
Strategy of Energy Poverty Reduction in the Czech Republic
Authors:   , Pojar Jan
Published: February 2024

The dissertation focuses on the issue of energy poverty in the Czech Republic. In the context of meeting the established European energy and climate goals, there are changes in the technical and technological characteristics of buildings. This affects not only new construction but also generates significant interest in the transformation of the existing housing stock. Despite efforts of European and national legislation to promote the trend of energy-efficient buildings, a certain group of households may be excluded from the trend. The exclusion of this group primarily stems from their inability to change their current energy consumption situation and the associated financial costs related to housing. The situation cannot be altered either by their own efforts or through existing subsidy programs. The objective of the work is to document the current state of energy poverty in the Czech Republic, identify the impacts of energy poverty on households, and determine vulnerable groups that are affected by energy poverty or could be affected due to future developments in energy prices, building materials, and labour. The dissertation evaluates legislative measures that have been taken so far to reduce energy poverty and its impact on households. It includes a proposal for a programme and its focus to contribute as effectively as possible to reducing energy poverty. An integral part of the dissertation is to propose a strategy for reducing energy poverty in the Czech Republic within the context of contemporary society and technological possibilities. The aim of this strategy proposal is to identify and suggest possible implementation of measures that will contribute to the efficient and sustainable reduction of energy poverty. The work examines key factors and causes of energy poverty and proposes strategic approaches and measures, including improving building energy efficiency, promoting renewable energy sources, providing financial assistance to vulnerable households, and developing educational programs focused on energy efficiency. The dissertation provides the foundation for the development of an effective strategy that will contribute to the long-term reduction of energy poverty and improvement of living conditions for households affected by energy poverty.
Crop Monitoring System Using MODIS Time-Series Data for Within-Season Prediction of Yield and Production of US Corn and Soybeans
Authors: Sakamoto Toshihiro
Published: February 2024

In terms of contribution to global food security, this study aimed to build a crop monitoring system for within-season yield prediction of US corn and soybeans by using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (time-series data, which consists of three essential core algorithms
(crop phenology detection, early crop classification, and crop yield prediction methods)). Within-season predictions for 2018–2022 were then made to evaluate the perfor- mance of the proposed system by comparing it with the United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA's) monthly forecasts
and the fixed statistical data. The absolute percentage errors of the proposed system for predicting national-level yield and production were less than 5% for all simulation years as of day of year (DOY) 279. The prediction accuracy as of DOY 247 and DOY 279 were comparable to the USDA's forecasts.
The proposed system would enable us to make a comprehensive understanding about overview of US corn and soybean crop condition by visualizing detail spatial pattern of good- or poor harvest regions on a within-season basis.
La Práctica Curricular Supervisada en Cursos de Licenciatura en Química: un Análisis de las Disertaciones y Tesis Producidas en el Estado de Río Grande del Sur (2004-2020)
Authors: Chibiaque Francieli Martins , Cunha Fernando Icaro Jorge , Pessano Edward Frederico Castro
Published: February 2024

El presente estudio se caracteriza por una investigación bibliográfica relacionada con las prácticas curriculares supervisadas en cursos de Licenciatura en Química, en los repositorios de disertaciones y tesis de programas de posgrado stricto sensu, en el estado de Río Grande del Sur, evaluados en el área de enseñanza. La investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar y analizar lo que investigadores del área de educación de Río Grande del Sur han investigado sobre este tema. La investigación adopta un enfoque cualitativo de última generación y se realizó en cinco etapas, que abarcaron el periodo de 2004 a 2020, desde la selección hasta el análisis de los datos. Este método de investigación se conoce como cienciometría, donde se analizan producciones específicas en un diseño cualitativo para discutir la ciencia en escenarios que pueden fluir desde el ámbito educativo, económico o social. Se identificaron cinco trabajos, en tres universidades diferentes, que abordan el tema de estudio, específicamente la Enseñanza de la Química. Los resultados indican investigaciones que, en su mayoría, no presentan el componente curricular como principal objeto de estudio, sino como uno de los medios de investigación de otros temas relacionados con la Enseñanza de la Química en los cursos de formación docente; sin embargo, todas las producciones reconocen el carácter formativo. Esto resalta la función de la práctica curricular supervisada. Además, el estudio reveló la necesidad de una mirada sensible a la práctica docente basada en la formación académico-profesional, promoviendo la articulación entre teoría y práctica, ya que esta relación proporciona un entrelazamiento entre los aportes teóricos de la academia universitaria con la iniciación a la Enseñanza de la Química en Educación Básica.
Una Historia con Aguijón: Mis Aventuras con los Abejorros
Authors: Russy Velandia Lizeth
Published: February 2024

En esta reseña describe como se desarrolla la obra en 17 capítulos que documentan la pasión y trabajo del conservacionista Dave Goulson a lo largo de su vida. Desde su infancia desarrollo un gran interés por la naturaleza y los insectos y gracias a su interacción con la vida silvestre en su lugar de residencia desarrollo la capacidad de observación, una característica clave para cualquier investigador. Así mismo comenzó a dar los primeros pasos en la conservación de la vida silvestre construyendo jardines para la atracción de abejas y otras especies. Entre otras actividades manifestó el interés de criar animales y coleccionar especímenes de insectos para estudiarlos. Dentro de sus narraciones también está implícito el cambio de paisaje rural en Inglaterra, haciendo énfasis en el incremento de prácticas agrícolas intensivas y la perdida de hábitats naturales que impactaron negativamente a la fauna y flora local.
The Impact of Business Diagnostics on the Activities of SMEs in Nigeria
Authors: Aladejebi Olufemi , Peter Bamkole , Amao-Taiwo Bukola
Published: February 2024

