bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategic Transformational Planning For Changing The Game
Authors: Flamholtz Eric G , Randle Yvonne
Published: November 2023

Previous chapters have presented a lens to use in thinking about transformations as well as a series of examples of actual transformations and their related lessons. Our intent in this chapter, as well as in the next four, is to provide a set of tools that will help executives plan and manage Transformations of the First, Second, and Third Kinds.
Transforming Behavior to Play the New Game
Authors: Flamholtz Eric G , Randle Yvonne
Published: November 2023

One of the greatest challenges facing an organization that is attempting to change its game is that of helping to transform the behavior of its employees (i.e., its players and coaches). The very success of every type of transformation depends, to a great extent, on the ability of the company’s team to support it through changes in their own behavior. For example, the successful transformation at Starbucks Coffee (described in Chapter 5) involved people behaving in ways more consistent with a professionally managed firm. In contrast, the unsuccessful transformation of UAL to Allegis (described later in this chapter) was caused, at least in part, by the lack of behavioral change on the part of employees within this company.
Changing the Game in Action
Authors: Flamholtz Eric G , Randle Yvonne
Published: November 2023

The first eleven chapters of this book were devoted to providing a framework for understanding transformations and their impact on long-term organizational success as well as describing tools that can be used for managing these transformations. In this chapter, we present a comprehensive example of a company that has completed several transformations during its sixty-seven-year history and that is currently facing the challenges of completing a compound transformation-from an entrepreneurship to a professionally managed firm as well as a vision transformation. This example is comprehensive in a dual sense. First, because Bell-Carter has been in business since 1912, the company has experienced all the transformations described in this book: (1) entrepreneurial transformations to professional management, including the special case of family business transformations, (2) revitalization transformations, (3) business vision transformations, and even (4) compound transformations. Although our principal interest is in the most recent period of the company’s development (from 1992 through 1997), we also briefly review the earlier periods to both describe the historical development of the firm and illustrate some transformations made at previous points. Figure 12-1 offers a brief overview of the transformations Bell-Carter Olive Company has made during its history.
Conventual Optics Of Power
Authors: Hills Helen
Published: November 2023

We have seen how convents competed, often fiercely, to dominate vistas and to ensure that their inmates, while remaining invisible, were yet forcefully represented architecturally and urbanistically in relation to the city. Now we address the politics of sight within convents. How were power optics organized inside convents and particularly within their churches, the most porous and the most symbolically and liturgically charged places in the conventual complex? The optics of power functioned externally, toward the city, and internally, within the conventual complex, but especially at the critical junctures and liminal spaces between the external and internal worlds. Parlatories and sacristies afforded heightened opportunity for contact between nuns and lay folk, but the risk of unseemly contact, including eye contact, was expressed with especial intensity with regard to conventual churches. To these risks, the ecclesiastical authorities were alive, persistently seeking to control the opening and closing of churches. Much of the regulating of contact during services, however, was left to architecture. This chapter explores the architectural marshaling and control of the bodies of both nuns and outsiders, and the architectural organization of seeing and being seen inside convents and their churches.
Apprehension:Spiritual Perception in Jonathan Edwards
Authors: McClymond Michael J
Published: November 2023

One Of The most contentious issues in the interpretation of Jonathan Edwards has been the nature and significance of his teaching on the “new sense,” “spiritual sense,” or “sense of the heart.” Nearly half a century ago, Perry Miller published his groundbreaking article “Jonathan Edwards on the Sense of the Heart,”1 and since that time virtually all writers have agreed on the centrality of the spiritual sense to Edwards’s thought. References to it crop up throughout the primary texts, including the Personal Narrative, Religious Affections, Miscellanies, the various revival writings, and the sermon A Divine and Supernatural Light. In part because of the pivotal status of the spiritual sense in Edwards’s thought, a sizeable number of authors have written on it recently.
Speculation: The Theocentric Metaphysics of The Mind
Authors: McClymond Michael J
Published: November 2023

With The Publication of Freedom of the Will in 1754, Edwards gained a reputation for metaphysical genius. Writing in the early 1800s, Dugald Stewart referred to Edwards as the “one metaphysician of whom America has to boast, who, in logical acuteness and subtility, does not yield to any disputant bred in the universities of Europe.”1 The Mind, published in Sereno Dwight’s Life of President Edwards (1829),2 provoked many nineteenth- and twentieth-century scholars to amazement at Edwards’s precocity and to puzzlement over the sources of his idealism or immaterialism. Though The Mind was not written quite as early in Edwards’s life as Dwight presumed, it still ranks as a major philosophical accomplishment and attests to Edwards’s force and independence of mind.
Valuation: Ethics and Divinity in End of Creation
Authors: McClymond Michael J
Published: November 2023

