bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aerobic exercise modulates anticipatory reward processing via the μ‐opioid receptor system
Authors: Saanijoki Tiina , Nummenmaa Lauri , Tuulari Jetro J. , Tuominen Lauri , Arponen Eveliina , Kalliokoski Kari K. , Hirvonen Jussi
Published: June 2018

Physical exercise modulates food reward and helps control body weight. The endogenous µ‐opioid receptor (MOR) system is involved in rewarding aspects of both food and physical exercise, yet interaction between endogenous opioid release following exercise and anticipatory food reward remains unresolved. Here we tested whether exercise‐induced opioid release correlates with increased anticipatory reward processing in humans. We scanned 24 healthy lean men after rest and after a 1 h session of aerobic exercise with positron emission tomography (PET) using MOR‐selective radioligand [11C]carfentanil. After both PET scans, the subjects underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment where they viewed pictures of palatable versus nonpalatable foods to trigger anticipatory food reward responses. Exercise‐induced changes in MOR binding in key regions of reward circuit (amygdala, thalamus, ventral and dorsal striatum, and orbitofrontal and cingulate cortices) were used to predict the changes in anticipatory reward responses in fMRI. Exercise‐induced changes in MOR binding correlated negatively with the exercise‐induced changes in neural anticipatory food reward responses in orbitofrontal and cingulate cortices, insula, ventral striatum, amygdala, and thalamus: higher exercise‐induced opioid release predicted higher brain responses to palatable versus nonpalatable foods. We conclude that MOR activation following exercise may contribute to the considerable interindividual variation in food craving and consumption after exercise, which might promote compensatory eating and compromise weight control.
The association between serum progesterone level and preterm delivery
Authors: Feng Tingting , Allen John C. , Ng M. Jack , Yeo George S.H. , Kwek Kenneth Y.C. , Chern Bernard S.M. , Tan Kok H.
Published: June 2018

Objective

To investigate the association of serum progesterone level and preterm delivery.

Methods

The present prospective cohort study enrolled women with singleton pregnancies attending their first prenatal visit at the outpatient specialist clinics at KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, between September 1, 2010, and August 31, 2014. Progesterone levels were measured at four clinical visits (visit 1: 9–14 weeks; visit 2: 18–22 weeks; visit 3: 28–32 weeks; visit 4: >34 weeks) and were compared (after adjusting for potential confounders) between patients who had term and preterm deliveries, and among subgroups of spontaneous preterm and iatrogenic preterm deliveries.

Results

There were 708 patients included. Serum progesterone levels at visit 3 were higher in the preterm delivery group than in the term delivery group (P=0.036). The levels did not differ between the two groups at other visits (all P>0.05). In the subgroup analysis, progesterone levels were higher in the iatrogenic preterm delivery subgroup than the term subgroup at visits 1 and 3. A progesterone cut‐off level of 304.5 nmol/L demonstrated 81.8% sensitivity, 40.1% specificity, and negative and positive predictive values of 97.5% and 7.2%, respectively, as a predictor of preterm delivery.

Conclusion

Higher serum progesterone levels at 28–32 weeks of pregnancy were observed in women who had preterm deliveries; it was weakly predictive of preterm delivery.
Posttraumatic stress disorder in the short and medium term following the World Trade Center attack among Asian Americans
Authors: Kung Winnie W. , Liu Xinhua , Goldmann Emily , Huang Debbie , Wang Xiaoran , Kim Keon , Kim Patricia , Yang Lawrence H.
Published: June 2018

This study investigated patterns of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and their predictors among 2,431 Asian American and 31,455 non‐Hispanic White World Trade Center (WTC) Registry participants 2–3 years and 5–6 years after the WTC attack. Participants were divided into four PTSD pattern groups: resilient, remitted, delayed onset, and chronic. Asians had a lower proportion in the resilient group (76.5% vs. 79.8%), a higher proportion in the chronic (8.6% vs. 7.4%) and remitted (5.9% vs. 3.4%) groups, and a similar proportion in the delayed onset group (about 9%) compared to Whites. In multinomial logistic regression analyses, disaster exposure, immigrant status, lower income, pre‐attack depression/anxiety, and lower respiratory symptoms were associated with increased odds of chronic and delayed onset PTSD (vs. resilience) among both races. Education and employment were protective against chronic and delayed onset PTSD among Whites only. These results can inform targeted outreach efforts to enhance prevention and treatment for Asians affected by future events.
Ultrastructural analysis of early regenerating lizard tail suggests that a process of dedifferentiation is involved in the formation of the regenerative blastema
Authors: Alibardi Lorenzo
Published: June 2018

