bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Justifying Moral Pluralism
Authors: Gaut Berys
Published: November 2023

The term ‘ethical intuitionism’ is one which has acquired a variety of uses over the course of its history. Two are salient for my purposes here. On the one hand, it has been used to denote a moral theory which holds roughly that there is an irreducible plurality of moral principles, a view which I shall term ‘moral pluralism’ or simply ‘pluralism’. On the other, it has been used to denote a theory in moral epistemology, a type of foundationalist theory which holds that all immediately justified moral beliefs are self-evident, a view which I will term ‘epistemic intuitionism’, or simply ‘intuitionism’. The fortunes of these two doctrines have been strikingly dissimilar. Moral pluralism has been attractive to many philosophers, capturing as it appears to do the structure of our normative moral views; epistemic intuitionism, on the other hand, has been widely rejected. Yet both doctrines were held together by self-styled intuitionists, such as W D. Ross, seeming to form an indissoluble whole in their thought; and the attractions of Ross’s pluralism have consequently been somewhat occluded by the distrust felt towards his intuitionism.
Reservation of Title Clauses
Authors: Wheeler Sally
Published: November 2023

This book examines the phenomenon of reservation of title clauses in commercial contracts and looks at the impact of these clauses upon the transactions of which they form a part. With the aid of data gathered from a field survey it also examines the impact of these clauses in situations of insolvency and the strategies employed by insolvency practitioners to counteract their effect. This subject is of increasing interest and importance for legal teaching and research and the book meets the demand for an integrated, readable study of insolvency practice.
Pornography and the Politics of Lesbianism
Authors: Raymond Janice
Published: November 2023

There was a time in this current wave of feminism when the words lesbianism and feminism went together–when there was a political movement of lesbian feminism. Today, one hears more about lesbian sado-masochism, lesbian pornography and everything lesbians need to know about sex–what has fashionably come to be called the ‘politics of desire’. And so it becomes necessary to distinguish between lesbianism as a political movement and lesbianism as a lifestyle –what has, for many, come to be a sexual preference without a feminist politics.
Pornography and Sexual Violence: Working with Sex Offenders
Authors: Wyre* Ray
Published: November 2023

I have worked with sex offenders in a number of different professional settings since the mid-l 970s. In the course of my work I have developed a model which identifies the patterns that predictably operate in the cycle of sexual abuse. I have discovered that pornography can and docs function at every stage in that cycle of abuse. There are a number of characteristics that sex offenders have in common, and there are common factors to their sexual offences. Offenders always say it was a one-off. They always say it wasn’t deliberate, it just happened. They always excuse, justify, explain, minimize. They always blame the victim for the experience, or they blame something or someone other than themselves. They always have fantasies as part of what they do, but they often in the early stages deny this. And they’ll always reinterpret the behaviour of the victim. They will say the victim encouraged them, or seduced them, or asked for it, or wanted it, or enjoyed it. And if the victim survives the abuse they will interpret that to mean they were in no way harmed by it. They always objectify their victim, depersonalize them, sec them as a type of woman, or a stereotype, representing something they can hate and hurt. They never sec their victims as individuals or as human beings, and if something does happen to make them sec their victims as human, they often cannot carry out their attack.
Pornography and Rape: A Causal Model
Authors: Russell Diana E H
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I present my theoretical model of the causative role of pornography and describe some of the research that I believe substantiates this theory.* First, I wish to point out that, when addressing the question of whether or not pornography causes violence and sexual assault, many people fail to acknowledge that in many instances the actual making of pornography involves or even requires violence and sexual assault. Testimony by women and men involved in such activity provides numerous examples of this (Public Hearings, 1983; Attorney General’s Commission, 1986). In one case, a man who said he had participated in over a hundred pornographic movies testified at the Commission hearings in Los Angeles as follows: ‘I, myself, have been on a couple of sets where the young ladies have been forced to do even anal sex scenes with a guy which [sic] is rather large and I have seen them crying in pain’ (1986, p. 773).
Groupware in Decision Support
Authors: Anand Paul
Published: November 2023

The scope, rules, and technologies of organizational decision—making are changing rapidly—issues such as business reengineering, globalization, teamworking, networking, subcontracting, and privatization are just a few examples of the way in which organizations are now forced fundamentally to revise the way they design the nexus of internal and external relations that govern corporate life. The old idea of individuals relating through hierarchical direction and coming together on set occasions continues to wane under the rise of persuasion and negotiation as norms of social interaction. Finally, the exploitation of information technologies can transform the opportunities for such interactions to occur. It is perhaps decision-making in groups that best allows us to explore some of these changes. In this chapter I shall review some of the ideas behind the growth1 of what has variously come to be known, inter alia, as collaborative working, group decision support, and groupware. Figure 2.1 shows the growth of interest in groupware and compared with other decision support technologies. The aim of the paper is to sketch an understanding of what group decision support is, and why we might need it and what we know about its effects. To understand the potential scope and impact of groupware, we do need to examine both theories of decision-making and the diffusion and adoption of new technologies.
Organizational Arrangements for IS: Roles of Users and Specialists
Authors: Feeny David F , Earl Michael J , Edwards Brian
Published: November 2023

