bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Dena Christy , Keogh Brendan
Published: September 2017

On 2 April 2016, the DiGRA Australia chapter held its inaugural regional symposium in Brisbane, Queensland. The goal of this symposium, in part, was to highlight and identify the broader scholarship happening on games beyond the usual geographic scope of Australia's other east-coast capital cities, and beyond the usual conceptual frames of game studies. The theme of 'wayfinding' was chosen to both guide paper submissions and the exploratory philosophy of the symposium itself. This journal issue presents a selection of extended and reworked papers initially presented at the symposium, representing authors from a range of disciplinary backgrounds, from across Australia and overseas.
Introduction
Authors: Brown Ashley , Bidarra Rafael
Published: September 2017

In 2016, for the first time, the Digital Games Research Association (DiGRA) and the Society for the Advancement of the Science of Digital Games (SASDG) partnered and decided to jointly host an unprecedented gathering of game-related researchers. The result was the largest ever academic conference on games research: the 1st JOINT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF DIGRA AND FDG.
Focus, Sensitivity, Judgement, Action: Four Lenses for Designing Morally Engaging Games
Authors: Ryan Malcolm , Staines Dan , Formosa Paul
Published: September 2017

Historically the focus of moral decision-making in games has been narrow, mostly confined to challenges of moral judgement (deciding right and wrong). In this paper, we look to moral psychology to get a broader view of the skills involved in ethical behaviour and how these skills can be employed in games. Following the Four Component Model of Rest and colleagues, we identify four “lenses” – perspectives for considering moral gameplay in terms of focus, sensitivity, judgement and action – and describe the design problems raised by each. To conclude, we analyse two recent games, The Walking Dead and Papers, Please, and show how the lenses give us insight into important design differences between these games.
Source Code and Formal Analysis: A Reading of Passage
Authors: Willumsen Ea Christina
Published: September 2017

Analysis of the source code of video games is not an integrated part of the formal analysis. Rather, few scholars have investigated how an analysis of the source code can inform a hermeneutic reading of the game. In this paper I will present a reading of the source code of Passage (Rohrer, 2007), argue for why a traditional focus on authorial intention is unnecessary when investigating the symbolism and metaphors of a game, and illustrate how source code analysis can inform the formal analysis of the executed game. Finally, I shall discuss how the source code relates to the game as a ‘work’, and how it can be used for studies of symbolism and metaphors. Thus, I will conclude that it is indeed a valuable method for game studies, although further studies should expand on the textual relation between executed game and source code.
Inspirasi Kisah Ayub bagi Seorang Katolik dalam Menghadapi Penderitaan
Authors: Kurniadi Bartholomeus Wahyu
Published: September 2017

Job lives as a righteous man before God and he is one of the good models of believer. The Scripture tells about his experiences of severe and extreme sufferings. His wealth is lost, his children die, and he becomes painfully ill. His friends accuse him of being a sinner and they even avoid him. His wife tends to do the same as his friends do. Job is afflicted and lonely in his suffering. But Job responds to his suffering by an attitude of faith. Suffering is interpreted as a way to know and understand more his God. Suffering cannot be comprehended by interpretation, but should be responded by faith. Job walks through the mystery of suffering not merely with critical and rational thought, but eventually with a confession of faith, “I know that you can do all things” (Job 42:2a). But this is yet a ‘rational’ knowing that needs further decision in faith to accept every suffering as part of life in God. It is this decision to respond to suffering that makes the difference to the character of faith as experience, that is, the courage of being religious rather than simply of having a religion.
Fragmentasi Manusia dalam Kultur Makan Masa Kini
Authors: Susilo Ferdy
Published: September 2017

Food has been one of the most important foundations of human history. Food functions as a statement of the self, a classification system, a way of social interaction, and even a cultural identity that it can be interpreted holistically. Food has been one of the most important elements that shape life and the history of human civilization. It demonstrates a kind of culture that signifies the dynamic of humanity from one era to the other. The expansion of food industry has brought a great impact on the revolution of social interaction model. However, a reduction of the food value is happening nowadays throughout the food culture, seeing it as simply as nutrition and economical commodity. Hedonism triggers the view of food as a tool to conquer the human desire, which actually never ceased even after being satisfied. A sort of ‘McDonaldization’ system is considered as a grand system of living that might have significantly changed many aspects of human life in this globalisation era. The Branded Life propaganda of the food industry seems to mislead people to continue their luxurious life. The fragmentation of human’s views on food becomes one of its consequences and in turn changes human’s respect of food within its holistic picture. The discussion now covers the social and spiritual dimensions. Today, the fragmented views of food have turned into a threat to humanity, but also a great opportunity, notwithstanding uncomfortable, to highlight the missing aspects of food in the midst of contemporary culture.
Sembilan Matahari’s Vmaps: Retelling Geographical Memories and Narratives in Digital Culture
Authors: Allo Katherina
Published: September 2017