The formation of the regenerating tail blastema of lizards occurs by the multiplication of stem cells but also some dedifferentiation from adult cells may take place after tail loss by autotomy, as it is suggested in the present study. Using 5BrdU‐immunocytochemistry and transmission electron microscopy it is shown that part of the damaged tissues undergo progressive cytological de‐differentiation (cell reprogramming). This occurs for muscle, fibrocytes, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and cells derived from the spinal cord during the initial 3–8 days post‐autotomy of the tail in the wall lizard Podarcis muralis. Dedifferentiating cells loose most endoplasmic reticulum, sarcomeres in myocells, lipid droplets in adipocytes, extracellular matrix in chondrocytes. Numerous cytoplasmic vesicles are formed, perhaps reflecting an initial sufferance of dedifferentiating cells. These cells are not dying because they incorporate 5BrdU and proliferate. Nuclei of small fibrocytes present in the dermis and inter‐muscle connective tissues, initially heterochromatic, become euchromatic and their cytoplasm increases in volume although the endoplasmic reticulum remains limited, as it is typical for mesenchymal cells. The present study, supported by previous transcriptome and 5BrdU‐labeling data, and from recent tracing studies, suggests that aside stem cells present in different tissues of the tail, also cell dedifferentiation occurs in the injured tail of lizards. The relative contribution between de‐differentiation and stem cells for the formation of the regenerating lizard blastema likely depends from the extension of the trauma.
Darkening, damage and oxidative protection are stimulated in tissues closer to the yam cut, attenuated or not by the environment
Authors: Coelho Júnior Luiz F , Ferreira‐Silva Sérgio L , Vieira Marcos RS , Carnelossi Marcelo AG , Simoes Adriano N
Published: June 2018

BACKGROUND

This study investigated how the activities of the enzymes and metabolites of oxidative metabolism are affected in different regions of cut tissue, associating these changes with the evolution of browning in fresh‐cut yam. Samples were collected from yam at 0–5 and 5–10 mm from the cut site. Fresh‐cut yams were stored at 5 or 26 °C for days or hours respectively, simulating commercialization, with or without packaging.

RESULTS

The results demonstrated that the injury to the yam was a physical inducer of changes in the levels of lipid peroxidation and phenolic compounds and in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase. These responses were significant in the tissue closest to the wound but also observed, although less intense, in the more distant tissue. The combined effects of wounding and dehydration during storage intensified the above responses. Conversely, refrigeration attenuated the transmission of the wounding response through the adjacent tissue.

CONCLUSION

The results of this work provide the first evidence in cut yam roots that the membrane degradation products, enzymes involved in oxidative protection and enzymes that modulate the oxidation of phenolic compounds are intertwined mechanisms that cause tissue darkening. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Association of MRI Measurements with Cognitive Outcomes After STN‐DBS in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Weinkle Laura J. , Hoyt Brian , Thompson John A. , Sillau Stefan , Tanabe Jody , Honce Justin , Klepitskaya Olga
Published: June 2018

Objectives

Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN‐DBS) is an effective treatment for improving the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Overall, cognitive function remains stable after STN‐DBS in most patients. However, cognitive decline, specifically in the verbal fluency domain, is seen in a subset of STN‐DBS patients. Currently, predictors of cognitive decline in PD patients treated with STN‐DBS are not well known. Thus, identification of presurgical predictors might provide an important clinical tool for better risk‐to‐benefit assessment. This study explores whether whole brain white matter lesion (WML) volume, or hippocampal and forebrain volumes, measured quantitatively on MRI, are associated with cognitive changes following STN‐DBS in PD patients.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study using presurgical, and ≥ 6‐month postsurgical neuropsychological (NP) evaluation scores from 43 PD patients with STN‐DBS. Mean pre/post NP test scores for measures of executive function, attention, verbal fluency, memory, and visuospatial function were analyzed and correlated with WML volume, and brain volumetric data.

Results

Although cognitive measures of verbal fluency, executive function, attention, memory, and visuospatial function showed declines following STN‐DBS, we observed limited evidence that white matter lesion burden or cortical atrophy contributed to cognitive change following STN‐DBS.

Conclusions

These results suggest that post‐STN‐DBS cognitive changes may be unrelated to presurgical WML burden and presence of cortical atrophy.
Genetic instability and recurrent MYC amplification in ALK‐translocated NSCLC: a central role of TP53 mutations
Authors: Alidousty Christina , Baar Till , Martelotto Luciano G , Heydt Carina , Wagener Svenja , Fassunke Jana , Duerbaum Nicolai , Scheel Andreas H , Frank Sandra , Holz Barbara , Binot Elke , Kron Anna , Merkelbach‐Bruse Sabine , Ihle Michaela A , Wolf Jürgen , Buettner Reinhard , Schultheis Anne Maria
Published: June 2018

The anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement defines a distinct molecular subtype of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Despite the excellent initial efficacy of ALK inhibitors in patients with ALK+ lung cancer, resistance occurs almost inevitably. To date, there is no reliable biomarker allowing the identification of patients at higher risk of relapse. Here, we analysed a subset of 53 ALK+ tumours with and without TP53 mutation and ALK+ NSCLC cell lines by NanoString nCounter technology. We found that the co‐occurrence of early TP53 mutations in ALK+ NSCLC can lead to chromosomal instability: 24% of TP53‐mutated patients showed amplifications of known cancer genes such as MYC (14%), CCND1 (10%), TERT (5%), BIRC2 (5%), ORAOV1 (5%), and YAP1 (5%). MYC‐overexpressing ALK+ TP53‐mutated cells had a proliferative advantage compared to wild‐type cells. ChIP‐Seq data revealed MYC‐binding sites within the promoter region of EML4, and MYC overexpression in ALK+ TP53‐mutated cells resulted in an upregulation of EML4–ALK, indicating a potential MYC‐dependent resistance mechanism in patients with increased MYC copy number. Our study reveals that ALK+ NSCLC represents a more heterogeneous subgroup of tumours than initially thought, and that TP53 mutations in that particular cancer type define a subset of tumours that harbour chromosomal instability, leading to the co‐occurrence of pathogenic aberrations. © 2018 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Adsorption, desorption and persistence of fomesafen in soil
Authors: Li Xiao , Grey Timothy , Price Katilyn , Vencill William , Webster Theodore
Published: June 2018

