bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Rule of Law for the Right to Inclusive Education in Indonesia
Authors: Indrasti Maya , Jalil Faridah
Published: January 2021

Indonesia is committed to guarantee the right to education for all citizens without exception. The commitment of Indonesia to Education for All (EFA) leads to the fulfillment of inclusive education policies. The people of Indonesia tend to understand inclusive education as education for people with disabilities. On the other hand, inclusive education has a broader meaning, which does not refer only to special education. Furthermore, it also covers education with special services. The essence of inclusive education is to remove barriers that limit all marginalized learners, to respect diversity and needs, to create patterns of education without discrimination, and ultimately to achieve quality education. People’s understanding leads to questions about inclusive education in legal context, as well as the rules of inclusive education in Indonesia. This paper contains a qualitative study with a historical-doctrinal approach. The study aims to explain the right to inclusive education listed in the rules and regulations in Indonesia and their problems. From the normative point of view, the rules on inclusive education are regulated in the Law Number 8 of 2016 on Persons with Disabilities and the Regulation of the Minister of National Education Number 70 of 2009. Furthermore, the rules of inclusive education can also be found in several other regulations implicitly. Most of the rules have stipulated provisions that include the right to education. Therefore, the Government appears to be progressively realizing the respect, protection, and fulfillment of the right to education, including inclusive education, for all people of Indonesia.
Factors influencing the migration intention of health professionals in low and middle income countries: Critical review with a theoretical model
Authors: Hajian Sara , Yazdani Shahram , Jadidfard MohammadPooyan , Khoshnevisan Mohammad Hossein
Published: January 2021

Objective

Migration of healthcare workers could result in shortage of human resources and rising inequalities in service provision in resource poor countries. The aim of this review was to determine the factors influencing the migration decisions of medical and dental graduates migrating from low- and middle-income countries as well as introducing a practical model for health professionalâ€™s migration.

Methods

Google Scholar and PubMed were searched together with relevant journals for English studies from January 2005 to January 2020. The original studies which evaluated the motivational factors of dental and medical graduates migrating from low or middle income countries were included. The migration model was developed by investigating the factors and frameworks of selected studies.

Results

Twenty-five articles were met the inclusion criteria. Push and pull theory was the most popular way to describe the driving factors of migration. These factors were classified into three macro-, meso- and micro-level with eight key domains.  Poor income, unfavorable socio-economic situation, political instability, lack of professional and educational opportunities together with family and personal concerns found as strong common reasons perpetuating migration.

Conclusion

Despite the fact that health workers migrate for different reasons, they follow a same route for decision to stay or leave their home countries. Un-fulfillment of expectations in mother land in addition to media reconstructed reality of life in foreign land can develop a positive attitude for better quality of life improvement after migration. Once individuals could overpass their national identity and barriers of migration, the final decision toward migration would be more feasible.
Analisis Produksi Dan Pendapatan Usahatani Kakao Menggunakan Metode Sarungisasi Di Desa Sidondo I Kecamatan Sigi Biromaru Kabupaten Sigi
Authors: Evayulitasari Evayulitasari , Lamusa Arifuddin , Christoporus Christoporus
Published: January 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: Mengetahui faktor-faktor produksi usahatani tanaman kakao menggunakan  metode sarungisasi di Desa Sidondo I Kecamtan Sigi Biromaru dan  Mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan sarungisasi pada buah kakao terhadap produksi di Desa Sidondo I Kecamatan Sigi Biromaru. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu Metode sampel jenuh atau sensus untuk memperoleh data primer dan observasi lapangan setelah itu dilakukan pengambilan data sekunder. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 70 KK.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: probabilitas   p = 0,000 < 0,05 (α = 5 %) uji dua arah, membuktikan menolak hipotesis nol, artinya variabel bebas jumlah tanaman produktif, pupuk NPK, jumlah tenaga kerja, teknologi sarungisasi secara simultan (bersama-sama) mempengaruhi produksi biji kakao di Desa Sidondo I. Koefisien determinan (R2) yang disesuaikan sebesar 0,555 menunjukkan bahwa variasi produksi usahatani kakao dipengaruhi oleh variabel bebas jumlah tanaman produktif, pupuk NPK, jumlah tenaga kerja, dan teknologi sarungisasi  sedangkan sisanya 44,5% disebabkan oleh variabel lain yang tidak dimasukkan dalam model misalnya faktor iklim, kesuburan tanah, dan lain-lain. Variabel jumlah tanaman produktif, Pupuk NPK, Jumlah Tenaga Kerja, dan Teknologi Sarungisasi berpengaruh nyata terhadap produksi kakao di Desa Sidondo I pada taraf kepercayaan 95% uji dua arah, dan Penerimaan rata-rata usahatani kakao yaitu  Rp. 23.383.771/ 1,11 ha / tahun atau Rp. 21.066.461/ ha/tahun dan biaya total rata-rata usahatani kakao adalah Rp. 6.046.544/ 1,11 ha / tahun atau Rp. 5.447.337/ ha / tahun, pendapatan  rata-rata   usaha kakao  adalah Rp. 17.337.227/ 1,11 ha / tahun atau Rp. 15.619.123/ha /tahun.
Pengaruh Jenis Bahan Pengemas, Suhu Dan Lama Penyimpanan Terhadap Karakteristik Mutu Buah Tomat
Authors: Salingkat Chitra Anggriani , Noviyanty Amalia , Syamsiar Syamsiar
Published: January 2021

