bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pollen spore morphology and plant evolution
Authors: Nair P.K.K.
Published: September 2022

Spores and pollen grains both are resistant to environmental stress and diagnostic by virtue of the unique exine characteristics, by which it has emerged as a reliable tool in evolutionary biology, both of fossils and present day plants, at various taxa levels. “Sporae Dispersae” being the only morphological material reflecting continuity of evolutionary lineage through geological time, there is new scope for its application in fixing stratigraphic successions and phyletic origins. The triphyletic theory of the origin and evolution of angiosperms has been explained to demonstrate the value of pollen grains and spores in phylogenetic taxonomy, and further, the emerging areas of application of the principles of morphological evolution of pollen grains have been indicated.
Paleophysiographic and paleoenvironmental histories in northern Latin America - Possible impact on modes of speciation
Authors: Graham Alan
Published: September 2022

Although land surfaces between central and southern Mexico and northern South America are presently continuous, the area encompasses three zones that have had different physiographic and environmental histories. In central and southern Mexico highlands were present in the Late Cretaceous, and significant physiographic relief and habitat diversity have existed since the Late Tertiary. Continuous land connections existed to the north throughout the Cenozoic, and to the south after about 3.5 Ma, and these connections provided source areas for the immigration and emigration of temperate and tropical elements, as well as introductions throughout the Cenozoic by long-distance dispersal. The region experienced the global climatic cooling of the Late Cenozoic, which was augmented by coastal upwelling with closure of the Panama land bridge. In contrast, central America has never had the extensive high elevations or habitat diversity of central to southern Mexico; the region consisted of islands and peninsulas for most of the Cenozoic with limited access to source areas both to the north and south until about 3.5 Ma; and the impact of Late Cenozoic climatic change was muted, in part, because of the lower latitude, low physiographic relief, and the insular environment. The Amazon Basin of northern South America has had low physiographic relief throughout the Cenozoic, but it is surrounded by the northern Andes that had attained substantial relief and habitat diversity by the Miocene. Biotas in the Amazon Basin experienced some effects of Late Cenozoic climatic change, and these were augmented by fluctuations in the water table resulting from sea-level changes caused by the expansion and contraction of polar glaciers. The effect was the periodic fragmentation of the lowland biota, accompanied by expansion of drier-habitat communities during intervals of cool glacial climates and lowered water tables. This was followed by periods of warmer temperatures, higher water tables, coalescence of rain forest communities, and restriction of drier-habitat species to the bordering uplands they occupy at present. The pace of these changes produced a dynamism that was not experienced, at least to the same degree, by communities to the north. These differences in physiographic and climatic histories likely had an effect on the nature of speciation mechanisms operating in the three regions through a reordering of the components of the speciation process. Some residue of this reordering may still reside in large speciose genera distributed through northern Latin America in the form of morphological (leaf epidermal cell size, pollen aperture number, pollen sterility) and cytological (polyploidy) characters. If so, recognition of the separate histories may be useful in explaining features in modern taxa that are correlated with geography.
A preliminary study on the Stephanian flora of China
Authors: Huaqing Liu , Guanglong Shen
Published: September 2022

Since the Taiyuan Formation used to be regarded as of Upper Carboniferous has proved to be a diachronous rock stratigraphic unit, the formerly so-called Stephanian flora of China mostly contained in this formation needs be critically restudied. This paper attempts to show some aspects (composition, character and phytoprovince etc.) of the Stephanian flora in the strict sense.
Morphological and microscopical study on Scolecopteris
Authors: Guanxiu Yang , Hongshan Wang , Axing Sheng
Published: September 2022

The fossil genus Scolecopteris of Marattiales has recently been discovered from the Permian coal-bearing series of southern north and South China. Three species of Scolecopteris are known in China, namely, Scolecopterls cathaysicus sp. nov., S. sinensis sp. nov. and S. unifercata (Yang et Chen) emend. The former two species were collected from the Xiaofengkou Formation and the Shenhou Formation of Middle Permian in the Pingdingshan Coalfield, Henan Province. S. unifercata was collected from the Longtan Formation of Late Permian in Guangdong Province (and also in Fujian and Guizhou Provinces). Fairly detailed researches on the morphology of these three species, especially on the in situ spores S. catspores obaysicus and S. sinensis have been done. Furthermore, the Chinese species of the genus Scolecopteris are compared with those from Euramerica and a preliminary study on the ecology of Scolecopteris has also been made.
Flora of Palaeozoic coal balls of China
Authors: Baolin Tian , Shijun Wang , Yingting Guo , Hongqi Li , Guiren Chen
Published: September 2022

The geographic distribution of coal balls of China and their stratigraphic range are very wide. Fossil plants in coal balls are abundant Floras of coal balls of Jingyuan Gansu contain the same content as those of the Hauptfloz coal of Ruhr and the Kokfloz coal of Ostrau (Namur C) in Europe. Coal balls of Shanxi and Shandong (P1) are abundant and highly diversified with flourished Cathaysian flora, while in the coal balls of Shuicheng, Guizhou (the top of Upper Permian) the Cathaysian flora somewhat declines and shows less in diversification. Some Mesozoic coloured elements have also been observed.
A new species of Tempskya from the Russian Far East
Authors: Popov A.M.
Published: September 2022

