bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Restructuring Electrolyte Solvation by a Versatile Diluent Toward Beyond 99.9% Coulombic Efficiency of Sodium Plating/Stripping at Ultralow Temperatures
Authors: Hu Liang , Deng Jiaojiao , Lin Yuxiao , Liang Qinghua , Ge Bingcheng , Weng Qingsong , Bai Yu , Li Yunsong , Deng Yonghong , Chen Guohua , Yu Xiaoliang
Published: January 2024

The reversible and durable operation of sodium metal batteries at low temperatures (LT) is essential for cold‐climate applications but is plagued by dendritic Na plating and unstable solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI). Current Coulombic efficiencies of sodium plating/stripping at LT fall far below 99.9%, representing a significant performance gap yet to be filled. Here, the solvation structure of the conventional 1 m NaPF6 in diglyme electrolyte by facile cyclic ether (1,3‐dioxolane, DOL) dilution is efficiently reconfigured. DOL diluents help shield the Na+‐PF6− Coulombic interaction and intermolecular forces of diglyme, leading to anomalously high Na+‐ion conductivity. Besides, DOL participates in the solvation sheath and weakens the chelation of Na+ by diglyme for facilitated desolvation. More importantly, it promotes concentrated electron cloud distribution around PF6− in the solvates and promotes their preferential decomposition. A desired inorganic‐rich SEI is generated with compositional uniformity, high ionic conductivity, and high Young's modulus. Consequently, a record‐high Coulombic efficiency over 99.9% is achieved at an ultralow temperature of −55 °C, and a 1 Ah capacity pouch cell of initial anode‐free sodium metal battery retains 95% of the first discharge capacity over 100 cycles at −25 °C. This study thus provides new insights for formulating electrolytes toward increased Na reversibility at LT.
Flexible Double‐Layer Adjustable Frequency Selective Surfaces Based on 3D Cross‐Shaped Kirigami Structure
Authors: Zhu Yunfan , Dong Yuzhuo , Ji Dongcan , Meng Xianhong , Xue Zhaoguo , Fan Xuanqing , Li Yuhang
Published: January 2024

Frequency‐selective surfaces (FSS) with flexible treatment can be employed in various applications. This paper develops a mechanically constructed flexible double‐layer adjustable FSS based on a 3D cross‐shaped kirigami structure design. Through mechanical stretching, the kirigami structure partly adhered to the ecoflex substrate enables this FSS to modulate the resonant frequencies of two filter bands synchronously. Meanwhile, the structural deformation triggered by mechanical stretching may function as a switch to adjust the filter band with a higher resonant frequency. According to the results of EM experiments and simulations, in the absence of stretching, the undeformed FSS with a double‐layer structure has two filter bands. Compared to the undeformed configuration, the stretching induces structural deformation, which results in apparent resonant frequency shifts of both the two filter bands and the contraction of the filter band with higher resonant frequency. A buckling model that has been theoretically, cumulatively, and experimentally proven is utilized to investigate the structural deformation of this FSS caused by stretching. It is convenient to switch flexible double‐layer adjustable FSS' deformation by mechanical method. This flexible double‐layer adjustable FSS offers a new design strategy for the application of FSS, paving the route for new developments in electromagnetic compatibility.
Aryne‐Based Synthesis of Cyclobutadiene‐Containing Oligoacenes and Related Extended Biphenylene Derivatives
Authors: Álvarez Berta , Janeiro Jesús , Cobas Agustín , Ortuño Manuel A. , Peña Diego , Guitián Enrique , Pérez Dolores
Published: January 2024

A previously undescribed aryne derived from a π‐extended biphenylene, 2,3‐didehydrobenzo[b]biphenylene, has been developed. The participation of this new aryne building block in [4+2] and palladium‐catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition reactions has been applied to the synthesis of a variety of polycyclic conjugated hydrocarbons (PCHs) with appealing structures which combine (aromatic) benzene and (antiaromatic) cyclobutadiene (CBD) rings. Among them, a family of unsubstituted (or barely substituted) CBD‐oligoacenes has been accessed by iterative Diels‐Alder reactions of the new aryne with furans and/or isobenzofurans, followed by deoxygenative aromatization of the resulting epoxy‐derivatives. The experimental and computational studies of the newly synthesized PCHs suggest an important degree of electron delocalization along the polycyclic skeleton, more pronounced in the linearly fused derivatives. The computed ACID plots reveal clockwise current density vectors at the peripheral bonds, originating from the σ contributions of the antiaromatic cyclobutadiene rings.
Electrochemical Stereoselective Synthesis of (Z)‐Allyl Aryl Selenides and Sulfides from Baylis‐Hillman Acetates
Authors: Sun Li , Xia Mengcan , Yu Guorui , Liu Sheng , Wu Yafei , Zhao Kun , Mao Biming
Published: January 2024

