bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heat Transfer and Fluids Properties of Nanofluids
Authors: Murshed S M Sohel
Published: March 2023

As it is popular research field, extensive research has been performed in various areas of nanofluids, and most of the studies have demonstrated significant enhancements in their thermophysical properties and thermal transport performance compared to those of conventional thermal fluids. However, there have been unanimous conclusions regarding such enhancements and their underlying mechanisms. Nanofluids’ potential and thermal applications mainly depend on their convective and boiling heat transfer performances, which are also not unbiased in the literature. On top of this, a major challenge with nanofluids is obtaining sustainable stability and persistent properties over a long duration. All these issues are very crucial for nanofluids’ development and applications, and a lot of research in these areas has been conducted in recent years. Thus, this Special Issue, featuring a dozen of high-quality research and reviews on different types of nanofluids and their important topics related to thermophysical and electrical properties as well as convective and boiling heat transfer characteristics, is of great significance for the progress and real-world applications of this new class of fluids.
Enlarged Interlayer Spacing of Marigold-Shaped 1T-MoS2 with Sulfur Vacancies via Oxygen-Assisted Phosphorus Embedding for Rechargeable Zinc-Ion Batteries
Authors: Xu Qinhu , Li Xinyu , Wu Luchen , Zhang Zhen , Chen Yong , Liu Ling , Cheng Yong
Published: March 2023

Structural unsteadiness and sluggish diffusion of divalent zinc cations in cathodes during cycling severely limit further applications of MoS2 for rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs). To circumvent these hurdles, herein, phosphorus (P) atom embedded three-dimensional marigold-shaped 1T MoS2 structures combined with the design of S vacancies (Sv) are synthesized via the oxygen-assisted solvent heat method. The oxygen-assisted method is utilized to aid the P-embedding into the MoS2 crystal, which can expand the interlayer spacing of P-MoS2 and strengthen Zn2+ intercalation/deintercalation. Meanwhile, the three-dimensional marigold-shaped structure with 1T phase retains the internal free space, can adapt to the volume change during charge and discharge, and improve the overall conductivity. Moreover, Sv is not only conducive to the formation of rich active sites to diffuse electrons and Zn2+ but also improves the storage capacity of Zn2+. The electrochemical results show that P-MoS2 can reach a high specific capacity of 249 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1. The capacity remains at 102 mAh g−1 after 3260 cycles at a current of 0.5 A g−1, showing excellent electrochemical performance for Zn2+ ion storage. This research provides a more efficient method of P atom embedded MoS2-based electrodes and will heighten our comprehension of developing cathodes for the ZIBs.
Synthesis of Hydrophobic Nanosized Silicon Dioxide with a Spherical Particle Shape and Its Application in Fire-Extinguishing Powder Compositions Based on Struvite
Authors: Valtsifer Igor V. , Huo Yan , Zamashchikov Valery V. , Shamsutdinov Artem Sh. , Kondrashova Natalia B. , Sivtseva Anastasia V. , Pyankova Anna V. , Valtsifer Viktor A.
Published: March 2023

Textural and morphological features of hydrophobic silicon dioxide, obtained by the hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane in an ammonia medium followed by modification of a spherical SiO2 particles surface with a hydrophobic polymethylhydrosiloxane, were studied in this work. The size of silicon dioxide particles was controlled during preparation based on the Stöber process by variation of the amount of water (mol) in relation to other components. The ratio of components, synthesis time and amount of the hydrophobizing agent were determined to obtain superhydrophobic monodisperse silicon dioxide with a spherical particle size of 50–400 nm and a contact angle of more than 150°. In the case of the struvite example, it was demonstrated that the application of spherical- shaped hydrophobic silicon dioxide particles in powder compounds significantly improves the flowability of crystalline hydrates. The functional additive based on the developed silicon dioxide particles makes it possible to implement the use of crystalline hydrates in fire-extinguishing powders, preventing agglomeration and caking processes. The high fire-extinguishing efficiency of the powder composition based on struvite and the developed functional additive has been proven by using thermal analysis methods (TGA/DSC).
The Impact of Experimental Conditions on Cell Mechanics as Measured with Nanoindentation
Authors: Zambito Martina , Viti Federica , Bosio Alessia G. , Ceccherini Isabella , Florio Tullio , Vassalli Massimo
Published: March 2023

The evaluation of cell elasticity is becoming increasingly significant, since it is now known that it impacts physiological mechanisms, such as stem cell differentiation and embryogenesis, as well as pathological processes, such as cancer invasiveness and endothelial senescence. However, the results of single-cell mechanical measurements vary considerably, not only due to systematic instrumental errors but also due to the dynamic and non-homogenous nature of the sample. In this work, relying on Chiaro nanoindenter (Optics11Life), we characterized in depth the nanoindentation experimental procedure, in order to highlight whether and how experimental conditions could affect measurements of living cell stiffness. We demonstrated that the procedure can be quite insensitive to technical replicates and that several biological conditions, such as cell confluency, starvation and passage, significantly impact the results. Experiments should be designed to maximally avoid inhomogeneous scenarios to avoid divergences in the measured phenotype.
Rapid Effects of BCI-Based Attention Training on Functional Brain Connectivity in Poststroke Patients: A Pilot Resting-State fMRI Study
Authors: Mayorova Larisa , Kushnir Anastasia , Sorokina Viktoria , Pradhan Pranil , Radutnaya Margarita , Zhdanov Vasiliy , Petrova Marina , Grechko Andrey
Published: March 2023

