bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MNDO-PM3 Study of the Early Stages of the Chemical Oxidative Polymerization of Aniline
Authors: Ćirić-Marjanović Gordana , Trchová Miroslava , Stejskal Jaroslav
Published: October 2006

The theoretical approach to the study of aniline polymerization mechanism has been based on the MNDO-PM3 semi-empirical quantum chemical computations of the heat of formation of aniline dimer and trimer intermediates. The oxidation in aqueous medium without added acid is analyzed. The aniline nitrenium cation is proposed to be the reactive electrophilic species generated by the oxidation of aniline with a two-electron oxidant, ammonium peroxydisulfate, in the initiation phase. 4-Aminodiphenylamine and its fully oxidized form, N-phenyl-1,4-benzoquinonediimine, are the main dimeric products. 2-Aminodiphenylamine and its fully oxidized form, N-phenyl-1,2-benzoquinonediimine, are the most important side products of aniline dimerization. The influence of protonation on the oxidizability of aniline and reaction intermediates was studied. The dominant aniline oligomers have been shown to be linear as well as branched. The importance of reactivity difference between fully oxidized aniline oligomers composed of odd or even numbers of constitutional aniline units is pointed out. The species with odd numbers of aniline units, having nitrenium cationic nature, are much more reactive. The oxidation combined with intramolecular cyclization reaction pathways leads to substituted phenazines, characteristic of two-dimensional PANI chain-growth.
T-SATPLAN: A SAT-BASED TEMPORAL PLANNER
Authors: MALI AMOL DATTATRAYA , LIU YING
Published: October 2006

Recent advances in solving constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs) and heuristic search have made it possible to solve classical planning problems significantly faster. There is an increasing amount of work on extending these advances to solving planning problems in more expressive languages. These problems and languages contain metric time, quantifiers and resource quantities. SAT-based approaches are very effective at optimal planning. In this paper we report on SAT-based temporal planner T-SATPLAN. One key challenge in the development of planners casting planning as SAT or CSP is the identification of constraints which are satisfied if and only if there is a plan of k steps. In this paper we show how such a SAT encoding can be synthesized for temporal planning. As part of this, we generalize explanatory frame axioms for two states of fluents (true, false) to three states of fluents (true, false and undefined). We show how this SAT encoding can be simplified. We discuss two additional SAT encodings of temporal planning. The encoding schemes make it easier to exploit progress in SAT and CSP solving to solve temporal planning problems. We also report on an experimental evaluation of T-SATPLAN using one such encoding scheme. The evaluation shows that significantly large SAT encodings of temporal planning problems can be solved extremely fast.
INFINITESIMAL DEFORMATIONS OF HARMONIC MAPS AND MORPHISMS
Authors: WOOD JOHN C.
Published: October 2006

We survey results on infinitesimal deformations ("Jacobi fields") of harmonic maps, concentrating on (i) when they are integrable, i.e., arise from genuine deformations, and what this tells us, (ii) their relation with harmonic morphisms — maps which preserve Laplace's equation.
Biodiversity Conservation Planning Tools: Present Status and Challenges for the Future
Authors: Sarkar Sahotra , Pressey Robert L. , Faith Daniel P. , Margules Christopher R. , Fuller Trevon , Stoms David M. , Moffett Alexander , Wilson Kerrie A. , Williams Kristen J. , Williams Paul H. , Andelman Sandy
Published: October 2006

▪ Abstract  Species extinctions and the deterioration of other biodiversity features worldwide have led to the adoption of systematic conservation planning in many regions of the world. As a consequence, various software tools for conservation planning have been developed over the past twenty years. These tools implement algorithms designed to identify conservation area networks for the representation and persistence of biodiversity features. Budgetary, ethical, and other sociopolitical constraints dictate that the prioritized sites represent biodiversity with minimum impact on human interests. Planning tools are typically also used to satisfy these criteria. This chapter reviews both the concepts and technical choices that underlie the development of these tools. Conservation planning problems can be formulated as optimization problems, and we evaluate the suitability of different algorithms for their solution. Finally, we also review some key issues associated with the use of these tools, such as computational efficiency, the effectiveness of taxa and abiotic parameters at choosing surrogates for biodiversity, the process of setting explicit targets of representation for biodiversity surrogates, and dealing with multiple criteria. The review concludes by identifying areas for future research, including the scheduling of conservation action over extensive time periods and incorporating data about site vulnerability.
Taking a social turn for the worse: The language socialization paradigm for second language acquisition
Authors: Gregg Kevin R.
Published: October 2006

In recent years, a number of researchers in the field of second language acquisition have voiced discontent regarding the tendency of second language acquisition (SLA) research to be conducted within a framework of cognitive science (Firth and Wagner, 1997; Atkinson, 2002; Johnson, 2004). Watson-Gegeo (2004) expresses this same discontent, and goes beyond it to call for a new SLA paradigm, the ‘language socialization paradigm’. In this article, I point out the various ways in which Watson-Gegeo has misunderstood the nature of cognitive science research in general, and SLA research in particular, and show why her call should go unheeded.
When Swedes begin to learn German: from V2 to V2
Authors: Bohnacker Ute
Published: October 2006

