bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design Considerations for Boiler Forced-Draft Systems
Authors: Giblon R. P. , Shauer K. M. , Rolih I. H.
Published: January 2021

The boiler forced-draft system is basic to satisfactory plant operation and merits more attention than it often receives. This paper discusses the determination of combustion air requirements, system draft losses, and the factors which must be considered in allowing margins over calculated requirements. The role of burner selection in determining draft requirements and fan sizing will be considered with the intent of determining the economic trade-off between high "turnup" ratios with resultant high draft loss versus higher minimum firing rates utilizing steam dumping at low load conditions.
The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers and the Conquest of Innerspace
Authors: MacCutcheon E. M.
Published: January 2021

National planners are developing programs for surveying and exploiting the oceans. A decade of international collaboration is contemplated for the 1970's. The focus is on exploitation as contrasted to research, so the major problems will be engineering problems. The disciplines of naval architecture and marine engineering, and the technologies of ship designing, shipbuilding and ship operating will feature in this future national-international exploitation of the world's oceans. The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers has espoused the broader domain of ocean engineering for the future scope of the Society's activities. Policies and plans have been completed. Problem areas and possible SNAME activities have been identified and assigned for action. An Ocean Engineering Advisory Group has been operating for two years in carrying out this work and will continue to maintain and control an active SNAME participation in ocean engineering. This paper summarizes the aforementioned plans and activities and mentions 19 interesting ocean engineering focal projects which might be useful to advance our capabilities for exploitation of the ocean resources.
Self-Regulating Steam Generator: A Progress Report
Authors: Seelinger J. H. , Nagengast J. E.
Published: January 2021

The self-regulating steam generator is a device designed to help achieve single-lever controllability of a marine steam power plant. This paper presents an abbreviated history of the SRSG development, defines the scope of control provided by the new system, and describes at some length the purpose, procedures and results of actual boiler testing during the period from initial boiler light-off to completion of the preliminary test operation.
Reliability and Maintainability Analyses of Shipboard Systems
Authors: Harrington R. L. , Coats J. W. , Farley F. E.
Published: January 2021

The need for an increased emphasis on the reliability and maintainability characteristics of shipboard systems is discussed. Next, the current reliability and maintainability specification requirements are surveyed and their impact on the marine industry is reviewed. This is followed by a description and evaluation of the various types of reliability and maintainability analyses which may be applied to shipboard systems. Insofar as marine equipments are concerned, the major sources of data, their availability, and utility are also reviewed.
An Up-to-Date Look at Marine Gear Tooth Loading
Authors: Thoma Frederic A.
Published: January 2021

This paper develops an equation relating gear tooth load intensity, expressed as K factor, to the minimum hardness requirements of the gear band material. The equation is derived from an adaptation of the AGMA Fundamental Pitting Durability Formula to marine turbine gearing. The credibility of the resulting equation is examined in light of merchant and naval service experiences.
Ship Model Study of Incidence of Shipping Water Forward
Authors: Hoffman D. , Maclean W. M.
Published: January 2021

Panel H-7 (Seakeeping Characteristics) of the SNAME T&R Program over the past several years has sponsored a number of projects in its investigation of the seakeeping behavior of merchant ships. As one phase in this continuing program to formulate design guidelines for the naval architect and operational information for the shipowner, Panel H-7 funded the preparation of the following report presenting the results of an investigation of a technique for predicting the incidence of shipping water in irregular waves, involving a comparison of predictions with the actual behavior of a Mariner ship model. The investigation included determination of the model's relative bow motion amplitude operator for one forward speed in regular waves, as well as the generation and analysis of irregular waves and model motions in the Webb Institute towing tank. It was found that with only simple corrections for bow wave build-up, sinkage and trim, a good approximate prediction can be made of the bow submergence in irregular waves, provided that the results of several runs are averaged; if a correction is also made for dynamic wave buildup, a more accurate prediction can be expected. It is the hope of the Panel that this report will stimulate additional efforts of this type to the benefit of the naval architect and ship-owner.
Marine Reheat Cycles and Systems Evaluation
Authors: Stott Chester W.
Published: January 2021

In light of recent improvements in steam propulsion resulting from the application of the reheat cycle, it is the purpose of this paper to present general and accurate comparative data, to aid others in the proper application of reheat and to evaluate its gains. Schematic engine room arrangements for a symmetrical plant as well as one designed for improved economics are presented for possible application on twin-screw, high-utilization, fast-turnaround vessels. Various methods for specifying reheat performance are reviewed and reasons for a new method are given. A heat rate method is proposed and developed to help improve standards of calculation and specification. Heat rate factors are provided on most engine room components to allow trade-off studies. Typical all-purpose fuel rate curves for five cycles are shown from 30,000 to 200,000 shp. Representative heat balance data are given to allow the marine designers to size or specify components by interpolation on a preliminary basis.
Great Lakes Transport: Technological Forecast and Means of Achievement
Authors: Benford Harry , Kilgore Ullmann
Published: January 2021

