bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trucks on Our Turf: Seeking to Resolve the International Inconsistency in Public Citizen v. Department of Transportation
Authors: Burgess Erica J.
Published: April 2012

Such it is with international trade. What was once a world divided into separate and distinct cultures has now become a globe where borders continually fade and cease to exist. Although this progress brings new opportunities to many, it similarly awakens emotions of apprehension and uncertainty, while creating clashes between what was known and what is yet to be discovered. A recent Ninth Circuit case, Public Citizen v. Department of Transportation,6 illuminated inconsistencies that may occur when transnational interactions attempt to fit into our previously ethnocentric societies. The discrepancy brought to light through this decision concerned a claimed conflict between an international arbitration decision under the North American Free Trade Agreement7 (hereinafter “NAFTA”) and United States environmental law.
Will the General Agreement on Trade in Services Necessitate Federal Involvement in Lawyer Regulation? Some Constitutional Implications of Regulating the Global Lawyer
Authors: Hopkins Ryan W.
Published: April 2012

It has been over seven years since the California Supreme Court thrust the thorny issues associated with multijurisdictional legal practice onto the American Bar’s agenda with its decision in Birbrower, Montalbano, Condon & Frank, P.C. v. Superior Court of Santa Clara County. The Birbrower court held that a New York law firm, none of whose attorneys were admitted to practice law in California, committed the unauthorized practice of law by advising a California corporation in an impending California arbitration. Most troubling from a practitioner’s perspective was the court’s suggestion that an attorney might practice law “in California,” and thereby commit the unauthorized practice of law there, by “virtually” entering the state through telephone, fax, or e-mail. The Birbrower decision generated a great deal of anxiety among American lawyers and prompted the American Bar Association to create a Commission on Multijurisdictional Practice (“MJP Commission”). The MJP Commission was formed in July 2000, with a mandate to report on the state of multijurisdictional practice in the United States and to make recommendations that would facilitate that practice in the public interest.
One Is a Claim, Two Is a Defense: Bringing an End to the Equal Opportunity Harasser Defense
Authors: McCullough Mark J.
Published: April 2012

Consider the following three workplace scenarios. Alice, a female employee at ABC corporation, has been subjected to almost continuous harassment by her immediate supervisor, Bob, for the past two months. Several times each week, Bob makes crude and sexually suggestive comments and, on numerous occasions, Bob has touched Alice inappropriately in the workplace. Assuming Alice attempts to remedy this situation in a reasonable time period and her employer has unreasonably failed “to prevent and correct promptly any sexually harassing behavior,” Alice will most likely be able to bring a hostile workplace sex discrimination claim against her employer for Bob’s sexual harassment under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.3
Punishing Tobacco Industry Misconduct: The Case for Exceeding a Single Digit Ratio Between Punitive and Compensatory Damages
Authors: Guardino Sara D. , Daynard Richard A.
Published: April 2012

In State Farm v. Campbell, the U.S. Supreme Court announced that “few awards exceeding a single-digit ratio between punitive and compensatory damages” will be constitutional. Several appeals courts have mistaken this language to be a strict mandate prohibiting punitive damages awards in excess of nine times the compensatory damages amount. This trend, however, may be changing. For example, in one recent smoking and health case brought against Philip Morris, an Oregon appeals court allowed a punitive damages award that was almost 97 times the compensatory damages award. This decision was based on the court’s finding that Philip Morris “used fraudulent means to continue a highly profitable business knowing that, as a result, it would cause death and injury to large numbers of Oregonians.” This article proposes that such wrongdoing (or, “primary” reprehensibility) justifies high punitive damages awards in the context of smoking and health litigation.
The Vanishing Public Domain: Antibiotic Resistance, Pharmaceutical Innovation and Intellectual Property Law
Authors: Outterson Kevin
Published: April 2012

Penicillin and other antibiotics were the original wonder drugs and laid the foundation of the modern pharmaceutical industry. Human health significantly improved with the introduction of antibiotics. By 1967, the U.S. Surgeon General declared victory over infectious diseases in the United States. But pride goes before a fall. The evolutionary pressure of antibiotic use selects for resistant strains. Effective drugs should be used. But when they are used, no matter how carefully, evolutionary pressure for resistance is created. The problem is not limited to antibiotics. Variants of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) develop resistance to anti-retroviral drugs. Antifungal agents face similar challenges. Even cancer cells may develop resistance to pharmaceuticals. Tens of thousands of Americans are dying every year from drug-resistant infections. Some pharmaceutical knowledge is therefore exhaustible, and after patent expiration the public domain may receive a drug which is no longer useful. For these drugs, the public domain vanishes.
Expecting Too Much and Too Little of Lawyers
Authors: Gaetke Eugene R.
Published: April 2012

The regulation of lawyers’ behavior remains a controversial topic. Over the past hundred years, the organized bar has engaged in a number of efforts to generate rules governing lawyers’ conduct. Still, prominent lawyers and jurists, the public media, and legal scholars perceive an ongoing decline in the profession’s ethics.
Word-of-Mouth Recruiting: Why Small Businesses Using This Efficient Practice Should Survive Disparate Impact Challenges Under Title VII
Authors: Nelson Tobin M.
Published: April 2012

