bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L’Ami de la Religion et du Roi et El Restaurador, même combat
Authors: Dufour Gérard
Published: July 2018

Journal « servil » fondé en juin 1823 par le P. Manuel Martínez, El Restaurador fut la version espagnole du journal ultraroyaliste et ultramontain créé en France en 1814 par M. Picot, L’Ami de la religion et du Roi. On y trouve ainsi les mêmes objectifs, et les mêmes thèmes, en particulier pour ce qui concerne l’exaltation des victimes des révolutionnaires, systématiquement et parfois difficilement élevées à la dignité de martyrs de la Foi. Et même si l’on peut noter une différence de traitement de l’information au sujet de la mort de Riego, les deux périodiques sont bien parfaitement semblables. En revanche, les motivations de leurs deux rédacteurs ne le sont pas : celui de L’Ami de la Religion et du Roi est ultraroyaliste parce que seul l’absolutisme monarchique peut assurer le triomphe de l’ultramontanisme qu’il souhaite voir régner en France ; celui de El Restaurador est ultramontain car c’est la seule façon de justifier l’absolutisme qu’il soutient.
Je t’aime pour toi, pas pour ta nationalité ! De la politisation du désir entre tolérance et préférence à Mascate, Sultanat d’Oman
Authors: Breteau Marion
Published: July 2018

Depuis son accession au pouvoir en 1970, le Sulṭān Qābūs b. Sa‘īd s’efforce de promouvoir l’égalité des droits entre les Omanais, toutefois fondée sur la préférence nationale. Le registre politique tire également sa légitimité du religieux, en s’appuyant sur un idéal de la tolérance issue de la confession ibadite, religion d’État, jusqu’à pénétrer dans les représentations individuelles quant au choix du conjoint. Les fondements de l’identité nationale interrogent la notion de modernité, comprise comme un processus de transformation du mariage, où les choix individuels priment sur les préférences familiales. Cet article s’attache à observer comment s’opère une politisation du désir et de l’alliance à partir d’idéaux tels que l’égalité et la tolérance, en opposition à ceux de la préférence et l’exclusion.
Medieval Qalhāt, historical vs archaeological data
Authors: Rougeulle Axelle
Published: July 2018

Qalhāt, in Oman, was one of the main hubs of the Indian Ocean trade at the time of the kingdom of Hormuz, in the 13th to 15th centuries AD. It is now an impressive archaeological site, a large ruined city about 35 ha wide. Excavations started there in 2008 with a French team under the authority of the Ministry of Heritage and Culture of Oman, and have since turned into an important development project with the final aim to create an archaeological park on site. Research have yielded considerable data about: the spatial organization and development of the town, its fortifications, the various quarters and main buildings including the Friday mosque, the daily life of its inhabitants and the trading activities of the port. Paralleled with literary sources they now give a clearer idea of the history of this main harbour of the medieval period.
Educação de adultos : A ideologia conta
Authors: Capucha Luís
Published: July 2018

Em países como Portugal e Espanha uma das dimensões mais marcantes da desigualdade escolar é geracional. Há uma diferença marcada entre os níveis de escolaridade das gerações jovens e os das mais velhas, cujas consequências são, por várias razões, nocivas. Após a apresentação de um quadro genérico da situação nos dois países, defende-se neste artigo, com recurso a uma análise aprofundada do caso português, que essas desigualdades escolares só podem ser superadas com um forte investimento em políticas de educação de adultos, cuja prioridade é determinada por fatores de ordem ideológica. O modo como nasceu, se desenvolveu e terminou a Iniciativa Novas Oportunidades (INO) fornece um bom plano de observação para a sustentação desta ideia. De facto, esse programa terminou por razões de ordem estritamente ideológica, ficando o país desprovido de qualquer política de educação de adultos, e terminando assim o processo de recuperação dos indicadores educativos da população adulta que se registavam.
A escola como demanda social complexa : Envolvimentos escolares e motivos das ocupações das escolas públicas secundárias do Rio de Janeiro em 2016
Authors: Pinto Ubirajara Santiago de Carvalho
Published: July 2018

O artigo analisa os envolvimentos escolares e os sentidos de injustiça à volta da escola a partir de uma pesquisa de terreno nas ocupações das escolas públicas secundárias do Rio de Janeiro no primeiro semestre de 2016. Para tanto, procura-se explicitar o vocabulário de motivos das ocupações das escolas e discutir a complexidade da demanda pelo bem educacional à luz dos múltiplos envolvimentos na escola e seus significados plurais.
An overview of tenofovir and renal disease for the HIV-treating clinician
Authors: Venter Willem D.F. , Fabian June , Feldman Charles
Published: July 2018

