bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monomia lucida sp. nov., a new swimming crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Portunidae) from the South China Sea
Authors: KOCH MILAN , ĎURIŠ ZDENĚK
Published: February 2018

A new species of the portunid genus, Monomia Gistel, 1848, is described from the South China Sea in Vietnam. Monomia lucida sp. nov. is morphologically most similar to M. argentata (A. Milne-Edwards, 1861), which was originally described from Sarawak, on the island of Borneo. In addition to the stout, forward-directed anterolateral teeth of the carapace, the subrectangular sixth segment of the male pleon, and the long and slender laterally bent first gonopods, adults of the new species reach a greater size, and can also be distinguished from M. argentata by the colour pattern on the natatory dactylus. The independent specific status of M. lucida sp. nov. is also supported by molecular evidence. Aside from a comparison of this new species with other known congeners, new photographs of the holotype of M. samoensis (Ward, 1939) are also provided.
Structural and Electrochemical Properties of Spherical LiMgxMn2–xO4 (x ≤ 0.10) for Secondary Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Jiang Jianbing , Li Wei , Li Changyun , Li Na
Published: February 2018

A series of spherical LiMgxMn2–xO4 (x ≤ 0.10) cathode materials were successfully synthesized by a co-precipitation technique and solid state route. The morphologies and crystal structures of LiMgxMn2–xO4
were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. All LiMgxMn2–xO4 samples exhibited a single phase LiMn2O4 spinel structure with good crystallinity. Mg2+
ions could completely occupy the octahedral (16d) site to substitute Mn3+ and Mn4+ ions. The effect of Mg2+ ions on the electrochemical performance of LiMgxMn2–xO4 was investigated by galvanostatic
charge–discharge test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results showed that the Mg-doped LiMn2O4 possessed better cycling stability. For the LiMg0.06Mn194O4, the initial discharge capacity was 115 mAh/g and remained
111 mAh/g after 50 cycles at a constant current density of 148 mA/g (1 C-rate) during the voltage range 3.0–4.3 V. The capacity retention could reach 96.5%, which was higher than that of the LiMn2O4.
Gene Editing Effects of CRISPR/Cas on Breakpoint Cluster Region Gene Targets Using White-to-Blue Colony Formation Assay
Authors: Xi Bangsheng , Wang Xiaonan , Xiao Li , Wang Qian , Ji Jiangang , Zhang Lijun , Xue Man , Liu Wanwan , Zhu Renjie , Li Kai , Sun Wanping
Published: February 2018

Leukemia with Philadelphia chromosome positive is the most severe type in children with an extremely short average survival period. The lack of effective drugs to this type of leukemia prompted the development of alternative therapies including gene therapy. Breakpoint cluster region
(BCR) chimeras are the major cancer driving mutations. In the present study, several targets of the BCR were tested for their susceptibilities to be edited by Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein 9 system (CRISPR/Cas9). With a newly
developed white-to-blue colony formation assay, the highly variable gene editing effects of CRISPR/Cas on BCR gene targets had been observed. The targets with relatively higher target effects may have clinical impact in gene therapy. This study also demonstrated the usefulness of the simple
and very efficient screening assay in future gene therapy studies and clinical practice.
Improved Interfacial Bonding of Melamine Formaldehyde/Rice Husk Composites Using Poly(vinyl alcohol) Modification
Authors: Zhang Guixin , Zhang Yanyan , Chen Cong , Guo Weihong
Published: February 2018

Modification on the surface topology of rice husk fiber using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution was evaluated as an approach to enhance the interfacial adhesion between melamine formaldehyde and rice husk fibers. The fiber property changes were characterized by differential scanning
calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results showed that PVA was absorbed into the fiber and formed a ductile layer outside the fiber. The mechanical properties of the composites were enhanced with increasing PVA concentration
before it reached the optimal level (0.5 wt% for flexural strength and 1.0 wt% for impact strength). Further increment in the PVA concentration weakened the mechanical properties. In terms of the fiber content, the flexural strength of the composites made from modified rice husk fibers decreased
with increasing content of the fiber, while an opposite trend was observed for the impact strength.
Pure and Intense Green Upconversion Emission and Temperature Sensing Properties of Ba5Gd8Zn4O21:Ho3+/Yb3+ Nanophosphors
Authors: Li Guangyan , Zhou Tianmin
Published: February 2018