BACKGROUND

Fomesafen provides control of glyphosate‐resistant Palmer amaranth in cotton but frequent seedling injury has been reported. This study evaluated soil adsorption, desorption, and field persistence of fomesafen.

RESULTS

The Freundlich distribution coefficient (Kf) for fomesafen on seven US soils varied from 1.30 to 9.28 µg1–1/n g−1 mL1/n. The pesticide distribution coefficient (Kd) and soil organic carbon normalized adsorption coefficient (KOC) varied from 1.11 to 12.76 mL g−1 and 58 to 1467 mL g−1, respectively. The soils evaluated had desorption rates of 11.06% to 81.31% after a single desorption cycle. Soil pH, organic matter, sand, silt and clay content had a significant impact on fomesafen adsorption and desorption. Fomesafen field half‐lives (DT50) in Cecil sandy loam were 47 and 34 days, compared with 6 and 4 days in Tifton loamy sand when fomesafen was applied at 1× and 2× the label rate, respectively. The fomesafen dissipation rate decreased significantly under low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) mulch compared with bare ground.

CONCLUSION

Fomesafen soil adsorption to soils was not strong and was affected by multiple soil properties. Fomesafen field persistence varied significantly between soil types and under ground cover. The data suggest that soils with a lower pH and higher clay content are less likely to produce crop injury due to greater fomesafen adsorption. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
G119S ace‐1 mutation conferring insecticide resistance detected in the Culex pipiens complex in Morocco
Authors: Bkhache Meriem , Tmimi Fatim‐Zohra , Charafeddine Omar , Filali Oumama Benabdelkrim , Lemrani Meryem , Labbé Pierrick , Sarih M'hammed
Published: June 2018

BACKGROUND

Arboviruses are controlled through insecticide control of their mosquito vector. However, inconsiderate use of insecticides often results in the selection of resistance in treated populations, so that monitoring is required to optimize their usage. Here, Culex pipiens (West Nile and Rift Valley Fever virus vector) specimens were collected from four Moroccan cities. Levels of susceptibility to the organophosphate (OP) insecticide malathion were assessed using World Health Organization (WHO)‐recommended bioassays. Individual mosquitoes were tested for the presence of the G119S mutation in the ace‐1 gene, the main OP‐target resistance mutation.

RESULTS

Bioassays showed that mosquitoes from Mohammedia were significantly more resistant to malathion than those from Marrakech. Analyzing the ace‐1 genotypes in dead and surviving individuals suggested that other resistance mechanisms may be present in Mohammedia. The ace‐1 resistance allele frequencies were relatively moderate (< 0.4). Their analyses in three Moroccan cities (Tangier, Casablanca and Marrakech) however showed disparities between two coexisting Cx. pipiens forms and revealed that the G119S mutation tends to be more frequent in urban than in rural collection sites.

CONCLUSION

These findings provide a reference assessment of OP resistance in Morocco and should help the health authorities to develop informed and sustainable vector control programs. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis, bioactivity and mode of action of 5A5B6C tricyclic spirolactones as novel antiviral lead compounds
Authors: Zhu Yu‐Jie , Wu Qi‐Fan , Fan Zhi‐Jin , Huo Jing‐Qian , Zhang Jin‐Lin , Zhao Bin , Lai Chen , Qian Xiao‐Lin , Ma De‐Jun , Wang Da‐Wei
Published: June 2018

BACKGROUND

Plant viral diseases cause tremendous decreases in yield and quality. Natural polycyclic compounds such as those containing carbocycles are often very important lead compounds for drug and pesticide development. Tricyclic spiranoid lactones with 5A5B6C‐ring fusion topologies possess various bioactivities. In this study, 33 new 5A5B6C tricyclic spirolactones were rationally designed, synthesized, characterized and evaluated for antiviral activities.

RESULT

These compounds showed no apparent toxicity against Italian honeybees up to 2.73 µg bee−1. Spirolactones 14, 16, 19, 23 and 28 at a concentration of 100 µg mL−1 inactivated 90% of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection, making these compounds much more potent than the positive controls. Significantly, compound 19 displayed the best inactivation activity causing inhibition of up to 98%.

