bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Matryoshka
Authors: Silvertown Jonathan
Published: March 2024

Evolution has fashioned living organisms as nested teams of separate parts fitted inside each other like Russian dolls. The discovery of life’s hierarchical structure and how it evolved emerged only gradually over a period of 200 years. An early step was the discovery of the lichen symbiosis in which a fungus encases algal cells that feed it. Eventually, it was recognized that both mitochondria and chloroplasts inside eukaryote cells are symbiotic in origin. A eukaryote cell is a team formed by cooperation. During evolution, teams of cooperators may be transformed into a new kind of individual when the replication of team members becomes dependent on the replication of the team. Such events constitute major transitions in evolution (MTEs), which are step changes in the history of life. It is how the first life, bacteria, more complex cells, and multicellular organisms all arose. MTEs require the suppression of conflict among team members. Suppression of conflict happens in two distinct ways, depending on whether the different members of the team are kin or clones on the one hand or unrelated on the other. In the former case, the power of kin selection can ensure cooperation, but in the second case something else is needed to tame the inevitable differences in an odd couple.
Good companions
Authors: Silvertown Jonathan
Published: March 2024

Through artificial selection and selective breeding, we have made animals tame, plants pliant, and both productive. ‘Tame’ means cooperative with humans and disinclined to cheat on the bargain by natural aggression or attempting to escape captivity. By passing the genes of wild species through the eye of a domestication needle, we have sewn the fate of these animals and plants into our own. The domestic dog is a legacy of our hunter-gatherer past. By contrast the domestic cat is a totem of what came next: agriculture. Cat domestication began in the Fertile Crescent of South-west Asia around 11,000 years ago. We have surrounded ourselves with domesticated animals and plants that have been genetically chiselled to human ends, but is it possible that we domesticated ourselves as well? In 1871, in his book The Descent of Man, Charles Darwin suggested that sociability would evolve from a starting point in what we would now call cooperative breeding. This intuition of Darwin’s is one of many examples of astonishing prescience in his work. It was not until 2014 that a comparative study showed that the extent of cooperative breeding correlates very closely with the degree of prosociality in different primates. We know that social behaviour evolves and that in our own and other species this has produced cooperativeness among both kin and non-kin, but in our own case should we regard this as self-domestication? It’s certainly a thought-provoking claim, but does it mean more than simply selection for cooperation?
A brand-new bag
Authors: Silvertown Jonathan
Published: March 2024

The first cell must have been a flimsy, membranous receptacle containing only simple molecules in a saline solution, but we don’t really know, because even the simplest living cell today is a bag of very sophisticated tricks, far removed from its ancestral state. We do know that when the first bacterial cells appeared they began to diversify and team up. To be small is to be at the mercy of the environment, but a bacterium is never alone, living in colonies of millions. Bacteria interact with each other via the molecules that they secrete into the environment, which may be either beneficial or antagonistic to other bacteria. When costly molecules such as enzymes are secreted into the environment, they become public goods from which all similar bacteria can benefit. As ever, there is the possibility that cheating cells can free ride on the efforts of others, undermining cooperation. The mechanism that prevents this happening in bacteria is the same one that preserves cooperation among people when they choose their companions. Bacteria also form teams of like individuals, but they do it the microbial way, surrounding themselves with clones. Quorum sensing enables bacteria to cooperate selectively, by manipulating public goods. By this means bacteria synchronize cooperation with kin, exchange with strangers, compete for resources, police cheats, and attack enemies. A major transition in evolution occurred when some of these external social functions were internalized through symbiotic cells combining.
That green new thing
Authors: Silvertown Jonathan
Published: March 2024

More than 600 million years ago a eukaryote cell engulfed a photosynthetic cyanobacterium. That eukaryote was the ancestor of the green algae, and the cyanobacterium ultimately became the chloroplast found in all plants and algae. These foundational events occurred only once, but photosynthesis spread far and wide through further symbioses, even reaching into the animal kingdom where chloroplasts turn up in corals and sea slugs. The primary endosymbiosis spawned seven secondary endosymbioses and two tertiary ones, adding up to ten major transitions in evolution. Like the mitochondrion, the chloroplast has a remnant genome, and it is inherited from just one parent. It is transmitted down the female line in flowering plants, but strangely it is carried from generation to generation in the male line via the pollen of conifers. But in both cases, it is the eukaryote in the symbiosis that is always dominant and in control. The major transitions that first produced the eukaryotes and then turned one of those into the ancestor of all green plants each happened just once in the history of life. However, the next major transition happened multiple times when single-celled eukaryotes became multicellular.
Ordering the primordial soup
Authors: Silvertown Jonathan
Published: March 2024

