bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cyclical processing of maternal lineage and parent–child dynamics: the dual family relationship system in the matrilineal Mosuo society
Authors: Wang Jue , Endo Toshihiko
Published: January 2025

The matrilineal Mosuo, an ethnic community of 40,000 individuals in Southwest China, uphold a unique family structure characterized by a maternal kin-based household and a dual-residence “Sese” marriage system. Within this system, children belong to their mother’s household, and men assume the responsibility of caring for their sisters’ children, rather than their own biological offspring. Despite its uniqueness, the relationship dynamics within this family system have not been thoroughly examined. This study sought to investigate these multi-generational family dynamics using a psychological projective test. Participants in the caregiver–child pair ($$\:N=36$$, First Generation: $$\:N=17$$, $$\:{M}_{age}=40.59,\:SD=6.46$$; Second Generation: $$\:N=19,\:{M}_{age}=15.74,\:SD=5.59$$) completed the Family Image Test, providing a visual representation of their perceived relationship structures with various family members. The results revealed a distinct family hierarchy within the matrilineal Mosuo family that emphasizes elders’ authority. Interestingly, younger family members demonstrated a tendency to form closer bonds with their parents than the first generation, without compromising their intimacy with maternal relatives. This suggests the existence of a dual family relationship system that encompasses both the maternal kinship cycle and the nuclear family cycle. The dual relationship system of the matrilineal Mosuo reflects the deep influence of matrilineal lineage, cultural norms, and socialization, interwoven with the impacts of integration with the patrilineal Han Chinese and the transformative effects of contemporary socio-economic conditions.
Quantum Otto and Carnot thermal machines powered by two two-level atoms enveloped by QED-cavity
Authors: Mashhor L. , Abd-Rabbou M. Y. , Yaya Abdel-Azim Abdel-Hady , Abdel-Aty M. , Obada A.-S. F.
Published: January 2025

This paper presents a conceptual model for quantum Otto and Carnot machines that utilizes two-level atoms interacting with a cavity field, initially prepared in a number state, as working substance. We focus on fundamental thermodynamic quantities, including work done, heat absorption from, release to heat baths, efficiency, and performance in both machines. According to our results, photon numbers significantly affect the upper and lower boundaries of the work that both machines can achieve. More specifically, the Carnot machine’s maximal bound of work is higher than the Otto machine’s. Furthermore, it is found that generating specific operation modes depends on ratios between system parameters. Importantly, similarities observed between behaviour patterns of thermodynamic quantities exhibited by both Carnot and Otto machines under different conditions.
Tuning Isomerism Effect in Organic Bulk Additives Enables Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Qi , Zhao Qiangqiang , Wang Han , Yao Yiguo , Li Lei , Wei Yulin , Xu Ruida , Zhang Chenyang , Shalenov Erik O. , Tu Yongguang , Wang Kai , Xiao Mingjia
Published: January 2025

Organic additives with multiple functional groups have shown great promise in improving the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells. The functional groups can passivate undercoordinated ions to reduce nonradiative recombination losses. However, how these groups synergistically affect the enhancement beyond passivation is still unclear. Specifically, isomeric molecules with different substitution patterns or molecular shapes remain elusive in designing new organic additives. Here, we report two isomeric carbazolyl bisphosphonate additives, 2,7-CzBP and 3,6-CzBP. The isomerism effect on passivation and charge transport process was studied. The two molecules have similar passivation effects through multiple interactions, e.g., P = O···Pb, P = O···H–N and N–H···I. 2,7-CzBP can further bridge the perovskite crystallites to facilitates charge transport. Power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 25.88% and 21.04% were achieved for 0.09 cm2 devices and 14 cm2 modules after 2,7-CzBP treatment, respectively. The devices exhibited enhanced operational stability maintaining 95% of initial PCE after 1000 h of continuous maximum power point tracking. This study of isomerism effect hints at the importance of tuning substitution positions and molecular shapes for organic additives, which paves the way for innovation of next-generation multifunctional aromatic additives.
Optical anisotropy effects in laminated tempered glass
Authors: Efferz Lena , Dix Steffen , Schuler Christian , Kolling Stefan
Published: January 2025

Minor fluctuations in the tempering process of architectural glass lead to residual stress differences resulting in birefringence and undesired optical iridescence, also known as anisotropy effects. The control of anisotropies, which are quantified as optical retardation, is limited to monolithic glass. In modern architecture, laminated glass panes consisting of an interlayer of polyvinyl butyral or ionomer (SentryGlas®) are frequently applied. In this paper, photoelastic studies are performed on laminated glass panes before and after the lamination process to evaluate their effect and to investigate the influence of the superposition of different orientated glass panes. An influence from the interlayer is not markedly evident. Aside from a few outliers, there are percentage deviations of less than 6% in the 95% quantile value. The influence of the retardation pattern of the individual sheets is significant; depending on their position in the furnace, the superposition of the individual glass sheets results in a dot-shaped or a strip-shaped pattern. The experiments have demonstrated that retardation can be cumulative or reduced depending on the azimuth angle of the individual retardation value. Finally, six glass panes were installed in an outdoor test rig to observe the optical appearance under various light condition and different viewing points. Here, a correlation of the findings from the previous retardation measurements is clearly revealed.
Automated cetacean detection in UAV imagery using AI models: a case study on Delphinid species
Authors: Canelas João , Clementino Luana , Cid André , Castro Joana , Machado Inês , Vieira Susana
Published: January 2025

