bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reactivity of tetrahydrochromeno[2,3‐b]indoles: chromic indicators of cyanide
Authors: Douglas Nicholas , Neef Charles J. , Rogers Robert A. , Stanley Jake A. , Armitage Jacob , Martin Ben , Hudnall Todd W. , Brittain William J.
Published: June 2013

The synthesis and reactivity of a tetrahydrochromeno[2,3‐b]indoles are reported. Evidence for reversible ring‐opening is based on H/D exchange and trapping experiments. These compounds readily undergo reaction with tetra‐n‐butylammonium cyanide. The cyanide reaction is 10–100× faster when the solution is irradiated with 350 nm light. Reaction with trimethylsilyl cyanide occurs only with UV irradiation demonstrating photoreactivity. The rate of tetrahydrochromeno[2,3‐b]indole ring‐opening is greater for (i) Me substitution at the hemiaminal carbon (compared to Ph), and (ii) substitution of fluorine at the 9‐position of the indole. Under acidic conditions, the ring‐opened indolium ion is observed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distinct solid and solution state self‐assembly pathways of RADA16‐I designer peptide
Authors: Cormier Ashley R. , Lopez‐Majada Juan M. , Alamo Rufina G. , Paravastu Anant K.
Published: June 2013

Solid state NMR measurements on selectively 13C‐labeled RADA16‐I peptide (COCH3–RADARADARADARADA–NH2) were used to obtain new molecular level information on the conversion of α‐helices to β‐sheets through self‐assembly in the solid state with increasing temperature. Isotopic labeling at the A4 Cβ site enabled rapid detection of 13C NMR signals. Heating to 344–363 K with simultaneous NMR detection allowed production of samples with systematic variation of α‐helix and β‐strand content. These samples were then probed at room temperature for intermolecular 13C–13C nuclear dipolar couplings with the PITHIRDS‐CT NMR experiment. The structural transition was also characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and wide angle X‐ray diffraction. Independence of PITHIRDS‐CT decay shapes on overall α‐helical and β‐strand content infers that β‐strands are not observed without association with β‐sheets, indicating that β‐sheets are formed at elevated temperatures on a timescale that is fast relative to the NMR experiment. PITHIRDS‐CT NMR data were compared with results of similar measurements on RADA16‐I nanofibers produced by self‐assembly in aqueous salt solution. We report that β‐sheets formed through self‐assembly in the solid state have a structure that differs from those formed through self‐assembly in the solution state. Specifically, solid state RADA16‐I self‐assembly produces in‐register parallel β‐sheets, whereas nanofibers are composed of stacked parallel β‐sheets with registry shifts between adjacent β‐strands in each β‐sheet. These results provide evidence for environment‐dependent self‐assembly mechanisms for RADA16‐I β‐sheets as well as new constraints on solid state self‐assembled structures, which must be avoided to maximize solution solubility and nanofiber yields. Copyright © 2013 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancing electrooptic modulators using modulation instability
Authors: DeVore Peter T. S. , Borlaug David , Jalali Bahram
Published: June 2013

As electronic operating frequencies increase toward the terahertz regime, new electrooptic modulators capable of low‐voltage high‐frequency operation must be developed to provide the necessary optical interconnects. This Letter presents a new concept that exploits modulation instability to compensate for the intrinsically weak electrooptic effect, χ(2). Simulations demonstrate more than 50 times enhancement of electrooptic effect at millimeter wave frequencies leading to a substantial reduction in the required modulation voltage.

magnified image

Modulation instability simulation showing increased modulation depth of sidebands on an optical carrier.

(© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Neutrino mass matrix textures: a data-driven approach
Authors: Bertuzzo E. , Machado P. A. N. , Funchal R. Zukanovich
Published: June 2013

Abstract

We analyze the neutrino mass matrix entries and their correlations in a probabilistic fashion, constructing probability distribution functions using the latest results from neutrino oscillation fits. Two cases are considered: the standard three neutrino scenario as well as the inclusion of a new sterile neutrino that potentially explains the reactor and gallium anomalies. We discuss the current limits and future perspectives on the mass matrix elements that can be useful for model building.
Incorporating Lesbian and Bisexual Women into Women Veterans’ Health Priorities
Authors: Lehavot Keren , Simpson Tracy L.
Published: June 2013

Relative to the general population, lesbian and bisexual (LB) women are overrepresented in the military and are significantly more likely to have a history of military service compared to all adult women. Due to institutional policies and stigma associated with a gay or lesbian identity, very little empirical research has been done on this group of women veterans. Available data suggest that compared to heterosexual women veterans, LB women veterans are likely to experience heightened levels of prejudice and discrimination, victimization, including greater incidence of rape, as well as adverse health and substance use disorders. They are also likely to encounter a host of unique issues when accessing health care, including fears of insensitive care and difficulty disclosing sexual orientation to Veterans Health Administration (VHA) providers. Training of staff and providers, education efforts, outreach activities, and research on this subpopulation are critical to ensure equitable and high quality service delivery.
Women Veterans’ Healthcare Delivery Preferences and Use by Military Service Era: Findings from the National Survey of Women Veterans
Authors: Washington Donna L. , Bean-Mayberry Bevanne , Hamilton Alison B. , Cordasco Kristina M. , Yano Elizabeth M.
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND

The number of women Veterans (WVs) utilizing the Veterans Health Administration (VA) has doubled over the past decade, heightening the importance of understanding their healthcare delivery preferences and utilization patterns. Other studies have identified healthcare issues and behaviors of WVs in specific military service eras (e.g., Vietnam), but delivery preferences and utilization have not been examined within and across eras on a population basis.

