bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jornada para crime: análise das distâncias percorridas por criminosos para o cometimento de crimes
Authors: Faria Antonio Hot Pereira de , Diniz Alexandre Magno Alves
Published: February 2020

Crimes e infratores seguem padrões espaço-temporais de suas distribuições e áreas de ação. Há estudos que apontam que criminosos tendem a cometer crimes com maior frequência em locais próximos à sua própria casa num padrão de decaimento da distância. Entretanto, o entendimento do comportamento criminal necessita da análise de casos individuais, a fim de não se incorrer na inferência a partir de dados agregados, o que é chamado comumente de falácia ecológica. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho é analisar em nível individual, a partir de uma perspectiva longitudinal, eventos perpetrados por indivíduos contumazes na prática de delitos (criminosos em série), analisando as distâncias em que esses indivíduos cometem seus delitos, tendo como parâmetro o início de sua jornada como sendo o endereço residencial. A metodologia contou com análise de dados contidos em boletins de ocorrência policial. Foram pesquisados 114 criminosos em série, autores de 1259 ocorrências no período de 2011 a 2013 em Belo Horizonte. Os resultados apontaram que não é possível predizer o comportamento espacial criminal do indivíduo com base nos dados analisados em conjunto, pois a jornada para o crime, analisando-se o pacote de eventos criminais, há decaimento da distância no cometimento de crimes, tanto para os criminosos em série, quanto para os não seriais. Não obstante, essa verificação só é válida para o conjunto de dados, o que não se verificou na análise da frequência de eventos em relação à residência do infrator em nível individual.
Atropelamentos ferroviários: uma revisão da literatura
Authors: De Abreu Victor Hugo Souza
Published: February 2020

A segurança do transporte ferroviário continua sendo uma preocupação da sociedade. Atropelamentos ferroviários anualmente demandam bilhões de dólares em custos diretos e indiretos. Isso sem mencionar o fator humano incalculável que cada tragédia representa. Dessa forma, este artigo tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão sobre o perfil dos acidentados, bem como identificar os fatores que propiciam os atropelamentos ferroviários e as medidas de prevenção para redução desses incidentes. Este estudo trata de uma pesquisa bibliográfica de experiência didática que busca alertar a sociedade sobre a necessidade de realização de pesquisas sobre a temática, que ainda carece de investigação. Identifica-se com essa revisão que a maioria dos atropelamentos ferroviários envolve homens, adultos, saudáveis e de baixo nível socioeconômico. Dentre os fatores que mais propiciam os atropelamentos, estão o suicídio, a falta de atenção e o consumo de álcool, medicamentos e/ou drogas. Além disso, os resultados aqui expressos buscam fornecer embasamento para outros estudos sobre o assunto, assim como indicar os pontos críticos que merecem atenção e as principais medidas de prevenção como a punição, educação e comunicação.
The radioprotective effect of a wheat germ diet on rat myocardial tissue exposed to X-rays
Authors: Bayona Caballero María Esther , Alayo Zavaleta Judith , Lombardi Pérez César Leopoldo , Marín Tello Carmen Luisa
Published: February 2020

Introduction: To determine whether a diet of wheat (Triticum aestivum) germ has a radioprotective effect on albino rat (Rattus rattus var. Albinus) myocardial tissue. Method: Rats between 200 and 250 g were divided into 4 groups of 6 each: Two groups were fed either a wheat diet or regular diet 16 days before and after a single exposure to 18 mSv of X-rays. The other two groups were fed the same diets but not exposed to X-rays. The animals were sacrificed, and heart tissue was submitted to histopathological study. Results: Rats fed a standard diet and exposed to X-rays presented marked hyperemia of blood vessels, necrosis, presence of connective tissue fibrocytes, loss of muscle architecture and radial arrangement. Exposed rats fed a wheat diet presented with only light necrosis and the presence of fibrocytes. Rats not exposed to X-rays had healthy myocardia. Conclusions: Wheat germ diet may have a radioprotective effect on rat myocardium.
Primeros estudios de preformulación en el desarrollo de una suspensión farmacéutica de micropartículas de Praziquantel destinada a la vía de administración oral
Authors: Badillo-García María Luisa , Arias Mediano Jose Luis
Published: February 2020

Introducción: Uno de los fármacos de primera línea en el tratamiento de la esquistosomiasis es el Praziquantel. Numerosas son las formas farmacéuticas sólidas orales desarrolladas hasta la fecha, siendo éstas poco adecuadas para determinados grupos de población, ej. tercera edad y Pediatría, y Veterinaria. Este trabajo describe los primeros pasos en el desarrollo de un estudio de preformulación dirigido al diseño de una forma farmacéutica líquida de administración oral para este principio activo. Método: Se caracterizó la forma y tamaño de las partículas de Praziquantel con las que se pretendía preparar una suspensión acuosa, mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido. Además, se analizó el efecto que el pH y el tipo de electrolito y su concentración tenían sobre el comportamiento de las suspensiones formuladas, gracias a medidas de electroforesis (potencial zeta) y espectrofotometría ultravioleta-visible (turbidimetría en función del tiempo). Resultados: La población de partículas de fármaco se caracterizó por una forma acicular y un tamaño micrométrico, con una distribución de tamaños heterogénea. Se comprobó cómo controlando la composición del medio de dispersión, en términos de pH y electrolitos, podía definirse la carga eléctrica superficial de las partículas de fármaco y, así su proceso de sedimentación, obteniéndose el sistema más adecuado para la vía de administración oral (sistema floculado). Conclusiones: Se han definido las condiciones iniciales de formulación de suspensiones acuosas de Praziquantel destinadas a la vía oral. Un control adecuado de la composición de la fase externa resulta fundamental en el establecimiento del mejor sistema (floculado) para esta vía de administración.
EFEKTIVITAS PENDEKATAN QUANTUM LEARNING TERHADAP PENINGKATAN HASIL BELAJAR IPS SISWA KELAS VI SD INPRES 6/80 POMPANUA RIATTANG KABUPATEN BONE
Authors: Syamsiah Syamsiah
Published: February 2020

Masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah apakah penerapan pendekatan Quantum Learning dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas VI SD Inpres 6/80 Pompanua Riattang ?. Sedangkan tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui proses penerapan pendekatan Quantum Learning dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar IPS siswa kelas VI SD Inpres 6/80 Pompanua Riattang.Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan fokus penelitian adalah murid kelas kelas VI SD Inpres 6/80 Pompanua Riattang. Pengumpulan data dengan teknik Tes, observasi, dan wawancara, sedangkan teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu Analisis data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan selama dan sesudah pengumpulan data.Analisis data dilakukan dengan membandingkan hasil pengamatan, wawancara dengan indikator-indikator pada tahap refleksi dari siklus penelitian. Data yang terkumpul disetting ke dalam penelitian kualitatif. Hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa melalui penerapan metode quantum learning meningkatkan hasil belajar murid dalam pembelajaran IPS bagi siswa kelas VI SD Inpres 6/80 Pompanua Riattang, hasil penelitian menujukkan bahwa nilai pembelajaran IPS mengalami peningkatan dari pelaksanaan siklus I ke siklus II.
Model Induktif Kata Bergambar Sebagai Upaya Meningkatkan Kemampuan Verbal Siswa
Authors: Pramono Ridwan Budi , Astuti Dwi , Purwaningrum Jayanti Putri
Published: February 2020

Kemampuan verbal memegang peranan penting dalam perkembangan kognitif dan akademis anak. Kemampuan verbal juga mendukung pemahaman anak dalam menguasai mata pelajaran yang berimbas langsung pada kemampuan akademisnya. Model induktif kata bergambar merupakan salah satu metode pembelajaran yang fokus pada penguasaan dan pengembangan kosakata. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas model induktif kata bergambar dalam meningkatkan kemampuan verbal. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuasi eksperimen dengan desain mengunakan dua kelompok yang diamati. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas 3 sekolah dasar di Kabupaten Kudus yang dibagi menjadi dua kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol dan kelompok eksperimen. Pengambilan subjek didasarkan pada observasi dan wawancara dengan kriteria yang telah ditetapkan oleh peneliti. Pengukuran dilakukan saat pretes dan posttes menggunakan alat tes WISC. Tes WISC merupakan tes inteligensi yang biasa digunakan untuk mengukur taraf kecerdasan anak usia 5 tahun hingga 15 tahun. Pemberian perlakuan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode pembelajaran model induktif kata bergambar. Analisis statistik yang digunakan dalam penelitian menggunakan analisis uji Wilcoxon. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan dengan skor 0,49 yang termasuk pada kategori sedang dengan sumbangan efektif sebesar 27,58%.
IbM Bank Sampah Desa Mojorejo Kota Batu
Authors: Lestari Novi Puji , Riyanto Dicky Wisnu Usdek
Published: February 2020

The population is Mojorejo Batu residents, who are mostly housewives and small entrepreneurs who generate a lot of waste both plastic waste and wet waste each day. During this time residents Mojorejo waste management assisted by PKK villagers who walked less maximal. The purpose of this activity is to help citizens Mojorejo to utilize plastic waste into products that can be sold and helpful.The main activity of this service program is processing plastic waste into salable goods or recycling of the product, so that it can increase income mothers Mojorejo villagers. For this is still low awareness of the public about the impact of the use of goods that cause waste to the environment. The method used is to provide training to mothers resident Mojorejo to utilize plastic waste into a product worthy of sell.
Bimbingan Intensif Dalam Persiapan USBN Siswa KLS VI SD Hidayatur Rohman
Authors: Julianingsih Denok
Published: February 2020

USBN dilaksanakan sebagai upaya untk meningkatkan mutu pendidikan nasional yang diamanatkan oleh Pemerintah dalam Peraturan Pemerintah No 32 Tahun 2013 tentang Standar Nasional pendidikan. Kegiatan Bimbingan Intensif yang dilaksanakan pada siswa kelas 6 SD Hidayatur Rohman ini bertujuan untuk mempersiapkan siswa SD menghadapi USBN tahun pelajaran 2017/ 2018 salah satunya adalah meningkatkan kemampuan peserta didik dalam menyelesaikan soal-soal USBN khususnya pada mata pelajaran matematika. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif analisis melalui penilaian terhadap soal matematika yang diberikan pada siswa kelas VI. Kegiatan Bimbingan Intensif ini dilaksanakan dengan 3 tahap, yaitu tahap perencanaan, tahap pelaksanaan, dan tahap evaluasi. Dari hasil Bimbingan Intensif yang dilaksanakan selama 5 hari, terlihat bahwa nilai rata-rata siswa dalam mata pelajaran matematika adalah 63,34 dengan nilai terendah sebesar 32,64 dan nilai tertinggi sebesar 95,57. Hal ini berarti mengalami peningkatan sebesar 19,87%. Dimana nilai rata-rata kelas yang didapatkan saat pre-test adalah sebesar 52,84 dengan nilai terendah sebesar 31,3 dan nilai tertinggi sebesar 83,25. Ini berarti bahwa kemampuan mereka dalam memahami soal dan keterampilan mereka dalam menyelesaikan soal sudah cukup lumayan meskipun masih belum bisa dikatakan memuaskan.
Kepemimpinan dan Optimalisasi Peran Aktivis Mahasiswa
Authors: Rifandi Ronal , Rossa Rona , Rahmi Yosi Laila
Published: February 2020

