bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Spanish Banking Industry
Authors: Canals Jordi
Published: October 2011

This chapter provides a brief historical background of the Spanish financial system, which has experienced significant changes over the course of the last 13 years at varying rates, though a sense of purpose has persisted and ultimately served to create a modern and open financial system. It notes that, from a market point of view, important changes have occurred in banking activities due to the attitudes of families and firms regarding financial intermediation and the deregulation process. The chapter explains that the concept of liberalization has been the driving force behind the process of reform, and that deregulatory activity in the banking industry has been constant. It adds that financial innovation has also caused changes in the system, creating new products and markets, increasing competition between institutions, and presenting new challenges to the financial authorities. The chapter discusses the structure and trends in the industry and analyses the Spanish banks' profitability.
The French Banking Industry
Authors: Canals Jordi
Published: October 2011

This chapter provides a structural overview of the French banking system. It presents an overview of savings and investment in the French economy, which is broken down into various sectors and provides an international comparison of French corporate indebtedness to other industrialized countries, measured according to cash flow over gross investments. The chapter notes that the principal characteristic of the old regulation was that it encouraged specialization within credit activities, establishing different legal requirements for each type of bank (deposit banks, investment banks, and medium- and long-term credit banks). In contrast, the new legislation is based on the principle of universality and establishes standardized directives. The chapter observes that the nature of French banking is the recent trend in the public sector toward progressive deregulation of the institutions and financial markets. However, it notes that some very significant regulations still exist, principally in the area of deposit remuneration.
The Italian Banking Industry
Authors: Canals Jordi
Published: October 2011

This chapter provides a structural overview of the Italian financial system. It notes that the Italian system, like that of other industrialized nations, has experienced very profound changes motivated by factors external to the financial system, such as economic adjustment policies in response to the second oil crisis or the high public-sector deficit. The chapter adds that other changes, such as advancements in communications, information technology, and technological innovation, correspond to common developments in the worldwide financial system. It points out that the regulation of the Italian financial system rejected the possibility of universal banking and instead opted for specialization according to criteria based on credit and deposit-maturity terms. However, the chapter notes that in recent years there has been considerable deregulation, which, together with the consolidation of activities within individual banks, has led to an erosion of the differences between the various types of institutions.
Competitive Strategies of the European Banks
Authors: Canals Jordi
Published: October 2011

This chapter describes the three generic strategies available to any bank to build a sustainable competitive advantage vis-ávis competitors. It examines how one strategy or another should be implemented within the context of a unified market in 1992. In other words, what should banks be considering in order to successfully adapt given the new conditions within the industry? The chapter presents a conceptual scheme that helps to provide a better understanding of the velocity of change within the banking industry from a strategic point of view. It also presents a brief discussion of the three strategic moves: scale, diversification of activities, and segmentation.
Resilience and the psychobiological base
Authors: Watson Max
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the psychobiological base of resilience in relation to palliative care. It explores the useful concepts of allostasis and allostatic load and describes some of the psychobiological processes that have been identified to connect the mind, brain, and behaviour they collectively and interactively adapt to change. It also discusses psychologist Victor Frankl's observation of resilience through a psychobiological model and suggests that it is impossible to promote resilience as it is as much a myth to believe that all resilience is just a matter of ‘pulling ourselves together’.
Resilience and spirituality
Authors: Vanistendael Stefan
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the relation between spirituality and resilience in a palliative care setting. It provides a pragmatic clarification of the concepts of resilience and spirituality and proposes a resilience model focusing on spirituality. It suggests that spiritual support in palliative care setting requires special attention from the staff in order to see the person in care and his or her situation and history as a whole, beyond the immediate physical needs.
Resilience in trauma and disaster
Authors: Regel Stephen
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines resilience in relation to trauma and disaster. The past decade has seen an increasing focus and consensus on the importance of providing psychosocial support following disasters and complex emergencies and many professionals with expertise in palliative care are being increasingly called upon to use their experience of working with loss to assist in post-disaster interventions. This chapter explains that the psychosocial well-being of individuals and communities can be defined with reference to three core domains: human capacity, social ecology, and culture and values.
The Beginning of Modern International Human Rights Law (Background to the Birth of the European Convention)
Authors: Bates Ed
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the international human rights law background to the creation of the ECHR system. It looks at the main steps taken in the field of the international law of human rights in the late 1940s, after World War Two. It comments on the writing and views of Hersch Lauterpacht, one of the leading intellectual forces on international human rights law at the time. It addresses and examines the failures of the United Nations to create effective human rights institutions and systems in the immediate post war period, focussing on the work of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights and the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
The Convention’s ‘Coming of Age’ (The 1990s and Protocol 11)
Authors: Bates Ed
Published: October 2011

