bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Re-entry guidance method based on decoupling control variables and waypoint
Authors: Li Z. , Yang T. , Feng Z.
Published: April 2019

Generally, earth rotating and non-spherical perturbation of the earth in re-entry motion model are simplified using the standard trajectory guidance method. The re-entry motion is also simplified to horizontal motion and vertical motion and controlled, respectively. The simplification of re-entry motion model will lead to loss of motion accuracy and location accuracy. The direct decomposition will lead to the reduction of control accuracy because the horizontal motion and the vertical motion are coupled in re-entry. To improve the standard trajectory guidance method, the standard trajectory guidance method based on decoupling control variables and waypoint is proposed in this paper. The proposed guidance method will not simplify earth rotating and non-spherical perturbation of the earth in motion equation or decompose the re-entry motion to horizontal motion and vertical motion. Trajectory waypoint is adopted to reduce the change frequency of tracking states, because tracking states change frequently if the entire standard trajectory is tracked in real time.
MAKING THE CASE FOR RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN SECULAR SOCIETIES
Authors: Glendon Mary Ann
Published: April 2019

This is the text of the opening keynote lecture delivered at the conference, “Is Religious Freedom under Threat?,” Christ Church, Oxford, May 23–25, 2018, convened by Oxford University's McDonald Centre for Theology, Ethics and Public Life and Emory University's Center for the Study of Law and Religion.

It is truly an honor to deliver the opening lecture for this McDonald Conference titled “Is Religious Liberty under Threat?” Since it was only four years ago that I had given a talk on that subject for the Oxford Journal of Law and Religion’s Summer Academy, which built in turn upon my Harold Berman Lecture at Emory University two years before, I have had to give some serious thought to how I might avoid repeating myself. Yet when I looked back over what I said on those occasions, I wished that I had dwelt less upon the threats and more on the challenge of how to address them. What I would like to do in this lecture, therefore, is to offer some suggestions in the hope of stimulating discussion about how to make the case for religious freedom as a fundamental human right in today's increasingly secular liberal democracies.
Apocalyptic and Rabbinic Responses to the Destruction of 70
Authors: Kirschner Robert
Published: April 2019

Until Titus's destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE, the national and religious life of Palestinian Jewry was organized around the cultic system of the Temple. Despite many changes in the political status of the nation and of Jerusalem itself, the Temple continued to serve as the seat of the priesthood, the destination of sacred pilgrimage, and the instrument of cultic expiation. Other places and forms of worship are attested during the second commonwealth, and by the advent of the common era groups such as the Qumran community had turned away from Jerusalem altogether. Yet there can be little doubt that the Temple was perceived as the preeminent symbol of Israel's God. Excavations of first-century Palestinian synagogues have revealed a basic architectural design of orientation toward the sanctuary. Although geographically and religiously remote from the Temple, the Jews of the diaspora continued, writes Philo of Alexandria (ca. 20 BCE–50 CE), to “hold the Holy City where stands the sacred Temple of the most high God to be their mother city.”
The Idea of the Restoration of the Jews in English Protestant Thought, 1661–1701
Authors: Matar N. I.
Published: April 2019

In a previous study, the idea of the Restoration of the Jews to Palestine between the Reformation and 1660 was examined. The result of that survey pointed to some of the causes that led to the emergence and development of that idea in English Protestant thought. Three factors were seen to be instrumental in generating a hitherto novel principle in Christian theology: the military Turko-Catholic threat to Protestant Christendom, the Puritan millenarian speculations between 1640 and 1660, and England's moral responsibility to the Jews. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the fear of Catholic Turkish military power led theologians to believe that the Jews' conquest of Palestine would necessarily be preceded by victory over Islam and Catholicism. Consequently, they supported this Restoration as a means to their political end. Moreover, they believed that such a Restoration would lead to the fulfillment of the Pauline expectation of the millennial kingdom; the Jews' Restoration to Palestine would inaugurate England's messianic age. Also by concentrating on Romans 11, these English evangelists felt that they owed the Jews a debt which they could repay only by converting them to Christianity and restoring them to Palestine. This became the Englishman's burden of responsibility to the Jews whose rejection of Christ in the first century had allowed the overall salvation of the Gentiles.
Nonviolence and Gandhi's truth: A Method for Moral and Political Arbitration
Authors: Godrej Farah
Published: April 2019

Can we gain any fresh insight into the problem of mediating among competing truth claims in political life? This essay will demonstrate that the political theory of Mahatma Gandhi provides us with a novel way to understand and arbitrate the conflict among moral projects. Gandhi offers us a vision of political action that insists on the viability of the search for truth and the implicit possibility of adjudicating among competing claims to truth. His vision also presents a more complex and realistic understanding, than do some other contemporary pluralists, of political philosophy and of political life itself.
Insidious threat, emergent response
Authors: diZerega Gus
Published: April 2019

How the Cows Turned Mad describes the centuries-long search for the cause of obscure and always fatal diseases that first apparently afflicted sheep and later were found to attack people as well. This search led to the discovery of prions, the paradoxical proteins that scientists now believe are the cause of mad cow disease, Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (CJD), kuru, and scrapie. Along the way, researchers earned two Nobel Prizes. Author Maxime Schwartz is a molecular biologist, former head of the Institut Pasteur, and director of laboratories for the French agency for food safety, among his other scientific achievements. He is also an exceptionally clear writer.
THE UNEASY CASE FOR CAPITAL TAXATION
Authors: McCaffery Edward J.
Published: April 2019

