bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indicators of Client Satisfaction in Academic, Career, and Personal Counseling in Higher Education
Authors: Martin Patricia E. , Sheckley Barry G.
Published: May 2005

There will be an increasingly older cast to American society during the next twenty to thirty years. Middle-aged and older Americans will face numerous changes in the workplace, including technological change, a global economy, lack of promotional opportunities, and layoffs. As a result of these changes, many adult workers will chose to enter or re-enter college programs to upgrade their employment skills. Personnel within institutions of higher education, including those in the counseling office, may not be fully prepared to serve these older students who will need assistance with their transition to college. Without such aid, these students might drop out of higher education, exacerbating the retention problem faced by many colleges. The retention literature indicates that the identification of and commitment to career goals as well as the development of relationships with the institution are two important contributors to the retention of college students. Additionally, the literature on the adult student has focused on the need for supportive counseling 1) to help adult students establish and navigate their personal relationship to the institution, and 2) assist them to resolve conflicts that may accompany their transition to college. If they are to help adults persist in their college programs, counselors need to know how to best address the problems and issues these older learners face. Counselors need to know the outcome of their counseling sessions with adults, so they can ascertain the best methods and processes to utilize; a common method used to assess outcome is client satisfaction, a form of self-report. This study explored three research questions: Among students who use counseling services, 1) To what extent can a combination of environmental (i.e., social climate), demographic (i.e., age, individual differences), and process (i.e., number of sessions) variables predict client satisfaction; 2) To what extent does client satisfaction differ between men and women; 3) To what extent can reason for attending counseling sessions (i.e., personal, vocational, educational) predict client satisfaction. Analyses were conducted using hierarchical multiple regression (Question 1), ANOVA (Question 2), and standard multiple regression (Question 3). The research sample consisted of 199 students at a comprehensive state university who attended at least one session of counseling. The results indicated that the relationship (cohesion) between a counselor and client is the most significant factor in a student's satisfaction with counseling, whether the student is an adult student or one of traditional age. For this reason, institutions of higher education should strive to develop a sense of cohesion, in the form of close relationships, with its students. Programmatic strategies, including those for adult students, are discussed.
The Effects of Logo-Based Instruction
Authors: Yusuf Mian Muhammad
Published: May 2005

A new teaching method, Logo-Based Instruction (LBI), was applied for teaching basic geometric concepts: points, rays, lines, and line segments. The aim of LBI is to enable teachers and students to investigate and explore Logo integration into the geometry curriculum. Logo computer language was used for developing class activities and tutorial programs. The students used Logo to solve problems. The sample consisted of sixty-seven seventh and eighth graders (31 females and 36 males; 51 blacks and 16 whites). The regular classroom teacher taught both the experimental and the control groups using the treatment plan designed by the researcher. The results of the statistical analyses (applied to the scores of achievement tests, Likert Scales, Semantic Differential Scales, Interview Sheets; and the gain in van Hiele levels) were significant in favor of the experimental group at 0.05 level. These results are encouraging and support the use of LBI for teaching geometry.
Older Widows and Married Women: Their Intimates and Confidants
Authors: Babchuk Nicholas , Anderson Trudy B.
Published: May 2005

Interview data obtained from 132 women sixty-five and older reveals that the widows and married women have a comparable number of primary friends. Being over age seventy-four influences the size of the friendship network for widows but not married women. The primary friendships of widows and married women parallel each other in terms of endurance and stability. Primary ties with men are the exception rather than the norm, for both widows and married women. Widows do differ from married women in that the former rely on confidant friends to a greater extent. Ties between older women and their confidants are characterized by norms of reciprocity.
An Evaluation of Quantity Conservation Performance during Old Age
Authors: Papalia D. E. , Salverson S. M. , True M.
Published: May 2005

Forty eight subjects ranging in age from 64 to 85 years were administered Piagetian conservation of substance, weight, and volume tasks. Quantity conservation abilities were not intact from many subjects. Males tended to exceed females on all abilities. Correlations between age and performance were low; the relationship between education and performance was positive.
Ensuring Access to the Digital Campus
Authors: Hansen Gretchen C. , Wambach Cathrine A.
Published: May 2005

Many students of color and students with low socioeconomic status are entering higher education with little experience in using the academic tools that are required of them on the digital campus. The lack of computer competence and access to computers can become an additional barrier to their successful completion of a degree. This article discusses: pre-college access and use by different groups of students; cross-campus computing initiatives; the potential impact of the present inequities experienced by students of color in the context of cross-campus computing; and recommendations to enhance access to computers and the computer competence of students of color.
Relationship between Bilingual Demented Immigrants and Bilingual/Monolingual Caregivers
Authors: Ekman Sirkka-Liisa , Wahlin Tarja-Brita Robins , Norberg Astrid , Winblad Bengt
Published: May 2005