Ho3+/Yb3+ co-doped zincate Ba5Gd8Zn4O21 nanophosphors were successfully synthesized by solid-state reaction. The crystal structure and phase purity were measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the luminescence spectra
and CIE chromaticity were investigated. The results show that the upconversion (UC) luminescence intensities are heavily dependent on the rare-earth dopant concentration but the emission colors are almost the same. Both the green and red UC emissions under 980 nm excitation are shown to be
two-photon processes independent of doping concentrations. Furthermore, the optical temperature sensing performance shows that Ho3+/Yb3+ co-doped Ba5Gd8Zn4O21 nanophosphors are promising candidates for room-temperature applications.
The temperature quenching process of green UC emission was modeled using a simplified 4-level diagram and well explained by crossover process and thermal excitation.
Downregulation of KLF4 Inhibits Proliferation and Promotes Apoptosis of Melanoma A375 and SK-Mel-28 Cells Through p21/Cyclin D1/E2F1 Signaling Pathway
Authors: Zhang Lianbo , Li Zhuonan , Wen Xiaoqiang , Nie Wenting , Wu Ronghui , Zhang Guang
Published: February 2018

Malignant melanoma is one of the most common malignant tumors of the skin with rapidly increasing incidence. To investigate the role of Krüppel-like factor 4 (KFL4) in this severe disease, vectors with low and high levels of KLF4 expression were constructed and used to transfect human melanoma cells A375 and SK-Mel-28. Western blotting, RT-qPCR, cell counting, Transwell assay and flow cytometry were used to detect the changes in characteristics of these cells. In comparison with controls, the sh-KLF4 group (with low expression of KLF4) showed reduced expression of KLF4 at the mRNA and protein levels, as well as decreased migration and invasion ability of the cells. In addition, flow cytometry showed that the cell cycle was arrested in G1 phase and the proportion of apoptotic cells increased significantly. The results of the mimics-KLF4 group (with high expression of KLF4) were opposite to those observed in the sh-KLF4 group. Therefore, downregulation of KLF4 expression inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of human malignant melanoma A375 and SK-Mel-28 cells through p21/cyclin D1/E2F1 signaling pathway, and inhibits their migration and invasion. Thus, the KLF4 gene act as an oncogene in human melanoma.
Optimization of the Process for Preparation of Lactococcus lactis NZ9000 Microcapsules by Response Surface Method
Authors: Cao Jin , Cheng Jin , Wang Xiaofeng , Ge Yanru
Published: February 2018

The calcium alginate microcapsules containing Lactococcus lactis NZ9000 were prepared by emulsification method. The single factor and response surface experimental design were used to optimize the microcapsule particle size uniformity. Alginate concentration, CaCl2
concentration and emulsification time were chosen for further optimization by single factor experiment, Box-Behnken method was applied to design a response surface methodology experiments. A fitting multiple regression equation was given and to describe the relationship between condition levels
and response value. The model in this study can be used to predict the characteristics of microcapsules, and the predicted condition to prepare minimum microcapsule diameter CV (0.2077) was as follows: soudiu alginate concentration 1.67%, CaCl2 concentration 0.91% and emulsification
time 15.44 min. To validate the model, the experiment was carried out under the optimal conditions and the value of microcapsule diameter CV attained was 0.2077. The average particle size was 62.35 μm, and the P value was 0.735 meaning no significant difference. Through this
study, the preparation conditions of the calium alginate microcapsules with Lactococcus lactis were optimized, and the results could provide a guide for further studies.
A Novel Sterilized Method forEscherichia coliInfected Eggs: Atmospheric Arc Discharge Technology
Authors: Sun Yunjin , Zhu Lihua , Ma Tingjun , Tong Qigen , Bi Chonghao , Li Daoyi
Published: February 2018

In order to avoid environmental microorganism pollution of fresh eggs, a novel arc discharge equipment was built up, which can be worked in air environment at room temperature. As a case, clean and fresh eggs were inoculated withEscherichia coli(E. coil, 106∼ 108Colony-Forming Units (CFU)/mL) suspension, then eradiated under the atmospheric arc discharge for different durations. Surface and cross section morphologies of irradiatedE. colicollected from the eggs respectively by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis indicate that arc plasma phase could effectively and efficiently inactivateE. coliin a very short duration time through etching effect and protein leakage. Subsequently, the analysis of chamber diameter was measured to assess the storage and freshness preservation performances of eggs. Our results indicated that this technology could effectively inactivateE. colisuspended on the surface of eggshell and extend egg shelf-life, which open the possibility of industrial applications of atmospheric arc discharge in sterile area.
The Migration of Multipartial Nuclear and Its Regulation by DCTN1 Gene in the Mycelium Cells of Volvariella volvacea
Authors: Liu Zhu , Lin Junfang , Guo Liqiong , Wang Wei , Yuan Jinhu , Wu Yaodan
Published: February 2018

