bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Survey of Family Care Giving to Elders in New York State: Findings and Implications
Authors: Farberman Harvey A. , Finch Stephen J. , Horowitz Beverly P. , Lurie Abraham , Morgan Richard , Page Jaimie
Published: January 2005

It is estimated that there are 734,400 care giver households in New York State (9.6% [±] 0.8% of all households). Categorization of all care givers on a 5 level “intensity of care” measure reveals that, on average, care givers provide 22.1 hours of care per week. Highest intensity level 5 care givers (9.2% of all care givers), provide, on average, 88 hours of care per week and account for 36.3% of all care giving. The annualized market contribution of all care givers to the NYS health care system is estimated at between $7.5 and $11.2 billion dollars. The combination of care levels 4 and 5 contributed 70% of all care giving and account for about $5.2 billion in market value. Level 4 and 5 care givers are more likely than other care givers to report difficulties including the recent death of the care-receiver (p < 0.001), financial and employment setbacks (p < 0.001), emotional stress from worrying about the patient’s future condition, dealing with cognitively impaired, physically unmanageable, opinionated, virtually immobile patient’s, and insufficient support from family members (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, they also report such rewards as feeling grateful for improving the quality of the care receiver’s life (43.5%) as well as love (17.2%). Of the nearly 15% of NYS care givers who used adult day care services, all reported that these services met their needs fully or partly. However, of the 85% who did not use the service, 33.5% were negative about it. And while use of adult day care services increases with intensity of care level, there is resistance to adult day care particularly among level 3 care givers, with negative statements from 46.8% of them.
Medicare Managed Care and Frail Elders: Lessons From Social HMOs
Authors: Leutz Walter , Ford Tim , Leung Moon , Mueller Marlin , Nonnenkamp Lucy , Newcomer Robert
Published: January 2005

After 20 years of operations, the Social HMO demonstration of integrated acute and long-term care is scheduled to end on December 31, 2004. While a new disability adjustment to the Medicare payment system promises to provide the financial underpinning for continuing to serve the 113,000 beneficiaries now enrolled at four sites, a broader regulatory structure as an alternative to current waivers is also needed. The regulations could also accommodate other frail elderly programs, which serve nursing home residents and beneficiaries of both Medicare and Medicaid. The relevance of Social HMOs—the largest and most broadly targeted of frail elderly programs—is reviewed herein, particularly regarding marketing, selectivity, reimbursement, and special frail elderly benefits and geriatric services.
Anxiety Sensitivity and Its Implications for Understanding and Treating PTSD
Authors: Taylor Steven
Published: January 2005

Empirically supported psychosocial treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) all entail some form of trauma-related exposure therapy. Although these treatments are often useful, none are effective for all patients. Even those who respond are often left with residual symptoms. A better understanding of the causes of PTSD may lead to more effective treatments. The present article reviews the nascent but steadily growing research on the role of anxiety sensitivity (fear of arousal-related sensations) in PTSD. Available research suggests that anxiety sensitivity may play an important role and that treatments that directly target anxiety sensitivity (such as interoceptive exposure) may improve outcome, particularly if these treatments are implemented before commencing trauma-related exposure therapy.
Algal toxicity of nitrobenzenes: Combined effect analysis as a pharmacological probe for similar modes of interaction
Authors: Altenburger Rolf , Schmitt Heike , Schüürmann Gerrit
Published: January 2005

An analysis regarding the effects of the mixture toxicity of different nitrobenzenes on the reproduction of the green alga Scenedesmus vacuolatus was undertaken using the concepts of concentration addition and response addition. Using lipophilicity-based quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling for nitrobenzenes, the assumption is held that mononitrobenzenes may exert narcotic effects as a common type of action, whereas dinitrobenzenes show a somewhat greater toxicity. From the literature, QSARs based on quantum chemical parameters suggest that some mononitrobenzenes may be effective through additional other modes of action. The toxicity of a mixture of 14 nitrobenzenes clearly exceeds the predicted combined effects, as expected for the sum of toxic units from a uniform narcotic mode of action. Moreover, the observed combined effect is smaller than that predicted from similarly acting compounds calculated on the basis of the parameterized dose-response functions using concentration addition. Further modeling of the combined effect, joining the models of concentration addition for components with anticipated similar modes of action and of response addition for those with independent action, led us to propose that not all nitrobenzenes follow the same mode of action. This idea is in line with the hypothesis derived from quantum chemical QSAR considerations. Most interestingly, the methodology introduced here uses combined effect analysis as a pharmacological probe to test for similarity in the mode of action of mixture components.
Determination of select antidepressants in fish from an effluent-dominated stream
Authors: Brooks Bryan W. , Chambliss C. Kevin , Stanley Jacob K. , Ramirez Alejandro , Banks Kenneth E. , Johnson Robert D. , Lewis Russell J.
Published: January 2005