Toward the end of the seventeenth century, English theology became preoccupied with ethics and the ethical implications of the Christian faith. This moralizing of Christianity was evident in John Locke’s The Reasonableness of Christianity (1695), a text prophetic of tendencies in English thought during the subsequent century.1 Concerning Jesus and his disciples, Locke asserted that “righteousness, or obedience to the law of God, was their great business” and that “there is not, I think, any of the duties of morality, which he has not, somewhere or other, by himself and his apostles, inculcated over and over again to his followers.”2 Increasingly, educated persons valued Christianity because it provided otherworldly sanctions (i.e., heaven and hell) as inducements to everyday virtues.
Persuasion: Edwards as a Christian Apologist
Authors: McClymond Michael J
Published: November 2023

During The eighteenth century, Christianity was something to be defended and Western theology entered an era of apologetics. Jonathan Edwards was no exception. To grasp the significance of his Christian apology, however, one must view it in relation to the cultural context and see his apology as a response to specific questions regarding and objections to faith. Hence this chapter will begin with extended excursuses, first into the intellectual situation of early modernity insofar as it impinged upon belief in God, and second into the various apologetic strategies used by leading eighteenth-century thinkers to address this situation. In differing ways, all the thinkers analyzed and compared in this chapter-Paley, Butler, Schleiermacher, and Edwards-were responding to a growing tendency in eighteenth-century thought to marginalize God and remove God from significant involvement in nature, history, and human affairs.
Principles of Statistical Mechanics
Authors: Girifalco Louis A
Published: November 2023

The prime article of faith in scientific theory is that experimentally observed phenomena can be derived from a small number of general principles. The acceptance of this idea implies that, despite the constant changes evident in physical systems, they possess some immutable attributes from which all of their interesting properties can be calculated. A central concept in such a calculation is that of the state of an isolated system. If all of the experimentally measurable properties of a system are known at all times, then this would certainly constitute an adequate description of the state of the system. However, such a definition would be useless for theoretical purposes and is contrary to the assumption that all properties can be related to a few general laws. The most fruitful definition of state is this:
Particle Statistics
Authors: Girifalco Louis A
Published: November 2023

Consider a system composed of N identical particles that interact with each other very weakly. That is, they can exchange energy, but the energy of each individual particle is otherwise independent of the other particles. This situation is completely analogous to that for a canonical ensemble in the sense that a physical system of nearly independent particles can be thought of as an “ensemble” with each particle being a member “system” of the ensemble. This is the same as simply renaming the terms used in the canonical ensemble theory. Then, the ensemble canonical distribution function becomes the particle distribution function.
Free Electron Theory in Metals and Semiconductors
Authors: Girifalco Louis A
Published: November 2023

One of the earliest successful approximations in the theory of metals was the free electron theory. This approximation starts with the notion that the metal contains a collection of ion cores, each core consisting of a nucleus and shells of tightly bound electrons, and a number of electrons that are not bound to any particular nucleus. The electrons are assumed to be essentially independent and are treated as being completely free, the metal simply acting as a box to contain them. The statistical counterpart of this assumption is that electrons in metals are described by particle statistics.
Surfaces and Interfaces
Authors: Girifalco Louis A
Published: November 2023

The boundary between any two phases is not sharp, but contains a transition region in which there is a continuous change in composition from one phase to the other. Of course, all the laws of thermodynamics apply to the system as a whole, and at equilibrium, the temperature, pressure, and chemical potentials are constant throughout the system. But because of the spatial variation of the densities of the components, the energy per unit volume (and other thermodynamic functions per unit volume) varies with position over a finite distance in the transition region. The total energy is therefore different than that of the sum of the energies of the two phases taken separately.
Linear Polymer Chains
Authors: Girifalco Louis A
Published: November 2023

The salient fact about polymer chains is that, on a molecular scale, they are very long. Linear polymers consist of chains whose lengths can vary from hundreds to many thousands of monomer units. The statistical mechanics of systems composed of such large molecules can be quite complex and, if pursued with a degree of rigor and completeness, soon becomes intractable to analytic methods.
Vacancies and Interstitials in Monatomic Crystals
Authors: Girifalco Louis A
Published: November 2023

It is generally agreed that the lattice vacancy is the predominant type of point defect in simple metals and rare gas solids. Direct and indirect measurements of the vacancy concentration as a function of temperature exist that support this contention. The concentration of point defects other than vacancies is relatively low in close-packed hexagonal and face-centered cubic structures because their formation requires large lattice distortions. In more open structures, however, such as body-centered cubic and the diamond structure characteristic of semiconductors, interstitials may be important.
This Side of Paradise Creation Mythology
Authors: Brockelman Paul
Published: November 2023

