bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prestressed arch system in the Lower Inn Valley – an innovative tunnel reinforcement system /
Authors: Fink Arnold , Bartl Thomas , Pitscheider Wolfgang , Uwe Siding
Published: October 2010

The world of engineering is a world of continuous change, and developers, planners and contractors alike are confronted by the innovative ideas that fuel progress in the field. This applies in particular to major civil engineering works. In the case of the Lower Inn Valley railway upgrade project, for example, a new self‐supporting reinforcement system has been developed for a compact fire‐resistant shell for the inner lining of the tunnel. The development, testing and optimization of the reinforcement system are the subject of this report. The new reinforcement system was employed on such a scale for the first time and proved successful in practice.

Der Stand der Technik unterliegt einem permanenten Wandel. So sind Bauherrn, Planer und ausführende Unternehmen immer wieder gefordert, durch das Einsetzen von innovativen Ideen das Rad der Weiterentwicklung voranzutreiben. Dies gilt insbesondere für Großbauvorhaben. Beim Projekt Unterinntal wurde ein neuartiges System der selbsttragenden Bewehrung für eine schlanke Brandschutzschale als Tunnelinnenschale entwickelt. Der Beitrag behandelt Entwicklung, Erprobung und Optimierung des Bewehrungssystems. Das zur Anwendung gelangte Bewehrungssystem kommt in dieser Dimension erstmalig zum Einsatz und hat sich in der Praxis bewährt.
WNT signaling in activated microglia is proinflammatory
Authors: Halleskog Carina , Mulder Jan , Dahlström Jenny , Mackie Ken , Hortobágyi Tibor , Tanila Heikki , Kumar Puli Lakshman , Färber Katrin , Harkany Tibor , Schulte Gunnar
Published: October 2010

Microglia activation is central to the neuroinflammation associated with neurological and neurodegenerative diseases, particularly because activated microglia are often a source of proinflammatory cytokines. Despite decade‐long research, the molecular cascade of proinflammatory transformation of microglia in vivo remains largely elusive. Here, we report increased β‐catenin expression, a central intracellular component of WNT signaling, in microglia undergoing a proinflammatory morphogenic transformation under pathogenic conditions associated with neuroinflammation such as Alzheimer's disease. We substantiate disease‐associated β‐catenin signaling in microglia in vivo by showing age‐dependent β‐catenin accumulation in mice with Alzheimer's‐like pathology (APdE9). In cultured mouse microglia expressing the WNT receptors Frizzled FZD4,5,7,8 and LDL receptor‐related protein 5/6 (LRP5/6), we find that WNT‐3A can stabilize β‐catenin. WNT‐3A dose dependently induces LRP6 phosphorylation with downstream activation of disheveled, β‐catenin stabilization, and nuclear import. Gene‐expression profiling reveals that WNT‐3A stimulation specifically increases the expression of proinflammatory immune response genes in microglia and exacerbates the release of de novo IL‐6, IL‐12, and tumor necrosis factor α. In summary, our data suggest that the WNT family of lipoglycoproteins can instruct proinflammatory microglia transformation and emphasize the pathogenic significance of β‐catenin‐signaling networks in this cell type. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PKC‐dependent inhibition of CA2+‐dependent exocytosis from astrocytes
Authors: Yasuda Keiichi , Itakura Makoto , Aoyagi Kyota , Sugaya Tsukiko , Nagata Etsuko , Ihara Hideshi , Takahashi Masami
Published: October 2010

Astrocytes release various bioactive substances via Ca2+‐ and soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE)‐dependent exocytosis; however the regulatory mechanisms of glial exocytosis are still poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the effect of protein kinase C (PKC) on exocytosis in glial cells using primary cultured astrocytes and clonal rat glioma C6 cells. Mass spectrometry and Western blot analysis using phospho‐specific antibodies revealed that phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA) treatment induced the phosphorylation of synaptosomal‐associated protein of 23 kDa (SNAP‐23) on Ser95, Ser120, and Ser160 in cultured astrocytes and C6 cells. Phosphorylation at these sites was suppressed by treatment with the PKC inhibitor, bisindolylmaleimide I (BIS). In contrast, Ser110 of SNAP‐23 was constitutively phosphorylated in these cells and was dephosphorylated in a PKC‐dependent manner. Exogenously expressed human growth hormone (hGH) accumulated in cytoplasmic granular structures in cultured astrocytes, and its release after ATP‐treatment was Ca2+‐ and SNARE‐dependent. PMA treatment suppressed the ATP‐induced hGH release from astrocytes and this inhibition was reversed by BIS. We also observed PMA‐dependent suppression and an attenuation of that suppression by BIS in ionomycin‐induced hGH release from C6 cells. These results suggest that intracellular activation of PKC suppresses Ca2+‐ and SNARE‐dependent exocytosis in astroglial cells. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oncologic and functional results after transhyoid surgical approach for cancer of the base of tongue
Authors: Rodrigo Juan P. , Díaz‐Molina Juan Pablo , Moreno Carla , Suárez Carlos
Published: October 2010

Background

The optimal treatment for base of tongue cancer remains unclear, especially in advanced stages.

