bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analisis Kelayakan Pengoperasian Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah (IPAL) CV Proma Tun Probolinggo
Authors: Tri Prihatiningsih  , Haryono
Published: November 2020

Tofu is a traditional Indonesian food that is very popular with the community. The tofu production process produces solid and liquid waste. The liquid waste contains very high BOD, COD and TSS which has the potential to pollute the environment, therefore it is necessary to have a Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP). This study aims to determine the economic feasibility study of the operation of the WWTP. The research was conducted at CV. Proma Tun Saroyyan Probolinggo. To find out the economic feasibility of the operation of WWTPs using the parameters of the Net Present Value (NPV), Payback Period (PP) and Benefit Cost Ratio (B / C R)

            The results showed that the WWTP used was the Anaerob-Biogas system, the anaerobic system is wastewater treatment by utilizing microorganisms that work without oxygen free, with three stages, namely: Hydrolysis, Acidification, and Methane Formation Stage. The resulting methane gas (biogas) is a mixture of various types of gases, including CH4 (54% -70%), CO2 (27% -45%), O2 (1% -4%), N2 (0.5% -3%), CO (1%), and H2 which are stored in the gas holder and distributed to the community as an alternative fuel to replace LPG gas.

            For an analysis of economic feasibility with NPV criteria shows that the biogas WWTP is profitable, because the NPV value is positive at Rp. 58,249,000. Based on the criteria of PP, which is 5 years 10 months 20 days, which means that the time is quite short and does not exceed the age of the economical gas holder. And the value of B / C Ratio is 1.4109 which means that the WWTP biogas in the CV. Proma Tun Saroyyan Probolinggo deserves to be developed because of the value of B / C R> 1.
Optimasi Dual Axis Tracking Untuk Solar Cell Berbasis Imperialis Competitive Algorithm (ICA)
Authors: Mohammad Hasib Al Isbilly  , Tubagus Fahm  , Markhaban Siswanto
Published: November 2020

The use of fossil energy as an electric fuel causes the earth to experience global-warming. As a tropical country, Indonesia has great potential to develop solar energy as a substitute for fossil energy. Increased efficiency in capturing sunlight will further optimize the work of the Solar Power Plant (PLTS). One way that can be done is by making a solar tracker so that the Solar Panel can follow the direction of the sun's motion. Optimization Design The solar tracker uses dual axis using Proportional Integral Differential (PID) control tuned with the Imperialis Competitive Algorithm (ICA), which is expected to be able to get the right angle between the yaw and Pitch with Azimuth and Elevation Angle. The PID-ICA controller design is done using matlab software. For vertical and horizontal rotary axes it is expected to obtain the best PID-ICA constant, which in turn will affect the performance and optimization of the photovoltaic system. The best optimization results using ICA-based PID with a settling time value of 0.0906 s on the horizontal axis and 0.094 s on the vertical axis
Pelapisan Logam Menggunakan Plasma
Authors: Wijono  , Bob Alvin Sidabutar  , Waru Djuriatno
Published: November 2020

One of the ways to improve the quality of the material is by using the thin layer deposition techniques on the material surface. DC magnetron sputtering is one of the methods frequently used to do so. This method uses plasma to create a thin layer on the material's surface. In this research, flyback circuit is used to generate plasma. This research examines the effects of electrodes’ gap and sputtering process time on the width of marks that appear on the substrate’s surface. The electrodes’ gap varies in range of 1, 2, 3, and 4 cm, whereas the sputtering process time varies in range of 36, 72, 108, 144, and 180 minutes. The substrate used in this research is iron and the coating materials used are aluminium and copper. This research uses plate-shaped electrodes in the coating process. The sputtering process resulted in the appearance of marks on the substrate’s surface. The marks were compared qualitatively with every gap range of electrodes, sputtering process time, and the coating material used. Next, they were categorized into 6 groups according to the thickness of the marks’ layer in order to obtain quantitative data which were then made into graphics. The results of this research show that silver coating material takes the shortest time to coat iron substrate, which is 36 minutes. In 36 minutes, the marks produced by silver coating fall under the group with the highest marks, compared to other coating materials. This research also shows that alteration of the electrodes' gap will affect the voltage of electrodes and the coating’s thickness groups. The further the gap between the electrodes, the higher the electrodes’ voltage and the coating’s thickness groups will be.
Penataan Kembali Jaringan Distribusi Radial Menggunakan Modified Firefly Algorithm (MFA) Pada Penyulang Jogorogo Ngawi
Authors: Machrus Ali  , Miftachul Ulum
Published: November 2020

The configuration of radial distribution networks is very diverse and difficult to simplify. Reconfiguration of the distribution network is used to reset the network configuration form by opening and closing switches found on the distribution network. Reconfiguration of the distribution network is needed to reduce power losses and improve system reliability. The number of feeders and buses on the network requires a very long time if calculated manually. Because of that, it is necessary to solve problems using artificial intelligence or AI. Firefly Algorithms (FA) are widely used in research to solve optimization problems. Modified Firefly Algorithms (MFA) is an FA modification designed to solve optimization problems in a discrete combination. MFA can find the best network reconfiguration so that it can reduce losses and improve the voltage at the end point of this method can later use other artificial intelligence or can be applied to other feeders, so as to reduce electrical energy losses.
Sistem Kontrol Optimal Fuzzy-Particle Swarm Optimization
Authors: Fachrudin Hunaini  , Imam Robandi  , Nyoman Sutantra
Published: November 2020

Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) is a reliable control system for controlling nonlinear systems, but to obtain optimal fuzzy logic control results, optimal Membership Function parameters are needed. Therefore in this paper Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is used as a fast and accurate optimization method to determine Membership Function parameters. The optimal control system simulation is carried out on the automatic steering system of the vehicle model and the results obtained are the vehicle's lateral motion error can be minimized so that the movement of the vehicle can always be maintained on the expected trajectory
Pengaturan Kecepatan Motor Shunt Berbasis PID Auto-tune Matlab
Authors: Muhlasin  , Rukslin
Published: November 2020

The shunt motor cannot produce large currents when starting to do a rotation as in the series coil field. This means that parallel motors have weak initial torque. When the voltage is applied to an electric motor, high resistance to the parallel coil keeps the current flowing slowly. This will affect the motor's rotational speed. To overcome this problem, a PID controller is used which detuning using the Auto tuning program in matlab. From the simulation results it was found that the PID auto tune control method is the best method of three simulated designs. At the speed output the best speed is 300 rpm with the fastest settling time is 0.832 seconds, while the output current is also the best control design with a current of 1,959 amperes and the settling time is 1,523 seconds.
Variasi Penambahan Sika Cim Dan Fiber Kawat Pada Beton Mutu Fc’ 30 Mpa
Authors: M Zainul Arifin
Published: November 2020

This research was conducted to determine the value of the highest compressive strength from the ratio of normal concrete to normal concrete plus additive types of Sika Cim with a composition variation of 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00%, 1.25%, 1 , 50% and 1.75% of the weight of cement besides that in this study also aims to find the highest tensile strength from the ratio of normal concrete to normal concrete in the mixture of sika cim composition at the highest compressive strength above and after that added fiber wire with a size diameter of 1 mm in length 100 mm with a ratio of 1% of material weight. The concrete mix plan was calculated using the ASTM method, the matrial composition of the normal concrete mixture as follows, 314 kg / m3 cement, 789 kg / m3 sand, 1125 kg / m3 gravel and 189 liters / m3 of water at 10 cm slump, then normal concrete added variations of the composition of sika cim 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 1.75% by weight of cement and fiber, the tests carried out were compressive strength of concrete and tensile strength of concrete, normal maintenance is soaked in fresh water for 28 days at 30oC. From the test results it was found that the normal concrete compressive strength at the age of 28 days was fc1 30 Mpa, the variation in the addition of the sika cim additive type mineral was achieved in composition 0.75% of the cement weight of fc1 40.2 Mpa 30C. Besides that the tensile strength test results were 28 days old with the addition of 1% fiber wire mineral to the weight of the material at a curing temperature of 30oC of 7.5%.
Corrosion Behavior and Hardness of Binary Mg Alloys Produced via High-Energy Ball-Milling and Subsequent Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Farooq Khan Mohammad Umar , Larimian Taban , Borkar T. , Gupta R.K.
Published: November 2020

In this work, nine nanocrystalline binary Mg alloys were synthesized by high-energy ball milling. The compositions, Mg-5 wt% M (M-Cr, Ge, Mn, Mo, Ta, Ti, V, Y, and Zn), were milled with the objective of achieving non-equilibrium alloying. The milled alloys were consolidated via cold compaction (CC) at 25°C and spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 300°C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated grain refinement below 100 nm, and the scanning electron microscopy revealed homogeneous microstructures for all compositions. XRD analysis revealed that most of the alloys showed a change in the lattice parameter, which indicates the formation of a solid solution. A significant increase in the hardness compared to unmilled Mg was observed for all of the alloys. The corrosion behavior was improved in all of the binary alloys compared to milled Mg. A significant decrease in the cathodic kinetics was evident due to Ge and Zn additions. The influence of the alloying elements on corrosion behavior has been categorized and discussed based on the electrochemical response of their respective binary Mg alloys.
What ignorance could not be
Authors: Kubyshkina Ekaterina , Petrolo Mattia
Published: November 2020

In the current debate there are two epistemological approaches to the definition of ignorance. The Standard View defines ignorance simply as not knowing, while the New View defines it as the absence of true belief. We argue that both views provide necessary, but not sufficient conditions for ignorance, and thus do not constitute satisfactory definitions for such a notion.
Disclaiming epistemic Akrasia: arguments and commentaries
Authors: Campos Veronica S.
Published: November 2020

