bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH UKURAN PERUSAHAAN, LABA OPERASI, DAN KOMITE AUDIT TERHADAP AUDIT REPORT LAG (STUDI EMPIRIS PADA PERUSAHAAN SEKTOR ANEKA INDUSTRI SUB SEKTOR OTOMOTIF DAN KOMPONEN YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA TAHUN 2014-2018
Authors: Silalahi Poti Vera , Sutarti Sutarti
Published: December 2022

Tujuan penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis. Penelitian ini menggunakan data kuantitatif dan bantuan eviews versi 9.0.Berdasarkan hasil analisis uji t, diketahui nilai Hasil pengujian analisis regresi data panel menunjukkan nilai probabilitas yaitusebesar 0,9692 yang mana lebih besar   dari 0,05. Hal ini berarti bahwa Perputaran Kas tidak memiliki pengaruh terhadap ModalKerja Perusahaan Manufaktur Sektor Industri Semen yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Berdasarkan hasil analisis uji t,diketahui nilai probabilitas nya yaitu sebesar 0,0035 yang lebih kecil dari 0,05. Hal ini menyatakan bahwa Perputaran Persediaanmemiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap Modal Kerja Perusahaan Manufaktur Sektor Industri Semen yang Terdaftar di BursaEfek Indonesia. Berdasarkan hasil analisis uji t, analisis regresi data panel menunjukkan nilai probabilitas yaitu sebesar 0,0234yang mana lebih kecil  dari 0,05.  Hal ini berarti bahwa Laba Usaha memiliki pengaruh terhadap Modal Kerja pada PerusahaanManufaktur Sektor Industri Semen yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Berdasarkan hasil analisis uji F, diketahui nilaiprobabilitas yaitu sebesar 0,0000 yang lebih kecil dari tingkat signifikansi sebesar 0,05. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwavariabel Perputaran Kas, Perputaran Persediaan, Laba Usaha secara bersama-sama (simultan) mempunyai pengaruh yangsignifikan terhadap Modal Kerja pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Sektor Industri Semen yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia.Sementara itu, dari hasil perhitungan Koefisien Determinasi (R2) dapat disimpulkan bahwa variabel-variabel bebas dalampenelitian ini memiliki nilai Adjusted R Square  sebesar  0,654  hal  ini  menunjukkan  bahwa  persentase  sumbangan  pengaruh variabel bebas yaitu perputaran kas, perputaran persediaan, dan laba usaha dapat memberikan kontribusi  pengaruh sebesar65,4% terhadap  variabel  terikat  yaitu  modal kerja. Sedangkan sisanya 34,60% dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidakdimasukkan dalam model penelitian ini.
An Analytical Study on Relationship Between Goods and Service Tax and Foreign Direct Investment in India
Authors: Nadaf Busera
Published: December 2022

Since the implantation of the LPG policy during 1991 in India many companies have seen India as the hub of investment. To accelerate these foreign investments into the economy the government of India has taken another major step to attract the foreign investments on 1st July 2017 called the Goods and Service Tax implementation. GST has increased the ease of doing business and eliminates the cascading effect of tax on goods and services. These are a few of the major reasons for attracting FDI in India. The paper throws light on importance of GST and its relationship with FDI in India.
A Study on Marketing Challenges Faced by Mango Farmers in the Gadag District
Authors: MP Sharat , Rathod Shiva
Published: December 2022

"Agriculture is one of India's most important economic sectors, contributing to over half of the country's GDP. India's ability to produce a wide range of items is well-known around the world. Marketing of the self-grown agricultural produces by the farmers is considered a most tedious task with the presence of middlemen (Bhagawan). Competitors, Unavailability of nearby markets and improper are the major circumstances in marketing. Production, grading, transportation, pricing, transmitting information from the production area to the market and from the market to the production area, and finished items are part of the marketing cycle. The agricultural marketing process includes the manufacture of goods and commodities, as well as transportation to and from the consumer. The objective of this study was to gather data on the challenges and potential of mango production and marketing. As a result, it has been identified as a source of significant and essential information on mango production trends and their marketing challenges. As a result, developmental activities should focus on the identified gaps that might help small-holder farmers exploit opportunities and fill skills and knowledge gaps to better their livelihoods. The present study took part in the Hulkoti, Gadag district, Alphanso is the most common variety grown in Gadag, but other cultivars such as Mallika and Ratnagiri are also popular. The study threw some light on mango marketing challenges and issues by the farmers. Primary data was collected during the study with a sample size of 30 mango farmers. The outcomes of the study are the farmers need training and education on preservation, processing, packaging, financial and marketing assistance, and forward and backward linkages. Farmers required entrepreneurs to market their mangoes, Cold storage, and improved technologies in the production and storage of mangoes."
Social Role Theory: Stereotyped Expectations of Gendered Toys and its Implications in a Society
Authors: Rafat Misbah
Published: December 2022

Purpose: This research examined the toy’s role in the development of children’s gender and sexuality perception. In this regard, the study investigated what kind of messages toys usually present to the kids regarding their normative behavior and practices in the society.

