bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Translation universals revisited
Authors: Robin Edina
Published: August 2017

According to the results of translation-based empirical research within the descriptive paradigm, transfer operations and the shifts that occur as a result of translators’ interventions are governed by norms, which represent general, standard practices built on informal social consensus (Toury 1995). Based on the scientific analysis of norms and general rules, the so-called translation universals were formulated describing the factors and qualities that distinguish translations from source texts and from authentic texts not produced through translation but originally written in the target language (Baker 1993). In the present study, I aim to summarise the theoretical conclusions drawn so far from the description of these observed translational features, as well as the results of the research into linguistic phenomena and laws that characterise translations in general, then I will synthesise and graphically represent the lessons learned in a theoretical model. Hopefully, it will provide help to understand and process the research data gained so far and in the future.
The idea of faithfulness and reformulation of the Gricean maxims for the needs of translation
Authors: Sanatifar Mohammad Saleh , Kenevisi Mohammad Sadegh
Published: August 2017

Translation scholars have been applying the Gricean maxims as analytical tools to handle pragmatic issues in translation. Not always this genuine application is successful regarding that the maxims are culture-bound in nature and may not have the same utility in a different culture and/or in translation. Rarely any attempts have been done to adjust these maxims to the needs of translation. The present article, while does not intend to criticize the basic applicability of the maxims in translation, aims at reformulating them, within a framework of faithfulness, to be more flexible and responsive to the needs of translation. To illustrate this and evaluate the maxims, examples are analyzed and re-analyzed.
Is Medicine Losing its Way? A Firm Foundation for Medicine as a Real Therapeia
Authors: Eijk Willem Jacobus Cardinal
Published: August 2017

Is medicine losing its way? This question may seem to imply a serious warning, one needing a further explanation. What I mean to say by the title of this paper is that we can detect an undeniable shift in medicine in the last forty to fifty years. Medicine used to focus on what we call “health care” in a classical sense, that is, the treatment of people suffering from diseases, injuries or handicaps, or the alleviation of pain and other symptoms. In addition to this, in the last half century, it has begun to offer more and more treatments aiming to perfect the qualities of people who are otherwise healthy.

Due to the rapid progress of research in the biomedical field, medicine is already and will ever more be able not only to cure diseases, but also to improve the characteristics of healthy human persons. This seems to be justifiable from the point of view of the contemporary view of man. This considers the mind as the actual human person and the body as an object of which he may dispose as he likes. However, serious and convincing objections exist against this view, because it does not do justice to the fact that we experience ourselves as a unity. Aristotelian-Thomist anthropology explains man as a substantial unity of a spiritual and a material dimension, of body and soul, which implies that the body is an essential dimension of man, participates in his intrinsic dignity and is never to be instrumentalized in order to improve the characteristics of healthy people. Medicine should apply all new medical techniques availed, but remain true health care.
Study of the Ni–Si–Be system as a base to create boron-free brazing filler metals
Authors: Ivannikov A. A. , Kalin B. A. , Sevryukov O. N. , Penyaz M. A. , Fedotov I. V. , Misnikov V. E. , Tarasova M. S.
Published: August 2017

The investigation results of alloys of the Ni–Si–Be system with a various content of Si and Be are presented. Two low-melting eutectics with melting temperatures of the order of 1100 and 915°C have been found out by the methods of differential thermal and X-ray phase analysis and metallography. Two alloys have been selected for the development of brazing filler metals: Ni–5Si–3Be and Ni–6Si–5Be alloys. Three phases have been shown to be components of the binary and ternary eutectics in the Ni–Si–Be system from the side of the nickel angle of the phase diagram. A Ni–5Si–3Be ribbon and fragments of the Ni–6Si–5Be ribbon have been obtained from the selected alloys by rapid quenching. Filler metal of the Ni–5Si–3Be system has been used for brazing samples of the 12Cr21Ni5Ti austenitic–ferritic corrosion-resistant steel at 1150°C for 30 min.
Acute fatigue negatively affects risk factors for injury in trained but not well‐trained habitually shod runners when running barefoot
Authors: Tam Nicholas , Coetzee Devon R. , Ahmed Safwaan , Lamberts Robert P. , Albertus‐Kajee Yumna , Tucker Ross
Published: August 2017

Introduction: Many factors may contribute to running‐related injury. These include fatigue and footwear, the combination of which has rarely been studied, in particular with reference to barefoot running, recently advocated as a method to reduce injury risk. Methods: Twenty‐two runners (12 well‐trained and 10 trained) participated in a 10 km fatiguing trial. Knee and ankle joint kinematics and kinetics and electromyography were assessed during overground running in the barefoot and shod condition. This was performed pre‐ and post‐fatigue using a motion capture system and force platforms. Results: Initial loading rate increased in the trained runners when barefoot but not shod. Shod knee stiffness increased in both groups after fatigue, whereas barefoot knee stiffness decreased only in the trained group. A reduction in barefoot bicep femoris pre‐activation was found in both groups. During stance, a reduction in vastus lateralis and biceps femoris and an increase in tibialis anterior activity were found over time in both groups and conditions. Trained runners decreased gluteus medius and increased lateral gastrocnemius median frequency for both conditions after fatigue. Conclusion: When fatigued, gait adjustments in habitually shod runners may increase injury risk when running barefoot. Training status may be a risk factor for injury, as less‐trained runners experience muscular fatigue changes that may compromise ground reaction force attenuation. Caution is recommended when transitioning to pure barefoot running.
GTSE1 regulates spindle microtubule dynamics to control Aurora B kinase and Kif4A chromokinesin on chromosome arms
Authors: Tipton Aaron R. , Wren Jonathan D. , Daum John R. , Siefert Joseph C. , Gorbsky Gary J.
Published: August 2017