The chapter examines the situation of the ECHR in the 1990s, up to 1998, when Protocol 11 entered into force. The first part addresses the higher profile of the ECHR system and its Court in the 1990s, and how the Court was increasingly seen as a type of quasi-constitutional court for Europe. It considers the important case of Loizidou v Turkey (Preliminary Objections), which had important implications for the status of the Convention's optional clauses and the right of individual petition. It also covers the early expansion of the Convention system, as new States from central and eastern Europe started to ratify the ECHR. Next, Protocol 11 is examined. It looks at the negotiation of the Protocol and what it established. A key issue here was the United Kingdom's reluctant acceptance that the right of individual petition should become a mandatory feature of the ECHR. The final part of the chapter addresses the circumstances in which the new, permanent Court of Human Rights was born. There were concerns as to how it could survive even before Protocol 11 entered into force and these are discussed.
Trinity Monotheism
Authors: Howard-Snyder Daniel
Published: October 2011

This chapter formulates several criticisms of the analogies of Social Trinitarianism, particularly Craig's. It questions whether there could even be such a thing as Cerberus at all. It argues that because Social Trinitarianism's ‘whole’ Triune God is not, strictly speaking, a person, God cannot perform the intentional actions of creation and redemption. Because God is not a person, God cannot know, choose, or act at all. It concludes that such a God cannot be considered worship-worthy. It contends that genuine monotheism holds that there is one God, that something can be a God without exemplifying the property of being triune and that nothing can be a God without exemplifying a nature that includes the property of being a person.
Another Glance at Trinity Monotheism
Authors: Craig William Lane
Published: October 2011

This chapter presents a brief response to Howard–Snyder's criticisms. The main focus of the response is on defending the central claim that there are two ways for something to be canine, feline, or divine, one of which guarantees only that the thing in question is part of a dog, cat, or God. It holds that the unity of God is preserved along with the divinity of the persons. Hence, nothing of significance hangs on whether a substance's inseparable parts are substances. The crucial fact is that these individuals compose one unique, indivisible individual which is a substance.
The Trinity in Theology and Philosophy: Why Jerusalem Should Work with Athens
Authors: Padgett Alan G.
Published: October 2011

This chapter argues that theologians should take seriously and benefit from the work being done by analytic philosophers of religion. Against claims that proper appreciation of the transcendence of God should lead to the rejection of the quest for clarity, it argues that divine transcendence guarantees that full understanding of the divine nature is impossible, but it hardly guarantees that God cannot be understood at all. The chapter suggests that the theologians in Jerusalem should pay more attention to what the philosophers are up to in Athens when writing and thinking about the Triune God. The work of philosophers on the models of the Trinity is important but not central to the work of Christian doctrine.
Theologians, Philosophers, and the Doctrine of the Trinity
Authors: McCall Thomas
Published: October 2011

This chapter identifies ways in which systematic theological accounts might be assisted by the work of the philosophers. It addresses some of the main objections raised by the theologians against the philosophical treatments of the doctrine. It concludes with a call for both the philosophers and the theologians to listen to one another and to work together toward a common goal.
Managing Globally
Authors: Yip George S. , Bink Audrey J. M.
Published: October 2011

This chapter begins with a discussion of the globalization context for managing global customers. It then turns to the globalization of buying and selling and the key response by suppliers — and global account management (GAM). An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Structuring the Global Customer Management Programme
Authors: Yip George S. , Bink Audrey J. M.
Published: October 2011

Chapter 3 discussed how the global customer management (GCM) programme should fit into the company's overall global strategy and global organization. This chapter moves on to the GCM programme itself. The organization of the programme forms the bedrock of the total GCM effort. But there is, of course, no single best way of organizing GCM, as the right structure depends on the company and its situation. The one commonality is that a global account management (GAM) programme nearly always sits at the core of the GCM organization. The GAM programme constitutes the formal part of GCM, usually with a specific organization and reporting structure for the main players in GCM. As such the GAM programme will be the most visible part of the GCM organization, but needs to be integrated with the rest of the company. The chapter describes the various elements that make up a GCM organization, and discusses the three major forms of GAM organization, along with their benefits and possible pitfalls.
Managing Knowledge
Authors: Yip George S. , Bink Audrey J. M.
Published: October 2011