In the present paper, a new species of Tempskya, viz., T. neumyvakinii sp. nov. has been described from the Quaternary deposits of the Razdol'naya River Basin (south-western Primorye). An Early Cretaceous to early Late Cretaceous age has been assigned to these beds, which relates with the deposition of Korkinsian Series.
Glossopterid fructifications from Upper Permian of India: A morphographical correlation
Authors: Tiwari Rajni
Published: September 2022

Scutum-type female Glossopterid fructification is described from the Raniganj Formation (Upper Permian) of Bhatdih and Murulidih collieries of Jharia Coalfield, Bihar, India. Statistical analysis of shape, apex, base and total number of scars on the receptacle show that majority of specimens are lanceolate in shape and have acute apices. The base is stalked with wide marginal border and usually rounded where margins are absent. Total number of Scars ranges between 20 and 45. The study shows that a number of multiovulate fructification genera, viz., Plumsteadia, Hirsutum, Plumsteadiostrobus, Venustostrobus and jambadostrobus,which have been differentiated on the basis of presence or absence of marginal wings and cuticular features, in all possibilities are related to each other and quite likely represent the developmental or maturation stages of a single type glossopterid fructification.
Tectonic implications of Permian floras in China
Authors: Guanglong Shen , Yong-dong Wang , Wang Jun , Huaqing Liu , Shuangquan Zhang
Published: September 2022

On the basis of comprehensive palaeophytogeographical study, the Permian flora of China may be divided into 4 phytorealms, 5 phytoareas and 13 phytoprovinces. The tectonic implications of the Permian floras and phytoprovinces in China are preliminarily discussed.
Study on the morphology of Nilssoniopteris huolinhensis Duan et Chen sp. nov.
Authors: Shuying Duan , Ye Chen
Published: September 2022

The paper deals with the external form and the epidermal structures of Nilssoniopteris huolinhensis Duan et Chen. collected from the Early Cretaceous of the eastern part of Inner Mongolia. Rich Bennettitalean plants in the assemblage suggest the existence of warm and humid subtropical climate during the Early Cretaceous in the eastern pan of Inner Mongolia.
Xenoxylon yixianense sp. nov. from Lower Cretaceous of Yixian, Western Liaoning, China
Authors: Wu Zhang , Ping Shang
Published: September 2022

A new species of Xenoxylon, X. yixianense is described from the Lower Cretaceous deposits of Western Liaoning. It differs from the known species of this genus in having transverse resin canals. The presence of transverse resin canals may indicate a traumatically abnormal condition or a taxonomic relationship between this species and Pinaceae.
Upper Vindhyan biota and Precambrian/Cambrian Boundary
Authors: Maithy P.K. , Babu Rupendra
Published: September 2022

The upper age limit of the Vindhyan Supergroup is yet a point of debate. The evidences from structural biological remains, megafossils and organic-walled microfossils, from the Bhander Group support the view that the upper age limit of the Vindhyan Supergroup does not extend beyond Vendian. This fact also gets support by the absence of Ediacaran fauna and vendotaenids in Bhander. All the evidences now point to the fact that the deposition of the Vindhyan sediments ceased before the Precambrian/Cambrian Transition interval.
Physical, geochemical and biological changes across Precambrian-Cambrian transition, northwest Himalaya, India
Authors: Mathur V.K. , Maithy P.K. , Shanker Ravi , Kumar Gopendra
Published: September 2022

The Precambrian-Cambrian transition has been extensively studied in the Krol Belt of Lesser Himalaya and in Higher and Tethys Himalayan part in Kashmir, Spiti-Zanskar, and Kumaun. A substantial amount of data that has now accumulated in both the areas of lithology, geochemistry, and biological changes is analysed and possible inferences are drawn.
Terminal Proterozoic-Cambrian sequences in India: a review with special reference to Precambrian-Cambrian Boundary
Authors: Kumar Gopendra , Shanker Ravi , Mathur V.K. , Maithy P.K. , Bhattacharya S.K. , Jain R.K.
Published: September 2022

The Terminal Proterozoic marine sequences, grading into Cambrian, are present in the Krol Basin (Lesser Himalaya), the Kashmir, Spiti-Zanskar and Kumaun Basins (Higher Himalaya) and in Marwar Basin (western India). These sequences postdate a major tectono-thermal event associated with Cadomian Orogeny and rest on eroded older successions which include well-dated Malani Igneous Suite (Malani Rhyolite 745 ±10 Ma; Siwana Granite 731± 14 Ma) in Western India and over the Salkhala Group with granites (745 ± 50 Ma) or the Simla Group in the Himalaya. This cycle of sedimentation terminated with Pan-African Orogeny in Late Cambrian. These sequences are dominantly siliciclastic in basins in Higher Himalaya while those in Krol Basin and Marwar Basin show development of thick carbonate-evaporite facies with or without phosphorite. From the Upper Vindhyan and Bhima Groups in central and south India, respectively a Chuaria-Tawuia Assemblage along with sphaeromorphida Acritarch of Early Neoproterozoic age has been recorded. The δ13C values range from +1.3 to +4.0 ‰ PDB and that of δ 18O from -5 to -9‰ PDB. These are, thus, not considered part of this sequence. In absence of age-determinating biota and radiometric dates from the basal part of the succession, the lower boundary of the Terminal Proterozoic cannot be delineated and dated. However, a significant depletion in values may be taken to mark the lower boundary.