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF, commonly termed ‘tenofovir’) is the antiretroviral most commonly implicated in antiretroviral-induced nephrotoxicity. As patients on successful antiretroviral therapy (ART) age, their risk for developing renal disease may increase in part because of ART itself, but more importantly, because of HIV-associated and non-HIV-associated comorbidity. Therefore, clinicians need an approach to managing renal disease in people on TDF. TDF as a cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) or chronic kidney disease (CKD) is uncommon, and clinicians should actively exclude other causes (Box 1). In TDF-associated AKI, TDF should be interrupted in all cases, and replaced, or ART interrupted altogether. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate toxicity can present as AKI or CKD, and as a full or partial Fanconi’s syndrome. TDF has a small but definite negative impact on kidney function (up to a 10% decrease in glomerular filtration rate [GFR]). This occurs because of altered tubular function in those exposed to TDF for treatment and as pre-exposure prophylaxis. Renal function should be assessed using creatinine-based estimated GFR at the time of initiation of TDF, if ART is changed, at 1–3 months, and then ideally every 6–12 months if stable. Specific tests of tubular function are not routinely recommended; in the case of clinical concern, a spot protein or albumin: creatinine ratio is preferable, but in resource-limited settings, urine dipstick can be used. More frequent monitoring may be required in those with established CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] < 50 mL/min/1.73 m2) or risk factors for kidney disease. The most common risk factors are comorbid hypertension, diabetes, HIV-associated kidney disease, hepatitis B or C co-infection, and TDF in combination with a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor. Management of these comorbid conditions must be prioritised in this group. If baseline screening eGFR is < 50 mL/min/1.73 m2, abacavir (the preferred option), and dose-adjusted TDF (useful if concomitant hepatitis B), zidovudine or stavudine (d4T) remain alternatives to full-dose TDF. If there is a rapid decline in kidney function (eGFR drops by more than 25% and decreases to < 50 mL/min/1.73 m2 from of baseline function), or there is new onset or worsening of proteinuria or albuminuria, clinicians should review ART and other potentially nephrotoxic medications and comorbidity and conduct further testing if indicated. If kidney function does not improve after addressing reversible causes of renal failure, then referral to a nephrologist is appropriate. In the case of severe CKD, timeous referral for planning for renal replacement therapy is recommended. Tenofovir alafenamide, a prodrug of tenofovir, appears to have less renal toxicity and is likely to replace TDF in future.
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Seroprevalence among Prevaccine and Vaccine Era Children in Bangladesh
Authors: Paul Repon C. , Rahman Mahmudur , Wiesen Eric , Patel Minal , Banik Kajal C. , Sharif Ahmad R. , Sultana Sharmin , Rahman Mizanur , Liyanage Jayantha , Abeysinghe Nihal , Kamili Saleem , Murphy Trudy , Luby Stephen P. , Mast Eric E.
Published: July 2018

Bangladesh introduced hepatitis B vaccine in a phased manner during 2003–2005 into the routine childhood vaccination schedule. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of the introduction of hepatitis B vaccine in Bangladesh by comparing hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) prevalence among children born before and after vaccine introduction and to estimate the risk of vertical transmission of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection from mother to infant. We also evaluated the field sensitivity and specificity of an HBsAg point-of-care test strip. We selected a nationally representative sample of 2,100 prevaccine era and 2,100 vaccine era children. We collected a 5-mL blood sample from each child. One drop of blood was used to perform rapid HBsAg testing. If a child had a positive HBsAg test result with the rapid test, a blood sample was collected from the mother of the HBsAg-positive child and from the mothers of two subsequently enrolled HBsAg-negative children. All samples were tested for serologic markers of HBV infection using standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. One (0.05%) child in the vaccine era group and 27 (1.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.8–1.7%) children in the prevaccine era group were HBsAg positive. Mothers of HBsAg-positive children were more likely to be HBsAg positive than mothers of HBsAg-negative children (odds ratios = 4.7; 95% CI: 1.0–21.7%). Sensitivity of the HBsAg rapid test was 91.2% (95% CI: 76.6–98.1%) and specificity was 100% (95% CI: 99.9–100%). The study results suggest that even without a birth dose, the hepatitis B vaccine program in Bangladesh was highly effective in preventing chronic HBV infection among children.
First Report of Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in Salivary Gland of Bats from the Peruvian Amazon
Authors: Villena Fredy E. , Gomez-Puerta Luis A. , Jhonston Erik J. , Del Alcazar O. Melisa , Maguiña Jorge L. , Albujar Christian , Laguna-Torres V. Alberto , Recuenco Sergio E. , Ballard Sarah-Blythe , Ampuero Julia S.
Published: July 2018

In the Americas, 8 million people are infected with Chagas disease, and an additional 90 million people are at risk for infection. Little is known about the role bats play in the sylvatic transmission cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite causing Chagas disease. Here, we captured bats in the villages of Palmiche, Pachacutec, Nuevo San Martin, and Mayuriaga located in the Datem del Marañon Province in Loreto, Peru. Venous blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture or from the upper extremities, and trypanosomatids were identified by microscopy and molecularly. We collected blood samples from 121 bats on filter paper for molecular studies and 111 slides for microscopic examination of thin and thick blood smears from 16 different bat species. The prevalence of trypanosomatids in all bats species was 34.7% (42/121) and the prevalence of T. cruzi was 4.1% (5/121). In hematophagous bat species, the prevalence of trypanosomatids and T. cruzi was 36.9% (27/73) and 2.7% (2/73), respectively. In non-hematophagous bats, the prevalences of trypanosomatids and T. cruzi were 31.2% (15/48) and 6.2% (3/48), respectively. Also, we confirm the presence of T. cruzi in salivary glands of hematophagous bats Diaemus youngi. These results suggest a sylvatic cycle of trypanosomatid transmission in which bats may harbor infectious T. cruzi parasites that could be transmitted to humans via hematophagous bat bites or salivary contamination by non-hematophagous bats of vegetables consumed by humans.
Operational Performance of the Onchocerca volvulus “OEPA” Ov16 ELISA Serological Assay in Mapping, Guiding Decisions to Stop Mass Drug Administration, and Posttreatment Surveillance Surveys
Authors: Richards Frank O. , Katabarwa Moses , Bekele Firdaweke , Tadesse Zerihun , Mohammed Aderajew , Sauerbrey Mauricio , Dominguez-Vazquez Alfredo , Rodriguez-Perez Mario A. , Fernández-Santos Nadia A. , Rizzo Nidia , Schuler Martínez Harland R. , Lovato Silva Raquel , Morales Monroy Zoraida , Habomugisha Peace , Oguttu David W. , Zarroug Issam M. A. , Aziz Nabil A. , Unnasch Thomas R.
Published: July 2018