The identification and quantification of marine mammals is crucial for understanding their abundance, ecology and supporting their conservation efforts. Traditional methods for detecting cetaceans, however, are often labor-intensive and limited in their accuracy. To overcome these challenges, this work explores the use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) as a tool for automating the detection of cetaceans through aerial images from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Additionally, the study proposes the use of Long-Short-Term-Memory (LSTM)-based models for video detection using a CNN-LSTM architecture. Models were trained on a selected dataset of dolphin examples acquired from 138 online videos with the aim of testing methods that hold potential for practical field monitoring. The approach was effectively validated on field data, suggesting that the method shows potential for further applications for operational settings. The results show that image-based detection methods are effective in the detection of dolphins from aerial UAV images, with the best-performing model, based on a ConvNext architecture, achieving high accuracy and f1-score values of 83.9% and 82.0%, respectively, within field observations conducted. However, video-based methods showed more difficulties in the detection task, as LSTM-based models struggled with generalization beyond their training environments, achieving a top accuracy of 68%. By reducing the labor required for cetacean detection, thus improving monitoring efficiency, this research provides a scalable approach that can support ongoing conservation efforts by enabling more robust data collection on cetacean populations.
How Sand Mining is Shaping the Trishuli River in the Himalayas of South Asia
Authors: Pant Ramesh Raj , Varol Memet , Phuyal Sita , Bhattarai Somy , Awasthi Mahesh Prasad , Thakur Tarun Kumar , Bohara Rupesh , Basnet Niru , Sitaula Sagar , Afandi Gamal El
Published: January 2025

The Trishuli River in Nepal plays a vital role in hydropower generation, irrigation, fishing, and recreational activities. However, human activities such as sand and aggregate extraction, as well as agricultural practices, have been found to have a detrimental impact on the river. A comprehensive study was performed to assess the influence of these activities and natural processes on the river’s hydrochemistry and overall water quality. Water samples were collected from 42 sites along the river, and 17 physicochemical parameters were thoroughly analyzed. The findings revealed that activities such as sand mining and agriculture significantly contributed to the river’s high turbidity levels, PO43−, and TSS. The study also indicated that the river was moderately polluted based on the average Nutrient Pollution Index value. Moreover, the Water Quality Index suggested poor water quality at upstream sites and very poor water quality at downstream and mining sites due to elevated levels of TSS, turbidity, PO43−, and NO3−. The assessment also concluded that the water from most sampling sites was suitable for irrigation based on the US salinity diagram and various irrigation indices. Additionally, the water was characterized as Ca-HCO3 dominant according to the Piper diagram, and the river’s hydrochemistry was mainly influenced by rock weathering, as indicated by the Gibbs diagram. In summary, the study concluded that while the downstream region of the Trishuli River is not suitable for drinking water due to negative impacts from sand mining and agriculture, it is ideal for irrigation purposes.
Vegane Ernährung aus osteologischer und endokrinologischer Sicht
Authors: Reif Alexander , Amrein Karin
Published: January 2025

Die vegane Ernährung gewinnt aus verschiedenen Gründen an Popularität, ihre gesundheitlichen Effekte auf den Knochenstoffwechsel und endokrine Funktionen sind komplex. Veganer*innen können von einem geringeren Risiko für ein metabolisches Syndrom und Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen profitieren, jedoch birgt eine vegane Ernährungsweise das Risiko von Nährstoffmängeln.

Veganer*innen haben eine reduzierte Kalziumzufuhr. Studien belegen, dass Veganer*innen ein erhöhtes Risiko für Frakturen haben, wenn ihre Kalziumzufuhr unter 525 mg pro Tag liegt. Um den Kalziumbedarf zu decken, wird vermehrt Kalzium aus dem Knochen freigesetzt, wodurch die Knochendichte abnimmt. Neben Kalzium sind Vitamin D, Proteine, Vitamin B12, Kalium und Magnesium mit guter Knochengesundheit assoziiert. Zur Beurteilung der Knochengesundheit dient die Messung der Knochenmineraldichte, die bei Veganer*innen oft niedriger ist. Zudem sind höhere Konzentrationen an Parathormon und Knochenumsatzmarkern nachweisbar.