In mitosis, the dynamic assembly and disassembly of microtubules are critical for normal chromosome movement and segregation. Microtubule turnover varies among different mitotic spindle microtubules, dictated by their spatial distribution within the spindle. How turnover among the various classes of spindle microtubules is differentially regulated and the resulting significance of differential turnover for chromosome movement remains a mystery. As a new tactic, we used global microarray meta-analysis (GAMMA), a bioinformatic method, to identify novel regulators of mitosis, and in this study, we describe G2- and S phase–expressed protein 1 (GTSE1). GTSE1 is expressed exclusively in late G2 and M phase. From nuclear envelope breakdown until anaphase onset, GTSE1 binds preferentially to the most stable mitotic spindle microtubules and promotes their turnover. Cells depleted of GTSE1 show defects in chromosome alignment at the metaphase plate and in spindle pole integrity. These defects are coupled with an increase in the proportion of stable mitotic spindle microtubules. A consequence of this reduced microtubule turnover is diminished recruitment and activity of Aurora B kinase on chromosome arms. This decrease in Aurora B results in diminished binding of the chromokinesin Kif4A to chromosome arms.
Lawyer, Interrupted: Gender Bias in Oral Arguments at the US Supreme Court
Authors: Patton Dana , Smith Joseph L.
Published: August 2017

We examine gender bias in political institutions through a novel lens: oral arguments at the US Supreme Court. We ask whether female lawyers are afforded less speaking time during oral arguments compared to male lawyers. We posit that justices, while highly educated and more aware than most of laws requiring equal treatment, may be influenced by gender schemas that result in unconscious biased treatment of male and female lawyers. Applying automated content analysis to the transcripts of 3,583 oral arguments, we find that female lawyers are interrupted earlier, allowed to speak for less time between interruptions, and subjected to more and longer speeches by the justices compared to their male counterparts. However, this pattern is reversed during oral arguments involving gender-related cases. Our most novel and significant theoretical finding is that gender negates the well-documented positive effect of being on the winning side of a case.
Why Do Courts Delay?
Authors: Beim Deborah , Clark Tom S. , Patty John W.
Published: August 2017

Answering one question often begets another. We present a decision-theoretic model that describes how this affects the sequencing of decisions over time. Because answering an easy question may raise a more difficult one, a rational judge may delay resolution even if he has perfect information about the correct decision. Furthermore, because otherwise unrelated questions may raise similar follow-ups, he may optimally clump decisions together. Our theory thus generates an endogenous economy of scale in dispute resolution and contributes to the literature on punctuated equilibrium theory. We illustrate the results of our model with a case study from legal history in the United States.
Cause Lawyering in Revolutionary Ukraine
Authors: Wilson Sophia
Published: August 2017

While cause lawyering has attracted abundant scholarly attention, the factors contributing to such movements in nondemocratic environments remain understudied. This article evaluates existing explanations of strategic litigation and finds that emphases on legal opportunity structure and resource mobilization overlook cases where litigation is used to expose and challenge existing constraints. This inductive study of revolutionary Ukraine shows that litigation is pursued despite unfavorable legal opportunity structure and may be triggered by state repression, rather than constrained by it. I argue that a democratic revolutionary movement in the country offered the necessary social resources for cause lawyers to succeed.
The Multitrophic Effects of Climate Change and Glacier Retreat in Mountain Rivers
Authors: Fell Sarah C. , Carrivick Jonathan L. , Brown Lee E.
Published: August 2017

Climate change is driving the thinning and retreat of many glaciers globally. Reductions of ice-melt inputs to mountain rivers are changing their physicochemical characteristics and, in turn, aquatic communities. Glacier-fed rivers can serve as model systems for investigations of climate-change effects on ecosystems because of their strong atmospheric–cryospheric links, high biodiversity of multiple taxonomic groups, and significant conservation interest concerning endemic species. From a synthesis of existing knowledge, we develop a new conceptual understanding of how reducing glacier cover affects organisms spanning multiple trophic groups. Although the response of macroinvertebrates to glacier retreat has been well described, we show that there remains a relative paucity of information for biofilm, microinvertebrate, and vertebrate taxa. Enhanced understanding of whole river food webs will improve the prediction of river-ecosystem responses to deglaciation while offering the potential to identify and protect a wider range of sensitive and threatened species.
Contact Location and Neuropsychological Outcomes in Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation
Authors: Floden Darlene P , Matias Caio M , Wathen Connor A , Ozinga Grace E , Hogue Olivia , Machado Andre G
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUND

A host of influences contribute to cognitive and behavioral changes following deep brain stimulation. The location of the active cathode is likely an important variable but it has received little attention.

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether active contact location relative to the subthalamic nucleus and other neighboring structures is related to nonmotor outcomes.

