bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modern Process for the Production of Sorghum Starch
Authors: Caransa A. , Bakker W. G. M.
Published: November 2006

In a limited number of countries, in the U.S.A., Latin America and Africa, sorghum is considered to be a potential raw material for starch production. Given the availability of sorghum in Sudan, a modern sorghum starch plant with a processing capacity of 150 metr. t/d of sorghum has been started up in that country in 1986. This plant, which also produces glucose syrup, is one of five agricultural projects sponsored by an international body. Given the fact that sorghum is not always available, the plant has been designed to process corn as an alternate feed stock. In this article we shall discuss the technological process. We have to add the fact that given the raw material situation in Sudan all data given in the paper, though obtained during continuous full scale operation, are based on a limited amount of sorghum processed. Apart from discussing the process the paper also deals with the quality of all products produced in the starch plant.
Extracted Lipids and Carbohydrates During Washing and Boiling of Milled Rice
Authors: Perez C. M. , Juliano B. O. , Pascual C. G. , Novenario V. G.
Published: November 2006

Washing and cooking of waxy and nonwaxy milled rice and rice flour resulted in extraction of lipids, and carbohydrates, principally starch and nonstarch polysaccharides. Lipids, nonstarch polysaccharides and amylose contributed to hardening of waxy rice (IR 29) starch gel consistency in H2O. Lipids extracted were mainly nonstarch lipids, principally free fatty acids. Nonstarch polysaccharides extracted in cold water were rich in glucose, galactose and arabinose, but those extracted in hot water were mainly glucans. Hot water extractable starch was more in waxy than in nonwaxy rice but complexed less with IR 29 amylopectin.
Effectiveness of Jet‐Cooked Pearl Cornstarch as a Controlled Release Matrix
Authors: Wing R. E. , Maiti S. , Doane W. M.
Published: November 2006

The effectiveness of non‐chemically modified pearl cornstarch as an encapsulating matrix for active agents such as herbicides is reported. Aqueous gelatinization of pearl cornstarch at high temperatures followed by active agent addition, drying and grinding yielded encapsulated products showing slow release of active agent. Efficiency of encapsulation and rate of release of the herbicide butylate varied with temperature and concentration of starch during steam‐jet cooking, amount of butylate incorporated and method of drying. Retrogradation is the major factor influencing efficiency of encapsulation and rate of active agent release.
Bestimmung der Substitutionsmuster von chemisch modifizierten Stärken
Authors: Mischnick‐Lübbecke P. , König W. A. , Radeloff M.
Published: November 2006

Es werden Methoden zur Untersuchung oxidierter Stärken, Stärkeether und Stärkeester hinsichtlich Substitutionsgrad und Substituentenverteilung beschrieben. Während oxidierte Stärken direkt hydrolysiert und die Hydrolyseprodukte als Trimethylsilylderivate untersucht wurden, ließen sich Stärkeether mit der klassischen Methylierungsanalyse analysieren bzw. nach Permethylierung reduktiv abbauen. Die Methylierung der Stärkeester unter Erhalt der Acylgruppen erfolgte mit Methyltriflat mit anschließendem hydrolytischen oder reduktivem Abbau. Alle Abbauprodukte wurden acetyliert und mittels kombinierter Gaschromatographie‐Massenspektrometrie untersucht.
Thermodynamics of the Process of Adsorption of Phosphate Starch on Cellulose
Authors: Nedelcheva M. , Sokolova J.
Published: November 2006

Subject of this study is the adsorption of phosphate starch (PHS) on cotton cellulose and unbleached pulp from coniferous wood at temperature of 0.20, 40 and 60°C. resp., and concentration of the PHS solutions ranging from 0,030 to 2,00 g/l. It was found that with an increase of temperature the quantity of adsorbed PHS decreases. Adsorption equilibrium is described by the adsorption isotherm of Langmuir. The equilibrium constants, isosteric heats, standard affinity and entropy of the process are defined. It was established that the desorption of PHS of sulphate unbleached pulp of coniferous wood was 46.5%.
A Study of Native and Chemically Modified Potato Starch. Part I: Analysis and Enzymic Availability in vitro
Authors: Östergård K. , Björck I. , Gunnarsson A.
Published: November 2006

The availability of native and chemically modified potato starch to α‐amylase was studied in vitro (distarch phosphate, acetylated distarch phosphate and hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate). Enzyme availability was also related to results obtained during analysis of starch and dietary fibre, The degree of substitution (DS) was determined by 1HNMR spectroscopy and the substitution sites were evaluated by gasliquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.

Substitution with acetyl‐ and hydroxypropyl groups reduced the availability of drum‐dried starch derivatives to α‐amylase. In contrast, the susceptibility of raw starch increased after introduction of hydroxypropyl groups. Cross‐linking with phosphate only had but minor effects on enzyme availability. The recovery of starch during analysis depended on (a) degree of hydrolysis to glucose (b) whether or not the substitution groups were removed. The lowest yields were observed when analyzing substituted derivatives after boiling and enzymic hydrolysis (60‐70%). Enzymically unavailable starch was not recovered as dietary fibre when using an enzymic gravimetric assay.
Stärkederivate in der Rollengummierung
Authors: Marihart J.
Published: November 2006

