bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reliability of Heel-Height Measurement for Documenting Knee Extension Deficits
Authors: Schlegel Theodore F. , Boublik Martin , Hawkins Richard J. , Steadman J. Richard
Published: July 2017

Background

Heel-height difference has been used to detect subtle knee flexion contractures, but the effects of thigh circumference differences and patient positioning during testing have not been evaluated.

Hypothesis

Differences in thigh circumference measurements and whether the patient's patellae are on or off the examination table during heel-height difference measurement will not affect the accuracy of detecting knee flexion contracture.

Study Design

Prospective cohort study.

Methods

Bilateral knee range of motion, prone heel-height difference with the patellae on and off the table, and thigh circumference at 5 and 15 cm proximal to the proximal pole of the patella were measured by one investigator on 50 consecutive patients who had undergone unilateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Results

A high degree of correlation was demonstrated between the heel-height difference and the standard range of motion measurement. Differences in thigh girth and patellar position did not statistically affect the accuracy of the heel-height difference as an indicator of knee flexion contracture.

Conclusion

Heel-height difference is a valid method of documenting knee flexion contractures. Compared with traditional goniometer assessment, this test is a more meaningful and easier way for detecting subtle knee flexion contractures of less than 10°.
A Five-Year Comparison of Patellar Tendon versus Four-Strand Hamstring Tendon Autograft for Arthroscopic Reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Authors: Pinczewski Leo A. , Deehan David J. , Salmon Lucy J. , Russell Vivianne J. , Clingeleffer Amanda
Published: July 2017

Background

The choice of graft material for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is believed to play a major role in outcome, but most comparisons of graft choice have not been well controlled.

Hypothesis

The choice of graft material (patellar tendon or hamstring tendon) does affect clinical outcome after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Study Design

Prospective, nonrandomized clinical trial.

Methods

Two groups of 90 patients each were followed for a minimum of 5 years.

Results

International Knee Documentation Committee assessment revealed that more than 85% of each group had an overall score of A or B at all follow-up intervals. The median Lysholm knee score was greater than 90 for both groups at 2 and 5 years. Instrumented testing revealed no significant difference between the two groups beyond 3 years. Thirty-one percent of the patellar tendon group (25) had a fixed flexion deformity and 19% of the hamstring tendon group (14) had fixed flexion deformity at 5 years. Radiologic assessment revealed early osteoarthritic changes in 4% of the hamstring tendon group (2) and in 18% of the patellar tendon group (11) at 5 years.

Conclusions

Arthroscopic reconstruction with either graft results in a similar surgical outcome, reliably restoring knee stability over a 5-year period; however, patients with patellar tendon grafts are at greater risk of developing early signs of osteoarthritis.
Arthroscopic Repair of Meniscal Tears Extending into the Avascular Zone in Patients Younger than Twenty Years of Age
Authors: Noyes Frank R. , Barber-Westin Sue D.
Published: July 2017

Background

Limited data are available regarding repair results of meniscal tears extending into the central avascular region.

Hypothesis

Meniscal tears extending into the avascular region can be successfully repaired in patients less than 20 years old.

Study Design

Prospective cohort study.

Methods

We examined the results of 71 meniscal repairs (64 knees) for tears extending into the central avascular region in patients 19 years of age or younger; 67 were examined clinically (mean, 51 months after surgery) and 36, by follow-up arthroscopy (mean, 18 months).

Results

In 53 of 71 (75%) meniscal repairs patients had no tibiofemoral compartment symptoms and there were no clinical failures. In 18 (25%) meniscal repairs, patients showed tibiofemoral symptoms or a failed repair was detected on follow-up arthroscopy. In the subgroup of 45 knees with meniscal repair and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction evaluated clinically, 39 (87%) patients rated their knee as normal or very good, 2 (4%) as good, 3 (7%) as fair, and 1 (2%) as poor.

Conclusions

A stable repair of complex meniscal tears that extend into the avascular region can be obtained using a meticulous inside-out vertical divergent suture technique. We recommend repair, particularly in young active patients in whom removal of complex tears would result in major loss of meniscal function and the risk of future arthrosis.
The Surgical Treatment of Internal Snapping Hip
Authors: Gruen Gary S. , Scioscia Thomas N. , Lowenstein Jason E.
Published: July 2017

Background

Internal snapping hip is an underdiagnosed cause of hip pain that sidelines many recreational and competitive athletes. It originates from a taut iliopsoas tendon that snaps across bony prominences when the hip is extended from a flexed position. When nonoperative treatment methods fail, fractional tendon-lengthening procedures may be used.

Hypothesis

Surgical tendon lengthening through a true ilioinguinal approach, which has not been previously reported, will achieve good results in patients with internal snapping hip.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Methods

In 30 patients with symptoms in their anterior hip, internal snapping hip was diagnosed by history and physical examination. All patients were initially treated nonoperatively; 19 (63%) improved and did not require further intervention. Eleven patients (12 hips) whose symptoms were recalcitrant to physical therapy were offered the surgical option of iliopsoas tendon lengthening. The procedure was performed via an ilioinguinal intrapelvic approach. Patients were followed up for an average of 3 years.