Increasing evidence indicates widespread occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in municipal effluent discharges and surface waters. Studies that characterize the fate and effects of PPCPs in aquatic systems are limited, and to our knowledge, data regarding pharmaceutical accumulation in fish of effluent-dominated ecosystems have not been previously reported. In the present study, fish populations were sampled from a reference stream and an effluent-dominated stream in north Texas, USA. Lepomis macrochirus, Ictalurus punctatus, Cyprinus carpio, and Pomoxis nigromaculatus were killed; the liver, brain, and lateral filet tissues dissected; and the tissues stored at −80°C until analysis. Fish tissues were extracted using solid-phase extraction and then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the negative chemical ionization mode. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) fluoxetine and sertraline and the SSRI metabolites norfluoxetine and desmethylsertraline were detected at levels greater than 0.1 ng/g in all tissues examined from fish residing in a municipal effluent-dominated stream. To our knowledge, the present study is the first report of SSRI residues in fish residing within municipal effluent-dominated systems.
Basu,Debabrata
Authors: Ghosh Jayanta
Published: January 2005

This entry provides a short biography of Debabrata Basu who made pioneering contributions to mathematical statistics, sample surveys, foundations, and Bayesian analysis.
The piercing‐sucking herbivores Lygus hesperus and Nezara viridula induce volatile emissions in plants
Authors: Williams Livy , Rodriguez‐Saona Cesar , Paré Paul W. , Crafts‐Brandner Steven J.
Published: January 2005

Plant volatiles induced by herbivory are often used as olfactory cues by foraging herbivores and their natural enemies, and thus have potential for control of agricultural pests. Compared to chewing insects and mites, little is known about plant volatile production following herbivory by insects with piercing‐sucking mouthparts. Here, we studied factors (insect life stage, gender, the role of salivary glands, and type of bioassay used for volatile induction) that influence the induction of plant volatiles by two agriculturally important hemipterans, Lygus hesperus and Nezara viridula. Feeding on intact cotton by virgin females of L. hesperus induced 2.6‐fold greater volatile response compared to that induced by mated females, possibly due to increased feeding activity by virgin females. This plant volatile response was associated with elicitors present in the insect’s salivary glands as well as to the degree of mechanical injury. Feeding injury by N. viridula females also increased volatile emissions in intact maize by approximately 2‐fold compared to control plants. Maize seedlings injured by N. viridula emitted higher amounts of the monoterpene linalool, the sesquiterpenes (E)‐β‐caryophyllene, α‐trans‐bergamotene, and (E,E)‐β‐farnesene, and the homoterpene (E,E)‐4,8,12‐trimethyl‐1,3,7,11‐tridecatetraene, but not amounts of green leaf volatiles, compared to uninjured plants. Emissions from intact maize injured by adult males were lower than those emitted by adult females of the same age and did not differ from those emitted by uninjured plants. Similarly, feeding by virgin female N. viridula followed by excision led to 64% higher quantities of volatiles compared to untreated plants. Volatile emission in excised plants, however, was considerably greater than in intact plants, suggesting that careful consideration must be given to bioassay design in studies of herbivore‐induced plant volatiles. Salivary gland extracts of N. viridula led to sesquiterpene emissions approximately 2.5‐fold higher than for controls, although no significant differences were observed for green leaf volatiles, monoterpenes, and homoterpenes. These results indicate that L. hesperus and female N. viridula feeding induce volatile production in plants, and that volatile production is affected by gender and life stage of the bug. Although oviposition and mechanical injury by stylets may increase release of volatiles, elicitors from salivary glands of L. hesperus and N. viridula also seem to play a role in the emission of plant volatiles. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 58:84–96, 2005. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enantioseparation of some clinically used drugs by HPLC using cellulose Tris (3,5‐dichlorophenylcarbamate) chiral stationary phase
Authors: Ali Imran , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y.
Published: January 2005

The chiral resolution of some clinically used drugs namely metoprolol, teratolol, tolamolol, nebivolol (β‐adrenergic blockers), econazole, miconazole (anti‐fungal agents), cromakalim (anti‐hypertensive agent) and etodolac (anti‐inflammatory agent) was achieved on cellulose tris (3,5‐dichlorophenylcarbamate) chiral stationary phase. The mobile phase used was 2‐propanol at 0.5 mL/min with detection at 220 nm. The separation factors (α) of these drugs ranged from 1.24 to 3.90 while the resolution factors were from 1.05 to 5.0. The chiral recognition mechanisms between the racemates and the chiral selector are discussed. Copyright ­© 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of methamphetamine and its metabolites in hair
Authors: Takayama Nariaki , Iio Reiko , Tanaka Seishi , Chinaka Satoshi , Hayakawa Kazuichi
Published: January 2005

Methamphetamine (MA) is a sympathomimetic amine whose abuse has become a serious problem in Japan, Korea, Taiwan and other Southeast Asian countries. The use of hair for the determination of MA use has become more commonplace. The maximum period in which MA and its main metabolites (amphetamine and p‐hydroxymethamphetamine) can be detected in urine is about 10 days after its use. However, proof of MA use is possible in hair even several years after its use if the part of the hair that grew in the period of its use is available. In addition, segmental analysis of hair is capable of clarifying the history of MA abuse. This paper reviews the clean‐up, extraction, analytical method and distribution of MA and its metabolites in hair from reports published in the last 20 years. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complexation with iron at sub‐ppm levels in HPLC analyses of phospholipids
Authors: Wang Yonghui , Krull Ira S. , Liu Carrie , Orr John D.
Published: January 2005