METHODS

We identified a retrospective, cross-sectional sample of 46 patients who underwent subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for treatment of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. T-tests or nonparametric equivalents were used to detect baseline differences between unilateral left, unilateral right, and bilateral surgical groups. Correlation and partial correlational analyses identified relationships between contact location variables and alterations in cognitive, mood, quality of life, motor, and disease variables.

RESULTS

Medial contact locations within the left subthalamic nucleus were correlated with improvements in self-reported mood (r12 = −0.78, P = .001; 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.43 to −0.93) but worsening semantic fluency (r26 = −0.38, P = .048; 95% CI = −0.01 to −0.66). Phonemic fluency worsened with more posterior left placement (r34 = 0.35, P = .036; 95% CI = 0.03 to 0.61). Memory outcome was related to right hemisphere stimulation voltage (r29 = −0.40, P = .022; 95% CI = −0.05 to −0.66), which is likely a proxy for variable electrode location.

CONCLUSION

Location of the active contact is related to nonmotor outcomes, even in electrodes that are adequately placed. This is relevant to clinical care as there appears to be a trade-off between mood and fluency abilities that should be considered during surgical planning according to preoperative patient characteristics.
Prevalence and Risk of Inappropriate Sexual Behavior of Patients Toward Physical Therapist Clinicians and Students in the United States
Authors: Boissonnault Jill S. , Cambier Ziádee , Hetzel Scott J. , Plack Margaret M.
Published: August 2017

Background

For health care providers in the United States, the risk for nonfatal violence in the workplace is 16 times greater than that for other workers. Inappropriate patient sexual behavior (IPSB) is directed at clinicians, staff, or other patients and may include leering, sexual remarks, deliberate touching, indecent exposure, and sexual assault. Inappropriate patient sexual behavior may adversely affect clinicians, the organization, or patients themselves. Few IPSB risk factors for physical therapists have been confirmed. The US prevalence was last assessed in the 1990s.

Objective

The objectives of this study were to determine career and 12-month exposure to IPSB among US physical therapists, physical therapist assistants, physical therapist students, and physical therapist assistant students and to identify IPSB risk factors.

Design

This was a retrospective and observational study.

Methods

An electronic survey was developed; content validity and test-retest reliability were established. Participants were recruited through physical therapist and physical therapist assistant academic programs and sections of the American Physical Therapy Association. Inappropriate patient sexual behavior risk models were constructed individually for any, mild, moderate, and severe IPSB events reported over the past 12 months. Open-ended comments were analyzed using qualitative methods.

Results

Eight hundred ninety-two physical therapist professionals and students completed the survey. The career prevalence among respondents was 84%, and the 12-month prevalence was 47%. Statistical risk modeling for any IPSB over the past 12 months indicated the following risks: having fewer years of direct patient care, routinely working with patients with cognitive impairments, being a female practitioner, and treating male patients. Qualitative analysis of 187 open-ended comments revealed patient-related characteristics, provider-related characteristics, and abusive actions.

Limitations

Self-report, clinician memory, and convenience sampling are limitations of this type of survey research.

Conclusions

The extremely high prevalence of IPSB among physical therapist professionals warrants practitioner and student education as well as clear workplace policy and support.
Evaluation of Commercial Soybean Cultivars for Reaction to Phomopsis Seed Decay
Authors: Li Shuxian , Sciumbato Gabe , Rupe John , Shannon Grover , Chen Pengyin , Boykin Debbie
Published: August 2017

Phomopsis seed decay (PSD), caused by Phomopsis longicolla (syn. Diaporthe longicolla), is an economically important soybean disease causing poor seed quality. Planting resistant cultivars is one of the most effective means to control PSD. In this study, 16 commercially available maturity groups IV and V soybean cultivars, including two previously identified PSD-resistant and two PSD-susceptible checks, were evaluated for seed infection by P. longicolla in inoculated and noninoculated plots, and harvested promptly or with a 2-week delay in harvest. The test was conducted at Stoneville, Mississippi, in 2012 and 2013. Seed infection by P. longicolla ranged from 0.5 to 76%, and seed germination ranged from 18 to 97%. One MG IV cultivar (Morsoy R2 491) and five MG V cultivars (Progeny 5650, Progeny 5706, Asgrow 5606, Asgrow 5831, and Dyna-Gro33C59) had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower percent seed infected by P. longicolla than their respective susceptible checks and other cultivars in the same tests. Information obtained from this study will be useful for soybean growers and breeders for selection of cultivars for planting or breeding and future genetic studies in the development of cultivars with improved resistance to PSD.
The Roy Adaptation Model
Authors: Jennings Karen M.
Published: August 2017

Using a nursing theoretical framework to understand, elucidate, and propose nursing research is fundamental to knowledge development. This article presents the Roy Adaptation Model as a theoretical framework to better understand individuals with anorexia nervosa during acute treatment, and the role of nursing assessments and interventions in the promotion of weight restoration. Nursing assessments and interventions situated within the Roy Adaptation Model take into consideration how weight restoration does not occur in isolation but rather reflects an adaptive process within external and internal environments, and has the potential for more holistic care.
Delineating Among Parenting Confidence, Parenting Self-Efficacy, and Competence
Authors: Vance Ashlee J. , Brandon Debra H.
Published: August 2017