In many ways one’s quest for knowledge can go wrong. Since the publication ofAmélie Rorty’s article “Akratic Believers”, in 1983, there has been a great deal of discussion asto one particular form of flaw in reasoning to which we, as less-than-perfect rational entities,are continuously prone to in our epistemic endeavors: “epistemicakrasia” (an analog, withintheoretical reason, of the weakness of will that is commonly thought to affect practical rea-son). The debate that article gave rise became, then, split between authors to whom the ideaof epistemicakrasiapromotes an interesting diagnosis of some of our intellectual imperfec-tions, and their opponents, those who disclaim the very possibility of the phenomenon. Inthis paper I’ll examine, and present original objections to, four of the main arguments put for-ward by the latter, showing that none of them have consistently ruled out all the legitimatelyconceivable forms of the phenomenon.
Acerca del estatuto ontológico de los fonones
Authors: Accorinti Hernan Lucas , Fortin Sebastian
Published: November 2020

A los cristales se los describe como a una red de átomos que puede vibrar alrededor de su posición de equilibrio. Sin embargo, el hecho de que la energía de estas ondas esté cuantificada sugiere una analogía con el campo electromagnético. En analogía con el fotón se define al fonón. Generalmente se concibe al fonón como a una cuasi-partícula, es decir, como a un instrumento matemático útil en los cálculos pero sin una existencia propia. En este trabajo estudiamos el estatuto ontológico del fonón y argumentaremos en favor de la idea de considerarlo como una partícula real.
A gramática e os conteúdos da percepção
Authors: Debarry Daniel
Published: November 2020

O presente artigo tem o objetivo de discutir criticamente posições representacionistas e antirepresentacionistas no que se refere à experiência perceptual – ao mesmo tempo em que procura tomar posição em favor da primeira em detrimento da segunda. Tendo como ponto de partida o chamado “Debate entre John McDowell e Charles Travis”, pretendemos, no intuito de contornarmos as pressões antirepresentacionistas de Travis, defender aquelas que poderiam ser duas noções de ver como/que (seeing as/seeing that): de um lado, a ideia mcdowelliana de que conteúdos pensáveis (thinkables) podem figurar na experiência perceptual; de outro, uma proposta fenomenológica, que entende o conteúdo representacional da experiência perceptual em termos de seu significado.
A visão revisada de McDowell acerca da experiência perceptual e a ameaça da “ansiedade pluralista”
Authors: Anjos Naiana dos , Frota José , Sanguinetti Federico
Published: November 2020

Em seu ensaio Avoiding the Myth of the Given (AMG), McDowell traz uma nova caraterização do conteúdo da experiência perceptual e do modo que tal conteúdo torna possível ao sujeito conhecer. Esta nova caraterização tem sido acusada de gerar uma “ansiedade pluralista” (Corti 2017). Escopo deste artigo é reconstruir os problemas que, segundo Corti (2017), surgem a partir da virada argumentativa do filósofo, assim como avaliar se McDowell tem à disposição recursos conceituais para esquivar-se às críticas. Para isso, contamos com a seguinte estrutura de texto: 1. reconstruiremos em detalhe a posição revisada de McDowell acerca da experiência perceptual tal como ela foi exposta em AMG; 2. reconstruiremos o argumento de Corti (2017) acerca da possibilidade de que a nova posição de McDowell implique no surgimento de uma “ansiedade pluralista”; 3. discutiremos se é possível fornecer uma interpretação da posição de McDowell que ofereça uma saída para tal ansiedade.
Technical In-Service Needs of Agriculture Teachers in Georgia by Career Pathway
Authors: Yopp Ashley M. , Edgar Don , Croom D. Barry
Published: November 2020

A teacher’s content knowledge, coupled with skilled teaching and a disposition for classroom service, all have a positive effect on student outcomes. This study assessed the in-service professional development needs of Georgia agriculture teachers’ in the seven career pathways defined in the Agricultural Education curriculum: Agribusiness Systems, Animal Systems, Environmental Service Systems, Food Products and Processing Systems, Natural Resources, Plant Systems, and Power and Technical Systems. Multiple areas within pathways were found to be beneficial for professional development according to teachers including: lab management, lab safety, greenhouse management, nutrition, feeds and feeding, market research, business plan development, etc. Teachers at all levels of experience noted additional professional development in plant systems and lab safety would be beneficial and teachers with less than 10 years expressed need for training in power and technical systems. Significant differences were found between male and female teachers in the area of power and technical systems, with males expressing need for additional professional development. Rural teachers saw more benefit in food processing professional development than their urban counterparts. Future research should investigate trends in professional development as it pertains to gender to provide a more tailored understanding of factors contributing to the individual needs of teachers, especially in the power and technical systems pathway. Additionally, research is needed to assess other elements of effective professional development in Agricultural Education such as the value of duration, collaboration, and reflection.
Motivational Influences on Land-Grant Faculty Engagement in Science Communication
Authors: Ruth Taylor K. , Rumble Joy N. , Lundy Lisa K. , Galindo Sebastian , Carter Hannah S. , Folta Kevin M.
Published: November 2020