In the context of Nigeria, where the average lifespan of businesses is limited to approximately five years, addressing and overcoming challenges has become a critical imperative. This study underscores the pivotal role of business diagnostics in supporting the growth and sustainability of businesses, particularly Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), in Nigeria. Specifically, it investigates how SMEs in Nigeria employ diagnostic tools, such as SWOT analysis, to discern their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Utilizing a qualitative research methodology, the study employs a structured, open-ended questionnaire as the primary data collection instrument, with a sample of fifteen strategically chosen SMEs participating in a specialized course at a business school. Purposive sampling ensures diversity among the selected SMEs, enriching the depth of the collected data. The structured, open-ended questionnaire allows participants to express their perspectives, facilitating in-depth responses freely. Thematic analysis is applied to identify patterns and insights within the qualitative data, providing nuanced answers to the research questions. The findings underscore that business diagnostics significantly contribute to the effective management and growth of SMEs in Nigeria, illuminating the potential for increased economic development through improved SME performance. Incorporating the results, the study sheds light on the varied experiences and perspectives of SMEs with business diagnostics, offering a rich and contextualized exploration of the subject matter. Meaningful recommendations derived from the study's findings, contribute to the body of knowledge on effective business diagnostics for SMEs in Nigeria.
Polityzacja audycji informacyjnych w Polsce. Analiza porównawcza głównych wydań „Wiadomości” TVP1, „Faktów” TVN i „Wydarzeń” Polsatu z 2014 i 2021 roku
Authors: Ossowski Szymon , Kendzior Dagmara
Published: February 2024

W niniejszym artykule podjęto próbę analizy zawartości głównych wydań audycji informacyjnych trzech największych nadawców telewizyjnych w Polsce – publicznego i dwóch komercyjnych. Łącznie autorzy przeanalizowali 42 główne wydania „Wiadomości” TVP1, „Faktów” TVN i „Wydarzeń” Polsatu w latach 2014 i 2021 (po dwa środkowe dni z każdego tygodnia sierpnia). W badaniu szczególną uwagę zwrócono na przemiany w telewizji w ostatnich latach, zwłaszcza w kontekście sposobu relacjonowania polityki w mediach i respektowania zasady pluralizmu, który zmienił się po wyborach w 2015 roku. Pod tym kątem skupiono się najbardziej na sprawdzeniu, jak nadawca publiczny realizuje wymogi zawarte w art. 21 ustawy o radiofonii i telewizji.
Podmioty administracji rządowej w zakresie polityki migracyjnej współczesnej Polski
Authors: Browarek Tomasz
Published: February 2024

Przedmiotem prezentowanych badań są organy administracji rządowej biorące udział w przygotowaniu i realizacji współczesnej polityki migracyjnej w Polsce. Celem artykułu jest ich ustalenie i określenie kompetencji w zakresie polityki migracyjnej. W osiągnięciu tego zadania wykorzystano głównie metodę instytucjonalno-prawną oraz decyzyjną i porównawczą. Cechą charakterystyczną polityki migracyjnej w Polsce jest to, że mimo, iż biorą w niej udział różne podmioty, to kluczową rolę odgrywają właśnie orany administracji rządowej. W polskiej administracji rządowej nie ma jednak jednej instytucji, która zajmowałaby się całością problematyki dotyczącej polityki migracyjnej. Funkcjonuje tu wiele podmiotów, które prowadzą działania dotyczące różnych aspektów tej polityki – głównie bezpieczeństwa, ochrony granic, rynku pracy, polityki polonijnej. Niektóre mają podobne zadania, czego konsekwencją jest to, że ich działania nie zawsze są ze sobą dobrze skoordynowane. Ta wielość instytucji rządowych angażujących się w politykę migracyjną w Polsce może także tworzyć konkurencję między nimi oraz różne podejście do problematyki migracji. Powstanie niektórych z tych podmiotów było spowodowane pojawieniem się nowych, istotnych w tej materii wydarzeń (kryzys migracyjny i związana z tym relokacja, masowy napływ uchodźców wojennych z Ukrainy). Jak dotychczas głównym podmiotem rządowym tej polityki jest Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnętrznych i Administracji, które postrzega imigrację przez pryzmat bezpieczeństwa państwa.
Wymieranie dinozaurów czeskiej sceny politycznej? Komunistyczna Partia Czech i Moraw w świetle wyborów z 2021 i 2022 roku
Authors: Koźbiał Krzysztof
Published: February 2024

Komunistyczna Partia Czech i Moraw jest w zasadzie jedynym przykładem ugrupowania komunistycznego, które po transformacji ustrojowej przełomu lat 80. i 90. XX wieku przetrwało w systemie politycznym państwa w Europie Środkowej pod niezmienioną nazwą i tylko lekko zmodyfikowanym programie. Przez prawie 30 lat ugrupowanie odgrywało istotną rolę w czeskim systemie partyjnym, choć nie wchodziło w skład żadnego rządu czeskiego, wspierało jedynie od 2018 r. rząd premiera Babiša podczas poszczególnych głosowań.