Tujuan kegiatan ini yaitu untuk memberikan pemahaman kepada aktivis mahasiswa tentang kepemimpinan dan bagaimana mengoptimalkan kembali peran aktivis mahasiswa dalam kehidupan kampus, masyarakat dan bangsa. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode ceramah, dan diskusi. Hasil dari kegiatan ini adalah bertambahnya wawasan dan pemahaman aktivis mahasiswa tentang kepemimpinan dan peran aktivis mahasiswa.
Mitigasi Bencana dan Sosialisasi Perawatan Tanggul Desa Tegalsari Kec. Widang Kab.Tuban
Authors: Abidin Zainal , Bachri Affan , Laksono Arif Budi , Afandi Afandi
Published: February 2020

Desa Tegalsari  dan Desa Kedungharjo Kecamatan Widang adalah dua wilayah yang sering terjadi jebol tanggul, upaya-upaya yang dilakukan pemerintah dalam hal ini Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai (BBWS) Bengawan Solo, Dinas Pengairan dan BPBP Kabupaten Tuban untuk terus mengajak masyarakat menjaga wilayah tanggul di sekitar desa tersebut. Secara faktual pada bulan Desember 2017, banjir melanda wilayah Bojonegoro, Tuban dan Lamongan yang merusak lahan pertanian siap panen yang mengakibatkan banyak kerugian. Dari data yang diperoleh dari BBWS Bengawan Solo di Kecamatan Widang bahwa sepanjang tanggul daerah Kecamatan Widang yang memiliki panjang sekitar 19 km mulai Desa Patihan Kec.Widang hingga Desa Simorejo Kec. Widang yang memiliki lokasi tanggul yang hampir tidak terawat adalah Dusun Salen Desa Tegalsari yang pernah putus tanggul jebol pada Desember 2007. Kondisi tidak terawat dimaksud adalah banyaknya semak belukar  yang dapat mengakibatkan retaknya tanggul.Adapun rumusan masalah dari pengabdian masyarakat ini adalah Bagaimana peran masyarakat dalam kegiatan mitigasi bencana dan perawatan tanggul Desa Tegalsari Kecamatan Widang Tuban?Dari pelaksanaan sosialisasi perawatan tanggul dan mitigasi bencana yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan penyebaran angket dapat disimpulkan bahwa kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat mengenai mitigasi bencana dan sosialisasi perawatan tanggul bengawan solo di Desa Tegalsari Kecamatan Widang dapat disimpulkan bahwa masyarakat desa Tegalsari memiliki respon yang cukup tinggi terhadap kegiatan-kegiatan mitigasi bencana dan melakukan kegiatan perawatan tanggul terutama wilayah-wilayah yang diperkenankan oleh instansi Balai Besar Bengawan Solo (BBWS) dan siap membantu dan mendukung kegiatan BBWS dalam usaha menertibkan tanaman-tanaman yang dilarang untuk ditanam di sekitar tanggul.  Kata kunci : sosialisasi perawatan tanggul, mitigasi bencana, partisipasi masyarakat
Pemanfaatan Sampah Organik Perkotaan Dalam Pembuatan Pupuk Organik Cair Menggunakan Dekomposer Mikroorganisme Lokal (MoL)
Authors: Nisaa Khairun , Latifah Mughni
Published: February 2020

Program Kemitraan Masyarakat Stimulus Pemanfaatan Limbah Organik Rumah Tangga Sebagai Pupuk Tanaman Masyarakat Perkotaan Kota Masyarakat bertujuan untuk meningkatkan meningkatkan keterampilan mitra dalam pemanfaatan limbah organik rumah tangga dalam membuat pupuk organik untuk tanaman dan memecah permasalahan sampah khususnya limbah atau sampah organik masyarakat perkotaan kota Makassar. Kegiatan ini dimulai dari sosialisasi dan pelatihan pembuatan pupuk MOL dan mengolah limbah organik rumah tangga dalam komposter menjadi pupuk kompos cair siap pakai. Selanjutnya dilaukan pemberian bibit tanaman untuk aplikasi langsung hasil praktek pembuatan MOL. Pendampingan dilakukan dengan pengamatan perkembangan pembuatan pupuk MOL dan penggunaan komposter dilapangan. Kegiatan ini dilaksanakan sekitar 3 bulan mulai dari membina, mendampingi, dan memberikan arahan dalam pembuatan pupuk MOL dan penggunaan alat komposter dalam mengolah limbah organik menjadi pupuk. Kendala yang dihadapi selama melakukan kegiatan pendampingan adalah mitra masih mengalami kendala dalam tertib membuka tutup wadah penyimpanan MOL selama proses fermentasi untuk mencegah terjadinya penumpukan gas. Namun dengan adanya pendampingan, kendala-kendala yang dihadapi terkait teknik dan metode dapat terselesaikan.
Vận dụng thẻ điểm cân bằng đề xuất giải pháp hoàn thiện quản trị chiến lược tại Công ty cổ phần vàng bạc đá quý Phú Nhuận (PNJ)
Authors: Giao Ha Nam Khanh , Duy Tran Dong
Published: February 2020

Nghiên cứu nhằm xây dựng thẻ điểm cân bằng (Balanced Scored Card- BSC) cho Công ty Vàng bạc đá quý Phú Nhuận (Phu Nhuan Jewelry Joint Stock Company- PNJ) dựa trên bốn khía cạnh/ viễn cảnh cốt lõi là Tài chính; Khách hàng; Quy trình nội bộ và Đào tạo và phát triển, với các trọng số và các yếu tố cấu thành. Sử dụng kết quả hoạt động sản xuất, kinh doanh của PNJ 2012 - 2014, nghiên cứu đánh giá quá trình thực hiện chiến lược của PNJ theo BSC, qua đó, nhận diện được các yếu tố và mức độ tác động của từng yếu tố đến quá trình thực hiện chiến lược của PNJ. Nghiên cứu cung cấp thông tin hữu ích để PNJ xây dựng các giải pháp cụ thể, phù hợp để nâng cao hiệu quả công tác quản trị chiến lược.
Khảo sát các yếu tố thu hút vốn đầu tư vào tỉnh Quảng Trị
Authors: Giao Ha Nam Khanh , Le Quang Huy  , Hong Nguyen thi Cam
Published: February 2020

