bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Extraction Conditions on The Phytochemical Properties of Clinacanthus nutans Using Pressurized Hot Water Extraction (PHWE) Technique
Authors: Abduljabbar M.K. , Kasim K.F. , Ma’Radzi A.H. , Sofian-Seng N.S.
Published: December 2020

Clinacanthus nutanis an important herb species from the family Acanthaceae and is commonly found in Southeast Asia. It is also known as snake grass, or ‘belalai gajah’ in malay. The leaves ofC. nutancan be used to make a refreshing juice or tea, or even consumed raw as ‘ulam’, a traditional malay salad. In this work, the leaves, stems, and a mixture of both leaves and stems ofC. nutanare first dried in an oven at 50°C for 24 hours and then grounded into a powder. Then, pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) is used to extract phytochemicals from the powdered samples at 120°C for 20 minutes. This work investigates the effects of three important parameters for extraction; the sample particle size (<63 to 500μm), solventto-sample ratio (10:2 to 50:2 v/w), and sample weight (0.5 to 3.0g) on the extracted phytochemicals’ total phenolic compounds (TPC), total flavonoid compounds (TFC), and 2,2-dipheny1-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. The experiments are carried out in triplicate and the results are analyzed using Minitab. Phytochemicals extracted from 2g leaf powder samples of particle size <63μm using a solvent-tosample ratio of 50:2 (v/w) resulted in the most favorable results for TPC, TFC, and DPPH scavenging activity. The results are found to be significant with the
Optimization on fermentation of seaweed (Gracilaria sp.) as feedstock for bioethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Zakaria N Z I , Zhen A W , Mohd Hassan S A , Zakaria Z
Published: December 2020

In this study, dried seaweed (Gracilaria sp.), a red algae was used as feedstock for the production of bioethanol due to its high carbohydrate content (76.67 %). Dried seaweed is hydrolysed into reducing sugar by using dilute acid hydrolysis pre-treatment at optimized conditions (0.1 M sulphuric acid (H2SO4), 121 °C, 30 minutes) and able to obtain 18.438 g/L of reducing sugar. This hydrolysate is converted into bioethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae via fermentation. Two significant factors, namely, fermentation temperature and medium pH were screened by performing One-Factor-At-A-Time (OFAT) analysis. The first factor manipulated was the fermentation temperature (40-50 °C at pH 4.5), followed by medium pH (pH 4.0-5.0 at 45 °C). Ethanol with concentration of 3.4202 g/L was successfully obtained from OFAT analysis under condition of 45 °C and pH 4.5. The significant factors were then statistically optimized using Central Composite Design (CCD) in Response Surface Methodology (RSM). From the data analyzed from Design of Experiment (DoE), at its optimum fermentation conditions (44.83 °C and pH 4.48), the maximal ethanol production obtained is 3.8395 g/L. A validation test with triplicate was performed to validate the actual with predicted value and result in ±1.49% deviation is accepted.
Moisture adsorption isotherms of dried Ficus deltoidea herbal leaves
Authors: Jamaluddin N F , Razak N A , Shaari A R
Published: December 2020

Ficus deltoidea is a popular traditional medicine that widely used to treat various kind of diseases because of its high number of phenolic contents. In order to meet the demand of the high usage in the market, it is very important to study the behaviour of the dried herbal leaves to prolong the shelf life during storage. Hence, the study of moisture adsorption isotherm is one of the crucial parameters to minimize the deterioration of the quality. The moisture adsorption data of dried Ficus deltoidea leaves were monitored using gravimetric static method. Six different saturated salts such as potassium chloride, sodium chloride, sodium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, magnesium chloride and potassium acetate were utilized in this experiment. The equilibrium relative humidity range was setup between 23 to 86 %. Three different temperatures of 8, 30, 40 °C were used as a treatment of experiment. From the final results, it is clearly claimed that the moisture adsorption isotherm data exhibited J shaped and type III of Brunauer, Emmet and Teller (BET) classification. In addition, the results of experimental data as shown that the best mathematical model fitted to Peleg model compared to GAB and Oswin models.
Experimental Measurements and Solubility Correlation of Swietenia macrophylla Seeds Oil in Supercritical CO2
Authors: Md Norodin Nur Salsabila , Ismail Ahmad Ramdan , Zaini Ahmad Syahmi , Idrus Nor Faadila , Hartati  , Hilmi Mohammad Lokman , Salleh Liza Md
Published: December 2020

The aim of this study was to determine the oil recovery from Swietenia macrophylla seeds and its solubility in Supercritical CO2 extraction process. Experimentally, the oil recovery from the seeds were conducted at 15-35 MPa and 40-60°C by Supercritical CO2 extraction process. Density-based models such as Chrastil and del Valle and Aguilera models were used to correlate the solubility data of Swietenia macrophylla seeds oil. The high oil recovery obtained at 35 MPa and 60°C was 6.609 mg oil/g CO2 while the lowest oil recovery was at 15 MPa and 40°C (0.810 mg oil/g CO2). Chrastil model provide the best correlation between experimental and calculated solubility data for oil recovery from Swietenia macrophylla seeds with lowest value of average absolute percent deviation (AAPD) which is 0.33% compared to del Valle and Aguilera model (0.39%).
Isolation of alkali-thermotolerant cellulolytic bacteria from spent mushroom substrate
Authors: Hasnol Azahari N Y , Naresh S , Rozani S N A , Balakrishnan K
Published: December 2020