Methodology: Purposive sampling of six entertaining videos from three YouTube channels were qualitatively analyzed and the study is carried out to prove the stance that toys are highly gendered and deliver the sexual and gendered message to the young children. Theoretical framework of social role theory was used for drawing the results that the society associate the particular behavior with the inherent ability of man or woman.

Findings: Girls are being trained to have domestic skills through the kitchen set toys. Doll set toys are used to provoke the nurturing duties. While action-oriented toys of the young boys are always thrilling and exciting because the boys are naturally strong and their toys such as war gun is indicator of violence which is primarily associated with the men and it shows the passive nature of girl. Wheeled vehicles and gun war toys are associated with the man because they have inherently strong muscles and are supposed to be involved in action-oriented work.

Conclusion: Girls have inherent childbearing abilities, caring nature and high patience level that is why they are considered submissive, caretaker and beauty conscious which is shown in toys such as dolls, makeup kits and kitchen set.

Recommendation: Future studies can be conducted to scrutinize the impact of gendered toys particularly on the brain development in young boys and girls.
Cultural Politics and Youth Peer Interaction in Nigeria
Authors: Agboola Alade , Adaobi Abisoye
Published: December 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of cultural political orientations and the formation of such political orientations in Lagos City.
Methodology: The study employed the qualitative method in collecting and analyzing data. Purposive sampling and snowballing were used in the study. The study used oral interviews in the collection of primary data. Qualitative Data was arranged in a thematic way, and then analyzed.
Results: The study revealed that the family and media socialize the youth in cultural politics while the peer, the school, and its environment does not but creates awareness of the diverse communities in the society.
Conclusion: The study concluded that there are several points of cultural peer interaction among the youth.
Recommendation: The study recommends to resolve areas of contradiction in politics of the young people by entrenching good values in the constitution to prevent the family, the peer, the school and its environment.  This can avoid manipulating the youth along cultural lines during political peer interaction.
Exploration of International Law and Regulations of Child Trafficking in Togo
Authors: Komla Emmanuel , Koffi Lawson
Published: December 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the International Law and regulations on child trafficking in Togo.

Methodology: The research used exploratory research design. This enabled the collecting of data on several variables which were then examined for recurring patterns using thematic analysis later presented as themes. The study used purposive and snowballing sampling techniques.

Findings: The findings revealed that Togo is amongst the friendliest nations in child protection laws and has been instrumental in promoting regional collaboration in the fight against child trafficking. However, child trafficking cases are still on the rise, and there is a lot to be done to implement laws.

Conclusion: The study concluded that the Togo’s implementation of anti-child trafficking laws was lax. Togo is a child friendly nation; however, a lot needs to be done to implement child protection laws and awareness creation. 

Recommendation: The study recommends the department of children services should liaise with the media, religious institutions, and the ministry of education to create awareness of child trafficking among children and parents.
Advancement of the Internet in Egypt and its Effect in Tourism Firms
Authors: Akila Mary , Bahiti Angela
Published: December 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the implications of internet advances and the competitive strategies adopted by travel agencies in Cairo City.

Methodology: The study used a conceptual framework and Diffusion of Innovation Theory in order to relate theory to practice. A mixed approach was used, which incorporated survey design, analytical design and concurrent transformative strategy. The research used census to include all the Egyptian Travel Agents Association (ETTA) in Cairo and purposive approach to select the respondents. 

Findings: The results of the study established that travel agencies in Cairo are mainly family and independent businesses.

Conclusion: The study concluded that there exists a relationship between the internet advances and the strategies adopted by the Travel Agencies, the perceived internet benefits and the strategies adopted.

Recommendation: The study recommends the government of Egypt to provide the necessary enabling environment to enhance travel agencies adopt the dynamic ICT advances and the best strategies in the global value chain.
Why do Farmers in Nyaruguru District Adopt Organic Coffee Production Methods?
Authors: Uwimana Emmanuel , Nsengiyumvan Eric , Mugisha Innocent
Published: December 2022