Tomat sebagai komoditas hortikultura memiliki sifat yang mudah rusak. Penanganan yang tidak tepat pada buah tomat sebelum, selama dan sesudah pemanenan dapat mempercepat proses kerusakan sehingga mengakibatkan penurunan mutu, yang selanjutnya mempengaruhi nilai gizi dan nilai ekonomisnya. Hal ini juga berpengaruh terhadap konsumen yang menginginkan tingkat kesegaran buah tomat. Oleh karena itu sangat penting untuk memperhatikan mutu produk dengan cara perlakuan suhu dan lama penyimpanan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menentukan jenis bahan pengemas terbaik yang dikombinasikan dengan perlakuan suhu dan lama penyimpanan pada tomat. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Laboratorium FMIPA Universitas Tadulako. Waktu penelitian dari Bulan Juni sampai Agustus 2020. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan dua faktor. Faktor pertama yaitu suhu dengan 2 taraf yaitu suhu ruang (30 ℃) dan suhu refrigerator (5 ℃) dan faktor kedua yaitu lama penyimpanan dengan 2 taraf yaitu 5 hari dan 10 hari, yang diulang sebanyak tiga kali ulangan sehingga terdapat 12 unit percobaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan suhu dan lama penyimpanan tidak berpengaruh terhadap susut buah tomat dan tidak terdapat interaksi antara perlakuan suhu dan lama penyimpanan terhadap susut bobot buah tomat. Jenis bahan pengemas, suhu dan lama penyimpanan memberikan hasil kadar air buah tomat yang berbeda. Semakin lama penyimpanan maka semakin tinggi kadar vitamin C buah tomat dan bahan pengemas plastik PP memberikan hasil kadar vitamin C yang lebih tinggi. Begitupun kadar likopen semakin lama waktu penyimpanan maka kadar likopen pada buah tomat akan semakin meningkat.
Outcomes of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome due to COVID-19, lessons learned from the first wave of COVID 19
Authors: Blazoski Cameron , Baram Michael , Hirose Hitoshi
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used
as a refractory treatment for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
due to COVID-19, but there has been little evidence of its efficacy. We
conducted this study to share our experience using ECMO as a bridge to
recovery for ARDS due to COVID-19. Methods: All adult patients who were
placed on ECMO for ARDS due to COVID -19 between April 2020 and June
2020 (during the first wave of COVID-19) were identified. The clinical
characteristics and outcomes of these patients were analyzed with a
specific focus on the differences between patients who survived to
hospital discharge and those who did not. Results: 20 COVID-19 patients
were included in this study. All patients were placed on veno-veno ECMO.
Comparing between survivors and non-survivors, older age was associated
with hospital mortality (p=0.02). The following complications were
observed: renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy (35%, n=7),
bacteremia during ECMO (20%, n=4),coinfection with bacterial pneumonia
(15%, n=3), cannula site bleeding (15%, n=3), stroke (10%, n=2),
gastrointestinal bleeding (10%, n=2), and liver failure (5%, n=1). The
complications associated with patient mortality were culture positive
septic shock (p=0.01), culture-negative systemic inflammatory response
syndrome (p=0.01), and renal failure (p=0.01). The causes of death were
septic shock (44%, n=4), culture-negative systemic inflammatory
response syndrome (44%, n=4), and stroke (11%, n=1). Conclusions:
Based on our experience, ECMO can improve refractory ARDS due to
COVID-19 in select patients. Proper control of bacterial infections
during COVID-19 immunomodulation therapy may be critical to improving
survival.
"Do átomo ao arcanjo" significa que o princípio inteligente estagiou no reino mineral?
Authors: Neto Sobrinho Paulo
Published: January 2021

Um tema ainda muito controverso no meio espírita diz respeito aos primeiros estágios de evolução ou desenvolvimento do princípio inteligente. Em particular, a ideia de que ele teve como ponto inicial o reino mineral, passando, respectivamente, pelo reino vegetal e animal, até finalmente transformar-se em Espírito humano, nunca foi plenamente justificada com base na Doutrina Espírita. Visando elucidar essa questão, realizamos um estudo aprofundado das obras da Codificação, de modo a descobrir o que exatamente o Espiritismo diz sobre isso. Uma afirmação dos Espíritos que responderam a questão 540 de O Livro dos Espíritos, gerou a ideia de que o princípio inteligente se inicia pelo átomo, portanto pelo reino mineral. Entretanto, a questão 540 está inserida em um tópico do capítulo IX da referida obra, que trata da ação dos Espíritos sobre os fenômenos da Natureza e não propriamente sobre a progressão do princípio inteligente. Este último assunto é analisado no cap. XI – Os três reinos, de O Livro dos Espíritos. Neste trabalho, mostra-se que, de acordo com o que é ensinado nas obras de Allan Kardec, o princípio inteligente não inicia seu desenvolvimento no reino mineral.
Critical Care of the Surgical Patient-Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism, and Dose Adjustment
Authors: Wilson Sharon , Pruskowski Kaitlin A.
Published: January 2021