CONCLUSION

The results of the bioassays and QSAR studies indicated that the carbon‐containing cyclic moiety was the antiviral pharmacophore, and derivative 19, which showed the best inactivation activity, could emerge as a potential antiviral agent against TMV. In vitro capsid protein (CP) assembly and TMV assembly inhibition determinations indicated that these compounds induced crosslinking in the TMV and prevented its uncoating, which was a putative new mode of action for TMV inactivation. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Holographic complexity in Vaidya spacetimes. Part I
Authors: Chapman Shira , Marrochio Hugo , Myers Robert C.
Published: June 2018

Abstract

We examine holographic complexity in time-dependent Vaidya spacetimes with both the complexity=volume (CV) and complexity=action (CA) proposals. We focus on the evolution of the holographic complexity for a thin shell of null fluid, which collapses into empty AdS space and forms a (one-sided) black hole. In order to apply the CA approach, we introduce an action principle for the null fluid which sources the Vaidya geometries, and we carefully examine the contribution of the null shell to the action. Further, we find that adding a particular counterterm on the null boundaries of the Wheeler-DeWitt patch is essential if the gravitational action is to properly describe the complexity of the boundary state. For both the CV proposal and the CA proposal (with the extra boundary counterterm), the late time limit of the growth rate of the holographic complexity for the one-sided black hole is precisely the same as that found for an eternal black hole.
Advances in European agroforestry: results from the AGFORWARD project
Authors: Burgess Paul J. , Rosati Adolfo
Published: June 2018

In global terms, European farms produce high yields of safe and high quality food but this depends on the use of many off-farm inputs and the associated greenhouse gas emissions, loss of soil nutrients and other negative environmental impacts incur substantial societal costs. Farmers in the European Union receive support through a Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) that comprises direct payments to farmers (Pillar I) and payments related to rural development measures (Pillar II). This paper examines the ways in which agroforestry can support European agriculture and rural development drawing on the conclusions of 23 papers presented in this Special Issue of Agroforestry Systems which have been produced during a 4-year research project called AGFORWARD. The project had the goal of promoting agroforestry in Europe and focused on four types of agroforestry: (1) existing systems of high nature and cultural value, and agroforestry for (2) high value tree, (3) arable, and (4) livestock systems. The project has advanced our understanding of the extent of agroforestry in Europe and of farmers’ perceptions of agroforestry, including the reasons for adoption or non-adoption. A participatory approach was used with over 40 stakeholder groups across Europe to test selected agroforestry innovations through field trials and experiments. Innovations included improved grazing management in agroforestry systems of high nature and cultural value and the introduction of nitrogen fixing plants in high value timber plantations and olive groves. Other innovations included shelter benefits for arable crops, and disease-control, nutrient-retention, and food diversification benefits from integrating trees in livestock enterprises. Biophysical and economic models have also been developed to predict the effect of different agroforestry designs on crop and tree production, and on carbon sequestration, nutrient loss and ecosystems services in general. These models help us to quantify the potential environmental benefits of agroforestry, relative to agriculture without trees. In view of the substantial area of European agroforestry and its wider societal and environmental benefits, the final policy papers in this Special Issue argue that agroforestry should play a more significant role in future versions of the CAP than it does at present.
Simulation of stratified flows over a ridge using a lattice Boltzmann model
Authors: Wang Yansen , MacCall Benjamin T. , Hocut Christopher M. , Zeng Xiping , Fernando Harindra J. S.
Published: June 2018

A three-dimensional thermal lattice Boltzmann model (TLBM) using multi-relaxation time method was used to simulate stratified atmospheric flows over a ridge. The main objective was to study the efficacy of this method for turbulent flows in the atmospheric boundary layer, complex terrain flows in particular. The simulation results were compared with results obtained using a traditional finite difference method based on the Navier–Stokes equations and with previous laboratory results on stably stratified flows over an isolated ridge. The initial density profile is neutral stratification in the boundary layer, topped with a stable cap and stable stratification aloft. The TLBM simulations produced waves, rotors, and hydraulic jumps in the lee side of the ridge for stably stratified flows, depending on the governing stability parameters. The Smagorinsky turbulence parameterization produced typical turbulence spectra for the velocity components at the lee side of the ridge, and the turbulent flow characteristics of varied stratifications were also analyzed. The comparison of TLBM simulations with other numerical simulations and laboratory studies indicated that TLBM is a viable method for numerical modeling of stratified atmospheric flows. To our knowledge, this is the first TLBM simulation of stratified atmospheric flow over a ridge. The details of the TLBM, its implementation of complex boundaries and the subgrid turbulence parameterizations used in this study are also described in this article.
A critical hermeneutic reflection on the paradigm-level assumptions underlying responsible innovation
Authors: Timmermans Job , Blok Vincent
Published: June 2018

The current challenges of implementing responsible innovation (RI) can in part be traced back to the (implicit) assumptions behind the ways of thinking that ground the different pre-existing theories and approaches that are shared under the RI-umbrella. Achieving the ideals of RI, therefore not only requires a shift on an operational and systemic level but also at the paradigm-level. In order to develop a deeper understanding of this paradigm shift, this paper analyses the paradigm-level assumptions that are (implicitly) being brought forward by the different conceptualizations of RI. To this purpose it deploys (1) a pragmatic stance on paradigms that allows discerning ontological and axiological elements shared by the RI community and (2) an accompanying critical hermeneutic research approach that enables the profiling of paradigmatic beliefs and assumptions of accounts of RI. The research surfaces the distance of four salient RI accounts from the currently dominant techno-economic innovation paradigm RI seeks to shift. With this, our contribution helps to raise the self-awareness of the RI community about their presuppositions and the paradigm level barriers and enablers to reaching the RI ideal. This insight is needed for a successful transition to responsible research and innovation practices.
Correction to: A global forum on ultramafic ecosystems: from ultramafic ecology to rehabilitation of degraded environments
Authors: Echevarria Guillaume , Baker Alan J. M. , Boyd Robert S. , van der Ent Antony , Mizuno Takafumi , Rajakaruna Nishanta , Sakaguchi Shota , Bani Aida
Published: June 2018

