bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Levipalatum texanum n. gen., n. sp. (Nematoda: Diplogastridae), an androdioecious species from the south-eastern USA
Authors: Ragsdale Erik J. , Ragsdale Erik J. , Kanzaki Natsumi , Ragsdale Erik J. , Kanzaki Natsumi , Sommer Ralf J.
Published: July 2014

A new species of diplogastrid nematode,Levipalatum texanumn. gen., n. sp., was isolated from scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Texas and baited from soil in Virginia, USA.Levipalatumn. gen. is circumscribed by stomatal and pharyngeal morphology, namely a long, hooked dorsal tooth connected to a ‘palate’ projecting anteriad and mediad, subventral telostegostomatal ridges of denticles, and the dorsal radius of the pharynx bulging anteriad. The males of the new species are distinguished from most other Diplogastridae by the frequent presence of ten pairs of genital papillae. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from 11 ribosomal protein-coding genes and a fragment of the small subunit rRNA gene strongly supportL. texanumn. gen., n. sp. to be a sister group toRhabditolaimus, which lacks all the stegostomatal and pharyngeal characters diagnosing the new genus. The new species expands comparative studies of the radiation of feeding morphology that are anchored on the model organismPristionchus pacificus. The phylogenetic position ofL. texanumn. gen., n. sp. indicates a new case of convergent evolution of hermaphroditism in Diplogastridae.
Collation Strategies for the Buddhist Canon—As Seen in the Frequency and Impact of Character Variance in Canonical Editions of the Song Gaoseng Zhuan 宋高僧傳 (T.2061)
Authors: Bingenheimer Marcus
Published: July 2014

The different readings given in the apparatus of the authoritative Taishō edition of the Buddhist canon are widely used, but we do not know much about their relationship to previous efforts, their accuracy and comprehensiveness, because the witnesses used in the collation are not readily available to researchers. Moreover, we do not know exactly how other canonical editions that were discovered in the 20th century compare to the Taishō edition and to what degree a further collation might be useful. This paper tries to answer some of these questions by expanding the Taishō apparatus of the Song Gaoseng Zhuan (T.2061) through collation with the Qisha canon and a categorization of the variations encountered. The combination of qualitative judgments about the variations together with quantitative data about their occurrence makes it possible to present a clearer picture of the relationship between these two versions of the text.
Developing and sustaining a healthy school community: Essential elements identified by school health champions
Authors: Stolp Sean , Wilkins Emma , Raine Kim D
Published: July 2014

Background:

Comprehensive School Health (CSH) approaches to developing a healthy school community can be effective in supporting chronic disease prevention while positively impacting on student behaviour and academic performance. Although a CSH framework provides principles for action, there is a lack of evidence regarding the processes that best facilitate CSH work, and enable action.

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the elements of practice-based evidence that contribute to the success and sustainability of healthy school communities, through the identification of positive practices and lessons learned from a sample of projects in Alberta, Canada.

Setting:

School communities in Alberta, Canada.

Design and methods:

Key individuals from a list of operating CSH projects were invited for interview. An exploratory, qualitative design examined the perspectives of these ‘school health champions’. A total of 12 one-on-one interviews and one focus group with seven participants were completed, resulting in input from 19 individuals in total.

Results:

Elements to develop and sustain a healthy school community fall into one of two categories: (1) stakeholder buy-in and (2) adequate resources in the form of human resources, partnerships and peer support. Participants identified successful strategies for establishing buy-in from administrators, teachers, parents and students.

Conclusion:

To effectively mobilise a comprehensive school health framework, practical strategies for implementation are needed. While some of these strategies are context-specific, practice-based evidence that transcends the local context does exist and can be used more widely to support the development of a healthy school community.
The curious tale of the dog that did not bark: Explaining Canada’s non-acquisition of an independent nuclear arsenal, 1945–1957
Authors: Urban Michael Crawford
Published: July 2014

Canada’s non-acquisition of nuclear weapons in the immediate postwar period represents an important puzzle. Acquisition of an independent nuclear arsenal presented Canada with an unprecedented opportunity to ameliorate its objective insecurity vis-à-vis US power. Many theories suggest that when combined with Canada’s postwar capabilities, this insecurity ought to have pushed Canada toward acquisition. I argue that Canada’s non-acquisition of nuclear weapons can only be accounted for by an explanation that recognizes the importance of trust. To do so, I develop a conceptual framework for understanding trust in international politics. Drawing on research from psychology, economics, and even neurology, I develop a model that shows how narratives like liberalism can render trusting behaviour reasonable for agents, and how five mechanisms can generate the conditions required for trust to obtain. By applying this model to the Canada–US relationship I provide an explanation for Canada’s non-acquisition that is superior to existing accounts.
Differential Development of Motor Abilities in Western Middle-Class and Cameroonian Nso Infants
Authors: Kolling Thorsten , Lamm Bettina , Vierhaus Marc , Knopf Monika , Lohaus Arnold , Fassbender Ina , Freitag Claudia , Graf Frauke , Teubert Manuel , Schwarzer Gudrun , Keller Heidi
Published: July 2014

