bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cultivation of minor tuber crops in Peru and Bolivia
Authors: Pietilä Leena , Jokela Paula
Published: July 2018

A collection mission of three Andean tuber crops, oca (Oxalis tuberosa, Oxalidaceae), ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus, Basellaceae) and añu (Tropaeolum tuberosum, Tropaeolaceae), was carried out in southern Peru, Bolivia and northern Argentina. This article deals with the observations made during this mission. 55 ulluco fields were visited. In general, the fields are small, 240m2 on average, and they are mostly situated on mountain slopes. The fields are fertilized with animal dung; chemical fertilizers are quite rare. In the fields, people work with hoes ang ploughs as they did hundreds of years ago. Mechanization of agriculture would prevent full utilization of the mountainous area of the Andes. Ulluco is usually interplanted with other crops, usually, many forms of ulluco in one field. Because of crop rotation description of the fields is partly valid for the cultivation of other crops, too. Due to drastic climatic variation, cultivation of mixed varieties maybe the best way to guarantee some yield. When results of the investigations are wished to benefit developing countries, knowledge of social, agricultural and environmental factors is of great value.
Single seed analysis of fatty acids and glucosinolates combined with meristem rescue in Brassica campestris L.
Authors: Sorvari Seppo
Published: July 2018

A method for the simultaneous analysis of fatty acids and glucosinolates in a single seed without loosing the original genome was developed. Loss of the original genome was avoided by dissecting the meristem from the seed germinated short time under sterile conditions and by growing an adult plant from it. The rest of the seed was used for fatty acid and glucosinolate analysis by gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography.
Damping-off of sugar beet with special reference to the fungus Pythium Pringsheim
Authors: Vestberg M.
Published: July 2018

In Finland damping-off of sugar beet can be divided into two distinct phases. The first phase begins with the germination of the seeds and continues until the first true leaves have developed. Under field conditions seedlings usually remain healthy up to about 1 week after emergence. Thereafter a sudden outbreak of damping-off may occur, resulting in rapid wilting and death of seedlings. During the second phase of the disease, when seedlings have one or more pairs of true leaves, disease does not always result in the death of the plant; plants may survive throughout the summer. At the pernicious phase of the disease the soil borne pathogen, Pythium debaryanum auct. non Hesse, is the most common causal agent, accounting in 1979—86 for 53.9 % (variation between years 18.3—90.1 %) of fungal isolations, and Fusarium species for 28.3 % (5.0—58.5 %). At seedling stages with one or more pairs of true leaves Fusarium spp. predominate accounting for 49.4 % (36.1—81.0 %) as compared to 23,9 % (2.9—37.8) for P. debaryanum. The importance of Fusarium species as true damping-off pathogens is, however, doubtful. The seed borne damping-off pathogen Phoma betae Frank was isolated only in 0 to 4 % and was not dependent on the stage of seedling development. Of the factors affecting damping-off, high temperatures were repeatedly shown to increase the disease. This, presumably was an effect especially on P. debaryanum, the aggressiveness of which is strongly increased at high temperatures. Pot experiments showed preceding crops of cereals to have the best disease-decreasing effect, both short-term (one growing period of preceding crop) and long-term (several growing periods of preceding crop) effect. Legumes kept the level of damping-off unchanged or even raised it, especially as a short-term effect. The influence of preceding crops varied in different soil types. Preceding crops also caused considerable fluctuations in inoculum density (0 to 3650 propagules/gram soil) and potential (0.2—16 IPU 50/gram soil) of Pythium. The correlation to damping-off of sugar beet was, however, poor. Seed treatment with the systemic fungicide hymexazol, especially when combined with thiram, prevented satisfactorily the pernicious type of damping-off. In many experiments this seed treatment repeatedly decreased disease incidence significantly, produced denser stands (7100—31200 numbers of beets more/hectare) and increased yield by 5—10 % on average.
Advances in the breeding of oats Comparative trials with historical varieties in 1977—87
Authors: Rekunen Matti
Published: July 2018

From 1977 to 1987, variety trials were conducted at two test sites in order to determine the agronomic value of old oat varieties as compared to that of the varieties presently grown. The trial sites were located at two breeding stations of the Hankkija Plant Breeding Institute, those of Nikkilä (61° 33' N latitude) and Anttila (60° 25' N latitude). The variety trials were performed according to the methods of Partially Balanced Lattices, and the results and their summary were computed according to the Nearest Neighbour Analysis. Eleven oat varieties released by the Institute between 1921 and 1982 as well as the old native oat variety from Ylitornio and the American oat variety Wasa, released in the 1920s, were all tested simultaneously. The materials are presented in Table 1, the test environment in Table 2. The main findings are shown in Tables 3 & 4 and in Figures 1—5. The correlations between the age of the varieties and their characteristics are presented, in order of quality, in Table 5. The field experiments showed that intense progress inbreeding work is reflected as increased crop yield, shortening of the straw, improved strength of the straw, and decreased husk content. In the trials the crop yield of the newest variety, Hankkijan Vouti variety, averaged 51 per cent more than the Ylitornio land race variety. The mean improvement in these properties achieved in 1921—-1982by means of breeding work was: an increase in crop yield of approximately 40 per cent; shortening of the straw by roughly 20 per cent; reduction of the tendency to lodging by about half; and lowering of the husk content by some 2 percentage points. In contrast, no constant advances could be shown for the earliness at heading or ripening, the 1 000 kernel weight, the hectolitre weight, the crude protein content or resistance to Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV). The 1 000 kernel weight and the hectolitre weight had risen from those of the local oat variety, whereafter development ceased to occur. The study also investigated the ratio between genotype and environmental effects. In the experimental series, environmental factors had an effect on determining the time needed for ripening, the crude protein content, the length of the straw, the hectrolitre weight and crop yield that was at least five times greater than the effect of genotype. Genotype proved to have a stronger influence on the 1 000 kernel weight, for which the variance component of genotype was three fold that of the environmental component. The heritability values in the experimental series ranged from 0.19 (for BYDV infection) to 0.77 (for time to heading).
Species aspects of breeding herbage varieties for northern marginal regions
Authors: Rognli Odd Arne
Published: July 2018