Joe’s Widget Company, a sole proprietorship specializing in manufacturing and selling widgets to businesses and consumers, operates in a small community in the Midwest. Joe started the company eighteen years ago out of his own garage with a five thousand dollar loan from his father and a single employee in his brother. Within two decades, Joe’s had sales exceeding four million dollars annually and sold its widgets to customers in three different countries and twelve states. With twenty-one employees, Joe’s had become one of the community’s fifteen largest employers.
When God Collides with Race and Class: Working-Class America’s Shift to Conservatism
Authors: Thompson Mark R.
Published: April 2012

With that speech President George W. Bush and the Republicans laid bare their strategy to divide and divert America’s working class. With the economy struggling nationwide, and unemployment rising to more than percent in states such as Ohio, Republicans shifted the focus of the upcoming election from the economy to issues of faith, gay marriage, abortion, and guns. Evoking an “us vs. them” mentality, they branded Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry as a “Massachusetts liberal who voted against the Defense of Marriage Act, backs civil unions for homosexuals, voted to defend the infanticide known as partial-birth abortion and wants to raise the federal income taxes that George Bush lowered.”
The Regulation of Judicial Ethics in the Federal System: A Peek Behind Closed Doors
Authors: Hellman Arthur D.
Published: April 2012

On September 21, 2006, a remarkable spectacle unfolded in a hearing room in the Rayburn House Office Building in Washington. A few months earlier, the Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee had introduced a resolution impeaching Federal District Judge Manuel L. Real “for high crimes and misdemeanors.” Now, sitting alone at the witness table, the eighty-twoyear-old judge defended himself vigorously against accusations that he had improperly intervened in a bankruptcy case to help a woman whose probation he was supervising after she was convicted of various fraud offenses. At one point a member of the Judiciary Committee directed his gaze at the judge and said, “Judge Real, because of your actions, arguably [a family trust involved in the bankruptcy case] lost tens of thousands of dollars in lost rent and also in attorneys’ fees. Did you feel any responsibility for the losses that were incurred by the . . . trust?” The judge responded in a firm voice, “Mr. Smith, I don’t know anything about the loss.”
The “Official Duties” Puzzle: Lower Courts’ Struggle With First Amendment Protection for Public Employees After Garcetti v. Ceballos
Authors: Elzer Christine
Published: April 2012

Since 1968, the threshold inquiry for determining whether the First Amendment protected public employees from retaliation for their speech was whether the employee spoke as a citizen on a matter of public concern. For almost forty years, courts focused on whether an employee spoke on a “matter of public concern” and paid little attention to whether the employee spoke “as a citizen.” As long as their speech concerned a matter of public concern, public employees were generally protected from retaliation if the employee’s interest in commenting on public issues outweighed the state’s interest in promoting the efficiency of the public services it performed.
The Myth of Upward Mobility
Authors: Delgado Richard
Published: April 2012

The idea of upward mobility—that anyone who works hard, obeys the law, and saves his money can get ahead—is deeply engrained. From Horatio Alger stories to current Hollywood productions and TV programs, America pays homage to the tale of the hard working, upward striving youth who starts out poor but overcomes obstacles, opens a business, invents a machine, marries well, and ends up in a social class many stations higher than the one in which he or she began.
The Obligation Thesis: Understanding the Persistent “Black Voice” in Modern Legal Scholarship
Authors: Bell Monica
Published: April 2012

This Article revisits the debate over minority voice scholarship, particularly African-American scholarship, that raged in the late 1980s and early 1990s with the advent of critical race theory (CRT). Many critical race theorists elevated the voices of minority scholars, arguing that scholarship in the minority voice should be accorded greater legitimacy than work on race produced by white intellectuals. Many white and some African-American scholars disagreed with “Crits’” analyses. They charged that good scholarship by African Americans should be judged as a fact-in itself, not ghettoized or subjected to less rigorous analysis than scholarship by white academics. This Article explores the work of four current up-and-coming black legal scholars to revisit that early disagreement and its ramifications in the modern black legal academy. By and large, it appears that the anti-CRT writers have won the debate. Today’s legal academy, at least as reflected in the work of many highly sought-after black scholars, more closely reflects the anti-narrative perspective on scholarship. Black scholars continue to write on racial topics, but with different methodologies than many CRT scholars. Like other areas of legal scholarship, interdisciplinary and doctrinal methods are most prevalent. The Article suggests that one reason African-American legal scholars continue to write about race, despite the risks of doing so, is their sense of obligation to the black community. I contend that this obligation runs just as deeply for black academics as it does for black practitioners, who tend to closely relate the legal profession with the struggle for racial justice.
Lawyers With Disabilities: L’Handicape C’est Nous
Authors: Bernstein Anita
Published: April 2012

