bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Olomouc Corpus of Spoken Czech: characterization and main features of the project
Authors: Pořízka Petr
Published: August 2021

This study presents the results of the author's research project called Olomouc Corpus of Spoken Czech (OCSC). The paper is focused on the state and partial phases of constructing the corpora, its methodology and annotation. Within the OCSC we use so called dual system of transcription, which means (1) an orthographic one with the purpose of linguistic (morpho-logical) analysis and tagging and (2) a phonetic version of transcript which consists of three layers of the text: first the real transcription and further various types of the metatexts as a second and third layer, including communication aspects of the texts. The criteria of selection of speakers are also listed here and the highly important statistical analysis of the sociolin-guistic categories (gender, age, type of education, types of recordings) is presented as well. This analysis can serve as a base for a partial correction of possible non-balance among those sociolinguistic parameters. The annotation rules and principles are mentioned at the end of this study.
HyperHamlet – Intricacies of Data Selection
Authors: Quassdorf Sixta
Published: August 2021

HyperHamlet is a database of allusions to and quotations from Shakespeare's Hamlet, which is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation as a joint venture between the Departments of English and German Philology, and the Image and Media Lab at the University of Basel. The compilation of a corpus, whose aim it is to document the "Shakespeare phenomenon", is intricate on more than one level: the desired transdisciplinary approach between linguistics, literary and cultural studies entails data selection from a vast variety of sources; the pragmatic nature of intertextual traces, i.e. their dependence on and subordination to new contexts, further adds to formal heterogeneity. This is not only a challenge for annotation, but also for data selection. As the recognition of intertextual traces is more often than not based on intuition, this paper analyses the criteria which underlie intuition so that it can be operationalised for scholarly corpus compilation. An analogue to the pragmatic model of ostensive-inferential communication with its three constitutive parts of speaker's meaning, sentence meaning and hearer's meaning has been used for analytical heuristics. Authorial intent – in a concrete as well as in an abstract historical sense – origin and specific encyclopaedic knowledge have been found to be the basic assumptions underlying data selection, while quantitative factors provide supporting evidence.
Schweizer Text Korpus – Theoretische Grundlagen, Korpusdesign und Abfragemöglichkeiten
Authors: Bickel Hans , Gasser Markus , Häcki Buhofer Annelies , Hofer Lorenz , Schön Christoph
Published: August 2021

The SWISS TEXT CORPUS (CHTK) has made it its goal to extensively document the German language of the 20th century in Switzerland. In this way, and in its parallel function as a sub-corpus of the Corpus C4, that will consist of 20 million text words (tokens) each from Germany, Austria, Italy/South Tirol and, as already said, Switzerland, it represents a classical reference corpus both for the standard German language in Switzerland as well as in the entire German-speaking area of Western Europe. A reference corpus should meet the requirement of comprehensively depicting the central repertoire of a language, i.e. the generally used vocabulary of this language, which is why questions of corpus structure and general planning (corpus design) play a decisive role (cf. Lemnitzer/Zinsmeister (2006: 106), where the type of the reference corpus is contrasted with the special corpus). Four and a half years after the start of the project, the SWISS TEXT CORPUS was made available to the general public in April 2009, as a research instrument. The following article outlines in brief the history of this research project and deals with fundamental and specific decisions that had to be made in the design of such a reference corpus, and with how the CHTK is compiled. Together with a concluding overview of some retrieval and analysis options offered by the CHTK, this article also provides an overview of the potential of this new research instrument and supplies the background knowledge required to work with the CHTK. For reasons of space, the methods of working, the corpus-driven approaches, cannot be thematised here (cf. Bubenhofer 2008, 2006).
Historische formelhafte Sprache als "harte Nuss" der Korpus- und Computerlinguistik. Ihre Annotation und Analyse im HiFoS-Projekt
Authors: Filatkina Natalia
Published: August 2021

The following article tackles not so much the corpus and computer linguistic questions in a narrow sense. It rather focuses on such linguistic phenomena as formulaic patterns in the history of German language and describes them from a corpus and computer linguistic perspective. Since July 2007, historical formulaic language has been a subject of investigation in the research group "Historical Formulaic Language and Traditions of Communication" at the University of Trier. Corpus and computer linguistic methods are not in the middle of the research interest in this project but they constitute its important methodological part. After a short introduction (Chapter 1), Chapter 2 gives a brief outline about the state of the art in the field of formulaic language within the framework of corpus and computer linguistics. Chapter 3 analyzes some problems in this area with regard to modern languages. The issues tackled here turn to be even more problematic from an historical point of view, as shown in the following Chapter 4. Finally, Chapter 5 suggests a possible solution that was developed and implemented in the HiFoS-group.
Automatische Wortschatzerschließung großer Textkorpora am Beispiel des DWDS
Authors: Geyken Alexander
Published: August 2021