This study illuminates the relationship between bilingual demented patients and bilingual/monolingual caregivers during morning care sessions regarding the promotion of integrity in demented persons. Seven demented Finnish immigrants were videotaped during morning care together with bilingual and monolingual Swedish-speaking caregivers. A phenomenological-hermeneutic analysis of the videotapes was performed based on Ricoeur's philosophy. The structural analysis was made by means of the Erikson theory of “eight stages of man.” Comparisons were made regarding demented immigrants' relationships with Swedish-Finnish speaking and Swedish speaking caregivers respectively. Three different patterns of relationship were seen: positive, negative, and mixed relationship. The study showed that bilingual caregivers' relationships with bilingual patients was positive or mainly positive (mixed), while the monolingual Swedish speaking caregivers had severe problems communicating with the same patients and therefore had more difficulties creating a positive relationship with them. It seems important that bilingual caregivers engage in the care of demented bilingual patients in order to help them use their latent competence and show themselves more clearly in the communication with their caregivers.
Elderly Individuals' Reminiscences About the Life-Span Development of Their Family
Authors: Byrd Mark
Published: May 2005

Elderly individuals were asked to compose “family autobiographies” describing past events representing the beginning of their family, their family when the parents were middle-aged, and their family as it is today. Content analyses of the participants' recollections showed elderly adults' memories of the beginnings of their families were focused on episodes that illustrated the initial occurrence of family themes and values. In contrast, elderly individuals' recollections of their families when they were middle-aged and their families of today showed a tendency to attempt to identify continuing themes and trends from the episodes of their families' lives. These findings were taken to indicate individuals' reminiscences of their family lives changes as the relative importance of the families' developmental tasks changes. This pattern of findings was discussed in terms of Duvall's (1988) model of family developmental tasks.
Associations and Misconceptions about Drugs among Children and Teachers in Grades Five and Six
Authors: Swanson Jon Colby , Phillips Carole Ann
Published: May 2005

Product advertising appears to have created a number of misconceptions about over-the-counter and other drugs in the minds of fifth and sixth graders. Adults and teachers also hold certain misconceptions, although to a lesser extent. Young people in particular lack an appropriate understanding framework to which to relate the information they receive about drugs. A few beginning concepts for drug education are outlined.
The Therapeutic Role in Later Life: Husbands, Wives and Couples
Authors: Anderson Trudy B. , Earle John R. , Longino Charles F.
Published: May 2005

The present study investigates the extent to which marital partners are different or similar in their ways of enacting the therapeutic, or supportive, role. Specifically, the article compares husbands and wives categorically as in non-dyadic studies and then as marital partners as in dyadic studies. In addition, this study, by using data from the Aging Couples Study, included only dual-earner couples so as to control for the effects of work life on marital relations. Results showed that studies of individual married men and women understate the differences between marital partners in that some wives “overbenefit” in the exchange of conjugal supports. However, husbands more often “overbenefit.” Findings also indicated that the norm of reciprocity does not prevail regarding the extent of support, although it does for the types of support exchanged.
Beliefs and Social Norms about Codeine and Promethazine Hydrochloride Cough Syrup (Cphcs) Onset and Perceived Addiction among Urban Houstonian Adolescents: An Addiction Trend in the City of Lean
Authors: Peters Ronald J. , Kelder Steven H. , Markham Christine M. , Yacoubian George S. , Peters Lecresha A. , Ellis Artist
Published: May 2005

In the current study, we used a qualitative approach to investigate relevant beliefs and norms associated with codeine and promethazine hydrochloride cough syrup (CPHCS) consumption, initiation, and perceived addiction among 48 alternative school students who identified themselves as current CPHCS users. In general, both boys and girls believed that CPHCS addiction started during an individual's initial consumption. A majority of both groups reported that their second CPHCS event was initiated during the same or next day after their first event. Our findings suggest that friends and an innovative form of hip-hop music called “screw” are strong reinforcers of CPHCS use.
Research Notes: Acquiring Music, Pictures, and Video for Use in Teaching Distance Education Classes
Authors: Ige Dorothy W. K. , Lukas Terrence
Published: May 2005

The fast pace of the technology revolution is making it necessary, yet difficult, for teachers to find motivating and creative learning materials that students expect and that distant learners require. This study uniquely and concisely synthesizes information on sources, equipment compatibility, and copyright for existing music, picture, and video sources toward readily infusing technology into teaching.
Drug Abuse: Crisis in the Treatment Arena
Authors: Ungerleider J. Thomas , Beigel Allan
Published: May 2005

