bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE INFLUENCE OF BIOS ON NODULE BACTERIA AND LEGUMES: B. INFLUENCE OF CRUDE BIOS PREPARATIONS ON ACID PRODUCTION BY STRAINS OF RHIZOBIUM TRIFOLII
Authors: Laird D. G. , West P. M.
Published: April 2011

Certain components of Wildiers' Bios complex, fractionated and concentrated according to the procedure of Miller and co-workers, were found capable of replacing the stimulative action of yeast extract on strains of Rhizobium trifolii, as measured by acid production. Bios I was inactive, while Bios II B, V, and II A possessed definite activity, the potency of the fractions increasing in the order named. Moreover, the ability of these fractions to increase hydrolysis of urea by urease was in direct proportion to the stimulative effect exerted by them on the Rhizobia. These effects could not be brought about in synthetic media by the addition of crystalline vitamin B1, nicotinic acid, uracil, choline, β-alanine, carnosine, β-indole acetic and β-indole butyric acids, glutathione, cysteine and vitamin C.
VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN BARLEYS AND MALTS: I. NITROGEN DISTRIBUTION AMONG PROTEIN FRACTIONS OF BARLEY
Authors: Anderson J. Ansel , Ayre C. Alan
Published: April 2011

Determinations of total nitrogen and nitrogen fractions were made on 144 samples of barley representing 12 varieties grown at each of 12 widely separated experimental stations in Canada.A highly significant positive correlation between alcohol-soluble protein nitrogen and total nitrogen was found both within and between varieties. No correlation between total nitrogen and other nitrogen fractions was found between varieties; but significant positive correlations were found within varieties, that for insoluble protein nitrogen being considerably higher than those for total salt-soluble nitrogen, salt-soluble protein nitrogen, and non-protein nitrogen. With increasing total nitrogen, the proportion in salt-soluble form decreases, that in alcohol-soluble form increases, and that in insoluble form remains relatively constant. The results thus offer further support for Bishop's "Protein regularity principle".Mean varietal differences were found with respect to each nitrogen fraction, but elucidation of differences in nitrogen distribution patterns was complicated by the effect of varietal differences in total nitrogen content. Statistical analyses demonstrated the validity of eliminating this effect by adjusting varietal means for fractions to values corresponding to equal total nitrogen contents. When this was done it was found: that the three two-rowed varieties (Charlottetown 80, Hannchen, and Victory) were higher in alcohol-soluble protein nitrogen and lower in insoluble protein nitrogen than any of the six-rowed varieties; and that the four smooth-awned six-rowed varieties (Nobarb, Regal, Velvet, and Wisconsin 38) were lower in total salt-soluble nitrogen and higher in insoluble nitrogen than any of the rough-awned six-rowed varieties (O.A.C. 21, Mensury, Ott. 60, Olli, Peatland, and Pontiac). Owing to the variation between varieties within classes, and the small number of varieties studied, the average differences between the three classes are not statistically significant. Nevertheless, since by comparison with the rough-awned six-rowed varieties, the two-rowed varieties yield higher malt extracts, and the four smooth-awned varieties yield lower malt extracts and are lower in enzymatic activity, the indications of a possible relation between nitrogen distribution and malting quality are interesting.
A STUDY OF THE MECHANISM OF FROST INJURY TO PLANTS
Authors: Siminovitch D. , Scarth G. W.
Published: April 2011

Observations in a micro-freezing apparatus of isolated tissues of the cortex of hardy and non-hardy plants of Catalpa and Cornus species, and of the epidermis of red cabbage, reveal that there are two modes of freezing of plant cells, intracellular and extracellular.In intracellular freezing, ice crystals form first in the protoplasm and then in the vacuole. In extracellular freezing, ice forms outside the cells from water in the cells. The resulting dehydration of the cell causes its collapse, the opposite walls coming together and squeezing the contents to the periphery. Intracellular freezing is fatal to all cells by visible mechanical disruption of the protoplasm and vacuole. It is facilitated by rapid freezing and occurs less easily and less frequently in hardy tissues and in trees and shrubs than in non-hardy and herbaceous tissues. Extracellular freezing induced through slow cooling is fatal to all unhardy cells in trees and herbs at all temperatures below the freezing point, and to cells of hardy cabbage only at − 10 °C. to − 15 °C., but not to cells of hardy trees and shrubs.Both types of ice formation have been observed in intact plants of red cabbage frozen in a refrigerator.The behavior of hardened plants shows that intracellular freezing tends to be prevented in them by an increased permeability to water. In regard to extracellular freezing, from the behavior of the cells on freezing and in micrurgy, a mechanical injury hypothesis is presented.
FRACTIONAL SOLUBILITY OF GLUTEN IN SODIUM SALICYLATE SOLUTIONS
Authors: Spencer E. Y. , McCalla A. G.
Published: April 2011

The amount of gluten protein dispersed by sodium salicylate solution is proportional to the concentration of the salt, while the completeness of extraction with any concentration depends on the penetration of the salicylate solution into the gluten particles. The higher concentrations (5 to 10%) penetrate rapidly because they disperse most of the protein and automatically expose fresh surface for attack. The lower concentrations penetrate slowly unless the non-dispersed protein is occasionally removed by vigorous stirring or shaking. The amount of protein in dispersed form in any specific concentration of salicylate is the same whether determined by extraction or by dilution of a dispersion in 8% salicylate.The amide nitrogen of protein fractions obtained by fractional solubility is the same as that of corresponding fractions obtained by precipitation. Results confirm an earlier conclusion that, except for the most soluble 15%, gluten protein consists of a single complex that can be progressively fractionated.
EFFECT OF PHYTOHORMONE DUSTS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF WINTER WHEAT VARIETIES
Authors: McRostie G. P. , Hopkins J. W. , Grace N. H.
Published: April 2011