Purpose: Nyaruguru is the most southerly district in Rwanda, lying between the cities of Butare and Cyangugu and along the Burundian border. It is mountainous, containing part of the montane forest of Nyungwe, one of Rwanda's most popular tourist destinations. Innovation and adoption of new technologies in agriculture is one of the keys that should reduce poverty in that area. The aim of this study is to analyse the factors influencing farmer’s adoption of organic coffee production practices in Rwanda.
Methodology: This study employed a cross-sectional survey design and a multi-stage sampling technique to select a sample for this study. However, a total sample size of 150 respondents was used. The functional form of the stochastic frontier production (or cost) model employed for this study is the Cobb-Douglas (C-D) functional form. In the analysis, descriptive statistics and a Tobit model were used with the help of STATA. 
Findings: The study found out that appropriate seeds and planting material is one of the most important factors in production. The findings of logit regression analysis also indicated that four factors such as education level, land size, farming experience, gender and enhanced soil fertility had positive and significant influence on adoption of organic coffee production practices. The demand for organic products creates new export opportunities. The market returns from organic agriculture can potentially contribute to local food security by increasing family incomes.
Conclusion: The study conclude that the most common constraints to adoption of organic coffee production practices were lack stable and reliable market, high cost of inputs, lack of extension services, and inadequate capital.
Recommendations: The study recommended that efforts aiming at promoting organic coffee production practices among smallholder’s farmers should focus on enhancement of farmer-awareness, provision of training and technical advice on organic farming practices. This can be achieved through agricultural extension services and developing information networks among farmers. Also, the government should strive to improve extension services through field visit and strive to stabilize coffee markets.
Challenges of One Acre Fund and Strategies for Enhanced Adoption of Agriculture Innovation Programs
Authors: Fwamba Protas , Sifuna Maxwell , Dudi Mercy
Published: December 2022

Purpose: The adoption of One Acre Fund (OAF) agricultural practices has helped small-scale land holders to address food insecurity in Kenya. Efforts have been made by both the central and county governments to address food insecurity through low levels of technological acquisition to small-farm holdings. This study is prompted by declining production especially in stable foods in Bungoma South Sub-County. The paper examines challenges and strategies of adoption of One Acre Fund (OAF) agriculture innovation program adoption among smallholder maize farmers, Bungoma County. Specifically, the paper examines challenges and strategies of improving One Acre Fund agricultural innovation program in Bungoma South Sub-County.

Methodology: The paper employed descriptive survey design to accommodate qualitative and qualitative data-. Data collection was done using questionnaires, interview schedules, focus group discussions, and direct observation of 204 OAF households. The secondary data was collected from published materials. Data were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics while quantitative data was filtered, coded, and analyzed using the Social Sciences Statistical Package (SPSS). The regression analysis was used to determine the correlation between dependent and independent variables. Quantitative data was analyzed using chi-square and pairwise ranking.

Findings: Various challenges affecting the adoption of OAF program were identified such as small farm size, infertile and leached soil, climate variability, high cost of inputs and high interest on repaying of loans. Pairwise ranking was run to determine strategies for enhanced adoption. Reduced loan repayment interest, crop insurance, reduced cost of farm inputs, awareness on existing OAF innovations and increased use of fertilizers were identified as strategies for enhancing adoption. Pearson moments correlation results showed a positive relationship between OAF income generation and income improvement with correlation coefficient of rs = 0.5.

Conclusion: The study concludes that adoption of OAF innovation is low among smallholder farmers. This is because of the high cost of repayment of loans on inputs. The main strategy to enhance increased adoption was reduction of loan repayment interest.

Recommendation: The study recommends the need to increase the participation of youths in the OAF Programs through mentorship and education. OAF management should scale up its program to accommodate even farmers with large farms. It should also introduce a program that tailors towards crop diversification to offer a variety to farmers to make choices on which crops to adopt.
Innovative Approaches' Influence on Customers’ Loyalty between Many Retail Businesses in Gabes Town, Tunisia
Authors: Mariam Cyrine Eya , Muhammed Ibrahim Ahmed
Published: December 2022

Purpose: This study aimed at analyzing the effect of innovative approaches and customer loyalty among retail business in Gabes Town.

Methodology: The study used descriptive research design in the collection of data. The target population was drawn from four hundred and fifty retail business in Gabes town. Through Stratified proportionate random Sampling technique a total of one hundred and thirty five respondents was obtained.

Results: Differentiation is a viable strategy for earning above average returns in a specific business because the resulting brand loyalty lowers customers’ sensitivity to price. Differentiation creates a better entry barrier. Retail business in Gabes town use focus strategy on a particular buyer group, product segment, or geographical market.

Conclusion: This study concluded that cost leadership strategy, requires a continuous search for cost reductions in all aspects of the business.

Recommendation: The study recommended that retail business in Gabes town should ensure continued capital investment to maintain cost advantage through economies of scale and market share. The study also recommended that the businesses should develop cheaper ways to produce existing products.
Analyzing Causes of Rickets in Children under Five Years and Solutions Available in India
Authors: Akram Ahmed , Hasan Nauman Hadi , Ikram Ali Ayesha , Khan Tayyab Mohammad
Published: December 2022

Purpose: Rickets is a common disorder among children under five years mostly in the developing countries. It negatively affect normal growth and development of children thereby reducing their genetic potential. The purpose of this study was to analyze the cause of rickets in children under five years and solutions available.