W wyniku wyborów parlamentarnych z 2021 r. komuniści po raz pierwszy nie znaleźli się w Izbie Poselskiej, rok później uzyskali słaby wynik podczas wyborów samorządowych. W opinii autora wydarzenia te są prawdopodobnie początkiem znikania tej partii z krajobrazu politycznego Republiki Czeskiej. W 2023 r. KSČM nie była w stanie wystawić własnego kandydata w wyborach prezydenckich, co dodatkowo pogłębia kryzys.

Spadek poparcia jest spowodowany strukturą wyborczą głosujących na tę partię (są to z reguły ludzie starsi), brakiem interesującej oferty dla pozostałych wyborców, jak i kierowaniem swego przekazu głównie do niezadowolonych z transformacji. Znaczna część wyborców tej partii wybiera podczas głosowań inne ugrupowania, także prawicowe – jak SPD T. Okamury.
Exploring the role of sex in the association of late chronotype on cardiorespiratory fitness
Authors: Thomas J. Matthew , Kern Philip A. , Bush Heather M. , Robbins Sarah J. , Black W. Scott , Pendergast Julie S. , Clasey Jody L.
Published: February 2024

Circadian rhythms differ between young adult males and females. For example, males tend to be later chronotypes, preferring later timing of sleep and activity, than females. Likewise, there are sex differences in body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness. Few studies have investigated the association between circadian rhythms, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body composition. We sought to determine whether chronotype and circadian phase were associated with cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and anthropometric measures in sedentary males and females. Fifty‐nine adults participated in the study. Circadian phase and chronotype were measured using dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) and the Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) score. We used peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) results from a maximal graded exercise test to assess cardiorespiratory fitness. Body composition, BMI, and circumferences were collected as markers of adiposity. We observed a sex difference in the association between DLMO and VO2peak. For males, a later DLMO was associated with a lower VO2peak. VO2peak did not vary based on DLMO in females. Later circadian phase was also associated with increased body fat percentage, fat mass index, and abdominal circumference in males, but not females. Collectively, these results suggest that males who are later chronotypes may be at risk of obesity and low cardiorespiratory fitness.
Tissue‐specific expression differences in Ras‐related GTP‐binding proteins in male rats
Authors: Kincheloe Gregory N. , Roberson Paul A. , Jefferson Leonard S. , Kimball Scot R.
Published: February 2024

The protein kinase Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) in Complex 1 (mTORC1) is regulated in part by the Ras‐related GTP‐binding proteins (Rag GTPases). Rag GTPases form a heterodimeric complex consisting of either RagA or RagB associated with either RagC or RagD and act to localize mTORC1 to the lysosomal membrane. Until recently, RagA and RagB were thought to be functionally redundant, as were RagC and RagD. However, recent research suggests that the various isoforms differentially activate mTORC1. Here, the mRNA expression and protein abundance of the Rag GTPases was compared across male rat skeletal muscle, heart, liver, kidney, and brain. Whereas mRNA expression of RagA was higher than RagB in nearly all tissues studied, RagB protein abundance was higher than RagA in all tissues besides skeletal muscle. RagC mRNA expression was more abundant or equal to RagD mRNA, and RagD protein was more abundant than RagC protein in all tissues. Moreover, the proportion of RagB in the short isoform was greater than the long in liver, whereas the opposite was true in brain. These results serve to further elucidate Rag GTPase expression and offer potential explanations for the differential responses to amino acids that are observed in different tissues.
Pandemic Necrolabour and Essential Workers in the UK and France
Authors: Waters Sarah
Published: February 2024

Drawing on recent studies on the necropolitics of Covid-19, this paper focuses on UK and French government policies towards essential workers, examining the conditions under which workers were systematically exposed to deadly harm within these two contrasting economic models. I argue that the pandemic revealed a category of necrolabour whose labour value supersedes their right to life and who could be legitimately sacrificed in the interests of the economy. Statistical recording shows that internationally, death rates amongst low-income essential workers were disproportionately high. We will see that workers’ exposure to death was as much a consequence of state authority that compelled them to continue working, at risk to their lives, as an outcome of official negligence that left many unprotected and lacking basic rights. Without legislative changes to improve employment rights and social protection, the unnecessary deaths of socially marginalised workers in essential jobs are likely to persist in the post-pandemic economy.
Лінгвістичні виміри проблем національної безпеки та оборони України
Authors: Широков Володимир Анатолійович
Published: February 2024