Various concentrations of indolyl- and naphthylacetic acids were applied to ten varieties of winter wheat prior to planting in a replicated field trial, one-half of each plot receiving seed dusted with Ceresan plus phytohormone, and the other half receiving an equal quantity of seed of the same variety dusted with Ceresan only.Some differences between the hormone-treated and untreated sub-plots in respect of early growth and subsequent density of stand were apparent to visual inspection. There were also statistically significant differences in respect of straw production, and of yield, weight per bushel, and nitrogen content of grain. The effects on grain yield were complicated by the differential response of varieties to the same treatment, and at the higher concentrations some depressions of yield resulted. On the average both chemicals tended slightly to reduce the nitrogen content of the grain produced.The results as a whole seem to demonstrate the physiological activity of both substances tested when applied in this way. Further investigation of dosages, varietal characteristics, and seasonal effects, however, will be required before general conclusions can be reached.
ANALYSIS OF FLUCTUATIONS IN THE ACTIVITY OF INSECTS. A STUDY ON THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER, PYRAUSTA NUBILALIS HUBN.
Authors: Beall Geoffrey
Published: April 2011

The numbers of moths in flight, from night to night, over areas on which observations were made concurrently, show high correlations, although catch on non-contiguous areas differed more than would have been expected by chance. Polynomials of the fourth degree were found the most satisfactory relations to fit in determining seasonal trend of flight for each year.The relations between numbers of moths in flight and physical conditions in the evening were investigated by the variate-difference procedure, using first differences. The numbers of moths and evening temperature showed a consistent moderate positive correlation. The numbers of moths and daily maximum temperature were positively correlated but the partial correlation, holding evening temperature constant, showed no relationship. The numbers of moths and evening humidity were not correlated, either simply, or as a partial correlation holding evening temperature constant. The numbers of moths and evening wind velocity, both simply and as a partial correlation holding evening temperature constant, showed a consistent moderate negative correlation.For the relation between temperature and activity two successive approximations to a polynomial of the third degree were fitted jointly to all years. For temperatures below 60° F. there was no appreciable activity on the part of the moths Activity increased with rise in temperature, although less rapidly as temperature became high. In general, activity at a given temperature was greater as the temperature of the preceding day was low.
INVESTIGATIONS ON TRICHINOSIS IN CANADA: I. A PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF THE INCIDENCE OF TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS IN HOGS IN EASTERN CANADA
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M.
Published: April 2011

In a preliminary survey during 1937, 729 hogs from eastern Canada were examined by both digestion and compression techniques. Fifteen or 2.06% were found to be infected with living encysted larvae of Trichinella spiralis.
EFFECT OF PRECOOLING AND RATE OF FREEZING ON THE QUALITY OF DRESSED POULTRY
Authors: Sair L. , Cook W. H.
Published: April 2011

The rate at which poultry is frozen has been shown to have no effect on the number of bacteria present, and little, if any, effect on the extent of surface desiccation or development of visceral taint. The development of taint appears to depend primarily on the period during which the product is held at temperatures above the freezing point, and little advantage is gained by freezing promptly after slaughter, since taint development occurs during thawing.A quantitative study of the amount of fluid exuded (drip) after freezing and thawing whole birds shows that, regardless of the rate of freezing, the whole bird does not drip. Freezing does change the condition of the water in the muscle, however, since drip can be obtained from minced meat after freezing. If minced meat is frozen within 3 hours of slaughter, the amount of drip is somewhat variable but apparently independent of the rate of freezing. If the birds are stored for 24 hours or more at 0 °C., prior to freezing, the typical curved relation between the amount of drip and the freezing rate is obtained, the drip decreasing as the freezing rate increases.Using a constant rate of freezing (2.5 hours to pass from 0° to − 5 °C.), the amount of drip decreases as the storage time prior to freezing is increased. During storage at 0 °C., the greatest decrease occurs during the first day, but continues for periods up to 2 weeks. At 10 °C., little decrease occurs during the first 5 days, after which it decreases slowly until the product spoils. The amount of drip obtained at a given rate of freezing appears to be proportional to the amount of fluid obtained from the unfrozen material, showing that the drip is determined by the condition of the water in the original minced muscle. There were some indications that the state of the water in the tissue was partly determined by the pH, but the results were not conclusive.
VIBRATIONS ON POWER LINES IN A STEADY WIND: VI. FORCED VIBRATIONS OF UNIFORM STRINGS AND OF STRINGS WITH STRENGTHENED ENDS UNDER THE ACTION OF UNIFORM PERIODIC FORCES
Authors: Ruedy R.
Published: April 2011