The traditional view of tax holds that consumption taxes fail tax the
yield to capital, whereas income taxes do, leading to John Stuart Mill's
criticism of the income tax as a "double tax" on wealth that is saved. A
better analytic understanding illustrates that there are two types of
consumption taxes. A prepaid consumption or (equivalently) wage tax indeed
ignores the yield to capital. But a consistent progressive postpaid
consumption tax gets at such yield, at the individual level, when but only
when the returns to capital are used to elevate lifestyles in material
terms. Such a tax allows "ordinary" savings that move around labor
earnings, in constant dollar terms, to different periods of an
individual's life, such as times of retirement or heightened medical or
educational needs. Because a progressive postpaid consumption tax falls on
the yield to capital at the right time-when its use at the individual
level becomes manifest-all other taxes on capital, such as capital gains,
gift and estate, and corporate income taxes, can and should be repealed,
in the name of fairness.
TAXATION, THE STATE, AND THE COMMUNITY
Authors: Schoenblum Jeffrey
Published: April 2019

The paper is concerned with the relationship of taxation to
conceptions of the state and the community. The paper contends that public
finance theorists have focused little attention on what, precisely, the
state is and the role of subnational and supranational communities, even
though understanding the state and these communities is essential for
grasping how tax revenues are really distributed. The failure of public
finance to do so is explainable by the powerful faith in the expertise of
theorists and bureaucrats and abstract models for social welfare, whether
or not they work or would be agreed upon and implemented via the political
process.
Measuring the Implementation of Lifestyle-Integrated Functional Exercise in Primary Care for Older Adults: Results of a Feasibility Study
Authors: Gibbs Jenna C. , McArthur Caitlin , Milligan James , Clemson Lindy , Lee Linda , Boscart Veronique M. , Heckman George , Stolee Paul , Giangregorio Lora M.
Published: April 2019

Notre étude pilote a évalué la faisabilité, l’efficacité et la mise en œuvre du programme d’exercices fonctionnels en groupe intégrés au mode de vie (Lifestyle-integrated Functional Exercise; Mi-LiFE) créé pour des personnes âgées, dans le cadre d’une pratique interprofessionnelle en soins de première ligne. Un physiothérapeute a enseigné aux participants comment intégrer des exercices de force et d’équilibre dans la routine quotidienne au cours d’une séance individuelle et de quatre séances de groupe, suivis de deux rendez-vous téléphoniques. Les résultats concernant la faisabilité incluaient le recrutement, l’adhésion et la rétention sur une période de six mois. L’activité physique (AP) (accéléromètre, IPAQ), une version courte de la batterie de tests de performance physique (SPPB) et la qualité de vie liée à la santé (EQ5D-3L) ont été évaluées au début de l’intervention et 6 mois plus tard. Des 123 personnes admissibles, 39 % ont participé à l’intervention et 61 % n’étaient pas intéressées ou non joignables. Quarante-huit participants (âge moyen ± ÉT = 81 ± 5 ans ; IMC = 28 ± 5 kg/m2 ; 60 % de femmes ; AP modérée à vigoureuse = 49 ± 87 minutes par semaine) ont pris part à cette étude. Quatre participants se sont retirés avant le début de l’intervention. Trente-deux participants (67 %) étaient présents au suivi. Le taux d’adhésion quotidien documenté dans le journal de bord était de 50 % à 6 mois, et 77 % des participants ont assisté à au moins 4 séances. Aucun changement statistiquement significatif n’a été observé dans les résultats de l’AP modérée à forte et de la SPPB. Cependant, les participants ont déclaré lors du suivi que leur force et leur équilibre dans l’AP se sont améliorés, tout comme leur qualité de vie. Le programme Mi-LiFE présente une bonne faisabilité, avec des taux de recrutement et d’assiduité acceptables. Des modifications pourraient être apportées pour améliorer la rétention et l’adhésion à l’intervention. Ces résultats renseignent sur la faisabilité de programames d’exercices pragmatiques qui pourraient être développés pour être offerts aux personnes âgées se présentant pour des soins de première ligne.
A framework to analyze knowledge management system adoption through the lens of organizational culture
Authors: Tounkara Thierno
Published: April 2019

Although, the knowledge management (KM)-culture research has helped to validate the importance of cultural values for companies' KM initiatives and provided insights into some important values, it still lacks frameworks and analysis outlining how specific types of cultural values might relate to Knowledge Management system (KMS) adoption and subsequent outcomes. In this paper, we provide a three-dimensional framework to help managers articulate how culture affects their unit's ability to create, transfer, and apply knowledge through KMS use. To illustrate the application of the framework, we also present an exploratory case study we have performed in an international organization in the area of development assistance and capacity development.
Campylobacter jejuni isolated from poultry and humans in Styria, Austria: epidemiology and ciprofloxacin resistance
Authors: HEIN I. , SCHNECK C. , KNÖGLER M. , FEIERL G. , PLESS P. , KÖFER J. , ACHMANN R. , WAGNER M.
Published: April 2019