In this study, the isolation of new alkali-thermophilic bacteria with enhanced cellulase producing ability from the spent mushroom substrate was conducted. Repeated streaking was performed on the Microcrystalline-cellulose (MCC) to obtain a pure culture. Two thermophiles bacteria isolates were used for subsequent experiment. Morphological characteristic by gram staining and endospore staining also genetic identification of 16S rDNA was performed and the growth profile had been generated using Polymath Software. Filter paper assay (determination of enzyme activity), Bradford protein concentration were used in plotting the growth associated product curve. Based on the 16S rDNA sequencing results, the bacterium strains of Anoxybacillus geothermalis, incubated at 50˚C, pH 7 and Aeribacillus pallidus, incubated at 60˚C, pH 8 was successfully isolated. Both strains are gram-positive and endospore-forming bacteria. Based on the growth curve, the doubling time for Anoxybacillus geothermalis was calculated to be 49.5 minutes. Whereas, doubling time of Aeribacillus pallidus was 56.7 minutes. Both strains represent the growth assosiated product curve in which, when product formation is growth associated the specific rate of the product formation increases with specific growth rate and vice versa.
Quality and stability of rice bran protein powder at different storage condition
Authors: Md Sarip Mohd Sharizan , Musa Nor Aqilah , Saidi Syahrul Afandi , Mansor Mohd Rizuan
Published: December 2020

Rice bran contain higher amount of protein, vitamins, essential fatty acids, minerals, dietary fiber and sterol attribute to large food application. The possible application of rice bran protein in food industry are hampered due to the limited information on its stability which may be caused by the rancidity due to the exposure of its oil to lipase. Therefore, stability study for protein extracted form rice bran is essential to evaluate the protein quality at different possible storage condition. Three different storage condition was evaluated; 1. Sample 1 (Store in freezer), 2. Sample 2 (Store in close container in room temperature) and 3. Sample 3 (Store in open container in room temperature). Protein was extracted using hot water process at temperature of 120°C for 20 minutes and dried using spray drying process. All sample are monitored for 5 days for its protein composition, water activity, moisture content and pH. The functional group of the sample where analysed using Fourier transform infrared radiation (FTIR). As a conclusion, the storage condition gives an effect on the water activity and moisture content of the rice bran protein product. However, it not given the significance effect on protein concentration and pH.
Drought Indices Monitoring using SPI and Z Index Score for Gua Musang, Kelantan
Authors: Noor NA Mohd , Noor Nai Mohd , Alias R , Ideris M Mohamad
Published: December 2020

Drought has become prevalent in Malaysia due to exceptional rainfall deficit which in turn exacerbate the existing local water crisis. This paper is intended to determine the drought index in Gua Musang as one part of contribution to the development of drought index for the whole of Malaysia using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Z score Index (ZI). The data collection used the rainfall data according to the identified station starting 2003-2015 based on the completeness of the data. The results indicated that the SPI and ZI gave quite similar result in term of condition of drought event and depicted the strong correlation between SPI and ZI. Findings from this study is believed benefit water engineers by providing information a probability distribution of water scarcity under different drought condition thus the mitigation strategy can be taken in order to address the impacts especially on water supply.
Forecasting Electricity Consumption Using the Second-Order Fuzzy Time Series
Authors: Tay K. G. , Sim S.E. , Tiong W. K. , Huong Audrey
Published: December 2020

There is a great development of Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) infrastructure since its formation in 1993. The development will be accompanied by the increasing demand for electricity. Hence, there is a need to forecast UTHM electricity consumption accurately so that UTHM can plan for future energy demand and utility saving decisions. Previous studies on UTHM electricity consumption prediction have been carried out using time series models, multiple linear regression and first-order fuzzy time series (FTS). The first-order FTS yield the best accuracy among these three methods. Previous forecasting problem showed higher order FTS can yield better accuracy. Therefore, in this study, the second-order FTS with trapezoidal membership function was implemented on the UTHM monthly electricity consumption from January 2009 to December 2018 to forecast January to December 2019 monthly electricity consumption. The procedure of the FTS and trapezoidal membership function was described together with January data. The second-order FTS forecast UTHM electricity consumption better than the first-order FTS.
A Review: Polymer-based Insulation Material for HVDC Cable Application
Authors: Syatirah M N , Muhamad N A , Halim Khairul Anwar A. , Zakariya M Z , Anuar M N K , Zaidi A A H
Published: December 2020