Methodology: This study employed a descriptive cross-sectional approach and was conducted in the pediatric outpatients department of the Guru Tegh Bahadur (GTB) Hospital & University College of Medical Sciences (UCMS) Delhi. The study period was one year from September 2021 to September 2022 on 130 diagnosed cases of the rickets. Patients were enrolled via non- probability convenient sampling technique and a set developed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data was collected through self-structured questionnaire after taking informed consent. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 26.

Findings: Nutritional rickets was prevalent among children aged between one and three years with males being 61.74% and females being 38.26%. Children from lower socioeconomic background comprised 59% while children under exclusive breastfeeding comprised about 62%. Additionally, children supplemented cow’s milk but had rickets were 38% while children exposed to less sunlight comprised 57%.  The study also found out that children that were exposed to sunlight when fully clothed had incidence of rickets at rate of 48% while children who were not oil-massaged during sunlight exposure comprised 31%. Finally, children who were subjected to unbalanced nutrition comprised about 78.34% while children whose mothers were under poor nutritional status comprised about 67%.

Conclusion: The study conclude that children aged between one and three years are more susceptible to rickets than children between four and five years. The study also conclude that lower socioeconomic background, male gender, exclusive breastfeeding, unbalanced nutrition and mother’s poor nutritional status all contribute to high incidences of rickets in children under five years. Vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption in your body. This plays a key role in maintaining bone strength and skeletal integrity.

Recommendations: Supplements should be added in the diet of children during breastfeeding. Also, there should be adequate sunlight exposure of children. Finally, malnutrition of both children and mothers should be treated.
Rethinking Workplace Ecosystem during Crisis Recovery Period: Lessons from COVID-19
Authors: Osei James Adekorafo , Yooku Emmanuel
Published: December 2022

Purpose: The aim of the study was to rethink how workplace ecosystem should be modelled during crisis recovery period with lessons from COVID-19 pandemic.

Methodology: The study adopted a desktop review of literature on publications, interviews and surveys by major global consultancy firms. This method established an extensive data research using online data sources. Only resources relating to the topic under study were considered for inclusion.

Results: The analysis of the data resulted in a process that led to a core category that showed how the workplace can be re-imagined, re-improved and re-invented, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, where five different strategic categories to achieve that target were identified within this process. These strategic categories are; opportunity to break with the past, workplace redesign, technology, digital strategy, and remote working and new sense of workplace.

Conclusion: COVID-19 exposed many weaknesses and issues that have been present in business for a long time, in particular how to carry out daily activities from physical to virtual interactions perspective. In the new way of operating, companies are able to identify which roles need to be carried out face to face or which of them do not, and to what extent.

Recommendations: The study recommend human resources managers to position themselves as HR who are designed for speed, new ways of working, digital first, teams, adaptable organizational strategies, and changing business requirements. As organizations rethink work, it is important they communicate how and why they are redeploying workers and identify how this supports new business priorities. This includes providing context and rationale for changes and clear communication on new workforce policies. The study also recommend HR leaders to reassess and explain compensation and promotion plans for the short term while managing expectations through the recovery process and toward sustainable operations.
Amphipod crustaceans from Chilean Patagonia
Authors: Coleman Charles Oliver , Krapp-Schickel Traudl , Häussermann Vreni
Published: December 2022

This paper describes new or little known Amphipoda collected from Hydrozoa, Bryozoa, Porifera or kelp along the Chilean fjord region. The following species have been found and most of them were redescribed and illustrated: Sunamphitoe femorata (Krøyer, 1845); Caprella cf. equilibra Say, 1818; Haplocheira barbimana robusta K.H. Barnard, 1932; Epimeria (Metepimeria) acanthurus (Schellenberg, 1931); Labriphimedia vespuccii K.H. Barnard, 1931; Leucothoe kawesqari Esquete & Aldea, 2015; Podocerus cf. danae (Stebbing, 1888); Ligulodactylus macrocheir (Schellenberg, 1926) and Torometopa cf. crassicornis (Schellenberg, 1931). One species in this contribution is new to science: Liouvillea rocagloria sp. nov.
Migratory stomatitis in soft palate - case report
Authors: Guesser Lucas Fernando , Zavadinack Matheus , Lima Antonio Adilson Soares de
Published: December 2022

Introduction: Migratory stomatitis is a benign disorder of unknown cause. Lesions are characterized by erythematous erosive areas with irregular gray-white borders. The margins are slightly protruding and resemble the contours of a geographic map. Lesions of migratory stomatitis can affect different anatomical regions. Objective: The objective of this work is to report a case of migratory stomatitis in the soft palate. Case report: A 20-year-old male presented with geographic tongue and migratory stomatitis in the soft palate. Conclusion: Migratory stomatitis can also affect atypical anatomical regions (such as the soft palate) of individuals without a history of stress and anxiety.
Applying cognitive approach to teaching prepositions in business English: A case study
Authors: Trninić Zora
Published: December 2022

