bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhanced T2 contrast for MR histology of the mouse brain
Authors: Sharief Anjum Ali , Johnson G. Allan
Published: September 2006

A 3D Carr‐Purcell‐Meiboom‐Gill (CPMG) sequence was implemented to obtain enhanced T2 contrast in actively stained (perfusion with fixative and contrast agent) mouse brains at 9.4 T. Short interecho spacing was used to minimize diffusion and susceptibility losses. The sequence produced 16 3D volumes with an interecho spacing of 7 ms for isotropic 43‐μ‐resolution images of the mouse brains in a scan time of 4 hr. To enhance the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and contrast, the multiecho frequency domain image contrast (MEFIC) method was applied, resulting in a composite image with T2‐weighted contrast. The high SNR and contrast thus achieved revealed aspects of mouse brain morphology, such as multiple cortical layers, groups of thalamic nuclei, layers of the inferior and superior colliculus, and molecular and granular layers of the cerebellum, with a high degree of definition and contrast that was not previously achieved in T2‐weighted acquisitions at high fields. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age and gender dependence of human cardiac phosphorus metabolites determined by SLOOP 31P MR spectroscopy
Authors: Köstler Herbert , Landschütz Wilfried , Koeppe Sabrina , Seyfarth Tobias , Lipke Claudia , Sandstede Jörn , Spindler Matthias , von Kienlin Markus , Hahn Dietbert , Beer Meinrad
Published: September 2006

The aim of this study was to apply 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) using spatial localization with optimal point spread function (SLOOP) to investigate possible age and gender dependencies of the energy metabolite concentrations in the human heart. Thirty healthy volunteers (18 males and 12 females, 21–67 years old, mean = 40.7 years) were examined with the use of 31P‐MRS on a 1.5 T scanner. Intra‐ and interobserver variability measures (determined in eight of the volunteers) were both 3.8% for phosphocreatine (PCr), and 4.7% and 8.3%, respectively, for adenosine triphosphate (ATP). High‐energy phosphate (HEP) concentrations in mmol/kg wet weight were 9.7 ± 2.4 (age < 40 years, N = 16) and 7.7 ± 2.5 (age ≥ 40 years, N = 14) for PCr, and 5.1 ± 1.0 (age < 40 years) and 4.1 ± 0.8 (age ≥ 40 years) for ATP, respectively. Separated by gender, PCr concentrations of 9.2 ± 2.4 (men, N = 18) and 8.0 ± 2.8 (women, N = 12) and ATP concentrations of 4.9 ± 1.0 (men) and 4.2 ± 0.9 (women) were measured. A significant decrease of PCr and ATP was found for volunteers older than 40 years (P < 0.05), but the differences in metabolic concentrations between both sexes were not significant. In conclusion, age has a minor but still significant impact on cardiac energy metabolism, and no significant gender differences were detected. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimized detection of lactate at high fields using inner volume saturation
Authors: Edden Richard A.E. , Schär Michael , Hillis Argye E. , Barker Peter B.
Published: September 2006

In localized proton MR spectroscopy (1H‐MRS) in vivo, the detection of lactate (Lac) is affected by modulation of its resonances due to homonuclear scalar couplings (J). A simple and convenient way to distinguish Lac from lipids is to set the TE to 1/J so that the Lac signal is inverted while other resonances (such as lipid) remain in‐phase. However, at high field strengths, such as 3 Tesla or above, the modulation of the Lac signal is complicated by chemical shift effects that cause modulation patterns to vary within different subregions of the localized volume. Under some conditions the Lac signal may even disappear completely. In this note we introduce the concept of inner volume saturation (IVS), which makes use of high bandwidth spatial pulses to remove the signal corresponding to the regions of the localized volume that contribute unwanted modulation patterns. The method is described theoretically and demonstrated experimentally at 3 Tesla in a phantom and a patient with acute stroke. The phantom measurements indicate that virtually 100% of the Lac signal can be recovered using this method. The method should be feasible at magnetic fields above 3 Tesla, and may also be applied to other coupled spin systems in which modulation effects are important. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pulsed magnetization transfer imaging with body coil transmission at 3 Tesla: Feasibility and application
Authors: Smith Seth A. , Farrell Jonathan A.D. , Jones Craig K. , Reich Daniel S. , Calabresi Peter A. , van Zijl Peter C.M.
Published: September 2006

Pulsed magnetization transfer (MT) imaging has been applied to quantitatively assess brain pathology in several diseases, especially multiple sclerosis (MS). To date, however, because of the high power deposition associated with the use of short, rapidly repeating MT prepulses, clinical application has been limited to lower field strengths. The contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) of MT is limited, and this method would greatly benefit from the use of higher magnetic fields and phased‐array coil reception. However, power deposition is proportional to the square of the magnetic field and scales with coil size, and MT experiments are already close to the SAR limit at 1.5T even when smaller transmit coils are used instead of the body coil. Here we show that these seemingly great obstacles can be ameliorated by the increased T1 of tissue water at higher field, which allows for longer maintenance of sufficiently high saturation levels while using a reduced duty cycle. This enables a fast (5–6 min) high‐resolution (1.5 mm isotropic) whole‐brain MT acquisition with excellent anatomical visualization of gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) structures, and even substructures. The method is demonstrated in nine normal volunteers and five patients with relapsing remitting MS (RRMS), and the results show a clear delineation of heterogeneous lesions. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of altered acetyl‐CoA carboxylase in conferring resistance to fenoxaprop‐P‐ethyl in Chinese sprangletop (Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees)
Authors: Pornprom Tosapon , Mahatamnuchoke Parnuwat , Usui Kenji
Published: September 2006