Eight Volvariella volvacea strains (F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, and F8) were grown in a favorable environment, and their vegetative hyphae were stained using eosin-crystal violet. Microscopic observations showed few or nonexistent nuclei in the cells at the tip of the hyphae,
whereas more nuclei were observed in the sub-apical cells. Migrating nuclei were found in most strains, except F2 and F5. These nuclei had no definite shapes as they passed through intercellular channels. Migrating nuclei had the tendency to move towards the hyphal tips. Centrosomes and cytoskeleton
were occasionally observed during this process. Likewise, DCTN1 gene transcription in the hyphae was analyzed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The transcriptional levels of strains F2 and F5 were significantly lower than those of the other strains, which implied that the nuclear migration
was regulated by DCTN1 gene. This paper provides fundamental information on the mechanisms of nuclear migration and strain degeneration in V. volvacea.
Vital Signs as Predictor Factors of Intravenous Immunoglobulin Resistance in Patients With Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Gámez-González Luisa Berenise , Hamada Hiromichi , Cisneros Castolo Martín , Honda Takafumi , Yasukawa Kumi , Takanashi Jun-ichi
Published: February 2018

Kawasaki disease (KD) is the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) may significantly lower the frequency of coronary artery complications. However, some patients do not respond to initial therapy and are at higher risk of developing coronary artery lesion. A retrospective analysis of data from 419 KD patients was performed. The patients were divided into IVIG responders (n = 318) and IVIG nonresponders (n = 101). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed neutrophil percentage, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, heart rate, and body temperature were independent predictors of IVIG resistance. We generated a predictive scoring system by assigning 1 point for the presence of these parameters (neutrophil >80%, albumin <3.4 g/dL, aspartate aminotransferase >100 IU/L, heart rate >146 bpm, and body temperature >38.8°C). This scoring system had a sensitivity of 76.2% and specificity of 64.8%, and a positive predictive value of 40.1% and a negative predictive value of 89.4%. Vital signs may be helpful to detect KD patients with IVIG resistance.
Elections as Causes of Democratization: Southeast Asia in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Morgenbesser Lee , Pepinsky Thomas B.
Published: February 2018

The theory of democratization by elections holds that elections—even when flawed—can, over time, have an independent causal effect on democratic transitions. Despite the recent growth of this literature, questions remain about the global scope of the argument and its structural preconditions. We show that, in Southeast Asia, elections are almost always the culmination rather than the cause of democratization, and use case materials from seven Southeast Asian countries to illustrate the mechanisms that lead from democratization to elections. Our argument has implications both for Southeast Asian democratization and for existing scholarship from other world regions.
The Relationship of Early Special Class lacement and the Self-Concepts of Mentally Handicapped Children
Authors: Mayer C. Lamar
Published: February 2018

Ninety-eight mentally handicapped students of junior high school age were grouped according to time of placement in a special class. Self-concept ratings were obtained to evaluate the relationship of time of placement in a special class and self-concept. The relationship of self-concept to CA, MA, and sex was also investigated.
Social and Emotional Adjustment of Mildly Retarded Children and Adolescents: Critical Review
Authors: Gardner William I.
Published: February 2018

This paper reviews research data concerned with social and emotional adjustment characteristics of mildly retarded children and adolescents. Contrary to a number of statements appearing in various texts and review articles, little is known concerning the type and frequency of occurrence of behavior adjustment problems among the mildly retarded. In addition, there is no suitable evidence to indicate that the adjustment level of special class children is superior to that of retarded children attending regular grades.
Performance of Aphasic Children on the ITPA
Authors: Stark Joel
Published: February 2018

The three visual subtests of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities were administered to 22 children diagnosed as aphasic. Four brief case histories are presented. The results revealed that the children performed differently on each of the subtests, and no pattern emerged which was characteristic. When compared to the standardization population, they manifested most difficulty with visual motor sequencing tasks. The implications of the relationship between visual perceptual functioning and language are described, and some suggestions for therapeutic management of aphasic children are delineated.
Preparation Programs for Special Education Administrators
Authors: Connor Leo E.
Published: February 2018

To create a true profession of special education, as distinct from a loose confederation of educators of various exceptionalities, has been the dream of leaders in the special education field. While a few colleges and universities endeavor to fashion a preparation program for teachers which cuts across traditional handicapping areas, a method is proposed through the preparation of special education administrators, rather than administrators of any one exceptionality area. Based upon a baccalaureate program outside the special education field and a master's degree stressing teaching experience in one area of exceptionality, the suggested minimum program of preparation for administrators in special education is three years of successful teaching experience and 30 graduate semester hours beyond the master's degree. The doctorate in administration of special education remains the most desirable goal.
Early Identification of Children with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Haring Norris G. , Ridgway Robert W.
Published: February 2018

Forty-eight kindergarten classes including over 1,200 children were screened for potential learning disorders. Kindergarten teachers used objective observations of the children's performance on gross muscle coordination, verbal fluency, speech development, auditory memory, auditory discrimination, visual memory, visual discrimination, visual motor performance, directionality, and laterality. Final selection of 106 children included in the study was done by psychological and psycholinguistic individual and group tests. Two analyses of the data were made: a correlation analysis and a principle components analysis. Test profiles indicated that the teachers’ observations were useful in the selection of children with developmental retardation. Differences in rate and accuracy of performance were masked when performance scores were treated as a group. The identifiable commonality among the thirty-one variables was general language, which accounted for 20.1 percent of the variance of the scores.
Intellectual and Academic Characteristics of Fourth Grade Gifted and Pseudogifted Students
Authors: Namy Elmer
Published: February 2018