The prevalence of stroke-induced cognitive impairment is high. Effective approaches to the treatment of these cognitive impairments after stroke remain a serious and perhaps underestimated challenge. A BCI-based task-focused training that results in repetitive recruitment of the normal motor or cognitive circuits may strengthen stroke-affected neuronal connectivity, leading to functional improvements. In the present controlled study, we attempted to evaluate the modulation of neuronal circuits under the influence of 10 days of training in a P3-based BCI speller in subacute ischemic stroke patients.
Association of Social Networking Sites Use with Actual and Ideal Body Shapes, and Eating Behaviors in Healthy Young Japanese Women
Authors: Yumen Yukina , Takayama Yumi , Hanzawa Fumiaki , Sakane Naoki , Nagai Narumi
Published: March 2023

Recent reports have associated the use of social networking sites (SNS) with the drive for thinness in young women; however, its influence on their actual body shape and eating behaviors (EB) remains unclear. We aimed to examine the effect of SNS use on body mass index (BMI), body image (BI), and EB in young women. Participants included 196 healthy women (20–29 years) who answered questions about their SNS use, height, weight, BI and EB via a web-based survey. First, the correlation between time spent on SNS and each variable was determined. Participants were then divided into quartiles according to the duration of daily SNS use as long (≥3 h, n = 52) and short (<1 h, n = 54), and the data were then compared between the groups. Correlation analysis showed that the longer the duration of daily SNS use, the significantly lower the BMI, the use of nutrition labels, and the frequency of consumption of milk and dairy products. The long group had significantly lower BMI and ideal BI than the short group. The results suggest that spending more time on SNS in young women may be associated with thinner actual and ideal body shapes and poorer access to health information and healthy foods.
Nutrition Effects of a Family-Centered Health Promotion Program for Mexican-Heritage Children in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas
Authors: Laviolette Chelsey , Johnson Cassandra M. , Butler J. Lauren , Biediger-Friedman Lesli , Sharkey Joseph R.
Published: March 2023

Systemic and social factors, like poverty and food insecurity, negatively influence fruit and vegetable (FV) intake and body mass index (BMI) among Latino/a children. Behavioral programs are needed to support children’s nutrition. This study examined program effects on FV intake and BMI outcomes for Mexican-heritage children (9–11 years). The program used a modified stepped-wedge design in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas (2019 and 2020). Promotoras led experiential nutrition education sessions and collected height, weight, and instant skin carotenoid scores (biomarker for FV intake) at pre-test (baseline), post-test (6 weeks), and maintenance (3–4 months after post-test). Mean changes and group differences in skin carotenoid scores, BMI z-scores and percentiles were obtained from analyses of variance. Linear mixed-effects models were used to determine overall program effects. Mexican-heritage children were enrolled (n = 57 and 52.6% female). An overall decrease in skin carotenoid scores was observed at post-test (−15.1; 95% CI: −24.95, −5.33). While scores varied widely (range: 17–498), an increase of 14.8 ± 23.8 points occurred in one intervention group. Compared to the control period, greater reductions in BMI outcomes occurred during the program. These findings provide evidence for the use of strengths-based approaches in behavioral nutrition programs.
Metagenomic Sequencing Identified Specific Bacteriophage Signature Discriminating between Healthy and Diarrheal Neonatal Piglets
Authors: Wang Zhenyu , Li Jingjing , Ma Lingyan , Liu Xiangdong , Wei Hong , Xiao Yingping , Tao Shiyu
Published: March 2023

Neonatal diarrhea is one of the most severe diseases in human beings and pigs, leading to high mortality and growth faltering. Gut microbiome-related studies mostly focus on the relationship between bacteria and neonatal diarrhea onset, and no research study has investigated the role of the gut virome in neonatal diarrhea. Here, using metagenomic sequencing, we characterized the fecal viral community of diarrheal and healthy neonatal piglets. We found that the viral community of diarrheal piglets showed higher individual heterogeneity and elevated abundance of Myoviridae. By predicting the bacterial host of the identified viral genomes, phages infecting Proteobacteria, especially E. coli, were the dominant taxa in neonatal diarrheal piglets. Consistent with this, the antibiotic resistance gene of E. coli origin was also enriched in neonatal diarrheal piglets. Finally, we established a random forest model to accurately discriminate between neonatal diarrheal piglets and healthy controls and identified genus E. coli- and genus listeria-infecting bacteriophages, including psa and C5 viruses, as key biomarkers. In conclusion, we provide the first glance of viral community and function characteristics in diarrheal and healthy neonatal piglets. These findings expand our understanding of the relationship among phages, bacteria and diarrhea, and may facilitate the development of therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of neonatal diarrhea.
A Candidate Gliotransmitter, L-β-Aminoisobutyrate, Contributes to Weight Gain and Metabolic Complication Induced by Atypical Antipsychotics
Authors: Fukuyama Kouji , Motomura Eishi , Okada Motohiro
Published: March 2023