Demand on the usage of HVDC cables in the past was very low, this is because at that time most its application is only for underwater cable installations. However, when there are an increased in demand for using renewable energy such as solar energy, the use of polymer-based as insulaton material for HVDC became increased. This have attracted more cable manufacturers try to improve this cable quality and attract more market penetration in order make the development costs recoverable. This paper presents a review the used of polymer-based material for HVDC cable application. Comparison and discussion from previous researcher and manufacturer was done in term of material properties and quality was presented and discussed. The review was focused 4 types of polymer-based material which are: cross-linked Polyethylene (XLPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE). Each material tests result were discussed for the best usage as HVDC insulation systems. The review found, polymer based material with additional of nana filler or difference type polymer can improve dielectric properties of HVDC cable insulator. This is because these material have very good indication of the conductivity and dielectric strength of high voltage insulation for HVDC application.
SFTA and GLCM via LDA Classifier for Skin Cancer Detection
Authors: Omar M F , Mansor M N , Saidi S A
Published: December 2020

Skin cancer may be a serious tumor. This can be clearly seen through the mature, uncommon appearance of fur pathology, which has abnormal properties in complex situations, wrinkled or uncertain perimeters, and dual colors. A small number of tulle melanomas of uncertain diameter can imitate benign moles and cannot be perceived by optical inspection. The only assumption for analyzing them is through dermoscopy as an option. Original identification and medical surgery can alternative for the patients. Within this research a detection method through image processing with various feature extraction such as Gabor filter and Hu Moment were employed and substantially improves the diagnosis performance with 97% via LDA Classifier.
Effect of channel length to the frequency response of Si-based Self-Switching Diodes using two-dimensional simulation
Authors: Zailan Zarimawaty , Kasjoo Shahrir Rizal , Idris Nurul Bariah , Rosli Khairul Affendi , Zakaria Nor Farhani , Isa Muammar Mohamad
Published: December 2020

A planar nanodevice, known as the self-switching diode (SSD) which can be exploited as a high-speed rectifier in a wide range of applications. The non-linearity in the I-V characteristic of the SSD structure has been aimed for rectification application at GHz frequencies is reported. In this work simulation has been conducted on Si-based SSD structure with 230 nm L-shaped channels using ATLAS device simulator under the channel length range of 0.5 μm to 1.3 μm. Furthermore, the validity of the cut-off frequency has also been described using a theoretical value of f

t
at zero bias. The results showed that the optimization in the channel length of the SSD can assist the high cut-off frequency of SSD rectifying behavior to efficiently operate as microwave rectifier.
Development of Automatic Mini Fan with Human Detector by Using PIR Sensor
Authors: Talib N.A.A. , Kamarudin Farhah , Shema S.S. , Aziz Azri A.
Published: December 2020

This project will present the design, construction, development, control and evaluation of an automatic function of electric fan. Fan is the important thing for circulation of air. The development of Automatic Mini Fan with Human Detector System by Using PIR Sensor presented in this project is required to fulfill the requirement of technologies today and it had been fabricate with new design. The automatic mini fan with two types of power supply which is Alternating Current (AC) and Direct Current (DC) can continuously function if one of the power supplies cannot be used. The human detection systems by using PIR sensor are implemented in this project and the detection range is up to 13 feet. The temperature sensors which maximum 70°C that are used in this project can automatically control the speed of fan up to 225 rpm. This automatic mini fan with human detection system contains combination of sensor, controller, motor and two types of power supply that controlled by Arduino UNO as the main controller. This project also presents the expected performance of the automatic mini fan with human detector system which the fan can rotate 0° to 180° and the construction of hardware and software development to gather the performance data. Finally, this project can give many benefits to people because it is portable and can save electricity. The result of this project becomes useful in the future.
Mechanical behaviour on concrete of coconut coir fiber as additive
Authors: Naamandadin Nurul Akmam , Rosdi Mohamad Saifullah , Mustafa Wan Azani , Shahrol Aman Muhammad Nazrin Shah , Saidi Syahrul Affandi
Published: December 2020

Fiber is one of the famous waste material in this country and fibre also can be used in order to increase the mechanical properties of concrete. Mechanical properties of concrete will be testing such compression strength and splitting tensile strength. Concrete has low tensile strength due to the brittleness properties. The coconut coir fibre processed by using the fabricated. Then the coconut coir fibre will be a sink in sodium hydroxide for 1 week and in pure water for 2 weeks at room temperature. The authorities that are already going through under treatment gave coconut coir fibre and it had been cut into a size of 25mm to 30mm. Three different ratios used in this research, which is 3%, 4% and 5% of coconut coir fibre as an additive to the concrete. There will be two types of specimens, which are cube size of 100mm x 100mm and cylinder 100mm diameter with 200mm length. All the samples cured in a water tank for 7 and 28days. The rate that had been using for this compression strength and splitting tensile strength follow the British Standard (BS 1881-116:1983). This research outcome is the addition of coconut coir fibre with concrete to increase the compression strength of the cube sample but it has lower strength than normal concrete. Meanwhile, for the splitting tensile strength of this reinforced concrete with coconut coir fibre as an additive has higher strength than normal concrete. The result proved that the addition of fibre will increase the mechanical properties of concrete but at the same time, it will decrease the workability of concrete.
Effect of tool shoulder diameters on surface quality of friction stir welded joints of aluminum alloy 6061
Authors: Maideen N C , Budin S , Ibrahim Dzullijah , Shahrol Azlan A
Published: December 2020