Wiederanfeuchtbare gummierte Papierklebestreifen als Schachtelverschluß haben sich neben Selbstklebebändern auf Kunststoffbasis, Klammern, Dispersionsklebstoffen und Hot‐Melts einen wesentlichen Platz erhalten. Aus wirtschaftlichen Gründen rentiert sich die Verwendung von gummierten Klebestreifen erst bei höheren Stückzahlen an zu verklebenden Kartons. Bei den verwendeten Stärkederivaten handelt es sich um Essigsäureester, Propoxether und Cyanoethylstärken auf Basis Kartoffelstärke. Für Cyanoethylstärken wird die Klebkraft in Abhängigkeit vom Substitutionsgrad, der Viskosität sowie der Menge an Feuchthaltemittel beschrieben. Der Energieverbrauch ist wesentlich von der Trockensubstanz des zu verarbeitenden aufbereiteten Klebstoffes abhängig. Diese wird beeinflußt von der Art der Derivatisierung und dem Substitutionsgrad vor allem über die Verkleisterungstemperatur. Anwendungstechnisch bedeutend ist neben der Klebkraft (gemessen nach FIPAGO‐Norm) die Rollneigung.
Cereal Starches Within the European Community – Agricultural Production, Dry and Wet Milling and Potential Use in Industry
Authors: Munck L. , Rexen F. , Pedersen L. Haastrup
Published: November 2006

The increasing surplus production of cereals in the EC has greatly stimulated the interest for new outles for cereals. The main part of the 98 million tons of starch produced in cereals in the EC today remains in the grain and is used for food and feed ‐ only a minor part finds application in industry. The total EC production of native starch is only about 4 million of which 1.3 million t is used in non‐food industries. However, there are still numerous not yet fully explored potential applications which will be discussed. A prerequisite for substantial increase in utilization of starch products within the EC is an improvement of the competitiveness towards competing raw materials, mainly petro‐derived. One step towards this goal might be to breed and “industry‐adapted” cereal crop with a high content of starch of a special quality. A study performed by Carlsberg Research Center has shown that starch content is positively correlated with grain yield which is in accordance with the fact that it is “cheaper” for the plant to produce starch than protein or fat. The study also showed that starch content and starch composition can vary widely, not only between species but also within varieties of the same species. Also agronomical and meteorological factors have influence. For instance, it was found that rain (water) applied to leaves will reduce starch content compared to plants given same amount of water to the roots. Also improvements in the processing of grain may increase competitiveness of starch. New dry and wet milling techniques will be discussed.
Five Years of Experience with the Application of Reverse Osmosis on Light Middlings in a Corn Wet Milling Plant
Authors: Kollacks W. A. , Rekers C. J. N.
Published: November 2006

Corn wet milling is a water intensive operation. A modern corn wet milling plant typically uses 1,5 m3 of fresh water per t of corn. Much of this added water must subsequently be removed by processes that are energy intensive to varying degrees. A major breakthrough in reducing the water consumption of the corn wet milling process was made when A. Cicuttini perceived the idea of using reverse osmosis more upstream in the corn wet milling process, to recover pure water from light middlings, the overflow from the hydrocyclone starch washing system, and to re‐use this water for starch washing. In doing so the direct relation between the amount of water used for washing the starch, and the amount of light steep water to be evaporated does no longer exist. A full size reverse osmosis system for this service has been installed in one of the CPC corn wet milling plants in 1982. In a first phase a reduction of the load to the steepwater evaporator of 50% has been obtained. Expansion of the reverse osmosis system enabled further reduction of the steepwater evaporator load down to 30% of the original value. The system has demonstrated its ability to operate in conjunction with a 9‐stage starch washing section with a wet fresh water intake for starch washing, comparable to that of a 15‐stage washing section, at the same high level of starch product quality, and at much lower energy cost. The disappearance of the direct link between fresh water consumption for starch washing and steep water evaporator load creates new possibilities for optimisation and flexibility in design and operation of corn wet milling plants.
New Industrial Products from Starch
Authors: Koch H. , Röper H.
Published: November 2006

The industrial (non‐food) use of starch and starch‐based products as renewable raw materials is discussed together with examples, in the following application areas:

–Starch as auxiliary raw material: binder, adhesive, thickener, protective colloid.

–Starch as raw material for new products in chemical or biotechnical processes: polyols, acids, polysaccharides, enzymes.

–Starch as filler with specific functionality for synthetic polymers to improve application properties in e. g. polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyurethane‐foams, styrene/butadiene copolymers, polyvinylchloride.

–Starch as reactive component to be incorporated during production of synthetic polymers leading to synergistic effects: urea/formaldehyde resins, phenolic resins, alkyd‐ and melamine resins.

–Starch‐based active materials which either exhibit direct functionality themselves, (e. g. as surfactants, sequestrants and bleaching boosters) or which represent building blocks for the synthesis of chiral compounds for the pharmaceutical or the agro‐industries.
Influence of Steeping Conditions for Kernels on Some Properties of Corn Starch
Authors: Takeda Y. , Suzuki A. , Hizukuri S.
Published: November 2006

The steeping conditions for kernels affected the physicochemical properties of corn starch. Steeping in an alkaline solution minimized the nitrogen and phosphorus contents, while that in water and a sulfite solution gave high contents. The alkaline‐steeping appeared to slightly reduce the crystallinity of starch granules, as judged on X‐ray diffraction. Steeping at a low temperature produced the starch showing the lowest pasting temperature, on amylography, but it showed a similar gelatinization temperature, on photopastegraphy. to those of the other starches. The starches with low nitrogen and lipid contents swelled largely and were extensively solubilized on heating. The actual amylose contents were 20–21%, which were considerably lower than the apparent contents.
Investigating the Kinetics of the Process of Adsorption of Phosphate Starch on Cellulose
Authors: Nedelcheva M. P. , Sokolova J. S.
Published: November 2006