From paddy field observations in 2002 and 2004, fenoxaprop‐P‐ethyl resistance in Chinese sprangletop (Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees) has been studied using information collected from 11 sites in the Saphan‐Sung district of Bangkok, Thailand. The resistant Chinese sprangletop was found in nine rice fields, whereas the susceptible Chinese sprangletop was found in only two rice fields. In greenhouse experiments, both fenoxaprop‐P‐ethyl‐resistant and susceptible Chinese sprangletop from the same location were investigated for 50% growth reduction based on phytotoxicity, plant height and fresh and dry weight. The resistant Chinese sprangletop showed apparent resistance at 14–21 days after herbicide application at a rate of 21.1–337.6 g AI ha−1. The resistance index of resistant Chinese sprangletop was 10–25 times higher than that of the susceptible Chinese sprangletop. In addition, Chinese sprangletop did not exhibit multiple resistance to oxadiazon, propanil and quinclorac. According to acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACCase) assays, the level of ACCase specific activity in the resistant Chinese sprangletop was significantly higher than that in the susceptible Chinese sprangletop. Similarly, the ACCase activity of the resistant Chinese sprangletop was 10 times less sensitive to fenoxaprop‐P‐ethyl than that of the susceptible Chinese sprangletop, based on the I50 values. The present study of the mechanism responsible for resistance in the biotypes investigated indicated that there was a close association between the concentration–response at the whole‐plant level and ACCase sensitivity to fenoxaprop‐P‐ethyl, and resistance to fenoxaprop‐P‐ethyl was conferred by a modified ACCase at the target site, as suggested by higher specific activity and less sensitivity to the herbicide. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
The role of medical simulation: an overview
Authors: Kunkler Kevin
Published: September 2006

Robotic surgery and medical simulation have much in common: both use a mechanized interface that provides visual “patient” reactions in response to the actions of the health care professional (although simulation also includes touch feedback); both use monitors to visualize the progression of the procedure; and both use computer software applications through which the health care professional interacts. Both technologies are experiencing rapid adoption and are viewed as modalities that allow physicians to perform increasingly complex minimally invasive procedures while enhancing patient safety. A review of the literature and industry developments concludes that medical simulators can be useful tools in determining a physician's understanding and use of best practices, management of patient complications, appropriate use of instruments and tools, and overall competence in performing procedures.

Future use of these systems depends on their impact on patient safety, procedure completion time and cost efficiency. The sooner simulation training can be used to support developing technologies and procedures, the earlier, and typically the better, the results. Continued studies are needed to identify and ensure the ongoing applicability of these systems for both training and certification. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐distance robotic telesurgery: a feasibility study for care in remote environments
Authors: Rayman R. , Croome K. , Galbraith N. , McClure R. , Morady R. , Peterson S. , Smith S. , Subotic V. , Van Wynsberghe A. , Primak S.
Published: September 2006

Background

Basic telesurgical manoeuvres were conducted with signal delays.

Methods

Eight test subjects conducted four manoeuvres. Time delays of 0–1000 ms were investigated. Time to task completion and error rate were recorded in sequential delays of 0–600 ms. Additionally, blinded random delays of 0–1000 ms were studied.

Results

In the sequential trials (0–600 ms), there were no significant differences in average task time compared to zero latency. The error rate remained low despite increasing time delay, and was significantly less at 500 ms (p< 0.05). In the random trials, task time was significantly greater at delays of 500, 600, 800 and 1000 ms (p< 0.05). There were no significant differences in error rates (p= 0.252).

Conclusions

Operators are capable of performing surgical exercises at significant delays. Latent video feedback is difficult for telesurgery. Visual or virtual reality cues should be implemented to aid the operator in a high‐cadence telesurgery environment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysing multicentre competing risks data with a mixed proportional hazards model for the subdistribution
Authors: Katsahian Sandrine , Resche‐Rigon Matthieu , Chevret Sylvie , Porcher Raphaël
Published: September 2006

In the competing‐risks setting, to test the effect of a covariate on the probability of one particular cause of failure, the Fine and Gray model for the subdistribution hazard can be used. However, sometimes, competing risks data cannot be considered as independent because of a clustered design, for instance in registry cohorts or multicentre clinical trials. Frailty models have been shown useful to analyse such clustered data in a classical survival setting, where only one risk acts on the population. Inclusion of random effects in the subdistribution hazard has not been assessed yet.

