bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Reservoir Properties Calibrating with Production Data for Carbon Capture and Storage in the Depleted Gas Reservoirs - An Integrated Assisted History Matching Approach for Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Tripoppoom Sutthaporn , Doungprasertsuk Chonlada , Pongthunya Potcharaporn , Prasertbordeekul Taweewat
Published: October 2023

One of a key responsibility for oil and gas industry is to ensure the balance between energy sustainability and minimizing the net carbon footprint to the environment. PTTEP, Thai national oil and gas company, has aligned this goal to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emission in 2050. Therefore, the scope of this project is to utilize carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology by injecting CO2 into the depleted reservoirs in the Gulf of Thailand.

To evaluate the feasibility of the project, the simulation model was required to mimic the physics behaviors, including free gas structural storage, residual trapping, soluble gas in water and mineralization, when the CO2 was injected into many layers of depleted reservoirs. This is to obtain the optimized scenario for CO2 injection. However, the key step for reservoir simulation is the history matching by calibrating the model with production data.

First, the static model was built by integrating geological understanding, well data, logging data and petrophysical interpretation, core data, and quantitative interpretation (QI) from seismic data. Then, the subsurface uncertainties were captured and transferred to dynamic model for history matching step. The sensitivity analysis was performed to understand causes and effects and determine the significant uncertain parameters. Then, the assisted history matching was performed to explore the possible solutions using evolutionary algorithm. Lastly, multiple realizations of history matching solutions were obtained.

From sensitivity analysis, the key parameters to be calibrated with production data and routine shut-in bottomhole surveys are gas-water contacts, porosity and permeability correlation and relative permeability endpoint parameters. From history matching solutions, we narrowed down the range of uncertainty of uncertain parameters during history matching. The pressure, gas and water production could be matched. Obtaining the calibrated model from history matching is the critical step because this will determine the feasibility of the project in terms of injection strategy and CO2 storage volume.

This study was the first history matching task performed for Thailand CCS project. The practical and robust history matching workflow used in this CCS project could be set as a milestone and provides the guideline how to implement assisted history matching technique for any future CCS projects.
Low-Cost Approach to Significantly Reduce Operational Cost and Improve Facility Reliability in Banyu Urip Acid Gas Removal Unit (AGRU)
Authors: Wijaya Vicky , Kaswan Sutrisno
Published: October 2023

Acid Gas Removal Unit (AGRU) is used for fuel gas (FG) production in Banyu Urip Facility, Indonesia. AGRU was operated at the 50% design capacity due to low FG demand with several operation limitations due to AGRU Wet Surface Air Cooler (WSAC) poor performance. This condition led to off-spec fuel gas production with higher H2S and high temperature which adversely impacted fuel gas compressor (FGC) reliability. Consequently, frequent problem in FGC interrupted FG supply to Gas Turbine Generator (GTG) and lead to excessive diesel consumption to substitute FG for electricity generation in the facility. This causes a high operational cost. Additionally, the facility could not be pushed to operate in higher rate for production optimization. The WSAC improvement then became critical to sustain FG supply and reduce operational cost.

Debottlenecking study to improve AGRU system performance was performed resulting in several improvement initiatives. Based on the study, significant heat transfer deterioration was observed at the WSAC 1st stage due to higher operating temperature compared to the 2nd stage. In addition to this, some required design improvements were also identified based on learning from historical failures such as water sprayer upgrade to anti-clogging type, motor and fan replacement for better induced draft cooling, and plenum material upgrade for better corrosion resistance. Therefore 1st stage bundle replacement with upgraded design was progressed.

Post tube bundle replacement and combine with the chemical treatment, the AGRU WSAC heat transfer performance was increased by 75% and GTG diesel consumption was reduced substantially by ~70%. This contributed to $1M annual operational cost saving with project investment at only $650K. This fit for purpose project is more beneficial compared to the whole WSAC replacement which costs $2.4M.

This condition also provided flexibility to run more GTG to produce more power for the facility. Additionally, by allowing more gas to be processed in AGRU, it helped the facility to optimize oil production.
Downhole Drilling Tool Services Personnel Multi-Skill Implementation in Indonesia
Authors: Noviasta Bonar , Permanasari Devita
Published: October 2023

In a standard conventional oil & gas service, each specialized downhole drilling tool service requires dedicated personnel to execute the field operation. This includes but is not limited to measurement while drilling (MWD), logging while drilling (LWD), directional drilling (DD), casing while drilling (CWD), underreaming service, loss circulation management tool service, drill bit performance service, and many others. In a complex drilling bottom hole assembly (BHA) deployment, multiple skilled-personnel presences at the rig site are required which consequently increases the service cost, the personnel safety risk, and the drilling performance risk caused by multiple chains of communication. Additionally, smaller rigs with less person on board (POB) capacity might become a limitation for multiple services to be deployed. From the environmental sustainability perspective, more personnel cause higher carbon emissions from the drilling operation.