This research presents a method for the oxidative selenylation and thiolylation of Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman adducts through constant‐current electrolysis in an undivided cell at room temperature. The reaction enables direct production of trisubstituted (Z)‐allyl aryl selenides and sulfides with yields of 27–98%. A wide variety of different functionalities are well tolerated under these reaction conditions. This strategy could be carried out on gram scale and several synthetic transformations were accomplished for the construction of other allyl selenide derivatives. Control experiments and mechanistic studies indicate a radical or an ionic addition pathway for this electrochemical transformation.
Mg─Bi─Fe‐Oxides/Graphene Electrodes for the Fabrication of Efficient Supercapacitors and Their Use to Accelerate the Growth of Bean Plants
Authors: Rios‐Orihuela J.F. , Esquivel‐Castro T.A. , Vazquez‐Lepe M. , Gomez‐Solis C. , Rodriguez‐Gonzalez V. , Rosu H.C. , Oliva J.
Published: January 2024

Ecofriendly supercapacitors (SCs) are fabricated with graphene electrodes printed on recycled‐plastics and utilized seawater as electrolyte. Those devices produced an energy density and capacitance of 50.4 Wh kg−1 and 250.4 F g−1, respectively. Later, a mixture of Bi─Mg─Fe─O (BMO) oxides is added to the SC electrodes and the capacitance of the devices increased up to 209%. Subsequently, SC electrodes are recovered from used/tested devices and utilized as “seed mats” to grow bean plants. For this purpose, pinto bean seeds are wrapped with recycled SC electrodes and later subjected to a germination treatment together with control seeds. The germination parameters are calculated from the bean plants and found that: 1) 100% of the seeds initially wrapped with the SC electrodes germinated, in contrast, only 88.9% of the control seeds germinated and 2) The bean plants grown with the seed mats has the longest roots/shoots. This occurred because the seed mats have Mg/Fe micronutrients on their surface as well as OH/COOH groups (coming from the seawater), which promote the germination and growth of bean plants. The results of this research demonstrated that SC electrodes coated with BMO can be used as a substrate to promote the growth of bean plants, which is of interest for sustainable agriculture.
Lateral Migration‐based Flash‐like Synaptic Device for Hybrid Off‐chip/On‐chip Training
Authors: Park Min‐Kyu , Hwang Joon , Lee Kyung Min , Woo Sung Yun , Kim Jae‐Joon , Bae Jong‐Ho , Lee Jong‐Ho
Published: January 2024

An increase in the demand for artificial intelligence is leading to advanced research in the field of neuromorphic systems, which imitate human brain functions with the hope of increasing computational speed and lowering power consumption. Especially, the development of energy‐efficient and reliable synaptic devices is critical as synapses are fundamental building blocks of neuromorphic systems. In this study, by adjusting the charge injection pathway of conventional flash memory devices, a lateral migration‐based synaptic device is proposed. Using the efficient program/erase method, the proposed device is operable at a significantly low voltage while maintaining formidable retention and endurance characteristics. Furthermore, an efficient hybrid off‐chip/on‐chip training method using the proposed device is presented. The results demonstrate a variation‐robust neuromorphic system, indicating the superiority of the proposed device.
A fatal septic shock caused by Capnocytophaga gingivalis potentially associated with COVID‐19: A case report
Authors: Miyazaki Dai , Kunishige Chika , Sano Shigeru , Urakawa Kahoru , Okamoto Kana , Morishita Naomi , Iwata Kentaro
Published: January 2024

Background

Capnocytophaga spp. is associated with fulminant sepsis, particularly in those with immunosuppression. We here report a rare case of fatal fulminant septic shock caused by C. gingivalis, concurrent with COVID‐19.

Case Presentation

A Japanese woman developed septic shock, which led to her death. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of the respiratory specimen was positive for SARS‐CoV‐2, and a CT scan of the chests revealed bilateral ground glass opacities. The blood cultures identified C. gingivalis. The patient had rheumatoid arthritis and was taking prednisone orally. There were no splenic abnormalities shown on the CT scan.

Conclusion

A rare case of fulminant septic shock caused by C. gingivalis, together with COVID‐19 was identified. The precise pathogenesis of this combination, together with the best treatment option should be sought by further studies.
Janus Single‐Layer CoClBr: A Direct Ferromagnetic Semiconductor with Controllable BandGap and Enhanced Magnetic Anisotropy Under Strain
Authors: Xu Lijun , Wan Wenhui , Peng Yiran , Ge Yanfeng , Liu Yong
Published: January 2024

The 2D materials with both ferromagnetism and semiconducting properties are desirable for spintronics applications. Here, inspired by the successful synthesis of single‐layer CoCl, it predicts that Janus single‐layer CoClBr is a 2D intrinsic ferromagnetic semiconductor with a direct bandgap of 3.71 eV by first‐principles calculations. Single‐layer CoClBr exhibits an in‐plane magnetic anisotropic energy (MAE) of 542.25 eV per Co atom and a Curie temperature (T) of 89.49 K. Biaxial strain can effectively modulate its bandgap, MAE, and T, but will not change the ferromagnetic ground state. Compressive strain can increase the Curie temperature and switch the spin moment from in‐plane direction to out‐of‐plane direction. Tensile strain can enlarge the bandgap and introduce a direct‐to‐indirect bandgap transition in CoClBr. The MAE of CoClBr reaches 391.73 eV per Co atom and 1560.49 eV per Co atom at a compressive strain of ‐2% and a tensile strain of 5%, respectively. The tunable electronic and magnetic properties of Janus single‐layer CoClBr has potential application in low‐dimensional spintronics devices.
Synthesis of Topological Gels by Penetrating Polymerization Using a Molecular Net
Authors: Ohya Yuichi , Dohi Ryota , Seko Fumika , Nakazawa Yuto , Mizuguchi Ken‐ichiro , Shinzaki Kosei , Yasui Takahiko , Ogawa Hiroaki , Kato Shizuka , Yoshizaki Yuta , Murase Nobuo , Kuzuya Akinori
Published: January 2024