For having helped to make disability a twentieth-century civil rights issue in the United States, our profession deserves much credit. Lawyers have written, codified, and enforced several progressive initiatives. Inspired by the struggle for racial justice through law that culminated in Brown v. Board of Education, the disability rights movement was itself a civil rights inspiration even before the Brown decision, earning important early legislative advances for rehabilitation, vocational training, and integration of disabled persons in public life. The first national organization to focus on disability as such rather than one particular condition, the American Federation of the Physically Handicapped, took an early interest in fostering legal change and lobbied for employment-discrimination laws and new statutes to advance the interests of disabled Americans. The Rehabilitation Act of 19733 made federal law out of the radical yet sensible idea that societies construct disability at least as much as they reflect it and that prejudices and stereotypes, which are as potent as purely medical or anatomical facts, impede persons with disabilities.
Professionalism and Protection: Disabled Lawyers and Ethical Practice
Authors: Jacobi John V.
Published: April 2012

Evaluation of attorneys is a difficult task. Law professors, hiring partners, supervising attorneys, judges, and clients all struggle with standards, criteria, and gut instinct. We have to balance the quantity of a lawyer’s work against its quality and thoroughness, her effectiveness “on her feet” against her analytic skills as evidenced in extended writing projects, or her mastery of difficult areas of practice against her ability to relate to clients. Our judgment might be clouded by personality clashes, limited evaluative opportunities, competitive feelings, or bias of one sort or another. These uncertainties all arise in the attorney discipline system. In that system, the profession regulates itself, meaning that practicing attorneys evaluate each other. The Model Rules of Professional Conduct are designed to protect clients and the justice system through the regulation of attorneys primarily by attorneys and not by some outside regulatory force.
Disability-Related Misconduct and the Legal Profession: The Role of the Americans With Disabilities Act
Authors: Timmons Kelly Cahill
Published: April 2012

The issue of disability-related misconduct arises frequently in both employment cases and lawyer-discipline cases. Employees who are discharged for misconduct often argue that their misconduct was causally connected to a disability. Similarly, lawyers facing sanctions for violating professional responsibility rules often claim that their misconduct was disability-related. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), which prohibits discrimination because of disability, applies in both scenarios. Title I governs the employment context, and Title II covers public services, which include state disciplinary proceedings against lawyers.
Enslaved Constitution: Obstructing the Freedom to Travel
Authors: Crusto Mitchell F.
Published: April 2012

Does the Constitution protect a citizen’s intra-state travel (within a state) from unjustified state prohibition? To date, the Supreme Court has not ruled directly on the issue, and many federal courts believe that the right to intrastate travel is not constitutionally protected. This Article explores the constitutional right of intra-state travel that is free from wrongful state infringement along public roadways by law-abiding citizens. Using critical legal history, this Article poses that federal courts’ denial of the right to intrastate travel consciously or unconsciously reflects the antebellum, Southern legal doctrine of people as property, which regulated the travel of enslaved African descendants.The constitutionality of intra-state travel arose most recently during the Hurricane Katrina Crisis when the City of Greta, Louisiana police barricaded a federal highway, denying would-be evacuees the ability to flee from the flooding City of New Orleans. In an ensuing action for infringement of the would-be evacuees’ constitutional right to intra-state travel, Federal District Judge Mary Ann Vial Lemmon dismissed the matter in Dickerson v. City of Gretna, holding that “[w]hile there is no doubt that a fundamental right of interstate travel exists, the Supreme Court has not ruled on whether a right of intra[-]state travel exists. This Court declines to find that there is a fundamental right to intra[-]state travel.” The Fifth Circuit affirmed the ruling.This Article recommends that when federal courts assess whether there is a constitutional right to intra-state travel, they should embrace the American paradigm of liberty and abandon the antebellum, Southern paradigm of enslavement. Consistent with Professor Derrick Bell’s “interestconvergence” principle, all Americans benefit when the Constitution protects the human rights of the least powerful American.
No Child Left Behind: The Adam Walsh Act and Pennsylvania Juvenile Sex Offenders
Authors: Wilson Neal F.
Published: April 2012

At a White House ceremony on July 27, 2006, President Bush signed into law the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006. At the ceremony, the President hailed the Walsh Act as being comprehensive and an important part of the “solemn responsibility” of lawmakers to protect children. Indeed, the Walsh Act is the latest in a series of federal legislation, dating back to the 1980s, which aims to protect the public, and children in particular, from becoming victims of sexual crimes. The public’s fear of the rapist and the child molester led to a great increase in the criminal penalties for sexual crimes throughout the 1980s and 1990s, as well as the imposition of federal laws focusing on these crimes. And at a time when television shows such as “To Catch a Predator” receive millions of viewers, it is clear that the nation’s fear of those who would commit sexual crimes against children, and the desire that they be brought to justice, remains at a fever pitch. By passing the Walsh Act, Congress and the President responded to a national outcry that children were not safe from sex offenders.
Bong Hits 4 Jesus: Student Speech And The “Educational mission” Argument After Morse v. Frederick
Authors: Galus Jeremiah
Published: April 2012

On January 24, 2002, Joseph Frederick displayed a banner at the Olympic Torch Relay in Juneau, Alaska. The banner, continuing in the tradition of high school humor, read “BONG HiTS 4 JESUS.” Frederick’s attempt at humor during this “school-sponsored” and “school-supervised” event proved to be an unwise decision, as his fourteen-foot banner was confiscated and he was suspended for ten days. Apparently, the school principal, and presumably many others, did not find anything funny in Frederick’s cryptic banner.
Competition Policy And Organizational Fragmentation In Health Care
Authors: Greaney Thomas (Tim)
Published: April 2012