Gradient RP‐HPLC analysis of a phospholipid, E5564, utilizing water, methanol and phosphoric acid occasionally results in the appearance of a broad unknown peak in the chromatogram before a well‐resolved E5564 peak. This unknown peak does not elute in a reproducible fashion with regards to peak shape and retention time, and is not present in chromatograms resulting from injections of the diluent alone. Investigation of this phenomenon revealed that iron ions in sub‐ppm levels in the HPLC mobile phase chelated E5564 and the resultant complex(es) comprised the broad peak. The iron source was identified as phosphoric acid, which was used as a mobile phase modifier. Further studies were conducted to characterize the nature of the phospholipid–iron association and resultant complex. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of glycopeptide antibiotics using micellar electrokinetic chromatography and borate complexation
Authors: Lucas Carmelle , Foley Joe P. , Ahuja Eric S.
Published: January 2005

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) was investigated as a technique for the separation and analysis of the following related glycopeptide antibiotics: α‐avoparcin, β‐avoparcin, ristocetin A, ristocetin B and vancomycin. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles were employed as the pseudostationary phase in conjunction with borate or CHES buffers at pH 9.2. A complete separation of the glycopeptides was achieved only when two separation mechanisms were employed simultaneously: (i) differential partitioning of the glycopeptides into SDS micelles; and (ii) differential complexation of the glycopeptides with the borate anion from the borate buffer. Quantitatively, linearity was confirmed for each antibiotic from 0.5 to 40 ppm, with correlation coefficients (r2) ranging from 0.9996 (vancomycin and β‐avoparcin) to 0.9986 (α‐avoparcin). Detection limits ranging from 0.01 ppm (vancomycin) to 0.2 ppm (avoparcin) were achieved, and the mean recovery of avoparcin at the 10 ppm level was 99.2%. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemiluminescence detection in HPLC and CE for pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
Authors: Li Famei , Zhang Caihua , Guo Xingjie , Feng Wanyu
Published: January 2005

The present paper reviews the developments and applications of chemiluminescence detection with HPLC and CE in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. The chemiluminescence systems, chemiluminogenic reagents and derivatization reagents, improvements in instrumental design as well as their contributions to the practical applications, are all presented. The advantages and limitations of current detection methodology and future prospects for improvement are briefly discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
[Mn${{{{III}\hfill \atop 2\hfill}}}$(5‐Rsaltmen)2NiII(pao)2(L)]2+: An ST=3 Building Block for a Single‐Chain Magnet That Behaves as a Single‐Molecule Magnet
Authors: Miyasaka Hitoshi , Nezu Tomohiro , Sugimoto Kunihisa , Sugiura Ken‐ichi , Yamashita Masahiro , Clérac Rodolphe
Published: January 2005

MnIII‐NiII‐MnIII linear‐type trinuclear complexes bridged by oximate groups were selectively synthesized by the assembly reaction of [Mn2(5‐Rsaltmen)2(H2O)2](ClO4)2 (5‐Rsaltmen2−=N,N′‐(1,1,2,2‐tetramethylethylene) bis(5‐R‐salicylideneiminate); R=Cl, Br) with [Ni(pao)2(phen)] (pao−=pyridine‐2‐aldoximate; phen=1,10‐phenanthroline) in methanol/water: [Mn2(5‐Rsaltmen)2Ni(pao)2(phen)](ClO4)2 (R=Cl, 1; R=Br, 2). Structural analysis revealed that the [MnIII‐ON‐NiII‐NO‐MnIII] skeleton of these trimers is in every respect similar to the repeating unit found in the previously reported series of 1D materials [Mn2(saltmen)2Ni(pao)2(L1)2](A)2 (L1=pyridine, 4‐picoline, 4‐tert‐butylpyridine, N‐methylimidazole; A=ClO4−, BF4−, PF6−, ReO4−). Recently, these 1D compounds have attracted a great deal of attention for their magnetic properties, since they exhibit slow relaxation of the magnetization (also called single‐chain magnet (SCM) behavior). This unique magnetic behavior was explained in the framework of Glauber's theory, generalized for chains of ferromagnetically coupled anisotropic spins. Thus, in these 1D compounds, the [MnIII‐ON‐NiII‐NO‐MnIII] unit was considered as an ST=3 anisotropic spin. Direct‐current magnetic measurements on 1 and 2 confirm their ST=3 ground state and strong uniaxial anisotropy (D/kB≈−2.4 K), in excellent agreement with the magnetic characteristic deduced in the study on the SCM series. The ac magnetic susceptibility of these trimers is strongly frequency‐dependent and characteristic of single‐molecule magnet (SMM) behavior. The relaxation time τ shows a thermally activated (Arrhenius) behavior with τ0≈1×10−7 s and Δeff/kB≈18 K. The effective energy barrier for reversal of the magnetization Δeff is consistent with the theoretical value (21 K) estimated from |D|${S{{2\hfill \atop {\rm T}\hfill}}}$. The present results reinforce consistently the interpretation of the SCM behavior observed in the [Mn2(saltmen)2Ni(pao)2(L1)2](A)2 series and opens new perspectives to design single‐chain magnets.
Lamellar Bridged Silsesquioxanes: Self‐Assembly through a Combination of Hydrogen Bonding and Hydrophobic Interactions
Authors: Moreau Joël J. E. , Vellutini Luc , Wong Chi Man Michel , Bied Catherine , Dieudonné Philippe , Bantignies Jean‐Louis , Sauvajol Jean‐Louis
Published: January 2005

