bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bildgebung
Authors: Backhaus Marina
Published: November 2017

Die bildgebenden Verfahren spielen eine große Rolle in der Diagnostik, Verlaufsbeurteilung und Prognoseeinschätzung von entzündlichen Erkrankungen der peripheren Gelenke und des Achsenskeletts und liefern wertvolle Zusatzbefunde neben der ausführlichen Anamneseerhebung, der klinischen Untersuchung sowie der Labordiagnostik. Neue Therapiekonzepte und neue Klassifikationskriterien fordern neue diagnostische Algorithmen für Klinik und Praxis. Für die Umsetzung des Therapiezieles „T2T“ (Treat to Target) sind sensitive bildgebende Verfahren erforderlich. Das konventionelle Röntgen erfasst sehr gut den destruierenden Gelenkprozess, diesen gilt es aber heute durch eine intensive frühzeitige Therapie zu vermeiden. Zur Aufdeckung des entzündlichen Weichteilprozesses sind daher neu empfindliche bildgebende Verfahren erforderlich. Das Themenheft „Bildgebung“ gibt einen guten Überblick über die verschiedenen bildgebenden Verfahren für die Diagnostik und Therapieverlaufsbeurteilungen entzündlich-rheumatischer Erkrankungen.
Technical Note on Using the Movement Velocity to Estimate the Relative Load in Resistance Exercises – Letter to the Editor
Authors: Naclerio Fernando , Larumbe-Zabala Eneko
Published: November 2017

The studies by Sanchez-Medina et al. (Sports Medicine International Open, 1(02), E80-E88. 2017) and Gonzalez-Badillo and Sanchez-Medina (Int J Sports Med, 31, 347–52. 2010) attempted to provide a good estimation of relative load from movement velocity measured in bench press and full squat. However, both aforementioned studies contain methodological issues concerning the predicted equations used to address load-velocity relationship that coaches should be aware of.
Messen statt raten
Authors: Seifert Jana-Maren
Published: November 2017

Die Elektroakupunktur nach Voll ist eine nicht-invasive Messmethode, um das energetische Profil des Patienten zu erfassen und die Konstitution seines gesamten Organsystems aufzudecken. Sie bedient sich der Meridianlehre und elektrophysikalischer Messungen an bestimmten Akupunkturpunkten, im Wesentlichen der Hände und Füße. Das Verfahren zeichnet sich durch große diagnostische Vielseitigkeit aus, beispielsweise zur Erkennung von Allergenen, Störherden oder zur Austestung von Naturheilmitteln.
Influence of lateral growth on the optical properties of GaN nanowires grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Wu Shaoteng , Wang Liancheng , Yi Xiaoyan , Liu Zhiqiang , Wei Tongbo , Yuan Guodong , Wang Junxi , Li Jinmin
Published: November 2017

GaN nanowires (NWs) are synthesized on Si (111) using vapor–liquid–solid hydride vapor phase epitaxy at low temperature (740–780 °C). We find that the flow rate of the GaCl (HCl) gas has a large impact on the NW lateral growth rate, which affects the NW morphology, axial growth rate, and optical property. Upon increasing the flow rate of GaCl, the uncatalyzed vapor solid lateral growth increases rapidly, leading to variations in NW morphology from wire-like to tower-like and rod-like. The photoluminescence spectrum shows a broad red luminescence (RL) at around 660 nm and a weak near-band-edge luminescence at around 400 nm when lateral growth is at a significant level. Furthermore, spatially resolved cathodoluminescence and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy observations confirmed that this RL originates from the defective lateral growth. Finally, by inhibiting the lateral growth, GaN NWs with a high aspect ratio and excellent crystal quality (no RL observed at around 660 nm) were successfully synthesized with a rapid growth rate of 170 μm/h.
Modulated polarization profiles overcome diffusion to cheaply focus light through tissue
Authors: Majors J. H.
Published: November 2017

Commercially available spatial light modulators demonstrate a polarization-based approach to focusing light through millimeters of tissue.
Potassium fertilisation with humic acid coated KCl in a sandy clay loam tropical soil
Authors: Rosolem Ciro A. , Almeida Danilo S. , Rocha Kassiano F. , Bacco Gustavo H. M.
Published: November 2017

Loss of potassium (K) by leaching after potassium chloride (KCl) application is common in light-textured, low cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) soils with predominance of 1 : 1 clay minerals, and is aggravated as soil K concentration increases. Coating of KCl with humic acids may be a strategy to avoid loss and supply K over the plant cycle. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of maize (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) to regular KCl and KCl coated with humic acid, as well as K leaching as affected by application of these fertilisers in single or split application to soils with different K levels. Field experiments with maize and soybean were conducted on soil with very low, low, and medium exchangeable K levels, in Botucatu, Brazil. Soybean and maize grain yields were higher with a single application of coated KCl compared with regular KCl, in soil with very low K level; however, when the rate was split, yields were higher with regular KCl. This shows the importance of fertiliser K release synchronisation as the plant develops, avoiding possible K losses by leaching in low CEC soils. Potassium leaching was observed in soil with medium K level. Potassium chloride coated with humic acids is an adequate source of K in low CEC soils with very low K level when applied in a single application at planting, as opposed to regular KCl that must be split. However, the coated fertiliser is not effective for avoiding K leaching in soils that are medium or high in K.
Ancient fish weir technology for modern stewardship: lessons from community-based salmon monitoring
Authors: Atlas William I. , Housty William G. , Béliveau Audrey , DeRoy Bryant , Callegari Grant , Reid Mike , Moore Jonathan W.
Published: November 2017