Images and representations have long been used to tell the history of a place, to crystalize local memories, myths and beliefs, and to share meaningful values in a collective life. Sembilan Matahari, one of the nationally renown film-makers and video artists in Indonesia, has produced works of video-mapping (vmap) from 2010 to 2014 in public spaces as part of the local events to celebrate and re-activate the life of a people. Through Sembilan Matahari’s works the city of Jakarta, Pekalongan and Bandung have animated their iconic buildings to tell their stories and renew the memories of the place and the people. This article is based on a research examining the spatial construction of the event and the video-mapping, and how these spatial constructions relate to the geographical memories and narratives of the place. By using phenomenological approaches, this writing will explain how the three spatial constructions relate to one another, and how the reading/ interpretation of the video-mapping occur in experiencing Sembilan Matahari’s works.
Transendensi dalam Pemikiran Simone de Beauvoir dan Emmanuel Levinas
Authors: Pranowo Yogie
Published: September 2017

Simone de Beauvoir and Emmanuel Levinas are two of the leading philosophers who gave rise to the idea of transcendence. While for Beauvoir transcendence is a fully human effort (particularly among women) to come out of the shackles of patriarchal culture, for Levinas transcendence extends to a broader scope, that is, to humanism as well as to the relationships among people. Beauvoir would see transcendence as women’s efforts to break out of the structures of patriarchy through the three strategies it offers, viz., that women must work, engage in intellectual activities, and become perpetrators of action for the sake of social transformation. As for Levinas, transcendence is closely associated with human face. The face is not merely an object of intentional consciousness, but representing the significance of human transcendence. Through the face, one might recognise the presence of others. On the other hand, it shows the face of infinite dimensions in such a way that it cannot be subdued by the attempts of human consciousness willing to master it.
Fondasi Kritik Karya Seni dari Perspektif Estetika Analitis Emansipatoris Noël Carroll
Authors: Simanjuntak Mardohar B. B.
Published: September 2017

Defining what an artwork is has been a recurrent theme in aesthetics, or to be more specific, in the philosophy of art. Yet this is proven to be no simple matter. Thus finding the definition of art has proven to be an elusive undertaking as works of art have always kept on eluding one definition after another. A strong definition might have proven to be illusory. An analytic aesthetician, Noël Carroll has undertaken a complex, if not ambitious, project opting to refute this conundrum in aesthetics by proposing another perspective that stems not from metaphysics but an epistemological one. He managed to show analytically that the epistemological approach is far less problematic and even offers a string of advantages at the praxis level. Carroll completed his proposal by revising two of the most powerful definition of art, that is, the Kantian aesthetic experience and the Levinsonian historical definition of art in those he emancipated the most essential foundation disinterestedness coined by Immanuel Kant, and set the modified definition in a trail of historical correctness. The mix between these two strong elements has amalgamated in a new breed proposed by Carroll in that he labels it historical narrative. This, for Carroll, is a better option over endless disputes over the speculated essence of an artwork and its criticism.
Assessing Segregation Under a New Generation of Controlled Choice Policies
Authors: Frankenberg Erica
Published: September 2017

Student assignment policies (SAPs) in K–12 schools can either reproduce or help ameliorate existing inequality. Some districts are trying to maintain voluntarily adopted integration policies despite the Supreme Court’s recent 2007 decision in Parents Involved, which prohibited most race-conscious school choice policies that were effective and popular ways of accomplishing integration. While alternative policies with minimal or no use of race are still permitted, it is unclear whether they will create diverse schools. This research examines the new generation of school choice policies post- Parents Involved to understand how they affect diversity in our multiracial yet increasingly race-neutral era. Analysis of the use of a new generalized, race-conscious SAP in Jefferson County (Kentucky) Public Schools suggests that their plan is largely able to maintain integrated schools, albeit with some increasing racial segregation; economic segregation patterns are mixed. Moreover, the controlled choice policy has lower segregation than simulated, non–integration focused policy alternatives.
A Kindergarten Teacher Like Me
Authors: Wright Adam , Gottfried Michael A. , Le Vi-Nhuan
Published: September 2017

Our nation’s classrooms have become increasingly racially and ethnically diverse. Given these demographic changes, many policymakers and practitioners have expressed the need for increased attention to how teacher diversity might be linked to reducing racial/ethnic differences in teachers’ ratings of social-emotional skills for students of color. Using the most recent nationally representative data, we investigated whether kindergarteners have different social-emotional ratings when they had a teacher whose racial/ethnic group was the same as their own. We found that having a teacher of the same race was unrelated to teachers’ ratings of children’s internalizing problem behaviors, interpersonal skills, approaches to learning, and self-control. However, students whose teachers’ race/ethnicity matched their own had more favorable ratings of externalizing behaviors. Results are discussed in terms of implications for school disciplinary policies.
Evaluating English Learner Reclassification Policy Effects Across Districts
Authors: Cimpian Joseph R. , Thompson Karen D. , Makowski Martha B.
Published: September 2017

