bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunoexcitotoxicity as a Central Mechanism of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Russell L. Blaylock
Published: December 2010

Autism has undergone a tremendous amount of study, and a number of often seemingly unconnected disorders have been disclosed. Yet, despite an enormous amount of study, no central mechanism to explain the causation of this syndrome or why it affects only a subset of children has come forth. In this chapter I propose such a central mechanism that explains a great number of biochemical, histological, neurodevelopmental and systemic dysfunctions, as well as behavioral findings in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Since the discovery of excitotoxicity by Olney in 1968, neuroscientists have determined that not only is glutamate a neurotransmitter, but it is the most abundant neurotransmitter in the brain, exceeding the more traditional neurotransmitters combined. Recent studies have also shown that glutamatergic receptors (GluRs) interact with other receptors, not only neurotransmitters, but also immune receptors, in a way that can alter their sensitivity. Chronic brain inflammation is known to dramatically enhance the sensitivity of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) and α- amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) type GluRs and interfere with glutamate removal from the extraneuronal space, where it can trigger excitotoxicity and abnormal synaptic and dendritic physiology over a prolonged period. Importantly, neuroscience studies have clearly shown that sequential systemic immune stimulation can not only activate the brain ’ s immune system, microglia and astrocytes, but that there occurs an amplified response to both subsequent stimulation, either systemic or within the CNS. The ASD child is exposed to such sequential immune stimulation via a growing number of vaccines, recurrent infections, chemical toxins and persistent viral infections.
Gastrointestinal Disorders and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Causal Link or a Secondary Consequence?
Authors: Anna Strunecka
Published: December 2010

Growing evidence confirms that up to 95% of autistic children suffer with the dysfunctions of the gastrointestinal (GI) system. We discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these disturbances. Some researchers, physicians, and health care professionals suggest that beneficial effects of dietary intervention on behavior and cognition of some autistic children indicate a functional relationship between the GI tract (GIT) and the CNS pathology of ASD. A possible genetic cause for the association of autism and GI disease is discussed. GI disorders are not included in diagnostic criteria for ASD. Clinical and practical experiences provide the support for association between inflammatory bowel disease and ASD.
Searching the Role of Mercury in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Anna Strunecka  , Russell L. Blaylock
Published: December 2010

Mercury is a ubiquitous environmental toxin that causes a wide range of adverse health effects in humans. The population is now exposed to mercury mostly from seafood consumption, dental amalgam, vaccines, and certain pharmaceuticals. Exposure to mercury can cause neurological, immune, sensory, motor, and behavioral dysfunctions similar to traits defining or associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Because of an observed increase in autism in the last decades, which parallels cumulative mercury exposure, it was proposed that autism may be, in part, caused by mercury. The autism-mercury hypothesis has generated much interest and controversy. Thimerosal, a preservative added to many vaccines, has become one of the potential culprits in the pathogenesis of ASD. This chapter shows that the overwhelming preponderance of the evidence favors acceptance of the hypothesis that mercury exposure is capable of causing some ASD if exposure occurs at critical developmental periods. Special attention is paid to forms of mercury of current public health concern, which include vapors of metallic mercury from dental amalgam, methylmercury in edible tissues of fish and whales, and ethylmercury from thimerosal added to certain vaccines. Mercury in all of its forms is toxic to the fetus and children, and efforts should be made to reduce exposure to pregnant women and children as well as the general population. Moreover, emerging evidence supports the theory that some ASD may result from a combination of genetic/biochemical susceptibility and synergistic action of mercury with other excitotoxic contaminants from the environment.
The Role of Melatonin in Etiopathogenesis and Therapy of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Anna Strunecka  , Russell L. Blaylock  , A. Hyman Mark , Paclt Ivo
Published: December 2010

Pineal melatonin, an endogenous signal of darkness, is believed to be an important regulator of circadian and seasonal rhythms. The changing melatonin levels serve as hands of a bio-clock and dates of the biocalendar in vertebrates including humans. Circulating melatonin regulates and influences the sleep wake cycle, sexual development, as well as various immune, endocrine, and metabolic functions. Initially it was thought to be produced exclusively by pineal gland. Subsequently, it was shown that melatonin is also produced in several other tissues. Substantial amounts of melatonin are found in the gut as well as the brain. Moreover, melatonin is one of the most powerful scavengers of free radicals. Sleep disorders and low melatonin levels are frequently observed in people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The role of abnormal melatonin biosynthesis in the gastrointestinal system relating to the development of ASD symptoms warrants further studies. The important multiple role of melatonin in prevention and amelioration of ASD symptoms is not fully recognized at present. Melatonin appears to be promising as one of the efficient and seemingly safe adjunctive treatments in children and adults with ASD.
Regulation of Cortisol Levels in Autistic Individuals and their Mothers
Authors: Anna Strunecka  , Russell L. Blaylock  , A. Hyman Mark , Paclt Ivo
Published: December 2010

