bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Student Teaching and Certification Assessments
Authors: Parkes Kelly A.
Published: November 2019

This chapter discusses the tests and assessments used to determine workforce readiness for music educators in approved teacher preparation programs, with a view to making some recommendations for research needed in the near future. The chapter, which is based on relevant research literature, consists of three main sections: The first section focuses on briefly surveying the landscape of teacher preparation tests in the United States, the second section focuses on describing the tests and assessments, and the third section considers alternative models of assessment. The strengths and weakness of both the assessments and the policies that support their use are discussed. The chapter has relevance for both music teacher educators and university administrators seeking to understand the assessments used with preservice music educators at university and state Department of Education levels in the United States.
Music Teacher Identity Development
Authors: Pellegrino Kristen
Published: November 2019

This chapter begins with a philosophical and research-based justification for facilitating teacher identity development in teacher education and music teacher education and then reviews related music teacher identity literature. After offering an overview of methods and theoretical frameworks associated with examining music teacher identity in research, the chapter highlights music research in four ways. First, it explores music identity research using symbolic interactionism theoretical frameworks, then using sociocultural/cultural-historical theoretical frameworks. Next, it presents some music identity research that focused on issues surrounding diversity, and lastly, it describes collaborations with members of the Society of Music Teacher Educators’ music teacher identity development Area of Strategic Planning and Action. Interspersed throughout the chapter are examples of activities and questions one might use with preservice music teachers. Finally, the chapter ends with a summary, suggestions for further research, and conclusions.
Pedagogical Content Knowledge and Core Practices for Music Teaching
Authors: Millican J. Si , Forrester Sommer H.
Published: November 2019

Teaching is a learned profession. As such, learning how to teach music involves developing skill in connecting factual knowledge, teaching and performing skills, and musical artistry with an understanding of how students develop musicianship. This chapter presents theoretical frameworks that have evolved over the past hundred years that can help guide teacher educators in describing some of the most important ways they understand their subjects in order to teach them to others. Pedagogical content knowledge is a useful framework for describing how teachers understand their subjects to teach their students. Core practices are a set of foundational skills that allow novice teachers to begin to connect the academic, musical, and pedagogical skills and knowledge that they acquire in classrooms to facilitate student learning. Preliminary research has identified, among others, (a) developing relationships with students, (b) modeling, and (c) sequencing instruction as core practices for teaching music. Novice music teachers can develop a set of foundational practices that allow them to connect their musical knowledge and expertise with their students’ experiences.
School Change
Authors: Allsup Randall Everett , Nicholson George
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines the changing nature of schools and schooling with special emphasis on the ways in which policy influences university teacher preparation. Policy regime frameworks are ideological drivers that construct, delimit, and direct school change. The chapter traces influences that have shaped the current market-based system of education in the United States, addressing landmark cases such as Brown v. Board of Education, the report A Nation at Risk, and the ongoing standards and accountability movement. The chapter concludes by locating the role of teachers within the neoliberal pressures associated with contemporary education reform.
Administrative Duties of the Music Teacher
Authors: Mick James
Published: November 2019

This chapter addresses practical elements of music teaching, including budgets, fundraising, inventory, parent communication, and travel. A review of literature on teacher preparation in administrative duties is included, but a general lack of research in this area suggests that further inquiry would contribute to the overall understanding of the field. The chapter then provides suggestions for developing preservice teacher conceptual frameworks of the various topics. Key concepts and general principles for discussion and preservice teacher involvement are included. Finally, the chapter ends with suggestions for further reading that are directly pertinent to the topics in this chapter, along with other administrative duties topics not covered in this chapter.
Student Teaching
Authors: Baumgartner Christopher M.
Published: November 2019

The purpose of this chapter is to describe the current research on and practice of the student teaching internship within music teacher preparation programs. First, the chapter discusses the importance of student teaching, using research-based evidence from interns, beginning teachers, and music teacher educators to inform the practice of intern placement, while highlighting the importance of finding the “right fit” among personalities, philosophies, and pedagogical approaches. Next, it provides an overview of the triadic relationship among student teacher, cooperating teacher, and university supervisor, including each individual’s unique role in the student teaching experience. The chapter then describes various structures and content of the student teaching seminar—the co-requisite course that often accompanies the internship. Finally, it addresses popular assessment practices of student teachers, include sample observation assessment tools and resources for creating meaningful music student teacher evaluations. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research on the music student teaching internship.
Gender and Sexual Diversity in Music Teacher Education
Authors: Hansen Erin M. , Sears Colleen A. Q.
Published: November 2019