The kinetic dependencies have been investigated of the adsorption process of phosphate starch on cotton cellulose and on unbleached sulphate cellulose of softwood at temperatures of 0°, 20°, 40° and 60°C. It has been found that the kinetics of adsorption can be described by means of the Elovich‐Tyomkin exponential kinetic equation. The values of the activation energy obtained for the two types of cellulose are of the order of 5‐9 kJ/mol, and do not depend on the quantity of the phosphate starch adsorbed.
Affinity Binding of Higher Plant β‐Amylases to Starch. A Rapid Purification Method
Authors: Subbaramaiah K. , Sharma R.
Published: November 2006

A rapid purification method exploiting affinity of higher plant β‐amylases to its substrate starch is described. Mustard β‐amylase on incubation with starch suspension binds rapidly to starch. The enzyme binds tenaciously to starch as various eluants as concentrated salt solutions, α‐cyclodextrin and shift in elution pH could not significantly elute the bound enzyme. Even maltose only partially eluted the bound enzyme at high concentrations (5% w/v) after a prolonged incubation time (24 h). Nevertheless, the enzyme could be rapidly eluted from starch with white dextrin (1% w/v). The eluted enzyme fractions consisted of β‐amylase purified to homogeneity. The above starch‐affinity purification process could also be applied to other higher plant β‐amylases such as sweet potato and barley.
Expansion, Color and Shear Strength Properties of Com Starches Extrusion‐Cooked with Urea and Salts
Authors: Chinnaswamy R. , Hanna M. A.
Published: November 2006

Sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate and urea were mixed with normal corn starch (25% amylose) and extrusion‐cooked at 140°C. The expansion ratio of the starch increased from 13 to 16.9 as the sodium chloride concentration was increased from 0 to 1 g per 100 g of starch (d. b.) and then decreased. As the concentrations of sodium bicarbonate and urea in the starch mixtures were increased, the expansion ratios decreased gradually from 13 to 11.9 and 8, respectively. Starch‐sodium bicarbonate mixture extrudates were brownish‐yellow in color. In a follow‐up study, corn starches with amylose contents of 0, 25, 50 and 70% were extrusion‐cooked with the above chemicals added at a level of 1 g per 100g starch. In general, the addition of sodium chloride increased the expansion ratio of all starch extrudates by 0.5 to 5.5 units, whereas sodium bicarbonate and urea decreased expansion by 1 to 6 units. The overall color of the starch extrudates, prepared with and without sodium bicarbonate, tended towards brownish‐yellow with increasing amylose content.
Scanning Electron Microscopy Study of Starch Granule Degradation in Chick‐pea Cotyledons
Authors: Rodríguez A. , Martín L. , Alonso J. R. , Nicolás G. , Villalobos N.
Published: November 2006

The embryonic axis plays an important role in the processes of starch degradation. Before germination starts, the starch granules of chickpea cotyledons have an almost smooth surface. As germination progresses, membrane‐like material is deposited on the granules from the adaxial to the abaxial face of the cotyledon. At 10 days after the start of germination, the starch granules disappear, giving rise to numerous polyhaedral starch bodies. When excised cotyledons are cultured, a pronounced temporal delay occurs in these events.
Interference of Non‐enzyme Protein in the Reaction of α‐Amylase on Amyloses
Authors: Kennedy J. F. , Stevenson D. L. , White C. A.
Published: November 2006

In a previous communication [1] the assessment of amyloses as potential chromogenic substrates for the assay of α‐amylase was described. An α‐amylase suscetibility test for amyloses using a highly purified α‐amylase from Bacillus subtilis was used. During the course of these investigations commercially available control sera containing α‐amylase were used, However, these preparations proved to be highly unsuccessful due to having both low enzyme activity and high level of extraneous protein. Therefore, the difficulties encountered using these preparations are reported in this communication as illustration of a wider principle of superfluous protein in enzyme preparations. In this context it should be noted that industrial preparations of starch degrading enzymes also contain non‐enzyme protein and such preparations are used for the production of e. g. glucose and high‐fructose syrups.
Moisture Accessibility of Hydrophilic Sites in Starch and Modified Starch
Authors: Hari P. K. , Agarwala A. K. , Garg S.
Published: November 2006

Pulsed NMR technique was used to determine total water, bound/mobile fraction and their force of binding in starch and hydroxyethyl starch. The accessibility of moisture to the hydrophilic sites was evaluated. Substitution of hydrophilic, bulky, hydroxyethyl group to starch increased the bound water. The force of binding increased with the increase of molar substitution of hydroxyethyl groups. The accessibility of starch to moisture is increased by substitution of hydroxyethyl groups.
Efficient Preparation of Octyl α‐D‐Glucopyranoside Monohydrate: A Recirculation Procedure Involving Water Removal by Product Crystallisation
Authors: Straathof A. J. J. , van Bekkum H. , Kieboom A. P. G.
Published: November 2006

D‐Glucose, suspended in 1‐octanol, was converted according to the Fischer‐glycosidation using various macroporous sulfonic acid ionexchange resins as the catalyst. This resulted in an equilibrium mixture consisting of octyl D‐glucosides together with substantial amounts of reversion products. Octyl α‐D‐glucopyranoside monohydrate selectively crystallised from the equilibrium mixture upon the addition of petroleum ether (b. p. 40–65°C). The mother liquor was recirculated to the reactor and re‐equilibrated in the presence of additional D‐glucose and 1‐octanol. The ion‐exchange resin and petroleum ether were also recycled. This procedure allowed the one‐step preparation of crystalline octyl α‐D‐glucopyranoside monohydrate in a quantitative yield from D‐glucose and 1‐octanol without the use of toxic solvents or the formation of waste products.
Starch Hydrolysis During Sorghum Beer Brewing
Authors: Glennie C. W.
Published: November 2006