In this work, we propose a frailty model for the subdistribution hazard. This allows first to assess the heterogeneity across clusters, then to incorporate such an effect when testing the effect of a covariate of interest. Based on simulation study, the effect of the presence of heterogeneity on testing for covariate effects was studied. Finally, the model was illustrated on a data set from a registry cohort of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia who underwent bone marrow transplantation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of pinealectomy and melatonin replacement on morphological and biochemical recovery after traumatic brain injury
Authors: Ates Ozkan , Cayli Suleyman , Gurses Iclal , Yucel Neslihan , Iraz Mustafa , Altinoz Eyup , Kocak Ayhan , Yologlu Saim
Published: September 2006

Numerous studies showed that melatonin, a free radical scavenger, is neuroprotective. In this study, we investigated the effect of pinealectomy and administration of exogenous melatonin on oxidative stress and morphological changes after experimental brain injury.

The animals were divided into six groups, each having 12 rats. Group 1 underwent craniotomy alone. Group 2 underwent craniotomy followed by brain trauma and received no medication. Group 3 underwent craniotomy followed by brain trauma and received melatonin. Group 4 underwent pinealectomy and craniotomy alone. Group 5 underwent pinealectomy and craniotomy followed by brain injury and received no medication. Group 6 underwent pinealectomy and craniotomy followed by brain trauma and received melatonin. Melatonin (100 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally immediately after trauma to the rats in Groups 3 and 6.

Pinealectomy caused a significant increase in the malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), glutathione (GSH), and xanthine oxidase (XO) levels, and a decrease in GSH levels as compared to the control group. Trauma to pinealectomized rats causes significantly higher oxidative stress. Exogeneous melatonin administration significantly reduced MDA, XO and NO levels, increased GSH levels, and attenuated tissue lesion area. These findings suggest that reduction in endogenous melatonin after pinealectomy makes the rats more vulnerable to trauma, and exogenous melatonin administration has an important neuroprotective effect.
Bristlecone pine tree rings and volcanic eruptions over the last 5000 yr
Authors: Salzer Matthew W. , Hughes Malcolm K.
Published: September 2006

Many years of low growth identified in a western USA regional chronology of upper forest border bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva and Pinus aristata) over the last 5000 yr coincide with known large explosive volcanic eruptions and/or ice core signals of past eruptions. Over the last millennium the agreement between the tree-ring data and volcano/ice-core data is high: years of ring-width minima can be matched with known volcanic eruptions or ice-core volcanic signals in 86% of cases. In previous millennia, while there is substantial concurrence, the agreement decreases with increasing antiquity. Many of the bristlecone pine ring-width minima occurred at the same time as ring-width minima in high latitude trees from northwestern Siberia and/or northern Finland over the past 4000–5000 yr, suggesting climatically-effective events of at least hemispheric scale. In contrast with the ice-core records, the agreement between widely separated tree-ring records does not decrease with increasing antiquity. These data suggest specific intervals when the climate system was or was not particularly sensitive enough to volcanic forcing to affect the trees, and they augment the ice core record in a number of ways: by providing confirmation from an alternative proxy record for volcanic signals, by suggesting alternative dates for eruptions, and by adding to the list of years when volcanic events of global significance were likely, including the mid-2nd-millennium BC eruption of Thera.
Stimulation of self-recovery by similia principle?
Authors: Van Wijk R. , Wiegant F.A.C.
Published: September 2006

This paper describes how the similia principle can be studied best in fundamental research. 2 questions are raised: ‘What is known about the regulatory principles at which homoeopathic treatment is directed?’ and ‘In what kind of conditions can these regulatory principles be studied best?’ The vision of Hahnemann and ideas related to the ‘field concept’ developed in this century are discussed.

With respect to the first question, the phenomenon of ‘self-recovery’ takes a central position. The essence of homoeopathy is stimulation of self-recovery by application of the similia principle. By analysing self-recovery on different levels, we conclude that research on the molecular and cell biological level can use low potencies only (containing molecules of the original substance). We consider whether stimulation of disturbed self-repair occurs by application of low doses of the disturbing agent.

At the cellular level ‘self-repair’ can be defined as a supplementation of protector proteins, an enhancement of resistance to the disturbing agent and a temporary stimulation of proliferation in order to compensate for cell death. These parameters are clearly defined and can be measured using highly standardised and validated cell biological techniques.
Complaints and diagnoses in homoeopathic practice
Authors: Koster T.G.C. , Jansen G.R.H.J.
Published: September 2006

As part of a 4-phase research project, 58 homoeopathic physicians, all members of VHAN (Dutch Association of Homoeopathic Physicians) registered for 1 week the complaints and diagnoses according to ICPC-code of the first 30 patients given exclusively homoeopathic treatment during that week. A total of 1712 patients, 36% male and 64% female, was registered. Children under 10 and adults from 30–40 years particularly sought homoeopathic treatment.
The rights and wrongs of measles vaccination
Authors: English John M.
Published: September 2006

There is controversy regarding immunization. This paper concentrates on measles although the evidence is more broadly based. Both mortality and morbidity figures strongly suggest that despite a few casualties the campaign has saved many lives and much suffering, even though its goal of eliminating measles has not yet been achieved. Unfortunately the immunizing effect of the vaccine has a shorter duration of action than the disease itself, and this has led to outbreaks of measles amongst older age-groups immunized as babies. Morbidity and mortality are higher when measles is contracted at older ages. A revaccination campaign is under way. Side effects from revaccination are less frequent than with primary vaccination.