The Multi-skilling approach for the downhole drilling tool services workforce is the solution for future Oil & Gas operation sustainability. The integration capability of the oilfield service company enables the workforce training matrix to be designed adapting the drilling challenges. The cross-training framework was made available in the forms of base-workshop training checklists, online web-based or virtual instructor-led training, offline courses, and on-the-job training. The multi-skill training pathway for each individual is also tracked and monitored, to ensure all downhole drilling service personnel are equipped with sufficient competency.

The multi-skilling was successfully deployed in several projects in Indonesia. A land operation in East Kalimantan executed the DD & MWD operation with fewer personnel by having MWD cross-trained to DD to cover the night shift alone (supported by remote operation), contributing to 25% more personnel-efficient operation. An offshore project in East Kalimantan also completed the drill bit performance service - Directional Drilling – Logging While Drilling – Underreaming While Drilling – Loss Circulation management tool services in an integrated approach with personnel multi-skill, contributed to 42% personnel efficiency by deploying only 4 personnel instead of 7 persons in a conventional way.
Success Story of a Novel Completion Technology of Hybrid ESP-Gas Lift System Trial
Authors: Pramana Harris , Mario Cio Cio , Nugrahanto Anang , Hakim Arief Lukman , Eviany Ameria , Murtani Anom Seto
Published: October 2023

Selection of the most suitable production technologies; namely the type of lift to be used, to the design and implementation for well conditions has been one main responsibility of petroleum engineers. In an especially limited offshore field, not all methods are applicable as platform spaces, operating costs, and system reliability are needed to be considered. System reliability, for instance, entails well production profile to meet the acceptable operating range and to perform within specific run life to be rendered economic.

Ujung Pangkah offshore field, located within Pangkah PSC Block off the northeastern coast of Java Island has been discovered in 1998 and carries on production since 2007. Having a typical gas cap with an oil rim, carbonate reservoir; Ujung Pangkah field has since been developed with commingle completion targeting both separated layers of oil zone and gas zone, utilizing only gas lift as its main artificial lift method. Concern for alternative lifting methods has arisen since 2019, due to the limitation of gas lift injection capacity that is no longer adequate for the current and future development wells at that time. Considering this challenge, Saka Energi Indonesia decided to perform ESP (Electrical Submersible Pump) trial on 2 wells.

By design, the proposed completion will be of a hybrid ESP-Gas Lift, possessing both ESP components and typical gas lift components. ESP is decided to be the next artificial lift method to be applied because currently there are unused electric capacities from Gas Turbine Generators. To satisfy the acceptable range of ESP design criteria, both wells are equipped with AGH (Advanced Gas Handler)/Gas Separator, along with a gas vent line to produce this separated gas through the annulus. To fulfill the required dual-barrier-policy in offshore conditions, these wells are using specialized, feed-through-ESP hydraulic packer that enables ESP cable and gas vent line to be passed through. To ensure these wells reach the economic limit of ESP installation, this hybrid completion design is used; utilizing ESP as the main artificial lift and gas lift as a backup so that the well can still be produced with gas lift when ESP experiences failure.

On the implementation side, the installation of ESP with backup gas lift on 2 wells has been successfully improving production, each up to 4.5 times and 1.5 times its previous oil rate pre-installation. Despite the first ESP being out of commission, ESP run life has been satisfied and the relative economic limit for the installation has been reached. In addition, the well can still be flowed with a backup gas lift system while waiting for pulling operation, which significantly extends the well run life and overall boosts the well's economic value.
Preserving Business Resilience - AI Driven Drilling Automation as the Engine of Change for Sustainable Performance
Authors: Khazali-Rosli Khairul Amir , A Murad M Syazwan , A Mokhti M Ridzuan , Jamal Jasrudin , M Zurhan M Syahmi , Mat Noh Nurfitrah , Kereshanan Marlene , Abdul Rashid Khairul Asyraf , Zuan Ting Shui , Herrera Carlos , Goodkey Brennan
Published: October 2023

Today’s demand for sustainable and affordable energy in a volatile business environment is challenging the conventional manual drilling operation. Digital and automation opens the possibility to achieve higher levels of performance and consistency while paving the way towards net zero. To realize this possibility, for the first time in Asia Pacific, a technology collaboration project was initiated to deploy an automation system that could be integrated into the rig control together with another automation application to complement the overall drill-a-stand workflow.

An automation system that is integrated into the rig control system to control the top-drive, drawworks, mud pumps, and auto-driller to autonomously execute drilling activities was introduced in this project. Using its artificial intelligence engine, the system automatically mapped and executed the required activities such as ROP optimization, stick & slip mitigation, shocks & vibration and stringer mitigation and telemetry downlinks to achieve the user requested goal. This paper will focus on two points, the first will be the technology employed and its integration with another digital provider and an OEM, its impact on processes and user adoption, procedural adherence, and its role in improving operational efficiency and performance. As this is the first of its kind, the second focus point will be the continuous process and technology enhancements introduced during the project based on the result and user feedback e.g., reducing multiple handovers between different applications.

