Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from Mauritanian Coral Mounds
Authors: GIL MARTA , RAMIL FRAN , AGÍS JOSÉ ANSÍN 
Published: November 2020

Agassiz, L. (1862) Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America. Vol. 4. Little Brown, Boston, 380 pp.Aguirrezabalaga, F., Altuna, A., Borja, A., Feliu, J., GarcíaCarrascosa, A.M., Romero, A., San Vicente, C., Torres-Gómez-de-Cádiz, J.A., Uriz, M.J. & Ibánez, M. (1984) Contribución al conocimiento de la fauna marina de la costa Vasca. Π. Lurralde, Investigación y espacio, 1984, pp. 83–133.Alder, J. (1856) A notice of some new genera and species of British hydroid zoophytes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 2, 18, 353–362.        https://doi.org/10.1080/00222935608697652Allman, G.J. (1873) Interim report on the hydroids collected by L.F. de Pourtalès during the Gulf Stream exploration of United States coast survey. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 3 (7), 185–186.Allman, G.J. (1874) Report on the Hydroida collected during the expeditions of H.M.S. ‘Porcupine.’ Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 8, 469–481.        https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1874.tb00566.xAllman, G.J. (1877) Report on the Hydroida collected during the exploration of the Gulf Stream by L.F. de Pourtalès, assistant United States Coast Survey. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 5 (2), 1–66.        https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.15852Allman, G.J. (1883) Report on the Hydroida dredged by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–76. I. Plumularidae. Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 1873–1876, 1–55, pls. 1–20.        https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11299Altuna, A. (2012) New records of bathyal Leptolida (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Leptothecata) from the Bay of Biscay and the northwestern Iberian Peninsula (northeastern Atlantic). Zootaxa, 3565 (1), 1–17.        https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3565.1.1Altuna Prados, A. & Álvarez Claudio, C. (1994) El género Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) en el Golfo de Vizcaya. Miscel.lània Zoològica, 17, 1−16.Alvarez Claudio, M.C. (1993) Hidrozoos bentonicos y Catálogo de Antozoos de la Plataforma y Talud Continentales de la costa central de Asturias. Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, 458 pp.Alvarez Claudio, M.C. (1995) Some records of the superfamily Plumularioidea L. Agassiz, 1862 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Bay of Biscay. Miscel·lània Zoològica, 18, 9−20.Ansín Agís, J. (1992) Hidrozoos de la Ría de Vigo. Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad de Vigo, Ourense, Galicia, 282 pp.Ansín Agís, J. (1998) Plumularioidea (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) recolectados por las expediciones holandesas “CANCAP” en el Atlántico nor-oriental. Tesis Doctoral, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Galicia, 675 pp. Ansín Agís, J., Ramil, F. & Vervoort, W. (2001) Atlantic Leptolida (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the families Aglaopheniidae, Halopterididae, Kirchenpaueriidae and Plumulariidae collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, The Netherlands. Zoologische verhandelingen, Leiden, 333, 1–268.Ansín Agís, J., Vervoort, W. & Ramil, F. (2014) Hydroids of the families Kirchenpaueriidae Stechow, 1921 and Plumulariidae McCrady, 1859 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the Western Pacific Ocean by various French Expeditions. Zoosystema, 36, 789–840.        https://doi.org/10.5252/z2014n4a6Arévalo y Carretero, C. (1906) Contribución al estudio de los Hidrozoarios españoles existentes en la Estación de Biología marítima de Santander. Memorias de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural, 4 (3), 79–109.Avila, S.P. & Malaquias, M.A.E. (2003) Biogeographical relationships of the molluscan fauna of the Ormonde Seamount (Gorringe Bank, Northeast Atlantic Ocean). Journal of Molluscan Studies, 69, 145–150.        https://doi.org/10.1093/mollus/69.2.145Bale, W.M. (1915) Report on the Hydroida collected in the Great Australian Bight and other localities. Part III. Fish. Zool. (biol) Biological Results of the Fishing Experiments Carried on by the F.I.S. “Endeavour”, 1909–14, 3 (5), 304–307.Bedot, M. (1916) Sur le genre Kirchenpaueria. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 24 (11), 637–648.Bedot, M. (1917) Le genre Nemertesia. Mémoire de la Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève, 39 (1), 15–52.Bedot, M. (1921a) Notes systématiques sur les plumularides. 2me partie. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 29 (1), 1–40.        https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.84689Bedot, M. (1921b) Hydroïdes provenant des campagnes des yachts Hirondelle et Princesse–Alice (1887–1912). I. Plumulariidae. Résultats des Campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par le Prince Albert Ier de Monaco, 60, 1–73.Bedot, M. (1923) Notes systématiques sur les plumularides. 3me partie. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 30 (7), 213–243.Billard, A. (1901) Note sur l’Antennularia antennina Lin. et sur l’A. perrieri n. sp. Bulletin du Museìum national d’histoire naturelle, Paris, 7, 68–75.Billard, A. (1904) Contribution à l’étude des Hydroïdes (multiplication, regeneration, greffes, variations). Annales des sciences naturelles, Zoologie, Series 8, 20, 1–251.Billard, A (1906a) Hydroïdes. In: Mission des pêcheries de la côte occidental d’Afrique, III. Actes de la Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux, 61, 69–76.Billard, A. (1906b) Hydroïdes. In: Expéditions scientifiques du “Travailleur” et du “Talisman” pendant les années 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, etc. Masson & Cie., Paris, pp. 153–243.Billard, A. (1906c) Note sur les Hydroïdes du Travailleur et du Talisman. Bulletin du Museìum national d’histoire naturelle, 12 (5), 329–334.Billard, A. (1931) Hydroïdes de Mauritanie. Bulletin du Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, Series 2, 3 (7), 673–678.Billard, A. (1934) Note sur quelques hydroïdes du Maroc. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France, 59, 227–231.        Boero, F. & Bouillon, J. (1993) Zoogeography and life cycle patterns of Mediterranean hydromedusae (Cnidaria). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 48, 239–266.        https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1993.tb00890.xBoero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123–150.        https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.1986.tb00152.xBouillon, J. (1984) Révision de la famille des Phialuciidae (Kramp, 1955) (Leptomedusae, Hydrozoa, Cnidaria), avec un essai de classification des Thecatae-Leptomedusae. Indo-Malayan Zoology, 1, 1–24.Bouillon, J., Massin, C. & Kresevic, R. (1995) Hydroidomedusae de l’Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique. Documents de travail de l’Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, 78, 3–106.Bouillon, J., Medel, M.D., Pagès, F., Gili, J.M., Boero, F. & Gravili, C. (2004) Fauna of the Mediterranean Hydrozoa. Scientia Marina, 68 (2), 5–438.        https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2004.68s25Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pagès, F., Gili, J.M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Editions du Muséum, Paris, 591 pp.Broch, H. (1913) Hydroida from the “Michael Sars” North Atlantic Deep-Sea Expedition 1910. In: Report on the scientific results of the “Michael Sars” north Atlantic deep-sea expedition 1910 3(1) Zoology, 1–18.Broch, H. (1914) Hydrozoa benthonica. In: Michaelsen, W. (Ed.), Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Meeresfauna Westafrikas. Vol. 1. Friederichsen, Hamburg, pp. 19–50.Browne, E.T. (1907) The Hydroida collected by the “Huxley” from the North Side of the Bay of Biscay in August, 1906. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 8, 15–37.        https://doi.org/10.1017/S002531540004371XBuchanan, J.B. (1957) The hydroid fauna of the Gold Coast. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 56 (3–4), 349–372.Burdon-Jones, C. & Tambs-Lyche, H. (1960) Observations on the fauna of the North Brattholmen stone-coral reef near Bergen. Årbok for Universitetet i Bergen, Matematisk–naturvitenskapling, 1960 (4), 1–24.Cairns, S.D. & Chapman, R.E. (2001) Biogeographic affinities of the North Atlantic deep-water Scleractinia. In: Willison, J.H.M., Hall, J., Gass, S.E., Kenchington, E.L.R., Butler, M. & Doherty, P. (Eds.), Proceedings of the First International Sympo-sium on Deep-Sea Corals. Ecology Action Centre, Halifax, pp. 30–57Calder, D.R. (1988) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda: the Athecatae. Royal Ontario Museum, Life Sciences Contributions, 148, 1–107.        https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.52225Calder, D.R. (1991) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda. The Thecatae, exclusive of Plumularioidea. Royal Ontario Museum, Life Sciences Contributions, 154, 1–140.Calder, D.R. (1997) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda: superfamily Plumularioidea. Royal Ontario Museum, Life Sciences Contributions, 161, 1–85.Calder, D.R. (1998) Hydroid diversity and species composition along a gradient from shallow waters to deep sea around Bermuda. Deep-Sea Research I, 45, 1843–1860.        https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00044-2Calder, D.R. (2012) On a collection of hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Hydroidolina) from the west coast of Sweden, with a checklist of species from the region. Zootaxa, 3171 (1), 1–77.        https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3171.1.1Calder, D.R. & Vervoort, W. (1998) Some hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, in the North Atlantic Ocean. Zoologische verhandelingen, Leiden, 319, 1–65.Calero, B., Ramil, F. & Ramos, A. (2017) Echinoderms of the Mauritanian Deep-Sea Waters. In: Ramos, A., Ramil, F. & Sanz, J.L. (Eds.), Deep sea ecosystems off Mauritania: Researching marine biodiversity and habitats in West African Deep-waters. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 445–480.        