bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Melanoma cell adhesion molecule–positiveCD8Tlymphocytes mediate central nervous system inflammation
Authors: Larochelle Catherine , Lécuyer Marc‐André , Alvarez Jorge Ivan , Charabati Marc , Saint‐Laurent Olivia , Ghannam Soufiane , Kebir Hania , Flanagan Ken , Yednock Ted , Duquette Pierre , Arbour Nathalie , Prat Alexandre
Published: April 2015

Objective

Although Tc17 lymphocytes are enriched in the central nervous system (CNS) of multiple sclerosis (MS) subjects and of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animals, limited information is available about their recruitment into the CNS and their role in neuroinflammation. Identification of adhesion molecules used by autoaggressive CD8+T lymphocytes to enter the CNS would allow further characterization of this pathogenic subset and could provide new therapeutic targets in MS. We propose that melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) is a surface marker and adhesion molecule used by pathogenic CD8+T lymphocytes to access the CNS.

Methods

Frequency, phenotype, and function of MCAM+CD8+T lymphocytes was characterized using a combination of ex vivo, in vitro, in situ, and in vivo approaches in humans and mice, including healthy controls, MS subjects, and EAE animals.

Results

Herein, we report that MCAM is expressed by human effector CD8+T lymphocytes and it is strikingly upregulated during MS relapses. We further demonstrate that MCAM+CD8+T lymphocytes express more interleukin 17, interferon γ, granulocyte‐macrophage colony–stimulating factor, and tumor necrosis factor than MCAM−lymphocytes, and exhibit an enhanced killing capacity toward oligodendrocytes. MCAM blockade restricts the transmigration of CD8+T lymphocytes across human blood–brain barrier endothelial cells in vitro, and blocking or depleting MCAM in vivo reduces chronic neurological deficits in active, transfer, and spontaneous progressive EAE models.

Interpretation

Our data demonstrate that MCAM identifies encephalitogenic CD8+T lymphocytes, suggesting that MCAM could represent a biomarker of MS disease activity and a valid target for the treatment of neuroinflammatory conditions. Ann Neurol 2015;78:39–53
Papierbasierte tintenstrahlgedruckte Mikrofluidiksysteme für die Analytik
Authors: Yamada Kentaro , Henares Terence G. , Suzuki Koji , Citterio Daniel
Published: April 2015

Die Möglichkeit zur schnellen, präzisen und reproduzierbaren Auftragung einer Vielzahl von funktionellen Materialien, einschließlich analytischer Testreagentien und Biomoleküle, hat den Tintenstrahldruck zu einem effektiven Verfahren für die Fabrikation von mikroanalytischen Systemen gemacht. Ein allgegenwärtiges Bürogerät, so einfach wie ein Desktop‐Tintenstrahldrucker mit mehreren Tintenpatronen, kann zu diesem Zweck verwendet werden. Dieser Aufsatz diskutiert die Kombination von Tintenstrahldruck und Papier als Drucksubstrat zur Herstellung von papierbasierten Mikrofluidiksystemen für die Analytik (μPADs), die zu einem rasch wachsenden neuen Gebiet der analytischen Chemie geworden sind. Nach einer Einführung in die Grundlagen von μPADs und des Tintenstrahldruckes werden Themen wie die Erzeugung von Mikrofluidikstrukturen in Papier, die maßgeschneiderte Anordnung von Materialien sowie Funktionen, die ausschließlich durch Tintenstrahlauftragung analytischer Testreagentien erreicht werden können, diskutiert.
Form ohne Struktur: Ein verblüffender Bildungsmechanismus des solvothermal hergestellten Phasenwechselmaterials Sb2Te3
Authors: Saltzmann Tobias , Bornhöfft Manuel , Mayer Joachim , Simon Ulrich
Published: April 2015

Wir stellen eine neue solvothermale Synthese des Modellmaterials Sb2Te3 für Phasenwechselschalten in Form von einzelnen einkristallinen Mikro‐ und Nanokristallen vor. Im Verlauf des Reaktionsprozesses zum finalen Produkt, bestehend aus hexagonalen Sb2Te3‐Plättchen (HPs), haben wir vier verschiedene Intermediate identifiziert. Durch Untersuchungen mittels Nanodiffraktion (ND) im Rastertransmissionselektronenmikroskop konnten wir eine ungewöhnliche Formentwicklung der Intermediate im amorphen Zustand nachweisen. In In‐situ‐Messungen mit einem Nanomanipulatoraufbau konnten wir die Phasenwechseleigenschaften der Sb2Te3‐HPs zeigen.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Reductive Heck Reaction of Aryl Halides
Authors: Yue Guizhou , Lei Kaining , Hirao Hajime , Zhou Jianrong (Steve)
Published: April 2015

Asymmetric reductive Heck reaction of aryl halides is realized in high stereoselectivity. Hydrogen‐bond donors, trialkylammonium salts in a glycol solvent, were used to promote halide dissociation from neutral arylpalladium complexes to access cationic, stereoselective pathways.
CH Alkenylations with Alkenyl Acetates, Phosphates, Carbonates, and Carbamates by Cobalt Catalysis at 23 °C
Authors: Moselage Marc , Sauermann Nicolas , Richter Sven C. , Ackermann Lutz
Published: April 2015