Northern marginal regions are very heterogeneous as regards environmental conditions for plant growth. Low temperature is the overriding feature of the environment in these regions. This paper discusses species aspects in relation to breeding for adaptation to northern marginal regions for the most important herbage species. The impact of natural selection and climatic adaptation on the herbage plant populations at the margin forms the basis for discussing breeding objectives for the various species in these regions. The differences between species native to these regions, e.g. Poa pratensis, Festuca rubra, Deschampsia spp., and introduced species like Phleum pratense and Festuca pratensis, are emphasized. These differences include important characteristics like yield potential, seasonal distribution, quality and winter hardiness, the most important characteristic of adaptation to northern marginal regions. The influence of the course of the reproductive development on both total yield, harvest index and seasonal distribution is stressed, and particularly discussed for Phleum.
Testing grass species and varieties for land reclamation in Iceland
Authors: Helgadóttir Áslaug
Published: July 2018

During this century, increasing effort has been put to the reclamation of eroded areas in Iceland, both in the lowlands along the coast and in the interior of the country. The seeding of grass species along with the application of chemical fertilizers has formed the core of the reclamation work. At least 450 different varieties consisting of about 50 grass species have been tested in variety trials, but only few varieties, all of northern origin, proved valuable. Their performance is strongly dependent on environmental conditions, and it is proposed that a mixture of adapted varieties, subjected to natural selection at each location, would yield belter results.
Breeding of field bean (Vicia faba L.) with early maturity
Authors: Hovinen Simo
Published: July 2018

Breeding work to develop varieties adaptable to Finnish conditions was initiated at the Hankkija Plant Breeding Institute in 1969. The production of field bean seeds was considered a means of substituting for imported protein feed sources. Finland is a very marginal production area; varieties grown in Finland must be adapted to sowing in May and to short summers with long days and cool autumn weather. Local populations maturing early were frequently used in crosses with foreign material. Strains from the ICARDA collection and Soviet varieties included in the crosses considerably increased the genetic basis of the breeding material. Some 214 crosses were made in 1970—87. Two commercial varieties, Hankkijan Mikko and Hankkijan Ukko, were released during the course of the programme. They were about two weeks earlier in maturing than, e.g. the German variety Herz Freya. Crosses and selections of current interest are aimed at reaching still earlier maturity than that of Mikko and Ukko. Determinate habit with ti gene has been transferred to locally adapted early material in order to attain lines with reduced vegetative growth,uniform ripening and improved lodging resistance. The white-flowered character is combined with earliness and determinate habit in order to obtain a lowered tannin content in seeds.
Incompatibility classes and fruit set in natural populations of arctic bramble (Rubus arcticus L.) in Finland
Authors: Tammisola Jussi
Published: July 2018

In Finnish natural populations, arctic bramble proved uniformly self-incompatible. In vigorous and richly flowering populations, the intensity of fruit set is governed by the number of incompatibility classes present. Most non-fruiting populations contain only one incompatibility class (and most likely only one clone) and therefore totally lack compatible pollen. Richly fruiting populations usually contain at least three incompatibility classes. A clone with an estimated size of 80 metres and age of 160 years was found. This supports the vegetative burst explanation for the “sudden appearance” of arctic bramble populations. For the purposes of plant breeding, a large genetic collection is required. In cultivation, a thorough mixture of at least three varieties is recommended. The study was dynamically optimized. A computerized guidance system was constructed, which analyzed the accumulating results and yielded recommendations for forthcoming crosses. For the analysis into equivalence classes of incompatibility, a stepwise clustering algorithm of the single move type, based on the maximum likelihood principle, was introduced. This partitioning was based on the number of seeds in a cross, considering it as a stochastic variable. Seed number probability distributions in intraclass and interclass pollinations were acquired utilizing non-parametric density estimation. Finally, both incompatibility class and seed probability estimates were adjusted together iteratively. A recommendation algorithm was produced, based on a partially heuristic principle of maximum lability maximum stability. With the aid of the guidance system, incompatibility classes could be resolved using about one tenth of the number of crosses required in a conventional system.
Plasma progesterone concentration during oestrus cycle and pregnancy in Finnsheep and other prolific sheep breeds
Authors: Reklewska B. , Tyszka Z. J. , Niznikowski R.
Published: July 2018

The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between the litter size and plasma progesterone (PP) concentration during the breeding season and pregnancy in some prolific sheep breeds. Investigations were performed during two consecutive reproductive cycles. PP concentrations were determined in Finnsheep (n = 16), Polish Heath (n = 13), Friesian (n = 10), Zelazna (n = 12) and Karakul (n = 14). Prolificacy was 3.14, 2.0, 2.0, 1.8 and 1.12, resp. Highly significant differences in PP levels during pregnancy were found between the prolific breeds and breed with the lowest litter size. There was also a significant effect of pregnancy stage on the PP concentration. Breed differences in PP levels during the oestrus cycle were the most pronounced on the 10th day of the cycle. However, due to a considerable variation within breeds they were statistically insignificant.
Performance, development and use of Romanov in France
Authors: Ricordeau G. , Tchamitchian L. , Poivey J. P.
Published: July 2018