Onchocerciasis is a neglected tropical disease targeted for elimination. The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed guidelines for the verification of onchocerciasis elimination that include entomological and epidemiological criteria. The latter require demonstrating with statistical confidence that the infection prevalence in children is less than 0.1%, necessitating an assay with a high degree of specificity. We present an analysis of the performance of the Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas (OEPA) version of the Ov16 enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) when used under operational conditions. In Africa and Latin America, the assay demonstrated 99.98% specificity in 69,888 children in 20 foci where transmission was believed to be interrupted. The assay produced a prevalence estimate equal to that of skin snip microscopy when applied in putatively hypo-endemic zones of Ethiopia. The OEPA Ov16 ELISA demonstrated the specificity required to be effectively deployed to verify transmission elimination under the WHO guidelines, while exhibiting a sensitivity equivalent to skin snip microscopy to identify hypo-endemic areas.
A Cross-Specialty Examination of Resident Error Disclosure and Communication Skills Using Simulation
Authors: Gardner Aimee K. , Lim Gi , Minard Charles G. , Guffey Danielle , Pillow M. Tyson
Published: July 2018

Background 

Disclosure of medical errors is important to patients and physicians, but formal disclosure training during the graduate medical education curriculum is limited.

Objective 

We examined resident competence related to error disclosure, using standardized patient (SP) ratings of resident communication skills.

Methods 

All first-year residents from medicine, radiology, emergency medicine, orthopedic surgery, and neurological surgery completed a 20-minute simulated session in which they were provided background information on a medical error they had made and were asked to disclose the error to an SP acting as a family member. Residents were then debriefed and completed a postscenario questionnaire. The SPs completed an 11-item communication assessment and 3 milestone rating tools on professionalism (PROF-1, PROF-3) and interpersonal and communication skills (ICS-1).

Results 

Ninety-six residents from a single institution participated toward the end of the intern year. Communication assessment scores ranged from 23% to 100% (mean [SD], 80.6 [17.0]). Mean (SD) milestone ratings across specialties were 2.80 ± 0.92 for PROF-1, 2.48 ± 0.92 for PROF-3, and 2.45 ± 0.92 for ICS-1. One-way analysis of variance revealed no significant differences among specialties on milestone or communication ratings. Residents who accepted personal responsibility for the error (84.55 [14.06]) received significantly higher communication ratings from SPs compared with residents who did not (66.67 [19.52], P < .001).

Conclusions 

This SP assessment of error disclosure by first-year residents from multiple specialties was feasible and acceptable. It revealed areas of improvement as well as considerable variation in communication skills and professionalism among residents.
Rethinking food production in West Africa: The prehistorical perspective
Authors: Okoroafor S.I.
Published: July 2018

Food sufficiency in a society can guarantee development in it. In  West Africa today, there is food shortage reality to malnutrition, hunger and starvation. This has ignited negative trends such as corrupt practices, lack of respect for societal values and low  esteem of the people among other vices. The need for food is sin qua non to all human requirements yet it is not receiving  appropriate attention by peoples and governments of the region. It would appear that the region lacks the experience but history here approached through prehistorical analytical tools does not ascend to this. The  environment is capable of producing the food if only the peoples can strive. And they would be happier if they do.
CALIPSO lidar level 3 aerosol profile product: version 3 algorithm design
Authors: Tackett Jason L. , Winker David M. , Getzewich Brian J. , Vaughan Mark A. , Young Stuart A. , Kar Jayanta
Published: July 2018