Inexpensive cobalt catalysts with N‐heterocyclic carbene ligands enable direct arene alkenylations with easily accessible alkenyl acetates through regioselective CH/CO functionalizations in a stereoconvergent fashion. The versatile cobalt catalyst was broadly applicable and thus also allowed for the efficient conversion of alkenyl phosphates, carbonates, and carbamates at ambient temperature.
Ammonia Activation by a Nickel NCN‐Pincer Complex featuring a Non‐Innocent N‐Heterocyclic Carbene: Ammine and Amido Complexes in Equilibrium
Authors: Brown Rudy M. , Borau Garcia Javier , Valjus Juuso , Roberts Christopher J. , Tuononen Heikki M. , Parvez Masood , Roesler Roland
Published: April 2015

A Ni0‐NCN pincer complex featuring a six‐membered N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) central platform and amidine pendant arms was synthesized by deprotonation of its NiII precursor. It retained chloride in the square‐planar coordination sphere of nickel and was expected to be highly susceptible to oxidative addition reactions. The Ni0 complex rapidly activated ammonia at room temperature, in a ligand‐assisted process where the carbene carbon atom played the unprecedented role of proton acceptor. For the first time, the coordinated (ammine) and activated (amido) species were observed together in solution, in a solvent‐dependent equilibrium. A structural analysis of the Ni complexes provided insight into the highly unusual, non‐innocent behavior of the NHC ligand.
A web analytics approach for appraising electronic resources in academic libraries
Authors: Coughlin Daniel M. , Campbell Mark C. , Jansen Bernard J.
Published: April 2015

University libraries provide access to thousands of journals and spend millions of dollars annually on electronic resources. With several commercial entities providing these electronic resources, the result can be silo systems and processes to evaluate cost and usage of these resources, making it difficult to provide meaningful analytics. In this research, we examine a subset of journals from a large research library using a web analytics approach with the goal of developing a framework for the analysis of library subscriptions. This foundational approach is implemented by comparing the impact to the cost, titles, and usage for the subset of journals and by assessing the funding area. Overall, the results highlight the benefit of a web analytics evaluation framework for university libraries and the impact of classifying titles based on the funding area. Furthermore, they show the statistical difference in both use and cost among the various funding areas when ranked by cost, eliminating the outliers of heavily used and highly expensive journals. Future work includes refining this model for a larger scale analysis tying metrics to library organizational objectives and for the creation of an online application to automate this analysis.
Bioglycerol: a multifunctional aid for the construction industry
Authors: Ciriminna Rosaria , Johnson Shanishka G. , Della Pina Cristina , Rossi Michele , Vásquez Sebastián , Pagliaro Mario
Published: April 2015

Crude bioglycerol from biodiesel and oleochemicals manufacturing is a multifunctional grinding aid and quality improver for the production of cement, capable of largely greening the concrete construction industry. This low‐cost renewable by‐product is now used by industry as a cement grinding aid as well as a curing and form‐release agent, replacing oil‐derived ingredients traditionally employed by the industry for over 50 years. Reviewing and providing new data on the usage and applications that have emerged in the last decade, we provide a unified picture answering most aspects required for a wider and fuller utilization of this versatile oleochemical in the ubiquitous concrete building industry. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Exploring the role of digital data in contemporary schools and schooling—‘200,000 lines in an Excel spreadsheet’
Authors: Selwyn Neil , Henderson Michael , Chao Shu‐Hua
Published: April 2015

The generation, processing and circulation of data in digital form is now an integral aspect of contemporary schooling. Based upon empirical study of two secondary school settings in Australia, this paper considers the different forms of digitally‐based ‘data work’ engaged in by school leaders, managers, administrators and teachers. In particular, three distinct aspects of school data work are explored: (i) the distinction between official ‘mandated’ data requirements from external government agencies, and the unofficial efforts to generate and work with ‘useful’ data; (ii) the highly mediated nature of digital data work within schools; (iii) the ways in which digital data lead to compromised knowledge and ‘work arounds’. These findings, it is argued, illustrate the embedding of digital data within secondary schools as a technology of (self)control in ways that tend to reinforce dominant cultures of school administration and management. As such, the paper considers how the restrictive forms of data governance currently at large within school systems might be problematized and acted against.
Magnetic sentinel node and occult lesion localization in breast cancer (MagSNOLL Trial)
Authors: Ahmed M , Anninga B , Goyal S , Young P , Pankhurst Q A , Douek M ,   MagSNOLL Trialists Group, Hamed H , Kothari A , Kovacs T , McWilliams S , Monypenny I , Morris C , Pinder S , Purushotham A , Scudder J
Published: April 2015

Background

Non-palpable breast cancers require localization-guided surgery and axillary staging using sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). This study investigated the novel technique of magnetic-guided lesion localization and concurrent SLNB, which avoids the need for wire-guided localization and radioisotopes.

Methods

An ultrasound-guided intratumoral injection of magnetic tracer (0·5 ml) was performed in a protocol-driven predefined minimum of ten patients with palpable breast cancer to assess the ability of the magnetic tracer safely to localize the tumour at the site of injection and concurrently drain to the lymphatics. Once successful lesion localization had been confirmed (peak magnetometer count retained at the centre of the tumour), the technique was undertaken in a further 20 patients with non-palpable breast cancers awaiting wide local excision and SLNB. All patients underwent SLNB with both the magnetic and standard dual (radioisotope and Patent Blue V dye) techniques.