Topological gels possess structures that are cross‐linked only via physical constraints; ideally, no attractive intermolecular interactions act between their components, which yields interesting physical properties. However, most reported previous topological gels were synthesized based on supramolecular interlocked structures such as polyrotaxane, for which attractive intermolecular interactions are essential. Here, we synthesize a water‐soluble “molecular net” (MN) with a large molecular weight and three‐dimensional network structure using poly(ethylene glycol). When a water‐soluble monomer (N‐isopropylacrylamide) is polymerized in the presence of the MNs, the extending polymer chains penetrates the MNs to form an ideal topological MN gel with no specific attractive interactions between its components. The MN gels show unique physical properties as well a significantly high degree of swelling and high extensibility due to slipping of the physical cross‐linking. We postulate this method to yield a new paradigm in gel science with unprecedented physical properties.
Solid‐Liquid Interfacial Engineered Large‐Area Two‐Dimensional Covalent Organic Framework Films
Authors: Hong Jiaxin , Liu Minghui , Liu Youxing , Shang Shengcong , Wang Xinyu , Du Changsheng , Gao Wenqiang , Hua Chunyu , Xu Helin , You Zewen , Liu Yunqi , Chen Jianyi
Published: January 2024

Constructing uniform covalent organic framework (COF) film on substrates for electronic devices is highly desirable. Here, a simple and mild strategy is developed to prepare them by polymerization on a solid‐liquid interface. The universality of the method is confirmed by the successful preparation of five COF films with different microstructures. These films have large lateral size, controllable thickness, and high crystalline quality. And COF patterns can also be directly achieved on substrates via hydrophilic and hydrophobic interface engineering, which is in favor of preparing device array. For application studies, the PyTTA‐TPA (PyTTA: 4,4′,4′′,4′′′‐(1,3,6,8‐Tetrakis(4‐aminophenyl)pyrene and TPA: terephthalaldehyde) COF film has a high photoresponsivity of 59.79 μA W−1 at 420 nm for photoelectrochemical (PEC) detection. When employed as an active material for optoelectronic synaptic devices for the first attempt, it shows excellent light‐stimulated synaptic plasticity properties such as short‐term plasticity (STP), long‐term plasticity (LTP), and the conversion of STP to LTP, which can be used to simulate biological synaptic functions.
Combining Multiple Photosensitizer Modules into One Supramolecular System for Synergetic Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Li Zhikai , Zhang Zhijun , Ma Lingzhi , Wen Haifei , Kang Miaomiao , Li Danxia , Zhang Wenjing , Luo Siqi , Wang Weiguo , Zhang Mingming , Wang Dong , Li Haiyang , Li Xiaopeng , Wang Heng
Published: January 2024

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), as an emerging cancer treatment, requires the development of highly desirable photosensitizers (PSs) with integrated functional groups to achieve enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Coordination‐driven self‐assembly (CDSA) would provide an alternative approach for combining multiple PSs synergistically. Here, we demonstrate a simple yet powerful strategy of combining conventional chromophores (tetraphenylethylene, porphyrin, or Zn‐porphyrin) with pyridinium salt PSs together through condensation reactions, followed by CDSA to construct a series of novel metallo‐supramolecular PSs (S1–S3). The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is dramatically enhanced by the direct combination of two different PSs, and further reinforced in the subsequent ensembles. Among all the ensembles, S2 with two porphyrin cores shows the highest ROS generation efficiency, specific interactions with lysosome, and strong emission for probing cells. Moreover, the cellular and living experiments confirm that S2 has excellent PDT efficacy, biocompatibility, and biosafety. As such, this study will enable the development of more efficient PSs with potential clinical applications.
Comparative study of a low phosphorous co‐polymer inhibitor with commercial scale inhibitors used in cooling water systems
Authors: Wang Liang‐Chen , Che Yao , Zhu Yan‐Rong , Guo Shun‐Liang , Ma Wei , Zhao Qing‐Li , Li Gang , Wang Liang‐Bi
Published: January 2024

To reduce the economic loss caused by scale formation and corrosion of equipment and pipelines, a low phosphorus polymer scale inhibitor is synthesized and characterized, the ability of the polymer to mitigate the calcium scale and the influences of operating conditions on CaCO3 scale are investigated by static tests. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies are performed to understand the morphological changes of the scales in the presence of the polymer. The interaction between polymer molecules and calcite crystal surface is studied by molecular dynamics simulation. The synthesized polymer is compared with the commercial product such as hydrolysis polymaleic acid (HPMA), polyacrylic acid (PAA), and 1‐hydroxy ethylidene‐1,1‐diphosphonic acid (HEDP). The experimental results show that the polymer shows better inhibition of calcium scale than the commercial product. The scale inhibition efficiency of the polymer is 92% at 10 mg/L for CaCO3 scale, 83% at 14 mg/L for Ca3(PO4)2 scale, and 98% at 6 mg/L for CaSO4 scale. SEM and XRD analysis show that the polymer induces the conversion of CaCO3 from calcite to arachite and crystal. The interaction of the polymer with both 104 and 1–10 calcite crystal surfaces are more stable than that of commercial product. The experimental results are in good agreement with those of molecular dynamics simulation.
Development of biopolymer composite films based on chicory extract reinforced polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan blend via green approach for flexible optoelectrical devices
Authors: Ramesan M. T. , Kalladi Ayisha Jemshiya , Labeeba Abdulla A. C. , Sunojkumar P. , Bahuleyan B. K.
Published: January 2024