We propose here a program of research and development aimed at the rejuvenation of the Great Lakes maritime industry. The program is set within a framework of the commercial needs for transport. We suggest many potential technological advances that can help waterborne trade survive land-based competition. We emphasize that research and development is but one prerequisite to survival. The others are the removal of institutional constraints, a willingness to innovate, the availability of risk capital, and the employment of qualified personnel.
Design of Air Receivers to Resist Bursting
Authors: Cheung Lam
Published: January 2021

This paper reports on an experimental investigation of the bursting of small-scale circular cylindrical pressure vessels constructed of mild steel according to marine engineering practice for air receivers. The results are compared with the predictions of theoretical analyses of plastic tensile instability in finite-length cylinders.
Anti-Pollution Measures—IMCO Subcommittee on Ship Design and Equipment
Authors: Price R. I.
Published: January 2021

A report of proceedings of the international technical group considering features to be incorporated in ships to prevent or mitigate pollution by oil or hazardous chemicals shipped in bulk.
Design Considerations for Shipboard Vibration
Authors: Noonan E. F.
Published: January 2021

Shipboard vibration continues to present serious problems to both the shipbuilder and operator. The principal reasons for this deficiency is the lack of a design procedure, useful in the early phases of design, and the absence of a suitable criterion for hull vibration. This paper describes a detailed study carried out for the U.S. Coast Guard for a "new design polar icebreaker" and a procedure for further simplification of this approach presently under development at the Naval Ship Research and Development Center (NSRDC). Procedures for the measurement and evaluation of shipboard vibration are briefly discussed together with possible approaches to the development of suitable shipboard vibration criteria.
Quality Assurance in Naval Shipyards
Authors: Shanahan W. F. , Jenny D. E.
Published: January 2021

The paper reviews the history and planning of the Quality Assurance Program in naval shipyards. Formal procedures for testing and inspection are outlined and an exacting audit system whereby the shipyard can keep a close check on its own progress is described. The authors emphasize the need to motivate shipyard personnel to be quality-minded.
Design Study of Condenser and Circulation System
Authors: Fielding Sterling A.
Published: January 2021

Economical performance of steam condensers is controlled largely from the drawing board and computer room; not by the ship's crew. The design characteristics of the condenser and circulation system determine condenser performance, except for the effect of tube cleanliness. Seawater for the circulation system varies from 35 to 82.5 F over a wide range of commercial trade routes. However, on certain routes the variation is from 35 to 60 F; on others 65 to 82.5 F. A survey was made of seawater temperatures for selected trade routes, and results plotted graphically for design guidance. Study has been directed toward design of condensers and circulation systems for special-purpose and for universal-type ship operations. A series pump-scoop arrangement is proposed to provide favorable control of flow through condenser. Variations in condenser and circulation system design are evaluated by a life-cycle cost analysis. A computer program for calculating condenser design characteristics, for checking condenser performance, and for analyzing scoop performance is appended.
A General Calculation of the Structural Loads on a Ship in a Seaway
Authors: Pérez y Pérez Leonardo
Published: January 2021

This paper presents a method for the approximate calculation of the loading imposed by a realistic seaway on a ship moving with arbitrary heading and speed. The loads are determined using what are felt to be the best presently available methods of ship hydrodynamics. The results are produced in a form which permits their direct introduction into finite-element analysis of the structure. The ultimate objective is the development of a coordinated program which combines the best techniques of load estimation with the most suitable methods of structural analysis in order to produce a realistic picture of the actual structural response of a ship at sea.
Principles and Previews of Marine Communications Systems
Authors: Baker H. Charles
Published: January 2021

As the full impact of the age of computers and automation reaches the maritime industry in the 1970's, ship designers will inevitably become acutely aware of special needs associated with shipboard electronics systems. In order to cope with these needs, they must be conversant with and sympathetic to the problems of marine electronics design personnel. This tutorial paper presents, in an easily understood nonanalytical manner, the principles of communication by radio waves, with particular emphasis on problems inherently created by the shipboard environment. State-of-the-art techniques in a number of communications/information/navigation areas including earth satellites are discussed.
Computer-Aided Design of Developable Hull Surfaces
Authors: Nolan T. J.
Published: January 2021

An algorithm mathematizes a developable surface design procedure for the digital computer. Given points on a pair of boundary curves, the algorithm generates spline-approximating polynomials to represent the boundary curves and computes a set of closely spaced rulings which lie in the surface spanning the boundary curves. Offsets to the surface are then computed at any specified transverse, vertical, or horizontal plane cutting the surface. The procedure emphasizes freedom of shape but does not guarantee the existence of a developable surface. In this case, the results will be information describing the developability violation rather than offsets describing the surface. The outstanding advantages of a computer-aided approach to developable surface design are speed and precision.
Superconducting Electrical Machines for Ship Propulsion
Authors: Greene David L.
Published: January 2021