The incidence of a variety of chronic diseases, some of which are related to the immune system, has risen concurrently with the various immunization programmes. Opponents fear that the two phenomena are connected, and that by proceeding with immunization we are fundamentally damaging the race. While the evidence for such a connection is weak, it cannot entirely be dismissed as it is equally hard to disprove. We should remain alert to the possibility and research it honestly while continuing with the campaign, since abandoning it would undoubtedly result in much more loss of life and permanent disability.
Thinking what we are doing
Authors: Dempsey Thez , Swayne Jeremy
Published: September 2006

This paper presents data from the first and second Faculty Data Collection Surveys of homœopathic prescribing. It describes the use of homœopathy in different clinical settings and by doctors with different levels of prescribing skill, the range of morbidity treated, and the homœopathic medicines and potencies used, and examines the relationships between these different parameters. Although the study cannot be considered definitive, it demonstrates the scope and value of this kind of analysis as a basis for research in homœopathic medicine, and begs a number of questions that require further investigation.
Homœopathic treatment of ovarian cysts
Authors: Gimeno Maria Lluisa Queralt
Published: September 2006

Forty women suffering from ovarian cysts, diagnosed and measured by ultrasound, were treated with a single homœopathic medicine according to their specific mental, general and local symptoms. The hormonal disorders suffered by these patients lead to several symptoms, some specifically gynaecological, others general or mental, demonstrating how the health deterioration process effects the general state of the sick person. The ultrasound examination was repeated after about nine months. Results were positive.
A study using Sepia 200c given prophylactically postpartum to prevent anoestrus problems in the dairy cow
Authors: Williamson A.V. , Crawford W.J. , Rennie B. , Mackie W.L.
Published: September 2006

The results obtained from a study model using Sepia 200c in a herd of dairy cows led to an extended study. Overall reproductive performance was monitored monthly by a farm action list and the technique of palpation of the ovaries per rectum was used to determine pregnancy and cyclical status. A total of 101 cows were randomly treated with Sepia 200c on day 14 or 21 postpartum.

Statistical analysis of the results was based on the differences between the untreated Control and Sepia-treated groups in periparturient disorders and pre- and post-service periods, and between the two Sepia-treated groups.

In the pre-service period, a significant difference was found between the sepia-treated groups in the proportion of heifers calved, the number of assisted calvings and pre-service problems compared to Control. A difference of 9.9 total mean days to oestrus post-treatment was found between the Sepia-treated groups.

During the post-service period, significant differences were found in the conception rate to first service, the percentage of cows in calf and total culled.

A reduction (non significant) was found in the 21-day treatment group compared to control and 14-day treatment in the mean days calving to conception interval and the calving index. However, between the Sepia-treated groups a significant difference was found in total mean days calving to conception interval.

The results of this study appear to demonstrate a difference in effect between the Sepia-treated groups and Control group. The study has been extended into a double blind placebo trial to find the effect of using a placebo and assess the use of Sepia given earlier postpartum on herd reproductive performance.
Two childbirth remedies
Authors: Moskowitz Richard
Published: September 2006

The two homœopathic medicines most frequently used for problems in childbirth are Caulophyllum and Cimicifuga. Caulophyllum may be used prophylactically. The indications for both are discussed, with case histories. Dosage regimes are suggested.
Quality control of homoeopathic medicines
Authors: Davey R. William , McGregor Julia A. , Grange John M.
Published: September 2006

The stability of 55 mother tinctures stored under standard conditions over a twelve month period was estimated in terms of anti-bacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. There was little change in activity over the period.
A trial of sepia 200
Authors: Williamson A.V. , Crawford W.J. , Rennie B. , Mackie W.L.
Published: September 2006

The effect of Sepia 200c on the reproductive performance of Friesian cross dairy cows was assessed in a controlled trial from September 1989 until August 1990. Overall reproductive performance was monitored monthly and pregnancy diagnosis and cyclical status was determined. The cows were randomly allocated to 4 groups, untreated controls, placebo controls, Sepia-treated 24 to 48 hours postpartum and Sepia-teated day 14 postpartum.

The trial was concluded in July 1990 when another treatment was employed to reduce declining herd reproductive status. Statistical analysis of the results was based on differences between the placebo control and the Sepia-treated, 24–48 hours postpartum, the pooled control groups and placebo control with Sepia day 14, and lastly the difference between the 2 Sepia-treated groups.