In the past years a large number of electronic text corpora for German have been created due to the increased availability of electronic resources. Appropriate filtering of lexical material in these corpora is a particular challenge for computational lexicography since machine readable lexicons alone are insufficient for systematic classification. In this paper we show – on the basis of the corpora of the DWDS – how lexical knowledge can be classified in a more fine-grained way with morphological and shallow syntactic parsing methods. One result of this analysis is that the number of different lemmas contained in the corpora exceeds the number of different headwords of current large monolingual German dictionaries by several times.
Communication Strategies in the Written Medium: The Effect of Language Proficiency
Authors: Aliakbari Mohammad , Allvar Nabi Karimi
Published: August 2021

Although much has been written on 'communication strategies' (CS), in the sense of potentially conscious plans for solving problems encountered in reaching particular communicative goals, there still remain large gaps in our knowledge in this respect. One area worthy of attention, and not totally clarified, is whether these strategies are applied and workable in writing as frequently as they are in speaking tasks. Accordingly, the present study aimed at pitting the use of CS against language proficiency level in argumentative writing of Iranian university students. The results of the Chi-Square tests run for the purpose of investigating the hypotheses showed that language proficiency was highly related with the use of more Reconceptualization Strategies which are thought to be psycho linguistically more demanding compared with Substitution Strategies.
The Creation of Students' Academic Slang Expressions in the University of Botswana
Authors: Arua Arua E. , Alimi Modupe M.
Published: August 2021

This study investigates the creation of students' academic slang expressions at the University of Botswana with data obtained from 32 items in a questionnaire consisting of 89 items. The semantic process of extension is the most widespread creative process, producing 101 (66%) out of 153 selected slang expressions. Five morphological processes, compounding, derivation, conversion, acronymy and reduplication, together produce the remaining 52 (34%) expressions. Also the process of semantic extension features in all aspects of the students' academic life in contrast with the other five morphological processes which are restricted. These findings show that the students draw extensively on and exploit the language resources at their disposal to create new meanings for describing their academic life. The findings also show that all the word formation processes highlighted relate to certain areas of the students' academic life, notably, the students' relationships with their lecturers, difficult courses and those who teach them, performances and grades.
Linguistische kontrastive Studien Deutsch-Thailändisch: Eine Bestandsaufnahme
Authors: Attaviriyanupap Korakoch
Published: August 2021

This article is a survey and synthesis of German-Thai linguistic contrastive studies conducted between 1978 and 2008. Its objective is to give an overview of linguistic contrastive studies on these two languages. The first part is the analysis and synthesis of all these Thai-German linguistic contrastive studies in terms of quantity, characteristics and researched topics as well as the methodology used. In the second part, all relevant factors leading to this resulted overall picture are discussed and suggestions for further development in this field of study are made.
Grammatische Terminologie im Kontrast. Einige Überlegungen aus der Sicht des DaF-Unterrichts in Italien
Authors: Ivančić Barbara
Published: August 2021

The article deals with the metalinguistic terminology which characterizes the grammars of the German language used in the field of German as a foreign language (Deutsch als Fremdsprache) in Italy. Starting from the basic distinction between terminological equivalence and terminological divergence, such as postulated by Kleineidam, the investigation concerns two specific fields, the terminology of, respectively, word classes and phrasal constituents, which is compared with the terminology used in teaching the native language.
Grammatikvermittlung in neueren kroatischen DaF-Lehrwerken
Authors: Häusler Maja , Glovacki-Bernardi Zrinjka
Published: August 2021

The first part of the article deals with the presentation of grammar from the linguistic point of view. It gives the results of the analysis of the presentation of grammar in textbooks for German as a foreign language written by Croatian authors (in textbooks for elementary school, grammar school; for German as the first and the second foreign language). The analysis is carried out under the following criteria: explicit or implicit presentation of grammar, theoretical grammatical foundations, usage of metalinguistic terms, the language used for explanations. The second part of the article presents the analysis of grammar teaching in selected textbooks under didactical and methodical aspects (usage in texts, types of exercises and assignments). The results of the analysis are evaluated in terms of the supposed appropriateness and contemporary views regarding the grammar teaching in teaching foreign languages. What we are also interested in is the question whether and to what extent the requirements of the common international competencies description for the exam certificate have modified or changed the significance of grammar teaching in Croatian textbooks for German as a foreign language.
Wortgeografischer Wandel im Schweizerdeutschen. Sommersprossen, Küchenzwiebel und Schmetterling 70 Jahre nach dem SDS
Authors: Juska-Bacher Britta
Published: August 2021