To address knowledge gaps related to science, faculty will have to effectively engage the public in science communication. This is particularly true at land-grant institutions where tenure-track faculty have appointments in teaching, research, and Extension. However, tenure-track faculty have found it difficult to balance their professional obligations and have struggled to engage the public through Extension efforts. The purpose of this study was to determine how the Expectancy Value Theory (EVT) of Achievement Motivation can explain tenure-track, land-grant faculty’s engagement in effective science communication. An online survey instrument was distributed to a census of tenure-track faculty at the University of Florida’s Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Respondents had positive or neutral task values associated with science communication, believed they had good ability, and would be successful at science communication in the future. Research appointment, cost belief, and ability beliefs were all predictors of effective science communication and accounted for 64% of the variance in effective science communication. EVT was found to be a useful model in understanding faculty’s motivation to engage in science communication. However, perceptions of ability must be addressed, through formal or informal education, if faculty are expected to engage in effective science communication or Extension programming.
Supporting Students’ Psychological Needs and Motivation within School Based Agricultural Education Programs: A Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Bowling Amanda M. , Ball Anna L.
Published: November 2020

The purpose of this study was to identify the processes School Based Agricultural Education (SBAE) teachers utilize to support students’ psychological needs and motivation. SBAE teachers were sampled who taught for five or more years and displayed a range of SBAE successes. Within the five participating schools, all FFA members were recruited to participate. The average student participant was female, a freshman, and identified agriculture as a potential future career. Through an exploratory sequential design, quantitative instruments were first utilized to gauge the motivational climate and the teachers’ autonomy orientation. Grounded theory interviews and observations were utilized to determine the processes of needs support. Through open, axial, and selective coding and the convergent analysis a substantive theory was formed. Within the theory, teacher motivational beliefs emerged as the context of the needs support process and supported the central phenomenon of relatedness. Teachers also utilized extrinsic and intrinsic motivational strategies, along with the intracurricular nature of SBAE programs to strengthen student motivation. Students experienced a range of outcomes including support of competence, support and thwart of autonomy, and a range of extrinsic and intrinsic motivational outcomes. The substantive theory can inform in-service, preservice, and teacher educators about the motivational process.
Development and Validation of a Children’s Agricultural Literacy Instrument for Local Food
Authors: Brune Sara , Stevenson Kathryn T. , Knollenberg Whitney , Barbieri Carla
Published: November 2020

While increasing agricultural literacy (AL) has been the focus of numerous educational programs, few AL scales have been developed specifically for children. AL programming struggles to rigorously evaluate their programs, particularly when little time is available for assessments in informal contexts. The lack of evaluation tools that allow to accurately measure educational impacts compromises progress on AL. In this paper, we present the development and validation of the Agricultural Literacy Instrument for Local Foods (ALI-LF) for children between the ages of 9 and 13. The instrument measures three domains of agricultural literacy (knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors). We pilot tested the instrument with children between 9 and 13 years old at a local arboretum and further validated the instrument at six agritourism farms. To analyze the data, we used principal component factor, Cronbach’s alpha, and descriptive statistics. The results support a comprehensive reliable instrument validated for informal contexts, such as farms offering recreational or educational activities to visitors (i.e., agritourism). This instrument fills the existing gap of adequate tools to evaluate AL programming which can support moving forward AL advances among children.
Characterizing quasi-biweekly variability of the Asian monsoon anticyclone using potential vorticity and large-scale geopotential height field
Authors: Amemiya Arata , Sato Kaoru
Published: November 2020

Abstract. The spatial pattern of subseasonal variability of the Asian monsoon anticyclone is analyzed using long-term reanalysis
data, focusing on the large-scale longitudinal movement. The air inside the anticyclone is quantified by a thickness-weighted
low-PV (potential vorticity) area on an isentropic surface. It is shown that the longitudinal movement of the air inside the Asian monsoon anticyclone
has a timescale of 1 to 2 weeks, which is shorter than the monthly dominant timescale of the variability in the
anticyclone intensity. The movement of the anticyclonic air is suggested to be largely controlled by passive advection. The
typical time evolution of the variability pattern, explained by two leading empirical orthogonal function (EOF) components of 100 hPa geopotential height,
shows large-scale geopotential anomalies moving westward spanning from low to middle latitudes. This corresponds well with
the rapid westward movement of low-PV air known as “eddy shedding” and following the eastward retreat of the anticyclonic air.
The two EOF components can also explain the bimodal longitudinal distribution of geopotential maximum location.
Nonstationary extreme value analysis for event attribution combining climate models and observations
Authors: Robin Yoann , Ribes Aurélien
Published: November 2020