Nghiên cứu nhằm khám phá các nhân tố tác động đến việc thu hút vốn đầu tư vào tỉnh Quảng Trị, bằng việc khảo sát 109 nhà đầu tư hiện hữu tại tỉnh và nhà đầu tư dự định đầu tư vào tỉnh. Thang đo điều chỉnh từ thang đo đầu tư của Toàn (2010), cùng với phương pháp phân tích độ tin cậy Cronbach’s Alpha, phân tích nhân tố khám phá (EFA).Kết quả cho thấy có 9 nhóm nhân tố tác động đến việc thu hút vốn đầu tư vào tỉnh Quảng Trị, trong đó 5 nhân tố được đánh giá trên mức trung bình: (1) Quá trình ra quyết định liên quan đến thủ tục đầu tư, (2) Chính sách hỗ trợ từ Cơ quan quản lý liên quan đến nhà đầu tư, (3) Cơ sở hạ tầng kỹ thuật, (4) Tài nguyên, (5) Cơ sở hạ tầng khu công nghiệp, khu kinh tế, và 4 nhân tố được đánh giá dưới mức trung bình: (6) Cơ sở hạ tầng xã hội, (7) Tiềm năng thị trường, (8) Lợi thế chi phí, (9) Năng suất và tính kỷ luật lao động
Các nhân tố ảnh hưởng đến sự hài lòng của khách hàng sử dụng thẻ ghi nợ nội địa của BIDV TPHCM
Authors: Giao Ha Nam Khanh , van Ngan Doan
Published: February 2020

Nghiên cứu này được thực hiện nhằm đo lường sự hài lòng của khách hàng sử dụng thẻ ghi Nợ nội địa của Ngân hàng Thương mại cổ phần Đầu tư và Phát triển Việt Nam (BIDV) khu vực Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh (TPHCM), bằng việc khảo sát 369 khách hàng, công cụ Cronbach’s alpha, EFA và phân tích hồi quy bội được sử dụng. Kết quả đã đưa ra được mô hình sự hài lòng của khách hàng gồm 04 nhân tố, sắp theo thứ tự giảm tầm quan trọng: An ninh và sự quan tâm; Bảo mật và sự thuận tiện; Độ tin cậy; Hiệu quả phục vụ. Từ đó, nghiên cứu đề xuất các giải pháp đến bộ phận quản lý nhằm nâng cao sự hài lòng của khách hàng.
Các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến lòng trung thành đối với Công ty TNHH MTV Xổ số kiến thiết Sóc Trăng
Authors: Giao Ha Nam Khanh , Hieu Nguyen Trung
Published: February 2020

Nghiên cứu kiểm định mức độ tác động của các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến lòng trung thành của khách hàng đối với công ty xổ số kiến thiết Sóc Trăng, bằng việc khảo sát 247 đại lý cấp 1 và cấp 2. Phương pháp phân tích Cronbach’s Alpha, phân tích EFA cùng với phân tích hồi quy bội được sử dụng với phương tiện SPSS.Kết quả cho thấy mức độ ảnh hưởng của các yếu tố đến đến lòng trung thành của khách hàng đối với công ty xổ số kiến thiết Sóc Trăng - theo tầm quan trọng giảm dần: sự hài lòng, giá trị mối quan hệ, sự tín nhiệm, hình ảnh thương hiệu, chất lượng dịch vụ. Nghiên cứu đề ra một số hàm ý quản trị cho các nhà quản lý công ty nhằm nâng cao lòng trung thành của các đại lý.
HLF is differentially expressed in malignant mesothelioma.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: February 2020

Malignant mesothelioma is cancer of the mesothelial cells (1) that form linings of the lungs and the gut (2) often caused by exposure to asbestos (1). First-line chemotherapy treatment results in 7 month overall survival (3). There are zero targeted treatment options available for patients diagnosed with mesothelioma . To understand what genes make mesotheliomas different from the tissues from which they arise, we performed whole transcriptome analysis of tumors isolated from patients diagnosed with mesothelioma using two independent published datasets and compared them to control tissues from both the lung parenchyma and peritoneum (4, 5). In both cases, the transcription factor HLF (hepatic leukemia factor) was among the genes most differentially expressed by mesothelioma tumor tissue. HLF was expressed at significantly lower levels in mesotheliomas than in normal lung and peritoneal tissues. Mesothelioma cancer cells should be evaluated for potential dependency on decreased HLF expression and HLF modulation at the level of gene expression or through one of its regulators should be assessed as a novel therapeutic strategy in mesothelioma.
Sự hài lòng của sinh viên đối với chất lượng dịch vụ đào tạo của Khoa Du lịch trường Đại học Tài chính- Marketing giai đoạn 2010-2013
Authors: Giao Ha Nam Khanh , Phuc Nguyen Pham Hanh
Published: February 2020