OBJECTIVE

To identify healthcare delivery preferences and healthcare use of WVs by military service era to inform program design and patient-centeredness.

DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS

Cross-sectional 2008–2009 survey of a nationally representative sample of 3,611 WVs, weighted to the population.

MAIN MEASURES

Healthcare delivery preferences measured as importance of selected healthcare features; types of healthcare services and number of visits used; use of VA or non-VA; all by military service era.

KEY RESULTS

Military service era differences were present in types of healthcare used, with World War II and Korea era WVs using more specialty care, and Vietnam era-to-present WVs using more women’s health and mental health care. Operations Enduring Freedom, Iraqi Freedom, New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND) WVs made more healthcare visits than WVs of earlier military eras. The greatest healthcare delivery concerns were location convenience for Vietnam and earlier WVs, and cost for Gulf War 1 and OEF/OIF/OND WVs. Co-located gynecology with general healthcare was also rated important by a sizable proportion of WVs from all military service eras.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings point to the importance of ensuring access to specialty services closer to home for WVs, which may require technology-supported care. Younger WVs’ higher mental health care use reinforces the need for integration and coordination of primary care, reproductive health and mental health care.
An Inventory of VHA Emergency Departments’ Resources and Processes for Caring for Women
Authors: Cordasco Kristina M. , Zephyrin Laurie C. , Kessler Chad S. , Mallard Meri , Canelo Ismelda , Rubenstein Lisa V. , Yano Elizabeth M.
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND

More women are using Veterans’ Health Administration (VHA) Emergency Departments (EDs), yet VHA ED capacities to meet the needs of women are unknown.

OBJECTIVE

We assessed VHA ED resources and processes for conditions specific to, or more common in, women Veterans.

DESIGN/SUBJECTS

Cross-sectional questionnaire of the census of VHA ED directors

MAIN MEASURES

Resources and processes in place for gynecologic, obstetric, sexual assault and mental health care, as well as patient privacy features, stratified by ED characteristics.

KEY RESULTS

All 120 VHA EDs completed the questionnaire. Approximately nine out of ten EDs reported having gynecologic examination tables within their EDs, 24/7 access to specula, and Gonorrhea/Chlamydia DNA probes. All EDs reported 24/7 access to pregnancy testing. Fewer than two-fifths of EDs reported having radiologist review of pelvic ultrasound images available 24/7; one-third reported having emergent consultations from gynecologists available 24/7. Written transfer policies specific to gynecologic and obstetric emergencies were reported as available in fewer than half of EDs. Most EDs reported having emergency contraception 24/7; however, only approximately half reported having Rho(D) Immunoglobulin available 24/7. Templated triage notes and standing orders relevant to gynecologic conditions were reported as uncommon. Consistent with VHA policy, most EDs reported obtaining care for victims of sexual assault by transferring them to another institution. Most EDs reported having some access to private medical and mental health rooms. Resources and processes were found to be more available in EDs with more encounters by women, more ED staffed beds, and that were located in more complex facilities in metropolitan areas.

CONCLUSIONS

Although most VHA EDs have resources and processes needed for delivering emergency care to women Veterans, some gaps exist. Studies in non-VA EDs are required for comparison. Creative solutions are needed to ensure that women presenting to VHA EDs receive efficient, timely, and consistently high-quality care.
Gender Differences Among Veterans Deployed in Support of the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq
Authors: Street Amy E. , Gradus Jaimie L. , Giasson Hannah L. , Vogt Dawne , Resick Patricia A.
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND

The changing scope of women’s roles in combat operations has led to growing interest in women’s deployment experiences and post-deployment adjustment.

OBJECTIVES

To quantify the gender-specific frequency of deployment stressors, including sexual and non-sexual harassment, lack of social support and combat exposure. To quantify gender-specific post-deployment mental health conditions and associations between deployment stressors and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), to inform the care of Veterans returning from the current conflicts.

DESIGN

National mail survey of OEF/OIF Veterans randomly sampled within gender, with women oversampled.

SETTING

The community.

PARTICIPANTS

In total, 1,207 female and 1,137 male Veterans from a roster of all Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) Veterans. Response rate was 48.6 %.

MAIN MEASURES

Deployment stressors (including combat and harassment stress), PTSD, depression, anxiety and alcohol use, all measured via self-report.

