bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ganoderma diversity from smallholder oil palm plantations in peatlands of Kampar District, Indonesia based on mycelia morphology and somatic incompatibility
Authors: Hamzah Anthony , Saputra Rachmad , Puspita Fifi , Nasrul Besri , Irfandri Irfandri , Depari Novita Sari
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Hamzah A, Saputra R, Puspita F, Nasrul B, Irfandri, Depari NS. 2021. Ganoderma diversity from smallholder oil palm plantations in peatlands of Kampar District, Indonesia, based on mycelia morphology and somatic incompatibility. Biodiversitas 22: 16-22. Basal Stem Rot disease is caused by the pathogenic fungus Ganoderma boninense which has caused major economic losses in the palm oil industry. Ganoderma boninense has been reported not only infecting crops in the field, but also attacking at the immature phase of the plant even in the nursery. Studies related to Ganoderma diversity in oil palm plantations in Riau, Indonesia have not been widely reported. Ganoderma genetic diversity is important because its provide information regarding the mechanism of infection and the spatial distribution. The Ganoderma spp. isolates were collected from three blocks of smallholder oil palm plantation in Deli Makmur Village, Kampar District, Riau Province, Indonesia and brought to Plant Disease Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Riau University, Pekanbaru, Indonesia. This experimental research was conducted using six Ganoderma isolates (Gan1, Gan2, Gan3, Gan4, Gan5, and Gan6) on the parameters of colony diameter and growth speed, while for the parameters of the morphological diversity of Ganoderma mycelium and the diversity based on somatic incompatibility assay was carried out descriptively. The results of this study show that oil palm plants in smallholder plantations in Kampar District are infected by two groups of Ganoderma based on morphology characteristics using UPGMA dendrogram, but different among isolates based on genetically using somatic incompatibility assay. For the next confirmation, it is necessary to further identify whether the six isolates are different species using molecular identification.
The potential of amylase enzyme activity against bacteria isolated from several lakes in East Java, Indonesia
Authors: NISA INDAH KHOIRUN , Sitoresmi Prabaningtyas , LUKIATI BETTY , SAPTAWATI RINA TRITURANI , RODIANSYAH ACHMAD
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Nisa IK, Prabaningtyas S, Lukiati B, Saptawati RT, Rodiansyah A. 2021. The potential of amylase enzyme activity against bacteria isolated from several lakes in East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 42-49. Indonesia is one country that has water resources having an abundance of microbial diversity, but not explored massively. This study aims to measure the amylase activity quantitatively from 53 amylolytic bacterial isolates from Ranu Pani, Ranu Regulo, Ranu Grati, and Ngebel Lake; also it identifies the isolate with the highest amylase enzyme activity. The amylase enzyme activity test calculates with DNS (Dinitrosalycylic acid) method, molecular identification of the highest bacterial isolate is based on the 16S rRNA gene. Its relationship is determined through the phylogenetic tree with the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) method. The results showed that the fifty-three bacterial isolates have amylase activity about 0.000-0.016 units/mL. The KN bacterial isolate from Ranu Ngebel was the highest amylase activity, producing enzyme around 0.016 units/mL, while isolate G20 from Ranu Grati was the lowest, reaching about 0.0001 Unit/mL. Based on the morphological and molecular identification, the KN bacterial isolate is classified as the Bacillus cereus group with 99.4-100% sequence similarity, closely related to Bacillus paramycoides (NR 157734.1).
Enrichment of Sawahlunto Clay with Cation Ca2+ and Cu2+ and Preliminary Test of its Catalytic Activity in CPO Transesterification Reaction
Authors: Ningsih Lestari , Deska Aju , Arief Syukri , Septiani Upita , Putri Yulia Eka , Efdi Mai , Syukri .
Published: January 2021

This research is aimed to examine the catalytic activity of Sawahlunto clay, which is enriched with Ca2+ and Cu2+ transesterification of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) to produce biodiesel. Based on the results of the analysis with X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Sawahlunto clay consists of about 61% Si and 24% Al with a Si/Al mole ratio of 2.7 and typical clay mineral consisting of kaolinite and illite, another mineral fund was quartz and goethite. The mineral composition changes after calcination, where kaolinite and illite disappeared. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis shows that calcination can remove the organic compounds Sawahlunto clay; thus, the clay was used without calcination for the next step. Clay samples can be enriched with Ca2+ ions and Cu2+ ions without damaging their mineral composition, where more Cu2+ ions are loaded than Ca2+ ions. The Sawahlunto clay enriched with Ca2+ ions showed a slightly better catalytic activity in the transesterification of crude palm oil (CPO) than its parent clay; when enriched with Cu2+ ions, the catalytic activity did not appear at all. However, the homogeneous counterpart of such catalyst, calcium nitrate, was still the most active and selective compared to all others
First-Attempt Endotracheal Intubation Success Rate Using A Telescoping Steel Bougie
Authors:   La Jolla, CA USA, Schmitz Evan
Published: January 2021