This paper intends to show the importance of having linguistic instruments, principally semantic ones, for determining the meaning of words with the greatest precision and, consequently, managing to meticulously establish the different meanings of a dictionary's entry words. As an example, a new definition of the Spanish verb mezclar ('to mix') will b Since the beginning of the publication of the linguistic atlas of German-speaking Switzerland (Sprachatlas der deutschen Schweiz, SDS) in the early 1960s individual linguists collected contemporary material for comparison to investigate language change. However, due to time and money restrictions these studies were limited to small parts of the language area only. So far a description of tendencies concerning the entire Swiss German language area is missing.
Based on an online-survey of 5600 informants this investigation is the first to present word geographic data covering (almost) the whole German-speaking Switzerland. Comparing GIS-maps of SDS and online data of the dialectal lexemes for freckles, onion and butterfly, language change over the last century becomes apparent, with striking convergence tendencies towards standard German, but also a Swiss German dialect expanding its range. Most of the dialect words mentioned in the SDS were preserved; some new were found. Thus, diversity of lexicon and creative language use are not endangered. Statistical analysis showed that younger speakers are more likely to deviate from the SDS. Less strong, but still significant were the influence of the parent's dialect and the duration of living in the dialect area, whereas gender had no influence.
Morphologically complex nouns in English Scientific Texts after Empiricism
Authors: Moskowich Isabel
Published: August 2021

The present paper aims at providing a new viewpoint on the development of scientific writing as regards its lexicon following the introduction of the scientific method in England. Although it will not provide universally valid evidence, new vocabulary formations (in nouns) will be examined in order to ascertain whether the morphological processes in these special languages behave the same way across the different scientific disciplines and levels of formality of texts or if, on the contrary, each adapts to the needs of its particular type of users (intended audience). Samples of texts pertaining to the eighteenth-century disciplines of astronomy and medicine have been studied. The differences observed in morphological behaviour will be accounted for resorting to several extra-linguistic factors so that a vision of the scientific register as a non-monolithic entity can be offered.
Grammatikalisierung und Marginalisierung "enklitischer Partikeln" im Tschechischen
Authors: Nekula Marek
Published: August 2021

Im folgenden Beitrag gehe ich zunächst auf die Extension des Begriffs "Partikeln" im Allgemeinen und der Abtönungspartikeln im Besonderen sowie auf ihre Merkmale ein, und zwar mit Blick auf den unterschiedlichen Grad ihrer Grammatikalisierung. Danach stelle ich die wichtigsten Aspekte des Grammatikalisierungsprozesses vor und zeichne den Wandel des tschechischen Partikelsystems nach, bei dem ich mich auf die sog. enklitischen Partikeln beschränke, die funktional den deutschen Abtönungspartikeln nahe stehen.
Die Übersetzung von Modalpartikeln als Indiz ihres Grammatikalisierungsgrades: die französischen Pendants von denn und eigentlich
Authors: Schoonjans Steven , Feyaerts Kurt
Published: August 2021

In this paper, we consider the way modal particles are translated as an indication of their degree of grammaticalization. More in particular, the exemplar case studied here is the French translation of the German particles denn and eigentlich. Starting from a literary translation corpus, we will list five tendencies in the distribution of the translation equivalents which may indicate that denn has gone further already on the pathway of grammaticalization than has eigentlich. Thereby, we will focus on the meaning aspects of the grammaticalization process (persistence, bleaching, new meaning extension).
Modal Particles in Dutch as a Second Language. Evidence from a Perception Experiment
Authors: Caspers Johanneke , Van der Wouden Ton
Published: August 2021

The perception of modal particles in Dutch was studied, contrasting native and speakers of Dutch as a second language (DSL). According to expectations, non-native subjects turned out to have more significant problems with selecting the best fitting stimulus in the contexts designed to evoke a modal use of the target word. Contrary to expectation, however, the non-native subjects had problems with non-modal contexts as well. Work on spontaneous speech elicited from DSL-speakers with Spanish as L1 revealed an unexpected but clear hierarchy in the acquisition of modal particles. The results are taken as an indication that Dutch particles, as well as their interaction with prosody, merit more attention in didactic materials aimed at DSL-speakers.
Partikeln in indogermanischen Sprachen
Authors: Lühr Rosemarie
Published: August 2021

The typical Old Indo-European languages are pro-drop-languages. Therefore, the usage of pronouns for expressing the governing subject does not apply to standard sentences. As to be expected emphasized subject pronouns can then be used in marked situations – especially in the case of a contrastive topic. However, there is a third use that is not as trivial in the first place: The emphasized subject pronouns are supplemented by an additional particle. This third usage has a special function that is supposed to be determined in the following.
Die Verdopplung des Verbs laa 'lassen' im Zürichdeutschen
Authors: Schlatter Gappisch Katja
Published: August 2021

In some Swiss German dialects the verb laa 'let' can be doubled under certain conditions. The paper discusses the factors accounting for this variation. It investigates the syntactic environment of laa-constructions in the dialect of Zurich. The analysis of the data suggests that, first, the laa-doubling is favoured in certain constructions such as, for instance, imperative constructions. Second, the elder informants use the laa-doubling more often than the younger ones.
Die laa-Verdoppelung in der Stadt Zug
Authors: Weber Mirija
Published: August 2021

The paper deals with the doubling of the verb laa 'let' in the dialect of the city of Zug. The data are collected by means of written questionnaires. The results of this inquiry are compared with the results gained by the project SADS ('Syntactic Atlas of German-speaking Switzerland'). This comparison clearly shows differences in the results according to the elicitation techniques. It also shows that there is a greater variation with regard to the laa-doubling than illustrated by the SADS project. This variation seems to at least correlate with the age of the informants.
Wann sind Kognaten erkennbar? Ähnlichkeit und synchrone Transparenz von Kognatenbeziehungen in der germanischen Interkomprehension
Authors: Möller Robert
Published: August 2021