This article examined the concepts of parenting self-efficacy, parenting confidence, and competence. Using Morse's method of concept delineation, a literature review of each concept was conducted to uncover commonalities, distinctions, and measurement overlaps between concepts and provide conceptual boundaries. Findings revealed that parenting confidence and parenting self-efficacy describe a parents' internal attribution or beliefs about their ability to engage in parenting behaviors. Both terms have similar antecedents, attributes, and consequences, whereas competence is a concept that should be used as an objective measure by someone other than the parent to assess parenting quality.
Increased Anterior Column Exposure Using the Anterior Intrapelvic Approach Combined With an Anterior Superior Iliac Spine Osteotomy: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Sheean Andrew J. , Hurley Richard K. , Collinge Cory A. , Beltran Michael J.
Published: August 2017

Objective:

To determine whether the addition of an anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) osteotomy to the lateral window, when combined with the anterior intrapelvic (AIP) surgical approach, would improve visualization of the iliopectineal eminence and allow for predictable and safe clamp application.

Methods:

Ten lateral window approaches to the iliac fossa were developed in conjunction with the AIP approach on 10 fresh-frozen cadaveric pelvi. A calibrated digital image was taken from the surgeon's optimal viewing angle to capture the visualized osseous surface of the false pelvis with emphasis on the iliopectineal eminence. An ASIS osteotomy was then performed and an additional calibrated image was obtained to identify any increased visualization of the iliopectineal eminence. Using ImageJ software (NIH, Bethesda, MD), the additional surface area afforded to the surgeon was calculated. An AIP approach was then performed to confirm complete exposure of the anterior column and whether a Weber clamp could safely be placed across the iliopectineal eminence.

Results:

The lateral window, osteotomy, and AIP approach were successfully accomplished in all 10 specimens. Before performing an ASIS osteotomy, a mean of 20.3 cm2 (range: 14.5–25.6 cm2) of the false pelvis adjacent to the pelvic brim was visualized. After completion of the osteotomy, the mean visualized surface area increased significantly to 28.4 cm2 (range: 14.6–45.6 cm2) (P < 0.0168). Clamp placement through the lateral window was unsuccessful in all 10 specimens. After completion of the AIP approach, complete visualization of the iliopectineal eminence was confirmed and safe clamp application through the lateral window possible in all 10 specimens.

Conclusion:

ASIS osteotomy through the lateral window significantly improved visualization and access to the iliopectineal eminence in this cadaveric model, which suggests that it may be a suitable alternative to the traditional ilioinguinal approach for select fracture patterns when combined with an AIP approach.
Optimizing Bone Defect Reconstruction—Balanced Cable Transport With Circular External Fixation
Authors: Quinnan Stephen Matthew , Lawrie Charles
Published: August 2017

Distraction osteogenesis has proven effective in the management of tibial bone loss from severe trauma and infection. Unfortunately, pain and scarring from wires and half pins dragging through the skin and the required prolonged time in the external fixator make treatment difficult. Cable bone transport has been shown to improve cosmesis and decrease pain during transport. However, the published methods have limitations in that they have poor control of transport segment alignment, do not allow for lengthening of the limb, and do not permit weight bearing during the treatment process. We describe a novel method of cable bone transport that addresses each of these limitations with excellent control of alignment including the transport segment, easy conversion to allow limb lengthening, and full weight bearing throughout the treatment process. In addition, the method facilitates multifocal transport and safe conversion to intramedullary nail fixation, both of which can be used to substantially shorten the time of reconstruction.
A unique gene expression signature is significantly differentially expressed in tumor-positive or tumor-negative sentinel lymph nodes in patients with melanoma
Authors: Tarhini Ahmad A. , Floros Theofanis , Lin Hui-Min , Lin Yan , Rahman Zahra , Ashraf Madeeha , Vallabhaneni Priyanka , Sander Cindy , Rao Uma N.M. , Panelli Monica , LaFramboise William F. , Kirkwood John M.
Published: August 2017

The purpose of this study was to learn whether molecular characterization through gene expression profiling of node-positive and node-negative sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) in patients with clinical stage I and II melanoma may improve the understanding of mechanisms of metastasis and identify gene signatures for SLNs+/SLNs− that correlate with diagnosis or clinical outcome. Gene expression profiling was performed on SLN biopsies of 48 (24 SLN+ and 24 SLN−) patients (T3a/b–T4a/b) who underwent staging of SLNs using transcriptome profiling analysis on 5 μm sections of fresh SLNs. U133A 2.0 Affymetrix gene chips were used. Significance analysis of microarrays was used to test the association between gene expression level and SLN status. Genes with fold change more than 1.5 and q value less than 0.05 were considered differentially expressed. Pathway analysis was performed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. The Benjamini and Hochberg method was used to adjust for multiple testing in pathway analysis. We identified 89 probe sets that were significantly differentially expressed (1.5–27-fold; q<0.05). Upon performing the pathway analysis, it was found that 25 genes were common among the most significant and biologically relevant canonical pathways. The molecules and pathways that achieved differential expression of highest statistical significance were notably related to melanoma and its microenvironment and to signaling pathways implicated in immunosuppression and development of cancer. A 25-gene signature is significantly differentially expressed between SLN+ and SLN− and is related to melanoma oncogenesis and immunosuppression. The identified expression profile provides a signature of melanoma nodal involvement. These findings warrant further investigation into the mechanisms of metastasis, melanoma metastasis diagnosis, and prediction of outcome.
Insulin Neuritis and Effect of Pregabalin
Authors: Aladdin Yasser , Jeerakathil Thomas , Siddiqi Zaeem A.
Published: August 2017