The highest rates of periparturient disease occurred in the Sepia-treated groups, the highest single incidence rate of periparturient disease risk (cysts) found in the cows in the Sepia 24 to 48 hours postpartum group. Sepia day 14 produced the largest percentage of cows seen in first oestrus (45%), the largest number of observed heats (60%) in the cows without periparturient disease risk factors or recurrent traits and the lowest total mean value days to oestrus post-treatment.

Sepia day 14 produced the largest percentage that held to first service, the lowest post-treatment period to first service, calving to conception interval, mean number of services and rectal examinations per conception, mean day calving interval and calving index. The results show that the effect of Sepia 200c administered to cows two weeks postpartum increased the numbers of cows observed in first oestrus, held to first service and lowered the calving to conception interval and calving index. The results of the Sepia day 14 postpartum group were also found to be compatible with the same group data reported in the previous study.
Ways to enhance the quality and acceptance of clinical and laboratory studies in homoeopathy
Authors: Melchart D. , Jonas W.B. , Hornung J. , Linde W.
Published: September 2006

Three ways to enhance acceptance and publication of clinical trials in homoeopathy and confirmatory laboratory studies on serially agitated dilutions are proposed. First, we recommend the use of methodology and presentation checklists to increase the quality of original papers on research. Second, we recommend to prepare an extensive report available to interested persons if a published report does not include all relevant details. Third, we recommend establishing a preregistration data base for all confirmatory projects of research in homoeopathy.
Importance of the 3c trituration in the manufacture of homœopathic medicines
Authors: Dellmour F.
Published: September 2006

Based on the original trituration of gold made in 1818, Hahnemann introduced trituration to the 3c as a general method for use in homœopathic pharmacy from 1835 onwards, thus distancing himself from the use of solutions and mother tinctures. He found that 3c triturated medicines were more effective, with constituents retained to a much higher degree and improved storage qualities.
Three ‘anecdotes’
Authors: Somper Dennis
Published: September 2006

16 years from onset, a patient with motor neurone disease lives a normal life. A lady presenting with chronic myeloid leukaemia, the diagnosis confirmed by bone marrow studies, was treated with busulphan for a total of 5 weeks. 14 years later, bone marrow examination was normal and the condition could only be diagnosed from the Philadelphia chromosome.
Research in homœopathy
Authors: Davies Anita E.
Published: September 2006

After a general introduction and definition of terms, the therapeutic situation is illustrated, followed by a discussion of criteria of success or failure and the factors involved in prescribing the surative remedy—expertise as a doctor, assessment of the symptomatology from the homœopathic point of view, knowledge of the materia medica, methods of prescribing, obstacles to cure, understanding the action of potencies; and throughout suggesting where more individual or group study would increase success, and finally calling for the support of all members of the Faculty.
Homœopathic medicine in the treatment of chronic hypocapnoea
Authors: Davies Anita E.
Published: September 2006

Hahnemannian concepts of the nature of disease, the function of the “vital force” in contributing to the symptomatology of disease processes, and the need to give the homœopathic remedy to restore health, are discussed. The physiological disturbance caused by habitual hyperventilation is described, and the value of homœopathic medicine in this syndrome is illustrated. The incidence of hypocapnoea in a series of new patients seen by the author is similar to that found in a general medical outpatients. The presenting symptomatology in a random series of hyperventilators seen in the author's private practice is enumerated, and some of the homœopathic remedies used are discussed. No remedy appears specific for hypocapnoea, but Aconite fits the acute symptoms, and Sepia seems to be frequently needed in the treatment of individual patients.
A hypothesis on the nature of homœopathic potencies
Authors: Kumar Aditya , Jussal Ruplal
Published: September 2006

In this paper, it is argued that a homœopathic potency is an arrangement, in a certain order, of electric dipolar molecules of the solvent, induced by the drug during the process of dynamization. (Note that the solvents used in the preparation of homœopathic potencies, viz. water, alcohol and sugar of milk, all have molecules which exhibit electrical dipole moments.) The nature and extent of this arrangement of dipoles depends on the starting drug (Mother Tincture) and the degree of dilution. As a consequence of this hypothesis the dielectric constant and surface tension of the homœopathic potency are expected to be different from those of the solvent. The surface tension of potencies of Natrum muriaticum (NaCl) up to the 30th prepared in 91 per cent. alcohol were measured and were found to vary from one potency to another, thus lending support to the hypothesis.
Treatment of chronic disease
Authors: Boyd H.W.
Published: September 2006

A summary of the type of chronic conditions treated by homœopathy is given. An outline of chronic case-taking procedure. Prescribing on a specific, a local and a constitutional basis. Are miasms a help? Brief outline of symptomatology of Psora, Sycosis, Syphilis and Tuberculinum.

Hierarchy of symptoms—strange and peculiar, mental (with grades of these), general, local.

Evaluation of symptoms; directions of cure.