Management of critically ill surgery patients is challenging, coupled not only with the acute ICU needs, but surgical changes as well. These patients often require multiple medications, and proper dosing and monitoring is necessary to achieve optimal outcomes and avoid adverse drug events. Understanding the pharmacokinetic changes in this population is important for managing drug therapies and improving patient care outcomes. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the clinician to changes in pharmacokinetics in the critically ill surgery patient and provide practical applications for drug management when faced with these challenges. This review covers the basics of drug management, pharmacokinetic alterations, drug classes and pharmacokinetic changes in the critically ill surgery patient, select disease states, and pharmacokinetic alterations in select conditions.

This review contains 4 figures, 10 tables and 105 references
Key Words: Pharmacokinetics, surgery, critical care, therapeutic drug monitoring
Abnormal Pap Smear
Authors: Farid Huma
Published: January 2021

Since the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear became implemented as a screening tool for cervical cancer, the mortality from cervical cancer has sharply declined in the United States. The discovery of the human papillomavirus (HPV) as the causative agent in the progression from dysplasia of the cervix to cervical cancer has changed the types of screening offered to women and the management of abnormal Pap smears. The management of abnormal Pap smears has changed depending on the age of the woman, with women under the age of 24 years being managed more conservatively given the low rates of cervical cancer in this age group and the high rates of regression of HPV and cytologic abnormalities. Colposcopy remains the first line in evaluation of an abnormal Pap smear, with excisional treatment reserved for high-grade dysplasias with a high risk of progression to cervical cancer. Treatment for cervical dysplasia is highly effective, but even after treatment, there is an increased risk of recurrence or progression to cervical cancer for up to 25 years, and these women should be followed closely. 
This review contains 18 figures, 3 tables, and 43 references.
Key words: cervical cancer screening, high-grade cervical dysplasia, human papillomavirus, low-grade cervical dysplasia, management of abnormal Pap smears, Pap smear, recurrence of cervical dysplasia, treatment of dysplasia
Vaginitis
Authors: Mendiola Monica , Blake Rachel A
Published: January 2021

Vulvovaginal complaints are a common indication for women to seek gynecologic care. The most common causes of vaginitis are bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis, which account for 22 to 50%, 17 to 39%, and 4 to 35% of vaginitis, respectively. This review describes the presentation, diagnosis, and prevention strategies for the most important causes of vulvovaginitis, including characteristic findings on office microscopy and newer available diagnostic testing. It outlines treatment modalities for uncomplicated infections in healthy women, as well as nuances of treatment for recurrent and persistent infections, pregnant women, and HIV-positive women. It also explores the diagnosis and management of non-infectious vaginitis as well special consideration for vaginitis in children and adolescents.
This review contains 4 figures, 11 tables, and 58 references.
Key words: vaginitis, vulvovaginitis, bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, trichomoniasis, vaginitis treatment
Abnormal Menstrual Bleeding
Authors: Hsiao Chu , Dumeny Leanne , Holliday Candice P. , Spiryda Lisa
Published: January 2021

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a common presentation that can occur in all age groups. AUB is an umbrella term for any uterine bleeding that occurs outside a woman’s normal pattern in volume, regularity, and/or timing. AUB is described by using frequency, regularity, duration, and volume or by using PALM-COEIN (Polyp, Adenomyosis, Leiomyoma, Malignancy and premalignant conditions; Coagulopathy, Ovulatory dysfunction, Endometrial, Iatrogenic, Not yet classified). Workup for AUB comprises a history (with a detailed menstrual history), physical examination (including a pelvic and bimanual examination), lab tests, and imaging (primarily transvaginal ultrasonography). For treatment, medical therapies should be considered before surgical therapies, especially when fertility is desired. The decisions for treatment are based on etiology, fertility concerns, contraindications, or patient preference. Of the medical therapies, there are hormonal and nonhormonal therapies. The most common treatments for AUB are levonorgestrel intrauterine device, tranexamic acid, oral contraceptives, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The most common surgical treatments are myomectomy, endometrial ablation, uterine artery embolization, and hysterectomy.
This review contains 7 figures, 11 tables and 49 references
Key words: abnormal uterine bleeding, adenomyosis, contraceptives, endometrial, fibroids, hysterectomy, menorrhagia
Evaluation of Infertility
Authors: Zolton Jessica R , DeCherney Alan H.
Published: January 2021