A study of the complete equation expressing the action of a driving force, periodic in time but constant throughout the length of the string and opposed by a damping force proportional to the velocity, leads to formulae suitable for the practical calculation of the shape of standing waves that are produced by a plane wave of sound or by a steady wind. At resonance the amplitude at the midpoint of a uniform string set into a plane wave of sound is proportional to the diameter, to the square root of the intensity of the wave (G erg per sq. cm. per sec.), and inversely proportional to the order of the overtone and to the square root of the frequency. Damping causes the lag between force and motion to differ from point to point, particularly near the nodes, so that even at resonance the wave pattern is not rigorously stationary. On the average, the lag increases from the value zero, obtained when the ratio v/v0 between applied frequency and fundamental frequency is zero, to ±π/2 when v/v0 = 1, increases again from −π/2 through 0 at v/v0 = 2, to π/2 at v/v0 = 3, and so on.
THE ELASTIC EXTENSIBILITY OF MUSCLE
Authors: Brisbin George W. F. , Allen Frank
Published: April 2011

Measurements of the extensibility of muscles and other tissues were first made, as far as the authors are aware, by Wertheim in 1846. He proposed for them a hyperbolic law of elasticity of the form: y2 = ax2 + bx. Further measurements were made at much later dates by Marey and by Howell, who did not attach to them any mathematical law of elasticity.The present writers have investigated the elasticity of muscles again, and have found that their own data, as well as those of previous investigators, conform to the logarithmic law,[Formula: see text]where E is the extension, W the stretching force, and k and c are constants.This law is found to hold for muscles both striped and plain, and for nerve tissue. It seems to be true for all tissues except bone which, according to Wertheim, follows Hooke's law of elasticity for inorganic elastic matter.
THE RESONANT RADIAL FREQUENCIES OF A CYLINDER OF ANY WALL THICKNESS
Authors: Field G. S.
Published: April 2011

Equations have been derived for the resonance radial frequencies of a cylinder of any wall thickness. For the degenerate case of the internal radius equal to zero, the equations are shown to reduce to those previously given for a solid rod. For a cylinder with a very thin wall, the frequency equation becomes very simple, but contains an additional factor compared with the equation usually given for a thin-walled cylinder. It is suggested that the two cases correspond to slightly different types of vibration, and that the one considered in this paper is physically more likely.
TRANSMISSION OF SOUND THROUGH THIN PLATES
Authors: Sanders F. H.
Published: April 2011

The transmission of high frequency sound through plates of brass and nickel has been studied for angles of incidence ranging from 0 to 70 degrees, using effective plate thicknesses varying from one-twentieth of a wave-length to one wave-length. In addition to strong transmissions in the region below the normal critical angle, very sharp and intense transmission maxima are observed at angles of incidence greatly in excess of the critical angle. These transmission maxima fall within three clearly denned angular regions: (i) angles between zero and the critical angle for longitudinal waves; (ii) angles between the critical angle for longitudinal waves and the critical angle for transverse waves; and (iii) angles above the critical angle for transverse waves. In Regions (i) and (ii) the observed data are in satisfactory agreement with a recent theory advanced by Reissner, and good values of the elastic constants are obtained. By an extension of Lamb's theory for flexural vibrations in bars the results in Region (iii) can be interpreted.
DESCRIPTION OF A PRESSURE CELL FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF EARTH PRESSURE
Authors: Morrison I. F. , Cornish W. E.
Published: April 2011

The vibrating wire method for measuring strains is used to determine the pressure applied to an earth pressure cell. The construction of the cell, the principle on which it acts, and electrical circuits are described.
EXPERIMENTAL COMPARISON OF SHUNT- AND SERIES-EXCITATION OF A HIGH, UNIFORM CROSS-SECTION, VERTICAL RADIATOR
Authors: MacKinnon K. A.
Published: April 2011

This paper presents the results of experiments with shunt- and series-excitation of a 0.55 wave, uniform cross-section, vertical radiator. Both unattenuated field strength at one mile and fading characteristics at remote points were determined for each mode of excitation. Whilst Morrison and Smith have already done similar work with a non-uniform cross-section tower, this is the first attempt to examine the fading of a uniform cross-section tower excited in the two modes.
THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE SORPTION OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE ON WOOD
Authors: Lusby G. R. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The sorption of sodium hydroxide on black spruce has been measured at 20°, 50°, and 75 °C., and was found not to change very much between 20° and 75°. An increase in temperature causes the break in the sorption curve to occur at a higher concentration of alkali. Cooking action begins between 50° and 75°, and tends to obscure the effect of an increase in temperature above 50°.
THE HEAT CONTENT OF WATER ADSORBED ON CELLULOSE
Authors: Shipley J. H. , Campbell W. Boyd , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The heat capacity of water adsorbed on cellulose has been measured by means of a new type of adiabatic calorimeter and a new experimental technique. Measurements have been made with 2, 4, 8, and 12% adsorbed water over the temperature range − 35° to + 25 °C. with considerable accuracy. A mechanism, that of a change in the amount of bound water with the temperature, has been suggested to explain the high values obtained for the apparent specific heats of adsorbed water.
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARIACEOUS PLANTS: XIX. CORYDALIS OPHIOCARPA HOOK. f. ET THOMS
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