The commonest conceptualization of any organizational design is usually the ‘structure’ or vertical dimension—the definition of organizational units, the reporting relationships for each of them, and the distribution of responsibilities and authority. A second dimension, which may be less well defined in the design or its operation, is the ‘process’ or horizontal component—the way in which different organizational units work with each other when necessary to achieve organizational objectives. When organizational arrangements for IS are being considered, this second component takes on a particular importance because of the well-documented difficulties experienced between IS professionals and representatives of other parts of the organization. Problematic relationships are seen to arise regardless of choice of IS structure: corporations which demolish a central ‘ivory tower’ IS function by decentralizing resources into local IT units regularly find they have created a series of smaller ivory towers. Users still perceive the IS department as centralized because user-specialist relationships are inadequate. In this chapter we consider how organizational arrangements can foster effective working relationships between IS specialists and the ‘users’ they serve, irrespective of their positioning within a structural framework.
The Politics of Sentencing Reform
Authors: Morgan Rod , Clarkson Chris
Published: November 2023

This book arises out of a conference held at Bristol University in April 1993. The conference was planned eighteen months previously. Our plans were prompted by the passage in England of the Criminal Justice Act 1991, a statute widely heralded as radical, though not as radical as some commentators wished, and the uncertain impact of which was eagerly awaited. The Act was the product of a long gestation during the course of which alternative legislative models were vigorously debated.
Reflections on the Role of the Sentencing Scholar
Authors: Ashworth Andrew
Published: November 2023

The essays in this volume show, as do newspapers the world over, that sentencing is a matter of widespread concern. It is a central issue of social and legal policy. As a field for enquiry it is vast, and in this penultimate essay I draw upon merely a few of the themes mentioned by other contributors so as to raise some general topics for discussion. The essay is divided into three sections. First, some common confusions about sentencing reform are identified.
Rules And Government
Authors: Baldwin Robert
Published: November 2023

This book examines how governmental and regulatory activities are carried out by `soft laws' in the form of codes, regulations, directives and other non-statutory rules. Key questions considered are: When should government or regulation be structured according to soft law rules? What are the alternatives to rules? What is a `good' governmental or regulatory process? The design of rules as well as their enforcement is investigated and a case study throws light on the techniques regulators may use to secure compliance. The connection between securing compliance and achieving the right results is then focused on and issues of inclusiveness, standard-setting and `creative compliance' are discussed. The potential of cost benefit analysis as a means of testing rules is evaluated and the European context, within which regulatory and governmental rules operate is considered in an extended discussion of `Euro-rules'. Rules and Government concludes by reviewing the alternatives to rules, considering the potential of `light touch' regulatory styles that do not stress commands and suggests how the legitimacy of governmental and regulatory process can be maximised. Rules and Government is essential reading for lawyers, political scientists, economists and those of all disciplines who are concerned with: * Regulation: its design, operation and enforcement * Choices of regulatory strategy * Issues of compliance * Governmental policy-making processes * Legislation and its techniques * Public law or the law of regulated sectors * Economic appraisals and regulation * Standard - setting and rule selection * The Europeanisation of regulation and government * The drift to `government by circular' * Due process in government * The control of discretion The book is of relevance not merely to academics but also to: * Practitioners and advisers in regulated sectors * Civil Servants and those in firms who respond daily to rules and regulations Policy-makers in government departments and agencies * Legislators and rule-makers.
The hague convention on international Child abduction
Authors: Beaumont Paul R , Mceleavy Peter E
Published: November 2023

The Hague Child Abduction Convention has proved to be one of the most widely ratified treaties ever agreed at the Hague Conference on Private International Law. This book provides a much needed systematic analysis of the way in which the Convention has been applied in England and Scotland, with extensive reference to the case law of Australia, Canada, France, New Zealand and the United States. All the key provisions and terms of the Convention are thoroughly explored. The book also provides broader insights into the role of the Hague Conference and the use of habitual residence as a correcting factor. The aim of the Oxford Monographs in Private International Law series, edited by Peter Carter QC, is to publish works of quality and originality in a number of important areas of private international law. The series in intended for both scholarly and practitioner readers.
‘Working the Earth of the Heart’
Authors: Stewart Columba
Published: November 2023