Background There has been a renewed interest in using the plastic intubation bougie to facilitate first-attempt endotracheal intubation success. The sterile single-use telescopic steel bougie (AIROD) was invented to overcome the limitations of the plastic bougie which is easily deformed during storage. Methods This is a retrospective study involving critically ill patients who were intubated with the AIROD in the intensive care unit at a single institution. The purpose of this case series is to compare the success rate of the AIROD to the generally accepted success rate for the traditional plastic bougie of 96%. Results A total of 54 patients were enrolled at a single ICU over a 10 months period. All patients were critically ill with 76% having a difficult airway, Cormack-Lehane grade view 2 or greater in 60%, and ARDS secondary to COVID-19 in 54%. The primary outcome of first-attempt intubation success in critically ill patients intubated in the ICU with the AIROD was 97% with a 95% confidence interval of 0.89 to 0.99. The average time for intubation of all airway classifications was 15 seconds. Conclusion The AIROD first-attempt intubation success rate was found to be similar to the rate for the traditional plastic bougie.
The Other America
Authors: Beider Harris , Chahal Kusminder
Published: January 2021

Widely stereotyped as anti-immigrant, against civil-rights, or supporters of Trump and the right, can the white working class of the United States really be reduced to a singular group with similar views? This book begins with an overview of how the term “white working class” became weaponized and used as a vessel to describe people who were seen to be “deplorable.” The national narrative appears to credit (or blame) white working-class mobilization across the country for the success of Donald Trump in the 2016 US elections. Those who take this position see the white working class as being problematic in different ways: grounded in norms and behaviors that seem out of step with mainstream society; at odds with the reality of increased ethnic diversity across the country and especially in cities; blaming others for their economic plight; and disengaged from politics. Challenging populist views about the white working class in the United States, the book showcases what they really think about the defining issues in today's America—from race, identity, and change to the crucial on-the-ground debates occurring at the time of the 2016 U.S. election. As the 2020 presidential elections draw near, this is an invaluable insight into the complex views on 2016 election candidates, race, identity and cross-racial connections.
Social divisions and social differences
Authors: Gilleard Chris , Higgs Paul
Published: January 2021

This chapter draws the distinction between social divisions that reflect structural patterns of inequality and social differences that express social identity and the articulation of communities of interest. It then goes on to consider some of the distinct features of such divisions and differences that help define the social locations of later life. These include the impact of the transition from working to post working life, the intersectionality that exists amongst these divisions and the growing salience of the body as both a site and source of division.
Social class and inequality in later life
Authors: Gilleard Chris , Higgs Paul
Published: January 2021

This chapter begins with a consideration of models and theories concerning social class. It focuses upon the distinctions between relational and gradational models of class. It then explores how these different models seem to be articulated in later life and the model of cumulative advantage and disadvantage employed in much social gerontology. Following from such considerations, it explores both the connections and the disjunctions that exists between working and post working life. The chapter concludes with a consideration of how consumption and consumerism have grown in significance as markers of distinction and determinants of difference, not just in later life but throughout the life course.
Disability and later life
Authors: Gilleard Chris , Higgs Paul
Published: January 2021

This chapter highlights the importance of bodily impairment and infirmity in creating social divisions in later life. It begins with a consideration of what constitutes disability and impairment. It examines such distinctions and divisions in the light of the social model of disability and the distinction between ageing with disability and ageing into disability. While the former draws more easily upon the social model, the social identification with disability is more difficult for those whose adult lives have placed them in the position of being able-bodied adults. The confounding of age and disability represents not simply a social divide, but a divide within the person. While policies designed to serve older people as former workers who have become pensioners to some degree protects the financial interests of older disabled people, the absence of community framed by disability risks a greater social exclusion. The rise of policies designed both to encourage older people to be responsible for the success of their own ageing and to more strictly delineate distinctions (and entitlements) between the frail and the non-frail has sharpened this division. The difficulties are highlighted of aligning a social model of disability and the common interests of disabled people with a model based on frailty as an intersectional location fashioned around age disadvantage and disablement.
Diversity, difference and division in later life
Authors: Gilleard Chris , Higgs Paul
Published: January 2021