Methods

We retrospectively review 84 previously untreated patients that underwent a transhyoid resection of a base of tongue carcinoma. Sixty‐four patients (76%) underwent postoperative radiotherapy.

Results

Five patients had stage II disease, 6 had stage III, 58 had stage IVA, and 15 had stage IVB. The overall recurrence rate was 68%. Five‐year disease‐specific survival rates by stage were 100%, 67%, 27%, and 8% for stage II to IVB, respectively (p = .0007). Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of lymph node metastases was an independent predictor of reduced disease‐specific survival rates (p = .02). All patients maintained an intelligible voice, and oral alimentation was successfully recovered in 97.5% of them.

Conclusions

The transhyoid approach allowed adequate resection of base of tongue cancers with low morbidity and acceptable functional results, but the oncologic outcomes in advanced stages are poor. Head Neck, 2011
Mastication in patients treated for malignancies in tongue and/or floor of mouth: A 1‐year prospective study
Authors: Speksnijder Caroline M. , van der Bilt Andries , Abbink Jan H. , Merkx Matthias A.W. , Koole Ron
Published: October 2010

Background

People confronted with oral cancer run a high risk of deteriorated masticatory performance. Reduced masticatory function may affect quality of life and food choice. An altered food choice may result in lower intakes for key nutrients and weight loss.

Methods

Dental state, bite force, and masticatory performance were determined in a group of 45 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and/or floor of mouth. Measurements were performed before surgery and at various moments after surgery and/or radiotherapy.

Results

Surgical intervention had a large negative impact on oral function. Radiotherapy further worsened oral function. Also, the recovery of oral function 1 year after surgery was less prominent for the surgery‐radiotherapy group than for the surgery group.

Conclusion

Objective determination of oral function 1 year after surgery showed that patients treated for malignancies in the tongue and/or floor of mouth had significantly deteriorated masticatory performance, bite force, and dental state. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Determinants of head and neck cancer survival by race
Authors: Ragin Camille C. , Langevin Scott M. , Marzouk Mark , Grandis Jennifer , Taioli Emanuela
Published: October 2010

Background

Several factors contribute to the documented racial disparity in head and neck cancer, among which are socioeconomic status, access to care, and biologic factors.

Methods

Clinical characteristics of 87 African‐American patients with head and neck cancer and a random sample of 261 white patients matched on age and smoking dose were associated with outcome.

Results

Black patients with cancers of the oral cavity and larynx were more likely diagnosed with advanced stages than whites, after adjusting for socioeconomic and insurance status and other confounding factors. There was a significant difference in relapse‐free survival between blacks and whites with tumors of the larynx (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.62–7.00), but not with tumors of the oral cavity or pharynx.

Conclusions

Differences in disease outcome may be attributed to a combination of tumor stage, socioeconomic status, and access to health care. The inclusion of biologic markers such as human papillomavirus (HPV) status is needed in future studies to further evaluate racial disparities in head and neck cancer outcomes. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Mixed convective flow of immiscible viscous fluids in a vertical channel
Authors: Kumar J. Prathap , Umavathi J.C. , Biradar Basavaraj M.
Published: October 2010

Combined free and forced convection flow in a parallel‐plate vertical channel is analyzed for immiscible viscous fluids taking into account the effect of viscous dissipation. Three types of thermal boundary conditions are described. These thermal boundary conditions are isothermal‐isothermal, isoflux‐isothermal, and isothermal‐isoflux for the left–right walls of the channel. The coupled nonlinear governing equations are solved analytically using the regular perturbation method. Separate solutions are matched at the interface using suitable matching conditions. The results are represented graphically for various governing parameters such as the ratio of Grashof number to Reynolds number, viscosity ratio, width ratio, and conductivity ratio for equal and different wall temperatures. It is found that the viscous dissipation enhances the flow reversal in the case of a downward flow while it counters the flow in the case of an upward flow. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20324
Inter‐comparison of hydro‐climatic regimes across northern catchments: synchronicity, resistance and resilience
Authors: Carey Sean K. , Tetzlaff Doerthe , Seibert Jan , Soulsby Chris , Buttle Jim , Laudon Hjalmar , McDonnell Jeff , McGuire Kevin , Caissie Daniel , Shanley Jamie , Kennedy Mike , Devito Kevin , Pomeroy John W.
Published: October 2010

The higher mid‐latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere are particularly sensitive to climate change as small differences in temperature determine frozen ground status, precipitation phase, and the magnitude and timing of snow accumulation and melt. An international inter‐catchment comparison program, North‐Watch, seeks to improve our understanding of the sensitivity of northern catchments to climate change by examining their hydrological and biogeochemical responses. The catchments are located in Sweden (Krycklan), Scotland (Mharcaidh, Girnock and Strontian), the United States (Sleepers River, Hubbard Brook and HJ Andrews) and Canada (Catamaran, Dorset and Wolf Creek). This briefing presents the initial stage of the North‐Watch program, which focuses on how these catchments collect, store and release water and identify ‘types’ of hydro‐climatic catchment response. At most sites, a 10‐year data of daily precipitation, discharge and temperature were compiled and evaporation and storage were calculated. Inter‐annual and seasonal patterns of hydrological processes were assessed via normalized fluxes and standard flow metrics. At the annual‐scale, relations between temperature, precipitation and discharge were compared, highlighting the role of seasonality, wetness and snow/frozen ground. The seasonal pattern and synchronicity of fluxes at the monthly scale provided insight into system memory and the role of storage. We identified types of catchments that rapidly translate precipitation into runoff and others that more readily store water for delayed release. Synchronicity and variance of rainfall–runoff patterns were characterized by the coefficient of variation (cv) of monthly fluxes and correlation coefficients. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed clustering among like catchments in terms of functioning, largely controlled by two components that (i) reflect temperature and precipitation gradients and the correlation of monthly precipitation and discharge and (ii) the seasonality of precipitation and storage. By advancing the ecological concepts of resistance and resilience for catchment functioning, results provided a conceptual framework for understanding susceptibility to hydrological change across northern catchments. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Channel stability and sediment source assessment in streams draining a Piedmont watershed in Georgia, USA
Authors: Mukundan Rajith , Radcliffe David E. , Ritchie Jerry C.
Published: October 2010