In 2009, the World Health Organization formally recognized infertility as a disease of the reproductive system. This designation serves to ease access to infertility evaluation and treatment. Infertility is a disease of both men and women, and proper evaluation of both partners is necessary. Common causes of infertility are ovulatory dysfunction, tubal and pelvic pathology, unexplained infertility, and male factor. A complete history and physical examination may uncover the underlying etiology, although verification of tubal patency and normal semen analysis is warranted. This period also offers an opportunity to perform preconception testing and optimize women’s health before conception. Treatment for infertility is aimed to restore normal reproductive function and anatomy. In addition, patient education and counseling is indeed a very important aspect of infertility care.
This review contains 5 figures, 5 tables and 60 references
Key Words: anovulation, Antimullerian hormone, antral follicle count, hysterosalpingogram, infertility, infertility evaluation, ovarian reserve testing, polycystic ovarian syndrome, saline infusion sonohysterography
Menopausal Treatment
Authors: Gilbert Sara Babcock , Santoro Nanette
Published: January 2021

The objective of this chapter is to review the current body of knowledge in the treatment of menopausal symptoms and provide succinct conclusions and recommendations that can serve as the primary source of literature for clinicians, medical professionals, and students. The following includes in-depth evaluations of multiple studies including Cochrane Database reviews, systematic reviews, large randomized clinical studies, retrospective and prospective cohort studies, and animal studies. This chapter contains two large tables reviewing the current medications on the market for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. These tables include the brand and generic names, dosing, route of administration, side effects, FDA status, and literature supporting the medication’s use. This is designed to provide readers with an easy and accurate reference. In addition, this chapter contains information and links to online and downloadable references and guides for both patients and providers to assist in ease of starting, changing, or discontinuing treatment of menopause. 

This review contains 1 highly rendered figure, 9 tables, and 45 references

Key Words: Menopausal treatment; hot flashes; vaginal dryness; genitourinary syndrome of menopause; hormone replacement therapy; HRT or HT; non-hormonal therapy
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in the Adolescent
Authors: Singh Tara A. , Harney Kathleen F.
Published: January 2021

The typical PCOS phenotype of anovulation, androgen excess, and polycystic ovarian morphology can overlap with normal adolescence, thus making the diagnosis more difficult. Early recognition of adolescents at a risk for PCOS allows for earlier intervention with the potential for improved cardiovascular and metabolic health. Mental health issues and poor quality of life are frequently associated with PCOS in adolescent women and, therefore, should be identified and addressed. As with many issues confronting the adolescent, peer and family support should be encouraged. Lifestyle changes and weight loss should be thought of as first-line therapy for young women with PCOS. Combined hormonal contraceptives remain the medical therapy of choice for the treatment of menstrual irregularity, hirsutism, acne, and contraception. Metformin and spironolactone may be considered, with metformin particularly beneficial in young women with metabolic abnormalities.
This review contains 2 tables and  50 references.
Key Words: antiandrogens, antimüllerian hormone, hirsutism, hyperandrogenism, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, menstrual irregularity, obesity, oral contraceptive pills, polycystic ovary
Cervical Dysplasia and Human Papillomavirus
Authors: Frey Melissa K , Matrai Cathleen E
Published: January 2021

Human papillomavirus (HPV) affects the majority of sexually active individuals and accounts for approximately 5% of human cancers and nearly 100% of cervical cancer cases. The progression from persistent HPV infection to invasive cervical cancer takes at least 10 years and is preceded by epithelial dysplastic changes. Cytologic screening programs, which rely on disease detection during this precancerous interval, have successfully decreased the incidence of cervical cancer. The HPV vaccine, approved since 2006, effectively decreases cervical disease but remains underused in the United States and abroad, with the incidence of HPV-related cancers still on the rise. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology and molecular pathogenesis of HPV infections and cervical cancer development, cervical cancer screening and screening terminology, management of abnormal screening results, and HPV vaccination.
 
This review contains 4 figures, 8 tables and 49 references
Key words: atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, cervical cancer, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, colposcopy, high-grade cervical dysplasia, human papillomavirus, human papillomavirus vaccine, low-grade cervical dysplasia, Papanicolaou test, papillomaviruses
The Effect of Architectural Forms on Aesthetic Response : Study Case
Authors: Othman Lawand Kamal , Ali Alan Faraydoon
Published: January 2021

This research seeks to identify building exterior characteristics that are best liked, most pleasing, rated beautiful and exciting by architects. A methodology based on mixed research methods was developed. The study sought architect’s preferences for twelve different public buildings. Analysis of 68 responses to the survey questionnaire identified several building’s exteriors characteristics that were consistently most preferred aesthetically. Four formal attributes. Complexity, Order, Ambiguity, and Potency, each of which was measured by three variables, and one variable added to the ambiguity, so a total of 13 formal (cognitive / perceptual) variables were included in the study. The effects of these attributes on affective responses, i.e., Arousal and Evaluation, each of which was measured by three variables, were examined. The analysis of the scatter chart identifies the level of association between two dependent variables, aesthetic response and formal features. A medium to a strong relationship has been recognized between aesthetic response with moderate complexity and moderate to high levels of order and organization also with near high levels of novelty and mystery. Though, a weak correlation between the remaining of the dependent variables indicates a thin relationship. The higher the level of ambiguity in the exterior, the more excited the receiver. The higher the classification of mystery and novelty, the higher the degrees of excitement by the respondent. There is also a strong correlation between higher levels of polysemy and ratings of arousal, exciting and stimulation. The aesthetic evaluation (beauty) of the building depends and is influenced mainly by the preference of pleasure and admiration, and these three variables are affected by other variables such as ambiguity, complexity, and order. The aesthetic response is a complex process where each variable is affected by another variable, which ultimately leads to a comprehensive aesthetic evaluation.
Outcomes of Type I Tympanoplasty using a Cartilage Shield Graft
Authors: Ghazi Ahmed Murad , M. Said Aljaff Said , Asaad Abdulkareem Hiwa
Published: January 2021