The upper boundary of the Terminal Proterozoic (Precambrian-Cambrian Boundary) cannot be demarcated in terms of GSSP due to the absence of trace fossils of Zone-1 (Harlaneilla podolika Zone) and Zone-II (Phycodes pedum Zone) in carbonate facies in Krol Basin and poor documentation of siliciclastic facies in Kashmir and Spiti-Zanskar Basins. The trace fossils correlative with ichnozone-III occur in all sections in the Himalayas and are useful for regional and global correlations. However, a significant depletion in δ13C values has been recorded in the carbonate facies of the Krol Basin between the horizons yielding Ediacaran and small shelly fossils of Meishucunian Zone-I. This has also been recorded in the Marwar Basin below the Phosphorite Bed. This depletion may be correlated with that recorded from the Precambrian-Cambrian transition in Siberian Platform, Anti Atlas Mountains, Morocco, China, etc. It may be taken into consideration to define and mark the boundary in the absence of trace fossils.
Palynology of Permian-Triassic sequence in Iria Nala, Tatapani-Ramkola Coalfield, India
Authors: Srivastava S.C. , Anand-Prakash  , Kar Ratan
Published: September 2022

The Permian-Triassic sediments exposed along Iria Nala in the northern part of Tatapani-Ramkola Coalfield have been palynologically analysed. The palynological assemblage includes 42 genera and on the basis of quantitative dominance three assemblage zones have been distinguished in ascending order: (i) Densipollenites magnicorpus zone, (ii) Crescentipollenites fuscus zone and (iii) Falcisporites stabilis zone. The first two palynoassemblage zones are restricted to the coal, carbonaceous shale, sandstone sequence (= Raniganj Formation) which is overlain by a khaki shale bed rich in Schizoneura gondwanensis.The lithological succession above this bed contains greyish/khaki green splintery shale and sandstone (=Panchet Formation). These shales have yielded the third palynoassemblage zone marked by Falcisporites stabilis, Playfordiaspora cancellosa and Klausipollenites schaubergeri. The Permian - Triassic boundary lies above the Schizoneura gondwanensis bed between the second and third palynozones. The transition is marked by the decline in the frequency of Crescentipollenites followed with the increase of non-striate group represented by Falcisporites. The onset of Triassic sedimentation is also marked by the presence of khaki shales which closely compares with the Panchet (Lower Triassic) sediments of the type area. Thus, the transition of palynoflora from Late Permian to Early Triassic is gradual and broadly conforms with the lithological changes. There appears to be a continuous sedimentation between the Permian and Triassic periods in this part of Tatapani-Ramkola Basin.
Almod Bed: a Permian-Triassic transition zone
Authors: Kumar Pramod
Published: September 2022

The Almod Bed located between the Bijori (Late Permian) and Pachmarhi Formations (Early Triassic) in Satpura Basin, has been palynologically analysed. The palynoassemblage is dominated by Striatopodocarpites + Faunipollenites complex. Other characteristic palynofossils are Arcuatipollenites (=Lunatisporites), Chordasporites, Falcisporites, Goubinispora, Krempipollenites, Lundbladispora, Playfordiaspora, Podocarpidites, Satsangisaccites, etc. In its totality, the palynological assemblage has a Late Permian aspect though the presence of the genera Goubinispora, Playfordiaspora and Lundbladispora in significant frequency indicates an Early Triassic influence.
Representation of acritarchs across the Permian-Triassic Boundary in India
Authors: Tripathi Archana
Published: September 2022

The paper deals with the review of published as well as new data on acritarchs from the Late Permian and Early Triassic sediments of peninsular India. Acritarch representation in terms of form diversity and quantitative acme phase is assessed. From the present state of knowledge the Acritarcha Group shows high form diversity during the latest Permian with high quantity in South Rewa and Rajmahal basins and Godavari Graben. During Early Triassic low to medium form diversity is observed in Damodar and South Rewa Gondwana basins. During the late Early Triassic high form diversity and high quantity is represented in Talcher Coalfield. The record of Micrhystridium, Cymatiosphaera and Veryhachium in the Late Permian and Muraticavea in Early Triassic sediments significantly points towards transgression of the sea during Late Permian and Late Early Triassic in India although no physical data is available.
Ostracode fauna from the Patti Formation (Late Cretaceous) of Vridhachalam area, Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Sugumaran S. , Nagaraj H.M. , Mallikarjuna U.B.
Published: September 2022

An ostracode fauna is recorded from the Patti Formation (Late Cretaceous) of Vridhachalam area, Tamil Nadu. The assemblage includes Bairdia pentagonalis, B. cretacea, B. supplanata, Macrocypris limburgensis and Paracypris limburgensis, which are typical of Maestrichtian age. The ostracodes show strong affinities with those recorded from the Ariyalur and Pondicherry areas, and those described from the type-Maestrichtian of Holland. The above assemblage and the presence of distinct Paleocene ostracodes in the overlying Pondicherry Formation throw light on K/T transition in the Vridhachalam area. The paper also discusses the stratigraphic distribution and zoogeographic affinities of the ostracode fauna with equivalent formations in India and the type areas elsewhere.
Significance of calcareous algae across the Cretaceous-Tertiary sequence of Cauvery Basin in Tiruchirapalli District, Tamil Nadu
Authors: Ghosh A.K. , Jana B.N. , Maithy P.K.
Published: September 2022

Calcareous skeletal algae belonging to Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria), Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta are known from Uttatur, Trichinopoly, Ariyalur and Niniyur groups of Tiruchirapalli District, Tamil Nadu. An attempt has been made to analyse the algal assemblages across the Cretaceous-Tertiary sequence in Tiruchirapalli District, Tamil Nadu. The distribution pattern of algal taxa indicates that there is a gradual change in algal flora from Cretaceous to Tertiary.
Distribution of palynofossils across the Palaeocene-Eocene Boundary in north-east and western India
Authors: Mandal J. , Kumar Madhav
Published: September 2022