Streams can be classified as stable or unstable, depending on the stage of channel evolution. Many streams of the southern Piedmont in United States have high sediment loads and are listed as impaired under the total maximum daily load (TMDL) program and may be unstable. It is not clear as to what the target (reference) load or remediation measures should be for unstable streams. The objective of this study was to determine the relative channel stability for a typical southern Piedmont stream using rapid geomorphic assessments (RGAs) and sediment yield analysis. The results were supported through a sediment fingerprinting analysis. RGAs were performed along 52 reaches on the North Fork Broad River (NFBR) main stem and two tributaries. Annual sediment yields were calculated and compared with yields in the southern Piedmont for stable streams that are resilient to degradation or aggradation and unstable streams that are susceptible to such disturbances. Majority of the NFBR main stem was found to be unstable with signs of geomorphic instability in the form of degradation and aggradation. The estimated average annual sediment yield was 0·78 T ha−1 year−1. By comparison, the median annual yield is 0·20 T ha−1 year−1 for stable streams and 0·48 T ha−1 year−1 for unstable streams in the Piedmont ecoregion with comparable drainage basin size. We conclude that the NFBR is in an unstable stage of channel evolution. Sediment fingerprinting proved that majority of the stream‐suspended sediment emanated from eroding stream channels. The methods outlined in this study have implications for the reference condition and remediation efforts related to stream turbidity and stream channel restoration. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ectopic osteochondral formation of biomimetic porous PVA‐n‐HA/PA6 bilayered scaffold and BMSCs construct in rabbit
Authors: Qu Dan , Li Jihua , Li Yubao , Khadka Ashish , Zuo Yi , Wang Hang , Liu Yiming , Cheng Lin
Published: October 2010

In this work, the novel poly vinyl alcohol/gelatin‐nano‐hydroxyapatite/polyamide6 (PVA‐n‐HA/PA6) bilayered scaffold with biomimetic properties for articular cartilage and subchondral bone is developed. Furthermore, when these osteochondral scaffolds were seeded with induced bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and implanted at ectopic sites, showed the potential for an engineered cartilage tissue and the corresponding subchondral bone. BMSCs were expanded in vitro and induced to chondrogenic or osteogenic potential by culturing in suitable media for 14 days. Subsequently, these induced cells were seeded into PVA‐n‐HA/PA6 separately, and the constructs were implanted into the rabbit muscle pouch for upto 12 weeks. Ectopic neocartilage formation in the PVA layer and reconstitution of the subchondral bone which remained confined within the n‐HA/PA6 layer with the alteration of the cellular phenotype were identified with Masson's trichrome stain. Simultaneously, the RT‐PCR results confirmed the expression of specific extracellular matrix (ECM) markers for cartilaginous tissue, such as collagen type II (Col‐II), or alternatively, markers for osteoid tissue, such as collagen type I (Col‐I) at the corresponding layers. During ectopic implantation, the underlying subchondral bone layer was completely integrated with the cartilage layer. The result from the ectopic osteochondral scaffolds implantation suggests that PVA‐n‐HA/PA6 with induced BMSCs is a possible substitute with potential in cartilage repair strategies. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2011.
Prevention of abdominal adhesion formation by thermosensitive PECE‐hydrogel in a rat uterine horn model
Authors: Yang Bing , Yang Gong Chang , Yong Qian Zhi , Zhao Xia , Yu Li Zheng , Tao Zhou Sheng , Rong Qi Xiao , Zhong Qian , Luo Feng , Quan Wei Yu
Published: October 2010