We don’t know exactly how life began, but we can deduce what barriers had to be overcome for it to happen. Working backwards from how living cells are structured, the first problem is that two quite different kinds of molecule are used to store and replicate the genetic blueprint on the one hand and to build a working cell from it on the other. The first uses genes made of DNA and the second uses enzymes made of protein. How can the gradual process of evolution, advancing only a small step at a time, get us from some primordial soup to this point? The answer is probably RNA, which has both the information-holding properties of DNA and some of the catalytic abilities of enzymes. Between our world and the primordial soup must have been an RNA world with no proteins or DNA. Today, RNA still has many important functions in the cell, in particular playing a role in the translation of the genetic sequence coded in DNA into the sequence of amino acids that make proteins. Once the primordial soup contained some spontaneously formed, random RNA chains, one could expect that any that were able to copy themselves would multiply, but there is an obstacle to reaching this point. An individual RNA molecule cannot simultaneously be in the three-dimensional shape required for catalysis and in the stretched out two-dimensional form required for copying. Thus, at least two identical molecules must cooperate; one must be the template for the other to copy.
Modern Fortran Explained
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold
Published: March 2024

Fortran remains one of the principal programming languages used in high-performance scientific, numerical, and engineering computing. The language as defined by its most recent standards, with their introduction of object-oriented programming and of coarrays, is often referred to generically as ‘Modern Fortran’, and this term is increasingly used in the literature. Thus, we see that Fortran’s particular advantages as a high-end numerical language, especially where arrays are the main form of data object and/or where complex arithmetic is involved, are still to the fore. It is able to attain the highest achievable optimization, mainly because multi-dimensional arrays are ‘natural’ objects and because its pointers are highly constrained. There is every sign that Modern Fortran will continue to be used to tackle major scientific computing problems in the next decade and beyond. This third edition of Modern Fortran Explained offers, in 20 chapters, a comprehensive and uniform description of Fortran 2018. The additional features now brought by the 2023 standard, which are mostly relatively minor in nature, are described in two final chapters, the first on generic programming and the second on other new or enhanced features. This structure enables the reader to distinguish clearly between what is old and what is new. This new edition, written by experts in the field, three of whom have actively contributed to Fortran 2023, is thus a complete and authoritative description of Fortran in its latest form, with the intention that it remain the main reference work in the field.
Expressions and assignments
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold
Published: March 2024

A description of numerical, character, logical, and derived-type expressions and assignments, including those involving pointers. Both scalar and array variables are considered
Further type parameter features
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold
Published: March 2024

These advanced type parameter features consist of type parameter enquiry and the ability to parameterize derived data types.
Basic interoperability with C
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold
Published: March 2024

Fortran provides a standardized mechanism for interoperating with C. Any entity involved must be such that equivalent declarations of it may be made in the two languages. This is enforced within the Fortran program by requiring all such entities to be interoperable. We explain in turn what this requires for types, variables, and procedures. They are all requirements on the syntax so that the compiler knows at compile time whether an entity is interoperable. We examine interoperability for global data and then discuss some examples.
Generic programming
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold
Published: March 2024

The way in which Fortran 2023 can be used for type-independent and rank-independent programming is described.
Introduction
Authors: Solomon Roger M.
Published: March 2024

The death of a loved one can be very distressing, impacting a person’s security, life balance, and identity. There are also secondary losses that compound the difficulties in adaptation. The death can cause a crisis of meaning, disrupting world assumptions and making it difficult to rebuild one’s life. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy is a therapeutic approach that can be utilized to treat the trauma of grief and facilitate the assimilation and accommodation of the loss. EMDR therapy can target distressing moments, allowing the processing of ‘raw felt’ emotions and the linking in of adaptive information which is often experiences as the emergence of positive heartfelt memories. These memories are the basis of an adaptive inner representation giving the mourner a sense of connection to the loved one. The main goal of this book is to guide the clinician in providing EMDR therapy treatment for grief and mourning.
The “R” Processes of Mourning
Authors: Solomon Roger M.
Published: March 2024

The ‘R’ processes provide a direction for a clinician to understand and guide the client through the mourning process and can be facilitated with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy. This framework describes the processes that are important for adaptation to the loss. The R processes are: (1) recognize the loss, (2) react to the separation, (3) recollect and re-experience the deceased and the relationship, (4) relinquish the old attachments to the deceased and the old assumptive world, (5) readjust to move adaptively into the new world without forgetting the old, and (6) reinvest. Stuck points can be reprocessed to enable the transition to the new world without forgetting the old (the fifth ‘R’ process).
Three-Pronged Protocol
Authors: Solomon Roger M.
Published: March 2024