У доповіді зазначено, що мовна проблематика посідає важливе місце в соціальній еволюції України. Однак основні акценти в цій сфері й досі сконцентровано на утвердженні першості української мови в гуманітарних, етнографічних та побутових ділянках її використання. Такий підхід спричинив певні прорахунки, оскільки ігнорував глобальні зрушення, що останнім часом відбулися у загальносвітовій системі комунікацій, і трансформацію характеру функціонування мови від суто гуманітарного до технологічного. Сучасні інтелектуальні лінгвістичні дослідження мають охоплювати всі структурно-субстанційні рівні мовної системи, а отже, є нагальна потреба в модернізації вітчизняної наукової мовно-інформаційної бази і відповідній корекції системи традиційних мовознавчих студій, у їх переорієнтації на еволюційно зумовлені й технологічно орієнтовані парадигми лінгвістичного дослідження.
Renal Tubular Acidosis in the Neonate
Authors: Lee Brian R.
Published: February 2024

See Bonus NeoBriefs videos and downloadable teaching slides

Metabolic acidosis can manifest in the neonatal period and cause significant morbidity and mortality in neonates. Preterm infants are at an even higher risk of developing metabolic acidosis. If the acidosis results from a dysfunction of acid-base homeostasis by the renal system, the disorder is known as renal tubular acidosis (RTA). In this review, we will describe renal development and normal acid-base homeostasis by the renal system. We will also discuss the pathophysiology of the different types of RTA, laboratory findings to aid in diagnosis, and treatment considerations. Understanding RTA will help neonatal clinicians recognize and diagnose an infant affected by RTA and initiate treatment in a timely manner.
Beurling-Integers with Lacunarity
Authors: Ruzsa Imre Z.
Published: February 2024

We present examples of multiplicative semigroups of positive reals (Beurling’s generalized integers) with gaps bounded from below.
On the Fourier Coefficients for General Product 𝐿-Functions
Authors: Hua Guodong
Published: February 2024

Let 𝑓 be a normalized primitive cusp form of even integral weight for the full modular group Γ = 𝑆𝐿(2, ℤ). In this paper, we investigate upper bounds for the error terms related to the average behavior of Fourier coefficients 𝜆𝑓 ⊗𝑓 ⊗⋯⊗𝑙𝑓 (𝑛) of 𝑙-fold product 𝐿-functions, where 𝑓 ⊗ 𝑓 ⊗ ⋯ ⊗𝑙 𝑓 denotes the 𝑙-fold product of 𝑓. These results improves and generalizes the recent developments of Venkatasubbareddy and Sankaranarayanan [41]. We also provide some other similar results related to the error terms of general product 𝐿-functions.
“Die Natur ist hier … zu Musik geworden”: György Ligeti and (Musical) Nature
Authors: Schreiber Ewa
Published: February 2024

This article traces references to nature and naturalism (understood as an attempt to ground and legitimize art in natural phenomena) in Ligeti's writings, but also in selected aspects of his oeuvre. The references to nature recur here in various manifestations, with romantic depictions of nature appearing alongside more recent, modernist approaches. The concept of nature is associated with the romantic setting for human emotions, with the discovery of scientific laws, with listening to soundscape, with phenomena of auditory perception and with the spectral explorations of sound. Although nature is not a central, strategic concept for Ligeti, it remains a constant, even if hidden, context for his work, a point of reference.
A FORMAÇÃO CONTINUADA DOS PROFESSORES DO ENSINO SUPERIOR: FORMAÇÃO E PRÁTICA PEDAGÓGICA
Authors: Oliveira-Dri Wisllayne Ivellyze de , Silva Lélia Santiago Custódio da , Silva Francisco Sidomar Oliveira da , Flores Andrezza Santos , Santos Franciele del Vecchio dos
Published: February 2024

Nas últimas décadas, houve uma expansão do acesso ao ensino superior no Brasil. A grande procura por cursos de graduação a distância destaca novas formas de acesso ao ensino superior e novos arranjos institucionais dos processos de ensino e aprendizagem. No contexto da educação a distância, o trabalho pedagógico exercido por facilitadores passa a ser importante no processo de aprendizagem dos estudantes. O estudo tem como objetivo analisar as percepções dos facilitadores sobre as experiências pedagógicas vivenciadas na formação continuada de professores do ensino superior da UNIVESP. O trabalho consiste em uma pesquisa qualitativa, que empregou questionário virtual para a coleta de dados empíricos durante o primeiro semestre de 2023. Os participantes da pesquisa registraram a experiência de ser facilitador como algo importante em sua formação profissional, mas perceberam a prática como uma tarefa ambigua devido à combinação de funções docentes e não docentes. Apesar de, em termos institucionais, não serem considerados, a maior parte dos facilitadores são autorizados como professores. A maioria dos facilitadores legítimos que o estudante estuda no centro do processo de aprendizagem, porém, em termos práticos, nem sempre é possível exercer uma mediação dialógica. Em relação ao curso de formação realizado pelos facilitadores, alguns entendem como uma aproximação inicial com o trabalho pedagógico. Para outros facilitadores, a formação configura-se apenas como uma renda. Já, outros facilitadores, concebem a formação como uma experiência pedagógica importante na carreira profissional, mas apontam muitas limitações. Assim, há uma complexidade da função de facilitador e as dificuldades existentes na prática pedagógica exigem maior reconhecimento do trabalho pedagógico desses facilitadores.
A CONTRIBUIÇÃO DE FORMADORES/AS DA EJA PARA A PERMANÊNCIA DO IDEÁRIO DA EDUCAÇÃO POPULAR
Authors: Pinho Clarice Wilken de , Soares Leôncio , Fávero Osmar
Published: February 2024