The components of an 18,000-shp-per-shaft transmission system employing superconducting electrical machines are described, and the principal considerations involved in the design of these components discussed. On the basis of the characteristics of the system design, it is apparent that superconducting machines offer a means of achieving the flexibility of electric systems at a greatly reduced weight and size.
Design of the SCA Special Ships
Authors: Herbert Robert N.
Published: January 2021

During 1965–68 the Swedish forest products company Svenska Cellulosa AB (SCA) developed and put into operation a new distribution system for its central European and U. K. export production totalling about 800,000 tons annually. Principal features of this system included a new distribution organization, concentration of transportation between five new central terminals, and development of specialized means of transport including ships, terminal equipment, and inland subsystems.
Thermal Analysis for Complex Structural Systems
Authors: Cox Julian F. , Carneal Douglas F.
Published: January 2021

Modern high-performance ships contain a variety of geometrically complex extreme-temperature systems and environments within the hull structure. The thermal interaction between these systems and surrounding structural components has created formidable problems in ship design, due to adverse temperatures and temperature gradients in critical components within and apart from the hull structure. To resolve problems of this nature, a computer code based on the finite-difference method has been developed to evaluate temperature distributions and heat flows in these complex structural systems during ship design. This program has the capability to evaluate multidimensional heat flow with simultaneous conduction, convection, and radiation heat transfer in the transient or steady state. The computer code is tailored for use in design-oriented thermal analyses. Therefore, changes in structural configuration, materials, fluids, boundary conditions, etc. are easily implemented and compatibility between the ship structure and the enclosed thermal system or environment is readily achieved.
Engineering Technology and Its Application to the Marine Environment
Authors: Hallock James F. , Thomas J. E.
Published: January 2021

Covering work done under Grant GH-25 from the Sea Grant Office of the National Science Foundation, this paper describes the development of an engineering technology curriculum in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering leading to the degree of Bachelor of Engineering Technology. The emergence of baccalaureate degree programs is traced; the types of students for whom the programs are suited is suggested; employment areas are discussed; and a pre-engineering technology curriculum is described. The particular curriculum in Marine Engineering Technology is described with attention given to cooperation from shipyard personnel in curriculum development, the creation of new courses in Shipbuilding and Shipyard Operations, and the continuing support from commercial shipyards as the curriculum was being offered.
Application of Computer Techniques for the Construction of a 1000-Ft Great Lakes Ore Carrier
Authors: Lindgren John R.
Published: January 2021

This paper describes the application of numerical control to the construction of the bow and stern of a 1000-ft Great Lakes ship. Samples of the computer input and output are included.
A Proposed Simplified Steam Plant for Marine Propulsion
Authors: Kasschau Kenneth
Published: January 2021

This paper reviews steam propulsion systems for containerships in light of today's economic environment. Starting from the premise that increased complexity increases the probability of unscheduled outages, cycle parameters and system components are evaluated on a life-cycle economics basis and compared with the cost of a one-day outage. If the economic advantage of a higher design parameter or an additional component does not exceed the cost of such an outage, inclusion in the system is considered not justifiable. Operational data relating outages to components, etc., were derived from the Maritime Administration Maintenance and Repair Data Processing Evaluation program. The resulting plant operates at 850 psi, 900 F, with an exhaust back pressure of 2 in. Hg, employing a deaerating condenser and two stages of feedwater heating. The basic model used in this study was a 50,000-hp 26-knot, single-screw containership used on a North Atlantic run; other applications could make some modification of the results.
A Symposium on Marine Insurance
Authors: Dana C. H. , Roberts Charles S. , Van Dalen C.G.
Published: January 2021

The intent of this symposium was to present to the various representatives of the marine profession which comprise the membership of The Society a brief introduction to the marine insurance field. The symposium was conducted by a group of authorities. Unfortunately, the brokerage aspect was not documented, nor a formal paper presented. The adjuster's, surveyor's, and lawyer's papers are presented herewith. The broker was represented by the late Martin L. Matthews of C. A. Sporl and Company of New Orleans. Mr. Matthews described the activities of the broker in bringing together the various parties who would be involved in the coverage of insurance on a piece of marine equipment; more specifically, that equipment covered by a hull policy. Mr. Matthews fashioned a group of characters of whom he, "Bennie the Broker," was writing a policy for "Owen the Owner," and, as a claim or loss might arise, he introduced "Al the Adjuster," "Sam the Surveyor" and "Looie the Lawyer." With this Dramatis Personae, Mr. Matthews established the contractural relationship that Bennie the Broker would make for Owen the Owner after Owen described the risk that he wanted covered and the extent of that coverage. Mr. Matthews reviewed the fine print in marine insurance policies, and the routine of an insurance broker in contacting the insurance market and, as is often the case, spreading the risk over numerous underwriters. After all details of coverage have been agreed upon, and the risk has been underwritten, the parties go about their merry way until that fortuitous loss or claim arises. Bennie the Broker, whistling nervously, refers the loss to Al the Adjuster, who calls Sam the Surveyor. If satisfactory adjustment cannot be made on that level, Al calls Looie the Lawyer, who has been eagerly waiting in the wings. Their stories are presented in the following formal papers. ARTHUR D. DARDEN Chairman, Papers Committee Gulf Section
Reverse-Osmosis Treatment of Water and Waste Water
Authors: Cruver James E.
Published: January 2021