Effectively educating the large English learner population requires policymakers to ensure developmentally appropriate settings and services throughout the time students are learning English, as well as during their transition to fluent English proficient status—a process termed reclassification. Using longitudinal student-level data from two U.S. states ( N = 107,549), the authors implemented recent advances in multi-site regression discontinuity designs to assess the effects of reclassification policies across districts. They found that reclassification decisions are heavily influenced by state criteria; however, there is considerable variability across districts in the extent of state-level influence. The authors also found robust evidence of between-district heterogeneity in the effects of reclassification on subsequent achievement and graduation. They discuss the implications of these findings for reclassification policies and future research on the topic. Looking toward the next century of education research, the authors discuss ways that multi-site regression discontinuity designs can be combined with qualitative research to enable policymakers and practitioners to better understand variation in effects of policies across contexts as well as the mechanisms underlying those effects.
Food, Museums, and Cultural Heritage Sites
Authors: Tunc Tanfer Emin
Published: September 2017

Over the past decade or so, the study of food museums has emerged out of larger disciplines such as food studies, memory studies, museology, hospitality management, culinary tourism, and travel and leisure studies as its own area of inquiry. Food museums have existed for decades, but are increasing in popularity in the United States and globally, both as places to visit and as venues of study. Food museums play a significant role in the preservation of culinary culture, history, and identity, particularly because they are concerned with terroir. They focus on the origins of the products we consume; the objects, rituals, and sites of food and drink cultivation, preparation, and presentation; and the places where we sell and eat food. This review article presents a sampling of some of the most recent publications in the interdisciplinary area of food museum studies.
Effect of Microbial-Induced Calcite Precipitation on Surface Erosion and Scour of Granular Soils
Authors: Bao Ruotian , Li Junhong , Li Lin , Cutright Teresa J. , Chen Long , Zhu Jiahua , Tao Junliang
Published: September 2017

Erosion is relevant to a variety of infrastructure problems such as bridge scour, roadway shoulder erosion, coastal erosion, and riverbank and slope stability. This research investigated the feasibility of using microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP) as an erosion countermeasure. MICP is a natural phenomenon in which calcite precipitation occurs as a consequence of microbial metabolic activity. The precipitated calcite modifies the soil fabric and provides an additional bonding force between soil particles. In this paper, a preliminary experimental study on the erosional behavior of MICP-treated sand is presented. A standard soil, Ottawa graded sand, was treated with a bacterium (Sporosarcina pasteurii) in a full-contact reactor-one in which the soil in a fabric mold was fully immersed in the bacteria and cementation solution. The morphologies and crystalline structures of the precipitated calcite in porous sediments were characterized using microscopic imaging techniques. The treated soil samples were tested in a flume to investigate the erosional behavior; both surface erosion and bridge scour tests were conducted. Although the untreated soil is highly erodible, the erosion of the treated sand was found to be negligible under the circumstances of the test; however, some concerns were raised regarding practical applications. Efforts will be made in the future to identify alternative treatment procedures that are more applicable to the field.
Model for the Erosion Rate Curve of Cohesive Soils
Authors: Rahimnejad Reza , Ooi Phillip S. K.
Published: September 2017

The scour rate found by the cohesive soil-erosion function apparatus (SRICOS-EFA) method provides more accurate and realistic scour predictions than the Richardson and Davis equation, which tends to overpredict scour, especially in cohesive soils. Scour of cohesive soil occurs more slowly than scour of cohesionless soils. The time-dependent nature of scour of cohesive soils can be understood by considering both the variation of flood intensity over time and the scour characteristics of the soil, with an erosion rate curve obtained with an erosion function apparatus (EFA). One drawback of the SRICOS-EFA method is that the EFA requires a significant cost outlay. A model for the erosion rate curve is proposed on the basis of EFA tests conducted on 31 undisturbed fine-grained soils from five water channels on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. A hyperbolic regression model was developed with four explanatory variables: water content, liquid limit, plasticity index, and activity, which are easily measured in the laboratory. Parameter estimates for the model were then obtained using nonlinear ordinary least squares. A key element of the model is that the parameter estimates logically affect the sign and magnitude of critical shear stress, in accord with observed soil behavior—that is, it was found that the model captured the effects of water content and plasticity index on the critical shear stress quite effectively. Also, the model provided reasonable estimates of the 31 erosion rate curves. Use of this model in the SRICOS-EFA method to estimate scour depth can result in less scour and can result in significant bridge cost savings.
Comparative Testing between Electrical Impedance and Hybrid Nuclear Devices for Measuring Moisture and Density in Soils
Authors: Berney Ernest S. , Mejías-Santiago Mariely
Published: September 2017

The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center validated the effectiveness of the TransTech Combined Asphalt Soil Evaluator (CASE) electrical impedance gauge and the Troxler eGauge hybrid electric-nuclear gauge as suitable replacements for nuclear density gauge (NDG) technology. Comparisons of soil density and moisture content were made between the gauges for six distinct soil types at varying densities and levels of moisture content. The CASE unit was calibrated using the sand cone and hot-plate moisture content prior to its correlation to the NDG; the eGauge was used in its shipped configuration without calibration. Full-scale test sections ranging from crushed limestone to fat clays were constructed for the soil evaluations. Results indicated that wet and dry densities obtained with the eGauge very closely matched those of the NDG, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of approximately 94%, but with an R2 of 85% for the measured moisture contents. The calibrated CASE unit's comparison with the NDG moisture content was excellent, with an R 2 of 98%, but the R 2 values were much lower than those of the eGauge for its dry and wet density, at 83% and 59%, respectively. Further, an average R2 of only 30% was found for the CASE unit's ability to capture changing wet density during construction operations, versus 80% for the eGauge. On the basis of the Engineer Research and Development Center findings, the eGauge is recommended as the better replacement for the NDG for wet or dry density measurements. It also requires little to no calibration and has no transport or licensing restrictions.
Performance Evaluation for Polymer-Stabilized Soils
Authors: Rezaeimalek Sepehr , Huang Jie , Bin-Shafique Sazzad
Published: September 2017