KEY RESULTS

Women were more likely to report sexual harassment (OR = 8.7, 95% CI: 6.9, 11) but less likely to report combat (OR = 0 .62, 95 % CI: 0.50, 0.76). Women and men were equally likely to report symptoms consistent with probable PTSD (OR = 0 .87, 95 % CI: 0.70, 1.1) and symptomatic anxiety (OR  =  1.1, 9 5% CI: 0.86, 1.3). Women were more likely to report probable depression (OR = 1.3, 95 % CI: 1.1, 1.6) and less likely to report problematic alcohol use (OR  = 0 .59, 9 5% CI: 0.47, 0.72). With a five-point change in harassment stress, adjusted odds ratios for PTSD were 1.36 (95 % CI: 1.23, 1.52) for women and 1.38 (95 % CI: 1.19, 1.61) for men. The analogous associations between combat stress and PTSD were 1.31 (95 % CI: 1.24, 1.39) and 1.31 (95 % CI: 1.26, 1.36), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Although there are important gender differences in deployment stressors—including women’s increased risk of interpersonal stressors—and post-deployment adjustment, there are also significant similarities. The post-deployment adjustment of our nation’s growing population of female Veterans seems comparable to that of our nation’s male Veterans.
Accounting for Clinical Action Reduces Estimates of Gender Disparities in Lipid Management for Diabetic Veterans
Authors: Vimalananda Varsha G. , Miller Donald R. , Hofer Timothy P. , Holleman Robert G. , Klamerus Mandi L. , Kerr Eve A.
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND

Women with diabetes have higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels than men, resulting in apparent disparities between genders on quality indicators tied to LDL thresholds.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate whether gender disparities persist when accounting for clinical action with statins or cardiovascular risk.

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study.

PARTICIPANTS

Veterans Health Administration patients (21,780 women and 646,429 men) aged 50–75 with diabetes.

MAIN MEASURES

Threshold measure: LDL < 100 mg/dL; clinical action measure: LDL < 100 mg/dL; or LDL ≥ 100 mg/dL and the patient was prescribed a moderate or high-dose statin at the time of the test; or LDL ≥ 100 mg/dL and the patient received other appropriate clinical action within 90 days; adherence: continuous multiple interval measure of gaps in dispensed medication (CMG).

KEY RESULTS

Women were much less likely to have LDL < 100 mg/dL than were men (55 % vs. 68 %). This disparity narrowed from 13 % to 6 % for passing the clinical action measure (79 % vs. 85 %). These gender differences persisted among those with ischemic heart disease (IHD). Women had a lower odds of passing the clinical action measure (odds ratio 0.68, 95 % confidence interval 0.66–0.71). Among those with IHD, the gender gap increased with age. Differences in pass rates were explained by women’s higher LDL levels, but not by their slightly worse adherence (3 % higher CMG).

CONCLUSIONS

Women and men veterans receive more similar quality of care for lipids in diabetes than previously indicated. Less reassuringly, the remaining gender differences appear to be as common in women at high cardiovascular risk as in those at low risk. Rather than focus on simply improving LDL levels in all women with diabetes, future efforts should ensure that patients with high cardiovascular risk are appropriately treated with statins when clinically indicated, feasible, and concordant with patient preferences.
Military Sexual Trauma Among Homeless Veterans
Authors: Pavao Joanne , Turchik Jessica A. , Hyun Jenny K. , Karpenko Julie , Saweikis Meghan , McCutcheon Susan , Kane Vincent , Kimerling Rachel
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND

Military sexual trauma (MST) is the Veteran Health Administration’s (VHA) term for sexual assault and/or sexual harassment that occurs during military service. The experience of MST is associated with a variety of mental health conditions. Preliminary research suggests that MST may be associated with homelessness among female Veterans, although to date MST has not been examined in a national study of both female and male homeless Veterans.

OBJECTIVE

To estimate the prevalence of MST, examine the association between MST and mental health conditions, and describe mental health utilization among homeless women and men.

DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS

National, cross-sectional study of 126,598 homeless Veterans who used VHA outpatient care in fiscal year 2010.

MAIN MEASURES

All variables were obtained from VHA administrative databases, including MST screening status, ICD-9-CM codes to determine mental health diagnoses, and VHA utilization.

KEY RESULTS

Of homeless Veterans in VHA, 39.7 % of females and 3.3 % of males experienced MST. Homeless Veterans who experienced MST demonstrated a significantly higher likelihood of almost all mental health conditions examined as compared to other homeless women and men, including depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, other anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, bipolar disorders, personality disorders, suicide, and, among men only, schizophrenia and psychotic disorders. Nearly all homeless Veterans had at least one mental health visit and Veterans who experienced MST utilized significantly more mental health visits compared to Veterans who did not experience MST.

CONCLUSIONS

A substantial proportion of homeless Veterans using VHA services have experienced MST, and those who experienced MST had increased odds of mental health diagnoses. Homeless Veterans who had experienced MST had higher intensity of mental health care utilization and high rates of MST-related mental health care. This study highlights the importance of trauma-informed care among homeless Veterans and the success of VHA homeless programs in providing mental health care to homeless Veterans.
Sexual Victimization, Health Status, and VA Healthcare Utilization Among Lesbian and Bisexual OEF/OIF Veterans
Authors: Mattocks Kristin M. , Sadler Anne , Yano Elizabeth M. , Krebs Erin E. , Zephyrin Laurie , Brandt Cynthia , Kimerling Rachel , Sandfort Theo , Dichter Melissa E. , Weiss Jeffrey J. , Allison Jeroan , Haskell Sally
Published: June 2013

Background

Many lesbian and bisexual (LB) women veterans may have been targets of victimization in the military based on their gender and presumed sexual orientation, and yet little is known regarding the health or mental health of LB veterans, nor the degree to which they feel comfortable receiving care in the VA.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of mental health and gender-specific conditions, VA healthcare satisfaction and trauma exposure among LB veterans receiving VA care compared with heterosexually-identified women veterans receiving.