Nine alkaloids have been isolated from Corydalis ophiocarpa only one of which, ophiocarpine, C20H21O5N (F39), is definitely characterized as new. It is a hydroxy-canadine in which the hydroxy group probably occurs in position 13. A second alkaloid, which may be new, is referred to as alkaloid F40. Berberine, its tetrahydro-derivative, namely l-canadine, and l-corypalmine constitute the remaining protoberberine alkaloids that were found. The presence of l-adlumine was established. This is the third plant from which it has been isolated. In addition, protopine, α-allocryptopine and cryptocavine, all of which contain the ten-membered ring characteristic of the first, were isolated.
2,3-DIPHENYLBUTADIENE-1,3
Authors: Allen C. F. H. , Eliot C. G. , Bell A.
Published: April 2011

2,3-Diphenylbutadiene has been prepared and its behaviour in addition reactions investigated. It forms a 1,4-dibromide, a 1,4-monobromide by addition of one molecule of hydrogen bromide, is reducible to the saturated hydrocarbon, combines with oxides of nitrogen to form two isomeric dinitrobutenes, and couples with diazonium compounds. In the diene synthesis, products have been secured from maleic anhydride, acetylene dicarboxylic ester, quinone, and α-naphthoquinone. In so far as comparable reactions have been examined, 2,3-diphenylbutadiene resembles 2,3-dimethylbutadiene in the types of products formed by addition. Certain discrepancies recorded in the literature among related dibromides have been cleared up.
A STUDY OF THE MECHANISM AND KINETICS OF THE SULPHITE PROCESS
Authors: Calhoun J. M. , Yorston F. H. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The rate of delignification of resin extracted spruce wood-meal has been determined in calcium-base sulphite liquor at temperatures from 130 °C. down to 50 °C. No break was found in the temperature coefficient curve at the lower temperatures, the reaction following the Arrhenius equation closely. Possible mechanisms of the reaction are discussed in the light of existing theories, and the effect of temperature on the yield of pulp is pointed out for its practical interest.
NOTE ON THE MOUNTING OF SMALL METAL SPECIMENS IN RESIN PLAQUES
Authors: Hopkins C. Y.
Published: April 2011

not available
THE PRODUCTION OF ETHANE, QUINHYDRONE, AND POTASSIUM CUPRIC CYANIDE BY A-C. ELECTROLYSIS
Authors: Shipley J. W. , Rogers M. T.
Published: April 2011

The quantitative production, of ethane, quinhydrone, and potassium cupric cyanide by a-c. electrolysis was studied in respect to conditions affecting yield. It was found that a good yield (about 90%) of quinhydrone was obtained by a-c. electrolysis, at low frequency and moderately high current density, of an aqueous solution of hydroquinone. This method of preparation has a distinct advantage in respect to space-time yield over the method of d-c. electrolysis. The current yield of potassium cupric cyanide at low current density (0.3 to 1.0 amp. per cm.2) using a.c. was in the neighbourhood of 88%. A-c. electrolysis was not found to indicate any particular advantage over d-c. electrolysis, as far as could be ascertained by comparing the ethane efficiency of the two processes.
s-DIPHENYLGUANIDINE AS AN ACIDMETRIC STANDARD
Authors: Young J. W.
Published: April 2011

s-Diphenylguanidine may be purified by recrystallization to provide a satisfactory acidmetric standard. The results of titration of an alcoholic solution of the base to pH 5.2 for N acid or 5.6 for N/10 acid agree within experimental error with values obtained with sodium carbonate or borax. Three methods of preparing borax containing exactly 10 molecules of water of crystallization have been compared, viz., drying over sodium bromide, drying over a saturated solution of sugar and salt, and washing with alcohol and ether. Satisfactory products resulted, but they were found to be unstable on storage. Sodium bicarbonate has been found to be stable on long storage. The density of s-diphenylguanidine at 20 °C. was found to be 1.19.
2: 2′-BIQUINOLYL—A REAGENT FOR COPPER
Authors: Breckenridge J. G. , Lewis R. W. J. , Quick L. A.
Published: April 2011

2:2′-Biquinolyl, prepared by catalytic dehydrogenation of quinoline, has been found to give a purple colour with the cuprous ion under certain conditions. The colour reaction is sensitive, specific for copper, and the intensity of the colour produced follows Beer's law. A procedure has been worked out for the detection and estimation of copper, the smallest amount of copper detectable being 1 part in 100,000,000. Stable complexes with cupric copper and cobalt have also been prepared.
MICROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUE: III. SEMI-MICRO PREPARATION AND PURIFICATION OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES
Authors: Wright George F.
Published: April 2011

Several devices convenient in semi-micro preparation and purification of organic substances are described. A modified side-arm test tube is suggested as of general utility in microchemical laboratory technique.
THE REMOVAL OF FLUORINE FROM ALBERTA WATERS
Authors: Walker Osman James , Finlay Gordon Roy , Harris Walter Edgar
Published: April 2011

The fluorine removing capacities of a large number of materials have been investigated. Many of these have been found to have little or no effect on the fluorine content of the water, while others have lowered the fluorine content but not enough to prevent mottling of the teeth.Two materials, specially prepared aluminium oxide and freshly precipitated aluminium phosphate, have been examined and have been found to be equal to, or better than, other materials which have been proposed previously. These two have been compared with activated alumina, tricalcium phosphate, and magnesium oxide, materials reported upon by other writers.Experiments on these have been carried out using the filtration technique and the stirring and standing technique with good results.A commercial defluorite unit, containing tricalcium phosphate, supplied by the National Aluminate Corporation, has been tried out at three points in Alberta and found to have a high fluorine removing capacity.
A NEW VACUUM ADIABATIC CALORIMETER
Authors: Adams A. B. , Brown R. S. , Barnes W. H. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