In the concluding chapter of the book, we summarise some of the main issues concerning social divisions and social differences in later life. First we stress the transformation of later life in second modernity, from its categorisation as a residuum, a role-less role, a residuum of a life once lived to a richer and more diverse set of social locations. It is not simply that older people have shifted from being a category of the poor to a subset of the rich. Such representations are both false and misleading. Still they constitute a partial fact, namely that older people have become more diverse and no longer capable of being categorised as a distinct class or community. This transition can be explored in terms both of classical social divisions, like class, gender, disability or ethnicity, as well as through social differences and distinctions realised through the lens of citizenship, consumption and community. We conclude by arguing that examining both divisions and differences, inequalities and identities, in later life enables both a greater understanding of the changing nature of later life and of the changing constitution of division in contemporary society.
Impact on whom? Contrasting research impact with public engagement
Authors: Smith Katherine E. , Bandola-Gill Justyna , Meer Nasar , Stewart Ellen , Watermeyer Richard
Published: January 2021

This chapter considers how the concept of ‘research impact’ has been developed and articulated with respect to two, potentially very different audiences: policymakers and the broader public. This chapter includes an analysis of recent REF (Research Excellence Framework) and research funder guidance, statements and opportunities relating to these two groups. This chapter also draws on interview data with a range of research funders
Academic life in the impact vanguard: the view from knowledge exchange organisations
Authors: Smith Katherine E. , Bandola-Gill Justyna , Meer Nasar , Stewart Ellen , Watermeyer Richard
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on academics working in university-based groups that have been charged with, and funded to achieve, knowledge translation and research impact. These are, we suggest, academics working at the vanguard of the impact agenda, who we might consider as experimental subjects from whom we can learn. This chapter includes a summary of the types of knowledge brokerage roles and organisations that have been created in the UK and the perceived and stated rationales for these new roles and organisations, and an analysis of interview data providing insights into the perspectives of academics working within two such groups.
The property lobby
Authors: Colenutt Bob
Published: January 2021

The focus of this chapter is the major organised lobby groups in the property market and their influence on Government policy. The objectives and activities of the Country Land and Business Association (CLA), the Home Builders Federation, UK Finance, the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors and others are examined. The chapter also covers the close relationship of the Conservative Party to the land and property market and the impact of the lobbying of local councillors by developers and the revolving door between council officers and developers and property consultants. Property lobby organisations have become have become the first port of call for Government and civil servants in housing and planning policy development and as such are as a major obstacle to change.
‘Race’: the missing dimension in social policy higher education?
Authors: Cole Bankole , Craig Gary , Ali Nasreen
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the key analysis and messages from the Social Policy Association (SPA) race audit, looking at the challenges facing the discipline. The report was tasked with looking at social policy in terms of student composition, staff composition, conference/journal content, and curriculum content. Social policy has treated debates on ‘race’ and racism as marginal for too long, as reflected in the relative absence of ‘race’ from the major social policy journals. An important issue that has arisen is that the SPA has never made use of ethnic monitoring in membership applications, making it impossible to assess the representativeness or otherwise of its membership. The SPA clearly has some way to go to persuade social policy academics of the importance of confronting this challenge, and this is unlikely to happen without a major cultural shift within higher education institutions (HEIs) and the discipline more broadly.
The family welfare source and inequality in liberal welfare states: evidence from cohort studies
Authors: Weakley Sarah
Published: January 2021

This chapter analyses the impact of implicit and explicit family welfare resources on young people's transition to economic independence, drawing on longitudinal data from the 1970 British Cohort Study and the 1997 US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. In both the UK and the US, the commonly used measure of parental socioeconomic background was a factor that persisted and intensified as cohort members moved through a transition. Rather than inequalities reducing into adulthood, inequalities widened. Trends in co-residence and labour market insecurity in the UK mirror those of the US; therefore, the US evidence can inform both future research and policy formation in the UK. The empirical evidence suggests that if social policy in the UK is interested in supporting successful youth transitions across the income spectrum, the long-lasting imbalance created by unequal family resources will need to be addressed, beginning with a restructuring of the benefit system for low-income young people alongside structural changes to the youth labour market.
Popular education in a populist age
Authors: Mayo Marjorie
Published: January 2021