Late Palaeocene-Early Eocene palynoassemblages of north-east and western India have been analysed to assess the behaviour of palynotaxa during the transition. More than 50 per cent of the taxa continue from Palaeocene to Eocene while some are restricted only to Palaeocene. A number of palynotaxa appear in the Early Eocene that may be considered markers. A critical study on the distribution pattern of these palynotaxa indicates that there is no sharp or abrupt change during Palaeocene-Eocene instead the majority of taxa are common and differ only in percentage frequency.
Palaeocene foraminifera from the Ariyalur area, southern India
Authors: Malarkodi N. , Nagaraj H.M.
Published: September 2022

The Palaeocene sediments of the Ariyalur area, spread over 80 sq km, are exposed as isolated outcrops and consist mainly of marls, shelly and cream-coloured limestones on the northeastern part of Tiruchirapalli Cretaceous. The present study records well-preserved smaller foraminifera of both benthic and planktic nature. The planktic species suggest a Palaeocene age for the Niniyur Formation. The foraminiferal fauna in general reflects shallow marine to brackish water conditions of deposition. The paper also discusses the stratigraphic distribution and zoogeographic affinities of foraminifera of the Niniyur Formation with respect to equivalent horizons in India and abroad.
Palynology of the Late Tertiary sediments (DSDP Site 218) in the Bengal Fan, Indian Ocean
Authors: Chandra Anil , Kumar Madhav
Published: September 2022

Palynological assemblage from DSDP Site 218 in the Bengal Fan comprises spores, pollen, fungal fruiting bodies and dinoflagellate cysts. The palynofloral composition has minor variation in core no. 27 to 12. The microthyriaceous fungal remains show comparatively higher frequency than other fungal entities. The gymnosperms are represented mostly by the pollen grains of Podocarpaceae and Araucariaceae. Angiosperm pollen are sparsely observed in the assemblage. The pteridophytic spores occur mostly in the bottom and middle cores (core nos. 27-26 and 23-20). Recycled Cretaceous spores have also been found in most of the core samples. This palynoassemblage from Site 218 is comparable to that of the Miocene sediments of northeast India. The environmental relationship of the taxa shows similarity with the modem plants inhabited in the subtropical climate.
Dangripites, a new palynomorph from the Tikak Parbat Formation (Oligocene) of Dangri Kumari Colliery, Upper Assam
Authors: Mandaokar B.D.
Published: September 2022

A new palynomorph, Dangripites, has been recorded from the Tikak Parbat Formation (Oligocene) of Dangri Kumari Colliery in Dibrugarh District, Assam. This palynomorph is spherical 10 elliptical, inaperturate and ornamented with baculae, clavae, verrucae, gemmae and tubercles. A probable bryophytic affinity is suggested for this palynomorph.
The plants of glossopterids: a reappraisal and review
Authors: Pant D.D.
Published: September 2022

New information about the structural features of the plants of Glossopteris and related genera is reviewed in the light of advances made on the basis of permineralized fossils of the group mainly those which have been lately discovered in Antarctica. It is pointed out that the permineralized remains have merely confirmed, although far more vividly, the presence of anatomical features which had been inferred earlier by the study of impression and compression (incrustation) fossils of the glossopterids. The author concludes that the study of impression and compression (incrustation) fossils is as important as that of permineralized remains, and many a time the former furnish details which are difficult to observe in permineralized remains.
Geotraverses through Higher and Tethyan zones of Lahaul and Spiti sector of N-W Himachal and adjoining part of Ladakh Himalaya
Authors: Sinha Anshu K.
Published: September 2022

Systematic geological cross-sections along traverses of Manali-Leh Highway, Satluj River section, Spiti River section and Pin and Parahio River sections have been sketched in course of expeditional work. An attempt has been made to illustrate the real ground picture visible in the field, keeping as far as possible in mind the vertical and horizontal scales and directional orientation. The extrapolation has been avoided. The profile along the Manali-Leh Highway presents the picture of tectonic contact between central crystalline unit of Vaikrita and thick sedimentary sequence of Phanerozoic with Haimanta Group at the base. Unique features of inverted Mesozoic synform and younger granitic intrusion along the deep fracture have been illustrated. Along the profile of Satluj Valley the Rampur antiform with Precambrian volcanics is succeeded by Vaikrita crystalline of high grade metamorphism ending up with tectonic contact with Tethyan sediments at Khab, sense of movement and intrusive granitic rock-types suggest the nature of visible thrust contact. The profiles along Spiti, Pin and Parahio rivers are very illustrative to confirm the missing carboniferous zone - the conjectural flexure of Hercynian orogenic phase. Profuse disharmonic folding with Triassic horizon and thrust structures with limited displacements within the formations have also been noticed. Structural profiles indubitably confirm the tectonic contacts on either side of the Tethyan sedimentary sequence. Low amplitude thrusting and recumbent folds are sometimes indicative of vivid tectonic phenomenon within the thick pile of deformed Tethyan sequence.
Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary dinoflagellate cysts from the Krishna-Godavari basin-cyst morphology and review of biostratigraphical dating
Authors: Mehrotra N.C. , Sarjeant William A.S.
Published: September 2022