Introduction:

Insulin neuritis (IN) is a rare condition that results in acute painful neuropathy. It occurs classically in patients with diabetes mellitus with uncontrolled sugar levels who are started on insulin therapy leading to a precipitous normalization of blood sugar levels. The condition is heralded by severe and generalized burning pain along with significant weight loss and mood issues. The diagnosis is mainly clinical and the etiology of IN remains obscure.

Methods and Results:

We report on 2 cases who developed acute and excruciating neuropathic pain after institution of insulin therapy for poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. Both showed elucidate classical features of IN.

Conclusions and Relevance:

IN is a self-limited condition. Early recognition can lead to institution of appropriate therapy, which includes pain control and withholding insulin. Most cases do not require any work-up and resolve spontaneously.
Bilateral Ptosis due to Sympathetic Dysfunction as a Feature of Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Authors: Panosyan Francis B.
Published: August 2017

This case–control study demonstrates that bilateral ptosis due to ocular sympathetic dysfunction is a characteristic feature of Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS) and apraclonidine can be helpful in unmasking this clinical feature. Five patients with GBS and 9 healthy controls were assessed for ocular sympathetic dysfunction through application of topical apraclonidine to 1 eye. Changes resulting from reversal of ptosis or miosis due to apraclonidine were compared with the eye on the other side with no apraclonidine using photographs. Ocular sympathetic dysfunction in the form of mild bilateral ptosis was found in all 5 patients with GBS recruited in this study. Consistent with previous reports, healthy subjects had no significant response to apraclonidine. Although there was evidence of concomitant pupillary dysfunction in the form of bilateral Horner syndrome in 2 of the patients with GBS with more severe GBS phenotype, this study did not have the statistical power to reach conclusions regarding pupillary dysfunction and disease severity in GBS.
Pyridoxine Toxicity Small Fiber Neuropathy With Dysautonomia: A Case Report
Authors: Bacharach Rae , Lowden Max , Ahmed Aiesha
Published: August 2017

Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) toxicity is a well-known cause of primary sensory, length-dependent, axonal polyneuropathy. Although sensory symptoms predominate, autonomic symptoms have also been reported in some cases. To date, there is no objective evidence of autonomic dysfunction reported in the literature. We present the case of a 41-year-old woman with 2 years of progressive burning pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness in a stocking-glove distribution who was found to have severe pyridoxine toxicity. Concurrent presence of large and small fiber nerve dysfunction was noted in the form of abnormal electromyography/nerve conduction study demonstrating a chronic sensory polyneuropathy and autonomic testing demonstrating abnormal responses to quantitative sweat testing and cardiovagal function testing. This case highlights the need for consideration of small fiber nerve damage by obtaining autonomic testing in cases of pyridoxine toxicity.
SEVERE CASE OF RENAL COLOBOMA SYNDROME IN LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP
Authors: Sels Lise , Dirven Werner , Devriendt Koenraad , Leys Anita
Published: August 2017

Purpose:

To characterize the ocular features of a severe case of renal coloboma syndrome in a long-term follow-up.

Methods:

Observational case report over a period of 45 years. Examination under anesthesia at the age of 3 months, repeated ophthalmologic examination (age 7, 14, 25, 45 years), fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography, electroretinography, ocular ultrasound, optical coherence tomography, computed tomography scan orbits, and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain.

Results:

Presentation with severe bilateral posterior eye defects, optic nerve aplasia and a retrobulbar cyst in the left eye, renal abnormalities, and mental retardation. Over time, a progressive axial myopia in the right eye, band keratopathy in the left eye, and progressive bilateral posterior lens opacities were noted. There was only a minor decrease in visual acuity and visual field of the only functional right eye. The mother of this patient had a mild optic disk hypoplasia, progressive lens opacities, and late-onset renal disease. Both had a confirmed mutation in exon 2 of the PAX2 gene.

Conclusion:

This first published long-term follow-up of renal coloboma syndrome shows progressive posterior lens opacities, axial myopia, and band keratopathy with only a small decline in visual function over time.
ARTEFACTUALLY DAMPENED FLASH STIMULUS VISUAL EVOKED RESPONSES IN A SILICONE OIL–FILLED EYE
Authors: Venkatesh Ramesh , Tibrewal Shailja , Gurav Prachi , Roy Sankhadeep
Published: August 2017

Purpose:

To report a case of falsely dampened visual evoked responses in a patient of Usher syndrome after retinal detachment surgery secondary to probable intraocular silicone oil.

Methods:

Retrospective observational case report.

Case Description:

A 16-year-old boy with Usher syndrome developed rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in the left eye. He underwent a successful retinal detachment surgery with silicone oil tamponade. On his postoperative follow-up visit, poor vision was noted by our optometrist. A flash stimulus visual evoked response was done, which showed marked delayed latency and reduced amplitude. Marked improvement in the flash stimulus visual evoked response potentials and waveforms was noted after silicone oil removal.