This chapter starts by exploring the growth of Far-Right populism, accompanied by increasing racism, ‘Islamophobia, hate speech and hate crime. What is Far Right populism really about? What are its theoretical roots? And how does Far Right populism impact upon communities, in practice? The Far Right has been providing socially divisive explanations for contemporary problems, exacerbating people’s fears and resentments in challenging times.
Popular education and participatory action research have valuable contributions to make, in response, working with communities and social movements to unpack the underlying causes of their problems. working towards more hopeful futures - as part of wider strategies for social justice at local, national and international levels.
Subsequent chapters are introduced, in summary, in the final section of this chapter.
Spaces and places for popular education and participatory action research
Authors: Mayo Marjorie
Published: January 2021

Governments have supported popular education initiatives in the past. And so have community organisations and social movements. But the spaces for popular education have been shrinking in recent times, as part of the impact of neo-liberal globalisation. Public services have been increasingly subjected to pressures from market forces, pressures that have impacted on community-based education and lifelong learning.
Despite these wider pressures, educators have continued to find spaces and places for popular education and participatory action research, however, working across sectors in a variety of contexts. The chapter includes examples of innovatory approaches in both formal settings and informal settings (such as libraries and community centres) including examples from both Northern and Southern American contexts.
Making connections: linking issues and struggles across space and time
Authors: Mayo Marjorie
Published: January 2021

Moving forward, this chapter explores ways of sharing learning, as the basis for building solidarity across time and space. The first example comes from India, as workers and communities shared their research on industrial malpractices, leading to the human and environmental disaster, when more than 40 tons of methyl isocyanate gas from a pesticide plant in Bhopal, India. Research findings and experiences were shared across the globe, supporting Indian communities in their struggles for justice and a safer environment.
The second example comes from London’s Docklands where communities and local workforces shared their learning over the years, developing the case for alternative approaches to planning, sharing ideas about redevelopment to meet people’s needs rather than to promote private profitability.
Claim, blame, shame: how risk undermines authenticity in social work
Authors: Hardy Mark
Published: January 2021

Mark Hardy, author of this chapter, argues that the highly charged context in which practice occurs means that because of unrealistic expectations of infallibility social work decision-making has taken on an existential character. He elaborates on why this is so, accounting for how risk, blame and shame intersect both practically and emotionally, as well as the value of existential thinking in enabling practitioners to preserve the authenticity of their practice. Social workers themselves practice in a risk-averse climate, very much aware that ‘poor judgement’ can and does lead to disciplinary action, with all that this entails in terms of professional repute, social standing and continued employment. The author suggests some potential responses to questions regarding how practitioners might cope with the expectations organisations and service users have of them.
Rural dementia research in Canada
Authors: Morgan Debra , Kosteniuk Julie , O’Connell Megan E. , Stewart Norma , Kirk Andrew
Published: January 2021

Although rural Canada makes up 95% of the country’s land mass, Canada is becoming increasingly urbanized as cities grow and the rural proportion has declined and aged. These changes have socio-economic impacts on rural communities, including ability to deliver health and social services for aging rural populations. The challenges of aging in rural communities, such as disparities in access to services, are compounded when living with dementia. This chapter reviews the Canadian dementia care context, issues and challenges in rural dementia care, and Canadian research addressing these issues. The chapter describes the Rural Dementia Action Research (RaDAR) Program based in the western Canadian province of Saskatchewan, which has been focused on rural dementia care for over 20 years. Key RaDAR projects include the development of an interdisciplinary specialist memory clinic serving rural and remote areas, and rural primary health care memory clinics to increase access to coordinated team-based care in rural communities.
Transportation issues in dementia
Authors: Rapoport Mark , Hyde Andy , Naglie Gary
Published: January 2021

Although there are particularly salient and problematic challenges in addressing the transportation needs of people living in rural areas with dementia, there has been limited research in this area. In this chapter, we discuss the risks of driving with dementia, including the risks of collisions but also the adverse outcomes associated with cessation of driving. We summarize qualitative research about the particular challenges faced by those living in rural areas. We describe these challenges as experienced in Canada and Scotland, and present an innovative national partnership in Scotland aimed at providing dementia-friendly transportation alternatives. We conclude with recommendations for policy-makers, clinicians, researchers, people with dementia and their caregivers.
The carceral state and the interpenetration of interests: commercial, governmental and civil society interests in criminal justice
Authors: Gacek James , Sparks Richard
Published: January 2021

