bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hematologic Toxicosis Associated with Doxorubicin Administration in Cats
Authors: O'Keefe Deborah A. , Schaeffer David J.
Published: March 2010

The hematologic toxicity of doxorubicin, 30 mg/m2body surface area (BSA) every 21 days to a cumulative dose of 300 mg/m2, was evaluated in six cats. Complete blood and platelet counts were performed daily during the first treatment cycle. They were monitored before treatment for all remaining cycles, and at the average neutrophil nadir (day 8) starting with cycle 4. Significant poikilocytosis developed after the first treatment and remained throughout the study, although anemia did not occur. No other red blood cell abnormalities were seen. Platelet counts remained within the reference range throughout the first treatment cycle, but mild thrombocytopenia (88,000–288,000/uL) was found in 11.3%of subsequent complete blood counts (CBCs). Thrombocytosis was seen in 30.9%of CBCs. Neutropenia did not occur during the first treatment cycle although neutrophil counts did decrease, with the nadir occurring between days 8 and 11. All neutrophil counts returned to pretreatment values by day 14. Neutropenia was documented after 14 of 46 (30.4%)doxorubicin treatments, and was associated with fever in 5 cats (10.9%).All fevers responded to oral antibiotic therapy. Neutropenia that lasted more than 14 days developed in two cats, necessitating dosage reduction to 25 mg/m2BSA. At the dose used in this study, doxorubicin administration was associated with acceptable hematologic toxicosis in most cats. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1992; 6:276–282)
Prognostic Indicators for Horses with Duodenitis‐Proximal Jejunitis 75 Horses (1985–1989)
Authors: Seahorn Thomas L. , Cornick Janyce L. , Cohen Noah D.
Published: March 2010

The medical records of 75 horses with duodenitis‐proximal jejunitis (DPJ) were reviewed. Ages, physical parameters, laboratory values, and treatment data were compared between horses surviving DPJ and horses not surviving DPJ (Table 1). Fifty of 75 horses (66.6%)survived. Sixty‐six horses (88.0%)were managed with medical treatment alone and nine horses (12.0%) were managed with medical treatment plus surgical intervention. Using a logistic regression model, the association of each of the 19 physical and laboratory parameters with death was evaluated retrospectively in the 75 horses. Three parameters (anion gap, abdominal fluid total protein concentration, and volume of gastric fluid for the first 24 hours of hospitalization) were significantly associated with death by univariate analysis. Using a stepwise multiple logistic regression, two parameters remained significantly associated with death (P> 0.05), anion gap and abdominal fluid total protein concentration. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1992; 6:307–311)
Treatment of Coccidioidomycosis Osteomyelitis with ltraconazole in a Horse
Authors: Foley James P. , Legendre Alfred M.
Published: March 2010

Itraconazole, a tricyclic azole effective against a number of deep mycotic diseases, was used to treat a Quarter Horse filly with coccidioidomycosis. The horse was almost normal after 90 days of treatment. Five months after discontinuing itraconazole treatment, the filly had severe neck pain and neurologic signs from recurrence of coccidioidomycosis and was treated with itraconazole for an additional 6 months. Her clinical condition improved to almost normal and the filly has remained normal for 2 years. There was no evidence of drug toxicity. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1992; 6:333–334)
Correlation of Urine Protein/Creatinine Ratio and Twenty‐Four‐Hour Urinary Protein Excretion in Normal Cats and Cats with Surgically Induced Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Adams Larry G. , Polzin David J. , Osborne Carl A. , O'Brien Timothy D.
Published: March 2010

Urine protein/creatinine (UP/C) ratios and 24‐hour urinary protein excretion were compared in clinically normal cats and cats with surgically induced chronic renal failure (CRF). Mean 24‐hour urinary protein excretion in 30 clinically normal cats fed a 28% protein diet (dry weight basis) was 4.93 mg/kg/ 24‐hour (SD = 1.34) with a range of 2.99 to 8.88. Mean UP/C ratio in these cats was 0.134 (SD = 0.037) with a range of 0.073 to 0.239. Mean 24‐hour urinary protein excretion in CRF cats was 10.49 mg/kg/ 24‐hour (SD = 11.28) with a range of 2.16 to 62.93. Mean UP/C ratio in the CRF cats was 0.359 (SD = 0.374) with a range of 0.061 to 1.916. Linear regression showed high correlation (R2= 0.973,P< 0.001) between 24‐hour urinary protein excretion and UP/C ratio in clinically normal cats and cats with surgically induced chronic renal failure. The regression equation for 24‐hour urinary protein excretion versus UP/C ratio was: 24‐hour urinary protein excretion = 29.39 (UP/C) + 0.18. Results of this study indicate that UP/C ratios are a valid estimate of 24‐hour urinary protein excretion in clinically normal and CRF cats. Dietary protein intake significantly affected UP/C ratios in clinically normal cats and cats with surgically induced CRF. Therefore, the influence of dietary protein should be considered when interpreting UP/C ratios. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1992; 6:36–40)
Doxorubicin‐lnduced Cardiotoxicosis Clinical Features in 32 Dogs
Authors: Mauldin Glenna E. , Fox Philip R. , Patnaik Amiya K. , Bond Betsy R. , Mooney Samantha C. , Matus Robert E.
Published: March 2010