Samples were taken at different stages of sorghum beer brewing and the starch isolated. The physico‐chemical properties of the starch were determined to establish what changes occurred at the molecular level of the starch during brewing. Complete hydrolysis of the starch to fermentable sugars is never the aim of mashing during sorghum beer brewing. A certain amount of starch in the beer is required to give it its characteristic viscosity and body. This residual starch was found to be much reduced in amylose content as well as in molecular size compared with the starch in the raw materials. Debranching with isoamylase followed by gel filtration chromatography indicated that the amylopectin side chains were reduced in length by approximately half.
Methods for the Characterization of Cibacron® Blue 3G‐A Dyed Amyloses as Potential Substrates for the Assay of α‐Amylase
Authors: Kennedy J. F. , Stevenson D. L. , White C. A.
Published: November 2006

Improved methods have been devised for the assessment of Cibacron® Blue 3G‐A dyed amyloses and their suitability as chromogenic substrates for the assay of α‐amylase. The new methods reported herein are based on the determination of oligosaccharide component composition of water soluble fractions and enzymatic hydrolysates using gel permeation chromatography with Bio‐Gel P2 media, determination of carbohydrate and Cibacron® Blue 3G‐A contents, gel permeation chromatography to assess molecular weight distributions, and enzymic degradation using α‐amylase (1, 4‐α‐D‐glucan glucanohydrolase EC 3.2.1.1.) and β‐amylase (1, 4‐α‐D‐glucan maltohydrolase EC 3.2.1.2.).
Immobilization of Glucoamylase on Cellulose
Authors: Przybyt M. , Sugier H.
Published: November 2006

The effectiveness of immobilization of glucoamylase on cotton linters and beech wood pulp activated in a number of manners was examined as well as the kinetic properties of immobilized enzyme.
A New Immobilized Glucose Isomerase with High Productivity Produced by a Strain of Streptomyces murinus
Authors: Jørgensen O. B. , Karlsen L. G. , Nielsen N. B. , Pedersen S. , Rugh Susanne
Published: November 2006

The properties of a new immobilized glucose isomerase, produced by a selected strain of Streptomyces murinus, are described. The major advantages of the new immobilized enzyme are a productivity of more than 10,000 kg syrup dry substance per kg enzyme under optimal industrial conditions, increased activity and a very low syrup by‐product formation. The influence of process parameters (temperature, pH and feed syrup additives) on activity and stability is discussed based on laboratory and industrial plant data.
Small Scale Separation of Wheat Flour in Starch and Gluten
Authors: Weegels P. L. , Marseille J. P. , Hamer Hamer R. J.
Published: November 2006

A system was designed to imitate on a small scale the separation process of wheat into starch and gluten. The system provides information on gluten coagulation, on yields, purity and recovery of gluten and starch, and on losses of soluble protein and other soluble matter in waste water. The performance of the system is demonstrated with the results of the separation of four wheat varieties of different baking quality. Using these results the accuracy, reproducibility and resolution of the system are discussed.
Das Anfahrverhalten von anaeroben Bioreaktoren zur Reinigung hochbelasteter Stärkeabwässer
Authors: Schraewer R.
Published: November 2006

In naher Zukunft wird es aus Gründen des Umweltschutzes immer notwendig sein, zeitgleich mit der Inbetriebnahme eines Produktionsprozesses auch die Entsorgung zu gewährleisten. Beispielhaft für ein solches Vorgehen ist die Inbetriebnahme für die Kartoffelstärkefabrik in Lüchow (Bundesrepublik Deutschland). Innerhalb von sechs Wochen wurde der zweistufige anaerobe Abwasserreinigungsprozeß auf Nennleistung hochgefahren. Der biologische Prozeß besteht aus einem 1000 m3 Hydrolyse‐ und Versäuerungsreaktor mit Biomassenrückführung und vier parallel angeordneten Festbettreaktoren mit je 300 m3 Volumen zur Methanisierung. Während die Biologie den Erwartungen entsprach, gab es bei den Biomasseabscheidern, besonders nach der Versäuerungsstufe, noch Dimensionierungsprobleme. Vor dem Bau dieser Anlage wurden umfangreiche Versuche in Laboratoriums‐ und Pilotanlagen mit Kartoffelstärkeabwässer anderer Betreiber durchgeführt. Diese dienten zur Festlegung der Fahrweise. der notwendigen Anfahrbiomasse und der Behältergröße. Um die für Anaerobanlagen sehr kurze Anfahrzeit von sechs Wochen zu ermöglichen, wurde anhand eines detaillierten Planes spezielle Biomasse für die Methanstufe angezüchtet und bis zum Beginn der Stärkeproduktion in den Reaktoren der Großanlage vermehrt. Die Anfahrstrategie konnte flexibel dem Stärkeproduktionsprozeß angepaßt werden, die Nennleistung wurde in vorgesehener Zeit erreicht.
Applications of Hydrogenated Products
Authors: Rapaille A.
Published: November 2006

Sorbitol and maltitol, produced by catalytic hydrogenation of dextrose and high maltose‐containing glucose syrups, respectively, are very suitable sweeteners for production of sugarless food products. Sorbitol is also successfully used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries as well as in a range of non‐food applications. Following a review of the properties of both polyols, the most important food applications are discussed. The use of sorbitol is described in confectionery products. chocolate, and particularly in tabletting, which is important for the pharmaceutical industry. Sorbitol powders of different particle size distributions can be used. Their powder properties are relatad to flow and compression characteristics, as well as to tablet properties such as hardness, friability, desintegration time and storage stability. Specific technological properties of sorbitol in classical confectionery compositions are also briefly discussed. For maltitol syrups the application work is focussed on sugarless confectionery products, more specifically hard candies and gums. Details are provided on formulations, manufacturing conditions and on properties of the final sweets, particularly taste, texture and storage stability.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Chemically and Enzymatically Treated Black Gram (Phaseolus mungo) and Ragi (Eleusine coracana) Starch Granules
Authors: Tharanathan R. N. , Bhat U. Ramadas
Published: November 2006