A new adiabatic calorimeter is described in which transfer of the material under investigation from the thermostat to the calorimeter is effected through an evacuated space.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE STUDY OF VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN THE MALTING QUALITY OF BARLEY. PART IV
Authors: Sallans Henry R. , Anderson J. Ansel
Published: April 2011

An investigation was undertaken to compare the relative magnitudes of the differential effects of environment (i.e., stations) and of malting methods on the malting quality of barley varieties. Samples of Olli, O.A.C. 21, Hannchen, and Regal from four stations were malted by eight methods representing the combinations of germinating at 50° and 56° F., at 42 and 46% moisture, and for six and nine days.Statistical analyses showed that, with respect to diastatic activity, wort nitrogen, and extract yield, the variations due to the differential effect of environment on varieties were greater than the variations due to the differential effect of malting methods on varieties. As a result of this study and earlier ones, it appears that the former effect is the limiting factor in studies of the comparative malting qualities of varieties. The latter effect is of less importance but must be kept in mind if errors in the interpretation of the results of routine tests are to be avoided. In general, it appears that if routine tests show that the mean values for any variety, when grown at 12 stations representing a reasonable range of environment, differ from the values for the standard variety by more than 1% in extract, or 10% in diastatic activity or wort nitrogen, a real difference exists between the varieties, which cannot be overcome by any reasonable change in malting conditions.
NOTES ON MEALY BUG INJURY ON STRAWBERRY AND ITS RESEMBLANCE TO CRINKLE
Authors: Hildebrand A. A.
Published: April 2011

Mealy bugs, Pseudococcus sp., (or spp.) have been shown to be primarily responsible for symptoms which for a number of years have been appearing on strawberry plants grown in the greenhouse, and which in certain respects bear strong resemblance to those of plants affected with the virus disease, Crinkle. The symptoms of the two troubles show similarity, not only in the occurrence on younger leaves of small, circular to irregularly-shaped translucent spots with more intensely chlorotic central portions, but also in the unevenly chlorotic character and malformation of older leaves and in the ultimate general dwarfing of heavily infested plants.
A MUTATION FOR PATHOGENICITY IN PUCCINIA GRAMINIS TRITICI
Authors: Newton Margaret , Johnson Thorvaldur
Published: April 2011

A pathogenic change, explainable only on the assumption of mutation, has occurred in a uredial culture of race 52 of Puccinia graminis Tritici, which had previously remained constant in pathogenicity for nearly two years. The mutation appears to have taken place during a six-month period of storage of the urediospores in a refrigerator maintained at a temperature of about 8 °C. When cultured in the greenhouse, at the end of this period, the rust appeared to be a mixture of race 52 and a hitherto undescribed physiologic race, with the latter predominating. The original culture was left in storage for a further period of four months, after which it gave rise to a pure culture of the new race without any indication of the presence of race 52. The new race has been assigned the number 178.
RESPONSES OF DORMANT CUTTINGS OF LONICERA TARTARICA TO SOLUTIONS OF CANE SUGAR AND INDOLYLACETIC ACID
Authors: Grace N. H.
Published: April 2011

Cuttings of dormant Lonicera tartarica, collected in March, were treated with a factorial series of indolylacetic acid and cane sugar solutions. Indolylacetic acid was used at concentrations of 0, 10, 50, and 100 p.p.m., while cane sugar was present at 0, 1, 5, and 10%. Indolylacetic acid treatment greatly increased the percentage of cuttings rooted, the number and length of roots per rooted cutting, the fresh root weight and the green weight of leaf produced. Cane sugar treatment alone or in combination with indolylacetic acid failed to show any significant effects, suggesting that dormant cuttings of this plant have an adequate reserve of carbohydrate material.Apart from a somewhat greater effect of treatment on the percentage of rooting, the results are in essential agreement with those previously secured from dormant October cuttings. In comparison with a parallel experiment on the dusting of March cuttings propagated in the same frame, solution treatment had the greater effect on all the responses considered except green weight of leaf produced, which was greater following dusting.
VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN BARLEYS AND MALTS: VII. STARCH-LIQUEFYING ACTIVITY, AUTOLYTIC DIASTATIC ACTIVITY AND THEIR CORRELATIONS WITH SACCHARIFYING AND PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITY
Authors: Sallans Henry R. , Anderson J. Ansel
Published: April 2011