In this work, we investigated the efficacy of PECE‐hydrogel in preventing postsurgical peritoneal adhesions in the rat uterine horn model. Standardized surgical traumas were applied to the peritoneum of the abdominal wall and the uterine horns. PECE hydrogel was applied to the two wound surfaces. Animals were euthanized at different times after surgery, and the gross necropsy findings were documented. Adhesion formation was assessed according to adhesion extent and adhesion severity, and the hydrogel degradation and healing of peritoneal wounds were observed. The remesothelialization was dynamically observed by scanning electron microscope. The results showed that none of the animals in the hydrogel‐treated group (n = 12) developed adhesion. In contrast, all untreated animals (n = 12) had adhesions that could only be separated by sharp dissection (p < 0.001). The hydrogel could adhere to the peritoneal wounds and gradually disappear from the wounds within 7–9 days and transformed into viscous fluid being completely absorbed within 12 days. The injured parietal and visceral peritoneum was remesothelialized in about 7 and 9 days, respectively. This work confirmed that PECE hydrogel holds promise as a novel absorbable biomaterial for the reduction of postoperative adhesions after laparotomy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2011.
Efficient 2,4,6‐trichloro‐1,3,5‐triazine‐catalyzed synthesis of 2‐arylbenzothiazoles and bisbenzothiazoles by condensation of 2‐aminithiophenol with aldehydes under mild conditions
Authors: Maleki Behrooz , Azarifar Davood , Hojati Seyede Fateme , Veisi Hojat , Gholizadeh Mostafa , Salehabadi Hafezeh , Moghadam Mona Khodaverdian
Published: October 2010

2,4,6‐Trichloro‐1,3,5‐triazine efficiently catalyzed the condensation reactions between 2‐aminothiophenol and aromatic aldehydes to afford 2‐arylbenzothiazolles in good‐to‐excellent yields. Simple and mild reaction conditions, the use of a cheap catalyst and easy work up, and isolation are notable features of this method. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Motor patterns of distal hind limb muscles in walking turtles: Implications for models of limb bone loading
Authors: Schoenfuss Heiko L. , Roos John D. , Rivera Angela R. V. , Blob Richard W.
Published: October 2010

Previous studies of limb bone loading in walking turtles indicate that the ground reaction force exerts a flexor moment at the ankle during stance, requiring extensor muscle activity to maintain joint equilibrium. Of four proposed ankle extensors in turtles, two (gastrocnemius medialis, pronator profundus) originate on the tibia and fibula, respectively, while the other two (flexor digitorum longus, gastrocnemius lateralis) originate from the distal femur, crossing the flexor aspect of the knee and potentially eliciting compensatory forces from antagonist knee extensor muscles that could contribute to femoral stress. Published bone stress models assume all four proposed ankle extensors are active during stance in turtles. However, if only the ankle extensors that cross the knee were active then femoral stresses might be higher than predicted by published models, whereas if only extensors that do not cross the knee were active then femoral stresses might be lower than predicted. We analyzed synchronized footfall and electromyographic activity patterns in slider turtles (Trachemys scripta) and found that all four proposed ankle extensors were active during at least part of stance phase in most individuals, corroborating bone stress models. However, activation patterns were complex, with multiple bursts in many ankle extensors that frequently persisted into swing phase. In addition, two hypothesized ankle flexors (tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum communis) were frequently active during stance. This might increase the joint moment that ankle extensors must counter, elevating the forces they transfer across the knee joint and, thereby, raising femoral stress. Recognition of these activity patterns may help reconcile differences between evaluations of loads on turtle limbs based on force platform versus in vivo strain studies. Moreover, while some variation in motor patterns for the distal hind limbs of turtles may reflect functional compartmentalization of muscles, it may also indicate flexibility in the control of their limb movements. J. Morphol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On particle ionization/enrichment of multifunctional nanoprobes: washing/separation‐free, acceleration and enrichment of microwave‐assisted tryptic digestion of proteins via bare TiO2 nanoparticles in ESI‐MS and comparing to MALDI‐MS
Authors: Wu Hui‐Fen , Agrawal Kavita , Shrivas Kamlesh , Lee Yi‐Hsien
Published: October 2010

A simple, rapid, straightforward and washing/separation free of in‐solution digestion method for microwave‐assisted tryptic digestion of proteins (cytochrome c, lysozyme and myoglobin) using bare TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) prepared in aqueous solution to serve as multifunctional nanoprobes in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) was demonstrated. The current approach is termed as ‘on particle ionization/enrichment (OPIE)’ and it can be applied in ESI‐MS, atmospheric pressure‐matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (AP‐MALDI‐MS) and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS). The bare TiO2 NPs can assist, accelerate and effectively enhance the digestion efficiency, sequence coverage and detection sensitivity of peptides for the microwave‐assisted tryptic digestion of proteins in ESI‐MS. The reason is attributed to the fact that proteins or partially digested proteins are easily attracted or concentrated onto the surface of TiO2 NPs, resulting in higher efficiency of digestion reactions in the microwave experiments. Besides, the TiO2 NPs could act as a microwave absorber to accelerate and enrich the protein fragments in a short period of time (40–60 s) from the microwave experiments in ESI‐MS. Furthermore, the bare TiO2 NPs prepared in aqueous solution exhibit high adsorption capability toward the protein fragments (peptides); thus, the OPIE approach for detecting the digested protein fragments via ESI and MALDI ionization could be achieved. The current technique is also a washing and separation‐free technique for accelerating and enriching microwave‐assisted tryptic digestion of proteins in the ESI‐MS and MALDI‐MS. It exhibits potential to be widely applied to biotechnology and proteome research in the near future. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antimicrobial resistance, integrons and plasmid replicon typing in multiresistant clinical Escherichia coli strains from Enugu State, Nigeria
Authors: Chah Kennedy F. , Agbo Ifeoma C. , Eze Didacus C. , Somalo Sergio , Estepa Vanesa , Torres Carmen
Published: October 2010