The present longitudinal study repeatedly tested motor development in 345 infants at ages 3, 6, and 9 months in two eco-cultural contexts (German middle-class and Cameroonian Nso). To analyze differential motor developments and its co-determinants (parental education and growth in weight), person-centered analyses (hierarchical cluster analyses) were applied. Results indicate that cluster analyses of fine motor development scores led to two culture-mixed cluster groups. Four cluster groups were extracted in the gross motor domain showing differential growth curves. Differential growth curves were partly explained by education of mother and weight trajectories. Besides considering methodological aspects, inter-individual differences of intra-individual change within and across eco-cultural contexts are discussed.
Constructing and Role-Playing Student Avatars in a Simulation of Teaching Algebra for Diverse Learners
Authors: Ma Tingting , Brown Irving A. , Kulm Gerald , Davis Trina J. , Lewis Chance W. , Allen G. Donald
Published: July 2014

From the perspectives of Graduate Research Assistants (GRAs), this study examines the design and implementation of a simulated teaching environment in Second Life ( SL) for prospective teachers to teach algebra for diverse learners. Drawing upon the Learning-for-Use framework, the analyses provide evidence on the development of student avatars in construction and role-playing activities. The study reveals challenges, procedures, and suggestions for future simulations. This study also calls for research efforts toward preparing mathematics teachers for cultural diversity.
Alleviation of Moral Disgust, Shame, and Guilt in Posttraumatic Stress Reactions
Authors: Ojserkis Rachel , McKay Dean , Badour Christal L. , Feldner Matthew T. , Arocho Justin , Dutton Courtney
Published: July 2014

Research suggests that moral disgust, shame, and guilt are present in posttraumatic psychopathology. However, it is unclear that these emotional states are responsive to empirically supported interventions for posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). This study explored the relations among moral disgust, shame, guilt, and PTSS, and examined comprehensive distancing (CD) as a novel intervention for these emotional states in undergraduates with elevated PTSS. Participants were randomly assigned to use a CD or a cognitive challenge task in response to personalized scripts of a traumatic event. Both interventions were associated with decreases in disgust, moral disgust, shame, and guilt. Contrary to predictions, there were no significant differences between the exercises in the reduction of negative emotions. In addition, PTSS severity was correlated with trauma-related guilt as well as state guilt and shame, but not trait or state measures of disgust or moral disgust. This proof of concept project sets the stage for further research examining CD as an alternative or adjunctive intervention for posttraumatic stress reactions with strong features of moral disgust, shame, and guilt.
Phenotypic Analysis of Epilepsy in the Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Strokelike Episodes–Associated Mitochondrial DNA A3243G Mutation
Authors: Demarest Scott T. , Whitehead Matthew T. , Turnacioglu Sinan , Pearl Phillip L. , Gropman Andrea L.
Published: July 2014

The A to G mitochondrial DNA point mutation at position 3243 (A3243G) is the most common cause of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes (MELAS), a systemic multiorgan disease. Epilepsy is a common finding but there is wide phenotypic variation that has not been thoroughly explored. We report the epilepsy phenotypes of 7 patients with the A3243G mutation. Most presented with typical MELAS and epilepsy characterized by infrequent prolonged focal seizures, including epilepsia partialis continua, hemiclonic status epilepticus, nonconvulsive status, and occipital status epilepticus. Seizures usually occurred during the acute phase of a strokelike episode. Periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges may be seen electrographically. Some patients with this mutation are completely asymptomatic or have mild symptoms typical for mitochondrial diseases. Slow spike-wave activity consistent with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and electrographic status epilepticus was seen in 1 patient who responded to ethosuximide.
Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorders With and Without Epilepsy
Authors: Shubrata K. S. , Sinha S. , Seshadri S. P. , Girimaji S. , Subbakrishna D. K. , Srinath S.
Published: July 2014

This prospective cross-sectional study compared 25 children with pervasive developmental disorder and epilepsy and 25 children having pervasive developmental disorder without epilepsy on pervasive developmental disorder scores, Childhood Autism Rating Scale scores, language disability, presence of regression, and epileptiform abnormalities. Epilepsy phenotype was also studied. Children with pervasive developmental disorder and epilepsy had higher pervasive developmental disorder scores ( P = .001), higher Childhood Autism Rating Scale scores ( P = .016), and lower social quotient ( P = .09). More than 50% of children with pervasive developmental disorder and epilepsy and 12% of children having pervasive developmental disorder without epilepsy had epileptiform abnormalities in electroencephalography (EEG). Regression of milestones was significantly associated with epilepsy and epileptiform abnormalities. Children with pervasive developmental disorder and epilepsy might have a worse developmental trajectory requiring intensive management. A behavioral phenotype of autism may coexist often in children with epilepsy, EEG abnormalities, and regression. Seizures might be difficult to control in these children despite adequate compliance. Studies with larger sample size and longitudinal follow-up will provide better understanding.
Intracranial Hypertension Without Headache in Children
Authors: Aylward Shawn C. , Aronowitz Catherine , Reem Rachel , Rogers David , Roach E. Steve
Published: July 2014