Results

Thirty-two patients were recruited, of whom 12 (1 with bilateral disease) presented with palpable and 20 with non-palpable breast cancer. Peak magnetometer counts were retained at the tumour centre in all palpable (13) and non-palpable (20) breast cancers. Re-excisions for involved margins were necessary in two patients with non-palpable breast cancers. The sentinel lymph node identification rates were 28 of 33 procedures for the magnetic technique alone, 32 of 33 for the magnetic technique combined with blue dye, and 32 of 33 for the standard dual technique.

Conclusion

Magnetic lesion localization is feasible, with intratumoral magnetic tracer injection combined with a periareolar injection of blue dye for subsequent SNLB.
President's page
Authors: Bruce Harry
Published: April 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

The site of the upcoming November 2014 Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington, was also the location of the ASIS&T Board of Directors retreat, hosted by Harry Bruce in July 2014 at the University of Washington's iSchool. The Board covered a range of topics over two days with reports from committees and task forces. A primary issue was the group's vision for annual meetings, centered on balancing submission rate with quality and increasing participation and engagement. Comprehensive planning for annual meetings overall and maximizing the potential of the Association will be the focus of a strategic planning process headed by president‐elect Sandy Hirsh, with results to be reported at the 2016 Annual Meeting. To better serve the Association's membership, the Board resolved to dedicate a track in the 2015 meeting to the specific needs of information professionals and to analyze the effectiveness of continuing membership discounts for nonmembers whose work is published in JASIST. The Board also previewed the Association's redesigned website, to be launched at the Seattle meeting. Bruce expressed sincere appreciation for the Board members' service, leadership and dedication to the Association.
What about reader privacy?
Authors: Loveday‐Chesley Brandi
Published: April 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

Americans have long valued their freedom of speech and expression, but specific protection of reader privacy is a relatively new concept. Legal threats to reader privacy date to the 1950s with a resurgence of privacy invasion by the IRS and FBI in the 1970s, prompting 48 states to pass legislation extending confidentiality to readers. The PATRIOT Act of 2001 authorized the FBI to gain broad access to bookstore and library records for alleged terrorism investigations. Such information seeking threatens every reader's choice of reading materials where any trace, whether physical or digital, remains. Widespread use of computers to access data reflecting searches, downloads, cookies and other signs of reader habits and interests compounds the threat to personal privacy. Detailed records on electronic reader use stored in the cloud are accessible by authorities. It is crucial to recognize how invasions in the name of security threaten readers' personal privacy.
Addressing eHealth literacy and the digital divide: Access, affordability and awareness
Authors: Begany Grace
Published: April 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

The Internet is beyond the reach of about six percent of Americans, limiting their access to general information and communications and to health information in particular. Eight of 10 Internet users look online for a range of health‐related information to understand medical conditions and treatments, access care providers and learn about insurance. Consumers, the federal government, the business community and access providers all have a stake in eHealth information access. The government has promoted awareness and understanding of health issues and provided funding for broadband and wireless telecommunications infrastructure. Businesses rely on consumers to make use of health information, and several major telecom firms have provided hardware and training to enable eHealth endeavors. Efforts must address basic Internet connectivity and user costs and awareness, obstacles that undermine availability of important health information to consumers.
In the context of big data and cloud computing: A multi‐dimensional LIS: A report from the 12th conference on library and information science across the Taiwan straits
Authors: Li Yuelin , Sonnenwald Diane H.
Published: April 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

Big data and cloud computing were the focal points of the 12th biennial Library and Information Science (LIS) Across the Taiwan Straits, held in Tianjin, China. The conference was hosted by Nankai University's Department of Information Resources Management and organized by academic heads of Nankai University and the National Taiwan Normal University. About 270 attendees from universities, libraries and scholarly journal publishing houses from the region participated. ASIS&T funded keynote speaker Diane H. Sonnenwald's discussion of visioning to explore the impact of future technologies. The Association also sponsored a lunch and presented information on the benefits of membership. Key speakers addressed challenges facing LIS and core competencies of information professionals, the value and management of technical reports and research experiences in the United States in the context of challenges to academia across the Taiwan straits. Conference sessions covered papers, doctoral research and a panel discussion by LIS program deans, chairs and faculty. The 2016 conference is planned for Central China Normal University in Wuhan and will offer further opportunity for interchange and mutual support between straits regions, LIS scholars and ASIS&T.
The design and implementation of ORBIS: The Stanford geospatial network model of the Roman world
Authors: Meeks Elijah
Published: April 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

ORBIS is a geospatial model of the Roman world representing the network of cities and travel routes that enabled movement across the Roman Empire. It is an example of neogeography, use of geographic information systems and mapmaking techniques by non‐experts. ORBIS was created using data from both primary sources and computational geography simulations about travel, wind and sea patterns, seasonal access, costs and other considerations to plot realistic transport networks. Through the development process, server infrastructure and user interface upgrades supported the volume of data, user needs and extended functionalities, such as revealing the most efficient routes between points. The result provides scholarly information on life and travel in the Roman era. ORBIS illustrates how network and hierarchical data can be used to visualize complex, multilayered geospatial information.
Exploring the relationships between a map of altruism and a map of science
Authors: Klavans Richard , Boyack Kevin W.
Published: April 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