A restudy of some of the dinoflagellate type material of our earlier work (Mehrotra & Sarjeant, 1987) from well Narasapur-1, Krishna-Godavari Basin has been undertaken, in order to clear up some confusion created by the comments of Garg et al. (1995). The validity of Fibrocysta variabilis as a distinct species is amply demonstrated by further elaborating on its morphological characters, with the aid of some additional specimens from the Narasapur assemblage. Fibrocysta sp. is tentatively retained in this genus, till further specimens permit fuller understanding of its morphology. Our earlier age assignments of samples at various stratigraphic intervals-Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian: 3621-3624 m, 3643-3649 m, CC-13) and Paleocene (now further refined to Thanetian: 2703-2706 m; including part of CC-10 at 2703 m)-are reaffirmed, utilizing additional information concerning the global ranges of other dinoflagellate species. Data on microforaminifera, spores and pollen are also presented, conforming with and strengthening these dates.
On some plant remains from Deccan Intertrappean localities of Seoni and Mandla districts of Madhya Pradesh, India
Authors: Guleria J.S. , Mehrotra R.C.
Published: September 2022

The paper describes dicot and monocot leaves along with some wood remains from new Deccan Intertrappean fossiliferous localities situated in the Seoni and Mandla districts of Madhya Pradesh. The leaf remains belong to Dicotyloplryllum Saporta, Phoenicites Brongniart, Amesoneuron Goeppert and the woods are represented by Hydnocarpoxylon Bande & Khatri, Polyalthioxylon Bande and Palmoxylon Schenk. Occurrence of mucilage canal in a fossil wood of palm has been reported for the first time.
Dr Jaswant Singh Antal, Professor D.D. Nautiyal, Dr P.D. Dogra
Authors: Nautiyal C.M.
Published: September 2022

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Dynamic Himalaya (K.S.Valdiya)
Authors: Sinha Anshu K.
Published: September 2022

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Further contribution to the Siwalik flora from the Koilabas area, western Nepal
Authors: Prasad Mahesh , Antal J.S. , Tripathi P.P. , Pandey V.K.
Published: September 2022

The present study on fossil plants comprising well-preserved leaf and fruit impressions from the Siwalik sediments exposed near Koilabas in western Nepal is the first detailed and systematic work. The floral assemblage recovered from these sediments is impoverished both in quality and quantity as constituted by 25 species belonging to 22 genera and 15 dicotyledonous families of angiosperms. This assemblage adds significant data to the Siwalik Palaeobotany. On the basis of present assemblage as well as already known data from the area, the palaeoclimate, palaeoecology, and phytogeography of the area during the Mio-Pliocene in the Himalayan foothills have been deduced. The significance of the physiognomic characters of the fossil leaves in relation to climate has also been discussed.
T.M. Harris Medal 1998 awarded to D.J. Batten
Authors: Sinha A.K.
Published: September 2022

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A supplementary study on Protoblechnum Lesquereux from China
Authors: Bainian Sun , Guanglong Shen
Published: September 2022

The frond structure of Protoblechnum and the other similar plants is examined. These plants are like the neuropterids of the Late Palaeozoic Era, with forked or unforked rachides, whose fronds are simple pinnate or pinnately compound leaf and unequally or equally pinnate fronds. Based on the new materials of the bipinnatifid fronds of Protoblechnum contractum (Gu & Zhi) from Henan in China, it may be seen that other species of Protoblechnum besides Protoblechnum wongii Halle may also be bipinnatifid fronds. The discovery provides important materials for making a clear distinction between Protoblechnum and similar plants.
Palynostratigraphic studies of sub-surface Raniganj - Barren Measures sediments from Mand-Raigarh Coalfield, Son-Mahanadi, Madhya Pradesh, India
Authors: Meena K.L.
Published: September 2022

The dispersed spore and pollen grains are preserved in Mand-Raigarh Coalfield, Madhya Pradesh. In the present investigation studied the bore-hole RGP-7. This bore-hole runs through Raniganj-Barren Measures Formations as well as lithologically, while the palynofloral composition shows the Raniganj period (Late Permian flora). The dominance of Striatopodocarpites and Faunipollenites alongwith Alisporites. Crescentipollenites, Densipollenites, Rhizomaspora, Verticipollenites, Lunatisporites etc. This palynoassemblage is similarly found in Raniganj as well as Barren Measure sediments, hence, whole strata were deposited in Late Permian time (Raniganj Formation).
Ultrastructure of the sporoderm in megaspores of some Indian Selaginellas
Authors: Bajpai Usha
Published: September 2022

Megaspores of six species of the genus Selaginello were studied under light microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope. In general, the sporoderm of all the species investigated shows a tuberculate sculpture, intervening areas have fine reticulum. The sporopollenin units could also be examined in some megaspores by fracturing the spore wall.