A poorly graded natural sand was stabilized by using a liquid polymer soil stabilizer from the generic family of styrene acrylics. The stabilized specimens were tested for short-term performance and durability. Short-term performance was evaluated by testing the specimens for unconfined compressive strength shortly after specimen casting. Durability was assessed by testing the specimens that were aged under different scenarios, that is, 24 wet–dry cycles, 24 freeze–thaw cycles, and 8 months of outdoor exposure. In addition, the fatigue response of the stabilized specimens was evaluated by testing their fatigue resistance after 1,000,000 cycles of repetitive loading with 500 and 700 microstrains. The results of such evaluations suggest an acceptable performance of the aged specimens, with limited strength loss after aging. In the fatigue test, the specimens showed a perfectly elastic behavior with no sign of failure. However, because of the unique nature of the test results, further inspections should be conducted to have a better understanding of the potential for using liquid polymer soil stabilizers in pavements.
Development and Application of Sustainability Models for Unsealed Road Pavements
Authors: Van Wijk Ian , Williams David J. , Serati Mehdi
Published: September 2017

Sustainability is a priority for most transportation and road agencies. Its measurement has progressed from a narrow environmental focus to the assessment of social, environmental, and economic outcomes. Although sealed-road sustainability assessment measures are available, measures have not been developed for unsealed road pavements despite the large networks of unsealed roads in many countries. The objective of this study was to develop models to capture sustainability measures for unsealed road pavements. This was done by relating unsealed road pavement characteristics to social (accidents and surface friction), environmental (emissions, dust pollution, and loss of resources), and economic (vehicle operating, accident, travel time, and maintenance costs) sustainability outcomes. Existing unsealed road surface characteristic prediction relationships, information presented in life-cycle cost analyses, and emissions studies were used to develop these models for rural unsealed roads. The models that were developed can be used in conjunction with existing pavement performance prediction models in life-cycle assessments, comparison of wearing course types, review of maintenance strategies, climate change consequence predictions, overall network sustainability performance reviews, and in pavement management. This paper contains a brief description of the approach, presents the models developed, and provides a number of examples of the application of the models to produce sustainability outcomes. The applications show that the models can effectively be used to quantify and compare sustainability outcomes. The applications highlight the dominance of aspects such as aggregate hauling distance in sustainability outcomes and the limitations of cost–benefit assessment procedures in which carbon emissions are not considered.
Quantification of Reduction in Hydraulic Conductivity and Skid Resistance Caused by Fog Seal in Low-Volume Roads
Authors: Islam Readul Mohammad , Arafat Shams , Wasiuddin Nazimuddin M.
Published: September 2017

Fog seal increases pavement life and postpones major rehabilitation. The reduction of permeability caused by fog sealing will reduce moisture-induced damage, but this benefit comes with a temporary loss of surface friction. However, quantifying the effectiveness of fog sealing by measuring permeability is a difficult task. Although fog seal may be a good low-cost maintenance option for low-volume roads, the rate of recovery of friction may be very slow because of less rubbing action between the fog-sealed surface and tires. Four low-volume parish roads in Caddo Parish, Louisiana, were selected for this study. Two emulsions, CSS-1H and E-Fog, with three application rates, were used to evaluate the reduction in hydraulic conductivity and to assess the characteristics of friction over time. Results showed that fog seal can be expected to be fully cured within 2.5 to 3.5 hours for an application rate of 0.2 to 0.4 gallons per square yard (gal/yd2). The same field cores were tested before and after fog sealing to quantify exactly the reduction in hydraulic conductivity. It was observed that fog seal has a significant potential to reduce hydraulic conductivity. Considering all four pavements and application rates of 0.1 to 0.22 gal/yd2, the average reduction in hydraulic conductivity was 38.5%. Reduction in hydraulic conductivity shows very slight sensitivity to the application rate. Irrespective of road type, emulsion, and application rate, fog seal causes a sudden drop in the International Friction Index parameter F60 by 20% to 40%. A fog-sealed surface does not return to the original level of friction after three months; however, the rate of recovery was the highest for the busiest of the observed Caddo Parish roads.
Investing in Early Crisis Relief or Reelection?: Comparing German Party Responses to the Euro Crisis
Authors: Hennessy Alexandra
Published: September 2017