Clinical cardiac abnormalities developed in 32 of 175 dogs that had various malignancies and were treated with doxorubicin: 31 dogs had electrocardiographs abnormalities including arrhythmias and nonspecific alterations in the R wave, ST segment, or QRS duration and 7 dogs had congestive heart failure. All seven dogs that had congestive heart failure died within 90 days. At necropsy, 13 of 32 affected dogs had noninflammatory myocardial degeneration, myocytolysis, vacuolation, and/or fibrosis and there was intramural coronary arteriosclerosis in all 13. Five dogs with lymphosarcoma were in complete clinical remission when they died of doxorubicin‐induced cardiomyopathy, but the overall survival times of the lymphosarcoma subset was nevertheless longer than in previous studies. The clinical use of doxorubicin in the dog can cause cardiotoxicosis but the therapeutic benefit appears to outweigh risks in most dogs.
Carotid Body Tumors in the Dog Eleven Cases (1978–1988)
Authors: Obradovich Joyce E. , Withrow Stephen J. , Powers Barbara E. , Walshaw Richard
Published: March 2010

Case records of 11 dogs with histologically confirmed carotid body tumors were reviewed. Surgical excision had been attempted in ten dogs with carotid body tumors, and one dog had been euthanatized at diagnosis. There were no intraoperative deaths but perioperative mortality was 40%. Horner's syndrome and laryngeal paralysis were the most common postoperative morbidities. The median survival time after surgery alone in the four dogs that survived the perioperative period was 25.5 months (range, 12–45 months). Two dogs treated with postoperative radiation therapy had survival times of 6 and 27 months. Of the six dogs surviving the perioperative period, two dogs are still alive at 19 and 32 months postopera‐tively. Of the four dogs that died, one was euthanatized 12 months postoperatively for nontumor‐related causes. The remaining three dogs died of distant metastases. The carotid body tumors studied were characterized by local tissue invasion, neurovascular complications after therapy, and a propensity to metastasize to multiple sites in the body.
Isolation of Feline Herpesvirus 1 from the Trigeminal Ganglia of Acutely and Chronically Infected Cats
Authors: Nasisse Mark P. , Davis Barbara J. , Guy James S. , Davidson Michael G. , Sussman Wendy
Published: March 2010

Feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV‐1) is one of the most common viral infections of domestic cats worldwide, estimated to cause 50% of all respiratory infections in this species. Feline herpesvirus 1 is also an important ocular pathogen of cats, causing conjunctivitis, epithelial and stromal keratitis, symblepharon formation, keratocon‐junctivitis sicca, and corneal sequestration. Despite the importance of this viral disease, major questions remain unanswered concerning the pathogenesis of its most important manifestation, the recrudescent infection. Although the taxonomic classification of FHV‐1 as an alpha herpesvirus implies the ability of FHV‐1 to establish neural latency, attempts at recovering the virus from the trigeminal ganglia of latently infected cats have typically yielded negative results. This failure has stimulated speculation that neural tissue is not an important site for latent FHV‐1. However, in the most successful of such studies, FHV‐1 was isolated from the trigeminal ganglia of 3 of 17 cats using an explant technique. In the present study, we describe the successful isolation of FHV‐1 from the trigeminal ganglia of cats using a similar tissue culture method.
Systemic Toxicity Associated With Doxorubicin Administration in Cats
Authors: O'Keefe Deborah A. , Sisson D. David , Gelberg Howard B. , Schaeffer David J. , Krawiec Donald R.
Published: March 2010

The systemic toxicity of doxorubicin, 30 mg/m2body surface area (BSA) every 21 days to a cumulative dose of 300 mg/m2, was evaluated in six cats. Appetite, body weight, and the presence of vomiting and/or diarrhea were monitored throughout the study. Renal function was monitored by measuring serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine concentrations, urine specific gravity, and creatinine clearance before each treatment. Electrocardiograms and echocardiograms were also done before each treatment. The cats were killed 3 weeks after the last treatment, and complete necropsies were performed. Partial or complete anorexia occurred in all cats with significant weight loss occurring after a cumulative doxorubicin dose of 150 mg/m2BSA. Mild vomiting and diarrhea that required no treatment also occurred sporadically in all cats. Echocardiographic changes consistent with doxorubicin‐induced cardiomyopa‐thy occurred in four cats after cumulative doses of 170 to 240 mg/m2BSA. Clinical heart disease and electrocardiographic changes were not observed. Subsequent histological examination revealed myocyte vacuolization and myocytolysis in all six hearts. Renal dysfunction, characterized by increasing azotemia with progressively more dilute urine, was detected in two cats. Mean creatinine clearance values also decreased significantly throughout the study. At necropsy, all cats had histological evidence of renal disease. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1993; 7:309–317. Copyright © 1993 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)
Endemic Visceral Leishmaniasis in a Dog from Texas
Authors: Sellon Rance K. , Menard Monica M. , Meuten Donald J. , Lengerich Eugene J. , Steurer Frank J. , Breitschwerdt Edward B.
Published: March 2010

Visceral leishmaniasis was diagnosed by cytology and positive indirect immunofluorescent antibody titers to Leishmania donovani in a 7‐month‐old female Basenji dog from Texas. Clinical and laboratory findings included weight loss, hematochezia, hyperglobulinemia, hypoalbuminemia, anemia, and neutrophilic leukocytosis. Evidence of response to treatment with diminazene aceturate and ketoconazole included improvement in the abnormal clinical, hematologic, and biochemical findings, decreased serum globulin concentration and antibody titer to Leishmania donovani, and absence of organisms in examined tissues. Several foci of endemic leishmaniasis have been reported in the United States. Because of its zoonotic potential and the lack of approved treatments for dogs with leishmaniasis in the United States, the development of effective treatment strategies is needed.
Treatment of Canine Nasal Aspergillosis with Enilconazole
Authors: Sharp Nicholas J. H. , Sullivan Martin , Harvey Colin E. , Webb Tony
Published: March 2010