Potency choice.
Kent's remarks about Gentry's concordance repertory
Authors: Gypser K.-H.
Published: September 2006

Two statements made by J. T. Kent regarding Gentry's Concordance Repertory—that not over 40 per cent of the materia medica is included and 50 per cent of Gentry's symptoms cannot be found in any materia medica—are scrutinized as to their veracity. The study brought to light that Kent's assertions are untenable and it is supposed that he made them to promote the sale of his own repertory which was by no means a bestseller during his lifetime.
Calcarea sulphurica
Authors: Candegabe Eugenio F.
Published: September 2006

The author presents his personal experiences of this drug based on extensive case material, and points out that the existing pathogenesis shows serious defects. In agreement with Kent, he discusses the possibility of prescribing a drug integrating two pathogeneses, an example being Calcarea arsenicosa, which combines features of Calcarea carbonica and Arsenicum, with brief reference to a number of case histories.

It is concluded that the essence of Calcarea sulphurica is a Sulphur subject who also shows the characteristic fears of Calcarea carbonica. On the basis of his experience, the author delineates a characteristic psychosomatic personality for this drug which in his opinion becomes a real polychrest, as it is frequently indicated and rapidly effective.
Two acute cases
Authors: Gypser Klaus-Henning
Published: September 2006

Two acute cases are reported. The first gave verification of a symptom which occurred in the proving of Nux vomica, i.e. ‘pain in forehead extending to root of nose’. The second demonstrated the action of Manganum after Rhus toxicodendron had failed which was seemingly indicated. This was an astonishing result, because the symptoms of Manganum repertorized with the aid of Boenninghausen's Therapeutic Pocket Book could not be clearly identified in the materia medica. Apparently Boenninghausen was right when he said that his Pocket Book ‘opened a way into the wide fields of combinations’.
Thoughts on the management of myalgic encephalomyelitis
Authors: Jenkins Michael
Published: September 2006

For the past few years an increasing number of patients have been presenting with ‘symptoms suggestive of myalgic encephalomyelitis’ (?ME). A very active and vociferous support group has been formed. Controversy about the nature of the illness has raged in the medical profession since the Royal Free disease outbreak in the 1950s.
Spontaneous comments
Authors: Pratt Noel J.
Published: September 2006

A selection of spontaneous comments by patients collected over 26 years is presented. The duration/cure ratio was calculated.
Multivariate analysis of five homoeopathic medicines in a psychiatric population
Authors: Woodbury Max , Morrison Roger , Shore Jonathan , Rshom Greg Bedayn , Davidson Jonathan
Published: September 2006

Grade of Membership Analysis (GoM) is a multivariate statistical technique developed for the purposes of medical classification. It was applied to the drug picture concept of homoeopathy, assessing five common medicines with particular applicability to anxiety. These were Arsenicum album (Ars), Gelsemium (Gels), Argentum nitricum (Arg-n), Lycopodium (Lyc) and Sulphur (Sulph). The patient sample comprised 104 psychiatric outpatients with structured clinical interviewbased primary diagnoses of social phobia, panic disorder, post traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depression and dysthymia. A homoeopathic screening questionnaire (HSQ) was used to test the integrity of the five drug pictures. Four pure types emerged, providing some evidence to support distinctions between Sulph and Arg-n features, and a pure type with many features of Ars, Arg-n, Lyc and Gels. The fourth pure type contained few of the drug's characteristics. There was some evidence to suggest that psychiatric diagnoses assorted differentially, based on the homoeopathically determined pure types. This study provides qualified support for the drug picture descriptions.
A strict definition of homoeopathy according to Hahnemann
Authors: Adler U.C. , Ambrosio E. , Anelli I.M. , Cappello E. , Guimarães E.C. , De Toledo Cesar A.
Published: September 2006

A review of classical and contemporary textbooks showed that although the term homoeopathy is widely known and used, it remains ambiguous and vague. In an attempt towards clarification we present a review of Hahnemann's definition of the term and conclude that it refers to the outcome of interaction between two different vital affections which, however, have very similar effects on living organisms. We found that Hahnemann used examples to demonstrate the homoeopathic phenomena and postulated that homoeopathy could exist without experimental provings in healthy individuals, infinitesimal doses, dynamization and single medicines, all of which are fundamental elements in his methodology. We also discuss the benefits of using one strict conceptual definition of homoeopathy. This can contribute to recognition of the homoeopathic phenomenon in nature and in medical practice.
Effects of Podophyllum peltatum compounds in various preparations and dilutions on human neutrophil functions in vitro
Authors: Chirumbolo S. , Conforti A. , Lussignoli S. , Metelmann H. , Bellavite P.
Published: September 2006