How do political parties respond to a major economic shock? This
article studies this question in the context of the eurozone crisis. Specifically, I
analyze the partisan appeals made by German politicians in the run-up to the
2013 federal election in Germany. Contrary to existing models of party
responsiveness, I argue that enacting quick crisis resolution mechanisms is not
always the main concern of reelection-seeking politicians. Instead, officials
may have incentives to deliberately withhold emergency measures in an
effort to win a mandate for more comprehensive policy solutions later. The
findings have implications for notions of democratic accountability.
Borderland of the Mind: The Free City of Danzig and the Sovereignty Question
Authors: Clark Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2017

The transformation of the Free City of Danzig after World War I
both exemplified and contradicted the interwar borderland experience in
Central Europe. Although Danzig was linked closely to the Second Polish
Republic, cultural and diplomatic challenges to the city’s status played out in
Berlin and Geneva. The vocabulary of sovereignty and reconciliation became
a battleground between German nationalists and center-left politicians. This
article analyzes diplomatic correspondence and propaganda pamphlets to
argue that regions and cities become a metaphor for broader questions and
concludes that borderlands, however permanent on the maps of treaty negotiators,
are largely in the mind.
The Costs of German Division: A Research Report
Authors: Pfennig Werner , Dung Vu Tien , Pfennig Alexander
Published: September 2017

In many countries, the process of German unification is of continued
interest. While the fact that peaceful unification was possible is generally
appreciated, the costs of unification seem to still be of great concern. Yet, they
have always to be seen in relationship to costs of division. It may be impossible
to work out exactly the final sum of costs of German division. We searched
for costs that occurred for the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) since 1949
and what we put together is, admittedly, an incomplete compilation, as it is a
difficult undertaking which has not been done before. Furthermore, it is
almost impossible to calculate the costs the German Democratic Republic
(GDR) paid for division. Thus, we can only present an estimate. Costs of division
as juxtaposed to unification costs will show that unification in Germany is
not even twice as expensive as was division. Many of these costs facilitated
normalization and the opening up of East Germany—in the end they turned
out to be a most valuable prepayment for German unification.
Localization of musicogenic epilepsy to Heschl’s gyrus and superior temporal plane: case report
Authors: Nagahama Yasunori , Kovach Christopher K. , Ciliberto Michael , Joshi Charuta , Rhone Ariane E. , Vesole Adam , Gander Phillip E. , Nourski Kirill V. , Oya Hiroyuki , Howard Matthew A. , Kawasaki Hiroto , Dlouhy Brian J.
Published: September 2017

Musicogenic epilepsy (ME) is an extremely rare form of the disorder that is provoked by listening to or playing music, and it has been localized to the temporal lobe. The number of reported cases of ME in which intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) has been used for seizure focus localization is extremely small, especially with coverage of the superior temporal plane (STP) and specifically, Heschl’s gyrus (HG). The authors describe the case of a 17-year-old boy with a history of medically intractable ME who underwent iEEG monitoring that involved significant frontotemporal coverage as well as coverage of the STP with an HG depth electrode anteriorly and a planum temporale depth electrode posteriorly. Five seizures occurred during the monitoring period, and a seizure onset zone was localized to HG and the STP. The patient subsequently underwent right temporal neocortical resection, involving the STP and including HG, with preservation of the mesial temporal structures. The patient remains seizure free 1 year postoperatively. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first reported case of ME in which the seizure focus has been localized to HG and the STP with iEEG monitoring. The authors review the literature on iEEG findings in ME, explain their approach to HG depth electrode placement, and discuss the utility of STP depth electrodes in temporal lobe epilepsy.
Usefulness of contralateral carotid angiography in revascularization therapy of acute internal carotid artery occlusion
Authors: Tsuji Kiyoshi , Nakagawa Nobuhiro , Fukawa Norihito , Miyauchi Masaharu , Furukawa Kentaro , Nakanishi Kinya , Nakano Naoki , Kataoka Kazuo , Kato Amami
Published: September 2017

OBJECTIVE

The vascular lumen of an acutely occluded internal carotid artery (ICA) generally contains numerous thrombi. Therefore, carotid angiography on the affected side during revascularization therapy of acute ICA occlusion has a potential risk of causing distal embolization. In this study the authors propose the use of contralateral carotid angiography.

METHODS

Six patients with acute ICA occlusion underwent revascularization therapy using a stent retriever or Penumbra system. Revascularization therapy was performed with placement of a 9-Fr balloon-guiding catheter (BGC) in the affected ICA and a 4-Fr diagnostic catheter in the contralateral ICA. During the procedure, the 9-Fr BGC was kept inflated, and all control angiography was performed from the 4-Fr diagnostic catheter. After thrombectomy, contralateral carotid angiography combined with manual aspiration from the 9-Fr BGC was performed to assess the presence or absence of residual thrombi in the affected ICA. The 9-Fr BGC was deflated only after the complete absence of residual thrombi in the affected ICA was confirmed.

RESULTS

The time required for introducing the 4-Fr diagnostic catheter into the contralateral ICA was within a few minutes in all patients. Residual thrombi in the affected ICA were found in 3 of 6 patients. The residual thrombi in these 3 patients were completely removed; thus, distal embolization was prevented.