Twenty‐four dogs with nasal aspergillosis were treated with enilconazole (10 mg/kg bid for 7–14 days) administered topically through tubes surgically implanted into the nasal chambers. Aspergillosis was eliminated in 19 dogs over a median follow‐up period of 18 months. Another dog died, but at necropsy there was no evidence of causative fungus. Two of the four dogs that were not cured had infection of periorbital soft tissues. An additional seven dogs received 6 weeks ketoconazole (5 mg/kg bid PO) and enilconazole therapy topically. Six of these dogs were disease‐free over a median follow‐up period of 35 months. The seventh dog responded to repeated treatment with enilconazole. Twenty‐six of the 29 dogs (90%)without extranasal aspergillosis were cured.
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Clinicopathologic Findings in 90 Naturally Occurring Cases
Authors: Sparkes A. H. , Hopper C. D. , Millard W. G. , Gruffydd‐Jones T. J. , Harbour D. A.
Published: March 2010

In 90 cats with naturally occurring feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection, the clinicopathologic changes seen at the time of first diagnosis of FIV infection included lymphopenia (29%), neutrophilia (27%), monocytosis (23%), anemia (18%), leukocytosis (13%), leukopenia (13%), neutropenia (11%), hyperproteinemia (38%), and hyperglobulinemia (25%). Forty‐nine (54%) of the cats showed multiple hematologic abnormalities, and a further 24 (17%) had a single abnormality. The most consistent changes in serum protein electrophoretic patterns were increases in the concentrations of alpha2 globulin and gammaglobulin subfractions. Although there is no established system for staging the degree of immunosuppression in cats infected with FIV, cytopenias appeared to be more commnn in cats with advanced clinical signs of disease.
Balloon Dilation of Congenital Subaortic Stenosis in the Dog
Authors: DeLellis Laura A. , Thomas William P. , Pion Paul D.
Published: March 2010

Balloon dilation during cardiac catheterization was evaluated for the treatment of congenital subaortic stenosis (SAS) in nine dogs. Under general anesthesia, bilateral cardiac catheterization was performed through the right jugular vein and carotid artery. Thermodilution cardiac output, and left ventricular and aortic root pressures and angiograms were obtained before and after balloon dilation. Balloons measuring 18–20 mm in diameter and 30–40 mm in length were positioned across the stenosis and three inflations 4–5 minutes apart were performed. There was no significant change in cardiac output, aortic pressure, or degree of aortic regurgitation after balloon dilation. For the entire group balloon dilation resulted in significant decreases in left ventricular systolic pressure (‐61.2 ± 37.2 mm Hg [mean change ± SD], range ‐14 to ‐123), mean systolic pressure gradient (‐39.6 ± 24.4 mm Hg, range –8.4 to ‐72.2), and peak systolic pressure gradient (‐64.3 ± 46.5 mm Hg, range –17 to –143). Calculated left ventricular outflow cross‐sectional area increased significantly (+.4 ± .5 cm2, range –.06 to + 1.30). Clinical signs improved in the five symptomatic dogs. Individual hemodynamic responses varied widely, but the magnitude of improvement correlated with the severity of obstruction. Three dogs showed a decrease of 60% or greater (≥100 mm Hg), and six dogs showed a decrease of 25–50% (17–71 mm Hg) in peak systolic gradient after balloon dilation. Complications were frequent but most were transient and manageable. These preliminary results suggest that balloon dilation can acutely decrease outflow resistance in dogs with SAS and may be effective therapy for some affected dogs.
Heterogeneity of Hypertrophy in Feline Hypertrophic Heart Disease
Authors: Peterson Erik N. , Moise N. Sydney , Brown Cynthia A. , Erb Hollis N. , Slater Margaret R.
Published: March 2010

Eighty‐six cats with non‐dilated left ventricular myocardial hypertrophy were studied retrospectively. Cats were categorized by two‐dimensional echocardiography as having symmetric ventricular hypertrophy (Type I), asymmetric with predominant septal thickening hypertrophy (Type II), and asymmetric hypertrophy with predominant free‐wall thickening (Type III). The distribution of hypertrophy was judged subjectively and objectively. Subjective and objective results were similar (P= 0.03) although overlap existed between groups. Morphologic patterns (Types I, II, and III) were compared with breed, age, sex, heart rate, percent fractional shortening, left atrial size, serum creatinine concentration, and the presence (yes/no) of pleural effusion, pulmonary edema, pericardial effusion, heart murmur, dyspnea, thromboembolism, hyperthyroidism, and being alive at the time of study. Interventricular septal thickness, left ventricular free wall thickness, percent fractional shortening, and left atrial size additionally were compared to 3‐month survival. Cats with Type HI hypertrophy were more likely to experience thromboembolism than cats with Type II hypertrophy (P= 0.05) and cats with Type I hypertrophy were more likely to have heart murmurs than cats with Type III (P= 0.02). No other significant associations were found in comparison to pattern of hypertrophy. Both left atrial size and percent fractional shortening significantly correlated with 3‐month survival (P< 0.001 for each). The degree of interventricular septal wall thickness was associated with 3‐month survival (P= 0.02) when known hyperthyroid cats were excluded from the study group, while left ventricular free wall thickness consistently was not associated with survival. This study demonstrates the heterogeneity of hypertrophy in cats with hyper‐trophic heart disease and provides predictors of survival (left atrial size, percent fractional shortening, and interventricular septal wall thickness when compared with euthanasia/spontaneous death data).
Spontaneous Occurrence of Hepatic Lipidosis in a Group of Laboratory Cats
Authors: Biourge Vincent , Pion Paul , Lewis Julia , Morris James G. , Rogers Quinton R.
Published: March 2010