Determinations made on 144 samples of malt, representing 12 varieties grown at 12 experimental stations in Canada, show that varietal differences exist with respect to starch liquefying activity (max. 768, min. 275 units) and autolytic diastatic activity (max. 958, min. 664 units). Varieties of poor malting quality tend to be low with respect to both properties. The effect of environment is also considerable (liquefying, max. 510, min. 288; autolytic, max. 806, min. 704).The correlation coefficients among liquefying, autolytic diastatic, saccharifying, and proteolytic activities of malt and total barley saccharifying activity were studied. Significant inter-varietal associations exist between each pair of properties, but partial correlation studies suggest that only those between saccharifying activities of barley and malt (r = 0.90), and between liquefying and autolytic activities of malt (r = 0.97), represent real and close relations. The other associations between pairs of enzymatic activities seem to reflect mainly positive correlations between each activity and total salt-soluble nitrogen in the barleys.Significant intra-varietal associations exist between each pair of enzymatic activities, and between each activity and total barley nitrogen. It appears that environmental factors which tend to increase total nitrogen also tend to increase each enzymatic activity, but these do not increase regularly with respect to each other and are not closely related. Partial correlations independent of total nitrogen suggest that only barley and malt saccharifying activities (r = 0.67) and liquefying and autolytic activities of malt (r = 0.63) are related within varieties.It appears that the rate of autolysis in samples of different varieties from the same station is controlled almost entirely by starch liquefying activity, but the latter property is not the limiting factor controlling autolysis in samples of the same variety from different stations. Within varieties some other factor, presumably starch resistance, must play an important part.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND SUNLIGHT ON THE RATE OF ELONGATION OF STEMS OF MAIZE AND GLADIOLUS
Authors: McCalla A. G. , Weir J. R. , Neatby K. W.
Published: April 2011

Measurements of the height of the main stems of maize and gladiolus plants were made at four-hour intervals starting at 4 a.m. The increases in elongation were analyzed statistically, together with mean temperature, hours of sunlight, and mean relative humidity.Partial correlation coefficients showed that there was a highly significant positive association between the rate of stem elongation (growth) and temperature, regardless of the time of day, the variations in temperature accounting for from 40 to 70% of the variability in growth rates. There was likewise a significant negative correlation between growth and sunlight, but sunlight was apparently effective only during the midday periods (8 a.m. to 4 p.m.). The depressing effect of sunlight on the growth of gladiolus was approximately four times as great as on maize. This depressing effect on maize was entirely removed by shading the plants with light white cotton.Variations in relative humidity were only slightly associated with growth rates. No significant effect was observed for any of the periods. It seems possible that these factors might be more important under conditions of deficiency in soil moisture.The approximate minimum temperature at which growth look place was 40° F.
STUDIES IN TREE PHYSIOLOGY: I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION. WATER CONTENTS OF CERTAIN CANADIAN TREES
Authors: Gibbs R. Darnley
Published: April 2011

Previous work by the author on the water contents of Canadian trees is reviewed and followed by a brief discussion of questions yet to be answered.In Betula alba v. papyrifera, in at least the young parts of B. alba v. pendula laciniata, in B. populifolia, and in several sizes of Populus tremuloides, there is a marked seasonal rhythm in water content. The maximum is at leaf opening, the minimum at leaf fall. In poplar but not in birch there is a very high water content in December. During winter a considerable loss of water may occur. A winter loss is shown also by the wood of hemlock and larch and by twigs and leaves of white pine and hemlock. Losses from leaves are surprisingly small.The behaviour of B. populifolia has been studied for more than three years, and differences have been correlated with observations on weather conditions. Experimental work on movement of water in this species during winter is inconclusive. This work continues.
HYDROIDS OF THE WESTERN CANADIAN ARCTIC REGION, 1935–1937
Authors: Fraser C. McLean
Published: April 2011

not available
THE SECRETION OF CRYSTALLOIDS AND PROTEIN MATERIAL BY THE PANCREAS IN RESPONSE TO SECRETIN ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Komarov S. A. , Langstroth G. O. , McRae D. R.
Published: April 2011

The concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate, and protein and non-protein nitrogen were determined in series of samples of pancreatic juice secreted by dogs in response to (a) constant rate of administration of secretin, (b) varied rate of administration of secretin, and (c) interrupted administration of secretin (rest period, 2 hr.). Spectroscopic as well as chemical methods were used in the analysis of the samples.The data indicate that the membranes of the pancreatic gland offer little resistance to the passage of simple inorganic ions. The compensatory relation between the bicarbonate and chloride concentrations of the secretion is interpreted on the basis of (a) formation of at least part of the bicarbonate within the secretory cells, and (b) the action of membrane forces, probably of an electrical nature. Absorption spectrum studies indicate either (a) that only one type of absorbing protein is present in the secretion, or (b) that if several types are present, they are always secreted in constant proportions whether they are enzymatically active or not. The interpretation of the protein nitrogen and certain other data are given in a subsequent paper.
THE SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION OF PROTEIN MATERIAL BY THE PANCREAS
Authors: Langstroth G. O. , McRae D. R. , Komarov S. A.
Published: April 2011

A mathematical treatment of the process of synthesis of protein material in the pancreas, and its secretion in response to secretin administration, has been developed. It was based on assumptions inferred from experimental data and from analogy with a suggested mechanism for the submaxillary gland, published previously. It leads to expressions that quantitatively describe the protein output in samples of pancreatic juice obtained under widely varied experimental conditions. Inferences concerning the fundamental character of certain glandular mechanisms may be drawn from the treatment. In addition it permits provisional calculation of various factors not directly observable in critical experiments, and suggests further problems in connection with the secretory processes.
INVESTIGATIONS ON TRICHINOSIS IN CANADA: II. A FURTHER SURVEY OF THE INCIDENCE OF TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS IN HOGS IN EASTERN CANADA
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M.
Published: April 2011

During 1937 and 1938, 2,000 hogs from eastern Canada were examined for cysts of Trichina. Fifteen or 0.75% were infected.
FOOD OF DUCKS AND COOTS AT SWAN LAKE, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Munro J. A.
Published: April 2011