The affiliations of the coauthors, Antony van der Ent and Shota Sakaguchi have been incorrectly published in the original publication of the article. The correct affiliations are provided in this correction.
The moderating role of kindness on the relation between trust and happiness
Authors: Jasielska Dorota
Published: June 2018

A number of studies show that trust enhances both national and individual happiness. However, the mechanism underlying this association remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of kindness in explaining the link between trust and happiness. Specifically, it was hypothesized that the more people believe that they have done for others, the stronger is the link between trust and happiness. Ninety-one students participated in a trust game and then completed measures assessing levels of happiness, trust, and kindness. Results revealed that level of happiness was related to the frequency of acts of kindness and the level of trust showed in a trust game. This finding suggests that while trust alone is associated with happiness, being kind strengthens this relationship. It seems that without prosocial activity people may not derive much happiness from being trusting. Possible explanations for the effects obtained and limitations of the study are discussed.
Structure, Seismicity, and Accretionary Processes at the Hot Spot‐Influenced Axial Seamount on the Juan de Fuca Ridge
Authors: Arnulf A. F. , Harding A. J. , Kent G. M. , Wilcock W. S. D.
Published: June 2018

Axial Seamount is the most volcanically active site of the northeast Pacific, and it has been monitored with a growing set of observations and sensors during the last two decades. Accurate imaging of the internal structure of volcanic systems is critical to better understand magma storage processes and to quantify mass and energy transport mechanisms in the crust. To improve the three‐dimensional velocity structure of Axial Seamount, we combined 469,891 new traveltime arrivals, from 12 downward extrapolated seismic profiles, with 3,962 existing ocean‐bottom‐seismometers traveltime arrivals, into a joint tomographic inversion. Our approach reveals two elongated magma reservoirs, with melt fraction up to 65%, representing an unusually large volume of melt (26–60 km3), which is likely the result of enhanced magma supply from the juxtaposition of the Cobb hot spot plume (0.26–0.53 m3/s) and the Axial spreading segment (0.79–1.06 m3/s). The tomographic model also resolves a subsided caldera floor that provides an effective trap for ponding lava flows, via a “trapdoor” mechanism. Our model also shows that Axial's extrusive section is thinnest beneath the elevated volcano, where anomalously thick (11 km) oceanic crust is present. We therefore suggest that focused and enhanced melt supply predominantly thickens the crust beneath Axial Seamount through diking accretion and gabbro crystallization. Lastly, we demonstrate that our three‐dimensional velocity model provides a more realistic starting point for relocating the local seismicity, better resolving a network of conjugate outward and inward dipping faults beneath the caldera walls.©2018. The Authors.
The Electrical Structure of the Central Main Ethiopian Rift as Imaged by Magnetotellurics: Implications for Magma Storage and Pathways
Authors: Hübert Juliane , Whaler Kathy , Fisseha Shimeles
Published: June 2018

The Main Ethiopian Rift is part of the East African Rift with its unique geological setting as an active continental breakup zone. The Main Ethiopian Rift includes a number of understudied active volcanoes with potentially high risks for this densely populated part of Ethiopia. Using newly recorded (2016) magnetotelluric data along a 110 km long transect crossing the whole rift, we present a regional 2‐D model of electrical resistivity of the crust. The derived model endorses a previous study that drew the surprising conclusion that there was no highly conductive region associated with a magma chamber directly under the central rift volcano Aluto. This has implications for the estimation of the amount of magma present, its water content, and the storage conditions, as the volcano is actively deforming and results from seismicity and CO2 degassing studies all indicate magma storage at about 5 km depth. Additionally, the existence of a strong conductor under the Silti Debre Zeyt Fault Zone approximately 40 km to the northwest of the rift center is confirmed. It is located with a slight offset to the Butajira volcanic field, which hosts a number of scoria cones at the boundary between the NW plateau and the rift. The magnetotelluric model reveals different electrical structures below the eastern and western rift shoulders. The western border is characterized by a sharp lateral contrast between the resistive plateau and the more conductive rift bottom, whereas the eastern flank shows a subhorizontal layered sequence of volcanic deposits and a smooth transition toward the shoulder.
ICON‐A, The Atmosphere Component of the ICON Earth System Model: II. Model Evaluation
Authors: Crueger T. , Giorgetta M. A. , Brokopf R. , Esch M. , Fiedler S. , Hohenegger C. , Kornblueh L. , Mauritsen T. , Nam C. , Naumann A. K. , Peters K. , Rast S. , Roeckner E. , Sakradzija M. , Schmidt H. , Vial J. , Vogel R. , Stevens B.
Published: June 2018