Clinical signs consistent with hepatic lipidosis occurred in six obese adult laboratory cats, housed in a group cage, 6 to 7 weeks after changing their diet from a commercial to a purified diet. The affected cats lost 30 to 40% of their body weight in this time period. This rate of weight loss is compatible with little or no food intake. For treatment, 5 cats were tube‐fed three or four times daily with a high‐fat liquid diet supplemented with L‐citrulline and choline. All cats tolerated the diet, which contained 35% protein on an energy basis. Substantial voluntary food intake resumed 12 to 16 days after initiating treatment. The sixth cat was euthanatized. These observations suggest that 6 to 7 weeks of anorexia, associated with 30 to 40% weight loss, can induce hepatic lipidosis in obese but otherwise healthy cats, and confirm that with appropriate management the prognosis for cats with hepatic lipidosis is favorable.
Heparin: A Review of its Pharmacology and Therapeutic Use in Horses
Authors: Moore Bonnie Rush , Hinchcliff Kenneth W.
Published: March 2010

Heparin is used clinically in horses to treat hemostatic abnormalities associated with severe gastrointestinal disease, septicemia, and endotoxemia. The primary anticoagulant effect of heparin is through the suppression of thrombin‐dependent amplification of the coagulation cascade, and inhibition of thrombin‐mediated conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. Heparin may be of benefit in preventing the complications associated with hypercoagulable states such as jugular vein thrombosis, laminitis, and organ failure. Heparin may also be beneficial in the prevention of intraabdominal adhesions after gastrointestinal surgery, and in amelioration of hemodynamic abnormalities associated with endotoxic shock. Because a sequential rise in serumheparin concentration occurs during a uniform dosage regimen, a decreasing dosage regimen is recommended. The initial dose recommended is 150 U heparin/kg body weight subcutaneously, followed by 125 U heparin/kg body weight subcutaneously, every 12 hours for six doses. The dose should be decreased to 100 U heparin/kg body weight subcutaneously, every 12 hours, after the seventh dose. Anemia, hemorrhage, thrombocytopenia, and painful swelling at injection sites are complications of heparin administration in horses.
Neurotoxic Mycotoxins: A Review of Fungal Toxins That Cause Neurological Disease in Large Animals
Authors: Plumlee Konstanze H. , Galey Francis D.
Published: March 2010

Five mycotoxins found in concentrates or roughages have been shown to cause neurologic disease in livestock. Fumonisin B, is produced byFusarium moniliformeand causes leukoencephalomalacia in horses. Swainsonine and slaframine are produced byRhizoctonia leguminicolaand cause mannose accumulation and parasympathomimetic effects, respectively. Lolitrems fromAcremonium loliiand paspalitrems fromClaviceps paspaliare tremorgens found in grasses.
Hematologic Changes Associated With Serum and Hepatic Iron Alterations in Dogs With Congenital Portosystemic Vascular Anomalies
Authors: Meyer D. J. , Harvey John W.
Published: March 2010

Serum and hepatic iron determinations and hematologic parameters were measured in 10 dogs with congenital portosystemic vascular anomalies. Anemia, hypoferremia, and microcytosis were present in 70%, 70%, and 60% of the dogs, respectively. An increase in hepatic iron content was observed in all dogs. These results suggest a relationship between altered hepatic blood flow and abnormal iron metabolism in dogs with congenital portosystemic vascular anomalies.
Lupus‐Type “Anticoagulant” in a Dog With Hemolysis and Thrombosis
Authors: Stone Michael S. , Johnstone Ian B. , Brooks Marjory , Bollinger Trent K. , Cotter Susan M.
Published: March 2010

A circulating anticoagulant was detected in a 2‐year‐old Chesapeake Bay Retriever with hemolytic anemia, nephrotic syndrome, thrombocytopenia, polyarthropathy, and pulmonary thromboembolism. A persistent prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) was detected, and it did not correct with repeated administration of fresh frozen plasma. The aPTT was still prolonged, with a 1:1 mixture of patient's plasma and normal dog plasma in vitro, suggesting the presence of a circulating inhibitor. Results of assays to characterize the inhibitor were compatible with those described for the lupus anticoagulant in human patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Paradoxically, patients having the lupus anticoagulant are at increased risk for thrombosis. Pulmonary thromboembolism has been described as a frequent complication of immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia in the dog, and the presence of a circulating anticoagulant should be considered as a potential mechanism.
Studies on Oral Transmission of Potomac Horse Fever
Authors: Palmer J.E. , Benson C.E.
Published: March 2010

Eight normal ponies placed in direct contact with ponies experimentally infected withEhrlichia risticiifor 30 to 90 days did not develop signs of Potomac horse fever. They also did not seroconvert, and they remained susceptible to IV infection. One of 8 ponies that were force fed fresh feces from infected ponies while in direct contact with ponies experimentally infected withE. risticiideveloped Potomac horse fever and seroconverted. The other 7 remained asymptomatic, did not seroconvert, and were susceptible to IV infection. Six of 9 ponies inoculated withE. risticiivia nasogastric intubation and oral drench developed Potomac horse fever and serocon verted. The other 3 remained asymptomatic and did not seroconvert. One of these latter ponies and 2 normal ponies that were inoculated via oral drench only developed Potomac horse fever and seroconverted. The high fever, maximum clinical score for decreased feed intake, depressed mental attitude, decreased borborygmal sounds, severity of diarrhea, and the length of illness of the orally infected ponies was not significantly different from those of IV infected control ponies, although the signs occurred significantly later (P< .05).
Feline Spinal Lymphosarcoma: A Retrospective Evaluation of 23 Cats
Authors: Lane Stephen B. , Kornegay Joe N. , Duncan J. Robert , Oliver John E.
Published: March 2010