Abstract. We develop an extension of the statistical approach by Ribes et al. (2020), which was designed for Gaussian variables, for generalized extreme value (GEV) distributions. We fit nonstationary GEV distributions to extremely hot temperatures from an ensemble of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP) models. In order to select a common statistical model, we discuss which GEV parameters have to be nonstationary and which do not. Our tests suggest that the location and scale parameters of GEV distributions should be considered nonstationary. Then, a multimodel distribution is constructed and constrained by observations using a Bayesian method. The new method is applied to the July 2019 French heat wave. Our results show that both the probability and the intensity of that event have increased significantly in response to human influence. Remarkably, we find that the heat wave considered might not have been possible without climate change. Our results also suggest that combining model data with observations can improve the description of hot temperature distribution.
Development of seasonal climate outlooks for agriculture in Finland
Authors: Vajda Andrea , Hyvärinen Otto
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Seasonal climate forecast products offer useful
information for farmers supporting them in planning and making decisions in
their management practices, such as crop choice, planting and harvesting
time, and water management. Driven by the need of stakeholders for tailored
seasonal forecast products, our goal was to assess the applicability of
seasonal forecast outputs in agriculture and to develop and pilot with
stakeholders a set of seasonal climate outlooks for this sector in Finland.
Finnish end users were involved in both the design and testing of the
outlooks during the first pilot season of 2019. The seasonal climate outlooks
were developed using the SEAS5 seasonal forecast system provided by ECMWF.
To improve the prediction skill of the seasonal forecast data, several bias
adjustment approaches were evaluated. The tested methods increased the
quality of temperature forecast, but no suitable approach was found for
eliminating the biases from precipitation data. Besides the widely applied
indices, such as mean temperature, growing degree days, cold spell duration,
total precipitation and dry conditions, new sector-oriented indices (such as
progress of growing season) have been implemented and issued for various lead
times (up to 3 months). The first result of forecast evaluation, the
development of seasonal forecast indices and the first pilot season of
May–October 2019 are presented. We found that the temperature-based outlooks
performed well, with better performance skills for short lead times,
providing useful information for the farmers in activity management.
Precipitation indices had poor skills for each forecasted month, and further
research is needed for improving the quality of forecast for Finland. The
farmers who have tested the seasonal climate outlooks considered those
beneficial and valuable, helping them in planning their activities.
Following the first pilot season, further research and implementation work
took place to improve our understanding of the skill of seasonal forecasts
and increase the quality of tailored seasonal climate services.
A long-term (2005–2016) dataset of hourly integrated land–atmosphere interaction observations on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Ma Yaoming , Hu Zeyong , Xie Zhipeng , Ma Weiqiang , Wang Binbin , Chen Xuelong , Li Maoshan , Zhong Lei , Sun Fanglin , Gu Lianglei , Han Cunbo , Zhang Lang , Liu Xin , Ding Zhangwei , Sun Genhou , Wang Shujin , Wang Yongjie , Wang Zhongyan
Published: November 2020