A group of 32 gifted boys and girls was compared with a group of 32 pseudogifted boys and girls (students misdiagnosed as gifted by their teachers) on the basis of WISC subtest scores and teacher marks attained while students were in the fourth grade. Results showed no significant difference between the gifted and pseudogifted in performance on the WISC coding and arithmetic subtests. A significant difference in teacher grades favoring the gifted in the subject of English was observed; however, no significant differences were observed in other subjects. It is suggested that pseudogifted students may rely, for the most part, on memory in attaining knowledge, whereas the gifted rely not only on memory, but also on other higher cognitive processes.
Employment of the Mentally Retarded
Authors: Strickland Conwell G. , Arrell Vernon M.
Published: February 2018

A survey was made of the records in the state office of the Division of Vocational Rehabilitation to determine the extent to which educable retarded youth found employment on jobs for which they were trained in the Texas statewide Cooperative Program of Special Education in the public schools. Records for a 26 month period provided the data. A total of 1127 (787 male and 341 female) out of 1405 (977 male and 428 female), or 80.2 percent, secured employment on a job for which they were trained. The difference between male and female students was less than 1 percentage point.
The Prognostic Value of Carter-Buck Tests in Measuring Articulation Skills of Selected Kindergarten Children
Authors: Kisatsky Thomas J.
Published: February 2018

In order to determine the value of the Carter-Buck Tests of stimulability in forecasting speech skills of kindergarten children, 82 children (CA 5) were exposed to the tests; depending on their responsiveness to Test III of the series, children were divided into either a high or low stimulation group. At the end of a 6 month period without any speech therapy, both groups were statistically compared for self correction of articulation errors. The high group showed significant improvement over the low group, indicating the expected value of these tests.
Help for the Teacher of Disturbed Children in the Public School: The Use of Consultation for Problem Solving and Personal Growth
Authors: Williams Mary Ellen Knapp
Published: February 2018

A form of consultation service for teachers of disturbed children is described and discussed, illustrated by the experiences and feelings of a teacher of disturbed children who participated in the process. Suggestions for other teachers are also advanced.
Reported Incidence of Giftedness among Ethnic Groups
Authors: Adler Manfred
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this study was to review some of the major studies of giftedness, as well as studies of the intelligence testing of ethnic groups, to ascertain if certain groups appear more frequently than others and, if so, which ones are reported and how consistently they receive mention.
Benefits of a School Camp Experience to Emotionally Disturbed Children in Regular Classrooms
Authors: McCreary-Juhasz Anne , Jensen S. E.
Published: February 2018

All children benefited from the school camp experience in some way, as shown by changed home and school behavior. Changes were evident in more realistic levels of aspiration, greater self confidence, increased ability to communicate socially with peers, acquisition of new interests, better attitudes toward discipline, a higher degree of cooperation, increased participation, and higher academic achievement. Furthermore, practical suggestions based on camp reports were useful to teachers. However, to be of maximum benefit, there should be regular followup consultation and assistance from the educators and the mental health team involved in the project.
Trends in Support of Educational Research for the Handicapped
Authors: Mueller Max W.
Published: February 2018

The US Office of Education has been involved in the support of educational research related to the handicapped for slightly over ten years. During this period the level of support, breadth of program, and flexibility of funding have consistently and significantly improved. Most important, the role of the US Office of Education has changed from one of passive reaction to the professional community to one of active leadership in the advancement of the field of special education. Programs instituted by the Division of Research within the past year and expanding authority provided by new legislation promise even greater development during the coming years.
An Example: Reinforcement Principles in a Classroom for Emotionally Disturbed Children
Authors: Dyer Venita
Published: February 2018

An emotionally disturbed twelve and a half year old girl was rehabilitated both behaviorally and academically through the use of reinforcement principles. An individual prescriptive treatment program resolved the problem so that the result is a bright little girl—friendly and responsive, working at grade level. Discussion includes the child's case history, methodology employed by the staff, and practical application of the reinforcement principles.
The Handicapped Benefit under Compensatory Education Programs
Authors: Mackie Romaine P.
Published: February 2018

In addition to a brief report on benefits to handicapped children under Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, this paper raises two major questions: (a) How will special education relate itself to new and diversified programs emerging in general education, such as Compensatory Education? and (b) Are substantial numbers of children not truly handicapped in capacity, but simply functioning as handicapped due to environmental deprivation?
Verbal Expressivity as a Client Variable in Counseling the Mentally Retarded
Authors: Halpern Andrew S. , Mathieu Philippa L. , Butler Alfred J.
Published: February 2018