O artigo analisa a contribuição de formadores/as de educadores/as de pessoas jovens e adultas para a permanência do ideário da Educação Popular na formação inicial e/ou continuada da Educação de Jovens e Adultos - EJA. Como questão central, procuramos responder quando, onde e como os/as entrevistados/as trabalharam na formação de educadores/as da EJA ao longo de suas trajetórias. Como caminho metodológico, realizamos um levantamento de nomes de referência na história da EJA e selecionamos cinco formadores/as com trajetórias longevas e diversificadas: Maria Amélia Gomes de Castro Giovanetti (MG), Timothy Denis Ireland (PB), Elza Maria Fonseca Falkembach (RS), Edna Castro de Oliveira (ES) e Sérgio Haddad (SP). Como critério de escolha, buscamos contemplar homens e mulheres de diferentes regiões do país, que trabalharam tanto nas universidades como em outros espaços formativos. Optamos por compreender suas trajetórias por meio do relato autobiográfico, uma vez que esta metodologia permite reconstruir as memórias significativas dessas pessoas. Podemos afirmar que os/as formadores/as de educadores/as de pessoas jovens e adultas contribuem com a formação de outras pessoas de acordo com as experiências que foram acumulando, tendo a Educação Popular um papel importante em suas reflexões-ações-reflexões ao longo da vida.
Investigations on Platinum Gauze Surfaces Used in the Manufacture of Nitric Acid
Authors: Kozub P. A. , Gryn G.I. , Goncharov I.I.
Published: February 2024

The oxidation of ammonia for the production of nitric acid is a well known process which has been in constant use since the 1890s for the manufacture of fertiliser. Ammonia is oxidised on the surface of a woven or knitted catalyst gauze made of noble metals. Fertiliser production throughout the world partly depends on this technology and research is continuously being undertaken aimed at optimising output and reducing the noble metal loss from the catalysts. Here, some investigations carried out in Ukraine on the surface composition of binary (platinum-palladium) and ternary (platinum-palladiumrhodium) alloys used for the ammonia oxidation process are described. Samples of catalyst received different pretreatments, and their activity was then measured in a laboratory reactor, paying particular attention to the composition of the first few nanometres below the surface. Analysis of the experimental data showed that the role of carbon is different to that of other elements and that the activity of the catalyst is a maximum for carbon concentrations in the range 6 to 10 atomic per cent. It seems most probable than the carbon is present as microcrystals embedded in the alloy and concentrated on the faces of the metal crystals.
Metathesis Catalysed by the Platinum Group Metals
Authors: Dragutan V. , Dragutan I. , Balaban A. T.
Published: February 2024

In the first part of this review, published in the April issue of this Journal, the main catalyst systems used for metathesis catalysis were examined, and followed by a short report on metathesis activity and selectivity. In this second part, attention is now drawn to specific applications of platinum group metals metathesis catalysts, in particular, to a variety of ring-closing metathesis reactions. The last part of this review will be published in the October issue of this Journal.
The Cativa™ Process for the Manufacture of Acetic Acid
Authors: Jones Jane H.
Published: February 2024

Acetic acid is an important industrial commodity chemical, with a world demand of about 6 million tonnes per year and many industrial uses. The preferred industrial method for its manufacture is by the carbonylation of methanol and this accounts for approximately 60 per cent of the total world acetic acid manufacturing capacity. The carbonylation of methanol, catalysed by rhodium, was invented by Monsanto in the 1960s and for 25 years was the leading technology. In 1996 a new, more efficient, process for the carbonylation of methanol was announced by BP Chemicals, this time using an iridium catalyst. This article describes the new process and looks at the ways in which it improves upon the prior technology.
The U.S. Motor Vehicle Emission Control Programme
Authors: Bertelsen Bruce I.
Published: February 2024

The United States motor vehicle emission control programme is noted for its pioneering role and success in limiting exhaust pollution, utilising the three-way catalyst, cleaner fuels, improved engine design and calibration strategies. The progressive lowering of the emission limits by technology-forcing legislation via the agencies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the California state legislature has resulted in cleaner air. Here, progress to date and future intentions for emissions from gasoline and diesel vehicles are discussed.
Alloy Structures of the Ti-Ni-Ru System in the Ti-TiNi-TiRu Composition Range
Authors: Semenova E. L. , Krendelsberger N. Yu.
Published: February 2024

Interest in the alloys of the titanium-nickel system is due to their attractive properties: the high strength of nickel-based alloys, the ability of intermediate phases based on Ti2Ni and TiNi to undergo amorphisation and hydrogen absorption, and the thermoelasticity of TiNi-based alloys. Ti-Ni alloys are resistant to oxidation and corrosion in most mild corrosive environments, and are used in chemical, medical and engineering applications. Here, we report on alloys in the Ti-TiNi-TiRu composition range of the Ti-Ni-Ru system, where ruthenium additions produce some interesting effects. Using phase diagrams and experimental results, the constituents of high temperature alloys and alloying processes are discussed.
Exhaust Emission Catalyst Technology
Authors: Bosteels Dirk , Searles Robert A.
Published: February 2024