This paper provides a perspective of the current crisis in drug abuse programming and an analysis of some of the contradictions, paradoxes, and problems which underlie this crisis. Precipitating factors in the development of the crisis are discussed, as are their components. These include lack of definition of success, duplication and overlapping of efforts and funding (stressing the matrix concept and revenue sharing), little cost-effectiveness, inadequate training of treators, a peculiar treatment and criminal justice “merger,” improper drug “scheduling,” and misleading drug terminology. Serious consideration of the issues which have been presented here is most critical.
Is There Evidence to Show That Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Can Be Prevented?
Authors: Murphy-Brennan Majella G. , Oei Tian P. S.
Published: May 2005

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is currently the major cause of mental retardation in the Western world. Since FAS is not a natural phenomenon and is created by mixing alcohol and pregnancy, the solution to decreasing the incidence of all alcohol-related birth defects is therefore entirely preventable. To date, little is known about the effectiveness of prevention programs in reducing the incidence of FAS. Therefore, it is the intention of this article to review the effectiveness of prevention programs in lowering the incidence of FAS. The present review revealed that prevention programs, to date, have been successful in raising awareness of FAS levels across the groups examined. However, this awareness has not been translated into behavioral changes in “high risk” drinkers as consumption levels in this group have decreased only marginally, indicating prevention programs have had minimal or no impact in lowering the incidence of FAS. Urgent steps must now be taken to fully test prevention programs, and find new strategies involving both sexes, to reduce and ultimately eliminate the incidence of FAS.
Age, Physical Impairment, and Symptoms of Anxiety: A Test of Mediating and Moderating Factors
Authors: Schieman Scott
Published: May 2005

This study examines the processes linking physical impairment with symptoms of anxiety. Analyses are based on a representative sample of 967 physically disabled adults (ages 20 to 90) from ten counties of southwestern Ontario, Canada. Several hypotheses test the intervening role of disability characteristics, perceived health care efficacy, personal attributes, and social stratification resources. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analyses included sets of those intervening variables entered sequentially. Adjustment produces a significant reduction in the association between symptoms of anxiety and impairment—confirming the intervening role of healthcare efficacy and mastery. Moreover, impairment and mastery have synergistic effects such that higher mastery buffers against the anxiety associated with higher impairment. Other findings raise important questions about age, impairment, and the sense of mastery in the contest of healthcare and gender.
Patterns and Correlates of Drug Use among Urban High School Students
Authors: McKillip Jack , Johnson James E. , Petzel Thomas P.
Published: May 2005

A drug-use survey was administered in a large metropolitan, middle class high school to test two hypotheses: a. drug users can be divided according to the types of drugs used (tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana vs. opiates, LSD, amphetamines, etc.); and, b. respondents' drug use is significantly related to their peers drug use. Both hypotheses were supported. Reports of personal drug use were factor analyzed dividing drug use into two categories. Intercorrelations of students' own drug use with reported parental, sibling, and peer drug use all revealed significant relationships. Peer drug use correlated the highest, followed by sibling and parental drug use. A number of implications of these results for the organization of high school drug programs and for counseling drug users were discussed.
Successful Career Women at Midlife: Crises and Transitions
Authors: Lieblich Amia
Published: May 2005

Recent theories and studies have gradually clarified some of the psychological processes of middle age. Most interesting are the contributions that maintain different developmental processes for women and men. Three of the major theories in the area [1–3] seem to converge in proposing a process of gradual cross-sex transition in adulthood, the result of which may be a more integrated or androgynous personality structure in the second half of life. A different model of adult development, centered on midlife crisis, was proposed by Levinson et al. as a universal stage in men's life cycle [4]. Similar theory and research about women are not as conclusive. The present study investigated in depth the life history of twenty-five American career women at midlife. Such women sociologically combine feminine and masculine roles and may be considered as a test case for the theories. The transitions experienced by these women during their lifetimes were categorized into “masculine” or “feminine” types. It was found that they were distributed about equally between the two types of transitions, thus excluding a simple biological approach. Acute midlife crisis was reported by only about a third of the sample. It is proposed that the double role protects these women from acute crisis.
Cognitive Correlates of Hemispheric Performance on Dichotic Tasks
Authors: Johnson Ronald C. , Green Penny , Ahern Frank M. , Cole Robert E.
Published: May 2005