A scale measuring client verbal expressivity in the context of a client counselor interaction was designed and initial estimates of its reliability and validity were assessed, utilizing a sample of 28 institutionalized retarded subjects and a control group of 9 nonretarded subjects. Both inter- and intrarater reliabilities were found to be satisfactory. The initial validity studies suggest (a) that the scale discriminates differently in retarded and nonretarded populations, (b) that the diagnostic information provided by the scale might be useful in addition to that which is provided by standardized tests of intelligence and language ability, and (c) that changes in client verbal expressivity might be expected to occur over the course of counseling. Restrictions on the interpretation of these results are voted, and guidelines for future research are suggested.
Behavior Modification of Children with Learning Disabilities Using Grades as Tokens and Allowances as Back up Reinforcers
Authors: McKenzie Hugh S. , Clark Marilyn , Wolf Montrose M. , Kothera Richard , Benson Cedric
Published: February 2018

The modification of academic behaviors of children in a learning disabilities class was undertaken by arranging for events such as amount of teacher attention, recess, and quality of weekly grade reports to be consequences for academic progress. As academic behaviors achieved with these consequences stabilized at less than an optimal level, the children's parents agreed to have the children earn their allowances on the basis of the weekly grade reports. This token reinforcement system, with grades as tokens and with allowances as added back up reinforcers, significantly increased the children's academic behaviors.
Immediate Memory Span of Deaf and Normally Hearing Children
Authors: Withrow Frank B.
Published: February 2018

Immediate recall of sequential and simultaneous presentation of visual stimuli in deaf and hearing children was investigated to determine the effects of rate and method of presentation, stimuli meaningfulness, and number of items per trial. It was found that deaf and hearing children performed the same with simultaneous presentation, while the hearing groups showed superior recall with sequential presentation. Increased items per trial, decreased stimuli meaningfulness, and increased presentation rate adversely affected the immediate recall of both groups. Restrictions on interpretations of remits are noted and classroom implications are discussed.
Organizing for Instruction: School in a Hospital Classroom
Authors: Wolinsky Gloria F. , Baker Clare
Published: February 2018

The nature of the hospitalization process precludes a typical first day experience in most instances and, in reality, children arrive for their first day of hospital instruction at any time during the school year. However, this plan for the first day is a basic one and serves as a structure on which to build meaningful and integrated school days for children with varied backgrounds and diversified abilities. The crucial issue is the importance of planning, structure, and organization in a hospital school when both school and students are transposed to an alien social structure. Unless the teacher is aware of her own role, goals, and procedures, the educational needs of these exceptional children will not be easily realized.
Turnover among Teachers of the Mentally Retarded
Authors: Knox Stanley C.
Published: February 2018

This study compared a group of teachers who had taught mentally retarded children in Minnesota for 2 years or less with a group who had taught for a more extended period. Those who quit with 2 or less years of experience tended to be younger men, employed in larger school systems, with minimum certification. There was no difference between the groups with regard to number of years of training, differential salary, or laboratory experiences.
A Comparison of the Predictive Validity of the Revised Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities
Authors: Hirshoren Alfred , Adler Herman M.
Published: February 2018

The Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities and the 1960 revision of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale were administered to 40 Caucasian kindergarten children. Two years later the children were tested with the California Achievement Test, Lower Primary Form. The results indicate that the Total Language Score of the ITPA is at least as valid a predictor of school achievement as is the Stanford-Binet IQ. Using stepwise multiple correlation with the ITPA subtests increases the predictive validity of the ITPA. The ITPA has the added advantage of noting specific areas of language deficit so that remedial programs for individual children may be developed.
Visual Imagery as a Factor in Teaching Elaborative Language to Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Christiansen Ted
Published: February 2018

Individual instruction in elaborative language was given to 24 mentally retarded children for a period of 18 weeks. Instructional methods were comparable for all 24 children except that the 12 experimental subjects were in addition asked to visualize the words they were learning. Pretest-posttest comparisons of descriptive stories given by the 24 children showed visual imagery to be a significant factor in improving the elaborative language of experimental subjects.
Providing Uninterrupted Education and Supportive Services for Adolescent Expectant Mothers
Authors: Goodman Elizabeth M.
Published: February 2018

This article describes the gaining acceptance of public school systems in offering education and supportive services to pregnant school girls. It discusses the school's responsibility for providing continuing education in a school setting to the girls as well as collaborating with other agencies for comprehensive services. Sources of federal funds for planning educational programs are listed.
Accelerating Appropriate Behaviors of Children in a Head Start Program
Authors: Haring Norris G. , Hayden Alice H. , Nolen Patricia A.
Published: February 2018