This study provides a complete reassessment of the Messalian controversy of the fourth and fifth centuries AD. The Messalians were an ascetic group, their name (of Syriac derivation) meaning ‘praying people’. Their extraordinary claims and graphic spiritual vocabulary were considered heretical by the early Christian Church and were condemned at the Council of Ephesus in 431. Dr Stewart reconstructs the history of the controversy from its beginnings, carefully avoiding all previous suppositions and flawed methodologies. He considers in depth the spiritual vocabulary which lies at the root of the controversy and which can also be found in the Greek pseudo-Macarian writings. He proves that the pseudo-Macarian vocabulary can be traced to a Syriac milieu and demonstrates this by comparisons with such early Syriac texts as the writings of Ephrem, Aphrahat, and especially the anonymous Liber graduum. In this light, the claims of the Messalians are shown to result from the influence upon Greek Christian culture of an equally orthodox tradition, the Semitic Syriac culture of the Christian East. Christian writers of both cultures were determined to show others a way to ‘work the earth of the heart’, an image favoured by pseudo-Macarius for its evocation of the patient labour of asceticism. The controversy was thus not indeed a question of heresy, but of misperceived differences of culture and of spiritual idiom.
A Greek Vocabulary Of Christian Experience
Authors: Stewart Columba
Published: November 2023

A reader of the Ps.-Macarian texts cannot help but be struck by Ps.-Macarius’ repeated insistence that freedom from sin, the possession of the Holy Spirit, union with Christ, and other spiritual experiences, are recognized in confidence or assurance ,1 feeling or sensation ,2 and experience .3 These terms are often used in combination, and with other words such as and .
Conclusions
Authors: Stewart Columba
Published: November 2023

The preceding study has sketched the convergence of various ways of approaching the causes and early history of the Messalian controversy. The approaches converge upon the world of Syriac Christianity. The reinterpretation of the historical and geographical evidence leaves little doubt about the origins of the people or movements labelled ‘Messalian’ and condemned for doctrinal and behavioural deviations from orthodox norms. Whoever they were, whatever may have been the names of their principal teachers, however they may have lived, the ‘Messalians’ and the controversy which followed them were an irruption into the Hellenistic world of ascetical practices and imagistic language far more characteristic of Syriac Christianity than of the imperial Church centred on Constantinople. The charges brought against them about their way of life are not particularly unusual; other groups were accused of similar faults. The doctrinal points made against them, however, are distinctive, and the various anti-Messalian lists demonstrate a continuity of issues and, particularly, of language. It has been seen that this language, used to describe religious experience, itself points to Syriac Christianity.
Terminology and Power
Authors: Luckasson Ruth
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides an analysis of terminology or naming in mental retardation, which is one aspect of a larger process that includes defining and classifying. Particular attention is given to the power aspects of terminology. The issues of terminology and power are critical to people with intellectual disabilities because of their continuing experience with being named by others, the negative affects of particular names, their historic powerlessness in the naming of mental retardation, and their current attempts to influence, negotiate, or take control of the naming process.
The Effectiveness of the Beveridge Model at Different Stages of Socio-economic Development: The Israeli Experience
Authors: Doron Abraham
Published: November 2023

The emergence of the Beveridge social security model in the early l940s, and its later implementation in Britain during the immediate postwar period, played an important role in the shaping of the evolution of the Israeli social security system. The overall strategic aim of the Beveridge plan was the creation of a minimum standard of living below which no person should fall, or, in Beveridge’s own words, ‘the abolition of want’. The implementation of this plan was to be based on insurance, i.e. on a contributory system of finance. The means by which poverty was to be relieved was by cash payments and not by benefits in kind (Beveridge 1942; Davies 1986: 10-11).
The Governors, Directors and Management of the Bank of England
Authors: Hennessy Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the people chosen by the Bank to be its Governors, Directors and senior managers, traces the methods of selection from the establishment of the Bank until 1994, its tercentenary year, and makes some assessment of the effectiveness with which the internal management of the Bank has been carried out.
Greece: From Rent-Seeking Protectionism to Direct Intervention
Authors: Minoglou Ioanna Pepelasis
Published: November 2023

In the course of the last century, Greece has evolved from a poor1 peasant quasi mercantile society to a middle-income (quasi-industrial) economy.2 Through out this trajectory, industrial policy has at times been effective, but was always inefficient, failing to enhance the international competitiveness of Greek indus try.3 Two structural continuities have been responsible for this outcome.
Demographic Responses to Economic Adjustment in Latin America
Authors: Tapinos G
Published: November 2023

The papers in this volume address the influence of economic fluctuations upon mortality, fertility, and labor markets in the Latin America of the 1980s. Contributors attempt to distinguish short-term effects from long-term ones. Broader policy-related and institutional factors affecting the continent as a whole are examined alongside the demographic consequences of economic changes in individual countries.
Introduction: Theories and Issues in the Study of Trust
Authors: Lane Christel
Published: November 2023