The possibilities of intercomprehension (= receptive multilingualism within a language family, here restricted to reading comprehension) strongly depend on cognate words and on the transparency of their relationships, which are often obscured by diverging phonological developments in the individual languages. This article presents results of two tests in which German subjects were to find German cognates to words from unknown Germanic languages. The focus of our attention is on the phonological aspect: Does transparency of cognate relations only depend on the number of common segments of the cognate words or also on the kind of phonological differences? If the latter is the case, which kinds of differences do affect recognition, and to what extent? The data from a free response and a multiple choice task indicate that cognate recognition is particularly easy when the correspondence between the differing segments is familiar from variation and alternation phenomena in the L1. More generally, articulatory similarity seems to play an important role for intuitions about possible cognate relationships.
Phraseologieunterricht in der Zeit der neueren Lernmedien
Authors: Kralj Nataša , Kacjan Brigita
Published: August 2021

In language learning, phraseology is rather neglected. One reason could be that there is not much teaching and learning material prepared for this domain. This is why during the EU-Project EPHRAS (from October 2004 to September 2006) a phraseology data bank in four languages (German, Slovenian, Slovak and Hungarian) with more than 4,000 idioms and relevant exercises was created.
The following article presents examples of how to teach high school students with different language competences the phenomena of phraseology with the help of new learning media. The foreign language phraseology can be learnt in the form of traditional classroom learning as well as in the form of distance learning.
sms4science: Korpusdaten, Literaturüberblick und Forschungsfragen
Authors: Stähli Adrian , Dürscheid Christa , Béguelin Marie-José
Published: August 2021

This paper discusses some methodological issues related to current research on SMS communication in Switzerland, an ambitious research project situated in the context of the international project sms4science. Thus far, the analyses of the Swiss data focus on numerous inner-linguistic features, variational aspects and language contact phenomena; each of which is of the utmost interest for multilingual Switzerland (cf. the five articles contained in this issue). In the following pages we first provide some background information about the project and the constitution of the Swiss SMS-corpus. We then present some methodological demands and problems, which are discussed on the basis of a dialogic sub-corpus. In the final paragraphs of this introductory article, we outline the state of affairs in the field of the linguistic study of SMS communication and highlight some research questions that would be of significant interest for the further analysis of the Swiss corpus.
Genus im DaF-Unterricht in Italien: Was sagen Lehrwerke und Grammatiken?
Authors: Weerning Marion
Published: August 2021

For foreign language students gender seems to be a great problem. This article about the teachability and learnability of German gender wants to show what Italian students learn about it and how they do so (and also how they could do it better).
Formen und Funktionen von Interrogationen. Fragen in grammatischen Beschreibungen, empirischen Befunden und Lehrwerken für Deutsch als Fremdsprache
Authors: Rost-Roth Martina
Published: August 2021

Analysis of how questions are treated in grammar books shows that the main focus is on word order phenomena. At the same time, statements are often made about functions or the rela-tionship between form and function; these are not always consistent with more systematic approaches or with empirical findings. Empirical analyses of spoken language reveal a very complex picture; comparison of the question realizations of native speakers and non-native speakers shows that the questions produced by non-native speakers are limited in various re-spects. Moreover, analysis of textbooks shows that some relationships between form and function are underrepresented.
Manager im Deutschunterricht und Studenten in Unternehmen. Erfahrungen mit einem fachbezogenen Projektunterricht.
Authors: Miková Katarína
Published: August 2021

Project teaching in the teaching of professional German in Slovakia represents an attempt to bring a new educational concept to universities. The article is focused on a pilot project which has been carried out in co-operation: the participants were students of company business and German-speaking managers who work in various joint-venture companies in Slovakia. The project entailed an invitation to a manager who was subsequently present in a German class. The manager's presence included his/her written presentation of a business-related problem, a discussion with the students and, as the concluding phase, the students were invited to visit the particular company. The purpose of the whole process was to enable the students to encounter the foreign factor within their own, domestic social-cultural framework. Such an experience brings a certain shift in the perception of the foreign and the different, sensitizing the participants to a level which is desirable with regards to social contacts in their future careers. This article further analyzes the evaluation of the project. The evaluation included a questionnaire and the questions were focused on the organization of the project, on foreign-language competence acquisition, on educational effects in intercultural learning and on a general evaluation of the whole project. It should be noted that the ideas of the participating students are very inspiring.
Gender, Status and Power in Discourse Behavior of Men and Women
Authors: Kunsmann Peter
Published: August 2021