Once upon a time . . . and a very good time it was, advocates for marketbased approaches to health policy had a coherent story to tell. Cost and quality would remain suboptimal as long as fee-for-service medicine persisted and the myriad market imperfections that impede efficiency went unchecked. However, things could be righted by adopting principles associated with managed care, together with pursuing sensible antitrust enforcement and government deregulation to clear away the private and regulatory underbrush obstructing market forces. Economic theorists and policy experts agreed that these steps would effectively address information, agency, and moral hazard problems and begin to glue together the pieces of our fragmented delivery system. And, for a while, things seemed to work out as promised. Providers began to reorganize into firms and other integrating arrangements and health insurers adopted financial and contractual measures designed to align provider incentives with consumer needs. Regulators directed policies at removing obstacles to competition and antitrust enforcers sought to encourage efficient consolidation while blocking cartels and provider oligopolies. Spiraling costs leveled off for a while and both payment systems and provider organizations began to adapt to market forces.
Regulatory Politics And Short Selling
Authors: Sirri Erik R.
Published: April 2012

The SEC has plenary authority over the short selling of exchangeregistered securities. In the past it has altered the regulatory framework for short selling only occasionally, relying primarily on no-action letters to guide evolving practices and issues. Since early 2008, the SEC promulgated, either on a proposing, final, interim-final, or emergency basis, a raft of rules related to short selling, all of which generally restrict the ability of investors to sell stocks short. Much of this rulemaking reverses a course of policy set out by the SEC to carefully balance efficiency and market quality issues. This paper considers various reasons the SEC may have struck out on such a divergent course. In particular, it highlights the role of external influences on the SEC as it relates to short selling policy.
The SEC After The Financial Meltdown: Social Control Over Finance?
Authors: Thompson Robert B.
Published: April 2012

2008 was not a good year for the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). In December, the revelation of Bernie Madoff’s massive Ponzi scheme focused attention on the agency’s failure to detect this long-running fleecing of investors. In September, SEC Chairman Christopher Cox ended the Consolidated Supervised Entities Program after three of the investment banking firms in the program disappeared and the remaining two converted to bank holding company status. The change seemed to expose the SEC as a weak prudential regulator as compared to the Federal Reserve. During the year, as various proposals for financial reforms swirled, it often seemed like the SEC was headed for the dustbin. The focus was on systemic risk and the consolidation of regulation which focused attention away from the SEC and towards the Federal Reserve as the regulator of choice. It looked like a game of musical chairs in which the SEC was slow to find its place.
SECULARISM AND THE CONSTITUTION: CAN GOVERNMENT BE TOO SECULAR?
Authors: Elorza Jorge O.
Published: April 2012

When the “jurisdictions” of religion and science overlap, the conclusions they each reach sometimes conflict. For example, religiously conservative views towards sex or the formation of the universe may be undermined by the secular instruction students receive in public schools. With respect to normative matters, such as views towards sex, courts have resolved the conflicts by stating that public school teachers can neither directly contradict religious beliefs nor compel adherence to the secular view. However, with respect to empirical matters, such as how planets formed, courts have implicitly recognized—although never expressly stated—that a different standard must apply. So long as sufficient evidence exists to support an empirical claim, a public school may teach it. The fact that it directly contradicts a deeply held religious belief, as does evolution for example, is irrelevant.      How far does this principle extend? If scientific evidence leads us to conclude that a particular aspect of God cannot be true, can this be taught in the public schools? In order to explore this issue, I first lay out a framework that isolates the tension that exists between religion and science and that introduces the concept of the memist God. Second, I examine the extent to which science has spoken to the question of God’s existence and I determine that it has certainly addressed one particular aspect. Specifically, science has disconfirmed the claim that the theist God has the power to violate the laws of physics. Last, once the issues are properly identified and the framework set, I explore whether teaching the non-existence of the theist God would violate the underlying values of the religion clauses. I conclude, first, that teaching that the theist God does not exist would not violate any of the underlying values and second, that the consequences of doing so are not as far-reaching as may be initially believed.
A Computational Study Assessing Maximum Likelihood and Noniterative Methods for Estimating the Linear-by-Linear Parameter for Ordinal Log-Linear Models
Authors: Beh Eric J. , Farver Thomas B.
Published: April 2012

For ordinal log-linear models, the estimation of the parameter reflecting the linear-by-linear measure of association has long been a topic for the analysis of dependence for contingency tables. Typically, iterative procedures (including Newton’s method) are used to determine the maximum likelihood estimate of the parameter. Recently Beh and Farver (2009, ANZJS, 51, 335–352) show by way of example three reliable and accurate noniterative techniques that can be used to estimate the parameter and extended this study by examining their reliability computationally. This paper further investigates the reliability of the non-iterative procedures when compared with Newton’s method for estimating this association parameter and considers the impact of the sample size on the estimate.
Somatic Deletions of the PolyA Tract in the 3′ Untranslated Region of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Are Common in Microsatellite Instability–High Endometrial and Colorectal Carcinomas
Authors: Deqin Ma , Chen Zhao , Nero Christopher , Patel Keyur P. , Daoud Emad M. , Cheng Hanyin , Djordjevic Bojana , Broaddus Russell R. , Medeiros L Jeffrey , Rashid Asif , Luthra Rajyalakshmi
Published: April 2012

Context.—Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in up to 80% of colorectal and endometrial carcinomas. Deletions of the polyA tract in the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) have been reported in microsatellite instability–high (MSI-H) colonic carcinomas, but their impacts on EGFR expression and downstream pathways are unclear. This phenomenon has not been reported in other MSI-H tumors.