Recent changes in the global business environment have radically increased the demands which businesses have to fulfil to stay in the competitive race. Firms in the advanced countries are facing tremendous challenges from a number of sources: demands for enhanced quality and variability of goods and constant innovation in product development; severe price competition from low-wage countries; and much increased costs of new technology. Some of these demands are also beginning to impinge on newly industrializing societies (NIS). To cope with these new challenges, firms have begun to implement organizational innovations within firms and in their relations with other firms. Among the latter, relational contracting, networks, strategic alliances and horizontal co-operation in industrial districts have become particularly prevalent (Piorc and Sabel 1984; Powell 1990; Ring and van de Ven 1992; Alter and Hage 1993; Sydow 1996). Within organizations, networking, semi-autonomous working groups, and reciprocity are also accorded new importance (Rajan, van Eupen, and Jaspers 1997: 36; Turner and Auer 1994), as are forms of organizational decentralization of responsibility.
Understanding the Constitution of Interorganizational Trust*
Authors: Sydow Jörg
Published: November 2023

Trust is a social phenomenon which makes work within organizations easier and collaboration among organizations possible. Specifically in a world of increasing uncertainty and complexity, flat hierarchies, more participative management styles, and increased professionalism, trust is thought to be a more appropriate mechanism for controlling organizational life than hierarchical power or direct surveillance (e.g. Fox 1974 and, for more recent sources, Heisig and Littek 1995; Hosmer 1995; Zaheer and Venkatraman 1995; Lane and Bachmann 1996). Beyond intraorganizational trust, the increasingly close collaboration among organizations as in cases of joint research and development, just-in-time delivery or relationship market ing requires trust among organizations, that is interorganizational trust (Dodgson 1993).
Trust and International Strategic Alliances: The Case of Sino-Foreign Joint Ventures*
Authors: Child John
Published: November 2023

It is evident that co-operation, both within and between enterprises, is becoming more crucial for their success (Smith, Carroll, and Ashford 1995). Co-operation between firms continues to grow, manifested both in close and integrated relationships between manufacturing firms and their suppliers (Lane and Bachmann 1996) and in more comprehensive strategic alliances between companies (Bleeke and Ernst 1993).
Innovation and Technology Transfer within Multinational Firms
Authors: Howells Jeremy
Published: November 2023

This chapter analyses the issue of international innovation and technology transfer within multinational firms. It considers how the organizational and locational context of this affects both firm and national performance. Within the whole issue of international technology flows, intrafirm cross-border technology flows has remained a neglected issue for analysis and discussion. This is despite being long recognized as a major element in international technology transfer. Even in the late 1970s technological balance of payments analysis revealed that intrafirm payments accounted for between two-thirds and three-quarters of total payments in the USA, UK, and Germany and that this figure had increased in all three countries over the late 1960s and 1970s (Madeuf, 1984: 135). Despite these general estimates, however, the scale and process of such transfers has been difficult to measure and quantify and therefore has been resistant to analysis. In part this is bound up with the sensitive nature of such transactions, since it is a key element in transfer pricing and profit flows between subsidiary operations (Chudnovsky, 1981). However, even in relation to a management perspective, the process of intrafirm technology flows has remained relatively neglected.
Collocations and Lexical Functions
Authors: Mel’čuk Igor
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses collocations from the viewpoint of their theoretical and practical (i.e. lexicographic) description. Although they are, and have long been, a popular topic in linguistics, there is, as far as I know, no universally accepted formal definition of collocations nor a proposal for their uniform and systematic treatment in dictionaries. I hope to fill both these gaps, taking up the following four topics:
On the Phraseology of Spoken English: The Evidence of Recurrent Word-Combinations
Authors: Altenberg Bengt
Published: November 2023

Phraseology is a fuzzy part of language. Although most of us would agree that it embraces the conventional rather than the productive or rule-governed side of language, involving various kinds of composite units and ‘pre-patterned’ expressions such as idioms, fixed phrases, and collocations, we find it difficult to delimit the area and classify the different types involved. Indeed, as Pawley and Syder (1983) and others have pointed out, the existence of a large number of more or less prefabricated expressions in language blurs the distinction between lexicon and grammar and strongly suggests that ‘lexicalization and productivity are matters of degree’ rather than a clear-cut dichotomy. This state of affairs creates problems of description for both the empirical and the theoretical linguist, at the same time as it provides a challenge to anyone who wants to get a better understanding of language and language use.
Organizational Learning in Supplier Networks
Authors: Lane Christel
Published: November 2023