A retrospective study of pathologically confirmed cases of feline spinal lymphosarcoma (FSL) admitted to the Colleges of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Georgia and North Carolina State University from 1973 to 1988 was conducted. Two hundred fourteen cases of feline lymphosarcoma were diagnosed histopathologically; involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) was identified in 26 (12.1%). Twenty‐three of these tumors involved the spinal cord, and 22 of the 23 were solitary. A predilection for the thoracic and lumbar vertebral canal was noted. Most cats with spinal disease were young, with mean and median ages of 43 and 24 months, respectively; 67 cats were 36 months of age or younger. In most cases, affected cats had acute neurological deterioration after an initial insidious course. Extraneural abnormalities were not consistently present. Neoplastic lymphocytes diagnostic of FSL were identified on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis in 6 of 17 cats evaluated. Sixteen of 17 cats evaluated had serologically positive test results for feline leukemia virus (FeLV) p27 antigen, and all cats tested for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) antibodies had negative test results.
The Use of Hetastarch as Adjunct Therapy in 26 Dogs With Hypoalbuminemia: A Phase Two Clinical Trial
Authors: Smiley Laura E. , Garvey Michael S.
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the synthetic colloid hetastarch in dogs with hypoalbuminemia. Individual doses of hetastarch ranged from 9 to 27 mL/kg, and multiple doses were used frequently. Total doses ranged from 9 to 59 mL/kg. Colloid oncotic pressure was measured in 13 dogs before and after treatment. Mean colloid oncotic pressure ± SD was 9.32 ± 2.35 mm Hg before treatment and 16.41 ±1.61 mm Hg in 8 healthy pet dogs used as controls. The difference in these values was significant (P< .001). There was a significant increase in mean colloid oncotic pressure after the first dose of hetastarch, but there was no relationship between the dose of hetastarch and the magnitude of increase in colloid oncotic pressure. Peripheral edema or body cavity transudates resolved or decreased in 83% of the dogs despite concurrent use of crystalloid fluid therapy. There was also no relationship between the dose of hetastarch and resolution of edema. Worsening of the results from coagulograms occurred in 5 of 18 dogs, and included increased prothrombin time (n = 1), increased partial thromboplastin time (n = 5), and decreased platelet count (n = 3). Bleeding that occurred in 3 dogs could not be directly attributed to the hetastarch. There was no relationship between the dose of hetastarch and worsening of the values in the coagulograms.
Hepatic Abscesses Associated With Diabetes Mellitus in Two Dogs
Authors: Grooters Amy M. , Sherding Robert G. , Biller David S. , Johnson Susan E.
Published: March 2010

Two diabetic dogs were presented for anorexia, persistent fever, and poor control of hyperglycemia. Both had neutrophilia with left shift, hypoalbuminemia, and increased serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP) activity. Radiography indicated intrahepatic gas densities in 1 dog and a hepatic mass in the other. Abdominal sonography demonstrated multiple well‐demarcated hypoechoic hepatic lesions consistent with abscesses. Both dogs were successfully treated by surgical resection of the abscessed liver lobes inconjunction with antibiotics and supportive therapy. Good control of hyperglycemia was achieved in both dogs after recovery. Intracellular and extracellular Gram‐negative rod‐shaped bacteria were abundant in the abscesses from both dogs. These cases suggest an association between diabetes mellitus and hepatic abscessation.
Hyperlipemia and Ketonuria in an Alpaca and a Llama
Authors: Anderson David E. , Constable Peter D. , Yvorchuk Kathleen E. , Anderson Neil V. , St‐Jean Guy , Rock Linda
Published: March 2010

An alpaca and a llama in late stages of gestation were evaluated for lethargy, anorexia, and recumbency. Both camelids had cloudy, white, turbid serum, elevated serum triglyceride (1564, 5658 mg/dL, respectively) and cholesterol (158, 297 mg/dL, respectively) concentrations, and ketonuria. Signs of fetal stress were evident ultrasonographically in the alpaca, and a live cria was delivered by Cesarean section performed under general anesthesia. The alpaca developed severe metabolic acidosis, hepatic lipidosis, and acute renal failure secondary to renal lipidosis and died 36 hours after admission despite medical therapy. Histopathology revealed renal and hepatic lipidosis and neutrophilic pancreatitis. The cria died 72 hours after birth. The llama responded to IV electrolyte, dextrose, and regular crystalline insulin therapy. The pregnancy was maintained, and the llama was discharged from the hospital 20 days after admission. Two months after discharge, the llama gave birth to a live, 5 kg cria. Findings of hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, elevated sorbitol dehydrogenase activity, metabolic acidosis, azotemia, and ketonuria occurred in these two camelids. Based on this report, camelids appear to be similar to both horses and cattle in their response to severe energy imbalances in late gestation.
Lobular Dissecting Hepatitis in Juvenile and Young Adult Dogs
Authors: van den Inqh T.S.G.A.M. , Rothuizen J.
Published: March 2010