Design

Prospective cohort study of Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) women veterans at two large VA facilities.

Participants

Three hundred and sixty five women veterans that completed a baseline survey. Thirty-five veterans (9.6 %) identified as gay or lesbian (4.7 %), or bisexual (4.9 %).

Main Measures

Measures included sexual orientation, military sexual trauma, mental and gender-specific health diagnoses, and VA healthcare utilization and satisfaction.

Key Results

LB OEF/OIF veterans were significantly more likely to have experienced both military and childhood sexual trauma than heterosexual women (MST: 31 % vs. 13 %, p < .001; childhood sexual trauma: 60 % vs. 36 %, p = .01), to be hazardous drinkers (32 % vs. 16 %, p = .03) and rate their current mental health as worse than before deployment (35 % vs. 16 %, p < .001).

Conclusions

Many LB veterans have experienced sexual victimization, both within the military and as children, and struggle with substance abuse and poor mental health. Health care providers working with female Veterans should be aware of high rates of military sexual trauma and childhood abuse and refer women to appropriate VA treatment and support groups for sequelae of these experiences. Future research should focus on expanding this study to include a larger and more diverse sample of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender veterans receiving care at VA facilities across the country.
Gender-Role Stereotypes in Integrated Social Marketing Communication: Influence on Attitudes towards the Ad
Authors: Robertson Kirsten , Davidson Jessica
Published: June 2013

This study examines the influence of stereotyped gender-role depictions on attitudes towards integrated social marketing communication (ISMC) through an application of Gender-Role Theory and the Stereotype Content Model. One hundred and seventy five participants completed surveys measuring their cognitive and affective attitudes towards four advertisements that varied in gender-role congruency (congruent/incongruent) and stereotype content (paternalistic/contemptuous). The advertisements targeted male perpetrated partner violence (congruent/contemptuous); female perpetrated partner violence (incongruent/contemptuous); regretful sex experienced by a female (congruent/paternalistic); and regretful sex experienced by a male (incongruent/paternalistic). Findings revealed cognitive attitudes were more favorable when the gender of the depicted character and target behavior were consistent with gender-role stereotypes. Affective attitudes varied as a function of stereotype content. Participants’ affective attitudes were more favorable towards advertisements depicting paternalistic behavior compared to contemptuous behavior. The findings question the role of affective attitudes in evaluating ISMC advertisements and raise ethical questions regarding social marketing.
Designing drug trials for Alzheimer's disease: What we have learned from the release of the phase III antibody trials: A report from the EU/US/CTAD Task Force
Authors: Vellas Bruno , Carrillo Maria C. , Sampaio Cristina , Brashear H. Robert , Siemers Eric , Hampel Harald , Schneider Lon S. , Weiner Michael , Doody Rachelle , Khachaturian Zaven , Cedarbaum Jesse , Grundman Michael , Broich Karl , Giacobini Ezio , Dubois Bruno , Sperling Reisa , Wilcock Gordon K. , Fox Nick , Scheltens Philip , Touchon Jacques , Hendrix Suzanne , Andrieu Sandrine , Aisen Paul ,   EU/US/CTAD Task Force Members
Published: June 2013

An international task force of investigators from academia, industry, nonprofit foundations, and regulatory agencies met in Monte Carlo, Monaco, on October 31, 2012, to review lessons learned from the recent bapineuzumab and solanezumab trials, and to incorporate insights gained from these trials into future clinical studies. Although there is broad consensus that Alzheimer's disease (AD) should be treated during its earliest stages, the concept of secondary prevention has evolved to be described more accurately as treatment of preclinical, presymptomatic, or early AD. There continues to be a strong emphasis on biomarkers and a need for new biomarkers; however, there has also been a realization, based on completed trials, that the most reliable indicator of clinical efficacy across the entire spectrum of disease from asymptomatic to AD dementia is likely a measure of cognition. The task force made many recommendations that should improve the likelihood of success in future trials, including larger phase 2 or combined phase 2/phase 3 studies, clear evidence of target engagement in the central nervous system, evidence of downstream effects on biomarkers before initiating phase 3 studies, consideration of adaptive and targeted trial designs, and use of sensitive measures of cognition as the most robust indicator of treatment benefit.
Strategic Litigation for Gender Equality in the Workplace and Legal Opportunity Structures in Four European Countries
Authors: Fuchs Gesine
Published: June 2013