The Romanov (R) breed was imported to France in 1963. In 1987, there were 15000 purebred and 80000 FI ewes. The ewes have a high precocity and good adaptability to breeding season changes. Litter size (LS) is about 2.2 at 18 months and over 3 in adults, resulting from a high ovulation rate (OR) and a reduced embryonic mortality (EM). OR is less variable, but LS as variable as in other breeds. There are 0.8—1.9 % freemartins. In ewe lambs, the heritabilities of OR, EM and LS are 0.39, 0.09 and 0.02, resp. R has a favourable direct effect on lamb viability. Heterosis is high on fertility in ewe lambs, but less on OR and LS, favourable on lamb viability. The lack of performance regression from F1 to F4 in crosses with Berrichon du Cher has allowed the creation of a composite line (INRA 401), used on farms. Ewes suckle a maximum of twins. Lambs grow fast but have a low carcass and meat quality. A good viability of crossbred lambs and a good productivity of F1 ewes have been observed both in intensive and extensive conditions. In extensive system, R ewes are relatively susceptible to gastro-intestinal parasitism but are resistant to hepatic or pulmonary parasitism. R lambs seem to be susceptible to caseous lymphadenitis. Favourable results have been obtained with regard to prolificacy of F1 or ¼ R ewes and viability of lambs in six other European countries, but an unfavourable effect of heavy summer heat on male activity and female fertility. Composite lines have been created in Spain and Hungary.
Characteristics and experiences of Chios breed
Authors: Zervas N. P. , Hatjiminaoglou J. , Georgoudis A.
Published: July 2018

Discussed are the reproductive and productive characteristics of the dairy and prolific Chios sheep breed, originating from the homonymous Greek island. Besides the island, the breed is also raised in the Greek mainland, the westcoast of Turkey and in Cyprus. It is early maturing, with long reproductive reason and lambing period, extending from October to March. Inspite its high ovulation rate, repeatability estimates do not suggest the presence of fecundity genes. The average prolificacy ratio ranges between 1.80 and 2.0, with triplets and quadruplets not uncommon. The average exploitable milk yield varies between 180 and 200 kg, with occasionally reported productions of up to 400 and 500 kg. Repeatabilities of prolificacy and milk production based on island data were found 0.15 and 0.40, respectively. Heritability of milk yield from the island was 0.31 and 0.40, respectively, for second and third lactations. Recent estimates from Cyprus report values of 0.30 and 0.39 for 90-day milk and total milk yield, respectively. Other parameters and information on udder (mechanical milking), growth, and carcass characteristics as well as on crossbreeding trials are also reported. Some considerations are given with regard to potential and valorization of this highly productive sheep breed.
The Cambridge sheep — its exploitation for increased efficiency of lamb production
Authors: Owen J. B. , Dewi I. AP
Published: July 2018

The Cambridge breed has been developed since 1964, based on a foundation group of 54 ewes representing 11 breeds mated initially to seven Finnsheep rams. Data presented show that a high litter size(LS) has been established (mean 2.8 in 3 year old ewes) by a policy of selection coupled with minimising generation interval. Observations on ovulation rate (OR)show a large range (1—13) and are consistent with an hypothesis that OR is influenced by a major gene effect superimposed on a basal level of about 2.5 ova. The gene appears to increase ovulation by about two ova per copy and to have a frequency approaching 0.3 in the Bangor University flock. Data on the relationship of LS at birth and of lambs weaned per ewe are presented which indicate that under ideal conditions the optima for OR and LS at birth cannot exceed 5 and 3.5 respectively for mature ewes. The practical utilisation of the breed as a dam-line sire of crossbred ewes show that the Cambridge crossbreds are more precocious, more prolific, have slower growing lambs with carcasses of similar quality to the corresponding Border Leicester crosses. Overall superiority inefficiency of feed utilisation is about 20 %. Methods of genotyping sheep and utilising the major gene in practice are discussed.
Litter live weight at birth with varying levels of D’Man germplasm
Authors: Bourfia M. , Touchberry R. W.
Published: July 2018

A total of 208 litter birth weights, with live lambs produced in the northwest of Morocco was analyzed both by factorial analysis and by multiple regression analysis using least squares procedure. In the first model, breed group of dam and age of dam were included as fixed effects. In the second model, maternal additive and heterotic effects were included instead of breed group of dam. Results of the first analysis indicated that breed group of dam influenced litter live weight at birth (LLWB). The crossbred S x D dams (with the sire breed listed first), and the purebred D’Man dams produced the heaviest live litters, in average 4.25 and 4.08 kg, respectively. The purebred Beni Guil dams produced the lightest live litter, 3.32 kg in average. The second analysis showed that maternal additive effects were important for LLWB, and that maternal heterosis was of little importance. The ranking of maternal additive breed effects for LLWB was D’Man, Sardi, and Beni Guil in descending order.
Possibilities of developing sheep which suckle from several teats
Authors: Maijala K. , Kyle B.
Published: July 2018

Because of the increasing need for ewes which can rear more than two lambs adequately and without shepherding, studies were made in Finland (F), New Zealand (N. Z.) and Ireland on criteria relating the development of such ewes. The Finnish study was based on small trials in 1963—66 and in 1985—88 and on field data from the 1980’s. Data of Vainikainen (1945) was also used. In N.Z., a more systematic experiment has been carried out since 1984, while in Ireland a small study of teat parameters was made in 1985. The frequency of ewes with supernumerary teats (ST) in Finnsheep and Coopworth was ca. 20 %. The frequency of six-teated animals increased with selection for teat number. In Finland, about ½ of the 4-teated ewes had milk-yielding STs. Six-teated ewes in N.Z. gave 30—40 % of their daily milk from the STs. The N.Z. Coopworths seemed to have a »multiple lamb image»; multiple lambs tended to be closely bonded and sucked together, leading to higher success rates than when sucking individually. Heritability of teat number in N.Z. was 0.6. The lengths of STs were more variable than those of main teats, and their mean length ca. half of that of main teats. The average distance of STs from the main teats in Finnish trials was ca. 20 mm (range 1—50mm); the length and separation of teat pairs were correlated, although this was not the case in several flocks studied in Ireland.
Finnsheep and their crosses under subtropical conditions
Authors: Aboul-Naga A. M.
Published: July 2018