We aimed to determine the frequency of intracranial hypertension without headache in children. We retrospectively analyzed patients evaluated in a pediatric intracranial hypertension referral center. Patients were divided into 2 groups depending on whether they complained of headache at the time of presentation. Age, body mass index, and opening cerebrospinal fluid pressures were considered continuous variables and compared by Wilcoxon rank-sum test because of non-normality. A P value of .05 was considered significant. A total of 228 charts were reviewed; 152 patients met the criteria for intracranial hypertension and 22/152 patients (14.5%) met the criteria of optic nerve edema without headache. There were clinically significant differences in age and body mass index between the 2 groups. The group without headache was typically younger and not obese. The opening pressure and modified opening pressure were not clinically significant between the 2 groups.
Viscum Album in the Treatment of a Girl With Refractory Childhood Absence Epilepsy
Authors: von Schoen-Angerer Tido , Madeleyn René , Kienle Gunver , Kiene Helmut , Vagedes Jan
Published: July 2014

Viscum album (European mistletoe) extracts have known immunomodulatory effects but little data exist on anticonvulsant activity despite its usefulness having been reported for centuries. A 4½-year-old girl with childhood absence epilepsy and global developmental delay was treated with different antiepileptic drugs and ketogenic diet but failed to become seizure free over a 2-year period. She also received different herbal remedies as part of an integrative medicine approach. Initial improvement occurred on valproate-ethosuximide, a further improvement was seen after adding clobazam to valproate. Final cessation of absence activity occurred after a dose increase of V album. She was still seizure free at the 12-month follow-up. V album appears to have been a necessary adjunct treatment for this child to become seizure free. We call on physicians to report their experiences of V album in epilepsy and suggest further study.
Severe Acute Subdural Hemorrhage in a Patient With Glutaric Aciduria Type I After Minor Head Trauma
Authors: Zielonka Matthias , Braun Katrin , Bengel Andreas , Seitz Angelika , Kölker Stefan , Boy Nikolas
Published: July 2014

Glutaric aciduria type I is a rare metabolic disorder caused by deficiency of glutaryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase. Chronic subdural hematomas have been reported in glutaric aciduria type I and are considered as important differential diagnosis of nonaccidental head trauma. However, chronic subdural hematomas are usually thought to remain clinically silent in these patients. Here we report on a hitherto asymptomatic glutaric aciduria type I patient who developed severe, acute subdural hemorrhage after minor accidental head injury at age 23 months. Computed tomography confirmed significant mass effect on the brain necessitating decompressive hemicraniectomy. Subdural hemorrhage caused large hypoxic lesions of the cerebral cortex and subcortical regions resulting in spastic tetraplegia, dystonia, and loss of developmental milestones. This report emphasizes that acute subdural hemorrhage may be a life-threatening complication in glutaric aciduria type I patients after minor head trauma and should be considered in those patients presenting with neurologic deterioration after accidental head injury.
Prevalence and Predictors of Vitamin D Deficiency and Response to Oral Supplementation in Patients Receiving Long‐Term Home Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Bharadwaj Shishira , Gohel Tushar D. , Deen Omer J. , Coughlin Kathleen L. , Corrigan Mandy L. , Fisher Jill , Lopez Rocio , Shatnawei Abdullah , Kirby Donald F.
Published: July 2014

Previous studies have suggested a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients receiving long‐term home parenteral nutrition (HPN). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and predictors of vitamin D deficiency in long‐term HPN patients. Methods: A retrospective, institutional review board–approved study was performed on all adult patients followed by the Cleveland Clinic HPN program receiving HPN therapy >6 months between 1989 and 2013 with a 25‐(OH) D3 level reported. Patients were categorized by serum vitamin D status as follows: sufficient, insufficient, and deficient with respective 25‐(OH) D3 levels of ≥30 ng/mL, 20–30 ng/mL, and <20 ng/mL. Results: Seventy‐nine patients were categorized based on serum vitamin D status as follows: 35 (44.3%) deficient, 24 (30.4%) insufficient, and 20 (25.3%) sufficient. The mean age of the cohort at the initiation of HPN was 52.0 ± 12.7 years, and 26 (32.9%) were male. The median HPN duration was 39 months, and the most common indication was inflammatory bowel disease (36.7%). Most (82.3%) patients had at least 1 prescription of oral vitamin D supplement (50,000 International Units) during this time. History of jejunal resection (odds ratio [OR], 5.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9–15.1; P = .002) and lack of oral vitamin D supplementation (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.52–0.93; P = .038) were the strongest predictors of vitamin D deficiency. Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is common among patients receiving long‐term HPN despite oral supplementation.
A critical discourse analysis of the Asian Women’s Fund website
Authors: Gu Xin-yuan
Published: July 2014