The synthesis of four bis(trialkoxysilylated) organic molecules capable of self‐assembly—(EtO)3Si(CH2)3NHCONH(CH2)nNHCONH(CH2)3Si(OEt)3 (n = 9–12)—associating urea functional groups and alkylidene chains of variable length is described. These compounds behave as organogelators, forming supramolecular assemblies thanks to the intermolecular hydrogen bonding of urea groups. Whereas fluoride ion‐catalysed hydrolysis in ethanol in the presence of a stoichiometric amount of water produced amorphous hybrids, acid‐catalysed hydrolysis in an excess of water gave rise to the formation of crystalline lamellar hybrid materials through a self‐organisation process. The structural features of these nanostructured organic/inorganic hybrids were analysed by several techniques: attenuated Fourier transformed infrared (ATR‐FTIR), solid‐state NMR spectroscopy (13C and 29Si), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) and powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD). The reaction conditions, the hydrophobic properties of the long alkylidene chains and the hydrogen‐bonding properties of the urea groups are determining factors in the formation of these self‐assembled nanostructured hybrid silicas.
Size‐Selective Formation of C78 Fullerene from a Three‐Dimensional Polyyne Precursor
Authors: Tobe Yoshito , Umeda Rui , Sonoda Motohiro , Wakabayashi Tomonari
Published: January 2005

Multicyclic cagelike cyclophanes 2 a and 2 b containing cyclobutene rings have been prepared as precursors of three‐dimensional polyynes C78H18 (1 a) and C78H12Cl6 (1 b), respectively. Laser irradiation of 2 a and 2 b induced expulsion of the aromatic fragment, indane, to give the three‐dimensional polyyne anions C78H18− and C78H12Cl6−, respectively. Whereas the former anion lost only four hydrogen atoms to form C78H14−, complete loss of all hydrogen and chlorine atoms was observed from the latter anion, to yield a C78− ion that has a fullerene structure which was proven by its characteristic fragmentation pattern.
Implementing environmental management in SMEs
Authors: Perez‐Sanchez D. , Barton J. R. , Bower D.
Published: January 2005

Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) face enormous pressure on the management of their resources. Lack of awareness and expertise are often major obstacles in achieving a better business strategy. Increasing customer pressure and the need to comply with regulations are also very strong drivers for the adoption of environmentally friendly procedures for the disposal of their wastes. The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyse the parameters that interact in the implementation of environmental management tools taking into account the characteristics of SMEs. Particular attention is given to the management of packaging waste. General conclusions and further research are also mentioned. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
A method for the approximate synthesis of cellular non‐linear networks—Part 2: Circuit reduction
Authors: Repetto Lorenzo , Storace Marco , Parodi Mauro
Published: January 2005

In this paper, we face the problem of model reduction in piecewise‐linear (PWL) approximations of non‐linear functions. The reduction procedure presented here is based on the PWL approximation method proposed in a companion paper and resorts to a strategy that exploits the orthonormality of basis functions in terms of a proper inner product. Such a procedure can be favourably applied to the synthesis of the resistive parts of cellular non‐linear networks (CNNs) to reduce the complexity of the resulting circuits. As an example, the method is applied to a case study concerning a CNN for image processing. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening Breakdown in a Plasma by Two Laser Fields and Strong DC Magnetic Field
Authors: Miranda D. F. , Guimarães A. F. , Fonseca A. L. A. , Agrello D. A. , Nunes O. A. C.
Published: January 2005

The effective static dielectric constant of an electron plasma system in the simultaneous presence of two electromagnetic waves and a strong DC magnetic field is calculated. It is found that as the difference Δω of the two electromagnetic wave frequencies matches the plasma frequency ωρ a breakdown in screening occurs thereby increasing the plasma heating rate via the external fields due to inverse Bremmstrahlung. An application is made by considering the typical parameters of a hot plasma. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the Pseudopotential Model of Interacting Particle and Electrical Conductivity of Fully Ionized Plasma
Authors: Baimbetov F. B. , Giniyatova Sh. G.
Published: January 2005

The value of the Coulomb logarithm, as a determining factor in investigations on the kinetic properties of plasma, is calculated on the basis of effective potentials of particle interactions of dense semiclassical plasma. The expression for the electrical conductivity of dense semiclassical nonideal plasma, which is compared with the results of other authors, is calculated using the Coulomb logarithm. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stopping of Heavy Ions in Magnetized Strongly Coupled Plasmas: High‐Velocity Limit
Authors: Nersisyan H. B.
Published: January 2005

The energy loss of a heavy ion moving in a magnetized strongly coupled electron plasma is considered within the linear response treatment and in high‐velocity regime. The analytical expressions for the stopping power have been found for the arbitrary ion incidence angle. The obtained general expression for the stopping power is analyzed for the ion which moves parallel or perpendicular to the magnetic field. It is found that in general the magnetic field and the Coulomb coupling reduce the stopping power as well as the dynamical screening length at high velocities. The influence of the magnetic field and the Coulomb coupling on the high‐velocity stopping power is discussed. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Temperatures in Dielectric Barrier Gas Discharges for Surface Treatment
Authors: Burm K. T. A. L.
Published: January 2005