In music education, issues related to gender and sexual orientation are numerous and complex, and they have significant implications for EC-12 students, teachers, and curricula. By making preservice teachers aware of common issues related to gender and sexual orientation in music education, and equipping them with strategies to help navigate unexpected and teachable moments, preservice music teachers may better facilitate discussions about gender and sexual orientation in a way that will yield equitable, safe, democratic, and open music classrooms. This chapter will (a) provide music teacher educators with an overview of the current political and social climate for LGBTQ students and teachers, (b) present rationale for the inclusion of gender and sexual diversity education within music education, (c) illustrate different approaches to incorporating this topic into the curriculum, (d) identify common concerns of preservice music students regarding gender identity and sexual orientation, and (e) provide resources for further study.
Reconsidering Elementary General Music Methods
Authors: Stanley Ann Marie
Published: November 2019

This chapter provides strategies for creative practices that will enrich elementary general music methods courses. The crucial choices made by instructors about the content and structure of elementary general music are interrogated, including how various methodologies are approached and how traditional practices—even the term methods itself—may be re-evaluated and reconsidered. Recommendations are made for retitling and expanding the scope of this course to reflect its truly foundational nature within music education. Ways to establish positive learning environments are discussed, including specific ideas instructors may use to develop fieldwork practicums, teach lesson planning, and be aware of cultural considerations for responsive pedagogy within these courses. The chapter closes with a call to expand preservice teachers’ views on the multitudinous ways elementary students may musically, collaboratively, and creatively experience music in the school setting.
Intermediate and High School Orchestra
Authors: Benham Stephen
Published: November 2019

This chapter identifies the specific issues that are unique to the string and orchestra teacher at the intermediate and high school levels, and provides content materials and case-study examples from practicing teachers as reference points and a road map for both current and future teachers of string methods courses. The chapter includes a review of research literature relevant to the conduct and teaching of collegiate music education methods courses and a review of existing syllabi from the string methods and techniques courses in 20 different universities, looking for common themes and elements to each of those courses. The chapter provides recommendations for current and future teacher trainers about the types of content (skills and knowledge) and activities that form the essential framework for collegiate methods courses.
Change in Music Teacher Education
Authors: Elliott David J. , Silverman Marissa
Published: November 2019

This chapter offers a philosophical perspective on the central aims and values of music teacher education with a specific focus on the ethical dimensions of music teaching and learning. Drawing on the work of music education scholars, philosophers of mind, and philosophers of education, the chapter builds an argument for the view that music teacher education should be ethically guided and ethically applied in practice. Additionally, it suggests that “pedagogical content” should include dialogical discussions and activities related to the role of ethics in music teacher education because, among many values, the professional work of future music educators involves highly refined ethical sensibilities and opportunities for their own students to learn the nature of and strategies for acting rightly, appropriately, and responsibly in their future circumstances. Indeed, ethically guided music teacher education offers the profession rich opportunities to develop “ethically right” compassion, caring, and generosity toward others.
Beginning Band
Authors: Edgar Scott , Vaughan Marra Jessica
Published: November 2019

This chapter discusses a robust research base on beginning band instruction; however, it highlights a lack of literature on preparing preservice teachers to teach band. Topics addressed include organizational responsibilities, recruitment, instrument selection, method books, repertoire, performances, assessment, teaching audiation, and singing in beginning band. Implementation strategies for beginning band teachers and higher education instruction follow. The chapter also suggests nontraditional techniques for beginning band instructions and how to prepare teachers to implement them. These strategies include improvisation, adopting an aural-first approach, and a balanced approach between aural and executive skills. The chapter concludes with a lesson plan template that provides a research-based organizational tool for preservice music educators to incorporate traditional and expanded techniques within their classes.
Marching Band
Authors: West Chad , Marra Christopher
Published: November 2019

Many preservice music teachers enter the profession having never participated in marching or been prepared to teach marching band in their college coursework. As well, many music teacher educators are either unprepared to teach a course on marching band techniques for the same reasons or may not be able to fit such a course into an already crowded music teacher education curriculum. For those music teacher educators, this chapter includes discussion of the following: (a) historical and philosophical perspectives, (b) an understanding of administrative and organizational procedures, (c) marching basics, (d) show planning, (e) a basic understanding of percussion and auxiliary units, (f) basic skills in drill writing, and (g) rehearsal techniques. The chapter outlines the authors’ experiences of, and activities for, designing a marching band techniques course aimed at achieving meaningful student learning outcomes.
Diversifying Musical Experiences in Schools and Music Teacher Preparation Programs
Authors: Woody Robert H. , Adams Mark C.
Published: November 2019