This article investigates verb placement, especially Verb second (V2), in post-puberty second language (L2) learners of two closely related Germanic V2 languages: Swedish and German. Håkansson, et al. (2002) have adduced data from first language (L1) Swedish-speaking learners of German in support of the claim that the syntactic property of V2 never transfers from the L1 to L2 interlanguage grammars. Regardless of L1, learners are said to follow a hypothe-sized universal developmental path of L2 German verb placement, where V2 is mastered very late (only after Object–Verb, OV, has been acquired), if ever. Explanations include the notion of Subject–Verb–Object (SVO) being a more basic, ‘canonical’ word order (e.g. Clahsen and Muysken, 1986), so-called ‘vulnerability’ of the C-domain (Platzack, 2001), and ‘processability’, according to which SVX and Adv–SVX (i.e. V3) are easier to process (i.e. produce) than XVS (i.e. V2) (e.g. Pienemann, 1998). However, the empirical data comes exclusively from Swedes learning German as a third language, after substantial exposure to English. When these learners violate V2, syntactic transfer from English, a non-V2 language, cannot be ruled out. In order to control for this potential confound, I compare new oral production data from six adult Swedish ab initio learners of German, three with prior knowledge of English and three without. With an appropriate elicitation method, the informants can be shown to productively use non-subject-initial V2 in their German after four months of exposure, at a point when their interlanguage syntax elsewhere is non-targetlike (VO instead of OV). Informants who do not know English never violate V2 (0%), indicating transfer of V2-L1 syntax. Those with prior knowledge of English are less targetlike in their L3-German productions (45% V2 violations), indicating interference from non-V2 English. These results suggest that, contra Håkansson et al. (2002), learners do transfer the property of V2 from their L1, and that L2 knowledge of a non-V2 language (English) may obscure this V2 transfer. The findings also suggest that V2 is not difficult to acquire per se, and that V2 is not developmentally dependent on target headedness of the VP (German OV) having been acquired first.
The role of wild food plants in poverty alleviation and biodiversity conservation in tropical countries
Authors: Delang Claudio O.
Published: October 2006

Recent research linking poverty alleviation and forest conservation has frequently focused on the potential contribution of the commercialization of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs), and has consequently emphasized incomes from NTFPs rather than their consumption. This paper aims to understand the role played by the consumption of wild food plants in the livelihood of rural populations. Two methods of evaluation are used to estimate the value of the wild food plants consumed by Pwo Karen people living in the Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary in western Thailand. The first calculates the time needed to gather the wild food plants (14.63 days/year per household), and the second uses the prices of commercial substitutes in the market to estimate the number of days household members would have to engage in paid work if they switched to commercial food crops (143 days/year). The paper concludes that consuming wild food plants is an efficient method of subsistence that should be encouraged. If it is not encouraged, economic growth could lead people to squander additional cash incomes on higherstatus commercial food crops rather than spend it on productive investment.
Discourses of postmodern epistemology: radical impetus lost?
Authors: Müller Martin
Published: October 2006

Exhibiting a highly divisive agenda postmodernism has created profound chasms across scientific communities. In development studies its radical impetus has translated into the postdevelopment perspective which violently repudiates the modernist development project. This paper crystallises two distinct discourses of working upon the epistemological raw material of postmodernism: an exclusivist discourse, which reinforces the chasm by isolating postmodernism, and an inclusivist discourse, which fosters mutual engagement between modernism and postmodernism. I contrast the trajectory of this inclusivist discourse in development studies to the hegemony of an exclusivist discourse in geography and find the preponderance of an inclusivist discourse to yield a higher radical potential and produce a kind of hybrid development research that is neither modern nor postmodern. Concluding I suggest that the relationship between modernism and postmodernism be thought of not in an exclusivist way as two competing paradigms, as it is often done, but rather as of two poles of negotiation between which a future sustained engagement should occur to enrich the theoretical and practical body of the discipline.
Analysing institutional partnerships in development: a contract between equals or a loaded process?
Authors: Morse Stephen , McNamara Nora
Published: October 2006

Partnerships are complex, diverse and subtle relationships, the nature of which changes with time, but they are vital for the functioning of the development chain. This paper reviews the meaning of partnership between development institutions as well as some of the main approaches taken to analyse the relationships. The latter typically revolve around analyses based on power, discourse, interdependence and functionality. The paper makes the case for taking a multianalytical approach to understanding partnership but points out three problem areas: identifying acceptable/unacceptable trade-offs between characteristics of partnership, the analysis of multicomponent partnerships (where one partner has a number of other partners) and the analysis of long-term partnership. The latter is especially problematic for long-term partnerships between donors and field agencies that share an underlying commitment based on religious beliefs. These problems with current methods of analysing partnership are highlighted by focusing upon the Catholic Church-based development chain, linking donors in the North (Europe) and their field partners in the South (Abuja Ecclesiastical Province, Nigeria). It explores a narrated history of a relationship with a single donor spanning 35 years from the perspective of one partner (the field agency).
Porous Acetylene-black Spheres as the Cathode Materials of Dye-sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Cai Fengshi , Chen Jun , Xu Ruisong
Published: October 2006