Optical emission spectroscopy is an optical non‐destructive method with which the temperature of the heavy particles (atoms, molecules, and ions) and the vibration temperature is determined in an air plasma torch and in an atmospheric nitrogen dielectric barrier parallel plate discharge. The two temperatures are measured to obtain an estimation of the deviation from local thermal equilibrium and to compare the two plasma source configurations which are used for surface treatment. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Do open flame ignition resistance treatments for cellulosic and cellulosic blend fabrics also reduce cigarette ignitions?
Authors: Wakelyn P. J. , Adair P. K. , Barker R. H.
Published: January 2005

Mattresses/bedding and upholstered furniture are subject to ignition by cigarettes (smoulder) and open flames leading to injuries, fatalities and property damage. There are mandatory and voluntary cigarette ignition standards in the USA for mattresses (16 CFR 1632) and upholstered furniture (UFAC voluntary standards) as well as open flame ignition standards in California (TB 117) and the UK (BS 5852). Open flame ignition standards are being considered/developed for these products. Some suggest that fire retardant (FR) treatments to prevent/reduce open flame ignitions also reduce cigarette ignitions. Some reports suggest that the smoulder ignition propensity of some cellulosic fabrics can be affected adversely by open flame ignition resistance treatments. Ignitions caused by cigarettes and open flames result from different types of combustion that are retarded by different mechanisms. Flaming combustion is a gas phase reaction and occurs when heat causes degradation of the polymer releasing volatile products that undergo rapid oxidation in the air, whereas smouldering combustion is a direct oxidation of either the polymer or its char. The results of textile/fibre industry studies with FR treated upholstery fabrics and a critical review of the available published literature indicate that cigarette ignition propensity of cellulose fabrics is complicated and affected by many factors and that smoulder ignition resistance of these fabrics can be affected adversely by open flame ignition resistance treatments. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DOD conservation conference highlights the value of integrating natural and cultural resources conservation with military readiness
Authors: Boice L. Peter
Published: January 2005

The Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Installations and Environment sponsored a Department‐wide conservation conference in Savannah, Georgia, from August 22–27, 2004. The conference included a series of workshops, technical sessions, poster presentations, computer‐based demonstrations, and field trips. In addition, top environmental officials from the Departments of Defense and Interior, including Judge Craig Manson, Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Fish, Wildlife, and Parks and Alex A. Beehler, Assistant Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Environment, Safety, and Occupational Health, spoke at the conference plenary. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Experiences with a space–time multigrid method for the optimal control of a chemical turbulence model
Authors: Borzì Alfio , Griesse R.
Published: January 2005

Lambda–omega systems provide a universal model to investigate two‐species reaction diffusion problems. In the case of fast reaction kinetics and small diffusion, these systems evolve to turbulent behaviour. A class of open‐loop optimal control problems governed by lambda–omega systems in the turbulent regime is investigated. Optimal solutions are characterized by optimality systems consisting of two pairs of reaction diffusion equations with opposite time orientation. These systems are solved by a space–time multigrid scheme suitable for the turbulent setting. Numerical examples are given where the control drives the chaotic system to form regular patterns. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the adjoint solution of the quasi‐1D Euler equations: the effect of boundary conditions and the numerical flux function
Authors: Duivesteijn G. F. , Bijl H. , Koren B. , van Brummelen E. H.
Published: January 2005

This work compares a numerical and analytical adjoint equation method with respect to boundary condition treatments applied to the quasi‐1D Euler equations. The effect of strong and weak boundary conditions and the effect of flux evaluators on the numerical adjoint solution near the boundaries are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of highly magnetic chitosan particles and their use for affinity purification of enzymes
Authors: An Xiaoning , Su Zhixing , Zeng Hanmin
Published: January 2005

A novel protocol for preparation of highly magnetic chitosan particles, with a coercive force as high as 3500 Oe, has been developed. The surface of the particles was functionalized with aldehyde groups to facilitate the attachment of affinity ligands. The optimum conditions for the preparation of highly magnetic chitosan particles and immobilization of trypsin on magnetic particles were obtained; these particles were then used for affinity purification of aprotinin, and the conditions of affinity purification are discussed in detail. The proposed method was successfully applied to the affinity purification of aprotinin. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Elimination of chlorobenzene vapors from air in a compost‐based biofilter
Authors: Delhoménie Marie‐Caroline , Heitz Michèle
Published: January 2005

In this work, the removal of monochlorobenzene (CB) vapors from air was studied, for the first time, in a non‐inoculated, laboratory‐scale, aerobic biofilter. The influence of three parameters on the bioprocess has been evaluated: the rate of nitrogen supplied to the bed, the inlet concentration of CB, and the flow rate. The CB inlet concentration was varied between 0.3 and 3.2 g m−3, at a constant flow rate of 1.0 m3 h−1. Removal rates of greater than 90% were achieved for CB inlet concentrations of up to 1.2 g m−3. Then the flow rate was varied from 0.5 to 3.0 m3 h−1 with a constant inlet concentration (1.2 g m−3). Maximum elimination capacities (70 g m−3 h−1) were reached for contact times of greater than 60 s. The study of varying flow rates also permitted evaluation of a first order macrokinetic constant (1.1 × 10−2 s−1) for the CB biodegradation. Finally, the optimum nitrogen input value was found to lie between 0.3 and 0.4 g N h−1 and gave rise to elimination capacities as high as 70 g m−3 h−1 for an inlet load of near 80 g m−3 h−1. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Active silicas obtained by precipitation from mixtures of sodium metasilicate and ammonium chloride solutions
Authors: Żurawska Jolanta , Krysztafkiewicz Andrzej , Jesionowski Teofil
Published: January 2005