The literature on organizational learning is now voluminous, and the topic has been explored from a variety of different angles (Albach, Dierkes, Berthoin Antal, and Vaillant 1998; Edmondson and Moingeon 1996; Starkey 1996). Most accounts, however, have focused on learning within organizations, whereas learning in networks has received much less consideration. The few studies that cover external learning either deal with diffusion of information in a highly general way (Levitt and March 1988) or focus only on strategic alliances (Child, Ch. 29 in this volume) and learning in relation to R&D activity (e.g. Ciborra 1991; Dodgson 1993).
Global City-Regions
Authors: Scott Allen j. , agnew john , Soja, edward w. , storper michael
Published: November 2023

There are now more than three hundred city-regions around the world with popu lations greater than one million. At least twenty city-regions have populations in excess of ten million. They range from familiar metropolitan agglomerations dominated by a strongly developed core such as the London region or Mexico City, to more polycentric geographic units as in the cases of the urban networks of the Randstad or Emilia-Romagna. Everywhere, these city-regions are ex panding vigorously, and they present many deep challenges to researchers and policymakers as we enter the twenty-first century. The processes of worldwide economic integration and accelerated urban growth make traditional planning and policy strategies in these regions increasingly problematical while more fitting approaches remain in a largely experimental stage. New ways of thinking about these processes and new ways of acting to harness their benefits and to control their negative effects are urgently needed.
Protecting Prisoners
Authors: Morgan Rod , Evans Malcolm D
Published: November 2023

Prisoners are a uniquely vulnerable social group and protecting them from oppressive states has given rise to a complex web of standards generated by a variety of international mechanisms and processes. Protecting Prisoners examines the most detailed and far-reaching set of custodial standards yet devised--those of the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture (CPT)---and relates them to those of other European and United Nations bodies. The book also examines the reaction of selected Council of Europe member states---Belgium, France, Hungary, the Netherlands, Turkey, and the United Kingdom---to the application of those standards in CPT reports. This dual perspective provides a critical insight into the degree to which the development of international human rights law is having a practical impact on the situation of prisoners.
Genetic versus Contact Relationship: Prosodic Diffusibility in South-East Asian Languages
Authors: Matisoff James A
Published: November 2023

Perhaps the most striking phonological feature of the South-East Asian linguistic area (which is here defined broadly to include north-east India, the Himalayan region, and China south of the Yangtze) is the proliferation of systems of contrastive prosodic laryngeal effects — tones and phonation types — that have spread through all the language families of the region, and that have developed more elaborately here than anywhere else on earth. Before the universal phonetic mechanisms of ‘tonogenesis’ were well understood, cross-linguistic similarities in tonal systems were naively taken as prima facie evidence of genetic relationship; and before contact or diffusional phenomena had been studied from a sophisticated sociolinguistic point of view, the hypothesis of genetic relationship was felt to be especially convincing if there were ‘regular’ tonal correspondences between similar-looking vocabulary items in different languages. Thus Vietnamese was once thought to be related to Tai because of the overall similarity in their tone systems. More plausibly (but still erroneously), Tai and Hmong-Mien have often been included in the Sino-Tibetan family because of their large number of shared vocabulary items with regularly corresponding tones.
‘Lazy Learning’: Natural and Machine Learning of Word Stress
Authors: Gillis Steven , Daelemans Walter , Durieux Gert
Published: November 2023

How do children learn to assign stress to the words of their native language? One approach holds that they abstract the rules for stress assignment from the language they hear. This view is commonly advocated in the psycholinguistic literature for the acquisition of metrical phenomena, but also for acquisition in other linguistic domains such as morphology or syntax. Alternatively, children may well memorize individual words together with their appropriate stress pattern. After all, a language user—child or adult—needs a lexicon in which at least the morphologically simplex words of the language are stored. The information available for each item in the lexicon may thus include segmental information as well as the word’s stress pattern (Dell 1986; Levelt and Wheeldon 1994). The main advantage of the former approach is that it relieves the lexicon from much redundancy: rules explicitly embody the general regularities that underlie the system of stress assignment. The latter approach in which all words, including their stress pattern, are stored in memory is less economical in this respect, but it captures in a natural way the fact that most (if not all) words that children use, they have heard correctly stressed in the input. Learning is drastically different in both approaches: in the first approach, children have to abstract rules in some way from the input, which is not necessary when they simply memorize words and their stress pattern. In this approach rule abstraction is not part of the learning process. Stressing of previously unseen words is possible in a lexical approach by incorporating a form of learning (i.e. lazy learning) which works on the basis of the stored examples directly instead of on rules extracted from the examples. This possibility is not considered in the language acquisition literature.
Landmark use and the cognitive map in the rat
Authors: Save Etienne , Poucet Bruno , Thinus-Blanc Catherine
Published: November 2023