Sixty-six broiler flocks were sampled to determine the presence of Campylobacter spp. at slaughter in 1998. Thirty flocks (45%) tested positive and C. jejuni was identified in all isolates. Combined pulsed-field gel electrophoresis/amplified fragment length polymorphism (PFGE/AFLP) subtyping of 177 isolates from 24 positive flocks revealed 62 subtypes; 16 flocks harboured more than one subtype. When subtyping 101 clinical C. jejuni isolates collected in the same time period and area, 60 PFGE/AFLP types were identified. Comparison of subtypes from poultry and human isolates revealed three shared PFGE/AFLP types, which were present in 11 human isolates. Fifty per cent of all poultry isolates and 39% of all human isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin. The present study confirms the increase in ciprofloxacin resistance in both human and poultry C. jejuni isolates in Austria, as observed in several countries worldwide. A small number of human isolates shared PFGE/AFLP types with poultry isolates, however, further studies should also focus on the identification of other sources of C. jejuni infection in humans.
Sibling familial risk ratio of meningococcal disease in UK Caucasians
Authors: HARALAMBOUS E. , WEISS H. A. , RADALOWICZ A. , HIBBERD M. L. , BOOY R. , LEVIN M.
Published: April 2019

To quantify the host genetic component of meningococcal disease (MD) susceptibility, the sibling risk ratio (λs) was calculated as the ratio of observed MD cases among 845 siblings of 443 UK Caucasian cases to that expected, calculated from age-calendar year specific rates for England and Wales. Twenty-seven siblings contracted MD compared with an expected 0·89, generating a λs value of 30·3. Overestimation of λs due to Neisseria meningitidis exposure was minimized by excluding siblings with MD onset within set time points of the index case. Irrespective of whether siblings contracted MD more than 1, 3, 6, 9 or 12 months after the index case, the λs varied slightly (λs range: 8·2–11·9), suggesting that host genetic factors may contribute approximately one third of the total λs. Social class distribution did not differ between MD cases and the general population of England and Wales. This study is the first to calculate λs for MD and establishes that susceptibility to MD has a significant host genetic component.
Honesty and dissent: resisting the Company of St George in Tudor Norwich
Authors: McRee Ben R.
Published: April 2019

‘Honesty and dissent’ explores strategies of political resistance in Tudor Norwich through an analysis of the city's prestigious Company of St George. Nearly a quarter of those nominated for membership during the second half of the sixteenth century failed to appear when summoned and declined to take up the livery; most eventually complied, but only after fines, threats of imprisonment and delays that could last a year or more. They pursued a strategy of passive resistance that allowed them to register objections while conforming to expectations of ‘honest’ behaviour. That underappreciated approach enabled citizens to push back against urban authorities without compromising their standing in the community.
Rare case of a superior sinus venosus atrial septal defect presenting with cyanosis
Authors: Abadeer Maher , Luceri Michael , Abraham Boban
Published: April 2019

Cyanosis in a newborn is commonly due to intracardiac shunts or duct-dependent lesions. Systemic venous anomalies are uncommon and sinus venous atrial septal defects do not usually present with cyanosis. We report the case of a 4-month-old female with persistent hypoxemia due to a right superior vena cava overriding a superior sinus venous atrial septal defect resulting in a right to left shunt.
POPULATION AGING AND THE REAL INTEREST RATE IN THE LAST AND NEXT 50 YEARS: A TALE TOLD BY AN OVERLAPPING GENERATIONS MODEL
Authors: Sudo Nao , Takizuka Yasutaka
Published: April 2019

Population aging, along with a secular decline in real interest rates, is an empirical regularity observed in developed countries over the last few decades. Under the premise that population aging will deepen in coming years, some studies predict that real interest rates will continue to be depressed further to a level below zero. In this paper, we address this issue and explore how changes in demographic structures have affected and will affect real interest rates, using an overlapping generations model calibrated to Japan’s economy. We find that the demographic changes over the last 50 years reduced the real interest rate. About 270 out of the 640 basis points decline in real interest rates during this period was due to declining labor inputs and higher saving, which themselves stemmed from the lower fertility rate and increased life expectancy. As for the next 50 years, we find that demographic changes alone will not substantially increase or decrease the real interest rate from the current level. These changes reflect the fact that the size of demographic changes in years ahead will be minimal, but that downward pressure arising from the past demographic changes will continue to bite. As Japan is not unique in terms of this broad picture of changes in demographic landscapes in the last and next 50 years, our results suggest that, sooner or later, a demography-induced decline in real interest rates may be contained in other developed countries as well.
Development of nuclear microsatellite markers in Stizophyllum (Bignoniaceae) using next-generation sequencing
Authors: Beyer Maila , Nazareno Alison Gonçalvez , Lohmann Lúcia G.
Published: April 2019