Knowledge provides a major competitive advantage. Keeping track of knowledge is particularly hard for global accounts, given the geographic nature of this beast. Having larger and more geographically spread out accounts means having more and geographically spread out knowledge about these accounts. So the global demands of the accounts increase the necessity for global knowledge management capabilities. This chapter discusses the use of information management systems, the use of customer relationship management (CRM) systems and other knowledge management tools in global customer management (GCM) situations.
Rewarding and Motivating the Team
Authors: Yip George S. , Bink Audrey J. M.
Published: October 2011

The success of the global customer management (GCM) programme depends mostly on the efforts of the employees of the company who deal with the global accounts — in other words, not just the global account manager (gam) but also the global account team (gat) members and any other employees who deal with the global accounts. So it is vital that all employees know about the importance of the GCM programme for the company, and that they have a positive attitude toward it from the start. Incentives and compensation constitute two critical tools for building such a positive attitude that helps implementation of the GCM programme. This chapter discusses the difficulties in constructing a compensation structure that is fair to all involved and that remains effective in achieving the objectives of the GCM programme. This includes remunerating the right people for the right results, and using the right criteria to measure the results.
Developing for Ongoing Effectiveness
Authors: Yip George S. , Bink Audrey J. M.
Published: October 2011

Once the global customer management (GCM) programme has been implemented, the work is not over. Managers of the GCM programme have to realize that it is an ongoing process, not a project. In order to achieve the best results from the GCM programme, it needs to continue to run as smoothly as possible. Once the implementation phase is over, GCM managers will find some need to customize the programme for different accounts. This chapter discusses the support that the programme needs and especially why relationship management is key for ongoing success. It also discusses the planning process and possible barriers that a company can encounter while working with a GCM programme.
The Duty of a Teacher: Liminality anddisciplinain Augustine'sDe Ordine
Authors: Conybeare Catherine
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses Augustine's duty as a teacher, looking at the importance of disciplina, and of the need to communicate godlike wisdom to others. In the retirement of Cassiciacum, Augustine drew on resources nearer to hand: those of the Ciceronian–Platonic philosophical dialogue. In that most conventional and nostalgic of didactic genres (in the early part of Book 2 of De Ordine), he devised a ‘theology’ of disciplinarity which, by undercutting the Neoplatonic distinction between the divine and the corporeal, already casts doubt on the logic of his proposed Christianisation of the liberal disciplines. The chapter suggests that the abandonment of the ‘disciplinarum libri’ reflects Augustine's own recognition of the project's conceptual inadequacy.
Augustine's Disciplines:Silent diutius Musae Varronis?
Authors: Shanzer Danuta R.
Published: October 2011

Siding with Ritschl and Dyroff against Hadot, this chapter examines the hypothesis of a Varronian model for the ‘medieval’ scheme of the liberal arts, and provides new reasons for regarding Augustine as a crucial witness to this line of descent. It also examines the reasons why Augustine gave up on the liberal arts. The restoration of Varro's lost Musaemakes it easier to appreciate the difficulties Augustine faced in attempting to adapt these traditional figures of disciplinary thought to Christian purposes. The chapter suggests that the newly assembled evidence of the survival of Varronian themes and motifs in Late Antiquity makes it harder to suppose that any single author of that period, even one with the powers of Martianus Capella, could ever have restructured the tradition decisively.
Survey of Extensional Mereology
Authors: SIMONS PETER
Published: October 2011

Since the original formulation of a mereology by Stanislaw Leśniewski in 1916, a number of writers, working sometimes independently of one another, have formulated and reformulated principles which are clearly mereological in nature and which all conform to the principles laid down in the previous chapter for a minimal extensional mereology. Much of this work is scattered and some of it is difficult to obtain. Much of it has been developed less for its own sake than for some extraneous purpose. This chapter summarises the major contributions without aspiring to universal coverage. Since the two major lines of approach, those initiated by Leśniewski and Henry Leonard, respectively, differ considerably in their logical base, this chapter also shows in what respect their mereologies are equivalent. Several extensional mereologies which fall short of the classical in their strength are surveyed.
Determinate Functions
Authors: Price Carolyn
Published: October 2011

This chapter proposes some additional constraints on function ascription in order to address the shortcomings of the core account of the theory of functions in underwriting the ascription of determinate functions to biological devices. It explains that rival function ascriptions can be divided into four separate groups. The first includes ascriptions concerning things an item has to do before it can perform its function, the second consists of ascriptions that concern activities by means of which the device performs its function, the third is concerned with consequences that a device helps to bring about by performing its function, and the last characterizes the function of a device in a particular fine-grained way.
Minimal Intentionality
Authors: Price Carolyn
Published: October 2011