The significant evidence has been collected that individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have disturbed regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Disturbance in daily rhythm, the increased level of pituitary adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), and the decreased concentration of cortisol in plasma and saliva has been found. The hypoactivity of HPA axis and decreased level of saliva cortisol has also been found in parents of autistic individuals. Adverse maternal stress during gestation is involved in abnormal behavior, mental and cognition disorders in offspring. Hippocampus is the principal target site for corticosteroids in the brain as it has the highest concentration of receptor sites for glucocorticoids. Several studies found that repeated prenatal glucocorticoid exposure has profound influences on HPA function both in animals and humans. Lower cortisol is seen in conditions of chronic stress and in social situations characterized by unstable social relationships. The presence of social support has been associated with decreased stress responsiveness and with attenuated free cortisol concentrations in saliva. Several studies document that oxytocin significantly reduced salivary cortisol levels. Findings from several laboratories, which investigated both autistic children and parents, further support the knowledge that mothers may share some metabolic characteristics with their autistic children and that there is the need to intervention of both - autistic children and their mothers. It has been suggested that paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 1(PITX1), a key regulator of hormones within the HPA axis, may be implicated in the etiology of autism. The role of 11.-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11.-HSD1) in the pathogenesis of ASD is discussed.
Reproductive Hormones and Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Russell L. Blaylock
Published: December 2010

There is some evidence that autistic individuals have elevated exposure to androgenic hormones, even female autistics, and that autistic behaviors may, in part, be explained by influences of testosterone on neurodevelopment and higher-order brain function. Some studies indicate early exposure to maternal levels of testosterone in utero may play a predominate role. Similarities of ASD disorders to childhood schizophrenia are strengthened by a similar relationship between high levels of androgen exposure early in life and this disorder. The fact that estrogens play a major role in neuroprotection may explain the male preponderance of ASD. Recent studies have shown that testosterone can enhance excitotoxicity and estrogen can reduce excitotoxicity. Rather than a direct sex hormonal effect on brain function, I propose that the sex hormones are playing a modulating role on immunoexcitotoxicity.
On Training Law and Economics Scholarship in the Legal Academia
Authors: Khong Dennis W. K.
Published: December 2010

Although law and economics is considered to be enjoying significant success and influence in the United States, particularly in American law schools, its reception elsewhere is at most tepid. In this paper, I suggest that this sorry state of affairs is due to the lack of economic literacy skills among legal scholars, which in turn is due to the legal and economic education systems in Europe and in other countries following a similar structure. Some evidence of the importance of competency in these economic literacy skills for success in law and economics scholarship is offered by way of analysis of journal editorships as a proxy for success. Furthermore, the effectiveness of various law and economics programmes are discussed and the establishment of doctoral programmes in law and economics within the legal academia as a solution to the problem of law and economics scholarship is examined.
Comments by the Auditing Standards Committee of the Auditing Section of the American Accounting Association on the European Commission Green Paper on Audit Policy: Lessons from the Crisis
Authors: Brazel Joseph F. , Bierstaker James L. , Choi Jong-Hag , Glover Steven M. , Myers Linda A.
Published: December 2010

SUMMARY: On October 13, 2010, the European Commission (EC) launched a broad consultation on the role of statutory audit as well the wider environment within which audits are conducted. In the wake of the financial crisis, the EC asked whether the role of auditors can be enhanced to mitigate any new financial risk in the future. The financial crisis also highlighted certain weaknesses in the audit sector that need to be explored further. This audit-related work is part of the EC's effort to learn from the crisis and reform the financial sector. In particular, the EC was keen to discuss whether audits provide the right information to all financial sector participants, whether there are issues concerning audit firm independence, whether there are risks linked to a concentrated market, whether supervision at a European level might be useful, and how to best meet the specific needs of small- and medium-sized businesses. The deadline for responses to the consultation was December 8, 2010. The Auditing Standards Committee of the Auditing Section of the American Accounting Association provided the comments in the letter below to the EC on the European Commission Green Paper on Audit Policy: Lessons from the Crisis.
Results of a Successful Telephonic Intervention to Improve Diabetes Control in Urban Adults
Authors: Walker Elizabeth A. , Shmukler Celia , Ullman Ralph , Blanco Emelinda , Scollan-Koliopoulus Melissa , Cohen Hillel W.
Published: December 2010

OBJECTIVE

To compare the effectiveness of a telephonic and a print intervention over 1 year to improve diabetes control in low-income urban adults.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A randomized trial in Spanish and English comparing a telephonic intervention implemented by health educators with a print intervention. Participants (N = 526) had an A1C ≥7.5% and were prescribed one or more oral agents. All were members of a union/employer jointly sponsored health benefit plan. Health coverage included medications. Primary outcomes were A1C and pharmacy claims data; secondary outcomes included self-report of two medication adherence measures and other self-care behaviors.