This chapter discusses the innate differences between vernacular music-making cultures and those oriented in Western classical traditions, and suggests students in traditional school music education programs in the United States are not typically afforded opportunities to learn skills used in vernacular and popular music-making cultures. The chapter emphasizes a need to diversify music-making experiences in schools and describes how vernacular musicianship may benefit students’ musical development. It suggests that, in order for substantive change to occur in music education in the United States, teachers will need to advance beyond simply considering how to integrate popular music into their traditional large ensembles—and how preservice music teacher education programs may be the key to help better prepare teachers to be more versatile and philosophically open to teaching a more musically diverse experience in their future classrooms.
Setting an Agenda for Music Teacher Education Practice, Research, and Policy
Authors: Conway Colleen M. , Pellegrino Kristen , Stanley Ann Marie , West Chad
Published: November 2019

This final chapter of The Oxford Handbook of Preservice Music Teacher Education in the United States synthesizes suggestions from the previous 42 chapters in the areas of teacher education practice, research, and policy. It reviews the boundaries that need to be pushed in music teacher education, such as those related to issues of diversity, equity, and inclusion. It summarizes the challenges to that work and directs the reader to specific chapters that have covered this subject in detail. Personal reflections from P-12 teachers are incorporated throughout the chapter to illustrate the boundaries they have tried to push and the challenges they have face in doing so. Before concluding, the chapter discusses agendas for change within the field.
The Society for Music Teacher Education (1982–2015)
Authors: Teachout David J.
Published: November 2019

This chapter provides a historical account of the Society for Music Teacher Education (SMTE) from its inception in 1982 through 2015. Because of a marked uptick in the frequency and robust nature of SMTE’s activity since the first SMTE Symposium in 2005, the majority of the chapter is devoted to describing the SMTE Symposium events during the time they were held at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro (2005–2015). After a historical account of SMTE from its inception through 2004, the chapter describes precursors that led to the first SMTE Symposium in 2005, explores the evolution of ideas and actions that occurred across the six SMTE Symposia through 2015, reviews the challenges and achievements of the symposia, and discusses outcomes for SMTE.
Instrumental Music Teacher Educators (IMTE)
Authors: Bauer William I.
Published: November 2019

The Instrumental Music Teacher Educators (IMTE) is an independent, grass-roots, collaborative group of collegiate music teacher educators and scholars who are committed to the advancement of instrumental music education in K–12 and university settings. This chapter describes the origins and evolution of the IMTE Colloquium for Teachers of Instrumental Methods over the first 12 years of its existence. Through seven biennial colloquia and related activities, IMTE has evolved into a community of practice where individuals come together to learn from each other, developing their personal and collective understanding about traditional and emerging topics through cooperative interactions that have resulted in ongoing professional and personal relationships.
Introduction
Authors: Bosia Michael J.
Published: November 2019

This introduction outlines the types of phenomena and forms of analysis covered in the contributions to The Oxford Handbook of Global LGBT and Sexual Diversity Politics. Pivoting from the fiftieth anniversary of Stonewall, it addresses current LGBT politics, from the adoption of marriage equality in Taiwan to innovative restrictive laws in Russia, from retrenchment over the rights of gender minorities in the United States to the moves toward decriminalization in Tunisia. The analysis provokes the reader to think of global sexual diversity politics as complex patterns of change without regard to notions of progress or social evolution in positive terms. In discussing the handbook, the introduction explores issues involved in developing a work with real global reach, including issues of equality and inclusion, the challenges of working on these topics, as well as the selection of a cover image. Finally, the introduction outlines the organization of the handbook in analytical terms.
Emotion Generation, Regulation, and Dysregulation as Multilevel Transdiagnostic Constructs
Authors: Crowell Sheila E. , Vlisides-Henry Robert D. , Kaliush Parisa R.
Published: November 2019

Emotion generation, regulation, and dysregulation are complex constructs that are challenging to define and measure. This chapter reviews prevailing definitions and theories of these constructs and examines the literature across multiple levels of analysis. It adopts a developmental perspective, which guides interpretation of the literature and helps clarify discrepant points of view. The extent to which emotion generation and regulation are separable represents a significant controversy in the field. When viewed as cognitive constructs, it is virtually impossible to disentangle emotion generation and regulation. However, at the biological level, there are important differences in neural structures involved in bottom-up emotion generation processes versus those associated with top-down regulation of emotions. From a developmental perspective, emotions and emotion dysregulation emerge early in life, whereas emotion regulation strategies develop more gradually as a function of maturation and socialization. Future research should continue to reconcile different perspectives on emotion generation, regulation, and dysregulation.
Feeding and Fasting Bodies
Authors: Talukdar Jaita
Published: November 2019