Im Hinblick auf das metabolische Syndrom konnten deutlich positive Effekte einer veganen Ernährung festgestellt werden. Sie ist dazu in der Lage, das Diabetesrisiko zu reduzieren, die Insulinsensitivität zu verbessern und HbA1c zu reduzieren. Außerdem reduziert sie Body-Mass-Index (BMI) und Hüft- und Taillenumfang, LDL-Cholesterin (Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol) und den Blutdruck. Die vegane Ernährungsweise wird im Diabetesmanagement sowie zur Risikoreduktion kardiovaskulärer Komplikationen bei Personen mit Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 als empfehlenswert angesehen.
Novel and cost-effective CNC tool condition monitoring through image processing techniques
Authors: Falah Alireza , Andó Mátyás
Published: January 2025

CNC machining is an important part of the manufacturing industry. This paper introduces a novel and efficient approach for tool condition monitoring in CNC machine operations through the application of image processing techniques. By utilizing a consumer-grade camera capable of recording videos at 60 frames per second, the study demonstrates a cost-effective method to detect tool breakage and identify edge fractures. Basic image processing techniques, including frame extraction, background subtraction, thresholding, and morphological operations, are applied to analyze captured images and videos. This research not only offers a practical solution to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of CNC machine operations but also aligns with advancements in smart manufacturing and Industry 4.0. The findings will showcase the proposed system’s effectiveness in actual CNC machine environments, underscoring its potential to enhance maintenance strategies and operational productivity for small and medium-sized manufacturers without incurring high costs. Furthermore, it sets the stage for future investigations in this domain, indicating the possibility for enhancements through machine learning and an expanded application of these monitoring techniques.
Research on the optimal laser preparation process parameters of groove-shaped micro-texture on the mill roll surface
Authors: Jia Huapo , Zhu Yonggang , Xue Yingchun , Zhang Wei
Published: January 2025

Laser micro-texture preparation technology significantly excels in micro-texture processing, yet there has been scant reported research on utilizing this technology for micro-texture processing and texture morphology control on the surface of wheat mill rolls. The aim was to ascertain the ideal laser preparation process parameters for the creation of groove-shaped micro-textures on the surface of the chilled alloy cast iron, serving as the surface layer material of the wheat mill roll. An experiment was conducted using a nanosecond pulsed fiber laser to explore the impact of laser power, scanning times, scanning velocity, and pulse frequency on the morphology and dimensions of the groove-shaped micro-textures. It was found that with laser power set at 7 W, 15 scanning times, a pulse frequency of 35 kHz, and a scanning speed of 500 mm/s, the desired microgroove can be successfully fabricated on the surface of the mill roll. The findings of this study offer insights for the surface modification of critical components in grain and oil machinery and equipment through the application of laser micro-texturing technology.
Harnessing genomic and molecular biology resources for genetic improvement of lotus: current achievements and future directions
Authors: Sun Heng , Xin Jia , Song Heyun , Chen Lin , Yang Dong , Yang Hui , Deng Xianbao , Liu Juan , Cui Rui , Su Yanyan , Dong Gangqiang , Yang Mei
Published: January 2025

Lotus, an economically significant aquatic crop within the genus Nelumbo (family Nelumbonaceae), includes the two extant species Nelumbo nucifera and Nelumbo lutea. Renowned for its ornamental, culinary, and medicinal value, lotus has seen notable advancements in genomics and molecular biology, particularly in reference genome sequencing and assembly, bioactive compound biosynthetic pathways, and molecular mechanisms underlying key traits. Critical genes linked to horticultural characteristics, edible quality, medicinal properties, and stress resilience have been identified and functionally validated. This review presents a thorough overview of recent molecular developments in lotus research, emphasizing genome sequencing and functional gene analysis. Additionally, it addresses prevailing challenges and future directions, providing valuable insights for foundational research and genetic enhancement of lotus.
Analysis of mortality factors in ICU patients with sepsis and septic shock: a retrospective study
Authors: Mostafa Mohammed , Hamed Lamiaa , Mokhtar Sherif , Arafa Moamen
Published: January 2025

Background

Sepsis and septic shock are critical conditions that pose significant challenges in intensive care units (ICUs), characterized by a dysregulated host response to infection, leading to organ dysfunction and high mortality rates. The increasing incidence of sepsis necessitates a thorough understanding of the factors influencing patient outcomes.

Aim

This study aims to analyze the mortality rates among ICU patients diagnosed with sepsis and septic shock, focusing on the role of organ dysfunction, age, and the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on 200 patients diagnosed with sepsis and septic shock admitted to the ICU over 2 years. Data were collected on patient demographics, including age, gender, comorbidities, and APACHE II scores calculated upon admission. Organ dysfunction was assessed based on clinical criteria, and mortality rates were tracked throughout the ICU stay. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software, with significance at p < 0.05.

Results

The cohort consisted of 200 patients, with a mean age of 65 years (SD ± 12.3). The overall mortality rate was found to be 54.5%, with significant differences observed between survivors and non-survivors. The mean APACHE II score for the entire cohort was 20.35 (SD ± 6.5), with non-survivors exhibiting a mean score of 23.77 (SD ± 5.8) compared to 15.87 (SD ± 4.2) for survivors (p < 0.001). Cardiovascular dysfunction was prevalent in 75% of septic patients, contributing to a mortality rate of 54.5%. These findings underscore the importance of early identification and management of organ dysfunction to improve patient outcomes.