Here we developed the first set of nuclear microsatellite markers (nSSRs) for Stizophyllum riparium (Bignoniaceae), a widespread species of Neotropical liana. Thirty-two sets of primers were isolated from a genomic dataset obtained with an Illumina HiSeq Platform, and characterized for 57 individuals of S. riparium from three populations. Nine nSSRs were polymorphic and the number of alleles ranged from eight to 29. The unbiased expected heterozygosity per locus ranged from 0.724 to 0.952 and the polymorphic information content values ranged from 0.717 to 0.944. All nine primer pairs also amplified for two closely related species (S. inaequilaterum and S. perforatum). The new set of nuclear markers will be useful for population genetics studies of Stizophyllum as a whole.
Projections of Human Exposure to Dangerous Heat in African Cities Under Multiple Socioeconomic and Climate Scenarios
Authors: Rohat Guillaume , Flacke Johannes , Dosio Alessandro , Dao Hy , van Maarseveen Martin
Published: April 2019

Human exposure to dangerous heat, driven by climatic and demographic changes, is increasing worldwide. Being located in hot regions and showing high rates of urban population growth, African cities appear particularly likely to face significantly increased exposure to dangerous heat in the coming decades. We combined projections of urban population under five socioeconomic scenarios—shared socioeconomic pathways—with projections of apparent temperature under three representative concentration pathways in order to explore future exposure to dangerous heat across 173 large African cities. Employing multiple shared socioeconomic pathway and representative concentration pathway combinations, we demonstrated that the aggregate exposure in African cities will increase by a multiple of 20–52, reaching 86–217 billion person‐days per year by the 2090s, depending on the scenario. The most exposed cities are located in Western and Central Africa, although several Eastern African cities showed an increase of more than 2,000 times the current level by the 2090s, due to the emergence of dangerous heat conditions combined with steady urban population growth. In most cases, we found future exposure to be predominantly driven by changes in population alone or by concurrent changes in climate and population, with the influence of changes in climate alone being minimal. We also demonstrated that shifting from a high to a low urban population growth pathway leads to a slightly greater reduction in aggregate exposure than shifting from a high to a low emissions pathway (51% vs. 48%). This emphasizes the critical role that socioeconomic development plays in shaping heat‐related health challenges in African cities.
Protection of ZIKV infection-induced neuropathy by abrogation of acute antiviral response in human neural progenitors
Authors: Liu Ling , Chen Zhenyu , Zhang Xin , Li Shun , Hui Yi , Feng Hexi , Du Yanhua , Jin Guohua , Zhou Xiaohui , Zhang Xiaoqing
Published: April 2019

It remains largely unknown how Zika virus (ZIKV) infection causes severe microcephaly in human newborns. We examined an Asian lineage ZIKV, SZ01, which similarly infected and demonstrated comparable growth arrest and apoptotic pathological changes in human neuroprogenitors (NPCs) from forebrain dorsal, forebrain ventral as well as hindbrain and spinal cord brain organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Transcriptome profiling showed common overactivated antiviral response in all regional NPCs upon ZIKV infection. ZIKV infection directly activated a subset of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in human NPCs, which depended on the presence of IRF3 and NF-κB rather than IFN production and secretion, highlighting a key role of IFN-independent acute antiviral pathway underlying ZIKV infection-caused neuropathy. Our findings therefore reveal that overactivated antiviral response is detrimental rather than protective in human NPCs, and the IFN-independent acute antiviral pathway may serve as a potential target to ameliorate ZIKV infection-triggered neuropathy.
MiR-35 buffers apoptosis thresholds in the C. elegans germline by antagonizing both MAPK and core apoptosis pathways
Authors: Tran Anh T. , Chapman Eric M. , Flamand Mathieu N. , Yu Bin , Krempel Samuel J. , Duchaine Thomas F. , Eroglu Matthew , Derry W. Brent
Published: April 2019

Apoptosis is a genetically programmed cell death process with profound roles in development and disease. MicroRNAs modulate the expression of many proteins and are often deregulated in human diseases, such as cancer. C. elegans germ cells undergo apoptosis in response to genotoxic stress by the combined activities of the core apoptosis and MAPK pathways, but how their signalling thresholds are buffered is an open question. Here we show mir-35–42 miRNA family play a dual role in antagonizing both NDK-1, a positive regulator of MAPK signalling, and the BH3-only pro-apoptotic protein EGL-1 to regulate the magnitude of DNA damage-induced apoptosis in the C. elegans germline. We show that while miR-35 represses EGL-1 by promoting transcript degradation, repression of NDK-1 may be through sequestration of the transcript to inhibit translation. Importantly, dramatic increase in NDK-1 expression was observed in cells about to die. In the absence of miR-35, increased NDK-1 activity enhanced MAPK signalling that lead to significant increases in germ cell death. Our findings demonstrate that NDK-1 acts upstream of (or in parallel to) EGL-1, and that miR-35 targets both egl-1 and ndk-1 to fine-tune cell killing in response to genotoxic stress.
Dynamic interplay between H-current and M-current controls motoneuron hyperexcitability in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Buskila Yossi , Kékesi Orsolya , Bellot-Saez Alba , Seah Winston , Berg Tracey , Trpceski Michael , Yerbury Justin J. , Ooi Lezanne
Published: April 2019