Finnsheep (F) have been introduced to eight countries in the subtropical Near East region over the last two decades. Those trials aiming at breeding pure F under the subtropical conditions were generally not successful. Pure F faced problems of adaptability to the subtropical environmental conditions, however, bad management and some health problems (especially Pneumonia) contributed significantly to the failure of some trials. On the other hand, crossbreeding trials with F in the region were generally successful. F-crosses proved to be well adapted to heat stress and exposure to solar radiation compared with the local breeds. Number of lambs born/ewe lambed was improved in F-crosses, as compared to local breeds, by 18—75 %in the first cross and 10—38 % in the 1/4 F. F-crossbred ewes showed encouraging results in their ability to breed more than once/year, especially those with lower F-blood (1/4 F). Number of lambs born/ewe/year in accelerated lambing systems ranged from 1.91 to 2.72 in the first cross and from 1.67 to 2.18 in 1/4 F either in experimental farms or at the producers. Crossing fat tail sheep with F substantially decreased fat in the tail of the crossbreeds, while it increased significantly internal fat and total fat percentage in the carcass.
Industrial amino acids in diets for piglets and growing pigs
Authors: Inborr J. , Suomi K.
Published: July 2018

Two production trials with piglets and one with slaughter pigs were carried out in order to investigate the effects of reducing the protein content in the diets followed by an addition of industrial amino acids on performance and health status. In the first piglet trial the crude protein content of the control diet was decreased from 20 to 18.3 % and in the second from 18.3 to 16.7 %. In the trial with growing pigs, the protein content of the control diet was decreased from 17.0 to 15.5 %. Industrial L-lysine, DL-methionine and L-threonine were added to the low protein diets to get the same levels of these amino acids as in the control diets. Piglet performance was similar on all treatments indicating equal availability of added and protein-bound amino acids. Health status of piglets on the low protein diets was considerably improved, indicating less predisposition to post weaning diarrhoea. Pigs on the low protein amino acid fortified diet tended to gain weight faster (788 vs. 743 g/day; p
Response of silage intake and milk production to replacement of barley by barley fibre derived from integrated starch-ethanol process
Authors: Huhtanen Pekka , Ala-Seppälä Hannele , Näsi Matti
Published: July 2018

A duplicated 4 x 4 Latin Square experiment was conducted to determine the effects of a gradually increased level of barley fibre in the diet on ad libitum grass silage intake and milk production. Barley fibre is a fibrous ethanol-starch by-product (120 g crude protein, 550 g neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and 120 g starch/kg dry matter (DM)). The four supplements, given at the rate of 6.5 kg/d on DM basis, were barley (B) and barley of which 333 g/kg (BF), 667 g/kg (FB) and 1000 g/kg (F) were replaced by barley fibre. In addition the cows were given 1 kg of rapeseed meal and 0.25 kg of mineral mixture. As the proportion of barley fibre in the diet increased there was a linear (P
Yield, its components and pest incidence in mixed intercropping of oats (Avena sativa) and field beans (Vicia faba)
Authors: Helenius Juha , Ronni Päivi
Published: July 2018

Seed yields, yield components, pest incidence and damage were examined in two field experiments of mixed intercropping of oats (Avena sativa) with field beans (Vicia faba) in Southern Finland in 1984—1985.The stand types were monocrops and replacement series of mixtures with 2/3 and 1/3 or 1/3 and 2/3 of oats and beans, respectively, on plots treated or not treated with insecticide. In the first season when the overall performance of the crops was poor and the numbers of the main pest Rhopalosiphum padi (Horn., Aphididae) on oats low, the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) index indicated an intercropping advantage in the bean yield and a disadvantage in the oat yield, the insecticide treatment having no effect on the overall nor on the relative performance of the component crops. The site used during the second season was of high fertility, thus favouring oats over beans. The LERs indicated no advantage or disadvantage in mixed cropping for either oats or beans when R. padi was not controlled. Spraying against R. padi improved the performance of oats, the mixture with 1/3 oats showing an advantage over the monocrop. Simultaneously, there were signs (p = 0.08) of a reduction in the relative performance of the beans. The indicative results support the hypothesis of interspecific dynamics in compensatory yielding as an element of improved reliability in intercropping. The yield components most sensitive to the change in cropping pattern were the number of panicles per plant in oats and the seed weight in beans, both increasing in the mixtures. Compared to known responses to stand density in monocrops, the beans responded to the mixed cropping in a more specific way than the oats. Mixed cropping increased the numbers of aphids in oats. There were signs of a reduced incidence, but not of a reduced average colony size, of Aphis fabae, and of a reduced rate of notching by Sitona spp. weevils on beans in mixed cropping. The results for damage by the frit fly (Oscinella frit) were inconclusive.
Extractable aluminium, iron and manganese in mineral soils: III Comparison of extraction methods
Authors: Niskanen Raina
Published: July 2018