Present triggers are the situations, places, and people that evoke distress. When mourners think or are reminded of the deceased loved one, powerful separation distress can be experienced, or the traumatic aspects of the loss can be evoked. Targeting these present triggers facilitates further integration and adaptation to the loss. Future templates help mourners deal with their fear of the future, identify skills that need to be learned, and facilitate the implementation the therapeutic gains in the office into real life. The processing of a present trigger should be followed by a future template. This ‘one-two punch’ helps build resilience and facilitates adaptation.
On Being a German Jew in the ‘Golden Years’
Authors: Mecklenburg Frank
Published: March 2024

Although the preponderance of his life was spent in England, FA Mann’s German birth and education and Jewish background are determinative features of his biography, if only because racial persecution in Germany was the immediate catalyst for his emigration to England. ‘German Jews’ and ‘Jews in Germany’ are topics that have dramatically changed since the time when Mann grew up and lived—i.e. in pre-Holocaust, pre-Cold War Germany. Mann was born during a period often referred to as the ‘Golden Years’ of German Jewry, when the emancipation of Jews in German society had reached a point of unprecedented equality, and Mann’s home state was among the more advanced. In hindsight, this period only lasted two or three generations (i.e. between 1871 and 1933). But the achievements of these generations were substantial and the subsequent downfall was equally unprecedented. This chapter explores Mann’s biography as a German Jew, reflecting on what being Jewish and German meant in Mann’s day and what it means in ours.
Before Mann
Authors: Ernst Wolfgang
Published: March 2024

Martin Wolff (1872–1953) had been FA Mann’s pre-war supervisor at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin. Mann held a lifelong affection for his teacher, who also had to emigrate to England. One of Wolff’s many fields of work was monetary law, on which he wrote the most comprehensive German treatise at the time (1917). Wolff’s theory was post-metallistic, yet critical of Knapp’s state theory of money. When Wolff began to write on the conflict of laws in 1933, monetary obligations were treated with particular expertise. Mann and Wolff continued to discuss legal matters, most intensively in the area of monetary law, and mutually influenced each other’s views. They both came to endorse Knapp’s theory, alas not without qualifications.
Mann on Cryptocurrency
Authors: Gleeson Simon
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines the legal nature of lex monetae in order to establish what control rights a non-state creator of a crypto-payment token which is accepted by a state might have over the circulation of that token after it passes into currency. This analysis draws heavily on FA Mann’s work on exchange controls, and his consideration of the basis for their recognition by courts other than the courts of the monetary sovereign. It concludes that there can be no private lex monetae and that existing private law doctrines do not provide a basis for the recognition of such control rights.
Divided Power in Athenian Decree-Making
Authors: Esu Alberto
Published: March 2024

This chapter discusses the workings of divided power in Classical Athenian decree-making. It identifies in the process of delegation of power from the assembly to the council a key aspect of Athenian divided power in the realm of political decision-making. It engages with current views on Athenian decree-making and reaffirms the deliberative role of the council. It examines the bouleutic oath and bouleutic speeches and reconstructs the discursive practice of the council. It observes that discourse and procedures worked together to foster the acquisition of expertise through mass deliberation. A close analysis of divided power in practice follows which explores delegation from the assembly to the council in the inscribed decrees of the period 412–325 bce. The analysis shows continuity in the practice of divided power throughout the Classical period and demonstrates that the council had an important and distinctive role which went beyond the simple preparation of the assembly agenda and nuances the distinction between the decree-making power of the council and that of other magistracies.
Divided Power and Eunomia
Authors: Esu Alberto
Published: March 2024

This chapter opens the second part of the book and introduces the theme of the balance between deliberation and control of constitutionality in the Greek world. It illustrates the workings of an oligarchic form of divided power through the analysis of Spartan decision-making. The first section reviews the relevant scholarship on Spartan political institutions and places the discussion about the Great Rhetra within the debate of intentional history. It also argues against the exceptionality of Spartan decision-making. The second section examines the relationship between the key Spartan institutions and their relevant powers and underpinning ideologies. The third section shows that the powers of probouleusis (preliminary deliberation) and nomophulakia (guardianship of the laws) were divided between the gerousia and the ephors. It explores the implications of unanimity and majority rule in the Spartan deliberative system. Unanimity in the gerousia was a requirement for a motion to be submitted to the assembly for final ratification, but the ephors could anyway put the bill to a vote of the assembly. The chapter argues that, in this case, the elders could veto by majority vote a motion passed by the assembly with a majority vote. The control of constitutionality was placed in the hand of a restricted body which shaped deliberation according to oligarchic values enshrined in the relevant procedures and voting systems.
Operations Other than All-Out War
Authors: Rees Wyn
Published: March 2024