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a type of motor neuron disease (MND) in which humans lose motor functions due to progressive loss of motoneurons in the cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. In patients and in animal models of MND it has been observed that there is a change in the properties of motoneurons, termed neuronal hyperexcitability, which is an exaggerated response of the neurons to a stimulus. Previous studies suggested neuronal excitability is one of the leading causes for neuronal loss, however the factors that instigate excitability in neurons over the course of disease onset and progression are not well understood, as these studies have looked mainly at embryonic or early postnatal stages (pre-symptomatic). As hyperexcitability is not a static phenomenon, the aim of this study was to assess the overall excitability of upper motoneurons during disease progression, specifically focusing on their oscillatory behavior and capabilities to fire repetitively. Our results suggest that increases in the intrinsic excitability of motoneurons are a global phenomenon of aging, however the cellular mechanisms that underlie this hyperexcitability are distinct in SOD1G93AALS mice compared with wild-type controls. The ionic mechanism driving increased excitability involves alterations of the expression levels ofHCNandKCNQchannel genes leading to a complex dynamic of H-current and M-current activation. Moreover, we show a negative correlation between the disease onset and disease progression, which correlates with a decrease in the expression level ofHCNandKCNQchannels. These findings provide a potential explanation for the increased vulnerability of motoneurons to ALS with aging.
Imbalance of the spindle-assembly checkpoint promotes spindle poison-mediated cytotoxicity with distinct kinetics
Authors: Zeng Xiaofang , Xu Wendy Kaichun , Lok Tsun Ming , Ma Hoi Tang , Poon Randy Y. C.
Published: April 2019

Disrupting microtubule dynamics with spindle poisons activates the spindle-assembly checkpoint (SAC) and induces mitotic cell death. However, mitotic exit can occur prematurely without proper chromosomal segregation or cytokinesis by a process termed mitotic slippage. It remains controversial whether mitotic slippage increases the cytotoxicity of spindle poisons or the converse. Altering the SAC induces either mitotic cell death or mitotic slippage. While knockout of MAD2-binding protein p31comet strengthened the SAC and promoted mitotic cell death, knockout of TRIP13 had the opposite effect of triggering mitotic slippage. We demonstrated that mitotic slippage prevented mitotic cell death caused by spindle poisons, but reduced subsequent long-term survival. Weakening of the SAC also reduced cell survival in response to spindle perturbation insufficient for triggering mitotic slippage, of which mitotic exit was characterized by displaced chromosomes during metaphase. In either mitotic slippage or mitotic exit with missegregated chromosomes, cell death occurred only after one cell cycle following mitotic exit and increased progressively during subsequent cell cycles. Consistent with these results, transient inhibition of the SAC using an MPS1 inhibitor acted synergistically with spindle perturbation in inducing chromosome missegregation and cytotoxicity. The specific temporal patterns of cell death after mitotic exit with weakened SAC may reconcile the contradictory results from many previous studies.
Ginseng metabolite Protopanaxadiol induces Sestrin2 expression and AMPK activation through GCN2 and PERK
Authors: Jin Hong Ri , Du Charles H , Wang Chong-Zhi , Yuan Chun-Su , Du Wei
Published: April 2019

Ginseng is one of the most commonly used herbs that is believed to have a variety of biological activities, including reducing blood sugar and cholesterol levels, anti-cancer, and anti-diabetes activities. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved. In this study, we showed that protopanaxadiol (PPD), a metabolite of the protopanaxadiol group ginsenosides that are the major pharmacological constituents of ginsengs, significantly altered the expression of genes involved in metabolism, elevated Sestrin2 (Sesn2) expression, activated AMPK, and induced autophagy. Using CRISPR/CAS9-mediated gene editing and shRNA-mediated gene silencing, we demonstrated that Sesn2 is required for PPD-induced AMPK activation and autophagy. Interestingly, we showed that PPD-induced Sesn2 expression is mediated redundantly by the GCN2/ATF4 amino acid-sensing pathway and the PERK/ATF4 endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway. Our results suggest that ginseng metabolite PPD modulates the metabolism of amino acids and lipids, leading to the activation of the stress-sensing kinases GCN2 and PERK to induce Sesn2 expression, which promotes AMPK activation, autophagy, and metabolic health.
Origin of apparent light-enhanced and negative capacitance in perovskite solar cells
Authors: Ebadi Firouzeh , Taghavinia Nima , Mohammadpour Raheleh , Hagfeldt Anders , Tress Wolfgang
Published: April 2019

So-called negative capacitance seems to remain an obscure feature in the analysis of the frequency-dependent impedance of perovskite solar cells. It belongs to one of the puzzling peculiarities arising from the mixed ionic-electronic conductivity of this class of semiconductor. Here we show that apparently high capacitances in general (positive and negative) are not related to any capacitive feature in the sense of a corresponding charge accumulation. Instead, they are a natural consequence of slow transients mainly in forward current of the diode upon ion displacement when changing voltage. The transient current leads to a positive or negative ‘capacitance’ dependent on the sign of its gradient. The ‘capacitance’ appears so large because the associated resistance, when thinking of a resistor-capacitor element, results from another physical process, namely modified electronic charge injection and transport. Observable for a variety of devices, it is a rather universal phenomenon related to the hysteresis in the current–voltage curve.
The neural computation of inconsistent choice behavior
Authors: Kurtz-David Vered , Persitz Dotan , Webb Ryan , Levy Dino J.
Published: April 2019