Abstract. The Tibetan Plateau (TP) plays a critical role in influencing regional and global climate, via
both thermal and dynamical mechanisms. Meanwhile, as the largest high-elevation part of the
cryosphere outside the polar regions, with vast areas of mountain glaciers, permafrost and
seasonally frozen ground, the TP is characterized as an area sensitive to global climate
change. However, meteorological stations are biased and sparsely distributed over the TP, owing to
the harsh environmental conditions, high elevations, complex topography and heterogeneous
surfaces. Moreover, due to the weak representation of the stations, atmospheric conditions and the
local land–atmosphere coupled system over the TP as well as its effects on surrounding regions are
poorly quantified. This paper presents a long-term (2005–2016) in situ observational dataset of
hourly land–atmosphere interaction observations from an integrated high-elevation and cold-region
observation network, composed of six field stations on the TP. These in situ observations contain
both meteorological and micrometeorological measurements including gradient meteorology, surface
radiation, eddy covariance (EC), soil temperature and soil water content profiles. Meteorological
data were monitored by automatic weather stations (AWSs) or planetary boundary layer (PBL)
observation systems. Multilayer soil temperature and moisture were recorded to capture vertical
hydrothermal variations and the soil freeze–thaw process. In addition, an EC system consisting of
an ultrasonic anemometer and an infrared gas analyzer was installed at each station to capture the
high-frequency vertical exchanges of energy, momentum, water vapor and carbon dioxide within the
atmospheric boundary layer. The release of these continuous and long-term datasets with hourly
resolution represents a leap forward in scientific data sharing across the TP, and it has been
partially used in the past to assist in understanding key land surface processes. This dataset is
described here comprehensively for facilitating a broader multidisciplinary community by enabling
the evaluation and development of existing or new remote sensing algorithms as well as geophysical
models for climate research and forecasting. The whole datasets are freely available at the Science
Data Bank (https://doi.org/10.11922/sciencedb.00103; Ma et al., 2020) and additionally at
the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center
(https://doi.org/10.11888/Meteoro.tpdc.270910, Ma 2020).
A role for Virtual Outcrop Models in Blended Learning: improved 3D
thinking, positive perceptions of learning and the potential for greater
equality, diversity and inclusivity in geoscience
Authors: Bond Clare E. , Cawood Adam J.
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Virtual outcrop models are increasingly used in geoscience education to supplement field-based learning but their efficacy for teaching key 3D spatial thinking skills has not been tested. With the rapid increase in online digital learning resources and blended learning, most recently because of the global COVID-19 pandemic, understanding the role of virtual field environments to support and develop skills conventionally taught through field-based teaching has never been more critical. Virtual outcrops and virtual field environments have not been evaluated for their effectiveness in teaching and learning in geoscience, however. Here we show the efficacy of virtual outcrop models in improving 3D spatial thinking and provide evidence for positive perceptions amongst participants of using virtual outcrops in teaching and learning. Our results show that in a simple multiple choice scenario, participants were more likely to choose the 3D block diagram that best represents the structure when using a virtual outcrop (59 %), compared to more traditional representations, a geological map (50 %) and field photograph (40 %). We add depth to these results by capturing the perceptions of a cohort of students, within our full participants set, on the use of virtual outcrops for teaching and learning, after accessing a virtual field site and outcrops to which they had previously visited on a day's field teaching. We also asked all participants if and how virtual outcrops could be used effectively for teaching and training, recording 87 % of positive responses. However, only 2 % of participants felt that virtual outcrops could potentially replace in-field teaching. We note that these positive findings signal significant potential for effective use of virtual outcrops in a blended learning environment and for breaking barriers to ensure equality, diversity and inclusivity of geoscience field skills and teaching.
The benefits of increasing resolution in global and regional climate simulations for European climate extremes
Authors: Iles Carley E. , Vautard Robert , Strachan Jane , Joussaume Sylvie , Eggen Bernd R. , Hewitt Chris D.
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Many climate extremes, including heatwaves and heavy
precipitation events, are projected to worsen under climate change, with
important impacts for society. Future projections required for adaptation
are often based on climate model simulations. Given finite resources,
trade-offs must be made concerning model resolution, ensemble size, and level
of model complexity. Here we focus on the resolution component. A given
resolution can be achieved over a region using either global climate models
(GCMs) or at lower cost using regional climate models (RCMs) that
dynamically downscale coarser GCMs. Both approaches to increasing resolution
may better capture small-scale processes and features (downscaling effect),
but increased GCM resolution may also improve the representation of the
large-scale atmospheric circulation (upscaling effect). The size of this
upscaling effect is therefore important for deciding modelling strategies.
Here we evaluate the benefits of increased model resolution for both global
and regional climate models for simulating temperature, precipitation, and
wind extremes over Europe at resolutions that could currently be
realistically used for coordinated sets of climate projections at the
pan-European scale. First we examine the benefits of regional downscaling by
comparing EURO-CORDEX simulations at 12.5 and 50 km resolution to their
coarser CMIP5 driving simulations. Secondly, we compare global-scale
HadGEM3-A simulations at three resolutions (130, 60, and 25 km). Finally, we
separate out resolution-dependent differences for HadGEM3-A into downscaling
and upscaling components using a circulation analogue technique. Results
suggest limited benefits of increased resolution for heatwaves, except in
reducing hot biases over mountainous regions. Precipitation extremes are
sensitive to resolution, particularly over complex orography, with larger
totals and heavier tails of the distribution at higher resolution,
particularly in the CORDEX vs. CMIP5 analysis. CMIP5 models underestimate
precipitation extremes, whilst CORDEX simulations overestimate compared to
E-OBS, particularly at 12.5 km, but results are sensitive to the
observational dataset used, with the MESAN reanalysis giving higher totals
and heavier tails than E-OBS. Wind extremes are somewhat stronger and
heavier tailed at higher resolution, except in coastal regions where large
coastal grid boxes spread strong ocean winds further over land. The
circulation analogue analysis suggests that differences with resolution for
the HadGEM3-A GCM are primarily due to downscaling effects.
Sensitivity of spatial aerosol particle distributions to the boundary conditions in the PALM model system 6.0
Authors: Kurppa Mona , Roldin Pontus , Strömberg Jani , Balling Anna , Karttunen Sasu , Kuuluvainen Heino , Niemi Jarkko V. , Pirjola Liisa , Rönkkö Topi , Timonen Hilkka , Hellsten Antti , Järvi Leena
Published: November 2020

Abstract. High-resolution modelling is needed to understand urban air quality and pollutant dispersion in detail. Recently, the PALM model system 6.0, which is based on large-eddy simulation (LES), was extended with the detailed Sectional Aerosol module for Large Scale Applications (SALSA) v2.0 to enable studying the complex interactions between the turbulent flow field and aerosol dynamic processes. This study represents an extensive evaluation of the modelling system against the horizontal and vertical distributions of aerosol particles measured using a mobile laboratory and a drone in an urban neighbourhood in Helsinki, Finland. Specific emphasis is on the model sensitivity of aerosol particle concentrations, size distributions and chemical compositions to boundary conditions of meteorological variables and aerosol background concentrations. The meteorological boundary conditions are taken from both a numerical weather prediction model and observations, which occasionally differ strongly.
Yet, the model shows good agreement with measurements (fractional bias <0.67, normalised mean squared error <6, fraction of the data within a factor of 2 >0.3, normalised mean bias factor <0.25 and normalised mean absolute error factor <0.35) with respect to both horizontal and vertical distribution of aerosol particles, their size distribution and chemical composition.
The horizontal distribution is most sensitive to the wind speed and atmospheric stratification, and vertical distribution to the wind direction. The aerosol number size distribution is mainly governed by the flow field along the main street with high traffic rates and in its surroundings by the background concentrations. The results emphasise the importance of correct meteorological and aerosol background boundary conditions, in addition to accurate emission estimates and detailed model physics, in quantitative high-resolution air pollution modelling and future urban LES studies.
Technical Note: Analytical Inversion of the Parametric Budyko
Equations
Authors: Reaver Nathan G. F. , Kaplan David A. , Klammler Harald , Jawitz James W.
Published: November 2020