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Evolution, palaeobiogeography and palaeoecology of Eucommiaceae
Authors: Shuang-Xing Guo
Published: September 2022

A comprehensive treatise incorporating morphology, ecology, stratigraphy and systematics of Eucommia belonging to family Eucommiaceae, based on extant and extinct records, is presented. Fifteen species of megafossil leaves and fruits of Eucommia and about one hundred localities from the northern hemisphere are known. Pollen of Eucommiidites troedssonii Erdtman was widely distributed in the Mesozoic sediments of Europe. Authentic pollen reocrds of Eucommia, Eucommiaceaopollenites eucommides Sun and E. minor Sun are known from China. They first appeared in East China in the Paleocene.
The validity of Eucommia leaves known from the Paleocene of the western United States is doubtful. Other records include Eucommia brevirostria from south China, Eucommia kobayashi from northern Japan, Eucommia sp. from Alaska. United States, E. brownie, E. Montana from the Oligocene of United States, E. sibirica from the Miocene and Oligocene of Siberia.
During the Miocene Eucommia species has widest distribution – E. japonica from Japan, E. caucasica from Caucasus, E. kryshtofovichii from Moldovia and Poland, E. palaeoulmoides from Caucasus, Ukraine, the Netherlands, Kazakhastan and western Russia and Eucommia sp. from Mexico are known.
Eucommia europaea is known from the Mio-Pliocene of Siberia, Germany, Poland, France, Italy, the Netherlands and Hungary, Some fossil specimens assigned to the living E. ulmoides were found from the Miocene and Pliocene of Germany, Poland, Romania. Several indeterminable species of Eucommia were recorded from the Neogene of Poland, Germany, France and Italy. One species of Eucommia was found in the Pleistocene of Italy. An evaluation of these records, their geographical distribution, endemism and environmental impact have been discussed.
Occurrence of anonidium-like pollen in the tura formation (palaeocene) of Meghalaya, India
Authors: Ambwani K. , Kar R.K.
Published: September 2022

Anonidium-like pollen of the family Annonaceae was recovered from the Nangwalbibra section of Tura Formation (Palaeocene), Meghalaya. LM and SEM studies of living and fossil pollen reveal that they are closely similar in apertural disposition and ornamentation pattern. Anonidium is confined to West Africa at present. The probable route of migration of this genus to India from elsewhere is discussed.
Palynostratigraphy of the tertiary sediments in north-east India with comments on the terminal eocene events
Authors: Kar R.K.
Published: September 2022

The Tertiary rocks in North-East India rest unconformably on the granitic basement. They represent more or less a continuous sequence except a post Barail unconformity. The palynological assemblage is more or less known from all the formations. The assemblage by and large is dominated by the pteridophytic spores in all the formations followed by the angiospermic pollen. The gymnospermic pollen are rare in Palaeocene-Middle Eocene and are found in Late Eocene onwards and occur in good numbers in Miocene-Pliocene rocks. The index fossils for each formation have been marked. The Terminal Eocene events have been analysed. It has been observed that during that time India was enjoying a tropical climate and there was no cooling effect as has been advocated from the other parts of the world.
Taxonomy and diversity of the genus Glossopteris
Authors: Singh Shiv Mohan
Published: September 2022

The speciation of Glossopteris leaves in Permian Gondwana of India is re-examined. It is based on study of thousands of specimens collected from Barakar Formation of Karanpura and Bokaro Group of Coalfields. The study of specimens of modern plants showing variation in shape and size of leaves within same species (sometimes within same plant) and survey of published literature, the author was fascinated to express the ideas about the parameters which may be helpful in speciation of the genus Glossopteris. Here. morphological characters have been critically analysed in order to find a reasonable basis for precise specific delimitations. The morphological circumscriptions have been further verified by characters of cuticle which have been taken as associated or supportive characters only. The size and shape of leaves have given secondary importance. The Diversity and the total number of species found in time and space have been tabulated.
Permian wood from inner Mongolia, north China: with special reference to Palaeozoic climate change of north China block
Authors: Jun Wang
Published: September 2022

Three species or gymnosperm woods are discovered from the upper Shihhotse Formation of Inner Mongolia. North China. of which two are described as new. i.e., Araucarioxylon neimongense sp. nov. and Araucarioxylon wudense sp. nov., because of their high percentage of partly biseriate xylem rays. In accordance with Pant and Singh's (1987) suggestion on the taxonomy and classification of araucaroid fossil wood, the Palaeozoic gymnosperm fossil woods of araucaroid type in Cathaysian nora are re-evaluated. They are recombined within Protophyllocladoxylon, Araucarioxylon, Zalesskioxylon, Chapmanoxylon and Cordaioxylon. The presence or absence of growth rings and their vertical distribution pattern were closely related to the change or the palaeoclimatic condition resulted from the drifting of the North China Block rrom the tropical zone to the middle-high latitude zone throughout the late Palaeozoic.
Palynology in stratigraphy of lesser Himalayan sedimentary sequences from Arunachal Pradesh, India
Authors: Srivastava Suresh C. , Bhattacharya A.P.
Published: September 2022

Arunachal Pradesh has a distinct geological setup and significant data have been generated during the last decade both from Permian as well as Tertiary sediments. The palynoflora investigated from Lesser Himalayan Permian sediments of Arunachal Pradesh has been differentiated into five palynozones 1. Plicalipollenites stigmatus 2. Callumispora gretensis 3. Crucisaccites indicus 4. Pselldoreticulatispora baraknrensis and 5. Primuspollenites + Rhizomaspora: the oldest being Palynozone I (Rilu Member, Rangit Formation) representing Late Asselian whilc Palynozones 2-5 (Garu Formation) represent Early Sakmarian to Early Artinskian age.

The palynoassemblages recorded from Tertiary sediments in Arunachal Pradesh largely show the overwhelming presence of angiosperm pollen. viz. Lakiapollis. Neocouperipollis, Arecipites, Pellicieroipollis and Ctenolophonidites. Pteridophytic spores. viz., Todisporites. Cyathidites. Striatriletes and Crassoretitriletes shows similar age connotations. Broadly two distinct palynozones have been differentiatcd. viz., Lakiapollis ovatus and Striatriletes susannae assemblage zones. At some sections presence of dinoflagellate and acritarch indicate marine influence during Early Tertiary.