Sociolinguistic approaches to the relationship between gender and status/power analyze either linguistic or social and cultural phenomena in a given speech community. While in the former approach a gender pattern is observed regarding the use of language, this article is based on the latter approach. Discussing question tags and interruptions in speech situations an explanation is sought for the differential speech behavior of men and women, i.e. whether it is gender or status specific. To this end the dominance and difference hypotheses are explored, and a biological explanation is also offered. Both approaches are seen as providing a useful description for most interactions. However, it is suggested that the difference approach may provide a more viable base for behavioral changes. Efforts that result in raising the ethnolinguistic vitality of women in their subculture are seen to be a more fruitful undertaking than those focussing on status or power.
"Was muss ich machen, wenn ich will, dass er das da macht?" Eine interpersonal orientierte Gesprächsanalyse von Experten/Laien-Kommunikation
Authors: Fetzer Anita
Published: August 2021

This contribution argues for an investigation of expert/non-expert discourse in an interactive frame of references which accommodates the constitutive systems of text, interpersonal orientation and interaction. Depending on the interlocutors' communicative goals, references to these systems are represented explicitly or implicitly.
Part I presents a frame analysis of expert/non-expert discourse from both linguistic and social-context viewpoints. Here, special reference is given to the question of how the communication act plus/minus-validity claim accommodates expert/non-expert discourse. Part II presents a micro investigation of expert/non-expert discourse. It compares and contrasts written and spoken expert/non-expert discourse in the domain of institutional communication. The data stem from the field of computer-application discourse and are analysed with regard to the degree of explicitness of textual, interactional and interpersonal references. The results obtained are refined by the explicit accommodation of the variables intimacy and power. In conclusion, face-to-face expert/non-expert discourse is not only characterized by a high degree of explicitness of the textual system, i.e. the linguistic representation of expert knowledge, but also by a high degree of explicitness of the interpersonal and interactional systems.
θ-structures of Mandarin Resultative Verb Compounds
Authors: Li Fengqi
Published: August 2021

Mandarin Resultative Verb Compounds, different from any simplex words, have complicated θ-structures, since both the verb (Vcaus) and its complement (Cres) have the capacity of assigning their own thematic roles. The thematic roles assigned by Vcaus form the θ-structure's main structure, and those assigned by Cres form the embedded structure. Sometimes an entity plays a role in the main structure, and at the same time plays a role in the embedded structure. If the two roles are identical, they are "coindexed"; if they are different, they form a composite role. RVC's θ-structure is further compounded when ambiguity occurs and when causation is taken into consideration. The ambiguity of RVCs can be attributed to the different combination of thematic roles. As for causation, the two causative roles, causer and cause, can be assigned to thematic roles according to certain constraints.
Lexikalische, syntaktische und prosodische Mittel der Differenzierung von KONTRAST und KORREKTUR am Beispiel des Slowakischen
Authors: Adamíková Marcela
Published: August 2021

Dieser Artikel ist die erweiterte und in einigen Punkten revidierte Fassung meiner Magisterarbeit (Adamíková 1996). Behandelt werden slowakische Sätze, die ambig in Bezug auf die Interpretationsarten 'Kontrast' und 'Korrektur' sind (vgl. Lang 1984). In diesen Konstruktionen wird die Konjunktion ale (dt. aber - sondern) für beide Interpretationen verwendet.
Dieser Artikel versucht primär die lexikalischen, syntaktischen und prosodischen Mittel zu beschreiben, die der Unterscheidung von Kontrast und Korrektur im Slowakischen dienen. Kontrast wird als Negation der Inferenz aus dem ersten Konjunkt verstanden. Korrektur ist das Ersetzen von unrichtigen Informationen durch richtige.
Im Slowakischen werden die verschiedenen Interpretationen nicht immer durch spezielle Konjuktionen wie im Deutschen (aber vs. sondern), oder durch bestimmte syntaktische Konstruktionen wie im Französischen ('nicht reduziert' vs. 'reduziert', asyndetischer zweiter Konjunkt; cf. Lang 1984, Anscombre/Ducrot 1977), unterschieden, sondern eher durch die Interaktion von lexikalischen, syntaktischen und prosodischen Mitteln. Gleichzeitig wird angenommen, daß prosodische Mittel alleine die Auswahl der relevanten Interpretation sicherstellen.
The present paper is an abridged and in some points revised version of my M.A. thesis (Adamíková 1996). It describes Slovak sentences which are ambiguous between the two interpretations 'contrast' and 'correction' (for definition cf. Lang 1984). These constructions have the same syntactic representation and the same conjunction ale (German aber - sondern) in both interpretations.
This paper is devoted primarily to describing lexical, syntactic and prosodic devices for the differentiation of contrast and correction in Slovak. Contrast is defined as negation of the inference from the first conjunct. Correction is the replacement of incorrect information with correct one.
In Slovak, the differing interpretations are not always differentiated by specific conjunctions as in German (aber vs. sondern) or by specific syntactic constructions as in French ('not reduced' vs. 'reduced', asyndetic second conjunct; cf. Lang 1984, Anscombre/Ducrot 1977), but rather through the interaction of lexical, syntactic and prosodic devices. At the same time, it is assumed that prosodic devices alone can ensure the selection of the relevant interpretation.
Some considerations on the structure of VP in Italian: Manner adverbs, movement patterns and the interpretation of indefinites
Authors: Pili Diana
Published: August 2021