Abstract. The non-parametric Budyko framework provides empirical relationships between a catchment's long-term mean evapotranspiration (E) and the aridity index, defined as the ratio of mean rainfall depth (P) to mean potential evapotranspiration (E0). The parametric Budyko equations attempt to generalize this framework by introducing a catchment-specific parameter (n or w), intended to represent differences in catchment climate and landscape features. Many studies have developed complex regression relationships for the catchment-specific parameter in terms of biophysical features, all of which use known values of P, E0, and E to numerically invert the parametric Budyko equations to obtain values of n or w. In this study, we analytically invert both forms of the parametric Budyko equations, producing expressions for n and w only in terms of P, E0, and E. These expressions allow for n and w to be explicitly expressed in terms of biophysical features through the dependence of P, E0, and E on those same features.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY TO COMPARE FACTORS INFLUENCING EXIT CHOICE BEHAVIOUR IN EMERGENCY EVACUATION SITUATIONS USING VIRTUAL REALITY TECHNIQUES
Authors: Singh S. , Saberi M.
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Successful emergency evacuation of a large crowd depends on understanding human behaviour and its interaction with environmental stimuli in that situation. A careful study of human behaviour in these stressful and often time-bound situations can enable building designers to account for these effects to develop the most efficient evacuation strategies. One of the major roadblocks of the field has been the lack of reliable data collection techniques. Traditionally, most of the data analysed for these studies is either collected from historical events or through stated preference (SP) surveys given the challenges of conducting high-risk emergency evacuation experiments. The project is aimed at conducting emergency evacuation scenarios in a virtual reality (VR) environment. Eighty-four participants participated in multiple cases as a part of three VR scenarios to test various factors affecting their decision-making process. Participants were immersed in VR scenarios and subjected to a series of choices. Incorporation of VR technology enabled the experiment to record participants' stated preference with a much greater degree of certainty and realism as opposed to traditional pen and paper methods. The study devised a discrete choice model and calibrated it using the data obtained from the VR-based survey. When testing multiple competing factors in the VR scenarios and comparing the results with previous studies, in one VR scenario, the direction of exit signs was found more influential than crowding. In another scenario, familiarity with an exit appeared to be more influential than herding behaviour and exit distance. Overall, the VR technology is demonstrated to provide an advantage as a means to collect data and has come out as a promising tool to be incorporated in future emergency exit choice studies.
MULTITEMPORAL 3D MAPPING OF POST-EARTHQUAKE RECOVERY PHASE WITH UAS: CASE STUDY VRISA, LESVOS, GREECE
Authors: Tataris G. , Soulakellis N. , Chaidas K.
Published: November 2020