It seems that all too often we are spiritually asleep, alienated from what is ultimately real in life because we are so busy with our daily tasks that we cannot “see” it. This divorce from what Havel calls “a wider order of being” leaves us in a state of demoralization and distress, longing for something more, spiritually hungry for a reconnection with that ultimate reality. In actuality, when we do become aware of it, we find that we are “in”it as particular forms and modes of it. That ultimate reality is one, and everything that exists is an aspect or form of it since each and every entity precisely “is.” It is the business of our various religious traditions to awaken us to that ultimate reality. As cultural historian Thomas Berry and physicist Brian Swimme put it, communion with the mysterious forces that animate the universe “through the story of the universe [a culture’s fundamental creation myth] and ceremonial interaction with the various natural phenomena was the traditional way of activating the larger dimensions of our own human mode of being.” It is in fact interesting that as far as we know virtually every human culture that has ever existed has developed creation stories which explain how all of reality has come to be just as it happens to be. These stories provide those cultures with a sense of a larger whole to which they belong.
The Argument for Empiricism
Authors: Chai Leon
Published: November 2023

Is It Still Possible for us to feel the significance of a moment, out of the waning years of the seventeenth century, when, for perhaps the first time, a thinker dared to situate the source of all thought in experience? “Let us then suppose the Mind to be,” he says, “white Paper, void of all Characters, without any Ideas; How comes it to be furnished? Whence comes it by that vast store, which the busy and boundless Fancy of Man has painted on it, with an almost endless variety?” Or, to put it more formally: “Whence has it all the materials of Reason and Knowledge?” For our author there can be but one source. “From Experience: In that, all our Knowledge is founded; and from that it ultimately derives it self.” We know that this was not, in fact, the first instance of empiricism. Already there had been Gassendi and Hobbes.1 But the author of An Essay concerning Human Understanding could offer something not to be found in either of his pre-decessors: a new concept of experience. What Locke proposed, however, was not just a new concept of experience. He also made sweeping claims for its philosophical significance. And here, perhaps, more than anywhere else, the radical force of the Essay becomes apparent. Because if one accepts its argument, it does not simply add a new province to the realm of philosophical inquiry. Instead, it simultaneously abolishes many others and ultimately seeks to transform our whole sense of philosophy itself.
Religious Affections
Authors: Chai Leon
Published: November 2023

At This Point In Time, it is hard to imagine what might have made something like the Great Awakening possible. With some effort, we can reconstruct the relevant sequence of events and even the general external circumstances. With further effort, we can even speculate about the motives of those principally involved. What is hardest to recapture is, of course, the emotion itself. Passion, once spent, tends to leave no traces. Especially, perhaps, the sort of emotion whose intensity produced marked excesses. Hence the difficulty of arriving at some sense of what the Awakening would have meant to those whose lives it transformed and who had come to feel, in greater or lesser measure, its dominant impulse. Nevertheless, this difficulty does not pertain to us exclusively. From the commencement of its decline, its participants would no doubt have faced a similar situation. With that moment comes the necessity of trying to rescue from the Awakening some glimpse of what had made it meaningful. To this necessity we owe Jonathan Edwards’s magisterial work on the nature of religious piety: A Treatise Concerning Religious Affections.  Religious Affections is normally taken as a defense of the Great Awakening. Yet it is, in some respects, a curious defense. For one thing, it waives the value of religious emotion per se. Instead, it works to distinguish true piety from various false look-alikes.2 Given its immediate context, such caution is perhaps natural. Nevertheless, caution alone does not quite explain what Edwards elects to emphasize. Of the twelve “distinguishing signs” of true piety discussed, the first is particularly suggestive: “From hence it follows, that in those gracious exercises and affections which are wrought in the minds of the saints, through the saving influences of the Spirit of God, there is a new inward perception or sensation of their minds, entirely different in its nature and kind, from anything that ever their minds were the subjects of before they were sanctified” (Religious Affections, p. 205).
Idealism
Authors: Chai Leon
Published: November 2023

According To A Tradition associated with virtually the earliest Edwards biography, the future minister and theologian seems to have discovered Locke’s Essay concerning Human Understanding sometime around 1717-which is to say, during his sophomore year at Yale. It is not difficult to imagine the young Edwards at that auspicious moment: bred within the narrow confines of a scholastic discipline that reached back to medieval sources, suddenly exposed to a new mode of inquiry less concerned with theological doctrine than with trying to ascertain how the mind perceives external objects. The result: a notebook entitled “The Mind,” which displays the empiricist influences of Newton and Locke on a precocious philosophical intelligence.
Causation
Authors: Chai Leon
Published: November 2023

It Would Be Hard to overemphasize the importance of causation for the seventeenth century. In many respects, the topic exerts a kind of fascination over thought in this period. Like a leitmotiv, it appears constantly in philosophical discussions of the time. Many of these discussions discriminate at some length between various forms of causation. Often one form is stressed while another is denied. Yet, curiously enough, what we do not find anywhere is a complete denial of causation altogether. In light of David Hume’s subsequent analysis of causation in A Treatise of Human Nature and the Enquiry concerning Human Understanding, this may seem a little odd, to say the least. The oddity is only increased by the fact that a number of seventeenth-century texts define the notion of a cause in terms that correspond quite closely to those of Hume. How exactly, then, are we to explain the fact that no one else appears inclined to deny causation completely? That such a possibility should simply not have occurred to anyone seems highly unlikely. Accordingly, there must be some other explanation for the universal adherence to some notion of a cause.
Reflections on Plutarch, Advice to the Bride and Groom Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed
Authors: Pomeron Sarah B
Published: November 2023