After 10 months of operations, over 10,000m were successfully drilled with automation. A very high level of adoption has been a catalyst for continuous improvements in procedural adherence and operational efficiency in the project. Ultimately, this has contributed to an increase in operational safety, rate of penetration (ROP) and an increase in downlinking efficiency and drillers’ time utilization. The results achieved will be exhibited to communicate the specific areas for amelioration and to highlight the potential that drilling automation can unlock for the industry.
Performance of Bonded Bead Sand Screen as Remedial Sand Control in Highly Erosive Environment
Authors: Chandrakant Ashvin Avalani , Muhammad Yusof Aqil , M Zin Zulkifli , Rosland Eadie Azahar , Balgobin Amrit Stefan , Li Ren Chung , McClean Charlie Alexander
Published: October 2023

Sand production remains one of the major challenges in managing mature fields in Malaysia. Wells that experience severe sand production due to primary sand control failure and are uneconomical for workovers require a remedial solution to continue producing without compromising asset integrity. In these cases, operators rely heavily on Through-Tubing Sand Screen (TTSS), however the applications remain limited due to short TTSS lifespan especially in highly erosive environment. Frequent changeout is economically and operationally not feasible with increased intervention risk. Therefore, most high Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR) wells remain closed-in today, in need of a durable sand screen that can withstand high erosional velocity. Various types of Erosion Resistant Through-Tubing Sand Screens (ER-TTSS) have been implemented to test their durability and longevity in these wells.

This paper will discuss the performance of Malaysia's first installation of bonded bead sand screen in Well A. In contrast to conventional wire wrap or mesh filtration media, bonded bead sand screen incorporates tightly fused beads in cartridge form that act as depth filter to exclude sand, installed on a flushed perforated base pipe. The design is expected to provide superior erosion resistance performance as compared to conventional metallic sand screen. Prior to installation, Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulation and Sand Retention Test (SRT) were conducted to determine potential erosion rate at the targeted flow rate and optimum bead size, respectively.

During the 3 months pilot installation period, vigilant surface sand monitoring was in place, aided by real-time Acoustic Sand Monitoring (ASM) and Ultrasonic Flowline Thickness measurement (RT-UT). Well flowing parameters were also monitored closely to ensure that well is flown within the target parameters. Bonded bead sand screen was then retrieved post 3 months effective flowing period for detailed inspection, teardown and evaluation. Second screen were then installed for a period of > 6 months as part of the replication. Several criteria were identified as key performance indicators to evaluate the effectiveness of this technology.

The outcome of pilot installation, teardown findings and subsequent replacement of bonded bead sand screen in Well A will be discussed. Recommendations for future optimization will also be included to ensure that bonded bead sand screen remains as one of the competent through-tubing sand solutions, especially for high GOR wells.
Project Financing of W Asset with Reserve Based Lending (RBL) Method
Authors: Warsiyanto Faizal Ardi , Arisetiawan Ronald , Kurniawan Akbar , Setyawan Aries Agung
Published: October 2023

The global pandemic of the coronavirus outbreak in 2020 caused the world economy to shake and world energy demand to weaken, impacting oil prices to fall dramatically. In this situation, oil and gas companies need to adapt by streamlining costs.

PT Mega Energi Tbk (PTME) is an upstream holding public company with several subsidiaries that manage oil and gas block assets in Indonesia. In 2018, PTME acquired oil-producing assets "W" and established the ME-W company. At that time, the oil price was 80 $ a barrel for purchase, but the oil price crisis in 2020 changed the plan.

It was about PTME’s strategy for keeping W’s assets and sharing that pledge with the bank. In 2018, PTME secured financing from a bank to purchase W assets and launch ME-W. At that time, the cash flow of ME-W could service this debt, but as the oil price fell, simply maintaining business operations became impossible for the company. ME-W was forced to reduce operational expenses and delay the expansion plan, but as a result, the company's cash flow performance wasn't as strong when the loan arrangement was signed. If ME-W can't pay the installment of the principal and interest on the loan, PTME will lose its rights to ME-W. For this reason, the company must refinance to pay off the prior loan.

PTME has another subsidiary, ME-B manages asset B, which sells gas and is not affected by the decline in the oil price. ME-B will submit for ME-W loan refinancing. Due to the high business risk in the oil and gas industry and ME-B doesn’t have assets whose more value than the previous loan, the company submitted a new loan scheme, Reserve-Based Lending (RBL). The RBL method can make the bank feel more secure because the determining loan amount uses the company's cash flow performance. The bank will do a redetermination every six months to review the company's performance.

ME-B has an advantage in processing loan requests. ME-B only needs to provide forecast entitlement that reflects the gas sales agreement until the loan end date based on reserve tail calculation. The RBL system can help PTME to settle previous loans and preserve ME-W assets.