New technologies, incorporating the platinum group metals, are available to meet the exhaust emission regulations for cars, light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles and motorcycles being adopted by the European Union for implementation during the new century. These technologies include low light-off catalysts, more thermally-durable catalysts, improved substrate technology, hydrocarbon adsorbers, electrically heated catalysts, DeNOx catalysts and adsorbers, selective catalytic reduction and diesel particulate filters. This large range of technologies will allow exhaust emissions from all engines, both on- and non-road, to be lowered to unprecedented levels. This paper examines the state of emission control technologies currently available for all types of engine.
Platinum and Palladium in Semiconductor Photocatalytic Systems
Authors: Lee S.-K. , Mills A.
Published: February 2024

A wide range of organic pollutants can be destroyed by semiconductor photocatalysis using titania. The purification of water and air contaminated with organic pollutants has been investigated by semiconductor photocatalysis for many years and in attempts to improve the purification rate platinum and palladium have been deposited, usually as fine particles, on the titania surface. Such deposits are expected to improve the rate of reduction of oxygen and so reduce the probability of electron-hole recombination and increase the overall rate of the reaction. The effectiveness of the deposits is reviewed here and appears very variable with reported rate enhancement factors ranging from 8 to 0.1. Semiconductor photocatalysis can be used to purify air (at temperatures > 100°C) and Pt deposits can markedly improve the overall rate of mineralisation. However, volatile organic compounds containing an heteroatom can deactivate the photocatalyst completely and irreversibly. Factors contributing to the success of the processes are considered. The use of chloro-Pt(IV)-titania and other chloro-platinum group metals-titania complexes as possible visible light sensitisers for water and air purification is briefly reviewed.
Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals
Authors: Griffith W. P.
Published: February 2024

The years 2002 to 2004 mark the bicentenaries of the discoveries of rhodium, palladium, iridium and osmium. Two remarkable people were responsible for their discoveries – William Hyde Wollaston (1766–1828) the discoverer of rhodium and palladium, and his friend Smithson Tennant (1761–1815) the discoverer of iridium and osmium. This and a subsequent paper will seek to retell the stories of their discoveries, and to indicate the growing usefulness of the metals throughout the nineteenth century to their importance today. In this first part we will discuss Wollaston and his discoveries. Part II, to be published in a later issue, will complete the story with Tennant’s discoveries of the more intractable elements iridium and osmium.
The Care of Platinum Thermocouples
Authors: Bennett H. E.
Published: February 2024

Platinum thermocouples are sensitive instruments. Exceptional care and control are given to their preparation in order to ensure reliability in service, but their accuracy and working life can be adversely affected if a few simple precautions are neglected.
The Platinum Metals in the Periodic System
Authors: Powell A. R.
Published: February 2024

The characteristics of the six platinum metals provide an interesting study in their variations with atomic number and position in the periodic table. This article discusses the inter-relationships of the physical and chemical properties of these elements and of those of their neighbouring transition metals.
Thermal and Electrolytic Palladium Alloy Diffusion Cells
Authors: Darling A. S.
Published: February 2024

In this article the performance of thermal diffusion cells extracting pure hydrogen from mixed gas streams is discussed and the relationships between gas quality, output and extraction efficiency are summarised for convenience in the form of a graph applicable to any silver-palladium unit. Small quantities of ultra-pure hydrogen can also be generated by electrolytic diffusion, and the characteristics of a small prototype electrolytic cell are described and possible applications suggested.
Field Ion Microscopy of the Platinum Metals
Authors: Müller W.
Published: February 2024

Platinum, iridium, rhodium and palladium are among the few metals that may be examined by field ion microscopy, in which it is possible to magnify the image of a prepared surface so that individual atoms are revealed. This technique, by which such factors as plastic deformation, gas adsorption, fatigue, dislocation structure and the effects of impurities can be examined, may well lead to a better understanding of the valuable properties shown by the platinum metals in their catalytic, electrochemical and high temperature applications.
The Wetting of Platinum and its Alloys by Glass
Authors: Selman G. L. , Spender M. R. , Darling A. S.
Published: February 2024

In the concluding part of this study of platinum alloys for use in the glass industry, correlations between structure, composition and high temperature mechanical properties have been obtained in the platinum-rich corner of the gold - rhodium - platinum system. Although gold additions decrease the melting point of rhodium-platinum alloys, the effect is not pronounced. The alloy containing 5 per cent gold and 10 per cent rhodium which was shown in the previous parts of the paper to be particularly resistant to wetting has a solidus between 1730°C and 1760°C. This alloy is single phased at temperatures above 1100°C and is more resistant to creep than the 10 per cent rhodium-platinum solid solution. Some of these improved high temperature properties are sacrificed if the gold content is reduced to 3 per cent.
The Reaction between Hydrogen and Oxygen on Platinum
Authors: Acres G. J. K.
Published: February 2024

Nothing certain is understood concerning the mechanism of what is the oldest known, and the simplest, catalytic oxidation. Recent work in the Johnson Matthey Research Laboratories has partly explained some of the inconsistencies found in previous work, and has established the best conditions for studying the kinetics of this reaction. In this article new suggestions are put forward on possible reaction mechanisms.
Platinum Catalysts for the Control of Air Pollution
Authors: Acres G. J. K.
Published: February 2024