In friction stir welding process, shoulder diameter of stirring tool plays an important role. The role is to provide enough soften region along the process to produce a good quality of weldment. In this work, three variations of stirring tool shoulder diameter are produced which are stirring tool 1 (16mm), stirring tool 2 (20mm), and stirring tool 3 (24mm). Reconfigured milling machine (Cheng Yin – CY-GH 260) is used to performed friction stir welding process using the fabricated stirring tool. The stirring tools are made of H13 steel (chromium-molybdenum) with constant pin height of 3mm, and pin diameter of 5mm. Welding parameter used are 1270 RPM for rotating speed and 248 mm/min for welding speed. Then, all stirring tools are used to joined two similar plates AA 6061 with butt joint. The surface quality is determined from physical appearance, surface roughness, and welding strength of AA 6061 welded samples using fabricated strring tools (16mm, 20mm, and 24mm). From the result, smallest diameter stirring tool 1 (16mm) produced the best surface quality of weldment. Stirring tool 1 produced a free defect sample, smoothest surface with surface roughness value of 1.92 µm, and highest welding strength (119.28 MPa). However, the wear rate of the stirring tool 1 is the highest recorded from the stirring tool 1 material deposited at the sample.
Low temperature synthetic graphite from oil palm trunk waste via pyrolisis process
Authors: Karim N A , Ramli Muhammad M , Ghazali C M R , Nadia C A I , Denesh G
Published: December 2020

Synthetic graphite was produced from oil palm trunk chip in lower heating temperature via pyrolysis process. The heating rate (10 °/min and 20 °/min) were varied whilst the heating temperature at 500 °C was fixed. All of the samples produced after heat treatment process were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and the diffraction pattern obtained analyzed using X’Pert Highscore Plus software to affirm the phase analysis. To ensure the graphitic nature of synthetic graphite produced, RAMAN analysis was conducted. Morphological study of the synthetic graphite produced involved scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. From the investigation, the results show, confirmation that synthetic graphite was successfully synthesized at the heat treatment of 500 °C (20 °/min heating rate) with fixed soaking hours. Synthetic graphite produced matched with XRD reference code of 00-041-1487. Analysis of RAMAN confirm the formation of D, G and 2D peaks at the respective wavenumber of 1250 cm-1, 1625 cm-1 and 2700cm-1.
Study of urban fuel consumption of a car with a petrol internal combustion engine
Authors: Magdziak-Tokłowicz M
Published: December 2020

This article presents analysis and an attempt to forecast the actual fuel consumption of the vehicle in the urban cycle. The most important factors affecting fuel consumption were discussed, in particular the influence of the driver’s driving style. Each driver drove a designated, the same route in the urban area outside the rush hour. Based on the readings from the OBD on-board computer and the mobile application, the driver’s occurrence points on the universal engine characteristics were read. On the axes of torque and rotational speed, the most frequently occurring engine work fields for each driver were determined. The author divided the driving styles of the driver according to the most common occurrence on the universal characteristics of the engine and depending on the specific fuel consumption. The author’s method has shown that it is possible to point out drivers who will certainly exceed the average fuel consumption after driving a few kilometers of the road. This method shows the possibility of using the on-board computer and OBD readings to optimize fuel consumption and match each driving style to the appropriate external and universal characteristics of the vehicle engine to use as little fuel as possible, and thus contribute to reducing CO2 emissions to the environment and consumption of fossil fuels. This method can be successfully used on all vehicles with an internal combustion engine.
Energy efficiency improvement in farming equipment, for agricultural holdings
Authors: Beloev H I , Terziev A K , Iliev I K , Ivanov M P
Published: December 2020

The use of depreciated and outdated agricultural equipment reflects both, on the increased cost of production (due to the higher energy component), and the greater amount of emissions produced during the operation of that equipment. The presented paper deals with energy and emission analysis of the replacement of existing farming equipment in a holding, with a new one. The analysis considers the baseline tractor and harvester and their specific agricultural operations, related to the processing of the soil and the harvesting of the production. The analysis is based on the existing energy consumption of the old machines and accounting information on the operation of the new equipment, one year after its commissioning. The study shows that the estimated energy savings from the measures of 17.2%, with a similar carbon footprint reduction. Based on the technical characteristics, CO, HC, HC + NOx and NOx emissions were also analyzed. The percentage of estimated carbon emission savings is higher than 43.5%.
Computer program for indicator diagram processing of the internal combustion engine
Authors: Dimitrov E
Published: December 2020