Introduction:
The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples states that indigenous people have a fundamental right to contribute to the management of the resources that support their livelihoods. Salmon are vital to the economy and culture of First Nations in coastal British Columbia, Canada. In this region, traditional systems of management including weirs – fences built across rivers to selectively harvest salmon – supported sustainable fisheries for millennia. In the late-19th century traditional fishing practices were banned as colonial governments consolidated control over salmon.

Outcomes:
In collaboration with the Heiltsuk First Nation we revived the practice of weir building in the Koeye River. Over the first four years of the project we tagged 1,226 sockeye, and counted 8,036 fish during fall stream walks. We used a mark-recapture model which accounted for both pre-spawn mortality due to variation in temperature, and tag loss, to produce the first mark-resight estimates of sockeye abundance in the watershed (4,600 – 15,000 escapement).

Discussion:
High river temperatures are associated with increased en route morality in migrating adult sockeye. We estimated pre-spawn mortality ranged from 8 – 72% across the four years of study, highlighting the degree to which climate conditions may dictate future viability in sockeye salmon populations. These results demonstrate the power of fusing traditional knowledge and management systems with contemporary scientific approaches in developing local monitoring.
Architectural membranes on building’s functional refurbishment
Authors: Macieira M , Mendonça P , Guedes J Miranda
Published: November 2017

The aim of this study is to make an insight about architectural membrane applications for building’s functional refurbishment, analysing the characteristics that make architectural membranes suitable for this purpose. It is based on sixty interventions used as case studies that are classified chronologically and by countries and uses, pointing out also their applications. Several design strategies are identified and contrasted with the principles set for interventions in existing buildings. The results are illustrated with examples chosen from the case studies, highlighting how membrane building technologies can fulfil the most important principles of building refurbishment.
Global existence for the minimal surface equation on ℝ^{1,1}
Authors: Wong Willie
Published: November 2017

In a 2004 paper, Lindblad demonstrated that the minimal surface equation on

R

1
,
1

\mathbb {R}^{1,1}

describing graphical timelike minimal surfaces embedded in

R

1
,
2

\mathbb {R}^{1,2}

enjoy small data global existence for compactly supported initial data, using Christodoulou’s conformal method. Here we give a different, geometric proof of the same fact, which exposes more clearly the inherent null structure of the equations, and which allows us to also close the argument using relatively few derivatives and mild decay assumptions at infinity.
A note on constructing families of sharp examples for 𝐿^{𝑝} growth of eigenfunctions and quasimodes
Authors: Tacy Melissa
Published: November 2017

In this note we analyse

L

p

L^{p}

estimates for Laplacian eigenfunctions and quasimodes and their associated sharp examples. In particular, we use previously determined estimates to produce a new set of estimates for restriction to thickened neighbourhoods of submanifolds. In addition, we produce a family of flat model quasimode examples that can be used to determine sharpness of estimates on Laplacian eigenfunctions restricted to subsets. For each quasimode in the family we show that there is a corresponding spherical harmonic that displays the same growth properties. Therefore it is enough to check

L

p

L^{p}

growth estimates against the simple flat model examples. Finally, we present a heuristic that for any subset determines which quasimode in the family is expected to produce sharp examples.
Duality for spherical representations in exceptional theta correspondences
Authors: Loke Hung , Savin Gordan
Published: November 2017

We study the exceptional theta correspondence for real groups obtained by restricting the minimal representation of the split exceptional group of the type

E

n

\mathbf E_n

, to a split dual pair where one member is the exceptional group of the type

G

2

\mathbf {G}_2

. We prove that the correspondence gives a bijection between spherical representations if

n
=
6
,
7

n=6,7

, and a slightly weaker statement if

n
=
8

n=8

.
Density of orbits of dominant regular self-maps of semiabelian varieties
Authors: Ghioca Dragos , Satriano Matthew
Published: November 2017

We prove a conjecture of Medvedev and Scanlon [Ann. of Math. (2), 179 (2014), no. 1, 81–177] in the case of regular morphisms of semiabelian varieties. That is, if

G
G

is a semiabelian variety defined over an algebraically closed field

K
K

of characteristic

0
0

, and

φ
:
G
→
G

\varphi \colon G\to G

is a dominant regular self-map of

G
G

which is not necessarily a group homomorphism, we prove that one of the following holds: either there exists a nonconstant rational fibration preserved by