Reverse osmosis is a continuous, reliable, demineralization and concentration process that requires very little operating attention. The key component is a semipermeable membrane that passes water but retains all suspended matter and most of the dissolved salts and organic substances in water. Reverse osmosis is being applied to high-purity water production, waste-stream concentration for pollution control, water reclamation, and food and pharmaceutical processing. It offers significant advantages over some other desalination techniques.
IMCO and the Marine Industry
Authors: Goddu L W.
Published: January 2021

This paper discusses the creation and composition of the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization and describes the wide range of problems being considered by that organization such as pollution, fire prevention and containerization. The paper explains how the U.S. participates in this specialized agency of the United Nations and how the marine industry is and can be involved in the national and international deliberations. Industry involvement is necessary to assure IMCO actions are in our best interests.
LNG Marine Carrier Construction
Authors: Howard James L.
Published: January 2021

The author describes the several concepts around which the existing marine LNG containment designs are formulated. The Kvaerner-Moss spherical containment system without secondary barrier is discussed in some detail. The design analysis of that system is presented in a step-by-step fashion as actually performed, along with descriptions of tank materials research and structural experiments which supplement the analytical work. The fabrication sequence of the spheres is discussed, and the welding procedures used for both aluminum and 9 percent nickel steel are included.
Large-Size LNG Tankers Building
Authors: Gilles Audy
Published: January 2021

The largest LNG tankers presently in operation are the SS POLAR ALASKA and SS ARCTIC TOKYO, of 71,500 cubic meters capacity each, operating between Alaska and Japan since 1969. Three 125,000-cu m ships were ordered in 1970 by El Paso Natural Gas from Chantiers France—Dunkerque; they are intended to carry LNG between Algeria and the East Coast of the United States. Right now 160,000-cu m and even 200,000-cu m LNG tankers are under consideration.
Design and Application of Modern High-Speed Catamarans
Authors: Fry Edward D. , Graul Timothy
Published: January 2021

Modern power catamarans of planing type are investigated. Data are presented about small high-speed catamarans (40 ft< LOA < 100 ft) which have seen oceanographic, survey, excursion and fishing service. A table of characteristics of recently constructed catamarans is included. Some results and observations based on extensive parametric studies of asymmetrical and symmetrical planing catamaran hulls are included. Curves of R/D versus speed for various displacements, hull spacings and hull forms are presented. An attempt is made to relate size, weight, power and performance by comparing known performance to model test data. Considerations involved in the design of catamarans such as structural strength, powering, stability, handling peculiarities and weight criticality are discussed. Methods of predicting weight, cost and considerations for trade-off analyses are presented.
The Deviation Concept: A Tool for Preventive Maintenance of Marine Power Plants
Authors: Kramer A. R. , Mathieson J. , Pergament S. , Gleicher N.
Published: January 2021

This paper describes a new computerized maintenance management system aboard ship, using a continuously monitoring reference comparison technique (deviation concept). Some detailed design goals and expected results are outlined. Appendices contain some details of the machinery lists, instrumentation installation, and analysis of equipment using this concept. Future uses of the system are described.
New Shipbuilding Dock at the Sparrows Point Yard
Authors: Foster J.
Published: January 2021

In May, 1972, the first keel was placed in Bethlehem Steel Corporation's new shipbuilding dock at Sparrows Point. This dock increased the width capability at the Sparrows Point Yard from 106 to 192 ft and provided for the construction of tankers up to 300,000 dwt. In addition, the larger lifting capacity, up to 250 tons, fit in with the yard's other new facilities and allowed for the placing of larger units.
System Integration of the GTS Euroliner from Conception to Operation
Authors: Carpenter D. B. , Holburn J. G. , O'Neil D. A.
Published: January 2021

Contained herein is a description of the methodology utilized in determining the ship characteristics and equipment selection. In addition, the authors describe in detail the various ship systems and the organization formed for supervision of construction. Of particular interest is the technical team formed prior to construction and the uneventful sea trials of a new design with a unique propulsion system.
Design and Development of an Air Cushion Vehicle Amphibious Assault Landing Craft
Authors: Herman Fred F.
Published: January 2021