We evaluate the new icosahedral nonhydrostatic atmospheric (ICON‐A) general circulation model of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology that is flexible to be run at grid spacings from a few tens of meters to hundreds of kilometers. A simulation with ICON‐A at a low resolution (160 km) is compared to a not‐tuned fourfold higher‐resolution simulation (40 km). Simulations using the last release of the ECHAM climate model (ECHAM6.3) are also presented at two different resolutions. The ICON‐A simulations provide a compelling representation of the climate and its variability. The climate of the low‐resolution ICON‐A is even slightly better than that of ECHAM6.3. Improvements are obtained in aspects that are sensitive to the representation of orography, including the representation of cloud fields over eastern‐boundary currents, the latitudinal distribution of cloud top heights, and the spatial distribution of convection over the Indian Ocean and the Maritime Continent. Precipitation over land is enhanced, in particular at high‐resolution ICON‐A. The response of precipitation to El Niño sea surface temperature variability is close to observations, particularly over the eastern Indian Ocean. Some parameterization changes lead to improvements, for example, with respect to rain intensities and the representation of equatorial waves, but also imply a warmer troposphere, which we suggest leads to an unrealistic poleward mass shift. Many biases familiar to ECHAM6.3 are also evident in ICON‐A, namely, a too zonal SPCZ, an inadequate representation of north hemispheric blocking, and a relatively poor representation of tropical intraseasonal variability.
Karst Groundwater Contributes to Deformation in Eastern Alps
Authors: Shultz David
Published: June 2018

GPS data show compression and extension strains in the region resulting from changes in aquifer water levels.
Design synthesis of a controllable flower-like Pt-graphene oxide architecture through electrostatic self-assembly for DNA damage biomarker 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine biosensing research
Authors: Zhao Qiuyue , Zhang Qi , Sun Yuena , Liu Yuexian , Lu Haijun , Fan Xinyu , Wang Haiyang , Zhang Yufan , Wang Huan
Published: June 2018

A flower-like Pt-graphene oxide (PtNF-GO) architecture for DNA damage biomarker 8-OHdG biosensing research.
Effects of symmetry, methyl groups and serendipity on intramolecular vibrational energy dispersal
Authors: Tuttle William D. , Gardner Adrian M. , Whalley Laura E. , Kemp David J. , Wright Timothy G.
Published: June 2018

Intramolecular vibrational dispersal of vibrational energy is more efficient in the symmetrically-substituted p-xylene molecule than in p-fluorotoluene, p-chlorofluorobenzene or p-difluorobenzene.
Dimethyl sulfoxide enhances both the cellulose dissolution ability and biocompatibility of a carboxylate-type liquid zwitterion
Authors: Satria Heri , Kuroda Kosuke , Tsuge Yota , Ninomiya Kazuaki , Takahashi Kenji
Published: June 2018

The cellulose dissolution ability and biocompatibility of a liquid zwitterion, the most biocompatible cellulose solvent, were further improved by adding dimethylsulfoxide.
Effect of illumination and Se vacancies on fast oxidation of ultrathin gallium selenide
Authors: Shi Li , Li Qiang , Ouyang Yixin , Wang Jinlan
Published: June 2018

Gallium selenide exhibits outstanding photoresponse and piezoelectricity properties, but suffers fast degradation in ambient. It is revealed that illumination and Se vacancies both cause the fast oxidation of ultrathin GaSe under ambient conditions.
Organic chemistry students’ interpretations of the surface features of reaction coordinate diagrams
Authors: Popova Maia , Bretz Stacey Lowery
Published: June 2018

Organic chemistry students struggle with understanding the energetics of chemical reactions. Reaction coordinate diagrams are one tool that is widely used in organic chemistry classrooms to assist students with visualizing and explaining the energy changes that take place throughout a reaction. Thirty-six students enrolled in organic chemistry II participated in a qualitative study that used semi-structured interviews to investigate the extent to which students meaningfully extract and integrate information encoded in reaction coordinate diagrams. Results show that students have difficulties explaining the meanings of surface features such as peaks, valleys, peak height, and peak width. Analysis of students’ explanations resulted in four themes that describe students’ challenges with correctly interpreting the features of reaction coordinate diagrams. Students conflated transition states and intermediates, despite being able to recite definitions. Students described the chemical species encoded at points along the x-axis of the reaction coordinate diagrams, while largely ignoring the energies of the species encoded along the y-axis. Implications for teaching organic chemistry are discussed.
A P2-type Na0.44Mn0.6Ni0.3Cu0.1O2 cathode material with high energy density for sodium-ion batteries
Authors: Chen Tao , Liu Weifang , Gao Han , Zhuo Yi , Hu Hang , Chen Ao , Zhang Jianwen , Yan Jun , Liu Kaiyu
Published: June 2018

A new cathode material with high energy density, high capacity and excellent cycling performance.
Consolidation of flame hydrolysis deposited silica with a 9.3 µm wavelength CO2 laser
Authors: Gow P.C. , Jantzen A. , Boyd K. , Simakov N. , Daniel J. , Gray A.C. , Gates J.C. , Shardlow P.C. , Smith P.G.R. , Holmes C.
Published: June 2018