Legal mobilization in the courts has emerged as an increasingly important social movement strategy, which complements other political strategies. This paper explores legal and institutional factors that can account for the varying levels of legal mobilization in countries with a civil law system. It examines the different legal opportunity structures (LOS) (such as judicial access and material and procedural law) and the extent to which strategic litigation has been employed by trade unions and other social actors to promote equal pay in four European countries: Switzerland, Germany, France, and Poland. While every component of LOS influences legal mobilization, legal factors and legal context alone are not sufficient to explain the observed variations. Rather, they constitute an important general framework in which other social and political factors, such as norms about gender roles, equality, and litigation, are also significant. Two issues seem to be especially relevant and have emerged as a rewarding field of analysis—the role of media coverage and organizational action frames.
Perinatal undernutrition programmes thyroid function in the adult rat offspring
Authors: Ayala-Moreno Rosario , Racotta Radu , Anguiano Brenda , Aceves Carmen , Quevedo Lucía
Published: June 2013

Increasing evidence suggests that alterations in early nutrition programme physiological changes in adulthood. In the present study, we determined the effects of undernutrition during gestation and lactation on the programming of thyroid function in adult rat offspring. Perinatal undernutrition was achieved by a 40 % food restriction in female Wistar rats from the mating day to weaning. On postpartum day 21, the offspring of the control and food-restricted dams were weaned and given free access to a commercial diet until adulthood. The results showed that undernourished rats exhibited decreased 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) levels but had normal thyroxine (T4) and thyrotropin (TSH) levels at weaning; on day 90, these rats displayed a significant flip, exhibiting normalised T3(total and free) and total T4levels, but low free T4and persistently higher TSH levels, which were maintained even on postnatal day 140. This profile was accompanied by a scarce fat depot, a lower RMR and an exacerbated sympathetic brown adipose tissue (BAT) tone (deiodinase type 2 expression) in basal conditions. Moreover, when a functional challenge (cold exposure) was applied, the restricted group exhibited partial changes in TSH (29v.100 %) and T4(non-responsev.17 %) levels, a significant decrease in leptin levels (75v. 32 %) and the maintenance of a sympathetic BAT over-response (higher noradrenaline levels) in comparison with the control group. The findings of the present study suggest that undernutrition during the perinatal period produces permanent changes in the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid axis with consequent low body weight and decreased RMR and facultative thermogenesis. We hypothesise that these changes predispose individuals to exhibiting adult subclinical hypothyroidism.
Development of a Uniform Insolvency Law in SADC: Lessons from OHADA
Authors: Leno Ngaundje Doris
Published: June 2013

This article argues that, with the global or cross-border nature of many corporate activities, there is an increasing need for a uniform insolvency law approach to the financial distress of a corporation in the Southern African Development Community. In doing so, the article highlights lessons the community may learn from the Insolvency Act of the Organisation for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa. Emphasis is given to that organization's success in developing a uniform insolvency act (ie one which is directly applicable in its contracting states). The article also proposes a number of recommendations.
Lettres de Victor Hugo à Alexandre Herzen
Authors: Hugo Victor
Published: June 2013

On me demande quelques lignes sur les relations qui s'étaient établies entre Victor Hugo et Herzen).
Outbreak of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli O169 enteritis in schoolchildren associated with consumption of kimchi, Republic of Korea, 2012
Authors: CHO S. H. , KIM J. , OH K. -H. , HU J. K. , SEO J. , OH S. S. , HUR M. J. , CHOI Y. -H. , YOUN S. K. , CHUNG G. T. , CHOE Y. J.
Published: June 2013

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is now recognized as a common cause of foodborne outbreaks. This study aimed to describe the first ETEC O169 outbreak identified in Korea. In this outbreak, we identified 1642 cases from seven schools. Retrospective cohort studies were performed in two schools; and case-control studies were conducted in five schools. In two schools, radish kimchi was associated with illness; and in five other schools, radish or cabbage kimchi was found to have a higher risk among food items. Adjusted relative risk of kimchi was 5·87–7·21 in schools that underwent cohort studies; and adjusted odds ratio was 4·52–12·37 in schools that underwent case-control studies. ETEC O169 was isolated from 230 affected students, and was indistinguishable from the isolates detected from the kimchi product distributed by company X, a food company that produced and distributed kimchi to all seven schools. In this outbreak, we found that the risk of a kimchi-borne outbreak of ETEC O169 infection is present in Korea. We recommend continued monitoring regarding food safety in Korea, and strengthening surveillance regarding ETEC O169 infection through implementation of active laboratory surveillance to confirm its infection.
Urban controversies and the making of the social
Authors: Yaneva Albena , Heaphy Liam
Published: June 2013

On the one hand, architectural knowledge advances very rapidly, with new types of materials and technological innovations entering the field and multiplying architectural invention. On the other hand, urban experts, architects and engineers often debate publicly uncertain urban knowledge and technologies, risky plans and daring designs, polarising opinion - as witnessed on numerous blogs, citizen forums and architecture websites. This radical transformation in building technologies, in the reliance upon experts and in the expansion of architectural networks could have remained practically invisible were it not for the presence of another phenomenon: the digitalisation of architecture and the availability of enormous Internet databases. The digital technologies at our command provide us with abundant resources to follow architectural controversies.
The problematic object of the London Underground
Authors: Jobst Marko
Published: June 2013