Abstract. The CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite
Observations) level 3 aerosol profile product reports globally gridded,
quality-screened, monthly mean aerosol extinction profiles retrieved by
CALIOP (the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization). This paper
describes the quality screening and averaging methods used to generate the
version 3 product. The fundamental input data are CALIOP level 2 aerosol
extinction profiles and layer classification information (aerosol, cloud, and
clear-air). Prior to aggregation, the extinction profiles are
quality-screened by a series of filters to reduce the impact of layer
detection errors, layer classification errors, extinction retrieval errors,
and biases due to an intermittent signal anomaly at the surface. The relative
influence of these filters are compared in terms of sample rejection
frequency, mean extinction, and mean aerosol optical depth (AOD). The
“extinction QC flag” filter is the most influential in preventing
high-biases in level 3 mean extinction, while the “misclassified cirrus
fringe” filter is most aggressive at rejecting cirrus misclassified as
aerosol. The impact of quality screening on monthly mean aerosol extinction
is investigated globally and regionally. After applying quality filters, the
level 3 algorithm calculates monthly mean AOD by vertically integrating the
monthly mean quality-screened aerosol extinction profile. Calculating monthly
mean AOD by integrating the monthly mean extinction profile prevents a low
bias that would result from alternately integrating the set of extinction
profiles first and then averaging the resultant AOD values together.
Ultimately, the quality filters reduce level 3 mean AOD by −24 and
−31 % for global ocean and global land, respectively, indicating the
importance of quality screening.
Dependence of the critical Richardson number on the temperature gradient in the mesosphere
Authors: Vlasov Michael N. , Kelley Michael C.
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Maximum upper atmospheric turbulence results in the mesosphere from convective and/or dynamic instabilities induced by gravity waves. For the first time, by comparing the vertical accelerations induced by wind shear and the buoyancy force, it is shown that the critical Richardson number Ric can be estimated. Dynamic instability is developed for Ri
Estimating ocean tide model uncertainties for electromagnetic inversion studies
Authors: Saynisch Jan , Irrgang Christopher , Thomas Maik
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Over a decade ago the semidiurnal lunar M2 ocean tide was identified in CHAMP
satellite magnetometer data. Since then and especially since the launch of
the satellite mission Swarm, electromagnetic tidal observations from
satellites are increasingly used to infer electric properties of the upper
mantle. In most of these inversions, ocean tidal models are used to generate
oceanic tidal electromagnetic signals via electromagnetic induction. The
modeled signals are subsequently compared to the satellite observations.
During the inversion, since the tidal models are considered error free,
discrepancies between forward models and observations are projected only onto
the induction part of the modeling, e.g., Earth's conductivity distribution.
Our study analyzes uncertainties in oceanic tidal models from an
electromagnetic point of view. Velocities from hydrodynamic and assimilative
tidal models are converted into tidal electromagnetic signals and compared.
Respective uncertainties are estimated. The studies main goal is to provide
errors for electromagnetic inversion studies. At satellite height, the
differences between the hydrodynamic tidal models are found to reach up to
2 nT, i.e., over 100 % of the local M2 signal. Assimilative tidal models
show smaller differences of up to 0.1 nT, which in some locations still
corresponds to over 30 % of the M2 signal.
The impacts of recent drought on fire, forest loss, and regional smoke emissions in lowland Bolivia
Authors: Heyer Joshua P. , Power Mitchell J. , Field Robert D. , van Marle Margreet J. E.
Published: July 2018

Abstract. In the southern Amazon relationships have been established among drought, human activities that cause forest loss, fire, and smoke emissions. We explore the impacts of recent drought on fire, forest loss, and atmospheric visibility in lowland Bolivia. To assess human influence on fire, we consider climate, fire, and vegetation dynamics in an area largely excluded from human activities since 1979, Noel Kempff Mercado National Park (NK) in northeastern Bolivia. We use data from five sources: the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Collection 6 active fire product (2001–2015) (MODIS C6), Global Fire WEather Database (GFWED) data (1982–2015), MODIS land cover data (2001–2010), MODIS forest loss data (2000–2012), and the regional extinction coefficient for the southwestern Amazon (i.e., Bext), which is derived from horizontal visibility data from surface stations at the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) level (1973–2015). The Bext is affected by smoke and acts as a proxy for visibility and regional fire emissions. In lowland Bolivia from 2001 to 2015, interannual Drought Code (DC) variability was linked to fire activity, while from 1982 to 2015, interannual DC variability was linked to Bext. From 2001 to 2015, the Bext and MODIS C6 active fire data for lowland Bolivia captured fire seasonality, and covaried between low- and high-fire years. Consistent with previous studies, our results suggest Bext can be used as a longer-term proxy of regional fire emissions in southwestern Amazonia. Overall, our study found drought conditions were the dominant control on interannual fire variability in lowland Bolivia, and fires within NK were limited to the Cerrado and seasonally inundated wetland biomes. Our results suggest lowland Bolivian tropical forests were susceptible to human activities that may have amplified fire during drought. Human activities and drought need to be considered in future projections of southern Amazonian fire, in regard to carbon emissions and global climate.
Future extreme precipitation intensities based on a historic event
Authors: Manola Iris , van den Hurk Bart , De Moel Hans , Aerts Jeroen C. J. H.
Published: July 2018