Conclusion:

Intraocular silicone oil could be responsible for this false delay in the latency and reduction in flash stimulus visual evoked response amplitudes. Assessment of flash stimulus visual evoked responses in the presence of silicone oil after vitreoretinal surgery may produce unreliable responses.
Teleophthalmic Approach for Detection of Corneal Diseases: Accuracy and Reliability
Authors: Woodward Maria A. , Musch David C. , Hood Christopher T. , Greene Jonathan B. , Niziol Leslie M. , Jeganathan V. Swetha E. , Lee Paul P.
Published: August 2017

Purpose:

Corneal and anterior segment diseases cause most of the urgent visits to eye care professionals. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of detecting corneal diseases using external photographs from 2 portable cameras for telemedicine purposes.

Methods:

This is a prospective study of adults with a clinical diagnosis of corneal pathology including corneal abrasions, ulcers, scars, and pterygia. A cornea specialist provided the gold standard diagnosis by slit-lamp examination. Images of both eyes were obtained using iTouch 5S and Nidek VersaCam cameras in multiple gazes and interpreted by 3 cornea specialists for the presence of pathology. Accuracy to detect disease was compared with gold standard diagnosis, stratified by the camera and grader. Reliability was evaluated with weighted kappa statistics. Graders assessed image quality on a Likert scale from 1 (poor) to 9 (optimal).

Results:

A total of 198 eyes (110 subjects) were photographed. By gold standard diagnosis, 59 eyes (30%) had corneal scars, 34 (17%) had ulcers, 13 (7%) had abrasions, 10 (5%) had pterygia, and 82 (41%) were normal. Sensitivity to detect AS pathology ranged from 54% to 71% for the iTouch and 66% to 75% for the Nidek, across graders; specificity ranged from 82% to 96% for the iTouch and 91% to 98% for the Nidek. The intergrader reliability was moderate to strong (kappa ranges: 0.54–0.71 for the iTouch; 0.75–0.76 for the Nidek). Quality ratings were variable between graders.

Conclusions:

External photographs taken by standard, nonenhanced portable cameras and interpreted remotely by ophthalmologist graders yielded sensitivity values that are not yet suitable for telemedicine applications. Additional work is needed to improve the ability to detect AS pathology remotely.
Codeine Plus Acetaminophen for Pain After Photorefractive Keratectomy: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Add-On Trial
Authors: Pereira Vinicius B. P. , Garcia Renato , Torricelli Andre A. M. , Mukai Adriana , Bechara Samir J.
Published: August 2017

Background:

Pain after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) is significant, and the analgesic efficacy and safety of oral opioids in combination with acetaminophen has not been fully investigated in PRK trials.

Purpose:

To assess the efficacy and safety of the combination of codeine plus acetaminophen (paracetamol) versus placebo as an add-on therapy for pain control after PRK.

Study design:

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Setting:

Single tertiary center.

Methods:

One eye was randomly allocated to the intervention, whereas the fellow eye was treated with a placebo. Eyes were operated 2 weeks apart. The participants were adults older than 20 years with refractive stability for ≥1 year, who underwent PRK for correction of myopia or myopic astigmatism. Codeine (30 mg) plus acetaminophen (500 mg) was given orally 4 times per day for 4 days after PRK. The follow-up duration was 4 months. The study outcomes included pain scores at 1 to 72 hours, as measured by the visual analog scale, McGill Pain Questionnaire, and Brief Pain Inventory, as well as adverse events and corneal wound healing.

Results:

Of the initial 82 eyes, 80 completed the trial (40 intervention, 40 placebo). Median (interquartile range) pain scores as measured by the visual analog scale were statistically and clinically lower during treatment with codeine/acetaminophen compared with the placebo: 1 hour: 4 (2–4) versus 6 (3–6), P < 0.001; 24 hours: 4 (3–6) versus 7 (6–9), P < 0.001; 48 hours: 1 (0–2) versus 3 (2–5), P < 0.001; and 72 hours: 0 (0–0) versus 0 (0–2), P = 0.001. Virtually identical results were obtained by the McGill Pain Questionnaire and Brief Pain Inventory scales. The most common adverse events with codeine/acetaminophen were drowsiness (42%), nausea (18%), and constipation (5%). No case of delayed epithelial healing was observed in both treatment arms.

Conclusions:

When added to the usual care therapy, the oral combination of codeine/acetaminophen was safe and significantly superior to the placebo for pain control after PRK.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02625753.
Sexual Violence Among College Students: An Examination of Individual and Institutional Level Factors Associated With Perpetration
Authors: Porta Carolyn M. , Mathiason Michelle A. , Lust Katherine , Eisenberg Marla E.
Published: August 2017

Background:

Sexual violence incidents involving college students have received media attention and increased awareness of this public health problem in the United States; prevention efforts are needed that target potential perpetrators. We examined characteristics of self-reported perpetrators of sexual violence on campuses.