Amylolysis of chemically ‐ treated starch granules of black gram and ragi was followed colorimetrically and by scanning electron microscopy. From the percent hydrolysis values it was evident that oxidation with periodate resulted in considerable resistance, whereas urea treatment resulted in granule susceptibility towards in vitro amylolysis. The action of α‐amylase and/or glucoamylase on periodate oxidised black gram starch showed on SEM sufficient enlargement of the granules and hollow craters as well; whereas similar treatment on oxidised ragi starch resulted in folded, distorted and deformed granules. Treatment with 8M urea resulted in the total loss of characteristic granular shape and formation of the socalled amylopectin “sacs”. Like waxy starches the latter showed an increase in enzymic activity. Particularly, the synergistic action of α‐amylase and glucoamylase on ureatreated starches virtually collapsed the granules, forming innumerable “flat” ribbon like fragments.
Modified Cyclodextrins – A New Generation of Chiral Stationary Phases for Capillary Gas Chromatographie
Authors: König W. A. , Lutz S. , Mischnick‐Lübbecke P. , Brassat B. , von der Bey E. , Wenz G.
Published: November 2006

2,3,6‐Tri‐O‐pentylated and 2, 6‐di‐O‐pentylated/3‐O‐acetylated α‐ and β‐cyclodextrin derivatives are prepared and applied as chiral stationary phases for enantiomer separation by capillary gas chromatography. The cyclodextrin derivatives can be used over a temperature range from below room temperature to above 200°C for the separation of a large variety of chiral substrates.
Some Aspects of the Structure of Starch – a 3‐D Molecular Modelling Approach
Authors: Neszmélyi A. , Holló J.
Published: November 2006

Computer graphics with energy‐minimalization incorporated as a tool in a Biomolecular Program (BMP) helps to develop three‐dimensional structure models for starch components in order to understand the role of conformation in solutions.
Untersuchungen zur Synthese von Polyethern aus Anhydropolyolen
Authors: Thiem J. , Häring T. , Strietholt W. A.
Published: November 2006

Bei der Umsetzung von 1,4:3,6‐Dianhydro‐D‐sorbit mit Basen und α,ω‐Dihalogenalkanen werden Mono‐ und Dialkylderivate erhalten, mit trans‐1,4‐Dichlor‐2‐buten lassen sich Oligomere bis zum Heptamer isolieren und strukturell zuordnen. Ringöffnende Polymerisationen von substituierten Tetrahydrofuranen mit Supersäuren führen im Falle der 1,4‐Anhydro‐2,3‐di‐O‐alkyl‐D‐erythrite zu funktionalisierten Poly(oxytetramethylenen). Durch detaillierte Studien der Reaktionsparameter lassen sich optimierte Umsetzungsbedingungen erzielen, und mit polymeranalytischen Untersuchungen werden die linearen Strukturen der Polyether nachgewiesen.
Untersuchungen über Einsatzmöglichkeiten von Weizenkleber in chemisch‐technischen Bereichen
Authors: Kempf W. , Pelech B. , Bergthaller W.
Published: November 2006

Vital‐Weizenkleber kann durch ausreichend lange Reaktion mit Acrylnitril unter gleichzeitiger Seitenketten‐Desamidierung in alkalischem Milieu mit Ausbeuten von 85 bis 90% in lösliche Modifikationen übergeführt werden, die sich als Co‐bindemittel in Papierstreichfarben einsetzen lassen. Als Lösungsmittel wurden Natronlauge und Ammoniak erprobt. Viskosität und Wasserrückhaltevermögen der Streichfarben können in einem weiten Bereich variiert werden. Nach Reaktionszeiten von 18 bis 240 h wurden beim Einsatz cyanethylierter Weizenkleber als Co‐bindemittel sowohl an handgestrichenen Papieren als auch an Papieren aus halbtechnischen Streichversuchen anhand von IGT‐Rupftests Strichfestigkeiten ermittelt, die einem als Co‐bindemittel‐Standard gewählten modifizierten Sojaprotein‐Isolat gleichkamen. Auch in anderen Eigenschaften der gestrichenen Papiere (Glanz, Weißgrad, Naßrupffestigkeit) erwiesen sich die modifizierten Weizenkleber dem Standard als gleichwertig. Orientierende Versuche zur Modifizierung mit Bernsteinsäureanhydrid brachten gleichfalls positive Ergebnisse.

Vital‐Weizenkleber sowie die Kleberfraktionen Gliadin und Glutenin konnten zur Verbesserung der Festigkeit von Sperrholzverleimungen eingesetzt werden, wenn sie in Harnstoff‐Formaldehydharz‐Leimen als Streckmittel eingearbeitet wurden.