A specific form of chronic hepatitis is described in 21 dogs. The disease appears to develop in the neonatal and juvenile period. Predominant clinical signs include weight loss, ascites, and jaundice. The liver is small, with a smooth surface or a limited number of hyperplastic nodules. A characteristic feature of the hepatitis is disruption of the hepatic architecture by complete fibrotic dissection of the lobular parenchyma into individual and small groups of hepatocytes with subsequent portal hypertension. This lesion may represent a specific pattern of hepatic reaction in the immature animal, and resembles human neonatal hepatitis.
The Effects of n‐3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Bleeding Time, Plasma Fatty Acid Composition, and In Vitro Platelet Aggregation in Cats
Authors: Bright Janice M. , Sullivan Patrick S. , Melton Sharon L. , Schneider John F. , McDonald Ted P.
Published: March 2010

Dietary supplementation with fish and fish oils rich in the n‐3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been shown to alter eicosanoid metabolism and impair platelet function in several species. As an initial step in evaluating the antithrombotic effect of these n‐3 fatty acids in cats, purifiedEPAandDHAwere administered daily to 8 clinically normal cats for 2 months. Platelet function was evaluated biweekly by determining mucosal bleeding time and in vitro platelet aggregation parameters. Plasma fatty acid profiles were obtained before fish oil supplementation and at the termination of the study. In spite of significant increases (P< .0001) in the plasma concentrations of EPA and DHA after n‐3 fatty acid supplementation, there were no significant changes in platelet aggregation or bleeding times. Although it is tempting, based on extrapolation of data from other species, to recommend dietary supplementation with fish oil for cats prone to arterial thromboembolism, these results indicate that administration of large doses of purified EPA and DHA once daily does not inhibit platelet function in normal cats and is unlikely to prevent thrombosis in cats with cardiovascular disease. Additional studies are recommended to ascertain whether more frequent administration of these purified n‐3 fatty acids or continual feeding of diets high in n‐3 fatty acid content will impair platelet function.
Piroxicam Therapy in 34 Dogs With Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder
Authors: Knapp Deborah W. , Richardson Ralph C. , Chan Thomas C.K. , Bottoms Gerald D. , Widmer William R. , DeNicola Dennis B. , Teclaw Robert , Bonney P.L. , Kuczek Thomas
Published: March 2010

Thirty‐four dogs with histopathologically confirmed, measurable, nonresectable transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder were treated with piroxicam (0.3 mg/kg PO sid) and were evaluated for tumor response and drug toxicity. Dogs were evaluated at the Purdue University Veterinary Teaching Hospital by means of physical examination, thoracic and abdominal radiography, cystography, complete blood count, serum biochemistry profile, and urinalysis. In selected cases, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentrations in plasma and in supernatants of stimulated monocytes, and natural killer cell activity were quantified, Dogs were evaluated before therapy and at 28 and 56 days after initiation of therapy. Dogs with stable disease or remission at 56 days remained on the study and were evaluated at 1 to 2 month intervals. Tumor responses were 2 complete remissions, 4 partial remissions, 18 stable diseases. and 10 progressive diseases. The median survival of all dogs was 181 days (range, 28 to 720+ days), with 2 dogs still alive. Piroxicam toxicity consisted of gastrointestinal irritation in 6 dogs and renal papillary necrosis (detected at necropsy) in 2 dogs. Monocyte production of PGE2 appeared to decrease with therapy in dogs whose tumors were decreasing in size, and increased in dogs with tumor progression. A consistent pattern in natural killer cell activity was not observed. In vitro cytotoxicity assays against 4 canine tumor cell lines revealed no direct antitumor effects of piroxicam. In summary, antitumor activity, which was not likely the result of a direct cytotoxic effect, was observed in dogs with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder treated with piroxicam.
Use of the Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone Stimulation Test to Diagnose Mild Hyperthyroidism in Cats
Authors: Peterson Mark E. , Broussard John D. , Gamble David A.
Published: March 2010

We evaluated serum T4and T3concentrations before and after administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) in 35 cats with mild to moderate hyperthyroidism. 15 cats with nonthyroidal disease, and 31 clinically normal cats. The TRH stimulation test was performed by collecting blood for serum T4and T3determinations before and 4 hours after IV administration of 0.1 mg/kg TRH. Mean basal serum thyroid hormone concentrations in hyperthy‐roid cats were significantly (P< .05) higher than concentrations in normal cats and in those with nonthyroidal disease, but there was considerable overlap among the 3 groups. After administration of TRH, mean serum T4concentrations increased significantly in all groups of cats, whereas mean T3concentrations increased significantly in normal cats and in those with nonthyroidal disease, but not in cats with hyperthyroidism. The absolute difference between mean basal and TRH‐stimulated serum concentrations of T4in cats with hyperthyroidism (10.7 nmol/L) was significantly lower than the difference in the cats with nonthyroidal disease (20.0 nmol/L) and in clinically normal cats (28.3 nmol/L), but there was considerable overlap in values among groups. The mean value for relative change in serum T4concentration after TRH was significantly lower incats with hyperthyroidism (18.9%) than in those with nonthyroidal disease (110.0%) and in clinically normal cats (130.2%). Serum T4concentrations increased by > 50% in all normal cats and cats with nonthyroidal disease, whereas only 4(11.4%) of the 35 hyperthyroid cats had an increase of > 50% after TRH administration. On the basis of canonical discriminate analysis, the mean discriminant function score was significantly higher in the hyperthyroid cats (D = 63.8) than in cats with nonthyroidal disease (D = 5.9) or clinically normal cats (D = 0.7). All cats having a discriminant function score > 30 were hyperthyroid, whereas all cats with a value < 20 were euthyroid. Adverse side effects associated with administration of TRH were common and included transient vomiting, salivation, tachypnea, and defecation. Results of this study indicate that the TRH stimulation test is a useful aid in the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism in cats when basal serum T4concentrations are high‐normal or only slightly high. As a diagnostic test, the TRH stimulation test compares favorably with the T3suppression test but requires less time and is more convenient to perform.
Basal and ACTH‐Stimulated Plasma Aldosterone Concentrations are Normal or Increased in Dogs With Trichuriasis‐Associated Pseudohypoadrenocorticism
Authors: Graves Thomas K. , Schall William D. , Refsal Kent , Nachreiner Raymond F.
Published: March 2010