The so-called ‘comfort women’ were women (including teenagers) taken by force and treated as sex slaves by the Imperial Japanese Army before and during the Second World War. The Asian Women’s Fund, as an extension of the Japanese government, is an institutional device for political apology regarding the ‘comfort women’ issue. As an initial step to consider postwar history cognition in Japan, this article examines some of the web pages on the Asian Women’s Fund website, analyzing the lexical items, the rhetoric, and the defining/summarizing/quoting strategies with corpora evidence. By examining related details, the article uncovers how ‘facts’ and ‘history’ were presented in the discourse, and thus uncovers the infelicity of the apology.
Reconstructions of deltaic environments from Holocene palynological records in the Volga delta, northern Caspian Sea
Authors: Richards Keith , Bolikhovskaya Nataliya S , Hoogendoorn Robert M , Kroonenberg Salomon B , Leroy Suzanne AG , Athersuch John
Published: July 2014

New palynological and ostracod data are presented from the Holocene Volga delta, obtained from short cores and surface samples collected in the Damchik region, near Astrakhan, Russian Federation in the northern Caspian Sea. Four phases of delta deposition are recognized and constrained by accelerated mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon ages. Palynological records show that erosive channels, dunes (Baer hills) and inter-dune lakes were present during the period 11,500–8900 cal. BP at the time of the Mangyshlak Caspian lowstand. The period 8900–3770 cal. BP was characterized regionally by extensive steppe vegetation, with forest present at times with warmer, more humid climates, and with halophytic and xerophytic vegetation present at times of drought. The period 3770–2080 cal. BP was a time of active delta deposition, with forest or woodland close to the delta, indicating relatively warm and humid climates and variable Caspian Sea levels. From 2080 cal. BP to the present-day, aquatic pollen is frequent in highstand intervals and herbaceous pollen and fungal hyphae frequent in lowstand intervals. Soils and incised valley sediments are associated with the regional Derbent regression and may be time-equivalent with the ‘Medieval Warm Period’. Fungal spores are an indicator of erosional or aeolian processes, whereas fungal hyphae are associated with soil formation. Freshwater algae, ostracods and dinocysts indicate mainly freshwater conditions during the Holocene with minor brackish influences. Dinocysts present include Spiniferites cruciformis, Caspidinium rugosum, Impagidinium caspienense and Pterocysta cruciformis, the latter a new record for the Caspian Sea. The Holocene Volga delta is a partial analogue for the much larger oil and gas bearing Mio-Pliocene palaeo-Volga delta.
Methodology of the National School-Based Health Survey in Malaysia, 2012
Authors: Yusoff Fadhli , Saari Riyanti , Naidu Balkish M , Ahmad Noor Ani , Omar Azahadi , Aris Tahir
Published: July 2014

The National School-Based Health Survey 2012 was a nationwide school health survey of students in Standard 4 to Form 5 (10-17 years of age), who were schooling in government schools in Malaysia during the period of data collection. The survey comprised 3 subsurveys: the Global School Health Survey (GSHS), the Mental Health Survey, and the National School-Based Nutrition Survey. The aim of the survey was to provide data on the health status of adolescents in Malaysia toward strengthening the adolescent health program in the country. The design of the survey was created to fulfill the requirements of the 3 subsurveys. A 2-stage stratified sampling method was adopted in the sampling. The methods for data collection were via questionnaire and physical examination. The National School-Based Health Survey 2012 adopted an appropriate methodology for a school-based survey to ensure valid and reliable findings.
The Begun Center for Violence Prevention Research and Education at Case Western Reserve University
Authors: Flannery Daniel J. , Singer Mark I.
Published: July 2014

Established in the year 2000, the Begun Center for Violence Prevention Research and Education is a multidisciplinary center located at a school of social work that engages in collaborative, community-based research and evaluation that spans multiple systems and disciplines. The Center currently occupies 4,200 sq. ft. with multiple offices and individual workstations and is comprised of a staff of over 30 content experts in the areas of applied research, rigorous program evaluation, scientific investigation, policy/program development and community-based practice implementation. Our responsibilities for dissemination efforts lie not only in the area of moving project findings into the scientific literature but also in following up that dissemination by working directly with community providers and policy makers to advance and improve violence prevention efforts. We are currently working toward integrating the Center’s research activities and outcomes with the Mandel School curricular activities and field experiences into the undergraduate, master’s, and doctoral programs. Given our substantive work and relative areas of strength, we are also working toward increasing training activities with our law enforcement and justice system partners who play a critical role as “first social responders” to the many family and interpersonal problems that are related to violence perpetration and violence exposure.
Multi-objective optimization based on meta-models of an aeronautical hub including the ductile damage constraint
Authors: Meng Fanjuan , Labergere Carl , Lafon Pascal , Duguy Mathieu , Daniel Laurent
Published: July 2014