Older (age 50+) adults were tested twice on three measures of dichotic memory and once on three measures of cognition. Internal consistencies of all three measures generally were adequate. However, test-retest reliabilities, by ear of presentation, were comparatively low for the three dichotic measures. A measure of vocabulary (a left hemisphere dominant cognitive ability) was related to performance on most dichotic tasks. Years of education (an index of left hemisphere mediated crystallized intelligence) was related to performance on left but not right hemisphere function on two of three dichotic tasks. Performance on tests of spatial ability was related to performance on left ear/right hemisphere but not right ear/left hemisphere function on two of three dichotic memory tasks. Individual differences in accuracy of recall and recognition of stimuli presented via dichotic tasks to the right ear/left hemisphere and the left ear/right hemisphere appear to have different cognitive correlates. Right hemisphere performance on dichotic tasks generally shows a significant negative association with age, as did performance on right hemisphere dominant cognitive tasks. On the other hand, most measures of left hemisphere performance showed no decline associated with age.
Sources of Information about “Drugs”
Authors: Sheppard Margaret A.
Published: May 2005

Information about drugs is a basic component of any drug education program. Yet to be optimized this information must be perceived as credible and trustworthy by the target audience. In an attempt to decide who should deliver drug information to target audiences sixteen studies were examined and the results reported.
Assessment of the Effectiveness of the New York State Drug Curriculum Guide with Respect to Drug Knowledge
Authors: O'Rourke Thomas W.
Published: May 2005

The major purposes of this investigation was to assess the effectiveness of the revised edition of the New York State Curriculum Guide with respect to the cognitive domain dealing with the drug topic. Knowledge achievement comparisons in the areas of alcohol, tobacco, and drugs were made between high school students who received the Curriculum Guide program and comparable students receiving a traditional program. Results of the knowledge test scores between the two groups evidenced a significantly higher score for the experimental group for each of the three subscores and for the entire test. Comparisons between the two educational approaches by the sex of the respondent indicated that the program appears more effective for males than females.
Adult Age Differences in Visual Search
Authors: Mason Susan E. , Baskey Patricia , Perri Diane
Published: May 2005

The visual search technique was used to assess adult age differences in visual information extraction. The study included three adult age groups. In Experiment 1, participants searched for targets embedded in a list of unrelated words. Targets were defined structurally, phonemically, or semantically. Search for structural targets was faster than search for phonemic and semantic targets. This was true for all three age groups. In Experiment 2, targets were embedded in prose. The oldest age group required additional time to detect each target type, but the largest age difference was associated with semantic search.
Technical and Professional Communication Programs and the Small College Setting: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Latterell Catherine G.
Published: May 2005

This article argues that the small school context has been a relatively unexamined or under-examined context for technical and professional communication program development. While graduate program development holds a large share of the field's attention in recent national forums, growth in graduate programs is a consequence of demand in the job market among mostly “teaching” schools. Thus, the field must consider how well we are socializing new Ph.D.s into the values and the real work of institutions where they will find employment. Toward this end, this article articulates three mediating forces of program development in the liberal arts and humanities settings of small schools: 1) interdisciplinarity and flexibility are lived dynamics of small schools; 2) the campus-wide privileging of writing and communication skills presents ongoing opportunities for curricular initiatives and program development; and 3) compression of decision-making structures leads to more involvement of/with administrators and units across campus.
A Cross-Cultural Look at the Relationship between Age and Innovative Behavior
Authors: Green Sara , Rich Thomas , Nesman Edgar
Published: May 2005

This study investigates the relationship of age to innovativeness when the effects of opportunity have been controlled. Data were obtained from the Basic Village Education Project. The analysis was conducted on two groups of farmers, the Spanish-speaking Ladino population found in Eastern Guatemala and the Quiche-speaking Mayan population found in the mountains of Western Guatemala. Each group was subdivided into young, middle age and old categories. Innovativeness was defined as the level of agricultural technology utilized by individual farmers at the end of the BVE-project period. A separate analysis was conducted for each culture and findings for both indicate that younger farmers were more likely than their older counterparts to adopt new agricultural practices when economic opportunity is controlled. These findings are of three fold importance: they indicate the importance of economic constraints to innovation; they contain implications for policies concerning target development programs, and they contain a warning about ethnocentric hypotheses in research related to “underdeveloped” countries.
Investigating the Impact of Elements in Educational Mathematics Software on Girls' Attitudes
Authors: Chappell Kelly K.
Published: May 2005