Results

All 11 surgically treated patients (100%) had complete postoperative mitigation of their snapping hip. Nine (82%) reported excellent pain relief. Moreover, nine patients thought that they had greatly benefited from the tendon lengthening and would repeat the surgery.

Conclusion

Although nonoperative measures are usually successful in the treatment of internal snapping hip, surgical tendon lengthening is a viable approach in cases refractory to nonoperative therapy.
The Prevalence of Glenohumeral Osteoarthrosis in Unstable Shoulders
Authors: Cameron Michelle L. , Kocher Mininder S. , Briggs Karen K. , Horan Marilee P. , Hawkins Richard J.
Published: July 2017

Background

Glenohumeral osteoarthritis has been a well-described complication of open procedures to correct shoulder instability. What remains unknown is whether chondral injuries sustained during instability episodes contribute to osteoarthritis or whether the cause is primarily the stabilization procedure itself.

Purpose

To determine the prevalence of osteoarthrosis in a large database of patients with acute and chronic shoulder instability before primary stabilization surgery.

Study Design

Retrospective review of prospectively collected data.

Methods

Surgical and demographic data were collected on 422 patients with a diagnosis of shoulder instability who underwent arthroscopic examination and shoulder stabilization.

Results

There was a significant association between the grade of osteoarthrosis and the presence of osteoarthritis (grade III or IV chondral damage) with time from injury to surgery. Patients with osteoarthritis were significantly older than those without (34.9 versus 29.6 years). Multivariate analysis identified older age and time from injury to surgery as independent predictors of osteoarthritis. We found no association between direction of instability and the presence of osteoarthritis.

Conclusion

The overall prevalence of glenohumeral osteoarthrosis was low. Predictors of osteoarthritis included time from injury to surgery and age.
The Reliability and Validity of Knee-Specific and General Health Instruments in Assessing Acute Patellar Dislocation Outcomes
Authors: Paxton Elizabeth W. , Fithian Donald C. , Lou Stone Mary , Silva Patricia
Published: July 2017

Background

The most reliable and valid instruments for assessing patient outcome after patellar dislocation have not been identified.

Hypothesis

Knee-specific and general health instruments will differ in validity and reliability for patients with patellar dislocation.

Study Design

Prospective cohort study.

Methods

Subjects consisted of 153 patients with acute patellar dislocation (110 with first-time dislocations and 43 with a history of patellofemoral subluxation or dislocation). We administered the modified International Knee Documentation Committee form, Kujala, Fulkerson, Lysholm, Tegner, Short Form 36, and Musculoskeletal Function Assessment instruments on two separate occasions (test-retest reliability). Validity was assessed by comparing scores of the two groups and by comparing scores of patients with and without recurrent subluxations/dislocations during follow-up.

Results

The knee-specific instruments yielded the highest test-retest reliability. The knee-specific and general health instruments identified higher disability levels in the patients with a history of patellofemoral problems than in those with first-time dislocations. The general health instruments identified higher disability levels in patients with patellar dislocation than published norms. The Fulkerson and Lysholm scales were the only instruments to differentiate between patients with and without recurrent subluxations/dislocations.

Conclusions

Knee-specific scales yielded higher reliability coefficients and stronger validity than did general health instruments. Knee-specific, general health, and activity level instruments are complementary and in combination provide a more complete assessment for patients with patellar dislocation.
Injuries in Short Track Speed Skating
Authors: Quinn Andrew , Lun Victor , McCall John , Overend Tom
Published: July 2017

Background

Little is known about the pattern of injury in short track speed skating.

Purpose

To investigate the incidence and characteristics of injuries in short track speed skating.

Study Design

Retrospective study.

Methods

Ninety-five of 150 elite-level skaters (63.3%) were surveyed to collect information on training and competition load as well as on injuries sustained during the 1999—2000 competitive season. Injuries were characterized in terms of anatomic location, type of injury, time loss from training and competition, and circumstance of injury (acute onset during competition, on-ice practice, off-ice training, or insidious onset).

Results

Sixty-one of the 95 skaters (64.2%) reported sustaining at least one injury. The knee, ankle, spine, leg, and groin were the most commonly reported sites of injury. Skaters were also asked to list previous on-ice injuries. The two most common injuries occurring on-ice before the 1999—2000 season were lacerations from the knee down (11.1%) and ankle fractures (10.2%).

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest that there is a high incidence of injury in competitive short track speed skating.
Mechanisms of Foot and Ankle Injuries in Soccer
Authors: Giza Eric , Fuller Colin , Junge Astrid , Dvorak Jiri
Published: July 2017

Background

Although player-to-player contact is a risk factor in the majority of soccer injuries, the mechanisms leading to these injuries have not been analyzed.