We measured plasma concentrations of Cortisol and aldosterone before and after administration of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) in dogs with trichuriasis. These dogs had physical examination, historical, and serum electrolyte findings suggestive of hypoadrenocorticism; trichuriasisassociated pseudohypoadrenocorticism has been reported previously. We found normal basal and ACTH‐stimulated plasma Cortisol concentrations. Basal and ACTH‐stimulated plasma aldosterone concentrations were normal in 2 dogs and increased in 3 dogs, suggesting that the electrolyte abnormalities seen in this clinical syndrome are not due to aldosterone deficiency.
A Tremor Syndrome With a Central Axonopathy in Scottish Terriers
Authors: Van Ham Luc , Vandevelde Marc , Desmidt Miek , Tshamala Mulenda , De Schaepdrijver Luc , Mattheeuws Daniel
Published: March 2010

A central axonopathy in 2 male and 1 female Scottish Terrier puppies from 3 different but related litters is reported. Clinical signs consisting of severe whole‐body tremors and ataxia were first detected at the age of 10 to 12 weeks. They worsened with activity and excitement and diminished during rest or sleep. Two dogs also had paraparesis. In 1 dog the neurological deficits progressed over several months. Neuropathological examination revealed widespread axonal changes, vacuolation, and gliosis in the white matter of the central nervous system.
Clinical Trial Design: Veterinary Perspectives
Authors: Lund Elizabeth M. , James Katherine M. , Neaton James D.
Published: March 2010

Tremendous potential exists for the use of the randomized clinical trial (RCT) in veterinary clinical research. Understanding the fundamentals of RCT design not only benefits clinical researchers, but it can enhance the ability of practitioners to interpret published RCT reports. In this article, the essential components of RCT design and implementation are described using examples from clinical veterinary medicine.
Neurological Manifestations of Hypothyroidism: A Retrospective Study of 29 Dogs
Authors: Jaggy André , Oliver John E. , Ferguson Duncan C. , Mahaffey E. A. , Jun T. Glaus
Published: March 2010

Neuromuscular signs in association with hypothyroidism are described in 29 dogs. Eleven dogs had lower motor neuron signs, 9 had peripheral vestibular deficits, 4 had megaesophagus, and 5 had laryngeal paralysis. Primarily older (mean = 9.5 years), large‐breed dogs were affected, and there was no sex or breed predisposition. Duration of clinical signs before presentation ranged from 2 to 8 weeks (mean = 5 weeks). The diagnosis was based on (1) results of neurological examination (29 dogs); (2) electromyographic abnormalities (18 dogs), including fibrillation potentials (n = 18), positive sharp waves (n = 15), and complex repetitive discharges (n = 4); (3) high serum cholesterol concentration (10 dogs; mean = 335 mg/dL); (4) low response to thyroid‐stimulating hormone (29 dogs; mean T4prestimulation concentration = 0.8 μg/dL; mean T4poststimulation = 1.2 μg/dL); and (5) good response to thyroxine supplementation (26 dogs). Dogs with vestibular deficits had abnormal brainstem auditory‐evoked responses (BAER), including increased latencies of P1‐P6and decreased amplitude of P4,5‐N5. Seven other dogs had similar BAER abnormalities without manifesting clinical signs of vestibular involvement. Three dogs with vestibular signs had fibrillation potentials and positive sharp waves without exhibiting lower motor neuron signs. All dogs were supplemented with levothyroxine (0.02 mg/kg P0 bid). The follow‐up period ranged between 6 and 30 months (mean, 14 months). Serum T4concentrations were measured at least 3 times for each dog every 2 months (mean T4concentration = 2.6 μg/dL). All but 1 dog with lower motor neuron signs and 1 dog with vestibular signs recovered after 2 months (mean, 57 days). Signs of megaesophagus became progressively less severe over 4 months. Dogs with laryngeal paralysis improved partially after 5 months. We suggest that either vestibular or lower motor neuron signs, megaesophagus, or laryngeal paralysis may be the only clinical signs of an underlying, more generalized polyneuropathy associated with hypothyroidism. Electro‐diagnostic abnormalities may be detected before clinical disease develops.
Cutaneous Hemangiosarcoma in 25 Dogs: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Ward Heidi , Fox Leslie E. , Calderwood‐Mays Maron B. , Hammer Alan S. , Couto C. Guillermo
Published: March 2010

Hemangiosarcomas confined to the skin and underlying muscle were surgically excised in 25 dogs. Tumors were staged based on their histological location (ie, dermal, hypodermal, and deep). Dermal (stage I) hemangiosarcomas were small, most commonly ventral‐abdominal or preputial in location, and were associated with prolonged survival times (median survival, 780 days). Tumors with hypodermal (stage II) and underlying muscular involvement (stage III) were grouped together because of their larger size, bruise‐like appearance, lack of anatomic predilection, biological behavior, and shorter survival times (median survival of 172 and 307 days for dogs with stages II and III, respectively). We conclude that dermal hemangiosarcomas may be effectively treated with surgery alone, whereas hemangiosarcomas located within the hypodermal tissues bear a poor prognosis and warrant wide surgical excision with adjuvant chemotherapy.
Fanconi's Syndrome in a Dog With Primary Hypoparathyroidism
Authors: Freeman Lisa M. , Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Keene Bruce W. , Hansen Bernie
Published: March 2010