The U. S. Navy has recognized a need for substantial improvement in the performance and cost effectiveness of ship-to-shore movement of personnel and material. Coupled with this is a desire to provide additional flexibility of operation. These requirements can be achieved through the use of the air cushion vehicle concept. The paper presents the principal characteristics, together with the underlying design and development philosophy, of a 165-ton craft designed to meet the Navy's requirements, which is at present in the construction phase.
Acceptable Levels of Vibration on Ships
Authors: Reed F. Everett
Published: January 2021

The Draft International Standard ISO/DIS 2631 "Guide for the Evaluation of Human Exposure to Whole-Body Vibration" provides an excellent base for setting acceptable levels of vibration on ships.2 A standard for evaluating vibration levels has been needed for some time and the new standard not only provides a sound foundation for evaluating vibration, but also permits the vibration levels to be rated numerically as percentages of the established standard of fatigue-decreased proficiency. The standard is related to frequency, direction of motion, and the time exposure at the different locations in the ship. "Safe exposure limits" and "reduced comfort limits" are defined in terms of percentages of this same fatigue-decreased proficiency level.
Motions of a Semisubmersible Drilling Platform in Head Seas
Authors: Kim C. H. , Chou F.
Published: January 2021

A new method of predicting motions of a semisubmersible drilling platform in head seas is presented. A strip method is appropriately employed for the estimation of the hydrodynamic forces and moments on each member of the immersed structure oscillating in head seas. All hydrodynamic interactions among the immersed component members are assumed to be negligible. Predicted motions for a catamaran-type semisubmersible drilling platform in head seas are compared with corresponding results of scale-model tests. Conclusions are drawn from this comparison and recommendations for future study are given.
An Unusual Little Ship: The Pilot Boat New York
Authors: Rosenblatt Lester , Serim Feridun K. , Grossman Stuart H.
Published: January 2021

The first pilot boat in approximately 75 years to be built specifically for New York area pilot service was delivered to the New York and New Jersey Sandy Hook Pilots' Associations in May of 1972. The new boat is on station 24 hours in all kinds of weather, ready to deliver pilots to inbound ships and take them off on the outbound leg. This paper describes some of the major features of the pilot boat, christened New York, and presents the design approaches used in the development of a ship to meet the special requirements of pilot boat service for the Port of New York.
Hydrodynamic Aspects of Drag Reduction with Additives
Authors: Granville Paul S.
Published: January 2021

The hydrodynamic aspects of drag reduction with additives are presented. The fundamental properties of this remarkable phenomenon are described. A brief history is outlined from anomalous results in pipe flow, through strange effects in the Texas oilfields and to the current research efforts. Correlation by means of the velocity similarity laws of turbulent flow is explained for drag reduction in pipe flow and for the boundary layers on bodies. The limits of drag reduction are also explained on the basis of the interactive similarity law. The peculiar role of viscoelasticity is examined. Naval architectural applications are reviewed.
Shortcomings of Offshore Subsurface Engineering Inspections
Authors: Tiedemann H. M.
Published: January 2021

Previous papers on this subject by the author dealt with the recommendations which might be proposed to improve the visual inspection techniques presently being employed. It has now come to pass that the expense of conducting offshore inspections has become so high that perhaps an entirely new approach is necessary. The author, while not specifically defining a rigid program to be followed, explores several thoughts with regard to in-situ testing that might be used for a "go or nogo" examination of a structure. The author concludes that a new approach to offshore inspections is one that will be of minimum cost and therefore allow the operators to indulge in a realistic survey schedule. It is contended that the present inspection techniques are so expensive that it is economically prohibitive for an operator to conduct practical and meaningful surveys and inspections of his structures, and therefore the thorough, quantitative survey and inspection that should be carried out, is not, in effect, being done. The values at risk are discussed and the overall magnitude of this problem in dollars and cents is delineated.
Improved Turbine Operation by Drainage of Steam Systems and Monitoring of Vibration
Authors: Prohl M. A. , Mann J. W. , Siegel B.
Published: January 2021

This paper reviews recent operational problems caused by water induction into propulsion turbines and the resulting heavy vibration. The phenomenon is described as an orbiting vibration of the turbine shaft. Analysis shows the conditions required to produce this result. The steam system is discussed with a view to reducing the opportunities for water induction, and specific recommendations are made for improved drainage. A newly developed vibration monitoring system is described which can be used to reduce turbine speed when very large vibration levels occur.
A New Class of Coastal Research Vessels
Authors: Derrickson Jeffrey K. , Myers Thomas D. , Inderbitzen Anthony L.
Published: January 2021