Background: Type I tympanoplasty surgery is an effective routine technic that had been used for tympanic reconstruction to improve hearing. Objectives: The aim was to measure the effect of type I tympanoplasty surgery using the cartilage shield graft (CSG) in term of graft uptake (anatomical outcome) and hearing gains (functional outcomes) of patients with poor prognostic factors. Method and Materials: In this study, 20 patients with perforation exceeded 50%, but limited to the tympanic membrane were recruited for type I tympanoplasty surgery. The study was conducted in the Otolaryngology/Head and Neck surgery training center in Sulaimani Teaching Hospital in Sulaimani city for one year period. Bellucci classi?cation was used to evaluate otorrhea risks. Results: The majority of patients were female (90%), with a mean ± SD (standard deviation) of ages of 37.15 ± 14.01 years. Most of the patients (40%) were presented with a mild hearing loss of 26-40 decibels (dB). Type I tympanoplasty surgery using the cartilage shield graft (CSG) had significantly decreased the hearing loss and air-bone gap (p-value = 0.046 and 0.006, respectively). The mean differences in hearing loss and air-bone gap were 5.05 dB and 6.75 dB, respectively. Conclusions: CSG in type I tympanoplasty surgery is an effective solution in anatomical outcome (Graft uptake) and functional outcomes (hearing gains) which had been reflected in reducing hearing loss and air-bone gap (average hearing gain of 5dB) in patients presented with tympanic membrane perforations. No improvement in the functional outcomes was observed in patients presented with severe hearing loss pre-operatively.
The Role of Using Motorized Diamond Burr Polisher Instrument in Minimizing the Recurrent Rate of Pterygium Excision
Authors: Nidhamalddin Sakar Abdulkarim
Published: January 2021

To compare the effects of using motorized diamond burr polisher in pterygium excision versus manual polishing of the corneoscleral bed in reducing the recurrent rate. A prospective, comparative and interventional study of 90 consecutive patients with different grads of primary pterygium, who underwent pterygium excision at Shahid Aso teaching eye hospital in Sulaimani city, between August 2018 till September 2019, which was performed by single surgeon. In group A (45) eyes polishing of the corneoscleral bed done using motorized diamond polishing burr, and in group B (45) eyes using manual crescent blade for polishing. Recurrent rate was evaluated after about (8±2) months postoperatively. Ethical consideration of the risks and the benefits of the procedure was observed for each individual patient. A 90 patients with the mean age of group A (48.84±12.7) years and group B (49.67±12.3) years, complained of different grads of primary pterygium, group A had 31(68.9%) male and 14(31.1%) female, while group B had 22(48.9%) male and 23(51.1%) female. Each individual factors like age, gender, visual acuity, BCVA pre and postoperatively, IOP measurement, dryness of the eye and risk factors like smoking and UV exposure affecting the recurrence were assessed. In both groups the main indication for surgery was sign of irritation. The mean surgical time was calculated and the difference between two groups were significant. After follow-up of average six months the outcomes and recurrent rate were checked, recurrent rate was in group A 1(2.2%) while in group B was 6(13.3%) patients. it significantly decreased. Corneal scar happens in only 1(2.2%) case of group A while in 11(24.4%) cases in group B, Corneal scar was statistically significant. In both groups the change of BCVA was significant but the visual change was more significant in group A in compare to group B. Motorized diamond burr is a safe instrument for polishing the cornea during pterygium excision, it is easy to handle, low price, need lesser operative time, its effect on recurrence postoperatively is significant and beside it leaves lesser corneal scar and early visual recovery postoperatively.
Comparative Study of Diode Laser Versus Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) for the management of Hirsutism in Sulaimani Government
Authors: Tahir Saeed Burhan
Published: January 2021