Consolidation of flame hydrolysis deposition silica soot with a 9.3 µm CO2 laser has been demonstrated. A range of laser parameters were investigated and the surface roughness of the resulting silica layers were characterised with a stylus profiler and white light interferometer. The surface roughness parameters were Ra = 68.9 nm, Rq = 83.8 nm perpendicular to the trajectory of the translated laser beam for a speed of 300 mm s−1 and an average laser power of 42.5 W, and Ra = 29.5 nm, Rq = 36.18 nm along the trajectory of the translated laser beam for a speed of 250 mm s−1 and an average laser power of 35.8 W.
Calculation of some electromagnetic quantities for circular thick coil of rectangular cross‐section and pancake with inverse radial currents
Authors: Babic Slobodan , Akyel Cevdet
Published: June 2018

Here, the new expressions for the mutual inductance and the magnetic force between two Bitter coils (thick coil and pancake) with the inverse radial current densities are presented. These types of coils are used for producing the high magnetic fields. For producing strong magnetic fields, the coils are extremely heated, so that they could be cooled to avoid this problem. During a water‐cooled magnet trip, the induced current in coil changes as a function of decay time constant which is determined by the self‐inductance and the resistance of the water‐cooled magnet. Moreover, such high fields develop the strong magnetic forces which can cause the mechanical stress upon the supporting structure. This way the precise evaluation of these electrical quantities between coils must be calculated to optimise the support structure of Bitter coils. With the newly presented approach, these quantities are obtained in an analytical and semi‐analytical form expressed over elliptical integrals and simple integrals. For validating this method, the comparative improved filament method is used.
An epidemiological investigation to determine the prevalence and clinical manifestations of slow-moving finished cattle presented to slaughter facilities1
Authors: Lee Tiffany L , Reinhardt Christopher D , Bartle Steven J , Schwandt Erin F , Calvo-Lorenzo Michelle S , Vahl Christopher , Hagenmaier Jacob A , Ritter Matthew J , Vogel Gary J , Thomson Daniel U
Published: June 2018

Cattle mobility is routinely measured at commercial slaughter facilities. However, the clinical signs and underlying causes of impaired mobility of cattle presented to slaughter facilities are poorly defined. As such, the objectives of this study were 1) to determine the prevalence of impaired mobility in finished cattle using a 4-point mobility scoring system and 2) to observe clinical signs in order to provide clinical diagnoses for this subset of affected cattle. Finished beef cattle (n = 65,600) were observed by a veterinarian during the morning shift from six commercial abattoirs dispersed across the United States; the veterinarian assigned mobility scores (MS) to all animals using a 1–4 scale from the North American Meat Institute’s Mobility Scoring System, with 1 = normal mobility and 4 = extremely limited mobility. Prevalence of MS 1, 2, 3, and 4 was 97.02%, 2.69%, 0.27%, and 0.01%, respectively. Animals with an abnormal MS (MS > 1) were then assigned to one of five clinical observation categories: 1) lameness, 2) poor conformation, 3) laminitis, 4) Fatigued Cattle Syndrome (FCS), and 5) general stiffness. Of all cattle observed, 0.23% were categorized as lame, 0.20% as having poor conformation, 0.72% as displaying signs of laminitis, 0.14% as FCS, and 1.68% as showing general stiffness. The prevalence of lameness and general stiffness was greater in steers than heifers, whereas the prevalence of laminitis was the opposite (P < 0.05). FCS prevalence was higher in dairy cattle than in beef cattle (0.31% vs. 0.22%, respectively; P ≤ 0.05). These data indicate the prevalence of cattle displaying abnormal mobility at slaughter is low and causes of abnormal mobility are multifactorial.
Occurrence of Lymphedema in Wild-Caught Anurans
Authors: McCallum Malcolm L.
Published: June 2018

Lymphedema is a condition in which the lymph hearts fail to pump fluid from the lymph sacs of anurans and other amphibians. This causes the sacs to fill with fluid and provide the frog with balloon-like swellings or over-all appearance. The condition has previously been connected with various diseases including tadpole edema virus and chytrids. I observed lymphedema in six anuran species (Acris blanchadi*, Anaxyrus fowleri*, Hyla squirrela*, Pseudacris streckeri illinoensis*, Rana sylvatica, Rana sphenocephala*[species with * are species records for lymphedema]).
Disruption of the KH1 domain of Fmr1 leads to transcriptional alterations and attentional deficits in rats
Authors: Golden Carla E. M. , Breen Michael S. , Koro Lacin , Sonar Sankalp , Niblo Kristi , Browne Andrew , Di Marino Daniele , De Rubeis Silvia , Baxter Mark G. , Buxbaum Joseph D. , Harony-Nicolas Hala
Published: June 2018

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the FMR1 gene. FXS is a leading monogenic cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and inherited intellectual disability (ID). In most cases, the mutation is an expansion of a microsatellite (CGG triplet), which leads to suppressed expression of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), an RNA-binding protein involved in multiple aspects of mRNA metabolism. Interestingly, we found that the previously published Fmr1 knockout rat model of FXS expresses a transcript with an in-frame deletion of a K-homology (KH) domain, KH1. KH domains are RNA-binding domains of FMR1 and several of the few, known point mutations associated with FXS are found within them. We observed that this deletion leads to medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)-dependent attention deficits, similar to those observed in FXS, and to alterations in transcriptional profiles within the mPFC, which mapped to two weighted gene coexpression network analysis modules. We demonstrated that these modules are conserved in human frontal cortex, are enriched for known FMRP targets and for genes involved in neuronal and synaptic processes, and that one is enriched for genes that are implicated in ASD, ID, and schizophrenia. Hub genes in these conserved modules represent potential targets for FXS. These findings provide support for a prefrontal deficit in FXS, indicate that attentional testing might be a reliable cross-species tool for investigating the pathophysiology of FXS and a potential readout for pharmacotherapy testing, and identify dysregulated gene expression modules in a relevant brain region.