Conclusion

This study highlights the critical role of APACHE II scores and cardiovascular dysfunction in predicting mortality among ICU patients with sepsis and septic shock. The high mortality rates associated with these factors emphasize the need for proactive management strategies and tailored interventions to enhance patient survival and improve overall outcomes in this vulnerable population.
The Value of Sleeping
Authors: PROTASI SARA
Published: January 2025

Should you take a pill that gives you all the health benefits of sleep and allows you to stay awake? I argue that you shouldn’t. I propose three reasons why sleeping, conceived of as a socially and culturally embedded human activity, is valuable. First, there is aesthetic value in the rituals that typically precede sleeping; second, there is interpersonal value in the intimacy that stems from sleeping with other people; third, there is ethical value in mere presence and in retreating from consciousness. In order to fully support my argument, I situate it within a conception of goodness that embraces the fragility of the human condition and the limitations stemming from our corporeal nature. I conclude with some practical implications of my view.
Competition in Times of Democratic Crisis: Domestic Judicial Reforms and the Effectiveness of EU Competition Law
Authors: Íñiguez Guillermo
Published: January 2025

Democratic backsliding is becoming increasingly widespread, filtering into not just constitutional law but other areas of substantive Union law. This article explores this phenomenon by focusing on how domestic judicial reforms spread to the day-to-day operation of EU competition law. It references two fundamental principles of Union law – mutual trust and effective judicial protection – before focusing on the European Competition Network, which requires national competition authorities to cooperate when discharging their duties under Union law. Lastly, it discusses the systemic consequences this can have for the operation of EU competition law, the internal market, and EU law more broadly.
Argon physisorption for pore analysis of mudrocks, clays, and engineered analogues: is argon a better choice than nitrogen and carbon dioxide?
Authors: Seemann Timo , Weber Christian , Bertier Pieter , Claes Hannes , Stanjek Helge
Published: January 2025

Argon physisorption at 87 K is the new standard for texture analysis of microporous media recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). However, geoscientists routinely use nitrogen (77 K) and carbon dioxide (273 K), both molecules with permanent polarization and the preference to interact with specific surface sites. In this work, N2, CO2, and Ar physisorption isotherms were measured and classical physisorption theories applied to investigate the suitability of Ar physisorption for the porosity assessment of mudrocks, clays, and (non)-porous analogs.

N2 and Ar physisorption isotherms are qualitatively similar with the most significant discrepancies in the submonolayer range. Textural parameters reveal linear relations but parameter ratios vary randomly, independent of the sorbent class. While N2 and CO2 (mostly) underestimate micropore volumes, nitrogen BET areas are consistently larger than argon BET areas. Those differences are probably associated with differences in polarization. But its effect on molecular orientation, for example, is presumably masked by microporosity and a narrow spacing of specific surface sites.

Mesopore size distributions and Gurvich (total) pore volumes agree well for N2 and Ar indicating similar pore size and pore volume access. Combining both parameters proves effective in identifying saturation pressure offsets which pose the largest uncertainty factor in the present study. Ar-based micropore size distributions reveal three distinct classes of mudrocks differing in organic matter maturity, and its contribution to microporosity. Empirical αs plots corroborate this classification underlining the discrepancies in the micropore range of mudrocks. Comparative hysteresis loop analysis indicated cavitation as one dominant evaporation mechanism in mudrocks and clays effecting a sample-specific compartmentalization of their pore networks.
Mixed-frequency VAR: a new approach to forecasting migration in Europe using macroeconomic data
Authors: Barker Emily R. , Bijak Jakub
Published: January 2025

Forecasting international migration is a challenge that, despite its political and policy salience, has seen a limited success so far. In this proof-of-concept paper, we employ a range of macroeconomic data to represent different drivers of migration. We also take into account the relatively consistent set of migration policies within the European Common Market, with its constituent freedom of movement of labour. Using panel vector autoregressive (VAR) models for mixed-frequency data, we forecast migration in the short- and long-term horizons for 26 of the 32 countries within the Common Market. We demonstrate how the methodology can be used to assess the possible responses of other macroeconomic variables to unforeseen migration events—and vice versa. Our results indicate reasonable in-sample performance of migration forecasts, especially in the short term, although with varying levels of accuracy. They also underline the need for taking country-specific factors into account when constructing forecasting models, with different variables being important across the regions of Europe. For the longer term, the proposed methods, despite high prediction errors, can still be useful as tools for setting coherent migration scenarios and analysing responses to exogenous shocks.
What Do Patients Seek Care for at a Health Facility in the Aftermath of an Earthquake? Experiences From an Emergency Medical Team in Türkoğlu, Türkiye 2023
Authors: Maddah Diana , Vadi Ramnath , Aloğlu Nihal , Boz Mustafa , Wightwick David , Istanbouly Gael , Tannous Rosa Maria , Morelli Alessandra , Tawfeeq Dalzar Abdullah , von Schreeb Johan
Published: January 2025

On February 6, 2023, a strong earthquake (7.8 Richter scale) shook southwestern Türkiye, and also affected areas in northwest Syria, resulting in over 50 000 fatalities and more than 100 000 injured in Türkiye, in addition to the displacement of approximately 3 million people. In response to an international request for assistance from the Turkish government, the United Kingdom (UK) government deployed an Emergency Medical Team (EMT) Type 1 to provide outpatient care. This report describes the type of medical conditions treated at the facility from 1 week to 3 months post-earthquake. Consultations and diagnoses were recorded using standardized UK EMT patient records and reported through the WHO Minimum Data Set (MDS) format. A total of 7048 patient consultations were documented during the deployment.