Hirsutism defined as excessive hairiness, hirsutism can negatively affect individuals, particularly females. Hirsutism has been attributed to the presence of high levels of androgen. There are different procedures to treat hirsutism; however, diode laser and intense pulsed light (IPL) are the most common methods. The present study was carried out in order to compare diode laser and IPL procedures regarding their effectiveness in decreasing hirsutism, patient satisfaction, and pain level. The present cross-sectional prospective study was carried out on 66 patients with hirsutism who regularly visited a dermatology clinic in Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region-Iraq over a period of 8 months from February to October 2020. They were assigned into a diode laser group (n=35) and an IPL group (n=31). Each patient had 8 laser sessions, once every month. Required data were collected through photos taken in every session. The collected data were analyzed through Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 22.0). The patients’ mean age was 33.12 years. Over 53% and 35% of them had a family history of first- and second- degree hirsutisms, respectively. Both procedures led to good and very good primary outcomes in 43.9% and 36.4% of the patients, respectively. Patient satisfaction was high in 42.4% of them. Our research has showed that IPL has fewer side effects (p-value<0.001), better primary outcome (p-value<0.001), and better patient’s mood (p-value<0.002). The two procedures led to similar level of patient satisfaction, and they were not significantly different in this regard (p-value=0.3). In terms of hair types, the two procedures were significantly different (p-value<0.001), such that IPL was better for thin hair, while diode laser for thick hair. Both diode laser and IPL procedures were found to be efficient in terms of primary outcome, patient satisfaction, and patient’s mood. However, diode laser is proper for dark-skinned patients with thick hair and IPL for thin hair. Diode laser was found to be better choice for our patients because most clients in the region are dark-skinned with thick hair.
Incidence of Rod Shaped Gramnegative Hospital Acquired Bacterial Infection and Antibiotic Resistance: A Retrospective Based Population Study
Authors: Jalal Rashid Kamal
Published: January 2021

The gram-negative, especially rod shapes vary in the frequencies that they cause the most frequent types of hospital-acquired infection: pneumonia, surgical site infection, urinary tract infection, diabetic infection, burn and bloodstream infection. The presented study determined the microbial spectrum and antimicrobial susceptibility of gram-negative bacteria isolated from various infection sites in hospitalized patients in Sulaimani city. This study included 735 patients who underwent surgical and wound treatment admitted to the hospital. A microbiological standard technique was used for Identification, isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility. The data in this job were scaled into excel sheets and transferred to SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 24.0 software. The significance of associations between variables and predictor done by Chi-square (?2). P-value of <0.05 was regarded significant. Male was the most common cases 52.5%. Patients less than 18 years-old were the most frequently affected 54.3%. Gram negative infection is the most common and most serious complication of burn injuries and it is the majority suspected clinical finding nearly to 60%. The most common bacteria separatedd from wound and sepsis were Pseudomonas aeruginosa 91.91%. Individual pathogens’ incidence differ significantly between location of infection p<0.001. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, only resistant stabled at the lowest rates for Colistine and Imepenim (0.1% and 7.8%) and significant finding was confirmed p<0.001. But highly resistance to Ticarcillin/Clavulanic Acid, Cefepime, Tobramycin, and Gentamicin (85.6%, 80.8%, 79.3%, 79.2%) .In conclusion, these population-based study gram-negative infections predominate in burn wounds. Microbial resistance to the confirmed drugs leads to repeated antimicrobial treatment modifications and long-time of treatments.
Fenomena Prostitusi Online di Kota Yogyakarta dalam Perspektif Nilai Kemanusiaan Yang Adil dan Beradab
Authors: Nurgiansah T Heru
Published: January 2021

In the millennial era as it is now the utilization or use of social media seems to be a primary necessity. It is undeniable that the Internet network can resurface the issues between the right and the vanity. Many internet users are peddling their wares online such as accessories, clothing, and food. But the fact on the field is also a lot that uses social media to do activities that violate the norm, one of which is online prostitution. Indonesia with its Pancasila ideology wants all citizens to uphold the values contained in Pancasila. Please second aims to humanize human beings according to the dignity and the dignity to be a civilized person. The perpetrators of prostitution pretext that their activities are based on the injustices in life. Even they took refuge in human rights in the peddling of him. The study used case studies with qualitative methods to be able to uncover the veil of increasingly booming prostitution with various breakthroughs and find its way out so that the perpetrators aware that their activities are contrary to the fair and civilized value of humanity. One solution is to include the perpetrators of prostitution into religious schools.----------------Di era milenial seperti sekarang ini pemanfaatan atau penggunaan media sosial seolah menjadi kebutuhan primer. Tidak bisa dipungkiri bahwa jaringan internet mampu membiaskan persoalan antara yang hak dan yang batil. Banyak pengguna internet yang menjajakan barang dagangannya secara online seperti asesoris, pakaian, dan makanan. Akan tetapi fakta di lapangan banyak juga yang menggunakan media sosial untuk melakukan kegiatan yang melanggar norma, salah satunya adalah prostitusi online. Indonesia dengan ideologi pancasila-nya menginginkan semua warga negara menjunjung tinggi nilai-nilai yang terkandung dalam pancasila. Sila kedua bertujuan untuk memanusiakan manusia sesuai harkat dan martabatnya agar menjadi pribadi yang beradab. Para pelaku prostitusi berdalih bahwa kegiatan mereka didasari atas ketidakadilan dalam hidup. Bahkan mereka berlindung kepada hak asasi manusia di dalam menjajakan dirinya. Penelitian ini menggunakan studi kasus dengan metode kualitatif agar mampu mengungkap tabir permasalahan prostitusi yang semakin menggeliat dengan berbagai terobosan baru dan mencari jalan keluarnya agar para pelaku prostitusi sadar bahwa kegiatan mereka bertentangan dengan nilai kemanusian yang adil dan beradab. Salah satu solusinya adalah memasukan para pelaku prostitusi ke dalam pesantren.
Penguatan Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Melalui Pendidikan Pesantren dalam Membentuk Keadaban Moral Santri
Authors: Hendri Hendri
Published: January 2021