This paper can provide information that the RBL method is commonly utilized by oil and gas companies and financial institutions overseas and about the possibility of financing oil and gas projects in Indonesia using the same method by local banks.
Kuwait's First Successful Implementation of Managed Pressure Cementing in Deep Jurassic Reservoirs of Kra Al-Maru Field
Authors: Ekpe Joseph , Al-Shehab Ahmad Yousif , Al-Othman Ahmad Hussain Eissa , Baijal Sanjeev , Marin German , Benyounces Hakim , Aliyeva Aida , Alqabandi Raghad , Al-Fakeh Bushrah
Published: October 2023

The development of Najmah-Sargelu (NJ-SR) limestone fractured reservoir, has a significant role in Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) 2040 strategy. To achieve this objective, hydrocarbon potential across the NJ-SR reservoir will have to be evaluated in the West Kuwait of Kra Al-Maru (Figure 1). First and foremost, this section will have to be drilled to planned section TD, cased off and successfully cemented. This paper discusses KOC experiences and best practices implemented to ensure utilizing managed pressure drilling equipment to achieve a successful 7-5/8-in liner cement job at well depth of 16,945ft. MD (15,756ft. TVD), and reservoir pressure and temperature ranges of 12,000 - 15,000psi and 230 - 280 deg F respectively.

This new approach to cementing is based on Managed Pressure Drilling technology. It addresses running the 7-5/8- in liner and cementing it in MPD mode. A step-bystep procedure is provided that ensures a constant bottom pressure is maintained throughout the process. Risk assessment showing what can go wrong and mitigations are provided, and the method is described in detail to allow readers comprehend the unique case presented in this paper.

Managed Pressure Cementing (MPC) technique in case study well is compared to offset wells in West Kuwait Field where cementing was conducted conventionally. In most cases, the cement bond logs show cement dispersed throughout the annulus with no continuous bond - channels in the cement behind the casing. The most significant new findings from this paper are that, in a couple of wells where there were no losses while pumping cement conventionally- the cement bond logs showed moderate to poor cement behind casing and channels within the cement. Figure 1Kra Al-Maru Field, West Kuwait

This technology offers opportunity to achieve good cement bonding with liner in fractured limestone which can be problematic due to the risk of losses and the presence of hydrocarbons with high pore pressure in West Kuwait NJ-SR intervals. This novelty approach using Managed Pressure Cementing technique to case and cement liners in West Kuwait fields and tight margin reservoir will ensure good cement bond logs behind casing and improve well testing and completions strategies.
The Contingent Resources Class: Non-Differentiation of Contingent Resources and Its Implications
Authors: Van Der Haar Katarina
Published: October 2023

Contingent Resources do not form part of Reserves reporting requirement for companies listed on most stock exchanges, but they are often provided in the information companies share with investors and the public in the form of media releases.

Contingent Resources are, according to the Petroleum Resources Management System (PRMS) "quantities of petroleum estimated to be potentially recoverable from known accumulations but are not yet considered mature enough for commercial development due to one or more contingencies" (PRMS, 2018). The sub-classes in the Contingent Resources classification are: Development PendingDevelopment on HoldDevelopment UnclarifiedDevelopment Not Viable

These sub-classes are not equal in their chance of development and portray a vast range in the "maturity" of a project. From projects that are about to be classified as Reserves, to projects that are unlikely to be developed.

The choice of sub-class can have an impact on a company's resource base and it is important to be realistic about the sub-class in which a Contingent Resource belongs.

When companies decide to report their Contingent Resources, all of the above sub-classes of the Contingent Resources class are labelled with the letter "C". A requirement to mention the specific sub-class of a Contingent Resource is not always present. This means that without further background information, they all look alike and can appear to have equal maturity and equal chance of development.

The PRMS is a system with definitions and guidelines. It is not a set of rules. Thus, terms in the PRMS require interpretation.

What do reserves evaluators do to ensure that Contingent Resources are classified and reported consistently? Are investors sufficiently informed when they deal with Contingent Resources, or would it be useful to have a requirement for reporting the respective sub-class?

This paper attempts to highlight some of the intricacies of the Contingent Resources class.
Malaysia's Multinational Oil and Gas Company Critical Decision in Production and Operations Management and the Company Competitive Strategy
Authors: Ahmad Shatiry M Sahir , Abu Akbal , Basri M Amir Fikri
Published: October 2023

In this paper, Petronas, to understand the critical decision in production and operations management for Group Project & Delivery (GPD). GPD is one of Petronas's business units that manage Petronas projects. The project's scope covers downstream and upstream projects that consist of LNG, new energy, offshore, and many more. The business unit (BU) will manage the project from the initiation until the project's closing as the PMBOK process group. The importance is to understand area seems that need to focus more on the correct decision in the production and operations management company operations in more than 10 countries worldwide either as the operators, joint venture or service providers.