After the end of the Cold War, the US and the UK experienced ‘wars of choice’ in which they were able to choose whether to intervene in conflicts outside of NATO territory. These conflicts brought their own unique challenges because the two allies lacked the doctrine and the experience to address peace-making and peacekeeping tasks. The British military worked with their American counterparts in conflicts that ranged from the Balkans to Libya and Syria. It was notable that in such conflicts the US was reluctant to lead. The conflicts led to tensions between the two sides over such issues as the appropriate objectives, the level of risk to be tolerated and the role of international organizations.
Social Norms and Attitudes towards Women’s Entitlement to Land
Authors: Kelkar Govind , Govindnathan Pallavi
Published: March 2024

Feminist political economy contributes to a gender analysis of the rights to own and control land by analysing the gender dimensions of state policies, intra-household relations, and institutions. However, it only has a limited analysis of the societal embeddedness of gender norms that influence both policies and practices. Gender-based inequalities and unfreedoms of women are created and reinforced through social and cultural norms, as well as masculine attitudes; they are regarded as slow-moving institutions compared to legal and technological changes. This study intends to explore policy changes for women’s ownership rights to agricultural land in the diverse socio-political context of women farmers’ demand for their unmediated ownership rights to land; also, the state’s delayed and flawed response that considered the male right to land as part of cultural norms in India. Our analysis has summarized the complexity of social norms as an important determinant of land rights and agricultural produce. Notwithstanding influence of social norms on policies and practices, male-centred attitudes and norms change when (1) women have unmediated asset ownership rights to land, houses, energy infrastructure; (2) they are organized in groups for production and control over resources and finances; (3) they have acquired new knowledge and skills in operating new technology; and (4) women have experienced effects of policy change addressing gendered norms, as we see in the Hindu Succession Amendment Act 2005.
Barriers and Pathways to Girls’ Education
Authors: Menon Geeta , Sharma Aparajita
Published: March 2024

At 70.3 per cent female literacy rate, it certainly appears that progress has been made in educating women in India. However, gaps continue to persist; nearly 30 per cent of women in the country are not literate as yet, disparities amongst states on female literacy is stark, female literacy rates for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) is an area of concern, and in particular a sharp decline is observed in female enrolment at secondary and higher-secondary levels of education. Poverty, entrenched and pervasive patriarchy, geographical remoteness, unforeseen crisis, poor governance, and access and quality related issues combine to adversely impact girl’s education. The paper suggests select pathways to strengthen current efforts in educating girls. This includes the need to work intensively with girls in order to: address the internalized patriarchy and empower them to pursue their life goals; address patriarchy by working with community institutions and boys; work in a comprehensive and consistent manner with marginalized groups like SC, ST, and Muslims; provide a safe and supportive environment; ensure quality and equity at all levels; and mount concerted efforts to enable girls to transit and succeed in secondary and higher-secondary schooling. It is equally imperative that a general environment of gender equality is created, facilitating women’s participation in civic and economic life.
Gradual RevolutionSEWA, An Example of the Women’s Movement
Authors: Jhabvala Renana , Nangalia Nitya
Published: March 2024

SEWA (Self-Employed Women’s Association) is at the nexus of an organization and a movement. As a movement it has deep roots in the labour movement and the Gandhi-led struggles a century ago, as well as in the ongoing women’s movement. As an organization, it took shape nearly half a century ago and has been changing and adapting ever since. This is the story of how an organization, deeply connected to movements for justice, remains relevant and active through economic, political, and social change. In this paper we examine the changes in SEWA through the lens of the changes in the economy in India. The period covers three major shifts from a socialistic economy, to a liberalizing one with the heady years of reform ending in the economic crisis of 2008, and finally through the digital revolution. The early years allowed SEWA to focus on developing its core agenda and core values which have held SEWA in good stead all these years. This internal development in turn allowed SEWA to evolve with and adapt to changing global economic cycles and remain relevant through the turmoil in the external world, while continuing to advocate for its members, until this day. Here, we situate SEWA within the national and international context, and then trace the evolution of the SEWA model across the changes in the Indian economy, capturing the resonance of SEWA values across time and space.
Pictures Do Not Speak for Themselves
Authors: Hak Jonathan W.
Published: March 2024