Eleven multiresistant Escherichia coli strains of animal and human origin were assayed for the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes, integrons and associated gene cassettes, as well as plasmid content. Ciprofloxacin‐resistant strains were screened for amino acid changes in GyrA and ParC proteins. The E. coli strains were found to harbor a variety of genes including cmlA, aac (3)‐II, aac (3)‐IV, aadA, strA‐strB, tet (A), tet (B), blaTEM, sul1, sul2 and sul3. Four of the eight int I1‐positive strains were also positive for qacE Δ1 ‐sul1 region and the following gene cassettes were detected: dfrA7, dfrA12 + orfF + aadA2 and blaOXA1+ aadA1. Five strains contained class 1 integrons lacking the qacE Δ1 ‐sul1 region and they showed a single type of gene cassette arrangement (estX + psp + aadA2 + cmlA + aadA1 + qacH + IS440 + sul3). The two int I2‐positive strains carried the same type of gene cassette arrangement (dfrA1 + sat + aadA1). The seven ciprofloxacin‐resistant E. coli strains exhibited a Ser‐83‐Leu substitution in GyrA protein and a Ser‐80‐Ile substitution in ParC protein; six of these strains presented an additional substitution in GyrA (Asp‐87‐Gly or Asp‐87‐Asn) and one strain in ParC (Glu‐84‐Gly). Eight different plasmid‐replicon‐types were detected among the 11 E. coli strains, IncF being the most frequent one detected, found in nine strains; other plasmid replicon types detected were IncX, IncI1, IncY, IncW, IncFIC, IncB/O, and IncK. Antimicrobial resistance in the E. coli strains studied was mediated by a variety of genes, some of them included in integrons, as well as by mutations gyr A and par C genes. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Molecular typing of Epidermophyton floccosum isolated from patients with dermatophytosis by RAPD‐PCR
Authors: Khosravi Alireza , Behzad Forough , Sabokbar Azar , Shokri Hojjatollah , Haddadi Siamak , Masoudi‐Nejad Ali
Published: October 2010

We evaluated the ability of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to type Epidermophyton floccosum isolates recovered from patients with dermatophytosis originating from different regions of Iran. A total of 13 clinical isolates of E. floccosum obtained from Iranian patients were analyzed by RAPD with 7 arbitrary primers (OPN16, OPD18‚ OPU15, OPX19, R28, OPA04 and OPAA17). Among the applied primers, OPN16 produced banding patterns from all the isolates. In addition, some of the isolates had very close relation. The phenon line which represented the mean similarities was at the value of 73%. At this level, 4 groups were characterized. Two isolates of a patient had different molecular patterns, suggesting infection transmission from different sources in the case of a single patient. RAPD‐PCR provided a rapid and practical tool for identification of E. floccosum isolates, which was independent of morphological characteristics, and enhanced laboratory diagnosis of dermatophytosis. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of sub‐lethal doses of vancomycin and oxacillin on biofilm formation by vancomycin intermediate resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Mirani Zulfiqar Ali , Jamil Nusrat
Published: October 2010

Biofilms are means of protection to bacteria against antibiotics and antibodies. Catheters and others tube devices used by patients are prone to accumulation of thick layers of biofilms as hiding place for etiologic agents, resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality. Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of hospital‐acquired infections. Vancomycin remains the only treatment of choice for MRSA infections. In the present study a vancomycin resistant S. aureus (VRSA) (Labeled as CP2) was isolated from the blood of a post‐operative cardiac patient. It harbors a plasmid which carry vanA gene and exhibited low‐level vancomycin resistance (MIC 16μg/ml), high level of oxacillin/methicillin resistance (MIC 500 μg/ml) and was sensitive to teicoplanin. CP2 also found to carry icaA gene on its chromosome. This strain exhibited resistance to triton‐X100 induced autolysis under sub‐inhibitory concentration of vancomycin and produced some extracellular matrix material that surrounding the cells. These characteristic features have warranted us to study the biofilm formation by CP2 on biomedical indwellings in presence of vancomycin and oxacillin. Our findings suggest that sub‐lethal dose of vancomycin induced the biofilm formation by CP2 on nylon and silicon indwellings whereas oxacillin facilitated the biofilm formation on glass surfaces exclusively. This implicates that not only the antibiotics but also the indwelling material influences biofilm formation. Therefore, these implants serve as potential surfaces for bacterial adhesion that lead to biofilm formation, thus provide hiding places for pathogens from the actions of antimicrobials. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Realizing the potential of a multinational, multicultural organization: Lessons learned at Merck Serono
Authors: Schnee Elmar
Published: October 2010

When Merck Serono—formed by the 2007 union of Merck KGaA of Germany and Serono of Switzerland—embarked on a mission to become a recognized leader in the pharmaceutical field, its leaders found that they had the task of forging a unified organizational culture as well. This article details the training, communications, and leadership issues that the company's managers encountered in crafting a cohesive, high‐performing structure that attracts and retains the people needed to develop innovative products that serve consumer needs. Among the key lessons learned: never underestimate the impact of culture, invest in understanding how work actually gets done, and do not be afraid to admit mistakes. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Engaging production‐floor employees for rapid improvements at Test Technology, Inc.
Authors: Sokalski Joseph M. , Runfola Salvatore F. , Runfola Gina
Published: October 2010