Spatial behaviours are essential to the survival of all species of mammals. In spite of the large diversity of their anatomical morphologies and natural habitats, mammals have to orient, to navigate towards specific places by using landmarks (to reach food sources or mates) and finally to return to their nests or home sites. Therefore, spatial orientation may require similar basic information processes in all species.
Constraints of diving
Authors: Fjeldså Jon
Published: November 2023

The avian communities of lakes and marshes where grebes breed are dominated by waterfowl (Anati dae) and gulls (Laridae), with the addition of coots (Fulica), wading-birds, and various smaller birds which inhabit shoreline vegetation and beaches. For further discussion of these community associations, see chapter 6.
Galois theory
Authors: Wilson John S
Published: November 2023

Classical Galois theory is concerned with finite field extensions K/k which are normal and separable, and the associated groups Gal (K/k), where Gal (K/k) denotes the group of all automorphisms of K which induce the identity in k. When one passes to infinite algebraic extensions, the appropriate groups turn out to be profinite groups, and most theorems from the classical case can be extended without difficulty.
Free groups and projective groups
Authors: Wilson John S
Published: November 2023

Free groups play as important a role in profinite group theory as in abstract group theory. Free profinite groups are defined, like free abstract groups, by a universal property, and epimorphisms from them provide a useful means for studying arbitrary profinite groups.
Non-integer sequences
Authors: Harman Glyn
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we shall consider generalizing the results of Chapters 2, 3, and 4 to non-integer sequences. We may thus consider approximations to almost all α by ‘fractions’ of the form mlan, where m∈𝕫 but a  n comes from a given increasing sequence of real numbers.
Cyclopropanation mediated by zinc organometallics
Authors: Charette André B
Published: November 2023

Haloalkylzinc-derived organometallics are among the reagents of choice for the stereoselective conversion of olefins to cyclopropanes. These reagents were shown to be very effective cyclopropanating reagents with unique properties and reactivities. They allow the stereospecific conversion of (E)- or (Z)¬ alkenes to (E)- or (Z)-cyclopropanes (Scheme 13.1). Although a variety of olefins containing various functional groups have been successfully converted into cyclopropanes under these conditions, these reactions are best performed on electron-rich olefins or those containing basic groups that can pre-coordinate to the reagent. More specifically, the highest yields and reaction rates are usually observed in the cyclopropanation of allylic alcohols and ethers in nonetheral solvents.
The Reformatsky reaction
Authors: Fürstner Alois
Published: November 2023

In a general sense, the Reformatsky reaction can be taken as subsuming all enolate formations by oxidative addition of a metal or a low-valent metal salt into a carbon-halogen bond activated by a vicinal carbonyl group, followed by reaction of the enolates thus formed with an appropriate electrophile (Scheme 14.1).1-3 The insertion of metallic zinc into a.-haloesters is the historically first and still most widely used form of this process, to which this chapter is confined. It is the mode of enolate formation that distinguishes the Reformatsky reaction from other fields of metal enolate chemistry.
Reductions with selenium reagents
Authors: Nishiyama Yutaka , Sonoda Noboru
Published: November 2023

The chemistry of organoselenium compounds has attracted considerable attention in view of their importance as reagents and intermediates in organic synthesis. Considerable efforts have been devoted to investigating the specific properties of organoselenium compounds and to developing useful synthetic reactions based upon them.
Least-squares approximation for polynomials
Authors: Schatzman Michelle , Taylor John
Published: November 2023

Section 4.1 was dedicated to polynomial interpolation: we replace a function bya polynomial of degree at most n which coincides with the function at n+1 points. We have seen that the result is not always satisfactory in terms of convergence.
Theoretical interlude
Authors: Schatzman Michelle , Taylor John
Published: November 2023

The rest of the book requires some supplementary knowledge of matrix analysis. This chapter contains various information which is of a more analytical than algebraic nature: properties of eigenvalues, matrix norms, spectral radius etc.
Nonlinear equations and systems
Authors: Schatzman Michelle , Taylor John
Published: November 2023

From the existence of solutions to their construction Existence and non-existence of solutions Let f be a continuous mapping from an open subset of ℝn to ℝn . We want to approximate numerically a solution of the system.
Solving differential systems
Authors: Schatzman Michelle , Taylor John
Published: November 2023

The essential point leading to the proof of the theorem which follows is that the operation of integration produces more regular functions than the operation of differentiation. More precisely1 if u is a measurable and essentially bounded function on a compact interval of 1 we have no information on its derivative and do not even know if it is differentiable. On the other hand1 all of its integrals are bounded1 Lipschitz1 and differentiable almost everywhere.
Towards partial differential equations
Authors: Schatzman Michelle , Taylor John
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we present the elementary theory and the numerical analysis of some partial differential equations. In general, the numerical analysis of partial differential equations requires much more functional analysis than this book aims to present. However, for the simplest partial differential equations, we can work without adding any analytical tools to the ones already used.
First properties of the plane
Authors: Hirschfeld J W P
Published: November 2023