Biopolymer blend composite films based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan (CS) incorporated with varying amounts of chicory extract (CE) have been developed by the green solution casting technique. The impact of CE content on structural, thermal, mechanical and electrical properties was thoroughly examined. The existence of intermolecular interactions in the blend composite was confirmed by Fourier‐transform infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy. The x‐ray diffraction pattern proved the successful preparation of PVA/CS/CE composite film. The scanning electron microscopy images of the composites showed shape and grain size for the different bio‐filler contents. The thermal transition temperature of the blend composites was significantly improved by the addition of CE extract deduced from differential scanning calorimetry. The dielectric study showed that the permittivity remarkably increases with decreasing frequency and maximum dielectric constant was observed for 15 wt% loading. The activation energy obtained from the AC conductivity decreased as the temperature increased. The addition of CE extract improved the hardness and tensile strength of the PVA/CS blend composite in comparison with a pristine pure blend. The controllable mechanical, thermal, optical, and electrical characteristics of the PVA/CS blend composite suggest that it might be an attractive optical material for the advancement of futuristic flexible‐type optoelectronic and energy storage systems.
Collaborative methods identify a remote global diversity hotspot of threatened, large‐bodied rhino rays
Authors: Bateman Rebecca L. , Morgan David L. , Wueringer Barbara E. , McDavitt Matthew , Lear Karissa O.
Published: January 2024

North‐western Australia is considered a refuge to several highly threatened elasmobranch species, but there has been little research effort targeting lesser known, large‐bodied rhino rays. This study identified 2,343 records of globally threatened rays of the order Rhinopristiformes from the Pilbara region of Western Australia, with a focus on the Ningaloo Coast World Heritage Area and adjacent Exmouth Gulf.

Occurrence data were compiled from various sources including commercial fishing reports (35%), citizen science records (34%), targeted scientific surveys (30%) and published literature (1%). The region was inhabited by all of Australia's Pristidae (four sawfish species), all of Australia's Rhinidae (three wedgefish species) and the sole Australian representative of the Glaucostegidae (giant shovelnose ray). Of the 2,343 records, ~49% were sawfishes, while giant guitarfish and wedgefishes contributed to ~33% and 18% of records, respectively.

The Exmouth Gulf appears to be a globally important refuge and pupping area for green sawfish (Pristis zijsron) which was the most commonly encountered pristid. Bottlenose wedgefish (Rhynchobatus australiae) were the most commonly identified rhinid, with less frequent encounters of shark rays (Rhina ancylostoma) and eyebrow wedgefish (Rhynchobatus palpebratus). The Ningaloo Coast World Heritage Area and adjacent Exmouth Gulf host all life stages of giant shovelnose ray (Glaucostegus typus).

The combined use of several data sources has highlighted the study region as a ‘lifeboat’ for these globally threatened large‐bodied rays. These data are essential in creating effective conservation and management plans in this globally important refuge, and are highly relevant to global conservation initiatives.
Multiple shareholding institutional investors and green governance of heavy‐polluting industries
Authors: Lyu Fengguang , Zhang Zhiping , Fu Guangxin , Liu Zhangxin (Frank) , Treepongkaruna Sirimon
Published: January 2024

Green governance in heavily polluting industries is crucial for achieving sustainable economic growth. By analyzing Chinese A‐share listed companies from these industries between of 2010 and 2021, we assess the influence of multiple shareholding institutional investors (MSII) on a company's environmental performance. We find that MSIIs can improve environmental performance, highlighting their positive role in green governance. Further analyses reveal that this green influence stems from three key effects: supervisory oversight by principal shareholders, managerial incentives, and knowledge transfer. Consistent with the risk‐averse hypothesis, our study also suggests that MSIIs could drive the green transformation of heavy‐polluting industries out of risk aversion.
Flexible wearable energy storage devices: Materials, structures, and applications
Authors: Zhang Qi , Gao Xuan‐Wen , Liu Xiao , Mu Jian‐Jia , Gu Qinfen , Liu Zhaomeng , Luo Wen‐Bin
Published: January 2024

Wearable electronics are expected to be light, durable, flexible, and comfortable. Many fibrous, planar, and tridimensional structures have been designed to realize flexible devices that can sustain geometrical deformations, such as bending, twisting, folding, and stretching normally under the premise of relatively good electrochemical performance and mechanical stability. As a flexible electrode for batteries or other devices, it possesses favorable mechanical strength and large specific capacity and preserves efficient ionic and electronic conductivity with a certain shape, structure, and function. To fulfill flexible energy‐storage devices, much effort has been devoted to the design of structures and materials with mechanical characteristics. This review attempts to critically review the state of the art with respect to materials of electrodes and electrolyte, the device structure, and the corresponding fabrication techniques as well as applications of the flexible energy storage devices. Finally, the limitations of materials and preparation methods, the functions, and the working conditions of devices in the future were discussed and presented.
Late recurrence of a single gland primary hyperparathyroidism—Atypical parathyroid adenoma or misdiagnosed parathyroid carcinoma
Authors: Kotliarevskaia Jessica , Siebolts Udo , Dralle Henning , Schuppert Frank
Published: January 2024

Key Clinical Message

This case report aims to raise awareness of differential diagnoses of hypercalcemia and primary hyperparathyroidism, including parathyroid carcinoma and atypical adenoma, and to highlight the diagnostic challenges.

Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare and often fatal cause of primary hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcemia. To date, there is still no clear‐cut diagnostic pathway for parathyroid carcinoma established, which results in major diagnostic ambiguity and complexity. Clinical differentiation between benign parathyroid adenoma and carcinoma is challenging and ultimately the diagnosis remains histopathological. We present a case of a 58‐year‐old female patient with parathyroid tumor recurrence after parathyroidectomy because of primary hyperparathyroidism. The first tumor was histologically classified as an atypical parathyroid adenoma by a specialized endocrine pathologist. Eleven years after the primary tumor resection a new tumor recurred. Retrospectively, after the tumor recurrence, the primary diagnosis of the atypical adenoma was questioned, and the tumor was temporarily classified to rather be a parathyroid carcinoma. This case aims to raise awareness for the diagnostic challenge of parathyroid carcinomas as a rare cause of primary hyperparathyroidism and therewith to improve treatment and prognosis.
Mechanochemical Synthesis of Solid Catalysts and Application in Catalytic Reaction
Authors: Yang Lin , Pan Zhendong , Tian Zhijian
Published: January 2024

Mechanochemistry emerges as a promising and environment‐friendly method and has been widely applied in synthesis of solid catalysts. The catalyst with high surface area, uniform pore size, highly dispersed active metal and even single‐atom active metal can be synthesized by the mechanochemical approach. The mechanical agitation can give the catalyst unique properties, reflected in defect generation, structural arrangement and modified interaction, which is difficult to achieve by traditional synthesis methods. These unique structures of catalysts prepared by mechanochemical method lead to outstanding catalytic activity and excellent stability in the catalytic reaction. This review aims to summarize the recent advances in mechanochemical preparation of solid catalyst and application in catalytic reaction.
Selective Zn/Na Ions Insertion into FePO4 Positive Electrode Tuned by Counter Anions in Aqueous Zn‐Based Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Shimizu Masahiro , Tsuchikane Koki , Inoue Junki , Arai Susumu
Published: January 2024

Toward the construction of rechargeable batteries utilizing Zn metal has a high theoretical capacity, one of the solutions is to combine with the insertion/deinsertion of Na ions into/from hosts, but in the presence of two coexisting metal cations in dual‐salt electrolytes, it has been often left to spontaneity to determine which cations the host materials react with preferentially. The hybrid aqueous electrolytes containing 1 m Zn‐salt and 6 m Na‐salt were used, and the counter anions were TFSA− and Cl−, respectively. In the TFSA‐based electrolyte, the ligands for Zn ions and Na ions are water molecules to form positively‐charged hydrated cations. In contrast, for the Cl‐based electrolyte, Zn ions undergo partially solvation of Cl− to be stabilized as [ZnCl4(H2O)2]2− with negative charges while Na ions are predominantly hydrated. The galvanostatic discharge/charge tests, AC impedance measurements, and field‐emission electron probe micro analyzer revealed that in the Zn(TFSA)2/NaTFSA system, where both the cations are positively charged, Zn ions with higher charge density were inserted into the FePO4. On the other hand, in the ZnCl2/NaCl system, the FePO4 accommodated Na ions positively charged in the electrolyte solution rather than negatively charged Zn ions.
Rational design of new in situ reduction of Ni(II) catalytic system for low‐cost and large‐scale preparation of porous aromatic frameworks
Authors: Wang Shanshan , Wu Yue , Zhang Wenxiang , Ren Hao , Zhu Guangshan , Ma Heping
Published: January 2024

Porous aromatic framework 1 (PAF‐1) is an extremely representative nanoporous organic framework owing to its high stability and exceptionally high surface area. Currently, the synthesis of PAF‐1 is catalyzed by the Ni(COD)2/COD/bpy system, suffering from great instability and high cost. Herein, we developed an in situ reduction of the Ni(II) catalytic system to synthesize PAF‐1 in low cost and high yield. The active Ni(0) species produced from the NiCl2/bpy/NaI/Mg catalyst system can effectively catalyze homocoupling of tetrakis(4‐bromophenyl)methane at the room temperature to form PAF‐1 with high Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET)‐specific surface area up to 4948 m2 g−1 (Langmuir surface area, 6785 m2 g−1). The possible halogen exchange and dehalogenation coupling mechanisms for this new catalytic process in PAF's synthesis are discussed in detail. The efficiency and universality of this innovative catalyst system have also been demonstrated in other PAFs' synthesis. This work provides a cheap, facile, and efficient method for scalable synthesis of PAFs and explores their application for high‐pressure storage of Xe and Kr.
Thermodynamic, spectroscopic, and molecular characterization of rice straw biomass for use as biofuel feedstock
Authors: Nanda Spandan , Swain Bishnupriya , Priyadarsini Amrita , Mishra Abinash , Parida Manas Ranjan , Jena Pradip Kumar , Mohanty Mahendra Kumar , Dash Manasi
Published: January 2024