Plutarch’s Advice to the Bride and Groom is written in the form of an epistle containing wisdom literature consisting of forty-eight brief lessons on the creation of a philosophical marriage. Plutarch was an antiquarian and the text is replete with analogies and quotations from earlier literature and from famous men and women of Greek antiquity. The eminent Plutarch scholar D.A. Russell has characterized him as the voice of the first Greek Renaissance. In the Commentary below, quotations and allusions to earlier Greek and Latin literature are identified. Furthermore, the Advice is examined against the background of the history of Greek gender relations and the changes in the Greek family and in values and behavior in response to the Hellenistic world.
Plutarch’s Advice to the Bride and Groom Traditional Wisdom through a Philosophic Lens
Authors: Patterson Cynthia
Published: November 2023

While the Romantic Robert Bums says “O, my love’s like a red, red rose,” Plutarch suggests that marital love is more like asparagus-which, he says, produces the sweetest fruit from the most prickly thorns. 1 This striking notion is but one of a series of such analogies, drawn from fields as diverse as household pots and pans and Aristotelian mathematics, which form the body of Plutarch’s Advice to the Bride and Groom-a wedding present to his newly married friends Eurydice and Pollianus. Although something of a tour de force in its lively use of analogy, the essay is at first sight sophisticated in neither style nor content and is usually relegated (especially by classicists) to the status of “lesser work.” Authoritative opinion declares its ideas derivative, primarily from Stoic moralists such as Musonius Rufus, and discussion has generally concentrated on the relation of Plutarch’s views to Stoic and early Christian ethics.
Herew-Now and Elsewhere in Spacetime
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Veil motions you in the direction of three chairs he has brought in from his own sleeping quarters. You sit down. The chairs are fairly comfortable, considering they were designed for a race with segmented rear ends that looked like cracked triangular tortilla chips. Constantia has chosen a large room that served as a research library and lab, and also as a sleeping quarters. You look around and feel dwarfed by the soaring pilasters, frescoed ceilings, and gilt furniture. On the wall is a photo of Constantia and a handsome man, both playing cellos before a large audience in St. Petersberg. There is an inscription on the photo in a tiny, almost childish hand. You see only Constantia’s face, but her eyes are unsettling. What are her feelings for the man? You feel like removing the picture from the wall.
How to Time Travel into the Future
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

You turn to Mr. Veil and Constantia. “Those twin lizards remind me of what we’ll discuss today-curved world-lines, proper time, time travel into the future, and the twin paradox:’ “Oh, that’s easy;’ Mr. Veil says. “Just stand still, and you travel into the future”. He draws a vertical world line on a spacetime diagram (Fig. 8.1). “That’s trivial. Here’s a better way to travel far into the future. It’s the most exciting result of relativity.” You draw on his sketch.
Wormhole Time Machine
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Mr. Veil turns to you. “Sir, if time travel is possible, it seems that every time you go back and talk to your former self, and change your future actions, you’d be creating a duplicate of yourself in an alternate world. However, the person wouldn’t quite be the same as you because his memories would be different from yours. Would the two of you be the same person?” “It seems logical that you could duplicate slightly different versions of yourself over and over again.” You pause. “Maybe we can do it with wormholes.” “Wormholes?” Constantia says.
Millerite Argumentation
Authors: O’leary Stephen D
Published: November 2023

This chapter is devoted to a close textual analysis of Millerite arguments. Building upon the insights derived from the previous chapter’s rhetorical history of the movement, I will seek to demonstrate the manner in which Millerism both built upon and contributed to the reformulation of the topoi of American social knowledge. As a case study in the application of a theory of apocalypticism, the chapter as a whole seeks to account for the social and political stances assumed by Millerite rhetors and followers (before and after their involvement in the movement), and for the changes in the substantive and stylistic features of the movement’s discourse as Millerism attempted to move into the American main stream.
The Apocalypse of Apocalypses
Authors: O’leary Stephen D
Published: November 2023

This investigation has attempted to untangle the thickets of apocalyptic argument in the discourse of nineteenth-century Millerites and twentieth-century fundamentalists. The exploration appears to confirm Derrida’s assessment that apocalyptic stratagems are endless. The task of demystifying these stratagems by tracing their logic through discourse that spans centuries and diverse genres does, indeed, seem interminable. Yet, in spite of the fact that this task can never be completed, the close analysis of the literature of apocalyptic advocacy has not been a wasted effort.
Anti-Job
Authors: Zuckerman Bruce
Published: November 2023