A new platinised ceramic honeycomb catalyst has been developed by Matthey Bishop Inc. for the combustion of organic fume. The low pressure drop, attrition resistance and high activity of this catalyst make it especially suitable for a wide range of processes requiring air pollution control. The operating conditions for this catalyst are described and details of a number of applications are given.
Platinum Catalysts for Diesel Engine Exhaust Purification
Authors: Acres G. J. K.
Published: February 2024

The exhaust gases emitted by diesel engines are frequently both a health hazard and a nuisance to the public. These emissions can be minimised by careful engine design but catalytic combustion provides a more effective method of purification. THT catalysts incorporating platinum have given excellent results in test units. They are suitable for diesel-engined road vehicles and for diesels working in enclosed conditions.
Platinum Containers for the Growth of Single Crystal Oxides
Authors: Van Uitert L. G.
Published: February 2024

The growth of single crystal oxides for optical and magnetic purposes is commonly carried out using platinum containers. Modifications to container design have been important factors in improving growth conditions. A new composite three-layer crucible has been fabricated in platinum and iridium for growing crystals of sodium barium niobate, and a platinum container which can be drained of flux has been developed for growing rare earth iron garnets.
The Carbonyls of the Platinum Group Metals
Authors: Bradford C. W.
Published: February 2024

In recent years improved methods of synthesis have made it possible for the chemistry of the carbonyls of the platinum group metals to be studied more thoroughly. This article reviews the preparation, structure, chemical reactions and uses of these important and interesting compounds.
Standard Kilogram Weights
Authors: Smith F. J.
Published: February 2024

The original metric standard of weight adopted in 1799 was a kilogram fabricated from platinum. The presentinternational standard kilogram was made nearly a century ago from 10 per cent iridium-platinum. Johnson Matthey was deeply concerned with this work and since then has regularly supplied further national prototypes and working standards toastrict specification.
The Production of Automobile Emission Control Catalysts
Authors: Acres G. J. K. , Cooper B. S. , Matlack G. L.
Published: February 2024

Stringent controls on automobile exhaust emissions are being introduced in the United States, Japan and most other industrialised countries. Catalysts based on the platinum group metals currently offer the best method of overcoming the problem. The Johnson Matthey Group, having developed suitable platinum-based catalytic reactor systems, is now constructing facilities to produce them.
Mixed Metal Catalysts for the Synthesis of Azelaic Acid
Authors: Thompson D. T.
Published: February 2024

Azelaic acid is an important intermediate in the production of a speciality Nylon, and it is shown that a palladium-iron system may be used very selectively in its preparation. This work was described at the recent Chemical Congress at York by the author, who is now Manager of the Catalyst Department in the Johnson Matthey Research Laboratories.
New Technology for Industrial Hydroformylation
Authors: Smith F. J.
Published: February 2024

New technology for the hydroformylation of olefins has been developed jointly by Union Carbide Corporation, Davy Powergas Limited and Johnson Matthey & Co. Limited. The process employs a novel rhodium-based homogeneous catalyst system at significantly lower pressures and temperatures than conventional cobalt-using processes, resulting in major savings in capital investment and operating costs. Another most important feature of the new process is that it provides much higher ratios of normal:iso aldehydes produced when propylene and other olefins are used as feedstocks than is possible with conventional processes. Several plants utilising the new system are now under construction.
Fuel Cell Energy Generators
Authors: Cameron D. S.
Published: February 2024

Improvements in the preparation and utilisation of platinum metal catalysts have now made megawatt scale fuel cell systems economically viable. The high thermal efficiency and low pollution characteristics of this novel power source are likely to result in it forming an increasing proportion of the generating capacity utilised for both peaking and intermediate applications. This paper briefly reviews the development of fuel cells; it also describes how they work, including the function of the catalyst, and indicates the more important of the many factors which have to be considered when selecting a commercial system.
Iridium Losses During Oxidation
Authors: Jehn Hermann , Völker Reinhart , Ismail Muhamed I.
Published: February 2024

Iridium reacts with oxygen at high temperatures forming volatile oxides, the evaporation of which considerably increases the iridium losses in oxygen-containing atmospheres, when compared with high-vacuum conditions. This paperdescribes investigations carried out to determine the metal losses from polycrystalline iridium discs, by means of a magnetic suspension balance, at low pressures and high temperatures. The results are presented and discussed, and a strong temperature and pressure dependence is noted.
Ancient Platinum Technology in South America
Authors: Scott David A. , Bray Warwick
Published: February 2024

The early inhabitants of South America had recognised platinum and had used it for making ornaments well before the Spanish Conquest. Their techniques and ability in metal working are reviewed, based upon archaeological evidence and modern metallographic examination.
Control of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions from Automobile Engines
Authors: Harrison B. , Cooper B. J. , Wilkins A. J. J.
Published: February 2024

Regulations requiring strict control of nitrogen oxide emissions from automobiles come into force in 1981 in the United States. This has necessitated the development of new catalyst systems that are capable of controlling nitrogen oxide as well as hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions from spark ignition engines. These devices are known as three-way catalysts. Johnson Matthey have developed catalyst systems based upon platinum and rhodium to meet the requirements and these have been certified for use on 1981 model year vehicles by a number of automobile manufacturers.
Thick Film Platinum Resistance Temperature Detectors
Authors: Evans W. D. J.
Published: February 2024