India is one of the leading producers of rice in the world. Gasification and pyrolysis are two thermochemical processes. In the gasification process, biomass is transformed into syngas, which serves as an energy source. This conversion occurs under high temperatures with a carefully regulated and restricted air supply. On the other hand, pyrolysis, which transpires at lower temperatures without the presence of air, generates pyrolysis oil as a by‐product. This oil can be further refined into liquid fuels. For the purpose of investigating the feasibility of biofuel production, the current study involved the characterization of rice straw biomass using various techniques such as thermogravimetry differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen (CHNS/O), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP‐OES), among others. These analytical methods were employed to assess the potential of rice straw biomass for the production of biofuels. The existence of a significant amount of cellulose (32.1%), volatiles (approximately 67.06%), and high heating value (HHV) (13.18 MJKg−1) in rice straw inferred their capability to be used as feedstocks in the production of biofuel. The activation energy of approximately 173.20 KJ/Mol (Flynn Wall Ozawa [FWO]) indicated the viability of the burning process. From master plot (Z(α)) analysis, the experimental curve was seen passing through different theoretical curves, indicating the complex nature of the pyrolysis process for rice straw.
A drought and heat risk assessment framework for urban green infrastructure
Authors: Shehayeb Raghid , Ortlepp Regine , Schanze Jochen
Published: January 2024

Urban green infrastructure (UGI) is a prominent concept toward climate adaptation and urban resilience, but it is also affected by droughts and heat. Hence, this study aims to advance the multi‐assessment of drought and heat risks (DHRs) for UGI through the DHR assessment framework with conceptual and methodological features, paving the way toward knowledge creation and decision support. The framework was systematically developed, starting with defining the situation, analyzing concepts, and finally, constructing the framework. The situation is interpreted as a coupled human and natural system to represent the biophysical and immaterial elements, processes, and interrelations. Further, the concepts of risk, UGI, and ecosystem services lead to a risk system showing the compound hazards, the exposure, and the cascading vulnerabilities of the UGI. The DHR assessment framework distinguishes two stages, multi‐risk analysis and multi‐criteria risk evaluation. The analysis includes the definition and interpretation of the UGI situation under drought and heat conditions, analyzing the hazards, exposures, and vulnerabilities of the system, and translating the risk system into an indicator‐based information system. Hereby, the vulnerability analysis of the biophysical UGI aspects comprises the susceptibility and resilience of UGI entities, as well as the degree to which providing ecosystem functions and services can be affected. The multi‐criteria risk evaluation covers the assignment of thresholds and weights for indicators, in addition to the aggregation methods. The resulting framework intends to support local actors in the risk assessment of current and future conditions, fostering evidence‐based decisions and interventions to deal with compound DHRs.
An Atomic‐Level Perspective on the interactions between Organic Pollutants and PET particles: A Comprehensive Computational Investigation
Authors: Pulitika Anamarija , Karamanis Panaghiotis , Kovačić Marin , Božić Ana Lončarić , Kušić Hrvoje
Published: January 2024

Microplastics (MPs) have recently attracted a lot of attention worldwide due to their abundance and potentially harmful effects on the environment and on human health. One of the factors of concern is their ability to adsorb and disperse other harmful organic pollutants in the environment. To properly assess the adsorption capacity of MP for organic pollutants in different environments, it is pivotal to understand the mechanisms of their interactions in detail at the atomic level. In this work, we studied interactions between polyethylene terephthalate (PET) MP and small organic pollutants containing different functional groups within the framework of density functional theory (DFT). Our computational outcomes show that organic pollutants mainly bind to the surface of a PET model via weak non‐bonding interactions, mostly hydrogen bonds. The binding strength between pollutant molecules and PET particles strongly depends on the adsorption site while we have found that the particle size is of lesser importance. Specifically, carboxylic sites are able to form strong hydrogen bonds with pollutants containing hydrogen bond donor or acceptor groups. On the other hand, it is found that in such kind of systems π‐π interactions play a minor role in adsorption on PET particles.
Revisiting the Chemistry and Photophysics of 3‐(N‐Methylpyridinium‐4‐yl)Coumarins for Designing “Covalent‐Assembly” and “Molecular Disassembly” Fluorescent Probes**
Authors: Gaumerd Vincent , Renault Kévin , Renard Pierre‐Yves , Romieu Anthony
Published: January 2024