This perspective looks at the London Underground station building and proposes that it has a problematic status which is yet to be fully acknowledged in architectural writing. The emergence of the London Underground in the second half of the nineteenth century challenged some of the basic premises of what would become, by the twentieth century, the standard interpretations of Modernism and, yet, it remains insufficiently researched. In outlining a trajectory that leads from Crystal Palace via the railway station and the hybrid nature of the arcade to the London Underground, the aim is to indicate that the spatial and visual regimes of the Underground – and its main architectural object, the Underground station – trace a lineage that was never fully reconciled with the dominant narratives of Modernism.
The mystery of Modern dissonance
Authors: Bradley-Fulgoni Peter
Published: June 2013

The story goes that when the twenty-year old Brahms visited Liszt in Weimar in 1853, Liszt effortlessly sight-read the younger man's piano Sonata in C major (a work of considerable technical difficulty). Brahms was astounded by this feat of consummate musicianship. However, when Liszt then played his own, as yet unpublished, B minor Sonata, Brahms fell asleep. Liszt probably understood that the young composer was tired after his long journey, and of course the story may be apocryphal, but nevertheless the fact that they never met again may be read as a metaphor for a divergence of musical tendencies that came to characterise nineteenth-century high art music. Some describe this as ‘the war of the Romantics’, a bitter dispute between the New German School (principal figures, Franz Liszt and Richard Wagner) and traditionalists, such as Brahms, whose work was deemed oldfashioned. It was a spat that embroiled the whole of musical Europe.
Further Reading Required
Authors: Amhoff Tilo , Beech Nicholas , Thomas Katie Lloyd
Published: June 2013

This issue of arq contains a selection of papers first presented at an event titled Further Reading Required held at the Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL, in 2011. Here, the conference organisers reflect on the distinctive strand of architectural research – comprising historical and theoretical readings of technical construction literature – which it sought to consolidate.
Specifying intent at the Museum of Childhood
Authors: McVicar Mhairi
Published: June 2013

In a 2009 interview, architect Peter St John of Caruso St John Architects defined a good architect as one who makes few compromises, highlighting precise instructions as imperative in achieving this. An architectural project, St John stated, 'is far more likely to work well if you put an enormous effort into defining what you want, to achieve quality’. At Caruso St John Architects' 2006 entrance addition to the Victoria and Albert Museum of Childhood in Bethnal Green, London [1], the precise specification of mortar and mastic joints throughout a cut-stone facade was employed to define expectations of quality in the constructed facade. These specifications, written in accordance with the recommendations of professional practice, set out stringent expectations of dimensional perfection. When dimensional variations during design development and construction threatened to disrupt these expectations, the precise definition of quality shifted, becoming less defined by dimensional perfection and more reliant upon the ‘architectural intentions’ underpinning the project. In referencing conceptual, ideological, historical and technological intentions which were difficult definitively to express, this critical phrase – ‘architectural intentions’ – is examined here in terms of its ambiguity in the context of the written specification [2].

Ambiguity in the written specification is emphatically rejected by regulatory and advisory bodies in the architectural profession, which frequently advise that the written specification must provide, above all else, certainty. In The Architects' Journal in 1989, author Francis Hall went as far as describing the properly drafted specification as the ‘one certain opportunity’ for an architect to set down a ‘definitive and enforceable expression of standard and quality’. ‘Properly drafted’ is typically translated as a prosaic language, specifically devoid of poetic content. The ability of the unambiguous written specification to convey adequately the poetic content of architectural intentions has, however, been under critique since its inception.
‘Of their several kinds’: forms of clause in the architectural specification
Authors: Thomas Katie Lloyd
Published: June 2013

In this article I set out some of the distinct ways materials and components are described in architectural specifications. In many cases, as we might expect, materials are simply named, albeit in a great variety of ways from brand name to botanical species. In others, materials are specified via a reference to something else – to be built ‘like is the timbers of the Rente of Robert’, or to match a sample of stock bricks ‘marked No 1 to be seen with the Architect at No 1 Westminster Chambers’. We find many examples of what Bertrand Gille has called the ‘recipe’ – details about the ingredients and processes of making up a material or fixing it in site (Gille locates one in Vitruvius). And recently, and ever more pervasively, materials are prescribed in terms of their performance – how they are to behave in the finished building, whether acoustically or structurally or thermally and so on, with no mention at all of how the result is to be achieved. Indeed, the point may be precisely to avoid naming a particular material so that the responsibility for a compliant selection no longer rests with the architect. These descriptions, with their language of properties and materials science, could not be more different from the instructive prose-like sentences of the process-based specification. With one describing how to make up a given material, and the other how it is to behave, we might also suggest that they depend on very different, even incompatible, conceptualisations of the material – as artefact on the one hand and as actor on the other.

Differences between types of clause are recognised in contemporary technical literature and guides to specification practice, although the distinctions considered significant vary greatly. The typologies set out here, however, are drawn from my own survey of documents from the eighteenth century to the present day. In some cases, such as the performance clause, the type I identify maps directly onto a widely used industry category but in others, such as the process-based clause not so much in use today, it may only share some similarities with existing technical definitions.
SUB-PLAN: A Guide to Permitted Development
Authors: Knight David , Williams Finn
Published: June 2013

Permitted Development (PD) is the set of laws that determine what can be built in the UK without needing planning permission. These laws, which have existed since 1947, typically cover smallscale developments that have a minor impact on their surroundings. In 2008 the laws covering household developments were radically revised in an effort to free up planning departments to focus on larger applications. But the rewritten laws, while inherently more ‘liberal’ than their predecessors, are also confusing, impractical, and obscured by legalese.