Mit Essigsäure behandelter Weizenkleber läßt sich nach einer Plastifizierung durch intensive mechanische Bearbeitung problemlos zur Streckung von Kollagen verwenden, das als Grundstoff von künstlichen eßbaren Wursthäuten dient. Qualitätseinbußen wurden dabei nicht beobachtet.
Solvent Extraction of Fatty Acids from Amylose Inclusion Complexes
Authors: Morrison W. R. , Coventry A. M.
Published: November 2006

The extractability of palmitic and other common fatty acids from inclusion complexes with potato amylose was studied using a wide range of common lipid solvents. At ambient temperature negligible yields were obtained with light petroleum or diethyl ether, and yields were low with most other solvents except those containing methanol or water. At 100°C, methanol, ethanol and propanol and all alcohol‐water mixtures gave good yields. Complexes of amylose with 1‐O‐palmitoyllysophosphatidylcholine also gave good yields when extracted with propanol‐water (3:1) at 100°C. Since more rigorous conditions are required for extraction of lipids from native cereal starch granules, it seems that the barrier to lipid extraction is the structure of the granule rather than the resistance to lipid extraction of any possible inclusion complexes in the granules.
Intestinal Absorption of Carbohydrates and Calcium: A Review
Authors: Vogel W. F.
Published: November 2006

A review is given of recent publications on the absorption of carbohydrates especially in relation to calcium. Starch and sucrose are hydrolyzed in mammals by enzymes attached to the wall of the jejunum to glucose and fructose. These are rapidly absorbed via carrier mediated mechanisms in adjoining epithelial cells. Feeding relatively high levels of lactose, sugar alcohols or modified starches to rodents leads to enhanced calcium absorption in the ileum. This results in increased urinary calcium, which may lead to lesions of the kidneys and adrenals in rats or to the formation of bladder stones in mice. If not hydrolyzed to absorbable moieties in the small intestine, carbohydrates pass to the cecum where they are fermented by microbial flora. This fermentation leads to cecal enlargement, diarrhoea and a decrease in urinary pH. All these effects, mainly caused by substantially overfeeding the rodents with these carbohydrates, are of no significance to humans consuming a balanced diet.
Microbial Glucoamylases: Biochemical and Biotechnological Features
Authors: Saha B. C. , Zeikus J. G.
Published: November 2006

Glucoamylase is one of the most important industrial enzymes and has a world wide application. A comprehensive review of microbial glucoamylase, its production, multiplicity, molecular characteristics, action on soluble and insoluble substrates and industrial usefulness is presented.
GPC Separation and Identification of Starch‐Related Oligosaccharides Containing more than one Type of Glycosidic Linkage
Authors: Kennedy J. F. , Stevenson D. L. , White C. A.
Published: November 2006

Gel permeation chromatography on Bio‐Gel P2 (‐400 mesh) has been used successfully to identify the structures and separate oligosaccharides of up to DP4 in the hydrolysates of pullulan, elsinan and nigeran solely on a size exclusion principle brought about by the secondary and tertiary structure of oligosaccharides containing mixed glycosidic linkages. The technique could not be applied to lichenan hydrolysates since the influence of (1 → 3)‐β‐ and (1 → 4)‐β‐D‐glycosidic linkages on the elution behaviour of oligosaccharides is very similar. However, results obtained for elsinan hydrolysates are in accordance with those obtained after exhaustive methylation and enzymatic analysis which required many work ups and fractionations on both paper and activated charcoal columns. Therefore, the use of Bio‐Gel P2 for structural analysis of oligosaccharides is a considerably valuable time saving tool in polysaccharide structural analysis providing the nature of the glycosidic linkages within the polysaccharide show different elution behaviour.
Viscosity Pattern of Native and Fermented Black Gram Flour and Starch Dispersions
Authors: Reddy G. Changala , Susheelamma N. S. , Tharanathan R. N.
Published: November 2006

The effects of fermentation and added NaCl on aqueous dispersions of black gram flour were studied. After fermentation the apparent viscosities of cold pastes increased significantly over that of native flour dispersions (NFD). Addition of NaCl caused considerable decrease in apparent viscosities of NFD but only marginal decrease in fermented flour dispersions (FFD). Studies on rheological constants showed that changes brought about in these by fermentation were greater than that exerted by adding NaCl. Brabender viscography indicated that peak viscosity (PV) decreased by both NaCl and fermentation. FFD with salt showed 15% increase in PV over that without salt. FFD with or without NaCl showed greater breakdown (BV) and set back (SV) viscosities, but the values were lower in comparison to NFD.

Starch was isolated in 33–35% yield from native and fermented batters. Apparent viscosity in 1M KOH showed increase due to fermentation. Brabender viscography indicated a GT of ∽81°C for both starches. The PV of fermented starch increased by 13%, BV by 15% and SV by 30% over that of native. Intrinsic viscosity of starch increased considerably while solubility and swelling power increased only marginally after fermentation.
Gelatinization of Starch and Modified Starch
Authors: Hari P. K. , Garg S. , Garg S. K.
Published: November 2006

Gelatinization temperatures of starch and hydroxyethyl starch was determined using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), hot stage microscopy and viscography. The gelatinization temperature based on peak temperature of DSC is incorrect. Viscograph overestimates the gelatinization temperature. Hot stage microscopy based on visual observation gives the correct gelatinization temperature. DSC gives the heat of gelatinization which is helpful in estimating heat requirement during cooking of starch. Hydroxyethylation of starch reduces gelatinization temperature and heat of gelatinization for starch.
Evaluation of Properties of Starch and Modified Starch for Sizing and Desizing
Authors: Hari P. K. , Garg Sarita
Published: November 2006