RESULTS

Participants were 62% black and 23% Hispanic; 77% were foreign born, and 42% had annual family incomes <$30 thousand. Baseline median A1C was 8.6% (interquartile range 8.0–10.0). Insulin was also prescribed for 24% of participants. The telephone group had mean ± SE decline in A1C of 0.23 ± 0.11% over 1 year compared with a rise of 0.13 ± 0.13% for the print group (P = 0.04). After adjusting for baseline A1C, sex, age, and insulin use, the difference in A1C was 0.40% (95% CI 0.10–0.70, P = 0.009). Change in medication adherence measured by claims data, but not by self-report measures, was significantly associated with change in A1C (P = 0.01). Improvement in medication adherence was associated (P = 0.005) with the telephonic intervention, but only among those not taking insulin. No diabetes self-care activities were significantly correlated with the change in A1C.

CONCLUSIONS

A 1-year tailored telephonic intervention implemented by health educators was successful in significantly, albeit modestly, improving diabetes control compared with a print intervention in a low-income, insured, minority population.
Dioxins and Human Toxicity
Authors: Marinković Natalija , Pašalić Daria , Ferenčak Goran , Gršković Branka , Rukavina Ana
Published: December 2010

Dioxins and Human Toxicity

The term dioxins usually refers to polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). As 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) has the highest toxic potential, the toxic potentials of other PCDDs and PCDFs are defined in comparison with it. Human exposure to dioxins can be environmental (background), occupational, or accidental pollution. In the human body, dioxins are in part metabolised and eliminated, and the rest is stored in body fat. People vary in their capacity to eliminate TCDD, but it is also dose-dependent; the elimination rate is much faster at higher than lower levels. The liver microsomal P4501A1 enzyme oxygenates lipophilic chemicals such as dioxins. It is encoded by the CYP1A1 gene. Cytosolic aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediates their carcinogenic action. It binds to dioxin, translocates to nucleus and together with hydrocarbon nuclear translocator (ARNT) and xenobiotic responsive element (XRE) increases the expression of CYP1A1.

Dioxins are classified as known human carcinogens, but they also cause noncancerous effects like atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes. Long-term exposures to dioxins cause disruption of the nervous, immune, reproductive, and endocrine system. Short-term exposure to high levels impairs the liver function and causes chloracne. The most sensitive population to dioxin exposure are the foetuses and infants.

A large number of health effects have been documented in the scientific literature, and they all place dioxins among the most toxic chemicals known to man.
Silica-carrageenan hybrids used for cell immobilization realizing high-temperature degradation of nitrile substrates
Authors: Kabaivanova Lyudmila , Chernev Georgi , Miranda Salvado Isabel , Fernandes Maria
Published: December 2010

In this work the application of hybrid materials, containing TEOS as source of SiO2 and k-carrageenan in different percentage, synthesized by the sol-gel method at room temperature was studied. They were used as matrices for entrapment of whole Bacillus sp. UG-5B cells, producers of thermostable nitrilase. The effect of the surface area and size and quantity of pores in the synthesized materials on the enzyme activity was evaluated. The process of biodegradation of different concentrations of toxic, potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic substrates by the obtained biocatalysts was investigated. The enzyme reaction takes place by the nitrilase pathway, catalysing nitrile hydrolysis directly to the corresponding carboxylic acid, forming ammonia. At batch experiments the influence of the substrate concentration of different nitriles was tested and 20 mM concentration was found most suitable. A two-step biodegradation process in a laboratory-scale column bioreactor of o-, m- and p-tolunitrile as a mixture was followed. After operation of the system for nine hours for the mixture of substrates at a flow rate of 45 mL h−1 and at 60°C, the overall conversion realized was above 90%, showing a good efficiency of the investigated process.
SMN complexes of nucleus and cytoplasm: A proteomic study for SMA therapy
Authors: Fuller Heidi , Morris Glenn
Published: December 2010

Reduced levels of the survival of motor neurons protein (SMN), cause the inherited neuromuscular disorder, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). The majority of therapeutic approaches to date have been focused on finding ways to increase expression of functional SMN protein, though stabilization of SMN protein may also be an important consideration. SMN interacts, directly or indirectly, stably or transiently, with a large number of other proteins, some of which contribute to SMN stability and may therefore be potential targets for SMA therapy. We recently characterized the nuclear SMN interactome using LC-MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis of anti-SMN pull-downs and identified myb-binding protein-1a (Mybbp1a) as a novel partner. In light of interest in cytoplasm-specific roles of the SMN complex, we have applied the same approach to characterise the cytoplasmic SMN interactome. We now show that SMN complexes from HeLa cytoplasmic extracts differ significantly from those found in nuclear extracts, with gemin5, importinbeta and annexin A2 easily detected only in the cytoplasmic extracts, whereas interaction of SMN with Mybbp1a appears to occur only in the nucleus. SMN is ubiquitinylated and we also found proteins of the ubiquitin-proteasome system associated with SMN in the cytoplasm.
Neuroanatomical, clinical, electrophysiological, radiological, and functional imaging features in motor neuron diseases
Authors: Renard Dimitri , Castelnovo Giovanni , Collombier Laurent , Labauge Pierre
Published: December 2010