Abstract. In a warmer climate, it is expected that precipitation intensities will
increase, and form a considerable risk of high-impact precipitation
extremes. This study applies three methods to transform a historic extreme
precipitation event in the Netherlands to a similar event in a future warmer
climate, thus compiling a “future weather” scenario. The first method uses
an observation-based non-linear relation between the hourly-observed summer
precipitation and the antecedent dew-point temperature (the Pi–Td relation).
The second method simulates the same event by using the convective-permitting
numerical weather model (NWP) model HARMONIE, for both present-day and future warmer conditions. The
third method is similar to the first method, but applies a simple linear
delta transformation to the historic data by using indicators from The Royal
Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI)'14 climate scenarios. A
comparison of the three methods shows comparable intensity changes, ranging
from below the Clausius–Clapeyron (CC) scaling to a 3 times CC increase per
degree of warming. In the NWP model, the position of the events is somewhat
different; due to small wind and convection changes, the intensity changes
somewhat differ with time, but the total spatial area covered by heavy
precipitation does not change with the temperature increase. The Pi–Td method
is simple and time efficient compared to numerical models. The outcome can
be used directly for hydrological and climatological studies and for impact
analysis, such as flood-risk assessments.
A modified ball screw lapping method and optimized lapping factors for ideal surface quality
Authors: Zhao Leilei , Feng Hutian , Jin Jun
Published: July 2018

Abstract. In order to meet the high precision requirement in various
mechanical applications, ball screws are being lapped as a finishing process
to improve the travel variation and surface quality. However, the existing
manufacturing method is labor intensive. It depends on an operator's skill
and experience and is very complex, time consuming with low production
efficiency. The aim of this study is finding a modified lapping method to
improve the lapping effect, increase efficiency and change the present
labor-intensive situation. In addition, the effects of main lapping factors
on the surface quality of a ball screw will be investigated, such as friction
torque, rotational speed, abrasive particulate size and lapping time. A new
lapping tool was installed on a specially designed friction torque test
machine, which can control the rotation of a screw and monitor the friction
torque applied on the screw dynamically. A set of orthogonal experiments were
conducted on the test machine and the travel variation, surface roughness and
residual stress of tested screws were measured after lapping. The measurement
results of these three parameters were used to evaluate the lapping effect.
Compared with the conventional lapping method, the lapping time of the
present method was remarkably shorter, with only tens of minutes to get a
good lapping result.
Unidades del Dolor del siglo XXI ¿Protocolos de Consenso o Medicina Basada en la Evidencia?
Authors: Correa José , Abella-Palacios Patricia
Published: July 2018

La investigación en medicina tiene por objetivo generar nuevos conocimientos que ayuden al diagnóstico, el tratamiento y la prevención de enfermedades. Pero la medicina no es una ciencia exacta, sino una actividad humana heterogénea que se basa solo parcialmente en la ciencia, con varios factores no científicos que influyen en la forma de desarrollar esta actividad. El dolor, como síntoma o como enfermedad, es probablemente el trastorno que más afecta y preocupa a las personas y el que con mayor frecuencia motiva una consulta médica. A pesar de la magnitud del problema, y del interés médico y social por el dolor, la atención y el tratamiento de las personas con dolor crónico es un tema infravalorado o tratado inadecuadamente. Con base en múltiples preguntas que se plantean a lo largo del desarrollo del presente documento, nuestro objetivo es, por un lado, el de señalar que los cambios que se han producido en el manejo del dolor crónico hacen de los llamados protocolos de consenso un ejercicio obsoleto en la medicina del siglo XXI. Por otro lado, en términos de bioética, responder a la pregunta ¿se ajustan los protocolos de consenso al principio de beneficencia del paciente individual?
Cuidado humanizado en pacientes con limitación del esfuerzo terapéutico en cuidados intensivos, desafíos para enfermería
Authors: Yañez Dabdoub Macarena , Vargas Celis Ivonne Esmeralda
Published: July 2018

En las unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) el equipo de salud utiliza todas las medidas posibles para preservar la vida de sus pacientes. No obstante, cuando las terapias son fútiles, se decide limitar el esfuerzo terapéutico (LET). Este artículo tiene como objetivo describir los factores que pueden llevar a enfermería a deshumanizar sus cuidados en pacientes en LET en UCI. Revisión de la literatura en bases de datos, con las palabras clave: critical care, intensive care unit, limitation of therapeutic effort, end of life care, humanized/human care, nursing. Los hallazgos fueron agrupados en seis categorías que pueden influir en la deshumanización del cuidado en UCI. Se concluye que en el cuidado humanizado se destacan los roles de enfermería como defensora de los intereses del paciente y como agente comunicador.
Cooperation with Evil, the Theory of Action and the Contraception Mandate
Authors: Agulles Simo Pau
Published: July 2018

El debate académico sobre el llamado U.S. Health and Human Services (HHS) Contraception Mandate se ha enmarcado, adecuadamente, en el contexto de la doctrina clásica acerca de la cooperación al mal. Este principio ayuda a discernir si las empresas y los empleadores estadounidenses deberían o no, éticamente, obedecer a tal ley injustamente impuesta. La discusión ha sido muy acalorada, porque las conclusiones a las que han llegado los distintos autores son muy variadas, en función de cuál ha sido la interpretación de esta doctrina en cada caso. En el presente artículo hemos tratado de examinar y analizar alguno de estos intentos de explicación, desde la perspectiva de la teoría tomista de la acción –que hoy en día es el punto de vista más común–. El trabajo concluye que, aunque el Mandate probablemente vaya a ser derogado por el actual gobierno de los Estados Unidos, tal como estaban las cosas, la obediencia de esta ley podría haber sido éticamente lícita en algunos casos.
Hier zit een luchtje aan. Over het wegwerken van afvalstoffen door co-vergisting
Authors: Mehlbaum Shanna
Published: July 2018