Human blood neutrophil granulocytes (neutrophils) treated with Podophyllum peltatum L.-derived compounds exhibited an enhanced oxidative response to subsequent challenge with bacterial formyl peptides. This priming effect was concerned with superoxide anion (O2 −) release (respiratory burst). The phenomenon was observed with a potentized preparation containing, among other things, podophyllum extract (Podophyllum compositum), with Podophyllum 4x (final concentration of active principle about 0.025 μg/ml), whereas enhancement of O2 − release was not caused by homoeopathic Podophyllum 12x or other components of the complex homoeopathic preparation. Purified podophyllotoxin had the same effect at doses of 0.1–10 μg/ml, whereas doses higher than 100 μg/ml of podophyllotoxin inhibited the respiratory burst, so that pure toxin showed a typical bi-phasic dose-response curve. Similar effects were obtained with purified colchicine (1–1000 μg/ml), a microtubule-disrupting agent. No priming by a Podophyllum-derived compound was observed on neutrophils stimulated with 50 ng/ml phorbol ester. Further, both potentized podophyllum-derived compounds and pure podophyllotoxin-inhibited cellular adhesion to the serum-coated surface of culture microplates. These results show that low potencies of a drug extract have specific stimulating effects on the activation of neutrophil metabolism. The same stimulating effects are also caused by low doses of the active principle of the drug, which is an inhibitor when used at high doses.
The pillar of homoeopathy
Authors: Walach Harald
Published: September 2006

The few controlled trials conducted so far have not shown that the symptoms observedby volunteers in a proving are different from placebo. This finding is discussed from a methodological point of view. Provings conducted so far have not convincingly put the method to experimental trial. Provings designed to improve practical prescribing in homoeopathy, using qualitative methodology, should be distinguished from trials to show that substances in homoeopathic dilutions produce symptoms different from placebo. Both methodologies can be combined and a protocol is suggested.
Extracting symptoms from homoeopathic drug provings
Authors: Riley David S.
Published: September 2006

There has been a lack of consistency in the way symptoms are extracted from homoeopathic provings. The current situation is discussed and recommendations for a proving protocol laid out.
Effects of high potencies of tumour necrosis factor alpha on H2O2 production in cultured neuroblastoma cells by enhanced luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (ECL)
Authors: Carmine T.C.
Published: September 2006

The effects of homoeopathic high dilutions of cytokine TNFα on H2O2 production of SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells were studied. H2O2 was measured using a highly sensitive chemiluminescence method (ECL) based on chemical enhancement of luminol oxidation in the presence of peroxidase and H2O2. The dose-effect relationship between TNFα and H2O2 production of SK-N-SH cells was established over the whole range from 200 ng/ml of TNFα to 100x. Interpolation yielded a waveshaped curve (phase length 5–8) which appeared to ‘ride’ on a wave-shaped 10th order regression curve (phase length ∼ 35). The effects of TNFα 100x on H2O2 production were highly significant (p < 0.002). Elevation of H2O2 production compared to controls was repeatedly seen following incubation of SK-N-SH cells in the presence of TNFα 100x. These results suggest that the chemiluminescence method used is suitable to demonstrate and investigate further the influence of homoeopathic high potencies on biological systems.
The similia principle
Authors: Lussignoli Sabrina , Semizzi Marlia Lucia , Ortolani Riccardo , Signorini Andrea , Bellavite Paulo
Published: September 2006

We have developed two models of the similarity principle, essentially based on the regulatory mechanisms of biological homeostasis. A first model (gating theory) is designed to explain a series of experimental findings obtained in our laboratory, pointing to the occurrence of inverse effects of various agents on human neutrophils in vitro. A second, more general, model (regulation of stressed homeostatic networks) is designed to integrate modern concepts of priming, desensitization and signal transduction into the classical homeopathic theory of inversion of effect at the clinical level, i.e. the symptom-based similia principle.
Effect of high dilutions of Arsenicum album on wheat seedlings from seed poisoned with the same substance
Authors: Brizzi M. , Nani D. , Peruzzi M. , Betti L.
Published: September 2006

A blind laboratory experiment was carried out to show the effect of a 45x potency of Arsenicum album (As2O3) on wheat seedlings whose seeds had been previously poisoned with a material dose of the same substance. The effect of the homoeopathic treatment on stem growth was statistically significant. The experimental results were matched with a previous study concerning homoeopathic treatment in the same species.
Attitudes to complementary therapies and referral for homoeopathic treatment
Authors: Hannaford Pat , Wyllie Margaret
Published: September 2006

The main objective of this survey was to assess the attitude of General Practitioners (GPs) in Lothian, Scotland, to homoeopathy, with a view to deciding if there was sufficient support to justify the continuation and expansion of the NHS homoeopathic clinic in the area. The 540 GPs currently in practice were surveyed by means of a simple questionnaire which required them to tick selected boxes; many chose to add further comments. A total of 304 GPs (56%) responded. The questions were designed to elicit attitudes to homoeopathy and other complementary therapies and to assess the referral pattern for this. 92% of the respondents were willing to refer patients for homoeopathic treatment and 74% would welcome a specialist facility in Lothian. This level of support indicates that provision of an NHS specialist homoeopathic service in Lothian would be well-used.
Novel form of a single X-linked visual pigment gene in a unique dichromatic color-vision defect
Authors: HAYASHI TAKAAKI , KUBO AKIKO , TAKEUCHI TOMOKAZU , GEKKA TAMAKI , GOTO-OMOTO SATOSHI , KITAHARA KENJI
Published: September 2006