We can now tum back to the question that led us into this excursus on “Bontsye Shvayg”: the loose end of the Poem of Job. In light of what we now know about Perets’ story, let us pose again the essential question: How does the Poem of Job fit within the contrapuntal harmony that constitutes the Johan tradition? We can begin by recalling that Perets’ intends Bontsye to imitate the biblical Job but further takes that character to its logical extreme: Super-Job, the pure sufferer who never cries out against God or man, as opposed to the biblical Job, who begins patiently like Bontsye but who has lost his patience by the time we reach chapter 3 of the biblical book.
Super-Reality
Authors: Zuckerman Bruce
Published: November 2023

Anyone who knows Yiddish literature, especially the work of Perets, also knows that the view we have presented above of “Bontsye Shvayg” is not the popular view of the story.124 While we have argued that Perets’ narrative is designed as a parody of the pietistic Yiddish tale, the more common perception is that this is no parody at all, but rather the very epitome of what a pietistic Yiddish story should be. Leo Wiener, for example, writing only a few years after “Bontsye Shvayg” was first published in Perets’ anthology Literatur un lebn, offers a typical interpretation of this type. He contends that Perets’ story “presents, probably better than any other, the author’s conception of the character of the virtues of the long suffering masses.
The “Sincerely Wrong” Approach
Authors: Zuckerman Bruce
Published: November 2023

Thus far, we have looked at the popular conception of “Bontsye Shvayg” as a stimulus for creative response and critical evaluation in a post-Holocaust world. Perhaps though, in consideration of the discussion above, we should not be sur prised to discover that the sort of reinterpretation of “Bontsye Shvayg” we have outlined goes beyond even these literary boundaries. In fact, yet a further reshaping of Perets’ work can be documented, one that goes beyond opinion and proceeds to affect the text directly; for not only do we find that Perets’ original intentions have been altered in the popular conception, but we can find instances where the story itself has been changed as well.201 These changes do not occur, to my knowledge, in any Yiddish editions of the story but rather in translations.
The Art of Parody: The Dialogue/ Appeal
Authors: Zuckerman Bruce
Published: November 2023

We can begin by considering the “original” Poem, or, more precisely, by defining the dimensions of the original Poem in terms of the Bontsye-model. As I have already argued, the poet who wrote this literary masterpiece was motivated by much the same aims, and functioned within a cultural context analogous to that, which motivated Perets to write “Bontsye Shvayg.” Like Perets, the Job poet was intent upon “slaying the sacred cow”-a pietistic worldview in which righteous suffering always receives an inevitable, even a miraculous, reward. Moreover, the poet achieved this end in the same way Perets did, by subverting tradition: converting a famous symbol of this pietistic attitude into its opposite-Job the Patient into Job the Impatient.
Intervening Themes
Authors: Zuckerman Bruce
Published: November 2023

We must consider one last aspect of Johan counterpoint before this study is drawn to a close. In the preceding discussion we have centered our attention on the writers and editors who have modified the book of Job by adding their supplements to the Poem. But it is also true that the book of Job shows indications that other editorial hands have gone further than this by actually changing the text itself. This editorial intervention constitutes the last and most activist level in the complex of Joban counterpoint. Indeed, it occurs in that gray area of redaction where the text ends and commentary begins.
Sri-Laksmi
Authors: Bailly Constantina Rhodes
Published: November 2023

Before the goddess Sri appeared in Indic literature, the concept of majesty remained an abstract notion. Linked with auspiciousness, it was something highly sought after in the prayers and propitiations of the Vedas, the earliest texts of Indian civilization, and it was called sri. Sri can be translated as majesty, prosperity, fullness, auspiciousness, abundance, loveliness, illustriousness, and well-being. In the splendor that is sri lies the power to eradicate debility, to illuminate darkness, to flood a hollow and meaningless void with light, fluidity, and consciousness. Sri is radiance—the bright sparkling of the sun and the cool luminescence of the moon. Sri is the “luxurious bounty of the earth.”2 Sri is the force of creativity and the impetus behind a flourishing creation.
Church, Feminism, and Family
Authors: Ruether Rosemary Radford
Published: November 2023

Contrary to what American Christians generally assume, there has not always been a positive relation between the church and the family in the Christian tradition. Indeed, through much of Christian history there have been suspicious views of the family in relation to the church, fed particularly by the assumption that the highest vocation of Christians is the chaste single life.
Setting The Stage For The Image Question
Authors: Dillenberger John
Published: November 2023

The Spectrum Of Reforming Religious currents ranging from the last decades of the fifteenth century into the sixth decade of the sixteenth, represents myriad opinions and historic shifts that enveloped most of western Europe. Nations and emerging national cultures carried mind-sets that understood common terms in theology and art in differing ways. Nuremberg, Wittenberg, Zurich, Strasbourg, Geneva, and Rome widely differed from each other. Yet similar concerns were part of the fabric of each place, manifest alike in theology and in artistic styles. People learned from each other, though conflict was everywhere as older boundaries were crossed and challenged.
Matthias Grünewald: Extending the Medieval World
Authors: Dillenberger John
Published: November 2023