The science mapping community offers insights and points to trends in scientific inquiry by revealing connections among publications, authors, terminology and citation patterns. The authors applied the process of creating science maps to topics compiled by GuideStar to reveal altruistic motives driving nonprofit organizations (NPOs). From data mined from nearly four million web pages from 125,000 NPO websites, they created a map of the altruistic motive space. Topic modeling from words on the web pages generated 1,000 topics that were manually screened to yield 357 topics related to altruistic motives and their interrelationships. Nearly 100,000 NPOs were positioned by topic on an overlay map, and map labels capturing altruistic motives were created by human analysis. The product was compared with a map of science based on Elsevier's Scopus database. The maps of altruism and science show the strongest link between the altruistic trait of caring and scientific research in medicine, health and neuroscience. Links are also demonstrated between other scientific areas and altruistic beliefs underlying environment, innovation and policy.
Differential Scanning Fluorimetry for Monitoring RNA Stability
Authors: Silvers Robert , Keller Heiko , Schwalbe Harald , Hengesbach Martin
Published: April 2015

Cellular RNA function is closely linked to RNA structure. It is therefore imperative to develop methods that report on structural stability of RNA and how it is modulated by binding of ions, other osmolytes, and RNA‐binding ligands. Here, we present a novel method to analyze the stability of virtually any structured RNA in a highly parallel fashion. This method can easily determine the influence of various additives on RNA stability, and even characterize ligand‐induced stabilization of riboswitch RNA. Current approaches to assess RNA stability include thermal melting profiles (absorption or circular dichroism) and differential scanning calorimetry. These techniques, however, require a substantial amount of material and cannot be significantly parallelized. Current fluorescence spectroscopic methods rely on intercalating dyes, which alter the stability of RNA. We employ the commercial fluorescent dye RiboGreen, which discriminates between single‐stranded (or unstructured regions) and double‐stranded RNA. Binding leads to an increase in fluorescence quantum yield, and thus reports structural changes by a change in fluorescence intensity.
Nonfunctionalized Gold Nanoparticles: Synthetic Routes and Synthesis Condition Dependence
Authors: Jimenez‐Ruiz Aila , Perez‐Tejeda Pilar , Grueso Elia , Castillo Paula M. , Prado‐Gotor Rafael
Published: April 2015

Since Faraday first described gold sol synthesis, synthetic routes to nanoparticles, as well as their applications, have experienced a huge growth. Variations in synthesis conditions such as pH, temperature, reduction, and the stabilizing agent used will determine the morphology, size, monodispersity, and stability of nanoparticles obtained, allowing for modulation of their physical and chemical properties. Although many studies have been made about the synthesis and characterization of individual nanosystems of interest, to our knowledge the common, general traits that all those synthesis share have not been previously compiled. In this review, we aim to offer a global vision of some of the most relevant synthetic procedures reported up to date, with a special focus on nonfunctionalized gold nanoparticle synthetic routes in aqueous media, and to display a broad overview of the influence that synthesis conditions have on the shape, stability, and reactivity of nanoparticle systems.
σ‐Insertive Mechanism versus Concerted Non‐insertive Mechanism in the Intramolecular Hydroamination of Aminoalkenes Catalyzed by Phenoxyamine Magnesium Complexes: A Synthetic and Computational Study
Authors: Zhang Xiaoming , Tobisch Sven , Hultzsch Kai C.
Published: April 2015

The phenoxyamine magnesium complexes [{ONN}MgCH2Ph] (4 a: {ONN}=2,4‐tBu2‐6‐(CH2NMeCH2CH2NMe2)C6H2O−; 4 b: {ONN}=4‐tBu‐2‐(CH2NMeCH2CH2NMe2)‐6‐(SiPh3)C6H2O−) have been prepared and investigated with respect to their catalytic activity in the intramolecular hydroamination of aminoalkenes. The sterically more shielded triphenylsilyl‐substituted complex 4 b exhibits better thermal stability and higher catalytic activity. Kinetic investigations using complex 4 b in the cyclisation of 1‐allylcyclohexyl)methylamine (5 b), respectively, 2,2‐dimethylpent‐4‐en‐1‐amine (5 c), reveal a first‐order rate dependence on substrate and catalyst concentration. A significant primary kinetic isotope effect of 3.9±0.2 in the cyclisation of 5 b suggests significant NH bond disruption in the rate‐determining transition state. The stoichiometric reaction of 4 b with 5 c revealed that at least two substrate molecules are required per magnesium centre to facilitate cyclisation. The reaction mechanism was further scrutinized computationally by examination of two rivalling mechanistic pathways. One scenario involves a coordinated amine molecule assisting in a concerted non‐insertive NC ring closure with concurrent amino proton transfer from the amine onto the olefin, effectively combining the insertion and protonolysis step to a single step. The alternative mechanistic scenario involves a reversible olefin insertion step followed by rate‐determining protonolysis. DFT reveals that a proton‐assisted concerted NC/CH bond‐forming pathway is energetically prohibitive in comparison to the kinetically less demanding σ‐insertive pathway (ΔΔG≠=5.6 kcal mol−1). Thus, the σ‐insertive pathway is likely traversed exclusively. The DFT predicted total barrier of 23.1 kcal mol−1 (relative to the {ONN}Mg pyrrolide catalyst resting state) for magnesiumalkyl bond aminolysis matches the experimentally determined Eyring parameter (ΔG≠=24.1(±0.6) kcal mol−1 (298 K)) gratifyingly well.
meso‐Free Corroles: Syntheses, Structures, Properties, and Chemical Reactivities
Authors: Ooi Shota , Yoneda Tomoki , Tanaka Takayuki , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: April 2015