The expansion and diffusion of the ‘carceral state’ – understood here as the set of institutional configurations and actors that prioritise punishment, containment, detention, and/or incarceration as a means of treating poverty and marginalisation – is a looming contemporary concern. It seems probable that confluent interests from the commercial, governmental, and civil society sectors will, in the absence of robust interrogation, continue to extend the scope of penal supervision in the lives and communities of already marginalised people. Drawing upon a wide range of literature our chapter critically queries the pairing of punishment and the marketisation of criminal justice. For example, is the extension of electronic monitoring simply a convenient use of a handy technology? Or does it involve the inadequately examined delegation of the state’s power to punish? We call into question the troubling relationship between claims of market-as-accountability versus democratic decision-making. By questioning the interpenetration of these interests, our intention is to re-ignite public conversation concerning the legitimacy of current penal developments and to call attention to some alternative paths.
Understanding the privatisation of probation through the lens of Bourdieu’s field theory
Authors: Phillips Jake
Published: January 2021

This chapter contributes to the growing body of criminological work to use Bourdieu’s field theory to understand changes in policy and practice in criminal justice. The chapter uses the privatisation of probation services in England and Wales as a case study to argue that although probation practitioners vociferously opposed the reforms, their attempts to prevent them were always unlikely to succeed. This is because Transforming Rehabilitation needs to be understood as the culmination of a longstanding process of symbolic violence which resulted in the depreciation of relevant forms of capital amongst practitioners and their allies. The chapter begins with a brief overview of the reforms before turning to a discussion of Bourdieu’s field theory. I argue that because ‘capital’ links field and habitus – in that capital is the product of the way in which habitus and field are, or are not, attuned to one another – this is an important mechanism of field theory which has, hitherto, been neglected. I argue that as probation practitioners’ habitus has remained relatively stable over the last fifty years, the changing field led to a delegitimation of the forms of capital owned by practitioners which left them unable to mount a successful defence of a public probation service.
Marketisation or corporatisation? Making sense of private influence in public policing across Canada and the US
Authors: Walby Kevin , Lippert Randy K.
Published: January 2021

New forms of private influence are emerging in public policing across Canada. This includes private sponsorship of public police and donations to police foundations. This chapter explores key concepts in criminology and criminal justice studies and gauges their applicability to private sponsorship and donations in public policing. We compare definitions and applications of marketisation and corporatisation. Marketisation and corporatisation are often invoked in scholarly and even activist debates, but these terms are often conflated or erroneously used. There are subtle but important differences between marketisation and corporatisation that we explain here. We attempt to add clarity to these debates occurring within police studies as well as in criminology and criminal justice studies more broadly.
Making local regulation better? Marketisation, privatisation and the erosion of social protection
Authors: Tombs Steve
Published: January 2021

This chapter considers how marketisation, privatisation and deregulation have combined in the UK to produce both a de-democratisation and the erosion of social protection. It does so through an exploration of the enforcement of food safety, pollution control, trading standards and workers’ health and safety law, and, via a focus upon the atrocity at Grenfell Tower in 2017, on fire safety. In particular, I examine enforcement and regulatory policy at Local Authority level under the guise of the Better Regulation initiative and, then, conditions of austerity. These contexts have produced the opportunities for reframed – that is, specifically, privatised and marketised – forms of regulation which prioritise the interests of business over social protection.
Commissioning children’s services: challenges, contestation and crisis
Authors: Body Alison
Published: January 2021

Chapter 5 concentrates on voices from the frontline and their lived experiences. Within this chapter we focus on the lived realities of commissioning. Commissioning, the central process for managing relationships between the voluntary sector and the state, is one of the most contentious issues for modern day children’s charities. Early intervention and preventative services for children, sit central to this debate – these statutory services at the heart of local government are often commissioned out to voluntary sector organisations for delivery, and form the very focus of this book. We argue that Commissioning in its current form is failing; it threatens the very survival of local voluntary sector organisations seeking to support children and young people, and, rightly so, is coming under increasing scrutiny. High profile cases such as the demise of the charity Kids Company, led by the charismatic Camila Batmanghelidjh, have brought the relationship between the State and sector to the fore of public and academic debate. In this chapter we begin to unpick some of that debate, examining what has happened over the past decade, charities experiences and how we may potentially move forwards.
Partnership working, securing advantage and playing the game: thriving, not just surviving
Authors: Body Alison
Published: January 2021

Chapter 7 focuses on how some children’s charities are not just surviving in this complex environment but indeed thriving. As the commissioning culture has matured, so too have the responses from children’s charities. We have seen two major opposing schools of thought manifest themselves. One, often driven by politicians and social policy decision makers which advocates for the commissioning and competition agenda as increasing choice and diversifying services. Another, often pushed by academics and practitioners, which is more critical arguing that commissioning is leading to the marketization and privatisation of services. Many children’s charities, and indeed Commissioners, feel inhibited by these difficulties, however we also identify a group of children’s charities, supported by particular Commissioners, who ‘play the game’, reinterpreting rules, and at times breaking rules, to secure what they consider the best outcomes for children. As a result, they successfully negotiate contracts to their advantage or even bypass commissioning processes altogether, to secure a mutually developed contract. This requires a relational approach in which some children’s charities deploy a range of tactics to secure additional advantage, whilst some Commissioners ‘bend the rules’ to facilitate advantage for certain children’s charities who they believe will deliver a ‘better’ service for children.
Self-building in contested spaces: livelihoods and productivity challenges of the urban poor in Africa
Authors: Pouw Nicky , Humblot Marina
Published: January 2021