Thus, the company's critical decision is to understand the findings from the design of goods and services, managing quality, process, and capacity design, location strategy, layout strategy, human resources and job design, supply chain management, inventory, scheduling, and maintenance. From the available data, the three critical decisions in rank in the production and operations management for the GPD are managing quality, human resources, and job design and scheduling.
Fluid Identification with Multiple Nonelectrical Methods in Ultradeep Tight Gas Reservoir, A Case Study from Tarim Basin
Authors: Hu Jianfeng , Zhao Yuanliang , Shuai Shichen , Ge Shengquan , Cai Liang , Wang Wei , Wu Jinlong , Zhao Xianran
Published: October 2023

The complex geology of fold-and-thrust belt led to significant difficulties with the engineering aspects of drilling, logging, completion, and testing. The Bashijiqike Formation and Baxigai Formation feature a tight sandstone reservoir that exists below a salt layer with high pressure and high downhole temperature. Reservoir characterization is indispensable in the development of this Cretaceous structural fractured tight sandstone reservoir formation. Fluid identification is a key tool used to locate the sweet spot with high producibility for further development. Resistivity is the most common and straight-forward method. However, because of the mixed effect from pore structure, formation sedimentary dips, far-end fractures, and the influence of the surrounding rocks etc., gas and water cannot easily be identified based on the resistivity difference. Compressional coefficient and Poisson's ratio is without obvious cross-over effect because of the compaction effect on rock sonic waves. Under these circumstances, new methods based on other nonelectrical technologies are used.

Nonelectrical means for fluid identification including T1–T2 based on 2D NMR measurement, and the spectroscopy related sigma and chlorine element method were successfully applied in this region. The 2D NMR measurements provide porosity and permeability information for T2 based analysis. When used in conjunction with T1 based measurement, the fluid identification through different T1–T2 response provides an advantage for distinguishing hydrocarbon and water, especially for gas. Since relaxation due to diffusion only applies to T2 and never to T1, given the typical magnetic field gradients of the logging tool, the oil and gas signal can easily be distinguished from the T1/T2 ratio. The continuous measurement enables the separation and quantitation of different fluids that exist in the pore system for the entire interval of the targeted reservoir. Formation water salinity is contributed by the NACL present in the fluid in this area. Advanced spectroscopy data provides chlorine measurements minus this effect in a mud system. The chlorine from the formation is calculated in this way. Formation water can be derived to further identify the main contributor of the fluid inside the pore system.

Case studies are presented from this ultradeep tight gas reservoir that solved the fluid identification issue when resistivity cannot directly distinguish fluid type. The result matched the well with the test, which provided a novel solution to finalize the sweet spot interval for the targeted reservoir.
Pattern Fracturing: Design and Execution Case Study with Fracturing Completion for Reservoir Management in Ordos Shale Oil
Authors: Mu Lijun , Zhang Tongwu , Xu Yingxin , Chen Qiang , Luo Yin , Liu Yuan , Niu Li , Ma Fujian , Huang Zheyuan
Published: October 2023

The use of volume-oriented completion and fracturing practice in Ordos Basin shale oil wells began in the mid-2010s, and it was effective in boosting productivity. However, recently, well performance has stopped improving and the engineering effort has increased, indicating that the oversized stimulation volume trigged certain mechanisms that negatively influenced production. To address this, we developed the pattern fracturing method, a new concept for platform-based completion and fracturing optimization, and it proved to be effective in a five-well field campaign.

Most completion and fracturing optimization is based on a single strategy; although the job design may vary between stages or wells due to the change of lateral quality, the overall intensity remained the same. Pattern fracturing applies two strategies for the candidate wells in the same platform: one for energy charger (EC) wells and the other for reinforced producer (RP) wells. Different design objectives are applied in each EC and RP group of wells. As validated by numerical simulation, pattern fracturing can significantly reduce the chance of the interference between the wells and can recover the entire reserve more efficiently.

During the field test, two of the five wells were assigned as EC wells and three were RP wells. Each EC well was completed with average 35000 m3 slickwater at maximum 14 m3/min pumping rate for each stage, while each RP well was completed with an average 16000 m3 gel-fluid at 6 m3/min pumping through a coiled-tubing-conveyed completion. Microseismic monitoring technology was used in 39 fracturing stages during the execution to visualize the reservoir section coverage by hydraulic fracturing, and high-frequency pressure monitoring technology was deployed in all stages to detect the offset well interference with precision.

The benefits of pattern fracturing were clear: lower horsepower consumption, higher efficiency of job execution, and fewer perceived frac hits from offset wells observed during the job execution phases. During the production phase, the performance from the platform also showed a very positive result. This indicates that the pattern fracturing strategy does work well for Ordos Basin shale oil as a new production enhancement approach.
Key Learning Experience in Managing Prolific High Temperature Wells in Offshore Malaysia
Authors: Khairul Anuar Khairina , Barat Junnyaruin , Idris Faisal Rizal , Xiong Choi Yee
Published: October 2023

Well integrity management for High Temperature (HT) wells can be challenging due to stresses and cyclic behaviour during thermal expansion or corrosive stress cracking that may impact the fatigue life of wellhead, tubing and casing. The impact can be catastrophic and detrimental to production sustainability and surrounding asset. This paper discussed operator’s experience and case studies in managing well integrity issues while operating HT wells in two fields, Field X and Field Y, located in offshore Malaysia. Field X and Field Y in offshore Malaysia, consists of five prolific High Temperature (HT) gas producers respectively, with temperature exceeding 300⁰F.