The constant need for high‐performance aniline‐ or phenol‐based fluorophores suitable for the construction of activity‐based fluorescent probes, led us to study both synthesis and photophysics of C3‐N‐methylpyridinium‐4‐yl substituted 7‐(dialkylamino)/7‐hydroxycoumarins. Indeed, in the field of photoactive organic molecules, the positively charged N‐alkylpyridinium‐4‐yl groups are often used as acceptor units to dramatically impact spectral features through promoting intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) processes. They are also known as effective water‐solubilizing and mitochondria targeting moieties. The poor fluorescence efficiency of cationic 7‐hydroxycoumarin derivatives in aqueous physiological conditions was highlighted and rationalized by the predominance of a neutral quinonoid form in such buffer medium. The ability of the excited singlet state (S1) of this neutral species to undergo intersystem crossing (ISC) to triplet state (T1) was partly supported by phosphorescence measurements of singlet oxygen. We also took advantage of green‐emissive properties of 7‐(diethylamino)‐3‐(N‐methylpyridinium‐4‐yl)coumarin to successfully design and validate a novel small‐molecule fluorescent probe for the detection of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), based on the “covalent‐assembly” principle. A practical use of ortho‐formylated 7‐hydroxy‐3‐(N‐methylpyridinium‐4‐yl)coumarin was next considered with the synthesis of a Fe(III)‐salen complex whose the potential as a “molecular disassembly” probe for fluorogenic sensing of pyrophosphate (PPi) anion was assessed.
Suppression of Charge Recombination by Vertical Arrangement of A Donor Moiety on Flat Planar Dyes for Efficient Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Guo Qi , Higashino Tomohiro , Adachi Rintaro , Wechwithayakhlung Chayanit , Packwood Daniel , Yamakata Akira , Imahori Hiroshi
Published: January 2024

In dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), flat planar dyes (e. g., highly light‐harvesting porphyrins and corroles) with multiple anchoring groups are known to adopt a horizontal orientation on TiO2 through the multiple binding to TiO2. Due to the strong electronic coupling between the dye and TiO2, fast charge recombination between the oxidized dye and an electron in TiO2 occurs, lowering the power conversion efficiency (η). To overcome this situation, an additional donor moiety can be placed on top of the planar dye on TiO2 to slow down the undesirable charge recombination. Here we report the synthesis and photovoltaic properties of a triarylamine (TAA)‐tethered gold(III) corrole (TAA‐AuCor). The DSSC with TAA‐AuCor using iodine redox shuttle exhibited the highest η‐value among corrole‐based DSSCs, which is much higher than that with the reference AuCor. The transient absorption spectroscopies clearly demonstrated that fast electron transfer from the TAA moiety to the corrole radical cation in TAA‐AuCor competes with the undesirable charge recombination to generate long‐lived charge separated state TAA⋅+‐Cor/TiO2⋅− efficiently. Consequently, the introduction of the TAA moiety enhanced the η‐value remarkably, demonstrating the usefulness of our new concept to manipulate charge‐separated states toward highly efficient DSSCs.
Global shutter CMOS vision sensors and event cameras for on‐chip dynamic information
Authors: Jaklin Marko , García‐Lesta Daniel , López Paula , Brea Victor M.
Published: January 2024

The on‐chip extraction of dynamic information from a scene can be addressed with either frame‐based CMOS vision, also called smart image sensors, or dynamic vision sensors, also known as event cameras. When implemented with a pinned photodiode (PPD) as a 4‐transistor active pixel sensor (4T‐APS), the former brings about the benefits of low temporal noise and dark current but without high dynamic range (HDR). The latter comes with the benefits of HDR and a fast event detection rate with low power consumption. The drawback is the background activity noise, which leads to additional hardware or algorithms to keep it low. This paperanalyses the mismatch and noise of a global shutter 4T‐APS implementation with local HDR through an overflow capacitor and correlated double sampling (CDS) to provide low noise events through frame differencing. The aim is to narrow the gap with dynamic vision sensors in terms of event rate and dynamic range. We show that our solution would be competitive with event cameras in scenarios with slow moving objects and a relatively wide dynamic range (85 dB).
Predictors of psychopathology response in atypical anorexia nervosa following inpatient treatment: A propensity score matching study of weight suppression and weight loss speed
Authors: Meneguzzo Paolo , Antoniades Athos , Garolla Alice , Tozzi Federica , Todisco Patrizia
Published: January 2024

Introduction

This study examines weight suppression (WS) and weight loss speed (WLS) in atypical anorexia nervosa (AN) and its implications for treatment outcomes, compared to people with AN and bulimia nervosa (BN).

Method

A mixed cross‐sectional and prospective design was employed, assessing WS and WLS in people with atypical AN, AN, and BN. Participants were matched for age, gender, age of onset, and disorder duration. Clinical measurements and eating disorders questionnaire (EDE‐Q) scores were employed to evaluate the response to treatment.

Results

Individuals with atypical individuals exhibited WS patterns similar to AN, distinct from BN. Rapid WLS predicted clinical responses in atypical AN and BN, underscoring its treatment relevance. Atypical AN showed higher eating psychopathology scores than AN or BN, emphasizing the need for a reframed diagnosis.

Discussion

Understanding atypical AN's connection to restrictive behaviors and weight loss informs screening, assessment, and treatment practices. Recognition of atypical AN's severity and adoption of tailored approaches are essential for recovery. This study highlights the significance of WS and WLS in atypical AN treatment outcomes, offering insights into clinical practice and care. The proposal to reframe atypical AN as a restrictive eating disorder emphasizes its clinical relevance.