In diesem Artikel wird die syntaktische Struktur der Verbalphrase im Italienischen untersucht. Zuerst wird gezeigt, daß Adverbien der Art und Weise (Manner Adverbs) innerhalb der VP generiert werden (cf. eine ähnliche Position in Haider 1998 für das Deutsche). Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß Adverbien der Art und Weise den Spezifizierer eines VP-internen v-Kopfes besetzen. Weiter wird gezeigt, daß die italienische VP zumindest eine Scrambling-Position für das direkte Objekt und eine für das indirekte Objekt enthält, die zwischen dem VP-internen Subjekt und dem Manner Adverb projiziert wird. Dieses zeigt unter anderem, daß die traditionelle Annahme, daß sich sämtliche funktionale Projektionen im Italienischen außerhalb der VP befinden, revidiert werden muß. Zuletzt wird gezeigt, daß Objekte, die sich in eine der beiden neu eingeführten Positionen innerhalb der VP bewegen, als spezifisch interpretiert werden müssen, wie es für Objekte, die sich in derivierten Positionen befinden, zu erwarten ist.
The paper gives an analysis of the syntactic structure of the verbal phrase in Italian. First, the generation of manner adverbs inside the VP will be shown (for a similar position, see Haider 1998 on German). It will be suggested that manner adverbs assume a specifier position in the VP-intern head. Further it will be shown that the Italian VP contains at least one scrambling position for the direct and one for the indirect object, which will be projected between the VP-intern subject and the manner adverb. This shows, among other things, that the traditional assumption must be revised that in Italian, all functional projections are positioned outside the VP. It will finally be shown that object moving into one of the two newly introduced positions must be interpreted specifically, as is to be expected of objects in a derived position.
Die Partikel allein. Klassifizierungs- und Bedeutungsprobleme
Authors: Brauße Ursula
Published: August 2021

Allein hat auf den ersten Blick die drei gleichen Verwendungsmöglichkeiten wie nur: eine restriktive, eine bewertend, graduierend oder skalar genannte, und eine adversative. (Nur hat zusätzlich eine vierte Verwendung als Modalpartikel, die allein nicht hat). Diese Auffächerung des Bedeutungsspektrums genuin restriktiver Partikeln ist keine nur einzelsprachliche Erscheinung, sie wurde auch in anderen Sprachen nachgewiesen (vgl. engl. only).
Ein näherer Vergleich der Verwendungsweisen von allein mit denen von nur zeigt jedoch Differenzen verschiedener Art:
1. Allein hat grundsätzlich weniger Möglichkeiten der syntaktischen Variabilität als nur.
2. Auch die semantische Variantenbildung ist eingeschränkter. Die restriktive und die adversative Bedeutung von allein werden als veraltend bezeichnet. Die evaluative Bedeutung von allein ist von anderer Art als die skalare Bedeutung von nur.
Ausblick: Die vom Mannheimer Korpus dokumentierte heutige Verwendung von allein lässt die Vermutung zu, dass z. Z. eine Aufteilung der semantischen Funktionen zwischen nur und allein stattfindet. Das sehr große Übergewicht des Vorkommens liegt in neueren Korpora auf allein évaluatif. Diese Bedeutung hat keine Entsprechung bei nur. Die restriktive und adversative Funktion dagegen wird heute überwiegend durch nur wahrgenommen, bei allein sind diese Funktionen im Verschwinden begriffen.
Allein has the same types of use like nur on first sight: one restrictive, one evaluative, one grading or scalar and one adversative. (Nur has one fourth type additionally, the use as a modal particle, which allein doesn't have.) This faning of meanings of genuine restrictive particles is not only typical for one language, but is also proved for only.
As one result of comparison of allein and nur there are some differences:
1. Allein is syntactically not as flexible as nur.
2. There are not so much semantic variants of allein then of nur.The restrictive and the adversative meaning of allein is archaic. The evaluative meaning of allein ist different from the scalar meaning of nur.
Outlook: The nowadays appearances types of nur and allein like found in Mannheimer corpus allows to suppose that there is a sharing of semantic functions between nur and allein. Allein évaluatif has the priority in newest corpora. This meaning is not typical for nur. The restrictive and the adversative functions are carried by nur, whereas allein lost this functions.
Fokusdomäne von Gradpartikeln im Deutschen und Russischen
Authors: Poljakova Svetlana
Published: August 2021