This chapter attempts to identify what it is that distinguishes an intentional system from a non-intentional system. It sets out the minimal requirements that a system must meet if it is to count as an intentional system and discusses the functions of a minimally intentional system. It analyses whether there are any constraints on the way in which an intentional system perform its function and argues that there is one such constraint.
Keeping Track
Authors: Price Carolyn
Published: October 2011

This chapter focuses on the capacities of relatively unsophisticated organisms. It discusses the long-standing philosophical debate concerning the relationship between the capacity to represent objects and the capacity to represent places. It argues that these two capacities are interdependent and neither can exist without the other. It also comments on the controversy concerning the nature of the causal relationship between the perceiver and the object that he perceives.
Case Study. Regulating the Sharecropping System: Operation Barga
Authors: Saha Uday Shankar , Saha Mandira
Published: October 2011

Although West Bengal is one of India's smaller states, it is perceived to be the most populous wherein more than half of its population — about 72% — reside in rural areas on 6.3 million fragmented landholdings. ‘Operation Barga’ (OB) was initiated by the West Bengal government in 1978 as a comprehensive program to address the reforms on the sharecropping system which was employed throughout the state and comprises 20–25% of all farms. This chapter presents a case study wherein the OB's overall impact is assessed through an appraisal study which involved eighty sharecroppers across six villages under four local government systems or Panchayats. The areas were categorized based on a relative agricultural development level to further emphasize OB's differential regional effect.
Negotiated Land Reform as One Way of Land Access: Experiences from Colombia, Brazil, and South Africa
Authors: Deininger Klaus
Published: October 2011

Research has shown that productivity and farm size have a negative relationship because employing hired labour entails certain supervision costs, and one of the implications of such a situation involves how productivity is increased when land is redistributed to family-operated smaller farms from those that are larger and wage-operated. As such, land ownership may be able to improve credit access and aid in easing consumption intertemporally. Analyzing cross-country regressions reveals how both efficiency and equity may be improved if the poor are allowed to proceed with productive investments and if certain measures to improve asset distribution are imposed. This chapter examines a negotiated land reform that involves voluntary land transfers which is rooted on negotiation. It looks into how this system has affected land reform particularly in Colombia, Brazil, and South Africa.
Case Study. Post-Communist Land Reform and Changes in Tenure in the Czech Republic
Authors: Doucha Tomáš , Mathijs Erik , Swinnen F. M. Johan
Published: October 2011

When the Czech Republic was still under the Communism regime, agriculture was still organized in collective farms and in large-scale states. By 1989, the last year of Communist rule, 174 state farms accounted for 29.2% of the total agricultural land (TAL) while 1,024 collective farms covered the remaining 70.4%. Private agriculture, which was mostly operated on a part-time basis, proved to be marginal since it only made up 0.4% of TAL. The ownership of various farm assets could be divided into three categories which involve state-owned assets, privately-owned assets, and non-land assets that were collectively owned by the members of collective farms. As such, post-Communist agricultural reform included the following: restitution, transformation, and privatization. This chapter focuses on the legislative framework passed by the Czech parliament which encompasses land tenure and land access as a result of the laws.
The Evolution of the World Bank's Land Policy
Authors: Deininger Klaus , Binswanger Hans
Published: October 2011

In most rural areas in many developing countries, land, and the means to accumulate and transfer wealth between generations on the land, prove to be essential means for generating a livelihood. As such, the need arises for land access to be regulated, land rights to be assigned and imposed, and conflicts that involve the ownership of land to be resolved since these affect the economic and social status of households, the capacity of households to produce marketable surplus, their incentives for managing natural resources, and their capability to access financial markets. In this context, some of the most important public goods include administrative infrastructure and land rights for enabling land market operations. This chapter looks into how the World Bank had been able to issue the ‘Land Reform Policy Paper’ (LRPP) to address these needs.
Distributive Justice and the International Context
Authors: Jones Charles
Published: October 2011