Nghiên cứu này được thực hiện nhằm: (1) đo lường mức độ hài lòng của sinh viên về chất lượng dịch vụ đào tạo của Khoa Du lịch Trường Đại học Tài Chính – Marketing; (2) điều chỉnh thang đo và mô hình được đề xuất tại Khoa Du lịch từ mô hình HEdPERF; (3) kiểm tra sự khác biệt về mức độ hài lòng của sinh viên theo các yếu tố nhân khẩu học.Nghiên cứu định lượng được thực hiện dựa trên khảo sát 429 sinh viên, công cụ Cronbach’s alpha, EFA và phân tích hồi quy bội được sử dụng, với phần mềm SPSS 16.0. Kết quả đã đưa ra được mô hình sự hài lòng của học viên gồm 7 nhân tố: (1) Hoạt động chuyên môn; (2) Hoạt động ngoài chuyên môn; (3) Cơ sở vật chất; (4) Chương trình đào tạo; (5) Các hoạt động ngoại khóa; (6) Cung cấp thông tin; (7) Uy tín. Từ đó, nghiên cứu đề xuất các hàm ý quản trị đến Ban Chủ nhiệm khoa nhằm nâng cao sự hài lòng của sinh viên.
Timing in psychiatry: exploring resonance in biological systems for treatment of mental disorders.
Authors: Argolo Felipe Coelho , Garcia-Dias Rafael , Pan Pedro Mario , Gadelha Ary , de Castro Quarantini Lucas , Bressan Rodrigo
Published: February 2020

In mood disorders, the duration of symptoms is key, since observed behavior might be considered as physiological responses to environmental stress. Studies have connected biological features to clinical observations, however full profiling is difficult to obtain and rare in literature, generally targeting one domain in restricted settings. The acquisition of technologies such as mobile phones and wearables enabled intensive data collection in ecologically valid scenarios (Ecological Momentary Assessment, EMA). We explore an intervention strategy making use of resonance in biological systems. Specifically, spectral decomposition of behavioral data may leverage the search for ‘sweet spots’ when planning schedules for intervention. One could then target moments when patients are more susceptible to beneficial changes in treatment. Successful cases in endocrinology and cardiology illustrate how this rationale is used by other medical specialties. We describe two experiments deploying mobile data capture of affective states and investigate how it relates to biological phenotypes . The Brazilian High Risk Cohort is a 9-year long ongoing cohort investigating neurodevelopment. It includes genotyping, genetic expression and repeated measures neuroimaging. ARKETP is a small-scale double-blind clinical trial comparing isomers of ketamine for treatment resistant depression, including a set of biological measures (e.g. BDNF, Interleukins, TNF-alfa, IFN-G and microRNA).
Developmental Changes in Effort-Related Decision-Making and Associated Mechanisms
Authors: Ganesan Keertana , Steinbeis Nikolaus
Published: February 2020

Humans tend to avoid cognitive effort. Whereas evidence of this abounds in adults, little is known about its emergence and development in childhood. In a sample of 111 5-11 year-olds, the development of effort-related decision-making was examined using two tasks: implicit avoidance of and explicit valuation of effort. Age differences in both implicit and explicit effort decisions were found, whereby children increasingly prefer low effort tasks with age. Effort-related decisions were not correlated between the two tasks and implicit and explicit effort-related decisions were related to different mechanisms, namely explicit valuation of effort and metacognition respectively. These results demonstrate robust developmental changes in effort-related decision-making, a multifaceted construct with domains underpinned by distinct mechanisms.
Enhanced behavioural and brain responses to interoceptive signals in musicians
Authors: Hina Farah , Aspell Jane , Cardini Flavia
Published: February 2020

Interoception – the processing of the physiological states of the entire body, communicated to the brain and integrated to influence behaviour - has been a an area of interest in various domains. Previous research using a behavioural measure of interoception demonstrated higher interoceptive accuracy in musicians in comparison to non-musicians. The present study extends this research by comparing additional measures of interoception between the two groups. In addition to the previously assessed heartbeat discrimination task, we used the heartbeat tracking task to measure interoceptive accuracy (IAcc). We also tested two sub-scales from the multidimensional assessment of interoceptive awareness questionnaire to measure interoceptive sensibility (IS). Another measure we recorded was an electrophysiological index of interoceptive processing - the heartbeat evoked potential (HEP). The participants comprised musicians (N = 20) and age-matched non-musicians (N = 20). We predicted that musicians would have higher IAcc and IS, and would show a greater HEP amplitude than non-musicians. Results showed that musicians had higher IAcc and IS scores than non-musicians and they showed larger HEP amplitude (in the left hemisphere only). This is the first demonstration of enhanced neural processing of interoceptive signals and interoceptive sensibility in musicians. We suggest that these differences may relate to alterations to insula connectivity as a result of musical training.
Semi-automated transcription and scoring of autobiographical memory narratives
Authors: Wardell Victoria , Esposito Christian , Madan Christopher R , Palombo Daniela
Published: February 2020

Autobiographical memory studies conducted with narrative methods are onerous, requiring significant resources in time and labour. We have created a semi-automated process that allows autobiographical transcribing and scoring methods to be streamlined. Our paper focuses on the Autobiographical Interview (AI; Levine et al., 2002) but this method can be adapted for other narrative protocols. Specifically, here we lay out a procedure that guides researchers through the four main phases of the autobiographical narrative pipeline: (1) data collection, (2) transcribing, (3) scoring, and (4) analysis. First, we provide recommendations for incorporating transcription software to augment human transcribing. We then introduce an electronic scoring procedure for tagging narratives for scoring that incorporates the traditional AI scoring method with basic keyboard shortcuts in Microsoft Word. Finally, we provide a Python script that can be used to automate counting scored transcripts. This method accelerates the time it takes to conduct a narrative study and reduces opportunity for error in narrative quantification. Available open access on GitHub (https://github.com/cMadan/scoreAI), our pipeline makes narrative methods more accessible for future research.
Metallic Axe Causing Cranial Injury: A Case Report
Authors: Yadav Dipak Kumar , Sheikh Sadaf Saleem
Published: February 2020

Axe as the weapon holds features of both sharp and blunt forces. Physical assault in our community is generally noticed but with such unique weapon is not frequently heard. Homicidal inflicting injury to the head is common in physical assault. Many cases are being admitted with a history of head injury with blunt objects and sharp objects but very few cases are being documented in literature about the use of axe as a weapon. Here is presented a case of 46-year-old right handed male patient form a village in Siraha was brought to the emergency department with the history of physical assault with sharp edged metallic axe.
Politics and the Pamphlet of Stesimbrotus of Thasos
Authors: Pownall Frances
Published: February 2020