The extractability of soil Al, Fe and Mn were studied in 102 mineral soil samples. The extractants were 0.05 M oxalate (pH 2.9), 0.05 M K4P2O7 (pH 10), 0.02 M EDTA (pH 5.3) and 1 M CH3COONH4 (pH 4.8). In the group of clay and silt soils (n = 51), the Al extracted by the four extractants correlated closely; the r values ranged from 0.91*** to 0.96***; in coarser soils (n = 51) the r values ranged from 0.42* to 0.82***. In clay and silt soils, the organic carbon content and soil pH together explained 50 % of the variation in oxalate-extractable Al, 70 % of the variation in pyrophosphate-extractable Al, 53 % of the variation in pyrophosphate-extractable Fe and 56 % of the variation in acetate-extractable Al. The clay and organic carbon contents together with soil pH explained 77 % of the variation in EDTA-extractable Al in clay and silt soils. In coarse soils, the extractable metals were not closely related to the soil characteristics.
Effects of different fertilization practices on the quality of stored carrot
Authors: Evers Aino-Maija
Published: July 2018

The effects of different fertilization practices on quality constituents of stored carrots were studied. The field experiments were carried out in southern Finland, and the carrots were stored in refrigerated storage for six months in 1985 and four months in 1986. After storage period the marketable yield and weight loss were measured, carotene content was analyzed and a sensory evaluation for taste and texture was performed in both years. In 1986, also NO3-N, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, ash, glucose, fructose and sucrose were analysed. In 1985, after storage, NPK fertirrigations without basic fertilization showed a tendency to produce a lower marketable yield than single application and placement fertilization. In 1986, after storage, split application and NPK fertirrigations showed a tendency to produce a lower marketable yield than unirrigated single application. The supraoptimal N amount showed a tendency to have a higher carotene content than optimal N amount, and NPK fertirrigations lower NO3-N content than irrigated single application. The irrigated placement and broadcast treatments yielded high K contents. The unfertilized treatments yielded higher marketable yield, lower NO3-N, N and K contents than fertilized treatments as an average.
The Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Herb Yield of Dragonhead
Authors: Galambosi B. , Holm Y.
Published: July 2018

The influence of a top-dressing of nitrogen fertilizer (calcium nitrate, CaNO3) on the individual plant height and weight, herb yield and nitrate content of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) was studied in 1987 in Puumala, Finland. The nitrogen doses applied ranged from 0 to 270 kg/ha. Nitrogen fertilization increased both the individual plant height and weight, the fresh and dry herb yield and the nitrate content of the plants. However, no optimum nitrogen dose could be found since the maximum was not reached in most of the cases. An exception was the herb yield (d.w.) of transplanted plants, harvested at the flowering stage, where a nitrogen dose of 70—80 kg/ha gave the highest yield. If the plants were allowed to grow a few weeks more the yield was four fold compared to the earlier harvesting. Sown plants gave a yield two times higher than the transplanted plants, but this was partly due to the greater plant density on the sown plots.
Eräitä uuden kasvibiotekniikan keksintöjä vuosina 1979—1986 jätetyissä patenttihakemuksissa
Authors: Pohjalainen Kirsi , Knuth Sisko , Pehu Tuula , Gyllenberg Helge
Published: July 2018

Tämän tutkimuksen patenttijulkaisuaineisto kuvasi harvoin keksintöjä, joilla olisi saatu aikaan merkittäviä muutoksia kasvien ominaisuuksissa, vaikka se juuri on uuden kasvibiotekniikan tavoite. Vain kaksi hakemusta kuvasi selvästi uusia, ominaisuuksiltaan parempia kasveja. Toisessa oli Ti-plasmidivektorin avulla tuotettu hyönteisille resistenttejä kasveja (EP-A-142 924) ja toisessa protoplastifuusion avulla saatu herbisidille resistentti perunalajike (EP-A-192 279). Keksintöjen toteutukselle yhteisenä piirteenä oli se, että transformoidusta kasvisolusta tai geeninsiirron tuloksena muodostuneista kasvusolukoista ei yleensä regeneroitu kasveja. Patenttijulkaisujen selitysosissa oli kuvattu enemmän kasvikokeita, kasvien regeneroimia tai vieraiden geenien siirtoa kasviin, kuin mitä esimerkkien perusteella käytännössä oli totetettu. Tämä on toisaalta juuri se tapa, jolla laajat patenttivaatimukset pyritään perustelemaan. Vaikka kaikkia keksinnön yleisessä kuvauksessa esitettyjä sovelluksia ei olisi toteutettu käytännössä, sovellusten täytyy kuitenkin olla toteutettavissa. Keksinnön täytyy toimia siinä laajuudessa kuin patenttivaatimuksissa on määritelty, muuten patenttivaatimukset eivät ole hyväksyttävissä. Tässä tutkimuksessa läpikäydyn patenttijulkaisuaineiston perusteella kasvibiotekniikka on vielä suuressa määrin menetelmänkehittelyasteella. Tosin tutkimusaineiston keräysajankohdan jälkeen ala on mennyt huomattavasti eteenpäin ja yhä useammin päästään tavoitteeseen asti eli saadaan kehitettyä kokonaan uudentyyppisiä kasveja, joiden uusista ominaisuuksista on hyötyä viljelijälle. Kasvien oikeudellisen suojan ongelma on joka tapauksessa todellinen ja odottaa ratkaisua eri maissa.
Conventional and organic cropping systems at Suitia III: Microbial activity in soils
Authors: Heinonen-Tanski Helvi
Published: July 2018

From 1983 to 1988 the microbial activity of soil was measured by determining its nitrification potential, dehydrogenase activity, cellulolytic activity and respiration. The samples were Suitia silty clay soils under various types of conventional and organic cropping systems. The soil microbial activity was the highest in both organic cattle farm plots in the ley phase and conventional cattle farm plots in the ley phase. The difference between these two ley soils was not clear, partly because of the considerable statistical variance, but the microbial activity of organic cattle farm plots in clover leys tended to be higher than in conventionally cultivated grass leys. This favourable effect on dehydrogenase activity was not detected after poor overwintering in organic cattle farm plots in annual clover in 1984 and Persian clover in 1985, but some effect on nitrification was found in 1984. In many cases, soil microbial activity was still increased two to three years after the leys. The soil nitrification activities were often higher in organic plant production plots than in conventional plant production plots, but the dehydrogenase activities and cellulose decompositions of organic plant production plots were similar to those in conventional diverse plant production or barley monoculture plots.
Conventional and organic cropping systems at Suitia V: Cereal diseases
Authors: Hannukkala Asko O. , Tapio Eeva
Published: July 2018