Purpose

To assess the relationships between foot/ankle injuries and foul play and tackle type, and to identify the position of the foot and ankle at the time of injury.

Study Design

Prospective cohort study.

Methods

Team physicians prospectively recorded each injury in four world soccer competitions, and the videotaped incident leading to the injury was retrospectively analyzed.

Results

Of 76 foot and ankle injuries (52 contusions, 20 sprains, 4 fractures), direct contact occurred between players in 72. Significantly more injuries involved a tackle from the side and a lateral or medial tackle force. The injured limb was weightbearing in 41 and nonweightbearing in 35 of the incidents. Significantly more injuries resulted in time lost from soccer when the limb was weightbearing. The most common foot and ankle positions at the time of injury were pronated/neutral in the sagittal plane for weightbearing limbs, and plantar flexed/neutral in the coronal plane for nonweightbearing limbs. The most common foot and ankle rotations at the time of injury were external (23) and eversion (28).

Conclusions

The majority of injuries were caused by tackles involving lateral or medial forces that created a corresponding eversion or inversion rotation of the foot or ankle. The weightbearing status of the injured limb was a significant risk factor.
The Influence of a Cyclooxygenase-1 Inhibitor on Injured and Uninjured Ligaments in the Rat
Authors: Bogatov Victor B. , Weinhold Paul , Dahners Laurence E.
Published: July 2017

Background

Results of previous studies have shown that piroxicam, a cyclooxygenase-1-2 inhibitor, improves the strength of healing ligaments, whereas celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, impairs ligament healing.

Hypothesis

The selective cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor, SC-560, will improve the strength of ligament healing in an in vivo rat model.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

Eighty male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent surgical transection of their medial collateral ligament. Postoperatively, 20 rats were given SC-560 at a low dose and 20 at a high dose for the first 6 days of recovery; the other 40 received a normal diet. The animals were sacrificed 14 days later, and both the injured and uninjured ligaments were mechanically tested to failure in tension.

Results

No significant differences in the strength of injured ligaments were found between drug and placebo treatment. However, the contralateral uninjured ligaments in the SC-560-treated groups failed at 27% higher energy and 22% higher load. Conclusions: This cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor did not improve the strength of ligament healing but did significantly improve the strength of the contralateral uninjured ligament.

Clinical Relevance

A pure cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor is probably not indicated as a positive influence on ligament healing but might provide benefits in ligament injury prevention.
Anatomic Structures at Risk during Minimal-Incision Endoscopically Assisted Fascial Compartment Releases in the Leg
Authors: Hutchinson Mark R. , Bederka Bryce , Kopplin Matthew
Published: July 2017

Background

Although minimal-incision surgical techniques are recommended for treatment of chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the leg, which is an increasing problem among endurance athletes, there is little information about anatomic correlation with structures at risk.

Hypothesis

Fascial releases performed with endoscopic assistance are safer than the percutaneous method.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

Ten endoscopically assisted and six percutaneous fascial releases were performed on 16 human cadaveric lower limbs. Formal dissection documented length of release and proximity of structures at risk.

Results

Endoscopically assisted fascial release led to reduced risk of superficial peroneal nerve injury compared with a blind percutaneous release through a 2- to 3-cm incision. Both techniques had unacceptable rates of saphenous vein injury (30% to 100%), and releases performed percutaneously had greater length.

Conclusions

Risk of superficial peroneal nerve injury was less with single-incision endoscopically assisted fascial release. Risk of injury to the saphenous vein from either technique appeared to be unacceptable.

Clinical Relevance

Single-incision endoscopically assisted fascial release of the anterior and lateral compartments may be a useful technique with low risk of peroneal nerve injury. Clinical studies will confirm whether this technique proves safer or more effective than those currently used for chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the leg.
The Prognostic Value of Quantitative Bone Scan in Knee Osteochondritis Dissecans
Authors: Paletta George A. , Bednarz Paul A. , Stanitski Carl L. , Sandman G.A. , Stanitski Deborah F. , Kottamasu Sam
Published: July 2017

We reviewed the records of 12 patients ages 9 to 16 years with knee osteochondritis dissecans. All patients had clinical histories and examinations, four radiographic views of the knee, and technetium-99m diphosphonate quantitative bone scans. Scan results (symmetric, increased, or decreased activity), clinical course, healing time, and final outcome were correlated to determine the prognostic value of the scan. We divided the patients into those with open physes (distal femoral and proximal tibial) and those with closed physes. Four of the six patients with open physes had increased activity on the bone scan. All four of these knees healed with nonsurgical treatment. The other two patients had decreased activity on bone scan, and both required surgical treatment after nonsurgical treatment failed. Of the six patients with closed physes, all had increased activity on the bone scan, but only two patients had healing of the osteochondral lesion without surgery. Quantitative bone scanning had a 100% predictive value for the prognosis in osteochondritis dissecans patients with open physes, but for those with closed physes the predictive value was less. Because the natural history in the adolescent group is less predictable, it is in this group that the quantitative scan would be most helpful. In this small group of patients, quantitative bone scanning had limited prognostic value.
The Effects of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB on Healing of the Rabbit Medial Collateral Ligament
Authors: Hildebrand Kevin A. , Woo Savio L-Y. , Smith David W. , Allen Christina R. , Deie Masataka , Taylor Brian J. , Schmidt Christopher C.
Published: July 2017