The growth of informal settlements and lagging behind of economic productivity growth is indicative of the huge challenges of urban governance to address poverty and inequality. Based on a case study on urban food producer groups in the informal settlements of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, this chapter observes a shrinking of development spaces for the urban poor. Therefore, it argues for a more comprehensive approach to self-building by the urban poor to sustain their livelihoods in Africa’s cities and provide input into the sustenance of urban productivity. Instead of investing urban resources into economic activities that exclude and marginalize the poor, an inclusive approach would be more recognizant of their livelihoods. Strategic urban governance would address the plurality of actors, including the poor, and their livelihood potential and contributions to urban productivity and liveable cities.
Residents’ experiences of self-build housing
Authors: Bossuyt Daniël
Published: January 2021

This chapter is concerned with why people assume the responsibility for building their own home and how they fulfil that role in the context of the Homeruskwartier in Almere in the Netherlands. It considers the rationales and design strategies self-builders employ, as well as how this interacts with the regulatory framework imposed by the municipality. The chapter draws upon a mixed methodology, combining quantitative survey data with in-depth interviews. The chapter concludes that there is a wide range of rationales and strategies employed by self-builders in the Almere Homeruskwartier. While some self-builders employ architects, others opt for using catalogue-builders or DIY. Customization and financial motives are both found to be particularly salient. Rather than delimiting creativity and imagination, residents feel the regulatory framework created a sense of possibility and security. Planners must take into account the multi-dimensional nature of the self-built home when developing form-based codes. Further research on self-organized housing provision should refrain from studying self-building practices in isolation, but engage with its relation to structuring institutional and economic logics.
Residential experiences in times of shifting housing regimes in Istanbul
Authors: Enlil Zeynep , Dinçer İclal
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines changing housing regimes in Istanbul. It analyses two forms of self-building that emerged as solutions improvised by people in response to the pressing housing need and became predominant modes of housing production since the 1950s, namely “gecekondu,” and “yap-sat” or “build-and-sell.” Although stimulated by governments for some decades, both of these self-regulated housing forms came to a point of expulsion under the new regime of capital accumulation based on aggressive real-estate development that has been adopted as part of neoliberal urban policies in Turkey since the 2000s. The frenzy for urban transformation accompanied by financialization of housing led to further commodification of housing and urban space, undermining the right to decent and affordable housing and quality urban space for every citizen, which gave rise to considerable dissent that culminated in the emergence of new urban movements in defence of housing rights and ‘right to the city.’
The priorities of the Coalition and Conservative government leaders
Authors: Purcell Carl
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the overarching economic and social policy priorities set by the leaders of the Coalition and Conservative-led Governments. The prioritisation of deficit reduction, to be achieved primarily through severe cuts to public spending, had major implications for all areas of social policy. The chapter considers how, in this context, promises made by the Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron to improve social justice, and by the Liberal Democrat Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg to address social mobility, were not adhered to. This includes a discussion of Coalition and Conservative policies on welfare reform that had major implications for children and families. The chapter also highlights the further downgrading of social policy after the EU referendum, as the task of delivering Brexit came to dominate the public policy agenda.
The European Union, human rights and international development policy
Authors: McCann Gerard
Published: January 2021

While acknowledging that the European Union (EU) has been to the fore in the promotion of international human rights standards among its own states and citizens, Chapter 7 critically assesses the role of the EU in relation to the promotion of rights and development in the Global South where many former colonies of EU states continue to be affected by the legacy of colonialism and ongoing neocolonial relationships with EU states and institutions. Despite a range of EU commitments and initiatives (indeed, half of the world’s development aid comes from there) it is argued that developmental and rights-based approaches in the Global South have often been frustrated by ideologically and self- interest driven economic policies promoted by the EU. This in turn has contributed to under-development and a diminution of rights in many of the most vulnerable regions around the world.
Children’s rights and social policy
Authors: Donson Fiona
Published: January 2021