In this review, we will highlight the importance of integrating neuroanatomical, clinical, electrophysiological, radiological, and functional imaging features in motor neuron diseases. The major concepts will be discussed through a case of a 69-year-old woman with progressive gait difficulties. Step by step, divided by sections, the clinical reasoning is explained, together with questions for consideration.
Comprhensive Approach to the Analysis of the 3D Kinematics Deformation with appliction to the Kenai Peninsula
Authors: Hossainali M. , Becker M. , Groten E.
Published: December 2010

Comprhensive Approach to the Analysis of the 3D Kinematics Deformation with appliction to the Kenai Peninsula

The problem of analyzing surface deformation of the Earth's crust in three-dimensions is discussed. The isoparametric and Lagrangian formulations of deformation are extended from 2D to 3D. Analytical and numerical investigation of problem conditioning proves that analyzing the 3D kinematics of deformation can be an ill-posed problem. The required mathematical elements for solving this problem, including sensitivity analysis of the deformation tensor and regularization, are proposed. Regularized deformation tensors were computed using the method of truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD). The optimal regularization parameter was attained by minimizing regularization errors. Regularization errors were assessed using the corresponding 2D results of deformation analysis. The proposed methods were applied to the GPS network in the Kenai Peninsula, south-central Alaska, in order to compute the 3D pattern of postseismic crustal deformation in this area. Computed deformation in the vertical direction is compared to the existing pattern of vertical deformation obtained from the combination of precise leveling, gravity and GPS measurements from other studies on this area.
Ethical Aspects of Research in Technoscience
Authors: Morawski Roman
Published: December 2010

Ethical Aspects of Research in Technoscience

The paper contains an overview of ethical issues related to technoscience, followed by a more detailed presentation of ethical aspects of measurement-based experimentation, publishing peer-reviewing practices. The need for increased sensitivity of scientists to this kind of issues is justified by the evolution of research institutions in the postmodern era.
Measuring the Gap between Car and Transit Accessibility: Estimating access using a High-Resolution Transit Network Geographic Information System
Authors: Benenson Itzhak , Martens Karel , Rofé Yodan
Published: December 2010

Accessibility is increasingly identified in the academic literature and in planning practice as a key criterion to assess transport policies and urban land use development. This paper contributes in two respects to the growing body of literature on accessibility and accessibility measurement. First, it proposes a set of accessibility measures that directly relates transit-based and car-based accessibility to each other. Second, it presents a tool based on a geographic information system (GIS) that measures accessibility at a high level of resolution. The tool, called Urban.Access, has been developed as an ArcGIS extension and can be used in urban regions worldwide, provided high-resolution GIS data are available. Urban.Access enables a detailed representation of travel times by transit and car and thus makes it possible to adequately compare accessibility levels by transport mode. The first application of Urban.Access to the Tel Aviv, Israel, region shows substantial gaps between car-based and transit-based accessibility throughout the metropolitan area. The paper ends with a brief discussion highlighting the policy consequences of this finding.
Impact of Miami, Florida, Urban Partnership Agreement Phase 1A on Transit User Perceptions of I-95 Express Bus Service
Authors: Cain Alasdair , Van Nostrand Caleb , Flynn Jennifer
Published: December 2010

With the use of pre- and postdeployment onboard surveys conducted in May 2008 and May 2009, the effect of the Miami, Florida, Urban Partnership Agreement (UPA) project (I-95 Express Lanes) on user perceptions of the corridor's I-95 Express bus service was assessed. Because the majority of 95 Express bus users are commuters who use the service in both directions and only the northbound direction had been improved by the Express Lanes at the time of the study presented in this paper, the project's effect on user perceptions was significant. Although the service was already highly rated, the service's ratings have increased further, with travel time and service reliability ratings improving by margins that were statistically significant at the 99% and 95% confidence level, respectively. These margins relate directly to the improvements in travel conditions brought about by the UPA project. Despite these enhanced performance perceptions, responses to other survey questions showed that mode shifts to transit because of the Express Lanes project have been negligible to date. This finding is consistent with the findings of the Florida Department of Transportation study, which showed that transit mode share remained relatively unchanged between 2008 and 2009.
Social Experiment to Encourage Drive-Alone Commuters to Try Transit
Authors: Gould Jane , Zhou Jianping
Published: December 2010