5,10‐Bis(pentafluorophenyl)corrole (5) and 5,15‐bis(pentafluorophenyl)corrole (9) have been synthesized as meso‐free corroles by rational synthetic routes. Both the structures of these corroles have been unambiguously revealed by X‐ray diffraction analysis and their optical and electrochemical properties have been studied. Chlorination and oxidative dimerization of 5 and 9 have been explored, which revealed a marked different reactivity of the free meso‐positions in 5 and 9. 10‐Chlorinated corrole 11 was effectively prepared by the reaction of 9 with Palau‘chlor in the presence of 1 % pyridine whereas 5‐chlorinated corrole 12 was obtained in a trace amount from similar chlorination of 5. 5,5′‐Linked corrole dimer 13 was produced by reaction of 5 with AgNO2 in a good yield, whereas 10,10′‐linked corrole dimer 14 was formed in a moderate yield by the reaction of 9 with [bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo]benzene. Observed large electronic interaction between the two corroles in 13 as compared with that in 14 has been ascribed mainly to conformational flexibility of the former, which allows more coplanar conformation.
Cholesterol, Statins, and Dementia: What the Cardiologist Should Know
Authors: Wanamaker Brett L. , Swiger Kristopher J. , Blumenthal Roger S. , Martin Seth S.
Published: April 2015

Alzheimer dementia (AD) is an important clinical problem that appears to be closely tied to comorbid cardiovascular disease, making it a relevant topic for the clinical cardiologist. Determinants of cardiovascular health, especially midlife dyslipidemia, are associated with an increased risk of dementia based on molecular and epidemiologic data. Given the potential role of dyslipidemia in the development of dementia, statins have been investigated as potential therapeutic options to slow or prevent disease. This review discusses the role of dyslipidemia and other cardiovascular risk factors in the pathogenesis of AD, with a focus on the existing evidence for the use of statin medications in the treatment and prevention of AD from observational studies and randomized clinical trials. Clinical questions for the practicing cardiologist are addressed.
Recycling of Organic Waste through Four Different Composts for Disease Suppression and Growth Enhancement in Mung Beans
Authors: Saxena Jyoti , Choudhary Sumati , Pareek Savita , Choudhary Arbind Kumar , Iquebal Mir Asif
Published: April 2015

Compost is beneficial for agriculture fields in many ways such as soil conditioner, fertilizer, and natural pesticide and above all it helps to manage organic wastes and adds vital humic acids to soil. Four indigenous composts prepared from readily available organic wastes viz. vermicompost, banana, NADEP, and Calotropis were used in the present investigation for growth and disease suppression in mung beans. The composts were amended with Trichoderma viride in the concentration of 0.1 and 0.2% to determine their influence on length and weight of roots and shoots, disease incidence, soil moisture, and soil microflora in plants. The best results were observed in the treatment with T. viride (0.2%), followed by T. viride (0.1%) in vermicompost, while the treatment T. viride (0.1%) with Calotropis compost showed little growth and suppression of disease. All composts enhanced the soil moisture content and microbial populations in amended soil resulting in the reduction of disease incidence. Among T. viride enriched composts, the counts of fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetes were higher in the vermicompost and banana compost‐amended soils. Thus, preparing these composts from readily available organic wastes and amending soil with T. viride enriched composts hold a great promise for improving soil fertility and suppressing the soil‐borne plant pathogens for sustainable agriculture.
Degradation of Reactive Dyes Using Advanced Oxidation Method
Authors: Ercan Özgen , Deniz Sabahattin , Yetimoğlu Ece Kök , Aydın Adnan
Published: April 2015

In this study, the photo‐Fenton process was used to identify degradation conditions of Reactive Blue 19 (RB19) and Reactive Red 21 (RR21). The effects of pH, initial H2O2 and FeSO4 concentrations, time, and UV light intensity in determining the degradation rate were studied. The optimal conditions for the degradation of 0.156 mmol L−1 RB19 and 0.036 mmol L−1 RR21 in water were found to be: pH 4, 0.1 mL 30% H2O2 for RB19 and RR21, 0.2 mL 0.5% FeSO4 for RB19 and 0.1 mL 0.5% FeSO4 for RR21, 20 mL volume, and a temperature of 20°C. Optimal conditions were applied to synthetic dye wastewater using small amounts of H2O2 in 1 L for degradation. The degree of degradation efficiency of synthetic wastewater by the photo‐Fenton process was found to be >95% within 10 min.
Photocatalytic Degradation of the Azo Dye Acid Red 14 in Nanosized TiO2 Suspension under Simulated Solar Light
Authors: Miao Jing , Lu Hai‐Bo , Habibi Daryoush , Khiadani Mehdi H. , Zhang Lai‐Chang
Published: April 2015