Among the artists being considered in this volume, Grunewald is probably less known than the others. Long eclipsed in the history of art and religion, Matthias Grunewald has come into his own in the twentieth century. Before that time, some of his works were ascribed to others, including Durer; some, by their apparent strangeness, were ignored. Even his name was a puzzle, having been discovered at the beginning of the twentieth century to have been Mathis Gothart Nithart.
Lucas Cranach The Elder: A Reformation Artist
Authors: Dillenberger John
Published: November 2023

Lucas Cranach The Elder (1472-1553) and his son, Lucas Cranach the Younger (1515-1586), are the two artists most closely related, both in friend ship and work, to the Lutheran reformation figures Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon. Cranach the Elder, born in Kronach and from which city he took his name, lived half his life in the orbit of the Catholic Church and the beginning of Reformation currents, and the last half within the emer gent Lutheran church in Saxony.1 By contrast, his son, Cranach the Younger, was only two when the Ninety-five Theses were published, fourteen when his father began the series on Law and Gospel, and twenty-four when the first major altarpiece was installed in 1539 in Schneeberg. Hence, while Cranach the Elder made the transition from Catholicism to Protestantism, Cranach the Younger grew up within the Lutheranism of Wittenberg.
Introduction The Subject
Authors: Jones Nicholas F
Published: November 2023

The subject of this work is the associations of ancient Athens during the so-called classical period, more precisely under the democracy of free Athens from its foundation by Kleisthenes in 508/7 down to the Macedonian takeover in 321 B.C. A further limitation of the subject is indicated by the subtitle, The Response to Democracy, for our goal will not be to provide a complete accounting of all associations during our period, but rather to investigate the contemporary association in its relation to the central government and to the state of Athens as a whole. The result, it is hoped, will extend beyond an enhanced appreciation of some important aspects of the associations in question to a new way of looking at the whole of the Athenian democratic polity, at least in institutional terms.
The Demes: Expansion and Decline
Authors: Jones Nicholas F
Published: November 2023

Thus far, the phenomenon of exclusion, initially broached in chapter 2, has been considered only in respect to people situated outside the community of the demotai, broadly defined. But the constitutional deme also harbored a large population of “outsiders” within itself, within the households of its members and within its territorial boundaries. Among these “outsiders” were first and foremost the womenfolk of the demotai, principally their wives and unmarried daughters.
The Phylai: Disposition, Meetings, and Solidarity
Authors: Jones Nicholas F
Published: November 2023

The demes, in both their constitutional and territorial modes, were able, by virtue of their physical remove from the urban center, reinforced by the deliberate cultivation of isolation from other deme associations, to maintain a vigorous solidary community independent from life in Athens. And it was in this community that, I am arguing, resided a distinctive “response” to perhaps the most limiting characteristic of the central government of Athens, to wit, the physical confinement of the organs and processes of government to the urban center. In the case of the phylai, however, it is obvious that no such model is applicable.
The Phylai: Instruments of Representation?
Authors: Jones Nicholas F
Published: November 2023

If phyletai did not regularly fraternize or feel or express strong bonds of attachment with each other qua phyletai, it does not follow that the organization was entirely without vitality or purpose. In fact, the phylai will emerge as vigorous, purposeful organizations thanks in large part to the ambitions and energies of a relatively few individuals, usually but not demonstrably in every instance their officers. What do we know about these phyletai?
The Phratries
Authors: Jones Nicholas F
Published: November 2023

Superficially, the phratries resembled the internally organized segments of the public organization in that they were open only to citizens and in that all citizens seem to have been eligible for admission. As, too, with the demes and (as an automatic consequence) the larger groups of which the demes were components, the phylai, membership in this or that phratry was determined exclusively on the basis of de scent, with the father obligated to demonstrate his son’ s legitimate birth to the satisfaction of his fellow phrateres.
Government and Associations: “The Response to Democracy”
Authors: Jones Nicholas F
Published: November 2023

The democratic government of classical Athens, despite its well-known overt egalitarian features, imposed severe limitations upon the political aspirations of the populations of Athens and Attica. Egalitarianism itself, by definition, absolutely precluded claims to privilege based on the traditional distinctions of bloodline, background, or merit. The ideology’ s impact extended to all matters involving the use of sortition or decided by votes of the entire citizen body or (as in the case of the courts) of some randomly constituted and theoretically representative selection thereof.
Satyavatī The Matriarch of the Mahābhāratian
Authors: Ghosh Jayatri
Published: November 2023