This study reports on a social experiment conducted in summer 2008 to convert solo drivers to transit. During a 3-month period, which was a time of rising gas prices, drivers were offered a no-cost bus pass if they turned in their commuter parking permits. At the end of 3 months, participants could either regain their parking permits or purchase regular bus passes, which were subsidized at 50%. Of the 381 enrolled in the experiment, 70% continued to use transit (or alternative transportation) after the trial. Only 114 (30%) returned to parking, even as gasoline prices started to moderate. The experiment built on the experience of social marketing programs and other campaigns that have explicitly tried to change habitual driving habits. Typically, these studies track changes in participants’ attitudes and behaviors. Researchers measured the attitudes and behaviors of participants, as well as changes in those who sought information but did not sign up and those who did sign up but later retreated to solo driving. Heuristically, these groups were labeled seekers, keepers, and retreaters. The three groups were compared and contrasted to identify factors that facilitate or reduce the likelihood of choosing to commute by public transit. Further applications of the social experiment are warranted because it effectively recruited new transit riders and it also provided insights about the process of changing travel modes.
What Does it Take for Shuttles to Succeed?: Comparison of Stated Preferences and Reality of Shuttle Success in New Jersey
Authors: Deka Devajyoti , Carnegie Jon , Bilton Peter
Published: December 2010

In 1998, New Jersey Transit (NJ Transit) conducted an onboard survey of passengers on three of its commuter rail lines on their preferences for new shuttle services. During the first half of the 2000s, community-based shuttle service was introduced in several New Jersey communities—many under the federal Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program. Some of these services continue today, but others were discontinued. This study uses data from the onboard survey to identify the rider characteristics and spatial characteristics of communities that influence stated preferences for shuttle service to rail stations. Correlation analysis, factor analysis, and logistic regression are used to identify these characteristics. With the use of results from the stated preference analysis, the communities where shuttle service has continued were compared with communities where service has been discontinued, to identify the factors that may influence the shuttle's success. The analysis of stated preferences and the comparison of communities suggest that concentration of immigrant populations, non-English speakers, and persons with moderate income may be important for the success of shuttles in the study area. Sporadic evidence was found that parking costs and availability of parking at stations may influence people's decision to use shuttles. Similar evidence is found indicating that people with high incomes, people who live close to stations, and people who already use rail transit regularly may be indifferent to new shuttle service.
Five-Phase Approach to Improve Design of Printed Transit Information and to Monitor Impact on Customer Satisfaction
Authors: Cain Alasdair , Lavelle Judith
Published: December 2010

Transfort, the transit service provider in Fort Collins, Colorado, conducted a major design overhaul of its printed information materials (system maps, route maps, and schedules) to achieve the following objectives: (a) increase user comprehension of printed materials, (b) increase ridership, and (c) reduce printing costs while adding four additional routes to the schedule book. To achieve those objectives, a five-phase process was developed to allow the redesign task to be informed by research literature, transit staff opinions, and the views of service users. The new designs were implemented incrementally between July 2007 and August 2008 and were accompanied by a marketing campaign that informed and explained the upcoming changes. Ongoing project monitoring efforts indicated high levels of customer satisfaction with the revised materials and their new features and significant cost savings of 26%, as well as some evidence of a positive ridership effect. These outcomes provide an endorsement of the five-phase approach developed by Transfort and suggest that it may be useful to other transit agencies considering a major revision of their printed information materials.
Travel Time and Transfer Analysis Using Transit Smart Card Data
Authors: Jang Wonjae
Published: December 2010

Automatic fare collection systems using smart card technology have become popular because they provide an efficient and cost-saving alternative to the manual fare collection method. In 2004, the City of Seoul, South Korea, introduced a smart card-based transit fare scheme, which was a distance-based, integrated fare collection and calculation system. Over the years, the system was extended twice and now can provide detailed information about public transit use in the region. This information includes each trip's boarding and alighting times and locations, as well as the connected trip chains with transfers. This paper examines possibilities for using such data for transportation planning application. First, a process to generate a travel time map is presented. For this, more than 100 million trip data are used to estimate travel times among stops. It is also demonstrated that transfer data can be readily obtainable because the on- and off-boarding information reside in the data set. Although transfers are considered to be important information for public transit planning, it has not been easy to collect such information. This study illustrates that transfer data can be used to locate the critical transfer points that need improvement. It is also demonstrated that a simple data query can quickly identify these locations. In addition, transfer trip patterns between two zones are analyzed, which provides meaningful information about passengers’ transfer location choice.
Wayfinding-Oriented Design for Passenger Guidance Signs in Large-Scale Transit Center in China
Authors: Zhang Yuanyuan , Chen Xiaohong , Jiang Jingwen
Published: December 2010