Lurasidone and quetiapine are effective atypical mood-stabilizing antipsychotics, but lurasidone and quetiapine are listed as lower-risk and high-risk for weight gain/metabolic complications, respectively. The pathophysiology of the discrepancy of metabolic adverse reactions between these antipsychotics remains to be clarified. The GABA isomer, β-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA) enantiomer, was recently re-discovered as myokine via an AMP-activated protein kinase activator (AMPK) enhancer and inhibitory gliotransmitter. Notably, activation of AMPK in peripheral organs improves, but in the hypothalamus, it aggravates metabolic disturbances. Therefore, we determined effects of chronic administration of lurasidone and quetiapine on intracellular and extracellular levels of the BAIBA enantiomer. L-BAIBA is a major BAIBA enantiomer in the hypothalamus and astrocytes, whereas L-BAIBA only accounted for about 5% of total plasma BAIBA enantiomers. Chronic lurasidone administration did not affect body weight but decreased the L-BAIBA level in hypothalamus and cultured astrocytes, whereas chronic quetiapine administration increased body weight and the L-BAIBA level in hypothalamus and astrocytes. Contrary, neither lurasidone nor quetiapine affected total plasma levels of the BAIBA enantiomer since D-BAIBA levels were not affected by these antipsychotics. These results suggest that activation of intracellular L-BAIBA signaling is, at least partially, involved in the pathophysiology of metabolic adverse reaction of quetiapine. Furthermore, this study also demonstrated that lurasidone and quetiapine suppressed and enhanced astroglial L-BAIBA release induced by ripple-burst stimulation (which physiologically contributes to cognitive memory integration during sleep), respectively. Therefore, L-BAIBA probably contributes to the pathophysiology of not only metabolic adverse reactions, but also a part of clinical action of lurasidone or quetiapine.
Ketone Body β-Hydroxy-Butyrate Sustains Progressive Motility in Capacitated Human Spermatozoa: A Possible Role in Natural Fertility
Authors: Pappalardo Claudia , Finocchi Federica , Pedrucci Federica , Di Nisio Andrea , Ferlin Alberto , De Toni Luca , Foresta Carlo
Published: March 2023

Background Calorie restriction is recognized as a useful nutritional approach to improve the endocrine derangements and low fertility profile associated with increased body weight. This is particularly the case for dietary regimens involving ketosis, resulting in increased serum levels of ketone bodies such as β-hydroxy-butyrate (β-HB). In addition to serum, β-HB is detected in several biofluids and β-HB levels in the follicular fluid are strictly correlated with the reproductive outcome in infertile females. However, a possible direct role of ketone bodies on sperm function has not been addressed so far. Methods Semen samples were obtained from 10 normozoospermic healthy donors attending the University Andrology Unit as participants in an infertility survey programme. The effect of β-HB on cell motility in vitro was evaluated on isolated spermatozoa according to their migratory activity in a swim-up selection procedure. The effect of β-HB on spermatozoa undergone to capacitation was also assessed. Results Two hours of exposure to β-HB, 1 mM or 4 mM, proved to be ineffective in modifying the motility of freshly ejaculated spermatozoa isolated according to the migratory activity in a swim-up procedure (all p values > 0.05). Differently, sperm maintenance in 4 mM β-HB after capacitation was associated with a significantly higher percentage of sperm cells with progressive motility compared to β-HB-lacking control (respectively, 67.6 ± 3.5% vs. 55.3 ± 6.5%, p = 0.0158). Succinyl-CoA transferase inhibitor abolished the effect on motility exerted by β-HB, underpinning a major role for this enzyme. Conclusion Our results suggest a possible physiological role for β-HB that could represent an energy metabolite in support of cell motility on capacitated spermatozoa right before encountering the oocyte.
A Cross-Sectional Evaluation of the Food Environment at an Australian University Campus
Authors: Coyle Daisy H. , Sanavio Laura , Barrett Eden , Huang Liping , Law Kristy K. , Nanayakkara Pabasha , Hodgson Jonathan M. , O’Connell Merita , Meggitt Belinda , Tsai Carrie , Pettigrew Simone , Wu Jason H. Y.
Published: March 2023

University food environments have a strong influence on the dietary choices of students and staff. The aim of this study was to assess the food environment at a large university in Sydney, Australia. Data were collected between March and July 2022 from 27 fixed food outlets and 24 vending machines. The healthiness of the food environment was evaluated using the Healthy Food and Drink in NSW Health Facilities for Staff and Visitors Framework (‘Framework’), which assesses food environment parameters including the availability, placement, and promotion of ‘Everyday’ (healthy) and ‘Occasional’ (less healthy) products. Each parameter was evaluated overall and across each food outlet type. Across all outlets, Everyday foods and drinks made up 43.9% of all products. Only two outlets met the Framework’s product availability benchmark of ≥75% Everyday foods and drinks. A total of 43 outlets (84.3%) sold sugary drinks as part of their product range. Occasional products made up 68.4%, 53.3%, and 59.9% of all items for sale at checkout areas, countertops, and eye-level shelves, respectively. Finally, 79.7% of meal deals included Occasional products. Our findings highlight the need to improve the availability, placement, and promotion of foods and drinks sold at a major university campus in Sydney, Australia.
Colonization of Extramammary Sites with Mastitis-Associated S. aureus Strains in Dairy Goats
Authors: Exel Catharina Elizabeth , Geus Yvette de , Spaninks Mirlin , Koop Gerrit , Benedictus Lindert
Published: March 2023