For Field X, since its first gas delivery in 2017, well integrity issues include the incident of wellhead seals failure, wellhead tilting, abnormal conductor growth, tubing leaks and Drive Pipe Housing Head (DPHH) sliplock issues, resulted in production deferment and loss of primary containment.

Meanwhile, for Field Y, the wellhead growth issue was observed only recently, end of 2021, after wells were on production for almost 2 years since 2020. The sudden movement has impacted the flowline to bend and expose the surface system to disastrous situation. Subsequently, the platform was on total shut down for a few days and led to unplanned production deferment and penalty due to production commitment. Analysis for WELLCAT and wellhead design has shown minimal concern on the wellhead growth but restriction on the surface line has caused production curtailment. To-date, the only identified issue is on the relative pattern of Flowing Tubing Head Pressure (FTHP) vs the wellhead growth.

Proactive and reactive measures are implemented including in-depth Root Cause Failure Analysis (RCFA) to understand gaps and mitigation required, which provide imperative insight and benchmark on strategies to manage HT wells.

The key issues and observations based on operator’s experience in managing HT wells include: Impact of cement integrity and cyclic load on wellhead growth and axial load exerted on wellhead.Oxygen corrosion of tubing causing intergranular corrosion weakening the tubing wall due to wellhead failure.Possible stress corrosion cracking resulted from wellhead tilting and growth.Wellhead design and acceptance requires validation on cyclic load and analysis on the capacity of sliplock to cater axial load at 30" conductor.Surface system modification requirement including flowline to cater for the bending effect caused by the growth.

This paper also highlighted preventive, monitoring practices and technology application to rectify well integrity issues in HT wells at Field X. Discussion on wellhead maintenance scope, nitrogen injection in annulus, tubing corrosion management and bracing support to address abnormal wellhead growth.
A Pore-to-Process Digital Design Methodology to Evaluate Efficiency of Geothermal Power Plants
Authors: Behrang Arash , Abbas Hicham , Istchenko Chris , Solano Angela
Published: October 2023

The development and operation of geothermal plants play a crucial role in the transition to sustainable and low-carbon energy systems. In this paper, we have presented a seamless and flexible pore-to-process digital solution for the design and assessment of geothermal systems, encompassing the geothermal reservoir, gathering network, and geothermal power plant. Our primary focus in this study centers on the geothermal power plant with a detailed analysis of the functionality and performance of two commonly used configurations—a single-flash power plant and a double-flash geothermal power plant. Our work highlights that overall exergy efficiency of the studied geothermal power plants declines over time, primarily due to a decrease in the quality of the geothermal reservoir. Additionally, our analysis demonstrated that variations in the inlet separator pressure have a notable impact on the overall behavior of the power plant. Parametric studies also reveal that increasing the inlet separator pressure leads to decreased overall exergy efficiency and turbine power, resulting from less efficient conversion of available exergy into useful work.

Our studies showed that a substantial portion of the available exergy in the geothermal fluid is being dissipated in the condenser. Consequently, optimizing the design and operation of the condenser emerges as a crucial factor in enhancing the overall efficiency of geothermal power plants.
Automation of legal precedents retrieval: findings from a literature review
Authors: Mentzingen Hugo , Bacao Fernando , António Nuno
Published: October 2023

Judges frequently rely their reasoning on precedents. Courts must preserve uniformity in decisions while, depending on the legal system, previous cases compel rulings. The search for methods to accurately identify similar previous cases is not new and has been a vital input, for example, to case-based reasoning (CBR) methodologies. This literature review offers a comprehensive analysis of the advancements in automating the identification of legal precedents, primarily focusing on the paradigm shift from Manual Knowledge Engineering to the incorporation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Machine Learning (ML). While multiple approaches harnessing NLP and ML show promise, none has emerged as definitively superior, and further validation through statistically significant samples and expert-provided ground truth is imperative. Additionally, this review employs text-mining techniques to streamline the survey process, providing an accurate and holistic view of the current research landscape. By delineating extant research gaps and suggesting avenues for future exploration, this review serves as both a summation and a call for more targeted, empirical investigations.
Botanical insecticides and extracts and their lethal and sublethal effects on Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Authors: Costa Daniela Ribeiro da , Leite Suzany Aguiar , de Paula Vanderlúcia Fonseca , Nascimento Jeferson Chagas do , Neto Raymundo José de Sá , Moreira Aldenise Alves , Castellani Maria Aparecida
Published: October 2023