Objective.—To assess the 3′ UTR polyA tract of EGFR in both endometrial and colorectal carcinomas and the mutational status of EGFR downstream pathways.

Design.—Ninety-eight colorectal carcinomas and 47 endometrial carcinomas were included. EGFR 3′ UTR polyA status was detected by capillary electrophoresis and Sanger sequencing. EGFR gene expression, EGFR copy numbers, and KRAS and BRAF mutation status were analyzed accordingly.

Results.—The 3′ UTR polyA tract was deleted in 18 of 23 (78%) MSI-H versus 0 of 24 microsatellite-stable endometrial carcinomas (P < .001). Similar observations were seen in colorectal carcinomas, in which 29 of 36 (81%) MSI-H, 1 of 62 (1.6%) microsatellite instability–low, and none of the microsatellite-stable tumors harbored the deletion (P < .001). A moderate increase in EGFR mRNA level was observed in endometrial carcinomas with 3′ UTR polyA deletions versus those with wild-type polyA tract. Amplification of the EGFR gene was not observed. Deletions in polyA tract do not seem to affect the frequency of KRAS and BRAF mutations.

Conclusions.—Deletions of EGFR 3′ UTR polyA are frequent in endometrial and colorectal carcinomas, are confined almost exclusively to MSI-H tumors, and do not affect KRAS and BRAF mutations.
Multiphoton Microscopy in the Evaluation of Human Bladder Biopsies
Authors: Jain Manu , Robinson Brian D. , Scherr Douglas S. , Sterling Joshua , Lee Ming-Ming , Wysock James , Rubin Mark A. , Maxfield Frederick R. , Zipfel Warren R. , Webb Watt W. , Mukherjee Sushmita
Published: April 2012

Context.—Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is a nonlinear imaging approach, providing cellular and subcellular details from fresh (unprocessed) tissue by exciting intrinsic tissue emissions. With miniaturization and substantially decreased cost on the horizon, MPM is an emerging imaging technique with many potential clinical applications.

Objectives.—To assess the imaging ability and diagnostic accuracy of MPM for human bladder biopsies.

Design.—Seventy-seven fresh bladder biopsies were imaged by MPM and subsequently submitted for routine surgical pathology diagnosis. Twelve cases were excluded because of extensive cautery artifact that prohibited definitive diagnosis. Comparison was made between MPM imaging and gold standard sections for each specimen stained with hematoxylin-eosin.

Results.—In 57 of 65 cases (88%), accurate MPM diagnoses (benign or neoplastic) were given based on the architecture and/or the cytologic grade. The sensitivity and specificity of MPM in our study were 90.4% and 76.9%, respectively. A positive (neoplastic) diagnosis on MPM had a high predictive value (94%), and negative (benign) diagnoses were sustained on histopathology in two-thirds of cases. Architecture (papillary versus flat) was correctly determined in 56 of 65 cases (86%), and cytologic grade (benign/low grade versus high grade) was assigned correctly in 38 of 56 cases (68%).

Conclusions.—The MPM images alone provided sufficient detail to classify most lesions as either benign or neoplastic using the same basic diagnostic criteria as histopathology (architecture and cytologic grade). Future developments in MPM technology may provide urologists and pathologists with additional screening and diagnostic tools for early detection of bladder cancer. Additional applications of such emerging technologies warrant exploration.
Renal Myopericytoma: Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Dhingra Sadhna , Ayala Alberto , Chai Hong , Moreno Vanessa , Zhao Bihong
Published: April 2012

Myopericytoma arising in the visceral organs is rare and only 1 case of renal myopericytoma has been reported in the literature to date. We report the second case of myopericytoma arising in the kidney in a 40-year-old Hispanic woman who presented with pain on the left side of the abdomen and frequent urination. Abdominal computed tomography scan showed an exophytic left-sided renal mass. Partial nephrectomy was performed. The patient remains free of disease at 24 months after diagnosis. Our case is histologically distinct from the previously described case as it lacks the “hemangiopericytic/glomangiopericytoma” pattern. The tumor in our case showed the characteristic pattern of myopericytoma and an additional glomus tumorlike pattern. The tumor cells showed diffuse reactivity for vimentin, smooth muscle actin, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, and muscle-specific actin in both morphologic patterns and strong diffuse CD34 expression in glomus tumorlike focus. This case report adds to the morphologic heterogeneity of myopericytomas.
Recent Trends in Aluminum Foam Sandwich Technology
Authors: Banhart John , Seeliger Hans‐Wolfgang
Published: April 2012