Significance Statement

The significance of the current study lies in two key domains. First, this study demonstrates that deletion of the Fmrp-KH1 domain is sufficient to cause major mPFC-dependent attention deficits in both males and females, like those observed in both individuals with FXS and in knockout mouse models for FXS. Second, the study shows that deletion of the KH1 domain leads to alterations in the transcriptional profiles within the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), which are of potential translational value for subjects with FXS. These findings indicate that attentional testing might be a reliable cross-species tool for investigating the pathophysiology of FXS and a potential readout for pharmacotherapy testing and also highlight hub genes for follow up.
Investigating the long-term stability of protein immunogen(s) for whole recombinant yeast-based vaccines
Authors: Kumar Ravinder
Published: June 2018

Even today vaccine(s) remains a mainstay in combating infectious diseases. Many yeast-based vaccines are currently in different phases of clinical trials. Despite the encouraging results of whole recombinant yeast (WRY) and yeast display (YD), the systematic study assessing the long-term stability of protein antigen(s) in yeast cells is still missing. Therefore, in the present study, I investigate the stability of heterologous protein antigen in the cellular environment ofS. cerevisiaethroughE. colisurface protein (major curlin or CsgA). Present biochemical data showed that the stationary phase yeast cells were able to keep the antigen stable for almost one year when stored at 2-8 °C and 23-25 °C. Further, iTRAQ based quantitative proteomics of yeast whole cell lysate showed that the level of heterologous fusion protein was low in cells stored at 23-25 °C compared to those at 2-8 °C. In the end, I also proposed a workable strategy to test integrity or completeness of heterologous protein in the yeast cell. I believe that the observations made in the present study will be really encouraging for those interested in the development of a whole recombinant yeast-based vaccine(s).
Measurement invariance explains the universal law of generalization for psychological perception
Authors: Frank Steven A.
Published: June 2018

The universal law of generalization describes how animals discriminate between alternative sensory stimuli. On an appropriate perceptual scale, the probability that an organism perceives two stimuli as similar typically declines exponentially with the difference on the perceptual scale. Exceptions often follow a Gaussian probability pattern rather than an exponential pattern. Previous explanations have been based on underlying theoretical frameworks such as information theory, Kolmogorov complexity, or empirical multidimensional scaling. This article shows that the few inevitable invariances that must apply to any reasonable perceptual scale provide a sufficient explanation for the universal exponential law of generalization. In particular, reasonable measurement scales of perception must be invariant to shift by a constant value, which by itself leads to the exponential form. Similarly, reasonable measurement scales of perception must be invariant to multiplication, or stretch, by a constant value, which leads to the conservation of the slope of discrimination with perceptual difference. In some cases, an additional assumption about exchangeability or rotation of underlying perceptual dimensions leads to a Gaussian pattern of discrimination, which can be understood as a special case of the more general exponential form. The three measurement invariances of shift, stretch, and rotation provide a sufficient explanation for the universally observed patterns of perceptual generalization. All of the additional assumptions and language associated with information, complexity, and empirical scaling are superfluous with regard to the broad patterns of perception.
Contrasting effects of aging on the expression of transposons, the piRNA machinery and mitochondrial transcripts in theDrosophilaovary
Authors: Erwin Alexandra A. , Blumenstiel Justin P.
Published: June 2018

Redistribution of heterochromatin during aging has been linked to the de-repression of transposable elements and an overall loss of gene regulation in the soma. Whether or not epigenetic factors such as heterochromatin marks are perturbed in reproductive and germline tissues is of particular interest because some epigenetic factors are known to transmit across generations. Additionally, the relative contribution of factors intrinsic or extrinsic to the germ line have in reproductive decline remains unknown. Using mRNA sequencing data from late stage egg chambers inDrosophila melanogaster, we show that age-related expression changes occur in genes residing in heterochromatin, particularly on the largely heterochromatic 4thchromosome. In addition, we identify an increase in expression of the piRNA machinery. We further identify a striking age-related reduction in mitochondrial transcripts that we can attribute to the somatic tissues. Other than a modest increase in overall TE expression in the aging germline, we find no global TE de-repression in reproductive tissues. Rather, the observed effects of aging on TEs are primarily strain and family specific. These results indicate unique responses in somatic versus germline tissue with regards to epigenetic aging effects and suggest that the global loss of TE control observed in other studies may be specific to certain tissues, genetic backgrounds and TE family. This study also demonstrates that while age-related effects can be maternally transmitted, the germline is generally robust to age-related changes.