φ
\varphi

or there exists a point

x
∈
G
(
K
)

x\in G(K)

whose

φ
\varphi

-orbit is Zariski dense in

G
G

.
Stu2 acts as a microtubule destabilizer in metaphase budding yeast spindles
Authors: Humphrey Lauren , Felzer-Kim Isabella , Joglekar Ajit P.
Published: November 2017

Stu2 colocalizes with budding yeast kinetochores by interacting with polymerizing microtubule plus ends. Furthermore, it destabilizes these plus ends. It is proposed that Stu2-mediated destabilization contributes indirectly to the “catch-bond” activity of yeast kinetochores.
2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diarrhea
Authors: Shane Andi L , Mody Rajal K , Crump John A , Tarr Phillip I , Steiner Theodore S , Kotloff Karen , Langley Joanne M , Wanke Christine , Warren Cirle Alcantara , Cheng Allen C , Cantey Joseph , Pickering Larry K
Published: November 2017

These guidelines are intended for use by healthcare professionals who care for children and adults with suspected or confirmed infectious diarrhea. They are not intended to replace physician judgement regarding specific patients or clinical or public health situations. This document does not provide detailed recommendations on infection prevention and control aspects related to infectious diarrhea.
LGBTQ Populations and Social Work
Authors: Rosenwald Mitchell , Rodriguez Mabel M.
Published: November 2017

It is well-documented that individuals who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer/ questioning (LGBTQ) navigate their lives in the presence of stigma and discrimination. Social workers play an essential role as mentors, brokers, therapists, and advocates with individuals who are LGBTQ as they travel their life paths. This annotated bibliography intends to provide knowledge and practice applications to social workers and other professionals that will help increase their competencies with the LGBTQ population. Drawing on classic Texts, social workers can understand some of the historical and fundamental knowledge necessary to work with individuals who are LGBTQ. Specific knowledge of each subpopulation—Lesbians, Gay Men, Bisexual Individuals, and Transgender / Gender Nonconforming Individuals—is critical for understanding their experiences, challenges, and resiliencies. Furthermore, sexual orientation and gender identity variables intersect with other variables, such as race or ethnicity or both, ability status, Religious Affiliations, and age. These intersections shift and expand the LGBTQ lens toward an appreciation of the complexity of the human experience with multiple identity facets involved. For individuals who identify as LGBTQ, both oppression and resilience interplay in a range of areas. The decision to “come out,” the experience of historical and potentially psychological Trauma, the degree of social supports, Health and Mental Health status, and the potential involvement of child welfare systems are some of the issues and barriers many LGBTQ individuals experience and overcome. Yet others face difficulties rooted in heterosexism, homophobia, biphobia, and transphobia. Interventions at the clinical level can heal past and present traumas while interventions at the macro level can prevent some of the very trauma and distress the population faces. Social workers can avail themselves of key journal articles, texts, and references for the latest knowledge and advocacy efforts. Additionally, Organizations provide digital and in-person education, support, and advocacy for the LGBTQ population. Social workers serve on the frontlines and behind the scenes with their work with the LGBTQ population. They have an ethical imperative to work to provide support, healing, and advocacy. It our hope that the following bibliography is useful to social workers in this endeavor.
Latinas in Domestic Service
Authors: Carrillo Teresa
Published: November 2017

There are currently at least 53 million adult domestic workers worldwide, and another estimated 10.5 million child domestic workers. These numbers are steadily increasing, marking paid domestic service as a distinctive growth industry. In the United States, Latinas are becoming more and more predominant in the growing workforce of domestic service workers, a result of a complex tangle of interrelated issues of race, gender, class, migration, patriarchy, and privilege. There are many parts to an analysis of the larger context of commodified domestic service, patriarchal and racially hierarchical constructs of privilege in domestic service, and the growing trend of feminization of migration related to the transnationalization of domestic service work. This bibliography reviews literature in four categories of scholarly work related to Latinas in domestic service, starting with General Overviews that explain the strong link between Latinas and domestic work. The section on Theories of Domestic Service Work and Workers establishes the relationship of race, class, and gender to domestic service and is followed by analyses of the Transnationalization of Domestic Service and the importance of Migration and Immigration Policies, including citizenship status for domestic service workers, within the current context of economic restructuring and globalization. These sections focus on how Latina immigrants are corralled into domestic service work by immigration policies and other limiting factors that make domestic work one of the few viable options for employment in an era of mass deportations and workplace raids. Scholars explain the predominance of Latinas in domestic service as part of a larger context of a “care deficit” cycle in which immigrants come from across the Americas to care for other people’s homes, children, and elders while having to make the difficult decision to leave their own children and elders in the care of other family members in their home country. They come to fill a care deficit in the United States, but create a care deficit in their own family in the process. There is a feminization of migration across Latin America as growing numbers of women leave their home countries to come to the United States to work in domestic service. Contradictions embedded within the transnational domestic service industry have not gone unchallenged. The final section, Empowerment, focuses on initiatives to empower Latina domestic service workers, including attempts to organize, pass protective legislation, and create new information and knowledge about domestic work and domestic workers.
Multicenter Evaluation of a New Electrochemiluminescence Immunoassay for Everolimus Concentrations in Whole Blood
Authors: Verstraete Alain G. , Rigo-Bonnin Raül , Wallemacq Pierre , Vogeser Michael , Schuetzenmeister Andre , Schmiedel Christian , Shipkova Maria
Published: November 2017