We report a biologic approach to improve medial collateral ligament healing using growth factors normally expressed in healing tissue. Our previous in vitro work demonstrated that platelet-derived growth factor-BB and transforming growth factor- 1 promoted fibroblast proliferation and matrix synthesis, respectively. Therefore, these growth factors were used in vivo to determine whether they could improve medial collateral ligament healing, whether this effect was dose-dependent, and if combinations of growth factors could improve healing more than individual growth factors. Thirty-seven rabbits had various doses of growth factors applied to the ruptured right medial collateral ligaments using a fibrin sealant delivery vehicle. The five groups consisted of 1) two groups receiving two doses of platelet-derived growth factor-BB, 2) two groups receiving two doses of this growth factor plus transforming growth factor- 1, and 3) one group receiving fibrin sealant only. After sacrifice at 6 weeks, biomechanical and histologic evaluations of the healing ligament were performed. Femur-medial collateral ligament-tibia complexes of the knees given the higher dose of platelet-derived growth factor-BB had ultimate load, energy absorbed to failure, and ultimate elongation values that were 1.6, 2.4, and 1.6 times greater than the same complexes of the control group. Adding transforming growth factor- 1 did not lead to any further increases in the structural properties of the complex compared with treatment with platelet-derived growth factor-BB. These encouraging results suggest that use of platelet-derived growth factor-BB may improve the quality of the healing medial collateral ligament, and that it may also have a similar potential for promoting healing of other ligaments.
The Effect of Knee Effusions on KT-1000 Arthrometry
Authors: Wright Rick W. , Luhmann Scott J.
Published: July 2017

We studied five fresh-frozen lower extremity cadaveric specimens to assess the effect of knee effusions on KT-1000 arthrometry. Part 1 consisted of serial 10-ml injections (up to 100 ml) of saline into each knee and measurements of midpatellar knee circumference and anterior displacement using the KT-1000 arthrometer at 67, 89, and 134 N after each 10-ml increment. Part 2 consisted of evacuation of the saline and transection of the anterior cruciate ligament through a 2-cm medial parapatellar arthrotomy. Each knee again underwent the part 1 protocol. Sequential injections in parts 1 and 2 showed incremental increases in knee circumference and KT-1000 arthrometer measurements for all three force levels. A 3-mm increase in anterior translation compared with the value at 0-ml injection was obtained by the 70-ml injection point in both groups. At the 70-ml injection point, the patella was ballottable, thereby affecting anterior measurements—despite posterior force on the patella sensor pad—because of the KT-1000 arthrometer reference level at midpatella. This increase in KT-1000 arthrometer readings could erroneously imply anterior cruciate ligament disruption in the clinical situation of right-to-left comparison. We conclude that clinicians using the KT-1000 arthrometer should aspirate knees that have effusions and a ballottable patella to minimize false-positive readings.
Neuroimaging Studies of Children with Serious Emotional Disturbances: A Selective Review
Authors: Serene Jane Avery , Ashtari Manzar , Szeszko Philip R , Kumra Sanjiv
Published: July 2017

Objectives:

To critically review and integrate, from a developmental perspective, recent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of 4 childhood psychiatric disorders: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (BD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and major depressive disorder (MDD).

Method:

We reviewed published reports in refereed journals. We briefly describe the major findings with respect to the brain morphometry, chemistry, and function of children with psychiatric disorders and synthesize the reports in a summary to update clinicians.

Results:

Some cortical grey matter abnormalities associated with schizophrenia appear to predate the onset of frank psychosis and continue to advance after the onset of psychosis, at least in more severe cases. Pediatric BD is associated with abnormalities in a circuit, thought to be involved in mood regulation, that encompasses the amygdala, striatum, and ventral PFC. Frontostriatal abnormalities are reported consistently in ADHD, potentially reflecting abnormalities in the development of cognitive control. Children with MDD show prefrontal cortical alterations that may differ in familial and nonfamilial subtypes of MDD.

Conclusions:

Results from neuroimaging studies of childhood psychopathology reveal abnormalities in the developmental trajectories observed in healthy children. Although MRI has increased our understanding of the pathophysiology of these disorders, routine neuroimaging for children with severe emotional disturbances is not indicated for diagnostic purposes.
Receiving Guideline-Concordant Pharmacotherapy for Major Depression: Impact on Ambulatory and Inpatient Health Service Use
Authors: Sewitch Maida J , Blais Régis , Rahme Elham , Bexton Brian , Galarneau Sophie
Published: July 2017

Objective:

This study aimed to determine the associations between guideline-concordant pharmacotherapy for depression and the use of health services in the year following diagnosis.