Porous acetylene-black (AB) spheres were used as the cathode materials of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSC), showing low-cost, high electrochemical activity and energy-conversion efficiency (5.76%), indicating the potential replacement of noble-metal Pt in the cathode of DSC.
Arsenic Recovery from Water Containing Arsenite Ions by Hydrothermal Mineralization
Authors: Itakura Takeshi , Sasai Ryo , Itoh Hideaki
Published: October 2006

Here, we demonstrated the recovery of arsenic from water containing various concentrations of arsenite ions by hydrothermal mineralization treatment using the mineralizer Ca(OH)2. As a result, it was found that the yield recovery of hydrothermal mineralization treatment is independent of initial concentration and arsenic valence. Therefore, the present technique is effective for treating water contaminated by arsenic species.
Adsorption Behavior of 6-Octylthio-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithiol Monosodium on Au(111) Investigated by Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Authors: Kaneko Shingo , Yoshimoto Soichiro , Sawaguchi Takahiro , Shikakura Kenta , Kameyama Atsushi , Takahashi Satoshi , Kobayakawa Koichi , Sato Yuichi
Published: October 2006

An electrochemical STM study revealed that the ordered adlayers of 6-octylthio-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithiol monosodium (OTDS) were formed on a Au(111) electrode surface in HClO4, resulting in the formation of stripe structure by stacking along the √3 direction.
The combined sensate radial forearm and iliac crest free flaps for reconstruction of significant glossectomy‐mandibulectomy defects
Authors: Urken Mark L. , Weinberg Hubert , Vickery Carlin , Aviv Jonathan E. , Buchbinder Daniel , Lawson William , Biller Hugh F.
Published: October 2006

The loss of motor and sensory function of the tongue following ablative surgery has a devastating effect on oral function. At the present time, there is no way to restore lost tongue musculature following partial glossectomy. The use of sensate cutaneous flaps has been shown to restore sensory feedback to reconstructed areas of the oral cavity. No single composite flap supplies a sensate soft‐tissue component together with an osseous component of sufficient bone stock for functional mastication. In this article, the combination of the radial forearm free flap with the iliac crest osteocutaneous or osteomyocutaneous free flap is reported. The radial forearm free flap was used to resurface the resected portion of the tongue to provide maximum mobility and sensation. The lingual nerve was the recipient nerve for anastomosis to the antebrachial cutaneous nerves in all but one case. The iliac bone was used to reconstruct the mandible, with the iliac skin paddle or the internal oblique muscle used to reconstruct the neoridge. This combination of flaps was used in 10 patients. There was one flap failure due to vascular kinking from“piggybacking” the iliac crest to the distal end of the radial forearm flap. As a result, the use of two separate sets of recipient vessels is now advocated.

Although a single composite free flap offers an excellent form of oromandibular reconstruction in most cases, it has been shown that oral function deteriorates when large areas of anesthesia are present in the oral cavity. We believe that this combination of two free flaps offers an opportunity for superior function in select patients with significant glossectomy and/or large mucosal defects.
Temporal bone histopathologic findings of Waardenburg's syndrome: A case report
Authors: Nakashima Shigeto , Sando Isamu , Takahashi Haruo , Hashida Yoshie
Published: October 2006

A histopathological study of the temporal bones of a 3‐year‐old black girl who had bilateral deafness associated with Waardenburg's syndrome type II showed a similar pattern of pathology in both ears. The most striking findings were an absence of pigmentation in the inner ear and cochleosaccular abnormality. This is, to our knowledge, only the third report on human temporal bone histopathology in Waardenburg's syndrome and the first report of such a case with absence of pigment (melanin) in the inner ear. A possible association of hearing loss with absence of inner ear pigment in this case is discussed.
Anatomic correlates of normal and diseased adenoids in children
Authors: Brodsky Linda , Koch R. James
Published: October 2006

In order to better understand the pathogenesis and sequelae of obstructive adenoid hyperplasia in children, the anatomic relationships of the adenoids to the hard and soft palates, oropharynx, and nasopharynx were studied in vivo in 94 children. Direct, intraoperative palatal, nasopharyngeal, and oropharyngeal measurements were performed in 19 children with normal, nondiseased adenoids (controls [C]) and compared to 75 children undergoing adenoidectomy for obstructive adenoid hyperplasia (OAH) (n = 44) or chronic adenoid infection (CAI) (n = 31).