Humans are often inconsistent (irrational) when choosing among simple bundles of goods, even without any particular changes to framing or context. However, the neural computations that give rise to such inconsistencies are still unknown. Similar to sensory perception and motor output, we propose that a substantial component of inconsistent behavior is due to variability in the neural computation of value. Here, we develop a novel index that measures the severity of inconsistency of each choice, enabling us to directly trace its neural correlates. We find that the BOLD signal in the vmPFC, ACC, and PCC is correlated with the severity of inconsistency on each trial and with the subjective value of the chosen alternative. This suggests that deviations from rational choice arise in the regions responsible for value computation. We offer a computational model of how variability in value computation is a source of inconsistent choices.
Mosaic pattern formation in exfoliated graphene by mechanical deformation
Authors: Pastore Carbone Maria Giovanna , Manikas Anastasios C. , Souli Ioanna , Pavlou Christos , Galiotis Costas
Published: April 2019

Graphene is susceptible to morphological instabilities such as wrinkles and folds, which result from the imposition of thermo-mechanical stresses upon cooling from high temperatures and/ or under biaxial loading. A particular pattern encountered in CVD graphene is that of mosaic formation. Although it is understood that this pattern results from the severe biaxial compression upon cooling from high temperatures, it has not been possible to create such a complex pattern at room temperature by mechanical loading. Herein, we have managed by means of lateral wrinkling induced by tension and Euler buckling resulting from uniaxial compression upon unloading, to create such patterns in exfoliated graphene. We also show that these patterns can be used as channels for trapping or administering fluids at interstitial space between graphene and its support. This opens a whole dearth of new applications in the area of nano-fluidics but also in photo-electronics and sensor technologies.
A chloroplast structured photocatalyst enabled by microwave synthesis
Authors: Xiao Shuning , Zhang Dieqing , Pan Donglai , Zhu Wei , Liu Peijue , Cai Yong , Li Guisheng , Li Hexing
Published: April 2019

Photosynthesis occurs through the synergistic effects of the non-ncontinuously distributed components in the chloroplast. Inspired by nature, we mimic chloroplast and develop a generic approach to synthesize non-continuously distributed semiconductors threaded by carbon nanotubes. In the synthesis, carbon nanotubes serve as microwave antennas to produce local super-hot dots on the surface, which might induce and accelerate various organic/inorganic semiconductors assembly. With the unique nanoscale designed bionic architecture, a chloroplast structured photocatalyst with 3−dimentional dual electron transfer pathways facilitate enhanced photocatalytic performance. The as-synthesized carbon nanotubes-titanium oxide achieves a record-breaking efficiency of 86% for nitric oxide treatment under ultraviolet light irradiation. As a general strategy, a wide variety of carbon nanotubes threaded chloroplast structured nanomaterials can be synthesized and these nanomaterials could find applications in energy chemistry, environmental science and human health.
Network Walking charts transcriptional dynamics of nitrogen signaling by integrating validated and predicted genome-wide interactions
Authors: Brooks Matthew D. , Cirrone Jacopo , Pasquino Angelo V. , Alvarez Jose M. , Swift Joseph , Mittal Shipra , Juang Che-Lun , Varala Kranthi , Gutiérrez Rodrigo A. , Krouk Gabriel , Shasha Dennis , Coruzzi Gloria M.
Published: April 2019

Charting a temporal path in gene networks requires linking early transcription factor (TF)-triggered events to downstream effects. We scale-up a cell-based TF-perturbation assay to identify direct regulated targets of 33 nitrogen (N)-early response TFs encompassing 88% of N-responsive Arabidopsis genes. We uncover a duality where each TF is an inducer and repressor, and in vitro cis-motifs are typically specific to regulation directionality. Validated TF-targets (71,836) are used to refine precision of a time-inferred root network, connecting 145 N-responsive TFs and 311 targets. These data are used to chart network paths from direct TF1-regulated targets identified in cells to indirect targets responding onlyin plantavia Network Walking. We uncover network paths from TGA1 and CRF4 to direct TF2targets, which in turn regulate 76% and 87% of TF1indirect targetsin planta, respectively. These results have implications for N-use and the approach can reveal temporal networks for any biological system.
Beating the exclusion rule against the coexistence of robust luminescence and ferromagnetism in chalcogenide monolayers
Authors: Duan Hengli , Guo Peng , Wang Chao , Tan Hao , Hu Wei , Yan Wensheng , Ma Chao , Cai Liang , Song Li , Zhang Wenhua , Sun Zhihu , Wang Linjun , Zhao Wenbo , Yin Yuewei , Li Xiaoguang , Wei Shiqiang
Published: April 2019

Monolayer chalcogenide semiconductors with both luminescent and ferromagnetic properties are dreamed for simultaneous polarization and detection of the valley degree of freedom in valleytronics. However, a conventional chalcogenide monolayer lacks these coexisting properties due to their mutually exclusive origins. Herein we demonstrate that robust ferromagnetism and photoluminescence (PL) could be achieved in a (Co, Cr)-incorporated single monolayer MoS2, where the ferromagnetic interaction is activated by Co ions, and the nonradiative recombination channels of excitons is cut off by Cr ions. This strategy brings a 90-fold enhancement of saturation magnetization and 35-fold enhancement of PL intensity than the pristine MoS2 monolayer. The main reasons for the coexisting ferromagnetism and PL are the electronic interactions between the impurity bands of atop Cr adatoms and substitutional Co atoms, as well as the increased content of neutral exciton. Our findings could extend the applications of two-dimensional chalcogenides into spintronics, valleytronic and photoelectric devices.
Experimental observation of classical analogy of topological entanglement entropy
Authors: Chen Tian , Zhang Shihao , Zhang Yi , Liu Yulong , Kou Su-Peng , Sun Houjun , Zhang Xiangdong
Published: April 2019