The paper sets out to investigate the potential advantages of applying insights from the field of cognitive linguistics to teaching prepositions in business English over an approach relying on the traditional linguistic framework. For the study, three of the English prepositions were chosen: to, for, and at. Study participants were divided into two groups: an experimental group, which received a cognitive treatment of the three prepositions; and a control group, which received an instruction relying on traditional accounts. The participants were administered three tests in total: a pretest, an immediate posttest, and a delayed posttest. Their scores were taken on all three tests and then compared within each group and between the groups. To calculate the results, descriptive statistics, t-test of independent means and one-way ANCOVA were used. Grounding the expected results in expert literature, it was anticipated to obtain the results indicative of the advantage of the cognitive approach. According to the study results, the experimental group outperformed the control group at all levels of statistical analysis. The results suggest that a strategic incorporation of a cognitive view of the structure of language into the foreign language classroom could facilitate better understanding, more effective learning and long-term retention of the language points taught.
Financial ratio indicators as early predictors of business failure: Evidence from Serbia
Authors: Kušter Denis
Published: December 2022

The problem of corporate bankruptcies has intrigued the scientific community for years due to its practical significance. There is no country whose economic well-being is not affected by business failures. The research problem stems from the lack of analyses related to the issue of business failures in the the Republic of Serbia. The main aim of this research paper is to determine whether ratio indicators are relevant in predicting business failure one, two and three years before bankruptcy proceedings start. The research was conducted on a sample of 100 companies from the teritorry of Serbia. The data for ratios calculation was taken from the official website of the Business Registers Agency. Statistical analysis is based on Mann-Whitney test, which is used to identify differences between two groups with respect to a variable (ratio). The test was conducted in IBM's SPSS v.26 tool. Results of the research indicate that financial ratios can be useful for business failure prediction even three years before bankruptcy proceedings start, since there are statistically significant differences in ratio values between bankrupt and solvent companies.
A percepção de gestores bancários em um município da Amazônia Paraense sobre o controle interno na gestão do risco socioambiental
Authors: Carvalho Josué de Lima , Silva Neto Valdeci Ferreira da , Santos Ticiane Lima dos , Silva Alexandre Gleyson Araújo da
Published: December 2022

Objetivo(s): Este estudo objetiva analisar a percepção dos gestores das instituições financeiras no município de Tomé-Açu, no Estado do Pará, sobre a interação existente entre o controle interno e o risco socioambiental como uma variável no processo de análise de concessão de crédito. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, com abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa. Foram aplicados aos gestores das agências bancárias localizadas no município de Tomé-Açu questionários semiestruturados contendo perguntas fechadas e abertas. Os dados coletados foram tabulados e analisados com a utilização dos softwares SPSS, Excel e IRAMUTEQ. Resultados: Concluiu-se que o controle interno atua como ferramenta de auxílio aos gestores das instituições quanto ao processo de análise de riscos, com destaque para o risco socioambiental, induzindo a mudanças culturais na organização e na avaliação das políticas de responsabilidade socioambiental. Destaca-se a positiva percepção dos gestores sobre os benefícios de um bom controle interno na gestão de riscos socioambientais atuando como filtro institucional, de modo que os riscos existentes podem ser minimizados e controlados com a utilização consistente dos procedimentos de controle interno. Contribuições: Sugere-se que pesquisas futuras sejam realizadas com quantitativo maior de respondentes, com possibilidade de estenderem-se aos tomadores de crédito e a todos os colaboradores internos da instituição financeira.
Autorregulação, motivação e qualidade de vida dos discentes de Ciências Contábeis no ensino remoto
Authors: Vilela Nágila Giovanna Silva , Silva Beatriz Negrelli da
Published: December 2022

Objetivo: Analisar como o uso de práticas de aprendizagem autorregulada, o nível de motivação em aprender e a qualidade de vida estão correlacionados. Método: Foi realizada uma pesquisa de abordagem quantitativa e descritiva por meio da aplicação de um questionário com 217 estudantes do curso de Ciências Contábeis de quatro instituições de ensino superior (IES) do Paraná. Resultados: As respostas dos estudantes evidenciaram que os respondentes se sentem pouco motivados a estudar no período de ensino remoto devido à Covid-19, além de apresentarem níveis relativamente altos de sentimentos negativos (como mau-humor, ansiedade e/ou depressão). Em relação às estratégias de aprendizagem autorregulada, a mais utilizada é a “autoavaliação”, e a menos utilizada é a “autoconsequência”. Já as correlações estatísticas evidenciam que a motivação dos discentes está fortemente correlacionada aos fatores de qualidade de vida, como “capacidade” e “concentração” para estudar, e esses, por sua vez, foram os itens mais correlacionados com as estratégias de aprendizagem autorregulada. Contribuições: Com base nesses resultados, ressalta-se a importância de estimular cada vez mais uma aprendizagem autônoma do discente, atentando-se em utilizar abordagens de ensino que os façam sentir-se mais motivados, reduzindo os níveis de sentimentos negativos.
Manoela Carpenedo. Becoming Jewish, Believing in Jesus
Authors: Feldman Rachel Z.
Published: December 2022