The article presents computer program for processing an indicator diagram of internal combustion engines developed by the author. The program input data are engine construction and operating parameters and cylinder pressure data array. The input data is saved to user files with *.txt and *.xls extensions. As a result of program execution, the following are calculated: engine indicator parameters; in cylinder working substance temperature; the rate of pressure increase; the current values of the heat-release and net heat-release and other quantities. The program is developed in a Matlab environment, compiled into an executable (*.exe) file and works in dialog mode. All calculations results are recorded in a custom file. This file is opened and saved with Microsoft Excel. The program is applicable by spark ignition and compression ignition engines working with: gasoline, LPG, CNG, diesel, diesel-LPG dual fuel, diesel-CNG dual fuel and diesel-hydrogen dual fuel.
Computer Aided System for Gambung Tea Identification using Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Ibrahim Nur , Fu’adah YN , Pratiwi NK Caecar , Rizal Syamsul , Usman Koredianto
Published: December 2020

Tea commodity has a very strategic role for Indonesian economy. In 2012 the tea commodity was able to generate foreign exchange of US $ 156.74 million. Nationally, tea industry contributes a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of around Rp. 1.2 trillion. The total tea plantation area in Indonesia entirely covering 123 938 hectares. The conception of sustainable tea production includes three aspects, economic development, social development and environmental protection. One of the steps towards sustainable tea production is survey and identification. The process continues with the selection of suitable planting material (seedlings). Gambung series, are planting material seeds that have been recommended by the Indonesia Ministry of Agriculture. The Gambung series has a potential yield of 4.000 - 5.800 kg/hectare of dried tea. The morphological similarity level of Gambung series is very high, because the elders of the clones are from the same crossing parents. Experts who are able to identify Gambung clone are very limited. This process is susceptible to errors and is very dependent on the presence of experts. If an error occurs in the process of identifying the type of clone, it will interferes with the breeding process. Errors in the selection of recommended clones will be detrimental to the process for long time period, due to the economic age of the tea plant can reach 50 years. From this issue, it is very necessary to design a system that is able to identify the planting material of Gambung series clones. The system is designed to classify Gambung and Non Gambung tea series using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with a high accuracy and low loss rate.
Preprocessing Using Correlation Based Features Selection on Naive Bayes Classification
Authors: Kurniawan Yogiek Indra , Cahyono Teguh , Nofiyati  , Maryanto Eddy , Fadli Ari , Indraswari Naisha Rahma
Published: December 2020

The birth of a healthy baby is generally around 38-42 weeks of pregnancy. However, there are many babies born at an inadequate age of birth and the age of birth that is past its time. This study aims to predict the age of the birth of a patient. The method used is a classification with the Naïve Bayes algorithm with input variable (X), the factors experienced by pregnant women in the form of 8 variables X and Y variable in the form of Birth Age. Problems that arise are too many attributes that affect the results of accuracy. To overcome this, preprocessing is used with the Correlation Based Features Selection (CBFS) method. CBFS chose the X variables which had the highest correlation with the Y variable (Birth Age) but had the least correlation between the X variables. From the CBFS that had been done, produced 4 X variables, namely: blood pressure, number of babies, congenital diseases before pregnancy, and problems during pregnancy. The results of the test showed an increase in Precision, recall, and accuracy in the Naïve Bayes classification when implemented CBFS. The highest value of accuracy after preprocessing is 67% with an increase of 2 percent compared to before preprocessing.
Design of Open Loop Single Axis Solar Tracker System
Authors: Rinaldi Rizal , Aprillia Bandiyah Sri , Ekaputri Cahyantari , Reza Muhamad
Published: December 2020

The amount of power output in a solar power system depends on the intensity of solar radiation. The earth’s movements however cause changes in the intensity of solar radiation received by solar panels on the daily. Therefore, the implementation of a controller that can track the position of the sun (solar tracker) is believed to increase the power output of solar panels. This research focuses on the design of a photovoltaic panel drive system using an Android-based application as a monitoring media. The application is used to monitor the current temperature and provide a desired angle input. Based on the test results, the average power output of a fixed PV reached only 17.15 Watt, while on a single axis PV, average output reached 21.50 Watt. It can be concluded that in the single axis PV, average power output increased by more than 25% compared to the fixed PV.
The Electrical Property of SiO2/Graphene/PBA-NHS/anti O and K E. coli Antibodies as Sensing Layer for Escherichia coli Bacteria Sensor
Authors: Wibowo K. M. , Rosni N. M. , Muslihati A. , Romadhona G. , Royan  , Fatiatun  , Sahdan M. Z.
Published: December 2020

This paper explains the effects of BSA/PBA-NHS/Graphene/SiO2 used as a sensing layer for E. coli bacteria sensor based on the electrical properties. In this research, graphene is used as a sensing layer due to its superior properties especially its biocompatibility. The biocompatibility of graphene was examined by topological properties by AFM. Moreover, it was also confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The topological structure and Raman spectroscopy showed good results which is indicate the graphene layer suitable for biosensing applications. Additionally, it was also confirmed that the antibody was successfully immobilized on the modified SiO2/graphene/PBANHS. PBANHS is used as a linker due to its cost-effective and time-saving. The electrical properties of the sensing layer before and after the immobilized antibody shows a significant difference. When the number of E. coli bacteria increases, the current increase also became higher. The change in resistance gradually increases from 0.04 to 2.62 Ħ when the number of bacteria increases from 55 to 1200 CFU/ml.-+.
Performance Analysis of DDM Method to Reduce The Doppler Effect on Vehicular
Authors: Rahmadiansyah Muhammad Ardi , Suryani Titiek
Published: December 2020