Transit centers should offer well-designed guidance signs to help passengers find their way to desired destinations easily and quickly. The current design of guidance signs in large-scale transit centers in China, however, is based almost solely on interior and art design, with virtually no accounting for passengers’ wayfinding requirements. As a tentative effort to fill that need, this study presents a wayfinding-oriented design for guidance signs. The case of a large transit center in China is used to illustrate how wayfinding requirements can be incorporated into specific design. In this case, 10 passengers find problems with the existing signs from a wayfinding perspective. Three typical areas are identified, and signs in these areas are redesigned. After each redesign, an evaluation is done to quantify the effect of the optimization. On the basis of this case and previous wayfinding research, a collection of design principles and a general method are summarized. The primary goal this paper intends to achieve, therefore, is to emphasize the importance and effectiveness of considering wayfinding requirements in guidance sign design and to propose an applicable method of designing and organizing guidance signs for not just one case, but for all transit centers.
Bicycling and Transit: A Marriage Unrealized
Authors: Krizek Kevin J. , Stonebraker Eric W.
Published: December 2010

When effectively integrated with transit services, bicycling may achieve various environmental, health, and congestion-mitigation benefits for communities. A successful marriage between the two will most likely result in increasing (a) the catchment area and subsequent patronage of transit, (b) the efficiency of transit, and (c) the overall demand for cycling. A core problem, however, exists in that the predominant approach for integrating bicycling and transit vehicles frequently runs against capacity restraints. Effectively integrating bicycling and transit requires analysis of a broad range of alternatives that consider the travel patterns and needs of individuals and accompanying urban form characteristics. To fill a void in the literature concerning integrating bicycling and transit, this paper surveys existing knowledge about the two modes, describes three innovative initiatives that show promise in addressing capacity limitations, and sketches an analysis framework for communities and transit agencies to maximize the integration of bicycling and transit. A preliminary index is developed to predict cycling transit user (CTU) generation at transit stops. Factors identified in the literature as important in determining the share of CTUs (i.e., transit mode, location in the urban fabric, access and egress distance, and trip purpose) are nonuniform among communities, indicating that solutions must be tailored to fit local circumstances. Although the literature has traditionally focused on bicycles aboard transit, real gains will most likely be realized through initiatives such as bicycle stations and bicycles at egress locations for use with egress trips. Analysis relying on robust cost-effectiveness could help transit agencies with increased integration of bicycling and transit.
Art in Transportation: Multimodal Overview
Authors: Hubbard Sarah Marie Lillo , Smalley Marcy , Hubbard Steven
Published: December 2010

In recent decades interest in incorporating art into transportation facilities has increased. Proponents suggest that art is appropriate for inclusion in many modes of transportation and that transportation facilities serve as an ideal venue for art, allowing the public to appreciate art during daily life, be it during a commute, recreational trip, or community festival. This paper provides an introduction to art and transportation, for public transportation as well as other surface transportation modes, including roadway, pedestrian, and bicycle facilities. A brief history of transportation art and public art is presented, as well as legislation that enables local agencies to leverage federal funds and support the integration of art into transportation projects. Examples of art in transportation for multiple modes are presented that illustrate the wide range of possibilities across the country.
Intermodal Transfer between Bicycles and Rail Transit in Shanghai, China
Authors: Pan Haixiao , Shen Qing , Xue Song
Published: December 2010

Large cities in China are building rail transit systems as part of a key strategy to address their pressing urban transportation problems. Because the high construction cost of subways and light rail limits the network density of rail transit, urban transport planners must seek effective intermodal connections between rail and other modes. This research examines the challenges and opportunities for improving the bicycle–rail connection by using Shanghai as a case study. On the basis of two questionnaire surveys of rail transit riders, the research analyzes the existing mode shares of rail station access and egress trips, the underlying mechanisms for choosing among alternative modes, and the comparative advantages of the bicycle for trips that have certain distance and location characteristics. Empirical results suggest that the potential for travel improvement for rail transit riders lies primarily in the collection and distribution phases. Results point to several promising approaches to improving the bicycle–rail connection and utilizing the bicycle more fully as an efficient supplement mode for the rapidly expanding urban rail transportation in China. In addition, the work can be a useful reference for cities in other countries in which rail transit development is accompanied by the continued importance of bicycles in residents’ travel.
Optimizing iliac screw fixation: a biomechanical study on screw length, trajectory, and diameter
Authors: Santos Edward Rainier G. , Sembrano Jonathan N. , Mueller Benjamin , Polly David W.
Published: December 2010

Object

The authors performed a study to determine the optimal iliac screw size, length, and trajectory that produce the highest insertional torques.

Methods

Ten fresh cadavers were used and 7.5 × 140–mm and 9.5 × 140–mm iliac screws were placed using 3D image guidance in a randomized fashion in 1 of 2 trajectories. The screws were inserted from the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) to either 1) supraacetabular bone or 2) the anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS). Insertional torque was measured for each full revolution, and the concomitant depth for each torque measurement was recorded. Insertional torque was correlated with detailed bony anatomy.