No abstract is available.
Flying Kites in Pakistan: Turbulences in Theory and Practice
Authors: Menski Werner
Published: December 2022

No abstract
Judicial Approach to Child Relocation
Authors: Hussain Jillani Tassaduq
Published: December 2022

No abstract
Book Review Corruption and Misuse of Public Office
Authors: Jamal Asad
Published: December 2022

No abstract
Gender and the Legal Profession in Bangladesh: Achievements and Challenges
Authors: Hoque Ridwanul
Published: December 2022

The history of women entering the legal profession in Bangladesh is quite recent. This is not surprising. Even in Western societies, with liberal cultural ideologies as regards gender-equality, women had to fight a lot to create a space for themselves in the legal profession. In the US case of Bradwell v. State of Illinois (1872), for example, the Supreme Court refused to allow a married woman into legal practice, arguing that 'the paramount destiny' of women is to fulfill the noble office of 'wife and mother'. Women in Bangladesh aspiring to enter the legal profession never faced such overt 'official' hurdles from the fellows of the same profession. Rather, a number of social, religious, professional, environmental and ideological factors have often stood, in various degrees, in their way. The Constitution of Bangladesh categorically prohibits discrimination based, among others, on sex. By contrast, it imposes a duty on the state to promote women's participation in every sphere of public life. Nevertheless, it is argued in this paper, Bangladeshi women in various walks of the legal profession continue to face implicit gender discrimination. There are factors that both dissuade women from choosing law as a profession and retard the career of those who are already in the profession. This paper brings into light and examines the factors that are arguably responsible for the hidden discrimination against women in the legal profession. For the purpose of this paper, the term 'legal profession' is used to mean legal practice in courts and elsewhere and the profession in the judiciary.
Guardian or Saboteur? The State and the Right to Choice in Marriage
Authors: Chowdhry Prem
Published: December 2022

The failure of the judicial system to ensure effective protection of the right to choice in marriage, especially in the face of modern, equitable law, and /or collusion of state agencies in sabotaging this right, is assuming alarming and dangerous proportions. This paper argues that, although the introduction of modern concepts like adulthood and the sanctity of individual rights has legalised the individual settlement of marriage between two consenting heterosexual adults, the emphasis is missing on a dynamic liberal and progressive implementation of legal rights. Instead, their infringement is aided by acceptance of customary norms that empower the family or community to take marriage decisions on behalf of individual members. This paper analyses just two cases as representative of many involving runaway couples – one from the judicial records and the other based upon my field-work in Delhi-Haryana – to argue that legal intervention not only delegitimizes individual attempts to break out of the traditional system of marriage alliances, it also criminalises all such attempts. It highlights the pronounced gender bias against women as her consent is taken cognisance of, without recognising her right to consent or make individual choices. A mutual act is turned unilateral, condemning the woman and holding her responsible to the exclusion of the man, although contradictorily it still punishes him. A man who seeks to divest a guardian of his possession/control of his daughter is termed a rapist and a criminal. The punishment underlines an ideology of guardianship which also means total control of woman and her sexuality, not withstanding her adult status. The judgement delivered in such cases is premised on the view that moral and ethical grounds override questions of the legal and human rights of individuals. In such matters the state acts for and is used by casteist and patriarchal forces, as a primary legitimating institution of popular cultural practices. Standing as an overarching patriarch and acting on behalf of the male guardians of a woman the state criminalises female sexuality, constructing it as essentially transgressive, illegitimate and morally reprehensible. It denies the woman autonomy over her body or the agency to gain control of her life. Instead, it imposes an identity on her that is not her own. This collusion of the family, community and state ends in tragedy.
The Grammar of Honour and Revenge
Authors: Aase Tor H.
Published: December 2022

There is a rich anthropological literature on honour and revenge, but more often than not, analyses are limited to cultural or historical expressions of the phenomena. As a corollary, the recent re-emergence of honour in Europe is usually explained in terms of non-western immigrants who bring notions of honour as part of their cultural luggage. However, the practice of honour and revenge by Danish Motorcycle Clubs suggests that such an approach is insufficient. The ambition in the article is to go beyond the various cultural expressions and search for a basic ‘grammar’ that can explain why honour becomes a valid theme in some societies and in certain situations. In that endeavour, two questions are vital: What is honour all about? And what is the logic in the perception that lost honour can be restored through revenge? Analysis of a prototypical feuding community in Northern Pakistan concludes that honour is best understood as a family’s publicly recognized capability for self-defence, and that revenge is a means to restore that image if it has been shattered. I contend that honour – in the sense of self-defence – is vital in societies where there is no accessible level of appeal in cases of conflict. Furthermore, the logic of honour that prevails among competing families in Northern Pakistan can also occasionally be recognized at the state level in international politics since there is no reliable supranational level of appeal in cases of perceived injustice.
A Context-Sensitive Approach to Immigrant Pakistani Women’s Rights in Norway
Authors: Taj Farhat
Published: December 2022