Smelly business. Disposing illegal waste through fermentation production processes for biofuel

Fermentation production processes for biofuel lead to sustainable energy, but the fermenters can also be used to dispose illegal wastes. Although it’s known that the fermentation business is susceptible for illegal behavior, so far little empirical research is carried out about the modus operandi and criminogenic factors. In this study a crime script analysis (CSA) is conducted to map the criminal process. This analysis shows that the true nature of the illegal waste is concealed by trading without or with falsified (transport) documents and illegal blending. Legal traders operate illegal and form the crucial connection between disposers and end receivers. Criminogenic factors, such as complexity of regulation and inspection, European policy differences and the lack of profitability of the fermenters, make the branch vulnerable for criminal behavior. Intervention options are formulated per phase of the criminal process and aim at prevention or increasing the chance being caught.
Encuesta sobre la orientación actual del derecho constitucional. Encuestados: Manuel Aragón Reyes, Carlos de Cabo Martín, Jorge de Esteban Alonso, Ángel Garrorena Morales, Luis López Guerra, Isidro Mola Batllori
Authors: Teoría y realidad Constitucional Teoría y realidad Constitucional
Published: July 2018

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Representando la ausencia en la Argentina de la postdictadura. Reformulaciones del álbum familiar en los proyectos fotográficos de hijos de desaparecidos.
Authors: Quílez Esteve Laia
Published: July 2018

Las secuelas sociales y culturales que la última dictadura militar dejó en Argentina persisten con toda su fuerza a día de hoy. A finales de los años noventa muchos hijos de desaparecidos comenzaron a releer fotográficamente ese capítulo negro de la historia nacional. Vinculados al pasado de manera diferente a sus padres, estos fotógrafos y cineastas produjeron una serie de obras que aportan una nueva voz a la lucha por la memoria. Y precisamente lo hacen repensando los usos de las fotografías familiares que les hablan de aquel pasado que ellos casi ni recuerdan. El presente artículo pretende abordar tres ejemplos muy significativos al respecto: las instalaciones fotográficas Arqueología de la ausencia (Lucila Quieto, 1999-2001), Tarde [o temprano] (Clara Rosson, 2006) y Fotos tuyas (Inés Ulanovsky, 2000-2001). Mediante la creatividad y la reflexión estas obras han podido salvar las imágenes del doble peligro que amenaza las sociedades hipermodernas: por un lado, el riesgo del esteticismo, que convierte la imagen en un atractivo (pero superficial) sustituto de la ausencia que representa; y, por otro, el peligro del escepticismo obcecado, que, al considerar que toda imagen es fetiche, la rechaza y la condena al reino de la mentira y la perversidad.
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF 8-CROWN-6 MOLECULE IN METHANOL AND ACETONITRILE
Authors: Kuz'mina Irina A. , Usacheva Tatiana R. , Volkova Mariya A. , Belova Natalia V. , Sharnin Valentin A.
Published: July 2018

Quantum-chemical calculations of stable conformation of the molecule of 18-crown-6 ether (18C6) were carried for its free state in methanol (MeOH) and acetonitrile (AN) using GAUSSIAN 03 program. The DFT version and cc-pVTZ basic set was used. The values of mean lifetimes of hydrogen bonds between the methanol molecules as well as between 18C6 and methanol in MeOH-MeOH и 18C6-{MeOH-MeOH} systems were calculated by molecular dynamic simulations in NVT- ensemble applying GROMACS 4.5.4 software for OPLS-AA full-atomic force field .
INFLUENCE OF THERMAL DIFFUSION ON KINETICS OF OSCILLATING IR DRYING
Authors: Rudobashta Stanislav P. , Zueva Galina A. , Zuev Nikolaiy A.
Published: July 2018

The relative thermal diffusion coefficient δt was calculated from the obtained moisture sorption isotherm for the seeds of onions. It allowed estimating the contribution of thermal diffusion with respect to the flow of mass conductivity in the considered version of the oscillating IR drying, and it turned out to be 5%. Hence, the thermal diffusion can be ignored for engineering calculations of the kinetics of the oscillating IR drying.
INTERACTION OF HIGH-PURITY CELLULOSE WITH BINARY FLUIDS: WATER / DMSO AND WATER / ETHANOL
Authors: Prusov Alexander N. , Prusova Svetlana M. , Zakharov Anatoly G. , Ioilovich Michael
Published: July 2018

Interaction of cellulose samples with dimethylsulfoxide, ethanol and water and organic liquids on their basis was studied with the methods of calorimetry and effusion depending on the content of the organic component. The dependence of the enthalpy of the interaction of the cellulose with individual and mixed liquids was analyzed. The same dependence was analyzed for liquid sorption as a function of liquid content in the amorphous regions of the polymer and the composition of the mixed liquor. The specific heat of adsorption of water, DMSO and ethanol with various cellulose samples was determined. The equation was proposed for estimating the enthalpy of the interaction of different types of cellulose with a liquid and its maximum sorption.
DEPENDENCE OF DISSOLUTION ENTHALPY OF POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE IN WATER	ON ITS INITIAL MOISTURE CONTENT
Authors: Radugin Mikhail V. , Lebedeva Tatiana N. , Prusov Alexander N.
Published: July 2018