Background:

The precise monitoring of everolimus, an immunosuppressant drug, is vital for transplant recipients due to its narrow therapeutic range. This study evaluated the analytical performance of a new electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) for everolimus concentrations in whole blood.

Methods:

Accuracy, imprecision, and sensitivity studies for the Roche Elecsys everolimus ECLIA were performed at 5 European laboratories. The ECLIA was compared with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods, as well as the Quantitative Microsphere System everolimus assay.

Results:

Everolimus ECLIA accuracies were within the range 100% ± 9%. Coefficients of variation (CVs) across the target range were ≤4.8% for repeatability and ≤8.4% for intermediate imprecision, whereas multisite reproducibility at lower (2.71 mcg/L) and higher everolimus concentrations (3.0–30.0 mcg/L) resulted in CVs of ≤13.7% and ≤12.4%, respectively. The CV at the assay's lower limit of quantification without considering bias was excellent, estimated as ≤9.3% at 0.5 mcg/L. The weighted Deming regression analysis, used for comparison of the results obtained by everolimus ECLIA and by LC-MS/MS methods, yielded a slope of 1.21 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15–1.26], intercept of 0.478 mcg/L (95% CI: 0.241–0.716), and a Pearson correlation coefficient (r) of 0.91. A single-site comparison between the ECLIA and the Quantitative Microsphere System assay revealed a slope of 1.05 (95% CI: 0.917–1.17), intercept of 1.03 mcg/L (95% CI: 0.351–1.70), and r of 0.91.

Conclusions:

Based on these results, the Roche Elecsys everolimus ECLIA can be considered suitable for routine therapeutic drug monitoring. A positive bias was observed with respect to LC-MS/MS methods, suggesting that it may be necessary to rebaseline individual patients when switching from LC-MS/MS to the ECLIA; however, this must also be considered for any change of method for everolimus measurement.
Preserving the Shoulder Function of an Elite Paratriathlete
Authors: Diaz Robert , Stoll Allison H. , Rho Monica E. , Blauwet Cheri A.
Published: November 2017

Shoulder pain in wheelchair users that participate in competitive adaptive sports can be a troublesome condition. Shoulder pain not only affects athletic performance but also affects functional activities such as wheelchair propulsion and weight bearing during transfers. Managing pain in these athletes thus presents a unique challenge because of the difficulty in achieving relative rest and the need to modify athletic shoulder-focused rehabilitation strategies. In all athletes, it is vital to establish an early, accurate diagnosis and optimize conservative treatment before considering surgical interventions to avoid excessive shoulder-related morbidity, loss of function, and, worse, loss of independence.
Urine RNA Processing in a Clinical Setting: Comparison of 3 Protocols
Authors: Bradley Megan S. , Boudreau Marie-Helene , Grenier Carole , Huang Zhiqing , Murphy Susan K. , Siddiqui Nazema Y.
Published: November 2017

Objective

The objective of this study was to compare quantitative and qualitative RNA extraction results from clinical voided urine samples between 3 commercially available extraction protocols.

Methods

For phase 1, fresh voided urine samples from 10 female subjects were collected and processed in clinic and transported to the laboratory with cold packs. RNA was purified with 1 of 3 RNA extraction protocols: (1) TRI Reagent Protocol; (2) Absolutely RNA Nanoprep Kit; and (3) ZR Urine RNA Isolation Kit. Real-time polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) were performed. As the ZR Urine RNA Isolation Kit provided the highest quality RNA in phase 1, for phase 2, RNA was extracted from 9 additional voided urine specimens using this kit to perform additional qualitative analyses.

Results

Median RNA yield was significantly higher with the TRI Reagent Protocol as compared with the other protocols (P = 0.007). However, there was a significantly lower median threshold cycle value from polymerase chain reaction (indicating improved downstream application performance) with the ZR Urine RNA Isolation Kit as compared with the other methods (P = 0.005). In phase 2, the median RNA integrity number of urine RNA was 2.5 (range, 1.6–5.9).