Viscosity, gelatinization characteristics, storage stability, gelling tendency and thermal reversibility of cooked starch and modified starch paste were studied Solution rate of starch and modified starch films in water, hydrochloric acid and enzyme was evaluated. Hydroxyethyl starch showed lower gelatinization temperature, low viscosity, increased storage stability to temperature, time and thermal reversibility. The reheating of cooked paste deteriorates the properties of starch paste but the adhesive properties of hydroxyethyl starch were not affected. The introduction of hydroxyethyl group into starch significantly improved the dissolution ability of the films.
Studies on Physicochemical, Pasting Characteristics and Amylolytic Susceptibility of Starch from Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Grains
Authors: Wankhede D. B. , Deshpande H. W. , Gunjal B. B. , Bhosale M. B. , Patil H. B. , Gahilod A. T. , Sawate A. R. , Walde S. G.
Published: November 2006

Preparation, physicochemical properties, pasting behavior and amylolytic susceptibility of sorghum starch have been investigated. The yield of starch was about 60.25%, on whole grain basis. The starch exhibited double stage swelling and low solubility pattern in an aqueous system. Viscoamylographic studies on pasting behaviour of the starch revealed a peak viscosity of 800 B. U. at 8% (w/v) concentration; however, it decreased considerably during cooking (viz. holding period of 30 min at 93°C). The amylose content of the starch was 23.45%. The gelatinization temperature range was found to be 68.5–72.5–78.5°C. The results indicated that the native starch hydrolyzed to a limited extent by human salivary α‐amylase and glucoamylase as compared to gelatinized starch. In addition, the mode of attack by amylolytic enzymes on the native starch granules viewed by SEM has been studied in detail.
Characterization of Resistant Starch from Autoclaved Wheat Starch
Authors: Siljeström M. , Eliasson A. C. , Björck I.
Published: November 2006

The nature of a particular type of in vitro undigestible starch, i.e. resistant starch (RS), was studied. This type of undigestible starch is found in products processed at relatively high moisture contents, such as baking and autoclaving. The RS was concentrated by enzymic digestion of available starch and protein and recovered by centrifugation.

RS from autoclaved wheat starch was evaluated by various methods. The crystallinity was studied by X‐ray diffraction and DSC. The degree of polymerization (DP) was evaluated with gel permeation chromatography and iodine binding and the starch content and linearity by enzymic methods. The results indicate that RS consist of crystallized, linear α‐glucans of relatively low molecular weight (DP approx. 65).

The recovery of RS after various drying procedures, and the introduction of a thermostable amylase (Termamyl®) in the RS assay was also studied. Oven‐drying of the fibre residues used in the analysis had no significant effect on RS recovery, whereas freeze‐drying was accompanied by a slight increase in RS content. The use of Termamyl®, in the assay of RS in the fibre residues, decreased the yield of RS by 10–15%.
Effect of Encapsulating Thiocarbamate Herbicides Within Starch for Overcoming Enhanced Degradation in Soils
Authors: Reed Joseph P. , Hall Franklin R. , Trimnell Donald
Published: November 2006

Thiocarbamate herbicides were encapsulated within starch xanthate (SX) matrices to provide granules for spray mix applications. The SX granules were compared with microencapsulated (EN) and emulsifiable concentrate (EC) forms of these herbicides in greenhouse and field to determine weed contol in soil having a prior history of thiocarbamate use. The SX encapsulated thiocarbamates controlled over 80% of the weeds in 30 days. Thiocarbamate release from SX was better suited than release from EN for overcoming enhanced degradation in the field. Phytotoxicity of SX formulations was related to loss of the safener R‐25788 (N, N‐ Diallyl‐2,2‐dichloroacetamide) during formulation.
Synthesis and Application of Reactive Carbohydrates. Part VI: Application of Reactive Carbohydrates Derived from Starch and Hydrolyzed Starches to Cotton Fabric
Authors: Bayazeed A. , Higazy A. , Hebeish A.
Published: November 2006

Native starch, 15 min, 30 min, 45 min and 60 min hydrolyzed starches were converted to reactive carbohydrates via graft polymerization with acrylamide followed by methylolation with formaldehyde. The reactive carbohydrates so obtained were applied to cotton fabric according to the conventional pad‐dry‐cure method under different conditions. The latter included the catalytic system and the curing conditions. The pad‐cure and the pad‐batch methods were also applicated. Examination of the treated fabrics for nitrogen content as a measure of the extent of reaction, occuring between the methylol groups of the reactive carbohydrate and the hydroxyl groups of cotton cellulose, as well as durability of the finish on the fabric indicated the dependance of the reaction and durability on nature of both reactive carbohydrate and catalyst as well as curing conditions. Reactive carbohydrate derived from 15 min hydrolyzed starch along with mixed catalyst, namely MgCl2 · 6 H2O/citric acid (20:80), constitute the most appropriate finish/catalyst combination provided that application is carried out according to the pad‐dry‐cure method; drying is effected at 100°C for 2.5 min while curing is expedited at 130°C for 30 s.
Synthesis and Characterization of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds of Guar Gum and Hydroxyethyl Guar Gum
Authors: Patel S. P. , Patel R. G. , Patel V. S.
Published: November 2006

The quaternary ammonium compounds of guar gum (QAGG) and hydroxylethyl guar gum ether (QAHEG) were prepared by the reaction of guar gum (GG) or hydroxyethyl guar gum ether (HEG) with amine condensates of epichlorohydrin using either aliphatic or heterocyclic tertiary amines. These quaternary salts were characterized by infra‐red spectra, viscometry and thermogravimetry. The temperature characteristics like initial decomposition temperature (IDT), ten percent volatilization temperature (T10), temperature of maximum rate of decomposition (Tmax), integral procedural decomposition temperature (IPDT) and activation energy of QAGG and QAHEG salts are compared with those of GG and HEG.
Physicochemical Properties of Careya arborea and Aesculus assamica Starches
Authors: Soni P. L. , Sharma H. W. , Bisen S. S.
Published: November 2006