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), a major mastitis pathogen in dairy goats, is classified as a contagious pathogen. Although previous research has shown that extramammary body sites can be colonized with S. aureus, it is unknown whether these sites are reservoirs for intramammary infections. The aim of this research was to determine whether extramammary sites can be colonized with mastitis-associated S. aureus strains in dairy goats. Milk samples were collected from 207 primiparous goats and from 120 of these goats, extramammary site samples (hock, groin, nares, vulva and udder) were collected from a large commercial dairy goat herd in the Netherlands during four sampling visits. Extramammary site swabs and milk samples were (selectively) cultured and S. aureus isolates were spa genotyped. The prevalence of colonization of the extramammary sites at goat level was 51.7% and the prevalence of S. aureus intramammary infections was 7.2%. The nares were colonized most frequently (45%), while the groin area was colonized the least (2.5%). Six spa genotypes were identified in this herd and there was no significant difference in the distribution of spa genotypes between the milk or the extramammary sites (p = 0.141). Both in the extramammary sites and in the milk, spa genotypes t544 (82.3% and 53.3%) and t1236 (22.6% and 33.3%) were the dominant genotypes. These results show that in goats, extramammary sites, particularly the nares, are frequently colonized with mastitis-associated S. aureus strains. Extramammary sites may, thus, be a source of S. aureus intramammary infections that are not targeted by the intervention measures aimed at preventing transmission from infected udder glands.
Febrile Children with Pneumonia Have Higher Nasopharyngeal Bacterial Load Than Other Children with Fever
Authors: Bjornsdottir Bryndis , Benitez Hernandez Ubaldo , Haraldsson Asgeir , Thors Valtyr
Published: March 2023

Febrile episodes are common in children and the most frequent reason for attending emergency services. Although most infections have a benign and self-limiting course, severe and sometimes life-threatening infections occur. This prospective study describes a cohort of children presenting to a single-centre pediatric emergency department (ED) with suspected invasive bacterial infection, and explores the relationships between nasopharyngeal microbes and outcomes. All children attending the ED who had a blood culture taken were offered to participate over a two-year period. In addition to conventional medical care, a nasopharyngeal swab was obtained., which was analysed for respiratory viruses and three bacterial species using a quantitative PCR. Fisher’s exact test, Wilcoxon rank sum, and multivariable models were used for statistical analyses of the 196 children (75% younger than four years) who were enrolled and had sufficient data for analysis; 92 had severe infections according to the study protocol, while five had bloodstream infections. Radiologically confirmed pneumonia was the most common severe infection found in 44/92 patients. The presence of respiratory viruses and the carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae were associated with a higher risk of pneumonia. Higher density colonisation with these bacteria were independent risk factors for pneumonia, whereas Moraxella catarrhalis carriage was associated with lower risk. Our data support the hypothesis that higher nasopharyngeal density of pneumococci and H. influenzae could play a role in the development of bacterial pneumonia in children. A preceding viral infection of the respiratory tract may be a trigger and play a role in the progression to severe lower respiratory tract infection.
Caveats of Using Overexpression Approaches to Screen Cellular Host IFITM Proteins for Antiviral Activity
Authors: Meischel Tina , Fritzlar Svenja , Villalón-Letelier Fernando , Smith Jeffrey M. , Brooks Andrew G. , Reading Patrick C. , Londrigan Sarah L.
Published: March 2023

Ectopic protein overexpression in immortalised cell lines is a commonly used method to screen host factors for their antiviral activity against different viruses. However, the question remains as to what extent such artificial protein overexpression recapitulates endogenous protein function. Previously, we used a doxycycline-inducible overexpression system, in conjunction with approaches to modulate the expression of endogenous protein, to demonstrate the antiviral activity of IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 against influenza A virus (IAV) but not parainfluenza virus-3 (PIV-3) in A549 cells. We now show that constitutive overexpression of the same IFITM constructs in A549 cells led to a significant restriction of PIV-3 infection by all three IFITM proteins. Variable IFITM mRNA and protein expression levels were detected in A549 cells with constitutive versus inducible overexpression of each IFITM. Our findings show that overexpression approaches can lead to levels of IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 that significantly exceed those achieved through interferon stimulation of endogenous protein. We propose that exceedingly high levels of overexpressed IFITMs may not accurately reflect the true function of endogenous protein, thus contributing to discrepancies when attributing the antiviral activity of individual IFITM proteins against different viruses. Our findings clearly highlight the caveats associated with overexpression approaches used to screen cellular host proteins for antiviral activity.
Cannabidiol-Loaded Nanocarriers and Their Therapeutic Applications
Authors: Assadpour Elham , Rezaei Atefe , Das Sabya Sachi , Krishna Rao Balaga Venkata , Singh Sandeep Kumar , Kharazmi Mohammad Saeed , Jha Niraj Kumar , Jha Saurabh Kumar , Prieto Miguel A. , Jafari Seid Mahdi
Published: March 2023