Conclusions

Although other methods may provide a higher quantity of RNA, when using clinical urine samples, the ZR Urine RNA Isolation Kit provided the highest quality of extracted RNA. This kit is especially attractive for the clinical setting because it does not require an initial centrifugation step. The urine RNA obtained with this kit may be useful for polymerase chain reaction but is not likely to be of high enough integrity for RNA sequencing.
On stochastic differential equations with arbitrarily slow convergence rates for strong approximation in two space dimensions
Authors: Gerencsér Máté , Jentzen Arnulf , Salimova Diyora
Published: November 2017

In a recent article (Jentzen
et al.
2016
Commun. Math. Sci.
14
, 1477–1500 (
doi:10.4310/CMS.2016.v14.n6.a1
)), it has been established that, for every arbitrarily slow convergence speed and every natural number
d
∈{4,5,…}, there exist
d
-dimensional stochastic differential equations with infinitely often differentiable and globally bounded coefficients such that no approximation method based on finitely many observations of the driving Brownian motion can converge in absolute mean to the solution faster than the given speed of convergence. In this paper, we strengthen the above result by proving that this slow convergence phenomenon also arises in two (
d
=2) and three (
d
=3) space dimensions.
Cooperative breeding influences the number and type of vocalizations in avian lineages
Authors: Leighton Gavin M.
Published: November 2017

Although communicative complexity is often predicted to correlate with social complexity in animal societies, few studies have employed large-scale comparative analyses to test whether socially complex species have more complex systems of communication. I tested this social complexity hypothesis in birds (Class: Aves) using the large amount of natural history information that describes both vocal repertoire and social system in these species. To do so, I marshalled data from primary and secondary records of avian vocal repertoires (n= 253), and for each of the species in the dataset I recorded the reported repertoire size and associated species information. Using phylogenetic comparative methods, I found that cooperative breeding was a strong and repeatable predictor of vocal repertoire size, while other social variables, e.g. group size and group stability, had little or no influence on repertoire size. Importantly, repertoire sizes expanded concurrently with the evolution of cooperative breeding, suggesting a direct link between these two traits. Cooperatively breeding species devoted significantly more of their repertoire to contact calls and alarm calls. Overall, these results therefore lend support to the hypothesis that social complexity via behavioural coordination leads to increases in vocal complexity.
Testing differential use of payoff-biased social learning strategies in children and chimpanzees
Authors: Vale Gillian L. , Flynn Emma G. , Kendal Jeremy , Rawlings Bruce , Hopper Lydia M. , Schapiro Steven J. , Lambeth Susan P. , Kendal Rachel L.
Published: November 2017

Various non-human animal species have been shown to exhibit behavioural traditions. Importantly, this research has been guided by what we know of human culture, and the question of whether animal cultures may be homologous or analogous to our own culture. In this paper, we assess whether models of human cultural transmission are relevant to understanding biological fundamentals by investigating whether accounts of human payoff-biased social learning are relevant to chimpanzees (
Pan troglodytes
). We submitted 4- and 5-year-old children (
N
= 90) and captive chimpanzees (
N
= 69) to a token–reward exchange task. The results revealed different forms of payoff-biased learning across species and contexts. Specifically, following personal and social exposure to different tokens, children's exchange behaviour was consistent with proportional imitation, where choice is affected by both prior personally acquired and socially demonstrated token–reward information. However, when the socially derived information regarding token value was novel, children's behaviour was consistent with proportional observation; paying attention to socially derived information and ignoring their prior personal experience. By contrast, chimpanzees' token choice was governed by their own prior experience only, with no effect of social demonstration on token choice, conforming to proportional reservation. We also find evidence for individual- and group-level differences in behaviour in both species. Despite the difference in payoff strategies used, both chimpanzees and children adopted beneficial traits when available. However, the strategies of the children are expected to be the most beneficial in promoting flexible behaviour by enabling existing behaviours to be updated or replaced with new and often superior ones.
Selective harvest focused on sexual signal traits can lead to extinction under directional environmental change
Authors: Knell Robert J. , Martínez-Ruiz Carlos
Published: November 2017

Humans commonly harvest animals based on their expression of secondary sexual traits such as horns or antlers. This selective harvest is thought to have little effect on harvested populations because offtake rates are low and usually only the males are targeted. These arguments do not, however, take the relationship between secondary sexual trait expression and animal condition into account: there is increasing evidence that in many cases the degree of expression of such traits is correlated with an animal's overall well-being, which is partly determined by their genetic match to the environment. Using an individual-based model, we find that when there is directional environmental change, selective harvest of males with the largest secondary sexual traits can lead to extinction in otherwise resilient populations. When harvest is not selective, the males best suited to a new environment gain the majority of matings and beneficial alleles spread rapidly. When these best-adapted males are removed, however, their beneficial alleles are lost, leading to extinction. Given the current changes happening globally, these results suggest that trophy hunting and other cases of selective harvest (such as certain types of insect collection) should be managed with extreme care whenever populations are faced with changing conditions.
Evolutionary history of enigmatic bears in the Tibetan Plateau–Himalaya region and the identity of the yeti
Authors: Lan Tianying , Gill Stephanie , Bellemain Eva , Bischof Richard , Nawaz Muhammad Ali , Lindqvist Charlotte
Published: November 2017