Past research has suggested that certain features of educational computer software (such as aggressive distracters, competition, and the under-representation of female characters) may negatively impact girls' attitudes toward computer software. This article describes two studies that investigated the impact of these three features on girls' attitudes toward computer software. In the first study, forty-eight seventh-grade female mathematics students were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: Female character/Competitive task, Male character/Competitive task, Female character/Cooperative task, and Male character/Cooperative task. Each subject completed a computer task in her assigned condition and then independently completed the Computer Game Attitude Scale (CGAS), a scale that was designed to assess basic student attitudes toward using computer games. The subjects' scores on the CGAS were analyzed using a 2 × 2 ANOVA to examine to effects of learning environment (cooperative vs. competitive) and gender of character on girls' attitudes toward the computer software. In the second study, fifty-two sixth-grade female mathematics students were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: aggressive distracters (via “snowbullies” thrown at the character) and no aggressive distracters (no “snowbullies”). Each subject completed a computer task in her assigned condition and then independently completed the CGAS. The subjects' scores on the CGAS were subjected to an independent group t-test to analyze the effects of aggressive distracters on girls' attitudes toward the computer software. The results suggest that the factors controlled in these studies resulted in no significant differences in girls' attitudes toward the educational mathematics computer games, Geometric Golfer and Treasure MathStorm.
Unhealthy European Health Policy
Authors: De Vos Pol , Dewitte Harrie , Van der Stuyft Patrick
Published: May 2005

The European Union claims that the defense of its welfare state is one of today's most important challenges. This article analyzes whether the European governments and the European Union really pursue a policy that strengthens their health and social security systems, or one that is in itself a threat to health and social security. After a summary of the origin and evolution of the European health systems, the authors pinpoint underlying reasons for reform and demonstrate how, since the 1990s, the European Union has built a strict financial and political straitjacket, forcing these systems to carry out privatization and cutbacks. Reform measures can be divided into three interdependent categories: (1) the increasing influence of governments on health care organization, to enable restructuring; (2) measures aimed at reducing public expenses, including higher financial contributions by patients and restrictions on the range of services provided; and (3) measures that establish competition and hidden or open privatization of services and insurance systems. Through these mechanisms public expenses are reduced while private health care expenses (and private profits) rise freely. Ongoing European health care reforms thus struggle with the contradictions between responding to growing collective needs and securing or increasing private profits.
Getting to Know You: How Own Age and Other's Age Relate to Self-Disclosure
Authors: Collins Caroline L. , Gould Odette N.
Published: May 2005

In this study, we compared self-disclosures made in ten same-aged (young-young) and ten mixed-aged (young-old) conversational dyads. We developed a scoring scheme to code get-acquainted conversations on amount, type, valence, and intimacy of self-disclosure (S-Ds). Overall, young women produced more S-Ds with same-aged than with older partners. Young women devoted marginally fewer of their self-disclosures to statements about the past than did older women. Younger and older women's S-Ds about the present and the past were not significantly different in how negative, positive, or intimate they were. The intimacy and negativity of disclosures made by the dyad members were more closely correlated in young-young than in young-old dyads. Young participants' affective reports following the conversations did not differ as a function of partner age, but did correlate with aspects of their partners' self-disclosures. Findings offer a contrast to the stereotype that older adults dominate conversations with intimate, negative disclosures about the past.
Of Poker, Roles, and Aging: Description, Discussion, and Data
Authors: Stone Ken , Kalish Richard A.
Published: May 2005

Gambling, a $50 billion annual business and a source of sporadic pleasure and pain for at least one-fourth and most likely well over one-half of the adult residents of the United States, is rarely looked at by behavioral scientists. The authors studied participants in legally organized poker palaces in California, with particular attention to the role of the elderly. A personally distributed questionnaire produced 29 usable responses, approximately half from persons over age 65. Analysis indicated that all except one of the older players expect to lose, while most of the younger players expect to win. Additional results are presented and an interpretation based upon locus of control is made.
Age Stereotyping: Are We Oversimplifying the Phenomenon?
Authors: Braithwaite Valerie , Gibson Diane , Holman Jacqueline
Published: May 2005

This study investigates the use of age stereotypes in evaluating individuals' behavior in context-specific situations. One hundred university students assessed young male, young female, old male, and old female characters in four vignettes using the Rosencranz and McNevin Semantic Differential. The data revealed limited but conflicting evidence of the use of stereotypes when the stimuli portrayed target characters in lifelike situations rather than in an experimental vacuum. It is argued that while stereotyping can occur in specific contexts, its form is greatly influenced by other aspects of the situation. The need to reconceptualize the notion of stereotypes of the elderly is discussed, and a shift in emphasis toward the analysis of subgroup stereotypes as opposed to one consistent global stereotype of old age is urged.
Nursing Home Nurses' Attitudes, Empathy, and Ideologic Orientation
Authors: Bagshaw Margaret , Adams Mary
Published: May 2005

The purpose of the present research was to assess the empirical relationship of the psychosocial variables of empathy, attitudes, and ideological orientation toward treatment (custodial versus therapeutic). The sample consisted of 363 volunteers representing all levels of nursing personnel in seven different nursing homes. The data analysis indicated that a low level of empathy, negative attitudes toward the elderly, and a custodial orientation toward treatment were significantly positively correlated. Positive attitudes were not significantly correlated with empathy, orientation toward treatment, or negative attitudes. There were significant differences in empathy, negative attitudes, and custodial orientation toward treatment among the staff levels and nursing homes. However, positive attitudes varied significantly only among nursing homes. These data suggest directions for enhancing the ability of nursing personnel to interact therapeutically with elderly persons in nursing homes.
A Community-School Problem-Solving Approach to the Drug Situation
Authors: Wolk Donald J. , Tomanio Anthony J.
Published: May 2005

The following paper describes a program designed to involve school and community persons in an action-oriented problem-solving process related to increased drug use in the schools. A total of 104 persons attended the one full day and two followup sessions.