This chapter asserts that pictures do not necessarily speak for themselves, no matter how compelling they might be. Rather, they must be viewed and interpreted with an understanding of the context in which they were created, the perspective chosen by the photographer, and the narrative they are being associated with by their proponent. Images should be viewed with caution and frequently require testimonial support for proper content comprehension. This chapter states that in certain cases, evaluation, interpretation, and testimony by a forensic imagery expert may be required to fully understand what images have to offer as well as their limitations. This includes the need to technically assess digital video images for such issues as compression, resolution, frame rate, and aspect ratio anomalies. Additionally, this chapter outlines the role of forensic video analysis and various image processing and analytical techniques that can be employed to maximize the evidential value of images.
The new money
Authors: Volckart Oliver
Published: March 2024

The chapter opens with the account of how Charles V’s attempt to implement the new common currency came to grief within months. The debacle is traced to the way the imperial diet reached its decisions, which was—as shown in Chapter 3—good at generating consensus but prone to the danger that any agreement was superficial and would fall apart once the diet dispersed. A new start became possible only after Charles V abdicated, leaving his younger brother Ferdinand free to succeed as emperor. Ferdinand, who unlike Charles preferred a compromise-based style of rule, negotiated an agreement with the princes of the Empire that addressed the currency problem. He persuaded the majority of the imperial diet to abandon the idea of using the common currency as an instrument to ease the servicing of their debts. Instead, Ferdinand refocused the discussions on their original aim: creating conditions where Gresham’s Law was no longer a problem. At the same time, he persuaded the Rhineland princes to agree to capping the price of gold. On this basis, the diet finally passed a currency bill which from 1559 onwards was successfully implemented. The chapter also looks at measures taken to make the common currency a success.
Epilogue
Authors: Volckart Oliver
Published: March 2024

The Epilogue uses the account of Fynes Moryson’s travels through the Empire in the 1590s as a starting point to assess to what extent the common currency can be considered a success. It shows that Moryson was comparing the Empire’s currency in some respects favourably with that of England. The chapter examines why he did so. It finds that the currency suffered from defects typical of those of other currencies of the time, primarily from a weak integration of small change with the larger denominations and from the continuing circulation of foreign money. This latter problem appeared in sixteenth-century England, too, while the scarcity of small change that characterized England’s monetary economy did not exist in the Empire. The conclusion is that the imperial currency functioned no worse than most others. The chapter concludes with an outlook at the development of the monetary economy of Germany from the early seventeenth to the mid-nineteenth century.
The Assam Rifles and the Rashtriya Rifles
Authors: Nidumolu Raghuveer , Raghavan Srinath
Published: March 2024

The modern Indian state, from its origins as a colonial autocracy through its development as a post-colonial democracy, has had a long and continuous history of armed insurrections. Yet, the counter-insurgency practices of the post-colonial state, and the Indian Army in particular, have not received sustained historical evaluation. This chapter focuses on a particular institutional innovation in the Indian state and military’s capacity to deal with insurgencies: the two large and specialized counter-insurgency forces of the Assam Rifles and Rashtriya Rifles. This chapter offers a comparative analysis of the Assam Rifles and the Rashtriya Rifles along four dimensions: historical development, organizational structure, human resources, and performance and reforms. The analysis suggests that the Assam Rifles and the Rashtriya Rifles present contrasting yet similarly instructive models of specialized counter-insurgency forces. Their capabilities and challenges also cast into relief larger questions of state capacity and reform in the security domain.
The Central Bureau of Investigation and the National Investigation Agency
Authors: Wasan Navneet Rajan
Published: March 2024

India’s Central Bureau of Investigation—also known as the Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE), its primary investigative wing—and the National Investigation Agency (NIA) are two of the Indian government’s premier investigation agencies. The CBI investigates conventional, economic, and corruption offences, while the NIA exclusively handles crimes related to terrorism and internal security. This chapter examines the history of both agencies in the context of ongoing jurisdictional conflicts between Indian states and the central government, or centre. It also analyses core issues related to human resources, institutional credibility, and political interference. As both organizations share many commonalities, face identical challenges, and function in similar ways, this chapter focuses primarily on the CBI; the NIA is discussed where policies and issues substantially differ.
Lagrangian mechanics
Authors: Kotkin G. L. , Serbo V. G. , Chernykh A. I.
Published: March 2024

The Lagrangian equations of motion. The transformation of energy and generalized momenta under the coordinate transformation. The integrals of motion for a particle moving in the field with a given symmetry (Noether’s theorem). The displacement from the vertical of a particle which is dropped from a given height with zero initial velocity. The Lagrangian functions and the Lagrangian equations of motion for the electromechanical system. The influence of constraints and friction on the motion of a system.
Between the Primary Duties and Open Borders
Authors: Akhtar Sahar
Published: March 2024