CONCLUSIONS

Contralateral carotid angiography is useful for avoiding distal embolization during revascularization therapy of acute ICA occlusion. Further studies involving a larger number of patients are warranted to verify the clinical efficacy of this contralateral carotid angiography.
Revascularization of the upper posterior circulation with the anterior temporal artery: an anatomical feasibility study
Authors: Tayebi Meybodi Ali , Lawton Michael T. , Griswold Dylan , Mokhtari Pooneh , Payman Andre , Tabani Halima , Yousef Sonia , Benet Arnau
Published: September 2017

OBJECTIVE

In various disease processes, including unclippable aneurysms, a bypass to the upper posterior circulation (UPC) including the superior cerebellar artery (SCA) and posterior cerebral artery (PCA) may be needed. Various revascularization options exist, but the role of intracranial (IC) donors has not been scrutinized. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anatomical feasibility of utilizing the anterior temporal artery (ATA) for revascularization of the UPC.

METHODS

ATA-SCA and ATA-PCA bypasses were performed on 14 cadaver specimens. After performing an orbitozygomatic craniotomy and opening the basal cisterns, the ATA was divided at the M3-M4 junction and mobilized to the crural cistern to complete an end-to-side bypass to the SCA and PCA. The length of the recipient artery between the anastomosis and origin was measured.

RESULTS

Seventeen ATAs were found. Successful anastomosis was performed in 14 (82%) of the ATAs. The anastomosis point on the PCA was 14.2 mm from its origin on the basilar artery. The SCA anastomosis point was 10.1 mm from its origin. Three ATAs did not reach the UPC region due to a common opercular origin with the middle temporal artery. The ATA-SCA bypass was also applied to the management of an incompletely coiled SCA aneurysm.

CONCLUSIONS

The ATA is a promising IC donor for UPC revascularization. The ATA is exposed en route to the proximal SCA and PCA through the pterional-orbitozygomatic approach. Also, the end-to-side anastomosis provides an efficient and straightforward bypass without the need to harvest a graft or perform multiple or difficult anastomoses.
Bone flap elevation for intracranial EEG monitoring: technical note
Authors: Nagahama Yasunori , Dlouhy Brian J. , Nakagawa Daichi , Kamm Janina , Hasan David , Howard Matthew A. , Kawasaki Hiroto
Published: September 2017

Intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) provides invaluable information in determining seizure focus and spread due to its high spatial and temporal resolution, which are not afforded by noninvasive studies. Electrodes of various types (e.g., grid, strip, and depth electrodes) and configurations are often used for optimum coverage of suspected areas of seizure onset and propagation. Given the fixed intracranial volume and added mass effect from placement of cortical electrodes, brain edema and postoperative deficits can occur.

The authors describe a simple, inexpensive, and highly effective technique of bone flap replacement using standard titanium plates to expand the intracranial volume and minimize risks of brain compression and intracranial hypertension. Rectangular titanium plates are bent and placed in a way that secures the bone flap in a slightly elevated position relative to the adjacent calvaria during iEEG monitoring. The authors evaluated the degree of bone flap elevation and amount of volume created using this technique in 3 iEEG cases. They then compared these results with the bone flap elevation and volume created using linear titanium plates, a method they had used previously. The use of rectangular plates produced on average 6.6 mm of bone flap elevation, compared with only 1.8 mm of bone flap elevation with the use of linear plates, resulting in a statistically significant 261% increase in bone flap elevation (p ≤ 0.001). The authors suggest that rectangular plates may provide stronger resistance to scalp tension after myocutaneous skin closure compared with the linear plates and that subsidence of the bone flap likely occurred with the use of linear plates. In summary, the described technique utilizing rectangular plates creates significantly increased bone flap elevation compared with a similar method using linear plates, and it may reduce the risk of neurological deficits related to intracranial electrode placement.
Ice-Core Analysis at Site A, Greenland: Preliminary Results
Authors: Alley R.B. , Koci B.R.
Published: September 2017

Ice-core drilling at Site A, Greenland (70°45′N, 35° 57.5′W; 3145m a.s.l.) by the Polar Ice Coring Office recovered two cores of about 100 m each, which are now in storage awaiting further analysis. Field studies show that visible strata in the cores record both individual storms and individual years; a typical year comprises 15 storm deposits. Pore close-off occurs between 75 and 80 m depth. The grain-growth rate in isothermal firn and ice is about 7.8 × 10−3mm2a−1, the 10 m temperature is about –29.5°C, and the accumulation rate over the last 200 years is about 290 mm a−1 ice. Melt events occur about once every 40 years, and major events can be correlated between cores separated by 20 m.
Microparticle Concentration and Electrical Conductivity of a 700 m Ice Core from Mizuho Station, Antarctica
Authors: Fujii Yoshiyuki , Watanabe Okitsugu
Published: September 2017