Studies were conducted on the production of highly dispersed silicas using the technique of precipitation from solutions of sodium metasilicate and ammonium chloride. Parameters of the precipitation process were optimised in order to obtain highly dispersed as well as uniform and stable silicas. The silicas obtained were subjected to elementary physicochemical analysis, the tendency of the silica particles to form aggregates and agglomerates was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS), and surface analysis was performed using the BET technique. The silicas obtained manifested exceptionally low bulk density and a high capacity to absorb paraffin oil. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Kinetic analysis of the sorption of copper(II) ions on chitosan
Authors: Cheung WH , Ng JCY , Mckay G
Published: January 2005

The removal of copper ions from aqueous effluents by chitosan was studied in equilibrium and agitated batch contacting systems. The sorption capacities of chitosan for copper ions are 1.26 and 1.12 mmol g−1 at pH 3.5 and 4.5, respectively. The equilibrium experimental data were best correlated by the Langmuir equation. The kinetics of sorption were studied at an initial solution pH of 4.5 and a chitosan particle size of 355–500 µm. The kinetics were analyzed using four models: the pseudo‐first‐order, pseudo‐second‐order, modified second‐order and Elovich equations. The rate parameters for the four models were determined and the Elovich equation provided the best correlation of the experimental kinetic data. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by London plane leaves
Authors: Aoyama Masakazu
Published: January 2005

The effect of initial metal concentration, contact time and solution temperature on the removal of Cr(VI) from solution by waste London plane leaves, generated by the pruning of street trees, was investigated in batch mode conditions. The removal of Cr(VI) was highly concentration‐dependent and mainly governed by physico‐chemical adsorption under the weak acidic conditions studied. The equilibrium data fit well in the Langmuir isotherm model. The Langmuir constants were calculated at different temperatures and both the adsorption capacity and adsorption intensity increased with rising temperature. The endothermic nature of the Cr(VI) adsorption was confirmed by the thermodynamic parameters. The study has shown that the waste leaves can be used as an effective adsorbent for removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Estradiol‐17β content in developing eggs and induced sex reversal of the medaka (Oryzias latipes)
Authors: Iwamatsu Takashi , Kobayashi Hirokuni , Hamaguchi Satoshi , Sagegami Reiko , Shuo Takuya
Published: January 2005

To clarify the effect of exogenous estradiol‐17β (E2) on sex differentiation, the E2 content of developing eggs of Oryzias latipes was measured by radioimmunoassay. Endogenous E2 was present in lower concentrations in ovulated, mature eggs in the ovarian cavity than in intrafollicular oocytes. The E2 content of eggs precipitously declined to a minimum level by 2 days post‐fertilization. The E2 content of eggs was affected by 24 hr of incubation in medium containing exogenous E2 at concentrations above 10 ng/ml. Short (24 hr) exposure of fertilized eggs in the early developmental stage to exogenous E2 at concentrations of 10 ng/ml induced sex reversal of some genotypic males to functional females. However, endogenous E2 levels in fertilized eggs might not influence sexual differentiation in embryogenesis. The present results suggest the possibility that concentrations of exogenous E2 higher than that of endogenous E2 triggers a priming step in the cascade of sex differentiation toward the female, and this effect is maintained. J. Exp. Zool. 303A:161–167, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cortisol receptor blockade and seawater adaptation in the euryhaline teleost Fundulus heteroclitus
Authors: Marshall W.S. , Cozzi R.R.F. , Pelis R.M. , Mccormick S.D.
Published: January 2005

To examine the role of cortisol in seawater osmoregulation in a euryhaline teleost, adult killifish were acclimated to brackish water (10‰) and RU486 or vehicle was administered orally in peanut oil daily for five days at low (40 mg.kg−1) or high dose (200 mg.kg−1). Fish were transferred to 1.5 × seawater (45‰) or to brackish water (control) and sampled at 24 h and 48 h after transfer, when Cl− secretion is upregulated. At 24 h, opercular membrane Cl− secretion rate, as Isc, was increased only in the high dose RU486 group. Stimulation of membranes by 3–isobutyl–1–methylxanthine and cAMP increased Isc in vehicle treated controls but those from RU486–treated animals were unchanged and membranes from brackish water animals showed a decrease in Isc. At 48 h, Isc increased and transepithelial resistance decreased in vehicle and RU486 groups, compared to brackish water controls. Plasma cortisol increased in all groups transferred to high salinity, compared to brackish water controls. RU486 treated animals had higher cortisol levels compared to vehicle controls. Vehicle treated controls had lower cortisol levels than untreated or RU486 treated animals, higher stimulation of Isc, and lower hematocrit at 24 h, beneficial effects attributed to increased caloric intake from the peanut oil vehicle. Chloride cell density was significantly increased in the high dose RU486 group at 48 hours, yet Isc was unchanged, suggesting a decrease in Cl− secretion per cell. Thus cortisol enhances NaCl secretion capacity in chloride cells, likely via glucocorticoid type receptors. J. Exp. Zool. 303A:132–142, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glucocorticoid metabolism and Na+ transport in chicken intestine
Authors: Mazancová Karla , Kučka Marek , Mikšík Ivan , Pácha Jiří
Published: January 2005