A study of the autumn food habits of ducks and coots at Swan lake, British Columbia, based on the examination of 136 stomachs and on co-related field work, indicates the following conclusions: pond ducks had eaten 78% plant material, 12% Chara, and 10% animal organisms; the food of diving ducks was 65% plant material, 31% Chara, and 15% animal matter; while that of coots was 97% Chara and 3% plant material. Chara is the dominant growth in the lake. It is produced in unlimited quantities so that the food requirements of coots do not seriously compete with those of ducks.
THE PERMEABILITY OF BUILDING PAPERS TO WATER VAPOUR
Authors: Babbitt J. D.
Published: April 2011

Some measurements on the permeability of various types of building papers to water vapour are reported, with a short discussion of the efficiency of the various papers as vapour barriers.
THE DETERMINATION OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF FLUORINE IN WATER
Authors: Walker Osman James , Finlay Gordon Roy
Published: April 2011

In the survey of Alberta waters in which fluorine content is compared with the prevalence of mottled teeth, the titration method and the colorimetric method for determining fluorine have not always given comparable results. Good results with the titration method are obtained when distillation is carried out with perchloric acid instead of with sulphuric acid. It was found that the colorimetric method is affected by more than 2 p.p.m. of phosphate, aluminium, or ferric ions, and by over 120 p.p.m. of sulphate ions. Moderate amounts of manganous, ferrous, silicate, chloride, and sodium ions do not interfere. When the water contains over 2 p.p.m. of phosphate, aluminium, or ferric ions, or if the water is coloured, the titration method is used. A scheme for correcting for sulphate ions is proposed. The titration method and the colorimetric method used in this laboratory for determining fluorine in waters are given in detail.
GELATION PHENOMENA IN WHEAT FLOUR FILMS
Authors: Hamilton J. D.
Published: April 2011

Empirical equations describing the behaviour of wheat protein films studied by means of the hydrophil balance technique are presented. Evidence is given which shows that the protein forms a gel when the film area is decreased and that degelation occurs when the area is expanded. A theoretical picture of gel structure is developed to account for the phenomena characteristic of gelation and degelation. Two major assumptions are used: the protein micelles in the gelled condition and in the film stage are in equilibrium only when the film micelles are close packed and oriented in such a position that the binding force between the film micelles and the aqueous substrate is perpendicular to the water surface. From these assumptions the general form of the gel term is deduced and it is then shown that gels in the form of logarithmic spirals satisfy the physical and theoretical conditions.
THE REACTION OF POLYSTYRENES WITH BROMINE
Authors: Marion Léo
Published: April 2011

The quantitative determination of the absorption by polystyrenes of oxygen from benzoyl hydrogen peroxide yields low results in all cases. The action of bromine on polystyrenes is a function of the concentration. With relatively higher concentrations of bromine the values obtained for added bromine are often negative. With more dilute solutions the added bromine always has a real value although it is never more than half the theoretical value and often less. In this case also the substituted bromine is low. The results obtained with the more dilute solutions of bromine might be interpreted by the assumption that polystyrenes are mixtures of saturated and unsaturated individuals, if conclusions based on a reaction so thoroughly affected by concentration and yielding in some cases negative values for added bromine were not altogether untrustworthy.
ÉTUDES PHYSICO-CHIMIQUES SUR LES CARBONATES ALCALINS : II. CALCUL DES COEFFICIENTS D'ACTIVITÉ DES CARBONATES DE SODIUM ET DE POTASSIUM, EN SOLUTION AQUEUSE
Authors: Lortie Léon , Demers Pierre
Published: April 2011

not available
HYBRIDIZATION OF TRITICUM AND AGROPYRON: VI. INDUCED FERTILITY IN VERNAL EMMER × A. GLAUCU
Authors: Peto F. H. , Boyes J. W.
Published: April 2011

Colchicine treatments of the seed of a sterile F1 hybrid of Vernal emmer × A. glaucum (2n = 35) induced fertility through chromosome doubling. The F2 plants were exceptionally vigorous, with abundant leafy foliage, and spikes producing an average of 48 seeds each, of which 83% were viable. These amphidiploid plants appear to be perennial, but so far have not been tested for winter hardiness.The establishment of amphidiploid sectors of sufficient size to make possible the production of seed depended on the successful competition of the amphidiploid with the undoubled tissue. Different hybrids varied greatly in this respect. A relation existed between growth vigour of amphidiploid sectors, or plants, and increase in stomatal size on chromosome doubling.Eight of eleven F2 plants possessed 70 chromosomes and the remaining three, 64, 68, and 69. Meiotic studies on five of these plants revealed the formation of 27 to 31 bivalents, 6 to 9 univalents, and occasional trivalents and quadrivalents. Anthers of the amphidiploids dehisced abundant pollen, 94% of which was good, whereas anthers of the undoubled F1 were unable to dehisce and contained only 2% good pollen.
INTERSPECIFIC AND INTERGENERIC CROSSES WITH HORDEUM
Authors: Quincke F. L.
Published: April 2011