Abstract. The recovery phase of an earthquake-affected settlement is a time-consuming and complex process that requires monitoring, which is now possible using UAS. The purpose of this paper is to present the methodology followed and the results obtained by the exploitation of UAS for rapid multitemporal 3D mapping during the recovery phase of Vrisa traditional settlement, Lesvos island, Greece, which was highly damaged by the earthquake (Mw=6.3) on 12th June 2017. More analytically, three (3) flight campaigns covering the period July 2017 – May 2020 took place by means of an UAS for collecting high-resolution images on: i) 19th May 2019, ii) 29th September 2019, iii) 17th May 2020. Structure from Motion (SfM) and Multi Stereo View (MSV) methods have been applied and produced: i) Digital Surface Models – DSMs, ii) 3D Point Clouds – 3DPC and iii) Orthophoto-maps, of Vrisa. In parallel, GIS capabilities has been exploit to calculate building volumes based on: a) DSM produced by UAS image processing, b) DEM produced by 233 RTK measurements and c) building footprints derived by the digitization of the orthophoto-map of 25th July 2017. The methodology developed and implemented achieves extremely reliable results in a relatively easy, fast and economically feasible way, which is confirmed with great precision by field work. By applying the above-described methodology, it was possible to monitoring the recovery phase during July 2017 and May 2020 which 302/340 buildings that had been severely damaged by the earthquake have been demolished. A small number of new buildings have also been rebuilded and small number of buildings that have just begun excavations for their construction. An important parameter for obtaining reliable data and comparable results is the correct selection of flight parameters and their maintenance at all times when it is decided to take data, without affecting the accuracy of the results from taking photos or videos. Automation in the future of the proposed methodology can significantly accelerate the achievement of reliable results without the intermediate interpretation of orthophoto-maps.
THE ROLE OF DIGITIZATION IN POST-DISASTER RECONSTRUCTION
Authors: Rotilio M. , Tudini B.
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Nowadays, it is well known that digitization has tenaciously become part of the construction industry. The document is aimed at being an analysis of the state of the art, focusing on the digitization application in post-disaster reconstruction. The new technologies have influenced all the actors involved to adapt to a new designing way, but this methodology brings with itself advantages and disadvantages. This paper will try to identify, clarify and review them. In fact, it will try to explain to what extent the logic related to the design and construction of the post-disaster area may be guided by a single common thread, that consists in the Building Information Modelling (BIM) methodology use. Through this methodology it is possible to reduce time and improve costs, thanks to the possibility to optimize the design and construction processes and to carry out virtual inspections and analysis based on the information from the construction phases. In addition, the various BIM tools, that allow interoperability, guarantee a semi-automatic review of the project's compliance with regulations and interference between the different design levels (structural, architectural, plant engineering and energy). In this way, there is the chance to improve the accuracy and reliability of the validation process. The entire process is also based on a multidisciplinary approach involving all branches of engineering.
INVESTIGATION OF CRYOSPHERE DYNAMICS VARIATIONS IN THE UPPER INDUS BASIN USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS
Authors: Iqbal J. , Ali M. , Ali A. , Raza D. , Bashir F. , Ali F. , Hussain S. , Afzal Z.
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Glaciers are storehouses for freshwater. Glaciers Monitoring is one of the most important research areas especially when climate change has been accelerated snowmelt process. The major goal of research was to find snow cover trend for glaciated regions of Pakistan followed by estimation of snow mass balance. The area chosen for it was Upper Indus basin, which includes ranges of Hindukush, Karakoram and Himalayas extended in Pakistan, India and China. This region exhibits high topographic relief and climate change variability. Snow cover trend analysis was performed for eleven years ranging from 2004 to 2014 using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data imagery product with daily temporal resolution. These results were combined with respective year’s average monthly temperature. Further quantitative analysis was performed to relate presence of greater vegetation as an indication of greater snowmelt using Landsat Imagery for these years. Snow mass balance curves reveal that glaciers are regaining their mass balance after losing mass balance in middle of last decade. In addition to that, only freely available data is used for this study. This purpose behind this approach is to prove RS and GIS has an effective and low-cost tool for snow cover monitoring, also mass balance calculations. Continuous monitoring of snow cover dynamics is effective for prediction and mitigation of hazards associated with areas in proximity of glaciated regions. One common hazard is glacial lake outburst phenomenon, which cause severe flash flooding in downstream areas. Year 2004 has the lowest mass snow balance and 2014 has the highest snow mass balance. These different parameters were analysed and results show that snow start melting in months of May and June and faster melting rate observed in months of July and August. With the advancement in computing technologies, it has been easier for computers to handle and manipulate massive datasets. Remote sensing has proved to be an excellent tool for extraction of data from glaciers, snow and oceans for remote areas. In particular, snow cover/snowmelt can tell us continuously changing melting patterns, which helps concerned authorities to take necessary measures for preserving these storehouses of water and to mitigate effect of global warming.
EXPLORING SPATIAL PARAMETERS TO EVALUATE HUMAN WALKING ACCESSIBILITY OF URBAN GREEN SPACE
Authors: Jia J. , Zlatanova S. , Zhang K.
Published: November 2020

Abstract. With the growth of urban population and the increasing urban density, urban green space has become a kind of precious and limited resources. It not only has a positive impact on the health of urban residents with high work-life pressure but also offers opportunities as part of blue-green solutions for sustainable urban water management. Therefore, to effectively utilise the limited green spaces, experts are exploring a way of organising the green space layout to balance human needs and other urban developing requirements (e.g., in this case, urban stormwater management) within the certain common area. With this target, translating the space accessibility to human and other urban developments on green space into space parameter is a critical step to organize space model for the multi-functional green space. Although there are plenty of existing spatial parameters developed for evaluating human accessibility (such as travel distance, land-use, spatial connectivity etc.), there isn’t a way to organize them to satisfy the diverse evaluation needs from different research purposes. Besides, most of them are suitable for analyzing space on a city scale or at least a precinct scale in a 2D model. To the accurate design on a micro-scale, it is still a big challenge. The reason is some parameters for city analysis don’t work on a micro-scale, and some parameters should be reorganised in the evaluation algorithm or should include more micro-scale factors. Thus, this paper, based on the characteristics of human behaviour, redefines the complex concept- accessibility and develop measurable parameters with feasible factors on micro-scale. Overall, this paper presents: (1) a new definition of walking accessibility of green space; (2) evaluation criteria (3) parameters (depth and Integration) reflecting connectivity criteria (4) Parameters (travel time and speed, slope, direction changes) relating travel distance criteria with updated evaluation algorithm and factors. This paper aims at useful spatial parameters and evaluation measures that are applicable to integrate human needs within multi-functional green space design, especially green stormwater management design.