A research and demonstration classroom was established through the cooperative efforts of the University of Washington's Experimental Education Unit and the Head Start Program of the Seattle Public Schools. The demonstration classroom enrolled children demonstrating severe social, emotional, and/or language deficits, as identified by Head Start teachers. The aggressive or acting out child was most often seen as the child needing help. Of the 25 children originally referred, 12 were enrolled for a term which ran up to 43 days. Principles of programing the arrangement of activities in language and social discrimination were followed in the classroom. Behavior modification procedures were utilized and introduced to the regular Head Start teachers. The demonstration class teaching staff worked with the Head Start teachers when the children returned to their home class and throughout a followup period.
Adult Adjustment of the Mentally Retarded: Implications for Teacher Education
Authors: Sparks Howard L. , Younie William J.
Published: February 2018

This article briefly reviews the adult adjustment of the educable mentally retarded. The findings suggest that perhaps teacher preparation is less than optimal. A tentative model for the preparation of teachers of secondary level educable mentally retarded children, augmenting subject matter competency with knowledge of the nature and needs of the retarded learner, is proposed.
Hemispheric Dominance, Handedness, Mirror Imaging, and Auditory Sequencing
Authors: Bannatyne Alex D. , Wichiarajote Penny
Published: February 2018

The results of this research study on 50 third grade children indicate that spatial ability and mirror imaging are right hemisphere activities, while some auditory memory functions are associated with the right temporal lobe. Two types of inefficient brains were very tentatively identified, one having a maturational lag and the other a minimal neurological dysfunction. Tests of learned and unlearned handedness indicated that laterality is a much more complex phenomenon than is traditionally assumed.
A Community Participation Analysis of Emotional Disturbance
Authors: Rhodes William C.
Published: February 2018

The disturbed child can be viewed as a collective object of a microcommunity who becomes both a generator and receptacle of reverberating emotions and behavior. He becomes the locus of collective dynamics which flow and ebb around him. Intervention should take into consideration the reciprocal nature of the phenomenon and should not treat the child as the sole possessor of the disturbance. Certain environments or microcommunities may be unable to accommodate the unfolding nature of children. The disturbance attributed to the child may also be reflective of this insufficiency.
Effects of Teacher Attention and a Token Reinforcement System in a Junior High School Special Education Class
Authors: Broden Marcia , Hall R. Vance , Dunlap Ann , Clark Robert
Published: February 2018

Teacher attention and a token reinforcement system were used to bring about control in a disruptive junior high school special education classroom. Individual and group study levels were recorded during a baseline period. Subsequent experimental periods employing teacher attention and/or a token point system increased study levels and decreased disruptive behaviors of class members. Reinforcement of appropriate behaviors was withdrawn during short reversals producing lowered study rates. Reinstatement of contingencies again resulted in increased study levels.
An Interrelated Approach to Teaching Visually Handicapped Children and Mobility Education
Authors: Goodman William
Published: February 2018

The idea of training a new kind of professional person who would have competency in the dual role of teaching and mobility instruction in the area of the visually handicapped is discussed. The professional preparation and responsibilities of the teacher and the mobility instructor are examined to point out overlapping areas that already exist. Consideration is given to the advantages of this approach, as well as to some likely criticism and to some unresolved questions.
Effects of Preschool Enrichment on Intellectual Performance of Appalachian Children
Authors: Kodman Frank
Published: February 2018

A 3½ year study of the intellectual performance of preschool Appalachian children subjected to an enriched day care program revealed marked improvement in the children who received enrichment. Significant gains in IQ scores during the 3 year period of enriched day care programing were shown for the 4 and 5 year old learning disadvantaged children. A control group showed an average loss of 6.45 IQ points during the year prior to public school entry. No further dećrement or increment was noted during 2 years of public school education for these subjects. The overall results of the study support the use of preschool enrichment programing for disadvantaged children on a longitudinal basis.
Administrative Tasks in Special Education
Authors: Newman Karen S.
Published: February 2018

A survey was conducted of the functional tasks of special education administrations in 100 randomly selected public school districts with pupil polulations between 13,000 and 30,000. An instrument was developed using Urwick's “POSDCORB” theory to study 7 types of administrative activities. Ranking of the tasks according to their importance was significant in 4 out of the 7 functional areas. Training and teaching experience revealed significant relationships. It was found that administrators were not conducting research on exceptional children nor were they making periodic publications available to the parents or the public.
Visual Perceptual Skill, Reading Ability, and the Young Deaf Child
Authors: Hartung Joseph E.
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this study was to evaluate visual perceptual skills of beginning readers. Greek and English trigrams were presented tachistoscopically to deaf and normally hearing children to test their ability to recognize single symbols and recall trigrams. The performance of the 2 groups of children was essentially the same on recognition tasks but the normally hearing children performed significantly better on the recall task. The results suggest different processing strategies by the 2 groups of children.
The Ability of Deaf Children to Use Syntactic Cues in Immediate Recall of Speechread Material
Authors: Lowenbraun Sheila , Affleck James Q.
Published: February 2018