The Mahābhāratian is, in a sense, a poetic narration of India’s history or, as mythography, perhaps something greater; as the noted nineteenth century scholar Ramendra Sundar Trivedi said, “The history narrated in the Mahābhāratian is the history of humankind,” a judgment repeated by Vyasa in Peter Brook’s The Mahābhāratian. That this most universal of epics describes, analyzes, ponders, and judges every imaginable human experience, both private and public, is a commonplace of Indian cultural history. Less common is the perception that, in pursuing its central moral enquiry into the nature of dharma or righteousness, the Mahābhāratian holds up alternatives to social norms to the point of subverting convention. The most basic of such reappraisals, given the apparently male orientation of the narrative, is the consistent projection of women’s perceptions of their predicaments in terms both of gender and class. We find in Mahābhāratian society not only extraordinary men but also women of exceptional character, whose strength has few parallels, even in the liberalized twentieth century. Women like Gandhari, Kunti, and Draupadi stand out, sometimes opposing the injustice of the male world, sometimes determined to claim their rights even while remaining under male authority. But behind the screen of these well-born Aryan women, who are cast ultimately in the heroic mold of the male heroes, stands one intriguing woman made unique as much by the circumstances of her birth as by her life. She is Satyavatī. the so-called sūidrar;ir, a woman raised in the peripheral sudra caste.
Powers Behind the Throne Women in Early Mughal Politics
Authors: Palit Mriducchanda
Published: November 2023

The importance of the Mughal era in the history of India rests not only on the unification of virtually all of India under an elaborately centralized administration but also on the complexity of its political culture. The finely nuanced character of the power games that shaped the fortunes of the dynasty are nowhere better illustrated than in the lives and acts of the great ladies at the Mughal court, who often exerted an influence far beyond the limits granted them by their male dominated polity. Although in principle the Islamic faith acknowledges the equality of men and women in both ability and intelligence, in practice in the Mughal world, as in others, women were relegated to a subordinate position. Yet despite the constraints on women, many of the mothers, daughters, and wives of the Mughal emperors were the driving forces behind them, who protected and advanced them by their own will, talents, and ambitions. This is a steady but often overlooked pattern of achievement, even though the cultural sophistication of these women is common knowledge by virtue of their literary and artistic work. The diaries and autobiographies of Babur’s daughter Gulbadan Begum, Shahjahan’s daughter Jahanara, and Aurangzeb’s daughter Zebunnisa are well known as both historical and literary documents. But the political content of Mughal women’s perceptions remain neglected even as examples of their acumen in politics and commerce abound; for instance, Nurjahan Begum, Emperor Jahangir’s queen, played a pivotal role in the administration of the empire during his reign and was the only Mughal queen to have her face inscribed on a coin of the realm.1 Materials for a history of these women are at best sketchy, but some sense of their abilities and careers may be recaptured from the sometimes anecdotal references and tributes to them in contemporary records.
Memory Judgments
Authors: Hintzman Douglas L
Published: November 2023

There are two basic ways to query human memory. In recall tasks, the experimental subject must generate a representation of a past stimulus such as a word from memory. In memory-judgment tasks, a copy or representation of the stimulus is supplied by the experimenter at test, and the subject answers a specific question about it from memory. The question may be answered by rating or categorizing the test item, or by comparing it with one or more others on relevant dimensions. However, the subject does not have to generate the item itself.
The Rabbis as Experts
Authors: Berger Michael S
Published: November 2023

Within human society, particularly industrialized democracies, one of the most pervasive manifestations of authority is that of the expert-what is called epistemic authority. Contemporary society has ordered itself through a highly special ized division oflabor, increasing our dependence on experts of all different sorts.1 Specialists upon whom we can rely literally grease the wheels of our daily living, from the journalists’ reports we read in the morning newspaper to the instructions we follow in preparing dinner, whether found in cookbooks or on food pack aging. Teachers, plumbers, lawyers, computer consultants, auto mechanics, and doctors all offer us advice or provide us with information that we use because we see them as experts, as epistemic authorities.2
Communication with the Dead in Jewish Dream Culture
Authors: Hasan-Rokern Galit
Published: November 2023

Dreams are visual experiences that are necessarily transformed into words in order to turn them into meaningful communication, not just among individuals, but also between the dreaming individual and her/himself Their presence in culture is thus characterized by a semiotic complexity of levels in which the seen and the heard, the spoken and the shown, are intensely interrelated, but also marked in their difference. Defying Lessing’s taxonomy of media and Kantian categories of perception, they seem to elude both time and space, while turning the elements of both into categories that are radically transformed by the cognitive and expressive uniqueness of the phenomenon of dreaming. Thus they resemble other states in which numinous and supernatural experiences occur.
Dreaming Analyzed and Recorded Dreams in the World of Medieval Islam
Authors: Sviri Sara
Published: November 2023

“The veridical dream is one forty-sixth of prophecy,” states an Islamic tradition attributed to the Prophet Muhammad. This statement implies that while prophecy has ceased, Muhammad being the Seal of the Prophets, messages of divine origin can still be communicated through dreams, albeit on a smaller scale than prophecy. This possibility opened up important avenues for both mysticism and philosophy in medieval Islam.
Values
Authors: Kupperman Joel J
Published: November 2023