Treating women as helpless victims of social conventions or as neoliberal, postmodern subjects to understand “food femininities” obscures the fact that bodies are situated in social hierarchies. Social functions and roles tied to the female body bring about difference in eating and dieting practices. This chapter applies Bourdeusian analysis to the dieting and religious fasting practices of forty-eight women in the rapidly neoliberalizing city of Kolkata, India, to show how structurally rooted dispositions inform rules of engagement surrounding eating. Dieting and religious fasting, though simultaneously self-gratifying and strenuous, took on very different meanings depending on how they enabled women to seek recognition and meaning in their daily lives. The women who dieted projected their bodies onto the public sphere to secure the benefits that the new economic order could bestow, while familial fasts were an embodiment of the collective, material struggles less privileged women encountered on a daily basis.
Bandwagon Effects, Information Cascades, and the Power in Numbers
Authors: Lohmann Susanne
Published: November 2019

Numbers are bandied about persuasively in the run-up to elections. Political parties read the tea leaves of past elections and current polls, and voters tune in for the news media’s horse race coverage of political campaigns. The numbers fixation goes into overdrive in view of election cascades, as exemplified by presidential primaries in the United States and Land (regional state) elections in Germany. An unexpectedly good or bad showing in one election creates positive or negative momentum in the next, and regional elections serve a barometer function for national elections. As if the system isn’t already busy enough generating numbers, the political parties sponsor cascades of straw polls (“if the election were held today, whom would you vote for?”). The overall picture is one of an electorate endlessly jabbering away in a multilogue with itself and the political parties. In the end, notwithstanding the inordinate amount of numbers sloshing around in the system, election day is always good for a surprise, for every now and then, the underdog wins.—What are we to make of this racket? The literature on political persuasion zig zags between two opposite and equally unsatisfying explanations, namely, mindlessly conformist bandwagons and rationally uninformative information cascades. To fill this explanatory void, this chapter draws on the protest movement literature for its revolutionary bandwagons and turbulent information cascades. Suites of elections (primary and general, regional and national) and the attendant pre-election public opinion polls unearth hidden knowledge, which is why numbers are meaningful and influential.
The Strategic Adaptation of the Populist Radical Right in Western Europe
Authors: Michel Elie
Published: November 2019

Populist radical right parties have long been considered to mobilize their voters on specific issues, which they are deemed to “own.” Voters support these parties largely because of their “nativist” agenda, and more precisely because of their stance against immigration. In fact, research had established a “winning formula” of electoral persuasion for radical right parties, referring to a combination of “economically neoliberal” and “authoritarian” appeals that would jointly explain the strong electoral support. However, populist radical right parties have transformed their positions, through “second order messages,” by investing in a socioeconomic issue agenda. These parties can increase their electoral support by siding with their working class voters on redistributive issues, particularly through a welfare chauvinist frame. This chapter argues that populist radical right parties have strategically shifted on this latter dimension in order to adapt to their voters’ preferences. It shows that, in view of increased electoral persuasion, populist radical right parties modify some of their positions to tailor them to their working-class core electoral clientele.
The Emotional Aspects of Political Persuasion
Authors: Albertson Bethany , Dun Lindsay , Gadarian Shana Kushner
Published: November 2019

Political persuasion relies on emotion. Emotions grab people’s attention and can be a starting point for changing minds. Positive emotions tend to reinforce standing dispositions and encourage us to proceed as usual, but often politics and political science research involve negative emotions such as anxiety, anger, disgust, and shame. Where anxiety leads people to consider new information, most research suggests that anger does not facilitate this process of reconsideration and thus can make persuasion more difficult. Emotions like anger, shame, and enthusiasm all underlie the decision to participate in politics and can motivate voting while hatred can lead to support for violence. The chapter ends by considering how different research designs can uncover the effects of multiple, competing emotions, how emotions matter in small group discussion and how emotions color the acceptance of news.
Ambiguity in Parallel
Authors: Dong Lan
Published: November 2019