Starches from the seeds of C. arborea and A. assamica were isolated, bleached, purified and their physicochemical properties were compared with maize starch. SEM of the granules showed oval shape of C. arborea starch and elliptical for A. assamica starch. Amylose content of C. arborea was less than A. assamica starch but comparable with maize starch. Gelatinisation temperature of both the starches was higher than maize starch, swelling was comparable and solubility of both was considerably higher. Brabender viscosity curves showed almost the same peak viscosity for both the starches but lesser than maize starch. Retrogradation of C. arborea starch was significantly higher than A. assamica starch.
Effects of High Pressure Disintegration of Steeped Maize Grits on the Release of Starch Granules from the Protein Matrix
Authors: Meuser F. , Wittig J. , Huster H.
Published: November 2006

The horny endosperm of maize gives the greatest resistance to the mechanical disintegration of the protein matrix during starch extraction. Thus attempts were made to release the starch by wet‐milling of maize grits in the valve of a high‐pressure homogenizer. At the same time, information was gathered on the principles involved in the structural breakdown of the endosperm components. For this purpose the influence of the valve geometry as well as the concentration and flow rate of the suspension on the particle size reduction and disintegration was examined. Using a valve specially constructed for the photographic documentation of this process step, it could be shown that the slit height of the valve predominantly determined the particle size of the wet milled product. Already after a single passage through the valve, set at slit heights between 200 and 600 μm, 70% of the grits were reduced to particles <40 μm. The grits were initially between 250 and 1000 μm in size. Scanning electron microscope photographs showed that a large fraction of the mass existed as free starch granules alongside partly intact particles of the protein matrix. Since the starch granules were of higher purity after raffination, it is assumed that the extent to which disintegration of the endosperm particles results in starch granules and protein particles as separate entities, depends not only on the particle size reduction step, but also on the different visco‐elastic behaviour of the protein matrix and the starch granules under the influence of the large shear forces occuring in the valve.
Synthesis and Application of New Thickerners Part I: Preparation of Poly (Acrylic Acid)‐Starch Graft Copolymer
Authors: Bayazeed A. , Elzairy M. R. , Hebeish A.
Published: November 2006

Graft polymerization of maize starch with acrylic acid using potassium persulphate as free radical initiator was investigated under different conditions. Variables studied included initiator concentration, acrylic acid concentration, starch/water ratio and polymerization temperature. The carboxyl content of the grafted starch was determined and used for calculation of the grafted yield. It was found that the graft yield increases by increasing persulphate; no significant enhancement in grafting could be observed upon using higher persulphate concentrations. Grafting increases also by increasing acrylic acid concentration up to 150% (based on wt. of starch) and tends to decrease at higher concentrations. Starch/water ratio of 1:6 constitutes the optimal for maximum grafting. Raising the polymerization temperature from 25 to 43°C enhances the polymerization rate. The apparent activation energy of the copolymerization reaction amounts to 182.17 Joule/mole.
Change in the Rheology of Starch Adhesive During Gelatinization
Authors: Inoue M. , Lepoutre P.
Published: November 2006

In this paper the viscosity increase of the starch paste during gelatinization is examined. Upon heating, raw starch granules gelatinize and the paste viscosity of the starch adhesive increases dramatically. Bonding develops further through the dehydration of the gelatinized starch by the board. Bond setting of carrier‐type (mixture of dissolved and raw) starch on paperboard in the corrugated board operation is thought to result from a combination of thermal gelatinization and dehydration by the board.
Molekulare Struktur und physikalischchemische Eigenschaften von löslichen Stärken und Dextrinen
Authors: Nebesny E. , Skalski J. , Sroczyński A.
Published: November 2006

Die physikalisch‐chemisch modifizierten Stärken, sogenannte „lösliche”︁ Stärken, zeigen eine etwa 10fache Erhöhung der Reduktivität und eine Verkleinerung der Molekulargewichte gegenüber der nativen Stärke. Den größten Veränderungen unterliegt die Röststärke ohne Chemikalienzugabe, bedeutend weniger werden der Reihe nach die mit Salz‐, Salpeter‐ und Phosphorsäure lintnerisierten Stärken verändert. Die mit α‐Amylase leicht hydrolysierten löslichen Stärken gehen, abhängig von der Reaktionszeit, in hochmolekulare bzw. mittelmolekulare Dextrine mit wachsendem Reduktionsgrad von 0,4 bis 4 DE und mit dem kleiner werdenden Molekulargewicht von 40000 bis 6000 über. Während der Hydrolyse der löslichen Stärken mit α‐Amylase in Dextrin verringert sich in den Molekülen die mittlere Anzahl der Endgruppen von 11 auf 4 und die Verzweigungszahl von 10 auf 3.
Recycling the Cleaved Repeating Units of Dialdehyde Starch and Similar Dialdehydes. Part I: Preparation and Properties of the Products
Authors: Abdel‐Akher M.
Published: November 2006

Recycling dialdehyde starch and similar dialdehydes were achieved by applying the benzoin condensation reaction under proper conditions that can avoid the so‐called alkaline degradation of the substrates. The products were isolated in good yield (90%) and their properties indicated the presence of the tautomoric structure (α‐hydroxyketo ⇋ enediol) forms. The desmotropy properties of the products were asserted by analytical means and by preparing the indicative derivatives. Recycling the cleaved repeating units was also supported. In general, the products belonged to polyciclicosone structure. Moreover, two types of the polymer products were obtained which differ in some of their properties, the size of the rings of their repeating units and also in their over all constitution.