As expected, the weight and volume of the adenoids removed were significantly greater in the OAH vs. CAI group (P < .001). Before adenoidectomy, the volume of the nasopharynx was significantly smaller in the OAH group; however, nasopharyngeal volumes after adenoidectomy were quite similar in all three groups and ranged from 5.4 to 6.2 cc. Only the change in the volume of the nasopharynx after adenoidectomy for obstruction was significant (2.5 ± 1.2 cc, P < .01). Differences in oropharyngeal and palatal dimensions were not associated with longstanding obstruction from adenoid hyperplasia.

These data indicate that the nasal obstruction from adenoid hyperplasia is due to an absolute increase in adenoid size rather than a relatively smaller nasopharynx. Differences in palatal and oropharyngeal dimensions usually described and attributed to longstanding nasal obstruction could not be demonstrated in this study.
Appendicectomy: Who Performs it, When and How?
Authors: Lansdown Mark RJ , Gray Anthony JG , Treasure Tom , Layer Graham T
Published: October 2006

A comparative review of changing patterns between 1997 and 2002 of who performs appendicectomy and a snapshot of the surgical approaches in use. It also indicates the stage at which competency in appendicectomy may be achieved by contemporary trainees in surgery and anaesthesia.
Trends in Elective Hand Surgery Referrals from Primary Care
Authors: Wildin Clair , Dias Joseph J , Heras-Palou Carlos , Bradley Mary J , Burke Frank D
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTION

Two prospective audits of activity in a hand unit were performed, in 1989–1990 and during 2000–2001, to identify trends in elective hand surgery referrals from primary care.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Two 6-month prospective audits of activity in a hand unit were performed, including elective referrals from primary care. Data were collected on all in-district referrals with elective hand disorders. Cross boundary flow was identified to permit assessment of changes in referrals by diagnosis over a decade.

RESULTS

There was a 36% increase in health authority referrals for elective hand surgery over the decade (from 289 to 392 per 100,000 of population per year). The number of elective hand surgery operations rose 34% over the decade (from 149 to 199 operations per 100,000 of population per year). Carpal tunnel syndrome (the commonest reason for elective referral) almost doubled (from 59.7 to 112 per 100,000 of population per year). Referrals for ganglion, the second most common elective referral, rose modestly. Referrals for osteoarthritis (commonly basal thumb arthritis) almost trebled over the decade to become the fourth commonest condition referred to the hand unit (from 12.7 to 34 per 100,000 of population per year). Referrals for Dupuytrens disease, trigger finger and rheumatoid arthritis were relatively unchanged over the decade. Congenital hand referrals are uncommon but doubled during the decade.

CONCLUSIONS

Hand surgery referrals rose by 36% over the decade. Analysis of the commoner conditions referred reveal a high prevalence within the community with the possibility of increased referrals in years to come.
Breast Reduction Surgery in the UK and Ireland–Current Trends
Authors: Iwuagwu OC , Platt AJ , Drew PJ
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTION

This paper reviews the current status of bilateral breast reduction surgery in the UK and Ireland. It examines the pre-operative, operative and postoperative management of women.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A questionnaire established information about surgeons' experience, bilateral breast reduction work-load, pre-operative assessment, selection criteria, issues of operative technique and postoperative management. This was sent to 230 consultant plastic surgeons working in the NHS in the UK and Ireland.

RESULTS

There was a 61% response rate. Of respondent surgeons, 82% always perform pre-operative photography, 71% never do a mammogram even in patients above the age of 50 years. Body mass index (BMI) is the most commonly used criteria for patient selection (60%). Two-thirds of the surgeons use an inferior pedicle technique and 75% of surgeons work in health authorities that restrict breast reduction surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

There was significant variation in practice among surgeons performing bilateral breast reduction. This may reflect a lack of evidence base for practise. Published literature focuses almost exclusively on the description of different techniques. Further work is required to evaluate the role of pre-operative mammography, specimen mammography, antibiotics and selection criteria for surgery.
The Value of Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) in Surgical In-Patients: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Gardner-Thorpe J , Love N , Wrightson J , Walsh S , Keeling N
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTION

The Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) is a simple, physiological score that may allow improvement in the quality and safety of management provided to surgical ward patients. The primary purpose is to prevent delay in intervention or transfer of critically ill patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 334 consecutive ward patients were prospectively studied. MEWS were recorded on all patients and the primary end-point was transfer to ITU or HDU.

RESULTS

Fifty-seven (17%) ward patients triggered the call-out algorithm by scoring four or more on MEWS. Emergency patients were more likely to trigger the system than elective patients. Sixteen (5% of the total) patients were admitted to the ITU or HDU. MEWS with a threshold of four or more was 75% sensitive and 83% specific for patients who required transfer to ITU or HDU.