This study investigated the ability of profoundly deaf children, CA 6–0 through 13–11, to use grammatical cues in the oral reproduction of speechread material. Shifting patterns of significant results on the indicator variables of number of omissions, additions, substitutions, and word order reversals; correct reproduction; and length of production proved in part the hypothesis that grammatical structure influences the ability to reproduce speechread material.
Clinical Phenomenon of Cerebral Palsy and Deafness
Authors: Vernon McCay
Published: February 2018

The clinical phenomenon of deafness and cerebral palsy is investigated based on a study of 69 cases. Data on intelligence, psychological adjustment, educational achievement, communication skills, physical disabilities, audiometric patterns, etiological factors, and prevalence are reported. From this information steps for prevention and habilitation are developed. The future epidemiology of the condition is projected based on an integration of the research findings and on current medical advances in the treatment and prevention of complications of Rh factor, rubella, and meningitis.
Reported Skills of Chosen Children
Authors: Allen Warren Sue , Irene Mcintosh Eranell
Published: February 2018

A study was set up to test 6 hypotheses concerning the reliability of interview data about self help skills of retarded children, the differences in reliability of reports on the skills of children who were or were not in special programs, the probability of being liked as a function of the child's competence in comparison with ward mates, and the reliability of interview data on self help skills of infants. Children were observed repeatedly by trained, experience staff; interviews were conducted with direct care personnel; assignment of children for observations and interviews was counterbalanced. The Vineland Social Maturity Scale and a “likeability” measure were used. Only partial support was obtained for the hypothesis concerning infants; all other hypotheses were clearly supported.
Learning and Physical Environment the Necessity for Research and Research Design
Authors: Cruickshank William M. , Quay Herbert C.
Published: February 2018

The growing concern about planning and providing effective physical facilities for special education programs is presented. Particular emphasis is focused on the inadequacy of decisions made by special educators and architects regarding the nature of the physical environment in the absence of empirically obtained evidence. Supporting the need for such research, some of the difficulties encountered—the isolation of variables, management techniques, and design—are discussed.
Targeting the DNA Damage Response in OSCC with TP53 Mutations
Authors: Lindemann A. , Takahashi H. , Patel A.A. , Osman A.A. , Myers J.N.
Published: February 2018

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of oral cancer worldwide and in the United States. OSCC remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with head and neck cancers. Tobacco and alcohol consumption alone or with chewing betel nut are potential risk factors contributing to the high prevalence of OSCC. Multimodality therapies, including surgery, chemotherapy, biologic therapy, and radiotherapy, particularly intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), are the current treatments for OSCC patients. Despite recent advances in these treatment modalities, the overall survival remains poor over the past years. Recent data from whole-exome sequencing reveal that TP53 is commonly mutated in human papillomavirus–negative OSCC patients. Furthermore, these data stressed the importance of the TP53 gene in suppressing the development and progression of OSCC. Clinically, TP53 mutations are largely associated with poor survival and tumor resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy in OSCC patients, which makes the TP53 mutation status a potentially useful molecular marker prognostic and predictive of clinical response in these patients. Several forms of DNA damage have been shown to activate p53, including those generated by ionizing radiation and chemotherapy. The DNA damage stabilizes p53 in part via the DNA damage signaling pathway that involves sensor kinases, including ATM and ATR and effector kinases, such as Chk1/2 and Wee1, which leads to posttranscriptional regulation of a variety of genes involved in DNA repair, cell cycle control, apoptosis, and senescence. Here, we discuss the link of TP53 mutations with treatment outcome and survival in OSCC patients. We also provide evidence that small-molecule inhibitors of critical proteins that regulate DNA damage repair and replication stress during the cell cycle progression, as well as other molecules that restore wild-type p53 activity to mutant p53, can be exploited as novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of OSCC patients bearing p53 mutant tumors.
The NOTCH Pathway in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Fukusumi T. , Califano J.A.
Published: February 2018

Comprehensive genomic analyses have been performed for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), revealing a significant rate of NOTCH1 mutations and identifying NOTCH1 as the second most frequently mutated gene after TP53. Most NOTCH1 mutations are considered inactivating, indicating that NOTCH1 is a tumor suppressor gene. On the other hand, cohorts from Asian populations with HNSCC have shown activating NOTCH1 mutations. HNSCC with NOTCH1 mutations have a worse prognosis than the NOTCH1 wild-type tumors. Additional data on other NOTCH family members have shown that NOTCH promotes HNSCC progression. NOTCH family members, including NOTCH pathway genes, are upregulated in HNSCC compared with normal tissues, and inhibition of the NOTCH pathway decreases cell proliferation and invasion. NOTCH activity in HNSCC is therefore contextual, and NOTCH in HNSCC is considered to have a bimodal role as a tumor suppressor and an oncogene. In this review, recent understandings of NOTCH pathway genes, including NOTCH genes, in HNSCC are described. In addition, the implications of NOTCH pathway alteration for HNSCC-specific NOTCH-targeted cancer therapy are explored.
Platform economies and urban planning: Airbnb and regulated deregulation in London
Authors: Ferreri Mara , Sanyal Romola
Published: February 2018