The majority of cases involved infectious conditions, primarily respiratory illnesses, rather than trauma. Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, were also prevalent, particularly among adults and older patients. The report outlines some recommendations to better adapt data collection in order to improve EMT preparedness for future earthquake responses.
Enhancing the control of respiratory virus spread: a comprehensive approach integrating airborne virus detection, aerological investigations, and airflow modeling for practical implementation
Authors: Mellon Guillaume , Mahjoub Nadia , Metivier Fabien , Osinski Nathalie , Gabassi Audrey , Delaugerre Constance , Vanoli Emmanuel , Crawford Cyril , Le Goff Jérôme
Published: January 2025

Objective:

Patients with chronic kidney disease suffer from immune dysfunction, increasing susceptibility to infections. The aim of the study was to investigate air contamination with respiratory viruses in a dialysis unit at a quaternary hospital using molecular detection techniques and to analyze airflow dynamics through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations for a comprehensive assessment of air transmission risks.

Methods:

We conducted dialysis unit air sampling using AerosolSense™ samplers. Air and clinical sampling occurred during three periods in 2022: winter, early, and late fall. A technical team maintained the dialysis unit’s ventilation system during mid fall. Ventilation system capacity and airflow rates were measured. CFD simulations were used to evaluate airflow dynamics.

Results:

The investigation collected 144 air samples, revealing heterogeneous virus detection rates across locations and study periods. Virus positivity correlated with the presence of patients and the effectiveness of the ventilation system. The ratio of virus air positivity to virus patient positivity was 1.84 and 3.35 during the first and the second periods, respectively, and collapsed to 0.64 after maintenance. Airflow rate measurements highlighted a ninefold discrepancy between actual and theoretical airflow (393 m3/h vs. 3530 m3/h), which was rectified by maintenance actions. Airflow dynamics and particle dispersion visualization through CFD simulations contributed to a better understanding of transmission risks.

Conclusions:

Detection of viruses in the air, combined with CFD, revealed deficiencies in air renewal. Maintenance interventions significantly improved airflow dynamics and particle dispersion, reducing airborne virus spread.
Large-eddy simulation of high-Reynolds-number turbulent channel flow controlled using streamwise travelling wave-like wall deformation for drag reduction
Authors: Nabae Yusuke , Inagaki Kazuhiro , Kobayashi Hiromichi , Gotoda Hiroshi , Fukagata Koji
Published: January 2025

We investigate the drag reduction effect of the streamwise travelling wave-like wall deformation in a high-Reynolds-number turbulent channel flow by large-eddy simulation (LES). First, we assess the validity of subgrid-scale models in uncontrolled and controlled flows. For friction Reynolds numbers

$Re_\tau = 360$

and

$720$

, the Smagorinsky and wall-adapting local eddy-viscosity (WALE) models with a damping function can reproduce well the mean velocity profile obtained by direct numerical simulation (DNS) in both the uncontrolled and controlled flows, leading to a small difference in drag reduction rate between LES and DNS. The LES with finer grid resolution can reproduce well the key structures observed in the DNS of the controlled flow. These results show that the high-fidelity LES is valid for appropriately predicting the drag reduction effect. In addition, a small computational domain is sufficient for reproducing the turbulence statistics, key structures and drag reduction rate obtained by DNS. Subsequently, to investigate the trend of drag reduction rate at higher Reynolds numbers, we utilize the WALE model with the damping function to investigate the control effect at higher Reynolds numbers up to

$Re_\tau = 3240$

. According to the analyses of turbulence statistics and instantaneous flow fields, the drag reduction at higher Reynolds numbers occurs basically through the same mechanism as that at lower Reynolds numbers. In addition, the drag reduction rate obtained by the present LES approaches that predicted using the semi-empirical formula (Nabae et al., Intl J. Heat Fluid Flow, vol. 82, 2020, 108550) as the friction Reynolds number increases, which supports the high predictability of the semi-empirical formula at significantly high Reynolds numbers.
Free-surface jetting driven by a cavitating vortex ring
Authors: Zhang Tianyuan , Zhang A-Man , Zhang Sai , Long Sinan , Han Rui , Liu Luoqin , Ohl Claus-Dieter , Li Shuai
Published: January 2025

The collapse of an initially spherical cavitation bubble near a free surface leads to the formation of two jets: a downward jet into the liquid, and an upward jet penetrating the free surface. In this study, we examine the surprising interaction of a bubble trapped in a stable cavitating vortex ring approaching a free surface. As a result, a single fast and tall liquid jet forms. We find that this jet is observed only above critical Froude numbers (