The United States fleet of oceanographic ships has grown to a significant segment of the national program in marine sciences. The growth has occurred over a 25-year span that can be divided into four distinct periods. The evolution of design and construction led to the consideration of the offshore supply vessel as a possible hull form for adaptation as a research vessel. As a result, the U. S. Navy created a new class of oceanographic research ships, the AGOR (Utility) class. The first two are presently under construction. An AGOR (U) class ship can be used very well for oceanographic work in the coastal zone. To determine the needs for a coastal zone research vessel in the mid-Atlantic area and its possible configuration, a questionnaire was sent to marine scientists and engineers throughout the area. Results from that questionnaire indicate a definite need for such a vessel. A hull form similar to an offshore supply vessel appears to best fit the needs of the anticipated users.
An Oily-Water Separator System
Authors: Garber Daniel C.
Published: January 2021

This paper will discuss a unique (patent applied for) oily-water separation system for shipboard use. One pilot plant has already been placed on board an 80,000-ton tanker, the SS America Sun. In general, the system processes any oily-water mixture through its various components to effect essentially the complete separation of the oil and water using only physical processes and without any recourse to heat or chemicals.
An Interim Status Report on the Energy Crisis and Its Effect on World Shipping
Authors: Nachtsheim John J. , Sansone Wallace T.
Published: January 2021

At the time of writing, the newspapers are filled with the subject of the energy crisis. Retail prices of gasoline have gone up significantly; gas stations often are out' of gasoline and frequently closed. The Arab oil states embargo, however, has been partially lifted. A most favored list of nations, including Britain, France, and Spain, will now be able to import all the Arab oil they require. Japan will obtain aggregate oil supplies amounting to not less than its average imports of Arab oil during the month of September 1973. Embargoed states such as the United States and Holland, whose supplies of Arab oil have been cut off, continue in that situation. It is important to emphasize that this is the condition at the time of writing because by the time this paper is read, it is entirely possible that the situation will be quite different. Every day something new occurs in this vital area.
Computer Support in the Design and Testing of Undersea Towed Systems
Authors: Burroughs John D. , Benz Raymond C.
Published: January 2021

Since 1965 the authors' company has developed, assembled, and applied a computer simulation to the problem of analyzing the static and dynamic behavior of underwater towed systems. As a result of a recent survey [16]3 of towed system dynamic analysis literature, it became apparent that other investigators in the field of towed system analysis were either completely unaware of this work or had only a very superficial knowledge of it. It is a purpose of this paper to describe the modeling approach taken for the towed system and to present the methods used to derive the equations of motion for the model. Assumptions that were made in order to achieve practical solutions to the equations of motion also are discussed. A high degree of correlation with actual towing trials has been achieved by this analysis and it has been demonstrated that practical engineering problems can be solved using such a simulation tool. The computer support provided in 1970 to underway sea trials of a hydrofoil towed system is presented and discussed. It is believed that this simulation represents the current state of the art in towed system simulation.
l000-Ft Tug/Barge Combination for Litton Great Lakes Corporation
Authors: Pickersgill T. C. , Sharp I. D. , Trunick R. P.
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this paper is to present the principal features in the design and construction of the largest tug/barge combination ever built in the world. The paper describes the major features of the integrated tug/barge Presque Isle and presents the design approaches used in the development of the vessel to meet the special requirements for operation on the Great Lakes. The vessel will be used extensively in the taconite pellet trade; however, it has the capability of handling iron ore, limestone or coal
Recent Trends in Hull Machinery
Authors: Smith Irving W.
Published: January 2021

This paper presents some of the more recent innovations and developments in the hull machinery field. Some of these equipments are already in service, but not necessarily for a long enough period to prove their utility. Others with no service experience have yet to prove their worth.
The Optimum Alignment of Marine Shafting
Authors: Bradshaw Ronald T.
Published: January 2021

Alignment of marine shafting generally implies a judicious misalignment of the supporting bearings in order to achieve acceptable values of bearing reactions and shaft stresses. To achieve a true optimum it is necessary to describe quantitatively the desirable features of an alignment, and a combined technical/economic basis for this description is presented. The result is a well-defined problem that is solved by mathematical optimization methods. Results of the procedure are illustrated by alignment plans derived for, and adopted by, ships recently built in the United States and abroad. The practical realization of an alignment plan is discussed and means of speeding up the implementation process are proposed. Improvements in the elastic representation of the shaft system are described and the question of hydrodynamic support in journal bearings is considered. Discussers: Technical Staff, ABSP. F. Nuclo C. L. Stahly
Material Development, Design, Construction, and Evaluation of a Ferro-Cement Planing Boat
Authors: Dinsenbacher A. L. , Brauer F. E.
Published: January 2021