Cannabidiol (CBD), one of the most promising constituents isolated from Cannabis sativa, exhibits diverse pharmacological actions. However, the applications of CBD are restricted mainly due to its poor oral bioavailability. Therefore, researchers are focusing on the development of novel strategies for the effective delivery of CBD with improved oral bioavailability. In this context, researchers have designed nanocarriers to overcome limitations associated with CBD. The CBD-loaded nanocarriers assist in improving the therapeutic efficacy, targetability, and controlled biodistribution of CBD with negligible toxicity for treating various disease conditions. In this review, we have summarized and discussed various molecular targets, targeting mechanisms and types of nanocarrier-based delivery systems associated with CBD for the effective management of various disease conditions. This strategic information will help researchers in the establishment of novel nanotechnology interventions for targeting CBD.
Antidiarrheal Potential of Viola canescens: In Vivo and In Silico Approaches
Authors: Ahmad Imtiaz , Alotaibi Bader S. , Malak Nosheen , Asad Fayaz , Ullah Barkat , Nasreen Nasreen , Khan Adil , Chen Chien-Chin
Published: March 2023

Viola canescens Wall. is an important medicinal plant with reported therapeutic benefits. The current work sought to investigate the antidiarrheal properties of V. canescens extracts both in vivo and in silico. This study applied molecular docking to unravel the molecular mechanism of V. canescens and to find the most effective phytocompounds with antidiarrheal effects. The antidiarrheal activity of V. canescens was assessed utilizing the castor oil-induced diarrhea assay and the charcoal meal assay. Antidiarrheal characteristics were evaluated by measuring parameters such as intestinal motility, fecal score, and hypersecretion. The V. canescens extract had a dose-dependent and statistically significant impact in the charcoal meal assay and castor oil-induced diarrhea assay. In the castor oil-induced diarrhea assay, the ethyl acetate fraction (65.96%) showed the highest percentage of defecation inhibition at the highest dose (300 mg/kg (bw)), followed by the uncorrected crystalline compound (63.83%), crude alkaloids (63.83%), chloroform fraction (63.83%), and crude flavonoids (55.32%), while the aqueous fraction (40.43%) and n-Hexane fraction (42.55%) revealed the lowest antidiarrheal potential. In addition, the molecular docking investigation showed emetine, quercetin, and violanthin, isolated chemicals of V. canescens, to have the highest binding affinity to the target μ and δ opioid receptors with significant inhibitory capacity. These pharmacologically active metabolites in V. canescens were effective in treating diarrhea. This study lends credence to the traditional usage of V. canescens in treating gastrointestinal disorders.
Phenolic Fingerprint, Bioactivity and Nanoformulation of Prunus spinosa L. Fruit Extract for Skin Delivery
Authors: De Luca Maria , Tuberoso Carlo Ignazio Giovanni , Pons Ramon , García María Teresa , Morán María del Carmen , Ferino Giulio , Vassallo Antonio , Martelli Giuseppe , Caddeo Carla
Published: March 2023

The nanoformulation of plant extracts in phospholipid vesicles is a promising strategy to exploit the biological properties of natural bioactive substances and overcome drawbacks such as poor aqueous solubility, chemical instability, low skin permeation and retention time, which strongly limit their topical application. In this study, Prunus spinosa berries were used for the preparation of a hydro-ethanolic extract, which showed antioxidant and antibacterial properties owing to the presence of phenolic compounds. Two types of phospholipid vesicles were developed to improve the applicability as topical formulations. Liposomes and Penetration Enhancer-containing Vesicles were characterized for mean diameter, polydispersity, surface charge, shape, lamellarity, and entrapment efficiency. Additionally, their safety was assayed with different cell models, including erythrocytes and representative skin cell lines.
Formulation of Phytosomes with Extracts of Ginger Rhizomes and Rosehips with Improved Bioavailability, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects In Vivo
Authors: Deleanu Mariana , Toma Laura , Sanda Gabriela Maria , Barbălată Teodora , Niculescu Loredan Ştefan , Sima Anca Volumnia , Deleanu Calin , Săcărescu Liviu , Suciu Alexandru , Alexandru Georgeta , Crişan Iuliana , Popescu Mariana , Stancu Camelia Sorina
Published: March 2023

The poor water solubility of natural antioxidants restricts their bioavailability and therapeutic use. We aimed to develop a new phytosome formulation with active compounds from extracts of ginger (GINex) and rosehips (ROSAex) designed to increase their bioavailability, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The phytosomes (PHYTOGINROSA-PGR) were prepared from freeze-dried GINex, ROSAex and phosphatidylcholine (PC) in different mass ratios using the thin-layer hydration method. PGR was characterized for structure, size, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency. Results showed that PGR comprises several different populations of particles, their size increasing with ROSAex concentration, having a zeta potential of ~-21mV. The encapsulation efficiency of 6-gingerol and β-carotene was >80%. 31P NMR spectra showed that the shielding effect of the phosphorus atom in PC is proportional to the amount of ROSAex in PGR. PGR with a mass ratio GINex:ROSAex:PC-0.5:0.5:1 had the most effective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in cultured human enterocytes. PGR-0.5:0.5:1 bioavailability and biodistribution were assessed in C57Bl/6J mice, and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated after administration by gavage to C57Bl/6J mice prior to LPS-induced systemic inflammation. Compared to extracts, PGR induced a 2.6-fold increase in 6-gingerol levels in plasma and over 40% in the liver and kidneys, in parallel with a 65% decrease in the stomach. PGR treatment of mice with systemic inflammation increased the sera antioxidant enzymes paraoxonase-1 and superoxide dismutase-2 and decreased the proinflammatory TNFα and IL-1β levels in the liver and small intestine. No toxicity was induced by PGR either in vitro or in vivo. In conclusion, the phytosome formulation of GINex and ROSAex we developed resulted in stable complexes for oral administration with increased bioavailability, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of their active compounds.
Drug Shelf Life and Release Limits Estimation Based on Manufacturing Process Capability
Authors: Oliva Alexis , Llabrés Matías
Published: March 2023