$Fr$

) and Weber numbers (

$We$

) when

${Fr}^2 (1.6-2.73/{We}) > 1$

, illustrating the importance of inertia, gravity and surface tension in accelerating this novel jet and thereby reaching heights several hundred times the radius of the vortex ring. Our experimental results are supported by numerical simulations, revealing that the underlying mechanism driving the vortex ring acceleration is the disruption of the equilibrium of high-pressure regions at the front and rear of the vortex ring caused by the free surface. Quantitative analysis based on the energy relationships elucidates that the velocity ratio between the maximum velocity of the free-surface jet and the translational velocity of the vortex ring is relatively stable yet is attenuated by surface tension when the jet is mild.
Elections Improve Support for State Trial Court Judges in the United States
Authors: Stone Andrew R. , Olson Michael P.
Published: January 2025

Do constituents care how judges are chosen? We conduct two nationally representative survey experiments focusing on state trial courts. Our first study indicates that respondents prefer judges who are elected to those who are appointed, though this does not affect their perceptions of the judiciary’s legitimacy. Our second study explores three potential mechanisms: efficacy, experience with democracy, and perceived ideological proximity. We find evidence that real-world experience with judicial elections is associated with a preference for such elections, but we do not find evidence for other mechanisms. Our study offers important new evidence for assessing proposed reforms to judicial selection.
Women Robed in Independence: How Women Judges Influence Perceptions of Judicial Independence in Europe
Authors: Smart EmiLee , Wood Abbie
Published: January 2025

The number of women on high courts across the globe has been steadily increasing. Recent estimates found that women now make up 61% of the judiciary in European countries (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2019). The large number of women now serving in judicial positions has resulted in a changing demographic makeup of courts. While the majority might think this is a step forward for diverse representation, there is ultimately a dichotomy between judicial accountability that comes as a result of increased diversity in descriptive representation and judicial independence. Given this dichotomy, along with the increase in women on courts, it follows that the public’s perceptions of courts’ independence has the potential to change. We explore this phenomenon by asking the following question: How does the presence of women on high courts impact perceptions of judicial independence among the public? Using survey data gathered from respondents in twenty-seven European countries from 2016 to 2022, we examine how the dynamics of an increasing number of women on high courts alters the public’s perceptions on the level of independence of the court in their country. We draw from literature on judicial independence as well as women political elites and corruption. Importantly, we document that increasing the percentage of women on courts results in higher perceptions of judicial independence for women. Overall, our findings highlight important trends regarding gender diversity in political institutions and how changes in descriptive characteristics shape perceptions of judicial independence.
Risk-taking propensity and its influence on lexical decision performance: a comparative study of high- and low-risk groups
Authors: Kim Sangyub , Kim Joonwoo , Lee Solbin , Nam Kichun
Published: January 2025

We examined the impact of risk-taking propensity on lexical decision performance in neurologically intact participants. Following the classification of participants into high- and low-risk-taking propensity groups using the Balloon Analogue Risk Task, we assessed lexical decision-making with behavioral responses (RTs, ACC), signal detection measures (hit, false alarm, miss, correct rejection) and qualitative processing using lexical variable effects (number of syllables, first syllable frequency, stem frequency, word frequency) between the groups. As a result, high-risk-taking individuals showed slower and less accurate word recognition, characterized by biased responses toward nonwords and words. However, both groups displayed similar patterns of lexical variable effects in word recognition, suggesting risk-taking propensity does not contribute to qualitative disparities in visual word recognition. These findings highlight the influential role of risk-taking propensity in shaping behavioral performance during lexical decision, emphasizing the need for further exploration of the intricate interplay between risk-taking behavior and lexical decision-making processes.
Corpus evidence for lexical and genre effects in the metaphorical conceptualization of negative self-evaluative emotions: The case of shame and embarrassment
Authors: Krawczak Karolina
Published: January 2025

Do different emotion terms trigger different metaphorical conceptualizations of emotions? What are the effects of the discourse context of the genre on metaphor choice in the conceptualization of emotion concepts? Finally, are such lexical and discourse–contextual effects on emotion-targeted metaphor choice quantifiable? Prior discourse-oriented research has demonstrated from a largely qualitative perspective that metaphor use is dynamic and sensitive to discursive contextual variables (e.g., Deignan et al., 2013; Semino 2010, 2011; Semino et al., 2013; Dorst 2015; Caballero 2016; Knapton & Rundblad, 2018). In the present study, these questions are addressed from a corpus-based multivariate perspective, where detailed qualitative analysis of found examples is combined with quantitative modeling. The study examines negative self-evaluative emotions in English, operationalized through their two nominal exponents, i.e., shame and embarrassment, as attested in the discourse context of three genres – fiction, magazine and spoken TV language. The data are first analyzed qualitatively for relevant contextual variables and then modelled quantitatively. The results demonstrate that while both lexical and genre effects are observed in metaphor choice in the conceptualization of negative self-evaluative emotional experience, their combined effect should also be accounted for, as these two variables are found to interact with each other.
Within- and cross-language semantic effects on oral word translation with a word flanker paradigm
Authors: Zhang Yong , Yu Ziqian , Yu Jieyang , Ye Qianyu , Wu Yan Jing
Published: January 2025