https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1023-5_12Castillo, S. (2017) Marine Mollusc (Gastropoda and Bivalvia) from Northwest Africa. Undergraduate dissertation, Universidad de Vigo, Pontevedra, Ourense, Vigo, Galicia, 422 pp.Christiansen, B.O. (1972). The hydroid fauna of the Oslo Fjord in Norway. Norwegian Journal of Zoology, 20, 279–310.Clarke, S.F. (1879) Report on the Hydroida collected during the Exploration of the Gulf Stream of Mexico by Alexander Agassiz, 1877–78. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 5, 239–252, pls. 1–5.Collins, J.S.H., Ross, A.J., Genzano, G. & Mianzan, H. (2006) Earleria gen. nov. & Gabriella gen. nov., replacement names for Foersteria Arai & Brinckmann-Voss, 1980 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Mitrocomidae) and Foersteria Wehner, 1988 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Prosopidae), junior homonyms of Foersteria Szepligeti, 1896 (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum, 33, 125–126.Cornelius, P.F.S. (1975) A revision of the species of Lafoeidae and Haleciidae (Coelenterata: Hydroida) recorded from Britain and nearby seas. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 28, 375–426.Cornelius, P.F.S. (1979) A revision of species Sertulariidae (Coelenterata: Hydroida) recorded from Britain and nearby seas. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology Series, 34 (6), 243–321.Cornelius, P.F.S. (1995a) North-West European Thecate Hydroids and their Medusae. Part 1. Part 1. Introduction, Laodiceidae to Haleciidae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, 50, 1–347.Cornelius, P.F.S. (1995b) North-West European Thecate Hydroids and their Medusae. Part 2. Sertulariidae to Campanulariidae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, 50, 1–386.De Matos Pita, S. (2015) Crustáceos Decápodos de aguas profundas de Mauritania (África Noroccidental). Undergraduate dissertation, Universidad de Vigo, Pontevedra, Ourense, Vigo, Galicia, 308 pp.Di Camillo, C.G., Boero, F., Gravili, C., Previati, M., Torsani, F. & Cerrano, C. (2013) Distribution, ecology and morphology of Lytocarpia myriophyllum (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), a Mediterranean Sea habitat former to protect. Biodiversity and Conservation, 22,773–789.        https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-013-0449-9Dons, C. (1944) Norges korallrev. Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskabs Forhandlinger, 16, 37–82.Ehrenberg, C.G. (1834) Beiträge zur physiologischen Kenntniss der Corallenthiere im allgemeinen, und besonders des rothen Meeres, nebst einem Versuche zur physiologischen Systematik derselben. Abhandlung der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 1, 225–380.Eschscholtz, F. (1829) System der Acalephen. Eine ausführliche Beschreibung aller medusenartigen Strahltiere. Ferdinand Dümmler, Berlin, 190 pp.        https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10139Fey, A. (1969) Peuplements sessiles de l’archipel de Glénan. 1.-Inventaire: hydraires. Vie Milieu, 20 (2), 387–414.Fraser, C.M. (1912) Some hydroids of Beaufort, North Carolina. Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, 30, 337–387.Fraser, C.M. (1944) Hydroids of the Atlantic coast of North America. The University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 451 pp.Freiwald, A., Fosså, J.H., Grehan, A., Koslow, T. & Roberts, J.M. (2004) Cold-water coral reefs. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, Biodiversity Series, 22, 1–84.Freiwald, A., Beuck, L., Lundälv, T. & Wienberg, C. (2012) General morphology and preliminary biological inventory of the Mauritanian cold-water coral habitats. In: Westphal, H., Beuck, L., Braun, S., Freiwald, A., Hanebuth, T., Hetzinger, S., Klicpera, A., Kudrass, H., Lantzsch, H., Lundälv, T., Mateu Vicens, G., Preto, N., Reumont, J.V., Schilling, S., Taviani, M. & Wienberg, C. (Eds.), Report of Cruise Maria S. Merian 16/3—Phaeton—Paleoceanographic and paleo˗climatic record on the Mauritanian shelf. 13 October. 13–20 November 2010. Bremerhaven (Allemagne)˗Mindelo (Cap Verde). Maria S. Merian˗Berichte, Leibniz˗ZMT, Bremen, pp. 28–40.Galea, H.R. (2007) Hydroids and hydromedusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the fjords region of southern Chile. Zootaxa, 1597, 1–116.Genzano, G.N. & Zamponi, M.O. (1999) Natural history of Bimeria vestita Wright, 1859 (Hydrozoa, Bougainvilliidae) in the rocky intertal of Mar del Plata (Argentina). Ciencias Marinas, 25, 63–74.        https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.v25i1.652Gil, M. (2017) Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from Northwest Africa. Undergraduate dissertation, Universidad de Vigo, Pontevedra, Ourense, Vigo, Galicia, 458 pp.Gil, M. & Ramil, F. (2017a) Hydrozoans from Mauritanian Deep-Waters. In: Ramos, A., Ramil, F. & Sanz, J.L. (Eds.), Deep sea ecosystems off Mauritania: Researching marine biodiversity and habitats in West African Deep-waters. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 419–444.        https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1023-5_11Gil, M. & Ramil, F. (2017b) The genus Diphasia L. Agassiz, 1862 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in Northwest Africa. Zootaxa, 4363 (3), 301–349.        