Specification limits are the competence regulatory agencies, whereas the release limit is a manufacturer’s internal specification to be applied at the time of batch release to assure that quality attributes will remain within the specification limits until the expiry time. The aim of this work is to propose a method to set the shelf life from drug manufacture process capacity and degradation rate, using a modified version of the proposed method by Allen et al. (1991) Two different data sets were used to do this. The first data set corresponds to analytical method validation to measure the insulin concentration in order to estimate the specification limits, whereas the latter set gathered information on stability data of six batches of human insulin pharmaceutical preparation. In this context, the six batches were divided into two groups: Group 1 (batches 1, 2, and 4) was used to estimate shelf life; Group 2 (batches 3, 5, and 6) was used to test the estimated lower release limit (LRL). The ASTM E2709-12 approach was applied to verify that the future batches fulfill the release criterium. The procedure has been implemented in R-code.
4 × 4 Integrated Switches Based on On-Chip Wireless Connection through Optical Phased Arrays
Authors: Calò Giovanna , Bellanca Gaetano , Fuschini Franco , Barbiroli Marina , Bertozzi Davide , Tralli Velio , Petruzzelli Vincenzo
Published: March 2023

Optical Wireless Networks on-Chip are an emerging technology recently proposed to improve the interconnection between different processing units in densely integrated computing architectures. In this work, we propose a 4 × 4 optical wireless switch (OWS) based on optical phased arrays (OPAs) for broadband reconfigurable on-chip communication. The OPA and OWS design criteria are reported. Moreover, the performances of the OWS are analyzed and optimized considering the electromagnetic propagation in on-chip multilayer structures, with different thicknesses of the cladding layer. The effect on the OWS behavior of a non-ideal distribution of the power in input to the OPA is also investigated by designing a 1 × 7 beam splitter, based on a single-stage multi-mode interference (MMI) device to be used as a single element of the OWS. Then, the MMI output signals are considered in input to the transmitting OPAs and the OWS performances are evaluated.
Enhancing Yield and Physiological Performance by Foliar Applications of Chemically Inert Mineral Particles in a Rainfed Vineyard under Mediterranean Conditions
Authors: Petoumenou Despoina G.
Published: March 2023

One of the biggest environmental challenges that most of the traditional and modern grape-growing areas are facing is the frequency, severity, and unpredictability of extreme weather events as a result of climate change. Sustainable tools such as chemically inert mineral particles could be a valid alternative for the promotion of environmentally-friendly viticultural techniques to enhance yield, improve physiological processes, and increase tolerance to biotic/abiotic stressors and grape quality. In regard to this concept, the effects of kaolin (KL) and zeolite (ZL) application was tested in the rosé grapevine cultivar Roditis, field-and rainfed, under the Mediterranean conditions of central Greece. In a two-year trial, the whole vine canopy was sprayed with kaolin and zeolite until runoff at a dose of 3% (w/v) twice throughout the growing season; the first at the beginning of veraison and the second one week later; treatment of the untreated control plants was also performed (C). The assimilation rate in morning and midday, the stomatal conductance, and the WUEi of the leaves of the treated and untreated plants were monitored one day after each application and at harvest. During the same time period of the day (i.e., morning and midday) in July, August, and September, the leaf temperature near the fruit zone was also recorded. At harvest, the yield parameters, cluster characteristics, grape composition, and incidence (%) of sunburned and dehydrated berries as well as berries infected by Plasmopara viticola and Lobesia botrana were recorded. The results showed that KL and ZL application decreased leaf temperature during the growing season until harvest compared to the control treatment, which resulted in an improvement in physiological parameters such as net photosynthesis and intrinsic water use efficiency. At harvest, the KL- and ZL-treated vines showed increased yield due to an increasing cluster and berry fresh weight. On the other hand, the KL and ZL application did not affect the sugar concentration and pH of the must and increased the total acidity and decreased the total phenolic compound content, but only in the first year of the experiments. Furthermore, the incidence of sunburn necrosis, dehydrated berries, and infected berries was significantly lower in the treated vines compared to the control vines. These results confirm the promising potential of kaolin and zeolite applications as a stress mitigation strategy during the summer period, with the ability to protect grapevine plants, enhance yield, and maintain or improve fruit quality in rainfed Mediterranean vineyards.
Nutritional Balance and Genetic Diversity of Coffea canephora Genotypes
Authors: Rodrigues Maria Juliete Lucindo , da Silva Cleidson Alves , Braun Heder , Partelli Fábio Luiz
Published: March 2023