Although anecdotally associated with local bears (Ursus arctosandU. thibetanus), the exact identity of ‘hominid’-like creatures important to folklore and mythology in the Tibetan Plateau–Himalaya region is still surrounded by mystery. Recently, two purported yeti samples from the Himalayas showed genetic affinity with an ancient polar bear, suggesting they may be from previously unrecognized, possibly hybrid, bear species, but this preliminary finding has been under question. We conducted a comprehensive genetic survey of field-collected and museum specimens to explore their identity and ultimately infer the evolutionary history of bears in the region. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequences determined clade affinities of the purported yeti samples in this study, strongly supporting the biological basis of the yeti legend to be local, extant bears. Complete mitochondrial genomes were assembled for Himalayan brown bear (U. a. isabellinus) and black bear (U. t. laniger) for the first time. Our results demonstrate that the Himalayan brown bear is one of the first-branching clades within the brown bear lineage, while Tibetan brown bears diverged much later. The estimated times of divergence of the Tibetan Plateau and Himalayan bear lineages overlap with Middle to Late Pleistocene glaciation events, suggesting that extant bears in the region are likely descendants of populations that survived in local refugia during the Pleistocene glaciations.
Selection bias in studies of human reproduction-longevity trade-offs
Authors: Helle Samuli
Published: November 2017

A shorter lifespan as a potential cost of high reproductive effort in humans has intrigued researchers for more than a century. However, the results have been inconclusive so far and despite strong theoretical expectations we do not currently have compelling evidence for the longevity costs of reproduction. Using Monte Carlo simulation, it is shown here that a common practice in human reproduction-longevity studies using historical data (the most relevant data sources for this question), the omission of women who died prior to menopausal age from the analysis, results in severe underestimation of the potential underlying trade-off between reproduction and lifespan. In other words, assuming that such a trade-off is expressed also during reproductive years, the strength of the trade-off between reproduction and lifespan is progressively weakened when women dying during reproductive ages are sequentially and non-randomly excluded from the analysis. In cases of small sample sizes (e.g. few hundreds of observations), this selection bias by reducing statistical power may even partly explain the null results commonly found in this field. Future studies in this field should thus apply statistical approaches that account for or avoid selection bias in order to recover reliable effect size estimates between reproduction and longevity.
Biofilm Lithography: High-resolution cell patterning via optogenetic adhesin expression
Authors: Jin Xiaofan , Riedel-Kruse Ingmar H.
Published: November 2017

Bacterial biofilms represent a promising opportunity for engineering of microbial communities. However our ability to control spatial structure in biofilms remains limited. Here we engineerEscherichia coliwith a light-activated transcriptional promoter to optically regulate adhesin gene expression. When illuminated with patterned blue light, long-term viable biofilms with spatial resolution down to 25μmcan be formed on a variety of substrates and inside enclosed culture chambers without the need for surface pretreatment. A biophysical model suggests the patterning mechanism involves stimulation of transiently surface-adsorbed cells, lending new evidence to a previously proposed role of adhesin expression during natural biofilm maturation. Overall, this tool – termed ‘Biofilm Lithography’ – has distinct advantages over existing cell-depositing and patterning methods and provides the ability to grow structured biofilms, with applications towards an improved understanding natural biofilm communities, as well as the engineering of living biomaterials and bottom-up approaches to microbial consortia design.
Short-term dosage regimen for stimulation-induced long-lasting desynchronization
Authors: Manos Thanos , Zeitler Magteld , Tass Peter A.
Published: November 2017

In this paper, we computationally generate hypotheses for dose-finding studies in the context of desynchronizing neuromodulation techniques. Abnormally strong neuronal synchronization is a hallmark of several brain disorders. Coordinated Reset (CR) stimulation is a spatio-temporally patterned stimulation technique that specifically aims at disrupting abnormal neuronal synchrony. In networks with spike-timing-dependent plasticity CR stimulation may ultimately cause an anti-kindling, i.e. an unlearning of abnormal synaptic connectivity and neuronal synchrony. This long-lasting desynchronization was theoretically predicted and verified in several pre-clinical and clinical studies. We have shown that CR stimulation with rapidly varying sequences (RVS) robustly induces an anti-kindling at low intensities e.g. if the CR stimulation frequency (i.e. stimulus pattern repetition rate) is in the range of the frequency of the neuronal oscillation. In contrast, CR stimulation with slowly varying sequences (SVS) turned out to induce an anti-kindling more strongly, but less robustly with respect to variations of the CR stimulation frequency. Motivated by clinical constraints and inspired by the spacing principle of learning theory, in this computational study we propose a short-term dosage regimen that enables a robust anti-kindling effect of both RVS and SVS CR stimulation, also for those parameter values where RVS and SVS CR stimulation previously turned out to be ineffective. Intriguingly, for the vast majority of parameter values tested, spaced multishot CR stimulation with demand-controlled variation of stimulation frequency and intensity caused a robust and pronounced anti-kindling. In contrast, spaced CR stimulation with fixed stimulation parameters as well as singleshot CR stimulation of equal integral duration failed to improve the stimulation outcome. In the model network under consideration, our short-term dosage regimen enables to robustly induce long-term desynchronization at comparably short stimulation duration and low integral stimulation duration. Currently, clinical proof of concept is available for deep brain CR stimulation for Parkinson’s therapy and acoustic CR stimulation for tinnitus therapy. Promising first in human data is available for vibrotactile CR stimulation for Parkinson’s treatment. For the clinical development of these treatments it is mandatory to perform dose-finding studies to reveal optimal stimulation parameters and dosage regimens. Our findings can straightforwardly be tested in human dose-finding studies.
Diminishing returns of inoculum size on the rate of a plant RNA virus evolution
Authors: Navarro Rebeca , Ambrós Silvia , Martínez Fernando , Elena Santiago F.
Published: November 2017