This paper discusses how a Norwegian non-Governmental organization (NGO) uses a context-sensitive approach to protect and promote human rights of immigrant women in the country. Their rights are violated through domestic violence, and as a consequence, some of the them run away to crisis centers. To elaborate the NGO’s work, the paper discusses a Norwegian-Pakistani forced marriage case that was processed by this NGO. The paper thus presents a dynamic interface of law, culture and transnational family relations within which the NGO has to strive for women’s rights.
Capturing Obscenity: The Trials and Tribulations of Saadat Hasan Manto
Authors: Siddique Osama
Published: December 2022

There is something extraordinarily evocative about great fiction or literary narratives by great writers of fiction on the theme of coercive authority. The celebrated South Asian Urdu essayist and short story writer Saadat Hasan Manto (1912-1955) belongs to a long tradition of highly gifted authors who had the occasion of personally encountering and confronting the cumbersome machinations and the at times mindless and oppressive logic of authority. Like other eminent writers of his ilk, his reflections on his experiences – Manto underwent several criminal trials for allegedly obscene writing – have left posterity with much more than the irate chronicles of someone confounded by an exhausting personal ordeal. We are bequeathed instead with a wealth of deep, astute, and compelling observations of a keen-eyed, sensitive, and articulate man – observations that continue to hold great relevance and wide appeal so many decades later. This article endeavours to capture Manto’s unique critique of imposed legal frameworks for ‘acceptable’ creative expression, as well as his memorable picturization of the spectacle of the legal trial in colonial and post-colonial contexts.
Women Lawyers on TV – the British Experience
Authors: Robson Peter
Published: December 2022

This paper examines the portrayal on British television of women as protagonists in TV dramas and how this has altered in the past half century. It focuses particularly on two series which follow the fortunes of two Junior barristers and their career paths, each over two separate series. Harriet Peterson and Martha Costello are both women lawyers who appear on behalf of clients in the courts. The barrister branch of the legal profession in England and Wales has always been regarded as the more prestigious branch of the profession from which, traditionally, judges have been selected. The characters are experienced and successful. They have reached that crucial time when they are hoping to be selected as Queen’s Counsel. This step into the top echelon of the elite branch of the split British legal profession is a major marker in a lawyer’s career. It is from the ranks of Q.C.s that the senior judiciary are chosen and where possible fame lies. This paper looks at their contrasting experiences - the context of women lawyers , the style and nature of the work they are shown as undertaking, the characterisation of the legal profession and in particular the principal protagonists. It also provides the crucial context in which these series were produced. It takes note of the ways in which their male counterparts are portrayed in comparable series The major thing which separates the struggles of Peterson and Costello is the passage of time of some 40 years. The paper explores what changes are found in the way the first and second women lawyer major protagonist appear and the context for these changes. In amongst an extensive roster of drama series centred on lawyers, it should be noted that the series Justice with Harriet Peterson ran between 1971 and 1974 and that of Silk with Martha Costello between 2011 and 2014.1  This is a long gap which requires to be looked at in some depth.
Surface Patterns – Surface Law
Authors: Petersen Hanne
Published: December 2022

On my almost daily bicycle rides in the mornings of the spring and early summer 2013 I began noticing the presence of several women wearing trousers with large printed patterns. I wondered whether this might indicate a certain shift from the dominant modern mono-chromatic norm regarding Nordic / Danish women’s urban (summer) dress. To what extent are fashion norms influencing and interacting with other social and societal norms including, what has in the Western world long been called legal norms – most often understood as state produced norms.
Romanticism in Law & Art German Romanticism, Creativity, and European Legal Culture
Authors: Modéer Kjell Å
Published: December 2022

No abstract
Legal and Musical Interpretation – On the historical and systematic elements in the interpretation of law and music
Authors: Xiong Qi , Fan Jie
Published: December 2022

Law and music have inner links in their logical structure and both of them need “interpretation” owing to the “gap” between symbolic system and performance as well as between past and present. In the realms of both Western law and Western music, there are different attitudes towards “loyalty” to historical “authenticity”. On comparing the historical elements in law and music, it becomes clear that subjective historical interpretation is not useless in law and objective interpretation can be acceptable in music under some circumstances as in law. The wisdom from music can also be helpful for legal interpretation in the sense that, if an interpretation seems at first glance “superfluous” in the legal system, this does not necessarily mean it is redundant and must be avoided. On the contrary, it might be a hint that it is an “attentional” provision, which has its own value in the legal system, just like attentional symbols in music, which can be important reminders to performers. Finally, between Chinese traditional music and legal practice, there is an “inner link”, although the formality and completeness of the symbolic systems are no longer common features of the two disciplines.
Hans Christian Andersen and the Blue Light
Authors: Mortensen Bent Ole Gram
Published: December 2022