Results from three evaluative methods revealed that participants experienced personal learning, increased understanding and sensitivity to others; and they examined, evolved and worked on concrete plans to resolve identified school-community problems related to drugs and communication. Recommendations for future programs are stated.
On the Relationship between Values and Adjustment in Old Men
Authors: Antonucci Toni
Published: May 2005

It was hypothesized that values should reflect the ontogenetic development of the individual, and that a person should develop values that are appropriate to his role, development, and function within the society. Forty white middle-class males were given the Havighurst Life Satisfaction Scale and several values to be rated on the Semantic Differential. It was shown that adjusted old men considered work related values to be much less important than unadjusted men. Further, a comparison of the present older sample with a middle-aged sample revealed that the older individuals rated hedonistic values as much more important than the middle-aged sample.
Correlates of Dimensions of Happiness in Urban and Nonurban Settings
Authors: Fengler Alfred P. , Little Virginia C. , Danigelis Nicholas L.
Published: May 2005

The NORC happiness scale, widely used in Administration on Aging (A.O.A.) needs assessment surveys, is a composite of both a negative and a positive dimension. A re-examination of this scale based on a survey of 1400 urban and nonurban elderly indicates that the independence of these two dimensions varies for different residences. Results indicate that a high proportion of urban elderly were bored, depressed, and lonely as well as pleased, proud, excited, and interested in things about them. This group of urban elders was extremely disadvantaged in a wide range of both objective and subjective indices; their apparent inconsistent feeling states may result from a general feeling of relative deprivation.
Characteristics of Cocaine Users in a Private Inpatient Treatment Setting
Authors: Hays Lon R. , Farabee David , Patel Pukur
Published: May 2005

Patient records were reviewed from an eighteen-month period of a private hospital adult addictive disease unit. Of 667 consecutive admissions, sixty-five (49 males, 16 females) were diagnosed with cocaine abuse or dependence; 38 percent were from rural areas. Although mean age of males and females was similar, males had a longer duration of use (8.2 years versus 5.8 years), however, females used an average of 14 grams per week versus 9.5 grams per week for males. African-American patients were overrepresented among the cocaine using sample and also among the sample who chose smoking as their route of administration. A larger percentage of males had legal problems and admitted to “dealing,” when compared to females. Those from rural areas were more likely to be married and less apt to have legal problems.
Inner-Ages of Middle-Aged Prime-Lifers
Authors: Barak Benny
Published: May 2005

A comprehensive survey examined three age-role self-concepts: cognitive, ideal, and social ages. Participants were forty to sixty-nine years old and viewed themselves as middle-aged. The investigation reviewed inner-age research and evaluated inner-age infra-structure (with t-tests and correlations), as well as connections between inner-age and participants' characteristics (with covariates, partial correlations, and regressions) in the context of eight psychographic trait-sets (sex-identity, quality-of-life, health, self-consciousness, societal traits, venturesomeness, supermarket shopping involvement, and exercise activities). The three inner ages, while closely interrelated, diverged in their distribution patterns, in mean ages, as well as (after removal of birth age's linear effects) in their covariates and correlates.
Emotional, Social, and Physical Health Characteristics of Older Men in Prison
Authors: Gallagher Elaine M.
Published: May 2005

A competitive survey was carried out in three medium-security Federal prisons in British Columbia, Canada. The purpose was to compare the social, emotional, and physical health characteristics of older and younger inmates. The results showed that when compared with younger inmates, the older men had more contacts with friends and family, more friends in prison, and experienced less stress than the younger men. Aside from problems with vision and hearing, their physical health did not appear to be any worse when compared to that of younger inmates. This was surprising in light of age-related declines in health found in both the general population and in previous research with inmates. The study uncovered several unique problems concerning older prisoners, and a number of policy and program recommendations were generated.
The Call to Vocation: Life Histories of Elderly Women Religious
Authors: Wolf Mary Alice
Published: May 2005