This chapter critically assesses existing international human rights mechanisms and in particular the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), in relation to the promotion of the rights and welfare of children. In doing so it examines such mechanisms in a world of social, economic, cultural, ideological and political diversity, different levels of ‘peace’, stability, governmental organisation and conflict, and changing contexts and circumstances. It reflects on the inability of some states (e.g. USA) to ratify the UN Convention, and on issues of enforceability and realisability in others which have. Finally, it discusses contemporary attempts by NGOs and other campaigning organisations to promote the recognition and realisation of universal rights for children.
Inquiries
Authors: Cummins Ian
Published: January 2021

This chapter will explore a number of mental health inquiries that took place in the early and mid-1990s. It will argue that the media reporting – particularly that which appeared in tabloid newspapers – had a key role in undermining support for the progressive elements of community care. This is not to diminish the nature of some of the cases that led to the Inquiries. It is, rather, to consider the way that this media reporting helped to construct a particular discourse around, risk and mental health. This reporting played on a series of long standing, often racialised tropes about the nature of mental illness. One of the most important of these was the notion that there is a clear, identifiable and causal link between mental illness and violence. These are complex issues. However, complexity was drown out by the dominant narrative was that the community faced new dangers in the form of “psychokillers”. Alongside this, a theme in the reporting of such cases was that liberal mental health professionals were refusing to use their powers to intervene
Reform or revolution? Mental health legislation and the development of community care
Authors: Cummins Ian
Published: January 2021

This chapter will explore the development of mental health legislation from the introduction of the 1983 MHA to the introduction of Community Treatment Orders (CTOs) in the reforms of 2007. The chapter ends with a brief discussion of the Wessely review of the MHA that was completed in 2018. Reform of mental health legislation reflects two potentially conflicting strands. One is the state’s power to incarcerate the “mad”, the other is the move to protect the civil rights of those who are subject to such legislation.
The development of legislation reflects the broader pattern of community care as a policy. The initial optimism and progressive reforms of the early 1980s are overtaken by a more managerialist, pragmatic approach which focuses on risk and risk management
Non-binary times, non-binary places: communities and their intersections
Authors: Vincent Ben
Published: January 2021

This chapter draws attention to times and places that recur as sites of significance for non-binary people, and the negotiation of identity. It argues that the symbolic meaning ascribed to particular times and/or places will be fundamentally informed by the interactions had within them. The author uses time and space as concepts to collectively consider and connect aspects of lived experience through a sociological lens, rather than to specifically construct postmodern theory.
Views of the clinic: non-binary perceptions and experiences of general healthcare services
Authors: Vincent Ben
Published: January 2021

Chapter five scrutinises accounts of primary care services for the most part (with some mention of secondary care), focusing on the experiences and views participants reported of interactions with doctors and other staff. Experiences are subdivided into ‘gendered medicine’ – healthcare which is differentiated in gendered terms, such as smear tests – and generalizable healthcare experiences, such as arm pain. The chapter also addresses how clerical administration in medical institutions may affect non-binary patients. This includes discussion of how names and pronouns are used and recorded, and medical forms specifically discussed by participants – including feedback forms and documentation related to tertiary care. Whilst this chapter is structured around primary care, the cross-practice nature of administration renders a general discussion that cuts across all forms of care appropriate. Discussion of the key administrative process of referral brings this chapter to a close.
Diffusing Human Trafficking Policy in Eurasia
Authors: Dean Laura A.
Published: January 2021

The issue of human trafficking is particularly important in the region between Europe and Asia due to the dramatic increase in the number of persons trafficked into and through the region since the collapse of communism. Women from Eurasia fuel the sex industries around the world but increasingly, men and children from this region are also victims of labor exploitation. This book analyses how human trafficking policies aimed at combatting this phenomenon have diffused from the international to national level policymaking in one of the largest source regions for human trafficking in the world. The book adds another dimension to human rights-based policymaking with gendered regulatory policy embodied in criminalization statutes and redistributive policy with victims’ service laws by exploring factors that promote and impede policy adoption. Using a mixed method approach, the book uniquely develops the diffusion of innovation theory to include policy variation with adoption and implementation in a new substantive area (human trafficking) and a new regional area (Eurasia). The main research question examines the top-down and bottom-up pressures involved in why some countries adopt encompassing human trafficking policies and others do not and why some countries successfully implement these policies and others do not. The book traces the development and effectiveness of anti-trafficking institutions established in public policy adoption and their interconnected relationship with policy implementation effectiveness. Across Eurasia there are links between these institutions and the ties that bind them which if weak can cause anti-trafficking network fragmentation.
An introduction to minimum income standards and reference budgets: international and comparative policy perspectives
Authors: Deeming Christopher
Published: January 2021