The plane PG(2, q) contains q2+q +1 points, q2 +q +1 lines, q+1 points on every line, and q +1 lines through every point. Throughout, U0, U1, U2, U denote the vertices of the triangle of reference and the unit point with u0,u1,u2,u their respective duals.
Blocking sets
Authors: Hirschfeld J W P
Published: November 2023

A blocking set is minimal or irreducible if B\{P} is not a blocking set for every P in B. A blocking set of Redei type is a blocking set of size q + m that has an m-secant.
Variation
Authors: Holland John H
Published: November 2023

When i examined the commonalities of examples of emergence in Chapter 6, I devoted a section to agent-based models. The aggregate properties of interacting agents, such as the ants in an ant colony, provide some of our best examples of emergent phenomena. Agents, above all, are mobile. And that mobility raises a question about the facility with which constrained generating procedures can handle agents. We know, from the example of the glider in Conway’s automaton, that cgjb’s can accommodate mobile objects. However, that is not the same as designing a cgp to handle agents according to specifications given at the outset.
Metaphor and Innovation
Authors: Holland John H
Published: November 2023

We started this exploration of emergence by examining two inventions, numbers and board games. These ancient pursuits were contrived long before humans began recording their intellectual achievements. They are simply described, though their discovery was far from simple. In both cases their short, intuitive definitions generated objects that have been fruitfully studied to the present day. Both easily illustrate the “much from little” hallmark of emergence. And both raise the question, how are such inventions produced? Ultimately, to understand emergence, we must understand the process that engenders these inventions. Our quest now enters the broader arena of metaphor and innovation.
Closing
Authors: Holland John H
Published: November 2023

In closing (first sense), I will summarize some of the main points of this book. The summary involves some of the difficulties that accompany an attempt to summarize a poem, even though there is little of the poetic in this presentation. Much of the meaning is bound up in the way the presentation unfolds. Moreover, at this stage emergence is a subject as ill defined as “purpose” or “justice.” The uncertainty of definition forces us to rely on partial descriptions, which in turn rely heavily on context. As a consequence, this summary mainly suggests loci for increased attention.
Absolutely Continuous Functions and Sobolev Spaces
Authors: Buttazzo Giuseppe , Giaquinta Mariano , Hildebrandt Stefan
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we shall introduce and discuss the class of absolutely continuous functions. There are essentially two ways of introducing these functions, namely the classical one going back to Vitali and Tonelli, and the more functional-analytic way in terms of the so-called Sobolev spaces. A detailed description of these spaces in any dimension can be found in several books; see for instance Adams [1], Maz’ya [182], Ziemer [295].
Semicontinuity and Existence Results
Authors: Buttazzo Giuseppe , Giaquinta Mariano , Hildebrandt Stefan
Published: November 2023

According to our previous considerations, in order to apply the direct methods to integral functionals : F(u) on Sobolev spaces or in the class of absolutely continuous functions, the key point is a semicontinuity theorem with respect to weak convergence in Sobolev spaces. In the following sections we prove some fairly general semicontinuity theorems. Then, under suitable coerciveness assumptions, the direct methods lead to various existence results.
Regularity of Minimizers
Authors: Buttazzo Giuseppe , Giaquinta Mariano , Hildebrandt Stefan
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we discuss the regularity theory of minimizers of one-dimensional variational problems in the class of absolutely continuous functions or, more generally, in the Sobolev spaces H1,m.
Autism and Asperger Syndrome
Authors: Baron-Cohen Simon
Published: November 2023

In this new book Simon Baron-Cohen summarizes the current understanding of autism and Asperger Syndrome. He explains the process of diagnosis, as well as the options for education and intervention for those with these conditions. Taking a lifespan approach, Professor Baron-Cohen considersa how the conditions affect very young children through to adulthood. He also outlines his new Empathizing-Systemizing (ES) theory, which aims to explain all of the psychological features of autistic-spectrum conditions. This book is designed firstly for people with these conditions and their families. It will be useful to clinicians, teachers, and other professionals involved in the care and support of people on the autistic spectrum. The book will also provide an invaluable introduction to the topic for students in the social and biological sciences.
The Chimpanzees of the Taï Forest
Authors: Boesch Christophe , Boesch-Achermann Hedwige
Published: November 2023