The ‘sharing economy’ has become a new buzzword in urban life as digital technology companies set up online platforms to link together people and un- or underutilised assets with those seeking to rent them for short periods of time. While cloaked under the rhetoric of ‘sharing’, the exchanges they foster are usually profit-driven. These economic activities are having profound impacts on urban environments as they disrupt traditional forms of hospitality, transport, service industry and housing. While critical debates have focused on the challenges that sharing economy activities bring to existing labour and economic practices, it is necessary to acknowledge that they also have increasingly significant impacts on planning policy and urban governance. Using the case of Airbnb in London, this article looks at how these sharing or platform economy companies are involved in encouraging governments to change existing regulations, in this case by deregulating short-term letting. This has important implications for planning enforcement. We examine how the challenges around obtaining data to enforce new regulations are being addressed by local councils who struggle to balance corporate interests with public good. Finally, we address proposals for using algorithms and big data as means of urban governance and argue that the schism between regulation and enforcement is opening up new digitally mediated spaces of informal practices in cities.
Joining the Western Region: Sociophonetic Shift in Victoria
Authors: Roeder Rebecca , Onosson Sky , D’Arcy Alexandra
Published: February 2018

The literature on Canadian English provides evidence of distinct dialect regions. Within this landscape, the province of British Columbia is set apart as a sub-region in the west, yet information concerning “local” English is notably skewed toward a single urban setting, Vancouver. To assess and extend the generalizability of prior observations, this paper targets the city of Victoria and situates the results from a large-scale sociolinguistic investigation within the model of the typical (western) Canadian city presented in Boberg (2008, 2010). We consider vocalic features characterized as either General Canadian or distinctively Western Canadian. We also consider “yod” (i.e., the presence of an onglide in student, tune, and the like), a conservative feature that is obsolescing across the nation. Our results support Boberg’s (2008, 2010) observations while positioning Victoria as both innovative—participating in national changes—and conservative—joining certain changes relatively recently and retaining older dialect features. Such results enable us to trace leveling to national and more local dialect patterns, while also reminding us of sociohistorical forces in the formation of dialects.
Post-Traumatic Syndrome: Another Myth Discredited
Authors: Kelly Reginald , Smith B Norman
Published: February 2018

Further studies confirm the authors’ previous contention that patients suffering from the post-traumatic syndrome (PTS) do recover from this syndrome and return to full-time work before litigation is settled. Failure to have returned to work by the time of settlement indicates a bad prognosis, and such patients rarely return to work afterwards; the older the patient the worse the prognosis.
Twice-Daily Insulin Regimens in Management of Severe Diabetes
Authors: Oakley Nigel , Mather Hugh , Hadley Lindsay , Lynch Janice , Pilkington Thomas
Published: February 2018

Diurnal glucose profiles have been compared in ten insulin dependent diabetics receiving, firstly, a twice-daily soluble insulin (SI): isophane insulin (NPHI) regimen containing a high proportion of SI (mean 73%) and, secondly, Mixtard insulin (30% SI, 70% NPHI). For each patient the two regimens gave similar profiles though nocturnal blood glucose control was better on Mixtard. HbA1 values were similar on the two regimens. The findings show that, using highly purified formulations, small changes in insulin proportions in twice-daily SI: NPHI regimens may be irrelevant to diabetic control; they also suggest that highly purified NPHI may have a substantially shorter duration of action than its older counterpart and that the convenient regimen of twice-daily Mixtard is usually as good as any more complicated ‘tailormade’ regimen of highly purified insulins.
Impact of Preoperative Weight Loss on Postoperative Morbidity
Authors: Higgens C S , Keighley M R B , Allan R N
Published: February 2018

Clinical observations in developing countries and experimental studies in animals suggest that preoperative weight loss adversely affects postoperative morbidity. Since it is not clear whether these findings can be applied to surgical series in European countries, we have studied 106 surgically-treated patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Patients were divided into three groups according to the degree of preoperative weight loss. The groups were well matched in all other respects. Postoperative morbidity was monitored independently. The outcome in all three groups was similar so that in these patients, at least, preoperative weight loss did not adversely affect the postoperative outcome.
Selection of Patients with Chronic Drug-Resistant Epilepsy for Resective Surgery: 5 Years’ Experience
Authors: Polkey C E
Published: February 2018

Selection criteria are the key to success in resective surgery for intractable epilepsy. Using such criteria about 50% of patients admitted for assessment are considered unsuitable, half of these for neurophysiological reasons or because there is evidence of more than one area of structural abnormality. Selection for a good result from temporal lobectomy can be judged, both on the proportion of positive pathological lesions in the resected temporal lobes and on a high degree of seizure relief together with a low incidence of side effects. The same holds for other resections. The relationship between these factors is reviewed.