In forging process, geometric design of initial billet and tools is very important. Traditionally, engineers use their knowledge and experience to design and optimize the geometric model of forging process by using trial-and-error methods. Such methods are time consuming and cost expensive. It is therefore interesting to design an automatic tools builder based on optimization methodology coupled with virtual finite element simulations, thus helping engineers to improve products and reduce cost. In this article we describe a meta-model based multi-objective optimization methodology for forging process designed to build the theoric Pareto optimal front of the mechanical problem. We go through a four-step process: building parametric computer-aided design geometry model, simulating the forging process according to the DOE, fitting meta-models, and optimizing the process by using an advanced algorithm. Two different meta-models, including polynomial and kriging methods, are constructed, based on the simulation values for different responses. Then optimization algorithms NBI-NLPQLP and NSGA-II are applied to find the optimum solutions based on each different meta-model. In order to drive this procedure automatically we use ModeFRONTIER® software. Using this environment, several macro commands are used to connect the geometry modelling (made with CATIA V5™) and numerical simulation process. As an industrial example, a two-step forging of an aeronautic component shows the efficiency of the proposed methodology. That shows contributions of research in dealing with optimization design of die geometry taking into account technological interactions related to the process and the ductile damage inside the deformed part. A set of solutions selected in particular points of the optimal Pareto front are also presented and analysed.
An Anatomical Study Comparing Two Surgical Approaches for Isolated Talonavicular Arthrodesis
Authors: Higgs Zoe , Jamal Bilal , Fogg Quentin A. , Kumar C. Senthil
Published: July 2014

Background:

Two operative approaches are commonly used for isolated talonavicular arthrodesis: the medial and the dorsal approach. It is recognized that access to the lateral aspect of the talonavicular joint can be limited when using the medial approach, and it is our experience that using the dorsal approach addresses this issue. We performed an anatomical study using cadaver specimens, to compare the amount of articular surface that can be accessed by each operative approach.

Methods:

Medial and dorsal approaches to the talonavicular joint were performed on each of 11 cadaveric specimens (10 fresh frozen, 1 embalmed). Distraction of the joint was performed as used intraoperatively and the accessible area of articular surfaces was marked for each of the 2 approaches using a previously reported technique. Disarticulation was performed and the marked surface area was quantified using an immersion digital microscribe, allowing a 3-dimensional virtual model of the articular surfaces to be assessed.

Results:

The median percentage of total accessible talonavicular articular surface area for the medial and dorsal approaches was 71% and 92%, respectively (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, P < .001).

Conclusion:

This study provides quantifiable measurements of the articular surface accessible by the medial and dorsal approaches to the talonavicular joint.

Clinical Relevance:

These data support for the use of the dorsal approach for talonavicular arthrodesis, particularly in cases where access to the lateral half of the joint is necessary.
Feasibility and Outcome of Inferior Extensor Retinaculum Reinforcement in Modified Broström Procedures
Authors: Jeong Bi O , Kim Myung Seo , Song Wook Jae , SooHoo Nelson F.
Published: July 2014

Background:

The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of inferior extensor retinaculum (IER) reinforcement and analyze differences in clinical and radiographic outcomes based on whether or not IER reinforcement was performed in modified Broström procedures.

Methods:

Forty-one patients (41 ankles) who underwent ankle reconstruction with either a Broström procedure or modified Broström with IER reinforcement were included in this prospective study. During Broström procedures, feasibility of IER reinforcement was recorded. Clinical and radiographic outcomes were analyzed between modified Broström procedures (MBP group) in which IER reinforcement was feasible and Broström procedures (BP group) in which IER reinforcement was not feasible.

Results:

IER reinforcement was feasible in 31 cases (75.6%) and not feasible in 10 cases (24.4%) due to anatomic variations. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot score improved in the MBP group from a preoperative mean of 66.3 to a postoperative mean of 89.4. In the BP group, the score increased from 71.3 to 89.8. The radiographic outcomes assessed by stress radiographs demonstrated that talar anterior translation and talar tilt improved from 6.3 mm to 4.6 mm and from 9.0 degrees to 5.0 degrees, respectively, in the MBP group. In the BP group, talar anterior translation improved from 6.9 mm to 4.9 mm and talar tilt, from 9.5 degrees to 4.9 degrees. No statistically significant difference was observed between the 2 groups.

Conclusion:

IER reinforcement was feasible in 75.6% of patients in whom modified Broström procedures had been planned. Postoperative clinical and radiographic outcomes were not significantly different based on whether or not IER reinforcement was performed. These findings suggest that isolated ligament reconstruction without IER may be sufficient to restore ankle stability.