The present paper gives the preliminary results of the analyses on microparticle concentration and electrical conductivity of a 700.56 m ice core from Mizuho Station, Antarctica. Concentration of microparticles coarser than 0.63 μm in diameter increases more than twofold at the 240-440 m depth interval compared with that below 440 m in depth. The higher particle concentration is well associated with higher electrical conductivity and lower δ18O. Periods of high particle concentration are estimated to be 3000-6000 years B.P. A visible volcanic dirt band was found at 500.7 m below the surface. This dirt band may be isochronous with the shallowest ash band of the Byrd Station core, found at 799 m depth. The present study indicates that large-scale environmental changes possibly occurred in the Southern Hemisphere in the middle of the Holocene.
Investigation of the 18O Content of a 100 m Ice Core From the Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica
Authors: Graf W. , Reinwarth O. , Moser H. , Stichler W.
Published: September 2017

A 100 m ice core from the Ronne Ice Shelf, drilled during the 1983-84 field season, was dated by isotopic stratigraphy, using the well-known seasonal variation in the 18O content in firn and ice; the layers at a depth of 89 m are probably 400 years old. Layer thicknesses deduced from the 18O profile indicate short-term variations of the snow-accumulation rate over the last 400 years. The area of deposition of the material recovered with the core is estimated by a two-dimensional flow model and by the 18O content of the core, which decreases from –27.5‰ in the upper part of the core to –32.0‰ at 89 m depth.
The Signal from the Chernobyl Accident in High-Altitude Firn Areas of the Swiss Alps
Authors: Haeberli W. , Gäggeler H. , Baltensperger U. , Jost D. , Schotterer U.
Published: September 2017

In order to investigate the deposition of radioactive fission nuclides in the high-altitude snow and firn of the Swiss Alps after the Chernobyl accident, core samples from nine mountain peaks were analyzed. The observed radiological signal is described, together with the characteristics of the snow in which it is embedded. Total activity is of the same order of magnitude (around 10 kBq/m2) as deposition rates measured at lower altitudes, and shows a comparable regional distribution. A clear altitudinal trend only exists with respect to snow conditions: above about 4000 m a.s.l., erosion, mixing and resedimentation of cold snow by wind could have occurred during or shortly after the deposition, whereas at lower altitudes formation and percolation of melt water had already started — probably selectively — to redistribute the nuclides within temperate firn layers.
A 1000 Year Glaciochemical Study at the South Pole
Authors: Kirchner Severine , Delmas Robert J.
Published: September 2017

Major soluble chemical impurities have been measured along a 130 m firn core from the Amundsen–Scott Station in order to assess Southern Hemisphere environmental variability over the last millennium. Particular attention is given to the possible impact of the Little Ice Age, a well-known climatic disturbance which occurred in the Northern Hemisphere between about A.D. 1500 and 1900.

Na+, K+, NH4+, Cl+, SO42− and NO3− concentrations were carefully determined in forty-two 40 cm firn sections. Stringent precautions were taken to ensure the analytical reliability of the data set obtained. The average concentrations are (in ng g−1): 11.0 ± 2.5, 0.7 ± 0.4, 0.5 ± 0.2, 31 ± 5.6, 58 ± 11.6 and 103 ± 11.6 respectively (the scatter represents the standard deviation).

No definite trend is detected which could be linked to the Little Ice Age disturbance.
A Computer-Controlled System for Ice-Fabric Analysis on a Rigsby Stage
Authors: Lange Manfred A.
Published: September 2017

An integrated system for ice-fabric analysis on a Rigsby stage is described. The system consists of a regular Rigsby stage fitted with two opto-electronic sensors for assessment of azimuth and the tilt angle of each individual grain. Signals from the sensors are transmitted to a computer terminal via an interface box, which facilitates transformation of Gray-coded data to ASCII data records. The terminal is hooked up to a main-frame computer (VAX 750), where the digitized angles of the c-axis orientations of individual thin sections are stored in separate data files. These files are compatible with other already existing files containing additional ice-core data and thus become part of an extensive data bank. Appropriate software has been developed to produce, among other things, plots of c-axis orientations in a Schmidt net.
Stable-Isotope/Air-Temperature relationships in Ice Cores from Dolleman Island and the Palmer Land Plateau, Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Peel David A. , Mulvaney Robert , Davison Brian M.
Published: September 2017

Whilst stable-isotope analysis of ice cores yields the best quantitative evidence for past climate, there remains considerable uncertainty about the detailed relationship between the isotopic composition and air temperature. Analysis of two ice cores from the Antarctic Peninsula (a 47.2 m core from the Palmer Land plateau – 74°01’S, 70°38’W, and a 32 m core from Dolleman Island–70°35.2’S, 60°55.5’W) has shown that an oxygen-isotope/ temperature relationship exists at a resolution of inter-annual variations during the period 1938–86. All the major regional temperature anomalies, known from climatic records at several stations, are visible in the isotope profiles, including the overall temperature increase between 1960 and 1980.