Companies that seek to improve their operations by applying lean manufacturing principles often enjoy early success but then fall back on inefficient ways of doing business. Such was the case at Test Technology, Inc. (TestTech), in Marlton, New Jersey, where the successful creation of synchronized workstations had led to productivity improvements that ultimately proved unsustainable. The advent of a new president, however, brought a renewed commitment to lean manufacturing that stressed the cultural change from supervisor‐driven dictates to employee‐initiated improvements needed to ensure ongoing success. This article details the activities undertaken to transform the company, using employee‐directed kaizens, 5S housekeeping that achieved a “hospital operating room” standard of cleanliness, and a production‐floor team that became TestTech's strongest selling tool for closing deals with new customers and delivering superior service. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Talent management at Novartis Oncology: Supporting a decade of success
Authors: Hoffman Robert
Published: October 2010

Designed to combine the nimbleness and innovation of a small biotech with the resources of “Big Pharma,” this business unit points to its medical and commercial talent and their “patient‐first” focus as key to its development and marketing of a pipeline of highly successful cancer‐fighting compounds around the world. The author describes the rationale for the unit's creation and its “winning proposition”; outlines the eight main components of its talent management strategy for a highly expert workforce; and highlights commercial and medical talent's contributions to Novartis Oncology in terms of commercial excellence, innovation, reputation, and ability to build and retain a world‐class team. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The human dimension of change at RES Internacional
Authors: Strongin Dan , Manning James
Published: October 2010

Combining an American food ingredients brokerage firm whose market was shrinking with a disorganized maquiladora might seem like a recipe for disaster. And in the absence of a unifying vision, it was. But when the head of the company stepped into his workers' shoes, he helped tear down the cultural barriers that were masking the root causes of his organization's ills. Now, with a focus on systems thinking, workers have a renewed sense of purpose and they are being trained in the tools to not only identify the source of long‐standing problems but also to devise simple but effective solutions. The results include enhanced communications at all levels and a healthy boost in the bottom line. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Digital image analysis of liver collagen predicts clinical outcome of recurrent hepatitis C Virus 1 year after liver transplantation
Authors: Manousou Pinelopi , Dhillon Amar P. , Isgro Graziela , Calvaruso Vincenza , Luong T. V. , Tsochatzis Emmanuel , Xirouchakis E. , Kalambokis G. , Cross Timothy J. , Rolando N. , O'Beirne James , Patch David , Thornburn D. , Burroughs Andrew K.
Published: October 2010

Clinical outcomes of recurrent hepatitis C virus after liver transplantation are difficult to predict. We evaluated collagen proportionate area (CPA), a quantitative histological index, at 1 year with respect to the first episode of clinical decompensation. Patients with biopsies at 1 year after liver transplantation were evaluated by Ishak stage/grade, and biopsy samples stained with Sirius red for digital image analysis were evaluated for CPA. Cox regression was used to evaluate variables associated with first appearance of clinical decompensation. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were also used. A total of 135 patients with median follow-up of 76 months were evaluated. At 1 year, median CPA was 4.6% (0.2%-36%) and Ishak stage was 0-2 in 101 patients, 3-4 in 23 patients, and 5-6 in 11 patients. Decompensation occurred in 26 (19.3%) at a median of 61 months (15-138). Univariately, CPA, tacrolimus monotherapy, and Ishak stage/grade at 1 year were associated with decompensation; upon multivariate analysis, only CPA was associated with decompensation (P = 0.010; Exp(B) = 1.169; 95%CI, 1.037-1.317). Area under the ROC curve was 0.97 (95%CI, 0.94-0.99). A cutoff value of 6% of CPA had 82% sensitivity and 95% specificity for decompensation. In the 89 patients with hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) measurement, similar results were obtained. When both cutoffs of CPA > 6% and HVPG ≥ 6 mm Hg were used, all patients decompensated. Thus, CPA at 1-year biopsy after liver transplantation was highly predictive of clinical outcome in patients infected with hepatitis C virus who underwent transplantation, better than Ishak stage or HVPG. Liver Transpl 17:178–188, 2011. © 2011 AASLD.
Domino versus deceased donor liver transplantation
Authors: Bispo Miguel , Marcelino Paulo , Marques Hugo Pinto , Martins Américo , Perdigoto Rui , Aguiar Maria João , Mourão Luís , Barroso Eduardo
Published: October 2010