This chapter provides an analysis of Gene Luen Yang’s two-volume set Boxers and Saints, which offers historical fiction about the Boxer Uprising in the visual medium of comics. Embedded with numerous historical references, these graphic narratives unfold around two fictional characters who represent the complexity of a particularly contested period in Chinese history. Little Bao (a Boxer who is inspired by nationalism) and Four-Girl (a Christian convert who seeks belonging through faith) are on opposite sides of the conflict at the time, thus presenting parallel stories that prompt the reader to contemplate the nuances in the historical past. Both characters come to terms with who they are and what they believe in while being spiritually guided by the first Chinese emperor Ch’in Shih-huang and Joan of Arc, respectively. This chapter discusses how Yang’s work visualizes the intersectional images of the “thousand palms with eyes” of Guan Yin (the Buddhist goddess of compassion) and of Jesus Christ and how they present what Paul A. Cohen has called a “historically reconstructed past” in which the Boxers and the Chinese Christians’ encounters are visualized as “event, experience and myth” at the end of the nineteenth century.
Disco, Derby, and Drag The Queer Politics of Marvel’s Dazzler
Authors: Miller Nicholas E.
Published: November 2019

This chapter traces the queer politics of Marvel Comics’ Dazzler (aka Alison Blaire) from her comics debut (1980), to her solo series and other appearances over the following decade, and up through her recent one-shot appearance in Dazzler: X-Song #1 (2018). Drawing on scholarship by queer theorists Sara Ahmed, Jack Halberstam, and Nishant Shahani, the chapter examines how queer reading practices expand on what Ramzi Fawaz refers to as an “affective orientation toward otherness and difference” in superhero comics by reading Dazzler alongside other concepts in queer studies—particularly those tied to disco, derby, and drag. By highlighting how Alison Blaire’s relationship to these concepts destabilizes normative gender categories, the chapter demonstrates how Dazzler’s status as both a mutant and a performer allows her to embody queerness even in periods devoid of explicitly LGBTQ+ content in Marvel Comics.
When Feminism Went to Market
Authors: Miller Rachel R.
Published: November 2019

The comics anthology has long served as a productive format by which creators with a feminist consciousness have made their individual efforts visible and elaborated their networks of other like-minded creators. The material conditions under which comics anthologies with a feminist consciousness are made and received reveal how comics are a unique medium whose reach extends beyond the spaces where we expect to find feminist discourse, such as the feminist bookstore, rally, or consciousness-raising meeting. Looking at how feminist comics anthologies address these material conditions, this chapter considers how Sarah Dyer’s Action Girl Comics anthology in the early 1990s is inflected by Dyer’s history as a grass-roots zine maker and situates itself within the larger comics industry. The chapter then turns to Dyer’s archive at the Sallie Bingham Center to elaborate how her all-girl comics anthology’s mission to saturate the comics marketplace with women’s work actually played out.
Location Fundamentals, Agglomeration Economies, and The Geography of Multinational Firms
Authors: Alfaro Laura , Chen Maggie Xiaoyang
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines the patterns and determinants underlying the global economic geography of multinational corporations (MNCs), focusing in particular on location fundamentals and agglomeration economies. The discussion builds on three broad strands of literature: the first, in the area of international trade, explores the role of location fundamentals in MNCs’ decisions to invest abroad; the second, in the field of regional and urban economics, studies the importance of Marshallian agglomeration forces in domestic economic geography; and the third assesses the advantage of proximity between customers and suppliers. A spatially continuous index of pairwise-industry agglomeration is developed using a unique worldwide establishment data set, WorldBase, that shows detailed location, ownership, and operation information for plants in more than 100 countries. The results suggest that location fundamentals, including market access and comparative advantage, and agglomeration economies such as capital-good market externality and technology diffusion, play an important role in MNCs’ economic geography.
Sustainable Structural Change in the Context of Global Value Chains
Authors: Lectard Pauline
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines sustainable structural change in the context of global value chains (GVCs). More specifically, it considers the complex, multidimensional nature of structural transformation in a productive context characterized by a strong international fractionalization of production. In this chapter, sustainable productive transformation is defined as a process of export diversification and sophistication that results from the accumulation of capabilities and enables a country to enter a virtuous circle of lasting transformation. It first reviews recent empiric literature concerning structural transformation and adopting an approach through exports, with a focus on the two dimensions of productive transformation: export diversification and sophistication. It then analyses the new issues that GVCs raise for the study and process of structural transformation before discussing the sustainability of this process. The chapter shows that the limits of an approach through exports, often ignored in literature, is problematic particularly in the context of value chains.
Structural Transformation and Manufacturing Employment
Authors: Haraguchi Nobuya
Published: November 2019