Axiology is the study of value in the following narrow sense. Throughout this book, the words “value” and “values” will refer to what is worth having or being, taken purely for its own sake, or what is such that (taken by itself, apart from anything it causes) it is preferable that it exist rather than not exist. Negative values will be what it is advisable, if one discounts all causal relations, not to have or be, or what is such that it is better that (taken by itself) it not exist.
The Case for a Limited Perfectionism
Authors: Kupperman Joel J
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I will argue that a perfectionism with certain broad characteristics represents good social policy. There will be no attempt to specify the nature of the perfectionism in detail. One reason for not doing so is that, as I argued in the previous chapter, social policy in many cases should not aim at ideal solutions but at reasonable balances among desiderata. If there is any one good version of perfectionism, there undoubtedly will be many. Relative advantages among very similar versions could fluctuate from year to year depending on changes in circumstances.
Poetics of Power The Interpretation of Ritual Action in Archaic Greece
Authors: Morris Ian
Published: November 2023

Iris Murdoch, in her novel The Nice and the Good, comments that “there are certain areas of scholarship, early Greek history is one ... where the scantiness of the evidence sets a special challenge to the disciplined mind. It is a game with very few pieces, where the skill of the player lies in complicating the rules.”‘ It is hard to disagree with her, and since most of the very few pieces with which the archaic Greek historian plays were produced by or for rituals, we might expect these historians to spend a great deal of their time discussing the ways in which they have complicated the “rules” of ritual. But on the whole, they do not. In this essay I argue that analysis of theoretical and historiographic issues is not a deflection of energies from the “real job” of looking at the actual evidence, but is itself part of the process of defining what our evidence is and what it is evidence for.
Mira and Algol
Authors: Wilk Stephen R
Published: November 2023

The Lines In The Epigraph Above are drawn from the section in Lew Wallace's epic novel in which Judah Ben-Hur, returning to Jerusalem and his showdown with boyhood-friend-turned-nemesis Marcellus, stops at the oasis and meets Sheikh Ilderim. The sheikh, elated to discover that Ben-Hur has raced at the Circus Maximus in Rome, eagerly shows off his white horses, all named for the stars.
The Surrounding Sky
Authors: Wilk Stephen R
Published: November 2023

The Astronomica 1s ONE OF THE poetical works R. H. Allen referred to as a source for a name for Algol-the Gorgonis Ora I mentioned in the last chapter.1 In Book 1, line 359, of this first-century poem, Manilius simply says that Perseus held up the face of the Gorgon to kill the Sea Monster (Cetus, although Manilius doesn’t name her). R. H. Allen notwithstanding, Manilius does not, in fact, try to identify any star or cluster of stars with the Gorgon’s face.
The Gorgon Today
Authors: Wilk Stephen R
Published: November 2023

No One Knows Exactly Who Sir John Mandeville was. He claimed to be an English knight, but that claim is probably as false as everything else about him. In 1372 a certain Jean de Bourgogne of Liege in Belgium claimed on his deathbed to have written the Travel.s, and his tombstone identifies him as the knight, but that assertion has come under suspicion, as well. Whoever he was, his book was wildly popular in its day-one of the first printed bestsellers. More than three hundred copies survive from the beginning of the sixteenth century, translated into every European language. Mandeville’s book was perused by Christopher Columbus before he undertook his historic voyage, by the explorer Frobisher, and by many others. Like a great many bestsellers since, its charms are not due to the veracity of its contents. It is Mandeville we have to thank for the Vegetable Lamb of Tartary and the Vegetable Goose of the West, among other travel legends. We know that he stole large portions of his book from the works of others without attribution (at least twenty such sources have been identified), and that he bumbled a few other sources together and made up much of the rest. He does have a few supporters who claim to have identified original and believable sections amid all this dross.
From the Biblical to the Immanent Trinity
Authors: Coffey David
Published: November 2023

The New Testament has a single overall purpose, which is stated succinctly in the “first ending” of the Fourth Gospel: “[T]hese things are written so that you may come to believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that through believing you may have life in his name” (Jn 20.31). In other words, the New Testament is nothing other than witness to Christ, and to him as being “for us and for our salvation,” to quote the Nicene Creed. This pronobis (“for us”) presentation of Christ has several consequences.1 One is that the New Testament is less interested in telling us of Jesus’ inner life and relationship to the Father than in presenting him objectively as our teacher in his lifetime and as our savior through his death and Resurrection. Many of the questions, therefore, that the modem age, with its interests in psychology and spirituality, wants to address to the New Testament concerning him simply cannot be answered from that source, or at best can be answered only indirectly. Often this will mean that such answers necessarily lack the rigor that is possible for answers about Christ in his objective aspect, and hence it is clear that it would be unreasonable to criticize them on that account.