The degradation and mineralization of azo dye acid red 14 by Titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysis under simulated solar light was studied at lab scale. The characteristics (such as phase features, specific surface area, bandgap energy, etc.) of nanosized TiO2 were investigated in detail. The color removal rate, decrease rate of total organic carbon, and production rate of sulfate ions in aqueous solution were determined. Acid red 14 could be decolorized and mineralized efficiently with nanosized TiO2 under simulated solar light. Acidic or neutral conditions were beneficial to the decolorization of acid red 14 aqueous solutions. Acid red 14 was nearly 100% mineralized after 60 min irradiation by simulated solar light under certain experimental conditions. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency increased with increasing the irradiation intensity of solar simulated light. TiO2 dosage, pH value of aqueous solution, and initial concentration of acid red 14, had significant influences on the decolorization efficiency. It is feasible to use photocatalysis with nanosized TiO2 under simulated solar light to efficiently degrade and mineralize acid red 14. The high photocatalytic efficiency of TiO2 under simulated solar light might be related to its lower bandgap energy and the relatively higher fraction of anatase phase.
A cost‐effectiveness analysis of human papillomavirus vaccination of boys for the prevention of oropharyngeal cancer
Authors: Graham Donna M. , Isaranuwatchai Wanrudee , Habbous Steven , de Oliveira Claire , Liu Geoffrey , Siu Lillian L. , Hoch Jeffrey S.
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND

Many western countries have established female human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programs for the prevention of cervical cancer. The quadrivalent HPV vaccine (HPV4) has proven efficacy against additional HPV‐related disease in both sexes, but the cost effectiveness of male HPV vaccination remains controversial. To assess the cost effectiveness of male HPV vaccination in Canada with respect to oropharyngeal cancer (OPC), the authors performed a preliminary cost‐effectiveness analysis.

METHODS

After an extensive literature review regarding HPV‐related OPC in Canadian males, health care costs and clinical effectiveness estimates were obtained. A Markov model was used to compare the potential costs and effectiveness of HPV4 versus no vaccination among boys aged 12 years. A theoretical cohort based on a Canadian population of 192,940 boys aged 12 years in 2012 was assumed to apply the model. A 3‐month cycle length was used with a “lifetime” time horizon. The outcome of the analysis was the incremental cost per quality‐adjusted life‐year (QALY). Sensitivity analyses were conducted on variables, including the vaccine uptake rate and vaccine efficacy.

RESULTS

Assuming 99% vaccine efficacy and 70% uptake, HPV4 produced 0.05 more QALYs and saved $145 Canadian dollars (CAD) per individual compared with no vaccine (QALYs and costs were discounted at 5% per year). Assuming 50% vaccine efficacy and 50% uptake, HPV4 produced 0.023 more QALYs and saved $42 CAD. The results indicated that HPV4 in males may potentially save between $8 and $28 million CAD for the theoretical cohort of 192,940 over its lifetime.

CONCLUSIONS

On the basis of this model, HPV vaccination for boys aged 12 years may be a cost‐effective strategy for the prevention of OPC in Canada. Cancer 2015;121:1785–1792. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in diabetes: patient populations, safety, efficacy, and pharmacoeconomics
Authors: Pozzilli Paolo , Battelino Tadej , Danne Thomas , Hovorka Roman , Jarosz‐Chobot Przemyslawa , Renard Eric
Published: April 2015

The level of glycaemic control necessary to achieve optimal short‐term and long‐term outcomes in subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) typically requires intensified insulin therapy using multiple daily injections or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. For continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, the insulins of choice are the rapid‐acting insulin analogues, insulin aspart, insulin lispro and insulin glulisine. The advantages of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion over multiple daily injections in adult and paediatric populations with T1DM include superior glycaemic control, lower insulin requirements and better health‐related quality of life/patient satisfaction. An association between continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and reduced hypoglycaemic risk is more consistent in children/adolescents than in adults. The use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion is widely recommended in both adult and paediatric T1DM populations but is limited in pregnant patients and those with type 2 diabetes mellitus. All available rapid‐acting insulin analogues are approved for use in adult, paediatric and pregnant populations. However, minimum patient age varies (insulin lispro: no minimum; insulin aspart: ≥2 years; insulin glulisine: ≥6 years) and experience in pregnancy ranges from extensive (insulin aspart, insulin lispro) to limited (insulin glulisine). Although more expensive than multiple daily injections, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion is cost‐effective in selected patient groups. This comprehensive review focuses on the European situation and summarises evidence for the efficacy and safety of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, particularly when used with rapid‐acting insulin analogues, in adult, paediatric and pregnant populations. The review also discusses relevant European guidelines; reviews issues that surround use of this technology; summarises the effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion on patients' health‐related quality of life; reviews relevant pharmacoeconomic data; and discusses recent advances in pump technology, including the development of closed‐loop ‘artificial pancreas’ systems. © 2015 The Authors. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
In vitro and in vivo human metabolism of the synthetic cannabinoid AB‐CHMINACA
Authors: Erratico Claudio , Negreira Noelia , Norouzizadeh Helia , Covaci Adrian , Neels Hugo , Maudens Kristof , van Nuijs Alexander L.N.
Published: April 2015