VANET is an innovation that supports vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to infrastructure communication. The main application of VANET technology is to realize better and safer traffic management. However, due to the high mobility of the vehicle, this technology causes the Doppler effect, when the spectral signal enlarges in the OFDM system. The Doppler effect occurs due to the influence of the use of Rayleigh fading vehicle-to-vehicle channels on the VANET environment and the effect of changing channel movement conditions causing time-varying channels. It also triggers the spread of Doppler to be larger than the symbol duration. This certainly can disrupt the orthogonality of the OFDM system which is the basis of VANET communication. The effect is the occurrence of ICI (inter-carrier-interference) causing the performance of OFDM to decrease. This research proposes the Direct Development Method (DDM) scheme, a technique to compensate for the Doppler effect which is different from the general scheme. In this study, the scheme used is to focus the corrector on the data frame before sending it. The simulation is carried out by testing the modulation which refers to the IEEE 802.11p standard with 4 different vehicle speed conditions namely 24, 64, 144, and 294 km/h. Analysis of the performance of the application of the DDM scheme on modulation based on the effect of the speed provided gives better results compared to the modulation performance without the compensation of the Doppler (Non-DDM) or conventional effects on the SNR requirement side to achieve the BER 10Ȓ3 target.
Estimation of Groundwater Recharge in Semarang City, Indonesia
Authors: Purnomo Sanidhya Nika , Lo Wei Cheng
Published: December 2020

In regional groundwater management, it is necessary to find out the water balance between the supply and demand of groundwater. One of the most important in analyzing the water balance of groundwater is groundwater recharge. Semarang city that has a groundwater management problem needs to know the groundwater recharge to analyze the groundwater balance. On the other hand, it is difficult to measure groundwater recharge accurately, consequently, the groundwater recharge should be estimated. There are several methods to estimate groundwater recharge. To verify the groundwater recharge estimation, more than one method of groundwater recharge estimation should be used. In this paper, the determination of groundwater recharge is using the Chaturvedi formula and Krishna Rao formula based on the amount of rainfall, and well level data method that based on the difference in water level. Based on the final results, the well level data method seems the best fit in estimating the groundwater recharge.
Analyzing Tsunami Hazard using Numerical Modelling: Study Case Palu, Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia
Authors: Kurniawan A , Satria R A , Pratama M B
Published: December 2020

The present study aims to assess the Tsunami hazard in Palu due to the future Tsunamigenic event in terms of near-shore and far-field Tsunami runup, inundation height, and Tsunami arrival time along the coast of Palu. A numerical model is developed to simulate propagation and inundation in the study area. Four scenarios are conducted, which consists of the Tsunamigenic earthquake and aerial subsidence as an approach for mimicking hypothetical potential landslide. The outcome from simulation such as inundation height each grid points then calculated with building footprint stored data – derivation data from the terrain model to develop a Tsunami hazard map. Preliminary Tsunami Hazard Map is made to classify the Tsunami hazard level by existing classification added with estimated building impacted and arrival time ashore on each village in Palu City administrative region.
Rifting and Lifting Neogene Age in Biak-Yapen Basin Based on Structural Trajectory Analogy in Biak and Supiori Island
Authors: Saragih R Y , Alviyanda  , Sunan H L , Slameto E , Nurdiana I
Published: December 2020

The aim of this study is to calculate the rifting and lifting phase of Neogene age in the Biak - Yapen Basin region, related to the prediction of an oil and gas trap zone based on the analogy of the surface measurement trajectory. The methodology used is the measurement of geological structures on the surface and in the data analysis using Delvaux, 1997 and Zoback, 2007 concept. Based on the structure measurement in outcrop, there are 78 stations along Biak Island and Supiori Island, which will be used and projected as an analogy to the offshore basin. Statistically in the archipelago shows that there are three times rifting phase domination candidates categorized as maximum intensity and a lifting phase candidates are also categorized as maximum intensity. There are three times rifting phase with movement direction, σ-3 is relatively horizontal, consisting of NE-SW direction with an intensity of 15.60% rifting aged Middle to Late Miocene, ENE-WSW direction with intensity 13.30% rifting aged Late Miocene to Pliocene and finally from the W-E direction with an intensity of 17.80% rifting aged Pleistocene. The three rifting phases are followed by sedimentation of carbonate rock from the Middle Miocene to the Pleistocene aged which consists of Napisendi Fm, Korem Fm, Wardo Fm, and Mokmer Fm. The lifting phase once occurred with the compressional direction, σ-1 is relatively horizontal, directed at W-E with an intensity of 21.20% lifting aged Pleistocene to Resen. This phase has elevated formations from the age of the Late Oligocene to the Pleistocene in the archipelago.
Limestone Facies Change of Jonggrangan To Sentolo Formation in The Western Part of Yogyakarta-Central Java Basin
Authors: Setijadi Rachmad , Widagdo Asmoro , Zaenurrohman Januar Aziz
Published: December 2020