The responsibility for economic and social well-being is general, transnational. Human beings are human beings wherever they live. Concern for their suffering from hunger, other deprivation, and disease does not end because those so afflicted are on the other side of an international frontier. This is the case even though no elementary truth is so consistently ignored, or on occasion so fervently assailed. Serious debates about international distributive justice are a relatively new feature of work in political philosophy. Everyone would agree that the present international political and economic system is not perfect. This book determines both what is wrong and what can be done to improve matters, at least with respect to the justice of current arrangements.
The Substance–Accident Model (2) Giles of Rome and his Opponents
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines a group of thinkers who accept the substance-accident model for the hypostatic union, but whose views are directly informed by the results of a detailed debate between them on the question of a real distinction between essence and existence. The three thinkers are Giles of Rome, Henry of Ghent, and Godfrey of Fontaines. Giles's account of the hypostatic union relates directly to his views on the substance-accident relation. Henry of Ghent and Godfrey of Fontaines both reject a real distinction between essence and existence; they likewise reject Giles's account of the existence of accidents and the application of this account to the hypostatic union.
The Substance-Accident Model (3) Duns Scotus
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: October 2011

Scotus offers the most fully developed Christology of any of the thinkers considered here other than Aquinas, and his is certainly the most sophisticated offering. Scotus takes very seriously the claim that the assumed nature is a substance, and he is generally very aware of the sometimes awkward implications of this view. This chapter considers the identity problem that a view like Scotus's raises — namely, if Christ is a whole who includes both a person (the Word of God) and a non-essential substance (the assumed human nature), how can Christ be identical with the Word? It first examines Scotus's account of the type of unity relevant in the Incarnation, along with the attendant identity problem. It then goes on to consider a problem raised by the contingency of the relation between the nature and the person, and the Henrician notion of indwelling as applied by Scotus in the Incarnation.
Christ's Human Activity Agency and Predication
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: October 2011

This chapter argues that, if (as the medievals assume) the assumed nature is something like an individual substance, then it will not be possible to ascribe properly human activity to the Word unless the assumed nature is itself the causal origin of the human actions. Making this ascription has certain consequences — only fully articulated by Scotus in this period — about the way in which we understand the human actions to be predicated of the Word.
Conservatism: The Unexpected Ally
Authors: Pugh Martin
Published: October 2011

The achievements of the Victorian suffragists have been underrated. Since their success preceded the militant phase it obviously has major implications for the significance attributable to it; when the WSPU was founded in 1903 it was in some ways a symptom of the improving fortunes of suffragism rather than simply a cause. This chapter complements this thesis by putting the domestic movement in the context of international suffragism. It seeks to demonstrate how the enfranchisement of women in New Zealand and Australia, and to a lesser extent the United States, advanced the cause in Britain by discrediting some of the alarmism of the Antis and lending credibility to the suffragist case. The accumulation of experience from abroad was very good for morale; indeed, by the early 1900s it had created a sense of momentum and inevitability in suffragist circles.
Administrative Reform
Authors: Wright Maurice
Published: October 2011

The fiscal crisis experienced in Japan from the mid-1970s gave rise to a broadly based campaign of administrative reform associated with the work of the Second Provisional Commission for Administrative Reform, launched in 1981. This chapter assesses the extent to which the administrative reform movement in the 1980s changed the administrative context within which the central budgetary system was operated in Japan. It also examines the re-emergence in the 1990s of administrative reform as a political issue on the agenda of successive coalition governments, together with the broadening of the reform agenda in Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto's six ‘visions’. The chapter argues that the conditions of persistent fiscal crisis in the 1980s did not act as a catalyst for a radical re-conceptualization of the role and purpose of the public sector in Japan comparable to that which occurred elsewhere in other G7 countries at that time, and explains why its structure and organization remained relatively unchanged throughout the last quarter of the 20th century.
Winning and Losing in the FILP Budget
Authors: Wright Maurice
Published: October 2011

Analysis of Japan's Fiscal Investment Loan Programme (FILP) Budget outputs is beset with definitional traps and methodological hazards. The FILP Budget can be, and is, defined gross budget or net budget. The gross budget included all expenditures for whatever purpose attributed to FILP and financed through deposits, mainly with the Trust Fund Bureau Fund and the Postal Life Insurance Fund. By contrast, the net budget included only those funds used to finance the investments and loans of the FILP agencies. FILP investments and loans to eligible agencies were classified into thirteen policy areas which the Ministry of Finance reported annually to the Diet. This chapter distinguishes those definitions and budget bases in an examination of the trends of the aggregate budget outputs, and shows their allocation and distribution, organizationally, among FILP agencies and, functionally, among broad policy areas. The issue of the extent to which the FILP Budget supported industrial and technological development, despite the reorientation of national objectives to give greater weight to social and environmental objectives, is examined.
The Enfranchisement of the Urban Poor in Late-Victorian Britain
Authors: Davis John
Published: October 2011