Since 2009, we have produced a series of projects with a number of collaborators that explore PD. These projects all involve engaging with the laws in order to make public their potential for development. We see this work as a form of spatial practice.

This article presents an edited selection of spreads from our 2009 book-pamphlet SUB-PLAN: A Guide to Permitted Development, which was produced with the graphic design studio Europa and a group of students at the Architectural Association Summer School.
Multifocus Optical Microscopy Applied to the Study of Archaeological Metals
Authors: Figueiredo Elin , Silva Rui J.C. , Araújo M. Fátima , Fernandes Francisco M. Braz
Published: June 2013

Studies on cultural metal artifacts can benefit greatly from microscopy techniques. The examination of microstructural features can provide relevant information about ancient manufacturing techniques, as well as about corrosion/degradation processes. In the present work, advantages of the use of multifocus imaging techniques in optical microscopy for the study of archaeological metals are presented. An archaeometallurgical study of a large collection of bronzes demonstrates the possibility of a microstructural study with no need for sample removal, which is a great advantage in the study of cultural objects. In addition, the study of mounted samples illustrates the advantages of the multifocus technique in the examination of particular corrosion features, with the possibility of three-dimensional reconstructions.
Alternative FIB TEM Sample Preparation Method for Cross-Sections of Thin Metal Films Deposited on Polymer Substrates
Authors: Rivera Felipe , Davis Robert , Vanfleet Richard
Published: June 2013

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and focused ion beam (FIB) are proven tools to produce site-specific samples in which to study devices from initial processing to causes for failure, as well as investigating the quality, defects, interface layers, etc. However, the use of polymer substrates presents new challenges, in the preparation of suitable site-specific TEM samples, which include sample warping, heating, charging, and melting. In addition to current options that address some of these problems such as cryo FIB, we add an alternative method and FIB sample geometry that address these challenges and produce viable samples suitable for TEM elemental analysis. The key feature to this approach is a larger than usual lift-out block into which small viewing windows are thinned. Significant largely unthinned regions of the block are left between and at the base of the thinned windows. These large unthinned regions supply structural support and thermal reservoirs during the thinning process. As proof-of-concept of this sample preparation method, we also present TEM elemental analysis of various thin metallic films deposited on patterned polycarbonate, lacquer, and poly-di-methyl-siloxane substrates where the pattern (from low- to high-aspect ratio) is preserved.
Phase Classification by Mean Shift Clustering of Multispectral Materials Images
Authors: Martins Diego Schmaedech , Josa Victor M. Galván , Castellano Gustavo , da Costa José A.T. Borges
Published: June 2013

A mean-shift clustering (MSC) algorithm is introduced as a valuable alternative to perform materials phase classification from multispectral images. As opposed to other multivariate statistical techniques, such as factor analysis or principal component analysis (PCA), clustering techniques directly assign a class label to each pixel, so that their outputs are phase segmented images, i.e., there is no need for an additional segmentation algorithm. On the other hand, as compared to other clustering procedures and classification methods, such as segmentation by thresholding of multiple spectral components, MSC has the advantages of not requiring previous knowledge of the number of data clusters and not assuming any shape for these clusters, i.e., neither the number nor the composition of the phases must be previously known. This makes MSC a particularly useful tool for exploratory research, assisting phase identification of unknown samples. Visualization and interpretation of the results are also simplified, since the information content of the output image does not depend on the particular choice of the content of the color channels. We applied MSC to the analysis of two sets of X-ray maps acquired in scanning electron microscopes equipped with energy-dispersive detection systems. Our results indicate that MSC is capable of detecting additional phases, not clearly identified through PCA or multiple thresholding, with a very low empirical reject rate.
Development of Intuitive Statics
Authors: Krist Horst
Published: June 2013

Previous research on the development of intuitive statics has revealed that preschoolers’ ability to judge the stability of asymmetrically shaped objects is severely limited ( Krist, 2010 ). To overrule the objection that this limitation is caused by extraneous task demands, the original task was simplified by eliminating the need to judge the stability of varied objects consecutively in a series of trials. Three- and 4-year-old children (N = 65) were presented with L-shaped blocks either sufficiently supported by a platform or not. In six experimental trials, children had to judge whether the respective block would fall if released. In agreement with previous results, children exhibited great difficulties judging the stability of the asymmetrically shaped objects. Only 4-year-olds performed reliably above chance, whereas 3-year-olds answered at a chance level. It could thus be confirmed that preschoolers’ difficulties judging the stability of asymmetrically shaped objects are not merely due to extraneous task demands.
Beyond weight loss: a review of the therapeutic uses of very-low-carbohydrate (ketogenic) diets
Authors: Paoli A , Rubini A , Volek J S , Grimaldi K A
Published: June 2013