This chapter explores the interrelationships between the growth of value added, employment, and labour productivity at the sub-sector level in the manufacturing sector, with a focus on large countries. Structural change in eighteen manufacturing industries (classified into early, middle and late industries) is estimated using GDP per capita as the independent variable and one of the following three—value added per capita, employment-population ratio (EP ratio), and labour productivity—as the dependent variable. The results reveal three key challenges that must be addressed during manufacturing development in order to create manufacturing jobs, increase the wage level, and sustain the manufacturing employment or slow its pace of decline. One is to develop the wearing apparel industry (including fur and leather products and footwear), and another is to determine which industries are likely to maintain the given level of employment or slow pace of employment decline.
Structural Transformation and Growth
Authors: Rogerson Richard
Published: November 2019

This chapter illustrates how structural transformation and outcomes resembling balanced growth at the aggregate level can be generated simultaneously using a growth model. It begins with a discussion of the three key economic mechanisms that drive structural transformation: the first emphasizes income effects while the other two both emphasize relative price effects. These mechanisms are then incorporated into a standard version of the growth model to test whether it is possible to obtain balanced growth and structural transformation at the same time. By extending the model to include multiple consumption sectors, a new model that generates balanced growth and structural transformation is achieved. The chapter also explains how three basic mechanisms described can drive sectoral reallocation of labour in the face of development associated with increases in productivity and capital.
India’s Path to Structural Transformation
Authors: Nayyar Deepak
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines the process of structural change in India since 1950 and compares its path to structural transformation with those of other countries. It first introduces an analytical framework to explore the relationship between economic growth and structural change, in theory and history, to identify directions of causation. It then considers significant changes in the composition of output and employment, revealing two discernible phases when economic growth drove structural change and vice versa. The first phase covered 1950–80, characterized by slow and modest structural change and in which the primary sector, essentially agriculture, declined in relative importance, to be replaced by the secondary sector, led by manufacturing. The second phase lasted between 1980 and 2010, when structural change was faster and the reduced share of agriculture in output and employment was captured primarily by the services sector, and partly by construction, but not by manufacturing. Such services-led-growth, by itself, may not be sustainable in future, so that it is necessary to revive industrialization, exploiting the potential synergies between manufacturing and services.
Structural Transformation in Egypt, 1965–2015
Authors: Ikram Khalid
Published: November 2019

Between 1965 and 2015, the structure of the Egyptian economy changed slowly. The share of agriculture in GDP halved, while industry increased correspondingly, but most of it represented increased value-added in the petroleum sector. The contribution of services remained almost constant. The balance of payments remained in deficit because exchange rate and import protection policies created an anti-export bias. Budget deficits persisted for structural reasons—expenditures increased in line with domestic inflation, while revenues depended upon exogenous sources (e.g. revenues from Suez Canal traffic, petroleum exports, foreign aid) and increased more slowly. The ratio of exports of goods and services to GDP was 17 per cent in 1965 and 14 in 2015; that of imports to GDP 21 and 23 per cent; of taxes to GDP 13 and 14 per cent. An important structural change in the labour market was a substantial increase in informal sector employment. The slowness of the structural transformations is largely attributable to an implicit political-economy compact whereby regimes provided the population large subsidies on goods and services and low taxation in return for political acceptance.
How Taiwan Managed to Grow
Authors: Chu Wan-wen
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines how Taiwan transformed its economy in the post-war era, focusing on four different periods: import-substitution industrialization in the 1950s, export promotion and secondary import substitution in the 1960s and 1970s, entry into the high tech sector from the 1980s, and liberalization and globalization in the 1990s. Taiwan’s economic transformation was successful mainly due to suitable industrial policies which were adaptive to the changing situation. The country has emerged from being a low income to being a high income economy in the post-war period because it was able to sustain its quick pace of development throughout these decades. Its GDP and per capita GNP grew at an average rate of 9.2 and 5.8 per cent each year, respectively, in the first three decades of the postwar period, 1951–1980, and 6.3 and 4.9 per cent during 1981–2014. Despite encountering various challenges along the way, Taiwan experienced several rounds of structural transformation.
Growth and Structural Transformation In the Waemu Countries
Authors: N’Guessan Tchétché
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines the extent to which the new economic growth that began in 2000 in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) has led to the structural transformation of member countries. To answer this question, four indicators of structural transformation are used: the share of final consumption in the gross national product, the share of each sector in total production, the decline of agricultural employment, and the diversification of the exports of WAEMU member countries. After discussing these indicators in greater detail, the chapter provides a background on WAEMU as well as the evolution of economic growth in member countries. It then considers the structural transformation of the WAEMU economies and presents a SWOT analysis emphasizing these economies’ principal strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities, and the threats to them. It also offers recommendations for removing obstacles to the structural transformation of the WAEMU economies.
Trade and Structural Change Over Two Centuries
Authors: Federico Giovanni , Tena-Junguito Antonio
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines the causal relationship between world trade and structural transformation from 1800 to the present. It first provides an overview of the growth of world trade since 1800 before discussing the link between openness and globalization, with a focus on long-term changes in export/GDP ratios at current prices for different time-invariant samples of countries. It then considers the effect of structural transformation on world openness based on a constant market share analysis. It shows that the current level of globalization is unprecedented and that the rise in openness—and thus the potential for trade-fostered economic growth—took place primarily in 1830–1870 and in 1972–2007. The chapter also finds that the movements in openness were largely driven by the residual changes in trade costs and, in more recent times, the development of international supply chains.
Environmental Responsibility
Authors: Dam Lammertjan , Lundgren Tommy , Scholtens Bert
Published: November 2019