Understanding how genetic drift, mutation and selection interplay in determining the evolutionary fate of populations is one of the central questions of Evolutionary Biology. Theory predicts that by increasing the number of coexisting beneficial alleles in a population beyond some point does not necessarily translates into an acceleration in the rate of evolution. This diminishing-returns effect of beneficial genetic variability in microbial asexual populations is known as clonal interference. Clonal interference has been shown to operate in experimental populations of animal RNA viruses replicating in cell cultures. Here we carried out experiments to test whether a similar diminishing-returns of population size on the rate of adaptation exists for a plant RNA virus infecting real multicellular hosts. We have performed evolution experiments with tobacco etch potyvirus in two hosts, the natural and a novel one, at different inoculation sizes and estimated the rates of evolution for two phenotypic fitness-related traits. Firstly, we found that evolution proceeds faster in the novel than in the original host. Secondly, we found the predicted diminishing-returns effect of inoculum size on the rate of evolution for one of the fitness traits, but not for the other, which suggests that selection operates differently on each trait.
Implications of X-ray thermal diffuse scattering in integrated Bragg intensities of silicon and cubic boron nitride
Authors: Wahlberg Nanna , Madsen Anders Østergaard
Published: November 2017

This article describes a theoretical quantification of the thermal diffuse scattering (TDS) contribution to the integrated intensities of single-crystal diffraction from silicon and cubic boron nitride. The TDS intensity is calculated ab initio and the intensity contribution to the Bragg peak determined by integration of a volume of appropriate size. The effect of including TDS in the structure factors is assessed in a subsequent refinement, where the effect on the atomic displacement parameters and the residual Fourier maps is inspected. In both compounds changes caused solely by the TDS inclusion are observed. Particularly, adding TDS to the structure factors of silicon produces significant features in the residual Fourier maps and a change in the atomic displacement parameter. Significant effects are also present at low temperatures. Thus, it is important to address the effect of TDS when pursuing high-accuracy charge densities or if analyzing the atomic displacement parameters.
The locations of innovation described through thirty-nine tech-campuses
Authors: Curvelo Magdaniel Flavia Teresa de Jesus , Den Heijer Alexandra C. , De Jonge Hans
Published: November 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to describe the different locations of campuses developed to stimulate innovation. The paper aims at supporting strategic decisions in the development of new and existing campuses and similar innovation-driven areas. Additionally, it aims to outline the key role of location for urban and regional competitiveness in the knowledge economy.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper tests an existing planning tool that proposes location and connectivity as key aspects to stimulate innovation in campus development. This tool is used to analyse and compare 39 campuses with different locations characteristics worldwide.

Findings

Findings describe five types of location characteristics in existing campuses developed to stimulate innovation. These characteristics are dynamic, and exhibit differences in connectivity aspects enabling more or less efficient access to amenities and knowledge networks.

Research limitations/implications

Empirical findings were used to revise and improve the planning tool. Further research exploring the relation between connectivity aspects and innovation processes is recommended.

Practical implications

This paper supports decision-makers of new and existing campuses struggling with location decisions, by outlining that campus’ connectivity is crucial regardless of whether the campus is in an inner-city or a peripheral setting. Improving campus connectivity may be an efficient way to spend the many public and private resources invested on campus development to stimulate innovation.

Originality/value

This paper provides a unique comparison of cases that can be useful to planners of existing campuses to benchmark their current locations in relation to their ambitions on innovation.
Modelling small cell deployments within a macrocell
Authors: Webb William
Published: November 2017

Purpose

Small cells, or microcells, are often seen as a way to substantially enhance the capacity of cellular networks. Previous assumptions have been that by deploying a dense layer of small cells within a macrocell, capacity can be improved by an order of magnitude or more. However, there are complexities such as the need to share frequencies between macrocell and small cells, varying patterns of users, the balance between indoor and outdoor subscribers and the different options available within 4G for balancing loading. The purpose of this study is to understand the impact these real-world constraints have on the capacity enhancements that small cells can provide.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper describes a model that simulates the impact of small cell deployments in macrocells in a typical 4G network.

Findings

It shows that, in some cases, small cells can actually reduce capacity, while in the best case, maximum capacity gains are less than 100 per cent.