Changes in integral and differential enthalpies of dissolution of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) of different molecular weight in water were determined as a function of initial moisture content of the polymer. Hydration numbers were calculated.
ON ORIGIN OF SMALL-ANGLE MAXIMA ON X-RAY SCATTERING INTENSITY CURVES OF AQUEOUS ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS
Authors: Grechin Oleg V. , Smirnov Pavel R.
Published: July 2018

At the X-ray diffraction analysis of high concentrated aqueous electrolyte solutions with multiply charged cations small angle maxima or pre-peaks are arising on scattering intensity curves (IC) (at about 1 Å). Their existence is connected with structural appearance so called “intermediate-range order”. Previously for explanation of this phenomenon some not completely correct hypotheses were suggested. On the example of raw X-ray diffraction data of some aqueous electrolyte solutions in wide concentration range collected by using MoKα-radiation the dynamic of small angle maxima shape change has been studied. It has been noted that pre-peaks absence on IC of cesium iodide and chloride solutions is not supporting the hypothesis about pure small angle contribution from “heavy” ions [1, 2]. In the case of Al3+, Sc3+, Fe3+ chloride solutions relative similarity of IC shapes has been noted for solutions with similar concentrations. The common tendency of pre-peaks position and intensity change has also been followed up. At the same time at comparing of saturated neodymium and ytterbium chloride and bromide solutions IC unexpectable pre-peaks position relative shift for bromide solutions to the long range distance comparing with chloride solutions has also been noted. These observations do not find complete agreement with hypothesis on realization in the structure mainly inter cationic distances [3, 4] and on existence in solutions “liquid type quasi-close-packing for cations” [5, 6]. On the basis of mainly realistic explanation of the pre-peak appearance reason from [7] the authors of this paper propose their own version. Noted shift of pre-peak position with concentration decreasing has been made in accordance with consideration described earlier for lanthanide solutions [8, 9]. The conclusion about pre-peaks on IC arising nature is conditioned by ordered interionic distribution which depends not only on ionic nature but also on solution concentration. For high concentrated solutions with considerable solvent deficit the quasi-periodic inter complex distribution has been supposed. The composition of structure determined cationic complexes has also been discussed. The diluted aqueous electrolyte solutions structure is determined by simple cationic and anionic complexes equidistant distribution.
APPLICATION OF LAYER-BY-LAYER METHOD FOR IMMOBILIZATION OF ACARICIDE AGENTS ON CELLULOSIC TEXTILE MATERIALS
Authors: Prokhorova Anna A. , Odintsova Olga I. , Avakova Ekaterina O. , Kuzmenko Victoria А.
Published: July 2018

The professional clothing with a repellent finish becomes necessary in the modern world. It is used for foresters, geologists, rescue workers, firefighters, military, personnel of mineral exploration, drilling and gas fields, etc. Clothing with a repellent finish as prophylactic in periods of tick-borne encephalitis epidemics becomes especially relevant. The purpose of the study was to develop a technology of textile materials permanent repellent finishing by means of oppositely charged poly electrolytes. The cotton and cotton- polyester textile materials with surface density from 123 to 350 g/m2, previously prepared for the repellent finishing, were served as a research object. The  polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDADMAC) and Akremony were used as a polyelectrolytes. The influence of the polyelectrolytes application sequence on the kinetics of repellent release from textile materials was investigated by means of gas chromatography. Analysis of textile materials repellent finishing technical results showed that the percentage of alfatsipermetrin on fabric, processed according to the proposed technology, remained unchanged after five washings.  Thus, the resulting acaricidal effect is stable to wet treatments. The test of the costumes protective effect with inserts of processed fabric in respect ticks in the natural focus of tick-borne viral encephalitis in the Irkutsk region was carried out. On the basis of completed researches the possible technological schemes of textile materials acaricidal finishing was developed. The obtained results allow recommending the developed technology for imparting of acaricidal properties to textile materials.
OBTAINING DIAMOND-METAL COMPOSITES BY MEANS OF BRAZES CONTAINING REFRACTORY FILLERS
Authors: Sokolov Evgeny G. , Artemiev Vladimir P. , Ozolin Alexander V.
Published: July 2018

The interaction of Sn-Cu-Co-W brazes containing cobalt and tungsten powder as refractory fillers with the synthetic diamonds AS150 is studied. It was found, that addition into braze the cobalt powder provides the wetting of diamonds at brazing and their strong fixation in metal matrix of composite.
SUPPRESSION OF CVD DIAMOND GROWTH ON SIDE FACE OF SUBSTRATE IN PROCESS OF GAS-PHASE PRECIPITATION
Authors: Teteruk Dmitry V. , Bormashov Vitaly S. , Tarelkin Sergey A. , Kornilov Nikolay V. , Luparev Nikolay V. , Kirichenko Alexey N.
Published: July 2018