We review the status of aluminum foam sandwich (AFS) technology and discuss both recent improvements of foaming technology and current application strategies. It is concluded that the quality of foams has improved in the past years but the costs are still very much the same. This is why applications in which metal foams have more than one function are more likely to be economically viable. The examples presented include electromagnetic shielding, carrier plates for mirrors, cooking equipment, architectural panels, and blast protection.
Extension of Ashby's Performance Indexes in Mixed Tension‐Bending Solicitations
Authors: Bouaziz Olivier , Masse Jean‐Philippe
Published: April 2012

Ashby's performance indexes are a fundamental tool for material selection especially for structures lightening. Unfortunately the indexes are available only for simple mechanical solicitation as pure bending or pure tension. For real applications, it is required to have a performance index for combined solicitations. This publication proposes an approach to develop this kind of extended performance index and shows the exploitation in order to compare materials performance in more realistic situations.
Magnetic Nanoparticles‐Supported Palladium: A Highly Efficient and Reusable Catalyst for the Suzuki, Sonogashira, and Heck Reactions
Authors: Li Pinhua , Wang Lei , Zhang Lei , Wang Guan‐Wu
Published: April 2012

A highly efficient, air‐ and moisture‐stable and easily recoverable magnetic nanoparticle‐supported palladium catalyst has been developed for the Suzuki, Sonogashira and Heck reactions. A wide range of substrates was coupled successfully under aerobic conditions. In particular, the performance of the magnetic separation of the catalyst was very efficient, and it is possible to recover and reuse it at least eight times without significant loss of its catalytic activity.
Cyclodextrin/Amphiphilic Phosphane Mixed Systems and their Applications in Aqueous Organometallic Catalysis
Authors: Ferreira Michel , Bricout Hervé , Azaroual Nathalie , Landy David , Tilloy Sébastien , Hapiot Frédéric , Monflier Eric
Published: April 2012

When mixed with a water‐soluble phosphane capable of self‐assembling into micelles, native or modified β‐cyclodextrins (β‐CDs) show very contrasting behavior depending on their neutral or ionic nature. In the post‐micellar region, neutral β‐CDs led to a micelle destructuring. Conversely, micelles remained stable over a well‐defined range of ionic β‐CD concentrations. In that case, the micelle destruction was only observed when using a large excess of ionic β‐CDs. The catalytic performances of these micellar systems have been evaluated in a rhodium‐catalyzed hydroformylation reaction of 1‐decene. We showed that, using ionic β‐CDs, the catalytic activity could be improved without a detrimental impact upon the regioselectivity. A linear/branched aldehyde ratio as high as 8.6 could be achieved. The best results were obtained with stoichiometric quantities of ionic randomly methylated β‐CDs with respect to the phosphane with a beneficial effect on the decantation at the end of the reaction.
An Unexpected Synthesis of Dihydrophenazines en Route to Benzimidazolium Salts
Authors: Borguet Yannick , Zaragoza Guillermo , Demonceau Albert , Delaude Lionel
Published: April 2012

The oxidation of various N,N′‐diarylbenzene‐1,2‐diamines bearing bulky aromatic substituents with sodium periodate on wet silica gel afforded a series of five new dihydrophenazines instead of the expected cyclohexadiene‐1,2‐diimines. The reaction most likely proceeds via a 1,6‐electrocyclic path and provides a convenient access to an important class of nitrogen heterocycles. Subsequent treatment of the mesityl derivative with chloromethyl pivalate and silver triflate led to the corresponding benzimidazolium salt.
Development of a Palladium on Boron Nitride Catalyst and its Application to the Semihydrogenation of Alkynes
Authors: Yabe Yuki , Yamada Tsuyoshi , Nagata Saori , Sawama Yoshinari , Monguchi Yasunari , Sajiki Hironao
Published: April 2012

The simple preparative method for a novel palladium supported on boron nitride catalyst (Pd/BN) was accomplished. Pd/BN is widely applicable for the semihydrogenation of mono‐ as well as disubstituted alkynes to furnish the corresponding alkenes in the presence of diethylenetriamine (DETA), which exhibits both an unprecedented acceleration effect toward the semihydrogenation and a suppression effect with regard to the overhydrogenation to alkanes.
Effect of the Helical Tether of a Resin‐Supported Peptide Catalyst for Friedel–Crafts‐Type Alkylation in Water
Authors: Akagawa Kengo , Suzuki Rieko , Kudo Kazuaki
Published: April 2012

A detailed investigation of the helical part of the resin‐supported peptide catalyst possessing a turn motif and helical unit was conducted to clarify the structure‐activity relationship. The peptide catalyst with an α‐ or 310‐helical tether was effective for an enantioselective Friedel–Crafts‐type alkylation in water. From the spectral analysis of the peptide with an optimum sequence, it was demonstrated that the helical moiety of the peptide catalyst played a role for stabilizing a terminal turn structure.
Bubble evolution and necking at a submerged orifice for the complete range of orifice tilt
Authors: Das Arup K. , Das Prasanta K.
Published: April 2012