The chimpanzees are the closest living evolutionary relatives to our own species, Homo sapiens. As such, they have long exerted a fascination over those with an interest in human evolution, and what makes humans unique. Chrisophe Boesch and Hedwige Boesch-Acherman undertook an incredible observational study of a group of wild chimpanzees of the Tai forest in Cote D'Ivoire, spending some fifteen years in the West African jungle with them. This fascinating book is the result of these years of painstaking research among the chimps. Chimpanzee behaviour is documented here in all its impressive diversity and variety. Aggression, territoriality, social structure and relationships, reproductive strategies, hunting, tool use - each of these is given its own chapter, along with topics such as chimp intelligence, life histories, and demography. The authors take care to place their observations within the broader context of research in behavioural ecology, and to compare and contrast their findings with other important work on chimpanzee groups, such as that by Jane Goodall. The book concludes with a summary chapter relating the chimpanzee findings to our understanding of human evolution. Combining careful scientific observation with a store of entertaining anecdotes, this is a lively and readable book. It also succeeds in shedding light on some of the central questions around the evolutionary relationships between the primates, and in particular the affinity between chimpanzees and humans. 'This is a major contribution to the study of the great apes, and a significant addition to debates about human/ape evolution. It has all the makings of a classic monograph.'
Unconventional Collagens
Authors: Ricard-Blum Sylvie , Dublet * Bernard , der Rest Michel van
Published: November 2023

This Protein Profile issue covers collagens VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XII, XIV, XVI, and, XIX. It contains information about constituent chains, biosynthesis and post-translational modifications, genes, molecular and supramolecular assemblies, interactions, tissue distribution, and degradation, genetic and acquired diseases. Also available are the EBI sequence data and alignments, and a full bibliography.
Bringing Chemistry to Life
Authors: Williams R J P , Silva J J R Fraústo Da
Published: November 2023

In this book the authors describe the long journey from formless inanimate matter to man, while explaining the nature and the logic of the physical-chemical processes involved, and stressing the limitations of reductionist analyses of these processes as complexity increases and novel properties emerge. In particular the authors develop the idea that it was chemical change of the environment that allowed evolution of life to occur and that this evolution required successive addition of new message systems and information codes connected, compatible, and cooperative with previous extant systems. To do this the authors analyse the relationship between chemical element content and speciation both in inanimate and living systems in terms of fundamental units and variables, or composite (derived) units and variables. Through such analyses the authors conclude that chemical speciation is very much a matter of chemical cooperativity (order versus disorder) while biological speciation requires cooperative flow of chemicals and energy (organisation versus disorder). They argue that chance mutations of DNA are far too simple to provide a basis for evolution and biological diversity, though it is a representation of such diversity. It is the survival strength of systems of molecular machinery which separate and generate living species. In the final chapter they analyse the effect of man's activities on the present global and local ecosystems and speculate on the possible nature of the emergent properties to be expected from an ever-increasing complexity of information-based modern societies.
The convergence method of Greiter
Authors: Schweiger Fritz
Published: November 2023

Greiter 1977 was able to prove convergence for several algorithms. Toussaint 1986 gives a modification of Greiter’s method. We will present a simplified version of these ideas here. Definition 32 Let U and V be compact convex subsets of ℝn. Fix 1 < r. Then we write U and V if there is an x ∈ U such that x + r(y – x) ∈ V for all y ∈ U.
Some applications
Authors: Schweiger Fritz
Published: November 2023

As outlined in the preface (regular) continued fractions have a number of remarkable properties. Therefore it is no surprise that continued fractions appear in various branches of mathematics. Up to now several generalizations of continued fractions exist but none of these generalizations really seem to fulfill the wanted properties. In fact it is very likely that in higher dimensions a split occurs. An algorithm which gives good Diophantine approximations, say, will not work as a characterization of algebraic numbers and so on (see Szekeres 1970, Cusick 1977; Lagarias 1982a, 1982b). On the other hand multidimensional continued fractions are not just an interesting research area within metric number theory and ergodic theory but they have been used in other branches of mathematics mainly as a tool for constructing simultaneous approximations. The Jacobi-Perron algorithm was used for local uniformization on algebraic varieties (Zariski 1940). The appearance of subtractive multidimensional continued fractions in a model of percolation theory has already been mentioned (Meester & Nowicki 1989). There are also connections to pseudo-Anosov maps (Bauer 1995).
Principles of green chemistry
Authors: Anastas Paul T , Warner John C
Published: November 2023

Green chemistry has been defined concisely in Chapter 2, and while green chemistry has also been described as the Hippocratic Oath for the Chemist (‘First, do no harm.’), the true definition of a subdiscipline or an area of investigation comes from the research and the accomplishments that are conducted therein. It is this organically grown definition that not only answers the question ‘What is green chemistry?’, but also provides the scope and range for green chemistry so that we can view where green chemistry can and will go in the future.

The listing of the ‘Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry’ should be viewed as a reflection of the science that has been done within this nascent field in the recent past, as well as as a direction that has been set by some of the pioneering scientists who have laid the ground­ work for the future (Fig. 4.1).