Methods:

This study used a secondary data analysis of the 2015 College Student Health Survey, an annual survey, which was completed by students attending 17 colleges/universities in Minnesota. The analytic sample included 6,548 18-to 24-year-old college students who answered at least one of two questions assessing perpetration in the past 12 months (i.e., sex/sexual touch without consent). Chi-square tests were used to detect associations between perpetration and individual (e.g., age, race, substance use, victimization) and institutional (e.g., school type, location) level characteristics. Multiple logistic regression analyses identified predictive models for being a perpetrator of sexual violence.

Results:

Fifty-two students reported perpetration of sexual violence in the past year, including 29 rapes. Overall, self-reported perpetrators of sexual violence are more likely to be men, to have been a victim in his or her lifetime, to have smoked marijuana in the past 12 months (but not the past month), and to be younger (18 or 19 years old). Institutional level characteristics, including school type and location, did not yield significant associations with perpetration.

Discussion:

Sexual violence prevention and response efforts toward college students need to be inclusive, especially targeting individual level factors, and considerate of the victimization–perpetration comorbidity experienced by many students.
Self-Care Management in Corrections: Perspectives From Persons With an Incarceration Experience
Authors: Maruca Annette T. , Dion Kimberly , Lobelo Adrial A. , Ampiah-Bonney Olivia , Chen Chunfang , Sanger Kirk , Zucker Donna
Published: August 2017

The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions and beliefs of what self-care management looks like for a person with an incarceration experience. This is the first phase of a two-phase study. This qualitative study, held in three county jails in Massachusetts, utilized a focus group methodology. The Rediscovery of Self-Care: A Care Intervention for Persons with Incarceration Experience (RSC) model served as the framework for this study. On the basis of a priori constructs from the RSC model, a protocol was established and targeted questions outlined. The results from these focus groups support the constructs of the RSC model. Participants in all focus group interviews reported that self-care was very important and defined self-care, most of the time, in terms of meeting physical needs such as exercising and eating healthy and, more importantly, self-identified mental health and substance use needs such as individual or group counseling. In conclusion, open-ended questions used to identify all instances of potential categories of self-care management supported the central concepts of the RSC model and will inform treatment interventions and modification of an existing self-care management instrument or provide the foundation for the development of a new instrument.
Shank-to-Vertical Angle in Ankle-Foot Orthoses: A Comparison of Static and Dynamic Assessment in a Series of Cases
Authors: Eddison Nicola , Healy Aoife , Needham Robert , Chockalingam Nachiappan
Published: August 2017

Background

Tuning of ankle-foot orthosis footwear combinations (AFO-FC) has been shown to be effective in aligning the ground reaction force (GRF) closer to the joint rotation center of the lower limbs. The notion of “tuning” the AFO-FC is largely dependent on the shank-to-vertical angle (SVA), which is measured while the subject is static but is meant to represent the SVA in mid-stance.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to compare the SVA measured in standing position with the SVA at temporal mid-stance (TMST) in a series of cases.

Study Design

This study is a case series.

Methods

Four participants had their AFO-FC tuned to optimum SVA using video-based gait analysis with GRF overlay. Initially, the SVA was measured with the subject standing in relaxed stance on the force plate with approximately equal weight on both feet. The SVA was then assessed at TMST.

Results

The measurement of the SVA of the AFO-FC in relaxed stance seems to be the same as the measurement of the SVA in TMST.

Conclusions

Measuring the SVA of the AFO-FC in relaxed stance is an accurate way of determining the SVA at TMST.

Clinical Relevance

Ankle-foot orthosis footwear combination tuning is considered an essential aspect of AFO prescriptions. The SVA is a key principle of AFO-FC tuning. The method for determining the SVA has yet to be tested to ensure that the static measurement correlates to the dynamic measurement during gait.
Feasibility of a Powered Knee Joint in Providing Stance and Swing Phase Knee Flexion when Using a Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthosis
Authors: Rafiaei Masoud , Arazpour Mokhtar , Bahramizadeh Mahmood , Farahmand Farzam , Jamshidi Nima , Samadian Mohammad
Published: August 2017

Background

The aim of this study was to develop a new stance control knee-ankle-foot orthosis (SCKAFO) and determine its efficacy on specific spatiotemporal and kinematic parameters.

Method

Seven healthy volunteer subjects participated in this study. After orthotic gait training, subjects participated in a four-part data collection session that consisted of gait evaluation with normal walking, SCKAFO with locked knee joint, SCKAFO without initial flexion (IF) mode, and SCKAFO with IF mode.

Results

Walking with any of the control knee-ankle-foot orthoses (KAFOs) produced a significant reduction in walking speed compared with normal walking. There was no significant difference in walking speed between the SCKAFO with and without IF. There was significantly higher knee flexion in stance phase when walking with the SCKAFO with IF compared with the other types of KAFO, but there was no significant difference between normal walking and SCKAFO with IF. In wearing SCKAFO with IF, the mean of the hip flexion was not significantly altered compared with normal walking. Hip abduction was also significantly reduced during walking with stance control (SC) mode compared to KAFO with locked knee joint.

Conclusion

Knee-ankle-foot orthosis with new powered knee joint has benefits over existing assistive KAFOs with locked and SC knee joints.
Intrarater Reliability of Muscle Strength and Hamstring to Quadriceps Strength Imbalance Ratios During Concentric, Isometric, and Eccentric Maximal Voluntary Contractions Using the Isoforce Dynamometer
Authors: Mau-Moeller Anett , Gube Martin , Felser Sabine , Feldhege Frank , Weippert Matthias , Husmann Florian , Tischer Thomas , Bader Rainer , Bruhn Sven , Behrens Martin
Published: August 2017

Objective:

To determine intrasession and intersession reliability of strength measurements and hamstrings to quadriceps strength imbalance ratios (H/Q ratios) using the new isoforce dynamometer.