The occurrence of diseases on barley and winter wheat was surveyed in a field experiment comparing four conventional and four organic cropping systems in 1982—88. On barley, foliar diseases were of minor importance regardless of the cropping system. On winter wheat, powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis), yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis) and leaf blotch (Septoria nodorum) were more prevalent in conventional than in organic cropping systems. Root and foot rot diseases (Bipolaris sorokiniana, Fusarium spp. and Gaeumannomyces graminis) were frequent on barley and winter wheat in each cropping system. B. sorokiniana infected stem bases and roots of barley more frequently in organic than in conventional cropping systems. During the first years of the study, a serious epidemic of G. graminis was recorded in certain organic cropping systems
Conventional and organic cropping systems at Suitia VII: Earthworms
Authors: Nuutinen Visa , Haukka Jari
Published: July 2018

The earthworm communities were studied in an experiment with eight cropping systems (four conventional and four organic), carried out on silty clay soil. Earthworms were sampled during the three last years of the seven year experiment. Samples were taken with formalin in the autumns of 1986 and 1987 (one replicate of the experiment) and in that of 1988 with formalin and by taking soil-cores (all three replicates). Aporreclodea caliginosa (Sav.) was dominant in all cropping systems. The rest of the identified individuals were Lumbricus rubellus (Hoff.) and L. lerrestris (L.). A few L. castaneus (Sav.) were also found. There were no clear differences in the species composition between the conventional and organic cropping systems. Application of slurry caused a drop in the proportion of Lumbricus. Low total numbers were observed in 1987, possibly due to high winter mortality. In 1988, the average number (and SE) of earthworms was 23 (11.2) - 92 (49.8) ind. m-2 and their total dry weight 1.0 (0.54) - 3.2 (1.53) g m-2. The average number of cocoons in 1988 ranged from 5 (2.5) to 52.5 (26.3) coc. m-2. The highest abundances of earthworms and cocoons were observed in the organically cultivated vetch ley. The differences between the treatments in worm abundance were not statistically discernible. The mean size (mg dwt) of juvenile and adult A. caliginosa was similar in different cropping systems. The abundance patterns of earthworms differed in the replicates. This was related to the confounding effects of local water-logging and soil compaction in the field. Consistent differences in the soil conditions of the cropping systems resulting from the activity of earthworms are unlikely.
Mechanically deboned meat
Authors: Riihonen L. , Laine J. , Linko P.
Published: July 2018

Mechanically deboned meat (MDM) and mechanically deboned tissue (MDT) are used in the meat industry to an ever-increasing degree. The quality of mechanically deboned meat, its high protein content, good technological characteristics and comparatively low cost make the product a profitable and useful raw material. Mechanically deboned meat is a wholesome, nutritious, highly palatable product with a bright future as food. Its properties permit its incorporation in the production of heat-processed meat products composed of comminuted raw materials. Regulations are given in the legislation of several countries concerning the chemical composition, use and storage of such meat.
Applications of mechanically deboned meat in sausage mass
Authors: Riihonen L. , Hämäläinen K. , Väänänen E.
Published: July 2018

The use of mechanically deboned meat (MDM) and its proportion in homogeneous sausage mass was investigated. A test Bologna containing 7.50% mechanically deboned meat was used. Two deboning machines, an Inject Star based on pressure and an auger-type Poss machine based on scraping, were used. The water contents of the masses varied between 28.36 and 43.36%. Test sausages containing the same amounts of meat recovered by the Inject Star and Poss deboners were surprisingly similar in colour. Calcium contents of samples were 0.11% 0.18%, and the corresponding ash contents 2.6 2.9%. The pH values of all the test sausages were similar, about 6.4. Fat contents in samples made using MDM recovered with the Inject Star deboner were lower than those in the samples made using MDM recovered with the Poss deboner. On the basis of chemical quality indices the shelf lives of all the test sausages were similar.
Effect of thawing on the quality of frozen mechanically deboned meat
Authors: Riihonen L. , Linko P.
Published: July 2018

The effect of thawing conditions on the quality of mechanically deboned beef (MDB) and mechanically deboned pork (MDP) recovered using a pressure-based Inject Star deboner was investigated. Samples were recovered using a freshly disinfected machine, and immediately packed in 3 kg portions in high density polyethylene (HDPE)-coated cartons or in Cryovac vacuum bags. Three methods of thawing were used: microwave thawing and thawing at +4°C and at +21°C. All samples were analysed chemically and microbiologically immediately after thawing. Microwave thawing resulted in a better quality product (P
Improvement of annual forage and seed production in the sub-humid zone of Nigeria through supplement irrigation
Authors: Akinola J. O. , Addo A. A. , Olufokunbi K. C.
Published: July 2018