CONCLUSIONS

The MEWS in association with a call-out algorithm is a useful and appropriate risk-management tool that should be implemented for all surgical in-patients.
Is Frenuloplasty Worthwhile? A 12-Year Experience
Authors: Rajan Prabhakar , Alan McNeill S , Turner Kevin J
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTION

Frenuloplasty is commonly performed. Its outcome has never been reported.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We have performed 213 frenuloplasties since 1992. Patients were sent a questionnaire regarding indication, treatment advised on presentation, anaesthetic, outcome (linear analogue satisfaction score), and further intervention required.

RESULTS

Overall, 48 of 209 (23%) patients replied (median age of series, 27 years; range 16–78 years: and of respondents, 27 years; range, 17–78 years). Indications included tearing/bleeding of the foreskin (n = 32), balanitis (n = 3), pain on intercourse (n = 26), phimosis (n = 4), ejaculatory (n = 1) and hygiene (n = 1) problems. Twenty-five patients received general anaesthesia. Median satisfaction score was 8 (range, 1–10). Thirty-four patients would recommend frenuloplasty to another with similar symptoms. Three of nine patients initially advised to undergo circumcision later underwent circumcision (frenuloplasty satisfaction score, 1–3), 1 awaits circumcision (score, 5), 1 has a tight foreskin (score, 3), and 4 are satisfied (scores 6,9,10,10). In total, 23 of 209 patients (11%; median age, 27 years) underwent circumcision following frenuloplasty. Median time to circumcision was 11 months (range, 5–52 months).

CONCLUSIONS

This is the only reported series of frenuloplasty. The response rate reflects a young mobile population. Most men are satisfied with the outcome, including some initially advised to undergo circumcision. The overall rate of circumcision following frenuloplasty is likely to be 15–20%.
A Survey of Competency-Based Training of Senior House Officers in Performing Minor Surgical Procedures
Authors: Leong Samuel CL , Waghorn Alison J
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTION

The aim of this survey was to ascertain the level of competency and training of basic surgical trainees (SHOs) in performing incision and drainage of a perianal abscess (a minor surgical procedure).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Questionnaires were sent to SHOs enquiring about preferred methods of incision and drainage and the teaching received to perform this procedure.

RESULTS

Of respondent SHOs, 10% did not receive teaching when performing their first incision and drainage and over half did not received any feedback from their trainers. A mere 65% received practical supervision. Use of the curette and de-roofing of the abscess are not routine methods used. In addition, 13% reported inadequate incision and drainage, which required a second procedure.

CONCLUSIONS

Competency-based training in minor surgical procedures benefits not only from didactic teaching, immediate supervision and appraisal but also from frequent practise. This was found to be lacking for incision and drainage of perianal abscesses by basic surgical trainees surveyed in the study.
Does it Matter Whom You See?–A Fracture Clinic Audit
Authors: Cosker TDA , Ghandour A , Naresh T , Visvakumar K , Johnson SR
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTION

A consultant-led service for trauma in the UK has become the accepted norm. Practice in fracture clinics may vary widely between consultants and has an impact on the number of patients seen and, therefore, the time devoted to each patient.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 945 patients attending our unit's fracture clinics were analysed over a 6-week period, representing one complete cycle of our trauma system.

RESULTS

The overall discharge rate was 38% but this differed significantly between consultants. Patients re-presenting for the same complaint were evenly distributed between those discharging aggressively and those re-reviewing regularly.

CONCLUSIONS

Re-reviewing patients has a significant impact on the number of patients seen in future clinics and, therefore, the time that can be devoted to each patient, individual consultant workload and teaching of junior staff. Since the re-presentation rate between those discharging aggressively and those re-reviewing more frequently was the same, discharge protocols are recommended for common trauma conditions to standardise the process. Specialist clinics are recommended for more complex trauma cases.
Clodronate Reduces the Incidence of Fractures in Community-Dwelling Elderly Women Unselected for Osteoporosis: Results of a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Randomized Study
Authors: McCloskey Eugene V , Beneton Monique , Charlesworth Diane , Kayan Karthik , de Takats Dominic , Dey Abhijit , Orgee Jane , Ashford Robert , Forster Martin , Cliffe Jennifer , Kersh Linda , Brazier John , Nichol Jon , Aropuu Sakari , Jalava Tarja , Kanis John A
Published: October 2006

A 3-year prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of oral clodronate 800 mg showed that the incidence of clinical fractures was decreased by 20% in 5596 elderly women unselected for osteoporosis. The effect occurred in the absence of systematic calcium and vitamin D supplementation and was observed across a wide range of BMDs.

Introduction: To date, most studies with bisphosphonates have reported on their use in individuals selected to be at high risk for fracture usually by the presence of low BMD or a prior fragility fracture, usually of the spine. We wished to determine the effect of the bisphosphonate, clodronate, on the rate of fractures in women ⩾75 years of age living in the community.

Materials and Methods: Women ⩾75 years of age living in the general community in South Yorkshire and North Derbyshire, identified from general practice registers, were recruited by letter of invitation to a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of 800 mg oral clodronate (Bonefos) or matching placebo daily over 3 years. The main outcomes were the incidences of hip and any clinical fracture.