Der Artikel beschäftigt sich mit einer Gruppe skalarer Fokuspartikeln (Gradpartikeln) im Deutschen und Russischen. Das Ziel ist, einen groben Überblick über Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede in der Syntax von sogar/dazhe-Gruppen zu geben. Das erfolgt mit Hilfe der Fokusdomäne (im Sinne von Selkirk 1995), die als interner Skopus von Gradpartikeln verstanden wird (anstelle von 'Fokus' oder nur 'Skopus'). Fokusdomäne ist eine strukturelle Sequenz, die die Syntax und die Prosodie vereint. Auf diese Weise ist es möglich, umgangssprachliche Verwendungen von Gradpartikeln besser zu berücksichtigen. Ein bemerkenswertes Ergebnis dieser Studie ist, daß das Russische die Gradpartikelpositionen primär mit Hilfe prosodischer Kriterien reguliert, während im Deutschen syntaktische Regeln den Vorrang besitzen.
This article deals with the groups of scalar focus particles (grading particles=Gradpartikeln) in German and Russian. The aim is to provide a rough overview of similarities and differences in the syntax of sogar/dazhe groups. The method is to use the term 'focus domain' (in the sense of Selkirk 1995) for internal sentence scope of a grading particle (instead of only 'focus' or only 'scope'). Focus domain is a structure sequence, which unites syntax and prosody. With this option it is possible to pay more attention to some colloquial types of constructions with grading particles. One remarkable result of this study is the fact that Russian usually regulates the position of a grading particle with prosodic criteria, while German has syntactic rules regarding the first position.
Two characterization methods of ripple errors for the large square aperture
Authors: Fei Wenhui , Zhao Lei , Bai Jian , Hou Jing , Yan Hao , Wang Kaiwei
Published: August 2021

The specification and characterization of mid-spatial-frequency (MSF) ripples for the large-square-aperture optical elements, typically used in high-power laser systems, have received considerable critical attention. It is necessary to resort to a simple and robust way to characterize error surfaces for facilitating prediction of performance degradation and guiding the fabrication and tolerance settings. In this paper, we characterize residual periodic surface undulations called ripple errors for the large square aperture generated from modern subapertures and deterministic optical fabrication techniques through two methods, taking a step from qualitative judgment to quantitative analysis. The cross artifact reduction technology, instead of traditional windowed preprocessing, is introduced into power spectral density to suppress spectrum leakage while retaining the information about the part. An efficient algorithm to generate Legendre moments for two-dimensional Legendre polynomials is proposed to quantify ripple errors. This work contributes to understanding the optical degradation caused by MSF errors and associating the design and performance index with surface parametric description.
Towards a shared understanding of sustainability for neglected tropical disease programs
Authors: Glenn Jeffrey , Adams Aparna Barua , Sankar Girija , Henry Carolyn , Palacio Karen , Thuo Wangeci , Williams Katherine
Published: August 2021

Background

Sustainability within neglected tropical disease (NTD) programs is a complex and challenging issue. The need for a shared understanding about what sustainability means for NTD programs is more important than ever as stakeholders are currently realigning for the next decade of NTD programming with the launch of WHO’s new NTD roadmap for 2012–2030. The aim of this paper is to assess different perspectives to generate a working definition of sustainability for NTD programs.

Methodology/Principal findings

This study surveyed affiliates of the NTD NGO Network (NNN) about their definitions of sustainability and then analyzed the data using an inductive and deductive process. The research team drafted a sustainability statement based on the survey findings and then solicited and incorporated feedback on the statement from a diverse group of expert reviewers. The final statement includes a working definition of sustainability for NTD programs that highlights three key essential components to sustainability: domestic commitment, responsive resource mobilization, and accountability.

Conclusions/Significance

This research resulted in a sustainability statement, based on a survey and extensive consultation with stakeholders, that represents a starting point for shared understanding around the concept of sustainability for NTD programs. Future collaborative work should build off this definition and seek to incorporate indicators for sustainability into programmatic decision-making.
Innovative tracking, active search and follow-up strategies for new leprosy cases in the female prison population
Authors: Silva Claudia Maria Lincoln , Bernardes Filho Fred , Voltan Glauber , Santana Jaci Maria , Leite Marcel Nani , Lima Filipe Rocha , Santana Luisiane de Avila , de Paula Natália Aparecida , Onofre Patricia Toscano Barreto Nogueira , Marques-Junior Wilson , Tomaz Vanessa Aparecida , Pinese Carmem Sílvia Vilela , Frade Marco Andrey Cipriani
Published: August 2021

Background

Regarding the leprosy transmission through the upper airways, overcrowded locations such as prisons can become a risk to get sick. Like the leprosy hidden endemic demonstrated in male prison population, being interesting to assess the leprosy scene also among confined women.

Methods

A prospective descriptive study conducted at Female Penitentiary, Brazil. Leprosy Suspicion Questionnaire (LSQ) were applied to the participants, and submitted to specialized dermatoneurological exam, peripheral nerve ultrasonography, and anti-PGL-I serology.