This chapter gives an overview of the research in developing “minimum income standards” and “family budget standards,” “indicative budgets” and “standard budgets.” It analyzes goods and services that are considered necessary to reach a minimum standard of living for an individual or household within a given country context, region, or city. It also brings together up-to-date and accessible information and analysis in an effort to raise the profile and understanding of reference budget research. The chapter places minimum income standards at the heart of global social policy debates that focus on strengthening social protection systems. It also discusses reference budgets and minimum income standards research, covering different methodologies and approaches in relation to the implementation of policy and practice.
Minimum income research in Japan: its development and political implications
Authors: Abe Aya K.
Published: January 2021

This chapter provides an overview of the current state of reference budget research in Japan. It reviews the first “Minimum Income Standards Japan” (MIS), which was conducted between 2010 and 2013 and detailed all things that are necessary to live in a manner that is minimally acceptable. It also describes how the research initiative and results have influenced the context of the political debate around social security in Japan, which have not resulted in political action to strengthen social protection systems. The chapter analyzes the MIS research that originally formed part of the wider review of social security in Japan, under the centrist Democratic Party. It also points out how the momentum for social security reform was lost after the Democratic Party lost the 2012 election to the current conservative Liberal Democratic Party.
The development, value and application of budget standards: reflecting on the Australian experience
Authors: Saunders Peter
Published: January 2021

This chapter draws attention to Australia's very rich tradition of family budget research, which was associated with the Social Policy Research Centre. It explains that the idea of a basic living standard enshrined in wage laws became a reality in Australia at the start of the 20th century. It also charts the history of budget standards research in Australia, focusing on the four major studies that were coordinated during the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s. The chapter looks at the latest work that relates to the budget for healthy living and combines public health knowledge and focus group deliberations. It concludes that budget standards only provide a rough-and-ready adequacy benchmark, which should be used with care and in conjunction with other measurement approaches to living standards whenever possible.
Measuring poverty in the Netherlands: the generalised reference budget approach
Authors: Vrooman J. Cok , Goderis Benedikt , Hoff Stella , Hulst Bart van
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks into generalised two reference budgets for measuring poverty in the Netherlands. The first, a “basic needs” budget, is based on the expenses that can be regarded as the minimum necessary standard in the Netherlands. The second is a Modest but Adequate (MBA) reference budget, which is more generous and takes into account the minimum cost of recreation and social participation. The chapter clarifies how the both the budgets are first determined for a single household and then derived for other household types by applying equivalence scales. It also explains that the reference budgets are based on the deliberations of experts, informed by administrative data, and national expenditure surveys.
Establishing a national standard: the role of the UK’s Minimum Income Standard in policy and practice
Authors: Hirsch Donald
Published: January 2021

This chapter promotes the UK Minimum Income Standards (MIS) as a benchmark in social policy and practice. It explains how the MIS research continues to have a strong influence over social policy debates in Britain and exposes the inadequacy of the national minimum wage that helped fuel the campaign for a “living wage.” It also features MIS as a key element in the new Scottish measure of fuel poverty. The chapter observes how MIS has not been taken up by governments as a standard for setting or targeting minimum incomes in terms of social protection. It observes that it will require a major political commitment to redistribution if the British government were to adopt MIS.
Minimum Income Standards in the Basic Income debate
Authors: Torry Malcolm
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the concept or idea of “basic income” in relation to the growing work on reference budget standards, particularly in relation to the Minimum Income Standards (MIS) findings in the UK context. It confirms whether basic incomes should be paid to every individual at MIS levels or whether a Universal Basic Income (UBI) scheme as a whole should raise family incomes to the levels of the MIS. It also investigates what approach is both feasible and affordable to bring families and households closer to the MIS. The chapter marks new territory in the UBI debate, taking some of the first steps to join up important debates and explore issues surrounding UBI, MIS and reference budgets, both in theory and in practice. It discusses the feasibility of paying basic incomes at levels defined by the published MIS reports.
Minimum income standards and reference budgets: past, present, future?
Authors: Deeming Christopher
Published: January 2021

This chapter summarizes the enduring relevance and value of reference budget research. It looks into the approach for establishing adequacy benchmarks and minimum income standards that can help guide the development of national, regional and global social policy. It also emphasizes how the overall minimum budget should attempt to support a specified standard of living. The chapter addresses questions on which commodities or items are required to satisfy “needs” and “necessities” and where can these items be purchased and how much are they likely to cost. It reviews methodological approaches that are often combined in various ways in order to define or benchmark income adequacy.