A 24-ft ferro-cement planing boat has been designed, constructed, and evaluated. Laboratory tests indicate that the all-mesh, ungalvanized reinforcement used in the boat's ferro-cement composite is superior to the more commonly used mesh-and-rod variety. The more important strength and elastic properties of ferro-cement, from the point of view of boat design, are adequately, analytically predictable. The methods and criteria used in the design analysis of the boat are borne out by trials and evaluation.
Recent Coast Guard Research into Vessel Stability
Authors: Bovet D. M. , Johnson R. E. , Jones E. L.
Published: January 2021

The paper outlines the development of intact stability criteria for U. S. merchant vessels. Present stability criteria for passenger ships, general cargo ships, tugboats, etc. as well as stability criteria recommended by the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization are discussed. The paper describes the research into intact stability phenomena that is being sponsored by the U. S. Coast Guard. Results and the scope of the programs at the University of California at Berkeley to investigate ship stability in a seaway and Hydronautics, Inc. to investigate tugboat and fishing vessel stability and the applicability of present criteria are presented. The last section of the paper describes a computer simulation program developed by one of the authors to predict capsizing in following seas.
Master Planning Considerations for Commercial Ports
Authors: Walsh Donald A.
Published: January 2021

The paper presents the author's observations on some of the considerations that should go into preparing a port master plan. He indicates that many ports are now paying the price for not having developed master plans years ago before the advent of containerization and the new specialized types of ships coming into service. One of the primary considerations for port planners at the present time is in accommodating the public with regard to recreational facilities. Also, the restrictions being placed on ports by environmental legislation are also having a significant effect. The author emphasizes that a master planning process is a never-ending effort, since adjustments and modifications should continually be made in light of changing circumstances and technology.
Selection of Propulsion Systems for High-Speed Advanced Marine Vehicles
Authors: Barr Roderick A. , Etter Robert J.
Published: January 2021

Methods and criteria for evaluating and selecting propulsion systems for high-speed marine vehicles such as surface effect ships, hovercraft, hydrofoils, and planing craft are summarized. The problem of matching ship performance (drag, thrust, endurance, etc.) and geometric requirements to propulsion system characteristics to select the best propulsion system for a given application is discussed in some detail. Water-jet, marine propeller and air propulsion systems, including propulsor, propulsor mounting appendages, transmission and engines, are considered. An example utilizing a 4000-ton surface effect ship illustrates that the numerous tradeoffs involved in the selection process may lead to a propulsion system selection based on parameters other than propulsive efficiency. A second example for a 750-ton hydrofoil craft is referenced.
Evolution of the Design of a Jack-up Type Offshore Structure
Authors: Giblon R. P. , Minorsky V. U.
Published: January 2021

Naval architects have greatly diversified their work in the past few years and are becoming involved in ocean engineering, among other pursuits. This paper describes a basic concept for a jack-up drill rig in deep water, using a trussed structural platform at mid-water depth to reduce the leg spans to acceptable lengths. Next, it describes how this idea was adapted by steps to the design of a steel, gravity-type, self-erecting production platform for a specific North Sea field, and reasons are given for the advantages of this design.
The MarAd Pollution Abatement Program in Relation to the 1973 IMCO Marine Pollution Convention
Authors: Steinman George C. , Chappel Walter B.
Published: January 2021

This paper has been condensed from the original Section paper and retitled as above. The complete paper, titled simply, "The MarAd Pollution Abatement Program," included a comprehensive description of the program along with national and international regulations, treaties, agreements and conventions, and a description of the economic and environmental impact of the 1973 IMCO Marine Pollution Convention. This condensed version briefly summarizes the MarAd Pollution Abatement Program and the economic and environmental impact of two of the major ship design and construction features adopted by the 1973 IMCO Marine Pollution Convention: segregated ballast and improved load-on-top. The paper also includes recommendations for future action at national and international levels.
Analog Study and Performance of the New 440-Ft Ferries for the State of Washington
Authors: Beverley J. A. , Koch R. L. , Stewart E. C. , Weiks J.
Published: January 2021

This paper describes the ac-rectified dc propulsion system designed for the two ferry vessels, MV Spokane and MV Walla Walla, and reports the results of an analog study conducted as a design tool. Similar data are presented showing the results obtained by recording electrical system performance during builder's trials.
Factors Affecting the Selection of a Controllable-Pitch Propeller
Authors: Narbut F. L.
Published: January 2021

Recent concern for environment and safety has resulted in a new dimension in the justification and selection of shipboard machinery, Known maneuvering characteristics of ships of a size commonly calling at U. S. ports are compared against the requirements of some of our highly traveled waterways. The difficulties in relating unsteady maneuvering tests in model scale to full-scale experience is discussed. The need for devices (such as the controllable-pitch propeller) which provide additional discretionary control is addressed.
Discussion Notes for a Review of Progress in Design of Large SES
Authors: Perkins W. F.
Published: January 2021