Level of Evidence:

Level II, cohort study.
Enriching Psychological Assessment Using a Person-Specific Analysis of Interpersonal Processes in Daily Life
Authors: Roche Michael J. , Pincus Aaron L. , Rebar Amanda L. , Conroy David E. , Ram Nilam
Published: July 2014

We present a series of methods and approaches for clinicians interested in tracking their individual patients over time and in the natural settings of their daily lives. The application of person-specific analyses to intensive repeated measurement data can assess some aspects of persons that are distinct from the valuable results obtained from single-occasion assessments. Guided by interpersonal theory, we assess a psychotherapy patient’s interpersonal processes as they unfold in his daily life. We highlight specific contexts that change these processes, use an informant report to examine discrepancies in his reported interpersonal processes, and examine how his interpersonal processes differ as a function of varying levels of self-esteem and anger. We advocate for this approach to complement existing psychological assessments and provide a scoring program to facilitate initial implementation.
Study Habits, Motives, and Strategies of College Students With Symptoms of ADHD
Authors: Simon-Dack Stephanie L. , Rodriguez P. Dennis , Marcum Geoff D.
Published: July 2014

Objective: Studies on ADHD in educational settings indicate that a student’s motivation for learning is significantly related with the student’s grade point average. The present study examined the relationship between ADHD symptoms and student academic achievement by considering the student’s approach to and motivation for learning. Method: Participants completed a questionnaire that breaks down learning strategies into a surface or deep approach. Each approach is then divided into a deep or surface motivation and strategy. Results: A multivariate analysis of variance determined that those in the control group were using the deep approach, whereas those in the ADHD group strongly favored the surface approach. Furthermore, ADHD participants preferred surface motive and surface strategy. A factor analysis of a study-habits questionnaire identified five categories, with collaborative learning approaching significant levels. Conclusion: Implications for guiding ADHD college students toward effective study strategies are discussed in light of their preference for surface approach, motive, and strategy.
Aspartame Administration and Insulin Treatment Altered Brain Levels of CYP2E1 and CYP3A2 in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Nosti-Palacios Rosario , Gómez-Garduño Josefina , Molina-Ortiz Dora , Calzada-León Raúl , Dorado-González Víctor Manuel , Vences-Mejía Araceli
Published: July 2014

This study demonstrates that aspartame consumption and insulin treatment in a juvenile diabetic rat model leads to increase in cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1 and CYP3A2 isozymes in brain. Diabetes mellitus was induced in postweaned 21-day-old Wistar male rat by streptozotocin. Animals were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: untreated control, diabetic (D), D-insulin, D-aspartame, or the D-insulin + aspartame-treated group. Brain and liver tissue samples were used to analyze the activity of CYP2E1 and CYP3A2 and protein levels. Our results indicate that combined treatment with insulin and aspartame in juvenile diabetic rats significantly induced CYP2E1 in the cerebrum and cerebellum without modifying it in the liver, while CYP3A2 protein activity increased both in the brain and in the liver. The induction of CYP2E1 in the brain could have important in situ toxicological effects, given that this CYP isoform is capable of bioactivating various toxic substances. Additionally, CYP3A2 induction in the liver and brain could be considered a decisive factor in the variation of drug response and toxicity.
Shared Symptoms and Putative Biological Mechanisms in Chronic Liver Disease
Authors: Menzies Victoria , Jallo Nancy , Kinser Patricia , Robins Jo Lynne W. , An Kyungeh , Driscoll Carolyn , Starkweather Angela , Bajaj Jasmohan S. , Lyon Debra E.
Published: July 2014

Liver disease affects over 25 million people in the United States and, despite advances in medical management resulting in increased survival, a majority of these individuals report multiple co-occurring symptoms that severely impair functioning and quality of life. The purpose of this review is to (1) propose defining these co-occurring symptoms as a symptom cluster of chronic liver disease (CLD), (2) discuss putative underlying biological mechanisms related to CLD, including the liver–gut–brain axis and influence of the microbiome, and (3) discuss the implications for biobehavioral research in this patient population. Biobehavioral research focusing on the interrelated, and possibly synergistic, mechanisms of these symptoms may lead to the development and testing of targeted symptom management interventions for improving function and quality of life in this growing patient population.
Mothers’ narratives about having a child with cancer: A view through the attachment lens
Authors: Bishop Sophie , Stedmon Jacqui , Dallos Rudi
Published: July 2014

This study explored mothers’ narratives about having a child with cancer through the novel addition of an attachment lens. Six mothers were interviewed about their experiences. Their pattern of attachment was assessed through a separate interview using the Dynamic-Maturational Model of adult attachment. The results showed marked differences in themes and performative aspects between the narratives of mothers classified as Type B pattern of attachment, balanced integration of affect and cognition, and those classified as Type A, focus on cognition and dismissal of affect. For mothers classified as Type B, narrative themes of ‘protecting my child’ and ‘questioning and evaluating the experience’ were identified. Mothers classified as Type A discussed narrative themes of ‘being strong and positive’ and ‘playing down feelings’. The presence of unresolved childhood loss or trauma appeared to inhibit ability to construct a coherent and temporally ordered narrative. It was also possible to observe attachment-based strategies operating within these narratives. Clinical implications of the work are discussed.
Emergency radiology: Maxillofacial and skull-base trauma
Authors: Zilinskiene Laura , Idle Matthew R , Colley Steve
Published: July 2014