An isotope–temperature gradient of 0.5–0.6‰/°C is indicated for the climatic interpretation of isotopic fluctuations in ice cores recovered from the region. This gradient is considerably smaller than that (0.95‰/°C) obtained from a comparison of spatial variations in the mean annual parameters. The discrepancy appears to be due mainly to an inherent biasing in the isotope profiles, which record temperature only during periods of snowfall. The effect is particularly severe in the winter months and can be expected in other areas of Antarctica where a significant part of the snow accumulation is cyclonic.
Flow-Law Parameters of the Dye 3, Greenland, Deep Ice Core
Authors: Shoji H. , Langway C.C.
Published: September 2017

Uniaxial compression tests under constant crosshead speed were carried out on 22 new specimens from the 268, 1890, 1944 and 2006 m depths of the Dye 3, Greenland, ice core. The measurements were made in a laboratory cold-room, using an Instron model 1131 apparatus. Test temperatures were held constant between −17° and −13° C, the approximate sample in-situ temperature. Specimens were prepared with various test orientations in relation to the long vertical core axis. The specimens were analyzed in terms of the content of dust, Cl−, NO3− and SO42− concentrations and various other physical parameters, such as ultrasonic wave velocities, c-axis orientation patterns and grain-size. The results of the previous uniaxial compression tests show that most of the flow occurs in the Wisconsin-age ice between 1786 m and the bottom of the ice sheet. This entire depth interval is strongly anisotropic, with a vertical c-axis fabric pattern. The enhancement factor, E, which was calculated from these tests ranges from 0.03 to 17. The Wisconsin-age ice is about ten times softer (Es = 10) than artificially made laboratory ice (E = 1). The combined results of the multi-parameter correlation analyses show that E is controlled primarily by the orientation strength of c-axes and that the impurity concentration-level variations contribute to a lesser degree.
Concentrations of Cadmium, Copper, Lead and Zinc in Snow from Near Dye 3 in South Greenland
Authors: Wolff E.W. , Peel David A.
Published: September 2017

Clean sampling and analysis procedures have been used to measure the concentrations of Al and four heavy metals in snow representing one year’s accumulation (1983-84) near Dye 3 in Greenland. Mean values were Al 17.5ng g−1, Cd 0.74 pg g−1, Cu 6.2 pg g−1, Pb 28 pg g−1 and Zn 27 pg g−1. Concentrations of the heavy metals are lower than previously reported at other Greenland sites for snowfall during the last 20 years. A distinct late-winter / early-spring maximum is seen for Al, Cu, Pb and Zn, in accord with other workers’ measurements of various species in the atmospheric aerosol in the Arctic. Cu appears to have a large crustal component, but Cd, Pb and Zn probably originate mainly from pollution. One explanation for the lower Pb values may be the considerable reduction in North American and European usage of Pb as a petrol (gasoline) additive during the last decade. These limited data emphasize the importance of obtaining a reliable century-long record of these metals in Greenland ice.
Oxygen-Isotope Records Covering the Last 2 KA at South Pole
Authors: Grootes Pieter M. , Stuiver Minze
Published: September 2017

Two cores which had been drilled to a depth of over 200 m were recovered near Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station during the 1980–82 field seasons. A firn core drilled from 3 to 19 m depth was taken in December 1982 from a site about 5 km distant from the two others.

The cores cannot be used to study the seasonal δ18O cycle, because: (i) detailed sampling (1–2 cm increments) provides evidence of isotopic enrichment in the 1 m core sections during storage, both in the field and in the laboratory cold-room, and (ii) low accumulation (9.2 g cm−2 a−1, given by Jouzel and others 1983) led to missing years or parts thereof. Estimates of the proportion of missing years range from 1 in 10 (J.R. Petit, quoted in Mosley-Thompson and Thompson 1982) to 1 in 20 (Jouzel and others 1983).

The cores are still useful for studies on a decadal or longer time-scale. The average δ18O value of detailed measurements of the upper 40 m of the 1980 firn core differs by only 0.14±0.05‰ from the average of measurements made about 16 months earlier. Thus, although storage in the cold-room changed the isotopic composition of the outer firn layer, the bulk of the firn core was unaffected. The two measurement series of this profile show a high correlation (r2 = 0.75, P<10−6) when smoothed with a I m moving average (equivalent to 4–7 years’ accumulation) in order to reduce noise and the effect of enrichment at the ends of the 1 m sections.

In both long cores and in the short core which was taken in 1982 the δ18O–depth profile shows a long-term trend with superimposed shorter fluctuations. The seasonal signal soon disappears but variability of up to 2‰ on a 3–5 year time-scale persists at depth. Linear-correlation analysis shows a significant correlation between the 1980 firn core and the 1982 short core (r2 = 0.32, P = 0.011) for a 1 m moving average of samples 0.25 m long. Some correlation is also observed between the deeper ice parts of the 1982 core (106–227 m) and the 1981 core (100–202.4 m) (r2 = 0.087, P = 0.00043, I m moving average), if the relative depths are shifted by 3.75 m. A firm time-scale for both cores is needed to determine whether such a shift corrects for an artefact of the depth logs of the cores, or proves that no real correlation exists between the two cores.

Comparison of the long-term trend of the two South Pole cores with the 2.5 ka isotope climatic record from the 1979 Dome C core (Benoist and others 1982) and with the Law Dome core BHD record (Morgan 1985) again suggests possible correlation, but cannot prove it for lack of a firm time-scale. Collaboration with other investigators which brings together data on visible stratigraphy and density (personal communication from A.J. Gow), solid conductivity (Schwander unpublished), acid horizons (Langway and others 1988, this volume) and microparticles may solve this problem.