These notes are prepared to highlight some of the points in a review of progress in the development of oceangoing surface effect ships over the past ten years. In 1965, considerable interest was generated with respect to the application of large—more than 4000-tons—SES in ocean commerce. Since that time, considerable effort has been devoted to addressing the technical design problems associated with such ships. Emphasis has shifted in the near term to a military ship of about 2000-tons gross weight. Nonetheless, many of the design solutions to technical problems at the 2000-ton size are applicable to any large, high-speed SES. Thus, progress and success in the Navy programs can lead eventually to commercial application of SES.
Inland Waterway Trade Route Optimization Study
Authors: Shearer E. L.
Published: January 2021

Sample results from analyses of inland waterway barge operations are presented. The first of two parts of the analyses considers speed developed by tows, based on formulas of Charles Howe, Purdue University. The second part analyzes the operations of a towboat company, with input from the first part, and from other data on company operations. Outputs of the analyses are number of tows and towboats required, the initial investment, total annual operating costs, annual income and profit, and the values of several measures of profitability.
What’s Happening with Marine Environmental Regulations
Authors: Brown Richard L. , Robinson Thomas H.
Published: January 2021

The cleanliness of our waters and air remains a prime concern of our citizenry, industry, and government. The U. S. Coast Guard has the responsibility to assure adequate standards are set for various types of vessels to prevent or minimize the discharge of pollutants into our waters. Standards dealing with tankship and tank barge design, tank slops, oily bilge wastes, spill containment, and vessel sewage are discussed in this paper. Information concerning proposed vessel operational requirements and vapor recovery is also presented.
The Offshore Supply Vessel as a Naval Auxiliary
Authors: Guarino Salvadore J.
Published: January 2021

In the late 1960's the expanded international search for petroleum imposed new and rigorous demands on the offshore supply vessel. These vessels entered a phase of their evolution which has resulted in a class of vessel proven to be remarkably versatile and cost effective. This paper reviews the history and development of the offshore supply boat and describes the features and capabilities of these vessels which the author believes will enable them to serve as a new class of naval auxiliary capable of multimission utilization.
Seaway and Overseas Trade: Great Lakes and Seaway Transport Analyses
Authors: Elste Volker H. , Swigart James E. , Swift Peter M.
Published: January 2021

The operation of a variety of ship types involved in Seaway and overseas trade is examined. These include Great Lakes and oceangoing bulk carriers, dry-cargo ships, containerships, and alternative container feeder vessels. Details of mathematical models are given for each ship type, and a set of designs is evolved for operation on different trade routes. A series of parametric studies illustrates the sensitivity of the ship's economic performance to changes in the operational characteristics. Specific attention is given to the effects of changes in delay assumptions, cost levels, ship sizes, and lock sizes. The results show the relative significance of the different variables in the transportation system. Alternative container feeder vessels for the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence system are presented and an apparently viable feeder vessel is proposed. Comparison is then made with competing rail services. Finally, a summary of the results is presented. This paper has been shortened in order to make it suitable for publication. The original paper contains 100 pages of Appendices, explaining in detail the synthesis modeling. In addition, the body has been shortened and two sections dealing with oceangoing bulk carriers and containerships have been omitted.
Subcritical Crack Growth and Ship Structural Design
Authors: Francis Philip H. , Francis Philip H. , Lankford James , Lyle Fred F.
Published: January 2021

A review is made of the factors which influence subcritical crack growth in conventional and high-strength, low-alloy steels of the type used in primary and secondary welded ship structures. The types of influencing factors considered are the metallurgical parameters, the fracture mechanics of the crack tip processes, the loading state, and the mechanisms of environmental attack. The fatigue process is separated into the crack initiation and (subcritical) crack propagation stages, and the relative influence of the above factors is discussed for each of these stages. Following this review, a basis for a design criterion is established for safe-life design of welded cargo ship structure. Two specific criteria are advanced: one which utilizes only the endurance strengths of the weldment types employed for constant-amplitude cyclic loading, and the other which sums the initiation and propagation lives each as governed by a spectral load distribution. These two criteria are compared, and existing gaps which need to be closed to elevate the confidence in the criteria are pointed out.
Application of Government Quality Program Specification MIL-Q-9858A to Shipyards
Authors: Clark R. T. , Lewis D. B.
Published: January 2021

All aspects of the design, construction, overhaul, and repair of naval ships are directly affected when the Navy includes in its contracts a requirement that a shipyard implement a quality system which complies with the requirements of MIL-Q-9858A, "Quality Program Requirements." This paper explores the Government's original intent for application of the specification, summarizes the evolutionary process through which it came to be invoked in Naval shipbuilding/repair contracts, and outlines methods by which it might be effectively utilized by shipyards. Pertinent sections of the specification are discussed with particular emphasis on how they relate to the specification as a whole. The paper concludes that the requirements of MIL-Q-9858A, objectively implemented by both shipyards and Government, can be of substantial assistance in obtaining better ships at lower costs, but concedes that such is seldom the case in practice.