https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4363.3.1Gili, J.M., Vervoort, W. & Pagès, F. (1989) Hydroids from the West African coast: Guinea Bissau, Namibia and South Africa. Scientia Marina, 53 (1), 67–112.Gmelin, J.F. (1791) Caroli a Linné, systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima tertia, aucta reformata. Tomus I. Pars 6. G. E. Beer, Lipsiae, 1100 pp. [pp. 3021–4120]Gravili, C., Di Camillo, C.G., Piraino, S. & Boero, F. (2013) Hydrozoan species richness in the Mediterranean Sea: past and present. Marine Ecology, 34, 41–62.        https://doi.org/10.1111/maec.12023Gravili, C., De Vito, D., Di Camillo, C.G., Martell, L., Piraino, S. & Boero, F. (2015) The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide. Zootaxa, 3908 (1), 1–187.        https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1Gray, J.E. (1848) List of the specimens of British animals in the collection of the British Museum. Part 1. Centroniae or radiated animals. British Museum, London, 173 pp.Hassall, A.H. (1841) Supplement to a catalogue of Irish Zoophytes. Annals of natural history, Series 1, 7 (44), 276–287.        https://doi.org/10.1080/03745484109442700Henry, L.A. (2001) Hydroids associated with deep-sea corals in the boreal north-west Atlantic. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 81, 163–164.        https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315401003502Henry, L.A. & Roberts, J.M. (2007) Biodiversity and ecological composition of macrobenthos on cold-water coral mounds and adjacent off-mound habitat in the bathyal Porcupine Seabight, NE Atlantic. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 54, 654–672.        https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.01.005Henry, L.A. & Roberts, J.M. (2016) Global Biodiversity in Cold-Water Coral Reef Ecosystems. In: Rossi, S., Bramanti, L., Gori, A. & Orejas Saco del Valle, C. (Eds.), Marine Animal Forests. Springer, Cham, pp. 235–256.        https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21012-4_6Henry, L.A., Nizinski, M.S. & Ross, S.W. (2008) Occurrence and biogeography of hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from deep-water coral habitats off the southeastern United States. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 55, 788–800.        https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.03.002Henry, L.A., Frank, N., Hebbeln, D., Wienberg, C., Robinson, L., Van de Flierdt, T., Dahl, M., Douarin, M., Morrison, C.L., López Correa, M., Rogers, A.D., Ruckelshausen, M. & Roberts, J.M. (2014) Global ocean conveyor lowers extinction risk in the deep sea. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 88, 8–16.        https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.03.004Hincks, T. (1861) A catalogue of the zoophytes of south Devon and South Cornwall. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 3, 8, 251–262.        https://doi.org/10.1080/00222936108697413Hincks, T. (1868) A history of the British hydroid zoophytes. John van Voorst, London, 338 pp.        https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.1322Hirohito, E.S. (1995) The hydroids of Sagami Bay II. Thecata. Biological Laboratory Imperial Household, Tokyo, pp. 1–355.Izquierdo, M.S., García-Corrales, P., Bacallado, J.J. (1986b) Contribución al conocimiento de los hidrozoos caliptoblástidos del Archipiélago Canario. Parte II: Plumulariidae. Boletín del Instituto Español de Oceanografía, 3 (2), 49–66.Jäderholm, Ε. (1909) Northern and Arctic invertebrates in the collection of the Swedish State Museum (Riksmuseum). IV. Hydroiden. Kungliga Svenska vetenskapsakademiens handlingar, 45 (1), 1–124.Jäderholm, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna Japans. Arkiv för Zoologi, 12 (9), 1–34.            Jensen, A. & Frederiksen, R. (1992) The fauna associated with the bank-forming deepwater coral Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinaria) on the Faroe shelf. Sarsia, 77 (1), 53–69.        https://doi.org/10.1080/00364827.1992.10413492Jickeli, C.F. (1883) Der Bau der Hydroidpolypen. Morphologisches Jahrbuch, 8, 580–680.Johnston, G. (1833) Illustrations in British zoology. Magazine of natural history and journal of zoology, botany, mineralogy, geology and meteorology, 6, 320–324, 497–499.Johnston, G. (1837) A catalogue of the zoophytes of Berwickshire. Berwickshire Naturalist’s Club Proceedings, 1, 107–108.Johnston, G. (1838) A history of the British zoophytes. W.H. Lizars, Edinburgh, 341 pp.        https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.110844Kirchenpauer, G.H. (1872) Ueber die Hydroidenfamilie Plumularidae, einzelne Gruppen derselben und ihre Fruchtbehälter. I. Aglaophenia Lx. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von dem Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 5 (3), 1–52.Kramp, P.L. (1947) Hydroids collected by the “Skagerak” expedition in the eastern Atlantic 1946. Göteborgs. Kungliga Vetenskaps och Vitterhets Samhälles Handlingar, (B6), 5 (8), 1–16.Kramp, P.L. (1959). Some new and little known Indo-Pacific medusae. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i København, 121, 223–259.Lamarck, J.B. de (1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres. Vol. 2. Verdière, Paris, 568 pp.Lamouroux, J.V.F. (1812) Extrait d’un mémoire sur la classification des polypes coralligènes non entièrement pierreux. Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences de la Société Philomatique de Paris, 3, 181–188.Lamouroux, J.V.F. (1821) Exposition méthodique des genres de l’ordre des polypiers, avec leur description et celle des principales espèces, figurées dans 84 planches; les 63 premières appartenant à l’histoire naturelle des zoophytes d’Ellis et Solander. Agasse, Paris, 115 pp.        https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11328Le Danois, E. (1948) Les Profondeurs de la Mer. Trente ans de recherches sur la faune sous-marine au large des côtes de France. Payot, Paris, 303 pp.Leloup, E. (1937) Hydroidea, Siphonophora, Ceriantharia. I. Hydropolypes. In: Résultats scientifiques des croisières du navire-école belge “Mercator”. Mémoires du Musée royal d’histoire naturelle de Belgique, Series 2, 9, pp. 91–121.Leloup, E. (1940) Hydropolypes provenant des croisières du Prince Albert Ier de Monaco. Résultats des Campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par le Prince Albert Ier de Monaco, 104, 1–38.Leloup, E. (1974) Hydropolypes calyptoblastiques du Chili. Report no. 48 of the Lund University Chile Expedition 1948–1949. Sarsia, 55, 1–62.        https://doi.org/10.1080/00364827.1974.10411252Levinsen, G.M.R. (1893) Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider fra Grønlands Vestkyst, tilligemed Bemaerkninger om Hydroidernes Systematik. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i København, 1892, 143–212 + 215–220, appendix, pls. 5–8.Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 823 pp.        https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542Lütken, C., (1850) Nogle Bemaerkninger om Medusernes systematiske Inddeling, navnlig med Hensyn til Forbes’s History of British Naked-eyed Medusae. Videnskabelige meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske forening i Kjöbenhavn, 1850, 15–35.Marktanner-Turneretscher, G. (1890) Die Hydroiden des k.k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, 5, 195–286.Maronna, M.M., Miranda, T.P., Peña Cantero, A.L., Barbeitos, M.S. & Marques, A.C. (2016) Towards a phylogenetic classification of Leptothecata (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Scientific Reports, 6, 18075.        https://doi.org/10.1038/srep18075Marques, A.C., Mergner, H., Höinghaus, R. & Vervoort, W. (2000) Bimeria vestita (Hydrozoa: Anthomedusae: Bougainvilliidae) senior synonym of Eudendrium vestitum (Hydrozoa: Anthomedusae: Eudendriidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, 73, 321–325.Marques, A.C., Peña Cantero, A.L., Miranda, T.P. & Migotto, A.E. (2011) Revision of the genus Filellum Hincks, 1868 (Lafoeidae, Leptothecata, Hydrozoa). Zootaxa, 3129 (1), 1–28.        https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3129.1.1Martell, L., Piraino, S., Gravili, C. & Boero, F. (2016) Life cycle, morphology and medusa ontogenesis of Turritopsis dohrnii (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Italian Journal of Zoology, 83 (3), 390–399.        https://doi.org/10.1080/11250003.2016.1203034McCrady, J., (1857) Description of Oceania (Turritopsis) nutricula nov. spec. and the embryological history of a singular medusan larva, found in the cavity of its bell. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of natutal Histtory, 1, 55–90.Medel, M.D. & Vervoort, W. (1995) Plumularian hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the strait of Gibraltar and nearby areas. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 300, 1–72.Medel, M.D. & Vervoort, W. (1998) Atlantic Thyroscyphidae and Sertulariidae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, The Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 320, 1–83.Medel, M.D. & Vervoort, W. (2000) Atlantic Haleciidae and Campanulariidae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, The Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 330, 1–66.Medel, M.D., García, F.G. & Vervoort, W. (1998) The family Haleciidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Strait of Gibraltar and nearby areas. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 72 (3), 29–50.Miglietta, M.P., Piraino, S., Kubota, S. & Schuchert, P. (2007) Species in the genus Turritopsis (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): a molecular evaluation. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 45 (1), 11–19.        https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.2006.00379.xMigotto, A.E. & Cabral, A.S. (2005) Lafoeina amirantensis (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Campanulinoidea), the hydroid stage of the medusa Cirrholovenia tetranema (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Lovenelloidea). Zootaxa, 919 (1), 1–16.        https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.919.1.1Millard, N.A.H. (1962) The Hydrozoa of the south and west coasts of South Africa. Part I. The Plumulariidae. Annals of the South African Museum, 46, 261–319.Millard, N.A.H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum. Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum, 68, 1–513.Millard, N.A.H. (1978) The geographical distribution of southern African hydroids. Annals of the South African Museum. Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum, 74 (6), 159–200.Millard, N.A.H. & Bouillon, J. (1973) Hydroids from the Seychelles (Coelenterata). Annals Musee Royal de L´Afrique Centrale, Sciences Zoologiques, 206 (8), 1–106.Mortensen, P. al B. & Fossa, J.H. (2006) Species diversity and spatial distribution of invertebrates on deep-water Lophelia reefs in Norway. Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan, 2006, pp. 1849–1860.Moura, C.J., Harris, D.J., Cunha, M.R. & Rogers, A.D. (2008) DNA barcoding reveals cryptic diversity in marine hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from coastal and deep-sea environments. Zoologica Scripta, 37, 93–108.        https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2007.00312.xMoura, C.J., Cunha, M.R., Porteiro, F.M. & Rogers, A.D. (2011) The use of the DNA barcode gene 16S mRNA for the clarification of taxonomic problems within the family Sertulariidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): Systematics of sertulariid hydroids. Zoologica Scripta, 40, 520–537.        https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2011.00489.xMoura, C.J., Cunha, M.R., Porteiro, F.M., Yesson, C. & Rogers, A.D. (2012) Evolution of Nemertesia hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Plumulariidae) from the shallow and deep waters of the NE Atlantic and western Mediterranean. Zoologica Scripta, 41, 79–96.        https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2011.00503.xNorman, A.M. (1875) Submarine-cable fauna. Part II. Crustacea, etc. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 15, 169–176, pl. 12.        https://doi.org/10.1080/00222937508681053Oken, L. (1815) Okens Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte. III. Theil. Zoologie. Vol. 1. Oken, Jena, 842 pp.Patriti, G. (1970) Catalogue des cnidaires et cténaires des côtes Atlantiques marocaines. Travaux de l’Institut Scientifique Chérifien, Série Zoologique, 35, 1–149.Pelegrí, J.L. & Peña˗Izquierdo, J. (2015) Eastern Boundary currents off North˗West Africa. In: Valdés, L. & Déniz-González, I. (Eds.), Oceanographic and biological features in the Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem. IOC Technical Series. No. 115. IOC-UNESCO, Paris. pp. 81–92.Pelegrí, J.L., Peña-Izquierdo, J., Machín, F.J., Meiners, C. & Presas-Navarro, C. (2017) Oceanography of the Cape Verde Basin and Mauritanian Slope Waters. In: Ramos, A., Ramil, F. & Sanz, J.L. (Eds.), Deep sea ecosystems off Mauritania: Researching marine biodiversity and habitats in West African Deep-waters. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 119–153.        https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1023-5_3Peña Cantero, A.L. (2004) How rich is the deep-sea Antarctic benthic hydroid fauna? Polar Biology, 27, 767–774.        https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-004-0654-9Peña Cantero, A.L. & García Carrascosa, A.M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alborán Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 337, 1–180.Peña Cantero, A.L. & Horton, T. (2017) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from bathyal and abyssal depths of the Northeast Atlantic held in the modern Discovery Collections. Zootaxa, 4347 (1), 1–30.        https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4347.1.1Peña Cantero, A.L., García Carrascosa, A.M. & Vervoort, W. (1998) On the species of Filellum Hincks, 1868 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History, 32, 297–315.        https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939800770151Picard, J. (1951) Hydraires littoraux du Sénégal récoltés par H. Sourie aux environs de Dakar. Bulletin de l’Institut français d’Afrique noir, 13 (1), 109–115.Pictet, C. & Bedot, M. (1900) Hydraires provenant des campagnes de l’ «Hirondelle» (1886–1888). Résultats des campagnes scientifiques du prince de Monaco, 18, 1–59, pls. 1–10.        https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11294Quelch, J.J. (1885) On some deep-sea and shallow water Hydrozoa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 16 (91), 1–20.        https://doi.org/10.1080/00222938509487499Ramil, F. (1988) Hidrozoos de Galicia. Tesis doctoral, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, 525 pp.Ramil, F. & Iglesias, A. (1988) Sobre la presencia de Opercularella panicula (Sars, 1873) (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) en las costas de la Península Ibérica. Thalassas, 6, 79–82.Ramil, F. & Vervoort, W. (1992) Report on the Hydroida collected by the “BALGIM” expedition in and around the Strait of Gibraltar. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 277, 1–262.Ramil, F. & Vervoort, W. (2008) Note on Streptocaulus multiseptatus (Bale, 1915) (Cnidaria: Leptolida: Aglaopheniidae), with the description of its gonosome. Zoologische Medelingen Leiden, 82, 417–422.Ramil, F., Parapar, J. & Vervoort, W. (1992) The genus Sertularella Gray, 1848 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) along the coasts of Galicia (Spain). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 66, 493–524.Ramil, F., Vervoort, W. & Ansin, J.A. (1998) Report on the Haleciidae and Plumularioidea (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected by the French SEAMOUNT 1 expedition. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 322, 1–42.Ramos, A., Ramil, F. & Sanz, J.L. (2017) Deep˗Sea Ecosystems off Mauritania: An Introduction. In: Ramos, A., Ramil, F. & Sanz, J.L. (Eds.), Deep sea ecosystems off Mauritania: Researching marine biodiversity and habitats in West African Deep-waters. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 1–51.        https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1023-5_1Ramos, A., Sanz, J.L., Ramil, F., Agudo, L.M. & Presas-Navarro, C. (2017) The Giant Cold˗Water Coral Mounds Barrier off Mauritania. In: Ramos, A., Ramil, F. & Sanz, J.L. (Eds.), Deep sea ecosystems off Mauritania: Researching marine biodiversity and habitats in West African Deep-waters. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 481–525.        https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1023-5_13Redier, L. (1965) Hydraires et Bryozoaires du Golfe de Guinêe. Bulletin du Muséum National D’Histoire Naturelle, 37, 367–394.Rees, W.J., Thursfield, S. (1965) The hydroid collections of James Ritchie. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, (B), 69 (1–2), (2), 34–220.        https://doi.org/10.1017/S0080455X00010122Rees, W.J. & Vervoort, W. (1987) Hydroids from the John Murray Expedition to the Indian Ocean, with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 237, 1–209.Rees, W.J. & White, E. (1966) New records and fauna list of hydroids from the Azores. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 13, 9, 271–284.        https://doi.org/10.1080/00222936608656051Ritchie, J. (1907) On collections of the Cape Verde Islands marine fauna, made by Cyril Crossland, M.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), F.Z.S., of St. Andrews University, July to September, 1904. The Hydroids. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 77, 488–514.        https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1907.tb06944.xRoberts, J.M. & Cairns, S.D. (2014) Cold-water corals in a changing ocean. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 7, 118–126.        https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2014.01.004Roberts, J.M., Wheeler, A.J. & Freiwald, A. (2006) Reefs of the Deep: The Biology and Geology of Cold-Water Coral Ecosystems. Science, 312, 543–547.        https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1119861Ronowicz, M. (2007) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Svalbard waters—biodiversity and distribution. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 87, 1089–1094.        https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315407055142Ronowicz, M., Włodarska-Kowalczuk, M. & Kuklinski, P. (2013) Depth- and substrate-related patterns of species richness and distribution of hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in Arctic coastal waters (Svalbard). Marine Ecology, 34 (Supplement 1), 165–176.        https://doi.org/10.1111/maec.12034Russell, F.S. (1940) On the nematocysts of hydromedusae III. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 24, 515–523.        https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400045422Russell, F.S. (1953) The medusa of the British Isles. Anthomedusae, Leptomedusae, Limnomedusae, Trachymedusae and Narcomedusae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 538 pp.Saemundsson, B. (1911) Bidrag til Kundskaben om de islandske Hydroider. II. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Den Danske Naturhistoriske Forening, 63, 67–107.Sars, M. (1863) Bemaerkninger over fire norske Hydroider. Forhandlinger i Videnskabsselscabet i Kristiania, 1862, 25–39.Sars, G.O. (1874) Bidrag til Kundskaben om Norges Hydroider. Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Kristiana, 1873, 91–150.Schuchert, P. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: athecate hydroids and their medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Elsevier Science, Wellington, 159 pp.Schuchert, P. (1997) Review of the family Halopterididae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 309, 1–161.Schuchert, P. (2000) Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Iceland collected by the BIOICE programme. Sarsia, 85, 411–438.        https://doi.org/10.1080/00364827.2000.10414592Schuchert, P. (2001) Hydroids of Greenland and Iceland (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Bioscience, 53, 1–185.Schuchert, P. (2004) Revision of the European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): families Oceanidae and Pachycordylidae. Revue suisse de Zoologie, 111, 315–369.        https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.80242Schuchert, P. (2005) Taxonomic revision and systematic notes on some Halecium species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Journal of Natural History, 39, 607–639.        https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930400001319Schuchert, P. (2007) The European athecate hydroids and their medusa (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Filifera Part 2. Revue suisse de Zoologie, 114, 195–396.        https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.80395Schuchert, P. (2012) North-West European Athecate Hydroids and their Medusae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, 59, 1–364.Schuchert, P. (2014) High genetic diversity in the hydroid Plumularia setacea: A multitude of cryptic species or extensive population subdivision? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 76, 1–9.        https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.020Schuchert, P. (2018) World Hydrozoa Database. Earleria panicula (G.O. Sars, 1874). Available from: http://www.marinespecies.org/hydrozoa/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1255613 (accessed 3 September 2020)Schuchert, P., Hosia, A. & Leclère, L. (2017) Identification of the polyp stage of three leptomedusa species using DNA barcoding. Revue suisse de Zoologie, 124 (1), 167–182.Stechow, E. (1907) Neue japanische Athecata und Plumularidae aus der Sammlung Dr. Doflein. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 32 (7), 192–200.Stechow, E. (1909) Hydroidpolypen der japanischen Ostküste. 1. Theil. Athecata und Plumularidae. In: Doflein, F. (Ed.), Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte Ostasiens. Abhandlungen der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1 (6), 1–111.Stechow, E. (1913a) Neue Genera thecater Hydroiden aus der Familie der Lafoeiden und neue Species von Thecaten aus Japan. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 43 (3), 137–144.Stechow, E. (1913b). Hydroidpolypen der japanischen Ostküste. II. Teil: Campanularidae, Halecidae, Lafoeidae, Campanulinidae und Sertularidae, nebst Ergänzungen zu den Athecata und Plumularidae. In: Doflein, F., Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte Ostasiens.—Abh. math.phys. Historische Klasse der Königlichen bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 3 (2), pp. 1–162.        https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11621Stechow, E. (1921) Neue Genera und Species von Hydrozoen und anderen Evertebraten. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, Abteilung A, 3, Heft, 87, 248–265.Stramma, L. & Schott, F. (1999) The mean flow field of the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 46 (1), 279–303.        https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00109-XSvoboda, Α. (1979) Beitrag zur Ökologie, Biometrie und Systematik der Mediterranen Aglaophenia Arten (Hydroidea). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 167, 1–114.Svoboda, A. & Cornelius, P.F.S. (1991) The European and Mediterranean species of Aglaophenia (Cnidaria : Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 274, 1–70.Teissier, G. (1965) Inventaire de la faune marine de Roscoff. Cnidaires-Cténaires. Travaux de la Station Biologique de Roscoff, 16, 1–53.Van Soest, R.W.M. (1993) Distribution of sponges on the Mauritanian continental shelf. Hydrobiologia, 258, 95–106.        https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00006189Van Soest, R.W.M. and de Voogd, N.J. (2015) Sponge species composition of north-east Atlantic cold-water coral reefs compared in a bathyal to inshore gradient. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 95 (7), 1461–1474.        https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315413001410Vanhöffen, E. (1910) Die Hydroiden der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903, 11, Zoologie 3, 269–340.Vervoort, W. (1946) Exotic hydroids in the collections of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie and the Zoological Museum at Amsterdam. Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden, 26 (1–4), 287–351.Vervoort, W. (1946) Exotic hydroids in the collections of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie and the Zoological Museum at Amsterdam. Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden, 26 (1–4), 287–351.Vervoort, W. (1972) Hydroids from the Theta, Vema and Yelcho cruises of the Lamont-Doherty geological observatory. Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, Netherlands, 120, 1–247.Vervoort, W. (2006) Leptolida (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Hystory, Leiden, the Netherlands [Anthoathecata, various families of Leptothecata and addenda]. Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden, 80, 181–318.Vervoort, W. & Faasse, M. (2009) Overzicht van de Nederlandse Leptolida (= Hydroida) (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen, 32, 1–207.Vervoort, W. & Watson, J.E. (2003) The marine fauna of New Zealand. Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (Thecate Hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1–540.Westphal, H., Beuck, L., Braun, S., Freiwald, A., Hanebuth, T., Hetzinger, S., Klicpera, A., Kudrass, H., Lantzsch, H., Lundälv, T., Mateu Vicens, G., Preto, N., Reumont, J.V., Schilling, S., Taviani, M. & Wienberg, C. (2012) Report of Cruise Maria S. Merian 16/3—Phaeton—Paleoceanographic and paleo˗climatic record on the Mauritanian shelf. Institut für Meereskunde der Universität Hamburg, 136 pp.Wienberg, C., Titschack, J., Freiwald, A., Frank, N., TomasLundälv, T., Taviani, M., Beuck, L., Schröder-Ritzrau, A., Krengel, T. and Hebbeln, D. (2018) The giant Mauritanian cold-water coral mound province: Oxygen control on coral mound formation. Quaternary Science Reviews, 185, 135–152.        https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.02.012Wright, T.S. (1859) Observations on British zoophytes. Edinburgh new Philosophical Journal, 10, 105–114.