Bubble formation at an inclined orifice has been studied numerically using coupled‐diffused interface‐smoothed particle hydrodynamics. The simulation covers the entire range of orifice inclination, starting from upward facing (0°) to downward facing (180°) orientation for a moderate air flow (30 cm3/s). Bubble at the orifice mouth becomes asymmetric as the plate gets tilted. The asymmetry maximizes at vertical orientation but with downward facing orifices symmetry restores. The local hydrodynamic structure reveals that the internal circulation cells in bubble become stronger as the inclination increases making the growing bubble asymmetric. Interestingly, bubble volume for downward facing orifice is 4.75 times higher than the bubble released at upward facing orifice. Observations from the present simulations suggest that bubble frequency and shape can be controlled by allowing appropriate inclination in the orifice mouth. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 630–642, 2013
Rotating corrugated photoreactor design: Experimental and computational analysis of TiO2‐based photocatalysis
Authors: Donaldson Adam A. , Ye Alice , McEvoy Joanne Gamage , Zhang Zisheng
Published: April 2012

A TiO2‐coated rotating corrugated reactor is experimentally characterized and simulated for ultraviolet (UV)‐based photo degradation of methylene blue (MB). Using degradation kinetics derived from flat‐plate experiments and finite‐element discrete‐ordinate models simulating spatially and temporally varying radiation patterns from a UV‐lamp array, the simulated reactor performance is experimentally validated and extended to explore the impact of geometry variations. Mass‐transfer limitations between the corrugated surface and the reservoir bulk are identified as a determining factor in the degradation rate of MB. Optimization studies suggest minimizing the corrugation half‐angle to improve reactor performance for a given area, increasing the number of corrugations rather than the corrugation depth subject to practical limitations arising from undesirable bubble formation at small aperture widths. Given the relevance of mass transfer to this system, future work is needed to elucidate the experimental impact of reservoir volume and geometry while validating the use of flat‐plate correlations for mass transfer. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 560–570, 2013
Steady‐state multiplicity in an adiabatic continuous stirred tank reactor with vapor recycle
Authors: Brooks Kevin
Published: April 2012

The multiplicity features of a continuous stirred tank reactor with vapor recycle have been studied for a dimerization reaction with second‐order kinetics. Such reaction systems are common in the polymer industry. The aim of the analysis is to provide a simple design methodology that will ensure safe operation of the reactor. It is shown that solutions with and without vapor recycle exist. The bifurcation set for the system is calculated, and 11 different bifurcation diagrams arise. A linear relationship exists between the system parameter values, when these are normalized by their values at the ignition point. This leads to a simple method for defining a safe operating point for the system under a defined disturbance. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 553–559, 2013
Early landmark analysis of imatinib treatment in CML chronic phase: Less than 10% BCR‐ABL by FISH at 3 months associated with improved long‐term clinical outcome
Authors: Ohm Lotta , Arvidsson Ingrid , Barbany Gisela , Hast Robert , Stenke Leif
Published: April 2012

Imatinib has dramatically improved the clinical outcome in chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic phase (CMLcp), but a risk of resistance and serious disease progression still prevails. We have studied 45 newly diagnosed CMLcp patients initiated on imatinib, assessing treatment responses by interphase extral signal (ES)‐fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), quantitative real‐time (q‐RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and chromosome banding analysis. In a landmark analysis, an early favorable response, defined as less than 10% BCR‐ABL‐positive cells by FISH after 3 months of treatment, was identified as a predictive marker of an improved long‐term clinical outcome. Of evaluable patients, 51% achieved this response. A large majority, 95% of such responders reached complete cytogenetic responses (CCyR) within 12 months and 100% event‐free survival (EFS) at 48 months, when compared with 67 and 65%, respectively, of patients with higher breakpoint cluster region ‐ Abelson (BCR‐ABL) positivity at 3 months (P = 0.04; P = 0.006). No similar, significant correlations were noted between early disease assessments with PCR of BCR‐ABL mRNA transcripts or of cytogenetics versus a 12‐month CCyR or long‐term EFS. Our data, based on a limited patient cohort, indicate that (i) FISH can effectively be used in the early assessment of remaining Ph‐positive cells to identify patients at risk for a long‐term nonoptimal response to imatinib and that (ii) FISH may be more useful than PCR for this purpose. Am. J. Hematol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic polymorphisms in IL10RA and TNF modify the association between blood transfusion and risk of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Bi Xiaofeng , Zheng Tongzhang , Lan Qing , Xu Zhijian , Chen Yingtai , Zhu Gongjian , Foss Francine , Kim Christopher , Dai Min , Zhao Ping , Holford Theodore , Leaderer Brian , Boyle Peter , Deng Qian , Chanock Stephen J. , Rothman Nathaniel , Zhang Yawei
Published: April 2012