A two-year study was conducted at Shika in the Northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria to evaluate several perennial and annual forage species for seasonal and total annual herbage and/or seed production. Over the entire experimental period, total dry matter (DM) yields for grasses, perennial and hay-suited annual legumes varied from 27.5 to 79.1, 18.8 to 40.3 and 40.5 to 50.5 t/ha, to which irrigation contributed 48 to 66, 50 to 57 and 56 % respectively. Irrigated grass crude protein (CP) contents averaged 5.3 and 9.9 %; and legume CP contents 16.1 and 18.8 % for the May and December harvests while rainfed grass CP contents ranged from 7.7 % (August) to 10.9 % (October), the corresponding legume values being 18.7 and 20.9 %. Irrigated cropping accounted for 55 to 56 % of the 9 207 to 12 461 kg/ha seed yield recorded in dual purpose legumes. It was inferred that on the basis of total herbage yield, distribution of yield and responsiveness to irrigation Pennisetum purpureum, Brachiaria decumbens, Cajanus cajan Acc UQ 50 or 3D 8104 and S. guianensis cv Cook proved to be promising; reasonable seed yield levels were obtained from C. cajan 3D 8104, Glycine max Acc. 49-14 and M 216 and Vigna unguiculata Acc Ivu 1283, whether irrigated or rainfed. The potential of irrigation is discussed in relation to feed, food and livestock production.
Spore exposure arising from stored hay, grain and straw
Authors: Kotimaa Marjut
Published: July 2018

The quantitative and qualitative differences in microbe exposure arising from hay, grain and straw during the end of the indoor feeding period were investigated by using a six-stage fractionating impactor (model 10—800, Andersen Inc.). Straw samples (n = 5) liberated significantly higher amounts of spores (3.7 x 106 cfu/m3 air) in comparison to hay samples (n = 33) and grain samples (n = 2), which liberated 0.6 x 106 cfu/m3 and 0.2 x 106 cfu/m3 , respectively. Thermotolerant and thermophilic microflora were typical of the exposure originating from straw. Hay liberated about 10 % and grain only 0.7 %, the level of spores of thermotolerant fungi liberated from straw. The corresponding percentages of spores of thermophilic actinomycetes were 5 % and 0.4 %. Thermoactinomyces vulgaris was the dominating microbe in the exposure caused by straw; Aspergillus umbrosus was the major species in the microflora liberated from hay and grain. Other Aspergillus (A.) species (A. fumigatus, A. ochraceus, A. flavus, A. repens, A. versicolor) and Penicillium (P.) species (P. expansum, P. piceum, P. citrinum, P. brevicompactum, P. echinulatum, P. verrucosum var. cyclopium) occurred frequently, and in great amounts, in all the analysed materials. Spores of Cladosporium (C.) species (mainly C. herbarum, C. cladosporioides, and C. macrocarpum) were found frequently, and abundantly, during the handling of hay. The present results suggest that not only the traditional causative agents of farmer’s lung disease but also other fungal and actinomycete species may be found in high concentrations during the handling of bedding and feeding stuffs, and that these fungal and actinomycete exposures may cause respiratory symptoms and other health problems in both man and animals. Special attention should be paid to decreasing the moisture content of hay and straw before storing in order to lower the risk of moulding during the indoor feeding period.
Aufzucht und Spermaproduktion bei Jungbullen unter Stationsbedingungen in Finnland
Authors: Uusisalmi U. , Kallio M. , Klautschek G. , Varo M.
Published: July 2018

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Aufzucht und Spermaproduktion bei Jungbullen. Von 47 in der Eigenleistungsprüfstation aufgezogenen finnischen Ayrshirebullen wurden lebendmasseentwicklung und Körpermasse kontrolliert. Mit 12 Monaten wurden die Bullen in die Besamungsstationen übernommen und ihre Spermaproduktion wurde registriert. Gleichzeitig mit den Ayrshirebullen wurde die Spermaerzeugung von 17 Bullen des Finnenrindes erfasst. Die beiden Rassen unterschieden sich weder in den qualitativen noch in den quantitativen Spermaeigenschaften. Zwischen den Nachkommengruppen gibt es offenscihtliche Unterschiede bei den einzelnen Spermaeigenschaften. Auch die einzelnen Bullen unterscheiden sich gesichert voneinander bei der Spermaproduktion. Damit ist es dem Züchter möglich, die Spermaeigenschaften durch Selektion zu verbessern. Zwischen dem Jugendwachstum und der Spermaproduktion wurden positive Korrelationen gefunden. Bullen, die eine bessere körperliche Entwicklung während der Aufzucht zeigten, erzeugten eine grössere Spermamenge im Untersuchungsweitraum auf der Besamungsstation. Durch die Auswahl der Jungbullen nach ihrer Eigenleistung Zunahme und Körpergrösse – wird die Spermaerzeugung bei den Zuchtbullen verbessert.
Pakkausmateriaalin, pakkauskoon ja säilytystavan vaikutus ruokaperunan laatuun
Authors: Varis Eero
Published: July 2018