CVD diamond grows on the all surfaces of the substrate, including the side faces. However, the diamond layer on side faces may be undesirable. We proposed and developed the method to suppress the CVD diamond growth on the side faces using silicon wells. The optimal geometric dimensions of the wells were determined. The studies of the structural quality of the CVD diamond films were carried out.
SIMULTANEOUS THERMAL ANALYSIS AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY AS COMPLEMENTARY METHODS OF DIAGNOSTICS OF CARBON ALLOTROPIC FORMS
Authors: Khabibullina Irina A. , Sitnikov Nikolai N. , Kazakov Valery A. , Sigalaev Sergeiy K.
Published: July 2018

Work is devoted to detection of distinctive characteristics of allotropic forms of carbon which would provide their identification from mixes. The complex analysis is offered by methods: the synchronous thermal analysis with studying of composition of the emitted gases and Raman spectroscopy. It was shown that researches of carbon structures and their mixes by the declared methods agree well and complement each other.
LIGNIN, ITS GRAPHITIZED AND FLUORINATED DERIVATIVES. PROSPECTS OF APPLICATION AS ACTIVE COMPONENT OF LITHIUM BATTERIES
Authors: Nikolenko Yuriy M. , Opra Denis P. , Tsvetnikov Alexander K. , Sokolov Alexander A. , Ziatdinov Albert M. , Gnedenkov Sergey V.
Published: July 2018

In this paper the data on fluorination of hydrolytic lignin as well as its graphitized derivatives are presented and discussed. The morphology, chemical bonds and structure of materials was investigated by means of the methods of SEM, XPS, Raman spectroscopy, and XRD. In order to evaluate of practical application of synthesized samples the parameters of primary lithium batteries were investigated.
Retrospective evaluation of sedation techniques for tooth extraction in pediatric patients
Authors: Günay Canpolat Dilek , Kütük Nükhet , Yılmaz Asan Canay , Alkan Alper
Published: July 2018

Objective: Due to
lack of past experiences and cooperation in anxious and fearful children,
tooth
extraction may be difficult to manage in dentistry.  The aims of this retrospective study were to evaluate
the various sedation techniques, complications and the characteristics of
children whose tooth extraction were performed with deep sedation.

Materials and Methods: After
approval by the Local Ethics Committee, a retrospective analysis was performed
using the records of 885 patients between the ages of 1-15 years, between 2012
and 2014, and treated with deep sedation for tooth extraction. The authors
described the characteristics of children, the various sedation techniques and
complications.

Results: The mean weight of the
patients was 20.09±7.3 kilogram and the mean age was 5.72±2.5 years. The
mean duration of the operations was 16.14±5.4 minutes. Propofol, ketamine,
propofol-ketamine combination, alfentanil, midazolam, sevoflurane inhalation,
sevoflurane inhalation+propofol were used fpr the anesthesia. There were no
statistically significant differences among the anesthesic agents, nausea and
vomiting (p=0.09),  and sore throat
(p=0.857) and arrhythmia, bronchospasm and hypoxia (p>0.05).

Conclusions: We
concluded that, propofol was a better option for deep sedation in pediatric
dental extraction due to short duration time, rapid recovery and less
nausea-vomiting. Ketamine-propofol combination may be used as an alternative to
propofol alone.
Genetics of trans-regulatory variation in gene expression
Authors: Albert Frank Wolfgang , Bloom Joshua S , Siegel Jake , Day Laura , Kruglyak Leonid
Published: July 2018

Heritable variation in gene expression forms a crucial bridge between genomic variation and the biology of many traits. However, most expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) remain unidentified. We mapped eQTLs by transcriptome sequencing in 1012 yeast segregants. The resulting eQTLs accounted for over 70% of the heritability of mRNA levels, allowing comprehensive dissection of regulatory variation. Most genes had multiple eQTLs. Most expression variation arose from trans-acting eQTLs distant from their target genes. Nearly all trans-eQTLs clustered at 102 hotspot locations, some of which influenced the expression of thousands of genes. Fine-mapped hotspot regions were enriched for transcription factor genes. While most genes had a local eQTL, most of these had no detectable effects on the expression of other genes in trans. Hundreds of non-additive genetic interactions accounted for small fractions of expression variation. These results reveal the complexity of genetic influences on transcriptome variation in unprecedented depth and detail.
Adaptation to constant light requires Fic-mediated AMPylation of BiP to protect against reversible photoreceptor degeneration
Authors: Moehlman Andrew T , Casey Amanda K , Servage Kelly , Orth Kim , Krämer Helmut
Published: July 2018

In response to environmental, developmental, and pathological stressors, cells engage homeostatic pathways to maintain their function. Among these pathways, the Unfolded Protein Response protects cells from the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER. Depending on ER stress levels, the ER-resident Fic protein catalyzes AMPylation or de-AMPylation of BiP, the major ER chaperone and regulator of the Unfolded Protein Response. This work elucidates the importance of the reversible AMPylation of BiP in maintaining the Drosophila visual system in response to stress. After 72 hr of constant light, photoreceptors of fic-null and AMPylation-resistant BiPT366A mutants, but not wild-type flies, display loss of synaptic function, disintegration of rhabdomeres, and excessive activation of ER stress reporters. Strikingly, this phenotype is reversible: photoreceptors regain their structure and function within 72 hr once returned to a standard light:dark cycle. These findings show that Fic-mediated AMPylation of BiP is required for neurons to adapt to transient stress demands.