Our objectives were to study characteristics of the fruit (weight, percentage of husk/grain), to determine the concentration and accumulation of nutrients in the fruits, grain and husk, and to verify the existence of genetic diversity in Coffea canephora genotypes. The experiment was conducted with 20 genotypes in a four-year-old plantation, in a randomized block design with four replications and five plants per plot. The fruits were oven-dried, depulped (husk separated from the grain) and sent to a laboratory for nutritional analysis. Macronutrients N and K were the most accumulated/exported in fruits, respectively. In addition, the different genotype control cycles influenced the accumulation of nutrients in the fruits. There was genetic diversity among the 20 C. canephora genotypes, studied for the characteristics of concentration and percentage of grain/straw nutrients in the fruit. Genotypes 2, 8 and 13 were the ones with the greatest genetic distance, consequently they are the most dissimilar when compared to the other genotypes. Genotypes 8 and 1 stand out for having a higher proportion of fruit weight in relation to grains. Therefore, they are the genotypes that need a smaller amount of fruit to produce 1000 kg of ground coffee.
Biological Characterization of Polystichum lonchitis L. for Phytochemical and Pharmacological Activities in Swiss Albino Mice Model
Authors: Sher Jan , Jan Gul , Israr Muhammad , Irfan Muhammad , Yousuf Nighat , Ullah Fazal , Rauf Abdur , Alshammari Abdulrahman , Alharbi Metab
Published: March 2023

Polystichum lonchitis L. is a fern belonging to the family Dryopteridaceae. The present study was conducted to evaluate its pharmacological, antioxidant, and phytochemical properties, and to conduct GC–MS screening of P. lonchitis. The acetic acid-induced writhing test, yeast-induced hyperpyrexia method, carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model, and charcoal meal test model were carried out to assess analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic activity, respectively. DPPH was used as an antioxidant, while the phytochemical screening was conducted using standard scientific methods. Among the pharmacological activities, the most significant effects were observed in the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities, followed by the antipyretic and antispasmodic activities, at a dose of 450 mg/kg after the 4th hour, compared with 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg. For the evaluation of antioxidant activities, the most significant results were detected in the methanolic and aqueous extracts. The detection of flavonoids and phenol occurred most significantly in the methanolic extract, and then in the ethanolic and aqueous extracts. The main compounds detected using GC–MS analysis with a high metabolic rate was 𝛼-D-Galactopyranoside, which had a metabolic rate of 0.851, and methyl and n-hexadecanoic, which had a metabolic rate of 0.972. Overall, the results suggested that P. lonchitis had a strong potential for pharmacological activities. The suggested assessment provided a way to isolate the bioactive constituents and will help to provide new medicines with fewer side effects. Due to the fern’s effectiveness against various diseases, the results provide clear evidence that they also have the potential to cure various diseases.
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Gleditsia sinensis Thorns at Different Stages of Development
Authors: Xiao Feng , Zhao Yang , Wang Xiurong , Sun Yanan
Published: March 2023

G. sinensis thorn (called “zào jiǎo cì”, ZJC) has important medicinal and economic value, however, little is known about the molecular mechanisms behind the development of ZJC. In this study, we measured the content of soluble sugar and starch during the growth and development of the thorn, and performed transcriptome sequencing of the thorn segment, non-thorn segment, apex, and root tip at five distinct stages of thorn formation. The results showed that, with the growth of ZJC, the soluble sugar content of the roots, hypocotyls, thorn stems, thornless stems, leaves, and the starch content of the roots and leaves all firstly increased and then decreased after the basic structure of thorns was formed; the soluble sugar content and starch content of ZJC showed an overall downward trend (decreased by 59.26% and 84.56%, respectively). Myb-like, YABBY2, Growth-regulating factor 3, TCP2, Zinc transporter 8, and another 25 genes may be related to the maintenance and growth of thorns. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between stems with thorn and thorn-free stems found that a significant number of DEGs were annotated with terms related to the positive regulation of development, heterochronic (GO:0045962), the positive regulation of photomorphogenesis (GO:2000306), and other biological process (BP) terms. The developmental initiation regulation of ZJC may be regulated by TCP transcription factors (TFs). Eight genes were selected randomly to validate the RNA-seq results using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and they indicated that the transcriptome data were reliable. Our work provided a comprehensive review of the thorn development of G. sinensis.
The Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Viscum album
Authors: Nicoletti Marcello
Published: March 2023