Thirty elderly women religious (Catholic nuns) were studied using a phenomenological interview technique. This paper discusses the women's “call to vocation”—the remembered life events that influenced their decisions to enter the convent as young girls. The women talked about romantic and pragmatic motivations as well as spiritual direction. Remembrances of three of the study participants are used to demonstrate circumstances and emotions that led the women to choose their life course. The recollections have significance for the women religious in late life; they provide a source of satisfaction and commitment. They also offer researchers a means of viewing the worlds of this population of women.
The Juvenile Intervention Program: Results of the Process, Impact and Outcome Evaluations
Authors: Iverson Donald C. , Roberts Tom E.
Published: May 2005

Data were analyzed for a random sample of sixty-four juvenile participants who completed the program between January 1, 1977 and April, 1978 and a random sample of forty-seven juvenile participants who completed the program between May, 1978 and August, 1979. In order to assess program impact, all the juvenile participants are administered a pretest during the first JIP session and a posttest after the last session. Follow-up data on impact measures are collected six months after program completion. In addition, participants are asked to complete a one-page questionnaire assessing their participation at the completion of each of the seven JIP sessions.

Analysis of the data indicates that the program positively affected family communication patterns, self-esteem levels and drug knowledge levels at follow-up. The follow-up data indicated that drug-related school system and drug-related criminal justice system contacts were significantly reduced. The data also indicated that there was a reduction in drug usage by regular users for selected drugs.
The Number, Identity, Meaning, and Salience of Ascriptive Attributes in Adult Person Perception
Authors: Bornstein Robert
Published: May 2005

The multidimensional scaling of similarities data was employed in a study of person perception in five adult-aged groups of both male and female respondents. Stimulus persons were males and females of the same five ages. Regardless of the age or gender of the respondent group studied, an identical set of three basic attributes was identified: perceived age, perceived gender, and perceived autonomy. However, respondents also assigned different saliencies to these attributes and used them in quite different ways to categorize the stimulus persons. While the amount of between-group variability observed in these data is large enough to suggest that adult person perception is somewhat idiosyncratic in nature, it was still possible to discern several generalizable trends for the attributes of perceived age and perceived autonomy. These trends and several methodological issues are presented and discussed within the text of this article.
PART I: The Computer use Scale: Four Dimensions of how People use Computers
Authors: Panero Jan C. , Lane David M. , Napier H. Albert
Published: May 2005

An instrument to measure the various ways people use computers was developed and evaluated. Computers can be used as word processors, game machines, communication tools, accounting tools, and for a myriad of other applications. The Computer Use Scale (CUS) measures how people use computers across four dimensions: Enthusiasm, Entertainment, Efficiency, and Communication. These scales measure the extent to which individuals use computers as “cutting-edge” technology, as playthings, as tools to create better work in less time, or to communicate with others. The scale was found to be reliable and was able to detect differences among various classes of users. Applications of the scale to computer training, software design, and job placement are discussed.
Diurnal Mood Fluctuation and Age
Authors: Templer Donald I. , Ruff Carol F. , Ayers Joyce L. , Beshai James A.
Published: May 2005

Normal adolescents and young adults tended to report better mood toward the evening; whereas middle-aged and elderly persons tended to report better mood in the morning. Limited evidence suggests the opposite trends for depressed psychiatric patients. The findings were related to theoretical considerations.
“Alcohol and Drunkenness”—An Innovative Curriculum for the Kibbutz Movement in Israel: A Model for Adapting General Prevention Programs to Special Populations
Authors: Weiss Shoshana
Published: May 2005

The “Alcohol and Drunkenness” program was originated in 1979–1984 and is designed to provide Israel high school students with the knowledge, values, and skills necessary to prevent excessive drinking. The purpose of this article is to describe the development of the “kibbutz version” of the program “Alcohol and Drunkenness” for the kibbutz movement. The preparation of the “kibbutz version” was supported by the Israeli Ministry of Education and Culture, the Department of Prevention and Treatment of Alcoholism in the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, the Israel Society for the Prevention of Alcoholism, and the Kibbutz Movement. The article describes the changes in values and norms in the kibbutzim in recent years, the detailed modification of the original curriculum in accordance with its new target population and educational setting, as well as, the program's new structure and subjects. Descriptions of the problems which were encountered during program modification, along with the creative responses which were taken to address such difficulties, are also included. The process of building the “kibbutz version” can serve as a model for adapting homogenizing educational prevention programs to special students' populations—specific groups having unique needs, characteristics, and abilities.
Age and Gender Differences in Beliefs about Personal Power and Injustice
Authors: Degelman Douglas , Owens Shirley A. Albertson , Reynolds Tammy , Riggs Justin
Published: May 2005