We conducted a population‐based case‐control study in Connecticut women to test the hypothesis that genetic variations in Th1 and Th2 cytokine genes may modify the association between blood transfusion and risk of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Compared with women without blood transfusion, women with a history of transfusion had an increased risk of NHL if they carried IL10RA (rs9610) GG genotype [odds ratio (OR) = 1.9, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1–3.2] or TNF (rs1800629) AG/AA genotypes (OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 0.9–2.7). We also found women with a history of transfusion had a decreased risk of NHL if they carried IL10RA (rs9610) AG/AA genotypes (OR = 0.6, 95% CI: 0.4–0.9) or TNF (rs1800629) GG genotype (OR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5–1.0). A similar pattern was also observed for B‐cell lymphoma but not for T‐cell lymphoma. Statistically significant interactions with blood transfusion were observed for IL10RA (rs9610) (Pforinteraction = 0.003) and TNF (rs1800629) (Pforinteraction = 0.012) for NHL overall and IL10RA (rs9610) (Pforinteraction = 0.001) and TNF (rs1800629) (Pforinteraction = 0.019) for B‐cell lymphoma. The results suggest that genetic polymorphisms in TNF and IL10RA genes may modify the association between blood transfusion and NHL risk. Am. J. Hematol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improving the specificity of the PF4 ELISA in diagnosing heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia
Authors: McFarland Janice , Lochowicz Andrew , Aster Richard , Chappell Bryan , Curtis Brian
Published: April 2012

Heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a serious complication of heparin therapy. The PF4 ELISA is a serologic assay that provides laboratory support for the clinical diagnosis of HIT, but it is often positive in patients who do not have the syndrome. We examined whether the specificity of the PF4 ELISA can be improved by 1) taking antibody potency into consideration, 2) by measuring only IgG antibodies, and 3) by utilizing a high concentration heparin inhibition step. We reviewed clinical information on 116 patients whose samples were referred for HIT antibody testing and assigned each a clinical score related to the likelihood of the patient having HIT. The scores were then correlated with serologic findings. Patients with strongly positive PF4ELISA results (OD ≥ 1.0) using both versions of the assay (IgG/A/M and IgG only) had clinical scores and SRA activity that were significantly higher than those having reactive or negative results. When the IgG‐only PF4 ELISA was used, only the strongly positive result group had significantly higher clinical scores and SRA release, and fewer samples were classified as weakly positive or reactive, suggesting that detection of IgG only in the PF4 ELISA improves the assay's specificity. The heparin inhibition step identified “reactive” samples that were associated with clinical scores and SRA release indistinguishable from the “negative” result groups, confirming that this step further improves specificity of the test. This study supports utilizing these 3 modifications of the PF4 ELISA to improve specificity in supporting the clinical diagnosis of HIT. Am. J. Hematol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Demography of Simakobu (Simias concolor) and the Impact of Human Disturbance
Authors: ERB WENDY M. , BORRIES CAROLA , LESTARI NURUL S. , ZIEGLER THOMAS
Published: April 2012

Asian colobines typically live in small one‐male groups (OMGs) averaging five adult females, but Simias concolor (simakobu or pig‐tailed langur) is considered an exception because mostly adult male–female pairs have been reported. However, based on their phylogenetic position and marked sexual dimorphism, simakobu are also expected to form OMGs with multiple females. The preponderance of small groups could be the result of human disturbance (hunting or habitat disturbance) reducing group size in the recent past. To investigate this possibility, we documented the demography of ten wild simakobu groups from January 2007 until December 2008 at an undisturbed site, the Peleonan Forest, Siberut Island, Indonesia. We assessed the population‐specific size and composition of groups and documented demographic changes due to births, disappearances, and dispersals throughout our 2‐year study. We found OMGs with 3.0 adult females on average in addition to all‐male groups, but no adult male–female pairs. The ratio of 0.5 infants per adult female (and 0.64 births per female‐year in focal groups) suggested that birth rates were similar to those of other Asian colobines. In 5.1 group‐years, we observed six dispersal events and six temporary presences (i.e., less than 3 months’ residency). Both males and females dispersed, and juveniles seemed to disperse more frequently than adults. To assess the impact of human disturbance on simakobu demography, we compiled data for seven additional populations from the literature and compared them using multiple regressions. Adult sex ratio and the number of immatures per group were influenced negatively by hunting and positively by habitat disturbance while reproductive rates were not significantly affected by either variable. These findings suggest that adult male–female pairs may result from hunting pressure reducing group size, and that conservation action to reduce hunting in the Mentawai Islands is needed to ensure the survival of this critically endangered species. Am. J. Primatol. 74:580–590, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Social Processes and Disease in Nonhuman Primates: Introduction to the Special Section
Authors: CAPITANIO* JOHN P.
Published: April 2012

Most nonhuman primate species are remarkably social, but their social nature presents many challenges, including increased opportunities for pathogen transmission and development of disease (both physical and psychological). An interdisciplinary symposium was convened at the 2010 annual meeting of the American Society of Primatologists on the topic of social processes and disease in nonhuman primates, and four articles from that session, as well as a fifth that was separately solicited, appear in this special section. The articles reflect a variety of disciplines and perspectives that highlight the many ways that social processes can impact disease processes (and vice versa) in this highly social taxon. This is an increasingly active area of research interest as a consequence of technological developments and the availability of long‐term field data. The continuing loss of primate habitat in the wild, climate change, and the need to manage high densities of primates in captivity, however, all add urgency to our need to better understand the bidirectional relationship between social factors and disease processes. Am. J. Primatol. 74:491–496, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.