The therapeutic story of European mistletoe (Viscum album L.) presents a seesawing profile. In ancient times, this hemiparasitic plant was considered a panacea and even to be endowed with exceptional beneficial properties. In more recent times, despite its multiple uses in traditional medicines, some parts of the plant, in particular the berries, were considered poisonous and dangerous, including concerns of cytotoxicity, which spread serious suspicion on its medicinal utility. However, since the last century, medical interest in mistletoe has come back in force due to its utilization in clinical cancer treatments, based on its selective action on tumor cells. In Central Europe, the hydro-alcoholic extracts of European mistletoe register a relevant and continuous utilization in anthroposophic medicine, which is a holistic system that includes the utilization of phytomedicinal substances. In Switzerland and Germany, most physicians and patients use these products as complementary therapy in oncological treatments. However, despite its increasing use in this field, the results of mistletoe’s use are not always convincing, and other aspects have appeared. Nowadays, products that contain mistletoe are utilized in several fields, including diet, phytotherapy, veterinary medicine and homeopathy, but in particular in cancer therapies as coadjuvant factors, in consideration of several positive effects including effects in the improvement of quality-of-life conditions and reinforcement of the immune system. In this review, based on the understanding of the association between cancer and inflammation, we propose a relationship between these recent uses of mistletoe, based on its antioxidant properties, which are supported by phytochemical and pharmacological data. The unicity of mistletoe metabolism, which is a direct consequence of its hemiparasitism, is utilized as a key interpretation element to explain its biological properties and steer its consequent therapeutic uses.
Genotype by Environment Interaction in Grain Iron and Zinc Concentration and Yield of Maize Hybrids under Low Nitrogen and Optimal Conditions
Authors: Akhtar Sajjad , Mekonnen Tesfaye Walle , Osthoff Gernot , Mashingaidz Kingstone , Labuschagne Maryke
Published: March 2023

Maize is the staple food crop for millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa. Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) deficiency is a significant health risk that mainly affects low-income populations who rely solely on maize-based diets. This problem can be alleviated by developing micronutrient-rich maize grain. The aim of this study was to determine the adaptation and performance of hybrids for Fe and Zn concentration and grain yield under low soil nitrogen (N) and optimal conditions. Eighteen hybrids derived from lines and testers with low, medium, and high Fe and Zn concentration were grown during the summer rainy seasons of 2017 and 2018 at three locations under low and optimal N conditions. There were significant genotype and environment effects for grain yield, and Fe and Zn concentration, but the genotype by environment interaction effects were the largest, accounting for between 36% and 56% of variation under low N conditions. Low N levels significantly reduced grain yield, and Fe and Zn concentration. Hybrids G1, G2, G4, G7, G10, G11, and G16 were relatively stable, with relatively high mean Fe and Zn concentrations, and low additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) stability values and iron stability index (FSI) and zinc stability index (ZSI) under low N conditions. These genotypes can be considered for production under low N stress conditions. Two environments (E4 and E3) were identified for good discriminatory power for genotype performance in terms of Fe and Zn content, respectively. Stable and high-yielding genotypes with high Fe and Zn concentration can be used as biofortified hybrids, which can contribute to a sustainable solution to malnutrition in the region, especially under low N conditions.
Spatial and Compositional Variations in Fruit Characteristics of Papaya (Carica papaya cv. Tainung No. 2) during Ripening
Authors: Chung Sun Woo , Jang Yeon Jin , Kim Seolah , Kim Seong Cheol
Published: March 2023

Papaya fruit (Carica papaya) has different degrees of ripening within each fruit, affecting its commercial market value. The fruit characteristics of “Tainung No. 2” Red papaya were investigated at the stem-end, middle, and calyx-end across 3 ripening stages and categorized based on fruit skin coloration: unripe at 16 weeks after anthesis (WAA), half-ripe at 18 WAA, and full-ripe at 20 WAA. The fruits maintained an elliptical shape during ripening with a ratio of 2.36 of the length to the width. The peel and pulp color changed from green to white to yellow during ripening, regardless of the three parts. In the pulp, soluble solid contents increased, and firmness decreased during ripening but did not differ among the three parts. Individual nutrient contents, including metabolites and minerals, changed dynamically between the ripening stages and fruit parts. Total carbohydrates and proteins, N, and K, were accumulated more at the stem-end during ripening; meanwhile, fructose, glucose, Mg, and Mn were accumulated more at the calyx-end. In the principal component analysis, ripening stages and fruit parts were distinctly determined by the first and second principal components, respectively. Understanding the nutrient and metabolite dynamics during ripening and their distribution within the fruit can help optimize cultivation practices, enhance fruit quality, and ultimately benefit both growers and consumers.
Solid Rocket Propellant Photo-Polymerization with an In-House LED-UV Prototype
Authors: Galavotti Andrea , Noè Camilla , Polizzi Giovanni , Antonaci Paola , Maggi Filippo , Masseni Filippo , Pastrone Dario
Published: March 2023

Composite solid propellants have used cast molding production technology for many decades, with intrinsic limitations on production flexibility, promptness, and grain geometry, as well as environmental implications on toxicity and global carbon footprint. This traditional method involves the use of toxic chemicals, has a long processing time, requires high temperature, and the products have limited geometries. To overcome those issues, different photo-curable resins have been evaluated as possible matrices. In fact, the UV-curing process is fast and has low energy consumption. The photocuring reaction parameters of six different pristine formulations were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. After finding the optimal curing parameters, different composites were prepared by adding 75 or 80 wt% ammonium sulfate particles used as an inert replacement for the oxidant. The thermomechanical properties and thermal resistance of the UV-cured composites were characterized via dynamic thermal-mechanical and thermogravimetric analysis. Subsequently, the mechanical properties of the inert propellants were investigated by tensile tests. The most promising resin systems for the production of solid rocket propellants were then 3D printed by an in-house developed illumination system and the obtained object micro-structure was evaluated by X-ray computed tomography.