Knowledge of the action of chemical and botanical insecticides on pests and natural enemies is essential for improving integrated management programs of fruit flies. The aimed evaluate the toxic and sublethal effects of botanical insecticides and extracts onAnastrepha obliquaandDiachasmimorpha. longicaudata. Botanical extracts and insecticides were applied to fruit flies or parasitoids, using a methanol extract of leaves ofAspidosperma spruceanum(MLAS), ethanol extract of bark ofMetrodorea maracasana(EBMM), hexane extract of leaves ofConchocarpus mastigophorus(HLCM), ethanol extract of leaves ofC. mastigophorus(ELCM), ethyl acetate extract of leaves ofXylopia sericea(ALXS), and oil of seeds ofAleurites moluccana(OSAM) in single concentration of 70 mg mL− 1, in addition to the insecticides Azamax® (5 mL L− 1) and Natuneem® (10 mL L− 1). Extract EBMM and the two insecticides were used for the lethal effect on theA. obliquaand parasitoid, and extract ELCM only in parasitoid. The extract EBMM was also evaluated onA. obliquaat concentrations of 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 mg mL− 1. Sublethal effects was carried out with commercial products based on neem and water in adultsA. obliqua. Azamax® and the extracts EBMM, ELCM, and HLCM were toxic toA. obliqua. Natuneem® and the extracts ELCM and EBMM were harmless to adults of theD. longicaudata. Azamax® was considered slightly harmful to the parasitoid. The extract EBMM was harmless to adults or larvae and moderately harmful in the double application. Extract EBMM has the potential for bioprospecting, aiming at tephritid management.
A pilot randomized controlled trial comparing nutritious meal kits and no-prep meals to improve food security and diet quality among food pantry clients
Authors: Hollis-Hansen Kelseanna , Haskins Carolyn , Turcios Jessica , Bowen Michael E. , Leonard Tammy , Lee MinJae , Albin Jaclyn , Chambers Benaye Wadkins , Thompson Cynthia , Hall Taylor , Pruitt Sandi L.
Published: October 2023

Background: Food pantry clients have high rates of food insecurity and greater risk for and prevalence of diet-related diseases. Many clients face time, resource, and physical constraints that limit their ability to prepare healthy meals using foods typically provided by pantries. We compared two novel approaches to alleviate those barriers and encourage healthier eating: meal kits, which bundle ingredients with a recipe on how to prepare a healthy meal, and nutritious no-prep meals, which can be eaten after thawing or microwaving.
Methods: Participants were adult pantry clients from a large food pantry in the Southern sector of Dallas, Texas. We conducted a repeated measures between-subjects study with 70 clients randomized to receive 14-days of meal kits (n=35) or no-prep meals (n=35). Participants completed questionnaires at baseline and two-week follow-up on demographics, hedonic liking of study meals, perceived dietary quality, and food security. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to examine group and time effects, and group by time interactions. We also describe feasibility and satisfaction outcomes to inform future implementation.
Results: Sixty-six participants completed the study (94%). Participants were predominantly Hispanic or Latino(a) (63%) and African American or Black (31%) women (90%). There was a significant interaction on hedonic liking of study meals (ηp²=0.16, F(1,64)=11.78, p<.001), such that participants that received meal kits had greater improvements in hedonic liking over time than participants in the no-prep group. We observed significant improvements in perceived dietary quality (ηp²=0.36, F(1,64)=36.38, p<.001) and food security (ηp²=0.36, F(1,64)=36.38, p<.001) across both groups over time, but no between group differences or significant interactions indicating one intervention was more effective than the other. Program satisfaction was high across both groups, but higher among the meal kit group (ηp²=0.09, F(1,64)=6.28, p=.015).
Conclusions: Results suggest nutritious meal kits and no-prep meals may be desirable nutrition intervention strategies for pantry clients and have potential to increase food security and perceived dietary quality in the short-term. Our findings are limited by a small sample and short follow-up. Future studies should continue to test both interventions, and include longer follow-up, objective measures of dietary quality, and relevant clinical outcomes.
Trial Registration: This trial was registered on 25/10/2022 on ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT05593510.
Effects of estazolam, remimazolam and their combination on preoperative anxiety and postoperative pain after gynecological laparoscopic surgery: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Wang Ying , Wang Yun , Zhang Xin-Dan , Zhang Xue , Chen Xin-Yue , Gao Rui-Jia , Huang Yu , Feng Ji-Ying , Chen Nan
Published: October 2023