This study sought to evaluate the potential impact of domino liver transplantation (DLT) on initial graft function and early postoperative outcome in patients with cirrhosis in a Portuguese liver transplantation center. A retrospective comparative analysis was performed between 77 domino recipients (from familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy donors) and 91 deceased donor recipients, all submitted to primary elective whole liver transplantation, using the piggyback technique, in a 42-month period. Outcome parameters included graft dysfunction (defined as either primary nonfunction or initial poor function, according to the Ploeg-Maring criteria) and Clavien II-IV complications in the first postoperative week. Domino and deceased donor recipients had similar preoperative severity indices (Child-Pugh classification and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score) and immediate postoperative severity scores (APACHE II [Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II] and SAPS II [Simplified Acute Physiology Score II]). In DLT, donors were younger, cold ischemia time was shorter, and intraoperative transfusion requirements of packed red blood cells and fresh-frozen plasma were significantly lower. Graft dysfunction incidence was 3.4-fold lower in DLT: 5.2% (only 4 cases of initial poor function) versus 18.0% (1 primary nonfunction and 15 cases of initial poor function), P = 0.010. Postoperative bleeding was the most frequent early Clavien II-IV complication (n = 29, 17.3%), with an incidence 2.2-fold lower in domino recipients. A statistically significant difference was not found in the other analyzed Clavien II-IV complications, intensive care unit stay, mechanical ventilation time, intensive care unit mortality, and 1-year survival rate. In conclusion, in this study the younger donors and shorter ischemic time associated with DLT may provide a protective role in regards to graft dysfunction and perioperative bleeding, which are 2 important determinants of early morbidity after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl, 2011. © 2011 AASLD.
Polymers for Control Freaks: Sequence‐Defined Poly(amidoamine)s and Their Biomedical Applications
Authors: Hartmann Laura
Published: October 2010

A novel synthetic strategy towards monodisperse, sequence‐defined polymers is presented. This technique was applied for the synthesis of a set of polymer carriers for DNA delivery combining monodisperse, sequence‐defined PAA segments with PEO blocks. These precision polymers are sequentially assembled from a library of building blocks, enabling programmed interactions and functions by sequence‐specific positioning of different functionalities. Due to the absence of chemical and molecular‐weight distributions in the multifunctional segments, exact correlation of the monomer sequence and (bio)properties is attainable. This is demonstrated by the interactions with plasmid DNA, investigating the dsDNA complexation and condensation properties in dependence of the monomer sequence.

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A Bioinspired Polymeric Template for 1D Assembly of Metallic Nanoparticles, Semiconductor Quantum Dots, and Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Lee Yuhan , Lee Haeshin , Messersmith Phillip B. , Park Tae Gwan
Published: October 2010

A precise control of metallic‐nanoparticle assembly is highly critical for the realization of tangible, high‐performance devices or materials. Until recently, nanoparticle assembly using 1D templates had been limited to a narrow spectrum of nanoparticles as it was mostly dependent on the surface chemistry of the nanoparticles used. Inspired by the universal adhesive properties of mussels, we demonstrate a universal polymeric template for 1D assembly of various nanoparticles including, gold nanoparticles, iron oxide nanoparticles, and quantum dots. We find that the length of the 1D assembly is tunable using hyaluronic acid‐graft‐catechol templates with various contour lengths.

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Using the Hard Templating Method for the Synthesis of Metal‐Conducting Polymer Multi‐Segmented Nanowires
Authors: Callegari Vincent , Demoustier‐Champagne Sophie
Published: October 2010

With the development of nanotechnology, there is a growing demand for advanced electronics based on functional nanomaterials. In this respect, owing to their unique properties, conducting polymers (CP) synthesized in the form of one‐dimensional (1D) nanostructures are of particular interest. In this feature paper, we first report one of the most powerful techniques, the hard templating synthesis, for elaborating a large number of uniform 1D CP nanotubes or nanowires with precise control over lengths and diameters. Then, recent advances in the preparation, through electrochemical template synthesis, of various multi‐segmented nanowires containing a combination of metallic and polymeric components are discussed. Hybrid metal‐CP nanowires are promising high tech materials as they exhibit enhanced performances compared to their bulk counterparts and are of direct interest for developing novel multifunctional systems for a wide range of applications. Finally, some future directions for research in the area of multi‐segmented nanowires are proposed.

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31P NMR of phospholipid metabolites in prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: Komoroski Richard A. , Holder John C. , Pappas Alex A. , Finkbeiner Alex E.
Published: October 2010

1H MRSI in vivo is increasingly being used to diagnose prostate cancer noninvasively by measurement of the resonance from choline‐containing phospholipid metabolites. Although 31P NMR in vivo or in vitro is potentially an excellent method for probing the phospholipid metabolites prominent in prostate cancer, it has been little used recently. Here, we report an in vitro 31P NMR comparison of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia, focusing on the levels of the major phospholipid metabolites. Unlike phosphocholine and glycerophosphocholine, phosphoethanolamine and glycerophosphoethanolamine (and their ratio) were significantly different between cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. The high level of phosphoethanolamine+glycerophosphoethanolamine relative to phosphocholine+glycerophosphocholine suggests that the former may be significant contributors to the “total choline” resonance observed by 1H MRSI in vivo. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Incidence of urinary tract infection in patients with type 2 diabetes. Experience from adverse event reporting in clinical trials
Authors: Hammar Niklas , Farahmand Bahman , Gran Mikael , Joelson Svante , Andersson Susan W.
Published: October 2010

Purpose

Diabetes mellitus has long been widely considered to be associated with an increased risk of urinary tract infection (UTI), but information on incidence rates are scarce and risk factor data have been conflicting. The aim was to estimate UTI incidence and evaluate potential risk factors for UTI in patients with type 2 diabetes included in recent clinical trials.