Craniofacial trauma is common following road-traffic accidents, assaults and falls and may occur in isolation or associated with other body injuries. Due to the complexity of the maxillofacial and skull-base region, initial diagnosis may be inaccurate or delayed, leading to significant morbidity. Multidetector computed tomography is the modality of choice following high-energy blunt or penetrating trauma. It allows accurate evaluation of the fracture patterns and associated soft tissue complications and aids the appropriate medical and surgical treatment. In this article, we review and classify the most common traumatic injuries to the maxillofacial and skull-base region and outline the role of imaging in establishing complications and prognosis.
Emergency radiology: Peripheral vascular injuries
Authors: Mehrzad H , Bashir W , Hopkins J
Published: July 2014

There has been a growing role for both diagnostic and interventional radiology (IR) in all types of trauma affecting different areas of the body, with imaging becoming an integral part of the multidisciplinary approach to modern trauma care. This article is intended to assess the role of radiology in peripheral trauma and highlight some of the indications, contraindications and treatment options available. It will also touch upon other associated problems encountered by the trauma patient in particular the increased risk of thromboembolic disease. We review some of the common peripheral vascular injuries in our experience in a large trauma hospital.
Endovascular management of vascular trauma
Authors: Nagarsheth Khanjan H , DuBose Joseph J
Published: July 2014

There are an estimated 1.6 million traumatic injuries to vascular structures encountered every year at trauma centers across the country. The diagnosis and treatment of these injuries has been constantly evolving over the last 50 years. The advent of endovascular techniques, which were initially trialed and evaluated in the setting of atherosclerotic diseases, has revolutionized the way these injuries are managed. Certain injuries, such as blunt thoracic aortic injuries, are now almost exclusively treated via endovascular methods. In recent years, there has been a tremendous interest in applying endovascular technology to the treatment of vascular injuries in virtually every location in the body. With the expanded use of endovascular methods, complications have also been noted and are important for the trauma practitioner to be familiar with and identify. Herein, we will discuss the beginnings of endovascular techniques, its application, and complications.
Social media and physicians: Exploring the benefits and challenges
Authors: Panahi Sirous , Watson Jason , Partridge Helen
Published: July 2014

Healthcare professionals’ use of social media platforms, such as blogs, wikis, and social networking web sites has grown considerably in recent years. However, few studies have explored the perspectives and experiences of physicians in adopting social media in healthcare. This article aims to identify the potential benefits and challenges of adopting social media by physicians and demonstrates this by presenting findings from a survey conducted with physicians. A qualitative survey design was employed to achieve the research goal. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 physicians from around the world who were active users of social media. The data were analyzed using the thematic analysis approach. The study revealed six main reasons and six major challenges for physicians adopting social media. The main reasons to join social media were as follows: staying connected with colleagues, reaching out and networking with the wider community, sharing knowledge, engaging in continued medical education, benchmarking, and branding. The main challenges of adopting social media by physicians were also as follows: maintaining confidentiality, lack of active participation, finding time, lack of trust, workplace acceptance and support, and information anarchy. By revealing the main benefits as well as the challenges of adopting social media by physicians, the study provides an opportunity for healthcare professionals to better understand the scope and impact of social media in healthcare, and assists them to adopt and harness social media effectively, and maximize the benefits for the specific needs of the clinical community.
Statins, the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system and hypertension – a tale of another beneficial effect of statins
Authors: Drapala Adrian , Sikora Mariusz , Ufnal Marcin
Published: July 2014

Background:

Statins, a class of lipid lowering drugs, decrease mortality associated with cardiovascular events. As hypercholesterolemia is often accompanied by hypertension, a large number of patients receive therapy with statins and antihypertensive drugs which act via the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS). New guidelines published by the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology on the treatment of dyslipidaemia and the reduction of atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk, which use a risk prediction algorithm based on risk factors such as hypertension but not low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level, may even further increase the number of patients receiving such concomitant therapy.

Method:

In this paper we review studies on an interaction between statins, the RAAS and antihypertensive drugs acting via the RAAS.

Result:

Accumulating evidence suggests that the combination of statins and drugs affecting the RAAS exerts a synergistic effect on the circulatory system. For example, statins may lower arterial blood pressure and augment the effect of antihypertensive drugs acting via the RAAS. Statins may interact with the RAAS in a number of ways i.e. to decrease the expression of receptors for angiotensin II (Ang II), inhibit the Ang II-dependent intracellular signalling, reduce the RAAS-dependent oxidative stress and inflammation as well as inhibit the synthesis of Ang II and aldosterone.