The research location is in the western of Yogyakarta-Central Java Basin, where limestone of Jonggrangan and Sentolo Formation are found with the same age but have different depositional facies characteristics. These differences will be interesting to study the historical process of its formation. The research was conducted through a series of methods. Starting from geological mapping to determine the order of rock stratigraphy, the depiction of outcrop profiles, and limestone sampling for petrographic analysis. Eventually, the depositional environment of the two rock formations was discovered. Field observation results and laboratory analysis were further integrated to determine the rock facies that make up the two formations. The rock units in the study area from old to young are the pyroxene andesite breccia unit of Upper Oligocene age and limestone. The bioclastic limestone and layered limestone units are deposited by interfingering, unconformity over the pyroxene andesite breccia unit. The Middle Miocene bioclastic limestone unit is equivalent to Jonggrangan Formation in the inner shelf environment (Restricted Lagoon and Open Lagoon facies environment). Whereas layered limestone of Middle Miocene age is equivalent to the Sentolo Formation in the lower slope environment (Restricted Lagoon, Open Lagoon, and Open Sea Shelf) facies.
Analysis of quality control of chippendale furniture products using seven tools approach (case study of PT. Bothwell Indonesia)
Authors: Prabaswari Atyanti Dyah , Susilo Ahmed Joko
Published: December 2020

One of the products produced at PT. Bothwell Indonesia is a small shelf. This product requires a high level of accuracy because the product has a screw and has separate small parts which are then put together. This can be found on the Chippendale Lacquered Library Side Table product. On this product, according to the staff section production and marketing, these products often face problems. Therefore, in this study, an approach with quality control is carried out to conduct further analysis, and it can be seen how the quality control that occurs in the product. The method used in this research is to use seven quality control tools. Based on the results of the product defect analysis, which has the highest value is the type of uneven paint defects with the number of products of 7 pieces. Next followed by the type of gross defect by five pieces, broken/cracked by three pieces. Based on the results of the analysis and discussion of Chippendale products included in controlled quality control. This is because when viewed statistically the number of products that have defects does not exceed or be less than the control limit.
Wear performance and Mechanical properties of Unidirectional Sisal/Carbon/Flax Hybrid Reinforced Epoxy Composites
Authors: Anand Kumar R , Sindhu S SS , Kumaresan M , Sathish S , Karthi N , Vignesh J , Sidharth S P , Shreedhar K V , Subash Rajasekar P
Published: December 2020

This current work rate the mechanical properties, wear resistance and frictional force of unidirectional hybrid fiber orientation composites. The orientation of fibers done by manually according to the size of fabricated plate and thickness of plate. In these research sisal/carbon and sisal/carbon/flax hybrid fiber reinforced composites are selected. Selected different combinations of hybrid fiber reinforced composites are shaped by using compression molding techniques. After that property of mechanical, wear resistance and frictional force were studied by using experimental study to discover their tensile, compressive, impact properties, wear resistance and frictional force due to the effect of unidirectional hybrid fiber combinations. The results of this study indicates that unidirectional sisal/carbon/flax hybrid combinations shows the better tensile strength, compression strength, impact strength, wear resistance and frictional force.
Compressive test Fractured Surface analysis on PLA-Cu composite filament printed at different FDM conditions
Authors: Pavan M Venkata , Balamurugan K , Balamurugan P
Published: December 2020

Additive manufacturing technology has found its development in the various emerging engineering fields. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) had proven to be a suitable built-up technique for any complicated and instant shapes. Owing to the advantage of additive manufacturing and emerging industrial needs, the 3D composite filament has been used as a competitive material over the available materials. Commercially available Poly Lactic Acid (PLA), ABS filaments have been widely used in FDM. In the present work, copper particles of mesh size mesh 20-30 micrometers are taken as the reinforcement in the PLA matrix. After primary investigation, 12% of copper particles are found to be a suitable weight percentage in the PLA matrix. The suitable proportional mixture is ball milled for 2 hours, melted to 120oC, and then hot extruded to get a filament diameter of 1 mm. The newly fabricated 3D composite filament is printed at different FDM conditions for the compression test to the ASTM D695-15 standard. The printed samples are subjected to a compression test until failure. Failure mechanism happened on different condition printed samples are examined through scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination. The compression effect causes the squeezing and slippery action of copper particles inside the structure leads to having a displacement of particles.
Design, Analysis and Fabrication of Human External Ear by Using Fused Film Fabrication
Authors: Vijay Kumar A. , Saheb Shaik Himam , Mamatha A. , Ramesh B. , Pravalika G.
Published: December 2020