Method:

This population-based, retrospective cohort study examined Quebec drug plans between 1999 and 2002. We included beneficiaries aged 18 to 64 years who were newly diagnosed with an episode of depression by primary care physicians and psychiatrists between October 1, 2000, and March 31, 2001, and who made at least one psychotropic pharmacy claim within 31 days of diagnosis. We defined guideline concordance as the receipt of recommended medication, starting dosage, and treatment duration as defined by the Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments guidelines. We measured outcomes on use of ambulatory (number of visits to prescribing physician, other physicians, or emergency departments) and inpatient (hospitalization) services.

Results:

There were 2742 patients (mean age 42 years; 64% female patients) who met the study criteria. Of the 2047 (75%) patients to whom an antidepressant was dispensed, 1958 (71%) received a recommended first-line medication, 1297 (63%) received a recommended starting dosage, and 304 (15%) received a recommended duration. According to the 3 criteria, only 8% were treated appropriately; 21% received benzodiazepines rather than antidepressants. There were 2 median visits (inferquartile range [IQR] 1 to 3) to prescribing physicians, 0 visits (IQR 0 to 1) to other physicians, and 0 visits (IQR 0 to 0) to emergency departments; 497 (18%) patients were hospitalized. In separate multivariate models for repeated measures, recommended first-line medication, dosage, and duration were associated with more prescribing physician visits. Recommended first-line medication reduced the odds of hospitalization.

Conclusion:

Guideline concordance was associated with more visits to prescribing physicians and lower odds of hospitalization.
A Comparison of Adolescents' Fears from Montreal and Vancouver
Authors: Gupta R. , Derevensky J. , Tsanos A. , Klein C. , Bennett A. , Kanevsky L.
Published: July 2017

Adolescence is a developmental period often filled with uncertainty, conflict, and major life changes. Fear, a powerful human emotion, represents a normal response to active or perceived threat experienced by all individuals at all stages of life. Adolescents were found to experience fears relevant to their stage in life. Issues of acceptance by peers, the formulation of one's identity, discovering intimate relationships, and the uncertainty of their future are all typical adolescent concerns. Substantial interindividual variability was found to exist in the manifestation, acquisition, and persistence of fears. Findings revealed that as a whole the three most commonly reported fears concern their future, issues related to the environment, and AIDS. With respect to location, adolescents in Vancouver report significantly more fears, especially fears of violence and pain and death, than do those from Montreal. Montrealers most frequently expressed fears of the future, AIDS, and political instability. Developmental trends revealed an increase in fears of the future, the environment, and political instability, and a decrease in fears of violence and peer pressure as they get older. Females in general were found to express more fears than their male counterparts in most categories. The results are discussed with respect to situational and demographic factors, developmental changes, and gender differences.
Coping Processes and Behavioral Outcomes in Children of Divorce
Authors: Kurtz Linda
Published: July 2017

This investigation comparatively examines coping strategies and maladaptive behavior in elementary schoolchildren who have experienced parental divorce and their peers from nondivorced families. A sample of 122 elementary school children and their parents participated in this study. Half the sample was from families where marital disruption had occurred, and the remainder was from homes with no previous history of marital separation. Although children from the two family configurations demonstrated differences in problem behaviors, no significant between-group differences with respect to children's coping strategies were noted. The frequency and effectiveness of children's coping strategies were found to vary as a function of the time since marital disruption.
Examining Implementation Issues with New Generation Jails
Authors: Tartaro Christine
Published: July 2017

The podular direct-supervision jail design and supervision strategy has gained popularity amongcriminal justice researchers and administrators duringthe past 20 years. These “new generation” jails are a radical departure from the traditional linear intermittent design that dominated jail architecture for two centuries. The current study involves an examination of characteristics of 76 jails identified by their administrators as podular direct-supervision facilities. The purpose is to determine the extent to which the jails adhere to what researchers and administrators have identified as elements vital to the success of this type of institution. Specifically, jail characteristics will be presented within Gettinger’s (1984) framework of the psychology of new generation jails. Results indicate that few jails are strictly adhering to the trainingand design techniques that have been recommended for the successful operation of these institutions.
Advancements and controversies in China’s recent sentencing reforms
Authors: Lin Zhiqiu
Published: July 2017