College students and community-dwelling older adults were compared on Injustice and Personal Power scales and measures of religiosity. “Personal Power” scores varied significantly as a function of age and gender. These differences were attributable to a significantly lower belief in “Personal Power” for the group of older women. As predicted, “Injustice” scores were significantly higher for women than for men, reflecting a greater belief that conditions can be unjust. No significant difference between older and younger adults on “Injustice” scores was obtained. Significant positive correlations between measures of religiosity and “Injustice” scores were obtained, while religiosity was not significantly correlated with “Personal Power.” This pattern of results suggests that there is value in utilizing separate measures of “Injustice” and “Personal Power” scores. Suggestions are made for examining further the complex relationship among demographic variables, belief in a just world, and measures of religiosity.
The Effect of Disaster on the Health and Well-Being of Older Women
Authors: Melick Mary Evans , Logue James N.
Published: May 2005

Relatively little attention has been paid to the post-disaster health status and well-being of older persons. The data discussed in this article were gathered through use of a retrospective cohort survey five years following a major flood in the Wyoming Valley of Pennsylvania. The subsample of women sixty-five years and older used in this analysis is composed of 122 female victims and forty-five controls from the same communities. The instruments used to measure mental status included Langner's 22-Item Scale, Zung's Self-rating Depression Scale, and a modified Self-Report Symptom Inventory (SCL-90). Additional items related to self-perceptions of health status, to influence of the flood on health and well-being, and to other issues. Significant differences occurred in self-perceptions, including state of mind after the flood ( p < .001), distress during recovery ( p < .001), quality of life after the flood ( p < .001), and frequency of thinking about the flood matters ( p < .025). Use of the instruments designed to assess mental status did not indicate greater levels of anxiety or depression in elderly victims as compared to non-victims.
News Coverage of Alcohol and other Drugs in U.S. College Newspapers
Authors: Atkin Charles K. , DeJong William
Published: May 2005

This study investigated the substance use-related content of a sample of student-run college newspapers. Two independent coders examined 157 news stories, features, editorials, commentaries, letters, photographs, and cartoons. Items about alcohol appeared in one out of every two issues, while items about other drugs appeared in one out of every five issues. Basic information about alcohol and other drug (AOD) use was reported in about one-fifth of the items, while three-fourths dealt with social, legal, safety, or health problems associated with AOD use, especially alcohol consumption. Just over half referred to some type of control policy, most often an enforcement action. Around one-fourth mentioned educational efforts to promote AOD prevention. Very few dealt with detection, intervention, or treatment.
Grandparents, Grandchildren, and the Kondratieff: Thoughts on “Period Effects” in Intergenerational Analyses
Authors: Kearl Michael C. , Hermes Michael P.
Published: May 2005

To what degree is the socialization of core values a function of sociohistorical processes as opposed to familial influences? Herein we consider reported value similarities between grandparents and grandchildren that exceed those of adjacent lineal generations and develop a fifty-year cycle of “period effects” to explain the congruity. Specifically, we argue that because skipped generations are socialized within similar phases of the Kondratieff Wave they bear analogous historical imprints and share common global outlooks toward life and the lifespan.
Adapting to Old Age in Rural Britain
Authors: Wenger G. Clare
Published: May 2005

The data on which this article is based were collected to inform and guide policy for rural social service provision. Over 500 elderly persons were interviewed in their own homes using a questionnaire schedule. Over the last two decades, the availability and support of the family for the elderly has remained in debate, some writers suggesting that urbanization and industrialization have led to the weakening of family support, others claiming that the family still functions well. At the same time, the ability of the elderly to change and adapt has been questioned. In rural and less developed regions concern has been expressed that the impact of reductions in or lack of services fall hardest on the elderly. This article looks at ways in which the elderly in a remote rural area of Britain adapt to the problems of sparsity, lack of adequate public transportation, migration in and out of the region and the reality of increasing age. It shows that the elderly are capable of adaptation and have a tolerance for isolation, and that changes in residence, household composition, and methods of access are made over time. The article presents evidence of commitment on the part of others towards the elderly and creative adaptations on the part of the elderly to provide necessary support.
Teaching Higher Order Mathematics through Graphics Programming
Authors: Dibiase Julie
Published: May 2005

Most of the underlying concepts that pervade what is typically referred to as “higher” mathematics are relegated to the arena of the mathematical elite. The research presented here demonstrates that, given the proper pedagogical environment, these concepts are quite accessible for early high school students. Through SchemePaint, a graphics enhanced computer programming language, students learned the mathematical notion that a function can be a data object. Further, students were able to apply their knowledge of functions from within the graphics domain to solve novel mathematical problems. This work suggests the need for a more elaborate study of how such early conceptual introduction of advanced material may preclude some of the problems which have been documented to pervade the later stages of students' academic career.