There has been much debate on the nature and Tendenz (if any) of the mysterious pamphlet of Stesimbrotus of Thasos, which circulated in antiquity under the title On Themistocles, Thucydides, and Pericles, although consensus has so far remained elusive. A re-examination of the 11 extant fragments as an integrated whole reveals that the work was a serious political invective, reflecting the views of the intellectual dissidents opposed to the radical democracy in Athens. Furthermore, Stesimbrotus is likely to have been the unknown authority whose hostility toward Themistocles and Pericles occasioned Thucydides’ lengthy and uncharacteristic defences of both men.
Вобраз героя ў аповесцях Андрэя Федарэнкі (на аснове кніг Ланцуг і Ціша)
Authors: Alsztyniuk Anna
Published: February 2020

Andrey Fiedarenka (born in 1959) – author of the books: History of the disease (1989), Misery (1994), Afghan casket (2002), No one’s (2009), The Chain (2012), Silence (2014) and others, winner of many awards, including Jerzy Giedroyc Literary Award. The writer is considered a classic of Belarusian literature. In his artistic work, three basic types of heroes can be distinguished: inhabitants of villages, city dwellers and writers. The presentation of often difficult family relations, differences in characters and life priorities of the heroes become for A. Fiedarenka a pretext for deliberations on the subject of contemporary man’s life, his attitude towards people and nature. In his stories, the writer presents primarily people disappointed with life, lonely, seeking the sense of existence in contact with nature. Only hero-writers can be distinguished from the gallery of poor wretches.
Zakres swobody wypowiedzi artystycznej w świetle prawa karnego
Authors: Ciulkin-Sarnocińska Katarzyna
Published: February 2020

The author raises the question of the scope of freedom of artistic creationin the light of Polish criminal law. Artistic creation has always been an important area of human activity. It is associated directly or indirectly withother aspects of life, including religion, culture and politics. Its progress andtransformation is accompanied by constant controversy about the limits ofits freedom involving debates based on the grounds of philosophy, ethics,aesthetics and the law. Despite the signifcant place of art in human life, theguarantee freedom of artistic creation is one of the youngest and least examined rights. The analysis contains three groups of issues. The frst topic isdevoted to the scope of the freedom of artistic creation. The analysis wassubjected to provisions conferring freedom, but also showing the limits of therange of action of the artist. The second part of the paper covers offenceswhich they can usually prevent, i.e. the offence of defamation of religion andthe offence of the public presentation of pornographic content. The third partaddresses the issue of the limits of artistic freedom presented on the basis ofhigh-profle examples of Polish lawsuits.
Karnoprawna ochrona dziedzictwa kulturowego przed zniszczeniem w wybranych państwach europejskich – zarys zagadnienia
Authors: Jakubowski Olgierd
Published: February 2020

Properly constructed criminal law provisions can prevent the destruction of heritage. The laws of the European Union are not an appropriate toolto reduce this phenomenon, although an analysis of criminal laws of individual countries may help in developing effective solutions in the Polish legalsystem. This article presents the criminal law solutions to protect againstthe destruction of heritage in France, Italy and Austria. Comparison of theprovisions in these European countries allows the effective scope of protection of their cultural property to be indicated and to assess the possibility ofincluding some of the standards to the Polish system of heritage protection.
Wybrane historyczne i prawne aspekty związku przyczynowego w rosyjskim prawie karnym okresu sowieckiego
Authors: Komarow Igor
Published: February 2020

We współczesnej nauce o problematyce przyczynowości nie odnieść się do dzieł Arystotelesa, którego postulaty były aktywnie odzwierciedlane przezstarożytnych i średniowiecznych prawników, a następnie znalazły swoje miejsce w badaniach prawników w Rosji. Problemy te nie straciły naznaczeniu aż do chwili obecnej, ze względu na fakt, że we współczesnych warunkach rozwoju społeczeństwa rosyjskiego, gdy proces dochodzeniaprzestępstw jest wielokrotnie bardziej skomplikowany, wzrasta znacznie właściwych działań podmiotów, reprezentujących organy ścigania, w tymzwłaszcza w udowadnianiu działań przestępczych każdego podejrzanego o nielegalną działalność. Pod tym względem uzasadnione jest badanie problemów przyczynowych w prawie karnym.
Craniopharyngioma in children: trends from a third consecutive single-center cohort study
Authors: Marcus Hani J. , Rasul Fahid T. , Hussein Ziad , Baldeweg Stephanie E. , Spoudeas Helen A. , Hayward Richard , Jeelani Noor ul Owase , Thompson Dominic , Grieve Joan P. , Dorward Neil L. , Aquilina Kristian
Published: February 2020

OBJECTIVE

The management of children with craniopharyngioma has evolved over time, with a trend toward less invasive neurosurgical approaches as surgeons have sought to balance oncological control and treatment-related morbidity. To this end, the aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the current management of children with craniopharyngioma compared to the previous management methods used at the authors’ treatment center.

METHODS

A prospectively maintained database was searched over a 14-year period between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2018, to identify all children 17 years of age or younger with a new diagnosis of craniopharyngioma. A retrospective case note review was performed for each child to extract data on the presentation, investigation, treatment, and outcome of their illness. Morbidity was assessed in the same fashion as in previous cohorts, according to the following categories: visual loss, pituitary dysfunction, hypothalamic dysfunction, neurological deficits, and cognitive impairment.