An 11 ‐year‐old castrated male mixed breed dog was referred for evaluation of muscle twitching, polyuria, polydipsia, anorexia, and periocular alopecia. Primary hypoparathyroidism was diagnosed by documenting decreased serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone and ionized calcium. Neurological, gastrointestinal, and dermatological signs resolved after calcium repletion. Initially, 1,25‐dihydroxycholecalcif erol PO was required to correct the hypocalcemia. Dihydrotachysterol, in combination with oral calcium supplementation, was used for long‐term maintenance of normal serum calcium concentration. Aminoaciduria, glucosuria, and hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis were consistent with a diagnosis of Fanconi's syndrome. This diagnosis was further supported by the presence of hypokalemia and increased urinary fractional excretion of sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. Renal tubular dysfunction resolved after oral supplementation with calcium and vitamin D3. Fanconi's syndrome in this dog may have been caused by decreased serum concentration of 1,25‐dihydroxycholecalciferol, which was secondary to decreased parathyroid hormone production.
Fanconi Syndrome in a Labrador Retriever
Authors: Settles Elizabeth L. , Schmidt Donald
Published: March 2010

A 2‐year‐old male Labrador Retriever was presented to the University of Missouri Veterinary Teaching Hospital with the primary complaints of polydipsia, polyuria, and joint or muscle pain. Low blood urea nitrogen concentration, hyperchloremia, and marked proteinuria were the only abnormalities in a serum biochemical profile and urinalysis. Decreased creatinine clearance and increased renal fractional excretion of sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphorus were detected by renal clearance studies. Increased excretion of most amino acids was found by amino acid analysis of urine, but not all amino acids were lost with equal magnitude. Amino acids with secondary amino groups or basic side chains were lost at increased rates, whereas those with acidic side chains were not. These differences could be related to defects in specific renal amino acid transport mechanisms. Identification of these transport mechanisms may allow for pharmacologic intervention at the point of renal loss to alleviate clinical signs of disease.
Thrombocytopenia Associated With Neoplasia in Dogs
Authors: Grindem Carol B. , Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Corbett Wayne T. , Page Rodney L. , Jans Heather E.
Published: March 2010

Ten percent (214/2,059) of all dogs with cancer at North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital had thrombocytopenia. The thrombocytopenia was associated with infectious/inflammatory etiologies in 4%, miscellaneous disorders (therapy, bone marrow failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation) in 35%, and neoplasia without identifiable secondary factors in 61% of cancer‐bearing dogs. Classifying these dogs by tumor groups revealed the following proportionate ratios: lymphoid, 29%; carcinoma, 28%; sarcoma, 20%; hemic neoplasia, 7%; multiple, 5%; unclassified, 3%; benign, 3%; brain, 3%; and endocrine, 3%. Dogs with hemangiosarcoma, lymphoma, and melanoma were at increased risk of developing thrombocytopenia. Cytotoxic therapy was the major factor increasing the risk of thrombocytopenia in dogs with melanoma. Golden Retrievers were the only breed recognized with a predisposition to develop thrombocytopenia. If thrombocytopenia is identified in a dog with cancer, we recommend thorough evaluation of the coagulation system before surgery or therapy, and careful consideration of the risks and potential benefits of myelosuppressive or L‐asparaginase therapy.
Response of Canine Mast Cell Tumors to Treatment With Oral Prednisone
Authors: McCaw Dudley L. , Miller Margaret A. , Ogilvie Gregory K. , Withrow Stephen J. , Brewer William G. , Klein Mary Kay , Bell Ford W. , Anderson Sharon K.
Published: March 2010

Twenty‐five dogs with naturally occurring mast cell tumors were treated with daily oral prednisone (1 mg/kg) for 28 days. Five dogs (20%) had reduction in tumor volume and were considered responders. Four of these underwent partial remission and one underwent complete remission. Survival times for the five responders were 3, 5, 6, 7.5, and greater than 28 months, respectively. We therefore conclude that prednisone is effective in some canine mast cell tumors. Further studies are indicated to determine the most effective dose of prednisone, the appropriate duration of treatment, and the efficacy in more benign mast cell tumors, and in combination with other forms of therapy.
Hypophosphatemia Associated With Enteral Alimentation in Cats
Authors: Justin Robert B. , Hohenhaus Ann E.
Published: March 2010

Hypophosphatemia is uncommon in cats, but it has been reported in association with diabetes mellitus and hepatic lipidosis, where it can cause hemolysis, rhabdomyopathy, depression, seizures, and coma. The purpose of this article is to describe 9 cats that developed low serum phosphorus concentrations (<2.5 mg/dL) subsequent to enteral alimentation. Serum biochemical analyses from more than 6,000 cats were reviewed. The medical records of all cats with hypophosphatemia were examined for history of enteral alimentation; diabetic cats were excluded from the study. Nine cats, ranging in age from 3 to 17 years, were identified. All cats had normal serum phosphorus concentrations before tube feeding began. Onset of hypophosphatemia occurred 12 to 72 hours after initiation of enteral alimentation, and the nadir for phosphorus concentrations ranged from 0.4 to 2.4 mg/dL. Hemolysis occurred in 6 of the 9 cats. Hypophosphatemia secondary to enteral alimentation is an uncommon clinical finding in cats. Cats with high alanine aminotransferase activity, hyperbilirubinemia, and weight loss should be closely monitored for hypophosphatemia during the first 72 hours of enteral alimentation.