This chapter explores whether non-identity criteria, such as health mandates, professional qualifications, or language requirements, can violate the primary duties. It demonstrates that, often, such criteria constitute the use of proxies designed to select against particular groups and can therefore violate the primary duties. But when they do not amount to proxies, non-identity criteria do not generally violate these duties. This discussion has implications for actions related to immigration proposals and policies beyond the use of criteria, such as the proposal to build a wall along the United States’ southern border. This chapter also explores whether states have further antidiscrimination duties, such as duties to not exclude anyone who faces significant disadvantage (material, political, or otherwise), with implications for non-identity groups such as the global poor and people with significant health conditions. In the process of exploring such duties, the chapter outlines some important differences between the kinds of social relations inside a state and those among members of different states. Finally, this chapter highlights the distinctions between the antidiscrimination approach and the open-borders view, and critically evaluates the main deontological arguments for the latter, which attempt to establish something like a moral right to international freedom of movement (or a right to migrate). Though the case for such a right is powerful, this chapter demonstrates that the central question for establishing such a right—that of whether states, or their members, collectively own the relevant territories or goods and institutions—has not been adequately addressed.
Intra-Muslim Polemics in South India
Authors: Menon Nandagopal R.
Published: March 2024

How do we understand differences and disputes among various branches of Islam? This book places intimacies, rather than radical incompatibilities, at the centre of its in-depth ethnographic account of mass-publicized theological polemics among Sunni Muslims in the south Indian state of Kerala. What unites Muslims of different Sunni groups also divides them and incites polemics—Islam as a shared system of knowledge and practices, bonds of kinship and other social relations, and the common condition of being a beleaguered religious minority in a Hindu majoritarian democracy. Diverging from works that have focused on how Islamic practices like ritual prayers facilitate the fashioning of theologically grounded pious selves, the book argues that intra-Muslim polemics marginalize theology and have little to do with cultivating piety. Instead, polemics constitute inter- and intra-religious socialities, enable Muslims to articulate their connections to India and other imaginaries, and produce Islam as a public religion in a secular nation-state.
Criminal responsibility
Authors: Baker John
Published: March 2024

Parties to a crime might be principals—later separated into principals in the first and second degree—or accessories. Accessories might be before the fact (such as those who incited or helped to plot a crime) or after the fact (such as receivers of principal felons or of stolen goods). The distinction was important because accessories could not be convicted before their principals. There were several decisions on joint enterprise: that is, how far those involved in criminal activity were liable for deaths which they did not themselves cause or intend but which ensued from the activity. A particular difficulty, which resulted in a detailed analysis in 1573, was whether an accessory to a joint enterprise could be liable in the case of transferred malice, where the offence as committed was different in kind from what was envisaged. Other questions of responsibility arose from the personal incapacity of infants and persons of unsound mind.
Criminal procedure
Authors: Baker John
Published: March 2024

Prosecutions for crime could be commenced by appeals of felony, arraignment upon the ‘mainour’ (where thieves were caught red-handed), indictments by a grand jury, or (in the case of misdemeanours only) by information. The indictment became the usual method in the case of felonies, and appeals came to be discouraged and even criticized. It was established in the fourteenth century that an indictment had to particularize a specific offence. Criminal informations enabled prosecutors to bypass the grand jury; their constitutional propriety was questioned in the Restoration period. Attainder without trial could be achieved only by act of parliament, as in the case of Thomas Cromwell, but it was regarded as improper. Torture was sometimes used to extract confessions, off the record, but it was eventually declared illegal in 1628. Defendants who pleaded Not Guilty were obliged to ask for jury trial, on pain of being pressed (the ‘peine forte et dure’). How far the trial jurors had to be ‘peers’ of the accused occasioned some early debates. They had to be unanimous, but it was not settled until 1670 that they had to be free from coercion. The chapter ends with texts explaining the denial of counsel in criminal cases.
Towards a politics of hospitality
Authors: Langdridge Darren
Published: March 2024

This final chapter summarizes the central argument about the need to maintain tradition and critique in a dialectic while also proposing a more constructive way forward for contemporary sexual politics. The notion of recognition from Ricoeur is introduced as a less divisive alternative to the current focus on identity politics. It is stressed that a future politics needs to resist either-or politics by recognizing the value of tradition and critique for each other. It is argued that a more productive politics can come about through the notion of linguistic hospitality, also from Ricoeur, a mode of engagement with otherness that offers the potential for a more hopeful and inclusive politics.
Reworking Culture
Authors: de Maaker Erik
Published: March 2024