Results: Of the 5579 elderly women included in the intention-to-treat analysis of efficacy, 114 had a new hip fracture during the 3-year treatment phase: 56 (2.0%) women in the clodronate group and 58 (2.1%) women in the placebo group (hazard ration [HR], 1.02; 95% CI, 0.71–1.47). Clodronate did, however, decrease the incidence of any clinical fracture by 20% (264 women [9.5%] versus 337 [12.1%] in the placebo group; HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.68–0.94). The incidence of osteoporosis-associated nonhip fractures was also significantly decreased by 29% (5.2% versus 7.4%; HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.57–0.87). The ability of clodronate to reduce the risk of osteoporotic fracture was independent of baseline BMD, but the number needed-to-treat was lower in the presence of osteoporosis.

Conclusions: Oral daily clodronate can prevent fractures without significant adverse effects in elderly women living in the general community. The effect on hip fracture risk is not significant, but an effect similar to that at other nonvertebral sites cannot be excluded. This study suggests that antiresorptive therapies can reduce fracture incidence in high-risk individuals even in the presence of a normal or osteopenic BMD.
Prediction of Surface Roughness Using X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Neural Networks
Authors: Kim Byungwhan , Park Min-Geun
Published: October 2006

A new model for controlling plasma processes was constructed by combining atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and neural networks. The applicability of XPS to modeling etch rate was also investigated, as well as the impact of dc bias inclusion. The back-propagation neural network was used to find complex relationships between XPS and AFM data. This technique was evaluated with the etching data characterized by a 24 full factorial experiment. Five prediction models of surface roughness were constructed and compared. The Type I model refers to the model constructed with conventional process parameters. The Type II and III models were built with XPS and XPS plus dc bias data, respectively. The remaining Type IV and V models refer to those constructed with principal component analysis (PCA) reduced-XPS and PCA reduced-XPS plus dc bias, respectively. Mode prediction performance was evaluated as a function of training factor. In predicting the surface roughness, the Type II model yielded an improved prediction of 39% with respect to the Type IV model. The improvement was also demonstrated in modeling the etch rate. These results indicate that utilizing full XPS data is more effective for improving the model prediction performance. The advantage of XPS data was more conspicuous in constructing the surface roughness model.
Characterization of Automobile Float Glass with Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Bridge Candice M. , Powell Joseph , Steele Katie L. , Williams Mary , MacInnis Jean M. , Sigman Michael E.
Published: October 2006

A comparative analysis of the discriminating power of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), each coupled with refractive index (RI) measurements, is presented for a study of 23 samples of automobile float glass. Elemental emission intensity ratios (LIBS) and elemental concentration ratios (LA-ICP-MS) and their associated confidence intervals were calculated for each float glass sample. The ratios and confidence intervals were used to determine the discrimination power of each analytical method. It was possible to discriminate 83% of the glass samples with 99% confidence based on LIBS spectra alone, and 96–99% of the samples could be discriminated based on LIBS spectra taken in conjunction with RI data at the same confidence level. LA-ICP-MS data allowed for 100% discrimination of the samples without the need for RI data. The results provide evidence to support the use of LIBS combined with RI for forensic analysis of float glass in laboratories that do not have access to LA-ICP-MS.
Transfer of Multivariate Classification Models between Laboratory and Process Near-Infrared Spectrometers for the Discrimination of Green Arabica and Robusta Coffee Beans
Authors: Myles Anthony J. , Zimmerman Tyler A. , Brown Steven D.
Published: October 2006

Analogous to the situation found in calibration, a classification model constructed from spectra measured on one instrument may not be valid for prediction of class from spectra measured on a second instrument. In this paper, the transfer of multivariate classification models between laboratory and process near-infrared spectrometers is investigated for the discrimination of whole, green Coffea arabica (Arabica) and Coffea canefora (Robusta) coffee beans. A modified version of slope/bias correction, orthogonal signal correction trained on a vector of discrete class identities, and model updating were found to perform well in the preprocessing of data to permit the transfer of a classification model developed on data from one instrument to be used on another instrument. These techniques permitted development of robust models for the discrimination of green coffee beans on both spectrometers and resulted in misclassification errors for the transfer process in the range of 5–10%.
Classification of Atherosclerotic Rabbit Aorta Samples with an Infrared Attenuated Total Reflection Catheter and Multivariate Data Analysis
Authors: Wang Liqun , Chapman Jessica , Palmer Richard A. , Alter Todd M. , Hooper Brett A. , Van Ramm Olaf , Mizaikoff Boris
Published: October 2006