The conductive hearing loss due to ossicular abnormalities occurs from many causes, including trauma, cholesteatoma, infection, surgery and congenital anomalies. Recent developments in the area of tissue engineering as well as in the area of fused film fabrication promise to profoundly affect the practice of reconstructive surgery. Therefore, a human external ear prototype is built by using the 3D printing technology from the CT scan by conversion using 3D slicer software. Firstly, the human head computer tomography (CT) scanned file of DICOM data format is collected. Then the DICOM data file is converted into NRRD file format by using 3D slicer software and saved in a folder. Then the NRRD file is converted into 3D printable STL file format by using Embodi3D.com website. Here the STL file is imported into 3D slicer for separation of external ear from total head model by using Mesh mixer. Then the STL file of the ear is imported into the 3d printing machine which builds the prototype of ear. The prototype was made with PLA plastic using an FDM 3D printer. During the prototype building, various parameters of printing machine are recorded. The analytical tests were carried on ANSYS by applying various Bio compatible stresses on the ear surface and the results are recoded.
Root Cause Analysis of Cover Assembly Line of Clutch Plate
Authors: Saravanakumar M , Murugapoopathi S , Sudhagar S
Published: December 2020

The cause and effect analysis mainly aims to reduce the consumer complaints with failure mode analysis and 8D principle. This work aims to reduce the run out defect percentage in clutch cover plate and most of the defects are produced due to run out. The overall defect observed from run out was usually 60-70%. The height difference between the fingers exceed the specified limit is named as run out defect for 18 finger diaphragm. The major parameters identified for measuring root-cause analysis of clutch plate are diaphragm finger uneven, diaphragm angle, diaphragm bi-cone height and diaphragm hardness. The root-cause defect was reduced by cause and effect method, 8 D analysis and 5W principle. The lean principle is employed in this work to utilize the men, material and resources with maximum efficiency. The lean principle reduces the waste and allows the company to supply the product in time with maximum accuracy.
Experimental records based-simplified modeling of mean temperatures of steel beams in open environment
Authors: Abid Sallal R , Al-Bugharbee Hussein
Published: December 2020

Solar radiation and air temperature hourly, daily and seasonally variation is of a noticeable impact on bridge girders and other exposed structures. The time-dependent changing of the mean temperature of the girder and the complete superstructure is the key parameter to calculate support movements and rotations. Based on an experimental measurement from a steel beam installed in an open environment, the mean temperature variation of steel beams could be studied and modeled in this investigation. The experimental records included steel temperatures of web and flanges, solar radiation and air temperature and speed. The recorded thermal measurements were used to obtain correlation relationships that describe the mean temperatures of the web, flanges and the whole beam in terms of wind speed, air temperature and solar radiation. These correlation relationships were validated using a part of the experimental data. The results showed that predicted models has good correlation coefficients.
Post-fire resistance of concrete filled steel tube columns
Authors: Alhatmey Ihssan A , Ekmekyapar Talha , Ayoob Nadheer S
Published: December 2020

Basically, columns of CFST ( Concrete-filled steel tube) are a common technique to increase the carried compressive forces in the frame. These columns are very effective method of composite building. The behaviors of these columns due to several various loading types have been well studied. This study investigated the CFST columns in order to advance their post-fire resistance. A standard fire exposure was used to examine columns without and with concrete. In order to study their performance after fire, fire exposed samples and specimens without fire exposure in total 6 samples were examined by concentric compressive load to the failure. Samples of CFST column were cast by high performance self-compacting concrete. The obtained results showed that concrete with steel tube provides very high post-fire resistances. Generally, certain configurations achieved post-fire resistances significantly higher than that CFST samples without fire exposure. The results of this work supply novel insights and suggest cost effective solutions to enhance the execution of concrete- filled steel tube columns that subjected to ambient temperature and due to fire exposure.
Schlieren without Knife-edge
Authors: Kannan B T , Lingeshwar R , Gousik R
Published: December 2020

The present work is about a very low-cost Schlieren setup for compressible flow visualization especially high-speed jets. The conventional Schlieren setups employ knife-edge for chopping of rays. The specialty of the setup is that it does not employ a knife-edge for chopping off the deflected rays. The chopping off is achieved by a lens of the DSLR camera used for recording the images resulting from Schlieren Visualization process. The flow field of a supersonic jet from a convergent nozzle is used to check the visualization outcomes. The method is found to be cost effective and yields best results for jet flow visualization. The present method can be employed by students and research scholars for their research studies.
Evaluating the Performance of Fibrous Cement Mortar Containing Chopped Carbon Fiber (C.C.F.)
Authors: Elaiwi Essam H , Al-Chalabi Saeb F , Al-Asadi Laith S M , Abbood Ali A , AL-Ridha Ahmed S D
Published: December 2020

This work presents an investigative study of the influence of adding chopped carbon fiber (C.C.F.) on the performance of two specified properties of cement mortar, namely; The flexural strength and density, for two (W/C) ratios (0.4 & 0.6). Four cement mortar mixtures were casted for this purpose, these mixtures were divided into two groups according to their (W/C) ratios (0.4 & 0.6), and each group was subdivided into two subgroups according to whether C.C.F. is used or not. It was found that, when C.C.F. is added, the flexural strength and density of the cement mortar mass are increased for both (W/C) ratios, and the percentages of these increases are slightly increased with the increase in (W/C) ratios. It was also found that, when (W/C) ratio is enlarged from (0.4) to (0.6), the flexural strength and density are reduced with and without the existence of C.C.F., and the percentage of this reduction is slightly decreased in the existence of C.C.F.