Conclusion:

Although statins given either alone or together with antihypertensive drugs acting via the RAAS may lower arterial blood pressure, further research is needed to evaluate the mechanisms and their therapeutic significance.
Moriarty’s Ghost
Authors: Fathallah Judith
Published: July 2014

This article argues that the BBC’s Sherlock is outwardly a conservative text sedimenting the historical function of Sherlock Holmes as a model of hegemonic British masculinity. However, queer disruptions in the performance of masculinity may be read as, after Butler, destabilizing and revealing the groundlessness of gender constructions. For as Butler has argued, hetero-masculine performativity is “constantly haunted by that domain of sexual possibility that must be excluded for heterosexualized gender to produce itself.” Referencing Laclau’s perception of “hauntologies” to texts (adapted from Derrida), I posit that the presence/specter of the queer villain Moriarty can be read as a caesura challenging performed hegemonic masculinity. With the possible death and promise of Moriarty’s return at the close of the current season, the series now stands at a crossroads. It may either revert to the queerbaiting of previous seasons or foreshadow a more radical text.
Social Skills Training for a Young Adult With Landau–Kleffner Syndrome
Authors: Ragsdale Katie A. , Bunnell Brian E. , Beidel Deborah C.
Published: July 2014

We present the differential diagnosis and treatment of Frank, a 26-year-old man with Landau–Kleffner syndrome (LKS). At the time of assessment, Frank was no longer suffering from primary symptoms of LKS; however, he presented with significant social and behavioral difficulties including social anxiety and social skills deficits. Frank participated in Social Effectiveness Therapy (SET), an empirically supported, multi-component behavioral treatment program aimed at reducing social anxiety and improving social functioning. Although Frank exhibited significant reductions in social anxiety at post-treatment, functional behavioral assessment of social behavior suggested that Frank continued to experience social difficulties (e.g., speech length, latency to respond, rigidity in interactions). It appears that the application of an empirically supported treatment such as SET may result in attenuated treatment effects when social anxiety is secondary to a neurological condition such as LKS. Treatment needs for secondary symptoms of LKS are discussed.
Resonance as Transformative Learning Moment
Authors: Gilpin-Jackson Yabome
Published: July 2014

This article describes the findings from a study of the transformation experiences of African war survivors to understand how the process of transformative learning is experienced in posttrauma contexts. A narrative inquiry was conducted based on 12 interviews of African war survivors in Canada and 6 autobiographical accounts of survivors living in Canada, United States, and England. The results show that the following six themes of a postwar narrative define the process of transformation: (1) resonance as transformative learning moment, (2) realizing purpose in the postwar narrative, (3) social consciousness as an outcome of transformation learning, (4) determination: the will to achieve postwar goals, (5) spiritual and moral development, and (6) value of life. The theme of resonance as transformative learning moment is the core of this process and raises questions for the practice of transformative learning where trauma and social change are part of the context.
Thirty Years of Sex Stratification in Violent Crime Partnerships and Groups
Authors: Schwartz Jennifer , Conover-Williams Meredith , Clemons Katie
Published: July 2014

Historically, crime groups rarely included women, but debates continue over whether women today are more violent, or have greater involvement in mixed-sex or all-female crime partnerships. We analyze variability in sex stratification of violent crime groups over time, and across situational offense characteristics, utilizing co-offending data from Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR; 1980-2007) for homicide and National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS; 1995-2007) for robbery, felony, and simple assault. Descriptive and multivariate results show crime groups remain highly sex-stratified and male-dominated, particularly when the offense is serious, instrumental, and involves strangers and/or access to weapons. Opposite-sex partners are more likely for expressive violence victimizing family/intimates.
Enacting teacher leadership
Authors: Lai Edith , Cheung Derek
Published: July 2014

This paper attempts to identify leadership practices and qualities of school teachers as they engaged in effecting change initiated by a curriculum reform in Hong Kong. Based on interview data of teachers from nine schools, this paper shows how teacher leadership manifested itself in schools. Three approaches to teacher leadership were identified, each delineating how teacher leaders approached the implementation task – as a compliance exercise, an adaptive exercise, or as a capacity building exercise. This paper confirms that different levels of teacher–leader engagement in professional enquiries constitute different teacher leadership practices, which have differential impacts on teaching and learning practices and the effectiveness of school improvement efforts. Implications for developing teacher leadership in schools are discussed.
Management of priapism: an update for clinicians
Authors: Levey Helen R. , Segal Robert L. , Bivalacqua Trinity J.
Published: July 2014

Priapism is a prolonged erection that persists beyond or is unrelated to sexual stimulation. It is associated with significant morbidity: psychological, socioeconomic, and physical, including pain and potentially irreversible compromise of erectile function. There are three major types of priapism: ischemic, nonischemic, and stuttering. Establishing the type of priapism is paramount to safely and effectively treating these episodes. Ischemic priapism represents a urological emergency. Its treatment may involve aspiration/irrigation with sympathomimetic injections, surgical shunts, and as a last resort, penile prosthesis implantation. Nonischemic priapism results from continuous flow of arterial blood into the penis, most commonly related to penile trauma. This is not an emergency and may be managed conservatively initially, as most of these episodes are self-limiting. Stuttering priapism involves recurrent self-limiting episodes of ischemic priapism. The primary goal of therapy is prevention, but acute episodes should be managed in accordance with guidelines for ischemic priapism. In this paper we review the diagnosis and treatment of the three priapism variants, as well as discuss future targets of therapy and novel targets on the horizon.