Originality/value

It shows that, in some cases, small cells can actually reduce capacity contrary to perceived wisdom.
Information systems outsourcing: A literature review and agenda for research
Authors: Myers Bartell Sherrie
Published: November 2017

This article examines the current state of understanding of outsourcing by organizations, especially as it applies to information systems (IS). Both supporting and opposing arguments are presented, along with the relevance of this practice for the public sector. Finally, a research agenda to study the impact of outsourcing on employees and organizations is proposed
Designing the learning organization as an information-processing system: some design principles from the systems paradigm and cybernetics
Authors: Sankar Yasin
Published: November 2017

The major principles for designing the learning organization as an information processing system are derived from systems paradigm, information theory, and cybernetics. The need for these principles is demonstrated by the information pathologies in the classical and contingency design of the organization and information imperatives for designing the organization for the information age. An information processing model that extends the classical and contingency principles for organizational design is developed to provide a new organization model for effective learning. The effectiveness of the learning organization can be partially attributed to the design of the organization as an information processing system. The organization learns, adapts, and responds to innovative change through its information subsystems.
Enlargement of the european union: extension and/or deepening
Authors: Lane Jan-Erik , Maeland Reinert
Published: November 2017

The difficulties of enacting a constitution for the European Union (EU) reflect the basic problem: What kind of federation is it? The Union has gone through a number of extensions and at the same time has been capable of deepening the integration between member states. The huge 2004 enlargement of the EU to 25 member states poses the question whether this combination of extension and deepening really will go on any longer in the coming years. The risks connected with the entire endeavour have increased with the huge enlargement in 2004, as reflected in the still unresolved issue of the decision-making rules of the key body, the Council.
Critical theory, institutions, and hegemony: role obligation and the reconciliation of seemingly incompatible goals
Authors: Sementelli Arthur J.
Published: November 2017

Literature on critical and institutional theories are often perceived to be incompatible, despite a shared conceptual grounding. By clearly defining and understanding the concepts of “hegemony” and “role obligations” one might address this misconception of incompatibility, and allow the development of a framework to bridge the concepts of institutions and critical theory. This bridge allows the two streams of literature to meaningfully benefit from each intellectual space. This bridge can ultimately be used to inform both theory and practice in the study of organizations.
Symposium on workplace bullying: Introduction
Authors: McCormack Darcy , Casimir Gian , Djurkovic Nikola
Published: November 2017

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Increasing information integrity: cultural impacts of changing the way we manage data
Authors: Larkin Bryan Scott
Published: November 2017

Best use of technology within a government organization should mirror the best practice use within business and industry today. Information integrity, cultural awareness, and enterprise integration form the foundation for success. The Public Administrator should read this treatise with an eye to real-life examples of how “the way” a technology is introduced can impact its success. Clear focus on the users and the processes are important. A concentrated, thorough approach to data governance and change management may seem restrictive, but it can maximize the value of your technology, processes, people, and − perhaps most importantly − the information used to make your strategic and tactical decisions. The recommendations are applicable to most government and business technology initiatives.
A primative value: reducing disparity
Authors: Horiuchi Catherine
Published: November 2017

Established administrative practice that under-represents proportionality in performance measures results in a normalization of disparity in government program outcomes. Targeted responses to disparate suffering during rare events cannot be extrapolated generally to address a broader pattern of disparity. Reporting required in social service program delivery suggests public administration scholars and practitioners could create a disparity measure as a routine inclusion. Expansion of research initiatives on disparity in government service is essential and can benefit from laudable progress in emergency and crisis management studies. Similarly, public health research programs routinely note disparities. Without an explicit emphasis on disparities, inertia within the field, a sense of inevitability among practitioners, and indifference to the needs of invisible populations delay significant improvement.
Super-docility in organizations: an evolutionary model
Authors: Secchi Davide , Bardone Emanuele
Published: November 2017

Herbert Simon introduced the term “docility” to define the tendency of human beings to get information from social channels. In this paper, we enrich this first definition with distributed cognition based arguments, and suggest that docile individuals modify the information they get, before passing it on to others. We present a simulation model of docile and non-docile individuals in organizations, where different docility attitudes (behaviors) are considered. In standard conditions, findings suggest that the above-average docile individuals remain below 20% of the number of workers in a given organization. This way, we outline potentials and limits of this intriguing concept.
The new pragmatism, antiessentialism, and what is the universal: it’s the situation all the way down
Authors: Abel C. F.
Published: November 2017

A well-known scientist once gave a public lecture on astronomy. He described how the earth orbits around the sun and how the sun, in turn, orbits around the center of a vast collection of stars called our galaxy. At the end of the lecture, a little old lady at the back of the room got up and said: “What you have told us is rubbish. The world is really a flat plate supported on the back of a giant tortoise.” The scientist gave a superior smile before replying, “What is the tortoise standing on?” “You’re very clever, young man,” said the old lady. “But it’s turtles all the way down!”