In normal trichromats, the long- (L) and middle-wavelength-sensitive (M) pigment genes are arranged in a head-to-tandem array on the X chromosome. Two amino acids at positions 277 and 285, encoded by exon 5 of the L and M genes, respectively, are essential for the spectral difference between L and M pigments whose spectral peaks are at approximately 560 and 530 nm. Intragenic or intergenic unequal crossing-over commonly occurs between the highly homologous L and M genes, resulting in red-green color vision deficiencies. The dichromacy is usually associated with a single L gene for deuteranopia or a single 5′ L-M 3′ hybrid gene with M-gene exon 5 for protanopia. We clinically diagnosed a total of 88 male dichromats using a Nagel model I anomaloscope, which included one unclassified subject in addition to 31 protanopes and 56 deuteranopes. The objective of this study was to characterize the phenotype of the subject and to determine the genotype of his X-linked pigment genes. The subject accepted not only any red-green mixture but also an extended yellow-scale range at each matching point (i.e. 20 to 32 scale units at the green primary and 3.5 to 6 scale units at the red primary). The slopes of regression lines were in the range of −0.34 to −0.23, while the mean slopes for the protanopes and deuteranopes were −0.38 and −0.01, respectively. Spectral sensitivity tests showed that the subject's curve was shifted between the protanope and deuteranope curves. Molecular analysis revealed a novel form of a single pigment gene with a unique arrangement of exon 5 (Y277 from the L gene and A285 from the M gene). The predicted λmax(541 to 546 nm) of the unique pigment was closer to the M than to the L pigment. Our outcome suggests that intragenic unequal crossing-over may have occurred between amino acid positions 279 and 283.
L and M cone proportions in polymorphic New World monkeys
Authors: JACOBS GERALD H. , WILLIAMS GARY A.
Published: September 2006

Platyrrhine monkeys typically have only a single X-chromosome opsin
gene. Alleles of this gene code for multiple versions of middle- to
long-wavelength cone photopigments. X-chromosome inactivation provides
heterozygous females with a retinal mosaic of cones containing either of
two types of M and L pigment, thus establishing the photopigment basis for
trichromatic color vision. This study examined the proportions of L and M
cones created by this process. For that purpose, electroretinogram flicker
photometry was used to obtain complete spectral sensitivity functions from
60 heterozygous female monkeys drawn from seven genera of platyrrhine
monkeys. To obtain estimates of cone proportions, these functions were
subsequently fit with linear combinations of L and M cone fundamentals
that were derived from similar recordings made on conspecific animals
having only one type of M/L pigment. Consistent with a random
X-chromosome inactivation process, the average L:M cone weighting across
the sample was close to unity. At the same time, there were significant
individual variations in L:M cone proportions. The genesis of this
variation and its implications for seeing are discussed.
Compound heterozygous CNGA3 mutations (R436W, L633P) in a
Japanese patient with congenital achromatopsia
Authors: GOTO-OMOTO SATOSHI , HAYASHI TAKAAKI , GEKKA TAMAKI , KUBO AKIKO , TAKEUCHI TOMOKAZU , KITAHARA KENJI
Published: September 2006

Congenital achromatopsia is a stationary retinal disorder with
autosomal recessive inheritance that is characterized by loss of color
discrimination, low visual acuity, photophobia, and nystagmus. This
disorder has been shown to be associated with CNGA3,
CNGB3, and GNAT2 mutations, and the frequency of
mutations in the CNGA3 gene (encoding α subunit of the
cone-specific cGMP-gated cation channel) was 23–33% in European
populations. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that
CNGA3 mutations are also responsible for congenital achromatopsia
in Japanese patients. DNA from venous blood samples from a total of 14
patients from 13 Japanese pedigrees was prepared. Mutation screening of
the CNGA3 gene was performed using direct sequencing and
PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis. Compound
heterozygous missense mutations (p.R436W and p.L633P, the latter of which
was novel) were identified in one patient only, a 22-year-old female.
Neither of these two mutations was found in 150 Japanese control
individuals. The patient's parents and sister carried one of these
mutations each but were not affected. No mutations in the CNGB3
or GNAT2 genes were identified in the patient. Clinically,
best-corrected visual acuity was 0.1 in both eyes. No specific findings
were obtained in funduscopy. Optical coherence topography revealed a
normal foveal thickness but a 20% decrease in parafoveal thickness.
Ganzfeld full-field electroretinograms (ERGs) showed normal responses in
rod and mixed rod-plus-cone ERGs but no response in cone or 30-Hz flicker
ERGs. Spectral sensitivity on a white background revealed a curve with
only one peak at around 500 nm, which fits the absorption spectrum of
human rhodopsin. L633, conserved among vertebrate orthologs of human
CNGA3, is a hydrophobic residue forming part of the carboxy-terminal
leucine zipper (CLZ) domain, which is functionally important in the
mediation of intracellular interactions. To our knowledge, this is the
first report of a Japanese complete achromat with CNGA3
mutations, and of any patient with a missense mutation within the CLZ
domain. The outcome suggests low frequency (7%, 1/14) of
CNGA3 mutations in Japanese patients.