Results

There was no difference in mean peak insertional torque between the 2 trajectories (25.6 ± 16.4 in-lb [supraacetabular], 26.3 ± 18.2 lb-in [AIIS]; p = 0.8). However, there was a difference between the 2 screw diameters (21.1 ± 10.9 lb-in [7.5-mm-diameter screw], 33.7 ± 19.4 lb-in [9.5-mm-diameter screw]; p = 0.0003). The greatest mean peak insertional torques were observed at depths greater than 80 mm (12.7 ± 9.6 lb-in [≤ 80 mm], 23.7 ± 15.7 lb-in [> 80 mm]; p = 2.6 × 10−7). Insertional torque peaks correlated with engagement of the lateral iliac cortex and the superior iliac fossa.

Conclusions

Although the trajectory had no effect on insertional torque, increased torques are achievable by placing larger-diameter and longer screws in proximity to bony landmarks, most of which are at distances greater 80 mm from the entry point at the PSIS. Iliac screws longer than those commonly used in clinical practice can be safely and accurately placed using image guidance, and reproducible screw paths can be achieved.
A computed tomography–based morphometric study of thoracic pedicle anatomy in a random United States trauma population
Authors: Kretzer Ryan M. , Chaput Christopher , Sciubba Daniel M. , Garonzik Ira M. , Jallo George I. , McAfee Paul C. , Cunningham Bryan W. , Tortolani P. Justin
Published: December 2010

Object

The objective of this study was to establish normative data for thoracic pedicle anatomy in the US adult population. To this end, CT scans chosen at random from an adult database were evaluated to determine the ideal pedicle screw (PS) length, diameter, trajectory, and starting point in the thoracic spine. The role of patient sex and side of screw placement were also assessed. The authors postulated that this information would be of value in guiding safe implant size and placement for surgeons in training.

Methods

One hundred patients (50 males and 50 females) were selected via retrospective review of a hospital trauma registry database over a 6-month period. Patients included in the study were older than 18 years of age, had axial bone-window CT images of the thoracic spine, and had no evidence of spinal trauma. For each pedicle, the pedicle width, pedicle-rib width, estimated screw length, trajectory, and ideal entry point were measured using eFilm Lite software. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student t-test.

Results

The shortest mean estimated PS length was at T-1 (33.9 ± 3.3 mm), and the longest was at T-9 (44.9 ± 4.4 mm). Pedicle screw length was significantly affected by patient sex; men could accommodate a PS from T1–12 a mean of 4.0 ± 1.0 mm longer than in women (p < 0.001). Pedicle width showed marked variation by spinal level, with T-4 (4.4 ± 1.1 mm) having the narrowest width and T-12 (8.3 ± 1.7 mm) having the widest. Pedicle width had an obvious affect on potential screw diameter; 65% of patients had a least 1 pedicle at T-4 that was < 5 mm in diameter and therefore would not accept a 4.0-mm screw with 1.0 mm of clearance, as compared with only 2% of patients with a similar status at T-12. Sex variation was also apparent, as thoracic pedicles from T-1 to T-12 were a mean of 1.4 ± 0.2 mm wider in men than in women (p < 0.001). The PS trajectory in the axial plane was measured, showing a marked decrease from T-1 to T-4, stabilization from T-5 to T-10, followed by a decrease at T11–12. When screw trajectory was stratified by side of placement, a mean of 1.7° ± 0.5° of increased medialization was required for ideal pedicle cannulation from T-3 to T-12 on the left as compared with the right side, presumably because of developmental changes in the vertebral body caused by the aorta (p < 0.05 for T3–12, except for T-5, where p = 0.051). The junction of the superior articular process, lamina, and the superior ridge of the transverse process was shown to be a conserved surface landmark for PS placement.

Conclusions

Preoperative CT evaluation is important in choosing PS length, diameter, trajectory, and entry point due to variation based on spinal level, patient sex, and side of placement. These data are valuable for resident and fellow training to guide the safe use of thoracic PSs.
Kosten und Nutzen der Waldzertifizierung für die Schweizer Waldeigentümer | Costs and benefits of forest certification for Swiss forest owners
Authors: Brülhart Stefan , Pauli Bernhard , Peter Larissa
Published: December 2010

Sustainability certification has been carried out in Switzerland for forestry and wood processing chains according to the standards of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification Schemes (PEFC) for over ten years. However forest owners are unsure whether the resulting benefits justify the costs involved in forest certification. The Forestry Department of the Swiss College of Agriculture (SHL) in Zollikofen has been commissioned by various associations and organisations to analyse the situation. The aim of the study was to take stock of the situation from the point of view of forest owners, and undertake forward-looking strategic considerations with respect to forest certification. Today more than a third of Swiss forests are PEFC/FSC-doubly-certified. In comparison to countries outside of Switzerland, the penetration of forest certification with FSC is considerably greater than in neighbouring countries, in which the PEFC label dominates. There is currently a significant oversupply of certified wood on the Swiss market. At the same time, it must be noted that it is rare that extra earnings can be realised with certified wood. On the basis of this situation, six strategic options for action have been identified with regard to the future positioning of forest owners. These can impact on the costs of certification, possible market access and revenue from sales, or on the ecological image. The results of the study should offer Swiss forest owners and their associations the necessary information to enable them to define their future strategy for forest certification.
Behavioral Impairment and Oxidative Damage Induced by Chronic Application of Nonylphenol
Authors: Mao Zhen , Zheng Yuan-Lin , Zhang Yan-Qiu
Published: December 2010