Purpose
Preoperative anxiety is closely related to postoperative pain, and high preoperative anxiety can aggravate postoperative pain. We aimed to estimate the effect of estazolam, remimazolam, and their combination on preoperative anxiety and postoperative pain in patients undergoing elective gynecological laparoscopic surgery.
Materials and Methods
We carried out a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment between October 2020 and April 2021. A total of 108 patients were split into four groups: (1 mg estazolam or starch was taken orally on the evening before surgery; 0.1 mg/kg remimazolam or normal saline was administered intravenously after entering the operating room) Group E received estazolam and normal saline; Group R received starch and remimazolam; participants in Group ER were given not only estazolam but also remimazolam; participants in Group C were given starch and normal saline. We recorded preoperative anxiety scores (visual analog scale–anxiety [VAS-A]), pain scores (VAS), and cumulative sufentanil consumption after laparoscopic surgery.
Results
The mean anxiety scores were significantly lower in Group E, R, and ER than in Group C before surgery. Compared with Group C, mean pain scores were significantly lower in Group ER at 0.5, 1, 4, 8, 24, 48, and 72 hours after surgery and lower in Group R or E at 4, 8, and 24 hours after surgery. The mean pain scores in Group E (at 8 and 24 postoperative hours) and Group R (at 8 postoperative hours) were both significantly higher than those in Group ER. Moreover, the mean cumulative sufentanil consumption was significantly lower in Group ER at 0.5, 1, 4, 8, 24, 48, and 72 hours after surgery and lower in Group E or R at 0.5 hours after surgery, compared with Group C.
Conclusion
The preoperative application of estazolam, remimazolam, and their combination can relieve preoperative anxiety and postoperative pain for patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopic surgery. Moreover, the preoperative combination can also significantly reduce postoperative sufentanil consumption.
Effects of climatic changes on olive fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) population dynamic and its damages in olive orchards of Qazvin province, Iran
Authors: Keyhanian Ali Akbar , Mojdehi Mohammad Reza Abbasi , Rafiei Bahareh
Published: October 2023

The olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae Rossi (Dip.: Tephritidae) is one of the most economically damaging pests of olives worldwide. The present study was conducted in Qazvin Province (Ghooshchi and Siahpoosh), Iran, between 2019 and 2021 to investigate seasonal fluctuations and the population's bio-ecology characteristics of B. oleae using sex pheromone traps and McPhail traps. Fruit sampling was also carried out to reveal pest development and the fruit infestation rate. The results showed that adult insects are active throughout the year, and their density varies depending on the weather conditions. In the areas where the study was conducted, there are three to four overlapping pest generations per year. In late spring and early summer, the oviposition of female insects on the fruits coincides with the hardening of the olive pit. Immature stages of the pest were observed in late May at different dates, indicating the beginning of the first generation of olive fruit flies. The second generation starts from late August to late September, and the third generation begins in early October. The population density and economic damage of the pest varied over the three years, depending on temperature, relative humidity, and orchard management. Cyrtoptyx latipes parasitized pest larvae at a maximum percentage of 2.16, which was very low.
Cutting temperature study in AISI D6 steel turning with carbide tool.
Authors: Silva Adriano Aguiar da , Pereira Igor C.
Published: October 2023

The high temperatures achieved in the machining of hardened steels generate high costs to the process, especially about the problems related to the wear suffered by the cutting tool that influence both economic viability and production performance, in return facilitates the machining of low machinability materials such as hardened steels. The objective of this work is to analyze the temperature behavior in the tool chip interface, through the thermocouple tool/part method. To understand the maximum temperatures reached, since the chip/tool interface temperature, the cutting parameters that will be varied are cutting speed, feed, depth of cut, rake angle and wear stage. From this, to evaluate the influence of the variation of the cutting speed on the average increase in temperature of 204°C during the tests.
Climate influences scrub typhus occurrence in Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India: Analysis of a 15-year dataset
Authors: Prakash John Antony Jude , Cruz Solomon D , Sreed Kotamreddy , Cheryl Lynette , Gunasekaran Karthik
Published: October 2023

Background Climate is one of the major factors determining the prevalence and seasonality of vector borne diseases like scrub typhus (ST). We analyzed, the association of the meteorological factors like temperature, rainfall and humidity with scrub typhus using the 15 years scrub typhus data from a tertiary care hospital in Vellore, South India. Methods Demographic data of permanent residents of Vellore, who had IgM ELISA results for scrub typhus for the time period of May 2005 to April 2020 were included. Meteorological data was correlated with the monthly scrub typhus cases; negative binomial regression model was used to predict the relation between scrub typhus occurrence and climate factors. Results Maximum number of ST cases were reported between the months August and February with October recording the highest number of cases. Elderly people, farmers, agricultural workers and housewives were associated with ST positivity significantly. For an increase of 1°C in mean temperature, the monthly ST cases reduced by 18.78% (95% CI: -24.12, -13.15%). On the contrary, for 1 percent increase in mean relative humidity (RH), there is an increase of 7.57% (95% CI: 5.44, 9.86%) of monthly ST cases. Similarly, an increase of 1mm of rainfall contributed to 0.50 to 0.70% of monthly ST cases (after two months) depending on the variables included in the analysis. Conclusion This study provides further information on the role of rainfall, temperature and humidity on the seasonality of scrub typhus in Vellore, South India. This baseline data will be useful for further analysis using spatio-temporal tools to better understand the seasonality in other parts of India.