N‐[(1S)‐1‐(aminocarbonyl)‐2‐methylpropyl]‐1‐(cyclohexylmethyl)‐1H‐indazole‐3‐carboxamide (AB‐CHMINACA) is a recently introduced synthetic cannabinoid. At present, no information is available about in vitro or in vivo human metabolism of AB‐CHMINACA. Therefore, biomonitoring studies to screen AB‐CHMINACA consumption lack any information about the potential biomarkers (e.g. metabolites) to target. To bridge this gap, we investigated the in vitro metabolism of AB‐CHMINACA using human liver microsomes (HLMs). Formation of AB‐CHMINACA metabolites was monitored using liquid chromatography coupled to time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. Twenty‐six metabolites of AB‐CHMINACA were detected including seven mono‐hydroxylated and six di‐hydroxylated metabolites and a metabolite resulting from N‐dealkylation of AB‐CHMINACA, all produced by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Two carboxylated metabolites, likely produced by amidase enzymes, and five glucuronidated metabolites were also formed. Five mono‐hydroxylated and one carboxylated metabolite were likely the major metabolites detected. The involvement of individual CYPs in the formation of AB‐CHMINACA metabolites was tested using a panel of seven human recombinant CYPs (rCYPs). All the hydroxylated AB‐CHMINACA metabolites produced by HLMs were also produced by the rCYPs tested, among which rCYP3A4 was the most active enzyme. Most of the in vitro metabolites of AB‐CHMINACA were also present in urine obtained from an AB‐CHMINACA user, therefore showing the reliability of the results obtained using the in vitro metabolism experiments conducted to predict AB‐CHMINACA in vivo metabolism. The AB‐CHMINACA metabolites to target in biomonitoring studies using urine samples are now reliably identified and can be used for routine analysis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heat shock protein 90 associates with Toll‐like receptors 7/9 and mediates self‐nucleic acid recognition in SLE
Authors: Saito Keita , Kukita Kazuharu , Kutomi Goro , Okuya Koichi , Asanuma Hiroko , Tabeya Tetsuya , Naishiro Yasuka , Yamamoto Motohisa , Takahashi Hiroki , Torigoe Toshihiko , Nakai Akira , Shinomura Yasuhisa , Hirata Koichi , Sato Noriyuki , Tamura Yasuaki
Published: April 2015

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototype systemic autoimmune disease, and disease activity is associated with serum IFN‐α level. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) sense microbial as well as self‐nucleic acids by TLRs 7 and 9 and produce a large amount of IFN‐α. Here, we show that heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) associates with and delivers TLR7/9 from the ER to early endosomes for ligand recognition. Inhibition of Hsp90 by various approaches including the use of Hsp90 inhibitor, a geldanamycin derivative, suppressed the Hsp90 association with TLR7/9, which resulted in inhibition of IFN‐α production, leading to improvement of SLE symptoms in mice. Notably, we observed that serum Hsp90 is clearly increased in patients with active SLE compared with that in patients with inactive disease. Furthermore, we demonstrated that serum Hsp90 detected in SLE patients binds to self‐DNA and/or anti‐DNA Ab, thus leading to stimulation of pDCs to produce IFN‐α. Our data demonstrate that Hsp90 plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of SLE and that an Hsp90 inhibitor will therefore provide a new therapeutic approach to SLE and other nucleic acid‐related autoimmune diseases.
Synthesis and Performance of Polyvinylpyrrolidone‐Protected Pd Nanoparticles Supported on TiO2MWCNTs under Protection of PVP for in Alcohols Oxidation in Alkaline Media
Authors: An Hao , Pan Linna , Cui Hao , Wang Bing , Zhai Jianping , Li Qin , Pan Yang
Published: April 2015

This paper describes the synthesis and performance of Pd/p‐TiO2‐MWCNTs for alcohol electrooxidation. Regulation of the steric repulsive forces of polyvinylpyrrolidone was used to achieve even dispersion of Pd nanoparticles over the TiO2 surfaces. The order of the electroactivities of the Pd/p‐TiO2MWCNTs in alcohol oxidation was ethanol>ethylene glycol>methanol. The order of the stabilities of alcohol oxidation by Pd/p‐TiO2MWCNTs was ethylene glycol>ethanol>methanol. Electroimpedance spectroscopy showed that at a potential of −0.1 V, the Pd/p‐TiO2MWCNTs had good tolerance of adsorbed CO in ethylene glycol oxidation, and at −0.2 V, the Pd/p‐TiO2MWCNTs had good adsorbed CO tolerance in methanol oxidation.
Techno‐economic analysis of hybrid PV–diesel–battery and PV–wind–diesel–battery power systems for mobile BTS: the way forward for rural development
Authors: Olatomiwa Lanre , Mekhilef Saad , Huda A. S. N. , Sanusi Kamilu
Published: April 2015