This chapter highlights Colin Matthew's first published article as one of his most influential pieces. In his celebrated 1976 essay on the role of franchise extension in the rise of the Labour Party, Colin, writing with Ross McKibbin and John Kay, argued that the then little studied fourth Reform Act of 1918 had, by enfranchising the 30 per cent or so of adult men previously beyond the political pale, provided the impetus for the growth of Labour and the replacement of the Liberals as the party of the left. The authors argued that the bulk of the missing 30 per cent before 1918 were working class. They showed that in the pre-1918 system urban, industrial boroughs had the lowest proportion of their male population registered to vote, and prosperous county towns the highest. The ‘Franchise Factor’ article looked forward into the twentieth-century. Colin Matthew, at least, was much influenced in writing it by the then prevalent view of the steady emergence of class as the basis of political allegiance during the course of the twentieth-century.
10 The Church of England and Women's Higher Education, c.1840–1914
Authors: Howarth Janet
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the Anglican contribution to women's education. In England the church had become a major provider of both public secondary and university education for girls and women by the turn of the last century. In the years after the Schools Inquiry Commission, the climate changed in some respects quite significantly. For women's higher education as a whole the change was entirely positive: the eleven years after the Endowed Schools Act of 1869 were the most productive period of the nineteenth-century in the creation of endowed and proprietary girls' schools and women's university colleges. For the church, however, this was a period of stress — of challenge to its monopoly of educational endowments, pressure for undenominational religious teaching and anxiety, in some quarters at least, about the post-Darwinian crisis of faith.
11 Protestant Histories: James Anthony Froude, Partisanship and National Identity
Authors: Garnett Jane
Published: October 2011

This chapter portrays the nineteenth-century historian and critic James Anthony Froude as a partisan in the negative sense. The 1830s and 1840s — the period in which he grew to maturity — were a time in which the twin challenges of liberalism and of party spirit in both political and religious terms came to the fore, and Froude felt strongly the need to point to the interconnected dangers which they presented to national life. His particular conception of history was designed to offer the means both to counteract these dangers, and to reinforce the Christian identity of the nation. In his exploration of the impact of religious mentalities on public life, in past and present, he was distinctive in stressing the interrelationship between the domestic, foreign, and imperial contexts as arenas in which national character was cultivated and could be corrupted.
From the GATT to the WTO and Beyond
Authors: Shukla S. P.
Published: October 2011

This chapter analyses the evolution of the international trading system from its inception as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947 to its latest incarnation as the World Trade Organisation (WTO). It focuses on the adequacy or inadequacy of the system as it has evolved and functioned in an environment of changing international economic and political reality. It also attempts to grapple with the more difficult question of looking at the future prospects of the system, the strains it will need to face and subsequent changes that are called for in its approach, content, and functioning, taking into account the future governance needs of the world economy and polity. The chapter analyses the crisis that gripped the system in the 1980s and the denouement that followed at the conclusion of the Uruguay Round negotiations in 1994.
Processes of Change in International Organizations
Authors: Kapur Devesh
Published: October 2011

Although international institutions are a ubiquitous feature of international life, little is known about their trajectories of change. This chapter attempts to address this lacuna by examining processes of change in international institutions, in particular the subset of international institutions known as intergovernmental organisations. The purpose of this chapter is not to develop a general theory of change in international institutions but rather to develop limited generalisations about causal mechanisms and their consequences. It first examines the rationale and purposes of international organisations before one can ask how and why particular types of organisations change, and why they exist in the first place. It then examines the trajectories of change in international organisations by posing three, interrelated, questions. The chapter concludes by examining some normative aspects of change in the context of global governance distinguishing between the feasible and the desirable.
The Limits of Cognition
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the contradiction in the limits of cognition, one of the four limits of thought. Cognition is about relationships that arise between agents and the world that they cognise, such as knowledge, truth, and rational belief. It determines the contradictions at the limit of cognition with a thesis called the Cognition Scheme. It also analyses the issue of relativism and scepticism through the views and works of philosophers Protagoras and Sextus Empiricus.
The limits of conception
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the contradiction in the limits of conception, one of the four limits of thought. Though it is common enough to suppose that there are things beyond conception, it is difficult to do so without conceiving them in some sense, hence the contradiction. The chapter analyses this contradiction on the basis of the works and views of the philosopher Anselm on Canterbury, whose concern is God, and of Bishop Berkeley, whose concern is idealism. Berkeley's idealism prevented him from realizing the contradiction, though it has been shown that idealism is no escape from contradiction.
Noumena and the categories
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines philosopher Immanuel Kant's Theory of Categories and how it may avoid the limits of thought. It analyses Kant's Critique of Pure Reason in order to chart the logical geography of the most general features of thought and spell out their limits. This chapter explores every possible way to avoid contradiction that is acceptable to Kant, but none of them is proved successful. This suggests that the theory of categories does not apply to noumena.
Kant’s antinomies
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines philosopher Immanuel Kant's antimonies and their relation to contradiction in the limit of the iterable. This limit of thought arises from Kant's Transcendental Ideas and the Dialectic of Pure Reason. The Antimony is one of the three families of Kant's dialectical arguments and there are four types of antimony, which include quantity, quality, relation and modality. This chapter argues that Kant's claim that antimony is inherent in aspects of reason about the limits of thought is quite correct.
Hegel’s infinities
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the relevance of philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's infinities to contradictions in the limits of thought. It highlights Hegel's own positive account of the nature of infinity and his criticism on the basis of the distinction between phenomena and noumena. Hegel suggests that the infinities of Immanuel Kant's antimonies are contradictory and that generated infinities are truly contradictory. He also observes that certain kinds of limits behave in a contradictory fashion and he creates a contradictory category for them.
Heidegger and the grammar of being
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines philosopher Martin Heidegger's views on the grammar of being. It states that considerations about logical grammar have driven Heidegger into exactly the same sort of paradoxical conclusions as they did the analytic philosophers. This chapter argues against Heidegger's claims that the ineffability of being is required by logic and the law of non-contradiction. It suggests that true contradictions are entirely possible and the law of non-contradiction is a historical mistake.
Further reflections
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: October 2011