This chapter reviews and offers a taxonomy of the theoretical literature on environmental responsibility. A substantial part of the review is devoted to the theory behind environmentally responsible investing and its connection to corporate environmental responsibility (CER), which have not, to our knowledge, been provided elsewhere. It is concluded that a theory about CER needs to balance between personal taste and values, social norms, and market imperfections. An essential ingredient of advancing academic research about CER is improving environmental accounting frameworks and insights in the impact of the interaction between the economy and the environment. Otherwise, any theory about CER runs the risk of remaining sterile as it would be impossible to put it to the test.
On the Links between Corporate Environmental and Financial Performance
Authors: Busch Timo , Orlitzky Marc
Published: November 2019

Three main theoretical strands propose a mutually reinforcing relationship between corporate environmental performance (CEP) and financial performance (CFP): the natural resource-based view of the firm, Porter’s extensions of the industrial organization model, and instrumental stakeholder theory. In contrast, neoclassical economics is the major theory invoked by researchers that argue for an inverse relationship between CEP and CFP. Like other literature reviews, this chapter identifies a small positive relationship between the two constructs. At the same time, numerous contingency factors (e.g. measurement differences in CEP and CFP) hint at the project specificity of economic payoffs from environmental management. Finally, we also raise questions about the objectivity of this research stream because the research community’s institutional logics may significantly affect the conclusions. So, we are left to wonder whether the conclusions about CEP and CFP mirror researchers’ value commitments rather than capture, camera-like, objective reality.
The Psychology of CSR
Authors: Jones David A.
Published: November 2019

This chapter is about the psychological processes through which individuals evaluate and respond to an organization’s CSR practices. To advance scholarly research and evidence-based practice, directions are outlined for future inquiry informed by an integrated review of findings across three independent streams of “micro-CSR” research conducted among employees, job seekers, and consumers. In a section on CSR evaluations, it is described how individuals cognitively process information to form CSR perceptions and CSR appraisals, and the types of CSR initiatives and evaluative-constructs studied among each stakeholder group are summarized. In the next section, research is reviewed on responses to CSR, and recent findings about psychological mechanisms and boundary conditions are organized within three categories of care-based, self-protective, and relational-status (C-S-R) considerations. In a last section, research is described on stakeholders’ CSR awareness, the non-trivial implications that follow from evidence of low CSR awareness among all three stakeholder groups, and suggestions for future research.
Profit-with-Purpose Corporations
Authors: Levillain Kevin , Segrestin Blanche , Hatchuel Armand
Published: November 2019

Companies are increasingly expected to provide innovative solutions to social and environmental challenges as part of their business activity. But do they have the leeway to do so? Since 2010, new legal forms have appeared in several countries, which show that the legal conditions to protect CSR initiatives are not always met. By defining social or environmental “purposes” in their charters, these new “profit-with-purpose corporations” (PPCs) commit the corporation toward purposes that are not primarily driven by a profit-maximization perspective, even if they do not exclude profit. This chapter reviews these forms, analyses their motivations, and proposes a model of PPCs. It discusses the theoretical scope of PPCs as a new legal design framework designed to support CSR initiatives, and opens avenues for new lines of research.
Institutions and Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Witt Michael A. , Miska Christof
Published: November 2019