Permian spores also occur in reworked state within Early Tertiary sediments. Palynological investigations carried out along the thrust suggest that some thrust slices of Tertiary rocks arc wedged deep within the Permian outcrops. These evidences indicate severe post depositional tectonic effect in these regions. Palynological evidences along with faunal evidences. Wherever possible, have been summarised to decipher the stratigraphic resolutions, palaeogeography and palaeoenvironment of the region.
Additional palaeobotanical information from Madhupur village, talchir coalfield, Orissa, India
Authors: Singh Kamal Jeet , Chandra Shaila
Published: September 2022

Floristically rich exposures near Handapa Village in Hinjrida Ghati have been explored by various geologists and palaeobotanists ever since they were first located and mapped by Subramanian & Rao (1960). Based on the fossil plants the entire area has been assigned various ages such as Mahadeva (Early Triassic). Raniganj and Kamthi formations (Late Permian) by different workers. A new and rich collection of plant fossils from the Madhupur area revitalise the age of the beds and provides additional information to the fossil flora. Glossopteris species dominated the vegetation. Based on the fossil plants Madhupur beds are assigned age equivalent to Lower Kamthi Formation (late Late Permian).
Palynological events during Late Triassic-Early Jurassic time in India
Authors: Tripathi Archana
Published: September 2022

Recently acquired palynological data from Dubrajpur sediments show the presence of spore-pollen taxa diagnostic of the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic. The change in palynofloral composition is gradual and not abrupt. This palynosequence has been evaluated in terms of dominance/sub-dominance. Overall composition and First Appearance Datums of specific biomarker genera. viz.. Stereisporites, Foveosporites, Dictophyllidites, Nevesisporites. Lundbladispora, Enzonalasporites, Classopollis, Playfordiaspora. Striatopodocarpites, Arcuatipollenites, Infernopollenites, Straurosaccites, Minutosaccus, Podocarpidites, Araucariacites and Callialasporites. On the basis of the changing pattern of palynological characteristics seven palyno-events have been identified in the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic strata in Borehole RJNE-32, Rajmahal Basin, Bihar. The present palynoassemblages are compared with those published previously from the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic of India. The palynofloral transition from late Late Triassic to early Early Jurassic is reported in the Dubrajpur sequence.
Occurrence of fossil mitragyna in the early miocene of Himachal Pradesh, India
Authors: Guleria J.S. , Srivastava Rashmi , Arya Ritesh
Published: September 2022

The paper reports tile occurrence of a fossil leaf and a fruit, resembling those or Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth., in tile Early Miocene sediments of Kasauli Formation exposed around Kasauli township in Himachal Pradesh. It indicates the existence or warm and moist conditions around Kasauli during Early Miocene, in contrast to tile presently prevailing cooler conditions. The report forms the earliest known record of the genus from India till now.
Vegetation and climate in Garhwal Himalaya during last 4,000 years
Authors: Sharma Chhaya , Chauhan M.S. , Rajagopalan G.
Published: September 2022

Pollen analysis of 3 metre dug out trench (Profile-I) from Deoria Tal, situated at an altitude of 2.727 m a.s.1. in Garhwal Himalaya has revealed that 4,000 yrs ago the vegetation was dominated by Oak forests, associated with other broad-leaved elements such as Alnus, Rhododendron, Betula and Ulmus. Together with shrubby elements- Viburnum, Rosaceae and Oleaceae. It reflects to the warm temperate and humid climate prevailing in the region.
Combined view of various tree ring parameters from different forest habitats in Tibet for the reconstruction of seasonal aspects of Asian Monsoon variability
Authors: Brauning Achim
Published: September 2022

Tibetan forests cover a wide range of ecological habitats. Three different types of tree limit can be derived from statistical climate-growth relationships: An alpine timberline, where growth is limited by temperature conditions, a semiarid tree limit, where available moisture is the minimum factor for tree growth, and dry, southfacing exposures near the upper treeline, where growth can be limited as well by temperature as by moisture conditions. Trees at each of these sites, which belong to the genera Pinus, Picea, Abies and Juniperus are sensitive to specific seasonal climatic elements e.g., summer precipitation, summer or winter temperature. The potential for the selective reconstruction of different seasonal aspects of climate is enhanced by considering different tree ring parameters like total ring width (TRW), maximum latewood density (MLD), wood anatomy and the content of δ13C in wood cellulose. The combination of these seasonal climate-related parameters provides a more comprehensive view of climate variability over the year, allowing the reconstruction of synoptic weather conditions. These are much better indicators for wind system dynamics and monsoon variability than one single meteorological factor alone. Since juniper can reach living ages of more than 1300 years in Tibet, dendroclimatological studies offer the possibility to reconstruct monsoon variability on the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent regions during the last millennium.
Teak vessel chronologies as an indicator of Southeast Asia Pre-monsoon temperature
Authors: Pumijumnong Nathsuda , Park Won-Kyu
Published: September 2022

The presented dendroclimatological study on Teak (Tectona grandis L.) was carried out in northern Thailand by using earlywood vessel density and latewood conductive area and other anatomical variables. The vessel density is determined using an image analysis system. The anatomical variables are used to calibrate and verify temperature during the March period. The regression equation explains about 44% of the relationship among calibrated variances. The study also suggests that a more detailed study of El Nino via anatomical variables and tree-ring widths might be possible.
Climatic implications of tree-ring density variations in Himalayan conifers
Authors: Borgaonkar H.P. , Kumar K. Rupa , Pant G.B. , Okada N. , Fujiwara T. , Yamashita K.
Published: September 2022