The development of a range of thick film platinum resistance temperature detectors is described and the method of manufacture of a cylindrical version by a highly automated route is outlined. These novel detectors comprise a film of platinum bonded to an inert ceramic substrate and protected from the environment by a ceramic glaze and the advanced version of this series shows stability in sealed probes to maximum rated temperatures as well as improved thermal stability relative to previous versions.
The Purification of Hydrogen
Authors: Grashoff G. J. , Pilkington C. E. , Corti C. W.
Published: February 2024

The purification or separation of hydrogen has traditionally been based on solid-state diffusion technology utilising noble metal membranes. The development of this technology, which has been centred around improved diffusion membrane materials based on the silver-palladium alloy system, is reviewed in this paper. It is shown that, despite the emergence of alternative techniques, diffusion technology based on silver-palladium membranes remains the most suitable technique for the production of high purity hydrogen, a product which is required increasingly in many high technology applications.
The Hydride Phase Miscibility Gap in Palladium-Rare Earth Alloys
Authors: McNicholl R.-A. , Lewis F. A.
Published: February 2024

Recent years have witnessed a very substantial increase in the body of data concerning the effects of various alloying elements on the phase relationships of the palladium-hydrogen system.
Structure Reconstruction in Palladium Alloy Catchment Gauzes
Authors: Ning Yuantao , Yang Zhengfen , Zhao Huaizhi
Published: February 2024

The changes of topography and structure in palladium-5 per cent nickel alloy catchment gauzes, which are used to capture the platinum lost from the catalyst gauzes employed in the ammonia oxidation reaction to produce nitric acid, have been studied by scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microarea analysis, X-ray diffraction and other techniques. The structure of the palladium-5per cent nickel alloy gauze is reconstructed by recrystallisation and this is controlled by vapour deposition (adsorption) and diffusion re-alloying. The initial solid solution of palladium (nickel) changed into palladium (platinum) solid solution, the nickel being gradually oxidised to nickel oxide until no nickel remained. The lattice constants of the palladium (platinum) solid solution increased with the ratio of platinum:palladium. Ladder-like (layered) growth was a main mechanism in the formation of new lattice planes and crystals, while screw-type growth played an important role in the formation of new crystals.
New Studies in Fullerene Chemistry
Authors: Sokolov Viatcheslav I. , Bashilov Vasily V.
Published: February 2024

Studies on fullerene chemistry carried out in the Laboratory of Organometallic Stereochemistry at INEOS, Moscow, are briefly reported. These include work with platinum metals complexes, in particular, on novel methods of preparing η2if fullerene (C60and C70) complexes of platinum, palladium, rhodium and iridium. A new approach is the use of mercury-platinum bimetallic compounds, R-Hg-PtL2-X, as a source of the PtL2moiety to be transferred onto a (6:6) double bond in fullerenes. Bis(aryl)platinum(II) complexes can react similarly. Other products of this reaction are discussed. The first optically active organometallic fullerenes of the type CnM(+)DIOP, where n = 60 or 70, have also been prepared and the circular dichroism spectra investigated. In addition, the molecular structures for C60Pd(PPh3): and C60Pt(+)DIOP have been solved. Higher catalytic activity for the hydrogenation of a triple to a double bond has been observed with C60Pd(PPh3); adsorbed on porous carbon than with palladium/porous carbon.
Polymers of Platinum Metals Complexes Immobilised on Electrodes
Authors: Deronzier Alain , Moutet Jean-Claude
Published: February 2024

Interest is growing in using polymeric electrode materials containing platinum group metals complexes in molecular electrochemistry. Here, the synthesis of functionalised polypyrrole film electrodes, formed by the oxidative electropolymerisation of pyrrole-substituted rhodium, iridium
and palladium complexes is reviewed, and recent results are presented concerning the electrocatalytic reduction of protons and the hydrogenation of unsaturated organic substrates in aqueous electrolyte. Metal hydride intermediates and their involvement in reactions at the electrodes are considered,
as are preliminary results of asymmetric electrosynthesis on a molecular electrode material.
Ruthenium-Mediated Electrochemical Destruction of Organic Wastes
Authors: Davidson L. , Quinn Y. , Steele D. E
Published: February 2024

No industrial process is 100 per cent efficient and the generation of waste, both organic and inorganic, is an unavoidable reality. The recycling of waste is becoming increasingly important as concerns about the environment and the availability of resources come more to the fore, but
there remain many waste streams which are not yet suitable for recovery of their reusable content, on the grounds of cost or practicality. Historically, the disposal of such wastes has been either via incineration or release into the environment after neutralisation or immobilisation,
in a landfill site or into a drain or sewer, or the like. These options are becoming more restricted as regulations tighten and public perception of any but the most benign discharges worsens. This paper sets out reasons for using electrochemical oxidation with a ruthenium electro-catalyst
to provide an effective and environmentally friendly alternative to other technologies. Electrochemical oxidation can effect mineralisation of toxic organic species with minimal generation of secondary waste and efficient recovery of the ruthenium mediator and is particularly suited for the
treatment of highly chlorinated and aromatic compounds.