This chapter provides replies to criticisms on the concept of dialetheism or the existence of true contradictions. It clarifies that dialetheism is not incompatible with predication because the former is concerned with the simultaneous truth of statements while the latter is an independent issue. In reply to a criticism on account of negation, it explains that dialetheism only rejects paraconsistent logic, and that there is no logical bar to dialetheism. On the issue of belief-revision, the chapter clarifies that dialetheism does not require abandonment of theories, only the relocation of beliefs to either low or high probabilities.
Retaining Customers: Customer Value, Satisfaction, and Service Quality
Authors: Dowling Grahame R.
Published: October 2011

This chapter focuses on programmes to increase the likelihood that a customer will continue to buy the organization's products and services, to develop customer loyalty, or reduce customer churn. The motivations for developing loyalty/ reducing churn are threefold. One is the notion of amortizing the costs of acquiring customers. A second motivation is to reduce the volatility of cash flows. A third motivation is to provide a solid foundation for growth. Part A of the chapter looks at which types of customers to retain. The key issue here is that some customers are likely to be unprofitable. For non-profitable customers to be retained, they must make a contribution to the organization's business performance in another way. Part B then examines how to retain the chosen customers. It outlines three strategies: customer value, customer satisfaction, and service quality.
Retaining Customers: Customer Relationship Management
Authors: Dowling Grahame R.
Published: October 2011

This chapter looks in detail at customer relationship management (CRM) as a more holistic approach to customer retention. It is premised on the belief that developing a relationship with customers is the best way to get them to become loyal, and that loyal customers are more profitable than non-loyal customers. The first section reviews the origins of CRM programmes and in doing so illustrates many of the conditions required for CRM to be successful. The second section reviews CRM programmes in B2B markets. This is where CRM has a long history of success. The third section reviews CRM programmes in B2C markets. The fourth section examines customer loyalty programmes. The final sections focus on the key question facing marketing managers, namely, are CRM programmes likely to be a cost-effective use of marketing funds—relative to the programmes outlined in the previous chapters?
Logic
Authors: Potter Michael
Published: October 2011

This book consists in very large part of an exposition of a mathematical theory — the theory (or a theory) of sets. This exposition has at its core a sequence of proofs designed to establish theorems. One central element in the exposition is explicit definitions to explain our use of various words and symbols. It is a requirement of such a definition that it should be formally eliminable, so that every occurrence of the word defined could, in principle, be replaced by the phrase that defines it without affecting the correctness of the proof. This chapter discusses the axiomatic method, the use of various canons of logical reasoning in deducing the consequences of axioms, axiom schemes, and the distinction between first- and second-order logic.
Collections
Authors: Potter Michael
Published: October 2011

This chapter focuses on several different concepts sheltering under one umbrella, and the chapter presses several of these words — set, class, extension, collection — into technical service to express them. Topics discussed include collections and fusions, membership, Russell's paradox, and indefinite extensibility.
Arithmetic
Authors: Potter Michael
Published: October 2011