We provide an overview of how existing research has approached the linkage between CSR and institutions. In particular, we lay out how the three major forms of institutionalism have approached CSR, what kinds of institutions and levels of analysis have been used, and how this has been linked to various domains of CSR. Based on this overview, we derive implications for research and directions how work at the intersection of CSR and institutions might advance. Specifically, it seems to us that the field should stop viewing institutional conformity as CSR and instead apply insights from comparative institutional analysis to voluntary (“explicit”) forms of CSR, leverage configurational methods, and explore the co-evolution of CSR and institutional norms.
Social Movements and Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Lim Alwyn
Published: November 2019

Over the decades, social movements have been central to the emergence and spread of a worldwide corporate social responsibility (CSR) movement. While CSR was once a marginal concern, social movements were effective in bringing CSR issues to the forefront of international business concern, resulting in the institutionalization of many social and environmental principles. This chapter examines five dimensions of the social movements–CSR relationship. First, it outlines the wider sociological and global context in which social movements have risen in response to the growing power of businesses. Second, it highlights notable CSR issue areas in which social movements have been particularly effective. Third, it discusses the various insider and outsider strategies that social movements have employed to impact the CSR movement. Fourth, it enumerates the challenges that social movements face in CSR. Lastly, the chapter discusses some promising areas of future research for scholars interested in the social movements–CSR relationship.
Good Intentions are Not Enough
Authors: Glösenberg Alexander , Foster Lori , Carr Stuart
Published: November 2019

Social and environmental problems are increasingly being addressed by for-profit organizations. Yet for-profit organizations’ efforts to help solve social and environmental problems, prominently including corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives, are often studied not to determine their effectiveness in helping their intended beneficiaries, but instead to ascertain their effects on organizations’ financial bottom line. To help overcome this failing in the literature, this chapter discusses the importance of evaluating the effectiveness of CSR initiatives in addressing social and environmental issues. Because CSR initiatives are akin to forms of humanitarian assistance, best-practice principles from the field of humanitarian aid are used to develop a model that represents what a CSR initiative will need to do to be successful in helping its intended beneficiaries. Based upon this model, recommendations are made for what broad types of CSR initiatives appear most likely to benefit their intended beneficiaries.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Meaningful Work
Authors: Opoku-Dakwa Akwasi , Rupp Deborah E.
Published: November 2019

This chapter distinguishes four facets of CSR and explains how they influence employees’ experience of meaningful work. Specifically, it is described how stakeholders’ CSR expectations help employees understand which aspects of their work are of value to others; how CSR assessments provide feedback to employees about whether they are meeting stakeholders’ expectations; how CSR attributions affect employees’ experience of kinship at work; and how organizations’ CSR responses provide opportunities for employees to experience personal agency in addressing socio-environmental concerns. Boundary conditions on these effects are discussed, including (1) employees’ agreement with stakeholder expectations, (2) their sense of control over socio-environmental outcomes; and the degree to which employees (3) identify with groups to which stakeholders attribute social (ir)responsibility and (4) perceive personal growth opportunities through CSR involvement. These insights contribute to understanding CSR as a context that influences employees’ experience of work.
Diversity and Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Milliken Frances J.
Published: November 2019

Understanding the complex and multi-faceted connections between organizational diversity and CSR requires that we go beyond simply noting the percentages of women and minorities employed by an organization or serving on a board of directors. We need to understand the likely effects of diversity at different levels of the organization (e.g., top management versus lower-level management and non-managerial workers). We also need to better understand the potentially different effects of the various types of diversity (race, gender, age, and less visible forms of diversity like educational or functional background). The main focus of this chapter will be on exploring how and why the presence of various types of diversity on a TMT or board of directors might affect the actions the organization is likely to take with respect to goals and initiatives in the area of CSR, especially ones that involve enhancing opportunities for women and minorities.
Responsible Business and Individual Differences
Authors: Wiernik Brenton M. , Ones Deniz S. , Dilchert Stephan , Klein Rachael M.
Published: November 2019

Corporate social responsibility is increasingly regarded as an important performance domain for organizations. Critical to implementing responsible organizational policies and initiatives, however, are the behaviors by individual employees at all levels of the organizational hierarchy. This chapter reviews the nature, structure, and dispositional antecedents of individual-level responsible business behaviors contributing to organizational CSR efforts. It focuses on two domains of employee responsible—externally directed citizenship behaviors (OCB-X) and employee green behaviors. Their divergent conceptualizations, measures, and dispositional antecedents are reviewed. Four major limitations pervade the literatures on OCB-X and employee green behaviors, and consequently hinder progress on understanding the individual-level (micro) foundations of CSR. Suggestions and directions for future research are offered to improve scholarship, understanding, and applications involving these constructs.