The role of aldosterone in regulation of electrogenic Na+ transport is well established, though mineralocorticoid receptors bind glucocorticoids with similar binding affinity as aldosterone and plasma concentration of aldosterone is much lower than glucocorticoids. In mammals, the aldosterone specificity is conferred on the low‐selective mineralocorticoid receptors by glucocorticoid inactivating enzyme 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11HSD) that converts cortisol or corticosterone into metabolites (cortisone, 11–dehydrocorticosterone) with lower affinity for these receptors. The present study examined the chicken intestine, whether changes in 11HSD activity are able to modulate the effect of corticosterone on Na+ transport, and how the metabolism of this hormone is distributed within the intestinal wall. This study shows that not only aldosterone, but also corticosterone (B), was able to increase the electrogenic Na+ transport in chicken caecum in vitro. The effect of corticosterone was higher in the presence of carbenoxolone, an inhibitor of steroid dehydrogenases, and was comparable to the effect of aldosterone. The metabolism of B in the intestine was studied; results showed oxidation of this steroid to 11–dehydrocorticosterone (A) and reduction to 11–dehydro–20β–dihydrocorticosterone (20diA) as the main metabolic products at low nanomolar concentration of the substrate. In contrast, 20β–dihydrocorticosterone and 20diA were the major products at micromolar concentration of B. Progesterone was converted to 20β‐dihydroprogesterone. The metabolism of corticosterone was localized predominantly in the intestinal mucosa (enterocytes). In conclusion, the oxidation at position C11 and reduction at position C20 suggest that both 11HSD and 20β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20HSD) operate in the chicken intestine and that the mucosa of avian intestine possesses a partly different system of modulation of corticosteroid signals than mammals. This system seems to protect the aldosterone target tissue against excessive concentration of corticosterone and progesterone. J. Exp. Zool. 303A:113–122, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of capacitative Ca2+ entry by prothoracicotropic hormone in the prothoracic glands of the silkworm, Bombyx mori
Authors: Dedos Skarlatos G. , Wicher Dieter , Fugo Hajime , Birkenbeil Heiner
Published: January 2005

Measurements of Ca2+ influx in Fura‐2/AM loaded steroidogenic cells (prothoracic glands; PGs) of the silkworm, Bombyx mori showed that application of the neuropeptide prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) can increase the intracellular [Ca2+]i. This PTTH‐mediated Ca2+ influx in PG cells had kinetic patterns and pharmacological characteristics similar to those induced by thapsigargin. Namely, it produced increases in intracellular Ca2+ levels only in the presence of extracellular Ca2+, it was blocked by Gd3+ and 2‐Aminoethoxydiphenylborate (2‐APB), and it was unaffected by several toxins or compounds that block voltage‐activated Ca2+ channels. Moreover, the PTTH‐stimulated increase of Ca2+ levels was eliminated in the presence of heparin (an IP3 receptor blocker), and by TMB‐8 which also blocked any PTTH‐dependent increase of ecdysteroid secretion. The PTTH‐mediated increase of Ca2+ levels was not affected by the non‐hydrolysable GDP analogue, GDPβS, an indication that a G protein is not downstream of the PTTH receptor. These results argue strongly in favor of gating by the PTTH receptor of capacitative Ca2+ entry (CCE) channels (or store‐operated Ca2+ channels (SOCs)) by a mechanism that does not involve any G proteins but requires the presence of functional IP3 receptors. Because the ability of PTTH to stimulate the [Ca2+]i levels of PG cells was completely mimicked by thapsigargin and exhibited a pharmacological profile similar to CCE mechanisms, we believe that PTTH directly regulates a CCE pathway in PG cells thereby activating a plethora of downstream regulators responsible for ecdysteroid secretion by the PGs of Bombyx mori. J. Exp. Zool. 303A:101–112, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nitric Oxide (NO) in normal and hypoxic vascular regulation of the spiny dogfish,Squalus acanthias
Authors: Swenson Kai E. , Eveland Randy L. , Gladwin Mark T. , Swenson Erik R.
Published: January 2005

Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent vasodilator in terrestrial vertebrates, but whether vascular endothelial‐derived NO plays a role in vascular regulation in fish remains controversial. To explore this issue, a study was made of spiny dogfish sharks (Squalus acanthias) in normoxia and acute hypoxia (60 min exposure to seawater equilibrated with 3% oxygen) with various agents known to alter NO metabolism or availability. In normoxia, nitroprusside (a NO donor) reduced blood pressure by 20%, establishing that vascular smooth muscle responds to NO. L‐arginine, the substrate for NO synthase, had no hemodynamic effect. Acetylcholine, which stimulates endothelial NO and prostaglandin production in mammals, reduced blood pressure, but also caused marked bradycardia. L‐NAME, an inhibitor of all NO synthases, caused a small 10% rise in blood pressure, but cell‐free hemoglobin (a potent NO scavenger and hypertensive agent in mammals) had no effect. Acute hypoxia caused a 15% fall in blood pressure, which was blocked by L‐NAME and cell‐free hemoglobin. Serum nitrite, a marker of NO production, rose with hypoxia, but not with L‐NAME. Results suggest that NO is not an endothelial‐derived vasodilator in the normoxic elasmobranch. The hypertensive effect of L‐NAME may represent inhibition of NO production in the CNS and nerves regulating blood pressure. In acute hypoxia, there is a rapid up‐regulation of vascular NO production that appears to be responsible for hypoxic vasodilation.J. Exp. Zool. 303A:154–160, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of physical and chemical characteristics of newly evolved wheat cultivars
Authors: Khattak Amal Badshah , Jabbar Abdul , Khan Maazullah , Bibi Nizakat , Chaudry M Ashraf , Khattak M Saeed
Published: January 2005