As we know that many theories that explain citizenship education are seen from a wide range of perspectives, both about culture, economy, social, political, and religious stemming from the civility of the nation's cultural values. While pesantren is present as an educational institution that has a mission vision of moral presence (morality). These two entities have the same direction in shaping the personality of the nation. The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze in-depth the optimization of pesantren in shaping the moral imperatives involved in citizenship education. Research methods using qualitative. The data collection technique was carried out by observation, documentation, and interview studies. The results obtained in this research are very constructive, namely Islamic boarding schools strengthening through formal, informal and non-formal education so that students in carrying out their daily life always apply morals that reflect the values of Pancasila and Islamic values as a nation with a fresh and religious community.-------------Seperti yang kita ketahui bahwa banyak teori-teori yang menjelaskan mengenai Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan dipandang dari berbagai macam perspektif, baik berkenaan dengan budaya, ekonomi, sosial, politik, dan religius yang bersumber dari keadaban nilai-nilai budaya bangsa. Sedangkan pesantren hadir sebagai lembaga pendidikan yang mempunyai visi misi tentang keadaban moral (akhlak). Dua entitas ini punya arah yang sama dalam membentuk keperibadian bangsa. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis secara mendalam mengenai optimalisasi pesantren dalam membentuk keadaban moral yang terintgrasi dalam pendidikan kewarganegaraan. Metode penelitian menggunakan kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan studi observasi, dokumentasi, dan wawancara. Hasil yang diperoleh dalam penelitian sangat kontruktif, yaitu pesantren melakukan penguatan melalui pendidikan formal, Informal dan nonformal, hingga santri dalam menjalankan kehidupan sehari-hari senantiasa menerapkan moral yang mencerminkan nilai Pancasila dan nilai Islam sebagai bangsa bernegaran dan ummat beragama.
Pendidikan Hukum Masyarakat Melalui Kinerja Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi
Authors: Alhudawi Usman , Sujastika Ismi
Published: January 2021

The Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) in addition to law enforcement agencies in the scope of corruption, also has a role to carry out anti-corruption education through legal education. The implementation of legal education is carried out in educational institutions and the community. This article describes the specifics of public legal education by the KPK through the KPK's performance from various literary sources. The research method used is qualitative. This research was conducted with a literature study with qualitative data collection techniques in the form of literature study (literature). Meanwhile, the data analysis process used is data reduction, data display, verification and conclusion drawing. The results show that the performance of legal education is given to students and the public. Due to the generality nature of legal education by the KPK, it becomes a role model for legal certainty in the community. This can be seen when the KPK has conveyed its wide-ranging performance in various mass media to provide meaning and experience in monitoring the implementation of national law by the public.---------------Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (KPK) selain lembaga penegak hukum pada ruang lingkup tindak pidana korupsi, juga memiliki peran untuk melakukan pendidikan anti korupsi melalui pendidikan hukum. Pelaksanaan pendidikan hukum dilakukan di lembaga pendidikan dan dimasyarakat. Artikel ini membentangkan secara spesifik pendidikan hukum masyarakat oleh KPK melalui kinerja KPK dari berbagai sumber literatur. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan studi literatur dengan teknik pengumpulan data kualitatif berupa studi pustaka (literatur). Sementara itu, proses analisis data yang digunakan adalan reduksi data, display data, verifikasi dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil menunjukan bahwa kinerja pendidikan hukum diberikan untuk kalangan pelajar dan mahasiswa serta masyarakat. Karena sifat keumuman Pendidikan hukum oleh KPK menjadi role model kepastian hukum masyarakat. Hal tersebut tampak tatkalah KPK menyampaikan kinerjanya luas diberbagai media massa sehingga memberi makna dan pengalaman memantau pelaksanaan hukum nasional oleh masyarakat.
The Process of Inquiry-Based Teaching Practices from the Perspective of Prospective Mathematics Teachers
Authors: Sarıca Rabia , Çetin Bayram
Published: January 2021

Introduction:
Inquiry-based teaching is a constructivist-based method that has become popular in recent years. In this method, students work in a systematic way like a scientist during the research process, actively participate in the learning process, solve problems and learn in practice. The aim of this study is to reveal the opinions of prospective teachers about inquiry based teaching practices.

Methods:
The study was designed in a qualitative research design. The participants of the study are primary mathematics teacher candidates. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews conducted face-to-face with the students. The data were analyzed using content analysis. The findings obtained from the analysis of the prospective teachers’ views were presented with the relevant themes and codes under the titles.