RESULTS

In total, 59 children were identified with craniopharyngioma during the study period. A total of 92 operations were performed, including cyst drainage (35/92; 38.0%), craniotomy and resection (30/92; 32.6%), and transsphenoidal resection (16/92; 17.4%). Approximately two-thirds of all operations were performed using image guidance (66/92; 71.7%) and one-third were performed using endoscopy (27/92; 29.3%). The majority of children had adjuvant therapy comprising proton beam therapy (18/59; 30.5%) or conventional radiotherapy (16/59; 27.1%). The median follow-up duration was 44 months (range 1–142 months), and approximately one-half of the children had no evidence of residual disease on MRI studies (28/59; 47.5%). Of the remaining 31 children, there was a reduction in the volume of residual disease in 8 patients (8/59; 13.6%), stable residual disease in 18 (18/59; 30.5%), and tumor growth in 5 patients (5/59; 8.5%). There was significantly reduced morbidity (p < 0.05) in all categories in the current cohort compared with our last cohort (1996–2004).

CONCLUSIONS

The authors’ institutional experience of pediatric craniopharyngioma confirms a trend toward less invasive neurosurgical procedures, most of which are now performed with the benefit of image guidance or endoscopy. Moreover, the authors have identified an expanding role for more targeted radiotherapy for children with residual disease. These advances have allowed for tumor control comparable to that achieved in previous cohorts, but with significantly reduced morbidity and mortality.
Cerebral blood flow in children with syndromic craniosynostosis: cohort arterial spin labeling studies
Authors: Doerga Priya N. , Lequin Maarten H. , Dremmen Marjolein H. G. , den Ottelander Bianca K. , Mauff Katya A. L. , Wagner Matthias W. , Hernandez-Tamames Juan A. , Versnel Sarah L. , Joosten Koen F. M. , van Veelen Marie-Lise C. , Tasker Robert C. , Mathijssen Irene M. J.
Published: February 2020

OBJECTIVE

In comparison with the general population, children with syndromic craniosynostosis (sCS) have abnormal cerebral venous anatomy and are more likely to develop intracranial hypertension. To date, little is known about the postnatal development change in cerebral blood flow (CBF) in sCS. The aim of this study was to determine CBF in patients with sCS, and compare findings with control subjects.

METHODS

A prospective cohort study of patients with sCS using MRI and arterial spin labeling (ASL) determined regional CBF patterns in comparison with a convenience sample of control subjects with identical MRI/ASL assessments in whom the imaging showed no cerebral/neurological pathology. Patients with SCS and control subjects were stratified into four age categories and compared using CBF measurements from four brain lobes, the cerebellum, supratentorial cortex, and white matter. In a subgroup of patients with sCS the authors also compared longitudinal pre- to postoperative CBF changes.

RESULTS

Seventy-six patients with sCS (35 female [46.1%] and 41 male [53.9%]), with a mean age of 4.5 years (range 0.2–19.2 years), were compared with 86 control subjects (38 female [44.2%] and 48 male [55.8%]), with a mean age of 6.4 years (range 0.1–17.8 years). Untreated sCS patients < 1 year old had lower CBF than control subjects. In older age categories, CBF normalized to values observed in controls. Graphical analyses of CBF by age showed that the normally expected peak in CBF during childhood, noted at 4 years of age in control subjects, occurred at 5–6 years of age in patients with sCS. Patients with longitudinal pre- to postoperative CBF measurements showed significant increases in CBF after surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

Untreated patients with sCS < 1 year old have lower CBF than control subjects. Following vault expansion, and with age, CBF in these patients normalizes to that of control subjects, but the usual physiological peak in CBF in childhood occurs later than expected.
Halo-gravity traction for the treatment of pediatric cervical spine disorders
Authors: Verhofste Bram P. , Glotzbecker Michael P. , Birch Craig M. , O’Neill Nora P. , Hedequist Daniel J.
Published: February 2020

OBJECTIVE

Halo-gravity traction (HGT) is an effective and safe method for gradual correction of severe cervical deformities in adults. However, the literature is limited on the use of HGT for cervical spine deformities that develop in children. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of HGT for pediatric cervical spine deformities.

METHODS

Twenty-eight patients (18 females) whose mean age was 11.3 ± 5.58 years (range 2–24.9 years) underwent HGT. Common indications included kyphosis (n = 12), rotatory subluxation (n = 7), and basilar invagination (n = 6). Three children (11%) received traction to treat severe occipitocervical instability. For these 3 patients, traction combined with a halo vest, with bars attached rigidly to the vest, but with the ability to slide through the connections to the halo crown, was used to guide the corrective forces and moments in a specific and controlled manner. Patients ambulated with a wheelchair or halo walker under constant traction. Imaging was done before and during traction to evaluate traction efficacy. The modified Clavien-Dindo-Sink classification was used to categorize complications.

RESULTS

The mean duration of HGT was 25 days (IQR 13–29 days), and the mean traction was 29% ± 13.0% of body weight (IQR 19%–40% of body weight). The mean kyphosis improved from 91° ± 20.7° (range 64°–122°) to 56° ± 17.6° (range 32°–96°) during traction and corresponded to a mean percentage kyphosis correction of 38% ± 13.8% (range 21%–57%). Twenty-five patients (89%) underwent surgical stabilization, and 3 patients (11%) had rotatory subluxation that was adequately reduced by traction and were treated with a halo vest as their definitive treatment. The mean hospital stay was 35 days (IQR 17–43 days).

Nine complications (32%) occurred: 8 grade I complications (28%), including 4 cases of superficial pin-site infection (14%) and 4 cases of transient paresthesia (14%). One grade II complication (4%) was seen in a child with Down syndrome and a preexisting neurological deficit; this patient developed flaccid paralysis that rapidly resolved with weight removal. Six cases (21%) of temporary neck discomfort occurred as a sequela of a preexisting condition and resolved without treatment within 24–48 hours.