Long-range entanglement is an important aspect of the topological orders, so efficient methods to characterize the long-range entanglement are often needed. In this regard, topological entanglement entropy (TEE) is often used for such a purpose but the experimental observation of TEE in a topological order remains a challenge. Here, we propose a scheme to observe TEE in the topological order by constructing specific minimum entropy states (MESs). We then experimentally construct the classical microwave analogs of the MESs and simulate the nontrivial topological order with the TEE in Kitaev toric code, which is in agreement with theoretical predictions. We also experimentally simulate the transition from Z2 topologically ordered state to topologically trivial state.
N-terminal syndecan-2 domain selectively enhances 6-O heparan sulfate chains sulfation and promotes VEGFA165-dependent neovascularization
Authors: Corti Federico , Wang Yingdi , Rhodes John M. , Atri Deepak , Archer-Hartmann Stephanie , Zhang Jiasheng , Zhuang Zhen W. , Chen Dongying , Wang Tianyun , Wang Zhirui , Azadi Parastoo , Simons Michael
Published: April 2019

The proteoglycan Syndecan-2 (Sdc2) has been implicated in regulation of cytoskeleton organization, integrin signaling and developmental angiogenesis in zebrafish. Here we report that mice with global and inducible endothelial-specific deletion of Sdc2 display marked angiogenic and arteriogenic defects and impaired VEGFA165signaling. No such abnormalities are observed in mice with deletion of the closely related Syndecan-4 (Sdc4) gene. These differences are due to a significantly higher 6-O sulfation level in Sdc2 versus Sdc4 heparan sulfate (HS) chains, leading to an increase in VEGFA165binding sites and formation of a ternary Sdc2-VEGFA165-VEGFR2 complex which enhances VEGFR2 activation. The increased Sdc2 HS chains 6-O sulfation is driven by a specific N-terminal domain sequence; the insertion of this sequence in Sdc4 N-terminal domain increases 6-O sulfation of its HS chains and promotes Sdc2-VEGFA165-VEGFR2 complex formation. This demonstrates the existence of core protein-determined HS sulfation patterns that regulate specific biological activities.
Experimental identification of quantum spin liquids
Authors: Wen Jinsheng , Yu Shun-Li , Li Shiyan , Yu Weiqiang , Li Jian-Xin
Published: April 2019

In condensed matter physics there is a novel phase termed ‘quantum spin liquid’, in which strong quantum fluctuations prevent long-range magnetic order from being estab lished, and so electron spins do not form an ordered pattern but remain liquid-like even at absolute zero temperature. Such a phase is not involved in any spontaneous symmetry breaking and local order parameter, and to understand it is beyond conventional phase transition theory. Due to the rich physics and exotic properties of quantum spin liquids, such as long-range entanglement and fractional quantum excitations, which are believed to hold great potential for quantum communication and computation, they have been intensively studied since the concept was proposed in 1973 by P.W. Anderson. Currently, experimental identification of a quantum spin liquid remains a great challenge. Here, we highlight some interesting experimental progress that has been made recently. We also discuss outstanding issues and raise questions that we consider to be important for future research.
ETV5 links the FGFR3 and Hippo signalling pathways in bladder cancer
Authors: di Martino Erica , Alder Olivia , Hurst Carolyn D. , Knowles Margaret A.
Published: April 2019

Activating mutations of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) are common in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UC). Silencing or inhibition of mutant FGFR3 in bladder cancer cell lines is associated with decreased malignant potential, confirming its important driver role in UC. However, understanding of how FGFR3 activation drives urothelial malignant transformation remains limited. We have previously shown that mutant FGFR3 alters the cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion properties of urothelial cells, resulting in loss of contact-inhibition of proliferation. In this study, we investigate a transcription factor of the ETS-family, ETV5, as a putative effector of FGFR3 signalling in bladder cancer. We show that FGFR3 signalling induces a MAPK/ERK-mediated increase in ETV5 levels, and that this results in increased level of TAZ, a co-transcriptional regulator downstream of the Hippo signalling pathway involved in cell-contact inhibition. We also demonstrate that ETV5 is a key downstream mediator of the oncogenic effects of mutant FGFR3, as its knockdown in FGFR3-mutant bladder cancer cell lines is associated with reduced proliferation and anchorage-independent growth. Overall this study advances our understanding of the molecular alterations occurring during urothelial malignant transformation and indicates TAZ as a possible therapeutic target in FGFR3-dependent bladder tumours.
Genetic data improve the assessment of the conservation status based only on herbarium records of a Neotropical tree
Authors: Muniz André Carneiro , Lemos-Filho José Pires , Buzatti Renata Santiago de Oliveira , Ribeiro Priciane Cristina Correa , Fernandes Fernando Moreira , Lovato Maria Bernadete
Published: April 2019