The strongly overlapping infrared absorption features of atherosclerotic and normal rabbit aorta samples as governed by their water, lipid, and protein content render the direct evaluation of molecular characteristics obtained from infrared (IR) spectroscopic measurements challenging for classification. We have successfully applied multivariate data analysis and classification techniques based on partial least squares regression (PLS), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and principal component regression (PCR) to IR spectroscopic data obtained by using a recently developed infrared attenuated total reflectance (IR-ATR) catheter prototype for future in vivo diagnostic applications. Training data were collected ex vivo from atherosclerotic and normal rabbit aorta samples. The successful classification results on atherosclerotic and normal aorta samples utilizing the developed data evaluation routines reveals the potential of spectroscopy combined with multivariate classification strategies for the identification of normal and atherosclerotic aorta tissue for in vitro and, in the future, in vivo applications.
Terahertz Pulsed Spectroscopy of Human Basal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Wallace Vincent P. , Fitzgerald Anthony J. , Pickwell Emma , Pye Richard J. , Taday Philip F. , Flanagan Niamh , Ha Thomas
Published: October 2006

Good contrast is seen between normal tissue and regions of tumor in terahertz pulsed imaging of basal cell carcinoma (BCC). To date, the source of contrast at terahertz frequencies is not well understood. In this paper we present results of a spectroscopy study comparing the terahertz properties (absorption coefficient and refractive index) of excised normal human skin and BCC. Both the absorption coefficient and refractive index were higher for skin that contained BCC. The difference was statistically significant over the range 0.2 to 2.0 THz (6.6 cm−1 to 66.6 cm−1) for absorption coefficient and 0.25 to 0.90 THz (8.3 cm−1 to 30 cm−1) for refractive index. The maximum difference for absorption was at 0.5 THz (16.7 cm−1). These changes are consistent with higher water content. These results account for the contrast seen in terahertz images of BCC and explain why parameters relating to the reflected terahertz pulse provide information about the lateral spread of the tumor. Knowing the properties of the tissue over the terahertz frequency range will enable the use of mathematical models to improve understanding of the terahertz response of normal and diseased tissue.
Optical Properties of Surface-Enhanced Raman-Active Capture Matrices
Authors: Mosier-Boss P. A.
Published: October 2006

Silver and gold colloidal particles can be immobilized on amine-derivatized magnetic microparticles. Once immobilized, the colloidal particles can be reacted with thiols to form a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). Earlier it was shown that the resultant derivatized magnetic microparticles, i.e., capture matrices, are surface-enhanced Raman (SERS) active and that they can be used to extract trace amounts of analyte from an aqueous sample. In this investigation, the optical properties of the capture matrices are examined. Imaging of these magnetic microparticles shows that the immobilized silver/gold colloidal particles exhibit blinking behavior. An increase in the SERS signals due to the SAM and the continuum is observed with constant laser illumination of these magnetic microparticles. Such an increase can be used to improve sensitivity. This increase in signal is attributed to the electromagnetic enhancement mechanism (EEM).
In situ Infrared Microspectroscopy of ∼850 Million-Year-Old Prokaryotic Fossils
Authors: Igisu Motoko , Nakashima Satoru , Ueno Yuichiro , Awramik Stanley M. , Maruyama Shigenori
Published: October 2006

In situ infrared (IR) and Raman microspectroscopy have been conducted on Neoproterozoic, organic-walled microfossils (prokaryotic fossils) in doubly polished, petrographic thin sections in order to detect their spectral signatures. The microfossils are very well preserved and occur in black chert from the ∼850 million-year-old Bitter Springs Formation, Northern Territory, Australia. Raman microspectroscopy on two species of microfossils, one a filament and the other a coccoid, shows disordered peaks (D peak, 1340 cm−1) and graphite peaks (G peak, 1600 cm−1), indicating that they consist of disordered carbonaceous materials. IR micro-mapping results of the filament reveal that the distributions of peak heights at 2920 cm−1 (aliphatic CH2), 1585 cm−1 (aromatic C–C), and 1370 cm−1 (aliphatic CH3) match the shape of the filamentous microfossil. These results suggest that IR microspectroscopy can be used for in situ characterization of organic polar signatures that morphologically indicate microfossils embedded in chert by using doubly-polished rock (petrographic) thin section samples. Further, these methods can be applied to controversial microfossil-like structures to test their biogenic nature.
On-Line Monitoring of the Buffer Capacity of Particleboard Furnish by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Andre N. , Young T. M. , Rials T. G.
Published: October 2006

This paper reports on a study of on-line monitoring of the buffer capacity of particleboard furnish using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and multivariate analysis models (chemometrics). The buffer capacity of wood furnish is known to affect the quality of polymerization and the curing rates of urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins, which may affect the mechanical properties of manufactured panel. The first phase of the study consisted of building multivariate calibration and validation models from NIR spectroscopy data to predict the buffer capacity of particleboard furnish in a laboratory environment. During this phase, a spectrometer (Ocean Optics USB2000) operating in the 550–1100 nm spectral range was evaluated. The second phase of the study took place at a North American particleboard plant over several weeks. Several multivariate calibration models were constructed and tested on-line during a four-day test period. The on-line root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and the coefficient of variation (CV) for buffer capacity predictions ranged from 3.45 to 0.92 and 22.4% to 5.8%, respectively.
Identifying Chemical Changes in Subchondral Bone Taken from Murine Knee Joints Using Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Dehring Karen A. , Crane Nicole J. , Smukler Abigail R. , McHugh Jonathan B. , Roessler Blake J. , Morris Michael D.
Published: October 2006