This article discusses in detail the content and context of China’s recent sentencing reform and its social, political, and criminal justice implications, as well as its limitations. The focus of China’s criminal justice reforms over the past 37 years has been predominantly on the trial process; the sentencing process has been largely neglected. Revelations of widespread sentencing inconsistency led the Supreme People’s Court (SPC) to initiate sentencing reform in 2005. The intent of the reform was to promote transparency in the sentencing process, ensure consistency in sentencing dispositions, and guard against inappropriate judicial leniency and severity via new sentencing procedural rules and guidelines limiting judges’ sentencing discretion. In addition to discussing the new sentencing procedures and guidelines, this article also examines some hotly debated issues, including whether China’s sentencing process should be completely separate from the trial process; the meaning of ‘sentencing consistency’ in the context of China’s social and political development; and China’s unique sentencing principles in comparison with the practice of some English-speaking jurisdictions.
The Effect of Global Crises on Momentum Profitability: Evidence from the Indian Stock Market
Authors: Maheshwari Supriya , Dhankar Raj S.
Published: July 2017

There is a plethora of research that suggests profitability of momentum strategies in international stock markets. The current study adds to the existing literature by exploring the same in the Indian stock market over the more recent years. In addition, the study aims to test whether the momentum strategy performs persistently and remains consistent even during financial crises periods, emphasizing on the recent global meltdown of 2008. Eight momentum strategies were investigated with different combinations of formation and holding period and the study adds convincing evidence in favour of Indian momentum profitability. Statistically as well as economically significant momentum returns were observed that remained statistically significant even after risk adjustment. However, the financial crisis induced significant changes in the Indian momentum profitability. The momentum returns were observed to be positively high during pre-crisis period that turn negative during crisis period and again reverse to generate high momentum returns during the post-crisis period. The evidence indicates non-stability of momentum profits wherein momentum strategies crash during the financial crises periods.
The United Nations Security Council in the ‘New World Order’: Reforming to Meet the New Security and Development Challenges of the Post-Cold War World
Authors: Hall Gory O.
Published: July 2017

More than a decade now since the fall of the Berlin Wall, one has to wonder what ever happened to the new world order. To be sure, market democracy marches on in many areas of the world, exposing a larger share of humanity to greater opportunity and wealth. Nonetheless, civil and regional conflicts are proliferate after the Cold War, threatening the very existence of some states (for example, Congo, Macedonia, Nigeria) and aggravating major power relations in the political and military dimensions.
The African Mission in Burundi (AMIB): A Study of the African Union’s Peacekeeping Success and ‘Triangular Area of Tension in African Peacekeeping’
Authors: Badmus Isiaka Alani
Published: July 2017

This article examined the African Mission in Burundi (AMIB), assessed its success and drew lessons learned from the experience. The author argued that the mission was successful in restoring peace and stability in Burundi, although the disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) component of its mission was not achieved. The willingness of the African Union (AU) to send a peacekeeping mission as a stabilizing force within an ongoing conflict shows that the organization is serious about tackling security issues on the continent. In spite of AU’s endeavours, the article establishes that the AU is being challenged by what is called the ‘triangular area of tension in African peacekeeping (AU’s ambitions versus AU’s peacekeeping capacities versus member states’ political will and agendas). The article concludes with a reflection on lessons learnt from AMIB as a prelude to addressing this area of tension for better future peacekeeping performances in Africa.
India: Alfred De Souza (Ed.): Women in Contemporary India. Manohar Book Service, New Delhi, 1975, xx 264p. Rs. 55.
Authors: Jain Devaki
Published: July 2017

INDIA: B.R. Nanda, Ed.: Indian Women: From Purdah to Modernity. Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi, 1976, xvi, 187p. Rs. 35.

INDIA: Tara Ali Baig: India's Women Power. S. Chand, New Delhi, 1976, xiv, 30 p. Rs. 40.
Non-Tariff Trade Barriers—Their Fallacies and Implications
Authors: Jain S.K.
Published: July 2017

One of the important facets of the post war-trade structure was the exclusive use of tariffs as a commercial policy instrument to regulate trade across the frontiers. But in the period after late 1960s, the importance of tariffs steadily declined as tariff reductions under multilateral trade negotiations and non-tariff trade barriers1 assumed greater significance in the developed market-economy countries to protect their domestic industry from foreign competition.

In this paper, an attempt has been made to critically examine a case for imposing non-tariff barriers by the developed countries on their imports. There has also been an endeavour to assess the implications of such trade distortive measures for the countries imposing these restrictions as well as for the countries whose exports are affected by the application of such measures, with a special reference to the impact on the developing countries which generally have to bear the brunt of these protectionist measures.
International Relations
Authors: Banerji Arun Kumar
Published: July 2017

International Organization: RUDIGER JUTTE and ANNEMARIE GROSSE JUTTE, ( Ed.): The Future of International Organization.

International Economic Order: NANDINI JOSHI: The Challenge of Poverty: The Developing Countries in the New International Economic Order.