Public Significance Statement

The phenomenon of weight suppression, involving the discrepancy between past highest weight and current weight, has garnered attention due to cultural pressures emphasizing fitness and appearance. This study focuses on its implications in atypical anorexia nervosa, aiming to uncover the relationship between WS, its speed, and treatment outcomes. The investigation contributes insights into tailored interventions for atypical anorexia nervosa and enriches the understanding of this complex disorder's dynamics.
Native herbivore browsing alters plant physical and chemical traits in a eucalypt forest understory
Authors: Cain S. L. , Cary G. J. , Blanchard W. , Foster C. N.
Published: January 2024

Macropods exhibit selective herbivory on plant traits within and between species and hence can alter plant trait variation. In this study, we asked what are the effects of macropod herbivory on intraspecific variation in plant traits of forest understory species? We tested the effects of herbivory by macropods on eight plant traits, in nine understory species using a herbivore exclusion experiment. Generalized linear mixed models were used to test for differences between herbivory treatments in trait means as well as variation within species and at the community level. Macropod herbivory resulted in differences in either the mean trait value or trait variance within a species for seven of the eight tested plant traits. Macropod exclusion resulted in larger dimensions of size for most species, as well as changes in specific leaf area, moisture content, and carbon content of leaves. Further, community‐weighted means of specific leaf area, moisture content, and leaf nitrogen were lower in the presence of macropods. Plant trait variance was altered for three of the seven community‐weighted traits. This study demonstrates a mechanism through which macropods can drive changes in the traits of understory plant species. Plant traits have been linked to various larger scale ecological processes including ecosystem flammability, nutrient cycling, response to global change, and habitat suitability for other organisms. Therefore, herbivore‐induced changes in plant trait variation and community composition could have important flow‐on effects for other environmental processes and hence should be considered in management decisions regarding fire‐prone ecosystems.
Challenges and Future Perspectives on Production, Storage Technologies, and Transportation of Hydrogen: A Review
Authors: Omid Mohammad Anwar , Şahin Mustafa Ergin , Cora Ömer Necati
Published: January 2024

Hydrogen plays an essential role in the energy‐transition process. Even though currently almost 80–96% of hydrogen is produced from fossil fuel sources in the world, the exciting feature of hydrogen is that it can be produced from renewable sources by splitting water molecules through electrolyzing, and then it can be re‐electrified without any emissions by‐products. Hydrogen is the secondary source of energy as well as an energy carrier that stores and transports the energy produced from other sources such as water, biomass, and fossil fuels. It is a clean‐burning fuel; when oxidized in a fuel cell, it produces heat, electricity, and water vapor as a by‐product, without any carbon emissions. Despite these exciting characteristics of hydrogen, there are still a variety of challenges, such as cost‐effective hydrogen production and its technological challenges, storage, safety, transportation, and cost issues. This article aims to overview the challenges and opportunities in hydrogen production, storage, and transportation along with some future perspectives on hydrogen.
Fortifying the grid in the Southeastern U.S. through microgrids: Navigating an uncertain regulatory environment
Authors: Cochran Courtney
Published: January 2024

One shortcoming of the current grid in North America is a lack of resiliency and reliability in inclement weather and the general need for investment to update its aging infrastructure. This is especially apparent in the Southeastern U.S., where tornadoes, hurricanes, flooding, and lightning strikes regularly disrupt power to customers. One way to increase grid resiliency in natural disasters is through the implementation of microgrids, which are a group of customers within defined electrical boundaries with the ability to connect to the grid or disconnect from the grid and operate independently in island mode. There are several factors impeding microgrid adoption, especially regulatory uncertainty. In many states, and particularly Southeastern states, there are not explicit tariffs regulating the interconnection and operation of microgrids, making investment in microgrids risky. Microgrids have been difficult for states to regulate because they often integrate multiple energy technologies and have complex ownership structures. There are three primary policy suggestions that could enhance microgrid adoption in the Southeastern U.S.: (1) States should adopt regulatory frameworks for microgrids that properly value the resiliency and grid benefits of microgrids, particularly through legislation that establishes legal definitions and rights of microgrids. (2) State legislatures should consider a shift to performance‐based ratemaking (PBR) rather than cost‐of‐service (COS) ratemaking to better prioritize certain performance goals, such as grid resiliency, and encourage more widespread adoption of microgrids. (3). To improve the economics of microgrids, state legislatures should consider authorizing community choice aggregation (CCA).
Performance analysis of solar immersion heater with phase change material
Authors: Vichare Varad , Nene Anita , Utage Ashish
Published: January 2024

Thermal energy storage (TES) systems have emerged as a vital solution for addressing the gap between energy supply and demand. While research on solar energy storage has primarily focused on flat‐plate collectors, limited work has been done to explore the potential of Scheffler solar concentrators. This study proposes an innovative approach to thermal energy storage using a Scheffler solar concentrator and phase change material (PCM) to address the energy needs of rural areas with limited access to electricity. Real‐time design and testing were conducted using paraffin wax as the PCM, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed using the ANSYS Fluent software to determine the optimal charging and discharging times. The results indicated that the required charging time was 17 min according to the CFD analysis, while the experimental results yielded a charging time of 18 min. The results demonstrated that the proposed approach is a feasible and effective solution for meeting the energy demands of rural communities. The charging time was optimized using the response surface method, yielding an optimal charging time of 20.5 min and an optimal discharging time of 26.2 min. Overall, these findings highlight the potential of utilizing Scheffler solar concentrators and PCMs for sustainable and reliable thermal energy storage.