Crosses are described between Hordeum jubatum (28 chrom.) × Hordeum vulgare (14 chrom.), H. nodosum (42 chrom.) × H. vulgare, H. vulgare × Secale cereale (14 chrom.), H. jubatum × S. cereale. In the interspecific crosses viable seeds were obtained which produced healthy and vigorous plants. The seeds of the intergeneric crosses did not germinate.
NITRIFICATION UNDER AND AFTER ALFALFA, BROME, TIMOTHY, AND WESTERN RYE GRASS: V. BIOLOGICAL ASSAYS OF HAY CROP RESIDUES
Authors: Newton R. , Young R. S.
Published: April 2011

As part of a study of crop sequence effects, the possible toxicity of fermentation products of crop residues was investigated. Adding residues to soil samples caused stimulation rather than inhibition of nitrification rates in the laboratory. Extracts of the residues fermented for different periods were added to cultures of Penicillium and of wheat plants. Here both toxic and vitamin-like effects were noted, the latter being dominant except in extracts from residues at early stages of decomposition. Effects of both kinds were transitory, but probably significant, a conclusion supported by considerable specificity noted in influence on fungus flora of soil.
CHROMOSOME NUMBER AND BEHAVIOUR IN A PLANT BREEDER'S SAMPLE OF PENTAPLOID WHEAT HYBRID DERIVATIVES
Authors: Love R. Merton
Published: April 2011

Meiosis was studied in Triticum vulgare vars. Marquis, Marquillo, Hope, and R.L. 729, in T. durum var. Iumillo, and in 336 rust resistant selections from their pentaploid hybrids. R.L. 729 contains some plants that are unstable cytologically. In the fifth to seventh generation material, in fifty lines that had been subjected to rigorous selection, plants were found with 28, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, and 43 chromosomes. Less than 42% of the plants had 42 chromosomes—the Vulgare number.Fifty per cent of the plants were heterozygous for the arrangement of one or more chromosome segments. The chromosome aberrations detected were, in order of frequency: inversions, translocations, deficiencies, and duplications. All types of aberration were transmitted from F7to F8in some cases. One chromosome deficient for a complete arm arose from an isochromosome, and one isochromosome arose from a chromosome deficient for a complete arm.The incidence of natural crossing in the aberrant plants is much higher than in normal wheats.It is suggested (1) that plant breeders use as parents only those plants known to be stable cytologically; (2) that a more intensive cytological analysis of hybrid derivatives would be invaluable to the plant breeder; and (3) that the plant breeder should not overlook hybrid derivatives with specific chromosome rearrangements since such plants may be the means of breaking the linkage between "desirable" and "undesirable" genes.
THE RELATION BETWEEN FROST RESISTANCE AND THE PHYSICAL STATE OF PROTOPLASM: I. THE PROTOPLASM AS A WHOLE
Authors: Levitt J. , Siminovitch D.
Published: April 2011

The protoplasm of hardy and non-hardy cells was compared with regard to displacement by centrifuging, rounding-up time on plasmolysis, deplasmolysis injury, rate of Brownian movement, resistance to and recovery from distortion by micromanipulation. The conclusions are: (i) When the cells are in the normally hydrated (i.e., turgid) condition there is either no difference in the consistency of hardy and non-hardy protoplasm, or else it is slightly less m the latter; (ii) when the cells are plasmolysed to the same degree (i.e., with a weaker plasmolyte in the case of the non-hardy) there is no difference in consistency; (iii) when the cells are in equilibrium with one and the same concentration of plasmolyte, the protoplasmal consistency of the non-hardy is greater than that of the hardy; (iv) the non-hardy are more susceptible to mechanical injury.
CANADIAN WILTSHIRE BACON: I. OUTLINE OF INVESTIGATION AND METHODS
Authors: Cook W. H. , White W. H. , Gibbons N. E. , Winkler C. A.
Published: April 2011

This paper introduces an investigation involving bacterial, chemical, and physical measurements on bacon and pickle from 22 packing plants. The objects were to determine the over-all variation occurring in practice, the general sources of the variation, and the specific effect of certain curing practices. Methods employed for shipping the samples, sampling, and analyses are described.It was found that small samples of curing pickle change slightly in nitrite and bacterial content during shipping periods approaching a week's duration, but that these changes are of negligible importance from a practical standpoint if the pickles are kept at temperatures near the freezing point.
CANADIAN WILTSHIRE BACON: VIII. COLOUR OF BACON AND ITS CORRELATION WITH CHEMICAL ANALYSES
Authors: Winkler C. A. , Hopkins J. W. , Thistle M. W.
Published: April 2011

Photoelectric measurements on two factory-cured Wiltshire sides from each of 22 Canadian packing plants, sampled (i) upon receipt at the laboratory, (ii) after storage for 10 days at 1 °C., and (iii) after smoking for 14 hr. at 40 °C., indicated statistically significant differences between individual sides in respect of both total intensity and quality of colour, which would seem to have arisen mainly from differences between plants. The average range of variation between plants was: total intensity, 25%; red intensity, 23%; green, 30%; and blue, 35% of the mean. Differences in colour quality of two types, (i) due to variations in the component intensities which were correlated but not of the same absolute magnitude, and (ii) due to uncorrected variation in the component intensities, were demonstrable.Partial correlation studies led to the deduction of a moderate degree of association between colour quality, and pH and nitrite content, under the conditions of sampling (ii). Increased acidity was accompanied by an enhanced green and a depressed blue intensity. Increased nitrite content also tended to depress blue intensity, but apparently without significantly affecting the green. No correlation between colour and the salt, nitrate or moisture content of the meat was demonstrable.