NANDINI JOSHI : Power vs. Poverty : A View of UNCTAD
Indian Art: S. P. Gupta: The Roots of Indian Art. B. R. Publishing Corporation, Delhi, 1980, xx, 37Sp., Rs. 300.
Authors: Vatsyayan Kapila
Published: July 2017

Indian Art: S.P. GUPTA: The Roots of Indian Art.
Parliamentary Government or One Party Dictatorship? The Case of Sri Lanka
Authors: WarNapala W.A. Wiswa
Published: July 2017

The comparative parliamentary stability which Sri Lanka has been experiencing in the last three decades has been attributed to the strength of the country's political system. Some observers refer to “the survival of something close to a two-party parliamentary system, where the two major political parties, more often in association with the fragmented Left and the disintegrating commimalist forces, compete for political power.”1 The electoral changes in the period 1956–77 explain the existence of a two party system unique in character; it was this phenomenon which assisted in the working of a comparatively stable political system in the island. Despite the divergent ideologies which the political parties professed, they perhaps were committed to the orthodox characteristics of the Westminster model. Marxists were even more adamant than their political enemies in insisting on the observance of the rules, procedures and conventions of the parliamentary game of politics.2 The 1977 electoral change and the subsequent political developments brought about a decline in the system of parliamentary government in Sri Lanka. The dim of this essay is to substantiate this view.
South Africa, Human Rights and the United Nations
Authors: Gupta Anirudha
Published: July 2017

In South Africa's apartheid the United Nations has met with its own antithesis. For, apartheid repudiates almost universally everything that the United Nations stands for. It is not merely a “form of racial discrimination,”1 it is also a system that permanently denies, “through laws, administrative decrees and practices any…role for the 19 million Blacks (in South Africa) and confers on the 4.5 million Whites a monopoly of economic, political and social power,”2 Such a system, as stated by the International Court of Justice on the Namibian issue, “is a violation of a norm, or rule, or standard of the international community.”3 And, as the apartheid regime has over the years grown more aggressive both in its domestic and external policies, the world community has come to increasingly recognize the system to be a crime against humanity which “constitutes a serious threat to international peace and security.”4

The point is that despite its abhorrent “crimes,” South Africa continues to be a member of the. United Nations and, by logic therefore, also a member of the world community. This raises an interesting question: Should the United Nations in order to be consistent to its own Charter and declarations expel South Africa and technically resolve its anti-thesis in the system of apartheid? But would this be a real solution? Whether South Africa remains a member of the United Nations or not, the oppressed population under apartheid would still constitute apart of humanity. Hence, in order to liberate this “part” the world community must act in unison to uproot apartheid from the very face of the earth. This is enjoined as much by the Declaration on all Forms of Racial Discrimination adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1965 to the effect that: “any doctrine of differentiation or superiority is scientifically false, morally condemnable, socially unjust and dangerous, and that there is no justification for racial discrimination in theory or in practice anywhere.” If this declaration has to be given a practical effect, the United Nations must deny South Africa under apartheid all attributes of an independent sovereign state. For human rights, as enshrined by the two covenants of 1948, are indivisible; hence it would depend on lawyers and jurists to provide for such rules in international law as would forfeit the right of a state to exist until it restores social, economic and political rights of its citizens in consonance with the principal ethics of the international community. To combat apartheid, we must isolate its political reality from its territorial base. In other words, the United Nations must declare that South Africa, as a territory, ceases to exist so long as apartheid has not been completely eliminated! As we shall see, this is a distinction which has not been given proper attention in the numerous debates and deliberations of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) over the means to combat apartheid.
Non-Alignment and the Nuclear Threat
Authors: Chari P.R.
Published: July 2017

Have words lost all their meaning and have men's minds lost all anchorage? For this surely is the way to madness, and the great men who control our destinies are dangerous self-centred lunatics, who are so full of their conceit and pride of power that they will rather rain death and destruction all over the world than give up their petty opinions and think and act aright.1
India's Participation in the United Nations: Patterns and Problems
Authors: Murthy C. S. R.
Published: July 2017

The need to ensure effective national participation in the United Nations has never been given adequate attention in India. Nor is any serious attempt made to analyze how far patterns and problems, if any, of national participation account for lack of sufficient political support in the United Nations to India's positions on some of the questions with a bearing on its vital interests. Such an assessment forms an integral part of the larger question of making use of the United Nations forum for the purpose of safeguarding the country's interests more satisfactorily. Accordingly, a section of this article is devoted to examine the working of India's mechanism—mainly its Permanent Mission at New York—from the personnel and functional angles and the emergent patterns and problems. The subsequent section illustrates India's interactions in a couple of important political questions, so as to facilitate a general evaluation.
Non-Alignment: Ideological Pluralism
Authors: Farajalla Samaan Boutros
Published: July 2017