Results:
Some of the findings of the prospective teachers’ opinions about the process in which inquiry-based teaching method is applied are as follows. It provides permanent learning, is suitable for real life, develops skills such as research, problem solving, leadership, motivates and gives experience to the profession, is learned actively by doing and experiencing in the process, unexpected difficulties are encountered, the traditional method is easier, not suitable for every course, the lecturer should give more feedback and guidance, communication and coordination in group work is required.

Discussion:
Prospective teachers stated many positive opinions about the process in which the course content was taught using inquiry-based method. It can be said that the application process positively influences the practical knowledge and skills of teacher candidates. However, it is seen that some prospective teachers find the process tiring and time consuming. It is understood that teacher candidates have intense concerns about Public Personnel Selection Examination (KPSS) and this affects the process. KPSS is a test in Turkey for prospective teachers where they should get enough points to be appointed as teachers after graduation. Although the participants of this study are 3rd grade prospective teachers and they take the KPSS exam after graduation; it is understood that KPSS affects them and their motivation.

Limitations:
This research is limited to the measurement and evaluation course and to the 3rd grade mathematics teacher candidates who are the participants of this study.

Conclusions:
Prospective teachers mostly have positive opinions about the inquiry-based teaching process. It can be said that it would be beneficial to use this method in teacher education.
Investigation of School Administrators’ Humour Styles and School Climate according to Teacher Perceptions
Authors: Şahin Fatih , Tabak Hasan
Published: January 2021

Introduction:
This research aims to determine the humour behaviours of school administrators according to teacher perception and to reveal the relationship between humour behaviours and school climate.

Methods:
The research was carried out in a survey model. The data of the study were obtained from 221 primary school teachers working in Ankara and Aksaray provinces via a questionnaire created online. Regression analysis technique was used to determine the relationship between variables.

Results:
According to the results of the research, school administrators showed relatively more positive humour (producer-social humour and affirmative humour) behaviours. In terms of climate, it is seen that the perception of a positive school climate (supportive and intimacy based school climate) is higher than the negative ones. When the relationships between the variables were examined, it was seen that there was a definite increase in the school climate with the school administrator using humour positively. With the rise in the use of refusing or sarcastic humour, there was an adverse increase in school climate.

Discussion:
According to these results, it can be argued that humour behaviours of school administrators are an essential determinant in the context of creating a positive school climate in schools.

Limitations:
Data from the sample of the study were collected through online questionnaires. Therefore, this research has no claim of generalisability.

Conclusions:
Therefore, it is necessary to increase the knowledge and sensitivity of school administrators on how to use and manage humour.
An Anthropocentric Evaluation of the New English Language Teaching Program for Lower Secondary School in Turkey
Authors: Yastıbaş Ahmet Erdost
Published: January 2021

Introduction:
The earth has entered a new geological epoch: the Anthropocene. The Anthropocene demonstrates how human activities have changed the world negatively by causing several environmental issues such as global warming. Therefore, it has become an important problem for people. Education should be reconsidered according to the new epoch to deal with it. There is a trans-disciplinary call for this issue. In relation to this call, the present study has aimed to evaluate the new English language teaching program (ELTP) for lower secondary school (5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th grades) in terms of the Anthropocene in Turkey.

Methods:
The present study was designed as a qualitative study. The data collection tools were the new ELTP for lower secondary school and the 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th-grade English language course books prepared according to the new program. The data were analyzed through documentation analysis. Triangulation and thick descriptions were used to make the study trustworthy.

Results:
The documentation analysis of the data has showed that there are six themes related to the nature in the new ELTP for lower secondary school: theme 9 (the animal shelter) in the 5th grade; themes 4 (weather and emotions) and 9 (saving the planet) in the 6th grade; themes 4 (wild animals) and 9 (environment) in the 7th grade; theme 10 (natural forces) in the 8th grade. The learning outcomes and language skills of each theme were prepared according to the contents of the themes. Theme 9 in the 5th grade shows how human activities can affect the environment positively. Theme 4 in the 6th grade indicates how the environment can affect people. The rest demonstrate how human activities have affected the nature negatively and how people can save the nature.

Discussion:
Theme 9 (saving the planet) in the 6th grade, themes 4 (wild animals) and 9 (environment) in the 7th grade, and theme 10 (natural forces) in the 8th grade explain how several environmental issues have occurred owing to human activities, how these issues have affected the nature and human lives negatively, and how people can deal with these issues. Theme 9 (the animal shelter) in the 5th grade informs students about how human activities can affect the nature positively, and theme 4 (weather and emotions) in the 6th grade about how the environment can affect people. Through these themes, the new ELTP for lower secondary school can enable English language students to understand that people are a part of the nature, have the power to change the environment, and can live with the environment in balance.

Limitations:
The curriculum evaluation is only related to the new ELTP for lower secondary school (5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th grades) in Turkey.

Conclusion:
The Anthropocentric evaluation of the new ELTP for lower secondary school has shown that it can raise English language students’ awareness of the relationship between people and the nature and their effects on each other.