This article examines the development of energy law illustrated through the authorship of Hans Christian Andersen (1802-1875). The focus is on the implementing of city gas, which happened in the lifetime of H.C. Andersen. Based on the literary observations of H.C. Andersen the changes in the legal framework in energy law and other regulatory areas are analysed. H.C. Andersen’s references to gas lighting provides an emotional experience to change and an approach towards the empathetic understanding to make changing life recognizably human. With this reference I have availed of the opportunity to briefly describe the historical development of energy and laws which were introduced and developed into the modern legislation we now have. – Through his literary greatness H.C Andersen not only generates an attitude of respect toward energy but also widens horizons for lawyers when we look at the energy challenges on the global level.
Contents
Authors: Mehdi Rubya
Published: December 2022

List of articles
In What Sense is Islamic Religious Law Legally Recognised in Denmark?
Authors: Vinding Niels Valdemar
Published: December 2022

Following recent scholarly discussions on what kinds of religious law are accepted and recognised by state and the secular legal order, this article examines and discusses if and how sharia – understood as Islamic law, ethics and practice – may be considered legally recognised in Denmark. The question has both scholarly, legal and political implications, as well as a long history. The Danish context of recognition of religious communities is introduced, with some historical remarks, but this article takes a practical and empirical point of view in recent Danish legislation of recognition of religious communities and examines the specific articles of association and supporting documents that form the basis of legal recognition. The article introduces a short conceptual and theoretical discussion of what legal recognition implies and how to understand legal recognition as the mutual establishment of legal facts. The articles tests the question of legal recognition looking at empirical case evidence, key aspects and analysis of Islamic religious law in 25 recognised Islamic religious communities in Denmark. Legal recognition has important but limited implication, which should not be overstated, but the article does conclude that sharia is recognised as part of the material basis of the recognition regime in Denmark.
Islam at the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Fokas Effie
Published: December 2022

The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR or, the Court) is a formidable player in the development of legal approaches to Islam: its jurisdictional remit (covering over 800 million people across 47 countries) is vast; it is a standard setter for human rights protection in general on a global scale; and it has a rapidly growing body of case law relevant to Islam which has influenced states’ engagements with Islam within Europe and beyond. Besides the Court’s ‘direct effects’, in terms of impact on relevant legislation, through its decisions to do with Islam, it also has a significant ‘indirect’, social effect though the messages those decisions communicate about Islam and its place in society. This contribution examines the role of the Court in its direct and indirect effects on Islam, law and Europeanisation.
European Islam in the Age of Globalisation and Legal Pluralism
Authors: Menski Werner
Published: December 2022

The article argues that polycentric and polyphonic basic principles of pluralist navigation are always needed as balancing tools to preserve sensitivity and awareness of agile agency of various legal, social and religious stakeholders to allow situation-specific forms of navigation. Clearly, this does not mean that ‘anything goes’, but demands that complex hybrid solutions have to be sought. Obviously states must retain a right to determine responsibly how their respective national identity and legal order should develop in conditions, nowadays, of intense pluralist challenges posed by increasingly diverse demographic structures. Especially the presence of many people in the Nordic countries who are Muslims, may have strong links to other legal orders, and feel connected to a religion that they value as part of their own life and identity while also claiming the right to be Danish, Finnish, Norwegian or Swedish, cannot be ignored.
Recent Evolution of the Personal Privacy Legal Protection in People’s Republic of China
Authors: Moriconi Corrado
Published: December 2022

This article explores the current legal protection of personal information in the People’s Republic of China. The P.R.C. has rapidly developed legislatively and academically with comprehensive Chinese data protection regulation closely integrated with all new developments. Currently, the legal framework appeared to be fragmented in that it is composed of widely varying laws and regulations. This article will offer a description of the evolution of the modern concept of privacy within the context of Chinese political and societal norms. The relevant regulations and their development will be addressed relative to significant cases. Conclusions and perspectives on possible future improvements are described in a general summary.
Cultural Expertise
Authors: Michelini Gualtiero
Published: December 2022

Starting from the evolution of jurisdictions vis-à-vis European and international law, and the challenges of globalization and immigration, this contribution focuses on the concept and diﬀerent declinations of multiculturalism, and on the role of social sciences, including anthropology, in treating and adjudicating judicial cases, in particular, from the perspective of the Italian judiciary. As the cultural issue is an aspect that is frequently at stake in judicial decisions, the use of cultural expertise in trials is addressed both through cases which have beneﬁted from it and by examining the substantial and procedural aspects that need to be considered.