Nonylphenol (NP) is a degradation product of nonylphenol polyethoxylates, which are widely used in the production of industrial and consumer surfactants. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of NP on the antioxidant capacity and cognitive ability of mice. NP was given orally by gavages at doses of 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg kg−1 d−1 for 90 days. The results showed that NP significantly decreased the activity of superoxide dismutases (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) and at the same time increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in mice brains. Exploration, memory function and ability to learn a novel task were significantly decreased in NP fed mice. These results indicate that chronic high dose of NP exposure has the potential to generate oxidative stress and induce the cognitive impairment in male mice.
Diversity of Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetases Involved in the Biosynthesis of Lipopeptide Biosurfactants
Authors: Roongsawang Niran , Washio Kenji , Morikawa Masaaki
Published: December 2010

Lipopeptide biosurfactants (LPBSs) consist of a hydrophobic fatty acid portion linked to a hydrophilic peptide chain in the molecule. With their complex and diverse structures, LPBSs exhibit various biological activities including surface activity as well as anti-cellular and anti-enzymatic activities. LPBSs are also involved in multi-cellular behaviors such as swarming motility and biofilm formation. Among the bacterial genera, Bacillus (Gram-positive) and Pseudomonas (Gram-negative) have received the most attention because they produce a wide range of effective LPBSs that are potentially useful for agricultural, chemical, food, and pharmaceutical industries. The biosynthetic mechanisms and gene regulation systems of LPBSs have been extensively analyzed over the last decade. LPBSs are generally synthesized in a ribosome-independent manner with megaenzymes called nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs). Production of active‑form NRPSs requires not only transcriptional induction and translation but also post‑translational modification and assemblage. The accumulated knowledge reveals the versatility and evolutionary lineage of the NRPSs system. This review provides an overview of the structural and functional diversity of LPBSs and their different biosynthetic mechanisms in Bacillus and Pseudomonas, including both typical and unique systems. Finally, successful genetic engineering of NRPSs for creating novel lipopeptides is also discussed.
Toward the Synthesis and Biological Screening of a Cyclotetrapeptide from Marine Bacteria
Authors: Dahiya Rajiv , Gautam Hemendra
Published: December 2010

The first synthesis of a naturally occurring tetrapeptide cyclo-(isoleucyl-prolyl-leucyl-alanyl) has been achieved using a solution-phase technique via coupling of dipeptide segments Boc-l-Pro-l-Leu-OH and l-Ala-l-Ile-OMe. Deprotection of the linear tetrapeptide unit and its subsequent cyclization gave a cyclopeptide, identical in all aspects to the naturally occurring compound. Bioactivity results indicated the antifungal and antihelmintic potential of the synthesized peptide against pathogenic dermatophytes and earthworms.
An Efficient New Route to Dihydropyranobenzimidazole Inhibitors of HCV Replication
Authors: Parker Matthew A. , Satkiewicz Emily , Hermann Thomas , Bergdahl B. Mikael
Published: December 2010

A class of dihydropyranobenzimidazole inhibitors was recently discovered that acts against the hepatitis C virus (HCV) in a new way, binding to the IRES-IIa subdomain of the highly conserved 5' untranslated region of the viral RNA and thus preventing the ribosome from initiating translation. However, the reported synthesis of these compounds is lengthy and low-yielding, the intermediates are troublesome to purify, and the route is poorly structured for the creation of libraries. We report a streamlined route to this class of inhibitors in which yields are far higher and most intermediates are crystalline. In addition, a key variable side chain is introduced late in the synthesis, allowing analogs to be easily synthesized for optimization of antiviral activity.
Development and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers in Castanopsis sclerophylla (Fagaceae)
Authors: Shi Yi‐Su , Zhang Jian , Jiang Kai , Cui Min‐Yan , Li Yuan‐Yuan
Published: December 2010

• Premise of the study: We developed polymorphic microsatellite primers in Castanopsis sclerophylla (Lindley & Paxton) Schottky (Fagaceae), a dominant canopy tree, to provide markers for further studies on the genetic structure and mating system of this species.

• Methods and Results: Ten polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and successfully amplified in three C. sclerophylla populations (Huangshanjian, Shilin, and Guanmiao) from Chun'an, Zhejiang Province, China. The number of alleles per locus in these populations ranged from 3 to 17. The observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.100–0.977 and 0.294–0.916, respectively.

• Conclusions: These microsatellite loci displayed moderate or high levels of polymorphism within the examined populations, showing the utility of primers in studying the genetic variation, parentage, and mating system of C. sclerophylla.