Although there is a consensus among conservation biologists about the importance of genetic information, the assessment of extinction risk and conservation decision-making generally do not explicitly consider this type of data. Genetic data can be even more important in species where little other information is available. In this study, we investigated a poorly known legume tree,Dimorphandra exaltata, from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, a hotspot for conservation. We coupled species distribution models and geospatial assessment based on herbarium records with population genetic analyses to evaluate its genetic status and extinction risk, and to suggest conservation measures.Dimorphandra exaltatashows low genetic diversity, inbreeding, and genetic evidence of decrease in population size, indicating that the species is genetically depleted. Geospatial assessment classified the species as Endangered. Species distribution models projected a decrease in range size in the near future (2050). The genetic status of the species suggests low adaptive potential, which compromises its chances of survival in the face of ongoing climatic change. Altogether, our coupled analyses show that the species is even more threatened than indicated by geospatial analyses alone. Thus, conservation measures that take into account genetic data and the impacts of climate change in the species should be implemented.
Influence of Chemically Disrupted Photosynthesis on Cyanobacterial Thylakoid Dynamics in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
Authors: Stingaciu Laura-Roxana , O’Neill Hugh M. , Liberton Michelle , Pakrasi Himadri B. , Urban Volker S.
Published: April 2019

The photosynthetic machinery of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 resides in flattened membrane sheets called thylakoids, situated in the peripheral part of the cellular cytoplasm. Under photosynthetic conditions these thylakoid membranes undergo various dynamical processes that could be coupled to their energetic functions. Using Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy (NSE), we have investigated the undulation dynamics of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 thylakoids under normal photosynthetic conditions and under chemical treatment with DCMU (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea), an herbicide that disrupts photosynthetic electron transfer. Our measurements show that DCMU treatment has a similar effect as dark conditions, with differences in the undulation modes of the untreated cells compared to the chemically inhibited cells. We found that the disrupted membranes are 1.5-fold more rigid than the native membranes during the dark cycle, while in light they relax approximately 1.7-fold faster than native and they are 1.87-fold more flexible. The strength of the herbicide disruption effect is characterized further by the damping frequency of the relaxation mode and the decay rate of the local shape fluctuations. In the dark, local thicknesses and shape fluctuations relax twice as fast in native membranes, at 17% smaller mode amplitude, while in light the decay rate of local fluctuations is 1.2-fold faster in inhibited membranes than in native membranes, at 56% higher amplitude. The disrupted electron transfer chain and the decreased proton motive force within the lumenal space partially explain the variations observed in the mechanical properties of the Synechocystis membranes, and further support the hypothesis that the photosynthetic process is tied to thylakoid rigidity in this type of cyanobacterial cell.
Gas flux cyclic regime at an open vent magmatic column inferred from seismic and acoustic records
Authors: Kondo Gen , Aoyama Hiroshi , Nishimura Takeshi , Ripepe Maurizio , Lacanna Giorgio , Genco Riccardo , Kawaguchi Ryohei , Yamada Taishi , Miwa Takahiro , Fujita Eisuke
Published: April 2019

On August 7, 2014, a new effusive vent opened on the northern flank of Stromboli. A characteristic pattern was observed in both seismic and infrasonic signal amplitudes prior to this effusive eruption. The pattern consisted of the repeating cycle: (1) quiet phase, (2) puffing phase, and (3) explosion phase. Correlation between seismic and infrasound signal suggests that pulses in the puffing phase were caused by repetitive bursts of small gas pockets at the central crater, while the explosion phase coincided with an explosion at the central crater. We show that degassing of the magma column occurred in cycles of increasing gas flux, which controlled the transition from a bubbly flow (puffing phase), to a slug flow (explosion phase) gas regime. The quiet phase was characterized by a constant time length of 150 s, indicating that the gas rose in the magma column as well-organized waves of gas layers. These cycles represent cyclic changes of the gas flux regime in the shallow magma column, associated with increases in the magma-gas supply input rate before the effusive eruption.
Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study of a Multispecies Probiotic Mixture in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Ahn Sang Bong , Jun Dae Won , Kang Bo-Kyeong , Lim Jong Hyun , Lim Sanghyun , Chung Myung-Jun
Published: April 2019

The intestinal microbiota is closely associated with the development of obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study investigated the effects of probiotic treatment on visceral fat area (VFA) and intrahepatic fat (IHF) fraction in NAFLD. Sixty-eight obese NAFLD patients (>5% proton density fat fraction [PDFF] on magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) were randomized to probiotic and placebo groups for 12 weeks. The probiotic mixture included 6 bacterial species. VFA and IHF were measured using the MRI-PDFF technique. Body weight and total body fat were reduced in the probiotic group but not in the placebo group. The mean IHF fraction was reduced after 12 weeks of treatment in the probiotic group compared to that at baseline (from 16.3 ± 15.0% to 14.1 ± 7.7%, p = 0.032) but was not reduced in the placebo group. The decrease in IHF (mean difference: −2.61%, p = 0.012) was also greater in the probiotic group than in the placebo group. Reduction of triglyceride was greater in the probiotic treatment group than in the placebo group (mean difference: −34.0 mg/dl, p = 0.0033). However, the changes in IHF percentage and triglyceride levels were not different between placebo and control groups after adjusting for changes in body weight. Treatment with probiotics for 12 weeks resulted in significant reduction in IHF and body weight in obese NAFLD patients.