Evaluation of quality characteristics of wheat provides significant feedback to breeders for selection/evolution of the most suitable varieties. Seven advanced wheat cultivars and two commercial varieties were studied for 11 physicochemical characteristics. These cultivars showed significant differences for all parameters except ash content, which showed no significant variation. Test weight ranged between 75.6 kg hl−1 (NRL‐2005) and 80.5 kg hl−1 (NRL‐2017). Kernel weight and volume were highest (4.0 g and 3.2 ml) for NRL‐9822 and lowest (3.3 g and 2.6 ml) for NRL‐2005. Biological yield was highest (14 040 kg ha−1) for NRL‐9822 and lowest (12 380 kg ha−1) for Takbeer variety. Grain yield varied between 4717 kg ha−1 (NRL‐01‐7) and 4042 kg ha−1 (NRL‐9736), non‐grain biomass between 9708 and 8083 kg ha−1, protein yield between 614.3 and 480.8 kg ha−1 and harvest index between 34.8 and 30.8%. Moisture content ranged from 7.46 to 9.07%. Gluten and protein contents were highest (39.69 and 13.81%) in NRL‐9736 and lowest (29.78 and 12.70%) in NRL‐9822. Test weight was positively correlated with kernel weight and volume and negatively associated with moisture, protein and gluten contents. Protein and gluten contents had a negative association with kernel weight and volume. Gluten content had a highly positive correlation with protein content. Grain yield was positively correlated with biological yield. Protein yield had a positive relationship with biological and grain yields and a negative association with harvest index. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
The Role of Functional Group on the Exfoliation of Clay in Poly(L‐lactide)
Authors: Chen Guang‐Xin , Choi Jai Bok , Yoon Jin San
Published: January 2005

Summary: A new method was attempted to improve the interaction between poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA) with a commercially available organoclay, Cloisite 25A (C25A), which was functionalized with (glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane to introduce epoxy groups, and is referred to as twice‐functionalized organoclay (TFC). Tethering PLLA molecules to the epoxy groups on the surface of the TFC was attempted by melt compounding. X‐Ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy images showed that fully exfoliated PLLA/TFC nanocomposites were prepared successfully.

Transmission electron micrographs of the PLLA composites of the three clays used here.

image

Transmission electron micrographs of the PLLA composites of the three clays used here.
Polyurethane Networks Nanoreinforced by Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane
Authors: Liu Hongzhi , Zheng Sixun
Published: January 2005

Summary: Octaaminophenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OapPOSS) was used as a crosslinking agent together with 4,4′‐methylenebis‐(2‐chloroaniline) to prepare polyurethane networks containing POSS. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were employed to characterize the POSS‐reinforced polyurethane. The POSS‐containing PU networks displayed enhanced glass transition temperatures (Tgs) and the storage moduli of the networks of the glassy state and rubber plateaus were also observed to be significantly higher than that of the control polyurethane although only a small amount of POSS was incorporated into the systems. The results can be ascribed to the significant nanoscale reinforcement effect of POSS cages on the polyurethane matrix. TGA results showed the thermal stability was also improved with incorporation of POSS into the system.

Dynamic mechanical spectra of PU and PU nanocomposites containing POSS.

image

Dynamic mechanical spectra of PU and PU nanocomposites containing POSS.
Microwave Accelerated Polymerization of 2‐Phenyl‐2‐oxazoline
Authors: Sinnwell Sebastian , Ritter Helmut
Published: January 2005

Summary: We studied the cationic ring‐opening polymerization of 2‐phenyl‐2‐oxazoline under microwave irradiation. A comparison with thermal heating shows a great enhancement in the reaction rates while the living character of the polymerization is conserved. The polymerizations were performed at the temperature of boiling butyronitrile (123 °C). The polymerization of 2‐phenyl‐2‐oxazoline under microwave conditions, described herein for the first time, is shown to be a rapid and environmentally friendly alternative to the classical methods.

Schematic of the activation of the reactive site by microwave irradiation.

image

Schematic of the activation of the reactive site by microwave irradiation.
Unusual Multilayered Structures in Poly(ethylene oxide)/Laponite Nanocomposite Films
Authors: Dundigalla Avinash , Lin‐Gibson Sheng , Ferreiro Vincent , Malwitz Matthew M. , Schmidt Gudrun
Published: January 2005

Summary: The unusual structure of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and Laponite clay in transparent nanocomposite films was investigated using scanning electron, atomic force, and optical microscopy, and X‐ray scattering. Each method is sensitive to different aspects of structural features and together they measure the resulting morphology and shear‐induced orientation. On nanometer length scales, clay platelets were found to orient in bundles while polymer crystallinity was suppressed. Microscopy led to the observation of unexpected and highly oriented multilayers on the micron length scale.

Scanning electron microscopy image of the freeze‐fractured surface of a poly(ethylene oxide)–Laponite film: the view on top of the x–y plane.

image

Scanning electron microscopy image of the freeze‐fractured surface of a poly(ethylene oxide)–Laponite film: the view on top of the x–y plane.