Very-low-carbohydrate diets or ketogenic diets have been in use since the 1920s as a therapy for epilepsy and can, in some cases, completely remove the need for medication. From the 1960s onwards they have become widely known as one of the most common methods for obesity treatment. Recent work over the last decade or so has provided evidence of the therapeutic potential of ketogenic diets in many pathological conditions, such as diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, acne, neurological diseases, cancer and the amelioration of respiratory and cardiovascular disease risk factors. The possibility that modifying food intake can be useful for reducing or eliminating pharmaceutical methods of treatment, which are often lifelong with significant side effects, calls for serious investigation. This review revisits the meaning of physiological ketosis in the light of this evidence and considers possible mechanisms for the therapeutic actions of the ketogenic diet on different diseases. The present review also questions whether there are still some preconceived ideas about ketogenic diets, which may be presenting unnecessary barriers to their use as therapeutic tools in the physician’s hand.
Polynitroxylated-Pegylated Hemoglobin Attenuates Fluid Requirements and Brain Edema in Combined Traumatic Brain Injury Plus Hemorrhagic Shock in Mice
Authors: Brockman Erik C , Bayir Hülya , Blasiole Brian , Shein Steven L , Fink Ericka L , Dixon C Edward , Clark Robert SB , Vagni Vincent A , Ma Li , Hsia Carleton JC , Tisherman Samuel A , Kochanek Patrick M
Published: June 2013

Polynitroxylated-pegylated hemoglobin (PNPH), a bovine hemoglobin decorated with nitroxide and polyethylene glycol moieties, showed neuroprotection vs. lactated Ringer’s (LR) in experimental traumatic brain injury plus hemorrhagic shock (TBI + HS). Hypothesis: Resuscitation with PNPH will reduce intracranial pressure (ICP) and brain edema and improve cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) vs. LR in experimental TBI + HS. C57/BL6 mice ( n = 20) underwent controlled cortical impact followed by severe HS to mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 25 to 27 mm Hg for 35 minutes. Mice ( n = 10/group) were then resuscitated with a 20 mL/kg bolus of 4% PNPH or LR followed by 10 mL/kg boluses targeting MAP > 70 mm Hg for 90 minutes. Shed blood was then reinfused. Intracranial pressure was monitored. Mice were killed and %brain water (%BW) was measured (wet/dry weight). Mice resuscitated with PNPH vs. LR required less fluid (26.0 ± 0.0 vs. 167.0 ± 10.7 mL/kg, P < 0.001) and had a higher MAP (79.4 ± 0.40 vs. 59.7 ± 0.83 mm Hg, P < 0.001). The PNPH-treated mice required only 20 mL/kg while LR-resuscitated mice required multiple boluses. The PNPH-treated mice had a lower peak ICP (14.5 ± 0.97 vs. 19.7 ± 1.12 mm Hg, P = 0.002), higher CPP during resuscitation (69.2 ± 0.46 vs. 45.5 ± 0.68 mm Hg, P < 0.001), and lower %BW vs. LR (80.3 ± 0.12 vs. 80.9 ± 0.12%, P = 0.003). After TBI + HS, resuscitation with PNPH lowers fluid requirements, improves ICP and CPP, and reduces brain edema vs. LR, supporting its development.
Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation Improves Neurologic Recovery and Attenuates White Matter Injury after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Pu Hongjian , Guo Yanling , Zhang Wenting , Huang Lanting , Wang Guohua , Liou Anthony K , Zhang Jia , Zhang Pengyue , Leak Rehana K , Wang Yun , Chen Jun , Gao Yanqin
Published: June 2013

Dietary supplementation with omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids is a safe, economical mean of preventive medicine that has shown protection against several neurologic disorders. The present study tested the hypothesis that this method is protective against controlled cortical impact (CCI). Indeed, mice fed with ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-enriched diet for 2 months exhibited attenuated short and long-term behavioral deficits due to CCI. Although ω-3 PUFAs did not decrease cortical lesion volume, these fatty acids did protect against hippocampal neuronal loss after CCI and reduced pro-inflammatory response. Interestingly, ω-3 PUFAs prevented the loss of myelin basic protein (MPB), preserved the integrity of the myelin sheath, and maintained the nerve fiber conductivity in the CCI model. ω-3 PUFAs also directly protected oligodendrocyte cultures from excitotoxicity and blunted the microglial activation-induced death of oligodendrocytes in microglia/oligodendrocyte cocultures. In sum, ω-3 PUFAs elicit multifaceted protection against behavioral dysfunction, hippocampal neuronal loss, inflammation, and loss of myelination and impulse conductivity. The present report is the first demonstration that ω-3 PUFAs protect against white matter injury in vivo and in vitro. The protective impact of ω-3 PUFAs supports the clinical use of this dietary supplement as a prophylaxis against traumatic brain injury and other nervous system disorders.
Modeling and Simulation Workbench for NONMEM: Tutorial on Pirana, PsN, and Xpose
Authors: Keizer RJ , Karlsson MO , Hooker A
Published: June 2013

Several software tools are available that facilitate the use of the NONMEM software and extend its functionality. This tutorial shows how three commonly used and freely available tools, Pirana, PsN, and Xpose, form a tightly integrated workbench for modeling and simulation with NONMEM. During the tutorial, we provide some guidance on what diagnostics we consider most useful in pharmacokinetic model development and how to construct them using these tools.

CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2013) 2, e50; doi:10.1038/psp.2013.24; advance online publication 26 June 2013