There is no doubt that the world scene has undergone fundamental evolution in every respect during the past thirty-five years or so. The Non-Aligned Movement followed this evolution and became an important factor of international relations after the Second World War. The Non-Aligned states themselves feel very strongly about the importance of their role as they are convinced that their policies have to be taken into account, even by the Super Powers. Nevertheless in recent years, they have also become deeply conscious of the shortcomings of their policies due to their military and economic weakness and disunity in many instances. They have also realized the limitations of their influence. These shortcomings and limitations have generated a deep sense of frustration to a point that the Non-Aligned Movement is currently under stress, facing even an acute crisis of identity. Needless to point out, this crisis is related to the complex phenomenon of non-alignment itself which has always been beset by different currents and cross-currents depending on divergent national interests. It is therefore necessary to fully understand the concept of non-alignment in the context of the contemporary world environment in order to clarify its general objectives and their relevance to the present world situation, loaded as it is with a host of problems, which remain without adequate answers or solutions.
Regional: Dieter Braun: The Indian Ocean: Region of Conflict or ‘Zone of Peace’? Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1983, xii, 228 p., Rs. 130
Authors: Katoch G. C. , Chakrabarti Sreemati , Singh K. R.
Published: July 2017

LARRY W. BOWMAN AND IAN CLARK ( Eds.): The Indian Ocean in Global Politics. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 1981, xi, 260 p., $25.

R.K. JAIN ( Ed.): China and Malaysia, 1949–83. Radiant Publishers, New Delhi, 1984, ix, 364 p., Rs. 150.
Barry Commoner: the Father of Grass-Roots Environmentalem
Authors: Montague Peter
Published: July 2017

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Barry Commoner and his colleagues in the Committee for Nuclear Information and at Washington University in St. Louis developed many of the fundamental arguments and ideas that, today, underpin and propel the grassroots movement for environmental justice, such as: moral wisdom resides in the citizenry; scientists have no special wisdom in moral matters; scientists must make alliances with citizens; pollution must be prevented because it cannot be managed; the burden of proof rests on the polluter; citizens have a right to know; the principle of precautionary action should guide our decisions; environmental impact assessments are essential; and risk assessment is political.
Simulation Game: Planning a Gifted Center
Authors: Key Dona P.
Published: July 2017

Since our local school board had recently voted to give our program its own building, the idea of student input on what they want a gifted center to encompass had real appeal. The seed was sown.
A Selected Bibliography from Foreign Journals
Authors: Gerald J. Edward ,   Assisted, Charnley Mitchell V. , Hage George S. , Riberholdt-Hansen Gunnar , Schneider Maarten
Published: July 2017

The quarter's publications contain much information of use to teachers in the field of international journalism, including a summary of the new British libel law, a report of the British provincial productivity team which visited United States newspapers, and an analysis of the new government press council in India. A UNESCO report on the press in Australia is announced and there are valuable articles on the press of Southeast Asia and the censor-ridden press of Colombia. Hannen Swaffer, the Fleet Street semi-legendary character, publishes a series comparing Northcliffe and Beaverbrook. The British magazines lose advertising for the first time in recent years and the national dailies pick up the lost linage.
Truman and the Press: Final Phase, 1951-53
Authors: Pollard James E.
Published: July 2017

Through eight difficult years the President maintained generally good relations with the newsmen at the White House, despite his quarrels with publishers and with the press as a whole. Director of the School of Journalism at Ohio State, Dr. Pollard is author of the standard work on this subject, The Presidents and the Press.
Second-Class Postal Rates and Cost Ascertainment
Authors: Raines Irving I.
Published: July 2017

Despite general acceptance of cost ascertainment data as valid, many publishers have opposed it as a factor in rate determination. This article, based upon the author's Ph.D. thesis at Illinois, throws light upon the controversy. Dr. Raines is associate professor of business organization at Maryland.
Research in Brief
Authors: Wilson Clifton E.
Published: July 2017

This department is devoted to shorter articles and notes on research in the communications field, either completed or in progress. Readers are invited to submit reports on investigative studies which might prove useful to other students because of content, method, or implications for further research.
Articles on Mass Communications in American Magazines
Authors: Higbie Charles E. ,   Assisted, Baker Dean C. , Duncan Charles T. , Pride Armistead S. , Brown Donald E.
Published: July 2017

The release of Associated Press correspondent William Oatis from a Czech prison was the most spectacular journalistic event of April, May and June 1953. The settlement of this two-year-old newspaper issue between the western world and the Communist bloc of nations coincided with the so-called “Peace Offensive” in general events of the world.

The New Orleans Times-Picayune unit advertising rate case, another cause celebre of the journalistic world, also was settled during the quarter. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the newspaper but without clearly indicating whether the general practice of unit rate setting would stand in the eyes of the judges for other press units.

The shelving of all major efforts to investigate the “one-party press” charges of the 1952 election was announced by several professional bodies, mostly on the grounds that no adequate criteria existed for judging the performance of newspapers in the campaign. Fast superseding the “one-party” controversy in the area of newspapers and politics was the James Wechsler-Joseph McCarthy clash. At the end of the period it was under review by a committee of the American Society of Newspaper Editors to determine whether press freedom was involved in the senator's official grilling of the New York Post editor in a Senate sub-committee.