When a word is being translated, its immediately adjacent lexical items may impact the translation of the target word. However, the impact of adjacent lexical items on the oral translation of a target word situated in central vision remains unexplored. This behavioral study used a bilingual version of the flanker paradigm to examine the impact of within- and cross-language semantic effects on oral word translation. Unbalanced bilinguals were presented with a central target word that was flanked by two flanking words on either side. The target-flanker relations were manipulated as a function of semantic relatedness (identical, related and unrelated) and language congruency (congruent and incongruent). The task was to orally translate the target word from L1 to L2 (forward translation) in one session and from L2 to L1 (backward translation) in the other while ignoring the flanker words. Results showed faster responses for forward compared to backward translation. Moreover, in within-language (congruent) but not in cross-language (incongruent) contexts, semantic priming effects were observed in both directions of translation, with the effects being larger for backward than forward translation. Additionally, substantial cross-language semantic repetition priming effects were obtained. The findings are discussed within the framework of a two-process account for oral word translation.
Vaterland, Heimat, and the Family of Nation: Education and Identity Formation in Late-Habsburg Austria
Authors: Moore Scott O.
Published: January 2025

In the last quarter of the 19th century, Austrian schools effectively developed a robust system of civic education that attempted to cultivate the patriotism of all students, regardless of their nationality. While the ultimate goal of Habsburg civic education was loyalty to the imperial state, officials realized that this loyalty would not be able to supplant regional or national identities. Instead, officials designed a curriculum that would enhance these other identities hoping they would contribute to imperial patriotism. Students learned they shared their home with different national groups and that they belonged to a larger family of nations. While this concept was earnestly supported by the school curriculum, the way in which this material was taught may have impacted its effectiveness. For example, when discussing national groups, educators often drew from prevailing ethnographic theories that relied on stereotypical assessments. Moreover, compromises made in the early 20th century complicated these efforts. As nationalists gained increased control over school administration, the emphasis on shared local identity weakened. These factors did not necessarily alter Austrian civic education, but they do point to the ways in which it would have needed to adapt to the Monarchy’s changing political circumstances.
Memory of Forced Displacements in the Discourse and Coping Strategies of Crimean Tatars in Post-2014 Crimea
Authors: Muratova Elmira
Published: January 2025

This article demonstrates how Crimean Tatars use memories of past displacements in their narratives of contemporary emigration and coping strategies in occupied Crimea. First, I present the significance of the first annexation of Crimea in 1783 by the Russian Empire and the 1944 deportation in the collective memory of Crimean Tatars. Second, I discuss the main motives for the displacement of internally displaced persons of Crimean Tatar origin in 2014 based on interviews conducted in L’viv. Drawing from interviews and focus groups that were conducted in Crimea between 2017 and 2019, I describe the influence of the memory of forced displacements on contemporary discourse and how it has evolved since Russia’s full-scale attack on Ukraine. Finally, I focus on how Crimean Solidarity activists employ memories of the first annexation and deportation to legitimize their resistance against Russia’s repressive policy in occupied Crimea. I argue that the 2014 annexation of Crimea was a retraumatizing event for many Crimean Tatars and that it has become an integral part of the grand narrative of their forced displacement from the late eighteenth century to the present.
BASE SHIFTING SEQUENCES AND THE PALINDROME PROPERTY
Authors: MA WANLI
Published: January 2025

For

$M,N,m\in \mathbb {N}$

with

$M\geq 2, N\geq 1$

and

$m \geq 2$

, we define two families of sequences,

$\mathcal {B}_{M,N}$

and

$\mathcal {B}_{M,N,m}$

. The nth term of

$\mathcal {B}_{M,N}$

is obtained by expressing n in base M and recombining those digits in base N. The nth term of

$\mathcal {B}_{M,N,m}$

is defined by

$\mathcal {B}_{M,N,m}(n):=\mathcal {B}_{M,N}(n) \; (\textrm {mod}\;m)$

. The special case

$\mathcal {B}_{M,1,m}$

, where

$N=1$

, yields the digit sum sequence

$\mathbf {t}_{M,m}$

in base M mod m. We prove that

$\mathcal {B}_{M,N}$

is the fixed point of a morphism

$\mu _{M,N}$

at letter

$0$

, similar to a property of

$\mathbf {t}_{M,m}$

. Additionally, we show that

$\mathcal {B}_{M,N,m}$

contains arbitrarily long palindromes if and only if

$m=2$

, mirroring the behaviour of the digit sum sequence. When

$m\geq M$

and N, m are coprime, we establish that

$\mathcal {B}_{M,N,m}$

contains no overlaps.
Topographies of Fungibility: Reinventing the Japanese Taste for Sweetness in the Philippine Highlands
Authors: Paredes Alyssa
Published: January 2025