It has to be shown that the axioms of ZU guarantee the existence of structures with the familiar properties the natural, rational, and real numbers are expected to have. This chapter makes a start on this project by considering natural numbers.
Cardinals
Authors: Potter Michael
Published: October 2011

This chapter studies the concept of equinumerosity introduced in § 4.8 by means of the following definition: two sets are said to be equinumerous if there is a one-to-one correspondence between them. As noted in this chapter, one of the biggest steps is merely to see that this is a fruitful concept to study. This rather trite observation is well illustrated by the case of Bolzano, who was perhaps the first to note the characterization of the infinite which Dedekind took as his definition, and came tantalizingly close to developing a theory of cardinals in his book Paradoxien des Unendlichen (1851). He undoubtedly had an influence on Cantor but he failed to make much progress because he failed to spot the key idea, which was left to Cantor to discover, that equinumerosity can be used as the basis of a theory of size.
Of the different Species of Philosophy
Authors: Buckle Stephen
Published: October 2011

The opening section of the first Enquiry has two main tasks. The first is pre-emptive damage control, the second is to signal the work's critical purpose. The damage control is the task of encouraging the polite reader not to be disheartened when the subsequent chapters become harder going; that the effort required will not be unreasonable. To this end, David Hume contrasts an easy philosophy with abstruse philosophy in order to show to the uncertain reader that he is alert to the merits of the former, and sensitive to the failings of the latter. He nevertheless insists that the latter is both necessary and advantageous. Thus, the way forward will be to attempt to combine the accessibility of the easy philosophy with the depth and profundity of abstruse philosophy.
Sceptical Solution of these Doubts
Authors: Buckle Stephen
Published: October 2011

Sceptical doubts require an answer, or scepticism will be the result. Indeed, scepticism will also be the result if the answer given affirms skeptical themes; and the sceptical solution provided in this section is a case in point. However, if to affirm skepticism is, as it is not frequently said to be, to expose philosophy to a skeptical crisis, then this section opens a surprising note. The tone of worldly-wise moderation that informs it does not indicate that the doubts expressed in the preceding section have plunged the philosopher into a crisis. David Hume presents his own positive picture of the skeptical attitude. He shows that sceptical philosophy, although inspired by skeptical doubts, is not thereby a crisis for philosophy, because scepticism goes beyond mere doubts to offer a skeptical solution.
Of Miracles
Authors: Buckle Stephen
Published: October 2011

This section has suffered from its own success. In the first place, it has been so frequently anthologised in collections of readings in the philosophy of religion that it is most frequently read out of context. Restoring it to its place within David Hume's wider argument aids in understanding the argument itself, and in assessing both its value and its contribution to the overall argument of the Enquiry. Secondly, its success means that it is now far more widely read than other critical discussions of miracles from the same period, so its distinguishing features are easily missed: not least, some limitations of the argument that were noted by contemporary critics. One limitation stems from the kind of argument Hume employs. Thus, the first task then is to place this section in context.
The Victorian State in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Baldwin Peter
Published: October 2011

This chapter argues that Victorian Britain had what was possibly a small, but none the less strong and effective state. The Continental nations, in contrast, often seem to have possessed states that blustered and swaggered, but which, in any reasonable accounting, were in fact less effective and strong. Two examples illustrate this claim: public health and taxation. If we understand public health broadly, as the management of mortality and morbidity, then these examples deal with the two invariables of human existence: the reaper and the fiscus.
Moral Disciplines
Authors: Hilton Boyd
Published: October 2011

It is impossible to define Victorian morality or Victorian values with any precision, if only because the Queen's reign was an extremely long one. This chapter focuses on the mid-Victorian period of the 1850s and 1860s when, correctly or otherwise, the state was perceived to operate at minimum strength, and individual citizens were (at least in theory) trusted to discipline themselves. In particular, it looks at the odyssey of politician W. E. Gladstone, whose own mind changes, and when this happens provides a clue as to why the shift took place at all.
The Pricing and Employment Behaviour of Firms
Authors: Layard Richard , Nickell Stephen , Jackman Richard
Published: October 2011

The main features of pricing behaviour are the long-term impacts of the demand on prices, the level to which prices are sticky in response to nominal shocks, and the degree to which prices respond more to demand shifts in the short term than in the long run. The latter is called the extent of hysteresis in price-setting. Proof suggests that long-term demand effects are insignificant and that such effects are greater the more competitive the product market is. Prices have the tendency to increase with demand either because marginal costs rise or because the mark-up of price over marginal cost rises.