Application of Raman spectroscopy to analysis of subchondral bone is described. The effect of cartilage health on subchondral bone has been widely studied using radiological and histological methods; however, there is no method to directly assay mineral components. We present Raman spectra of femur condyles and observe mineral bands that arise from the subchondral bone. In two separate experiments, transgenic mouse models of early-onset osteoarthritis (OA) and lipoatrophy were compared to tissue from wild-type mice. Raman spectroscopy was used to identify chemical changes in the mineral of subchondral bone that may accompany or precede morphological changes that can be observed by histology. The transgenic mice were compared to age-matched wild-type mice. Subtle alterations in the mineral or collagen matrix were observed by Raman spectroscopy using established Raman markers such as the carbonate-to-phosphate ratio, mineral-to-matrix ratio (MTMR), and amide I ratio. The Raman microscope configuration enabled rapid collection of Raman spectra from the mineralized layer that lies under an intact layer of non-mineralized articular cartilage. The effect of the cartilage layer on collection of spectra is discussed. The technique proposed is capable of providing insight into the chemical changes that occur in subchondral bone on a molecular level.
Accuracy of Pointing a Binaural Listening Array
Authors: Letowski Tomasz R. , Ricard Gilbert L. , Kalb Joel T. , Mermagen Timothy J. , Amrein Kristin M.
Published: October 2006

We measured the accuracy with which sounds heard over a binaural, end-fire array could be located when the angular separation of the array's two arms was varied. Each individual arm contained nine cardioid electret microphones, the responses of which were combined to produce a unidirectional, band-limited pattern of sensitivity. We assessed the desirable angular separation of these arms by measuring the accuracy with which listeners could point to the source of a target sound presented against high-level background noise. We employed array separations of 30°, 45°, and 60°, and signal-to-noise ratios of +5, -5, and -15 dB. Pointing accuracy was best for a separation of 60°; this performance was indistinguishable from pointing during unaided listening conditions. In addition, the processing of the array was modeled to depict the information that was available for localization. The model indicates that highly directional binaural arrays can be expected to support accurate localization of sources of sound only near the axis of the array. Wider enhanced listening angles may be possible if the forward coverage of the sensor system is made less directional and more similar to that of human listeners.
Task Effects on Three-Dimensional Dynamic Postures during Seated Reaching Movements: An Investigative Scheme and Illustration
Authors: Zhang Xudong , Chaffin Don B.
Published: October 2006

In this paper we describe a new scheme for empirically investigating the effects of task factors on three-dimensional (3D) dynamic postures during seated reaching movements. The scheme relies on an underlying model that integrates two statistical procedures: (a) a regression description of the relationship between the time-varying hand location and postural angles to characterize the movement data and (b) a series of analyses of variance to test the hypothesized task effects using representative instantaneous postures. The use of this scheme is illustrated by an experiment that examines two generic task factors: hand motion direction and motion completion time. Results suggest that hand motion direction is a significant task factor in determining instantaneous postures, whereas a distinctive difference in the time to complete a motion does not appear to have a significant effect. We discuss the concept of an instantaneous posture and its utility in dynamic studies of movements, some insights into human reaching movement control strategy, and implications for the development of a 3D dynamic posture prediction model.
The Effects of Correlation and Response Bias in Alerted Monitor Displays
Authors: Elvers Greg C. , Elrif Paul
Published: October 2006

We performed an experiment in which a human, working in conjunction with an automated signal detection device, monitored a system for abnormal states. The human and the automated alarm monitored sets of information that were either dependent, partially independent, or independent of each other. The response criteria of the alarm and human were manipulated. The participants concurrently performed either an easy Or difficult tracking task as a load task. The results indicate that system sensitivity decreases as the sets of information become increasingly dependent on each other. The benefits of the alarm did not always outweigh its costs, especially in the more dependent conditions, which are probably more characteristic of real-life situations.
Cognitive Ability Determinants of Elite Pilot Performance
Authors: O'Hare David
Published: October 2006

The role of the modem pilot requires a high degree of situational awareness. This involves the ability to search for relevant information, assess opportunities and priorities, and maintain performance under stress. The PC-based WOMBATTM test has been designed to measure individual aptitude to cope with such demands. In the first experiment performance on the WOMBAT test was compared with performance on a battery of tests of specific underlying abilities. In the second experiment the performance of elite soaring pilots was compared with that of matched pilot and control groups. The results support the theory that the WOMBAT test measures individual ability to maintain situational awareness and that this ability is found in high levels in elite pilots.