Japan is the only place in the world where bananas are marketed and priced by cultivation altitude. In the late 1980s, plantation managers sourcing the fruit from the southern Philippine region of Mindanao discovered a paradigm-shifting formula: the higher up one grew, the sweeter the bananas became. And the sweeter the bananas were, the closer they were to replicating the taste of colonial Taiwanese bananas, lost in the switch to Philippine supply. This paper offers the first transnational history of the banana’s transition along the spectrum from a fungible commodity to a nonfungible product in the Asia-Pacific region. Engaging critical studies of commodities and plantations, it takes fungibility as the characteristic that makes goods interchangeable and as the principle that renders landscape and labor as empty vessels open to the projection of others’ desires. The paper argues that the introduction of kōchi saibai banana or “highland cultivated bananas” for the Japanese market brought not the reversal of fungible life to the Philippine highlands but rather its continuation. In so doing, this work critiques conceptual frameworks that understand fungibility through the idioms of liquidification and immateriality. Instead, it proposes a topographical approach, which sees processes of fungibilization as operating through the profoundly material rearrangement of human and environmental communities. By focusing on the tensions between fungibility and differentiation, this paper offers an account of both an idiosyncratic marketing strategy particular to the Philippines and Japan, and a dynamic that pervades the creation of all commodities under capitalism.
Dialogue: The Role of the Editor
Authors: Burt Philippa , Shevtsova Maria
Published: January 2025

World-renowned New Theatre Quarterly celebrates its fifty years of publication and its 200th issue, this being the last under the editorship of Maria Shevtsova. Simon Trussler, founder of Theatre Quarterly in 1971 (which closed for lack of funding in 1981) always considered New Theatre Quarterly, established with Cambridge University Press in 1985 – and with Clive Barker as co-editor – to be simply a continuation of TQ. Maria Shevtsova fully agreed. Forty issues of TQ, combined with one hundred and sixty editions of NTQ, gives the magic figure 200. The logistics of things, however, means that the number 160 appears on the cover of the present issue (the ‘New’ in New Theatre Quarterly standing for the newly resurgent journal on the back of its predecessor). This present issue also celebrates Maria Shevtsova’s twenty years of co-editorship with Simon Trussler, together with five more years of sole editorship of the journal following his death in 2019 (commemorated in NTQ 142, May 2020; see also their respective editorials, ‘One Hundred Issues and After’, in NTQ 100, November 2009).

Twenty-five years of absolute commitment and tireless work call for recognition and thanks. Assistant editor Philippa Burt here discusses with Shevtsova her vision for the journal, and how her scholarship, research, teaching, as well as her numerous academic and outreach activities in multiple media, connected with her editorial commitment. This conversation took place on 19 June 2024.
Interview with Laween Palestinian Cooperative: Theatre in the Time of Genocide
Authors: Nazzal Mousa , Al-Bakri Hamza , Barghouti Dia
Published: January 2025

Laween is among several Palestinian theatre cooperatives established over the last decade, which have not received sufficient attention from theatre scholars. Born out of the struggle of living under Israeli apartheid, the repression of the Palestinian Authority, and alienation from NGO theatres, whose work has been depoliticized by reliance on foreign funding, the emergence of these theatre cooperatives represents a significant change in the Palestinian cultural landscape. Working with a renewed cultural and political consciousness, Laween seeks to reflect collectively on, and resist the various forms of oppression experienced by, the Palestinian community. The ongoing Israeli genocide in Gaza, together with Israeli military and settler violence in the West Bank, make it more pertinent than ever to rethink what ‘cultural resistance’ means in the Palestinian context and to give attention to the community initiatives grappling with the brutal realities of ethnic cleansing through art. The interview here with two of the founding members of Laween, Mousa Nazzal and Hamza Al-Bakri, discusses the development, challenges, and envisaged future of this Palestinian theatre cooperative.
How strong is the relationship between caregiver speech and language development? A meta-analysis
Authors: Coffey Joseph R. , Snedeker Jesse
Published: January 2025

A growing body of research has found that talking to young children is positively associated with language outcomes. However, there is tremendous heterogeneity in the design of these studies, which could potentially affect the strength and reliability of this association. The present meta-analysis, comprising 4760 participants across 71 studies, goes beyond prior research by including: 1) more recent studies, 2) non-English-speaking populations, 3) more fine-grained categorization of measures of input, 4) additional moderators, and 5) a multilevel model design allowing us to consider multiple effect sizes per study. We find a moderate association between input and outcomes (R2=0.04-0.07) across four input measures, with some evidence of publication bias. We find no differences in effect size across any of the input measures. Child age and study duration moderated some effects of input. Our findings suggest that language input-outcome associations remain robust but modest across a multitude of contexts and measures.
Beyond One-Size-Fits-All: A Person-Centred Approach to Bridging South Korea’s Digital Divide
Authors: Yoo Myunghyun , Lee Jinju
Published: January 2025

This study employed a person-centred approach to investigate the digital divide in South Korea and its impact on life satisfaction among individuals. Six latent profiles were identified based on the following factors: digital device literacy, social capital, and digital self-efficacy. These factors denote different levels of the digital divide, highlighting the multifaceted nature of this issue and the importance of considering multiple factors that contribute to inequality. Additionally, sociodemographic variables such as age, gender, and educational level were found to play a role in determining group membership, emphasising the need to understand the underlying causes of the divide. Variations in life satisfaction among the groups emphasise their different effects on well-being. The findings can be used to inform targeted policies and interventions to bridge the digital divide in South Korea. To that end, this study provides data for designing tailored education, social networking, and support policies for vulnerable groups.