Design:

Repeated measures.

Setting:

Exercise science laboratory.

Participants:

Thirty healthy subjects (15 females, 15 males, 27.8 years).

Main Outcome Measures:

Coefficient of variation (CV) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated for (1) strength parameters, that is peak torque, mean work, and mean power for concentric and eccentric maximal voluntary contractions; isometric maximal voluntary torque (IMVT); rate of torque development (RTD), and (2) H/Q ratios, that is conventional concentric, eccentric, and isometric H/Q ratios (Hcon/Qcon at 60 deg/s, 120 deg/s, and 180 deg/s, Hecc/Qecc at −60 deg/s and Hiso/Qiso) and functional eccentric antagonist to concentric agonist H/Q ratios (Hecc/Qcon and Hcon/Qecc). High reliability: CV <10%, ICC >0.90; moderate reliability: CV between 10% and 20%, ICC between 0.80 and 0.90; low reliability: CV >20%, ICC <0.80.

Results:

(1) Strength parameters: (a) high intrasession reliability for concentric, eccentric, and isometric measurements, (b) moderate-to-high intersession reliability for concentric and eccentric measurements and IMVT, and (c) moderate-to-high intrasession reliability but low intersession reliability for RTD. (2) H/Q ratios: (a) moderate-to-high intrasession reliability for conventional ratios, (b) high intrasession reliability for functional ratios, (c) higher intersession reliability for Hcon/Qcon and Hiso/Qiso (moderate to high) than Hecc/Qecc (low to moderate), and (d) higher intersession reliability for conventional H/Q ratios (low to high) than functional H/Q ratios (low to moderate).

Conclusions:

The results have confirmed the reliability of strength parameters and the most frequently used H/Q ratios.
Disclosure of Diagnosis in Early Recognition of Psychosis
Authors: Blessing Andreas , Studer Anna , Gross Amelie , Gruss L. Forest , Schneider Roland , Dammann Gerhard
Published: August 2017

There is a debate concerning risks and benefits of early intervention in psychosis, especially concerning diagnosis disclosure. The present study reports preliminary findings on self-reported locus of control and psychological distress after the disclosure of diagnosis in an early recognition center. We compared the ratings of the locus of control and psychological distress before and after communication of diagnosis. The study included individuals with an at-risk mental state (ARMS) (n = 10), schizophrenia (n = 9), and other psychiatric disorders (n = 11). Results indicate greater endorsement of the internal locus of control in individuals with ARMS after communication of diagnosis in contrast to the other groups. Our results suggest that disclosure of diagnosis in an early recognition center leads to a reduction of psychological distress and increased feelings of control over one's health. Persons with ARMS seem to particularly benefit from disclosure of diagnosis as part of early intervention.
Brief Report: Inflammatory Colonic Innate Lymphoid Cells Are Increased During Untreated HIV-1 Infection and Associated With Markers of Gut Dysbiosis and Mucosal Immune Activation
Authors: Dillon Stephanie M. , Castleman Moriah J. , Frank Daniel N. , Austin Gregory L. , Gianella Sara , Cogswell Andrew C. , Landay Alan L. , Barker Edward , Wilson Cara C.
Published: August 2017

Background:

HIV-1 infection is associated with intestinal inflammation, changes in the enteric microbiota (dysbiosis), and intestinal epithelial cell damage. NKp44+ innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) play an important role in epithelial barrier maintenance through the production of interleukin (IL)-22 but also display functional plasticity and can produce inflammatory cytokines [eg, interferon gamma (IFNγ)] in response to cytokine milieu and stimulatory signals. The objective of this pilot study was to enumerate frequencies of IL-22 and IFNγ-expressing colonic NKp44+ ILCs during untreated, chronic HIV-1 infection.

Setting:

A cross-sectional study was performed to compare numbers of cytokine-expressing ILCs in colonic biopsies of untreated, chronic HIV-1 infected (n = 22), and uninfected (n = 10) study participants. Associations between cytokine+ ILC and previously established measures of virological, immunological, and microbiome indices were analyzed.

Methods:

Multicolor flow cytometry was used to measure the absolute number of colonic CD3−NKp44±CD56± ILCs expressing IL-22 or IFNγ after in vitro mitogenic stimulation.

Results:

Numbers of colonic NKp44+ ILCs that expressed IFNγ were significantly higher in HIV-1 infected versus uninfected persons and positively correlated with relative abundances of dysbiotic bacterial species in the Xanthomonadaceae and Prevotellaceae bacterial families and with colonic myeloid dendritic cell and T-cell activation.

Conclusion:

Higher numbers of inflammatory colonic ILCs during untreated chronic HIV-1 infection that associated with dysbiosis and colonic myeloid dendritic cell and T-cell activation suggest that inflammatory ILCs may contribute to gut mucosal inflammation and epithelial barrier breakdown, important features of HIV-1 mucosal pathogenesis.