In recent times, hybrid renewable energy systems are increasingly being utilized to provide electricity in remote areas especially where the grid extension is considered too expensive. This study presents the results of techno‐economic analysis of hybrid system comprising of solar and wind energy for powering a specific remote mobile base transceiver station (BTS) in Nigeria. All the necessary modeling, simulation, and techno‐economic evaluation are carried out using the assessment software package HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable). Two best optimal system configurations namely PV–diesel–battery and PV–wind–diesel–battery systems are compared with the conventional stand‐alone diesel generator (DG) system. Findings indicated that PV array (10 kW) – DG (5.5 kW) – battery (64 units Trojan L16P) is the most economically viable option with the total net present cost of $69,811 and per unit cost of electricity of $0.409. The sensitivity analysis is also carried out to find the effects of probable variation in solar radiation, wind speed, and diesel price in the optimal system configurations. Finally, the environmental benefit of hybrid systems over the conventional stand‐alone diesel system is described. The obtained results show that the hybrid PV–diesel–battery system provides a reduction in CO2 emissions of about 16.4 tons per year as compared to the stand‐alone DG system.
Natural organic matter–induced alleviation of the phytotoxicity to rice (Oryza sativa L.) caused by copper oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Peng Cheng , Zhang Hai , Fang Huaxiang , Xu Chen , Huang Haomin , Wang Yi , Sun Lijuan , Yuan Xiaofeng , Chen Yingxu , Shi Jiyan
Published: April 2015

Natural organic matter (NOM) can interact with engineered nanoparticles (NPs) in the environment and modify their behavior and toxicity to organisms. In the present study, the phytotoxicity of copper oxide (CuO) NPs to rice seedlings in the presence of humic acid as a model NOM was investigated. The results showed that CuO NPs induced the inhibition of root elongation, aberrations in root morphology and ultrastructure, and losses of cell viability and membrane integrity. The adverse effects partly resulted from the generation of reactive oxygen species caused by CuO NPs, which led to lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and programmed cell death in rice seedlings. However, all the phytotoxicity was alleviated with the addition of humic acid because humic acid coatings on nanoparticle surfaces enhanced electrostatic and steric repulsion between the CuO NPs and the plant cell wall/membrane, reducing contact between NPs and plant and CuO NP-induced oxidative damage to plant cells. The present study's results shed light on the mechanism underlying NP phytotoxicity and highlight the influence of NOM on the bioavailability and toxicity of NPs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:1996–2003. © 2015 SETAC
Short-term fish reproduction assays with methyl tertiary butyl ether with zebrafish and fathead minnow: Implications for evaluation of potential for endocrine activity
Authors: Mihaich Ellen , Erler Steffen , Le Blanc Gerald , Gallagher Sean
Published: April 2015

The authors report on short-term fish reproduction assays in zebrafish and fathead minnow conducted to examine the potential for methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) to cause effects on the endocrine system. Both studies were performed under good laboratory practice and in accordance with Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and US Environmental Protection Agency test guidelines. The results of the first study demonstrated that exposure to a high test concentration (147 mg/L) of MTBE impaired reproductive output of female zebrafish, evident by a reduction in fecundity. Based on the endpoints evaluated in the present study however, there was no supporting evidence to indicate that this effect was caused by disruption of or interaction with the endocrine system. In the second study, fathead minnows exposed to a wider but lower range of test concentrations showed no effects on any reproductive parameter of male or female fish, at the maximum recommended testing concentration of 100 mg/L (62 mg/L measured). The results of these 2 guideline studies indicate that MTBE does not interact with the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis of zebrafish or fathead minnow. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:2013–2022. © 2015 The Authors. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
Morpho‐anatomical investigations of cones and pollen in Cathaya argyrophylla Chung & Kuang (Pinaceae, Coniferales) under systematical and evolutional aspects
Authors: Dörken Veit Martin , Nimsch Hubertus
Published: April 2015

The results of the morpho‐anatomical investigations show that seed‐ and pollen‐cones of Cathaya represent the typical bauplan for Pinaceae. Several features were found that suggest a closer relationship of Cathaya to Picea and Pinus on the one hand and also to Larix and Pseudotsuga on the other hand. However, the large pollen‐cones of Cathaya resemble in length and number of microsporangiophores those of Cedrus. Cathaya shows also features that are unique among recent Pinaceae like a sylleptic flush of shoots and seed‐cones. Also the absence of bud scales surrounding the seed‐cone and the special microstructure of the pollen grain surface are unique. These features suggest a rather isolate position for Cathaya among recent Pinaceae. Some anomalous microsporangiophores showing three instead of the typical two sporangia lead to the idea that the hyposporangiate microsporangiophores in Pinaceae might be structures derived from a former perisporangiate type as shown for Taxaceae. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A phylogeny of the tribe Caraganeae (Fabaceae) based on DNA sequence data from ITS
Authors: Ranjbar Massoud , Hajmoradi Fatemeh , Waycott Michelle , Van Dijk Kor‐jent
Published: April 2015

A new subtribal classification of the Fabaceae‐Caraganeae is presented informed by phylogenetic reconstruction using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (nr DNA) for 17 genera belonging to tribes Caraganeae, Galegeae and Astragaleae. Based on these results we propose to erect a new subtribe Chesneyinae Ranjbar, F. Hajmoradi and Waycott including Chesneya Lindl. ex Endl. and Guelden‐staedtia Fisch. and revise the membership of subtribe Caraganinae as comprising Caragana Fabr., Calophaca Fisch. and Halimodendron Fisch. ex DC. Subtribe Caraganinae is characterised by the shrub habit and paripinnate leaves whereas the herbaceous habit and imparipinnate leaves are characteristic of subtribe Chesneyinae. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)