Reworking Culture: Relatedness, Rites, and Resources in Garo Hills, North East India provides intimate insights into the lives of hill farmers and the challenges they face in day-to-day life. Focusing on the ongoing reinterpretation of traditions, or customs, the book critiques the all too often taken-for-granted assumption that upland societies are unchanging, characterized by cultural homogeneity and strong internal cohesion. Based on extensive ethnographic fieldwork, the book focuses on a rural area where a substantial number of people practice the traditional Garo community religion. The book does not aim to document and idealize relics of cultural practices destined for extinction in the face of greater forces such as globalization. Yet it does ask why people continue to be committed to practices that are considered obsolete elsewhere in the same region, given that over the last century and a half, the vast majority of the Garo have abandoned the community religion in favour of Christianity. The book explores the creation and continuing reinterpretation of the multiple relationships through which people are connected to one another, as well as to their environment. Far from being immutable, these relationships need to be constantly expressed, enacted, and (re-)interpreted. Reworking Culture shows how what people perceive as traditions, is continuously revised and reworked in response to new economic and political opportunities, as well as to changes in the ontological landscape.
What is going on inside of phytochrome B photobodies?
Authors: Willige Björn Christopher , Yoo Chan Yul , Saldierna Guzmán Jessica Paola
Published: March 2024

Plants exhibit an enormous phenotypic plasticity to adjust to changing environmental conditions. For this purpose, they have evolved mechanisms to detect and measure biotic and abiotic factors in their surroundings. Phytochrome B exhibits a dual function, since it serves as a photoreceptor for red and far-red light as well as a thermosensor. In 1999, it was first reported that phytochromes not only translocate into the nucleus but also form subnuclear foci upon irradiation by red light. It took more than 10 years until these phytochrome speckles received their name; these foci were coined photobodies to describe unique phytochrome-containing subnuclear domains that are regulated by light. Since their initial discovery, there has been much speculation about the significance and function of photobodies. Their presumed roles range from pure experimental artifacts to waste deposits or signaling hubs. In this review, we summarize the newest findings about the meaning of phyB photobodies for light and temperature signaling. Recent studies have established that phyB photobodies are formed by liquid-liquid phase separation via multivalent interactions and that they provide diverse functions as biochemical hotspots to regulate gene expression on multiple levels.
Improving Child Passenger Safety Through Proper Restraint System Use
Authors: Arends Leslie
Published: March 2024

Nurses could help close caregivers' knowledge gap.
Patients' Perspectives on Health Care Screening for Firearms
Authors: Rosenberg Karen
Published: March 2024

According to this study:
Higher PrEP Costs Are Associated with Higher Rates of Prescription Abandonment and New HIV Diagnoses
Authors: Rosenberg Karen
Published: March 2024

According to this study:
Earlier, More Frequent Transition from IV to Oral Antibiotics Is Possible
Authors: Rosenberg Karen
Published: March 2024

According to this study:
In the Midst of Dealing With Changes in Continuing Education: A Mental Model to Support Well-Being and Action
Authors: Shershneva Marianna , Anderson Barbara
Published: March 2024

Continuing education (CE) professionals are experiencing continuous changes in their practice, including situations where they see a need for change but feel overwhelmed with change implementation. This article is a reflection on our experience of (1) transitioning from independently operating health professions CE units in medicine, nursing, and pharmacy to becoming a Joint Accreditation provider of interprofessional CE and (2) developing and using a Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Toolkit for Accredited Continuing Education. We examined these instances of substantial change to identify what made them achievable and supported our well-being throughout the process. We also considered a social cognitive theory, a schema theory, and a normalization process theory. As a result, we identified five steps of the CE planning and implementation process to be our trusted mental model and the key factor in making the changes doable for our team and supporting our resilience and a sense of well-being. Interviews with three clinician-learners, which were conducted in search of additional insights, reminded us that positive reinforcement occurs when we see the desired result. Thus, measuring the CE change and its impact on learners and their patients is also a tool to sustain emotional comfort during the turbulence of a change cascade, given the measures show progress in a desired direction. We hope this article will stimulate peer discussions, reflections, and sharing of lessons learned from similar journeys.
Melanocyte Density in the Diagnosis of Melanoma In Situ in Sun-Damaged Skin
Authors: Löper Rieke , Schön Michael P. , Mitteldorf Christina
Published: March 2024

Histologic differentiation between melanoma in situ in chronically sun-damaged skin (CSDS) [lentigo maligna (LM)] and CSDS without malignancy is difficult because signs of melanocyte activation and proliferation are found in both. A potentially reliable and quantifiable criterion is melanocyte density (MD). Here, we evaluated whether and to what extent MD allows the distinction between LM and CSDS, which is particularly relevant for the evaluation of borderline cases and surgical margins.