CONCLUSIONS

HGT in children is safe and effective for the gradual correction of cervical kyphosis, atlantoaxial subluxation, basilar invagination, and os odontoideum. Cervical traction is an additional tool for the pediatric spine surgeon if uncertainties exist that the spinal alignment required for internal fixation and deformity correction can be safely achieved surgically. Common complications included grade I complications such as superficial pin-site infections and transient paresthesias. Halo vest gravity traction may be warranted in patients with baseline neurological deficits and severe occipitocervical instability to reduce the chance of catastrophic movement.
Utility and lower limits of frequency detection in surface electrode stimulation for somatosensory brain-computer interface in humans
Authors: Kramer Daniel R. , Lamorie-Foote Krista , Barbaro Michael , Lee Morgan B. , Peng Terrance , Gogia Angad , Nune George , Liu Charles Y. , Kellis Spencer S. , Lee Brian
Published: February 2020

OBJECTIVE

Stimulation of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) has been successful in evoking artificial somatosensation in both humans and animals, but much is unknown about the optimal stimulation parameters needed to generate robust percepts of somatosensation. In this study, the authors investigated frequency as an adjustable stimulation parameter for artificial somatosensation in a closed-loop brain-computer interface (BCI) system.

METHODS

Three epilepsy patients with subdural mini-electrocorticography grids over the hand area of S1 were asked to compare the percepts elicited with different stimulation frequencies. Amplitude, pulse width, and duration were held constant across all trials. In each trial, subjects experienced 2 stimuli and reported which they thought was given at a higher stimulation frequency. Two paradigms were used: first, 50 versus 100 Hz to establish the utility of comparing frequencies, and then 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, or 100 Hz were pseudorandomly compared.

RESULTS

As the magnitude of the stimulation frequency was increased, subjects described percepts that were “more intense” or “faster.” Cumulatively, the participants achieved 98.0% accuracy when comparing stimulation at 50 and 100 Hz. In the second paradigm, the corresponding overall accuracy was 73.3%. If both tested frequencies were less than or equal to 10 Hz, accuracy was 41.7% and increased to 79.4% when one frequency was greater than 10 Hz (p = 0.01). When both stimulation frequencies were 20 Hz or less, accuracy was 40.7% compared with 91.7% when one frequency was greater than 20 Hz (p < 0.001). Accuracy was 85% in trials in which 50 Hz was the higher stimulation frequency. Therefore, the lower limit of detection occurred at 20 Hz, and accuracy decreased significantly when lower frequencies were tested. In trials testing 10 Hz versus 20 Hz, accuracy was 16.7% compared with 85.7% in trials testing 20 Hz versus 50 Hz (p < 0.05). Accuracy was greater than chance at frequency differences greater than or equal to 30 Hz.

CONCLUSIONS

Frequencies greater than 20 Hz may be used as an adjustable parameter to elicit distinguishable percepts. These findings may be useful in informing the settings and the degrees of freedom achievable in future BCI systems.
Mapping of language and motor function during awake neurosurgery with intraoperative optical imaging
Authors: Oelschlägel Martin , Meyer Tobias , Morgenstern Ute , Wahl Hannes , Gerber Johannes , Reiß Gilfe , Koch Edmund , Steiner Gerald , Kirsch Matthias , Schackert Gabriele , Sobottka Stephan B.
Published: February 2020

Intraoperative optical imaging (IOI) is a marker-free, contactless, and noninvasive imaging technique that is able to visualize metabolic changes of the brain surface following neuronal activation. Although it has been used in the past mainly for the identification of functional brain areas under general anesthesia, the authors investigated the potential of the method during awake surgery. Measurements were performed in 10 patients who underwent resection of lesions within or adjacent to cortical language or motor sites. IOI was applied in 3 different scenarios: identification of motor areas by using finger-tapping tasks, identification of language areas by using speech tasks (overt and silent speech), and a novel approach—the application of IOI as a feedback tool during direct electrical stimulation (DES) mapping of language. The functional maps, which were calculated from the IOI data (activity maps), were qualitatively compared with the functional MRI (fMRI) and the electrophysiological testing results during the surgical procedure to assess their potential benefit for surgical decision-making.

The results reveal that the intraoperative identification of motor sites with IOI in good agreement with the preoperatively acquired fMRI and the intraoperative electrophysiological measurements is possible. Because IOI provides spatially highly resolved maps with minimal additional hardware effort, the application of the technique for motor site identification seems to be beneficial in awake procedures. The identification of language processing sites with IOI was also possible, but in the majority of cases significant differences between fMRI, IOI, and DES were visible, and therefore according to the authors’ findings the IOI results are too unspecific to be useful for intraoperative decision-making with respect to exact language localization. For this purpose, DES mapping will remain the method of choice.

Nevertheless, the IOI technique can provide additional value during the language mapping procedure with DES. Using a simple difference imaging approach, the authors were able to visualize and calculate the spatial extent of activation for each stimulation. This might enable surgeons in the future to optimize the mapping process. Additionally, differences between tumor and nontumor stimulation sites were observed with respect to the spatial extent of the changes in cortical optical properties. These findings provide further evidence that the method allows the assessment of the functional state of neurovascular coupling and is therefore suited for the delineation of pathologically altered tissue.
Limitations of functional neuroimaging for patient selection and surgical planning in glioma surgery
Authors: Azad Tej D. , Duffau Hugues
Published: February 2020

The optimal surgical management of gliomas requires a balance between surgical cytoreduction and preservation of neurological function. Preoperative functional neuroimaging, such as functional MRI (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), has emerged as a possible tool to inform patient selection and surgical planning. However, evidence that preoperative fMRI or DTI improves extent of resection, limits neurological morbidity, and broadens surgical indications in classically eloquent areas is lacking. In this review, the authors describe facets of functional neuroimaging techniques that may limit their impact on neurosurgical oncology and critically evaluate the evidence supporting fMRI and DTI for patient selection and operative planning in glioma surgery. The authors also propose alternative applications for functional neuroimaging in the care of glioma patients.