Findings

404 female inmates were evaluated, 14 new cases were diagnosed (LG-leprosy group), a new case detection rate (NCDR) of 3.4%, 13 multibacillary, while another 390 constituted the Non-Leprosy group (NLG). Leprosy cases were followed up during multidrug therapy with clinical improvement. The confinement time median was 31 months in LG, similar to NLG, less than the time of leprosy incubation. Regarding LSQ, the neurological symptoms reached the highest x2 values as Q1–numbness (5.6), Q3–anesthetizes areas in the skin (7.5), Q5–Stinging sensation (5.8), and Q7–pain in the nerves (34.7), while Q4-spots on the skin was 4.94. When more than one question were marked in the LSQ means a 12.8-fold higher to have the disease than a subject who marked only one or none. The high 34% rate of anti-PGL-I seropositivity in the penitentiary, higher levels in LG than NLG. Three additional leprosy cases each were diagnosed on the second (n = 66) and third (n = 14) reevaluations 18 and 36 months after the initial one. Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments demonstrated lower limbs (32.2%) more affected than the upper limbs (25%) with improvement during the follow-up.

Interpretation

The NCDR in this population showed an hidden endemic of leprosy as well as the efficacy of a search action on the part of a specialized team with the aid of the LSQ and anti-PGL-I serology as an auxiliary tracking tools.
Optimal exit choice during highway tunnel evacuations based on the fire locations
Authors: Wang Yuchen , Ma Jianxiao , Liu Yuhang , Bai Yingjia , Xu Le
Published: August 2021

In the case of a fire, the choice of exit in the highway tunnel is strictly limited by fire location, which seriously affects the evacuation time. A spontaneous or disorderly exit choice might result in a decreased evacuation efficiency and utilization rate of exits. In this paper, we propose a strategy to obtain the optimal exit choice based on fire location during highway tunnel evacuations. In our strategy, first, the vehicle distributions and locations of evacuating occupants are determined in the traffic simulation program VISSIM. The evacuation simulation software BuildingEXODUS is employed to obtain the corresponding parameters of the evacuation process and analyze the impacts of different fire locations on the evacuation time. During the analysis, the optimal productivity statistics (OPS) is selected as the evaluation index. Then, the feature points of the crowding occupants are captured by the fuzzy c-means (FCM) cluster algorithm. Next, based on the feature points, the relationship between the location of the fire and boundary of the optimal exit choice under the optimal OPS is obtained through the polynomial regression model. It is found that the R-squared(R2) and sum of squares for error (SSE) of the polynomial regression model, reflecting the accuracy estimation, are 98.02% and 2.79×10−4, respectively. Moreover, different fire locations impact the evacuation time of tunnel entrance and evacuation passageway. This paper shows that the location of the fire and boundary of optimal exit choice have a negative linear correlation. Taking the fire 110 m away from the evacuation passageway as an example, the OPS of our strategy can be decreased by 35.6% when compared with no strategies. Our proposed strategy could be applied to determine the location of variable evacuation signs to help evacuating occupants make optimal exit choices.
Research on the use intention of potential designers of unmanned cars based on technology acceptance model
Authors: Huang Tianyang
Published: August 2021

The success of unmanned car, an emerging tool of transportation with so many advantages, depends to a large extent on its user acceptability. Potential designers are both the decision makers of driverless car design and the users of driverless cars. This study aims to explore the influencing factors of the potential designers’ intention to use unmanned cars. Based on the theory of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), this study further expanded the TAM by incorporating perceived trust, perceived enjoyment and self-efficacy, so as to explain and predict potential designers’ intention to use unmanned cars. The questionnaire is determined through theoretical literature, pre-tests, etc., and the Structural Equation Model is used to analyze the data of 202 valid survey samples to investigate the influencing factors of the willingness to use unmanned vehicles. The results show that potential designers’ intention to use unmanned cars is positively affected by perceived trust, perceived enjoyment, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, and perceived trust has a positive effect on perceived ease of use, self-efficacy and perceived ease of use also have a positive effect on perceived usefulness. The findings of this study can provide designers and developers of unmanned cars, policy makers and implementers with guidance in the follow-up design, policy formulation and advertising of unmanned cars.
Quantifying the impact of COVID-19 on e-bike safety in China via multi-output and clustering-based regression models
Authors: Yan Xingpei , Zhu Zheng
Published: August 2021

The impacts of COVID-19 on travel demand, traffic congestion, and traffic safety are attracting heated attention. However, the influence of the pandemic on electric bike (e-bike) safety has not been investigated. This paper fills the research gap by analyzing how COVID-19 affects China’s e-bike safety based on a province-level dataset containing e-bike safety metrics, socioeconomic information, and COVID-19 cases from 2017 to 2020. Multi-output regression models are adopted to investigate the overall impact of COVID-19 on e-bike safety in China. Clustering-based regression models are used to examine the heterogeneous effects of COVID-19 and the other explanatory variables in different provinces/municipalities. This paper confirms the high relevance between COVID-19 and the e-bike safety condition in China. The number of COVID-19 cases has a significant negative effect on the number of e-bike fatalities/injuries at the country level. Moreover, two clusters of provinces/municipalities are identified: one (cluster 1) with lower and the other (cluster 2 that includes Hubei province) higher number of e-bike fatalities/injuries. In the clustering-based regressions, the absolute coefficients of the COVID-19 feature for cluster 2 are much larger than those for cluster 1, indicating that the pandemic could significantly reduce e-bike safety issues in provinces with more e-bike fatalities/injuries.