Articles assessing MD in LM and/or CSDS were evaluated in a systematic review. The results were categorized and compared according to staining. Cutoff values were included whenever stated.

Twenty articles matched the selection criteria. Six hundred forty-four samples of CSDS and 227 samples of LM were considered. In each individual study, mean MD scores were higher for LM than for CSDS. However, looking at the overall study situation, it becomes clear that the data are very heterogeneous and show overlaps. Therefore, no reliable orientation value can be derived. Only 1 article defined a cutoff value.

The data of MD in LM in contrast to CSDS were sparse, and a defined cutoff value was only mentioned in 1 article for microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, which cannot yet be generalized. Especially regarding the importance for the definition of surgical resection margins, this unsatisfactory data set highlights the need for further studies. More precise diagnostic criteria could spare some patients extensive and possibly disfiguring surgery.
Effectiveness of Cranial Remolding Orthosis in Treatment of Nonsynostotic Plagiocephaly
Authors: Lally Katherine , Feldhacker Diana R. , Ploeger Kaitlin , Stryker Brittany
Published: March 2024

Introduction

The prevalence of cranial deformities, including nonsynostotic plagiocephaly, has been increasing, especially since the “Back to Sleep” campaign. Treatment of these deformities can use a cranial remolding orthosis or helmet. However, inconsistencies in results of studies of cranial remolding orthoses have made it increasingly more difficult for providers to accurately make recommendations for individuals with nonsynostotic plagiocephaly. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of cranial remolding orthoses effective in treating nonsynostotic plagiocephaly by reducing cranial vault asymmetry (CVA) and to assess whether age and severity impact length and success of treatment.

Materials and Methods

A retrospective analysis of patient files from September 2019–September 2020 was conducted. Paired samples of initial average and discharge average CVA measures and severity ratings were compared. Regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between all factors and severity rating at discharge.

Results

A total of 106 infants (73 male, 33 female) were included in final analyses. Results indicated a significant difference between initial and discharge CVA and severity rating as a result of cranial remolding orthosis treatment. It was found that CVA at initial evaluation significantly predicted CVA at discharge (β = 0.73, P = 0.000) and severity at discharge (β = 0.52, P = 0.000), but all other variables were not significant predictors.

Conclusions

The cranial remolding orthosis is an effective treatment in the correction of nonsynostotic plagiocephaly when used by a certified practitioner. In addition, this study found that treatment led to significant improvement regardless of age or initial severity.

Clinical Relevance

After treatment, patients ages 0–18 months and with moderate or severe classifications demonstrated significant improvement. In order to prevent medical complications due to significant facial asymmetries, a cranial remolding orthosis should be recommended, with positive outcomes possible at all stages of diagnosis.
Postpartum Remote Blood Pressure Monitoring Using a Mobile App in Women with a Hypertensive Disorder of Pregnancy
Authors: Burgess Adriane , Deannuntis Taylor , Wheeling Julia
Published: March 2024

Background:

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy affect approximately 15% of pregnancies in the United States and are a leading cause of postpartum readmissions. Morbidity due to hypertension may be higher in the first several weeks postpartum. The ability to monitor blood pressure and intervene in the postpartum period is critical to reducing morbidity and mortality.

Local Problem:

At WellSpan Health, hypertensive disorders were increasing and a leading cause of severe maternal morbidity and readmission.

Interventions:

A remote blood pressure monitoring app called BabyScripts™ myBloodPressure was implemented in September 2020. Prior to discharge postpartum, all patients with a diagnosis of a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy were given an automatic blood pressure cuff and instructions on how to monitor and track their blood pressure daily in the app.

Results:

A total of 1,260 patients were enrolled in the BabyScripts™ myBloodPressure module between September 2020 and July 2022 across five maternity hospitals. Of those enrolled 74% (n = 938) entered seven or more blood pressures, and of those who entered at least one blood pressure 9% (n = 107) entered at least one critical range blood pressure (≥150 mmHg systolic and or ≥100 mmHg diastolic).

Conclusion:

Most women enrolled in the app were highly engaged and entered seven or more readings. Patients with critical blood pressures were identified; thus, the program has the potential to identify those at risk of severe complications. Barriers should be removed, and remote patient monitoring considered as a solution to improve postpartum assessment in patients with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.