Methods

Type 2 diabetes patients from 10 AstraZeneca phase III diabetes clinical trials (n = 6016, mean 57.4 years, 50.7% female) conducted during 2004–2007 were included. Patients free of UTI at baseline were followed for up to 6 months after inclusion in the trials. UTI was considered present if any term sorting under the MedDRA high‐level term “UTIs” was recorded as an adverse event.

Results

In all, 142 patients had an adverse event for UTI, corresponding to an incidence of 59.5/1000 person‐years for all patients (91.5/1000 in women, 28.2/1000 in men) and a cumulative incidence of 2% during 6 months. Female gender was associated with an increased incidence [relative risk (RR) 3.4; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.3–5.1] and also higher age (RR 2.5 [95% CI 1.4–4.8] for ages ≥70 years vs. 40–49 years). No increased incidence was associated with body mass index (25–29, 30+ vs. <25 kg/m2), HbA1c (<8% vs. >8%), race (Black, Oriental vs. Caucasian) or drug treatment (study drug, comparator vs. placebo). A history of immune system disorder conveyed a twofold higher risk for UTI.

Conclusion

UTI is common among female patients with type 2 diabetes and older patients of both genders. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using the TELLS prereading procedure to enhance comprehension levels and rates in secondary students
Authors: Ridge Ashley D. , Skinner Christopher H.
Published: October 2010

A multiple‐baseline design was used to evaluate the effects of the Title, Examine, Look, Look, and Setting (TELLS) prereading procedure on reading comprehension in 3, ninth‐grade students with reading skills deficits. Results suggest that the TELLS procedure enhanced both comprehension levels and rates across all three students. These comprehension skills, however, did not appear to generalize across passages, suggesting that TELLS may be an effective, but not a particularly efficient prereading strategy. Additional studies are needed to determine if the TELLS procedure can cause meaningful increases in generalizable reading comprehension skills. Discussion focuses on applied and theoretical implications and directions for future researchers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Accommodating remedial readers in the general education setting: Is listening‐while‐reading sufficient to improve factual and inferential comprehension?
Authors: Schmitt Ara J. , Hale Andrea D. , McCallum Elizabeth , Mauck Brittany
Published: October 2010

Word reading accommodations are commonly applied in the general education setting in an attempt to improve student comprehension and learning of curriculum content. This study examined the effects of listening‐while‐reading (LWR) and silent reading (SR) using text‐to‐speech assistive technology on the comprehension of 25 middle‐school remedial readers. Participants were provided three grade‐level passages, each with 10 comprehension questions (5 factual, 5 inferential) after SR and also after LWR using the assistive technology. Conditions were counterbalanced across participants. No significant differences were found between LWR and SR total, factual, or inferential comprehension, even after controlling for participant reading ability. Discussion focuses on implications of these findings for reading comprehension theory and school psychologists, study limitations, and directions for future inquiry. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Repeated reading and vocabulary‐previewing interventions to improve fluency and comprehension for struggling high‐school readers
Authors: Hawkins Renee O. , Hale Andrea , Sheeley Wesley , Ling Stacy
Published: October 2010

Using an adapted alternating treatments design, this study compared the effects of two intervention conditions on the reading fluency, comprehension, and comprehension rate of six high‐school students reading below grade level. Students were repeatedly exposed to repeated reading (RR), repeated reading and vocabulary previewing (RR + VP), and no intervention control conditions. Dependent variables were assessed at the end of experimental sessions by using practiced passages. Both interventions had positive effects on reading performance as compared to the control condition. Results indicated that the RR + VP condition led to the greatest improvements in reading fluency for all participants. The RR + VP condition led to the highest reading comprehension levels for three participants, and the RR + VP and RR conditions resulted in similar comprehension levels for the other three participants. For five participants, reading comprehension rate was greatest under the RR + VP condition. Discussion focuses on future directions for research on reading interventions for high‐school students. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Social support and survival in young women with breast carcinoma
Authors: Chou Ann F. , Stewart Susan L. , Wild Robert C. , Bloom Joan R.
Published: October 2010

Purpose: Although previous evidence has shown increased likelihood for survival in cancer patients who have social support, little is known about changes in social support during illness and their impact on survival. This study examines the relationship between social support and survival among women diagnosed with breast carcinoma, specifically assessing the effect of network size and changes in social contact post‐diagnosis.

Methods: A population‐based sample of 584 women was followed for up to 12.5 years (median follow‐up = 10.3 years). The mean age at diagnosis was 44 years, 81% were married, and 29% were racial/ethnic minorities. Cox regression analysis was used to estimate survival as a function of social support (changes in social contact and the size of social support), disease severity, treatment, health status, and socio‐demographic factors.

Results: Fifty‐four percent of the women had local and 44% had regional stage disease. About 53% underwent mastectomy, 68% received chemotherapy, and 55% had radiation. Regression results showed that disease stage, estrogen receptor status, and mastectomy were associated with greater risk of dying. Although network size was not related to survival, increased contact with friends/family post‐diagnosis was associated with lower risk of death, with a hazard ratio of 0.31 (95% CI, 0.17–0.57).

Conclusion: Findings from this study have identified an important aspect of a woman's social network that impacts survival. An increase in the amount of social contact, representing greater social support, may increase the likelihood of the women's survival by enhancing their coping skills, providing emotional support, and expanding opportunities for information‐sharing. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.