The densitometric analysis of Himalayan conifers from six different sites reveals the strong association of ring density parameters with regional climate. Minimum earlywood density and total ring width are major contributors to the tree growth-climate relationship. It also indicates that pre-monsoon (March-April-May) temperature has significant positive relationship with earlywood density and significant negative correlation with total ring width. In case of precipitation, earlywood density gives negative relationship and ring width gives positive relationship with pre-monsoon precipitation. Latewood density parameters do not show any coherent pattern of relationship with climate. A strong association of earlywood density and ring width parameters may be due to severe moisture stress conditions occurring during the early phase of the growing season of the conifers over the region.
Teak Tree-Ring Chronologies in Myanmar- A First Attempt
Authors: Pumijumnong Nathsuda , Eckstein Dieter , Park Won-Kyu
Published: September 2022

A preliminary dendrochronological study with teak in Myanmar was performed in order to test its potential as a palaeoclimatic archive. There was a strong signal for rainfall in April, i.e., for the transition period between the dry and the rainy season.
Similar Tree Ring pattern in the Gymnosperm woods from Late Permian of Antarctica and India
Authors: Bera Subir , Banerjee Manju
Published: September 2022

Tree rings revealed in a newly described gymnosperm wood Araucarioxylon ghoshii sp. nov. from Raniganj Formation, Raniganj Coal field, India are similar to the tree rings described in the in situ gymnosperm fossil woods from the Late Permian of Antarctica.

The rings of the fossil woods from Antarctica and India have higher proportion of early woods compared to little amount of late wood. Characteristic zigzag pattern of early wood tracheids formed due to collapsing and crushing of tracheid files and false rings occur in the woods recorded from two distant areas. The characters suggest occurrence of rapidly growing young forest in both the continents during Late Permian. Quantitative analysis of growth rings in A. ghoshii reveals a CSDM curve with right skewedness +19% suggesting its possible evergreen nature with small to moderate leaf retention time.
Dendrochronological analysis of growth decline of Korean conifers in Urban and Rural areas
Authors: Park Won-Kyu , Chong Song-Ho , Park Young-Gyu , Yadav R.R.
Published: September 2022

This study was conducted to examine the growth trends of the pines growing in three regions of Korea. Two regions, Seoul and Ulsan were selected as polluted areas, and one region, Pyungchang as un-polluted area. From each region, five sampling sites were selected. From each site, two major pine species were chosen and ten dominant or co-dominant trees of each species were sampled. Visual comparison using the pointer-year method was used to quantify abrupt growth changes. Some species indicated short-term decline but we could not find persistent growth declines in all regions. Most of short-term declines appeared to be related to either climate variation or non-anthropogenic factors such as insects. At present, it is uncertain that air pollution reduced the growth of trees.
Network of tree-ring series in Estonia connected with north European chronologies
Authors: Laanelaid Alar
Published: September 2022

The present paper describes the course of building up the tree ring network of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Estonia. Although the construction timber in this region of the Baltic comes from two tree species, Scots pine and Norway spruce ( Picea abies Karst.), only the former was used for comparisons between the average tree ring series in Estonia and tree ring chronologies of Scots pine from other neighbouring areas: Sweden, Finland, Latvia and Poland. The dated tree ring series were compared using Student's t-criterion. It appeared that Estonian tree ring series of pine generally showed the greatest similarity with the chronology of Gotland pine in Sweden (the t-value with the average series of growing pines in north-western Estonia reaching 9.59). The similarities with other matched tree ring chronologies were also significant. It can be concluded that Estonia belongs together with other Baltic Sea countries to the same dendroclimatological region of uniform tree growth. This fact enables to use dated tree ring chronologies from the neighbouring areas to confirm the dating of tree ring sequences in Estonia.
Variability of Seasonal δ13C Patterns in Apache Pine from Southern Arizona, USA
Authors: Leavitt Steven W. , Baisan Christopher H.
Published: September 2022

Seasonal δ13 C changes observed in tree rings offer the potential of reconstructing environmental conditions at finer than annual resolution. In the American Southwest, an opportunity to better expose environmental influences on tree-ring δ13 C at seasonal scales is fortuitously afforded by the presence of a time marker within rings. The strong winter-summer bimodal precipitation distribution is conducive to formation of a false-latewood band in the middle of the growing season, approximately June, after which normal growth usually resumes to the end of the growing season. The variability in seasonal δ13 C patterns in the 1991-1993 growth rings of two Apache pine (Pinus engelmannii) containing these false rings was investigated by descriptive comparison (1) between radii in a tree, (2) between different vertical heights in the trunks of both trees, and (3) between trees. The patterns of seasonal δ13 C change in tree-ring cellulose were broadly similar between radii, but with differences in amplitude and differences in absolute values of up to nearly 2‰. Between trees, the isotopic patterns were quite similar: concave downward for 1991 and 1993, and continuously increasing in 1992. There were differences of ca. 0.5‰ among patterns at different heights within a tree, but there was no common gradient in the isotopic change with height. Comparison of the seasonal patterns with environmental variations suggests they are more tightly linked to moisture conditions than to temperature or changes in atmospheric δ13 C.