Kevättalvella 1969 järjestettiin Hankkijan kasvinjalostuslaitoksella Perunaseuran alaisen Perunapakkausten kehittämistoimikunnan toimesta tutkimus, jossa selvitettiin perunan säilymistä ja laadun muutoksia kolmesta paperilaadusta (Clupak, märkäluja ja voimapaperi) ja kahdesta polyeteenilaadusta (mustapigmentoitu mikrorei’itetty ja läpinäkyvä rei’itetty) tehdyissä 2.5 ja 5 kg:n pakkauksissa varasto-, kauppa- ja kotisäilytyksen aikana. Tämän tutkimuksen tulokset voidaan tiivistää seuraaviin johtopäätöksiin: Perunoiden painohäviö vähittäiskaupan pakkauksissa vaihteli pakkausmateriaalin mukaan. Se oli suurin paperipusseissa, joissa se yhden viikon varastosäilytyksen aikana nousi keskimäärin 1.2 %:iin, sitä seuranneena kahden viikon kauppasäilytyksen aikana 5.4 %:iin sekä sen jälkeen kotisäilytyksessä jopa 7.3 %:iin. Polyeteenipusseissa painohäviö oli huomattavasti pienempi: 0.5—2.2—4.2 %. 5 kg:n polyeteenipusseissa painohäviö oli pienempi kuin 2.5 kg:n pusseissa. Perunoiden kostuminen oli harvareikäisissä polyeteenipusseissa niin nopeaa, että jo yhden viikon varastosäilytyksen jälkeen 69 % perunoista oli märkiä. Myös mikrorei’itetyissa isoissa polyeteenipusseissa kostui yli 40 % perunoista yhden viikon aikana. Paperipusseissa perunat säilyivät moitteettoman kuivina koko kokeen ajan. Perunoiden itäminen oli nopeinta polyeteenipusseissa sekä märkälujasta voimapaperista tehdyissä pusseissa. Käytetyt pakkausmateriaalit vaikuttivat hyvin eri tavalla perunoiden vihertymiseen. Vihertyminen oli vähäisintä mustapigmentoiduissa polyeteenipusseissa, joissa vihertyneitä mukuloita yhden viikon varastosäilytyksen ja kahden viikon vähittäiskauppasäilytyksen jälkeen oli vain 0.5 %. Paperilaaduista tavallinen voimapaperi oli muita huonompi (57 %, muut paperilaadut keskimäärin 33 %). Selvästi epäedullisin oli läpinäkyvä polyeteeni (91 %). Perunoiden pilaantuminen noudatti selvästi kostumistuloksia. Se oli vähäistä paperipusseissa, selvästi runsaampaa mikrorei’itetyissä isoissa polyeteenipusseissa sekä ylivoimaisesti runsainta läpinäkyvissä harvareikäisissä polyeteenipusseissa. Perunoiden jauhoisuudessa ei ollut selviä eroja pakkausmateriaalien välillä. Pienissä pusseissa jauhoisuus oli hiukan parempi kuin isoissa. Jauhoisuus aleni kokeen aikana. Kuorittuina keitettyjen perunoiden maku huononi kokeen kuluessa. Merkitseviä eroja ei todettu materiaalien eikä pakkauskokojen vaikutusten välillä, joskin läpinäkyvään polyeteeniin pakatut perunat saivat muita huonompia arvosanoja.
Siipikarjanlihan tarjonnasta ja kysynnästä Suomessa vv. 1966—68
Authors: Ikäheimo Esa , Rouhiainen Juhani
Published: July 2018

Siipikarjatalous on maassamme tällä hetkellä nopeasti kehittyvä tuotannonala. Siipikarjanlihan sekä kulutus että tuotanto on kasvanut ripeästi viime vuosina. Silti on henkeä kohti laskettu kulutus meillä tällä hetkellä Euroopan pienimpiä. Tätä taustaa vasten tarkasteltuna näyttävät tuotannon ja kulutuksen lisäämismahdollisuudet suotuisilta. Mainittakoon, että OECD:n (1968, p. 35) ennusteen mukaan siipikarjanlihan kokonaistuotos ja kulutus olisi maassamme v. 1985 25 milj. kg. Vastaava luku v. 1970 oli vain noin 4 milj. kg. Siipikarjanlihaa koskevat tilastot ovat maassamme erittäin puutteelliset. Käsitteiden epäselvyyttä lisää yhtenäisen terminologian puute. Riittämätön tilastoaineisto on ollut pääasiallinen syy siihen, että tässä tutkimuksessa saadut tulokset ovat eräiltä osin vain suuntaa antavia. Tämän vuoksi lisätutkimusten tarve on ilmeinen. Aikatekijän tilastollisesti merkitsevä regressiokerroin viittaisi siihen, että broilertuotannossa on tapahtunut teknistä kehitystä, ja että siinä on saavutettu rationalisointietua. Kysyntäanalyysiä haittasi havaintojen vähyyden ohella se, että koko maata koskevat per capita kulutusluvut yliarvioivat kulutuksen kasvun. Vertaamalla poikkileikkaus- ja aikasarja-analyysistä saatuja joustoja ja huomioimalla edellä mainittu virhe päädyttiin seuraaviin tulojoustojen estimaatteihin: siipikarjanliha yhteensä 2.00–3.00, varsinainen kananliha 1.50–2.00, broiler 4.00–5.00 Korkeat tulojoustot ja pienet kulutusmäärät viittaavat siihen, että siipikarjanliha on meillä ylellisyyshyödyke. Koska siipikarjanlihan rahamenot muodostavat erittäin pienen osan kuluttajien budjetista, ovat saadut ei-nollasta poikkeavat hintajouston estimaatit loogisia. Jos oletetaan henkeä kohden lasketun reaalikansantuotteen kasvavan vuosittain 5 % (vv. 1966—71 keskimääräinen kasvu oli 4.7 %), saadaan siipikarjanlihan kulutuksen kasvuksi per capita 10—15%/v. Vertailun vuoksi mainittakoon, että v. 1969 kulutuksen kasvu oli 17 % ja v. 1970 12 %. Vuosi 1971 ei ole vertailukelpoinen salmonellatapausten vuoksi. Yllä oleva ennuste pitää paikkaansa vain ceteris paribus-olettamuksen ollessa voimassa. Toisaalta ei neljännesvuosiarvoista saatuja joustoja voisi sellaisenaan soveltaa vuositasolle. Mainittakoon, että FAO (1971, p. 144) on käyttänyt Suomea koskevassa siipikarjanlihan kulutusennusteessa tulojouston arvoa 0.60, joka on selvästi liian alhainen. Mainitun ennusteen mukaan siipikarjanlihan kulutus henkeä kohti olisi maassamme v. 1980 vain 0.8 kg. Todellisuudessa tämä kulutustaso saavutettiin jo vuonna 1970.